Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Magnetic Mineralogy, Paleomagnetism, and Magnetostratigraphy of Nayarit Volcanic Formations, Western Mexico: A Pilot Study

The first rock-magnetic, paleomagnetic, and magnetostratigraphic study was carried out on Late Miocene volcanic formations from the Nayarit area (western Mexico) in order to provide constraints for the tectonic evolution of the western Trans-Mexican volcanic belt (TMVB) and southern Gulf of California extensional province (GEP), and to establish a reference magnetostratigraphy for the volcanic sequences. Rock-magnetic experiments show that remanence is carried in most cases by Tipoor titanomagnetite, resulting from oxy-exsolution of original titanomagnetite during the initial flow cooling. Unblocking temperature spectra and relatively high coercivities point to "small" pseudo-single domain magnetic grains for these (titano)magnetites. Single-component, linear demagnetization plots were observed in most cases. The mean paleodirection obtained in this study is I = 33.7°, D = 358.4°, k = 140, a95 = 3.0°, N = 17. This mean direction is in agreement with the expected paleodirections for the Late Miocene, as derived from reference poles for the North American plate. These results suggest that no major tectonic deformation has occurred in the Nayarit area since ~11 Ma, in contrast to the left-lateral transtension and extensional faulting proposed for the TMVB and GEP during this period. Magnetic polarities obtained for the studied units are consistent with their stratigraphic position and with radiometric dating for individual units. By combining the available geochronologic data with the polarity of paleomagnetic samples, better constraints on the age of emplacement are achieved.
Characterization of the autumn Iberian precipitation from long‐term datasets: comparison between observed and hindcasted data

The present paper is focused on the analysis of the characterization of the autumn precipitation regime over the Iberian Peninsula. To this aim, different long‐term, observed, hindcasted and reanalysed datasets are used to analyse the 41‐year (1961–2001) time period. A long‐term high‐resolution precipitation database, derived from more than 4000 in situ observational stations, is used to characterize the rainfall regime. This observational data, used as a reference, allows the verification of the realism of different existing long‐term hindcasted and reanalysed products. These verification and comparison exercises were carried out with the autumn monthly hindcasted data derived from the high‐resolution Mediterranean Hindcast of Dynamic Processes of the Ocean and Coastal Areas of Europe (HIPOCAS) database, as well as the NCEP and ERA global reanalysis data. The characterization of autumn Iberian rainfall is carried out, both in terms of spatial and time variability, by means of spatial distribution of different statistics and a principal component analysis (PCA), as well as through an analysis based on wavelet methodology. The statistical comparative analysis between the HIPOCAS and the observed precipitation data shows a noticeable agreement existing between both datasets, highlighting that the Mediterranean HIPOCAS hindcast database is a useful tool that is able to accurately reproduce and largely capture the main spatial and time features that regionally configure the Iberian rainfall regime along the studied 41‐year period. Moreover, it is verified that the hindcasted HIPOCAS data notably improves the characterization of the autumn Iberian precipitation provided by the aforementioned global reanalysis products, asserting that the HIPOCAS precipitation dataset can well be used in regional studies related to hydrometeorology, statistical downscaling and climate variability. Copyright © 2008 Royal Meteorological Society
Rainfall and vegetation monitoring in the Savanna Zone of the Democratic Republic of Sudan using the NOAA Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer

Abstract NOAA-6 and NOAA-7 Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer (AVHRR) global-area coverage (4 km ground resolution) data were obtained at three-day intervals throughout each of the four-month periods covering the 1980, 1983 and 1984 growing seasons, between latitudes 10° and 22° North in the Democratic Republic of Sudan. Daily rainfall data for twelve meteorological stations spanning the Savanna Zone were analysed. Rainfall in Sudan during 1980 was below normal, but in 1983 and 1984 there were moderate and severe droughts. The satellite data were used to calculate normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) values from the visible and near-infrared bands of the satellite data. These were processed into ten-day composite data sets using the AVHRR thermal-infrared channel as a cloud screen and a temporal compositing procedure that reduces cloud contamination and selects viewing angles closest to nadir. The ten-day composite NDVI values and the integrals of NDVI for each growing season were found to .
Seasonal variation of CO2 and nutrients in the high-latitude surface oceans: A comparative study

