Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Fine‐scale transient arcs seen in a shock aurora

We report, for the first time, fine‐scale transient arcs that emerged successively within the initial 1–2 min evolutionary interval of a postnoon shock aurora on 14 July 2012. Data were acquired from ~2 Hz temporal resolution imaging of dayside aurora with a white light all‐sky camera (ASC) at South Pole Station (magnetic latitude = −74.3°, magnetic local time = UT −3.5 h). Just after 1809:50 UT at which the initial response to an interplanetary (IP) shock was detected in the postnoon geosynchronous magnetic field, the ASC observed three successive transient arcs of which the locations shifted equatorward with an abrupt jump by ~0.2° in latitude. All of the transient arcs occurred in a closed field line region, ~1.0°–1.5° equatorward of the polar cap or open/closed field line boundary inferred from the intensity ratio of I630.0/I557.7 but just poleward of the shock‐induced proton and diffuse‐type electron aurorae. Each of the transient arcs had a latitudinal width of ~0.1° and a short lifetime of ~20–30 s. Although the obvious mechanism has still remained unclear, possible interpretations of the fine‐scale transient arc features are discussed in terms of a local process of each of the magnetospheric origin (mode conversion) and ionospheric origin (feedback interaction) that may be induced by IP shock.
Comment on “Soil Moisture Response to Snowmelt and Rainfall in a Sierra Nevada Mixed‐Conifer Forest”

[Bales et al(2011)][1] advance the understanding of soil moisture dynamics in response to water input, especially snowmelt, in the mixed conifer zone of the Sierra Nevada, California. In particular, we appreciate the authors” conclusion that regolith deeper than 1 m is important in supporting base
Thorium in crandallite-group minerals: an example from a Devonian bauxite deposit, Timan, Russia

Abstract A Th-rich mineral of the crandallite group has been investigated from the weathering profile of the Schugorsk bauxite deposit, Timan, Russia. It occurs within thin (up to 0.5 mm) organic-rich veinlets together with ‘leucoxene’ in the form of small shapeless grains which vary in size from 1-2 μm to 60-70 μm. Rare grains disseminated among boehmite crystals were also found. Microprobe analyses determined that the ThO2 content can be as high as 18 wt. %. The mineral composition is intermediate between crandallite CaAl3H(PO4)2(OH)6, goyazite SrAl3H(PO4)2(OH)6, Th-crandallite and svanbergite SrAl3PO4SO4(OH)6 in the beudantite group. Comparatively high contents of Fe and Si and a very high positive Th and Fe content correlation (r = +0.98) suggest that the formula of the hypothetical Th-bearing end-member is ThFe3(PO4,SiO4)2(OH)6 with Th and Si substituting for REE and P respectively (woodhouseite-type substitution). Another possible substitution is Th4+ + Ca2+ ⇌ 2REE3+ (florencite-type). A deficiency of cations in the X site can be explained by either the presence of carbon, undetectable by microprobe, in the crystal lattice or a lack of X-site cations due to radiation damage induced by Th. Some excess of cations in the B site (Al and Fe3+) can be explained by the presence of very small boehmite and hematite inclusions on the crandallite grain surfaces. Th-rich crandallite may be the result of alteration of an unidentified silicate mineral from the parent rock with a composition close to the simplified formula Fe2+ThSiO4(OH)2.
Sensitivity of burned area in Europe to climate change, atmospheric CO2 levels, and demography: A comparison of two fire‐vegetation models

Global environmental changes and human activity influence wildland fires worldwide, but the relative importance of the individual factors varies regionally and their interplay can be difficult to disentangle. Here we evaluate projected future changes in burned area at the European and sub‐European scale, and we investigate uncertainties in the relative importance of the determining factors. We simulated future burned area with LPJ‐GUESS‐SIMFIRE, a patch‐dynamic global vegetation model with a semiempirical fire model, and LPJmL‐SPITFIRE, a dynamic global vegetation model with a process‐based fire model. Applying a range of future projections that combine different scenarios for climate changes, enhanced CO2 concentrations, and population growth, we investigated the individual and combined effects of these drivers on the total area and regions affected by fire in the 21st century. The two models differed notably with respect to the dominating drivers and underlying processes. Fire‐vegetation interactions and socioeconomic effects emerged as important uncertainties for future burned area in some European regions. Burned area of eastern Europe increased in both models, pointing at an emerging new fire‐prone region that should gain further attention for future fire management.
Diel variations in acoustic recordings of blue whiting (Micromesistius poutassou)

