Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
TII-SSRC-23 Dataset: Typological Exploration of Diverse Traffic Patterns for Intrusion Detection

The effectiveness of network intrusion detection systems, predominantly based on machine learning, is highly influenced by the dataset they are trained on. Ensuring an accurate reflection of the multifaceted nature of benign and malicious traffic in these datasets is paramount for creating IDS models capable of recognizing and responding to a wide array of intrusion patterns. However, existing datasets often fall short, lacking the necessary diversity and alignment with the contemporary network environment, thereby limiting the effectiveness of intrusion detection. This paper introduces TII-SSRC-23, a novel and comprehensive dataset designed to overcome these challenges. Comprising a diverse range of traffic types and subtypes, our dataset is a robust and versatile tool for the research community. Additionally, we conduct a feature importance analysis, providing vital insights into critical features for intrusion detection tasks. Through extensive experimentation, we also establish firm baselines for supervised and unsupervised intrusion detection methodologies using our dataset, further contributing to the advancement and adaptability of IDS models in the rapidly changing landscape of network security. Our dataset is available at https://kaggle.com/datasets/daniaherzalla/tii-ssrc-23.
Large wood in central Appalachian headwater streams: controls on and potential changes to wood loads from infestation of hemlock woolly adelgid

Large wood (LW) is an important component of forested headwater streams. The character of LW loads reflects a balance between adjacent valley processes that deliver LW to the channel (herein recruitment processes) and stream channel processes that either retain or transport LW through the reach (herein retention processes). In the central Appalachian Mountains, USA, LW characteristics in headwater streams located in eastern hemlocks (Tsuga candensis) forests are expected to change because of infestation of hemlock woolly adelgid (Adelges tsugae, HWA), an exotic, invasive insect. We examined LW characteristics in 24 headwater streams ranging from un‐infested to severe infestation, as determined by hemlock canopy health. The objectives of this work were to: (i) quantify wood loads; (ii) assess the relative importance of valley recruitment and in‐stream retention mechanisms in controlling reach‐scale wood loads; and (iii) assess if there was a detectable influence of HWA on LW loads. We hypothesized that LW loads would be similar to other forested streams in eastern USA and dominated by recruitment processes. In addition, higher LW loads would correspond with advanced HWA infestation. Mean wood frequency was 38 pieces/100 m ± 17 (standard deviation); mean wood volume was 3.69 m3/100 m ± 2.76. In general, LW load characteristics were influenced by both recruitment and retention parameters; jam (accumulations ≥ 3 pieces) characteristics were dominated by retention parameters. Results suggest that adjacent stand basal area influences LW loads and once LW is recruited to the channel, streams lack sufficient hydraulic driving forces, despite having lower resistance structures, to transport LW out of the reach. Sites in moderate decline had higher proportions of short (1–2 m and 1–4 m) and very long (>10 m) LW with higher frequency of jams that were low in volume. We present a hypothesized conceptual model of expected changes to LW loads associated with HWA infestation and hemlock mortality. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Estimating Potential Output, Output Gaps and Structural Budget Balances

This paper reviews the methods used for estimating potential output in OECD countries and the use of the resulting output gaps for the calculation of structural budget balances. The "split time trend" method for estimating trend output that was previously used for calculating structural budget balances is compared with two alternative methods, smoothing real GDP using a Hodrick Prescott filter and estimating potential output using a production function approach. It is concluded that the production function approach for estimating potential output provides the best method for estimating output gaps and for calculating structural budget balances, with the results obtained by smoothing GDP providing a cross check. New tax and expenditure elasticities, along with the potential output gaps, are used to derive structural budget balances . Estimation de la production potentielle, des ecarts du production et les soldes budgetaires structurels Ce document passe en revue les differentes methodes utilisees pour estimer la production potentielle dans les pays de l’OCDE et l’utilisation des ecarts de production qui a decoulent pour le calcul des soldes budgetaires structurels. La methode utilisant la segmentation de la tendance temporelle pour estimer la production potentielle et qui servait precedemment a calculer les soldes budgetaires structurels est comparee a deux autres methodes : le lissage du PIB reel a l’aide d’un filtre Hodrick-Prescott et l’estimation de la production potentielle sur la base d’une fonction de production. Il en ressort que l’estimation de la production potentielle par l’approche fonction de production a s’avere etre la meilleure methode pour estimer les ecarts de production et pour calculer les soldes budgetaires structurels, les resultats obtenus par lissage du PIB etant utilises comme moyens de verification. Pour estimer les soldes budgetaires structurels, on utilise de nouvelles elasticites des .
Influence of Elevated Nd Fluxes on the Northern Nd Isotope End Member of the Atlantic During the Early Holocene

