Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
A Novel Approach to Detect Duplicate Code Blocks to Reduce Maintenance Effort

It was found in many cases that a code might be a clone for one programmer but not the same for another one. This problem occurs because of inaccurate documentation. According to research, the maintainers are not aware of the original design and thus, face the difficulty of agreeing on the system’s components and their relations or understanding the work of the application. The problem also occurs because of the different team of development and maintenance resulting in more effort and time during maintenance. This paper proposes a novel approach to detect the clones at the programmer side such that if a particular code is a clone then it can be well documented. This approach will provide both the individual duplicate statements as well as the block in which they appear. The approach has been examined on seven open source systems.
An Appraisal of the Use of Airline Data in Assessing the World City Network: A Research Note on Data

Information on air passenger flows is potentially a prime data source for assessing spatial patterns in the world city network, but previous analyses of this issue have been hampered by inadequate and/or partial data. The ensuing analytical deficiencies have reduced the overall value of these analyses. Therefore, this paper examines how some of these deficiencies might be rectified. First, it reviews the rationale for using airline data to analyse the world city network. Secondly, it assesses the problems encountered by previous research. The third section elaborates on the construction of a global intercity matrix based on the so-called Marketing Information Data Transfer database and explains how this matrix can circumvent some previously identified problems.
A Study of On-Off Characteristics of Conversational Speech

The on-off statistics of conversational speech have been investigated using a large database of 50 min of telephone speech. Based on the measurement results of on-off patterns, probability density functions of silence and talkspurt durations are modeled approximately by two weighted geometric functions. Then, for any value of hangover or fill-in, speech parameters such as speech activity, average silence, and talkspurt durations are calculated using the fitted probability density function of silence durations and compared to those measured. Directly measured values of speech parameters and those calculated agree closely for a practical range of hangover and fill-in time. For a large hangover time greater than 200 ms, silences and talkspurts can be fit by an exponential distribution and a constant-plus-exponential distribution, respectively. On the other hand, for a large fill-in time greater than 200 ms, silences and talkspurts can be modeled by a constant-plus-exponential distribution and an exponential distribution, respectively. With both large hangover and fill-in values, the talkspurt model agrees closely with the measured data, but the silence model does not agree as closely as the talkspurt model.
Crystal structures of cytochrome P-450CAM complexed with camphane, thiocamphor, and adamantane: factors controlling P-450 substrate hydroxylation.

X-ray crystal structures have been determined for complexes of cytochrome P-450CAM with the substrates camphane, adamantane, and thiocamphor. Unlike the natural substrate camphor, which hydrogen bonds to Tyr96 and is metabolized to a single product, camphane, adamantane and thiocamphor do not hydrogen bond to the enzyme and all are hydroxylated at multiple positions. Evidently the lack of a substrate-enzyme hydrogen bond allows substrates greater mobility in the active site, explaining this lower regiospecificity of metabolism as well as the inability of these substrates to displace the distal ligand to the heme iron. Tyr96 is a ligand, via its carbonyl oxygen atom, to a cation that is thought to stabilize the camphor-P-450CAM complex [Poulos, T. L. , Finzel, B. C. , & Howard, A. J. (1987) J. Mol. Biol. 195, 687-700]. The occupancy and temperature factor of the cationic site are lower and higher, respectively, in the presence of the non-hydrogen-bonding substrates investigated here than in the presence of camphor, underscoring the relationship between cation and substrate binding. Thiocamphor gave the most unexpected orientation in the active site of any of the substrates we have investigated to date. The orientation of thiocamphor is quite different from that of camphor. That is, carbons 5 and 6, at which thiocamphor is primarily hydroxylated [Atkins, W. M. , & Sligar, S. G. (1988) J. Biol. Chem. 263, 18842-18849], are positioned near Tyr96 rather than near the heme iron. Therefore, the crystallographically observed thiocamphor-P-450CAM structure may correspond to a nonproductive complex. Disordered solvent has been identified in the active site in the presence of uncoupling substrates that channel reducing equivalents away from substrate hydroxylation toward hydrogen peroxide and/or "excess" water production. A buried solvent molecule has also been identified, which may promote uncoupling by moving from an internal location to the active site in the presence of highly mobile substrates.
Assessment: Examining Practice in Entrepreneurship Education

