Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
The solar wind velocity determined from Voyager 1 and 2: Low‐Energy Charged Particle measurements in the outer heliosphere

The Voyager 1 and 2 spacecraft are now exploring the outer heliosphere with active field and particle instruments. The primary instrument for the critical plasma bulk flow parameter is the plasma science (PLS) instrument. Unfortunately, on Voyager 1, the spacecraft most likely to first encounter the termination shock and other heliospheric boundaries, the PLS instrument is no longer able to measure plasma flows. In this paper we demonstrate that the Low-Energy Charged Particle (LECP) detector may, under certain conditions, be used to determine the solar wind plasma flow velocities. We show that higher time resolution radial speeds (daily averages) are obtainable in the downstream regions near interplanetary transient shocks where the ion activity is sufficiently above background levels and where the ion distributions are sufficiently isotropized. Longer-term (26-day) averaged speeds are obtainable during lower counting periods, such as during 1980 and 1992, when corotating shocks were prevalent. The Voyager 2 LECP results are in good agreement with known PLS determinations of bulk flow speed from the cold plasma. Using large transient shocks seen during 1989 and 1991 as examples, Voyager 1 calculations indicate slower solar wind speeds near these events despite the higher heliolatitude location of Voyager 1 during this period. During 1992, when Ulysses entered the southern high-speed stream region, Voyager 1 apparently did not see high-speed streams at similar northern latitudes. Given the expected activity near the termination shock, our determination of the solar wind speed should serve as an indicator of a Voyager 1 crossing of this shock. The LECP measurements would provide the only determination of bulk flow speed and deviations from the nominal solar wind flow speed at this and other boundaries or shocks encountered by Voyager 1.
Measurements of the solar soft X‐ray irradiance by the Student Nitric Oxide Explorer: First analysis and underflight calibrations

Beginning on March 11, 1998, the Student Nitric Oxide Explorer (SNOE) satellite has made daily observations of the solar soft X-ray irradiance. These measurements are carried out by a multichannel photometer system. The spectral range between 2 and 20 nm is covered by three channels with bandpasses of 2 – 7 nm, 6–19 nm, and 17 – 20 nm respectively. Absolute sensitivities were measured preflight using the Synchrotron Ultraviolet Radiation Facility of the National Institute of Standards and Technology. The results of the first 1.5 years of SNOE solar measurements are presented. During this time period the F10.7 solar index varied between 80 and 250 × 10−22W m−2 Hz−1 and the 81-day average of the F10.7 solar index varied between 100 and 175 × 10−22W m−2 Hz−1. The solar irradiances in the 2 – 7 nm interval varied between 0.3 and 2.5 mW m−2, while the irradiances in the 6–19 and 17 – 20 nm intervals varied between 0.5 and 3.5 and 1.0 and 3.5 mW m−2, respectively. The measured irradiances are correlated with the F10.7 solar index with a correlation coefficient of ∼0.9 in all three bandpasses. For the levels of activity observed so far the SNOE measurements are typically a factor of 4.0 larger than the irradiances predicted by the Hinteregger et al. [1981] empirical model (hereafter the Hinteregger model). This fact and a long-term trend in the ratio of SNOE measurements to Hinteregger model predictions show that the Hinteregger model underpredicts the long-term variability in the solar soft X-ray irradiance. It is shown that other empirical models provide a reasonable representation of the 27-day variability but also underpredict the magnitude and long term variability. A sounding rocket measurement made on November 2, 1998, by the Thermosphere Ionosphere Mesosphere Energetics and Dynamics Solar EUV Experiment prototype instrument using the same technique measured the solar irradiance in similar wavelength bands and produced results that are in good agreement with the SNOE measurements.
Refractive-diffractive micro-optics for permutation interconnects

