Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Goals, Emotions, and Emotion Regulation: Perspectives of the Control-Value Theory

Recent research has started to explore the role of emotions as outcomes and antecedents of achievement goals [Linnenbrink, 2007; Linnenbrink & Pintrich, 2002; Pekrun, Elliot, & Maier, 2006, 2009]. Emotion regulation, however, has not yet been directly addressed as part of the dynamics of goal-driven achievement strivings. The theoretical framework presented by Tyson, Linnenbrink-Garcia, and Hill [this issue] is a pioneering attempt to address this gap in the achievement goal literature. In our view, this innovative framework is a major step forward in achievement goal research, for two reasons. First, since achievement-related emotions and affect have been shown to be important outcomes of achievement goals as well as mediators of their performance effects [Linnenbrink, 2007; Pekrun, Elliot, & Maier, 2009], the regulation of these emotions may be critically important for explaining the functions of achievement goals. The framework provided by Tyson et al. sets the stage for exploring this potential role of emotion regulation. Second, research on goals, emotions, and emotion regulation has been in a fragmented state to date [Pekrun & Schutz, 2007]. Such fragmentation hampers cumulative scientific progress in the field. In their framework, the authors succeeded in conceptually integrating a vast array of literatures that are relevant for explaining the relationships between achievement goals, emotions, emotion regulation, academic performance, and their antecedents in family and school environments. The framework thus represents an important advancement towards creating a unified science of human achievement strivings. Tyson et al. set out by noting the inconsistencies in the research literature on performance effects of achievement goals. For none of the three most often researched achievement goals (i.e., mastery-approach, performance-approach, and performance-avoidance goals), the evidence on performance effects is fully consistent [Linnenbink-Garcia, Tyson, & Patall, 2008]. However, as argued by the authors,
Towards flexible QoS provisioning for inter-provider services. (Mécanismes de routage inter-domaine multi-critère. Vers des services inter-opérateurs à performances garanties)

The issue of providing Quality of Service (QoS) in the Internet is becoming more and more important because of two phenomena: (1) the growth of value added services that require QoS (e.g., IPTV) and (2) network convergence towards a unified IP-based architecture, for voice, image and data services. In this context, the limitations of existing QoS technologies emerge: it is currently difficult for an operator to guarantee that its network can offer a specific level of service. Furthermore, it is very difficult to ensure a consistent treatment of end-to-end QoS-sensitive flow that cross networks controlled by several operators. Indeed, the control on such traffic flows is shared between all the traversed operators. In the thesis, we have studied these issues. Specifically, we have addressed the problems of routing and dynamic traffic engineering at inter-domain level. We have proposed several algorithmic solutions to compute paths subject to multiple performance constraints. Analytical studies and simulations show that our algorithms are efficient and scalable. Finally, we have integrated our solutions into an architecture that is under ongoing standardization by the IETF and we have studied the protocol adaptations required for the deployment of our algorithms. Our work represents an important step towards more effective inter-domain traffic management in traffic engineered networks.
Students’ views of oral performance assessment in mathematics: straddling the ‘assessment of’ and ‘assessment for’ learning divide

This paper explores the views of a group of students who took an oral performance assessment in a first-year mathematics module. Such assessments are unusual for most subjects in the UK, but particularly within the generally homogenous assessment diet of undergraduate mathematics. The evidence presented here resonates with some, but not all, of the existing literature on oral assessment and suggests that, despite concerns about anxiety and fairness, students see oral assessments as encouraging a focus on understanding, being relatively authentic and reactive to their needs. We argue that, suitably implemented, oral assessment may be a viable assessment method for straddling the ‘assessment for’ and ‘assessment of’ learning divide in higher education.
Multicluster Pcdh diversity is required for mouse olfactory neural circuit assembly

