Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Feasibility studies for the follow-on EUMETSAT polar system

replace the current satellite system in the 2020 timeframe and contribute to the Joint Polar System to be set up with NOAA. Through consultation with users and application experts, requirements have been defined for a range of candidate missions mainly in support of operational meteorology and climate monitoring. A number of on-board instruments, satellite platforms and ground support infrastructure are under study in coordination with ESA, NOAA, DLR and CNES. The satellites will fly in a sun synchronous, low earth orbit at 817 km altitude and 09:30 descending equatorial crossing time, providing observations with global coverage every 12 to 24 hours depending on instrument. The instruments exploit a range of techniques including multi spectral imaging, atmospheric sounding in the optical and microwave spectral domains, radio occultation sounding, scatterometry and microwave imaging. The raw instrument data will be broadcast directly by the satellites, as well as being stored on board for their transmission, in sets spanning up to a full orbit, to polar ground stations. These data will be collected at EUMETSAT facilities and processed to obtain calibrated and geo-located measurements, and records of well defined geophysical variables. The data will be distributed to the users in near real time and archived together with the data of other EUMETSAT satellite systems, making available long term records also suitable for climate monitoring. Feasibility studies for the space and ground systems will be done until early 2012 with the main objective to select the baseline configuration for preliminary definition, development and operation programmes to be proposed and coordinated within the involved organisations.
Analysis of factors affecting proper utilization of water through Irrigation Cooperatives at Kolla Tembien Wereda, Central Tigray, Ethiopia

v Acknowledgement . vii Acronyms and Abbreviations . ix TABLE OF CONTENTS.xi List of Tables . xiv List of figure . xvii List of Tables in the Appendix . xviii Chapter 1.Introduction. 1 1.1 Background . 1 1.2 Statement of the Problem . 5 1.3. Objectives of the Study.6 1.4. Research Questions. 6 1.5. Hypothesis of the study.7 1.6. Significance of the Study . 7 1.7. Scope and Limitation of the Study.8 1.8. Organization of the Thesis . 8 Chapter 2. Literature Review . 9 2.1. The Definition of Cooperative.9 2.2. Review of Basic Issues Concerning Cooperatives . 10 2.2.1. Classification/ types of cooperatives. 10 2.3. Major Benefits of the Cooperation.11 2.4. Farmers’ Attitude on the Performance of the Co operative . 12 2.5. Elements for the Development of Cooperatives i n Ethiopia . 13 2.6 Definition and Structure of WUAs . 15 2.6. 1. The Level of Farmer Participation in the WUA s. 15 2.6. 2 The Existence of Comprehensive Laws and Regul ation.17 2. 7 Empirical Studies on the irrigation Cooperativ es . 18
De-Polarization of On-Body Channels and Polarization Diversity at 60 GHz

Measurements of on-body dynamic propagation channels have been performed at 60 GHz using dual-polarized scalar horn antennas. Comparison of the statistics of the measured signals showed that the choice of polarization (vertical or horizontal) does not affect the path losses significantly, and the relative polarization of the two antennas depends on their placement on the body. In volatile links, such as those from the wrist to other parts of the body, random movements equalize the differences between different polarization configurations. These depolarization effects can be exploited to improve link performance through the use of receive diversity with maximal ratio combining. More advanced multiple-input multiple-output diversity methods are found to produce only marginally better performance compared to receive maximal ratio combining.
A true random number generator using ring oscillators and SHA-256 as post-processing

In cryptography, we often require sequences of numbers with unpredictable elements. Such sequences have to pass all known statistical tests for random sequences, e.g. NIST 800-22 test suite, Diehard, TestU01 or UC1. To hamper different attacks, random number generators should be implemented in the same chip as a cryptographic system using random numbers. It forces a designer to create a true random number generator purely digitally. The obtained sequences are biased and do not pass many statistical tests. Therefore an output of the random number generator should be subjected to a transformation called post-processing. In this paper a true random number generator consisted of several uniformly sampled ring oscillators and using hash function SHA-256 as post-processing, is presented. Both components are implemented in a single Field Programmable Gate Array (FPGA). We expect that the proposed solution, implemented in the same FPGA together with a cryptographic system, is more attack-resistant owing to many sources of randomness with significantly different nominal frequencies.
Earthquake prediction, societal implications

