Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Conditioned and Unconditioned Stimuli Increase Frontal Cortical and Hippocampal Acetylcholine Release: Effects of Novelty, Habituation, and Fear

Recent evidence showing that basal forebrain cholinergic neurons with projections to the frontal cortex and hippocampus are activated by behaviorally salient stimuli suggests that these neurons are involved in arousal and/or attentional processes. We sought in the present experiments to test this hypothesis by examining whether unconditioned stimuli (a tone and flashing light) that normally increase cortical and hippocampal acetylcholine (ACh) release would fail to do so after habituation (i.e., repeated presentation with no programmed consequences). In addition, the extent to which presentation of these stimuli would continue to increase ACh release when they had previously been paired with an aversive stimulus was investigated. Three experimental groups were used: habituation, novel stimuli, and conditioned fear. Subjects in each of these groups were placed in a training apparatus for twelve 200 min sessions. While the habituation group received extensive exposure to the tone and light during the training sessions, subjects in the novel stimuli group were placed in the apparatus but were never exposed to the tone or light during these sessions. The conditioned fear group was treated identically to the habituation group, with the addition that the tone and light were paired with footshock. On completion of these training schedules, all animals were implanted with microdialysis probes in the frontal cortex and hippocampus. Two days later, they were placed in the apparatus and the tone and light were presented to all subjects during microdialysis. In the novel stimuli group, the tone and light (unconditioned stimuli) produced significant increases in frontal cortical and hippocampal ACh release. Similarly, in the conditioned fear group, presentation of the tone and light (conditioned stimuli) also significantly increased ACh release in frontal cortex and hippocampus. In contrast, in the habituation group the tone and light failed to significantly enhance ACh release in either structure. During the test session, the tone and light elicited a variety of arousal- and fear-related behaviors in the novel stimuli and conditioned fear groups. In contrast, subjects in the habituation group generally failed to respond to these stimuli. These data indicate that cortically and hippocampally projecting basal forebrain cholinergic neurons are activated by conditioned and unconditioned stimuli that produce arousal in rats (novelty or conditioned fear). In contrast, presentation of these stimuli to habituated animals fails to enhance ACh release. These findings are consistent with a growing body of information indicating that ACh release in the cortex and hippocampus is reliably activated by behaviorally relevant stimuli. They also provide strong support for the hypothesis that cholinergic neurons in the basal forebrain are involved in arousal and/or attentional processes.
Simulation and Research of Transient Recovery Voltage

Transient recovery voltage (TRV) is one of inherent characteristics in power system, the peak and rate of rise of TRV are important factors affecting switching course of test circuit breaker. Circuit breakers can fail to interrupt fault current when the power system has TRV characteristics that exceed the rating of the circuit breaker. The paper investigates the transient requirements of 1100kV circuit breakers by ATP simulation calculation mainly for Jindongnan-Nanyang-Jingmen ultra high voltage (UHV) pilot project. This research item includes TRV after circuit breakers interrupt the short-circuit currents or the current in out of phase condition and TRV under different fault types. The investigation was carried out by digital simulation to analyze TRV waveforms. The paper present the detailed setting-up of the digital model of the substation based on the on-site measurement of the substation data. Based on the output, the peak values and rate of rise of the TRV waveforms can be determined. Finally, the paper gives some measures of suppressing TRV, simulates and analyzes suppression effect of MOA on transient recovery voltage.
Compressibility of the Arterial Wall

The assumption of incompressibility has often been applied to the analysis of arterial-wall elasticity; however, the supporting evidence has been incomplete. The present study was designed to explore this problem in greater depth by accurately measuring the changes in tissue volume associated with large, induced strains on 11 thoracic aorta segments excised from dogs. The radial, circumferential, and longitudinal stresses were measured as the artery was subjected to an internal pressure and longitudinal stretch greater than those in vivo. From these data it was possible to calculate the hydrostatic stress. The associated changes in volume of the aortic wall tissue were measured with a specially designed apparatus. The greatest volumetric strain (ΔV/V) was 0.00165. The bulk moduli obtained by dividing the hydrostatic stresses by the corresponding volume strains averaged 4.44 × 106 g/cm2. Similar studies were also carried out on the abdominal aorta and the carotid, iliac, and pulmonary arteries. The volumetric strains observed were of the same magnitude. It is concluded that for most practical purposes arteries may be considered incompressible.
Empirical analysis of different levels of meta-evolution

