Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Effects of High-Intensity Training by Heart Rate or Power in Well-Trained Cyclists

Swart, J, Lamberts, RP, Derman, W, and Lambert, MI. Effects of high-intensity training by heart rate or power in well-trained cyclists. J Strength Cond Res 23(2): 619-625, 2009-The aim of this study was to determine whether the performance of cyclists after 4 weeks of high-intensity training improved similarly using either heart rate or power to prescribe training. Twenty-one well-trained men cyclists (age, 32 ± 6 years; peak power output, 371 ± 46 W) were randomly assigned to a power-based (GPOWER) or heart rate-based (GHEART) high-intensity training (HIT) group or a control group (GCONTROL). Training consisted of 8 repetitions of 4 minutes at either 80% of peak power output (GPOWER) or at the heart rate coinciding with 80% of peak power output (GHEART), with rest periods of 90 seconds. A 40-km time trial and &OV0312;o2max test were performed before and after 8 training sessions. There were significant improvements (p < 0.05) in peak power output (GPOWER = 3.5%; GHEART = 5.0%) and 40-km time trial performance (GPOWER = 2.3%; GHEART = 2.1%) for both of the high-intensity groups. Although there were no significant differences between groups for these variables, when the data were analyzed using magnitude-based effects, the GHEART group showed greater probability of a “beneficial” effect for peak power output. The current general perception that prescribing training based only on power is more effective than prescribing training based on heart rate was not supported by the data from this study. Coaches who are unable to monitor progress frequently should prescribe training based on heart rate, when intervals are performed under stable conditions, because this may provide an additional advantage over prescribing training using power.
Poverty Reduction, Equity and Climate Change: Global Governance Synergies or Contradictions?

Acknowledgements I am grateful to the Department for International Development, UK, for financing this study. This paper forms part of the Effective Participation by Developing Countries in International Governance, Institutions and Negotiations study which is in turn part of the Globalisation and Poverty programme, which now includes fourteen projects on the relationship between the global economy, and global institutions, and poverty, and on how the developing countries can influence this. The comments of Benito Müller (Oxford Institute for Development Studies), Aubrey Meyer (Global Commons Institute) and Sheila Page (ODI) are gratefully acknowledged. Thanks are also due to the hard preparatory work of three London School of Economics Masters students:
Poverty, education, gender and the Millennium Development Goals: Reflections on boundaries and intersectionality

The article considers the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) concerned with poverty, education and gender (MDG 1, MDG 2 and MDG 3). Despite considerable achievements associated with the MDG approach, which entails international and national target setting and monitoring, a sharp distinction between areas of social policy is entailed. In addition the approach suggests sufficiency, for example providing a minimum level of education or gender parity, rather than a fuller notion of equality, is good enough. These processes of classification, which entail horizontal and vertical boundaries, are examined, partly drawing on Bernsteinian ideas, and partly through reflections on the concept of intersectionality. Data collected from discussions in Kenya and South Africa with administrators in national and provincial government and teachers implementing the poverty, education and gender MDGs are explored. These show a tendency to work primarily with ideas based on lines, associated with the MDG targets rather than to think more complexly about structure, agency and context in addressing inequality. Thus professionals who confront problems of poverty, gender inequality and inadequate education in day-to-day work lack appropriate resources or processes for gathering information or reflexively engaging with it. The missing resources are partly financial, in that there are not budgets of time or money to attend to making connections. But in addition they are conceptual. Ideas which take a direction to social justice. In the place of a reasoned and reflexive professional language of practice, everyday ideas that connect poverty with gender and schooling are expressed. These tend to reproduce social distance and blame. Putting intersectional ideas to work in ways that consciously and creatively challenge existing sites of exclusionary power appeal key in success or frameworks to the MDGs.
Europe’s missing Yollies

