Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
The diffusion of social movements : actors, mechanisms, and political effects

1. Introduction: dynamics of diffusion in social movements Rebecca Kolins Givan, Sarah A. Soule and Kenneth M. Roberts Part I. Diffusion and the Framing of Contentious Politics: 2. Transnational networks and institutions: how diffusion shaped the politicization of sexual harassment in Europe Conny Roggeband 3. Temporality and frame diffusion: the case of the creationist/intelligent design and evolutionist movements from 1925-2005 James E. Stobaugh and David A. Snow 4. Framing labor's new human rights movement Lance Compa 5. Framing the GMO: epistemic brokers, authoritative knowledge and diffusion of opposition to biotechnology Ronald J. Herring Part II. Mechanisms of Diffusion: 6. Dialogue matters: beyond the transmission model of transnational diffusion between social movements Sean Chabot 7. The diffusion of different types of internet activism: suggestive patterns in website adoption of innovations Jennifer Earl and Katrina Kimport 8. Transnational networks, diffusion dynamics, and electoral change in the postcommunist world Valerie Bunce and Sharon Wolchik 9. Diffusing the rumor bomb 'John Kerry is French' i.e., haughty, foppish, elitist, socialist, cowardly and gay Jayson Harsin Part III. Diffusion, Scale Shift, and Organizational Change: 10. From protest to organization: the impact of the 1960 sit-ins on movement organizations in the American South Michael Biggs and Kenneth T. Andrews 11. Dynamics of diffusion: mechanisms, institutions, and scale shift Sidney Tarrow.
In the Piriform Cortex, the Primary Impetus for Information Encoding through Synaptic Plasticity Is Provided by Descending Rather than Ascending Olfactory Inputs

Information encoding by means of persistent changes in synaptic strength supports long-term information storage and memory in structures such as the hippocampus. In the piriform cortex (PC), that engages in the processing of associative memory, only short-term synaptic plasticity has been described to date, both in vitro and in anesthetized rodents in vivo. Whether the PC maintains changes in synaptic strength for longer periods of time is unknown: Such a property would indicate that it can serve as a repository for long-term memories. Here, we report that in freely behaving animals, frequency-dependent synaptic plasticity does not occur in the anterior PC (aPC) following patterned stimulation of the olfactory bulb (OB). Naris closure changed action potential properties of aPC neurons and enabled expression of long-term potentiation (LTP) by OB stimulation, indicating that an intrinsic ability to express synaptic plasticity is present. Odor discrimination and categorization in the aPC is supported by descending inputs from the orbitofrontal cortex (OFC). Here, OFC stimulation resulted in LTP (>4 h), suggesting that this structure plays an important role in promoting information encoding through synaptic plasticity in the aPC. These persistent changes in synaptic strength are likely to comprise a means through which long-term memories are encoded and/or retained in the PC.
A Potential-Based Clustering Method by Fast Search and Find of Cluster Centers

Clustering analysis is aimed at classifying elements into categories on the basis of their similarities. Its applications range from astronomy to bioinformatics and pattern recognition. Clustering by fast search and find of density peaks(CDP) is proposed by Alex Rodriguez and Alessandro Laio in the journal of Science. However, the density model used in this method cannot describe the local density of each data point very well. In addition, the algorithm requires a manually input parameter which is a cutoff distance, and the algorithm is sensitive to it. Although CDP can search and find density peaks fast, the accuracy of clustering results is not always satisfactory. In view of the above drawbacks, a potential-based clustering method by fast search and find of cluster centers(PFC) is proposed in this paper. By employing the potential field model, we build an edge-weighted tree which would lead to a better description of the information for each data point. By extensive experiments on three synthetic datasets and two real datasets, it is shown that the proposed algorithm has a better performance than the CDP algorithm and produces the most satisfactory results in most cases.
Estimation of Vehicle Usage Rate Based on Capture-Recapture Model with License Plate Recognition Data

