Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
An Evaluation of the Decision Usefulness of Cash Flow Statements by Australian Reporting Entities

Abstract In June 1991, the Australian Accounting Standards Board issued AASB 1026, Statement of Cash Flows. Since replacing the funds flow statement, the new accounting standard has become a compulsory part of Australian corporate financial reporting. In contrast to cash flow developments in the US and UK. the emergence of AASB 1026 has been preceded by almost no significant research attention by Australian academics. This study surveyed the attitudes to cash flow statements of 210 public companies listed on the Australian stock exchange. Findings revealed that there was particularly strong support for the essential provisions of AASB 1026 and the underlying principles of cash flow reporting. The results indicated that the cash flow statement is important for a wide variety of internal and external decision contexts, and appealed to a wide range of users. Furthermore, compared with previous research (e.g. McEnroe, 1989), the present survey demonstrated that operating profit was not considered by a large n.
CAPACITY PLANNING WITH DEMAND UNCERTAINTY

ABSTRACT We examine how the ability to augment capacity on an as-needed basis affects capacity planning. If it is feasible and desirable to augment all resources on an as-needed basis, optimal capacity planning can be done separately for each resource. Optimality of this simple rule is lost if even one capacity resource imposes “hard” constraints. Simulations indicate that simplifying capacity planning to focus on an expected bottleneck resource dominates product- or resource-level capacity planning, when all resources impose hard constraints and the firm's product mix problem is significant.
Putting Data to Work for Workers: The Role of Information Technology in U.S. Worker Protection Agencies

The adoption by the Department of Labor (DOL) of new Strategic Goals in 2010 represented an important turning point in its history. In a more thoroughgoing fashion than ever before, DOL has embraced the principle that outcomes and impacts, not outputs, are the criteria by which its worker protection efforts should be judged. The Department's recently adopted New Approach specifies that rigorous data analysis and program evaluation, informed by social scientific research methods, are now the preferred metrics for quantifying the Department's effects on the regulated community. Notably absent from the Agency's public documentation, however, is any detailed evaluation of the role of information technology in supporting its enforcement agenda. In this article, the author seeks to fill this void by describing how a comprehensive reevaluation of DOL's data infrastructure and IT capabilities could further the principles embodied in the New Approach. She proposes four criteria—quality, scope, accessibility, and interconnectivity—for assessing the performance of each regulatory IT system; enumerates ways in which each criterion can be observed and measured; identifies ways in which DOL's current data systems fall short; and suggests promising avenues for reform. The author also highlights important barriers that impede systemic IT change and suggests ways in which they might be overcome.
Innate Inflammation Induced by the 8-Oxoguanine DNA Glycosylase-1–KRAS–NF-κB Pathway

8-Oxoguanine-DNA glycosylase-1 (OGG1) is the primary enzyme for repairing 7,8-dihydro-8-oxoguanine (8-oxoG) via the DNA base excision repair pathway (OGG1-BER). Accumulation of 8-oxoG in the genomic DNA leads to genetic instability and carcinogenesis and is thought to contribute to the worsening of various inflammatory and disease processes. However, the disease mechanism is unknown. In this study, we proposed that the mechanistic link between OGG1-BER and proinflammatory gene expression is OGG1’s guanine nucleotide exchange factor activity, acquired after interaction with the 8-oxoG base and consequent activation of the small GTPase RAS. To test this hypothesis, we used BALB/c mice expressing or deficient in OGG1 in their airway epithelium and various molecular biological approaches, including active RAS pulldown, reporter and Comet assays, small interfering RNA–mediated depletion of gene expression, quantitative RT-PCR, and immunoblotting. We report that the OGG1-intiated repair of oxidatively damaged DNA is a prerequisite for GDP→GTP exchange, KRAS-GTP–driven signaling via MAP kinases and PI3 kinases and mitogen-stress–related kinase-1 for NF-κB activation, proinflammatory chemokine/cytokine expression, and inflammatory cell recruitment to the airways. Mice deficient in OGG1-BER showed significantly decreased immune responses, whereas a lack of other Nei-like DNA glycosylases (i.e., NEIL1 and NEIL2) had no significant effect. These data unveil a previously unidentified role of OGG1-driven DNA BER in the generation of endogenous signals for inflammation in the innate signaling pathway.
Are health factors important for regional growth and convergence? An empirical analysis for the Portuguese districts

