Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
THE LUMINOSITY CLASSIFICATION OF GALAXIES AND SOME APPLICATIONS.

Abstract : The Van den Bergh luminosity classification for spiral galaxies was statistically tested for possible systematic effects depending on declination and galactic latitude; no significant correlation can be detected other than a slight excess of high-luminosity systems in low galactic latitudes probably due to selection effects in the Shapley-Ames Catalogue. The calibration of luminosity classes in terms of absolute magnitude was derived from residuals in the velocity-magnitude relation using improved magnitudes in the B system corrected for galactic absorption (mc) and an enlarged list of redshifts (V-o). If L = 1, 2, 3, . , 9 for DDO classes I, I-II, II, . , V, then a least-squares fit through the relation, log V-o = const + 0.2(1+mu)m-c-0.1 (1+ lambda)L, gives Mu=0.048=0.047 (m.e.) and lambda=0.029=0.050 (8<m-c<14; n=213 galaxies), i.e., a negligible correction to the previously assumed slope delta-M/deltaL=0.50 and in the mean (over a large area of the sky) a negligible departure from the theoretical slope of the V(m) relation. Van den Bergh's data can be used to check Van Albada's suggestion that the anistropy of the velocitymagnitude relation for nearby galaxies is due to systematic variations with direction of the mean absolute magnitude of galaxies having a given type and magnitude. The tests give little support to this hypothesis and systematic departures in the V(m) relations in different parts of the sky remain even when allowance is made for luminosity effects. (Author)
On the equations governing the motion of an anisotropic poroelastic material

We address Biot's equations governing the motion of an anisotropic fluid-saturated poroelastic material with certain properties. First, we investigate the uniqueness in solutions of the three-dimensional governing equations for the regular region of the poroelastic material and enumerate the conditions sufficient for the uniqueness. Next, by applying Hamilton's principle to the motion of the region, we obtain a variational principle that generates only the Biot–Newton equations and the associated natural boundary conditions. Then, by extending the variational principle for the region with an internal fixed surface of discontinuity through Legendre's transformation, we derive a six-field variational principle that operates on all the poroelastic field variables. The variational principle leads, as its Euler–Lagrange equations, to all the governing equations, including the jump conditions but the initial conditions, as a generalized version of the Hellinger–Reissner variational principle. Moreover, we consider the free vibrations of the region, and we discuss some basic properties of eigenvalues and present a variational formulation by Rayleigh's quotient. This work provides a standard tool with the features of variational principles when numerically solving the governing equations in heterogeneous media with finite element methods, treating the free vibrations and consistently deriving some one-dimensional/two-dimensional equations of the poroelastic region.
Spacecraft attitude determination using a second-order nonlinear filter

The stringent attitude determination accuracy and faster slew maneuver requirements demanded by present-day spacecraft control systems motivate the development of recursive nonlinear filters for attitude estimation. This paper presents the second-order filter development for the estimation of attitude quaternion using three-axis gyro and star tracker measurement data. Performance comparisons have been made by computer simulation of system models and filter mechanization. It is shown that the second-order filter consistently performs better than the extended Kalman filter when the performance index of the root sum square estimation error of . the quaternion vector is compared. The second-order filter identifies the gyro drift rates faster than the extended Kalman filter. The uniqueness of this algorithm is the online generation of the time-varying process and measurement noise covariance matrices, derived as a function of the process and measurement nonlinearity, respectively.
Reynolds-averaged and large-eddy simulations of turbulent non-equilibrium flows

