Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Intentional Prescription Nonadherence (Noncompliance) by the Elderly

Prescription drugs are not always taken as directed. When there is a discrepancy between the use of a drug and the prescription directions, the drug‐taking behavior is considered “nonadherent. ” To determine the extent of prescription nonadherence by old persons and the reasons for nonadherence, an in‐home survey was made of 111 elderly subjects who were taking prescription drugs. Drug‐taking behavior was compared with the behavior implied by the prescription instructions, and reasons for the differences were sought. Of the study sample, 43 per cent showed such differences in use of one or more prescription drugs. The chief type of discrepancy was underuse (90 per cent of nonadherence). No difference was observed in most of the psychosocial variables studied between those who took drugs as directed and those who did not. Hypertensive subjects did not differ from those without hypertension. A large proportion of nonadherence (73 per cent) was intentional. Intentional nonadherence was more likely to occur in subjects who used two or more pharmacies and two or more physicians. Traditional efforts aimed at reducing the incidence of forgetting to take medicines would not seem to be helpful in cases of intentional nonadherence.
Plasma microRNAs: a potential biomarker for colorectal cancer?

There is a need to improve early detection screening methods for colorectal cancer (CRC). If detected early, CRC is highly curable. Colonoscopies are a reliable and accurate screening tool but their high cost and invasiveness lead to reduced screening rates. On the other hand, faecal occult blood tests (FOBTs) are less invasive, less expensive, have even been shown to reduce deaths caused by CRC;1 but the limited sensitivity and specificity of FOBT make it a less than ideal screening method for detecting CRC. Many researchers are trying to identify non-invasive screening methodologies, such as blood tests or faecal DNA tests,2 to improve early detection of CRC to reduce the health burden of this disease. Previous work investigated measuring circulating, tumour-associated DNA or mRNA as screens for various cancers with some success.3 In this issue of Gut , Ng et al 4 (see page 1375) report their results of a study on the expression of levels of circulating microRNAs in plasma as a potential biomarker for CRC. MicroRNAs are small, non-coding RNAs that regulate the translation of specific protein coding genes. Since their discovery in 1993, altered expression of microRNAs has been connected with several diseases, including cancer.5 Altered expression …
A place-based approach to conservation management using public participation GIS (PPGIS)

The New Zealand Department of Conservation (DOC) is an early adopter of a place-based approach to implementing regional Conservation Management Strategies (CMS). As a new approach, there are few signposts for guidance. The present DOC process relies on a top-down, deductive approach using expert judgement by agency staff. In this study, we examine an alternative approach that uses inductive, public participation GIS (PPGIS) methods to delineate places of significant conservation value. We compare and evaluate the agency's deductive approach with places identified as significant using PPGIS. We discuss the results and present a proposed hierarchy of places framework for use in future place-based conservation management.
Membrane Topology of the Transposon 10-encoded Metal-Tetracycline/H+ Antiporter as Studied by Site-directed Chemical Labeling*

The transposon (Tn) 10-encoded metal-tetracycline/H+ antiporter (Tn10-TetA) is predicted to have a membrane topology involving 12 transmembrane domains on the basis of the hydropathy profile of its sequence and the results of limited proteolysis; however, the experimental results of limited proteolysis are not enough to confirm the topology because proteases cannot gain access from the periplasmic side (Eckert, B., and Beck, C. F. (1989) J. Biol. Chem. 264, 11663-11670). One or two cysteine residues were introduced into each predicted hydrophilic loop or the N-terminal segment of Tn10-TetA by site-directed mutagenesis, and then the topology of the protein was determined by examining whether labeling of the introduced Cys residue by membrane-permeant [14C]N-ethylmaleimide ([14C]NEM) was prevented by preincubation of intact cells with the membrane-impermeant maleimide, 4-acetamido-4′-maleimidylstilbene-2,2′-disulfonic acid (AMS). The binding of [14C]NEM to the S36C (loop 1-2), L97C (loop 3-4), S156C (loop 5-6), R238C (loop 7-8), S296C (loop 9-10), Y357C, and D365C (loop 10-11) mutants was completely blocked by pretreatment with AMS, indicating that these residues are located on the periplasmic surface. In contrast, [14C]NEM binding to the S4C (N-terminal segment), S65C (loop 2-3), D120C (loop 4-5), S199C and S201C (loop 6-7), T270C (loop 8-9), and S328C (loop 10-11) mutants was not affected by pretreatment with AMS, indicating that these residues are on the cytoplasmic surface. These results for the first time thoroughly confirm the 12-transmembrane topology of the metal-tetracycline/H+ antiporter.
Dream Reports and Marital Satisfaction

