Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
The Wages of Dishonesty: The Supply of Cheating under High-Powered Incentives

We use a novel design to identify how dishonesty changes through a broad reward range that, at the high end, exceeds participants’ average daily wages. Using a sample of online Indian workers who earn bonuses based on six simultaneous coin flips, we show that the relationship between dishonesty and financial rewards depends on the incentive range. We find two novel effects as incentives exceed those used in most prior research. First, dishonesty increases and reaches its maximum as rewards increase from $0.50 to $3 per reported head and as earnings reach $15, indicating that rewards can indeed motivate more cheating when large enough. More importantly, we show that dishonesty declines at the highest reward levels (up to $5 per head) as individuals appear to engage in lower magnitudes of dishonesty. We detail how our results could be explained by a reference-dependent utility with internal costs of dishonesty that are convex in the magnitude of the lie, and show survey and simulation-based evidence that support this explanation.
Experimental and numerical modelling study for irrigation gun water jet

The hose reel gun irrigation system is the most popular in Europe. To improve its performance, a good knowledge of the size and spatial distributions of the generated droplets is necessary. The objective of this paper is to investigate the water jet issuing from an irrigation nozzle. In order to model the atomization process close to the nozzle, we used an Eulerian approach of a single turbulent flow representing the liquid-gas mixture. As for a single-phase flow, a mean approach combined with the k−e turbulence model is used and only one system of transport equations for the mixture is solved. The model considers two transport equations, namely, the mean liquid mass fraction equation that controls the liquid dispersion and the mean liquid-gas interface density equation that allows the calculation of the drops size. This equation includes production and destruction terms that represent physical phenomena contributing to the interface stretching and collapse. Optical probes were used to have an experimental description of the phase distribution in the two-phase flow and a database to validate numerical calculations.
Image Restoration Based on Partial Differential Equations (PDEs)

Image restoration plays an important role in both the quantitative analysis and qualitative analysis of image. It directly affects the further works of analysis and processing. At present, a large number of image restoration methods are recorded in the literatures. And image restoration method based on partial differential equations(PDEs) is one of the main tools in this area. Although these methods often seem powerless for the images with complex features, image restoration method based on PDEs still has its advantages cannot be replaced. In this paper, we make a summary and appraisal on image restoration methods based on PDEs on basis of the analysis for image characteristics and predict the development trend of image restoration methods based on PDEs.
Application of the Sliding-Mode Controller to Optical Disk Drives

The Blu-ray Disc system is considered to be the next-generation optical disk system following the digital versatile disc system. The system has a high numerical aperture and a narrow track, so improved performance is needed for the servo system. A conventional pickup control based on a linear servo system is limited in the improvement of the servo performance. We have investigated a new approach to realizing high accuracy, high speed, and high robustness. One of the new servo systems is the sliding mode controller. We applied the sliding mode controller to the optical disk drive, and we proposed an effective utilization of it. We experimentally confirmed that the sliding mode controller had sufficient playability, which means trace accuracy, accessability, and defect resistance. The sliding mode controller is a promising system for realizing further playability of the high-density optical disk system.
A Universal Model: The Vlasov Equation

Abstract Halfway between the N body model and the usual hydrodynamic, one the Vlasov equation (supplemented by the Poisson‐Maxwell equations) describes different media going from nuclear matter to the expanding universe (via semiconductors, plasmas, and stellar dynamics problems and the introduction of a quantum counterpart, the so‐called Wigner equation). In the first part we discuss the conditions of validity and how the equation can be pushed at the particle level through the dressed test particle picture. In a second part we discuss how, via water bag and multi water bag models, at least for one‐dimensional problems, the Vlasov model can be interpreted as a multifluid hydrodynamics and how mathematical similarities between 2D incompressible and the 2D phase space fluid can be used in vortex stability problems. The next part presents self similar group techniques and their embedding in the rescaling method to obtain the asymptotic solutions of expanding one species plasma and self‐gravitating universe.
PORTFOLIO SELECTION USING LEVEL CROSSING ANALYSIS

Asset allocation is one of the most important and also challenging issues in finance. In this paper using level crossing analysis we introduce a new approach for portfolio selection. We introduce a portfolio index that is obtained based on minimizing the waiting time to receive known return and risk values. By the waiting time, we mean time that a special level is observed in average. The advantage of this approach is that the investors are able to set their goals based on gaining return and knowing the average waiting time and risk value at the same time. As an example we use our model for forming portfolio of stocks in Tehran Stock Exchange (TSE).
Multicorr: a Computer Program for Fast, Accurate, Small-Sample Testing of Correlational Pattern Hypotheses