“If I were a brilliant scientist, I would be working on earthquake prediction. ” This is a statement from a Los Angeles radio talk show I heard just after the Northridge earthquake of January 17, 1994. Five weeks later, at a monthly meeting of the Southern California Earthquake Center (SCEC), where more than two hundred scientists and engineers gathered to exchange notes on the earthquake, a distinguished French geologist who works on earthquake faults in China envied me for working now in southern California. This place is like northeastern China 20 years ago, when high seismicity and research activities led to the successful prediction of the Haicheng earthquake of February 4, 1975 with magnitude 7.3. A difficult question still haunting us [Aki, 1989] is whether the Haicheng prediction was founded on the physical reality of precursory phenomena or on the wishful thinking of observers subjected to the political pressure which encouraged precursor reporting. It is, however, true that a successful life-saving prediction like the Haicheng prediction can only be carried out by the coordinated efforts of decision makers and physical scientists.
Rainfall infiltration‐derived submarine groundwater discharge from multi‐layered aquifer system terminating at the coastline

This article investigates the quantity of submarine groundwater discharge (SGD) from a coastal multi‐layered aquifer system in response to constant rainfall infiltration. The system comprises an unconfined aquifer, a leaky confined aquifer and an aquitard between them and terminates at the coastline. An approximate analytical solution is derived based on the following assumptions: (i) flow is horizontal in the aquifers and vertical in the aquitard, and (ii) flow in the unconfined aquifer is described by nonlinear Boussinesq equation. The analytical solution is compared with numerical solutions of the strictly two‐dimensional nonlinear model to validate the model assumptions used for the analytical solution. The SGD from the leaky confined aquifer increases with the inland rainfall infiltration recharge and the specific leakage of aquitard. The maximum SGD ranges from 1·87 to 10·37 m3 per day per meter of shoreline when rainfall infiltration ranges from 18·2 to 182 mm/year and the specific leakage of aquitard varies from 10−9 to 10−1 l/day. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
On Joint Frequency and Power Allocation in a Cross-Layer Protocol for Underwater Acoustic Networks

Path loss in an underwater acoustic channel depends not only on the transmission distance, but also on the signal frequency. As a result, the useful bandwidth decreases with distance, a feature not normally present in terrestrial radio networks. This fact motivates the use of multihop communications in an acoustic network, and strongly influences its design, since the same set of protocols will exhibit different performance when operating in a different frequency range. Multihop transmission is considered for large area coverage in acoustic networks, with an eye towards efficient power and bandwidth allocation. Power control is used as a practical means of optimizing the overall performance across the physical, medium access control (MAC) and routing layers. A geographic routing technique, called the focused beam routing (FBR), which requires each node to know only its own location and that of the final destination, is coupled with the distance aware collision avoidance protocol, which regulates the channel access. Results show that the average energy per bit consumption is reduced by adjusting the power, center frequency, and bandwidth in accordance with the network node density. Specifically, as the density increases, greater bandwidths offer per-hop energy reduction as well as a reduced packet collision rate.
Semi-Supervised Learning

In the field of machine learning, semi-supervised learning (SSL) occupies the middle ground, between supervised learning (in which all training examples are labeled) and unsupervised learning (in which no label data are given). Interest in SSL has increased in recent years, particularly because of application domains in which unlabeled data are plentiful, such as images, text, and bioinformatics. This first comprehensive overview of SSL presents state-of-the-art algorithms, a taxonomy of the field, selected applications, benchmark experiments, and perspectives on ongoing and future research. Semi-Supervised Learning first presents the key assumptions and ideas underlying the field: smoothness, cluster or low-density separation, manifold structure, and transduction. The core of the book is the presentation of SSL methods, organized according to algorithmic strategies. After an examination of generative models, the book describes algorithms that implement the low-density separation assumption, graph-based methods, and algorithms that perform two-step learning. The book then discusses SSL applications and offers guidelines for SSL practitioners by analyzing the results of extensive benchmark experiments. Finally, the book looks at interesting directions for SSL research. The book closes with a discussion of the relationship between semi-supervised learning and transduction. Adaptive Computation and Machine Learning series
A Comparison of Connectivity Metrics on Watersheds and Implications for Water Management

Barriers within streams can affect riverine species' ability to access habitats and may reduce their population viability. Connectivity metrics attempt to quantify the impacts of barriers; however, little is known about their functioning when applied to dendritic habitats such as watersheds. Several graph‐theoretic connectivity metrics were calculated on rivers originating in the Luquillo Mountains of Puerto Rico. These metrics were classified into two primary groups: metrics that count weighted paths through the stream network and metrics that predict the flow of organisms through a stream reach. Representative metrics from each of these categories were suggested to model the effects of dams and water intakes, respectively. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Atmospheric homeostasis by and for the biosphere: the gaia hypothesis

