Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Waste Energy Harvesting: Mechanical and Thermal Energies

Introduction. - Waste Mechanical Energy Harvesting (I) - Piezoelectric Effect. - Waste Mechanical Energy Harvesting (II) - Nanopiezoelectric Effect. - Waste Thermal Energy Harvesting (I) - Thermoelectric Effect. - Waste Thermal Energy Harvesting (II) - Pyroelectric Effect and Others. - Waste Thermal Energy Harvesting (III) - Storage with Phase Change Materials.
Patient-derived xenograft models of colorectal cancer in pre-clinical research: a systematic review

AIMS We sought to objectively assess the internal and external validity of patient-derived xenograft (PDX) models as a platform in pre-clinical research into colorectal cancer (CRC). Metastatic disease is the most common cause of death from CRC, and despite significant research, the results of current combination chemotherapy and targeted therapies have been underwhelming for most of this patient group. One of the key factors limiting the success of translational CRC research is the biologically inaccurate models in which new therapies are developed. METHODS We used the PRISMA (Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses) checklist and SYRCLE (Systematic Review Centre for Laboratory animal Experimentation) guidelines to search Ovid MEDLINE and Embase databases up to July 2015 to identify studies involving PDX models of CRC where the model had been validated across multiple parameters. Data was extracted including host mouse strain, engraftment rate, site of engraftment, donor tumour source and development of metastases in the model. RESULTS Thirteen articles satisfied the inclusion criteria. There was significant heterogeneity amongst the included studies, but overall the median engraftment rate was high (70%) and PDX models faithfully recapitulated the characteristics of their patient tumours on the microscopic, genetic and functional levels. CONCLUSIONS PDX models of CRC have a reasonable internal validity and a high external validity. Developments in xenografting technology are broadening the applications of the PDX platform. However, the included studies could be improved by standardising reporting standards and closed following the ARRIVE (Animals in Research: Reporting In Vivo Experiments) guidelines.
The effects of electron and proton irradiation on thin film solar cells

The reasons for interest in irradiation effects on solar cells are reviewed. It is shown that studies of these effects (a) permit estimates of the useful life of solar cells in space radiation fields, (b) provide information about the nature of the photovoltaic effect in specific kinds of cells and (c) can lead to fundamental information about radiation effects in the parent material. Studies of radiation damage in GaAs, CdS and CdTe are reviewed. Published data on damage to thin film cells is also reviewed. According to the literature, only protons have been shown to produce damage in the cells. This observation is shown to be in rough agreement with radiation damage theory.
Fusing Bird View LIDAR Point Cloud and Front View Camera Image for Deep Object Detection

We propose a new method for fusing a LIDAR point cloud and camera-captured images in the deep convolutional neural network (CNN). The proposed method constructs a new layer called non-homogeneous pooling layer to transform features between bird view map and front view map. The sparse LIDAR point cloud is used to construct the mapping between the two maps. The pooling layer allows efficient fusion of the bird view and front view features at any stage of the network. This is favorable for the 3D-object detection using camera-LIDAR fusion in autonomous driving scenarios. A corresponding deep CNN is designed and tested on the KITTI bird view object detection dataset, which produces 3D bounding boxes from the bird view map. The fusion method shows particular benefit for detection of pedestrians in the bird view compared to other fusion-based object detection networks.
Precipitation of Solid Transmutation Elements in Irradiated Tungsten Alloys

Tungsten-based model alloys were fabricated to simulate compositional changes by neutron irradiation, performed in the JOYO fast test reactor. The irradiation damage range was 0.17–1.54 dpa and irradiation temperatures were 400, 500 and 750 � C. After irradiation, microstructural observations and electrical resistivity measurements were carried out. A number of precipitates were observed after 1.54 dpa irradiation. Rhenium and osmium were precipitated by irradiation, which suppressed the formation of dislocation loops and voids. Structures induced by irradiation were not observed so much after 0.17 dpa irradiation. Electrical resistivity measurements showed that the effects of osmium on the electrical resistivity, related to impurity solution content, were larger than that of rhenium. Measurements of electrical resistivity of ternary alloys showed that the precipitation behavior was similar to that in binary alloys. [doi:10.2320/matertrans.MAW200821]
The Micromechanics of the Moving Contact Line

