Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Two-dimensional liquid column and liquid droplet impact on a solid wedge

The hydrodynamic impact due to a two-dimensional (2D) liquid column or a 2D liquid droplet hitting on a solid wedge is analysed. The problem is solved using the complex velocity potential together with the boundary element method. A stretched coordinate system is used, which is defined through the ratio of the normal Cartesian coordinate system to an appropriately chosen time-varying length scale. Numerical simulations are first made for impact by a liquid wedge. The results from the time-domain method are found to be in a good agreement with the similarity solution. Simulations are also made for impact by an elliptic droplet. A condition for bisection of the droplet is introduced, which is found to provide stable and converged results.
Some comments on the use of factor analyses

Factor analysis is a technique that purports to explain observed relations among several variates in terms of ampler relations that provide insight into the underlying structure of the variates. The analysis, however, is technically underdeveloped, and its usefulness for studying interrelated hydrologic variates is questionable because of the inherent indeterminacies in the factor model, the lack of knowledge about the sampling properties of the factor loadings, the fact that the factors are not directly observable, and the inability to use the results of factor analyses in other analytic studies.
Numerical simulation study of the effect of buildings and complex terrain on the low-level winds at an airport in typhoon situation

Ap art from terrain-induced airf ow disturbances and thunderstorms, buildings and artif cial structures at airports may bring about sudden wind changes to aircraft in certain weather conditions. In the typhoon situation in the morning of 22 August 2008 under a generally crosswind situation, two aircraft landing at the Hong Kong International Airport reported encountering signif cant wind changes, which were considered to affect the operation of the aircraft. At the same time, a wind speed difference in the order of 10–15 knots was observed between the anemometers at the north and the south parallel runways of the airport. The causeof the wind changes experienced by the aircraft is studied in this paper by using numerical simulation, namely, using mesoscale meteorological models to provide the background wind f elds, and nesting them with a computational f uid dynamics (CFD) model to study the effect of buildings and terrain on the airf ow along the glide path of the landing aircraft. It is found that the complete set of simulation (i.e. including both buildings and terrain) successfully captures the wind speed difference between the north and the south runways, and gives the drop of the crosswind along the glide path exceeding the 7-knot criterion as adopted for buildinginduced wind changes affecting the normal operation of the aircraft. The results of the present study suggest that, for the timely warning of wind changes to be encountered by the landing aircraft, it may be necessary to consider examining the low-level wind effects of the buildings on the airf eld by performing numerical simulations by mesoscale meteorological models as nested with a CFD model.
Poly(I:C)-induced maternal immune activation causes elevated self-grooming in male rat offspring: Involvement of abnormal postpartum static nursing in dam

Introduction: Maternal immune activation (MIA) is closely related to the onset of autism-like behaviors in offspring, but the mechanism remains unclear. Maternal behaviors can influence offspring’s development and behaviors, as indicated in both human and animal studies. We hypothesized that abnormal maternal behaviors in MIA dams might be other factors leading to delayed development and abnormal behaviors in offspring. Methods: To verify our hypothesis, we analyzed poly(I:C)-induced MIA dam’s postpartum maternal behavior and serum levels of several hormones related to maternal behavior. Pup’s developmental milestones and early social communication were recorded and evaluated in infancy. Other behavioral tests, including three-chamber test, self-grooming test, open field test, novel object recognition test, rotarod test and maximum grip test, were performed in adolescence of pups. Results: Our results showed that MIA dams exhibit abnormal static nursing behavior but normal basic care and dynamic nursing behavior. The serum levels of testosterone and arginine vasopressin in MIA dams were significantly reduced compared with control dams. The developmental milestones, including pinna detachment, incisor eruption and eye opening, were significantly delayed in MIA offspring compared with control offspring, while the weight and early social communication showed no significant differences between the two groups. Behavioral tests performed in adolescence showed that only male MIA offspring display elevated self-grooming behaviors and reduced maximum grip. Discussion: In conclusion, MIA dams display abnormal postpartum static nursing behavior concomitantly with reduced serum levels of testosterone and arginine vasopressin, possibly involving in the pathogenesis of delayed development and elevated self-grooming in male offspring. These findings hint that improving dam’s postpartum maternal behavior might be a potential regime to counteract delayed development and elevated self-grooming in male MIA offspring.
Hazard-selfsimilarity of diffusions’ first passage times

