Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Relative and absolute sea level rise in western Canada and northwestern United States from a combined tide gauge‐GPS analysis

[1] Empirical studies and climate models suggest large variations of absolute sea level (ASL) changes between oceanic basins. Such potential variations raise concern on the applicability of global mean ASL predictions to specific regions and on estimates of relative sea level (RSL) hazards. We address this issue for the western Canada and northwestern United States coastline by estimating the 20th century ASL rate using a combination of 34 colocated tide gauge and Global Positioning System (GPS) stations. The tide gauge data are quality controlled and corrected for spatially and temporally correlated sea level transients in order to derive robust RSL trends and standard errors. Reference frame and other GPS-specific issues are considered as part of the error budget in absolute GPS vertical velocities. Our combined tide gauge-GPS analysis, aligned to the International Terrestrial Reference Frame 2000, indicates a northeast Pacific ASL rise of 1.8 ± 0.2 mm/a through the 20th century, which is similar to accepted rates for the global eustatic mean. For the period 1993–2003, we find a regional ASL rate of −4.4 ± 0.5 mm/a consistent with satellite altimetry. On the basis of the Intergovernment Panel on Climate Change Assessment Report 4 mean scenario and our assessment of coastal motions from GPS and tide gauge data, we derive a map of predicted 21st century RSL rise in western Canada and the northwestern United States. Variations in coastal uplift strongly affect spatial RSL patterns. Subsidence of southern Puget Sound may significantly increase RSL rise in the Seattle-Tacoma metropolitan area. Conversely, tectonic uplift along parts of the outer west coast may reduce future RSL rise by up to 50–100%.
Seasonal Circulation on the Western and Central Scotian Shelf

Abstract A realistic representation of 3D seasonal circulation and hydrography on the western and central Scotian Shelf has been obtained from historical observations and a combination of diagnostic and prognostic numerical models with forcing by tides, wind stress, and baroclinic and barotropic pressure gradients. The major current features—the southwestward Nova Scotian and shelf-edge currents, and partial gyres around Browns and Sable Island Banks—are found to persist year-round but with significant seasonal changes. Comparison with current meter observations shows good agreement for the Browns Bank, southwest Nova Scotia, and inner-shelf regions, and poorer agreement in the Sable Island Bank and shelf-edge regions where current and density observations are sparser and tidal influences weaker. There is significant spatial structure in the seasonal circulation and hydrography, and in the underlying dynamical processes. On the shelf scale there are substantial changes in stratification, potential energy,.
Classical logic and the problem of uncertainty

Abstract The uncertainty of knowledge, in contrast to that of data, can be assessed by its probability in the logical sense. The logical concept of probability has been developed since the 1930s but, to date, no complete and accepted framework has been found. This paper approaches this problem from the point of view of logical entailment and natural sequential calculus of Classical logic. It is shown herein that probability can be comprehended in terms of a set of formal theories built in similar language. This measure is compliant with general understanding of probability, can be both conditional and unconditional, accounts for learning new evidence and complements Bayes’ rule. The approach suggested is practically infeasible at present and requires further theoretical research in the domain of geoscience. Nevertheless, even within the framework of existing methods of expert judgement processing, there is a way of implementing logic that will improve the quality of judgements. Also, to reach the state of formalization necessary to use logical probability, techniques of knowledge engineering are required; this paper explains how logical probabilistic methods relate to such techniques, and shows that the perfect formalization of a domain of knowledge requires them. Hence, the lines for future research should be: (1) the development of a strategy of co-application of existing expert judgement-processing techniques, knowledge engineering and classical logic; and (2) further research into logic enabling the development of formal languages and theories in geoscience.
Using compressive measurement to obtain images at ultra low-light-level

