Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Developmental Changes in Infants' and Toddlers' Attention to Gender Categories

Three studies examined the emergence of attention to gender categories, which may be a mediating step between gender category recognition and gender stereotype formation. Experiment 1 examined 18-month-olds' attention to gender categories using a sequential touching task. Results suggested that 18-month-olds showed little attention to gender. Experiment 2 was conducted to rule out the possibility that infants could not discriminate the dolls by gender. Experiment 3 investigated developmental changes in attention to gender categories from 18 to 30 months of age. A sharp increase in attention to gender was found between 18 and 22 months. The distinction between recognition of and attention to gender categories and the implications of these findings for understanding stereotype formation are discussed.
Tooth size and shape and their relevance to studies of hominid evolution.

Teeth have the potential to provide evidence about both the patterns of diversity of fossil hominids and the functional adaptations of early hominid taxa. Comparative studies of dental function and the direct examination of wear patterns in fossil teeth are now providing data for testing hypotheses that major differences in dietary adaptations underlie lineage diversity in the early hominids. However, this review focuses on the contributions that dental evidence can make to hominid systematic studies. Attention is drawn to the value of tooth enamel as a morphological marker and the major contribution that teeth make to the hominid fossil sample. Systematic analysis of hominid remains must start with the identification of patterns of morphological variation. Only then can the taxonomic significance of the morphological differences be assessed and attempts made to link designated taxa in a phylogenetic scheme. The preliminary results of a detailed metrical survey of early hominid premolar and molar teeth are presented. As part of this study cusp areas of first mandibular molars were measured by planimetry. Analysis of these data, without any prior assumptions about taxonomic groups, has demonstrated that the major axis of variation separates the pooled sample into morphological subgroups. These methods provide a systematic and rigorous way of identifying patterns of tooth crown morphology and will allow a more objective assessment of the affinities of individual specimens. Fossil taxa are described in terms of both absolute and relative tooth size. If canine base area and molar crown area are considered there is considerable overlap between Australopithecus africanus and Australopithecus (Paranthropus) robustus whereas there is little or no overlap between the ranges of Australopithecus africanus and Australopithecus (Paranthropus) boisei. Differences in relative tooth size among fossil taxa are taken as an example of how to attack the problem of assessing the taxonomic significance of morphological differences. Analogues from modern primates are used to derive tooth-body size relations for three relative growth models. The results suggest that increases in body size are usually accompanied by a more rapid rate of increase in canine size than in molar size. This suggests that the relatively smaller canines of the 'robust' australopithecines are not the result of simple scaling, but represent the result of selection against an allometric trend. Preliminary results of a survey of the subocclusal morphology of fossil teeth are presented to indicate the potential of radiographic studies and to demonstrate that changes in root morphology can be correlated with crown shape and relative size.
Positive effects of naturalistic instruction on phonological awareness skills of children with intellectual and developmental disabilities

This review provides a summary and appraisal commentary on the treatment review by Hansen, B. D. , Wadsworth, J. P., Roberts, M. R. , & Poole, T. N. (2014). Effects of naturalistic instruction on phonological awareness skills of children with intellectual and developmental disabilities. Research in Developmental Disabilities, 35, 2790–2801. Source of funding and disclosure of interests: The original authors of this study did not report any source of funding nor did they disclose any interests or declare any conflicts of interest.
A Complete Set of Protocols for Distributed Key Management in Clustered Wireless Sensor Networks

In wireless sensor networks, security has to be mainly provided to two types of communications: one-to-all and one-to-one. This paper proposes a complete set of low complexity protocols to generate and distribute two types of secret keys. The protocols are designed for a clustered hierarchical network. These protocols include the initial key management, the periodic key management and the key management upon cluster dynamics. All the communications in the protocols are properly authenticated using elliptic curve digital signature scheme. The protocols are implemented for TinyOS using NesC, simulated under TOSSIM and are viable for implementation in resource-constrained platforms like MICA.
β,β-Dimethylacrylshikonin sensitizes human colon cancer cells to ionizing radiation through the upregulation of reactive oxygen species

Shikonin, a naphthoquinone derivative, has been shown to possess antitumor activity. In the present study, the effects of shikonin and its analog, β,β-dimethylacrylshikonin, were investigated as radiosensitizers on the human colon cancer cell line, HCT-116. Shikonin and, to a greater extent, its analog-induced apoptosis of HCT-116 cells further synergistically potentiated the induction of apoptosis when combined with ionizing radiation (IR) treatment. Shikonins also stimulated an increase in reactive oxygen species (ROS) production and IR-induced DNA damage. Pre-treatment with the ROS scavenger, N-acetylcysteine, suppressed the enhancement of IR-induced DNA damage and apoptosis stimulated by shikonins, indicating that shikonins exert their radiosensitizing effects through ROS upregulation. The radiosensitizing effect of shikonins was also examined in vivo using the xenograft mouse model. Consistent with the in vitro results, injection of β,β-dimethylacrylshikonin combined with IR treatment significantly suppressed tumor growth of the HCT-116 xenograft. Taken together, the results show that β,β-dimethylacrylshikonin is a promising agent for developing an improved strategy for radiotherapy against tumors.
Generation of Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease Symptoms During Esophageal Acid Infusion With Concomitant Esophageal pH Monitoring in Healthy Adults

