Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Ontogeny and the fossil record: what, if anything, is an adult dinosaur?

Identification of the ontogenetic status of an extinct organism is complex, and yet this underpins major areas of research, from taxonomy and systematics to ecology and evolution. In the case of the non-avialan dinosaurs, at least some were reproductively mature before they were skeletally mature, and a lack of consensus on how to define an ‘adult’ animal causes problems for even basic scientific investigations. Here we review the current methods available to determine the age of non-avialan dinosaurs, discuss the definitions of different ontogenetic stages, and summarize the implications of these disparate definitions for dinosaur palaeontology. Most critically, a growing body of evidence suggests that many dinosaurs that would be considered ‘adults’ in a modern-day field study are considered ‘juveniles’ or ‘subadults’ in palaeontological contexts.
Energy Efficient Predictive Resource Allocation for VoD and Real-time Services

This paper studies how to exploit the predicted information to maximize energy efficiency (EE) of a system supporting hybrid services. To obtain an EE upper bound of predictive resource allocation, we jointly optimize resource allocation for video on-demand (VoD) and real-time (RT) services to maximize EE by exploiting perfect future large-scale channel gains. We find that the EE-optimal predictive resource allocation is a two-timescale policy, which makes a resources usage plan at the beginning of prediction window and allocates resources in each time slot. Analysis shows that if there is only VoD service, predicting large-scale channel gains and distribution of small-scale channel gains are necessary to achieve the EE upper bound. If there is only RT service, future large-scale channel gains cannot help improve EE. However, if there are both VoD and RT services, predicting large-scale channel gains of both kinds of users are helpful. A low-complexity is proposed, which is robust to prediction errors. Simulation results show that the optimal policy is superior to the relevant counterparts, and the heuristic policy can achieve higher EE than the optimal policy when the large-scale channel gains are inaccurate.
Physical activity motivation and behavior across the transition to university.

Background: Little longitudinal data about physical activity behavior and motivation exist on the transition from high school to university. This study prospectively examined how physical activity motivation regulations, defined by self-determination theory, and physical activity behavior change from high school to university. Additionally, key antecedents of this change were explored. Methods: Incoming freshmen to a large northwestern university completed online questionnaires before and after entering university. Questionnaires included measures of psychological need satisfaction, motivation regulations, and self-reported physical activity behavior. Results: Identified regulation and physical activity behavior decreased and introjected regulation and amotivation increased from high school to university. A self-determination theorybased model was supported using path analysis. Self-determined motivation regulations were positively predicted by competence; external regulation was negatively predicted by autonomy and positively predicted by relatedness; identified and introjected regulations were positively predicted by relatedness; physical activity was positively predicted by intrinsic motivation. Conclusions: Findings suggest that there is a decline in the value of physical activity and an increase in feelings of guilt and shame associated with not being physically active when students move to university. Fostering perceptions of competence and autonomy across the transition to university are key antecedents to adaptive changes in physical activity motivation.
Improvement of Peritoneal Ultrafiltration with Peritoneal Dialysis Solution Buffered with Bicarbonate/Lactate Mixture

Background In computer simulations, according to the three-pore model of peritoneal transport, neutralization of conventional acidic peritoneal dialysis fluids is predicted to produce an improved ultrafiltration (UF). However, in a previous study, a two-compartment peritoneal dialysis system with a minimum of glucose degradation products (GDP), PD-Bio, having a pH of 6.3 and being conventionally lactate buffered, did not produce an increased UF. Setting We tested a newly formulated, glucose-based, GDP-reduced solution, denoted “N” for “neutral,” containing a mixture of lactate (30 mmol/L) and bicarbonate (10 mmol/L) as buffer system, and having a pH of 7.2. This new formulation was compared with Gambrosol trio (GT) (identical in composition to PD-Bio, but delivered in a three-compartment system; both by Gambro Lundia AB, Lund, Sweden) in an open, prospective controlled study of 13 patients. Material and Methods Each of the 13 patients used GT for 14 days, followed by 14 days of N. All bags were weighed on a digital scale before instillation and after drainage to assess the UF in each dwell (and during 24 hours). Glucose concentration in each bag was noted. In the morning and night dwells, dialysis fluid glucose concentration was standardized to 2.5%. Body weight was measured every morning (empty abdomen). In the middle of each 14-day period, a 4-hour standardized (“study day”) dwell was performed, using 125I-albumin (RISA) as volume marker, during which blood and dialysate samples were taken repeatedly and analyzed for RISA, creatinine, urea, phosphate, glucose, standard bicarbonate, lactate, and pH. The permeability surface area product (PS) for small solutes (and A0/ΔX; “area parameter”) was calculated. Clearance (Cl) of RISA to plasma (P) (Cl→P), “direct lymphatic absorption,” and total Cl of RISA out of the peritoneal cavity (Clout) were also determined. Results The 13 patients using N, compared to GT, displayed an increased daily UF, the difference being 233 mL (p < 0.05). The pH values of N were higher during the first 90 minutes of the 4-hour dwell compared to the pH values of GT. Neither the small solute PS values nor RISA determined UF, nor did body weight differ significantly between the GT and the N periods. Conclusions A new bicarbonate/lactate-buffered solution, N, with neutral pH (of 7.2) and low in GDP seems to produce an improved UF compared to a lactate-buffered solution with a pH of 6.3, equally low in GDP, partly in agreement with our earlier predictions. A dialysis solution with a neutral pH combined with a reduced lactate concentration, partially replaced by bicarbonate, evidently increases UF, conceivably by causing less peritoneal vasodilatation than solutions buffered by lactate or high concentrations of bicarbonate alone.
(T)Räume der Zusammenarbeit – Probleme und neue Ansätze der Sitzungsunterstützung (Rooms of Cooperation – Problems and New Approaches in Session Support)

