Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Targeting Appropriate Interventions to Minimize Deterioration of Drinking-water Quality in Developing Countries

In developing countries, it has been observed that drinking-water frequently becomes recontaminated following its collection and during storage in the home. This paper proposes a semi-quantified ‘disease risk index' (DRI) designed to identify communities or households that are ‘most at risk' from consuming recontaminated drinking-water. A brief review of appropriate physical and educational intervention measures is presented, and their effective use is discussed. It is concluded that incorporating a simple appraisal tool, such as the proposed DRI, into a community water-supply programme would be useful in shaping the overall strategy requiring only a minimum of organizational learning.
Inhibition of latrunculin-A on dexamethasone-induced fibronectin production in cultured human trabecular meshwork cells.

AIM To determine the effects of a low dose latrunculin (LAT)-A on dexamethasone (Dex)-induced upregulation of extracellular matrix proteins fibronectin (FN) in cultured human trabecular meshwork (HTM) cells. METHODS HTM cells were cultured to confluent and incubated with 0. 4µmol/L Dex and/or 0. 05µmol/L LAT-A. FN expression in HTM cells was evaluated by Western blot and immunofluorescence microscopy. RESULTS Dex up-regulated FN production in HTM cells, failed to do so when co-incubated with LAT-A. LAT-A decreased production of FN in cultured HTM cells. CONCLUSION This study indicated that LAT-A may modulate the expression of fibronectin in trabecular meshwork to achieve treatment for steroids and other types of glaucoma. It has an important prospect as an intraocular pressure- lowering drug.
Flexible code safety for Win32

With the growth of the global Internet, users have begun to download and run programs for more different purposes and from more varied sources than ever before. These programs should not be allowed to cause harm to a user's system or data, either as a result of malicious code created by an adversary or buggy code that could cause accidentally. Users may have different ideas of what constitutes harm than the program's authors, so they need a flexible way to specify the capabilities and limitations of untrusted programs. Naccio is a platform-independent architecture for defining safety policies that describe what a program cannot do. To enforce those policies, programs are transformed to integrate safety checking into their operation at run-time. This thesis presents the design of Naccio/Win32, which applies the Naccio architecture to enforce policies on executables running under Microsoft Windows. A prototype implementation provides a proof of concept, and results presented here provide a demonstration of the effectiveness and efficiency of Naccio/Win32's mechanisms. Naccio/Win32 provides a greater degree of flexibility than any previous code safety system. Safety policies can be written and enforced with no in-depth knowledge of the system, and are specified as general constraints on program actions, rather than being targeted reactions known attacks. New policies can easily be deployed to adapt to changing security needs or system vulnerabilities. The enforcement of policies through transformation is optimized to minimize the overhead introduced, so that users will not suffer a noticeable loss of performance. Thesis Supervisor: John Guttag Title: Professor of Computer Science and Engineering Co-Supervisor: David Evans
Perceiving events and objects