Background/Aims The sensitivity of the upper and lower esophageal mucosa to acid is considered to differ. We investigated the relationship between pH changes in different sites of the esophagus and generation of gastroesophageal reflux symptoms during an acid infusion test. Methods An acid infusion catheter was placed at 5 or 15 cm above the lower esophageal sphincter (LES) in 18 healthy volunteers, while a 2-channel pH sensor catheter was also placed in each with the sensors set at 5 and 15 cm above the LES. Solutions containing water and hydrochloric acid at different concentrations were infused through the infusion catheter. Results Acid infusion in the upper esophagus caused a pH drop in both upper and lower esophageal sites, whereas that in the lower esophagus resulted in a significant pH drop only in the lower without a corresponding pH decline in the upper esophagus. Stronger heartburn, chest pain, and chest oppression symptoms were noted when acid was infused in the upper as compared to the lower esophagus, while increased intra-esophageal acidity strengthened each symptom. Regurgitations caused by upper and lower esophageal acid infusions were similar, and not worsened by a larger drop in intra-esophageal pH. Chest pain was caused only by lowered intra-esophageal pH, while heartburn, chest oppression, and regurgitation were induced by a less acidic solution. Conclusions Higher intra-esophageal acidity caused stronger heartburn, chest pain, and chest oppression symptoms. However, regurgitation was not significantly influenced by intra-esophageal acidity. The upper esophagus showed higher acid sensitivity than the lower esophagus.
The design and implementation for electrical control system of the modular hydraulic platform transporter with power

Hydraulic module car is for large component of flat-panel transport vehicles, it has a built-in power, modular splicing, interchangeability good characteristics, large-tonnage operations to meet the demand of the transportation. In this paper, through the use of full hydraulic pressure drive module car at home and abroad present situation and development trend of comprehensive analysis and comparison, also this paper studies the module vehicle electric control system, designed to meet technical requirements of electrical control products. By compared with theoretical performance index analysis, verify the bearing capacity of the mechanical structure, hydraulic control system and electric control scheme is feasible.
History of Physical Work Exposures and Clinically Diagnosed Sciatica Among Working and Nonworking Finns Aged 30 to 64

Study Design. Cross-sectional study with retrospectively assessed work determinants. Objective. To study the association between the history of physically demanding work and sciatica, among the occupationally active, and among persons of working age who are not occupationally active. Summary of Background Data. Few studies have examined the association of physically loading work with sciatica, and studies concerning women are scarce. Methods. A nationally representative sample of The Health 2000 survey comprised 4811 Finns aged 30 to 64, which we further stratified into 2 groups based on working status during the preceding 12 months. The diagnosis of sciatica was based on characteristic symptoms and a standardized clinical examination by physicians trained for the purpose. Life-long exposure to physically demanding work tasks was assessed retrospectively by interview. Results. A total of 3.8% of working subjects and 7.9% of nonworking subjects had sciatica; men more often than women. In the multivariable logistic regression models, a history of physically demanding work in general was associated with sciatica among men. The risk increased with the length of exposure for the first 20 years (OR: 1.85; 95% CI: 1.17–2.91 for 1–10 years and 2.67; 1.61–4.43 for 11–20 years of exposure), but decreased thereafter. When analyzing manual handling of heavy objects, bending, and kneeling separately, odds ratios for these factors were high for both working and nonworking men. However, they remained at the borderline of statistical significance among working men. None of the physical work exposures were associated with sciatica among working women, whereas a long history of handling heavy objects and bending were related to sciatica among nonworking women. Conclusion. Physically demanding work in general is a risk factor for sciatica among men. Sciatica may be a significant cause of premature health-related selection out of the heavy work among both genders.
Neurological conditions presenting as airway reflux cough

