Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Error analysis and characterization of atmospheric profiles retrieved from GNSS occultation data

The performance of the Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) based radio occultation method for providing retrievals of atmospheric profiles up to the mesosphere was investigated by a rigorous Bayesian error analysis and characterization formalism. Starting with excess phase profile errors modeled as white Gaussian measurement noise, covariance matrices for the retrieved bending angle, refractivity/density, pressure, and temperature profiles were derived in order to quantify the accuracy of the method and to elucidate the propagation of statistical errors through subsequent steps of the retrieval process. We assumed unbiased phase errors (the occultation method is essentially self-calibrating), spherical symmetry in the occultation tangent point region (reasonable for most atmospheric locations), and dry air (disregarding humidity being of relevance below 10 km in the troposphere only) in this baseline analysis. Because of the low signal-to-noise ratio of occultation data at mesospheric heights, which causes instabilities in case of direct inversion from excess phase profiles to atmospheric profiles, a Bayesian approach was employed, objectively combining measured data with a priori data. For characterization of the retrievals we provide, in addition to covariance estimates for the retrieved profiles, quantification of the relationship between the measured data, the retrieved state, the a priori data, and the true state, respectively. Averaging kernel functions, indicating the sensitivity of the retrieval to the true state, contribution functions, indicating the sensitivity of the retrieval to the measurement, and the ratio of retrieval errors to a priori errors are shown. Two different sensor scenarios are discussed, respectively, an advanced receiver (AR) scenario with 2 mm and a standard receiver (SR) scenario with 5 mm unbiased RMS error on excess phase data at 10 Hz sampling rate. The corresponding bending angle, refractivity, pressure, and temperature retrieval properties are shown. Temperature, the final data product, is found to be accurate to better than 1 K below ∼40 km (AR)/∼35 km (SR) at ∼2 km height resolution and to be dominated by a priori knowledge above ∼55 km (AR)/∼47 km (SR), respectively. For all data products the use of a Bayesian framework allowed for a more complete and consistent quantification of properties of profiles retrieved from GNSS occultation data than previous work.
homeostasis & protein aggregation

Recent findings highlighted the central role of BAG3, a co-chaperone of Hsp70s, in protein degradation upon proteasome inhibition. Mutations in BAG3 have been implicated in multiple muscular and cardiac diseases. In particular, a mutation in proline 209 (P209L) leads to a severe and extremely early onset myofibrillar myopathy with associated cardiomyopathy. In this study we characterized how the BAG3-P209L mutation affects BAG3 function. We show that BAG3-P209L induces the sequestration of ubiquitinated clients into cytoplasmic puncta and inhibits their degradation.
Fourier-Hermite Rauch-Tung-Striebel smoother

In this article, we introduce the Fourier-Hermite Rauch-Tung-Striebel smoother which is based on expansion of nonlinear functions in a Fourier-Hermite series in same way as the traditional extended Rauch-Tung-Striebel smoother is based on the Taylor series. The first order truncation of the Fourier-Hermite series gives the previously known statistically linearized smoother.
The Impact of Dark Trading and Visible Fragmentation on Market Quality

Two important characteristics of current equity markets are the large number of competing trading venues with publicly displayed order books and the substantial fraction of dark trading, which takes place outside such visible order books. This article evaluates the impact on liquidity of dark trading and fragmentation in visible order books. Dark trading has a detrimental effect on liquidity. Visible fragmentation improves liquidity aggregated over all visible trading venues but lowers liquidity at the traditional market, meaning that the benefits of fragmentation are not enjoyed by investors who choose to send orders only to the traditional market.
A THREE DECADE MIXED METHOD BIBLIOMETRIC INVESTIGATION OF IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON ENGINEERING MANAGEMENT

