Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Although Cells Shed from Tumours Show Reduced Clonogenicity, Resistance to Apoptosis, and in Vivo Tumorigenicity

millions of cells are shed daily from a tumour, the formation of metastases is a rare event. The seminal observations of Butler and Gullino (1975) of tumour cell shedding from a tissue-isolated mammary carcinoma, of Liotta et al (1974, 1976) of shedding from a fibrosarcoma and of Fidler (1973) of melanoma cells injected intravenously helped to establish the concept of metastasis as a highly inefficient process. In this process, specific cell phenotypes are selected for at each step in order to eventually form a distant metastatic colony The goal of this study was to investigate whether tumour cell shedding is a selective step in the metastatic cascade. To this end, we compared colony-forming potential and apoptosis of cells shed from a tumour with cells isolated directly from their host tumour. The LS174T tumour line along with its highly metastatic variant LSLiM6 (Bresalier et al, 1991) were grown as tissue-isolated tumours in the ovarian fat pad of nude mice (Kristjansen et al, 1994). This preparation permits collection of all cells shed by a tumour. Tumours were perfused at different flow rates, and then digested into single-cell suspensions to obtain two different cell populations. Shed cells were compared with their native tumour cell population using in vitro clonogenicity in increasing agarose concentrations (0.3–0.9%), since clonogenicity (particularly in hard agarose) has been repeatedly correlated with metastatic potential and prognosis (Li et al, 1989; Nomura et al, 1989; Zhang et al, 1991). The LS174T cell groups were also implanted into mouse dorsal skinfold chambers (Leunig et al, 1992) to compare the relative tumorigenicity of shed and native tumour cells. Finally, the apoptotic fractions of each cell population were compared. Our results demonstrate that perfusion rate does not affect shedding rate or clonogenicity of shed cells. Furthermore, the shed cells are highly apoptotic and have reduced clonogenicity and tumorigenicity. Animals and tumours For all experiments, 8-to 10-week-old NCr/Sed-nu/nu female athymic mice bred in our animal facility were used. All protocols were approved by the Massachusetts General Hospital Subcommittee of Research and Animal Care. Before each procedure , the mice were anaesthetized with a solution of ketamine (100 mg kg – were serially transplanted to the flanks of donor mice to maintain stocks of donor tissue. The tissue-isolated tumours, which are connected with the systemic circulation by only a single artery and vein, were prepared as originally described by Kristjansen et al (1994) and experiments performed …
Optimal Scheduling in the Multiserver-job Model under Heavy Traffic

Multiserver-job systems, where jobs require concurrent service at many servers, occur widely in practice. Essentially all of the theoretical work on multiserver-job systems focuses on maximizing utilization, with almost nothing known about mean response time. In simpler settings, such as various known-size single-server-job settings, minimizing mean response time is merely a matter of prioritizing small jobs. However, for the multiserver-job system, prioritizing small jobs is not enough, because we must also ensure servers are not unnecessarily left idle. Thus, minimizing mean response time requires prioritizing small jobs while simultaneously maximizing throughput. Our question is how to achieve these joint objectives. We devise the ServerFilling-SRPT scheduling policy, which is the first policy to minimize mean response time in the multiserver-job model in the heavy traffic limit. In addition to proving this heavy-traffic result, we present empirical evidence that ServerFilling-SRPT outperforms all existing scheduling policies for all loads, with improvements by orders of magnitude at higher loads. Because ServerFilling-SRPT requires knowing job sizes, we also define the ServerFilling-Gittins policy, which is optimal when sizes are unknown or partially known.
Planck 2013 results. III. LFI systematic uncertainties

We present the current estimate of instrumental and systematic effect uncertainties for the Planck-Low Frequency Instrument relevant to the first release of the Planck cosmological results. We give an overview of the main effects and of the tools and methods applied to assess residuals in maps and power spectra. We also present an overall budget of known systematic effect uncertainties, which are dominated by sidelobe straylight pick-up and imperfect calibration. However, even these two effects are at least two orders of magnitude weaker than the cosmic microwave background fluctuations as measured in terms of the angular temperature power spectrum. A residual signal above the noise level is present in the multipole range l < 20, most notably at 30GHz, and is probably caused by residual Galactic straylight contamination. Current analysis aims to further reduce the level of spurious signals in the data and to improve the systematic effects modelling, in particular with respect to straylight and calibration uncertainties.
The Expertise Defense and Experimental Philosophy of Free Will

