Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Tilting instability of a cylindrical spheromak

The stability of a low‐beta spheromak with a perfectly conducting cylindrical boundary of length L and radius R is analyzed in terms of force‐free fields with J = λB(λ = const). The axisymmetric equilibrium is found unstable to tilting when the elongation L/R is larger than about 1.67. Numerical solutions of the time‐dependent ideal magnetohydrodynamic equations confirm this result.
Annual Parallax Distance and Kinematical Property of H2O Masers in IRAS 19312+1950

We report on results of astrometric observations of H2O masers in the pre-planetary nebula candidate source IRAS 19312+1950 with the VLBI Exploration of Radio Astrometry (VERA), yielding an annual parallax, = 263 ̇47 as, and a secular motion, ( ̨ , ı) = ( 2.61 ̇0.47, 6.73 ̇0.14) [mas yr ], for IRAS 19312+1950. We then derived a heliocentric distance of D = 3.80 0:58 kpc, a location in the Galaxy (R, z) = (7.07 ̇0.12 kpc, 28 ̇3 pc), and a three-dimensional velocity vector (VR, V , Vz) = (33 ̇28, 214 ̇4, 14 ̇8) [km s ] in galactic cylindrical coordinates. Based on these parameters, we discuss the intrinsic properties of IRAS 19312+1950. We estimated the mass of the central star to be 8Mˇ and the deviation of the source motion from the circular galactic rotation to be 40 km s . These are consistent with this source being an intermediate-mass late AGB or early post-AGB star.
Sub-microhartree accuracy potential energy surface for H3+ including adiabatic and relativistic effects. I. Calculation of the potential points

Sixty-nine points of the Born–Oppenheimer (BO) potential energy surface (PES) for the ground state of H3+ have been computed using explicitly correlated Gaussian wave functions with optimized nonlinear parameters. The calculated points have an absolute error of about 0.02 cm−1 (0.1 microhartree), i.e., they are by at least one order of magnitude more accurate than ever reported. Similarly accurate adiabatic and relativistic corrections have also been evaluated by means of the Born–Handy formula and by direct perturbation theory (DPT), respectively.
Competing processes in long term accelerated aging of double heterostructure Ga1−xAlxAs light emitting diodes

Two competing processes have been observed in bias aging of double heterostructure (DH) Ga1−xAlxAs light emitting diodes (LEDs) at elevated temperatures. These high radiance LEDs are used as sources in optical data links. In the past, only a single aging process, slow degradation in light output, has been reported for dark line defect (DLD)‐free LEDs of similar type. In contrast, we report for the first time, a second process which gives a gradual increase in light output. As temperature and current are increased this new process increasingly masks the degradation process, until at 270 °C there is a net increase in light output of 50% after about 300 h of aging. We show that the two processes have different time dependences and activation energies, and that their effects on the light output during aging can be separated mathematically. A model for the new process is presented in which nonradiative traps anneal out in a recombination‐enhanced defect reaction. This leads to higher injection efficiency and light output at fixed current. Operating lifetimes increase due to the second process; for example, at 25 °C mean‐time‐to‐failure (MTTF) increases by a factor of three to 9×107 h.Two competing processes have been observed in bias aging of double heterostructure (DH) Ga1−xAlxAs light emitting diodes (LEDs) at elevated temperatures. These high radiance LEDs are used as sources in optical data links. In the past, only a single aging process, slow degradation in light output, has been reported for dark line defect (DLD)‐free LEDs of similar type. In contrast, we report for the first time, a second process which gives a gradual increase in light output. As temperature and current are increased this new process increasingly masks the degradation process, until at 270 °C there is a net increase in light output of 50% after about 300 h of aging. We show that the two processes have different time dependences and activation energies, and that their effects on the light output during aging can be separated mathematically. A model for the new process is presented in which nonradiative traps anneal out in a recombination‐enhanced defect reaction. This leads to higher injection efficiency and l.
UGC 7636 and NGC 4472 : tidal interaction between a stripped dwarf irregular and a giant elliptical galaxy

We present new B and I CCD and H I observations of the system in the Virgo Cluster composed of the dwarf irregular galaxy UGC 7636 and the giant elliptical galaxy NGC 4472. These observations strongly suggest that both ram-pressure and tidal stripping have occurred in this system. The H I gas between the two galaxies has been stripped from UGC 7636. Its M(H I)/L B ratio is 0.26 M ○ . /L B○ . , in the range observed for dwarf irregulars. Ram-pressure stripping of the H I gas from the dwarf is suggested by the large velocity width (Δv 50 ∼110 km s −1 ) of the spatially extended H I envelope
Player heterogeneity and empiricism in Schelling