Three non-equilibrium wall-bounded flows have been computed by wall-modeled large-eddy simulations (WMLES) and by the solution of the Reynolds-averaged Navier–Stokes (RANS) equation with various urbulence models. The LES use a wall model based on the detached Eddy simulation (DES) technique. Unlike the standard DES, in which the boundary layer is entirely modeled using RANS and only the separated-flow regions are solved using LES, here a substantial part of the boundary layer is computed using LES, as he RANS/LES interface occurs at less than 5% of the boundary layer hickness. First, we studied the flow over a contoured ramp, which has a mild separation followed by a recovery region. RANS models under-predict the size of the separation region and the back-flow magnitude and show a slow recovery downstream of he separation; the velocity field predicted by the LES is more accurate with the error always less than 10%. Second, we studied he flow past a two-dimensional bump, in which curvature and pressure-gradient effects are important. The mean velocity is predicted reasonably well by all the models, except in the adverse pressure gradient-region where the LES and the shear stress ransport (SST) model predict the mean velocity better than the other models tested. In the adverse pressure-gradient region and in he recovery region of the flow, however, the SST model under-predicts the shear stress by 30%, while the LES over-predicts it in the recovery region by 15%. Finally, we studied the flow past a swept bump in which the initially two-dimensional flow becomes three-dimensional and then relaxes back to a two-dimensional state. In the prediction of the mean horizontal velocity, all the models showed the same trend exhibited in the two-dimensional bump problem. The mean spanwise velocity was under-predicted by all the models in the recovery region. We found that the RANS models performance is dependent on the flow conditions, whereas the WMLES performs as well as or better than the best RANS model in all flow configurations. We also find that the WMLES has maximum errors in equilibrium regions of the flow, due to the well-known limitations of this technique. In non-equilibrium regions the accuracy of the method is found to improve, as additional production terms cause more rapid generation of eddies in the RANS/LES transition region.
The astrobiological mission EXPOSE-R on board of the International Space Station

Abstract EXPOSE-R flew as the second of the European Space Agency (ESA) EXPOSE multi-user facilities on the International Space Station. During the mission on the external URM-D platform of the Zvezda service module, samples of eight international astrobiology experiments selected by ESA and one Russian guest experiment were exposed to low Earth orbit space parameters from March 10th, 2009 to January 21st, 2011. EXPOSE-R accommodated a total of 1220 samples for exposure to selected space conditions and combinations, including space vacuum, temperature cycles through 273 K, cosmic radiation, solar electromagnetic radiation at >110, >170 or >200 nm at various fluences up to GJ m−2. Samples ranged from chemical compounds via unicellular organisms and multicellular mosquito larvae and seeds to passive radiation dosimeters. Additionally, one active radiation measurement instrument was accommodated on EXPOSE-R and commanded from ground in accordance with the facility itself. Data on ultraviolet radiation, cosmic radiation and temperature were measured every 10 s and downlinked by telemetry and data carrier every few months. The EXPOSE-R trays and samples returned to Earth on March 9th, 2011 with Shuttle flight, Space Transportation System (STS)-133/ULF 5, Discovery, after successful total mission duration of 27 months in space. The samples were analysed in the individual investigators laboratories. A parallel Mission Ground Reference experiment was performed on ground with a parallel set of hardware and samples under simulated space conditions following to the data transmitted from the flight mission.
Electromagnetic imaging of buried perfectly conducting cylinder targets using the dynamic differential evolution

Dynamic differential evolution (DDE) for shape reconstruction of perfect conducting cylinder buried in a half‐space is presented. Assume that a conducting cylinder of unknown shape is buried in one half‐space and scatters the field incident from another half‐space where the scattered filed is measured. Based on the boundary condition and the measured scattered field, a set of nonlinear integral equations is derived and the imaging problem is reformulated into an optimization problem. The inverse problem is resolved by an optimization approach, and the global searching scheme DDE is then used to search the parameter space. Numerical results demonstrate that even when the initial guess is far away from the exact one, good reconstruction can be obtained by using DDE both with and without the additive Gaussian noise. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J RF and Microwave CAE, 2012.
Modern Actuarial Risk Theory: Using R

