Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Relevance and contributing information types of searched documents in task performance

End-users base the relevance judgements of the searched documents on the expected contribution to their task of the information contained in the documents. There is a shortage of studies analyzing the relationships between the experienced contribution, relevance assessments and type of information initially sought. This study categorizes the types of information in documents being used in writing a research proposal for a master's thesis by eleven students throughout the various stages of the proposal writing process. The role of the specificity of the searched information in influencing its contribution is analyzed. The results demonstrate that different types of information are sought at different stages of the writing process and thus the contribution of the information also differs at the different stages. The categories of the contributing information can be understood of topicality.
Individual differences in allocation of funds in the dictator game associated with length of the arginine vasopressin 1a receptor RS3 promoter region and correlation between RS3 length and hippocampal mRNA

Human altruism is a widespread phenomenon that puzzled evolutionary biologists since Darwin. Economic games illustrate human altruism by showing that behavior deviates from economic predictions of profit maximization. A game that most plainly shows this altruistic tendency is the Dictator Game. We hypothesized that human altruistic behavior is to some extent hardwired and that a likely candidate that may contribute to individual differences in altruistic behavior is the arginine vasopressin 1a (AVPR1a) receptor that in some mammals such as the vole has a profound impact on affiliative behaviors. In the current investigation, 203 male and female university students played an online version of the Dictator Game, for real money payoffs. All subjects and their parents were genotyped for AVPR1a RS1 and RS3 promoter‐region repeat polymorphisms. Parents did not participate in online game playing. As variation in the length of a repetitive element in the vole AVPR1a promoter region is associated with differences in social behavior, we examined the relationship between RS1 and RS3 repeat length (base pairs) and allocation sums. Participants with short versions (308–325 bp) of the AVPR1a RS3 repeat allocated significantly (likelihood ratio = 14.75, P = 0.001, df = 2) fewer shekels to the ‘other’ than participants with long versions (327–343 bp). We also implemented a family‐based association test, UNPHASED, to confirm and validate the correlation between the AVPR1a RS3 repeat and monetary allocations in the dictator game. Dictator game allocations were significantly associated with the RS3 repeat (global P value: likelihood ratio χ2 = 11.73, df = 4, P = 0.019). The association between the AVPR1a RS3 repeat and altruism was also confirmed using two self‐report scales (the Bardi–Schwartz Universalism and Benevolence Value‐expressive Behavior scales). RS3 long alleles were associated with higher scores on both measures. Finally, long AVPR1a RS3 repeats were associated with higher AVPR1a human post‐mortem hippocampal messenger RNA levels than short RS3 repeats (one‐way analysis of variance (ANOVA): F = 15.04, P = 0.001, df = 14) suggesting a functional molecular genetic basis for the observation that participants with the long RS3 repeats allocate more money than participants with the short repeats. This is the first investigation showing that a common human polymorphism, with antecedents in lower mammals, contributes to decision making in an economic game. The finding that the same gene contributing to social bonding in lower animals also appears to operate similarly in human behavior suggests a common evolutionary mechanism.
Change detection based on graph cuts

In this paper we propose a moving object detection system based on Graph Cut. Our method relies on motion modelling using an optical flow algorithm and a classical background subtraction module based on Mixture of Gaussians. The main contribution in our approach is the fusion of the two mask models, as well as the particular cost function used by the Graph Cut algorithm. The experiments as performed on CDnet 2014 benchmark showed that our system has very good results in scenarios such as Bad Weather or PTZ, but is less robust in detecting small changes in the scene.
Primary care access and its relationship with emergency department utilisation: an observational, cross-sectional, ecological study.

