Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Dietary strategy to manipulate ad libitum macronutrient intake, and glycaemic index, across eight European countries in the Diogenes Study

The aim of this study was to describe the development and implementation of a multifaceted, low‐fat, weight‐loss strategy for a Pan‐European randomized controlled dietary intervention study, Diogenes. There were 891 families with at least one overweight/obese parent who underwent screening. Eligible, overweight/obese adults followed an 8‐week weight‐loss phase with a fixed low‐energy diet (800 kcal). On attaining weight loss of ≥8%, families were randomized to a 6‐ or 12‐month low‐fat (25–30%E) diet either based on national dietary guidelines or one of four interventions: low protein (LP)/low glycaemic index (LGI), LP/high GI (HGI), high protein (HP)/LGI and HP/HGI. The impact of each diet in preventing weight (re)gain was tested. A points‐based system was used to manipulate dietary protein and carbohydrate. Manipulating carbohydrate composition involved substituting foods with a relatively high or low GI. A questionnaire was designed and completed by study investigators, providing feedback on the dietary intervention methods used to inform future interventions. The points system allowed macronutrient manipulations without compromising dietary flexibility or enforcing energy restrictions. Reported centre/participant differences in the ease of implementing the intervention may reflect dietary diversity and personal preferences for specific weight‐management strategies. The points system provides a useful starting point for designing improved experimental paradigms for the manipulation of dietary intake in future trials.
Face mask spirometry and respiratory pressures in normal subjects

Spirometry and maximal respiratory pressures are pulmonary function parameters commonly used to evaluate respiratory function. Prediction values are available for conventional lung function devices using a standard tube or flanged type of mouthpiece connection. This equipment is not suitable for patients with facial or buccal muscle weakness, because of air leakage around the mouthpiece. A face mask was used for the portable lung function devices used in the neuromuscular department. The aim of this study was to compare the face mask and the conventional mouthpiece for the measurement of spirometry and of respiratory pressures in 22 healthy subjects. Values obtained with the conventional mouthpiece differed significantly from values obtained with the face mask. With the mask, forced vital capacity and forced expiratory volume in one second were 200 mL lower, and maximal expiratory pressure was 3.2 kPa lower than with the mouthpiece. Subsequently, new prediction values for face mask spirometry and maximal respiratory pressures were obtained from 252 other healthy subjects, from which new prediction equations were derived. It was concluded that the face mask connection to the lung function device is a valid alternative, is easy to use and is most useful to monitor changes in patients. This study confirms the importance of appropriate prediction equations, depending on subject-instrument interfaces.
Children With Asthma: A Concern for the Family

According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), asthma is a growing health problem in the United States; there are now 9 million children under the age of 18 diagnosed with this illness. As a chronic illness, asthma has a major impact on the life of the individual as well as the family. This article illustrates the process of incorporation of standardized guidelines for the management of pediatric asthma through the collaborative efforts of the nurse, family, and child. Inclusion of a written asthma management plan that is client specific can help to ensure successful management of this common and deadly childhood illness. It is essential that nurses focus on educating the families of children with asthma in an effort to assist them in managing this chronic illness. A case study approach is used to illustrate the complexity of the problem and facilitate the nurse’s understanding of the process of assessment of need.
Coordination of protrusion and translocation of the keratocyte involves rolling of the cell body

