Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
A Case for Heterogeneous Flash

We explore the idea of heterogeneous NAND flash which possesses pages/blocks of multiple sizes. This heterogeneity can then be exploited to accommodate the diversity in data access patterns found in most storage workloads. We identify various trade-offs offered by such pages/blocks. By characterizing seven real-world I/O traces, we identify metrics that have a bearing on the efficacy as well as design of such a heterogeneous flash. We use the implications of our workload characterization to discuss the pros and cons of different implementation styles and management schemes.
Nontological Engineering

This article reflects an ongoing effort to systematize the use of terms applied by philosophers and computer scientists in the context of ontology and ontological engineering. We show that a common reference terminology is needed to connect terms in representational artifacts to what they mean ontologically. Without such a reference, statements in and about knowledge representation languages will be ambiguous, both as between various languages and within a single language. We identify problems common to a number of knowledge representation languages used to formalize ontologies. We show that a reference terminology can be used to disambiguate the meanings of some, and to reveal ontological problems in other, evidently confused, statements in and about different representation languages. Our final conclusion is not that our proposed terminology is the ultimate one to serve as a common reference; rather, we argue that it is necessary to have such a standard with well-defined terms linked to an axiomatized theory, if unambiguous cross-paradigm and cross-language communication is to be achieved.
Assimilating MetaBorg:: embedding language tools in languages

The MetaBorg usage pattern allows concrete syntax to be associated with application programmer interfaces (API's). Once a concrete syntax is defined, library writers use the Stratego language to write transformations from the concrete syntax to API data and calls in the host language. The result is a compile time translator from the combined host and domain languages to the host language. This translator is not programmable at compile time, and little or none of the infrastructure can be leveraged by a program at run time.These limitations make the MetaBorg pattern difficult or impractical to use in interactive programming. One possibility for adding interactivity to language assimilation is the application of the MetaBorg pattern to Stratego/XT itself. Assimilating language tools into languages, especially dynamic languages, better serves incremental and interactive development. Furthermore, language tool assimilation allows experimentation with language extension at compiler-compile time, compile time, load time and run time.This paper looks at language tool assimilation and makes three contributions. First, it introduces the domain-specific optimization use case as an additional problem that Stratego and related technology might solve. Second, it "partially evaluates" the MetaBorg pattern on the domain-specific languages used in Stratego/XT. Third, and finally, it generalizes the result of the MetaBorg partial evaluation, identifying several applications and application strategies.
Digital Libraries as Learning and Teaching Support

For 30 years repeated attempts have been made to use computers to support the teaching and learning process, albeit with only moderate success. Whenever major attempts failed, some seemingly convincing reasons were presented the for less than satisfactory results. In the early days cost or even lack of suitable equipment was blamed; after colour graphics computers started to be widespread, production costs of interactive and graphically appealing material were considered the main culprits; when modern multimedia authoring techniques did not change the situation either, the lack of personalized feed-back, of network support and the difficulty of producing high quality simulations were seen as main obstacles. With networks now offering excellent multimedia presentation and communication facilities the final breakthrough of computers as ultimate teaching and learning tool is (once more) predicted. And once more results will be disappointing if one crucial component is again overlooked: good courseware must give both guidance to students but also provide a rich variety of background material whenever such is needed. It is the main claim of this paper that the advent of sizeable digital libraries provides one of the most significant chances for computer based training ever. We will argue that such libraries not only allow the efficient production of courseware but also provide the extensive background reservoir of material needed in many situations.
Incentive Strength, Need State, Instrumental Task Difficulty, and the Magnitude of Goal Valence

