Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Investigating the level of agreement of two positioning protocols when using dual energy X-ray absorptiometry in the assessment of body composition

Background Dual energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) is a commonly used instrument for analysing segmental body composition (BC). The information from the scan guides the clinician in the treatment of conditions such as obesity and can be used to monitor recovery of lean mass following injury. Two commonly used DXA positioning protocols have been identified—the Nana positioning protocol and the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES). Both protocols have been shown to be reliable. However, only one study has assessed the level of agreement between the protocols and ascertained the participants’ preference of protocol based upon comfort. Given the paucity of research in the field and the growing use of DXA in both healthy and pathological populations further research determining the most appropriate positioning protocol is warranted. Therefore, the aims of this study were to assess the level of agreement between results from the NHANES protocol and Nana protocol, and the participants’ preference of protocol based on comfort. Methods Thirty healthy participants (15 males, 15 females, aged 23–59 years) volunteered to participate in this study. These participants underwent two whole body DXA scans in a single morning (Nana positioning protocol and NHANES positioning protocol), in a randomised order. Each participant attended for scanning wearing minimal clothing and having fasted overnight, refrained from exercise in the past 24 h and voided their bladders. Level of agreement, comparing NAHNES to Nana protocol was assessed using an intra-class correlation coefficient (ICC), concordance correlation coefficient (CCC) and percentage change in mean. Limit of agreement comparing the two protocols were assessed using plots, mean difference and confidence limits. Participants were asked to indicate the protocol they found most comfortable. Results When assessing level of agreement between protocols both the ICC and CCC scores were very high and ranged from 0.987 to 0.997 for whole body composition, indicating excellent agreement between the Nana and NHANES protocols. Regional analysis (arms, legs, trunk) ICC scores, ranged between 0.966 and 0.996, CCC ranged between 0.964 and 0.997, change in mean percentage ranged between −0.58% and 0.37% which indicated a very high level of agreement. Limit of agreement analysis using mean difference ranged between −0.223 and 0.686 kg and 95% CL produced results ranging between −1.262 kg and 1.630 kg. The majority (80%) of participants found the NHANES positioning protocol more comfortable. Discussion This study reveals a strong level of agreement as illustrated by high ICC’s and CCC’s between the positioning protocols, however systematic bias within limit of agreement plot and a large difference in 95% confidence limits indicates that the protocols should not be interchanged when assessing an individual. The NHANES protocol affords greater participant comfort.
Improving academic performance of school-age children by physical activity in the classroom: 1-year program evaluation.

BACKGROUND An intervention was designed that combined physical activity with learning activities. It was based upon evidence for positive effects of moderate to vigorous physical activity (MVPA) on academic achievement. The aim of this study was to describe the program implementation and effects on academic achievement after 1 year. METHODS Second- and third-grade classes of 6 elementary schools were included in the study. The intervention group participated in physically active academic lessons and the control group in regular classroom lessons. Implementation measures were obtained and the children were pretested and posttested on mathematics and reading. RESULTS Teacher observations and self-reports indicated that the lessons were implemented as planned. Classroom observations showed that children's on-task behavior during the lessons was above 70%. On the basis of heart rate measures, on average 64% of the lesson time was spent in MVPA. Posttest mathematics and reading scores of third-grade children who participated in the intervention were significantly higher in comparison with control children. Posttest mathematics scores of second-grade children in the intervention condition were significantly lower in comparison with control children. CONCLUSIONS The intervention program was successfully implemented and the lessons contributed to the academic outcomes of third-grade children.
Endothelial adapter proteins in leukocyte transmigration

Summary Leukocyte transendothelial migration (TEM) requires endothelial signalling. This signalling is initiated by clustering of cell-surface adhesion molecules and transmitted into the endothelium by a group of associated or co-clustered adapter proteins. These adapter proteins, such as cortactin and filamin, connect the adhesion molecules to the actin cytoskeleton as well as to signalling enzymes and downstream pathways. This short review aims to define common themes in adapter protein binding in endothelial cells and to propose critical functions that are exerted by these adapters in leukocyte transendothelial migration.
Early maltreatment effects on adolescent attention control to non‐emotional and emotional distractors

