Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Psychological Experience of Smoking Addiction in Family and Friends of Schizophrenic Adults Who Smoke Daily: A Qualitative Study

The smoking addiction of patients with severe mental disorders has consequences not only for the patients but also for the people around them. This is qualitative research on family and friends of patients with Schizophrenia spectrum disorders to investigate their perception and vision of smoking, its impact on the patients’ physical and mental health, and the possible attempts to combat addiction. The research also investigates the participants’ views on electronic cigarettes as a means of replacing traditional cigarettes and helping the patient to quit smoking. The survey method used was a semi-structured interview. The answers were recorded, transcribed and analyzed with the technique of thematic analysis. The results of this study show that the view of most participants on smoking is negative (83.3%), although not all of them consider smoking cessation treatments for these patients of primary importance (33.3%). Nevertheless, a good number of them have tried to intervene spontaneously with their own resources and strategies (66.6%). Finally, low-risk products, and in particular electronic cigarettes, are considered by many participants as a useful alternative to traditional cigarettes in patients with schizophrenia spectrum disorders. About the meaning that cigarettes can assume for the patient, recurring themes emerge: they are considered as a way to manage nervousness and tension or as a means to contrast daily monotony and boredom or repeat usual gestures and habits.
Partial inventory control of the CSTR via reaction-dependent generalized inventories

Abstract Motivated by considering structurally dynamical properties of reaction systems, we develop an approach to deal with the nonlinear control of an unstable CSTR. More precisely, this paper shows that the CSTR dynamics can be split into reaction variant and reaction invariant dynamics modes through the use of linear combinations of system variables (called inventories). Since the reaction invariant dynamics mode is exponentially stable, the control design for an exponential stabilization of the reactor is simply solved together with (partial) inventory control on the basis of controlling the reaction variant dynamics mode. An extension of the approach to multiple chemical reaction systems is briefly outlined. Simulation results for a first order chemical reaction with multiplicity behavior are given to illustrate the theoretical development.
Three dimensional flow around a circular cylinder confined in a plane channel

This paper presents two- and three-dimensional direct numerical simulations of the flow around a circular cylinder placed symmetrically in a plane channel. Results are presented in the Reynolds number range (based on the cylinder diameter and centerline velocity) of 10 to 390 for a blockage ratio (ratio of the cylinder diameter to the channel height) of 0.2. The aim of this work was to investigate in detail the confinement effect due to the channel’s stationary walls on the force coefficients and the associated Strouhal numbers, as well as on the generated flow regimes. Present results suggest a transition from a 2-D to a 3-D shedding flow regime between Re = 180 and Re = 210. This transition was found to be dominated by mode A and mode B three dimensional instabilities, similar to those observed in the case of an unconfined circular cylinder. This is the first time that the existence of the two modes, and of naturally occurring vortex dislocations, has been confirmed via full 3-D simulations for the case.
Control of Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis load within infected bovine monocyte-derived macrophages is associated with host genetics

