Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Composition Dependence of the Band Gap and Doping in Cu 2 O -Based Alloys as Predicted by an Extension of the Dilute-Defect Model

Tuning the opto-electronic properties through alloying is essential for semiconductor technology. Currently, mostly isovalent and isostructural alloys are used (e.g., group-IV and III-V), but a vast and unexplored space of novel functional materials is conceivable when considering more complex alloys by mixing aliovalent and heterostructural constituents. The real challenge lies in the quantitative property prediction for such complex alloys to guide their experimental exploration. We developed an approach to predict compositional dependence of both band-structure and electrical properties from ab-initio calculations by extending conventional dilute defect model to higher (al-loy) concentrations. Considering alloying of aliovalent (Mg, Zn, Cd) cations and isovalent anions (S, Se) into Cu 2 O, we predict tunability of band-gap energies and doping levels over a wide range, including the type conversion from p- to n-type. Initial synthesis and characterization of Zn and Se substituted Cu 2 O support the defect model, suggesting these alloys as promising novel oxide semiconductor materials.
Identification of 3D wood grain angle by directional reflection measurement

Abstract Wood grain direction is an important quality-controlling feature of wood. It strongly affects wood strength, so much so that a 15-degree grain angle deviation can cause a 50% strength loss. Thus, grain angle measurement can provide a powerful means of wood strength grading in sawmills. The measurement method used here is a further development of an optical technique investigated previously but not much implemented in practice because of the complex sensor setup required. The method involves measuring the directional distribution of reflected light from the wood surface when illuminated by a laser spot. The grain structure of the wood causes the light to reflect preferentially in the cross-grain direction. The technique is of particular interest because it measures the 3D angle of the wood grain, comprising both the surface (in-plane) and dive (out-of-plane) grain angles. The measurement procedure developed here uses a digital camera to measure the reflected light distribution and thereby to identify wood grain direction. Measurements with a prototype system on straight-grain lodgepole pine specimens with dive angles in a range 0–10° gave dive angle measurements with an accuracy of approximately one degree, with similarly accurate surface angle measurements up to a 6° dive angle.
High expression of FLT3 is a risk factor in leukemia

Several studies have shown that internal tandem duplication (ITD) of FMS-like tyrosine kinase 3 (FLT3) can result in the failure of leukemia treatment and contribute to a poor prognosis. However, the role of the overexpression of FLT3 in leukemia remains to be fully elucidated. By mining public database, the present study first identified that the expression of FLT3 in leukemia was markedly higher, compared with that in other types of tumor and cell lines, indicating that FLT3 is important in leukemia. In leukemia, FLT3 was found to be significantly upregulated in acute myeloid leukemia and acute lymphoblastic leukemia, and a high expression of FLT3 contributed to reduced survival rates. By analyzing Gene Expression Omnibus and The Cancer Genome Atlas data, it was found that genetic alterations and modification of DNA methylation increased the expression of FLT3 in leukemia. FLT3-ITD and FLT3 tyrosine kinase domain point mutations increased the expression of FLT3 in four independent datasets. In addition, the status of FLT3 gene methylation was negatively correlated with the expression of FLT3, and haploinsufficiency of DNA methyltransferase 1 increased the expression of Flt3 in mouse leukemia cells. By analyzing the enrichment of differentially-expressed genes in chemical and genetic perturbation datasets, it was found that genes, which were upregulated in the FLT3 high expression group had myeloid lymphoid leukemia- and nucleophosmin 1-like signatures, indicating that the overexpression of FLT3 may use the same mechanism to promote leukemia. Collectively, the results of the present study showed that the overexpression of FLT3 is a potential risk factor in leukemia.
Towards a Universal Music Symbol Classifier

Optical Music Recognition (OMR) aims to recognize and understand written music scores. With the help of Deep Learning, researchers were able to significantly improve the stateof- the-art in this research area. However, Deep Learning requires a substantial amount of annotated data for supervised training. Various datasets have been collected in the past, but without a common standard that defines data formats and terminology, combining them is a challenging task. In this paper we present our approach towards unifying multiple datasets into the largest currently available body of over 90000 musical symbols that belong to 79 classes, containing both handwritten and printed music symbols. A universal music symbol classifier, trained on such a dataset using Deep Learning, can achieve an accuracy that exceeds 98%.
Spontaneous oscillation and fluid–structure interaction of cilia