Europe’s lackluster capacity to generate growth and particularly productivity growth is for a significant part attributable to a subdued capacity to innovate. Policies aimed at boosting growth through research and development have not delivered. Private R&D intensity remains to date low (and productivity growth has declined). Looking at potential causes for this poor performance, analysis has looked at the importance of sector specialization as well as churning problems and firm demography. In this paper we go further by linking the two dimensions. We show that the EU’s business R&D deficit with the US can be almost entirely explained by the EU having fewer young leading innovators and, even more importantly, having fewer of these in new high-R&D intensive sectors. It addresses the implications of this finding for EU’s research and innovation policy design.
Safety Is the Most Important Thing How HOPE VI Helped Families

Fear of crime has profound implications for residents, causing stress and social isolation; relocation has brought about a dramatic positive impact on residents? life circumstances. Those residents who left traditional public housing? voucher holders and unassisted renters and homeowners? are now living in neighborhoods that are dramatically safer than their original public housing developments. These improvements in safety have had a profound impact on their quality of life; they can let their children play outside, they are sleeping better, and are feeling less worried and anxious overall. However, those who remain in traditional public housing developments are still living in extremely dangerous circumstances, little better than where they started.
The Millard Rotation-Advancement Cleft Lip Repair: 50 Years of Modification

Since its inception in 1955, Millard's rotation-advancement repair has been one of the most popular techniques used in the care of patients with a cleft lip. Over the past half century, Millard's repair has evolved and laid the foundation for many other repair techniques that have followed in its footsteps. This publication compares Millard's rotation-advancement technique to the various repairs used today. The purpose of this article is to lend perspective as to the impact of Millard repair over the past 50 years in the treatment of cleft lip.
Diastolic stiffness as assessed by diastolic wall strain is associated with adverse remodelling and poor outcomes in heart failure with preserved ejection fraction.

AIMS The pathophysiology of heart failure with preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF) is complex but increased left ventricular (LV) diastolic stiffness plays a key role. A load-independent, non-invasive, direct measure of diastolic stiffness is lacking. The diastolic wall strain (DWS) index is based on the linear elastic theory, which predicts that impaired diastolic wall thinning reflects resistance to deformation in diastole and thus, increased diastolic myocardial stiffness. The objectives of this community-based study were to determine the distribution of this novel index in consecutive HFpEF patients and healthy controls, define the relationship between DWS and cardiac structure and function and determine whether increased diastolic stiffness as assessed by DWS is predictive of the outcome in HFpEF. METHODS AND RESULTS Consecutive HFpEF patients (n = 327, EF ≥ 50%) and controls (n = 528) from the same community were studied. Diastolic wall strain was lower in HFpEF (0.33 ± 0.08) than in controls (0.40 ± 0.07, P < 0.001). Within HFpEF, those with DWS ≤ median (0.33) had higher LV mass index, relative wall thickness, E/e', Doppler-estimated LV end-diastolic pressure to LV end-diastolic volume ratio, left atrial volume index, and brain natriuretic peptide (BNP) levels than those with DWS > median. Heart failure with preserved ejection fraction patients with DWS ≤ median had higher rate of death or HF hospitalization than those with DWS > median (P = 0.003) even after the adjustment for age, gender, log BNP, LV geometry, or log E/e' (P < 0.01). CONCLUSION These data suggest that DWS, a simple index, is useful in assessing diastolic stiffness and that more advanced diastolic stiffness is associated with worse outcomes in HFpEF.
Dignity and Speech: The Regulation of Hate Speech in a Democracy