Annual landings of blue whiting (Micromesistius poutassou) in the northeast Atlantic have exceeded 2 million metric tonnes in recent years, and overexploitation is an increasing concern in terms of the sustainability of the fishery. The most important fisheriesindependent dataset used for tuning the analytical stock assessment comes from the Norwegian surveys of blue whiting west off the British Isles. The survey is carried out in March/April during peak spawning, and improving its quality will have a direct positive effect on stock assessment. Here, we analyse diel effects on the abundance and vertical distribution as recorded by acoustics in 1995 and 1996 and from 1998 to 2002, and evaluate the potential effects on the survey estimates. On average, the acoustic density of blue whiting was 20% higher by day than by night. However, the diel bias varied considerably among years, and surprisingly, the acoustic density in shallow water (,350 m) was in general highest at night, when the blue whiting were distributed higher in the water column and more dispersed. The span in the vertical depth range increased considerably with bottom depth in water shallower than 550 m. In deeper water, where blue whiting had little or no bottom association, the day–night differences in vertical distribution were smaller and not affected by bottom depth. The inconsistency of the diel effect from year to year negatively affects the time-series used during annual stock assessments.
Gait pattern after electromechanically-assisted gait training with the Hybrid Assistive Limb and conventional gait training in sub-acute stroke rehabilitation—A subsample from a randomized controlled trial

Introduction Electromechanically-assisted gait training has been introduced in stroke rehabilitation as a means to enable gait training with a large number of reproducible and symmetrical task repetitions, i.e. steps. However, few studies have evaluated its impact on gait pattern functions. This study includes persons with no independent ambulation function at the start of a 4-week neurorehabilitation period in the sub-acute phase after stroke. The primary aim of the study was to evaluate whether the addition of electromechanically-assisted gait training to conventional training resulted in better gait pattern function than conventional training alone. The secondary aim was to identify correlations between overall gait quality and standardized clinical assessments. Participants and methods Seventeen patients with no independent ambulation function who participated in a Prospective Randomized Open Blinded End-point study in the sub-acute phase after stroke were randomized into two groups; one group (n = 7) to undergo conventional training only (CONV group) and the other group (n = 10) to undergo conventional training with additional electromechanically-assisted gait training (HAL group). All patients were assessed with 3D gait analysis and clinical assessments after the 4-week intervention period. Overall gait quality as per the Gait Profile Score (GPS), as well as kinematic, and kinetic and other spatiotemporal metrics were collected and compared between intervention groups. Correlations between biomechanical and clinical outcomes were evaluated. Results Both the CONV and HAL groups exhibited similar gait patterns with no significant differences between groups in any kinematic, kinetic parameters or other spatiotemporal metrics. The GPS for the paretic limb had a median (IQR) of 12.9° (7.8°) and 13.4° (4.3°) for the CONV and HAL groups, respectively (p = 0.887). Overall gait quality was correlated with independence in walking, walking speed, movement function and balance. We found no added benefit in gait pattern function from the electromechanically-assisted gait training compared to the conventional training alone. Discussion This finding raises new questions about how to best design effective and optimal post-stroke rehabilitation programs in patients with moderate to severe gait impairments to achieve both independent walking and optimal gait pattern function, and about which patients should be in focus in further studies on the efficacy of electromechanically-assisted gait training. Clinical trial registration The study was retrospectively registered at ClinicalTrials.gov, identifier (NCT02410915) on April 2015.
Plasticity in the cell division processes of obligate intracellular bacteria

Most bacteria divide through a highly conserved process called binary fission, in which there is symmetric growth of daughter cells and the synthesis of peptidoglycan at the mid-cell to enable cytokinesis. During this process, the parental cell replicates its chromosomal DNA and segregates replicated chromosomes into the daughter cells. The mechanisms that regulate binary fission have been extensively studied in several model organisms, including Eschericia coli, Bacillus subtilis, and Caulobacter crescentus. These analyses have revealed that a multi-protein complex called the divisome forms at the mid-cell to enable peptidoglycan synthesis and septation during division. In addition, rod-shaped bacteria form a multi-protein complex called the elongasome that drives sidewall peptidoglycan synthesis necessary for the maintenance of rod shape and the lengthening of the cell prior to division. In adapting to their intracellular niche, the obligate intracellular bacteria discussed here have eliminated one to several of the divisome gene products essential for binary fission in E. coli. In addition, genes that encode components of the elongasome, which were mostly lost as rod-shaped bacteria evolved into coccoid organisms, have been retained during the reductive evolutionary process that some coccoid obligate intracellular bacteria have undergone. Although the precise molecular mechanisms that regulate the division of obligate intracellular bacteria remain undefined, the studies summarized here indicate that obligate intracellular bacteria exhibit remarkable plasticity in their cell division processes.
Critical Evaluation of the Future Role of Artificial Intelligence in Business and Society

