Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Investigation of nanowire size dependency on TSNWFET

Nanowire size (dNW) dependency of various electrical characteristics on gate all around twin silicon nanowire MOSFET (TSNWFET) is investigated to understand overall performance of nanowire transistor deeply. When dNW decreases, current drivability (Ion) normalized by circumference at the same VG-VTH improves and maximizes at dNW of 4 nm. And mobility is also estimated with capacitance and series resistance. All the experimental investigation shows that dNW of 4 nm is the best point to maximize the volume inversion effect on gate all around nanowire MOSFET.
Calculation of Coverage Parameter

Programs for calculating the reliability of fault-tolerant systems do not explicitly take into account the effect of faults in the hardware recovery mechanism. This paper shows via an example how to incorporate these failures into the fault-handling (coverage) model of CARE III. A simple fault-tolerant system is described. The required coverage parameters are determined and the reliability is calculated using the models in CARE III.
Integrating segmentation and paging protection for safe, efficient and transparent software extensions

The technological evolution towards extensible software architectures and component-based software development demands safe, efficient, flexible, and easy-touse extension mechanisms to provide protection among software modules residing in the same address space. While a number of software-based approaches have been proposed in the last several years, no clear winner emerges that satisfactorily addresses all the design issues involved in establishing multiple protection domains within an address space. This paper describes the design, implementation, and evaluation of a novel intra-address space protection mechanism called Palladium, which is built upon the combined segmentation and paging protection hardware provided by Intel’s X86 architecture. Based on the considerations on application programming and systems implementation complexity, we chose to use slightly different approaches to implement the user-level and kernel-level extension mechanisms. To demonstrate the resulting prototype, we have built a high-performance Web server that exploits the user-level extension mechanism to invoke CGI scripts as local function calls, and a compiled packet filter that exploits the kernel-level extension mechanism to allow packet filtering code to safely run inside the kernel at native speed. From micro-benchmarking the prototype implementation, a protected procedure call and return costs about 142 CPU cycles on a Pentium 200MHz ma-
A device for the measurement of dose as a function of specific ionization.

The physical parameters influencing the biological effect of ionizing radiation are the energy delivered to the tissues affected and the ion density along the paths of the charged particles producing the ions. Variations of the latter quantity are believed to be responsible for differences in relative biological effectiveness (R.B.E.). Zirkle has suggested the use of the concept of “linear energy transfer” (L.E.T.) in tissue. This is more fundamental than specific ionization in a gas, but the latter, which may be measured much more readily, may be presumed to be proportional to the former within about 10 per cent in most cases. At present there are several methods by which the total energy imparted to tissue by ionizing radiations can be determined. In this laboratory, tissue-equivalent ionization chambers (1) have been developed on the basis of the Bragg-Gray principle. Employing these chambers, one can obtain a measure of the total energy delivered per gram of tissue by particles of any specific ionizat.
First Order Mem-Circuits: Modeling, Nonlinear Oscillations and Bifurcations

This paper presents a theoretical framework intended to accommodate circuit devices described by characteristics involving more than two fundamental variables. This framework is motivated by the recent appearance of a variety of so-called mem-devices in circuit theory, and makes it possible to model the coexistence of memory effects of different nature in a single device. With a compact formalism, this setting accounts for classical devices and also for circuit elements which do not admit a two-variable description. Fully nonlinear characteristics are allowed for all devices, driving the analysis beyond the framework of Chua and Di Ventra We classify these fully nonlinear circuit elements in terms of the variables involved in their constitutive relations and the notions of the differential- and the state-order of a device. We extend the notion of a topologically degenerate configuration to this broader context, and characterize the differential-algebraic index of nodal models of such circuits. Additionally, we explore certain dynamical features of mem-circuits involving manifolds of non-isolated equilibria. Related bifurcation phenomena are explored for a family of nonlinear oscillators based on mem-devices.
Crack Initiation and Growth Behavior at Corrosion Pit in 7075-T6 Under Biaxial And Uniaxial Fatigue