The genetic loci influencing individual resistance to Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (MAP) infection are still largely unknown. In the current study, we searched for genetic loci associated with resistance to MAP infection by evaluating the performance of monocyte-derived macrophages (MDMs) isolated from the peripheral blood of 75 healthy Holsteins cows and infected ex vivo with MAP. Bacterial load (log colony-forming units, log CFUs) within MDMs was quantified at 2 h and 7 days p. i. using a BACTEC MGIT 960 instrument. In addition, the expression levels of some genes with important roles in the innate immune response including epiregulin (EREG), complement component C3 (C3), galectin-9 (Gal9), and nitric oxide (NO-) were measured in the supernatant of the infected cells. DNA from peripheral blood samples of the animals included in the study was isolated and genotyped with the EuroG MD bead Chip (44,779 single nucleotide-polymorphisms, SNPs). Linear mixed models were used to calculate the heritability (h2 ) estimates for each indicator of MDM performance, MAP load within MDMs and EREG, C3, Gal9, and NO-expression. After performing a genome-wide association study, the only phenotypes that showed SNPs with a significant association were the bacterial load within MDMs at 2 h (h2 = 0. 87) and 7 days (h2 = 0.83) p.i. A total of 6 SNPs, 5 candidate genes, and one microRNA on the Bos taurus chromosomes BTA2, BTA17, BTA18, and BTA21 were associated with MAP load at 2 h p.i. Overlap was seen in two SNPs associated with the log CFUs at 2 h and 7 d p.i. The identified SNPs had negative regression coefficients, and were, therefore, associated with a low bacterial load within MDMs. Some of the identified SNPs were located within QTLs previously associated with longevity, reproductive, and udder health traits. Some of the identified candidate genes; Oxysterol Binding Protein Like 6, Cysteine and Serine Rich Nuclear Protein 3, and the Coiled-Coil Domain Containing 92 regulate cellular cholesterol trafficking and efflux, apoptosis, and interferon production, respectively. Taken together, our results define a heritable and distinct immunogenetic profile in MAP-infected macrophages designed to limit bacterial load early after infection.
3DGraphSeg: A Unified Graph Representation- Based Point Cloud Segmentation Framework for Full-Range High-Speed Railway Environments

Point cloud semantic segmentation (PCSS) is crucial for digital twins of high-speed railways. By now, the concerned subjects are confined within the interior infrastructures of railways. However, the surrounding environments are also important for the safe operation. Concerning this issue, a full-range high-speed railway scanning scheme based on unmanned-aerial-vehicle-borne LiDAR is utilized. However, the massive data volume and data distribution imbalance pose great challenges for PCSS. To address these issues, a novel PCSS framework called 3DGraphSeg is proposed in this article. To cope with the massive data volume, a structural representation algorithm named local embedding super-point graph is proposed to represent the vast point cloud into a concise graph while retain the data's inherent topology structure by local spatial embedding. Then, the gated integration graph convolutional network (GIGCN) is proposed to contextual segment the graph. In the GIGCN, to prevent the gradients from vanishing or exploding, the hidden states of gated recurrent units in every layer are integrated using a new layer named gated hidden states integration (GHSI). GHSI strengthens the back propagation by giving the loss function direct access to each layer and absorbs the features of different layers comprehensively, which enables the network to produce a smoother decision boundary and prevents the overfitting problem. Besides, to enhance its robustness to data imbalance, we propose a loss function: adaptive weighted cross entropy. Finally, five experiments are designed for verification. The proposed framework has excelled in different datasets and outperforms state-of-the-art approaches on the SemanticRail dataset.
How to estimate hardness of crystals on a pocket calculator

A generalization of the semiempirical microscopic model of hardness is presented and applied to currently studied borides, carbides, and nitrides of heavy transition metals. The hardness of OsB, OsC, OsN, PtN, RuC, RuB{sub 2}, ReB{sub 2}, OsB{sub 2}, IrN{sub 2}, PtN{sub 2}, and OsN{sub 2} crystals in various structural phases is predicted. It is found that none of the transition metal crystals is superhard, i.e., with hardness greater than 40 GPa. The presented method provides materials researchers with a practical tool in the search for new hard materials.
COVID-19 and online distance learning in Malaysia: A blessing or a curse?

This study intends to investigate the extent to which students' learning experience has been meaningful and satisfying, and their sentiment on online distance learning due to the implementation of emergency remote teaching (ERT). The study further analyses the causes of Malaysian university students' grievances and challenges and psychological effects in dealing with ERT during the period of the COVID-19 pandemic outbreak and MCO in Malaysia, which prohibited any face-to-face interaction between the period of 18 March 2020 to 30 May 2020. This study employs qualitative methodology in analyzing the content of social media comments following a video post on students' frustration about online distance learning (ODL). Our study provides evidence that ODL, as experienced by the students during the MCO, presented numerous pedagogical, technological, and social challenges which caused a great deal of stress and affects students physically and psychologically. By capturing and analyzing the comments made for a viral video posting of a Malaysian undergraduate student about her personal experience undergoing the ODL, we identify nine factors that contributed adversely to students' learning experience during the ERT period. In more in-depth, we find that the continuous academic assessment tasks, coping with new method of teaching and learning and excessive workload are the main pedagogical challenges. Additionally, technological challenges were present due to lack of reliable internet connection and digital technological equipment and finally, social challenges arise from the lack of family support and understanding, conflicting roles and responsibilities, need for emotional support and unconducive learning environment. Leveraging on the students' experience, we deduced that their encounter with ODL is a reflection of the application of emergency remote teaching (ERT) philosophy.
Thomson scattering in a magnetic field. II - Arbitrary field orientation

