Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Run to run control based on adaptive cluster method for high-mix semiconductor manufacturing processes

In the semiconductor manufacturing process, products with different recipe will be produced on the same tool or products with same recipe will be produced on different tools due to the capacity of tools. Therefore, it is difficult to control a mixed run production process containing low production frequency products with high profit. We proposed a control scheme which combines adaptive k-means cluster method and run-to-run control to improve the performance of low frequency products in the mixed run process. Similar products could be classified into the same group adaptively and be controlled by a EWMA controller. The cluster controller is updated by large and small frequency products, so the low frequency products can be improved by the information from similar large frequency products. The proposed control scheme is also evaluated by an industrial application.
Insecure Property and Technological Backwardness

We consider the incentive to adopt superior technologies when private property is insecure. The welfare costs of insecure property can be substantially greater than those commonly associated with diversion and with the disincentive effect induced by imperfect appropriation of returns. When private property is sufficiently insecure, anticipation of conflict over economic distribution gives rise to technological backwardness, even though (1) superior technologies are readily available at zero cost and (2) the ex post diversion of resources might be small.
Explaining Spatial Patterns of Industrial Diversity: An Analysis of Sub-regions in Great Britain

This paper argues that effective local policy development requires a thorough understanding of patterns of spatial diversity involving the integration of theoretical work from geography, economics and management. An empirical analysis of diversity in Great Britain for the period 1995-2002 is presented utilising entropy measures of diversity. The results of empirical models of the determinants of diversity across sub-regions examine the significance of a number of explanatory factors including regional size, level of urbanisation, industry structure, market structure and key resources. Decomposing the model into related and unrelated diversity components reveals some important differences between the two types of diversity. The paper concludes that policies fostering long-term diversity are a crucial complement to policies focusing on key sectors.
Use of midazolam as a human cytochrome P450 3A probe: II. Characterization of inter- and intraindividual hepatic CYP3A variability after liver transplantation.

Immunosuppression therapy with cyclosporine is often hampered by significant interindividual variability in the metabolic clearance of the drug. It has been suggested that much of the variability in cyclosporine clearance is due to differences in the cytochrome P450 3A4 (CYP3A4) content in the liver and intestinal mucosa. A study was conducted in liver transplant recipients to characterize hepatic CYP3A variability during the first 10 days after surgery. The formation of 1'-hydroxymidazolam (1'-OH MDZ) was followed in the plasma after i.v. midazolam (MDZ) administration to 21 multiple-organ donors and to recipients of 10 of the 21 donor livers. Liver biopsy tissue was obtained from donors and recipients after the in vivo pharmacokinetic test. For liver donors, the plasma 1'-OH MDZ/MDZ concentration ratio 30 min after the i.v. MDZ dose was well correlated with the hepatic CYP3A4 content (r = .87, P < .001). Much of the variability in the two parameters was attributed to the administration of enzyme-inducing drugs before organ procurement. The mean hepatic CYP3A4 content and plasma 1'-OH MDZ/MDZ concentration ratio in six inducer-treated donors was 4.7-fold and 2.3-fold higher than the respective mean value for all other donors. The hepatic CYP3A4 content and plasma 1'-OH MDZ/MDZ ratio for liver recipients, studied on postoperative day 10, was negatively correlated with the respective parameter measured in donors on day 0 (r = -0.60 for CYP3A4 and r = -0.79 for 1'-OH MDZ/MDZ; P < .05 and P < .01). (ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Is Regionalism an Increasing Feature of the World Economy?

