Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Thinking about and Managing Contact in Permanent Placements: The Differences and Similarities between Adoptive Parents and Foster Carers

Children permanently separated from their birth families have to manage life-long issues of attachment, identity and loss. This article focuses on the issue of post- placement contact and discusses the qualities of foster carers and adopters that can best help children negotiate such issues when contact occurs. Two linked research studies provide data on young adopted children, and children in middle childhood placed in long-term foster care. Almost all foster children were found to be having frequent face-to-face contact, compared with only a small minority of adopted children. However, face-to-face contact was found to be more straightforward in the adoptive families, largely because such young children had less complex relationships with their birth relatives and easier relationships with their new parents. Adopters were centrally involved in contact meetings and able to act autonomously, whereas the experience of foster carers was much more varied, with some feeling excluded from decision-making. In both placement types, sensitive and empathic thinking and accepting values of foster carers and adopters were vital in helping children use contact meetings to make sense of their membership of two families. When such parental attributes were present, a wide range of contact arrangements could be successful.
Increased Genome Instability and Telomere Length in the elg1-Deficient Saccharomyces cerevisiae Mutant Are Regulated by S-Phase Checkpoints

ABSTRACT Gross chromosomal rearrangements (GCRs) are frequently observed in cancer cells. Abnormalities in different DNA metabolism including DNA replication, cell cycle checkpoints, chromatin remodeling, telomere maintenance, and DNA recombination and repair cause GCRs in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Recently, we used genome-wide screening to identify several genes the deletion of which increases GCRs in S. cerevisiae. Elg1, which was discovered during this screening, functions in DNA replication by participating in an alternative replication factor complex. Here we further characterize the GCR suppression mechanisms observed in the elg1Δ mutant strain in conjunction with the telomere maintenance role of Elg1. The elg1Δ mutation enhanced spontaneous DNA damage and resulted in GCR formation. However, DNA damage due to inactivation of Elg1 activates the intra-S checkpoints, which suppress further GCR formation. The intra-S checkpoints activated by the elg1Δ mutation also suppress GCR formation in strains defective in the DNA replication checkpoint. Lastly, the elg1Δ mutation increases telomere size independently of other previously known telomere maintenance proteins such as the telomerase inhibitor Pif1 or the telomere size regulator Rif1. The increase in telomere length caused by the elg1Δ mutation was suppressed by a defect in the DNA replication checkpoint, which suggests that DNA replication surveillance by Dpb11-Mec1/Tel1-Dun1 also has an important role in telomere length regulation.
'New security' risks and public educating: the significance of recent evolutionary brain science

The response to 'new security' risks requires significant changes in public behaviour, and the legitimization of unpopular government policies. Public Educating (public information/public education) is one means to achieve this. The need is reflected in initiatives such as environmental education, development education, health promotion, and the Public Understanding of Science. Current strategies are often based on commercial advertising, but mass communications theory does not directly encompass influencing perception , which is necessary to create awareness of the new 'invisible' risks. Recent evolutionary brain science is providing fresh and relevant insights into our species perception deficits, which can inform a more effective approach to Public Educating. This paper first places risk within the context of the post-Cold War 'global security' agenda. It proposes a theoretical framework - 'brain lag' - to explain perceptual deficits in relation to this agenda, which draws on theories of information, adaptation and denial, and an understanding of the human senses including time-scale-latency. Fundamental areas of evolutionary perception are proposed which are relevant across the agenda: fear and disgust, number perception, and cheating. This leads to a core concept for Public Educating about new security risks, 'enhanced difference', and a set of hypotheses that can be applied to text or image.
Sporadic Server revisited

The Sporadic Server (SS) overcomes the major limitations of other Resource Reservation Fixed Priority based techniques, but it also presents some drawbacks, mainly related to an increased scheduling overhead and a not so efficient behavior during overrun situations. In this paper we introduce and prove the effectiveness of an improved SS with reduced overhead and fairer handling of server overrun situations. We also show how this can be efficiently exploited to provide temporal isolation in a multiprocessor platform, adapting already existing schedulability tests.
Post-editing time as a measure of cognitive effort

