Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Eight Flurothyl-Induced Generalized Seizures Lead to the Rapid Evolution of Spontaneous Seizures in Mice: A Model of Epileptogenesis with Seizure Remission

The occurrence of recurrent, unprovoked seizures is the hallmark of human epilepsy. Currently, only two-thirds of this patient population has adequate seizure control. New epilepsy models provide the potential for not only understanding the development of spontaneous seizures, but also for testing new strategies to treat this disorder. Here, we characterize a primary generalized seizure model of epilepsy following repeated exposure to the GABAA receptor antagonist, flurothyl, in which mice develop spontaneous seizures that remit within 1 month. In this model, we expose C57BL/6J mice to flurothyl until they experience a generalized seizure. Each of these generalized seizures typically lasts <30 s. We induce one seizure per day for 8 d followed by 24 h video-electroencephalographic recordings. Within 1 d following the last of eight flurothyl-induced seizures, ∼50% of mice have spontaneous seizures. Ninety-five percent of mice tested have seizures within the first week of the recording period. Of the spontaneous seizures recorded, the majority are generalized clonic seizures, with the remaining 7–12% comprising generalized clonic seizures that transition into brainstem seizures. Over the course of an 8 week recording period, spontaneous seizure episodes remit after ∼4 weeks. Overall, the repeated flurothyl paradigm is a model of epileptogenesis with spontaneous seizures that remit. This model provides an additional tool in our armamentarium for understanding the mechanisms underlying epileptogenesis and may provide insights into why spontaneous seizures remit without anticonvulsant treatment. Elucidating these processes could lead to the development of new epilepsy therapeutics. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT Epilepsy is a chronic disorder characterized by the occurrence of recurrent, unprovoked seizures in which the individual seizure–ictal events are self-limiting. Remission of recurrent, unprovoked seizures can be achieved in two-thirds of cases by treatment with anticonvulsant medication, surgical resection, and/or nerve/brain electrode stimulation. However, there are examples in humans of epilepsy with recurrent, unprovoked seizures remitting without any intervention. While elucidating how recurrent, unprovoked seizures develop is critical for understanding epileptogenesis, an understanding of how and why recurrent, unprovoked seizures remit may further our understanding and treatment of epilepsy. Here, we describe a new model of recurrent, unprovoked spontaneous seizures in which the occurrence of spontaneous seizures naturally remits over time without any therapeutic intervention.
Effect of handedness on the Stroop Colour Word Task

Handedness is associated with cerebral organisation, but its relationship with cognition remains unclear. Since the Stroop task is believed to measure aspects of executive control, this study aims to investigate the effect of handedness on Stroop interference. We used the Stroop task with 90 young adults with university education, of whom 47 (23 males) were right-handed and 43 (21 males) were left-handed. Main dependent variables were Stroop baseline (SB), Stroop incongruent (SI), and the proportional derivative Stroop reduction (SR) [SR=(SB − SI)/SB×100%] (Bugg, Delosh, Davalos, & Davis, 2007; Graf, Uttl, &Tuokko, 1995) scores. The analysis revealed that SI is significantly affected by both handedness and the interaction of sex×handedness, whereas SR is only affected by handedness. After controlling for the effect of SB on SI, only the effect of handedness remained statistically significant [F(1, 83) = 6.44, p=. 013]. Post-hoc comparisons showed that left-handed females performed significantly better than right-handed females on both SI (p=.003) and SR (p=.007). The data suggest that handedness is associated with cognitive function alterations, which lead to a smaller Stroop interference of left-handers irrespectively of sex, an effect that is more pronounced in the female subpopulation.
Temporal patterns of diversification in Andean Eois, a species‐rich clade of moths (Lepidoptera, Geometridae)

