Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Midbrain Reticular Formation Circuitry Subserving Gaze in the Cat

Physiological experiments in primates have identified a region of the midbrain tegmentum, the central mesencephalic reticular formation (cMRF), which plays a role in gaze control.1 Specifically, stimulation of this region produces horizontal saccades; recordings from this region reveal neurons with saccade-related activity; and chemical inactivation of this region produces contralateral head tilt and spontaneous saccades. More rostral regions of the midbrain reticular formation (MRF), just lateral to the interstitial nucleus of Cajal (InC), have neurons with vertical movement fields, and chemical inactivation of this region produces hypometric vertical saccades.2 In the macaque, there is an extensive overlap of tectoreticular terminals and reticulotectal cells in the region corresponding to the cMRF.3 The present study explored whether an area similar to the cMRF is present in the cat by analyzing the distribution of MRF neurons targeting the superior colliculus (SCol) and cervical spinal cord. These studies were carried out in eight adult cats under approved protocols adhering to the NIH guidelines. In the single-injection animals, 0.1-0.5 μl of a 10% BDA was injected into either the SCol or cervical cord. The SCol was approached dorsally, by aspirating the overlying cortex, while the cervical cord (C1) was approached through the foramen magnum. In the dual-tracer animals, both approaches were used to inject 5% Fast Blue into the SCol and 5% Fluoro-Gold into C1 (0.5 μl each). Standard perfusion and processing techniques were used.
Immunohistochemical localization of glucose transporter 1 and 3 in the scrotal and abdominal testes of a dog

Glucose is essential for testicular function; the uptake of carbohydrate-derived glucose by cells is mediated by glucose transporters (GLUTs). In the present study, we investigated the activity of GLUT1 and GLUT3, the two main isoforms of GLUTs found in testes, in the left scrotal and right abdominal testes of a German Shepherd dog. Immunohistochemical analysis showed that GLUT1 immunoreactivity was absent in the scrotal and abdominal testes. In contrast, weak to moderate GLUT3 immunoreactivity was observed in mature spermatocytes as well as spermatids in the scrotal testis. In the abdominal testis, relatively strong GLUT3 immunoreactivity was detected in Leydig cells only and was absent in mature spermatocytes and spermatids. GLUT3 immunoreactivity was significantly decreased in the tubular region of abdominal testis and significantly increased in the extra-tubular (interstitial) region of abdominal testis compared to observations in the each region of scrotal testis, respectively. These results suggest that GLUT3 is the major glucose transporter in the testes and that abdominal testes may increase the uptake of glucose into interstitial areas, leading to an increased risk of developing cancer.
Effects on family size and sex ratio of preferences regarding the sex of children.

Abstract If the desired size of a family is specified in terms of sex composition, the sex preferences may affect eventual family size. Assuming that a couple wish to have a specified minimum number of boys and of girls, and continue to have children until these minimum numbers are reached (with perhaps an upper limit), formulae and numerical calculations are presented for the average size of family. In most cases, there is more than an even chance that the family size will be larger than the sum of the minimum desired number of boys and girls. With a constant and equal probability that a child will be a male, the preferences and postulated behaviour have no effect on the sex ratio.
Partnership and the Future of Trade Unions in the UK

An innovatory approach to the reform of workplace industrial relations in the UK, often labelled `partnership', has been advocated by many as the most likely means of reversing private sector trade union decline. The article analyses the implications and meanings of the approach for UK trade unions and assesses the arguments of supporters and critics. Pointing to the central importance of legislative intervention, the article suggests that while an opportunity for radical change may be available, there is no guarantee that it will be seized.
The Development of Credit Unions and Their Role in Tackling Financial Exclusion

The government has been actively encouraging the development of credit unions to help the financially excluded. However, rather than stimulating credit union development, government grants can erode the community self-help ethos on which credit unions are founded. Policies should be formulated which encourage credit union development based on a membership drawn from a cross-section of the population.
Maternal depression and the quality of marital relationship: a 14-year prospective study.