The neodymium (Nd) isotopic composition of seawater is a valuable tool for the reconstruction of past water mass provenance and hence deep water geometry. A meaningful interpretation of Nd isotope down‐core records requires knowledge of potential variations of water mass end member characteristics. While often assumed temporally constant, recent investigations revealed glacial‐interglacial variability of the northern and southern Nd isotope end members in the Atlantic. These new constraints have a strong influence on the interpretation of the Atlantic deep water mass evolution, yet the processes responsible for the end member shifts remain uncertain. Here we combine a new compilation of Atlantic Nd isotope reconstructions of the early Holocene with the Nd‐enabled Bern3D model to quantify the recently proposed hypothesis of a northern Nd isotope end member shift during the early Holocene. We achieve the best model‐data fit with a strong increase of the Nd flux in the northern high latitudes by a factor of 3 to 4, which lowers the northern end member signature by about 1 ε‐unit. Our findings thus agree with the rationale that glacially weathered material entered the northern Northwest Atlantic after the ice sheets retreated late in the deglaciation and released substantial amounts of unradiogenic Nd as suggested previously. Further, we find that variations in the strength of the Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation (AMOC) cannot reproduce the observed Nd isotope excursions of the compiled data, ruling out an early Holocene AMOC “overshoot. ”
A Pathway to Mitigate Climate Change Impacts on Energy Communities: Decarbonization-Based Cost-Effective Grid Resilience Enhancement

Distribution systems starting from energy providers to end-users generally spread over a specific wide geographical area, resulting in more vulnerabilities to destructive weather-related (DWR) events. To effectively enhance grid resilience and accelerate decarbonization under a comprehensive resilience assessment, it is of paramount importance to apply efficient methodologies to characterize precise locations of distribution system components. Specifically, accurate models associated with informative distribution lines and system buses to investigate the behaviors of DWR events are still challenging and await to be solved. Therefore, a novel mesh-view structure is first proposed in this paper to determine the precise location of each distribution system component. Various types of DWR events under different severity levels are formulated to assess critical resilience metrics based on the mesh-view structure. A resilient and decarbonized pathway is further achieved by incorporating both the resilience and carbon emission indices into a judicious two-stage stochastic scheduling method, which enhances grid resilience and minimizes both operational costs and carbon emissions. To develop such a resilient, decarbonized, and cost-effective distribution system, with the interaction of the proposed mesh-view structure, distributed energy resources (DERs) are finally employed to identify and assess different behaviors of DWR events with respect to different allocations of DERs. A33-bus test case has been demonstrated to show the effectiveness and efficiency of the proposed mechanism.
Monte Carlo-based ensemble method for prediction of grassland fire spread

The operational prediction of fire spread to support fire management operations relies on a deterministic approach where a single ‘best-guess’ forecast is produced from the best estimate of the environmental conditions driving the fire. Although fire can be considered a phenomenon of low predictability and the estimation of input conditions for fire behaviour models is fraught with uncertainty, no error component is associated with these forecasts. At best, users will derive an uncertainty bound to the model outputs based on their own personal experience. A simple ensemble method that considers the uncertainty in the estimation of model input values and Monte Carlo sampling was applied with a grassland fire-spread model to produce a probability density function of rate of spread. This probability density function was then used to describe the uncertainty in the fire behaviour prediction and to produce probability-based outputs. The method was applied to a grassland wildfire case study dataset. The ensemble method did not improve the general statistics describing model fit but provided complementary information describing the uncertainty associated with the predictions and a probabilistic output for the occurrence of threshold levels of fire behaviour.
Further Evidence on the Risk-Return Relationship