The aim of this study is to analyze the impact of health factors on economic growth and convergence across the Portuguese regions at the district level. Like education, health factors could be important for explaining the growth performance of regions through the increase in labour productivity. Therefore, human capital can be seen in a broader perspective encompassing not only educational qualifications but also health conditions. Although this is not a new idea, empirical evidence at a regional level is not robust supporting this issue, with few exceptions. With this study we try to fill this gap and bring additional evidence of the relevance of health on regional growth considering the Portuguese districts. We employ a panel data approach for the period 1996-2006 taking into account specific regional differences. We also analyze whether there are differences between the littoral (coastal) and the interior (in-land) districts in what concerns health conditions and how they affect their convergence process.
Formation of Iapetus’ Extreme Albedo Dichotomy by Exogenically Triggered Thermal Ice Migration

Iapetus Revealed The striking appearance of Saturn's moon Iapetus—half black and half white—has puzzled astronomers for over three centuries. Now Spencer and Denk (p. 432, published online 10 December) present an explanation for this asymmetry: A thermally controlled runaway migration of water ice triggered by exogenic deposition of dark material on the moon's leading darker side, which faces the direction of motion of the moon in its orbit around Saturn. This mechanism is unique to Iapetus because it rotates slowly enough to allow large temperature variations to arise, it is small enough to allow long-range migration of water, and there is a source of dust to trigger the process. In a related paper, Denk et al. (p. 435, published online 10 December) present data derived from the Cassini Imaging Science Subsystem that reveal that both dark and bright materials on the leading side of Iapetus are redder than their trailing-side counterparts. This asymmetry results from the deposition of dust and debris from other moons in the saturnian system—the very same process that initiates the thermal segregation proposed above. Thermal migration of water ice explains the observed color asymmetry of Saturn’s unusual moon, Iapetus. The extreme albedo asymmetry of Saturn’s moon Iapetus, which is about 10 times as bright on its trailing hemisphere as on its leading hemisphere, has been an enigma for three centuries. Deposition of exogenic dark material on the leading side has been proposed as a cause, but this alone cannot explain the global shape, sharpness, and complexity of the transition between Iapetus’ bright and dark terrain. We demonstrate that all these characteristics, and the asymmetry’s large amplitude, can be plausibly explained by runaway global thermal migration of water ice, triggered by the deposition of dark material on the leading hemisphere. This mechanism is unique to Iapetus among the saturnian satellites because its slow rotation produces unusually high daytime temperatures and water ice sublimation rates for a given albedo.
Intraday Market Price Integration for Shares Cross-Listed Internationally

Abstract This study investigates market price integration by testing per-share trade execution price or cost (TEP/C) differentials for matched intraday trades for a sample of Canadian shares cross-listed in the U.S. The TSE trade price advantage over the entire time period changed significantly after both the TSE's own minimum quotation increment reduction and that of its U.S. competitors. We show that the differential TEP/C is equivalent to the international effective spread differential and that market quality comparisons, which benchmark using the National instead of the International BBO, need to compare both national effective half-spread and midspread differences. Our cross-sectional regression results support our predictions that TEP/C differentials can be explained by differences in national midspreads and by ex ante proxies of national effective half-spreads. The TEP/C differentials vary inversely with increasing levels of our measure of signed market nonfragmentation.
Is Employment Discrimination Based on Tobacco Use Efficient?