The American tradition of free individual expression exists side-by-side with its Fourteenth Amendment commitment to equality. In the area of hate speech, the libertarian notion of free expression comes into tension with the aspiration of equal dignity. While it is evident that maintaining equality means that government has no power to treat the speech of similarly situated persons differently, potential interpersonal friction exists where the speech of one person threatens the rights or safety of another. With the expansion of the Internet, new regulatory challenges more frequently arise because of the global reach of hate propaganda transmitted from the United States, where it is legal, and streamed into countries, like France, where such communications are criminal offenses. The global reach of supremacist ideology creates a challenge to world democracies. Societies committed to pluralism are obligated to safeguard individual expression while promoting egalitarian principles against harming others' safety and dignity. Consequently, as much as American society extols freedom of speech, there are many instances in which competing interests, such as retaining a good reputation in one's community, place restraints on public communications. Where one person wishes to express false statements about another, defamation law sides not with the desire for inaccurate catharsis but with the protection of reputation. The preference for an individual's right to the protection of his own good name 'reflects no more than our basic concept of the essential dignity and worth of every human being. ' Public policy favors the interest of libeled individuals over that of anyone wishing to intentionally or negligently spread fallacy. So too where words are likely to result in the immediate breach of the peace. The Supreme Court has found that the government has a countervailing social interest in order and morality that justifies some limitations on speech.This Article opens with a n analysis of hate speech in a democratic society. The first topic to investigate is the role of speech in our constitutional democracy. The current Supreme Court cases that affect the status of hate speech are then reviewed and critiqued. Finally, the Article contrasts the American approach to destructive messages with the European and Canadian models.
Medical Student Perceptions of Feedback and Feedback Behaviors Within the Context of the “Educational Alliance”

Purpose Using the “educational alliance” as a conceptual framework, the authors explored medical students’ beliefs about feedback and how their feedback behaviors reflect their perceptions. Method Five focus groups (four to six medical students each) at one UK medical school in 2015 were used to capture and elucidate learners’ feedback perceptions and behaviors within the context of the learner–educator relationship. A map of key feedback opportunities across the program was used as a tool for exploring student engagement with the feedback process. Qualitative data were analyzed using an approach based on grounded theory principles. Results Three learner feedback behaviors emerged: recognizing, using, and seeking feedback. Five core themes influencing these behaviors were generated: learner beliefs, attitudes, and perceptions; relationships; teacher attributes; mode of feedback; and learning culture. Conceptual models illustrating the relationships between the themes and each behavior were developed. Learning culture influenced all three behaviors with a wide context of influences. Conclusions Ensuring that feedback leads to improved performance requires more than training educators in best practices. The conceptual models support the educational alliance framework and illustrate the context and complexity of learning culture surrounding the educational relationship, learner, and feedback exchange. The educational alliance approach is underpinned by a mutual understanding of purpose and responsibility. Enhancing learners’ feedback literacy skills seems to be the key aspect of the educational alliance in need of attention. Empowering learners to recognize, seek, and use feedback received within diverse learning cultures is essential.
Characterization methodology of a millimeter-wave 65nm CMOS PA dedicated to 60GHz WPAN standard

A millimeter-wave PA (Power Amplifier) based on a 65nm CMOS technology from STMicroelectronics has been designed. It is optimized to deliver the maximum OCP1 (Output Compression Point) equal to 12dBm. The targeted feature is the unlicensed band around 60GHz suitable for Wireless Personal Area Network application (WPAN). Considering that constraints, one-tone simulations are not sufficient to characterize the linearity performances of the PA in its real conditions of use. Consequently, the high frequency memory effect is firstly highlighted by performing two-tone simulations. Linearity figures of merit are discussed applying an OFDM (Orthogonal Frequency Devising Multiplexing) modulated signal. The PA offers an ACPR of 35dB, an EVM of 20%and compresses at 9dBm.
Has the quality of bank loans deteriorated

