Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Association between dietary patterns and anaemia in adults from Jiangsu Province in Eastern China

The objective of the present study was to investigate the association between food patterns and anaemia among Chinese adults. It was a cross-sectional household survey undertaken in 2002. The sample contained 2849 men and women aged 20 years and above, and had a response rate of 89·0 %. Factor analysis was used to identify food patterns based on a food-frequency questionnaire. Logistic regression was used to relate food patterns to anaemia. A four-factor solution explained 30·5 % of the total variance. After adjusting for socio-demographic factors and four distinct food patterns, the ‘traditional’ (rice, vegetable, wheat flour), ‘sweet tooth’ (drinks, cake) and ‘healthy’ (whole grains, fruits, vegetables) patterns were independently associated with anaemia. ‘Traditional’ and ‘sweet tooth’ patterns were positively associated with anaemia, whereas the association with ‘healthy’ food pattern was negative. No association was observed between the ‘macho’ pattern (meat and alcohol) and anaemia. Compared with the lowest quartile (Q1) of the ‘traditional’ pattern, the highest quartile (Q4) had a higher risk of anaemia (men: odds ratio (OR) 2·60, 95 % CI 1·38, 4·88; women: OR 3·40, 95 % CI 2·14, 5·39). For the ‘sweet tooth’ pattern, compared with the lowest quartile (Q1), the OR of the highest quartile was 2·34 (95 % CI 1·47, 3·73) for men and 2·02 (95 %CI 1·31, 3·13) for women. The fourth quartile of healthy food was associated with a lower risk of anaemia (men: OR 0·50, 95 % CI 0·31, 0·79; women: OR 0·51, 95 % CI 0·34, 0·75). Women in the north had a higher risk of anaemia (OR 2·49, 95 %CI 1·80, 3·43). Food patterns were associated with anaemia in this area with a high prevalence of anaemia.
A comparative reliability analysis of the power conditioning system for grid connected Photovoltaic (PV) applications

A comparative reliability analysis of a 2- and 3-level inverter based Power Conditioning System (PCS) is presented for a grid connected Photovoltaic (PV) applications. The PCSs examined are: an intermediate boost converter integrated with a 2- and 3-level inverter connected to a PV module. The reliability analysis reveals that the MTBF of the 3-level system is 10 years, while the 2-level system is 6 years. Afterwards, the reliability is compared for one year and over time for both systems. It has been found that a 3-level system remains more reliable than the 2-level system and over time it exhibits the same higher nature of reliability in contrast to the 2-level system. The investigation is further enhanced to identify the least reliable component of the system and it is shown that the boost converter has the dominant effect on the system reliability as compared to inverter. This research indicates that a 3-level power conditioning system is an optimum choice for grid connected PV applications.
Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) in developing countries

Abstract The human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) is causing the most destructive epidemic of recent times, having been responsible for the deaths of more than 25 million people since it was first recognised in 1981. This global epidemic remains out of control, with reported figures for 2005 of 40 million people infected with HIV. During 2005 there were 4.9 million new infections, showing that transmission is not being prevented, and there were 3.1 million deaths from the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS), reflecting the lack of a definitive cure and the limited access to suppressive antiretroviral treatment in the developing countries that are most severely affected. The current state of the epidemic and the response to date are here reviewed. Present and future opportunities for prevention, treatment and surveillance are discussed, with particular reference to progress towards an HIV vaccine, the expansion of the provision of highly active antiretroviral therapy, and the need to focus control programmes on HIV as an infectious disease, rather than as a development issue.
Use of somatic cell counts and California mastitis test results from individual quarter milk samples to detect subclinical intramammary infection in dairy cattle from a herd with a high bulk tank somatic cell count.