AIMS This study aims to investigate the bidirectional association between symptoms of depression and quality of marital relationship in a population-based cohort of women. METHODS The bidirectional association was examined longitudinally in over 3694 women participating in the Mater-University study of Pregnancy, Brisbane, Australia, over a 14-year period. Women were interviewed 3-5 days postdelivery and again when the child was 6 months, 5 years, and 14 years of age. A transition model was developed to examine changes in exposures and risk factors over the 14 years of follow-up. RESULTS Nearly 40% of the women with depressive symptoms continued to report symptoms, and a similar proportion of women who reported being in a poor quality marital relationship remained in a poor quality relationship over long periods of time. Approximately 1 in 10 women who had not reported symptoms of depression or a poor relationship in the previous phase did so at the subsequent phase. The bidirectional relationships between depressive symptoms and quality of marital relationship are both consistent and strong. Negative changes in either symptoms of depression or quality of marital relationship predicted a poor outcome. The estimated population attributable risk was similar for both depressive symptoms and quality of the marital relationship. CONCLUSIONS The findings from this study suggest that symptoms of depression and quality of relationship are strongly associated with each other and that this association is bidirectional. Clinical intervention in poor quality marital relationships represents a logical approach to addressing symptoms of depression in women. Similarly, there needs to be a focus on family outcomes for those women with impaired mental health.
Later phase cardioprotection of ischemic post-conditioning against ischemia/reperfusion injury depends on iNOS and PI3K-Akt pathway.

BACKGROUND The cardioprotection of ischemic post-conditioning (IPO) has been well demonstrated after a short period of reperfusion. However, little is known about the long-term effects of IPO. This study aimed to investigate the long term cardioprotection of IPO in a rat myocardial ischemia/reperfusion model and to explore the potential mechanism. METHODS AND RESULTS Rats were either sham-operated (Sham group) or underwent 30-min left anterior descending coronary artery ischemia followed by immediate reperfusion (I/R group) or post-conditioning with 5 cycles of 10-s ischemia and 10-s reperfusion (IPO group). At 24 h after reperfusion, infarct size reduced from 34.7±1.1% in I/R group to 24.9±1.3% in IPO group (P<0.05) and the iNOS expression in IPO group was 4.7-fold higher than in I/R group. iNOS inhibitor 1400 W (1 mg/kg, 5 min before postconditioning or reperfusion) prevented the increase in iNOS expression and abolished IPO-induced protection (34.4±1.0%, P>0.05 vs. I/R group). When rats were treated with PI3K inhibitor LY294002 5 min before reperfusion (0.3 mg/kg), p-Akt expression at R 3 h and iNOS expression at R 24 h were significantly inhibited. Moreover, the delayed infarct-sparing effect of IPO was absent in the presence of LY294002. CONCLUSION IPO has prolonged cardioprotective effects and iNOS as an important downstream effector of PI3K-Akt pathway contributes to the delayed phase cardioprotection of IPO.
QALYs Versus WTP

Quality adjusted life years (QALYs) and willingness to pay (WTP) are alternative measures of the value of reductions in health risk that are often used in evaluating environmental, health, and safety practices. Although both methods are based on individual preferences, the underlying assumptions differ. The different bases yield systematically different conclusions about the relative value of reducing health and mortality risks to individuals that differ in age, preexisting health conditions, income, and other factors. The choice of which method to use depends on judgments about what constraints should be placed on individual preferences and what factors should be considered in aggregating preferences across people.
M&As AND THE GLOBAL STRATEGIES OF TNCs

