Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Anatomic and Biomechanical Fundamentals of the Thrower Shoulder

The act of throwing requires proper functioning and timing of the entire kinetic chain musculature to generate a coordinated movement pattern for ball delivery. The role of the shoulder complex is vital in the transmission of force from the lower extremities and trunk to the arm and hand. A review of the anatomic and biomechanical factors of the shoulder girdle will be discussed as it pertains to the thrower. An understanding of the relationship of the muscles, ligaments, and osseous structures is essential to the successful diagnosis and treatment of shoulder pathology and dysfunction.
Temporally remote destabilization of prediction after rare breaches of expectancy

While neural signatures of breaches of expectancy and their immediate effects have been investigated, thus far, temporally more remote effects have been neglected. The present fMRI study explored neural correlates of temporally remote destabilization of prediction following rare breaches of expectancy with a mean delay of 14 s. We hypothesized temporally remote destabilization to be reflected either in an attenuation of areas related to long‐term memory or in an increase of lateral fronto‐parietal loops related to the encoding of new stimuli. Monitoring a deterministic 24‐digit sequence, subjects were asked to indicate occasional sequential omissions by key press. Temporally remote destabilization of prediction was expected to be revealed by contrasting sequential events whose equivalent was omitted in the preceding sequential run n‐1 (destabilized events) with sequential events without such history (nondestabilized events). Temporally remote destabilization of prediction was reflected in an attenuation of activity in the dorsal frontomedian cortex (Brodmann Area (BA) 9) bilaterally. Moreover, activation of the left medial BA 9 was enhanced by contrasting nondestabilized events with breaches. The decrease of dorsal frontomedian activation in the case of destabilized events might be interpreted as a top‐down modulation on perception causing a less expectation‐restricted encoding of the current stimulus and hence enabling the adaptation of expectation and prediction in the long run. Hum Brain Mapp, 2012. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc
In silico methods for drug repurposing and pharmacology

Data in the biological, chemical, and clinical domains are accumulating at ever‐increasing rates and have the potential to accelerate and inform drug development in new ways. Challenges and opportunities now lie in developing analytic tools to transform these often complex and heterogeneous data into testable hypotheses and actionable insights. This is the aim of computational pharmacology, which uses in silico techniques to better understand and predict how drugs affect biological systems, which can in turn improve clinical use, avoid unwanted side effects, and guide selection and development of better treatments. One exciting application of computational pharmacology is drug repurposing—finding new uses for existing drugs. Already yielding many promising candidates, this strategy has the potential to improve the efficiency of the drug development process and reach patient populations with previously unmet needs such as those with rare diseases. While current techniques in computational pharmacology and drug repurposing often focus on just a single data modality such as gene expression or drug–target interactions, we argue that methods such as matrix factorization that can integrate data within and across diverse data types have the potential to improve predictive performance and provide a fuller picture of a drug's pharmacological action. WIREs Syst Biol Med 2016, 8:186–210. doi: 10.1002/wsbm.1337
Sound to Meaning Mappings in the Bouba-Kiki Effect

Sound to meaning correspondences in spoken language are assumed to be largely arbitrary. However, research has identified a number of exceptions to the arbitrariness assumption. In particular, non-arbitrary mappings between sound and shape, the bouba/kiki effect, have been documented across diverse languages and both children and adults are sensitive to this type of sound symbolic mapping. The cognitive basis for the associations between nonword labels and particular shapes remains poorly understood making it difficult to predict how findings generalize beyond the limited stimuli tested. To identify systematic bases for sound-to-shape mappings, we collected ratings of roundedness and pointedness for a large database of pseudowords. We find that attributes of both consonants and vowels are systematically related to judged shape meanings of pseudowords, and offer hypotheses as to the cognitive mechanisms underlying the observed patterns.
An Investigation of the Negotiation Domain for Electronic Commerce Information Systems

To support fully automatic business cycles, information systems for electronic commerce need to be able to conduct negotiation automatically. In recent years, a number of general frameworks for automated negotiation have been proposed. Application of such frameworks in a specific negotiation situation entails selecting the proper framework and adapting it to this situation. This selection and adaptation process is driven by the specific characteristics of the situation. This paper presents a systematic investigation of there characteristics and surveys a number of frameworks for automated negotiation.
Static chaos and scaling behavior in the spin-glass phase.