Recent tests of the capital asset pricing model by Fama and French (1992) showed that there is no significant relationship between the average return and systematic risk of cornmon stocks. We propose two econometric methods to improve the efficiency of the estimation and provide more powerful test statistics: joint pooled cross-section and time-series estimation and generalized least squares. Using these techniques, we find a highly significant relationship between average portfolio returns and systematic risk. , In a recent article, Fama and French (1992) (FF) estimated the relationship between stock returns and beta, the measure of systematic risk, in order to test the capital asset pricing model (CAPM) of Sharpe (1964), Lintner (1965), Mossin (1966) and Black (1972). They found no significant relationship between return and beta even when beta was the only regressor in the return equation, hence casting doubt on the validity of the CAPM. The press coverage of this study concluded that “beta . is dead” . ~ In this paper we suggest that the press reports of beta’s death were greatly exaggerated. Our results show that the absence of a significant relationship between average stock returns and beta is due to the estimation methodology ofFarna and MacBeth (1973) (FM), which produces tests that are not sufficiently powerful. We develop the methodology of Amihud and Mendelson (1986, 1989) (AM) to test the CAPM, and find that the power of the resulting tests is greater than that of FM’s tests. This methodology is applied to examine the return-beta relationship using data for the period 1953-1990. When we employ the FM methodology, we find an insignificant relationship, consistent with FF. However, when we apply the improved AM methodology, we find a positive and highly significant return-beta relationship. We conclude that beta is still alive and well. In what follows, we present the test methodologies in section I. Section II describes our empirical study and presents the results. Concludingremarks are offered in section III. 1 New York Time3, February 18, 1992. See also “Beta beaten” (The Economist, March 7, 1992) and “Bye-bye to Beta” (Forbes, March 30, 1992). Recently, Chan and Lakonishok (1992), employing a similar methodology as FF, found that for data spanning over 19321992, the return-/3 relationship was weakly significant.
Ocean‐atmosphere partitioning of anthropogenic carbon dioxide on multimillennial timescales

Ocean‐sediment and weathering interactions exert the primary control on how much anthropogenic‐emitted CO2 remains in the atmosphere on timescales longer than about 1 kyr. Analytical theory is presented which predicts, from initial conditions, the remaining atmospheric fraction of emitted CO2 after equilibrium with CaCO3 burial in deep‐sea sediments but before silicate weathering removes all excess CO2 on a >100 kyr timescale. The theoretical predictions of final atmospheric CO2 partial pressure are tested against independent integrations of the GENIE‐1 Earth system model and are found to agree to within 10% for total emissions up to about 4000 PgC. The predicted theoretical relationship is linear and is based on the assumptions that ocean carbonate ion concentration is restored when CaCO3 burial reaches a new steady state, and that the steady state change in global ocean CO2* is proportional to the change in atmospheric CO2; where CO2* is the combined concentration of aqueous CO2 and carbonic acid. We find that the residual fraction of anthropogenic CO2 in the atmosphere can be determined without explicit use of ocean [CO32−], even though this concentration is known to be important in controlling the depth interval over which CaCO3‐rich sediments accumulate. The simple theory developed here is particularly suited for efficient assessment of events recorded in the geological record as well as anthropogenic CO2 influences on the long‐term stability of ice sheets.
In vitro Induced Mutagenesis for Early Blight
(Alternaria solani) Resistance in Potato
(Solanum tuberosum L.)