MOST of the motivations for M&As that feature in the global strategies of transnational corporations (TNCs) are a means of reshaping competitive advantages within their respective industries. They have some effect on the TNCs of all or most industries and so to that extent they are not necessarily sector-specific. However, it may be that some of the motives which we outline affect some industries more than others, and in that sense they can be expected to be associated with a greater intensity of M&As in certain sectors than others. We identify the likelihood of M&As across industries, and discuss how the general factors that have promoted the recent M&A wave have had a bigger impact on the global strategies of TNCs in the industries in which the propensity to engage in M&As has been the highest. The regional dimension is also considered. HE late 1990s witnessed a major mergers and acquisitions (M&A) wave in terms of both the value of deals and the number of cross-border M&As. The clear upward trend in the value of deals is illustrated in Figure 1, which shows that the stable values recorded in the first half of the 1990s increase sharply from 1995 onwards. The magnitude of this phenomenon has raised questions related to why crossborder M&As occur and whether there is any sector-specificity involved in the phenomenon. Although M&As appear to occur to different extents across sectors, we argue that the boom of M&As is a general phenomenon generated by new global conditions. The factors generating such conditions are identified in the flourishing of regulatory changes at global and consequently at regional and national levels and in the fast pace of technological change which has enhanced business and market opportunities, technological interrelatedness, and communications and crossborder restructuring. It is, therefore, held that M&As can be understood as a corporate strategy in order to better cope with these new global conditions. In this context, the role played by M&As in the U.S., European, Asian, and Latin American scenario is considered. Clearly, as each sector has its own specificities, it may well be that some sectors are affected more than others in the adoption of this corporate
GABAρ subunits confer a bicuculline-insensitive component to GFAP+ cells of cerebellum

Significance Early postnatal development of the cerebellum involves a number of events that require signaling via the neurotransmitter GABA, which acts on specific receptors anchored in the plasma membrane. GABAergic transmission regulates the proliferation and migration of neuronal precursors of astrocytic lineage. Glial cells are known to express GABA-A receptors that include GABAρ subunits, but their expression pattern, functional properties, and trafficking dynamics remain unknown. This study found that a large number of glial cells express GABAρ in the cerebellum. Functional properties and intracellular trafficking of GABA-A receptors in glial cells grown in vitro suggest a different mechanism of GABAergic control of extrasynaptic transmission. GABA-A receptors mediating synaptic or extrasynaptic transmission are molecularly and functionally distinct, and glial cells are known to express a plethora of GABA-A subunits. Here we demonstrate that GFAP+ cells of the granular layer of cerebellum express GABAρ subunits during early postnatal development, thereby conferring peculiar pharmacologic characteristics to GABA responses. Electron microscopy revealed the presence of GABAρ in the plasma membrane of GFAP+ cells. In contrast, expression in the adult was restricted to Purkinje neurons and a subset of ependymal cells. Electrophysiological studies in vitro revealed that astrocytes express functional receptors with an EC50 of 52.2 ± 11.8 μM for GABA. The evoked currents were inhibited by bicuculline (100 μM) and TPMPA (IC50, 5.9 ± 0.6 μM), indicating the presence of a GABAρ component. Coimmunoprecipitation demonstrated protein–protein interactions between GABAρ1 and GABAα1, and double immunofluorescence showed that these subunits colocalize in the plasma membrane. Three populations of GABA-A receptors in astrocytes were identified: classic GABA-A, bicuculline-insensitive GABAρ, and GABA-A–GABAρ hybrids. Clusters of GABA-A receptors were distributed in the perinuclear space and along the processes of GFAP+ cells. Time-lapse microscopy showed GABAρ2-GFP accumulation in clusters located in the soma and along the processes. The clusters were relatively immobile, with mean displacement of 9.4 ± 0.9 μm and a net distance traveled of 1–2 μm, owing mainly to directional movement or simple diffusion. Modulation of GABAρ dynamics may be a novel mechanism of extrasynaptic transmission regulating GABAergic control of GFAP+ cells during early postnatal development.
Sensory analysis of lipstick

