Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Dual-mode wavefront detection sensor based on liquid crystal microlens array

Based on a proposed electrically tunable liquid crystal (LC) micro-lens array (MLA) instead of a commonly used microlens array with fixed focal length in a conventional type, a new prototyped Shack-Hartmann sensor is reported. The LCMLA with 128 × 128 elements is fabricated by the methods of photolithography and hydrochloric acid etching. Composed of the proposed LC-MLA and a CCD, a new type Shack-Hartmann wavefront sensor is got. This kind sensor can solve problems of the tradition wavefront sensor that the larger measurement range and high measurement accurate can't be realized by the same device. Except for adaptive switching the two working modes, this wavefront sensor also has a dual-mode imaging feature with obtaining wavefront information of the target and it's two-dimensional optical intensity image at the same time. In order to verify it's characteristics, an extreme experiment is designed, which introduces a distortion wavefront. At this circumstanc, the traditional wavefront sensor can't get anything. However, with proposed wavefront sensor, this situation can be solved by adjusting the applied voltage of LC-MLA to change it's focal length. With a reconstruction method, the three-dimensional information of the wavefront can be got. At the same time, the two-dimensional optical intensity image is also got. From the experiments, we can prove that it can effectively improve detection sensitivity and dynamic measurement range of wavefront. Results of the prototype demonstrated qualitatively verify this feasibility. This kind new type wavefront sensor will have a wide variety of applications in adaptive optics.
Task Scheduling in Fog Computing: Parameters, Simulators and Open Challenges

As Internet of Things (IoT) is evolving very rapidly which is producing massive amount of data and normally all this data is shifted towards the cloud for further execution which puts burden on the cloud and doesn’t fulfill QoS requirements. In order to overcome this problem computing facility were extended towards the edge of the network and the concept is known as Fog computing. Due to heterogeneity of fog nodes and dynamic user requirements, task scheduling in fog computing has become the big challenge. This paper covers the literature review which classify the task scheduling algorithm in terms of approaches, it highlights the parameters mostly used, it also covers the analysis among the available simulation tools and highlight the open issues and challenges which will help the researchers for their problem formulation.
Distributed Control Method for Power Sharing in an Islanded AC/DC Microgrid System

The most essential and challenging task in an islanded AC/DC Microgrid is to achieve the proper power sharing because both AC sub-grid and DC sub-grid are present. In recent years, research in islanded AC/DC microgrid is widely emerging among researchers all around the world due to the availability of large number of distributed energy resources (DERs). The interlinking converters plays a very important role for balancing the power sharing in an islanded AC/DC microgrid system. The main aim of this paper is to achieve the proper power sharing among all the AC and DC distributed generators (DGs). This paper presents a consensus based distributed control method of interlinking converters (ILCs) for attaining a proper power sharing in an islanded AC/DC microgrid. The proposed control approach is also used to regulate the voltage of DC sub-grid and the frequency of AC sub-grid at their nominal values. In the end, MATLAB/Simulink Model is used for the implementation, analysis, and results verification of our system.
Estimation of the Proportion of Vectors in a Natural Population of Insects

A procedure is investigated for estimating the proportion of vectors capable of transmitting aster-yellows virus in a natural population of Macrosteles fascifrons (Stal), the six-spotted leafhopper. A straightforward method and one used in practice is to collect random samples of the population and cage insects individually with previously unexposed aster test plants. If a plant exhibits aster-yellows symptoms in a given time interval, the insect is classified as a vector, and the proportion of infected plants is an estimator of the proportion of vectors in the population. When large numbers of insects are available, this procedure requires a considerable overhead in plants and cages, and it is desirable to use several insects on each plant. If k insects are caged with each plant, the outcome is still binomial, for the experimenter can distinguish only two types of test plants; infected and non-infected. If p is the probability that a randomly selected insect is a vector, the probability that a plant is non-infected is equal to (1 p)k. Some properties of the maximum likelihood estimator of p when such a procedure is used are investigated in this paper, and a method for determining the optimum number of insects per plant for certain cost considerations is given. In general, it will be seen that the experimenter should choose k small and n large, commensurate with costs, to insure against the risk of a dangerously inefficient experiment when little or no information is available regarding p. A closely related problem is the estimation of the frequency or density ,u of a population of microorganisms when a binomial classification only of each sample is possible or desirable, but where the distribution of the number of individuals in a diluted sample is Poisson. This dilution procedure was developed by R. A. Fisher [1921], Fisher et. al. [1922], and is discussed at length by Fisher and Yates [1948], Cochran [1950], and D. J. Finney [1952]. If the population density is ,u, the samples are usually diluted or concentrated by a factor z > 0 such that the density
Auto-Labeling of Anomalies on Access Logs and Pairwise Comparison-based Validation

