Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Performance of Real-Time Precise Point Positioning Using MADOCA-LEX Augmentation Messages

SUMMARY The Quasi-Zenith Satellite System (QZSS) is a Japanese regional satellite navigation system consisting of several QZSS satellites in highly inclined elliptical orbits that allows it to cover a wide area in East Asia and Oceania. QZSS is a satellite-based augmentation system for the GPS, GLONASS and Galileo constellations, transmitting navigation signals that are compatible and interoperable with these Global Navigation Satellite Systems (GNSS). In addition to the navigation signals, QZSS also transmits augmentation signals L1-SAIF and Lband Experimental (LEX) Signal. The LEX signal is unique for QZSS in that it is capable of delivering 2kbps (1695bps of effective bit rate) of correction messages compared to the 250bps of legacy Satellite based Augmentation Systems (SBAS) like the MTSAT Satellitebased Augmentation System (MSAS). This enhanced capacity allows augmentation messages aimed at centimeter-level Precise Point Positioning (PPP) to be broadcasted over the QZSS wide area of coverage. One such message is the Multi-GNSS Advanced Demonstration of Orbit and Clock Analysis (MADOCA) based messages which are currently being broadcasted by the LEX signal. The aim of this research was to evaluate the quality of the corrections include the MADOCA messages and the performance of real-time PPP using these augmentation messages. Centimeter-lever position accuracy was obtained for static PPP after 2 hours of coonvergence and decimeter-level accuracy was obtained for kinematic PPP after 1.5 hours of coonvergence. This service is expected to become continuously available for most of East Asia and Oceania region in 2018, when the QZSS constellation gets enhanced to four satellites.
Evaluating Food Systems in Comprehensive Planning: Is the Mississippi Gulf Coast Planning for Food?

The Mississippi Gulf Coast is famous for its shrimp, oysters, and crabs. Seafood is an essential part of both the culture and the diet of coastal residents. The last five years have been hard on the seafood industry, first with Hurricane Katrina, then the national recession, and then the Deep water Horizon oil spill. In the five years following the Hurricane, all of the cities and counties on the Mississippi Gulf Coast prepared comprehensive plans. This paper examines the degree to which food systems has been incorporated into the comprehensive plans developed on the Mississippi Gulf Coast. It finds that food systems have not been adequately integrated into the plans. The plans begin to touch on food systems, but The plans fail to create a factual basis to support planning for food systems, setting limited goals to support food systems and proposes limited implementation measures to support systems. While the region as a whole has not yet planned for food systems, there are instances where communities are examining the future of food. This article concludes by offering recommendations on how communities can improve their plans relative to food systems as they move into their next phase of regional planning.
[Standardized sonographic examination of the hip joint].

AIM We demonstrate a technique for examining the hip joint sonographically in a standardised way using sectional planes corresponding to the guidelines provided by the work group "Sonography of the Musculo-Skeletal System" of the German Society of Ultrasound (DEGUM). MRT-scans were used as a comparative standard. METHOD The ultrasound examination was performed in the following standardised way: a transversal and longitudinal scan were done in the ventral region and additionally a longitudinal scan in the lateral region. In cases without pathological findings two standardised planes should be documented. In the case of pathological findings the picture should be documented in two standardised planes and compared to the corresponding contralateral site. An ultrasound examination standardised in this way facilitates a precise assessment of the ventral joint capsule, the bone structures, the ventral and lateral aspects of the glenoid cavity and the peri-articular soft tissue structures of the hip joint. RESULTS An examination technique is presented which offers additional pictorial information, saves costs and is not harmful to the patient. CONCLUSION The ultrasound examination of the hip joint can supply additional information about diseases and traumatic changes in this region. In paediatric hip disorders such as transient synovitis, septic arthritis, juvenile arthritis, Leg-Calvé-Perthes disease and slipped femoral epiphysis, the ultrasound examination can provide important additional information for the initial differential diagnosis and during follow-up.
Seismic stratigraphy of Lake Huron – Georgian Bay and postglacial lake level history