In recent years, bank supervisors have expressed concern about a deterioration in the standards of banks for underwriting loans. Examining recent trends in nonper forming loans at commercial banks through the first quarter of 1999 can help determine whether this concern is justified. Nonperforming loans are identified as those past due 90 days or more or in nonaccrual status. Banks classify loans as nonaccrual when they cease to count interest due on the loans as current income. Banks report the amount of their loans that were nonperforming as of the end of each quarter. Supervisors' comments about bank underwriting practices have tended to focus more on commercial and industrial (C&I) loans than some of the other categories of bank loans. The first table indicates that there was a rise in the nonperforming rate on C&I loans in the first quarter among banks in each size group. Among the banks with total assets above $1 billion, the nonperforming rate in the first quarter was higher than in any quarter in the prior two years. There are reasons to doubt whether the first-quarter data are the beginning of a new trend. For one thing, there appears to be a seasonal pattern in the nonperforming rates for banks with total assets below $20 billion. For these banks, the nonperforming rates rose during the first quarters of 1997 and 1998. This seasonal pattern reflects a tendency of smaller banks to charge off more of their nonperformingloans as losses in the fourth quarter of the year. In addition, the first-quarter nonperforming rate for all bank loans, shown in the second table, has not deteriorated relative to the last two years. For the banks in each size group, the percentage of total loans that were nonperforming in the first quarter of this year was within the range of quarterly observations in the last two years. In any event, nonperforming rates on C&I loans and total loans remain far below the levels of the late 1980s and early 1990s, when the rates were several percentage points higher. By the standard of this earlier period, when banks had serious loan quality problems, loan quality appears to be very good. —Alton Gilbert August 1999
Commitment to mothering and preference for employment: The voices of women on public assistance with young children

This study uses qualitative data to examine how welfare-dependent women with young children feel about the employment mandate in the 1996 welfare reform legislation, Personal Work Responsibility Opportunity Reconciliation Act (PWRORA). The voices of poor women have been overlooked in the policy debate about welfare reform, as well as in the social science literature. The data were drawn from individual and group interviews done with 14 women on public assistance during the initial phase of their participation in a voluntary welfare-to-work program. The women in this sample report that they have strong positive feelings about working outside of the home, as well as strong reservations. The paper presents new data on low-income women's role preference and perceived conflict regarding employment when their children are young. All the women in the sample had children under 2 years of age. The data demonstrate that there are aspects of role preference and conflict with employment that are unique to women on public assistance, as well as aspects that are universal across income groups.
Augmentation of central arterial pressure in type 1 diabetes.

OBJECTIVE Atherosclerosis is more severe in individuals with diabetes. Whether diabetic subjects have accelerated arterial hardening (i.e., arteriosclerosis) is less clear. Arteriosclerosis increases pulse-wave velocity and can augment central arterial pressure due to early wave reflection. The aim of this study was to determine whether subjects with type 1 diabetes had evidence of increased arterial stiffness by using pulse-wave analysis. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS Radial artery pressure waveforms were obtained noninvasively by applanation tonometry (PWV Medical Blood Pressure Analysis System, Sydney). A central aortic waveform can be derived by using a transfer function used in previous studies during cardiac catheterization. A total of 89 subjects with type 1 diabetes (46 men and 43 women, aged 34.0 +/- 11.0 years, duration of diabetes 13.1 years [interquartile range 5.8-24.3], HbA1c 8.2 +/- 1.7%) and 95 control subjects (44 men and 51 women, aged 36.1 +/- 12.0 years) were studied. The central aortic waveform allowed the determination of 1) the aortic augmentation index (AAI), a parameter that reflects the degree to which central arterial pressure is augmented by wave reflection, and 2) the subendocardial viability ratio (SEVR), which is a measure of myocardial perfusion relative to cardiac workload. RESULTS In multivariate analysis, diabetes was an important determinant of AAI (P = 0.001). The higher AAI was mainly evident in the men, for whom diabetes was a highly significant covariate (P = 0.006); this was not the case for diabetic women (P = 0.2). Nondiabetic men had a lower AAI than nondiabetic women (103.7 +/- 18.6 vs. 117.0 +/- 22.3%, respectively, P = 0.002), but this difference was abolished by diabetes (110.7 +/- 18.5 vs. 116.1 +/- 18.7%, respectively, P = 0.2). Subjects with type 1 diabetes had a significantly lower mean SEVR compared with control subjects (139.2 +/- 28.3 vs. 163.6 +/- 27.4%, respectively, P < 0.0001). In multivariate analysis, diabetes was an important determinant of SEVR (P = 0.001). A significant interaction between diabetes and age was evident (P = 0.0001), which suggests that the effect of age is modified by diabetes. CONCLUSIONS These findings suggest that central systolic blood pressure is increased in relatively young individuals with type 1 diabetes, although myocardial perfusion related to cardiac workload is decreased. These changes can be explained by more rapid pulse-wave velocity resulting from arterial stiffening.
Tools and experiments for hybrid neuro-symbolic processing

