Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Theory-based identification of barriers to quality improvement: induced abortion care.

BACKGROUND The UK Royal College of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists published the clinical guideline, The Care of Women Requesting Induced Abortion, to address recognized variations in care. There is little empirical evidence on factors that influence compliance with the guideline. A better understanding of such factors is needed for quality improvement initiatives. OBJECTIVE To identify factors that influence compliance with two key guideline recommendations: offer of an assessment appointment within 5 days of referral, and supply of contraceptives at discharge. SETTING Thirteen hospital gynaecology units in Scotland. METHODS Guideline compliance was measured by a case note review. Barriers and facilitators were identified using a combination of approaches: semi-structured interviews with local gynaecologists and a survey of clinical staff. The questionnaire, based upon constructs from the Theory of Planned Behaviour, measured behavioural intention, attitude, subjective norm (perceived social pressure), and perceived behavioural control. RESULTS Of 507 cases reviewed, median unit compliance was 46% for the assessment appointment and 59% for contraceptive supplies. Questionnaires were returned by 151 (74%) of 205 staff in 12 units. The interviews and open-ended questions highlighted organizational barriers to guideline implementation. Staff generally had strong intentions and positive attitudes to follow both recommendations. For the assessment appointment, perceived behavioural control was low. The Theory of Planned Behaviour accounted for 27% of the variation in intentions, with subjective norm being the strongest predictor. Intention and perceived behavioural control best explained unit compliance, together explaining 15% of the variation. For contraceptive supplies, the theory accounted for 34% of the variation in intentions, with perceived behavioural control being the strongest predictor. CONCLUSION Clinical staff were highly motivated to implement the guideline but hindered by organizational constraints. Quality improvement initiatives need to target organizational barriers as well as individual professionals.
SeedLing: Building and Using a Seed corpus for the Human Language Project

A broad-coverage corpus such as the Human Language Project envisioned by Abney and Bird (2010) would be a powerful resource for the study of endangered languages. Existing corpora are limited in the range of languages covered, in standardisation, or in machine-readability. In this paper we present SeedLing, a seed corpus for the Human Language Project. We first survey existing efforts to compile cross-linguistic resources, then describe our own approach. To build the foundation text for a Universal Corpus, we crawl and clean texts from several web sources that contain data from a large number of languages, and convert them into a standardised form consistent with the guidelines of Abney and Bird (2011). The resulting corpus is more easily-accessible and machine-readable than any of the underlying data sources, and, with data from 1451 languages covering 105 language families, represents a significant base corpus for researchers to draw on and add to in the future. To demonstrate the utility of SeedLing for cross-lingual computational research, we use our data in the test application of detecting similar languages.
Within- and Cross-Modal Distance Information Disambiguate Visual Size-Change Perception

Perception is fundamentally underconstrained because different combinations of object properties can generate the same sensory information. To disambiguate sensory information into estimates of scene properties, our brains incorporate prior knowledge and additional “auxiliary” (i.e., not directly relevant to desired scene property) sensory information to constrain perceptual interpretations. For example, knowing the distance to an object helps in perceiving its size. The literature contains few demonstrations of the use of prior knowledge and auxiliary information in combined visual and haptic disambiguation and almost no examination of haptic disambiguation of vision beyond “bistable” stimuli. Previous studies have reported humans integrate multiple unambiguous sensations to perceive single, continuous object properties, like size or position. Here we test whether humans use visual and haptic information, individually and jointly, to disambiguate size from distance. We presented participants with a ball moving in depth with a changing diameter. Because no unambiguous distance information is available under monocular viewing, participants rely on prior assumptions about the ball's distance to disambiguate their -size percept. Presenting auxiliary binocular and/or haptic distance information augments participants' prior distance assumptions and improves their size judgment accuracy—though binocular cues were trusted more than haptic. Our results suggest both visual and haptic distance information disambiguate size perception, and we interpret these results in the context of probabilistic perceptual reasoning.
Do patients understand asthma? A community survey of asthma knowledge

