Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Planning with Sensing Actions and Individual Knowledge of Agent

to finish a task agent needs to do two things: planning and acting. Actions included in the classical planning are usually primitive actions. For complex tasks the planning must contain sensing actions and knowledge of the agent. High-level intelligent agents need to have the ability to sense the external environment independent of the designer and to apply their knowledge in planning. Action theories in situation calculus is a typical approach for describing the planning with sensing action and knowledge, where the change of knowledge is regarded as an epistemic fluent described by situation accessibility relation (, ) K ss ' . But since agent can not determine which situation is accessible from a given situation, this approach depends on the designer who writes the axioms for agent. Zhou proposed an extended situation calculus language SCS L for describing action reasoning independent of the designer. In this paper, we give the concept about individual knowledge of agent, and research on the properties of agent's individual knowledge based on SCS L. We
Can Robots Help to Understand Human Locomotion?

Abstract As robots are becoming increasingly powerful and consequently potentially capable of reproducing human-like movements and interactions, the question appears how these motor skills found in biology could be transferred to the technical system. Such a transfer of biological movements to robots also offers the chance to question and to improve our understanding of the underlying principles on how movements are organized in nature. For this, a new conceptual framework, a test trilogy comparing human, simulation, and robot behavior will be presented and demonstrated exemplary. Zusammenfassung Mit der Entwicklung immer leistungsfähigerer Roboter können potentiell auch menschenähnlichere Bewegungen und Interaktionen realisiert werden. Dabei stellt sich die Frage, wie diese motorischen Fähigkeiten auf ein technisches System übertragen werden können. Eine solche Übertragung von biologischen Bewegungen auf Roboter eröffnet dabei auch die Möglichkeit, das Verständnis der zugrundeliegenden Prinzipien von Bewegungen in der Natur zu hinterfragen und zu verbessern. Hierfür wird ein neuer konzeptioneller Ansatz, eine Testtrilogie als Verhaltensvergleich von Mensch, Modell und Roboter, vorgestellt und am Beispiel demonstriert.
Incremental MVS based Clustering Method for Similarity Measurement

As the amount of digital documents has been increasing dramatically over the years as the Internet grows, information management, search, and retrieval, etc., have become practically important problems. Identification of similar and dissimilar attributes is a challenging task. There have been many clustering algorithms published to identify the similarity between the elements in the given data set. The goal of cluster analysis is to partition a data set of N objects into subgroups such that those in each particular group are more similar to each other than to those of other groups this similarity between a pair of objects can be defined either explicitly or implicitly. In this paper, we introduce a novel Multiviewpoint-based similarity measure and traditional KMeans clustering methods. The major difference between a traditional dissimilarity/similarity measure and ours is that the former uses only a single viewpoint, while the latter utilizes multiple viewpoints, which are objects assumed to not be in the same cluster with the two objects being measured. The comparison between the K Means clustering and Incremental multiviewpoint based clustering methods for the similarity or dissimilarity accuracy measurement can be done. We use the java programming language for simulation.The simulation result shows the improved accuracy for the Incremental multiviewpoint based clustering. KeywordsDocument clustering, Multiviewpoint, K-Means similarity measure. Subject Classification-Data Mining, Computer Networking and Network Security.
Videogame reward types

This research has been conducted to ascertain the validity of existing videogame reward categorisations. An overview of current videogame reward types is provided and the need for further research in the area of videogame reward systems is identified. Possible limitations of the primary existing reward taxonomy are identified. We propose a definition of videogame rewards and present initial findings on a partially validated videogame reward taxonomy. Future games and gamified applications stand to benefit from a categorisation of videogame rewards, as videogame rewards play a pivotal role in player motivation.
Comparison of Contrast Enhanced Low-Dose Dobutamine Stress Echocardiography with 99mTc-Sestamibi Single-Photon Emission Computed Tomography in Assessment of Myocardial Viability

