Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Rapid inversion of two‐ and three‐dimensional magnetotelluric data

We have developed an efficient iterative inversion method applicable to both two-dimensional (2D) and three-dimensional magnetotelluric data. The method approximates horizontal derivative terms with their values calculated from the fields of the previous iteration. The equations at each horizontal coordinate then become uncoupled. At each iteration this allows separate inversions for the improved conductivity profile beneath each measurement site. Resultant profiles are interpolated to form a new multidimensional model for which the fields for the next iteration are calculated. The method is extremely fast, and tests with 2D data show very promising results.
Consistent Trends in a Modified Climate Extremes Index in the United States, Europe, and Australia

AbstractThe utility of a combined modified climate extremes index (mCEI) is presented for monitoring coherent trends in multiple types of climate extremes across large regions. Its usefulness lies in its ability to distill complex spatiotemporal fields into a simple, flexible nonparametric index.Two versions of the mCEI are computed that incorporate changes in several annual- or daily-scale temperature-related and moisture-related extremes. Applying data from the contiguous United States, Europe, and Australia detects consistent and statistically significant increases in the spatial prevalence of climate extremes from 1950 to 2012. All three continental-scale regions show increasingly widespread warm annual- and daily-scale minimum and maximum temperature extremes, a decreasing spatial extent of cool annual- and daily-scale minimum and maximum temperature extremes, and increasing areas where the proportion of annual total precipitation falls on heavy-rain days. There were no statistically significant tren.
Development of Sea Ice in the Weddell Sea

We report on the development and physical properties of sea ice in the central and eastern Weddell Sea. The investigations were part of the Winter Weddell Sea Project 1986, which extended over the months of July through December. Major elements of the glaciological part of this study included continuous shipborne observations of sea-ice conditions and occasional helicopter reconnaissance flights, extensive measurements of snow and ice thicknesses at daily ice stations, and detailed analyses of sampled ice cores from each ice station. Textural investigations of the sampled ice revealed the dominance of frazil ice in the central Weddell Sea and the occurrence of an additional ice class, called platelet ice, together with the commonly known frazil and congelation ice in the coastal region of the eastern Weddell Sea. These results, in combination with the visual ice observations, reveal two major mechanisms for sea-ice generation in the Antarctic, which were not sufficiently well accounted for in previous investigations. In the central Weddell Sea, a cycle of pancake-ice formation and its growth into consolidated floes seems to be the dominant process of the advancing sea-ice edge. In the coastal waters, the growing sea-ice cover consists, to a considerable degree, of ice platelets which are formed in the underlying water column in front of the ice-shelf edges. Thus, congelation-ice growth, which is mainly controlled by atmospheric, thermodynamic forcing, seems to be of less importance in the central and south-eastern Weddell Sea than, for example, in the Arctic Basin.
Influence of transverse mixing on the breakthrough of sorbing solute in a heterogeneous aquifer

The temporal moments associated with the breakthrough of a sorbing solute in a heterogeneous aquifer are investigated assuming an anisotropic distribution of hydraulic conductivity and deterministic linear sorption kinetics. The expressions for the temporal moments are based on a solution to the advection‐dispersion equation with constant coefficients which implies that they are valid in the large‐time regime. For the evaluation of the “macrodispersion” coefficient we use the asymptotic results of Fiori [1996], who quantified the effect of pore‐scale dispersion on nonreactive solute and showed that porescale dispersion affects field‐scale transport primarily through transverse mixing between flow paths. The present study shows that linear sorption kinetics decrease the effect of transverse mixing on the temporal moments as compared to the nonreactive case. It is concluded that in the considered large‐time regime, the pure‐advection approach to quantify field‐scale spreading is appropriate under the conditions encountered in most natural formations.
Rethinking Atmospheric Turbulence Mitigation