Seasonal data for pCO2 and the concentrations of CO2 and nutrients in high-latitude surface oceans obtained by the Lamont-Doherty CO2 group and Marine Research Institute, Reykjavik, are presented and analyzed. The seasonal progression and relationships between these properties are described, and their inter-ocean variation is compared. Spring phytoplankton blooms in the surface water of the North Atlantic Ocean and Iceland Sea caused a precipitous reduction of surface water pCO2 and the concentrations of CO2 and nutrients within two weeks, and proceeded until the nutrient salts were exhausted. This type of seasonal behavior is limited to the high-latitude (north of approximately 40°N) North Atlantic Ocean and adjoining seas. In contrast, seasonal changes in CO2 and nutrients were more gradual in the North Pacific and the nutrients were only partially consumed in the surface waters of the subarctic North Pacific Ocean and Southern Ocean. The magnitude of seasonal changes in nutrient concentrations in the North Pacific and Southern Oceans was similar to that observed in the North Atlantic and adjoining seas. In the subpolar and polar waters of the North and South Atlantic and North Pacific Oceans, pCO2 and the concentrations Of CO2 and nutrients were much higher during winter than summer. During winter, the high latitude areas of the North Atlantic, North Pacific, and Weddell Sea were sources for atmospheric CO2; during summer, they became CO2 sinks. This is attributed to the upwelling of deep waters rich in CO2 and nutrients during winter, and the intense photosynthesis occurring in strongly stratified upper layers during summer. On the other hand, subtropical waters were a CO2 source in summer and a sink in winter. Since these waters were depleted of nutrients and could only sustain low levels of primary production, the seasonal variation of pCO2 in subtropical waters and the CO2 sink/source condition were governed primarily by temperature. An intense CO2 sink zone was found along the confluence of the subtropical and subpolar waters (or the subtropical convergence). Its formation is attributed to the combined effects of cooling in subtropical waters and photosynthetic drawdown of CO2 in subpolar waters.
Modelling the thermal impact of ground source heat pump systems as a function of hydraulic conductivity

Geothermal heat pump systems are considered to be environmentally-friendly solutions for residential use. The popularity of these systems is expected to rise but the information on their hydrodynamic and thermal impact is scarce. This paper focuses on how the hydraulic conductivity influences the impact on the reservoir caused by a single well-doublet in a shallow geothermal reservoir. The system is able to produce a maximum of 9.44E-04 m 3 /s groundwater when installed on a sandy area. Six different strata were defined; the top layer does not take part in water transportation in the original case, but it does have similar features to the lower layers. Scenarios were created to show how the hydraulic effect and the thermal impact change as a function of the hydraulic conductivity of the different layers, while the production was constant. The minimum and maximum values were defined based on the Hungarian conditions.
US Cystic Fibrosis Foundation and European Cystic Fibrosis Society consensus recommendations for the management of non-tuberculous mycobacteria in individuals with cystic fibrosis

Non-tuberculous mycobacteria (NTM) are ubiquitous environmental organisms that can cause chronic pulmonary infection, particularly in individuals with pre-existing inflammatory lung disease such as cystic fibrosis (CF). Pulmonary disease caused by NTM has emerged as a major threat to the health of individuals with CF but remains difficult to diagnose and problematic to treat. In response to this challenge, the US Cystic Fibrosis Foundation (CFF) and the European Cystic Fibrosis Society (ECFS) convened an expert panel of specialists to develop consensus recommendations for the screening, investigation, diagnosis and management of NTM pulmonary disease in individuals with CF. Nineteen experts were invited to participate in the recommendation development process. Population, Intervention, Comparison, Outcome (PICO) methodology and systematic literature reviews were employed to inform draft recommendations. An anonymous voting process was used by the committee to reach consensus. All committee members were asked to rate each statement on a scale of: 0, completely disagree, to 9, completely agree; with 80% or more of scores between 7 and 9 being considered ‘good’ agreement. Additionally, the committee solicited feedback from the CF communities in the USA and Europe and considered the feedback in the development of the final recommendation statements. Three rounds of voting were conducted to achieve 80% consensus for each recommendation statement. Through this process, we have generated a series of pragmatic, evidence-based recommendations for the screening, investigation, diagnosis and treatment of NTM infection in individuals with CF as an initial step in optimising management for this challenging condition.
Landslides and related phenomena : a study of mass-movements of soil and rock

