Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Cytokinin-Mediated Regulation of Reactive Oxygen Species Homeostasis Modulates Stomatal Immunity in Arabidopsis[OPEN]

Cytokinins stimulate stomatal immunity and plant resistance to bacteria by the ARR2-mediated transcriptional regulation of apoplastic peroxidase genes, which control ROS homeostasis in guard cells. Stomata play an important role in preinvasive defense responses by limiting pathogen entry into leaves. Although the stress hormones salicylic acid (SA) and abscisic acid (ABA) are known to regulate stomatal immunity, the role of growth promoting hormones is far from understood. Here, we show that in Arabidopsis thaliana, cytokinins (CKs) function in stomatal defense responses. The cytokinin receptor HISTIDINE KINASE3 (AHK3) and RESPONSE REGULATOR2 (ARR2) promote stomatal closure triggered by pathogen-associated molecular pattern (PAMP) and resistance to Pseudomonas syringae pv tomato bacteria. Importantly, the cytokinin trans-zeatin induces stomatal closure and accumulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in guard cells through AHK3 and ARR2 in an SA-dependent and ABA-independent manner. Using pharmacological and reverse genetics approaches, we found that CK-mediated stomatal responses involve the apoplastic peroxidases PRX4, PRX33, PRX34, and PRX71, but not the NADPH oxidases RBOHD and RBOHF. Moreover, ARR2 directly activates the expression of PRX33 and PRX34, which are required for SA- and PAMP-triggered ROS production. Thus, the CK signaling pathway regulates ROS homeostasis in guard cells, which leads to enhanced stomatal immunity and plant resistance to bacteria.
The dysfunction of T follicular helper cells

Purpose of reviewT follicular helper (Tfh) cells play a critical role as providers of B-cell help and dysfunction in Tfh/B-cell interactions can lead to autoimmunity or immunodeficiency. These observations have generated a great deal of interest in understanding how these cells are affected during HIV infection and how their functional changes might affect antibody responses. Recent findingsRecent studies have shown that HIV/simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) infection affects both Tfh-cell frequency and function and suggest that Tfh-cell perturbations might contribute to the relative inefficiency of HIV-infected individuals to generate broadly neutralizing antibodies (bNAbs). SummaryThe present review will highlight these recent findings addressing the role of Tfh cells in HIV infection as well as the impact HIV infection has on Tfh and circulating memory Tfh (cTfh) cell frequency and function.
Pan-European Distribution of White-Nose Syndrome Fungus (Geomyces destructans) Not Associated with Mass Mortality

Background The dramatic mass mortalities amongst hibernating bats in Northeastern America caused by “white nose-syndrome” (WNS) continue to threaten populations of different bat species. The cold-loving fungus, Geomyces destructans, is the most likely causative agent leading to extensive destruction of the skin, particularly the wing membranes. Recent investigations in Europe confirmed the presence of the fungus G. destructans without associated mass mortality in hibernating bats in six countries but its distribution remains poorly known. Methodology/Principal Findings We collected data on the presence of bats with white fungal growth in 12 countries in Europe between 2003 and 2010 and conducted morphological and genetic analysis to confirm the identity of the fungus as Geomyces destructans. Our results demonstrate the presence of the fungus in eight countries spanning over 2000 km from West to East and provide compelling photographic evidence for its presence in another four countries including Romania, and Turkey. Furthermore, matching prevalence data of a hibernaculum monitored over two consecutive years with data from across Europe show that the temporal occurrence of the fungus, which first becomes visible around February, peaks in March but can still be seen in some torpid bats in May or June, is strikingly similar throughout Europe. Finally, we isolated and cultured G. destructans from a cave wall adjacent to a bat with fungal growth. Conclusions/Significance G. destructans is widely found over large areas of the European continent without associated mass mortalities in bats, suggesting that the fungus is native to Europe. The characterisation of the temporal variation in G. destructans growth on bats provides reference data for studying the spatio-temporal dynamic of the fungus. Finally, the presence of G. destructans spores on cave walls suggests that hibernacula could act as passive vectors and/or reservoirs for G. destructans and therefore, might play an important role in the transmission process.
Maximising the Permanent of (0, 1)-Matrices and the Number of Extensions of Latin Rectangles