In this paper, a compressive imaging architecture is used for ultra low-light-level imaging. In such a system, features, instead of object pixels, are imaged onto a photocathode, and then magnified by an image intensifier. By doing so, system measurement SNR is increased significantly. Therefore, the new system can image objects at ultra low-ligh-level, while a conventional system has difficulty. PCA projection is used to collect feature measurements in this work. Linear Wiener operator and nonlinear method based on FoE model are used to reconstruct objects. Root mean square error (RMSE) is used to quantify system reconstruction quality.
Emission of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons and Particulate Matter from Domestic Combustion of Selected Fuels

Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) and particulate matter (PM) emission were monitored for three common fuel-stove systems in Southeast Asia, namely, Eucalyptus wood sticks open burning, charcoal stove, and coal briquette stove. Smoke samples were taken isokinetically from the flue pipe of a hood and analyzed for PAH using HPLC/FLD and UV. Wood fuel burning produced the highest emission of 18 PAH and 11 genotoxic PAH in terms of the emission factor on energy basis (mg/MJ), emission rate, and pollutant concentration in smoke, while the charcoal produced the least. On a fuel-weight basis, wood fuel produced almost the same emission factor of the total of 18 PAH (110 mg/kg) as coal briquettes but twice as much as genotoxic PAH, 13.4 vs 6.5 mg/kg. The wood fuel high burning rate, however, resulted in the highest total 18 PAH emission rate (208 mg/h) and concentration (957 μg/m3), leading to a high exposure to toxic pollutants. The PM emission factor in milligrams per kilogram of fuel was 51, 36, and 7 for.
MODELING OF LEVEE EROSION UNDER IRREGULAR WAVES

A levee erosion model is developed to predict the temporal and cross-shore variations of vertical erosion depth under irregular wave action. The product of the erosion rate and the turf resistance force is related to the wave energy dissipation rates due to wave breaking and bottom friction. The turf resistance force is expressed using the turf thickness and the surface and underneath resistance parameters. The empirical parameters are calibrated using available data. The calibrated model has been shown to reproduce the relation between the limiting velocity and steady flow duration, the erosion rate on a seaward grassed slope, and the eroded profile evolution of a seaward clay slope. The levee erosion model is also compared with field tests for erosion on the landward slope caused by wave overtopping. It is found to be difficult to reproduce the observed erosion initiation and progression because of the wide variations of the grass cover and clay resistance. The turf resistance parameters will need to be calibrated for specific levees.
Data-Driven Identification of Nonlinear Power System Dynamics Using Output-Only Measurements

In this paper, we propose a novel approach for the data-driven characterization of power system dynamics. The developed method of Extended Subspace Identification (ESI) is suitable for systems with output measurements when all the dynamics states are not observable. It is particularly applicable for power systems dynamic identification using Phasor Measurement Units (PMUs) measurements. As in the case of power systems, it is often expensive or impossible to measure all the internal dynamic states of system components such as generators, controllers and loads. PMU measurements capture voltages, currents, power injection and frequencies, which can be considered as the outputs of system dynamics. The ESI method is suitable for system identification, capturing nonlinear modes, computing participation factor of output measurements in system modes and identifying system parameters such as system inertia. The proposed method is suitable for measurements with a noise similar to realistic system measurements. The developed method addresses some of the known deficiencies of existing data-driven dynamic system characterization methods. The approach is validated for multiple network models and dynamic event scenarios with synthetic PMU measurements.
Mass transport: 1. A stochastic analysis of macroscopic dispersion

Conventional modeling of mass transport in groundwater systems usually involves use of the dispersion-convection equation with large values of porous medium dispersivity to account for macroscopic dispersion. This work describes a modeling concept which accounts for macroscopic dispersion not as a large-scale diffusion process but as mixing caused by spatial heterogeneities in hydraulic conductivity. The two-dimensional spatially autocorrelated hydraulic conductivity field is generated as a first-order nearest-neighbor stochastic process. Analysis of a variety of hypothetical media shows that over finite domains a population of tracer particles convected through this statistically homogeneous conductivity field does not have the normal distribution and does not yield the constant dispersivity that classic theory would predict. This problem occurs because of insufficient spatial averaging in the macroscopic velocity field by the moving tracer particles. Our analyses suggest that the diffusion model for macroscopic dispersion may be inadequate to describe mass transport in geologic units. Sensitivity analysis with the model has shown that features of transport, such as first arrival of a tracer, are dependent on porous medium structure and that even when the statistical features of porous media are known, considerable uncertainty in the model result can be expected.
Eoalpine high-pressure metamorphism in the Piemonte zone of the Alps: south-west Switzerland and north-west Italy