During the time, 3.2 × 10 9 years, that life has been present on Earth, the physical and chemical conditions of most of the planetary surface have never varied from those most favourable for life. The geological record reads that liquid water was always present and that the pH was never far from neutral. During this same period, however, the Earth's radiation environment underwent large changes. As the sun moved along the course set by the main sequence of stars its output will have increased at least 30% and possibly 100%. It may also have fluctuated in brightness over periods of a few million years. At the same time hydrogen was escaping to space from the Earth and so causing progressive changes in the chemical environment. This in turn through atmospheric compositional changes could have affected the Earth's radiation balance. It may have been that these physical and chemical changes always by blind chance followed the path whose bounds are the conditions favouring the continued existence of life. This paper offers an alternative explanation that, early after life began it acquired control of the planetary environment and that this homeostasis by and for the biosphere has persisted ever since. Historic and contemporary evidence and arguments for this hypothesis will be presented. DOI: 10.1111/j.2153-3490.1974. tb01946.x
Holocene millennial/centennial‐scale multiproxy cyclicity in temperate eastern Australian estuary sediments

We have undertaken a comparative study of down‐core variation in multiproxy palaeoclimate data (magnetic susceptibility, calcium carbonate content and total organic carbon) from two coastal water bodies (Myall and Tuggerah Lakes) in temperate eastern Australia to identify local, regional and global‐forcing factors within Holocene estuarine sediments. The two lakes lie within the same temperate climate zone adjacent to the Tasman Sea, but are not part of the same catchment and drain different geological provinces. One is essentially a freshwater coastal lake whereas the other is a brackish back‐barrier lagoon. Despite these differences, data from two sites in each of the two lakes have allowed us to investigate and compare cyclicity in otherwise uniform, single facies sediments within the frequency range of 200–2000 years, limited by the sedimentation rate within the lakes and our sample requirements. We have auto‐ and cross‐correlated strong periodicities at ∼360 years, ∼500–530 years, ∼270–290 years, 420–450 years and ∼210 years, and subordinate periods of ∼650 years, 1200–1400 years and ∼1800 years. Our thesis is that climate is the only regionally available mechanism available to control common millennial and centennial scale cyclicity in these sediments, given the geographical and other differences. However, regional climate may not be the dominant effect at any single time and either location. Within the range of frequency spectral peaks we have identified, several fall within known long‐term periodical fluctuations of sun spot activity; however, feedback loops associated with short‐term orbital variation, such as Dansgaard–Oeschger cycles, and the relationship between these and palaeo‐ENSO variation, are also possible contributors. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The relationship between morphoclimatic characteristics and peak flows: A case study of the southern Alborz Basins, Iran

Ideally, flood estimation in hydrological studies and applications requires recorded data, but this is missing or insufficient in many cases for a variety of reasons. Approaches to modelling the hydrologic response of ungauged basins may use physical characteristics of watersheds either to directly infer values for the parameters of hydrologic models or to establish regression relationships between watershed structure and model parameters. Most studies, however, are concentrated in humid hydroclimatic zones. In this study, a regional frequency analysis of annual peak maximum series of flood flows from rivers of the arid southern Alborz basins, Iran, was conducted, including identification of suitable regional flood frequency distributions. The peak stream flow for different data periods was estimated based on physiographic as well as climatic parameters. Because of the close relationship between elevation, stream flow regime and hydrological features, the development of a water response model first involved delimiting homogenous hydrological regions by using two-step cluster analysis. Equations were established for each region relating peak flow of different return periods and the basin parameters. The study results also revealed that the regional regression models developed in this study could be applied reasonably well at relatively similar ungauged sites, which is of potential interest in other water-stressed areas of the world, particularly given expected scenarios of population growth, development and climatic change.
Design of Filtering Microstrip Antenna Array With Reduced Sidelobe Level

For the requirements of efficient integration and simple fabrication, a new codesign approach for a microstrip filter with an antenna array with reduced sidelobe level is introduced in this communication. The microstrip patch antennas and the stub-loaded resonators are used to illustrate the synthesis of a bandpass filtering antenna array. By controlling the coupling strength between the resonators, a uniform or nonuniform power divider network can be obtained. A nonuniform power division is used to reduce the sidelobe level. The equivalent lumped circuit model is developed and analyzed in detail. Two types of eight-element filtering antenna array with uniform and tapered power-distribution among the elements have been designed. Simulated and measured results provide a good verification for the theoretical concepts.
LOTOS Code for Local Earthquake Tomographic Inversion: Benchmarks for Testing Tomographic Algorithms