Let $k\geq2$, $m\geq5$ and $n=mk$ be integers. By finding bounds for certain rook polynomials, we identify the $k\times n$ Latin rectangles with the most extensions to $(k+1)\times n$ Latin rectangles. Equivalently, we find the $(n-k)$-regular subgraphs of $K_{n,n}$ which have the greatest number of perfect matchings, and the $(0,1)$-matrices with exactly $k$ zeroes in every row and column which maximise the permanent. Without the restriction on $n$ being a multiple of $k$ we solve the above problem (and the corresponding minimisation problem) for $k=2$. We also provide some computational results for small values of $n$ and $k$. Our results partially settle two open problems of Minc and conjectures by Merriell, and Godsil and McKay.
Blood‐borne spread of a benign giant cell tumor from the radius to the soft tissue of the hand

A unique case of giant cell tumor of the distal epiphysis of the radius that spread to the soft tissue of the hand after an en bloc excision is reported. Three months after the excision, 27 cutaneous‐subcutaneous tumoral nodules, ranging from 0.3 to 1.5 cm in diameter, were observed spreading from wrist to fingers on both hand aspects. Microscopically, the tumor tissue displayed the pattern of a benign giant cell tumor. Multiple tumor tissue emboli were lodged in venules of the soft tissue between nodules and in a small vein. The findings suggest that the tumor emboli arrived at the hand through a mechanism of retrograde embolism through the superficial veins.
A 160-GHz three-stage fully-differential amplifier in 40-nm CMOS

This paper presents a 160-GHz fully-differential power amplifier in 40-nm CMOS. A tapered gate-connection network was optimized which results in a reduction of the gate resistance and allows to achieve a maximum gain of 11.6 dB with a 3-dB bandwidth of 24 GHz from the three-stage amplifier. The measured saturated output power is 4.1 dBm and the measured 1-dB compression power is 1.5 dBm. The matching networks are implemented using on-chip transformers and slow-wave transmission lines. Differential and common-mode stability is obtained by adding cross-coupled capacitance to the differential pairs and series resistance to the bias network respectively. The amplifier core occupies an area of 0.063 mm2 due to the compact design and the use of slow-wave transmission lines. With a supply voltage of 1.0 V, the amplifier consumes a DC current of 42 mA.
N-(3,4-Difluorophenyl)-3,4-dimethoxybenzenesulfonamide

In the title sulfonamide derivative, C14H13F2NO4S, the dihedral angle between the benzene rings is 66.05 (9)°. The crystal structure is stabilized by weak intermolecular N—H⋯O hydrogen bonds involving the amine and methoxy groups, which link the molecules into a one-dimensional chain. No significant interchain contacts are observed.
Mechanism of infection of a human isolate Salmonella (3,10:r:-) in chicken ileum: ultrastructural study.

