Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Academies, free schools and social justice

Academies were introduced into the English education system in 2000 by Tony Blair’s Labour government as part of its Learning and Skills Act. They were originally called ‘City Academies’ and were designed to tackle social injustice by targeting children in the inner-cities where many schools were perceived to be failing. They were described as ‘a radical approach’ to ‘breaking the cycle of underperformance and low expectations’ and would replace ‘seriously failing schools’ which were perceived to be found in the cities (Blunket 2010). They were trumpeted as a radical innovation but, in practice, there were strong connections to previous initiatives by Conservative governments in the forms of City Technology Colleges and sponsored grant-maintained schools. Similar to City Technology Colleges, City Academies were officially independent schools, but maintained by the state and funded by central government directly rather than through local authorities. This allowed the schools to opt out of the details of the national curriculum and employ teachers on their own salary scales and terms of employment. City Academies also had sponsors who were originally expected to give £2 million towards the capital costs and who would henceforth have a controlling interest in the school. They also followed the CTCs in having a specialism, but they were no longer just restricted to technology, but could specialise in modern foreign languages, visual arts, performing arts or media arts, sport or ‘any subject specified by order of the Secretary of State’. There were further changes in the Education Act 2002 including the word ‘City’ being dropped such that these new schools became simply ‘Academies’ and could be established outside of cities as well. The first three Academies opened in 2002, nine more in 2003, and five more in 2004. Over the period of Labour government, the nature of Academies changed. At first, they were designed to replace existing failing schools but, by 2004, the expectation had widened to include entirely new schools where there was a demand for new places. Such Academies were not called Free Schools at this point, but they had many similarities with them as they allowed sponsors to start new schools. Later, ‘successful’ private schools and universities were encouraged to become sponsors and they were allowed to do so without any financial input. By the end of Tony Blair’s term in office, there were 83 Academies in operation, with many more due to open in future years and a plan for 400 by 2010. Five of this total were formerly City Technology Colleges. There were greater changes when the Conservative-Liberal Coalition government took power in 2010, for they introduced two new types of Academy. Whilst the original Academies were based on the idea of closing poor schools and replacing them by dramatically redesigned and restructured ones, the 2010 Academies Act allowed existing highly
Monetary Policy and Economic Activity in the BRICS

This paper provides time-series and panel evidence on the monetary policy transmission for five key emerging market economies: Brazil, Russia, India, China and South Africa (BRICS). The analysis is based on a Bayesian vector auto-regression (VAR) model that includes seven key variables. Instead of the conventional Choleski decomposition as used in the literature, Bayesian methodology has been used to identify the monetary policy (positive interest rate) shock along with using the more recent sign restrictions approach. Finally, to summarise the response for this group of key emerging market economies, we carry out a panel VAR exercise, which provides further robustness of our finding that contractionary monetary policy has a negative effect on output. These results are robust to changes in the specification, the methodology and sub-sample time horizon.
Impact of Afferent Inputs on Purkinje Cell Spiking Patterns and Motor Coordination

textabstractThe brain is what makes us human. Feelings, memories, complex social interactions, language and movement – all of it originates in the brain. On average, the human brain contains approximately 50–100 billion neurons that communicate with each other through the vast network of 100 – 500 trillion connections called synapses. More than half of the total number of neurons make a structure called the cerebellum. In vertebrates, the cerebellum (Latin for little brain) controls movement and monitors its efficiency by collecting sensory information such as visual cues, limb positions and balance. This information is necessary to adequately respond to the environment by controlling and correcting the movements. Historically, since the 18th century when Arne – Charles Lorry showed that the damage to this structure results in loss of motor coordination1, the cerebellum has been known to be involved in motor coordination. In the 19th century neurophysiologists such as Luigi Rolando and Jean Pierre Flourens revealed that animals with cerebellar damage can still move, but with a loss of coordination and that recovery after the lesion can be nearly complete unless the lesion is very extensive2. The milestone for understanding the cerebellum was placed by the research of Camillo Golgi and Satiago Ramon y Cajal in the late 1800s. The work of these anatomists enabled visualization of individual neurons revealing for the first time the structural organization of the brain, including the cerebellum. More than a century later researchers still battle with two main questions. Firstly, how does the cerebellar function contribute and/or results in such a sophisticated level of motor coordination that enables us to do things like playing the violin or ballroom dancing? Secondly, how do we acquire those new motor skills? The cerebellar network seems to be holding the key to answering both of those questions. It has the capacity to process the sensory information and translate it into a motor command. In this thesis, we describe the effects of alteration in the cerebellar system unraveling the possible role of its afferent inputs.
Transmission of Discrete Constellations under Strong Interference

