Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Uncertainties in gridded area‐average monthly temperature, precipitation and sunshine for the United Kingdom

We assess the uncertainties in the monthly 5‐km resolution gridded values and derived areal averages of UK temperature and precipitation since 1910, and sunshine since 1929, developed by the Met Office National Climate Information Centre. Subsampling experiments are used to estimate the sampling uncertainties as a function of the density of the observing network; these estimates are then ascribed to historical gridded values and area averages according to the historical sampling density. Available historical manuscripts could support future extension of gridded and areal‐average records back to 1901 for temperature, about 1871 for precipitation and 1921 for sunshine, with sufficient sampling to provide reliable historical context for current events. We combine the sampling uncertainties since 1910 with estimated calibration and measurement uncertainties to yield total uncertainties that we tabulate and illustrate in association with selected series. Methods and results are discussed in the light of existing estimates of uncertainties in Central England temperature and UK regional precipitation.
Broadband Seismic Reviewed for the End-user Benefits in Interpretation and Reservoir Geophysics

Over the last few years, starting in 2007 with the introduction of the dual-sensor towed streamer technology, new acquisition methods and technologies have been made available with the aim of providing broader seismic bandwidth without any compromise in data quality or tradeoffs in efficiency. In this paper, we review the overall added value benefits offered by broadband seismic from the end users point of view: seismic interpreters as well as reservoir geophysicists knowing that both benefit from extended bandwidth and improved signal to noise (S/N). The benefits are presented by means of case studies in different geological settings as well as different development phase (more exploration and more appraisal/development).
Local earthquake tomography of central Costa Rica: transition from seamount to ridge subduction

SUMMARY The structure and seismicity of the subduction zone of central Costa Rica have been investigated with local earthquake tomography down to ca. 50 km depth. Seismic traveltime data sets of three on- and offshore seismic networks were combined for a simultaneous inversion of hypocentre locations, 3-D structure of P-wave velocity and V p/V s ratio using about 2000 highquality events. The seismicity and slab geometry as well as V p and V p/V s show significant lateral variation along the subduction zone corresponding to the changes of the incoming plate which consists of serpentinized oceanic lithosphere in the northwest, a seamount province in the centre and the subducting Cocos Ridge in the southeast of the investigation area. Three prominent features can be identified in the V p and V p/V s tomograms: a high-velocity zone with a perturbation of 4–10 per cent representing the subducting slab, a low-velocity zone (10–20 per cent) in the forearc crust probably caused by deformation, fluid release and hydration and a low-velocity zone below the volcanic arc related to upwelling fluids and magma. Unlike previously suggested, the dip of the subducting slab does not decrease to the south. Instead, an average steepening of the plate interface from 30 ◦ to 45 ◦ is observed from north to south and a transition from a plane to a step-shaped plate interface. This is connected with a change in the deformation style of the overriding plate where roughly planar, partly conjugated, clusters of seismicity of regionally varying dip are observed. It can be shown that the central Costa Rica Deformation Belt represents a deep crustal transition zone extending from the surface down to 40 km depth. This transition zone indicates the lateral termination of the active part of the volcanic chain and seems to be related to the changing structure of the incoming plate as well.
An assessment of the Geophysical Fluid Dynamics Laboratory ocean model with coarse resolution: Annual‐mean climatology

