Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
The SAR92 Clade: an Abundant Coastal Clade of Culturable Marine Bacteria Possessing Proteorhodopsin

ABSTRACT Proteorhodopsin (PR) is a protein that is abundant in marine bacterioplankton. PR is hypothesized to be a light-dependent proton pump, thus creating a proton gradient that can be used for energy production without electron transport. Currently, the only culture that has been reported to possesses PR is the highly abundant alphaproteobacterium “Candidatus Pelagibacter ubique” (SAR11 clade), but surprisingly, its growth in batch culture was not enhanced by light. Here, we present the first cultured gammaproteobacterium that possesses a PR gene. Genome sequencing and analysis of HTCC2207 showed that the PR gene is present as a lone transcriptional unit directly followed by an operon containing genes that are presumably involved in the synthesis of retinal, the chromophore of PR. Half-time decay times of different PR intermediates in native HTCC2207 cells ranged between 2 and 15 ms, and the absorbance maximum of PR was determined to be 528 nm. Proteorhodopsin was identified in three additional strains, using a specific PCR assay on other cultured members of the SAR92 clade. Phylogenetic analyses of the PR genes determined that they form a deeply rooting cluster not closely related to any PR genes recovered so far. Fluorescence in situ hybridization and RNA blots showed that the SAR92 clade reaches up to 10% of the total bacterial population in surface waters close to the Oregon coast and decreases over depth and distance from the shore. Although the growth of HTCC2207 is limited by the amount of available carbon that is present in the medium applied, these cultures do not grow at higher rates nor do they have higher growth yields when incubated under light.
The Role of Child and Adolescent Adjustment Problems and Sleep Disturbance in Parent Psychological Distress

The goal of this study was to examine the moderating role of youth sleep disturbance on the relationship between youth internalizing and externalizing symptoms and parent psychological distress. Participants were 225 youth (ages 8–17) and parent dyads attending a primary care clinic appointment. Participants completed questionnaires that assessed parent psychological distress, youth internalizing symptoms, youth externalizing symptoms, and youth sleep disturbance. Moderation analyses were conducted to examine whether youth sleep disturbance moderated the relationship between youth internalizing and externalizing symptoms and parent psychological distress. The interaction between youth internalizing symptoms and youth sleep disturbance was significantly related to parent psychological distress, such that having increased sleep disturbance amplified the positive relationship between internalizing symptoms and parent psychological distress. The moderation model explained 52% of the variance in parent psychological distress. The interaction between youth externalizing symptoms and youth sleep disturbance was also significantly related to parent psychological distress, such that increased sleep disturbance amplified the positive relationship between externalizing symptoms and parent psychological distress. This model accounted for 53% of the variance in parent psychological distress. Greater youth sleep disturbance strengthens the positive relationship between youth internalizing/externalizing symptoms and parent psychological distress. Accordingly, reducing youth sleep disturbance may serve as an appropriate intervention target in families experiencing increased parent psychological distress.
Government Size and Economic Growth: A New Framework and Some Evidence from Cross-Section and Time-Series Data: Reply

A study of the impact of government size on economic performance and growth is important. Theoretically, one point of view suggests that a larger government size is likely to be detrimental to efficiency and economic growth because, for example, (i) government operations are often conducted inefficiently, (ii) the regulatory process imposes excessive burdens and costs on the economic system, and (iii) many of government's fiscal and monetary policies tend to distort economic incentives and lower the productivity of the system. At the other extreme, one can identify some points of view that assign to the government a critical role in the process of economic development, and could argue that a larger government size is likely to be a more powerful engine of economic development. There are several arguments on which the latter point of view is based. These include, besides others, (i) role of the government in harmonizing conflicts between private and social interests, (ii) prevention of exploitation of the country by foreigners, and (iii) securing an increase in productive investment and providing a socially optimal direction for growth and development.
Treating diabetes in underserved populations using an interprofessional care team

