Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
The Emergence of Phonology: Contents

1. Introduction Marilyn M. Vihman and Tamar Keren-Portnoy Part I. The Current Framework: 2. Phonological development: toward a 'radical' templatic phonology Marilyn Vihman and William Croft Part II. Setting Papers: 3. Child phonology: a prosodic view Natalie Waterson 4. Words and sounds in early language acquisition Charles A. Ferguson and Carol B. Farwell 5. Developmental reorganization of phonology: a hierarchy of basic units of acquisition Marlys A. Macken 6. Development of articulatory, phonetic, and phonological capabilities Lise Menn Part III. Cross-Linguistic Studies: 7. One idiosyncratic strategy in the acquisition of phonology T. M. S. Priestly 8. Phonological reorganization: a case study Marilyn M. Vihman and Shelley L. Velleman 9. How abstract is child phonology? Towards an integration of linguistic and psychological approaches Marilyn M. Vihman, Shelley L. Velleman and Lorraine McCune 10. Beyond early words: word template development in Brazilian Portuguese Daniela Oliveira-Guimaraes 11. Templates in French Sophie Wauquier and Naomi Yamaguchi 12. The acquisition of consonant clusters in Polish: a case study Marta Szreder 13. Geminate template: a model for first Finnish words Tuula Savinainen-Makkonen 14. Influence of geminate structure on early Arabic templatic patterns Ghada Khattab and Jalal Al-Tamimi 15. Lexical frequency effects on phonological development: the case of word production in Japanese Mitsuhiko Ota Part IV. Perspectives and Challenges: 16. A view from developmental psychology Lorraine McCune 17. Challenges to theories, charges to a model: the linked-attractor model of phonological development Lise Menn, Ellen Schmidt and Brent Nicholas.
Ascertainment Bias in Rate Ratio Estimation from Case‐Sibling Control Studies of Variable Age‐At‐Onset Diseases

Summary. Motivated by a Finnish case‐control study of early onset diabetes in which diabetic children are matched to sibling controls, we investigate ascertainment bias of the usual rate ratio estimator from case‐control data under simplex complete ascertainment of families during a fixed interval of time. Analytic results indicate that the assumptions necessary for valid estimation are that the disease is rare and the factors under study are exchangeable–essentially that the covariate distribution does not depend on calendar time or birth order. Further, we found that the rare disease assumption could be dropped by restricting to cases that were diagnosed during the enrollment period of the study or including all cases but eliminating the proband as a control for non‐enrollment‐period cases. An important consequence of this work is that standard family‐based case‐control studies are subject to ascertainment bias if exchangeability of the covariates under investigation does not hold.
Handbook of multicultural mental health : assessment and treatment of diverse populations

Overview Theory, Models, and Demographics: A.J. Marsella and A.M. Yamada, Culture and Mental Health: An Introduction and Overview of Foundations, Concepts, and Issues. R.J. Angel and K. Williams, Cultural Models of Health and Illness. I. Cuellar, Acculturation and Mental Health: Ecological Transactional Relations of Adjustment. G. Canales, Gender as Subculture: The First Division of Multicultural Diversity. U.A. Raajpoot, Multicultural Demographic Developments: Current and Future Trends. Methodology: R.H. Dana, Culture and Methodology in Personality Assessment. B.R. Arnold and Y.E. Matus, Test Translation and Cultural Equivalence Methodologies for Use With Diverse Populations. Assessment and Treatment: F.A. Paniagua, Culture-Bound Syndromes, Cultural Variations, and Psychopathology. S. Okazaki, Assessing and Treating Asian Americans: Recent Advances. M.L. Lindsey and I. Cuellar, Mental Health Assessment and Treatment of African Americans: A Multicultural Perspective. A.J. Romero, Assessing and Treating Latinos: Overview of Research. D.A. Dillard and S.M. Manson, Assessing and Treating American Indians and Alaska Natives. F.A. Paniagua, Multicultural Issues in Treating Clients with HIV/AIDS from the African American, American Indian, Asian, and Hispanic Populations. R.M. Lee and M.R. Ramirez, III, The History, Current Status, and Future of Multicultural Psychotherapy. C. Martinez, Conducting the Cross-Cultural Clinical Interview. S.A. Black, The Mental Health of Culturally Diverse Elderly: Research and Clinical Issues. C.E. Holzer, III and S. Copeland, Race, Ethnicity, and the Epidemiology of Mental Disorders in Adults. R.E. Roberts, Depression and Suicidal Behaviors among Adolescents: The Role of Ethnicity. R.J. Velasquez, G.X. Ayala, S.A. Mendoza, E. Nezami, I. Castillo-Canez, T.M. Pace, S.K. Choney, F.C. Gomez, Jr., and L.E. Miles, Culturally Competent Use of the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory-2 with Minorities. A.E. Puente and M. Perez-Garcia, Neuropsychological Assessment of Ethnic Minorities: Clinical Issues. Training in Cultural Competence: C. Negy, Limitations of the Multicultural Approach to Psychotherapy with Diverse Clients. G.K. Hong, M. Garcia, and M. Soriano, Responding to the Challenge: Preparing Mental Health Professionals for the New Millennium. Index.
Nurses' Evaluation of Their Use and Mastery in Health Assessment Skills: Selected Iran's Hospitals