Dream reports of 29 married or cohabiting women, all from a graduate program in marital counseling, were given the KJP Dream Inventory and Dyadic Adjustment Scale. Significant positive correlations were found between overall relationship quality as measured by the total Dyadic Adjustment Scale scores with self-reported frequencies of nightmares (.54), dissociative dreams (.52), and repetitive, traumatic dreams (.45). In addition, Dyadic Adjustment Scale subscales of Consensus, Cohesion, and Satisfaction correlated positively with these same dream measures. In addition to these counterintuitive findings 90% of the respondents' qualitative dream reports corroborated these findings. Results are discussed with respect to fears and negative affect associated with losing or leaving one's intimate partner.
The Family as an Incomplete Annuities Market

Families can self-insure against uncertain dates of death through implicit or explicit agreements with respect to consumption and interfamily transfers. Interfamily transfers need have nothing to do with altruistic feelings; they may simply reflect risk-sharing behavior of completely selfish family members. Although family annuity markets are incomplete, even small families can substitute by more than 70 percent for perfect market annuities. Given adverse selection and transaction costs, family risk pooling may be preferred to public market annuities. In the absence of public annuities, these risk-sharing arrangements provide powerful incentives for marriage and family formation.
Migration of isogenic cell lines quantified by dynamic multivariate analysis of single-cell motility

Cell migration is essential in many physiological and pathological processes. To understand this complex behavior, researchers have turned to quantitative, in vitro, image-based measurements to dissect the steps of cellular motility. With the rise of automated microscopy, the bottleneck in these approaches is no longer data acquisition, but data analysis. Using time-lapse microscopy and computer-assisted image analysis, we have developed a novel, quantitative assay that extracts a multivariate profile for cellular mo-tility. This technique measures three dynamic parameters per single cell: speed, surface area, and an in-dex of cell expansion/contraction activity (DECCA). Our assay can be used in combination with a variety of extracellular matrix components, or other soluble agents, to analyze the effects of the microenviron-ment on cellular migration dynamics in vitro. Our application was developed and tested using A431 and HT-1080 cell lines plated on laminin-332 or fibronectin substrates. Our results indicate that HT-1080 cells migrate faster, have a greater surface area, and have a higher DECCA index than A431 cells on both matrices (for all parameters, p < 0.05). Spearman’s correlation coefficients suggest that for these cell lines and matrices, various combinations of the three measurements display low to medium-high levels of correlation. These findings compare well with previous literature. Our approach provides new tools to measure cellular migration dynamics and address questions on the relationship between cell motility and the microenvironment, using only common microscopy techniques, accessible image analysis applica-tions, and a basic desktop computer for image processing.
FETAL OMPHALOCELE IN A COMMON BOTTLENOSE DOLPHIN (TURSIOPS TRUNCATUS)