Abstract Community Health Centers that provide diabetic care for underserved patients have unique challenges. This study describes how interprofessional care improves outcomes and results in cost savings. Interprofessional diabetes education and structured team building are discussed. The team consisted of a physician, nurse practitioner, clinical pharmacist, and a number of pre-medicinal, nursing, and pharmacy students. The outcomes were measured at one year intervals for a total of three years. During the two year period with the interprofessional care team, the diabetic patients in this study achieved a 10% improvement in HgA1c, and 9% improvement in systolic blood pressure, a 5% improvement in diastolic blood pressure, and a 62.6% reduction in triglycerides. These findings suggest that this interprofessional care model in a free clinic significantly improved the HgA1c, triglycerides, and blood pressure.
THE EVOLUTION OF SOCIO-ECONOMIC INSTITUTIONS IN WEST AFRICA FROM 1945-1960

This work focuses on the Evolution of Socio-economic Institutions in West Africa from 1945-1960. "The period after the second world war" (the post world II year) brought a change in the economic and social policies of the colonial masters in the West Africa colonies. These new policies were articulated in the development and welfare Act in the British West African Colonies and the "Fonds d'lnvestisemenl pour le Deve Oppement Economique at Social" in the French colonies. Walter Rodney had however argued that contrary to the general opinion, these so called developmental founds for Africa went almost exclusively into the building of economic infrastructures and also into the provision of certain social services. From the above illumination, it is quite clear that the period after the Second World War (the post world II years to the year of independence, I960) was an era of change, but, it is also clear that the change taking place were not an all-rounded change. Therefore, in this paper, attempt will be made at analyzing these changes which will inform us on how much the social-economic institution evolved from 1945-1960. Scholars are unanimous in agreeing that post world war 11 years saw the gradual transformation of the West African colonies. The post world war 11 years released forth a new set of internal and external dynamics that eventually led to political, economic and social changes that culminated into the independence of the Anglophone and Francophone West Africa colonies (Isichei 1977:221-225). The post world war 11 years brought a change in the economic and social policies of the colonial masters in the West Africa colonies. These new policies were articulated in the development and welfare Act in the British West Africa colonies and the "Fonds d'Investisement pour Ie Deve Oppement Economique at Social" in the French colonies. Rodney (1972) had however argued that contrary to general opinion, these so called developmental funds for Africa went almost exclusively into the building of economic infrastructures and into the provision of certain services. According to him, out of the entire outline "C.D. and W. grants" between 1946 and 1956 less than 1% was allocated to industries, and that in the case of "Fonds d'Investisement pour le Deve Oppement Economique at Social" from 1949 to 1953, the corresponding figure was loss than 0.5%. He further argued that agriculture which was the main stay of the economy faired little better, as far as the Africans were concerned. (Rodney, 1972:232-235).
Role-Allocation Processes in Public Bureaucracies

This study examines the rationality of role-allocation processes in public bureaucracies. The article specifically examines the perception of recruitment and promotion. Comparative organizational data provided support for the arguments that: (a) politically neutral civil service entrance exams are adopted to increase bureaucratic autonomy from external political pressures rather than as a means to secure technical competence, and (b) conditions fostering the use of either political neutrality or technical competence as recruitment criteria reduce perceived reliance on merit as a promotion criterion.
Chronic treatment with SCH 23390 and haloperidol: effects on dopaminergic and serotonergic mechanisms in rat brain.

