Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Bicuspid aortic valve associated aortopathy: 2022 guideline update

Purpose of review Bicuspid aortic valve (BAV) disease is observed in 1–2% of the general population. In addition to valve-related complications (such as aortic stenosis and aortic regurgitation), individuals with BAV often develop dilatation of the proximal aorta (aortic root and ascending aorta), a condition termed BAV aortopathy. The development of BAV aortopathy can occur independent of valvular alterations and can lead to aneurysm formation, aortic dissection or aortic rupture. This review aims to update the clinician with an approach to BAV aortopathy decision making in keeping with the 2022 American College of Cardiology (ACC)/American Heart Association (AHA) Guideline recommendations. Recent findings The ACC/AHA 2022 guidelines provide a contemporary and comprehensive approach to the diagnosis and treatment of aortic pathologies. We review the thresholds for replacement of the aortic root and/or ascending aorta along with the strength and level of evidence recommendations. We also review the various Class 2A and 2B recommendations for earlier intervention, which emphasize the importance of experienced surgeons, and multidisciplinary aortic teams (MATs). Summary BAV aortopathy is a common and heterogenous clinical problem. The decision making around timing of intervention requires a personalized approach that is based on the aortic dimensions, valve function, rate of growth, family history, patient factors, and surgical experience within MATs.
Small Dense Broad-Line Regions in Active Nuclei

Recent observational studies indicate that the broad-line region (BLR) of AGN may be much smaller than previously thought. One consequence is that the flux of ionizing radiation is considerably larger and the clouds may be denser than assumed in standard photoionization models for these objects. This paper attempts to investigate these questions by exploring realistic cloud distributions over a range of radii and densities. Some simple pressure laws are proposed and integrated over the radial distribution of clouds to obtain the contribution to the line and continuum emission for all parts of the BLR. Photoionization calculations are made at very high densities up to 10 to the 13th/cu cm, and the most important processes that are included are discussed in detail. Hydrogen and helium are approximated at about 100 level systems, three-body recombination contribution to all elements is included, and optical depth effects are fully taken account of. Line profiles are predicted. 87 refs.
Quantum Size Effects of InAs- and InGaAs-Quantum Dots Studied by Scanning Tunneling Microscopy/Spectroscopy

Scanning tunneling spectroscopy has been used to study quantum size effects on the electronic structure of InAs and In0.46Ga0. 54As quantum dots (QDs) in correlation with their morphologies. It is found that for both samples, the measured band gap increases with decreasing dot height. The observed height dependence of the gap energy has been well reproduced by the calculation based on a one-dimensional quantum well model. For the In0.46Ga0. 54As QD, however, enrichment of In-composition in the dot compared to the nominal composition has been observed.
Demonstration of multilevel cell spin transfer switching in MgO magnetic tunnel junctions

Multilevel cell is an important concept to improve the density of spin transfer torque memory. We demonstrated two-bit multilevel cell spin transfer switching using MgO-based magnetic tunnel junctions. Two types of cell structural design are discussed. Multiple resistance levels are depicted in a current-driven spin transfer switching loop, which shows a switching current density of ∼2×106A∕cm2. Reversible transitions between high and low states of the soft bit are achieved using minor-loop spin transfer switching. The influence of external magnetic field to spin transfer switching is also discussed.
IRTDATA: An Interactive or Batch Pascal Program for Generating Logistic Item Response Data

Description IRTDATA produces binary (0,1) response vectors for up to 3,000 simulated examinees who may respond to as many as 200 test items according to the one, two-, or three-parameter logistic item response model. The mean, standard deviation, and distributional shape (uniform or normal) of each item parameter, as well as the mean and standard deviation of the person parameter, may be entered interactively or in batch mode. For further processing convenience, headers may be omitted on the output files. The uniform random number generator is an algorithm from Knuth (1981) as implemented in Press, Flannery, Teukolshy, & Vetterling (1989). Normal distributions are obtained using the central limit theorem. The program uses three seeds: one for item generation, one for 0 generation, and one for the test-taking mechanism. This flexibility permits modeling situations, such as having the same &dquo;persons&dquo; retake the same set of &dquo;items&dquo; or having different &dquo;persons&dquo; take similar sets of &dquo;items. &dquo; Common equating designs (same group, random groups, and anchor test) may be simulated. The use of the 1.7 scaling factor is an option. Three output files are generated-a file for item parameters, one for person abilities, and a file containing the matrix of response vectors. Availability
Statistical Analysis of Ion Channel Data Using Hidden Markov Models With Correlated State-Dependent Noise and Filtering