Background: Health assessment skills are of the most important skills which nurses require. The more precise assessment, the better results would be obtained and the quality of patient care would be improved. However, in Iran, few studies have investigated nurses’ assessment skills. Objectives: This study was aimed to assessnurses' evaluation of the learned skills of health assessment and their use. Materials and Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted on 200 nurses in Isfahan province hospitals. Data was collected by a questionnaire including demographic data and 120 health assessment skills. Nurses scored their frequency of using and proficiency in skills. Statistical analysis was conducted by ANOVA, Tukey test and independent sample T-tests. Results: The highest level of using and proficiency in skills was related to taking history. Nurses received 87.25% of score in this field. The lowest level of application was in assessment of the urogenital system so that nurses received 16.37% of score in this area. Also the lowest proficiency was in assessment of the nervous system and nurses received 34.58% of score in this area. Conclusions: The level of nurses' proficiency in the health assessment skills was not satisfactory. Modifying the curriculum and cooperating of nurse managers and nursing schools can help to improve the situation.
Microwave medical imaging in a non-invasive breast cancer diagnosis system

The most osteophyl cancer diagnosed amongst women is breast cancer. It's incidence depends on antecedents, on race, on environment, medication and life quality, but it is arising to all ages and it is not forgiving patient ignorance. Easy, non-harmful ways of cancer detection implemented nowadays, became more accessible for all the possible subjects. The main non-invasive methods of breast abnormal area detection are conceived using the optical reflection, and respectively infrared and (our approach) microwave body emission. Noninvasive methods have the advantage of the possibility to be repeated as often as necessary for grow rate or remission survey, essential in diagnosis. Microwave radiometry has been implemented in a complex installation in the Bioengineering Faculty scientific research laboratory, by a multi-disciplinary team.
Emotional problems among recent immigrants and parenting status: Findings from a national longitudinal study of immigrants in Canada

The present study examined predictors of emotional problems amongst a nationally representative cohort of recent immigrants in Canada. Specifically, the effects of parenting status were examined given the association between parenting stress and mental health. Data came from the Longitudinal Survey of Immigrants to Canada (N = 7055). Participants were recruited 6-months post landing (2001–2002) and followed up at 2 and 4 years. Self-reported emotional problems over time were considered as a function of parenting status (Two Parent, Lone Parent, Divorced Non-Parent, Non-Divorced Non-Parent) and sociodemographic characteristics. Odds of emotional problems were higher among Two Parent, OR = 1.12 (1.01, 1.24), Lone Parent, OR = 2.24 (1.75, 2.88), and Divorced Non-Parent, OR = 1.30 (1.01, 1.66) immigrants compared to Non-Divorced Non-Parents. Visible minority status, female gender, low income, and refugee status were associated with elevated risk. Findings reveal that immigrant parents are at risk for emotional health problems during the post-migration period. Such challenges may be compounded by other sociodemographic risk.
Priming ability-relevant social categories improves intellectual test performance.