Effects of chronic administration (18 days) with SCH 23390 (0.1 or 0.5 mg/kg/day s.c.) and haloperidol (1 mg/kg/day s.c.) on dopamine and serotonin synthesis and metabolism in discrete dopaminergic and serotonergic nuclei of rat brain were studied. Additionally, the effects of these treatments on dopamine D-1 and D-2 receptor characteristics in rat caudate-putamen were investigated. Chronic administration with both dose regimens of SCH 23390 decreased DA metabolism significantly (basal homovanillic acid concentrations) in nucleus caudatus. In another set of experiments dopamine synthesis (rate of accumulation of 3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine after 3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine-decarboxylase inhibition) was reduced significantly only in nucleus accumbens after the higher SCH 23390 dose regimen. In turn, chronic administration with haloperidol decreased basal dopamine metabolism and synthesis in nucleus caudatus and nucleus accumbens. Chronic haloperidol, but not SCH 23390, treatment induced a clear-cut increase in [3H]spiperone binding in caudate-putamen. Interestingly, neither SCH 23390 nor haloperidol treatments affected [3H]SCH 23390 binding in caudate-putamen. SCH 23390 and haloperidol had no significant effects on serotonin synthesis and metabolism in serotonergic and dopaminergic areas. In conclusion, the classical antipsychotic drug, haloperidol, clearly decreases dopamine turnover in nigrostriatal and mesolimbic dopaminergic systems. The D-1 antagonist, SCH 23390, also decreases dopaminergic activity in nigrostriatal and mesolimbic systems although DA synthesis and metabolism are affected to different degrees in nucleus caudatus and nucleus accumbens. Therefore, we suggest that if D-1 antagonists such as SCH 23390 show antipsychotic activity in clinical studies, they may not be free of extrapyramidal side-effects.
The respiratory chain components of higher plant mitochondria.

TIGHTLY COUPLED MITOCHONDRIA HAVE BEEN PREPARED FROM A VARIETY OF PLANT SOURCES: white potato (Solanum tuberosum), Jerusalem artichoke (Heliantus tuberosus), cauliflower buds (Brassica oleracea), and mung bean hypocotyls (Phaseolus aureus). Mitochondria with no appreciable coupling were also prepared from skunk cabbage spadices (Symplocarpus foetidus). Room temperature difference spectra show that these mitochondria are very similar in the qualitative and quantitative composition of their electron carriers. The different cytochromes are present in the amounts of 0.1 to 0.3 mmumole per mg of mitochondrial protein. The molar ratios of the different electron carriers are, on the average: 0.7:0.7:1.0:3 to 4:10 to 15 respectively for cytochrome aa(3), cytochromes b, cytochromes c, flavoproteins, and pyridine nucleotides.From low temperature difference spectra carried out under particular experimental conditions, it can be deduced that these mitochondria contain 3 b cytochromes whose alpha bands are located at 552, 557, and 561 mmu, and 2 c cytochromes, one of which, a c(1)-like cytochrome, is firmly bound to the mitochondrial membrane. Cytochrome oxidase can be optically resolved into its 2 components a and a(3). For all kinds of mitochondria, the rates of oxidation of succinate are similar as well as the turnover of cytochrome oxidase (50-70 sec(-1)), regardless of the metabolic activities of the tissues. The number of mitochondria per cell appears to be the controlling factor of the intensity of tissue respiration.
AN EXAMINATION OF PTSD SYMPTOMS AS A MEDIATOR OF THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN TRAUMA HISTORY CHARACTERISTICS AND PHYSICAL HEALTH FOLLOWING A MOTOR VEHICLE ACCIDENT

It has been suggested that a history of trauma exposure is associated with increased vulnerability to the physical health consequences of subsequent trauma exposure, and that posttraumatic stress symptoms (PTSS) may serve as a key pathway in this vulnerability. However, few studies have modeled these relationships using mediation, and most have failed to consider whether specific characteristics of the prior trauma exposure have a differential impact on physical and mental health outcomes.
Essays on entrepreneurship and firm performances

Our aim is to highlight the main features of entrepreneurial businesses and to shed light on the determinants of small firms’ growth undertaking an IPO. To this purpose, we centre our attention on companies going public on the Alternative Investment Market (AIM), a market dedicated to young and growing companies. In the paper we investigate the post-IPO performance of 665 listed firms, which have gone public during the period going from 1995 to 2006. In the work the factors influencing business performance are inferred from a broad range of variables (e.g., accounting information, CEO and board age, educational background and past experiences). Our findings confirm that small companies listed on the AIM growth at a faster rate after the IPO. It seems that intangible assets are important determinants of their fast growth. The results of this work underline the relevance of secondary markets, such as the AIM, as a valuable alternative to traditional financial institutions in providing capital to small and entrepreneurial companies. JEL classification : D92, L25, M13
Three-dimensional structure of the human copper transporter hCTR1