State-of-the-art atmospheric turbulence image restoration methods utilize standard image processing tools such as optical flow, lucky region and blind deconvolution to restore the images. While promising results have been reported over the past decade, many of the methods are agnostic to the physical model that generates the distortion. In this paper, we revisit the turbulence restoration problem by analyzing the reference frame generation and the blind deconvolution steps in a typical restoration pipeline. By leveraging tools in large deviation theory, we rigorously prove the minimum number of frames required to generate a reliable reference for both static and dynamic scenes. We discuss how a turbulence agnostic model can lead to potential flaws, and how to configure a simple spatial-temporal non-local weighted averaging method to generate references. For blind deconvolution, we present a new data-driven prior by analyzing the distributions of the point spread functions. We demonstrate how a simple prior can outperform state-of-the-art blind deconvolution methods.
Production rate and climate influences on the variability of 10Be deposition simulated by ECHAM5‐HAM: Globally, in Greenland, and in Antarctica

Ice core concentrations of 10Be are used as a proxy for solar activity, but they might be affected by atmospheric transport and deposition and their changes. During the Holocene, the influence is likely to be small, but during glacials it has to be accounted for. First, the climate influence has to be understood during the present climate. This study uses an ECHAM5‐HAM 30‐year climatological simulation of 10Be to investigate the production and climate‐related influences on 10Be deposition with focus on Greenland and Antarctica. We examine the climate modes driving snow accumulation and hence potentially 10Be deposition over a climatologically relevant period. The North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO) is found to be the main driver of changes in precipitation and 10Be deposition in Greenland, in agreement with previous studies. In Antarctica, the picture is more complex as precipitation and 10Be deposition are only weakly correlated with the Southern Annular Mode (SAM), El Niño‐Southern Oscillation (ENSO), or Zonal Wave 3 pattern (ZW3). The results suggest that on seasonal scale, 10Be deposition is linked with both precipitation rate and tropopause height, mainly due to the similar seasonal cycle. However, the correlation with tropopause height persists on the annual time scale. All in all, 10Be variability in Antarctica is an interplay of several processes whose contribution varies in time and space. When interpreting 10Be ice core records for solar activity, the time scale is essentially important. On seasonal scale, the 10Be signal is dominated by weather influences, but on multiannual scales, the production rate is the main driver. On multidecadal scale, large long‐term trends in climatic factors have the potential to distort the signal again as is seen in 10Be records during glacials. This study shows how climate modes connect to 10Be variability and how this connection could be used to correct for the climate impact. The established connections during present climatic conditions can be used as a basis to investigate these connections during glacial climate in a glacial model simulation.
Visible Expressions of Urban Invisibility: Exploring Pixação

The article discusses the way pixação i (graffiti style of São Paulo city), carried out by young people from marginalized and invisible areas of the city, produces visible senses encrypted against the walls and buildings. The proposal is structured around the following research question: “How do pixadores make senses in the marginalized context of pixação? ” Other secondary research questions include: (i) How pixação is socially organized in São Paulo? (ii) Which senses does pixação mean for pixadores? A set of 10 interviews with pixadores (those who do pixação), on-site visits for 8-month period, and media content analysis were carried out, in order to understand its dynamics. The data was analysed through thematic analysis, added field notes and iconographic data as complements of the observations. The data shows that pixação is a clustered communication between the socially "invisible" (individuals or groups suppressed in social scopes), which occurs visibly in urban public areas. In this sense, pixação acts as an urban reference creation device, and, although the activity has different meanings for the pixadores, the pixação in São Paulo has its own mechanisms of organization, communication and memory.
Unusual preservation of late Quaternary millipedes from Jamaica