We discuss the problem of static chaos in spin glasses. In the case of magnetic field perturbations, we propose a scaling theory for the spin-glass phase. Using the mean-field approach we argue that some pure states are suppressed by the magnetic field and their free energy cost is determined by the finite-temperature fixed point exponents. In this framework, numerical results suggest that mean-field chaos exponents are probably exact in finite dimensions. If we use the droplet approach, numerical results suggest that the zero-temperature fixed point exponent $\theta$ is very close to $\frac{d-3}{2}$. In both approaches $d=3$ is the lower critical dimension in agreement with recent numerical simulations.
Cj1199 Affect the Development of Erythromycin Resistance in Campylobacter jejuni through Regulation of Leucine Biosynthesis

The aim of this study was to reveal the biological function of Cj1199 which was overexpressed in the laboratory induced erythromycin resistant strains. The Cj1199 deletion mutant (ΦCj1199) was constructed via insertional inactivation from its parent strain Campylobacter jejuni NCTC11168. The ΦCj1199 and NCTC11168 were then subjected to microarray and real-time PCR to find gene pathway of Cj1199. The antimicrobial susceptibility, antimicrobial resistance development, growth characteristics and leucine metabolism were examined to confirm the biological function of Cj1199. Our result showed that a total of 20 genes were down-regulated in ΦCj1199. These genes were mainly involved in leucine biosynthesis, amino acid transport and periplasmic/membrane structure. Compared to NCTC11168, ΦCj1199 was difficult to acquire higher-level erythromycin resistance during the in vitro step-wise selection. The competition growth and leucine-dependent growth assays demonstrated that ΦCj1199 imposed a growth disadvantage under pressure of erythromycin and in the leucine-free medium. In conclusion, Cj1199 gene may directly regulate the leucine biosynthesis and transport and indirectly affect the development of erythromycin resistance in C. jejuni.
Intelligent Agents for Web-based Tasks: An Advice-Taking Approach

We present and evaluate an implemented system with which to rapidly and easily build intelligent software agents for Web-based tasks. Our design is centered around two basic functions: ScoreThisLink and ScoreThisPage . I f given highly accurate such functions, standard heuristic search would lead to ecient retrieval of useful information. Our approach allows users to tailor our system’s behavior by providing approximate advice about the above functions. This advice is mapped into neural network implementations of the two functions. Subsequent reinforcements from the Web (e.g., dead links) and any ratings of retrieved pages that the user wishes to provide are, respectively, used to rene the link- and pagescoring functions. Hence, our architecture provides an appealing middle ground between nonadaptive agent programming languages and systems that solely learn user preferences from the user’s ratings of pages. We describe our internal representation of Web pages, the major predicates in our advice language, how advice is mapped into neural networks, and the mechanisms for rening advice based on subsequent feedback. We also present a case study where we provide some simple advice and specialize our general-purpose system into a \home-page nder". An empirical study demonstrates that our approach leads to a more eective home-page nder than that of a leading commercial Web search site.
Acquired skewing of X‐chromosome inactivation patterns in myeloid cells of the elderly suggests stochastic clonal loss with age

More frequent skewing of X‐chromosome inactivation patterns (XCIPs) occurs in the white blood cells of elderly females; this study was performed to determine whether this occurs in myeloid or lymphoid lineages. XCIPs were analysed in purified neutrophils and T cells from 80 females > 75 years and the results were compared with 23 cord blood and 94 younger adult blood samples. The degree of XCIP skewing in cord blood and younger adult blood cells was similar, with 3–4% having > 90% expression of one allele. Skewing was markedly increased in the neutrophils of elderly females, with 33% having > 90% expression of one allele (P < 0.0001). Extreme skewing was present in only 9% of the elderly T‐cell samples and no evidence of T‐cell clonality was found by PCR analysis of the TCRγ gene. The high level of acquired skewing of the XCIPs in myeloid cells of the elderly suggests that with time there is a change in stem cell usage with stochastic loss of some of the original stem cells. This has major implications for the use of XCIP analysis in the diagnosis of myeloid malignancies in the elderly and for gene therapy into haemopoietic stem cells.
Phase change materials