Abstract : This thesis was investigated the effects of pre-existing corrosion on the fatigue crack initiation and fatigue crack growth behavior of the typical aircraft aluminum alloy 7075-T6, by using a fracture mechanics approach. Initiation and crack growth behavior was investigated under in-plane biaxial tension tension fatigue with stress ratio of 0.1 and biaxiality stress ratio, =1. Cruciform specimens with a center hole, having a corrosion pit at 45 to the specimen s arms, were tested in a biaxial fatigue test machine in laboratory air and saltwater (3.5% NaCl) environments. Crack initiated and propagated coplanar with the pit in L T orientation. For the sake of comparison, uniaxial fatigue tests with stress ratio of 0.1 in laboratory air and saltwater (3.5% NaCl) environments were also conducted. The number of cycles until initiation of the fatigue crack and the crack growth rate were observed and measured by optical and scanning electron microscopy. This research shows that corrosive environment of saltwater reduces the required number of cycles for crack initiation under uniaxial and biaxial loading conditions when compared to those in ambient laboratory air. In all tests corrosive environment shortens the fatigue life of the specimens under uniaxial and biaxial loading conditions. In ambient air, numbers of cycles for crack initiation under biaxial and uniaxial loading conditions are almost the same, on the other hand in saltwater environment crack occurs in lesser number of cycles in biaxial loading condition relative to uniaxial loading condition. The crack growth rate is faster in the saltwater environment than the corresponding value in ambient air environment at a given K in both loading conditions. In ambient air environment biaxial and uniaxial crack growth rates were almost similar. But in saltwater environment biaxial fatigue have faster crack growth rate than uniaxial fatigue.
Bulk Segregant Analysis by High-Throughput Sequencing Reveals a Novel Xylose Utilization Gene from Saccharomyces cerevisiae

Fermentation of xylose is a fundamental requirement for the efficient production of ethanol from lignocellulosic biomass sources. Although they aggressively ferment hexoses, it has long been thought that native Saccharomyces cerevisiae strains cannot grow fermentatively or non-fermentatively on xylose. Population surveys have uncovered a few naturally occurring strains that are weakly xylose-positive, and some S. cerevisiae have been genetically engineered to ferment xylose, but no strain, either natural or engineered, has yet been reported to ferment xylose as efficiently as glucose. Here, we used a medium-throughput screen to identify Saccharomyces strains that can increase in optical density when xylose is presented as the sole carbon source. We identified 38 strains that have this xylose utilization phenotype, including strains of S. cerevisiae, other sensu stricto members, and hybrids between them. All the S. cerevisiae xylose-utilizing strains we identified are wine yeasts, and for those that could produce meiotic progeny, the xylose phenotype segregates as a single gene trait. We mapped this gene by Bulk Segregant Analysis (BSA) using tiling microarrays and high-throughput sequencing. The gene is a putative xylitol dehydrogenase, which we name XDH1, and is located in the subtelomeric region of the right end of chromosome XV in a region not present in the S288c reference genome. We further characterized the xylose phenotype by performing gene expression microarrays and by genetically dissecting the endogenous Saccharomyces xylose pathway. We have demonstrated that natural S. cerevisiae yeasts are capable of utilizing xylose as the sole carbon source, characterized the genetic basis for this trait as well as the endogenous xylose utilization pathway, and demonstrated the feasibility of BSA using high-throughput sequencing.
Parallel A B II A Failure Success B Failure Success A B Failure Success A A Success Failure A Success Failure A Success Sync B Failure

This paper evaluates the use of Behavior Trees (BT) for authoring compelling narrative experiences with free-form user interaction. We systematically study extensions to traditionally BT representations, which decouple the monitoring of user input, the narrative, and how the user may influence the story outcome – referred to as Interactive Behavior Trees (IBT’s). By quantitatively evaluating the authoring complexity of BT formalisms with traditional story graph representations, we show that IBT’s better scale with the number of story arcs, and the degree and granularity of user input. Our theoretical estimate of authoring complexity is corroborated with a qualitative user study, which confirms that subjects take lesser time with reduced effort to author narratives using IBT’s. The subjective difficulty of IBT’s is also lower than traditional story graphs.
Hibernating myocardium

left main stem extended to the left anterior descending and circumﬂex coronary arteries, Emergency coronary artery bypass grafting was performed (vein grafts to the left anterior descending, the diagonal and circumﬂex arteries). made an uneventful recovery, and three years after initial presenta-tion she remains free of cardiac symptoms.
The proximity effect in a close group of qsos

We present an analysis of the proximity effect in a sample of 10 2-A-resolution QSO spectra of the Lyα forest at . Rather than investigating variations in the number density of individual absorption lines, we employ a novel technique that is based on the statistics of the transmitted flux itself. We confirm the existence of the proximity effect at the > 99 per cent confidence level. We derive a value for the mean intensity of the extragalactic background radiation at the Lyman limit of . This value assumes that QSO redshifts measured from high-ionization lines differ from the true systemic redshifts by . We find evidence at a level of 2. 6σ that the significance of the proximity effect is correlated with QSO Lyman limit luminosity. Allowing for known QSO variability, the significance of the correlation reduces to 2. 1σ. The QSOs form a close group on the sky and the sample is thus well suited for an investigation of the foreground proximity effect, where the Lyα forest of a background QSO is influenced by the UV radiation from a nearby foreground QSO. From the complete sample we find no evidence for the existence of this effect, implying either that or that QSOs emit at least a factor of 1.4 less ionizing radiation in the plane of the sky than along the line of sight to Earth. We do, however, find one counter-example. Our sample includes the fortunate constellation of a foreground QSO surrounded by four nearby background QSOs. These four spectra all show underdense absorption within ±3000 km s−1 of the redshift of the foreground QSO.
Smart Microfluidic Channels