To the Editor: The association of cough with neurological conditions is well described [1–4]. Herein, we report four patients with chronic cough who each presented to our cough clinic (Castle Hill Hospital, Cottingham, UK) with a different neurological diagnosis. Each of the patients had normal chest radiology and pulmonary function, they were not on angiotension converting enzyme inhibitors, and no obvious underlying respiratory pathology was identified. A summary of all the relevant investigations performed on each patient are detailed in table 1. View this table: Table 1. Summary of results of the four cases A 66-yr-old nonsmoking male presented with a non-productive cough for several years which was profound on rising from bed in the morning and associated with eating, but no symptoms of dyspepsia. Interestingly, he also complained of numbness over the left side of his head up to his mid upper arm. Clinical examination showed wasting of scapular muscles and biceps with absent sensations and areflexia in both lower limbs. Oesophageal pH monitoring and manometry were abnormal, with a DeMeester score of 18.3. Blood tests and cerebrospinal fluid analysis were normal. Anatomical and malignant pathology was excluded by radiological investigations. Neurophysiological studies revealed sensory polyneuropathy with a dorsal column lesion and focal radiculopathy at the right cervical (C)3, C4 and, possibly C6, levels. Autonomic testing of heart rate variability showed lack of variation of heart rate during inspiration and expiration (table 1). A diagnosis of mononeuritis multiplex was made and cough was probably secondary to vagal neuropathy causing …
Mining YouTube metadata for detecting privacy invading harassment and misdemeanor videos

YouTube is one of the most popular and largest video sharing websites (with social networking features) on the Internet. A significant percentage of videos uploaded on YouTube contains objectionable content and violates YouTube community guidelines. YouTube contains several copyright violated videos, commercial spam, hate and extremism promoting videos, vulgar and pornographic material and privacy invading content. This is primarily due to the low publication barrier and anonymity. We present an approach to identify privacy invading harassment and misdemeanor videos by mining the video metadata. We divide the problem into sub-problems: vulgar video detection, abuse and violence in public places and ragging video detection in school and colleges. We conduct a characterization study on a training dataset by downloading several videos using YouTube API and manually annotating the dataset. We define several discriminatory features for recognizing the target class objects. We employ a one class classifier approach to detect the objectionable video and frame the problem as a recognition problem. Our empirical analysis on test dataset reveals that linguistic features (presence of certain terms and people in the title and description of the main and related videos), popularity based, duration and category of videos can be used to predict the video type. We validate our hypothesis by conducting a series of experiments on evaluation dataset acquired from YouTube. Empirical results reveal that accuracy of proposed approach is more than 80% demonstrating the effectiveness of the approach.
Evidence for Extended Prophylaxis in the Setting of Orthopedic Surgery

Patients undergoing orthopedic surgery represent one of the highest risk groups for the development of venous thromboembolism (VTE). Evidence shows that this risk extends beyond the period in which the patient is hospitalized, especially for patients undergoing hip surgery. Clinical trials have shown that extended prophylaxis with the low‐molecular‐weight heparins is effective in reducing the rate of total VTE, and a meta‐analysis demonstrated a reduction in symptomatic VTE with extended prophylaxis after total hip replacement surgery. Based on these results, the American College of Chest Physicians gives a grade 2A recommendation for the use of extended prophylaxis after orthopedic surgery. Until recently, data evaluating the role of prophylaxis in patients undergoing hip fracture surgery were limited. Subsequently, a novel anticoagulant, fondaparinux, demonstrated significant benefit in these patients and has become the first and only agent approved by the United States Food and Drug Administration (FDA) for use in patients undergoing hip fracture surgery. Despite the limitations of the older trials, their findings supported the need to evaluate extended prophylaxis in patients undergoing hip fracture surgery. In the first well‐conducted trial of extended prophylaxis for hip fracture surgery, fondaparinux provided impressive results in reducing total and symptomatic VTE. The results of this trial have once again led to fondaparinux being the first and only agent to be granted FDA approval for the indication of extended prophylaxis in patients undergoing hip fracture surgery.
Measurement and Utility of Continuous Unipolar Ratings for the Myers-Briggs Type Indicator

This study is designed to explore the measurement properties and utilities of the Myers-Briggs Type indicator (MBTI) items when the two competing alternatives of individual items were rated separately on a 7-step, free-response continuum. Data were collected from 125 college students who volunteered for this study. Ratings were also obtained from subjects on occupational preferences reported to be leading occupational choices for the 16 MBTI personality types. Major analytic results include the findings of: (a) high factorial validity of unipolar ratings in separate analyses of the two alternatives of MBTI items, (b) high reliability coefficients for all eight preference poles and high convergent and discriminant validities for each of the four MBTI scales, and (c) four significant factors emerging from the combined factor analysis of subjects scores on occupational preferences and MBTI personality poles. Finally, the empirical evidence was discussed about the linkage between Jung theoretical constructs o.
Applying improved spectral modeling for High Quality voice conversion