OBJECTIVE To determine whether somatic cell counts (SCCs) or California mastitis test (CMT) scores for individual quarter milk samples could be used to detect subclinical intramammary infection among dairy cattle in a herd with a high bulk tank SCC. DESIGN Prospective clinical trial. ANIMALS 278 Holstein-Friesian dairy cattle from a single herd. PROCEDURE Individual quarter milk samples were collected and submitted for bacterial culture, California mastitis testing, and determination of SCC. Additional milk samples were collected 34 days later and submitted for bacterial culture. RESULTS During the initial visit to the herd, milk samples were collected from all 278 cows. However, because of blind mammary quarters or missing data, results for 1,057 quarter milk samples were included. Bacterial culture did not yield any growth for 622 (58.8%) of these samples. Regardless of the cutoff that was used, sensitivity of the CMT score was < or = 0.50 and sensitivity of the SCC linear score (SCS) was < or = 0.60. For 497 mammary quarters, results of bacterial culture of samples collected 34 days apart were concordant; bacterial culture did not yield any growth for 342 (68.8%) of these quarters. Regardless of the cutoff that was used, sensitivity of the CMT score was < or = 0.61 and sensitivity of the SCS was < or = 0.76 for mammary quarters with concordant bacterial culture results. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE Results suggest that neither CMT score nor SCC is sensitive enough to be useful as a screening test for identifying infected mammary quarters among dairy cattle in a herd with high bulk tank SCC.
Sum-Rate Analysis for Massive MIMO Downlink With Joint Statistical Beamforming and User Scheduling

Statistical beamforming is an important technique for multi-user massive MIMO downlink, since it depends on the downlink channel covariance only. In this paper, we first derive an explicit analytical sum-rate expression for generic channel covariance-based beamforming scheme. Then, a low-complexity joint statistical beamforming and user scheduling algorithm via greedy search is proposed, where the beamforming is based on the signal-to-leakage-and-noise-ratio (SLNR) for closed-form design and tractable analysis, while the user scheduling is based on the derived sum-rate expression. Further, with the help of large-scale asymptotic simplifications and the introduction of the interference user number parameter, a simple analytical sum-rate expression of the joint algorithm is derived for channels with flat power beam spectrum. The expression explicitly exhibits the sum-rate behavior with respect to different network parameters and captures the effect of sum-rate-based user scheduling. Finally, simulation results are provided to verify our analytical results and to show the advantage of the proposed joint design compared with existing schemes.
Orthostatic Hypotension in Poorly Regulated NIDDM

Patients with NIDDM have a higher morbidity and mortality rate for cardiovascular disease than the nondiabetic population. Risks like hypertension, lipid-profile abnormalities, and increased platelet aggregability increase with deteriorating metabolic control. Studies are known regarding the effects of improving metabolic control in NIDDM on lipid profile, platelet aggregation, insulin levels, and insulin resistance (1). Improvement of metabolic control could be attained by treatment with oral hypoglycemic agents (OHAs), insulin, or combination therapy. We studied the effects of improvement of metabolic control by changing from OHAs to insulin in patients with poorly regulated NIDDM. Subjects were selected from among patients with NIDDM referred to our outpatient department because of poor metabolic control despite maximal use of OIIAs. All subjects changed from OHAs to insulin, and fasting blood samples were drawn immediately before initiation of insulin therapy and at 4 and 16 weeks after starting insulin treatment. Furthermore, at 0, 4, and 16 weeks, weight and blood pressure (after at least 5 min in supine position and after 1 min in standing position) were recorded. The observer (J.N. G.O.E.) was unaware of the outcome of previous blood pressure recordings. A total of 19 poorly regulated NIDDM subjects (62.7 ± 7.5 years; 7 men, 12 women) were included and treated with subcutaneous insulin injections. Laboratory measurements of glucose, GHb, and lipid profile were carried out in these fasting blood samples. Statistical analysis was performed with the Student's t test for paired samples. Values are given as means ± SE. Improved metabolic control was reflected by a significant decrease in fasting glucose (0 weeks: 15.0 ± 0.6 mmol/l; 4 weeks: 13.1 ± 0.8 mmol/1, P < 0.05 vs. baseline; 16 weeks: 11.0 ± 0.6 mmol/1, P < 0.05 vs. baseline) and GHb percentage (0 weeks: 11.9 ± 0.3%; 4 weeks: 10.0 ± 0.6%, P < 0.05 vs. baseline; 16 weeks: 8.3 ± 0.4%, P < 0.05 vs. baseline). This resulted in an increase of fasting HDL cholesterol (0 weeks: 1.1 ± 0.1 mmol/1: 4 weeks: 1.2 ± 0.1 mmol/1, P < 0.05 vs. baseline; 16 weeks: 1.3 ± 0.1 mmol/1, P < 0.05 vs. baseline) and a decrease in fasting triglyceride concentrations (0 weeks: 2.4 ± 0.3 mmol/1; 4 weeks: 1.9 ± 0.2 mmol/1, P < 0.05 vs. baseline; 16 weeks: 1.9 ± 0.2 mmol/1, P vs. baseline), while total cholesterol concentration did not change. This phenomenon was already observed after 4 weeks of insulin treatment.
Application of Template Matching for Improving Classification of Urban Railroad Point Clouds

