Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Sensitivity of expressive linguistic domains to surgery age and audibility of speech in preschoolers with cochlear implants

Objectives: To determine whether relative delays among domains exist in the conversational use of vocabulary, syntax, and morphology by children with cochlear implants (CIs) and whether these were differentially affected by age of implantation (AOI) and the audibility of speech. Methods: Participants in this short-term longitudinal study were 126 children with AOI of 6–38 months and a matched group of 30 children without hearing loss. Language samples of the same children at ages 3.5 and 4.5 were analyzed for the breadth of vocabulary and bound morphemes used, and sentence length. Results: At both test ages, expressive language domains were delayed equally. Higher performance across domains was independently associated with younger AOI and better pre-implant-aided thresholds. No domain was affected differently by very early implantation, but bound morpheme breadth was associated with better CI-aided thresholds. Between 63 and 78% of children with AOI of 6–11 months scored close to hearing age-mates by 4.5, a level achieved by fewer than 25% of those with AOI of 19–24 months or later ages. Discussion: Previous studies indicated greater language delays in the areas of morphology and syntax than those of vocabulary, with the earliest ages of implantation conferring the greatest benefit to those domains. The current design addressed inconsistency across studies in modes of communication used, presence/absence of other disabilities, and differences in language domains chosen as outcome measures. Conclusions: Linguistic domains benefitted equally from early implantation, regardless of the duration of auditory stimulation. Better pre-CI-aided hearing often compensated for later AOI. Bound morpheme use was greater with better CI-aided thresholds.
Towards connectivity management adaptability: context awareness in policy representation and end-to-end evaluation algorithm

An infrastructure based on multiple heterogeneous access networks is one of the leading enablers for the emerging pervasive and ubiquitous computing paradigm, in which the optimal management of diverse networking resources is a challenging problem. This paper presents a context-aware policy mechanism and related end-to-end evaluation algorithm for adaptive connectivity management of multi-access wireless networks. A policy is used to express the criteria for adaptive selection of the best local and remote network interfaces. The best connection can then be used for the establishment of a channel as well as the maintenance of on-going data transmission. Rich context information is considered in the policy representation with respect to user profile and preference, application characteristics, device capability, and network QoS condition. The decision of the best access networks to be used is made on the basis of an end-to-end evaluation process. The decision can be made in both Master-Slave and Peer-to-Peer modes. The paper focuses on the methods for policy representation and connection evaluation algorithm. A case study is presented to show the usability of the proposed policy mechanism and decision-making algorithm in the adaptive management of heterogeneous networking resources.
Electrochemical cell for in situ x-ray diffraction under ultrapure conditions

An electrochemical cell has been developed for in situ x-ray diffraction from a working electrode under clean conditions equivalent to ultrahigh vacuum conditions of 5×10−10 mbar. The substrate crystals can be prepared ex situ and transferred into the cell under protection of ultrapure water within a few seconds. The oxygen level in the electrolyte is reduced by continuous N2 flow to less than 0.2% compared to that of a fresh electrolyte. This can be done while rotating the cell by 360° about the surface normal. The electrode potential is accurately measured at the position of the crystal using a Luggin capillary and a standard reference electrode. We demonstrate the performance of our cell by in situ synchrotron x-ray diffraction measurements on ultrathin Co layers electrodeposited on Cu(001) in an aqueous H2SO4/CoSO4 solution.
Expectations, interpretations and contributions of basic writing.

This Article is brought to you for free and open access by ThinkIR: The University of Louisville's Institutional Repository. It has been accepted for inclusion in Faculty Scholarship by an authorized administrator of ThinkIR: The University of Louisville's Institutional Repository. For more information, please contact thinkir@louisville.edu. Original Publication Information This article was originally published in Journal of Basic Writing, volume 19, issue 1, in Spring 2000.
Exploiting Student-Project Allocation Matching for Spectrum Sharing in LTE-Unlicensed