It is difficult to detect anomalous accesses only from the access log, lacking annotation and supervised learning-based models. In this paper, we propose auto-labeling methods for unlabeled access logs and present a validation method based on a pairwise comparison between them. We define two baseline methods for pairwise comparison: 1) office hour-based and 2) pattern-based methods. Then, we propose two methods based on unsupervised or semi-supervised learning: 1) iForest-based and 2) k -nearest neighbor(NN) based methods. Finally, we show that the k -NN-based method is effective in most cases.
High-Performance Midwave Type-II Superlattice Infrared Photodetectors With a Stepped InAs/GaSb Absorber

Due to the short carrier diffusion length, the extraction of photogenerated carriers is one of the key issues in InAs/GaSb superlattice (SL) photodetectors. Here, we report a midinfrared InAs/GaSb SL absorber with a stepped band alignment. The stepped absorber facilitates a better carrier extraction efficiency. Simulation results show that the proposed nBn detector with a stepped absorber exhibited a substantial performance improvement over the nBn detectors with uniform absorbers. At 150 K, the detector with a 3.6-<inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$\mu \text{m}$ </tex-math></inline-formula>-thick stepped absorber has a maximum quantum efficiency (QE) of <inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$\sim $ </tex-math></inline-formula>46%, which is about 16% higher than that of the detectors with uniform absorbers. The maximum specific detectivity reached <inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$\sim 4.26\times 10^{{10}}$ </tex-math></inline-formula> cm<inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$\cdot $ </tex-math></inline-formula>Hz<inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$^{\text {1/{2}}}$ </tex-math></inline-formula>/W at 4.9 <inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$\mu \text{m}$ </tex-math></inline-formula> under −0.2 V bias. With the enhanced carrier extraction efficiency, the detectivity can gained a further improvement with a thicker stepped absorber, unlike the detector with a uniform absorber where the detectivity deteriorated with the absorber thickness increased from 3.6 to <inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$4.2 \mu \text{m}$ </tex-math></inline-formula>.
Expression of fatty acid related gene promotes astaxanthin heterologous production in Chlamydomonas reinhardtii

Natural astaxanthin is a high-value ketone carotenoid mainly derived from Haematococcus pluvialis, which is an excellent antioxidant for human consumption. To study the role of lipids in accumulation of astaxanthin, the H. pluvialis-derived astaxanthin synthesis pathway genes (β-carotene ketolase gene, BKT and β-carotene hydroxylase gene, BCH) and fatty acid elongation gene (mitochondrial trans-2-enoyl-coa reductase gene, MECR) were heterologously co-expressed in C. reinhardtii. Zeaxanthin, the precursor of astaxanthin synthesis, was significantly increased after BKT and BCH were expressed. In contrast, the α-carotene that competes with astaxanthin synthesis for lycopene decreased significantly. This redistribution of carbon flow was conducive to the synthesis of astaxanthin. In addition, the transformant only expressed astaxanthin metabolism related genes (BKT, BCH) would lead to an increase in total lipid, a decrease in monounsaturated fatty acids and an increase in polyunsaturated fatty acids. On this basis, the expression of MECR gene further increased the total lipid, and the relative content of different fatty acids also changed. The astaxanthin content of algal strains transformed with BKT and BCH genes was nearly 50% higher than that of the wild type. On this basis, the astaxanthin content of transformants expressing MECR gene related to long-chain fatty acid synthesis was increased by 227.5%. In this study, an astaxanthin production model similar to H. pluvialis by combining carotenoid metabolism and fatty acid metabolism was constructed in C. reinhardtii. The results suggest that the increase in astaxanthin is indeed linked to the regulation of fatty acid metabolism, and this link may involve the type of fatty acids and the dynamics of astaxanthin ester in cells. The strategy of promoting the synthesis of fatty acids has potential to achieve efficient production of astaxanthin in C. reinhardtii.
Sybil-resistant Truth Discovery in Crowdsourcing by Exploiting the Long-tail Effect