This paper presents a modified model derived from the capture-recapture model that is widely used in biostatistics but seldom applied in transportation to estimate the daily utilized vehicles on streets. An estimation algorithm of vehicle usage rate that utilizes a simulative capture-recapture procedure is designed for evaluating traffic situation using license plate recognition (LPR) data. Parameter sensitivity is also analyzed before using real data collected by the LPR systems and the results demonstrate that the model is of high accuracy (average relative error is less than 1%). This paper extends the methodology and algorithm using capture-recapture model to evaluate the running vehicle number on the whole road network by the data collected from LRP systems covering main roads within the fifth ring road in Beijing. The application is helpful for urban transportation managers to understand the recent traffic condition of the whole city, make decisions in time and constitute policies to reduce traffic congestion.
A Mouse Model for Chikungunya: Young Age and Inefficient Type-I Interferon Signaling Are Risk Factors for Severe Disease

Chikungunya virus (CHIKV) is a re-emerging arbovirus responsible for a massive outbreak currently afflicting the Indian Ocean region and India. Infection from CHIKV typically induces a mild disease in humans, characterized by fever, myalgia, arthralgia, and rash. Cases of severe CHIKV infection involving the central nervous system (CNS) have recently been described in neonates as well as in adults with underlying conditions. The pathophysiology of CHIKV infection and the basis for disease severity are unknown. To address these critical issues, we have developed an animal model of CHIKV infection. We show here that whereas wild type (WT) adult mice are resistant to CHIKV infection, WT mouse neonates are susceptible and neonatal disease severity is age-dependent. Adult mice with a partially (IFN-α/βR+/−) or totally (IFN-α/βR−/−) abrogated type-I IFN pathway develop a mild or severe infection, respectively. In mice with a mild infection, after a burst of viral replication in the liver, CHIKV primarily targets muscle, joint, and skin fibroblasts, a cell and tissue tropism similar to that observed in biopsy samples of CHIKV-infected humans. In case of severe infections, CHIKV also disseminates to other tissues including the CNS, where it specifically targets the choroid plexuses and the leptomeninges. Together, these data indicate that CHIKV-associated symptoms match viral tissue and cell tropisms, and demonstrate that the fibroblast is a predominant target cell of CHIKV. These data also identify the neonatal phase and inefficient type-I IFN signaling as risk factors for severe CHIKV-associated disease. The development of a permissive small animal model will expedite the testing of future vaccines and therapeutic candidates.
The Linear Computational Algorithm of Cerebellar Purkinje Cells

The orchestration of simple motor tasks by the cerebellum results in coordinated movement and the maintenance of balance. The cerebellum integrates sensory and cortical information to generate the signals required for the coordinated execution of simple motor tasks. These signals originate in the firing rate of Purkinje cells, each of which integrates sensory and cortical information conveyed by granule cell synaptic inputs. Given the importance of the granule cell input–Purkinje cell output function for cerebellar computation, this algorithm was determined. Using several stimulation paradigms, including those that mimicked patterns of granule cell activity similar to those observed in vivo, we quantified the poststimulus maximum firing rate and number of extra spikes in response to granule cell synaptic input. Both of these parameters linearly encoded the strength of synaptic input when inhibitory synaptic transmission was blocked. This linear algorithm was independent of the location or temporal pattern of synaptic input. With inhibitory synaptic transmission intact, the maximum firing rate, but not the number of extra spikes, encoded the strength of granule cell synaptic input. Furthermore, the maximum firing rate of Purkinje cells linearly encoded the strength of synaptic input whether or not the activation of granule cells resulted in a pause in Purkinje cell firing. On the basis of the data presented, we propose that Purkinje cells encode the strength of granule cell synaptic input in their maximum firing rate with a linear algorithm.
Race and Ethnicity of Same-Sex Couples in California: Data from Census 2000