We present the LOTOS-07 code for performing local earthquake tomographic inversion, which is freely available (see the [Data and Resources][1] section for the Web site). The initial data for the code are the arrival times from local seismicity and coordinates of the stations. It does not require any information about the sources. The calculations start from absolute location of sources and estimates of an optimal 1D-velocity model. Then the sources are relocated simultaneously with the 3D-velocity distribution during iterative coupled tomographic inversions. The code allows results to be compared based on node or cell parameterizations. The synthetic dataset used for testing the code is based on source–receiver configurations from a real experiment in Costa Rica. The travel times for this dataset are computed by 3D tracing through a rather complicated synthetic model and are perturbed with realistic noise. We also present a series of synthetic datasets with unknown sources and velocity models (see the [Data and Resources][1] section for the Web site) that can be used as blind benchmarks for testing different tomographic algorithms. We encourage other users of tomography algorithms to join the program on creating benchmarks that can be used to check existing codes. [1]: #sec-15
Holocene Soil Chronofunctions, Luochuan, Chinese Loess Plateau

Since soil genesis can hardly be observed directly over decades and centuries, the research of soil chronosequences is the most suitable way to assess quantitative knowledge on soil development (Bockheim, 1980). A soil chronosequence is a quantitative description of how the soils properties in a given area change with time (Vincent, 1994). Soil chronofunctions have been equated with the mathematical expression of chronosequence data, typically utilizing correlations and curve-fitting, or some derived combination. They are useful for studying pedogenesis, relative dating of surfaces and geologic events, and for predicting recovery rates of disturbed soils.
Assessing productivity of vegetation in the Amazon using remote sensing and modelling

The purpose of this paper is to analyse the following strategies used to assess productivity of vegetation: (1) measuring LAI and fPAR; (2) calculating band ratios representing soil and vegetation stresses; and (3) modelling net primary productivity. Amazonian site-specific challenges are addressed in relation to each of the approaches, and pertinent research gaps are delineated. Conclusions focus on the strengths and weaknesses of each approach, and describing optimal strategies for integrating the productivity of vegetation into future Amazonian land-use change research.
3-D inversion of magnetic induced polarization data

The magnetic induced polarization (MIP) method is an exploration technique used to obtain information relating to the induced polarization characteristics of the subsurface through measurements of the primary magnetic field associated with steady-state current flow in the earth. According to Seigel, the secondary magnetic field due to polarization current can be expressed as a sum of the products of chargeability and the derivative of primary magnetic field, due to ohmic current, with respect to the logarithmic conductivity (or sensitivity). The magnetic field and the sensitivity matrix can be computed by subsequently solving Poisson’s equation and a magnetostatic problem in terms of potentials using a finite-volume algorithm. The MIP response is a function of chargeability difference (η-η0) and relative conductivity (σ/σ0), where η0 and σ0 are constants. When solving the inverse problem we need to impose positivity of the solution but the fact that MIP responses depend only upon the difference in chargeability means we have options regarding how we set up the inversion. We can: (1) invert for η without constraints and add a constant to the final result, (2) invert for η while imposing positivity, or (3) work with In η. We compare all three methods here. Our inversion problem is formulated as an optimization problem where the objective function of the model is minimized subject to the constraints mat the model adequately reproduces the data. We use a Gauss-Newton method to obtain the model perturbation at each iteration. The system of equations is solved using a conjugate gradient least squares method. In order to make the inversion produce depth or distance information, a depth weighting or sensitivity-based weighting is required. Through synthetic model studies, we have shown mat the conductivity ratio between a target and its host has a large effect on the MIP response. Ratios greater man two orders of magnitude difference will eventually make the MIP response undetectable. However, if the ratio is in the range of 0.1 to 10, the effect on the recovered chargeability is limited. The inversion algorithm is demonstrated by inverting the data set from Binduli, Australia.
The influence of waterlogging on root water uptake and transpiration of trees of the Central Amazonian varzea

For several monrhs of the year, trees of the whitewater floodplains of Central Amazonia (varzea) are exposed to extreme waterlogging. Flooding of the sediments leads to anaerobiosis and oxygen deficiency in the physiologically active parts o f the plant roots OoHN et al. 1974, MENDELSSOHN et al. 1981, MooG & ]ANIESCH 1990) even under aerenchyma development. Oxygen deficiency is followed by anaerobic metabolism accompanied by a low-energy s ta rus o f the tissue (MUELLER et al. 1994). Most o f the tree species of the varzea show growth inhibition and leaf shedding during waterlogging (WORBES 1994, JuNK 1989). We, therefore, hypothesize that leaf shedding is a consequence of limited root water uptake d ue to energy problems of root hairs and limited root hair development.
Dipping reflector styles in the NE Atlantic Ocean

Summary The geometries and structure of volcanic rifted continental margins, that is, those with an ocean-continent transition masked by thick sequences of inclined tholeiitic basaltic flows, are examined. Small- and large-scale differences in sequence seismostratigraphy along strike, down-dip, and between conjugate configurations are discussed. Detailed appraisals of deep drilling results and seismic data for the Vøring Plateau and western Rockall Plateau are used to contrast margin architecture and demonstrate difficulties in interpolating data between sites of dipping reflector formation.