Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Early Warning Indicator Systems.

Overview Boosting high school graduation rates is a growing concern to educators and policymakers. Researchers stress that, although graduation rates have varied little in recent years, " [w]hat makes current graduation rates alarming is a reality of the new U.S. economy: It is practically impossible for individuals lacking a high school diploma to earn a living or participate meaningfully in civic life. " 1 Research shows that students who fail to graduate high school exhibit clear signs of dropping out. 2 Warning signs such as irregular attendance, poor academic performance, behavior problems and grade retention are more precise predictors of whether a student will ultimately drop out than are social and economic indicators such as family income and parental involvement. 3 States have made notable progress collecting longitudinal information that follows individual students over time. Access to such student data has prompted state and school district officials across the country to develop " early warning indicator systems " to efficiently identify students who are at risk of dropping out and provide targeted supports to get them back on track and graduate. The following summaries highlight the statewide early warning indicator systems in Louisiana, South Carolina, and Alabama and the Philadelphia Public Schools district-wide system. Louisiana In 2007, the Louisiana Department of Education (DOE) launched the Dropout Early Warning System (DEWS) to identify students in grades 8-12 who exhibit characteristics of dropping out before graduation. To develop DEWS, the DOE partnered with a regional educational software vendor and state university researchers, who established trigger points for four early-warning indicators: student attendance, behavior, achievement and age. Students may be classified as at-risk if: • The student is absent more than 10% of the total days enrolled • The student has received discipline referrals for 7% or more of the total days enrolled • The student's grade point average (GPA) is less than or equal to 1.0 • The student's GPA declined 1.5 points from the last grading period • The student is overage for grade. High school dropouts, as compared to graduates, typically: • Make less money • Rely more heavily on government subsidies • Have a considerably greater chance of being incarcerated • Are in poorer health • Have shorter life expectancies • Contribute much less in taxes.
Propuesta educativa para la salud del paciente con diabetes mellitus tipo 2

Health psychology focuses on the study of the psychological processes involved in health and illness, and incorporates a wide range of activities: health promotion, illness prevention, and attention for both the sick and for people suffering the aftereffects of illness. It also plays a role in the provision of health services according to the needs of the recipients. Given the worldwide prevalence of diabetes mellitus type 2, the conditions and quality of life of people with this disease has become a public health issue that must be addressed seriously. Although the treatment of diabetes is the direct responsibility of professionals and institutions working in this area, a multidisciplinary effort would help greatly in finding a solution or improving the condition, and psychology, as a generator of knowledge that could be applied, therefore has a place in this wider working team. The objective of this research study was to design an educational proposal based on the psychological model of biological health (Ribes, 1990) to promote preventative behavior in patients with diabetes mellitus type 2.
Nonmyopic \(\epsilon\)-Bayes-Optimal Active Learning of Gaussian Processes

A fundamental issue in active learning of Gaussian processes is that of the exploration-exploitation trade-off. This paper presents a novel nonmyopic e-Bayes-optimal active learning (e-BAL) approach that jointly and naturally optimizes the trade-off. In contrast, existing works have primarily developed myopic/greedy algorithms or performed exploration and exploitation separately. To perform active learning in real time, we then propose an anytime algorithm based on e-BAL with performance guarantee and empirically demonstrate using synthetic and real-world datasets that, with limited budget, it outperforms the state-of-the-art algorithms.
Seeing Sounds and Hearing Sights: The Influence of Prior Learning on Current Perception

It is well known that previous perceptual experiences alter subsequent perception, but the details of the neural underpinnings of this general phenomenon are still sketchy. Here, we ask whether previous experiences with an item (such as seeing a person's face) leads to the alteration of the neural correlates related to processing of the item as such, or whether it creates additional associative connections between such substrates and those activated during prior experience. To address this question, we used magnetoencephalography (MEG) to identify neural changes accompanying subjects' viewing of unfamiliar versus famous faces and hearing the names of unfamiliar versus famous names. We were interested in the nature of the involvement of auditory brain regions in the viewing of faces, and in the involvement of visual regions in the hearing of names. Evoked responses from MEG recordings for the names and faces conditions were localized to auditory and visual cortices, respectively. Unsurprisingly, peak activation strength of evoked responses was larger for famous versus nonfamous names within the superior temporal gyrus (STG), and was similar for famous and nonfamous faces in the occipital cortex. More relevant to the issue of experience on perception, peak activation strength in the STG was larger for viewed famous versus nonfamous faces, and peak activation within the occipital cortex was larger for heard famous versus nonfamous names. Critically, these experience-related responses were present within 150250 msec of stimulus onset. These findings support the hypothesis that prior experiences may influence processing of faces and names such that perception encompasses more than what is imparted on the senses.
How Women Legislate