BACKGROUND Recent health service policies in the UK have focused on improving primary care access in order to reduce the use of costly emergency department services, even though the relationship between the two is based on weak or little evidence. Research is required to establish whether improving primary care access can influence emergency department attendance. AIM To ascertain whether a relationship exists between the degree of access to GP practices and avoidable emergency department attendances in an inner-London primary care trust (PCT). DESIGN AND SETTING Observational, cross-sectional ecological study in 68 general practices in Brent Primary Care Trust, north London, UK. METHOD GP practices were used as the unit of analysis and avoidable emergency department attendance as the dependent variable. Routinely collected data from GP practices, Hospital Episode Statistics, and census data for the period covering 2007-2009 were used across three broad domains: GP access characteristics, population characteristics, and health status aggregated to the level of the GP practice. Multiple linear regression was used to ascertain which variables account for the variation in emergency department attendance experienced by patients registered to each GP practice. RESULTS None of the GP access variables accounted for the variation in emergency department attendance. The only variable that explained this variance was the Index of Multiple Deprivation (IMD). For every unit increase in IMD score of the GP practice, there would be an increase of 6.13 (95% CI = 4.56, 7.70) per 1000 patients per year in emergency department attendances. This accounted for 47.9% of the variance in emergency department attendances in Brent. CONCLUSION Avoidable emergency department attendance appears to be mostly driven by underlying deprivation rather than by the degree of access to primary care.
A Facebook Profile-Based TV Recommender System

We implement and evaluate several algorithms in the context of developing a recommender system based on data gathered from Facebook user profiles. In particular, we look at a Matrix Factorization technique (SVD), a Clustering algorithm (K-Means), two Collaborative Filtering algorithms, a Content-Filtering approach, Latent Semantic Analysis (LSA), Link Prediction, and Naı̈ve Bayes, and compare their performance in terms of standard measures. The algorithms draw from principles and techniques in Machine Learning, Natural Language Processing, Information Retrieval, as well as Graph Theory.
End-to-end Integrity for File-System Data

The MINIX 3 operating system is designed to restart misbehaving or crashed drivers, but currently cannot protect the user’s file-system data. Because the blockdevice stack lacks end-to-end integrity, it is impossible to tell whether data corruption occurred—and, even if we could, there is no means to recover the data lost. Therefore, we have extended M INIX 3’s failureresilience mechanisms with guarantees for (1) detecting data corruption and (2) recovering lost data in the event of single block-device driver failures. Our approach is based on a flexible filter driver that transparently interposes upon all file system requests. Different protection strategies based on checksumming and mirroring of data are supported.
The Timing and Nature of Human Colonization of Southeast Asia in the Late Pleistocene

Recent technological developments in scientific dating methods and their applications to a broad range of materials have transformed our ability to accurately date rock art. These novel breakthroughs in turn are challenging and, in some instances, dramatically changing our perceptions of the timing and the nature of the development of rock art and other forms of symbolic expression in various parts of the late Pleistocene world. Here we discuss the application of these methods to the dating of rock art in Southeast Asia, with key implications for understanding the pattern of recent human evolution and dispersal outside Africa.
Retrotransposon-Encoded Reverse Transcriptase in the Genesis, Progression and Cellular Plasticity of Human Cancer

LINE-1 (Long Interspersed Nuclear Elements) and HERVs (Human Endogenous Retroviruses) are two families of autonomously replicating retrotransposons that together account for about 28% of the human genome. Genes harbored within LINE-1 and HERV retrotransposons, particularly those encoding the reverse transcriptase (RT) enzyme, are generally expressed at low levels in differentiated cells, but their expression is upregulated in transformed cells and embryonic tissues. Here we discuss a recently discovered RT-dependent mechanism that operates in tumorigenesis and reversibly modulates phenotypic and functional variations associated with tumor progression. Downregulation of active LINE-1 elements drastically reduces the tumorigenic potential of cancer cells, paralleled by reduced proliferation and increased differentiation. Pharmacological RT inhibitors (e.g., nevirapine and efavirenz) exert similar effects on tumorigenic cell lines, both in culture and in animal models. The HERV-K family play a distinct complementary role in stress-dependent transition of melanoma cells from an adherent, non-aggressive, to a non-adherent, highly malignant, growth phenotype. In synthesis, the retrotransposon-encoded RT is increasingly emerging as a key regulator of tumor progression and a promising target in a novel anti-cancer therapy.
Framework for Performance Evaluation of Face, Text, and Vehicle Detection and Tracking in Video: Data, Metrics, and Protocol

