Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Children and Fitness: A Public Health Perspective

Abstract The promotion of cardiorespiratory fitness through increased physical activity has become a national public health objective for both adults and children. Based on numerous small-scale studies it appears that children are highly fit but the population distribution is unknown due to the lack of rigorous population studies. Very little is known about the extent of children's physical activity; the available evidence does not support the hypothesis that children obtain sufficient activity to explain their generally high levels of fitness. Due to the lack of evidence of substantial carry-over effects of youth fitness to adult health and the likelihood of children's resistance to vigorous fitness routines, there is little reason to recommend an aerobic training focus in physical education. A focus on enjoyable moderate to vigorous physical activity (MVPA) with carry-over value to adulthood is recommended. Physical education is an important vehicle for promoting physical activity by children; it appear.
An Analysis of Poetry Teaching Procedures in Sixth-Grade Basal Manuals.

THE MANUALS of sixth-grade basal readers were analyzed to determine whether the suggested poetry teaching procedures reflect the pedagogical procedures recommended by expert opinion. Stated objectives for poetry instruction were also examined. In order to initiate the study, first the recommendations of authorities in children's literature and related areas were synthesized into a set of five criteria deemed necessary for effective poetry instruction. An assessment instrument, developed from these criteria, was applied to every poetry lesson in eight sixth-grade basal manuals and served as the basis for a descriptive analysis of the suggested poetry teaching procedures. It was found that objectives for poetry instruction in the manuals reflect a superficial view of what children's experiences with poetry should be. The majority of the objectives are intended to teach cognitive rather than affective response to poetry, with an emphasis on poetic form rather than content. The suggested poetry teaching procedures in general do not reflect the pedagogical procedures recommended by authorities in the field.
Leadership in inclusive education: a professional development agenda for special education

Leadership roles in special education have changed dramatically over recent years. Stephen Powers, Stephen Rayner and Helen Gunter, all of whom are lecturers and researchers in the School of Education at the University of Birmingham, conducted a questionnaire survey of the perceived professional development needs of heads, deputies and senior staff working in specialist contexts. The results reveal a significant concern with organisationally focused issues; support for school- and LEA-based courses and higher education provision; but a perceived lack of Government-funded training addressing the needs of those in leadership roles in special education. The authors conclude this article with a call for interested readers to become involved in further research in this important area.
THE PURIFICATION OF HYPERTENSIN II

The enzymatic conversion of hypertensin I to hypertensin II is described together with the subsequent purification of the product by means of counter-current distribution. Improved methods are also presented for the preparation of renin and its substrate, as well as in methods for the reaction of these materials and the purification of the resulting hypertensin I.
Addressing the challenges of mainstreaming education for sustainable development in higher education

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to address research on major challenges faced in attempting to mainstream education for sustainable development (ESD). Design/methodology/approach – The research is based on a project for infusing ESD in a teachers' college programme in Jamaica.Findings – Challenges include colleagues' scepticism, students' expectations of course, content vs the actuality of an “expanded” course with ESD input, an absence of policy, syllabus constraints, and ways in which these were addressed.Originality/value – In analysing the ways in which these challenges were addressed, important principles are uncovered that can guide the introduction of ESD in higher education: how “threats” can become opportunities, how constraints can make for creativity.
Metabolism: A Bottleneck in In Vitro Toxicological Test Development

This is the 54th report of a series of workshops organised by the European Centre for the Validation of Alternative Methods (ECVAM). The main objective of ECVAM, as defined in 1993 by its Scientific Advisory Committee, is to promote the scientific and regulatory acceptance of alternative methods which are of importance to the biosciences, and which reduce, refine or replace the use of laboratory animals. One of the first priorities set by ECVAM was the implementation of procedures that would enable it to become well informed about the state-of-the-art of non-animal test development and validation, and of opportunities for the possible incorporation of alternative methods into regulatory procedures. It was decided that this would be best achieved through a programme of ECVAM workshops, each addressing a specific topic, and at which selected groups of independent international experts would review the current status of various types of in vitro tests and their potential uses, and make recommendations about the best ways forward. A workshop on Metabolism: a bottleneck in in vitro toxicological test development, was held at ECVAM on 26–29 January 2004, with participants Metabolism: A Bottleneck in In Vitro Toxicological Test Development
Melatonin Entrains Free‐running Blind People According to a Physiological Dose‐response Curve

