Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Case study in the Bayesian analysis of a cost‐effectiveness trial in the evaluation of health care technologies: Depression

We present a case study based on a depression study that will illustrate the use of Bayesian statistics in the economic evaluation of cost‐effectiveness data, demonstrate the benefits of the Bayesian approach (whilst honestly recognizing any deficiencies) with respect to frequentist methods, and provide details of using the methods, including computer code where appropriate. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Possible Causes of Anomalies in Seasonal Mean Circulation Patterns during the 1982–83 El Niño Event

Abstract For six consecutive seasons around the 1982–83 El Nino event the relation between observed anomalies in atmospheric circulation patterns and anomalies in various forcing mechanisms is diagnosed. A linear model is used in an attempt to simulate atmospheric anomalies as a stationary response to observed anomalies in tropical diabatic heating, mountain and transient eddy effects. The response to forcing by transient eddies is large for all seasons and is significantly correlated with observed anomalies. To what extent observed anomalous transient eddy activity is related to anomalous conditions at the earth’s surface can not be deduced from these experiments. The midlatitude effect of tropical heating are found to be small oven during the mature phase of the 1982–83 warming event. However these results are critically dependent on the exact location of the zero wind line. The effect of the orography caused by observed anomalies in zonal mean westerly winds is small in general. In one season, when El .
Steady models of optically thin, magnetically supported two-temperature accretion disks around a black hole

Abstract We obtained steady solutions of optically thin two-temperature magnetized accretion disks around a black hole. We included relativistic bremsstrahlung cooling, synchrotron cooling and inverse Compton effects and assumed that the disk is threaded by toroidal magnetic field. We found that a magnetic pressure dominated new branch, which we call a ‘low-β branch’, appears in the thermal equilibrium curves. The luminosity of the optically thin, magnetically supported disk can exceed 10% of the Eddington luminosity (0.1 LEdd).
Sixteen years of X-ray monitoring of Sagittarius A*: Evidence for a decay of the faint flaring rate from 2013 August, 13 months before a rise in the bright flaring rate

Recently, in a study the X-ray flaring activity of Sgr A* with Chandra and XMM-Newton public observations from 1999 to 2014 and 2014 Swift data, it has been argued that the "bright and very bright" flaring rate raised from 2014 Aug. 31. Thanks to 482ks of observations performed in 2015 with Chandra, XMM-Newton and Swift, we test the significance of this rise of flaring rate and determine the threshold of unabsorbed flare flux or fluence leading to any flaring-rate change. The mean unabsorbed fluxes of the 107 flares detected in the 1999-2015 observations are consistently computed from the extracted spectra and calibration files, assuming the same spectral parameters. We construct the observed flare fluxes and durations distribution for the XMM-Newton and Chandra flares and correct it from the detection biases to estimate the intrinsic distribution from which we determine the average flare detection efficiency for each observation. We apply the BB algorithm on the flare arrival times corrected from the corresponding efficiency. We confirm a constant overall flaring rate in 1999-2015 and a rise in the flaring rate for the most luminous/energetic flares from 2014 Aug. 31 (4 months after the passage of the DSO/G2 close to Sgr A*). We also identify a decay of the flaring rate for the less luminous and less energetic flares from 2013 Aug. and Nov., respectively (10 and 7 months before the pericenter of the DSO/G2). The decay of the faint flaring rate is difficult to explain by the tidal disruption of the DSO/G2, whose stellar nature is now well established, since it occurred well before its pericenter. Moreover, a mass transfer from the DSO/G2 to Sgr A* is not required to produce the rise in the bright flaring rate since the energy saved by the decay of the number of faint flares during a long time period may be later released by several bright flares during a shorter time period. (abridged)
Scattering and diffusion of a beam wave in randomly distributed scatterers

