Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Numerical Modeling and Analysis of Microbump Pitch Effect in 3D IC Package with TSV During Molded Underfill (MUF)

Abstract In this paper, the microbump pitch effect in molded underfill (MUF) is analyzed in the 3D integrated circuit (IC) package with a through-silicon via by numerical modeling. The current trend of decreasing the microbump pitch could make the MUF process more difficult. However, no detailed study on the particular area, particularly on the MUF process, has been conducted so far. Therefore, this paper could be a good reference by providing detailed information on the process. In our analysis, FLUENT 6.3. 26 is used to predict the MUF flow front advancement under the effect of a different microbump pitch. The strong ability of FLUENT to predict flow front advancement was validated by the experimental results in the literature. Based on the analysis, the effect of the microbump pitch has significant implications on the filling rate, velocity profile, epoxy molding compound conversion rate, pressure distribution, and air void entrapment level. From the numerical analysis, a smaller microbump pitch is inferior in terms of the filling rate and air void entrapment level. The data and the analysis provide fundamental knowledge in understanding the effect of the microbump pitch on the MUF process.
The Health Economic Impact of Musculoskeletal Physiotherapy Delivered by Telehealth: A Systematic Review

Introduction: While the efficacy of telehealth in musculoskeletal physiotherapy has been supported, its cost effectiveness has not been established. Therefore, the objective of this review was to ascertain the health economic impact of outpatient musculoskeletal physiotherapy delivered by telehealth and describe methodology utilized to date. Methods: Electronic searching of PubMed, CINHAL, PEDro, and Web of Science databases was undertaken alongside handsearching for publications comprising: population: adults with musculoskeletal disorders managed in any type of outpatient ambulatory setting; intervention: physiotherapy delivered by telehealth comparison: traditional in-person physiotherapy; and, outcomes: economic analyses reporting costs and consequences. Appraisal was undertaken with the Downs and Black Questionnaire and the Consolidated Health Economic Evaluation Reporting Standards Checklist. Results: Eleven studies of mixed methodological quality were included. Most were conducted in the public sector, from the economic perspective of the health service funder. Telehealth consistently produced health outcomes akin to in-person care. In all but one, telehealth was less costly, with savings achieved by reducing in-person consultations and travel costs. Conclusion: Telehealth is as effective and cheaper than in-person physiotherapy for musculoskeletal disorders in public hospital outpatients. Further health economic research is needed to clarify the economic impact of telehealth upon non-government providers of musculoskeletal physiotherapy.
Effects of Low-Load Blood Flow Restriction Resistance Training on Muscle Strength and Hypertrophy Compared with Traditional Resistance Training in Healthy Adults Older Than 60 Years: Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

Background: There is clinical interest in determining the effects of low-load blood flow restriction (LL-BFR) resistance training on muscle strength and hypertrophy compared with traditional high- and low-load (HL and LL) resistance training in healthy older adults and the influence of LL-BFR training cuff-pressure on these outcomes. Methods: A search was performed on the MEDLINE, PEDro, CINHAL, Web of Science, Science Direct, Scopus, and CENTRAL databases. Results: The analysis included 14 studies. HL resistance training produces a small increase in muscle strength (eight studies; SMD, −0.23 [−0.41; −0.05]) but not in muscle hypertrophy (six studies; (SMD, 0.08 [−0.22; 0.38]) when compared with LL-BFR resistance training. Compared with traditional LL resistance training, LL-BFR resistance training produces small–moderate increases in muscle strength (seven studies; SMD, 0.44 [0.28; 0.60]) and hypertrophy (two studies; SMD, 0.51 [0.06; 0.96]). There were greater improvements in muscle strength when higher cuff pressures were applied versus traditional LL resistance training but not versus HL resistance training. Conclusions: LL-BFR resistance training results in lower muscle strength gains than HL resistance training and greater than traditional LL resistance training in healthy adults older than 60 years. LL-BFR resistance training promotes a similar muscle hypertrophy to HL resistance training but is greater than that of traditional LL resistance training. Applying cuff pressures above the limb occlusion pressure could enhance the increases in muscle strength compared with traditional LL resistance training.
Liquid crystal modulated optical amplifier for night vision imaging

