Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Generic Recovery from Application Faults ? A Fault Study using Open-Source Software

This paper tests the hypothesis that generic recovery techniques, such as process pairs, can survive most application faults without using application-specific information. We examine in detail the faults that occur in three, large, open-source applications: the Apache web server, the GNOME desktop environment, and the MySQL database. Using information contained in the bug reports and source code, we classify faults based on how they depend on the operating environment. We find that 72-87% of the faults are independent of the operating environment and are hence deterministic (non-transient). Recovering from the failures caused by these faults requires the use of application-specific knowledge. Half of the remaining faults depend on a condition in the operating environment that is likely to persist on retry, and the failures caused by these faults are also likely to require application-specific recovery. Unfortunately, only 5-14% of the faults were triggered by transient conditions, such as timing and synchronization , that naturally fix themselves during recovery. Our results indicate that classical application-generic recovery techniques, such as process pairs, will not be sufficient to enable applications to survive most failures caused by application faults.
Distributed Tagging and Annotation of Computer-Checked Proofs

Users of theorem proving systems often complain about lemma management issues within their own proofs and have even more difficulty locating and reusing appropriate definitions and formalized theorems available from third parties. Both users’ searches for and understanding of lemmas can be improved by associating relevant metadata with portions of formal proofs. This paper describes an architecture based on web annotation techniques intended to lower the barriers to spur-of-the-moment and collaborative creation of metadata for formal proofs. The architecture allows user annotations and both user-defined and automatically generated tags to be represented in a unified and prover-agnostic way.
Vaccinia Virus-Specific CD4+ T Cell Responses Target a Set of Antigens Largely Distinct from Those Targeted by CD8+ T Cell Responses1

Recent studies have defined vaccinia virus (VACV)-specific CD8+ T cell epitopes in mice and humans. However, little is known about the epitope specificities of CD4+ T cell responses. In this study, we identified 14 I-Ab-restricted VACV-specific CD4+ T cell epitopes by screening a large set of 2146 different 15-mer peptides in C57BL/6 mice. These epitopes account for ∼20% of the total anti-VACV CD4+ T cell response and are derived from 13 different viral proteins. Surprisingly, none of the CD4+ T cell epitopes identified was derived from VACV virulence factors. Although early Ags were recognized, late Ags predominated as CD4+ T cell targets. These results are in contrast to what was previously found in CD8+ T cells responses, where early Ags, including virulence factors, were prominently recognized. Taken together, these results highlight fundamental differences in immunodominance of CD4+ and CD8+ T cell responses to a complex pathogen.
Cost-effective VLSI design of non linear image processing filters

This paper presents a design methodology suitable for the cost-effective and real-time implementation of nonlinear image processing algorithms. Starting from high-level functional descriptions the proposed optimization flow simplifies the designer's duty to achieve a low complexity and low power realization in CMOS technology (FPGA and/or ASIC) with low accuracy loss for the implemented algorithm. As an application case study the paper describes the design of a system, based on a Retinex-like algorithm, to improve the visual quality of images acquired in bad lighting conditions.
Sequestration of aggregated low-density lipoproteins by macrophages

Purpose of review Evidence suggests that much of the LDL in atherosclerotic plaques is aggregated. Aggregation of LDL could be an important factor that determines how this lipoprotein is metabolized by plaque macrophages and the fate of aggregated LDL cholesterol within plaques. This review discusses a novel endocytic pathway by which macrophages process aggregated LDL. Recent findings Recently, it has been shown that aggregated LDL can be sequestered in macrophage surface-connected compartments and plasma membrane invaginations by a process termed patocytosis. In contrast to rapid degradation of LDL and aggregated LDL taken up by macrophages through pinocytosis and phagocytosis, respectively, aggregated LDL sequestered in macrophages undergoes only limited degradation. Macrophages can disaggregate and release sequestered aggregated LDL by activating plasminogen to plasmin. Plasmin degrades LDL apolipoprotein B sufficiently to disaggregate the aggregated LDL, releasing it from the macrophage surface-connected compartments. In contrast, activating macrophages with phorbol-myristate-acetate stimulates degradation of aggregated LDL and inhibits plasminogen-mediated release of the aggregated lipoprotein from macrophage surface-connected compartments. Summary Macrophage sequestration of aggregated LDL is a unique endocytic pathway relevant not only to the processing of aggregated LDL in atherosclerotic plaques but also for the processing of other materials, such as hydrophobic particles that trigger this endocytic pathway. Macrophage sequestration of aggregated LDL can result in different fates for the aggregated LDL, depending on the state of macrophage activation and the functioning of the plasminogen-based fibrinolytic system. Patocytosis of aggregated LDL should be considered in addition to phagocytosis as a possible uptake pathway in studies of macrophage processing of aggregated LDL.
Evaluation of a Panel of Molecular Markers for the Diagnosis of Malignant Serous Effusions