Crowdsourcing refers to the employment of workers to complete tasks. Workers will also be rewarded after completing the tasks, which creates two problems. One is how to effectively aggregate the right answers of tasks when the accuracy of workers’ answers varies. The other is how to deal with Sybil attacker, who will get rewards by controlling half or more Sybil workers to influence the Truth Inference. We propose a Truth Discovery with intelligent Sybil defense, called STDEL (Sybil-resistant Truth Discovery by Exploiting the Long-tail Effect). This algorithm can improve the accuracy of Truth aggregation and reduce the rewards by identifying and banning intelligent Sybil workers. Our Experiments on two real world datasets show that STDEL has better performance on accuracy and rewards compared with state-of-the-art Sybil defense Truth Discovery.
Coating of SPIONs with a Cysteine-Decorated Copolyester: A Possible Novel Nanoplatform for Enzymatic Release

Superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles (SPIONs) have their use approved for the diagnosis/treatment of malignant tumors and can be metabolized by the organism. To prevent embolism caused by these nanoparticles, they need to be coated with biocompatible and non-cytotoxic materials. Here, we synthesized an unsaturated and biocompatible copolyester, poly (globalide-co-ε-caprolactone) (PGlCL), and modified it with the amino acid cysteine (Cys) via a thiol-ene reaction (PGlCLCys). The Cys-modified copolymer presented reduced crystallinity and increased hydrophilicity in comparison to PGlCL, thus being used for the coating of SPIONS (SPION@PGlCLCys). Additionally, cysteine pendant groups at the particle’s surface allowed the direct conjugation of (bio)molecules that establish specific interactions with tumor cells (MDA-MB 231). The conjugation of either folic acid (FA) or the anti-cancer drug methotrexate (MTX) was carried out directly on the amine groups of cysteine molecules present in the SPION@PGlCLCys surface (SPION@PGlCLCys_FA and SPION@PGlCLCys_MTX) by carbodiimide-mediated coupling, leading to the formation of amide bonds, with conjugation efficiencies of 62% for FA and 60% for MTX. Then, the release of MTX from the nanoparticle surface was evaluated using a protease at 37 °C in phosphate buffer pH~5.3. It was found that 45% of MTX conjugated to the SPIONs were released after 72 h. Cell viability was measured by MTT assay, and after 72 h, 25% reduction in cell viability of tumor cells was observed. Thus, after a successful conjugation and subsequent triggered release of MTX, we understand that SPION@PGlCLCys has a strong potential to be treated as a model nanoplatform for the development of treatments and diagnosis techniques (or theranostic applications) that can be less aggressive to patients.
Improvement of Fictitious Play Based on Cognitive Hierarchy Theory

Considering heterogeneous rationality of the player presents in many aspects, including decision rules, beliefs and cognitive ability et al., the heterogeneity in cognitive ability is often neglected in general bounded rationality models. We embellish the basic model of fictitious play with the heterogeneous cognitive hierarchy approach. Giving players learning rules, players with heterogeneous cognitive hierarchy will choose different actions. We study the effects of payoff structure, cognitive hierarchy and initial beliefs on the equilibrium and convergence about the evolution process. A numeral example is given to illustrate how the improved model can solve the problem of traditional fictitious play in some sense such as cycle choice.
Scheme of Effective Epidemiological Investigations in Trichinella Outbreaks on Pig Farms