Abstract Elektronische Gruppenarbeitsräume und ihre Wirkungen waren Anfang der 90er Jahre das wichtigste Thema der amerikanischen Wirtschaftsinformatikforschung. Dennoch hat sich diese Technologie bisher noch nicht durchgesetzt. Der Beitrag führt zuerst am Beispiel des Koblenzer CSCW-Labors in elektronische Gruppenarbeitsräume ein und fasst ihre wesent-lichen Wirkungen und Potentiale zusammen. Der Hauptteil des Beitrags analysiert möglichen Ursachen für die geringe Diffusion der Technologie und geht auf neuere Lösungsansätze ein. Dabei werden als Problembereiche behandelt: Stand der Technik, kritische Masse an Nutzern und Nutzungsgelegenheiten, Moderation und die Rolle des Moderators, kognitive Last und Einbettung in das organisatorische Umfeld sowie die physische Arbeitsumgebung.
The behavioural transition from straight to curve walking: kinetics of leg movement parameters and the initiation of turning

SUMMARY The control of locomotion requires the ability to adapt movement sequences to the behavioural context of the animal. In hexapod walking, adaptive behavioural transitions require orchestration of at least 18 leg joints and twice as many muscle groups. Although kinematics of locomotion has been studied in several arthropod species and in a range of different behaviours, almost nothing is known about the transition from one behavioural state to another. Implicitly, most studies on context-dependency assume that all parameters that undergo a change during a behavioural transition do so at the same rate. The present study tests this assumption by analysing the sequence of kinematic events during turning of the stick insect Carausius morosus, and by measuring how the time courses of the changing parameters differ between legs. Turning was triggered reliably at a known instant in time by means of the optomotor response to large-field visual motion. Thus, knowing the start point of the transition, the kinematic parameters that initiate turning could be ranked according to their time constants. Kinematics of stick insect walking vary considerably among trials and within trials. As a consequence, the behavioural states of straight walking and curve walking are described by the distributions of 13 kinematic parameters per leg and of orientation angles of head and antennae. The transitions between the behavioural states are then characterised by the fraction of the variance within states by which these distributions differ, and by the rate of change of the corresponding time courses. The antennal optomotor response leads that of the locomotor system. Visually elicited turning is shown to be initiated by stance direction changes of both front legs. The transition from straight to curve walking in stick insects follows different time courses for different legs, with time constants of kinematic parameters ranging from 1.7 s to more than 3 s. Therefore, turning is a behavioural transition that involves a characteristic orchestration of events rather than synchronous parallel actions with a single time constant.
Human Action Recognition from Body-Part Directional Velocity Using Hidden Markov Models

This paper introduces a novel approach for early recognition of human actions using 3D skeleton joints extracted from 3D depth data. We propose a novel, frame-by-frame and real-time descriptor called Body-part Directional Velocity (BDV) calculated by considering the algebraic velocity produced by different body-parts. A real-time Hidden Markov Models algorithm with Gaussian Mixture Models state-output distributions is used to carry out the classification. We show that our method outperforms various state-of-the-art skeleton-based human action recognition approaches on MSRAction3D and Florence3D datasets. We also proved the suitability of our approach for early human action recognition by deducing the decision from a partial analysis of the sequence.
Choosing Among Multiple Achievement Measures