LTE, as the advanced mobile telecommunication technology, is serving heavy mobile broadband traffic nowadays. Motivated by the potential boost in performance of LTE utilizing the unlicensed spectrum, significant efforts have been devoted into the commonly referred LTE-Unlicensed technique. In this work, we investigate the carrier aggregation of licensed and unlicensed spectrum by deploying micro-cell base stations, which have access to the unlicensed spectrum, to provide cellular users a more reliable and efficient transmission. We tackle the unlicensed resource allocation problem by modeling it as a student-project allocation matching game. In addition, a postmatching procedure of resource re- allocation is introduced to guarantee unlicensed users' quality of service (QoS), as well as the system-wide stability. The simulation evaluation shows the effectiveness and efficiency of our proposed matching-based approach.
Effect of episodic hypoxia on upper airway mechanics in humans during NREM sleep.

We hypothesized that long-term facilitation (LTF) is due to decreased upper airway resistance (Rua). We studied 11 normal subjects during stable non-rapid eye movement sleep. We induced brief isocapnic hypoxia (inspired O(2) fraction = 8%) (3 min) followed by 5 min of room air. This sequence was repeated 10 times. Measurements were obtained during control, hypoxia, and at 20 min of recovery (R(20)) for ventilation, timing, and Rua. In addition, nine subjects were studied in a sham study with no hypoxic exposure. During the episodic hypoxia study, inspiratory minute ventilation (VI) increased from 7.1 +/- 1.8 l/min during the control period to 8.3 +/- 1.8 l/min at R(20) (117% of control; P < 0.05). Conversely, there was no change in diaphragmatic electromyogram (EMG(dia)) between control (16.1 +/- 6.9 arbitrary units) and R(20) (15.3 +/- 4.9 arbitrary units) (95% of control; P > 0.05). In contrast, increased VI was associated with decreased Rua from 10.7 +/- 7.5 cmH(2)O. l(-1). s during control to 8.2 +/- 4.4 cmH(2)O. l(-1). s at R(20) (77% of control; P < 0.05). No change was noted in VI, Rua, or EMG(dia) during the recovery period relative to control during the sham study. We conclude the following: 1) increased VI in the recovery period is indicative of LTF, 2) the lack of increased EMG(dia) suggests lack of LTF to the diaphragm, 3) reduced Rua suggests LTF of upper airway dilators, and 4) increased VI in the recovery period is due to "unloading" of the upper airway by LTF of upper airway dilators.
Release of adenosine in reactive hyperemia of the dog heart.

RUBQRAFAEL, ROBERT M. BERNE, AND MAKOTO KATORI. cardial hypoxia were imposed in these studies in order to liberate quantities of adenosine which could be detected by the techniques then available. However, improvements in techniques have made possible the detection of extrelnely small amounts of adenosine in coronary venous blood. The present study was undertaken to determine whether adenosine is released from the myocardium in response to moderate degrees of myocardial hypoxia and whether the quantities released can account for the degree of coronary vasodilation observed. Release of adenosine in reactive hypercmia of the dog heart. Am. J. Physiol. 216(l): 56-62. 1969. ~Brief (30-60 set) occlusions of the left coronary artery were performed in the anesthetized open-chest dog. Samples of arterial and coronary sinus blood were obtained simultaneously prior to occlusion and immediately after release of occlusion. Cellular elements were rapidly removed by centrifugation and the plasma samples were analyzed for purine derivatives. Adenosine (13 mpmoles/lOO ml of blood) was found in coronary sinus blood collected during the reactive hyperemic period but was absent in arterial and venous control samples. Studies on disappearance of adenosine in blood indicate that at least 24 mpmoles of adenosine must have been present in the capillary blood for 13 mpmoles to appear in the coronary sinus blood. If all the adenosine is in the extracellular space (a reasonable assumption based on knowledge of the activity of adenosine deaminase in the myocardial cell) a minimum concentration of 75 m~moles/lOO ml of extracellular water is reached. Adenosine infusion at concentrations of 56 m~moles/lOO ml of arterial blood elicits maximal coronary dilation. Hence, the dilation of the coronary resistance vessels in response to short periods of myocardial ischemia can be accounted for by the adenosine released from the myocardium.
Incrementality in Discourse Update