Modern Actuarial Risk Theory contains what every actuary needs to know about non-life insurance mathematics. It starts with the standard material like utility theory, individual and collective model and basic ruin theory. Other topics are risk measures and premium principles, bonus-malus systems, ordering of risks and credibility theory. It also contains some chapters about Generalized Linear Models, applied to rating and IBNR problems. As to the level of the mathematics, the book would fit in a bachelors or masters program in quantitative economics or mathematical statistics. This second and much expanded edition emphasizes the implementation of these techniques through the use of R. This free but incredibly powerful software is rapidly developing into the de facto standard for statistical computation, not just in academic circles but also in practice. With R, one can do simulations, find maximum likelihood estimators, compute distributions by inverting transforms, and much more.
Feasibility study of a compact high resolution dual layer LSO-APD detector module for positron emission tomography

An existing high resolution scanner for positron emission tomography (PET) of small animals was modified to investigate a scheme of depth-of-interaction (DOI) detection. The detectors were based on the readout of small (3.7/spl times/3.7/spl times/12 mm/sup 3/) lutetium oxyorthosilicate (LSO) crystals with avalanche photodiodes (APD). For DOI measurements, 4 detector modules (arrays of 2/spl times/8 LSO-APD detectors) were mounted on a rotatable gantry in a dual layer setup. The energy resolution at 511 keV of a detector in the first layer was 17.7% (FWHM), decreasing to 19.3% in the second layer. The intrinsic resolution using detectors in the front layer varied between 2.1 mm and 3.5 mm. Combinations of crystals in the second layer yielded intrinsic resolutions of 2.0 mm to 2.8 mm (FWHM). The systems sensitivity could be increased by 20% when data of the second layer was included. Reconstruction of a /sup 18/F line source yielded a tomographic image resolution of 2.5 mm to 2.6 mm, depending on the usage of data from different layers. Without DOI information, the spatial resolution was 3.0 mm (FWHM). Although a degradation in energy resolution was observed in the dual layer setup compared to only one layer, this study showed the feasibility of individual readout in a dual layer module for improved sensitivity and sampling.
Towards a state-space polytopic uncertainty description using subspace model identification techniques

We introduce a method for the estimation of the uncertainty of a model, identified using subspace identification methods. The key in this method is the calculation of the first order approximation of the relation between the perturbation of the data and the error of the elements in the identified state-space matrices. Using first order approximation we can find a polytopic description of the uncertainty region of the identified model. This polytopic description can for instance be used to develop a robust(ified) controller for the plant.
Higher order finite element methods and multigrid solvers in a benchmark problem for the 3D Navier–Stokes equations

This paper presents a numerical study of the 3D flow around a cylinder which was defined as a benchmark problem for the steady state Navier–Stokes equations within the DFG high‐priority research program flow simulation with high‐performance computers by Schafer and Turek (Vol. 52, Vieweg: Braunschweig, 1996). The first part of the study is a comparison of several finite element discretizations with respect to the accuracy of the computed benchmark parameters. It turns out that boundary fitted higher order finite element methods are in general most accurate. Our numerical study improves the hitherto existing reference values for the benchmark parameters considerably. The second part of the study deals with efficient and robust solvers for the discrete saddle point problems. All considered solvers are based on coupled multigrid methods. The flexible GMRES method with a multiple discretization multigrid method proves to be the best solver. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Status of the Large Hadron Collider Magnet Development

CERN is preparing the construction of a new particle accelerator-collider, the Large Hadron Collider (LHC), which will be installed in the existing 27 km tunnel of the Large Electron-Positron Collider (LEP). The LHC will require in total about 10'000 superconducting magnetic units, including main magnets and correction elements. For the regular arcs of the machine 1300,135 m long dipole magnets of 8.651 and 600, 3.2 m long quadrupoles of 220 Tlm gradient will be used. These main magnets will all be of the Mn-aperture configuration, io. with the magnetic channels for the two beams placed in a common yoke and cryostat. R & D for the LHC high field magnets is now approaching its goals. The last short dipole model reached the record field of 1051 T and after thermal cycling had all quenches well above the LHC required field. A 10 m long prototype confirmed the validity of two major technical choices by behaving perfectly in superfluid helium and showing no adverse effects of the twin- aperture configuration. Fabrication in industry of seven full size dipoles Is well advanced and two prototype quadruples are completed and ready for testing.
TESTS FOR UNEQUAL TREATMENT VARIANCES IN CROSSOVER DESIGNS

