Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
On Similarity, Derivation and the Cognition of Musical Structure

Following a review of the model of similarity perception, cue abstraction and categorization, developed and empirically tested by Deliège and others over the last decade or so, it is proposed that the notion of perceivedderivation may be a key additional element in the cognition of musical structure. Evidence is sought in the re-analysis of recent empirical work and through the identification of structures that appear to challenge the sufficiency of Deliège’s model. The issue is contextualized through a discussion of the concepts of similarity, sameness and salience, utilizing contemporary thinking in cognitive psychology, philosophy and music theory–strands of thought which are drawn together through Ockelford’s ‘zygonic’ theory of music-structural understanding. This leads to the formulation of a new, composite account of how musical structure is processed, in which similarity, salience, derivation,categorization and schematization are shown to function in an integrated way.
Assigning a Volcano Alert Level: Negotiating Uncertainty, Risk, and Complexity in Decision-Making Processes

A volcano alert level system (VALS) is used to communicate warning information from scientists to civil authorities managing volcanic hazards. This paper provides the first evaluation of how the decision-making process behind the assignation of an alert level, using forecasts of volcanic behaviour, operates in practice. Using interviews conducted from 2007 to 2009 at five USGS-managed (US Geological Survey) volcano observatories (Alaska, Cascades, Hawaii, Long Valley, and Yellowstone), two key findings are presented here. First, that observatory scientists encounter difficulties in interpreting scientific data, and in making decisions about what a volcano is doing, when dealing with complex volcanic processes. Second, the decision to move between alert levels is based upon a complex negotiation of perceived social and environmental risks. This research establishes that decision-making processes are problematic in the face of intrinsic uncertainties and risks, such that warning systems become complex and nonlinear. A consideration of different approaches to negotiating uncertainty and risk that are deliberative would, therefore, be beneficial in volcanic hazard management insofar as these suggest effective practices for decision-making processes in assigning an alert level.
Interpersonal Relationships and the Legislative Process

PERSONAL contacts between huA. man beings lie at the very heart of all problems of government and society. Nowhere is this personal factor more evident or more important than in the political activity which determines the content and administration of laws. Students of government as well as participants in government have too often considered this human element as an undesirable, and therefore non-rational, factor in statecraft. Many political thinkers have chosen to disregard or to hold in contempt the merely human considerations which motivate man as a political animaland this because such human factors nowhere fit neatly into their schemes of government. Consequently the classical &dquo;political man,&dquo; like the &dquo;economic man,&dquo; suffers from the pernicious anemia of abstract idealism. When nearly fifty years ago Lord Bryce wrote: &dquo;The real blemishes in the system of state government are all found in the composition or conduct of the legislatures,&dquo; he wrote with a high disdain for the merely human beings which then, as now, filled our legislative halls. It remained for his fellow countryman, Graham Wallas, to make respectable the study of &dquo;irrational&dquo; factors and motivations in political life. Of late a new school, delving
Good Faith Collaboration: The Culture of Wikipedia

Good Faith Collaboration is characterized by its author as an ‘historically informed ethnography’ of the English-language facet of Wikipedia, the collaborative online project that has grown to produce the world’s most discussed encyclopaedia in the 10 years since its inception in 2001 (p. xiv). The book’s title indicates Reagle’s focus on a particular aspect of the culture giving rise to Wikipedia, namely good faith in interactions between Wikipedians, but the book deals with the cultural background of Wikipedia in general, also touching on the work’s history, content and public image. The book begins with a Foreword by Lawrence Lessig*a proponent of ‘free culture’*intended to promote both Reagle’s book and Wikipedia. Among other superlative claims, Lessig states that Wikipedia empowers people ‘more than any democracy’ and that after 10 generations of efforts to democratize knowledge, Wikipedia has brought us within one generation of a world in which ‘every single human being can freely share in the sum of all knowledge’, a stated goal of Wikipedia (pp. ix, x). Reagle too is ‘sympathetic’ to Wikipedia but his claims are more cautious and reasoned (p. 146). Lessig’s Foreword aside, Good Faith Collaboration is divided into a short preface (dominated by acknowledgements) and eight chapters, the first of which constitutes an introduction, the last, a conclusion. Chapter 1 offers an overview of the book, discusses Reagle’s sources (largely the discourse of Wikipedians) and methodology (marked by a commitment to analysing the ‘reasoning of the actual participants themselves’, [p. 11]), and brings in the metaphor of the puzzle (depicted on the dust jacket as well as in Wikipedia’s logo), which embodies a thesis: Wikipedia’s principle of the ‘neutral point of view’*or ‘NPOV’, as Reagle and Wikipedians usually call it*‘ensures that we can join the scattered pieces of what we think we know and good faith facilitates the actual practice of fitting them together’ (p. 15). Chapter 2 is a historical survey of antecedents to Wikipedia. While recognizing that older antecedents could be invoked, Reagle limits himself to twentieth-century examples. From the first half of the twentieth century, he focuses on the projects of Paul Otlet and H. G. Wells, both of whom were stimulated by new technologies (notably micro-photography) to imagine huge, updatable encyclopaedias. From here Reagle jumps to encyclopaedias proposed for free distribution on the Internet. According to Michael Hart, the founder of Project Gutenberg, the idea of such encyclopaedias dates back to around 1970 but Reagle begins his account with projects conceived after the popularization of networking among computers in the early 1990s (p. 32). In 1993, Interpedia was proposed, followed by the Distributed
Large-scale proteomics and phosphoproteomics of urinary exosomes.