The timing of the origin of present day Neotropical animal diversity is still a matter of debate. For a long time, a preponderance of glacial (i.e. Pleistocene) radiations has been proposed. However, recent data from molecular clock studies indicate a preglacial origin for most of the examined taxa. We performed a fossil‐calibrated molecular dating analysis of the genus Eois, which is a major component of one of the world’s most diverse assemblages of herbivorous insects. We found that diversification of Eois took place in the Miocene following a pattern best explained by density‐dependent diversification. A strong slowdown of diversification towards the present was detected. Diversification of Eois does overlap with increased Andean uplift and diversification of the most commonly used host plant genus Piper. These findings match the patterns found for the majority of Neotropical tetrapods and for three other unrelated, ecologically different lepidopteran genera.
Mechanisms of serpin dysfunction in disease

The serpin superfamily encompasses hundreds of proteins, spread across all kingdoms of life, linked by a common tertiary fold. This review focuses on five diseases caused by serpin dysfunction: variants of antithrombin III lose their ability to interact with heparin; the α1-antitrypsin Pittsburgh mutation causes a change in target proteinase; the α1-antitrypsin Z mutation and neuroserpin, polymerisation of which lead to cellular cytotoxicity; and a loss of maspin expression resulting in cancer.
Career Paths and Quit Decisions: Evidence from Teaching

Conventional models predict that workers consider employment opportunities and monetary rewards expected over their lifetimes when making current period decisions such as whether to quit a job. This article tests the hypothesis that later career opportunities affect quit decisions by examining the relationship between teaching and school administration. Evidence on the extent to which administrative positions are available to teachers, and the salary premia associated with them, is presented. Discrete time logit-hazard models of teacher quits, estimated using data from New York State, provide some support for the hypothesis, though the magnitudes of the estimated effects are small.
Performance auditing—what value?

The audit expectations gap has received considerable publicity world-wide, particularly in the recent global financial crisis. Public sector auditing is not exempt in this respect, and is no more so than in the area of performance auditing. How much do audit reports really tell us about the value delivered by government programmes? Is there sufficiently shared understanding and perceptions of performance auditing and the value it provides?
The Benefits of Delayed Primary School Enrollment

The paper estimates the effect of delayed school enrollment on student outcomes, using administrative data on Chilean students that include exact birth dates. Regression-discontinuity estimates, based on enrollment cutoffs, show that a one-year delay decreases the probability of repeating first grade by two percentage points, and increases fourth and eighth grade test scores by more than 0.3 standard deviations, with larger effects for boys. The paper concludes with implications for enrollment age policy.
Limits of variation, specific infectivity, and genome packaging of massively recoded poliovirus genomes

Significance We constructed viable poliovirus (PV) variants carrying up to 2,104 synonymous mutations in the ORF. We studied proliferation phenotypes, particularly the specific infectivity (si) that defines the probability of a single virion to initiate a single cell infection. A recent hypothesis proposes that dozens of loosely conserved hairpins, formed within the viral genome, determine assembly specificity of +ssRNA viruses. Our analysis of recoded PVs does not support this hypothesis. We propose that the progression of +ssRNA virus assembly follows two steps. (i) Specificity: recognition between either (a) replication protein and capsid precursor or (b) single RNA packaging signal and cognate capsid precursor. (ii) Cocondensation, occurring between single genome/single capsid precursor complex and multiple cognate capsids aided by multiple genome-specific hairpins. Computer design and chemical synthesis generated viable variants of poliovirus type 1 (PV1), whose ORF (6,189 nucleotides) carried up to 1,297 “Max” mutations (excess of overrepresented synonymous codon pairs) or up to 2,104 “SD” mutations (randomly scrambled synonymous codons). “Min” variants (excess of underrepresented synonymous codon pairs) are nonviable except for P2Min, a variant temperature-sensitive at 33 and 39.5 °C. Compared with WT PV1, P2Min displayed a vastly reduced specific infectivity (si) (WT, 1 PFU/118 particles vs. P2Min, 1 PFU/35,000 particles), a phenotype that will be discussed broadly. Si of haploid PV presents cellular infectivity of a single genotype. We performed a comprehensive analysis of sequence and structures of the PV genome to determine if evolutionary conserved cis-acting packaging signal(s) were preserved after recoding. We showed that conserved synonymous sites and/or local secondary structures that might play a role in determining packaging specificity do not survive codon pair recoding. This makes it unlikely that numerous “cryptic, sequence-degenerate, dispersed RNA packaging signals mapping along the entire viral genome” [Patel N, et al. (2017) Nat Microbiol 2:17098] play the critical role in poliovirus packaging specificity. Considering all available evidence, we propose a two-step assembly strategy for +ssRNA viruses: step I, acquisition of packaging specificity, either (a) by specific recognition between capsid protein(s) and replication proteins (poliovirus), or (b) by the high affinity interaction of a single RNA packaging signal (PS) with capsid protein(s) (most +ssRNA viruses so far studied); step II, cocondensation of genome/capsid precursors in which an array of hairpin structures plays a role in virion formation.
Complete Genome Sequence of Adherent Invasive Escherichia coli UM146 Isolated from Ileal Crohn's Disease Biopsy Tissue