Two experiments were performed to assess the effects of incentive strength, need state, and instrumental task difficulty on goal valence. In Experiment 1, subjects faced either an easy or a difficult task in order to avoid having to listen to aversive radio static. For some the radio static was to be loud, and for others it was to be soft. Anticipatory ratings of noise unpleasantness were as theoretically predicted, increasing as a direct function of task difficulty, but only when the stronger incentive (i.e., loud noise) was expected. In the second experiment, again subjects faced either an easy or a difficult instrumental task, but this time in an effort to win a McDonald's Big Mac™. For several hours before the experimental session, some of the subjects did not eat and the others did. In line with expectations, ratings of the attractiveness of the hamburger increased with instrumental task difficulty for subjects who had not eaten and were low and relatively uniform for those who had eaten. Results of the two experiments are discussed in terms of Brehm's energization theory of motivation.
Cooperation of HECT-domain Ubiquitin Ligase hHYD and DNA Topoisomerase II-binding Protein for DNA Damage Response*

Ubiquitin ligases define the substrate specificity of protein ubiquitination and subsequent proteosomal degradation. The catalytic sequence was first characterized in the C terminus of E6-associated protein (E6AP) and referred to as the HECT (homologous to E6AP C terminus) domain. The human homologue of the regulator of cell proliferation hyperplastic discs inDrosophila, designated hHYD, is a HECT-domain ubiquitin ligase. Here we show that hHYD provides a ubiquitin system for a cellular response to DNA damage. A yeast two-hybrid screen showed that DNA topoisomerase IIβ-binding protein 1 (TopBP1) interacted with hHYD. Endogenous hHYD bound the BRCA1 C-terminus domains of TopBP1 that are highlighted in DNA damage checkpoint proteins and cell cycle regulators. Using an in vitro reconstitution, specific E2 (ubiquitin-conjugating) enzymes (human UbcH4, UbcH5B, and UbcH5C) transferred ubiquitin molecules to hHYD, leading to the ubiquitination of TopBP1. TopBP1 was usually ubiquitinated and degraded by the proteosome, whereas X-irradiation diminished the ubiquitination of TopBP1 probably via the phosphorylation, resulting in the stable colocalization of up-regulated TopBP1 with γ-H2AX nuclear foci in DNA breaks. These results demonstrated that hHYD coordinated TopBP1 in the DNA damage response.
Journal of Theoretical and Applied Information Technology Watermarking Using Neural Network and Hiding the Trained Network within the Cover Image

The major source of communication in present world is digital media. As it is quite easy to manipulate a digital media, it becomes essential to protect the digital information by legitimate means. Digital Watermarking has evolved as one of the latest technologies for digital media protection. Many techniques based on spatial and frequency domain have been developed in the recent past and are being used for effective watermarking. However, there is always a tradeoff between robustness and imperceptibility features of watermarking offered by these techniques. This paper offers a technique based on Backpropagation Neural Network to train a given cover image to produce a desired watermark image. At the end of the training, the entire trained neural network weights has been successfully hidden within the cover image itself. This makes it possible to supply only the cover image without any external weight files. By extraction techniques, the weights can be derived from the cover image and used to reconstruct the trained Neural Network again which in turn converts the cover image into desired watermark image. The technique for hiding the weights into the cover image has been designed in such a way that it does not produce visual deterioration of the original cover image. This method is extra secure as it leads to watermarking indirectly.
ULTRA-COMPACT PIEZOELECTRIC TRANSFORMER CHARGED PARTICLE ACCELERATION

The high voltage capability, compact size, and high output impedance of piezoelectric transformers makes them very attractive primary high voltage supplies for charged particle beam applications. This paper will present and contrast recent results utilizing piezoelectric transformers to accelerate electrons and ions, to produce x-rays and neutrons for imaging and active interrogation and to produce low energy ion beams for electric micro- propulsion of spacecraft. In both cases, the piezoelectric transformer acts as the primary power supply for beam acceleration, and in the micro-propulsion thruster the transformer additionally produces dense surface plasma for ion extraction.
Iron Deprivation in Cancer––Potential Therapeutic Implications

