Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
A model of teaching and learning in the operating theatre

Introduction This paper extends the work of an earlier publication by the same author which reported the findings of a case study designed to investigate how medical students learn and are taught in the operating theatre. The earlier paper was descriptive in nature, examining the challenges students face as learners in theatres. These were conceptualised around 3 key domains: the challenge posed by the physical environment; the challenge of the educational task, and the challenge of managing and negotiating a role as a participant in the professional workplace of theatres. This paper focuses exclusively on the third domain. It presents an interpretive model of teaching and learning in the operating theatre, drawing largely on conceptual frameworks developed within the literature on learning in work‐based settings.
The analysis of one-dimensional linear cellular automata and their aliasing properties

It is shown how to construct a general linear hybrid cellular automaton (CA) such that it has a maximum length cycle, and how the aliasing properties of such automata compare with linear feedback shift registers (LFSRs) when used as signature analyzers. The construction is accomplished by formally demonstrating the isomorphism which binds this kind of CA to the LFSRs. Consequently, these CAs can be analyzed as linear machines. Linear algebraic techniques are then applied appropriately for the transformations, and a useful search algorithm is developed which, given an irreducible characteristic polynomial, finds a corresponding linear hybrid automaton. Such CAs are tabulated for all irreducible and primitive polynomials up to degree 16, plus a selection of others of higher degree. The behavior of a linear hybrid CA and that of its corresponding LFSR are similar-that is, they have the same cycle structure and only relabel the states. The aliasing properties, when they are used as signature analyzers, remain unchanged. >
Alterations in the Immune Response, Apoptosis and Synaptic Plasticity in Posttraumatic Stress Disorder: Molecular Indicators and Relation to Clinical Symptoms

Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) (ICD-10 codes: F43.1, F62.0; DSM-IV-TR code: 309.81) [1, 2] is a complex severe and chronic psychiatric illness influenced by environmental and genetic factors [3-10]. PTSD is an anxiety disorder developed in a person experiencing, wit‐ nessing, or learning about an extreme physically or psychologically distressing event, asso‐ ciated with unprecedented violence [11, 12]. Traumatic events that can trigger PTSD include massacres, mass murder scenes, international, civil, political, ethnic and religious wars, gen‐ ocides, natural and man-made disasters, criminal assaults, serious accidents, terrorist at‐ tacks, incarceration, trafficking, rape and other types of sexual assaults [12-17], life threatening illness and the sudden death of a loved one, serious medical illness, injury, sur‐ gery, hostage, kidnapping, difficult labors, etc [18-20]. Individuals who experience a trauma of this nature may develop symptoms that fall into three distinct clusters: re-experiencing phenomenon; avoidance and numbing; and autonomic hyperarousal. Symptoms usually be‐ gin within the first 3 months after the traumatic event and last for many years, although there may be a delay of months, or even years, before symptoms appear. PTSD patients are characterized by severe emotional state, sharp reduction in adaptive and information receiv‐ ing abilities. They usually remain out of society, become drug addicted, alcoholic and often commit suicide [21-24]. Degrees of risk to develop PTSD from different traumatic events are presented in table 1.
An extension of the recursively enumerable Turing degrees

Consider the countable semilattice ℛT consisting of the recursively enumerable Turing degrees. Although ℛT is known to be structurally rich, a major source of frustration is that no specific, natural degrees in ℛT have been discovered, except the bottom and top degrees, 0 and 0′. In order to overcome this difficulty, we embed ℛT into a larger degree structure which is better behaved. Namely, consider the countable distributive lattice 𝒫w consisting of the weak degrees (also known as Muchnik degrees) of mass problems associated with non‐empty Π01 subsets of 2ω. It is known that 𝒫w contains a bottom degree 0 and a top degree 1 and is structurally rich. Moreover, 𝒫w contains many specific, natural degrees other than 0 and 1. In particular, we show that in 𝒫w one has 0 < d < r1 < ∈ f(r2, 1) < 1. Here, d is the weak degree of the diagonally non‐recursive functions, and rn is the weak degree of the n‐random reals. It is known that r1 can be characterized as the maximum weak degree of a Π01 subset of 2ω of positive measure. We now show that∈f(r2, 1) can be characterized as the maximum weak degree of a Π01 subset of 2ω, the Turing upward closure of which is of positive measure. We exhibit a natural embedding of ℛT into 𝒫w which is one‐to‐one, preserves the semilattice structure of ℛT, carries 0 to 0, and carries 0′ to 1. Identifying ℛT with its image in 𝒫w, we show that all of the degrees in ℛT except 0 and 1 are incomparable with the specific degrees d, r1, and∈f(r2, 1) in 𝒫w.
Overview of 3D NAND Flash and progress of vertical gate (VG) architecture

