Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Cost-related Nonadherence by Medication Type Among Medicare Part D Beneficiaries With Diabetes

Background:Despite the rollout of Medicare Part D, cost-related nonadherence (CRN) among older adults remains a problem. Objectives:To examine the rate and correlates of self-reported CRN among a population of older persons with diabetes. Research Design:Cross-sectional. Subjects:A total of 1264 Part D patients with diabetes, who entered the coverage gap in 2006. Measures:Initial administrative medication lists were verified in computer-assisted telephone interviews, in which participants brought their medication bottles to the phone. Medications were classified into cardiometabolic (diabetes, hypertension, cholesterol-lowering), symptom relief, and “other. ” Participants were asked if they had any CRN during 2006, and if so to which medication/s. We used the person-medication dyad as the unit of analysis, and tested a multivariate random effects logistic regression model to analyze the correlates of CRN. Results:Approximately 16% of participants reported CRN. CRN was more frequent for cholesterol-lowering medications (relative risk, 1.54; 95% confidence interval, 1.01–2.32) compared with medications taken for symptom relief. CRN was reported less frequently with increasing age above 75 years, compared with patients between 65 and 69. In addition, compared with those with incomes of ≥$40,000, CRN risk for those with incomes of <$25,000 was markedly higher (relative risk, 3.05; 95% confidence interval, 1.99–4.65). Conclusions:In summary, we found high rates of CRN among Medicare beneficiaries with diabetes, particularly those with lower incomes. We observed more frequent CRN for cholesterol-lowering medications as compared with medications for symptom relief. Efforts to ensure medication affordability for this population will be important in boosting adherence to key medications.
The laminectomy membrane. Studies in its evolution, characteristics, effects and prophylaxis in dogs.

1 . Standard lumbar laminectomy was performed at multiple levels in thirty dogs, and manipulations were carried out in the spinal canal to observe their effects on periradicular adhesion formation. The canal was scarified, packed with Gelfoam, or treated with three varieties of Silastic membranes. The results were serially assessed from three days to twelve weeks by gross observation, nerve conduction studies, histological examination of transverse sections of the spine, myelin study of lumbar roots and micropaque study of the arterial supply to the roots. 2. The results were consistent biologically. The principal source of scar is dorsally in the fibrous tissue elements of the erector spinae muscle mass. This scar, the laminectomy membrane, covers the laminectomy defect and extends into the canal bilaterally to adhere to the dura and nerve roots. 3. Gelfoam does not contribute to scar formation, but instead acts as an effective interposing membrane. Silastic membranes are capable of providing protection against nerve root adhesions without interfering with the anatomical or physiological integrity of the nerves. 4. Certain clinical implications of the study are discussed.
Storage Buy-or-Lease decisions in cloud computing under price uncertainty

Cloud computing allows to lease computational resources on demand on the network instead of buying them. Storage is a major computational resource that may be leased under the cloud computing approach. An economical model is provided for the analysis of the Buy-or-Lease decision for storage in cloud computing. The model introduces a probabilistic approach to evaluate future prices and the replacement needs for disk arrays (in contrast to the current literature which considers deterministic prices and fixed replacement rates). The median Differential Net Present Value is proposed as the decision variable. A simulation analysis is conducted that shows that the cloud computing approach appears more profitable for medium-sized companies with longer investment plans. The risks associated to wrong decisions is evaluated through the Value-at-Risk tool.
Memory-Aware Dynamic Voltage and Frequency Prediction for Portable Devices

In recent years, dynamic voltage and frequency scaling (DVFS) has been considered as one of the most efficient techniques to decrease energy consumption, especially for battery-powered portable devices. However, many DVFS algorithms discuss the issue from the perspective of the processors only. Some researches have started to study the effects of memories in the DVFS algorithms. In this paper, an approximation equation (called MAR-CSE) based on the correlation of the memory access rate and the critical speed for the minimum energy consumption is conducted for frequency and voltage prediction. The memory access information is obtained from the performance monitoring unit (PMU) provided on an Intel XScale platform which we used in this study. With MAR-CSE, an MA-DVFS (memory-aware DVFS) algorithm is proposed. The algorithm has been realized in the Linux kernel. Experiment results show that the energy consumption of the memory bound benchmarks can be reduced from 50% to 65%, much better than the result of 19% to 53% energy saving for the on-demand mechanism which is already supported by the Linux kernel.
Role of Dopamine D2-like Receptors in Cocaine Self-Administration: Studies with D2 Receptor Mutant Mice and Novel D2 Receptor Antagonists