Sensory analysis of lipstick product by trained panellists started with recruiting female panels who are lipstick users, in good health condition and willing to be a part of sensory members. This group of people was further scrutinized with duo‐trio method using commercial lipstick samples that are commonly used among them. About 40% of the 15 panels recruited were unable to differentiate the lipstick samples they usually use better than chance. The balance of nine panels that were corrected at least with 65% across all trials in panels screening process was formed a working group to develop sensory languages as a means of describing product similarities and differences and a scoring system. Five sessions with each session took about 90 min were carried out using 10 types of lipsticks with different waxes mixture ratio in the formulation together with six commercial lipsticks that are the most common to the panels. First session was focus on listing out the panels’ perception towards the characteristic of the lipstick samples after normal application on their lips. Second session was focus on the refining and categorizing the responses gathered from the first session and translated into sensory attributes with its definition. Third session was focus on the scoring system. Fourth and fifth sessions were repetition of the third session to ensure consistency. In a collective effort of the panels, sensory attributes developed for lipstick were Spreadability, Off flavour, Hardness, Smoothness, Moist, Not messy, Glossy and Greasy. Analysis of variance was able to provide ample evidence on gauging the panel performance. A proper panels selecting and training was able to produce a reliable and sensitive trained panel for evaluating the product based on the procedures being trained.
Determinants Of Firm Terminal Value: The Perspective Of North American And European Financial Analysts

Company valuation models attempt to estimate the value of a company in two stages: (1) comprising of a period of explicit analysis and (2) based on unlimited production period of cash flows obtained through a mathematical approach of perpetuity, which is the terminal value. In general, these models, whether they belong to the Dividend Discount Model (DDM), the Discount Cash Flow (DCF), or RIM (Residual Income Models) group, discount one attribute (dividends, free cash flow, or results) to a given discount rate. This discount rate, obtained in most cases by the CAPM (Capital asset pricing model) or APT (Arbitrage pricing theory) allows including in the analysis the cost of invested capital based on the risk taking of the attributes. However, one cannot ignore that the second stage of valuation that is usually 53-80% of the company value (Berkman et al., 1998) and is loaded with uncertainties. In this context, particular attention is needed to estimate the value of this portion of the company, under penalty of the assessment producing a high level of error. Mindful of this concern, this study sought to collect the perception of European and North American financial analysts on the key features of the company that they believe contribute most to its value. For this feat, we used a survey with closed answers. From the analysis of 123 valid responses using factor analysis, the authors conclude that there is great importance attached (1) to the life expectancy of the company, (2) to liquidity and operating performance, (3) to innovation and ability to allocate resources to R&D, and (4) to management capacity and capital structure, in determining the value of a company or business in long term. These results contribute to our belief that we can formulate a model for valuating companies and businesses where the results to be obtained in the evaluations are as close as possible to those found in the stock market.
Special issue of International Journal of Human Resource Management: Recruiting, managing and rewarding workers in social enterprises

For this special issue we seek contributions that enhance our understanding of how workers are recruited, managed and rewarded in social enterprises. Over the last decade, social entrepreneurship has grown in importance as a cultural and economic phenomenon in both developed and emerging economies (Dacin, Dacin, & Matear, 2010; Dacin, Dacin, & Tracey, 2011). Social enterprises refer to organizations that engage in business to achieve social impact rather than solely for financial gain (Austin, Stevenson, & Wei-Skillern, 2006). We are interested in social enterprises that aim to sustain themselves or are already sustained by their activities, and differentiate these enterprises from charitable ventures that rely on donations and/or government funding as a major source of their income. As such, social enterprises may be understood as hybrid organizations that have a social and economic mission, and with this seek to sustain both missions. This has implications for their management and performance, including human resource acquisition and mobilization (Doherty, Haugh, & Lyon, 2014). Although studies have examined the factors that drive the success of social enterprises (Felı́cio, Gonc alves, & da Conceic ão Gonc alves, 2013; Liu, Eng, & Takeda, 2013; Liu, Takeda, & Ko, 2014), the role of human resources has generally been neglected. Significant constraints faced by social enterprises that result from their ‘liability of smallness’ (Heneman & Berkley, 1999, p. 53), tensions arising from their dual mission, and limited access to external finance (Austin et al., 2006), make them vulnerable to failure. Although we have evidence that human resource management can contribute to firm performance and innovation (see, for example, Messersmith & Guthrie, 2010; Messersmith & Wales, 2013), the wellrecognized challenges faced by small and emerging firms such as informal management structures, resource scarcity and limited managerial capacity may influence the viability of social enterprises. Despite this, only a limited number of studies have begun to examine how organizations attract, manage and reward workers in the social enterprise context (Doherty et al., 2014; Ohana & Meyer, 2010; Ohana, Meyer, & Swaton, 2013; Royce, 2007). We would like this special issue to offer a series of articles that encourage theoretical development and empirical examination of topics including:
Emerging respiratory tract viral infections