The first terrestrial arthropods recorded from the Jamaican fossil record are millipedes (Diplopoda), representing at least three species, from a late Pleistocene or Holocene cave deposit. Taxa identified include Rhinocricus sp. or spp. , aff Chondrotropis sp. and Caraibodesmus verrucosus (Pocock). The associated fauna includes diverse vertebrates and gastropods, with rare isopods, nonmarine crab claws and ostracodes. Preservation of millipedes has been enabled by calcite coating, lining and impregnating the chitinous exoskeleton, which had a high original calcium content and acted as a nucleus for precipitation. Delicate structures such as limbs, antennae, gonopods and eyes may all be preserved. This preservation has been facilitated by the bottle-shaped cave with an opening at its apex, the surrounding limestone, the clastic infill, and the seasonality of precipitation with very high rainfalls during tropical storms and hurricanes. Millipedes most probably drowned in the cave during storms and formed a nucleus for the precipitation of calcite from solution. This suite of conditions is most likely to occur in the tropics. □Quaternary, caves, Jamaica, millipedes, Diplopoda, preservation, diagenesis.
How is Obstructive Sleep Apnea Associated with High Blood Pressure and Diabetes Mellitus Type 2? Clues from a Two-Step Mendelian Randomized Study

Background Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA), high blood pressure (HBP), and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) have a close clinical relationship, but whether and how OSA affects HBP and T2DM is unclear. Study Design and Methods Two-step, two-sample Mendelian randomization techniques were applied using single-nucleotide polymorphisms as genetic instruments for exposure and mediators, thus minimizing bias due to confounding factors and reverse causality. The total effect of OSA on HBP and T2DM was categorized into direct and mediating effects based on the mediating factors. Results Two-sample MR analysis showed that OSA increased the risk of HBP (odds ratio [OR] = 1.010, 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.002–1.018; P = 0.0121) and T2DM (OR = 1.140, 95% CI, 1.059–1.228; P = 0.0005). In the process of OSA caused by HBP, sex hormone-binding globulin (SHBG) (female, 4.47% mediation; male, 2.76% mediation), total testosterone (TT) (male, 3.72% mediation), bioavailable testosterone (BioT) (female, 7.74% mediation), high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) (3.25% mediation), and apolipoprotein A1 (ApoA1) (1.31% mediation) were individual contributors. SHBG (female, 4.10% mediation; male, 1.58% mediation), TT (male, 3.69% mediation), BioT (female, 2.58% mediation), HDL-C (3.32% mediation), ApoA1 (2.14% mediation), and omega-6 fatty acids (2.33% mediation) may have mediating roles to varying degrees in the process of OSA caused by T2DM. Interpretation This MR study showed that OSA is a risk factor for HBP and T2DM, and the evaluation of mediators may help further reveal the specific mechanism by which OSA causes HBP and T2DM.
Comptes Rendus Mécanique

Linear model reduction techniques design o ffl ine low-dimensional subspaces that are tailored to the approximation of solutions to a parameterized partial di ff erential equation, for the purpose of fast online numerical simulations. These methods, such as the Proper Orthogonal Decomposition (POD) or Reduced Basis (RB) methods, are very e ff ective when the family of solutions has fast-decaying Karhunen–Loève eigenvalues or Kolmogorov widths, reflecting the approximability by finite-dimensional linear spaces. On the other hand, they become ine ff ective when these quantities have a slow decay, in particular for families of solutions to hyperbolic transport equations with parameter-dependent shock positions. The objective of this work is to explore the ability of nonlinear model reduction to circumvent this particular situation. To this end, we first describe particular notions of nonlinear widths that have a substantially faster decay for the aforementioned families. Then, we discuss a systematic approach for achieving better performance via a nonlinear reconstruction from the first
Supplementary Material for Learning to Zoom and Unzoom

Our construction in Section 4.1 assumes prior knowledge of bilinear transformations. Bilinear transformations have actually been widely studied in the context of computer graphics [10]. Here, for unfamiliar readers, we outline its definition and inverse formulation. For simplicity, consider a bilinear transformation that maps the unit square to the quadrilateral with corners xbl,xbr,xtl,xtr. True to its name, the transformation is defined within the square via bilinear interpolation:
Anatomical drivers of stomatal conductance in sorghum lines with different leaf widths grown under different temperatures

