Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
A high‐resolution simulation of the ocean during the POMME experiment: Mesoscale variability and near surface processes

[1] This article is the second part of a modeling study of upper ocean mesoscale physical processes in an area of the northeast Atlantic that was extensively sampled during the Programme Ocean Multidisciplinaire Meso-Echelle (POMME experiment, October 2000–September 2001). The model is a high-resolution regional version of the ocean general circulation model OPA integrated from February to May 2001. The mesoscale upper ocean dynamics has been carefully validated in a first paper (Paci et al., 2005). In the present article, the simulation is used to analyze the contribution of mesoscale eddies to the mixed layer processes during the period that controls the annual subduction rate and the characteristics of the subducted water. Mesoscale eddies account for a significant part of the mixed layer heat, salt, and water budgets through mesoscale and submesoscale structures acting on the horizontal advective terms. They represent respectively 52% and 66% of the horizontal advection of temperature and salinity and 70% of the lateral induction. They also induce an earlier and more intense restratification. The domain-averaged detrainment appears to be reduced by more than 15% by mesoscale eddies and reaches about 0.8 Sv. However, these eddies increase the density of the detrained water. Some dense water, likely to be involved in the formation of subpolar mode water, is detrained by them in a way that maximizes its chance to be effectively subducted in the area.
Relation between brain displacement and local cerebral blood flow in patients with chronic subdural haematoma

OBJECTIVES To evaluate the relation between brain displacement, clinical signs and symptoms, and local cerebral blood flow (lCBF) in patients with chronic subdural haematoma (CSDH). METHODS Forty five patients (age range 58–87 years, mean 71.9 (SD 8.4)) with unilateral CSDH were studied. Patients were categorised into three groups: I, headache (n=16); II, paresis (n=14); and III, mental change (n=15). T1 weighted MR images were obtained in all patients preoperatively. Quantitative values of maximum haematoma thickness, midline shift, and brain rotation angle were measured on axial and coronal MR images. In 21 patients, lCBF was measured by Xe enhanced CT. Values for lCBF were obtained in selected regions of interest in the frontal cortex, thalamus, and hemisphere on both the haematoma and contralateral sides. RESULTS The lCBF reduction in the ipsilateral frontal cortex showed the best linear correlation with haematoma thickness (r=0.57), whereas the reduction in the ipsilateral thalamus had the most significant correlation with pineal shift (r=0.65) and third ventricle incline (r=0.67). In patients with paresis, lCBF decreased significantly on the ipsilateral side of both the frontal cortex and thalamus (p<0.05), whereas patients with mental change showed a significant reduction of lCBF on both sides of the thalamus (p<0.01) and in the ipsilateral frontal cortex (p<0.01). CONCLUSIONS The lCBF reduction and clinical symptoms correlated well with local brain displacement in patients with CSDH. The lCBF in the central cerebral area including the thalamus was reduced in patients with clinical signs. The mental changes found were thought to derive from mild impairment of consciousness due to upper brain stem displacement.
Segmentation of brain MR images using hidden Markov random field model with weighting neighborhood system

Current state-of-the-art segmentation techniques of brain MR images improve segmentation accuracy by encoding spatial information through hidden Markov random field (HMRF) model. However, HMRF model has higher computational overhead compared to finite Gaussian mixture (FGM) model but the segmentation results are with no significant difference when applying to cleaner data. We believe this is because the spatial constraint is too simple to utilize the characteristics of the brain. In this paper, we propose a novel method to improve the neighborhood system of the HMRF model by better characterizing natural structures of human brain. Experiments on both real and synthetic 3D brain MR images show that the segmentation results of our method have higher accuracy compared to existing solutions.
Chinese Word Segmentation for Agriculture

Based on the Hash mechanism, a new algorithm is presented, the algorithm can realize search、update、deletion and addition operations for dictionary. According to the characteristics of Chinese characters GB code, by preserving the GB code of first word in entry, this method effectively improves the utilization rate of the storage space. In the dictionary, the one-to-many corresponding relationships between dialects and agricultural keywords are built, the dialect words can be translated efficiently into the agricultural key words, so as the word segment accuracy is improved. In the time complexity, Chinese word segmentation algorithm for agriculture were compared with the algorithms for array, linked list and AVL tree.
Postexit Surface Engineering of Retroviral/Lentiviral Vectors

Gene delivery vectors based on retroviral or lentiviral particles are considered powerful tools for biomedicine and biotechnology applications. Such vectors require modification at the genomic level in the form of rearrangements to allow introduction of desired genes and regulatory elements (genotypic modification) as well as engineering of the physical virus particle (phenotypic modification) in order to mediate efficient and safe delivery of the genetic information to the target cell nucleus. Phenotypic modifications are typically introduced at the genomic level through genetic manipulation of the virus producing cells. However, this paper focuses on methods which allow modification of viral particle surfaces after they have exited the cell, that is, directly on the viral particles in suspension. These methods fall into three categories: (i) direct covalent chemical modification, (ii) membrane-topic reagents, and (iii) adaptor systems. Current applications of such techniques will be introduced and their advantages and disadvantages will be discussed.
Psychological treatment of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder in adults: a systematic review.

