Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
One Size Fits All : Effectiveness of Local Search on Structured Data

In this paper, we analyze the performance of a simple and standard Local Search algorithm for clustering on well behaved data. Since the seminal paper by Ostrovsky, Rabani, Schulman and Swamy [FOCS 2006], much progress has been made to characterize real-world instances. We distinguish the three main definitions -- Distribution Stability (Awasthi, Blum, Sheffet, FOCS 2010) -- Spectral Separability (Kumar, Kannan, FOCS 2010) -- Perturbation Resilience (Bilu, Linial, ICS 2010) We show that Local Search performs well on the instances with the aforementioned stability properties. Specifically, for the $k$-means and $k$-median objective, we show that Local Search exactly recovers the optimal clustering if the dataset is $3+\varepsilon$-perturbation resilient, and is a PTAS for distribution stability and spectral separability. This implies the first PTAS for instances satisfying the spectral separability condition. For the distribution stability condition we also go beyond previous work by showing that the clustering output by the algorithm and the optimal clustering are very similar. This is a significant step toward understanding the success of Local Search heuristics in clustering applications and supports the legitimacy of the stability conditions: They characterize some of the structure of real-world instances that make Local Search a popular heuristic.
The effects of stereotypes and suggestions on preschoolers' reports.

Children's (N = 176) reported memories of a strange man's visit were studied. Three- to 6-year-olds were interviewed repeatedly after the event in one of the following conditions: (a) control, in which no interviews contained suggestive questions; (b) stereotype, in which children were given previsit expectations about the stranger; (c) suggestion, in which interviews contained erroneous suggestions about misdeeds committed by the stranger; and (d) stereotype plus suggestion, in which children were given both pre- and postvisit manipulations. Results from open-ended interviews after 10 weeks indicated that control participants provided accurate reports, stereotypes resulted in a modest number of false reports, and suggestions resulted in a substantial number of false reports. Children in the stereotype-plus-suggestion group made high levels of false reports. All experimental conditions showed dramatic developmental trends favoring older children.
The Interaction of Social and Emotional Processes in the Brain

Social stimuli function as emotional barometers for the immediate environment are the catalysts for many emotional reactions, and have inherent value for relationships and survival independent of their current emotional content. We, therefore, propose that the neural mechanisms underlying social and emotional information processing may be interconnected. In the current study, we examined the independent and interactive effects of social and emotional processes on brain activation. Whole-brain images were acquired while participants viewed and categorized affective pictures that varied on two dimensions: emotional content (i.e., neutral, emotional) and social content (i.e., faces/people, objects/scenes). Patterns of activation were consistent with past findings demonstrating that the amygdala and part of the visual cortex were more active to emotionally evocative pictures than to neutral pictures and that the superior temporal sulcus was more active to social than to nonsocial pictures. Furthermore, activation of the superior temporal sulcus and middle occipito-temporal cortex showed evidence of the interactive processing of emotional and social information, whereas activation of the amygdala showed evidence of additive effects. These results indicate that interactive effects occur early in the stream of processing, suggesting that social and emotional information garner greater attentional resources and that the conjunction of social and emotional cues results in synergistic early processing, whereas the amygdala appears to be primarily implicated in processing biologically or personally relevant stimuli, regardless of the nature of the relevance (i.e., social, emotional, or both).
Probabilistic Cheap Talky

We consider a model in which there is uncertainty over when a one-shot game will be played. We show how a mechanism designer can implement desirable outcomes in certain economic games by manipulating only the probability that the game is played in a given round while leaving all other aspects of the game unchanged. We also show that if there is no discounting, this uncertainty imparts a sequential structure that is almost mathematically equivalent to a repeated version of the game with discounting. In particular, a folk theorem applies to such games. Thus, games of probabilistic cheap provide a third interpretation of the repeated game framework with the additional feature that expected payo® is invariant to the probability of the game ending.
A Neural Networks-Based Clustering Collaborative Filtering Algorithm in E-Commerce Recommendation System

E-commerce recommendation system is one of the most important and the most successful application field of data mining technology. Recommendation algorithm is the core of the recommendation system. In this paper, a neural networks-based clustering collaborative filtering algorithm in e-commerce recommendation system is designed, trying to establish an classifier model based on BP neural network for the pre-classification to items and giving realization of clustering collaborative filtering algorithm and BP neural network algorithm, and carring on the analysis and discussion to this algorithm from multiple aspects. This algorithm is helpful to improve sparsity problem of collaborative filtering algorithm and to form the more effective and the more accurate recommendation result.
Danish Prostate Cancer Registry – methodology and early results from a novel national database