Dopamine receptor subtypes have been classified generally as D1-like (e.g., D1, D5) or D2-like (D2, D3, D4), and converging evidence suggests that D2-like receptors may be especially important in mediating the abuse-related effects of cocaine. However, it has been difficult to differentiate the roles of the D2-like receptor subtypes in the behavioral effects of cocaine because of the relatively low selectivity of drugs for D2, D3, and D4 receptors in vivo. The goal of the present series of studies was to investigate the contributions of D2-like receptor subtypes in the reinforcing effects of cocaine using new genetic and pharmacological tools. First, we evaluated cocaine self-administration behavior, and related effects of nonselective D2-like drugs, in mutant mice that lack the D2 receptor but express D3 and D4 receptors. When high doses of cocaine on the descending limb of the cocaine dose–effect function were available, D2 mutant mice self-administered at higher rates than their heterozygous or wild-type littermates, but the ascending limb of the cocaine dose–effect function did not differ between genotypes. Elevated rates of drug intake were not attributable to nonspecific increases in response rate, because response rates maintained by presentation of a range of food concentrations were significantly lower in D2 mutant mice than in wild-type mice. In wild-type mice, pretreatment with the D2-like antagonist eticlopride increased rates of self-administration of high doses of cocaine, and the D2-like agonist quinelorane served as a positive reinforcer when substituted for cocaine. However, these effects of eticlopride and quinelorane were not observed in mice that lacked the D2 receptor. Next, we compared the effects of novel antagonists selective for different D2 receptor subtypes on cocaine self-administration behavior in outbred rats. In rats, a D2 selective antagonist increased rates of self-administration of high doses of cocaine and also combinations of cocaine and the D2-like agonist quinelorane, whereas D3/D4 antagonists were ineffective. Collectively, these findings suggest that the D2 receptor is not necessary for cocaine self-administration, but this receptor subtype is involved in mechanisms that limit rates of high-dose cocaine self-administration. Our results also suggest that D3 and D4 receptors do not play major roles in the modulation of cocaine self-administration by D2-like drugs.
Information format-option characteristics compatibility and the compromise effect

When consumers make a decision under preference uncertainty, they often select the compromise choice. Since the compromise effect of the middle option stems from the relational properties of the choice alternatives, an information format compatible with their characteristics makes the middle option more salient and attractive. Focusing on three studies, this article demonstrates that the middle option is (1) more attractive when presented in the middle position; (2) more attractive when information is presented jointly rather than separately; and (3) most attractive when presented in an information display board format, less attractive in a list by attribute condition, and least attractive in a list by alternative condition. These findings imply that information processing strategies and information format-option characteristics compatibility work in tandem. These three studies thereby show that the information format-option characteristics compatibility effect is robust and that such compatibility effect is not due to different information processing strategies, which makes these results meaningful for marketing practice. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Enhancement of Interferon Induction by ORF3 Product of Hepatitis E Virus

ABSTRACT Hepatitis E virus (HEV) causes both the endemic and epidemic spread of acute hepatitis in many parts of the world. HEV open reading frame 3 (ORF3) encodes a 13-kDa multifunctional protein (vp13) that is essential for HEV infection of animals. The exact role of vp13 in HEV infection remains unclear. In this study, vp13 was found to enhance interferon (IFN) production induced by poly(I · C), a synthetic analog of double-stranded RNA. Poly(I · C) treatment induced a higher level of IFN-β mRNA in HeLa cells stably expressing vp13 than in control cells. Using a luciferase reporter construct driven by the IFN-β promoter, we demonstrated that vp13 enhanced retinoic acid-inducible gene I (RIG-I)-dependent luciferase expression. This enhancement was found to be due to both an increased level of RIG-I protein and its activation. The levels of both endogenous and exogenous RIG-I were increased by vp13 by extension of the half-life of RIG-I. Additionally, vp13 interacts with the RIG-I N-terminal domain and enhances its K63-linked ubiquitination, which is essential for RIG-I activation. Analysis of vp13 deletion constructs suggested that the C-terminal domain of vp13 was essential for the enhancement of RIG-I signaling. In HEV-infected hepatoma cells, wild-type HEV led to a higher level of RIG-I and more poly(I · C)-induced IFN-β expression than did ORF3-null mutants. Analysis of vp13 from four HEV genotypes showed that vp13 from genotype I and III strains boosted RIG-I signaling, while vp13 from genotype II and IV strains had a minimal effect. These results indicate that vp13 enhances RIG-I signaling, which may play a role in HEV invasion. IMPORTANCE Hepatitis E virus (HEV) is a significant pathogen causing hepatitis in many parts of the world, yet it is understudied compared with other viral hepatitis pathogens. Here we found that the HEV open reading frame 3 product, vp13, enhances interferon induction stimulated by a synthetic analog of double-stranded RNA. This enhancement may play a role in HEV invasion, as vp13 is essential for HEV infection in vivo. The results of this study provide insights into virus-cell interactions during HEV infection. In addition to revealing its possible roles in HEV interference with cellular signaling, these results suggest that the second half of the vp13 sequence can be ligated into the genomes of attenuated live viruses to induce an innate immune response for better protective immunity, as well as a marker for differentiation of vaccinated animals from those infected with the corresponding wild-type viruses.
From preprocessor-constrained parse graphs to preprocessor-constrained control flow