Research shows that priming affects behavioral tasks; fewer studies, however, have been conducted on how social category primes affect cognitive tasks. The present study aimed to examine the effects of social category primes on math performance and word recall. It was hypothesized that Asian prime words would improve math performance and word recall whereas elderly prime words would improve math performance, but not memory. Asian primes (a math ability-relevant prime) led to an increase in math performance, as compared to a baseline measurement whereas the presentation of elderly primes did not affect math performance. In addition, elderly prime words had a lower recall rate than did Asian prime words. The current research is interpreted as showing how social category stereotypes can have potentially positive and/or negative influences on performance in testing situations.
The functional neuroanatomy of bipolar disorder: a consensus model.

OBJECTIVES Functional neuroimaging methods have proliferated in recent years, such that functional magnetic resonance imaging, in particular, is now widely used to study bipolar disorder. However, discrepant findings are common. A workgroup was organized by the Department of Psychiatry, University of Cincinnati (Cincinnati, OH, USA) to develop a consensus functional neuroanatomic model of bipolar I disorder based upon the participants' work as well as that of others. METHODS Representatives from several leading bipolar disorder neuroimaging groups were organized to present an overview of their areas of expertise as well as focused reviews of existing data. The workgroup then developed a consensus model of the functional neuroanatomy of bipolar disorder based upon these data. RESULTS Among the participants, a general consensus emerged that bipolar I disorder arises from abnormalities in the structure and function of key emotional control networks in the human brain. Namely, disruption in early development (e.g., white matter connectivity and prefrontal pruning) within brain networks that modulate emotional behavior leads to decreased connectivity among ventral prefrontal networks and limbic brain regions, especially the amygdala. This developmental failure to establish healthy ventral prefrontal-limbic modulation underlies the onset of mania and ultimately, with progressive changes throughout these networks over time and with affective episodes, a bipolar course of illness. CONCLUSIONS This model provides a potential substrate to guide future investigations and areas needing additional focus are identified.
Think Aloud Methods with Eye Tracking in Usability Testing : A comparison study with different task types

The concurrent think aloud (CTA) method is perhaps the single most valuable usability engineering method. The method has certain issues that may be avoided by using another method: Retrospective think aloud (RTA). RTA can be conducted un-cued, or cued by different stimuli. Several studies have been done to compare the different methods, but none of these have examined the methods under different circumstances. In this study three different methods, CTA, RTA and RTAg (RTA cued by video and gaze data) are compared when applied on three different task types: Easy interaction task, reading task and complex problem solving task. The comparison was done in terms of four measurements: Task performance, usability problems identified, amount of verbalization and the participants’ subjective assessments. It was found that with the two retrospective methods there were elicited more usability problems by means of verbalization as compared to CTA. It was also found that during reading tasks and complex problem solving tasks the participants found it easier to verbalize using RTAg than using RTA. Some observations were done that invite to further research.
Perception of pungent odorants alone and in binary mixtures

The present investigation explores the stimulus-response (psychophysical) functions for total nasal perceived intensity for two pungent odorants, formaldehyde and ammonia, presented either alone or with different backgrounds of the other irritant. Stimuli were comprised of four formaldehyde concentrations (1.0, 3.5, 6.9 and 16.7 p.p.m.); four ammonia concentrations (210, 776, 1172 and 1716 p.p.m.); and their 16 binary mixtures. Ammonia functions showed a consistent upward concavity. At low, medium and high concentrations, the total perceived intensity of the mixtures showed hypoadditivity, simple additivity and hyperadditivity, respectively. That is, the intensity of the corresponding mixtures was significantly lower than, equal to, or greater than the sum of its components. The progressive involvement of pungency, aroused by common chemical sense stimulation, may be responsible for the increasing additivity observed. Simple additivity, and even hyperadditivity, may characterize mixtures involving common chemical stimulation.
Manipulation of independent synthesis and degradation of polyphosphate in Escherichia coli for investigation of phosphate secretion from the cell

