Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Correction of flux measurements for density effects due to heat and water vapour transfer

When the atmospheric turbulent flux of a minor constituent such as CO2 (or of water vapour as a special case) is measured by either the eddy covariance or the mean gradient technique, account may need to be taken of variations of the constituent's density due to the presence of a flux of heat and/or water vapour. In this paper the basic relationships are discussed in the context of vertical transfer in the lower atmosphere, and the required corrections to the measured flux are derived. If the measurement involves sensing of the fluctuations or mean gradient of the constituent's mixing ratio relative to the dry air component, then no correction is required; while with sensing of the constituent's specific mass content relative to the total moist air, a correction arising from the water vapour flux only is required. Correspondingly, if in mean gradient measurements the constituent's density is measured in air from different heights which has been pre-dried and brought to a common temperature, then again no correction is required; while if the original (moist) air itself is brought to a common temperature, then only a correction arising from the water vapour flux is required. If the constituent's density fluctuations or mean gradients are measured directly in the air in situ, then corrections arising from both heat and water vapour fluxes are required. These corrections will often be very important. That due to the heat flux is about five times as great as that due to an equal latent heat (water vapour) flux. In CO2 flux measurements the magnitude of the correction will commonly exceed that of the flux itself. The correction to measurements of water vapour flux will often be only a few per cent but will sometimes exceed 10 per cent.
Essays in Behavioural Economics

iv Chapter 1. Evaluating the Sunk Cost Effect . 1 Chapter 2. Mindfulness & Information Acquisition . 28 Chapter 3. Measuring National Happiness with Music . 49
Collisionless distribution function for the relativistic force-free Harris sheet

A self-consistent collisionless distribution function for the relativistic analogue of the force-free Harris sheet is presented. This distribution function is the relativistic generalization of the distribution function for the non-relativistic collisionless force-free Harris sheet recently found by Harrison and Neukirch [Phys. Rev. Lett. 102, 135003 (2009)], as it has the same dependence on the particle energy and canonical momenta. We present a detailed calculation which shows that the proposed distribution function generates the required current density profile (and thus magnetic field profile) in a frame of reference in which the electric potential vanishes identically. The connection between the parameters of the distribution function and the macroscopic parameters such as the current sheet thickness is discussed.
On Infinite-Horizon Optimal Control Problems

In this paper, we consider infinite-horizon optimal control problems. First, by a suitable change of variable, we transform the problem to a finite-horizon nonlinear optimal control problem. Then the problem is modified into one consisting of the minimization of a linear functional over a set of positive Radon measure. The optimal measure is approximated by a finite combination of atomic measures and the approximate solution of the fist problem is find by the optimal solution of a finite-dimensional linear programming problem. The solution of this problem is used to find a piecewise constant control for the original one, and finally by using the approximate control signals we obtain the approximate trajectories.
An unconditionally stable three level finite difference scheme for solving parabolic two‐step micro heat transport equations in a three‐dimensional double‐layered thin film

Heat transport at the microscale is of vital importance in microtechnology applications. The heat transport equations are parabolic two‐step equations, which are different from the traditional heat diffusion equation. In this study, we develop a three‐level finite difference scheme for solving the micro heat transport equations in a three‐dimensional double‐layered thin film. It is shown by the discrete energy method that the scheme is unconditionally stable. Numerical results for thermal analysis of a gold layer on a chromium padding layer are obtained. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Study of open cavity filled with plasma density grating

The dielectric open cavity filled with the plasma is studied. The plasma density grating formed by the slow wave modulation influences the resonant parameters. Based on an equivalent model of the plasma density grating, a dispersion relation is derived and the resonant frequency, the diffraction Q value, and the field function are calculated. The field magnitude in the slow-wave region increases greatly as the plasma density increases, which can help to explain the enhancement of the beam-wave interaction efficiency.
Laser optogalvanic spectroscopy of holmium