Improvements in leaf water use efficiency (iWUE) can maintain crop productivity in water limited environments under rising temperatures. We investigated the leaf anatomical traits which underpin our recently identified link between leaf width (LW) and iWUE. Ten sorghum lines with varying LW were grown under three temperatures to expand the range of variation of both LW and gas exchange rates. Leaf gas exchange, surface morphology and cross-sectional anatomy were measured and analysed using structural equations modelling. Narrower leaves had lower stomatal conductance (gs) and higher iWUE across growth temperatures. They also had smaller intercellular airspaces, stomatal size, percentage of open stomatal aperture relative to maximum, hydraulic pathway, mesophyll thickness, and leaf mass per area. Structural modelling revealed a developmental association among leaf anatomical traits that underpinned gs variation in sorghum. Growing temperature and LW both impacted leaf gas exchange rates, but only LW directly impacted leaf anatomy. Wider leaves may be more productive under well-watered conditions, but consume more water for growth and development, which is detrimental under water stress. Highlight Coordination between leaf width and leaf anatomy underpins stomatal conductance variation in sorghum grown under different temperatures.
Roughness variability of sea ice and snow cover thickness profiles in the Ross, Amundsen, and Bellingshausen Seas

Investigation of top and bottom surface roughness was carried out on snow and ice thickness profiles sampled on 57 floes in the Ross, Amundsen, and Bellingshausen Seas between May and September 1995. An objective classification scheme was used to group the studied sea ice floes according to the degree of deformation they had undergone. Different roughness criteria and methods were applied to the classified floes. Roughness variances and other properties such as fractal dimensions, derived from Fourier spectra, depend critically on the deformational history of the floes under consideration. The wavelet transform is presented as a new, two-dimensional method to find dominant structure lengths and, at the same time, localize them in the studied profiles. Finally, air, water and ice surface drag coefficients are calculated from the surface roughness characteristics. Air drag coefficients ranged between 1.1 and 1.7 × 103 and increased with increasingly deformed ice.
Atmospheric effects on the classification of surface minerals in an arid region using Short-Wave Infrared (SWIR) hyperspectral imagery and a spectral unmixing technique

This study focuses on the comparison of spectral unmixing results from at-sensor radiance data and atmospherically corrected data, i.e., surface reflectance. The airborne Short-Wave Infrared (SWIR) Full Spectrum Imager (SFSI) and Airborne Visible and Infrared Imaging Spectrometer (AVIRIS) were used to acquire data over Cuprite, Nevada, in June 1995 and 1996, respectively. This is an arid region that is well known for its exposed bedrock and alteration zones. For this project, a portion of the SWIR-2 spectral range covering the atmospheric window between 2050 and 2350 nm and a linear spectral unmixing technique were used to map surface minerals, including products of hydrothermal alteration. In total, eight end-members were extracted from the imagery using a new automatic procedure called Iterative Error Analysis (IEA). The atmospheric corrections were applied using a look-up-table procedure implemented in the Imaging Spectrometer Data Analysis System (ISDAS) and created with the radiative transfer model MODTRAN3. The fraction, or abundance, maps derived from the two types of data were compared using the coefficient of determination (R2) and the Average Euclidean Distance Coefficient (AEDC). Very good unmixing agreement was found between the results from the at-sensor radiance data and those from the surface reflectance data. For the SFSI data, the R2 values range from 0.72 to 0.95 and the AEDC values range from 0.098 to 0.023, whereas for the AVIRIS data, the R2 values range from 0.92 to 0.99 and the AEDC values range from 0.021 to 0.008. This suggests that, for the spectral range considered, atmospheric corrections are not necessary for mineral mapping in an arid region and for desert atmospheric conditions.
Security of Electronic Payment Systems : A Comprehensive Survey Siamak Solat

HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access archive for the deposit and dissemination of scientific research documents, whether they are published or not. The documents may come from teaching and research institutions in France or abroad, or from public or private research centers. L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires publics ou privés. Security of Electronic Payment Systems: A Comprehensive Survey Siamak Solat
NOGEA: Network-Oriented Gene Entropy Approach for Dissecting Disease Comorbidity and Drug Repositioning

