Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Complexity Thinking and Evolutionary Economic Geography

Thus far, most of the work towards the construction of an evolutionary economic geography has drawn upon a particular version of evolutionary economics, namely the Nelson-Winter framework, which blends Darwinian concepts and metaphors (especially variety, selection, novelty and inheritance) and elements of a behavioural theory of the firm. Much less attention has been directed to an alternative conception based on complexity theory, yet in recent years complexity theory has increasingly been concerned with the general attributes of evolutionary natural and social systems. In this article we explore the idea of the economic landscape as a complex adaptive system. We identify several key notions of what is being called the new ‘complexity economics’, and examine whether and in what ways these can be used to help inform an evolutionary perspective for understanding the uneven development and adaptive transformation of the economic landscape.
Populist rhetoric in politics and media: A longitudinal study of the Netherlands

Many claim that populism in the Netherlands has grown over the last 10 years; that it spreads among mainstream parties; that its success has to do with the media, who pay more and more attention to populist parties and immigration issues; but that it is difficult to distinguish between political populism intended for the media and populism by the media. In a longitudinal content analysis of newspapers, television news, talk shows and party political broadcasts, covering seven elections in nearly 20 years, these claims are put to the test. The picture that emerges is far more ambiguous than publicized opinion suggests, with no clear trend but a downward one in 2012.
Book Reviews: Malcolm Borg: International Transfers of Managers in Multinational Corporations

tegic management of the multinational firm. In this context, the international transfer of managers plays a particular role. The problems of exand repatriation of managers count among the classical problem areas in the literature on international management. Studies relate particularly to the role of expatriates in headquarters-subsidiary relationships, the reasons for using expatriates, their recruitment and selection, management training, problems of adjustment to foreign cultures and repatriation, as well as the role of human management practices as management instruments in the MNC. In this perspective, it may be surprising that there is still a lack in systematical and theoretically guided empirical analyses of international transfer patterns and, thus, of careers of managers (assigned abroad) in the multinational firm. The book by Borg is a contribution to this field. It is a revised edition of a doctoral disser-
Diabetes-Induced Superoxide Anion and Breakdown of the Blood-Retinal Barrier: Role of the VEGF/uPAR Pathway

Diabetes-induced breakdown of the blood-retinal barrier (BRB) has been linked to hyperglycemia-induced expression of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and is likely mediated by an increase in oxidative stress. We have shown that VEGF increases permeability of retinal endothelial cells (REC) by inducing expression of urokinase plasminogen activator receptor (uPAR). The purpose of this study was to define the role of superoxide anion in VEGF/uPAR expression and BRB breakdown in diabetes. Studies were performed in streptozotocin diabetic rats and mice and high glucose (HG) treated REC. The superoxide dismutase (SOD) mimetic tempol blocked diabetes-induced permeability and uPAR expression in rats and the cell permeable SOD inhibited HG-induced expression of uPAR and VEGF in REC. Inhibiting VEGFR blocked HG-induced expression of VEGF and uPAR and GSK-3β phosphorylation in REC. HG caused β-catenin translocation from the plasma membrane into the cytosol and nucleus. Treatment with HG-conditioned media increased REC paracellular permeability that was blocked by anti-uPA or anti-uPAR antibodies. Moreover, deletion of uPAR blocked diabetes-induced BRB breakdown and activation of MMP-9 in mice. Together, these data indicate that diabetes-induced oxidative stress triggers BRB breakdown by a mechanism involving uPAR expression through VEGF-induced activation of the GSK3β/β-catenin signaling pathway.
MODEL OF SLOWING THE SPREAD OF GYPSY MOTH (LEPIDOPTERA: LYMANTRIIDAE) WITH A BARRIER ZONE

When attempts to eradicate an introduced pest species fail and it becomes established, barrier zones are often used to stop or to slow the spread of the population into uninfested areas. The U.S. Forest Service is currently conducting a Slow-the-Spread (STS) pilot project to evaluate the feasibility of slowing the spread of the gypsy moth (Lymantria dispar L.) in several areas along the population front. To predict the effect of barrier zones on the rate of gypsy moth spread we developed a model that assumes establishment of isolated colonies beyond the expanding population front. These colonies grow, coalesce, and thereby contribute to the movement of the population front. The model estimates the rate of spread from two functions: (1) colonization rate as a function of the distance from the population front and (2) population numbers in a colony as a function of colony age. Eradication of isolated colonies in a barrier zone was simulated by truncating the colonization rate function beyond a specific dist.
Neighbourhood density and genetic relatedness interact to determine fruit set and abortion rates in a continuous tropical tree population

