Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
When heparins promote thrombosis: review of heparin-induced thrombocytopenia.

Heparin-induced thrombocytopenia (HIT; sometimes known as HIT type II) is a serious, immune system–mediated complication of heparin therapy often resulting in devastating thromboembolic outcomes. Although nomenclature distinctions have been made historically between this condition and the non–immune system–mediated, asymptomatic transient drop in platelet count in some patients receiving heparin (sometimes known as HIT type I), the term “HIT” is now preferably reserved for the immune system–mediated condition.1 An estimated 1 in 100 patients who receive unfractionated heparin for at least 5 days will develop HIT-associated thrombosis.2 The pervasive use of heparins makes HIT one of the most important adverse drug reactions confronting physicians. Heparin is routinely used for thromboprophylaxis or treatment in many clinical settings, including cardiovascular surgery and interventional procedures, acute coronary syndromes, venous thromboembolism, atrial fibrillation, peripheral occlusive disease, dialysis, and extracorporeal circulation. It is among the most frequently prescribed medications in the United States, with >1 trillion units used3 and 12 million patients treated4 annually. Because thrombocytopenia is common in hospitalized patients, occurring in up to 58% of critically ill patients, and can be caused by a variety of factors,5 HIT unfortunately often remains unrecognized. However, consistent with standard clinical practice for life-threatening conditions, HIT should be suspected in a heparin-treated patient who has thrombocytopenia with or without thrombosis. Increased awareness and a high degree of suspicion for HIT are critical to ensure its prompt recognition, diagnosis, and treatment. Advances in understanding the pathophysiology of HIT and its natural history have led to current treatment recommendations—specifically, that heparin must be discontinued immediately and alternative anticoagulation must be initiated.6 Herein we review the pathogenesis, frequency, natural history, diagnosis, and treatment of HIT. Unfractionated heparin is a heterogeneous group of negatively charged, sulfated glycosaminoglycans (molecular weight 3000 to 30 000 Da) from animal …
IT-Discovery at TREC 2010 Legal

IT-Discovery participated in both the Learning Task (Topics 201-207) and the Interactive Task (Topics 301, 303). For the Learning Task, we used an optimized Naive Bayes clas-siﬁer, which obtained 90-97% cross-validation accuracy on the provided seed sets for each topic. For the Interactive Task, we used the same classiﬁer trained with one round of active learning. The annotator averaged 36.5 hours per topic, resulting in a cross-validation classiﬁcation accuracy of 90%.
Natural language queries over heterogeneous linked data graphs: a distributional-compositional semantics approach

The demand to access large amounts of heterogeneous structured data is emerging as a trend for many users and applications. However, the effort involved in querying heterogeneous and distributed third-party databases can create major barriers for data consumers. At the core of this problem is the semantic gap between the way users express their information needs and the representation of the data. This work aims to provide a natural language interface and an associated semantic index to support an increased level of vocabulary independency for queries over Linked Data/Semantic Web datasets, using a distributional-compositional semantics approach. Distributional semantics focuses on the automatic construction of a semantic model based on the statistical distribution of co-occurring words in large-scale texts. The proposed query model targets the following features: (i) a principled semantic approximation approach with low adaptation effort (independent from manually created resources such as ontologies, thesauri or dictionaries), (ii) comprehensive semantic matching supported by the inclusion of large volumes of distributional (unstructured) commonsense knowledge into the semantic approximation process and (iii) expressive natural language queries. The approach is evaluated using natural language queries on an open domain dataset and achieved avg. recall=0.81, mean avg. precision=0.62 and mean reciprocal rank=0.49.
Why Did Vietnam Veterans Get Sicker in the 1990 s ? The Complicated Causal E ¤ ects of Military Service on Self-Reported Health

The veterans disability compensation (VDC) program, which provides a monthly stipend to disabled veterans, is the third largest American disability insurance program. Since the late 1990s, VDC growth has been driven primarily by an increase in claims from Vietnam veterans, raising concerns that this cohort su¤ers from especially poor health. We use the draft lottery to study the long-term e¤ects of Vietnam-era military service on health and work in the 2000 Census. These estimates show no signi cant aggregate e¤ects on employment or work-related disability status, with a small e¤ect on nonwork disability for whites. On the other hand, there are large negative employment and disability e¤ects for white men with low earnings potential. The di¤erential impact of Vietnam-era service on low-skill men cannot be explained by more combat or war-theatre exposure for the least educated, leaving the relative attractiveness of VDC for less skilled men and the work disincentives embedded in the VDC system as a likely explanation. This study was conducted while the authors were Special Sworn Status researchers of the U.S. Census Bureau at the Boston Research Data Center. Research results and conclusions expressed are those of the authors and do not necessarily reect the views of the Census Bureau. This paper has been screened to ensure that no con dential data are revealed. Special thanks go to B.K. Atrostic, Jim Davis, and Brian Holly for help with the data used in this study, and to David Autor for helpful discussions and comments. We gratefully acknowledge funding from the National Science Foundation. yMIT E52-391, 77 Massachusetts Ave., Cambridge, MA, 02139; e-mail: angrist@mit.edu zDepartment of Economics, Royal Holloway University of London, Egham, Surrey TW20 0EX, UK; e-mail: chens@nber.org xMIT E52-391, 77 Massachusetts Ave., Cambridge, MA, 02139; e-mail: frandsen@mit.edu
Transform‐normal extension on the Northern Death Valley fault system, California‐Nevada