Phase change materials can be switched rapidly and repeatedly between amorphous and crystalline phases, which differ distinctly in their optical and electrical properties. This combination of properties is utilized to store information in rewritable optical storage media and in emerging phase change memory technology. This article describes the physical properties of phase change materials such as Ge2 Sb2 Te5 and relates these properties to specific structural and bonding characteristics. Electrical conduction and switching, which are relevant for phase change memory operation, are explained from a physical perspective. Phase change memory device integration and technology development are discussed, including aspects of access device selection and integration.
Adsorption of m-Trihydroxylbenzene and its Separation from 2,6-Dichlorophenol in Wastewater

In this paper a new polymeric adsorbent ZH33 was prepared by chemical modification. The adsorption and desorption of this new adsorbent for m-trihydroxylbenzene were investigated by using static and dynamic scales. Comparing with commercial resin NDA-150, ZH33 could remove m-trihydroxyl- benzene more effectively from water, and better desorption performance was observed. Further study of mini-column experiment indicated that resin ZH33 could be well used in separation of m-trihydroxylbenzene from wastewater which contained 2,6-dichlorophenol simultaneously.
A lattice vector quantization using a geometric decomposition

An efficient lattice vector quantization design and the associated fast coding algorithm are proposed for high-bit-rate, high-quality data compression applications. The codewords are uniformly distributed and densely packed as 2/sup n/-dimensional lattice points, based on a geometric lattice decomposition technique. The maximum quantization error has been chosen as the design criterion. For high-rate applications, it has the following advantages: (1) simple vector codeword generation; (2) no codewords need to be stored and only predetermined rules are used at encoder and decoder ends; (3) highly regular code structure, so that encoding is done via an inverse tree-search suitable for fast parallel processing, and decoding is done similar to a scalar quantizer; (4) high coding quality capability, viz. the maximum quantization distortion can be prespecified to a desired value and the entire hyper-region is covered uniformly; and (5) dimensionality saving can be easily predicted and it can be achieved using fixed-length codes. >
HPLC/DAD/MS and Antioxidant Activity of Isoflavone-Based Food Supplements

Isoflavones are polyphenolic compounds found mainly in legumes the benefits of which have been widely studied and attributed in particular to their phytoestrogenic activity. The aim of this study was to evaluate the quali-quantitative composition of food supplements based on soy isoflavones (Glycine Max L.) and red clover (Trifolium pratense). Six commercial food supplements (five soy-based and one red clover-based) were analyzed by HPLC/DAD/MS. Genistein, daidzein, glycitein, biochanin A and formononetin derivatives (glycosides and acylglycosides) were identified in the analyzed samples. Also the antiradical activities (towards the DPPH• radical) and Fe2+ chelating abilities were compared.
An Investigation of Growth Mixture Models for Studying the Flynn Effect

The Flynn effect (FE) is the well-documented generational increase of mean IQ scores over time, but a methodological issue that has not received much attention in the FE literature is the heterogeneity in change patterns across time. Growth mixture models (GMMs) offer researchers a flexible latent variable framework for examining the potential heterogeneity of change patterns. The article presents: (1) a Monte Carlo investigation of the performance of the various measures of model fit for GMMs in data that resemble previous FE studies; and (2) an application of GMM to the National Intelligence Tests. The Monte Carlo study supported the use of the Bayesian information criterion (BIC) and consistent Akaike information criterion (CAIC) for model selection. The GMM application study resulted in the identification of two classes of participants that had unique change patterns across three time periods. Our studies show that GMMs, when applied carefully, are likely to identify homogeneous subpopulations in FE studies, which may aid in further understanding of the FE.
A First Look at the Accuracy of the Crsp Mutual Fund Database and a Comparison of the Crsp and Morningstar Mutual Fund Databases

