Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Full waveform inversion strategy for density in the frequency domain

SUMMARY To interpret subsurface structures properly, elastic wave propagation must be considered. Because elastic media are described by more parameters than acoustic media, elastic waveform inversion is more likely to be affected by local minima than acoustic waveform inversion. In a conventional elastic waveform inversion, P- and S-wave velocities are properly recovered, whereas density is difficult to reconstruct. For this reason, most elastic full-waveform inversion studies assume that density is fixed. Although several algorithms have been developed that attempt to describe density properly, their results are still not satisfactory. In this study, we propose a two-stage elastic waveform inversion strategy to recover density properly. The Lame constants are first recovered while holding density fixed. While the Lame constants and density are not correct under this assumption, the velocities obtained using these incorrect Lame constants and constant density may be reliable. In the second stage, we simultaneously update density and Lame constants using the wave equations expressed through velocities and density. While density is updated following the conventional method, the Lame constants are updated using the gradient obtained by applying the chain rule. Among several parameter-selection strategies tested, only this strategy gives reliable solutions for both velocities and density. Our elastic full waveform inversion algorithm is based on the finite-element method and the backpropagation technique in the frequency domain. We demonstrate our inversion strategy for the modified Marmousi-2 model and the SEG/EAGE salt model. Numerical examples show that this new inversion strategy enhances density inversion results.
A mathematical model for spin coating of polymer resists

The success of lithographic processes in microelectronics fabrication depends on the reproducible generation of desired polymer resist film thickness and profile uniformity. Numerous process variables affect the outcome of spin coating of resists on wafers. A thorough understanding of the intricate interdependence of process parameters is essential to guide future process design and improvement. A mathematical model is derived to elucidate the dominant mechanisms governing film formation. The non‐Newtonian character of the resist solution is taken into account, as well as the changes in resist viscosity and solvent diffusivity with changing polymer concentration. Results obtained from this model show that polymer film thickness is controlled by convective radial flow of the resist solution and solvent evaporation. The former process governs film thickness during the early stages of the process, while the latter becomes significant in later stages. The model accurately describes the experimentally observed.
Groundwater in terrestrial systems modelling: a new climatology of extreme heat events in Europe

Due to climate change, years with positive temperature anomalies are becoming more frequent in Europe, requiring high-resolution climate data to plan for climate change mitigation and adaptation. However, many regional climate models (RCMs) simplify the representation of groundwater processes, leading to biases in simulated extreme heat events. Here, we study the characteristics of summer heat events in a unique dataset from the regional Terrestrial Systems Modeling Platform (TSMP) simulations, compared to an ensemble of EURO-CORDEX climate change scenario control simulations, for the his- 5 torical time period 1976-2005. Our results show that in TSMP, the impact of groundwater coupling on the frequency of hot summer days depends on the considered time period and the region, associated with respective evaporative regime. An increasing trend of the frequency of hot summer days averaged across Europe is the lowest in TSMP compared to the other RCMs considered. Groundwater coupling has a systematic effect on the duration and intensity of heat events: summer heat events with long duration and high 10 intensity are less frequent in TSMP compared to the CORDEX ensemble. In particular, extended heat events with a duration exceeding 6 days, i.e. heat waves, occur on average in Europe about 1.5-8 times less often in TSMP, while single-day heat events happen slightly more often in TSMP compared to the CORDEX ensemble. The frequency of high-intensity heat waves in TSMP is up to 12 times lower on average in Europe compared to the CORDEX ensemble. Thus, an explicit groundwater representation in RCMs may lead to rarer and weaker heat waves in Europe also in climate projections. The findings of this 15 work indicate an existing discrepancy in the ensemble of EURO-CORDEX climate change scenario control simulations and emphasize the importance of groundwater representation in RCMs.
Fast approximate Barnes interpolation: illustrated by Python-Numba implementation fast-barnes-py v1.0

Abstract. Barnes interpolation is a method that is widely used in geospatial sciences like meteorology to remodel data values recorded at irregularly distributed points into a representative analytical field. When implemented naively, the effort to calculate Barnes interpolation depends on the product of the number of sample points N and the number of grid points W×H, resulting in a computational complexity of O(N⋅W⋅H). In the era of highly resolved grids and overwhelming numbers of sample points, which originate, e.g., from the Internet of Things or crowd-sourced data, this computation can be quite demanding, even on high-performance machines. This paper presents new approaches of how very good approximations of Barnes interpolation can be implemented using fast algorithms that have a computational complexity of O(N+W⋅H). Two use cases in particular are considered, namely (1) where the used grid is embedded in the Euclidean plane and (2) where the grid is located on the unit sphere.
Robust Wet Milling Technique for Producing Micronized Ibuprofen Particles with Improved Solubility and Dissolution

