Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Bayesian adaptive lassos with non-convex penalization

The lasso (Tibshirani,1996) has sparked interest in the use of penalization of the log-likelihood for variable selection, as well as shrinkage. Recently, there have been attempts to propose penalty functions which improve upon the Lassos properties for variable selection and prediction, such as SCAD (Fan and Li, 2001) and the Adaptive Lasso (Zou, 2006). We adopt the Bayesian interpretation of the Lasso as the maximum a posteriori (MAP) estimate of the regression coefficients, which have been given independent, double exponential prior distributions. Generalizing this prior provides a family of adaptive lasso penalty functions, which includes the quasi-cauchy distribution (Johnstone and Silverman, 2005) as a special case. The properties of this approach are explored. We are particularly interested in the more variables than observations case of characteristic importance for data arising in chemometrics, genomics and proteomics - to name but three. Our methodology can give rise to multiple modes of the posterior distribution and we show how this may occur even with the convex lasso. These multiple modes do no more than reflect the indeterminacy of the model. We give fast algorithms and suggest a strategy of using a set of perfectly fitting random starting values to explore different regions of the parameter space with substantial posterior support. Simulations show that our procedure provides significant improvements on a range of established procedures and we provide an example from chemometrics.
A new invariant of stable equivalences of Morita type

It was proved in an earlier paper by the author that the Hochschild cohomology algebras of self-injective algebras are invariant under stable equivalences of Morita type. In this note we show that the orbit algebra of a self-injective algebra A (considered as an A-A-bimodule) is also invariant under stable equivalences of Morita type, where the orbit algebra is the algebra of all stable A-A-bimodule morphisms from the non-negative Auslander-Reiten translations of A to A.
Clinical Decision-Making in Practice with New Critical Care Ultrasound Methods for Assessing Respiratory Function and Haemodynamics in Critically Ill Patients

Situations often arise in intensive care units (ICUs) for which only sparse primary evidence or guidelines are applicable or to which existing evidence cannot be applied owing to interactions of multiple disease states. To improve and guide intensive care management in complex scenarios, ultrasonography and echocardiography are invaluable. In five clinical scenarios involving acute deterioration, serial ultrasound examinations of the respiratory system, general critical care ultrasound (GCCUS), and non-invasive haemodynamic critical care echocardiography (CCE) were used routinely. Ultrasonographic results were used to guide further management and initiate experimental therapy or transition from curative to supportive care. The process of initiation of ultrasound examinations to clinical decision-making in these complex scenarios is outlined. These case vignettes highlight the utility of ultrasound and echocardiography. When clinical management is not clear, or evidence is not available, the use of ultrasound for the evaluation of the respiratory system, GCCUS, and non-invasive haemodynamic CCE can help to guide management, reveal newly developed pathologies, lead to clinical management changes, and support the decision for employing experimental therapy approaches in a dynamic way of which few other imaging modalities or monitoring tools are currently capable.
Ballistic-Diffusive Approximation for Phonon Transport Accounting for Polarization and Dispersion

A ballistic-diffusive approximation to the Boltzmann transport equation is developed for describing phonon transport in semi-conductors and dielectrics. The model incorporates the effects of phonon dispersion and polarization by considering longitudinal, transverse and optical branches. Each branch is divided into frequency bands, and scattering between branches and bands is incorporated subject to conservation rules. The phonon energy in each band is divided into a boundary and a medium component, with the latter being computed using a diffusion approximation. The approximation is shown to work well by comparing its predictions to exact solutions as well thermal conductivity measurements for bulk silicon.Copyright © 2003 by ASME
An Ensemble-Based Four-Dimensional Variational Data Assimilation Scheme. Part III: Antarctic Applications with Advanced Research WRF Using Real Data