type="main" xml:lang="en"> Numerous employers in over 20 U.S. states currently discriminate legally against smokers in their hiring policies. We analyze the cost of being a smoker, measured in annual hospital days, and compare this with the cost of being a former smoker, the cost of being obese, and the cost of a variety of other medical conditions, relative to the cost of being a never smoker, using three large recent surveys each having in excess of one hundred thousand observations. The paper also explores the cost of former smokers as determined by the number of years since quitting. Smokers as a whole are not found to be the most costly employees. Furthermore, health costs vary dramatically among smokers of different duration and intensity. As a consequence, our results question the efficiency of such discrimination. (JEL I10, I18, J71, J7)
Accounting for Natural Disasters: The Impact of Earthquake Risk on California Municipal Bond Pricing

While Katrina has raised awareness of the potential impact of hurricanes on municipalities along the Gulf Coast, it remains unclear if the municipal bond market considers other types of natural disaster risk in other areas. We attempt to fill this gap by conducting an analysis to determine if underlying geologic earthquake risk affects interest costs for municipal bond issuers in California. We find that earthquake risk does matter in determining the interest costs for municipalities issuing debt, but not universally - only for municipal bonds issued after Hurricane Katrina and only in relation to underlying geologic earthquake risk.
A History of Business Teaching Games in English-Speaking and Post-Socialist Countries: The Origination and Diffusion of a Management Education and Development Technology

The modem business gaming movement came about through the fusion of developments in war games, operations research, computer technology, and education theory. Beginning with first applications in the late 1950s, the use of business games in the United States has now reached a mature stage. Within other English-speaking countries, many additional adoptions and applications are possible. Europe's post-Socialist nations possess a rich history of industrial gaming dating back to the early 1930s. The movement of these countries to market-based economies presents new opportunities for applying simulations and games for management education and development.
Negotiated Block Trades and Corporate Control

The authors identify negotiated trades of large-percentage blocks of stock as corporate control transactions. When a block trades and the firm is not fully acquired, cumulative abnormal returns average 5.6 percent and 33 percent of the chief executives are replaced within a year. Stock-price increases are larger when control passes to the new blockholder, when management does not resist the blockholder's effort to influence corporate policy, and when the block purchaser eventually fully acquires the firm. These findings suggest that the specific skills and expertise of blockholders, and not just the concentration of ownership, are important determinants of firm value. Copyright 1991 by American Finance Association.
FDA advisory committee meeting on prasugrel for acute coronary syndromes.

that the benefits of prasugrel, relative to clopidogrel, can be attributed to more effective platelet inhibition from the higher active metabolite concentrations achieved through prasu grel’s loading dose and higher response rates with prasugrel’s 10-mg maintenance dose. Dr. Antman gave the core of the sponsors’ presentation— the results of TRITON-TIMI 38 (Trials to Assess Improvement in Therapeutic Outcomes by Optimizing Platelet Inhibition with Prasugrel–Thrombolysis in Myocardial Infarction). This study was a 12-month double-blind comparison of clopidogrel (with a 300-mg loading dose and a 75-mg maintenance dose) and prasugrel (with a 60-mg loading dose and a 10-mg maintenance dose). All patients received aspirin. TRITONTIMI 38 included 13,600 ACS patients with planned PCI. The findings show a balance of efficacy and safety, Dr. Antman said, with CV death, MI, and stroke rates (the combined primary endpoint) of 12% at 450 days for clopidogrel and 9.9% for prasugrel (P = 0.0004). The number needed to treat for that benefit was 46. The rate of TIMI Major Bleeding after non–coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG), however, was higher for prasugrel at 2.4%, compared with a rate of 1.8% for clopidogrel (P = 0.03). The number needed to harm was 167. TIMI Major Bleeding was defined as any intracranial hemorrhage or overt bleeding requiring intervention associated with a decrease in hemoglobin of 5 g/dL or more. Both the UA/NSTEMI and STEMI patients experienced significant benefits with prasugrel (UA/NSTEMI, P = 0.002; STEMI, P = 0.019). Benefits were found consistently as well at 30, 60 and 90 days. In a prospectively defined landmark analysis, the primary endpoint also favored the prasugrel loading dose significantly at three days (4.7% vs. 5.6% for clopidogrel; P = 0.01) and the maintenance dose at 450 days (5.6% vs. 6.9% for clopidogrel; P = 0.003). Although an assessment of net clinical benefit (death, MI, stroke, and TIMI Major Bleeding) favored prasugrel (12.2% vs. 13.9% for clopidogrel; P = 0.004), a post hoc evaluation found that the advantage disappeared in patients 75 years of age and older. Clopidogrel was slightly favored in patients weighing less FDA Advisory Committee Meeting on Prasugrel For Acute Coronary Syndromes
Current Account Adjustment in Industrial Countries

