Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Direct measurement of human ankle stiffness during quiet standing: the intrinsic mechanical stiffness is insufficient for stability

During quiet standing the human ‘inverted pendulum’ sways irregularly. In previous work where subjects balanced a real inverted pendulum, we investigated what contribution the intrinsic mechanical ankle stiffness makes to achieve stability. Using the results of a plausible model, we suggested that intrinsic ankle stiffness is inadequate for providing stability. Here, using a piezo‐electric translator we applied small, unobtrusive mechanical perturbations to the foot while the subject was standing freely. These short duration perturbations had a similar size and velocity to movements which occur naturally during quiet standing, and they produced no evidence of any stretch reflex response in soleus, or gastrocnemius. Direct measurement confirms our earlier conclusion; intrinsic ankle stiffness is not quite sufficient to stabilise the body or pendulum. On average the directly determined intrinsic stiffness is 91 ± 23 % (mean ±s.d.) of that necessary to provide minimal stabilisation. The stiffness was substantially constant, increasing only slightly with ankle torque. This stiffness cannot be neurally regulated in quiet standing. Thus we attribute this stiffness to the foot, Achilles’ tendon and aponeurosis rather than the activated calf muscle fibres. Our measurements suggest that the triceps surae muscles maintain balance via a spring‐like element which is itself too compliant to guarantee stability. The implication is that the brain cannot set ankle stiffness and then ignore the control task because additional modulation of torque is required to maintain balance. We suggest that the triceps surae muscles maintain balance by predictively controlling the proximal offset of the spring‐like element in a ballistic‐like manner.
Feature Selection for Classification of Hyperspectral Data by SVM

Support vector machines (SVM) are attractive for the classification of remotely sensed data with some claims that the method is insensitive to the dimensionality of the data and, therefore, does not require a dimensionality-reduction analysis in preprocessing. Here, a series of classification analyses with two hyperspectral sensor data sets reveals that the accuracy of a classification by an SVM does vary as a function of the number of features used. Critically, it is shown that the accuracy of a classification may decline significantly (at 0.05 level of statistical significance) with the addition of features, particularly if a small training sample is used. This highlights a dependence of the accuracy of classification by an SVM on the dimensionality of the data and, therefore, the potential value of undertaking a feature-selection analysis prior to classification. Additionally, it is demonstrated that, even when a large training sample is available, feature selection may still be useful. For example, the accuracy derived from the use of a small number of features may be noninferior (at 0.05 level of significance) to that derived from the use of a larger feature set providing potential advantages in relation to issues such as data storage and computational processing costs. Feature selection may, therefore, be a valuable analysis to include in preprocessing operations for classification by an SVM.
Endovascular treatment of ruptured dissecting aneurysms aimed at occlusion of the dissected site by using Guglielmi detachable coils.

OBJECT Surgical or endovascular occlusion of the parent artery proximal to an aneurysm has been recommended for treatment of dissecting aneurysms of the intracranial posterior circulation. However, dissecting aneurysms may rupture even after proximal occlusion because distal progression of thrombus is necessary to occlude the dissecting aneurysm completely, and this may be delayed by the presence of retrograde flow. In this article the authors present their experience in treating six patients with ruptured dissecting aneurysms. METHODS The authors report on six patients with a ruptured dissecting aneurysm in the posterior fossa who were successfully treated by endovascular occlusion of the aneurysm by using Guglielmi detachable coils. The procedure was particularly aimed at occluding the dissected site. CONCLUSIONS At the present time, endovascular occlusion of the dissected site is a safe, minimally invasive, and reliable treatment for dissecting aneurysms when a test occlusion is tolerated and adequate collateral circulation is present.
Parallel matrix multiplication in 2-gain Kalman filter realized in hardware

