Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
MATHEMATICAL CONSEQUENCES OF THE GENEALOGICAL SPECIES CONCEPT

Abstract A genealogical species is defined as a basal group of organisms whose members are all more closely related to each other than they are to any organisms outside the group (“exclusivity”), and which contains no exclusive group within it. In practice, a pair of species is so defined when phylogenies of alleles from a sample of loci shows them to be reciprocally monophyletic at all or some specified fraction of the loci. We investigate the length of time it takes to attain this status when an ancestral population divides into two descendant populations of equal size with no gene exchange, and when genetic drift and mutation are the only evolutionary forces operating. The number of loci used has a substantial effect on the probability of observing reciprocal monophyly at different times after population separation, with very long times needed to observe complete reciprocal monophyly for a large number of loci. In contrast, the number of alleles sampled per locus has a relatively small effect on the probability of reciprocal monophyly. Because a single mitochondrial or chloroplast locus becomes reciprocally monophyletic much faster than does a single nuclear locus, it is not advisable to use mitochondrial and chloroplast DNA to recognize genealogical species for long periods after population divergence. Using a weaker criterion of assigning genealogical species status when more than 50% of sampled nuclear loci show reciprocal monophyly, genealogical species status depends much less on the number of sampled loci, and is attained at roughly 4–7 N generations after populations are isolated, where N is the historically effective population size of each descendant. If genealogical species status is defined as more than 95% of sampled nuclear loci showing reciprocal monophyly, this status is attained after roughly 9–12 N generations.
A Qualitative Study of Open Source Software Development: The Open EMR Project

Open Source software is competing successfully in many areas. The commercial sector is recognizing the benefits offered by Open Source development methods that lead to high quality software. Can these benefits be realized in specialized domains where expertise is rare? This study examined discussion forums of an Open Source project in a particular specialized application domain -- electronic medical records -- to see how development roles are carried out, and by whom. We found through a qualitative analysis that the core developers in this system include doctors and clinicians who also use the product. We also found that the size of the community associated with the project is an order of magnitude smaller than predicted, yet still maintains a high degree of responsiveness to issues raised by users. The implication is that a few experts and a small core of dedicated programmers can achieve success using an Open Source approach in a specialized domain.
Model Close Match as a Criterion for Structured Model Comparison and Its Robust Statistical Tests

: In the traditional model comparison procedure, two nested structural models are hypothesized to be equal under some constraints, e.g., equality constraints. A strict null hypothesis is then evaluated by statistical tests to decide on the acceptance or rejection of the restrictions that differentiate the models. We propose instead to evaluate model close match, using the distance between two models in terms of the Kullback-Leibler (1951) Information Criterion, either as important supplementary information or as a criterion for nested structured model comparison. Based on the results of Vuong (1989) and Yuan, Hayashi and Bentler (2005), we develop some ADF-like generalized RMSEA tests for inference on model closeness. Simulation studies show that our proposed tests have robust and desirable performance in spite of severe nonnormality across several examples when sample size is as large as 150, and its relevance to educational research is shown with models for some TOEFL data. Consequently, a two-stage procedure which combines the traditional nested model comparison and the additional inferential information regarding model close match is further suggested to improve the typical practice of structured model modification. Abstract In the traditional model comparison procedure, two nested structural models are hypothesized to be equal under some constraints, e.g., equality constraints. A strict null hypothesis is then evaluated by statistical tests to decide on the acceptance or rejection of the restrictions that diﬀerentiate the models. We propose instead to evaluate model close match, using the distance between two models in terms of the Kullback-Leibler (1951) Information Criterion, either as important supplementary information or as a criterion for nested structured model comparison. Based on the results of Vuong (1989) and Yuan, Hayashi and Bentler (2005), we develop some ADF-like generalized RMSEA tests for inference on model closeness. Simulation studies show that our proposed tests have robust and desirable performance in spite of severe nonnormality across several examples when sample size is as large as 150, and its relevance to educational research is shown with models for some TOEFL data. Conse-quently, a two-stage procedure which combines the traditional nested model comparison and the additional inferential information regarding model close match is further suggested to improve the typical practice of structured model modiﬁcation.
Urosepsis--Etiology, Diagnosis, and Treatment.

