Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Empathy and Its Role in Morality

In this paper, I will argue, contra Prinz, that empathy is a crucial component of our moral lives. In particular, I argue that empathy is sometimes epistemologically necessary for identifying the right action; that empathy is sometimes psychologically necessary for motivating the agent to perform the right action; and that empathy is sometimes necessary for the agent to be most morally praiseworthy for an action. I begin by explaining what I take empathy to be. I then discuss some alleged problems for empathy and explain why some argue that empathy is unnecessary and sometimes even problematic in the moral domain. Next, I criticize a prominent alternative to an empathy-based morality. Finally, I argue that that empathy is sometimes epistemologically and psychologically necessary for doing the right thing and is sometimes necessary for moral worth. I conclude with a discussion of the important role of empathy in our everyday lives.
Species-Specific Activity of SIV Nef and HIV-1 Vpu in Overcoming Restriction by Tetherin/BST2

Tetherin, also known as BST2, CD317 or HM1.24, was recently identified as an interferon-inducible host–cell factor that interferes with the detachment of virus particles from infected cells. HIV-1 overcomes this restriction by expressing an accessory protein, Vpu, which counteracts tetherin. Since lentiviruses of the SIVsmm/mac/HIV-2 lineage do not have a vpu gene, this activity has likely been assumed by other viral gene products. We found that deletion of the SIVmac239 nef gene significantly impaired virus release in cells expressing rhesus macaque tetherin. Virus release could be restored by expressing Nef in trans. However, Nef was unable to facilitate virus release in the presence of human tetherin. Conversely, Vpu enhanced virus release in the presence of human tetherin, but not in the presence of rhesus tetherin. In accordance with the species-specificity of Nef in mediating virus release, SIV Nef downregulated cell-surface expression of rhesus tetherin, but did not downregulate human tetherin. The specificity of SIV Nef for rhesus tetherin mapped to four amino acids in the cytoplasmic domain of the molecule that are missing from human tetherin, whereas the specificity of Vpu for human tetherin mapped to amino acid differences in the transmembrane domain. Nef alleles of SIVsmm, HIV-2 and HIV-1 were also able to rescue virus release in the presence of both rhesus macaque and sooty mangabey tetherin, but were generally ineffective against human tetherin. Thus, the ability of Nef to antagonize tetherin from these Old World primates appears to be conserved among the primate lentiviruses. These results identify Nef as the viral gene product of SIV that opposes restriction by tetherin in rhesus macaques and sooty mangabeys, and reveal species-specificity in the activities of both Nef and Vpu in overcoming tetherin in their respective hosts.
Multiagent-Based Distributed Load Shedding for Islanded Microgrids

This paper addresses a multiagent-based distributed load shedding scheme to restore frequency for the microgrids during islanded operation. The objective of the proposed scheme is to realize a distributed load shedding considering its associated cost and the capacity of the flexible loads. There are two advantages of the proposed scheme: (1) it is a distributed scheme using average-consensus theorem, which can discover the global information when only communications between immediate neighboring agents are used, moreover it can meet the requirements of plug-and-play operations more easily than a centralized scheme; (2) it is a new adaptive load shedding through the comprehensive weights which take into accounts the cost of load shedding and the capacity of flexible loads, these comprehensive weights are evaluated locally by making use of the adaptability and intelligence characteristics of agents. Simulation results in power systems computer aided design (PSCAD) illustrate the validity and adaptability of the proposed load shedding scheme.
Controversies in the Anesthetic Management of Intraoperative Rupture of Intracranial Aneurysm

Despite great advancements in the management of aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH), outcomes following SAH rupture have remained relatively unchanged. In addition, little data exists to guide the anesthetic management of intraoperative aneurysm rupture (IAR), though intraoperative management may have a significant effect on overall neurological outcomes. This review highlights the various controversies related to different anesthetic management related to aneurysm rupture. The first controversy relates to management of preexisting factors that affect risk of IAR. The second controversy relates to diagnostic techniques, particularly neurophysiological monitoring. The third controversy pertains to hemodynamic goals. The neuroprotective effects of various factors, including hypothermia, various anesthetic/pharmacologic agents, and burst suppression, remain poorly understood and have yet to be further elucidated. Different management strategies for IAR during aneurysmal clipping versus coiling also need further attention.
Telomere Dysfunction–Related Serological Markers Are Associated With Type 2 Diabetes