In this paper we present a flexible circuit that allows for a parallel and partially asynchronous multiplication of matrices. The circuit, realized in the CMOS technology, has been designed for the application, for example, in fast Kalman filtering in automotive active safety applications. In such filters we encounter numerous operations performed on matrices that are time consuming. Additionally, the size of the processed matrices may be the subject of changing, depending on the input data and tasks realized by the system. Software implementation of Kalman filters supports the required flexibility in a natural way, however, this approach is not efficient from the point of view of the computational power. The proposed solution different sizes of the multiplied matrices. Additionally the power dissipation is well fitted to the realized task. The circuit realized in the CMOS 180 nm technology is able to multiply two 3×3 matrices with data rate of 20–100 MSps, depending on the signal resolution (in bits) and sizes of the input matrices.
Cloning, sequencing, and mapping of the bacterioferritin gene (bfr) of Escherichia coli K-12

The bacterioferritin (BFR) of Escherichia coli K-12 is an iron-storage hemoprotein, previously identified as cytochrome b1. The bacterioferritin gene (bfr) has been cloned, sequenced, and located in the E. coli linkage map. Initially a gene fusion encoding a BFR-lambda hybrid protein (Mr 21,000) was detected by immunoscreening a lambda gene bank containing Sau3A restriction fragments of E. coli DNA. The bfr gene was mapped to 73 min (the str-spc region) in the physical map of the E. coli chromosome by probing Southern blots of restriction digests of E. coli DNA with a fragment of the bfr gene. The intact bfr gene was then subcloned from the corresponding lambda phage from the gene library of Kohara et al. (Y. Kohara, K. Akiyama, and K. Isono, Cell 50:495-508, 1987). The bfr gene comprises 474 base pairs and 158 amino acid codons (including the start codon), and it encodes a polypeptide having essentially the same size (Mr 18,495) and N-terminal sequence as the purified protein. A potential promoter sequence was detected in the 5' noncoding region, but it was not associated with an "iron box" sequence (i.e., a binding site for the iron-dependent Fur repressor protein). BFR was amplified to 14% of the total protein in a bfr plasmid-containing strain. An additional unidentified gene (gen-64), encoding a relatively basic 64-residue polypeptide and having the same polarity as bfr, was detected upstream of the bfr gene.
Socio-Demographic Determinants of Diet Quality in Australian Adults Using the Validated Healthy Eating Index for Australian Adults (HEIFA-2013)

Diet quality indices have been shown to predict cardiovascular disease, cancer, Type 2 Diabetes, obesity and all-cause mortality. This study aimed to determine the socio-demographics of Australian adults with poor diet quality. Diet quality was assessed for participants of the 2011–2012 National Nutrition and Physical Activity Survey aged 18 years or above (n = 9435), with the validated 11-component Healthy Eating Index for Australians (HEIFA-2013), based on the 2013 Australian Dietary Guidelines. Differences in scores by demographics (ANOVA) and regression models for associations between the HEIFA-2013 score and demographic characteristics were conducted. The mean (SD) HEIFA-2013 score was 45.5 (14.7) out of 100 due to poor intakes of vegetables, fruit, grains, dairy and fat and high intakes of added sugar, sodium and discretionary foods. Lower mean HEIFA-2013 scores (SD) were found for males 43.3 (14.7), young-adults 41.6 (14.2) obese 44.1 (14.3), smokers 40.0 (14.2), low socio-economic status 43.7 (14.9) and Australian country-of-birth 44.2 (14.6) (p < 0.05). The overall diet quality of the Australian population is poor and targeted interventions for young-adults, males, obese and those with lower socio-economic status are recommended.
Global Orbit Patterns for One Dimensional Dynamical Systems

In this article, we study the behaviour of discrete one-dimensional dynamical systems associated to functions on finite sets. We formalise the global orbit pattern formed by all the periodic orbits (gop) as the ordered set of periods when the initial value thumbs the finite set in the increasing order. We are able to predict, using closed formulas, the number of gop for the set $\mathcal{F}_N$ of all the functions on $X$. We also explore by computer experiments special subsets of $\mathcal{F}_N$ in which interesting patterns of gop are found.
Categorías de análisis de los estudios sobre clústers en las corrientes de la economía industrial y de la aglomeración