Contents: Part I:Biography. S. Rogers, Gunnar Johansson: A Practical Theorist. An Interview with William Epstein. Part II:A Selection of Gunnar Johansson's Contributions. G. Johansson, Configurations in Event Perception. G. Johansson, Rigidity, Stability and Motion in Perceptual Space. G. Johansson, Perception of Motion and Changing Form. G. Johansson, On Theories for Visual Space Perception. J.J. Gibson, On Theories for Visual Space Perception. G. Johansson, Visual Perception of Biological Motion and a Model for Its Analysis. G. Johansson, Spatio-Temporal Differentiation and Integration in Visual Motion Perception. G. Johansson, Studies on Visual Perception of Locomotion. G. Johansson, E. Borjesson, Toward a New Theory of Vision. Studies in Wide-Angle Space Perception. G. Johansson, Visual Vector Analysis and the Optic Sphere Theory. Part III:Tracing Gunnar Johansson's Theoretical Development. W. Epstein, Looking at Perceptual Theory Through a Johansson Lens. G. Johansson, Comments on Epstein: Looking at Perceptual Theory Through a Johansson Lens. Part IV:Applied Research. K. Rumar, Human Factors in Road Traffic. H. Leibowitz, A Note on the Synergy Between Basic and Applied Research. Part V:Commentaries on Selected Aspects of Gunnar Johansson's Contributions. Section A:Vector Analysis. J.J. Koenderink, Vector Analysis. S.S. Bergstrom, Can the Johansson Vector Analysis Be Applied to the Perception of Illumination, Color and Depth? J.S. Lappin, Seeing Structure in Space-Time. S. Runeson, Perception of Biological Motion: The KSD-Principle and the Implications of the Distal Versus Proximal Approach. Section B:Perceptual Processing. G. Jansson, Perceived Bending Motion, the Principle of Minimum Object Change, and the Optic Sphere Theory. J. Hochberg, Vector Analysis, Perceptual Intention, and the Hidden Rules of Visual Perception. M.L. Braunstein, Decoding Principles, Heuristics and Inference in Visual Perception. Section C:Vection and Locomotion. R. Held, H. Leibowitz, The Significance of Vection: Thoughts Provoked by Gunnar Johansson's Studies on Visual Perception of Locomotion. C. von Hofsten, D.N. Lee, Measuring With the Optic Sphere. Section D:Optic Sphere Theory. J.T. Todd, On the Optic Sphere Theory and the Nature of Visual Information. E. Borjesson, The Optic Sphere Theory as a Slant Determining Mechanism. Part VI:Concluding Remarks. G. Johansson, Personal Comments. G. Johansson, Bibliography 1950-1993.
Immunological Identification of Five Troponin T Isoforms Reveals an Elaborate Maturational Troponin T Profile in Rabbit Myocardium

Myocardium is generally thought to express no more than two isoforms of troponin T (TnT). We have recently reported that TnT purified from rabbit myocardium is resolved by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis Into five proteius (TnT1, TnT2, TnT3, TnT4, and TnT5). In this study, these proteins are characterized immunologically and a novel elaborate maturational profile is described. Myocardium was obtained from 23 days of gestation fetal rabbits and 2-day, 6-week, 3-month, and 6-month postnatal rabbits. The major species in the adult myocardium, TnT4, was identified on sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gels and excised. The protein was electroeluted and purified. An amino acid microsequence of a cleaved fragment of this protein was found to be virtually identical to residues 86-99 from adult rabbit cardiac TnT. The protein, TnT1, was used to raise a polyclonal antibody. This antibody recognized all five isoforms from purified cardiac TnT, but none of the TnT isoforms from fast skeletal muscle. A monoclonal antibody, Mab JLT-12, raised against a highly conserved epitope of rabbit fast skeletal muscle, recognized all five cardiac as well as five skeletal muscle isoforms. Western blots performed on intact myocardial preparations demonstrated that TnT1 the cardiac isoform with the slowest electrophoretic mobility, was expressed prominently in the immature hearts, in addition to TnT2, TnT3, and TnT4, but TnT1 was not evident in the 3-month and 6-month postnatal hearts. The expression of TnT2 also decreased with maturation. Thus, the number of TnT isoforms expressed in the rabbit decreases with maturation. These results demonstrate a greater heterogeneity of expression of cardiac TnT isoforms than was previously suspected and suggest that all the five identified TnT rabbit cardiac isoforms are derived from a different gene than the fast skeletal muscle TnT gene. Sequencing of the rabbit cardiac TnT gene(s) and complementary DNA analysis are needed to establish fully the molecular basis of these five cardiac TnT isoforms.
Rejoinder: a geographical political economy of evolution in economic geography

Key themes for evolution in economic geography are identified that clarify and further refine and reinforce our argument for broader conceptions of institutions, social agency, and power and for the situation of the plural and emerging field of evolutionary approaches more fully within geographical political economy. We address the following issues: conceptual and terminological clarity; evolution and institutions within and beyond the firm; agency, bounded determinacy, and power; and research method and design. Our central contention is that geographical political economy provides a coherent and well-structured conceptual and theoretical framework with which to broaden and deepen our understanding, exploration, and practice of evolutionary thinking in economic geography.
Erectile dysfunction among men with diabetes is strongly associated with premature ejaculation and reduced libido.