BACKGROUND Sepsis is among the most common causes of death in Germany. Urosepsis accounts for 9-31% of all cases and has a mortality of 20-40%, which is low compared with that of sepsis in general. As the population ages, the incidence of urosepsis is likely to rise. METHODS Review of pertinent articles and guidelines retrieved by a selective search in PubMed. RESULTS Enterobacteria and Gram-positive organisms are the pathogens that most commonly cause urosepsis. The diagnosis can and must be made early on the basis of the typical clinical features, altered vital signs, and laboratory abnormalities, so that timely treatment can be initiated. 80% of cases are due to obstructive uropathy. The diagnostic evaluation includes physical examination, blood cultures, urinalysis, procalcitonin measurement, and ultrasonography. In one study, each additional hour of delay in the treatment of urosepsis with antibiotics was found to lower the survival rate by 7.6%. Antibiotics should be chosen in consideration of local resistance patterns and the expected pathogen spectrum. CONCLUSION Urologists, intensive care specialists, and microbiologists should all be involved in the interdisciplinary treatment of urosepsis. Patients' outcomes have improved recently, probably because of the frequent use of minimally invasive treatments to neutralize foci of infection. New biomarkers and new treatments still need to be validated in multicenter trials.
The solution of denial of service attack on ordered broadcast Intent

The Android's message passing system provides late run-time binding between components in the same or different applications, and it promotes inter-application collaboration. However, the message passing mechanism has also numerous vulnerabilities, so that Android applications can be exposed to attacks from malicious applications. Denial of service (DoS) attack on ordered broadcasts is a typical attack that exploits vulnerabilities of message passing. A malicious application which launches the attack intercepts broadcast messages by setting itself high priority, and then aborts it to prevent other benign applications from receiving it. In this paper, we propose a security framework for detecting DoS attacks on ordered broadcasts. We insert our framework into Android platform, and then the framework inspects receivers of broadcast messages. If the framework detects any threats, it issues warning to user. Finally, we provides scenario about our framework and discuss future directions.
Particle image velocimetry investigation of intravalvular flow fields of a bileaflet mechanical heart valve in a pulsatile flow.

BACKGROUND AND AIM OF THE STUDY Our previous studies of bileaflet mechanical heart valves (MHV) explanted from sheep revealed patterns of localized platelet aggregation on valve surfaces, which may have clinical relevance. Since flow phenomena may promote localized platelet aggregation, an evaluation of flow within a valve lumen was conducted. METHODS Phase-locked particle image velocimetry (PIV) measurements were obtained within the lumen of a 'mitral' model bileaflet MHV with transparent acrylic leaflets and housing, in a pulsatile flow loop. Instantaneous, two-dimensional flow maps of a central plane, perpendicular to the flow and leaflet pivot axes, were obtained at discrete times during the simulated cardiac cycle. Flow conditions were cardiac output, 3.5 l/min; rate, 72 beats/min; and systolic duration, 300 ms, using blood analog fluid refractive index-matched to acrylic. Leaflet closing velocities and angles were found using double-exposure imagery, and maximum leaflet closing velocity was extrapolated from regression analysis. RESULTS During full opening, flow within the three lumenal orifices formed a three-peak axial velocity profile. Vorticity was concentrated in shear layers adjacent to downstream leaflet surfaces and in downstream wakes. Forward flow peak velocity was 90 cm/s, with a steep velocity gradient in the central orifice. During closing, the central-gap regurgitant flow formed a jet (peak velocity, 144 cm/s). High vorticity occurred near leaflet leading and trailing edges. During full closure, first a transient (<3 ms) 'stopping vortex' developed near the leaflet trailing edge, followed by a wall jet which formed at the leaflet-housing junction. Maximum leaflet closing velocity was 1.4 m/s. CONCLUSION Localized jets, steep velocity gradients, high vorticity and vortex recirculation have been observed in vitro near model MHV surfaces. In vivo, each of these flow phenomena, when occurring near valve surfaces, may promote localized platelet aggregation. For the acrylic leaflets, maximum velocity was comparable with results reported for pyrolytic carbon leaflets. PIV of fully transparent models is a promising method for evaluating lumenal flows.
P2X Receptor Immunoreactivity in Different Arteries from the Femoral, Pulmonary, Cerebral, Coronary and Renal Circulations

The expression of the seven P2X receptor subunits (P2X1–7) in the rat vascular system was determined using subtype-selective antibodies. Arteries of different sizes (from arterioles to conduit vessels) from a range of vascular beds were used to give an overview of receptor expression. P2X1 receptor immunoreactivity was detected in the smooth muscle layer of arteries. The relative level of P2X1 receptor immunoreactivity was dependent on the size of the artery and the vascular bed; expression was highest in small and medium arteries. P2X4 receptors were detected in all arteries; once again, the relative level of expression was dependent on the size of the artery and the vascular bed. P2X5 receptor immunoreactivity was barely detectable in most arteries studied. P2X7 receptor immunoreactivity was generally punctate and associated with the outer adventitial layer. Immunoreactivity for P2X2, P2X3 and P2X6 receptors was not detected in arteries. These results demonstrate that arteries express multiple P2X receptor subunits and that there is a heterogeneity in the level of expression. The properties of artery P2X receptors correspond to homomeric P2X1 receptors, and the function of P2X4 and P2X5 receptor subunits in arteries is unclear.
IL-13 Is Sufficient for Respiratory Syncytial Virus G Glycoprotein-Induced Eosinophilia After Respiratory Syncytial Virus Challenge 1