This paper offers a comprehensive overview of IEEE Transactions in Engineering Management (IEEE TEM) from 1985 to 2017. The article employs a mixed method examination based on an indepth interview with the new editor regarding the challenges for the future of IEEE TEM, along with a bibliometric analysis of the journal. By using Web of Science Core Collection data, the analysis maps the knowledge produced and disseminated by the IEEE TEM, revealing the most cited papers; the most frequently occurring keywords and the interconnection between them; the most prolific authors and their co-authorship network; and the most prolific countries for published articles. The paper also shows the main avenues of research covered by IEEE TEM and their evolution through the analysis of the correlation of keywords. This paper offers an example application of a mixed method bibliometric analysis, seeking to extend the quantitative findings by including other sources of data.
Orographic Influence on Frontally-Produced Flooding in Northern Vermont—The July 14-15, 1997, Event

On July 11-14, 1997, a quasistationary backdoor cold front stalled over southeastern Québec, northern Vermont, and New Hampshire, producing at least 50-150 mm of precipitation in 24 hours or less. In northern Vermont, convective training under steering northwesterly upper level flow produced heavy precipitation and catastrophic flooding along preferred corridors/major valleys in the Missisquoi River basin. This study identifies the multiscale atmospheric and orographic factors most conducive to heavy precipitation and flooding. An empirical/hydrometeorological approach revealed that the orientation of synoptic inputs over the mesoscale topography led to flow convergence, orographic lift, training, and moisture stagnation. These dynamic mechanisms released the convective instability in the postfrontal moisture lobe which contained extremely high water contents. Flash flooding was produced along high gradient input tributaries, with single event flooding along parts of the main stem. The impacts of flooding were exacerbated by anthropogenic influences, including increases in impervious area and the juxtaposition of roads and rivers.
The Budyko framework beyond stationarity

We sincerely thank Fernando Jaramillo for his positive, extensive and helpful review. We overall agree with his general comments and we will revise the text accordingly. In combination with his comprehensive list of specific comments, the manuscript will significantly benefit from his review. We will first address the general comments of Fernando Jaramillo, followed by a response to the main specific comments that are not related to the general comments and are not too technical or related to typos and grammatical issues.
Using general circulation model outputs to assess impacts of climate change on runoff for large hydrological catchments in West Africa

Abstract The problem of using data outputs from general circulation models (GCMs) to assess the impacts of climate change on runoff in West Africa is addressed. The annual and monthly precipitation data from four GCMs used in the Third Assessment Report of the IPCC were studied over the 1950–1998 period: the CSIRO-Mk2, ECHAM4, HadCM3 and NCAR-PCM models. Two weaknesses common to all these models are their inability to reproduce rainfall volumes in the Sahelian zone, and their difficulty in simulating the seasonal dynamics of rainfall in the Guinean zone. Two climate scenarios were then developed based on the changes predicted by the HadCM3-A2 model, which aimed to generate time series for rainfall and potential evapotranspiration up to the end of the 21st century, in order to simulate probable future climatic conditions. These scenarios were used as input to the hydrological model GR2M to assess the impacts of climate change on the discharge of four main rivers: the Senegal, the Gambia, the Sassandra and the Chari. The results show that the possible future changes in runoff are highly dependent on rainfall and, hence, on the quality of the output of a given GCM.
Two is better? combining EEG and fMRI for BCI and neurofeedback: a systematic review

Electroencephalography (EEG) and functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) are two commonly used non-invasive techniques for measuring brain activity in neuroscience and brain–computer interfaces (BCI). Objective. In this review, we focus on the use of EEG and fMRI in neurofeedback (NF) and discuss the challenges of combining the two modalities to improve understanding of brain activity and achieve more effective clinical outcomes. Advanced technologies have been developed to simultaneously record EEG and fMRI signals to provide a better understanding of the relationship between the two modalities. However, the complexity of brain processes and the heterogeneous nature of EEG and fMRI present challenges in extracting useful information from the combined data. Approach. We will survey existing EEG–fMRI combinations and recent studies that exploit EEG–fMRI in NF, highlighting the experimental and technical challenges. Main results. We made a classification of the different combination of EEG-fMRI for NF, we provide a review of multimodal analysis methods for EEG–fMRI features. We also survey the current state of research on EEG-fMRI in the different existing NF paradigms. Finally, we also identify some of the remaining challenges in this field. Significance. By exploring EEG-fMRI combinations in NF, we are advancing our knowledge of brain function and its applications in clinical settings. As such, this review serves as a valuable resource for researchers, clinicians, and engineers working in the field of neural engineering and rehabilitation, highlighting the promising future of EEG-fMRI-based NF.
Edinburgh Research Explorer Induction of the alternative NF-B pathway by lymphotoxin (LT) relies on internalization of LT receptor