The program presented computes a chi-square statistic for testing pattern hypotheses on correlation matrices. The statistic is based on a multivariate generalization of the Fisher r-to-z transformation. Monte Carlo studies have demonstrated that this statistic has small sample performance which is superior to an analogous likelihood ratio statistic obtained via the analysis of covariance structures.
Polycrystalline iron nitride films fabricated by reactive facing-target sputtering: Structure, magnetic and electrical transport properties

Structure, magnetic and electrical transport properties of the reactive sputtered iron nitride films fabricated at different substrate temperatures (Ts) and nitrogen flow rates (FN2) were investigated systematically. The single-phase polycrystalline γ′-Fe4N film was obtained at FN2 = 20 sccm and Ts = 450 °C. The films are soft ferromagnetic at room temperature. The electrical resistivity (ρ) of the films fabricated at different FN2 and Ts decreases with the decreasing temperature, showing a metallic behavior. Meanwhile, a variety of magnetoresistance (MR) behaviors were observed depending on the applied magnetic field and measuring temperature. It can be deduced that the complex MR behaviors are dominated by Lorentz force, spin-orbit interaction, and weak localization effect.
Automated variable wavelength interferometry in reflected light mode

The paper concentrates on the double-refracting systems - particularly variable wavelength techniques (VAWI) for reflected light. The family of techniques for (transmitted and reflected light) is especially recommended for studying objects, which produce optical path difference more than a few wavelengths. In such cases classical approach consisting in measuring deflection of interference fringes is not useful because of edge effects that break continuity of interference fringes. The VAWI methods have been invented in the time when image processing devices and computers were hardly available. Automated devices unfold a completely new approach to the classical measurement procedures. The paper discusses mainly construction aspects of the systems in context of the computerised instruments.
Transient hot‐strip probe for measuring thermal properties of insulating solids and liquids

The transient hot‐strip (THS) method has been developed for experimental situations with two different materials kept against the sides of the strip. Based on this development THS probes, with known or separately measured thermal properties, have been designed and used successfully in a series of reported experiments. If the thermal diffusivity of the probe is less than that of the material under study and good contact is established between the probe and the sample, the accuracy of the measurements turns out to be as good as with the ordinary transient hot‐strip method.
Fuzzy convergence in tourism economics

Economic convergence has two meanings: the first refers to a more equitative system of wealth distribution (sigma-convergence), whereas Beta convergence is related to a higher rate of growth within poor countries than in rich ones. Assessing Neoclassical Growth through the convergence hypothesis has been catching the attention of the researchers since the 1950s. In order to test convergence, statistical methods such as regression analysis and panel data analysis are generally used. However, these methods are based on some strict assumptions that the practical problems do not support. This study purposes fuzzy convergence method that does not require any assumptions. Fuzzy convergence is based on fuzzy logic that is especially used to analyze problems including uncertainty, vagueness or impreciseness. Fuzzy convergence has been proposed for the first time in this study and has been used firstly to test whether fuzzy convergence is present or not in terms of international tourism receipts. This study aims to estimate which membership values of countries or regions are convergent or divergent, in the other words, introducing the part-convergence and part-divergence concept. The results suggest that fuzzy convergence exists within countries. The originality of this study is to use convergence concept based on fuzzy logic. Thus, we aim to estimate which membership values of countries or regions are convergent or divergent, in other words, introducing the part-convergence and part-divergence concept.
3 Elemental Profiling : Its Role and Regulations

The commercial significance of medicinal plants was known since millennia but its popularity has grown remarkably in terms of herbal drugs, herbal cosmetics and nutraceuticals during the last few decades. The primary reason being increased interest of developed countries in herbal medicines for safer and natural health care system. This has intensified research on medicinal plants of developing and third world countries for safer and effective drugs for chronic diseases. In fact, more than 60% of the new anti-cancer drugs approved since 1983 were derived from plants. Hence, countries in Asia, Africa and Latin America see greater scope in earning valuable foreign exchange through export of their plant wealth to the western countries. It has been observed, since the last two decades, the interest in the developed countries for complementary and alternative medicines has increased by 60%. In the US, consumer use of herbal products rose to about 50% in 2004 from 5% in 1991. According to the WHO estimate, the world market for herbal medicines and herbal products is worth US$ 62 billion and would hit US$ 5 trillion by 2050. The market is growing @7% per annum. US is the major market for essential oils and herbal tea. Leading markets for herbal products in Europe are Germany, France, UK and Italy with Germany having the largest herbal extraction industry in Europe. Since many of the traditional herbs do not conform to the perceptions and norms of the western countries as they correspond to a different system (allopathy) and concept, the mismatch may create problem. The latest impact of these factors is the ban imposed by the Canadian government on 'unapproved' Ayurvedic drugs from India, on the plea of hazardous heavy metal concentration in them. The agency banned products manufactured by herbal giants like Dabur, Zandu, Himalaya and Hamdard, although some of these products (like Dabur's 'Shilajit' which is actually a natural rock extract) are claimed by their manufacturers to be free from metals. The manufacturers are of the view that they would take measures like policy advocacy on this issue. However, the ban is not applicable for those Ayurvedic products which have been authorized for sale in Canada. To prevent recurrence of similar types of incidents, the WHO has issued certain guidelines to promote traditional medicines in its traditional medicine strategy (2004-05). The organization has advocated for regulations and other arrangements (like public awareness program) so as to ensure safe utilization of the traditional medicines. If the advice is implemented in a
Moving Objects Detection Algorithm Based on Three-Dimensional Gaussian Mixture Codebook Model Using XYZ Color Model