A recent study introduced a novel approach to the exploration of diffusions’ first-passage times (FPTs): selfsimilarity. Specifically, consider a general diffusion process that runs over the non-negative half-line; initiating the diffusion at fixed positive levels, further consider the diffusion’s FPTs to the origin. Selfsimilarity means that the FPTs are spanned by an intrinsic scaling of their initial levels. The recent study addressed two types of selfsimilarity: stochastic, scaling the FPTs in ‘real space’; and Laplace, scaling the FPTs in ‘Laplace space’. The Laplace selfsimilarity manifests an underlying sum-like structure. Shifting from the sum-like structure to a max-like structure—a-la the shift from the Central Limit Theorem to Extreme Value Theory—this study addresses a third type of selfsimilarity: hazard, scaling the FPTs in ‘hazard space’. A comprehensive analysis of hazard-selfsimilarity is established here, including: the universal distribution of the FPTs; the dramatically different statistical behaviors that the universal distribution exhibits, and the statistical phase transition between the different behaviors; the characterization of the generative diffusion dynamics, and their universal Langevin representation; and the universal Poissonian statistics that emerge when the initial levels are scattered according to the statistical steady-state of the generative diffusion dynamics. The analysis unveils the following linkages: of the universal distribution to the Gumbel, Gompertz, and Frechet laws; of the universal Langevin representation to diffusion in quadratic and logarithmic potentials; and of the universal Poissonian statistics to non-normalizable densities, to the maxima of the exponential law, and to the harmonic Poisson process.
Automated polarized hyperspectral imaging (PHSI) for ex-vivo and in-vivo tissue assessment

Polarized light interactions with biological tissues can reveal information regarding tissue structure, while spectral characteristics are closely related to tissue composition. An integration of both modalities in a compact system could better assist tissue assessment. This study aims to develop a polarized hyperspectral imaging (PHSI) system that fulfills both linearly and circularly polarized hyperspectral imaging for in vivo and ex vivo applications. The system is comprised of a white LED, two linear polarizers, two liquid crystal variable retarders (LCVRs), and a hyperspectral snapshot camera. The system was calibrated to compute the full Stokes polarimetry. For tissue differentiation, fresh ex vivo mouse tissue specimens from kidney, liver, spleen, muscle, lung, and salivary gland of mice were imaged. The spectra of three features, named degree of polarization (DOP), degree of linear polarization (DOLP), and degree of circular polarization (DOCP), were generated. A k-nearest neighbor (k-NN) classifier was trained with multi-class spectra and five-fold cross validation. It was found that DOP better differentiates tissue with an average accuracy of 0.87. Additionally, support vector machine (SVM) classifiers were trained to differentiate between each two of the organs, and it was determined that DOLP better identified kidney, liver, and spleen, whereas DOCP better identified muscle and lung tissues. Then, the setup was employed to image in vivo human fingers with and without a blood occlusion to qualitatively estimate oxygen saturation. Preliminary results demonstrate that both DOLP and DOCP reveal a distinction of oxygen saturation states. These results demonstrate the feasibility of the PHSI system for distinguishing between optical properties of tissues, which has the potential to reveal disease-related information for diverse medical applications.
UR-CarA-Net: A Cascaded Framework With Uncertainty Regularization for Automated Segmentation of Carotid Arteries on Black Blood MR Images

We present a fully automated method for carotid artery (CA) outer wall segmentation in black blood MRI using partially annotated data and compare it to the state-of-the-art reference model. Our model was trained and tested on multicentric data of patients (106 and 23 patients, respectively) with a carotid plaque and was validated on different MR sequences (24 patients) as well as data that were acquired with MRI systems of a different vendor (34 patients). A 3D nnU-Net was trained on pre-contrast T1w turbo spin echo (TSE) MR images. A CA centerline sliding window approach was chosen to refine the nnU-Net segmentation using an additionally trained 2D U-Net to increase agreement with manual annotations. To improve segmentation performance in areas with semantically and visually challenging voxels, Monte-Carlo dropout was used. To increase generalizability, data were augmented with intensity transformations. Our method achieves state-of-the-art results yielding a Dice similarity coefficient (DSC) of 91.7% (interquartile range (IQR) 3.3%) and volumetric intraclass correlation (ICC) with ground truth of 0.90 on the development domain data and a DSC of 91.1% (IQR 7.2%) and volumetric ICC with ground truth of 0.83 on the external domain data outperforming top-ranked methods for open-source CA segmentation. The uncertainty-based approach increases the interpretability of the proposed method by providing an uncertainty map together with the segmentation.
Radiometric and Polarimetric Quality Validation of Gaofen-3 over a Five-Year Operation Period