The proposed research is divided into three components concerned with molecular structure, molecular orientation, and continuum averages of discrete systems. In the experimental program, we propose exploring how changes in interfacial molecular structure generate contact line motion. Rather than rely on the electrostatic and electrokinetic fields arising from the molecules themselves, we augment their interactions by an imposed field at the solid/liquid interface. By controling the field, we can manipulate the molecular structure at the solid/liquid interface. In response to controlled changes in molecular structure, we observe the resultant contact line motion. In the analytical portion of the proposed research we seek to formulate a system of equations governing fluid motion which accounts for the orientation of fluid molecules. In preliminary work, we have focused on describing how molecular orientation affects the forces generated at the moving contact line. Ideally, as assumed above, the discrete behavior of molecules can be averaged into a continuum theory. In the numerical portion of the proposed research, we inquire whether the contact line region is, in fact, large enough to possess a well-defined average. Additionally, we ask what types of behavior distinguish discrete systems from continuum systems. Might the smallness of the contact line region, in itself, lead to behavior different from that in the bulk? Taken together, our proposed research seeks to identify and accurately account for some of the molecular dynamics of the moving contact line, and attempts to formulate a description from which one can compute the forces at the moving contact line.
Cider: a Rapid Docker Container Deployment System through Sharing Network Storage

Container technology has been prevalent and widely-adopted in production environment considering the huge benefits to application packing, deploying and management. However, the deployment process is relatively slow by using conventional approaches. In large-scale concurrent deployments, resource contentions on the central image repository would aggravate such situation. In fact, it is observable that the image pulling operation is mainly responsible for the degraded performance. To this end, we propose Cider — a novel deployment system to enable rapid container deployment in a high concurrent and scalable manner at scale. Firstly, on-demand image data loading is proposed by altering the local Docker storage of worker nodes into all-nodes-sharing network storage. Also, the local copy-on-write layer for containers can ensure Cider to achieve the scalability whilst improving the cost-effectiveness during the holistic deployment. Experimental results reveal that Cider can shorten the overall deployment time by 85% and 62% on average when deploying one container and 100 concurrent containers respectively.
Effect of phytase on growth performance, phytate degradation and gene expression of myo‐inositol transporters in the small intestine, liver and kidney of 21 day old broilers

ABSTRACT An experiment was conducted to evaluate phytase supplementation on growth, phytate degradation, and the gene expression of myo‐inositol transporters in 21‐day old broilers. Ross 308, male broilers (n = 240) were assigned to one of four diets, with 10 pens/diet and six birds/pen from day one to 21. The diets consisted of a negative control (NC) formulated to meet or exceed Ross 308 nutrient requirements, with the exception of calcium (Ca) and available P (avP), which were reduced by 0.16 and 0.15%, respectively. The NC diet was supplemented with 0, 500, 1,500, or 4,500 units/kg of phytase (FTU) to create four experimental diets. On day 21, all birds per pen were euthanized to obtain digesta and tissue samples for phytate degradation and gene expression. Data were analyzed as an analysis of variance using the fit model platform in JMP v 13.0. The model included phytase and significant means were separated using orthogonal linear and quadratic contrasts. Phytase supplementation increased gain (linear, P < 0.05). Phytate (iP6; quadratic, P < 0.05), phytate ester (iP5, iP4, iP3; quadratic, P < 0.05), and inositol (linear, P < 0.05) concentration in the gizzard was influenced by phytase supplementation. Phytate concentration decreased (linear, P < 0.05), iP5 or iP4 concentration increased and then decreased (quadratic, P < 0.05), and inositol concentration increased (quadratic, P < 0.05) in the ileal digesta as phytase supplementation increased in the diet. There was a tendency for the gene expression of the H+‐dependent myo‐inositol transporter, HMIT, to increase (linear, P < 0.05) in the ileum as phytase dose increased. Gene expression of the sodium‐dependent myo‐inositol transporter, SMIT2, increased in the jejunum (quadratic, P < 0.05) as phytase dose increased. Intestinal alkaline phosphatase expression increased (linear, P < 0.05) in the ileum as phytase supplementation increased in the diet. The influence of phytase on phytate, phytate esters, and inositol may influence intestinal alkaline phosphatase activity and the gene expression of myo‐inositol transporters in the small intestine.
ERSEM 15.06: a generic model for marine biogeochemistry and the ecosystem dynamics of the lower trophic levels