The main thesis of this paper is that Schelling's empiricism is deeply grounded in the assumption of player heterogeneity. He peoples games with real individuals and consequently postulates that there are differences in roles or identities among them. The subjects populating Schelling's thought or real experiments do not suppose that other players follow identical or symmetrical rules of logical inference to make their choices. This hypothesis is decisive in shaping Schelling's inductive game theory, which is applied by means of a three‐step procedure. First, players are defined by making their differentiating features explicit. Secondly, heterogeneous players are embedded in a real environment to play the game. Thirdly, the game solution is derived inductively. This interpretation helps to explain why little progress has been made overall in developing Schelling's insights.
WAVE TRANSMISSION THROUGH ONE-DIMENSIONAL NEAR PERIODIC STRUCTURES: OPTIMUM AND TO RANDOM DISORDER

Abstract A general analysis is presented of wave transmission through a one-dimensional near periodic structure which is embedded in an otherwise uniform system. The occurrence of frequencies of perfect transmission is discussed, and the inverse problem of design for minimum transmission is addressed. This part of the work is aimed at providing design techniques for structural filters which might either block or allow wave transmission depending upon the intended application. Attention is then turned to the case of wave transmission through a randomly disordered system, and a simple and exact method for the calculation of the expected value of the inverse squared transmission coefficient is presented. The localization measure which may be deduced from this result is compared with the conventional definition of the localization factor, and it is found that quantitative results for the latter may be computed by using the present approach. The effects of damping are included, and the interaction of disorder and damping is investigated. This part of the work is aimed at providing a simple technique for the assessment of vibration localization effects of this type.
Model Selection in a System of Simultaneous Equations Model

The AIC for a system of simultaneous equations model (SAIC) with the errors both serially and contemporaneously correlated is proposed to select the most appropriate system of the models. Our approach consists of two stages. Firstly, the Prais–Winsten transformation is extended to correct the second-order autocorrelation problem and to recover the lost two observations in a simultaneous equations model. Secondly, the log-likelihood function of the multivariate model can be applied to construct the SAIC for the transformed model. The system with the minimum value of SAIC can be classified to the “best” system of the model.
Omitted variables in longitudinal data models

The omission of important variables is a well‐known model specification issue in regression analysis and mixed linear models. The author considers longitudinal data models that are special cases of the mixed linear models; in particular, they are linear models of repeated observations on a subject. Models of omitted variables have origins in both the econometrics and biostatistics literatures. The author describes regression coefficient estimators that are robust to and that provide the basis for detecting the influence of certain types of omitted variables. New robust estimators and omitted variable tests are introduced and illustrated with a case study that investigates the determinants of tax liability.
Crystal Dislocations and Coercivity in Fine Grained Magnetite

Interaction of the stress field of a favourably oriented edge dislocation with the magnetostriction in a ferromagnetic domain wall in magnetite causes the dislocation to act as a potential well for the domain wall. The coercivity of 20 pm. grains, in which the domain structure is considered to be particularly simple, can be explained on this basis if the dislocations are arranged so that the effects of several of them are additive. The required density of edge dislocations is 109 cm-2, which is entirely reasonable; screw dislocations are not effective in magnetite. To explain the variation of coercivity with grain size it appears necessary to assume that the arrangement of dislocations is neither regular nor random but is partially ordered.
STATISTICAL EVALUATION OF INFLUENCING FACTORS ON PROGNOSIS OF GASTRIC CANCER PATIENTS

A latent factor, which will be called as “prognostic factor”, is extracted from nine explanatory variables observed mainly at the time of surgery from categorical principal component analysis, and it is shown that the factor has the appropriate meaning of prognosis measured on the postsurgical survival periods. Zero value on the prognostic factor is reflected to about five years on the postsurgical survival periods, and it is shown that positive values (or negative values) on the factor mean elongation more than (or shortening less than) about five years on the postsurgical survival periods. Further, this fact is confirmed by categorical canonical discriminant analysis of the same data. The effect of adjuvant chemotherapy is detected in the interaction with the serosal invasion, and elongation of about 34 months on the survival periods is obtained as the significant difference between the treated group with chemotherapy and the control group, at s1 category in serosal invasion.
Design of tunable transmission filter using one-dimensional defective photonic crystal structure containing electro-optic material

Abstract. A narrowband tunable transmission filter suitable for wavelength division multiplexing is designed. The basic structure is a one-dimensional Fabry–Perot structure formed by layers of dielectric magnesium fluoride and electro-optic lithium niobate, which act as low and high refractive index material layers, respectively. A narrowband phase shifted transmission peak occurs within the stopband of the reflectance spectra of the structure by introducing the defect of a low-index material at a suitable position in the structure. The bandwidth of the peak depends on the number of bilayers and also on the operating wavelength. The phase shift of the transmission peak is linearly related to the wavelength under consideration. By adjusting the defect layer width, this shift of the transmission peak from the operating wavelength can be avoided. The device dimensions are so chosen that such a structure can be fabricated and used with presently available technology. A linear transmission peak tunability of 4 nm/10 V is achieved for this device by varying the refractive index of the electro-optic lithium niobate layer with externally applied voltage along its z axis. All the simulations have been carried out using the finite difference time domain method in a MATLAB® environment.
Distortion and harmonic generation in the nearfield of a finite amplitude sound beam