AbstractA four-dimensional ensemble-based variational data assimilation (4DEnVar) algorithm proposed in Part I of the 4DEnVar series (denoted En4DVar in Part I, but here we refer to it as 4DEnVar according to WMO conference recommendation to differentiate it from En4DVar algorithm using adjoint model) uses a flow-dependent background error covariance calculated from ensemble forecasts and performs 4DVar optimization based on an incremental approach and a preconditioning algorithm. In Part II, the authors evaluated 4DEnVar with observing system simulation experiments (OSSEs) using the Advanced Research Weather Research and Forecasting Model (ARW-WRF, hereafter WRF). The current study extends the 4DEnVar to assimilate real observations for a cyclone in the Antarctic and the Southern Ocean in October 2007. The authors performed an intercomparison of four different WRF variational approaches for the case, including three-dimensional variational data assimilation (3DVar), first guess at the appropriate time (F.
A fast randomized clustering method based on a hypothetical potential field

A novel randomized clustering method is proposed to overcome some of the drawbacks of Mean Shift method. A hypothetical potential field is constructed from all the data points. Different from Mean Shift which moves the kernel window towards high-density region, our method moves the kernel window towards low-potential region. The proposed method is evaluated by comparing with both Mean Shift and K-means++ on three synthetic data sets which represent the clusters of different sizes, different shapes and different distributions. The experiments show that our method can produce more accurate results than both Mean Shift and K-means++.
Food Science of Animal Resources

This study evaluated the antibacterial and antioxidant activities of ethanol extract of calamansi pulp (CPE) and its effect on quality and biogenic amine (BAs) formation in pork patties during storage. The CPE were prepared in various conditions (ethanol concentrations of 50%, 70%, and 90% with extraction periods of 3 and 6 days). The extract with potent antibacterial and antioxidant activities (90%, 6 days) was selected for addition to pork patties. Three groups were tested: Control (without extract addition), CPE addition at 0.2% w/w (0.2PCPE), and 0.4% w/w (0.4PCPE). The addition of CPE inhibited the formation of BAs, mainly cadaverine, histamine, and tyramine, in pork patties during storage. The pH and bacterial count of pork patties decreased significantly in a concentration-dependent manner following the addition of CPE. The instrumental color (CIE L*, CIE a*, and CIE b*) tended to be higher in 0.4PCPE than in the control during storage. The thiobarbituric acid reactive substances and volatile basic nitrogen (VBN) values of pork patties were affected by CPE, showing a reduction toward lipid oxidation at any storage period, and maintaining the lowest VBN value in 0.4PCPE at the final storage day. Similarly, the reduction of total BAs in pork patties was observed ranged between 3.4%–38.1% under treatment with 0.2% CPE, whereas 18.4%–51.4% under 0.4% CPE addition, suggesting significant effect of CPE to improve meat quality. These novel findings demonstrate the efficacy of 0.4% CPE as a natural compound to preserve the quality and reduce BAs formation in pork patties during storage.
Inhibition of SND1 overcomes chemoresistance in bladder cancer cells by promoting ferroptosis

Chemotherapy remains one of the most important adjuvant treatments for bladder cancer (BC). However, similar to other malignancies, BC is prone to chemotherapy resistance and only approximately half of muscle-invasive patients with BC respond to chemotherapy. The present study aimed to reveal the mechanisms underlying chemoresistance in BC cells. Cell viabilities were assessed by CCK-8 assay. The differentiated expression of genes in chemoresistant and their parental BC cells were examined by RNA sequencing. Cell death was determined by flow cytometry. Different cell death inhibitors were used to determine the types of cell death. Levels of reactive oxygen species, iron, glutathione and malondialdehyde were assessed using the corresponding commercial kits. ChIP and dual luciferase activity assays were performed to investigate the interaction between staphylococcal nuclease and tumour domain containing 1 (SND1) and glutathione peroxidase 4 (GPX4) mRNA. RNAi was used to knockdown SND1 or GPX4. The results revealed that SND1 in BC cells were insensitive to cisplatin, and inhibition of SND1 overcame this resistance. Silencing of SND1 enhanced cell death induced by cisplatin by promoting ferroptosis in BC cells. Mechanistically, SND1 was revealed to bind to the 3′UTR region of GPX4 mRNA and stabilise it. Knockdown of GPX4 could also overcome chemoresistance, and overexpressing GPX4 reversed the effects of silencing of GPX4 on the chemosensitivity of BC cells. Thus, targeting the SND1-GPX4 axis may be a potential strategy to overcome chemoresistance in BC cells.
Understanding exponential smoothing via kernel regression