The Northern Death Valley fault zone is a major right-lateral structure that has accommodated 70 km or more of regional transtensional deformation in Tertiary to Recent time. Extension parallel to its north-west transport direction in the Death Valley region of California has produced ‘pull-apart’ structures that are responsible for opening the central Death Valley rhombochasm. In several ranges along the length of the Northern Death Valley fault zone, there is also evidence for extension directed to the south-west, normal to strike-slip movement. Evidence from the Funeral, Grapevine and Cottonwood Mountains suggests that a significant amount of down-dip slip has occurred on the Northern Death Valley fault zone and parallel structures (together referred to as the Northern Death Valley fault system) coeval with the majority of right-lateral slip and transform-parallel extension. As a result of both these components of extension, a separate basin opened in northern Death Valley with an orientation and architecture very different from that of central Death Valley. In addition, the Northern Death Valley fault system may be responsible for the present topography of the Funeral and Grapevine Mountains. Transform-normal extension appears to be the result of a misorientation of the Northern Death Valley fault zone within the regional stress field over the past 6 Myr, as suggested by simple geometric calculations.
Long‐term Stratospheric Aerosol and Gas Experiment I and II measurements of upper tropospheric aerosol extinction

A detailed analysis has been made of Stratospheric Aerosol and Gas Experiment I and II aerosol extinction data for the upper troposphere (6-km altitude to the seasonally averaged tropopause) taken between 1979 and 1998. An improved method of separation of the volcanic and surface-derived components of the aerosol optical depth has been used. The mean extinction, at a wavelength of 1.02 μm, of the nonvolcanic component of the upper tropospheric aerosol is found to increase from approximately 1 × 10 -4 km - 1 at 70°S to about 7 times that value at 70°N. Maximum downward transfer of volcanic material into the upper troposphere is observed to take place in local spring in each hemisphere, occurring at a latitude of 70°S or greater in the southern hemisphere and at about 50°N in the northern hemisphere. The almost 20-year data sequence (1979-1981, 1984-1991, 1994-1998) has been examined for evidence of any long-term trends in the aerosol optical depth of the upper troposphere. It is unlikely that any change in the upper tropospheric 1-μm aerosol optical depth greater than 1% per year has taken place when averaged over either hemisphere.
The paleobiological and paleoenvironmental importance of dinosaur footprints

The serious study of dinosaur tracks, or applied dinosaur ichnology, is a field with considerable potential for paloebiological and paleoenvironmental interpretation. Despite being a neglected area of study, paleontologists have realized the potential of tracks in enhancing paleobiological interpretations pertaining to taxonomy, locomotion, social behaviour, biostratigraphic zonation and evolution. Where the study has really lagged behind is in its application to paleoenvironmental analysis. Recent studies have shown that tracks provide important, sometimes spectacular, paleogeographic evidence of shoreline configuration, paleoslope, absolute water depth and sediment saturation. In effect they may tell one as much about the paleoenvironment as they do about the trackmaker. In addition they have to be considered seriously for their contribution to the bioor 'dinoturbation' process and for their taphonomic effects. The hitherto unrecognized geographic and stratigraphic abundance of dinosaur (and other) tracks in many regions indicates that they are a persistent rather than occasional feature of the geologic record. As such they warrant greater attention in many paleoenvironmental studies.
A dynamic model for estimating adult female mortality from ovarian dissection data for the tsetse fly Glossina pallidipes Austen sampled in Zimbabwe

