Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
The respiratory chains of Escherichia coli.

INTRODUCTION. 223 Ecological Considerations . 223 Scope of the Review . 223 OVERVIEW OF THE RESPIRATORY CHAIN PHENOTYPES . 224 FUMARATE REDUCTASE AND ITS ASSOCIATED RESPIRATORY CHAIN . 225 Introduction . 225 Uniqueness of Fumarate Reductase and Succinate Dehydrogenase . 226 Structure of Fumarate Reductase . 227 Organization in the Cytoplasmic Membrane . 228 Coupling of Electron Transport to the Generation of Ap and ATP Synthesis . 229 Other Electron Transport Chain Components Associated with Growth on Fumarate as Terminal Oxidant . 230 NITRATE REDUCTASE AND ITS ASSOCIATED RESPIRATORY CHAIN . 232 Introduction . 232 Structure of Nitrate Reductase . 233 Organization in the Cytoplasmic Membrane . 235 Genetics of Nitrate Reductase. 236 Coupling of Electron Transport to the Generation of Ap and ATP Synthesis . 237 Other Electron Transport Chain Components Associated with Growth on Nitrate as Terminal Oxidant. 237 OXYGEN-DEPENDENT RESPIRATORY CHAINS . 238 Cytochrome o . 238 Cytochrome d . 239 Cytochrome a, . 241 b-Type Cytochromes (Excluding Cytochrome o) . 242 Cytochrome c . 244 Mutants of Heme Biosynthesis . 244 The 503-nm Pigment . 244 Iron-Sulfur Centers of Aerobic Respiratory Chains. 245 NITRITE REDUCTASE . 245 TMAO REDUCTASE . 246 QUINONES. 247 THE DEHYDROGENASES . 247 Formate Dehydrogenase . 247 Introduction . 247 Genetics . 248 Purification and properties . 248 Organization and function . 248 NADH Dehydrogenase . 248 Transhydrogenase . 249 Succinate Dehydrogenase . 250 Lactate Dehydrogenases . 25
Isolated Word Recognition using Morph - Knowledge for Telugu Language

Building a speech recognition system for Indian languages is an open question and requires focus. This paper highlights on a new model for speech recognition system and uses syllable as the basic unit. This model has five phases, the first three phases focused on training the data and building Trie structure to reduce the time and space and the last two phases are for testing. Training includes, first phase for syllable extraction from text and speech and annotating data sets. Second phase focuses on building the three state model for each syllable unit and third phase, for building Trie structure using morph knowledge of Telugu language. Testing includes the fourth and fifth phase. Fourth phase is to mark the rough boundary of the syllable using the intensity of the signal and these sequence of syllables are recognized during fifth phase. The experiment is conducted on CIIL Telugu corpus and achieved good results in recognizing the words that were not used for training. For training we have used 300 words and for testing we recorded 100 new words and 80% of the words were recognized. General Terms Computer Science Speech Processing
Constraining Theories of Embodied Cognition

Influences of perceptual and motor activity on evaluation have led to theories of embodied cognition suggesting that putatively complex judgments can be carried out using only perceptual and motor representations. We present an experiment that revisited a movement-compatibility effect in which people are faster to respond to positive words by pulling a lever than by pushing a lever and are faster to respond to negative words by pushing than by pulling. We demonstrate that the compatibility effect depends on people's representation of their selves in space rather than on their physical location. These data suggest that accounting for embodied phenomena requires understanding the complex interplay between perceptual and motor representations and people's representations of their selves in space.
The neural retina maintains integrins in the apical membrane of the RPE early in development.