The Geophysical Fluid Dynamics Laboratory Modular Ocean Model 2.2 code with coarse resolution (4° × 3°) is assessed by performing three experiments and comparing their equilibrated solutions with recent observationally based analyses (OBAs). The first experiment (E1) uses subgrid-scale horizontal diffusion and surface boundary conditions which relax surface temperature and salinity toward observations. The second (E2) replaces the physically incorrect heat and moisture flux boundary conditions of E1 by flux conditions taken from OBAs, plus a term relaxing surface temperatures toward observations. The third (E3) uses the same surface boundary conditions as E2 but replaces the horizontal diffusion by the Gent-McWilliams (GM) parameterization of isopycnal diffusion. Under the restoring surface boundary conditions (E1), the North Atlantic overturning rate is about 17 Sv, smaller than in OBAs, the maximum poleward heat transport in the Northern Hemisphere is 1.2 Petawatts (PW), also smaller than in OBAs, and in the Antarctic Circumpolar Current (ACC) region the poleward heat transport is 1.3 PW, much larger than in OBAs. Under the more realistic flux boundary condition (E2) the overturning rate increases to an unrealistically large level of 40 Sv, and the poleward heat transports are only slightly improved. When the GM parameterization is employed (E3), the overturning is reduced to 28 Sv, and the poleward heat transport in the ACC region is reduced to 0.3 PW; both results are consistent with OBAs. However, there is only a slight further improvement in the poleward heat transport in the Northern Hemisphere, which now has a peak value of 1.6 PW, still about 0.5 PW less than in OBAs. The sea surface temperature errors in E3 are consistent with the conclusion that the heat transport in the Northern Hemisphere is still being underestimated. All the experiments show strong systematic biases in the salinity field.
A cognitive model of discovering commutativity

Mathematics is often seen as the uncovering of eternal truths that exist independently of the human mind. However, even if this epistemological view is correct, the mathematics that humans can know can only be the result of cognitive processes. We investigate this ability of the human mind to make mathematical discoveries. More precisely, we present a cognitive model of how the ability to use metaphors and analogies plays a key role in such discoveries. As a proof of concept we present an ACT-R model that uses path-mapping and that is capable of discovering the commutativity property of addition.
Aplikasi Penginderan Jauh dan Sig Untuk Penetapan Tingkat Kemampuan Penggunaan Lahan (KPL) (Studi Kasus di DAS Nawagaon Maskara, Saharanpur-India)

The land that was increasingly crowded resulting from the inhabitants’s speeding-up pressure, required the utilisation of the land to be as efficient and as effectively as possible. For this matter must be known by the LUC (Land Use Capability) class respectively the unit of the land management, so as to be known as early as possible the obstacle factor from the land and could be done by the utilisation of the land as optimally as possible. The implementation of the LUC determination must be carried out a stage for the sake of a stage by counting LUC respectively the main factor, so as to be received by LUC-Soil, LUC-Erosion, and LUC-Slope. The next one of the three of this LUC were just counted by the value of the maximum to appoint LUC Final. LUC-Slope by being based on the Wischmeier and Smith (1978), LUC-Erosion was counted by using the quantitative MMF erosion formula (Morgan, Morgan, and Finney), and LUC-Soil by gathering the physical data the field took the form of the texture data of the land, drainage, solum and the percentage of the rock in the surface. LUC-Erosion and LUC-Soil were received by 5 LUC classes (I, II, III, IV, IV, and VI), whereas LUC-Slope was received by 7 LUC classes all of them except the V. LUC I class until IV were recommended for the agricultural crop and LUC V until VIII for the forestry crop. From 11 of Sub Watershed LUC VIII was expanded 107.54 ha to Sub Watershed Sarbar Rao and narrowest to Sub Watershed Maskara Rao (0.12 ha). On the other hand for LUC II was expanded to Sub Watershed Nawagaon Rao (1136.8 ha) and narrowest (1.51 ha) to Sub Watershed Shakumbari Rao. The location of the research in Sub Watershed Nawagaon Rao Mascara the Saharanpur city, India, with the location goegrafis from 30 o 09’ 00" N - 30o 21’ 00" N and longitude 77 o 34’ 00" E - 77 o 51’ 00" E, widely the Watershed whole 205.94 km2 or 20594.49 ha. The analysis of the image satelit with IRS (Indian Remote Sensing) LISS IV in January 2005, the analysis of three dimensions with DEM SRTM, and the map of the topography of the sheet 53 F/11, 53 F/12, 53 F/15 and 53 F/16. The aim of the research of determining the LUC class by counting each one of LUC-Soil, LUC-Erosion, and LUC-Slope. The use of the land in the Nawagaon Maskara Rao Watershed in part: Wheat super (969,26), normal Wheat (2753.7 ha), the Orchard (2103.2 ha), the Forest was rather close (3930.5 ha), the Forest was open (3352.1 ha), Scrub (168.62 ha), Brush rocky (658.56 ha), and Open land (1814.8 ha). Was based on results of this research recomendation for LUC VIII was only for the protected forest that might not be touched or produced.
The cordierite‐bearing anatectic rocks of the higher Himalayan crystallines (eastern Nepal): low‐pressure anatexis, melt productivity, melt loss and the preservation of cordierite