In this work, accurate spectral envelope estimation is applied to Voice Conversion in order to achieve High-Quality timbre conversion. True-Envelope based estimators allow model order selection leading to an adaptation of the spectral features to the characteristics of the speaker. Optimal residual signals can also be computed following a local adaptation of the model order in terms of the F0. A new perceptual criteria is proposed to measure the impact of the spectral conversion error. The proposed envelope models show improved spectral conversion performance as well as increased converted-speech quality when compared to Linear Prediction.
Explaining Entrepreneurial Intentions by Means of the Theory of Planned Behaviour

– This paper sets out to present a detailed empirical investigation of the entrepreneurial intentions of business students. The authors employ the theory of planned behaviour (TPB), in which intentions are regarded as resulting from attitudes, perceived behavioural control, and subjective norms. , – The methodology used was a replication study among samples of undergraduate students of business administration at four different universities (total n=1,225). Five operationalisations of intentions are used as well as a composite measure. Prior to the main study, qualitative research conducted at two other universities (total n=373) was held to operationalise the components of the TPB. , – The results show that the two most important variables to explain entrepreneurial intentions are entrepreneurial alertness and the importance attached to financial security. , – Various research design features are used that result in better and more detailed explanations of entrepreneurial intentions. , – Should one want to stimulate entrepreneurship in educational or training settings, then this paper's results provide guidance. Several suggestions are offered on how entrepreneurial alertness can be improved and financial security concerns can be reduced. , – The study provides detailed and solid results on entrepreneurial intentions which are positioned in the career literature.
A Data Capturing Method for Buses on Chip

In this paper, a new data reading technique for a bus of lines is proposed for fast operation. The proposed method utilizes multiple reference voltages available within a line's receiving logic and the initial conditions of wires in order to determine early and accurately the transmitted data of the current cycle. The presented technique does not require repeater insertion for reasonably long lines and it can significantly accelerate signal propagation. Experimental results are given in the 65 nm CMOS process for interconnects of various lengths.
Increased rectal cell proliferation following alcohol abuse

BACKGROUND Epidemiological data indicate an increased risk for rectal cancer following chronic alcohol consumption. As chronic ethanol ingestion leads to rectal hyperregeneration in experimental animals, indicating a state of increased susceptibility to carcinogens, we studied cell proliferation in alcohol abusers. METHODS Rectal biopsies were taken from 44 heavy drinkers and 26 controls. Cell proliferation, including proliferative compartment size, was measured by immunohistological staining for proliferative cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) and Ki67, and by in situ hybridisation for histone H3. Quantification of cell proliferation using PCNA staining was evaluated in 27 alcohol abusers and 12 controls. In addition, immunohistology was performed for cytokeratins and gene products of Rb1, bcl-2, and p53. RESULTS Heavy drinking resulted in increased cell proliferation of the rectal mucosa, as shown by increased detection of different proliferation markers. However, cell differentiation regarding cytokeratin expression patterns was unchanged as well as regulatory factors involved in carcinogenesis and/or apoptosis. CONCLUSION Chronic alcohol abuse leads to rectal mucosal hyperproliferation in humans, a condition associated with an increased cancer risk.
Caustics in a field negatively refracted at a plane interface

An electromagnetic field radiated by a line source situated near a plane interface between a medium with positive refractive index and a medium with negative refractive index is considered by using the geometrical optics approach. Rays and wave fronts of the refracted field are constructed using Fermat's principle. It is shown that the negatively refracted rays intersecting in pairs create 2‐fold caustics that meet at a cusp point. The cusp of the caustic is directed towards the interface for |n| > 1 and away from the interface for |n| < 1, where n is the relative refractive index. It is also shown that wave fronts of the refracted field propagate towards the interface, in the direction from negative to positive optical path lengths.
The relationship between exercise schema and identity

This research examined the relationship between exercise-related schemas and identity and their unique contributions in predicting exercise-related cognitions and behaviour. Analyses were conducted on data from two studies that used the same measures of exercise schema and identity but differed on other measures; study 1 (time 1 N = 173; time 2 N = 110) included measures of strength of exercise intentions and strenuous, moderate, and mild exercise behaviour; study 2 (N = 289) included instrumental and affective exercise attitudes and a different measure of intentions. Exerciser schematics scored significantly higher on role identity than the unschematic groups. Nonexerciser schematics scored significantly lower than the other groups on role identity. Schema and role identity each accounted for unique variance in the prediction of strength of intentions, instrumental attitudes, and affective attitudes. Follow-up analyses showed that, where schematics were generally high in role identity, exercise beliefs, and intentions, unschematics showed a positive linear relationship between role identity and strength of intentions. Role identity was a strong predictor of affective attitudes for schematics. This research provides valuable findings regarding the theoretical distinction between schema and identity in the exercise domain and can help inform future research and interventions.