Abstract. The European Regional Seas Ecosystem Model (ERSEM) is one of the most established ecosystem models for the lower trophic levels of the marine food web in the scientific literature. Since its original development in the early nineties it has evolved significantly from a coastal ecosystem model for the North Sea to a generic tool for ecosystem simulations from shelf seas to the global ocean. The current model release contains all essential elements for the pelagic and benthic parts of the marine ecosystem, including the microbial food web, the carbonate system, and calcification. Its distribution is accompanied by a testing framework enabling the analysis of individual parts of the model. Here we provide a detailed mathematical description of all ERSEM components along with case studies of mesocosm-type simulations, water column implementations, and a brief example of a full-scale application for the north-western European shelf. Validation against in situ data demonstrates the capability of the model to represent the marine ecosystem in contrasting environments.
A Data Model and Task Space for Data of Interest (DOI) Eye-Tracking Analyses

Eye-tracking data is traditionally analyzed by looking at where on a visual stimulus subjects fixate, or, to facilitate more advanced analyses, by using area-of-interests (AOI) defined onto visual stimuli. Recently, there is increasing interest in methods that capture what users are looking at rather than where they are looking. By instrumenting visualization code that transforms a data model into visual content, gaze coordinates reported by an eye-tracker can be mapped directly to granular data shown on the screen, producing temporal sequences of data objects that subjects viewed in an experiment. Such data collection, which is called gaze to object mapping (GTOM) or data-of-interest analysis (DOI), can be done reliably with limited overhead and can facilitate research workflows not previously possible. Our paper contributes to establishing a foundation of DOI analyses by defining a DOI data model and highlighting its differences to AOI data in structure and scale; by defining and exemplifying a space of DOI enabled tasks; by describing three concrete examples of DOI experimentation in three different domains; and by discussing immediate research challenges in creating a framework of visual support for DOI experimentation and analysis.
The effect of distance to formal health facility on childhood mortality in rural Tanzania, 2005–2007

Background : Major improvements are required in the coverage and quality of essential childhood interventions to achieve Millennium Development Goal Four (MDG 4). Long distance to health facilities is one of the known barriers to access. We investigated the effect of networked and Euclidean distances from home to formal health facilities on childhood mortality in rural Tanzania between 2005 and 2007. Methods : A secondary analysis of data from a cohort of 28,823 children younger than age 5 between 2005 and 2007 from Ifakara Health and Demographic Surveillance System was carried out. Both Euclidean and networked distances from the household to the nearest health facility were calculated using geographical information system methods. Cox proportional hazard regression models were used to investigate the effect of distance from home to the nearest health facility on child mortality. Results : Children who lived in homes with networked distance >5 km experienced approximately 17% increased mortality risk (HR=1.17; 95% CI 1.02–1.38) compared to those who lived <5 km networked distance to the nearest health facility. Death of a mother (HR=5.87; 95% CI 4.11–8.40), death of preceding sibling (HR=1.9; 95% CI 1.37–2.65), and twin birth (HR=2.9; 95% CI 2.27–3.74) were the strongest independent predictors of child mortality. Conclusions : Physical access to health facilities is a determinant of child mortality in rural Tanzania. Innovations to improve access to health facilities coupled with birth spacing and care at birth are needed to reduce child deaths in rural Tanzania.
Wireless power transfer in cooperative dual-hop relaying systems with beamforming over generalized fading channels

