Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Resolution Function and Flux at the Sample for Small-Angle X-ray Scattering Calculated in Position-Angle-Wavelength Space

A method for calculating the flux at the sample position and the resolution function based on the general description of synchrotron X-ray beamlines in position–angle–wavelength space has been developed. A mathematical formulation is presented, in which source, transmission function for the slits and acceptance windows of the monochromator crystals are approximated by Gaussian functions. These approximations allow all of the algebra in connection with combining the different contributions to be done analytically. When the beam passes the various components of the beamline, such as flight paths, monochromators and mirrors, it results in coordinate transformations in parameter space. By inserting the transformations in the intensity distribution of the source, transmission functions of the slits and acceptance windows of the monochromators, these are transformed to the position of the sample. Their product gives the intensity distribution at this position and from this the resolution function in reciprocal space is calculated. The resolution of the detector is easily included by a convolution. The transmissions of the slits and the acceptance windows of the monochromator crystals have been normalized to give the same integrated transmission and reflectivities as the functions they approximate. Therefore the flux at the sample position can be calculated by multiplication of the brilliance of the source and the result obtained from an integration of the distribution over the two position parameters, the two angle parameters and the wavelength. The theory has been applied to an example and gives reasonable results for sample intensity and resolution function.
The equilibrium structures of the 90° partial dislocation in silicon

We consider the free energies of the single-period (SP) and double-period (DP) core reconstructions of the straight 90° partial dislocation in silicon. The vibrational contributions are calculated with a harmonic model. It is found that it leads to a diminishing difference between the free energies of the two core reconstructions with increasing temperature. The question of the relative populations of SP and DP reconstructions in a single straight 90° partial dislocation is solved by mapping the problem onto a one-dimensional Ising model in a magnetic field. The model contains only two parameters and is solved analytically. It leads to the conclusion that for the majority of the published energy differences between the SP and DP reconstructions the equilibrium core structure is dominated by the DP reconstruction at all temperatures up to the melting point. We review whether it is possible to distinguish between the SP and DP reconstructions experimentally, both in principle and in practice. We conclude that aberration corrected transmission electron microscopy should be able to distinguish between these two core reconstructions, but published high resolution micrographs do not allow the distinction to be made.
PMAS design and integration

PMAS has been designed and is currently being integrated as a traveling instrument of the Astrophysical Institute Potsdam. It is a UV-visual integral field spectrograph, with optimized efficiency and stability for use as a 3D spectrophotometer. PMAS is prototyped for first light at the Calar Alto 3.5m telescope with an option to go to other telescopes. We present the final design layout, details of the mechanics, optics, detector systems, and instrument control. We report on the current status of the integration.
First‐principles study on electronic structures and absorption bands of CaWO4 crystals with interstitial oxygen atoms

The electronic structures of CaWO4 crystals with interstitial oxygen atoms are studied within the framework of the fully relativistic self‐consistent Dirac–Slater theory, using a numerically discrete variation (DV‐Xα) method. It is concluded by the calculation that interstitial oxygen atoms combine with two formal lattice oxygen ions forming oxygen molecular ions, which exhibits donor energy level locating in the forbidden bands. The optical transition energy is 3.85 eV, which correspond to the 324 nm absorption bands. It is predicted that the 324 nm absorption bands originate from the interstitial oxygen in CaWO4 crystals. (© 2007 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Surface layer determination for the Si spheres of the Avogadro project

For the accurate determination of the Avogadro constant, two 28Si spheres were produced, whose macroscopic density, in addition to other values, must be determined. To make a contribution to the new definition of the kilogram, a relative standard uncertainty of less than 2 × 10−8 has to be achieved. Each silicon surface is covered by a surface layer (SL). Consequently, correction parameters for the SL are determined to be applied to the mass and volume determination of the enriched spheres. With the use of a large set of surface analysing techniques, the structure of the SL is investigated. An unexpected metallic contamination existing on the sphere surface enlarges the uncertainty contribution of the correction parameters above the originally targeted value of 1 × 10−8. In the framework of this investigation this new obstacle is resolved in two ways. A new combination of analytical methods is applied to measure the SL mass mSL and the thickness dSL, including this new contamination, with an uncertainty of u(mSL) = 14.5 µg and 14.4 µg, respectively, and u(dSL) = 0.33 nm and 0.32 nm for the 28Si spheres AVO28-S5 and AVO28-S8, respectively. In the second part of the work, the chemical composition of these metallic contaminations is found to be Cu, Ni and Zn silicide compounds. For the removal of this contamination, a special procedure is developed, tested and applied to the spheres to produce the originally expected surface structure on the spheres. After the application of this new procedure the use of x-ray reflectometry directly at the spheres will be possible. It is expected to reduce the uncertainty contribution due to the SL down to 1 × 10−8.
Inference for Observations of Integrated Diffusion Processes