Pattern formation in the brain Neurons in the developing brain cooperate to build circuits. Mountoufaris et al. found that ∼50 variable protocadherin genes support a combinatorial identity code that allows millions of olfactory neuron axons to sort into ∼2000 glomeruli. Sharing olfactory receptors drives axons to one glomerulus, and protocadherin diversity allows the multiple axons to touch each other as they converge. On the other hand, Chen et al. found that a single C-type protocadherin underlies the tiled distribution of serotonergic neurons throughout the central nervous system. These neurons, which share protocadherin identity, enervate broad swaths evenly without touching neighboring neurons. Science, this issue p. 411, p. 406 Genetic approaches in mice reveal the functional importance of the multicluster organization of mammalian protocadherin genes. The vertebrate clustered protocadherin (Pcdh) cell surface proteins are encoded by three closely linked gene clusters (Pcdhα, Pcdhβ, and Pcdhγ). Here, we show that all three gene clusters functionally cooperate to provide individual mouse olfactory sensory neurons (OSNs) with the cell surface diversity required for their assembly into distinct glomeruli in the olfactory bulb. Although deletion of individual Pcdh clusters had subtle phenotypic consequences, the loss of all three clusters (tricluster deletion) led to a severe axonal arborization defect and loss of self-avoidance. By contrast, when endogenous Pcdh diversity is overridden by the expression of a single–tricluster gene repertoire (α and β and γ), OSN axons fail to converge to form glomeruli, likely owing to contact-mediated repulsion between axons expressing identical combinations of Pcdh isoforms.
Mood-Driven Distortion of Product Information

During the consumer choice process, predecisional distortion is the biased evaluation of new product information to support a tentatively preferred brand. An experiment revealed that creating a good mood by the unexpected gift of a bag of candy doubled the magnitude of this bias. Furthermore, information that seemed to preserve the good mood but disconfirmed the tentative preference (by being positive about the trailing brand) had greater impact than did mood-disrupting, negative information about the leading brand. The results, especially those for the disconfirming information, were compatible with the goal of mood management. Copyright 2000 by the University of Chicago.
The strength of the pigeon's wing bones in relation to their function.

1. Simple methods are described for applying known bending and twisting moments to pigeon bones. The ultimate bending and torsional strengths of the humerus and radio-ulna are determined. 2. Lift distributions are calculated from a strip diagram on the assumption that local lift coefficient is constant across the span. The position of the centre of lift is calculated for ( a ) gliding, in which the relative air speed is entirely due to the forward motion of the bird; and ( b ) hovering, in which it is entirely due to rotation of the wing about the shoulder joint. 3. Estimates of the ultimate load factor of the humerus in bending and twisting yielded 8.8 and 9.0 respectively in gliding, and 5.7 and 5.6 in hovering. Corresponding figures for the radio-ulna were 6.9 and 9.1 in gliding, and 4.0 and 5.1 in hovering. 4. The pectoralis insertion is strong enough to apply 4.2 g in gliding and 2.9 g in hovering, so the muscles would be forcibly extended before any danger could arise of the bones being broken by excessive lift. 5. A lift coefficient of at least 3.4 is achieved during the downstroke of hovering.
Turning old problems into new problems: the role of young citizens in improving accountability in education in Malawi and Kenya

Accountability is increasingly recognised as the key mediating variable that encourages service providers to deliver efficient and effective local services. In the context of education, accountability strategies do not always explicitly consider young citizens as the primary users of education services. In this paper, a client approach to accountability is compared to a citizenship approach. Drawing on community scorecard and social audit research in Malawi and Kenya, the author explores whether education services are more responsive and accountable when young people access information and exercise their voice. The paper outlines a refreshed ‘accountability framework’ for education, placing young citizens at the centre, and argues that a citizenship-led approach in education governance is likely to be more realistic and effective than a ‘client power’ approach. This article makes an important contribution to the development community’s understanding of what constitutes an effective approach for promoting more transparent and responsive education governance.
Interlanguage Dissimilarity Enhances the Decline of Thinking Ability During Foreign Language Processing