Using data from Census 2000, this report compares demographic and socio-economic characteristics of Asians and Pacific Islanders (APIs), blacks, Latino and Latinas (Latino/as), and whites (defined as white non- Latino/a) in same-sex couples in California. This report builds on previously released studies in which the Williams Project provided separate analyses of APIs, blacks, and Latino/as respectively.
An EDM Approach to the Analysis of Students' Engagement in Online Courses from Constructs of the Transactional Distance

This study presents a proposal for the analysis of student's engagement level in an online course. Data was used from a graduate course at a Brazilian public university. The method was based on the process of Educational Data Mining (EDM) to identify transactional distance constructs in the data collected and metrics defined by Social Network Analysis (SNA) and also the use of logistic regression to obtain representative engagement models and factors that affect them. The results stated the most relevant aspects of students' engagement in the course and therefore they indicated on which factors could be made interventions to increase this engagement.
Cell-by-Cell Dissection of Gene Expression and Chromosomal Interactions Reveals Consequences of Nuclear Reorganization

The functional consequences of long-range nuclear reorganization were studied in a cell-by-cell analysis of gene expression and long-range chromosomal interactions in the Drosophila eye and eye imaginal disk. Position-effect variegation was used to stochastically perturb gene expression and probe nuclear reorganization. Variegating genes on rearrangements of Chromosomes X, 2, and 3 were probed for long-range interactions with heterochromatin. Studies were conducted only in tissues known to express the variegating genes. Nuclear structure was revealed by fluorescence in situ hybridization with probes to the variegating gene and heterochromatin. Gene expression was determined alternately by immunofluorescence against specific proteins and by eye pigment autofluorescence. This allowed cell-by-cell comparisons of nuclear architecture between cells in which the variegating gene was either expressed or silenced. Very strong correlations between heterochromatic association and silencing were found. Expressing cells showed a broad distribution of distances between variegating genes and their own centromeric heterochromatin, while silenced cells showed a very tight distribution centered around very short distances, consistent with interaction between the silenced genes and heterochromatin. Spatial and temporal analysis of interactions with heterochromatin indicated that variegating genes primarily associate with heterochromatin in cells that have exited the cell cycle. Differentiation was not a requirement for association, and no differences in association were observed between cell types. Thus, long-range interactions between distal chromosome regions and their own heterochromatin have functional consequences for the organism.
Actinomycetoma caused by Streptomyces somaliensis.

To the Editor. — Certain points in the article by Drs Sindhuphal et al 1 in the October 1985Archivesmerit useful discussion: (1) The mycetoma had been active before the patient entered Texas. Where had the infection been contracted? Perhaps in Mexico, which is geographically a continuum with Texas? (2) Size, hardness and surface quality of the grains are not mentioned. The statement that "The biopsy specimen showed gram-positive, non-acid-fast granules with distinct borders" looks somewhat inaccurate, because gram staining is not suitable for granules but for actinomycetic hyphae. characteristic of a well-known entity, ie, the mycetoma by Streptomyces somaliensis , whose grains are hard-cemented and brittle, becoming fragmented when impacted by a microtome blade, then rolling up with the tissue section. The bodies seen in Figs 2 and 3 are mere residual parcels of grains in the breakdown process. In any case, some structures fixed by hematoxylin that are visible
WOMEN'S WORK IN RURAL ANDALUSIA