This paper aims to vindicate the expertise defense in light of the experimental philosophy of free will. My central argument is that the analogy strategy between philosophy and other domains is defensible, at least in the free will debate, because philosophical training contributes to the formation of philosophical intuition by enabling expert philosophers to understand philosophical issues correctly and to have philosophical intuitions about them. This paper will begin by deriving two requirements on the expertise defense from major criticisms of it. First, precisely how philosophical training contributes to the formation of philosophical intuitions requires explanation (Contribution); second, it must be explained how philosophical training immunizes philosophical intuitions from distorting factors (Immunity). I shall argue that the Contribution requirement is crucial for the expertise defense and that this requirement can be satisfied at least in the domain of free will: recent research shows that most novices are unable to understand determinism correctly, suggesting that having intuitions about determinism requires philosophical expertise. I then discuss how this proposal can be applied to other philosophical disciplines.
Ecology of obesity in West Philadelphia adolescents

The prevalence of obesity among American children and adults has increased substantially over the past few decades. This research used an ecological framework to examine the relationships between biological, dietary, sociocultural and behavioral factors to determine how these factors influenced obesity status during adolescence in West Philadelphia. Correlates, values, and health risks of obesity were addressed. In Phase I of the study, obesity-related attitudes, anthropometric, dietary, and sociodemographic factors were measured for 392 West Philadelphia adolescents (11-15 years). Data were compared to two other groups of Philadelphia adolescents of comparable socioeconomic status and ethnic background measured in the 1960s and 1970s. Phase II was based on 32 matched-pairs of obese (BMI and triceps skinfold $\ge$95th percentile of NHANES I) and non-obese (BMI and triceps skinfold between the 15th and 85th percentiles of NHANES I) female adolescents selected from the Phase I sample based on obesity status and matched according to stature and age. Adolescents were compared on the following measures: physical activity, sedentary behavior, dietary intake, eating attitudes, health behavior knowledge, body image, self-esteem, and maturation status. Findings from Phase I include a threefold increase (males) and a fourfold increase (females) in the prevalence of obesity over the last two decades that was not concurrent with an increase in body fat centralization. The West Philadelphia adolescents had macronutrient intakes that were higher than the RDA and higher than ageand sex-specific data from NHANES III (Life Sciences Research Office, 1995). Micronutrient status was excellent, with the exception of calcium, zinc, fiber, and vitamins A and D. In Phase II, physical activity and television watching emerged as the most important contributory factors to obesity status. There were no statistically significant matched-pair differences in macronutrient and micronutrient intakes, self-esteem, eating attitudes, health behavior knowledge, body image, or maturation status of these adolescents. Findings indicate that sociocultural factors in the urban environment may promote obesity for these adolescents. This research suggests that future intervention strategies include attention to physical activity, television watching habits, and sociocultural factors in the urban environment. Degree Type Dissertation Degree Name Doctor of Philosophy (PhD) Graduate Group Anthropology First Advisor Francis E. Johnston
Coherence-domain imaging with harmonic holography

Observing the fast dynamics of specific molecules or targets in three-dimensional (3D) space and time inside a crowded and complex environment, such as living cells or tissues, remain one of the grand open challenges in modern science. Harmonic holography tackle this challenge by combining the 3D imaging capability of holography with the ultrafast, coherent optical contrast offered by second-harmonic radiating imaging probes (SHRIMPs). Similar to fluorescence, the second-harmonic signal emitted from SHRIMPs provides a color contrast against the uninterested background scattering, which can be efficiently suppressed by an optical filter. We review the latest developments in SHRIMPs and harmonic holography and discuss their further applications in fluidics and biofluidics.
Trade and Productivity

We estimate the effect of international trade on average labor productivity across countries. Our empirical approach relies on summary measures of trade that, we argue, are preferable on both theoretical and empirical grounds to the one conventionally used. In contrast to the marginally significant and non-robust effects of trade on productivity found previously, our estimates are highly significant and robust even when we include institutional quality and geographic factors in the empirical analysis. We also examine the channels through which trade and institutional quality affect average labor productivity. Our finding is that trade works through labor efficiency, while institutional quality works through physical and human capital accumulation. We conclude with an exploratory analysis of the role of trade policies for average labor productivity. (JEL F43, O40)
A Highly Sensitive Gold-Coated Photonic Crystal Fiber Biosensor Based on Surface Plasmon Resonance

