Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
STRUCTURE AND DYNAMICS OF COLD WATER SUPER-EARTHS: THE CASE OF OCCLUDED CH4 AND ITS OUTGASSING

In this work, we study the transport of methane in the external water envelopes surrounding water-rich super-Earths. We investigate the influence of methane on the thermodynamics and mechanics of the water mantle. We find that including methane in the water matrix introduces a new phase (filled ice), resulting in hotter planetary interiors. This effect renders the super-ionic and reticulating phases accessible to the lower ice mantle of relatively low-mass planets (∼5 ME) lacking a H/He atmosphere. We model the thermal and structural profile of the planetary crust and discuss five possible crustal regimes which depend on the surface temperature and heat flux. We demonstrate that the planetary crust can be conductive throughout or partly confined to the dissociation curve of methane clathrate hydrate. The formation of methane clathrate in the subsurface is shown to inhibit the formation of a subterranean ocean. This effect results in increased stresses on the lithosphere, making modes of ice plate tectonics possible. The dynamic character of the tectonic plates is analyzed and the ability of this tectonic mode to cool the planet is estimated. The icy tectonic plates are found to be faster than those on a silicate super-Earth. A mid-layer of low viscosity is found to exist between the lithosphere and the lower mantle. Its existence results in a large difference between ice mantle overturn timescales and resurfacing timescales. Resurfacing timescales are found to be 1 Ma for fast plates and 100 Ma for sluggish plates, depending on the viscosity profile and ice mass fraction. Melting beneath spreading centers is required in order to account for the planetary radiogenic heating. The melt fraction is quantified for the various tectonic solutions explored, ranging from a few percent for the fast and thin plates to total melting of the upwelled material for the thick and sluggish plates. Ice mantle dynamics is found to be important for assessing the composition of the atmosphere. We propose a mechanism for methane release into the atmosphere, where freshly exposed reservoirs of methane clathrate hydrate at the ridge dissociate under surface conditions. We formulate the relation between the outgassing flux and the tectonic mode dynamical characteristics. We give numerical estimates for the global outgassing rate of methane into the atmosphere. We find, for example, that for a 2 ME planet outgassing can release 1027–1029 molecules s−1 of methane to the atmosphere. We suggest a qualitative explanation for how the same outgassing mechanism may result in either a stable or a runaway volatile release, depending on the specifics of a given planet. Finally, we integrate the global outgassing rate for a few cases and quantify how the surface atmospheric pressure of methane evolves over time. We find that methane is likely an important constituent of water planets' atmospheres.
Application of Deep Learning Models to Improve Ulcerative Colitis Endoscopic Disease Activity Scoring Under Multiple Scoring Systems.

BACKGROUND & AIMS Lack of clinical validation and inter-observer variability are two limitations of endoscopic assessment and scoring of disease severity in patients with Ulcerative Colitis. We developed a deep learning (DL) model to improve, accelerate and automate UC detection, and predict the Mayo Endoscopic Subscore (MES) and the Ulcerative Colitis Endoscopic Index of Severity (UCEIS). METHODS A total of 134 prospective videos (1,550,030 frames) were collected and those with poor quality were excluded. The frames were labeled by experts based on MES and UCEIS scores. The scored frames were used to create a preprocessing pipeline and train multiple convolutional neural networks (CNNs) with proprietary algorithms in order to filter, detect and assess all frames. These frames served as the input for the DL model, with the output being continuous scores for MES and UCEIS (and its components). A graphical user interface was developed to support both labeling video sections and displaying the predicted disease severity assessment by the AI from endoscopic recordings. RESULTS Mean absolute error (MAE) and mean bias were used to evaluate the distance of continuous model's predictions from ground truth and its possible tendency to over/under-predict were excellent for MES and UCEIS. The quadratic weighted kappa used to compare the inter-rater agreement between experts' labels and the model's predictions showed strong agreement (0.87, 0.88 frame-level, 0.88, 0.90 section-level and 0.90, 0.78 at video-level, for MES and UCEIS, respectively). CONCLUSIONS We present the first fully automated tool that improves the accuracy of the MES and UCEIS, reduces the time between video collection and review, and improves subsequent quality assurance and scoring.
Spectral functions in a magnetic field as a probe of spin-charge separation