A hidden Markov model that describes ion channel data, including correlated, state-dependent noise and filter characteristics, and a Markov chain Monte Carlo algorithm that enables Bayesian inference under this model are presented. The method provides parameter estimates and an estimate of the noiseless signal. It was tested on simulated data and applied to real recordings to estimate the model parameters. Modeling the noise and filter correctly turned out to be crucial for the analyzed data sets. The assumption of white noise is too simple, and negligence of the smoothing effect of the low-pass filter leads to errors in the detection of rapid transitions. The hidden Markov model that we propose treats these effects simultaneously.
An automatic system for photometric redshift estimation based on sky survey data

With the large-scale multicolor photometry and fiber-based spectroscopy projects carried out, millions of uniform samples are available to the astronomers. Based on this situation, we have developed an automatic system to estimate photometric redshifts for both galaxies and quasars. In this paper we give an exhaustive introduction of the system. We first describe a series of methods integrated in this system, such as template fitting, color-magnitude-redshift relation, polynomial regression, support vector machines and kernel regression. The merits and demerits of these approaches have been indicated. Therefore, users can choose some suitable algorithm to estimate photometric redshifts according to data characteristics and science requirements. Then, we present a case study to illustrate how the system works. In order to build a more robust system of increasing the accuracy and speed of photometric redshift estimation, we pay special attention to algorithm choice and data preparation. From the user's viewpoint, an easy used interface will be provided. Finally, we point out the promising techniques of measuring photometric redshifts and the application prospects of this system. In the future, the system will become an essential tool for automatedly determining photometric redshifts in the study of the large-scale structure of the Universe and the formation and evolution of galaxies.
Cross-sections from scalar field theory

A scalar quantum field theory method is used to calculate differential and total cross-sections for elastic and inelastic scattering in proton–proton collisions. When Mandelstam variables are used, the resulting formulas are simple and can be written in closed form. They display features very typical of elastic and inelastic scattering. The results show good agreement with total cross-section data for η meson production. Thus for this particular example, a simple scalar model can be used in place of a more complicated field theory with spin.
Nonlinear dynamics in infant respiration

By using inductance plethysmography it is possible to obtain a non-invasive measurement of the chest and abdominal cross-sectional area. These measurements are "representative" of the instantaneous lung volume. This thesis describes an analysis of the breathing patterns of human infants during quiet sleep using techniques of nonlinear dynamical systems theory [1, 6, 7]. The purpose of this study is to determine if these techniques may be used to extend our understanding of the human respiratory system and its development during the first few months of life. Ultimately, we wish to use these techniques to detect and diagnose abnormalities and illness (such as apnea and sudden infant death syndrome) from recordings of respiratory effort during natural sleep. Previous applications of dynamical systems theory to biological systems have been primarily concerned with the estimation of dynamic invariants: correlation dimension, Lyapunov exponents, entropy and algorithmic complexity. However, estimating these numbers has not proven useful in general. The study described in this thesis focuses on building models from time-series recordings and using these models to deduce properties of the underlying dynamical system. We apply a correlation dimension estimation algorithm [2, 3] in conjunction with well known surrogate data techniques [16, 17, 18] and conclude that the respiratory system is not linear [10, 13]. To elucidate the nature of the nonlinearity within this complex system we apply a new type of radial basis modelling algorithm (cylindrical basis modelling) [4, 5, 9] and generate new nonlinear surrogate data [10, 11].
Horizontal and temporal variability of mountain waves over Mont Blanc

Aircraft observations of mountain waves over Mont Blanc during the 2 November 1999 Mesoscale Alpine Programme (MAP) case‐study are analysed. The present paper focuses on the horizontal and temporal variability of the wave field and its momentum fluxes. Results from the first Met Office Unified Model new‐dynamics simulation of a real mountain‐wave case are presented. The wave field and its fluxes are reproduced reasonably well considering the complexity of the problem.
Factorization theory for single-valued analytic functions on compact Riemann surfaces with boundary

CONTENTS Introduction § 1. Green-Stieltjes integrals § 2. Some classes of analytic functions § 3. Periods of harmonic functions conjugate to Green-Stieltjes integrals § 4. Construction of non-singular period matrices § 5. The Schwarz kernel § 6. The Blaschke factor § 7. The Blaschke product and its convergence § 8. Boundary behaviour of the Blaschke product § 9. Division by the Blaschke product § 10. Factorization References
H-H interactions from SiO2 to SiO2/Si(100) interfaces and H-induced O vacancy generation via 3-fold coordinated O in SiO2

