Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
A urease-negative mutant of Helicobacter pylori constructed by allelic exchange mutagenesis lacks the ability to colonize the nude mouse stomach

The urease of Helicobacter pylori has been proposed to be one of its pathogenic factors. A kanamycin resistance determinant was inserted in a cloned urease gene, and transformation-mediated allelic exchange mutagenesis was carried out to introduce the disrupted gene into the corresponding wild-type chromosomal region of a clinical isolate of H. pylori, CPY3401. The resulting mutant, HPT73, had the null activity of urease. Nude mouse stomachs were challenged with these two isogenic strains to examine the role of urease in pathogenesis. Gastritis was found in the CPY3401-challenged stomachs, from which bacteria indistinguishable from CPY3401 were recovered. There was no gastritis in the HPT73-challenged stomachs, and we could not recover H. pylori from them. These results indicated that H. pylori urease is essential for colonizing the nude mouse stomach.
Routing protocol in hybrid wireless network which increases quality of service

Wireless network are of two types, Base station (BS) oriented wireless network and Ad hoc wireless network. Base station oriented is single hop that requires fixed base station having better performance and more reliable, whereas Ad hoc wireless network does not have any centralized administration and mobile host are dependent on each other for communication. But when BS failure causes the problems in the network in base station oriented network and rerouting caused by mobility and disrupted connection causes the problems in ad hoc network. Therefore we use here the Hybrid Wireless Network (HWN), is basically a wireless network consisting of mobile nodes communicate with each other with or without any infrastructure support [2]. In HWN mobile nodes communicate with each other using ad hoc mode when they are in range and use BS to communicate when they are out of range. HWN is more efficient, reliable and flexible with seamless handover. wireless communication gains popularity, significant research has been devoted to supporting real-time transmission with stringent Quality of Service (QoS) requirements for wireless applications. A wireless hybrid network integrates a mobile wireless ad hoc network (MANET) and a wireless infrastructure network has been proven to be a better alternative for the next generation wireless networks.
Hybridisation or Polarisation: Doctors and Accounting in the UK, Germany and Italy

This paper describes a study of doctors and the education of doctors in Germany, Italy and the UK and the changing location of accounting practices and expertise. In these countries there have been coercive reform attempts to get doctors to accept increased financial responsibility and pay greater attention to costs and budgets. Kurunmaki (2004) suggested that Finnish doctors have willingly adopted accounting practices as part of their legitimated competencies and have become a hybrid profession. This paper address the question of whether that is a valid generalisation in Germany, Italy or the UK. The key focus of the paper is on the education and training of doctors, which should have altered if hybridisation has occurred. The finding is that there is no evidence from the countries studied that accounting has become incorporated into the formal education of doctors. While there were management and accounting training courses for doctors these were only available for those in or aiming for clinico-managerial positions. This does not support the argument that medicine has become a hybridised profession, but it does support the case for polarisation. These changes are absorbed or managed by an emergent sub-group, the medical manager.
Microbial transformation of naproxen by Cunninghamella species.

AIM The metabolites of naproxen produced by Cunninghamella species were isolated and identified, and further to compare the similarities between microbial transformation and mammalian metabolism. METHODS Naproxen was transformed by three strains of Cunninghammella species (Cunninghamella blakeslesna AS 3.153, Cunninghamella echinulata AS 3.2004, and Cunninghamella elegans AS 3.156). The metabolites of naproxen were separated and assayed by liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry method. Semi-preparative HPLC was used to isolate the major metabolite, and the structure was identified by nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) and mass spectrometry. RESULTS Naproxen was transformed into 2 metabolites, desmethylnaproxen and desmethylnaproxen-6-O-sulfate, both were the known mammalian metabolites. The conjugated metabolite was newly detected in microbial transformation samples. CONCLUSION The microbial transformation of naproxen has some similarities with the metabolism of naproxen in mammals. The fungi belonging to Cunninghamella species could be used as complementary in vitro models for drug metabolism to predict and produce the metabolites of drugs in mammals.
PRICE UNCERTAINTY, UTILITY, AND INDUSTRY EQUILIBRIUM IN PURE COMPETITION*