INTRODUCTION: Dobutamine stress echocardiography (DSE) and myocardial perfusion scan are the commonly used modalities to detect viable myocardium. DSE is comparatively cheaper and widely available but has a lower sensitivity. AIM: We aimed to compare contrast-enhanced low-dose dobutamine echocardiography (LDDE) and gated 99mTc-sestamibi myocardial perfusion scan (MPS) for the degree of agreement in the detection of myocardial viability. METHODS: We studied 850 left ventricular segments from 50 patients (42 men, mean age 55.5 years), with coronary artery disease and left ventricular systolic dysfunction (ejection fraction < 40%), using contrast-enhanced LDDE and 99mTc-Sestamibi gated SPECT. Segments were assessed for the presence of viability by both techniques and head to head comparisons were made. RESULTS: Adequate visualisation increased from 80% in unenhanced segments to 96% in contrast-enhanced segments. Of the total 850 segments studied, 290 segments (34.1%) had abnormal contraction (dysfunctional). Among these, 138 were hypokinetic (16.2% of total), 144 were severely hypokinetic or akinetic (16.9% of total), and 8 segments were dyskinetic or aneurismal (0.9% of total). Among 151 segments considered viable by technetium, 137 (90.7%) showed contractile improvement with dobutamine; in contrast, only 8 of the 139 segments (5.7%) considered nonviable by technetium had a positive dobutamine response. The per cent of agreement between technetium uptake and a positive response to dobutamine was 78.6% with kappa = 0.63, suggestive of a substantial degree of agreement between the two modalities. CONCLUSION: Use of contrast-enhanced LDDE significantly increased the adequate endocardial border visualisation. Furthermore, this study showed a strong degree of agreement between the modalities in the detection of viable segments. So, contrast-enhanced LDDE appears to be a safe and comparable alternative to MPS in myocardial viability assessment.
The Risks of Introspection: A Quantitative Analysis of Influence Between Scientific Communities

Research impact is increasingly evaluated by quantitative analysis of citations, such as the h-index or conference impact factor. However, little attention has been given to understanding the patterns of influence and dependence that exist between groups of scientific communities. We propose that an analysis of inter-community influence offers valuable insights into how scientific communities evolve in terms of growth, stability, decline, information exchange, and impact. We present a computational model for inter-community influence in science and evaluate it on 19 years of data from communities in the field of Artificial Intelligence (AI). We uncover and explain the dynamics of communities that are gaining influence; that act as bridging hubs; or isolated communities that are apparently losing influence. This analysis reveals factors that may underpin a scientific community’s growth or decline.
A fast and elitist multi-objective particle swarm algorithm: NSPSO

In this paper, a new nondominated sorting particle swarm optimisation (NSPSO), is proposed, that combines the operations (fast ranking of non-dominated solutions, crowding distance ranking and elitist strategy of combining parent population and offspring population together) of a known MOGA NSGA-II and the other advanced operations (selection and mutation operations) with a single particle swarm optimiser (PSO). The efficacy of this algorithm is demonstrated on 2 test functions, and the comparison is made with the NSGA-II and a multi-objective PSO (MOPSO-CD). The simulation results suggest that the proposed optimisation framework is able to achieve good solutions as well diversity compared to NSGA-II and MOPSO-CD optimisation framework.
Effect of hyperinflation on the diaphragm

Acute hyperinflation causes the inspiratory muscles to operate at shorter than normal lengths. The ability of these muscles, in particular the diaphragm, to lower intrathoracic pressure is therefore reduced. Skeletal muscles, however, adapt to chronic shortening, and animals models of emphysema have shown that with chronic hyperinflation, the diaphragmatic muscle fibres lose sacromeres. As a result, the force-generating ability of these fibres is relatively preserved. In patients with hyperinflation due to chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, the ability of the diaphragm to generate pressure is also better than anticipated on the basis of hyperinflation alone. However, the diaphragm in these patients is also lower in the chest wall than in healthy subjects. Consequently, even though the neural drive to the muscle is greater than normal, its ability to descend during inspiration is impaired. Its rib cage expanding action is also reduced; in patients with severe hyperinflation, contraction of the diaphragm even produces deflation, rather than expansion, of the rib cage. In such patients, therefore, the ability of the diaphragm to increase lung volume is reduced, and hence the act of breathing is more dependent on the rib cage inspiratory muscles.
FACTORS AFFECTING E-COMMERCE TEXTBOOK PURCHASES