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Selection Bias When Estimating Average Treatment Effects Using One-sample Instrumental Variable Analysis

Participants in epidemiologic and genetic studies are rarely true random samples of the populations they are intended to represent, and both known and unknown factors can influence participation in a study (known as selection into a study). The circumstances in which selection causes bias in an instrumental variable (IV) analysis are not widely understood by practitioners of IV analyses. We use directed acyclic graphs (DAGs) to depict assumptions about the selection mechanism (factors affecting selection) and show how DAGs can be used to determine when a two-stage least squares IV analysis is biased by different selection mechanisms. Through simulations, we show that selection can result in a biased IV estimate with substantial confidence interval (CI) undercoverage, and the level of bias can differ between instrument strengths, a linear and nonlinear exposure–instrument association, and a causal and noncausal exposure effect. We present an application from the UK Biobank study, which is known to be a selected sample of the general population. Of interest was the causal effect of staying in school at least 1 extra year on the decision to smoke. Based on 22,138 participants, the two-stage least squares exposure estimates were very different between the IV analysis ignoring selection and the IV analysis which adjusted for selection (e.g., risk differences, 1.8% [95% CI, −1.5%, 5.0%] and −4.5% [95% CI, −6.6%, −2.4%], respectively). We conclude that selection bias can have a major effect on an IV analysis, and further research is needed on how to conduct sensitivity analyses when selection depends on unmeasured data.
A compilation of data on lead 210 concentration in surface air and fluxes at the air‐surface and water‐sediment interfaces

A 210Pb database has recently been constructed and is now available. This base includes approximately 800 210Pb measurements of concentration in air at the Earth's surface, together with deposition flux both at the atmosphere-Earth and water-sediment interfaces. Here the data are analyzed and summarized. The atmospheric data (concentration and deposition flux) are presented for the different geographical areas when sufficient measurements are available. The trends are discussed in terms of mechanisms (sources, atmospheric circulation, and climate]. Water-sediment data are classified into four types of water reservoirs which differ in their sedimentation mechanisms or in their in situ 210Pb production. The corresponding histograms are compared with the air-surface flux histogram. This database points out the complete lack of information in some large areas of the planet.
Study on lightning activity and precipitation characteristics before and after the onset of the South China Sea summer monsoon

[1] The data from the lightning imaging sensor (LIS), precipitation radar (PR), and passive microwave imaging (TMI) onboard the Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM) satellite from 1998 to 2005 have been used to investigate the lightning activity and precipitation characteristics before and after the onset of the South China Sea (SCS) summer monsoon. The results show that the lightning activity over the SCS begin to enhance in April, peak in May, and decrease after June. Compared to the premonsoon season, mean cell-level flash rate decreased 13% and mean flash optical radiance increased 15% during the monsoon season, respectively. The mean flash rate is higher during the premonsoon season. On the basis of the observations of PR and TMI, it can be found that vertical development of precipitation systems in the premonsoon season was stronger than that in the monsoon season, so frequent lightning activity were observed. Further research indicates that when maximum radar reflectivity at 7 km asl reached 36 dBZ, the probability of lightning occurrence was 50% in the premonsoon season, and it increased to 38 dBZ in the monsoon season. The flash rate of precipitation systems can be expressed as functions of maximum storm top height, maximum snow depth and minimum polarization corrected temperatures (PCTs), respectively. Among those, the most stable one is the relationship between flash rate and maximum snow depth.
The Effect of Topography In Calculating the Atmospheric Correction In Gravimetry