The Piemonte zone, which stretches from the Mediterranean to the western margin of the central Alps, comprises ophiolitic material and oceanic sediments from the Neotethyan ocean basin. It became sutured during the Alpine orogeny and is now preserved between basement slices considered by most workers to have originated in the European and Apulian plates. This paper concentrates on the northernmost portion of the Piemonte zone on the Swiss-Italian border (Fig. 1) and on the Zermatt-Saas zone (Bearth 1967) in particular. Previous investigations include Bearth (e.g. 1967, 1973), Chinner & Dixon (1973), Dal Piaz & Ernst (1978), Ernst & Dal Piaz (1978), Meyer (1983), Barnicoat & Fry (1986), Fry & Barnicoat (1987) and Ellis et al. 1989. Briefly, the ophiolites are considered to have formed during the Jurassic rifting that gave rise to Neotethys. The high-pressure metamorphism that is the subject of this paper records the closure of this ocean basin in the ophiolites and the continental basement rocks (the Monte Rosa unit and the Sesia zone, regarded as originating from the northern and southern margins of the ocean, respectively). Samples from the eclogitic mica schists (EMS) of the Sesia zone give Rb-Sr isochrons of 129 ± 15 Ma for whole-rock and 114 ± 1 Ma for individual minerals of garnet—omphacite assemblages (Oberhänsli et al. 1985). Chopin & Monié (1984) give 110 ± 3 Ma for the high-pressure metamorphism in the Monte Rosa unit on the basis of 40Ar/39Ar techniques. The K-Ar isochrons for alkali amphiboles fall
Direct inversion of surface wave dispersion for three-dimensional shallow crustal structure based on ray tracing: methodology and application

We propose a method to invert surface wave dispersion data directly for 3-D variations of shear wave speed, that is, without the intermediate step of phase or group velocity maps, using frequency-dependent ray tracing and a wavelet-based sparsity-constrained tomographic inversion. A fast marching method is used to compute, at each period, surface wave traveltimes and ray paths between sources and receivers. This avoids the assumption of great-circle propagation that is used in most surface wave tomographic studies, but which is not appropriate in complex media. To simplify the problem we consider quasi-stratiﬁed media with smoothly varying seismic properties. We represent the 3-D shear wave speed model by means of 1-D proﬁles beneath grid points, which are determined from all dispersion data simultaneously using a wavelet-based sparsity-constrained tomographic method. The wavelet coefﬁcients of the wave speed model are estimated with an iteratively reweighted least squares algorithm, and upon iteration the surface wave ray paths and the data sensitivity matrix are updated using the newly obtained wave speed model. To demonstrate its feasibility, we apply the method to determine the 3-D shallow crustal shear wave speed variations in the Taipei basin of Taiwan using short period interstation Rayleigh wave phase velocity dispersion measurements extracted from the ambient noise cross-correlation method. The results are consistent with previous studies and reveal strong shallow crustal heterogeneity that correlates with surface geology.
Determination of vertical plasma drift and meridional wind using the Sheffield University Plasmasphere Ionosphere Model and ionospheric data at equatorial and low latitudes in Brazil: Summer solar minimum and maximum conditions