Exponential smoothing is the most common model‐free means of forecasting a future realization of a time series. It requires the specification of a smoothing factor which is usually chosen from the data to minimize the average squared residual of previous one‐step‐ahead forecasts. In this paper we show that exponential smoothing can be put into a nonparametric regression framework and gain some interesting insights into its performance through this interpretation. We also use theoretical developments from the kernel regression field to derive, for the first time, asymptotic properties of exponential smoothing forecasters.
The generation of electric currents by the turbulent flow of dielectric liquids. II. Pipes of finite length

For pt.I see ibid., vol.15, p.1907-34 (1982). A recent theory for the generation of electric currents by hydrocarbon fuels in infinitely long pipes has been modified to describe the finite pipe lengths obtained in practice. The boundary conditions used in the original model only permitted ions to be adsorbed at the wall; the authors have now extended them to allow the desorpiton (injection) of ions as well. The extended model has been applied to both the generation and the relaxation of charge in pipes of finite length.
STABLE VISCOSITIES AND SHOCK PROFILES FOR SYSTEMS OF CONSERVATION LAWS

Abstract : Many equations of mathematical physics take the form of nonlinear hyperbolic systems of conservation laws. With small dissipative effects neglected, typically smooth solutions must develop discontinuities (shocks) in finite time. Re-incorporating dissipation helps select those discontinuities which are physically relevant. For this purpose, many different sorts of dissipation will do; in particular, the physical viscosity is typically degenerate and not convenient. In this paper the author provide an understanding of what high order viscosity terms smooth the physical discontinuities. A natural class of admissible viscosity terms is determined based on a simple linearized stability criterion. In addition, they determine a class of degenerate second order viscosity terms of physical type which are admissible. These results are applied to the equations of compressible fluid dynamics, to determine what conditions ensure the existence of the shock layer with viscosity and heat conduction. This should be of interest to others interested in general equations of state for compressible fluids, such as those investigating phase transitions.
Metagenomic Analysis of Ampelographic Collections of Dagestan Revealed the Presence of Two Novel Grapevine Viruses

In this study, we analyzed the virome of 73 grape samples from two Dagestan ampelographic collections in Russia using high-throughput sequencing of total RNAs. Fourteen viruses and four viroids were identified, with one to eleven of them detected in each plant. For the first time in Russia, we identified grapevine leafroll-associated virus 7 and grapevine Kizil Sapak virus. A total of 206 genomes of viruses and viroids were obtained, and their phylogenetic analysis was carried out. The de novo assembly and tblastx analysis allowed us to obtain contigs of a novel (+) ssRNA genome of a plant virus from the genus Umbravirus, which was tentatively named grapevine umbra-like virus (GULV), as well as contigs of a novel dsDNA pararetrovirus from the genus Caulimovirus, which was tentatively named grapevine pararetrovirus (GPRV). Complete genomes of these viruses were obtained and used for Sequence Demarcation Tool (SDT) analysis and phylogeny studies. GULV and GPRV were detected in 16 and 33 germplasm samples from the Dagestan collections, respectively.
Emotion-Drive Interpretable Fake News Detection

Fake news has brought significant challenges to the healthy development of social media. Although current fake news detection methods are advanced, many models directly utilize unselected user comments and do not consider the emotional connection between news content and user comments. The authors propose an emotion-driven explainable fake news detection model (EDI) to solve this problem. The model can select valuable user comments by using sentiment value, obtain the emotional correlation representation between news content and user comments by using collaborative annotation, and obtain the weighted representation of user comments by using the attention mechanism. Experimental results on Twitter and Weibo show that the detection model significantly outperforms the state-of-the-art models and provides reasonable interpretation.
Structural Equation Modeling in Assessing Students' Understanding of the State Changes of Matter.