In this thesis I tackle the question how far an incremental and monotonic update of discourse structure is feasible. I will discuss the limits of the approach and show how incremental update can be enhanced by introducing restricted underspecification. I will then discuss the problems such an enhanced procedure still faces and how nonincrementality can be restricted in monologue and dialogue, given that purely incremental update is not feasible. The theoretical framework will be Segmented Discourse Representation Theory (SDRT).
Prevention of mother-to-child transmission of the Human Immunodeficiency Virus: investigating the uptake and utilization of maternal and child health services in Tiko health district, Cameroon

Introduction Despite evidence that interventions to prevent mother-to-child transmission (PMTCT) of HIV are effective in ensuring a healthy child and keeping mothers alive, there are many challenges to achieving successful interventions in Cameroon. The study was conducted to investigate factors that affect access to and utilization of maternal and child health (MCH) and PMTCT services among women in Tiko health district in Cameroon. Methods We conducted a cross-sectional, descriptive study on women of reproductive age who had experienced a pregnancy using a self-administered, structured questionnaire, in health facilities offering PMTCT services and in communities within the district. Results Four hundred and thirteen women were interviewed. The majority, 98.4%, of them attended antenatal care (ANC) during their most recent pregnancy. Of these women, 87.4% of them made at least four ANC visits. HIV testing during the first visit among the ANC attendees was 85.5%. Approximately, 92.1% of women who tested for HIV received their results on the same day. All participants reported to have given birth in a health facility during their most recent pregnancy. No education (Odds Ratio [OR] 0.11; 95% CI 0.01-0.83) and acquisition of primary education (OR 0.25; 95% CI 0.06-0.88) was associated with better male partner involvement in PMTCT. Conclusion The uptake of MCH/PMTCT services was high in this study. Further exploration of these levels is warranted so that this model of care and engagement can be replicated in other parts of the country where uptake is low.
On the identification of cerebral metabolites in localized 1H NMR spectra of human brain In vivo

Localized 1H NMR spectra of human brain in vivo are affected by signal overlap, strong spin‐spin coupling, and complex J modulation, and therefore differ considerably from those obtained at higher magnetic fields. This paper deals with the assignment of 1H NMR resonances of cerebral metabolites under the experimental conditions used for human investigations. Conventional 7.0‐T FID spectra and 2.0 T localized, short echo time STEAM spectra (TE = 20 ms) of aqueous metabolite solutions are compared to in vivo brain spectra of human volunteers and patients. In addition to singlet resonances from N‐acetyl aspartate (NAA), creatines, and cholines, short echo time STEAM spectra exhibit multiplets due to the NAA aspartyl group, glutamate, taurine, and myo‐inositol. Enhanced levels of cerebral glutamine are detected in patients with liver cirrhosis. For the first time elevated levels of brain glucose are observed in patients with diabetes mellitus.
Precision measurement of transition energies and Lamb shifts in two-electron argon and potassium in solar-flare spectra.

The wavelengths of 1s/sup 2/ /sup 1/S/sub 0/-1snp /sup 1/P/sub 1/ transitions in the two-electron ions Ar XVII and K XVIII have been measured in solar-flare spectra. The QED contributions to the transition energies are determined by comparison of the measured transition energies to the calculated values. The ionization limit of Ar XVII is also determined.
Interaction and coordination for distributed grid computing

The programming model of the current distributed systems such as middleware CORBA or JAVA RMI is based on remote procedure call. Without the support of high-level API for coordination, developing real-world distributed grid applications in this model is difficult. We present an algorithm for multiparty interaction, a key abstraction of distributed coordination for the future distributed grid programming.
Complex Lexico-syntactic Reformulation of Sentences Using Typed Dependency Representations

