Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
The speed of visual processing of complex objects in the human brain. Sensitivity to image properties, the influence of aging, optical factors and individual differences.

Visual processing of complex objects is a feat that the brain accomplishes with remarkable speed – generally in the order of a few hundred milliseconds. Our knowledge with regards to what visual information the brain uses to categorise objects, and how early the first object-sensitive responses occur in the brain, remains fragmented. It seems that neuronal processing speed slows down with age due to a variety of physiological changes occurring in the aging brain, including myelin degeneration, a decrease in the selectivity of neuronal responses and a reduced efficiency of cortical networks. There are also considerable individual differences in age-related alterations of processing speed, the origins of which remain unclear. Neural processing speed in humans can be studied using electroencephalogram (EEG), which records the activity of neurons contained in Event-Related-Potentials (ERPs) with millisecond precision. Research presented in this thesis had several goals. First, it aimed to measure the sensitivity of object-related ERPs to visual information contained in the Fourier phase and amplitude spectra of images. The second goal was to measure age-related changes in ERP visual processing speed and to find out if their individual variability is due to individual differences in optical factors, such as senile miosis (reduction in pupil size with age), which affects retinal illuminance. The final aim was to quantify the onsets of ERP sensitivity to objects (in particular faces) in the human brain. To answer these questions, parametric experimental designs, novel approaches to EEG data pre-processing and analyses on a single-subject and group basis, robust statistics and large samples of subjects were employed. The results show that object-related ERPs are highly sensitive to phase spectrum and minimally to amplitude spectrum. Furthermore, when age-related changes in the whole shape of ERP waveform between 0-500 ms were considered, a 1 ms/year delay in visual processing speed has been revealed. This delay could not be explained by individual variability in pupil size or retinal illuminance. In addition, a new benchmark for the onset of ERP sensitivity to faces has been found at ~90 ms post-stimulus in a sample of 120 subjects age 18-81. The onsets did not change with age and aging started to affect object-related ERP activity ~125-130 ms after stimulus presentation. Taken together, this thesis presents novel findings with regards to the speed of visual processing in the human brain and outlines a range of robust methods for application in ERP vision research.
Computer-Aided Instruction

Computer-aided instruction, more often referred to as computer-assisted instruction or CAI, often means different things to different people. An active CAI developer will design a project based on a preferred method or guideline. The guideline can usually be associated with a particular definition of multimedia learning. All but one guideline relies for support on impact studies alone, testing users immediately after the treatment. Alternatively, the SSF model is based on studies conducted on attentional memory in adults and children measuring their performance over several weeks. Eight conclusions can be drawn from this discussion, one for each design guideline.
MULTI -CRITERIA DECISION SUPPORT GUIDED BY CASE-BASED REASONING

Many systems based on knowledge, especially expert systems for medical decision support have been developed. Only systems are based on production rules, and cannot learn and evolve only by updating them. In addition, taking into account several criteria induces an exorbitant number of rules to be injected into the system. It becomes difficult to translate medical knowledge or a support decision as a simple rule. Moreover, reasoning based on generic cases became classic and can even reduce the range of possible solutions. To remedy that, we propose an approach based on using a multi-criteria decision guided by a case-based reasoning (CBR) approach.
Who's the boss? Culture and the problem of transfer

[Abstract]: Transfer of learning, although arguably education’s most important goal, is also its most pervasive problem. Research confirms one of the classroom teacher’s most common complaints: that learners do not transfer what they have learnt in one subject to another, or fail to use what they have learnt in the school setting in the 'real world. ' There may be many reasons for this – one being that transfer is often left to take care of itself. To counter this, cognitive-based strategies, such as 'hugging' and 'bridging', suggest that educators pay active attention to both structural and instructional elements in order to effect transfer: educators, can, for example, draw learners’ attention to extra-contextual opportunities to use their learning, or coach them to develop the thinking skills that allow the abstraction of transferrable principles. Conceptualizations such as these, however, do not go far enough. Because these interventions rely on the instructor, the sought-after transfer may not occur once the learner is removed from the context and is required to act independently. What is preferred is a self-motivated, autonomous, mastery-oriented learner – one who will actively seek opportunities using his or her skills or knowledge in new contexts. Such a learner, however, will only develop if cultural conditions so allow. This discussion explores the link between culture, learner agency, and transfer of learning. In so doing, it examines practical cultural concerns, particularly in a Thai context, that may help or hinder transfer of learning.
Proinflammatory cytokine and human immunodeficiency virus RNA levels during early Mycobacterium avium complex bacteremia in advanced AIDS.