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to develop knowledge about the nature of student assessment practice in entrepreneurship education.Design/methodology/approach – This paper introduces general assessment practice issues and highlights key considerations. It explains prior research on assessment practice in entrepreneurship education and argues that there is too little empirical research on the subject. Finally, it outlines a typology of entrepreneurship education that highlights variation between different: forms; learning outcomes; subjects; and, possible methods of assessment practice. The methodology for the study gathers data from course outlines (syllabi) and explains how these were collected and analysed.Findings – The results show that educational practice in entrepreneurship education continues to be dominated by the “About” form and highlight that there are different cultures of assessment practice in the UK and the USA. The paper finds compelling evidence that different forms are using asse.
Modulation of gamma-aminobutyric acid-stimulated chloride influx by bicycloorthocarboxylates, bicyclophosphorus esters, polychlorocycloalkanes and other cage convulsants.

gamma-Aminobutyric acid (GABA) stimulated 36Cl- influx into membrane vesicles from rat cerebral cortex at 3 to 300 microM in a concentration-dependent manner with near maximum response at 100 microM. Inhibitory potencies for this GABA (100 microM)-dependent 36Cl- uptake were determined for 16 cage convulsants including 10 bicycloorthocarboxylates and 3 bicyclophosphorus esters and for 8 polychlorocycloalkane insecticides. Inhibition by derivatives of t-butylbicycloorthobenzoate (TBOB) and t-butylbicyclophosphorothionate (TBPS) depended on the substituents at both positions 1 and positions 4. Among them, the 4-cyano-phenyl analog of TBOB was the most potent inhibitor with an IC50 value of 40 nM. Other cage convulsants such as picrotoxinin, tetramethylenedisulfotetramine and p-chlorophenylsilatrane were less potent than TBOB and TBPS. The potencies of bicycloorthocarboxylates, bicyclophosphorus esters and other cage convulsants in inhibiting GABA-stimulated 36Cl- uptake by rat cerebral cortex were significantly correlated with those in inhibiting [35S]TBPS binding to the human and mouse brain receptors (r = 0.96, P less than .01). There also was a significant correlation between the potencies of the polychlorocycloalkanes examined in inhibiting GABA-stimulated 36Cl- uptake and [35S]TBPS binding to the mouse brain receptor (r = 0.94, P less than .01). In these correlations, the polychlorocycloalkanes appear to fall on a different line than that for the bicycloorthocarboxylates, bicyclophosphorus esters and other cage convulsants. Both the cage convulsants and the polychlorocycloalkanes are considered to act at convulsant sites coupled functionally to the GABA receptor chloride ionophore complex and thereby to modulate allosterically or directly the GABA-gated chloride channel leading to their toxic action.
Gene Networks Involved in Hormonal Control of Root Development in Arabidopsis thaliana: A Framework for Studying Its Disturbance by Metal Stress

Plant survival under abiotic stress conditions requires morphological and physiological adaptations. Adverse soil conditions directly affect root development, although the underlying mechanisms remain largely to be discovered. Plant hormones regulate normal root growth and mediate root morphological responses to abiotic stress. Hormone synthesis, signal transduction, perception and cross-talk create a complex network in which metal stress can interfere, resulting in root growth alterations. We focus on Arabidopsis thaliana, for which gene networks in root development have been intensively studied, and supply essential terminology of anatomy and growth of roots. Knowledge of gene networks, mechanisms and interactions related to the role of plant hormones is reviewed. Most knowledge has been generated for auxin, the best-studied hormone with a pronounced primary role in root development. Furthermore, cytokinins, gibberellins, abscisic acid, ethylene, jasmonic acid, strigolactones, brassinosteroids and salicylic acid are discussed. Interactions between hormones that are of potential importance for root growth are described. This creates a framework that can be used for investigating the impact of abiotic stress factors on molecular mechanisms related to plant hormones, with the limited knowledge of the effects of the metals cadmium, copper and zinc on plant hormones and root development included as case example.
Directors' networks and access to collective resources

Purpose – This paper aims to illustrate the resource dependency theory by making ties between the different resources needed by a firm and the members of the board through their allegiances to different organizations. Many researchers have explained the formation of the board through a controlling function. Alternative explanation is proposed by the resource dependency theory. Design/methodology/approach – To investigate the case of the largest company in Canada, the authors took their data in the Boardex database. Then drawing an affiliation matrix, they used the Pajek software to analyze these connections. They obtained a non-directional social network prone to illustrate the resource dependency theory. Findings – The authors found different categories of resources being placed at firm’s disposal: political, social and economic, under different forms. Because a case study approach was used, the findings will be used to complete the theory rather than confirm or contradict it. The case firm is well-conne.
A study on the fuzzy control navigation and the obstacle avoidance of mobile robot using camera

