Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Evaluating the impact of multisensor data assimilation on a global aerosol particle transport model

By evaluating quality‐assured Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) Dark Target (DT), MODIS Deep Blue (DB), Multiangle Imaging Spectroradiometer (MISR), and Cloud‐Aerosol Lidar with Orthogonal Polarization (CALIOP) aerosol products assimilated into the U. S. Navy Aerosol Analysis and Prediction System (NAAPS), the impact of single‐sensor and multisensor data assimilation on aerosol optical depth (AOD) analysis and forecast skill is characterized using ground‐based Level 2 Aerosol Robotic Network (AERONET) data sets during the 2007 boreal summer (June–August 2007). The single‐sensor assimilation experiment suggests that all products tested can improve NAAPS performance on a regional or a global scale. The multisensor assimilation experiment suggests that model improvement is greatest with the combined use of Terra and Aqua MODIS DT products, largely due to data density. Incremental improvements are identified, as a function of data density, over regions such as the Saharan desert when adding MISR and MODIS DB products. The inclusion of CALIOP data is mass‐neutral by definition and has an insignificant impact on the NAAPS 00 h analysis. CALIOP assimilation does improve the 48 h forecast from NAAPS due to more accurate 00 h vertical distribution and hence forecasted advection. Root‐mean‐square errors exceeding 0.1 are found over East Asia and North Africa for both the NAAPS analysis and satellite AOD data, indicating that satellite aerosol products in these two regions need improvement. Similarly, low correlation is found between NAAPS and AERONET over Australia, even with the use of all available satellite aerosol products, suggesting that more detailed examination of some critical regions is necessary.
Diagnosing dementia in the Arctic: translating tools and developing and validating an algorithm for assessment of impaired cognitive function in Greenland Inuit

ABSTRACT Background: The ageing Arctic populations raise the need for work-up of cognitive function that reflects language and cultural understandings. Aim: To translate and evaluate tools for work-up of cognitive impairment in Greenland. Methods: Step A: An expert panel was established to select tools suitable for the work-up of cognitive impairment at three different settings in Greenland. Step B: Tools were translated in a multiple-step process of independent translations with back-translation and adaptations by two independent translators and two Greenlandic physicians. Step C: a testing and validation process of the tools at three locations: the national hospital in the capital city; regional hospital in a town; health care centre in a small town. Results: Tools selected were Mini-Cog and RUDAS. Participants for testing of tools were 43 of 61 invited, of which six had dementia. RUDAS and Mini-Cog scores were associated (p < 0.001). The smoothed AUC was 0.87 (95%-CI, 0.65–0.95) for Mini-Cog and 0.90 (95%-CI, 0.76–0.97) for RUDAS. The sensitivity of Mini-Cog with a cut-off at ≤3 was 83.3%, and specificity was 62.2%. For RUDAS with a cut-off at ≤23, these were 100% and 75.7%, respectively. Conclusion: Requested tools have been translated for assessing cognitive function in the native Arctic setting. Small town residents with a Mini-Cog score of 3 or lower should be referred to a regional hospital for RUDAS, and a score of 23 or less should cause referral to the national hospital for a full work-up of cognitive function.
Fructose Promotes Leaky Gut, Endotoxemia and Liver Fibrosis through CYP2E1‐Mediated Oxidative and Nitrative Stress

Section of Molecular Pharmacology and Toxicology, Laboratory of Membrane Biochemistry and Biophysics, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA, Department of Food and Nutrition, Andong National University, Andong, Kyungpook, South Korea, Mast Cell Biology Section, Laboratory of Allergic Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892-1881, USA, Laboratory of Liver Diseases, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA, Department of Forensic Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea.
Correction to “Application of the model of small‐scale convection under the island arc to the NE Honshu subduction zone”

