Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Society for the Study of Amphibians and Reptiles Habitat Utilization , Diet and Movements of a Temperate Arboreal Snake ( Opheodrys aestivus ) Author ( s ) :

Certain niche characteristics were quantified for Opheodrys aestivus in a forest habitat surrounding a central Arkansas lake. Preferred microhabitat for this diurnal, arboreal, forest edge species was dense, highly-branched vegetation. There was no preference for plant taxon, but selection of perch height, perch diameter, perch angle and position on branch was restricted. Diel variation in some perch parameters was seen. Intraspecific class differences (sex, snout-vent length) were slight. More than 85% of the diet consisted of caterpillars, spiders, grasshoppers and crickets, and odonates. These prey were most abundant at the forest edge and were consumed by snakes in disproportion to the abundance of prey in the habitat. Distances between recaptures and size of activity range were markedly restricted compared to other snakes.
Neural Dataset Generality-Supplementary

Figure 1. Samples of some of the datasets that we used in this analysis. From top to bottom: MNIST [1], MNIST-rotated [2], MNIST-random-background [2], MNIST-rotated-background [2], Google street view house numbers [3], Char 74k English [4], Char 74k Kannada [4]. Last two rows, first five from left are CIFAR 10 and the rest are Caltech101 [5, 6]. The bottom row is the colonoscopy dataset. We used one standard network architecture for all character datasets and experiments, one for Cifar 10 vs. Caltech 101 and another standard for Caltech 101 vs. Colonoscopy. The network architectures, learning rates and other details are provided in the sections below. The experiments were conducted on a Macbook Pro Laptop using an Nvidia GT 750M GPU, for character datasets and on an Nvidia Tesla K40 GPU for the others, with cuDNN v3 and Nvidia CUDA v7. Table 1 shows the train-test-validation splits and the batch sizes used in stochastic gradient descent of all the datasets used. No preprocessing were done on the images themselves except for cropping, resizing, normalizing. The images were all normalized to lie in [0, 1]. The character recognition datasets were all of a constant 28X28 grayscale, the Caltech 101 vs. Cifar 10 experiments were performed ar 32X32, RGB and the Caltech 101 vs. Colonsoscopy were at 128X128, RGB.
Power Quality: Problems and Mitigation Techniques

Maintaining a stable level of power quality in the distribution network is a growing challenge due to increased use of power electronics converters in domestic, commercial and industrial sectors. Power quality deterioration is manifested in increased losses; poor utilization of distribution systems; mal-operation of sensitive equipment and disturbances to nearby consumers, protective devices, and communication systems. However, as the energy-saving benefits will result in increased AC power processed through power electronics converters, there is a compelling need for improved understanding of mitigation techniques for power quality problems.
Application of Multi-attributes Fused Volume Rendering Techniques in 3D Seismic Interpretation

Summary Seismic attributes has been playing an increasingly important role in seismic interpretation. With the aid of two-dimensional or three-dimensional computer visualization technology, we can fuse variety of seismic attribute data by the way of the planar slices or the horizon slices and reveal a variety of geological phenomena more effectively and clearly. The main ideal of two or three attributes fused plotting is that each attributed data can be projected to red, green or blue (RGB) color, and then merged rendering using color. Besides, volume rendering visualization technology has been developing for many years. By means of adjusting the RGB and Opacity, we can display volume in three dimensional spaced. To get a comprehensive perspective of the structure of an anomaly, interpreter has to browse slices at different spatiotemporal locations. Multi-attributes fused volume rendering techniques introduced in this paper aims at providing a true three dimensional perspective view.
Why Have Greenhouse Emissions in RGGI States Declined? An Econometric Attribution to Economic, Energy Market, and Policy Factors