PURPOSE The retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) lines the interface between the neural retina and the choroid. Early in chicken development, the beta 1 family of integrins resides in the apical (facing the neural retina) and basolateral (facing the choroid) membranes of RPE. Later in development, integrins reside only in the basolateral membranes, which is more typical of simple transporting epithelia. The authors examined whether the distribution of integrins is regulated by the neural retina. METHODS Individual integrins were examined by studying the individual alpha-subunits that form heterodimers with the beta 1 subunit. The expression and distribution of these subunits were determined by immunoblotting and immunocytochemistry. RESULTS Subunits alpha 3 and alpha 6 exemplified contrasting behaviors. Early and late in development, alpha 3 was found only in the basal membranes. As was beta 1, the distribution of alpha 6 was nonpolarized early in development but was basal later in development. The effect of the immature neural retina was determined by reconstituting the RPE:neural retinal interface in explant culture. Absent the neural retina, alpha 6 and beta 1 were removed from the apical membrane. When present, the immature neural retina maintained both subunits in the apical membrane. The neural retina was effective only if the outer (primordial photoreceptor) surface of the retina apposed the RPE. CONCLUSIONS These data suggest that matrix or intercellular interactions determine the distribution of individual integrins. Further, the changes in integrin distribution during development reflect the maturation of the primordial interphotoreceptor matrix or photoreceptor cell layer.
Environmental Heavy Metal Exposure and Chronic Kidney Disease in the General Population

Lead (Pb), mercury (Hg), and cadmium (Cd) are common heavy metal toxins and cause toxicological renal effects at high levels, but the relevance of low-level environmental exposures in the general population is controversial. A total of 1,797 adults who participated in the KNHANES (a cross-sectional nationally representative survey in Korea) were examined, and 128 of them (7.1%) had chronic kidney disease (CKD). Our study assessed the association between Pb, Hg, Cd exposure, and CKD. Blood Pb and Cd levels were correlated with CKD in univariate logistic regression model. However, these environmental heavy metals were not associated with CKD after adjustment for age, sex, BMI, smoking, hyperlipidemia, hypertension, diabetes, and these metals in multivariate logistic regression models. We stratified the analysis according to hypertension or diabetes. In the adults with hypertension or diabetes, CKD had a significant association with elevated blood Cd after adjustment, but no association was present with blood Pb and Hg. The corresponding odds ratio [OR] of Cd for CKD were 1.52 (95% confidence interval [CI], 1.05-2.19, P=0.026) in adults with hypertension and 1.92 (95% CI, 1.14-3.25, P=0.014) in adults with diabetes. Environmental low level of Pb, Hg, Cd exposure in the general population was not associated with CKD. However, Cd exposure was associated with CKD, especially in adults with hypertension or diabetes. This finding suggests that environmental low Cd exposure may be a contributor to the risk of CKD in adults with hypertension or diabetes. Graphical Abstract
Direct Visualization of Antigen-specific CD8+T Cells during the Primary Immune Response to Epstein-Barr Virus In Vivo

Primary infection with virus can stimulate a vigorous cytotoxic T cell response. The magnitude of the antigen-specific component versus the bystander component of a primary T cell response remains controversial. In this study, we have used tetrameric major histocompatibility complex–peptide complexes to directly visualize antigen-specific cluster of differentration (CD)8+ T cells during the primary immune response to Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) infection in humans. We show that massive expansion of activated, antigen-specific T cells occurs during the primary response to this virus. In one individual, T cells specific for a single EBV epitope comprised 44% of the total CD8+ T cells within peripheral blood. The majority of the antigen-specific cells had an activated/memory phenotype, with expression of human histocompatibility leukocyte antigen (HLA) DR, CD38, and CD45RO, downregulation of CD62 leukocyte (CD62L), and low levels of expression of CD45RA. After recovery from AIM, the frequency of antigen-specific T cells fell in most donors studied, although populations of antigen-specific cells continued to be easily detectable for at least 3 yr.
Physical and Chemical Characterization of Beryllium Particles from Several Workplaces in Québec, Canada—Part B: Time-of-flight Secondary-ion Mass Spectroscopy

