Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
K-BAND LIGHT CURVES FOR RR LYRAE STARS IN THE GLOBULAR CLUSTERS M5 AND M92

K-band photometry for the RR Lyrae stars V1 and V3 in the extremely metal-poor globular cluster M92 (NGC 6341) and V8 and V28 in the intermediate metallicity cluster M5 (NGC 5904) have been acquired during the 1987-1990 observing seasons, for use in a Baade-Wesselink analysis. A single-channel photometer as well as IR imagers have been used for the data acquisition and the results from the different systems show good agreement. The reduction procedure for these data and the resulting light curves, good to better than 0.02 mag, based on 340, 541, 284 and 212 measurements for M92-V1, M92-V3, M5-V8 and M5-V28 respectively, are presented. Preliminary distance estimates for the clusters using the (MK)-log P relation for the RR Lyrae stars leads to values of (m - M)0 = 14.36 for M92 and (m - M)0 = 14.24 for M5.
Sound generation by a vortex ring collision with a wall

Sound generation by a collision of a vortex ring with a free-slip/no-slip wall is investigated by using a direct numerical simulation. The three-dimensional, unsteady, compressible Navier–Stokes equations are solved by a finite difference method, not only for a near-vortical flow field but also for a far-acoustic field. By comparing free-slip and no-slip problems, we discuss the effects of the no-slip boundary condition at the wall surface on the near and far fields. In addition, a new three-dimensional expression to predict the far-field sound pressure is proposed based on the theory of vortex sound. Then, by using the new expression, we discuss the relation between the vortical phenomenon and the acoustic wave modes. For normal collision with a no-slip wall, a secondary vorticity layer is produced on the wall surface because of the no-slip condition, and then forms secondary and tertiary vortex rings. The mutual interaction between the primary and secondary/tertiary vortex rings induces a rebounding mot.
The processing and properties of single grain Y–Ba–Cu–O fabricated from graded precursor powders

The preparation of single grain, Y–Ba–Cu–O (YBCO) bulk superconductors by top-seeded melt-growth (TSMG) usually involves precursor powders that contain a uniform distribution of the constituent YBa2Cu3O7−δ (Y-123) and Y2BaCuO5 (Y-211) phase compounds. However, it has been observed that the concentration of Y-211 particles in the fully melt processed superconducting bulk increases significantly with distance from the seed, which results in a degradation of superconducting properties towards the edge and bottom of the sample. Here we investigate the effect of preparing bulk YBCO superconductors by TSMG using spatially graded Y-211/Y-123 precursor powder. The graded precursor bulks were prepared with a maximum composition of 40 wt% Y-211 in the vicinity of the seed, which decreased to 30 wt% and then 20 wt% towards the bottom and edge of the green body. Standard samples were melt processed from precursor powders containing 30 wt% Y-211 to enable comparison. The field trapping ability, Tc and Jc, of three graded and two standard samples were investigated and compared statistically. The distribution of Y-211 particles along different growth directions of the samples was analysed, and any crystallographic misorientation was investigated. The observed distribution of Y-211 particles in YBCO is explained qualitatively by trapping/pushing theory, and its correlation with the superconducting properties of the melt processed bulk samples has been analysed. Finally, the practical feasibility of the graded technique is evaluated.
Squeezed-state generation via atomic collisions in a Bose–Einstein condensate inside an optical cavity

In this paper, we investigate theoretically a system consisting of a one-dimensional Bose–Einstein condensate trapped inside the optical lattice of an optical cavity. In the weak-interaction regime and under the Bogoliubov approximation, the wave function of the Bose–Einstein condensate can be described by a classical field (condensate mode) having some quantum fluctuations (the Bogoliubov mode) about the mean value. Such a system behaves as a so-called atomic parametric amplifier, similar to an optical parametric amplifier, where the condensate and the Bogoliubov modes play, respectively, the roles of the pump field and the signal mode in the degenerate parametric amplifier and the s-wave scattering frequency of atom–atom interaction plays the role of the nonlinear gain parameter. We show that using the nonlinear effect of atomic collisions, how one can manipulate and control the state of the Bogoliubov mode and produce squeezed states.
A probabilistic measure of air traffic complexity in 3‐D airspace