OBJECTIVE Recent studies have identified a set of serological markers for telomere dysfunction and DNA damage. The relevance of these serological markers in type 2 diabetes remains elusive. We investigated the association of serological markers (elongation factor 1α [EF-1α], stathmin, and N-acetyl-glucosaminidase) with leukocyte telomere length, a functional variant of uncoupling protein-2 (UCP2), and susceptibility of type 2 diabetes. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS A total of 930 patients and 867 control subjects were recruited to examine the association between leukocyte telomere length, UCP2 variant (−886G>A), recently identified serological markers, and type 2 diabetes. Telomere length was determined by a quantitative real-time PCR–based assay. EF-1α, stathmin, and C-reactive proteins were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays. N-acetyl-glucosaminidase was measured by an enzyme activity assay. The UCP2 variant was determined by PCR and restriction enzyme digestion. RESULTS The average telomere length of type 2 diabetic patients was significantly shorter than that of control subjects. Serological N-acetyl-glucosaminidase correlates with both age and telomere length and was significantly higher in patients than in control subjects. Neither EF-1α nor stathmin showed significant difference between patients and control subjects. The UCP2–886G>A variant correlated with type 2 diabetes status but did not correlate with telomere length or the serological markers. Multivariate analysis showed that higher serological N-acetyl-glucosaminidase, shorter telomeres, and the UCP2–886G>A variant are independent risk factors for type 2 diabetes. CONCLUSIONS Serological N-acetyl-glucosaminidase, telomere length, and the UCP2–886G>A variant are independent risk factors for type 2 diabetes. Serological N-acetyl-glucosaminidase correlates with telomere length but not with the UCP2–886G>A variant.
Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences Childhood Obesity and Sleep: Relatives, Partners, or Both?—a Critical Perspective on the Evidence

In modern life, children are unlikely to obtain sufficient or regular sleep and waking schedules. Inadequate sleep affects the regulation of homeostatic and hormonal systems underlying somatic growth, maturation, and bioenergetics. Therefore, assessments of the obesogenic lifestyle, including as dietary and physical activity, need to be coupled with accurate evaluation of sleep quality and quantity, and coexistence of sleep apnea. Inclusion of sleep as an integral component of research studies on childhood obesity should be done as part of the study planning process. Although parents and health professionals have quantified normal patterns of activities in children, sleep has been almost completely overlooked. As sleep duration in children appears to have declined, reciprocal obesity rates have increased. Also, increases in pediatric obesity rates have markedly increased the risk of obstructive sleep apnea syndrome (OSAS) in children. Obesity and OSAS share common pathways underlying end-organ morbidity, potentially leading to reciprocal amplificatory effects. The relative paucity of data on the topics covered in the perspective below should serve as a major incentive toward future research on these critically important concepts. Sleep trends in children and potential associations with obesity Although sleep assessments of children have largely relied on parental reports, 1–7 it has become apparent that children are highly unlikely to obtain sufficient sleep on a stable and regular schedule. Polls by the National Sleep Foundation 1,2 show that parents routinely overestimate their children's sleep duration , and that in fact children sleep much less than what is deemed appropriate for their age. At the society level, and likely across all pediatric ages, children sleep less than what they did one century ago. 8 Despite the compelling evidence supporting a vital role for healthy sleep in brain maturation, somatic growth, information processing, memory consolidation , learning, and other important neurobehav-ioral functions, parents and professionals instead Re-use of this article is permitted in accordance with the Terms and Conditions set out at http://wiley onlinelibrary.com/onlineopen#OnlineOpen Terms focus their attention on children's accomplishments (e.g., first steps, first words, school grades, extracur-ricular activity performances), and often treat sleep as a tradable commodity. Clearly, disturbed sleep patterns can lead to mul-tidimensional adverse effects. For example, 43% of school-aged children and 57% of adolescents have a TV in their bedroom; 1,2,9 and as many as 42% have mobile phones in their bedroom and many other electronic devices, such as computers, video games, and other electronic gadgetry are also frequently …
Do Dynamic Compared to Static Facial Expressions of Happiness and Anger Reveal Enhanced Facial Mimicry?