The specific circadian role proposed for endogenous melatonin production was based on a study of sighted people who took low pharmacological doses (500 µg) of this chemical signal for the “biological night”: the magnitude and direction of the induced phase shifts were dependent on what time of day exogenous melatonin was administered and were described by a phase‐response curve that turned out to be the opposite of that for light. We now report that lower (physiological) doses of up to 300 µg can entrain (synchronize) free‐running circadian rhythms of 10 totally blind subjects that would otherwise drift later each day. The resulting log‐linear dose‐response curve in the physiological range adds support for a circadian function of endogenous melatonin in humans. Efficacy of exogenous doses in the physiological range are of clinical significance for totally blind people who will need to take melatonin daily over their entire lifetimes in order to remain entrained to the 24 h day. Left untreated, their free‐running endocrine, metabolic, behavioral, and sleep/wake cycles can be almost as burdensome as not having vision.
Explaining variation in teachers’ perceptions of principals’ leadership: a replication

What factors influence teachers to attribute leadership qualities to some principals and not others? In particular, what accounts for attributions of transformational school leadership? Guided by an information processing perspective to explain teachers’ attributions, answers to these questions were explored through data provided by an achieved sample of 1,253 elementary and secondary teachers from a single large school system. Replicating the framework and design of an earlier study by the same authors, this, as well as the previous study, found that teachers’ leadership attributions were largely explained by alterable rather than unalterable variables.
One foot in the grave? Dialect death, dialect contact, and dialect birth in England

Abstract I survey here some of the recent evidence of dialect attrition from sociolinguistic and variationist studies carried out in England. In doing so, and by highlighting the origins of some of the ongoing changes in English dialects, I hope to make three claims in particular: firstly, that dialect death is inextricably linked to dialect contact — in order to understand how dialect death has changed the dialectological landscape of England, we need to appreciate the linguistic consequences of contact more generally; secondly, and apparently in contrast with some other speech communities, the attrition process has not led to a widespread shift toward RP or standard English. I argue, thirdly, that while some dialects are undoubtedly undergoing attrition, new varieties are emerging, driven by both expansion and relocation diffusion, and shaped by contact between local, regional, interregional, and other, including standard, varieties. Although the developments currently affecting English dialects in England are not necessarily particularly new, they are proceeding on an unprecedented spatial scale, a scale that has resulted from some rather wide-ranging social and economic developments that have accelerated contact between speakers of structurally distinct dialects.
CD4+ counts and Oral Lesions in HIV infected/ AIDS patients- an Indian Perspective

HIV infection constitutes a main health problem world¬wide. The oral and perioral manifestations are common in HIV infected patients and often influence the debilating general health status, a worse prognosis of the disease as well as a diagnostic factor in the monitoring of the immune status of the patient [1,2]. The vast majority of the HIV infected subjects have presented at least one manifestation in the head and neck area in any state of the disease representing these oral lesions as oral signs of the disease [3,4]. In addition the occurrence of these lesions indicate a great susceptibility for opportunistic infections and a great possibility of rapid progression to AIDS [5]. Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) is an infectious disease caused by the HIV and is characterized by profound immunosuppression that leads to opportunistic infections, secondary neoplasm and neurologic manifestations [6]. India is one of those countries where the HIV epidemic is growing rapidly. The National AIDS Control Organization (NACO) estimated that 1.8-2.9 million HIV-positive individuals were living with HIV/ AIDS in India.
Patina : A Formalization of the Rust Programming Language

Rust is a new systems language that uses some advanced type system features, specifically affine types and regions, to statically guarantee memory safety and eliminate the need for a garbage collector. While each individual addition to the type system is well understood in isolation and are known to be sound, the combined system is not known to be sound. Furthermore, Rust uses a novel checking scheme for its regions, known as the Borrow Checker, that is not known to be correct. Since Rust’s goal is to be a safer alternative to C/C++, we should ensure that this safety scheme actually works. We present a formal semantics that captures the key features relevant to memory safety, unique pointers and borrowed references, specifies how they guarantee memory safety, and describes the operation of the Borrow Checker. We use this model to prove the soudness of some core operations and justify the conjecture that the model, as a whole, is sound. Additionally, our model provides a syntactic version of the Borrow Checker, which may be more understandable than the non-syntactic version in Rust.
Cardiorenal Interaction: Appropriate Treatment of Cardiovascular Risk Factors to Improve Outcomes in Chronic Kidney Disease