Tropical trees may show positive density dependence in fruit set and maturation due to pollen limitation in low-density populations. However, pollen from closely related individuals in the local neighbourhood might reduce fruit set or increase fruit abortion in self-incompatible tree species. We investigated the role of neighbourhood density and genetic relatedness on individual fruit set and abortion in the neotropical tree Jacaranda copaia in a large forest plot in central Panama. Using nested neighbourhood models, we found a strong positive effect of increased conspecific density on fruit set and maturation. However, high neighbourhood genetic relatedness interacted with density to reduce total fruit set and increase the proportion of aborted fruit. Our results imply a fitness advantage for individuals growing in high densities as measured by fruit set, but realized fruit set is lowered by increased neighbourhood relatedness. We hypothesize that the mechanism involved is increased visitation by density-dependent invertebrate pollinators in high-density populations, which increases pollen quantity and carry-over and increases fruit set and maturation, coupled with self-incompatibility at early and late stages due to biparental inbreeding that lowers fruit set and increases fruit abortion. Implications for the reproductive ecology and conservation of tropical tree communities in continuous and fragmented habitats are discussed.
Lifestyle Management in Health and Social Care

Section A: Healthy lifestyles . Chapter 1: Creating the opportunity for change. Steve Paul and Bill Penson. Chapter 2: Food and lifestyle: Healthy eating and weight management. Dr Pinki Sahota. Chapter 3: Getting the balance Right: Managing Work-Home Conflict. Professor Jim McKenna and Miranda Thew. Section B: Living with Lifestyle Problems . Chapter 4: Impact of lifestyle on Back Pain. Jamie Bell. Chapter 5: Energy for Life. Miranda Thew and Sue Pemberton. Chapter 6: Good Sleep- The Life Enhancer. Miranda Thew. Chapter 7: 'Portable' Relaxation for Every Day Living. Miranda Thew. Chapter 8: Lifestyle Factors In Managing Elevated Blood Pressure. Professor Jim McKenna. Section C: Healthy life and Healthy Relationships . Chapter 9: Teenagers- Love and Boundaries! Gill Coverdale. Chapter 10: Positive parenting and the Younger Child. Fiona Wondergem and Dawn Taylor
Partitioning CloudSat ice water content for comparison with upper tropospheric ice in global atmospheric models

[1] The ice cloud estimates in current global models exhibit significant inconsistency, resulting in a significant amount of uncertainties in climate forecasting. Vertically resolved ice water content (IWC) is recently available from new satellite products, such as CloudSat, providing important observational constraints for evaluating the global models. To account for the varied nature of the model parameterization schemes, it is valuable to develop methods to distinguish the cloud versus precipitating ice components from the remotely sensed estimates in order to carry out meaningful model-data comparisons. The present study develops a new technique that partitions CloudSat total IWC into small and large ice hydrometeors, using the ice particle size distribution (PSD) parameters provided by the retrieval algorithm. The global statistics of CloudSat-retrieved PSD are analyzed for the filtered subsets on the basis of convection and precipitation flags to identify appropriate particle size separation. Results are compared with previous partitioning estimates and suggest that the small particles contribute to ∼25–45% of the global mean total IWC in the upper to middle troposphere. Sensitivity measures with respect to the PSD parameters and the retrieval algorithm are presented. The current estimates are applied to evaluate the IWC estimates from the European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts model and the finite-volume multiscale modeling framework model, pointing to specific areas of potential model improvements. These results are discussed in terms of applications to model diagnostics, providing implications for reducing the uncertainty in the model representation of cloud feedback and precipitation.
Studies on new catechol containing cephalosporins. III. Synthesis and structure-activity relationships of cephalosporins having a pyridone moiety at the C-7 position.