In this paper, we propose a new method to evaluate air traffic complexity in 3‐D airspace through a probabilistic measure of the airspace occupancy. The key novelty of the approach is that uncertainty in the future aircraft positions is explicitly accounted for when evaluating complexity. Analytic—though approximate—expressions of the complexity measure are derived.
The Real Space and Redshift Space Correlation Functions at Redshift z = 1/3

We present the results of a study of the two-point correlation function for a sample of field galaxies taken from the Canadian Network for Observational Cosmology cluster survey. The sample consists of 183 galaxies within a contiguous region of sky covering 216 square arcminutes. The objects have r-band magnitudes 17.0 ≤ r ≤ 21.7 and redshifts 0.21 ≤ z ≤ 0.53. The median redshift of the sample is 0.37. We fit the real space correlation function to a power law ξ(r) = (r/r0)-1.7, finding r0=1.9−0.4+0.4 h-1 Mpc (Ω0 = 1), or r0=2.2−0.4+0.5 h−1 Mpc (Ω0 = 0.2); uncertainties are estimated using the bias-corrected bootstrap resampling method, with 300 resamplings. This low correlation length implies strong evolution has occurred in the correlation function; if the observed correlation function is modeled as ξ(r, z) = ξ(r, 0)(1 + z)-(3+ε) with ξ(r, 0) = (r/5.1 h-1 Mpc)-1.7, then ε ≈ 1.5. Comparison of the redshift space and real space correlation functions indicates that the one-dimensional pairwise peculiar velocity dispersion σ at z ≈ 0.37 is weakly inconsistent with 720 km s-1, the value predicted by the cosmic virial theorem if Ω0 = 1. The observed correlation functions are, however, consistent with σ ≈ 360 km s-1, the value expected if Ω0 = 0.2.
Non-linear composite control with applications to 3-DOF planar motor

A 3-DOF (degree of freedom) planar motion motor using multiple linear motors as actuators is widely implemented in ultra-precision positioning systems. It is a multi-input multi-output (MIMO) system and requires an accurate decoupled model for controller design. In practice, there are modelling errors between the nominal model and the actual model, such as the force ripple, inhomogeneous air-gap thickness, measurement noise and uncertain disturbances. Due to the modelling errors, this MIMO system cannot be decoupled and the desired tracking performance specifications will not be achieved. In order to improve the servo performance of the planar motor with uncertainties, a non-linear composite controller consisting of u1 and u2 terms is proposed. u1 is designed to compensate for the modelling errors; therefore the coupling effects between multi-degrees of freedom are reduced and the robustness is improved. In order to reduce the large servo error amplitudes, which are caused by the low-frequency disturbances and high-frequency noise, an amplitude-based variable-gain function is applied in u2; thus the control action benefits from this operation by suppressing the low-frequency contribution and no extra control effect, to avoid the high-frequency noise. The convergence and stability of the control law are guaranteed by Lyapunov stability theory. The trajectory tracking experimental results show that the proposed control method has superior tracking performance and positioning ability compared with the well-known inverse dynamics controller. This indicates that the non-linear composite controller is an attractive approach to improve the servo performance of a system with uncertainties.
Recent Issues in Stability Study

The stability of a drug substance or drug product is the capacity of the drug substance or drug product to remain within the established acceptance criteria to ensure its identity, strength, quality, and purity during a specified period of time. The Food and Drug Administration (FDA) requires that adequate testing be performed by the applicant to demonstrate the stability of the drug substance or product in support of the approval of a new drug application (NDA), abbreviated new drug application (ANDA), biologics license application (BLA), product license application (PLA), and certain postapproval supplemental changes. The purpose of stability testing is to provide evidence on how the quality of a drug substance or drug product varies with time under the influence of environmental factors, such as temperature, humidity, and light, and to establish the recommended storage conditions and a shelf life for the drug product. A shelf life (also referred to as expiration dating period) is the period of time during which a drug product is expected to remain within the approved shelf life specification, provided that the drug product has been stored under the conditions defined on the container label. After this period, a drug product batch must be discarded. Application of statistical expertise is needed in designing the experiment; modeling the changes of the values of the assay, purity, and chemical content; estimating the parameters of interest; and determining the shelf life. The foundation of the modeling can be traced back to Bancroft’s article on preliminary test as early as 1944 (Bancroft, 1944). For decades, a single-factor design for a given drug product with multiple batches was
The Impact of Unique Meteorological Phenomena Detected by the Oklahoma Mesonet and ARS Micronet on Automated Quality Control