The relationship between Mycobacterium avium complex (MAC) bacteremia and proinflammatory cytokine and human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) RNA levels in AIDS was investigated. During a prospective study, blood samples were drawn monthly for mycobacterial cultures. Sera were available at baseline and onset of MAC bacteremia from 20 cases and at corresponding times from 19 controls. Mean interleukin-6 (IL-6) levels were 154% greater at the time of MAC bacteremia in cases than in controls. The IL-6 levels correlated with body temperature, serum tumor necrosis factor (TNF-alpha) levels, and alkaline phosphatase levels (P < or = .004 for each). Although TNF-alpha levels tended to rise more in MAC patients than in controls, the difference was not significant. However, among both cases and controls, serum TNF-alpha levels rose significantly from baseline to the time of last sample, irrespective of MAC infection (P = .015). Bacteremia was not associated with increased serum HIV-1 RNA levels. Thus, early MAC bacteremia is associated with increases in serum IL-6 levels, while TNF-alpha levels rise over time during advanced AIDS.
Polymerizing microtubules activate site-directed F-actin assembly in nerve growth cones.

We identify an actin-based protrusive structure in growth cones termed "intrapodium. " Unlike filopodia, intrapodia are initiated exclusively within lamellipodia and elongate in a continuous (nonsaltatory) manner parallel to the plane of the dorsal plasma membrane causing a ridge-like protrusion. Intrapodia resemble the actin-rich structures induced by intracellular pathogens (e.g., Listeria) or by extracellular beads. Cytochalasin B inhibits intrapodial elongation and removal of cytochalasin B produced a burst of intrapodial activity. Electron microscopic studies revealed that lamellipodial intrapodia contain both short and long actin filaments oriented with their barbed ends toward the membrane surface or advancing end. Our data suggest an interaction between microtubule endings and intrapodia formation. Disruption of microtubules by acute nocodazole treatment decreased intrapodia frequency, and washout of nocodazole or addition of the microtubule-stabilizing drug Taxol caused a burst of intrapodia formation. Furthermore, individual microtubule ends were found near intrapodia initiation sites. Thus, microtubule ends or associated structures may regulate these actin-dependent structures. We propose that intrapodia are the consequence of an early step in a cascade of events that leads to the development of F-actin-associated plasma membrane specializations.
Higher education cooperation in ASEAN: building towards integration or manufacturing consent?

The triad of cooperation, international exchange, and integration among institutions of higher education has become the new norm in the global experience of learning and academic training. The goal of improving and standardising the academic experience across countries is now typically also associated with fostering cultural and political ties and complementing processes of cultural integration and economic growth. Behind the rhetoric of many new initiatives, however, is a competition of geopolitical proportions, in which various national or regional systems of higher education try to shore up their positions or conquer new territory. In this paper we assess these discursive and material battles over institutional hegemony in Southeast Asian higher education by drawing on the sociology of knowledge approach to discourse. We critically address the competitive negotiation over higher education taking place between international and Southeast Asian educational players, asking whether these contribute more to integration than reinforcing dominant higher education domains.
Children's Perspectives on Domestic Violence

Children in Their Own Issue A Shift of Approach Researching with Children on a Sensitive Topic What Children Know and Understand about Domestic Violence Children's Experiences of Living with Domestic Violence Children's Coping Strategies Barriers of Racism, Ethnicity and Culture The Influence of Domestic Violence on Relationships between Children and Their Mothers Life with a Violent Father Listening to the Children The Way Ahead
Barreras Culturales para la Inclusión: Políticas y Prácticas de Integración en Chile

The purpose of this study was to analyze conceptions and practices involving integration in Chilean mandatory education, present both in the design of educational policies as well as in the translation into local practices. A qualitative design involving was used, which involved a discourse analysis of the Chilean educational policy on integration, and an empirical study in three public municipal schools of one commune through active interviews to local actors and non-participatory observations. Data were analyzed through pragmatic discourse analysis. Results. The Chilean educational policy is hybrid since it advocates for inclusion from within the logic of human rights, but prescribes a model of integration with a strong psycho-medical emphasis, which operates through individual diagnosis and pedagogical treatment on behalf of the special education teacher. Integration is also presented as an optional and complementary professional service through the form of school integration projects (SIP) financed through individual vouchers. Local discursive practices translate this policy as a policy for the “SIP children” that, those who participate in these projects and, therefore, have a diagnosis and receive additional voucher. These children are labeled, segregated, and discriminated. Responsibility for learning outcomes falls mainly in the hands of the special ed. teacher, whose work is encapsulated. Coordination between special ed. teachers and classroom teachers is difficult. Teachers believe that children´s learning possibilities depends on the level of disability and family support, a belief that draws the schools away from its pedagogical function. Discussion. From the viewpoint of inclusion, these practices and conceptions create a cultural barrier, since they situate the possibilities of educational change outside the educational scope and outside the regular classroom. This places at risk the possibilities for constructing an educational system with equity.
Trastornos leves del espectro autista en educación infantil: Prevalencia, sintomatología co-ocurrente y desarrollo psicosocial