THE NEOCLASSICAL THEORY of the firm assumes that the entrepreneur behaves as if his demand curve, production function, and factor costs are known with certainty. Although it is recognized that the firm may be uncertain about the form of these functions, the entrepreneur is assumed to compress his judgments about a function into a best estimate. He then behaves as if the best estimate represents the function with certainty. The formal consideration of uncertainty about the functions, however, can significantly qualify the results of neoclassical theory. The purpose of this article is to extend the traditional deterministic model of the firm to the situation in which the price for the firm's product is a random variable. The analysis of this situation is important not only 1Qecause of the generalization of the traditional model, but because it introduces additional considerations, such as attitudes toward risk, that may help to litter explain observed behavior. A number of authors 'have investigated various aspects of the static theory of the firm under demand uncertainty and their major results will be briefly discussed here. Their models can be differentiated by the competitiveness of the economic environment assumed, the nature of the demand uncertainty, and by the behavioral assumptions employed. The models of purely competitive firms will be discussed first and then models of firms in imperfect competition will be considered. Uncertainty is usually introduced into a model of pure competition by assuming that price is uncertain and that the firm can sell any quantity at the price that obtains in the market. Oi [15] assumed that the firm was able to observe price prior to determining output or equivalently that the firm could instantaneously adjust output. With this assumption and an objective of maximizing( expected profit the firm produces such that price and marginal cost are equated as in deterministic theory. Oi was concerned with the desirability of price uncertainty and demonstrated that expected profit exceeds the profit that would be obtained with a certain price which is equal to the expected price. He also demonstrated that the firm prefers increased variability of price in certain cases and extended the analysis to the case of a firm with nonlinear risk preferences.2 Nelson [13] presumed that the firm makes its output decision prior to ob
Social and Behavioral Aspects of Child and Adolescent Participation in HIV Vaccine Trials

Recent data indicate that the worldwide rate of HIV infection in adolescents is steadily increasing. Internationally, more than 7000 youths between 15 and 24 years of age are infected with HIV daily, resulting in more than 2.5 million new infections annually. Almost two thirds (1.7 million) of these new infections occur in Africa. Estimates in 2000 showed that the number of South Africans between 15 and 49 years of age infected with HIV was 4.7 million. This number equates to a prevalence rate of 15.4% in those younger than 20 years. Adolescents form an important target group not only for preventative efforts but also for HIV vaccine trials. This article focuses on the social and psychological factors that affect adolescent decision making by considering adolescent risk-taking behaviors, problems associated with predicting adolescent behavior, peer relationships and decision making, sexual disinhibition, and the role of family relationships in adolescent decision making.
Miniaturization of omnidirectional circularly polarized antennas

The paper reports miniaturization of recently introduced planar omnidirectional circularly polarized antennas. The technique relies on folding the antennas patch underneath itself, decreasing overall footprint. The connectivity between layers is provided by vias, enabling cost efficient PCB manufacturing techniques. The average axial ratio in the xz-plane is less than 3 dB in the band of 2.392 to 2.407 GHz. This is better than previously reported antennas of this type.
Low mortality in HIV-infected patients starting highly active antiretroviral therapy: a comparison with the general population

Objectives: To assess the mortality in a cohort of HIV-infected patients starting highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) compared to the mortality of the general population, focusing on the influence of the CD4 cell count at the time of starting HAART. Methods: Patients in the HIV Cohort Study in Western Denmark starting HAART before 1 January 2002 were identified. For each patient, 100 population controls matched on age and gender were extracted from the Danish Civil Registration System. Mortality rates were compared between the two cohorts overall, and in four groups defined by baseline CD4 cell counts. Results: A total of 647 HIV-infected patients and 64 700 population controls were included, accounting for 53 and 815 deaths during follow-up. In the HIV group, mortality rates were 70.0 per 1000 person-years at risk in the lowest CD4 cell group (< 50 × 106 cells/l), and 3.2 in the highest (⩾ 200 × 106 cells/l). Compared with population controls, mortality rate ratios declined with increasing CD4 cell counts, being 15.3 [95% confidence interval (CI), 9.8–23.8], 8.6 (95% CI, 4.3–16.8), 5.9 (95% CI, 3.0–11.4), and 3.6 (95% CI, 2.0–6.5) in the groups with CD4 cell count < 50, 50–99, 100–199, and ⩾ 200 × 106 cells/l. Conclusion: In comparison with the general population, HIV-infected patients starting HAART with a CD4 cell count above 200 × 106 cells/l had low mortality rates that were comparable with the rates found in other chronic medical diseases. The mortality rates increased considerably when treatment was started at lower baseline CD4 cell counts.
Strategic Implications of Attitude-Toward-the-Ad in Leveraging Event Sponsorships