The walls of microfludic “smart channels” are coated by responsive mixed polymer brushes with a gradient of chemical composition. The concept of the smart channels is based on switching/adaptive behavior of the mixed polymer brushes where wetting and nonwetting can be tuned upon interaction with liquids. This design of microfluidic channels brings new opportunities for manipulating the passage of liquids in the channels. The developed approach allows us to fabricate three microfluidic elements for separation, sensing, selection, and dosing microvolumes of liquids.
Multiple Infection and Microdiversity among Helicobacter pylori Isolates in a Single Host in India

Helicobacter pylori is one of the most diverse bacterial species that chronically infects more than 70% of Indian population. Interestingly, data showing microdiversity of the H. pylori strains within a particular gastric niche remained scarce. To understand the extent of genetic diversity among H. pylori strains within a given host, 30 patients with gastro-duodenal problems were subjected to endoscopy and from each patient 10 single colonies were isolated. Characterization of each of these 10 single colonies by DNA fingerprinting as well as genotyping of several important genetic markers viz. cagA, vacA, iceA, vapD, cag PAI empty site, IS605, RFLP and two other genetic segments within cag PAI revealed that all of the 30 patients were infected with more than one strain and sometimes strains with 5 to 6 types of genetic variants. Analyses of certain genetic loci showed the microdiversity among the colonies from single patient, which may be due to the recombination events during long-term carriage of the pathogen. These results suggest that most of the patients have acquired H. pylori due to repeated exposure to this pathogen with different genetic make-up, which may increase the possibility of super infections. Genetic exchanges between these unrelated H. pylori strains may support certain H. pylori variant to grow better in a given host than the parental strain and thereby increasing the possibility for the severity of the infection.
Uses of sawdust as admixture in production of lowcost and light-weight hollow sandcrete blocks

Prompted by the high cost of building materials as well as the amount of dead load weight generated by block wall on beams and columns in partitioning works most especially in high rise buildings, this project work on the use of sawdust as admixture in production of hollow sandcrete blocks was carried out in order to investigate a possible solution to the problems. The research work understudies the weight vis-a-vis cost of production of available commercial sandcrete blocks in Lagos metropolis. It has been observed that prices of construction blocks were typically above the reach of many Nigerians. Production of sandcrete blocks were made by partial replacement of sand with a varying proportion (10%, 20%, 30% and 40%) of sawdust. The strength of each block was determined to ascertain conformity with the minimum acceptable standards. Equally, the weights were checked and compared with blocks devoid of sawdust. The tests were carried out on the 7, 14, 21 and 28 days after production. From data gathered, recommendations were given which will be beneficial to the construction industry and general populace in respect of low cost and light weight sandcrete blocks. It is concluded that if the recommendations herein should be followed, problems of cost and weight in building construction shall be reduced.
Effect of low-protein diet on kidney function in diabetic nephropathy: meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials

Objective To evaluate the effect of low-protein diet on kidney function in patients with diabetic nephropathy. Design A systematic review and a meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials. Data sources MEDLINE, EMBASE, Cochrane Library, ClinicalTrials.gov, International Standard Randomised Controlled Trial Number (ISRCTN) Register and University Hospital Medical Information Network-Clinical Trials Registry (UMIN-CTR) from inception to 10 December 2012. Internet searches were also carried out with general search engines (Google and Google Scholar). Study selection Randomised controlled trials that compared low-protein diet versus control diet and assessed the effects on kidney function, proteinuria, glycaemic control or nutritional status. Primary and secondary outcome measures and data synthesis The primary outcome was a change in the glomerular filtration rate (GFR). The secondary outcomes were changes in proteinuria, post-treatment value of glycated haemoglobin A1C (HbA1c) and post-treatment value of serum albumin. The results were summarised as the mean difference for continuous outcomes and pooled by the random effects model. Subgroup analyses and sensitivity analyses were conducted regarding patient characteristics, intervention period, methodological quality and assessment of diet compliance. The assessment of diet compliance was performed based on the actual protein intake ratio (APIR) of the low-protein diet group to the control group. Results We identified 13 randomised controlled trials enrolling 779 patients. A low-protein diet was associated with a significant improvement in GFR (5.82 ml/min/1.73 m2, 95% CI 2.30 to 9.33, I2=92%; n=624). This effect was consistent across the subgroups of type of diabetes, stages of nephropathy and intervention period. However, GFR was improved only when diet compliance was fair (8.92, 95% CI 2.75 to 15.09, I2=92% for APIR <0.9 and 0.03, 95% CI −1.49 to 1.56, I2=90% for APIR ≥0.9). Proteinuria and serum albumin were not differed between the groups. HbA1c was slightly but significantly decreased in the low-protein diet group (−0.26%, 95% CI −0.35 to −0.18, I2=0%; n=536). Conclusions Low-protein diet was significantly associated with improvement of diabetic nephropathy. The adverse effects of low-protein diet were not apparent such as worsening of glycaemic control and malnutrition.
Glycemic Variability: The Third Component of the Dysglycemia in Diabetes. Is it Important? How to Measure it?