Significance Motile cilia are hair-like structures that extend from the surfaces of eukaryotic cells and pump fluid. The motor protein dynein drives the motion of cilia, but it is unclear how the organized beat of a cilium emerges from the combined action of hundreds of dynein molecules. Here, we describe how the molecular architecture of a cilium constrains its possible motion, and we postulate a dynamical law that governs the dynein tensions. Based on this constraint and dynamical law, we construct a model cilium that beats spontaneously. Simulation of multiple copies of this model in fluid reveals that an array of cilia spontaneously breaks synchrony and adopts multiple phases and that such symmetry breaking is helpful in producing net fluid transport. The exact mechanism to orchestrate the action of hundreds of dynein motor proteins to generate wave-like ciliary beating remains puzzling and has fascinated many scientists. We present a 3D model of a cilium and the simulation of its beating in a fluid environment. The model cilium obeys a simple geometric constraint that arises naturally from the microscopic structure of a real cilium. This constraint allows us to determine the whole 3D structure at any instant in terms of the configuration of a single space curve. The tensions of active links, which model the dynein motor proteins, follow a postulated dynamical law, and together with the passive elasticity of microtubules, this dynamical law is responsible for the ciliary motions. In particular, our postulated tension dynamics lead to the instability of a symmetrical steady state, in which the cilium is straight and its active links are under equal tensions. The result of this instability is a stable, wave-like, limit cycle oscillation. We have also investigated the fluid–structure interaction of cilia using the immersed boundary (IB) method. In this setting, we see not only coordination within a single cilium but also, coordinated motion, in which multiple cilia in an array organize their beating to pump fluid, in particular by breaking phase synchronization.
ModelFactory: A Matlab/Octave based toolbox to create human body models

Background: Model-based analysis of movements can help better understand human motor control. Here, the models represent the human body as an articulated multi-body system that reflects the characteristics of the human being studied. Results: We present an open-source toolbox that allows for the creation of human models with easy-to-setup, customizable configurations. The toolbox scripts are written in Matlab/Octave and provide a command-based interface as well as a graphical interface to construct, visualize and export models. Built-in software modules provide functionalities such as automatic scaling of models based on subject height and weight, custom scaling of segment lengths, mass and inertia, addition of body landmarks, and addition of motion capture markers. Users can set up custom definitions of joints, segments and other body properties using the many included examples as templates. In addition to the human, any number of objects (e.g. exoskeletons, orthoses, prostheses, boxes) can be added to the modeling environment. Conclusions: The ModelFactory toolbox is published as open-source software under the permissive zLib license. The toolbox fulfills an important function by making it easier to create human models, and should be of interest to human movement researchers. This document is the author's version of this article.
Co-Opt or Coexist? A Study of Medical Cannabis Dispensaries' Identity-Based Responses to Recreational-Use Legalization in Colorado and Washington

When recreational cannabis dispensaries first entered the U.S. market in 2014, how did incumbent medical cannabis dispensaries react? Did they emphasize their distinct identity as medical providers, distancing themselves from recreational dispensaries and those consumers who consume cannabis recreationally? Or did they downplay their medical orientation to compete directly for potential resources? In this study, we propose that how incumbent organizations position their identities in response to increasing competition from an emerging rival form depends on key audiences’ acceptance of the new form. Using data on the evolving cannabis markets in the states of Colorado and Washington during the year following the initial emergence of the recreational category, we find a sharpening of identity among medical dispensaries in communities with low voter support for recreational-use legalization. Medical dispensaries accentuated the medical orientation of their identities as recreational dispensaries increasingly.
OrionPlanning: Improving modularization and checking consistency on software architecture

Many techniques have been proposed in the literature to support architecture definition, conformance, and analysis. However, there is a lack of adoption of such techniques by the industry. Previous work have analyzed this poor support. Specifically, former approaches lack proper analysis techniques (e.g., detection of architectural inconsistencies), and they do not provide extension and addition of new features. In this paper, we present ORIONPLANNING, a prototype tool to assist refactorings at large scale. The tool provides support for model-based refactoring operations. These operations are performed in an interactive visualization. The contributions of the tool consist in: (i) providing iterative modifications in the architecture, and (ii) providing an environment for architecture inspection and definition of dependency rules. We evaluate ORIONPLANNING against practitioners' requirements on architecture definition listed in a previous survey. We also evaluate the tool in a concrete example of software remodularization.
Structure, morphology, thermal, and electro-magnetic shielding properties of polystyrene microsphere/polyaniline/multi-walled carbon nanotube nanocomposite