Event sponsorship has become a multibillion dollar industry (Levin, 1993), yet little theory-driven research exists exploring sponsorship effects (Cunningham & Taylor, 1994), Keller (1993) noted that customer-based brand equity is the appropriate goal of all elements of the marketing mix, including promotions such as sponsorship. The effectiveness of these promotions may be observed through what Keller terms “direct measures pitting known brands against unknown or fictitious brands. ” This study uses an experimental design employing attitude-toward-the-ad (AAD) as a direct measure of sponsorship support, advertising impact on attitude-toward-the-brand (AH), and purchase intention (PI) for official sponsors and ambush marketers in the fast food and credit card product categories of the 1994 Winter Olympic Games. Ambush marketers are those companies that use advertising to make it appear as if they are associated with the Games without purchasing official sponsorship rights (Sandier & Shani, 1989). Based on .
Membership growth at a time of union decline

The Union of Shop, Distributive and Allied Workers (Usdaw) is a general (multi trade) union in the UK, predominately organizing in the retail and distribution sectors. Since 2006 Usdaw has increased its membership by 84 000 members – an increase of 26 per cent, making it in this respect the most successful TUC-affiliated union in the UK. This growth coincided with Usdaw’s decision to develop itself as an organizing union, which involved the establishment of an Usdaw Organising Academy, a paradigm shift in its approach to organizing, and the creative development of new systems and practices to manage the union. This article describes this process of change and so goes some way to providing an explanation for Usdaw’s success. The article also situates Usdaw’s approach within the broader academic and policy debates about implementing the Organizing Model, and draws out some general lessons from Usdaw’s experience.
European Union, normative power and ethical foreign policy

Citation for published version (APA): Manners, I. (2006). European Union, normative power and ethical foreign policy. In D. Chandler, & V. Heins (Eds.), Rethinking Ethical Foreign Policy: Pitfalls, possibilities and paradoxes (pp. 116-136). Routledge. http://www.diis. dk/graphics/_Staff/ima/Ian%20Manners%20%20European%20Union%20Normative%20Power%20and%20Ethical%20Foreign%20Policy%20%20Chandler%20and%20Heins%202007.pdf
Relation between hospitalization and the resistance of enterobacteria to beta-lactam antimicrobial agents.

Enterobacteria remain a common cause of serious nosocomial infections, and the emergence of a wide variety of ƒÀ-lactam-antimicrobial-agent-resistant enterobacteria has been increasingly recognized since these agents came to be used extensively in clinical practice1). These findings led us to hypothesize that strains isolated from inpatients tend to be more resistant to ƒÀ-lactam agents than those isolated from outpatients, because greater amounts and a wider variety of antimicrobial agents are used on the wards than in the outpatient clinic. This study aimed to test this hypothesis by comparing the pattern of resistance to several P-lactam agents of enterobacteria strains clinically isolated from inpatients and outpatients.
Cognitive Behavioral Therapy for Children With Autism: Review and Considerations for Future Research

Objective: Cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) is now commonly used for high-functioning children with an autism spectrum disorder. The objective of this article was to describe the methods and results of cognitive behavioral interventions for children with autism. Method: This article reviews CBT programs targeting anxiety, disruptive behavior, and core autism symptoms for children with autism. Results: There is emerging evidence suggesting that CBT is possibly efficacious for anxiety and autism symptoms, but methodological weaknesses must be addressed before clear conclusions can be drawn. Conclusion: More research needs to be conducted to examine the effectiveness of CBT for children with autism. Specifically, future research should use more stringent methodology and assess the effectiveness of specific cognitive strategies and autism-related adaptations.
Quality of life during orthopaedic training and academic practice. Part 1: orthopaedic surgery residents and faculty.

BACKGROUND A pilot study of two academic training programs revealed concerning levels of resident burnout and psychological dysfunction. The purpose of the present study was to determine the quality of life of orthopaedic residents and faculty on a national scale and to identify risk factors for decompensation. METHODS Three hundred and eighty-four orthopaedic residents and 264 full-time orthopaedic faculty members completed a voluntary, anonymous survey consisting of three validated instruments (the Maslach Burnout Inventory, the General Health Questionnaire-12, and the Revised Dyadic Adjustment Scale) and question sets assessing demographic information, relationship issues, stress reactions/management, and work/life balance. RESULTS High levels of burnout were seen in 56% of the residents and 28% of the faculty members. Burnout risk was greatest among second-postgraduate-year residents and residents in training programs with six or more residents per postgraduate year. Sixteen percent of residents and 19% of faculty members reported symptoms of psychological distress. Sleep deprivation was common among the residents and correlated positively with every distress measure. Faculty reported greater levels of stress but greater satisfaction with work and work/life balance. A number of factors, such as making time for hobbies and limiting alcohol use, correlated with decreased dysfunction for both residents and faculty. CONCLUSIONS Despite reporting high levels of job satisfaction, orthopaedic residents and faculty are at risk for burnout and distress. Identification of protective factors and risk factors may provide guidance to improve the quality of life of academic orthopaedic surgeons in training and beyond.
Carbon and Materials Embodied in the International Trade of Emerging Economies