INTRODUCTION 1. Expectations and Natures 2. The Procedural Question: Reform or Adapt? 3. Legislative Products: The Influence of Women 4. The Nature of Support 5. The Context of Institutional Change 6. The Impact of Women 7. Predictions for the Future
The Analysis of Cognitive and Communicative Abilities

1 This paper was presented at the Advanced Institute for Leadership Personnel in Learning Disabilities sponsored by the Department of Special Education, University of Arizona, and the Unit on Learning Disabilities, Division of Training Program, Bureau of Education for the Handicapped, U.S. Office of Education; December 3-6, 1969. This paper is concerned with the value of the analysis of cognitive and communicative abilities. The term
EXAMINING SELECTION UTILITY WHERE COMPETING PREDICTORS DIFFER IN ADVERSE IMPACT

This paper discusses the roles of validity, cut score choice, and adverse impact on selection system utility using data from two concurrent validation studies. We contrast an assessment center and published aptitude test on several metrics, including validity, testing costs, adverse impact, and utility. The assessment center produced slightly lower validity than the aptitude test while costing roughly 10 times as much per candidate. In spite of these advantages for the aptitude test, the assessment center produced so much less adverse impact its operational utility would be higher given cut scores likely to be chosen in this organization. Potential concerns with applying net utility models to this type of situation are discussed in comparison to gross utility models.
Gene Expression Analysis of Peripheral Cells for Subclassification of Pediatric Inflammatory Bowel Disease in Remission

Objective In current clinical practice, optimal treatment of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) aims at the induction and maintenance of clinical remission. Clinical remission is apparent when laboratory markers of inflammation are normal and clinical symptoms are absent. However, sub-clinical inflammation can still be present. A detailed analysis of the immune status during this inactive state of disease may provide a useful tool to categorize patients with clinical remission into subsets with variable states of immune activation. Design By using Affymetrix GeneChips, we analysed RNA gene expression profiles of peripheral blood leukocytes from pediatric IBD patients in clinical remission and controls. We performed (un)supervised clustering analysis of IBD-associated genes and applied Ingenuity® pathway software to identify specific molecular profiles between patients. Results Pediatric IBD patients with disease in clinical remission display heterogeneously distributed gene expression profiles that are significantly distinct from controls. We identified three clusters of IBD patients, each displaying specific expression profiles of IBD-associated genes. Conclusion The expression of immune- and IBD-associated genes in peripheral blood leukocytes from pediatric IBD patients in clinical remission was different from healthy controls, indicating that sub-clinical immune mechanisms are still active during remission. As such, RNA profiling of peripheral blood may allow for non-invasive patient subclassification and new perspectives in treatment regimes of IBD patients in the future.
Understanding the High Prevalence of HIV and Other Sexually Transmitted Infections among Socio-Economically Vulnerable Men Who Have Sex with Men in Jamaica

Objectives This study estimates HIV prevalence among men who have sex with men (MSM) in Jamaica and explores social determinants of HIV infection among MSM. Design An island-wide cross-sectional survey of MSM recruited by peer referral and outreach was conducted in 2011. A structured questionnaire was administered and HIV/STI tests done. We compared three groups: MSM who accepted cash for sex within the past 3 months (MSM SW), MSM who did not accept cash for sex (MSM non-SW), and MSM with adverse life events (ever raped, jailed, homeless, victim of violence or low literacy). Results HIV prevalence among 449 MSM was 31.4%, MSM SW 41.1%, MSM with adverse life events 38.5%, 17 transgender MSM (52.9%), and MSM non-SW without adverse events 21.0%. HIV prevalence increased with age and number of adverse life events (test for trend P < 0.001), as did STI prevalence (P = 0.03). HIV incidence was 6.7 cases/100 person-years (95% CI: 3.74, 12.19). HIV prevalence was highest among MSM reporting high-risk sex; MSM SW who had been raped (65.0%), had a STI (61.2%) and who self identified as female (55.6%). Significant risk factors for HIV infection common to all 3 subgroups were participation in both receptive and insertive anal intercourse, high-risk sex, and history of a STI. Perception of no or little risk, always using a condom, and being bisexual were protective. Conclusion HIV prevalence was high among MSM SW and MSM with adverse life events. Given the characteristics of the sample, HIV prevalence among MSM in Jamaica is probably in the range of 20%. The study illustrates the importance of social vulnerability in driving the HIV epidemic. Programs to empower young MSM, reduce social vulnerability and other structural barriers including stigma and discrimination against MSM are critical to reduce HIV transmission.
Determinants of leisure time physical activity in rural compared with urban older and ethnically diverse women in the United States