Refractive and diffractive micro-optics are combined in monolithically fabricated array components for free-space permutation interconnects. Such space-variant optical interconnects are, e.g., of major importance for smart pixel architectures, which are proposed for photonic switching applications in telecommunication and data communication and for more general parallel information processing, for example, of images. The advantages of the considered optical concept and an experimental demonstration of a 2-D perfect shuttle interconnect with 8 x 8 optical channels are described. We also discuss the scaling behavior and the alignment and wavelength tolerances of the interconnect system.
Model atmospheres for SN 1987A and the distance to the Large Magellanic Cloud

A code which simultaneously solves the non-LTE equations of statistical equilibrium and the time-independent equation of radiation transport in an expanding atmosphere is applied to analyze the spectrum of SN 1987A. The behavior of a model atmosphere in which the density structure is a power-law function of radius has been studied and compared closely with SN 1987A data. This model atmosphere is used to derive corrections to the expanding photosphere method for determining distances to supernovae. The distance to the Large Magellanic Cloud derived from SN 1987A observations by this custom yardstick is 49 + or - 6 kpc in excellent accord with results for RR Lyrae stars and for Cepheids. This empirical test of the expanding photosphere method provides the basis for hope that it may make a significant contribution to the extragalactic distance scale at cosmologically interesting distances. 64 refs.
Loss Rate Asymptotics in a GI/G/1 Queue with Finite Buffer

ABSTRACT We consider the stationary loss rate ℓ K of a GI/G/ 1 queue with finite buffer of size K. Let X n = U n −T n , n ≥ 1 where U n is the service time, T n is the interarrival time and let ρ be the traffic intensity. We derive sharp asymptotics for the loss rate as K → ∞ in the cases (i): ρ > 1 , and (ii): ρ < 1 and X n non–lattice with light tails. We also look at another reflection, related to Moran's dam model. As an example, we look at the PH/PH/ 1 case, where we show how to compute the asymptotic loss rate as well as the exact one and illustrate our results numerically.
Adaptive local kriging to retrieve slant-range surface motion maps of the Wenchuan earthquake

Kriging is a widely used technique for raster data interpolation from point samples, such as in the generation of digital elevation models and geochemical maps. The quality of the result depends on both spatial distribution of the sampled values and nature of the semivariogram model, which fits an empirical global function to the sample data set to predict values at the unknown locations. However, such a semivariogram model may not be suitable for data sets with complex local trends in spatial distribution, such as those observed in differential interferometric synthetic aperture radar (DInSAR) data of the Wenchuan earthquake. Here we propose a modified kriging method, adaptive local kriging (ALK), for the retrieval of data lost through decoherence in Advanced Land Observing Satellite (ALOS) phased array L-band synthetic aperture radar (PALSAR) DInSAR data, within the intensely deformed fault zone of the 2008 Wenchuan earthquake. In ALK, a series of dynamic linear local semivariogram models is used rather than a global semivariogram for the whole data set. The localized adaptive approach ensures accurate interpolation in the areas of good DInSAR data with small decoherence gaps and avoids drastic errors in the extensive decoherence gaps; the overall value prediction is thus significantly improved, as confirmed by comparison with the original DInSAR data and fidelity verification experiments.
Structure and energy of general grain boundaries in bcc metals

The zero‐temperature energies and equilibrium volume expansions of point‐defect‐free asymmetrical grain boundaries (GBs) in bcc metals are determined using both a many‐body potential fitted for Mo and a Johnson‐type pair potential spline‐fitted for α‐Fe. The asymmetrical combinations of lattice planes considered involve one of the five densest planes of the bcc lattice on one side of the interface and a commensurate higher‐index plane on the other. As in similar recent work on fcc metals, the two asymmetrical pure tilt boundaries obtained for any given combination of lattice planes give rise to pronounced energy cusps. When a twist component is added to the asymmetrical GB, thus forming a general (or ‘‘asymmetrical twist’’) boundary, the energy and planar unit‐cell area increase due to the introduction of screw dislocations. A comparison with earlier work on symmetrical GBs in bcc metals suggests that, except for the densest lattice planes, asymmetrical boundaries may actually have lower energies than sym.
Subspace Identification of Transfer Function Models for an Unstable Bioreactor

