Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Mechanisms of endosseous integration.

UNLABELLED Although the clinical term "osseointegration" describes the anchorage of endosseous implants to withstand functional loading, it provides no insight into the mechanisms of bony healing around such implants. Nevertheless, an understanding of the sequence of bone healing events around endosseous implants is believed to be critical in developing biologic design criteria for implant surfaces. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION This discussion paper shows that peri-implant bone healing, which results in contact osteogenesis (bone growth on the implant surface), can be phenomenologically subdivided into three distinct phases that can be addressed experimentally. The first, osteoconduction, relies on the migration of differentiating osteogenic cells to the implant surface, through a temporary connective tissue scaffold. Anchorage of this scaffold to the implant surface is a function of implant surface design. The second, de novo bone formation, results in a mineralized interfacial matrix, equivalent to that seen in cement lines in natural bone tissue, being laid down on the implant surface. Implant surface topography will determine if the interfacial bone formed is bonded to the implant. A third tissue response, that of bone remodeling, will also, at discrete sites, create a bone-implant interface comprising de novo bone formation. CONCLUSION Treatment outcomes in dental implantology will be critically dependent on implant surface designs that optimize the biologic response during each of these three distinct integration mechanisms.
A Meta-Analysis of Pedometer-Based Walking Interventions and Weight Loss

PURPOSE Cross-sectional studies show that individuals who walk more tend to be thinner than those who walk less. This does not mean, however, that the association between higher step counts and lower weight is causal or that encouraging sedentary individuals to increase step counts helps them lose weight. METHODS In this meta-analysis, we searched 6 electronic databases and contacted pedometer experts to identify pedometer-based walking studies without a dietary intervention that reported weight change as an outcome. We included randomized controlled trials and prospective cohort studies published after January 1, 1995, in either English or Japanese, with 5 or more adult participants and at least 1 cohort enrolled in a pedometer-based walking intervention lasting at least 4 weeks. RESULTS Nine studies met the study inclusion criteria. Cohort sample size ranged from 15 to 106, for a total of 307 participants, 73% of whom were women and 27% of whom were men. The duration of the intervention ranged from 4 weeks to 1 year, with a median duration of 16 weeks. The pooled estimate of mean weight change from baseline using a fixed-effects model and combining data from all 9 cohorts was −1.27 kg (95% confidence interval, −1.85 to −0.70 kg). Longer intervention duration was associated with greater weight change. On average, participants lost 0.05 kg per week during the interventions. CONCLUSION Pedometer-based walking programs result in a modest amount of weight loss. Longer programs lead to more weight loss than shorter programs.
Student Interest and Persistence in Science: Changes in the Educational Pipeline in the Last Decade.

Should this country anticipate a serious shortage of scientific talent by 1995? We may project the supply of future scientists by examining the number of mathematics, science, and engineering (MSE) students currently in the educational pipeline, as well as the number who are likely to persist until college graduation. These students constitute the primary supply of new engineers and scientists for the next decade. The total numbers depend on three main factors: (1) the number of births in the relevant age cohorts, (2) the proportion of each cohort persisting to the relevant level of higher education, and (3) the proportion at each level electing to major in MSE fields. Census data indicate that the size of the 18to 24-year-old group currently is experiencing a moderate decline. This would point to lower college enrollments in MSE fields in comparison with the 1970s. A major report from the Office of Technology Assessment [ 15] provided evidence to the contrary. In testimony before the House of Representatives in response to this report, the late Eugene Frankel [6] gave two reasons for questioning whether this decline will occur. First, he hypothesized that older students (whose numbers are not decreasing) and
Origin of Transient Crosstalk and Its Reduction in Phase-only LCOS Wavelength Selective Switches