Abstract: A routine pregnancy ultrasound examination of a 30-yr-old, multiparous, common bottlenose dolphin, Tursiops truncatus, detected an approximately 16-wk (gestational age) fetus with an omphalocele, an abdominal wall defect at the base of the umbilical cord. Throughout the pregnancy, ultrasound allowed for identification of the omphalocele contents, which included a portion of the liver and intestinal loops. The maximum diameter of the omphalocele was 11.4 cm at an estimated 51-wk gestation. Color Doppler was utilized to study the blood flow within the omphalocele as well as diagnose an associated anomaly of the umbilical cord, which contained three vessels instead of four. Gross necropsy and histopathology confirmed the ultrasound diagnoses. This is the first report of an omphalocele in a T. truncatus fetus, and the first report of a fetal and umbilical cord anomaly diagnosed with ultrasound in a cetacean.
Intergenerational Occupational Mobility in Great Britain and the United States since 1850

We reanalyze Long and Ferrie's data. We find that the association of occupational status across generations was quite similar over time and place. Two significant differences were: (i) American farms in 1880 were far more open to men who had nonfarm backgrounds than were American farms in 1973 or British farms in either century; (ii) of the four cases, the intergenerational correlation was strongest in Britain in 1881. Structural mobility related to, among other things, economic growth and occupational differentiation, affected mobility most in 1970s America.
Sequence dependence of β‐hairpin structure: Comparison of a salt bridge and an aromatic interaction

A comparison of the contributions and position dependence of cross‐strand electrostatic and aromatic side‐chain interactions to β‐sheet stability has been performed by using nuclear magnetic resonance in a well‐folded β‐hairpin peptide of the general sequence XRTVXVdPGOXITQX. Phe–Phe and Glu–Lys pairs were varied at the internal and terminal non–hydrogen‐bonded position, and the resulting stability was measured by the effects on α‐hydrogen and aromatic hydrogen chemical shifts. It was determined that the introduction of a Phe–Phe pair resulted in a more folded peptide, regardless of position, and a more tightly folded core. Substitution of the Glu–Lys pair at the internal position results in a less folded peptide and increased fraying at the terminal residues. Upfield shifting of the aromatic hydrogens provided evidence for an edge‐face aromatic interaction, regardless of position of the Phe–Phe pair. In peptides with two Phe–Phe pairs, substitution with Glu–Lys at either position resulted in a weakening of the aromatic interaction and a subsequent decrease in peptide stability. Thermal denaturation of the peptides containing Phe–Phe indicates that the aromatic interaction is enthalpically favored, whereas the folding of hairpins with cross‐strand Glu–Lys pairs was less enthalpically favorable but entropically more favorable.
The Effect of Preventive Measures on the Incidence of Ankle Sprains

ObjectiveTo critically review the current data concerning the efficacy of preventive measures described in the literature, on the incidence of lateral ankle ligament injuries. Data SourcesMEDLINE, Sportdiscus, and EMBASE were searched for papers published between 1980 and December 1998. Keywords used in the search were “prevention” in combination with “ankle,” “ankle taping,” “ankle bracing,” “orthosis,” “shoes,” and “proprioception. ” Additional references were reviewed from the bibliographies of the retrieved articles. Study SelectionA study was included if: 1) the study contained research questions regarding the prevention of lateral ankle ligament injuries; 2) the study was a randomized controlled trial, a controlled trail, or a time intervention; 3) the results of the study contained incidence rates of lateral ankle ligament injuries as study outcome; and 4) the study met the cut-off score set for quality. Data Extraction and SynthesisTwo reviewers reviewed relevant studies for strengths and weaknesses in design and methodology, according to a standardized set of predefined criteria. Eight relevant studies met the criteria for inclusion and were analyzed. Main ResultsOverall, all studies reported a significant decrease in incidence of ankle sprains using the studied preventive measure. There was a great variety in methodology and study design between the eight analyzed studies, and every study had one or more drawbacks. Therefore, between studies only general results could be compared. ConclusionsThe use of either tape or braces reduces the incidence of ankle sprains. Next to this preventive effect, the use of tape or braces results in less severe ankle sprains. However, braces seem to be more effective in preventing ankle sprains than tape. It is not clear which athletes are to benefit more from the use of preventive measures: those with or those without previous ankle sprains. The efficacy of shoes in preventing ankle sprains is unclear. It is likely the newness of the footwear plays a more important role than shoe height in preventing ankle sprains. Proprioceptive training reduces the incidence of ankle sprains in athletes with recurrent ankle sprains to the same level as subjects without any history of ankle sprains.
Fermented Infant Formula Increases Ileal Protein Digestibility and Reduces Ileal Proteolytic Activity Compared with Standard and Hydrolyzed Infant Formulas in Piglets.