GaoFen-3 was the first Chinese civilian C-band synthetic aperture radar (SAR) satellite, launched in August 2016. The need for monitoring the satellite’s image quality has been boosted by its widespread applications in various fields. The efficient and scientific assessment of the system’s radiometric and polarimetric performance has been essential in its more than five years of service. The authors collected 90 images of the Inner Mongolia calibration site, 888 images of the Amazon rainforest, and 39,929 images of the Chinese mainland from 2017 to 2021. This was achieved whilst covering the leading imaging modes, such as the spotlight mode, stripmap mode, ultra-fine mode, wave imaging mode, etc. In this study, we derive a framework that incorporates the man-made corner reflectors (CRs) in Mongolia, the traditional Amazon rainforest datasets, and even the long-strip data in the Chinese mainland (known as CRAS) for the purposes of GaoFen-3 radiometric quality analysis and polarimetric validation over its five years of operation. Polarimetric calibration without recourse to the CRs is utilized to measure the polarimetric distortions regardless of the region, and thus requires a higher calibration accuracy for the GaoFen-3 polarimetric monitoring task. Consequently, the modified Quegan method is developed by relaxing the target azimuth symmetry constraint with the Amazon forest datasets. The experiments based on the CRAS demonstrate that the main radiometric characteristics could reach the international level, with an estimated noise-equivalent sigma zero of approximately −30 dB, a radiometric resolution that is better than 2.9 dB, and a single-imagery relative radiation accuracy that is better than 0.51 dB. For polarimetric validation, the modified Quegan method was utilized to measure the crosstalk for quad-pol products to ensure that it was than −40 dB. Meanwhile, non-negligible channel imbalance errors were found in the QPSII and WAV modes, and they were effectively well-calibrated with strip estimators to satisfy the system design.
The Kolmogorov-Smirnov, Cramer-von Mises Tests

1. Preface. This is an expository paper giving an account of the "goodness of fit" test and the "two sample" test based on the empirical distribution functiontests which were initiated by the four authors cited in the title. An attempt is made here to give a fairly complete coverage of the history, development, present status, and outstanding current problems related to these topics. The reader is advised that the relative amount of space and emphasis allotted to the various phases of the subject does not reflect necessarily their intrinsic merit and importance, but rather the author's personal interest and familiarity. Also, for the sake of uniformity the notationt of miany of the writers quoted has been altered so that when referring to the original papers it will be necessary to check their nomenlclature. 2. The empirical distribution function and the tests. Let XI, X2, * * ,XXn be independent random variables (observations) each having the same distribution
Electron impact ionisation of argon

Theoretical results for the electron impact ionisation of neutral argon have been calculated using a two-state R-matrix approach in combination with the distorted-wave Born approximation (DWBA). Total and single differential cross sections including inner-shell ionisation are presented and compared with experiment and other theoretical data. The resonance structure of the Rydberg series is analysed and the influence of the distortion potential in the calculation of the distorted waves is investigated.
Lytic Bacteriophage Is a Promising Adjunct to Common Antibiotics across Cystic Fibrosis Clinical Strains and Culture Models of Pseudomonas aeruginosa Infection

Bacteriophages (phages) are antimicrobials with resurgent interest that are being investigated for the treatment of antibiotic refractory infection, including for Pseudomonas aeruginosa (Pa) lung infection in cystic fibrosis (CF). In vitro work supports the use of this therapy in planktonic and biofilm culture models; however, consistent data are lacking for efficacy across different clinical Pa strains, culture models, and in combination with antibiotics in clinical use. We first examined the efficacy of a 4-phage cocktail as an adjunct to our CF centre’s first-line systemic combination antibiotic therapy (ceftazidime + tobramycin) for 16 different clinical Pa strains and then determined subinhibitory interactions for a subset of these strains with each antibiotic in planktonic and biofilm culture. When a 4-phage cocktail (4 × 108 PFU/mL) was added to a ceftazidime-tobramycin combination (ceftazidime 16 mg/mL + tobramycin 8 mg/mL), we observed a 1.7-fold and 1.3-fold reduction in biofilm biomass and cell viability, respectively. The four most antibiotic resistant strains in biofilm were very susceptible to phage treatment. When subinhibitory concentrations of antibiotics and phages were investigated, we observed additivity/synergy as well as antagonism/inhibition of effect that varied across the clinical strains and culture model. In general, more additivity was seen with the phage-ceftazidime combination than with phage-tobramycin, particularly in biofilm culture, where no instances of additivity were seen when phages were combined with tobramycin. The fact that different bacterial strains were susceptible to phage treatment when compared to standard antibiotics is promising and these results may be relevant to ongoing clinical trials exploring the use of phages, in particular in the selection of subjects for clinical trials.
Eddy current interaction with a thin-opening crack in a plate conductor