Facial mimicry is the spontaneous response to others’ facial expressions by mirroring or matching the interaction partner. Recent evidence suggested that mimicry may not be only an automatic reaction but could be dependent on many factors, including social context, type of task in which the participant is engaged, or stimulus properties (dynamic vs static presentation). In the present study, we investigated the impact of dynamic facial expression and sex differences on facial mimicry and judgment of emotional intensity. Electromyography recordings were recorded from the corrugator supercilii, zygomaticus major, and orbicularis oculi muscles during passive observation of static and dynamic images of happiness and anger. The ratings of the emotional intensity of facial expressions were also analysed. As predicted, dynamic expressions were rated as more intense than static ones. Compared to static images, dynamic displays of happiness also evoked stronger activity in the zygomaticus major and orbicularis oculi, suggesting that subjects experienced positive emotion. No muscles showed mimicry activity in response to angry faces. Moreover, we found that women exhibited greater zygomaticus major muscle activity in response to dynamic happiness stimuli than static stimuli. Our data support the hypothesis that people mimic positive emotions and confirm the importance of dynamic stimuli in some emotional processing.
The Role of Early-Life Conditions in the Cognitive Decline Due to Adverse Events Later in Life

Serious life events, such as the loss of a relative or the onset of a chronic condition may influence cognitive functioning. We examine whether the cognitive impact of such events is stronger if conditions very early in life were adverse, using Dutch longitudinal data of older persons. We exploit exogenous variation in early-life conditions as generated by the business cycle.
Development of the neuromuscular junction: inductive interactions between cells.

A synapse, such as the neuromuscular junction, is the site of intricate and precise interactions between cells. The machinery that mediates these in­ teractions arises through specialization of the presynaptic axon terminal, of the postsynaptic cell membrane, and of the material in the cleft between them. Differentiation of these structures during development must be di­ rected by complex interactions between the component cells, interactions mediated by agents passing in both directions across the synapse and per­ haps also laterally between pairs of preor postsynaptic cells. In this review I consider what is known of the changes that occur in development and of the intercellular interactions that coordinate this maturation. The informa­ tion available affords only a fragmentary picture, as is reflected by disconti­ nuities and gaps in the story. It is clear at the outset that we are yet far from understanding the molecular mechanisms that underlie development. My principal focus is on normal development of the neuromuscular junction in rat, chick, and frog. Where pertinent, however, I draw from studies of synapse formation in cell and tissue culture and from studies of the experimental induction of new synapses on mature muscle fibers.
Decompositions of the polyhedral product functor with applications to moment-angle complexes and related spaces

This article gives a natural decomposition of the suspension of a generalized moment-angle complex or partial product space which arises as the polyhedral product functor described below. The introduction and application of the smash product moment-angle complex provides a precise identification of the stable homotopy type of the values of the polyhedral product functor. One direct consequence is an analysis of the associated cohomology. For the special case of the complements of certain subspace arrangements, the geometrical decomposition implies the homological decomposition in earlier work of others as described below. Because the splitting is geometric, an analogous homological decomposition for a generalized moment-angle complex applies for any homology theory. Implied, therefore, is a decomposition for the Stanley–Reisner ring of a finite simplicial complex, and natural generalizations.
The effect of the fit between organizational culture and structure on medication errors in medical group practices.

