Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
EOF analysis of upper ocean heat content, 1956–2003

We present results of an EOF analyses of yearly (1956–2003), global ocean heat content fields (0–700 m layer) on a one‐degree, latitude‐longitude grid. The observed global ocean heat content integral is well‐reproduced by reconstructing this quantity using the first four EOFs. Results of an independent Fourier analysis of these same heat content fields show that the global heat content integral can be accounted for by phenomena with decadal and longer time‐scales. The temporal variability of the global integral of 0–700 m ocean heat content is due to gyre and basin‐scale spatial variability on decadal time‐scales. The strong interdecadal variability observed in the ocean heat content record is associated with the reversal of polarity of the PDO.
An improved analytical solution for interface upconing around a well

Interface models of two‐phase flow to a well usually apply vertical equilibrium assumptions to capture the vertical pressure variation in the two fluids. When large gradients in interface height occur, this leads to poor approximations. To deal with large‐gradient interfaces, a variety of correction factors have been proposed on the basis of single‐phase flow analogies. Herein we propose to include the effects of vertical flow directly through a nonlinear vertical pressure variation. This more complex formulation captures significantly more of the flow dynamics in the near‐well region.
HUMPBACK SHRIMP BIOLOGY IN A CENTRAL COAST INLET, BRITISH COLUMBIA, CANADA

Abstract A population of humpback shrimp inhabiting Drury Inlet, British Columbia, was surveyed in November 2001 and March 2002 with trawl and trap fishing gear. Trawl catches were more representative of the shrimp population than trap catches in terms of age-structure and sex-stage proportions. Shrimp, as much as 81.4 tons, lived on a variety of benthic habitats, including deeper trawlable muddy and shallower untrawlable rocky areas. The shrimp population was comprised mainly of small age 1 shrimp (58% to 66%); the proportion that would be targeted by commercial fishers (i.e., larger older shrimp) was small (3% to 8%). Individual shrimp in the Drury Inlet population were generally smaller than shrimp reported from other areas of the BC coast. Females had not released their eggs in mid November and most (75%) were egg-bearing in mid March. Many more shrimp were in the transitional stage in March (24.9%) compared with November (0.4%). Shrimp numbers declined in trap catches at depths greater than 60 m. In trawlable areas, shrimp were abundant at depths 31 to 40 m and in rocky areas between 21 and 40 m. Egg-bearing females tended to be shallower in March just prior to egg hatch compared with when they were not carrying eggs in November. Males were collected from a broad depth range (11 to 80 m). Shrimp in the transitional stage were collected between 11 and 70 m, with more individuals being collected in shallower areas (11 to 20 m). The natural mortality rate of the population was high (mean M = 2.0). Mean fecundity was 905 ± 377 eggs per individual. We used a curvilinear model to describe the relationship between female size and fecundity. Shrimp with microsporidia infections were found in low prevalence (0.24%) in the sampled population. Humpback shrimp may experience competition for food resources from spiny pink shrimp, prawns, crangons, and eualids. Herring and shiner perch may prey on larval shrimp. Other species that may prey on juvenile and adult shrimp include eelpouts, english sole, sand sole, pricklebacks, giant wrymouths, staghorn sculpins, great sculpins, red rock crabs, and graceful crabs.
Natural variability of aerosol inherent optical properties: consequences for atmospheric correction over water

A good knowledge of the inherent optical properties (IOPs) of aerosols is a strong requirement for accurately performing atmospheric correction over the ocean. For several decades, IOPs have been computed using standard aerosol models (SAMs) that characterize the micro-physical properties of aerosols. These SAMs were used in the last generation of the Medium Resolution Imaging Spectrometer (MERIS) auxiliary data files (ADFs) to feed the atmospheric correction algorithm. Alternatively, Aerosol Robotic Network (AERONET) measurements can also provide IOPs. We built a database with the aerosol IOPs encountered over four AERONET stations in the North Sea plus one at the Acqua Alta Oceanographic Tower (AAOT, Venice, Italy). Several thousands of data sequences containing the aerosol IOPs were processed with filtering techniques and statistical methods to produce 16 classes of IOPs. An analysis of the dispersion of the IOPs within each class was conducted to evaluate the induced errors in the MERIS level-2 (L2) products in European coastal waters. We also investigated the reduction in the errors that can be achieved if there is access to auxiliary meteorological data (i.e. the relative humidity) or by using the bidirectionality in the satellite measurements, such as for advanced along-track scanning radiometer (AATSR) data.
Effect of Noise Produced by Auto Drivers in India on Different Seasons