Several tumor necrosis factor receptor (TNFR) family members activate both the classical and the alter- native NF- (cid:1) B pathways. However, how a single receptor engages these two distinct pathways is still poorly understood. Using lymphotoxin (cid:2) receptor (LT (cid:2) R) as a prototype, we showed that activation of the alternative, but not the classical, NF- (cid:1) B pathway relied on internalization of the receptor. Further molecular analyses revealed a speciﬁc cytosolic region of LT (cid:2) R essential for its internalization, TRAF3 recruitment, and p100 processing. Interestingly, we found that dynamin-dependent, internalization (cid:1) internalization mesenteric stromal of alternative NF- (cid:1) B on LT (cid:2) R cellular trafﬁcking as a for speciﬁc biological functions of NF- (cid:1) immunoprecipitation experiment (1st IP) by incubation with either control beads or Flag-M2 beads. The immunoprecipitates were then used for detecting Flag-NIK and K48-linked polyubiquitinated NIK. Quantiﬁcation of signals was per- formed with the Image J software. Oligomerization of LT (cid:2) R and GST pulldown. For studying the ability of LT (cid:3) R to form trimers, we performed transient transfections of HEK 293T cells with a combination of HA-, Flag-, and Myc-tagged LT (cid:3) R expression vectors. A ﬁrst immunoprecipitation was performed using Flag-M2 agarose beads. The immunoprecipitated material was then selectively released overnight by compe- tition with an excess of 3 (cid:8) Flag peptide (Sigma). The supernatants were subjected to a second immunoprecipitation with either an anti-HA or an anti-Myc antibody for 2 h at 4°C. The immunoprecipitated materials were analyzed by immunoblotting with an anti-Myc or an anti-HA antibody, respectively. To an- alyze aggregation of ectopic LT (cid:3) R, HEK 293T cells were collected 40 h posttransfection, washed twice with phosphate-buffered saline (PBS), and then in- cubated for 30 min at room temperature in PBS containing 1 mM dithiobis[succinimidyl propionate] (DSP; Pierce/Thermo Fisher Scientiﬁc). After cross-linking, the cells were washed once in PBS and incubated for 15 min in 20 mM Tris-HCl (pH 7.4)–PBS to stop the reaction. The cells were scraped in SDS buffer, and protein extracts were analyzed by immunoblotting for LT (cid:3) R expression. pGEX-4T1-wt LT (cid:3) R or mutant expression vectors were transformed into Escherichia coli BL21. Bacterial cultures were grown to an A 600 of 0.6 and were induced with 0.5 mM isopropyl- (cid:3)
Microneedles: An Emerging Vaccine Delivery Tool and a Prospective Solution to the Challenges of SARS-CoV-2 Mass Vaccination

Vaccination is an effective measure to prevent infectious diseases. Protective immunity is induced when the immune system is exposed to a vaccine formulation with appropriate immunogenicity. However, traditional injection vaccination is always accompanied by fear and severe pain. As an emerging vaccine delivery tool, microneedles overcome the problems associated with routine needle vaccination, which can effectively deliver vaccines rich in antigen-presenting cells (APCs) to the epidermis and dermis painlessly, inducing a strong immune response. In addition, microneedles have the advantages of avoiding cold chain storage and have the flexibility of self-operation, which can solve the logistics and delivery obstacles of vaccines, covering the vaccination of the special population more easily and conveniently. Examples include people in rural areas with restricted vaccine storage facilities and medical professionals, elderly and disabled people with limited mobility, infants and young children afraid of pain. Currently, in the late stage of fighting against COVID-19, the main task is to increase the coverage of vaccines, especially for special populations. To address this challenge, microneedle-based vaccines have great potential to increase global vaccination rates and save many lives. This review describes the current progress of microneedles as a vaccine delivery system and its prospects in achieving mass vaccination against SARS-CoV-2.
Embedded EZ-Source Inverters