We analyze different levels of meta-evolution using a graph based GP system. The system allows one to represent individuals of the search space and genetic variation operators in a coherent way as graph programs differing only in the operator set. Seven variants of meta-evolution are tested on three real world classification problems. The most complex variant consists of three meta-levels where graph programs on meta-level 1 recombine individuals of the search space (base level), graph programs on meta-level 2 recombine programs on meta-level 1, and programs on meta-level 3 recombine programs on meta-level 2 and themselves. The empirical results shows that the use of meta levels is advantageous.
On the Regulation of A Vertically Differentiated Market Through Taxation/Subsidization of Product Quality

The aim of this paper is to investigate a vertically differentiated market served either by a multiproduct monopolist or by duopolists, in which a public authority aiming at increasing the welfare level can choose among two instruments, namely, quality taxation/subsidization, and minimum quality standard. In the monopoly case they are equivalent as to the social welfare level, in that both allow the regulator to achieve the second best level of social welfare he would attain if he were to set qualities under the monopoly pricing rule, while they are not equivalent in terms of the distribution of surplus. In the duopoly regime, we show that there exists a taxation/subsidization scheme inducing firms to produce the socially optimal qualities.
Affine sl_p controls the representation theory of the symmetric group and related Hecke algebras

In this paper we prove theorems that describe how the representation theory of the affine Hecke algebra of type A and of related algebras such as the group algebra of the symmetric group are controlled by integrable highest weight representations of the characteristic zero affine Lie algebra \hat{sl}_l. In particular we parameterise the representations of these algebras by the nodes of the crystal graph, and give various Hecke theoretic descriptions of the edges. As a consequence we find for each prime p a basis of the integrable representations of \hat{sl}_l which shares many of the remarkable properties, such as positivity, of the global crystal basis/canonical basis of Lusztig and Kashiwara. This {\it $p$-canonical basis} is the usual one when p = 0, and the crystal of the p-canonical basis is always the usual one. The paper is self-contained, and our techniques are elementary (no perverse sheaves or algebraic geometry is invoked).
Detection of Data Leakage in Cloud Computing Environment

In the recent years internet technologies has become the backbone of any business organization. These organizations use this facility to improve their efficiency by transferring data from one location to another. But, there are number of threats in transferring critical organizational data as any culprit employee may public this data. This problem is known as data leakage problem. In the proposed work, we are suggesting a model for data leakage problem. In this model, our aim is to identify the culprit who has leaked the critical organizational data.
The Role of Civil Society in Environmental Governance in the United States and China

China’s burgeoning environmental problems have helped mobilize the emergence of a robust civil society devoted to combating pollution, much as occurred in the U.S a half-century ago. This article compares the Chinese experience with that of the U.S. After comparing the historical evolution of environmental NGOs in the U.S. and China, the article examines their efforts to influence the adoption, implementation and enforcement of environmental legislation in each country. Because of heavy state control of non-governmental organizations (NGOs), Chinese civil society groups operate in a much more confined legal and political environment than their counterparts in the United States. Until recently, Chinese law did not expressly authorize citizen suits of the kind that fueled the environmental movement in the U.S. Chinese NGOs have adapted to these constraints by focusing on transparency initiatives that encourage companies voluntarily to improve their environmental practices. After discussing such initiatives, the article concludes by examining what each country can learn from the other. The authors caution that one should not assume that aspects of one’s legal system can be transplanted effectively to the other. While China has the luxury of being able to enact tough environmental laws with little effective opposition from the regulated community, the lack of hard-fought legislative battles that produce compromises with industry also may be a factor contributing to China’s greater problem of enforcing its environmental laws. In light of the highly decentralized nature of China’s legal system, difficulties with environmental enforcement should provide a cautionary lesson for those in the U.S. who advocate relaxing federal regulation and devolving greater environmental authority to lower levels of government.
Performance of soil moisture retrieval algorithms using multiangular L band brightness temperatures

