Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Comparison of astrospheres around cool and hot stars

Simulations of astrospheres around hot and cool stars have recently move into the focus of scientific research. We describe here the differences between the astrospheres around hot and cool stars. While those around the former are huge (on pc scales) because of their high stellar wind momentum flow, those around cool stars are on a AU scale and the heliosphere can be used as a standard. Here, we will compare the differences and commonalities between such astrospheres.
Research on high school students’ behavior in art course within a virtual learning environment based on SVVR

Introduction Students who use spherical video-based virtual reality (SVVR) teaching materials for learning are able to gain more self-regulated, explorative, and immersive experiences in a virtual environment. Using SVVR teaching materials in art courses can present diverse and unique teaching effects, while also leading to the emergence of students’ flow states. Methods Therefore, through an art course teaching experiment, this study investigated 380 high school students and used structural equation modeling to analyze the antecedents and outcomes of students’ flow state in using SVVR teaching materials. Results The results show that in using SVVR teaching materials in art courses, more attention should be paid to the control and telepresence in the antecedents of students’ flow state. Discussion Only when they obtain better flow experiences can they have higher perceived usefulness and satisfaction with the content of the art course, as well as stronger intentions to continue using it. These results can provide a reference for the development and use of SVVR teaching materials in high school art courses.
Study of magnetic resonance spectroscopy imaging technique in evaluating ring enhancing lesion in brain

Introduction: Ring-enhancing lesions is the most common abnormality faced in neuro-imaging. Imaging modalities commonly used to diagnose such lesions are Computed Tomography (CT) and MRI. However, these lesions are considered challenging for the radiologists. Diagnosing ring enhancing lesions by conventional MRI is challenging, especially when neoplastic, non-neoplastic lesions and infections are to be differentiated. Differentiation between tuberculoma and neurocysticercosis is still a problem for radiologist as both look similar on conventional MRI. Magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS) may able to clearly differentiate them based on metabolite level. Present study was conducted to study characteristics of various ring enhancing lesions of brain using conventional MRI and magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS) to differentiate neoplastic, infections, inflammatory and vascular lesions Materials and Methods: 50 patients between age 10 to 70 years diagnosed with ring enhancing lesions of brain based on MR studies fulfilling inclusion and exclusion criteria were enrolled. MRI scan was performed using the MRI GE optima 360-16 channel in all. Single voxel magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS) used instead of multi-voxel which was placed on the lesion in a way that the maximum area of the lesion, its margin and the normal brain tissue will be covered. Observations and Results: Primary Brain Tumors found in 16 (32%) cases, Metastasis in 22 (44%), Abscess in 8 (16%), Neurocysticercosis (NCC) in 2 (4%), Tuberculoma in 1 (2%) & Tumefactive Demyelination in 1 (2%) case. In majority of cases i.e. 38 (76%) size of the lesion was <2 cm. In about 26 (52%) cases number of lesions were 2 to 4 in number. Restriction on diffusion was found in 29 (58%) cases. In majority choline 26 (52%) & lipid 24 (48%) was the metabolite peak found Conclusion: Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy (MRS) was found a useful tool in the diagnosis of ring enhancing lesions especially in case of delineating lesions with similar presentations such as tuberculoma and neurocysticercosis.
A novel distance that reduces information loss in continuous characters with few observations

The calculation of pairwise distances is a fundamental step in many statistical analyses in biology and paleontology. The most commonly used distances work with a single observation per object and character, but there are scenarios where multiple observations are available per object. In these situations, the information for the character spans an interval, and pairs of objects can have overlapping intervals, which further complicates the distance calculation. Some coefficients can deal with this wealth of information but are either too coarse to provide detailed results or too computationally demanding for even moderately large data sets. Here, we present the Distance Between Intervals (DBI) as a novel semi-metric distance that can accommodate both singular and multiple observations per object by analyzing them as intervals. The DBI ranges from 0 to 1 when there is an overlap between the objects and from 1 to infinity when there is no overlap between them. It is easy to calculate and can be applied to a wide variety of data types. Both simulated and empirical test cases show that the DBI correctly ranks pairs of objects by their level of overlap and non-overlap, while other distances struggle to do it. Therefore, the DBI can provide a finer level of definition than other available distances for empirical data sets, while generally agreeing with the broad results they provide. An implementation of DBI is provided for the R programming language.
The ScaleX campaign: scale-crossing land-surface and boundary layer processes in the TERENO-preAlpine observatory