Four hundred and twenty‐one subjects who attended metropolitan pharmacies in Melbourne that were selected at random were surveyed about the characteristics of, and their knowledge about, their asthma. An unexpectedly‐high morbidity was found among 232 persons with asthma, who were aged between 16 years and 75 years. Forty per cent of subjects had been hospitalized at least once for asthma and 15% of subjects were taking maintenance corticosteroid agents by mouth. Twenty per cent of subjects currently were smoking cigarettes (15 cigarettes per day on average). When knowledge of asthma was examined by a questionnaire, the median score of questions that were answered correctly was less than 50% of the total. The best knowledge scores were associated with subjects: who had been exposed in the past to information about asthma; who had attended a private medical specialist; who were non‐smokers; and who had achieved the highest levels of schooling. Among the serious misconceptions which were evident in the areas of use of medication were: that sustained‐release theophylline agents acted quickly during acute attacks of asthma (62% of subjects); that antihistamine agents should be taken as soon as possible during an asthma emergency (72% of subjects); that six inhalations of beclomethasone were advisable during an asthma emergency (49% of subjects); that systemic corticosteroid agents were effective within 20 minutes of administration (87% of subjects); and that deaths of asthma usually were due to precipitous attacks without time for any intervention (73% of subjects). Only 42% of subjects considered that up to six puffs at once of a /3‐agonist aerosol for an asthma emergency may be appropriate. The identification of such misconceptions is quite practical during routine consultations. The correction of such misconceptions may improve the morbidity and mortality that is due to asthma.
Suicide and Other Unexpected Deaths among Psychiatric In-patients

By matching information collected from coroner inquest records with hospital admission and discharge registers, 27 suicides and 5 other unexpected deaths were identified over 30 months among persons who either were psychiatric in-patients at the time or had been up to eight weeks previously. The relevant consultant completed a questionnaire concerning assessment and management in each case. It is suggested that such an approach might usefully be adopted widely as an audit of unexpected deaths. In 20 of the suicides the seriousness of the risk was not fully recognised; 13 absented themselves from the hospital ward without leave. Misleading clinical improvement in the absence of corresponding alleviation of situational problems, and patient alienation appeared important hazards. The findings have implications for service development, particularly when major reduction of bed numbers is planned.
Human cerebral organoids recapitulate gene expression programs of fetal neocortex development

Significance We have used single-cell RNA sequencing to compare human cerebral organoids and fetal neocortex. We find that, with relatively few exceptions, cells in organoid cortex-like regions use genetic programs very similar to fetal tissue to generate a structured cerebral cortex. Our study is of interest, as it shows which genetic features underlying human cortical development can be accurately studied in organoid culture systems. This is important because although cerebral organoids have great promise for modeling human neurodevelopment, the extent to which organoids recapitulate neural progenitor proliferation and differentiation networks in vivo remained unclear. Cerebral organoids—3D cultures of human cerebral tissue derived from pluripotent stem cells—have emerged as models of human cortical development. However, the extent to which in vitro organoid systems recapitulate neural progenitor cell proliferation and neuronal differentiation programs observed in vivo remains unclear. Here we use single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq) to dissect and compare cell composition and progenitor-to-neuron lineage relationships in human cerebral organoids and fetal neocortex. Covariation network analysis using the fetal neocortex data reveals known and previously unidentified interactions among genes central to neural progenitor proliferation and neuronal differentiation. In the organoid, we detect diverse progenitors and differentiated cell types of neuronal and mesenchymal lineages and identify cells that derived from regions resembling the fetal neocortex. We find that these organoid cortical cells use gene expression programs remarkably similar to those of the fetal tissue to organize into cerebral cortex-like regions. Our comparison of in vivo and in vitro cortical single-cell transcriptomes illuminates the genetic features underlying human cortical development that can be studied in organoid cultures.
Psychosocial Factors in the Workplace‐Do They Predict New Episodes of Low Back Pain?: Evidence From the South Manchester Back Pain Study

Study Design. A prospective, population‐based cohort study of working adults. Objectives. To determine whether work‐related psychosocial factors and social status predict the occurrence of new episodes of low back pain and influence consultation behavior. Summary and Background Data. Dissatisfaction with work and social status has been associated with low back pain in several studies; few of these studies have been prospective or population based. Methods. An initial postal survey was returned by 4,501 (59%) adults (18‐75 years old) registered with two primary care practices. From this, a cohort of 1,412 people currently in employment and free of low back pain was identified, and baseline information on work‐related psychosocial factors and psychologic distress was obtained. Social class was derived from current occupation using a standardized classification. New episodes of low back pain occurring in the next 12 months were identified by continuous monitoring of primary care consulters and by mailing a second questionnaire a year later to identify occurrences of low back pain for which no consultation was sought. Results. The baseline cross‐sectional survey showed modest but significant associations between low back pain and perceived inadequacy of income (risk ratio 1.3), dissatisfaction with work (risk ratio 1.4) and social class IV/V (risk ratio 1.2). In the follow‐up year, the risk of reporting low back pain for which no consultation was sought doubled in those dissatisfied with their work. Both perceived inadequacy of income (odds ratio 3.6) and social class IV/V (odds ratio 4.8) were strongly associated with consulting with a new episode of low back pain during the follow‐up year, an association more marked in women. The associations with work dissatisfaction and perceived adequacy of income were not explained by general psychologic distress or social status. Conclusion. People dissatisfied with work are more likely to report low back pain for which they do not consult a physician, whereas lower social status and perceived inadequacy of income are independent risks for working people to seek consultation because of low back pain.
Evaluating the environmental impacts of dietary recommendations

