Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
An innovative free memory design for network processors in home network gateway

With the fast development of digital home network, the bandwidth demands of home network gateway is growing rapidly. The memory bandwidth has become the main performance bottleneck of network processor. Open-page policy and linear allocation approach have been proposed to improve the throughput of network processor through utilizing peak bandwidth of DRAM. Yet, in IC design, due to limitation of linked list memory management and IC area, the implementation of linear allocation is more complex. In this paper, a novel bitmap approach is proposed for free memory management. With efficient search architecture, compression algorithm and pre-fetch buffer, the work complexity of bitmap approach can be reduced considerably, linear allocation can be implemented easily, and memory management can also be optimized to provide high effectiveness.
Segmenting the Adventure Travel Market by Activities: From the North American Industry Providers' Perspective

Abstract The rapid growth of adventure travel is now represented by a wide variety of adventure travel activities but has not been fully recognized as a topic for empirical research to date. This study attempts to segment the adventure travel market by activities as the key products. Data were collected from adventure travel providers (N = 178) through survey questionnaires. The test statistics suggested the inclusion of forty-eight activities in adventure travel. Factor analysis identified six distinctive groupings of adventure travel activities, labeled as: ‘soft nature,’ ‘risk equipped,’ ‘question marks,’ ‘hard challenge,’ ‘rugged nature,’ and ‘winter snow. ’ The research findings provide an analysis of the adventure travel market that will help marketers develop and deliver their products effectively.
An I(2)Cointegration Analysis of Price and Quantity Formation in Danish Manufactured Exports

The long-run and short-run structure of the Danish manufacturing export sector is analyzed within a cointegrated vector autoregressive model. The price variables of the analysis can be characterized as integrated of second order, I(2), but long-run homogeneity seems to cancel the I(2)-trend allowing the analysis of a transformed data set to take place within the cointegrated I(1)-framework. Two long-run relations are found and identified as a demand-relation for Danish exports and a polynomially cointegrated price relation. In the price formation a large weight to foreign prices and an effect from the rate of inflation to the steady-state markup are found. The latter effect is interpreted as an element of caution in the price setting in an inflationary environment. To characterize the short-run behavior of the Danish export-sector a structural representation of the model is developed. Copyright 2002 by Blackwell Publishing Ltd
Investigating the information content of the model-free volatility expectation by Monte Carlo methods

We explore the impact of both the number of option prices and the measurement errors in option prices upon the information content of the model-free volatility expectation, and compare it with the Black–Scholes at-the-money (ATM) implied volatility. We simulate the realized volatility process and option prices using Heston's price dynamics and option valuation formula. The results show that the model-free volatility expectation always contains important information about future realized volatilities. When the option prices contain random measurement noise, the informational efficiency of the model-free volatility expectation increases monotonically with the number of out-of-the-money options. The model-free volatility expectation outperforms the ATM implied volatility, except when there are only a few option price observations. For the traded strikes for S&P 500 index options, we further show that fitting implied volatility curves before applying the current CBOE procedure for constructing the VIX index can improve the VIX's efficiency when forecasting future realized volatilities.
The relation between the wage, job-related training and the quality of the match between occupations and the types of education

The aim of the paper is twofold. In the first place, to find an explanation for the mismatch phenomena which can be found on the labour market by emphasising the nontransparency of the labour market. In the second place, to derive an objective mismatch measure, which enables to investigate the quality of the match between occupations and types of education and to find that particular type of education which has a comparative advantage in the occupation concerned. The result is a theoretical model in which concave earnings-training profiles are derived. Initial wages indicate the quality of the match. Training is used to decrease the mismatch between acquired and required skills. By estimating earnings function by occupational level and occupational field the theoretical framework has been tested empirically. The hypothesis that the earnings-tenure profile is concave can be confirmed by the estimates. Furthermore, the estimates of the mismatch measure yield attractive results, especially concerning the quality of the match between occupational and educational levels. Finally, estimating a training function confirms the hypothesis that training efforts are positively related to the degree of mismatch. So, it may be concluded that the approach which has been developed in this paper yields a useful mismatch measure.
Relative lung bioavailability of generic sodium cromoglycate inhalers used with and without a spacer device.