In this work, polystyrene microspheres (PSMS) and PSMS-based polymer nanocomposites have been prepared. PSMS were first synthesized by dispersion polymerization of styrene monomer. The microsphere-coated-multi-walled carbon nanotube (PSMS/MWCNT) nanocomposite was prepared by incorporating MWCNT into PSMS matrix. Aniline monomer was then introduced by means of in situ oxidative polymerization (PANI) route to PSMS, MWCNT, and PSMS/MWCNT. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy depicted the composite formation of PANI and MWCNT with PSMS matrix. PANI polymer was successfully polymerized in PSMS matrix and on carbon nanotube walls. According to scanning electron microscopy, all nanocomposites exhibited core-shell morphology. Glass transition temperature (Tg) of PSMS/PANI, PANI/MWCNT, and PSMS/PANI/MWCNT were found as 245℃, 287℃, and 289℃, while maximum decomposition temperature (Tmax) was 387℃, 575℃, and 580℃, respectively. Tetrahydrofuran was shown to be a suitable solvent for dispersing the nanocomposite. Toluene can also be used as suitable solvent for these nanocomposites. X-ray diffraction analysis depicted amorphous form of PSMS; however, PANI and MWCNT reduced the amorphous nature of the microspheres. PANI/MWCNT showed the highest crystallinity among all nanocomposites. Moreover, PSMS/PANI/MWCNT nanocomposite revealed electromagnetic interference shielding effectiveness of ∼23.2 dB.
Trees as methane sources: A case study of West Siberian South taiga

Within this study, we were measuring methane emission from the tree trunks, leaves and branches in the seasonally flooded forest and in the forested bogs (pine-shrub-sphagnum ecosystems or “ryams”) in south taiga zone of Western Siberia. Our results suggest that the tree trunks may act as a methane conductor from the soil to the atmosphere bypassing the methanotrophically active zones of soil. The tree methane flux depends on a trunk diameter and an ecosystem type. The average methane emission from tree trunks was 0.0061±0.0003 mg CH4·m-2·h-1 per unit of ground area. The methane emission from branches and leaves was zero.
Anomalous diffusion of a penetrant in a viscoelastic polymer: Modelling and testing

It is now well known that Fick's Law is frequently inadequate for describing penetrant diffusion in polymers or polymer composites. Non-Fickian or anomalous diffusion typically occurs when the rates of diffusion and viscoelastic relaxation in a polymer are comparable, and the ambient temperature is below the glass transition temperature [T g ] of the polymer. As a result, it is necessary to take into account the time-dependent response of a polymer, analogous to viscoelastic relaxation of mechanical properties, in constructing such a model. In this paper, a simple yet robust methodology is proposed that would allow characterization of non-Fickian diffusion coefficients from penetrant weight gain data for a polymer below its T g . Reduced absorption plots are used to verify the thickness independence of the diffusivity data. Subsequently, these diffusion coefficients are used for predicting penetrant concentration profiles through the thickness of a polymer. Penetrant weight gain data at different temperatures for an epoxy and a urethane adhesive specimen is employed to test the model.
Pneumococcal Infections

one of the centres selected by the Therapeutic Trials Committee of the Medical Research Council to study the effect of Type I and Type II antisera on the corresponding type of pneumonia. Serum therapy in the treatment of pneumonia had been adumbrated as long ago as 1891 by the Brothers Klemperer and Emmerich and Fowitzky, but it was only in the 1920's that any serious attempt had been made to evaluate this method. So far some improvement had been reported in Type I cases and doubtful reactions with Type II. It was thus our first duty to let the clinicians know as soon as possible if Types I or II pneumococci were responsible for the pneumonia cases under their care. The result of this trial has been reported elsewhere and requires no further reference here. Up till now, typing had depended on the intraperitoneal inoculation of a mouse with a subsequent agglutination test on the peritoneal exudate. At this point, however, our interest received a further stimulus when, in 1932, Armstrong, simultaneously with Logan and Smeall (of this department) pointed out that pneumonic sputum could in many cases be typed directly by the admixture of sputum and anti-
Cooperation in stochastic games through communication

The application of reinforcement learning principles to the search of equilibrium policies in stochastic games (SGs) has met with some success ([3], [4], [2]). The key insight of this approach is that each agent can learn his own ß-discounted reward equilibrium policy by keeping track of Q-values of all the agents including himself, and considering the Q-value matrix for each state as his payoff matrix. Each agent sees what actions other agents take, and what payoffs they receive. There is some evidence that in practice, agents that do not observe the actions and payoffs of other agents (hereby denoted as imperfectly observing agents), can still learn adversarial equilibrium (AE) policies in general-sum SGs ([1]) using naive Q-learning. Considering the Prisoners' Dilemma stage game (Table 1) as an abstraction of a SG, this implies that, even by ignoring other agents' play, agents still learn to play DD, which is the adversarial equilibrium joint action. The payoff received in DD can be thought of as each agent's security level.
Cell-Phone-Based Platform for Biomedical Device Development and Education Applications