Trichinellosis is a parasitic, zoonotic disease caused by larvae of the genus Trichinella. Infection occurs via the consumption of raw or undercooked meat containing this parasite. Symptoms of the disease manifest as intestinal disorders, followed by facial swelling, fever, muscle pain and other symptoms, eventually leading to neurological and cardiac complications and even death. In Europe, trichinellosis is most often associated with the consumption of meat from wild boars, pigs and horses. In recent years, wild boars that are hunted illegally and not tested for Trichinella spp. have been the most common cause of trichinellosis in humans; however, there have also been cases where infected pigs have been the source of infection. When trichinellosis is suspected in humans, epidemiological measures are taken to identify the source. Similarly, an epidemiological investigation should be initiated whenever Trichinella spp. has been detected in pigs. However, commonly used actions do not provide sufficient data to determine the source of infection for pigs and to prevent further transmission. Therefore, in this article, we propose a scheme for effective epidemiological investigations into Trichinella outbreaks on pig farms that can help trace the transmission mechanisms of the parasite and that takes into account currently available testing tools. The proposed pathway can be easily adopted for epidemiological investigations in routine veterinary inspection work.
Intraseasonal oscillations in the global atmosphere. I - Northern Hemisphere and tropics

Abstract We have examined systematically oscillatory modes in the Northern Hemisphere and in the tropics. The 700 mb heights were used to analyze extratropical oscillations, and the outgoing longwave radiation to study tropical oscillations in convection. All datasets were band-pass filtered to focus on the intraseasonal (IS) band of 10–120 days. Leading spatial patterns of variability were obtained by applying EOF analysis to these IS data. The leading principal components (PCs) were subjected to singular spectrum analysis (SSA). SSA is a statistical technique related to EOF analysis, but in the time domain, rather than the spatial domain. It helps identify nonlinear oscillations in short and noisy time series. In the Northern Hemisphere, there are two important modes of oscillation with periods near 48 and 23 days, respectively. The 48-day mode is the most important of the two. It has both traveling and standing components, and is dominated by a zonal wavenumber two. The 23-day mode has the spatial stru.
Synthesis and ferroelectric properties of multiferroic BiFeO3 nanotube arrays

We report the synthesis and characterization of ordered multiferroic BiFeO3 (BFO) nanotube arrays. BFO nanotubes with diameters of about 250nm and lengths of about 6μm were fabricated by means of a sol-gel method utilizing nanochannel alumina templates. After postannealing at 700°C, the BFO nanotubes exhibited a polycrystalline microstructure, and x-ray diffraction and transmission electron microscopy study revealed that they are of a perovskite crystal structure. Significant ferroelectric and piezoelectric characteristics of BFO nanotubes have been demonstrated by means of piezoresponse force microscopy measurement.
Energy-Aware and Secure Task Offloading for Multi-Tier Edge-Cloud Computing Systems

Nowadays, Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV) devices and their services and applications are gaining popularity and attracting considerable attention in different fields of our daily life. Nevertheless, most of these applications and services require more powerful computational resources and energy, and their limited battery capacity and processing power make it difficult to run them on a single device. Edge-Cloud Computing (ECC) is emerging as a new paradigm to cope with the challenges of these applications, which moves computing resources to the edge of the network and remote cloud, thereby alleviating the overhead through task offloading. Even though ECC offers substantial benefits for these devices, the limited bandwidth condition in the case of simultaneous offloading via the same channel with increasing data transmission of these applications has not been adequately addressed. Moreover, protecting the data through transmission remains a significant concern that still needs to be addressed. Therefore, in this paper, to bypass the limited bandwidth and address the potential security threats challenge, a new compression, security, and energy-aware task offloading framework is proposed for the ECC system environment. Specifically, we first introduce an efficient layer of compression to smartly reduce the transmission data over the channel. In addition, to address the security issue, a new layer of security based on an Advanced Encryption Standard (AES) cryptographic technique is presented to protect offloaded and sensitive data from different vulnerabilities. Subsequently, task offloading, data compression, and security are jointly formulated as a mixed integer problem whose objective is to reduce the overall energy of the system under latency constraints. Finally, simulation results reveal that our model is scalable and can cause a significant reduction in energy consumption (i.e., 19%, 18%, 21%, 14.5%, 13.1% and 12%) with respect to other benchmarks (i.e., local, edge, cloud and further benchmark models).
Likelihood Analysis of the I(2) Model