Five seismic reflectors in the basinal sedimentary section have been identified as representing erosional surfaces in shoaler regions of the lake basins and can be traced throughout most of the study area. The reflectors representing these erosional surfaces, and their conformable equivalents in the deep lake basins, are caused by intervals of coarser grain size in the sediments and are thought to represent lowering of lake levels prior to, and following, the Main Algonquin highstand (about 10.2 – 11.0 ka). These reflectors are used to define seismic sequences in the postglacial sedimentary fill of the basins. Two additional erosional surfaces, which closely follow the initial fall of the Main Algonquin lake level, are most clearly seen in thicker sections found in the northern part of the basins. The two oldest (pre-Main Algonquin) sequences appear to onlap highs and fill in lows within the basins, whereas the younger sequences (associated with the Main Algonquin through Mattawa times) tend to drape the .
The influence of stimulus location on the brain activation pattern in detection and orientation disc

There are disclosed diodes for detection and diodes for emission of near-infrared radiation. Such a diode employs an epitaxial layer of n-type cadmium tin phosphide grown on a p-type InP substrate, which is the light-transmitting window of the device. Also diclosed is a tipping technique of epitaxial growth in which the conditions of the substrate crystal and the tin-rich melt are controlled to obtain high quality heterojunctions. A mixture of tin, phosphorus, and cadmium is prepared in a separate saturation procedure to minimize substrate degradation during epitaxial growth. The indium phosphide substrates are high quality and p-type with predominantly cadmium or zinc doping.
Vertical ion motion observed with incoherent scatter radars in the polar lower ionosphere

[1] Vertical ion velocities in excess of a few tens m s−1 have been found in the lower ionosphere (95–105 km) at high latitudes. Statistics using data from the European Incoherent Scatter (EISCAT) Tromso UHF radar are performed to understand general character of vertical motions in the lower ionosphere for geomagnetically quiet conditions. We estimate the probability distribution function for the real vertical ion velocity, taking into account the measurement uncertainty. This calculation suggests that while most vertical ion velocities have amplitudes smaller than 20 m s−1 at 100 km level, the magnitudes larger than 20 m s−1 are observed as statistical exception. To understand if these large vertical motions in the lower ionosphere are associated with thermospheric motions, differences between ion and neutral wind velocities are calculated using data from experiments with the Sondrestrom incoherent scatter radar on 5 and 12 September 2003. The vertical ion velocities show magnitudes larger than 20 m s−1 below 103 km where the ion velocity is considered to be equal to the neutral wind velocity during the experiments according to calculations of the velocity difference.
Seismic images of magmatic rifting beneath the western branch of the East African rift

We have performed a tomographic study using a joint data set that includes local and teleseismic events, recorded by a temporary network in the western branch of the East African rift system. From the travel time residuals, we derive a three‐dimensional model of seismic P‐wave velocity anomalies for the crust and upper mantle down to a depth of 80 km. Particular attention is paid to the verification of the inversion results by various resolution tests. The results show that the eastern rift shoulder is characterized by relatively high seismic velocities. Lower velocities are obtained beneath the entire length of the rift valley and the Rwenzori Mountains. A prominent feature is observed north‐east of the mountain range: here we detected a vertically oriented, cylindrical low‐velocity anomaly with maximum amplitudes in the middle crust and the upper mantle lithosphere. We suggest that this anomaly indicates reservoirs of molten material related to the ongoing rifting process within this segment of the rift. Just above this anomaly, at depths between 5 and 16 km, earthquake swarms exist. The observed reduction in P‐wave velocity is used to provide constraints on the possible melt content and temperature anomaly in the uppermost mantle. The observed 3–5% P‐velocity decrease can be explained by melt fraction up to 2%–3.3% or alternatively by a temperature increase of at least 248 to 376 K and even higher‐temperature anomalies are possible if lower ambient temperatures in the reference mantle are assumed. Probably, the two effects act in combination.
A Model for Managing Irrigated Agriculture1