The Regional Greenhouse Gas Initiative (RGGI) is a consortium of northeastern states that have agreed to limit carbon dioxide emissions from electricity generation through a regional emissions trading program. Since the initiative came into effect in 2009, emissions have dropped precipitously, while the price of emissions allowances has fallen from approximately \$4 per ton to the program floor price of just under \$2.00. We ask why the emission reductions have come so fast and inexpensively, finding that it is due to a combination of factors, including the emissions trading program itself, complementary environmental programs, lower natural gas prices, and possibly some regional spillover effects. We find that the effect of the recession was small compared with other factors. Lower natural gas prices had a substantial impact on regional emissions. Econometric challenges makes it difficult to assign how much of the RGGI reduction is due to the price and how much is due to an overall "regime effect" guiding long-term planning decisions. We also present results consistent with but not dispositive of RGGI emissions reductions being due to policy leakage. But taken together, and compared to emission reduction outcomes in the rest of the U.S., it appears the RGGI program has induced a substantial reduction in the emissions, all else equal.
Title : A Shared Sense of Responsibility : Money versus effort contributions in the voluntary provision of public goods

A frequently cited argument against the use of market-based instruments to provide public goods is that they diminish our sense of responsibility to be good citizens. In this paper, we report on the results of a laboratory experiment designed to explore the idea that this distrust stems from the ability of some members of society to contribute to the public good with money instead of time or effort even when the level of total contributions is held constant. In our experiments, subjects complete lab tasks as a contribution to a public good—carbon emission reductions. We look at how the number of lab tasks completed by subjects changes when their peers take advantage of an offer to buy out, i.e., contribute money in lieu of effort. We find that on average subjects reduce the number of completed tasks when their peers buy out. However, the aggregate result masks significant heterogeneity across individual responses. Those who choose not to buy out despite its expected profitability have no response to the treatment while those for whom it would not be profitable to buy out register large reductions in effort contributions. The magnitude of these responses is increasing in the share of the group that accepts the buyout offer, suggesting that it is the act of peers buying out rather than the simple introduction of monetary incentives that is the source of the effect. JEL classifications: C90, C91, H41, Q54
A new method for creation of secret-fragment-visible-mosaic image for secure communication

In recent years as many of our daily tasks are related to internet the security of information being transmitted over the internet is an important issue. Many applications or fields require transmitting secret image over the internet that may contain private and confidential information that is needed to be protected from hacker or from unintended users. Many techniques and methods have been proposed to ensure security, out of them most commonly used techniques are encryption and data hiding. Encryption ensures security but the problem with encryption algorithm is that the resultant noise image attracts the attention of hacker so it may be possible after many trials they can be decrypted by hacker. Another method is data hiding in which pieces of secret information is hidden behind a carrier that may be anything a text file, video, audio or an image. Now a day's, for secure image transmission a new concept that is of mosaic image is used in the field of data hiding. A new type of mosaic image that is called as secret fragment visible mosaic is formed to hide the existence of secret image by using a carrier image. In this paper a new technique for creating a secret fragment visible mosaic image is proposed, in which we select any random image of any size as carrier image for given secret image and by using this target image we arrange the titles of secret image to form resultant mosaic image and we performed reversible color transformation on mosaic image to reduce the distortion and also to recover the secret image exactly from the carrier image.
The Formative Political Economy of the Central Arizona Groundwater Replenishment District

In 1995 Arizona implemented a set of rules designed to require new development to use “renewable” (non-groundwater) water supplies. Many of the key provisions of the rules were developed by the regulated community itself, including the creation of a legal mechanism—known as the Central Arizona Groundwater Replenishment District—designed to aid compliance with the rules. The District enables developers to pay a small fee to pass the burden of acquiring renewable water supplies for their proposed development to the District. Over the last 15 years, the District has amassed a considerable debt obligation to acquire renewable water supplies on behalf of its thousands of member communities, creating a yet-undefined future water supply acquisition cost for an estimated 200,000 homeowners in central Arizona. This research explores the political economy behind the creation of the District and characterizes its formation using a Nash model of cooperative negotiation with bargaining power.
Mechanical strain-induced human vascular matrix synthesis: The role of angiotensin II