Production in emerging economies, such as Brazil, Russia, India, China, South Africa, and Argentina (BRICSA), increased substantially over the past two decades. This is, on the one hand, due to growing domestic demand within these countries, and, on the other hand, due to a deepened international division of work. Global trade linkages have become denser and production chains are no longer restricted to only one or two countries. The volume of international trade in intermediate inputs as well as final consumption goods has tripled in the past two decades. With this, carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions and materials embodied in traded goods have increased, making it increasingly difficult to identify the actual causes of emissions and material extractions, as producing and extracting countries are not necessarily consuming the resulting goods. Using the multiregional input‐output Global Resource Accounting Model (GRAM), this article shows how global carbon emissions and materials requirements are allocated from producing/extracting countries to consuming countries. It thereby contributes to the rapidly growing body of literature on environmental factors embodied in international trade by bringing two key environmental categories—CO2 emissions and materials—into one consistent and global framework of analysis for the first time. The results show that part of the increase in carbon emissions and materials extraction in BRICSA is caused by increasing amounts of trade with countries in the Organisation for Economic Co‐operation and Development as well as a growing demand for goods and services produced within BRICSA.
Endoscopic ultrasound and the community hospital

hepatitis. In addition, although one of the patient’s concurrent medications, simvastatin, has been reported to cause liver damage, this injury is typically mild (5); furthermore, the patient had been on this medication for . 1 yr with no evidence of hepatotoxicity. The liver histological findings in the current case also were consistent with drug-induced injury and were similar to those in the four previously reported cases in which the hepatic pathology was illustrated (2–4). Accordingly, troglitazone appears to have been associated with the development of acute hepatic failure in this patient. Based on the original clinical trial data, it was concluded that troglitazone-induced hepatotoxicity is usually mild and reversible (6). Specifically, 1.9% of the 2510 trial participants developed troglitazone-induced hepatotoxicity (defined as a serum ALT level more than three times the upper limit of normal), and these abnormalities resolved with discontinuation of the therapy (6). In contrast to this clinical trial experience, postmarket reports to the US FDA include $24 cases of troglitazone-associated hepatic failure that resulted in either death (21 cases) or liver transplantation (three cases) (7). Although the mechanism of this hepatotoxicity is unknown, it appears to be an idiosyncratic reaction, and is therefore unpredictable. However, because of the possibility of severe drug-induced hepatotoxicity, such as demonstrated in the current case, the labeling for troglitazone has been changed to recommend close monitoring of hepatic function in patients treated with this medication.
Linking alternative theories of the firm – a first empirical application to the liquefied natural gas industry

Abstract This paper provides an empirical analysis linking two theories of firms' strategic behavior. We analyze corporate strategies in the emerging global market for liquefied natural gas. First, following Porter, we identify three strategic target market positions: chain optimization, flexibility strategy, and national oil companies (NOCs). Each target market position is supported by an underlying resource profile. Second, following transaction cost economics, we hypothesize that specific investments under uncertainty provide incentives to integrate vertically. We test these economic relationships empirically applying a two-stage procedure. Estimation results show that the three strategic choices of target market position, resource profile, and organizational structure are interrelated. We show that NOCs rely on less idiosyncratic assets than companies following a flexibility strategy and companies following a flexibility strategy rely on less idiosyncratic assets than chain optimizers. An increase in hold-up potential results in a higher probability of a firm organizing transactions within its own hierarchy.
Cigarette Demand, Health Scares and Education in Turkey

The purpose of this paper is to examine the demand characteristics of cigarettes in Turkey. Aggregate time-series date for the 1960–88 period are used in estimation. Income and price elasticities of cigarette demand are obtained. The effect of health warning is estimated to reduce cigarette consumption by about 8% since the inception of warnings in 1982. Imports of cigarettes have been allowed since 1984 in addition to advertising of cigarettes in the non-electronic media. The effect of health warnings are found to be stronger than the opposing effect of advertising. The results also suggest that public education about adverse health effects of smoking may be more effective in reducing consumption and less regressive on consumer incomes than raising the price of cigarettes.