In order to reduce the difficulty of adjusting parameters for the codebook model and the computational complexity of probability distribution for the Gaussian mixture model in intelligent visual surveillance, a moving objects detection algorithm based on three-dimensional Gaussian mixture codebook model using XYZ color model is proposed. In this algorithm, a codebook model based on XYZ color model is built, and then the Gaussian model based on X, Y and Z components in codewords is established respectively. In this way, the characteristic of the three-dimensional Gaussian mixture model for the codebook model is obtained. The experimental results show that the proposed algorithm can attain higher real-time capability and its average frame rate is about 16.7 frames per second, while it is about 8.3 frames per second for the iGMM (improved Gaussian mixture model) algorithm, about 6.1 frames per second for the BM (Bayes model) algorithm, about 12.5 frames per second for the GCBM (Gaussian-based codebook model) algorithm, and about 8.5 frames per second for the CBM (codebook model) algorithm in the comparative experiments. Furthermore the proposed algorithm can obtain better detection quantity.
An integrated test-bed for PAT testing and verification of inter-satellite lasercom terminals

It is necessary, on the ground in a laboratory, to test the technical parameters and to verify the working performance for the optical pointing, acquisition and tracking (PAT) of an inter-satellite lasercom terminal. In this paper, we report a completed PAT test-bed for this aim. The test-bed works in a fully physical way and is an integration of a 2D optical scanner of two rotating prisms, a 2D fine beam deflector of two tilting optical wedges and a double-focus laser collimator, the overall aperture is about Φ440mm. The optical scanner is designed to scan the beam in the range of 30° with an accuracy of 100μrad and used to simulate the mutual movement between two satellites. The fine beam deflector has the maximum beam deviation of about 1mrad with a step of 0. 5μrad and is used to measure the tracking error of a terminal. The collimator has the double focal lengths, respectively, of 1.5m and 10m, the former provides a wide view of field for the use in the acquisition process of the terminal and the latter a narrow view of field for the use in the tracking process. In this paper, the design and fabrication considerations of the PAT test-bed as well as the main specifications of the completed integrated test-bad are given.
Observational tests of convective core overshooting in stars of intermediate to high mass in the Galaxy

This study presents the results of 14 tests for the presence of convective overshooting in large convecting stellar cores for stars with masses of 4-17 solar masses which are members of detached close binary systems and of open clusters in the Galaxy. A large body of theoretical and observational data is scrutinized and subjected to averaging in order to minimize accidental and systematic errors. A conservative upper limit of d/HP less than 0.4 is found from at least four tests, as well as a tighter upper limit of d/HP less than 0.2 from one good test that is subject to only mild restrictions and is based on the maximum observed effective temperature of evolved blue supergiants. It is concluded that any current uncertainty about the distance scale for these stars is unimportant in conducting the present tests for convective core overshooting. The correct effective temperature scale for the B0.5-B2 stars is almost certainly close to one of the proposed hot scales.
Dyson equation analysis of inertial-range turbulence

The Dyson equations of Martin et al. [Phys. Rev. A 8, 423 (1973)] are truncated after the first non‐Gaussian correction, yielding Kraichnan’s direct interaction approximation [J. Fluid Mech. 5, 497 (1959)], and the self‐similarity of the inertial range is used to reduce the number of independent variables. Yakhot and Orszag’s result [J. Sci. Comput. 1, 3 (1986)] is recovered by expanding these equations in the parameter e, which measures the departure of the energy‐spectrum exponent from one. In making this expansion, only certain nonlocal, eddy‐viscosity‐like interactions are retained at first order; all other interactions are relegated to higher orders. As a result, the expansion fails to notice that the direct interaction approximation gives the incorrect energy‐spectrum exponent.
Proton aurora and substorm intensifications

