Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Thyrotropin-releasing hormone added to corticosteroids for women at risk of preterm birth for preventing neonatal respiratory disease.

BACKGROUND Thyrotropin-releasing hormones (TRH) added to prenatal corticosteroids has been suggested as a way to further reduce breathing problems and neonatal lung disease in infants born preterm. OBJECTIVES To assess the effect of giving prenatal TRH in addition to corticosteroids to women at risk of very preterm birth for the prevention of neonatal respiratory disease. SEARCH STRATEGY We searched the Cochrane Pregnancy and Childbirth Group trials register (July 2003), the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (The Cochrane Library, Issue 3, 2003), MEDLINE (1965 to July 2003), EMBASE (1988 to July 2003), Current Contents (1997 to July 2003). SELECTION CRITERIA Randomised controlled trials in women at sufficient risk of preterm birth to warrant the use of prenatal corticosteroids to promote lung maturity. TRH and corticosteroids were compared with corticosteroids with or without placebo. The main outcomes considered were fetal and infant mortality, infant morbidity, childhood development and maternal morbidity. DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS All assessments of trial eligibility, quality and data extractions were done by at least two authors independently. MAIN RESULTS Over 4600 women were recruited into the 13 included trials. Five trials were rated of high quality. Overall, prenatal TRH, in addition to corticosteroids, did not reduce the risk of neonatal respiratory disease or chronic oxygen dependence, and did not improve any of the fetal, neonatal or childhood outcomes assessed by intention to treat analyses.Indeed, the data showed prenatal TRH to have adverse effects for women and their infants. All side-effects monitored were more likely to occur in women receiving TRH. In the infants, prenatal TRH increased the risk of needing ventilation (relative risk (RR) 1.16, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.03 to 1.29, 3 trials, 1969 infants), having a low Apgar score at five minutes (RR 1.48, 95% CI 1.14 to 1.92, 3 trials, 1969 infants) and, for the two trials providing data, was associated with poorer outcomes at childhood follow up. Sensitivity analyses by trial quality, or subgroups with differing times from entry to birth, or different dose regimens of TRH, did not change these findings. REVIEWERS' CONCLUSIONS Prenatal thyrotropin-releasing hormones, in addition to corticosteroids, given to women at risk of very preterm birth do not improve infant outcomes and can cause maternal side-effects.
Galaxy Interaction and the Starburst-Seyfert Connection

Galaxy interactions are studied in terms of the starburst-Seyfert connection. The starburst requires a high rate of gas supply. Since the efficiency for supplying the gas is high in a galaxy interaction, although the companion is not necessarily discernible, Seyfert galaxies with circumnuclear starbursts are expected to be interacting. Since the large amounts of circumnuclear gas and dust obscure the broad-line region, they are expected to be observed as Seyfert 2 galaxies. The active galactic nucleus itself does not require a high rate of gas supply. Seyfert galaxies without circumnuclear starbursts are not necessarily expected to be interacting even at the highest luminosities. They are not necessarily expected to evolve from Seyfert galaxies with circumnuclear starbursts. We derive these and other theoretical expectations and confirm them with statistics on observational data of magnitude-limited samples of Seyfert galaxies.
Detection of Question-Answer Pairs in Email Conversations

While sentence extraction as an approach to summarization has been shown to work in documents of certain genres, because of the conversational nature of email communication where utterances are made in relation to one made previously, sentence extraction may not capture the necessary segments of dialogue that would make a summary coherent. In this paper, we present our work on the detection of question-answer pairs in an email conversation for the task of email summarization. We show that various features based on the structure of email-threads can be used to improve upon lexical similarity of discourse segments for question-answer pairing.
FUNCTIONS OF THE “OLFACTORY BRAIN”

