Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Non-Economic Factors in Economic Geography and in 'New Regionalism': A Sympathetic Critique

In the current debate on local and regional development and after several 'turns', dominant critical models have found some security in institutional, cultural and evolutionary approaches. Interest today centres on success and competitiveness and how they are reproduced in a few paradigmatic regions. A distinctive feature of these regions and places is "the embeddedness of certain non-economic factors "such as" social capital, trust and reciprocity "based on familiarity, face-to-face exchange, cooperation, embedded routines, habits and norms, local conventions of communication and interaction, all of which contribute to a region's particular success. Although these approaches may not deny the forces of the capitalist space economy, they do not explicitly acknowledge them or take them on board and so they tend to discuss non-economic factors and institutions as autonomous forces shaping development. This essay provides a critique of these concepts based on their (1) inadequate theorization, (2) depoliticized view of politics and de-economized use of economics and (3) reduction of space to territory. The essay concludes that we need a far more penetrating renewal of radical critique of the current space economy of capitalism. Old concepts such as uneven development, the social and spatial division of labour, the geographical transfer of value, accumulation and imperialism must be combined with cultural and institutional issues, with those non-economic factors mentioned above. Copyright (c) 2006 The Author. Journal Compilation (c) 2006 Joint Editors and Blackwell Publishing Ltd.
THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE INTEGRATED THREE-COMPONENT MODEL OF AGRICULTURAL EDUCATION

This research project sought to determine the origin of the three-component model of agricultural education in the United States and provided a contextual base for future research into the three-component model for agricultural education. The study concluded that each of the three components of the agricultural education model originated at different times in American history but were developed simultaneously. Supervised experience probably originated in colonial America, and formal instruction in agricultural education probably began in 1858. The FFA was officially established in 1928, although similar agricultural youth organizations probably began either at the end of the nineteenth century or the beginning of the twentieth century. This study did not find evidence of an established date or recognized event that created the three-component agricultural education model. The Smith-Hughes Act of 1917 provided a more sophisticated linkage between classroom instruction and supervised experience. This study did not find evidence of a legal basis for the integral nature of the three-component agricultural education model. Instead, the integral nature of the model probably exists out of tradition, or as a result of a philosophical tenet in the agricultural education profession.
Beyond Constructivism: the Progressive Research Programme into Learning Science

Around 1980 research into learning in science underwent a significant shift, informed by consideration of the significance of studies exploring student ideas in a wide range of science topics. At this time a number of seminal studies appeared which reviewed the state of the field of research into learning and teaching in science, and set out a research agenda for future work. These studies, with a good many subsequent papers, have been described as constituting the basis of ‘constructivism in science education’ or the ‘alternative conceptions movement’. Over the following two decades this ‘movement’ became considered as both the dominant paradigm and as a spent force in science education. The present review takes an intermediate view, and considers the seminal constructivist studies to have initiated a research programme, setting out both axiomatic commitments and fruitful directions for future work. This analysis makes it possible to evaluate the extent to which the initial research goals have been achieved, and also to see how a wide variety of work related to learning in science – some not normally considered to be ‘constructivist’ can be seen to be part of the evolving agenda of the original programme. In particular, this analysis shows that shifts in the focus of research in the field can be understood as part of the expected progression within a progressive research programme as accumulating empirical studies offer data to test key ideas, initial tenets come to seem commonplace, and new concepts are developed allowing research questions to be refined. The review highlights those areas where progress has been made, and offers heuristic guidance for researchers in the field.
Society, Organisations, and Leadership in Turkey

Cette etude examine la culture organisationnelle, les comportements de direction, et les perceptions face aux attributs efficaces et tres efficaces des dirigeants dans la societeturque. Les donnees utilisees dans cette etude proviennent ala fois d'une recherche independante et de la base de donnees GLOBE. Dans le projet independant de recherche, les donnees ont ete´ recueillies aupres de 92 personnes employees par deux compagnies manu- facturieres et deux de services. Les donnees qualitatives de GLOBE proviennent de deux groupes de discussion et de six entrevues en profondeur. Les valeurs organisationnelles dominantes dans les entreprises turques ont ete´ identifiees comme etant, en ordre d'importance, le collectivisme, une orien- tation performance, l'evitement de l'incertitude, le sacrifice de soi, l'integrite´ , distance hierarchique, la qualite´ , la consideration, et l'orientation vers le futur. Les comportements de direction les plus frequemment observes ont eteles suivants: hierarchique—autocratique, suivi par paternaliste—considerant, transactionnel—orientevers l'equipe, et laisser-faire. Les resultats demontrent que tous les comportements de direction ont eteinfluences par les valeurs organisationnelles. Les attributs efficaces des dirigeants ont etepercus comme incluant les qualites suivantes: orientevers les personnes (integrateurs d'equipe et paternaliste), orientevers la tache, participatif, et charismatique—trans- formationnel. En general, cette etude demontre l'importance du collectivisme dans la culture organisationnelle tout comme dans les attributs tres efficaces des dirigeants dans un contexte turque.
Proteomics Comparison of Cerebrospinal Fluid of Relapsing Remitting and Primary Progressive Multiple Sclerosis