This study develops an integrated data-driven and model-driven approach (template matching) that clusters the urban railroad point clouds into three classes of rail track, contact cable, and catenary cable. The employed dataset covers 630 m of the Dutch urban railroad corridors in which there are four rail tracks, two contact cables, and two catenary cables. The dataset includes only geometrical information (three dimensional (3D) coordinates of the points) with no intensity data and no RGB data. The obtained results indicate that all objects of interest are successfully classified at the object level with no false positives and no false negatives. The results also show that an average 97.3% precision and an average 97.7% accuracy at the point cloud level are achieved. The high precision and high accuracy of the rail track classification (both greater than 96%) at the point cloud level stems from the great impact of the employed template matching method on excluding the false positives. The cables also achieve quite high average precision (96.8%) and accuracy (98.4%) due to their high sampling and isolated position in the railroad corridor.
Supervisory Control for Turnover Prevention of a Teleoperated Mobile Agent with a Terrain-Prediction Sensor Module

Teleoperated mobile agents (or vehicles) play an important role especially in hazardous environments such as inspecting underwater structures (Lin, 1997), demining (Smith, 1992), and cleaning nuclear plants (Kim, 2002). A teleoperated agent is, in principle, maneuvered by an operator at a remote site, but should be able to react autonomously to avoid dangerous situations such as collisions with obstacles and turnovers. Many studies have been conducted on collision avoidance of mobile agents (Borenstein, 1989; Borenstein, 1991a; Borenstein, 1991b; Howard, 2001; Niwa, 2004; Singh et al., 2000). In this research, however, we will focus on turnover prevention of mobile agents moving on uneven terrain because a turnover can cause more fatal damage to the agents. Here, we adopt the term ‘turnover’ as a concept which includes not only a rollover but also a pitchover. Extensive studies have been conducted on motion planning problems of mobile agents traveling over sloped terrain in the robotics research community (Shiller, 1991). Shiller presented optimal motion planning for an autonomous car-like vehicle without a slip and a rollover. The terrain was represented by a B-spline patch and the vehicle path was represented by a B-spline curve, where the terrain and vehicle path were given in advance. With the models of the terrain and the path, the translational velocity limit of the vehicle was determined to avoid a slip and a rollover. Also, many studies have been conducted on rollover prevention of heavy vehicles like trucks and sports utility vehicles in the vehicular research community. Takano analyzed various dynamic outputs of large vehicles, such as the lateral acceleration, yaw rate, roll angle, and roll rate, in the frequency domain for predicting rollovers (Takano, 2001). Chen developed the time-torollover (TTR)-based rollover threat index in order to predict rollovers of sports utility vehicles (Chen, 1999). This intuitive measure TTR was computed from the simple model and then corrected by using an artificial neural network. Nalecz et al. suggested an energy-based function called the rollover prevention energy reserve (RPER) (Nalecz, 1987; Nalecz, 1991; Nalecz, 1993). RPER is the difference between the energy needed to bring the vehicle to its rollover position and the rotational kinetic energy, which can be transferred into the gravitational potential energy to lift the vehicle. RPER is positive for
Magnetic field of Mars: Summary of results from the aerobraking and mapping orbits

