Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
The challenges of mobile computing

The technical challenges that mobile computing must surmount to achieve its potential are hardly trivial. Some of the challenges in designing software for mobile computing systems are quite different from those involved in the design of software for today's stationary networked systems. The authors focus on the issues pertinent to software designers without delving into the lower level details of the hardware realization of mobile computers. They look at some promising approaches under investigation and also consider their limitations. The many issues to be dealt with stem from three essential properties of mobile computing: communication, mobility, and portability. Of course, special-purpose systems may avoid some design pressures by doing without certain desirable properties. For instance portability would be less of a concern for mobile computers installed in the dashboards of cars than with hand-held mobile computers. However, the authors concentrate on the goal of large-scale, hand-held mobile computing as a way to reveal a wide assortment of issues. <<ETX>>
Predictors of age-associated decline in maximal aerobic capacity: a comparison of four statistical models.

Studies assessing changes in maximal aerobic capacity (VO2 max) associated with aging have traditionally employed the ratio of VO2 max to body weight. Log-linear, ordinary least-squares, and weighted least-squares models may avoid some of the inherent weaknesses associated with the use of ratios. In this study we used four different methods to examine the age-associated decline in VO2 max in a cross-sectional sample of 276 healthy men, aged 45-80 yr. Sixty-one of the men were aerobically trained athletes, and the remainder were sedentary. The model that accounted for the largest proportion of variance was a weighted least-squares model that included age, fat-free mass, and an indicator variable denoting exercise training status. The model accounted for 66% of the variance in VO2 max and satisfied all the important general linear model assumptions. The other approaches failed to satisfy one or more of these assumptions. The results indicated that VO2 max declines at the same rate in athletic and sedentary men (0.24 l/min or 9%/decade) and that 35% of this decline (0.08 l . min-1 . decade-1) is due to the age-associated loss of fat-free mass.
Trianthema decandra L: A review on its phytochemical and pharmacological profile

Many herbal remedies individually or in combination have been recommended in various medical treatises for the cure of different diseases. Trianthema decandra Linn. , (Family: Aizoaceae) commonly known as gadabani (Hindi) and vellai sharuni (Tamil) is a prostrate herb distributed in the tropical and sub-tropical regions of the world, and also found abundantly in India. It has been recognized in different system of traditional medicines for the treatment of diseases and ailments of human beings. It has been known since ancient times for curative properties and has been utilized for treatment of various ailments such as burns and wounds, known for antimicrobial properties, many infectious condition and bacterial infections, fever, tooth ache, hepatoprotective, analgesic, anti- inflammatory, antidiabetic and other skin disorders. In the traditional systems of medicine such as Ayurveda and Unani, Trianthema.decandra and its species are used for anti- inflammatory, anti-hyperglycemic, hepatoprotective and antioxidant. A wide range of phytochemical compounds including terpenoid, alkaloid and flavanoids have been isolated from this genus and but not in this species.
Saccadic Target Selection Deficits after Lateral Intraparietal Area Inactivation in Monkeys

We investigated the contribution of the lateral intraparietal area (LIP) to the selection of saccadic eye movement targets and to saccade execution using muscimol-induced reversible inactivation and compared those effects with inactivation of the adjacent ventral intraparietal area (VIP) and with sham injections of saline into LIP. Three types of tasks were used: saccades to single visual or memorized targets, saccades to synchronous and asynchronous bilateral targets, and visual search of a target among distractors. LIP inactivation failed to produce deficits in the latency or accuracy of saccades to single targets, but it dramatically reduced the frequency of contralateral saccades in the presence of bilateral targets, and it increased search time for a contralateral target during serial visual search. In the latter task, the observed deficits might reflect either an ispilateral bias in saccadic search strategy or an attentional impairment in locating a target among flanking distractors within the contralateral field. No effects were observed on any of these tasks after VIP inactivation. These results suggest that one important contribution of LIP to oculomotor behavior is the selection of targets for saccades in the context of competing visual stimuli.
HRM Practice and Scholarship: A North American Perspective

Beginning in the 1980s, the focus of North American businesses began shifting from domestic to multinational to global. With the support of new technologies, the speed at which business was conducted increased dramtically. With these changes came the realization that competitive advantage could be seized and sustained through the wise utilization of human resources (Gupta & Govindarajan, 2001; Kanter, 1983; 1994; Porter, 1980; 1985). Reflecting these trends, both the practice of HRM within organizations and its study within academia have evolved accordingly.
A low-latency software-based route lookup implementation for network processors

