Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Emergence of Norms through Social Learning

Behavioral norms are key ingredients that allow agent coordination where societal laws do not sufficiently constrain agent behaviors. Whereas social laws need to be enforced in a top-down manner, norms evolve in a bottom-up manner and are typically more self-enforcing. While effective norms can significantly enhance performance of individual agents and agent societies, there has been little work in multiagent systems on the formation of social norms. We propose a model that supports the emergence of social norms via learning from interaction experiences. In our model, individual agents repeatedly interact with other agents in the society over instances of a given scenario. Each interaction is framed as a stage game. An agent learns its policy to play the game over repeated interactions with multiple agents. We term this mode of learning social learning, which is distinct from an agent learning from repeated interactions against the same player. We are particularly interested in situations where multiple action combinations yield the same optimal payoff. The key research question is to find out if the entire population learns to converge to a consistent norm. In addition to studying such emergence of social norms among homogeneous learners via social learning, we study the effects of heterogeneous learners, population size, multiple social groups, etc.
A log-linear time algorithm for constrained changepoint detection

Changepoint detection is a central problem in time series and genomic data. For some applications, it is natural to impose constraints on the directions of changes. One example is ChIP-seq data, for which adding an up-down constraint improves peak detection accuracy, but makes the optimization problem more complicated. We show how a recently proposed functional pruning technique can be adapted to solve such constrained changepoint detection problems. This leads to a new algorithm which can solve problems with arbitrary affine constraints on adjacent segment means, and which has empirical time complexity that is log-linear in the amount of data. This algorithm achieves state-of-the-art accuracy in a benchmark of several genomic data sets, and is orders of magnitude faster than existing algorithms that have similar accuracy. Our implementation is available as the PeakSegPDPA function in the coseg R package, https://github.com/tdhock/coseg
Evidence for an Antagonism Between Caffeine and Adenosine in the Human Cardiovascular System

A randomized, double-blind and placebo-eon-trolled study was performed in 10 normotensive male subjects to analyze a possible antagonism between caffeine and adenosine with respect to their effects on the cardiovascular system in humans. Caffeine alone. 250 mg intravenously (i.v.). increased blood pressure by 9/12 mm Hg. and resulted in a fall of heart rate (HR) of 3 beats/ min. Plasma epinephrine (E) rose by 1149? after caffeine. Adenosine alone, in an increasing dose of 0.04–0.16 mg/kg/min, induced an increase in systolic blood pressure (SBP) (17 mm Hg). and HR (33 beats/min). a moderate fall in diastolic blood pressure (DBP) (-4 mm Hg). and no change of mean arterial pressure (MAP). At the highest adenosine infusion rate, forearm blood How. Skin temperature (ST), and transcutaneous oxygen tension were lowered, whereas plasma (nor)epinephrine was increased 227.2 and 215.9%, respectively. Adenosine infusion after caffeine induced comparable effects, but the fractional adenosine-induced changes of SBP. HR, plasma catecholamines, plasma renin activity (PRA), and aldosterone all were significantly reduced by previous administration of caffeine. Our results indicate an antagonism between caffeine and adenosine in humans, which may support the suggestion that some circulatory effects of caffeine are caused by an interaction with endogenous adenosine.
Modeling Glucocorticoid-Mediated Fetal Lung Maturation: II. Temporal Patterns of Gene Expression in Fetal Rat Lung

Our previous report described the temporal steroid patterns during pharmacokinetic (PK) studies with dexamethasone (DEX) where doses of six 1 μmol/kg injections were given during gestational ages 18 to 20 days in rats. DEX PK was used in conjunction with the endogenous corticosterone profile to understand the regulation of fetal lung pharmacodynamics (PD). Expression of the glucocorticoid receptor (GR) and surfactant proteins A and B mRNA were chosen as lung maturational markers. GR seemed to be insensitive to the circulating glucocorticoids, indicating that unlike the adult situation, GR was not under negative feedback control of its ligand. Surfactant protein B exhibited ∼400-fold induction in control fetal lung during the last days of gestation, and the inductive effect was even greater in the treatment group. Surfactant protein A displayed ∼100-fold induction in control fetal lung during late gestation. However, the treatment group exhibited biphasic stimulatory and inhibitory effects for surfactant protein A. The inhibitory effect indicated that the chosen dosing scheme for DEX was not an optimal regimen. These data were used to determine by simulation the DEX regimen that would reproduce the temporal pattern of lung maturation observed in control animals. PK/PD modeling indicated that maintaining steroid exposure at approximately twice the equilibrium dissociation constant for the steroid/receptor interaction should produce optimal stimulation of both surfactant proteins. The simulations illustrate that administering smaller quantities of steroids over extended periods that produce sustained steroid exposure might be the optimal approach for designing dose-sparing antenatal corticosteroid therapy.
Localization of Control Synthesis Problem for Large-Scale Interconnected System Using IQC and Dissipativity Theories