Background Systematized Nomenclature of Medicine (SNOMED) codes are computer-processable medical terms used to describe histopathological evaluations. SNOMED codes are not readily usable for analysis. We invented an algorithm that converts prostate SNOMED codes into an analyzable format. We present the methodology and early results from a new national Danish prostate database containing clinical data from all males who had evaluation of prostate tissue from 1995 to 2011. Materials and methods SNOMED codes were retrieved from the Danish Pathology Register. A total of 26,295 combinations of SNOMED codes were identified. A computer algorithm was developed to transcode SNOMED codes into an analyzable format including procedure (eg, biopsy, transurethral resection, etc), diagnosis, and date of diagnosis. For validation, ~55,000 pathological reports were manually reviewed. Prostate-specific antigen, vital status, causes of death, and tumor-node-metastasis classification were integrated from national registries. Results Of the 161,525 specimens from 113,801 males identified, 83,379 (51.6%) were sets of prostate biopsies, 56,118 (34.7%) were transurethral/transvesical resections of the prostate (TUR-Ps), and the remaining 22,028 (13.6%) specimens were derived from radical prostatectomies, bladder interventions, etc. A total of 48,078 (42.2%) males had histopathologically verified prostate cancer, and of these, 78.8% and 16.8% were diagnosed on prostate biopsies and TUR-Ps, respectively. Future perspectives A validated algorithm was successfully developed to convert complex prostate SNOMED codes into clinical useful data. A unique database, including males with both normal and cancerous histopathological data, was created to form the most comprehensive national prostate database to date. Potentially, our algorithm can be used for conversion of other SNOMED data and is available upon request.
Practical isolation of failure-inducing changes for debugging regression faults

During software evolution, new released versions still contain many bugs. One common scenario is that end users encounter regression faults and submit them to bug tracking systems. Different from in-house regression testing, typically only one test input is available, which passes the old version and fails the modified new version. To address the issue, delta debugging has been proposed for failure-inducing changes identification between two versions. Despite promising results, there are two practical factors that thwart the application of delta debugging: a large number of tests and misleading false positives. In this work, we present a combination of coverage analysis and delta debugging that automatically isolates failure-inducing changes. Evaluations on twelve real regression faults in GNU software demonstrate both the speed gain and effectiveness improvements. Moreover, a case study on libPNG and TCPflow indicates that our technique is comparable to peer techniques in debugging regressions faults.
Discriminative training of acoustic models applied to domains with unreliable transcripts [speech recognition applications]

Training automatic speech recognition (ASR) systems requires the availability of training transcripts for the speech data. Obtaining these transcripts is a time consuming and costly process, especially for the medical domain. On the other hand, medical reports which are generated as a by-product of the normal medical transcription workflow are available easily. However, they only partially represent the acoustic data. In this paper, we present a method for the automatic generation of transcripts from these medical reports. In particular, we identify "reliable" regions in the transcript that can be used for training acoustic models. Experiments based on maximum likelihood (ML) and lattice-based discriminative training with frame filtering are presented. It is shown that discriminative training gives us word error rate (WER) reductions of 8-15% relative to the baseline.
Embodied Learning Across the Life Span

Developmental psychologists have long recognized the extraordinary influence of action on learning (Held & Hein, 1963; Piaget, 1952). Action experiences begin to shape our perception of the world during infancy (e.g., as infants gain an understanding of others' goal-directed actions; Woodward, 2009) and these effects persist into adulthood (e.g., as adults learn about complex concepts in the physical sciences; Kontra, Lyons, Fischer, & Beilock, 2012). Theories of embodied cognition provide a structure within which we can investigate the mechanisms underlying action's impact on thinking and reasoning. We argue that theories of embodiment can shed light on the role of action experience in early learning contexts, and further that these theories hold promise for using action to scaffold learning in more formal educational settings later in development.
The IDE as a scriptable information system

Software engineering is extremely information-intensive. Every day developers work with source code, version repositories, issue trackers, documentation, web-based and other information resources. However, three key aspects of information work lack good support: (i) combining information from different sources; (ii) flexibly presenting collected information to enable easier comprehension; and (iii) automatically acting on collected information, for example to perform a refactoring. Poor support for these activities makes many common development tasks time-consuming and error-prone. We propose an approach that directly addresses these three issues by integrating a flexible query mechanism into the development environment. Our approach enables diverse ways to process and visualize information and can be extended via scripts. We demonstrate how an implementation of the approach can be used to rapidly write queries that meet a wide range of information needs.
Space subdivision for fast ray tracing

An algorithm is described that speeds up ray-tracing techniques by reducing the number of time-consuming object-ray intersection calculations that have to be made. The algorithm is based on subdividing space into an octree, associating a given voxel with only those objects whose surfaces pass through the volume of the voxel. It includes a technique for obtaining fast access to any node and a mechanism for finding the next node intersected by a ray when it has hit nothing in the current node. This new algorithm makes possible the ray tracing of complex scenes by medium-scale and small-scale computers.
Molecular evolution of communication signals in electric fish