Image intensifier tubes, as part of night vision devices, have been the primary devices for the detection and amplification of near infrared light for night vision operations. In this paper, we demonstrate a novel all-optical night vision amplifier device with a potential to replace the image intensifier tube in night vision goggles. This image amplifier is based on a novel structure of semiconductor and spectrally tunable liquid crystal (LC) materials within a thin cell. The LC reacts to near-infrared (NIR) radiation but is unaffected by visible light, allowing see-through capability including visible-wavelength cockpit light. The technology is made very attractive by its high sensitivity, spatial resolution, and contrast without expensive, bulky, and heavy optics or high-voltage components.
Genome-Wide Transcriptome Analysis Revealing the Genes Related to Sugar Metabolism in Kernels of Sweet Corn

Sugar metabolism influences the quality of sweet corn (Zea mays var. saccharate Sturt) kernels, which is a major goal for maize breeding. In this study, the genome-wide transcriptomes from two supersweet corn cultivars (cv. Xuetian 7401 and Zhetian 11) with a nearly two-fold difference in kernel sugar content were carried out to explore the genes related to kernel sugar metabolism. In total, 45,748 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) in kernels and 596 DEGs in leaves were identified. PsbS, photosynthetic system II subunit S, showed two isoforms with different expression levels in leaf tissue between two cultivars, indicating that this gene might influence sugar accumulation in the kernel. On the other hand, hexokinases and beta-glucosidase genes involved in glycolysis, starch and sucrose metabolism were found in developing kernels with a genome-wide transcriptome analysis of developing kernels, which might contribute to the overaccumulation of water-soluble polysaccharides and an increase in the sweetness in the kernels of Xuetian 7401. These results indicated that kernel sugar accumulation in sweet corn might be influenced by both photosynthesis efficiency and the sugar metabolism rate. Our study supplied a new insight for breeding new cultivars with high sugar content and laid the foundation for exploring the regulatory mechanisms of kernel sugar content in corn.
Target dependence of charge distributions in spallation reactions of medium-mass nuclei with 12 GeV protons

Spallation yields of Ti, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu, and Zn by 12 GeV protons were measured with a Ge(Li) . gamma. -ray spectrometer followed by computer analysis of the spectra. The measured cross sections of about 30 product nuclides for each target sample are in general agreement with existing data in the same energy range and cover a wider mass range of the product nuclides for most of the targets. The present data were used to obtain the charge-dispersion and mass-yield curves by the least-squares analysis. The target dependence of charge distributions in spallation reactions for product nuclides with a mass range 22< or approx. =A< or approx. =58 was determined as a function of the N/Z ratio of the target, (N/Z)/sub T/. The N/Z ratio at the charge-dispersion peak, (N/Z)/sub p/, can be expressed as (N/Z)/sub p/ = (0.783 +- 0.038)+(0.304 +- 0.033)(N/Z)/sub T/. The present results of the target dependence of charge distributions do not seem to agree with the earlier data for production of argon isotopes by 24 GeV protons in the same target mass range.
Polynomials Annihilating the Witt Ring

Let F be a non‐formally real field of characteristic not 2 and let W(F) be the Witt ring of F. In certain cases generators for the annihilator ideal are determined. Aim the primary decomposition of A(F) is given. For formally d fields F, as an analogue the primary decomposition of At(F) = {f(X) ∈ Z[X]| f(ω) = 0 for all ω ∈ Wt(F)}, where Wt(F) is the torsion part of the Witt group, is obtained.
Joint Deep Learning for Covariate Decomposition and Treatment Effect Estimation