Objective Early maltreatment increases lifetime risk of psychopathology. Emerging models suggest that exposure to maltreatment leads to changes in cognitive processes associated with the processing of threat, including processes of selective attention. Existing data may be interpreted to suggest that maltreatment is associated with an automatic attentional engagement with threatening cues, or that maltreatment is associated with generally poorer attention control. Using a pair of attention tasks, this study sought to examine whether maltreatment was associated with threat‐related interference on attention processing and if this could be explained by poorer attentional control capacity. Method Fifty‐one maltreated adolescents from an out‐of‐home care sample in New South Wales, Australia were recruited to complete two attention tasks. Data from 24 of these participants were compared with that of a sample of non‐maltreated peers matched on gender, age, cognitive ability, and household income to identify maltreatment‐associated group differences. Data from all participants were then used to explore the degree to which attention variables correlated with continuous measures of internalising symptoms, subtypes, and severity of maltreatment. Results On the first task, maltreated adolescents showed significant interference from an irrelevant but non‐emotional distractor on reaction times when completing a central letter identification task under low perceptual task conditions. On the second task, maltreated adolescents also showed similar interference on a probe‐identification task that involved ignoring threatening (angry face) distractors, again under low perceptual load. Conclusions These data may suggest difficulties exercising attention control following early maltreatment. These may contribute to the emergence of psychiatric disorders and other difficulties for those exposed to maltreatment.
Region based image classification using watershed transform techniques

Massive increase in the degree of data in online data repositories desires the need of efficient data retrieval and management. The current state of art algorithms are adept in information retrieval concerned with text type data and to the success rate of almost 99%. However the information retrieval based on multimedia data like images needs more revisions so as to obtain the expected outcome. In this paper, the research objective is to classify the images based on the shape and regional characteristics. The categories of images considered include fruits and vegetables. The proposed technique for image classification employs watershed transform for segmentation and from which the Haar wavelet features are computed and are directed for classification using SVM, KNN and Naïve Bayes classifier. A voting based technique is employed for classification of images and the overall accuracy of the system is about 90%.
Global and Semi-Global Stabilization of Linear Systems With Multiple Delays and Saturations in the Input

This paper studies stabilization problems for linear systems with multiple delays in the input. Two types of delays are considered. The first type of delays is constant delays, which can be arbitrarily large, while the second type is time-varying with an arbitrarily large bound. With the first type of delays, under the condition that the open loop system is absolutely controllable with all its eigenvalues on the imaginary axis, (globally) stabilizing state and output feedback laws are constructed based on the solution to a family of parametric Riccati equations, which can be obtained explicitly through the solution of a parametric linear matrix equation. With the second type of delays, under the condition that the open-loop system is absolutely controllable with all its eigenvalues on the imaginary axis being zero, (global) state and output feedback laws are explicitly constructed based on the solution to a similar family of parametric Riccati equations. When the input is also subject to magnitude saturation, it is shown that semiglobal stabilization, instead of global stabilization, can still be achieved. Numerical examples illustrate the effectiveness of the proposed approach.
Is Oral Food Challenge (OFC) test safe for preschool children?

BACKGROUND Oral food challenges (OFCs) are performed for diagnosis of a food allergy in cases where the allergy is not supported by patient history, or when a newly developed tolerance level needs to be established. OBJECTIVE We aimed to investigate the prevalence and severity of reactions during OFCs in preschool children. METHODS A retrospective study was conducted on children younger than 5 years, for whom OFC had been performed with milk, egg white and egg yolk. All children had been admitted to the Department of Pediatric Allergy at Behçet Uz Children's Hospital between 1 January 2010 and 31 December 2014. Any symptoms developed during the OFC were classified and recorded. RESULTS A total of 122 patients who underwent an OFC were included in this study. The patients included 85 males (69.7%), and 50.8% of patients (n = 62) had a history of IgE-mediated food allergy. Co-existing allergies were found for 57.4% (n = 70) of patients. Of the OFCs performed, tests for milk, egg white and egg yolk made up 46.5, 30.5 and 23.0%, respectively. Of these, 19% (n = 33) were mild and 4.5% (n = 7) were moderate allergies in terms of symptom development. It was determined that the skin prick test (SPT) wheal size and the food-specific IgE levels did not effect in determining whether the allergic reaction would develop by OFC if the SPT wheal size and the food-specific IgE levels were below the cut-off point of a 95% positive predictive value (p > 0.05). CONCLUSION The severity of egg and milk allergy symptoms resulting from the frequently used OFC in preschool children are generally mild and easy to manage, particularly if the OFC is only conducted if serum-specific IgE or SPT wheal size is below the cut-off point.
Self-Inhibition in Amiloride-sensitive Sodium Channels in Taste Receptor Cells