[1] In the paper ‘‘Application of the model of small-scale convection under the island arc to the NE Honshu subduction zone’’ by Satoru Honda and Takeyoshi Yoshida (Geochemistry, Geophysics, Geosystems, 6, Q01002, doi:10.1029/ 2004GC00785, 2005), we found several typographical errors in the text, vacant entries in Table 1, and wrong representations in the figures. The corrections are as follows: (1) In paragraph [48], ‘‘S9D’’ should be read as ‘‘S5D. ’’ (2) In the third sentence from the bottom of paragraph [50], ‘‘S3B’’ should be read as ‘‘S3D. ’’ (3) In Figure 6a, ‘‘1200 * cot(p/6)’’ should be read as ‘‘600 * cot(p/6)’’ (corrected part shown in red and enclosed in a red box). (4) In Figure 13, the numerals shown in the scales should be halved (i.e., 10.5 ! 5.25; corrected parts shown in red and enclosed in red boxes). (5) In Figure 15, ‘‘S9D’’ should be read as ‘‘S5D’’ (corrected part shown in red and enclosed in a red box). (6) We show the corrected Table 1 below. The entry S3C is corrected (geometry ‘‘S’’ was not shown previously), and new entries (S5D and S9D) are inserted. G Geochemistry Geophysics Geosystems
How Good Are Neuron Models?

A recent competition encouraged modelers to predict neuronal activity. Which neuron model performed the best? Opinions strongly diverge on what constitutes a good model of a neuron (1–3). Two lines of thought on this have coexisted for a long time: detailed biophysical models (of the style proposed in 1952 by the physiologists Alan Hodgkin and Andrew Huxley) that describe ion channels on the tree-like spatial structure of the neuronal cell (4), and simple “integrate-and-fire” models based on the much older insight that pulsatile electrical activity (known as an action potential or spike) is a threshold process. Electrophysiologists generally prefer the biophysical models, familiar with the notion of ion channels that open and close (and hence, alter neuronal activity) depending on environmental conditions. Theoreticians, by contrast, typically prefer simple neuron models with few parameters that are amenable to mathematical analysis. Earlier this year, following previous attempts at model comparison on a smaller scale (5), the International Neuroinformatics Coordinating Facility (INCF) launched an international competition (6) that allowed a quantitative comparison of neuron models.
A Late Oligocene Suprasubduction Setting in the Westernmost Mediterranean Revealed by Intrusive Pyroxenite Dikes in the Ronda Peridotite (Southern Spain)

Contrasting tectonic reconstructions of the westernmost Mediterranean have been proposed to explain the origin of the Alboran marine basin contemporaneously with Cenozoic convergence between the African and European plates. Cr-rich pyroxenites in the Ronda massif record the geochemical processes occurring in the subcontinental mantle of the Alboran domain in the Late Oligocene, thus constraining the geodynamic scenario of Cenozoic extension in the western Mediterranean lithosphere. Clinopyroxene in intrusive Cr-rich websterite dikes crosscutting the Ronda peridotite is strongly depleted in Nb-Ta and enriched in light rare earth elements, as typically observed in arc magmas, and is in trace element equilibrium with Neogene subduction-related lavas from the western and central Mediterranean. Sr-Nd-Pb radiogenic isotopes indicate that the mantle source of the Ronda pyroxenite dikes was contaminated by a subduction component released by detrital sediments likely deposited in passive continental margins. Rather than convective removal or delamination of the lithospheric root, our data strongly support Alboran geodynamic models that envisage slab rollback as the tectonic mechanism responsible for the Miocene lithospheric thinning. The Ronda Cr-rich pyroxenite dikes represent the earliest unambiguous manifestation of subduction-related magmatism in the western Mediterranean and testify to the involvement of terrigenous sediments in the primitive stages of subduction.
XXIV.—The Entomostraca of the Scottish National Antarctic Expedition, 1902–1904

The Entomostraca recorded here were collected by the S.Y. Scotia on its way to and from the Antarctic, and also while carrying on investigations there during the years 1902 to 1904. The Entomostraca in these collections belong chiefly to the Copepoda, but the Cladocera and Ostracoda are also represented, the last by a considerable number of species. These three groups are described below in the order mentioned.
Studies of the Polar Middle and Lower Atmosphere by an MST Radar on Svalbard