The F region critical frequency foF2 and peak height hmF2, measured simultaneously at the equatorial location Fortaleza (4°S, 38°W, magnetic latitude = 3.5°S) and at the low-latitude location Cachoeira Paulista (22°S, 45°W, magnetic latitude = 15°S), are compared with their values calculated by the Sheffield University Plasmasphere-Ionosphere Model (SUPIM) to determine the vertical (E × B) drift velocity at the equator and the magnetic meridional wind velocity over the two locations. The calculated and observed values of foF2 are then matched at both Fortaleza and Cachoeira Paulista to obtain the magnetic meridional winds over their respective conjugate locations. To account for the observed foF2 diurnal variation pattern over Cachoeira Paulista, it was found necessary to include a small source of ionization, attributable to energetic particle precipitation in the South Atlantic anomaly region. The vertical drift velocity and magnetic meridional wind velocity derived for summer months during both solar minimum and solar maximum are compared with their values given by other published models. While the diurnal variation of the modeled vertical drift velocity shows general agreement with the values based on Jicamarca radar measurements (the exception being during the sunset-midnight period at solar maximum and between 2000–2300 LT at solar minimum), the magnetic meridional wind shows significant differences with respect to the Horizontal Wind Model 1990 (HWM90) [Hedin et al., 1991] during both solar minimum and solar maximum at Fortaleza and at locations conjugate to Fortaleza and Cachoeira Paulista.
Carbonate‐silicate liquid immiscibility upon impact melting: Ries Crater, Germany

Abstract— The 24 km diameter Ries impact crater in southern Germany is one of the most studied impact structures on Earth. The Ries impactor struck a Triassic to Upper Jurassic sedimentary sequence overlying Hercynian crystalline basement. At the time of impact (14.87 × 0.36 Ma; Storzer et al., 1995), the 350 m thick Malm limestone was present only to the south and east of the impact site. To the north and west, the Malm had been eroded away, exposing the underlying Dogger and Lias. The largest proportion of shocked target material is in the impact‐melt‐bearing breccia suevite. The suevite had been believed to be derived entirely from the crystalline basement. Calcite in the suevite has been interpreted as a postimpact hydrothermal deposit.
Field Heterogeneity: Some Basic Issues

Present-day soil-water physics enables useful quantitative predictions in the laboratory and in simple field situations. Difficulties, however, frequently arise for areas of appreciable size in the field. Known and unknown heterogeneities, on many scales, may vitiate predictions based on theory for homogeneous, or very simple heterogeneous, systems. Two types of heterogeneity are distinguished, deterministic and stochastic. The first often demands an extension of established analyses and may involve important phenomena absent from the analogous homogeneous problem. Stochastic heterogeneity may involve many scales and is imperfectly known. The statistical properties may be stationary, but in more complicated cases, randomness may be embedded in (either known or unknown) systematic trends. Some aspects of unsaturated and generally unsteady flow in heterogeneous systems are reviewed: the mathematical nature of the flow equation; the concept of scale-heterogeneity; analytical and quasi-analytical solutions. The enormity of the total problem of unsaturated unsteady flows in stochastic heterogeneous systems is illustrated through a dialectic of eight successive stages of simplification. The concept of the autocorrelation function governing λ, the internal characteristic length, is introduced; and the problem posed in terms involving the distribution and autocorrelation functions of λ, the reduced potential and conductivity functions, and the initial and boundary conditions as the data, from which it is required to establish distribution functions of various descriptors of the flow. The solution to a grossly simplified example of horizontal absorption is presented. Mean apparent sorptivity decreases rapidly to about one fifth of the mean (and about half the minimum) sorptivity of the component soils. Variation about the mean is very great but decreases as absorption proceeds. The example epitomizes the failure of additivity of properties in stochastic heterogeneous media, which arises because spatial textural changes in either sense tend to reduce unsaturated flow rates.
Testing energy balance closure with GOES‐retrieved net radiation and in situ measured eddy correlation fluxes in BOREAS