Z-source inverters are recent topological options proposed for buck-boost energy conversion with a number of possible voltage and current-type circuitries already reported in the literature. Comparing them, a common feature noted is their inclusion of a LC impedance network, placed between the dc input source and inverter bridge. This impedance network allows the output end of a voltage-type Z-source inverter to be shorted for voltage-boosting without causing a large current flow, and the terminal current of a current-type inverter to be interrupted for current boosting without introducing over-voltage oscillations to the system. Therefore, Z-source inverters are in effect safer and less complex, and can be implemented using only passive elements with no additional active semiconductor needed. Believing in the prospects of Z-source inverters, this paper contributes by introducing a new family of embedded EZ-source inverters that can produce the same gain as the Z-source inverters, but with smoother and smaller current / voltage maintained across the dc input source and within the impedance network. These latter features are attained without using any additional passive filter, which surely is a favorable advantage since an added filter will raise the system cost, and at times can complicate the dynamic tuning and resonant consideration of the inverters. The same embedded concept can also be used for designing a full range of voltage and current-type inverters with each of them tested experimentally using a number of scaled down laboratory prototypes.
Fusing Stereo Camera and Low-Cost Inertial Measurement Unit for Autonomous Navigation in a Tightly-Coupled Approach

Exact motion estimation is a major task in autonomous navigation. The integration of Inertial Navigation Systems (INS) and the Global Positioning System (GPS) can provide accurate location estimation, but cannot be used in a GPS denied environment. In this paper, we present a tight approach to integrate a stereo camera and low-cost inertial sensor. This approach takes advantage of the inertial sensor ’ s fast response and visual sensor ’ s slow drift. In contrast to previous approaches, features both near and far from the camera are simultaneously taken into consideration in the visual-inertial approach. The near features are parameterised in three dimensional (3D) Cartesian points which provide range and heading information, whereas the far features are initialised in Inverse Depth (ID) points which provide bearing information. In addition, the inertial sensor biases and a stationary alignment are taken into account. The algorithm employs an Iterative Extended Kalman Filter (IEKF) to estimate the motion of the system, the biases of the inertial sensors and the tracked features over time. An outdoor experiment is presented to validate the proposed algorithm and its accuracy.
Environmental triage decisions during a drought

The Murray Darling Basin Current is currently in drought. There are low water levels in most dams, and increased uncertainty about future rainfall. As a result management of the ecosystems in the basin that depend on river flows involves some hard decisions about what assets to save and what assets to let go. This paper models this triage problem using a stochastic and dynamic programming approach. This model is used to identify how optimal management is affected by hysteretic and irreversible effects of drought on ecosystem assets and uncertainty about future climate.
Infusing time diary evidence into panel data: an exercise in calibrating time-use estimates for the BHPS

In this paper, we calibrate a set of time use variables for a long-running panel survey (the British Household Panel Survey, BHPS, 1994 - 2004) from evidence derived from a smaller scale panel survey that collected time use information by both the survey method and the diary method from the same respondents (the Home On-line Study, HoL, 1999 - 2001). Past research has suggested that the time diary method produces more accurate and reliable measures of time use than the survey approach. The diary approach, however, usually has a low response rate and is not practicable for a large-scale panel study like the BHPS. On the other hand, direct questioning in survey interviews is a relatively flexible approach to collect time use data. We therefore propose a method to combine the strengths of the survey approach and the diary method to produce time use data. The survey part of the HoL study shares the same questionnaire-derived time-use predictor variables with the BHPS. We use regression of the predictors on the time diary data in the HoL study to calibrate time use in the BHPS by multiplying the resulting regression coefficients with the same predictor variables in the BHPS. Then we get a calibrated index of time-use patterns based on BHPS questionnaire items. The calibrated time use variables cover all major categories of daily activities and are available in Wave 4 (1994) to Wave 14 (2004) of the BHPS. They are useful resources for the study of time use practices and the life course.
Permanent Neonatal diabetes-causing Insulin mutations have dominant effects on proinsulin processing and beta cell identity