Background Based on clinical representation of disease symptoms multiple sclerosis (MScl) patients can be divided into two major subtypes; relapsing remitting (RR) MScl (85–90%) and primary progressive (PP) MScl (10–15%). Proteomics analysis of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) has detected a number of proteins that were elevated in MScl patients. Here we specifically aimed to differentiate between the PP and RR subtypes of MScl by comparing CSF proteins. Methodology/Principal Findings CSF samples (n = 31) were handled according to the same protocol for quantitative mass spectrometry measurements we reported previously. In the comparison of PP MScl versus RR MScl we observed a number of differentially abundant proteins, such as protein jagged-1 and vitamin D-binding protein. Protein jagged-1 was over three times less abundant in PP MScl compared to RR MScl. Vitamin D-binding protein was only detected in the RR MScl samples. These two proteins were validated by independent techniques (western blot and ELISA) as differentially abundant in the comparison between both MScl types. Conclusions/Significance The main finding of this comparative study is the observation that the proteome profiles of CSF in PP and RR MScl patients overlap to a large extent. Still, a number of differences could be observed. Protein jagged-1 is a ligand for multiple Notch receptors and involved in the mediation of Notch signaling. It is suggested in literature that the Notch pathway is involved in the remyelination of MScl lesions. Aberration of normal homeostasis of Vitamin D, of which approximately 90% is bound to vitamin D-binding protein, has been widely implicated in MScl for some years now. Vitamin D directly and indirectly regulates the differentiation, activation of CD4+ T-lymphocytes and can prevent the development of autoimmune processes, and so it may be involved in neuroprotective elements in MScl.
Natural language features for detection of Alzheimer's disease in conversational speech

Automatic monitoring of the patients with Alzheimer's disease and diagnosis of the disease in early stages can have a significant impact on the society. Here, we investigate an automatic diagnosis approach through the use of features derived from transcriptions of conversations with the subjects. As opposed to standard tests that are mostly focused on memory recall, spontaneous conversations are carried with the subjects in informal settings. Features extracted from the transcriptions of the conversations could discriminate between healthy people and patients with high reliability. Although the results are preliminary and patients were in later stages of Alzheimer's disease, results indicate the potential use of the proposed natural language based features in the early stages of the disease also. Moreover, the data collection process employed here can be done inexpensively by call center agents in a real-life application using automatic speech recognition systems (ASR) which are known to have very high accuracies in recent years. Thus, the investigated features hold the potential to make it low-cost and convenient to diagnose the disease and monitor the diagnosed patients over time.
Artificial Intelligence and the Dialogical

Workers in cognitive science and artificial intelligence assume that everything of importance to our intelligent functioning can be found inside the heads of individuals. This article takes a different approach. The nature of our disorderly, everyday, dialogical activities is first outlined, because it assumes that it is only in terms of this usually unnoticed background activity that we make sense of everything individual and distinctive we do in relation both to each other and to our larger surroundings: We constitute what we are pleased to call our individual minds and our world within it. Furthermore, it is in the unique variations that we each introduce into this constitutive activity that we can express ourselves, our own “inner lives. ” Studies in cognitive science and artificial intelligence lead us not only to ignore these backgrounds but to institute forms of human relation leading to their eradication.
Massive IQ gains in 14 nations: What IQ tests really measure.

Data from 14 nations reveal IQ gains ranging from 5 to 25 points in a single generation. Some of the largest gains occur on culturally reduced tests and tests of fluid intelligence. The Norwegian data show that a nation can make significant gains on a culturally reduced test while suffering losses on other tests. The Dutch data prove the existence of unknown environmental factors so potent that they account for 15 of the 20 points gained. The hypothesis that best fits the results is that IQ tests do not measure intelligence but rather a correlate with a weak causal link to intelligence. This hypothesis can also explain differential trends on various mental tests, such as the combination of IQ gains and Scholastic Aptitude Test losses in the United States. Over the last decade, scholars in many countries—largely unknown to one another—have been measuring IQ trends from one generation to the next. In this article their results are collected and analyzed so as to reap the benefits comparative data usually yield. It is also argued that this mass of data poses fundamental problems for developmental psychology, primarily concerning what factors have the most potent effect on IQ, what IQ tests measure, and how IQ tests should be used in making between-groups comparisons.
Composing middlebox and traffic engineering policies in SDNs