GOES satellite-retrieved surface net radiation (R n ) and in situ estimates of surface sensible-latent heat fluxes from eddy correlation measurements are used to test for energy balance closure at the top of the boreal forest. The tests are carried out at five tower flux (TF) sites within the Boreal Ecosystem-Atmosphere Study (BOREAS) experimental area for June-September 1996. The main result is that measured eddy correlation fluxes appear biased low. Surface radiation budget algorithms for directional shortwave/longwave fluxes are used with GOES 8 imager measurements to obtain R n . The R n retrievals are made for different types of sky conditions and validated against in situ measurements obtained at the 10 BOREAS mesonet stations. The analysis indicates an overall bias uncertainty in the satellite-retrieved R n of approximately ±7.5%, a value large enough that it could affect our interpretation of the energy balance closure analysis. However, in considering the sign of the all-sky bias, our conclusion that the eddy correlation fluxes are biased low may be understated. Results of the closure analysis are in near agreement to results from a set of seven independent energy balance closure studies conducted at individual BOREAS tower flux sites for 1994, based on in situ tower measurements of the surface flux terms. The agreement suggests that combined sensible-latent heat flux estimates from the TF eddy correlation measurements are approximately 15% low. Also discussed is the implication of these results in helping establish uncertainty bars on the boreal forest component of the global carbon budget.
Using Visible Range Imaging Spectrometers To Map Ocean Phenomena

Recent developments in remote sensing technology using 2 dimensional array detectors have resulted in a growing family of sensors called imaging spectrometers. Two instruments built in Canada have the very high spectral resolution and sensitivity required to image water colour variations due to such phenomena as the blue-green absorption of certain fish and of marine plants; and the solar stimulated in vivo fluorescence from the chlorophyll pigment molecule. This paper briefly describes the Fluorescence Line Imager (FLI), built in 1983 for the Canadian Department of Fisheries and Oceans, and a smaller, more flexible, second generation instrument called the Compact Airborne Spectrographic Imager (CASI), first tested in the summer of 1988. Examples of spectral and spatial image data over a number of different targets are shown and the use of this technology for mapping coastal sites is discussed.
Deepening of the axial magma chamber on the southern East Pacific Rise toward the Garrett Fracture Zone

A wide-aperture profile along the ridge axis from 14°29′S to 13°39′S, 120 km to 30 km south of the Garrett Fracture Zone, is analyzed to constrain the thickness of layer 2a and the depth to the axial magma chamber reflector. Five areas along the 90 km line are examined in detail, with several consecutive gathers being analyzed for each area to establish the degree of consistency within each area. A genetic algorithm code is used to find a best fit model from a comparison of the data and WKBJ synthetic seismograms. One hundred starting models are generated using a predefined set of velocity nodes, with a fixed window of allowable depth variations between nodes. An evolutionary process favors the better fitting models in each generation, and a satisfactory misfit is usually obtained within 40 generations. Within individual areas the models were in good agreement with the depth of a given velocity node, generally varying by not more than 20 m, the depth discretization interval for the models. A consistent deepening trend of the axial magma chamber (AMC) is observed across the five areas as the Garrett Fracture Zone is approached. The depth varies from 0.99 km at area 1, which is approximately 100 km south of the Garrett, to 1.23 km at area 5, which is approximately 40 km south of the Garrett. The depth to the axial magma chamber is highly sensitive to any ship wander off axis since layer 2a thickens rapidly off axis with age. For the areas examined here, layer 2a is observed to be relatively constant in thickness along the axis, although it is about 40 m thicker over area 5, where the axial magma chamber is deepest. This variation is within the scatter of previously detailed layer 2a measurements at 13°N on the East Pacific Rise, where an effectively constant thickness is observed. This implies that layer 2a thickening is not a significant factor along this profile and that the AMC deepening is real rather than apparent. Theoretical modeling suggests that the depth to the lid of the axial magma chamber is related to the rate of heat supply at a given location. Thus the gradual consistent deepening of the axial magma chamber can be taken as an indication of a slightly reduced magma supply toward the Garrett Fracture Zone, which marks a major interruption of hundreds of kilometers of continuous ridge axis. The deepening may also be interpreted as a downward limb from a central injection point; however, there is no indication of a similar downward trend in the other (southern) direction. Furthermore, there is no accompanying systematic variation in axial depth or axial volume, both of which are proposed to be indicators of central injection and along-axis flow.