Normal human urine contains large numbers of exosomes, which are 40- to 100-nm vesicles that originate as the internal vesicles in multivesicular bodies from every renal epithelial cell type facing the urinary space. Here, we used LC-MS/MS to profile the proteome of human urinary exosomes. Overall, the analysis identified 1132 proteins unambiguously, including 177 that are represented on the Online Mendelian Inheritance in Man database of disease-related genes, suggesting that exosome analysis is a potential approach to discover urinary biomarkers. We extended the proteomic analysis to phosphoproteomic profiling using neutral loss scanning, and this yielded multiple novel phosphorylation sites, including serine-811 in the thiazide-sensitive Na-Cl co-transporter, NCC. To demonstrate the potential use of exosome analysis to identify a genetic renal disease, we carried out immunoblotting of exosomes from urine samples of patients with a clinical diagnosis of Bartter syndrome type I, showing an absence of the sodium-potassium-chloride co-transporter 2, NKCC2. The proteomic data are publicly accessible at http://dir.nhlbi. nih.gov/papers/lkem/exosome/.
Recent in vivo advances in cell-penetrating peptide-assisted drug delivery

ABSTRACT Introduction: Delivery of macromolecular drugs is an important field in medical research. However, macromolecules are usually unable to cross the cell membrane without the assistance of a delivery system. Cell penetrating peptides (CPPs) are unique tools to gain access to the cell interior and deliver a bioactive cargo into the cytosol or nucleus. In addition to macromolecular delivery, CPPs have been used to deliver smaller bioactive molecules. Therefore CPPs have become an intensive field of research for medical treatment. Areas covered: In this review, we highlight studies that include CPP in vivo disease models. We review different strategies and approaches that have been used, with specific attention on recent publications. The approaches that have been used include CPP–cargo covalent conjugation strategies and nanoparticle strategies. Various additional strategies have been used to achieve disease targeting, including active targeting, passive targeting, and combined active/passive strategies. As a result, delivery of various types of molecule has been achieved, including small drug molecules, proteins and nucleic acid-based macromolecules (e.g. siRNA, antisense nucleotides and plasmid DNA). Expert Opinion: Despite recent advances in the field, confusions surrounding CPP internalization mechanisms and intracellular trafficking are hindering the development of new and more efficient vectors. Nevertheless, the recent increase in the number of publications containing in vivo CPP utilization looks promising that the number of clinical trials would also increase in the near future.
Shelter from the Storm: Trauma-Informed Care in Homelessness Services Settings

It is reasonable to assume that individuals and families who are homeless have been exposed to trauma. Research has shown that individuals who are homeless are likely to have experienced some form of previous trauma; homelessness itself can be viewed as a traumatic experience; and being homeless increases the risk of further victimization and retraumatization. Historically, homeless service settings have provided care to traumatized people without directly acknowledging or addressing the impact of trauma. As the field advances, providers in homeless service settings are beginning to realize the opportunity that they have to not only respond to the immediate crisis of homelessness, but to also contribute to the longer-term healing of these individuals. Trauma-Informed Care (TIC) offers a framework for providing services to traumatized individuals within a variety of service settings, including homelessness service settings. Although many providers have an emerging awareness of the potential importance of TIC in homeless services, the meaning of TIC remains murky, and the mechanisms for systems change using this framework are poorly defined. This paper explores the evidence base for TIC within homelessness service settings, including a review of quantitative and qualitative studies and other supporting literature. The authors clarify the definition of Trauma-Informed Care, discuss what is known about TIC based on an extensive literature review, review case examples of programs implementing TIC, and discuss implications for practice, programming, policy, and research.
Two alternative pathways of transcription initiation in the yeast negative regulatory gene GAL80