Study about the prevalence of autism spectrum disorder (ASD) symptoms in 1104 preschool-aged children attending urban/rural schools. We describe co-occurrent symptoms and compare psychosocial development and parents’ mental health between children with ASD-symptoms, children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) symptoms, and controls. The prevalence of ASD symptoms ranged between 1.18-2.17% depending on the informants (parents, teachers or both). In ASD children, ADHD symptoms (58%) and tics (50%) were most co-occurrent. There was no difference between ASD and ADHD groups in psychosocial development. The ASD group was perceived less competent than controls in fine coordination, self-help skills, play-with-peers (family) and also less proficient in language comprehension/production skills and pretend-play (school). More than one-third of mothers in the ASD and ADHD groups reported psychological symptoms, significantly differing from control fathers and mothers. For early detection of ASD, family and school information needs to be studied, considering ADHD symptoms as valid early predictors.
Atherothrombotic risk factors & premature coronary heart disease in India: A case-control study

Background & objectives: It was hypothesized that both thrombogenic and atherogenic factors may be responsible for premature coronary heart disease (CHD) in young Indians. A case-control study was performed to determine cardiovascular risk factors in young patients with CHD in India. Methods: Successive consenting patients <55 yr with an acute coronary event or recent diagnosis of CHD were enrolled (cases, n=165). Age- and gender-matched subjects with no clinical evidence of CHD were recruited as controls (n=199). Demographic, anthropometric, clinical, haematological, and biochemical data were obtained in both groups. Univariate and multivariate logistic regression were performed to identify important risk factors. Results: In cases vs. controls mean systolic BP, diastolic BP, platelet counts, LDL cholesterol, non-HDL cholesterol, triglycerides, and fibrinogen were higher and HDL cholesterol lower (P<0.001). The presence of current smoking, low fruit and vegetables intake, high fat intake, hypertension, diabetes, low HDL cholesterol, and high LDL cholesterol, total:HDL ratio, fibrinogen and homocysteine was significantly higher in cases (P<0.05). Multivariate logistic regression analysis (age adjusted odds ratio, 95% confidence intervals) revealed that smoking (19.41, 6.82-55.25), high fat intake (1.66, 1.08-2.56), low fruit and vegetables intake (1.99, 1.11-3.59), hypertension (8.95, 5.42-14.79), high LDL cholesterol [2.49 (1.62-3.84)], low HDL cholesterol (10.32, 6.30-16.91), high triglycerides (3.62, 2.35-5.59) high total:HDL cholesterol (3.87, 2.35-5.59), high fibrinogen (2.87, 1.81-4.55) and high homocysteine (10.54, 3.11-35.78) were significant. Interpretation & conclusions: Our results showed that thrombotic (smoking, low fruit/vegetables intake, fibrinogen, homocysteine) as well as atherosclerotic (hypertension, high fat diet, dyslipidaemia) risk factors were important in premature CHD. Multipronged prevention strategies are needed in young Indian subjects.
Description of the periodontal pocket in preclinical models: limitations and considerations

Establishment of periodontal health and regeneration of the lost periodontal tissues are always the ultimate goal of periodontal treatment. The development of new therapeutic approaches raises the necessity for appropriate experimental models that present periodontal structures and healing capability comparable to humans. Preclinical research and extrapolation of the data to human conditions remains a stage of great importance before the clinical application of the new biomaterials and techniques. Periodontal pockets/defects in preclinical models can be induced experimentally through acute or chronic or a combination of both (induced) modalities. The features of the created defects and those of humans vary greatly mostly due to the nature of the periodontal disease. This is an important point to take into account, since it is well recognized that the potential of periodontal therapy may be dependent on both the biological background and the defect morphology. This review provides insight into the commonly used preclinical models for the reproduction of the periodontal pocket and discusses the advantages and disadvantages of each model in terms of similarity to human conditions, standardization and reproducibility.
Blind speech separation of moving speakers in real reverberant environments

In this paper we present a new on-line blind signal separation method capable to separate convolutive speech signals of moving speakers in highly reverberant rooms. The separation network used is a recurrent network which performs separation of convolutive speech mixtures in the time domain, without any prior knowledge of the propagation media, based on the maximum likelihood estimation (MLE) principle. The proposed method proved to be able to improve significantly (more than 10% in all adverse mixing situations) the performance of a continuous phoneme-based speech recognition system and therefore can be used as a front-end to separate simultaneous speech of speakers who are moving in arbitrary directions in reverberant rooms.
Increased NADPH Oxidase Activity, gp91phox Expression, and Endothelium-Dependent Vasorelaxation During Neointima Formation in Rabbits

