Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Localization of Sequences in a Protein (ORF2) Encoded by the Latency-Related Gene of Bovine Herpesvirus 1 That Inhibits Apoptosis and Interferes with Notch1-Mediated trans-Activation of the bICP0 Promoter

ABSTRACT Bovine herpesvirus 1 (BHV-1) infection induces clinical symptoms in the upper respiratory tract, inhibits immune responses, and can result in life-threatening secondary bacterial infections. Following acute infection, BHV-1 establishes latency in sensory neurons within trigeminal ganglia. Periodically, reactivation from latency occurs, resulting in virus transmission. The latency-related (LR) RNA is abundantly expressed in latently infected sensory neurons, suggesting that LR gene products regulate the latency-reactivation cycle. An LR mutant virus with stop codons at the amino terminus of the first open reading frame (ORF) in the LR gene (ORF2) does not reactivate from latency, in part because it induces higher levels of apoptosis in infected neurons. ORF2 inhibits apoptosis in transiently transfected cells, suggesting that it plays an important role in the latency-reactivation cycle. ORF2 also interacts with Notch1 or Notch3 and consequently inhibits their ability to trans-activate the bICP0 early and glycoprotein C promoters. In this study, we identified ORF2 sequences that were necessary for inhibiting cold shock-induced apoptosis or Notch1-mediated trans-activation of the bICP0 early promoter and stimulation of productive infection. Relative to ORF2 sequences necessary for inhibiting apoptosis, distinct domains in ORF2 were important for interfering with Notch1-mediated trans-activation. Five consensus protein kinase A and/or protein kinase C phosphorylation sites within ORF2 regulate the steady-state levels of ORF2 in transfected cells. A nuclear localization signal in ORF2 was necessary for inhibiting Notch1-mediated trans-activation but not apoptosis. In summary, ORF2 has more than one functional domain that regulates its stability and functional properties.
Impact of observer variability on the usefulness of endoscopic images for the documentation of upper gastrointestinal endoscopy

Objective. Endoscopy is an observer-dependent diagnostic method, which, until recently, has lacked precise guidelines for written reports. There is an increasing demand for improvement in endoscopy records, which may necessitate the supplementation of image documentation. The aim of this study was to estimate interobserver as well as intra-observer variability in the assessment of images from gastroscopy. Material and methods. We designed an Internet interface presenting endoscopy images, accompanied by a multiple-choice questionnaire for assessing pathology in the images. Ten images from the distal oesophagus and 10 images from the pyloric antrum were chosen. In order to study interobserver variability, physicians with varying endoscopy experience were invited to complete the questionnaire. The physicians were re-invited 5 months later to assess the same images again, this time in order to assess intra-observer variability. Kappa statistics were used for analysis of agreement. Results. Initially, 13 of 20 invited physicians responded. Interobserver agreement varied between poor (κ<0.2) and moderate (0.4<κ<0.6). In the second part of the study, 10 of 11 invited physicians responded. Intra-observer agreement varied between moderate (0.4<κ<0.6) and good (0.6<κ<0.8). A higher level of experience does not imply either better interobserver or better intra-observer agreement. Images of concise endoscopy findings, such as the presence of an ulcer, resulted in better agreement than did the assessment of images of less definable findings. Conclusion. The variability in the interpretation of endoscopy images is large. We therefore believe that systematic inclusion of a set of images into endoscopy reports will improve their quality.
CT after pancreaticoduodenectomy: spectrum of normal findings and complications.

OBJECTIVE The purpose of this article is to discuss the normal findings and complications after pancreaticoduodenectomy. The Whipple procedure is associated with a set of common complications, including pancreatic fistula, postsurgical hemorrhage, postoperative pancreatitis, portomesenteric venous thrombosis, hepatic infarction, delayed gastric emptying, and anastomotic strictures. CONCLUSION Appropriate diagnosis of these complications is contingent on an understanding of the surgical anatomy, normal postoperative imaging appearance in both the immediate postoperative and chronic settings, and typical CT appearance of each of these complications.
Intraoperative lidocaine injection into the carotid sinus during endarterectomy.