We present a framework for reformulating sentences by applying transfer rules on a typed dependency representation. We specify a list of operations that the framework needs to support and argue that typed dependency structures are currently the most suitable formalism for complex lexico-syntactic paraphrasing. We demonstrate our approach by reformulating sentences expressing the discourse relation of causation using four lexico-syntactic discourse markers -- "cause" as a verb and as a noun, "because" as a conjunction and "because of" as a preposition.
Finding Rare, Disease-Associated Variants in Isolated Groups: Potential Advantages of Mennonite Populations

abstract Large-scale genotyping and next-generation sequencing techniques have allowed great advances in the field of molecular genetics. Numerous common variants of low impact have been associated with many complex human traits and diseases, such as bipolar disorder and schizophrenia. Although they may exert a greater impact on risk, few rare disease variants have been found, owing to the greatly increased sample sizes that are typically necessary to demonstrate association with rarer variants. One alternative strategy is to study isolated populations, where historical bottlenecks reduce genetic diversity and some otherwise rare variants may drift to higher frequencies. Here we describe the Mennonite population settlements, considering their history of multiple bottlenecks followed by demographic expansion and a currently widespread geographical distribution. We argue that Mennonite populations are valuable partners for studies seeking genetic variants that exert a high impact on risk for a variety of common disorders, including mental illnesses.
Robust Object Recognition under Partial Occlusions Using NMF

In recent years, nonnegative matrix factorization (NMF) methods of a reduced image data representation attracted the attention of computer vision community. These methods are considered as a convenient part-based representation of image data for recognition tasks with occluded objects. A novel modification in NMF recognition tasks is proposed which utilizes the matrix sparseness control introduced by Hoyer. We have analyzed the influence of sparseness on recognition rates (RRs) for various dimensions of subspaces generated for two image databases, ORL face database, and USPS handwritten digit database. We have studied the behavior of four types of distances between a projected unknown image object and feature vectors in NMF subspaces generated for training data. One of these metrics also is a novelty we proposed. In the recognition phase, partial occlusions in the test images have been modeled by putting two randomly large, randomly positioned black rectangles into each test image.
Quality Assessment and Uncertainty Handling in Data Mining Process

The KDD process aims at the discovery and extraction of “useful” knowledge (such as interesting patterns, classification, rules etc) from large data repositories. A widely recognized requirement is that the patterns discovered must be valid and ultimately comprehensible (i.e., to be easily understood by analysts). Another requirement that is under-addressed in KDD process is the reveal and the handling of uncertainty in the main data mining processes of clustering, classification and association rules extraction.
Cell‐type‐specific excitatory and inhibitory circuits involving primary afferents in the substantia gelatinosa of the rat spinal dorsal horn in vitro

The substantia gelatinosa (SG) of the spinal dorsal horn shows significant morphological heterogeneity and receives primary afferent input predominantly from Aδ‐ and C‐fibres. Despite numerous anatomical and physiological studies, correlation between morphology and functional connectivity, particularly in terms of inhibitory inputs, remains elusive. To compare excitatory and inhibitory synaptic inputs on individual SG neurones with morphology, we performed whole‐cell recordings with Neurobiotin‐filled‐pipettes in horizontal slices from adult rat spinal cord with attached dorsal roots. Based on dendritic arborization patterns, four major cell types were confirmed: islet, central, radial and vertical cells. Dorsal root stimulation revealed that each class was associated with characteristic synaptic inputs. Islet and central cells had monosynaptic excitatory inputs exclusively from C‐afferents. Islet cells received primary‐afferent‐evoked inhibitory inputs only from Aδ‐fibres, while those of central cells were mediated by both Aδ‐ and C‐fibres. In contrast, radial and vertical cells had monosynaptic excitatory inputs from both Aδ‐ and C‐fibres and inhibitory inputs mediated by both fibre types. We further characterized the neurochemical nature of these inhibitory synaptic inputs. The majority of islet, central and vertical cells exhibited GABAergic inhibitory inputs, while almost all radial cells also possessed glycinergic inputs. The present study demonstrates that SG neurones have distinct patterns of excitatory and inhibitory inputs that are related to their morphology. The neurotransmitters responsible for inhibitory inputs to individual SG neurones are also characteristic for different morphological classes. These results make it possible to identify primary afferent circuits associated with particular types of SG neurone.
The Working Brain: An Introduction To Neuropsychology