Renewed interest in the “olfactory brain” or “rhinencephalon” has been provoked by the suggestion that in niaiiiinals this portion of the brain serves emotional rather than olfactory functions. Recent theoretical and experimental studies have examined various aspects of this suggestion. There has arisen a certain amount of confusion due to discrepancies in results. Furthermore, authors vary in their conceptions of what constitutes “emotion” ; and they differ widely in their definitions of which niorphological formations are to be subsumed under “rhinenceplialon. ” Some of the confusion may be traced to differences in results when different techniques are applied ; a generalization from the data derived with one technique may not be substantiated by data derived with another technique. Discrepancies of fact may sometimes be resolved by considering the reliability of data (i. e., the nutnber of subjects used ; the number of investigations reporting essentially similar results ; and significance of the results if statistical techniques are applicable). At other times, the adequacy of the report must be taken into account ( P . g., comparing cerebral ablation studies without anatomical verification of lesions with those where such verification is reported). Usually, discrepancies can be resolved only hy further experiments ; ignoring them is least likely to encourage such experiments. In this review, “emotion” is dealt with as aii inference from behavioral data ; speculations regarding emotions hased solely on neuroanatomical data assuiiie a greater knowledge of the biological variables determining emotion than we possess. Choice of data is implicit in any survey of this scope and depends on the framework chosen for discussion. Whenever we are aware of them, such implicit choices will be made explicit. Thus, whether a neural formation niight be subsumed under a definition of “rhinencephalon” depends in part on whether the reference is “olfactory ftiiiction,” or “emotional behavior,” or both, as in this review. This first section deals, therefore, with our definitioii of the neural formations which are to be included in the “rhinencephalon. ” The term “rliincncephaloii” was first used by Kdllilier ** to denote a group of cerebral structures which, though apparently cortical, could be easily differentiated from the rest of the cerebral mantle. Meynert Io6 had distinguished between cortex with gray surface and cortex with white surface : the latter constitutes Kdlilter’s “rhinencephalon” and is found in the “olfactory lobe,” “hil’i’oc“iiiPtis,” and “septa1 region. ” The conception that
Weighted total generalised variation scheme for image restoration

Total generalised variation (TGV) methods are highly efficient for eliminating the staircase artefacts. However, with the aim of further avoiding over-smoothing edges, this study investigates a new weighted second-order TGV scheme for image restoration. Computationally, an alternating split Bregman algorithm is employed to obtain the optimal solution recursively. Moreover, the rigorous convergence analysis of the resulting algorithm is also described in brief. In comparison with the results of current state-of-the-art regulariser techniques, numerical simulations distinctly demonstrate the competitive performance of the proposed strategy in feature preservation and staircasing effect suppression.
Duchenne vs . Non-Duchenne Smiles

The present study aims to investigate whether we (humans) are able to accurately determine if someone won or lost a game based on the sincerity of a laugh. 65 Facebook-acquaintances participated in an online perception test in which they had to determine if people won or lost a game and had to rank the laugh of that particular person. The results showed no significant differences in the accuracy rates of winners versus losers, the ratings of the sincerity of the laugh of winners versus losers and the accuracy of determining if someone won or lost a game. Thus, peoples’ general judgement about the sincerity of a laugh of winners and losers is not accurate. They were not able to see if someone produced a Duchenne or Non-Duchenne smile. Therefore, the three formulated hypotheses of this study had to be rejected.
Genome-Wide and Candidate Gene Association Study of Cigarette Smoking Behaviors