Although well studied in settings of helminth infection and allergen sensitization, the combined contributions of IL-4 and IL-13 and their signaling pathways in models of viral pathogenesis have not been reported. Using a murine model of respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) infection, we evaluated the contribution of IL-13, alone and in conjunction with IL-4, during immunization with recombinant vaccinia virus expressing RSV G glycoprotein (vvGs) or with formalin-inactivated RSV (FI-RSV). We showed that both IL-4 and IL-13 activity must be inhibited to modulate G-specific responses resulting in severe RSV-induced disease. Inhibition of IL-4 or IL-13 activity alone had minimal impact on disease in vvGs-immunized mice. However, treatment of IL-4-deficient mice with IL-13Ra during vvGs immunization reduced IL-5, IL-13, and eotaxin production and pulmonary eosinophilia after RSV challenge. In contrast, FI-RSV-induced immune responses were diminished when either IL-4 or IL-13 activity was blocked. After RSV challenge, these type 2 T cell responses were also diminished in vvGs-primed IL-4Rα-deficient mice. Our data suggest that secreted vvGs uses mechanisms requiring signaling through the IL-4Rα-chain by either IL-4 or IL-13 for induction of eosinophilia and is the first description of the relative contributions of IL-4, IL-13, and their receptors in viral pathogenesis.
Dynamics of directional selectivity in MT receptive field centre and surround

We studied receptive field organization of motion‐sensitive neurons in macaque middle temporal cortical area (MT), by mapping direction selectivity in space and in time. Stimuli consisted of pseudorandom sequences of single motion steps presented simultaneously at many different receptive field locations. Spatio‐temporal receptive field profiles were constructed by cross‐correlating stimuli and spikes. The resulting spike‐triggered averages revealed centre‐surround organization. The temporal dynamics of the receptive fields were generally biphasic with increased probability for the preferred direction at short latency (50–70 ms) and decreased probability at longer latency (80–100 ms). The response latency of the receptive field surround was on average 16 ms longer than that of the centre. Our results show that surround input and biphasic behaviour reflect two different mechanisms, which make MT cells specifically sensitive to motion contrast in space and time.
Word Error Rates: Decomposition over POS classes and Applications for Error Analysis

Evaluation and error analysis of machine translation output are important but difficult tasks. In this work, we propose a novel method for obtaining more details about actual translation errors in the generated output by introducing the decomposition of Word Error Rate (Wer) and Position independent word Error Rate (Per) over different Part-of-Speech (Pos) classes. Furthermore, we investigate two possible aspects of the use of these decompositions for automatic error analysis: estimation of inflectional errors and distribution of missing words over Pos classes. The obtained results are shown to correspond to the results of a human error analysis. The results obtained on the European Parliament Plenary Session corpus in Spanish and English give a better overview of the nature of translation errors as well as ideas of where to put efforts for possible improvements of the translation system.
Inhibition of phosphoinositide 3‐kinase δ attenuates allergic airway inflammation and hyperresponsiveness in murine asthma model

P110δ phosphoinositide 3‐kinase (PI3K) plays a pivotal role in the recruitment and activation of certain inflammatory cells. Recent findings revealed that the activity of p110δ also contributes to allergenIgE‐induced mast cell activation and vascular permeability. We investigated the role of p110δ in allergic airway inflammation and hyperresponsiveness using IC87114, a selective p110δ inhibitor, in a mouse asthma model. BALB/c mice were sensitized with OVA and, upon OVA aerosol challenge, developed airway eosinophilia, mucus hypersecretion, elevation in cytokine and chemokine levels, up‐regulation of ICAM‐1 and VCAM‐1 expression, and airway hyperresponsiveness. Intratracheal administration of IC87114 significantly (P<0.05) attenuated OVA‐induced influx into lungs of total leukocytes, eosinophils, neutrophils, and lymphocytes, as well as levels of IL‐4, IL‐5, IL‐13, and RANTES in a dose‐dependent manner. IC87114 also significantly (P<0.05) reduced the serum levels of total IgE and OVA‐specific IgE and LTC4 release into the airspace. Histological studies show that IC87114 inhibited OVA‐induced lung tissue eosinophilia, airway mucus production, and inflammation score. In addition, IC87114 significantly (P<0.05) suppressed OVA‐induced airway hyperresponsiveness to inhaled methacholine. Western blot analyses of whole lung tissue lysates shows that IC87114 markedly attenuated the OVA‐induced increase in expression of IL‐4, IL‐5, IL‐13, ICAM‐1, VCAM‐1, RANTES, and eotaxin. Furthermore, IC87114 treatment markedly attenuated OVA‐induced serine phosphorylation of Akt, a downstream effector of PI3K signaling. Taken together, our findings implicate that inhibition of p110δ signaling pathway may have therapeutic potential for the treatment of allergic airway inflammation. —Lee, K. S. , Lee, H. K. , Hayflick, J. S. , Lee, Y. C. , Puri, K. D. Inhibition of phosphoinositide 3‐kinase δ attenuates allergic airway inflammation and hyperresponsiveness in murine asthma model. FASEB J. 20, 455–465 (2006)
Roles of hnRNP A1, SR Proteins, and p68 Helicase in c-H-ras Alternative Splicing Regulation