The relative lung bioavailability of sodium cromoglycate following inhalation has been evaluated using urinary drug excretion in nine healthly volunteers. Each inhaled four 5 mg sodium cromoglycate doses from a generic metered dose inhaler (MDI) and when it was attached to large volume spacer (MDI + VOL). A breath-actuated MDI was also evaluated either used on its own (EB) or attached to a small volume spacer tube (EBO). The mean (SD) urinary excretion of sodium cromoglycate in the first 30 min post-inhalation was 34.1 (20.2), 211.7 (123.5), 29.3 (19.5) and 52.8 (36.0) microg following MDI, MDI+VOL, EB and EBO, respectively. The cumulative mean (SD) urinary excretion of sodium cromoglycate over the 24 h post-inhalation was 364.7 (266.2), 1227.1 (459.0), 280.2 (155.4) and 429.5 (176.7) microg. A metered dose inhaler attached to a large volume spacer delivers more sodium cromoglycate to the lungs than any other inhalation method.
Fine Mapping of Quantitative Trait Loci Affecting Female Fertility in Dairy Cattle on BTA03 Using a Dense Single-Nucleotide Polymorphism Map

Fertility quantitative trait loci (QTL) are of high interest in dairy cattle since insemination failure has dramatically increased in some breeds such as Holstein. High-throughput SNP analysis and SNP microarrays give the opportunity to genotype many animals for hundreds SNPs per chromosome. In this study, due to these techniques a dense SNP marker map was used to fine map a QTL underlying nonreturn rate measured 90 days after artificial insemination previously detected with a low-density microsatellite marker map. A granddaughter design with 17 Holstein half-sib families (926 offspring) was genotyped for a set of 437 SNPs mapping to BTA3. Linkage analysis was performed by both regression and variance components analysis. An additional analysis combining both linkage analysis and linkage-disequilibrium information was applied. This method first estimated identity-by-descent probabilities among base haplotypes. These probabilities were then used to group the base haplotypes in different clusters. A QTL explaining 14% of the genetic variance was found with high significance (P < 0.001) at position 19 cM with the linkage analysis and four sires were estimated to be heterozygous (P < 0.05). Addition of linkage-disequilibrium information refined the QTL position to a set of narrow peaks. The use of the haplotypes of heterozygous sires offered the possibility to give confidence in some peaks while others could be discarded. Two peaks with high likelihood-ratio test values in the region of which heterozygous sires shared a common haplotype appeared particularly interesting. Despite the fact that the analysis did not fine map the QTL in a unique narrow region, the method proved to be able to handle efficiently and automatically a large amount of information and to refine the QTL position to a small set of narrow intervals. In addition, the QTL identified was confirmed to have a large effect (explaining 13.8% of the genetic variance) on dairy cow fertility as estimated by nonreturn rate at 90 days.
Integration of collaborative and systematic approaches for service design

This paper discusses how collaborative and systematic approaches can be integrated for service business planning. We have surveyed several business startups in our company and concluded that service startup can be considered as a sequence of measures to reduce the uncertainty of the most important issue. In addition, it has been concluded that collaboration between the service provider and service users can reduce those uncertainties. Assuming that business planners will adopt this conclusion as the guiding policy for their planning, we propose a business planning procedure using both collaborative and systematic approaches.
Effect of increased potassium intake on cardiovascular risk factors and disease: systematic review and meta-analyses

Objective To conduct a systematic review of the literature and meta-analyses to fill the gaps in knowledge on potassium intake and health. Data sources Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, Medline, Embase, WHO International Clinical Trials Registry Platform, Latin American and Caribbean Health Science Literature Database, and the reference lists of previous reviews. Study selection Randomised controlled trials and cohort studies reporting the effects of potassium intake on blood pressure, renal function, blood lipids, catecholamine concentrations, all cause mortality, cardiovascular disease, stroke, and coronary heart disease were included. Data extraction and synthesis Potential studies were independently screened in duplicate, and their characteristics and outcomes were extracted. When possible, meta-analysis was done to estimate the effects (mean difference or risk ratio with 95% confidence interval) of higher potassium intake by using the inverse variance method and a random effect model. Results 22 randomised controlled trials (including 1606 participants) reporting blood pressure, blood lipids, catecholamine concentrations, and renal function and 11 cohort studies (127 038 participants) reporting all cause mortality, cardiovascular disease, stroke, or coronary heart disease in adults were included in the meta-analyses. Increased potassium intake reduced systolic blood pressure by 3.49 (95% confidence interval 1.82 to 5.15) mm Hg and diastolic blood pressure by 1.96 (0.86 to 3.06) mm Hg in adults, an effect seen in people with hypertension but not in those without hypertension. Systolic blood pressure was reduced by 7.16 (1.91 to 12.41) mm Hg when the higher potassium intake was 90-120 mmol/day, without any dose response. Increased potassium intake had no significant adverse effect on renal function, blood lipids, or catecholamine concentrations in adults. An inverse statistically significant association was seen between potassium intake and risk of incident stroke (risk ratio 0.76, 0.66 to 0.89). Associations between potassium intake and incident cardiovascular disease (risk ratio 0.88, 0.70 to 1.11) or coronary heart disease (0.96, 0.78 to 1.19) were not statistically significant. In children, three controlled trials and one cohort study suggested that increased potassium intake reduced systolic blood pressure by a non-significant 0.28 (−0.49 to 1.05) mm Hg. Conclusions High quality evidence shows that increased potassium intake reduces blood pressure in people with hypertension and has no adverse effect on blood lipid concentrations, catecholamine concentrations, or renal function in adults. Higher potassium intake was associated with a 24% lower risk of stroke (moderate quality evidence). These results suggest that increased potassium intake is potentially beneficial to most people without impaired renal handling of potassium for the prevention and control of elevated blood pressure and stroke.
The 2nd International Drug Hypersensitivity Meeting

