Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Unfiltering Earth Radiation Budget Experiment (ERBE) Scanner Radiances Using the CERES Algorithm and Its Evaluation with Nonscanner Observations

AbstractThe NOAA-9 Earth Radiation Budget Experiment (ERBE) scanner measured broadband shortwave, longwave, and total radiances from February 1985 through January 1987. These scanner radiances are reprocessed using the more recent Clouds and the Earth’s Radiant Energy System (CERES) unfiltering algorithm. The scene information, including cloud properties, required for reprocessing is derived using Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer (AVHRR) data on board NOAA-9, while no imager data were used in the original ERBE unfiltering. The reprocessing increases the NOAA-9 ERBE scanner unfiltered longwave radiances by 1.4%–2.0% during daytime and 0.2%–0.3% during nighttime relative to those derived from the ERBE unfiltering algorithm. Similarly, the scanner unfiltered shortwave radiances increase by ~1% for clear ocean and land and decrease for all-sky ocean, land, and snow/ice by ~1%. The resulting NOAA-9 ERBE scanner unfiltered radiances are then compared with NOAA-9 nonscanner irradiances by integrating the.
Whole-Body Vibration Exercise Improves the Functionality in Postmenopausal Women: A Systematic Review

Background: Menopause is a natural phase in a woman's aging process. Menopause leads to the decrease of the estrogen levels, and in consequence the functionality worsening. Physical exercise can improve the functionality of postmenopausal woman. This review aimed to assess the effect of whole-body vibration exercise (WBVE) on the functionality of postmenopausal women. Methods: PRISMA guideline were used. Only English language were considered. Searches were conducted using relevant keywords for papers prior to Sep 16th, 2021, in Embase, Pubmed, The Cochrane Library, PED-ro, SPORTDiscus, Scopus, Web of Science and CINAHL databases. Results: Eight articles were selected to be in this systematic review. The mean score of methodological quality was moderate, the risk of bias was low for two studies, high for four studies, and unclear for two studies. The level of evidence of the studies was II. Improvements on muscle strength, jump, balance and maximum trunk flexion strength in the post menopause woman were reported. Conclusion: This systematic review demonstrated the functionality increase in postmenopausal women through WBVE. WBVE has been recommended as a non-pharmacological option relevant to postmenopausal management, helping to control the decline in bone density and symptoms related to osteoporosis and sarcopenia. However, further studies are needed to reinforce these findings.
Double and Nothing: Understanding and Detecting Cryptocurrency Giveaway Scams

—As cryptocurrencies increase in popularity and users obtain and manage their own assets, attackers are pivoting from just abusing cryptocurrencies as a payment mechanism, to stealing crypto assets from end users. In this paper, we report on the first large-scale analysis of cryptocurrency giveaway scams. Giveaway scams are deceptively simple scams where attackers set up webpages advertising fake events and promising users to double or triple the funds that they send to a specific wallet address. To understand the population of these scams in the wild we design and implement CryptoScamTracker, a tool that uses Certificate Transparency logs to identify likely giveaway scams. Through a 6-month-long experiment, CryptoScamTracker identified a total of 10,079 giveaway scam websites targeting users of all popular cryp- tocurrencies. Next to analyzing the hosting and domain preferences of giveaway scammers, we perform the first quantitative analysis of stolen funds using the public blockchains of the abused cryptocurrencies, extracting the transactions corresponding to 2,266 wallets belonging to scammers. We find that just for the scams discovered in our reporting period, attackers have stolen the equivalent of tens of millions of dollars, organizing large-scale campaigns across different cryptocurrencies. Lastly, we find evidence that attackers try to re-victimize users by offering fund-recovery services and that some victims send funds multiple times to the same scammers.
Correlating a template with video using an optical correlator