Edge and access routers require fast and flexible route table lookup for incoming IP packets at relatively low cost. However, today's most NPs are not optimized for basic route lookup operations and tend to offload them to expensive TCAM or dedicated search engine. This paper describes a software-based route cache utilizing on-chip SRAM of NP. Accessing high-speed on-chip SRAM instead of long-latency off-chip DRAM can effectively reduce the average search time, eliminating the demand of TCAM and making more headroom for other applications. One of the major design issues is selecting a suitable hash function to make a balance between conflict miss rate and update complexity. The detailed implementation of the program can take advantage of optimized instruction set of NP. Experiments with real-life packet traces show that a high bit rate can be easily achieved with a small SRAM.
Benchmarking using the Community Atmospheric Model

The Community Atmospheric Model (CAM) is a global atmosphere model developed for the weather and climate research communities. CAM also serves as the atmospheric component of the Community Climate System Model (CCSM). As a community model, it is important that CAM run efficiently on different architectures, and that it be easily ported to and op- timized on new platforms. The current version of CAM contains a number of performance portability features - compile-time or runtime parameters that can be used to optimize performance for a given platform, problem or processor count. The large number of tuning options can make benchmarking an arduous task. The paper describes these options and how optimization is managed to make it feasible for evaluation of early systems. The paper also describes some of the performance sensitivities of selected platforms to the different tuning options.
FROM THE FIRST MASSIVE BLACK HOLES

X-ray studies of high-redshift (z > 4) active galaxies have advanced substantially over the past few years, largely due to results from the new generation of X-ray observatories. As of this writing X-ray emission has been detected from nearly 60 high-redshift active galaxies. This paper reviews the observational results and their implications for models of the first massive black holes, and it discusses future prospects for the field. INTRODUCTION AND IMPORTANCE OF HIGH-REDSHIFT X-RAY STUDIES Understanding of the X-ray emission from z > 4 active galactic nuclei (AGN) has advanced rapidly over the past few years. The high sensitivities of Chandra and XMM-Newton have allowed the efficient detection of many z > 4 AGN, and wide-field AGN surveys (e.g., the Sloan Digital Sky Survey, hereafter SDSS; York et al. 2000) have greatly enlarged the number of suitable X-ray targets. The number of X-ray detections at z > 4 has increased to 57 (see Figure 1a). 1 This increase has allowed the first reliable X-ray population studies of z > 4 AGN, and it has been possible to obtain X-ray detections at redshifts up to z = 6.28 (e.g., Brandt et al. 2002a). The X-ray emission from AGN provides direct information about their black hole regions, where accretion and black hole growth occur; the emission is thought to be produced by the inner accretion disk and its corona (e.g., Poutanen 1998). Do the early black holes seen at high redshift feed and grow in the same way as local ones? X-ray observations of high-redshift AGN can address this fundamental question. It is plausible that high-redshift AGN could be feeding and growing differently. The comoving number density of luminous quasars changes by a factor of ∼ 100 over the history of the Universe (e.g., Figure 9 of Fan et al. 2001 and references therein), and part of this strong evolution is believed to be due to environmental changes that might also impact the X-ray emission region. There have also been theoretical predictions that AGN accretion rates, relative to the Eddington rate, should change with redshift (e.g., Kauffmann and Haehnelt 2000); such changes can lead to accretion-disk instabilities (e.g., Gammie 1998 and references therein) and radiation “trapping” effects (e.g., Begelman 1979). X-ray absorption measurements can also be used to probe the large-scale environments of high-redshift AGN. Changes in the amount of X-ray absorption with redshift have been discussed by many authors. The fraction of radio-loud quasars (RLQs) with heavy X-ray absorption appears to rise with redshift, with column densities of ∼ 2 × 10 22 cm−2 being seen at z ∼ 3 (e.g., Elvis et al. 1998; Fiore et al. 1998; Reeves and Turner 2000). The absorbing gas may be circumnuclear, located in the host galaxy, or entrained by the radio jets. Radio-quiet quasars (RQQs) definitely show less of an absorption increase with redshift than do See http://www.astro. psu.edu/users/niel/papers/highz-xray-detected.dat for a regularly updated list of z > 4 X-ray detections.
Tandem repeats over the edit distance

MOTIVATION A tandem repeat in DNA is a sequence of two or more contiguous, approximate copies of a pattern of nucleotides. Tandem repeats occur in the genomes of both eukaryotic and prokaryotic organisms. They are important in numerous fields including disease diagnosis, mapping studies, human identity testing (DNA fingerprinting), sequence homology and population studies. Although tandem repeats have been used by biologists for many years, there are few tools available for performing an exhaustive search for all tandem repeats in a given sequence. RESULTS In this paper we describe an efficient algorithm for finding all tandem repeats within a sequence, under the edit distance measure. The contributions of this paper are two-fold: theoretical and practical. We present a precise definition for tandem repeats over the edit distance and an efficient, deterministic algorithm for finding these repeats. AVAILABILITY The algorithm has been implemented in C++, and the software is available upon request and can be used at http://www.sci.brooklyn.cuny. edu/~sokol/trepeats. The use of this tool will assist biologists in discovering new ways that tandem repeats affect both the structure and function of DNA and protein molecules.
How to Complete Any Segmentation Process Interactively via Image Foresting Transform