The yeast GAL80 gene, encoding a negative regulatory protein of galactose-inducible genes, shows both constitutive and galactose-inducible expression. The inducible transcription is under the control of Gal4p, a common activator for the galactose-inducible genes, which binds to an upstream activation sequence, called UASG, spanning between -105 and -89 in the 5'-flanking region of GAL80. Here we demonstrate that the constitutive transcription started at +1, whereas the inducible transcription occurs from a set of downstream sites at +37, +47, +56, and +67. Both transcriptions were enhanced 10-fold by another UAS, whose 5' boundary is located between -195 and -185. Gal4p stimulated transcription, which depends on the TATA box located at -20, from all the downstream sites. By contrast, the constitutive transcription depended on a small region of less than 16 bp long encompassing the +1 site, which directed transcription even in the absence of both the TATA box and the UASs. When a fragment covering that region was inserted immediately upstream of the open reading frame of HIS3, the resulting gene fusion, if introduced into a his3 yeast strain, supported growth on histidine-lacking medium. We detected by gel retardation assay a protein specifically interacting with this fragment. All the transcriptions observed in the in vivo experiments were faithfully reproduced in a cell-free transcription system. From these results, we suggest that initiation of GAL80 transcription involves two alternative pathways; one is initiator dependent, and the other is Gal4p regulated and TATA dependent.
Potential applications and human biosafety of nanomaterials used in nanomedicine

With the rapid development of nanotechnology, potential applications of nanomaterials in medicine have been widely researched in recent years. Nanomaterials themselves can be used as image agents or therapeutic drugs, and for drug and gene delivery, biological devices, nanoelectronic biosensors or molecular nanotechnology. As the composition, morphology, chemical properties, implant sites as well as potential applications become more and more complex, human biosafety of nanomaterials for clinical use has become a major concern. If nanoparticles accumulate in the human body or interact with the body molecules or chemical components, health risks may also occur. Accordingly, the unique chemical and physical properties, potential applications in medical fields, as well as human biosafety in clinical trials are reviewed in this study. Finally, this article tries to give some suggestions for future work in nanomedicine research. Copyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Somatic and cognitive-affective depressive symptoms among patients with heart disease: differences by sex and age

OBJECTIVE: this study investigated the association of somatic and cognitive-affective symptoms with sex and age, among patients hospitalized with heart disease. METHOD: this study was a secondary analysis of two previous observational studies totaling 531 patients with heart disease, hospitalized from 2005 to 2011 in two public hospitals in Ribeirão Preto, state of São Paulo, Brazil. Somatic and cognitive-affective symptoms were assessed using the subscales of the Beck Depression Inventory - I (BDI-I). RESULTS: of 531 participants, 62.7% were male, with a mean age 57.3 years (SD= 13.0) for males and 56.2 years (SD= 12.1) for females. Analyses of variance showed an effect of sex (p<0.001 for somatic and p=0.005 for cognitive-affective symptoms), but no effect of age. Women presented with higher mean values than men in both BDI-I subscales: 7.1 (4.5) vs. 5.4 (4.3) for somatic, and 8.3 (7.9) vs. 6.7 (7.2) for cognitive-affective symptoms. There were no differences by age for somatic (p=0.84) or cognitive-affective symptoms (p=0.84). CONCLUSION: women hospitalized with heart disease had more somatic and cognitive-affective symptoms than men. We found no association of somatic and cognitive-affective symptoms with age. Future research for these patients could reveal whether these differences according to sex continue throughout the rehabilitation process.
Myoglobin production in emperor penguins

SUMMARY Increased oxygen storage is essential to the diving capacities of marine mammals and seabirds. However, the molecular mechanisms underlying this adaptation are unknown. Myoglobin (Mb) and Mb mRNA concentrations were analyzed in emperor penguin (Aptenodytes forsteri) adults and chicks with spectrophotometric and RNase protection assays to evaluate production of their large Mb-bound O2 stores. Mean pectoral Mb concentration and Mb mRNA content increased throughout the pre-fledging period and were 15-fold and 3-fold greater, respectively, in adults than in 3.5 month old chicks. Mean Mb concentration in 5.9 month old juveniles was 2.7±0.4 g 100 g−1 muscle (44% that of wild adults), and in adults that had been captive all their lives it was 3.7±0.1 g 100 g−1 muscle. The Mb and Mb mRNA data are consistent with regulation of Mb production at the level of transcription as in other animals. Significant Mb and Mb mRNA production occurred in chicks and young juveniles even without any diving activity. The further increase in adult Mb concentrations appears to require the exercise/hypoxia of diving because Mb concentration in captive, non-diving adults only reached 60% of that of wild adults. The much greater relative increase in Mb concentration than in Mb mRNA content between young chicks and adults suggests that there is not a simple 1:1 relationship between Mb mRNA content and Mb concentration. Nutritional limitation in young chicks and post-transcriptional regulation of Mb concentration may also be involved.
Daytime vocal activity in institutionalized severely demented patients identified as vocally disruptive by nurses