OBJECT Many surgeons inject a local anesthetic agent into the carotid sinus before carotid endarterectomy in an attempt to ameliorate perioperative hemodynamic instability. The purpose of this study is to analyze the effect of carotid sinus injection with lidocaine on perioperative hemodynamics and complications. METHODS The authors prospectively studied 92 patients in whom 100 consecutive carotid endarterectomies were performed by a single surgeon (eight procedures were bilateral). Patients were randomly assigned to one of two groups, in which either 0.5 ml of 1% lidocaine was injected into the carotid sinus nerve or no injection of lidocaine was administered before the arteriotomy. All patients were treated postoperatively according to a standard endarterectomy protocol. There were no significant differences between the two groups in the incidence of hypertension, hypotension, or the use of vasoactive medications in the operating room following restoration of carotid artery (CA) blood flow, in the recovery room, or in the intensive care unit. CONCLUSIONS Injection of lidocaine into the carotid sinus at the time of endarterectomy is not associated with a significant improvement in any hemodynamic factor, from the time of restoration of CA blood flow to postoperative Day 1.
Population-Based Study of Deletions in Five Different Genomic Regions of Mycobacterium tuberculosis and Possible Clinical Relevance of the Deletions

ABSTRACT Regions of difference (RDs) have been described in clinical isolates of Mycobacterium tuberculosis, but the potential epidemiological and clinical relevance of the genotypes of these RDs remains to be investigated. We screened a population-based sample of 648 isolates for the deletion of five RDs, designated RD105, RD181, RD142, RD150, and RD239, using microarray-based hybridization, PCR, and DNA sequencing and assessed the associations between the RD deletions and the clinical characteristics of the patients using chi-square analysis and multivariate logistic regression model. Of the 648 isolates, 18 (2.8%) had the RD239 deletion and 39 (6.0%) had the RD105 deletion. The deletions of RD142, RD150, and RD181 subdivided the isolates with the RD105 deletion into four groups comprising a group with concurrent deletions of RD105, RD181, and RD142 (n = 13); a group with concurrent deletions of RD105, RD181, and RD150 (n = 5); a group with concurrent deletions of RD105 and RD181 (n = 13); and a group with a deletion of RD105 only (n = 8). Extrathoracic tuberculosis is statistically significantly associated with infection with the isolates with concurrent deletions of RD105, RD181, and RD142 (adjusted odds ratio [OR] = 3.05; 95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.58, 5.90) and the isolates with concurrent deletions of RD105, RD181, and RD150 (adjusted OR = 11.09; 95% CI = 4.27, 28.80), after controlling for the previously identified risk factors for extrathoracic tuberculosis (human immunodeficiency virus serostatus, race, gender, and the genotype of the plcD gene). These two combinations of RD deletions have the potential for predicting the clinical presentation of M. tuberculosis infection in the human host.
Epilepsy and nonadherence

“I think so. ” Sound familiar? In this issue of Neurology®, Gollwitzer et al.1 report that even in Germany, many persons with epilepsy do not take their medications very regularly. So the equivalent call and response, “Hast du deine Medizin? ” “Ich denke schon,” must be heard often. Failure to take one's medication as prescribed is termed nonadherence. The authors assessed demographic and medication-related factors predicting nonadherence using a representative national database of 31,317 adults treated for epilepsy (2010–2013). The disturbing result was that over one third of persons failed to take their prescribed antiepileptic drug (AED) at least 80% of the time. Their adherence measure was the medication possession ratio (MPR), a commonly used metric that is simply actual time between prescription refills divided by time prescribed for refills.2 Nonadherence to AED regimens is especially ominous since it has been associated with high rates of morbidity and mortality.3
Valuing Finite-Lived Options as Perpetual

We show how the value of a finite-lived option can be interpreted as the limit of a sequence of perpetual option values subject to default risk. This interpretation yields new closed form approximations for European and American option values in the Black Scholes model. Numerical results indicate that the approximation is both accurate and computationally efficient.
The outlook for rural America in the 21st century

the president of the Federal Reserve Bank of Kansas City, invited me to speak to this group on the challenges facing our rural economy in the 21st century. The Kansas City Reserve Bank has long maintained a special commitment to monitoring developments in this segment of our society and has most recently demonstrated that commitment through its creation of a new research unit, the Center for the Study of Rural America. The new unit is much appreciated by those of us in Washington who have always looked to the Reserve Banks to provide in-depth field coverage of our complex and everevolving economy.
Ubiquibodies, Synthetic E3 Ubiquitin Ligases Endowed with Unnatural Substrate Specificity for Targeted Protein Silencing*