The genes involved in polyphosphate metabolism in Escherichia coli were cloned behind different inducible promoters on separate plasmids. The gene coding for polyphosphate kinase (PPK), the enzyme responsible for polyphosphate synthesis, was placed behind the Ptac promoter. Polyphosphatase, a polyphosphate depolymerase, was similarly expressed by using the arabinose-inducible PBAD promoter. The ability of cells containing these constructs to produce active enzymes only when induced was confirmed by polyphosphate extraction, enzyme assays, and RNA analysis. The inducer concentrations giving optimal expression of each enzyme were determined. Experiments were performed in which ppk was induced early in growth, overproducing PPK and allowing large amounts of polyphosphate to accumulate (80 mumol in phosphate monomer units per g of dry cell weight). The ppx gene was subsequently induced, and polyphosphate was degraded to inorganic phosphate. Approximately half of this polyphosphate was depleted in 210 min. The phosphate released from polyphosphate allowed the growth of phosphate-starved cells and was secreted into the medium, leading to a down-regulation of the phosphate-starvation response. In addition, the steady-state polyphosphate level was precisely controlled by manipulating the degree of ppx induction. The polyphosphate content varied from 98 to 12 mumol in phosphate monomer units per g of dry cell weight as the arabinose concentration was increased from 0 to 0.02% by weight.
Relationships between leg disorders and changes in the behaviour of broiler chickens

The relationships between the severity of lameness, the presence of tibial dyschondroplasia, and the frequency of dustbathing behaviour and duration of tonic immobility were studied in 96 broiler chicks kept from day-old in groups of four in wire-floored cages. Dustbathing was observed when the birds were given access for one hour to a tray containing sand or straw. The duration of tonic immobility and the severity of lameness were scored during weeks 3, 4, 5 and 6. After slaughter at 41 or 45 days of age the birds were examined for tibial dyschondroplasia; 34 birds were classified as having tibial dyschondroplasia and 54 had detectable lameness problems. Birds with tibial dyschondroplasia had a higher lameness score (P<0.OO1), dustbathed on fewer days (P<0.OOO1), and had longer periods of tonic immobility (P<0.03) at six weeks than birds which did not have the condition. However, almost all the chicks, including those with tibial dyschondroplasia dustbathed on day 27 after they had not been given access to the tray for three days, significantly more than on days when they had not been deprived of the tray (P<O.OOO1). Furthermore, lame birds and birds with tibial dyschondroplasia also dustbathed less with age. Studies of the vertical wingshaking element of dustbathing confirmed that tibial dyschondroplasia reduced dustbathing (P<0.05) and also showed that during the one-hour tests, sand resulted in more dustbathing than straw (P<O.O1).
Gene subsets extraction based on Mutual-Information-based Minimum Spanning Trees model

In microarray data analysis, filter methods with low time complexity neglect correlation among genes. Metrics to calculate the correlation in some of the methods can not effectively reflect function similarity among genes and time complexity is based on the whole gene set. Therefore, a novel selection model called Mutual-Information-based Minimum Spanning Trees (MIMST) is proposed in this paper, which first uses filter methods to remove non-relevant genes, then computes the interdependence of top-ranked genes, and eliminates the redundant genes. The empirical results show that MIMST can find the smallest significant genes subset with higher classification accuracy compared with other methods.
Paths to self-organized criticality

We present a pedagogical introduction to self-organized criticality (SOC), unraveling its connections with nonequilibrium phase transitions. There are several paths from a conventional critical point to SOC. They begin with an absorbing-state phase transition (directed percolation is a familiar example), and impose supervision or driving on the system; two commonly used methods are extremal dynamics, and driving at a rate approaching zero. We illustrate this in sandpiles, where SOC is a consequence of slow driving in a system exhibiting an absorbing-state phase transition with a conserved density. Other paths to SOC, in driven interfaces, the Bak-Sneppen model, and self- organized directed percolation, are also examined. We review the status of experimental realizations of SOC in light of these observations.
Hyperglycemia-Induced Changes in Na+/myo-Inositol Transport, Na+-K+-ATPase, and Protein Kinase C Activity in Proximal Tubule Cells