STUDY OBJECTIVE Determinants of leisure time physical activity (LTPA) in rural middle aged and older women of diverse racial and ethnic groups are not well understood. This study examined: (1) urban-rural differences in LTPA by sociodemographic factors, (2) urban-rural differences in LTPA determinants, and (3) the pattern of relations between LTPA determinants and LTPA. DESIGN A modified version of the sampling plan of the Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance Survey (BRFSS) was used. Zip codes were selected with 20% or more of each of the following race/ethnic groups: African American, American Indian/Alaskan Native (AI/AN), and Hispanic. A comparison group of white women were also surveyed using standard BRFSS techniques. PARTICIPANTS Rural (n=1242) and urban (n=1096) women aged 40 years and older from the US Women's Determinants Study. MAIN RESULTS Rural women, especially Southern and less educated women, were more sedentary than urban women. Rural women reported more personal barriers to LTPA, cited caregiving duties as their top barrier (compared with lack of time for urban women), and had greater body mass indices. Rural women were less likely to report sidewalks, streetlights, high crime, access to facilities, and frequently seeing others exercise in their neighbourhood. Multivariate correlates of sedentary behaviour in rural women were AI/AN and African American race, older age, less education, lack of enjoyable scenery, not frequently seeing others exercise, greater barriers, and less social support (p<0.05); and in urban women, older age, greater barriers, less social support (p<0.05), and less education (p<0.09). CONCLUSIONS Rural and urban women seem to face different barriers and enablers to LTPA, and have a different pattern of determinants, thus providing useful information for designing more targeted interventions.
Histone H3 Dynamics Reveal Domains with Distinct Proliferation Potential in the Arabidopsis Root

The dynamics of histones H3.1 and H3.3 characterize cells with different division potential in the growing root and a longer G2 phase in cells undergoing the last cell cycle before differentiation. A coordinated transition from cell proliferation to differentiation is crucial for organogenesis. We found that extensive chromatin reorganization, shown here for histone H3 proteins, characterizes cell population dynamics in the root developmental compartments. The canonical H3.1 protein, incorporated during S-phase, is maintained at high levels in cells dividing at a high rate but is massively evicted in cells undergoing their last cell cycle before exit to differentiation. A similar pattern was observed in the quadruple mutant for the H3.1-encoding genes HTR1, HTR2, HTR3, and HTR9 (htr1,2,3,9), in which H3.1 is expressed only from the HTR13 gene. H3 eviction is a fast process occurring within the G2 phase of the last cell cycle, which is longer than G2 in earlier cell cycles. This longer G2 likely contributes to lower the H3.1/H3.3 ratio in cells leaving the root meristem. The high H3.1/H3.3 ratio and H3.1 eviction process also occurs in endocycling cells before differentiation, revealing a common principle of H3 eviction in the proliferating and endocycling domains of the root apex. Mutants in the H3.1 chaperone CAF-1 (fas1-4) maintain a pattern similar to that of wild-type roots. Our studies reveal that H3 incorporation and eviction dynamics identify cells with different cell division potential during organ patterning.
Unit Operation Optimization for the Manufacturing of Botanical Injections Using a Design Space Approach: A Case Study of Water Precipitation

Quality by design (QbD) concept is a paradigm for the improvement of botanical injection quality control. In this work, water precipitation process for the manufacturing of Xueshuantong injection, a botanical injection made from Notoginseng Radix et Rhizoma, was optimized using a design space approach as a sample. Saponin recovery and total saponin purity (TSP) in supernatant were identified as the critical quality attributes (CQAs) of water precipitation using a risk assessment for all the processes of Xueshuantong injection. An Ishikawa diagram and experiments of fractional factorial design were applied to determine critical process parameters (CPPs). Dry matter content of concentrated extract (DMCC), amount of water added (AWA), and stirring speed (SS) were identified as CPPs. Box-Behnken designed experiments were carried out to develop models between CPPs and process CQAs. Determination coefficients were higher than 0.86 for all the models. High TSP in supernatant can be obtained when DMCC is low and SS is high. Saponin recoveries decreased as DMCC increased. Incomplete collection of supernatant was the main reason for the loss of saponins. Design space was calculated using a Monte-Carlo simulation method with acceptable probability of 0.90. Recommended normal operation region are located in DMCC of 0.38–0.41 g/g, AWA of 3.7–4.9 g/g, and SS of 280–350 rpm, with a probability more than 0.919 to attain CQA criteria. Verification experiment results showed that operating DMCC, SS, and AWA within design space can attain CQA criteria with high probability.
JUDICIAL ACTIVISM IN STATE SUPREME COURTS : INSTITUTIONAL DESIGN AND JUDICIAL BEHAVIOR