In this study, structural equation modeling (SEM) is applied to an instrument assessing students' understanding of the particulate nature of matter, the collective properties and physical changes, such as melting, evaporation, boiling and condensation. The structural relationships among particular groups of items were investigated. In addition, three cognitive variables, such as logical thinking, field-dependence/field-independence and convergence/divergence dimension were included in the SEM analysis and their effects on students' performance were estimated. Specifically, three models were tested: a confirmatory factor model (CFM), a multiple-indicator multiple-cause (MIMIC) model and a path analysis. The results showed that the three cognitive variables, along with achievements in the dimensions of structure understanding, sufficiently explain students' understanding of physical changes, providing additionally their direct and the indirect effects. Moreover, a theoretical analysis and interpretation of the results are provided that adds to our understanding about the role of cognitive variables in the mental processes involved in learning the specific-domain material. Implications for science education are discussed.
HIGH-ENERGY GAMMA RAYS AND LOW-ENERGY PROTONS AND DEUTERONS FROM C$sup 12$ + p FOR Ep = 14-20 Mev

The 90 deg yield of gamma rays from proton bombardment of C/sup 12/ was studied for proton energies between 14 and 20 Mev. Gamma rays are obseved corresponding to the ground-state decay of the C/sup 12/ 4.43-, 12.7-, and 15.1- Mev levels and from the C/sup 12/(p, gamma /sub 0/)N/sup 13/ reaction. Three resonances are observed in the yield of the 15.1-Mev gamma ray. These resonances correspond to N/sup 13/ levels at 18.1, 18.65, and 19.8 Mev. The N/sup 13/ 18.1- Mev level has a width of 330 plus or minus 100 kev in the center-of-mass system. The other two levels have widths less than 200 kev. The yields of the 4.43- and 12.7-Mev gamma rays reveal littie or no structure. The excitation function of the C/sup 12/(p, gamma /sub 0/)N/sup 13/ reaction also shows little structure. Angular distributions and absolute integrated cross sections for the C/sup 12/ (p,p')C/sup 12/ reaction are given for the C/sup 12/ 12.7-Mev level with E/sub p/ = 17.5, 19.5, and 20 Mev and for the C/sup 12/ 15.1-Mev level with E/sub p/ = 19.5 Mev. The latter is approximately symmetrical about 90 deg which suggests possible contribution from the compound nucleus reaction mechanism. Comparisonmore » of the cross sections for gamma // GAMMA = 0.027 plus or minus 0.007 for the C/sup 12/ 12.7-Mev state and 1.15 plus or minus 0.3 for the C/sup 12/ 15.1-Mev state. The yield of the C/sup 12/(p,d)C/sup 11/ reaction was measured by the stacked foil technique from threshold (E/sub p/ = 17.85 Mev) to 19.8 Mev. There is no evidence for structure. Angular distributions are given for the C/sub 12/ (p,d)C/sup 11/ reaction for E/sub p/ = vious work on the B/sup 11/(d,n)C/sup 12/ reaction and it is concluded that the contribution of the compound nucleus reaction mechanism to either reaction is most likely small for the bombarding energies in question. (auth)« less
Frequentist prediction intervals and predictive distributions

We consider parametric frameworks for the prediction of future values of a random variable Y, based on previously observed data X. Simple pivotal methods for obtaining calibrated prediction intervals are presented and illustrated. Frequentist predictive distributions are defined as confidence distributions, and their utility is demonstrated. A simple pivotal-based approach that produces prediction intervals and predictive distributions with well-calibrated frequentist probability interpretations is introduced, and efficient simulation methods for producing predictive distributions are considered. Properties related to an average Kullback--Leibler measure of goodness for predictive or estimated distributions are given. The predictive distributions here are shown to be optimal in certain settings with invariance structure, and to dominate plug-in distributions under certain conditions. Copyright 2005, Oxford University Press.
Faraday Rotation Measures and Intrinsic Polarization Position Angles of Very Long Baseline Interferometry Core-Jet Sources