Measuring the importance of regionalism in international trade is desirable but difficult. The number of regional trade agreements (RTAs) reported to the WTO or the proportion of world trade which is between countries in a RTA are frequently cited as evidence that regionalism is growing at an accelerating rate. This paper questions whether RTAs really are as important as the headline numbers suggest, or whether they just occupy an excessively large part of policymakers' and economic journalists' time. The main contributions are to analyse the number of RTAs and the share of world trade criteria in order to show why both are meaningless measures of the extent of regionalism in the current world economy. The impact of RTAs on world trade is difficult to assess because some of the most important RTAs go beyond trade to deep integration measures, while a large number of RTAs are either not implemented or have very limited coverage. The tendency towards extreme outcomes (ie. economic union or negligible economic effects) explains why, despite the apparent proliferation of RTAs, regionalism has not posed a serious challenge to the world economy as the multilateral trading system has over the last sixty years gone from strength to strength.
A Bayesian View of Nominal Money and Real Output through a New Classical Macroeconomic Window

This study investigates the empirical evidence on the effects of unanticipated changes in nominal money on real output in 47 countries when viewed through a window (i.e., likelihood function) that assumes the neutrality of anticipated changes. Using a Bayesian predictivist approach, it provides a pedagogical Bayesian analysis of generated regressor models in the face of specification uncertainty involving, among other things, multiple unit root and trend stationary alternatives.
Estimating the Economic Model of Crime: Employment versus Punishment Effects

Ann Dryden Witte [1980] has recently argued in this Journal that new support is found for the deterrent hypothesis (or the "economic model of crime") when individual data are employed to estimate the determinants of rearrest rates. Witte estimates a conventional economic model of crime using a rich and carefully constructed microdata set of released prisoners in North Carolina. Her principal findings are that (1) increases in the certainty and severity of punishment tend to reduce participation in crime (measured by number of arrests or convictions per month free), and (2) higher legal wages have an extremely weak deterrent effect on crime.In this comment I describe two separate data sets within which I find just the opposite results. Using a sample of offenders released from federal prisons in 1972, I find that increases in the severity of punishment are weakly related to participation in crime, while increases in the certainty of punishment are positively related to participation in crime. In addition, using a sample of male repeat property offenders released from Maryland prisons, I find that higher wages have a strong and consistent deterrent effect on crime. The conclusion is reached, at least from these data sets, that improving legitimate employment opportunities may be as effective, if not more effective, in reducing crime as is an increase in punishment.
Increasing Cervical Cancer and Human Papillomavirus Prevention Knowledge and HPV Vaccine Uptake through Mother/Daughter Education

ABSTRACT This evidence-based initiative assessed the impact of language-appropriate cervical cancer and human papillomavirus (HPV) prevention education on knowledge level and HPV vaccine uptake among mothers and their daughters. Forty-one mother/daughter dyads from a low-cost, faith-based clinic for the uninsured in southeastern Texas participated in the nurse practitioner-led cervical cancer prevention educational sessions. Spanish was the primary language for the majority of participating mothers. The project produced appreciable knowledge increase and HPV vaccine uptake intent. Aggregate HPV vaccine uptake numbers for the clinic increased considerably compared to HPV vaccine administration prior to educational intervention.
Selection and Dimensioning of Slice-Based RAN Controller for Adaptive Radio Resource Management

This paper discusses a resource management abstraction framework which involves the clustering of densely deployed access points and the selection of access nodes to act as cluster schedulers based on the RAN characteristics, the resource situation and the network slice requirements. To this end, the adaptive placement of Radio Resource Management (RRM) functionalities to the RAN nodes and the interactions among functionalities are determined on per slice basis. By taking into account the slice requirements, the backhaul#x002F;access channel conditions and the traffic load, a central management entity assigns RRM functionalities to the controllers with different levels of centralization in order to meet the per slice SLAs (in terms of throughput, reliability, latency). The controller, cluster and RRM split configuration problems are formulated and interpreted as three dependent graph-based sub- problems, where heuristic approaches with low complexity and signalling cost are proposed within this framework.
Gait velocity estimation for a smartwatch platform using Kalman filter peak recovery

