Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Do Strong Web Passwords Accomplish Anything?

We find that traditional password advice given to users is somewhat dated. Strong passwords do nothing to protect online users from password stealing attacks such as phishing and keylogging, and yet they place considerable burden on users. Passwords that are too weak of course invite brute-force attacks. However, we find that relatively weak passwords, about 20 bits or so, are sufficient to make brute-force attacks on a single account unrealistic so long as a "three strikes" type rule is in place. Above that minimum it appears that increasing password strength does little to address any real threat. If a larger credential space is needed it appears better to increase the strength of the userID's rather than the passwords. For large institutions this is just as effective in deterring bulk guessing attacks and is a great deal better for users. For small institutions there appears little reason to require strong passwords for online accounts.
Rayleigh‐Taylor instability under a shear stress free top boundary condition and its relevance to removal of mantle lithosphere from beneath the Sierra Nevada

The separation of zones of apparent downwelling flow at the ends of the Sierra Nevada suggests a relatively large wavelength (∼500 km) of unstable growth, but Rayleigh‐Taylor instabilities for plausible rheological structures with a fixed top boundary condition require much shorter wavelengths (<100 km) for maximum growth rates. To understand this difference, we analyze analytical solutions and perform numerical 2‐D plane strain experiments for Rayleigh‐Taylor instability of a dense layer overlying a less dense substratum, representing the instability between the mantle lithosphere and the underlying asthenosphere, focusing on the effects of a shear stress free boundary condition at the top. The overall effect of this condition is an enhancement of growth rate factors at long wavelengths, which depends greatly on the exponential viscosity variation with depth of the layer. With large or little variation across the unstable layer, the solutions approximate those with a fixed top boundary condition or for constant viscosity, respectively. An intermediate zone showing the enhanced growth rates includes ratios of layer thickness to viscosity e‐folding length, h/L, of ∼1–8 for Newtonian viscosity and ∼1–4 for nonlinear viscosity. The free top condition is likely applicable to geologic situations where the lower crust is weak. Olivine flow laws and low‐temperature estimates at 35 km depth (255–355°C) place the Sierra Nevada viscosity scaling ratio, h/L, between 5 and 9. Thus longer wavelengths than commonly assumed for Rayleigh‐Taylor instabilities seem permissible when viscosity decreases with depth and the top surface of the layer is only weakly constrained.
Arabidopsis RAR1 Exerts Rate-Limiting Control of R Gene–Mediated Defenses against Multiple Pathogens Article, publication date, and citation information can be found at www.plantcell.org/cgi/doi/10.1105/tpc.001040.

We have identified the Arabidopsis ortholog of barley RAR1 as a component of resistance specified by multiple nucleotide binding/Leu-rich repeat resistance (R) genes recognizing different bacterial and oomycete pathogen isolates. Characterization of partially and fully defective rar1 mutations revealed that wild-type RAR1 acts as a rate-limiting regulator of early R gene–triggered defenses, determining the extent of pathogen containment, hypersensitive plant cell death, and an oxidative burst at primary infection sites. We conclude that RAR1 defense signaling function is conserved between plant species that are separated evolutionarily by 150 million years. RAR1 encodes a protein with two zinc binding (CHORD) domains that are highly conserved across eukaryotic phyla, and the single nematode CHORD-containing homolog, Chp, was found previously to be essential for embryo viability. An absence of obvious developmental defects in null Arabidopsis rar1 mutants favors the notion that, in contrast, RAR1 does not play a fundamental role in plant development.
Atopic Dermatitis: Natural History, Diagnosis, and Treatment

Atopic dermatitis is an inflammatory skin disease with early onset and with a lifetime prevalence of approximately 20%. The aetiology of atopic dermatitis is unknown, but the recent discovery of filaggrin mutations holds promise that the progression of atopic dermatitis to asthma in later childhood may be halted. Atopic dermatitis is not always easily manageable and every physician should be familiar with the fundamental aspects of treatment. This paper gives an overview of the natural history, clinical features, and treatment of atopic dermatitis.
Molecular cloning, expression, and characterization of endoglucanase genes from Fibrobacter succinogenes AR1