The problems associated with detecting and characterizing beryllium (Be) particles in industrial samples from Québec were addressed in the companion article (Rouleau et al., 2005). The present study is a continuation of the work aimed at redefining the current occupational exposure level for beryllium. The goals were to determine the principal chemical forms and the principal physical characteristics of Be particles sampled in four Québec industries. Bulk particle chemistry was determined using inductively coupled plasma–mass spectroscopy (ICP-MS) and flame atomic absorption spectrophotometry (FAAS). Time-of-flight secondary-ion mass spectroscopy (TOF-SIMS) was used to characterize particle surface chemistry and physical particle size. The dust samples collected had Be concentrations varying from 58 to 146 µg/g. Results showed that numerous fine Be particles or aggregates were evenly dispersed throughout the samples. Thus, Be does not appear to be concentrated in large particles. However, it was not possible to confirm if these fine particles were combined to specific compounds, chemically or physically, or independent Be particles. Most of the particles containing Be were fine, with diameters less than 10 µm, which is important from an occupational health and safety standpoint. TOF-SIMS should be considered as an appropriate technique for qualitative characterization of Be particles, and a valuable complement to the recognized quantitative methods ICP-MS and FAAS. Funding for this research was provided by the Institut de recherche Robert-Sauvé en santé et en sécurité du travail.
Multi-class boosting with fuzzy decision trees

Boosting is a simple and effective procedure that combines several weak learners with the aim of generating a strong classifier. Multi-class boosting has been only recently studied in the context of crisp classifiers, showing encouraging performances. In this paper, we propose FDT-Boost, a boosting approach shaped according to the multi-class SAMME-AdaBoost scheme, that employs size-constrained fuzzy binary decision trees as weak classifiers. We test FDT-Boost on twenty-three classification benchmarks. By comparing our approach with FURIA, one of the most popular fuzzy classifiers, and with a fuzzy binary decision tree, we show that our approach is accurate, yet keeping low the model complexity in terms of total number of leaf nodes.
Weak Stability of ࡁ1-minimization Methods in Sparse Data Reconstruction

As one of the most plausible convex optimization methods for sparse data reconstruction, $\ell_1$-minimization plays a fundamental role in the development of sparse optimization theory. The stability of this method has been addressed in the literature under various assumptions such as restricted isometry property (RIP), null space property (NSP), and mutual coherence. In this paper, we propose a unified means to develop the so-called weak stability theory for $\ell_1$-minimization methods under the condition called weak range space property of a transposed design matrix, which turns out to be a necessary and sufficient condition for the standard $\ell_1$-minimization method to be weakly stable in sparse data reconstruction. The reconstruction error bounds established in this paper are measured by the so-called Robinson's constant. We also provide a unified weak stability result for standard $\ell_1$-minimization under several existing compressed-sensing matrix properties. In particular, the weak stability of $\ell_1$-minimization under the constant-free range space property of order $k$ of the transposed design matrix is established for the first time in this paper. Different from the existing analysis, we utilize the classic Hoffman's Lemma concerning the error bound of linear systems as well as the Dudley's theorem concerning the polytope approximation of the unit $\ell_2$-ball to show that $\ell_1$-minimization is robustly and weakly stable in recovering sparse data from inaccurate measurements.
Active Learning for Large-scale Object Classification: from Exploration to Exploitation

Information and communication technologies supply data every day at incredibly increasing rate, however, almost all of the accumulated data are unlabeled and obtaining their labels is expensive and time-consuming. Among the raw data, selecting and labeling some samples expected to be more informative than others can enhance machines without high cost. This process is called selective sampling, essential part of active learning. So far, most researches have concentrated on classical uncertainty measures to acquire informative data, which is related to "exploitation" process of learning. However, when the initial labeled dataset is too small or biased, the early stage model can be unreliable and its decision boundary would be over-fitted to the initial data. Moreover, the obtained data by the exploitation strategy may exacerbate the model further. We introduced "exploration" strategy as well as "exploitation" strategy. In this paper, we employ Self-Organizing Maps (SOM), one of neural networks to estimate and explore data distribution. For exploitation, margin sampling is applied to the classifier, neural network with soft-max output layer. The effectiveness proposed methods are demonstrated on ILSVRC-2011 image classification task based on features extracted from well-trained Convolutional Neural Networks (CNN). Active learning with exploration strategy shows its potential by stabilizing the early stage model and reducing the classification error rate, and finally making it to be high-quality models.
Effect of exogenous xylanase on rumen in vitro gas production and degradability of wheat straw.