Abstract. Estimation of parameters in diffusion models is investigated when the observations are integrals over intervals of the process with respect to some weight function. This type of observations can, for example, be obtained when the process is observed after passage through an electronic filter. Another example is provided by the ice‐core data on oxygen isotopes used to investigate paleo‐temperatures. Finally, such data play a role in connection with the stochastic volatility models of finance. The integrated process is not a Markov process. Therefore, prediction‐based estimating functions are applied to estimate parameters in the underlying diffusion model. The estimators are shown to be consistent and asymptotically normal. The theory developed in the paper also applies to integrals of processes other than diffusions. The method is applied to inference based on integrated data from Ornstein–Uhlenbeck processes and from the Cox–Ingersoll–Ross model, for both of which an explicit optimal estimating function is found.
Finescale Structure of the LaGrange, Wyoming, Tornado during VORTEX2: GBVTD and Photogrammetric Analyses

AbstractA ground-based velocity track display (GBVTD) analysis of the LaGrange, Wyoming, tornado on 5 June 2009 during the Second Verification of the Origins of Rotation in Tornadoes Experiment (VORTEX2) is photogrammetrically combined with a series of pictures of the funnel cloud. This analysis reveals the relationship between the vertical velocity, radial and tangential velocities, perturbation pressure, vertical vorticity, and angular momentum with the visual features of the tornado. An intense axial downdraft was evident and was supported by a downward-directed perturbation pressure gradient. The radial inflow at low levels was weak and difficult to retrieve owing to a combination of centrifuging of hydrometeors/debris in the intense circulation and the inability of the radar beam to fully resolve the flow. The tornado was weakening during the analysis period, which was supported by angular momentum being advected out of the tornado.The availability of a dual-Doppler wind synthesis for this tornadic e.
Optimal Heat Input for Estimating Luikov's Parameters in a Heat and Mass Transfer Problem

In this article, the problem of computing an optimal heat input in Luikov's heat and mass transfer problem is detailed and analyzed. The main objective is the establishment of an optimal time-dependent heat flux profile with the goal of maximizing the temperature and moisture sensitivities of some parameters to this excitation in a drying process. Such maximization makes the estimation of the desired parameters possible, easier, and with limited uncertainty intervals. It also helps to reduce the linearity dependence between the parameters of interest and the number of temperature and moisture sensors used. The estimation of the optimal heat input is obtained with Uzawa's algorithm, while the estimation of parameters is performed with Levenberg-Marquardt's method of minimization of the ordinary least-square criterion. The six dimensionless parameters characterizing Luikov's equations are estimated successfully with this optimal heat flux profile, which also helps to reduce the number of both temperature and moisture sensors needed in the estimation procedure. By doing so, the objective of estimating simultaneously the six parameters which appear in the formulation of Luikov's physical problem is reached by using a limited transient temperature and/or moisture measurements taken anywhere in the drying medium.
EFFECTS OF COVARIANCE MISSPECIFICATION IN A LATENT VARIABLE MODEL FOR MULTIPLE OUTCOMES

Sammel and Ryan (1996) developed a latent variable model that allows for covariate effects on multiple continuous outcomes. While the approach provides an effective tool for data reduction and global test for covariate effects,it makes strong assumptions about the covariance among the outcomes. In addition,some parameters are common to both the mean and variance suggesting that robustness could be a problem. This manuscript evaluates model misspecification on tests of exposure effects derived from the latent variable model. We develop a robust score test which is valid under misspecified variance assumptions and compare it to one based on Generalized Estimating Equations (GEE) (Liang and Zeger (1986)),under varying assumptions on the true model. Both models have similar loss in power under variance misspecification while the estimated global effect of the covariate is more biased towards the null for the GEE model than the LV model. As the variance/scale of the outcomes increases,the performance of the LV model improves. As for asymptotic comparisons,test performance depends upon the amount of variability and correlation among the outcomes. The LV model test is superior when the data are highly correlated, ρ> 0.3,and with large variance. When uncorrelated outcomes are incorporated,the GEE model is superior,except when only the correlated outcomes are impacted by the exposure.
A power spectrum analysis of the angular scale of Galactic neutral hydrogen emission towards l=140°, b=0°

Angular power spectra are derived from the DRAO Galactic Plane Survey for H I emission with velocities between ≃ 0 and ≃ − 95 km s −1 with respect to the Local Standard of Rest. The angular scales range from ≃ 1° to ≃ 0°. 1 for the brightest emission in the Perseus arm. Generally the spectra are well fitted by a power-law dependence on radius in the uv-plane, with an index between ≃ − 2.2 and ≃ − 3.0. The more distant H I, which corresponds to large physical scales, tends to have a more negative index than the nearer H I. There is no preferred angular scale apparent at any velocity. These results provide a concise statistical description of H I in the outer Galaxy
Experiences of turbulence measurement with PIV