Transmission with discrete constellations is considered over the two-user Gaussian interference channel. % under strong interference. The boundaries between the very strong, strong and weak interference regime are examined. Achievable regions are then found for the two-user Gaussian interference channel under strong interference for rates that can be attained using receivers of small complexity.
The element-gain paradox for a phased-array antenna

In a phased-array antenna with a very large number of regularly-spaced radiating elements, the gain realized at the beam peak is equal to the number of elements times the gain realized in the same direction when only one typical element is excited. The ideal radiation pattern of one such element in a large planar array has a cosine variation of gain with angle when the elements are closely spaced, and has a peak value of gain equal to 4\pi A/\lambda^{2} where A is the area allotted to each element. The active impedance of each element in a practical phased array varies with scan angle, because of mutual coupling between the elements. The associated mismatch causes power to be returned to the generators, thereby reducing the gain realized by the array and by the element. The element pattern, measured in the proper environment of surrounding elements, deviates from the ideal pattern in proportion to this effect. Mutual coupling is inherently unavoidable in a closely-spaced infinite array of elements; for example, in a square array with less than \lambda/\sqrt{2} spacing. There is a loss of element efficiency caused by the coupling, and since coupling increases with closer spacing, this accounts for the lower gain expected from ideal elements with reduced allotted area. Grating lobes can exist when the elements are not closely spaced; for example, in a square array with more than \lambda/2 spacing. In this case, the ideal pattern is truncated to discriminate against grating lobes; this gives the higher gain expected from ideal elements with larger allotted area. It is concluded that in a phased-array antenna having a very large number of regularly-spaced radiating elements, perfect impedance match for all scan angles can be postulated for every typical element without encountering any real discrepancy in the determination of element gain. In the absence of grating lobes, such an antenna would realize the greatest possible gain for all scan angles.
Dominant organizational logic as an impediment to collaboration

Purpose – This paper aims to establish the role of dominant logics to assess the success potential of strategic alliances.Design/methodology/approach – An empirical validation of an approach based on the theory of conventions was carried out through an analysis of strategic alliances initiated by Apple involving the licensing of the Macintosh operating system.Findings – The analysis reveals the presence of modes of justification issuing from the world of inspiration, which seems to oppose the merchant and industrial worlds, which are most conducive to successful strategic alliances.Originality/value – The analysis of dominant logics within Apple Computer demonstrate that the inspirational logic is opposed to all forms of strategic alliances.
The Role of Mammalian Target of Rapamycin Inhibitors in the Treatment of Advanced Renal Cancer

Inhibitors of the mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) have shown promising efficacy in early-stage trials in patients with advanced renal cell carcinoma (RCC). Most RCCs have been shown to possess biallelic alterations in the von Hippel-Lindau (VHL) gene, resulting in accumulation of hypoxia-inducible factors 1α and 2α, as well as their downstream targets including vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF). The observed clinical efficacy of mTOR inhibitors in patients with RCC may be mediated in part by the dependence of efficient hypoxia-inducible factor translation on the mTOR pathway. mTOR inhibitors have entered more advanced phase clinical trials either as single agents or in combination with other targeted agents or IFN, which might ultimately result in regulatory approval of one or more agents. Given the likely nonoverlapping mechanism of action of mTOR inhibitors and VEGF pathway–targeted agents, mTOR inhibitors may prove useful if administered in combination or after resistance to VEGF inhibitors. With an increasing number of active agents for treatment of patients with RCC, efforts must continue to develop patient selection models based on predictive biomarkers to direct therapy to appropriate patients.
A cross-sectional study of female sexual function and dysfunction during pregnancy.

INTRODUCTION Although women may undergo changes in sexual function during pregnancy, there are limited studies correlating possible sexual function changes to androgen blood levels during the pregnancy. AIM To search for a possible correlation, we performed a cross-sectional observational study to assess sexual function scores and androgen blood levels of women during pregnancy. MATERIALS AND METHODS A total of 589 healthy pregnant women were recruited to the present cross-sectional study. Of these patients, 116 (19.6%), 220 (37.3%), and 253 (42.9%) were in their first, second, and third trimesters, respectively. They were evaluated with a detailed medical and sexual history, including IFSF questionnaire. In addition, maternal serum androgen levels (testosterone, dehydroepiandrosterone sulphate, free testosterone) were determined in each trimester during regular follow-ups. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Assessment of Index of Female Sexual Function (IFSF) domains and serum androgen levels in each trimester. RESULTS The mean age of the three groups were similar (P > 0.05). Overall, total IFSF scores of women in the first and second trimesters were 21.4 +/- 10.1 and 22.3 +/- 10, respectively, while it was 15.9 +/- 12.3 during the third trimester (P < 0.05). The most common sexual dysfunction symptom was diminished clitoral sensation, observed in 94.2% of the patients, followed by lack of libido in 92.6% and orgasmic disorder in 81%. No correlation was detected between total IFSF score and serum androgen levels. CONCLUSION In this cross-sectional study, we noted lower sexual function scores in women in the third trimester of their pregnancies compared with those in their first two trimesters of pregnancy. These lower sexual function scores in the third trimester were not associated with lower androgen levels. We plan to perform a future prospective study to better assess both the change in sexual function and also its possible relation to androgen levels in pregnant women.
How will social media affect museum communication