Abstract Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is a recognized risk multiplier for the development of cardiovascular disease (CVD), with CVD events representing the leading cause of morbidity and mortality in patients with CKD. The nature of CKD as a risk state relates both to the nature of CKD and the antecedent development of CVD. In addition, patients with CKD have increased rates of multiple conventional cardiac risk factors. Although early data regarding the relationship between CVD and CKD were limited because of the need for large data sets and multivariable analysis, the importance of recognizing this complex relationship is now clear. The essence of the relationship appears to be bidirectional, and therapy directed at improving natural history of chronic disease on one system generally improves prognosis in the other. Specifically, CVD outcomes have been shown to improve with the treatment of risk factors commonly found in association with CKD, including hypertension, diabetes, dyslipidemia, albuminuria, and smoking, as well as appropriate renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system blockade and antiplatelet therapy. Once hospitalized, management of acute coronary syndromes represents a key area of clinical investigation. The goal of this article is to highlight the importance of these topics in improving cardiovascular outcomes and use of appropriate treatment in CKD.
OFF-set: one-pass factorization of feature sets for online recommendation in persistent cold start settings

One of the most challenging recommendation tasks is recommending to a new, previously unseen user. This is known as the user cold start problem. Assuming certain features or attributes of users are known, one approach for handling new users is to initially model them based on their features. Motivated by an ad targeting application, this paper describes an extreme online recommendation setting where the cold start problem is perpetual. Every user is encountered by the system just once, receives a recommendation, and either consumes or ignores it, registering a binary reward. We introduce One-pass Factorization of Feature Sets, 'OFF-Set', a novel recommendation algorithm based on Latent Factor analysis, which models users by mapping their features to a latent space. OFF-Set is able to model non-linear interactions between pairs of features, and updates its model per each recommendation-reward observation in a pure online fashion. We evaluate OFF-Set against several state of the art baselines, and demonstrate its superiority on real ad-targeting data.
Time and context effects on performance in a Pavlovian discrimination reversal

Five conditioned suppression experiments with rats explored retention interval and context effects in discrimination reversal learning. In the discrimination phase, a tone (T) was paired with shock, and a houselight-off stimulus (L) was presented alone; in the reversal phase, T was extinguished and L was paired with shock. Discrimination training made L a latent inhibitor but not a conditioned inhibitor. A 28-day delay after the reversal caused spontaneous recovery to T but had no effect on L. A context switch before the reversal caused more rapid conditioning to L but did not affect extinction to T. A return to the original context after the reversal had occurred in a different context renewed suppression to T and latent inhibition to L; contextual control was still strong 21 days later
Adverse Impact in Personnel Selection: The Legal Framework and Test Bias

By the early 1990s, public concern in Europe over discrimination against women and minority groups had grown manifestly. This confronted psychologists with the problem of the disproportionate representation of various subgroups in certain kinds of jobs. In this article we first deal with the major upheaval in the legal issues that presently shape the selection practices in Europe and the United States. We then turn our attention to the problem of indirect discrimination and the discussion on the validity of some of the most representative assessment devices used in selection. Although there has not been a systematic application of work-sample tests in Europe over the past decades, some organizations have turned to the behavioral-consistency model in an attempt to avoid the problems of job-relatedness and adverse impact of the traditional assessment procedures.
The Study of Personnel Management as an Occupation, Using Repertory Grid

This paper describes part of a research project into personnel management as an occupation, and argues for the study of personnel managers in the context of the organisations in which they work. The research draws on Kelly's personal construct theory by examining the way 20 personnel specialists in four organisations interpret and make meaningful the roles of others encountered in their working world. These ‘interpretations’ or constructs were discovered by using a repertory grid technique, and the results are compared between each of the four organisations. Some possible explanations are offered of the ways in which the personnel specialists studied cope with values that conflict with their own, and of how they are able to integrate within their organisations' cultures.
Paternal involvement elevates trajectories of life satisfaction during transition to parenthood

This study explored the role of fathers' involvement for life satisfaction changes among 598 cohabitating couples before and after childbirth using data from the German Socio-Economic Panel (GSOEP). We included longitudinal data and reports from both parents on their time spent on housework and childcare and their life satisfaction. Piecewise latent growth models showed that fathers' relative involvement trajectories for housework and childcare (amount of time men spent compared to their partners) were positively correlated. Fathers' relative involvement was perceived as supportive for mothers' childcare. In families where fathers were more involved, life satisfaction trajectories were much steeper; both parents had elevated levels around birth and returned to their baseline levels compared to families with less-involved fathers. Fathers who were less involved did not increase in life satisfaction at birth and decreased below their baseline levels within the third year post-birth.
RTFn : Enabling Cybersecurity Education through a Mobile Capture the Flag Client