This study investigated a systematic approach for producing ibuprofen (IBF) particles with leucine by wet milling. Using a high shear homogenizer, the particles size of the IBF was reduced. Prepared IBF microparticles were freeze-dried and characterized by using Mastersizer, SEM, DSC, XRD, ATR-FTIR, and TGA. The drug saturation solubility and in-vitro dissolution performance were carried out in phosphate buffer solution (PBS, pH 7.4) at 37°C temperature and IBF were determined using a validated HPLC method. The wet-milled method reduced the particle size from 71.3 to 1.7 μm. The minimum particle size of IBF was obtained in 0.05% Tween 80 solution homogenized at 17,000 rpm for 15 min. The saturated solubility (168.7 µg/mL) of the micronized IBF particles with leucine showed higher compared to that of the original IBF (147.4 µg/mL) in PBS solution. The prepared IBF particles containing 2.5–6.25% leucine showed significantly higher IBF release (100%) compared to that of original drug particles (55.9%) in 120 min. The excipient leucine played a major role in enhancing the solubility and dissolution profile of the prepared IBF particles probably by the formation of hydrogen bonding. The developed wet milling was an efficient and robust technique for reducing the particle size of IBF and could be a useful method for manufacturing drug particles with enhanced solubility and dissolution.
Vertical transport in InAs/GaSb type-II strained layer superlattices for infrared focal plane array applications

In this work, we report on the measurement of vertical transport parameters in p-doped InAs/GaSb type-II superlattices for long-wavelength infrared detectors. Variable magnetic eld geometrical magnetoresistance mea- surements have been employed to extract the vertical transport parameters, since the Hall-eect technique cannot be employed in the vertical transport conguration. The room-temperature magnetoresistance measurements were performed employing a kelvin-mode set up, at electric elds not exceeding 25 V/cm and at magnetic eld intensities up to 12 T. The measured magnetoresistance, shown to exhibit multiple-carrier conduction charac- teristics, were analyzed using a high-resolution mobility spectrum analysis technique. It is shown that, at room temperature, the electrical conductivity of the sample is due to four distinct carriers, associated with the major- ity carrier holes, sidewall inversion layer electrons, and two minority carrier electrons likely associated with two distinct conduction band levels.
Trapping of electrons in troughs of self generated electromagnetic standing waves in a bounded plasma column

Observations and measurements are reported on electron trapping in troughs of self-generated electromagnetic standing waves in a bounded plasma column confined in a minimum-B field. The boundaries are smaller than the free space wavelength of the waves. Earlier work of researchers primarily focused upon electron localization effects induced by purely electrostatic perturbation. We demonstrate the possibility in the presence of electromagnetic standing waves generated in the bounded plasma column. The electron trapping is verified with electrostatic measurements of the plasma floating potential, electromagnetic measurements of the wave field profile, and optical intensity measurements of Argon ionic line at 488 nm. The experimental results show a reasonably good agreement with predictions of a Monte Carlo simulation code that takes into account all kinematical and dynamical effects in the plasma in the presence of bounded waves and external fields.
Machine vision for high-precision volume measurement applied to levitated containerless material processing

By combining the best practices in optical dilatometry with numerical methods, a high-speed and high-precision technique has been developed to measure the volume of levitated, containerlessly processed samples with subpixel resolution. Containerless processing provides the ability to study highly reactive materials without the possibility of contamination affecting thermophysical properties. Levitation is a common technique used to isolate a sample as it is being processed. Noncontact optical measurement of thermophysical properties is very important as traditional measuring methods cannot be used. Modern, digitally recorded images require advanced numerical routines to recover the subpixel locations of sample edges and, in turn, produce high-precision measurements.
Organized Crime and Foreign Direct Investment: Evidence From Criminal Groups in Mexico

How does organized crime affect foreign direct investment (FDI) in developing countries? Some research examines the effects of crime, such as homicide rates, on FDI. However, we know little about how organized crime in particular might affect such investment. This paper examines organized crime and FDI in Mexican states between 2000 and 2018. This case is important because Mexico is one of the top global recipients of FDI. At the same time, criminal violence has killed hundreds of thousands of people in Mexico in recent years, and scholars seek to understand the violence’s wider effects. We explain how organized crime competition, as opposed to crime generally, should shape investors’ decisions. Analyses using original data on criminal organization territory find that higher numbers of criminal groups are associated with lower levels of new FDI. Other measures of crime, such as homicide rates or crime rates, are not associated with foreign investment.
Toward Smart-Building Digital Twins: BIM and IoT Data Integration