Post-editing machine translations has been attracting increasing attention both as a common practice within the translation industry and as a way to evaluate Machine Translation (MT) quality via edit distance metrics between the MT and its post-edited version. Commonly used metrics such as HTER are limited in that they cannot fully capture the effort required for post-editing. Particularly, the cognitive effort required may vary for different types of errors and may also depend on the context. We suggest post-editing time as a way to assess some of the cognitive effort involved in post-editing. This paper presents two experiments investigating the connection between post-editing time and cognitive effort. First, we examine whether sentences with long and short post-editing times involve edits of different levels of difficulty. Second, we study the variability in post-editing time and other statistics among editors.
Relationships Between Social Structure and Response To Novelty in Captive Jackdaws, Corvus Monedula L. Ii. Response To Novel Palatable Food

The response of six groups of captive, handreared jackdaws, Corvus monedula L. (Aves), to a novel space was tested. Birds were tested in groups and were free to make contact with the novelty or remain in a familiar area. The individual manner of response was related to the social position of the individual. i) Exploratory behaviour occurred in bouts. Familiarization with the novelty was mostly gradual, but in some groups after an initial delay, the entire group began to explore and then to enter the novel space very rapidly ("avalanche"). ii) In each group one or two birds performed most of the early exploration, and termed "initiators". iii) The initiator in each group was distinguished from all others by duration and by frequency measures. Both for approach and for entering of the novel space (a) birds that scored high on the frequency measure, scored high also on the duration measure, (b) birds that scored high on either measure, for the approach, were the most likely to score high on that measure for the entering. iv) In all six groups the "initiators" were sociall mid or low ranking birds. v) Top ranking birds were distinguished from all others by the combination of two features; (a) they did not act as initiators, and (b) they were not the last to peak in their duration inside the novel space. It is argued that top ranking birds are more conservative, and that it benefits them as they have relatively more to lose and less to gain by being exploratory. The converse is true for mid or low ranking birds, which may benefit by exploiting resources outside the reach of the high ranking birds.
The consensus motif for phosphorylation by cyclin D1‐Cdk4 is different from that for phosphorylation by cyclin A/E‐Cdk2.

Cyclin D‐Cdk4/6 and cyclin A/E‐Cdk2 are suggested to be involved in phosphorylation of the retinoblastoma protein (pRB) during the G1/S transition of the cell cycle. However, it is unclear why several Cdks are needed and how they are different from one another. We found that the consensus amino acid sequence for phosphorylation by cyclin D1‐Cdk4 is different from S/T‐P‐X‐K/R, which is the consensus sequence for phosphorylation by cyclin A/E‐Cdk2 using various synthetic peptides as substrates. Cyclin D1‐Cdk4 efficiently phosphorylated the G1 peptide, RPPTLS780PIPHIPR that contained a part of the sequence of pRB, while cyclins E‐Cdk2 and A‐Cdk2 did not. To determine the phosphorylation state of pRB in vitro and in vivo, we raised the specific antibody against phospho‐Ser780 in pRB. We confirmed that cyclin D1‐Cdk4, but not cyclin E‐Cdk2, phosphorylated Ser780 in recombinant pRB. The Ser780 in pRB was phosphorylated in the G1 phase in a cell cycle‐dependent manner. Furthermore, we found that pRB phosphorylated at Ser780 cannot bind to E2F‐1 in vivo. Our data show that cyclin D1‐Cdk4 and cyclin A/E Cdk2 phosphorylate different sites of pRB in vivo.
A recursive greedy algorithm for walks in directed graphs