Common benchmark data sets, standardized performance metrics, and baseline algorithms have demonstrated considerable impact on research and development in a variety of application domains. These resources provide both consumers and developers of technology with a common framework to objectively compare the performance of different algorithms and algorithmic improvements. In this paper, we present such a framework for evaluating object detection and tracking in video: specifically for face, text, and vehicle objects. This framework includes the source video data, ground-truth annotations (along with guidelines for annotation), performance metrics, evaluation protocols, and tools including scoring software and baseline algorithms. For each detection and tracking task and supported domain, we developed a 50-clip training set and a 50-clip test set. Each data clip is approximately 2.5 minutes long and has been completely spatially/temporally annotated at the I-frame level. Each task/domain, therefore, has an associated annotated corpus of approximately 450,000 frames. The scope of such annotation is unprecedented and was designed to begin to support the necessary quantities of data for robust machine learning approaches, as well as a statistically significant comparison of the performance of algorithms. The goal of this work was to systematically address the challenges of object detection and tracking through a common evaluation framework that permits a meaningful objective comparison of techniques, provides the research community with sufficient data for the exploration of automatic modeling techniques, encourages the incorporation of objective evaluation into the development process, and contributes useful lasting resources of a scale and magnitude that will prove to be extremely useful to the computer vision research community for years to come.
Cytoprotective Effect of Benzyl N'-(5-Chloro-indol-3-yl-methylidene)-hydrazinecarbodithioate Against Ethanol-Induced Gastric Mucosal Injury in Rats

Indolic compounds have attracted a lot of attention due to their interesting biological properties. The present study was performed to evaluate the subacute toxicity and anti-ulcer activity of BClHC against ethanol-induced gastric ulcers. Experimental animal groups were orally pre-treated with different doses of BClHC (50, 100, 200 and 400 mg/kg) in 10% Tween 20 solution (vehicle). Blank and ulcer control groups were pre-treated with vehicle. The positive group was orally pretreated with 20 mg/kg omeprazole. After one hour, all groups received absolute ethanol (5 mL/kg) to generate gastric mucosal injury except the blank control group which was administered the vehicle solution. After an additional hour, all rats were sacrificed, and the ulcer areas of the gastric walls determined. Grossly, the ulcer control group exhibited severe mucosal injury, whereas pre-treatment with either derivative or omeprazole resulted in significant protection of gastric mucosal injury. Flattening of gastric mucosal folds was also observed in rats pretreated with BClHC. Histological studies of the gastric wall of ulcer control group revealed severe damage of gastric mucosa, along with edema and leucocytes infiltration of the submucosal layer compared to rats pre-treated with either BClHC or omeprazole where there were marked gastric protection along with reduction or absence of edema and leucocytes infiltration of the submucosal layer. Subacute toxicity study with a higher dose of derivative (5 g/kg) did not manifest any toxicological signs in rats. In conclusions, the present finding suggests that benzyl N'-(5-chloroindol-3-ylmethylidene)hydrazinecarbodithioate promotes ulcer protection as ascertained by the comparative decreases in ulcer areas, reduction of edema and leucocytes infiltration of the submucosal layer.
Applying compartmentalisation techniques to communication protocols of biological Nano and MEMS devices

In this paper we present a biological Nano and MEMS communication platform that uses Nano logic computation based on controlled cell-signaling mechanisms. The proposed solution also integrates compartmentalisation techniques to support parallel processing. Based on our solution, our objective is to create a nanoscale communication networks between various biological Nano and MEMS devices within a tissue to support various medical applications (e.g. patient monitoring).
Assessment of the Microbiological Quality of Groundwater in Three Regions of the Valencian Community (Spain)

