Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
intrapleural therapy in management of complicated parapneumonic effusions and empyema

: Empyema thoracis causes high mortality, and its incidence is increasing in both children and adults. Parapneumonic effusions (PPEs) develop in about one-half of patients hospitalized with pneumonia, and their presence increases mortality by about four-fold. PPEs can be divided into simple PPEs, complicated PPEs, and frank empyema. Two guideline statements on the management of PPEs in adults have been published by the British Thoracic Society (BTS) and the American College of Chest Physicians; a third guideline statement published by the BTS focused on management of PPEs in children. The two adult guideline statements recommend drainage of the pleural space in complicated PPEs and frank empyema. They also recommend the use of intrapleural fibrinolysis in those who do not show improvement. The pediatric guideline statement recommends adding intrapleural fibrinolysis to those treated by tube thoracostomy if they have loculated pleural space or thick pus. Published guideline statements on the management of complicated PPEs and empyema in adults and children recommend the use of intrapleural fibrinolysis in those who do not show improvement after pleural space drainage. However, published clinical trial reports on the use of intrapleural fibrinolysis for the treatment of pleural space sepsis suffer from major design and methodologic limitations. Nevertheless, published reports have shown that the use of intrapleural fibrinolysis does not reduce mortality in adults with parapneumonic effusions and empyema. However, intrapleural fibrinolysis enhances drainage of infected pleural fluid and may be used in patients with large collections of infected pleural fluid causing breathlessness or respiratory failure, but a proportion of these patients will ultimately need surgery for definite cure. Intrapleural streptokinase and urokinase seem to be equally efficacious in enhancing infected pleural fluid drainage in adults. In most of the published studies in adults, the use of intrapleural fibrinolysis was not associated with serious side effects. There is emerging evidence that the combination of intrapleural tissue plasminogen activator (tPA) and deoxyribonuclease (DNase) is significantly superior to tPA or DNase alone or placebo in improving pleural fluid drainage in patients with pleural space infection. In children, intrapleural fibrinolysis has not been shown to reduce mortality, but has been shown to enhance drainage of the pleural space and was safe. In addition, two prospective, randomized trials have shown that intrapleural fibrinolysis is as effective as video-assisted thoracoscopic surgery for the treatment of childhood empyema and is a more cost-effective treatment and therefore should be the primary treatment of choice.
Strategic Sophistication of Adolescents: Evidence from Experimental Normal-Form Games

We examine the strategic sophistication of adolescents, aged 10 to 17 years, in experimental normal-form games. Besides making choices, subjects have to state their first- and second-order beliefs. We find that choices are more often a best reply to beliefs if any player has a dominant strategy and equilibrium payoffs are not too unequal. Using a mixture model we can estimate for each subject the probability to be any of eight different strategic and non-strategic types. The econometric estimation reveals that older subjects are more likely to eliminate dominated strategies, and that subjects with good math grades are more strategic.
Barriers to technology adoption , international R and D spillovers and growth

Panel data is used to investigate the extent of R and D spillovers between OECD countries, and the importance of barriers to technology adoption in affecting the benefits of such spillovers. Our results indicate that countries with less regulated goods and labour markets benefit more from foreign R and D. Citation: Crespo-Cuaresma, Jesus, Neil Foster, and Johann Scharler, (2008) "Barriers to technology adoption, international R and D spillovers and growth. " Economics Bulletin, Vol. 15, No. 3 pp. 1-7 Submitted: January 18, 2008. Accepted: March 6, 2008. URL: http://economicsbulletin.vanderbilt. edu/2008/volume15/EB-08O30001A.pdf
Simulationen und Experimente zum Stabilitätsverhalten von HTSL-Bandleitern