Iron is essential for normal cellular function. It participates in a wide variety of cellular processes, including cellular respiration, DNA synthesis, and macromolecule biosynthesis. Iron is required for cell growth and proliferation, and changes in intracellular iron availability can have significant effects on cell cycle regulation, cellular metabolism, and cell division. Perhaps not surprisingly then, neoplastic cells have been found to have higher iron requirements than normal, non-malignant cells. Iron depletion through chelation has been explored as a possible therapeutic intervention in a variety of cancers. Here, we will review iron homeostasis in non-malignant and malignant cells, the widespread effects of iron depletion on the cell, the various iron chelators that have been explored in the treatment of cancer, and the tumor types that have been most commonly studied in the context of iron chelation.
Bifurcation phenomenon limits for three phase IPT systems with constant coupling coefficient

In order to achieve high efficiency, IPT systems must work under resonance conditions. Since, the coupling coefficient is low (k<0.5) compared to a transformer, the compensation is done separately in the primary and the secondary sides. However, depending on the system, both systems can alter each other, creating pole-splitting or bifurcations. This paper presents a design criterion to ensure that no bifurcation occur, dedicated to applications where the coupling coefficient is fixed. In order to achieve constant coupling, three phase meander coils are used. First, the equivalent circuit is presented. Afterwards, the limit for series-series and series-parallel compensations are derived, using as design parameter the ratio between the primary and secondary self inductances. Finally, a 50kW system design is carried out and a comparison for different design points is presented.
Bruton’s Tyrosine Kinase Mediates the Synergistic Signalling between TLR9 and the B Cell Receptor by Regulating Calcium and Calmodulin

B cells signal through both the B cell receptor (BCR) which binds antigens and Toll-like receptors (TLRs) including TLR9 which recognises CpG DNA. Activation of TLR9 synergises with BCR signalling when the BCR and TLR9 co-localise within an auto-phagosome-like compartment. Here we report that Bruton’s tyrosine kinase (BTK) is required for synergistic IL6 production and up-regulation of surface expression of MHC-class-II, CD69 and CD86 in primary murine and human B cells. We show that BTK is essential for co-localisation of the BCR and TLR9 within a potential auto-phagosome-like compartment in the Namalwa human B cell line. Downstream of BTK we find that calcium acting via calmodulin is required for this process. These data provide new insights into the role of BTK, an important target for autoimmune diseases, in B cell activation.
Medical device related pressure ulcers in hospitalized patients

Most pressure ulcers occur over bony prominences such as heels and the sacrum. However, the National Pressure Ulcer Advisory Panel recognises that pressure ulcers can also occur on any tissue under pressure and thereby can develop beneath medical devices. This article reports on results from a secondary analysis of existing data collected by The Nebraska Medical Center on pressure ulcer quality improvement initiatives and outcomes. The purpose of this study was to quantify the extent of the problem and identify risk factors for medical device related (MDR) pressure ulcer development in hospitalised patients. A subset of data collected during eight quarterly pressure ulcer incidence and prevalence studies (N = 2178) was created and analysed. The overall rate of hospital‐acquired pressure ulcers was 5·4% (113 of 2079). The proportion of patients with hospital‐acquired ulcers related to medical devices was 34·5% (39 of 113). Findings indicate that if a patient had a medical device, they were 2·4 times more likely to develop a pressure ulcer of any kind. Numerous risk factors for pressure ulcer development were identified; however, none differentiated between those with MDR and traditional pressure ulcers.
Comparison of Admission Perfusion Computed Tomography and Qualitative Diffusion- and Perfusion-Weighted Magnetic Resonance Imaging in Acute Stroke Patients