Anthropologists, like those who contributed to The Social Anthropology of Work (Wallman 1979), are just beginning to analyze work as a culturally variable concept that describes more than a system of production. Rather than looking at work as an economic attitude, process, or product, it is possible to conceptualize it as a social category fundamental to a capitalist society. To Spaniards, work maintains life rather than give meaning to it, and whenever possible they devote time and energy to leisure, not work. Classification of any given task as work, rather than as leisure or obligation, is arbitrary and tied to a particular culture's basic values, division of labor, and sources of identity. How work is defined and evaluated is directly related to whom is expected to perform it and under what circumstances it is performed. Work is never viewed neutrally but is seen as joyous, degrading, boring, or meritorious, depending on the culture's ideology of work. Indeed, it is impossible to define an analytical notion of work as paid labor, subsistence activity or production without reference to cultural notions. Cultural notions make weight lifting a sport as opposed to the work of a stevedore, or separate the obligation performed when a wife makes a bed from the wage labor performed when a hotel chambermaid does it. Spain has undergone an extremely rapid economic transformation in the period between 1960 and 1980. A part of that transformation has been the industrializa? tion of a predominately agrarian economy and the labor migration of agricultural? ists to secondary and tertiary economic sectors in Spanish cities and in the laborhungry economies of Western Europe. In order to understand the cultural process underlying this transformation, I conducted field work in a rural Andalusian community given the pseudonym, Las Cuevas de San Juan. I interviewed over 100 families with members of both sexes who have migrated outside Spain (out of a crude estimate of 1,000 migrants) and conducted participant observation with informants of both sexes drawn mostly from the barrio where I lived. At the time of my research,1 the town officially had 7,586 inhabitants, but the community includes hundreds of guestworkers in France, Switzerland, and Germany, and urban migrants in Valencia, Barcelona, and Madrid, who return frequently to visit friends and family in Las Cuevas. Las Cuevas is characterized by such massive migration because of its location in the mountains of an olive-producing province, Jaen, and because of the predom? inance of minifundios. Olive production accounts for over 80 per cent of the cultivated land and 84 per cent of the landowners possess under five hectares (1972 agricultural census). Olive production only provides seasonal employment, so Cuevefios were ready to migrate abroad or to Spanish cities in search of supplemental income, steady work, or increased opportunity when the possibilities were presented after 1959.
Long-memory time series ensembles for concept shift detection

Usually time series are controlled by generative processes which display changes over time. On many occasions, two or more generative processes may switch forcing the abrupt replacement of a fitted time series model by another one. We claim that the incorporation of past data can be useful in the presence of concept shift. We believe that history tends to repeat itself and from time to time, it is desirable to discard recent data reusing old past data to perform model fitting and forecasting. We address this challenge by introducing an ensemble method that deals with long-memory time series. Our method starts by segmenting historical time series data to identify data segments which present model consistency. Then, we project the time series by using data segments which are close to current data. By using a dynamic time warping alignment function, we try to anticipate concept shifts, looking for similarities between current data and the prequel of a past shift. We evaluate our proposal on non-stationary and non-linear time series. To achieve this we perform forecasting accuracy testing against well known state-of-the-art methods such as neural networks and threshold auto regressive models. Our results show that the proposed method anticipates many concept shifts.
Phospholamban Is Downregulated by pVHL-Mediated Degradation through Oxidative Stress in Failing Heart

The E3 ubiquitin ligase, von Hippel–Lindau (VHL), regulates protein expression by polyubiquitination. Although the protein VHL (pVHL) was reported to be involved in the heart function, the underlying mechanism is unclear. Here, we show that pVHL was upregulated in hearts from two types of genetically dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM) mice models. In comparison with the wild-type mouse, both DCM mice models showed a significant reduction in the expression of phospholamban (PLN), a potent inhibitor of sarco(endo)plasmic reticulum Ca2+-ATPase, and enhanced interaction between pVHL and PLN. To clarify whether pVHL is involved in PLN degradation in failing hearts, we used carbonylcyanide m-chlorophenylhydrazone (CCCP), a mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP)-lowering reagent, to mimic the heart failure condition in PLN-expressing HEK293 cells and found that CCCP treatment resulted in PLN degradation and increased interaction between PLN and pVHL. However, these effects were reversed with the addition of N-acetyl-l-cysteine. Furthermore, the co-transfection of VHL and PLN in HEK293 cells decreased PLN expression under oxidative stress, whereas knockdown of VHL increased PLN expression both under normal and oxidative stress conditions. Together, we propose that oxidative stress upregulates pVHL expression to induce PLN degradation in failing hearts.
Personalizing Model M for Voice-Search