Recently, we reported the synthesis and antibacterial activity of cephalosporins containing a catechol moiety at C-3 and C-7 position, respectively1>2). As expected, they showed good activity especially against Gramnegative bacteria. There we found that the isoxazole spacer was essential for the enhancementof antibacterial activity against both Gram-positive and Gram-necgative strains. In recent years, cephalosporins have been reported bearing a monoor dihydroxy pyridone instead of catechol moiety at C-7 side chain. This modification was found to improve the antipseudomonal activity and the stability to COMT, which had a good activity against Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria including Pseudomonas aeruginosa3A). Therefore, we extended our search for cephalosporinswithpotent activitytohose having 5-hydroxy-4-pyridone-7V-oxide substituent in connection with the isoxazole spacer. Herein we wishto report the sy thes andin vitro antibacterial activityof lh andr lated comp u s. Chemi try Thesynthesis of C-7substituenthaving pyridone unit withan isoxazole spacer wasdepicted Scheme 1. The pyridi eTV-oxid 2which prepar by known procedures4), which primaryalcoholwasconverted to an aldehyde by Swern oxidation a dtransformedintoan isoxazole spacer according to he Taylor a d Ray's meth d5) to givethe isox zolylpyridineTV-oxide 3. The est residuein the compound 3w sreducedby NaBH4 n c nv rted o bromi e4by triphenylphosphineCBr4. Thekeyintermediate, alkoxylamine 5, wasobtained by following th Gabrielsynthesis6)fromthe bromide4, andfinally conden ed withprotected aminothiaz lylglyoxy ic acid6 to yie d d siredC-7substituent7. [7; XHNMR (300MHz, CDC13) 8 3.82(3H, s, PhOCH3), 5.132H, s, CH2), 5.30(2H, s, OCH2Ph), 6.45(1 , s, isoxazol-H), 6.64(1H, s, CH-thiazol), 6.85 (1H, s, CHPh2), 7 001 s "pyridone), 7.10-7.80 (29H, m, Ph),8.50(1H, s, pyridone-H)]. Thesyntheses of newpyridone cephems la-lidiverged at i point withregard tohe C 3substituents Sch me 2). In caseof the typeI (la-Id, Q=acetoxymethyl,chloro, vinyl or hydro),the introductionof C-3 substituentpreceded the coupling of cephem moiety 8 andC-7sidechain 7. On the other hand, the acylation t pwasfollowed by intr ductionof C-3 subs tuent in the type II (le-li, Q =heterocyclylthiomethyl). Thus
Defect probability of directed self-assembly lithography: Fast identification and post-placement optimization

In directed self-assembly lithography (DSAL), an inter-cell cluster of contacts, which crosses the boundary of cells, is more likely to cause patterning failure because corresponding guide pattern (GP) has not been verified beforehand. All forms of inter-cell clusters can systematically be identified and grouped, which allows us to define DSA defect probability when two arbitrary cells are placed side by side. We then address post-placement optimization, in which some cells are flipped and some cells are swapped with their adjacent cells so that the number of whitespaces inserted in between cell pairs of high defect probability is minimized. Experiments with a few test circuits demonstrate 11% increase of placement density, on average, with no expected DSA defects.
Effects of Outcome Dependency on Correspondence Bias

The literature on correspondence bias suggests that the bias is increased when perceivers depend on an actor because they are motivated to know the actor’s dispositions and predict future behavior. However, outcome dependency produces enhanced attention and accuracy motivation, which should facilitate situational correction and reduce the correspondence bias. An experiment was conducted in which both participants’ dependency on an actor and the actor’s behavioral freedom were manipulated. The correspondence bias was reduced among dependent participants but only in judgments that were highly relevant to predicting behavior that could affect their own outcomes. This reduction of the correspondence bias was associated with longer reading times. Furthermore, it was more pronounced in conditions in which the potential costs of an inaccurate dispositional inference were higher.
Improved and simplified methods for specifying positions of the electrode bands of a cochlear implant array.

OBJECTIVE To develop techniques for measuring the positions of the individual electrodes of a multiple channel cochlear implant and for estimating associated characteristic frequencies. BACKGROUND Information concerning the positions of the individual electrodes of a cochlear implant array is important for analyzing speech perception or psychophysical data and for optimizing speech-processing strategies. This study presents two techniques for obtaining such information from postoperative plain film radiographs. METHODS A template spiral shape, derived from analysis of the radiographs of 30 cochlear implant patients, is used to obtain measurements of the angular positions of the electrode bands within scala tympani. A research technique measures angular positions and estimates characteristic frequencies for all electrode bands but requires that the positions of two cochlear landmarks and all electrode bands be digitized. A clinical technique provides similar angle and frequency estimates but requires a minimum of information to be extracted visually from the radiograph. The lateral positions of the bands are estimated, in the research technique, using mean outer and inner wall functions obtained from 11 Silastic molds of scala tympani. RESULTS The mean position of the implanted array relative to the mean scala tympani outer wall function was consistent with published histologic observations of implanted temporal bones. Measured angles did not vary greatly with experimenter or with rotation of the cochlea relative to the radiographic beam by up to 20 degrees. CONCLUSIONS The techniques described allow, principally, measurement of the longitudinal positions of the bands of a cochlear implant in scala tympani and estimation of corresponding characteristic frequencies.
Calculation of electrostatic interaction energies in molecular dimers from atomic multipole moments obtained by different methods of electron density partitioning