The 2nd International Drug Hypersensitivity Meeting was held at Liverpool, UK on 18 – 21 April, 2006. This meeting, attended by almost 200 delegates with expertises in chemistry, pharmacology, toxicology, allergy and immunology, provided an excellent environment to discuss recent advances in the understanding of the chemical, cellular, molecular and genetic basis of drug hypersensitivity. Furthermore, specific symposia addressed clinical, industrial and regulatory perspectives of drug hypersensitivity reactions. The ultimate aim of the meeting was to contribute towards a better understanding and management of this particular form of serious adverse drug reaction. The authors herein provide a synopsis of the main research and clinical findings discussed at the meeting.
Prioritizing Economic Growth: Enhancing Macroeconomic Policy Choice

This paper spells out a logic for increasing macroeconomic policy space in order to prioritize the goals of growth, employment creation and poverty reduction. First, there is the need to create additional policy instruments so that a greater number of policy goals can be addressed. Frequently, real economy goals get partly crowded out by financial objectives because there are too few instruments for too many goals. Second, the calibrated use of policy tools by degrees of commitment, deployment and assignment can create space for different policy-mixes. Selective capital controls, intermediate exchange rate regimes, and some monetary policy autonomy create the policy space within which a variety of policy combinations and mixes are possible and a greater number of instruments are available. Prioritization of real economy goals becomes both more feasible and more likely with a broader range of policy alternatives. Third, along with selective use of capital controls, fiscal policy-based stabilization instead of exchange rate-based stabilization delinks the exchange rate from the goal of internal financial stability to which it is yoked in a regime of fixed exchange rates. This delinkage enables the use of intermediate exchange rate regimes (soft pegs and managed floating). The use of these regimes in “the missing middle” between fixed and flexible exchange rates creates policy space where different mixes are possible generating a greater range of policy alternatives. Fourth, prioritizing real economy goals is also facilitated by the design of a larger strategic framework for accelerated development including institutions, norms, behaviours and governance. The larger strategic framework mobilizes more assets and power toward a dynamic growth trajectory that creates a more favourable context for macroeconomic policy. The impact of macroeconomic policies on growth, employment creation and poverty reduction is likely to be stronger when they are part of a wider effort to marshal resources for accelerated development. The examples of the East Asian success stories provide the evidence for this conclusion. These four steps in the logic for increased macroeconomic policy choice – new policy tools, selective and pragmatic use of capital controls and exchange rate intervention, fiscal policy-based stabilization, and strategic frameworks – reinforce each other in their capacity to create more policy space.
On Choosing Organizational-Arrangements: The Example of Offshore Oil Gathering

The main organizational arrangements found in offshore oil production are described and explained using the transaction cost paradigm. Both measurement cost and rent appropriation economizing are utilized and it is shown that organizational arrangements align with predictions. The internationalization of the industry is shown to depend upon transaction cost economizing motives. Selection of an institutional market arrangement--the invited tender-bid auction--is also shown to be transaction cost dependent. Complexity of product or process is argued to be a separate explanatory variable in the choice of organizational arrangements. Copyright 1991 by Scottish Economic Society.
The introduction of commercial paper — a case study in the liberalisation of the Japanese financial markets