This paper describes scientific subjects important in the middle atmosphere in the polar region, considering the effects of phenomena unique to the high latitudes as well as the coupling processes between the neutral and ionized atmosphere. We are particularly pointing out the relevant application of an MST (mesosphere-stratosphere-troposphere) radar for observations of middle and lower atmospheric structure and dynamics. We briefly summarize fundamental techniques of the MST radar. Then, we survey phenomena that are exclusively detected in the polar atmosphere, such as precipitation of high energy particles, aurora) electrojet, stratospheric sudden warming, the polar vortex or a polar night-jet, PSC (polar stratospheric cloud) associated with ozone depletion and PMSE (polar summer mesospheric echoes), related to NLC (noctilucent clouds). Among these phenomena there are certain topics that need to be studied with an MST radar in addition to the multitude ofother complementary experiments which are already applied for these studies in the Arctic and Antarctic. Finally, we discuss a realization of an MST radar operated on 50 MHz, which should be established in conjunction with the Svalbard incoherent scatter radar operated on 500 MHz.
Mm : A variable‐period mantle magnitude

This paper lays the theoretical groundwork for a variable period mantle magnitude, Mm, based on the measurement of the spectral amplitude X(ω) of very long period Rayleigh waves. We retain the concept of magnitude by restricting ourselves to single-station measurements, ignoring the focal mechanism and the exact depth of the shallow earthquakes considered. Our measurements are made at a series of periods (in all cases greater than 40 s), and the largest value is retained. This procedure effectively avoids the well-known interference effects leading to saturation of magnitude scales defined at a fixed period. Two corrections are used: a period-dependent distance correction CD, and a source correction Cs, also period-dependent, compensating for the variation of the excitation of Rayleigh waves with period. Both of these corrections are fully predictable on the basis of standard surface wave excitation and dispersion theory. The result is a formula of the type Mm = log10 X(ω) + CD + CS + C0 in which all coefficients, including the constant C0 are justifiable on sound theoretical grounds. The analysis of a data set of 256 records from the broadband seismograph at Papeete, Tahiti, the ultra-long period system at Pasadena, and stations of the GEOSCOPE network, shows that the mean error in the estimation of the seismic moment is on the order of 0.1–0.2 units of magnitude, with the standard deviation at each station also on the order of 0.2 units of magnitude. No significant trend with either distance, period, or station can be identified. The method can also be transposed to the time domain, under some simple assumptions which are justifiable theoretically for typical teleseismic distances across the Pacific Basin. Both versions of the method lend themselves well to automation. Thus, by providing a real-time estimate of the seismic moment of distant earthquakes, Mm has considerable potential for tsunami warning purposes. Its concept can easily be extended to Love waves and also to intermediate and deep earthquakes.
Nonlinear mixture model for hyperspectral unmixing

This paper addresses the problem of unmixing hyperspectral images, when the light suffers multiple interactions among distinct endmembers. In these scenarios, linear unmixing has poor accuracy since the multiple light scattering effects are not accounted for by the linear mixture model. Herein, a nonlinear scenario composed by a single layer of vegetation above the soil is considered. For this class of scene, the adopted mixing model, takes into account the second-order scattering interactions. Higher order interactions are assumed negligible. A semi-supervised unmixing method is proposed and evaluated with simulated and real hyperspectral data sets.
A possible explanation for difference in stress drop between intraplate and interplate earthquakes