H-H interactions and condensation of H atoms around O atoms from bulk SiO2 to SiO2/Si(100) interfaces leading to degradation modes have been extensively studied through first-principles calculations. For all charge-state-dependent H-H interactions, H atoms are found to experience mainly mutually repulsive forces in defect-free bulk SiO2, but to be attracted together near the O atoms closer to DBs in bulk SiO2 and around SiO2/Si interfaces. Through H condensation around the DBs in bulk SiO2, H-induced O vacancy generation has been found to occur even in bulk SiO2 via three-fold coordinated O atoms when a dangling bond (DB) exists in the bulk SiO2. The single DB acts as a reservoir for an extra electron, which contrasts with SiO2/Si systems that have a large reservoir for extra electrons.
A DATA-DRIVEN MODEL FOR THE GLOBAL CORONAL EVOLUTION

This work is devoted to the construction of a data-driven model for the study of the dynamic evolution of the global corona that can respond continuously to the changing of the photospheric magnetic field. The data-driven model consists of a surface flux transport (SFT) model and a global three-dimensional (3D) magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) coronal model. The SFT model is employed to produce the global time-varying and self-consistent synchronic snapshots of the photospheric magnetic field as the input to drive our 3D numerical global coronal AMR–CESE–MHD model on an overset grid of Yin–Yang overlapping structure. The SFT model and the 3D global coronal model are coupled through the boundary condition of the projected characteristic method. Numerical results of the coronal evolution from 1996 September 4 to October 29 provide a good comparison with multiply observed coronal images.
The reconstruction of surface tangential components of the electromagnetic field from near-field measurements

We consider the problem of reconstructing the surface tangential components of the electromagnetic field from electric (or magnetic) measurements on a nearby surface. Mathematically, the electric (or magnetic) measurements satisfy the Maxwell system. We show that any solution to this equation admits a unique representation by a magnetic dipole, so that the problem is reduced to the solution of a linear integral equation of the first kind. This integral equation is discretized using boundary element methods and conjugate gradients are utilized as a regularization method for the numerical solution. We study uniqueness of the reconstruction and obtain stability estimates. In addition, we report numerical results applied to two cases: a sphere and a cylinder with flat end-caps.
Numerical solution for a class of fractional convection–diffusion equations using the flatlet oblique multiwavelets

This paper is concerned with the construction of biorthogonal multiwavelet basis in the unit interval to form a biorthogonal flatlet multiwavelet system. Next a method to calculate integer and fractional derivatives of the dual flatlet multiwavelets by multiplying some matrices is suggested. The system is then used to solve a fractional convection–diffusion equation. The biorthogonality and high vanishing moments properties of this system result in efficient and accurate solutions. Finally, numerical results for some test problems with known solutions are presented and the absolute errors are compared with the errors resulting from the other bases.
Molecular hydrogen in the Z=2.811 absorbing material toward the quasar PKS 0528-250

On a trouve des raies H 2 dans le spectre du quasar PKS 0528-250, au meme deplacement vers le rouge (z=2,811) que celui du systeme de raies d'absorption. On a estime N(H 2 )=(2,9±0,3)×10 16 cm −2 ; la fraction de H 2 semble etre d'environ 2×10 −5 . La temperature d'excitation est T ex (H 2 )=300±150 K
Solution of periodic group circular hole problems by using the series expansion variational method

This paper investigates the periodic group circular holes composed of infinite groups with numbering from j = − ∞, …, −2, −1, 0, 1, 2, … to j = ∞ placed periodically in an infinite plate. The same loading condition and the same geometry are assumed for holes in all groups. The series expansion variational method (SEVM) is used for the solution of the periodic group circular hole problems. After using the SEVM, the boundary value problem is then reduced to an algebraic equation for the undetermined coefficients in the series expansion form, which is formulated on the central group. The influences on the central group from central group itself and many neighbouring groups are evaluated exactly. The influences on the central group from remote groups from j = − ∞, −(M + 2), −(M + 1), M + 1, M + 2 to j = ∞ are approximately summed up into one term. This suggested technique is called the remainder estimation technique (RET) hereafter. It is proved from the computed results that the RET is very effective for the solution of the periodic group hole problems. Finally, several numerical examples are given and the interaction between the groups is addressed. Comparison between various sources of computation is presented. In the uniaxial tension in y‐direction, the stacking effect of the stacked groups is studied. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Performance analysis for RX algorithm in hyperspectral remote sensing images