Diffusion theory is applied to the transmission of an optical beam through randomly distributed particles, and the theoretical calculations are compared with experimental data for an optical beam at 0.6 μm propagating through latex scatterers of sizes 0.109 and 2.02 μm. It is shown that, for particles small compared with the wavelength, the diffusion theory gives good agreement with experimental data; whereas for particles large compared with the wavelength, the diffusion theory is applicable when the optical depth is greater than about 20. For shorter optical depth, experimental results are also compared with the first-order scattering theory.
Electrostatic discharge sensitivity of giant magnetoresistive recording heads

In this article electrostatic discharge (ESD) damage to giant magnetoresistive (GMR) recording heads is studied for the first time. The ESD failure threshold was measured using an extremely short duration (1 ns) metal contact ESD transient. The failure energy required to melt the GMR recording head was 2.3 nJ, about half of the 5 nJ of energy needed to melt a conventional anisotropic magnetoresistive (AMR) head design. Scanning electron microscope scans of ESD damaged AMR and GMR heads show localized melting of the sensors. It is concluded that recording heads with GMR sensors, planned for use in the near future, will have significantly lower ESD failure thresholds than AMR recording heads in use today. Finally, scaling arguments show that an AMR head design with the same reduced cross-sectional area of the GMR head has a comparable ESD failure threshold.
Weak discontinuity waves in a relativistic mixture of two stiffened gas components

A simple interface-capturing approach is developed in order to deduce the relativistic fluid equations for a two-component mixture, using a stiffened gas equation of state. The two species are assumed to be at thermal equilibrium and the total pressure of the mixture is expressed in terms of the pressures of the two components by Dalton's law. Moreover, weak discontinuity waves compatible with such a fluid are examined.
A Probability Weighting Function for Cumulative Prospect Theory and Mean-Gini Approach to Optimal Portfolio Investment

This paper presents a new two-parameter probability weighting function for Tversky and Kahneman (1992) cumulative prospect theory as well as its special cases — Quiggin (1981) rank-dependent utility and Yaari (1987) dual model. The proposed probability weighting function can be inverse S-shaped (concave near probability zero and convex near probability one), S-shaped, globally convex and globally concave. Utility function of Yaari (1987) dual model with the proposed probability weighting function is a linear tradeoff between the lottery’s expected value (i.e. the first L-moment), Gini (1912) mean difference statistic (or the second L-moment, known as L-scale) and the third L-moment (measuring the lottery’s skewness). Two parameters of the proposed probability weighting function can be interpreted as a decision maker’s sensitivity to the dispersion and skewness of lottery’s outcomes. A decision maker who prefers positively skewed distributions (e.g., a small chance to win a highly desirable outcome) and dislikes negatively skewed distributions generally has an inverse S-shaped probability weighting function. This function crosses the 45° line at a probability smaller (greater) than 0.5 if a decision maker is also averse (attracted) to the dispersion of outcomes. Cumulative prospect theory with our proposed probability weighting function can rationalize the common ratio effect (i.e. a systematic fanning-out of indifference curves) in one type of common ratio problems as well as the reverse common ratio effect (i.e. a systematic fanning-in) — in another type of common ratio problems, in accordance with the recent experimental evidence.
Transient start-up dynamics and shear banding in aging soft glassy materials: Rate-controlled flow field

We study the transient start-up dynamics of a fluidity model which captures the rheological behavior of aging soft glassy materials, in a rectilinear shear flow upon application of step shear rate. We observe that when the steady state flow curve is non-monotonic the system shows transient and/or apparent steady state shear banding in close qualitative agreement with experimental observations. Due to a competetion between aging and rejuvenation during the start up, we show that there is an apparent steady state banding at large times even for shear rates such that the steady state flow curve allows for a homogeneous flow. Thus, for aging soft glassy materials, the shear rate for achieving homogeneous flow is not necessarily given by the steady-state flow curve. We also observe that the transient and apparent steady state shear banding behavior is not correlated to negative slope of the stress-strain dependence during the transient. This work also emphasizes that in order to have a realistic description of shear banding behavior in the aging (time dependent) soft glassy materials, consideration of inertia during the start-up dynamics is crucial.
On Probabilities of Rectangles in Multivariate Student Distributions: Their Dependence on Correlations