Although the gravitational effect of Earth’s atmosphere has relatively small values it is generally recommended to account for it in precision gravimetry. Since the effect is height-dependent, it is especially worth considering when the survey covers a broad range of gravity station heights and where the survey is performed close to a continental coast. Previously, the Earth’s topography was not considered significant when calculating the atmospheric correction for subtraction from the theoretical ellipsoidal gravity at the station. In fact the Earth’s surface is not flat over the continents and this variation in height must produce an additional influence upon the values of such a correction. We show using several examples that accounting for the Earth’s topography significantly changes the values from those calculated in the conventional way. The necessary calculations can be efficiently performed using a newly derived formula for the gravitational effect of a spherical shell with variable density.
Variation in the Scottish BIT vowel: Comparing two corpora

We analyse variation in the Scottish BIT vowel as produced by men from different birth years and social classes. An analysis of two Edinburgh-based speech corpora allows for a comparison of white Scottish men born between 1899 and 1996. The results indicate that BIT may be raising over time among New Middle Class and Working Class speakers. However, the conclusion is complicated by differences between the two corpora, including recording technology, addressee, register, and topic. These are just as likely to account for the patterns in BIT F1 found with respect to corpora and social class group. The paper calls for further work on the social and stylistic differences between corpora used in real time studies.
The Efficiency of Direct Public Involvement in Environmental Policymaking : An Experimental Test

In one of the most ambitious forms of environmental decision-making, representatives of interested parties – environmentalists, developers, farmers, loggers, miners, etc. are charged with the responsibility of developing a set of public policies that is acceptable to all of them. Although this approach has become increasingly popular, and has been widely discussed in the academic literature, little is known about the characteristics of the outcomes that are reached in this type of negotiation. We do not know, for example, whether these outcomes meet the standard criteria for efficiency or equity.
Soil Organic Matter and Physical Attributes Affected by Crop Rotation Under No‐till

Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J. 77:1724–1731 doi:10.2136/sssaj2012.0310 Received 21 Sept. 2012. * Corresponding author (rosolem@fca.unesp.br). © Soil Science Society of America, 5585 Guilford Rd., Madison WI 53711 USA All rights reserved. No part of this periodical may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, or any information storage and retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publisher. Permission for printing and for reprinting the material contained herein has been obtained by the publisher. Soil Organic Matter and Physical Attributes Affected by Crop Rotation Under No-till Soil & Water Management & Conservation
Late Pleistocene Egernia group skinks (Squamata: Scincidae) from Devils Lair, Western Australia

Research on squamate evolution of Australia has predominantly focused on the eastern portion of the continent, whereas little is known about the record from Western Australia. Deposits in Devils Lair provide a glimpse of late Pleistocene Egernia group skink representation from the Cape Leeuwin-Naturaliste region of southwestern Western Australia. Previous studies of fossils from the cave indicate a peak in the number of lizard remains during the last glacial maximum, a time when mammal and charcoal remains suggest an open, dry environment. Previous studies of Devils Lair have not attempted to identify lizard remains beyond ‘lizard’. Here, we identify Egernia group lizard remains as Liopholis spp. , Egernia spp. , Lissolepis spp. and Tiliqua rugosa, which range in age from ca 48 000 to 13 000 yr B.P.
A View-Based Outdoor Localization Using Object and Location Recognition Based on Support Vector Learning