Copper uptake proteins (CTRs), mediate cellular acquisition of the essential metal copper in all eukaryotes. Here, we report the structure of the human CTR1 protein solved by electron crystallography to an in plane resolution of 7 Å. Reminiscent of the design of traditional ion channels, trimeric hCTR1 creates a pore that stretches across the membrane bilayer at the interface between the subunits. Assignment of the helices identifies the second transmembrane helix as the key element lining the pore, and reveals how functionally important residues on this helix could participate in Cu(I)-coordination during transport. Aligned with and sealing both ends of the pore, extracellular and intracellular domains of hCTR1 appear to provide additional metal binding sites. Consistent with the existence of distinct metal binding sites, we demonstrate that hCTR1 stably binds 2 Cu(I)-ions through 3-coordinate Cu–S bonds, and that mutations in one of these putative binding sites results in a change of coordination chemistry.
He came, he saw, (and) he waited: an empirical analysis of inertia in technology adoption

The innovation adoption literature has focused primarily on a producer's decision of whether and how much to adopt. An equally pertinent question is when to adopt, because in the case of new technologies it often 'pays to wait' for more information. We propose a double-limit hurdle model to analyse adoption intensity and inertia in the context of a divisible technology. The proposed framework incorporates probit or Tobit models as testable special cases. A maximum likelihood estimation framework is set out and generalized to account for heteroscedastic errors. The empirical analysis, which uses household-level data from India's semi-arid tropics, provides new insights into the factors influencing adoption inertia and intensity.
ISOLATED LOCOREGIONAL RECURRENCE IN PATIENTS WITH POSTMASTECTOMY ADJUVANT THERAPY FOR BREAST CANCER

Objectives: To determine the predictive risk factors for isolated locoregional recurrence (LRR) in breast cancer patients with postmastectomy adjuvant therapy. Patients and Methods: The impacts of patients’ characteristics, tumor stage, and surgery on LRR were evaluated in patients with breast cancer having postmastectomy adjuvant therapy, according to their risk factors using univariate analysis. Factors influencing LRR-free survival were assessed by Cox regression analysis. Results: Of 368 patients, 28 (7.6%) had isolated LRR. Patients’ characteristics such as age, menopause, surgery, tumor size, stage and differentiation, and hormone receptor status were not attributable to LRR. Upper outer quadrant localization was significantly associated with lower LRR occurrence (p=0.048). Among 245 patients whose surgical margin could be assessed, LRR was detected in 6 (20%) of 30 patients with a close surgical margin, while of 215 patients with normal surgical margin, 13 (6%) developed LRR (p=0.007). Kaplan-Meier analysis revealed that larger tumor (p=0.04), presence of LRR (p=0.00001), closer surgical margin (p=0.0085), stage (p=0.0001), and presence of lymph node metastases (p=0.00001) have significantly negative impacts on patients’ survival. Tumor size, lymph node status, and closer surgical margin were found to be the independent factors influencing LRR-free overall survival.
HIV drug resistance.

To the Editor: Clavel and Hance (March 4 issue)1 review resistance to drugs used for the treatment of human immunodeficiency virus infection. Few data are available concerning patterns of antiretroviral-drug resistance among patients in developing countries. However, the fact that the expected virologic success rates of commonly used regimens containing nucleoside reverse-transcriptase inhibitors is approximately 65 percent at 48 weeks is cause for alarm.2 Access to second-line regimens is restricted by their cost, which is currently 10 to 20 times that of first-line regimens. For example, the second-line regimen of tenofovir, didanosine, and either ritonavir or lopinavir, recommended by the .
Prevalence of Dental Caries in Latvian 11– to 15–Year–Old Children and the Enhanced Diagnostic Yield of Temporary Tooth Separation, FOTI and Electronic Caries Measurement