ABSTRACT Escherichia coli UM146 was isolated from the ileum of a Crohn's disease patient. It adheres to and invades enterocytes and can replicate inside macrophages. Its complete genome sequence reveals that it is most closely related to the human urinary tract pathogen E. coli CFT073, but it has a host of genes that are novel and to which no function has been ascribed.
The Perception of Tax Payers on Tax Knowledge and Tax Education with Level of Tax Compliance: A Study the Influences of Religiosity

The intention of this paper is to study the role of religiosity in the relationship between tax education and tax knowledge towards tax compliance. For this purpose, we surveyed 70 working adults pursuing MBA program in one Malaysian public university. 50 usable responses were received. 3 variables were used in these study: tax awareness (education, knowledge), tax compliance and relegiousity. Pearson correlation and hierarchical regression were adopted to test the hypotheses. 90.0 % of the respondents indicate that there are religious people. From anlysis, we found that the respondents tax compliance were lower compared to their education and knowledge towards tax. The results of the study suggested that religious values play a very important role to make the taxpayers liable for tax compliance.
Do Minimum Wages Raise the NAIRU?

Abstract Maybe a lot. The ratio of the minimum wage to the average wage enters a Phillips-curve equation with a coefficient that is highly significant, stable, and robust. One interpretation of these results is that the relative level of the minimum wage affects the Non-Accelerating Inflation Rate of Unemployment or NAIRU. My estimates are consistent with the reduction in the relative level of the minimum wage since 1980 lowering the U.S. NAIRU about 1½ percentage points, while raising the NAIRU in continental Europe. However, other interpretations are also possible.
Tissue concentrations and pharmacokinetics of florfenicol in broiler chickens.

Florfenicol was once administered to broiler chickens via i.v. , i.m. and oral route (30 mg/kg body weight) to study its plasma concentrations, kinetic behaviour, systemic bioavailability and tissue levels. Following a single i. v. injection, the kinetic disposition of florfenicol followed a two-compartmental open model with an elimination half-life of 172 min, total body clearance of 26.9 ml/kg/min and a steady state volume of distribution of 5.11 litre/kg. The highest plasma concentrations of florfenicol were 3.82 and 3.20 micrograms/ml following single i.m. and oral administration, respectively. The systemic bioavailability was 96.6 and 55.3 per cent after i.m. and oral administration. The plasma protein binding of florfenicol was 18.5%. Following the administration, the highest tissue concentration of the drug was found in kidney, bile, lung, muscle, intestine, heart, liver, spleen and serum. Low concentrations of the drug were found in brain, bone marrow and fat. No florfenicol residues were detected in tissues and serum after 72 h except in the bile, it disappeared after 96 h.
Managing Monetary and Regulatory Policy in the Post Crisis World