Accurate and fast evaluation of electrostatic interactions in molecular systems is still one of the most challenging tasks in the rapidly advancing field of macromolecular chemistry, including molecular recognition, protein modeling and drug design. One of the most convenient and accurate approaches is based on a Buckingham‐type approximation that uses the multipole moment expansion of molecular/atomic charge distributions. In the mid‐1980s it was shown that the pseudoatom model commonly used in experimental X‐ray charge density studies can be easily combined with the Buckingham‐type approach for calculation of electrostatic interactions, plus atom–atom potentials for evaluation of the total interaction energies in molecular systems. While many such studies have been reported, little attention has been paid to the accuracy of evaluation of the purely electrostatic interactions as errors may be absorbed in the semiempirical atom–atom potentials that have to be used to account for exchange repulsion and dispersion forces. This study is aimed at the evaluation of the accuracy of the calculation of electrostatic interaction energies with the Buckingham approach. To eliminate experimental uncertainties, the atomic moments are based on theoretical single‐molecule electron densities calculated at various levels of theory. The electrostatic interaction energies for a total of 11 dimers of α‐glycine, N‐acetylglycine and L‐(+)‐lactic acid structures calculated according to Buckingham with pseudoatom, stockholder and atoms‐in‐molecules moments are compared with those evaluated with the Morokuma–Ziegler energy decomposition scheme. For α‐glycine a comparison with direct “pixel‐by‐pixel” integration method, recently developed Gavezzotti, is also made. It is found that the theoretical pseudoatom moments combined with the Buckingham model do predict the correct relative electrostatic interactions energies, although the absolute interaction energies are underestimated in some cases. The good agreement between electrostatic interaction energies computed with Morokuma–Ziegler partitioning, Gavezzotti's method, and the Buckingham approach with atoms‐in‐molecules moments demonstrates that reliable and accurate evaluation of electrostatic interactions in molecular systems of considerable complexity is now feasible. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Comput Chem 25: 921–934, 2004
Use of Default Reasoning for Disambiguation Under Question Answering

We develop the default logic for pragmatic analysis of natural language queries. Ambiguous sentences are considered so that each set of meanings is assigned an extension of default system. The approach is applied to natural language question answering, where even a correct semantic representation needs to be modified in accordance to the set of default rules to better match a knowledge domain.
Association between leptin gene G-2548A polymorphism with metabolic syndrome

Background: Metabolic syndrome (MetS) is a serious public health problem. It is an important risk factor of cardiovascular disease in developed countries. Adipose tissue considered as an organ that releases a variety of molecules referred to adipocytokines such as leptin. Polymorphism of their related genes may play an important role in development of MetS. The aim of this study was to determine the association of leptin gene-2548G/A (LEP-2548G/A) polymorphism with lipid profile in subjects with and without Mets. Materials and Methods: In this case/control study a frequency of LEP-2548G/A single nucleotide polymorphism was determined between 200 patients (142 women and 58 men) and 200 controls (122 women and 78 men). Both groups were selected randomly from Hamadan city, Iran. Blood samples were collected then followed by routine biochemical analysis, DNA extraction and serum leptin measurements. Polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism was applied to identify LEP-2548G/A genotypes. Statistical analyses were applied using SPSS software version 10. Continuous variables were presented as means± SD and compared by independent sample t-test. Variables without normal distribution compared through Mann-Whitney U test. Results: In both groups, a significant difference was observed between biochemical factors and leptin concentration. Serum leptin concentration was more in females than males. No statistical significant difference was detected in the frequency of LEP-2548G/A polymorphism between both MetS and healthy groups. Conclusion: In summary, it is concluded that frequency of LEP G-2548A polymorphism in Metabolic syndrome (MetS) and healthy subjects was not significantly different and more research with large sample size is needed in this area.
Stanley Milgram and the Obedience Experiment

TANLEY MILGRAM, in a series of experiments in the early sixties, has sharply focused the experimental method in psychology on a question of considerable significance:' Why do men obey authority? In a series of experiments involving hundreds of subjects, he found a disturbing number of people willing to administer what they thought were very painful shocks to an innocent victim strapped in an electric chair. Milgram reasoned, and with some force, that if an experimental scientist, with no coercive threat lurking, could achieve this degree of compliance, just imagine the degree of control it implied in the hands of the state. The Nazi experience seemed now both more understandable and more disturbing. Milgram's studies of obedience have drawn considerable discussion which has tended to focus either on the ethics of the experiment (deception; nervous strain to the participants), or has attempted to offer an alternate account to Milgram's concerning why people complied with the experimenter's "orders. "12 In this article we will continue, in part, the latter discussion, but shift it to a more deliberate analysis of the theoretical concepts he employs. The language of authority, obedience, legitimacy, and responsibility are central to any assessment of his work. We contend that a clarification of these concepts is crucial to an understanding of the findings.