The Mars Global Surveyor (MGS) Magnetic Field Investigation was designed to provide fast vector measurements of the ambient magnetic field in the near-Mars environment and over a wide dynamic range. The fundamental objectives of this investigation were to (1) establish the nature of the magnetic field of Mars; (2) develop appropriate models for its representation; and (3) map the Martian crustal remanent field (if one existed) to a resolution consistent with the spacecraft orbit altitude and ground track separation. Important and complementary objectives were the study of the interaction of Mars with the solar wind and of its ionosphere. The instrumentation is a synergistic combination of a twin-triaxial, fluxgate magnetometer system and an electron reflectometer. The twin-magnetometer system allows the real-time detection of spacecraft- generated fields, while the electron reflectometer adds remote magnetic field sensing capabilities as well as information about the local electron population. After Mars orbit injection in September 1997 and through the aerobraking (AB) and science-phasing orbits (SPO) that followed, observations were acquired from more than 1000 elliptical orbits with periapses ranging from 85 to 170 km above Mars' surface. Following injection into the final 400 km altitude circular-mapping orbit, data have been acquired from more than 6000 orbits in the fixed 0200 -1400 local time plane. Major results obtained so far by the Magnetometer/Electron Reflectometer (MAG/ER) investigation in the course of the mission include (1) the determination that Mars does not currently possess a magnetic field of internal origin (dynamo), (2) the discovery of linear, strongly magnetized regions in its crust, closely associated with the ancient, cratered terrain of the highlands in the southern hemisphere, and (3) multiple magnetic "cusps" that connect the crustal magnetic sources to the Martian tail and shocked solar wind plasma. The solar wind interaction with Mars is therefore similar in many ways to that at Venus and at an active comet, primarily an ionospheric/atmospheric interaction. A comet-like "magnetic pileup" region and boundary develop that stand off the solar wind, and mass loading by pickup ions of planetary origin plays an important role in defining interaction regions and overall geometry. This paper focuses primarily on the results obtained by the magnetometer (MAG) portion of the investigation during the MGS aerobraking, science-phasing, and mapping orbits. A companion paper on this issue summarizes the results obtained from the Electron Reflectometer (ER) sensor.
A Selective Review of Multimodal Fusion Methods in Schizophrenia

Schizophrenia (SZ) is one of the most cryptic and costly mental disorders in terms of human suffering and societal expenditure (van Os and Kapur, 2009). Though strong evidence for functional, structural, and genetic abnormalities associated with this disease exists, there is yet no replicable finding which has proven accurate enough to be useful in clinical decision making (Fornito et al., 2009), and its diagnosis relies primarily upon symptom assessment (Williams et al., 2010a). It is likely in part that the lack of consistent neuroimaging findings is because most models favor only one data type or do not combine data from different imaging modalities effectively, thus missing potentially important differences which are only partially detected by each modality (Calhoun et al., 2006a). It is becoming increasingly clear that multimodal fusion, a technique which takes advantage of the fact that each modality provides a limited view of the brain/gene and may uncover hidden relationships, is an important tool to help unravel the black box of schizophrenia. In this review paper, we survey a number of multimodal fusion applications which enable us to study the schizophrenia macro-connectome, including brain functional, structural, and genetic aspects and may help us understand the disorder in a more comprehensive and integrated manner. We also provide a table that characterizes these applications by the methods used and compare these methods in detail, especially for multivariate models, which may serve as a valuable reference that helps readers select an appropriate method based on a given research question.
erating Interactive Explanations

Existing approaches to text generation fail to consider how interactions with the user may be managed within a coherent explanation or description. This paper presents an approach to generating such interactive explanations based on two levels of discourse planning content planning and dialogue planning. The system developed allows aspects of the changing context to be monitored with an explanation, and the developing explanation to depend on this changing context. Interruptions from the user are allowed and dealt with (and resumed from) within the context of that explanation.
The International Registry on Hand and Composite Tissue Transplantation