Introduction: Reduced vascular compliance in patients with hypertension results from an increase in extra-cellular matrix (ECM) protein deposition in blood vessels. At least two key factors, namely mechanical strain and neurohumoral mediators, for example Angiotensin II (Ang II), promote fibrogenesis within vessel walls; however potential interactions between these have not been clearly defined. This work examined the direct effect of mechanical strain on matrix mRNA expression and protein synthesis by human vascular smooth muscle (VSM) cells and identified the importance of renin-angiotensin system (RAS) activation in stretch-induced matrix production. Methods: Human VSM cells were exposed either to a cyclical mechanical strain regimen or to Ang II in the presence or absence of the Ang II receptor (AT1 R) antagonist losartan or its more potent metabolite EXP3174. Analysis of matrix mRNA expression (Northerns) and protein synthesis (ELISA) and cellular AT1-receptor protein expression (Westerns) were determined. Results: Ang II increased both collagen α1 (92%, SEM +/-20%) mRNA expression and fibronectin (21% +/- 6%) protein synthesis in static VSM cells compared with unstimulated controls.The effect of Ang II was attenuated by antagonism of the AT 1-receptor (AT1 R). Similarly, mechanical strain induced an increase in both collagen α1 (102% +/- 30%) mRNA expression and fibronectin (50% +/-21%) protein synthesis. Surprisingly, in the absence of exogenous Ang II, AT1-receptor blockade attenuated this stretch-induced increase in matrix synthesis. Mechanical strain also induced an increase in total cellular AT1-receptor protein (30.7% +/- 3.5%) compared with static cells. Conclusion: Both mechanical strain and Ang II increased matrix gene expression and protein synthesis by human VSM cells. The effect of strain was attenuated by AT 1-receptor antagonism. Our results further suggest that mechanical strain may sensitise human VSM cells to the fibrogenic actions of Ang II, perhaps via upregulation of the AT1-receptor.
The evolution of top incomes: a historical and international perspectives

This paper summarizes the main findings and perspectives emerging from a collective research project on the dynamics of income and wealth distribution. The primary objective of this project is to construct a high-quality, long- run, international database on income and wealth concentration, using historical tax statistics. The resulting database now includes annual series covering most of the twentieth century for a number of (mostly Western) countries.
National Survey of Child and Adolescent Well-Being

Approximately 3 million children were investigated for child abuse or neglect in 2002, and rates of substantiation for maltreatment were highest for infants and toddlers. This brief provides an introduction to the developmental tasks of infancy and describes the experiences of infants and toddlers in contact with the child welfare system. The findings are drawn from the National Survey of Child and Adolescent Well-Being (NSCAW), a unique study that provides detailed information about the well-being and experiences of children and families in the child welfare system. Whereas existing research on this population comes primarily from administrative data or smaller studies, the NSCAW is the first comprehensive, nationally representative, longitudinal study to examine the wellbeing of children and families in the child welfare system.
Consensus Guidelines for Digital Scholarship in Academic Promotion

Introduction As scholarship moves into the digital sphere, applicant and promotion and tenure (P&T) committee members lack formal guidance on evaluating the impact of digital scholarly work. The P&T process requires the appraisal of individual scholarly impact in comparison to scholars across institutions and disciplines. As dissemination methods evolve in the digital era, we must adapt traditional P&T processes to include emerging forms of digital scholarship. Methods We conducted a blended, expert consensus procedure using a nominal group process to create a consensus document at the Council of Emergency Medicine Residency Directors Academic Assembly on April 1, 2019. Results We discussed consensus guidelines for evaluation and promotion of digital scholarship with the intent to develop specific, evidence-supported recommendations to P&T committees and applicants. These recommendations included the following: demonstrate scholarship criteria; provide external evidence of impact; and include digital peer-review roles. As traditional scholarship continues to evolve within the digital realm, academic medicine should adapt how that scholarship is evaluated. P&T committees in academic medicine are at the epicenter for supporting this changing paradigm in scholarship. Conclusion P&T committees can critically appraise the quality and impact of digital scholarship using specific, validated tools. Applicants for appointment and promotion should highlight and prepare their digital scholarship to specifically address quality, impact, breadth, and relevance. It is our goal to provide specific, timely guidance for both stakeholders to recognize the value of digital scholarship in advancing our field.
Exposure Assessment in Millimeter‐Wave Reverberation Chamber Using Murine Phantoms