Given an arc-weighted directed graph G = (V, A, /spl lscr/) and a pair of nodes s, t, we seek to find an s-t walk of length at most B that maximizes some given function f of the set of nodes visited by the walk. The simplest case is when we seek to maximize the number of nodes visited: this is called the orienteering problem. Our main result is a quasi-polynomial time algorithm that yields an O(log OPT) approximation for this problem when f is a given submodular set function. We then extend it to the case when a node v is counted as visited only if the walk reaches v in its time window [R(v), D(v)]. We apply the algorithm to obtain several new results. First, we obtain an O(log OPT) approximation for a generalization of the orienteering problem in which the profit for visiting each node may vary arbitrarily with time. This captures the time window problem considered earlier for which, even in undirected graphs, the best approximation ratio known [Bansal, N et al. (2004)] is O(log/sup 2/ OPT). The second application is an O(log/sup 2/ k) approximation for the k-TSP problem in directed graphs (satisfying asymmetric triangle inequality). This is the first non-trivial approximation algorithm for this problem. The third application is an O(log/sup 2/ k) approximation (in quasi-poly time) for the group Steiner problem in undirected graphs where k is the number of groups. This improves earlier ratios (Garg, N et al.) by a logarithmic factor and almost matches the inapproximability threshold on trees (Halperin and Krauthgamer, 2003). This connection to group Steiner trees also enables us to prove that the problem we consider is hard to approximate to a ratio better than /spl Omega/(log/sup 1-/spl epsi// OPT), even in undirected graphs. Even though our algorithm runs in quasi-poly time, we believe that the implications for the approximability of several basic optimization problems are interesting.
Handwriting: Difficulties and Possible Solutions

The skill of handwriting is considered as a perceptual-motor skill. A closed-loop model of motor control is adapted to describe this skill. The role of kinaesthesis in the acquisition and performance of handwriting is described. Application of the Kinaesthetic Sensitivity Test shows that 33 per cent of five-and six-year-old children are kinaesthetically incompetent. The concept of kinaesthetic readiness is introduced, and the lack of kinaesthetic readiness is discussed as one possible source of the difficulty which may hinder effective training of writing in this age group. As a tentative suggestion it is proposed that formal training of handwriting could be delayed till the age of seven, by which age most children develop kinaesthetic readiness naturally.
Genome-Wide Analyses of Escherichia coli Gene Expression Responsive to the BaeSR Two-Component Regulatory System

ABSTRACT The BaeSR two-component regulatory system controls expression of exporter genes conferring drug resistance in Escherichia coli (S. Nagakubo, K. Nishino, T. Hirata, and A. Yamaguchi, J. Bacteriol. 184:4161-4167, 2002; N. Baranova and H. Nikaido, J. Bacteriol. 184:4168-4176, 2002). To understand the whole picture of BaeSR regulation, a DNA microarray analysis of the effect of BaeR overproduction was performed. BaeR overproduction activated 59 genes related to two-component signal transduction, chemotactic responses, flagellar biosynthesis, maltose transport, and multidrug transport, and BaeR overproduction also repressed the expression of the ibpA and ibpB genes. All of the changes in the expression levels were also observed by quantitative real-time reverse transcription-PCR analysis. The expression levels of 15 of the 59 BaeR-activated genes were decreased by deletion of baeSR. Of 11 genes induced by indole (a putative inducer of the BaeSR system), 10 required the BaeSR system for induction. Combination of the expression data sets revealed a BaeR-binding site sequence motif, 5′-TTTTTCTCCATDATTGGC-3′ (where D is G, A, or T). Several genes up-regulated by BaeR overproduction, including genes for maltose transport, chemotactic responses, and flagellar biosynthesis, required an intact PhoBR or CreBC two-component regulatory system for up-regulation. These data indicate that there is cross-regulation among the BaeSR, PhoBR, and CreBC two-component regulatory systems. Such a global analysis should reveal the regulatory network of the BaeSR system.
Central regulation of sympathetic neuron development.