The contribution of common genetic variation to one or more established smoking behaviors was investigated in a joint analysis of two genome wide association studies (GWAS) performed as part of the Cancer Genetic Markers of Susceptibility (CGEMS) project in 2,329 men from the Prostate, Lung, Colon and Ovarian (PLCO) Trial, and 2,282 women from the Nurses' Health Study (NHS). We analyzed seven measures of smoking behavior, four continuous (cigarettes per day [CPD], age at initiation of smoking, duration of smoking, and pack years), and three binary (ever versus never smoking, ≤10 versus >10 cigarettes per day [CPDBI], and current versus former smoking). Association testing for each single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) was conducted by study and adjusted for age, cohabitation/marital status, education, site, and principal components of population substructure. None of the SNPs achieved genome-wide significance (p<10−7) in any combined analysis pooling evidence for association across the two studies; we observed between two and seven SNPs with p<10−5 for each of the seven measures. In the chr15q25.1 region spanning the nicotinic receptors CHRNA3 and CHRNA5, we identified multiple SNPs associated with CPD (p<10−3), including rs1051730, which has been associated with nicotine dependence, smoking intensity and lung cancer risk. In parallel, we selected 11,199 SNPs drawn from 359 a priori candidate genes and performed individual-gene and gene-group analyses. After adjusting for multiple tests conducted within each gene, we identified between two and five genes associated with each measure of smoking behavior. Besides CHRNA3 and CHRNA5, MAOA was associated with CPDBI (gene-level p<5.4×10−5), our analysis provides independent replication of the association between the chr15q25.1 region and smoking intensity and data for multiple other loci associated with smoking behavior that merit further follow-up.
Visual and somatosensory inputs to the avian song system via nucleus uvaeformis (Uva) and a comparison with the projections of a similar thalamic nucleus in a nonsongbird, columbia livia

Nucleus uvaeformis (Uva), previously identified as a component of song control circuitry in songbirds, and nucleus dorsolateralis posterior thalami, pars caudalis (DLPc) in pigeon, were compared with respect to their relative positions in the dorsolateral part of the posterior thalamus, their cell types, and their afferent and efferent projections. Both nuclei are closely related to the habenulointerpeduncular tract, have similar cell types, and receive a dense projection from deep layers of the optic tectum, predominantly ipsilaterally, and a distinct projection from the dorsal column and external cuneate nuclei, predominantly contralaterally. Recordings of multiple unit activity evoked by visual and somatosensory stimuli were used to guide injections of tracer into either DLPc or Uva, and the projections to the telencephalon were charted. Both nuclei were found to have a major terminal field in the medial part of the ipsilateral neostriatum intermedium (NI), known as nucleus interfacialis (NIf) in songbirds, and a minor terminal field in the roof of the neostriatum caudale (NC). In pigeon, the DLPc terminations in NC were within a region known as neostriatum dorsale (Nd), and, in male songbirds, the Uva terminations were in the high vocal center (HVC). Recordings of visual and somatosensory evoked activity were then used to guide injections of tracer into NI, and the afferent and efferent projections were again compared in pigeon and songbirds. The projections from either DLPc or Uva were confirmed, and terminal fields were observed either in Nd in pigeon, the dorsolateral part of NC in female songbirds, or HVC in male songbirds. Injections of tracer into either Nd or HVC confirmed their sources of afferents in DLPc or Uva, respectively, and in NI, but there was incomplete overlap of the distribution of retrogradely labelled cells in NI and the terminal fields of DLPc or Uva.
Coexpression of PD-1, 2B4, CD160 and KLRG1 on Exhausted HCV-Specific CD8+ T Cells Is Linked to Antigen Recognition and T Cell Differentiation

Exhausted CD8+ T cell responses during chronic viral infections are defined by a complex expression pattern of inhibitory receptors. However, very little information is currently available about the coexpression patterns of these receptors on human virus-specific CD8+ T cells and their correlation with antiviral functions, T cell differentiation and antigen recognition. We addressed these important aspects in a cohort of 38 chronically HCV infected patients and found a coexpression of inhibitory receptors such as 2B4, CD160 and KLRG1 in association with PD-1 in about half of the HCV-specific CD8+ T cell responses. Importantly, this exhaustive phenotype was associated with low and intermediate levels of CD127 expression, an impaired proliferative capacity, an intermediate T cell differentiation stage and absence of sequence variations within the corresponding epitopes, indicating ongoing antigen triggering. In contrast, a low expression of inhibitory receptors by the remaining HCV-specific CD8+ T cells occurred in concert with a CD127hi phenotype, an early T cell differentiation stage and presence of viral sequence variations within the corresponding epitopes. In sum, these results suggest that T cell exhaustion contributes to the failure of about half of HCV-specific CD8+ T cell responses and that it is determined by a complex interplay of immunological (e.g. T cell differentiation) and virological (e.g. ongoing antigen triggering) factors.
Plant Flavoprotein Photoreceptors