This paper offers some reflections on the challenges that monetary authorities in emerging economies face in navigating the still very difficult economic conditions that the Great Recession of 2008–09 has left in its wake. More than two years have passed since Lehman Brothers sought bankruptcy protection in the United States, ushering in the worst global financial crisis of the postwar era. While global financial markets have broadly stabilized since March 2010 and growth has resumed in virtually all countries around the world. The situation stabilized supported by the extraordinary measures taken by national authorities and the international community, however much remains to be done to place the world economy on a path of sustainable growth and financial stability. A large portion of the heavy lifting has and needs to be done by advanced countries, particularly in reconciling the short-term need to boost aggregate demand with the longer-term need to create a sustainable fiscal environment. But emerging market economies will not be insulated from the fallout of sovereign credit crisis in Europe or from further easing of monetary policy in the United States. In today’s globalized financial environment, restoring balance to the world economy is a shared responsibility that requires better coordination of macroeconomic policy stances to address the existing imbalances, while recognizing the underlying transformative changes in the balance of global growth and finance. This paper begins with a brief, forward-looking assessment of the state of the world economy. This will set the context for discussing the challenges of formulating monetary policy in emerging economies, where domestic financial and macroeconomic stability are structurally linked to external developments such as the stance of monetary policy in the core financial markets, global liquidity, and the global business cycle. One implication of this structuralist perspective is the recognition that greater global integration reduces national autonomy in managing macroeconomic policy, particularly monetary policy. This topic has been the * Regional Vice President, Middle East and North Africa, World Bank, and former governor, State Bank of Pakistan; sakhtar@worldbank.org ; ** Lead Economist, World Bank; mdailami@worldbank.org
Integrating Global Environmental Concerns into Urban Management: The Scale and Readiness Arguments

Due to the growing numbers of cities and urban residents, cities have increasingly contributed to global environmental issues. Many studies have pointed out that the city administrative level is a crucial level at which to address global issues. Nevertheless, integrating global concerns into local management remains a difficult task for the majority of cities. Building on existing theoretical and empirical studies, this article explores the obstacles that impede cities from addressing global environmental concerns, the opportunities for removing the obstacles, and strategies for bringing global issues onto the local level. Many of the obstacles are reflections of contradictory perceptions, concerns, interests, and priorities, which are presented in the form of two arguments, namely the scale argument and the readiness argument, in this article. The close linkages between global and local environmental issues and the potential economic benefits arising from addressing global concerns at the local level may provide opportunities and incentives for cities to take action earlier. The author further argues that although empirical studies in developed cities suggest that the most effective way to get municipal governments to address global concerns is by not talking about the “global,” an overly localized policy might not always result in a net gain in a developing city setting.
Comparison of Crystal Enteric/Nonfermenter system, API 20E system, and Vitek AutoMicrobic system for identification of gram-negative bacilli

A comparative evaluation of the Crystal Enteric/Nonfermenter system (Crystal; Becton Dickinson, Cockeysville, Md.), API 20E (API; bioMérieux Vitek, Inc., Hazelwood, Mo.), and the Vitek GNI card (Vitek; bioMérieux Vitek) was performed with 512 clinical isolates of gram-negative bacilli, including 381 members of the family Enterobacteriaceae and 131 nonenteric bacilli. With supplemental testing, API, Crystal, and Vitek correctly identified to the genus and species level 505 (98.6%), 489 (95.5%), and 494 (96.5%) of the 512 isolates, respectively. Supplemental testing, as specified by the manufacturer, was required to identify 119 (23.2%), 18 (3.5%), and 5 (1.0%) of the isolates with the three systems, respectively. Of the 381 isolates from the family Enterobacteriaceae, API and Crystal correctly identified 90.3 and 91.6% by 18 to 24 h without supplemental testing, respectively, and Vitek identified 92.4 and 96.1% following 10 and 18 h of incubation, respectively. Of the 131 nonenteric organisms, API and Crystal correctly identified 28.2 and 93.9% by 18 to 24 h without supplemental testing, respectively, and Vitek identified 84.0% by 10 h and 93.9% by 18 h. Errors in identification with each system were infrequent and appeared to be randomly distributed among the genera evaluated. The three systems were comparable in accuracy when either a weighted clinical laboratory profile of organisms or a group of selected isolates in a stress test sample was evaluated (P > 0.05). There were no significant differences between the three systems in their ability to identify either the isolates in the weighted group or those in the stress test (P > 0.05). Crystal compared favorably with API and Vitek, which have established track records in clinical laboratories, and is acceptable for the identification of members of the Enterobacteriaceae and nonenteric bacilli in a clinical microbiology laboratory.
The managerial drivers of employee satisfaction and loyalty