Urban groundwater development was traditionally constrained by concerns about its quality. This study was conducted in the regions of La Ribera Alta and Ribera Baja and La Plana de Requena-Utiel of the Valencian Community (Valencia, Spain) where population density, demand for drinking water and agricultural activities are high. Groundwater bodies (GWBs) are regarded as management areas within each territory, and were used to establish protection policies. This study analyzed eleven GWBs. We used two databases with microbiological measurements from 154 wells over a 7-year period (2004–2011), risk factors and groundwater information. Wells were grouped according to frequency of microbiological contamination using E. coli measurements, category <1, or wells with low-frequency microbiological contamination and high-frequency wells or category 1–100, according to World Health Organization (WHO) quality criteria of drinking water. Of all wells, 18.12% showed high-frequency microbiological contamination with a majority distribution in the Ribera Alta region (26.98%, p < 0.001). No significant differences were found between the two risk categories for flow, static level, well depth and distance from population centres. This paper reveals that the vulnerability classes established by the Geological and Mining Institute of Spain (IGME) do not match the microbiological results, and that only eight wells with high-frequency contamination coincide with the high vulnerability areas.
The renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system and the cardiac natriuretic peptides

Natriuretic peptides and the reninangiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) have reciprocal effects at multiple sites and in varied situations. They interact in health and cardiovascular disease to influence renal, endocrine, and haemodynamic function and cardiovascular cell growth. The atrial natriuretic peptide (atrial natriuretic factor, ANF) discovered by De Bold in 19811 was cloned and sequenced by molecular biological techniques in 1984.2 The related peptides, brain natriuretic peptide (BNP) and C-type natriuretic peptide (CNP), were sequenced in 1988 and 1990, respectively.34 The mature forms of the peptides share a common core structure consisting of a 17-amino acid ring with some conservation of amino acid residues between peptides (fig 1). 24 ANF is present at high concentrations in atrial tissue, and in lesser amounts in the central nervous system and plasma. BNP was originally identified in the porcine brain, but subsequent work showed that it is primarily a cardiac hormone. CNP, the most recently discovered member of the natriuretic peptide family, has no carboxy terminal extension (fig 1). It is widespread in vascular endothelium and is the most prevalent of the three peptides within the central nervous system, while little is present in the heart. The natriuretic peptides exert their biological activity through specific cell receptors. Three natriuretic peptide receptors (NPR) have been characterised. NPR-A and NPR-B have guanylate cyclase activity and mediate biological activity through the second messenger cyclic guanosine monophosphate (cGMP). NPR-C is not guanylate cyclase linked, and functions as a "clearance receptor", removing natriuretic peptides from the circulation.5 ANF and BNP stimulate cGMP production through the NPR-A receptor. The NPR-B receptor is selective for CNP.6 The NPR-C (clearance receptor) binds all three of the natriuretic peptides. Natriuretic peptides are also subject to clearance by enzymatic degradation. The neutral endopeptidase EC 3A4'24'11 contributes to ANF clearance (and to a lesser extent BNP clearance) in humans.7 The biochemistry of natriuretic peptides is further detailed in a recent review.8 The focus of the present review is the interaction of the cardiac natriuretic peptides with the RAAS. Studies in humans will be reviewed, with additional information from in vitro or intact animal experiments where appropriate.
Financial Intermediaries, Markets and Growth

We build a model in which financial intermediaries provide insurance to households against a liquidity shock. Households can also invest directly on a financial market if they pay a cost. In equilibrium, the ability of intermediaries to share risk is constrained by the market. This can be beneficial because intermediaries invest less in the productive technology when they provide more risk-sharing. Our model predicts that bank-oriented economies should grow slower than more market-oriented economies, which is consistent with some recent empirical evidence. We show that the mix of intermediaries and market that maximizes welfare under a given level of financial development depends on economic fundamentals. We also show the optimal mix of two structurally very similar economies can be very different.
Parent-Infant Communication and the Neurobiology of Emotional Development.