We have investigated the relationship between lamellipodium protrusion and forward translocation of the cell body in the rapidly moving keratocyte. It is first shown that the trailing, ellipsoidal cell body rotates during translocation. This was indicated by the rotation of the nucleus and the movement of cytoplasmic organelles, as well as of exogenously added beads used as markers. Activated or Con A-coated fluorescent beads that were overrun by cells were commonly endocytosed and rotated with the internal organelles. Alternatively, beads applied to the rear of the cell body via a micropipette adhered to the dorsal cell surface and also moved forward, indicating that both exterior and underlying cortical elements participated in rotation. Manipulation of keratocytes with microneedles demonstrated that pushing or restraining the cell body in the direction of locomotion, and squeezing it against the substrate, which temporarily increased the intracellular pressure, did not effect the rate of lamellipodium protrusion. Rotation and translocation of the cell body continued momentarily after arrest of lamellipodium protrusion by cytochalasin B, indicating that these processes were not directly dependent on actin polymerization. The cell body was commonly flanked by phase-dense "axles," extending from the cell body into the lamellipodium. Phalloidin staining showed these to be comprised of actin bundles that splayed forward into the flanks of the lamellipodium. Disruption of the bundles on one side of the nucleus by traumatic microinjection resulted in rapid retraction of the cell body in the opposite direction, indicating that the cell body was under lateral contractile stress. Myosin II, which colocalizes with the actin bundles, presumably provides the basis of tension generation across and traction of the cell body. We propose that the basis of coupling between lamellipodium protrusion and translocation of the cell body is a flow of actin filaments from the front, where they are nucleated and engage in protrusion, to the rear, where they collaborate with myosin in contraction. Myosin-dependent force is presumably transmitted from the ends of the cell body into the flanks of the lamellipodium via the actin bundles. This force induces the spindle-shaped cell body to roll between the axles that are created continuously from filaments supplied by the advancing lamellipodium.
Drug-eluting vs bare-metal stents in primary angioplasty: a pooled patient-level meta-analysis of randomized trials.

BACKGROUND Concerns have emerged regarding a higher risk of stent thrombosis after drug-eluting stent (DES) implantation, especially in the setting of ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI). Our objective was to perform a meta-analysis using individual patient data to evaluate the long-term safety and effectiveness of DES compared with bare-metal stents (BMS) in patients undergoing primary percutaneous coronary intervention for STEMI. DATA SOURCES Formal searches of electronic databases (MEDLINE and CENTRAL) and scientific session presentations from January 2000 to June 2011. STUDY SELECTION We examined all completed randomized trials of DES for STEMI. DATA EXTRACTION Individual patient data. DATA SYNTHESIS Individual patient data were obtained from 11 of 13 trials identified, including a total of 6298 patients (3980 [63.2%] randomized to DES [99% sirolimus-eluting or paclitaxel-eluting stents] and 2318 [36.8%] randomized to BMS). At long-term follow-up (mean [SD], 1201 [440] days), DES implantation significantly reduced the occurrence of target-vessel revascularization (12.7% vs 20.1%; hazard ratio [95% CI], 0.57 [0.50-0.66]; P < .001, P value for heterogeneity, .20), without any significant difference in terms of mortality, reinfarction, and stent thrombosis. However, DES implantation was associated with an increased risk of very late stent thrombosis and reinfarction. CONCLUSIONS The present pooled patient-level meta-analysis demonstrates that among patients with STEMI undergoing primary percutaneous coronary intervention, sirolimus-eluting and paclitaxel-eluting stents compared with BMS are associated with a significant reduction in target-vessel revascularization at long-term follow-up. Although there were no differences in cumulative mortality, reinfarction, or stent thrombosis, the incidence of very late reinfarction and stent thrombosis was increased with these DES.
Experience with 2-chlorodeoxyadenosine in previously untreated children with newly diagnosed acute myeloid leukemia and myelodysplastic diseases.