Purpose: Our main goal was to evaluate a panel of molecular markers for the detection of cancer cells in serous effusions and to determine their value as an adjunctive reverse transcription-PCR (RT-PCR) test to cytologic examination. Experimental Design: One hundred fourteen serous effusions from 71 patients with tumors and 43 patients with benign diseases were subjected to RT-PCR for expression of carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA), epithelial cell adhesion molecule (Ep-CAM), E-cadherin, mammaglobin, mucin 1 (MUC1) isoforms MUC1/REP, MUC1/Y, and MUC1/Z, calretinin, and Wilms' tumor 1 susceptibility gene. Results: CEA, Ep-CAM, E-cadherin, and mammaglobin were specifically expressed in malignant effusions. The sensitivity of RT-PCR in cytologically negative malignant effusions was 63.1% combining CEA and Ep-CAM (with 100% specificity) and reached 78.9% adding MUC1/Y or MUC1/Z (with 93% specificity). In the whole population of effusions, the combination of cytology with RT-PCR of CEA and Ep-CAM yielded a 90.1% sensitivity, a specificity and a positive predictive value of 100%, and a 86% negative predictive value for malignancy. Adding MUC1/Y or MUC1/Z to the panel, the sensitivity was 94.5% with 93% specificity, 95.7% PPV, and 90.9% negative predictive value. Moreover, CEA and mammaglobin were specifically expressed in epithelial malignancies, and mammaglobin was mainly expressed in effusions from breast carcinoma (97.3% of specificity). Conclusions: A combination of cytology and RT-PCR analysis of CEA and Ep-CAM significantly improved the detection sensitivity of tumor cells in serous effusions. RT-PCR analysis of CEA, Ep-CAM, and mammaglobin in serous effusions could be a beneficial adjunct to cytology for the diagnosis of malignancy.
MODERN COMPUTER GAMES TECHNOLOGY IN SYSTEMS AND CONTROL EDUCATION

An alumina formed body comprising many long alumina elements oriented in random directions and interconnected so as to constitute a porous matrix comprising a large number of fine pores. Such a body is manufactured by reacting a glass-formed body comprising silica with aluminum at high temperature to form an alumina composite material comprising alumina, aluminum and silicon and removing aluminum and silicon from the aluminum composite material.
Abnormal Interactions of Calsequestrin With the Ryanodine Receptor Calcium Release Channel Complex Linked to Exercise-Induced Sudden Cardiac Death

Catecholaminergic polymorphic ventricular tachycardia (CPVT) is a familial arrhythmogenic disorder associated with mutations in the cardiac ryanodine receptor (RyR2) and cardiac calsequestrin (CASQ2) genes. Previous in vitro studies suggested that RyR2 and CASQ2 interact as parts of a multimolecular Ca2+-signaling complex; however, direct evidence for such interactions and their potential significance to myocardial function remain to be determined. We identified a novel CASQ2 mutation in a young female with a structurally normal heart and unexplained syncopal episodes. This mutation results in the nonconservative substitution of glutamine for arginine at amino acid 33 of CASQ2 (R33Q). Adenoviral-mediated expression of CASQ2R33Q in adult rat myocytes led to an increase in excitation–contraction coupling gain and to more frequent occurrences of spontaneous propagating (Ca2+ waves) and local Ca2+ signals (sparks) with respect to control cells expressing wild-type CASQ2 (CASQ2WT). As revealed by a Ca2+ indicator entrapped inside the sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR) of permeabilized myocytes, the increased occurrence of spontaneous Ca2+ sparks and waves was associated with a dramatic decrease in intra-SR [Ca2+]. Recombinant CASQ2WT and CASQ2R33Q exhibited similar Ca2+-binding capacities in vitro; however, the mutant protein lacked the ability of its WT counterpart to inhibit RyR2 activity at low luminal [Ca2+] in planar lipid bilayers. We conclude that the R33Q mutation disrupts interactions of CASQ2 with the RyR2 channel complex and impairs regulation of RyR2 by luminal Ca2+. These results show that intracellular Ca2+ cycling in normal heart relies on an intricate interplay of CASQ2 with the proteins of the RyR2 channel complex and that disruption of these interactions can lead to cardiac arrhythmia.
Diabetes mellitus as a predictor for late recovery of vestibular neuritis