This study aimed at exploring vocal activity in severely demented patients with vocally disruptive behaviour as identified by nurses. Continuous tape‐recordings (07.00 am–07.00 pm) of the vocal activity of 33 residents in psychogeriatric wards were analysed regarding duration, level, number, type, content and direction. The activity lasted for a mean of 338.7 minutes/patient and the longest episode of each patient had a mean duration of 103.5 minutes and turned into shouting in 17 cases. The vocal activity consisted of (1) inarticulate sounds or syllables; (2)predominance of inarticulate vocal activity; (3) articulate words or sentences; (4) predominance of articulate vocal activity; and lastly (5) "dialogue vocal activity". No significant relationships emerged when a multiple regression analysis with type as dependent and demographic data as independent variables was applied. The vocal activity was: impossible to interpret, directed to others, responsive, or non‐directed utterances. The communicative function of the words used related to need for someone, incompetence, protest, need for help, in pain and despair/fear—hence, relating to an emotionally negative content, and less often to a positive emotional content. The vocal activity seemed possible to interpret as a "language" stemming from strong emotions mostly of a negative nature and a "language" used in monologues which could represent a self‐stimulating "language", thus meeting the need for activity. The results indicated that patients' emotional state must be attended to.
Exploring outcomes of a nurse practitioner-managed cardiac surgery follow-up intervention: a randomized trial.

AIMS To describe and compare the outcomes of a nurse practitioner-managed cardiac surgery follow-up model of care with the standard model of primary care provider follow-up for coronary artery bypass graft surgery patients. BACKGROUND Advances in healthcare have had a favourable impact on length of stay following cardiac surgery; however, the shorter length of stay has not been accompanied by enhanced support to bridge the gap between acute care and the community setting. DESIGN Prospective (2009-2010) randomized study. METHODS Elective cardiac surgery patients (N = 200) were randomly assigned to the nurse practitioner follow-up intervention or to the standard model of follow-up care. The main outcomes were health-related quality of life, patient satisfaction, symptoms, and health resource use. Outcome data were elicited via telephone interviews at 2 and 6 weeks postdischarge. RESULTS Baseline differences between the two groups were non-significant; however, at 2 weeks postdischarge, the intervention group reported significantly fewer symptoms and higher physical functioning status. At 2 and 6 weeks postdischarge, the intervention group was significantly more satisfied with the amount of help, as well as the quality of the services received. Differences in healthcare resource use were not statistically significant. CONCLUSION This evidence suggests that the nurse practitioner-managed model of follow-up care effectively bridges the gap between institutional and primary care in the cardiac surgery population.
Identifying Future Research Priorities Using Value of Information Analyses: Left Atrial Appendage Occlusion Devices in Atrial Fibrillation

Background Left atrial appendage occlusion devices are cost effective for stroke prophylaxis in atrial fibrillation when compared with dabigatran or warfarin. We illustrate the use of value‐of‐information analyses to quantify the degree and consequences of decisional uncertainty and to identify future research priorities. Methods and Results A microsimulation decision‐analytic model compared left atrial appendage occlusion devices to dabigatran or warfarin in atrial fibrillation. Probabilistic sensitivity analysis quantified the degree of parameter uncertainty. Expected value of perfect information analyses showed the consequences of this uncertainty. Expected value of partial perfect information analyses were done on sets of input parameters (cost, utilities, and probabilities) to identify the source of the greatest uncertainty. One‐way sensitivity analyses identified individual parameters for expected value of partial perfect information analyses. Population expected value of perfect information and expected value of partial perfect information provided an upper bound on the cost of future research. Substantial uncertainty was identified, with left atrial appendage occlusion devices being preferred in only 47% of simulations. The expected value of perfect information was $8542 per patient and $227.3 million at a population level. The expected value of partial perfect information for the set of probability parameters represented the most important source of uncertainty, at $6875. Identified in 1‐way sensitivity analyses, the expected value of partial perfect information for the odds ratio for stroke with left atrial appendage occlusion compared with warfarin was calculated at $7312 per patient or $194.5 million at a population level. Conclusion The relative efficacy of stroke reduction with left atrial appendage occlusion devices in relation to warfarin is an important source of uncertainty. Improving estimates of this parameter should be the priority for future research in this area.
’Always knowing’ and ‘never being sure’: familial and institutional habituses and higher education choice

The last 25 years have seen a transition from an ‘elite’ to a ‘mass’ system of higher education. This expansion fuelled by mature as well as younger students has made the field of higher education far more complex and unstable than it was even ten years ago. This paper attempts, through the case studies of a group of ten higher education applicants, to develop a preliminary theoretical analysis of the processes of contemporary higher education choice which works both with the growing diversity of the client group and the continuing inequalities in access. It is argued that intersections of gender, ‘race’ and social class are key to understanding students’ experiences of higher education choice. Higher education policy, in widening access, could be seen to be promoting social justice. However, it is argued that the experience of these ten students points to a more complex, less optimistic conclusion.