Purpose of review This article reviews the clinical and treatment aspects of avian influenza viruses and the Middle East Respiratory Syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV). Recent findings Avian influenza A(H5N1) and A(H7N9) viruses have continued to circulate widely in some poultry populations and infect humans sporadically. Sporadic human cases of avian A(H5N6), A(H10N8) and A(H6N1) have also emerged. Closure of live poultry markets in China has reduced the risk of A(H7N9) infection. Observational studies have shown that oseltamivir treatment for adults hospitalized with severe influenza is associated with lower mortality and better clinical outcomes, even as late as 4–5 days after symptom onset. Whether higher than standard doses of neuraminidase inhibitor would provide greater antiviral effects in such patients requires further investigation. High-dose systemic corticosteroids were associated with worse outcomes in patients with A(H1N1)pdm09 or A(H5N1). MERS-CoV has continued to spread since its first discovery in 2012. The mortality rates are high in those with comorbid diseases. There is no specific antiviral treatment or vaccine available. The exact mode of transmission from animals to humans remains unknown. Summary There is an urgent need for developing more effective antiviral therapies to reduce morbidity and mortality of these emerging viral respiratory tract infections.
Structural antecedents of corporate network evolution

While most network studies adopt a static view, we argue that corporate social networks are subject to endogenous dynamics of cognitive path dependence and self-reinforcing power relations. Over time, these dynamics drive corporate networks to become increasingly focused (i.e., more homogeneous, stable, and tightly knit). More focused networks induce organisations to perpetuate existing routines, at the expense of developing new capabilities. We examine the role of organisational structure in maintaining balanced, rather than focused, networks, so that business organisations can realise progressive and timely adjustments to their evolving environments. We develop a theoretical argument, illustrated with the divergent network adjustment patterns of two large, mature companies, suggesting that business organisations with the following structural antecedents are likely to maintain balanced networks: the concurrence of centralisation and decentralisation; a high degree of differentiation and an intermediate level of integration; and an intermediate degree of formalisation.
Why Forecast for the Long Term

Too often, long‐range environmental forecasting is ignored in order to cut costs. But long‐range forecasting can actually reduce costs and win new markets ahead of the competition. For example, Sears removed flammable nightwear and substituted nonflammable nightwear long before government action made this a requirement. S. C. Johnson and Sons eliminated environmentally risky fluorocarbons from its aerosol sprays three years before the government forced competing firms to comply. Both firms were able to reduce substantially their costs of compliance and avoided the criticism from public‐spirited groups that was directed toward their competitors.
Glass Ceiling Effects: The Case of Taiwanese Top Executives

Gender discrimination in labor markets has been an important issue in labor economics. The main purpose of this paper is to empirically study glass ceiling effects, and investigate whether female workers are indeed being discriminated against, particularly during the promotion process, in top management positions in Taiwan. This paper uses data from 4,485 large firms in Taiwan to study whether there are gender preferences when the chairperson of a company chooses a chief executive officer (CEO). The data show that there are few female top executives (about 6%). In addition, a chairperson tends to team with same sex CEOs. This is especially noticeable among female chairpersons. The empirical results from our random matching model further confirm that gender is neither irrelevant nor neutral when a chairperson names a CEO.