It is known from observations that stress drop of intraplate earthquakes is larger than that of interplate earthquakes on average. I present a mechanical model for explaining the difference in stress drop, where an intraplate fault is assumed to be loaded uniformly, while a locked area (an asperity) on a plate boundary is nonuniformly loaded by surrounding aseismic sliding. A numerical simulation is conducted to quantitatively evaluate the difference in stress drop for different loading processes. Because the model intraplate fault is uniformly loaded, stress drop is uniform over the fault with a larger average value. In contrast, stress concentration is generated at a boundary region between locked area and aseismic sliding area for a model interplate earthquake. This stress concentration hastens earthquake occurrence, resulting in lower average stress drop. The stress drop of simulated intraplate earthquakes is several tens percent larger than that of simulated interplate earthquakes.
Late Cenozoic volcanic activity in the Chugoku area, southwest Japan arc during back‐arc basin opening and reinitiation of subduction

Abstract Temporal–spatial variations in Late Cenozoic volcanic activity in the Chugoku area, southwest Japan, have been examined based on 108 newly obtained K–Ar ages. Lava samples were collected from eight Quaternary volcanic provinces (Daisen, Hiruzen, Yokota, Daikonjima, Sambe, Ooe–Takayama, Abu and Oki) and a Tertiary volcanic cluster (Kibi Province) to cover almost all geological units in the province. Including published age data, a total of 442 Cenozoic radiometric ages are now available. Across‐arc volcanic activity in an area approximately 500 km long and 150 km wide can be examined over 26 million years. The period corresponds to syn‐ and post‐back‐arc basin opening stages of the island arc. Volcanic activity began in the central part of the rear‐arc ca 26 Ma. This was followed by arc‐wide expansion at 20 Ma by eruption at two rear‐arc centers located at the eastern and western ends. Expansion to the fore‐arc occurred between 20 and 12 Ma. This Tertiary volcanic arc was maintained until 4 Ma with predominant alkali basalt centers. The foremost‐arc zone activity ceased at 4 Ma, followed by quiescence over the whole arc between 4 and 3 Ma. Volcanic activity resumed at 3 Ma, covering the entire rear‐arc area, and continued until the present to form a Quaternary volcanic arc. Adakitic dacite first occurred at 1.7 Ma in the middle of the arc, and spread out in the center part of the Quaternary volcanic arc. Alkali basalt activities ceased in the area where adakite volcanism occurred. Fore‐arc expansion of the volcanic arc could be related to the upwelling and expansion of the asthenosphere, which caused opening of the Japan Sea. Narrowing of the volcanic zone could have been caused by progressive Philippine Sea Plate subduction. Deeper penetration could have caused melting of the slab and resulted in adakites. Volcanic history in the Late Cenozoic was probably controlled by the history of evolution of the upper mantle structure, coinciding with back‐arc basin opening and subsequent reinitiation of subduction.
Field measurements of submicron aerosol washout by snow

Direct field measurements of the washout of submicron aerosols by snow have been accomplished by high-speed sampling of the atmospheric aerosol spectrum and of the rate of snowfall. For the aerosol size range 0.29 µm ≤ D ≤ 1.48 µm, the values of the measured washout coefficients are 4.82×10−4 ≤ λS ≤ 6.35×10−3 sec−1, and show no systematic dependence on aerosol diameter. Comparison of the results with those previously derived for rain washout indicate that snow scavenging is ∼28–50 times more efficient per equivalent water content. Average aerosol lifetimes due to washout by snowfall are of the order of 0.7 hours, thus establishing snow scavenging as the dominant aerosol sink in regions having significant snowfall during the winter season.
Can the number of correlation coefficient (r value) as a statistical indicator of metal-polluted ecosystem ? A comparison between polluted and unpolluted ecosystems

Abstract The present paper is the first in the literature to present evidence that correlation coefficient ( r value) can be used as a potential indicator of metal-polluted sediments collected from polluted and unpolluted ecosystems which were also supported by a few reported studies. Based on the correlation analysis on the heavy metals in the surface sediments, collected from two contrasting ecosystems, polluted and unpolluted areas, it was evidently found that the polluted ecosystems had higher numbers of significant correlation coefficients (P< 0.05) than the unpolluted ones. This could be due to the fact that the polluted ecosystems had wider ranges of values of heavy metal concentrations due to some elevated levels of metals recorded. Therefore, the correlation coefficients ( r values) can be used as potential indicators for the polluted ecosystems. However, cautions should be exercised in which the monitoring studies should be able to truly reflect the overall environmental quality of the ecosystem, ranging from effluent-receiving point sources to the clean sites far away from the sources. However, further investigations are still necessary before number of significant r values can be confidently employed as indicator of metal-polluted ecosystem.
Lehmann discontinuity beneath North America: No role for seismic anisotropy