Anomaly detection for remote sensing has been intensely investigated in recent years. It is not an easy task since an anomaly has distinct unknown spectral features from its neighborhood, and it usually has small size with only a few pixels. Several methods are devoted to this problem, such as the well-known RX algorithm which takes advantage of the second-order statistics. The RX algorithm assumes Gaussian noise and uses sample covariance matrix for data whitening. However, when the anomalies pixel number exceeds certain percentage or the data is ill distributed, the sample covariance matrix can not represent the background distribution. In this case, the RX algorithm will not perform well. In this paper, we perform a computer simulation to analyze the performance of the RX algorithm under different circumstances, including the number of anomaly pixels, number of anomaly types, the distance of anomaly spectrum from background, the noise distribution, etc. Later we used AVIRIS data and utilized the characteristic of principle component analysis to estimate the covariance matrix and mean of the pixels of the background. We will analyze the performance of the RX algorithm by using the estimated covariance matrix with the original version.
Confirmation of New Supernova Remnants near the Galactic Centre

We have made deep observations with the GMRT at 330 MHz of seven, yet- unclassified objects in the Molonglo Galactic Centre Survey (MGCS) in order to confirm the nature of these sources. Based on morphology and non-thermal spectral indices, five of them are now confirmed to be SNRs. This makes the number density of SNRs in the region a factor of two higher than expected from a smooth distribution of SNRs in the Galaxy.
Linear Trend with Fractionally Integrated Errors

We consider the estimation of linear trend for a time series in the presence of additive long‐memory noise with memory parameter d∈[0, 1.5). Although no parametric model is assumed for the noise, our assumptions include as special cases the random walk with drift as well as linear trend with stationary invertible autoregressive moving‐average errors. Moreover, our assumptions include a wide variety of trend‐stationary and difference‐stationary situations. We consider three different trend estimators: the ordinary least squares estimator based on the original series, the sample mean of the first differences and a class of weighted (tapered) means of the first differences. We present expressions for the asymptotic variances of these estimators in the form of one‐dimensional integrals. We also establish the asymptotic normality of the tapered means for d∈[0, 1.5) −{0.5} and of the ordinary least squares estimator for d∈ (0.5, 1.5). We point out connections with existing theory and present applications of the methodology.
Magnetic flux mapping, magnetization, and current distributions of YBa2Cu3O7 thin films by scanning Hall probe measurements

Mapping of the magnetic flux distribution in a square‐shaped superconducting YBa2Cu3O7 thin film was carried out using a scanning micro‐Hall probe with a spatial resolution of about 25 μm. Calculation procedures for converting the measured flux map to the film current distribution are discussed. The flux penetration with the applied field perpendicular to the film surface was studied in initially zero‐field‐cooled samples. With full flux penetration, the film sheet currents follow the sample edges, whereas with partial flux penetration, the sheet currents are more complex and include multiply connected patterns. In both cases the sheet currents change their flow direction abruptly along the sample diagonals where the shielding is more effective, and this results in distinctive minima of the flux penetration. The saturation magnetization for a square‐shaped sample of side 2a was found to be identical to that for disc and cylindrical samples of radius a. It is shown that the multiply connected current patte.
Finite Volume Discretization Aspects for Viscous Flows on Mixed Unstructured Grids

A solution method for compressible turbulent flows on unstructured grids in two dimensions is described. The method can be used on grids consisting of triangular and/or quadrilateral cells. Control volumes are constructed from dual cells, and the solution variables are stored at the vertices of the grid. Grid-transparent algorithms are developed that do not require knowledge of cell types, leading to simple discretization schemes on mixed grids. The inviscid fluxes are computed from limited high-resolution schemes originally developed for unstructured triangular grids. They are easily applied to quadrilateral or mixed grids and are grid transparent. The discretization of the viscous fluxes is studied in detail. A positive, grid-transparent discretization of Laplace's equation is developed. The existence of tangential derivatives in the viscous terms prevents grid transparency. By neglecting tangential derivatives, an approximate form of the viscous fluxes is developed, which recovers grid transparency. The approximate form is shown to be similar to the thin-shear-layer approximation. Results are obtained for a transonic inviscid flow, a laminar separated flow, and a transonic turbulent flow
Correction of distortions in spectral line profiles: Applications to electron spectroscopies

The problem of distortions in measured spectral line shapes is reviewed with special attention given to the distortions in electron spectroscopies that arise from electron‐energy‐loss processes in solids. Results of model calculations are presented in an evaluation of an iterative (van Cittert) method for solving the convolution equation governing the relation between the true spectrum, the measured spectrum, and the instrument response function. The measured spectrum is generated initially by convoluting the true function with a function A that represents the intensity distribution that the spectrometer system would give for a completely monoenergetic excitation originating within the sample. These calculations illustrate the effects of relative function widths and of noise on the rate and degree of convergence of the method. Techniques are developed which markedly reduce the buildup of random errors and of truncation errors during the iterations. The van Cittert deconvolution method and the techniques d.