A gait velocity estimation algorithm using the inertial sensors of a smartwatch is proposed. The peaks of accelerometer and gyroscope norms are detected at first. Then a Kalman Filter is employed to recover the peaks that are missed because of the arm swing. The Kalman filter combines the accelerometer and gyroscope norm peaks and robustly detect walking step events even in cases where there is a large arm swing. Walking velocity is then estimated using the step duration. It will be shown in this work that the gait velocity has a good correlation with the inverse of the square of the step duration. The model parameters are calculated by collecting the training data from 25 subjects: each subject walked 50 m six times with different walking speed and different arm swing speed. The standard deviation of walking velocity estimation error is 0.1009 m/s (without person dependent calibration) and 0.0630 m/s (with person dependent calibration). The average precision of 91.7% was achieved for the gait speed testing on the smartwatch platform over all the speed scenarios.
Detrimental Externalities and Non-Convexity of the Production Set

This paper undertakes to show that detrimental externalities tend to induce non-convexity of the social production possibility set. In particular we show that if externalities are sufficiently strong, convexity conditions must break down. It is not our objective here to review in any detail the difficulties caused by non-convexity. Some of these consequences have long been recognized and are widely known.2 However, until the recent appearance of papers by Starett [8], Portes [5], Kolm [3] and Baumol [2], it was apparently not recognized that externalities themselves are a source of non-convexity. These more recent writings suggest more than one connection between the two phenomena. However, one particularly straightforward relationship seems to have received little or no attention. With sufficiently strong interactive effects non-convexity follows from the simple fact that if either of two mutually interfering activities is operated at zero level the other suffers no hindrance. The goal of this paper is to explore this phenomenon and show very clearly how it is that sufficiently severe detrimental externalities of the form described and non-convexity necessarily go together. In the first three sections we show both with the aid of illustrative examples and more general analysis that detrimental externalities of sufficient magnitude must always produce non-convexity in the production possibility set for two activities: one generating the externality and one affected by it. In Section IV we show that the problem is reduced but not generally eliminated by the possibility of spatial separation of offender and offended. Achievement of the "right" spatial separation turns out not always to be a simple matter, however. Section V contains some speculations about the way in which the number of local peaks in
An Economist's Guide to Digital Music

In this guide, we discuss the impact of digitalization on the music industry. We rely on market and survey data at the international level as well as expert statements from the industry. The guide investigates recent developments in legal and technological protection of digital music and describes new business models as well as consumers' attitude towards music downloads and audio-streaming. We conclude the guide by a discussion of the evolution of the music industry.
Replacing incomplete markets with a complete mess: Katrina and the NFIP

Purpose - The purpose of this paper is to elaborate the stated goals of the National Flood Insurance Program (NFIP) and then demonstrate that in practice those goals have not been achieved, and at significant cost to US taxpayers. Design/methodology/approach - The objectives are achieved by describing statements of the NFIP and the legislation behind it, and then providing an analysis of the NFIP in practice in the wake of Hurricane Katrina. Findings - The NFIP flood insurance primarily shelters lending institutions rather than flood victims. At subsidized rates, premiums covered little of the Katrina-based claims, and future premiums cannot realistically be expected to repay off the resulting debt to the US Treasury. Research limitations/implications - If the findings are accepted they lead one to conclude that government attempts to complete incomplete markets are fraught with inherent and exceptional difficulties. Practical implications - The NFIP should be eliminated, allowing private insurance to be offered when profitable in floodplains and allowing property-owners to make informed choices as to residence and development. Originality/value - Attention to general disaster relief and the controversies surrounding private insurers and homeowners policies following Katrina have overshadowed the NFIP's federal flood insurance failings. This paper contributes to that relative void.
Efficacy of Brain‐Derived Neurotrophic Factor and Neurotrophin‐3 on Neurochemical and Behavioral Deficits Associated with Partial Nigrostriatal Dopamine Lesions