El articulo presenta las categorias de analisis con las que se han abordado los estudios sobre cluster en las corrientes de la economia industrial y de la aglomeracion. En la corriente de la economia industrial se presentan los estudios interesados por la definicion del concepto mismo de clusters, el surgimiento y desarrollo de estos, asi como aquellos que se centran en su configuracion, localizacion y las caracteristicas de la clausterizacion economica. En la corriente de la economia de la aglomeracion se resenan estudios interesados en la competencia y la cooperacion en el cluster; el cluster como sistema de innovacion, el rol de las instituciones involucradas en el cluster, la socializacion del riesgo y la eficiencia colectiva activa, la politica y el poder en el cluster y los trabajos que se han ocupado por los aspectos socioculturales en los clusters. El articulo hace parte del estado de la cuestion de la tesis doctoral “Construccion sociocultural del Cluster Textil/ Confeccion/ Diseno y Moda de Antioquia”, la cual realizo la autora. ABSTRACT The article presents/displays the categories of analysis with which the studies are had boarded on cluster in the currents of the industrial economy and the agglomeration. In the current of the industrial economy the studies interested in the definition of the same concept of clusters appear the sprouting and development of these, as well as those that concentrate in their configuration, location and the characteristics of the economic cauterization. In the current of the economy of the agglomeration studies interested in the competition and the cooperation in cluster are reviewed; cluster like innovation system, the roll of the institutions involved in cluster, the socialization of the risk and the active collective efficiency, the policy and the power in cluster and the works that have taken care by the sociocultural aspects in clusters. The article is part of the state of the question of the doctoral thesis “sociocultural Construction of the Textile Cluster Preparation Design and Fashion of Antioch”, which realised the author.
Rapid and Highly Efficient Method for Scarless Mutagenesis within the Salmonella enterica Chromosome

Direct manipulation of bacterial chromosomes by recombination-based techniques has become increasingly important for both cognitive and applied research. Here we demonstrate, for the first time, the combination of the Red recombinase system with I-SceI endonuclease-based selection of successful recombinants after electroporation with short synthetic olignucleotides. We show the generation of scarless gene knockouts as well as site-directed mutagenesis using the Salmonella virulence-associated two component signaling system PhoPQ. The presented approach is very versatile for generating in-frame deletions, point mutations or insertions within bacterial chromosomes.
Framelet Kernels With Applications to Support Vector Regression and Regularization Networks

Support vector regression and regularization networks are kernel-based techniques for solving the regression problem of recovering the unknown function from sample data. The choice of the kernel function, which determines the mapping between the input space and the feature space, is of crucial importance to such learning machines. Estimating the irregular function with a multiscale structure that comprises both the steep variations and the smooth variations is a hard problem. The result achieved by the traditional Gaussian kernel is often unsatisfactory, because it cannot simultaneously avoid underfltting and overfltting. In this paper, we present a new class of kernel functions derived from the framelet system. A framelet is a tight wavelet frame constructed via multiresolution analysis and has the merit of both wavelets and frames. The construction and approximation properties of framelets have been well studied. Our goal is to combine the power of framelet representation with the merit of kernel methods on learning from sparse data. The proposed framelet kernel has the ability to approximate functions with a multiscale structure and can reduce the influence of noise in data. Experiments on both simulated and real data illustrate the usefulness of the new kernels.
BooViews : Aspect-based Sentiment Analysis on Product Reviews combining SVM and CRF in Portuguese

Customers use product reviews to gather opinion regarding a product before making a purchase decision. Reviews are available in several e-commerce businesses and wrote by real customers. Companies can use these reviews to harness consumer information by artificial intelligence algorithms and automatically extract product information, such as review polarity and product aspects. In this paper, we cover techniques to classify reviews polarity, extract product aspects and classify them. The resulting SVM classifier got 91.7% of precision in classifying the sentiment of the reviews, 74.2% of F1-score using CRF to extract the product aspects and 79.9% of precision classifying aspect’s polarity.
The immune response against myelin basic protein in two strains of rat with different genetic capacity to develop experimental allergic encephalomyelitis