In this paper, we analyze the performance of decode-and-forward (DF) dual-hop relaying networks with wireless energy harvesting at the relay node over the generalized η-μ and κ-μ fading channels. In the analysis, the source and destination nodes are equipped with multiple antennas, whereas the relay node is equipped with a single antenna. Exact analytical expression for the system outage probability (OP) is derived and evaluated. The derived OP expression considers two practical energy harvesting techniques, namely, time switching-based relaying (TSR) and power splitting-based relaying (PSR). Some numerical examples are provided to study the overall system performance under different system parameters, such as fading parameters, energy harvesting time, power splitting factor, and signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). Our numerical results are supported with Monte-Carlo simulations to validate the accuracy of our analysis.
Does an Electronic Health Record Improve Completeness of Prenatal Studies?

Summary Objective: To determine whether implementation of an electronic health record (EHR) would increase the rate of prenatal Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) and purified protein derivative (PPD) testing. Methods: Eligible participants received prenatal care and delivered at term at a single academic institution in March-April 2011, March-April 2012, and March-April 2013. As part of routine prenatal care, all women were tested for HIV and tuberculosis (via a PPD test) during each pregnancy. The 2011 cohort was charted on paper. The 2012 and 2013 cohorts were charted via EHR. To appear in the prenatal labs display in EHR, PPD results must be manually documented, while HIV results are uploaded automatically. Documentation of PPD and HIV tests were analyzed. Results: The 2011, 2012, and 2013 cohorts had 249, 208, and 190 patients, respectively. Complete PPD and HIV results were less likely to be charted in the 2012 EHR cohort compared to the paper chart cohort (72.1% vs. 80.1%; p=0.03). This was driven by fewer documented completed PPD tests (2011 83.9% vs. 2012 72.6%; p=0.003). PPD test documentation improved non-significantly to 86.2% in the 2013 EHR cohort (p=0.5). HIV documentation rates increased from 95.2% in the paper chart cohort to 98.6% in the 2012 EHR cohort (p=0.04), and to 98.9% in the 2013 EHR cohort (p=0.03). Conclusions: EHR implementation corresponded with a marked decrease in documentation of PPD test completion. HIV documentation rates improved. PPD results were likely charted incorrectly in provider notes due to training deficiencies and lack of standardization, which did not improve significantly after retraining.
Compilation Error Repair: For the Student Programs, From the Student Programs

Compile-time errors pose a major learning hurdle for students of introductory programming courses. Compiler error messages, while accurate, are targeted at seasoned programmers, and seem cryptic to beginners. In this work, we address this problem of pedagogically-inspired program repair and report TRACER (Targeted RepAir of Compilation ERrors), a system for performing repairs on compilation errors, aimed at introductory programmers. TRACER invokes a novel combination of tools from programming language theory and deep learning and offers repairs that not only enable successful compilation, but repairs that are very close to those actually performed by students on similar errors. The ability to offer such targeted corrections, rather than just code that compiles, makes TRACER more relevant in offering real-time feedback to students in lab or tutorial sessions, as compared to existing works that merely offer a certain compilation success rate. In an evaluation on 4500 erroneous C programs written by students of a freshman year programming course, TRACER recommends a repair exactly matching the one expected by the student for 68% of the cases, and in 79.27% of the cases, produces a compilable repair. On a further set of 6971 programs that require errors to be fixed on multiple lines, TRACER enjoyed a success rate of 44% compared to the 27% success rate offered by the state-of-the-art technique DeepFix.
Regulation of Lateral Hypothalamic Orexin Activity by Local GABAergic Neurons

