Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Trends in Population Blood Pressure and Prevalence, Awareness, Treatment, and Control of Hypertension among Middle-Aged and Older Adults in a Rural Area of Northwest China from 1982 to 2010

Objectives To assess trends in average blood pressure levels and prevalence, awareness, treatment, and control of hypertension among adults in a rural area of Northwest China, and to determine associated risk factors. Methods Four cross-sectional population-based surveys were conducted between 1982 and 2010 among randomly selected adults in rural areas of Hanzhong, in Northwest China. Data on blood pressure, body mass index, family history of hypertension, and socio-demographic and lifestyle characteristics were collected in similar way by trained investigators in four surveys. Data of 8575 participants aged 35–64 years was analyzed. Averages and proportions were adjusted for age and sex. Results Average blood pressure in the population has increased since 1982 from 76.9 mm Hg to 79.6 mm Hg in 2010 (diastolic) and from 120.9 to 129.7 mm Hg (systolic). Prevalence of hypertension increased from 18.4% in 1982 to 30.5% in 2010, and awareness of hypertension increased from 16.8% to 38.4% in 2010. Treatment of hypertension increased from 1.0% in 1982 to 17.4% in 2010, and control of hypertension increased from 0.1% in 1982 to 3.5% in 2010. All these gradients were statistically significant (P<0.01 for trend). Population blood pressure and prevalence, awareness and treatment of hypertension were positively associated with increasing age, body mass index and having family history of hypertension. Conclusions Average blood pressure levels and the prevalence, awareness, treatment and control of hypertension among adults in rural areas of Hanzhong have increased since 1982. However, awareness, treatment and control rates remain low. Public health programs and practical strategies are required to improve prevention and control of hypertension in rural Northwest China. In particular, attention should be given to the elderly and obese, and to those with a family history of hypertension, while raising awareness and treatment among younger adults.
Hair cycle‐dependent plasticity of skin and hair follicle innervation in normal murine skin

The innervation of normal, mature mammalian skin is widely thought to be constant. However, the extensive skin remodeling accompanying the transformation of hair follicles from resting stage through growth and regression back to resting (telogen‐anagen‐catagen‐telogen) may also be associated with alteration of skin innervation. We, therefore, have investigated the innervation of the back skin of adolescent C57BL/6 mice at various stages of the depilation‐induced hair cycle. By using antisera against neuronal (protein gene product 9.5 [PGP 9.5], neurofilament 150) and Schwann cell (S‐100, myelin basic protein) markers, as well as against neural cell adhesion molecule (NCAM) and growth‐associated protein‐43 (GAP‐43), we found a dramatic increase of single fibers within the dermis and subcutis during early anagen. This was paralleled by an increase in the number of anastomoses between the cutaneous nerve plexuses and by distinct changes in the nerve fiber supply of anagen vs. telogen hair follicles. The follicular isthmus, including the bulge, the seat of epithelial follicle stem cells, was found to be the most densely innervated skin area. Here, a defined subpopulation of nerve fibers increased in number during anagen and declined during catagen, accompanied by dynamic alterations in the expression of NCAM and GAP‐43. Thus, our study provides evidence for a surprising degree of plasticity of murine skin innervation. Because hair cycle‐associated tissue remodeling evidently is associated with tightly regulated sprouting and regression of nerve fibers, hair cycle‐dependent alterations in murine skin and hair follicle innervation offer an intriguing model for studying the controlled rearrangement of neuronal networks in peripheral tissues under physiological conditions. J. Comp. Neurol. 386:379‐395, 1997. © 1997 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Effects of being kind or harsh to another on liking.