In der vorliegenden Arbeit wurde das Aufwarm- und Ruckkuhlverhalten verschiedener HTSL-Bandleiter systematisch durch Experimente und Simulationen untersucht. Verschiedene Simulationsmodelle werden vorgestellt und auf ihre Eignung zur Nachbildung der typisch auftretenden Vorgange im Supraleiter uberpruft. Daraus werden Empfehlungen fur geeignete Simulationsmodelle abgeleitet. Durch die Variation einzelner Parameter werden verschiedene Einflusse auf das Ubergangsverhalten des Leiters untersucht.
Synchronization and coupling of new second julia sets from the complex Gumowski–Mira map

ABSTRACT The generation of new second Julia sets from the complex Gumowski–Mira map is given. We discuss the effect of the second Julia set by taking different parameters and analyse their characteristics. The synchronization and coupling between two different second Julia sets are also addressed, which make one Julia set change to another and also make two different Julia sets change ultimately towards to the same one. Numerical simulations are presented to show changes of the second sets for different parameters and demonstrate the feasibility of achieving synchronization and coupling.
Melting properties from 
ab initio
 free energy calculations: Iron at the Earth's inner-core boundary

We present a general scheme to accurately determine melting properties of materials from ab initio free energies. This scheme does not require prior fitting of system-specific interatomic potentials and is straightforward to implement. For the solid phase, ionic entropies are determined from the phonon quasiparticle spectra (PQS), which fully account for lattice anharmonicity in the thermodynamic limit. The resulting free energies are nearly identical (within 10 meV/atom) to those from the computationally more demanding thermodynamic integration (TI) approach. For the liquid phase, PQS are not directly applicable and free energies are determined via TI using the Weeks-Chandler-Andersen (WCA) gas as the reference system. The WCA is a simple, short-range, purely repulsive potential with established equation of states. As such, it is an ideal reference for ab initio TI of liquids. We apply this scheme to determine melting properties of hexagonal close-packed (hcp) iron at the Earth's inner core boundary $(P=330$ GPa), a subject of great significance in Earth sciences. The important influences of system size and pseudopotentials are carefully analyzed. The results (melting temperature equals $6170\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}200$ K, latent heat $56\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}2$ kJ/mol, Clapeyron slope $8.1\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.2$ K/GPa) are consistent with experiments as well as previous calculations.
Weaving computational grids: how analogous are they with electrical grids?

Can computational grids make as great an impact in the 21st century as electrical grids did in the 20th? A comparison of the two technologies could provide clues about how to make computational grids pervasive, dependable, and convenient. In this article, we describe how computational grids developed, their layered structure, and their emerging operational model, which we envisage as providing seamless, utility-like access to computational resources. We also attempt to show the similarities and dissimilarities between this system, still in its infancy, and the mature electrical power grid. By identifying quantities and parameters that are analogous between the two grids, we hope that we can bring to light areas in computational grid development that need more focus.
Viewpoints Standards for plant synthetic biology: a common syntax for exchange of DNA parts

Inventors in the ﬁeld of mechanical and electronic engineering can access multitudes of components and, thanks to standardization, parts from different manufacturers can be used in combination with each other. The introduction of BioBrick standards for the assembly of characterized DNA sequences was a landmark in microbial engineering, shaping the ﬁeld of synthetic biology. Here, we describe a standard for Type IIS restriction endonuclease-mediated assembly, deﬁning a common syntax of 12 fusion sites to enable the facile assembly of eukaryotic transcriptional units. This standard has been developed and agreed by representatives and leaders of the international plant science and synthetic biology communities, including inventors, developers and adopters of Type IIS cloning methods. Our vision is of an extensive catalogue of standardized, characterized DNA parts that will accelerate plant bioengineering
Prospective Associations Between Fear of Falling, Anxiety, Depression, and Pain and Functional Outcomes Following Surgery for Intertrochanteric Hip Fracture