Reactive oxygen species including superoxide and hydrogen peroxide are important mediators in atherogenesis. We investigated the enzymatic source of vascular superoxide and its role in endothelium-dependent vasorelaxation during neointima formation. Silastic collars positioned around carotid arteries of rabbits for 14 days induced neointimal thickening. Using lucigenin-enhanced chemiluminescence, superoxide production was detectable in collared artery sections, but not in controls, only after inactivation of endogenous Cu2+/Zn2+-superoxide dismutase (Cu2+/Zn2+-SOD) with diethyldithiocarbamate (DETCA). Dihydroethidium staining indicated that endothelium and adventitia were the major sites of superoxide generation. Superoxide production in DETCA-treated collared arteries was enhanced further by NADPH and was inhibited by diphenyleneiodonium, suggesting NADPH oxidase was the source of the radical in collared arteries. Moreover, real-time PCR demonstrated 11-fold higher expression of the gp91phox subunit of NADPH oxidase in collared arteries than in controls. In vascular reactivity studies, endothelium-dependent vasorelaxation to acetylcholine did not differ between collared and control sections. However, treatment with DETCA reduced relaxations to acetylcholine in collared rings, but not in controls. NADPH further reduced relaxations to acetylcholine in DETCA-treated collared sections, but not in controls. In DETCA/NADPH-treated collared rings, sensitivity to nitroprusside, in contrast to acetylcholine, exceeded that of controls. Moreover, further treatment of such rings with exogenous Cu2+/Zn2+-SOD restored acetylcholine relaxations without altering nitroprusside responses. Thus, early neointimal lesions induced by periarterial collars are associated with elevated gp91phox expression and increased NAPDH-oxidase-dependent superoxide production in endothelium and adventitia. However, endothelium-dependent vasorelaxation is largely preserved due to the actions of Cu2+/Zn2+-SOD and increased smooth muscle sensitivity to nitric oxide.
Range Estimation Accuracy Analysis of the FMCW Level Radar

The range estimation variance Cramer Rao lower bound (CRB) of the frequency modulated continuous wave (FMCW) level radar is derived first. The CRB does not only point out the best range estimation performance the FMCW radar can achieve, it also indicates that the best performance can only be achieved by means of measuring the phase of the beat-note signal. Then the range estimation accuracies of some FFT-based range estimators are studied through computer simulation and are compared with the CRB
Crossing paths: cytokinin signalling and crosstalk

Cytokinins are a major class of plant hormones that are involved in various aspects of plant development, ranging from organ formation and apical dominance to leaf senescence. Cytokinin and auxin have long been known to interact antagonistically, and more recent studies have shown that cytokinins also interact with other plant hormones to regulate plant development. A growing body of research has begun to elucidate the molecular and genetic underpinnings of this extensive crosstalk. The rich interconnections between the synthesis, perception and transport networks of these plant hormones provide a wide range of opportunities for them to modulate, amplify or buffer one another. Here, we review this exciting and rapidly growing area of cytokinin research.
Diversity and language policy for endangered languages

Over the last 50 years, language policy has developed into a major discipline, drawing on research and practice in many nations and at many levels. This is the first Handbook to deal with language policy as a whole and is a complete 'state-of-the-field' survey, covering language practices, beliefs about language varieties, and methods and agencies for language management. It provides a historical background which traces the development of classical language planning, describes activities associated with indigenous and endangered languages, and contains chapters on imperialism, colonialism, effects of migration and globalization, and educational policy. It also evaluates language management agencies, analyzes language activism and looks at language cultivation (including reform of writing systems, orthography and modernized terminology). The definitive guide to the subject, it will be welcomed by students, researchers and language professionals in linguistics, education and politics.
ATP-dependent chromatosome remodeling

Abstract Chromatin serves to package, protect and organize the complex eukaryotic genomes to assure their stable inheritance over many cell generations. At the same time, chromatin must be dynamic to allow continued use of DNA during a cell's lifetime. One important principle that endows chromatin with flexibility involves ATP-dependent ‘remodeling’ factors, which alter DNA-histone interactions to form, disrupt or move nucleosomes. Remodeling is well documented at the nucleosomal level, but little is known about the action of remodeling factors in a more physiological chromatin environment. Recent findings suggest that some remodeling machines can reorganize even folded chromatin fibers containing the linker histone H1, extending the potential scope of remodeling reactions to the bulk of euchromatin.