原稿受付 大阪大学大学院工学研究科,現在豊橋技術科学大学 大阪大学大学院工学研究科,現在松下電器産業株式会社 大阪電気通信大学総合情報学部 立命館大学情報理工学部 Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, Currently with Toyohashi University of Technology Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, Currently with Matsushita Electric Industrial Co., Ltd. Faculty of Information Science and Arts, Osaka ElectroCommunication University College of Information Science and Engineering, Ritsumeikan University を認識しロボットを誘導する方法もあるが [3] [4],そのような 特徴が必ずしも得られない場所を移動するためにはロボットの 位置推定が必要である. 本論文では,ロボットが与えられた経路上のどの位置にある かを決定する,という意味での位置推定問題を対象とする. 屋 外環境は,屋内に比べてロボットの移動範囲が広くなるため, あらかじめ環境の地図を与えることが難しい. そこで,われわ れは,ユーザが一度ロボットを誘導して経路を学習させたあと, ロボットが学習結果を利用して自律的に位置を推定する,とい う 2段階の方法を研究している. 同様の方法はこれまでにいく つか提案されており,それぞれ異なる地図の表現法や学習法を 用いている. Maeyamaら [5]らは,誘導時にオドメトリデータと経路の周 囲で観測した立ち木などのランドマークの位置を地図に記録し, 自律移動時に利用した. この手法は経路の比較的近くの物体を ランドマークとして用いているので,駐車車両の移動などによ り周囲の物体の配置が変化すると誘導時に作成した地図が利用 できない可能性がある. 位置推定に物体の見えを直接用いる方法もある. この場合,現 在位置で取得した画像と学習画像との物体の見えを比較し,もっ
Forward and inverse self-potential modeling in mineral exploration

Natural self-potential (SP) fields observed in the vicinity of conductive orebodies can be explained in terms of electrochemical reactions in which the conductors participate. Battery-like models assume that a buried conductor creates an anode-cathode pair by conveying a flow of electrons to oxidizing areas in the shallow subsurface from reducing areas at depth. For conductors with invariant composition (behaving as an inert electrode), a quantitative formulation is already available. Numerical Green's functions are used to allow one-step evaluation of SP fields from an inert electrode model. The model is used to simulate geoelectric targets in mineral exploration and to test a procedure to obtain current source terms by inverting an SP data set. Data inversion is constrained by charge conservation and prescribes source terms at the target surface. A background resistivity model is assumed to be known and is used to recognize interfaces and evaluate numerical Green's functions in forward and inverse modeling. The inversion procedure is applied to interpret 2D data from two gold deposits of the Yanacocha district, Peru.
Poverty Mapping in Uganda: An Analysis Using Remotely Sensed and Other Environmental Data

In order to target poverty reduction we need to understand, describe and explain its spatial distribution and be able to predict the degree and distribution of poverty in other regions and/or at other times. Poverty maps should therefore incorporate potential driving factors that in some way or other are associated with, and possibly even responsible for the different levels of poverty being mapped. In this analysis we start from two assumptions: a) poverty is a function of several interlinked factors, including agricultural activities, human and animal diseases, natural resources and other environmentally-determined factors; and b) many important characteristic of the environment can be described by earth-observation satellite imagery, through their ability to capture seasonal variations of a range of environmental factors.
Propagation of ELF waves under normal and naturally disturbed conditions

This study presents a theoretical analysis of the propagation of electromagnetic waves in the frequency range 30–1000 Hz in the earth-ionosphere waveguide. Full wave methods incorporating the vertical inhomogeneity of the ionosphere are used in conjunction with model ionospheres corresponding to ambient and disturbed (PCA) conditions. For ambient conditions, the character of the assumed ion-density profile below 60 km substantially affects the computed attenuation rates, phase velocities, Joule heating rates, and field strengths for waves at frequencies lower than a few hundred Hz. For example, at a wave frequency of 50 Hz, 30% to 50% of the attenuation is due to losses associated with ion heating. At frequencies of a few hundred Hz or higher the losses, under ambient conditions, are related almost entirely to electron heating. Under moderate PCA conditions the losses are due mainly to ion-heating for the entire ELF frequency range, and the attenuation rates are substantially higher than for undisturbed situations. The ionospheric height ranges which influence the ELF mode structure are quite broad being typically many tens of kilometers in thickness. The influence of the geomagnetic field upon the mode characteristics is substantial in the undisturbed nighttime, slight in the undisturbed daytime, and essentially nil under PCA conditions.