Distortion and harmonic generation in the nearfield of a finite amplitude sound beam are considered, assuming time‐periodic but otherwise arbitrary on‐source conditions. The basic equations of motion for a lossy fluid are simplified by utilizing the parabolic approximation, and the solution is derived by seeking a Fourier series expansion for the sound pressure. The harmonics are governed by an infinite set of coupled differential equations in the amplitudes, which are truncated and solved numerically. Amplitude and phase of the fundamental and the first few harmonics are calculated along the beam axis, and across the beam at various ranges from the source. Two cases for the source are considered and compared: one with a uniformly excited circular piston, and one with a Gaussian distribution. Various source levels are used, and the calculations are carried out into the shock region. The on‐axis results for the fundamental amplitude are compared with results derived using the linearized solution modified w.
Numerical Study of Thermally Targeted Liposomal Drug Delivery in Tumor

The efficacy of cancer chemotherapy can be greatly enhanced by thermally targeted nanoparticle liposome drug delivery system. A new theoretical model coupling heat and mass transfer has been developed to study the spatial and transient drug distributions. In this model, the influence of tumor cell apoptosis and necrosis in drug transport is also considered, in addition to the tumor microvasculature permeability to nanoliposomes. The model predictions agree well with our previous experimental results, and it has been used to simulate the nanoparticle drug distribution in the tumor under hyperthermic conditions. Results show that hyperthermia alone only enhances drug accumulation in the periphery of a tumor with I cm in radius, and the tumor cells in the central region are hardly damaged due to poor drug diffusion. Apoptosis or necrosis of the tumor cells could significantly influence the drug penetration and should be accounted for in drug diffusion modeling to accurately predict the therapeutic effect. Simulation study on the combined radio frequency ablation and liposomal doxorubicin delivery shows more effective treatment outcome, especially for larger tumors. The present model can be used to predict the treatment outcome and optimize the clinical protocol.
Phase-space dynamics of runaway electrons in tokamaks

The phase-space dynamics of runaway electrons is studied, including the influence of loop voltage, radiation damping, and collisions. A theoretical model and a numerical algorithm for the runaway dynamics in phase space are developed. Instead of standard integrators, such as the Runge-Kutta method, a variational symplectic integrator is applied to simulate the long-term dynamics of a runaway electron. The variational symplectic integrator is able to globally bound the numerical error for arbitrary number of time-steps, and thus accurately track the runaway trajectory in phase space. Simulation results show that the circulating orbits of runaway electrons drift outward toward the wall, which is consistent with experimental observations. The physics of the outward drift is analyzed. It is found that the outward drift is caused by the imbalance between the increase of mechanical angular momentum and the input of toroidal angular momentum due to the parallel acceleration. An analytical expression of the outward drift velocity is derived. The knowledge of trajectory of runaway electrons in configuration space sheds light on how the electrons hit the first wall, and thus provides clues for possible remedies.
Calibration of the MACHO Photometric System: V−R, Teff, and BCV Calibration for Metal‐poor Giants

The passbands of the MACHO blue and red photometric bands have been synthesized and tested by comparing the synthetic photometry of the Vilnius spectra with the actual photometry of the Landolt field Ru 149 taken with the MACHO telescope. Transformations between Bma and Rma and standard Cousins V and R were derived. The effect of interstellar reddening on the V−R and Bma−Rma colors of F stars has been calculated. A new calibration of V−R, Teff, and BCV for metal‐poor A–K stars is presented.
Power loss and flux density distributions in the T-joint of a three phase transformer core

A three phase transformer test facility has been used for measuring the localized power loss and flux distribution within the core. The flux and loss distributions in the T-joint of a core with simple double overlap joints have been investigated. The flux density distribution was measured by an array of search coils wound on individual laminations, and the localized power loss was found by measuring the initial rate of temperature rise using miniature thermocouples. For measurements made in the range of flux densities from 1.1 to 1.6 T, the inner edges of the yoke and limb laminations were the highest loss areas, up to 30% higher than the mean core loss. These regions of high power loss were found to be due to a high third harmonic flux density component being present. The fundamental component of flux density tended to follow the rolling direction of both yoke and limb laminations; however, some deviation from the rolling direction was present in the case of other harmonics.
Instrument Corrections by Time‐Domain Deconvolution