Summary The CP market was introduced in Japan because there was felt to be a need to offer corporate entities a means of raising funds in the open market other than through gensaki. Secondly, the financial authorities regarded it to be an appropriate step in reaction to the recent developments in international finance. A CP is a promissory note that is subject to the Law on Bills. Both banks and securities companies are allowed to engage as dealers on the primary market as a ‘secondary’ and ‘supplementary’ business, respectively. They are joined by money market brokers on the secondary market. From the very first day, the market took a different shape from its counterpart in the USA. Issuing rates were not posted at about the level of CED rates, as they normally are in the USA, but were at ’harakiri rates’. The fight for market share among the primary dealers was so severe that they also absorbed tax payments and did not charge commissions with the first issue. Because trading paper as gensaki was the onl.
The Effect of Education on Brazil's Economic Development

Due to robust economic growth, Brazil has become an economic powerhouse in both Latin America and the developing world. Despite recent success, inequality still persists at surprisingly high levels. The substandard education system is a contributor to this inequity; however, education reform also represents one of the most effective tools for further growth and a more equal distribution of income. This article investigates how Brazil’s failure to raise school learning standards incurs negative long-term effects and outlines the economic benefits of a higher quality education. It reviews the demographic window of opportunity, especially with regards to education, the links between poor education, poverty and inequality, and how inequities hamper economic growth. Finally, the article examines the successes of recent education reforms and how more efficient social spending could bolster economic growth.
Culture and conflict: Japanese managers and Thai subordinates

This article presents the findings of research on the application and adaptability of Japanese management practices in a different cultural context, Thailand. The national characteristics of Japan and Thailand based on Hofstede's conceptual framework, Japanese human resource management approaches and the specific Japanese business practices and social concepts were analyzed. Possible conflicts between the Japanese management and Thai staff based on the different perceptions of the Japanese management style were assessed. Data were collected from ten Japanese manufacturers using a sample of 100 employees (50 Japanese managers and 50 Thai subordinates from the same group of companies). The results shows an interesting pattern of Japanese managers adapting more to Thai culture and as well as Thai subordinates adapting to the Japanese style of management and human resource system.
Pharmacokinetics of (-)-beta-D-2-aminopurine dioxolane and (-)-beta-D-2-amino-6-chloropurine dioxolane and their antiviral metabolite (-)-beta-D-dioxolane guanine in rhesus monkeys

(-)-beta-D-2-Aminopurine dioxolane (APD) and (-)-beta-D-2-amino-6-chloropurine dioxolane (ACPD) are recently synthesized dioxolanylpurine nucleoside derivatives being developed as potential prodrugs for the antiviral nucleoside analog (-)-beta-D-dioxolane guanine (DXG). In vitro, APD and ACPD are converted to DXG by xanthine oxidase and adenosine deaminase, respectively. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the preclinical pharmacokinetics of APD and ACPD and their potential for generating sustained levels of the parent nucleoside, DXG, in rhesus monkeys following oral administration. Both nucleoside derivatives were rapidly absorbed, with similar peak concentrations achieved within 1 h after administration. However, concentrations of APD were more markedly sustained than those of ACPD. Both prodrugs yielded DXG, but significantly higher serum concentrations of DXG and area under the concentration-time curve values were observed following administration of APD. In addition, APD produced higher concentrations of prodrug and DXG in cerebrospinal fluid than did ACPD. Thus, the results of this pharmacokinetic study suggest that APD is likely to serve as a better prodrug of DXG and should be considered for clinical trials for antiviral therapy against human immunodeficiency virus and hepatitis B virus.
Smoke and Mirrors: Making Sense of the WTO Industrial Tariff Negotiations

Tariffs for industrial products are a key element of the ongoing WTO negotiations. However, rather than clarifying the issues, the framework text agreed on 1 August 2004 leaves considerable uncertainty about the future direction of the talks. According to one view, the negotiations are back at first base, with little progress in evidence since the Fifth WTO Ministerial Conference, held in Cancun. Others see the texts as the basis for an ambitious approach to tariff cutting. The more ambitious proposals imply increased imports, lower tariff revenues, some labour market adjustments and reduced output in some key sectors in some developing regions. Furthermore, the main proposals do not fully resolve problems of tariff escalation and peaks. Proposals that take greater account of the need for special and differential treatment for developing countries seem less threatening and more likely to satisfy the wishes of the growing number of WTO members from developing countries. A successful outcome requires that the main focus be on high tariffs and market entry conditions in respect of products of export interest to developing countries. In addition, some way needs be found to assist some developing countries in coping with the likely adjustment costs of liberalization.