This paper provides an overview of 3D NAND Flash memory architecture and a comprehensive study on various array decoding methods of vertical gate (VG) NAND Flash. A certain memory density may be achieved by any array architecture but with different numbers of stacking layers. A smaller pitch allows the achieving of high density at reasonable number of stacked memory layers (≤ 32) and thus potentially offers lower cost. VG NAND has good pitch scalability thus is very attractive. On the other hand, it is more difficult to decode the bit line in a VG architecture, thus decoding innovations are required for a compact array architecture design. This paper provides a systematic comparison of four different decoding methods of VG NAND. Performance of the TFT BE-SONOS device used in 3D VG NAND is also addressed.
Immunization of Chlamydia pneumoniae (Cpn)-Infected Apobtm2SgyLdlrtm1Her/J Mice with a Combined Peptide of Cpn Significantly Reduces Atherosclerotic Lesion Development

Objective To investigate the antigenic effect of a peptide containing two epitopes of Chlamydia pneumoniae (Cpn) on atherosclerotic lesion formation in mice infected with Cpn. Materials and Methods Six-week-old Apobtm2SgyLdlrtm1Her/J mice were immunized using a repetitive immunization multiple-sites strategy with KLH-conjugated peptides derived from the major outer membrane protein and the putative outer membrane protein 5 of Cpn. Mice were fed a high-fat diet and infected with Cpn twice during the 10-week diet period. Lesions were evaluated histologically; local and systemic immune responses were analyzed by immunohistochemistry of aorta samples and cytokine measurements in plasma samples and splenocyte supernatants. Results Mice immunized with the combined Cpn peptide showed a greater reduction in lesion size compared to mice immunized with either epitope alone [54.7% vs 39.8% or 41.72%] and was also associated with a significant decrease in lesion area in descending aortas compared with those in controls (88.9% for combined Cpn peptide, 81.9% for MOMP peptide and 75.7% for Omp5, respectively). This effect was associated with a shift in the cellular composition of plaques towards decreased inflammatory cell and increased regulatory T-cell content. Additionally, the effect was also connected with decreased secretion of proinflammatory cytokines and increased production of anti-inflammatory cytokines demonstrated in plasma and in supernatant on stimulated spleen cells. Conclusions Atherosclerotic lesion formation may be promoted by Cpn infection in the presence of a high-fat diet, and reduced by immunization with the combined Cpn peptide. The combined peptide has more potential than either epitope alone in reducing atherosclerotic lesion development through Treg expansion.
REDUCTION OF NON-STATIONARY NOISE USING NON-NEGATIVE SPAR SE CODING

We present a method for suppression of non-stationary noise in ingle channel recordings of speech. The method is based on nonnegative sparse coding and relies on a voice activity detect or. In regions classified as non-speech, we learn an overcomplete b asis for the noise which is then used to estimate the speech and the noi s from the mixture. We compare the method to the classical appr oach where the noise spectrum is estimated as the average of non-s peech frames. The proposed method significantly outperforms the c lassic approach when the noise is highly non-stationary.
Performance Analysis and Comparison of MPI , OpenMP and Hybrid NPB-MZ