The hypothesis that being kind to someone, in comparison to being harsh, would lead to the self-perception of greater liking for the target of kindness was tested. Twenty-four male subjects, serving in the role of an experimenter, administered a learning task to two accomplices. Through random designation, each subject acted kindly toward one accomplice and harshly toward the other. Subjects then rated their attraction for each accomplice. The hypothesis was confirmed. Additional measures suggest that the effect was not mediated by distorting actual task success in line with the evaluative direction of the behavior or by the ease of enacting the kind acts. Order of presentation showed no significant effects, but. one of the accomplices was significantly better liked than the other. Ascribing the cause of another's behavior cither to the actor himself (internal locus) or to the circumstances in which he is behaving (external locus) has consequences for impression formation which have been carefully described by Heider (1958). In their extension of Heider, Jones and Davis (1965) also emphasized variables which Kelley (1967) has shown to be coordinated with the internal-external dimension. The major theme in the Jones and Davis analysis is that the stronger the external pressures impinging upon an actor to behave in a given way, the less information his behavior provides for an observer. The extent to which an actor's behavior is seen as "free" from external pressures, such as high social desirability, appropriate role demands, or a high prior probability of enactment, the more information the observer would have about the actor's true disposition. Bern's (1967) analysis of dissonance effects extends this view to the impressions an actor forms of himself, The actor is said to use his own behavior for inferring his attitudes in the same way an outside observer would make such inferences. The freer the actor feels from such external constraints as high reward or forced compliance, the more his behavior represents his true dispositions. This view seems particularly cogent when internal instigations, events
Efficacy of the Incredible Years Programme as an early intervention for children with conduct problems and ADHD: long-term follow-up.

BACKGROUND This study examined the long-term efficacy of the Incredible Years (IY) BASIC Parenting Programme delivered as a preventive intervention with parents of pre-school children who display signs of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and conduct problems. Families were followed up after the completion of a controlled trial with 11 Sure Start areas in North and Mid-Wales and North West England. METHODS Participants in the study were 50 pre-school children whose parents had received the intervention. Child ADHD symptoms were assessed at baseline, at follow-up one (6 months after baseline); at follow-up two (12 months after baseline); and at follow-up three (18 months after baseline). Families in the original waiting-list control group were not assessed after follow-up one as they had subsequently received the same intervention. RESULTS The significant post-intervention improvements in child ADHD symptoms evident at follow-up one were maintained over time, as demonstrated by statistical and clinical stability of measures. No significant differences were found for ADHD symptoms across each follow-up, indicating that the gains made post intervention were maintained for at least 12 months, with 57% of the sample maintaining scores below the clinical cut-off on the Conners. Eighty-six, 58, and 30 per cent respectively had maintained at least a modest, large, or very large improvement in ADHD symptoms at follow-up three. CONCLUSIONS Findings from this study suggest that the IY psychosocial treatment programme is a valuable intervention in the longer term for many pre-school children displaying early signs of ADHD.
Magnetics in Smart Grid

A revolution in power transmission and distribution, driven by environmental and economic considerations, is occurring all over the world. This revolution is spearheaded by the development of the smart grid. The smart grid is bringing profound change to both the power systems and many related industries. This paper reviews the development of the smart grid and its correlation with magnetics, including electromagnetic compatibility issue, magnetic-field-based measurement/monitoring, and magnetic energy storage/conversion. The challenge to the field of magnetics and the usage of the cutting edge magnetics technology in the development of the smart grid are discussed. This paper enables researchers in the magnetics community to be acquainted with the progress in the smart grid and inspires innovative applications of state-of-the-art magnetics technologies in the smart grid.
Nonlinear spatial summation and the contrast gain control of cat retinal ganglion cells.

1. We studied how responses to visual stimuli at spatially separated locations were combined by cat retinal ganglion cells. 2. The temporal signal which modulated the stimuli was a sum of sinusoids. Fourier analysis of the ganglion cell impulse train yielded first order responses at the modulation frequencies, and second order responses at sums and differences of the input frequencies. 3. Spatial stimuli were spots in the centre and periphery of the cell's receptive field. Four conditions of stimulation were used: centre alone, periphery alone, centre and periphery in phase, centre and periphery out of phase. 4. The effective first order response of the centre was defined as the response due to centre stimulation in the presence of periphery stimulation, but independent of the relative phases of the two regions. Likewise, the effective first order response of the periphery was defined as the response due to periphery in the presence of centre stimulation, but independent of the relative phases of the two regions. These effective responses may be calculated by addition and subtraction of the measured responses to the combined stimuli. 5. There was a consistent difference between the first order frequency kernal of the effective centre and the first order kernel of the centre alone. The amplitudes of the effective centre responses were diminished at low frequencies of modulation compared to the isolated centre responses. Also, the phase of the effective centre's response to high frequencies was advanced. Such non‐linear interaction occurred in all ganglion cells, X or Y, but the effects were larger in Y cells. 6. In addition to spatially uniform stimuli in the periphery, spatial grating patterns were also used. These peripheral gratings affected the first order kernal of the centre even though the peripheral gratings produced no first order responses by themselves. 7. The temporal properties of the non‐linear interaction of centre and periphery were probed by modulation in the periphery with single sinusoids. The most effective temporal frequencies for producing non‐linear summation were: (a) 4‐15 Hz when all the visual stimuli were spatially uniform, (b) 2‐8 Hz when spatial grating patterns were used in the periphery. 8. The characteristics of non‐linear spatial summation observed in these experiments are explained by the properties of the contrast gain control mechanism which we have previously postulated.
Insulin, Glucagon, and Somatostatin Receptors on Cultured Cells and Clones from Rat Islet Cell Tumor