This paper describes a vision-based path planning method in an indoor environment for an autonomous mobile robot that can avoid obstacles that might appear in the path of a navigating robot. A fuzzy logic controller is used to control the position of a mobile robot. We use the wavelet transform to detect the edges of guidelines and obstacles. We suggest an algorithm that can be used in the control of the mobile robot without collisions with obstacles. The distance between the robot and the obstacle as well as the size of the obstacle can be measured using a single camera and several ultrasonic sensors. We suggest an algorithm of path planning with these methods.
The Effectiveness of University Technology Transfer

In recent years, there have been numerous studies of the effectiveness of university technology transfer. Such technology transfer mechanisms include licensing agreements between the university and private firms, science parks, incubators, and university-based startups. We review and synthesize these papers and present some pointed recommendations on how to enhance effectiveness. Implementation of these recommendations will depend on the mechanisms that universities choose to stress, based on their technology transfer "strategy. " For example, institutions that emphasize the entrepreneurial dimension of technology transfer must address skill deficiencies in technology transfer offices, reward systems that are inconsistent with enhanced entrepreneurial activity and the lack of training for faculty members, post-docs, and graduate students in starting new ventures or interacting with entrepreneurs. Universities will also have to confront a set of issues related to ethics and social responsibility, as they more aggressively pursue technology commercialization. Finally, we suggest some possible theoretical frameworks for additional research.
Chronic ingestion of (3R,3'R,6'R)-lutein and (3R,3'R)-zeaxanthin in the female rhesus macaque.

PURPOSE To investigate how supplementation of the monkey's diet with high doses of lutein (L), zeaxanthin (Z), or a combination of the two affects the plasma levels and ocular tissue deposition of these carotenoids and their metabolites over time and to determine whether these high doses can cause ocular toxicity. METHODS Eighteen female rhesus monkeys were divided into groups of control (n = 3 control), L-treated (n = 5, 9.34 mg lutein/kg and 0.66 mg zeaxanthin/kg), Z-treated (n = 5, 10 mg zeaxanthin/kg), and L/Z-treated (n = 5, lutein and zeaxanthin, each 0.5 mg/kg). After 12 months of daily supplementation, one control animal, two L-treated animals, two Z-treated animals, and all the L/Z-treated animals were killed. The rest of the monkeys were killed after an additional six months without supplementation. Plasma and ocular tissue carotenoid analyses, fundus photography, and retina histopathology were performed on the animals. RESULTS Supplementation of monkeys with L and/or Z increased the mean plasma and ocular tissue concentrations of these carotenoids and their metabolites. The mean levels of L and Z in the retinas of the L- and Z-treated animals after 1 year increased significantly over baseline. High dose supplementation of monkeys with L or Z did not cause ocular toxicity and had no effect on biomarkers associated with kidney toxicity. CONCLUSIONS The mean levels of L and Z in plasma and ocular tissues of the rhesus monkeys increase with supplementation and in most cases correlate with the levels of their metabolites. Supplementation of monkeys with L or Z at high doses, or their combination does not cause ocular toxicity.
Study of the role of social capital in assisting client of Isfahan by relying on social trust

The aim of this study is to investigate the role of social capital assistance for clients in Isfahan, who rely on social trust using a correlative-descriptive method. The statistical population comprises of all the persons with a welfare organization record in Isfahan and is selected by cluster-sampling. The instrument for studying the questionnaire is a nominal and content validity type, that is recommended by specialists and a reliability of 85% is determined by Cronbach's α. There is no meaningful relationship between the network of social relations and the trust of client against social worker's services. Also, there is no meaningful relationship between the marital status, age and gender of clients and the level of trust on social workers. Key words: Social capital, social trust, economical trust, social participation.
Making finance work for Africa

Making Finance Work for Africa presents a coherent policy approach that addresses African priorities and can work in African conditions. It challenges the applicability of some conventional views on a range of issues from securities markets and banking regulation to the organization of microfinance institutions. The authors identify promising trends from across sub-Saharan Africa and pinpoint shortcomings. The book will be useful to policy makers, bankers, financial analysts, and economists working in Africa.
The role of actin polymerization in cell motility.