ABSTRACT Human ras genes play central roles in coupling extracellular signals with complex intracellular networks controlling proliferation, differentiation, and apoptosis, among others processes. c-H-ras pre-mRNA can be alternatively processed into two mRNAs due to the inclusion or exclusion of the alternative exon IDX; this renders two proteins, p21H-Ras and p19H-RasIDX, which differ only at the carboxy terminus. Here, we have characterized some of the cis-acting sequences and trans-acting factors regulating IDX splicing. A downstream intronic silencer sequence (rasISS1), acting in concert with IDX, negatively regulates upstream intron splicing. This effect is mediated, at least in part, by the binding of hnRNP A1. Depletion and add-back experiments in nuclear extracts have confirmed hnRNP A1's inhibitory role in IDX splicing. Moreover, the addition of two SR proteins, SC35 and SRp40, can counteract this inhibition by strongly promoting the splicing of the upstream intron both in vivo and in vitro. Further, the RNA-dependent helicase p68 is also associated with both IDX and rasISS1 RNA, and suppression of p68 expression in HeLa cells by RNAi experiments results in a marked increase of IDX inclusion in the endogenous mRNA, suggesting a role for this protein in alternative splicing regulation.
Improving Performance and Usability in Mobile Keystroke Dynamic Biometric Authentication

In the last few years, the number of mobile devices such as smartphones and tablets, in circulation, has increased dramatically. The primary and often only protection mechanism in these devices is authentication using a password or a Personal Identification Number (PIN). Passwords are notoriously known to be a weak authentication mechanism, no matter how complex the underlying format is. A more secure alternative option which has gained interest recently is extracting keystroke dynamic biometrics from supplied passwords for mobile authentication. In this paper, we show that using random forests classifier, improved accuracy performance can be achieved for mobile keystroke dynamic biometric authentication. We also propose a new algorithm for handling typos, which is an essential step in improving usability. We study both timing features and pressure-based features. Experimental evaluation is based on two public datasets and a third dataset collected in our lab. The best performance, obtained by combining timing and pressure features, is an Equal Error Rate (EER) of 2.3% for a population of 42 users.
Fundamentals of Chinese Characters

Fundamentals of Chinese Characters focuses on the connections between the shapes and meanings of basic Chinese characters, enabling students to learn to recognize and write Chinese characters before they learn to speak Chinese. Presenting fundamental knowledge of Chinese characters according to their intrinsic regularity rather than in the sequence often used in teaching spoken Chinese, this book enables teachers to offer students a course on Chinese characters alongside a Chinese language course at the elementary level. With interactive exercises, rhymes for all the characters covered in the book, and illustrations for all the basic characters, this book makes learning Chinese characters easy and fun.
Changes in physical activity and all-cause mortality in COPD

Little is known about changes in physical activity in subjects with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and its impact on mortality. Therefore, we aimed to study changes in physical activity in subjects with and without COPD and the impact of physical activity on mortality risk. Subjects from the Copenhagen City Heart Study with at least two consecutive examinations were selected. Each examination included a self-administered questionnaire and clinical examination. 1270 COPD subjects and 8734 subjects without COPD (forced expiratory volume in 1 s 67±18 and 91±15% predicted, respectively) were included. COPD subjects with moderate or high baseline physical activity who reported low physical activity level at follow-up had the highest hazard ratios of mortality (1.73 and 2.35, respectively; both p<0.001). In COPD subjects with low baseline physical activity, no differences were found in survival between unchanged or increased physical activity at follow-up. In addition, subjects without COPD with low physical activity at follow-up had the highest hazard ratio of mortality, irrespective of baseline physical activity level (p≤0.05). A decline to low physical activity at follow-up was associated with an increased mortality risk in subjects with and without COPD. These observational data suggest that it is important to assess and encourage physical activity in the earliest stages of COPD in order to maintain a physical activity level that is as high as possible, as this is associated with better prognosis. Longitudinal decline to a low physical activity level in COPD is associated with a higher all-cause mortality risk http://ow.ly/yTDp8