Preprocessor-aware static analysis tools are needed for C Code to gain sound knowledge about the interference among all conditionally compiled program parts. We provide formal descriptions and algorithms to construct a preprocessor-aware control flow graph from preprocessor-aware parse graphs of SuperC. Based on the structure of parse graphs capturing the syntax nodes constrained by preprocessor constraints, we show how to model, formalize, and compute preprocessor-aware intra-procedural control-flow graphs. Such preprocessor-aware control-flow graphs may serve as the basis for subsequent preprocessor-aware control and data flow analyses.
Automated extraction of 3-D Ground Control Points from SAR images - an upcoming novel data product

This paper deals with a new Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) processing system for the generation of 3-D Ground Control Points with geodetic accuracy. With his help, laborious in situ measurements using Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) receivers can be replaced by remote sensing methods. It is shown how suitable point targets are extracted from the SAR images in an automated process and how its 3-D coordinates can be obtained by the Stereo SAR approach. The accuracy achieved was determined by means of GNSS reference measurements in two sample scenes. The measured accuracy is at decimeter level for north, east and height.
issueNear { Infrared Imaging of Early { Type Galaxies III . The Near { Infrared Fundamental

Near{infrared imaging data on 251 early{type galaxies in clusters and groups are used to construct the near{infrared Fundamental Plane (FP) ee : The slope of the FP therefore departs from the virial expectation of r ee / 2 0 hi ? 1 ee at all optical and near{infrared wavelengths, which could be a result of the variation of M=L along the elliptical galaxy sequence, or a systematic breakdown of homology among the family of elliptical galaxies. The slope of the near{infrared FP excludes metallicity variations as the sole cause of the slope of the FP. Age eeects, dynamical deviations from a homology, or any combination of these (with or without metallicity), however, are not excluded. The scatter of both the near{infrared and optical FP are nearly identical and substantially larger than the observational uncertainties, demonstrating small but signiicant intrinsic cosmological scatter for the FP at all wavelengths. The lack of a correlation of the residuals of the near{infrared FP and the residuals from the Mg 2 { 0 relation indicates that the thickness of these relations cannot be ascribed only to age or metallicity eeects. Due to this metallicity independence, the small scatter of the near{infrared FP excludes a model in which age and metallicity eeects \conspire" to keep the optical FP thin. All of these results suggest that the possible physical origins of the FP relations are complicated due to combined eeects of variations of stellar populations and structural parameters among elliptical galaxies.
Tracking Eye Movements Are Normal in Dyslexic Children

ABSTRACT We measured saccadic and smooth eye tracking movements in 34 dyslexic and 35 control subjects and were unable to show differences in any of the tasks or parameters measured. Subjects were carefully screened for neurological, optometric, audiological, and behavioral problems before admission to the study. We suggest that differences between our results and those of previous investigators are based on sampling differences. We conclude that while there may be children with reading disorders secondary to visual or oculomotor deficits, dyslexia can and does exist independent of such deficits. Because, in this and other studies, we have ruled out peripheral involvement, we feel that dyslexia is primarily a deficit of central information processing of written or spoken material.
Affiliation and Autonomy in the Transition to Parenthood.

This article examines autonomy and affiliation as potentially clinically significant characteristics for men and women in their adaptation to the transition to parenthood. It is addressed primarily to clinicians who assist individuals and families over the course of developmental transitions, as well as theorists trying to conceptualize such periods in family life. Data were obtained from a longitudinal study of initially expectant couples who were seen a t 2 and 5 years af ter the birth of their firs t child. Autonomy and affiliation assessed during the expectancy were strong predictors of later intrapsychic, marital, and parental adaptation. There was some evidence that women's capacity for closeness, or affiliation, tends to preclude the development of a close relationship between their husbands and their firs tborns.
Pre-performance routines in sport: current understanding and future directions

The development of a pre-performance routine continues to be an intuitively appealing and widely accepted technique to enhance preparation for performance in sport. However, actual understanding falls somewhat short of that required to recommend with confidence the development of a pre-performance routine. At a fundamental level it is still not clear what function routines fulfil, what they should consist of or the most effective way to teach them. This review seeks to clarify current understanding and highlight areas requiring further attention. Greater understanding is required to understand the psychological components of routines as well as understanding the process through which a routine is developed/taught.
Two Phase 3 Trials of Dupilumab versus Placebo in Atopic Dermatitis.