The general question considered in this review is what is the role of actin polymerization in cell motility? Two specific questions are (a) do individual actin filaments undergo net assembly or disassembly as part of a process in cell motility, and (b) does the energy of assembly or disassembly drive processes in cell motility? Actin filaments have anisotropic distributions in cells, which often have asymmetric shapes. During development, structures with high concentrations of actin filaments appear, and during normal physiologic activity of many non-muscle cells, the actin distribution changes. Does this anisotropy occur because filaments move about the cytoplasm, or because subunits move, with net filament assembly at certain places, and with net disassembly at other places? Changes in intracellular actin distribution often accompany cell movement or changes in cell shape. Does the energy available from actin polymerization drive the motions of the cell? Interest in this question has increased because mutant cells lacking myosin are normal in some aspects of cell motility. These mutants and other investigations into myosin funtion have been reviewed recently (59, 60, 95) (see Pollard, Doberstein, Zot this volume). This review is not complete in its description of the literature and concentrates on a few systems and experimental approaches. Recent reviews on related topics include references 71, 77, 82, and 96.
Capital: A Critique of Political Economy

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How a Minimum Wage Can Improve Efficiency Even in Competitive Labor Markets: The Webbs and the Social Cost of Labor

Neoclassical economists, using a competitive demand/supply model of labor markets, typically conclude a legislated minimum wage is harmful to economic efficiency and social welfare. The major theoretical counter-attack by proponents of a minimum wage is to argue that low-wage labor markets are better modeled as monopsonistic. This paper develops and formalizes a second theoretical defense for a legal minimum wage law. This defense rests on the concept of the social cost of labor, as originally popularized by Sidney and Beatrice Webb and then further developed by American institutional economists. This analysis is unique in that it continues to use the competitive demand/supply model but nonetheless demonstrates that a legislated minimum wage often simultaneously increases both economic efficiency and fairness, unlike the neoclassical prediction.
Partially covered self-expandable metal stents versus polyethylene stents for malignant biliary obstruction: a cost-effectiveness analysis.

UNLABELLED BACKGROUND⁄ OBJECTIVE Partially covered self-expandable metal stents (SEMS) and polyethylene stents (PES) are both commonly used in the palliation of malignant biliary obstruction. Although SEMS are significantly more expensive, they are more efficacious than PES. Accordingly, a cost-effectiveness analysis was performed. METHODS A cost-effectiveness analysis compared the approach of initial placement of PES versus SEMS for the study population. Patients with malignant biliary obstruction underwent an endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography to insert the initial stent. If the insertion failed, a percutaneous transhepatic cholangiogram was performed. If stent occlusion occurred, a PES was inserted at repeat endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography, either in an outpatient setting or after admission to hospital if cholangitis was present. A third-party payer perspective was adopted. Effectiveness was expressed as the likelihood of no occlusion over the one-year adopted time horizon. Probabilities were based on a contemporary randomized clinical trial, and costs were issued from national references. Deterministic and probabilistic sensitivity analyses were performed. RESULTS A PES-first strategy was both more expensive and less efficacious than an SEMS-first approach. The mean per-patient costs were US$6,701 for initial SEMS and US$20,671 for initial PES, which were associated with effectiveness probabilities of 65.6% and 13.9%, respectively. Sensitivity analyses confirmed the robustness of these results. CONCLUSION At the time of initial endoscopic drainage for patients with malignant biliary obstruction undergoing palliative stenting, an initial SEMS insertion approach was both more effective and less costly than a PES-first strategy.
Tradeoffs of designing floating-point division and square root on Virtex FPGAs

Low latency, high throughput and small area are three major design considerations of an FPGA (field programmable gate array) design. In this paper, we present a high radix SRT division algorithm and a binary restoring square root algorithm. We describe three implementations of floating-point division operations with a variable width and precision based on Virtex-2 FPGAs. One is a low cost iterative implementation; another is a low latency array implementation; and the third is a high throughput pipelined implementation. The implementations of floating-point square root operations are presented as well. In addition to the design of modules, we also analyze the tradeoffs among the cost, latency and throughput with strategies on how to reduce the cost or improve the performance.
Functional Roles and Structural Analysis of Lung Collectins SP-A and SP-D

Pulmonary surfactant proteins A and D (SP-A and SP-D) belong to the collectin subgroup of the C-type lectin superfamily along with mannose-binding protein (MBP) and conglutinin. Phospholipids are also ligands for collectins, in addition to carbohydrates and glycosphingolipids. SP-A binds dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine, and SP-D and MBP bind phosphatidylinositol. SP-A also interacts with alveolar type II cells, implicating SP-A in surfactant phospholipid homeostasis. We analyzed an epitope for anti-SP-A monoclonal antibodies that block SP-A-specific functions using a phage display peptide library and SP-A/MBP chimeric proteins. We also investigated the regions of SP-A and SP-D that are required for ligand interactions using SP-A/SP-D chimeras. Lung collectins play key roles in the innate immune system of the lung which is critical for immediate antibody-independent host defense. We have found that SP-A exhibits different interactions with distinct serotypes of lipopolysaccharides and affects differently their elicited cellular responses by a direct interaction with the lipopolysaccharide receptor CD14. In addition to the basic aspects, lung collectins as clinical markers will be discussed.