This study tested a hypothesis that the “foreign language effect” is larger when similarity between a foreign language and a native language is less. Foreign language effect refers to a temporary decline of thinking ability during foreign language processing, a decline that is distinguished from foreign language processing difficulty per se. In the first of two divided-attention experiments, we compared 16 adult native speakers of German and 16 of Japanese given English as a common foreign language; in the second, we compared 16 adult native speakers of Korean and 16 of English given Japanese as a common foreign language. The participants performed a thinking task (addition) and a linguistic task (question-answering) in parallel. The thinking task contained no foreign language; the linguistic task was presented in either the native language or the foreign language. In accordance with the hypothesis, the foreign language effect (denned by lower performance in the thinking task when the linguistic task was in the foreign language) was larger in both cases for those whose native language was less similar to the common foreign language.
Literature in the ESL Classroom

This paper examines the pros and cons of using literature in an ESL classroom. The author argues that if literary texts are to be used successfully in the classroom, they must be carefully selected and approached in a manner which promotes an aesthetic interaction between the reader and the text. The paper concludes with a specific example of how a literary text might be approached so as to foster this type of interaction. Should literature to be part of an ESL curriculum? Today with the current focus in ESL on meeting the particular academic and occupational needs of the students, it is easy to view any attention to literature as unnecessary. Is there a rationale for including literature in the curriculum? Let's first examine the common arguments against using literature. The most common ones are the following. First, since one of our main goals as ESL teachers is to teach the grammar of the language, literature, due to its structural complexity and its unique use of language, does little to contribute to this goal. Second, the study of literature will contribute nothing to helping our students meet their academic and/or occupational goals. Finally, literature often reflects a particular cultural perspective; thus, on a conceptual level, it may be quite difficult for students. These arguments certainly need to be addressed if we are to reach a decision as to whether or not to use literature. Clearly, we all share the objective of promoting our students' awareness of the structure of the language. However, there are as Widdowson (1978:3) points out two levels of linguistic knowledge: the level of usage and the level of use. According to his definition, usage involves a knowledge of linguistic
Functional Antibodies Elicited by Two Heptavalent Pneumococcal Conjugate Vaccines in the Finnish Otitis Media Vaccine Trial

ABSTRACT In the Finnish Otitis Media Vaccine Trial, the now-licensed pneumococcal conjugate vaccine containing polysaccharides conjugated to protein CRM197 (PncCRM) and the experimental pneumococcal polysaccharide-meningococcal outer membrane protein complex conjugate vaccine (PncOMPC), showed similar efficacy profiles against acute otitis media despite different antibody concentrations in sera. We now report the opsonophagocytic activities (OPA) in these sera. OPA, antibody concentration, and avidity for serotypes 6B, 19F, and 23F were determined in sera of infants who received either pneumococcal conjugate (PCV) or control vaccine at 2, 4, and 6 months of age and either the homologous or pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccine at 12 months of age. OPA varied by vaccine and serotype. The majority of PCV recipients had positive OPA after the fourth dose, while OPA was undetectable in the control group. Coinciding with the efficacy data, the concentration of antibodies required for 50% killing was low for 6B and high for 19F for both PCVs. Contradictory to the efficacy data, PncOMPC induced lower functional capacity to 23F than PncCRM. OPA correlated with antibody concentration, while avidity and functional capacity of antibodies showed no correlation. The OPA data provide valuable additional information for serotype-specific differences in protection and when evaluating serotype-specific immunogenicity and should thus be considered when defining serological correlates of protection.
Frequency of recurrence among MDR-tB cases 'successfully' treated with standardised short-course chemotherapy.