Abstract This study proposes a joint deep learning method, namely, confounding factor joint decomposition under counterfactual regression (CFJD-CFR), to identify a minimum adjustment covariate set and estimate the average treatment effect (ATE). CFJD-CFR includes two levels: feature learning and prediction model. Feature learning constructs the objective function based on clear variable attribute recognition criteria to identify and decompose a covariate set of different attributes into four disjoint sets of factors: instrumental, confounding, predicting, and noise variables. The output of feature learning is then introduced into the prediction model as its input to build a joint deep learning model and reduce the systematic errors caused by step-by-step learning. The proposed method combines deep representation learning, feature selection, and prediction under the structural equation modeling framework. Simulation studies show that CFJD-CFR can effectively identify the minimum adjustment covariate set and consistently outperform other methods for ATE estimation. The proposed method is applied to the Chinese General Social Survey study. New insights into the difference in social welfare policy preference between urban and rural residents in China are obtained.
DISTRIBUTIONS OF CARBON-CHAIN MOLECULES IN L1527

The distributions of CCH, C4H, c-C3H2, and HC5N have been studied in high spatial resolution with the Plateau de Bure Interferometer, where the short-spacing data have been taken with the IRAM 30 m telescope. The distributions show clear central condensation around the protostar, confirming that these molecules are associated with the protostar's environment. The blueshifted and redshifted components are concentrated near the protostar, indicating their existence in the infalling envelope. The intensity distribution of c-C3H2 shows a steep increase inward of a radius of 500–1000 AU from the protostar. By comparing the c-C3H2 distribution with the H2 column density distribution from the protostellar envelope model using the DUSTY code, the abundance of c-C3H2 is found to be enhanced by a factor of about 10 within the increasing point, where the temperature becomes higher than 20–30 K. This result supports the picture of warm carbon-chain chemistry; carbon-chain molecules and their related molecules are efficiently regenerated by evaporation of CH4 from dust grains in the warm region (about 25 K). The distributions of CCH and C4H have extended structures as well as an enhanced component, which implies a contribution of “remnant” carbon-chain molecules produced in the starless-core phase in addition to the regeneration component. On the other hand, the distributions of CCH, C4H, and c-C3H2 have a slight dip with a radius of 300–600 AU toward the protostar position, indicating that their abundances would decrease toward the central part. The present results provide a new picture of carbon-chain chemistry in the closest vicinity of a low-mass protostar.
Outcomes in Severe COVID-19 Patients Following Percutaneous Versus Open Surgical Tracheostomy: An Analysis of Clinical and Prognostic Indicators

Background and objective Tracheostomy in coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) patients can be performed in cases of prolonged intubation or in patients with a known difficult airway. Tracheostomy is usually performed by two main approaches: open surgery or percutaneous endoscopic insertion. However, few studies have compared these two techniques in severe COVID-19 patients. The objective of the present study was to compare the efficacy of the two main methods of tracheostomy among patients with severe COVID-19 infection. We also aimed to investigate the impact of various lab data and medications on patient outcomes. Materials and methods We included all symptomatic severe COVID-19 patients in need of prolonged mechanical ventilation. We examined the patients' past medical history, arterial blood gas (ABG) analysis, laboratory workups, and medication history. We calculated the PaO2/FiO2 ratio as an index to evaluate the severity of acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS). Results During the study period, 72 patients with severe COVID-19 underwent tracheostomy tube insertion. The average age of participants was 58.93 ±15.27 years; 44 (61.1%) were male and 28 (38.9%) were female. Of note, 54 (75.0%) patients passed away and only 18 (25.0%) survived. Among the survivors, 13 (29.5%) were men and five (17.9%) were women. The study showed a significantly higher mortality rate (23, 92.0%) among patients who underwent open surgery compared to those who received percutaneous surgery (31, 65.9%) (p=0.01). Conclusion Based on our findings, percutaneous endoscopic tracheostomy seems to be the superior approach compared to open tracheostomy. Other predictive factors associated with patient outcomes included levels of HCO3, FiO2, PaCO2, and PaO2/FiO2 ratio.
Switching at small magnetic fields in Josephson junctions fabricated with ferromagnetic barrier layers