Chip multiprocessors (CMP) are w idely used for high performance computing and are being configured in a hierarchical manner to compose a node in a parallel system. CMP clusters provide a natural programming paradigm for hybrid programs. Can current hybrid parallel programming paradigms such as hybrid MPI/OpenMP eff iciently exploit the potential offered by such CMP clusters? In this research, w ith increasing the number of processors and problem sizes, we systematically analyze and compare the performance of MPI, OpenMP and hybrid NAS Parallel Benchmark Mult i–Zone (NPB–MZ) on tw o supercomputers: DataStar p655 at San Diego Supercomputer Center (SDSC) and Hydra at Texas A&M Supercomputing Facilities to address the question. We also upload the performance data of NPB-MZ to Prophesy database and use Prophesy system to model the performance online.
Towards Assessing the Success of Social Software in Corporate Environments

Induced by the widespread use of social software in personal contexts, companies wish to profit from its advantages. Owing to limited IT budgets and the need to justify investments in such systems, it is important to assess the benefits of employing social software in the corporate context. In this paper, we propose conceptual models for assessing the success of two specific types of social software: wikis and weblogs. These conceptual models are based on the DeLone and McLean IS Success Model as well as on an extensive review of social software literature. The two resulting models form the foundation for future empirical work in this area.
Home seismometer for earthquake early warning

The Japan Meteorological Agency (JMA) has started the practical service of Earthquake Early Warning (EEW) and a very dense deployment of receiving units is expected in the near future. The receiving/alarm unit of an EEW system is equipped with a CPU and memory and is on‐line via the internet. By adding an inexpensive seismometer and A/D converter, this unit is transformed into a real‐time seismic observatory, which we are calling a home seismometer. If the home seismometer is incorporated in the standard receiving unit of EEW, then the number of seismic observatories will be drastically increased. Since the background noise inside a house caused by human activity may be very large, we have developed specialized software for on‐site warning using the home seismometer. We tested our software and found that our algorithm can correctly distinguish between noise and earthquakes for nearly all the events.
SR-IOV: Performance Benefits for Virtualized Interconnects

The demand for virtualization within high-performance computing is rapidly growing as new communities, driven by both new application stacks and new computing modalities, continue to grow and expand. While virtualization has traditionally come with significant penalties in I/O performance that have precluded its use in mainstream large-scale computing environments, new standards such as Single Root I/O Virtualization (SR-IOV) are emerging that promise to diminish the performance gap and make high-performance virtualization possible. To this end, we have evaluated SR-IOV in the context of both virtualized InfiniBand and virtualized 10 gigabit Ethernet (GbE) using micro-benchmarks and real-world applications. We compare the performance of these interconnects on non-virtualized environments, Amazon's SR-IOV-enabled C3 instances, and our own SR-IOV-enabled InfiniBand cluster and show that SR-IOV significantly reduces the performance losses caused by virtualization. InfiniBand demonstrates less than 2% loss of bandwidth and less than 10% increase in latency when virtualized with SR-IOV. Ethernet also benefits, although less dramatically, when SR-IOV is enabled on Amazon's cloud.
Measuring Business Cycles : Wavelet Analysis of Economic Time Series Motohiro Yogo

Multiresolution wavelet analysis is a natural way to decompose economic time series into components of various frequencies: long-run trend, business-cycle component, and high frequency noise. This paper illustrates the method on real GNP and inflation. The business-cycle component of the wavelet-filtered series closely resembles the series filtered by the approximate bandpass filter (Baxter and King 1999). JEL classification: C22, E32. First draft: May 6, 2003. ∗Department of Economics, Harvard University. E-mail: yogo@fas.harvard. edu. 1
Dissociation of ATP-binding Cassette Nucleotide-binding Domain Dimers into Monomers during the Hydrolysis Cycle*