Smart-building digital twins aim to virtually replicate the static and dynamic building characteristics through real-time connectivity between the virtual and physical counterparts. The virtual replica of the building can then be leveraged to monitor the current state, predict the future state, and take proactive measures to ensure optimal operation. Despite its potential, smart-building digital twin research is at an early stage compared to manufacturing and aerospace fields. One of the major impediments to adopting digital twin technology in smart buildings is the lack of interoperability, primarily between Building Information Modeling (BIM) and Internet of Things (IoT) data sources. Consequently, this paper presents a novel multi-layer digital twin architecture for smart buildings called BIM-IoT Data Integration (BIM-IoTDI) to enable semantic interoperability among smart-building digital twin applications. A detailed framework is presented based on the newly developed architecture, introducing an ontology-based query mediation method that provides integrated data access. An experimental evaluation model is developed to characterize the feasibility of the BIM-IoTDI architecture and framework. Furthermore, the performance of the new query mediation method is evaluated and compared to an existing BIM-IoT data integration approach. According to the evaluation results, the BIM-IoTDI architecture and framework are better suited to supporting the envisioned smart-building digital twin capabilities.
Validation of the Longitudinal Interval Follow-Up Evaluation for the Long-Term Measurement of Mood Symptoms in Bipolar Disorder

The long-term burden of symptoms is an important outcome in bipolar disorder (BD). A method which has minimal burden of assessment uses a retrospective interview, the Longitudinal Interval Follow-up Examination (LIFE), although this may be subject to problems with recall. This study examines the relationship between the retrospective LIFE scale and concurrently-rated mood rating scales in two clinical trials of 18 months of psychotherapy for patients with BD. The Montgomery-Asberg Depression Rating Scale (MADRS) and Young Mania Rating Scale (YMRS) were administered every eight to nine weeks and the LIFE was carried out every 6 months. Correlations between scores on mood rating scales and at equivalent times on the LIFE were examined, as well as of potential clinical moderators. There were significant correlations between LIFE depression ratings and concurrent MADRS score (r = 0.57) and between LIFE mania ratings and YMRS score (r = 0.40). In determining “mild depression” on the MADRS, a receiver operating characteristics (ROC) analysis showed an AUC of 0.78 for LIFE scores. Correlations, particularly for depression scores, were high even when the LIFE rating was several months before the interview, suggesting that the LIFE has validity in examining the burden of mood symptoms over time, with relatively little burden of assessment. Future research should examine the relationship between symptom burden and quality of life measured in this way.
Determinants of Healthy and Active Ageing in Korea

Based on a framework developed by the World Health Organization, we construct an individual-level percentage measure of healthy and active ageing employing the results of a unique survey of ten thousand elderly Korean respondents conducted in 2020 and relate its values to the senior respondent’s physical, lifestyle, and socio-economic characteristics. We find that the median value of our healthy and active ageing index is approximately 40%, suggesting significant room for improvement. An important role in interpreting our empirical results is played by the apparent role of Korea’s senior employment as a means of “making ends meet” rather than a way of improving the quality of one’s ageing, suggesting an important direction for government policy development. Our results underscore the importance of promoting higher-quality employment opportunities for senior citizens as opposed to creating these opportunities per se. This appears especially important given the fast pace of Korea’s ageing.
Large-area graphene-based thin films using rapid reduction of graphene-oxide

In the present study, we propose a method to fabricate large-area graphene-based thin films using rapid low temperature reduction of graphene-oxide. Large area (~17.5 sq.cm.) graphene oxide (GO) thin films are fabricated by vacuum filtration of GO solution synthesized by the modified Hummers' method. The graphene-oxide thin films are reduced in a MTS testing machine equipped with a controlled atmosphere furnace. Reduction is carried out at temperatures from 200 °C to 400 °C, for different time durations. The fabricated reduced GO thin films are characterized using powder x-ray diffraction and energy-dispersive x-ray spectroscopy. The reduced graphene oxide thin films show decreased interlayer spacing and higher carbon-to-oxygen ratio. Conductivity measurements show an increase in conductivity by over _ve orders of magnitude compared to GO. This method offers a scalable new way of fabricating conductive large-area graphene-based thin films.
Cores and Outflows of Star Formation Region W51e2 and Highly Polarized Radio Sources in the NVSS

This thesis is composed of two parts. The first part is on the molecular cloud and massive star formation. We reviewed the previous observations of large-scale magnetic fields in molecular clouds in our Galaxy and summarized their impacts on star formation (Shi & Han 2008). We analyzed the Submillimeter Array (SMA) high-resolution images of the massive star formation region W51e2 and discussed the structures and physics of this ultracompact (UC) H II region as well as the molecular outflow and accretion (Shi et al. 2010a, 2010b). The second part of the thesis is the investigation of the unresolved highly polarized radio sources selected from the NRAOVLASky Survey (NVSS; Condon et al. 1998). We made high-resolution radio observations and optical identifications and discussed the properties of those sources (Shi et al. 2010c).
Effect of Surface Contamination on the Peel Properties of Adhesive Joints