The aim of this study was to test the feasibility of employing clinical visual examination at the D1 (enamel and dentine caries) diagnostic threshold, fibre–optic transillumination (FOTI), elective temporary tooth separation (ETTS) and electronic caries measurement (ECM) in the environment of an epidemiological study or clinical trial. It also aimed to compare the diagnostic yield of these diagnostic aides and methods. The sample consisted of 182 Latvian children, mean age 13.3 years (range = 10.6–15.7). For 12–year–old subjects the mean D3MFS was 10.58 (SD 6.05) and the mean D1MFS was 19.97 (SD 10.47). The additional diagnostic yield from FOTI examination of approximal sites was 40.0% at the D1 threshold. The additional apparent yield for ETTS was 52.8% at the D1 threshold. ETTS detected 38.3% more carious surfaces than FOTI at the D1 threshold. Conversely 57 surfaces thought to be carious on FOTI examination were judged sound following ETTS. Although the ECM appeared practical to use, it broke early in the trial and the results obtained prior to breakdown appeared inaccurate. In conclusion, all diagnostic methods were feasible under the conditions of an epidemiological study or clinical trial.
OPTICAL COHERENCE TOMOGRAPHY ANGIOGRAPHY FEATURES OF SUBRETINAL FIBROSIS IN AGE-RELATED MACULAR DEGENERATION

Purpose: To report the imaging features of subretinal fibrosis secondary to exudative age-related macular degeneration (AMD) on optical coherence tomography angiography. Methods: All consecutive patients diagnosed with subretinal fibrosis complicating exudative AMD were imaged by color retinal photographs or multicolor imaging, fluorescein angiography, spectral domain optical coherence tomography, and optical coherence tomography angiography. Eyes with active exudative features observed during the last 6 months were compared with those without any sign of exudation >6 months. Results: Forty-nine eyes of 47 consecutive patients were included. A blood flow inside the fibrotic scar could be detected in 46 of 49 cases (93.8%). Three patterns of vascular networks could be distinguished, that were described as pruned vascular tree (26 of 49 eyes; 53.1%), tangled network (14 of 49; 28.6%), and/or vascular loop (25 of 49; 51.0%). Furthermore, 2 types of hyporeflective structures, large flow void, and/or dark halo were observed in 63% and in 65% of eyes, respectively. The observed patterns did not differ between eyes with active or inactive lesions. Conclusion: Optical coherence tomography angiography of subretinal fibrosis showed almost constantly a perfused, abnormal vascular network and collateral architectural changes in the outer retina and the choriocapillaris layer. These features were associated with both active and inactive fibrotic choroidal neovessels.
A continuous review inventory model with a time discount

This paper presents a continuous review inventory model with a lost sales assumption. The model is unique due to the inclusion of a time discount. Whenever the supplier faces the likelihood of being out of stock, he may issue a discount to motivate customers to accept delayed deliveries and thus avoid the occurrence of lost sales. We propose a control policy with four parameters R1, Q, R2 and T where R1 and Q are the normal reorder point and quantity, respectively and R2 and T are the triggers for this time discount. During each replenishment cycle, if the on-hand inventory drops to R2 at or before T after the reorder time epoch, the time discount will be granted. A derivation as well as a solution approach for the total cost function are provided. Based on computational results, such a system with a time discount is superior to that without a time discount in terms of minimizing the total system cost. Finally, we compare the performance of the time discount and the emergency ordering approaches.
Export supply function in Croatia

The main aim of this paper is investigation of the interplay between Croatian export supply and the real exchange rate, i.e., the relative prices. The price elasticity of export supply was analysed through modelling both the short- and the long-run structures of the model. Additionally, the relationship between export supply and production capacity was also subjected to the analysis. As a result, this paper provides some insights into the importance played by the real exchange rate and production capacity in explaining total Croatian export. The model is analysed over the period January 1994 to December 2002. In the long-run, variable income and real exchange rate show expected signs, and their influence on export supply is statistically significant. Lagged changes of the real exchange rate are not statistically significant for the current total export trade in the short-run. This implies that Croatian total export reacts parsimoniously and slowly to the changes in the real exchange rate. The phenomenon could be due to the large share those products in Croatian exports that are exchange rate-inelastic.