This paper identifies the hazardous effects due to noise produced by auto rickshaws exposure in environment, which are related to the hearing system. It produces professional or even permanent deafness. Different noise exposure by the drivers of auto rickshaws in Kolkata city of India in the vehicle at running conditions has been studied in this work. Equivalent noise exposures of the drivers at work and in-auto noise are evaluated using a precision dosimeter in different areas in the summer, the winter and the rainy seasons. This noise has a very important influence on driver’s health and well-being. It is necessary to assess the noise exposure and to develop techniques for studying in various times with preventive solutions. Data have been taken in different routes in south Kolkata, India from morning to evening and the noise dose has been analyzed. The A-weighted values of L eq , L 10 , L 90 , TWA (Time weighted Average) and TNI (Traffic Noise Index) and Lnp (Equivalent Noise Pollution) have been determined. Detailed analysis regarding noise dose with different parameters are studied.
Procesos de transformación y neoformación de esmectitas en los materiales volcanoclásticos de la Isla de La Palma (Canarias)

Clay minerals from the volcaniclastic deposits of the three different sedimentary settings (paleosols continental lacustrine and transitional fan delta) have been studied by X-ray, MEB y TEM. The clay fraction of Ihis sediments consist largely of smectite (saponite) with minor irregular chlorile-smectite mixed layers and illite: they occur as replacement of ferromagnesian minerals, plagioclase microlites and glass matrix of the volcarenite and they are inferred to be direct diagenetic alteration products of volcanic components.
Potential risk resulting from the influence of static magnetic field upon living organisms. Numerically-simulated effects of the static magnetic field upon carbohydrates

Background: Recognising effects of static magnetic field (SMF) of varying flux density on flora and fauna is attempted. For this purpose, the influence of SMF upon molecules of α- and β-D-glucose, α- and β-D-galactose, α- and β-fructopyranoses, α- and β-fructofuranoses and α- and β-D-xylofuranoses and α and β-D-xylopyranoses is studied. Methods: Computations of the effect of static magnetic field (SMF) of 0.0, 0.1, 1, 10 and 100 AFU (1 AFU > 1000 T) flux density were performed in silico for SMF changes distribution of the electron density in these molecules. Hyper-Chem 8.0 software was used together with the AM1 method for optimisation of the conformation of the molecules of monosaccharides under study. Then polarisability, charge distribution, potential and dipole moment for molecules placed in SMF were calculated involving DFT 3-21G method. Results: Application of SMF induced polarisability of electrons, atoms and dipoles, the latter resulting in eventual re-orientation of the molecules along the applied field of the molecules and the electron density redistribution at particular atoms. Increase in the field strength generated mostly irregular changes of the electron densities at particular atoms of the molecules as well as polarisabilities. Energy of these molecules and their dipole moments also varied with the SMF flux density applied. Conclusions: Saccharides present in the living organisms may participate in the response of the living organisms to SMF affecting metabolism of the molecules in the body fluids by fitting molecules to the enzymes. Structural changes of saccharide components of the cell membranes can influence the membrane permeability.
Economic Modelling of Climate Impacts: a Partial Review

This paper reviews the economic modelling of climate change impacts, using integrated assessment models (IAMs). IAMs consider the most relevant interactions and feedback mechanisms of the human-climate system and integrate various relevant academic disciplines, ranging from climate modeling to economics. Our paper distinguishes two approaches: First, the reduced-form approach considers the direct link between climate change and economic impacts. That approach is highly aggregated or top-down as it does not consider in detail the cause-effect mechanisms between climate change and specific impacts. Second, the bottom-up approach models the specific framework and channels between climate change and its impacts on a specific area. Finally, the paper discusses ways to further improve the bottom-up methodology.
The Evolutionary History of Plasmodium vivax as Inferred from Mitochondrial Genomes: Parasite Genetic Diversity in the Americas

Plasmodium vivax is the most prevalent human malaria parasite in the Americas. Previous studies have contrasted the genetic diversity of parasite populations in the Americas with those in Asia and Oceania, concluding that New World populations exhibit low genetic diversity consistent with a recent introduction. Here we used an expanded sample of complete mitochondrial genome sequences to investigate the diversity of P. vivax in the Americas as well as in other continental populations. We show that the diversity of P. vivax in the Americas is comparable to that in Asia and Oceania, and we identify several divergent clades circulating in South America that may have resulted from independent introductions. In particular, we show that several haplotypes sampled in Venezuela and northeastern Brazil belong to a clade that diverged from the other P. vivax lineages at least 30,000 years ago, albeit not necessarily in the Americas. We propose that, unlike in Asia where human migration increases local genetic diversity, the combined effects of the geographical structure and the low incidence of vivax malaria in the Americas has resulted in patterns of low local but high regional genetic diversity. This could explain previous views that P. vivax in the Americas has low genetic diversity because these were based on studies carried out in limited areas. Further elucidation of the complex geographical pattern of P. vivax variation will be important both for diversity assessments of genes encoding candidate vaccine antigens and in the formulation of control and surveillance measures aimed at malaria elimination.
Stochastic modeling of salt accumulation in the root zone due to capillary flux from brackish groundwater