: Irrigation in arid and semiarid regions has led to accumulation of salts, destruction of soil texture, decline in fertility and yield, and eventual abandoning of the land. The problems of irrigated agriculture may be attributed to the fact that managers seldom consider irrigated land as a system consisting of a number of components and that the individual health of each component is vital to the overall health of the entire system. A management model is described here which considers all the important components of an irrigated system and may help maintain a permanent irrigated agriculture. The model optimizes net farm income, maintains favorable hydrologic and salt balance in the irrigated system, meets the concentration requirements of the drainage water for the individual crops, and simulates the impact of the irrigation on the unsaturated and the saturated zone.
Postseismic crustal deformation following the 1993 Hokkaido Nansei‐oki earthquake, northern Japan: Evidence for a low‐viscosity zone in the uppermost mantle

[1] Postseismic crustal deformation following the 1993 Hokkaido Nansei-oki earthquake (M = 7.8), northern Japan, was observed by GPS, tide gauge, and leveling measurements in southwestern Hokkaido. As a result of comprehensively analyzing these three kinds of geodetic data, we found the chief cause of the postseismic deformation to be viscoelastic relaxation of the coseismic stress change in the uppermost mantle. Afterslip on the main shock fault and its extension, by contrast, cannot explain the deformation without unrealistic assumptions. The viscoelastic structure, which we estimated from the postseismic deformation, consists of three layers: an elastic first layer with thickness of 40 km, a viscoelastic second layer with thickness of 50 km and viscosity of 4 × 1018 Pa s, and an elastic half-space. This model suggests the presence of an anomalously low-viscosity zone in the uppermost mantle. The depth of the viscoelastic layer roughly agrees with that of the high-temperature portion and the low-Vp zones of the mantle wedge beneath the coast of the Japan Sea in northern Honshu. These correlations suggest that the low-viscosity primarily results from high temperature of the mantle material combined with partial melt and the presence of H2O. These correlations also suggest that the low-viscosity zone in the uppermost mantle is widely distributed in the back arc side of the volcanic front and that postseismic deformation induced by viscoelastic relaxation may be frequently observed after large earthquakes in this area.
Carbon Exchange Responses of Cyanobacterial-Algal Crusts to Dehydration, Air Temperature, and CO2 Concentration

Biological soil crusts occur in dry land worldwide. However, studies on the carbon exchange of crusts with different histories of crust development are rare, especially in terms of the responses of carbon exchange to increasing atmospheric CO2 concentrations and decreasing water contents of crust organisms. In this study, we classified sites in Shapotou in the Tengger Desert as recent (site revegetated in 1981 in mobile sand dunes) and old (site revegetated in 1956) successional stages, and systematically analyzed the changes in the carbon exchange of cyanobacterial-algal crusts developed in the two sites to dehydration, air temperature (15 and 25 °C), and CO2 concentration (200–2000 ppm). The old crusts had a higher carbon exchange rate than the recent crusts during dehydration, and the maximum carbon exchange rates were 3.49 and 2.45 µmol · m−2 · s−1 for the old and recent crusts, respectively, at an approximately 60% water content of dry crust organisms. The carbon exchange rate was higher at 25°C than at 15°C for both crusts. No difference in the CO2 saturation points between the two crusts and between the two temperatures was observed, however, the saturation point significantly increased with the increase in the water content of the crust organisms, from 224 to 1384 ppm, when the water content of the crust organisms was increased from 20% to 100%. The water content of the crust organisms was the regulating factor for the carbon exchange rate of both the old and recent cyanobacterial-algal crusts.
Termination of Epileptic Afterdischarge in the Hippocampus