This paper presents solutions to the equation of transfer for Thomson scattering in a constant magnetic field of arbitrary orientation. Results from several atmospheres are combined to give the flux from a dipole star. The results are compared to the polarization data of the magnetic white dwarf Grw + 70 deg 8247. The fit is good, though it implies a very large polarization in the ultraviolet. Thomson scattering is not thought to be an important opacity source in white dwarfs, so the good fit is either fortuitous or is perhaps explained by assuming the magnetic field affects the polarization processes in all opacities similarly.
Transient Bounds and Time-Asymptotic Behavior of Solutions to Nonlinear Equations of Fisher Type

A study is made of the transient behavior of solutions to certain classes of semilinear parabolic initial value problems. First, families of upper and lower bounds for these solutions are explicitly constructed and compared. Secondly, the question of time-asymptotic convergence of these solutions towards certain traveling wave solutions (of the underlying parabolic equation) is discussed. It is shown, in particular, that this long time behavior depends crucially and in an interesting manner on the behavior of initial data at infinity.
Precession of Magnetically Driven Warped Disks and Low-Frequency Quasi-periodic Oscillations in Low-Mass X-Ray Binaries

An accretion disk around a rotating magnetized star is subjected to magnetic torques that induce disk warping and precession. These torques arise generically from interactions between the stellar field and induced surface currents on the disk. Applying these new effects to weakly magnetized (B ~ 107-109 G) neutron stars in low-mass X-ray binaries, we study the global hydrodynamical warping/precession modes of the disk under the combined influences of relativistic frame dragging, classical precession due to the oblateness of the neutron star, and the magnetic torques. Under quite general conditions, the magnetic warping torque can overcome the "Bardeen-Petterson" viscous damping and make the modes grow. The modes are confined to the inner region of the disk and have frequencies equal to 0.3-0.95 (depending on the mass accretion rate Ṁ) times the sum of the Lense-Thirring frequency, the classical precession frequency, and the magnetically driven precession frequency evaluated at the inner disk radius rin. As Ṁ increases, the mode frequency is reduced relative to the total precession frequency at rin, since the mode becomes less concentrated around rin due to the increasing viscous stress associated with the large Ṁ. Because of this, and because the magnetically driven precession is retrograde (opposite to the Lense-Thirring precession) and depends strongly on Ṁ, the mode frequency can have a nonmonotonic dependence on the mass accretion rate. This may account for several observed features of low-frequency (10-60 Hz) quasi-periodic oscillations (LFQPOs) in low-mass X-ray binaries that are otherwise difficult to explain, such as the flattening/turnover in the LFQPO frequency-Ṁ correlation or in the LFQPO frequency-kHz QPO frequency correlation (e.g., as seen clearly in GX 17+2).
A Maximum Expected Covering Location Model: Formulation, Properties and Heuristic Solution

The maximum covering location model has been used extensively in analyzing locations for public service facilities. The model is extended to account for the chance that when a demand arrives at the system it will not be covered since all facilities capable of covering the demand are engaged serving other demands. An integer programming formulation of the new problem is presented. Several properties of the formulation are proven. A heuristic solution algorithm is presented and computational results with the algorithm are discussed. Directions for future study are also discussed.
Limited population and community effects of hatching asynchrony in a pond‐breeding salamander