We show that the single-particle spectral functions in a magnetic field can be used to probe spin-charge separation of a Luttinger liquid. Away from the Fermi momentum, the magnetic field splits both the spinon peak and holon peak; here the spin-charge separation nature is reflected in the different magnitude of the two splittings. At the Fermi momentum, the magnetic field splits the zero-field peak into four peaks. The feasibility of experimentally studying this effect is discussed.
Genetic polymorphisms of 17 X-STR loci in two Tunisian populations from Sousse and Makthar

Abstract Background Tunisia has a complex demographic history of migrations from within Africa, Europe, and the Middle East. However, only one population study based on X-STR markers has been reported so far. Aim To investigate the genetic polymorphisms of 17 X-STRs in two Tunisian populations from the cities of Sousse and Makthar, and to reveal the genetic relationships with other reference populations. Subjects and methods A total of 194 unrelated healthy individuals were analysed for 17 X-STR markers. Results Our results indicate that DXS6809 is the most polymorphic locus, whereas DXS6807 is the least informative marker in the populations of Sousse and Makthar. In addition, forensic statistical parameters, such as the power of discrimination in males and females, as well as the mean of exclusion in duos and trios, reveal that the panel of 17 X-STRs is highly informative and useful in different forensic applications. Overall, pairwise genetic distances (Fst) and non-metric MDS plots demonstrate clustering of different populations according to their geographic locations and their historical relationships. Conclusion Overall, the study of X-STR markers of the Tunisian populations can help to promote the establishment of a forensic DNA reference database in Tunisia and provide reference for future anthropological research.
Transcutaneous measurement of frequency dispersion in the regional pulse wave velocity

The pulse wave velocity (PWV) is the propagation speed of the pulsation along the artery due to the heartbeat; its measurement is being reported to estimate the elasticity of the arterial wall for noninvasive diagnosis of arteriosclerosis. It is important for advanced diagnosis, to determine the PWV for each frequency and for each instance in time during the cardiac cycle. Using a phased tracking method developed, the movement of the arterial wall is accurately tracked and small velocity signals at multiple points in the human carotid artery along a linear-type probe are all simultaneously measured with sub-micrometer accuracy. By applying a spatial autoregressive modeling to the measured signals after using the Hilbert transform, the regional PWV of each frequency component was determined at the beginning of the ejection period, T/sub E/, and at the beginning of the ventricular diastole, T/sub D/. The novel detection of the PWV offers potential for quantitative diagnosis of atherosclerosis.
Paradigms in phonological theory

1. Introduction: The Role of Paradigms in Phonological Theory 2. The Morphological Basis of Paradigm Leveling 3. Competing Principles of Paradigm Uniformity: Evidence From the Hebrew Imperative Paradigm 4. Sources of Paradigm Uniformity 5. "Capitalistic" vs "Militaristic": The paradigm Uniformity Effect Reconsidered 6. Jita Causative Doubling Provides Optimal paradigms 7. Paradigmatic Uniformity and Contrast 8. Optimal Paradigms 9. Paradigm Uniformity Effects Versus Boundary Effects 10. Uniformity and Contrast in the Hungarian Verbal paradigm 11. A Note on Paradigm Uniformity and Priority of the Root
An insect brain organizes numbers on a left-to-right mental number line

Significance The ability to judge numbers exists in various vertebrate species but also in honey bees, thus raising the question of the phylogenetic origins of numerosity systems. Here, we studied if bees, like humans, organize numbers spatially from left to right according to their magnitude. As the cultural vs. biological origins of this mental number line (MNL) are a subject of debate, our study provides an important perspective for this discussion. We show that bees order numbers from left to right according to their magnitude and that the location of a number on that line varies with the reference number previously trained. Thus, the MNL is a biological numeric representation that is common to the nervous system with distant evolutionary origins.
Cytoreductive surgery and hyperthermic intraperitoneal chemotherapy in appendix cancer A single-center experience.