Orexin (also known as hypocretin) neurons are considered a key component of the ascending arousal system. They are active during wakefulness, at which time they drive and maintain arousal, and are silent during sleep. Their activity is controlled by long-range inputs from many sources, as well as by more short-range inputs, including from presumptive GABAergic neurons in the lateral hypothalamus/perifornical region (LH/PF). To characterize local GABAergic input to orexin neurons, we used channelrhodopsin-2-assisted circuit mapping in brain slices. We expressed channelrhodopsin-2 in GABAergic neurons (Vgat+) in the LH/PF and recorded from genetically identified surrounding orexin neurons (LH/PFVgat → Orx). We performed all experiments in mice of either sex. Photostimulation of LH/PF GABAergic neurons inhibited the firing of orexin neurons through the release of GABA, evoking GABAA-mediated IPSCs in orexin neurons. These photo-evoked IPSCs were maintained in the presence of TTX, indicating direct connectivity. Carbachol inhibited LH/PFVgat → Orx input through muscarinic receptors. By contrast, application of orexin was without effect on LH/PFVgat → Orx input, whereas dynorphin, another peptide produced by orexin neurons, inhibited LH/PFVgat → Orx input through κ-opioid receptors. Our results demonstrate that orexin neurons are under inhibitory control by local GABAergic neurons and that this input is depressed by cholinergic signaling, unaffected by orexin and inhibited by dynorphin. We propose that local release of dynorphin may, via collaterals, provides a positive feedback to orexin neurons and that, during wakefulness, orexin neurons may be disinhibited by acetylcholine and by their own release of dynorphin. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT The lateral hypothalamus contains important wake-promoting cell populations, including orexin-producing neurons. Intermingled with the orexin neurons, there are other cell populations that selectively discharge during nonrapid eye movement or rapid eye movement sleep. Some of these sleep-active neurons release GABA and are thought to inhibit wake-active neurons during rapid eye movement and nonrapid eye movement sleep. However, this hypothesis had not been tested. Here we show that orexin neurons are inhibited by a local GABAergic input. We propose that this local GABAergic input inhibits orexin neurons during sleep but that, during wakefulness, this input is depressed, possibly through cholinergically mediated disinhibition and/or by release of dynorphin from orexin neurons themselves.
Influence of Material Structure on Thermoelectric Properties of Atomic Scale Systems.

Influence of Material Structure on Thermoelectric Properties of Atomic Scale Systems by Janakiraman Balachandran Co-Chair: Vikram Gavini Co-Chair: Pramod Sangi Reddy Developing high efficiency ambient temperature thermoelectric devices has huge potential in transforming electronics and biomedical device industries. The efficiency of a thermoelectric device is quantified by its figure of merit ZT . The ZT value of a device in turn is determined by its material properties such as thermopower (S), electrical conductivity (σ) and thermal conductivity (k). One of the major challenges in improving the ZT values is the simultaneous maximization of thermopower and electrical conductivity – which is possible only in zero dimensional nanoscale materials with discrete energy levels. To develop thermoelectric devices employing these nanoscale materials, we need to understand the electronic transport in nanometer length scale systems which is dominated by quantum mechanical effects. Heterojunctions where atomic-scale single molecules are placed in contact with metal electrode atoms (Au in this case)—commonly referred as metalmolecule-metal heterojunctions (MMMJs) are an excellent test system to understand
Ships that pass in the night: The cancer cytopathologist and the patient – caring and communication

Given the prevalence of imaging and the increasing use of minimally invasive techniques such as needle biopsy, cytopathologists often render the initial diagnosis of malignancy or confirm metastatic disease. These diagnoses reflect a shift in cytology from a long-standing focus on screening asymptomatic patients for precancerous lesions, as exemplified by the Papanicolaou test. Increasingly, cytopathologists are oncologic diagnosticians. Cytopathologists routinely provide real-time assessments of computed tomography and endoscopic-guided needle biopsies performed to diagnose and stage cancer and to obtain material for molecular testing. Patients generally have not chosen a specific cytopathologist to assist in their care in such circumstances, nor commonly does the cytologist know the patient. These seemingly chance encounters between patients and cytopathologists are like those of Longfellow’s “ships at sea. ” In this editorial, I discuss the “signals shown” the pathologist’s communication with patients within the context of the caring relationship between the 2 parties and also address the cytopathologist’s communication with clinicians on behalf of patients and with laypeople in nonclinical settings.