The objective of this study was to determine effects of xylanase on in vitro gas production (GP) and in sacco degradability of wheat straw. Rumen fluid was obtained from three Mongolian native goats fitted with permanent rumen cannulas. The trial consisted of five doses (0, 0.5, 1.0, 1.5, 2.0 μL/g of substrate) of a commercial xylanase (Dyadic® xylanase PLUS, Dyadic International, Inc., Jupiter, FL, USA). For the in sacco degradability, different levels of xylanase enzyme were added directly onto 2 g of wheat straw in nylon bags and incubated in the rumen for 3, 6, 12, 24 and 48 h to estimate degradability of wheat straw. Total GP increased (P < 0.001) at all times of incubation at intermediate levels of xylanase. Methane production had a similar pattern at 3 and 12 h of incubation; increased linearly at 24 h of incubation, and was unaffected at 6 and 48 h of incubation. Rumen NH3 -N concentration increased linearly at 3 h and the highest values were observed with intermediate enzyme levels. All ruminal volatile fatty acids increased linearly with intermediate levels of the fibrolytic enzyme. The in sacco rate of dry matter degradation decreased linearly (P = 0.020) with increasing enzymes. Intermediate levels of xylanase improved rumen kinetic fermentation and degradability. The outcome of this research indicated that the application of xylanase enzyme could improve in vitro GP fermentation of wheat straw.
Polygonal finite elements for finite elasticity

Nonlinear elastic materials are of great engineering interest, but challenging to model with standard finite elements. The challenges arise because nonlinear elastic materials are characterized by non‐convex stored‐energy functions as a result of their ability to undergo large reversible deformations, are incompressible or nearly incompressible, and often times possess complex microstructures. In this work, we propose and explore an alternative approach to model finite elasticity problems in two dimensions by using polygonal discretizations. We present both lower order displacement‐based and mixed polygonal finite element approximations, the latter of which consist of a piecewise constant pressure field and a linearly‐complete displacement field at the element level. Through numerical studies, the mixed polygonal finite elements are shown to be stable and convergent. For demonstration purposes, we deploy the proposed polygonal discretization to study the nonlinear elastic response of rubber filled with random and periodic distributions of rigid particles, as well as the development of cavitation instabilities in elastomers containing vacuous defects. These physically‐based examples illustrate the potential of polygonal finite elements in studying and modeling nonlinear elastic materials with complex microstructures under finite deformations. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Continuing professional development for experienced physical education teachers: towards effective provision

Continuing Professional Development (CPD) is now a cornerstone of education policy in the UK and elsewhere. If policy aspirations translate successfully into practice, then (funded) CPD opportunities will abound and teachers will be ‘developed’ in a logical and structured way from the moment they enter the profession until retirement. As a result (it is claimed) teacher retention will be improved, pupils' learning will be enhanced and standards within education will rise. Yet, although there is a growing consensus in the research literature about the kind of CPD that could be effective in supporting teacher and pupil learning, there is little evidence that such CPD exists in physical education. This paper summarises current CPD theory and research, considers existing evidence on the nature and quality of PE‐CPD in the UK, and explores three interlinked proposals for developing a more effective model of PE‐CPD provision. The case is made that radical changes to the structure and content of PE‐CPD are required if it is to impact upon the quality of teacher and pupil learning.
Interobserver agreement and the effects of ethnicity on observational coding of affect