Abstract: Brain‐derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) promotes the survival of dopamine (DA) neurons, enhances expression of DA neuron characteristics, and protects these cells from 6‐hydroxydopamine (6‐OHDA) toxicity in vitro. We tested the ability of BDNF or neurotrophin‐3 (NT‐3) to exert similar protective effects in vivo during chronic delivery of 6‐OHDA to the rat neostriatum. Chronic infusions of BDNF or NT‐3 (12 µg/day) above the substantia nigra were started 6 days before and continued during an 8‐day chronic intrastriatal infusion of 6‐OHDA. In control and neurotrophin‐treated animals, 6‐OHDA treatment selectively depleted 50–60% of nigrostriatal DA nerve terminals but produced little if any loss of pars compacta DA cell bodies. This partial DA lesion resulted in three rotations per minute toward the lesioned hemisphere after treatment with the DA release‐inducing drug d‐amphetamine. Compared with supranigral infusions of vehicle, BDNF and NT‐3 decreased the number of these ipsiversive rotations by 70 and 48% and increased by 20‐ and 10‐fold, respectively, the number of contraversive rotations observed after amphetamine injection. When challenged with the DA receptor agonist apomorphine, BDNF‐ and NT‐3‐treated animals also exhibited a seven‐ and 3.5‐fold increase in the number of contraversive rotations relative to the vehicle group, respectively. Compared with vehicle, BDNF increased striatal levels of homovanillic acid (HVA; 86%), 3,4‐dihydroxyphenylacetic acid (DOPAC; 42%), and 5‐hydroxyindoleacetic acid (5‐HIAA; 32%) and the HVA/DA (43%) and 5‐HIAA/serotonin (34%) ratios in the DA‐denervated striatum. NT‐3 augmented only striatal 5‐HIAA levels (24%). Neither factor altered the 6‐OHDA‐induced decrease in striatal DA levels or high‐affinity DA uptake and thus did not protect against the destruction of DA terminals and did not alter striatal D1 or D2 ligand binding. Choline, GABA, and glutamate uptake in the striatum were not altered by the lesion or neurotrophin treatment. Thus, BDNF and to a lesser extent NT‐3 reverse rotational behavioral deficits and augment striatal DA and 5‐HT metabolism in a partial DA lesion model.
Rac Binding to p67 phox

Activation of the respiratory burst oxidase involves the assembly of the membrane-associated flavocytochromeb 558 with the cytosolic components p47 phox , p67 phox , and the small GTPase Rac. Herein, the interaction between Rac and p67 phox is explored using functional and physical methods. Mutually facilitated binding (EC50) of Rac1 and p67 phox within the NADPH oxidase complex was demonstrated using steady state kinetic methods measuring NADPH-dependent superoxide generation. Direct binding of Rac1 and Rac2 to p67 phox was shown using a fluorescent analog of GTP (methylanthraniloyl guanosine-5′-[β,γ-imido]triphosphate) bound to Rac as a reporter group. An increase in the methylanthraniloyl fluorescence was seen with added p67 phox but not p47 phox , and the emission maximum shifted from 445 to 440 nm. Rac1 and Rac2 bound to p67 phox with a 1:1 stoichiometry and with K d values of 120 and 60 nm, respectively. Mutational studies (Freeman, J., Kreck, M., Uhlinger, D. J., and Lambeth, J. D. (1994) Biochemistry 33, 13431–13435; Freeman, J. L. , Abo, A. , and Lambeth, J. D. (1996)J. Biol. Chem. 271, 19794–19801) previously identified two regions in Rac1 that are important for activity: the “effector region” (residues 26–45) and the “insert region” (residues 124–135). Proteins mutated in the effector region (Rac1(N26H), Rac1(I33N), and Rac1(D38N)) showed a marked increase in both the K d and the EC50, indicating that mutations in this region affect activity by inhibiting Rac binding to p67 phox . Insert region mutations (Rac1(K132E) and L134R), while showing markedly elevated EC50 values, bound with normal affinity to p67 phox . The structure of Rac1 determined by x-ray crystallography reveals that the effector region and the insert region are located in defined sectors on the surface of Rac1. A model is discussed in which the Rac1 effector region binds to p67 phox , the C terminus binds to the membrane, and the insert region interacts with a different protein component, possibly cytochrome b 558.
Tuberculosis transmission and the impact of intervention on the incidence of infection.