In this paper we report the development of two attachments to a commercial cell phone that transform the phone's integrated lens and image sensor into a 350× microscope and visible-light spectrometer. The microscope is capable of transmission and polarized microscopy modes and is shown to have 1.5 micron resolution and a usable field-of-view of 150×150 with no image processing, and approximately 350×350 when post-processing is applied. The spectrometer has a 300 nm bandwidth with a limiting spectral resolution of close to 5 nm. We show applications of the devices to medically relevant problems. In the case of the microscope, we image both stained and unstained blood-smears showing the ability to acquire images of similar quality to commercial microscope platforms, thus allowing diagnosis of clinical pathologies. With the spectrometer we demonstrate acquisition of a white-light transmission spectrum through diffuse tissue as well as the acquisition of a fluorescence spectrum. We also envision the devices to have immediate relevance in the educational field.
The transgenerational effect of maternal and paternal F1 low birth weight on bone health of second and third generation offspring

Abstract Low birth weight programs diseases in adulthood, including adverse bone health. These diseases can have intergenerational and transgenerational origins, whereby transmission to subsequent generations occurs via both parental lines. Uteroplacental insufficiency surgery (Restricted) or sham surgery (Control) was performed on gestational day 18, in F0 Wistar–Kyoto rats. F1 Restricted males and females mated with breeders in order to generate F2 offspring of maternal and paternal lineages. F2 males and females were randomly selected for breeding to generate F3 offspring. F2 and F3 offspring did not have differences in birth weight irrespective of F1 low birth weight and parental line. Maternal line females had minor alterations to trabecular content and density at 6 months, these differences were not sustained at 12 months. Maternal line males had changes to trabecular content at 6 and 12 months; however, differences were no longer present at 16 months. Despite altered bone geometry at 12 and 16 months, bending strength remained unaffected at both ages. Bone health of paternal line females was not affected at 6 and 12 months. Paternal line males at 6 months had changes to trabecular and cortical content; cortical thickness, periosteal circumference and bending strength; however, these differences were no longer sustained at 12 and 16 months. Our data demonstrate that there is no transgenerational transmission of adverse bone health in F2 and F3 offspring, derived from low F1 birth weight females and males. Our results are novel, as bone health across generations and both parental lines has not been investigated in a model of low birth weight due to uteroplacental insufficiency.
Towards Biochar and Hydrochar Engineering—Influence of Process Conditions on Surface Physical and Chemical Properties, Thermal Stability, Nutrient Availability, Toxicity and Wettability

The impact of conversion process parameters in pyrolysis (maximum temperature, inert gas flow rate) and hydrothermal carbonization (maximum temperature, residence time and post-washing) on biochar and hydrochar properties is investigated. Pine wood (PW) and corn digestate (CD), with low and high inorganic species content respectively, are used as feedstock. CD biochars show lower H/C ratios, thermal recalcitrance and total specific surface area than PW biochars, but higher mesoporosity. CD and PW biochars present higher naphthalene and phenanthrene contents, respectively, which may indicate different reaction pathways. High temperatures (>500 °C) lead to lower PAH (polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons) content (<12 mg/kg) and higher specific surface area. With increasing process severity the biochars carbon content is also enhanced, as well as the thermal stability. High inert gas flow rates increase the microporosity and wettability of biochars. In hydrochars the high inorganic content favor decarboxylation over dehydration reactions. Hydrochars show mainly mesoporosity, with a higher pore volume but generally lower specific surface area than biochars. Biochars present negligible availability of NO 3 − and NH 4 + , irrespective of the nitrogen content of the feedstock. For hydrochars, a potential increase in availability of NO 3 − , NH 4 + , PO 4 3 − , and K + with respect to the feedstock is possible. The results from this work can be applied to “engineer” appropriate biochars with respect to soil demands and certification requirements.
The Contribution of Different Components in QiShenYiQi Pills® to Its Potential to Modulate Energy Metabolism in Protection of Ischemic Myocardial Injury

Ischemic heart diseases remain a challenge for clinicians. QiShenYiQi pills® (QSYQ) has been reported to be curative during coronary heart diseases with modulation of energy metabolism as one of the underlying mechanisms. In this study, we detected the effect of QSYQ and its components on rat myocardial structure, mitochondrial respiratory chain complexes activity and energy metabolism, and heart function after 30 min of cardiac ischemia, with focusing on the contribution of each component to its potential to regulate energy metabolism. Results showed that treatment with QSYQ and all its five components protected myocardial structure from damage by ischemia. QSYQ also attenuated release of myocardial cTnI, and restored the production of ATP after cardiac ischemia. AS-IV and Rb1, but not Rg1, R1, and DLA, had similar effect as QSYQ in regulation of energy metabolism. These results indicate that QSYQ may prevent ischemia-induced cardiac injury via regulation of energy metabolism, to which each of its components contributes differently.