The optogalvanic spectrum of the neutral holmium atom (Ho i) is investigated with both broadband and single-frequency cw dye lasers and a hollow-cathode lamp. Many new Ho i transitions are observed, and their possible classifications are reported. The hyperfine structure of 165Ho (I = 7/2) is recorded in a number of spectral lines, and the data are analyzed to evaluate the magnetic dipole and electric quadrupole interaction constants (A and B factors, respectively) for energy levels of Ho i. The A and B constants for nine excited states, five of which belong to the 4f116s7p high-lying even configuration of Ho i, are reported for the first time to our knowledge.
The Temperature Effect on the Diffusion Processes of Water and Proton in the Proton Exchange Membrane Using Molecular Dynamics Simulation

A molecular dynamics calculation model for the Nafion 117 membrane is constructed by Materials Studio (MS) software platform to study its transport properties. Cell structures of different water content of Nafion 117 membrane at 300 K and 353 K are obtained, respectively, and the predicted density values of simulated cell are in good agreement with available experimental data. It is found that at the same temperature, the predicted diffusion coefficients of both water molecules and hydrogen ions increase with the water content, and at the same water content the predicted diffusion coefficients of both water molecules and hydrogen ions increase with the temperature.
Stochastic models for short-term multipath fading channels: chi-square and Ornstein-Uhlenbeck processes

This paper discusses the use of stochastic differential equations to model signal envelope variations over areas, which are subject to short-term fading effects. The short-term fading effects are modeled using Ornstein-Uhlenbeck processes and they are derived from first principles, using the scattering assumption of electromagnetic waves. This gives rise to signal envelope variations which follow a mean-reverting square-root process, which is elastically pulled towards a long-term mean which characterizes the propagation environment. The derived signal envelope distributions include generalizations of Rayleigh, Rician, Nakagami etc. distributions to their nonstationary analogs and thus generalizing channel models to include time variations. From these computations the second order statistics of the received signal are obtained.
A new numerical scheme for the fisher equation

In the context of the one-dimensional Fisher equation (1937) the authors study a new numerical scheme for reaction-diffusion equations (proposed by Oono and Puri (1987)). They find that this scheme enables a reasonable simulation of the Fisher equation at high values of the time increment, where conventional schemes are not applicable. For lower values of the time increment, the new scheme compares favourably with conventional schemes.
Rotating wave approximation effects on the nonlinear optical responses of complex molecular systems using a four-wave mixing signal

The study of a two-level molecular system with permanent dipole moments (PDM) immersed in a thermal bath and interacting with an electromagnetic field depends on the inclusion of the rotating wave approximation (RWA). A methodology based on cumulant expansions to obtain the average in the Fourier components associated with the coherences and populations, calculated by the optical stochastic Bloch equations, is employed. With these equations, we have modeled the optical responses for the four-wave mixing signal and we have demonstrated that inside the RWA the PDM cannot be measured.
Exact Simulation of Truncated Lévy Subordinator

A truncated Lévy subordinator is a Lévy subordinator in R + with Lévy measure restricted from above by a certain level b . In this paper, we study the path and distribution properties of this type of processes in detail and set up an exact simulation framework based on a marked renewal process. In particular, we focus on a typical speciﬁcation of truncated Lévy subordinator, namely the truncated stable process. We establish an exact simulation algorithm for the truncated stable process, which is very accurate and eﬃcient. Compared to the existing algorithm suggested in Chi (2012), our algorithm outperforms over all parameter settings. Using a distribution decomposition technique, we also develop an exact simulation algorithm for the truncated tempered stable process and other related processes. We illustrate an application of our algorithm as a valuation tool for stochastic hyperbolic discounting, and numerical analysis are provided to demonstrate the accuracy and eﬀectiveness of our methods. We also show that variations of the result can also be used to sample two-sided truncated Lévy processes, two-sided Lévy processes via subordinating Brownian motions, and truncated Lévy driven Ornstein-Uhlenbeck processes.
Demographic Characteristics Influence Treatment Costs of Invasive Melanoma in Florida

