Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
The two-type continuum Richardson model: nondependence of the survival of both types on the initial configuration

We consider the model of Deijfen, Häggström and Bagley (2004) for competing growth of two infection types in R d , based on the Richardson model on Z d . Stochastic ball-shaped infection outbursts transmit the infection type of the center to all points of the ball that are not yet infected. Relevant parameters of the model are the initial infection configuration, the (type-dependent) growth rates, and the radius distribution of the infection outbursts. The main question is that of coexistence: Which values of the parameters allow the unbounded growth of both types with positive probability? Deijfen, Häggström and Bagley (2004) conjectured that the initial configuration is basically irrelevant for this question, and gave a proof for this under strong assumptions on the radius distribution, which, e.g. do not include the case of a deterministic radius. Here we give a proof that does not rely on these assumptions. One of the tools to be used is a slight generalization of the model with immune regions and delayed initial infection configurations.
Collapse of loose sand with the addition of fines: the role of particle shape

This paper describes a fundamental study to explore the role of particle shape in the shear behaviour of mixtures of sand and fine particles (fines) through macro-scale and grain-scale laboratory experiments together with interpretations in the framework of critical state soil mechanics and conceptual micromechanics models. Two non-plastic fines of distinct shape (angular crushed silica fines and rounded glass beads) were added to two uniform quartz sands (Toyoura sand and Fujian sand) to produce four binary mixtures. Laboratory quantification of particle shape and size was conducted for both fines and sands, and a series of undrained triaxial tests was performed to investigate the overall response of the mixed soils at different percentages of fines. One of the significant findings is that the critical state friction angle of a mixed soil is affected not only by the shape of coarse particles but also by the shape of fine particles, and this shape effect is coupled with fines content. When a small amount .
Solving Ambiguities in Indonesian Words by Morphological Analysis Using Minimum Connectivity Cost

The Indonesian language (Bahasa Indonesia) has a number of uncommon characteristics, such as a great amount of derivational affixes. There are so many combinations of affixes and stems in Bahasa Indonesia that ambiguities often arise. To record all words into a word dictionary is almost impossible because it will make the size of the word dictionary huge and processing time very long. We propose a method to analyze the morphology of Indonesian words by using part-of-speech (POS) tagged data, an affix rule table and minimum connectivity costs to solve the problems mentioned above. Experiments showed that our system achieved a good analysis result (more than 97% accuracy).
Coherence of Antarctic sea levels, Southern Hemisphere Annular Mode, and flow through Drake Passage

It is known from small sets of tide gauges that sub‐surface pressure (sea level corrected for the inverse barometer effect) around Antarctica varies coherently around about half of the continent, and that this coherent signal is related to atmospheric forcing in the form of the Antarctic Oscillation, or Southern Hemisphere Annular Mode. We here confirm that this coherence extends to a more extensive network of tide gauges, and to parts of the continental shelf far from the shore, as measured by bottom pressure gauges. We use time series from an eddy‐permitting ocean model with realistic forcing to relate the coherent mode to fluctuations in transport through Drake Passage, and confirm, using a 1° resolution barotropic model, that the fluctuations are predominantly due to barotropic dynamics, although baroclinic dynamics are expected to play an increasing role at interannual timescales.
Subsidence, accretion, and elevation trends in estuarine wetlands and relationships to salinity and sediment stratigraphy