Electrophysiological recording techniques were used to study the Na+ dependence of currents through amiloride-sensitive sodium channels (ASSCs) in rat taste cells from the fungiform and vallate papillae. Perforated patch voltage clamp recordings were made from isolated fungiform and vallate taste receptor cells (TRCs) and Na+ transport was measured across lingual epithelia containing fungiform or vallate taste buds in a modified Ussing chamber. In isolated fungiform TRCs that contain Na+ currents sensitive to the diuretic amiloride, Na+ ions inhibit their own influx through ASSCs, a process known as sodium self-inhibition. Due to the interaction between self-inhibition and the driving force for Na+ entry, self-inhibition is most evident in whole-cell recordings at Na+ concentrations from 50 to 75 mM. In amiloride-sensitive cells, the Na permeability is significantly higher in extracellular solutions containing 35 mM Na+ than in 70 or 140 mM Na+. Compared with the block by amiloride, the development of self-inhibition is slow, taking up to 15 s to become maximally inhibited. Approximately one third of fungiform TRCs and all vallate TRCs lack functional ASSCs. These amiloride-insensitive TRCs show no signs of self-inhibition, tying this phenomenon to the presence of ASSCs. The sulfhydryl reagent, p-hydroxymercuribenzoate (p-HMB; 200 μM), reversibly removed self-inhibition from amiloride-sensitive Na+ currents, apparently by modifying cysteine residues in the ASSC. Na+ currents in amiloride-insensitive TRCs were unaffected by p-HMB. In sodium transport studies in fungiform taste bud–containing lingual epithelia, ∼40% of the change in short-circuit current (Isc) after addition of 500 mM NaCl to the mucosal chamber is amiloride sensitive (0.5 mM). p-HMB significantly enhanced mucosal NaCl-induced changes in these epithelia at mucosal Na+ concentrations of 50 mM and above. In contrast, the vallate-containing epithelia, which are insensitive to amiloride, showed no enhancement of Isc during p-HMB treatment. These findings suggest that sodium self-inhibition is present in ASSCs in taste receptor cells where it may play a crucial role in performance of salt-sensitive pathways in taste tissue during sodium stimulation. This phenomenon may be important in the process of TRC adaptation, in the conservation of cellular resources during chronic sodium exposure, or in the gustatory response to water.
Photonic spin Hall effect in gap─plasmon metasurfaces for on-chip chiroptical spectroscopy

Chiral structures possessing differential optical responses to light circular polarization are very common in biological and organic compounds. Attaining chiroptical effects is of great biochemical importance, yet requires complicated structures. Circular dichroism (CD) spectrometers measuring the differential absorption between left- (LCP) and right-circular (RCP) polarizations involve complex hardware to switch laser polarization and manage data acquisition sequentially. Here, we present compact and power-efficient metasurface-based chiroptical spectroscopy solutions based on gap–plasmon metasurfaces (GPMSs). First, a minimalistic design of a real-time CD spectrometer is obtained by using the photonic spin Hall effect (PSHE) in a single GPMS, which spatially separates LCP and RCP spectra. It is the smallest CD spectrometer to our knowledge. Another GPMS-based device built with the same approach rotates light polarization by 45° through adding a phase shift between LCP and RCP. Thus, PSHE in GPMS can provide efficient solutions to vital applications including biosensing, DNA structural analysis, and stereochemistry.
Enhancing pattern recognition in social networking dataset by using bisecting KMean

Databases today can range in size more than terabytes. Within these masses of data lies hidden information of strategic importance. So when there are lots of trees, how to find conclusions about the forest? The newest answer is mining of data, which is being used to increase revenues. Data mining is a process that uses a variety of data analysis tools to discover patterns and relationships in data that may be used to make valid predictions. This research uses social networking data set for pattern recognition, because it is one of the emerging application areas in data mining. We used Facebook 100 dataset and applied Bisecting KMeans algorithm on it, so that we would get better clustering outputs. Bisecting KMeans first bisects the data into 2 parts and selects the part with greater number of elements, then apply clustering on it again. This goes on till we have N Number of clusters. We would apply this to our dataset to get desired results. With this we are going to compare Bisecting K Mean algorithm with other data mining algorithm. And finally we are going to find out different pattern from social networking dataset.
TUMOR DETECTION IN COLONOSCOPY USING THE UNSUPERVISED k-WINDOWS CLUSTERING ALGORITHM AND NEURAL NETWORKS

This study presents an approach to automatically detect tumors in colonoscopic images that is based on the synergy between unsupervised clustering and artificial neural networks. First the noisy data set is partitioned into clusters and then a different neural network is trained from data of each detected cluster. Each network is therefore considered a “local expert” with regards to patterns of the same cluster as the one used for training. The results from applying this approach in interpreting colonoscopy images are promising, generating networks that were able to detect malignant regions of interest with high accuracy.
Spatial Heterogeneity in the Strength of Plant-Herbivore Interactions under Predation Risk: The Tale of Bison Foraging in Wolf Country