Symbolic and connectionist tools are widely used in the artificial intelligence (AI) domain. Both approaches report weaknesses to address the full range of capabilities required by this domain, and are often combined to overcome some limitations, but no extensive efforts have been done to give a wider view of the problem. More precisely, many ad hoc hybrid models were built from symbolic and connectionist tools, but little was said about the choice, integration and combination of such tools. Such was the goal of the European ESPRIT project MIX. We report the main conclusions of this project, together with its results on a real-world application.
Is there an office replacement cycle?

Whether office replacement cycles are likely to emerge in the future given the bunched nature of office building arising from past building booms is examined. This issue is important because replacement could be a significant supply-side cause of the well- observed office building cycle. Furthermore, the literature on equipment investment has recognized the possibility of cyclical replacement behaviour. Built structures, however, have some distinction characteristics, especially longevity, that might negate the causal processes suggested for equipment. Three approaches are adopted. The first is to see whether time series data on holdings of UK office buildings by investors provide any evidence of a cyclical decline in building ages. It was found that, although declines are marked over time, they showed little evidence of a systematic cyclical pattern in relation to age. The second approach provides estimates of the outstanding UK stock of commercial buildings over time, using the perpetual inventory capital stock estimation method. This analysis shows that the scale of new building over recent cycles has been far greater than any apparent need for replacement buildings - so that, at best, replacement cycles can only be of second-order influence on the pattern of observed cycles. Thirdly, a series of theoretical arguments are put forward to suggest that redevelopment of a particular age cohort of buildings is, in any case, likely to be spread over a long period of time.
Effect of Protein Kinase C Activator on Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase and p34cdc2 Kinase Activity During Parthenogenetic Activation of Porcine Oocytes by Calcium Ionophore1

Abstract The objective of this study was to elucidate the role of a [Ca2+]i rise and protein kinase C (PKC) activation on decreases of p34cdc2 kinase and mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinase activity during parthenogenetic activation of porcine oocytes. In oocytes treated with 50 µM Ca2+ ionophore, degradations of both p34cdc2 kinase and MAP kinase activity were observed and half of these oocytes formed pronuclei. However, a supplement of PKC inhibitor, calphostin C, after 50 µM Ca2+ ionophore treatment, was sufficient to inhibit the inactivation of MAP kinase and pronuclear formation in the oocytes. These results showed that PKC played an important role in Ca2+-induced oocyte activation. On the other hand, 10 µM Ca2+ ionophore treatment could not affect the MAP kinase activity but induced a transient decrease of p34cdc2 kinase activity, which resulted in recovery of p34cdc2 kinase activity and progression to meiotic metaphase III stage. To investigate the effects of PKC activator on oocytes treated with 10 µM Ca2+ ionophore, matured oocytes were cultured with phorbol 12-myriatate 13-acetate (PMA), after 10 µM Ca2+ ionophore treatment. The additional treatment suppressed the recovery of p34cdc2 kinase activity and rapidly induced a decrease of MAP kinase activity, and these low activities were maintained until 12-h cultivation. As a result, a significantly higher percentage of these oocytes (67%) had pronuclei at 12-h cultivation. Moreover, PMA treatment without Ca2+ ionophore treatment effectively led to a decrease of MAP kinase activity in a dose-dependent manner but not p34cdc2 kinase activity in matured porcine oocytes. In conclusion, the parthenogenetic activation of porcine oocytes was mediated by the inactivation of p34cdc2 kinase via a calcium-dependent pathway and thereafter by the inactivation of MAP kinase via a PKC-dependent pathway.