BACKGROUND An infant formula that contained milk fermented by the bacteria Bifidobacterium breve and Streptococcus thermophilus (Lactofidus) was reported to alleviate functional digestive symptoms in infants. It was hypothesized that improved protein digestibility of the fermented infant formula could contribute to this effect. OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to evaluate the protein digestibility of a specific fermented (FF), a standard (SF), and an extensively hydrolyzed protein (HF) formula. METHODS Four-week-old piglets (n = 7) were fitted with a T-cannula at the terminal ileum and received each formula in a Latin square design. FF, SF, and HF contained 11.7%, 9.3%, and 11.9% (w/w) crude protein; 1.5%, 5.4%, and 5.6% (w/w) fiber; and had a casein/whey ratio of 60:40, 50:50, and 0:100 per kilogram of powder, respectively. Ileal digesta were collected and analyzed for amino acids and proteolytic activity. RESULTS FF had a significantly higher apparent ileal crude protein digestibility (92.1% ± 1.0%) than SF and HF (84.4% ± 1.0% and 83.9% ± 0.9%, respectively). FF also had a significantly higher dry matter digestibility than SF and HF. The ileal crude protein flow of FF was significantly lower than that of SF and HF. The ileal flow of FF total proteolytic activity was significantly lower than that of SF but not significantly different from that of HF (412 ± 163 kU/8 h vs. 1530 ± 163 and 703 ± 156 kU/8 h, respectively). CONCLUSIONS The FF in piglets had a significantly higher apparent ileal crude protein digestibility than the SF and HF and displayed lower ileal proteolytic activity than the SF. Both effects may contribute to the alleviation of functional gastrointestinal symptoms reported in infants fed fermented infant milk formula.
On Perfect Rent Dissipation

If economists are united on anything, it is the proposition that monopoly prices reduce economic welfare by preventing the realization of the maximum gains from trade in any market. The extent of such distortions to efficiency are often called Harberger costs after Arnold Harberger's 1954 provocative attempt to measure the extent of these losses in the U.S. economy. More recent analysis has revealed that when monopoly power is achieved via regulation, at least part of the monopoly rents so gained will not be simple transfers from consumers to producers, but will be dissipated by producers' rent-seeking activity. Since such activity employs real resources, there are additional costs to monopolization beyond the Harberger costs as emphasized by Gordon Tullock (1967) and Richard Posner (1975). Indeed, Posner and others have argued that if competition for the monopoly rents is perfect, all of the expected rents from regulation will be converted to welfare losses. While Franklin Fisher's 1985 comment has qualified this conclusion somewhat, the upshot of the debate is that the rent-seeking, or Tullock, costs, may greatly exceed the Harberger costs.1 Another recent strand of the analysis concerns the time pattern over which monopoly returns are dissipated by competition to gain and hold the monopoly right. Robert McCormick et al. (1984) emphasize that to the extent such expenditures are sunk, they are forever lost and not recoverable by deregulation. While conceding the point, Martin Cherkes et al. (1986) argue that most rentseeking expenditures are recurring, not sunk, and therefore large gains from deregulation remain. The purpose of this essay is to point out that, recurring or sunk, even the largest specification of the Harberger and Tullock costs of regulatory monopolization may fall far short of the actual welfare costs. This is because the analysis concentrates on the rent-seeking Tullock costs and largely ignores the parallel rent-defending2 Tullock costs. A proper assessment of such rent-defending Tullock costs might more than double the maximum welfare costs of regulation suggested by Posner.
PIECE-WISE CAUSAL INVERSION BY OUTPUT REDEFINITION FOR A FLEXIBLE LINK MANIPULATOR