Abstract To ensure quality data from a meteorological observing network, a well–designed quality control system is vital. Automated quality assurance (QA) software developed by the Oklahoma Mesonetwork (Mesonet) provides an efficient means to sift through over 500 000 observations ingested daily from the Mesonet and from a Micronet sponsored by the Agricultural Research Service of the United States Department of Agriculture (USDA). However, some of nature's most interesting meteorological phenomena produce data that fail many automated QA tests. This means perfectly good observations are flagged as erroneous. Cold air pooling, "inversion poking," mesohighs, mesolows, heat bursts, variations in snowfall and snow cover, and microclimatic effects produced by variations in vegetation are meteorological phenomena that pose a problem for the Mesonet's automated QA tests. Despite the fact that the QA software has been engineered for most observations of real meteorological phenomena to pass the various tests—but.
An inverse nodal problem for vectorial Sturm-Liouville equations

Let P (x ) denote a 2 × 2 symmetric matrix-valued function defined on [0,1]. We prove that if there exists an infinite sequence {y (x ; nj )}j = 1 of Dirichlet eigenfunctions of the operator -(d2 )/(dx 2 )+P (x ) whose components all have zeros in common, then P (x ) is simultaneously diagonalizable on [0,1]. This result can also be generalized to the general n -dimensional case.
A high‐frequency sinusoidal phase‐modulation interferometer using an electro‐optic modulator: Development and evaluation

An optical interferometric instrument for the measurement of distance and position is presented. The system is based on a high‐frequency sinusoidal phase‐modulation interferometer. Phase modulation of the laser beam in one of the two interferometer arms is obtained by means of an electro‐optic modulator operating at frequencies up to 10 MHz. The electronic unit performs synchronous demodulation of the signal coming from the photodetector. The resulting signals are fed to an up‐down counting logic that is interfaced to a personal computer. The performance of the instrument has been evaluated by means of a system calibration against a reference high‐precision commercial interferometer. The overall accuracy of the system resulted to be within 80 nm, at target speeds up to 1 m/s. In this article, the optical setup, the electronic equipment, and the calibration results are presented.
Completely monotonic functions related to the q-gamma and the q-trigamma functions

In this paper, two completely monotonic functions involving the q-gamma and the q-trigamma functions where q is a positive real, are introduced and exploited to derive sharp bounds for the q-gamma function in terms of the q-trigamma function. These results, when letting q → 1, are shown to be new. Also, sharp bounds for the q-digamma function in terms of the q-tetragamma function are derived. Furthermore, an infinite class of inequalities for the q-polygamma function is established.
Elastic wave and excitation mechanism of surface waves in multilayered media

The elastic wave field and the excitation mechanism of the surface waves in multilayered elastic solid media are studied in this paper. On the basis of Abo‐zena [Geophys. J. R. Astron. Soc. 58, 91–105 (1979)] and Menke [Geophys. J. R. Astron. Soc. 59, 315–323 (1979)], the elastic wave field is further investigated in the B, P, C coordinate system. The so‐called new type of propagator matrix introduced by Menke to avoid loss of the precision problem is improved. It presented an important result and some new properties. The dispersion characteristics and excitation mechanisms of the surface waves (Rayleigh and Love waves) are also investigated via numerical simulation. The excitation intensities of the surface waves strongly depend on the frequency range of the source. The source frequency should be controlled in a proper range to effectively excite the surface waves. Two quantities, β1 (the ratio of B to P components of displacement) and β2 (the ratio of B to P components of stress), are defined for the Ra.
Initial value problems of singularly perturbed discrete systems via time-scale decomposition