Understanding attributes of phenology beyond the mean date of a life history event, such as variability among individuals within a population, is critical to predict how climate-induced phenological shifts may alter population dynamics. Identifying how phenological variability impacts organisms is especially needed to better understand how phenological shifts affect trophic dynamics (e.g., shifts in variability of top predators affecting primary production). To better understand the effects of phenological variability on both populations and communities, we examined how variation in egg hatching synchrony of predatory marbled salamanders ( Ambystoma opacum ) impacted intraspecific interactions at the larval stage, ultimately affecting demographic traits and survival through metamorphosis. We also examined how hatching synchrony affected overall trophic dynamics (e.g., primary consumers and producers) in pond food webs. We experimentally manipulated the degree of hatching synchrony of embryonic A. opacum and subsequently reared larvae in outdoor mesocosms. We monitored demographic traits such as larval growth, size at and time to metamorphosis, and survival. To assess trophic dynamics, we monitored zooplankton abundance and phytoplankton
Solutions in exponential functions for Rayleigh wave equations of motion with gravity in a radially heterogeneous spherical Earth

SUMMARY With the availability of broad-band waveform data, the inversion of long-period surface wave velocities play an important role in evaluating the crust and mantle. For forward modelling, the flattening transformation allows us to compute theoretical velocities in a spherical Earth through effective algorithms of a flat-layered Earth. Using this transformation, the phase and group velocities of Rayleigh waves of period up to 300 s are computed for a non-gravitating Earth and compared with the corresponding results for a gravitating Earth. The differences in first few modes are seen to be small but not negligible. In order to obtain such transformation for a gravitating layered spherical Earth, we require analytic solutions of the corresponding equations in terms of exponential functions. To achieve this goal, we consider the equations of motion of spheroidal oscillations in an isotropic elastic radially heterogeneous self-gravitating sphere. The density variation in the crust and mantle is small compared to variation from mantle to core; so if we consider Rayleigh waves confined to crust and mantle, we may neglect the perturbations in gravitational potential due to insignificant variation in density distribution during oscillations. Thus the equations of motion consist of two second-order differential equations with gravity terms included in it. In each shell we assume Lame’s parameters λ and μ ∝ r p and density ρ ∝ r p−2 , gravity g ∝ r , where r is the radial distance and p is an arbitrary constant. With such heterogeneity in a shell of a layered Earth, we get solutions for displacement in terms of exponential functions. The numerical results of Rayleigh wave velocities through flattening transformation based on the present solutions are expected to be close to those of a gravitating spherical Earth.
A cloud detection neural network for above-aircraft clouds using airborne cameras

For aerosol, cloud, land, and ocean remote sensing, the development of accurate cloud detection methods, or cloud masks, is extremely important. For airborne passive remotesensing, it is also important to identify when clouds are above the aircraft since their presence contaminates the measurements of nadir-viewing passive sensors. We describe the development of a camera-based approach to detecting clouds above the aircraft via a convolutional neural network called the cloud detection neural network (CDNN). We quantify the performance of this CDNN using human-labeled validation data where we report 96% accuracy in detecting clouds in testing datasets for both zenith viewing and forward-viewing models. We present results from the CDNN basedon airborne imagery from the NASA Aerosol Cloud meteorology Interactions oVer the western Atlantic Experiment (ACTIVATE) and the Clouds, Aerosol, and Monsoon Processes Philippines Experiment (CAMP2Ex). We quantify the ability of the CDNN to identify the presence of clouds above the aircraft using a forward-looking camera mounted inside the aircraft cockpit compared to the use of an all-sky upward-looking camera that is mounted outside the fuselage on top of the aircraft. We assess our performance by comparing the flight-averaged cloud fraction of zenith and forward CDNN retrievals with that of the prototype hyperspectral total-diffuse Sunshine Pyranometer (SPN-S) instrument’s cloud optical depth data. A comparison of the CDNN with the SPN-S on time-specific intervals resulted in 93% accuracy for the zenith viewing CDNN and 84% for the forward-viewing CDNN. The comparison of the CDNNs with the SPN-S on flight-averaged cloud fraction resulted in an agreement of . 15 for the forward CDNN and . 07 for the zenith CDNN. For CAMP2Ex, 53% of flight dates had above-aircraft cloud fraction above 50%, while for ACTIVATE, 52% and 54% of flight dates observed above-aircraft cloud fraction above 50% for 2020 and 2021, respectively. The CDNN enables cost-effective detection of clouds above the aircraft using an inexpensive camera installed in the cockpit for airborne science research flights where there are no dedicated upward-looking instruments for cloud detection, the installation of which requires time-consuming and expensive aircraft modifications, in addition to added mission cost and complexity of operating additional instruments.
Non-linear limitation of double-stream instability

