Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Opening the Black Box of Officer Decision-Making: An Examination of Race, Criminal History, and Discretionary Searches

Recent evidence suggests that police officers engage in discretionary searches of minority citizens at a disproportionate rate; however, the impact of citizen criminal history on this relationship is largely unknown. Using the theoretical framework of officer suspicion, this study examines the impact of citizen race on the likelihood of a discretionary search and whether this relationship is mediated by citizen criminal history. A series of multilevel models were computed on officer-initiated traffic stops in a manner that conforms to Baron and Kenny's recommendations to test for mediation effects. Results indicated that while citizen race was predictive of a discretionary search, this effect was mediated by consideration of criminal history. These findings have implications for understanding the decision-making process of officers, the influence of citizen race on these decisions, and the role of officer suspicion in police-citizen encounters.
Population ecology theory: implications for sustainability

Purpose – The paper has dual objectives. First, the paper aims to consolidate prior research in the area of population ecology theory and provide a review and critique of this influential organizational theory. The review is both broad and extensive, covering all major theoretical streams in population ecology. Second, the paper aims to highlight a new and hitherto unexplored area for future research, which lies at the intersection of population ecology and sustainability.Design/methodology/approach – The extensive and broad review included all salient published scholarly work on the topic of population ecology from 1996‐2010. Findings are reported in nine separate tables, classified by primary research focus, chronology, author, etc. Additionally, a brief summary of prior research on sustainability is provided.Findings – Population ecology continues as a valuable and influential perspective for organizational scholars. In comparison, sustainability is a relatively new entrant in the organizational litera.
Convolutional neural networks for event-related potential detection: impact of the architecture

The detection of brain responses at the single-trial level in the electroencephalogram (EEG) such as event-related potentials (ERPs) is a difficult problem that requires different processing steps to extract relevant discriminant features. While most of the signal and classification techniques for the detection of brain responses are based on linear algebra, different pattern recognition techniques such as convolutional neural network (CNN), as a type of deep learning technique, have shown some interests as they are able to process the signal after limited pre-processing. In this study, we propose to investigate the performance of CNNs in relation of their architecture and in relation to how they are evaluated: a single system for each subject, or a system for all the subjects. More particularly, we want to address the change of performance that can be observed between specifying a neural network to a subject, or by considering a neural network for a group of subjects, taking advantage of a larger number of trials from different subjects. The results support the conclusion that a convolutional neural network trained on different subjects can lead to an AUC above 0.9 by using an appropriate architecture using spatial filtering and shift invariant layers.
The UDP-Glucuronosyltransferase 2B17 Gene Deletion Polymorphism: Sex-Specific Association with Urinary 4-(Methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-Pyridyl)-1-Butanol Glucuronidation Phenotype and Risk for Lung Cancer

4-(Methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanone is a potent and abundant procarcinogen found in tobacco smoke, and glucuronidation of its major metabolite, 4-(methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanol (NNAL), by UDP-glucuronosyltransferases (UGT) including UGT2B17 is an important mechanism for 4-(methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanone detoxification. Both copies of the UGT2B17 gene are deleted in ∼10% of Whites and the deletion is associated with a reduction in NNAL glucuronidation activity in vitro. In this study, we examined the effects of the UGT2B17 deletion (0/0) on NNAL glucuronidation rates in a sample of 82 healthy cigarette smokers and further examined its effects on lung cancer risk in a separate case-control study. In the healthy smokers study, a lower urinary ratio of NNAL-glucuronide to NNAL was observed in women with the UGT2B17 deletion (0/0) as compared with women with either the wild-type or heterozygous genotypes (P = 0.058). There were no significant differences in this ratio by genotype in men (P = 0.597). In the case-control study of 398 lung cancer patients and 697 community controls, the UGT2B17 deletion (0/0) was associated with a significant increase in risk of lung cancer in women (odds ratio, 2.0; 95% confidence interval, 1.01-4.0). The risk for the subset of women with lung adenocarcinoma was 2.8 (95% confidence interval, 1.2-6.3). The deletion was not associated with other lung histologic types in women and was not associated with the risk for any lung histologic types in men. The association of the UGT2B17 deletion with increased lung adenocarcinoma in women is consistent with its association with decreased NNAL glucuronidation rates in women and with studies showing that NNAL is a selective inducer of lung adenocarcinoma in experimental animals. (Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2007;16(4):823–8)
Integrating an Unsupervised Transliteration Model into Statistical Machine Translation

We investigate three methods for integrating an unsupervised transliteration model into an end-to-end SMT system. We induce a transliteration model from parallel data and use it to translate OOV words. Our approach is fully unsupervised and language independent. In the methods to integrate transliterations, we observed improvements from 0.23-0.75 ( 0.41) BLEU points across 7 language pairs. We also show that our mined transliteration corpora provide better rule coverage and translation quality compared to the gold standard transliteration corpora.
Computational modeling of the effects of amyloid-beta on release probability at hippocampal synapses