Cybersecurity is one of the most highly researched and studied fields in computer science. It has made its way into numerous accredited universities as a fullfledged degree program. Students are constantly exposed to new technologies and methodologies through coursework. However there is a shortage of places to practice, in a controlled environment, the skills gained in the classroom. For that and numerous other reasons, the industry has seen a noticeable increase in capture-the-flag (CTF) style competitions. In the same vein, entering a CTF-like competition for the first time is a daunting task for any university. To aid in the organization of resources before, during, and after the competition we present the Rock The Flag network (RTFn). RTFn is a combination of hardware and software, which provides VPN capabilities as well as a central repository for tool tracking and real-time competition information. In this paper, we present an in depth discussion of this tool, its capabilities, and how it can aid in the organization required during CTF-style competitions.
Side-Channel Vulnerability Metrics : SVF vs . CSV

Recently two papers have been published on empirically measuring side-channel leakage in processors. The first paper introduced a framework for measuring side-channel leakage called “Side-Channel Vulnerability Factor” (SVF). SVF used phase correlation between victim and attacker programs to quantify leakage. A subsequent paper opposed some of the claims made in the SVF paper and introduced another metric, “Cache Side-channel Vulnerability” (CSV). CSV uses the same concept of measuring correlation between victim and attacker, but instead proposes using direct correlation in place of phase correlation. Another major difference between SVF and CSV is the scope of leakage measurement – CSV is defined to apply to only cache leakage, whereas SVF can be applied to multiple components within a processor. The CSV authors argue that applying SVF yields conclusions which contradicts what they term to be ground truth. In addition to these differences, the two papers used different experimental setups and thus their results were not directly comparable. This paper deconstructs the differences between SVF and CSV. We first provide a general overview of side-channels and background on their modeling and measurement. We then examine the differences between SVF and CSV both quantitatively and qualitatively using a common experimental setup. Finally, building on our examination of differences, we review and rebut claims made in the CSV paper against the SVF framework and metrics.
HGDP and HapMap Analysis by Ancestry Mapper Reveals Local and Global Population Relationships

Knowledge of human origins, migrations, and expansions is greatly enhanced by the availability of large datasets of genetic information from different populations and by the development of bioinformatic tools used to analyze the data. We present Ancestry Mapper, which we believe improves on existing methods, for the assignment of genetic ancestry to an individual and to study the relationships between local and global populations. The principle function of the method, named Ancestry Mapper, is to give each individual analyzed a genetic identifier, made up of just 51 genetic coordinates, that corresponds to its relationship to the HGDP reference population. As a consequence, the Ancestry Mapper Id (AMid) has intrinsic biological meaning and provides a tool to measure similarity between world populations. We applied Ancestry Mapper to a dataset comprised of the HGDP and HapMap data. The results show distinctions at the continental level, while simultaneously giving details at the population level. We clustered AMids of HGDP/HapMap and observe a recapitulation of human migrations: for a small number of clusters, individuals are grouped according to continental origins; for a larger number of clusters, regional and population distinctions are evident. Calculating distances between AMids allows us to infer ancestry. The number of coordinates is expandable, increasing the power of Ancestry Mapper. An R package called Ancestry Mapper is available to apply this method to any high density genomic data set.
The social developer: now, then, and tomorrow

The practice of software engineering needs both individual commitment as well as social interaction. It has long been widely recognized that communication problems are a major factor in the delay and failure of software projects. However, the patterns of communication that can be associated with the different development paradigms have gained less attention. In this paper, we present some views to the evolution of social dimensions in the light of software engineering methodologies and associated tools. To study this, we have surveyed a number of software developers working in industry to reflect our views into the state-of-practice in software development companies and shed light to the impact of distributed and agile development has had on developer communication. Towards the end of the paper, we provide some ideas for future research and draw some final conclusions.
Cytokine production in T lymphocyte-microglia interaction is attenuated by glatiramer acetate: a mechanism for therapeutic efficacy in multiple sclerosis

The efficacy of glatiramer acetate in multiple sclerosis (MS) is thought to involve the production of Th2 regulatory lymphocytes that secrete anti-inflammatory cytokines; however, other mechanisms cannot be excluded. Given that activated T lymphocytes infiltrate into the CNS and become in close proximity to microglia, we evaluated whether glatiramer acetate affects the potential interaction between T cells and microglia. We report that the co-culture of activated T lymphocytes with microglia led to the induction of several cytokines, and that these were reduced by glatiramer acetate treatment. Morphological transformation of bipolar/ramified microglia into an activated ameboid form was attenuated by glatiramer acetate. These results reveal a novel mechanism for glatiramer acetate: the impairment of activated T cells to effectively interact with microglia to produce cytokines. The net result of a non-inflammatory milieu within the CNS, in spite of T cell infiltration, may help account for the amelioration of disease activity in MS patients on glatiramer acetate therapy.