SUMMARY Animal communication systems are subject to natural selection so the imprint of selection must reside in the genome of each species. Electric fish generate electric organ discharges (EODs) from a muscle-derived electric organ (EO) and use these fields for electrolocation and communication. Weakly electric teleosts have evolved at least twice (mormyriforms, gymnotiforms) allowing a comparison of the workings of evolution in two independently evolved sensory/motor systems. We focused on the genes for two Na+ channels, Nav1.4a and Nav1.4b, which are orthologs of the mammalian muscle-expressed Na+ channel gene Nav1.4. Both genes are expressed in muscle in non-electric fish. Nav1.4b is expressed in muscle in electric fish, but Nav1.4a expression has been lost from muscle and gained in the evolutionarily novel EO in both groups. We hypothesized that Nav1.4a might be evolving to optimize the EOD for different sensory environments and the generation of species-specific communication signals. We obtained the sequence for Nav1.4a from non-electric, mormyriform and gymnotiform species, estimated a phylogenetic tree, and determined rates of evolution. We observed elevated rates of evolution in this gene in both groups coincident with the loss of Nav1.4a from muscle and its compartmentalization in EO. We found amino acid substitutions at sites known to be critical for channel inactivation; analyses suggest that these changes are likely to be the result of positive selection. We suggest that the diversity of EOD waveforms in both groups of electric fish is correlated with accelerations in the rate of evolution of the Nav1.4a Na+ channel gene due to changes in selection pressure on the gene once it was solely expressed in the EO.
Software process evolution at the SEL

The Software Engineering Laboratory of the National Aeronautics and Space Administration's Goddard Space Flight Center has been adapting, analyzing, and evolving software processes for the last 18 years (1976-94). Their approach is based on the Quality Improvement Paradigm, which is used to evaluate process effects on both product and people. The authors explain this approach as it was applied to reduce defects in code. In examining and adapting reading techniques, we go through a systematic process of evaluating the candidate process and refining its implementation through lessons learned from previous experiments and studies. As a result of this continuous, evolutionary process, we determined that we could successfully apply key elements of the cleanroom development method in the SEL environment, especially for projects involving fewer than 50000 lines of code (all references to lines of code refer to developed, not delivered, lines of code). We saw indications of lower error rates, higher productivity, a more complete and consistent set of code comments, and a redistribution of developer effort. Although we have not seen similar reliability and cost gains for larger efforts, we continue to investigate the cleanroom method's effect on them. <<ETX>>
ssential role of toll-like receptor 2 in morphine-induced microglia activation n mice

Opioids are powerful pain relievers, but also potent inducers of dependence and tolerance. Chronic morphine administration (via subcutaneous pellet) induces morphine dependence in the nucleus accumbens, an important dependence region in the brain, yet the cellular mechanisms are mostly unknown. Toll-like receptor 2 (TLR2) plays an essential function in controlling innate and inflammatory responses. Using a ccepted 22 November 2010
Obstructive sleep apnea syndrome, sleepiness, and quality of life.

OBJECTIVE To evaluate the addition of short arousals of > 3 s on indexes of sleep-disordered breathing (SDB) and subjective sleepiness in patients with obstructive sleep apnea (OSA), and to evaluate the quality of life and reported difficulty driving with arousal index and indexes of SDB. METHOD Data was collected from a general clinical evaluation, and evaluations using the Epworth sleepiness scale (ESS), the sleep disorders questionnaire, the Beck depression inventory (BDI), the Medical Outcomes Study 36-item short form health survey (SF-36), a questionnaire on driving difficulties and accidents, and polysomnography. RESULTS A total of 135 male subjects (mean [+/- SD] age, 52 +/- 12.1 years; mean body mass index [BMI], 27.8 +/- 5.6 kg/m(2); mean apnea-hypopnea index [AHI], 48.7 +/- 26.8 events per hour) were studied. Of these subjects, 70.4% acknowledged having driven while sleepy. ESS scores correlated significantly with the arousal index and AHI, and negatively with the lowest arterial oxygen saturation. The "physical functioning," "general health," and "role physical" subscales of the SF-36 correlated with the arousal index. No significant correlation was seen in multiple regression analyses after adjusting for age and BMI, using "reports of sleepiness while driving" as the dependent variable. CONCLUSION Several subjective complaints and subscales of the SF-36 correlated significantly with a frequency of SDB-related arousal of > 3 s. Patients perceived that an organic health problem had been impairing their quality of life more than an emotional problem, despite elevated scores on the BDI. However, if sleepiness while driving was common in OSA patients, it was not significant. Many clinical and polysomnographic variables may be considered as possible independent variables in the regression analysis. Other unrelated factors have a greater impact. To relate sleepiness while driving only to the usually studied variables in OSA patients is an oversimplification.
Creating a virtual source inside a medium from reflection data : a stationary-phase analysis