Background and Purpose— Besides classic criteria, cerebral perfusion imaging could improve patient selection for thrombolytic therapy. The purpose of this study was to compare quantitative perfusion CT imaging and qualitative diffusion- and perfusion-weighted MRI (DWI and PWI) in acute stroke patients at the time of their emergency evaluation. Methods— Thirteen acute stroke patients underwent perfusion CT and DWI or PWI on admission. The size of infarct and ischemic lesion (infarct plus penumbra) on the admission perfusion CT was compared with that of the MR abnormalities as shown on the DWI trace and on the relative cerebral blood volume, cerebral blood flow, time to peak, and mean transit time maps calculated from PWI studies. Results— The most significant correlation was found between infarct size on the admission perfusion CT and abnormality size on the admission DWI map (r =0.968, P <0.001). A significant correlation was also observed between the size of the ischemic lesion (infarct plus penumbra) on the admission perfusion CT and the abnormality size on the mean transit time map calculated from admission PWI (r =0.946, P <0.001). Information about cerebral infarct and total ischemia (infarct plus penumbra) carried by both imaging techniques was similar, with slopes of 0.913 and 0.905, respectively. Conclusions— An imaging technique may be helpful in the identification of cerebral penumbra in acute stroke patients and thus in the selection of patients for thrombolytic therapy. Perfusion CT and DWI/PWI are equivalent in this task.
Modeling and control of a lower limb exoskeleton with two degrees of freedom

The exoskeletons are bio-mechanisms used for amplification of strength, load heavy objects, increase speed and human resistance. for this reason the exoskeletons have many medical and military applications. The present paper concerns about construction and control of exoskeleton assisted by SEA (Series Elastic Actuators) having two degrees of freedom (knee and ankle). This exoskeleton offers a reduction in effort required by the user to reach and keep the stand up position as well as to performs some exercises like flexing the leg, etc.
Methotrexate-associated lymphoproliferative disorders: management by watchful waiting and observation of early lymphocyte recovery after methotrexate withdrawal

No optimum treatment of iatrogenic immunodeficiency-associated lymphoproliferative disorders due to methotrexate in patients with rheumatoid arthritis (MTX-LPD) has yet been established, although MTX withdrawal is known to have a substantial effect on tumor regression. Here, we retrospectively analyzed 20 cases of MTX-LPD. Tumor shrinkage occurred in 18 of 20 cases, but only following MTX withdrawal. This tumor regression ratio was considerably better than in previous reports, and appeared due to longer “watchful waiting. ” Lymphocyte recovery at 2 weeks after MTX withdrawal was significantly higher in cases with tumor regression in 1 month than in those without tumor regression (p = 0.001). Median time to maximal efficacy after MTX cessation in cases without chemotherapy was 12 weeks (range 2–76). In conclusion, watchful waiting for a longer period after MTX cessation with observation of early lymphocyte recovery and uninterrupted continuation of other anti-rheumatoid drugs may be an acceptable management plan for MTX-LPD.
A method for exploring input-output relations of neurons in awake mice

Summary form only given. Measuring input-output relations of single neurons in awake animals is essential for understanding how information is processed in the brain. So far, the most complete input-output relations were measured in brain slices. However, brain slices lack physiological input to dendrites and soma. Here we describe a method that combines two-photon microscopy and electrophysiology to simultaneously measure dendritic voltage and calcium signals (inputs) and somatic output from cerebellar Purkinje cells (PC) in anesthetized and awake mice. To record dendritic voltage changes we label single PCs with the synthetic, purely electrochromic voltage sensitive dye ANNINE-6plus (Fromherz et al 2008), using a chronic cranial window with access port (Roome and Kuhn, 2014). To reduce phototoxicity and increase signal amplitude we excite at the red spectral excitation edge (Kuhn and Fromherz 2003; Kuhn, Fromherz, Denk 2004). The typical signal amplitude for dendritic voltage signals during a complex spike is 10 to 15%. We record dendritic activity with line scans at a temporal resolution of 2 kHz. For dendritic calcium recording, adeno-associated viruses delivering the gene of the genetically encoded calcium indicator GCaMP6f (Chen et al 2013), can be injected prior to ANNINE-6plus labelling. Extracellular electrophysiology can also be performed at the labelled PC soma to record their somatic activity. We combine these techniques with EEG and behavioural monitoring while the mouse is resting or moving on a cylindrical treadmill. By recording spontaneous input-output relations at a single cell level within the intact brain and simultaneous monitoring of behavior, we hope to address important questions concerning neuronal computations in vivo.
Análisis de las situaciones de violencia entre iguales en educación primaria : diferencias en función del género y del curso