In this paper, we investigate the iteration scheme of the mode decoupling transformation in the discrete system, and by using these results, we formulate the boundary layer method in the discrete system. The main purpose of this method is the systematic treatment of obtaining approximate solutions of the singularly perturbed initial value problem. Finally, we give an illustrative example of a seventh order power system.
Auto-Encoder based Recommendation Algorithm Combining Item Types

Traditional collaborative filtering algorithm relies on score matrix to generate prediction, fails to mine potential features related to item genres, which leads to a low recommendation accuracy. A denoising autoencoder based collaborative filtering recommendation algorithm combining item types is proposed. Firstly, combining item score data and genres data, the potential features of the items are extracted by denoising autoencoder. Then the prediction is generated by the collaborative filtering algorithm. Experiments on MovieLens dataset show that the new algorithm can mine the potential features of item genres comprehensively, and improve the recommendation accuracy.
New systems for modeling, estimating, and predicting a multivariate spatio–temporal process

Two new systems for modeling, estimating, and predicting a multivariate spatio–temporal process are given. In the first system, a cylinder containing a fraction of the multivariate data with axis along the temporal dimension is centered at a spatio–temporal prediction location. After fitting a linear or nonlinear within‐cylinder trend function using minimum distance, an optimal prediction of the observable multivariate process is computed at the cylinder's center. The local nature of this system makes it suited to the analysis of large data sets often associated with ecosystem analyses.
Crystallization-induced stress in thin phase change films of different thicknesses

We have studied crystallization-induced stress in phase change films (Ge2Sb2Te5) as a function of thickness and with and without a capping layer, by measuring the deflection of microcantilevers. The stress is found to increase with decreasing film thickness. A thin dielectric capping layer leads to a further increase in stress compared to uncapped films. This observation can be explained by the suppression of stress relaxation in the phase change film in the presence of a capping layer. High stress will affect device performance as the size of phase change memory cells decreases.
Integrated optic beam combiners for stellar interferometry and nulling at near- and mid-infrared wavelengths

Integrated optic, stellar interferometric two-beam and three-beam combiners have been designed and fabricated for operation in the L band (3 μm - 4 μm). The devices have been realized in titanium-indiffused, x-cut lithium niobate substrates, and on-chip electro-optic fringe scanning has been demonstrated. White light fringes were produced in the laboratory using the two-beam combiner integrated with an on-chip Y-splitter. Furthermore, a new design for next-generation, broadband, achromatic, astronomical, beam combiners operating in the N band (8 μm - 12 μm) is proposed and analyzed. The design is based on adiabatic mode-evolution couplers fabricated using Ge/Si heterostructure rib waveguides.
Refined Error Analyses of Cholesky Factorization

This paper concentrates on the practical Cholesky process for solving positive definite symmetric systems of linear equations in standard floating-point arithmetic. Two self-contained round-off analyses are presented, which lead to novel a posteriors error bounds (of practical use) and to refined a priori results (of more theoretical significance). Unmotivated assumptions are avoided with the aim of being constructive throughout.
Ensemble unscented Kalman filter for state inference in continuous–discrete systems

The authors consider non-linear state filtering problem in continuous–discrete systems, where the system dynamics is modelled by a stochastic differential equation, and noisy measurements of the system are obtained at discrete time instances. A novel particle method is proposed based on sequential importance sampling. This approach uses a bank of the continuous–discrete unscented Kalman filters (CDUKFs) to obtain the importance proposal distribution, retaining the advantage of the CDUKF in continuous–discrete systems as well as the accuracy of particle filter in highly non-linear systems. Simulation results show that the algorithm outperforms some other benchmarks substantially in estimation accuracy.
Optical bandwidth enhancement of heterojunction bipolar transistor laser operation with an auxiliary base signal