Model M is a recently proposed class based exponential n-gram language model. In this paper, we extend it with personalization features, address the scalability issues present with large data sets, and test its effectiveness on the Bing Mobile voice-search task. We find that Model M by itself reduces both perplexity and word error rate compared with a conventional model, and that the personalization features produce a further significant improvement. The personalization features provide a very large improvement when the history contains a relevant query; thus the overall effect is gated by the number of times a user requeries a past request.
A Multilayer and Time-Varying Structural Analysis of the Brazilian Air Transportation Network

This paper provides a multilayer and time-varying structural analysis of one air transportation network, having the Brazilian air transportation network as a case study. Using a single mathematical object called MultiAspect Graph (MAG) for this analysis, the multilayer perspective enables the unveiling of the particular strategies of each airline to both establish and adapt in a moment of crisis its specific flight network. Similarly, the time-varying perspective allows multi-scale analysis considering different time periods, and thus assessing the impact of the economic crisis on how the different airlines establish their routes as well as the flights that use these routes. Altogether, besides the multilayer and time-varying structural analysis of the Brazilian air transportation network, this paper also acts as a proof-of-concept for the MAG potential for the modeling and analysis of high-order networks.
A pel adaptive reduction of coding artifacts for MPEG video signals

Proposes a pel adaptive image restoration algorithm for coded video signals, where ringing effects near sharp edges are smoothed out and blocking effects are removed without blurring edges at the decoder. The basic idea in this algorithm is that noise in block coded images is estimated from local statistics of image and quantization information and that each pixel data is estimated adaptively using linear least mean square error method. Since local mean and local variance for each pixel are the main calculation in the proposed algorithm, it is readily adaptable to real-time image processing. The simulation examples of processed images coded by MPEG are presented to demonstrate that a significant improvement in subjective quality has been achieved. <<ETX>>
Sparse Approximation Property and Stable Recovery of Sparse Signals From Noisy Measurements

In this correspondence, we introduce a sparse approximation property of order <i>s</i> for a measurement matrix <b>A</b>:||<b>x</b><i>s</i>||<sub>2</sub> ≤ <i>D</i>||<b>Ax</b>||<sub>2</sub>+β(σ<i>s</i>(<b>x</b>))/√<i>s</i> for all <b>x</b>,where <b>x</b><i>s</i> is the best <i>s</i> -sparse approximation of the vector <b>x</b> in <i>l</i><sup>2</sup>, σ<i>s</i>(<b>x</b>)is the <i>s</i>-sparse approximation error of the vector <b>x</b> in <i>l</i><sup>1</sup> , and <i>D</i> and β are positive constants. The sparse approximation property for a measurement matrix can be thought of as a weaker version of its restricted isometry property and a stronger version of its null space property. In this correspondence, we show that the sparse approximation property is an appropriate condition on a measurement matrix to consider stable recovery of any compressible signal from its noisy measurements. In particular, we show that any compressible signal can be stably recovered from its noisy measurements via solving an <i>l</i><sup>1</sup>-minimization problem if the measurement matrix has the sparse approximation property with β ∈ (0,1), and conversely the measurement matrix has the sparse approximation property with β ∈ (0,∞) if any compressible signal can be stably recovered from its noisy measurements via solving an <i>l</i><sup>1</sup> -minimization problem.
Perceptions of Landscape and the Interplay between Rainfall and Vegetation

People's views of landscape can have significant impact on their land use choices. This in turn can have climate implications. In the literature, there is significant attention paid to the effect of climate on landscape, but as well, there are more examples than one might expect of the effects of landscape change on climate. I present evidence of this from Western Australia and Africa, and some conjectured negative and positive effects in two locations in South Australia. I argue that the land use change affecting the landscape and thus affecting the climate emanates from one's view of landscape. There are also some personal reflections of perceptions of landscape from someone who started life in a climate and landscape far removed from the South Australian environment within which he has chosen to live.