The application of particle image velocimetry to turbulence measurement is described. An analysis of physically necessary spatial resolution is presented by using a model spectrum function. A comparison is made with hot-wire anemometry. Some aspects of spatial filtering and two-dimensional sampling are presented with a comparison to large-eddy simulation. The estimation of time mean turbulence quantities from the measured vector fields in a laboratory mixer is used as an example. The measurement results for two different image sizes at the same position in the flow field are compared with different interrogation area sizes. The assumed dependence of the velocity field on the interrogation area size could not be confirmed. The image size seems to produce dependence in all estimated quantities. The measurement errors are critical for the achieved results.
Ray tracing in relativistic astrometry: stellar positions, stellar motion and error budget

In a series of papers (see de Felice et al 2004 Astrophys. J. 607 580–95, and references therein) a relativistic astrometric model, termed RAMOD, was developed, with the purpose of deducing from the observations made by the satellite GAIA the position and motion of the stars of our galaxy. In this model, the solar system is assumed to be the only source of gravity; moreover, since GAIA is expected to provide data with an accuracy of a microarcsecond in the measurements of angles, the model has been conceived to include terms of the order —with c being the vacuum light velocity—in order to reach the same accuracy. Since RAMOD is operated by a numerical code, it can produce numerical solutions only; some analytical form of the solutions is yet needed, in order to write down and solve the error equations. Using variational methods, in this paper we provide an analytical solution which agrees with the numerically determined one to the same order of accuracy and in the same operational conditions of the satellite. Thanks to this approach, we are also able both to identify the position of a star with only one integration from observations made at two different satellite positions and to derive the coordinate components of the stellar motion—if detectable—simply by iterating the above procedure of position measurements after a suitable interval of the orbital time. Finally, we also determine the uncertainties of the solutions—the error budget—arising from the statistical errors of the boundary conditions. The relations linking the errors in the solutions with the uncertainties of the observables are known as ‘condition equations’.
Organic films deposited on Si p‐n junctions: Accurate measurements of fluorescence internal efficiency, and application to luminescent antireflection coatings

Ultraviolet (UV) optical pumping followed by fluorescence wavelength downconversion of thin film organic light emitting materials deposited directly on the surface of Si p‐n junction diodes is found to be an accurate and rapid means to determine the film internal fluorescence efficiency. By measuring the photoresponse of the Si detectors in the UV, we find that the organic light emitting films of aluminum tris‐(8‐hydroxyquinoline) (Alq3), N,N′‐diphenyl‐N,N′‐bis‐(3‐methylphenyl)‐ 1,1′‐biphenyl‐4,4′‐diamine, and bis‐(8‐hydroxyquinaldine)‐chlorogallium (Gaq2′Cl), have internal fluorescence efficiencies of 0.30±0.05, 0.35±0.03, and 0.36±0.03, respectively. It has also been found that the organic films can be grown to a thickness which optimizes UV light conversion and can, at the same time, serve as antireflection coatings in the visible spectral region, thereby resulting in enhanced Si photodiode sensitivity extending from the UV to the infrared.
Model-based fuzzy control of TORA system: fuzzy regulator and fuzzy observer design via LMIs that represent decay rate, disturbance rejection, robustness, optimality

This paper presents a model-based fuzzy control of translational oscillations with a proof mass actuator (TORA) which is well known as a nonlinear control benchmark problem. The fuzzy regulator and fuzzy observer are designed by solving linear matrix inequalities (LMIs) that represent control performance such as the decay rate, disturbance rejection, robust stability, minimization of quadratic performance function and constraints on the control input and output. Simulation results show the utility of the model-based fuzzy control utilizing the LMIs.
Dense Cores in Dark Clouds. VII. Line Width--Size Relations

Observations of 14 dense cores in lines of CS, C 18 O and NH, are combined to examine the relations between the Doppler width of a line and the spatial extent of the map of line intensity. The line width increases with map size R as R p . The deduced width of the velocity distribution of the molecule of mean mass has p = 0.20 ± 0.04, and the deduced width of the nonthermal velocity distribution has p = 0.7 ± 0.1. The values of p for eight cores with embedded stars and for six cores without embedded stars are statistically indistinguishable, but p is better determined for cores without stars
Robust explicit model predictive control for linear systems via interpolation techniques