A new causal dynamic end-effector inversion method for a single flexible link manipulator is introduced. Contrary to the available non-causal inversion technique, this method does not lead to pre-actuation and works even in the presence of the purely imaginary zeros for the transfer function. Based on this approach, the desired end-effector trajectory is divided into a finite number of segments. In each segment, the desired trajectory is redefined so that a bounded continuous torque through causal dynamic inversion is obtained. The redefinition of the desired trajectory at each segment employs summation of stable exponential functions. This leads to a family of answers for the redefined trajectory, which is an advantage for control engineers. The results of the simulation and experimental studies show the feasibility and effectiveness of this new technique.
Magnetic Resonance Imaging of Pediatric Neurologic Emergencies

Abstract Although computed tomography is often the first line of imaging in the emergency setting, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is of increasing importance in the evaluation of central nervous system emergencies in the pediatric population. As such, it is necessary to understand the indications for which MRI may be necessary. This article reviews the unique pathophysiologic entities affecting the pediatric population and the associated MRI findings. Specifically, utility of emergent MRI and characteristic appearances of traumatic brain injury, traumatic spinal injury, nonaccidental trauma, arterial ischemic stroke, cerebral sinovenous thrombosis, stroke mimics, and central nervous system infections are described.
A hot spot of binding energy in a hormone-receptor interface

The x-ray crystal structure of the complex between human growth hormone (hGH) and the extracellular domian of its first bound receptor (hGHbp) shows that about 30 side chains from each protein make contact. Individual replacement of contact residues in the hGHbp with alanine showed that a central hydrophobic region, dominated by two tryptophan residues, accounts for more than three-quarters of the binding free energy. This "functional epitope" is surrounded by less important contact residues that are generally hydrophilic and partially hydrated, so that the interface resembles a cross section through a globular protein. The functionally important residues on the hGHbp directly contact those on hGH. Thus, only a small and complementary set of contact residues maintains binding affinity, a property that may be general to protein-protein interfaces.
Pakistan's War Within

Prior to 2001, Pakistan had limited experience countering domestic militants. Today, the Pakistani army still prefers to focus on a potential war with India rather than against sub-state actors. Nonetheless, there have been noted improvements since 2001, and throughout 2009 Islamabad has demonstrated increasing resolve to defeat militants challenging the writ of the state. Earlier operations such as Al Mizan revealed serious deficiencies in the ability to conduct cordon-and-search operations and to hold territory. In the later operations in Bajaur and Swat, however, the Frontier Corps and army forces showed an improved capability to clear territory and integrate operations with local tribes. But Pakistani doctrine remains inconsistent with recent population-centric innovations in counter-insurgency warfare. Pakistan's commitment to a conventional orientation and the hardware most appropriate for fighting India has poorly equipped it to deal with the burgeoning domestic threat.
Wireless MIMO Switching with Zero Forcing and Network Coding

A wireless relay with multiple antennas is called a multiple-input-multiple-output (MIMO) switch if it maps its input links to its output links using "precode-and-forward. " Namely, the MIMO switch precodes the received signal vector in the uplink using some matrix for transmission in the downlink. This paper studies the scenario of K stations and a MIMO switch, which has full channel state information. The precoder at the MIMO switch is either a zero-forcing matrix or a network-coding matrix. With the zero-forcing precoder, each destination station receives only its desired signal with enhanced noise but no interference. With the network-coding precoder, each station receives not only its desired signal and noise, but possibly also self-interference, which can be canceled. Precoder design for optimizing the received signal-to-noise ratios at the destinations is investigated. For zero-forcing relaying, the problem is solved in closed form in the two-user case, whereas in the case of more users, efficient algorithms are proposed and shown to be close to what can be achieved by extensive random search. For network-coded relaying, we present efficient iterative algorithms that can boost the throughput further.