The world market is becoming an increasingly diYcult place in which to operate for today’s businesses, making creativity a valuable virtue. This has caused the corporate focus to shift from ® nancial resources to intellectual resources. The employees have evolved from a resource to be exploited to an asset that needs to be nourished, guarded and developed. This is in line with experiences from leading companies that `̀ maintain a work environment conducive to the well-being and growth of all employees and they measure employee satisfaction’’ (Evans & Lindsay, 1999). The change is also re ̄ ected in the move from personnel administration/ management to human resource management (HRM) (Cornelius, 1999). But does HRM in its present form have an eVect on employee satisfaction and loyalty? The aim of this paper is ® rst to construct a structural model that describes the causal linkage between the subsystems of HRM, employee satisfaction and loyalty as well as corporate performance based on theoretical considerations. Second, the aim of this paper is to test the structural model empirically through a survey conducted among 670 human resource managers from Denmark, in which 215 responded. These managers cover private and public companies as well as all the relevant sectors. The statistical technique used is known as partial least squares (PLS), which is a technique well suited for structural equation modelling when the focus is on prediction ( JoÈ reskog & Wold, 1982). This analysis will show to what extent the theoretical model corresponds with the mental models of the managers and also reveal the areas in which Danish companies need to improve their performance regarding HRM.
Perineurioma as the cause of localized hypertrophic neuropathy

Clinical, electrodiagnostic, and morphological studies were performed on three patients with localized hypertrophic neuropathy (LHN). LHN is characterized clinically by slowly progressive motor mononeuropathy without significant pain or numbness. Nerve conduction studies and needle electrode examination show severe focal motor and sensory axonal loss. Morphological findings in the localized areas of enlarged nerves are different from those of generalized hypertrophic neuropathy, entrapment neuropathy, and neurofibroma, and consist of primary perineurial cell hyperplasia. The tumor is thus a perineurioma. This rare tumor can occur both in generalized neurofibromatosis and in isolated form and appears to be the cause of localized hypertrophic neuropathy.
FAILURE OF DEXTROAMPHETAMINE SULFATE TO INFLUENCE EATING AND SLEEPING PATTERNS IN OBESE SCHIZOPHRENIC PATIENTS: CLINICAL AND PHARMACOLOGICAL SIGNIFICANCE.

Data have been accumulated which indicate that in the obese schizophrenic population, dextroamphetamine sulfate (Dexadrine) has little or no effect on eating or sleeping patterns. In contrast to findings in a large literature on the nonschizophrenic obese patient, the obese schizophrenic population differs from them in these parameters of pharmacological effect. The failure of dextroamphetamine to influence either appetite or sleep in a schizophrenic population is put forward as negative evidence in support of an earlier postulation that these two effects of the anorectic amphetamine congeners are probably inseparable because they are the result of the same pharmacological action, and in support of the view that amphetamine congeners useful in the treatment of obesity will tend to cause insomnia and all the other undesirable effects attributable to central stimulation in proportion to their anorectic potency.