This study deals with the design and calibration of the first mode‐stirred reverberation chamber (RC) in the 60‐GHz‐band adapted for in vivo bioelectromagnetic studies. In addition to the interface for electromagnetic and thermal dosimetry, the interfaces for lighting and ventilation were integrated into the RC walls while preserving acceptable shielding. The RC with mechanical and electronic steering capabilities is characterized in the 55–65 GHz range. To this end, murine skin‐equivalent phantoms of realistic shape were designed and fabricated. Their complex permittivity is within ±12% of the target value of murine skin (6.19–j5.81 at 60 GHz). The quality factor of the RC loaded with an animal cage, bedding litter, and five murine phantoms was found to be 1.2 × 104. The losses inside the RC were analyzed, and it was demonstrated that the main sources of the power dissipation were the phantoms and mice cage. The input power required to reach the average incident power density of 1 and 5 mW/cm2 was found to be 0.23 and 1.14 W, respectively. Surface heating of the mice models was measured in the infrared (IR) range using a specifically designed interface, transparent at IR and opaque at millimeter waves (mmW). Experimental results were compared with an analytical solution of the heat transfer equation and to full‐wave computations. Analytical and numerical results were in very good agreement with measurements (the relative deviation after 90 min of exposure was within 4.2%). Finally, a parametric study was performed to assess the impact of the thermophysical parameters on the resulting heating. Bioelectromagnetics. 2020;41:121–135. © 2020 Bioelectromagnetics Society.
Lights, Camera…Citizen Science: Assessing the Effectiveness of Smartphone-Based Video Training in Invasive Plant Identification

The rapid growth and increasing popularity of smartphone technology is putting sophisticated data-collection tools in the hands of more and more citizens. This has exciting implications for the expanding field of citizen science. With smartphone-based applications (apps), it is now increasingly practical to remotely acquire high quality citizen-submitted data at a fraction of the cost of a traditional study. Yet, one impediment to citizen science projects is the question of how to train participants. The traditional “in-person” training model, while effective, can be cost prohibitive as the spatial scale of a project increases. To explore possible solutions, we analyze three training models: 1) in-person, 2) app-based video, and 3) app-based text/images in the context of invasive plant identification in Massachusetts. Encouragingly, we find that participants who received video training were as successful at invasive plant identification as those trained in-person, while those receiving just text/images were less successful. This finding has implications for a variety of citizen science projects that need alternative methods to effectively train participants when in-person training is impractical.
Is Technological Change Biased Towards the Unskilled in Services? An Empirical Investigation