The transient crosstalk in a phase-only liquid crystal on silicon (LCOS) based wavelength selective switch using a Fourier transform setup was investigated. Its origin was identified using an in situ test procedure and found to be related to the transient phase patterns displayed by the LCOS device during the switching. Two different methods were proposed to reduce the transient crosstalk without the need to modify the optics or electronics in use. Experimental results show both methods are able to reduce the worst-case transient crosstalk by at least 5 dB.
Energy management strategies for plug-in hybrid electric vehicles

Along with the common goal of reducing fuel consumption for vehicles, the hybrid electric vehicle stands out as a mean for more fuel efficient driving. Besides the conventional combustion engine and fuel tank, the hybrid electric vehicle is also equipped with an electric motor and a battery for propulsion. Car manufacturers are presently working to provide the markets with the next step of this concept, the plug-in hybrid electric vehicle, allowing the on-board battery to be recharged from the power grid. The aim of this master thesis is to evaluate two different energy management strategies for plug-in hybrid electric vehicles. These energy management strategies consist of both control strategies as well as battery discharge strategies. This thesis evaluates an already existing control strategy based on rules for energy management. It also involves Matlab R ï¿¿ and Simulink R ï¿¿ implementation of a control strategy; the Equivalent Consumption Minimization Strategy (ECMS), which is based on the concept of optimal control. ECMS operates by continuous evaluation of the fuel consumption cost for different power splits as a basis for selecting the most fuel efficient operating point between the internal combustion engine and the electric motor. Two battery discharge strategies have been investigated. The first one is the Charge Depletion Charge Sustaining (CDCS) strategy, depleting the battery in an all-electric drive first and then operating in sustaining mode. The other method is to blend the use of the electric motor with the combustion engine at various points throughout the entire trip in a blended mode discharge strategy. A comparison has been made between a rule-based control strategy with CDCS and the ECMS control strategy for both blended and CDCS discharge. The comparison is done with respect to fuel consumption but side effects related to the battery power usage are observed as well. It is concluded that fuel consumption using ECMS with a blended discharge can be reduced by 4.2 % on average and by 1.0 % on average for CDCS discharge, compared to using the rule-based control strategy with CDCS. Battery power losses are reduced by 15.6 % under a blended discharge strategy and by 7.9 % for CDCS discharge.
Can an emotional intelligence program improve adolescents’ psychosocial adjustment? Results from the INTEMO project

We analyzed the effects on a group of Spanish adolescents of an emotional intelligence (EI) education program based on Mayer and Salovey’s (1997) model of adolescent psychosocial adjustment. Participants were 147 high school students aged between 13 and 16 years, of whom 69 were in the control group and 78 were in the training group. We conducted the research using a quasiexperimental pretest-intervention-posttest design during 2 academic years. This training program was conducted as part of the ongoing project known as INTEMO and was implemented during 10 weekly sessions of 1 hour. Students who participated in the EI program reported better psychosocial adjustment (e.g., lower levels of depression and anxiety, less atypicality, somatization, and social stress, and higher self-esteem) compared to students in the control group. Implications of these findings for educational curricula are discussed, and recommendations for future research are made.
Mortality among married men in rural Kenya and Malawi.

Using prospective longitudinal data, this article describes recent changes in the levels of adult mortality among married men aged 20–59 in selected rural areas of Malawi and Kenya, and in the age pattern of their mortality. Sampled areas have, respectively, moderate and high HIV prevalence. The observed annual probability of dying for males interviewed in an initial wave of each study and then reported as deceased in follow-up interviews is 0.031 in Nyanza and 0.016 in Malawi. Compared to life table estimates for equivalent age groups generated from Kenya’s 1989 census and Malawi’s 1987 census, these results represent a 3-fold increase over 1980s census levels. These changes have reduced life expectancy at age 20 by about 14 years in Nyanza and 7 years in Malawi. Observed mortality is consistent with a younger age of HIV infection in Nyanza. Sample characteristics suggest that these levels underestimate the total effect of AIDS on mortality.
Mitos que aún persisten en los maestros y las maestras costarricenses acerca del trastorno autista / Miths that costarrican teachers share about autistic syndrome