Practitioners and researchers interested in understanding student achievement, its predictors, and how it relates to other student outcomes are likely unaware of how the source information about achievement may offer subtly different pictures. This study applies multitrait–multimethod (MTMM) confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) within a structural equation modeling (SEM) framework to student achievement data to demonstrate empirically how commonly used measures of student achievement may reflect different information about student performance. Using student population-level data from a single state, this study presents a robust demonstration of the similarities and differences among three commonly used achievement measures—American College Testing (ACT) scores, state test scores, and grade point average (GPA). Results show that state assessment scores and ACT scores measured a similar achievement construct, whereas student grades reflected less of the achievement construct and a higher level of method effects. Possible sources of the similarities and differences among different achievement measures are discussed, along with implications for measurement among gifted students.
Size Exclusion Chromatography of Cellulose and Cellulose Derivatives

Approximately 2 X 10 ton biomass is produced on land and in water annually (l). Cellulose is the principal structural material in the cell wall of all plants (2). In addition, cellulose can be found in algae, bacteria, and animals (tunicates). Assuming that the average source contains 50% cellulose (Table 1) (35), then approximately 1 X 10 ton cellulose is formed each year. This makes cellulose the most important renewable resource in the world. Cellulose and its derivatives have been and are commercially and scientifically important. They are used in the production of paper; textiles and fibers (e.g., rayon); films (e.g., cellophane); gums and thickeners (e.g., cellulose ethers); foods; pharmaceuticals; cosmetics; explosives and propellants (e.g., nitrocellulose); and adhesives. In addition, the hydrolysis of cellulose is actively being studied as raw material for the production of alcohol fuels (6) and chemicals (7). As nonrenewable materials are depleted, the importance of cellulose as a chemical raw material will increase. Analysis and characterization of any
Transferrable Resistance to Tobramycin in Klebsiella pneumoniae and Enterobacter cloacae Associated with Enzymatic Acetylation of Tobramycin

Among gram-negative bacilli isolated from burn wound cultures, some strains of Enterobacteriaceae were resistant to tobramycin (minimal inhibitory concentration [MIC]≥ 20 μg/ml) but susceptible to gentamicin (MIC ≤ 5 μg/ml). One Klebsiella pneumoniae and two Enterobacter cloacae strains were selected for studies on their mechanisms of resistance to aminoglycoside antibiotics. Resistance to high concentrations of tobramycin (MICs of 25 to 50 μg/ml) was conjugally transferred to a susceptible Escherichia coli strain at rates of 1.2 × 10−4 to 2.8 to 10−4 per donor cell, suggesting that resistance is controlled by R factors. Resistances to tobramycin, kanamycin, and neomycin were cotransferred. Enzymatic activities were present that acetylated tobramycin, gentamicin, and kanamycin in osmotic lysates from the donor and transcipient strains. Enzymatic adenylylation of these aminoglycosides was not observed. The aminoglycoside-acetylating activities from K. pneumoniae and E. cloacae resembled kanamycin acetyltransferase (KAT) in their specificity for aminoglycoside substrates. Not all isolates of bacteria that produce KAT are resistant to tobramycin, but the factors that determine susceptibility or resistance to tobramycin in KAT-producing bacteria have not yet been established.
Layover Solution in SAR Imaging: A Statistical Approach

In this letter, a statistical-based approach to recover layover solution in synthetic aperture radar (SAR) images is proposed. The aim of this letter is to develop a methodology in order to separate different scattering contributions collapsed in a single SAR image pixel. After a brief discussion about layover, the proposed model is presented, followed by a discussion about achievable performances using Cramer-Rao lower bounds. In the final part of this letter, the performances of a maximum likelihood estimator are evaluated in a simulated data scenario, showing the effectiveness of the method.
Quality of life impact as outcome in burns patients.

PURPOSE Severe burns have not only physical but also psychological consequences both during and after hospitalisation. By identifying the mainly impaired areas of a patient's quality of life (QoL), specific psychological support programmes can be provided. The assessment of subjectively perceived QoL impairment can also provide an indicator of the outcome of the medical and psychological treatment. METHOD This study used the Sickness Impact Profile (SIP) to investigate QoL in 30 burned patients after discharge and again three months' later. RESULTS At the first assessment, both the physical and psychological dimensions were significantly impaired, although there was an improvement at the 3-month follow-up, particularly in the physical dimension. Data suggest that there are QoL areas that appear to be compromised in burn patients. Even after hospital discharge, the burn injury causes major limitations that extend well beyond the physical area and involve emotional, social and relational aspects. Nevertheless, most of the categories in the physical dimension tend to improve during follow-up and, three months after the first administration, the predominant limitations are in emotional behaviour and sleep and rest in the psychosocial dimension. The SIP score matched for depth and extent of burns show that females were in poorer health than males. At the first administration, gender-related differences were particularly marked in Ambulation (p = .005), Body Care and Movement (p = .004), Home Management (p = .013), Mobility (p = .011), Physical Dimension (p = .004) and the QoL general score (p = .031). Although all of these areas had improved by the time of the retest, the gender-related differences remained. The categories assessed with the Psychosocial Dimension of SIP did not correlate with the clinical parameters of the burn, whereas those pertaining to the Physical Dimension did. CONCLUSION Multidisciplinary support for burn patients appears to be necessary even many months after hospital discharge.
Modes of Network Governance: Structure, Management, and Effectiveness