One of the main setbacks to the use of adhesive joints is their sensitivity to surface quality and preparation, with high strength decreases being reported for contaminated surfaces. This contamination effect can arise from surfactants used to clean lubricants used during substrate machining, which can remain on the bonding area. In this paper, the effect of surfactant contamination on joints with aluminium substrates and a silicone adhesive was studied using a peel test. It was concluded that as the level of contamination applied to the substrate increases, the peel strength of the joint decreases and failure is progressively interfacial. Numerical models were developed to reproduce the experimental results.
Anomalous Strain Recovery after Stress Removal of Graded Rubber

Mechanical responses after the uniaxial deformation of graded styrene–butadiene rubber (SBR) with a gradient in the crosslink points in the thickness direction were investigated as compared with those of homogenously vulcanized SBR samples. The elongational residual strain of a graded sample was found to depend on the part with a high crosslink density. Therefore, it showed good rubber elasticity. After stress removal, moreover, the graded sample showed a marked warpage. This suggested that shrinking stress acted on the surface with a high crosslink density, which would avoid a crack growth on the surface. The sample shape was then recovered to be flat very slowly, indicating that the shrinking stress worked for a long time. This unique rubber elasticity, i.e., slow strain recovery with an excellent strain recovery, makes graded rubber highly significant.
Root System Traits Contribute to Variability and Plasticity in Response to Phosphorus Fertilization in 2 Field-Grown Sorghum [Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench] Cultivars

Due to roots’ physical and physiological roles in crop productivity, interest in root system architecture (RSA) and plasticity in responses to abiotic stresses is growing. Sorghum is significant for the food security of millions of people. Phosphorus deficiency is an important limitation of sorghum productivity. There is little information on the RSA-based responses of sorghum to variations in external P supply ([P]ext). This study evaluated the phenotypic plasticity and RSA responses to a range of [P]ext in 2 sorghum genotypes. The results showed that both genotypes responded to [P]ext but with significant variations in about 80% of the RSA traits analyzed. Aboveground biomass and most RSA traits increased with increasing [P]ext. Plasticity was both genotype- and trait-dependent. For most RSA traits, the white sorghum genotype showed significantly higher plasticity than the red genotype, with the former having about 28.4% higher total plasticity than the former. RSA traits, such as convex area, surface area, total root length, and length diameter ranges, showed sizeable genetic variability. Root biomass had a high degree of plasticity, but root number and angle traits were the leading contributors to variation. The results suggested 2 root trait spectra: root exploration and developmental spectrum, and there was an indication of potential trade-offs among groups of root traits. It is concluded that RSA traits in sorghum contribute to variability and plasticity in response to [P]ext. Given that there might be trade-offs among sorghum root traits, it would be instructive to determine the fundamental constraints underlying these trade-offs.
PCA-WA Based Approach for Concurrent Control Chart Pattern Recognition

Accurate and speedy automatic recognition of Statistical Process Control Chart Patterns (SPCC) is a vital task for supervising manufacturing processes. This is done for better control to produce high-quality products. The motivation of this work is to increase the recognition accuracy of concurrent patterns. In this paper, a novel approach is proposed, using neural networks (NN) with Wavelet Analysis (WA) and Principal Component Analysis (PCA) to address the (CCP) recognition problem in concurrent patterns. Eight types of concurrent patterns based on a combination of normal patterns and unnatural patterns are addressed namely; stratification, systematic, increasing trend, decreasing trend, upshift, downshift, and cyclic. Thirteen statistical and shape features are proposed as inputs to the model. The main contribution of this work is the enhancement of the performance of NN through the augmentation of the signal (control chart data) using WA and proposing better extracted statistical features through the use of PCA. Our work shows that improving the original signal and using the right features improves the accuracy of the CCP recognition significantly. The proposed approach has an overall accuracy of 96.3%. The method was compared with four other methods from the previous literature, and it outperformed these methods.
Modal compensation of atmospheric turbulence with the use of Zernike polynomials and Karhunen–Loève functions

Atmospheric Karhunen–Loeve functions are the optimal set of basis functions for modal atmospheric compensation. They are seldom applied in practice on account of their nonanalytical nature. A pseudoanalytical set of these functions is constructed with a least-squares-fitting procedure. To produce an analytical expression for the optical resolution of modal atmospheric compensation, a modified form of structure functions is used and applied to the compensated wave front. This results in analytical residual phase structure functions for Zernike polynomials and pseudoanalytical residual phase structure functions for Karhunen–Loeve functions. With these structure functions it is found that the modulation transfer function (MTF) after modal compensation is the product of the telescope MTF and the uncompensated atmospheric MTF under the assumption of isotropic compensating phase. Comparison with an accurate numerical method shows that the approximated analytical method developed is much faster and gives reasonably accurate results, especially for high-order compensations.