* Editorial Foreword Functional organization and mental activity * Local brain lesions and localization of functions * The three principal functional units Local brain systems and their functional analysis * The occipital regions and the organization of visual perception * The temporal regions and organization of auditory perception * The parietal regions and the organization of simultaneous syntheses * Sensorimotor and premotor zones and the organization of movement * The frontal lobes and the regulation of mental activity Synthetic mental activities and their Cerebral Organization * Perception * Movement and action * Attention * Memory * Speech * Thinking Conclusion
Adrenocortical response to stress in newborn infants.

More than half of the deaths occurring under the age of 12 years take place during the first week of life, and the term 'biochemical death' is sometimes used where an adequate pathological explanation cannot be found at necropsy. Following the pioneer work of Selye (1936), which drew attention to the prominent role of the adrenal cortex in the endocrine response to stress, it became established that an increased secretion of corticosteroids occurred in adults under conditions of stress, and that, in some unknown manner, such hormonal activity was essential to the well-being and even to the survival of the subjects in such circumstances. In paediatric circles, however, it was thought that the adrenocortical response to stress might be relatively deficient in newborn infants, and Bongiovanni (1951) cited several publications which suggested that the excretion of corticosteroids, measured by methods then available, was lower during the first few days of life than at any other age, if the results were compared on the basis of excretion per unit of surface area. Measurement of corticosteroid excretion in newborn infants by group methods of assay in instances of acute stress has given inconsistent results. Ulstrom and his colleagues (Ulstrom et al., 1959; Colle et al., 1960) found that the urinary excretion of Porter-Silber chromogens by infants undergoing surgery during the first 4 days of life showed no significant increase over the excretion of these compounds in normal controls, though there was a marked increase in the excretion of 17hydroxycorticosteroids measured in this way when infants were subjected to surgery during the second week of life. Studies of plasma corticosteroids measured as Porter-Silber chromogens by Klein, Fortunato, and Papadatos (1954) showed that the normal newborn infant from the second to the fifth
Parallel index and query for large scale data analysis

Modern scientific datasets present numerous data management and analysis challenges. State-of-the-art index and query technologies are critical for facilitating interactive exploration of large datasets, but numerous challenges remain in terms of designing a system for processing general scientific datasets. The system needs to be able to run on distributed multi-core platforms, efficiently utilize underlying I/O infrastructure, and scale to massive datasets. We present FastQuery, a novel software framework that address these challenges. FastQuery utilizes a state-of-the- art index and query technology (FastBit) and is designed to process massive datasets on modern supercomputing plat- forms. We apply FastQuery to processing of a massive 50TB dataset generated by a large scale accelerator modeling code. We demonstrate the scalability of the tool to 11,520 cores. Motivated by the scientific need to search for interesting particles in this dataset, we use our framework to reduce search time from hours to tens of seconds.
Inference of neuronal network spike dynamics and topology from calcium imaging data

Two-photon calcium imaging enables functional analysis of neuronal circuits by inferring action potential (AP) occurrence (“spike trains”) from cellular fluorescence signals. It remains unclear how experimental parameters such as signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) and acquisition rate affect spike inference and whether additional information about network structure can be extracted. Here we present a simulation framework for quantitatively assessing how well spike dynamics and network topology can be inferred from noisy calcium imaging data. For simulated AP-evoked calcium transients in neocortical pyramidal cells, we analyzed the quality of spike inference as a function of SNR and data acquisition rate using a recently introduced peeling algorithm. Given experimentally attainable values of SNR and acquisition rate, neural spike trains could be reconstructed accurately and with up to millisecond precision. We then applied statistical neuronal network models to explore how remaining uncertainties in spike inference affect estimates of network connectivity and topological features of network organization. We define the experimental conditions suitable for inferring whether the network has a scale-free structure and determine how well hub neurons can be identified. Our findings provide a benchmark for future calcium imaging studies that aim to reliably infer neuronal network properties.