The time course of recovery in vestibular neuritis varies between individuals. The aim of this study was to identify the predictors for the early or late recovery of vestibular neuritis. The inclusion criteria were patients 1) who had an acute onset of vertigo lasting at least 24 hours, 2) with a horizontal-torsional unidirectional spontaneous nystagmus, and 3) with a canal paresis of 20% or more on the bithermal caloric tests. The primary endpoint for this study was an early or late recovery of vestibular neuritis as a dependent variable. A functional level scale was used to define the late recovery (5 or more points) at seven days after the symptom onset. The secondary endpoint was the duration of hospitalization. One hundred twenty eight patients met the inclusion criteria for this study, and among them, 71 patients had an early recovery. Multiple logistic regression analysis showed that diabetes mellitus was the only independent significant variable for the prediction of a late recovery of vestibular neuritis. In addition, the diabetes mellitus was a predicting variable for long duration of hospitalization. Diabetes mellitus was a predictor for a late recovery of vestibular neuritis.
Texture Edge Detection using Multi-resolution Features and SOM

Texture boundaries or edges are useful information for segmenting a texture image. We propose a texture edge detection algorithm using a bank of 1D multi-channel, multi-resolution filters and self organizing map (SOM). 2D filtering smears the effect of an edge in all directions, and hence we used 1D filtering that will only smear the edge in the direction of filtering. SOM reduces the dimension of a feature vector by producing a 1D map which plots the similarities of data by grouping similar items together. The output of SOM is processed to obtain the texture edge map. The proposed methodology is tested on simulated as well as natural texture images and produces satisfactory results
Palm-dorsa vein recognition based on Two-Dimensional Fisher Linear Discriminant

In Fisher Linear Discriminant (FLD), the within-class scatter matrix is always singular. To overcome the above problem and preserve discriminatory information, a new method for palm-dorsa vein feature extraction based on Two-Dimensional FLD (2DFLD) is presented in this paper. We applied PCA, PCA+FLD and 2DFLD to extract the palm-dorsa vein feature subspace. The images to be recognized were projected onto the low-dimensional subspace. A classifier to vein matching based on cosine distance was used. Experimental results suggested that the recognition rate of PCA+FLD is about 4.84% higher than that of PCA. Compared with PCA+FLD, 2DFLD is able to yield recognition rate as high as 98.44%, with accuracy enhanced by 7.51%, while the feature extraction time is only 0.4 s. It was demonstrated that the algorithm is effective and quick.
IFN-Induced TPR Protein IFIT3 Potentiates Antiviral Signaling by Bridging MAVS and TBK1

Intracellular RNA viruses are sensed by receptors retinoic acid-inducible gene I/MDA5, which trigger formation of the mitochondrial antiviral signaling (MAVS) complex on mitochondria. Consequently, this leads to the activation of TNFR-associated factor family member-associated NF-κB activator-binding kinase 1 (TBK1) and phosphorylation of IFN regulatory factor 3 (IRF3). It remains to be elucidated how MAVS activates TBK1/IRF3. In this study, we report that IFN-induced protein with tetratricopeptide repeats 3 (IFIT3) is significantly induced upon RNA virus infection. Ectopic expression or knockdown of IFIT3 could, respectively, enhance or impair IRF3-mediated gene expression. Mechanistically, the tetratrico-peptide repeat motif (E164/E165) of IFIT3 interacts with the N terminus (K38) of TBK1, thus bridging TBK1 to MAVS on the mitochondrion. Disruption of this interaction markedly attenuates the activation of TBK1 and IRF3. Furthermore, host antiviral responses are significantly boosted or crippled in the presence or absence of IFIT3. Collectively, our study characterizes IFIT3 as an important modulator in innate immunity, revealing a new function of the IFIT family proteins (IFN-induced protein with tetratricopeptide repeats).
Meta‐analysis of type and complexity of a secondary task during walking on the prediction of elderly falls

