Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Tracking the sources of icebergs with lead isotopes: The provenance of ice‐rafted debris in Heinrich layer 2

The provenance of ice-rafted debris (IRD) deposited in the North Atlantic before, during, and after Heinrich event 2 has been determined through measuring the lead isotopic composition of single feldspar grains and multiple-grain composites from the larger than 150-µm size fraction, from cores from the eastern and western North Atlantic and from the Labrador Sea. Single-grain analyses are used to identify the specific continental sources of the IRD, whereas composite samples are used to assess the relative IRD contributions from different sources. All single grains from Heinrich layer 2 (H 2) as well as H 2 composites plot along a correlation line on a 207Pb/204Pb versus 206Pb/204Pb diagram characteristic of the Churchill province of the Canadian shield. This is yet another strong piece of evidence that this Heinrich event was dominated by a massive iceberg discharge of the Laurentide ice sheet lobe located over Hudson Bay. In contrast, single grains from the ambient glacial sediment (above and below H 2) have multiple sources: many of them also lie along the correlation line with H 2 grains, but many others have Pb signatures consistent with derivation from the Grenville province and the Appalachian range in North America and possibly from Scandinavia and Greenland. Composites from the ambient sediment generally lie well to the right of the H 2 reference line in agreement with the results of the single-grain analyses. The evidence provided by lead isotopes regarding the dominant role played by the Hudson Bay lobe of the Laurentide ice sheet in the development of the Heinrich events lends support to the binge/purge model advanced by MacAyeal [1993a, b] that invokes trapping of geothermal heat by the base of the icecap and subsequent basal melting as the mechanism that triggered the Heinrich events.
Origin and Metamorphism of Corundum‐Rich Metabauxites at Mt. Ismail in the Southern Menderes Massif, SW Turkey

The corundum‐rich metabauxites, found at the northwest limb of an NE–SW‐trending isoclinal recumbent fold at Mt. Ismail, are enclosed in thick‐bedded platform‐type marbles of Late Cretaceous age, surrounding the polymetamorphic core series in the southern part of the Menderes Massif (SW Turkey). The metabauxite horizons observed as typically boudine‐like structure, extend laterally over c. 3 km and are 1 to 5 m thick. These rocks have dominant mineral assemblages of corundum (∼50 modal %), chloritoid (∼30 modal %), white mica (margarite, muscovite), diaspore, Fe–Ti‐Oxides (ilmenite, ilmenohematite, rutile), and goethite, limonite, pyrite, tourmaline (uvite, schorl) as minor phases. Chemical analyses of whole rock samples and the mineral assemblage indicate that coexisting minerals of metabauxites are highly aluminous. A number of minerals (e.g. chloritoid and margarite) display a large compositional variation reflecting the initial chemical inhomogenetiy of the karstbauxites. The field observations, trace‐element accumulation coefficients, concentration of elements such as Cr, Zr, Ga and Ni and low amounts of immobile elements all suggest that the studied corundum‐rich metabauxites can be classified as karstbauxites, and are more likely to be a product of weathering of intermediate igneous or argillaceous parental rocks, similar to the karstic Tauric bauxites in the Central Taurides (Seydi şehir region) and probably are similar in age (Cenomanian–Turonian). In respect of tectono‐metamorphic evolution, the studied corundum‐rich metabauxites were regionally metamorphosed at ∼5–6 kbar pressure and 500–600°C as a consequence of the Barrovian metamorphism referred to as the ‘Main Menderes Metamorphism’ related to the ophiolitic obduction onto the Menderes platform from the Izmir–Ankara Suture during the Middle Eocene.
Flow patterns in breaking bubbles

Fluid flow during bubble collapse is driven by high pressure gradients associated with high surface curvature. Experiments suggest that the driving force is at a maximum at the surface and preferentially accelerates the surface in boundary-layer shear flow down the cavity wall. An irrotational solitary capillary ripple precedes the main toroidal rim, transporting mass along the surface at about 90% of its phase velocity. The convergence of this flow creates opposed axial jets. About 20% of the boundary-layer thickness flows into the upward jet. The material in the top jet drop was originally spread over the interior bubble surface at an average thickness of some 0.05% of the bubble diameter.
Taking a Walk on a Landscape

Energy landscape theory is becoming increasingly important to explain the behavior of proteins, clusters, and glasses. In this Perspective, [ Brooks et al . ][1] chart recent progress in these areas spanning biology, chemistry, and physics. [1]: http://www.sciencemag. org/cgi/content/full/293/5530/612
ARE RURAL RESIDENTS WILLING TO PAY ENOUGH TO IMPROVE DRINKING WATER QUALITY? 1