AIM The traditional treatment for appendiceal cancer with peritoneal spread is cytoreductive surgery (CRS) but added HİPEC chemotherapy to cytoreductive surgery and has shown that it improves overall survival. The aim of this study was to report the results of CRS and HIPEC treated patients with appendiceal cancers which is based on the experience of at Surgical oncology department. MATERIAL-METHOD Ankara University School of Medicine, Deparment of Surgical Oncology. The data of patients who underwent CRS + HIPEC for appendiceal cancer between January 2008 - January 2019 was retrospectively analysed. 40 patients who underwent CRS + HIPEC were evaluated retrospectively. Patients with unresectable liver metastasis, large retroperitoneal tumor, tumoral infiltration in the intestinal mesentery and liver hilum were excluded from the study. RESULTS The mean (±sd) PCI was 17.98 (±8.21). Twenty six patients's completeness of cytoreduction score was 0(65.0%), 10(25.0%) CCS-1, 3(7.5%) CCS-2 and 1(2.5%) CCS-3. There was statistically significant difference with prognosis between ccr score, ASA, lymphovascular invasion, PCI score, albumin categories. CONCLUSIONS In selected patients survival can be increased. However, it is thought that cytoreductive surgery should be performed even if completeness of cytoreduction score is two. In our study we represent that >17PCI patients could be managed by CRS/HIPEC if the CC score ≤2 can be reached. Our results suggest that the CRS/HIPEC procedure can improve the benefits of larger patient group and provides longer survival. KEY WORDS Appendiceal Neoplasms, Cytoreductive Surgery, Hyperthermic Intraperitoneal Chemotherapy.
Low Cost Digital Implementation of Hybrid FitzHugh Nagumo–Morris Lecar Neuron Model Considering Electromagnetic Flux Coupling

Digital realization of neuron models, especially implementation on a field programmable gate array (FPGA), is one of the key objectives of neuromorphic research, because the effective hardware realization of the biological neural networks plays a crucial role in implementing the behaviors of the brain for future applications. In this paper, a hybrid FitzHugh Nagumo-Morris Lecar (FNML) neuron model with electromagnetic flux coupling is considered, and two multiplierless piecewise linear (PWL) models, which have similar behaviors to the biological neuron, are presented. A comparison between digital implementation results of the original FNML and PWL models illustrates that, the PWL1 model provides a 65% speed-up with an overall saving (in FPGA resources) of 66.2%, and the PWL2 model yields a 71% speed-up with an overall saving of 78.2%.
Virtual monoenergetic images by spectral detector computed tomography may improve image quality and diagnostic ability for ischemic lesions in acute ischemic stroke

Background Acute ischemic lesions are challenging to detect by conventional computed tomography (CT). Virtual monoenergetic images may improve detection rates by increased tissue contrast. Purpose To compare the ability to detect ischemic lesions of virtual monoenergetic with conventional images in patients with acute stroke. Material and Methods We included consecutive patients at our center that underwent brain CT in a spectral scanner for suspicion of acute stroke, onset <12 h, with or without (negative controls) a confirmed cortical ischemic lesion in the initial scan or a follow-up CT or magnetic resonance imaging. Attenuation was measured in predefined areas in ischemic gray (guided by follow-up exams), normal gray, and white matter in conventional images and retrieved in spectral diagrams for the same locations in monoenergetic series at 40–200 keV. Signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) and contrast-to-noise ratio (CNR) were calculated. Visual assessment of diagnostic measures was performed by independent review by two neuroradiologists blinded to reconstruction details. Results In total, 29 patients were included (January 2018 to July 2019). SNR was higher in virtual monoenergetic compared to conventional images, significantly at 60–150 keV. CNR between ischemic gray and normal white matter was higher in monoenergetic images at 40–70 keV compared to conventional images. Virtual monoenergetic images received higher scores in overall image quality. The sensitivity for diagnosing acute ischemia was 93% and 97%, respectively, for the reviewers, compared to 55% of the original report based on conventional images. Conclusion Virtual monoenergetic reconstructions of spectral CIs may improve image quality and diagnostic ability in stroke assessment.
Disordered gambling in a longitudinal birth cohort: from childhood precursors to adult life outcomes