The synthesis problem for the compositional performance certication of interconnected systems is considered. A fairly unied description of control synthesis problem is given using integral quadratic constraints (IQC) and dissipativity. Starting with a given large-scale interconnected system and a global performance objective, an optimization problem is formulated to search for admissible dissipativity properties of each subsystems. Local control laws are then synthesized to certify the relevant dissipativity properties. Moreover, the term localization is introduced to describe a nite collection of syntheses problems, for the local subsystems, which are a feasibility certicate for the global synthesis problem. Consequently, the problem of localizing the global problem to a smaller collection of disjointed sets of subsystems, called groups, is considered. This works looks promising as another way of looking at decentralized control and also as a way of doing performance specications for components in a large-scale system.
Aligning Representations of Anatomy using Lexical and Structural Methods

OBJECTIVE The objective of this experiment is to develop methods for aligning two representations of anatomy (the Foundational Model of Anatomy and GALEN) at the lexical and structural level. METHODS The alignment consists of the following four steps: 1)acquiring terms, 2) identifying anchors (i.e., shared concepts) lexically, 3) acquiring explicit and implicit semantic relations, and 4) identifying anchors structurally. RESULTS 2,353 anchors were identified by lexical methods, of which 91% were supported by structural evidence. No evidence was found for 7.5%of the anchors and 1.5% received negative evidence. DISCUSSION The importance of taking advantage of implicit domain knowledge acquired through complementation,augmentation, and inference is discussed.
A high-performance system-on-chip architecture for direct tracking for SLAM

Simultaneous Localization and Mapping or SLAM, is a family of algorithms that solve the problem of estimating an observer's position in an unknown environment while generating a map of that environment. SLAM algorithms that produce high quality dense maps require powerful hardware platforms. In the simultaneous solution of these two problems, Localization, also known as Tracking, is the one that is latency sensitive and needs a sustained high framerate. This work focuses on providing an efficient, high-performance solution for Direct Tracking using a high bandwidth streaming architecture, optimized for maximum memory throughput. At its centre is a Tracking Core that performs non-linear least-squares optimization for direct whole-image alignment. The architecture is designed to scale with the available hardware resources in order to enable its use for different performance/cost levels and platforms. An initial implementation tested with a Zynq System-on-Chip can process and track more than 22 frames/second with an embedded power budget and achieves a 5 χ improvement over previous work on FPGA SoCs.
The Development of Children's Understanding of the Appearance-Reality Distinction between How People Look and What They Are Really Like.

Children of 3 to 5 years of age were tested for their understanding that people's real and apparent moral character can differ. In each of four tasks, the subject heard a story about a child's behavior (mean or nice) while seeing a photograph of that child with a neutral expression. A second photograph portrayed the same child «after an operation» that gave the child an appearance which was in opposition to his behavior (nice or mean). This appearance and the child's behavior were restated and then appearance and reality questions were asked
What Factors are Associated with Where Women Undergo Clinical Breast Examination? Results from the 2005 National Health Interview Survey.

BACKGROUND Recent studies have suggested that clinical breast examination (CBE) rates may vary according to patient, provider and health care system characteristics. OBJECTIVE To examine the locations where U.S. women received a CBE and other general preventive health, and to examine predictors of location of receipt of general preventive health care (including a recent CBE). DESIGN Age-specific and age-adjusted rates of CBE use were calculated using Statistical Analysis Software (SAS) and SUDAAN. A multivariate analysis was carried out using logistic regression techniques. PARTICIPANTS Women aged 40 years and older (n = 10,002) who participated in the 2005 National Health Interview Survey (NHIS). MEASUREMENTS Recent CBE use was defined as within the past two years. RESULTS Among all women, 65% reported a CBE within two years. The highest rate was found among women receiving routine care from doctors' offices and health maintenance organizations (HMOs) (68.5%). CBE use was somewhat lower among women receiving routine care from clinics or health centers (62.9%), and substantially lower among women receiving care from "other" locations (28.4%) or not reporting receiving preventive care (25.3%). Low income women (p < .01) and those with less than a high school education (p < .01) are more likely to go to a hospital than higher SES women. Women with health insurance are much more likely than women without health insurance to go to a doctor's office or HMO, and less likely to be seen at a clinic or health center (p < .01 in both instances). In multivariate analysis, women who received routine care in a location other than a clinic or health center, doctor's office or HMO, or hospital outpatient department (OPD) were less likely to have received a CBE within the past two years (adjusted OR = 0.4, 95% CI = 0.3, 0.7) compared to those at a doctor's office or HMO. CONCLUSIONS After adjusting for patient factors, clinics/health centers and hospital OPDs performed as well as doctors' offices/HMOs in delivering CBE. However, women receiving care in other locations were less likely to report CBE.
Relaying simultaneous multicast messages