With the advent of e-commerce, opportunities have arisen for students to obtain course textbooks from sources other than the traditional campus bookstore(s). This research seeks to understand the factors motivating students to select e-commerce or traditional vendors for their textbook purchases. It surveys student perceptions of e-commerce textbook purchases from the perspectives of product perception, shopping experience, customer service, and consumer risk.
Parsing the Wiki Collection and Snippet Generation Contents

Acknowledgements I would like to acknowledge both Dr Donald Crouch and Dr Carolyn Crouch for providing me this wonderful opportunity to work in the field of IR and the motivation they gave me in delivering this thesis. I would also thank Mr Satayanarayana Murthy Ganpathibhotla, who was mainly instrumental in relishing my dream of doing masters in the field of IR. I would like to thank Dr Joseph Gallian for guiding me in the one of the best math course I have ever taken and for being a part of my thesis committee. I would also thank the UMD computer science department for motivating me. I would like to thank all of my friends and family for their support. i Abstract Information Retrieval (IR) is a field which deals with retrieving useful information from large sets of data in response to a query. Much information in this digital age is stored in XML format, which associates a structure with a document. Though IR systems have been used for years to access documents, the field has greatly expanded with the emergence of the world wide web, which emphasizes the structure of the data. The amount of data makes the identification of various portion(s) of a document difficult; document structure helps in this task. This thesis describes a retrieval task known as snippet retrieval. A snippet is the smallest meaningful body of text which can be used to establish the relevance of the document without actually looking at the document. The work on snippet retrieval is extended from past work in focused retrieval, wherein a ranked list of focused elements is retrieved in response to the user query [1]. The Vector Space Model [10] provides the framework for retrieval; we use Smart for basic retrieval functions. Our system for dynamic element retrieval, Flex, enables us to identify and rank the individual elements of each hypertext document with respect to the query. We include a discussion of focusing strategies and the use of focused elements as a basis for snippet generation. Results of our top-ranked 2011 and 2012 Snippet Retrieval track runs are included.
An evaluation of the effectiveness of face-to-face versus e-learning in the UAE Civil Defence sector

In the UAE, e-Learning has been adopted as a new learning mode to increase awareness and standards of building fire safety of it civil defence workforce. Training in this sector has been mainly based around traditional classroom approaches. This research specifically focuses on an online approach to delivering and sustaining the continuous professional development (CPD) of UAE fire fighters. The key aim of this study is to evaluate the effectiveness of learning and performance between face-to-face learning and e-Learning. The central research question is: does learning effectiveness differ between traditional learning and e-Learning? This study employs a quasi-experimental research design to evaluate the three different learning interventions: face-to-face learning, high media rich e-Learning and low media rich e-Learning. A survey method was selected to gather the data on learning effectiveness following the completion of the training programme from a sample of participants (n=412) professionally engaged in the civil defence sector. A key finding was that across all measures of learning effectiveness: engagement, cognitive performance and behavioural performance, scores in the face-to-face mode were significantly better than in the e-Learning mode. Furthermore learning effectiveness was found to be significantly better in high media rich than low media rich e-Learning design. The findings indicate that learning styles impacted on learning effectiveness between the three modes of learning. There was significant interaction between learning styles and learning mode on learning effectiveness. There were statistically significant differences in learning effectiveness for all learning styles. In 7 out of the 8 learning styles (Active, Reflective, Verbal, Visual, Sequential, Global, Sensing, Intuitive) learning effectiveness was higher on average in the face-to-face learning mode than in both of the e-Learning modes. The differences in terms of effect sizes varied between these learning styles. Only reflective learning exhibited a higher learning effectiveness score for high media rich e-Learning than face-to-face. Spatial ability did not have any statistically significant effect on learning effectiveness in the two learning approaches of traditional and e-Learning. However when comparing the two types of e-Learning high spatial ability learners performed less well in the low multimedia mode than in the high multimedia mode. This research provides evidence to show that learning styles are significantly related to learning achievement in e-Learning and there are differential effects for different learning styles. The study also provides evidence that the use of rich multimedia is positively related to higher learning effectiveness. The findings contribute to empirical evidence for differences between face-to-face and e-learning and the role of media richness and learning styles. The findings have practical implications for learning strategies.
Decoupled torque control of tendon-driven fingers with tension management