In many tissues, hyperglycemia alters the activities of the Na+-dependent myo-inositol (Na/MI) transporter, Na+-K+-ATPase, and protein kinase C (PKC). However, little is known concerning adaptive changes in renal proximal tubular function after acute or chronic hyperglycemia. We examined hyperglycemia-induced changes in Na/MI transport, Na+-K+-ATPase activity, and PKC activity using three proximal tubule–like cell lines (JTC12, LLC-PK1, and OK/E cells) and primary cultures of human proximal tubular epithelium (HK cells) cultured for varying periods in low- or high-glucose media, myo-Inositol (MI) transport was mediated by a high-affinity (Km ∼50 mumol/l) Na+-dependent saturable process in the four cell lines. Hyperglycemia produced a time-dependent and persistent increase in Na/MI transport in all cell lines. Chronic hyperglycemia increased the Km for MI transport in LLC-PK1 cells and increased the Vmax in both LLC-PK1 and JTC12 cells. Glucose competitively inhibited Na/MI transport in all low-glucose cells and in high-glucose HK, JTC12, and OK/E cells but had no effect on transport in high-glucose LLC-PK1 cells. Acute hyperglycemia also produced time-dependent increases in Na+-K+-ATPase activity in all cell lines, a change that persisted only in HK cells. A 24-h exposure to high glucose had no effect on PKC activity in any of the cell lines but increased Ca/phospholipid-dependent PKC activity in membrane fractions from chronically high-glucose LLC-PK1 and OK/E cells. These data suggest that hyperglycemia causes acute changes in proximal tubule function and long-lived adaptive responses in Na/MI transport and the PKC signaling pathway.
A potential-based clustering routing protocol for wireless sensor network

Routing protocols based on gradient and cluster in wireless sensor network is analyzed. A concept of sensor node's potential is proposed. By adopting the technologies of building potential, clustering based on potential, the adjustive power routing of cluster head, a new potential-based routing protocol (PBRP) is designed. Simulation results show that the new routing protocol provides longer lifetime and higher reliability.
Stereoselective Inhibition of CYP2C19 and CYP3A4 by Fluoxetine and Its Metabolite: Implications for Risk Assessment of Multiple Time-Dependent Inhibitor Systems

Recent guidance on drug-drug interaction (DDI) testing recommends evaluation of circulating metabolites. However, there is little consensus on how to quantitatively predict and/or assess the risk of in vivo DDIs by multiple time-dependent inhibitors (TDIs) including metabolites from in vitro data. Fluoxetine was chosen as the model drug to evaluate the role of TDI metabolites in DDI prediction because it is a TDI of both CYP3A4 and CYP2C19 with a circulating N-dealkylated inhibitory metabolite, norfluoxetine. In pooled human liver microsomes, both enantiomers of fluoxetine and norfluoxetine were TDIs of CYP2C19, (S)-norfluoxetine was the most potent inhibitor with time-dependent inhibition affinity constant (KI) of 7 μM, and apparent maximum time-dependent inhibition rate (kinact,app) of 0.059 min−1. Only (S)-fluoxetine and (R)-norfluoxetine were TDIs of CYP3A4, with (R)-norfluoxetine being the most potent (KI = 8 μM, and kinact,app = 0.011 min−1). Based on in-vitro-to-in-vivo predictions, (S)-norfluoxetine plays the most important role in in vivo CYP2C19 DDIs, whereas (R)-norfluoxetine is most important in CYP3A4 DDIs. Comparison of two multiple TDI prediction models demonstrated significant differences between them in in-vitro-to-in-vitro predictions but not in in-vitro-to-in-vivo predictions. Inclusion of all four inhibitors predicted an in vivo decrease in CYP2C19 (95%) and CYP3A4 (60–62%) activity. The results of this study suggest that adequate worst-case risk assessment for in vivo DDIs by multiple TDI systems can be achieved by incorporating time-dependent inhibition by both parent and metabolite via simple addition of the in vivo time-dependent inhibition rate/cytochrome P450 degradation rate constant (λ/kdeg) values, but quantitative DDI predictions will require a more thorough understanding of TDI mechanisms.
A modified CMA equalizer for the removal of length dependent local minima in AR channels

Finite-length CMA equalizers contain undesired minima termed length dependent local minima (LDLM), we note that for autoregressive (AR) channels, the equalizer output is correlated with a delayed input at these minima, this property is then used to modify the CMA cost function and remove the LDLM in AR channels.
Processing skyline queries in temporal databases

The skyline query aims to filter out a set of eligible points on the basis of a set of evaluation criteria and out of a potentially large dataset of points. The computation of this decision support problem has been studied across a wide range of environments and of types of data. A field of research that has remained unexplored in the context of this problem, and which would also greatly benefit from the study of the computation of the skyline query, is that of temporal databases. A solution for computing skyline queries and some of its variants over temporal data is put forward here. An experimental study indicates the promising effectiveness and practicability of the proposed extension of the skyline query processing in real-life temporal data applications.