Background: In ATP-binding cassette proteins, ATP binding induces formation of nucleotide-binding domain (NBD) dimers, but the mechanism of nucleotide hydrolysis is unknown. Results: ATP hydrolysis leads to complete separation of NBD dimers, as opposed to dimer opening. Conclusion: NBD dimers dissociate during the hydrolysis cycle. Significance: Elucidation of the molecular mechanism of hydrolysis will help us understand the function of ATP-binding cassette proteins. ATP-binding cassette (ABC) proteins have two nucleotide-binding domains (NBDs) that work as dimers to bind and hydrolyze ATP, but the molecular mechanism of nucleotide hydrolysis is controversial. In particular, it is still unresolved whether hydrolysis leads to dissociation of the ATP-induced dimers or opening of the dimers, with the NBDs remaining in contact during the hydrolysis cycle. We studied a prototypical ABC NBD, the Methanococcus jannaschii MJ0796, using spectroscopic techniques. We show that fluorescence from a tryptophan positioned at the dimer interface and luminescence resonance energy transfer between probes reacted with single-cysteine mutants can be used to follow NBD association/dissociation in real time. The intermonomer distances calculated from luminescence resonance energy transfer data indicate that the NBDs separate completely following ATP hydrolysis, instead of opening. The results support ABC protein NBD association/dissociation, as opposed to constant-contact models.
Does transparent hidden matter generate optical scintillation

Stars twinkle because their light goes through the atmosphere. The same phenomenon is expected when the light of extra-galactic stars goes through a Galactic - disk or halo - refractive medium. Because of the large distances involved here, the length and time scales of the optical intensity fluctuations resulting from the wave distortions are accessible to current technology. In this paper, we discuss the different possible scintillation regimes and we focus on the so-called strong diffractive regime that is likely to produce large intensity contrasts. The critical relationship between the source angular size and the inten- sity contrast in optical wavelengths is also discussed in detail. We propose to monitor small extra-galactic stars every ∼10 s to search for intensity scintillation produced by molecular hydrogen clouds. We discuss means to discriminate such hidden matter signals from the foreground effects on light propagation. Appropriate observation of the scintillation process described here should allow one to detect column density stochastic variations in Galactic molecular clouds of the order of ∼3 × 10 −5 g/cm 2 , that is 10 19 molecules/cm 2 per ∼10 000 km transverse distance.
Climate Risks and Market Efficiency

We investigate whether stock markets efficiently price risks brought on or exacerbated by climate change. We focus on drought, the most damaging natural disaster for crops and food-company cash flows. We show that prolonged drought in a country, measured by the Palmer Drought Severity Index (PDSI) from climate studies, forecasts both declines in profitability ratios and poor stock returns for food companies in that country. A portfolio short food stocks of countries in drought and long those of countries not in drought generates a 9.2% annualized return from 1985 to 2015. This excess predictability is larger in countries having little history of droughts prior to the 1980s. Our findings support regulatory concerns of markets inexperienced with climate change underreacting to such risks.
Diverse Developmental Disorders from The One Ring: Distinct Molecular Pathways Underlie the Cohesinopathies

The multi-subunit protein complex, cohesin, is responsible for sister chromatid cohesion during cell division. The interaction of cohesin with DNA is controlled by a number of additional regulatory proteins. Mutations in cohesin, or its regulators, cause a spectrum of human developmental syndromes known as the “cohesinopathies. ” Cohesinopathy disorders include Cornelia de Lange Syndrome and Roberts Syndrome. The discovery of novel roles for chromatid cohesion proteins in regulating gene expression led to the idea that cohesinopathies are caused by dysregulation of multiple genes downstream of mutations in cohesion proteins. Consistent with this idea, Drosophila, mouse, and zebrafish cohesinopathy models all show altered expression of developmental genes. However, there appears to be incomplete overlap among dysregulated genes downstream of mutations in different components of the cohesion apparatus. This is surprising because mutations in all cohesion proteins would be predicted to affect cohesin’s roles in cell division and gene expression in similar ways. Here we review the differences and similarities between genetic pathways downstream of components of the cohesion apparatus, and discuss how such differences might arise, and contribute to the spectrum of cohesinopathy disorders. We propose that mutations in different elements of the cohesion apparatus have distinct developmental outcomes that can be explained by sometimes subtly different molecular effects.
Planning with Semantic Attachments: An Object-Oriented View