Objective Fear of falling, anxiety, depression, and pain levels are important risk factors for poor functional outcomes that may potentially be modifiable. We aimed to examine prospective associations between those factors following surgery for intertrochanteric hip fracture. Methods This study is a prospective observational cohort study of patients aged over 65 diagnosed with isolated intertrochanteric hip fracture. Three hundred and seventy patients who underwent intramedullary fixation surgery were screened; 188 cases were included in our final evaluation. Patients with any concomitant fracture, major psychiatric/neurocognitive and neurological disorders and those with any other major disease were excluded from the study. Age, Charlson Comorbidity Index (CCI), Geriatric Depression Scale (GDS), State–Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI), Falls Efficacy Scale International (FES-I), and Visual Analog Scale (VAS) scores on the day of surgery (baseline) were evaluated as predictors of poor/good outcome at 90 days after surgery, by Harris Hip Score (HHS) with a cut-off score of 70. Results HHS score was significantly predicted at baseline by the full model [χ2 (7) = 18.18, P = . 01]. However, only STAI-state scores were significantly added to the model [Exp (B) 95% CI: . 92 (.86-.99)]. Conclusions In this prospective cohort study, we found that higher levels of anxiety state on the day of surgery predicts a poor outcome at 90 days following surgery. We did not find significant associations between other variables, including age, GDS, STAI-trait, FES-I, VAS, and CCI. This potentially modifiable psychological factor may inform surgeons and could be a potential mediator. Future prospective studies are needed to replicate these findings. Level of evidence Prognostic level I.
Shock‐Induced Disappearance and Subsequent Recovery of Plasmaspheric Hiss: Coordinated Observations of RBSP, THEMIS, and POES Satellites

Plasmaspheric hiss is an extremely low frequency whistler‐mode emission contributing significantly to the loss of radiation belt electrons. There are two main competing mechanisms for the generation of plasmaspheric hiss: excitation by local instability in the outer plasmasphere and origination from chorus outside the plasmasphere. Here on the basis of the analysis of an event of shock‐induced disappearance and subsequent recovery of plasmaspheric hiss observed by RBSP, THEMIS, and POES missions, we attempt to identify its dominant generation mechanism. In the preshock plasmasphere, the local electron instability was relatively weak and the hiss waves with bidirectional Poynting fluxes mainly originated from the dayside chorus waves. On arrival of the shock, the removal of preexisting dayside chorus and the insignificant variation of low‐frequency wave instability caused the prompt disappearance of hiss waves. In the next few hours, the local instability in the plasmasphere was greatly enhanced due to the substorm injection of hot electrons. The enhancement of local instability likely played a dominant role in the temporary recovery of hiss with unidirectional Poynting fluxes. These temporarily recovered hiss waves were generated near the equator and then propagated toward higher latitudes. In contrast, both the enhancement of local instability and the recurrence of prenoon chorus contributed to the substantial recovery of hiss with bidirectional Poynting fluxes.
ORBITS OF 12 SOUTHERN BINARIES BASED ON SOAR SPECKLE OBSERVATIONS

New data obtained with the 4.1 m Southern Astrophysical Research (SOAR) telescope at Cerro Pachón, Chile, allowed us to revise the orbits and system masses of the following southern visual double stars: WDS 01477-4358 (I 52), WDS 01500-0408 (A 2602), WDS 02514-2139 (DON 43), WDS 03189-0101 (BU 1177), WDS 04142-4608 (RST 2338), WDS 06274-2544 (B 114), WDS 18434-5546 (B 398), WDS 20002-5522 (B 459 BC), WDS 20081-3929 (RST 2134), WDS 22007-5002 (I 1450), and WDS 22504-1744 (DON 1038—BD-18 6201). In addition, the orbit of the WDS 15332-2429 Aa, Ab (CHR 232 Aa, Ab) system was calculated for the first time. When available, we used the Hipparcos parallax to check the accuracy of our calculations of individual masses. In some cases, the dynamical parallaxes directly obtained from the orbital elements may be more valid than the satellite data. As far as the lack of spectral data and parallax associated with the WDS 22504-1744 (DON 1038 or BD-18 6201) system is concerned, we were able to assign a spectral type using the orbital elements along with the dynamical parallax and photometric information available. Other orbital and physical properties of these stars are also discussed herein.
Midinfrared thermal emission properties of finite arrays of gold dipole nanoantennas