Coastal wetlands are important ecosystems that provide many benefits and services including storm buffering, nutrient removal from coastal waters, carbon sequestration, and habitat for migratory birds and economically important fishes. Sea-level rise poses a threat to coastal wetlands through increased flooding and saltwater intrusion, which may stress vegetation communities and increase organic matter decomposition. Coastal wetlands must have soil surface elevations exceeding mean high water levels in order to avoid drowning. Soil elevation is an important response variable mediating many linked biological and physical processes in coastal wetlands, and it is a key variable in forecasting future wetland losses to sea-level rise. Chesapeake Bay marshes, subjected to sea-level rise that is double the eustatic (background) rate, may be vulnerable to loss by drowning. To determine whether Chesapeake Bay wetlands are subsiding, and to understand soil elevation dynamics, three related studies were undertaken. A study was conducted in a tributary of Chesapeake Bay, the Nanticoke River, to quantify elevation and accretion dynamics along an estuarine salinity gradient. Oligohaline wetlands were found to be subsiding at higher rates compared to mesohaline and tidal freshwater wetlands. To further understand subsidence trends, a second study was done to examine stratigraphic and geomorphic differences among the sites where subsidence was measured. Few clear relationships between subsidence and stratigraphy emerged, though subsidence followed a curvilinear pattern, peaking at intermediate values for organic matter, depth of site, and salinity, unique nature of mid-estuarine sites. Finally, an in situ field experiment was conducted examining the effects of saltwater intrusion on elevation and vegetation dynamics in a tidal freshwater wetland, given that tidal freshwater wetlands may be more susceptible than saline wetlands to loss because of saltwater intrusion associated with sea-level rise. Four years of salt addition treatments did not have significant effects on either elevation or vegetation, indicating resilience of tidal freshwater wetlands to saltwater intrusion. These studies as a whole shed light on the complicated sets of interacting factors affecting surface elevation and the necessity for localized assessments of coastal wetlands to determine vulnerability to sea-level rise.
Suppression of Harmonics in Microstrip Filters Using a Combination of Techniques

Existing and newly adapted techniques for suppressing harmonic responses in microstrip filters were combined. Stagger tuning using additional stubs to shift the resonances has been adapted to quarter-wave resonators and extended to the seventh-order spurious response. Suitable resonator overlap provided transmission zeroes to cancel spurious peaks. Coupling capacitor pads acting as shorting stubs have been developed. Spurious responses were suppressed to better than -33 dB, up to 6.3 GHz, in a measured filter with 1-GHz center frequency and 42% bandwidth. Suitably placed resistors have depressed the spurious level further to -50 dB up to 5.6 GHz, with only 0.07-dB extra passband loss.
Effects of turbulence on growth and metabolism of periphyton in a laboratory flume

Laboratory experiments were conducted to investigate the effect of fluid motion on the growth and metabolism of the freshwater periphyton Spirogyra and Stigeocloniom. The only growth‐limiting factor was the effect of fluid motion; all the other environmental conditions, such as light, temperature, and nutrients were not limiting growth. The growth rates of periphyton were measured in terms of the chlorophyll‐a concentration, and the metabolism was characterized by dissolved oxygen concentration measurements. The periphyton growth and corresponding photosynthetic rates were the lowest in a stagnant fluid. In a moving fluid the periphyton growth was mediated by the fluid flow conditions at the channel bottom. The results indicate critical conditions, corresponding to the detachment of periphyton in the channel bed. A functional dependence between the periphyton detachment and fluid flow conditions is proposed.
Carbon Dioxide and Nitrous Oxide Content in Soils under Corn and Soybean

Agricultural practices affect the production and emission of CO 2 and N 2 O from soil. The purpose of this 2-yr field study was to determine the effects of tillage (conventionally tilled [CT] and no-till [NT]) and fertilizer source (composted cattle manure and inorganic N-P-K fertilizer) on the CO 2 and N 2 O content in soil profiles under corn (Zea mays L.) and soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr. ]. The mean CO 2 and N 2 O gas contents (i.e., mass of gas per unit soil volume) in the soil profile were determined periodically during two field seasons by sampling the soil atmosphere using plastic tubes installed at three depths (10, 20, and 30 cm) within the crop row. The soil CO 2 content was greater in CT than NT soil and in manure-amended than inorganically fertilized plots during 1 yr of the study. The soil N 2 O content was not affected by tillage practices or fertilizer sources. A significant autocorrelation between sampling dates in both years suggested that the CO 2 and N 2 O contents in the soil profile were not erratic or random, but temporally dependent on site-specific factors. The peak CO 2 and N 2 O levels were measured within 50 d after seeding, probably because soil moisture conditions slowed diffusive gas flux but were favorable for microbial activity. Fluctuations in soil CO 2 and N 2 O contents were not related to the seasonal variation in soil temperature. At most sampling dates, there was a significant (P < 0.05) positive correlation between the CO 2 and N 2 O content in the soil profile, suggesting similarity in the rate of gas accumulation and diffusive flux for CO 2 and N 2 O in soils. The CO 2 and N 2 O content in the soil profile appeared to be controlled more by soil moisture than soil temperature or agricultural practices.
Investigating the Effects of Higher Spatial Resolution on Benthic Classification Accuracy at Midway Atoll