Cordierite‐bearing anatectic rocks inform our understanding of low‐pressure anatectic processes in the continental crust. This article focuses on cordierite‐bearing lithologies occurring at the upper structural levels of the Higher Himalayan Crystallines (eastern Nepal Himalaya). Three cordierite‐bearing gneisses from different geological transects (from Mt Everest to Kangchenjunga) have been studied, in which cordierite is spectacularly well preserved. The three samples differ in terms of bulk composition likely reflecting different sedimentary protoliths, although they all consist of quartz, alkali feldspar, plagioclase, biotite, cordierite and sillimanite in different modal percentages. Analysis of the microstructures related to melt production and/or melt consumption allows the distinction to be made between peritectic and cotectic cordierite. The melt productivity of different prograde assemblages (from two‐mica metapelite/metagreywacke to biotite‐metapelite) has been investigated at low‐pressure conditions, evaluating the effects of muscovite v. biotite dehydration melting on both mineral assemblages and microstructures. The results of the thermodynamic modelling suggest that the mode and type of the micaceous minerals in the prograde assemblage is a very important parameter controlling the melt productivity at low‐pressure conditions, the two‐mica protoliths being significantly more fertile at any given temperature than biotite gneisses over the same temperature interval. Furthermore, the cordierite preservation is promoted by melt crystallization at a dry solidus and by exhumation along P‐T paths with a peculiar dP/dT slope of about 15–18 bar °C−1. Overall, our results provide a key for the interpretation of cordierite petrogenesis in migmatites from any low‐P regional anatectic terrane. The cordierite‐bearing migmatites may well represent the source rocks for the Miocene andalusite‐bearing leucogranites occurring at the upper structural levels of the Himalayan belt, and low‐P isobaric heating rather than decompression melting may be the triggering process of this peculiar peraluminous magmatism.
Impact of Climate Change on Fine Particulate Matter \((PM_{2.5})\) Air Quality

This dissertation investigates the impact of 2000-2050 climate change on fine particulate matter (PM2.5) air quality. We first applied a multiple linear regression model to study the correlations of total PM2.5 and its components with meteorological variables using the past decadal PM2.5 observations over the contiguous US. We find that daily variation in meteorology can explain up to 50% of PM2.5 variability. Temperature is positively correlated with sulfate and organic carbon (OC) almost everywhere. The correlation of nitrate with temperature is negative in the Southeast but positive in California and the Great Plains. Relative humidity (RH) is positively correlated with sulfate and nitrate, but negatively with OC. Precipitation is strongly negatively correlated with all PM2.5 components. We then compared the observed correlations of PM2.5 with meteorological variables with results from the GEOS-Chem chemical transport model. The results indicate that most of the correlations of PM2.5 with temperature and RH do not arise from direct dependence but from covariation with synoptic transport. We applied principal component analysis and regression to identify the dominant meteorological modes controlling PM2.5 variability, and showed that 20-40% of the observed PM2.5 iv daily variability can be explained by a single dominant meteorological mode: cold frontal passages in the eastern US and maritime inflow in the West. From 1999-2010 observations we further showed that interannual variability of annual mean PM2.5 in most of the US is strongly correlated with the synoptic period ! of the dominant meteorological mode as diagnosed from a spectral-autoregressive analysis. We then used the observed local PM2.5-to-period sensitivity to project PM2.5 changes from the 2000-2050 changes in ! simulated by fifteen IPCC AR4 GCMs following the SRES A1B scenario. We project a likely increase of ~0.1 "g m -3 in annual mean PM2.5 in the eastern US arising from less frequent frontal ventilation, and a likely decrease of ~0.3 "g m -3 in the northwestern US due to more frequent maritime inflows. These circulation-driven changes are relatively small, representing only a minor climate penalty or benefit for PM2.5 regulatory purpose.
The interaction of subducting slabs and the 670 kilometer discontinuity