of AI developer and their organisations. Therefore, it is essential to maintain an optimum balance between ethical principles. Our findings shows that experts are proposing an era of AI ethics that focuses on utilitarianism, which presents a balance between risks and benefits, and a movement from fundamental duty of care to civil responsibility for public good. National and continental associations have reacted promptly by establishing various regulations for the conduct of AI implementation in their jurisdictions. The General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) permits individuals to provide general consent in relation to their information. The continuous investment and research focus on further development of artificial intelligence, shows that the future of individual lives, businesses and economies will continuously be influenced by numerous everyday artificial intelligence functions.
Simultaneous retrievals of cloud optical depth and droplet concentration from solar irradiance and microwave liquid water path

A 20-month time series of continuous observations of microwave radiation and solar irradiance was used to estimate the cloud optical depth and droplet number concentration at the Cape Grim Baseline Air Pollution Station, Tasmania, (40°41′S, 144°41′E). The data were selected by wind directions. When the air was from “baseline” origin, i.e., it had travelled over long oceanic distances and was mostly devoid of anthropogenic influences, the retrieved droplet concentration and optical depth were lower than when the air was from “nonbaseline” i.e., continental origin. Therefore the observed variation in cloud microphysical properties reflects the difference between the natural background conditions over the Southern Ocean and continental conditions with elevated droplet counts. Under baseline conditions the retrieved cloud optical depth exhibits a weak but perceptible seasonal cycle that has been previously observed from satellite data with a minimum in the austral winter, and a maximum in the austral summer. The results demonstrate that routine retrievals of cloud microphysical properties are possible using only a pyranometer and a microwave liquid water radiometer.
Intermingling of two Pseudocalanus species on Georges Bank

Physical and biological controls on the springtime distributions of Pseudocalanus moultoni and P. newmani on Georges Bank are examined by assimilating observations into a coupled physicalbiological model. Monthly snapshots of abundance are derived from U.S. GLOBEC Georges Bank broad-scale surveys during 1997. The forward problem is posed as an advection-diffusion-reaction equation for the copepod concentration. The adjoint method of data assimilation is used to invert for the biological sources and sinks implied by the observed changes in abundance between surveys and the e ow during the intervening period. Based on this analysis, the two species appear to have distinct population centers in the late winter/early spring: P. moultonion the northwest e ank of the Bank and P. newmani on the Northeast Peak and the southern tip of Browns Bank. As the growing season progresses, the clockwise circulation around Georges Bank blends reproducing (but not interbreeding) animals from the two source regions, causing their distributions to overlap by early summer. The springtime evolution of Pseudocalanus distributions in this region is driven by a complex mixture of hydrodynamic transport and species-specie c population dynamics, including both growth and mortality.
MODELLING RADIATIVELY ACTIVE WATER-ICE CLOUDS: IMPACT ON THE THERMAL STRUCTURE AND WATER CYCLE

The essential role of water-ice clouds in shaping the thermal structure of the martian atmosphere has been long presumed [1] but neglected in GCMs because of the lack of observations and difficulty to predict the evolution of the water cycle in details. Since then, many evidences of the radiative effect of clouds on the Mars climate have become available [2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7], and this effect has been simulated by GCMs, thanks to the contraint given by the water cycle observations of TES [8]. The radiative effect of clouds is well reproduced in GCMs for a given time of the year, but it appears much harder to simulate this radiative effect on the long-term. Indeed, the radiative effect of clouds strongly modifies the distribution of water vapor, especially in the polar regions, where it tends to reduce the amount of water vapor injected in the atmosphere during the sublimation of the north polar cap. In this study, we focus on the thermal structure of the LMD/GCM when clouds are radiatively active, and when their properties (particle size and opacity) are in good agreement with the observations. It allows us to assess their role in shaping the temperatures of the planet, understand their radiative effect in detail (section 2), and evaluate the improvement of the predictions (section 3). However, the corresponding water cycle is too dry by ∼ 5 pr. μm, and at the time of this writing, this drying out is not clearly explained. The latter will be further described during the conference, which is a good opportunity to further understand it, since it seems to be a robust feature of many models [9].
Aragonite–Calcite Speleothems: Identifying Original and Diagenetic Features