The aim of the present study was to study the relationship among gender, school grade and peer harassment at Primary School. The participants were 2.050 children aged 8 to 13. The overall sample was designed to represent all students in grades 3 th through 6 th in both public and private schools. A self-report questionnaire on peer harassment situations was administered to the participants. Factor analysis revealed two different dimensions: 'physical violence and property attacks' and 'verbal violence and social exclusion'. Boys reported higher levels of peer harassment among classmates than girls. No effect of the school grade on the gender differences
Integral sliding mode control for robust stabilisation of uncertain stochastic time-delay systems driven by fractional Brownian motion

ABSTRACT In this paper, the stability and controller design for fractional stochastic systems, i.e. stochastic systems driven by fractional Brownian motion (fBm) are investigated. A fractional infinitesimal operator is proposed for stability analysis of this class of stochastic systems and a Lyapunov-based stability criterion is established. Thereafter, the presented stability criterion is utilised to develop the sliding mode control scheme for fractional stochastic systems with state delay and time-varying uncertainties. By applying the proposed fractional infinitesimal operator, the sufficient robust stability conditions are derived in the form of linear matrix inequalities. The proposed method guarantees the reachability of the sliding surface in finite time, and the closed-loop system will be stable in probability for all Hurst indices of the fBm in the range . Finally, some simulation examples are given to illustrate the effectiveness of the proposed design method.
Developmental Cell Fate and Virulence Are Linked to Trehalose Homeostasis in Cryptococcus neoformans

ABSTRACT Among pathogenic environmental fungi, spores are thought to be infectious particles that germinate in the host to cause disease. The meningoencephalitis-causing yeast Cryptococcus neoformans is found ubiquitously in the environment and sporulates in response to nutrient limitation. While the yeast form has been studied extensively, relatively little is known about spore biogenesis, and spore germination has never been evaluated at the molecular level. Using genome transcript analysis of spores and molecular genetic approaches, we discovered that trehalose homeostasis plays a key role in regulating sporulation of C. neoformans, is required for full spore viability, and influences virulence. Specifically, we found that genes involved in trehalose metabolism, including a previously uncharacterized secreted trehalase (NTH2), are highly overrepresented in dormant spores. Deletion of the two predicted trehalases in the C. neoformans genome, NTH1 and NTH2, resulted in severe defects in spore production, a decrease in spore germination, and an increase in the production of alternative developmental structures. This shift in cell types suggests that trehalose levels modulate cell fate decisions during sexual development. We also discovered that deletion of the NTH2 trehalase results in hypervirulence in a murine model of infection. Taken together, these data show that the metabolic adaptations that allow this fungus to proliferate ubiquitously in the environment play unexpected roles in virulence in the mammalian host and highlight the complex interplay among the processes of metabolism, development, and pathogenesis.
Der Familien-Belastungs-Fragebogen (FaBel-Fragebogen)

auf diskriminante Validit‰t. Die psychometrische Struktur des Verfahrens konnte an einem anderen Kollektiv von Kindern mit chronischen Erkrankungen best‰tigt werden. Die Ergebnisse weisen auf die Eignung des FaBel-Fragebogens zur Erfassung der famili‰ren Belastung bei chronischen Erkrankungen und Behinderungen von Kindern und Jugendlichen hin. The Testing and Validation of the German Version of the Impact on Family Scale in Families with Children with Disabilities (Familien-Belastungs[FaBel