SETTING Ivanovo Oblast, Russian Federation, 300 km north-east of Moscow, where a pilot DOTS TB control programme was implemented in October 1995. OBJECTIVE To determine the frequency of TB recurrence among MDR (multidrug-resistant) patients who achieved treatment 'success' on standard short-course chemotherapy. METHODS All patients with MDR tuberculosis, defined as resistance to at least isoniazid and rifampicin, who were declared 'cured' or 'treatment completed', were identified using the district register and traced whenever possible. Eligible patients underwent medical examination and, if necessary, chest radiography, sputum smear examination, culture and susceptibility testing. If the patient had died, the relatives were interviewed to try to determine the reasons for death. RESULTS Of 18 patients eligible for analysis, five (27.8%) were documented to have recurrence (two of seven patients resistant to HRSE, one of five patients resistant to HRS and two of six patients resistant to HR). Patients receiving the Category I regimen were more likely to relapse than those receiving the Category II regimen (40% vs. 12.5%). The median time to relapse was 8 months; 2.46 recurrences were observed in 100 person-months (3.17 in category I and 1.3 in Category II patients). CONCLUSIONS The frequency of TB recurrence among MDR-TB patients declared 'cured' after short-course chemotherapy is high. Improvements in treatment success, after removal of programme-related pitfalls in the treatment delivery process, must incorporate methods for early detection of MDR, along with adequate treatment regimens including second-line drugs. Culture-based bacteriological confirmation at the end of treatment is recommended.
Power Management of Hybrid Renewable System Integrated with Energy Storage System

Recent year's renewable energy sources plays important role in power generation system. Due to intermittent nature of renewable sources such as wind and solar, the energy storage systems (ESS) are required in renewable power generating systems. This paper deals with power management of the ESS based on hydrogen storage (electrolyzer, hydrogen tank, fuel cell) and battery integrated in hybrid renewable energy systems. The supervisory controller based on neuro-fuzzy inference system determines the power that must be generated by or stored in hydrogen and battery. The solar photovoltaic panels and wind turbine used as primary energy sources. The dc-dc converters connect all the energy sources to central dc bus. The model for each process component is developed in a MATLAB/Simulink environment.
Towards iron oxide nanoparticles quantization in molecular MR images by default field deconvolution

MRI contrast agents, such as USPIO, are often used for pathology diagnoses. Locating and quantifying USPIO is of high interest. Contrast techniques like T2* cartography and positive contrast imaging have been developped in recent years. Another strategy is to analyse magnetic field inhomogeneities produced by the particles. We present a 3D post-processing method SYMDEF. This method consists in obtaining a SusceptibilitY Map by the deconvolution of DEfault Field map (the magnetic susceptibility is linked to USPIO concentration). Constrained least squares filtering is proposed to add robustness to SYMDEF. SYMDEF is compared with another method detailed by Haacke. Results show that SYMDEF allows us to retrieve susceptibility information from default field map without any prior knowledge as susceptibility. Our approach is a good candidate for USPIO quantization.
On the Feasibility and Limitations of Just-in-Time Instruction Set Extension for FPGA-Based Reconfigurable Processors

Reconfigurable instruction set processors provide the possibility of tailor the instruction set of a CPU to a particular application. While this customization process could be performed during runtime in order to adapt the CPU to the currently executed workload, this use case has been hardly investigated. In this paper, we study the feasibility of moving the customization process to runtime and evaluate the relation of the expected speedups and the associated overheads. To this end, we present a tool flow that is tailored to the requirements of this just-in-time ASIP specialization scenario. We evaluate our methods by targeting our previously introduced Woolcano reconfigurable ASIP architecture for a set of applications from the SPEC 2006, SPEC 2000, MiBench, and SciMark2 benchmark suites. Our results show that just-in-time ASIP specialization is promising for embedded computing applications, where average speedups of 5x can be achieved by spending 50 minutes for custom instruction identification and hardware generation. These overheads will be compensated if the applications execute for more than 2 hours. For the scientific computing benchmarks, the achievable speedup is only 1.2x, which requires significant execution times in the order of days to amortize the overheads.
Cell Type- and Input-Specific Differences in the Number and Subtypes of Synaptic GABAA Receptors in the Hippocampus