A common problem arising in optical processing is that problem dimensions often do not match the dimensions for the optical devices or optical architecture. Such is usually the case for time t in a video camera that provides continuous samples of x, y and time t. We wish to correlate incoming video data with a template video in real-time so we can see variations in time between the data and template. In block correlation we split the time sequence into segments that can be handled with the optical correlator. However, convolution of a data segment with a template leads to increased length relative to the input data. Because convolution in an optical correlator is computed in the frequency domain and sampled data is periodic in the frequency domain, the additional values are aliased and distort the result. There are two methods to remove errors due to aliasing: (a) the overlap and add (b) the overlap and save. We show how the optical correlator may be modified for the overlap and save method which seems to be simpler to implement than the overlap and add.
An Analysis of 3-D Object Characteristics Using Locally Linear Embedding

This paper explores the possibility of describing objects from the change in the shape according to the change in viewpoint. Specifically, we sample the shapes from various viewpoints of a 3-D model, and apply dimension reduction by locally linear embedding [1] . A low dimensional distribution of points are constructed, and characteristics of the object are described from this distribution. Also, we propose two 3-D retrieval methods by applying the iterative closest point algorithm, and by applying Fourier transform and measuring similarity by modified Housdorff distance, and present experimental results. The proposed method shows that the change of shape according to the change in viewpoint can describe the characteristics of an object.
Reexamining the Vertical Development of Tornadic Vortex Signatures in Supercells

AbstractObservations from a hybrid phased-array Doppler radar, the Mobile Weather Radar, 2005 X-band, Phased Array (MWR-05XP), were used to investigate the vertical development of tornadic vortex signatures (TVSs) during supercell tornadogenesis. Data with volumetric update times of ∼10 s, an order of magnitude better than that of most other mobile Doppler radars, were obtained up to storm midlevels during the formation of three tornadoes. It is found that TVSs formed upward with time during tornadogenesis for two cases. In a third case, missing low-level data prevented a complete time–height analysis of TVS development; however, TVS formation occurred first near the ground and then at storm midlevels several minutes later. These results are consistent with the small number of volumetric mobile Doppler radar tornadogenesis cases from the past ∼10 years, but counter to studies prior to that, in which a descending TVS was observed in roughly half of tornado cases utilizing Weather Surveillance Radar-1988 Do.
InfoMasker: Preventing Eavesdropping Using Phoneme-Based Noise

—With the wide deployment of microphone-equipped smart devices, more and more users have concerns that their voices would be secretly recorded. Recent studies show that microphones have nonlinearity and can be jammed by inaudi-ble ultrasound, which leads to the emergence of ultrasonic-based anti-eavesdropping research. However, existing solutions are implemented through energetic masking and require high energy to disturb human voice. Since ultrasonic noise can only remain inaudible at limited energy, such noise can merely cover a short distance and can be easily removed by adversaries, which makes these solutions impractical. In this paper, we explore the idea of informational masking, study the transmission and coverage constraints of ultrasonic jamming, and implement a highly effective anti-eavesdropping system, named InfoMasker. Specifically, we design a phoneme-based noise that is robust against denoising methods and can effectively prevent both humans and machines from understanding the jammed signals. We optimize the ultrasonic transmission method to achieve higher transmission energy and lower signal distortion, then implement a prototype of our system. Experimental results show that InfoMasker can effectively reduce the accuracy of all tested speech recognition systems to below 50% even at low energies (SNR=0), which is much better than existing noise designs.
Probabilities of Non-Positive Definite between-Group or Genetic Covariance Matrices

The probability (Q) that the estimated between-group covariance matrix is not positive deJinite is computed for the balanced single classlfication multivariate analysis of variance with random effects. It is shown that Q depends only on the roots of the matrix product of the inverse of the true within-group and the true between-group covariance matrices which, for independent variables, reduces to expressions in intra-class correlations. Values of Q are computedfor ranges of size of experiment, intra-class correlation and number of variables. Even for large experiments, Q can approach 100% if there are many variables, for example with 160 groups of size 10 and either 8 independent variables each with intra-class 0.025 or 14 variables each with intra-class correlation 0.0625. Some rationalization of the results is given in terms of the bias in the roots of the sample between-group covariance matrix. In genetic applications, the between-group covariance matrix is proportional to the genetic covariance matrix, if non-positive definite, heritabilities and ordinary or partial genetic correlations are outside their valid limits, and the effiect on selection index construction is discussed.
Attitude Determination Algorithm Based on Star Sensor