Social media enable cultural participants to both explore images of themselves and distribute those images across broad online social networks. Museums worldwide are starting to use social media such as blogs, wikis and vlogs to engage online participants with new interactive experiences. This represents a shift in the ways in which museums: • act as trusted cultural online networks; • distribute community knowledge; and • view their role as custodians of cultural content. It is this broader distribution of community knowledge which sets social media technologies apart from more traditional outreach models where museums work with audiences. As the products of social media are readily available online, their existence within museum communication programs presents debate around an institution’s investment in its own continuing cultural authority. This paper will investigate some of the issues surrounding the use of social media in museum programs and will argue that there are strong epistemological reasons for social media to add value to museum programs.
A Povidone‐Iodine Skin Cleanser Foam in the Management of Acne Vulgaris

INTRODUCTION The current approach to the therapy of acne vulgaris relies heavily on the use of topical and systemic antibacterial agents. often in combination with keratolytics. This does not necessarily imply that the balance between saprophytic and hormonal factors in the pathogenesis of this common condition lies in favour of the former. However. with the exception of the female patient who shows a favourable response when taking oral contraceptives. attempted intervention in the endocrine disturbances is seldom, if ever. justified by the severity of the condition. A combination of topical antibacterial and keratolytic is believed to achieve sufficient penetration to control the gram-positive organisms such as staphylococcus in the superficial anaerobic region of the follicle. the incidental desquamation being beneficial in reducing follicular retention. Systemic therapy is of little value for the purpose of treating the epidermal layer owing to the poor vascularisation of the region. However, systemic antibiotics are of value in reducing corynebacteria spp. in the deeper anaerobic layers of the follicle. these organisms being implicated in the production of free fatty acids that trigger the inflammatory reaction. In view of the present trend away from the nonessential use of topical antibiotics and the current awareness of the toxicity risks associated with hexachlorophane (Goutieres and Aicardi, 1977). it was decided to evaluate a recently introduced povidone-iodine (BETADlNE) Skin Cleanser Foam. Povidone-Iodine has been shown capable of establishing a lasting reduction in the skin flora (Connel and Rousselot, 1964) and is virtually non-toxic (Greenberg, 1961). An earlier study has shown it effective in degreasing the skin whilst retaining the natural acid mantle (Hudson. 1973). It has also been found to be effective in the control of mild acne vulgaris (Millikan. 1976).
Expert systems in production and operations management: Current applications and future prospects

Defines an expert system (ES) as a decision‐making tool that captures perishable expertise from an expert and stores this knowledge in the computer, and also as a computer system that can solve problems using human expertise and knowledge of the system environment. Notes that expert systems have found many applications in the area of production and operations management (POM). Explains the key role of the ES as a management tool to enhance productivity, improve quality, increase profits and capture expertise in many business settings. Highlights that the field of POM has a heavy orientation towards problem solving and decision making, hence it is a very fertile area for application for ES. Evaluates the current use of ES in POM and discusses future prospects.
Abortion surveillance--United States, 2002.