ABSTRACT: The concentrations of iron and sulfate in community water supplies are a concern for a number of areas in southwestern Minnesota. This study used the contingent valuation method to determine how much consumers would be willing to pay to improve their drinking water quality. On average, individuals were willing to pay US$5.25 per month (in 1995 U.S. dollars) to reduce the level of iron and US$4.33 per month to reduce the level of sulfate in their water to the USEPA's secondary standards for drinking water quality. Respondents with negative perceptions of their drinking water quality were willing to pay more to improve water quality. The aggregate annual willingness to pay (WTP) for all consumers in community water systems in southwestern Minnesota that were out of compliance with water quality standards were estimated to be US$2.4 million and US$2.0 million (in 1995 dollars) for reducing the levels of iron and sulfate, respectively. Yet the total WTP of consumers who use small community water systems may not be enough to pay the full cost of providing improved water in those systems. Economies of scale in water treatment and difficulties in financing improvements mean that technical innovation, government assistance, or institutional changes may be needed to improve water quality in these areas.
The southern Kahiltna terrane: Implications for the tectonic evolution of southwestern Alaska

Regionally extensive and highly deformed Jurassic to Cretaceous basinal turbidite deposits occur along most of the inboard boundary of the Talkeetna superterrane in southern Alaska and western Canada. The southern Kahiltna terrane of southwestern Alaska consists largely of such basinal deposits. Regional and detailed studies in and adjacent to this terrane suggest several new conclusions regarding the origin of the basin and its role in the tectonic evolution of southwestern Alaska. Stratigraphic, sedimentologic, compositional, and structural evidence suggests that the Upper Jurassic to Lower Cretaceous strata of the southern Kahiltna terrane were derived from and deposited on rocks of the adjacent Talkeetna superterrane. Deposition of these clastic rocks apparently postdated arc magmatism in the Talkeetna superterrane, suggesting deposition in a basin developed on the suture between the Talkeetna superterrane and North America. If true, this observation implies that collision of the Talkeetna superterrane with North America began prior to latest Jurassic time, probably at a more southerly location. The superterrane has since been translated northward, probably by coast-parallel strike-slip displacement, to its present location, where it was structurally juxtaposed with middle to Upper Creteceous rocks of the Kuskokwim group. A magmatic overprint indicates that the Talkeetna superterrane was in approximately its present location by latest Cretaceous to Paleocene time.
Transport and accumulation of heavy metals in undisturbed soil columns

The podzolic soils of the Kola Peninsula, Russia, have in localised areas been highly contaminated with copper and nickel from smelting activities. Migration and retention of these metals were investigated in undisturbed soil columns irrigated with simulated background and polluted precipitation in order to study the temporal processes of retention and release within the soil. The mineral layers were strongly acidified by the contaminated precipitation. Forest floor layers demonstrated a high capacity to retain input Ni and Cu under all conditions. Mineral layers accumulated some Cu, but released Ni. In general, Ni leached through the soil faster than Cu. Since metals are strongly retained in the forest floor layer, even after reduction or cessation of inputs there may be a significant long–term risk of their leaching to deeper soil and groundwater. This risk cannot be ameliorated without remediative intervention.
Plant or Tree Reconstruction Based on Stereo Vision

Abstract. Three dimensional (3D) reconstruction of the plant or tree canopy is an important step in order to measure canopy geometry, such as, height, width, volume, and leaf cover. In this research, binocular stereo vision was used to recover the 3D information of the canopy. A revised camera calibration method was provided to calibrate the cameras in world coordinate system. Only two images were used to realize a dense reconstruction. These two images were firstly rectified to make sure the corresponding feature points in the left and right images were on the same horizontal line. An efficient large scale stereo matching (ELAS) algorithm was used to find the disparity map. The plant or tree canopy was finally reconstructed based on these calibrated camera matrices and the disparity map through a triangulation method. A plant (croton) with big leaves and a small citrus tree with small leaves were used to test this two-view dense reconstruction. It was easy to measure the geometry of the big leaf. Two big leaves from croton plant were used to measure the width and length of the leaves. The measurement from the reconstruction and manual measurement showed that this reconstruction was metric reconstruction. Another three reconstructions were completed based on a side view of the croton plant, a top view of the croton plant, and a side view of the citrus tree. All these gave good 3D visualization of the objects.
Global Factors, Unemployment Adjustment and the Natural Rate

Abstract OECD unemployment rates show long swings which dominate shorter business cycle components and these long swings show a range of common patterns. Using a panel of 21 OECD countries 1960-2002, we estimate the common factor that drives unemployment by the first principal component. This factor has a natural interpretation as a measure of global expected returns, which is given added plausibility by the fact that it is almost identical to the common factor driving investment shares. We estimate a model of unemployment adjustment, which allows for the influence both of the global factor and of labour market institutions and we examine whether the global factor can act as a proxy for the natural rate in a Phillips Curve. In 15 out of the 21 countries one cannot reject that the same natural rate, as a function of the global factor, appears in both the unemployment and inflation equations. In explaining both unemployment and inflation, the global factor is highly significant, suggesting that models which ignore the global dimension are likely to be deficient.
Reconstructions of annual discharge and equilibrium line altitude of glaciers at Qilian Shan, northwest China, from 1978 to 2002