Objectives: The Specific Affect Coding System (SPAFF) is a reliable system for coding observed affect but few studies have tested its generalizability and susceptibility to bias. Methods: The current study compared highly trained African American and Caucasian coders’ scores when coding the same videos of African American and Caucasian American couples. Results: While it was hypothesized that Caucasian Americans may code African America couples as being more aggressive and less positive based on stereotypes, results revealed a significant Ethnicity of Coder × Ethnicity of Couple interaction on the “neutral” code only. Both African American and Caucasian coders tended to rate out-group couples as being less neutral and showing less interest than in-group couples. No other emotion was identified as being over-coded in lieu of neutral, however. Conclusion: Results suggest a subtle bias in SPAFF coding. Adding a diversity component to the SPAFF training and recruiting diverse coders is recommended.
On-board computer network for information support of unmanned mobile vehicles control systems

The trends are reviewed in the development of unmanned transport systems. There is highlighted an increasingly important part of various range vision/location systems. There is described an architecture of the on-board computer network supplying information to the control systems of the mobile vehicles with the enhanced level of independence and totally unmanned. The proposed architecture provides the use both in the on-board implementation and in fixed implementation for adjusting the software-hardware set within testing stands. The arrangement of the information support systems of the mobile vehicles is reviewed in the configuration space of similar systems. The focus is made on to the issues of software-hardware unification. The efficiency of the proposed solutions is proven with the results of applying the systems constructed in accordance with the reviewed architecture, within mobile automated and robotics systems of ground, space and air applications.
Design and Scheduling of an Algorithm-by-Blocks for the LU Factorization on Multithreaded Architectures FLAME Working Note # 26

The scalable parallel implementation, targeting SMP and/or multicore architectures, of the LU factorization of a matrix is studied. It is shown that an algorithm-by-blocks exposes a higher degree of parallelism than traditional implementations based on multithreaded BLAS. This algorithm requires a different pivoting strategy, incremental pivoting, but allows most computation to be cast in terms of matrix-matrix multiplication without adversely increasing the operation count. Its implementation using the SuperMatrix runtime system is discussed and the scalability of the solution is demonstrated on an ccNUMA platform with 16 processors.
Big Girls Don't Cry: Fitness, Fatness, and the Production of Feminist Knowledge

Feminists have produced a number of important critiques of the way in which fat and fit are understood. While fitness provides opportunities for women’s personal and political empowerment, in practice, because fitness is so frequently viewed as a cosmetic project and connected to achieving thinness, such opportunities have generally failed to materialize despite rapid increases in women’s sports and exercise participation. I examine the experiences of larger female athletes in strength and power-based sports to examine how they negotiate their identities as athletes and women, and how they navigate “fitness” and “fatness. ”
Checkpointing and rollback recovery in a distributed system using common time base

An approach to checkpointing and rollback recovery in a distributed computing system using a common time base is proposed. First, a common time base is established in the system using a hardware clock synchronization algorithm. This common time base is coupled with a pseudorecovery block approach to develop a checkpointing algorithm that has the following advantages: (i) maximum process autonomy, (ii) no wait for commitment for establishing recovery lines, (iii) fewer messages to be exchanged, and (iv) less memory requirement. <<ETX>>
Fast Indexes and Algorithms for Set Similarity Selection Queries

Data collections often have inconsistencies that arise due to a variety of reasons, and it is desirable to be able to identify and resolve them efficiently. Set similarity queries are commonly used in data cleaning for matching similar data. In this work we concentrate on set similarity selection queries: Given a query set, retrieve all sets in a collection with similarity greater than some threshold. Various set similarity measures have been proposed in the past for data cleaning purposes. In this work we concentrate on weighted similarity functions like TF/IDF, and introduce variants that are well suited for set similarity selections in a relational database context. These variants have special semantic properties that can be exploited to design very efficient index structures and algorithms for answering queries efficiently. We present modifications of existing technologies to work for set similarity selection queries. We also introduce three novel algorithms based on the Threshold Algorithm, that exploit the semantic properties of the new similarity measures to achieve the best performance in theory and practice.