Nb-based Josephson junctions have been fabricated, which can select one of two states depending on the relative magnetization of their ferromagnetic barrier layers. To minimize the free-layer switching energy, while maintaining adequate thermal stability at 4.2 K, a dilute Cu-permalloy alloy [Cu0.7(Ni80Fe20)0.3] with a low magnetic saturation (Ms ∼ 80 emu/cm3) is used. The optimal thickness of the permalloy (Ni80Fe20) fixed-layer is shown to be 2.4 nm. Such devices exhibit switching at magnetic fields as low as 5 Oe, demonstrating their potential use in low power non-volatile memory for superconductor digital circuits.
“Don’t Feel Like You Have to Do This All on Your Own”: Exploring Perceived Partner Support of Breastfeeding Among Black Women in Kentucky

Background: Few researchers have explored partner breastfeeding support among Black women, who report low breastfeeding rates compared to women of other cultural groups. Ways to encourage partner support of Black women’s breastfeeding can be understood from an Afrocentric perspective. Research Aim: To explore perceptions of partner support among Black mothers to develop a culturally relevant framework of partner breastfeeding support. Methods: Secondary data analyses of qualitative data from a larger prospective, cross-sectional mixed methods study were utilized. Participants from Kentucky (N = 14), aged 23–71, who breastfed for at least 6 months, were recruited to participate in individual interviews. Professionally transcribed interviews were analyzed using Braun and Clarke’s (2006) thematic analysis. Results: By integrating the Breastfeeding Coparenting Framework and Optimal Conceptual Theory, we identified four culturally affirming partner support themes that participants believed impacted their breastfeeding experiences: (a) doing research, (b) offering care, (c) verbalizing praise, and (d) achieving teamwork, and three culturally incongruent partner support barrier themes: (e) withdrawing commitment, (f) politicking bodies, and (g) stripping agency. Conclusion: Participants who breastfed for at least 6 months largely attributed their breastfeeding success to the support received from their partners. Our findings offer a culturally relevant framework of partner breastfeeding support that can facilitate intervention efforts with participants and their partners to increase breastfeeding rates among this population.
Identification of Two CDK5R1-Related Subtypes and Characterization of Immune Infiltrates in Alzheimer's Disease Based on an Integrated Bioinformatics Analysis

Background Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a neurodegenerative disorder and the major cause of senile dementia. The Reelin pathway has been involved in both learning and AD pathogenesis. However, the specific Reelin-related gene signature during the pathological process remains unknown. Methods Reelin-related gene (CDK5R1) expression was analyzed using the GEO datasets. The relevant genes of CDK5R1 were identified using differential expression analysis and weighted gene correlation network analysis (WGCNA) based on the GSE43850 dataset. ConsensusClusterPlus analysis was applied to identify subtypes (C1 and C2) of AD. The CIBERSORT algorithm was used to assess the immune cell infiltration between the two AD subtypes. Results CDK5R1 was downregulated in AD. 244 differentially expressed CDK5R1-related genes (DECRGs) between the two subgroups were mainly enriched in GABAergic synapse, neuroactive ligand-receptor interaction, synapse organization, neurotransmitter transport, etc. Furthermore, the GSVA results indicated that immune-related pathways were significantly enriched in the C1 subgroup. Interestingly, 10 Reelin pathway-related genes (CRK, DAB2IP, LRP8, RELN, STAT5A, CDK5, CDK5R1, DAB1, FYN, and SH3KBP1) were abnormally expressed between the two subgroups. The proportion of T cell gamma delta, monocytes, macrophage M2, and dendritic cells activated decreased from C1 to C2, while the proportion of plasma cells, T cell follicular helper, and NK cells activated increased. Conclusion Two CDK5R1-related subtypes of AD were identified, helping us to better understand the role of CDK5R1 in the pathological process of AD.
Wigner function formulation in nonparabolic semiconductors using power series dispersion relation

A Wigner transport equation taking account nonparabolic energy band structures of electrons is formulated using the expanded power series dispersion relation in the kinetic energy term in the Hamiltonian. Numerical simulations for GaAs/AlGaAs resonant tunneling diodes are performed based on this model. In the analysis of steady-state current–voltage characteristics, the introduction of nonparabolicity gives overall reduced current densities. However, as in the case of mass correlation terms, the tunneling current when we include the correlation of spatially varying nonparabolicity parameter is bigger than that with constant nonparabolicity parameter. In the transient response analysis, it gives a damping effect which reduces the oscillatory behavior of current and electron densities.
Why Autoethnography?