where X = (X1, *, Xj) is as before, while Si = (;P= 1 Z,)+, i = 1 '*, k, where ZV = (Z1l , Zkv), v = 1, *',p, is a random sample of p vectors, which are mutually independent and independent of X, and each of which has, in the simplest case, the same normal distribution as X. More generally, the Zv's have some normal distributions with mean values 0 and with some covariance matrices which need not coincide with that of X and even need not be identical. A certain proof of (2) was presented by A. Scott [6] but we shall give here a counterexample showing that, unfortunately, this proof is incorrect. However, if the correlations between Xi and Xj have the form A A p i (i, j =1,* , k; i 1j) where J<il 1 (i = 1, **,k) and where {pij} is any fixed correlation matrix, and if the correlations between Ziv and Zjv have the form Tzv Tjv (i, j = 1, * * *, k; i + j; v= 1 , p) where ITiv I< 1(i= I, ,k;v= 1,''. ,p), we shall prove here that the left-hand side probability in (2) is a non-decreasing function of each jfil and each ITivl; therefore, in this case of a special correlation structure, (2) is indeed true. The general validity of (2) still remains an open question.
RECONSTRUCTION AND IDENTIFICATION AND CONTROL METHOD OF FERRORESONANCE OVERVOLTAGE BASED ON VOLTAGE TIME SERIES

Ferroresonance overvoltage and over-current can be restrained using nonlinear dynamics. However, the ferroresonance simplified model, which cannot reflect the huge ferroresonance circuit in the grid precisely and cannot satisfy real-time analysis, is adopted in the traditional nonlinear control method. Owing to these shortcomings, the strategy of controlling ferroresonance overvoltage based on voltage time series is proposed. Based on the voltage time series analysis methods, the ferroresonance system is identified using the best embedding dimension and the best time delay obtained from the phase space reconstruction. Afterward, the feedback controller is designed based on the platform of the identified model. Results show that fundamental, subharmonic and chaotic ferroresonance overvoltage can all be controlled using the method presented in this paper even without the system parameters and the accurate system model. Therefore, the control strategy is generally more applicable.
Sample Size Issues for Cluster Randomized Trials With Discrete-Time Survival Endpoints

With cluster randomized trials complete groups of subjects are randomized to treatment conditions. An important question might be whether and when the subjects experience a particular event, such as smoking initiation or recovery from disease. In the social sciences the timing of such events is often measured in discrete time by using time intervals. At the planning phase of a cluster randomized trial one should decide on the number of clusters and cluster size such that parameters are estimated accurately and sufficient power on the test on treatment effect is achieved. On basis of a simulation study it is concluded that regression coefficients are estimated more accurately than the variance of the random cluster effect. In addition, it is shown that power increases with cluster size and number of clusters, and that a sufficient power cannot always be achieved by using larger cluster sizes at a fixed number of clusters.
Color screening and quark-quark interactions in finite temperature QCD

We analyze the screening of static diquark sources in 2-flavor QCD and compare results with the screening of static quark-antiquark pairs. We show that a two quark system in a fixed color representation is screened at short distances like a single quark source in the same color representation whereas at large distances the two quarks are screened independently. At high temperatures we observe that the relative strength of the interaction in diquark and quark-antiquark systems, respectively, obeys Casimir scaling. We use this result to examine the possible existence of heavy quark-quark bound states in the high temperature phase of QCD. We find support for the existence of $bb$ states up to about $2{T}_{c}$ while $cc$ states are unlikely to be formed above ${T}_{c}$.
The Galaxy–Halo Connection in High-redshift Universe: Details and Evolution of Stellar-to-halo Mass Ratios of Lyman Break Galaxies on CFHTLS Deep Fields