Este estudio, realizado en el ano 2006, pretende identificar los principales mitos y creencias que sostienen los maestros y maestras acerca del autismo en Costa Rica. Esta confusion no se da solo en los maestros y maestras, sino tambien en profesionales que trabajan directa o indirectamente con esta poblacion. Una posible causa de los errores respecto a esta discapacidad, es el manejo de una limitada informacion que da origen a una serie de mitos y valoraciones erroneas de lo que es el autismo como sindrome, y lo que las personas que lo presentan son en realidad. Esto ha generado una cantidad de creencias, sin fundamento, acerca de su origen, evolucion, tratamiento, no permitiendo desarrollar programas comprehensivos, y creando en ocasiones expectativas falsas, acerca de su integracion. It is supposed that confusion, about what autism is and which is it etiology, treatment and prognosis, is share by teachers and by other professionals that work directly or indirectly with Costa Rican autistic children. A probable source of confusion is a lack of information on this disorder, which leads to create myths and believes based on irrational ideas about what autism is as a syndrome and, the particular behavioral characteristics of people carrying on this syndrome. The basic goal of this study is to identify the myths and believes that, Costa Rican teachers and other professionals hold about the different aspects of autism and the people that carry this syndrome.
Hegemonic preservation or horizontal accountability: constitutional review in Turkey

Does constitutional review in emerging democracies tend to enhance horizontal accountability or to preserve state-elite hegemony? The results of a quantitative analysis of abstract constitutional review in Turkey during the 1984–2007 period show: (1) that the Constitutional Court was no more likely to accept unconstitutionality claims by state-elite parties than by non-state-elite parties; and (2) that the Constitutional Court was more likely to accept unconstitutionality claims of executive transgressions than those of state-principles violations. In sum, the findings largely point to the Constitutional Court’s preference for horizontal accountability over hegemonic preservation.
Kilusang Mayo Uno & the Rise of Social Movement Unionism in the Philippines

Abstract The paper traces the genesis and development of the Kilusang Mayo Uno (KMU) or May First movement in the Philippines as a significant component of Filipino industrial relations. The argument of the paper is that the growth has been rapid despite employer victimization and violent state repression, because of the attractiveness of a new trade union organizing style, a style which has emerged in certain Third World and other repressive state contexts. While the KMU leadership has adopted the political identity, ‘National Democratic Unionism’, I argue that the analytical concept social movement unionism is an effective way of capturing the dynamic of this new trade union form. Through the rootedness of social movementism in the workplace and in the community, through the movement's mass actions challenging state power, and through the leadership conviction that an alternative society is possible, the new form has proven viable. The optimism underlying these developments stands in sharp contrast to t.
Tumor Volumes Measured From Static and Dynamic 18F-fluoro-2-deoxy-D-glucose Positron Emission Tomography-Computed Tomography Scan: Comparison of Different Methods Using Magnetic Resonance Imaging as the Criterion Standard