Background: Techniques that harness the power of the ubiquitin-proteasome pathway (UPP) for protein knock-out are limited to a narrow set of protein targets. Results: Engineered “ubiquibodies” specifically and systematically removed exogenous target proteins. Conclusion: Diverse protein targets can be redirected to the UPP using this new protein silencing method. Significance: Ubiquibodies offer a simple, reproducible, and customizable technique for selectively and controllably depleting cellular proteins. The ubiquitin-proteasome pathway (UPP) is the main route of protein degradation in eukaryotic cells and is a common mechanism through which numerous cellular pathways are regulated. To date, several reverse genetics techniques have been reported that harness the power of the UPP for selectively reducing the levels of otherwise stable proteins. However, each of these approaches has been narrowly developed for a single substrate and cannot be easily extended to other protein substrates of interest. To address this shortcoming, we created a generalizable protein knock-out method by engineering protein chimeras called “ubiquibodies” that combine the activity of E3 ubiquitin ligases with designer binding proteins to steer virtually any protein to the UPP for degradation. Specifically, we reprogrammed the substrate specificity of a modular human E3 ubiquitin ligase called CHIP (carboxyl terminus of Hsc70-interacting protein) by replacing its natural substrate-binding domain with a single-chain Fv (scFv) intrabody or a fibronectin type III domain monobody that target their respective antigens with high specificity and affinity. Engineered ubiquibodies reliably transferred ubiquitin to surface exposed lysines on target proteins and even catalyzed the formation of biologically relevant polyubiquitin chains. Following ectopic expression of ubiquibodies in mammalian cells, specific and systematic depletion of desired target proteins was achieved, whereas the levels of a natural substrate of CHIP were unaffected. Taken together, engineered ubiquibodies offer a simple, reproducible, and customizable means for directly removing specific cellular proteins through accelerated proteolysis.
The European Reformation

Introduction: The Reformation and Europe. Part I. The Background: The religion of the people of Europe the vulnerability of the church "Reform" from within and its limits Challenges from outside and their limits Heresy - an alternative church? The church and the Christian soul Part II. The Reformers and their Message: The "Luther-Affair" and its context The reformers message - salvation The reformers' message - scripture The reformers' - The church The reformers' message - sacraments The conversions of the reformers Rejections of reform Part III. Establishing the Reformed Churches: Unsuccessful "affiliations" to the reformed cause Self-governing towns and cities Principalities and kingdoms Motives for establishing the reformation? Part IV. The Coalition of Reformers and People Breaks Down: The sects reject the "coalition" Crisis, survival, and compromise in politics Reformers at odds: the "confessional" reformational Reformers and laymen: a conflict of priorities.
Why Didn’t I Think of That? A Classroom Exercise for Developing Entrepreneurial Thinking

Entrepreneurs tend to think differently, juggling different thinking styles more easily than others. They are comfortable with both linear and non-linear thinking, and both causal and effectual logic. In order to help students develop diverse entrepreneurial thinking skills, teachers must employ unique educational strategies. This article provides educators with an engaging openmarket trading card activity that was created to help students identify and overcome barriers to entrepreneurial thinking. Designed for strategy and entrepreneurship classes at the undergraduate and graduate level, this activity challenges students’ mental models and sets the stage for a fruitful discussion about entrepreneurial thinking.
Solidarity’s Abandonment of Worker Councils: Redefining Employee Stakeholder Rights in Post-socialist Poland

This paper examines the rejection of employee councils by Poland’s trade union Solidarity. In the historical institutional analysis in the first part of this paper, Solidarity’s early commitment to employee councils is traced to the evolution of ideas about economic reform that predominated in the union leadership. The impact of these dominant ideas are examined in the second half of the paper which relates Solidarity’s abandonment of employee councils to broadly held beliefs about the limited rights of employee stakeholders. Together, the qualitative and quantitative analysis demonstrates how trade unions’ strategies and their ideological underpinnings have shaped Poland’s postwar industrial relations institutions.
Implementing Inclusive Education: A Commonwealth Guide to Implementing Article 24 of the UN Convention on the Rights of People with Disabilities

Implementing Inclusive Education is a useful addition to the growing body of guidebooks on inclusive education. Reiser – himself a disabled teacher who now works as a freelance trainer and consultant on disability-equality issues – begins with a useful summary of Article 24 of the Convention on the Rights of People with Disabilities, which requires the growing number of governments that have ratified the Convention to realise the right of disabled children and adults to a good-quality basic education. He describes how disabled people and their organisations from some 25 developing countries were deeply involved in the five-year consultation and drafting process – a timely rejoinder to those who argue that UN Conventions and the human-rights approach in general represent a top–down, Western-driven agenda. For national-level education managers considering how to move from an education system where disabled students are segregated
Impact of age on long-term cognitive function after traumatic brain injury.

OBJECTIVE To examine the association of age and time postinjury with cognitive outcome 5-22 years following traumatic brain injury (TBI), in relation to matched uninjured controls. METHODS One hundred twelve participants with mild to very severe TBI, aged 16-81 years at the time of injury, were cognitively assessed on measures of processing speed and attention, verbal and visual memory, executive function, and working memory. Results were compared with those of 112 healthy controls individually matched for current age, gender, education, and estimated IQ. RESULTS Older injured individuals performed worse than did younger injured individuals across all cognitive domains, after controlling for the performance of controls. In relation to matched controls, long-time survivors performed disproportionately worse than did more recently injured individuals, irrespective of age. CONCLUSIONS After maximum spontaneous recovery from TBI, poorer cognitive functioning appears to be associated with both older age at the time of injury and increased time postinjury. These findings have implications for prognosis, early treatment recommendations, and long-term issues of differential diagnosis and management planning.
E-Banking in Albania: The Legal Framework, Its Practices and Challenges in Today's Reality