SUMMARY Cells grown in culture from rat islet cell tumor (parent cells) and clones obtained from them were used in this study. Parent cells secreted primarily insulin and somatostatin with very small quantities of glucagon. The clones, based on hormone content and secretion, were divided into three phenotypic groups: insulin secreting, somatostatin secreting, and nonsecreting clones. Specific receptors for insulin, glucagon, and somatostatin were demonstrated on parent cells and clones. Parent cells bound 4.12 ± 0.46% insulin, 2.11 ± 0.29% glucagon, and 2.49 ± 1.24% somatostatin per 2 × 106 cells. Characteristic hormone binding patterns were observed in insulin secreting versus somatostatin secreting clones. Insulin secreting clones bound less insulin than somatostatin and other noninsulin- secreting clones (P < 0.02). In contrast, somatostatin secreting clones bound more somatostatin than non-somatostatin-secreting clones (P < 0.05). Somatostatin-secreting clones had a significantly greater number of receptors for all three hormones. The difficulties involved in the interpretation of the quantitative aspects of binding in the presence of continued hormone secretion are discussed. Nonetheless, the presence of receptors on the cells for hormones secreted by the same cells strongly suggests autoregulation. The apparent low affinity of some of these receptors and the presence of receptors for all three islet cell hormones on all islet cells supports the likelihood of paracrine controls.
Silences of ethical practice: dilemmas for researchers using social media

Social media, such as social network sites and blogs, are increasingly being used as core or ancillary components of educational research, from recruitment to observation and interaction with researchers. However, this article reveals complex ethical dilemmas surrounding consent, traceability, working with children, and illicit activity that we have faced as education researchers for which there is little specific guidance in the literature. We believe that ethical research committees cannot, and should not, be relied upon as our ethical compass as they also struggle to deal with emerging technologies and their implications. Consequently, we call for researchers to report on the ethical dilemmas in their practice to serve as a guide for those who follow. We also recommend considering research ethics as an ongoing dialogical process in which the researcher, participants, and ethics committee work together in identifying potential problems as well as finding ways forward.
Unusual acid-fast bacteria in panniculitis.

The clinician is frequently unable to determine the cause of panniculitis in individual cases. Occasionally the process is suspected of being tuberculous, but this is difficult to prove. In this study, acid-fast bacteria, which were not identified as Mycobacterium tuberculosis , were found in association with inflammatory subcutaneous disorders. Acid-fast bacilli were demonstrated initially in the lesions of four patients with panniculitis when smears prepared from biopsy material were examined. Acid-fast organisms were cultured from each specimen and were identified as unusual mycobacteria in three cases, and Streptomyces coelicolor in the remaining case. The search for such microorganisms is continuing as this may help to clarify the cause of certain inflammatory subcutaneous disorders.
Network Coding-based Relay for IEEE 802.16j multi-hop relay network

IEEE 802.16j is to enable the operation of multi-hop Relay Stations (RS). It aims to enhance the coverage, per user throughput and system capacity of IEEE 802.16e. However, the Mobile Stations (MSs) which connect to the RS are suffering from exponentially throughput degradation and end-to-end delay increase in congested network. As the number of RS hops increases, so does the degradation and the delay growth, especially on over 3 hops scenarios. This paper proposes a Network Coding-based Relay scheme for multi-hop relay networks, called NC-based Relay. It allows RSs to combine multiple wireless backhaul transmissions into single transmission using network coding technique. We also propose an improved OFDMA frame structure design for multi-hop relay network, which provides higher utilization for the relay zone by reorganizing the RSs transmission sequence. The analysis and simulation results confirm that the proposed scheme can enhance the throughput gain up to 140%, and reduce the end-to-end delay by up to 83%.
Symbol-Level Selective Full-Duplex Relaying With Power and Location Optimization