A cosmid gene library was constructed in Escherichia coli from genomic DNA isolated from the ruminal anaerobe Fibrobacter succinogenes AR1. Clones were screened on carboxymethyl cellulose, and 8 colonies that produced large clearing zones and 25 colonies that produced small clearing zones were identified. Southern blot hybridization revealed the existence of at least three separate genes encoding cellulase activity. pRC093, which is representative of cosmid clones that produce large clearing zones, was subcloned in pGem-1, and the resulting hybrid pRCEH directed synthesis of endoglucanase activity localized on a 2.1-kb EcoRI-HindIII insert. Activity was expressed from this fragment when it was cloned in both orientations in pGem-1 and pGem-2, indicating that F. succinogenes promoters functioned successfully in E. coli. A high level of endoglucanase activity was detected on acid-swollen cellulose, ball-milled cellulose, and carboxymethyl cellulose; and a moderate level was detected on filter paper, Avicel, lichenan, and xylan. Most activity (80%) was localized in the periplasm of E. coli, with low but significant levels (16%) being detected in the extracellular medium. The periplasmic endoglucanase had an estimated molecular weight of 46,500, had an optimum temperature of 39 degrees C, and exhibited activity over a broad pH range, with a maximum at pH 5.0.
Abandoned Object Detection Using Dual Background Model from Surveillance Videos

— with increase in threats and concerns in security, detection of suspicious activities in public areas has attracted an enormous level of attention. In general, video processing system are been employed for post-event analysis. However, there is a need to build an intelligent video surveillance system so as to find ways to prevent such events. The proposed system is used todetect the abandoned object from the surveillance videos with the use of dual background model. The division of video into frames is done and are pre-processed. In this approach, dual background method is used to subtract the foreground objects from the background, which generates two backgrounds called buffered background and current background. The foreground blobs are generated using subtraction of the two backgrounds and it is tracked to detect the abandoned objects. Tracking is done by maintaining a Track set which includes blobProperties, namely Area, Centroid, Major Axis length, Minor Axis Length and Convex Area, and two separate count set. The system is tested on various videoswhich are publically available.
Toxin Entry: Retrograde Transport through the Secretory Pathway

The synthesis, segregation, intracellular transport, and exocytic export of secretory proteins in eukaryotic cells is now well understood. Synthesis begins on free cytosolic ribosomes that subsequently attach to the ER, resulting in the cotranslational discharge of the nascent proteins into the ER lumen. The targeting signals and the cytosolic and ER membrane components that mediate the translocation step have been extensively characterized and reviewed (for example, see 29). The ER lumen contains a range of resident proteins responsible for modifying newly synthesized polypeptides, and for ensuring correct folding into the biologically active conformation (9). Secretion entails transport of the proteins from the ER, via the Golgi stack and the TGN, to secretory vesicles that ultimately fuse with the plasma membrane to complete protein export. The secretory pathway was elucidated by Palade and his colleagues (24). Protein transport between the various compartments of the secretory pathway is mediated by carrier vesicles that bud from one compartment and fuse with the next. Once again, many of the cellular components that are required for, and that regulate, vesicular transport have been identified, and the mechanisms by which cytoplasmic protein coats drive the individual transport steps are now emerging (31). It has been recognized for some time that the secretory pathway is at least partially reversible. For example, retrograde vesicular transport from the Golgi to the ER is needed to retrieve resident ER proteins that have escaped from this compartment (25), and endocytosis can transport proteins from the cell surface to the TGN (2), which is the cellular location where the secretory and endocytic pathways converge (31). ER resident proteins contain a retrieval signal, the COOH-terminal tetrapeptide Lys-Asp-Glu-Leu (KDEL),1 which binds to a membrane receptor in the cis-Golgi region and returns them to the ER. Indeed the KDEL receptor is capable of retrieving escaped ER resident proteins from as far along the secretory pathway as the TGN; an exogenous synthetic peptide with a COOH-terminal KDEL sequence, which was introduced into the TGN from the cell surface was subsequently transported to the ER lumen (20). Recently, it has become apparent that certain protein toxins follow this same route from the surface to the ER lumen. To reach their targets in the cytosol of mammalian cells the toxins apparently go one step further and cross the ER membrane. The emerging experimental evidence in support of this is reviewed here.
The influence of vessel movements on the energy expenditure of fishermen in relation to activities and occupational tasks on board.