The segmentation of poorly defined structures in medical imaging and heterogeneous objects in natural images usually call for considerable user assistance. Consequently, automatic results are often far from desirable and interactive repairs become an essential feature to consider. However, how to import automatic results obtained from external processes and complete their segmentation interactively is an issue, since different tools are based on different optimization criteria. Another simpler related problem concerns how to continue a previous segmentation obtained by the same interactive tool. This ability to stop and later resume interactive segmentation sessions is specially important for tridimensional images and video. However, very often crucial data (e.g., the history of user input) are no longer available; or are no longer reliable, as consequence of some post-processing. How to offer a comprehensive recovery and resume capability, comprising all these different scenarios, under the framework of the "Image Foresting Transform" (IFT) is the central focus of this paper.
Optimal Weights in Convex Functionals : Taking the Guesswork Out of Segmentation

Energy functional minimization is a popular technique for medical image segmentation. The segmentation must be initialized, weights for competing terms of an energy functional must be tuned, and the functional minimized. There is a substantial amount of guesswork involved. We reduce this guesswork by: first, analytically determining optimal weights; second, minimizing a convex energy functional independent of the initialization; and, third, providing an upper bound on the accuracy achievable by a given, convex energy functional. We demonstrate improved results over state of the art on a set of 470 clinical examples.
A cloud storage synchronization strategy based on CDMI

With the increasingly widespread application of cloud computing, multiple cloud storage platforms have emerged, such as Dropbox, GoogleDrive, OneDrive, etc. These synchronization technology tools are based on specific platform and vary in time synchronization, bandwidth, file types and working offline synchronization capabilities. Most of them are facing time delay, bandwidth overhead problems. Based on the above problems, this paper is designed to provide a cloud storage synchronization scheme that follows the CDMI standard and discusses three types of object-layouts on clients and cloud server sides, the ORR (Object Resource Record), MOR (Modified Object Record) and MSV (Modified Sync View). We will also takes a closer look at the Modified Sync View, and related synchronization services involved. The strategy designed does not rely on a specific platform like other cloud storages but have various advantages such as working offline synchronization, multi-client sync, time sync and bandwidth utilization.
Financial Literacy and Education Research Priorities

Twenty-nine scholars from public and private universities, non-profit organizations, and the federal government participated in a National Research Symposium on Financial Literacy and Education in October 2008 in Washington, DC. The purpose was to identify critical research questions that could inform outcomes-based financial education, relevant public policy, and effective practice leading to personal and family financial literacy. Following the symposium, the U.S. Department of the Treasury released a comprehensive report. This paper summarizes the key findings and recommendations from the report and how researchers can use this information to extend the breadth and depth of research in the area of financial literacy and education.
Evaluating Summaries Automatically - A system Proposal

We propose in this paper an automatic evaluation procedure based on a metric which could provide summary evaluation without human assistance. Our system includes two metrics, which are presented and discussed. The first metric is based on a known and powerful statistical test, the X2 goodness-of-fit test, and has been used in several applications. The second metric is derived from three common metrics used to evaluate Natural Language Processing (NLP) systems, namely precision, recall and f-measure. The combination of these two metrics is intended to allow one to assess the quality of summaries quickly, cheaply and without the need of human intervention, minimizing though, the role of subjective judgment and bias.
Second order statistics of ultra wideband on-body diversity channels

The paper presents the improvement offered by spatial diversity to reduce fading in ultra wideband (UWB) body-centric wireless communication channel in context of second order statistics for five different measured links, i.e., waist-to-chest, waist-to-head, waist-to-wrist, waist-to-ankle and waist-to-back. Average fade duration (AFD) and level crossing rate (LCR) values are presented and compared for diversity combined signal with respect to branch signals. In addition AFD and LCR of diversity combined signals are also compared for five different on-body channels and for three different locations in an indoor environment. Result and analysis of second order channel parameters shows the importance of considering these parameters when designing an enhanced body-area network system.
A Uniqueness Theorem for Clustering