Abstract : Effective monitoring of coral reefs is important for ecological and economic reasons, and satellite remote sensing has been shown to be useful for mapping and monitoring these ecosystems. This thesis will compare 2 multispectral systems and investigate the effects of increased spatial resolution on benthic classifications in the highly heterogeneous coral reef environment of Midway Atoll. It will evaluate the utility of QuickBird's increased spatial resolution compared to IKONOS imagery in the same study area at multiple scales. Previous studies (e.g., Mumby and Edwards, 2002; Capolsini et al., 2003; Wang et al., 2004; Benefeild et al., 2007) comparing various satellite sensors suggest that greater spatial resolution should lead to more accurate classifications, but a direct comparison of QuickBird and IKONOS sensors has not been carried out in marine environments. Light interactions in marine environments are complex and add difficulty to spectral discrimination, producing more variable results in classification accuracy than in terrestrial environments. This research does not find any significant improvements in thematic mapping accuracy of benthic environment from QuickBird's higher spatial resolution satellite imagery. Additionally, a cost benefit analysis did not show a decisive advantage in choosing either imagery type for the application of monitoring the extent, biodiversity, and health of coral reef habitats.
${ \mmb{\eta } }^{3}$-Splines for the Smooth Path Generation of Wheeled Mobile Robots

The paper deals with the generation of smooth paths for the inversion-based motion control of wheeled mobile robots. A new path primitive, called eta3-spline, is proposed. It is a seventh order polynomial spline which permits the interpolation of an arbitrary sequence of points with associated arbitrary tangent directions, curvatures, and curvature derivatives, so that an overall G3-path is planned. A G3-path or path with third order geometric continuity has continuous tangent vector, curvature, and curvature derivative along the arc length. Adopting this planning scheme and a dynamic path inversion technique, the robot's command velocities are continuous with continuous accelerations. The new primitive depends on a vector (eta) of six parameters that can be used to finely shape the path. The eta3-spline can generate or approximate, in a unified framework, a variety of curve primitives such as circular arcs, clothoids, spirals, etc. The paper includes theoretical results, path planning examples, and a note on general etak-splines.
Nomenclature Based on Sand-silt-clay Ratios

ABSTRACT Following a canvassing of sedimentationists an attempt is made to standardize nomenclature of sediment types relative to sand, silt, and clay content. A triangle diagram with boundaries between types, which met with general approval, is submitted and compared with other systems which have been used for the purpose. The new system uses old well established names and has a simplicity and symmetry which make it easily remembered. The boundaries appear to be well located for description of sediments such as those that have been analyzed in large volume from the investigations of the northern Gulf of Mexico (API Project 51), but it is inadequate in describing well sorted sediments with median diameters near the boundaries of sand and silt or silt and clay. The nomenclature suggested applie only to sediment grade sizes so that other names should be used depending on other characteristics of the sediments. Furthermore, the nomenclature should not be applied to sediments containing large percentages of gravel.
The relationship between daily European precipitation and measures of atmospheric water vapour transport