This article examines the governance of organizational networks and the impact of governance on network effectiveness. Three basic models, or forms, of network governance are developed focusing on their distinct structural properties. Propositions are formulated examining conditions for the effectiveness of each form. The tensions inherent in each form are then discussed, followed by the role that management may play in addressing these tensions. Finally, the evolution of governance is explored.
The Consequences of Cross-Cutting Networks for Political Participation

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Mixture Tracking of Multiple Fingers Image in Omnidirection Camera for Human Friendly Interface

Aiming at human friendly user interface using omnidirection camera by holding it with fingers, we propose a method to track fingers in the image using particle filters. Mixture tracking is employed as a particle filtering method since it can track multiple modes of posterior distribution effectively leading to the ability to track multiple fingers in the image. We also propose a sequential labeling technique for clustering the particles in the framework of mixture tracking. This effectively classifies the particles into each finger in the image. Tracking performance has been demonstrated in real images of omnidirection camera.
Identification of dynamin 2, an isoform ubiquitously expressed in rat tissues.

Dynamin is a 100-kDa microtubule-activated GTPase originally isolated from mammalian brain that has been proposed to be crucial in the early steps of endocytosis. Previous studies on the primary structure, biochemical properties, and functional role of dynamin indicated that it was neuron-specific. However, using an antibody against a synthetic peptide representing an enzymatic region of rat brain dynamin (D100), we identified a 100-kDa protein doublet in rat liver, suggesting that dynamin exists as different isoforms that are distinct from the brain counterpart. We then initiated a search for distinctive dynamin isoforms with antibodies and cDNA probes. A 500-bp PCR-generated cDNA probe corresponding to the enzymatic region of the rat brain dynamin-encoding gene was used to isolate six overlapping clones from a rat liver cDNA library that together span the complete coding sequence of another dynamin gene, "Dyn2. " Sequence analyses reveal that dynamin 2 (Dyn2) is 75% identical to brain dynamin at the DNA level and is 79% identical at the protein level. By Northern blot analysis and isoform-specific PCR, Dyn2 was found ubiquitously in adult rat tissues as two transcripts of 3.5 kb and 4 kb; the highest levels were found in testis. These results indicate that dynamin proteins are encoded by at least two genes expressed differentially in mammalian tissues and that the expression of Dyn2, and not of brain dynamin, accounts for the ubiquitous distribution of dynamin in rat tissues.
Graphics image coding for freeze-frame videoconferencing

A technique is presented for coding images that are bilevel in nature but have been captured in continuous-tone format. Following various stages of image processing, a three-level image is generated, and compressed to about 0.1 to 0.2 b/pixel. The technique has been implemented in the IBM freeze-frame videoconferencing system. >
An Evolutionary Robotics 3D model for autonomous MAVs navigation, target tracking and group coordination

The work presented herein describes an application of Evolutionary Robotics controller design methodologies to the domain of Micro-unmanned Aerial Vehicles (MAVs). The aim of this paper is to extend and validate preliminary results obtained through a simplified 2D simulator, to a more realistic 3D model. After a technical introduction of the newly developed simulation model, the results generated by three different experimental setups - all of them focused on autonomous navigation toward a specific target area - are described. The first scenario simply involves a single MAV navigating through a plain environment toward a non-movable target. In the second setup the target is able to move away, at different speeds, when approached by the aircraft. Finally, in the third scenario, teams consisting of more than one MAV are employed; the team members have to coordinate among themselves - exploiting implicit communication strategies - in order to reach the target at the same time. The nature of the tasks studied requires a high level of accuracy by the controllers, something which is not common in most of the ER literature.
Many-Objective Comparison of Twelve Grid Scheduling Heuristics

Different class of stakeholders of Computational Grid has their own perspective and preferences, which result in different, often contradictory, criteria for scheduling (main step of grid resource management). To increase the level of satisfaction of different class of stakeholders grid management system must use the scheduling heuristic, which provides compromise solution (i.e. a compromise schedule) using the many conflicting objectives. Present work analysed, conflicting as well as harmonious, interactions of Many-Objectives and performed many objective comparison to find the most suited heuristics out of the twelve popular heuristics by1Visualization objectives of using 3D Bar Chart and Radar Chart in manner suggested, 2Non-dominated Ranking of Heuristics and 3-Qualitative Comparison. Emphasis is given to computation time taken by heuristics.