In eddy current testing (ECT), a thin-opening crack in a plate conductor is frequently encountered. The eddy current field perturbation due to the crack may be described as the effect produced by an equivalent current dipole layer located on its surface. The dipole density may be found by solving a boundary integral equation. In this paper, formulas of the electric dyadic Green's function for a limited thickness plate are derived. Following a moment method scheme, numerical predictions are made for benchmark models of ECT for steam generator. The eddy current perturbations due to the cracks are calculated. The probe impedance changes are also evaluated and are compared with experiments, and good agreement is found.
Relationship Between Estimated Glucose Disposal Rate and Type 2 Diabetic Retinopathy

Purpose To investigate the association between diabetic retinopathy (DR), DR intensity, and estimated glucose disposal rate (eGDR) in individuals with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Patients and Methods This study comprised 1762 T2DM patients who were admitted between January and December, 2021. Overall, the DR was identified in 430 patients. Based on the eGDR, the participants were divided into four study groups. One-way analysis of variance was used to compare the groups. The correlations between eGDR and DR risk, eGDR, and DR severity were analyzed using regression analysis. Furthermore, these relationships were analyzed in different sex groups. Results Patients with T2DM had a 19.75% (348/1762) DR detection rate, whereas those with DR had a 22.41% (78/348) proliferative DR detection rate. The DR group had substantially reduced levels of eGDR compared with the non-DR group. Multivariate logistic regression analysis demonstrated that reduced eGDR was an independent risk factor for DR, after adjusting for confounding variables. eGDR correlated significantly with proliferative DR in women but not in men. Conclusion In Chinese individuals with T2DM, lower eGDR was independently associated with a higher risk of DR.
Effect of an Integrated Active Lessons Programme through Playful Maths Games on Self-Concept, Self-Esteem and Social Skills in Preschool Children

The aim of this study was to analyse the effects of an integrated active lessons programme based on playful math games, of 10 weeks’ duration (30 min/day × 2 days/week), on self-concept, self-esteem and social skills in preschool children. One hundred and ninety-four preschool children (53.6% girls) aged 53.36 ± 11.82 months were split into a control group (CG) and an experimental group (EG). The EG improved significantly in self-concept compared to the CG in boys and girls (6.8% and 7.1%, respectively). Personal and academic self-esteem levels increased significantly (8.1% and 5.5%, respectively, only in girls). Although the EG obtained significant improvements in social self-esteem and social skills compared to the beginning of the study, these results were not found in comparison with the CG. The introduction of active lessons based on playful maths games within the classroom is recommended as support for the improvement in self-concept, self-esteem and social skills in early childhood education.
Increase in prevalence of Streptococcus pneumoniae serogroup 24 in children upon introducing 13-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine in Japan

After introducing the 13-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (PCV13) for children, a change in the prevalence of different Streptococcus pneumoniae serotypes that cause invasive pneumococcal diseases (IPDs) has been observed. The prevalence of vaccine serotypes has decreased and that of non-vaccine serotypes has increased. Currently, serogroup 24 has become one of the major non-vaccine serotypes causing IPDs in children in Japan. The aim of this study was to characterize clinical and genomic features of S. pneumoniae serogroup 24 strains isolated from sterile body sites in Japanese children. Serotyping, multi-locus sequence typing and genomic analysis of capsular polysaccharides of 61 strains of serogroup 24 were performed from 2015 to 2021. Among the 61 strains, 36, 23 and two belonged to serotypes 24F, 24B and 24C, respectively. The 24F sequence type (ST) 2572 and 24B ST 2572 were the major serotypes and sequence types observed from 2015 to 2019. By contrast, 24F ST 162 and 24B ST 2754 were the two major serotypes and sequence types observed after 2020. Two strains of serotype 24C were detected for the first time in Japan. Sequence analysis of the abpA gene, which plays a role in the synthesis of capsular polysaccharides in S. pneumoniae , was performed to distinguish different strains of serogroup 24. After the introduction of PCV13 in Japan, serogroup 24 has become one of the most prevalent non-vaccine serotypes causing IPDs in children. This serogroup has not been targeted in the next-generation pneumococcal conjugate vaccines. Therefore, monitoring of S. pneumoniae serogroup 24 that causes IPDs in children is essential.
Non-Line-Of-Sight Error Mitigation Algorithm Based on Kalman Filter

The Non-Line-Of-Sight(NLOS) error is the main difficulty for mobile user location in cellular wireless communication system. A new NLOS error mitigation algorithm based on the Kalman filter is presented. Both the true value of Time Of Arrival(TOA) and the NLOS error are serves as the state variances of Kalman filter. According to the construction features of the former and the statistic characteristics of the latter,the state transition matrix of Kalman filter is got. The situation when NLOS is exponential is taken as the example,and the results indicate the algorithm can work faster with better estimation accuracy.