Abstract Background Despite its introduction into the diagnostic nomenclature over four decades ago, there remain large knowledge gaps about disordered gambling. The primary aims of the present study were to document the long-term course, childhood precursors, and adult life outcomes associated with disordered gambling. Methods Participants enrolled in the population-representative Dunedin Study were prospectively followed from birth through age 45. Disordered gambling was assessed six times from age 18; composite measures of childhood social class, general intelligence, and low self-control were based on assessments obtained from birth through age 15; adult socioeconomic, financial, and legal outcomes were obtained through age 45. Lifetime disordered gambling was predicted from the three childhood precursors and the adult outcomes were predicted from lifetime disordered gambling. Results Past-year disordered gambling usually occurred at only a single time point and recurrence was relatively uncommon. Lower childhood social class, general intelligence, and self-control significantly predicted lifetime disordered gambling in adulthood. In turn, lifetime disordered gambling in adulthood significantly predicted occupational, educational, and financial problems in adulthood (ds = 0.23–0.41). These associations were markedly reduced and sometimes rendered nonsignificant after adjusting for childhood precursors (ds = 0.04–0.32). Conclusions Socioeconomic, financial, and legal outcomes in adulthood are not merely consequences of disordered gambling, but also are predicted from childhood precursors. Deflecting the trajectories of young people at risk for developing disordered gambling may help to ameliorate not just the development of later disordered gambling, but also other associated adverse outcomes.
Sufu- and Spop-mediated regulation of Gli2 is essential for the control of mammalian cochlear hair cell differentiation

Significance Sonic hedgehog (Shh) is responsible for the temporal and directional control of mammalian cochlear hair cell (HC) differentiation. We demonstrate that restriction of Gli2 expression, the major transcriptional activator of the Shh signaling pathway, is a prerequisite for cochlear HC differentiation. Gli2 blocks HC differentiation by maintaining the progenitor state of Sox2+ prosensory cells. The spatiotemporal differentiation pattern of HCs along the basal–apical axis of the cochlea is achieved by Sufu- and Spop-mediated control of Gli2 transcription in the sensory progenitor cells; cells expressing low Gli2 could differentiate, whereas cells with high Gli2 were locked in the progenitor state. This study unravels the mechanism underlying Shh-mediated control of sensory HC differentiation in the mammalian cochlea.
Rapid diagnostic tests and ELISA for diagnosing chronic Chagas disease: Systematic revision and meta-analysis

Objective To determine the diagnostic validity of the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and Rapid Diagnostic Tests (RDT) among individuals with suspected chronic Chagas Disease (CD). Methodology A search was made for studies with ELISA and RDT assays validity estimates as eligibility criteria, published between 2010 and 2020 on PubMed, Web of Science, Scopus, and LILACS. This way, we extracted the data and assessed the risk of bias and applicability of the studies using the QUADAS-2 tool. The bivariate random effects model was also used to estimate the overall sensitivity and specificity through forest-plots, ROC space, and we visually assessed the heterogeneity between studies. Meta-regressions were made using subgroup analysis. We used Deeks’ test to assess the risk of publication bias. Results 43 studies were included; 27 assessed ELISA tests; 14 assessed RDTs; and 2 assessed ELISA and RDTs, against different reference standards. 51.2 % of them used a non-comparative observational design, and 46.5 % a comparative clinical design (“case-control” type). High risk of bias was detected for patient screening and reference standard. The ELISA tests had a sensitivity of 99% (95% CI: 98–99) and a specificity of 98% (95% CI: 97–99); whereas the Rapid Diagnostic Tests (RDT) had values of 95% (95% CI: 94–97) and 97% (95% CI: 96–98), respectively. Deeks’ test showed asymmetry on the ELISA assays. Conclusions ELISA and RDT tests have high validity for diagnosing chronic Chagas disease. The analysis of these two types of evidence in this systematic review and meta-analysis constitutes an input for their use. The limitations included the difficulty in extracting data due to the lack of information in the articles, and the comparative clinical-type design of some studies.
DDX60 selectively reduces translation off viral type II internal ribosome entry sites