PURPOSE To develop more effective chemotherapy regimens for childhood acute myelogenous leukemia (AML). PATIENTS AND METHODS Between June 1991 and December 1996, we administered the nucleoside analog 2-chlorodeoxyadenosine (2-CDA) to 73 children with primary AML and 20 children with secondary AML or myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS). Patients received one or two 5-day courses of 2-CDA (8.9 mg/m(2)/d) given by continuous infusion. All patients then received one to three courses of daunomycin, cytarabine, and etoposide (DAV) remission induction therapy. RESULTS Seventy-two patients with primary AML were assessable for response. Their rate of complete remission (CR) was 24% after one course of 2-CDA, 40% after two courses of 2-CDA, and 78% after DAV therapy. Of the 57 patients who entered CR, 11 subsequently underwent allogeneic bone marrow transplantation (BMT), and 40 underwent autologous BMT. Twenty-nine patients remain in continuous CR after BMT. Two patients remain in CR after chemotherapy only. The 5-year event-free survival (EFS) estimate was 40% (SE = 0.080%). Patients with French-American-British (FAB) M5 AML had a higher rate of CR after treatment with 2-CDA (45% after one course and 70.6% after two courses) than did others (P =.002). In contrast, no patient with FAB M7 AML (n = 10) entered CR after treatment with 2-CDA. Similarly, no patient with primary MDS (n = 6) responded to 2-CDA. Seven patients with secondary AML or MDS (n = 14) had a partial response to one course of 2-CDA. CONCLUSION This agent was well tolerated, and its toxicity was acceptable. Future trials should examine the effectiveness of 2-CDA given in combination with other agents effective against AML.
Stress / strain processes in a structured unsaturated silty loam Luvisol under different tillage treatments in Germany

In agriculture, the degradation of soil structure by tillage and ®eld traf®c is an adverse process causing a reduction in productivity of arable land. In order to manage this problem, various kinds of traf®c and tillage systems have been developed. Relatively few studies have examined changes of soil mechanical properties induced by conservation tillage systems. The objectives of this study were to determine the effect of long term reduced tillage on soil strength properties. A ®eld experiment was conducted in Germany on a silty loam Luvisol derived from loess, tilled differently by conventional (ploughed) and conservation (rotary) tillage systems for more than 25 years. In the spring of 1995, plots were compacted by increasing dynamic loads (number of passes wheel load: 2 2.5, 2 5 and 6 5 Mg) and the soil physical, and mechanical properties were determined by ®eld and laboratory techniques. The repeated deep impact of tillage tools in conventionally treated plots resulted in a permanent destruction of newly formed soil aggregates. This led to a relatively weak soil structure of the tilled horizons as dynamic loads as low as 2.5 Mg induced structural degradation. In the conservation tillage plots, in contrast, a single wheeling event with 2.5 Mg was compensated by a robust aggregate system and did not lead to structural degradation. Thus a higher soil strength due to the robust aggregate system was provided by reduced tillage. Increasing wheel loads and repeated tire passes resulted in an increasing structural degradation of the subsoil in both tillage systems. Since preserved fragments of channels were observed in depth greater than 30 cm in conservation tillage plots, traf®cked by 6 5 Mg, the conditions for structural recovery are expected to be more favourable with this tillage system than conventional tillage. # 2000 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.
First Grade Thinkers Becoming Literate.

On January 29, 1985, the morning after the Challenger tragedy, Stephen, age six, came into the classroom and stated, "I know how the space shuttle blew up. " Somewhat incredulously, I responded, "You do? Tell me. " Stephen proceeded to tell me with certainty that something went wrong with the rockets the fuel, he thought. "The fuel blew up, the rockets blew up and then the whole space shuttle blew up. I heard it on TV. " The more I dialogued with Stephen, the more solidified he became in his position that the fuel caused the disaster. As Stephen spoke, his classmates nearby became interested, and soon a score of first graders had answers to questions the entire world was only beginning to ask that morning. As the children's teacher, I was distressed at the quickness with which they found and accepted final solutions. I had been trying to instill another way of thinking. In daily writing and reading workshops the children were always in search of meaning from the written word. As they shared and responded to texts authored by peers and professionals, I encouraged them to withhold judgment and consider a diversity of interpretations and ideas. In the context of the reading and writing curricula, these children were becoming careful listeners, perceptive questioners, and strong thinkers. Now, I wondered, were they becoming literate?
The European DEMO fusion reactor: Design status and challenges from balance of plant point of view