This paper examines the dynamics of current account adjustment among industrialized countries. We identify twenty-five episodes in which a large sustained improvement in the current account occurred between 1980 and 1997. We find that a typical current account reversal begins when the current account deficit is about 5 percent of GDP, that it is associated with slowing income growth and a 10-20 percent real exchange rate depreciation. Real export growth, declining investment, and an eventual leveling off in both the net international investment position and the budget deficit-GDP ratio are also likely to be part of the adjustment. These results suggest that current account reversals in industrialized countries are largely a function of the business cycle.
A Fine Failure: Relationship Lending, Moses Taylor, and the Joliet Iron & Steel Company, 1869–1888

In this study of lending in the emergence of a modern steel industry in the United States, I analyze the evolving interaction between borrowers and lenders in historical context. I show how “relationship lending” (that is, credit allocation in which personal contacts play a major role) can go wrong, despite good intentions at the outset, and that institutional conditions exert an important influence on how lenders and borrowers negotiate conflicts. Particularly important in the case of Moses Taylor and Joliet Iron & Steel Company were the uncertain jurisdictions and political maneuvering that stemmed from structural peculiarities of the U.S. legal system, peculiarities that belie claims of its efficacy for protecting creditor interests. Although this failure of relationship lending might seem to imply negative consequences for economic development, I show that, at least in this case, the opposite interpretation is more compelling.
Women's unemployment during transition

We analyse women’s weekly probabilities of leaving unemployment in the Czech and Slovak Republics (CR and SR) in order to investigate three questions: 1) Why are unemployment rates much lower in the CR than the SR? ; 2) Does the unemployment compensation scheme (UCS) substantially lengthen unemploy‐mentspells? ; and 3) Why are women’s unemployment rates higher than men’s? We find that differences in the behaviour of the individuals, employers and institutions in the SR and CR (as measured by differences in coefficients) play a larger role in determining the CR’s shorter female unemployment spells than do differences in measured demand and demographic variables. The UCS has only a moderate effect on duration and its impact is greater in the CR. The differences between men’s and women’s spells (in each republic) are explained more by differences in coefficients than by differences in observed characteristics. JEL classification: C41, H53, J23, J64, O15, P2.
Investments in the Schooling and Health of Women and Men: Quantities and Returns.

Women's years of school enrollment and health, measured by longevity, have increased by a greater amount than men's in this century in most countries. Private and social returns to schooling and health are reviewed to explain these trends in women's human capital. Sample selection bias caused by analyses of only wage earners does not appear to lower women's private returns to schooling relative to men's. Social returns to education, moreover, favor greater public investment in women than men, particularly in South and West Asia and Africa where school investments in women are much less than in men.
Estimating the Impacts of Outlet Rationalization on Retail Prices, Industry Concentration, and Sales: Empirical Evidence from Canadian Gasoline Markets

The retail gasoline industry in both Canada and the United States experienced a significant rationalization of outlets from the late 1970s through the 1990s. We estimate the impacts of reduced outlet density by exploiting the 27% decline in retail gasoline outlets across 10 Canadian cities between 1991 and 1997. Ordinary least squares and instrumental variables estimates suggest that rationalization resulted in a significant increase in retail prices, market concentration, and average outlet sales. The decline in retail outlets led to a 9% increase in retail prices, a rise in market concentration between 16% and 22%, and a 22% increase in average outlet sales.
Ruminal fermentation and duodenal flow following progressive inoculations of fauna-free wethers with major individual species of ciliate protozoa or total fauna.