The subduction of oceanic lithosphere plays a major role in the dynamics of the Earth. The dynamics of subduction are influenced both by variations in density (due to phase changes or compositional changes), and variations in viscosity encountered by the slab; the rheology of the slab and the coupling of the slab with the oceanic lithosphere also play important roles. Geoid and topography place fundamental constraints on subduction, and observations can be used to test various mantle models. The effects of the rheology of slabs are considered using finite element convection calculations with Newtonian (linear) and non-Newtonian (power-law) temperature-dependent rheology. Newtonian temperature-dependent fluids do not exhibit slab-like features without weakening the thermal boundary layer. Weak zones are imposed at the trench and ridge, and the effects of varying the size, location, and strength of the weak zones are studied. Non-Newtonian rheology provides a self-consistent mechanism for weakening the thermal boundary layer without imposing a weak zone at the trench. This self-consistency is not proof or confirmation of the importance of power-law deformation in the Earth. Even with non-Newtonian rheology, a weak zone at the ridge is necessary for plate-like behavior. The geoid and topography for slabs with a density discontinuity and a viscosity discontinuity are compared. Weak slabs deform rapidly by spreading out along the density discontinuity with little deformation of the boundary, while strong slabs deform slowly and locally depress the density boundary. However, the long wavelength components of the geoid and topography are independent of the lateral variations in viscosity from the slab. Finite deformations of a compositional boundary are compared with an undeformable boundary approximation; the long wavelength components of the geoid and topography are indistinguishable for boundary deformations up to several hundred kilometers. Subduction calculations are computationally intensive and high resolution is required to resolve deformation at the trench. The solutions are time-dependent, and a temperature-dependent rheology is required. Faster and more powerful numerical techniques are needed. A fast implementation of the finite element method is presented. Applied to creeping flow, this formulation allows large viscosity variations, but is still efficient on a vector supercomputer.
An Innovative Method for Low Cost, Autonomous Navigation for Low Earth Orbit Satellites

An innovative approach to autonomous attitude, trajectory, and rate estimation is presented for low earth orbit (LEO) satellites which relies on magnetometers and sun sensors. These two sensors are reliable, inexpensive, and are used routinely in LEO missions for attitude determination and control. An extended Kalman filter (EKF) is developed from two existing systems, one which uses an EKF to estimate attitude and trajectory using magnetometer and gyro data and a second pseudo-linear filter which estimates rotation rate using magnetometer and sun sensor data. The theoretical background of the combined system is presented along with test results from noisy, simulated sensor data.
Estimating the contribution of organic acids to northern hemispheric continental organic aerosol

Using chemical ionization mass spectrometry to detect particle‐phase acids and aerosol mass spectrometry (AMS) measurements from Colorado, USA, and two studies in Hyytiälä, Finland, we quantify the fraction of organic aerosol (OA) mass that is composed of molecules with acid functional groups (facid). Molecules containing one or more carboxylic acid functionality contributed approximately 29% (45–51%) of the OA mass in Colorado (Finland). Organic acid mass concentration correlates well with AMS m/z 44 (primarily CO2+), a commonly used marker for highly oxidized aerosol. Using the average empirical relationship between AMS m/z 44 and organic acids in these three studies, together with m/z 44 data from 29 continental northern hemispheric (NH) AMS data sets, we estimate that molecules containing carboxylic acid functionality constitute on average 28% (range 10–50%) of NH continental OA mass with typically higher values at rural/remote sites and during summer and lower values at urban sites and during winter.
Robust voice activity detection algorithm for estimating noise spectrum