INTRODUCTION Among men with diabetes, little attention has been given to premature ejaculation (PE), reduced libido, and their associations with erectile dysfunction (ED), despite the presence of physical and psychologic factors that could predispose to all three. AIM To estimate the prevalence and inter-associations of ED, PE, and reduced libido among diabetic men and to describe the associated clinical, socioeconomic, and lifestyle parameters. METHODS Cross-sectional observational study of 253 men with type 2 diabetes randomly selected from a clinic in Colombo, Sri Lanka. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Erectile function was assessed using the five-item version of the International Index of Erectile Function scale. The presence of PE, reduced libido, sociodemographic, and lifestyle data was obtained using an interviewer-administered questionnaire. Clinical data were obtained from relevant physical examination, patient records, and laboratory tests, which included glycosylated hemoglobin, serum cholesterol, serum creatinine, and electrocardiogram. RESULTS One hundred and eighty-five (73.1%) of the individuals had some degree of ED, while 84 (33.2%) had severe to complete ED. After excluding men with complete ED, the prevalence of PE was 68 (40.2%). The overall prevalence of reduced libido was 64 (25%). In the multivariate analysis, the strongest associations with ED were PE (odds ratio [OR] = 4.41, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 2.08-9.39) and reduced libido (OR = 4.38, CI = 1.39-13.82) followed by lower income (OR = 2.16, CI = 1.32-3.52), advancing age (OR = 2.06, CI = 1.44-2.95), and duration of diabetes (OR = 1.48, CI = 1.09-2.01). In addition, ED was univariately associated with lower educational level (P = 0.05), the presence of hypertension (P = 0.005), and no alcohol intake (P = 0.001). The only significant association of PE was the severity grade of ED. Associations of reduced libido in the multivariate analysis were ED (OR=1.61, CI = 1.23-2.70), advancing age (OR = 1.7, CI = 1.4-2.2), and absence of masturbation (OR = 3.3, CI = 1.2-8.8). CONCLUSIONS ED was strongly associated with PE and reduced libido. Diabetic patients presenting with one of these three conditions should be screened for the other two.
Rapid induction of ferritin in laboratory animals prior to its isolation.

Abstract Oral ingestion, by guinea pigs, of concentrated solutions of soluble hydroxy-iron(III) polymers rapidly induces a 7-fold increase of liver ferritin. Young guinea pigs imbibing 0.1 M iron for 2 weeks produced a significantly greater amount of ferritin than animals injected with an iron-dextran complex at 1.0 mmole Fe/kg body weight. Conventional methods for the isolation of tissue ferritin are more efficient and provide higher yields from such iron-replete animals. Dose/response curves are presented for the mouse to illustrate the kinetics of liver iron assimilation at various levels of oral iron supplementation.
Learning to Identify Single-Snippet Answers to Definition Questions

We present a learning-based method to identify single-snippet answers to definition questions in question answering systems for document collections. Our method combines and extends two previous techniques that were based mostly on manually crafted lexical patterns and WordNet hypernyms. We train a Support Vector Machine (SVM) on vectors comprising the verdicts or attributes of the previous techniques, and additional phrasal attributes that we acquire automatically. The SVM is then used to identify and rank single 250-character snippets that contain answers to definition questions. Experimental results indicate that our method clearly outperforms the techniques it builds upon.
Legal and Logical Limitations in Applying Social Science to Business

Management theories such as Maslow's Hierarchy of needs and concepts such as age, race, sex, and unconscious stereotypes, emotional intelligence, practical intelligence, competencies, and stereotype threat are reviewed. They are identified as folk theories which have been widely accepted but have limited or no scientific foundation. Regretfully, these politically correct ideas have influenced both business and legal areas. It is widely believed that concepts such as emotional intelligence and stereotypes are related to actual behavior in the workplace. In fact, these popular constructs have never been operationally measured and related to actual performance at work. Most of the studies reviewed involved college students making judgments about paper-people performing artificial tasks far removed from the workplace. Most of the folk theories have a facade of social science, but have not been subjected to the rigor of peer-reviewed scientific practice.
MAPRE1 as a Plasma Biomarker for Early-Stage Colorectal Cancer and Adenomas