We present the results of clustering analyses of Lyman break galaxies (LBGs) at , 4, and 5 using the final data release of the Canada–France–Hawaii Telescope Legacy Survey (CFHTLS). Deep- and wide-field images of the CFHTLS Deep Survey enable us to obtain sufficiently accurate two-point angular correlation functions to apply a halo occupation distribution analysis. The mean halo masses, calculated as , increase with the stellar-mass limit of LBGs. The threshold halo mass to have a central galaxy, follows the same increasing trend as the low-z results, whereas the threshold halo mass to have a satellite galaxy, M1, shows higher values at than , over the entire stellar mass range. Satellite fractions of dropout galaxies, even at less massive halos, are found to drop sharply, from z = 2 down to less than 0.04, at . These results suggest that satellite galaxies form inefficiently within dark halos at , even for less massive satellites with . We compute stellar-to-halo mass ratios (SHMRs) assuming a main sequence of galaxies, which is found to provide SHMRs consistent with those derived from a spectral energy distribution fitting method. The observed SHMRs are in good agreement with model predictions based on the abundance-matching method, within confidence intervals. We derive observationally, for the first time, , which is the halo mass at a peak in the star-formation efficiency, at , and it shows a small increasing trend with cosmic time at . In addition, and its normalization are found to be almost unchanged during . Our study provides observational evidence that galaxy formation is ubiquitously most efficient near a halo mass of over cosmic time.
Simultaneous strain and temperature monitoring of the composite cure with a Brillouin-scattering-based distributed sensor

A Brillouin-scattering-based distributed sensing system has been used for in-situ strain measurement during the curing of AS4-3501 composite panels. It has a pulse length of 1.5 ns, which is equivalent to spatial resolution of 15 cm and read-out resolution of 5 cm. Distributed Brillouin scattering sensors have been used to monitor either tempera- ture or strain for concrete structures, dams, and fiber cables by NTT Transmission System Labs (Japan) and Ecole Polytechnique Federale de Lausanne (EPFL) groups with spatial resolutions . 1 m. We report the first application for a Brillouin scattering sensor in a composite curing process. The challenges for this application are the requirements of cen- timeter spatial resolution due to the small size of the composite material; simultaneous temperature and strain measurement during the fast tem- perature changing process of the curing, and short signal processing times. We present experimental results on strain measurements from optical fiber embedded in the eight-ply panels during the heat-up, iso- therm, and cool-down stages of the cure process. The materials studied are 177°C cure thermo-set materials used extensively in the manufac- ture of composite parts for the aerospace industry. The distributed sen- sor can detect the reaction advancement by measuring the cure shrink- age at the gelation and vitrification stages. Shrinkage is then correlated with the degree of cure data from a differential scanning calorimeter (DSC). The thermal response of the solidified composite during cooling is profiled. Details of the data processing of the Brillouin-scattering- based distributed sensor to obtain the strain variations as a function of cure temperature, time, and location are explained. © 2002 Society of Photo-
Restricted Boltzmann machines for the long range Ising models

We set up restricted Boltzmann machines (RBM) to reproduce the long range Ising (LRI) models of the Ohmic type in one dimension. The RBM parameters are tuned by using the standard machine learning procedure with an additional method of configuration with probability (CwP). The quality of resultant RBM is evaluated through the susceptibility with respect to the magnetic external field. We compare the results with those by block decimation renormalization group (BDRG) method, and our RBM clear the test with satisfactory precision.
Discovery and characterization of on-orbit degradation of the Visible Infrared Imaging Radiometer Suite (VIIRS) Rotating Telescope Assembly (RTA)