Optimal media compositions were worked out for efficient callus induction and consequent plantlet regeneration using different explants (leaf, node and internode) of potato ( Solanum tuberosum L.). Among seventeen media compositions used, MS medium supplemented with 3.0 mg/L 2,4-D + 0.25 mg/L BAP exhibited maximum callus induction and proliferation response. Well-proliferated calli were exposed to different treatments of physical (gamma rays 10 to 50 Gy) and chemical (EMS and NaN 2; 1 to 5 mg/L) mutagens and were then screened against partially purified toxin of Alternaria solani. Plants regenerated from callus, insensitive to toxin, were supposed to be resistant and were then screened against two different isolates of A. solani under field conditions. After two year of field trials four out of 63 in vitro screened lines of gamma irradiation; four out of 52 in vitro screened lines of sodium azide treated cultures and five out of 59 screened lines of EMS treated cultures were selected according to disease rating scales. Variation was further confirmed using various biochemical and molecular markers.
Characterization of feed efficiency-related key signatures molecular in different cattle breeds

Feed efficiency is a major constraint in the beef industry and has a significant negative correlation with residual feed intake (RFI). RFI is widely used as a measure of feed efficiency in beef cattle and is independent of economic traits such as body weight and average daily gain. However, key traits with commonality or specificity among beef cattle breeds at the same level of RFI have not been reported. Accordingly, the present study hypothesized that signatures associated with feed efficiency would have commonality or specificity in the liver of cattle breeds at the same RFI level. By comparing and integrating liver transcriptome data, we investigated the critical signatures closely associated with RFI in beef cattle using weighted co-expression network analysis, consensus module analysis, functional enrichment analysis and protein network interaction analysis. The results showed that the consensus modules in Angus and Charolais cattle were negatively correlated, and four (turquoise, red, tan, yellow) were significantly positively correlated in Angus liver, while (turquoise, red) were significantly negatively correlated in Charolais liver. These consensus modules were found to be primarily involved in biological processes such as substance metabolism, energy metabolism and gene transcription, which may be one of the possible explanations for the difference in feed efficiency between the two beef breeds. This research also identified five key candidate genes, PLA2G12B, LCAT, MTTP, LCAT, ABCA1 and FADS1, which are closely associated with hepatic lipid metabolism. The present study has identified some modules, genes and pathways that may be the major contributors to the variation in feed efficiency among different cattle breeds, providing a new perspective on the molecular mechanisms of feed efficiency in beef cattle and a research basis for investigating molecular markers associated with feed efficiency in beef cattle.
Assessing evapotranspiration rates of a Mid-Atlantic red maple riparian wetland using sap flow sensors.

Title of Thesis: Assessing Evapotranspiration Rates of a Mid-Atlantic Red Maple Riparian Wetland Using Sap Flow Sensors. Jennifer Renz, Master of Science, 2005 Thesis Directed By: Dr. Bahram Momen, Assistant Professor. Department of Natural Resource Sciences, University of Maryland, College Park. Riparian forests are unique due to increased exposure of trees to winds and radiation and the subsequent effects on the quality and quantity of water discharge from the system. Since “edge effects” can enhance evapotranspiration (ET) of exposed trees, ET rates of a first-order red maple riparian wetland were assessed with thermal dissipation probes during the 2002 growing season to address: a) if edge trees transpire more water daily than interior trees, b) correlations among sap flow rates and energy balance-derived estimates, c) variations in ecosystem ET estimates based on 6 scaling variables, and d) diurnal correlations between maximum sap flow rates and streamflow losses. Results from this study indicate that: a) edge trees transpire more water daily than interior trees during early summer, b) choice of scaling variable affects estimation of ecosystem ET rates, and c) maximum sap flow rates correlate with streamflow losses diurnally under specific environmental conditions. ASSESSING EVAPOTRANSPIRATION RATES OF A MID-ATLANTIC RED MAPLE RIPARIAN WETLAND USING SAP FLOW SENSORS.
Meal-time with a socially assistive robot and older adults at a long-term care facility