How governments and the electorate choose to structure judicial institutions has implications for the rule of law. In the state context, for example, judicial elections were instituted precisely because reformers expected elected judges to counter legislative action more vigorously through the power of judicial review. But when judges invalidate statutes more frequently, they reduce law’s predictability and stability. The same can be said for decisions overruling precedent: frequent overrulings undermine the norm of stare decisis and destabilize the legal status quo. These behaviors may also be viewed by some observers as more “activist” than those that defer to legislative judgments or adhere to existing doctrine enunciated in case law. For these reasons, the relative degree to which judges overrule precedents or invalidate statutes is important even in the face of the enhanced legitimacy some state court judges draw from their closer connections to the electorate. The results of the empirical analysis described below indicate that judges subject to reelection through a nonpartisan or partisan ballot are more likely to invalidate legislative enactments and to overrule existing precedent than are judges retained via other reappointment methods. These results hold even after controlling for a host of court-, state-, and judge-level characteristics. Judges who are answerable to the electorate and who are insulated from retention by the elected branches are, quite simply, more willing to challenge the legal status quo. This result may not surprise court observers. After all, elective systems were implemented in order to provide state court judges with an independent base of electoral support from which to challenge and rein in legislative activism. Nevertheless, for those interested in reforming judicial elections, this information is critical for a complete understanding of the ways in which judicial retention systems affect the rule of law.
Balancing Old and New: An Experienced Middle School Teacher's Learning in the Context of Mathematics Instructional Reform

In this study I examined a dilemma an experienced teacher struggled with during the first year of her involvement in a mathematics education reform project. The dilemma-ensuring student success-resulted from the tension between the teacher's past practice of structuring learning opportunities so that students could experience success and her new belief that students needed to engage in complex problem solving that often required initial feelings of being unsuccessful. Data for this study included videotapes and summaries of classroom observations and professional development sessions; audiotapes and transcripts of interviews conducted with the teacher; surveys on the teacher's background, beliefs, and practices; and the teacher's reflections on her practice. Drawing on these data, I traced the evolution of the dilemma across the year, with particular attention to experiences that served as catalysts for the dilemma, factors that supported the resolution of the dilemma, and evidence that the dilemma stimulated teacher learning. The results suggested that the dilemma, which was embedded in the teacher's attempt to develop a practice more consistent with the goals of mathematics education reform, served as a springboard for her learning. Critical factors associated with this learning were the teacher's reflection on her practice as she sought to resolve the dilemma, and her interactions with teacher colleagues and university educators during the year.
Modellreduktion von Populationssystemen mit Hilfe von Proper Orthogonal Decomposition

Zusammenfassung Der Beitrag beschreibt den Einsatz der Proper Orthogonal Decomposition (POD) für die Modellreduktion von Partikelprozessen in fluider Strömung. Diese Prozessklasse ist von großer Bedeutung für die chemische und pharmazeutische Industrie. Physikalische Modelle solcher Prozesse sind häufig sehr komplex und für Regelungsaufgaben wenig geeignet. POD bietet hier eine attraktive Möglichkeit, zu reduzierten Prozessmodellen zu gelangen, da das Verfahren sehr flexibel ist, keine spezielle Struktur des Referenzmodells erfordert und interne und externe Koordinaten in einheitlicher Weise behandelt. Der Beitrag stellt das Reduktionsverfahren vor und illustriert es an Beispielen. Abstract This paper discusses the application of Proper Orthogonal Decomposition (POD) to the model reduction of particle processes in fluid flow. This class of processes is highly relevant for chemical and pharmaceutical industry. As detailed first principle models of such processes tend to be very complicated, reduced models are required for process control and process design. POD is an attractive method to obtain the reduced models, as it is highly flexible, does not require a special structure of the reference model and treats internal and external coordinates in the same manner. The method is presented and illustrated by examples.
Missing Data Problems in the SHR

Although the so-called “dark figure” crime measurement problem has never been a major concern for homicide researchers, the Supplementary Homicide Reports (SHR) as well as other local data series on murder still are plagued by other kinds of missing data issues. Most prominent is missingness in data pertaining to offender characteristics as well as to victim-offender relationship that results from uncleared cases. Ignoring unsolved homicides would, of course, seriously understate calculated rates of offending by particular subgroups of the population, would distort trends over time among these same subgroups, and would bias observed patterns of offending to the extent that the likelihood of missing offender data is associated with offender characteristics. This article presents several approaches for overcoming missing data problems in the 1976-2001 cumulative SHRdata file. First, a weighting procedure is described that uses characteristics of known offenders to serve as proxies for those of unidentified perpetrators. The weighting procedure included in the SHR file archived at ICPSR as well as an enhanced version are both presented and compared. Next, a “hot-deck” imputation strategy is applied to fill in missing offender attributes based on similar cases for which the offender is known. Finally, the matter of imputing victim-offender relationship data is discussed. Because this form of missingness cannot be assumed to occur at random, an ad-hoc procedure for estimating the number of intimate homicides among the pool of unsolved slayings is presented.