Heterozygous coding sequence mutations of the INS gene are a cause of permanent neonatal diabetes (PNDM) that results from beta cell failure. We explored the causes of beta cell failure in two PNDM patients with two distinct INS mutations. Using patient-derived iPSCs and mutated hESCs, we detected accumulation of misfolded proinsulin and impaired proinsulin processing in vitro , and a dominant-negative effect of these mutations on the in vivo performance of patient-derived SC-beta cells after transplantation into NSG mice. These insulin mutations derange endoplasmic reticulum (ER) homeostasis, and result in the loss of beta-cell mass and function. In addition to anticipated apoptosis, we found evidence of beta-cell dedifferentiation, characterized by an increase of cells expressing both Nkx6.1 and ALDH1A3, but negative for insulin and glucagon. These results highlight both known and novel mechanisms contributing to the loss and functional failure of human beta cells with specific insulin gene mutations.
Hydrometeorological analysis of northwestern Turkey with links to climate change

Precipitation, air temperature, and streamflow data from the European part of Turkey are analysed by means of a set of tests available in the hydrometeorological literature. Structural characteristics such as randomness, jump, trend, and a best‐fit probability distribution function are determined. Concluding remarks related to the structural characteristics of hydrometeorological data state that no significant trend and jump exist in the time series, and the best‐fit probability distribution function is the gamma for the streamflow data. Climate change scenarios based on ECHAM4 as well as HadCM2 and HadCM3 global circulation models are developed for the region, and projections are made for the 21st century. Projections made by climate change scenarios signal higher air temperature and lower precipitation in the 21st century and warn for severe extremes, higher maxima and lower minima, both in time and space. Copyright © 2007 Royal Meteorological Society
Ostracoda (Crustacea) association and a new species (Dolerocypris anatolia nov. sp.) from the Pliocene-Pleistocene Afşin-Elbistan (Kahraman Maraş) Coal Basin of Turkey

Ostracoda (Crustacea) association and a new species (Dolerocypris anatolia nov. sp.) from the Pliocene-Pleistocene Afşin-Elbistan (Kahraman Maraş) Coal Basin of Turkey The Afşin-Elbistan Coal Basin, which is one of the largest and most important Pliocene-Pleistocene lignite basins of Turkey, is located in Eastern Anatolia. The basin was formed between two normal faults having NE-SW direction and these faults controlled both the sedimentation and the subsidence. The coal horizon of over 50 meters in thickness indicates the balance between the sedimentation and subsidence rates, and was preserved during peat deposition. Coals were generated in this extensive and shallow freshwater lake and evolved from the Pliocene to Pleistocene. Typical faunal and floral assemblages of this ancient Afşin-Elbistan freshwater lake are Ostracoda, Mollusca (Gastropoda and Pelecypoda), spore-pollen and Characeae (gyrogonites). Eleven Cypridoidea species were identified from the investigation area. Eight of them are already known (Candona neglecta Sars, Candona iliensis Mandelstam, Candona aff. candida (Müller), Pseudocandona compressa (Koch), Cyclocypris ovum (Jurine), Ilyocypris gibba (Ramdohr), Cypris pubera Müller, Heterocypris salina (Brady)), whereas three belong to open nomenclature — Candona sp. and Eucypris sp. ; Dolerocypris anatolia nov. sp. is proposed as a new species. Dolerocypris Kaufmann is one of the largest genera among the freshwater Ostracoda. It has a very wide geographical distribution. Representatives of this genus are actively swimming species found in shallow zones of freshwater lakes and reported from small grassy water bodies with megascopic plants. Dolerocypris anatolia nov. sp. is recorded from core samples of the Pliocene-Pleistocene Afşin-Elbistan Coal Basin for the first time.