A crossover design is an experimental design in which each experimental unit receives a series of experimental treatments over time. The order that an experimental unit receives its treatments is called a sequence (example, the sequence AB means that treatment A is given first, and then followed by treatment B). A period is the time interval during which a treatment is administered to the experimental unit. A period could range from a few minutes to several months depending on the study. Sequences usually involve subjects receiving a different treatment in each successive period. However, treatments may occur more than once in any sequence (example, ABAB). Treatments and periods are compared within subjects, i.e. each subject serves as his/her own control. Therefore, any effect that is related to subject differences is removed from treatment and period comparisons. Carryover effects are residual effects from a previous treatment manifesting themselves in subsequent periods. Crossover designs both with and without carryover are traditionally analyzed assuming that the response due to different treatments have equal variances. The effects of unequal variances on traditional tests for treatment and carryover difference were recently considered in crossover designs assuming that the response due to treatments have unequal variances with a compound symmetry correlation structure. The likelihood function for the two treatment/two sequence crossover design has closed form maximum likelihood solutions for the parameters at both the null hypothesis, H0 : sigma_A^2 =\sigma_B^2, and at alternative hypothesis, HA : not H0. Under HA : not H0, the method of moment estimators and the maximum likelihood estimators of sigma_A^2,sigma_B^2 and rho are identical. The dual balanced design, ABA=BAB, which is balanced for carryover effects is also considered. The dual balanced design has a closed form solution that maximizes the likelihood function under the null hypothesis, H0 :sigma_A^2=sigma_B^2, but not for the alternative hypothesis, HA : not H0. Similarly, the three treatment/three sequence crossover design, ABC=BCA=CAB, has a closed form solution that maximizes the likelihood function at the null hypothesis, H0 : sigma_A^2=sigma_B^2 = sigma_C^2, but not for the alternative hypothesis, HA : not H0. An iterative procedure is introduced to estimate the parameters for the two and three treatment crossover designs. To check the performance of the likelihood ratio tests, Type I error rates and power comparisons are explored using simulations.
L-probe proximity-fed annular ring microstrip antennas

A broadband single-layer annular ring microstrip antenna fed by an L-shaped probe is studied. It achieves, for the TM/sub 11/ mode, an impedance bandwidth of about 24% [standing wave ratio (SWR) /spl les/2], a 3-dB gain bandwidth of 33%, and a maximum gain of 7.5 dBi. For the TM/sub 12/ mode, an impedance bandwidth of about 27% (SWR /spl les/2), a 3-dB gain bandwidth of 15.5% and a peak gain of 10.3 dBi are obtained. A foam substrate of thickness around 10% of the operating wavelength in free-space is used as the supporting substrate. The far-field radiation patterns are stable across the passband.
Practical evaluation of five partly discontinuous finite element pairs for the non‐conservative shallow water equations

This paper provides a comparison of five finite element pairs for the shallow water equations. We consider continuous, discontinuous and partially discontinuous finite element formulations that are supposed to provide second‐order spatial accuracy. All of them rely on the same weak formulation, using Riemann solver to evaluate interface integrals. We define several asymptotic limit cases of the shallow water equations within their space of parameters. The idea is to develop a comparison of these numerical schemes in several relevant regimes of the subcritical shallow water flow. Finally, a new pair, using non‐conforming linear elements for both velocities and elevation (P NC1 −P NC1 ), is presented, giving optimal rates of convergence in all test cases. P NC1 −P1 and P DG1 −P1 mixed formulations lack convergence for inviscid flows. P DG1 −P2 pair is more expensive but provides accurate results for all benchmarks. P DG1 −P DG1 provides an efficient option, except for inviscid Coriolis‐dominated flows, where a small lack of convergence is observed. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
On Quantum Codes and Networks