BACKGROUND & OBJECTIVE Originally isolated from severe human food-poisoning cases, Salmonella (3,10:r:-), a monophasic variety of otherwise diphasic serotypes such as S. weltevreden and S. simi, causes serious infections in man, animals and poultry. Mechanism of infection of this versatile and deadly organism is important to understand for its control. The objective of this study was to enhance our understanding of infection of Salmonella (3,10:r:-) in vivo at cellular level. METHODS Aliquots of 10(9) cfu of Salmonella (3,10:r:-) organisms were injected intra-ileally in 24 h pre-fasted 3 month old broiler chickens by standard ligated ileal loop method. After 18 h, the fluid accumulated in the ileum was drained and small tissue pieces were fixed in 2.5 per cent buffered (pH 7) glutaraldehyde and subsequently in 1 per cent aqueous osmium tetraoxide. Ultra-thin sections of araldite-embedded tissue pieces were examined under transmission electron microscope operated at 100 KV after staining with uranyl acetate and lead citrate. RESULTS Over 70 per cent of salmonellae interacting within 300 nm with ileal epithelial cells developed numerous surface blebs of periplasmic extensions designated "periplasmic organelles" (POs). Large sized POs were apparently pinched off as outer membrane vesicles (OMVs), 50-90 nm in diameter. Type III secretion needle complex-like "rivet complexes" (RCs) were viewed to rivet the bacterial outer and inner membranes together, allowing only pockets of periplasm to expand/inflate in order to liberate OMVs. Many OMVs were found visibly docked on the plasma membrane of host epithelial cells. The invading organisms appeared to leave the epithelial cells so as to find entry into the lymphatic vessels, where, they again appeared to be closely interacting with ileal macrophages, by forming numerous POs and concomitantly liberating OMVs. Inside the cytoplasm of macrophages, numerous tight phagosomes were seen, each containing two organisms. The final stage appeared to contain replicated salmonellae, four in each loose phagosome and, at the same time, macrophages also showed signs of apoptotic disintegration, culminating in the release of replicated salmonellae. INTERPRETATION & CONCLUSION Outer membrane vesicles released from a fiercely virulent human isolate, Salmonella 3,10:r:- pathogens have been implicated in translocating biochemical signals from the host-interactive organisms to the eukaryotic cells at both stages of invasion leading to epithelial cell and macrophage infection in vivo, in the chicken ileal model. A comprehensive cellular mechanism at ultrastructural level is outlined for typhoid-like Salmonella infections caused by this humans-infecting organism.
Exploiting software architecture to support requirements satisfaction testing

Currently, software testing is mainly carried on independently from software architecture-related information. Some approaches propose to perform integration and regression testing with respect to software architecture descriptions, but less attention has been paid to analysing software architecture in order to develop a less costly and time-consuming test plan that covers the requirements of the system of interest. If on one side, it is well known that providing an effective test plan is crucial to software quality, on the other side software testing is extremely difficult because it stems from the complexity of current software systems. In this paper we (i) elaborate on how a new architectural analysis can help in producing better test plans and (ii) identify a set of corresponding research challenges. We believe that considering and analysing architectural information for requirements satisfaction testing purposes will provide substantial benefits in terms of test plan specification process, test plan effectiveness, and test cases understandability.
Low contact force and force–time integral predict early recovery and dormant conduction revealed by adenosine after pulmonary vein isolation

Aim After pulmonary vein isolation (PVI), dormant conduction (DC) is present in at least one vein in a substantial number of patients. The present study seeks to determine whether there is a relationship between poor contact forces (CF) and the presence of DC after PVI. Methods and results This prospective, operator-blinded, non-randomized dual-centre trial enrolled 34 consecutive patients with paroxysmal atrial fibrillation who were candidates for PVI. Radiofrequency (RF) energy was delivered by using an irrigated-tip force-sensing ablation catheter (Tacticath®, St Jude Medical) at pre-defined target power. The operators were blinded to the CF data at all times. A total of 1476 RF applications were delivered in 743 pre-defined PV segments. For each application, the precise location of the catheter was registered and the following data were extracted from the Tacisys® unit: application duration, minimum contact force, maximum contact force, average contact force (CF), and force–time integral (FTI). Sixty minutes after PVI, spontaneous early recovery (ER) of the left atrium (LA) to PV conduction was evaluated. In the absence of ER, the presence of a DC was evaluated by using intravenous adenosine (ATP). In the 34 patients recruited (23 males; mean age: 62 ± 9 years), all PVs were successfully isolated. At the end of the 60 min waiting period, 22 patients demonstrated at least one spontaneous ER or DC under ATP. The mean CF and FTI per PV segment differed significantly among the different veins but the sites of ER and DC were evenly distributed. However, both the minimum, the first and the mean CF and FTI per PV segment were significantly lower in the PV segments presenting either ER or DC as compared with those without ER or DC (mean CF: 4.9 ± 4.8 vs. 12.2 ± 1.65 g and mean FTI: 297 ± 291 vs. 860 ± 81 g s, P < 0.001 for both). Using multivariate analysis, both the mean CF and the FTI per lesion remained significantly associated with the risk of ER or DC. Moreover, a CF < 5 g per PV segment predicted ER+ and DC+ with a sensitivity of 71% and specificity of 82%. In contrast, ER and DC were very unlikely if RF application was performed with a mean CF > 10 g (negative predictive value: 98.7%). Conclusion Both a low CF and a low FTI are associated with the ER of the PVI and DC after PVI.
Roles at the basis of UML validation