BACKGROUND Dupilumab, a human monoclonal antibody against interleukin-4 receptor alpha, inhibits signaling of interleukin-4 and interleukin-13, type 2 cytokines that may be important drivers of atopic or allergic diseases such as atopic dermatitis. METHODS In two randomized, placebo-controlled, phase 3 trials of identical design (SOLO 1 and SOLO 2), we enrolled adults with moderate-to-severe atopic dermatitis whose disease was inadequately controlled by topical treatment. Patients were randomly assigned in a 1:1:1 ratio to receive, for 16 weeks, subcutaneous dupilumab (300 mg) or placebo weekly or the same dose of dupilumab every other week alternating with placebo. The primary outcome was the proportion of patients who had both a score of 0 or 1 (clear or almost clear) on the Investigator's Global Assessment and a reduction of 2 points or more in that score from baseline at week 16. RESULTS We enrolled 671 patients in SOLO 1 and 708 in SOLO 2. In SOLO 1, the primary outcome occurred in 85 patients (38%) who received dupilumab every other week and in 83 (37%) who received dupilumab weekly, as compared with 23 (10%) who received placebo (P<0.001 for both comparisons with placebo). The results were similar in SOLO 2, with the primary outcome occurring in 84 patients (36%) who received dupilumab every other week and in 87 (36%) who received dupilumab weekly, as compared with 20 (8%) who received placebo (P<0.001 for both comparisons). In addition, in the two trials, an improvement from baseline to week 16 of at least 75% on the Eczema Area and Severity Index was reported in significantly more patients who received each regimen of dupilumab than in patients who received placebo (P<0.001 for all comparisons). Dupilumab was also associated with improvement in other clinical end points, including reduction in pruritus and symptoms of anxiety or depression and improvement in quality of life. Injection-site reactions and conjunctivitis were more frequent in the dupilumab groups than in the placebo groups. CONCLUSIONS In two phase 3 trials of identical design involving patients with atopic dermatitis, dupilumab improved the signs and symptoms of atopic dermatitis, including pruritus, symptoms of anxiety and depression, and quality of life, as compared with placebo. Trials of longer duration are needed to assess the long-term effectiveness and safety of dupilumab. (Funded by Sanofi and Regeneron Pharmaceuticals; SOLO 1 ClinicalTrials.gov number, NCT02277743 ; SOLO 2 ClinicalTrials.gov number, NCT02277769 .).
10 Gbps all-optical relay-assisted FSO system over a turbulence channel

Relay-assisted free space optics (FSO) communications becomes one of the promising solutions to improve the FSO link capabilities by implicitly reducing the transmission distance and exploiting distance-dependent fading variance of turbulence. Highly motivated by the capabilities of the system, this paper presents bit error rate (BER) performance of an all-optical 10-Gbps FSO relay based system using amplify-and-forward signaling is investigated through numerical simulations and experimental implementation. Results show that BER improves up to several orders of magnitudes when using relay based links over the same turbulent distance.
The consumer anger phenomena: causes and consequences

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to explore consumer anger phenomena.Design/methodology/approach – The research utilized the critical incident technique and three different samples to thoroughly explore the consumer anger phenomena.Findings – The research identified three causes of consumer anger: broken promises, unfair treatment and expressed hostility, and detailed the effects of consumer anger beyond decisions to continue or terminate service provider relationships.Research limitations/implications – Future research could examine the role switching barriers play in consumer anger episodes.Practical implications – Angering consumers comes with an array of damaging consequences that extend beyond the decision to continue or terminate the service provider relationship. As a result, managers must realize that the absence of switching behavior does not necessarily constitute success.Originality/value – This study extends previous research by using a grounded theory approach to uncover three broad cau.
Father Hunger revisited: fathers, global girls, and eating disorders

Father Hunger remains an issue for clinical examination and research, especially in the field of eating disorders. For far too long, eating disorders have been seen as ‘women's issues’, and fathers have been excluded or marginalized in the treatment process. As eating disorders spread across the globe, affecting women of all ages, ethnicities, and cultures, the field must educate and enlist fathers in understanding their role in their children's lives, especially the influence they have on a daughter's body image, self-confidence, and health. Fathers have the potential to both contribute to a daughter's unhealthy attitudes to her body and to food, as well as to promote recovery. Facing the crisis of an eating disorder offers the opportunity to men to become closer to their daughters and families, to provide support and validation during treatment and beyond, and to be a much-needed resource to today's global girls, challenging contemporary culture's objectification and idealization of thinness for women, and promoting recognition of this critical, now globalized, public health problem.