This paper presents a novel interpolation‐based model predictive control (IMPC) for constrained linear systems with bounded disturbances. The idea of so‐called ‘pre‐stabilizing’ MPC is extended by making interpolation among several ‘pre‐stabilizing’ MPC controllers, through which the domain of attraction can be magnificently enlarged. Compared with the standard ‘pre‐stabilizing’ MPC, the proposed approach has the advantage of combining the merits of having a large domain of attraction and a good behavior. Furthermore, such an IMPC problem can be solved off‐line by multi‐parametric programming. The optimal solution is given in an explicitly piecewise affine form. A simple algorithm for the implementation of the explicit MPC control laws is also proposed. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Translator’s Creativity found in the Process of Japanese-Korean Translation

It has been commonly understood (in Korea) that Japanese and Korean’s linguistic similarities make Japanese-Korean translation easier than translations from other languages into Korean. However, this does not concur with the fact that Japanese-Korean translations are not better compared to other language combinations from the readers’ point of view. This might be due to the problem of translationese caused by language interference, but the present research zooms in on translator’s ‘creativity’ and observes the effects of translator’s creativity on translation quality. The method of research involves analyzing transcriptions gathered through Think Aloud Protocol (TAP) from thirteen professional translators for the purpose of evaluating the strategies used by the translators and examining the occurrence of shift. The research confirms that Japanese-Korean translator creativity is restricted, and such result demonstrates the need for scholars and educators in translation education to recognize and appreciate the concept of creativity and to devise new educational approaches for nurturing creativity.
POLAR project: a numerical study to optimize the target design

Modern high-energy density facilities allow us to bring matter to extreme states of density, temperature and velocity. Rigorous scaling laws proved that the relevant regimes could be reached, and those regimes are reproducibly achievable. Using powerful lasers and adapted target designs, similarity experiments in the POLAR project aim at studying the formation and dynamics of accretion shocks as found in magnetic cataclysmic variables. At the astrophysical scale, the system we consider is a column of infalling plasma collimated by a magnetic field onto the surface of a white dwarf. As matter hits the surface with supersonic velocity, a shock forms at the basis of the column and propagates upstream. In this paper, numerical simulations are presented in order to describe the experience and to give expectations concerning physical regimes reachable for future experiments on a kilojoule facility. In particular, our target design is discussed and improvements are detailed.
3D object recognition based on hierarchical eigen shapes and Bayesian inference

We present results of using Bayesian inference for recovering the 3D shape and texture of an object based on information extracted from a single 2D image. We are using a number of different models for specific object classes. The goal is to combine the classes to a hierarchical structure. Instead of searching for the most probable explanation we estimate the entire posterior distribution of the model parameters using Markov chain Monte Carlo methods. The evaluation of model fit is based on combining edge information with intensity difference between the model and the target image.
Simulations using hard particles

A short review is given of recent progress in the computer simulation of liquid crystal phases using hard particles. Emphasis is placed on the richness of phase behaviour that may result from the effects of molecular size and shape alone, and on the role of simulations in testing modern theories of liquid crystal phase transitions, structure and dynamics. Two specific examples are treated in detail: the simulation of twisted nematic liquid crystals, allowing a direct calculation of the twist elastic constant and the helical twisting power of chiral dopant molecules; and the recent quantitative explanation of diffusive behaviour in isotropic and nematic liquids using kinetic theory.
SCUBA-2: a large-format submillimeter camera on the James Clerk Maxwell Telescope

SCUBA-2 is a second generation, wide-field submillimetre camera under development for the James Clerk Maxwell Telescope. With over 12,000 pixels, in two arrays, SCUBA-2 will map the submillimetre sky up to 1000 times faster than the current SCUBA instrument to the same signal-to-noise. Many areas of astronomy will benefit from such a highly sensitive survey instrument: from studies of galaxy formation and evolution in the early Universe to understanding star and planet formation in our own Galaxy. Due to be operational in 2006, SCUBA-2 will also act as a "pathfinder" for the new generation of submillimetre interferometers (such as ALMA) by performing large-area surveys to an unprecedented depth. The baseline design, projected telescope performance and scientific impact of SCUBA-2 are discussed in the paper.
Use of a single L1 GPS receiver for monitoring structures: first results of the detection of millimetric dynamic oscillations

AbstractThis paper presents preliminary results to determine small displacements of a global positioning system (GPS) antenna fastened to a structure using only one L1 GPS receiver. Vibrations, periodic or not, are common in large structures, such as bridges, footbridges, tall buildings, and towers under dynamic loads. The behavior in time and frequency leads to structural analysis studies. The hypothesis of this article is that any large structure that presents vibrations in the centimeter-to-millimeter range can be monitored by phase measurements of a single L1 receiver with a high data rate, as long as the direction of the displacement is pointing to a particular satellite. Within this scenario, the carrier phase will be modulated by antenna displacement. During a period of a few dozen seconds, the relative displacement to the satellite, the satellite clock, and the atmospheric phase delays can be assumed as a polynomial time function. The residuals from a polynomial adjustment contain the phase modula.