Formal validation of UML models proves to be hardly realizable, due to the imprecise semantics of UML dynamic diagrams. To remedy that, we first present a technique for transforming UML statecharts into Petri nets. We develop afterwards, an approach based on the movement of the objects throughout the roles they play. This approach allows validation of the temporal logic properties translated from the OCL invariants, on the Petri nets derived from the UML models. System property validation is realized thanks to a prior initialization of the objects and exchanged messages between the communicating objects. A case study is given to illustrate the methodology.
Bobath concept: theory and clinical practice in neurological rehabilitation

Foreword Prefacei Contributors Acknowledgements 1. The Bobath Concept: Developments and Current Theoretical Underpinning ( Sue Raine) Introduction The founders and development of the Bobath Concept Current theory underpinning the Bobath Concept Systems approach to motor control Clinical application of the theory underpinning the Bobath Concept Summary References 2. An Understanding of Functional Movement as a Basis for Clinical Reasoning ( Linzi Meadows and Jenny Williams) Introduction Normal movement versus efficient movement Compensatory strategies Motor control and motor learning Requirements of efficient movement Summary References 3. Assessment and Clinical Reasoning in the Bobath Concept ( Paul Johnson) Introduction Models of clinical reasoning and the Bobath Concept Key characteristics of assessment using the Bobath Concept Basis for clinical reasoning Illustrating clinical reasoning using the Bobath Concept Summary References 4. Practice Evaluation ( Helen Lindfi eld and Debbie Strang) Introduction Evaluation in the context of the International Classifi cation of Function, Disability and Health Factors influencing measurement selection Measurement properties Measures Summary References 5. Moving Between Sitting and Standing ( Lynne Fletcher, Catherine Cornall and Sue Armstrong) Introduction Clinical considerations from the literature Phases of sit to stand Movements from standing to sitting Effects of ageing Sit to walk Clinical aspects Movement in functional contexts Clinical example References 6. The Control of Locomotion ( Ann Holland and Mary Lynch-Ellerington) Introduction Key aspects of bipedalism The gait cycle Use of body weight support treadmill training in the Bobath Concept Assistive devices Outcome measures Summary References 7. Recovery of Upper Limb Function ( Janice Champion, Chris Barber and Mary Lynch-Ellerington) Introduction The importance of postural control in upper limb function The shoulder complex Functional reach The hand Early treatment and management of the hand Assessment of the hand Contactual hand-orientating response Selective strength training of the intrinsic muscles of the hand Summary References 8. Exploring Partnerships in the Rehabilitation Setting: The 24-Hour Approach of the Bobath Concept ( Clare Fraser) Partnerships in the rehabilitation environment The early days Overcoming sensory deprivation and stimulating body schema Scheduling the day - opportunities for practice Return to work Summary References Index
Der Wandel der Erwerbsstruktur in Europa im 19. und 20. Jahrhundert

This article investigates the change of the active population of Europe in a European perspective. It has three main conclusions. First, there is a unique European change in the active population during the 19th and 20th centuries. Only in Europe, a long period existed in which industrial employment was clearly larger than each of the other emplyment sectors, i.e. the agrarian and the service sector. In no non-European society (except of North Korea and Vietnam) this period can be shown. Secondly, the rea sons for this European particuliarity can be explained by the especially strong demand for industrial labour because of the export orientation of the European industry and bec ause of the specific European consumption, by the large supply of young male and female labour in Europe, by the strong emigration from Europe, and by because of the high population density in Europe. Thirdly, this European par ticularities of the active population are linked with specific European attitudes towards work, i.e. a strong separation of work and non-work in the week, in the year, and also in the life course; also a strict separation of the gender roles in work; finally a specificly European attitude towards work. All this does not mean that world-wide tendencies in the change of active population and of work attitudes do not apply to Europe. But within these tendencies there is a specific European development with many consequences for European history during the 19th and 20th centuries. Der Beruf entscheidet in den modernen Gesellschaften des 19. und 20. Jahr hunderts wie kaum etwas anderes ? ber die soziale Zuordnung des einzelnen, * Address all communications to Hartmut Kaelble, Institut f? r Geschichtswissenschaf ten, Humboldt-Universitat-Berlin, Unter den Linden 6, D-10099 Berlin, Tel. : 030 / 2093-2236, Fax: 030 / 2093-2797.
Factors Relating to Romantic Relationship Experiences for Emerging Adults