The Soil Moisture and Ocean Salinity (SMOS) mission of the European Space Agency was successfully launched in November 2009 to provide global surface soil moisture and sea surface salinity maps. The SMOS single payload is the Microwave Imaging Radiometer by Aperture Synthesis (MIRAS), an L band two‐dimensional aperture synthesis interferometric radiometer with multiangular and polarimetric imaging capabilities. SMOS‐derived soil moisture products are expected to have an accuracy of 0.04 m3/m3 over 50 × 50 km2 and a revisit time of 3 days. Previous studies have remarked the necessity of combining SMOS brightness temperatures with auxiliary data to achieve the required accuracy. However, the required auxiliary data and optimal soil moisture retrieval setup need yet to be optimized. Also, the satellite operation mode (dual polarization or full polarimetric) is an open issue to be addressed during the commissioning phase activities. In this paper, an in‐depth study of the different retrieval configurations and ancillary data needed for the retrieval of soil moisture from future SMOS observations is presented. A dedicated L2 Processor Simulator software has been developed to obtain soil moisture estimates from SMOS‐like brightness temperatures generated using the SMOS End‐to‐End Performance Simulator (SEPS). Full‐polarimetric brightness temperatures are generated in SEPS, and soil moisture retrievals are performed using vertical (Tvv) and horizontal (Thh) brightness temperatures and using the first Stokes parameter (TI). Results show the accuracy obtained with the different retrieval setups for four main surface conditions combining wet and dry soils with bare and vegetation‐covered surfaces. Soil moisture retrievals using TI exhibit a significantly better performance than using Thh and Tvv in all scenarios, which indicates that the dual‐polarization mode should not be disregarded. The uncertainty of the ancillary data used in the minimization process and its effect on the retrievals is thoroughly evaluated, and an optimum soil moisture retrieval configuration is devised.
Experimental demonstration of plasticity in the heat shock response of the intertidal mussel Mytilus californianus

We report the results of a reciprocal transplant experiment that tested plasticity in the heat shock response (HSR) of an intertidal mussel, Mytilus californianus (Conrad), in its natural habi- tat. We predicted that mussels inhabiting the upper edge of their vertical distribution, the high inter- tidal mussel bed, would display physiological signatures of greater thermal stress, specifically higher levels of an inducible heat shock protein isoform, Hsp72, and a higher temperature at which de novo synthesis of Hsp72 begins (threshold induction temperature). However, due to limits in physiological plasticity, we also predicted that the HSR of mussels transplanted between high and low areas would resemble that of mussels from both their source and their transplant microhabitats. The transplant experiment was conducted on the central coast of Oregon; mussels were transplanted between and within the high and low intertidal areas of the mussel bed in May 2001 and collected for measure- ment in August 2001. In addition, mussels from the natural populations of these areas were collected for comparison with experimental groups in May and August 2001. Using dissected gill tissue from each group of mussels, threshold induction temperatures and cellular levels of isoforms of the 70 kDa Hsp gene family were measured using in vitro metabolic labeling and immunochemical detection, respectively. The results demonstrated that the HSR was highly plastic over small spatial scales in the rocky intertidal habitat, although the compensation of the transplanted mussels was not perfect in every group. For example, although the induction temperature range was similar among mussels either collected from, or transplanted to the high-bed, those transplanted to the low-bed from the high zone displayed a broader range of induction temperatures, indicating that some mussels retained elements in their HSR with greater resemblance to mussels from their source microhabitat than those in their new microhabitat. Levels of inducible Hsp72 were greater in mussels from the high-bed than the low-bed, indicating that organisms from closely spaced microhabitats experience different levels of protein damage from environmental stress.
Convergence analysis of turbo codes over half-duplex relay channel