Background Demographic characteristics are known to influence the treatment and outcomes of patients with invasive melanoma. Whether these characteristics influence treatment costs is unknown. We aimed to analyze whether patient demographics and tumor characteristics influence treatment costs for patients with invasive cutaneous melanoma in Florida. Methods This was a cross-sectional study in which the Florida Inpatient and Outpatient Dataset of the Agency for Health Care Administration was analyzed for patients with a diagnosis of invasive melanoma between January 1, 2013 and December 31, 2018. Categorical variables were assessed using Pearson χ2 tests, and continuous variables were evaluated using Kruskal-Wallis tests. Logistic regression analysis was conducted to identify the association between patient demographics and total costs. All analyses were done using SAS 9.4 statistical software (SAS Institute, Inc). Results Multivariate analysis showed that sex (P < 0.001), hospital setting (P < 0.001), race/ethnicity (P < 0.01), patient region (P < 0.01), Elixhauser Comorbidity Index score (P < 0.001), presence of metastasis (P < 0.01), total number of procedures (P < 0.001), and length of stay (P < 0.001) were correlated with the cost of treatment of invasive cutaneous melanoma. After stratification, the association between cost and race/ethnicity disappeared for inpatients but remained for Black patients in the outpatient setting (P < 0.001). The association between cost and patient residence regions also differed when the cohort was stratified. Conclusions Strategies addressing disparities in treatment cost of invasive melanoma should differ, depending on the hospital setting where the patient is being treated.
A survey of the implications of the behavior of the central path for the duality theory of linear programming

The literature in the field of interior point methods for Linear Programming has been almost exclusively algorithmic oriented. Very few contributions have been made towards the theory of Linear Programming itself. In particular none of them offer a simple, self-contained introduction to the theory of Linear Programming and linear inequalities. The purpose of this paper is to show that the interior point methodology can be used to introduce the field of Linear Programming. Starting from scratch, and using only elementary results from calculus and linear algebra, we prove that for every value of the barrier parameter, the logarithmic barrier function for the primal-dual problem has a unique minimizer, and that the path of these minimizers (the central path) converges to a strictly complementary pair of optimal solutions. These results were proved more than a decade ago with advanced mathematical arguments. Our proofs are new: they are also simpler and often more natural than the ones currently known. They provide a new approach to the fundamental results of Linear Programming, including the existence of a strictly complementary solution, and the strong duality theorem.
Design and numerical analysis of large negative dispersion and ultra‑high nonlinearity CS 2 filled LCPCF

Through filling CS 2 into the core, a liquid-core photonic crystal fiber(LCPCF) with a fully circular air hole structure was designed. The finite element method(FEM) and numerical analysis are combined to simulate the structure and optimize the parameters of the fiber. When 𝜆 = 1550 nm ,the geometric optimal parameters are Λ = 0.75 μ m, d 1 ∕Λ = 0.86 , d 2 ∕Λ = 0.96 , and d 3 ∕Λ = 0.20 . Meanwhile, the LCPCF can achieve a large negative dispersion of − 2697.06 ps/nm/km and a high nonlinearity of 50677.77 W − 1 km − 1 . The numerical aperture and light acceptance are 0.674 and 65.37%, respectively. By comparison, we believe that this LCPCF has obvious advantages in optical communication compensation and supercontinuum generation.
Proper Quadratic Cost Functions with an Application to the Bell System

When choosing a flexible functional form to model multioutput cost structures, one is quickly confronted with severe violations of certain regularity conditions over large regions of output space. This paper explicitly imposes regional properness on the parameter space of flexible functional forms. The apparent trade-off between functional flexibility and functional properness has been identified for the case of the quadratic cost function. Using the quadratic cost function, the proposed procedure is illustrated with an application to the Bell System. The results suggest that the telecommunication industry in the United States--prior to the Bell System break-up--was a natural monopoly. Copyright 1990 by MIT Press.
Aitken extrapolation and epsilon algorithm for an accelerated solution of weakly singular nonlinear Volterra integral equations