The authors study the development of instability during a beam-plasma discharge under conditions where the density of the beam is close to that of the plasma. It is experimentally demonstrated that the rise of the space-charge waves at a certain distance from the input antenna is followed by damping. A possible mechanism is discussed by which the double-stream instability is stabilized.
Mueller matrix polarimetry for immersion lithography tools with a polarization monitoring system at the wafer plane

It will be required for more accurate lithography simulation of complicated mask patterns then ever, under hyper-NA (numerical aperture) projection lens and aggressive small-aperture polarized-light illumination, to construct two systems of polarimetry; one is polarimetry for illumination, and the other is Mueller matrix polarimetry for projection lenses. The former polarimetry already reported by the authors is necessary for us to appreciate how the true polarization state of illumination is. The polarimeter mask described in the paper determines illumination polarization states by Stokes parameters. The latter polarimetry is the main subject of this paper. A Mueller matrix is a translation matrix of the input Stokes parameters to the output Stokes parameters. With the full elements of the Mueller matrix of a projection lens, the Stokes parameters of a light at the wafer plane can be easily predicted from the Stokes parameters of any illumination conditions. This paper proposed a new method of Mueller matrix polarimetry and a monitor mask used for 193-nm immersion lithography tools with a polarization monitor at the wafer plane.
A Note on Measurement Scales and Statistical Testing

In elementary books on applied statistics (e.g., Siegel, 1988; Agresti, 1990) and books on research methodology in psychology and personality assessment (e.g., Aiken, 1999), it is often suggested that the choice of a statistical test and the choice of statistical operations should be determined by the level of measurement of the data. Although schemes based on this idea will in many situations lead to reasonable choices, a more liberal attitude towards the choice of tests is advocated. Depending on the deviations from the null hypotheses that the researcher expects, it can be quite reasonable, for example, to use Wilcoxon's rank sum test when comparing two groups on the basis of nominal data. Examples are given to illustrate our propositions.
Integro-Local Limit Theorems Including Large Deviations for Sums of Random Vectors. II

This paper is a continuation of [A. A. Borovkov and A. A. Mogulskii, Theory Probab. Appl. , 43 (1998), pp. 1--12] and [A. A. Borovkov and A. A. Mogulskii, Siberian Math. J., 37 (1996), pp. 647--682]. Let $S(n)=\xi(1)+\cdots +\xi(n)$ be the sum of independent nondegenerate random vectors in $\mathbf{R}^d$ having the same distribution as a random vector~$\xi$. It is assumed that $\varphi(\lambda)= \mathbf{E} \,e^{\langle\lambda,\xi\rangle}$ is finite in a vicinity of a point ${\lambda \in \mathbf{R}^d}$. We obtain asymptotic representations for the probability $\mathbf{P}\{S(n)\in \Delta (x)\}$ and the renewal function $H(\Delta (x))= \sum_{n=1}^{\infty}\mathbf{P}\{S(n)\in \Delta (x)\}$, where $\Delta(x)$ is a cube in $\mathbf{R}^d$ with a vertex at point x and the edge length~$\Delta$. In contrast to the above-mentioned papers, the obtained results are valid, in essence, either without any additional assumptions or under very weak restrictions.