The role of amyloid beta (Aβ) in brain function and in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease (AD) remains elusive. Recent publications reported that an increase in Aβ concentration perturbs pre-synaptic release in hippocampal neurons. In particular, it was shown in vitro that Aβ is an endogenous regulator of synaptic transmission at the CA3-CA1 synapse, enhancing its release probability. How this synaptic modulator influences neuronal output during physiological stimulation patterns, such as those elicited in vivo, is still unknown. Using a realistic model of hippocampal CA1 pyramidal neurons, we first implemented this Aβ-induced enhancement of release probability and validated the model by reproducing the experimental findings. We then demonstrated that this synaptic modification can significantly alter synaptic integration properties in a wide range of physiologically relevant input frequencies (from 5 to 200 Hz). Finally, we used natural input patterns, obtained from CA3 pyramidal neurons in vivo during free exploration of rats in an open field, to investigate the effects of enhanced Aβ on synaptic release under physiological conditions. The model shows that the CA1 neuronal response to these natural patterns is altered in the increased-Aβ condition, especially for frequencies in the theta and gamma ranges. These results suggest that the perturbation of release probability induced by increased Aβ can significantly alter the spike probability of CA1 pyramidal neurons and thus contribute to abnormal hippocampal function during AD.
Resource Tradeoffs and Derandomization

We consider uniform assumptions for derandomization. We provide intuitive evidence that BPP can be simulated non-trivially in deterministic time by showing that (1) There is a simulation of P in POLY LOGSPACE that is successful against all polynomial-time adversaries infinitely often, or BPP ⊆ SUBEXP (2) There is a simulation of P in SUBPSPACE that is successful against all polynomialtime adversaries infinitely often, or BPP = P . These results complement and extend earlier work of Sipser, Nisan-Wigderson and Lu. We show similar tradeoffs between simulation of nondeterministic time by nondeterministic space and simulation of randomized algorithms by nondeterministic time. Finally, we give uniform assumptions under which there is a strict hierarchy for randomized polynomial time and randomized time can be simulated nontrivially by randomized space.
Wound‐induced p38MAPK‐dependent histone H3 phosphorylation correlates with increased COX‐2 expression in enterocytes

Gastrointestinal epithelial cell damage triggers an important biological response called restitution, a process aimed at re‐epithelializing the wounded areas. Unfortunately, little is known about the intrinsic molecular signaling events implicated in this host response. We hypothesized that wounding intestinal epithelial cells activates signaling pathways leading to chromatin modification and COX‐2 upregulation during restitution. Confluent rat IEC18 cells were mechanically wounded by multiple parallel scratches using a pipet tip. NF‐κB(Ser536), p38, and histone H3(Ser10) (H3S10) phosphorylation were determined by Western blot using specific phospho‐antibodies. COX‐2 gene expression was evaluated by RT‐PCR, Western Blot, and ELISA. Association of phosphorylated H3, RelA (NF‐κB), and RNA polymerase II to the COX‐2 gene promoter was evaluated by chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP). The specific inhibitors Bay11‐7082 and SB239063 as well as Ad5IκB‐superrepressor (Ad5IκBAA) and Ad5dnp38 were used to block NF‐κB‐ and p38‐signaling pathways, respectively. Wounding induced a rapid and sustained (24 h) phosphorylation of RelAS536, H3S10, and p38MAPK in enterocytes. ChIP analysis of the COX‐2 gene promoter demonstrated the presence of phospho‐H3S10 and recruitment of RelA and RNA polymerase II, a process blocked by SB239063. Finally, molecular blockade of NF‐κB (Ad5IκBAA) or p38MAPK (Ad5dnp38) signaling strongly inhibited enterocyte restitution. p38MAPK‐dependent histone 3 phosphorylation is an important component of the intestinal wound‐healing response. Targeting‐signaling pathways selectively involved in healing/restitution may provide a novel means to maintain or re‐establish host intestinal barrier integrity. J. Cell. Physiol. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
A new type of microinverter for Photovoltaic power generation based on heterodyne power processing

This paper presents the implementation of a Grid compatible heterodyne inverter which consists of five cells, its topology and control sequence. The proposed inverter utilizes an output filter inductor that has less than a fifth volume than comparable existing power inverters. The heterodyne inverter was simulated and achieved extremely low THD of 0.018% (first 50 harmonics). The size of the output LC filter is kept small (e.g. 500uH, 0.47uF for a 50 Hz 220 Vrms 240 W output). Furthermore, the AC output lacks a DC component which might drive inductive loads into saturation, and has no crossover distortion.
A Resistorless High Input Impedance First Order All-Pass Filter Using CCCIIs