Plants depend on the surrounding light environment to direct their growth. Blue light (300–500 nm) in particular acts to promote a wide variety of photomorphogenic responses including seedling establishment, phototropism and circadian clock regulation. Several different classes of flavin-based photoreceptors have been identified that mediate the effects of blue light in the dicotyledonous genetic model Arabidopsis thaliana. These include the cryptochromes, the phototropins and members of the Zeitlupe family. In this review, we discuss recent advances, which contribute to our understanding of how these photosensory systems are activated by blue light and how they initiate signaling to regulate diverse aspects of plant development.
Automatic Differentiation, C++ Templates, and Photogrammetry

Abstract Differential calculus is ubiquitous in digital movie production. We give a novel presentation of automatic differentiation, a method for computing derivatives of functions, that is not well known within the graphics community, and describe some applications of this method. In particular we describe the implementation of a photogrammetric reconstruction tool used on the post-production of Matrix Reloaded and Matrix Revolutions that was built using automatic differentiation.
Antheraea pernyi Silk Fibroin-Coated PEI/DNA Complexes for Targeted Gene Delivery in HEK 293 and HCT 116 Cells

Polyethylenimine (PEI) has attracted much attention as a DNA condenser, but its toxicity and non-specific targeting limit its potential. To overcome these limitations, Antheraea pernyi silk fibroin (ASF), a natural protein rich in arginyl-glycyl-aspartic acid (RGD) peptides that contains negative surface charges in a neutral aqueous solution, was used to coat PEI/DNA complexes to form ASF/PEI/DNA ternary complexes. Coating these complexes with ASF caused fewer surface charges and greater size compared with the PEI/DNA complexes alone. In vitro transfection studies revealed that incorporation of ASF led to greater transfection efficiencies in both HEK (human embryonic kidney) 293 and HCT (human colorectal carcinoma) 116 cells, albeit with less electrostatic binding affinity for the cells. Moreover, the transfection efficiency in the HCT 116 cells was higher than that in the HEK 293 cells under the same conditions, which may be due to the target bonding affinity of the RGD peptides in ASF for integrins on the HCT 116 cell surface. This result indicated that the RGD binding affinity in ASF for integrins can enhance the specific targeting affinity to compensate for the reduction in electrostatic binding between ASF-coated PEI carriers and cells. Cell viability measurements showed higher cell viability after transfection of ASF/PEI/DNA ternary complexes than after transfection of PEI/DNA binary complexes alone. Lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) release studies further confirmed the improvement in the targeting effect of ASF/PEI/DNA ternary complexes to cells. These results suggest that ASF-coated PEI is a preferred transfection reagent and useful for improving both the transfection efficiency and cell viability of PEI-based nonviral vectors.
TSSP: A Reinforcement Algorithm to Find Related Papers

Content analysis and citation analysis are two common methods in recommending system. Compared with content analysis, citation analysis can discover more implicitly related papers. However, the citation-based methods may introduce more noise in citation graph and cause topic drift. Some work combine content with citation to improve similarity measurement. The problem is that the two features are not used to reinforce each other to get better result. To solve the problem, we propose a new algorithm, Topic Sensitive Similarity Propagation (TSSP), to effectively integrate content similarity into similarity propagation. TSSP has two parts: citation context based propagation and iterative reinforcement. First, citation contexts provide clues for which papers are topic related to and filter out less irrelevant citations. Second, iteratively integrating content and citation similarity enable them to reinforce each other during the propagation. The experimental results of a user study show TSSP outperforms other algorithms in almost all cases.
Projecting POS tags and syntactic dependencies from English and French to Polish in aligned corpora

This paper presents the first step to project POS tags and dependencies from English and French to Polish in aligned corpora. Both the English and French parts of the corpus are analysed with a POS tagger and a robust parser. The English/Polish bi-text and the French/Polish bi-text are then aligned at the word level with the Giza++ package. The intersection of IBM-4 Viterbi alignments for both translation directions is used to project the annotations from English and French to Polish. The results show that the precision of direct projection vary according to the type of induced annotations as well as the source language. Moreover, the performances are likely to be improved by defining regular conversion rules among POS tags and dependencies.
Video conference based on enterprise desktop grid