Objective The objective of this study was to compare the accuracy of calculating the primary tumor volumes using a gradient-based method and fixed threshold methods on the standardized uptake value (SUV) maps and the net influx of FDG (Ki) maps from positron emission tomography-computed tomography (PET-CT) images. Materials and Methods Newly diagnosed patients with head and neck cancer were recruited, and dynamic PET-CT scan and T2-weighted magnetic resonance imaging were performed. The maps of Ki and SUV were calculated from PET-CT images. The tumor volumes were calculated using a gradient-based method and a fixed threshold method at 40% of maximal SUV or maximal Ki. Four kinds of volumes, VOLKi-Gra (from the Ki maps using the gradient-based method), VOLKi-40% (from the Ki maps using the threshold of 40% maximal Ki), VOLSUV-Gra (from the SUV maps using the gradient-based method), and VOLSUV-40% (from the SUV maps using the threshold of 40% maximal SUV), were acquired and compared with VOLMRI (the volumes acquired on T2-weighted images) using the Pearson correlation, paired t test, and similarity analysis. Results Eighteen patients were studied, of which 4 had poorly defined tumors (PDT). The positron emission tomography–derived volumes were as follows: VOLSUV-40%, 2.1 to 41.2 cm3 (mean [SD], 12.3 [10.6]); VOLSUV-Gra, 2.2 to 28.1 cm3 (mean [SD], 13.2 [8.4]); VOLKi-Gra, 2.4 to 17.0 cm3 (mean [SD], 9.5 [4.6]); and VOLKi-40%, 2.7 to 20.3 cm3 (mean [SD], 12.0 [6.0]). The VOLMRI ranged from 2.9 to 18.1 cm3 (mean [SD], 9.1 [3.9]). The VOLKi-Gra significantly correlated with VOLMRI with the highest correlation coefficient (PDT included, R = 0.673, P = 0.002; PDT excluded, R = 0.841, P < 0.001) and presented no difference from VOLMRI (P = 0.672 or 0.561, respectively, PDT included and excluded). The difference between VOLKi-Gra and VOLMRI was also the smallest. Conclusions The tumor volumes delineated on the Ki maps using the gradient-based method are more accurate than those on the SUV maps and using the fixed threshold methods.
The Good of Wrath: Supernatural Punishment and the Evolution of Cooperation

Abstract Human cooperation remains a puzzle because it persists even in contexts where traditional theories predict it should not do so (i.e. among unrelated strangers, who never meet again and where reputation effects are absent). The leading explanation argues that cooperation occurs only if non-cooperators are punished. However, punishment is costly, so ‘second-order’ non-cooperators may arise who defect from contributing to punishment, thus unravelling this solution. We propose an alternative: during our history, the fear of supernatural punishment (whether real or not) deterred defectors and may therefore represent an adaptive trait favoured by natural selection. Supernatural beliefs are universal among human societies, commonly connected to taboos for public goods, so it seems plausible that they serve an important function in fostering cooperation. This hypothesis offers an explanation for (a) geographic variation in religious practices as solutions to local cooperation problems; and (b) the power of political appeals to religion to elicit cooperation.
APOBEC3 Proteins Inhibit Human LINE-1 Retrotransposition*

The human cytidine deaminase family APOBEC3 represents a novel group of proteins in the field of innate defense mechanisms that has been shown to be active against a variety of retroviruses. Here we examined whether members of the APO-BEC3 family have an impact on retrotransposition of human long interspersed nuclear elements (LINE-1s or L1s). Using a retrotransposition reporter assay in HeLa cells, we demonstrate that in the presence of transiently transfected APOBEC3A, L1 retrotransposition frequency was reduced by up to 85%. Although APOBEC3G and -3H did not influence L1 retrotransposition notably, expression of APOBEC3B, -3C, and -3F inhibited transposition by ∼75%. Although reverse transcription of L1s occurs in the nucleus and APOBEC3 proteins are believed to act via DNA deamination during reverse transcription, activity against L1 retrotransposition was not correlated with nuclear localization of APOBEC3s. We demonstrate that APOBEC3C and APOBEC3B were endogenously expressed in HeLa cells. Accordingly, down-regulation of APOBEC3C by RNA interference enhanced L1 retrotransposition by ∼78%. Sequence analyses of de novo L1 retrotransposition events that occurred in the presence of overexpressed APOBEC3 proteins as well as the analyses of pre-existing endogenous L1 elements did not reveal an enhanced rate of G-to-A transitions, pointing to a mechanism independent of DNA deamination. This study presents evidence for a role of host-encoded APOBEC3 proteins in the regulation of L1 retrotransposition.
Graph-based Approach for Robust Road Guidance Sign Recognition from Differently Exposed Images