In this paper, a symbol-level selective transmission for full-duplex (FD) relaying networks is proposed to mitigate error propagation effects and improve system spectral efficiency. The idea is to allow the FD relay node to predict the correctly decoded symbols of each frame, based on the generalized square deviation method, and discard the erroneously decoded symbols, resulting in fewer errors being forwarded to the destination node. Using the capability for simultaneous transmission and reception at the FD relay node, our proposed strategy can improve the transmission efficiency without extra cost of signaling overhead. In addition, targeting on the derived expression for outage probability, we compare it with half-duplex relaying case and provide the transmission power and relay location optimization strategy to further enhance the system performances. The results show that our proposed scheme outperforms the classic relaying protocols, such as cyclic redundancy check-based selective decode-and-forward (S-DF) relaying and threshold-based S-DF relaying in terms of outage probability and bit error rate. Moreover, the performances with optimal power allocation are better than those with equal power allocation, especially when the FD relay node encounters strong self-interference and/or it is close to the destination node.
Emotional and neuroendocrine regulation in very preterm and full-term infants at six months of age

Emotional and neuroendocrine regulation have been shown to be associated. However, results are inconsistent. This paper explores the functioning and relationships between these two systems in 54 healthy preterm and 25 full-term born infants at six months of age. Results showed significant differences between very preterm and full-term children in emotional intensity and regulation, as well as in neuroendocrine regulation. No evidence of an association between neuroendocrine and emotional regulations was found. Results suggest a possible delay in the maturation of the neuroendocrine system as well as in emotional regulation in very preterm infants.
Participation in universal prevention programmes

We analyse family decisions to participate in community-based universal substance-abuse prevention programmes through the framework of expected utility theory. Family functioning, which has been shown to be a good indicator of child risk for substance abuse, provides a useful reference point for family decision making. Our results show that well-functioning families (with children at low risk for substance use) should have the lowest incentive to participate, but that high-risk families may also opt out of prevention programmes. For programmes that are most effective for high-risk youth, this could be a problem. Using data from the Strengthening Families Programme (SFP) and the Washington Healthy Youth Survey (HYS), we empirically test the implications of our model and find that at least for one measure of family functioning those families with children most likely to be at risk for substance use are opting out of the programme.
Domestic Violence and Individuals with Disabilities: Reflections on Research and Practice

This article details current research on domestic violence and how this affects individuals with disabilities, including those who have acquired disabilities as a direct result of the abuse. All types of disabilities are addressed, as are the various types of abuse that are perpetrated. Special attention is given to the unique issues of individuals with disabilities, and a call for the domestic violence field to embrace the needs of this 15% of the population. Collaboration and coalition building are noted as essential ingredients in addressing the needs of all members of our communities.
IL-2 and IL-12 Alter NK Cell Responsiveness to IFN-γ-Inducible Protein 10 by Down-Regulating CXCR3 Expression1

Cytokine treatment of NK cells results in alterations in multiple cellular responses that include cytotoxicity, cytokine production, proliferation, and chemotaxis. To understand the molecular mechanisms underlying these responses, microarray analysis was performed and the resulting gene expression patterns were compared between unstimulated, IL-2, IL-2 plus IL-12, and IL-2 plus IL-18-stimulated NK92 cells. RNase protection assays and RT-PCR confirmed microarray predictions for changes in mRNA expression for nine genes involved in cell cycle progression, signal transduction, transcriptional activation, and chemotaxis. Multiprobe RNase protection assay also detected changes in the expression of CCR2 mRNA, a gene that was not imprinted on the microarray. We subsequently expanded our search for other chemokine receptor genes absent from the microarray and found an IL-2- and IL-12-dependent decrease in CXCR3 receptor mRNA expression in NK92 cells. A detailed analysis of CXCR3 expression in primary NK cells revealed that an IL-2 and an IL-12 together significantly decreased the CXCR3 receptor mRNA and receptor surface expression by 6 and 24 h of treatment, respectively. This decrease in receptor expression was associated with a significant reduction in chemotaxis in the presence of IFN-γ-inducible protein-10. The decline in CXCR3 mRNA was due to transcriptional and posttranscriptional mechanisms as the addition of actinomycin D to IL-2- and IL-12-treated NK92 slightly altered the half-life of the CXCR3 mRNA. Collectively, these data suggest that IL-2 and IL-12 directly affect NK cell migratory ability by rapid and direct down-regulation of chemokine receptor mRNA expression.