A new first order all-pass filter topology realized using current controlled current conveyors (CCCIIs) is introduced in this paper. Offered benefits are the high-impedance of the input node, the absence of external resistors because of the usage of CCCIIs with positive and negative intrinsic resistances, the presence of only grounded capacitors, and the capability of electronic adjustment of the phase shift through a single bias current. The correct operation of the introduced topology is conformed through simulation results, while its behavior is evaluated through comparison results. Keywords—Active filters, All-pass filters, Analog signal processing, Current conveyors.
Flood apprentices: an exercise in making things public

Abstract Taking our lead from Stengers’ experimental constructivism, this paper reports on the invention of a research apparatus – the ‘competency group’ (CG) – that aims to put things capable of forcing thought and attachment to work in the exercise of new knowledge polities. It draws on the work of one such group based in Pickering, a town in the catchment of Ryedale with long experience of flooding. This group involved social and natural scientists working collaboratively with people affected by flooding over a twelve-month period, to interrogate the science that informs local flood management and intervene in the public controversy to which it had given rise. The paper focuses on the ways in which various artefacts that mediated our collective flood apprenticeship in Ryedale were recharged as publicity devices through which the working practices and knowledge claims of what became the Ryedale Flood Research Group gathered political force in the wake of the group's work.
A Stochastic model to estimate the time taken for Protein-Ligand Docking

Quantum mechanics and molecular dynamic simulation provide important insights into structural configurations and molecular interaction data today. To extend this atomic/molecular level capability to system level understanding, we propose an "in silico" stochastic event based simulation technique. This simulation characterizes the time domain events as random variables represented by probabilities. This random variable is called the execution time and is different for different biological functions (e.g. the protein-ligand docking time). The simulation model requires fast computational speed and we need a simple transformation of the energy plane dynamics of the molecular behavior to the information plane. We use a variation of the collision theory model to get this transformation. The velocity distribution and energy threshold are the two parameters that capture the effects of the energy dynamics within the cell in our model. We use this technique to approximately determine the time required for the ligand-protein docking event. The model is parametric and uses the structural configurations of the ligands, proteins and the binding mechanism. The numerical results for the first moment show good correspondence with experimental results and demonstrate the efficacy of our model. The model is fast in computing and is less dependent on experimental data like rate constants
Transcriptional, Posttranscriptional, and Posttranslational Regulation of SHOOT MERISTEMLESS Gene Expression in Arabidopsis Determines Gene Function in the Shoot Apex1[OPEN]

A homeobox gene key for plant development is regulated at the transcriptional, posttranscriptional, and posttranslational levels. The activity of SHOOT MERISTEMLESS (STM) is required for the functioning of the shoot apical meristem (SAM). STM is expressed in the SAM but is down-regulated at the site of leaf initiation. STM is also required for the formation of compound leaves. However, how the activity of STM is regulated at the transcriptional, posttranscriptional, and posttranslational levels is poorly understood. We previously found two conserved noncoding sequences in the promoters of STM-like genes across angiosperms, the K-box and the RB-box. Here, we characterize the function of the RB-box in Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana). The RB-box, along with the K-box, regulates the expression of STM in leaf sinuses, which are areas on the leaf blade with meristematic potential. The RB-box also contributes to restrict STM expression to the SAM. We identified FAR1-RELATED SEQUENCES-RELATED FACTOR1 (FRF1) as a binding factor to the RB-box region. FRF1 is an uncharacterized member of a subfamily of four truncated proteins related to the FAR1-RELATED SEQUENCES factors. Internal deletion analysis of the STM promoter identified a region required to repress the expression of STM in hypocotyls. Expression of STM in leaf primordia under the control of the JAGGED promoter produced plants with partially undifferentiated leaves. We further found that the ELK domain has a role in the posttranslational regulation of STM by affecting the nuclear localization of STM.
The Impact of Modeling on Robust Inventory Management Under Demand Uncertainty

This study considers a basic inventory management problem with nonzero fixed order costs under interval demand uncertainty. The existing robust formulations obtained by applying well-known robust optimization methodologies become computationally intractable for large problem instances due to the presence of binary variables. This study resolves this intractability issue by proposing a new robust formulation that is shown to be solvable in polynomial time when the initial inventory is zero or negative. Because of the computational efficiency of the new robust formulation, it is implemented on a folding-horizon basis, leading to a new heuristic for the problem. The computational results reveal that the new heuristic is not only superior to the other formulations regarding the computing time needed, but also outperforms the existing robust formulations in terms of the actual cost savings on the larger instances. They also show that the actual cost savings yielded by the new heuristic are close to a lower bou.
A High-Efficiency and High-Accuracy Fully Automatic Collaborative Face Annotation System for Distributed Online Social Networks