Star sensor is a very high accuracy instrument for attitude determination.The method of attitude determination based on star vector is studied.The formula to calculate attitude matrix with TRIAD algorithm,QUEST algorithm and EULERq algorithm are deduced theoretically.With the Wahba damp function as index,the features of the three algorithms are studied under conditions of certain direction cosine matrix,star observation vetor,and observation vector of star sensor with noise disturbance.The simulation results show the effectivity and correctness of above three algorithms according to a standard table of fixed stars.
MyTEE: Own the Trusted Execution Environment on Embedded Devices

We propose MyTEE to address the limitations of hosting TEE on embedded devices. It is designed with the harsh assumption that most TrustZone extensions are not supported (other than the security state of the CPU). In other words, TrustZone Address Space Controller (TZASC) and TrustZone Memory Adapter (TZMA) for memory access control, and TrustZone Protection Controller (TZPC) for establishing a secure IO channel, are not supported. The input/output memory management unit (IOMMU) for preventing malicious direct memory access (DMA) is not available either. Without such hardware security primitives, MyTEE isolates the TEE region, prevents DMA attacks, and dynamically builds a secure IO channel between the TEE and peripherals.
High counting rate gaseous x-ray detectors for synchrotron radiation applications (invited)

Multiwire gas proportional detectors have been used for many years on synchrotron radiation experiments and offer unrivaled dynamic range and detection efficiency but have been somewhat limited in count rate performance. We report here recent test results from two new rapid data acquisition systems developed at Daresbury and in addition the results of comparative tests on a new design of gas detector, the Microgap, and a gas Microstrip detector. Both designs appear capable of high rate ≳100 kHz/mm2 operation and combined with the new acquisition systems should begin to alleviate the count rate problems for some types of experiment.
Compressive tidal heating of a disk galaxy in a rich cluster

The restricted three-body method is used to model the effect of the mean tidal field of a cluster of galaxies on the internal dynamics of a disk galaxy falling into the cluster for the first time. In the model adopted the galaxy experiences a tidal field that is compressive within the core of the cluster. The planar random velocities of all components in the disk increase after the galaxy passes through the core of the cluster. The low-velocity dispersion gas clouds experience a relatively larger increase in random velocity than the hotter stellar components. The increase in planar velocities results in a strong anisotropy between the planar and vertical velocity dispersions. It is argued that this will make the disk unstable to the 'fire-hose instability' which leads to bending modes in the disk and which will thicken the disk slightly. The mean tidal fields in rich clusters were probably stronger during the epoch of cluster formation and relaxation than they are in present-day relaxed clusters.
Risk Factors of Non-alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease in the Iranian Adult Population: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis

Context: Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is progressing considerably worldwide. Identifying the risk factors of NAFLD is a critical step in preventing its progression. Methods: In November 2022, two independent researchers studied seven databases, including PubMed, ISI/WoS, ProQuest, Scopus, SID, Magiran, and Google Scholar, and reference list of relevant articles, searching studies that assessed NAFLD risk factors in the Iranian adult population. Heterogeneity between studies was assessed by Cochran’s test and its composition using I2 statistics. A random-effects model was used when heterogeneity was observed; otherwise, a fixed-effects model was applied. Egger’s regression test and Trim-and-Fill analysis were used to assess publication bias. Comprehensive Meta-analysis software (version 3) was used for the analyses of the present study. Results: The results of this study showed significant associations between NAFLD with age [n = 15, odds ratio (OR) = 2.12, 95% CI: 1.79 - 2.51], body mass index (n = 46, OR = 5.00, 95% CI: 3.34 - 7.49), waist circumference (n = 20, OR = 6.37, 95% CI: 3.25 - 12.48), waist-to-hip ratio (n = 17, OR = 4.72, 95% CI: 3.93 - 5.66), total cholesterol (n = 39, OR = 1.80, 95% CI: 1.52 - 2.13), high-density lipoprotein (n = 37, OR = 0.53, 95% CI: 0.44 - 0.65), low-density lipoprotein (n = 31, OR = 1.68, 95% CI: 1.38 - 2.05), triglyceride (n = 31, OR = 3.21, 95% CI: 2.67 - 3.87), alanine aminotransferase (n = 26, OR = 4.06, 95% CI: 2.94 - 5.62), aspartate aminotransferase (n = 27, OR = 2.16, 95% CI: 1.50 - 3.12), hypertension (n = 13, OR = 2.53, 95% CI: 2.32 - 2.77), systolic blood pressure (n = 13, OR = 1.83, 95% CI: 1.53 - 2.18), diastolic blood pressure (n = 14, OR = 1.80, 95% CI: 1.48 - 2.20), fasting blood sugar (n = 31,OR = 2.91, 95% CI: 2.11- 4.01), homeostatic model assessment for insulin resistance (n = 5, OR = 1.92, 95% CI: 1.48 - 2.59), diabetes mellitus (n = 15, OR = 3.04, 95% CI: 2.46 - 3.75), metabolic syndrome (n = 10, OR = 3.56, 95% CI: 2.79 - 4.55), and physical activity (n = 11, OR = 0.32, 95% CI: 0.24 - 0.43) (P < 0.05). Conclusions: In conclusion, several factors are significantly associated with NAFLD. However, anthropometric indices had the strongest relationship with NAFLD in the Iranian adult population.
Bounds on Quantities of Physical Interest

In many computational simulations there are identifiable quantities of physical interest which are weighted integrals of the solution of a boundary or initial value problem. Examples include lift and drag in aerodynamics and well productions in reservoir simulations. Methods that can bound these quantities sharply are therefore of considerable practical importance. Although existing theory can sometimes be used to construct theoretical bounds on these quantities, for example those governed by a self-adjoint operator, it has not hitherto been exploited in a practical context. In this thesis, novel applications of these bounds have been devised and implemented for a number of model problems. In particular, the upscaling problem experienced in the oil industry, which is governed by the steady state diffusion equation, is addressed by finding bounds on the well outflow. Extensions to the theory for problems involving non-self-adjoint operators, which enable computable bounds to be determined for quantities of physical interest, are developed using two approaches. Firstly, semi-discrete approximations are considered for the time-dependent diffusion equations and the advection-diffusion equation, although this approach does not lead to direct bounds on the analytic quantity of interest. However, such bounds are found by effectively squaring the operator, and this second method is successfully applied to the advection equation. Finally, the construction of a grid refinement procedure to optimise the accuracy of the bounds and efficient numerical techniques for the determination of these physical quantities are considered.
Empirical low-field mobility model for III-V compounds applicable in device simulation codes

A Caughey–Thomas-like mobility model with temperature and composition dependent coefficients is used in this work to describe the dependence of electron and hole mobilities on temperature, doping concentration, and alloy composition. Appropriate parameter sets are given for a large number of III–V binary and ternary compounds, including: GaAs, InP, InAs, AlAs, GaP, Al0.3Ga0. 7As, In0.52Al0. 48As, In0.53Ga0. 47As, and In0.49Ga0. 51P. Additionally, physically justifiable interpolation schemes are suggested to find the mobilities of various ternary and quaternary compounds (such as AlxGa1−xAs, In1−xGaxP, In1−xGaxAs, In1−xAlxAs, and In1−xGaxAsyP1−y) in the entire range of composition. The models are compared with numerous measured Hall data in the literature and very good agreement is observed. The limitations of the present model are also discussed. The results of this work should be extremely useful in device simulation packages, which are currently lacking a reliable mobility model for the above materials.
A SERIES OF EDGE CRACKED FLATTENED RING(DISC) SPECIMENS FOR DETERMINING FRACTURE TOUGHNESS:NUMERICAL ANALYSIS AND CALIBRATION RESULTS