Ground based measurements from the CANOPUS array of meridian scanning photometers and precipitating ion and electron data from the DMSP F9 satellite show that the electron arc which brightens to initiate substorm intensifications is formed within a region of intense proton precipitation that is well equatorward (approximately four to six degrees) of the nightside open-closed field line boundary. The precipitating protons are from a population that is energized via earthward convection from the magnetotail into the dipolar region of the magnetosphere and may play an important role in the formation of the electron arcs leading to substorm intensifications on dipole-like field lines.
Thermal hysteresis at the phase transition in liquid crystalline materials

Experimental results on antiferroelectric liquid crystalline materials are presented using techniques such as dielectric and electro-optical measurements. A demixing phenomenon has been observed for compounds exhibiting the ferroelectric SmC* phase in their phase sequence. This phenomenon is interpreted within the framework of a thermodynamic study. Large temperature hysteresis during cooling and heating has been observed and is discussed. The results of dielectric spectroscopy and electro-optical properties suggest that thermal hysteresis is related to the demixing phenomenon. The effect of cell thickness and spontaneous polarisation on the temperature range of this phenomenon has also been investigated.
The effect of cooling on supersonic boundary-layer stability

For a number of applications it is important to know the location of the boundary-layer transition from laminar to turbulent. At present it is generally recognized that the onset of turbulence is directly connected with the loss of stability of the initial laminar flow. In the overwhelming majority of cases experimental data on the influence of various factors upon the transition location agree well with the calculated data concerning the influence of these factors on the boundary-layer stability, i.e. the theory of stability may be used successfully to predict various experimental dependencies. The boundary-layer stability and the transition are considerably affected by heat transfer from the surface of the streamlined body. But, in this case, experimental data on the transition do not always correspond to the results of the stability theory. In particular, experimental works concerning the effect of cooling of the model surface on the supersonic boundary layer transition yield contradictory results (see e.g. Gaponov & Maslov 1980; Morkovin 1969). Some of the contradictions were removed by Demetriades (1978) and Lysenko & Maslov (1981), but on the whole the problem cannot be considered solved, primarily owing to the fact that many theoretical results have not yet been experimentally confirmed. In the present paper the experimental study of development of small natural disturbances in the boundary layer of a cooled flat plate for Mach numbers M = 2, 3 and 4 is described. It confirms the main conclusions of the linear theory of hydrodynamic stability concerning the fact that surface cooling: (i) stabilizes the first-mode disturbances; (ii) destabilizes the second-mode disturbances; (iii) may lead to the region of unstable frequencies of the first mode being divided into two; (iv) does not affect the interaction of acoustic waves and the supersonic boundary layer.
Assessing Diversity and Inclusivity is the Next Frontier in Mental Health Recovery Narrative Research and Practice

Demand for digital health interventions is increasing in many countries. The use of recorded mental health recovery narratives in digital health interventions is becoming more widespread in clinical practice. Mental health recovery narratives are first-person lived experience accounts of recovery from mental health problems, including struggles and successes over time. Helpful impacts of recorded mental health recovery narratives include connectedness with the narrative and validation of experiences. Possible harms include feeling disconnected and excluded from others. Diverse narrative collections from many types of narrators and describing multiple ways to recover are important to maximize the opportunity for service users to benefit through connection and to minimize the likelihood of harm. Mental health clinicians need to know whether narrative collections are sufficiently diverse to recommend to service users. However, no method exists for assessing the diversity and inclusivity of existing or new narrative collections. We argue that assessing diversity and inclusivity is the next frontier in mental health recovery narrative research and practice. This is important, but methodologically and ethically complex. In this viewpoint, we propose and evaluate one diversity and two inclusivity assessment methods. The diversity assessment method involves use of the Simpson Diversity Index. The two inclusivity assessment methods are based on comparator demographic rates and arbitrary thresholds, respectively. These methods were applied to four narrative collections as a case study. Refinements are needed regarding a narrative assessment tool in terms of its practicality and cultural adaptation.
High Speed Photography: Techniques And Applications

High speed photography has the great advantage of giving direct visual information about transient processes. This article reviews the techniques of high speed photography and describes a range of applications with examples from the author's group at the Cavendish. There are various types of high speed cameras that can operate in different speed, or framing rate, ranges. These are discussed in terms of increasing framing rate ability since this illustrates the techniques involved and also outlines the historical development of the subject. The applications illustrated include studies of fracture, impact, erosion, high rate of strain deformation, explosive initiation, and laser-induced damage.