This work deals with the identification of transfer function model of an unstable bioreactor by a subspace-based identification method. The data set is generated from the simulated closed loop system by giving a random signal at the reference signal. The linear system matrices are estimated through the Multivariable Output Numerical algorithms for Subspace State Space System Identification (MON4SID) algorithm. The delay is estimated directly from the input–output data by the impulse response method. The identified First Order Plus Time Delay (FOPTD) model is compared with the locally linearized transfer function model derived around the unstable operating point. A Proportional Integral Derivative (PID) controller is designed for the identified model using the equating coefficient method. The closed loop servo and regulatory responses show that the model identified by MON4SID is similar to the linearized model and the optimization method.
Non‐Gaussian Ornstein–Uhlenbeck‐based models and some of their uses in financial economics

Non‐Gaussian processes of Ornstein–Uhlenbeck (OU) type offer the possibility of capturing important distributional deviations from Gaussianity and for flexible modelling of dependence structures. This paper develops this potential, drawing on and extending powerful results from probability theory for applications in statistical analysis. Their power is illustrated by a sustained application of OU processes within the context of finance and econometrics. We construct continuous time stochastic volatility models for financial assets where the volatility processes are superpositions of positive OU processes, and we study these models in relation to financial data and theory.
Coma Cluster : Hot and Cool Mixture

ASCA has revealed a rather complex temperature structure in the intracluster medium (ICM) around the Coma cluster. Significantly, hot parts (with kT > 10 keV) are located far (~ 1 Mpc) distant from both the center of the Coma cluster and the galaxy group NGC 4839. There also exist relatively cool regions (with fcT^,5 keV). Using iV-body + Hydrodynamic simulations, we have demonstrated that such an observed temperature distribution is naturally accounted for if the subgroup NGC 4839 passed through the center of the Coma cluster about 1 Gyr ago, which was first proposed by Burns et al. When the subcluster passed through the Coma cluster, the ICM in the subcluster was compressed due to the ram pressure by the ICM in the Coma, and there formed a bow shock with an arc shape just between the two centers. The ICM has thus been heated there, emitting hard radiation. A part of the ICM is reflected by the shock front, and flows backward (with respect to the direction of the subcluster motion) around the Coma cluster center, being cooled due to an adiabatic expansion. After detouring the center, cooled gas collides with each other at the opposite side of the Coma cluster (to the place of the subcluster), producing another hot region. These simulated features are in good agreement with what ASCA found. Further, we present rather unique features in the temperature profiles that can be caused by a merger (or an encounter) with a subgroup of galaxies.
Spin-spin coupling information is crucial for unbiased NMR analysis in metabonomics

We address the critical use of spin–spin coupling information for extracting unbiased concentration information of metabolites based on NMR spectroscopy. This coupling information reveals a truncating status due to binning and baseline correction, termed as vertical and horizontal truncations, which are typical operations needed in bin integration for area under spectral peaks. The likelihood function incorporating truncation status of the involved peak areas is analytically derived. We demonstrate that the maximum likelihood estimation (MLE) provides unbiased estimates of metabolite concentrations. When the information of truncation status is neglected, the extent of resultant bias is substantial. These results bear fundamental implications on reliability and validity of most of the popular statistical methodology in metabolomics, including the analysis of variance (ANOVA), principal component analysis (PCA) and multiple testings. For a multiple-response one-way ANOVA, a test statistic is proposed and implemented through a numerical study.
Physiological and Dry Matter Characteristics of Spring Maize in Northeast China under Drought Stress