We studied the far-field thermal emission properties of finite arrays of resonant gold dipole nanoantennas at a given equilibrium temperature. We numerically investigated the transition from the super-Planckian emission of the single resonant antenna to the sub-Planckian emission inherent to any infinite periodic array. Increasing the number of unit cells of the array, the overall size of the system increases and the relative emissivity quickly converges to values lower than the unity. Nevertheless, if the separation between nanoantennas in the array is small compared to the wavelength, the near-field interaction makes the emission of each unit cell multipolar. This opens the doors for additional tailoring of the emitted power and directionality of thermal radiation.
Molecular dynamics study of multicomponent droplet dissolution in a sparingly miscible liquid

The dissolution of a multicomponent nanodrop in a sparingly miscible liquid is studied by molecular dynamics (MD) simulations. We studied both binary and ternary systems, in which nanodroplets are formed from one and two components, respectively. Whereas for a single-component droplet the dissolution can easily be calculated, the situation is more complicated for a multicomponent drop, as the interface concentrations of the drop constituents depend on the drop composition, which changes with time. In this study, the variation of the interface concentration with the drop composition is determined from independent ‘numerical experiments’, which are then used in the theoretical model for the dissolution dynamics of a multicomponent drop. The MD simulations reveal that when the interaction strengths between the drop constituents and the surrounding bulk liquid are significantly different, the concentration of the more soluble component near the drop interface may become larger than in the drop bulk. This effect is the larger the smaller the drop radius. While the present study is limited to binary and ternary systems, the same method can be easily extended to a larger number of components.
Synthesis and biological evaluation of RGD peptidomimetic-paclitaxel conjugates bearing lysosomally cleavable linkers.

Two small-molecule-drug conjugates (SMDCs, 6 and 7) featuring lysosomally cleavable linkers (namely the Val-Ala and Phe-Lys peptide sequences) were synthesized by conjugation of the αvβ3-integrin ligand cyclo[DKP-RGD]-CH2NH2 (2) to the anticancer drug paclitaxel (PTX). A third cyclo[DKP-RGD]-PTX conjugate with a nonpeptide "uncleavable" linker (8) was also synthesized to be tested as a negative control. These three SMDCs were able to inhibit biotinylated vitronectin binding to the purified αVβ3-integrin receptor at nanomolar concentrations and showed good stability at pH 7.4 and pH 5.5. Cleavage of the two peptide linkers was observed in the presence of lysosomal enzymes, whereas conjugate 8, which possesses a nonpeptide "uncleavable" linker, remained intact under these conditions. The antiproliferative activities of the conjugates were evaluated against two isogenic cell lines expressing the integrin receptor at different levels: the acute lymphoblastic leukemia cell line CCRF-CEM (αVβ3-) and its subclone CCRF-CEM αVβ3 (αVβ3+). Fairly effective integrin targeting was displayed by the cyclo[DKP-RGD]-Val-Ala-PTX conjugate (6), which was found to differentially inhibit proliferation in antigen-positive CCRF-CEM αVβ3 versus antigen-negative isogenic CCRF-CEM cells. The total lack of activity displayed by the "uncleavable" cyclo[DKP-RGD]-PTX conjugate (8) clearly demonstrates the importance of the peptide linker for achieving the selective release of the cytotoxic payload.
Sex-Based Differences in Prevalence, Outcomes, and Complications of Hip Arthroscopy for Femoroacetabular Impingement: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis

Background: Trends between the sexes have been reported regarding prevalence, patient-reported outcomes (PROs), and complications of hip arthroscopy (HA) for femoroacetabular impingement syndrome (FAIS), yet current results lack consensus. Purpose: To evaluate sex-based differences after HA for FAIS in (1) prevalence of cam and pincer morphology in FAIS and (2) PROs, pain scores, and postoperative complication rates. Study Design: Systematic review; Level of evidence, 4. Methods: The EMBASE, PubMed, and Ovid (MEDLINE) databases were searched from establishment to February 28, 2022, according to PRISMA (Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses) guidelines. Included studies had sex-based data on prevalence, outcomes, and complications of HA for FAIS. Reviews and commentaries were excluded. Data were combined, and between-sex differences were analyzed. Meta-analyses using random-effects models were performed when possible. Pooled risk ratios (RRs) and standardized mean differences were calculated. Results: A total of 74 studies were included (213,059 patients; 132,973 female hips [62.4%] and 80,086 male hips [37.6%]). The mean age was 30.7 ± 7.7 years among male patients and 31.1 ± 7.8 years among female patients. Male patients experienced mixed-type impingement significantly more often (39.4% vs 27.2% for female patients; RR = 0.69 [95% confidence interval [CI], 0.58-0.81]; P < .001), whereas female patients experienced pincer-type impingement more often (50.6% vs 30.8% for male patients; RR = 2.35 [95% CI, 1.14-4.86]; P = .02). Male patients had higher likelihoods of undergoing femoroplasty (89.8% vs 77.4% for female patients; RR = 0.90 [95% CI, 0.83-0.97]; P = .006), acetabuloplasty (67.1% vs 59.3% for female patients; RR = 0.87 [95% CI, 0.79-0.97]; P = .01), or combined femoroplasty/acetabuloplasty (29.2% vs 14.5% for female patients; RR = 0.63 [95% CI, 0.44-0.90]; P = .01). Although female patients showed greater improvements in Hip Outcome Score–Sport-Specific subscale (P = .005), modified Harris Hip Score (P = .006), and visual analog scale pain (P < .001), both sexes surpassed the minimal clinically important difference at 1, 2, and 5 years postoperatively. Female patients had higher complication rates (P = .003), although no sex-based differences were found in total hip arthroplasty conversion rates (P = .21). Conclusion: Male patients undergoing HA for FAIS had a higher prevalence of mixed-type FAIS while female patients had more pincer-type FAIS. Female patients gained greater improvements in PROs, although both sexes exceeded the minimal clinically important difference, suggesting that both male and female patients can benefit from HA.
Short‐wave and long‐wave radiative properties of Saharan dust aerosol

The radiative properties of mineral dust aerosol during the GERB Intercomparison of Long‐wave and Short‐wave (GERBILS) are presented. GERBILS consisted of aircraft flights over land areas between Mauritania and Niger during June 2007. During one case of large aerosol optical depth (AOD=1.0 at 0.55μm), a short‐wave spectrometer measured sky radiances versus scattering angle that are compared to modelled data. The modelling used phase functions of spheres, spheroids and irregular‐shaped particles using T‐matrix and ray‐tracing methods. Irregular particles provided the most satisfactory solution. In another case of full short‐wave and long‐wave radiative closure, measurements and modelled clear sky conditions allowed calculation of the direct radiative effect (DRE) at high and low level. The modelled AOD (0.92) required to simulate the measured spectral irradiances agrees with the aircraft AOD (0.79) within measurement uncertainty. The simulated irradiances are less sensitive to particle shape than radiances. However, it is shown through modelling of the surface and top‐of‐atmosphere (TOA) DRE over all daylight hours that significant differences exist at TOA due to variation in the asymmetry parameter. The TOA short‐wave diurnally averaged DRE was modelled as between 0 and –20 W m−2 depending on particle shape. A long‐wave interferometer measured downwelling and upwelling radiances to derive surface emissivity across the window region. Measured nadir brightness temperatures from high level show signature of dust. A drop in brightness temperature of 14K was determined using modelled pristine‐sky spectra. The modelled outgoing long‐wave DRE due to dust from this case was +14 W m−2 averaged over 24 h, or +17 W m−2 per unit AOD. Modelling studies illustrate the sensitivity to aerosol refractive index and size distribution for both short‐wave and long‐wave DREs. Considering the full spectrum, a refractive index dataset from the literature has been selected that best represents the Saharan dust encountered during GERBILS. Copyright © 2011 Royal Meteorological Society and British Crown Copyright, the Met Office