In this paper, we propose a design of turbo code with good convergence behavior for the half-duplex relay channel. Our approach is based on the density evolution of extrinsic information of turbo decoders. We present an approach to calculate the decoding thresholds of turbo codes used in relay channel. We have searched for good turbo codes in fully interleaved Rayleigh fading channels and determined their convergence thresholds. Finally, we have presented some simulation results verifying our calculated convergence thresholds.
Checking Equality of Matroid Linear Representations and the Cycle Matching Problem

Given linear representations M1 and M2 of matroids over a field F, we consider the problem (denoted by ECLR[F]), of checking if M1 and M2 represent the same matroid over F. We show that when F = Z2, ECLR[Z2] is complete for ⊕L under logspace many-one reductions. When F = Q, given linear representations M1,M2 ∈ Q m×n as input, any set of indexes X ⊆ {1,. ,n} such that columns corresponding to these indexes in X are linearly dependent in one linear representation but are linearly independent in the other linear representation is a witness that M1 and M2 represent different matroids over Q. We show that the decision and the search version of this problem are polynomial time equivalent. We consider the CYCLE MATCHING problem of checking if for a pair of undirected graphs G1 = (V1,E1) and G2 = (V2,E2) given as input with n = |V1| = |V2|, we check if the set of vertices having indexes in X ⊆ {1,. ,n} form a cycle in G1 if and only if the corresponding set of vertices having indexes in X ⊆ {1,. ,n} form a cycle in G2 for all X ⊆ {1,. ,n}. We show that CYCLE MATCHING is complete for L. Also the problem of counting the number of X ⊆ {1,. ,n} such that vertices with indexes in X form a cycle in one of the input graphs but not in the other is shown to be #P-complete.
Designing for photolurking

This paper describes our early work on design and development to support photolurking. Photolurking is browsing and looking at people's photographs without participating in discussion or addressing the owner of the photographs or photologs, whilst still discussing them in other avenues. We suggest several recommendations, including supporting ad-hoc instantaneous sharing, having remote and live discussion with groups of friends, and fostering collaborative experience. Having said that, the aim of this paper is not to propose an ideal application for supporting photolurking, but rather to provide an instance of how findings and analysis from ethnographic studies can feed into practical design.
Trends and cycles in labour productivity in the major OECD countries

This paper uses a multivariate generalization of the Beveridge and Nelson methodology to model trends and cycles of business sector labour productivity in the major OECD countries. The method implies that the trend is the long-run forecast of productivity, given all available information; the cycle is thus interpreted as the total excess growth that would be forecasted beyond `normal' rates of productivity (see Evans and Reichlin (1993a)). Multivariate trends in productivity were estimated including series that Granger-cause and possibly are cointegrated with productivity. The corresponding cycles were compared with those generated by the Hodrick-Prescott filter and with the business cycle data of the OECD. The stability and predictive properties of the Beveridge-Nelson and Hodrick-Prescott trends were compared. Finally, the estimated productivity gaps were used as proxies for capacity utilization in economic models of price formation in order to assess their empirical validity. The sample period considered is 1960-92 and data are quarterly.
Cortico-Amygdala Coupling as a Marker of Early Relapse Risk in Cocaine-Addicted Individuals