BACKGROUND It is widely acknowledged that many prescription drug errors occur in the ambulatory care setting and that they have serious quality of care implications. Previous research examining this issue has focused on hospitals and on individual-level factors. This study adopts an organizational perspective to assess the effects of organizational culture, organizational structure, and their fit (i.e., their congruence) on medication errors in medical group practices. METHODOLOGY/APPROACH Variables that measure the organizational culture and structure were taken from two surveys of medical group practices in Minnesota in 2001. Medication errors data were obtained using a computerized drug utilization review system. Seventy-eight medical group practices were included in the analyses. FINDINGS Results revealed that the use of benchmarking and practice guidelines was associated with decreased error rates in group practices that encourage "patient emphasis" and "collegiality. " However, the relationship between information processing capacity and the cultural dimensions was not statistically significant. PRACTICE IMPLICATIONS The interaction between specific cultural traits and structural dimensions can help understand some of the relationships between organizational culture, structure, and medication errors. Organizational structures do not exist in a vacuum, but rather their effect on patient safety outcomes is "moderated" by the organizational culture. The implications are that medical group practice administrators and medical directors have alternate ways to prevent or reduce medication errors and that they should be attentive to the cultures of their practices when considering those options.
The Effectiveness of Aromatherapy in Reducing Pain: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

Background. Aromatherapy refers to the medicinal or therapeutic use of essential oils absorbed through the skin or olfactory system. Recent literature has examined the effectiveness of aromatherapy in treating pain. Methods. 12 studies examining the use of aromatherapy for pain management were identified through an electronic database search. A meta-analysis was performed to determine the effects of aromatherapy on pain. Results. There is a significant positive effect of aromatherapy (compared to placebo or treatments as usual controls) in reducing pain reported on a visual analog scale (SMD = −1.18, 95% CI: −1.33, −1.03; p < 0.0001). Secondary analyses found that aromatherapy is more consistent for treating nociceptive (SMD = −1.57, 95% CI: −1.76, −1.39, p < 0.0001) and acute pain (SMD = −1.58, 95% CI: −1.75, −1.40, p < 0.0001) than inflammatory (SMD = −0.53, 95% CI: −0.77, −0.29, p < 0.0001) and chronic pain (SMD = −0.22, 95% CI: −0.49, 0.05, p = 0.001), respectively. Based on the available research, aromatherapy is most effective in treating postoperative pain (SMD = −1.79, 95% CI: −2.08, −1.51, p < 0.0001) and obstetrical and gynecological pain (SMD = −1.14, 95% CI: −2.10, −0.19, p < 0.0001). Conclusion. The findings of this study indicate that aromatherapy can successfully treat pain when combined with conventional treatments.
Modeling shows that the NS5A inhibitor daclatasvir has two modes of action and yields a shorter estimate of the hepatitis C virus half-life

The nonstructural 5A (NS5A) protein is a target for drug development against hepatitis C virus (HCV). Interestingly, the NS5A inhibitor daclatasvir (BMS-790052) caused a decrease in serum HCV RNA levels by about two orders of magnitude within 6 h of administration. However, NS5A has no known enzymatic functions, making it difficult to understand daclatasvir’s mode of action (MOA) and to estimate its antiviral effectiveness. Modeling viral kinetics during therapy has provided important insights into the MOA and effectiveness of a variety of anti-HCV agents. Here, we show that understanding the effects of daclatasvir in vivo requires a multiscale model that incorporates drug effects on the HCV intracellular lifecycle, and we validated this approach with in vitro HCV infection experiments. The model predicts that daclatasvir efficiently blocks two distinct stages of the viral lifecycle, namely viral RNA synthesis and virion assembly/secretion with mean effectiveness of 99% and 99.8%, respectively, and yields a more precise estimate of the serum HCV half-life, 45 min, i.e., around four times shorter than previous estimates. Intracellular HCV RNA in HCV-infected cells treated with daclatasvir and the HCV polymerase inhibitor NM107 showed a similar pattern of decline. However, daclatasvir treatment led to an immediate and rapid decline of extracellular HCV titers compared to a delayed (6–9 h) and slower decline with NM107, confirming an effect of daclatasvir on both viral replication and assembly/secretion. The multiscale modeling approach, validated with in vitro kinetic experiments, brings a unique conceptual framework for understanding the mechanism of action of a variety of agents in development for the treatment of HCV.
The clinical management of early Alzheimer's disease : a handbook