Naturally fauna-free (FF) wethers, equipped with ruminal and duodenal cannulas, were used in two groups of eight (Group A) and seven (Group B) animals in six consecutive experimental periods, each lasting for 28 d. The objective was to measure ruminal fermentation traits, and flows of nonammonia nitrogen (NAN), total amino acid (TAA), and bacterial nitrogen (BN) from the stomach after inoculation with individual ciliate protozoa species in each period. The wethers in both groups were fed a diet based on corn silage, haylage, and soybean meal, and they remained FF during the first period. At the beginning of each other period, the wethers were progressively inoculated intraruminally with one individual major species of ruminal ciliate protozoa or total fauna (TF). Thus, Group A was progressively inoculated (+) with Dasytricha ruminantium (DS), Polyplastron multivesiculatum (PP), Isotricha intestinalis (IS), Entodinium caudatum (EN) and TF-type A. Also, Group B was progressively inoculated (+) with IS, DS, Epidinium ecaudatum (EP), Eudiplodinium maggi (EU), and EN. Duodenal digesta and ruminal fluid were collected and sampled in each period on d 26 and 28, respectively, and subjected to chemical analyses. A significantly higher (P < .05) pH (6.4) in ruminal fluid of the Group A wethers was obtained when each DS, DS+PP, DS-PP-IS+EN, and TF population was present in the rumen than when the wethers were FF (6.2). In the Group B wethers, pH (6.1) was lower (P < .05) for the population of IS-DS-EP+EU than for other populations (6.2 to 6.3). The concentration of total VFA in ruminal fluid was higher (P < .05) in the Group B wethers when IS, IS+DS, or IS-DS+EP populations were present in the rumen than when the wethers were FF. The flow of NAN, TAA, and BN from the stomach to the intestinal tract was generally lower for different protozoa populations than for the FF period. Largest decreases (P < .05) in the flow of NAN, TAA, and BN occurred when EN was added into the rumen of wethers in the A and B groups, which already contained populations of DS-PP+IS and IS-DS-EP+EU, respectively. Holotrich protozoa had very little effect on the protein metabolism in the rumen, but cellulolytic protozoa (PP, EP, and EU) and EN decreased the efficiency of protein utilization by the ruminant host.
Geographic Specificity, Tornadoes, and Protective Action

AbstractIn 2007, the National Weather Service (NWS) began using storm-based warnings (SBWs) rather than countywide warnings. Some analysts have examined the effects of this change, but little empirical research has yet to focus on the public response. Using a random digit dialing sample and a computer-assisted telephone interviewing (CATI) system, data were collected that focused on protective action decision making in counties that were affected by a severe storm or tornado warning. Based on those data, the following paper examines the influence of these new storm-based warnings on protective action decision making by the public. While a significant relationship between being inside the warning polygon and taking protective action was not found, the authors were able to conclude that polygon size is an important factor. Given these mixed results, it is suggested that future work on storm-based warnings focus on the warnings’ dissemination and reception, as well as the optimization of the polygons themsel.
Shirking the Issue? Efficiency wages, work discipline and full employment

This paper assesses recent neoclassical and radical contributions to the analysis of unemployment as a labour disciplinary device, in particular, those of Shapiro & Stiglitz and Bowles & Gintis. These authors share a common set of premises, notably on the conception of the effort decision, that present severe obstacles to the understanding of productivity constraints on full employment. The models of Shapiro & Stiglitz and Bowles & Gintis identify a specific 'asymptote problem' in which the achievement of full employment immediately triggers infinite (and hence unsustainable) wage increases. The premise that workers find work subjectively costly to perform effectively rules out the possibility for full employment. But this view fails to take into account the actual constitution of work motives. To the extent that work effort may be induced independently of dismissal threats, high work intensity may in fact be undermined by high unemployment. By taking work avoidance as given, the labour extraction literature forecloses consideration of the possibilities offered by alternative work organisation for removing unemployment as a worker disciplinary device.