VLA polarimetry at multiple frequencies below 2 GHz and at matched resolutions was used to derive accurate Faraday rotation measures (RMs) and linear polarization intrinsic position angles (IPAs) for seven VLBI core-jet sources. The RMs are probably caused by the interstellar medium of our Galaxy behaving like a resolved foreground screen. Comparison of the compact VLA core IPAs with available VLBI, MERLIN, and VLA structural position angles was possible for three quasars and two BL Lacertae objects. For the quasars, with their relatively straight jets, this comparison supports ordered longitudinal jet magnetic fields. For the BL Lacertae objects, with their twisted jets, no firm conclusions could be drawn regarding the configuration of the magnetic fields
Exact group comparisons using irregular longitudinal data

Longitudinal data on an experimental subject arise when observations of a dependent variable are made at several successive values of an indexing variable x; often the indexing variable is time. When such data are recorded for a number of subjects, typically animal or human, the x‐configuration may vary from subject to subject, producing irregular longitudinal data. Exact permutation methods are considered for comparing two or more groups of subjects. This approach entails choosing appropriate descriptive and test statistics and generating their exact distributions. The method is applied to two data sets, one relating to pigs and one to baboons. The second of these data sets involves a co‐variate and the results are compared with those yielded by fitting a parametric mixed effects model. In the first example differences between groups were clearly established, and the graphical representations proposed were useful for describing the differences. In the second example the agreement between the results of the two methods of analysis was found to be very close.
Interday Stability of Taxi Travel Flow in Urban Areas

Taxi travel flow patterns and their interday stability play an important role in the planning of urban transportation and public service facilities. Existing studies pay little attention to the stability of the travel flow patterns between days, and it is difficult to consider the impact of dynamic changes in daily travel demand analysis when supporting related decision making. Taxi trajectory data have been widely used in urban taxi travel-pattern analysis. This paper uses the taxi datasets of Shenzhen and New York to analyze and compare the interday stability of the taxi travel spatial structure and the flow volume based on the improved Levenshtein algorithm and geographic flow theory. The results show that (1) interday differences in taxi travel flow are obvious in both spatial structure and flow volume, high-frequency origin–destination (OD) trips are relatively stable; (2) the ODs between the central urban area and surrounding areas exhibit high traffic volume and high interday stability, and the ODs starting or ending at an airport exhibit high traffic stability; (3) one week’s data can describe 86% of the overall travel structure and 84% of travel flow in Shenzhen, and one week’s New York data can describe 73% of travel structure and 76% of travel flow. There are differences in the travel patterns of people in different cities, and the representativeness of datasets in different cities will be different. These findings can help to better understand the outcomes of taxi travel patterns derived from a relatively short period of data to avoid potential misuse in related decision making.
The gravitational instability of an infinite homogeneous turbulent medium

Jeans's analysis of the problem of the gravitational stability of an infinite homogeneous medium is examined and the need for including turbulence in the discussion is pointed out. The subject is then reconsidered from the point of view of the modem theories of turbulence, and it is shown how eddies in the density fluctuations which have wave numbers
Use of the Log Odds Ratio to Assess the Reliability of Dichotomous Questionnaire Data

The use of the log odds ratio to measure test-retest reliability of dichotomous questionnaire response data is discussed. Its application is illustrated using ques tionnaire data on family history of problem drinking. The superiority of the log odds ratio as a measure of reliability of such data is discussed. Uninformative datasets are characterized.
Evaluation of 14th-order harmonics in the geopotential from 18 resonant satellite orbits

The values of lumped harmonics from the analyses of 18 satellite orbits at 14th-order resonance are used to determine individual tesseral harmonics of order 14 in the Earth’s gravity field. Eight C and five S coefficients are determined for odd degree and six C, S pairs for even degree. The results are most useful in providing the only independent test of the values obtained in recent comprehensive geopotential models. The models of the 1980s are generally consistent with the resonance values, which have lower or comparable standard deviations. The new Goddard Earth Model, GEM-T3, and European model, GRIM4-C1 have much lower standard deviations and show significant differences from our values.