With seismic interferometry a virtual source can be created inside a medium, assuming a receiver is present at the position of the virtual source. Here we discuss a method that creates a virtual source inside a medium from reflection data, without needing a receiver inside the medium. Apart from the reflection data, an estimate of the direct arrivals is required. However, no information about the scatterers in the medium is needed. We analyze the proposed method for a simple configuration with stationary-phase arguments. We show that the retrieved virtual-source response correctly contains the multiple scattering coda of the inhomogeneous medium. The proposed method can serve as a basis for data-driven suppression of internal multiples in seismic imaging.
Designing research to study the effects of institutionalization on brain and behavioral development: The Bucharest Early Intervention Project

This paper provides an overview of the largest longitudinal investigation of institutionalized children less than 2 years old ever conducted. The Bucharest Early Intervention Project is an ongoing randomized controlled trial of foster placement as an alternative to institutionalization in abandoned infants and toddlers being conducted in Bucharest, Romania. In addition to describing the contexts in which this study is imbedded, we also provide an overview of the sample, the measures, and the intervention. We hope that the natural experiment of institutionalization will allow us to examine directly the effects of intervention on early deprivation. We hope it will provide answers to many of the critical questions that developmentalists have asked about the effects of early experience, the timing of deprivation, and the ameliorating effects of early intervention and provide clues to which underlying neurobiological processes are compromised by, and resilient to, dramatic changes in early experience.
Identifying deceptive reviews using networking parameters

Nowadays, client likes to take suggestions before spending on a new product. For this they go to online item review Web page for perusing other's encounters and saying for that item. A real issue which was disregarded so far is the investigation of review spammers. However, numerous scientists gave their productive commitment in this field of exploration from 2007. The situation now asks for, conspicuous verification and ID of fake reviews and fake reviewers; as this has transformed into a colossal social issue. Those studies have the limit perceive certain sorts of spammers, e.g., the people who post various practically identical reviews around one target component. In any case, in fact, there are distinctive sorts of spammers who can control their practices to act much the same as certified users. This has transformed into a gigantic social issue. From various years, email spam and Web spam were the two essential highlighted social issues. In the meantime nowadays, on account of reputation of customers' energy to Web shopping and their dependence on the online reviews, it transformed into a true center for review spammers to misdirect customers by making sham overviews for target things. To the best of our insight, very little study is accounted for in regards to this issue reliability of online reviews. To begin with paper was distributed in 2007 by Nitin Jindal & Bing Liu in regards to review Spam detection. In the past few years, variety of techniques has been recommended by researchers to accord with this trouble. This paper intends to identify suspicious review, review spammers and their group using rule based classification methods along with networking parameters.
An Approach to Detecting Duplicate Bug Reports using N-gram Features and Cluster Chrinkage Technique

Duplicate bug report describes problems for which there is already a report in a bug repository. For many open source projects, the number of duplicate reports represents a significant percentage of the repository, so automatic identification of duplicate reports are very important and need let's avoid wasting time a triager spends in searching for duplicate bug reports of any incoming report. In this paper we want to present a novel approach which it can help better of duplicate bug report identification. The proposed approach has two novel features: firstly, use n-gram features for the task of duplicate bug report detection. Secondly, apply cluster shrinkage technique to improve the detection performance. We tested our approach on three popular open source projects: Apache, Argo UML, and SVN. We have also conducted empirical studies. The experimental results show that the proposed scheme can effectively improve the detection performance compared with previous methods.
The monetary mechanics of the crisis

In response to the financial and economic crisis, central banks, unlike in the 1930s, have created enormous amounts of money. There are fears that this will lead to inflation, but it is base money (the central bank's liabilities) that has expanded; total monetary aggregates have not. By contrast, in the 1930s, base money remained stable and monetary aggregates dropped. The reason for this is that in a crisis the relationship between the base money and monetary aggregates is altered. The money multiplier drops. It is therefore necessary to create more base money so that monetary aggregates remain stable. This is what central banks have done in the current crisis and rightly so. They have learned the lessons of the Great Depression. This framework helps understand differences across countries. The crisis affected the euro area money and credit supply process much less than the US and the UK. Therefore, the European Central Bank was right to respond to the crisis with a less expansionary monetary policy than the Bank of England and the Federal Reserve. However, stabilising the money supply may not have been enough to stabilise the supply of credit.