Autoethnography addresses the need and desire to make the human sciences more human by writing in ways that are more poignant, touching, vulnerable, and heartfelt. Since social work is a field not only of facts but also of meanings and values, researchers should not be obliged to cling to a narrow range of methodologies and writing genres that may be scientifically acceptable but poorly suited to the broad objectives of the field. Concerned more with evocation than information, autoethnography enables researchers and practitioners to address what it feels like, and what it can mean, to be alive and living in a chaotic and uncertain world, and to show others how they might endure it and move forward. As we developed evocative autoethnography, we not only questioned the boundaries between social sciences and humanities, we tried to stretch and cross them in ways that would create new practitioners and new genres for representing lived experience appealing to the hearts and senses of readers as well as their intellects.
Factors limiting the efficiency of molecular photovoltaic devices

~Received 5 July 2003; revised manuscript received 17 September 2003; published 30 January 2004! We present a simple model of a molecular photovoltaic device consisting of a two-level system, connected to external contacts by chains of one or more charge transporting orbitals. Electrons may be promoted in the two-level system by photon absorption, and charge transported to the external circuit by electron transfer between neighboring orbitals. Photon absorption and emission are described by a generalized Planck equation and electron transfer is described by nonadiabatic Marcus theory. We find the steady-state current by solving the set of coupled rate equations for electron transfer in the system under illumination as a function of bias applied to the contacts. We calculate monochromatic current-voltage characteristics and power conversion efficiency as a function of the system size, orbital energy levels, and electron transfer rates, and compare with the monochromatic detailed balance limit. Using realistic values of the energy levels and charge-transfer rates, we are able to reproduce a number of commonly observed features in the current-voltage characteristics. These include a ‘‘kink’’ in the current-voltage curve close to open circuit when large interfacial energy steps are present or mobilities are low, and a reduction of the open-circuit voltage and crossing of the light and dark current curves when interfacial recombination is strong. We show that open-circuit voltage is dominated by the acceptor-donor energy gap when recombination is important, and by the optical gap when recombination is low. We confirm previous reports that photovoltaic energy conversion can be achieved by interfacial asymmetry alone and that a potential difference between the electrodes is unnecessary. Improved photovoltaic efficiency of molecular heterojunctions requires ohmic contacts, improved charge-carrier mobilities, and tuning of the electron-transfer rates at the heterojunction. Maximizing the rate of charge separation does not necessarily lead to maximum efficiency.
Carry‐over effects of weather and decision‐making on nest success of a migratory shorebird

Abstract Weather conditions experienced by birds can influence their migration decision‐making and strategy both within and across seasons. Additionally, decision‐making during migration may influence subsequent fitness (reproductive success and/or survival). Examining the effects of fine‐scale weather variables on individuals throughout the year could help identify stages of the annual cycle when species may be most affected by weather. In this study, we captured 24 black‐bellied plovers (gray plovers; Pluvialis squatarola) on nonbreeding areas along the western Gulf of Mexico coast and tracked their locations once every 2 h through their breeding season in the Alaskan and Canadian Arctic. We quantified migration strategies and weather conditions experienced by each individual throughout the nonbreeding, northward migration, and breeding seasons. We used a Bayesian hierarchical model which connected regressions linking weather with migration metrics, and migration metrics and breeding season weather with reproductive success. We found strong negative relationships between two migration metrics (migration duration and number of stopovers) and reproductive success, but no substantial relationships between breeding season weather variables and reproductive success. We found negative relationships between nonbreeding season temperature, migration temperature, and migration NDVI and both migration duration and number of stopovers, in addition to positive relationships between the number of stopovers and storms during migration, migration duration, and nonbreeding season precipitation. These results suggest that reproductive success is influenced by weather throughout the annual cycle and migration strategy is a key mechanism through which these effects operate. Our findings suggest that environmental factors throughout the year influence shorebird fitness, and, because black‐bellied plovers are often associated with mixed‐species flocks, many species likely experience similar constraints.