Middleboxes present new requirements that need to be integrated with traffic engineering applications that are already complex and consider myriad factors (e.g., routing, QoS, load-balancing). While it is possible to revisit traffic engineering algorithms to explicitly integrate middleboxes, such an approach is not compositional. Existing efforts at compositional SDN application development do not apply since they support application composition after static packet-forwarding policies are generated by application modules. Consequently, routes computed by a traffic engineering module cannot be influenced by the constraints imposed by a module that specifies middlebox traversal requirements. In this paper, we explore an alternate approach where application composition is done prior to the generation of packet-forwarding policies. Each application is written as a logic program, and provides a set of requirements that must be respected by a synthesized solution. A constraint solving engine iterates over these requirements to search the solution space and find a solution respecting all the requirements. We illustrate our approach with a concrete case study, and implement it using the Z3 SMT solver [1]. Our initial results point to the promise of the approach.
THE TRANSNATIONAL MAKING OF REPRESENTATIONS OF GENDER, ETHNICITY AND CULTURE: INDIGENOUS PEOPLES' ORGANIZATIONS AT THE SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION'S FESTIVAL

Ongoing globalization processes challenge indigenous peoples' lives in various ways. These processes seem to be to a significant extent fuelled by ‘global’ agents whose practices are in one way or another informed by the systems of representations, values and beliefs of so-called ‘developed’ Western societies, those of the US, Canada and Western Europe. Not only are voracious national and transnational economic and political forces avidly seeking to gain control over these peoples' territories, resources and knowledge, but also a variety of self-considered alternative organizations from the ‘developed’ world (some of which actually advance agendas that in certain ways may be regarded as alternatives to those of mainstream agencies) are actively exposing these peoples to their systems of beliefs and representations, for example, conservationist organizations, indigenous peoples' advocacy organizations, etc. This article discusses the participation of various indigenous peoples' political and economic organ.
Chromosome 6 encoded RNaseT2 protein is a cell growth regulator

We have previously shown by chromosome transfer technique that chromosome 6 alters the phenotype of a variety of tumour cells and SV40 immortalized cells. We present here the phenotypic effects of the ectopic expression of RNaseT2, a highly conserved ribonuclease encoded by chromosome 6q27, in SV40 immortalized cell lines. We contrast our findings with those reported for ovarian carcinoma cell lines and an SV40 immortalized cell line transfected with RNaseT2. Although RNaseT2 expression is elevated in normal diploid fibroblasts approaching senescence (passage 64), forced expression of the gene in immortalized cells does not cause them to senesce. A significant reduction was observed in colony forming efficiency, anchorage independence and growth rate of cells transfected with RNaseT2. The levels of transcripts involved in Akt signalling pathway, cell cycle control and pathways related to cell proliferation decreased 2–10‐folds in SV40 immortalized cells in response to RNaseT2 expression. Interestingly, some immortalized cells expressed alternatively spliced transcript variants instead of the full‐length RNaseT2 transcript. Our results are consistent with the conclusion that RNaseT2 is a cell growth regulator and it does not induce senescence in SV40 immortalized cell lines.
Activation of Symbiosis Signaling by Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi in Legumes and Rice[OPEN]

Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi produce a variety of signaling molecules that are shown to promote symbiosis signaling in a range of plant species. Establishment of arbuscular mycorrhizal interactions involves plant recognition of diffusible signals from the fungus, including lipochitooligosaccharides (LCOs) and chitooligosaccharides (COs). Nitrogen-fixing rhizobial bacteria that associate with leguminous plants also signal to their hosts via LCOs, the so-called Nod factors. Here, we have assessed the induction of symbiotic signaling by the arbuscular mycorrhizal (Myc) fungal-produced LCOs and COs in legumes and rice (Oryza sativa). We show that Myc-LCOs and tetra-acetyl chitotetraose (CO4) activate the common symbiosis signaling pathway, with resultant calcium oscillations in root epidermal cells of Medicago truncatula and Lotus japonicus. The nature of the calcium oscillations is similar for LCOs produced by rhizobial bacteria and by mycorrhizal fungi; however, Myc-LCOs activate distinct gene expression. Calcium oscillations were activated in rice atrichoblasts by CO4, but not the Myc-LCOs, whereas a mix of CO4 and Myc-LCOs activated calcium oscillations in rice trichoblasts. In contrast, stimulation of lateral root emergence occurred following treatment with Myc-LCOs, but not CO4, in M. truncatula, whereas both Myc-LCOs and CO4 were active in rice. Our work indicates that legumes and non-legumes differ in their perception of Myc-LCO and CO signals, suggesting that different plant species respond to different components in the mix of signals produced by arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi.
Early Outward Current in Rat Single Ventricular Cells