To facilitate human assembly tasks, Robonaut 2 is equipped with a dexterous, compact hand featuring fingers driven remotely by tendons. This work outlines the force-control strategy for the fingers, which are actuated by an “n + 1” tendon arrangement. Existing tendon-driven fingers have applied force control through independent tension controllers on each tendon, in other words, in the tendon space. The coupled kinematics of the tendons, however, cause such controllers to exhibit a transient coupling in their response. This problem can be resolved by alternatively framing the controllers in the joint space of the finger. A joint-space torque control law is proposed here that demonstrates a decoupled response with a faster settling time than an equivalent tendon-space formulation. In addition, a tension distribution algorithm is presented here to translate joint torque commands into tendon tensions. It guarantees that each tendon tension respects both an upper and a lower bound, using an efficient, finitely-convergent algorithm. These two contributions provide for a compliant, well-controlled hand, aptly suited for unstructured interaction.
Packet loss analysis in wireless sensor networks routing protocols

In this paper we analyze the importance of packet loss consideration (PLC) within inter node communication of a WSN. We evaluate the link quality between network nodes based on the link packet loss and not on the received signal strength indicator (RSSI). Our assessment is based on in field measurements obtained using the IRIS Crossbow WSN. The measurements are used to show the impact of packet loss in a known routing protocol for WSNs, LEACH. We propose a network initialization phase where all nodes gather information about the link packet loss from all neighbors. Using this information each node will choose the attending cluster head (CH) based on the smallest packet loss rather than on the highest RSSI. Matlab simulations show that considering packet loss in choosing the best communication path has a significant impact on reducing the energy consumption of the network as well as increasing network throughput.
A Java Framework for Developing Intelligent Tutoring Systems

An intelligent tutoring system (ITS) is software that provides an interactive learning environment and can adapt its instruction depending on user needs. The development of these systems is expensive due to significant resource requirements. To ease the development process of these systems, technologies such as authoring tools and shells are sometimes used. In this paper a new java framework is proposed to be implemented as the foundation of a new authoring tool for intelligent tutoring systems (ITSs).
pVD — Personal Video Distribution

A user has several personal computers, including mobile phones, tablets, and laptops, and needs to watch live camera feeds from and videos stored at any of these computers at one or more of the others. Industry solutions designed for many users, computers, and videos can be complicated and slow to apply. The user must typically rely on a third party service or at least log in. The Personal Video Distribution (pVD) system supports sending and viewing live and stored videos between any of a single user's computers, and allows for a smooth handover of play back between computers. The system avoids any third parties, and relies only on the user's personal computers. We present the architecture, design and implementation of the pVD prototype. The architecture is comprised of functionality for sending videos, subscribing to videos, and maintaining the video play-back state. The design has a local side sending and viewing videos, and a global side coordinating the switching and distribution of videos, and maintaining subscriptions and video state. The prototype is primarily done in Python. A set of experiments was conducted to document the performance of the prototype. The results show that pVD global side has low CPU usage, and supports a handful of simultaneous exchanges of videos on a wireless network.
Focused crawling for building Web comment corpora