In this study we investigate the relationship between daily European precipitation totals and different measures of atmospheric water vapour transport during both the winter and summer seasons. Using gridded gauge‐based precipitation estimates across Europe and the Modern‐Era Retrospective Analysis for Research and Applications (MERRA) reanalysis as the source of the water vapour transport, we examine what combination of predictor variables (related to wind and humidity at different levels and total column water) explains the most precipitation variability. Results show that stronger relationships occur in the winter than in the summer, and that the best linear models for explaining the daily rainfall variability contain the zonal and meridional water vapour transport components as predictors [e.g. winter precipitation in the European Alps (western Norway) has R2 values of about 0.5 (0.45)]. Precipitation regions most related to zonal and meridional moisture fluxes are also discussed. We also show that models requiring just three fields, namely the integrated water vapour, and the 850‐hPa zonal and meridional winds, are able to explain the precipitation variability in Europe well. Given the computational and initial storage requirements in calculating water vapour transport integrated over the atmospheric column (in particular for climate change projections), it would be possible to use these three fields in assessments of future water vapour fluxes over Europe, in turn allowing inferences to be made on future rainfall and flood events.
Surface melting on Antarctic Peninsula ice shelves detected by passive microwave sensors

A 13 year time series of spaceborne passive microwave radiance measurements over the Antarctic Peninsula ice shelves, reveals a systematic increase in the duration of the summer melt season. Combined with data from meteorological stations on the Antarctic Peninsula, the annual motion and long-term trends of the 0°C isotherm can be monitored.
Normalized Shear Modulus and Material Damping Ratio Relationships

Predictive equations for estimating normalized shear modulus and material damping ratio of Quaternary, Tertiary and older, and residual/saprolite soils are presented in this paper. The equations are based on a modified hyperbolic model and a statistical analysis of existing Resonant Column and Torsional Shear test results for 122 specimens obtained from South Carolina, North Carolina, and Alabama. Variables used in the equations for normalized shear modulus are: shear-strain amplitude, confining stress, and plasticity index (PI). The equations for damping ratio are expressed in terms of a polynomial function of normalized shear modulus plus a minimum damping ratio. It is found that the Quaternary soils exhibit more linearity than soils of the other two groups. Also, it is found that the effect of PI on dynamic soil behavior is not as significant as previously thought. Data from all three groups exhibit significant variations with confining stress, similar to the variations determined by Stokoe et al. The uncertainties associated with the equations for PI of 0 and mean effective confining stress of 100 kPa are quantified using the point estimate method. A case study from Charleston, S.C. is provided to illustrate an application of the equations to seismic response analysis and the importance of considering confining stress and geologic age.
Circulation changes in the Faeroe-Shetland Channel correlating with cold events during the last glacial period (58–10 ka)

A core from the margin of the Faeroe-Shetland Channel covering the last glacial period (58–10 ka) reveals a very detailed record of oscillations in benthic and planktic foraminifera, oxygen isotopes, and ice-rafted detritus. The oscillations correlate almost exactly with the Dansgaard-Oeschger cycles in the Greenland ice cores, including similar subdivision of the cycles into warmer interstadial and colder stadial sections. The remarkably close agreement between the benthic faunas and their δ 18 O data and the record of the ice cores provides new empirical evidence for a close relationship between the deep-ocean circulation and the abrupt climatic changes of the last glacial period.
The bryozoan genera Lyropora and Lyroporidra (order Fenestrida, family Polyporidae) in Upper Mississippian (Chesterian) rocks of eastern North America. American Museum novitates ; no. 3111