In this paper, we apply Aitken extrapolation and epsilon algorithm as acceleration technique for the solution of a weakly singular nonlinear Volterra integral equation of the second kind. In this paper, based on Tao and Yong (2006 J. Math. Anal. Appl. 324 225–37.) the integral equation is solved by Navot's quadrature formula. Also, Tao and Yong (2006) for the first time applied Richardson extrapolation to accelerating convergence for the weakly singular nonlinear Volterra integral equations of the second kind. To our knowledge, this paper may be the first attempt to apply Aitken extrapolation and epsilon algorithm for the weakly singular nonlinear Volterra integral equations of the second kind.
Raman scattering from the surface phonon mode in GaP microcrystals

The Raman scattering from GaP microcrystals prepared by a gas-evaporation technique has been investigated. A new peak, which can be identified with the surface phonon mode, was found. The present results demonstrate that the surface phonon peak can be clearly observed only when the microcrystals are about one order of magnitude smaller than the wavelength of the incident laser radiation.
Spectral–finite element approach to three‐dimensional viscoelastic relaxation in a spherical earth

Summary We present a spectral–finite element approach to the forward modelling of the visco-elastic response of a spherical earth with a 3-D viscosity structure to a surface mass load. It represents an alternative to a variety of numerical methods for 2-D and 3-D postglacial rebound modelling used recently (the finite element method, the perturbation method, the semi-analytical approach and the spectral–finite difference method). For a fixed time, the problem is reformulated in a weak sense and parametrized by tensor surface spherical harmonics in the angular direction, whereas piecewise linear finite elements span the radial direction. The solution is obtained with the Galerkin method, which leads to solving a system of linear algebraic equations. The time dependence of the problem is treated directly in the time domain (not in the Laplace domain) as a time evolution problem. The time derivative in the constitutive equation for a Maxwell viscoelastic body is approximated by the explicit Euler time-differencing scheme, which leads to time splitting of the stress tensor. The spectral–finite element method and the associated numerical code have been tested for 2-D (azimuthally symmetric) eccentrically nested spheres models, and good agreement has been obtained.
Impact of DEM source on Radarsat-2 polarimetric information during ortho-rectification

Ortho-rectification using digital terrain models is a key issue for full polarimetric complex synthetic aperture radar (SAR) data because resampling the complex data can corrupt the polarimetric phase, mainly in terrain with relief. Two methods for ortho-rectification of the complex SAR data can be applied: the polarimetric processing is performed before (image-space method) or after (ground-space method) the geometric processing. This research evaluated the impact of the digital elevation models (DEMs), which are generally available to users (topographic DEM and ASTER GDEM V2). The two methods were applied to three Radarsat-2 fine-quad data acquired with different look angles over a hilly relief study site. Quantitative evaluations between the two approaches as a function of different geometric and radiometric parameters were, thus, performed to evaluate the impact during the ortho-rectification. The results demonstrated that the look angles and the terrain slopes can potentially corrupt the single-look polarimetric complex SAR data during its ortho-rectification with the ground-space method, mainly at the layover limit. However, advice is provided to reduce these impacts to an acceptable level.
A Study of CINDY/DYNAMO MJO Suppressed Phase