The interactive creation of an attachment bond of affective communication between the psychobiologically attuned primary caregiver and the infant is central to human emotional development. These emotional transactions directly influence the experience-dependent maturation of the infant's early developing right hemisphere, which is in a growth spurt in the first year-and-a-half of life and is dominant for the first 3 years of life. This paper examines attachment processes and emotional communications, the neurobiology and psychobiology of attachment, and the organization of an attachment regulatory system in the right brain. The paper notes that, as opposed to a secure attachment, early misattuned interactional environments generate an insecure attachment and a right brain regulatory system that is limited in its capacity to cope with stress. This neurodevelopment outcome represents a high risk for later-forming emotional disorders. It is suggested that Early Head Start interventions that focus on social-emotional development would thus have enduring effects on the adaptive coping capacities of the individual throughout the lifespan. (Contains 96 references.) (Author/KB) Reproductions supplied by EDRS are the best that can be made from the original document. U.S. DEPARTMENT OF EDUCATION Office of Educational Research and Improvement EDUCATIONAL RESOURCES INFORMATION CENTER (ERIC) ykThis document has been reproduced as received from the person or organization originating it. Minor changes have been made to HEAD START'S FIFTH NATIONAL RESEARCH improve reproduction quality. Points of view or opinions stated in this document do not necessarily represent official OERI position or policy. CONFERENCE DEVELOPMENTAL AND CONTEXTUAL TRANSITIONS OF CHILDREN AND FAMILIES IMPLICATIONS FOR RESEARCH, POLICY, AND PRACTICE HYATT REGENCY WASHINGTON ON CAPITOL HILL JUNE 29, 2000 PLENARY ADDRESS: PARENT-INFANT COMMUNICATION AND THE NERUOBIOLOGY OF EMOTIONAL DEVELOPMENT
Model for Synchrotron X-rays from Shell Supernova Remnants in Nonuniform Interstellar Medium and Nonuniform Magnetic Field

Possibility to model the high energy synchrotron emission (in Xand γ-rays) from supernova remnants (SNRs) is an important task for modern astronomy and astrophysics, because it may be responsible for the nonthermal X-rays and TeV γrays observed recently from a number of SNRs. This emission allows as to look in the processes of particle acceleration on SNR shocks and generation of cosmic rays. In this paper, a model for the synchrotron emission from shell SNR in nonuniform interstellar medium and nonuniform magnetic field is presented. This model is a generalization of the model of Reynolds & Chevalier developed for a spherical SNR in the uniform medium and uniform magnetic field. The model will be used for studies on the thermal and nonthermal X-ray images and spectra from nonspherical SNRs in different interstellar magnetic field configurations.
An Evaluation of Depth Enhancing Perceptual Cues for Vascular Volume Visualization in Neurosurgery

Cerebral vascular images obtained through angiography are used by neurosurgeons for diagnosis, surgical planning, and intraoperative guidance. The intricate branching of the vessels and furcations, however, make the task of understanding the spatial three-dimensional layout of these images challenging. In this paper, we present empirical studies on the effect of different perceptual cues (fog, pseudo-chromadepth, kinetic depth, and depicting edges) both individually and in combination on the depth perception of cerebral vascular volumes and compare these to the cue of stereopsis. Two experiments with novices and one experiment with experts were performed. The results with novices showed that the pseudo-chromadepth and fog cues were stronger cues than that of stereopsis. Furthermore, the addition of the stereopsis cue to the other cues did not improve relative depth perception in cerebral vascular volumes. In contrast to novices, the experts also performed well with the edge cue. In terms of both novice and expert subjects, pseudo-chromadepth and fog allow for the best relative depth perception. By using such cues to improve depth perception of cerebral vasculature, we may improve diagnosis, surgical planning, and intraoperative guidance.