BACKGROUND Previous studies of professional fishing activities have indicated that vessel movements correlate to fishermen's energy expenditure. We have previously demonstrated that even in calm weather, the heel and pitch significantly increase the fishermen's energy expenditure, ignoring the activities carried out on board. This continuation of the study goes further by exploring the relation between the exposure to the ship's movements and the fishermen's energy expenditure during various physical activities on board. MATERIALS AND METHODS Four fishermen on 2 contemporary steel trawlers recorded their work activities on an hourly basis during a 4 days fishing voyage. The energy expenditure was estimated with a body monitoring system (SenseWear Pro 3) carried as an armband, placed on the right upper arm. The vessels' movements were assessed by a gyroscope placed in the wheelhouse. The additional energy expenditure relative to the energy expenditure during sleep was recorded during activities such as navigation, fishing, and machine handling and was correlated to the vessels' recorded movements (pitch/roll). Data were analysed by linear regression. RESULTS Roll and pitch were less than 10o for both vessels during the voyages. The fishermen's energy expenditure differed with the tasks undertaken and correlated with the vessels' movements, but for navigation and fishing the correlation was only significant in the highest - fourth quartile of - pitch/roll. CONCLUSIONS This study has demonstrated that vessel's movements in calm weather increase the energy expenditure during navigation, fishing, and machine handling and that the relation differs in between these activities on board and rest.
Supporting Online Material Materials and Methods Som Text Figs. S1 and S2 Table S1 References and Notes the Coevolution of Parochial Altruism and War

emissions are not well known for lakes in these regions and are not included in our thermokarst-lake CH 4 emission estimate. Our calculations of CH 4 emission from thermokarst lakes are based on a conservative estimate of the extent of yedoma, namely its current distribution in north Siberia and the previously exposed adjacent continental shelves (total area: 1.9 × 10 6 km 2 at 15 kyr B.P.). Additional details are provided in the SOM Materials and Methods. A detailed survey of paleorecords (35) shows that a detectable YD warming occurred west of the Indigirka drainage in eastern Siberia and in southern Alaska, but continuous late-glacial warming characterized most sites in northeast Siberia and in northern and central Alaska. Paleoecological (27) and paleoclimate reconstructions of these regions (36) also suggest that northeast Siberia and northern and central Alaska experienced weak or no cooling during the YD. 30. Materials and methods are available as supporting material on Science Online. circumarctic map of yedoma and loess (Fig. 1) based on numerous information sources and strengthened the region-specific paleoclimate context of the article. S.A. Z. conducted the 2-year laboratory incubation of Siberian yedoma soils to determine CH 4 production potentials and worked with K.M. W. on the CH 4 calculations. developed models of the changing extent of late Quaternary yedoma, and G.G. constructed the map of yedoma area exposed during the post-LGM marine transgression. All authors contributed information to the thermokarst-lake initiation database from all sources known to us. Altruism—benefiting fellow group members at a cost to oneself—and parochialism—hostility toward individuals not of one's own ethnic, racial, or other group—are common human behaviors. The intersection of the two—which we term " parochial altruism " —is puzzling from an evolutionary perspective because altruistic or parochial behavior reduces one's payoffs by comparison to what one would gain by eschewing these behaviors. But parochial altruism could have evolved if parochialism promoted intergroup hostilities and the combination of altruism and parochialism contributed to success in these conflicts. Our game-theoretic analysis and agent-based simulations show that under conditions likely to have been experienced by late Pleistocene and early Holocene humans, neither parochialism nor altruism would have been viable singly, but by promoting group conflict, they could have evolved jointly. L ate 19th-century scientists as diverse as Charles Darwin (1) and Karl Pearson (2) recognized war as a powerful evolutionary force that might foster social solidarity and altruism toward the fellow members …
Core Standards of the EUBIROD Project

Summary Background: A set of core diabetes indicators were identified in a clinical review of current evidence for the EUBIROD project. In order to allow accurate comparisons of diabetes indicators, a standardised currency for data storage and aggregation was required. We aimed to define a robust European data dictionary with appropriate clinical definitions that can be used to analyse diabetes outcomes and provide the foundation for data collection from existing electronic health records for diabetes. Methods: Existing clinical datasets used by 15 partner institutions across Europe were collated and common data items analysed for consistency in terms of recording, data definition and units of measurement. Where necessary, data mappings and algorithms were specified in order to allow partners to meet the standard definitions. A series of descriptive elements were created to document metadata for each data item, including recording, consistency, completeness and quality. Results: While datasets varied in terms of consistency, it was possible to create a common standard that could be used by all. The minimum dataset defined 53 data items that were classified according to their feasibility and validity. Mappings and standardised definitions were used to create an electronic directory for diabetes care, providing the foundation for the EUBIROD data analysis repository, also used to implement the diabetes registry and model of care for Cyprus. Conclusions: The development of data dictionaries and standards can be used to improve the quality and comparability of health information. A data dictionary has been developed to be compatible with other existing data sources for diabetes, within and beyond Europe.
The Direct and Interactive Effects of Neighborhood Risk and Harsh Parenting on Childhood Externalizing and Internalizing Behavior

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Design of microstrip ultra-wideband/narrow-band bandpass quintplexer using distributed coupling technique