Blood-based biomarkers for early detection of colorectal cancer could complement current approaches to colorectal cancer screening. We previously identified the APC-binding protein MAPRE1 as a potential colorectal cancer biomarker. Here, we undertook a case–control validation study to determine the performance of MAPRE1 in detecting early colorectal cancer and colon adenoma and to assess the potential relevance of additional biomarker candidates. We analyzed plasma samples from 60 patients with adenomas, 30 with early colorectal cancer, 30 with advanced colorectal cancer, and 60 healthy controls. MAPRE1 and a set of 21 proteins with potential biomarker utility were assayed using high-density antibody arrays, and carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) was assayed using ELISA. The biologic significance of the candidate biomarkers was also assessed in colorectal cancer mouse models. Plasma MAPRE1 levels were significantly elevated in both patients with adenomas and patients with colorectal cancer compared with controls (P < 0.0001). MAPRE1 and CEA together yielded an area under the curve of 0.793 and a sensitivity of 0.400 at 95% specificity for differentiating early colorectal cancer from controls. Three other biomarkers (AK1, CLIC1, and SOD1) were significantly increased in both adenoma and early colorectal cancer patient plasma samples and in plasma from colorectal cancer mouse models at preclinical stages compared with controls. The combination of MAPRE1, CEA, and AK1 yielded sensitivities of 0.483 and 0.533 at 90% specificity and sensitivities of 0.350 and 0.467 at 95% specificity for differentiating adenoma and early colorectal cancer, respectively, from healthy controls. These findings suggest that MAPRE1 can contribute to the detection of early-stage colorectal cancer and adenomas together with other biomarkers. Cancer Prev Res; 8(11); 1112–9. ©2015 AACR.
Dosing of Clopidogrel for Platelet Inhibition in Infants and Young Children: Primary Results of the Platelet Inhibition in Children On cLOpidogrel (PICOLO) Trial

Background— Infants and young children with certain types of heart disease are at increased risk for thromboses. Clopidogrel 75 mg/d is used in adults to prevent thrombotic events. The dose to achieve similar platelet inhibition in children is unknown. The objectives of the present study were (1) to determine the dose of clopidogrel needed in infants and young children to achieve a mean 30% to 50% inhibition of 5-&mgr;mol/L ADP–induced platelet aggregation (ie, inhibition similar to that observed with 75 mg in adults) and (2) to assess the safety and tolerability of clopidogrel in infants and young children. Methods and Results— We performed a prospective, multicenter, randomized, placebo-controlled trial evaluating the pharmacodynamics of clopidogrel in children (0 to 24 months) with a cardiac condition at risk for arterial thrombosis. Patients were randomized to clopidogrel versus placebo in a 3:1 ratio in 4 sequential groups (0.01, 0.10, 0.20, and 0.15 mg/kg) for ≥7 and ≤28 days. Platelet aggregation was assessed at baseline and steady state by light-transmission aggregometry. Of 116 patients enrolled, 92 (50% neonates, 50% infants/toddlers) were randomized, and 73 completed the study. A total of 79% of the randomized and treated patients were taking aspirin. Compared with placebo, clopidogrel 0.20 mg · kg−1 · d−1 resulted in a mean 49.3% (95% confidence interval 25.7% to 72.8%) inhibition of the maximum extent of platelet aggregation and a mean 43.9% (95% confidence interval 18.6% to 69.2%) inhibition of the rate of platelet aggregation. There was marked interpatient variability in the degree of platelet aggregation inhibition within each treatment-dose group and age group. No serious bleeding events occurred. Conclusions— Clopidogrel 0.20 mg · kg−1 · d−1 in children 0 to 24 months of age achieves a platelet inhibition level similar to that in adults taking 75 mg/d. Clopidogrel is well tolerated in infants and young children at this dose.
A Supervised Approach to Predict the Hierarchical Structure of Conversation Threads for Comments

User-generated texts such as comments in social media are rich sources of information. In general, the reply structure of comments is not publicly accessible on the web. Websites present comments as a list in chronological order. This way, some information is lost. A solution for this problem is to reconstruct the thread structure (RTS) automatically. RTS predicts a semantic tree for the reply structure, useful for understanding users' behaviours and facilitating follow of the actual conversation streams. This paper works on RTS task in blogs, online news agencies, and news websites. These types of websites cover various types of articles reflecting the real-world events. People with different views participate in arguments by writing comments. Comments express opinions, sentiments, or ideas about articles. The reply structure of threads in these types of websites is basically different from threads in the forums, chats, and emails. To perform RTS, we define a set of textual and nontextual features. Then, we use supervised learning to combine these features. The proposed method is evaluated on five different datasets. The accuracy of the proposed method is compared with baselines. The results reveal higher accuracy for our method in comparison with baselines in all datasets.
Cognition spatiale et vieillissement : les nouveaux éclairages offerts par les études utilisant la réalité virtuelle