Discharge was calculated from a mountainous area, including discharge from glaciers, in the Qilian Shan (Qilian Mountains) of northwest China. The studied Yingluoxia basin is 9983 km2 in area, with glaciers making up 0·3% of the basin. The calculation method was based on the heat balance, requiring only daily temperature and precipitation. Calculated annual discharge from the basin corresponded well with the observed data. Calculated annual discharge from glaciers was 3·6% of the total discharge from the basin.
Reducing Drift and Bias of a Global Ocean Model by Frequency-Dependent Nudging

Abstract Frequency-dependent nudging is applied to a coarse resolution (nominal 1°) global ocean model to suppress its drift and bias, and the impact of the nudging on the skill of the model is assessed. The nudging is applied to temperature and salinity in frequency bands centred on 0 and 1 cycles per year. As expected, the nudging significantly reduces the biases in the long-term mean and annual cycle of temperature, salinity, and sea level. By comparing the simulated (i) sea surface temperature with operational analyses based on observations, (ii) vertical profiles of temperature and salinity with observations made by Argo floats, and (iii) sea level with altimeter observations, it is shown that the skill of the model in simulating variability about the annual cycle is also improved. The potential benefit of applying frequency-dependent nudging to the ocean component of a coupled atmosphere–ocean model is discussed.
Shrouded Attributes and Information Sup-pression: Evidence from Field Experiments

The recent theoretical literature suggests that consumer myopia may lead firms to profitably suppress or shroud some attributes of the price. Empirical and experimental data also suggest that sellers gain by transferring a larger fraction of the price to the shrouded attributes. However, alternative theories, including mental accounting, could also explain these framing effects. Using field experiments, we show that the impact of this price framing on revenue vanishes when we explicitly reveal the prices of different attributes, while the framing effect persists only when we shroud some price attributes. Then, using data from a natural experiment that occurred on eBay, we find that when the price of a secondary attribute such as the shipping fee is prominently displayed, the framing effect also disappears. Moreover, average revenues for sellers seem to have increased after this institutional change.
Imaging the source region of the 2004 mid‐Niigata prefecture earthquake and the evolution of a seismogenic thrust‐related fold

The velocity structure and accurate aftershock distributions of the 2004 mid‐Niigata prefecture earthquake are elucidated by inverting the arrival times from 716 aftershocks using double‐difference tomography. Fourteen temporal seismic stations were immediately deployed in and around the source region within 46 h of the occurrence of mainshock. The seismic velocities in a hanging wall are lower than those in a footwall, and the velocity contrast extends to a depth of approximately 10 km. The aftershocks associated with the mainshock are distributed around the clear boundary between the low and high velocity structures. It is interpreted that the mainshock fault plane of the mid‐Niigata prefecture earthquake was reactivated as a reverse fault since the crustal shortening initiated at 3.5 Ma. Crustal stretching or shortening along the Japan coastline has created complex structures such as low velocity zones, which can potentially control the seismic activities around the source region.
Sparse KPCA for feature extraction in speech recognition

This paper presents an analysis of the applicability of sparse kernel principal component analysis (SKPCA) for feature extraction in speech recognition, as well as a proposed approach to make the SKPCA technique realizable for a large amount of training data, which is a usual context in speech recognition systems. Although the KPCA (kernel principal component analysis) has proved to be an efficient technique for being applied to speech recognition, it has the disadvantage of requiring training data reduction, when its amount is excessively large. The standard approach to perform this data reduction is to randomly choose frames from the original data set, which does not necessarily provide a good statistical representation of the original data set. In order to solve this problem a likelihood related re-estimation procedure was applied to the KPCA framework, thus creating the SKPCA. The experimental results show the efficiency of SKPCA technique with the proposed approach over the KPCA with the standard sparse solution using randomly chosen frames and the standard feature extraction techniques.
Computing MEMs on Repetitive Text Collections