We report the improvement, from 10.5to22GHz, in the optical modulation bandwidth of a quantum-well (QW) heterojunction bipolar transistor laser (TL) by the use of an ac auxiliary base signal. Because of the three-terminal form of the TL, an auxiliary signal can be used to peak the photon output, e.g., stimulated recombination which simultaneously reduces the operating current gain, β(=ICO∕IBO), and increases the laser differential gain. A shorter effective base carrier lifetime, τ, owing to the increased QW recombination rate (stimulated recombination), enhanced carrier transport to the “faster” QW collector (reduced β) and differential gain, result in a higher 3dB bandwidth (f3dB=1∕2πτ).
Equations and regular-like expressions for AFA

lternating finite automata are a generalization of non-deterministic finite automata and a mechanism that models parallel computation. It has been shown in [6] that alternating finite automata (AFA) have several theoretical properties and practical features. In this paper, we further study alternating finite automata. A new type of system of equations is introduced. The systems of equations to be considered involve Boolean expressions over a finite set X and the symbols of an alphabet A. Each AFA can be described as a system of equations that has a unique fixpoint, and whose solutions are precisely the regular languages. We present an algebraic interpretation of AFA, which parallels that of regular expressions and of linear equations. We also explore direct ways of solving such systems and generating equivalent AFA from regular expressions or even extended regular expressions.
Nonlocal and localized analyses of conditional mean steady state flow in bounded, randomly nonuniform domains: 1. Theory and computational approach

We consider the effect of measuring randomly varying hydraulic conductivitiesK(x) on one's ability to predict numerically, without resorting to either Monte Carlo simulation or upscaling, steady state flow in bounded domains driven by random source and boundary terms. Our aim is to allow optimum unbiased prediction of hydraulic heads h(x) and fluxes q(x) by means of their ensemble moments, 〈h(x)〉c and 〈q(x)〉c, respectively, conditioned on measurements of K(x). These predictors have been shown by Neuman and Orr [1993a] to satisfy exactly an integrodifferential conditional mean flow equation in which 〈q(x)〉c is nonlocal and non‐Darcian. Here we develop complementary integrodifferential equations for second conditional moments of head and flux which serve as measures of predictive uncertainty; obtain recursive closure approximations for both the first and second conditional moment equations through expansion in powers of a small parameter σY which represents the standard estimation error of ln K(x); and show how to solve these equations to first order in σY2 by finite elements on a rectangular grid in two dimensions. In the special case where one treats K(x) as if it was locally homogeneous and mean flow as if it was locally uniform, one obtains a localized Darcian approximation 〈q(x)〉c ≈ −Kc(x)∇〈h(x)〉c in which Kc(x) is a space‐dependent conditional hydraulic conductivity tensor. This leads to the traditional deterministic, Darcian steady state flow equation which, however, acquires a nontraditional meaning in that its parameters and state variables are data dependent and therefore inherently nonunique. It further explains why parameter estimates obtained by traditional inverse methods tend to vary as one modifies the database. Localized equations yield no information about predictive uncertainty. Our stochastic derivation of these otherwise standard deterministic flow equations makes clear that uncertainty measures associated with estimates of head and flux, obtained by traditional inverse methods, are generally smaller (often considerably so) than measures of corresponding predictive uncertainty, which can be assessed only by means of stochastic models such as ours. We present a detailed comparison between finite element solutions of nonlocal and localized moment equations and Monte Carlo simulations under superimposed mean‐uniform and convergent flow regimes in two dimensions. Paper 1 presents the theory and computational approach, and paper 2 [Guadagnini and Neuman, this issue] describes unconditional and conditional computational results.
Time Variability of Pulsar Dispersion Measures

Energetic events like supernova explosions, stellar winds, and expanding H II regions create turbulent irregularities in the interstellar electron density. The dispersion measure (DM) of a pulsar fluctuates as these irregularities drift past the line of sight. To monitor changes in the interstellar electron density we conducted 47 and 430 MHz timing observations of seven pulsars, once a month for 2 yr with the Arecibo radio telescope. DM variations were detected toward six of the seven objects. The root mean square variations were largest for the most distant pulsars, confirming that the fluctuations were indeed interstellar