The Lehmann discontinuity in the upper mantle is often interpreted as a boundary separating anisotropic and isotropic media. We demonstrate, however, that seismic anisotropy plays, if any, a minor role in the origin of the Lehmann discontinuity. Our data are obtained with S receiver function technique from recordings of the MOMA seismograph array in the eastern USA. Part of the data is processed with a new modification of this technique. We observe Sp phase converted from the Lehmann discontinuity at a depth around 200 km with comparable amplitudes and similar polarities in two azimuths differing by about 90°. Contrary to the observations, the polarity in the synthetic seismograms for models with azimuthal anisotropy is opposite for the azimuths differing by 90°. Radial anisotropy with a slow vertical direction results in the Sp phase with the polarity opposite to the observed one.
Ecotoxic effects of loratadine and its metabolic and light-induced derivatives 1 2

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A Transform Continental Margin Rich in Hydrocarbons, Gulf of California

Conventional and near-bottom geophysical surveys mapped shallow deformational structures and sediment accumulation patterns along part of the actively shearing continental margin of Sonora, including the intersection with a Guaymas Basin spreading center. The principal strike-slip faults occupy a zone 1-2 km (0.6-1.2 mi) wide along the lower slope, with a ridge of tightly folded sediments raised by uplift of sheared basement at the abrupt boundary between continental and oceanic crust. This transform ridge and a continental rise on its seaward slope grows as the fault zone ages away from the spreading-center intersection, shoaling at a net rate of 500 m/m.y. (1,600 ft/m.y.) despite erosion of its crest. A clathrate horizon in the upper 80 m (260 ft) of sediment is inferre from bottom-simulating reflectors in the rise and lower slope, hydrocarbon seeps occur at 1,600 m (1 mi) below sea level along the crest of the transform ridge, and patchy gas accumulation and seepage are recognized on a young marginal plateau.
Evapotranspiration and canopy characteristics of two lodgepole pine stands following mountain pine beetle attack

Over the past decade, British Columbia (BC), has experienced the largest mountain pine beetle (MPB) outbreak on record. This study used the eddy‐covariance (EC) technique to examine the impact of the MPB attack on evapotranspiration (E) and associated canopy characteristics of two lodgepole pine stands with secondary structure (trees, saplings and seedlings surviving the attack) located in central BC. MPB‐06, an 85‐year‐old almost pure stand of pine trees, was first attacked in 2006, and by 2010, ~80% of the trees had been killed. MPB‐03, a 110‐year‐old stand with an overstory consisting of over 90% pine and a developed sub‐canopy, was first attacked in 2003 and by 2007 had > 95% pine canopy mortality. EC measurements began in August 2006 at MPB‐06 and in March 2007 at MPB‐03, and continued for four years. Annual total E ranged from 226 mm to 237 mm at MPB‐06, and from 280 to 297 mm at MPB‐03, showing relatively little year‐to‐year change at both sites over the four years. Increased E from the accelerated growth of the surviving vegetation (secondary structure, shrubs and herbs) compensated for reduction in E due to the death of the overstory. Monthly average daytime canopy conductance, the Priestley–Taylor (α), and the canopy–atmosphere decoupling coefficient (Ω) steadily increased during the growing season reaching approximate maximum values of 5 mm s−1, 0.75 and 0.12, respectively. Potential evapotranspiration was approximated using a vapour pressure deficit‐dependent α obtained at high soil water content. Calculated water deficits indicated some water‐supply limitation to the surviving trees and understory at both sites. Rates of root zone drainage during the growing season were low relative to precipitation. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.