The I(2) model is defined as a submodel of the general vector autoregressive model, by two reduced rank conditions. The model describes stochastic processes with stationary second difference. A parametrization is suggested which makes likelihood inference feasible. Consistency of the maximum likelihood estimator is proved, and the asymptotic distribution of the maximum likelihood estimator is given. It is shown that the asymptotic distribution is either Gaussian, mixed Gaussian or, in some cases, even more complicated.
Emotional Dashboard: a Non-Intrusive Approach to Monitor Software Developers' Emotions and Personality Traits

Developers' emotions are crucial elements that influence the overall job satisfaction of software engineers, including motivation, productivity, and quality of the work, affecting the software development lifecycle. Existing approaches to assess and monitor developers' emotions, such as facial expressions, self-assessed surveys, and biometric sensors, imply considerable intrusiveness on developers' routines and tend to be used only during limited periods. This paper proposes a new non-intrusive and automatable tool (Emotional Dashboard) to assess, monitor, and visualize software developers' emotions during long periods, providing team leaders and project managers with an overview of teams' and software developers' emotional statuses. The idea is to use posts shared by developers on social media to assess their emotions' polarity and visualize the emotional situation on a dashboard, allowing the identification of potentially abnormal emotional periods that may affect the software development. A first evaluation of the tool’s accuracy, done by comparing the emotion polarity (negative, positive, or neutral) of posts done by our tool with the manual classification of a set of posts done by three psychologists, has shown an accuracy of 77%. The tool is available for analysis at this link: https://emotional-dashboard.herokuapp. com.
Hydrodynamic Models of AGN Feedback in Cooling Core Clusters

Title of Dissertation: Hydrodynamic Models of AGN Feedback in Cooling Core Clusters John C. Vernaleo, Doctor of Philosophy, 2008 Dissertation directed by: Professor Christopher S. Reynolds Department of Astronomy X-ray observations show that the Intra Cluster Medium (ICM) in many galaxy clusters is cooling at a rapid rate, often to the point that it should have radiated away all of its energy in less than the age of the cluster. There is however a very clear lack of enough cool end products of this gas in the centers of the clusters. Energetic arguments indicate that Active Galactic Nuclei (AGN) should be capable of heating the inner regions of clusters enough to offset the radiative cooling; truncating massive galaxy formation and solving the cooling flow problem. We present three sets of high resolution, ideal hydrodynamic simulations with the ZEUS code to test this AGN heating paradigm. For the first set of simulations, we study the dependence of the interaction between the AGN jets and the ICM on the parameters of the jets themselves. We present a parameter survey of two-dimensional (axisymmetric) models of back-to-back jets injected into a cluster atmosphere. We follow the passive evolution of the resulting structures. These simulations fall into roughly two classes, cocoon-bounded and non-cocoon bounded. We find that the cocoon-bounded sources inject significantly more entropy into the core regions of the ICM atmosphere, even though the efficiency with which the energy is thermalized is independent of the morphological class. In all cases, a large fraction of the energy injected by the jet ends up as gravitational potential energy due to the expansion of the atmosphere. For the second set, we present three-dimensional simulations of jetted AGN that act in response to cooling-mediated accretion of an ICM atmosphere. We find that our models are incapable of producing a long term balance of heating and cooling; catastrophic cooling can be delayed by the jet action but inevitably takes hold. At the heart of the failure of these models is the formation of a low density channel through which the jet can freely flow, carrying its energy out of the cooling core. Finally, we present a set of simulations with both feedback and precessing jets. The addition of jet precession is not sufficient to couple the jets to the ICM energetically although it can deposit a large amount of energy in sound waves. These sound waves are lost to the system in ideal hydrodynamics, but ultimately may provide a powerful heating mechanism for clusters cores by AGN when additional physical effects are taken into account. Hydrodynamic Models of AGN Feedback in Cooling Core Clusters