This paper examines problems in the CRSP Survivor Bias Free U.S. Mutual Fund Database (CRSP, 1998) and compares returns contained in it to those in Morningstar. The CRSP database has an omission bias that has the same effects as survivorship bias. Although all mutual funds are listed in CRSP, return data is missing for many and the characteristics of these funds differ from the populations. The CRSP return data is biased upward and merger months are inaccurately recorded about half the time. Differences in returns in Morningstar and CRSP are a problem for older data and small funds.
Management of Hyperglycemia in Type 2 Diabetes: A Consensus Algorithm for the Initiation and Adjustment of Therapy

Although stating that lifestyle interventions “should […] be included as part of diabetes management,” the American Diabetes Association/European Association for the Study of Diabetes consensus (1) on managing hyperglycemia in type 2 diabetes dismisses lifestyle interventions because of their “limited long-term success”; hence, the recommendation to immediately start newly diagnosed patients on lifestyle intervention plus metformin. The consensus even suggests that increased physical activity may lead to “potential problems associated with neuropathy, such …
A wideband printed dipole antenna with optimized tapered feeding balun for ISM and FWA bands

This paper presents a wideband printed dipole‐antenna element. The broad bandwidth is achieved by optimization of the feeding network, which is implemented as a microstrip tapered balun. The design is based on double‐sided flat‐dipole implementation. The prototype antenna exhibits a measured impedance bandwidth of 58% (VSWR < 2), operating over the entire 2.4‐GHz ISM and 3.6‐GHz FWA bands. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Microwave Opt Technol Lett 43: 437–441, 2004; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/mop.20495
A Survey on Content Based Image Retrieval Systems

Various content-based image retrieval techniques are available for retrieving the require and classify images, we are reviewing them. In our first section, we are tending towards some basics of a particular CBIR system with that we have shown some basic features of any image, these are like shape, texture, color and shown different techniques to calculate them. In the next section, we have shown different distance measuring techniques used for similarity measurement of any image and also discussed indexing techniques. Finally conclusion and future scope is discussed.
Comparison of Different LGM-Based Methods with MAR and MNAR Dropout Data

The missing not at random (MNAR) mechanism may bias parameter estimates and even distort study results. This study compared the maximum likelihood (ML) selection model based on missing at random (MAR) mechanism and the Diggle–Kenward selection model based on MNAR mechanism for handling missing data through a Monte Carlo simulation study. Four factors were considered, including the missingness mechanism, the dropout rate, the distribution shape (i.e., skewness and kurtosis), and the sample size. The results indicated that: (1) Under the MAR mechanism, the Diggle–Kenward selection model yielded similar estimation results with the ML approach; Under the MNAR mechanism, the results of ML approach were underestimated, especially for the intercept mean and intercept slope (μi and μs). (2) Under the MAR mechanism, the 95% CP of the Diggle–Kenward selection model was lower than that of the ML method; Under the MNAR mechanism, the 95% CP for the two methods were both under the desired level of 95%, but the Diggle–Kenward selection model yielded much higher coverage probabilities than the ML method. (3) The Diggle–Kenward selection model was easier to be influenced by the non-normal degree of target variable's distribution than the ML approach. The level of dropout rate was the major factor affecting the parameter estimation precision, and the dropout rate-induced difference of two methods can be ignored only when the dropout rate falls below 10%.
Algorithmic advances in anonymous communication over networks