The mechanism of afterdischarge termination in the various hippocampal regions was examined in the rat. Stimulation of the perforant path or the commissural system was used to elicit afterdischarges. Combination of multiple site recordings with silicon probes, current source density analysis, and unit recordings in the awake animal allowed for a high spatial resolution of the field events. Interpretation of the field observations was aided by intracellular recordings from anesthetized rats. Irrespective of the evoking conditions, afterdischarges always terminated first in the CA1 region. Termination of the afterdischarge was heralded by a large DC shift initiated in dendritic layers associated with a low amplitude “afterdischarge termination oscillation” (ATO) at 40 to 80 Hz in the cell body layer. ATOs were also observed in the CA3 region and the dentate gyrus. The DC shift spread at the same velocity (0.1–0.2 mm/sec) in all directions and could cross the hippocampal fissure. All but 1 of the 25 putative interneurons in the CA1 and dentate regions ceased to fire before the onset of ATO. Intracellularly, ATO and the emerging DC potential were associated with fast depolarizing potentials and firing of pyramidal cells and depolarization block of spike initiation, respectively. Both field ATO and the intracellular depolarization shift were replicated by focal microinjection of potassium. We hypothesize that [K+]o lost by the intensely discharging neurons during the afterdischarge triggers propagating waves of depolarization in the astrocytic network. In turn, astrocytes release potassium, which induces a depolarization block of spike generation in neurons, resulting in “postictal depression” of the EEG.
Application of Satellite Data for Evaluating the Cold Climate Performance of the Canadian Regional Climate Model over Québec, Canada

AbstractThis study evaluates key aspects of the snow cover, cloud cover, and radiation budget simulated by the Canadian Regional Climate Model, version 4 (CRCM4), coupled with two versions of the Canadian Land Surface Scheme (CLASS). CRCM4 coupled with CLASS version 2.7 has been used operationally at Ouranos since 2006, while, more recently, CRCM4 has been coupled experimentally with CLASS 3.5, which includes a number of improvements to the representation of snow cover processes. The simulations showed evidence of a systematic cold temperature bias. Evaluation of cloud cover and radiation fluxes with satellite data suggests this bias is related to insufficient cloud radiative forcing from a combination of underestimated cloud cover, excessive cloud albedo, and too low cloud emissivity in the model. This cold bias is reinforced by a positive snow albedo feedback manifest through earlier snow cover onset in the fall and early winter period. Snow albedo was found to be very sensitive to the treatment of albe.
Three‐Dimensional Gravity Modeling of the Geologic Structure of Long Valley Caldera

A 48-mGal gravity low coincides with Long Valley caldera and is mainly attributed to low-density caldera fill. Gravity measurements by Unocal Geothermal have been integrated with U.S. Geological Survey data, vastly improving gravity station coverage throughout the caldera. A strong regional gravity trend is mainly attributed to isostasy. A “best fitting” (based on regional control of basement densities) Airy-Heiskanen isostatic model was used for the regional correction. A three-dimensional, multiple-unit gravity modeling program with iterative capabilities was developed to model the residual gravity. The density structure of Long Valley caldera and vicinity was modeled with 22 discrete density units, most of which were based on geologic units. Information from drill hole lithologies, surface geology, and structural geology interpretations constrain the model. Some important points revealed by the three-dimensional gravity modeling are that (1) the volume of ejected magma associated with the Bishop Tuff eruption is greater than previously thought, (2) the caldera structure is strongly influenced by precaldera topography and the extensions of major, active faults, (3) the main west ring fracture is coincident with the Inyo Domes-Mono Craters fracture system, (4) a relatively low-density region probably underlies the caldera, and (5) a silicic magma chamber may underlie Devils Postpile.
Analysis of measuring error for AFVISAR system

AFVISAR (all fiber velocity interferometer system for any reflector), which is developed from laser Doppler method, has been proved to be effective and powerful technique in acceleration (and velocity) measurement. The measuring error of AFVISAR system must be studies in order to achieve accurate measure result. However, the existing theoretical research about this problem is inadequate. In this paper, firstly, the principle of AFVISAR is analyzed with Doppler frequency shift theory and the mathematic equations for acceleration calculating are concluded. The theoretical model of the measuring error is put forward by considering object moving direction bias angle and corresponding expression of the deviation is established. Then, an example is taken to illustrate the effect that the bias angle brings to acceleration calculation. In the following paragraph, the error creating by ignoring the second-order Doppler frequency shift is analyzed and the calculation formulas are demonstrated. Finally, the effect of the spectral characteristics of fiber laser are studied, and the relative error is calculated.
Rugged Plateaus and Extensive Floodplains — Modelling Landform Evolution in a Northern Australian Catchment