AbstractScaleX is a collaborative measurement campaign, collocated with a long-term environmental observatory of the German Terrestrial Environmental Observatories (TERENO) network in the mountainous terrain of the Bavarian Prealps, Germany. The aims of both TERENO and ScaleX include the measurement and modeling of land surface–atmosphere interactions of energy, water, and greenhouse gases. ScaleX is motivated by the recognition that long-term intensive observational research over years or decades must be based on well-proven, mostly automated measurement systems, concentrated in a small number of locations. In contrast, short-term intensive campaigns offer the opportunity to assess spatial distributions and gradients by concentrated instrument deployments, and by mobile sensors (ground and/or airborne) to obtain transects and three-dimensional patterns of atmospheric, surface, or soil variables and processes. Moreover, intensive campaigns are ideal proving grounds for innovative instruments, methods, and.
Analisis Kesulitan Siswa Dalam Pemecahan Masalah Matematika

This article is an analysis of the test results about mathematical problem solving 6th grade elementary school students. The analysis aimed to find out the kinds of difficulties, causes difficulties, and how the handling of student difficulties in solving mathematical problems. From the analysis, teachers are expected to be able to anticipate what factors can make obstacles for students to work on the problems of mathematical problem solving. Keywords: mathematical problem solving .
The Effect of Animated Education and Cartoon Video on Children Anxiety during Intravenous Insertion

Intravenous (IV) insertion is one of the most common invasive procedures that causes pain, fear, and even stress for children. Uncontrolled anxiety feeling can develop into excessive anxiety and create a permanent traumatic impact on a child's life. Children need to know about the procedure that they will face in interesting way. This study purpose to identify the effectiveness of providing information through animated educational media about IV insertion on children's anxiety responses. This quantitative research used quasy-experimental design approach to compare three interventions between Animated Educational Video, Cartoon Video and Control Group. The samples of this study were choosen by consecutive sampling which it starts on April until June 2022. It was conducted at emergency unit of three hospitals area in Bali Province. Total respondents were about 90 children divided into three groups. Data was collected using Children Fear's Scale (CFS) as the instrument. This study found that there was a significant difference between three intervention groups ( α =0,008 p<0,05). The animated education video group showed lowest mean anxiety score (1.90) compared to other group interventions. The developed animated education video can be selected intervention to control the anxiety feeling of children during IV insertion.
Proof of the Achievability Conjectures for the General Stochastic Block Model

In a paper that initiated the modern study of the stochastic block model (SBM), Decelle, Krzakala, Moore, and Zdeborová, backed by Mossel, Neeman, and Sly, conjectured that detecting clusters in the symmetric SBM in polynomial time is always possible above the Kesten‐Stigum (KS) threshold, while it is possible to detect clusters information theoretically (i.e., not necessarily in polynomial time) below the KS threshold when the number of clusters k is at least 4. Massoulié, Mossel et al., and Bordenave, Lelarge, and Massoulié proved that the KS threshold is in fact efficiently achievable for k = 2, while Mossel et al. proved that it cannot be crossed at k = 2. The above conjecture remained open for k ≥ 3.
Infinite-dimensional disturbance-observer-based control for an axially moving non-uniform system with input constraint

In this paper, the vibration control and input saturation constraint problem of an axially moving non-uniform system subject to unknown disturbances is investigated. The key control objectives are to control the vibration of the system and eliminate the effects of the input saturation constraint. To that end, a boundary control with an auxiliary system is designed by utilizing Lyapunov’s direct method. Additionally, a boundary disturbance observer is proposed to deal with the boundary disturbance, and an infinite-dimensional disturbance observer is introduced to mitigate the effects of the distributed disturbance. With the designed boundary control, uniformly bounded stability of the controlled system is achieved through rigorous Lyapunov analysis without any model reduction. Finally, simulation results are given to show the effectiveness of the designed control scheme.
Processing of Coal into Coke with the Pyrolysis Method

Utilization of coal as a direct fuel can cause environmental problems such as solid waste in the form of fly ash (flyash). This study aims to process coal into coke using the pyrolysis method in the hope of increasing the quality and efficiency of coal that is safe for the environment. This research was conducted in 3 stages. The first stage was carried out by crushing coal, sieving coal, testing proximate and ultimate coal, and analyzing the calorific value of coal. The second stage is carried out by preparing coal, pyrolysis of coal using a set of pyrolysis tools. Pyrolysis was operated at ± 400oC using a stainless reactor with a reactor volume capacity of 16 liters. Pyrolysis is carried out until no more liquid smoke is produced. The third stage was carried out by crushing the coke product, testing the proximate and ultimate coke (moisture content, ash content, volatile matter, fixed carbon, total sulfur), and analyzing the calorific value of the coke. The results showed that the quality of coal could be improved by processing it into coke using the pyrolysis method as evidenced by a decrease in water content, a decrease in volatile matter, an increase in fixed carbon, and an increase in calorific value
Closing the Reactive Carbon Flux Budget: Observations From Dual Mass Spectrometers Over a Coniferous Forest