The problem of multicasting multiple messages with the help of a relay, which may also have an independent message of its own to multicast, is considered. As a first step to address this general model, referred to as the compound multiple access channel with a relay (cMACr), the capacity region of the multiple access channel with a “cognitive” relay is characterized, including the cases of partial and rate-limited cognition. Achievable rate regions for the cMACr model are then presented based on decode-and-forward (DF) and compress-and-forward (CF) relaying strategies. Moreover, an outer bound is derived for the special case in which each transmitter has a direct link to one of the receivers while the connection to the other receiver is enabled only through the relay terminal. Numerical results for the Gaussian channel are also provided.
Flight metabolism in relation to speed in Chiroptera: testing the U-shape paradigm in the short-tailed fruit bat Carollia perspicillata

SUMMARY Aerodynamic theory predicts that flight for fixed-wing aircraft requires more energy at low and high speeds compared with intermediate speeds, and this theory has often been extended to predict speed-dependent metabolic rates and optimal flight speeds for flying animals. However, the theoretical U-shaped flight power curve has not been robustly tested for Chiroptera, the only mammals capable of flapping flight. We examined the metabolic rate of seven Seba's short-tailed fruit bats (Carollia perspicillata) during unrestrained flight in a wind tunnel at air speeds from 1 to 7 m s−1. Following intra-peritoneal administration of 13C-labeled Na-bicarbonate, we measured the enrichment in 13C of exhaled breath before and after flight. We converted fractional turnover of 13C into metabolic rate and power, based on the assumption that bats oxidized glycogen during short flights. Power requirements of flight varied with air speed in a U-shaped manner in five out of seven individuals, whereas energy turnover was not related to air speed in two individuals. Power requirements of flight were close to values predicted by Pennycuick's aerodynamic model for minimum power speed, but differed for maximum range speed. The results of our experiment support the theoretical expectation of a U-shaped power curve for flight metabolism in a bat.
Eosinophil-derived IL-4 drives progression of myocarditis to inflammatory dilated cardiomyopathy

Inflammatory dilated cardiomyopathy (DCMi) is a major cause of heart failure in children and young adults. DCMi develops in up to 30% of myocarditis patients, but the mechanisms involved in disease progression are poorly understood. Patients with eosinophilia frequently develop cardiomyopathies. In this study, we used the experimental autoimmune myocarditis (EAM) model to determine the role of eosinophils in myocarditis and DCMi. Eosinophils were dispensable for myocarditis induction but were required for progression to DCMi. Eosinophil-deficient &Dgr;dblGATA1 mice, in contrast to WT mice, showed no signs of heart failure by echocardiography. Induction of EAM in hypereosinophilic IL-5Tg mice resulted in eosinophilic myocarditis with severe ventricular and atrial inflammation, which progressed to severe DCMi. This was not a direct effect of IL-5, as IL-5Tg&Dgr;dblGATA1 mice were protected from DCMi, whereas IL-5−/− mice exhibited DCMi comparable with WT mice. Eosinophils drove progression to DCMi through their production of IL-4. Our experiments showed eosinophils were the major IL-4–expressing cell type in the heart during EAM, IL-4−/− mice were protected from DCMi like &Dgr;dblGATA1 mice, and eosinophil-specific IL-4 deletion resulted in improved heart function. In conclusion, eosinophils drive progression of myocarditis to DCMi, cause severe DCMi when present in large numbers, and mediate this process through IL-4.
Ischemia/Reperfusion-Induced Pancreatitis

Background/Aim: The pancreas is an organ highly susceptible to ischemic damage. This discussion reviews the role of ischemia as an etiologic factor in acute pancreatitis. Methods: Literature review. Results: The susceptibility of the pancreas to ischemia/reperfusion injury has been demonstrated in experimental studies and in clinical settings such as cardiopulmonary bypass, hemorrhagic shock, and transplantation of the pancreas. Oxygen free radicals, activation of polymorphonuclear leukocytes, failure of microvascular perfusion, cellular acidosis, and disturbance of intracellular homeostasis appear to be important factors/mechanisms in the pathogenesis of ischemia/reperfusion-induced acute pancreatitis. In clinical practice, the diagnosis of ischemic pancreatitis is difficult and often delayed, especially during the postoperative period after cardiac or major vascular surgery. Conclusions: Ischemia appears to be one important factor in acute pancreatitis. The management of ischemic pancreatitis is similar to that of acute pancreatitis of any etiology.
Memory for "What", "Where", and "When" Information by Rhesus Monkeys (Macaca Mulatta) and Adult Humans