After challenge with guiena pig basic protein (GPBP) Lewis (Le) rats, which are homozygous for the immune response experimental allergic encephalomyelitis (Ir-EAE) gene, developed positive delayed skin tests against GPBP and the 43 residue encephalitogenic fragment (EF); in addition, Le rat lymph node cells (LNC) were stimulated and produced migration inhibitory factor (MIF) when incubated in vitro with these antigens. In contrast Brown Norway (BN) rats, which lack the Ir-EAE gene, did not develop delayed skin tests to EF and their LNC were not stimulated and did not produce MIF when incubated in vitro with EF. These observations indicate that the Ir-EAE gene controls a T-cell response against the EF. Le rats produced measurable anti-BP antibody by radioimmunoassay after primary challenge. Although no antibody was detectable in BN rats by radioimmunoassay, radioimmunoelectrophoresis indicated that a small amount of antibody was formed after primary immunization. After boosting intraperitoneally, both strains of rat exhibited a rise in anti-BP antibody; which was greater in Le rats. In both strains of rat the anti-BP antibody reacted with a portion of the molecule other than the EF. Since EF primarily evokes a T cell response, it is suggested that the EF portion of the BP molecule may contain a helper determinant in antibody production.
Strain intermittency due to avalanches in ferroelastic and porous materials

The avalanche statistics in porous materials and ferroelastic domain wall systems has been studied for slowly increasing compressive uniaxial stress with stress rates between 0.2 and 17 kPa s−1. Velocity peaks vm=dh/dt are calculated from the measured strain drops and used to determine the corresponding Energy distributions N(E≡vm2). Power law distributions N(vm2)∝(vm2)−ε have been obtained over 4–6 decades. For most of the porous materials and domain wall systems an exponent ε=1.5±0.1 was obtained in good agreement with mean-field theory of the interface pinning transition. For charcoal, shale and calcareous schist we found significant deviations of the exponents from mean-field values in agreement with recent acoustic emission experiments.
Measuring the Cosmic Equation of State with Counts of Galaxies

The classical dN/dz test allows one to determine fundamental cosmological parameters from the evolution of the cosmic volume element. This test is applied by measuring the redshift distribution of a tracer whose evolution in number density is known. In the past, ordinary galaxies have been used for this; however, in the absence of a complete theory of galaxy formation, that method is fraught with difficulties. In this Letter, we propose studying instead the evolution of the apparent numbers of dark matter halos as a function of their circular velocity, observable via the line widths or rotation speeds of visible galaxies. Upcoming redshift surveys will allow the line width distribution of galaxies to be determined at both z ~ 1 and the present day. In the course of studying this test, we have devised a rapid, improved semianalytic method for calculating the circular velocity distribution of dark halos based on the analytic mass function of Sheth, Mo, & Tormen and the formation time distribution of Lacey & Cole. We find that if selection effects are well controlled and minimal external constraints are applied, the planned DEEP Redshift Survey could allow us to measure the cosmic equation-of-state parameter w to ±10% (as little as 3% if Ωm has been well determined from other observations). This type of test also has the potential to provide a constraint on any evolution of w, such as that predicted by "tracker" models.
Alterations of the podocyte proteome in response to high glucose concentrations

Diabetic nephropathy is one of the most common complications of diabetes mellitus and the leading cause of end‐stage renal disease. A reduction in podocyte number has been documented in the kidneys of these patients. To identify the molecular changes in podocytes that are primarily caused by high glucose (HG) concentrations and not by secondary alterations (e.g. glomerular hypertension), we investigated the protein expression profiles in a podocyte cell line under long‐term HG exposure (30 versus 10 mM for 2 wk). Proteins were separated by 2‐DE, and we identified 39 different proteins in 48 spots that were differentially regulated by more than twofold in response to HG concentrations using MALDI‐TOF MS and MASCOT software. These proteins belong to several protein classes, including cytoskeletal proteins and specific annexins (annexins III and VI). Downregulation of annexins III and VI by HG concentrations was confirmed by qRT‐PCR, Western blot, and immunostaining, and was also observed in glomeruli of kidney biopsies from patients with diabetic nephropathy. Our data demonstrate that HG concentrations per se are sufficient to strongly modify the protein expression profile of podocytes, the analysis of which contributes to the identification of novel targets involved in diabetic nephropathy.
Discussion of case-control study of Hodgkin's disease.