Medium to large natural catchments are often more spatially heterogeneous than small catchments or single landforms. Attempting to model landform evolution of large areas is consequently more complex. This paper demonstrates that modelling landform evolution in medium to large catchments can be improved by calibrating the model to smaller, more geomorphologically homogenous sub-catchments. The paper investigates landform evolution in the Ngarradj catchment in the Northern Territory of Australia (a medium scale catchment of approximately 67 km2). The catchment is complex and contains two distinct landform regions; an upland plateau region with highly dissected sandstone and shallow, sandy soils, and a lowlands region with gentle, wooded slopes and floodplains with deep, sandy soils. The SIBERIA landform evolution model is calibrated and applied to the Ngarradj catchment. The complexity of the Ngarradj catchment is incorporated into the modelling by dividing the catchment into three sub-catchments (Swift Creek (SC), Upper Main (UM) and East Tributary (ET)) which are relatively homogeneous and for which hydrology and sediment transport data are available. A discharge-area relationship and long-term, sediment loss rates for the catchment are derived based on an annual series flood frequency analysis of a 20 year runoff record predicted in a previous study. Sediment transport modelling incorporates both suspended and bedload sediment loss. The denudation rates derived using these data are 37, 63 and 77 mm kyr−1 for the SC, UM and ET sub-catchments, respectively. Model predictions indicate that the UM sub-catchment will have the greatest mean erosion. This is balanced by the large amount of deposition that will occur in the upper Ngarradj valley of the UM sub-catchment. Further deposition occurs on the floodplain of Ngarradj, with the area between the SC and ET/UM (up-stream) sub-catchments experiencing a small net accretion of sediment (15 mm kyr−1).
Streamflow simulation for continental‐scale river basins

A grid network version of the two‐layer variable infiltration capacity (VIC‐2L) macroscale hydrologic model is described. VIC‐2L is a hydrologically based soil‐ vegetation‐atmosphere transfer scheme designed to represent the land surface in numerical weather prediction and climate models. The grid network scheme allows streamflow to be predicted for large continental rivers. Off‐line (observed and estimated surface meteorological and radiative forcings) applications of the model to the Columbia River (1° latitude‐longitude spatial resolution) and Delaware River (0.5° resolution) are described. The model performed quite well in both applications, reproducing the seasonal hydrograph and annual flow volumes to within a few percent. Difficulties in reproducing observed streamflow in the arid portion of the Snake River basin are attributed to groundwater‐surface water interactions, which are not modeled by VIC‐2L.
Magnetotelluric soundings in the southwestern United States

A total of 12 magnetotelluric soundings were made along a 460‐mile traverse line in the southwestern United States. Spectral analysis of digitized graphic records was used to determine apparent resistivities and phase differences for periods in the range 10–1000 sec. Interpretation of the plotted resistivities indicates that the geoelectric section to depths of the order of 300 km is divided into three principal layers. The layer nearest the surface has a resistivity of 200 ohm‐m or less. The next layer, which begins in Paleozoic carbonate rock or near the top of the Precambrian rocks, has a resistivity of 500 ohm‐m or more. Sample determinations indicate the resistivity of the lowest layer is in the range 5–100 ohm‐m and the depth to the top is in the range 20–150 km.
An analytical solution to Richards' equation for a draining soil profile

Analytical solutions are developed for the Richards' equation following the analysis of Broadbridge and White. Included here is the solution for drainage and redistribution of a partially or deeply wetted profile. Additionally, infiltration for various initial conditions is examined as well as evaporation at the upper boundary. In all cases the surface flux is constant, whether it be zero for drainage, positive for infiltration, or negative for evaporation. The solutions assume specific forms for the soil water diffusivity and hydraulic conductivity functions: a(b − θ)−2 and β + γ(b − θ) + λ/[2(b − θ)], respectively. Here θ is the water content and a, b, β, γ, and λ are constants.