AbstractThe diurnal variability and the environmental conditions that support the moisture resurgence of MJO events observed during the Cooperative Indian Ocean Experiment on Intraseasonal Variability (CINDY)/DYNAMO campaign in October–December 2011 are investigated using in situ observations and the cloud-resolving fully air–ocean–wave Coupled Ocean–Atmosphere Mesoscale Prediction System (COAMPS). Spectral density and wavelet analysis of the total precipitable water (TPW) constructed from the DYNAMO soundings and TRMM satellite precipitation reveal a deep layer of vapor resurgence during the observed Wheeler and Hendon real-time multivariate MJO index phases 5–8 (MJO suppressed phase), which include diurnal, quasi-2-, quasi-3–4-, quasi-6–8-, and quasi-16-day oscillations. A similar oscillatory pattern is found in the DYNAMO moorings sea surface temperature analysis, suggesting a tightly coupled atmosphere and ocean system during these periods. COAMPS hindcast focused on the 12–16 November 2011 event sugg.
On the propagation of short optical pulses in a linear dispersive medium with absorption

A very accurate numerical algorithm based on the Laplace transform is used to describe the field evolution of ultrashort Gaussian-modulated pulses in a single resonance Lorentz medium. The results are compared with previously published numerical results by I. Christov (see ibid., vol.24, p.1548-53, 1988) in which a simple Taylor series expansion of the input pulse spectrum about the carrier frequency is used to explain the observed pulse dynamics. It is shown, by numerical Laplace transform analysis, that these previously published numerical results are inaccurate and that the first few terms of the Taylor series expansion technique about the carrier frequency do not properly explain the physically correct dispersive pulse evolution properties for rapid rise time pulses. In response to the comments the original author recalculated the dispersive propagation of femtosecond optical pulses by using different numerical methods. >
Stationary Autoregressive Models via a Bayesian Nonparametric Approach

Abstract. An approach to constructing strictly stationary AR(1)‐type models with arbitrary stationary distributions and a flexible dependence structure is introduced. Bayesian nonparametric predictive density functions, based on single observations, are used to construct the one‐step ahead predictive density. This is a natural and highly flexible way to model a one‐step predictive/transition density.
Cyclotron features in the infrared spectrum of AM Herculis.

Spectroscopic observations of the magnetic cataclysmic variable AM Herculis covering the wavelength range 1.0-2.5 μm are presented. The observations were obtained during the faint state of the system's long-term light variations. During the faint phase of the binary cycle the spectrum appears to be dominated by the radiation from the M-dwarf secondary, showing deep absorptions due to H 2 O at around 1.4 and 1.9 μm. The spectrum can be well fitted with an M-dwarf model atmosphere for an effective temperature of 3250 K. During the bright phase of the binary cycle there is excess flux which is attributed to cyclotron radiation
An X-ray active region in Orion - X-rays from a Herbig-Haro object

The Imaging Proportional Counter on the Einstein X-ray Observatory has observed an approximately 1.0 deg square region in Orion centered near right ascension (1950) = 5 hours 34 min, declination = -6 deg 47 arcmin. This is an area containing a dark cloud with evidence for recent star formation and several Herbig-Haro objects. Some 25 stellar X-ray sources are found, and several are identified with stars which have X-ray luminosities at the upper end of the distribution of X-ray luminosity versus stellar type. In addition there is evidence for X-ray emission associated with HH 1 which can provide support for models which include strong stellar winds interacting with the interstellar medium.
Optical charge-sensing method for testing and characterizing thin-film transistor arrays

Improved methods for testing thin-film transistor (TFT) arrays are becoming increasingly Important as TFT liquid-crystal flat-panel displays become the first choice for many applications. The optical charge-sensing method for testing TFT arrays described in this paper uses interface reflections to sense accumulative free carriers and to generate maps showing the type and location of line and point defects. The method is nondestructive and provides data which can be used to repair certain types of array defects. It can also be used to measure such parameters as threshold voltage and channel conductance of TFT's, and frequency response of driver circuits. Optical charge sensing depends not only on charge density but also on the structure of the TFT arrays. Charge-sensing sensitivity is reduced by reflections from the metal interconnects. An improvement in the net reflectance change is obtained by using polarized and angled incident light in spite of reduced reflectance changes compared with normal incidence.