The leading explanation for the increase in the U.S. college premium over the last 40 years is aggregate skill biased technological change (SBTC). This explanation overlooks shifts in the economys sectoral composition and excludes the possibility of di¤erent directions of technological biases in di¤erent sectors. I estimate a two-sector general equilibrium model which ts the U.S. aggregate and sectoral trends in relative wages, prices and employment during 1963-2005. Technological change is inferred by directly exploiting general equilibrium restrictions and optimality conditions. The estimates reveal that in the growing skill intensive services sector technological progress has been unskilled biased, i.e. average productivity of less skilled workers increased faster than it did for skilled workers. In the unskilled intensive goods sector in contrast, the opposite bias is estimated. Convolution of these two forces leads to inferring SBTC at the aggregate level, in spite of the diverging trends in goods and services. Faster productivity growth of unskilled versus skilled workers in services is consistent with a shift in the mix of occupations: unskilled workers in services have continuously re-allocated into more computer complementary occupations to a greater extent than skilled workers. In contrast, the occupational mix in the goods sector moderately shifted in the opposite direction, which is consistent with faster productivity growth for skilled workers. Taking explicitly into account the sectoral composition of the economy can change our view on the direction of technological change over the last 40 years. Keywords: wage inequality, technological change, computerization, occupations, task requirements. JEL classi cation: J23, J24, J31. I wish to thank Jonathan Eaton and Gianluca Violante for invaluable guidance. I am grateful to David Autor for sharing his task data from the Dictionary of Occupational Titles. I have also bene ted from discussions with Heski Bar-Isaac, Tobias Broer, Chris Flinn, Ahu Gemici, John Leahy, Donghoon Lee, Guy Michaels, Tobias Pfutze, Julia Schwenkenberg, Ofer Setty, Roine Vestman, Yijia Wang and Matthew Wiswall. Finally, I thank the participants of the Applied Microeconomics seminar at New York University for useful comments and suggestions. All errors are mine. yCorresponding information: (212) 961-6114, ariellr@nyu.edu. http://homepages.nyu.edu/~ar825/
Research abstract: semantic concepts for the specification of non-functional properties of component-based software

In my research I try to define a framework which can be used to provide semantics for non-functional specifications of component-based systems. Some of the key questions driving my work are: What is the fundamental difference between functional and non-functional specifications? What formal apparatus is required to provide for this difference; What effects need to be taken into consideration when composing components with non-functional properties; What is the dependency between functional and nonfunctional specifications; What evaluation or analysis algorithms will be applied to a non-functional specification? What information must be extractable from the semantics of a nonfunctional specification?
Numerical Modeling of Coupled Water Flow and Heat Transport in Soil and Snow

A one-dimensional vertical numerical model for coupled water flow and heat transport in soil and snow was modified to include all three phases of water: vapor, liquid, and ice. The top boundary condition in the model is driven by incoming precipitation and the surface energy balance. The model was applied to three different terrestrial systems: A warm desert bare lysimeter soil in Boulder City, NV; a cool mixed-grass rangeland soil near Laramie, WY; and a snow-dominated mountainous forest soil about 50 km west of Laramie, WY. Comparison of measured and calculated soil water contents with depth yielded modeling efficiency (ME) values (maximum range: -8< ME = 1) of 0.32 = ME = 0.75 for the bare soil, 0.05 = ME = 0.30 for the rangeland soil, and 0.06 = ME = 0.37 for the forest soil. Results for soil temperature with depth were 0.87 = ME = 0.91 for the bare soil, 0.92 = ME = 0.94 for the rangeland soil, and 0.85 = ME = 0.88 for the forest soil. The model described the mass change in the bare soil lysimeter due to outgoing evaporation with moderate accuracy (ME = 0.41, based on 4 yr of data and using weekly evaporation rates). Snow height for the rangeland soil and the forest soil was captured reasonably well (ME = 0.57 for both sites based on 5 yr of data for each site). The model is physics based, with few empirical parameters, making it applicable to a wide range of terrestrial ecosystems.
Lumbar Spine : Reliability of MR Imaging Findings 1

John A. Carrino, MD, MPH Jon D. Lurie, MD, MS Anna N. A. Tosteson, ScD Tor D. Tosteson, ScD Eugene J. Carragee, MD Jay Kaiser, MD Margaret R. Grove, MS Emily Blood, MS Loretta H. Pearson, MPhil James N. Weinstein, DO, MS Richard Herzog, MD Purpose: To characterize the interand intraobserver variability of qualitative, non–disk contour degenerative findings of the lumbar spine at magnetic resonance (MR) imaging.