A new voice activity detection (VAD) algorithm is proposed for estimating the spectrum of car noise in which noise is filtered out in the frequency domain. The proposed algorithm uses the log energy parameters which are composed of two parts in the critical band. The algorithm detects the noise period by applying two adaptive thresholds to each part. Using the noise period we can reliably estimate the time-varying noise characteristics. The advantage of the proposed technique is that it can prevent incorrect detections caused by unvoiced or nasal sounds with high frequency components being covered by car noise with low frequency components. The algorithm is suitable for real time implementation with one microphone. Also, a speaker independent speech recognition system has been implemented for car navigation using a fixed point Oak DSP system, which incorporates the proposed VAD algorithm. The system enhanced the recognition rates for 12 isolated command words to 94.52%, compared with the 80.7% of the baseline recogniser.
Traffic and residue cover effects on infiltration

Wheel traffic can lead to compaction and degradation of soil physical properties. This study, as part of a study of controlled traffic farming, assessed the impact of compaction from wheel traffic on soil that had not been trafficked for 5 years. A tractor of 40 kN rear axle weight was used to apply traffic at varying wheelslip on a clay soil with varying residue cover to simulate effects of traffic typical of grain production operations in the northern Australian grain belt. A rainfall simulator was used to determine infiltration characteristics. Wheel traffic significantly reduced time to ponding, steady infiltration rate, and total infiltration compared with non-wheeled soil, with or without residue cover. Non-wheeled soil had 4-5 times greater steady infiltration rate than wheeled soil, irrespective of residue cover. Wheelslip greater than 10% further reduced steady infiltration rate and total infiltration compared with that measured for self-propulsion wheeling (3% wheelslip) under residue-protected conditions. Where there was no compaction from wheel traffic, residue cover had a greater effect on infiltration capacity, with steady infiltration rate increasing proportionally with residue cover (R-2 = 0.98). Residue cover, however, had much less effect on infiltration when wheeling was imposed. These results demonstrated that the infiltration rate for the non-wheeled soil under a controlled traffic zero-till system was similar to that of virgin soil. However, when the soil was wheeled by a medium tractor wheel, infiltration rate was reduced to that of long-term cropped soil. These results suggest that wheel traffic, rather than tillage and cropping, might be the major factor governing infiltration. The exclusion of wheel traffic under a controlled traffic farming system, combined with conservation tillage, provides a way to enhance the sustainability of cropping this soil for improved infiltration, increased plant-available water, and reduced runoff-driven soil erosion.
USENIX Association Proceedings of the General Track : 2003 USENIX Annual

Despite constant improvements in fabrication technology, hardware components are consuming more power than ever. With the everincreasing demand for higher performance in highly-integrated systems, and as battery technology falls further behind, managing energy is becoming critically important to various embedded and mobile systems. In this paper, we propose and implement power-aware virtual memory to reduce the energy consumed by the memory in response to workloads becoming increasingly data-centric. We can use the power management features in current memory technology to put individual memory devices into low power modes dynamically under software control to reduce the power dissipation. However, it is imperative that any techniques employed weigh memory energy savings against any potential energy increases in other system components due to performance degradation of the memory. Using a novel power-aware virtual memory implementation, we estimate a significant reduction in memory power dissipation, from 4.1 W to 0.5–2.7 W, based on Rambus memory specifications, while running various real-world applications in a working Linux system. Unfortunately, due to a hardware bug in the chipset, direct power measurement is currently not possible. Applying more advanced techniques, we can reduce power dissipation further to 0.2–1.7 W, depending on the actual workload, with negligible effects on performance. We also show this work is applicable to other memory architectures, and is orthogonal to previously-proposed hardware-controlled power-management techniques, so it can be applied simultaneously to further enhance energy conservation in a variety of platforms.