Significance Nationally recommended diets are a prominent method for informing the public on dietary choices. Although dietary choices drive both health and environmental outcomes, these diets make almost no reference to environmental impacts. Our study provides a comparison between the environmental impacts of average dietary intakes and a nation-specific recommended diet across 37 middle- and high-income nations. We find that following a nationally recommended diet in high-income nations results in a reduction in greenhouse gases, eutrophication, and land use. In upper-middle–income nations, we find a smaller reduction in impacts, and in lower-middle–income nations we find a substantial increase. The net result from large-scale adoption of nationally recommended diets for countries studied here results in a reduction in environmental impacts. Dietary choices drive both health and environmental outcomes. Information on diets come from many sources, with nationally recommended diets (NRDs) by governmental or similar advisory bodies the most authoritative. Little or no attention is placed on the environmental impacts within NRDs. Here we quantify the impact of nation-specific NRDs, compared with an average diet in 37 nations, representing 64% of global population. We focus on greenhouse gases (GHGs), eutrophication, and land use because these have impacts reaching or exceeding planetary boundaries. We show that compared with average diets, NRDs in high-income nations are associated with reductions in GHG, eutrophication, and land use from 13.0 to 24.8%, 9.8 to 21.3%, and 5.7 to 17.6%, respectively. In upper-middle–income nations, NRDs are associated with slight decrease in impacts of 0.8–12.2%, 7.7–19.4%, and 7.2–18.6%. In poorer middle-income nations, impacts increase by 12.4–17.0%, 24.5–31.9%, and 8.8–14.8%. The reduced environmental impact in high-income countries is driven by reductions in calories (∼54% of effect) and a change in composition (∼46%). The increased environmental impacts of NRDs in low- and middle-income nations are associated with increased intake in animal products. Uniform adoption of NRDs across these nations would result in reductions of 0.19–0.53 Gt CO2 eq⋅a−1, 4.32–10.6 Gt PO43− eq⋅a−1, and 1.5–2.8 million km2, while providing the health cobenefits of adopting an NRD. As a small number of dietary guidelines are beginning to incorporate more general environmental concerns, we anticipate that this work will provide a standardized baseline for future work to optimize recommended diets further.
Logical Data Independence Via Views: A Misapprehension?

Most information systems are subject to changing requirements that can lead to alterations of the underlying database schema. Part of these alterations are information-preserving and can be regarded as schema restructuring. One of the objectives of the relational model is to provide logical data independence, i.e. to insulate application programs from the effects of information-preserving changes to the database schema It is claimed that the relational view mechanism is sufficiently powerj2 to achieve logical data independence. This paper argues that the relational view mechanism fails to ~Wj? l these claims in both a theoretical and a practical sense.
Coronatine Inhibits Stomatal Closure through Guard Cell-Specific Inhibition of NADPH Oxidase-Dependent ROS Production

Microbes trigger stomatal closure through microbe-associated molecular patterns (MAMPs). The bacterial pathogen Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato (Pst) synthesizes the polyketide toxin coronatine, which inhibits stomatal closure by MAMPs and by the hormone abscisic acid (ABA). The mechanism by which coronatine, a jasmonic acid-isoleucine analog, achieves this effect is not completely clear. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) are essential second messengers in stomatal immunity, therefore we investigated the possible effect of coronatine on their production. We found that coronatine inhibits NADPH oxidase-dependent ROS production induced by ABA, and by the flagellin-derived peptide flg22. This toxin also inhibited NADPH oxidase-dependent stomatal closure induced by darkness, however, it failed to prevent stomatal closure by exogenously applied H2O2 or by salicylic acid, which induces ROS production through peroxidases. Contrary to what was observed on stomata, coronatine did not affect the oxidative burst induced by flg22 in leaf disks. Additionally, we observed that in NADPH oxidase mutants atrbohd and atrbohd/f, as well as in guard cell ABA responsive but flg22 insensitive mutants mpk3, mpk6, npr1-3, and lecrk-VI.2-1, the inhibition of ABA stomatal responses by both coronatine and the NADPH oxidase inhibitor diphenylene iodonium was markedly reduced. Interestingly, coronatine still impaired ABA-induced ROS synthesis in mpk3, mpk6, npr1-3, and lecrk-VI.2-1, suggesting a possible feedback regulation of ROS on other guard cell ABA signaling elements in these mutants. Altogether our results show that inhibition of NADPH oxidase-dependent ROS synthesis in guard cells plays an important role during endophytic colonization by Pst through stomata.
Muscle strength of trunk flexion-extension in post-stroke hemiplegic patients.