Spatial heterogeneity in the strength of trophic interactions is a fundamental property of food web spatial dynamics. The feeding effort of herbivores should reflect adaptive decisions that only become rewarding when foraging gains exceed 1) the metabolic costs, 2) the missed opportunity costs of not foraging elsewhere, and 3) the foraging costs of anti-predator behaviour. Two aspects of these costs remain largely unexplored: the link between the strength of plant-herbivore interactions and the spatial scale of food-quality assessment, and the predator-prey spatial game. We modeled the foraging effort of free-ranging plains bison (Bison bison bison) in winter, within a mosaic of discrete meadows. Spatial patterns of bison herbivory were largely driven by a search for high net energy gains and, to a lesser degree, by the spatial game with grey wolves (Canis lupus). Bison decreased local feeding effort with increasing metabolic and missed opportunity costs. Bison herbivory was most consistent with a broad-scale assessment of food patch quality, i.e., bison grazed more intensively in patches with a low missed opportunity cost relative to other patches available in the landscape. Bison and wolves had a higher probability of using the same meadows than expected randomly. This co-occurrence indicates wolves are ahead in the spatial game they play with bison. Wolves influenced bison foraging at fine scale, as bison tended to consume less biomass at each feeding station when in meadows where the risk of a wolf's arrival was relatively high. Also, bison left more high-quality vegetation in large than small meadows. This behavior does not maximize their energy intake rate, but is consistent with bison playing a shell game with wolves. Our assessment of bison foraging in a natural setting clarifies the complex nature of plant-herbivore interactions under predation risk, and reveals how spatial patterns in herbivory emerge from multi-scale landscape heterogeneity.
Does mobile implant have to be removed?: case reports

The aim of this case reports was to present rationale avoiding unnecessary removal of implant based on the experience of treatments of mobilized implants attributable to iatrogenic trauma after insufficient healing. Conventionally fully healed and with high ISQ implants showed rotational mobility and simultaneous pain during impression procedures in the maxilla and the mandible of two sixtieth patients each. Mobilized implants were not removed but screwed back to original position firmly to get primary stability and additional healing time was allowed. Without events, all were re-integrated and functioned successfully 3 years. Within the limitations of short-term clinical reports, although rough surface implant shows rotational mobility during procedures, if it is not in the situation of micromotion and does not show infection sign and peri-implant radiolucency, mobility and pain itself might not result in failure of osseointegration. The most important thing for re-integration is primary stability. (JOURNAL OF DENTAL IMPLANT RESEARCH 2013;32(2):45-50)
Causes and Consequences of Gray Matter Heterotopia

The objective of this article is to review the pathophysiological bases of gray matter heterotopia and to appreciate their involvement in brain cortical development and functional consequences, namely epilepsy. The development of the cerebral cortex results from complex sequential processes including cell proliferation, cell migration, cortical organization, and formation of neuronal networks. Disruption of these steps yields different types of cortical malformations including gray matter heterotopia, characterized by the ectopic position of neurons along the ventricular walls or in the deep white matter. Cortical malformations are major causes of epilepsy, being responsible for up to 40% of drug‐resistant epilepsy, and the cognitive level of affected patients varies from normal to severely impaired. This review reports data from human patients and animal models highlighting the genetic causes for these disorders affecting not only neuronal migration but also the proliferation of cortical progenitors. Therefore, gray matter heterotopias should not be considered as solely due to an abnormal neuronal migration and classifying them as such may be too restrictive. The review will also summarize literature data indicating that besides ectopic neurons, neighbor cortical areas also play a consistent role in epileptogenesis, supporting the notion that plastic changes secondary to the initial malformation are instrumental in the pathophysiology of epilepsy in affected patients.
Scratch Resistance of the Si3N4-Graphene Nanoplatelets Composites

The scratch resistance of the silicon nitride with the addition of 1 and 7 wt% of graphene multiplatelets prepared by hot press sintering has been studied. The scratch resistance behaviour of Si3N4-GNP composites were investigated using a Rockwell indenter for normal applied loads ranging from 1-150 N. Si3N4-7-wt%GNP composite behaved differently during the scratch test depending on the normal applied load. The coefficient of friction changed dramatically at higher load and extensive crack propagation resulting in the chipping is observed.
Design and applications of bio-inspired quantum materials

In this chapter we explore the opportunities that the dynamical quantum eﬀects recently revealed as components of key functions of plants and higher organisms and described in previous chapters, might oﬀer for design of new nanoscale materials possessing quantum-enhanced functionality. We discuss the potential applications for such biomimetic materials with engineered quantum properties, and present a review of progress thus far on two prototypical systems: biomimetic light harvesting materials and biomimetic magnetic sensors.