We use observations from dual high‐resolution mass spectrometers to characterize ecosystem‐atmosphere fluxes of reactive carbon across an extensive range of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) and test how well that exchange is represented in current chemical transport models. Measurements combined proton‐transfer reaction mass spectrometry (PTRMS) and iodide chemical ionization mass spectrometry (ICIMS) over a Colorado pine forest; together, these techniques have been shown to capture the majority of ambient VOC abundance and reactivity. Total VOC mass and associated OH reactivity fluxes were dominated by emissions of 2‐methyl‐3‐buten‐2‐ol, monoterpenes, and small oxygenated VOCs, with a small number of compounds detected by PTRMS driving the majority of both net and upward exchanges. Most of these dominant species are explicitly included in chemical models, and we find here that GEOS‐Chem accurately simulates the net and upward VOC mass and OH reactivity fluxes under clear sky conditions. However, large upward terpene fluxes occurred during sustained rainfall, and these are not captured by the model. Far more species contributed to the downward fluxes than are explicitly modeled, leading to a major underestimation of this key sink of atmospheric reactive carbon. This model bias mainly reflects missing and underestimated concentrations of depositing species, though inaccurate deposition velocities also contribute. The deposition underestimate is particularly large for assumed isoprene oxidation products, organic acids, and nitrates—species that are primarily detected by ICIMS. Net ecosystem‐atmosphere fluxes of ozone reactivity were dominated by sesquiterpenes and monoterpenes, highlighting the importance of these species for predicting near‐surface ozone, oxidants, and aerosols.
Design of (3,2) and (4,2) CNTFET Ternary Counters for Multipliers

The reduction trees of combinational multipliers are widely applying counters. To be able to compare the ternary and the binary approaches, Nanotube Field-Effect Transistor (CNTFET) ternary (3,2) and ternary (4,2) counters have been designed. The ternary (4,2) counter is compared with the binary (7,3) counter as both compute approximately the same amount of information. The binary counter is more efficient. However, comparing counters is not enough: in the Wallace reduction tree of the ternary multiplier, there are two times more lines to reduce compared to the binary one, as a 1-trit multiplier generates both product and carry terms. Comparing the Wallace tree of an 8*8-trit multiplier and a 12*12-bit binary one also shows that the binary implementation is the most efficient.
An Unusual Cluster of Roseomonas mucosa Cases in a Hospital System: Related or Not?

Roseomonas mucosa is considered an opportunistic pathogen and the majority of R. mucosa cases are bacteremia in patients with a malignancy. Our clinical microbiology laboratory noticed an unusual trend of four R. mucosa -positive cultures (two blood, one abscess and one corneal swab) from four separate patients within a period of 45 days. To determine if the four isolates were related, whole genome sequencing (WGS) and single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) analysis were performed. WGS analysis demonstrated >4000 SNPs between the isolates suggesting they were not related. Here we present a case series of four separate patients with R. mucosa -positive cultures , and collaboration between the clinical microbiology laboratory and state public health department to use WGS for assessing the relatedness of R. mucosa isolates.
Reporting of Social and Governance Measures in 2020 and 2021 by Real Estate Companies Stemming from German-Speaking Countries

In recent years, Environment, Social and Governance (ESG) re­lated rules such as the Taxonomy Regulation of the European Union (EU) have had a lasting impact on the real estate industry and other market participants, and this trend is expected to continue. This study compares European regulation with common sustainability reporting practices in the Real Estate (RE) Sector in Germany, Austria and Switzerland (DACH re­gion). The aim is to investigate what type of information related to em­ployees and other social and governance issues is being provided and by how many of the largest RE firms are in the years 2020 and 2021. Our find­ings show that 20 out of 35 sustainability measures are more often report­ed in 2021 than in 2020. Although the trend is positive, there is still a lot of room for improving reporting quality. Small reporting frequencies are ob­servable in the case of the following ESG measures: violations of the code of conduct (mentioned 1 time in 2020 and 2 times in 2021), safety inspec­tions of buildings (mentioned 5 times in 2020 and 8 times in 2021), the to­tal number of suppliers (mentioned 4 times in 2020 and 6 times in 2021), the share of expenses for local suppliers in % (mentioned 2 times in 2020 and 3 times in 2021), and obtained well-being certificates (reported by 5 firms in 2020 and 4 ones in 2021). Only 5 in 2021 (2 in 2020) firms planned to tie the board compensation to sustainability measures. These findings are important for individuals, companies, institutions and policymakers introducing new sustainability reporting rules in Europe as not only the real estate industry needs to prepare for the uniform EU taxonomy report­ing requirements besides CSRD in the future.
A Multiple Fluctuations and Detrending Analysis of Financial Market Efficiency: Comparison of Central and Eastern European Stock Indexes