Contents: S. Henderson, Foreword. R. Mulligan, M. Van der Linden, A-C. Juillerat, Preface. J-P. Michel, G. Gold, F. Herrmann, D. Zekry, R. Mulligan, P. Giannakopoulos, Sociodemographic and Economic Aspects. S. Gauthier, Clinical Aspects. F. Collette, M. Van der Linden, A-C. Juillerat, T. Meulemans, Cognitive-Neuropsychological Aspects. R. Mulligan, Assessment: The Multidisciplinary Approach. E.J. Jaldow, J. Onwumere, M.D. Kopelman, The Role of Memory Clinics in Diagnosis and Management. E. Giacobini, Pharmacological Treatment: Recent Developments. P.H. Robert, Psychiatric and Behavioral Problems: Pharmacological Approaches. M. Bird, Psychiatric and Behavioral Problems: Psychosocial Approaches. M. Van der Linden, A-C. Juillerat, S. Adam, Cognitive Intervention. A-C. Juillerat, M. Van der Linden, The Assessment of Functioning in Daily Life. F. Fontaine, B. Gilbert, K. Morasse, The Role of Caregivers in Assessment and Intervention. L. Levesque, M. Gendron, Taking Care of the Caregivers.
Typed Compilation Against Non-Manifest Base Classes Christopher League Long Island

Much recent work on proof-carrying code aims to build certifying compilers for single-inheritance object-oriented languages, such as Java or C#. Some advanced object-oriented languages (such as Loom, Moby, and OCaml) support compiling a derived class without complete information about its base class. This strategy is necessary for supporting features such as mixins and first-class classes. Fisher, Reppy, and Riecke designed Links, an untyped intermediate representation with abstractions suitable for compiling and optimizing a wide variety of object-oriented languages. Unfortunately, the key abstractions of Links are not typable in existing typed intermediate languages. We present a low-level intermediate language inspired by Links, but with a type system based on the Calculus of Inductive Constructions. It is an appropriate target for eecient, type-preserving compilation of various forms of inheritance, even when the base class is unknown at compile time. Moreover, languages (such as Java) that do not require such flexibility are not penalized for it at run time.
The Challenge of Technology Research in Sensitive Settings: Case Studies in 'ensitive HCI'

A growing proportion of human-computer interaction research now takes place in sensitive settings with participants who might be considered vulnerable, such as the chronically ill, older adults, and people living with mental health issues. Alongside this move into complex "real life" settings there is growing interest in the ethical challenges HCI researchers encounter, the emotional impact research can have on participants and researchers, and the risk that new technologies might exacerbate, rather than ameliorate, existing vulnerabilities. Some authors have called for researchers to openly reflect about ethical challenges so we can learn from shared experiences. Others have warned that HCI researchers may not be sufficiently equipped to understand and respond to the needs of vulnerable participants. This paper documents cases of "sensitive HCI," drawing on research conducted in diverse sensitive settings. By reflecting on common challenges and discussing possible responses we contribute to growing discourse that promotes reflexive practice in sensitive HCI.
BUT WHERE ARE THE YOUTH? ON THE VALUE OF INTEGRATING YOUTH CULTURE INTO LITERACY THEO

“Literacy is at the heart of world development and human rights,” writes Federico Mayor in the opening line of his foreword to Literacy: An International Handbook. ’ Although this quote comes from only one of the texts from which this essay builds, it could actually be the opening line of any of the three books: Literacy as a Moral Imperative, Literacy for the Twenty-First Century, and Literacy: An International Handbook2 The authors of each text state clearly their belief in the power and promise of literacy even while they acknowledge the potential problem of literacy crusades, as Daniel Wagner does in his introduction to The Handbook:
Transition Complexity of Incomplete DFAs

We consider the transition complexity of regular languages based on the incomplete deterministic finite automata. We establish tight bounds for the transition complexity of Boolean operations, in the case of union the upper and lower bounds differ by a multiplicative constant two. We show that the transition complexity results for union and complementation are very different from the state complexity results for the same operations. However, for intersection, the transition complexity bounds turn out to be similar to the corresponding bounds for state complexity.