Online Material: Script and input files illustrating the TDD package. Many types of seismic analysis require ground‐motion data in physical units of displacement, velocity, or acceleration. Because seismometers do not respond uniformly to all frequencies, scientists must deconvolve the instrument response from recorded data. However, popular deconvolution methods violate causality and introduce acausal artifacts to deconvolved traces, which are unacceptable in some applications. In this paper, we discuss a new method using recursive filters that we consider superior for many purposes. One simple and common method of instrument response deconvolution is spectral division by the analog instrument response ! [Graphic][1] (1)in which S is the instrument’s sensitivity, K is the normalization constant, and P and Z are the poles and zeros. This method should be avoided because it fails to consider effects of digitization on the instrument response. Failing to consider these effects results in inaccurate phase and amplitude spectra, and can introduce acausal precursory oscillations to the signal. Another common method is that of the TRANSFER command in the widely used software package SAC (University of California, 2012). This command uses a zero‐phase high‐pass or band‐pass filter (through the freqlimits option) to ensure the stability of the result. This filter is acausal and, therefore, problematic as well. Acausal artifacts can cause serious analytic problems. One obvious case is picking wave‐arrival times and polarities. If causality is not preserved in deconvolution, phases may appear to arrive earlier in deconvolved data than in raw data, causing picks to be inaccurate and biased. Additionally, some applications analyze small signals that are partially overwritten by later‐arriving, higher‐amplitude (even clipped) phases; we show an example of this in the Deconvolution of Partially Clipped Data section. Acausal precursory oscillations of the stronger … [1]: /embed/inline-graphic-1.gif
New bulk amorphous Fe–(Co,Ni)–M–B (M=Zr,Hf,Nb,Ta,Mo,W) alloys with good soft magnetic properties

We have found that an amorphous phase with a wide supercooled liquid region reaching 85 K before crystallization is formed in Fe–(Co, Ni)–(Zr, Nb, Ta)–B, Fe–Co–(Zr, Nb)–(Mo, W)–B and Co–Fe–Zr–B systems. The high stability of the supercooled liquid enabled the production of bulk amorphous alloys with diameters up to 5 mm by copper mold casting. These amorphous Fe–(Co, Ni)–M–B alloys exhibit good soft magnetic properties, i.e., saturation magnetization of 0.95 to 1.1 T, low coercivity of 1 to 8 A/m, Curie temperature of 560 to 590 K and low magnetostriction of 8–14×10−6. The effective permeability of the Co–based alloys exceeds 25 000 at 1 kHz and keeps high values above 5000 at the high frequency of 1 MHz. The permeability at 1 MHz is much higher than those for any kinds of soft magnetic materials. The frequency at which the imaginary part of permeability shows a maximum is also about 1 MHz. The success of synthesis of new Fe- and Co-based amorphous alloys with good soft magnetic properties and high glass-.
Langmuir probe analysis in electronegative plasmas

This paper compares two methods to analyze Langmuir probe data obtained in electronegative plasmas. The techniques are developed to allow investigations in plasmas, where the electronegativity α0 = n–/ne (the ratio between the negative ion and electron densities) varies strongly. The first technique uses an analytical model to express the Langmuir probe current-voltage (I-V) characteristic and its second derivative as a function of the electron and ion densities (ne, n+, n–), temperatures (Te, T+, T–), and masses (me, m+, m–). The analytical curves are fitted to the experimental data by adjusting these variables and parameters. To reduce the number of fitted parameters, the ion masses are assumed constant within the source volume, and quasi-neutrality is assumed everywhere. In this theory, Maxwellian distributions are assumed for all charged species. We show that this data analysis can predict the various plasma parameters within 5–10%, including the ion temperatures when α0 > 100. However, the method is .
Characteristics of northern hemisphere blocking as determined from a long time series of observational data

30 years of observational 500 mb geopotential height data have been used to assess the characteristics of northern hemisphere blocking situations. A zonal index suitable for identification of blockings is defined and translated into a computer program. Characteristics of blocking situations have been computed and are presented as statistics. As expected, there are 2 preferred regions for blocking, the Atlantic region and the Pacific region. The results show that the number of days with blocked flow has a maximum over the eastern part of the Atlantic region, while the maximum is found over the western part of the Pacific region. The annual variation shows that there is an extended maximum from February through April in the Atlantic region, while there is a pronounced maximum in January in the Pacific region. The occurrence of simultaneous blocking in the 2 regions has also been investigated. The results show that there is no preference for a connection. Investigation of individual blocking situations reveals that the shortest ones are also formed in preferred geographical locations, and are not just random configurations in the changing pattern of waves in the Westerlies. There is a tendency for blocking episodes to seem to be concentrated in certain geographical locations, the longer the duration of the episode. The results also show that long-lasting episodes are notably more frequent in the Atlantic region than in the Pacific. DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0870.1983. tb00210.x