Despite the increasing use of speleothems as high-resolution archives of past climate proxies, few efforts have been made to improve understanding of diagenetic pathways affecting this material and to assess the degree of postdepositional transformation of initial features, including associated geochemical signatures. To provide criteria for distinguishing primary (spelean growth history) and secondary (spelean diagenetic history) features, this study documents a process-based approach combining mineralogical, textural, and geochemical data at different scales to characterize various diagenetic processes undergone by aragonite and calcite speleothems from the Pont-de-Ratz Cave (Herault, S. France). Results show that the initial precipitation of carbonate minerals forming the stalagmites (vadose precipitation) is represented alternatively by aragonite and calcite and consists of two types of primary aragonite and a primary columnar calcite. Four different types of growth interruption and inclusion horizons are evident, and attest to the discontinuous growth of stalagmites in this cave. Postdepositional diagenetic processes include void-filling calcite cementation, selective dissolution of either aragonite or calcite, and recrystallization. Recrystallization processes include 1) textural change of original aragonite precipitates (isomineralogical recrystallization), and 2) two distinct types of aragonite-to-calcite recrystallization. These results highlight the diversity of potential synformational and postformational processes controlling the formation and evolution of speleothems and their impact on the geochemical properties of the primary and secondary carbonate phases, and the potential importance in paleoclimatic interpretation.
Aeolian particle flux profiles and transport unsteadiness

Vertical profiles of aeolian sediment flux are commonly modeled as an exponential decay of particle (mass) transport with height above the surface. Data from field and wind‐tunnel studies provide empirical support for this parameterization, although a large degree of variation in the precise shape of the vertical flux profile has been reported. This paper explores the potential influence of wind unsteadiness and time‐varying intensity of transport on the geometry (slope, curvature) of aeolian particle flux profiles. Field evidence from a complex foredune environment demonstrates that (i) the time series of wind and sediment particle flux are often extremely variable with periods of intense transport (referred to herein as sediment “flurries”) separated by periods of weak or no transport; (ii) sediment flurries contribute the majority of transport in a minority of the time; (iii) the structure of a flurry includes a “ramp‐up” phase lasting a few seconds, a “core” phase lasting a few seconds to many tens of seconds, and a “ramp‐down” phase lasting a few seconds during which the system relaxes to a background, low‐intensity transport state; and (iv) conditional averaging of flux profiles for flurry and nonflurry periods reveals differences between the geometry of the mean profiles and hence the transport states that produce them. These results caution against the indiscriminate reliance on regression statistics derived from time‐averaged sediment flux profiles, especially those with significant flurry and nonflurry periods, when calibrating or assessing the validity of steady state models of aeolian saltation.
Revised magnetostratigraphy and rock magnetism of Pliocene sediments from Valle Ricca (Rome, Italy)

Abstract This is an extended abstract of the paper ‘Palaeomagnetism and rock magnetism in the upper Pliocene Valle Ricca (Rome, Italy) section’ by Florindo & Sagnotti (1995). It is shown that a normal polarity event reported from a sedimentary section in the Tini quarry is associated with a different mineralogy than the rest of the sequence. Combined thermal and AF demagnetization reveals that there is a pervasive reversed polarity component throughout the sequence, but this is obscured by a strong normal component in sediments close to an ash bed. A variety of techniques show that the reversed component is carried by magnetite and likely to be primary. The normal component is associated with greigite and is likely to be of late diagenetic origin or possibly associated with self-reversal behaviour. The previous correlation between the normal polarity zone and the Reunion Event is therefore invalid and the entire sequence is considered to correlate with the C2r. 1r chron, between the Olduvai and Reunion Events.
Deep Interpretable Fully CNN Structure for Sparse Hyperspectral Unmixing via Model-Driven and Data-Driven Integration

Hyperspectral unmixing (HSU), which aims to identify constituent materials and estimate the corresponding proportions in a scene, is an essential research topic in remote sensing. Most deep learning-based methods are data-inspired, relying on massive amounts of data to train black-box-like networks, while a few model-inspired unmixing networks only consider the spectral features of the pixel, ignoring the exploration of spatial information between pixels. In this article, we design a network topology according to the classical iterative algorithm, and the large number of learnable parameters contained in the network is continuously updated through data fitting. In other words, we integrate the concepts of both model- and data-driven and propose a deep interpretable fully convolutional neural network (DIFCNN). The iteration of the classic sparse unmixing algorithm is unfolded to provide guidance for the network structure and incorporate prior knowledge into the network. Meanwhile, 2-D convolutional layers are employed to automatically learn the spatial information at different scales. A known spectral library is used as a prior to initialize network parameters and reconstruct the image. The DIFCNN adopts an end-to-end training strategy; in addition, we establish a new loss function that adds a joint sparse constraint on the abundance result to the cross-entropy loss. Experiments on both synthetic and real datasets show that the performance of the DIFCNN not only outperforms the sparse unmixing by variable splitting and augmented Lagrangian (SUnSAL) and its improved algorithms but also is highly competitive in the state-of-the-art methods of deep learning.