Over the years, researchers have thought extensively about how to communicate anonymously over a network. In this position paper, we first provide an overview of the current research landscape-including a discussion of common communication and anonymity models-and examples of prominent work in this space. In the second half of the paper, we present our thoughts on future directions of interest in this area. In short, we notice an increasing amount of work in the anonymity literature that tackles nearly omnipotent adversaries, which presumably represent the NSA or a similarly powerful surveillance agency. Such strong adversarial models can only be defeated through heavy-handed techniques that may be difficult to scale in practice. We therefore present two guidelines that have guided our own algorithmic problem formulation in this space. These guidelines suggest alternative research directions that (1) exploit surveillance agencies' weaknesses at the physical layer, and (2) consider the many weaker, but still relevant, adversaries who contribute to global censorship and surveillance.
The Murine Gammaherpesvirus 68 ORF27 Gene Product Contributes to Intercellular Viral Spread

ABSTRACT Herpesviruses remain predominantly cell associated within their hosts, implying that they spread between cells by a mechanism distinct from free virion release. We previously identified the efficient release of murine gammaherpesvirus 68 (MHV-68) virions as a function of the viral gp150 protein. Here we show that the MHV-68 ORF27 gene product, gp48, contributes to the direct spread of viruses from lytically infected to uninfected cells. Monoclonal antibodies to gp48 identified it on infected cell surfaces and in virions. gp48-deficient viruses showed no obvious deficit in virion cell binding, single-cycle replication, or virion release but had reduced lytic propagation between cells. After intranasal infection of mice, ORF27-deficient viruses were impaired predominantly in lytic replication in the lungs. There was a small deficit in latency establishment, but long-term latency appeared normal. Since ORF27 has homologs in both Epstein-Barr virus and Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus, it is likely part of a conserved mechanism employed by gammaherpesviruses to disseminate lytically in their hosts.
Psychobiotics and the gut–brain axis: in the pursuit of happiness

The human intestine houses an astounding number and species of microorganisms, estimated at more than 1014 gut microbiota and composed of over a thousand species. An individual’s profile of microbiota is continually influenced by a variety of factors including but not limited to genetics, age, sex, diet, and lifestyle. Although each person’s microbial profile is distinct, the relative abundance and distribution of bacterial species is similar among healthy individuals, aiding in the maintenance of one’s overall health. Consequently, the ability of gut microbiota to bidirectionally communicate with the brain, known as the gut–brain axis, in the modulation of human health is at the forefront of current research. At a basic level, the gut microbiota interacts with the human host in a mutualistic relationship – the host intestine provides the bacteria with an environment to grow and the bacterium aids in governing homeostasis within the host. Therefore, it is reasonable to think that the lack of healthy gut microbiota may also lead to a deterioration of these relationships and ultimately disease. Indeed, a dysfunction in the gut–brain axis has been elucidated by a multitude of studies linked to neuropsychological, metabolic, and gastrointestinal disorders. For instance, altered microbiota has been linked to neuropsychological disorders including depression and autism spectrum disorder, metabolic disorders such as obesity, and gastrointestinal disorders including inflammatory bowel disease and irritable bowel syndrome. Fortunately, studies have also indicated that gut microbiota may be modulated with the use of probiotics, antibiotics, and fecal microbiota transplants as a prospect for therapy in microbiota-associated diseases. This modulation of gut microbiota is currently a growing area of research as it just might hold the key to treatment.
Thin/thick piezoelectric films by electrophoretic deposition

Electrophoretic deposition (EPD) is a simple, rapid, and low cost method for producing conformal films on patterned electrodes. This paper covers the use of EPD for forming fully dense Lead Zirconate Titanate (PZT) films of twenty microns and less. The three main steps of this process as applied to PZT are covered: (1) formation of a charged suspension of the starting sub-micron PZT powder, (2) deposition of the powder particles on an electrode under the influence of a DC electric field, and (3) fluxing and constrained sintering of the resulting particulate deposit to form a dense continuous film. Using this process we have formed six to ten micron PZT films on an alumina substrate, sintered to fully density at 900°C. In a fourteen micron film we have achieved a piezoelectric d33 coefficient of 140 picoCoulombs/Newton, and a dielectric constant of 1,000 with a loss tan δ of 0.045.