The analysis of stock market behaviour is still a very appealing topic because it can give investors information about where to invest their money. In this context, a dynamic investiga­tion of Austria’s (ATX), Serbia’s (BELEX 15), Hungary’s (BUX), Cro­atia’s (CROBEX), Russia’s (IMOEX), Czech Republic’s (PX PRAGUE), Slovenia’s (SBITOP), and Poland’s (WIG) capital markets is car­ried out from September 18th, 2017, to September 15th, 2022. The results suggest that most indexes are far from being absent of long-term dependency, which may be interpreted as inefficiency; that is, throughout the Tranquil period, the stock market indexes SBI TOP (0.59), AEX (0.54), WIG (0.54), PRAGUE (0.53), and BELEX 15 (0.52) exhibit dependence over time. The CROBEX (0.47) and BUX (0.44) indexes indicate anti persistence, however, the Russian market shows equilibrium (0.49 ≌ 0.0126), indicating that the ran­dom walk hypothesis is not rejected. When we look at the behav­iour of the markets under consideration during the Stress subpe­riod, we see that persistence was significantly higher in the capi­tal markets under analysis, except for the Russian market, which demonstrates some equilibrium. To conclude, we suggest that policymakers must take a comprehensive approach to improve the efficiency of international financial markets during times of stress due to uncertainty in the global economy and its influence on the memory properties of capital markets.
Generalized instrumental variable models, methods, and applications

This chapter sets out the extension of the scope of the classical IV model to cases in which unobserved variables are set-valued functions of observed variables. The resulting Generalized IV (GIV) models can be used when outcomes are discrete while unobserved variables are continuous, when there are rich specifications of heterogeneity as in random coefficient models, and when there are inequality restrictions constraining observed outcomes and unobserved variables. There are many other applications and classical IV models arise as a special case. The chapter provides characterizations of the identified sets delivered by GIV models. It gives details of the application of GIV analysis to models with an interval censored endogenous variable and to binary outcome models ? for example probit models ? with endogenous explanatory variables. It illustrates how the identified sets delivered by GIV models can be represented by moment inequality characterizations that have been the focus of recently developed methods for inference. An empirical application to a binary outcome model of female labor force participation is worked through in detail.
Structural and Optical Properties of Bismuth-doped Cerium Oxide Prepared at a Low Temperature

Cerium oxide (CeO2) is a functional material with excellent physicochemical properties. Its properties can be modified by doping with different elements, including bismuth, which can be done through various synthesis methods. The precipitation method combined with ultrasonic radiation was used to synthesize bismuth-doped cerium oxide (CeO2:Bi) at a low temperature of 200oC. In this study, we investigate the alteration of structural and optical properties of as-prepared CeO2:Bi by subjecting it to additional calcination at a high temperature of 500oC. The structural and optical properties of CeO2:Bi were characterized using thermal gravimetric analysis, X-ray diffraction, Scanning Electron Microscope-Energy Dispersive X-Ray, Fourier Transform Infrared spectroscopy, and UV-Visible spectroscopy. The additional calcination produced a less significant weight-loss percentage than the as-prepared CeO2:Bi observed from the gravimetric curve. The Fourier transform infrared spectrum revealed the loss of a small number of hydroxyl molecules trapped on the CeO2:Bi surface when additional calcination was subjected. Based on the X-ray diffraction spectra, additional calcination results in the smallest crystallite size and compressive strain without the changed cubic crystal structure of CeO2:Bi. The successful doping of Bi in CeO2 was confirmed by the composition analysis from Energy Dispersive X-Ray measurement. Scanning electron microscope image showed spherical and agglomerated particles of calcined CeO2:Bi. The optical properties of both CeO2:Bi possessed similar trend absorption spectra and almost the same band gap energy. The results indicated that the calcination of as-prepared CeO2:Bi at a temperature of 500oC did not affect its structural and optical properties significantly. Thus, combining ultrasonic radiation with precipitation is an advantageous method to synthesize at a low temperature of stable CeO2:Bi crystalline.
150th Anniversary of global adenoid investigations: unanswered questions and unsolved problems

Although the problem of adenoid hypertrophy (AH) has been diagnosed and treated by doctors and scientists from around the world for the last 150 years, there is still no consensus regarding appropriate diagnosis, conservative treatment options, and qualification for surgery. This manuscript presents current knowledge on these issues and compares diagnostic methods and the effectiveness of treatment options. Factors that may influence the obtained treatment results are also described, and a questionnaire is proposed to compare the results of treatment. The objective of drawing attention to this problem is to obtain better results from conservative treatment in the future and better-qualified patients for surgical treatment.