In this paper we present an approach to detect traffic guidance signs and recognise the structure of junction information on them. The detection algorithm is based on using differently exposed images. These images are combined into one using tone mapping technique in order to minimize effects of bad environment conditions and low dynamic range of CCD- cameras. This technique allows robust sign detection in various lighting conditions. To localize sign candidates color segmentation is used. To minimize number of false detection filtering operations based on geometrical and color properties is applied. Recognition process is based on graph theory. Each sign candidate is decomposed into principal components and the region which represents junction structure is mapped into a graph. This graph is checked for possible mapping mistakes. Finally, the graph is analyzed in order to extract all possible paths of junction crossing. These paths must represent the real structure of the junction and correspond to the road law. The proposed method allows more effective detection in different lighting and environmental conditions such as insufficient or excessive lighting, rain, fog etc compared with conventional approaches.
Transnational Entrepreneurship: An Emergent Field of Study

This article introduces the reader to the scope, boundaries, variation, and theoretical lenses of transnational entrepreneurship (TE) research. We discuss issues concerning why, how, and when individuals and/or organizations pursue new business ventures, often in far less attractive environments, while relying on abilities and opportunities stemming from the exploitation of resources, both social and economic, in more than one country. We compare TE with international entrepreneurs, ethnic entrepreneurs, and returnee entrepreneurs. TE is considered from several perspectives: agency, institutional, cultural, power relations, and social capital and networks. We summarize the articles presented in this special issue and outline an agenda for further research.
802.11 Disassociation DoS Attack and Its Solutions: A Survey

Wireless local area networks provide the connectivity at low cost with greater flexibility and mobility. IEEE 802.11 is the defacto wireless standard. It was designed to provide security however it failed to do so. As a result amendments/enhancements were made to overcome the flaws by first introducing Wi-Fi protected access (WPA) and then IEEE 802.11i. But both these enhancements failed to achieve the desired objectives especially availability. Unauthenticated management and control frames provide no protection against identity theft and are main cause of denial of service (DoS) attacks. Spoofed disassociation messages can successfully be used to launch DoS attacks. In this paper we have explained the DoS attack and carried out a survey / analysis of various solutions for this attack.
4.3 Fine-grained adaptive power management of the SPARC M7 processor

The power management system described in this paper enables more than 3× increase in power-constrained performance over the previous generation of SPARC server CPUs [2]. The low latency and high performance of the system is possible due to accurate, high-bandwidth sensors, fast on-die control and finegrained actuation implemented using both clock cycle skipping and DVFS, as required by the time constants of system constraints.
Do Multicultural Democracies Really Require PR? Counterevidence from Switzerland

Central to consociational (or power-sharing) theory is the claim that multicultural societies require electoral systems based on proportional representation (PR) in order to ensure a fair representation of the various cultural groups in parliament. In this context, Switzerland is often cited as a “PR country”, as well as the key example of successful consociationalism. This article argues that, in this respect, the Swiss experience does not support consociational theory as far as the representation of linguistic groups is concerned. The counterevidence is found by exploring the variety of Swiss electoral systems, both at the national level and in the four multilingual cantons. The article suggests that territoriality (i.e. definition of electoral districts) is the key variable for ensuring linguistic proportionality in parliament. When this is not possible, as is the case in some elections in the multilingual cantons, majoritarian systems sometimes do a better job than PR.
From High-School Algebra to Computing through Functional Programming

The objective of this paper is to suggest a fresh approach to introductory programming curricula in the Indian school and engineering college context. The approach allows the student to connect high-school (up to 10+2) mathematics to the fundamentals of computing, algorithms and problem solving. The bridge connecting algebra and computing is functional programming, a paradigm confined over forty years to the computer science research community but now gaining popularity in industry as well as undergraduate education in some schools across the world. We show, using several examples, why and how functional programming is easier to master than traditional imperative programming. We conclude with the results of our attempts so far at introducing functional programming to students in IT colleges in India.