Addiction to cocaine is a chronic condition characterized by high rates of early relapse. This study builds on efforts to identify neural markers of relapse risk by studying resting-state functional connectivity (rsFC) in neural circuits arising from the amygdala, a brain region implicated in relapse-related processes including craving and reactivity to stress following acute and protracted withdrawal from cocaine. Whole-brain resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging connectivity (6 min) was assessed in 45 cocaine-addicted individuals and 22 healthy controls. Cocaine-addicted individuals completed scans in the final week of a residential treatment episode. To approximate preclinical models of relapse-related circuitry, separate seeds were derived for the left and right basolateral (BLA) and corticomedial (CMA) amygdala. Participants also completed the Iowa Gambling Task, Wisconsin Card Sorting Test, Cocaine Craving Questionnaire, Obsessive-Compulsive Cocaine Use Scale and Personality Inventory. Relapse within the first 30 days post-treatment (n = 24) was associated with reduced rsFC between the left CMA and ventromedial prefrontal cortex/rostral anterior cingulate cortex (vmPFC/rACC) relative to cocaine-addicted individuals who remained abstinent (non-relapse, n = 21). Non-relapse participants evidenced reduced rsFC between the bilateral BLA and visual processing regions (lingual gyrus/cuneus) compared to controls and relapsed participants. Early relapse was associated with fewer years of education but unrelated to trait reactivity to stress, neurocognitive and clinical characteristics or cocaine use history. Findings suggest that rsFC within neural circuits implicated in preclinical models of relapse may provide a promising marker of relapse risk in cocaine-addicted individuals. Future efforts to replicate the current findings and alter connectivity within these circuits may yield novel interventions and improve treatment outcomes.
Ricean Shadowed Statistical Characterization of Shallow Water Acoustic Channels for Wireless Communications

In this letter, the statistical behaviour of the shallow water acoustic channel for wireless communications is shown to be well characterized by the Ricean shadowed distribution, which has never been proposed for communication purposes on this type of channel. This characterization is clearly motivated from statistical and physical perspectives and has both theoretical and practical advantages compared to previously proposed models.
Microeconomics and behavior

Part 1 Introduction: thinking like an economist supply and demand. Part 2 The theory of consumer behaviour - rational consumer choices individual and market demand applications of rational choice and demand theories the economics of information and choice under uncertainty (supplementary) explaining tastes - the importance of altruism and other non-egoistic behaviour (supplementary) cognitive limitations and consumer behaviour (supplementary). Part 3 The theory of the firm and market structure: production costs perfect competition mono[poly oligopoly and monopolistic competition. Part 4 Factor markets: labour capital (supplementary). Part 5 General equilibrium and welfare: general equilibrium and market efficiency externalities, property rights, and the Case theorem government (supplementary). Appendices: the utility function approach to the consumer budgeting problem additional topics in demand theory additional topics in supply theory search theory and the winner's curse mathematical extensions of production theory additional extensions of the theory of costs additional models of monopolistic competition a more detailed look at exhaustible resource allocation.
Image Resolution and Contrast Enhancement of Satellite Geographical Images with Removal of Noise using Wavelet Transforms

In this paper the technique for resolution and contrast enhancement of satellite geographical images based on discrete wavelet transform (DWT), stationary wavelet transform (SWT) and singular value decomposition (SVD) has been proposed. In this, the noise is added in the input low resolution and low contrast image. The median filter is used remove noise from the input image. This low resolution, low contrast image without noise is decomposed into four sub-bands by using DWT and SWT. The resolution enhancement technique is based on the interpolation of high frequency components obtained by DWT and input image. SWT is used to enhance input image. DWT is used to decompose an image into four frequency sub bands and these four sub-bands are interpolated using bicubic interpolation technique. All these sub-bands are reconstructed as high resolution image by using inverse DWT (IDWT). To increase the contrast the proposed technique uses DWT and SVD. GHE is used to equalize an image. The equalized image is decomposed into four sub-bands using DWT and new LL sub-band is reconstructed using SVD. All sub-bands are reconstructed using IDWT to generate high resolution and contrast image over conventional techniques. The experimental result shows superiority of the proposed technique over conventional techniques. Key words: Discrete wavelet transform (DWT), General histogram equalization (GHE), Median filter, Singular value decomposition (SVD), Stationary wavelet transform (SWT).