The development of fully automatic face annotation techniques in online social networks is currently very important for effective management and organization of a large number of personal photos shared on social network platforms. In this paper, we first propose the personalized hierarchical database access architecture for each member by taking advantage of various social network context types to substantially reduce time consumption. Next, we construct the personalized and adaptive fused face recognition (FR) unit for each member, which uses the AdaBoost algorithm to fuse several different types of base classifiers to produce highly reliable face annotation results. Additionally, to efficiently select suitable personalized face recognizers and then effectively merge multiple personalized face recognizer results, we propose two collaborative FR strategies: the owner with a highest priority rule and using a weighted majority rule for query photos within our collaborative FR framework. The experiment results demonstrate that the evaluation methodologies produced F -measure and Similarity accuracy rates that were, respectively, 64.03% and 63.05% higher for the proposed method in comparison to other state-of-the-art face annotation methods, as well as demonstrating that our method can result in a reduction in overall processing time of 78.06%.
Biological Function, Adaptation, and Natural Design

Recently something close to a consensus about the best way to naturalize the notion of biological function appears to be emerging. Nonetheless, teleological notions in biology remain controversial. In this paper we provide a naturalistic analysis for the notion of natural design. Many authors assume that natural design should be assimilated directly to function. Others find the notion problematic because it suggests that evolution is a directed process. We argue that both of these views are mistaken. Our naturalistic account does not simply equate design with function. We argue that the distinction between function and design is important for understanding the evolution of the physical and behavioral traits of organisms.
Impulse Responses of Exchange Rate and Prices Under Purchasing Power Parity: Japanese Evidence from an Extracted Inflation-Based Study

The longtime perplexing purchasing power parity (PPP) puzzle has been recently resolved empirically by using the pure price inflation rates extracted and estimated by a pioneering financial-asset pricing approach. Applying the same extracted inflation rates, we estimate a vector error-correction (VEC) model of prices and the Japanese yen per U.S. dollar exchange rate, and find strong evidence supportive of (i) the PPP restriction which yields the equilibrium error in the form of a real exchange rate. Documented, further, under the PPP relationship so detected are (ii) the impulse responses of exchange rate to prices and those of prices to exchange rate that would imply exchange rates channeling inflation of one country into another country. Together, the findings lend, in the VEC context, desired PPP-theoretic content to the pure inflation rate estimates used.
Ouabain, a steroid hormone that signals with slow calcium oscillations

The plant-derived steroid, digoxin, a specific inhibitor of Na,K-ATPase, has been used for centuries in the treatment of heart disease. Recent studies demonstrate the presence of a digoxin analog, ouabain, in mammalian tissue, but its biological role has not been elucidated. Here, we show in renal epithelial cells that ouabain, in doses causing only partial Na,K-ATPase inhibition, acts as a biological inducer of regular, low-frequency intracellular calcium ([Ca2+]i) oscillations that elicit activation of the transcription factor, NF-κB. Partial inhibition of Na,K-ATPase using low extracellular K+ and depolarization of cells did not have these effects. Incubation of cells in Ca2+-free media, inhibition of voltage-gated calcium channels, inositol triphosphate receptor antagonism, and redistribution of actin to a thick layer adjacent to the plasma membrane abolished [Ca2+]i oscillations, indicating that they were caused by a concerted action of inositol triphosphate receptors and capacitative calcium entry via plasma membrane channels. Blockade of ouabain-induced [Ca2+]i oscillations prevented activation of NF-κB. The results demonstrate a new mechanism for steroid signaling via plasma membrane receptors and underline a novel role for the steroid hormone, ouabain, as a physiological inducer of [Ca2+]i oscillations involved in transcriptional regulation in mammalian cells.
An evaluation of source code mining techniques

This paper reviews the tools and techniques which rely only on data mining methods to determine patterns from source code such as programming rules, copy paste code segments, and API usage. The work provides comparison and evaluation of the current state-of-the-art in source code mining techniques. Furthermore it identifies the essential strengths and weaknesses of individual tools and techniques to make an evaluation indicative of future potential. The pervious related works only focus on one specific pattern being mined such as special kind of bug detection. Thus, there is a need of multiple tools to test and find potential information from software which increase cost and time of development. Hence there is a strong need of tool which helps in developing quality software by automatically detecting different kind of bugs in one pass and also provides code reusability for the developers.
XIII—Epistemic Agency and Metacognition: An Externalist View

Controlling one's mental agency encompasses two forms of metacognitive operations, self-probing and post-evaluating. Metacognition so defined might seem to fuel an internalist view of epistemic norms, where rational feelings are available to instruct a thinker of what she can do, and allow her to be responsible for her mental agency. Such a view, however, ignores the dynamics of the mind–world interactions that calibrate the epistemic sentiments as reliable indicators of epistemic norms. A ‘brain in the lab’ thought experiment suggests that an internalist view of epistemic feelings is unable to account for the contrast between norm-tracking, educated sentiments, and illusory feelings.