Voltage clamp experiments were conducted using single ventricular myocytes which had been dissociated enzymatically from adult rat hearts in order to examine further the membrane currents which contribute to the unusual plateau of the rat action potential. Membrane currents were recorded, using a single microelectrode (switching) voltage clamp circuit. From holding potentials near the resting potential (−80 to −90 mV), depolarizing clamp steps above −20 mV elicited an early outward current which overlapped in time with the slow inward current and displayed time-dependent inactivation. This is the first demonstration of a transient potassium current in an isolated ventricular myocyte. The early outward potential was voltage-inactivated at holding potentials of −50 to −40 mV and was blocked by 4-aminopyridine. The current was not dependent on Ca± or Ic and was blocked by Ba,. Double pulse experiments revealed that the time course for the recovery of the early outward current at −80 mV was rapid, and had a ± of 25 msec. The possible functional significance of this current is discussed.
Hormone-refractory prostate cancer? Anti-androgen withdrawal and intermittent hormone therapy.

OBJECTIVE To separate hormone-dependent from hormonally relapsed prostate cancers, a D3 category has been proposed. The term has become synonymous with a hormone-refractory state with the implication that any further hormonal treatment would not be beneficial. In this review we examine some data on androgen receptor expression, anti-androgen withdrawal syndrome and intermittent androgen deprivation (IAD) in patients with advanced prostate cancer. MATERIALS The literature on the mechanism of the withdrawal phenomenon in patients with prostate cancer submitted to hormone therapy was reviewed. Experimental and clinical data are reported. RESULTS The progression of prostate cancer in patients treated with combined androgen blockade (CAB) is associated with the activation of previously androgen-repressed genes, some of which may code for autocrine and paracrine growth factors that substitute for androgens in maintaining the viability of the tumorigenic stem cells. If androgens are replaced before progression begins, the surviving stem cells should give rise to an androgen-dependent tumor, which would be amenable to retreatment by CAB. This theory provides the rationale for intermittent androgen deprivation. We suggest that IAD could be more effective in patients with initial prostate-specific antigen (PSA) progression after radical prostatectomy. CONCLUSIONS Response to withdrawal therapies or second-line treatments is an example of a "hormonal" therapy that may benefit a proportion of patients with hormone-refractory disease, suggesting that the tumor is still androgen-dependent. Whether IAD enhances progression-free survival or overall survival must be verified in randomized clinical trials. Until further studies have been completed, the therapeutic concept of IAD should be treated as experimental.
Is My Home My Castle? Place Attachment, Risk Perception, and Religious Faith

This study dealt with place and home attachment of Jewish settlers in the Gaza region affected by hostilities incurring risk to the settlers’ lives. It evaluated the variables related to the settlers’ risk perception and their tendency to stay or leave their homes in a sample consisting of 156 of 947 households interviewed by telephone. The researchers evaluated how risk perception and the tendency to stay were related to demographic characteristics such as gender and length of time living in the region and to cultural characteristics such as place and home attachment, ideology, and religious faith. In spite of the dangerous environment, the settlers were found to have a strong tendency to stay in the area, related to their firm ideology of holding on to the land, profound religious faith, strong place and home attachment, and low risk perception of their situation.
Comparison between Choquet and Sugeno integrals as aggregation operators for modular neural networks

In this paper, a comparison of the Choquet and Sugeno integrals is presented. The proposed methods enable the calculation of the Choquet and Sugeno integrals for combining multiple source of information with a degree of uncertainty. The methods are used to combine the modules output of a modular neural network for face recognition. In this paper, the focus is on aggregation operators that use measures as inputs, in particular the Choquet and Sugeno integrals. Recognition results with the Choquet integral are better or comparable to results produced by Sugeno integral.
A kinetic analysis of substrate recognition by uracil-DNA glycosylase from herpes simplex virus type 1.

Uracil-DNA glycosylase (UDG) is responsible for the removal of uracil from DNA. It has previously been demonstrated that UDG exhibits some sequence dependence in its activity, although this has not been well characterised. This study has investigated the sequence-dependent activity of UDG from herpes simplex virus type-1 (HSV-1). A more detailed analysis has been possible by using both kinetic and binding assays with a variety of different oligonucleotide substrates. The target uracil has been placed in substrates with either A-T-rich or G-C-rich flanking sequences and analyses have been performed on both the single- and double-stranded forms of each substrate. In the latter the uracil has been placed in both a U.A base pair and a U.G mismatch. It is observed that the sequences flanking the target uracil have a greater effect on UDG activity than the partner base of the uracil. Furthermore, the sequence context effects extend to single-stranded DNA. Systematic examination of the kinetics and binding of UDG with these different substrates has enabled us to examine the origin of the sequence preferences. We conclude that the damage recognition step in the HSV-1 UDG reaction pathway is modulated by local DNA sequence.