INTRODUCTION Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a neurodevelopmental disorder of childhood onset. The disorder persists into adulthood in most cases, significantly affecting patient function. Although the firstline choice of treatment for ADHD is pharmacological, drug treatments are not always sufficient. All the published studies on the psychological treatment of ADHD were systematically reviewed for the present article. METHOD The MEDLINE and PsychINFO electronic databases were searched using the terms psychological treatment OR psychotherapy OR psychosocial treatment AND ADHD. Patient age was restricted to adults (all adult:19+ years). RESULTS Eighteen published studies met inclusion criteria for the review. Fifteen efficacy studies of psychological treatment were selected (cognitive behavioral therapy, metacognitive therapy, dialectical behavior therapy, coaching, cognitive remediation) and three previous reviews. CONCLUSIONS The results indicate that cognitive behavioral therapy is the most effective psychological treatment for ADHD symptoms in adults and the comorbid symptoms of anxiety and depression, which have an important functional impact on the daily life of patients. However, more research is needed to know the differential effects of each psychological approach in relation to improved ADHD symptoms in adults. Finally, future directions for the psychosocial treatment of ADHD problems of adults are suggested.
Purification and partial characterization of a new mannose/glucose‐specific lectin from Dialium guineense Willd seeds that exhibits toxic effect

A new mannose/glucose‐specific lectin, named DigL, was purified from seeds of Dialium guineense by a single step using a Sepharose 4b‐Mannose affinity chromatography column. DigL strongly agglutinated rabbit erythrocytes and was inhibited by d‐mannose, d‐glucose, and derived sugars, especially α‐methyl‐d‐mannopyranoside and N‐acetyl‐d‐glucosamine. DigL has been shown to be a stable protein, maintaining its hemagglutinating activity after incubation at a wide range of temperature and pH values and after incubation with EDTA. DigL is a glycoprotein composite by approximately 2.9% of carbohydrates by weight. By sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis analysis, the purified DigL exhibited an electrophoretic profile consisting of a broad band of 28–30 kDa. Analysis using electrospray ionization mass spectrometry indicated that purified DigL possesses a molecular average mass of 28 452 ± 2 Da and shows the presence of possible glycoforms. In addition, DigL exhibited an intermediary toxic effect on Artemia sp. nauplii, and this effect was both dependent on native structure and mediated by a carbohydrate‐binding site. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
p65/RelA binds and activates the beclin 1 promoter

We unveiled novel p65/RelA consensus sites in the promoter of the beclin 1 gene and demonstrate that p65/RelA positively modulates canonical autophagy in various human cell lines both under basal conditions and upon induction by ceramide. Interestingly, we find that T cell receptor-dependent activation of Jurkat cells triggers an increase in the binding of p65/RelA to the beclin 1 promoter accompanied by enhanced autophagy, suggesting that p65/RelA could regulate T-cell activation and homeostasis through autophagy.
Cytotoxic, genotoxic and the hemolytic effect of titanium dioxide (TiO2) nanoparticles on human erythrocyte and lymphocyte cells in vitro

With the increasing clinical use of titanium dioxide (TiO2) nanoparticles, a better understanding of their safety in the blood stream is required. The present study evaluates the toxic effect of commercially available TiO2 nanoparticles (~100 nm) using a battery of cytotoxic, genotoxic, hemolytic and morphological parameters. The cytotoxic effects of TiO2 nanoparticles in human lymphocyte cells were studied with respect to membrane damage, mitochondrial function, metabolic activity and lysosomal membrane stability. Genotoxicity in lymphocyte cells was quantitated using a comet assay. The mode of cell death (apoptosis/necrosis) was evaluated using PI/Annexin V staining. TiO2 nanoparticles were also evaluated for their hemolytic properties, osmotic fragility and interaction with hemoglobin. Human erythrocyte cells were studied for morphological alterations using atomic force microscopy (AFM). Results suggest that the particles could induce a significant reduction in mitochondrial dehydrogenase activity in human lymphocyte cells. Membrane integrity remained unaffected by nanoparticle treatment. DNA damage and apoptosis were induced by TiO2 nanoparticles in a dose‐dependent manner. A study on human erythrocyte cells revealed a hemolytic property of TiO2 nanoparticles characterized by spherocytosis and echinocytosis. Spectral analysis revealed a hemoglobin TiO2 nanoparticle interaction. Our in vitro study results suggest that commercially available blood contacting nanoparticles (TiO2 nanoparticle) should be carefully evaluated for their toxic potential. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Exploring Technology Diffusion: Case of Information Technologies