Background. The International Registry on Hand and Composite Tissue Transplantation was founded in May 2002, and the analysis of all cases with follow-up information up to July 2010 is presented here. Methods. From September 1998 to July 2010, 49 hands (17 unilateral and 16 bilateral hand transplantations, including 1 case of bilateral arm transplantation) have been reported, for a total of 33 patients. They were 31 men and 2 women (median age 32 years). Time since hand loss ranged from 2 months to 34 years, and in 46% of cases, the level of amputation was at wrist. Immunosuppressive therapy included tacrolimus, mycophenolate mofetil, sirolimus, and steroids; polyclonal or monoclonal antibodies were used for induction. Topical immunosuppression was also used in several cases. Follow-up ranges from 1 month to 11 years. Results. One patient died on day 65. Three patients transplanted in the Western countries have lost their graft, whereas until September 2009, seven hand grafts were removed for noncompliance to the immunosuppressive therapy in China. Eighty-five percent of recipients experienced at least one episode of acute rejection within the first year, and they were reversible when promptly treated. Side effects included opportunistic infections, metabolic complications, and malignancies. All patients developed protective sensibility, 90% of them developed tactile sensibility, and 82.3% also developed a discriminative sensibility. Motor recovery enabled patients to perform most daily activities. Conclusions. Hand transplantation is a complex procedure, and its success is based on patient's compliance and his or her careful evaluation before and after transplantation.
Some acoustic characteristics and perceptual consequences of foreign accent in Dutch spoken by Turkish immigrant workers

From around 1960 onwards there has been a steady migration of mostly poorly educated workers from the Mediterranean area to the industrialized countries in Northern Europe. Thousands came to The Netherlands to take on menial Jobs, and were later followed by their families. It is now deemed unlikely that they will ever repatriate. The largest oontingent of Immigrant workers in The Netherlands are Turks (156,000 or just over \% of the total population).
A continuous speech recognition system using phonotactic constraints

This paper describes a speaker-independent recognition system for continuous German speech based on semicontinuous Hidden-Markov-Models which produces a phonetic transcription of the spoken sentence. The recognition units are parts of syllables while the output is a phoneme level transcription. During recognition, the phonotactic constraints of German are taken into account by a micro syntax constrained Viterbi algorithm. A maximum likelihood training procedure based on Viterbi training together with a simple but efficient seed model generation algorithm is presented.
Construction of a diphtheria toxin A fragment-C180 peptide fusion protein which elicits a neutralizing antibody response against diphtheria toxin and pertussis toxin

A genetically engineered gene fusion was constructed which encoded a nontoxic derivative of the A fragment of diphtheria toxin joined to the C180 peptide of the S1 subunit of pertussis toxin. The product of this gene fusion, termed the DTA-C180 protein, was purified from the periplasm of Escherichia coli to approximately 80% purity. The DTA-C180 protein possessed an apparent molecular weight of 43,000 by reduced sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. The DTA-C180 protein was cleaved into two tryptic peptides, which migrated with apparent molecular weights of approximately 22,000. One tryptic peptide reacted with diphtheria antitoxin, while the other tryptic peptide reacted with anti-C180 peptide immunoglobulin G. The DTA-C180 protein did not inhibit protein synthesis or stimulate clustering morphology in Chinese hamster ovary cells. The DTA-C180 protein elicited an immune response, in guinea pigs, against both the DTA and C180 peptide components of the fusion protein, with alum being a more efficient adjuvant than Freund's adjuvant for eliciting neutralization titers. Neutralization titers elicited by DTA-C180 protein were weaker than those elicited by diphtheria toxoid and pertussis toxin 9K/129G, a genetically engineered double mutant of pertussis toxin. Three doses of DTA-C180 protein yielded a neutralization titer of 1/750 against pertussis toxin in Chinese hamster ovary cells and a neutralization titer of 1/50 against diphtheria toxin in Vero cells. This is the first report of a protein derived from a recombinant S1 subunit that elicits a neutralizing titer against pertussis toxin.
Reducing the Cost of Dialogue System Training and Evaluation with Online, Crowd-Sourced Dialogue Data Collection

This paper presents and analyzes an approach to crowd-sourced spoken dialogue data collection. Our approach enables low cost collection of browser-based spoken dialogue interactions between two remote human participants (human-human condition) as well as one remote human participant and an automated dialogue system (human-agent condition). We present a case study in which 200 remote participants were recruited to participate in a fast-paced image matching game, and which included both human-human and human-agent conditions. We discuss several technical challenges encountered in achieving this crowd-sourced data collection, and analyze the costs in time and money of carrying out the study. Our results suggest the potential of crowdsourced spoken dialogue data to lower costs and facilitate a range of research in dialogue modeling, dialogue system design, and system evaluation.