Factors Relating to Romantic Relationship Experiences for Emerging Adults Sabra Johnson School of Family Life, BYU Master of Science This study of 1,492 emerging adults focuses on the relationships among negative family of origin experiences, attitudes about marriage, positive communication and the influence of past romantic relationships. The data used in this study comes from a survey questionnaire, READY (see www.relate-institute.org) completed by emerging adult participants (18-25). Results from the Structural Equation Model showed both aversive family of origin experiences and negative beliefs about marriage have a significant and negative influence on perceptions of romantic relationship experiences. Also, positive communication has a significant and positive influence on perceptions of past romantic relationships. However, positive communication did not mediate the relationships between negative family of origin experiences, attitudes about marriage, and the influence of past romantic relationship experiences. Implications for clinicians as well as directions for and content of future research on family of origin experiences, attitudes about marriage, and the influence of past romantic relationship experiences are explored.
Label matrix normalization for semisupervised learning from imbalanced Data

Manually labeled data-sets are vital to graph-based semisupervised learning. However, in the real world, labeled data-sets are often heavily imbalanced, and the classifiers trained on such skewed data tend to show poor performance for low-frequency classes. In this paper, we deal with an imbalanced data case of semisupervised learning and propose a novel label matrix normalization solution called LMN to tackle the general imbalance problem. Experiments over different data-sets reveal the effectiveness of the devised algorithm.
Economic strategies of plant absorptive roots vary with root diameter

Abstract. Plant roots typically vary along a dominant ecological axis, the root economics spectrum, depicting a tradeoff between resource acquisition and conservation. For absorptive roots, which are mainly responsible for resource acquisition, we hypothesized that root economic strategies differ with increasing root diameter. To test this hypothesis, we used seven plant species (a fern, a conifer, and five angiosperms from south China) for which we separated absorptive roots into two categories: thin roots (thickness of root cortex plus epidermis
Predicting dropout of male perpetrators from the Cognitive Self Change

This study aims to use pre-treatment assessment scores to predict the dropout of 103 incarcerated male violent perpetrators undertaking a long term aggression programme, namely the Cognitive Self Change Programme (CSCP), in six English prisons. A hierarchy of best predictors of attrition in this sample is developed. Results found eight out of the 46 assessment variables analysed had a significant association with treatment dropout. Further to this Discriminant Function analysis predicted group membership with 80% accuracy, successfully distinguishing perpetrators who dropped out of the programme from those who completed it. The findings support the use of identifying risk factors pre-treatment to predict dropout and offer a practical way to identify group members likely to drop out of the CSCP in addition to identifying markers for programme improvement. The need for further research to increase our understanding of the underlying causal explanations that link specific assessment items to treatment dropout is discussed.
Outcome of patients with recurrent medulloblastoma or central nervous system germinoma treated with low dose continuous intravenous etoposide along with dose‐intensive chemotherapy followed by autologous hematopoietic stem cell rescue

Adults and children with recurrent malignant central nervous system (CNS) tumors have a poor prognosis despite high dose chemotherapy with a conventional stem cell rescue regimen. In this study we evaluated the results of low dose, continuous infusion etoposide over 21 days added to a conventional high‐dose regimen of carboplatin and thiotepa in eight patients with relapsed pediatric CNS tumors.
An Improved PSO Algorithm and its Application to Structural Fatigue Life Optimization

Particle swarm optimization is a new type of intelligent optimization algorithm. In order to improve the efficiency of structural fatigue optimization, a novel optimization strategy based on the improved particle swarm optimization algorithm is proposed. According to this strategy, one optimization software is developed. As an application of this strategy, the fatigue optimization of a landing gear is presented. The results show that the optimization results are better than that of traditional optimization method. This improved algorithm with high efficiency and better results has a good promising to the structural fatigue life optimization.