The concern of quantum computation is the computation of quantum phenomena as observed in Nature. A prerequisite for the attainment of such computation is a set of unitary transformations that describe the operational process within the quantum system. Since operational transformations inevitably interact with elements outside of the quantum system, we therefore have quantum gate evolutions determined with less than absolute precision. Consequently, the theory of quantum error-correction has developed to meet this difficulty. Further, it is increasingly evident that much effort is being made into finding efficient quantum circuits in the sense that for a library of realisable quantum gates there is no smaller circuit that achieves the same task with the same library of gates. A reason for this concerted effort is primarily due to the principle of decoherence. I give the construction for the set of unitary transformations that describe an error model that acts on a d-dimensional quantum system. I also give an overview of the theoretical framework associated with such unitary transformations and generalise results to cater for d-dimensional quantum states. I introduce two quantum gate constructions that generalises the qubit SWAP gate to higher dimensions. The first of these constructions is the WilNOT gate and the second is an efficient design also based on binomial summations. Both of these constructions yield a quantum qudit SWAP gate determined only in the CNOT gate. Furthermore, the task of constructing generalised SWAP gates based on transpositions of qudit states is argued in terms of the signature of a permutation. Based on this argument, we show that circuit architectures completely described by instances
Protein Graph Partitioning by Mutually Maximization of cycle-distributions

— The classification of the protein structure is commonly not performed for the whole protein but for structural domains, i.e., compact functional units preserved during evolution. Hence, a first step to a protein structure classification is the separation of the protein into its domains. We approach the problem of protein domain identification by proposing a novel graph theoretical algorithm. We represent the protein structure as an undirected, unweighted and unlabeled graph which nodes correspond the secondary structure elements of the protein. This graph is call the protein graph. The domains are then identified as partitions of the graph corresponding to vertices sets obtained by the maximization of an objective function, which mutually maximizes the cycle distributions found in the partitions of the graph. Our algorithm does not utilize any other kind of information besides the cycle-distribution to find the partitions. If a partition is found, the algorithm is iteratively applied to each of the resulting subgraphs. As stop criterion, we calculate numerically a significance level which indicates the stability of the predicted partition against a random rewiring of the protein graph. Hence, our algorithm terminates automatically its iterative application. We present results for one and two domain proteins and compare our results with the manually assigned domains by the SCOP database and differences are discussed.
Feedback-stabilized Nd:YLF amplifier system for generation of picosecond pulse trains of an exactly rectangular envelope

We describe the amplifier chain of the photocathode laser of the TESLA Test Facility. This chain is optimized for amplification of trains of picosecond pulses. At its output, pulse trains with a rectangularly shaped envelope of 0.7% flatness and a long-term stability of the energy in the individual picosecond pulses in excess of 0.9% are obtained. This stability is achieved by using a computerized feedback control system, which we describe in detail together with the versatile feedback algorithm applied. The feedback loop performs a tight adjustment of both the shape and magnitude of the flashlamp pulses as well as the starting time of the pump with respect to the pulse train. High-current insulated gate bipolar transistors are used to directly manipulate the flashlamp current in a microsecond time scale.
Squeezed Carrier Interferogram for Wavelet Phase Recovery

The purpose of the present work is the use of the Phase evaluation CWT algorith m to extract the phase from squeezing interferogram. The squeezing interfero metry technique generates a spatial carrier interferogram named squeezed interferogram by numerical co mbination of M shifted fringes patterns. The M shifted fringes patterns are digitally generated fro m co mb ination of t wo π/2 shifted fringe patterns. Fro m squeezed interferogram the phase is extracted in wavelet domain using CWT algorith m which leads directly to the phase distribution without the complex step of phase unwrapping. Simu lated fringe pattern are used to test our technique and real fringe pattern are used to improve the accuracy of this technique.