As people get older, their ability to perform basic self-maintenance activities can be diminished due to the prevalence of cognitive and physical impairments or as a result of social isolation. The objective of our work is to design socially assistive robots capable of providing cognitive assistance, targeted engagement, and motivation to elderly individuals, in order to promote participation in self-maintenance activities of daily living. In this paper, we present the design and implementation of the expressive human-like robot, Brian 2.1, as a social motivator for the important activity of eating meals. An exploratory study was conducted at an elderly care facility with the robot and eight individuals, aged 82--93, to investigate user engagement and compliance during meal-time interactions with the robot along with overall acceptance and attitudes towards the robot. Results of the study show that the individuals were both engaged in the interactions and complied with the robot during two different meal-eating scenarios. A post-study robot acceptance questionnaire also determined that, in general, the participants enjoyed interacting with Brian 2.1 and had positive attitudes towards the robot for the intended activity.
The Pattern Glare Test: a review and determination of normative values

Pattern glare is characterised by symptoms of visual perceptual distortions and visual stress on viewing striped patterns. People with migraine or Meares–Irlen syndrome (visual stress) are especially prone to pattern glare. The literature on pattern glare is reviewed, and the goal of this study was to develop clinical norms for the Wilkins and Evans Pattern Glare Test. This comprises three test plates of square wave patterns of spatial frequency 0.5, 3 and 12 cycles per degree (cpd). Patients are shown the 0.5 cpd grating and the number of distortions that are reported in response to a list of questions is recorded. This is repeated for the other patterns. People who are prone to pattern glare experience visual perceptual distortions on viewing the 3 cpd grating, and pattern glare can be quantified as either the sum of distortions reported with the 3 cpd pattern or as the difference between the number of distortions with the 3 and 12 cpd gratings, the ‘3–12 cpd difference’. In study 1, 100 patients consulting an optometrist performed the Pattern Glare Test and the 95th percentile of responses was calculated as the limit of the normal range. The normal range for the number of distortions was found to be <4 on the 3 cpd grating and <2 for the 3–12 cpd difference. Pattern glare was similar in both genders but decreased with age. In study 2, 30 additional participants were given the test in the reverse of the usual testing order and were compared with a sub‐group from study 1, matched for age and gender. Participants experienced more distortions with the 12 cpd grating if it was presented after the 3 cpd grating. However, the order did not influence the two key measures of pattern glare. In study 3, 30 further participants who reported a medical diagnosis of migraine were compared with a sub‐group of the participants in study 1 who did not report migraine or frequent headaches, matched for age and gender. The migraine group reported more symptoms on viewing all gratings, particularly the 3 cpd grating. The only variable to be significantly different between the groups was the 3–12 cpd difference. In conclusion, people have an abnormal degree of pattern glare if they have a Pattern Glare Test score of >3 on the 3 cpd grating or a score of >1 on the 3–12 cpd difference. The literature suggests that these people are likely to have visual stress in everyday life and may therefore benefit from interventions designed to alleviate visual stress, such as precision tinted lenses.
Shear‐induced permeability anisotropy of simulated serpentinite gouge produced by triaxial deformation experiments

We have determined the permeability of antigorite serpentinite gouge in three orthogonal directions during frictional experiments using a triaxial gas apparatus to better understand fluid flow in subduction fault zones. The experiments were conducted at room temperature, a confining pressure of 150 MPa, a pore pressure of 100 MPa, and a constant slip rate of 0.58 µm/s. Although the initial permeabilities are similar in all directions, anisotropy develops during deformation, with the permeability normal to the shear plane becoming one order of magnitude lower than in the other directions when the shear stress reaches steady state. Formation of such permeability anisotropies may enhance fluid flow along the subduction plate interface and serpentinite‐bearing fault zones, important in evaluating potentially heterogeneous distribution of fluid pressure along the fault and in understanding the spatio‐temporal variation in the seismic activity.