Networks of parvalbumin (PV)-expressing basket cells are implicated in synchronizing cortical neurons at various frequencies, through GABAA receptor-mediated synaptic action. These cells are interconnected by GABAergic synapses and gap junctions, and converge with a different class of cholecystokinin-expressing, PV-negative basket cells onto pyramidal cells. To define the molecular specializations in the synapses of the two basket cell populations, we used quantitative electron microscopic immunogold localization of GABAA receptors. Synapses formed by PV-positive basket cells on the somata of pyramidal cells had several-fold higher density of α1 subunit-containing receptors than synapses made by PV-negative basket cells, most of which were immunonegative. The density of the β2/3 subunits was similar in the two populations of synapse, indicating similar overall receptor density. Synapses interconnecting parvalbumin-expressing basket cells contained a 3.6 times higher overall density of GABAA receptor (β2/3 subunits) and 3.2 times higher density of α1 subunit labeling compared with synapses formed by boutons of PV-positive basket cells on pyramidal cells. Thus, PV-positive basket cells mainly act through α1subunit-containing GABAA receptors, but the receptor density depends on the postsynaptic cell type. These observations, together with previously reported enrichment of the α2subunit-containing receptors in synapses made by PV-negative basket cells, indicate that the number and subtypes of GABAAreceptors present in different synapse populations are regulated by both presynaptic and postsynaptic influences. The high number of GABAA receptors in synapses on basket cells might contribute to the precisely timed phasing of basket cell activity.
Ultrafast electron beam imaging of femtosecond laser-induced plasma dynamics

Plasma dynamics in the early stage of laser ablation of a copper target are investigated in real time by making ultrafast electron shadow images and electron deflectometry measurements. These complementary techniques provide both a global view and a local perspective of the associated transient electric field and charge expansion dynamics. The results reveal that the charge cloud above the target surface is composed predominantly of thermally ejected electrons and that it is self-expanding, with a fast front-layer speed exceeding 107 m/s. The average electric field strength of the charge cloud induced by a pump fluence of 2.2 J/cm2 is estimated to be ∼2.4×105 V/m.
DOWN-REGULATION OF CD43 MOLECULE EXPRESSION ON INTRAPERITONEAL NEUTROPHILS IN CAPD PATIENTS WITH PERITONITIS

To assess the release of proteases from neutrophils infiltrated into the peritoneal cavity in continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis (CAPD), we investigated the regulation of CD43, LAM-1 and Mac-1 expression on the neutrophil plasma membrane using FACS analysis in CAPD patients with peritonitis. Five CAPD patients with peritonitis and five CAPD patients without peritonitis were studied. CD43 expression was immunohistochemically determined in both groups of patients using flow cytometry, and comparisons were made between the two groups. Down-regulation of CD43 and LAM-1, and up-regulation of Mac-1 were demonstrated on neutrophils obtained from CAPD dialysate of peritonitis patients after 1-h dwell time. Further up-regulation of Mac-1 developed until a dwell time of 4 h. Immunoblot analysis for neutrophil lysate from dialysate showed the presence of the asialo form of CD43 molecules and their fragments, which may be produced by cleavage of the CD43 molecule at extracellular sites. The intraperitoneal neutrophils in dialysate from CAPD patients with peritonitis are continuously activated during dwell time, and proteases may be released from neutrophils into dialysate after only a short dwell time.
The Effects of Information and Cognitive Processes on Decision Making

Abstract This article examines the efficacy of a two-stage cognitive model of decision making within the context of loan decisions. A covariance structural analysis of the cognitive processes that loan officers and MBA students used to reach loan decisions was examined through measures designed to test the proposed two-stage processing model. The results indicated that, during the first stage of cognitive processing, conceptually-driven and data-driven perceptual biases caused different assessments of loan information. The results also indicated that judgments made during the second phase of processing significantly affected decision choice. The well documented conservatism bias was also evident in the results. The result was that experienced loan officers did not out-perform novice students on most of the loan decisions. The relative usefulness of the two-stage model is discussed and general suggestions for future decision making research are offered.