The Suomi National Polar-orbiting Partnership (NPP) satellite was launched on Oct. 28, 2011, and began the commissioning phase of several of its instruments shortly thereafter. One of these instruments, VIIRS, was found to exhibit a gradual but persistent decrease in the optical throughput of several bands, with the near-infrared bands being more affected than those in the visible. The rate of degradation quickly increased upon opening of the nadir door that permits the VIIRS telescope to view the earth. Simultaneously, a second instrument on NPP, the Solar Diffuser Stability Monitor (SDSM), was experiencing a similar decrease in response, leading the investigation team to suspect that the cause must be the result of some common contamination process. This paper will discuss a series of experiments that were performed to demonstrate that the VIIRS and SDSM response changes were due to separate causes, and which enabled the team to conclude that the VIIRS sensor degradation was the result of ultraviolet light exposure of the rotating telescope assembly. The root cause investigation of the telescope degradation will be addressed in a separate paper.
Discretising differential geometry via a new product on the space of chains

A discretisation of differential geometry using the Whitney forms of algebraic topology is consistently extended via the introduction of a pairing on the space of chains. This pairing of chains enables us to give a definition of the discrete interior product and thus provides a solution to a notorious puzzle in discretisation techniques. Further prescriptions are made to introduce metric data, as a discrete substitute for the continuum vielbein, or Cartan formulation. The original topological data of the de Rham complex is then recovered as a discrete version of the Pontryagin class, a sketch of a few examples of the technique is also provided. A map of discrete differential geometry into the non-commutative geometry of graphs is constructed which shows in a precise way the difference between them.
Charged current neutrino induced coherent pion production

We analyze the neutrino induced charged current coherent pion production at the energies of interest for recent experiments like K2K and MiniBooNE. Medium effects in the production mechanism and the distortion of the pion wave function, obtained solving the Klein Gordon equation with a microscopic optical potential, are included in the calculation. We find a strong reduction of the cross section due to these effects and also substantial modifications of the energy distributions of the final lepton and pion.
A fourth-order-accurate finite volume compact method for the incompressible Navier-Stokes solutions

Abstract This paper presents a finite volume fourth-order-accurate compact scheme for discretization of the incompressible Navier–Stokes equations in primitive variable formulation. The numerical method of integrating the Navier–Stokes equations comprises a compact finite volume formulation of the average convective and diffusive fluxes. The pressure–velocity coupling is achieved via the coupled solution of the resulting system of equations. The solution of the coupled set of equations is performed with an implicit Newton–Krylov matrix-free method for stationary problems. For simulation of unsteady flows, a standard fourth-order Runge–Kutta method was used for temporal discretization and the velocity–pressure coupling was ensured at each stage also using the matrix-free method. Several incompressible viscous steady and unsteady flow problems have been computed to assess the robustness and accuracy of the proposed method.
Percolation cluster statistics of 2D Lennard-Jones phases

The percolation cluster characteristics of 2D Lennard-Jones (LJ) fluid and solid phases have been determined by molecular dynamics computer simulation. The variation of the percolation threshold with temperature from the soft-core to hard-core limits is reported and interpreted in terms of changes in the short-range structure. The distribution of clusters is analysed using the cluster number distribution function, ns. Based in the small systems considered, the authors find that at the percolation threshold, the measured percolation exponent tau departs from the universal 2D value of 2.05, ranging from 1.6+or-0.1 in the soft-core limit to 2.0+or-0.05 in the hard-core limit. However, the fractal dimension of the clusters, Df, at the percolation threshold is indistinguishable from the 2D universal value of 1.9, having the range 1.9+or-0.1 for all state points considered. The same trends are observed in 3D LJ fluids. They examine the time dependence of the percolating clusters and show them to be ephemeral on a molecular timescale.
Some Algorithms for the Conditional Mean Vector and Covariance Matrix

We consider here the problem of computing the mean vector and covariance matrix for a conditional normal distribution, considering especially a sequence of problems where the conditioning variables are changing. The sweep operator provides one simple general approach that is easy to implement and update. A second, more goal-oriented general method avoids explicit computation of the vector and matrix, while enabling easy evaluation of the conditional density for likelihood computation or easy generation from the conditional distribution. The covariance structure that arises from the special case of an ARMA(p, q) time series can be exploited for substantial improvements in computational efficiency.