Despite the widespread use of Clustering, there is distressingly little general theory of clustering available. Questions like "What distinguishes a clustering of data from other data partitioning? ", "Are there any principles governing all clustering paradigms? ", "How should a user choose an appropriate clustering algorithm for a particular task? ", etc. are almost completely unanswered by the existing body of clustering literature. We consider an axiomatic approach to the theory of Clustering. We adopt the framework of Kleinberg, [Kle03]. By relaxing one of Kleinberg's clustering axioms, we sidestep his impossibility result and arrive at a consistent set of axioms. We suggest to extend these axioms, aiming to provide an axiomatic taxonomy of clustering paradigms. Such a taxonomy should provide users some guidance concerning the choice of the appropriate clustering paradigm for a given task. The main result of this paper is a set of abstract properties that characterize the Single-Linkage clustering function. This characterization result provides new insight into the properties of desired data groupings that make Single-Linkage the appropriate choice. We conclude by considering a taxonomy of clustering functions based on abstract properties that each satisfies.
Hot-Phonon Effect on the Reliability of GaN-Based Heterostructure Field-Effect Transistors

GaN-based high electron mobility transistors (HEMTs) are among the most promising devices for high power radio frequency (RF)/microwave (MW) and switching applications owing to their high breakdown voltage, high electron density, and high electron saturation velocity. [1,2] In fact, GaN HEMTs are currently employed in RF/MW high power amplifiers, low-noise amplifiers (LNA), and RF switching modules in radar and electronic warfare (EW) systems. [3]However, reliability is still an issue to be addressed since GaN-based technology has not reached its maturity yet. Hence, addressing physical mechanism behind relatively poor reliability of GaN-based crystal structure is imperative along with the empirical analyses of conventional reliability data collected from device tests such as accelerated life tests. The Joule heating is considered as main culprit that accelerates degradation of power devices. The mechanism simply relies on that energy of the electrons increase due to the high electric field and dissipate it through electron– phonon scattering. Since hot electrons do not cool down through the interaction with acoustic phonons, emission of optical phonons dominates the phonon population at elevated power levels. Therefore, emitted optical phonons accumulate, and hot-phonon effects become significant in the GaN crystal structure especially around the channel.
Whoosh Gloves: Interactive Tool to Form a Dialog Between Dancer and Choreographer

Whoosh Gloves is a tool for modern dance choreographers and dancers to iteratively develop choreography by involving creativity of both parties. With the help of Whoosh Gloves, the choreographer records sound of his/her movements which then can be freely interpreted by dancers. In this way the gloves facilitate a co-creative reflective process of dance creation where choreographers and dancers can be inspired by each other and build a choreography upon their explorations and findings.
A population-based assessment of presbyopia in the state of Andhra Pradesh, south India: the Andhra Pradesh Eye Disease Study.

PURPOSE To determine the prevalence of presbyopia in the state of Andhra Pradesh in south India. METHODS Comprehensive ocular examinations including logMAR (logarithm of the minimum angle of resolution) distance and near (presenting and best corrected) visual acuity, slit lamp biomicroscopy of the anterior segment, and dilated posterior segment examinations were performed using a standardized protocol for subjects identified through a random cluster-sampling strategy in Andhra Pradesh. Information of difficulty in performing near tasks was collected as part of a visual function questionnaire administered to all subjects. A person was defined as having presbyopia if the person required an addition of at least 1.0 D in either eye for near vision in addition to their best corrected distance correction to improve near vision to at least N8 and if they had graded lens opacities (Lens Opacities Classification System [LOCS III] system). RESULTS Examined in the study were 5587 subjects 30 years of age or older (mean age 47.5+/-13.0 years). The age-, gender-, and area-adjusted prevalence of presbyopia was 55.3% (95% confidence interval [CI]: 54.0-56.6). One third (n=1173; 30.0%) of the 3907 subjects with presbyopia were currently using spectacles. Of the 2734 subjects with presbyopia and not using spectacles, 528 (19.3%) had moderate to severe difficulty in reading small print, and 2085 (76.3%) had moderate to severe difficulty in recognizing small objects and performing near work, including 1057 (38.6%) subjects who were unable to manage any near work. On multivariate analysis, female sex (OR: 1.4, 95% CI: 1.1-1.8), rural residence (OR: 1.5, 95% CI: 1.2-1.8), alcohol consumption (OR: 0.8, 95% CI: 0.6-0.9), nuclear opacity of the lens greater than grade 2 LOCS III (OR: 4.8, 95% CI: 1.4-16.8), myopia (OR: 1.6, 95% CI: 1.3-2.1), and hyperopia (OR: 3.6, 95% CI: 2.7-5.2) were associated with presbyopia. CONCLUSIONS The high prevalence of presbyopia and the stated effect on performing activities related to near vision needs to be translated into programs and strategies that specifically target presbyopia.