PROBLEM/CONDITION CDC began abortion surveillance in 1969 to document the number and characteristics of women obtaining legal induced abortions. REPORTING PERIOD COVERED This report summarizes and describes data voluntarily reported to CDC regarding legal induced abortions obtained in the United States in 2002. DESCRIPTION OF SYSTEM For each year since 1969, CDC has compiled abortion data by state or area of occurrence. During 1973-1997, data were received from or estimated for 52 reporting areas in the United States: 50 states, the District of Columbia, and New York City. In 1998 and 1999, CDC compiled abortion data from 48 reporting areas. Alaska, California, New Hampshire, and Oklahoma did not report, and data for these states were not estimated. For 2000-2002, Oklahoma again reported these data, increasing the number of reporting areas to 49. RESULTS A total of 854,122 legal induced abortions were reported to CDC for 2002 from 49 reporting areas, representing a 0.1% increase from the 853,485 legal induced abortions reported by the same 49 reporting areas for 2001. The abortion ratio, defined as the number of abortions per 1,000 live births, was 246 in 2002, the same as reported for 2001. The abortion rate was 16 per 1,000 women aged 15-44 years for 2002, the same as for 2001. For the same 48 reporting areas, the abortion rate remained relatively constant during 1997-2002. The highest percentages of reported abortions were for women who were unmarried (82%), white (55%), and aged <25 years (51%). Of all abortions for which gestational age was reported, 60% were performed at < or =8 weeks' gestation and 88% at <13 weeks. From 1992 (when detailed data regarding early abortions were first collected) through 2002, steady increases have occurred in the percentage of abortions performed at < or =6 weeks' gestation. A limited number of abortions was obtained at >15 weeks' gestation, including 4.1% at 16-20 weeks and 1.4% at > or =21 weeks. A total of 35 reporting areas submitted data stating that they performed and enumerated medical (nonsurgical) procedures, accounting for 5.2% of all known reported procedures from the 45 areas with adequate reporting on type of procedure. INTERPRETATION During 1990-1997, the number of legal induced abortions gradually declined. When the same 48 reporting areas were compared, the number of abortions decreased during 1996-2001, then slightly increased in 2002. In 2000 and 2001, even with one additional reporting state, the number of abortions declined slightly, with a minimal increase in 2002. PUBLIC HEALTH ACTION Abortion surveillance in the United States continues to provide the data necessary for examining trends in numbers and characteristics of women who obtain legal induced abortions and to increase understanding of this pregnancy outcome. Policymakers and program planners use these data to improve the health and well-being of women and infants.
First-in-Human Study of AMG 820, a Monoclonal Anti-Colony-Stimulating Factor 1 Receptor Antibody, in Patients with Advanced Solid Tumors

Purpose: Binding of colony-stimulating factor 1 (CSF1) ligand to the CSF1 receptor (CSF1R) regulates survival of tumor-associated macrophages, which generally promote an immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment. AMG 820 is an investigational, fully human CSF1R antibody that inhibits binding of the ligands CSF1 and IL34 and subsequent ligand-mediated receptor activation. This first-in-human phase I study evaluated the safety, pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics, and antitumor activity of AMG 820. Experimental Design: Adult patients with relapsed or refractory advanced solid tumors received intravenous AMG 820 0.5 mg/kg once weekly or 1.5 to 20 mg/kg every 2 weeks until disease progression, adverse event (AE), or consent withdrawal. Results: Twenty-five patients received ≥1 dose of AMG 820. AMG 820 was tolerated up to 20 mg/kg; the MTD was not reached. One dose-limiting toxicity was observed (20 mg/kg; nonreversible grade 3 deafness). Most patients (76%) had treatment-related AEs; the most common were periorbital edema (44%), increased aspartate aminotransferase (AST; 28%), fatigue (24%), nausea (16%), increased blood alkaline phosphatase (12%), and blurred vision (12%). No patients had serious or fatal treatment-related AEs; 28% had grade ≥3 treatment-related AEs. Grade 3 AST elevations resolved when treatment was withheld. AMG 820 showed linear pharmacokinetics, with minimal accumulation (<2-fold) after repeated dosing. Pharmacodynamic increases in serum CSF1 concentrations and reduced numbers of skin macrophages were observed. Best response was stable disease in 8 patients (32%). Conclusions: AMG 820 was tolerated with manageable toxicities up to 20 mg/kg every 2 weeks. Pharmacodynamic response was demonstrated, and limited antitumor activity was observed. Clin Cancer Res; 23(19); 5703–10. ©2017 AACR.
Injunctive Peer Misperceptions and the Mediation of Self-Approval on Risk for Driving After Drinking Among College Students

Of the alcohol-related risks faced by college students, it is arguable that none presents a greater public health hazard than driving after drinking (DAD). The present study examined the extent to which students' injunctive misperceptions toward DAD predicted the likelihood to engage in DAD and how this relation was mediated by self-approval of DAD. Participants were 2,848 college students (59.1% female, 64.6% Caucasian) from two U.S. West Coast universities who completed confidential web-based surveys assessing DAD beliefs and behaviors. Results revealed that respondents tended to overestimate their peers' approval toward DAD. Moreover, the subgroups likely to engage in DAD—men, 21 + years of age, Greek affiliated students, Caucasians, students with a family history of alcohol abuse—were also more likely to misperceive (i.e., overestimate) their peers' level of approval toward DAD. Using binary logistic regression analyses, self-approval of DAD emerged as an important statistical mediator in the relation between misperception of typical student approval toward DAD and engagement in DAD. Results point to the considerable role injunctive peer misperceptions may play in the pathways leading to drinking-driving risk. These findings provide preliminary support for DAD-specific social normative interventions, either complementing or supplementing existing alcohol interventions. By targeting high-risk student subgroups and communicating accurate drinking-driving norms, these proposed interventions have the potential to reduce self-approval and incidence of DAD.