In today's rapidly changing competitive environment, Information Technology (IT) within an organization is continuously improved, driven by the external push of technological advances and internal pull of increasing organizational needs. In order to achieve the greatest return on IT investment, the diffusion process of IT within the organization should be examined carefully. This study aims to explore the effects of organizational, social, individual, and technological characteristics on the diffusion of different information technologies within organizations, and to discover the relationship between the diffusion of these technologies and the effectiveness, efficiency, and productivity of managerial decision-making processes. Based on a thorough review of theoretical background and prior empirical studies in the area, an integrated research framework concerning the IT diffusion context has been developed and tested via a survey applied on individuals from different organizations. Findings suggest that the antecedents of the diffusion and infusion patterns vary for two major categories of information technologies.
The cellular response to cytochalasin B: a critical overview.

The cytochalasins comprise a novel class of fungal metabolites which have attracted a great deal of recent interest as a result of the numerous apparently di verse cytological effects which are elicited by their presence, both in vivo and in vitro. Six cytochalasins have been isolated, to date, from the cultures of Helminthospor ium dematioidem, Metarrhizium anisopliae, and Rosellina necatrix, although some what similar biological activity has been associated with the fermentation products of several additional fungi (Aldridge et al. 1967). The six currently isolable cyto chalasins are designated A, B, C, D, E, and F. In terms of their biological activity, i nsofar as this is known at present, these six cytochalasins appear qualitatively simi lar to one another, although the potencies of the isomeric cytochalasins C and D
Arvicoline Rodent Fauna from the Room 2 Excavation in Cathedral Cave, White Pine County, Nevada, and Its Biochronologic Significance

ABSTRACT Test-pit excavations from 1989 in Room 2 of Cathedral Cave yielded a diverse faunal assemblage, but age estimates derived from radioisotopic dates and bio chronological assessment were widely disparate. New excavations were undertaken in 2003 to increase faunal samples and clarify chronological resolution. Arvicoline rodents recovered from the 2003 excavation include Allophaiomys pliocaenicus, Microtus meadensis, M. paroperarius, Microtus sp. , Mictomys meltoni or M. kansasensis, 4- and 5-triangle morphotypes of Lemmiscus curtatus, Ondatra zibethicus, and representatives of both ancient and recent lineages of Phenacomys. A maximum age for the fauna falls between 146.02 ± 2.584 and 153.7 ± 6.4 ka, as determined through uranium-series analyses of flowstones collected near the base of the excavation. Paleomagnetic analyses, and morphological data from recovered Ondatra, are consistent with that age interpretation. Cathedral Cave contains the youngest known Irvingtonian fauna, including the youngest records of Allophaiomys pliocaenicus, Microtus meadensis, and Microtus paroperarius. These records diminish the utility of those taxa for biochronologic refinement of fossil localities in western North America. Differences in biogeographic patterns of vertebrates in the Great Basin throughout the latest Pleistocene and Holocene are tied to topographic gradients and independent faunal histories. The Cathedral Cave biota provides a greater temporal depth for that dynamic, and provides important data demonstrating that higher-elevation fossil deposits yield diachronous biochronologic boundaries relative to lowland sites, and may require independent biochronologies. Recognition of the provincial nature of biochronologic boundaries is not new, but documented local-scale provincialism highlights conceptual challenges for broad-scale application of arvicoline biochronology in North America.
Surgical Control of a Primary Hepatic Carcinoid Tumor: A Case Report

We report a primary hepatic carcinoid tumor occurring in a 47-year-old man. The patient consulted our hospital complaining of epigastralgia. Abdominal ultrasonography, computed tomography scanning, and magnetic resonance imaging showed a large mass in the right lobe of the liver. FDG-PET revealed 18F-FDG uptake by the right hepatic lobe. The tumor was a solid mass with cystic components, approximately 15 cm in diameter. We conducted an extended right lobectomy of the liver. The resected specimen was a solid tumor with cystic components and hemorrhagic lesion. Microscopic findings showed that the tumor cells had round nuclei and formed trabecular patterns. Immunohistologically, tumor cells were stained positive for chromogranin A, neuron specific enolase, CD56, and S-100. Careful examinations before and after the operation revealed no other possible origin of the tumor. Based on these findings, the tumor was diagnosed as a primary hepatic carcinoid. This is a report of a rare case of a primary hepatic carcinoid tumor with a discussion of several other relevant reports.
Intraclass Correlation Associated with Therapists: Estimates and Applications in Planning Psychotherapy Research