An ultra-wideband and narrow-band bandpass frequency quintplexer is presented in this paper. The quintplexer was fabricated in microstrip technology, which consists of a long distributed coupling feeding line, an ultra-wideband bandpass channel filter and four narrow-band bandpass channel filters. The ultra-wideband bandpass filter was developed with an extended upper stopband to accommodate the other four narrow-band bandpass channels. To validate the design concept, the quintplexer was designed, fabricated, and tested, where simulation results agree well with measurement results. The center frequencies and fractional bandwidths for each channels are 0.7 GHz (100%), 1.5 GHz (10.6%), 2.0 GHz (7%), 2.5 GHz (6.5%), and 3.0 GHz (6.7%).
Jasmonic acid induces resistance to economically important insect pests in winter wheat.

BACKGROUND Insect damage induces chemical changes in plants, and frequently these changes are part of a defensive response to the insect injury. Induced resistance was activated in winter wheat using a foliar application of synthetic jasmonic acid. Field trials were conducted to observe effects of jasmonic acid application on some wheat insects. Two wheat cultivars (Cubus and Tommi) were sprayed twice at growth stages (GS) 41 and 59 with two concentrations of jasmonic acid, along with control plots that were sprayed with water. RESULTS There was a significant difference in the number of thrips and wheat blossom midges (WBM) among treatments in both cultivars. Plants in control plots had higher numbers of thrips and midges than in treated plots. There were higher numbers of thrips in the Tommi cultivar than in the Cubus cultivar, while the latter had higher numbers of WBM larvae than the Tommi cultivar. There was a positive correlation between WBM numbers and infested kernels in both cultivars. This study also indicated that jasmonic acid enhances the wheat yield in sprayed plots compared with control plots. CONCLUSIONS The results indicate that jasmonic acid induced pest resistance in wheat plants and may act as a resistance mechanism of wheat against insect herbivores.
Quantitative and qualitative differences in morphological traits revealed between diploid Fragaria species.

BACKGROUND AND AIMS The aims of this investigation were to highlight the qualitative and quantitative diversity apparent between nine diploid Fragaria species and produce interspecific populations segregating for a large number of morphological characters suitable for quantitative trait loci analysis. METHODS A qualitative comparison of eight described diploid Fragaria species was performed and measurements were taken of 23 morphological traits from 19 accessions including eight described species and one previously undescribed species. A principal components analysis was performed on 14 mathematically unrelated traits from these accessions, which partitioned the species accessions into distinct morphological groups. Interspecific crosses were performed with accessions of species that displayed significant quantitative divergence and, from these, populations that should segregate for a range of quantitative traits were raised. KEY RESULTS Significant differences between species were observed for all 23 morphological traits quantified and three distinct groups of species accessions were observed after the principal components analysis. Interspecific crosses were performed between these groups, and F2 and backcross populations were raised that should segregate for a range of morphological characters. In addition, the study highlighted a number of distinctive morphological characters in many of the species studied. CONCLUSIONS Diploid Fragaria species are morphologically diverse, yet remain highly interfertile, making the group an ideal model for the study of the genetic basis of phenotypic differences between species through map-based investigation using quantitative trait loci. The segregating interspecific populations raised will be ideal for such investigations and could also provide insights into the nature and extent of genome evolution within this group.
Effect of service screening mammography on population mortality from breast carcinoma

Randomized clinical trials conducted over the past 40 years have produced more than ample proof of substantially reduced mortality rates from breast carcinoma among women offered screening mammography. For example, the Swedish Two-County Trial (1978 – 1985) found a 32% reduction in breast carcinoma mortality on 20-year follow-up of 77,080 women ages 40 –74 years at the time of their initial invitation to undergo screening. However, randomized clinical trials (RCTs) cannot directly answer several important questions. Consider the potential differences in interpretive expertise and quality control between the research setting of the RCT and the environment of everyday clinical practice. Can service screening performed in a clinical practice setting duplicate results obtained during the RCT’s? Realize the limitations in the design and analytic methods of the RCTs. Could these have led to underestimations of reductions in breast carcinoma mortality? Appreciate the improvements in mammographic equipment and technique since the era when RCTs were conducted. Will these allow for even greater benefits from screening performed today? Aside from addressing these questions, service screening studies can effectively refute the controversial claim by Gøtzsche and Olsen that RCT results were not valid because of supposed “flaws” in randomization and ascertainment of cause of death. By reducing breast carcinoma mortality rates in the Swedish population, service screening also can negate the much criticized study by Sjonell and Stahle that found no such outcome.