This paper examined impacts of drought on both physiological and dry matter characteristics of spring maize grown in Liaoning, China in 2016. We compared responses of dry matters of various parts, yield components, leaf photosynthesis, and transpiration to four drought levels: RD (no drought treatment), D1 (drought treatment between the 38th and 65th day after sowing), D2 (drought treatment between the 38th and 79th day after sowing), and D3 (drought treatment between the 53rd and 93rd day after sowing). Results indicate that the long-term drought in either jointing period or tasseling period had a severer impact on the dry matters and yield components than the short-term drought in jointing period. Moreover, the dry matters and the corresponding partitioning coefficients of different parts were distinct. The yield reduction was caused by the decreases of ear length and bald tip ratio during the short-term drought at jointing period, while it was caused by the reductions of ear length, ear diameter, and grain number per spike during the long-term drought in jointing and tasseling periods. Responses of leaf photosynthesis and transpiration to drought were lagging, but reactions of tasseling drought were faster. Leaf photosynthesis and transpiration after a short-term drought in jointing period could recover to an average level but that after the long-term drought in either jointing or tasseling period could not, after irrigation.
Turbulent pressure statistics in the atmospheric boundary layer from large‐eddy simulation

We use large-eddy simulation (LES) to study the turbulent pressure field in atmospheric boundary layers with free convection, forced convection, and stable stratification. We use the Poisson equation for pressure to represent the pressure field as the sum of mean-shear, turbulence–turbulence, subfilter-scale, Coriolis, and buoyancy contributions. We isolate these contributions and study them separately. We find that in the energy-containing range in the free-convection case the turbulence–turbulence pressure dominates over the entire boundary layer. That part dominates also up to midlayer in the forced-convection case; above that the mean-shear pressure dominates. In the stable case the mean-shear pressure dominates over the entire boundary layer.
A numerical study of evaporation characteristics of spherical n-dodecane droplets in high pressure nitrogen environment

Evaporation of stagnant (zero relative velocity) as well as moving spherical droplets of n-dodecane in a zero-gravity and high pressure nitrogen environment is modeled. The non-ideal effects, solubility of ambient gas into the liquid-phase, variable thermo-physical properties, and gas- and liquid-phase transients are included in the model. The model is quantitatively validated using published experimental data. Numerical predictions show that, for stagnant droplets at sub-critical ambient temperatures, the droplet lifetime continuously increases with pressure, while at critical temperature, the lifetime initially increases and thereafter remains almost constant. At super-critical temperatures, the lifetime decreases continuously with increasing ambient pressure and the average evaporation constant shows a local maximum at a particular ambient pressure. In the case of moving droplets, at super-critical ambient temperature, the rate of increase of average evaporation constant with ambient pressure becomes s.
The Fair Weather Boundary Layer in GATE: The Relationship of Subcloud Fluxes and Structure to the Distribution and Enhancement of Cumulus Clouds

Abstract The structure of the convective atmospheric boundary layer and the characteristics of the associated turbulent mixing processes in undisturbed conditions over the tropical ocean are investigated using data collected during the GARP Atlantic Tropical Experiment (GATE). The data were obtained by a number of aircraft equipped with turbulence measuring instrumentation. The fluxes of momentum, sensible and latent heat throughout the subcloud layer are presented for four cases considered in detail. It is shown that the sensible and latent heat fluxes at the top of the mixed layer (and therefore the distribution of heating and moistening in the boundary layer) are strongly affected by the presence or absence of cumulus convection while the virtual heat flux remains unaffected. Features of this cloud-subcloud interaction are discussed in the light of Betts (1976) coupled cloud-subcloud layer model. An examination of the spectra (and cospectra) of subcloud-layer variables shows that with the exception of .
Upwind difference schemes for hyperbolic systems of conservation laws

We derive a new upwind finite difference approximation to systems of nonlinear hyperbolic conservation laws. The scheme has desirable properties for shock calculations. Under fairly general hypotheses we prove that limit solutions satisfy the entropy condition and that discrete steady shocks exist which are unique and sharp. Numerical examples involving the Euler and Lagrange equations of compressible gas dynamics in one and two space dimensions are given.
Imposing Dirichlet boundary conditions with Nitsche's method and spline‐based finite elements