In the modern society based on the free market and private property, an important place has the banking system and banking operations and those on line, therefore the study and knowledge of this legal field in theoretical and practical terms is of particular interest in the Albanian reality. Today, when the Internet and the endless possibilities it offers constitute a considerable part of the civil and legal operations, the analysis of these relations about banking system and in particular the role of banks in the online contracts, serves the recognition and further development of reality itself. Using the Internet as an alternative to transmit customer instructions at the customers’ desk, to perform electronic funds transfers, it is one of the most visible aspects of internet banking. In this scientific paper they are addressed the key aspects that accompany the e-banking services, focusing in particular on the typical e-banking contracts and security in online banking operations. There have been provided in a summarized way, through a chronological and historical analysis, the main aspects of this relationship, its development and approach to judicial practice, as well as several theoretical and practical recommendations. DOI: 10.5901/mjss.2015. v6n4p266
A randomised study of “wet wraps” versus conventional treatment for atopic eczema

Aims: To compare two treatments in common usage for children with atopic eczema: “wet wrap” bandages versus conventional topically applied ointments. Methods: A total of 50 children (age 4–27 months) with moderate to severe eczema were randomised to one or other treatment. Two research nurses supervised the study. The first gave advice and support, and the second, blinded to the treatment modality being used, scored the change in eczema severity over a period of four weeks using the SCORAD eczema severity scale. Results: Both treatments gave a benefit in overall SCORAD scores (mean change for wet wrap group was 53 to 24; for the conventional group, 41 to 17). There was no significant difference between the two groups in terms of overall improvement at four weeks or in the timescale of improvements. The amount of topical of topical steroid used was similar in both groups. The wet wrap group suffered significantly more skin infections requiring antibiotics. Carers reported that wet wraps were less easy to apply than conventional treatment.
Integration Framework of Augmented Reality and Tangible Interfaces for Enhancing the User Interaction

The integration of post-wimp computer interfaces arises as an alternative to meet the individual limitations of each modality, considering both interaction components and the feedbacks to users. Tangible interfaces can present restrictions referring to physical space on tabletop architectures, which limits the manipulation of objects and deprecates the interactive process. Hence, this paper proposes the integration of techniques of mobile Augmented Reality with tabletop tangible architecture for blending real and virtual components on its surface, aiming to make the interactive process richer, seamless and more complete.
Non-Coding RNAs As Transcriptional Regulators In Eukaryotes

Non-coding RNAs up to 1,000 nucleotides in length are widespread in eukaryotes and fulfil various regulatory functions, in particular during chromatin remodeling and cell proliferation. These RNAs are not translated into proteins: thus, they are non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs). The present review describes the eukaryotic ncRNAs involved in transcription regulation, first and foremost, targeting RNA polymerase II (RNAP II) and/or its major proteinaceous transcription factors. The current state of knowledge concerning the regulatory functions of SRA and TAR RNA, 7SK and U1 snRNA, GAS5 and DHFR RNA is summarized herein. Special attention is given to murine B1 and B2 RNAs and human Alu RNA, due to their ability to bind the active site of RNAP II. Discovery of bacterial analogs of the eukaryotic small ncRNAs involved in transcription regulation, such as 6S RNAs, suggests that they possess a common evolutionary origin.
Patents' novelty requirement and endogenous growth

Exigence de nouveaute, innovation, croissance Dans cet article, on developpe un modele de croissance avec echelles de qualite dans lequel on prend explicitement en compte le fait que l’Office de brevets impose une exigence de nouveaute pour les innovations. Les tailles des innovations que les entreprises realisent sont heterogenes et tirees d’une distribution de probabilite. Elles determinent le comportement de fixation du prix des produits par les entreprises: fixation d’un prix-limite si la taille de l’innovation est faible, fixation d’un prix de monopole non-contraint si la taille de l’innovation est importante. Ces deux configurations monopolistiques sont envisageables pour un secteur selon la radicalite de l’innovation en vigueur. L’agregation de l’ensemble des secteurs permet de determiner la proportion de secteurs dans chaque cas et donc l’intensite de la pression concurrentielle qui demeure. L’exigence de nouveaute du brevet influence a la fois la hauteur moyenne des innovations et la structure de marche de l’economie. La hauteur du brevet apparait donc comme un instrument de regulation de l’innovation et la croissance. Nous etudions ces effets sur le bien etre et l’allocation des ressources a la recherche et discutons des implications de son niveau sur la concurrence et la structure de marche.