Rapid development of high-throughput technologies has permitted the identification of an increasing number of disease-associated genes (DAGs), which are important for understanding disease initiation and developing precision therapeutics. However, DAGs often contain large amounts of redundant or false positive information, leading to difficulties in quantifying and prioritizing potential relationships between these DAGs and human diseases. In this study, a network-oriented gene entropy approach (NOGEA) is proposed for accurately inferring master genes that contribute to specific diseases by quantitatively calculating their perturbation abilities on directed disease-specific gene networks. In addition, we confirmed that the master genes identified by NOGEA have a high reliability for predicting disease-specific initiation events and progression risk. Master genes may also be used to extract the underlying information of different diseases, thus revealing mechanisms of disease comorbidity. More importantly, approved therapeutic targets are topologically localized in a small neighborhood of master genes on the interactome network, which provides a new way for predicting new drug-disease associations. Through this method, 11 old drugs were newly identified and predicted to be effective for treating pancreatic cancer and then validated by in vitro experiments. Collectively, the NOGEA was useful for identifying master genes that control disease initiation and co-occurrence, thus providing a valuable strategy for drug efficacy screening and repositioning. NOGEA codes are publicly available at https://github.com/guozihuaa/NOGEA.
1 COMPARISONS BETWEEN NUMERICAL CALCULATIONS AND MEASUREMENTS IN THE VANED DIFFUSOR OF SHF IMPELLER

The paper presents analysis of the performance and the internal flow behaviour in the vaned diffusor of a radial flow pump using PIV technique and pressure probe traverses. PIV measurements have been performed at mid height inside one diffusor channel passage for a given speed of rotation and various mass flow rates. For each operating condition, PIV measurements have been made for different angular positions of the impeller. For each angular position, instantaneous velocities charts have been obtained on two simultaneous views, which allows, firstly ,to cover the space between the leading edge and the diffusor throat and secondly, to get a rather good evaluation of phase averaged velocity charts and “fluctuating rates “. Probe traverses have been performed using a 3 holes pressure probe from hub to shroud diffusor width at different radial locations in between the two diffusor geometrical throats. The numerical simulations were realized with the commercial codes: i-Star CCM+ 7.02. 011, ii-CFX. Frozen rotor and fully unsteady calculations of the whole pump were performed. Comparisons between numerical and experimental results are presented and discussed for one mass flow rate. In this respect, the effects of fluid leakage due to the gap between the rotating and fixed part of the pump model are analysed and discussed.
Chaotic Evolution and Strange Attractors

In this 17th volume of the "Springer Series in Surface Sciences" the editors publish the 10 lectures, given on the third workshop on interface phenomena at the Dalhousie University. The topic was this time "Adhesion and Friction: Microscopic Concepts". This very important and interesting theme for many scientists, who are working in this field, had the aim to achieve more and better understanding of complicated issues such
NBER WORKING PAPER SERIES SELECTION INTO FINANCIAL EDUCATION AND EFFECTS ON PORTFOLIO CHOICE

To examine how financial education affects financial outcomes, one must evaluate whether and how sample selection may bias inferences regarding program impacts. Our incentivized experiment reveals how such selection influences estimated financial education effects. The more financially literate and those expecting higher gains pay more to purchase education, while those who consider themselves very financially literate pay less. Using portfolio allocation tasks, we show that the financial education increases portfolio efficiency and welfare by almost 20 and 3 percentage points, respectively. In our setting, selection does not greatly influence estimated program effects, comparing those participating and those who do not. Irina Gemmo Assistant Professor Finance Department HEC Montreal Canada irina.gemmo@hec.ca Pierre-Carl Michaud HEC Montréal 3000 Côte-Sainte-Catherine Road Montréal QC H3T 2A7 and NBER pierre-carl.michaud@hec.ca Olivia S. Mitchell University of Pennsylvania The Wharton School 3620 Locust Walk, St 3000 SH-DH Philadelphia, PA 19104-6302 and NBER mitchelo@wharton.upenn. edu