The purpose for the present study was to examine working memory for what, where, and when information in rhesus monkeys (Macaca mulatta) and adult humans using a computerized task. In Experiment 1, monkeys and humans completed three delayed matching-to-sample (DMTS) tasks: 1) identity DMTS, 2) spatial DMTS, and 3) temporal DMTS. In Experiments 2, the identity and spatial tasks were combined so that monkeys had to report both what and where information about an event. In Experiment 3, the identity, spatial, and temporal tasks were combined in order to examine what-where-when memory integration. In Experiment 4, monkeys and humans were presented with two sequential events, and a memory cue indicated which event they were required to report. The rhesus monkeys and human participants were able to report all three components of the events and there was some evidence suggesting that these components were integrated in memory for the rhesus monkeys. INDEX WORDS: Episodic memory, Episodic-like, Event memory, Temporal, What, Where, When, Nonhuman primates, Human participants MEMORY FOR “WHAT”, “WHERE”, AND “WHEN” INFORMATION BY RHESUS MONKEYS (MACACA MULATTA) AND ADULT HUMANS
Relationship between age, sex and body mass index with fundamental motor skills among 3 to 6 years-old children

The prevalence of childhood obesity is a serious public health problem. This problem is a multi-component disease and several factors are involved in its development. The childhood obesity led to poor mastery of fundamental motor skills (FMS) and failure to develop in specialized skills that required in organized sports and activities. Thus, the purpose of this study was to examine the relationship between age, sex and body mass index (BMI) with FMS in 3 to 6 years-old children. A total of 600 preschool children (300 boys and 300 girls) between the ages of 3 to 6 years old participated in this research. Subjects were selected through multi-stage cluster random sampling in five regions in Tehran. Using the Ohio State University Scale of Intra Gross Motor Assessment (OSU-SIGMA) FMS were assess. Body mass index (BMI) was directly measured from height (m)2/weight (kg) for each child. The results showed that the negative correlations between jumping, skipping, hopping and throwing skills and BMI in any 3 groups children were significant (P 0.05). The boys were performed better than girls in all FMS except hopping and skipping skills. In these skills the girls were better performed in all ages. These results highlight the need to provide organized opportunities which facilitate FMS and decreased high BMI levels in preschool children.
AGRICULTURE TEACHER EDUCATION PROGRAMS: A SYNTHESIS OF THE LITERATURE

The role of teacher education programs and the demand placed upon those programs is changing. This study sought to synthesize research related to pre-service agricultural teacher education programs in the following areas: (1) demographics of teacher educators, (2) demographics of teacher education programs, (3) responsibilities of teacher education programs, (4) student selection, (5) preservice curriculum, (6) teacher education program models, and (7) field experiences. After a review of the literature in these areas, deficiencies in the current literature base were identified.
Placental transfer of chloramphenicol (chloromycetin).

With the advent of chemotherapy and later the first of the antibiotics, it became possible to extend the range of treatment of the fetus via placental transfer from the maternal to the fetal circulation. This mode of treatment has been extensively used within the range of organisms affected and has proved highly effective both as a preventive and a curative treatment for the mother and fetus. When, in 1947, Ehrlich and associates succeeded in isolating and later producing synthetically pure crystalline chloramphenicol (chloromycetin®) treatment of another large group of infections was placed on a practical basis. 1 The advantages of an orally effective antibiotic the scope of action of which includes most of the infectious agents encountered in obstetric practice, from which no toxic reactions have been reported and which has the potentiality of an inexpensive product are many. The purpose of this study was to determine, if possible, whether
Interaction of CarD with RNA Polymerase Mediates Mycobacterium tuberculosis Viability, Rifampin Resistance, and Pathogenesis

ABSTRACT Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection continues to cause substantial human suffering. New chemotherapeutic strategies, which require insight into the pathways essential for M. tuberculosis pathogenesis, are imperative. We previously reported that depletion of the CarD protein in mycobacteria compromises viability, resistance to oxidative stress and fluoroquinolones, and pathogenesis. CarD associates with the RNA polymerase (RNAP), but it has been unknown which of the diverse functions of CarD are mediated through the RNAP; this question must be answered to understand the CarD mechanism of action. Herein, we describe the interaction between the M. tuberculosis CarD and the RNAP β subunit and identify point mutations that weaken this interaction. The characterization of mycobacterial strains with attenuated CarD/RNAP β interactions demonstrates that the CarD/RNAP β association is required for viability and resistance to oxidative stress but not for fluoroquinolone resistance. Weakening the CarD/RNAP β interaction also increases the sensitivity of mycobacteria to rifampin and streptomycin. Surprisingly, depletion of the CarD protein did not affect sensitivity to rifampin. These findings define the CarD/RNAP interaction as a new target for chemotherapeutic intervention that could also improve the efficacy of rifampin treatment of tuberculosis. In addition, our data demonstrate that weakening the CarD/RNAP β interaction does not completely phenocopy the depletion of CarD and support the existence of functions for CarD independent of direct RNAP binding.