In this paper, we numerically demonstrate a two-layer circular lattice photonic crystal fiber (PCF) biosensor based on the principle of surface plasmon resonance (SPR). The finite element method (FEM) with circular perfectly matched layer (PML) boundary condition is applied to evaluate the performance of the proposed sensor. A thin gold layer is deposited outside the PCF structure, which acts as the plasmonic material for this design. The sensing layer (analyte) is implemented in the outermost layer, which permits easy and more practical fabrication process compared to analyte is put inside the air holes. It is demonstrated that, at gold layer thickness of 40 nm, the proposed sensor shows maximum sensitivity of 2200 nm/RIU using the wavelength interrogation method in the sensing range between 1.33–1.36. Besides, using an amplitude interrogation method, a maximum sensitivity of 266 RIU−1 and a maximum sensor resolution of 3.75 × 10−5 RIU are obtained. We also discuss how phase matching points are varied with different fiber parameters. Owing to high sensitivity and simple design, the proposed sensor may find important applications in biochemical and biological analyte detection.
How to lead a self-managing team

This work discusses the teams that are basically left to run themselves can be highly efficient and productive. To be successful, though, such autonomous groups require a specific type of external leadership. To get work done, many companies organize employees into self-managing teams that are basically left to run themselves with some guidance from an external leader. In fact, comprehensive surveys report that 79% of companies in the fortune 1000 and 81% of manufacturing organizations currently deploy such "empowered", "self-directed" or "autonomous" teams. Because of their widespread use, much research has been devoted to understanding how best to set up self-managing teams to maximize their productivity and effectiveness. Interestingly, though, relatively little attention has been paid to the leaders who must oversee such working groups.
Chronic Back Pain: Suspected Sacroiliitis/Spondyloarthropathy

Radiologic Procedure Rating Comments RRL* X-ray sacroiliac joints 9 ☢ ☢ X-ray spine 9 Complementary examination to x-ray of the sacroiliac joints. ☢ ☢ ☢ CT sacroiliac joints without IV contrast 1 ☢ ☢ ☢ CT sacroiliac joints with IV contrast 1 ☢ ☢ ☢ CT sacroiliac joints without and with IV contrast 1 ☢ ☢ ☢ ☢ CT spine without IV contrast 1 ☢ ☢ ☢ CT spine with IV contrast 1 ☢ ☢ ☢ CT spine without and with IV contrast 1 ☢ ☢ ☢ ☢ MRI sacroiliac joints without and with IV contrast 1 O MRI sacroiliac joints without IV contrast 1 O MRI spine without and with IV contrast 1 O MRI spine without IV contrast 1 O Tc-99m bone scan with SPECT spine 1 ☢ ☢ ☢ FDG-PET CT whole body 1 ☢ ☢ ☢ ☢ US sacroiliac joints 1 O
Recent results on Arc Routing Problems: An annotated bibliography

Arc routing problems are vehicle routing problems in which the tasks to be performed are located on some arcs or edges of a network, e.g., spreading salt on a road or collecting municipal refuse in a street. They have been much less studied than node routing problems but impressive developments have been achieved in the last decade. The objective of this article is to survey these recent results and to provide an annotated bibliography. Except for a few references, the period surveyed starts from the publication of the book “Arc routing: theory, solutions and applications”, edited by Dror in 2000. The article is made up of two main parts: one on uncapacitated (single vehicle) problems derived from the Chinese Postman Problem, the Rural Postman Problem, and the General Routing Problem; and one on multivehicle or capacitated problems such as the Capacitated Arc Routing Problem. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. NETWORKS, 2010
Methods of controller synthesis using linear matrix inequalities and model predictive control

Controllers based on linear matrix inequalities (LMI) and model predictive control (MPC) both use optimization methods; there are however significant differences between them. In case of LMI controllers, optimization is carried out during controller synthesis, because LMI’s are an optimization tool that requires a linear programming problem being solved. With MPC controllers, however, optimization methods are not used as much in controller synthesis as in controller algorithm operation, to determine optimal control signal values based on the found minimum of the criteria function. A square function is used with boundaries from above and below, which requires a square programming problem, with boundaries for decision variables, being solved. In this paper controller synthesis methods using LMI and MPC are shown, with a focus on the steps that need to be performed, and a comparison of both methods.
Fixed-effect Estimation of Highly-mobile Production Technologies Center for Policy Research – Spring 2008 Associate Directors Fixed-effect Estimation of Highly-mobile Production Technologies