The sixth lumbar (L-6) ganglion has been used to study the central regulation of peripheral sympathetic neuron development. During post-natal ontogeny, tyrosine hydroxylase [tyrosine 3-monooxygenase, L-tyrosine, tetrahydropteridine: oxygen oxidoreductase (3-hydroxylating), EC 1.14. 16.2] activity increased 60-fold, while total protein rose 10-fold in the ganglion. Transection of the spinal cord at the fifth thoracic (T-5) segment in neonatal rats prevented the normal developmental increase in tyrosine hydroxylase activity of the L-6 ganglion. However, spinal transection did not alter the ontogeny of tyrosine hydroxylase in the superior cervical ganglion, which derives its innervation from spinal segments rostral to the surgical lesion. Thus, spinal transection interfered with the maturation of sympathetic neurons distal to, but not proximal to, the lesion. The effect of transection on the L-6 ganglion persisted for at least one month, the longest time tested. Our observations suggest that trans-synaptic regulation of adrenergic maturation in the periphery is governed by suprasegmental mechanisms in the central nervous system.
No gene flow across the Eastern Pacific Barrier in the reef‐building coral Porites lobata

The expanse of deep water between the central Pacific islands and the continental shelf of the Eastern Tropical Pacific is regarded as the world's most potent marine biogeographic barrier. During recurrent climatic fluctuations (ENSO, El Niño Southern Oscillation), however, changes in water temperature and the speed and direction of currents become favourable for trans‐oceanic dispersal of larvae from central Pacific to marginal eastern Pacific reefs. Here, we investigate the population connectivity of the reef‐building coral Porites lobata across the Eastern Pacific Barrier (EPB). Patterns of recent gene flow in samples (n = 1173) from the central Pacific and the Eastern Tropical Pacific (ETP) were analysed with 12 microsatellite loci. Results indicated that P. lobata from the ETP are strongly isolated from those in the central Pacific and Hawaii ( Fct ' = 0.509; P < 0.001). However, samples from Clipperton Atoll, an oceanic island on the eastern side of the EPB, grouped with the central Pacific. Within the central Pacific, Hawaiian populations were strongly isolated from three co‐occurring clusters found throughout the remainder of the central Pacific. No further substructure was evident in the ETP. Changes in oceanographic conditions during ENSO over the past several thousand years thus appear insufficient to support larval deliveries from the central Pacific to the ETP or strong postsettlement selection acts on ETP settlers from the central Pacific. Recovery of P. lobata populations in the frequently disturbed ETP thus must depend on local larval sources.
Magnetic Resonance Imaging and Histologic Evidence of Postoperative Back Muscle Injury in Rats

Study Design. Postoperative back muscle injury was evaluated in rats by magnetic resonance imaging and histologic analyses. Objective. To compare the magnetic resonance imaging manifestation of back muscle injury with the histologic findings in rats and to subsequently clarify the histopathologic appearance of the high intensity regions on T2-weighted images in human postoperative back muscles. Summary of Background Data. In a previous study, it was found that the signal intensity on T2-weighted images of the postoperative back muscles was increased in patients who had postsurgical lumbar muscle impairment, especially in those with a prolonged surgery duration. However, the specific histopathologic changes that cause the high signal intensity on T2-weighted images remain unclear. Methods. Rats were divided into three groups: sham operation group, 1-hour retraction group, and 2-hour retraction group. Magnetic resonance imaging and histology of the multifidus muscles were examined before surgery and at 2, 7, and 21 days after surgery. Results. T2-weighted imaging was more useful than T1-weighted imaging to estimate back muscle injury. The high signal intensity of the multifidus muscles on T2-weighted images remained 21 days after surgery only in the 2-hour retraction group. Histologically, the regeneration of the multifidus muscles was complete at 21 days after surgery in the 1-hour retraction group, but the regenerated muscle fibers in the 2-hour retraction group had a small diameter, and the extracellular fluid space remained large. Conclusion. The high signal intensity on T2-weighted images of the postoperative multifidus muscles in the regenerative phase may be due to an increased extracellular space and incomplete muscle fiber regeneration.
Blacks in College: A Comparative Study of Students' Success in Black and in White Institutions.