Upper Mississippian lyre-shaped fenestrate bryozoans previously have been subdivided into nine species and four genera. Cluster and canonical discriminant analyses suggest only three species, and phylogenetic analysis using all characters including branch robustness indicates two independently evolved genera, whereas elimination ofbranch robustness indicates a single clade for the three lyreshaped species. These taxa are here redescribed based on original type specimens, other museum holdings, and newly collected material. Clarification of problems of priority of assignment of type species, along with recognition of 2 genera, yields valid genera of Lyropora Hall, 1857 (type species Fenestella (Lyropora) quincuncialis Hall, 1857) and Lyroporidra Simpson, 1897 (type species Fenestella (Lyropora) subquadrans Hall, 1857). Lyre-shaped colonies lay free on the sea floor after dislodgement from the substratum to which they had been attached as young erect colonies. They grew in areas swept by moderately vigorous currents and in which bioclastic fenestrate-pelmatozoan packstones were most commonly deposited. Local admixtures of fine quartz sand, geometry of the enclosing beds, sedimentary structures, and functional analysis of the lyreshaped colonies suggest persistent unidirectional currents. Lyropora quincuncialis is most abundant at the Glen Dean level of the Chesterian, although it ranges both above and below the Glen Dean horizon in eastem North America where appropriate environments developed. Lyroporidra spinifera occurs in pre-Glen Dean Chesterian rocks and is 1 Research Associate, Department of Invertebrates, American Museum of Natural History; Professor of Geology, Department of Geology, Appalachian State University, Boone, NC 28608, U.S.A. Copyright ©3 American Museum of Natural History 1994 ISSN 0003-0082 / Price $3.50 AMERICAN MUSEUM NOVITATES known with certainty only from southern Illinois and western Kentucky. Lyroporidra subquadrans occurs in Glen Dean and slightly younger deposits and has approximately the same geographic distribution as L. quincuncialis.
Performance enhancement of XCP for high bandwidth-delay product networks

It has been demonstrated that as the per-flow product of bandwidth delay increases, TCP becomes inefficient and unstable, regardless of the queuing discipline. By decoupling utilization control from fairness control, the explicit control protocol (XCP) outperforms TCP in both conventional and high bandwidth-delay environments. In this article, we present an efficient flow control scheme based on XCP for high bandwidth-delay product networks. It can shorten the response time and improve the performance of XCP. Simulation results show the effectiveness of our proposed scheme in several performance aspects. Moreover, its implementation is simple enough to fulfill the required criteria of high bandwidth-delay product networks
Enhanced Dual-Active Bridge Converter with Inherent Bipolar Operation Capability for LVDC Distribution Systems

Low-voltage direct-current (LVDC) distribution is an efficient way to accommodate high penetration of distributed energy generations, energy storage systems, and electronic loads in the distribution systems. This paper presents a topology of dual-active bridge (DAB) converter for bipolar LVDC distribution systems. By employing a dedicated winding connection in the ac-link transformer, the operation of two dc poles on the input side can be fully decoupled. Hence, the DAB can provide the full bipolar-operation capability without using additional active or passive components. In case one pole of the bipolar LVDC distribution is failed due to, e.g., wire disconnection, the dc-link input current of the faulty pole on the input side of the DAB converter can be transferred to the healthy pole immediately, and sustain the power supply to the output side. The validity of the topology and the control proposed in this work is verified by both simulations and experimental results.
The Cenozoic uplift and earthquake belt of mainland Britain as a response to an underlying hot, low-density upper mantle

A belt of hot, low-density uppermost mantle underlying mainland Britain down to at least 200 km depth, revealed by seismic tomography, may be the prime cause of the Cenozoic uplift and exhumation. We use finite-element modelling to demonstrate how isostatic uplift can occur in response to such a low-density hotspot beneath continental crust. To explain the narrow width of the uplift of northern Britain, the lower crust must be ductile (power-law rheology assumed) and the asymmetrical uplift may be bounded at least on the west side by a pre-existing fault or faults of appropriate polarity. Faulting has probably been reverse under NW–SE regional compression since the onset of the Cenozoic. With the assistance of continuing denudation, inferred gross Cenozoic exhumation of up to 3000 m can be explained. British earthquakes concentrate along a similar north–south belt, with the strongest events in the west. We suggest that the earthquakes result from the continuing tectonics associated with the hot upper mantle, the uplift it causes, and the weakened crust. The underlying low-density region gives rise to tensional loading stress in all directions and bending stresses are associated with the upper-crustal flexuring accompanying uplift. These large stresses supplement NW–SE regional compression. Available earthquake mechanisms are approximately consistent with this stress environment.