SETTING England and Wales. OBJECTIVE To quantify the relative contribution of vaccination, chemotherapy and preventive therapy to the reduction in tuberculosis incidence in England and Wales between 1953 and 1990. DESIGN A compartmental model of tuberculosis transmission was fitted to notification data between 1913 and 1939 to estimate pre-vaccination parameters. Best-fit estimates of the rates of chemotherapy and preventive therapy were derived by fitting the model to notification data between 1953 and 1990. Published vaccination rates were used. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE Number of cases of pulmonary tuberculosis averted. RESULTS The numbers of respiratory tuberculosis cases averted between 1953 and 1990 by the use of preventive therapy, vaccination and chemotherapy were 288318, 57085 and 206996, respectively. CONCLUSIONS Of those interventions considered, preventive therapy has the greatest impact on transmission. The duration of infectiousness is long, with an onset that is likely to pre-date sputum positivity.
Self-awareness and social change in higher education

This research examines the development of self-awareness in students as they strive to adapt themselves to their current environment. The significant social factors that immerge include; culture, religion, language; economic status, family integration and work experience. Also considered are the relationships of students with teachers and classmates in a more restricted academic context, a third concern is the theme of autonomy and how students adjust themselves to their field of study. Overall, these findings reinforce the important role of self-awareness as it helps students develop in an educational setting.
Union Revitalization in Britain

This article reviews the contradictory evidence on union revitalization in Britain. It examines organizing, partnership proposals, relations between unions and the Labour Party, international activities and union restructuring. Although policies and strategies in these different areas are mixed and uneven in effect, the increased resources devoted to organizing and the impact of the Employment Relations Act appear to have underpinned the limited elements of revival that are in evidence.
Chinese Renminbi Arrival in the 'Tripolar' Global Monetary Regime

Since the financial crisis hit in 2007, the US dollar privilege has not only become “exorbitant” but “extortianate. ” Countries such as China are no longer willing to allow the USA to exercise this extortionate behavior. The potential geopolitical implications of a US dollar decline are immense. The USA would lose its privileged seigniorage position and with that the ability to achieve permanently higher returns on foreign assets than the returns paid to foreigners who invest in the USA. The global economy is already close to operating with three regional exchange rate anchors: the US dollar; the euro; and, increasingly, the renminbi. Hence, the transition to a tripolar system could occur sooner than many assert. Nevertheless, given the importance of financial deepening and integration in the internationalization of currencies, any shift will still be gradual.
All-Digital Self-Interference Cancellation Technique for MIMO Full-Duplex Systems

In this paper, the MIMO full-duplex system is proposed to remove self-interference signal using modified DFT based channel estimation technique. In SISO full-duplex systems only single transceiver can transmit data on either side simultaneously whereas in MIMO full-duplex systems multiple transceivers can transmit data simultaneously from both sides. During MIMO full-duplex transmission selfinterference and circuit impairments may occur, to avoid such noises digital cancellation technique is used which is a lowest complexity self-interference cancellation technique in all fullduplex systems. In this technique receiver auxiliary chain and its copy circuit called ordinary receiver chain is used to cancel out the both self-interference and its circuit impairments. Noise added during wireless channel is suppressed by using passive suppression technique and Gaussian noise, phase noise and quantization noise is eliminated by the active cancellation technique. So, combination of active cancellation and passive suppression techniques are used to eliminate the circuit impairments. The proposed channel estimation technique is used to cancel out the self-interference produced at the output of both auxiliary and ordinary receiver chains. By using digital self-interference cancellation technique the amount of self-interference cancelled is 37dBm higher than the receiver noise floor. The achievable rate and throughput of MIMO full-duplex system is 28 bits/sec/Hz and 1049.04 Mbps respectively which is very large when compared to MIMO half-duplex , SISO full-duplex and SISO half-duplex systems. General Terms QAM, OFDM, Modified DFT based channel estimation, Digital cancellation.