In order to evaluate the role black colleges play in educating today’s students, Fleming establishes a historical foundation. Beginning with the Morrill Act of 1890 mandating the creation of educational facilities for blacks, Fleming works her way through a rocky history of black education. Her timeline addresses the ongoing debate on what type of education should be provided to blacks: vocational or liberal arts. This is crucial to understanding the function black colleges serve in the 21 st century.
Reducing timing channels with fuzzy time

Fuzzy time is a collection of techniques that reduces the bandwidths of covert timing channels by making all clocks available to a process noisy. Developed in response to the problems posed by high-speed hardware timing channels, fuzzy time has been implemented in the VAX security kernel. Fuzzy time has proven to be highly effective against the timing channels in the VAX security kernel. Not only does fuzzy time close the high-speed channels, it does so at a much lower-than-anticipated performance cost. It is believed that the VAX security kernal managed to meet the covert channel guidelines while maintaining a good balance between security and performance. <<ETX>>
PEOPLE FORECASTING : RESEARCH PROJECT DESCRIPTION

My thesis work began as part of project Rescue (http://www.itr-rescue.org) whose goal is to help emergency personnel better respond to natural and man-made disasters. I titled my subproject ”People Forecasting”. Just as a weather forecast is used by people to aid their decision making, what to wear, where to go and when to go there for example; the goal of People Forecasting is that emergency personnel might use the information given by our models to discover what is happening city-wide with respect to population density and movement, and to improve the speed and quality of their decisions regarding response efforts during a disaster. Sensors that measure human activity, such as pictured in Figure 1, are becoming more common and are forming an increasingly dense network, especially in urban areas. They provide real-time information about the presence and movement of people that could be valuable in emergency response, transportation planning, and security applications. The aim of my research project is to extract useful information about human activity and behavior that is hidden in these simple sensor measurements. This project is particularly appealing to me because I believe our research has potential to be of great value to the emergency response community. The existing state-of-the-art methodology for occupancy estimation on a large-scale; for example, relies on census information (e.g, in transportation and urban planning studies), sometimes with a constant multiplier for daytime for industrial and residential areas. However to our knowledge, there has been no systematic approach
Wildlife Value Orientations: An Estonian Case Study

This article examines the thoughts and cognitions of Estonians as it relates to wildlife value orientations on the islands of Saare County, Estonia. Sixteen semi-structured interviews of islanders living on Saaremaa and Vilsandi were done in summer 2006 as part of the Wildlife Values Globally project facilitated by Colorado State University. Wildlife value orientations as expressed in response to four basic emotion questions were sought in the context of experiences with wildlife in Estonia. The greatest number of passages coded was “mutualism,” “respect,” “attraction-interest” and “hunting/fishing,” and “environmentalism” and “scientific-knowledge. ” Wildlife contacts were for the majority considered as “happy moments” such as pleasurable everyday events and a source of enjoyment. Contacts with wildlife were not evaluated as “fearful. ” Humans were considered overall as part of nature with wildlife thought of as part of the everyday environment and valued as such.
Structured professional judgment of violence risk in forensic clinical practice: a prospective study into the predictive validity of the Dutch HCR-20

Abstract In this prospective study, the Dutch version of the HCR-20 (an instrument assessing risk factors for violence in the past, present and future) was coded independently by three rater groups (researchers, treatment supervisors and group leaders) for 127 male mentally disordered offenders admitted to a forensic psychiatric hospital. During case conferences, the three raters discussed their ratings and reached consensus on their ratings and final risk judgment. HCR-20 ratings were related to incidents of physical violence during treatment. Overall, the predictive validity of the HCR-20 was good. We found no differences between researchers and treatment supervisors in predictive accuracy. Group leaders performed worse compared to the other two rater groups. The consensus rating was the best predictor. Implications for structured violence risk assessment in clinical practice are discussed.