DEMO initial conceptual design studies are being conducted in Europe as part of the European Union Roadmap to Fusion Electricity, which aims to demonstrate the feasibility of electricity produced by nuclear fusion reactors around the middle of this century. The aim of this paper is to provide an overview of the DEMO project, highlighting its main characteristics and challenges in terms of design, integration, and operation. Particular emphasis is given on some important systems of the Balance of Plant (BoP), such as the primary heat transfer systems, the related power conversion systems, and the electrical power plant. The relevance of such systems is due to the need of a continuous reanalysis at any significant design change because of their huge dimensions, technical complexity, and strong impact on design integration, maintenance, and safety.
Cognitively motivated learning of categorical data with Modeling Fields Theory

A cognitively inspired framework referred to as Modeling Fields Theory (MFT) is utilized as the basic methodology for learning categorical data, represented by large binary vectors. The presented solution, referred to as accelerated MAP, allows simultaneous learning and selection of the number of models. The key element of accelerated MAP is a steady increase of the regularization penalty combined with gradual decrease of the model vagueness. The operation of this algorithm on real world data is illustrated by applying the algorithm to a text categorization problem. The relationship between the described algorithm and the vague-to-crisp process logic and the dynamical system approach to cognition are discussed.
In Search of Enzymes with a Role in 3′, 5′-Cyclic Guanosine Monophosphate Metabolism in Plants

In plants, nitric oxide (NO)-mediated 3′, 5′-cyclic guanosine monophosphate (cGMP) synthesis plays an important role during pathogenic stress response, stomata closure upon osmotic stress, the development of adventitious roots and transcript regulation. The NO-cGMP dependent pathway is well characterized in mammals. The binding of NO to soluble guanylate cyclase enzymes (GCs) initiates the synthesis of cGMP from guanosine triphosphate. The produced cGMP alters various cellular responses, such as the function of protein kinase activity, cyclic nucleotide gated ion channels and cGMP-regulated phosphodiesterases. The signal generated by the second messenger is terminated by 3′, 5′-cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterase (PDEs) enzymes that hydrolyze cGMP to a non-cyclic 5′-guanosine monophosphate. To date, no homologues of mammalian cGMP-synthesizing and degrading enzymes have been found in higher plants. In the last decade, six receptor proteins from Arabidopsis thaliana have been reported to have guanylate cyclase activity in vitro. Of the six receptors, one was shown to be a NO dependent guanylate cyclase enzyme (NOGC1). However, the role of these proteins in planta remains to be elucidated. Enzymes involved in the degradation of cGMP remain elusive, albeit, PDE activity has been detected in crude protein extracts from various plants. Additionally, several research groups have partially purified and characterized PDE enzymatic activity from crude protein extracts. In this review, we focus on presenting advances toward the identification of enzymes involved in the cGMP metabolism pathway in higher plants.
The American Political Tradition

The American Political Tradition is one of the most influential and widely read historical volumes of our time. First published in 1948, its elegance, passion, and iconoclastic erudition laid the groundwork for a totally new understanding of the American past. By writing a "kind of intellectual history of the assumptions behind American politics," Richard Hofstadter changed the way Americans understand the relationship between power and ideas in their national experience. Like only a handful of American historians before him—Frederick Jackson Turner and Charles A. Beard are examples—Hofstadter was able to articulate, in a single work, a historical vision that inspired and shaped an entire generation.
Bougie‐assisted difficult airway management in a manikin – the effect of position held on placement and force exerted by the tip *

In a randomised cross‐over study, 50 anaesthetists attempted to place a multiple‐use bougie in the trachea of a manikin, when holding it at either 20 cm or 30 cm from the tip. A grade 3 laryngoscopic view was simulated. The anaesthetists were blinded to success (tracheal placement) or failure (oesophageal placement). The success rates when held at 20 and 30 cm distance from the tip were 68 and 62%, respectively (p = 0.55). In a separate experiment, multiple and single‐use bougies were held at four different positions and pressed onto a disc attached to a force transducer. The peak force exerted by the single‐use bougies was two to three times greater than that which could be exerted by the multiple‐use bougies (p < 0.0001). Holding the bougie at either 20 or 30 cm distance from the tip is unlikely to influence bougie placement. The single‐use bougie is much more likely to cause trauma to tissue during placement, particularly if held close to the tip.
Fluorescent Dye Terminator Sequencing Methods for Quantitative Determination of Replication Fitness of Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Containing the Codon 74 and 184 Mutations in Reverse Transcriptase