This study was undertaken to determine muscle strength of trunk flexion-extension in hemiplegic patients after stroke compared with that of normal controls. The design consisted of a nonrandomized control trial in a secondary care setting (a rehabilitation unit at a hospital facility). The subjects included 25 post-stroke male hemiplegic patients and 25 male healthy controls. The maximal peak torques of trunk flexion-extension at angular velocities of 0 degrees (isometric contraction), 60 degrees, 120 degrees, and 150 degrees/s were measured by using an isokinetic dynamometer (Cybex Trunk Extension-Flexion Unit, Cybex, Ronkonkoma, NY). Peak torque of trunk flexion and extension in hemiplegic patients was significantly smaller than that of healthy controls (P < 0.05), except isometric trunk flexion (P > 0.05). The weakness of trunk flexion-extension muscles in hemiplegic patients might be accounted for by the bilateral innervation from the motor cortex, the insufficient use of high threshold motor units, and disuse atrophy.
ROLE OF LOCUS COERULEUS AND AMYGDALA PROJECTIONS TO VENTRAL SUBICULUM IN STRESS REGULATION

The hippocampal formation, and the ventral subiculum (vSub), constitute a central node in mediating the forebrain’s stress response, particularly to psychogenic stressors. The vSub regulates midbrain dopamine neuron population activity via its output to the nucleus accumbens (NAc)-pallidal-ventral tegmental area circuit, providing a potential functional link between stress and dopaminergic system. However, it is not known how appropriate vSub activity is generated in response to stress. The vSub receives projections from two stress-related inputs, locus coeruleus (LC) and basolateral nucleus of the amygdala (BLA). In this study, direct LC innervation of the vSub and indirect input through the BLA was investigated as potential mediators of stress responses in the vSub. The effect of norepinephrine (NE) on single vSub neurons was examined using microiontophoresis combined with electrophysiological recording in anesthetized rats. The response to NE in the vSub was compared to the effect of electrical stimulation of the LC. Iontophoretic NE inhibited vSub neurons, while LC stimulation inhibited 16%, and activated 38% of neurons. Inhibition was mediated by alpha-2, whereas activation by beta-adrenergic receptors. Moreover, vSub neurons were activated by BLA stimulation, and LC pre-stimulation both potentiated and suppressed these responses in neuronal subpopulations. To examine the activation by stress, the effect of footshock on vSub neurons was tested. Footshock inhibited 13%, and activated 48% of neurons. Responses to footshock were correlated to LC stimulation-evoked responses in single neurons. Prazosin, an alpha-1 antagonist, reversed footshock-evoked inhibition, revealing an underlying activation. Inactivation of the BLA did not block LC stimulation- or footshock- evoked activation, while LC inactivation blocked both. To examine stress effects on vSub neurons involved in modulation of DA activity, a subpopulation of vSub neurons projecting to the NAc was identified using retrograde tracing. Restraint stress activated these neurons as measured by Fos expression. These results suggest that the LC NE system plays an important role in mediating responses to stress in the vSub. Stress-induced activation of the LC NE system evokes inhibition and activation in the vSub, both of which may contribute to stress adaptation. An imbalance of this system may lead to pathological stress responses in mental disorders.
ICMP Tunneling : Defense Against the Vulnerability

This paper presents a systematic solution to the ICMP tunneling problem. ICMP is not multiplexed via port numbers and the data part of the ICMP packet provides considerable bandwidth for covert channels. These factors make it an integral part of various malicious software such as remote access and denial of service attack tools. These tools use ICMP to establish covert communication channels. In this paper a stateless model is proposed to prevent ICMP tunneling. A Linux kernel module was implemented to demonstrate the proposed stateless solution. The module enforces a fixed payload policy for ICMP packets and virtually eliminates ICMP tunneling which arises due to the data carrying capability of ICMP. The performance impact on end hosts and routers due to our stateless monitoring model show that it can eliminate ICMP tunneling with modest performance penalties.
Sparse Coding on the Spot: Spontaneous Retinal Waves Suffice for Orientation Selectivity

Ohshiro, Hussain, and Weliky (2011) recently showed that ferrets reared with exposure to flickering spot stimuli, in the absence of oriented visual experience, develop oriented receptive fields. They interpreted this as refutation of efficient coding models, which require oriented input in order to develop oriented receptive fields. Here we show that these data are compatible with the efficient coding hypothesis if the influence of spontaneous retinal waves is considered. We demonstrate that independent component analysis learns predominantly oriented receptive fields when trained on a mixture of spot stimuli and spontaneous retinal waves. Further, we show that the efficient coding hypothesis provides a compelling explanation for the contrast between the lack of receptive field changes seen in animals reared with spot stimuli and the significant cortical reorganisation observed in stripe-reared animals.