Aim: Dual‐tasking probes divided attention and causes performance changes that are associated with an increased risk for falls in the elderly. There is no systematic review investigating the effect of task type and complexity on the prediction of elderly falls. This article synthesizes research evidence regarding this issue on the contents of dual‐tasking walking.
Composite geometric concepts and polynomial predictability

Abstract We study the predictability of geometric concepts, in particular those defined by boolean combinations of simple geometric objects. First, we give a negative results, showing that the problem of predicting the class of convex polytopes encoded by listing their vertices is prediction complete for P . Thus, an efficient solution to this prediction problem implies the existence of efficient solutions to all prediction problems whose associated evaluation problems are in P . Assuming the existence of a one-way function that is hard on iterates, there are such prediction problems which do not admit efficient solutions. Thus we show under minimal cryptographic assumptions that the class of convex polytopes encoded by listing their vertices is not predictable. As a side effect, we show that determining membership in the convex hull of a given set of points is complete for P with respect to log space reductions. Next, we establish the predictability of the class consisting of unions of a fixed number of flats by reducing its prediction problem to that of the class of flats, which has previously been shown to be predictable. Finally, we give an Occam algorithm for predicting fixed finite unions of boxes. Both constructive results for flats and boxes hold if the dimension is variable.
Involvement of periostin in regression of hyaloidvascular system during ocular development.

PURPOSE A timely regression of the hyaloid vascular system (HVS) is required for the normal ocular development. Although macrophages have a critical role in this process, the exact mechanism remains undetermined. Periostin is a matricellular protein involved in tissue and vascular remodeling. The purpose of our study was to determine whether periostin is involved in the HVS regression. METHODS We used wild type (WT) and periostin knockout (KO) mice. Indocyanine green angiography and immunohistochemistry with isolectin B4 were used to evaluate the HVS regression. TUNEL-labeling was used to quantify the number of apoptotic hyaloid vascular endothelial cells. F4/80 and Iba-1 staining was performed to determine the number and location of macrophages in the vitreous. The location of periostin also was investigated by immunohistochemistry. To determine the functional role of periostin, the degree of adhesion of human monocytes to fibronectin was measured by an adhesion assay. RESULTS The HVS regression and peak in the number of TUNEL-positive apoptotic endothelial cells were delayed in periostin KO mice. The number of F4/80 positive cells in the vitreous was higher in periostin KO mice. Only a small number of Iba-1-positive cells near the hyaloid vessels was co-stained with periostin, and peripheral blood monocytes were not stained with periostin. Adhesion assay showed that periostin increased the degree of attachment of monocytes to fibronectin. CONCLUSIONS These results suggest that periostin, which is secreted by the intraocular macrophages, enhances the HVS regression by intensifying the adhesion of macrophages to hyaloid vessels.
Altered Gut Microbiota and Endocannabinoid System Tone in Obese and Diabetic Leptin-Resistant Mice: Impact on Apelin Regulation in Adipose Tissue

Growing evidence supports the role of gut microbiota in the development of obesity, type 2 diabetes, and low-grade inflammation. The endocrine activity of adipose tissue has been found to contribute to the regulation of glucose homeostasis and low-grade inflammation. Among the key hormones produced by this tissue, apelin has been shown to regulate glucose homeostasis. Recently, it has been proposed that gut microbiota participate in adipose tissue metabolism via the endocannabinoid system (eCB) and gut microbiota-derived compounds, namely lipopolysaccharide (LPS). We have investigated gut microbiota composition in obese and diabetic leptin-resistant mice (db/db) by combining pyrosequencing and phylogenetic microarray analysis of 16S ribosomal RNA gene sequences. We observed a significant higher abundance of Firmicutes, Proteobacteria, and Fibrobacteres phyla in db/db mice compared to lean mice. The abundance of 10 genera was significantly affected by the genotype. We identified the roles of the eCB and LPS in the regulation of apelinergic system tone (apelin and APJ mRNA expression) in genetic obese and diabetic mice. By using in vivo and in vitro models, we have demonstrated that both the eCB and low-grade inflammation differentially regulate apelin and APJ mRNA expression in adipose tissue. Finally, deep-gut microbiota profiling revealed that the gut microbial community of type 2 diabetic mice is significantly different from that of their lean counterparts. This indicates specific relationships between the gut microbiota and the regulation of the apelinergic system. However, the exact roles of specific bacteria in shaping the phenotype of db/db mice remain to be determined.
Guesswork changes in multi-processor attacks