Web 2.0 provides various types of social media applications, e.g., blogs, forums and news sites that allow users to post Web comments. This kind of communication plays an important role in acceptance research. To extract different opinions from such data, it is necessary to build Web comment corpora. Building such corpora requires focused crawling. Many focused Web crawling algorithms are known to build topic-specific Web collections. However, the type of Web pages is typically not considered. In this paper, we introduce a new type-specific focused crawler, which uses a classifier based on HTML meta information. Its application allows for collecting only Web pages that cover Web comments from various domains.
Upregulation of Adenosine Kinase in Rasmussen Encephalitis

Abstract Rasmussen encephalitis (RE) is a rare neurologic disorder of childhood characterized by unihemispheric inflammation, progressive neurologic deficits, and intractable focal epilepsy. The pathogenesis of RE is still enigmatic. Adenosine is a key endogenous signaling molecule with anticonvulsive and anti-inflammatory effects, and our previous work demonstrated that dysfunction of the adenosine kinase (ADK)–adenosine system and astrogliosis are the hallmarks of epilepsy. We hypothesized that the epileptogenic mechanisms underlying RE are related to changes in ADK expression and that those changes might be associated with the development of epilepsy in RE patients. Immunohistochemistry was used to examine the expression of ADK and glial fibrillary acidic protein in surgically resected human epileptic cortical specimens from RE patients (n = 12) and compared with control cortical tissues (n = 6). Adenosine kinase expression using Western blot and enzymatic activity for ADK were assessed in RE versus control samples. Focal astrogliosis and marked expression of ADK were observed in the lesions of RE. Significantly greater ADK expression in RE versus controls was demonstrated by Western blot, and greater enzymatic activity for ADK was demonstrated using an enzyme-coupled bioluminescent assay. These results suggest that upregulation of ADK is a common pathologic hallmark of RE and that ADK might be a target in the treatment of epilepsy associated with RE.
Emergence and Spread of Chlamydia trachomatis Variant, Sweden

A variant of Chlamydia trachomatis that had escaped detection by commonly used systems was discovered in Sweden in 2006. In a nationwide study, we found that it is now prevalent across Sweden, irrespective of the detection system used. Genetic analysis by multilocus sequence typing identified a predominant variant, suggesting recent emergence.
In situ production of branched glycerol dialkyl glycerol tetraethers in a great basin hot spring (USA)

Branched glycerol dialkyl glycerol tetraethers (bGDGTs) are predominantly found in soils and peat bogs. In this study, we analyzed core (C)-bGDGTs after hydrolysis of polar fractions using liquid chromatography-atmospheric pressure chemical ionization-mass spectrometry and analyzed intact P-bGDGTs using total lipid extract (TLE) without hydrolysis by liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization-multiple stage mass spectrometry. Our results show multiple lines of evidence for the production of bGDGTs in sediments and cellulolytic enrichments in a hot spring (62–86°C) in the Great Basin (USA). First, in situ cellulolytic enrichment led to an increase in the relative abundance of hydrolysis-derived P-bGDGTs over their C-bGDGT counterparts. Second, the hydrolysis-derived P- and C-bGDGT profiles in the hot spring were different from those of the surrounding soil samples; in particular, a monoglycosidic bGDGT Ib containing 13,16-dimethyloctacosane and one cyclopentane moiety was detected in the TLE but it was undetectable in surrounding soil samples even after sample enrichments. Third, previously published 16S rRNA gene pyrotag analysis from the same lignocellulose samples demonstrated the enrichment of thermophiles, rather than mesophiles, and total bGDGT abundance in cellulolytic enrichments correlated with the relative abundance of 16S rRNA gene pyrotags from thermophilic bacteria in the phyla Bacteroidetes, Dictyoglomi, EM3, and OP9 (“Atribacteria”). These observations conclusively demonstrate the production of bGDGTs in this hot spring; however, the identity of organisms that produce bGDGTs in the geothermal environment remains unclear.