Groundwater can be a source of both water and salts in semiarid areas, and therefore, capillary pressure–induced upward water flow may cause root zone salinization. To identify which conditions result in hazardous salt concentrations in the root zone, we combined the mass balance equations for salt and water, further assuming a Poisson‐distributed daily rainfall and brackish groundwater quality. For the water fluxes (leaching, capillary upflow, and evapotranspiration), we account for osmotic effects of the dissolved salt mass using Van‘t Hoff's law. Root zone salinity depends on salt transport via capillary flux and on evapotranspiration, which concentrates salt in the root zone. Both a wet climate and shallow groundwater lead to wetter root zone conditions, which in combination with periodic rainfall enhances salt removal by leaching. For wet climates, root zone salinity (concentrations) increases as groundwater is more shallow (larger groundwater influence). For dry climates, salinity increases as groundwater is deeper because of a drier root zone and less leaching. For intermediate climates, opposing effects can push the salt balance either way. Root zone salinity increases almost linearly with groundwater salinity. With a simple analytical approximation, maximum concentrations can be related to the mean capillary flow rate, leaching rate, water saturation, and groundwater salinity for different soils, climates, and groundwater depths.
Development of infiltration factors for the estimation of urban separate wastewater flow in the Gippsland water catchment

The estimation of wastewater flows is a fundamental requirement in the design of successful wastewater systems. The sizes and capacities of all major components are dependant on the predicted amount of wastewater flow that will originate from the contributory areas within the proposed catchment. The reliability of flow estimates depends on the accuracy of many assumptions. These include the future water demand and resultant wastewater production, population growth or decline, population density variations, socioeconomic changes, land use changes, and the maintenance of the wastewater system infrastructure. It is essential that the wastewater system has adequate capacity for peak wet weather flow, but can also function satisfactorily at minimum flows without operational problems (Great Lakes Upper Mississippi River Board of State Sanitary Engineers 1978, p. 12). The Colombo formulae (1) and (2), is a theoretically derived formula used to predict peak wet weather flow in separate wastewater systems. This formula has been by Melbourne Metropolitan Board of Works and Sydney Metropolitan Board of Works since the late 1960s (Coulsen, J 2004, pers. comm., 15 June), and is currently used at Gippsland Water. -- Complete abstract not reproduced here: see main document for complete abstract.
From Planck to Ramanujan: a Quantum 1/f Noise in Thermal Equilibrium

We describe a new model of massless thermal bosons which predicts an hyperbolic ﬂuctuation spectrum at low frequencies. It is found that the partition function per mode is the Euler generating function for unrestricted partitions p ( n ). Thermodynamical quantities carry a strong arithmetical structure: they are given by series with Fourier coeﬃcients equal to summatory functions σ k ( n ) of the power of divisors, with k = − 1 for the free energy, k = 0 for the number of particles and k = 1 for the internal energy. Low frequency contributions are calculated using Mellin transform methods. In particular the internal energy per mode diverges as ˜ EkT = π 2 6 x with x = hνkT in contrast to the Planck energy ˜ E = kT . The theory is applied to calculate corrections in black body radiation and in the Debye solid. Fractional energy ﬂuctuations are found to show a 1 /ν power spectrum in the low frequency range. A satisfactory model of frequency ﬂuctuations in a quartz crystal resonator follows. A sketch of the whole Ramanujan–Rademacher theory of partitions is reminded as well.
Acoustic Modeling of Speaking Styles and Emotional Expressions in HMM-Based Speech Synthesis

This paper describes the modeling of various emotional expressions and speaking styles in synthetic speech using HMM-based speech synthesis. We show two methods for modeling speaking styles and emotional expressions. In the first method called style-dependent modeling, each speaking style and emotional expression is modeled individually. In the second one called style-mixed modeling, each speaking style and emotional expression is treated as one of contexts as well as phonetic, prosodic, and linguistic features, and all speaking styles and emotional expressions are modeled simultaneously by using a single acoustic model. We chose four styles of read speech --- neutral, rough, joyful, and sad --- and compared the above two modeling methods using these styles. The results of subjective evaluation tests show that both modeling methods have almost the same accuracy, and that it is possible to synthesize speech with the speaking style and emotional expression similar to those of the target speech. In a test of classification of styles in synthesized speech, more than 80% of speech samples generated using both the models were judged to be similar to the target styles. We also show that the style-mixed modeling method gives fewer output and duration distributions than the styledependent modeling method.
Acoustic Modeling of Speaking Styles and Emotional Expressions in HMM-Based Speech Synthesis