A series of new specimens were proposed for testing the toughness of mode I fractures:flattened ring with edge cracks,semicircular flattened ring with edge cracks,edge cracked semicircular flattened disc,and their counterparts without flattened ends.Finite element method was used to calibrate the dimensionless stress intensity factor of these specimens and analyse and curve fit the variation of the stress intensity factor.The results reveal that for the edge cracked(flattened) ring,the curve of dimensionless stress intensity factor versus dimensionless crack length appear to be ascending succeeded by descending;so the critical point can be identified directly from the corresponding load-displacement curve based on this unique property,bringing convenience for measuring the material's fracture toughness.The edge cracked flattened semicircular disc also has such property,but wider flattened ends should be chosen.While the edge cracked semicircular disc and edge cracked(flattened) semicircular ring do not have this unique characteristics.In addition,in the preliminary experimental test,the fracture toughness of a sandstone determined with the edge cracked flattened semicircular disc and the edge cracked flattened semicircular ring coincides respectively with the results derived with the specimen suggested by the International Society for Rock Mechanics.
On linear equations of anisotropic elastic plates

Abstract : A generalized Hamilton's principle and the associated variational equation of motion for linear and anisotropic elastic plates are deduced from their counterpart in general elasticity theory through expansion of the displacement and strain in infinite power series in the manner of Cauchy and Mindlin, and by carrying out the integration in the thickness direction of the plate.
HeteroScore: Evaluating and Mitigating Cloud Security Threats Brought by Heterogeneity

—Cloud computing has emerged as a critical part of commercial computing infrastructure due to its computing power, data storage capabilities, scalability, software/API integration, and convenient billing features. At the early stage of cloud computing, the majority of clouds are homogeneous, i.e., most machines are identical. It has been proven that heterogeneity in the cloud, where a variety of machine configurations exist, provides higher performance and power efficiency for applications. This is because heterogeneity enables applications to run in more suitable hardware/software environments. In recent years, the adoption of heterogeneous cloud has increased with the integration of a variety of hardware into cloud systems to serve the requirements of increasingly diversified user applications. At the same time, the emergence of security threats, such as micro-architectural attacks, is becoming a more critical problem for cloud users and providers. It has been demonstrated (e.g., Repttack and Cloak & Co-locate) that the prerequisite of micro-architectural attacks, the co-location of attack and victim instances, is easier to achieve in the heterogeneous cloud. This also means that the ease of attack is not just related to the heterogeneity of the cloud but increases with the degree of heterogeneity. However, there is a lack of numerical metrics to define, quantify or compare the heterogeneity of one cloud environment with another. In this paper, we propose a novel metric called Heterogeneity Score (HeteroScore), which quantitatively evaluates the heterogeneity of a cluster. We demonstrate that HeteroScore is closely connected to security against co-location attacks. Furthermore, we propose mitigation techniques to trade-off heterogeneity offered with security. We believe this is the first quantitative study that evaluates cloud heterogeneity and links heterogeneity to infrastructure security.
Testing for random individual effects using recursive residuals

This paper derives a simple ANOVA-F-statistic which tests for random individual effects in a one-way error component model, using recursive residuals. Power comparisons are performed for this F-test when it is computed using true disturbances and recursive residuals from a panel data regression. Under the null, both statistics have an exact F distribution. The standardized version of the Breusch and Pagan (1980) Lagrange Multiplier test (SLM) as well as a fixed effects F-statistic (FE) recommended by Moulton and Randolph (1989), are also included in this comparison. The exact power function can be computed in all cases using Imhof's (1961) procedure. Our results suggest that the F-test based on recursive residuals is inferior to the popular SLM and FE tests based on computational simplicity, power comparisons and its sensitivity to the K observations starting the recursion.
A Generalized Non‐Autonomous SIRVS Model

A non‐autonomous SIRVS epidemic model, with incidence rates are represented by functions φ(t,S)I and ψ(t,V)I, where S, I and V stand for the Susceptible, Infective and Vaccinated populations respectively, is proposed. The global dynamics of the system is investigated and sufficient conditions for the permanence and extinction of the infection are obtained. In particular numbers to measure the force of infection in terms of the threshold conditions are provided. Numerical simulations are performed to validate the analytical theory. Examples with periodic functions are used to describe phenomena of common diseases.