Up-to-date information about CPR's research projects and other activities is available from our World Wide Web site at www-cpr.maxwell. syr.edu. All recent working papers and Policy Briefs can be read and/or printed from there as well. Abstract We consider fixed-effect estimation of a production function where inputs and outputs vary over time, space, and cross-sectional unit. Variability in the spatial dimension allows for time-varying individual effects, without parametric assumptions on the effects. Asymptotics along the spatial dimension provide consistency and normality of the marginal products. A finite-sample example is provided: a production function for bottom-trawler fishing vessels in the flatfish fisheries of the Bering Sea. We find significant spatial variability of output (catch) which we exploit in estimation of a harvesting function. Abstract We consider fixed-effect estimation of a production function where inputs and outputs vary over time, space, and cross-sectional unit. Variability in the spatial dimension allows for time-varying individual effects, without parametric assumptions on the effects. Asymptotics along the spatial dimension provide consistency and normality of the marginal products. A finite-sample example is provided: a production function for bottom-trawler fishing vessels in the flatfish fisheries of the Bering Sea. We find significant spatial variability of output (catch) which we exploit in estimation of a harvesting function.
An efficient triplet‐based algorithm for evidential reasoning

Linear‐time computational techniques based on the structure of an evidence space have been developed for combining multiple pieces of evidence using Dempster's rule (orthogonal sum), which is available on a number of contending hypotheses. They offer a means of making the computation‐intensive calculations involved more efficient in certain circumstances. Unfortunately, they restrict the orthogonal sum of evidential functions to the dichotomous structure that applies only to elements and their complements. In this paper, we present a novel evidence structure in terms of a triplet and a set of algorithms for evidential reasoning. The merit of this structure is that it divides a set of evidence into three subsets, distinguishing the trivial evidential elements from the important ones—focusing particularly on some elements of an evidence space. It avoids the deficits of the dichotomous structure in representing the preference of evidence and estimating the basic probability assignment of evidence. We have established a formalism for this structure and the general formulae for combining pieces of evidence in the form of the triplet, which have been theoretically and empirically justified. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Police Text Analysis: Topic Modeling and Spatial Relative Density Estimation

We analyze a large corpus of police incident narrative documents in understanding the spatial distribution of the topics. The motivation for doing this is that police narratives in each incident report contains very fine-grained information that is richer than the category that is manually assigned by the police. Our approach is to split the corpus into topics using two different unsupervised machine learning algorithms - Latent Dirichlet Allocation and Non-negative Matrix Factorization. We validate the performance of each learned topic model using model coherence. Then, using a k-nearest neighbors density ratio estimation (kNN-DRE) approach that we propose, we estimate the spatial density ratio per topic and use this for data discovery and analysis of each topic, allowing for insights into the described incidents at scale. We provide a qualitative assessment of each topic and highlight some key benefits for using our kNN-DRE model for estimating spatial trends.
Out-of-equilibrium dynamics in classical field theories and Ising spin models

This thesis is made up of two independent parts. In the first chapter, we introduce a novel numerical method to integrate partial differential equations representing the Hamiltonian dynamics of field theories. It is a multi-symplectic integrator that locally conserves the stress-energy tensor with an excellent precision over very long periods. Its major advantage is that it is extremely simple (it is basically a centered box scheme) while remaining locally well defined. We put it to the test in the case of the non-linear wave equation (with quartic potential) in one spatial dimension, and we explain how to implement it in higher dimensions. A formal geometric presentation of the multi-symplectic structure is also given as well as a technical trick allowing to solve the degeneracy problem that potentially accompanies the multi-symplectic structure. In the second chapter, we address the issue of the influence of a finite cooling rate while performing a quench across a second order phase transition. We extend the Kibble-Zurek mechanism to describe in a more faithfully way the out-of-equilibrium regime of the dynamics before crossing the transition. We describe the time and cooling rate dependence of the typical growing size of the geometric objects, before and when reaching the critical point. These theoretical predictions are demonstrated through a numerical study of the emblematic kinetic ferromagnetic Ising model on the square lattice. A description of the geometric properties of the domains present in the system in the course of the annealing and when reaching the transition is also given.
CR-LIBM : The evaluation of the exponential ∗

We present a new elementary function library, called CR-LIBM. This library implements the various functions defined by the Ansi99 C standard. It provides correctly rounded functions. When writing this library, our primarily goal was to certify correct rounding, and make it reasonably fast, and with a low utilisation of memory. Hence, our library can be used without any problem on real-scale problems. We are also giving the proof and the elements to understand the implementation of the exponential function of CR-LIBM.
SURFACE at Syracuse University SURFACE at Syracuse University

Since the initial publication in 1994, Coordination Theory (Malone and Crowston, 1994) has been referenced in nearly 300 journal articles, book chapters, conference papers and theses. This chapter will analyze the contribution of this body of research to determine how Coordination Theory has been used for user task analysis and modelling for HCI. Issues that will be addressed include: 1) how the theory has been applied; 2) factors that led to the success of the theory; and 3) identification of areas needing further research.