We consider the problem of computing the Maximal Exact Matches (MEMs) of a given pattern P [1 . m ] on a large repetitive text collection T [1 . n ], which is represented as a (hopefully much smaller) run-length context-free grammar of size g rl . We show that the problem can be solved in time O ( m 2 log (cid:15) n ), for any constant (cid:15) > 0, on a data structure of size O ( g rl ). Further, on a locally consistent grammar of size O ( δ log nδ ), the time decreases to O ( m log m (log m + log (cid:15) n )). The value δ is a function of the substring complexity of T and Ω( δ log nδ ) is a tight lower bound on the compressibility of repetitive texts T , so our structure has optimal size in terms of n and δ . 2012 ACM Subject Classiﬁcation Theory of computation → Data structures design and analysis Keywords and phrases succinct data structures, persistent data structures, tries Digital Object Identiﬁer 10.4230/LIPIcs.
SFS: random write considered harmful in solid state drives

Over the last decade we have witnessed the relentless technological improvement in flash-based solid-state drives (SSDs) and they have many advantages over hard disk drives (HDDs) as a secondary storage such as performance and power consumption. However, the random write performance in SSDs still remains as a concern. Even in modern SSDs, the disparity between random and sequential write bandwidth is more than tenfold. Moreover, random writes can shorten the limited lifespan of SSDs because they incur more NAND block erases per write. In order to overcome these problems due to random writes, in this paper, we propose a new file system for SSDs, SFS. First, SFS exploits the maximum write bandwidth of SSD by taking a log-structured approach. SFS transforms all random writes at file system level to sequential ones at SSD level. Second, SFS takes a new data grouping strategy on writing, instead of the existing data separation strategy on segment cleaning. It puts the data blocks with similar update likelihood into the same segment. This minimizes the inevitable segment cleaning overhead in any log-structured file system by allowing the segments to form a sharp bimodal distribution of segment utilization. We have implemented a prototype SFS by modifying Linux-based NILFS2 and compared it with three state-of-the-art file systems using several realistic workloads. SFS outperforms the traditional LFS by up to 2.5 times in terms of throughput. Additionally, in comparison to modern file systems such as ext4 and btrfs, it drastically reduces the block erase count inside the SSD by up to 7.5 times.
Modeling dynamic rupture in a 3D earthquake fault model

We propose a fourth-order staggered-grid finite-difference method to study dynamic faulting in three dimensions. The method uses an implementation of the boundary conditions on the fault that allows the use of general friction models including slip weakening and rate dependence. Because the staggered-grid method defines stresses and particle velocities at different grid points, we preserve symmetry by implementing a two-grid-row “thick” fault zone. Slip is computed between points located at the borders of the fault zone, while the two components of shear traction on the fault are forced to be symmetric inside the fault zone. We study the properties of the numerical method comparing our simulations with well-known properties of seismic ruptures in 3D. Among the properties that are well modeled by our method are full elastic-wave interactions, frictional instability, rupture initiation from a finite initial patch, spontaneous rupture growth at subsonic and supersonic speeds, as well as healing by either stopping phases or rate-dependent friction. We use this method for simulating spontaneous rupture propagation along an arbitrarily loaded planar fault starting from a localized asperity on circular and rectangular faults. The shape of the rupture front is close to elliptical and is systematically elongated in the inplane direction of traction drop. This elongation is due to the presence of a strong shear stress peak that moves ahead of the rupture in the in-plane direction. At high initial stresses the rupture front becomes unstable and jumps to super-shear speeds in the direction of in-plane shear. Another interesting effect is the development of relatively narrow rupture fronts due to the presence of rate-weakening friction. The solutions for the “thick fault” boundary conditions scale with the slip-weakening distance (D0) and are stable and reproducible for D0 greater than about 4 in terms of 2Tu/μ × Δx. Finally, a comparison of scalar and vector boundary conditions for the friction shows that slip is dominant along the direction of the prestress, with the largest deviations in slip-rate direction occurring near the rupture front and the edges of the fault.
Crossed orbit interferometry: theory and experimental results from SIR-B

Abstract In a conventional imaging radar interferometer, two receiving antennas separated slightly in the cross-track direction view the same scene and altimetry information is deduced from the phase differences between the corresponding pixels in each image. It is possible to perform the same measurements with only one antenna by making two images of the scene on two separate passes; for SIR-B this involved imaging on two separate orbits. If the two orbits are parallel and separated in the cross-track direction, altitude information is derived exactly as in the two-antenna interferometer and the baseline is determined by the orbit separation. For the available SIR-B data, however, the orbits were skewed, which substantially increases the difficulty of finding altitudes. Since the orbits were not exactly parallel, the antenna on one orbit was pointed slightly forward or backward compared to the other; this was compensated for in the azimuth processing. Furthermore, the skew gave the images a cross-track d.
The Federal–Provincial Committee on Huronian Stratigraphy: Progress report

A Federal–Provincial Committee on Huronian Stratigraphy has been organized to review the present knowledge of the Huronian Supergroup, to apply a suitable stratigraphic nomenclature, and to describe type and reference sections for formations and groups. A nomenclature has been recommended and is stated in this note. Type and reference sections will be measured during the next two years.