Human and animal trypanosomiasis, spread by tsetse flies (Glossina spp), is a major public health concern in much of sub-Saharan Africa. The basic reproduction number of vector-borne diseases, such as trypanosomiasis, is a function of vector mortality rate. Robust methods for estimating tsetse mortality are thus of interest for understanding population and disease dynamics and for optimal control. Existing methods for estimating mortality in adult tsetse, from ovarian dissection data, often use invalid assumptions of the existence of a stable age distribution, and age-invariant mortality and capture probability. We develop a dynamic model to estimate tsetse mortality from ovarian dissection data in populations where the age distribution is not necessarily stable. The models correspond to several hypotheses about how temperature affects mortality: no temperature dependence (model 1), identical temperature dependence for mature adults and immature stages, i.e., pupae and newly emerged adults (model 2), and differential temperature dependence for mature adults and immature stages (model 3). We fit our models to ovarian dissection data for G. pallidipes collected at Rekomitjie Research Station in the Zambezi Valley in Zimbabwe. We compare model fits to determine the most probable model, given the data, by calculating the Akaike Information Criterion (AIC) for each model. The model that allows for a differential dependence of temperature on mortality for immature stages and mature adults (model 3) performs significantly better than models 1 and 2. All models produce mortality estimates, for mature adults, of approximately 3% per day for mean daily temperatures below 25°C, consistent with those of mark-recapture studies performed in other settings. For temperatures greater than 25°C, mortality among immature classes of tsetse increases substantially, whereas mortality remains roughly constant for mature adults. As a sensitivity analysis, model 3 was simultaneously fit to both the ovarian dissection and trap data; while this fit also produces comparable mortality at temperatures below 25°C, it is not possible to obtain good fits to both data sources simultaneously, highlighting the uncertain correspondence between trap catches and population levels and/or the need for further improvements to our model. The modelling approach employed here could be applied to any substantial time series of age distribution data.
The Algorithm of Iris Image Quality Evaluation

In this paper, we judge whether an iris image has quality problem from two aspects. On one hand, we analyze the higher spatial frequency sub-band image of the original iris normalization image and determine whether this image has eyelid and lash occlusion problem according to the number of high value pixels. On the other hand, we determine whether an iris image is clear enough though computing the variance of the wavelet coefficients. Through our experiments, this algorithm is proved to be universal and efficient.
Performance evaluation on NOMA and transmit BF with user selection by the number of beams

As a technique for improving the transmission rate within a limited frequency band, Multiuser MIMO (MU-MIMO), which realizes MIMO transmission with multiple user terminals, has been attracted much attention. However, it is not possible to communicate with the users that exceed the number of base station (BS) antennas in the MU-MIMO transmission. We have proposed a method by using non orthogonal multiple access (NOMA) and Zero Forcing (ZF) at the BS and Minimum Mean Square Error (MMSE) at user terminals (UTs). In this paper, we evaluate the performance when the number of beams with NOMA applied is increased up to four by computer simulation using actual propagation channel. Furthermore, we propose a scheduling algorithm for 6-user and 3-beam at the BS that reduce the performance degradation by interference among users and verify that the improvement on the bit error rate by the propose method.
Epistemic Reasoning for Ambient Intelligence

Ambient Intelligence is an emerging discipline that requires the integration of expertise from a multitude of scientific fields. The role of Artificial Intelligence is crucial not only for bringing intelligence to everyday environments, but also for providing the means for the different disciplines to collaborate. In this paper we highlight the importance of reasoning under partial observability in such dynamic and context-rich domains and illustrate the integration of an epistemic theory to an operational Ambient Intelligence infrastructure.
Personalized drinking feedback: A meta-analysis of in-person versus computer-delivered interventions.

OBJECTIVE Alcohol misuse is a significant public health concern. Personalized feedback interventions (PFIs) involve the use of personalized information about one's drinking behaviors and can be delivered in person or via computer. The relative efficacy of these delivery methods remains an unanswered question. The primary aim of the current meta-analysis was to identify and directly compare randomized clinical trials of in-person PFIs and computer-delivered PFIs. METHOD A total of 14 intervention comparisons from 13 manuscripts, of which 9 were college samples, were examined: in-person PFIs (N = 1,240; 49% female; 74% White) and computer-delivered PFIs (N = 1,201; 53% female; 73% White). Independent coders rated sample characteristics, study information, study design, intervention content, and study outcomes. RESULTS Weighted mean effect sizes were calculated using random-effects models. At short follow-up (≤4 months), there were no differences between in-person PFIs and computer-delivered PFIs on any alcohol use variable or alcohol-related problems. At long follow-up (>4 months), in-person PFIs were more effective than computer-delivered PFIs at impacting overall drinking quantity (d = .18) and drinks per week (d = .19). These effects were not moderated by sample characteristics. CONCLUSIONS For assessing alcohol outcomes at shorter follow-ups, there were no differences between delivery modality. At longer follow-ups, in-person PFIs demonstrated some advantages over computer-delivered PFIs. We encourage researchers to continue to examine direct comparisons between these delivery modalities and to further examine the efficacy of in-person PFIs at longer follow-ups. (PsycINFO Database Record
Levels of Prostaglandin E Metabolite and Leukotriene E4 Are Increased in the Urine of Smokers: Evidence that Celecoxib Shunts Arachidonic Acid into the 5-Lipoxygenase Pathway

Cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) and 5-lipoxygenase (5-LO) play a role in inflammation and carcinogenesis. Biomarkers that reflect tobacco smoke–induced tissue injury are needed. In this study, levels of urinary prostaglandin E metabolite (PGE-M) and leukotriene E4 (LTE4), biomarkers of the COX and 5-LO pathways, were compared in never smokers, former smokers, and current smokers. The effects of celecoxib, a selective COX-2 inhibitor, on levels of PGE-M and LTE4 were determined. Baseline levels of PGE-M and LTE4 were positively associated with smoking status; levels of PGE-M and LTE4 were higher in current versus never smokers. Treatment with 200 mg celecoxib twice daily for 6 ± 1 days led to a reduction in urinary PGE-M levels in all groups but exhibited the greatest effect among subjects with high baseline PGE-M levels. Thus, high baseline PGE-M levels in smokers reflected increased COX-2 activity. In individuals with high baseline PGE-M levels, treatment with celecoxib led to a significant increase in levels of urinary LTE4, an effect that was not found in individuals with low baseline PGE-M levels. In conclusion, increased levels of urinary PGE-M and LTE4 were found in human smokers, a result that may reflect subclinical lung inflammation. In individuals with high baseline levels of PGE-M (elevated COX-2 activity), celecoxib administration shunted arachidonic acid into the proinflammatory 5-LO pathway. Because 5-LO activity and LTE4 have been suggested to play a role in cardiovascular disease, these results may help to explain the link between use of COX-2 inhibitors and cardiovascular complications.
Social Norms and Economic Incentives in the Welfare State

This paper analyzes the interplay between social norms and economic incentives in the context of work decisions in the modem welfare state. We assume that to live off one's own work is a social norm, and that the larger the population share adhering to this norm, the more intensely it is felt by the individual. Individuals face two choices: one economic, whether to work or live off public transfers; and one political, how large the transfer should be. The size of the transfer and the intensity of the social norm are determined endogenously in equilibrium.
Metabolic Processes in Cytoplasmic Particles of the Avocado Fruit. VI. Controlled Oxidations and Coupled Phosphorylations.

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BIBW 2992 in non-small cell lung cancer

Introduction: EGFR targeting is a valid and vital approach in the treatment of patients with lung cancer. However, all patients treated with reversible inhibitors develop acquired resistance over time. It is of paramount importance that novel agents are designed and developed to overcome such acquired resistance. Areas covered: The role of EGFR targeting in NSCLC, mechanisms of primary and acquired resistance to reversible inhibitors, and strategies to overcome resistance are examined. Preclinical and clinical data pertaining to BIBW 2992 in advanced solid tumors, and particularly in NSCLC, are also thoroughly reviewed. We hope that the reader will gain a comprehensive knowledge of the emerging field of resistance to EGFR inhibition, specifically relating to drugs being developed for lung cancer patients. Expert opinion: Irreversible dual inhibitors of EGFR-HER2 such as BIBW 2992 provide a promising approach to overcoming acquired resistance to erlotinib and gefitinib in lung cancer. It is yet to be seen whether the drug can overcome primary drug resistance or delay time to development of acquired resistance to EGFR-targeted agents in NSCLC.
Breaking the Trapping Sets in LDPC Codes: Check Node Removal and Collaborative Decoding

Trapping sets strongly degrade performance of low-density parity check (LDPC) codes in the low-error-rate region. This creates significant difficulties for the deployment of LDPC codes to low-error-rate applications such as storage and wireless systems with no or limited retransmission options. We propose a novel technique for breaking trapping sets based on collaborative decoding that utilizes two different decoding modes. While the main decoding mode executes message passing based on the original parity check matrix of the corresponding LDPC code, the sub-decoding mode operates on a modified parity check matrix formed by removing a portion of check nodes in the factor graph representation of the given code. The modified parity check matrix is designed to promote a passing of correct information into erroneous variable nodes in the trapping set. Theoretical properties of the proposed trapping-set-breaking technique have been established based on the notion of the improved separation for the trapped variable nodes. Simulation results show that the proposed collaborative LDPC decoding scheme switching between the two decoding modes back and forth effectively breaks dominant trapping sets of various known types of regular and irregular LDPC codes.