A key challenge while employing non‐interpolatory basis functions in finite‐element methods is the robust imposition of Dirichlet boundary conditions. The current work studies the weak enforcement of such conditions for B‐spline basis functions, with application to both second‐ and fourth‐order problems. This is achieved using concepts borrowed from Nitsche's method, which is a stabilized method for imposing constraints on surfaces. Conditions for the stability of the system of equations are derived for each class of problem. Stability parameters in the Nitsche weak form are then evaluated by solving a local generalized eigenvalue problem at the Dirichlet boundary. The approach is designed to work equally well when the grid used to build the splines conforms to the physical boundary of interest as well as to the more general case when it does not. Through several numerical examples, the approach is shown to yield optimal rates of convergence. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Stationary fronts of the thermohaline circulation in the low-aspect-ratio limit

A two-dimensional Boussinesq model of the thermohaline convection in a rectangular domain is forced at the top by a prescribed temperature and a prescribed salinity flux. The two forcings have opposite effects on the density field, which leads to the formation of fronts and multiple equilibria. Numerical results are interpreted through a comparison with the solutions of an asymptotic equation, derived in the limit of a shallow basin by Cessi & Young (1992). In order to explain the discrepancies between the numerical and the asymptotic solutions, we extend this asymptotic approach through a geometrical representation and a topological classification of the surface forcings. By comparing three forcings, we propose a global picture which gives clues to interpret the numerical solutions.
Accounting for Variation in Science and Mathematics Achievement: A Multilevel Analysis of Australian Data Third International Mathematics and Science Study (Timss)

One of the most consistent themes evident in the literature dealing with rural education is that of rural disadvantage. Much research and literature indicates that students from rural schools receive an education that is inferior to that of students from larger urban or suburban schools. Of the matrix of factors reported to lead to that disadvantage, geographical isolation and the extent to which it restricts access is reported to result in rural schools not having the same standard of resource allocation as urban schools where access is not a problem. This study addresses the issue of resource availability in rural and urban Australian schools and includes the variables: students' attitudes towards science and mathematics and career aspirations of these students. The analysis includes socioeconomic status and gender of these students and investigates how these variables relate to student achievement. Do students in rural schools have the same educational opportunity as students in urban schools? In this study a multilevel model is used which takes into account the classroom level variance in student achievement as well as individual variance and school level variance.
Investigation of Li-doped ferroelectric and piezoelectric ZnO films by electric force microscopy and Raman spectroscopy

We have grown Li-doped ZnO films on silicon (100) using the rf planar magnetron sputtering method. The surface charges induced piezoelectrically by defect and by polarization can be observed by electric force microscopy. The Li-doped ZnO films have been proven to be ferroelectric. The Raman spectra of ZnO and Li-doped ZnO films have been measured.
ON CERTAIN SUBGROUPS OF PRIME RINGS WITH DERIVATIONS

Let R be a noncommutative prime ring and let d be a nonzero derivation on R. A classical theorem of Posner asserts that the subset {[x d , x]|x ∈ R} is not contained in the center of R. Under the additional assumption that char R ≠ 2 and d 3 ≠ 0, we show that the additive subgroup of R generated by the subset {[x d , x] | x ∈ R} contains a noncentral Lie ideal of R.
Interferometric Observations toward the High-Mass Young Stellar Object IRAS 23139+5939: Radio Continuum and Water Maser Emission

We present simultaneous interferometric observations of continuum (3.5 and 1.3 cm) and water maser line emission (1.3 cm) carried out with the A configuration of the Very Large Array (VLA) toward the high-mass object IRAS 23139+5939. We detected two radio continuum sources at 3.5 cm separated by ∼0. ″5 (∼2400 AU), I23139 and I23139S, the latter being a new detection. I23139 is also detected at 1.3 cm. We also detected a cluster of water masers toward these two VLA sources, obtaining an accuracy of the order of ∼10 mas in the relative positions between the radio continuum emission and the H2O masers. In addition, based on the observed continuum flux density and the spectral index, we suggest that I23139 is a thermal radio jet associated with a high-mass young stellar object. This jet appears to be the best candidate for the driving source of the more spatially extended molecular outflow observed in the region. On the other hand, based on the spatiokinematical distribution of the water masers, together with the continuum emission information, we speculate that I23139S is also a jet source powering some of the masers detected in the region.