L'etude des effets du vieillissement sur la cognition spatiale connait un developpement important ces dernieres annees avec l'arrivee des technologies de la realite virtuelle (RV) qui permettent de simuler des activites de navigation dans des environnements ecologiques a grande echelle. Les recents resultats issus de cette nouvelle voie d'investigation sont presentes en regard des difficultes d'apprentissage et de navigation dans les petits et grands espaces au cours du vieillissement " normal " et dans la maladie d'Alzheimer (MA). Les avancees permises par la RV sont exposees ainsi que les perspectives de recherche a venir, en particulier l'etude des relations entre cognition et action, mais aussi l'exploration des bases neurales de la cognition spatiale grâce au couplage entre RV et imagerie neurofonctionnelle
Comparative Study of Hydrogen- and Deuterium-Induced Degradation of Ferroelectric (Pb,La)(Zr,Ti)O3 Capacitors Using Time-of-Flight Secondary Ion Measurement

Ferroelectric (Pb,La)(Zr,Ti)O3 (PLZT) capacitors were fabricated with Pt, Al:ZnO (AZO), or Sn:In2O3 (ITO) top electrodes. Hydrogen or deuterium-induced degradation was investigated for the three capacitors by annealing in a 3% H2/balance N2 or 3% D2/balance N2 ambient environment at 200 °C and 1 torr. The remnant polarization of all capacitors decreased after annealing in both H2 and D2 ambient after 45 min, and the remnant polarization of the Pt/PLZT/Pt capacitor significantly decreased after 45-min annealing compared with that of the AZO/PLZT/Pt and ITO/PLZT/Pt capacitors, even though the initial remnant polarization for the Pt/PLZT/Pt capacitor was larger. Time-of-flight secondary ion mass spectrometry showed slight differences in hydrogen content for the three different capacitors after H2 annealing. In contrast, the deuterium content of the Pt/PLZT/Pt and AZO/PLZT/Pt or ITO/PLZT/PT capacitors was significantly different after deuterium annealing. Deuterium depth profiles for the Pt/PLZT/Pt capacitor after annealing showed that deuterium conformally exists in the PLZT layer of the Pt/PLZT/Pt capacitor, and deuterium accumulation under the Pt bottom electrode was also observed. This result suggests that diffusion of deuterium in Pt was much higher than that in PLZT. AZO and ITO top electrodes could act as a hydrogen barrier layer for ferroelectric films.
Les auditeurs face à l'éthique : Messages ethiques explicites et implicites : quelles perceptions et réactions des auditeurs de certification légale?

Nous menons une etude de l'impact de combinaisons de messages ethiques sur la decision de deux types d'auditeur legal (commissariat aux comptes et certification aeronautique) et des praticiens en gestion des ressources humaines. En s'appuyant sur une definition de l'ethique, et sur un paradoxe en psychologie morale, nous presentons le role des messages ethiques dans le contexte de decision. Le protocole quasi experimental montre une difference de perception et comportement entre les populations etudiees. Les messages explicites et de la difficulte de decider, sont les elements les plus importants lors de la prise de decision. Il parait alors necessaire de reviser certains modeles de decision et d'audit pour y introduire les concepts de messages ethiques et d'independance interne.
Word sense disambiguation using author topic model

Purpose of this paper is what decrease situations of misleading in text, blog, tweet etc. We use Latent Dirichlet Allocation (LDA) for Word Sense Disambiguation (WSD). This paper experiments with a new approaches for WSD. The approach is WSD with author topic model. The availability of this approach is exerted on modeling of sentence on the Twitter. In this study, first flow is author estimate, and second flow is WSD. In the first flow, we use LDA topic modeling and dataset from novels in Japanese. We use collapsed Gibbs sampling as the estimated method for parameter of LDA. In the second flow, we use the dataset from the tweet on Twitter. By the two experiments, author topic model is found to be useful for WSD.