More and more effort is being spent on security improvements in today's computer networking environments. However, due to the nature of computer security there is still a lack of good quantitative assessment methods. Inventing and developing new ways of measuring security are therefore needed in order to more exact describe, assess, and improve security of computer environments. One existing quantitative security measure is guesswork. Guesswork gives the average number of guesses in a brute force attack when breaking an encrypted message. In the current definition of guesswork it is assumed that the attacker uses a single processor when breaking an encrypted message. However, an intelligent and motivated attacker will likely use several processors that can work in parallel to break an encrypted message. This paper formally investigates how guesswork changes over time in multi-processor attacks. The result is applied on three probability distributions, the English alphabet, the geometric, and the truncated geometric to illustrate some behaviors.
Population Influences on Tornado Reports in the United States

Abstract The number of tornadoes reported in the United States is believed to be less than the actual incidence of tornadoes, especially prior to the 1990s, because tornadoes may be undetectable by human witnesses in sparsely populated areas and areas in which obstructions limit the line of sight. A hierarchical Bayesian model is used to simultaneously correct for population-based sampling bias and estimate tornado density using historical tornado report data. The expected result is that F2–F5 compared with F0–F1 tornado reports would vary less with population density. The results agree with this hypothesis for the following population centers: Atlanta, Georgia; Champaign, Illinois; and Des Moines, Iowa. However, the results indicated just the opposite in Oklahoma. It is hypothesized that the result is explained by the misclassification of tornadoes that were worthy of F2–F5 rating but were classified as F0–F1 tornadoes, thereby artificially decreasing the number of F2–F5 and increasing the number of F0–F.
Arrested Development in Human Hookworm Infections: An Adaptation to a Seasonally Unfavorable External Environment

Contrary to general belief, larvae of Ancylostoma duodenale do not always develop directly to adulthood upon invasion of man. In West Bengal, India, arrested development appears to be a seasonal phenomenon which results in (i) reduction of egg output wasted in seeding an inhospitable environment and (ii) a marked increase in eggs entering the environment just before the monsoon begins.
Fas antigen expression on CD34+ human marrow cells is induced by interferon gamma and tumor necrosis factor alpha and potentiates cytokine-mediated hematopoietic suppression in vitro.

Activation of Fas antigen, a cell surface receptor molecule, by its ligand results in transduction of a signal for cell death. The Fas system has been implicated in target cell recognition, clonal development of immune effector cells, and termination of the cellular immune response. Fas antigen expression on lymphocytes is regulated by interferon gamma (IFN gamma) and tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF alpha), cytokines that also have inhibitory effects on hematopoiesis. We investigated Fas antigen expression on human marrow cells and the effects of Fas activation on hematopoiesis in vitro. Freshly isolated immature hematopoietic cells, as defined by the CD34 marker, did not express Fas antigen at levels detectable by fluorescent staining. CD34+ cells, which include progenitors and stem cells, showed low levels of Fas expression in culture, even in the presence of growth factors. Stimulation by TNF alpha and IFN gamma markedly increased Fas antigen expression on CD34+ cells. Anti-Fas antibody, which mimics the action of the putative ligand, enhanced IFN gamma- and TNF alpha-mediated suppression of colony formation by bone marrow (BM) in a dose-dependent manner. This effect did not require the presence of accessory cells. Colony formation from mature (CD34+ CD38+) and immature (CD34+ CD38-) progenitor cells and long-term culture initiating cells were susceptible to the inhibitory action of anti-Fas antibody in the presence of IFN gamma and TNF alpha. Apoptosis assays performed on total BM cells and CD34+ cells showed that anti-Fas antibody induced programmed cell death of CD34+ BM cells. (ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)