The dysglycemia of diabetes includes two components: (1) sustained chronic hyperglycemia that exerts its effects through both excessive protein glycation and activation of oxidative stress and (2) acute glucose fluctuations. Glycemic variability seems to have more deleterious effects than sustained hyperglycemia in the development of diabetic complications as both upward (postprandial glucose increments) and downward (interprandial glucose decrements) changes activate the oxidative stress. For instance, the urinary excretion rate of 8-iso-PGF2α, a reliable marker of oxidative stress, was found to be strongly, positively correlated (r = 0.86, p < .001) with glycemic variability assessed from the mean amplitude of glycemic excursions (MAGE) as estimated by continuous glucose monitoring systems (CGMS). These observations therefore raise the question of whether we have the appropriate tools for assessing glycemic variability in clinical practice. From a statistical point of view, the standard deviation (SD) around the mean glucose value appears as the “gold standard. ” By contrast, the MAGE index is probably more appropriate for selecting the major glucose swings that are calculated as the arithmetic mean of differences between consecutive peaks and nadirs, provided that the differences be greater than the SD around the mean values. Furthermore, calculating the MAGE index requires continuous glucose monitoring, which has the advantage to detect all isolated upward and downward acute glucose fluctuations. In conclusion, the increasing use of CGMSs will certainly promote better assessment and management of glycemic variability.
Molecular Beacons: Powerful Tools for Imaging RNA in Living Cells

Recent advances in RNA functional studies highlights the pivotal role of these molecules in cell physiology. Diverse methods have been implemented to measure the expression levels of various RNA species, using either purified RNA or fixed cells. Despite the fact that fixed cells offer the possibility to observe the spatial distribution of RNA, assays with capability to real-time monitoring RNA transport into living cells are needed to further understand the role of RNA dynamics in cellular functions. Molecular beacons (MBs) are stem-loop hairpin-structured oligonucleotides equipped with a fluorescence quencher at one end and a fluorescent dye (also called reporter or fluorophore) at the opposite end. This structure permits that MB in the absence of their target complementary sequence do not fluoresce. Upon binding to targets, MBs emit fluorescence, due to the spatial separation of the quencher and the reporter. Molecular beacons are promising probes for the development of RNA imaging techniques; nevertheless much work remains to be done in order to obtain a robust technology for imaging various RNA molecules together in real time and in living cells. The present work concentrates on the different requirements needed to use successfully MB for cellular studies, summarizing recent advances in this area.
Hypoxia Inducible Factor-2&agr; Stabilization and Maxi-K+ Channel &bgr;1-Subunit Gene Repression by Hypoxia in Cardiac Myocytes: Role in Preconditioning

The Ca2+- and voltage-dependent K+ (maxi-K) channel &bgr;1-subunit mRNA is particularly abundant in cardiomyocytes but its functional role is unknown. This is intriguing because functional maxi-K channels are not found in cardiomyocyte plasmalemma, although they have been suggested to be in the inner mitochondrial membrane and participate in cardioprotection. We report here that &bgr;1 protein may interact with mitochondrial proteins and that the &bgr;1-subunit gene (KCNMB1) is repressed by sustained hypoxia in dispersed cardiomyocytes as well as in heart intact tissue. The effect of hypoxia is time- and dose-dependent, is mimicked by addition of reactive oxygen species, and selectively requires hypoxia inducible factor-2&agr; (Hif-2&agr;) stabilization. We have observed that adaptation to hypoxia exerts a protective role on cardiomyocytes subjected to ischemia and that, unexpectedly, this form of preconditioning absolutely depends on Hif-2&agr;. Interference of the &bgr;1-subunit mRNA increases cardiomyocyte resistance to ischemia. Therefore, Hif-2&agr;-mediated &bgr;1-subunit gene repression is a previously unknown mechanism that could participate in the gene expression program triggered by sustained hypoxia to prevent deleterious mitochondrial depolarization and ATP deficiency in cardiac cells. Our work provides new perspectives for research on cardiac preconditioning.