Co‐opting host cell protein synthesis is a hallmark of many virus infections. In response, certain host defense proteins limit mRNA translation globally, albeit at the cost of the host cell's own protein synthesis. Here, we describe an interferon‐stimulated helicase, DDX60, that decreases translation from viral internal ribosome entry sites (IRESs). DDX60 acts selectively on type II IRESs of encephalomyocarditis virus (EMCV) and foot and mouth disease virus (FMDV), but not by other IRES types or by 5′ cap. Correspondingly, DDX60 reduces EMCV and FMDV (type II IRES) replication, but not that of poliovirus or bovine enterovirus 1 (BEV‐1; type I IRES). Furthermore, replacing the IRES of poliovirus with a type II IRES is sufficient for DDX60 to inhibit viral replication. Finally, DDX60 selectively modulates the amount of translating ribosomes on viral and in vitro transcribed type II IRES mRNAs, but not 5′ capped mRNA. Our study identifies a novel facet in the repertoire of interferon‐stimulated effector genes, the selective downregulation of translation from viral type II IRES elements.
A Gentle Introduction to Bayesian Network Meta-Analysis Using an Automated R Package

Abstract Network meta-analysis is an extension of standard meta-analysis. It allows researchers to build a network of evidence to compare multiple interventions that may have not been compared directly in existing publications. With a Bayesian approach, network meta-analysis can be used to obtain a posterior probability distribution of all the relative treatment effects, which allows for the estimation of relative treatment effects to quantify the uncertainty of parameter estimates, and to rank all the treatments in the network. Ranking treatments using both direct and indirect evidence can provide guidance to policy makers and clinicians for making decisions. The purpose of this paper is to introduce fundamental concepts of Bayesian network meta-analysis (BNMA) to researchers in psychology and social sciences. We discuss several essential concepts of BNMA, including the assumptions of homogeneity and consistency, the fixed and random effects models, prior specification, and model fit evaluation strategies, while pointing out some issues and areas where researchers should use caution in the application of BNMA. Additionally, using an automated R package, we provide a step-by-step demonstration on how to conduct and report the findings of BNMA with a real dataset of psychological interventions extracted from PubMed.
The way of the cell : molecules, organisms and the order of life

What is life? Fifty years after physicist Erwin Schrodinger posed this question in his celebrated and inspiring book, the answer remains elusive. In The Way of the Cell, one of the world's most respected microbiologists draws on his wide knowledge of contemporary science to provide fresh insight into this intriguing and all-important question. What is the relationship of living things to the inanimate realm of chemistry and physics? How do lifeless but special chemicals come together to form those intricate dynamic ensembles that we recognize as life? To shed light on these questions, Franklin Harold focuses here on microorganisms-in particular, the supremely well-researched bacterium E. coli-because the cell is the simplest level of organization that manifests all the features of the phenomenon of life. Harold shows that as simple as they appear when compared to ourselves, every cell displays a dynamic pattern in space and time, orders of magnitude richer than its elements. It integrates the writhings and couplings of billions of molecules into a coherent whole, draws matter and energy into itself, constructs and reproduces its own order, and persists in this manner for numberless generations while continuously adapting to a changing world. A cell constitutes a unitary whole, a unit of life, and in this volume one of the leading authorities on the cell gives us a vivid picture of what goes on within this minute precinct. The result is a richly detailed, meticulously crafted account of what modern science can tell us about life as well as one scientist's personal attempt to wring understanding from the tide of knowledge.