There exist two classical and well-understood approaches to video processing tasks (such as mixing or trans-coding) for videoconferencing. The first one is using a centralized Multipoint Control Unit (MCU), hardware or software based, deployed on-premises or in the cloud. In the second approach, the video processing tasks are directly handled in endpoints (i.e. equipment such as PCs, laptops, tablets that are involved in the video session). Performance is then restricted by device characteristics, especially in the case of mobile devices. It has been shown that there exist significant computational resources in user equipment deployed in enterprises, which are under-utilized most of the time. In this paper, we propose a system, which distributes real-time video processing tasks on these available resources. A dedicated Multi Attribute Decision Making (MADM) method is designed in order to take into account the variety of attributes impacting Quality of Experience. We enumerate a comprehensive list of events, which may cause distribution or redistribution of video processing activities and provide simple algorithms to tackle all these cases. We tested the MADM algorithm by means of simulations in order to study the impact of the main critical parameters.
Joint Segmentation and Deconvolution of Ultrasound Images Using a Hierarchical Bayesian Model Based on Generalized Gaussian Priors

This paper proposes a joint segmentation and deconvolution Bayesian method for medical ultrasound (US) images. Contrary to piecewise homogeneous images, US images exhibit heavy characteristic speckle patterns correlated with the tissue structures. The generalized Gaussian distribution (GGD) has been shown to be one of the most relevant distributions for characterizing the speckle in US images. Thus, we propose a GGD-Potts model defined by a label map coupling US image segmentation and deconvolution. The Bayesian estimators of the unknown model parameters, including the US image, the label map, and all the hyperparameters are difficult to be expressed in a closed form. Thus, we investigate a Gibbs sampler to generate samples distributed according to the posterior of interest. These generated samples are finally used to compute the Bayesian estimators of the unknown parameters. The performance of the proposed Bayesian model is compared with the existing approaches via several experiments conducted on realistic synthetic data and in vivo US images.
Intestine and Environment of the Chicken as Reservoirs for Extraintestinal Pathogenic Escherichia coli Strains with Zoonotic Potential

ABSTRACT Although research has increasingly focused on the pathogenesis of avian pathogenic Escherichia coli (APEC) infections and the “APEC pathotype” itself, little is known about the reservoirs of these bacteria. We therefore compared outbreak strains isolated from diseased chickens (n = 121) with nonoutbreak strains, including fecal E. coli strains from clinically healthy chickens (n = 211) and strains from their environment (n = 35) by determining their virulence gene profiles, phylogenetic backgrounds, responses to chicken serum, and in vivo pathogenicities in a chicken infection model. In general, by examining 46 different virulence-associated genes we were able to distinguish the three groups of avian strains, but some specific fecal and environmental isolates had a virulence gene profile that was indistinguishable from that determined for outbreak strains. In addition, a substantial number of phylogenetic EcoR group B2 strains, which are known to include potent human and animal extraintestinal pathogenic E. coli (ExPEC) strains, were identified among the APEC strains (44.5%) as well as among the fecal E. coli strains from clinically healthy chickens (23.2%). Comparably high percentages (79.2 to 89.3%) of serum-resistant strains were identified for all three groups of strains tested, bringing into question the usefulness of this phenotype as a principal marker for extraintestinal virulence. Intratracheal infection of 5-week-old chickens corroborated the pathogenicity of a number of nonoutbreak strains. Multilocus sequence typing data revealed that most strains that were virulent in chicken infection experiments belonged to sequence types that are almost exclusively associated with extraintestinal diseases not only in birds but also in humans, like septicemia, urinary tract infection, and newborn meningitis, supporting the hypothesis that not the ecohabitat but the phylogeny of E. coli strains determines virulence. These data provide strong evidence for an avian intestinal reservoir hypothesis which could be used to develop intestinal intervention strategies. These strains pose a zoonotic risk because either they could be transferred directly from birds to humans or they could serve as a genetic pool for ExPEC strains.