It is essential that outcome research permit clear conclusions to be drawn about the efficacy of interventions. The common practice of nesting therapists within conditions can pose important methodological challenges that affect interpretation, particularly if the study is not powered to account for the nested design. An obstacle to the optimal design of these studies is the lack of data about the intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC), which measures the statistical dependencies introduced by nesting. To begin the development of a public database of ICC estimates, the authors investigated ICCs for a variety outcomes reported in 20 psychotherapy outcome studies. The magnitude of the 495 ICC estimates varied widely across measures and studies. The authors provide recommendations regarding how to select and aggregate ICC estimates for power calculations and show how researchers can use ICC estimates to choose the number of patients and therapists that will optimize power. Attention to these recommendations will strengthen the validity of inferences drawn from psychotherapy studies that nest therapists within conditions.
LIS1 and DCX: Implications for Brain Development and Human Disease in Relation to Microtubules

Proper lamination of the cerebral cortex requires the orchestrated motility of neurons from their place of birth to their final destination. Improper neuronal migration may result in a wide range of diseases, including brain malformations, such as lissencephaly, mental retardation, schizophrenia, and autism. Ours and other studies have implicated that microtubules and microtubule-associated proteins play an important role in the regulation of neuronal polarization and neuronal migration. Here, we will review normal processes of brain development and neuronal migration, describe neuronal migration diseases, and will focus on the microtubule-associated functions of LIS1 and DCX, which participate in the regulation of neuronal migration and are involved in the human developmental brain disease, lissencephaly.
Pseudomonas aeruginosa lasRTranscription Correlates with the Transcription of lasA,lasB, and toxA in Chronic Lung Infections Associated with Cystic Fibrosis

ABSTRACT The role of Pseudomonas aeruginosa quorum-sensing systems in the lung infections associated with cystic fibrosis (CF) has not been examined. The purpose of this study was to determine if genes regulated by the LasR-LasI quorum-sensing system were coordinately regulated by the P. aeruginosa populations during the lung infections associated with CF. We also wanted to ascertain if there was a relationship between the expression of lasR, a transcriptional regulator, and some P. aeruginosa virulence factors during these infections. We extracted RNAs from the bacterial populations of 131 sputa taken from 23 CF patients. These RNAs were blotted and hybridized with probes to P. aeruginosa lasA,lasB, and toxA. The hybridization signals from each probe were ranked, and the rankings were analyzed by a Spearman rank correlation to determine if there was an association between the population transcript accumulations for the three genes. The correlations between the transcript accumulation patterns of pairs of the genes suggested that lasA, lasB, andtoxA might be coordinately regulated during CF lung infections. To determine if this coordinate regulation might be due to regulation by LasR, we probed RNAs, extracted from 84 sputa, with thelasR, lasA, lasB, toxA, and algD probes. Statistical analysis indicated thatlasR transcript accumulation correlated tolasA, lasB, toxA, andalgD transcript accumulations. These results indicated thatlasR may at least partially regulate or be coordinately regulated with lasA, lasB, toxA, and algD during the lung infections associated with CF. These results also suggested that the LasR-LasI quorum-sensing system may control the expression of at least some virulence factors in the lungs of patients with CF.
Subordinate male meerkats prospect for extra-group paternity: alternative reproductive tactics in a cooperative mammal

In cooperatively breeding species, subordinates typically suffer strong constraints on within-group reproduction. While numerous studies have highlighted the additional fitness benefits that subordinates might accrue through helping, few have considered the possibility that subordinates may also seek extra-group matings to improve their chances of actually breeding. Here, we show that subordinate males in cooperative meerkat, Suricata suricatta, societies conduct frequent extraterritorial forays, during periods of peak female fertility, which give rise to matings with females in other groups. Genetic analyses reveal that extra-group paternity (EGP) accrued while prospecting contributes substantially to the reproductive success of subordinates: yielding the majority of their offspring (approx. 70%); significantly reducing their age at first reproduction and allowing them to breed without dispersing. We estimate that prospecting subordinates sire 20–25% of all young in the population. While recent studies on cooperative birds indicate that dominant males accrue the majority of EGP, our findings reveal that EGP can also arise from alternative reproductive tactics employed exclusively by subordinates. It is important, therefore, that future attempts to estimate the fitness of subordinate males in animal societies quantify the distribution of extra-group as well as within-group paternity, because a substantial proportion of the reproductive success of subordinates may otherwise go undetected.