This paper describes the modeling of various emotional expressions and speaking styles in synthetic speech using HMM-based speech synthesis. We show two methods for modeling speaking styles and emotional expressions. In the first method called style-dependent modeling, each speaking style and emotional expression is modeled individually. In the second one called style-mixed modeling, each speaking style and emotional expression is treated as one of contexts as well as phonetic, prosodic, and linguistic features, and all speaking styles and emotional expressions are modeled simultaneously by using a single acoustic model. We chose four styles of read speech — neutral, rough, joyful, and sad — and compared the above two modeling methods using these styles. The results of subjective evaluation tests show that both modeling methods have almost the same accuracy, and that it is possible to synthesize speech with the speaking style and emotional expression similar to those of the target speech. In a test of classification of styles in synthesized speech, more than 80% of speech samples generated using both the models were judged to be similar to the target styles. We also show that the style-mixed modeling method gives fewer output and duration distributions than the styledependent modeling method. key words: HMM-based speech synthesis, expressive speech synthesis, speaking style, emotional expression, acoustic modeling, decision tree
Multiple Regression of Log Spectra for In-Car Speech Recognition Using Multiple Distributed Microphones

This paper describes a new multi-channel method of noisy speech recognition, which estimates the log spectrum of speech at a closetalking microphone based on the multiple regression of the log spectra (MRLS) of noisy signals captured by distributed microphones. The advantages of the proposed method are as follows: 1) The method does not require a sensitive geometric layout, calibration of the sensors nor additional pre-processing for tracking the speech source; 2) System works in very small computation amounts; and 3) Regression weights can be statistically optimized over the given training data. Once the optimal regression weights are obtained by regression learning, they can be utilized to generate the estimated log spectrum in the recognition phase, where the speech of close-talking is no longer required. The performance of the proposed method is illustrated by speech recognition of real in-car dialogue data. In comparison to the nearest distant microphone and multi-microphone adaptive beamformer, the proposed approach obtains relative word error rate (WER) reductions of 9.8% and 3.6%, respectively.
EPmantle: a 3-D transversely isotropic model of the upper mantle under the European Plate

SUMMARY We present a new 3-D transversely isotropic shear wave velocity model of the European and Mediterraneanuppermantleobtainedbyanalysisofsurfacewaves.Datausedarefundamentalmode Rayleigh and Love group velocity measurements in the period range 35–170 s, taken on seismograms recorded by European stations for regional earthquakes. The tomographic inversion to map the 3-D earth structure is split into two steps. First, we regionalize the group velocity dispersion measurements, obtaining distinct geographical group velocity maps at different periods; then, each local dispersion curve is inverted separately to find the shear wave velocity structure at depth. The inversion benefits from using ap rioriinformation from a 3-D global mantle model (S20RTS) and a new detailed European crustal model (EPcrust) to constrain the shallower layers. The inversion scheme follows a non-linear iterative algorithm by which Rayleigh and Love group slowness are inverted simultaneously for the best-fitting isotropic Voigt shear wave speed ( 2 vSV + 1 vSH) and radial anisotropy parameter (vSH − vSV). Final merging of the vS profiles results in a new higher resolution 3-D model of European upper mantle. We find that Western Europe and Mediterranean Sea are mainly characterized by relatively low velocities, strongly contrasting with the fast roots of the Eastern European Craton. Many regional scale structures are also evident in the model, thus providing insights into the complex geodynamic framework of the European continent. Most prominent are the low-velocity West Mediterranean spreading basins and European Cenozoic rift system, and seismically fast features connected to subduction of Adria microplate, Hellenic Arc and Calabrian Arc. Radial anisotropy does not vary very significantly with respect to the PREM profile, as available data only resolve lateral variations to a limited degree due to trade-off with velocity. EPmantle has the potential to provide a reliable seismological reference for the upper-mantle structure in the broad European region.
Decreasing US aridity in a warming climate

The mean North American and world climates have warmed since the 19th century following the anthropogenic emission of large quantities of greenhouse gases. It has been suggested that this warming may increase the frequency or severity of droughts. We define a quantitative and objective aridity index that describes the precipitation forcing function of drought. Using the extensive historical database of precipitation records, we evaluate changes in the aridity in the 48 contiguous United States. The area‐averaged mean fractional rate of change of aridity of 1218 sites in the period 1893–2013 was (−6.6 ± 0.4) × 10− 4 per year; the 48 contiguous United States became less arid. The rate of decrease of aridity was roughly consistent with expectations from the Clausius–Clapeyron relation and the rate of warming. The fractional rate of change of aridity was nearly uncorrelated with the aridity itself, but there were regional differences: many Western and coastal Southeastern sites showed increasing aridity, but regions of rapidly decreasing aridity were found in a band 85∘–100∘W and the Northeast.