ABSTRACT The fluorescent dye-labeled dideoxynucleotide automated DNA sequencing system has been routinely used for monitoring the development of resistance mutations in human immunodeficiency virus type 1 reverse transcriptase (RT) and protease genes during therapy. This system has provided information regarding the presence of mixtures of nucleotides in the clinical samples but has not previously been validated for the quantitative determination between peak heights and relative DNA concentration. We evaluated this system by using various ratios of wild-type and mutated DNA fragments and by performing sequencing reactions at actual melting temperatures of specific primers. Several different ratios of purified DNA fragments containing mixtures of L74/V74 and M184/V184 were sequenced, and peak heights were measured. Regression analysis between ratios of peak heights and DNA concentration demonstrated a statistically significant linear correlation, suggesting that the quantification of two different species of DNA in a mixture could be achieved with the fluorescent dye-labeled dideoxynucleotide system. These strategies have broader implications for the quantification of replication fitness of viruses, particularly those containing RT mutations at codons 74 and 184.
Tissue specific and abiotic stress regulated transcription of histidine kinases in plants is also influenced by diurnal rhythm

Two-component system (TCS) is one of the key signal sensing machinery which enables species to sense environmental stimuli. It essentially comprises of three major components, sensory histidine kinase proteins (HKs), histidine phosphotransfer proteins (Hpts), and response regulator proteins (RRs). The members of the TCS family have already been identified in Arabidopsis and rice but the knowledge about their functional indulgence during various abiotic stress conditions remains meager. Current study is an attempt to carry out comprehensive analysis of the expression of TCS members in response to various abiotic stress conditions and in various plant tissues in Arabidopsis and rice using MPSS and publicly available microarray data. The analysis suggests that despite having almost similar number of genes, rice expresses higher number of TCS members during various abiotic stress conditions than Arabidopsis. We found that the TCS machinery is regulated by not only various abiotic stresses, but also by the tissue specificity. Analysis of expression of some representative members of TCS gene family showed their regulation by the diurnal cycle in rice seedlings, thus bringing-in another level of their transcriptional control. Thus, we report a highly complex and tight regulatory network of TCS members, as influenced by the tissue, abiotic stress signal, and diurnal rhythm. The insights on the comparative expression analysis presented in this study may provide crucial leads toward dissection of diverse role(s) of the various TCS family members in Arabidopsis and rice.
Worst-Case Running Times for Average-Case Algorithms

Under a standard hardness assumption we exactly characterize the worst-case running time of languages that are in average polynomial-time over all polynomial-time samplable distributions. More precisely we show that if exponential time is not infinitely often in subexponential space, then the following are equivalent for any algorithm $A$: \begin{itemize} \item For all $\p$-samplable distributions $\mu$, $A$ runs in time polynomial on $\mu$-average. \item For all polynomial $p$, the running time for A is bounded by $2^{O(K^p(x)-K(x)+\log(|x|))}$ for \emph{all} inputs $x$. \end{itemize} where $K(x)$ is the Kolmogorov complexity (size of smallest program generating $x$) and $K^p(x)$ is the size of the smallest program generating $x$ within time $p(|x|)$. To prove this result we show that, under the hardness assumption, the polynomial-time Kolmogorov distribution, $m^p(x)=2^{-K^p(x)}$, is universal among the P-samplable distributions.
PHYML Online: A Web Server for Fast Maximum Likelihood-Based Phylogenetic Inference

PHYML Online is a web interface to PHYML, a software that implements a fast and accurate heuristic for estimating maximum likelihood phylogenies from DNA and protein sequences. This tool provides the user with a number of options, e.g. nonparametric bootstrap and estimation of various evolutionary parameters, in order to perform comprehensive phylogenetic analyses on large data sets in reasonable computing time. The server and its documentation are available from http://atgc.lirmm. fr/phyml .