In recent years, domain-independent planning has been applied to a rising number of real-world applications. Usually, the description language of choice is PDDL. However, PDDL is not suited to model all challenges imposed by real-world applications. Dornhege et al. proposed semantic attachments to allow the computation of Boolean fluents by external processes called modules during planning. To acquire state information from the planning system a module developer must perform manual requests through a callback interface which is both inefficient and error-prone. In this paper, we present the Object-oriented Planning Language OPL, which incorporates the structure and advantages of modern object-oriented programming languages. We demonstrate how a domain-specific module interface that allows to directly access the planner state using object member functions is automatically generated from an OPL planning task. The generated domain-specific interface allows for a safe and less error-prone implementation of modules. We show experimentally that this interface is more efficient than the PDDL-based module interface of TFD/M.
Characterization of the finch embryo supports evolutionary conservation of the naive stage of development in amniotes

Innate pluripotency of mouse embryos transits from naive to primed state as the inner cell mass differentiates into epiblast. In vitro, their counterparts are embryonic (ESCs) and epiblast stem cells (EpiSCs), respectively. Activation of the FGF signaling cascade results in mouse ESCs differentiating into mEpiSCs, indicative of its requirement in the shift between these states. However, only mouse ESCs correspond to the naive state; ESCs from other mammals and from chick show primed state characteristics. Thus, the significance of the naive state is unclear. In this study, we use zebra finch as a model for comparative ESC studies. The finch blastoderm has mESC-like properties, while chick blastoderm exhibits EpiSC features. In the absence of FGF signaling, finch cells retained expression of pluripotent markers, which were lost in cells from chick or aged finch epiblasts. Our data suggest that the naive state of pluripotency is evolutionarily conserved among amniotes. DOI: http://dx.doi. org/10.7554/eLife.07178. 001
Who Avoids and Who Escapes from Poverty During the Transition? Evidence from Polish Panel Data, 1993 96

The author uses four-year panel data from Poland's Household Budget Survey to explore the distinction between transitory and long-term poverty, a crucial distinction in designing and evaluating poverty reduction strategies. The author analyzes household welfare trajectories during the period 1993-96, to identify the long-term poor and to determine how relevant household asset endowments are as determinants of household poverty and vulnerability over time. He concludes that the chronically poor constitute a distinct and separate segments of the population, with low turnover. Among specific observations about factors that affect Poland's long-term poverty: 1) Variables in human capital significantly affected the pattern of repeated poverty and vulnerability. Larger households tended to experience poverty and vulnerability, mostly because they contained more children or other dependents. Households with elderly members and those headed by older people, by women rather than men, and by educated people of either gender were least likely to be poor. Poverty was unaffectedby the presence of a disabled person in the household. 2) Households with liquid assets or durables, or with access to financial resources, were less likely to be poor and vulnerable. Households appeared to take advantage of credit and loans to maintain their current level of consumption rather than to augment their stock of assets. 3) Households that were part of kinship networks were less at risk of falling into chronic poverty or vulnerability. 4) Household headed by pensioners were least in danger of impoverishment. Those most in danger were farm households (including"mixed"households headed by workers with an agricultural holding) and households heavily dependent on social welfare. 5) Household of employees were better off than self-employed households when income-based measures of poverty were used, but not when consumption-based measures were used. Neither groups was significantly vulnerable.
Prevention of COPD exacerbations: medications and other controversies

Exacerbations have significant impact on the morbidity and mortality of patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Most guidelines emphasise prevention of exacerbations by treatment with long-acting bronchodilators and/or anti-inflammatory drugs. Whereas most of this treatment is evidence-based, it is clear that patients differ regarding the nature of exacerbations and are likely to benefit differently from different types of treatment. In this short review, we wish to highlight this, suggest a first step in differentiating pharmacological exacerbation prevention and call for more studies in this area. Finally, we wish to highlight that there are perhaps easier ways of achieving similar success in exacerbation prevention using nonpharmacological tools. More targeted pharmaceutical, and perhaps nonpharmaceutical, interventions are needed to prevent COPD exacerbation http://ow.ly/LQFcB