disease cases have been compared with control groups that bore some special environmental relationship to the cases. These were done to give some idea of different patterns of occurrence of the disease. Second, case-control studies have been conducted to test a specific hypothesis regarding a suspect etiological factor or event. Third, serological differ ences between cases and controls have been measured in order to incriminate a possible etiological agent. Fourth, several laboratories have looked at differences in HL-A frequency among cases and controls in order to identify a genetically determined group that may be unusually suscep tible to developing the disease. The types of studies referred to represent case-control studies in which the controls, whatever type they were, were selected specifically for one reason or another before the investigation began. This is in contrast to those studies dealing with clustering phenomenon or suggesting a casecontact-case spread of the disease in which the "controls" or
The effects of corporate environmental practices on financial performance of global companies

The purpose of this paper is to examine the relationship between companies' environmental management practices and their financial performance. We study a sample of the 500 largest public U.S. companies and we use Newsweek's Green Ranking index to predict future financial performance a year later. After controlling for size, industry concentration, firm's growth rate and risk, we are unable to find a significant effect. Therefore, we conclude that environmental practices have neither a positive nor a negative effect on financial performance. Further research could study a longer time horizon by taking longer time-lags into account.
RUBY® – a tetravalent (2+2) bispecific antibody format with excellent functionality and IgG-like stability, pharmacology and developability properties

ABSTRACT Despite the large number of existing bispecific antibody (bsAb) formats, the generation of novel bsAbs is still associated with development and bioprocessing challenges. Here, we present RUBY, a novel bispecific antibody format that allows rapid generation of bsAbs that fulfill key development criteria. The RUBYTM format has a 2 + 2 geometry, where two Fab fragments are linked via their light chains to the C-termini of an IgG, and carries mutations for optimal chain pairing. The unique design enables generation of bsAbs with mAb-like attributes. Our data demonstrate that RUBY bsAbs are compatible with small-scale production systems for screening purposes and can be produced at high yields (>3 g/L) from stable cell lines. The bsAbs produced are shown to, in general, contain low amounts of aggregates and display favorable solubility and stress endurance profiles. Further, compatibility with various IgG isotypes is shown and tailored Fc gamma receptor binding confirmed. Also, retained interaction with FcRn is demonstrated to translate into a pharmacokinetic profile in mice and non-human primates that is comparable to mAb controls. Functionality of conditional active RUBY bsAbs is confirmed in vitro. Anti-tumor effects in vivo have previously been demonstrated, and shown to be superior to a comparable mAb, and here it is further shown that RUBY bsAbs penetrate and localize to tumor tissue in vivo. In all, the RUBY format has attractive mAb-like attributes and offers the possibility to mitigate many of the development challenges linked to other bsAb formats, facilitating both high functionality and developability.
TCP-Friendly Congestion Control over Wireless Networks

In this paper, we present an end-to-end adaptation scheme, called the wireless loss-delay based adaptation algorithm (WLDA+). WLDA+ adapts the transmission behaviour of multimedia senders in ac- cordance with the network congestion state in wire- less environments. WLDA+ is based on the loss-delay based adaptation scheme (1) which adjusts the trans- mission behaviour of the senders in a manner simi- lar to TCP connections suffering from equal losses and delays. To take the specific characteristics of wireless links into account, WLDA+ incorporates error differ- entiation schemes to detect the loss nature in the wire- less channel. The performance of WLDA+ is then in- vestigated by simulating the behaviour of this algo- rithm under different network topologies.