Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Glutamate Transporters Regulate Extrasynaptic NMDA Receptor Modulation of Kv2.1 Potassium Channels

Delayed-rectifier Kv2.1 potassium channels regulate somatodendritic excitability during periods of repetitive, high-frequency activity. Recent evidence suggests that Kv2.1 channel modulation is linked to glutamatergic neurotransmission. Because NMDA-type glutamate receptors are critical regulators of synaptic plasticity, we investigated NMDA receptor modulation of Kv2.1 channels in rodent hippocampus and cortex. Bath application of NMDA potently unclustered and dephosphorylated Kv2.1 and produced a hyperpolarizing shift in voltage-dependent activation of voltage-sensitive potassium currents (IK). In contrast, driving synaptic activity in Mg2+-free media to hyperactivate synaptic NMDA receptors had no effect on Kv2.1 channels, and moderate pentylenetetrazole-induced seizure activity in adult mice did not dephosphorylate hippocampal Kv2.1 channels. Selective activation of extrasynaptic NMDA receptors unclustered and dephosphorylated Kv2.1 channels and produced a hyperpolarizing shift in neuronal IK. In addition, inhibition of glutamate uptake rapidly activated NMDA receptors and dephosphorylated Kv2.1 channels. These observations demonstrate that regulation of intrinsic neuronal activity by Kv2.1 is coupled to extrasynaptic but not synaptic NMDA receptors. These data support a novel mechanism for glutamate transporters in regulation of neuronal excitability and plasticity through extrasynaptic NMDA receptor modulation of Kv2.1 channels.
Existence of hepatitis C virus NS5B variants naturally resistant to non-nucleoside, but not to nucleoside, polymerase inhibitors among untreated patients.

OBJECTIVES To characterize the effect of hepatitis C virus (HCV) polymerase intrinsic genetic heterogeneity on the inhibitory activity of nucleoside and non-nucleoside HCV polymerase inhibitors. METHODS The sensitivity of genotype (GT) 1 HCV NS5B clinical isolates from treatment-naive patients to nucleoside and non-nucleoside polymerase inhibitors was assessed. The genetic diversity at the population level, as well as that of their quasispecies, was correlated with the observed reduced sensitivity to inhibitors. RESULTS R1479 and NM107 (nucleoside analogues that have entered Phase 2 clinical trials as prodrugs R1626 and NM283, respectively) were similarly active across the tested clinical isolates. Resistance mutations to nucleoside analogues were not observed in any of the isolates. However, the activity of the non-nucleoside thumb II inhibitor NNI-1, palm I inhibitors NNI-2 and NNI-3, and palm II inhibitor HCV-796 was reduced across different isolates. This reduction in inhibitory activity for non-nucleoside inhibitors (NNIs) was, in most cases, correlated with the existence of known NNI resistance mutations in the NS5B polymerase population of the clinical isolates, as detected by population sequencing. Resistance mutations to NNIs were also observed at a low frequency within the clinical isolates' viral quasispecies that allowed for their rapid selection upon drug selective pressure. CONCLUSIONS The higher frequency of known NNI resistance mutations or polymorphisms known to affect their antiviral potency when compared with the lack of detection of resistance mutations to the nucleoside analogues suggests a potential for primary reduced responsiveness as well as faster development of clinically significant resistance.
Chapter I A Rule-Based and Game-Theoretic Approach to On-Line Credit Card Fraud Detection

Traditional security mechanisms are often found to be inadequate for protection against attacks by authorized users or intruders posing as authorized users. This has drawn interest of the research community towards intrusion detection techniques. The authors model the conflicting motives between an intruder and an intrusion detection system as a multi-stage game between two players, each trying to maximize its payoff. They consider the specific application of credit card fraud detection and propose a two-tiered architecture having a rule-based component in the first tier and a Game-theoretic component in the second tier. Classical Game theory is considered useful in many situations because it permits the formulation of strategies that are optimal regardless of what the adversary does, negating the need for prediction of his behavior. However, the authors use it in a predictive application in the sense that we consider intruders as rational adversaries who would try to behave optimally, and the expected optimal behavior can be determined through Game theory.
Charge recombination reactions in photosystem II. I. Yields, recombination pathways, and kinetics of the primary pair.

Recombination reactions of the primary radical pair in photosystem II (PS II) have been studied in the nanosecond to millisecond time scales by flash absorption spectroscopy. Samples in which the first quinone acceptor (QA) was in the semiquinone form (QA-) or in the doubly reduced state (presumably QAH2) were used. The redox state of QA and the long-lived triplet state of the primary electron donor chlorophyll (3P680) were monitored by EPR. The following results were obtained at cryogenic temperatures (around 20 K). (1) the primary radical pair, P680+Pheo-, is formed with a high yield irrespective of the redox state of QA. (2) The decay of the primary pair is faster with QA- than with QAH2 and could be described biexponentially with t1/2 approximately 20 ns (approximately 65%)/150 ns (approximately 35%) and t1/2 approximately 60 ns (approximately 35%)/250 ns (approximately 65%), respectively. The different kinetics may be due to electrostatic and/or magnetic effects of QA- on charge recombination or due to conformational changes caused by the double reduction treatment. (3) The yield of the triplet state 3P680 was high both with QA- and QAH2. (4) The triplet decay was much faster with QA- [t1/2 approximately 2 microseconds (approximately 50%)/20 microseconds (approximately 50%)] than with QAH2 [t1/2 approximately 1 ms (approximately 65%)/3 ms (approximately 35%)]. The short lifetime of the triplet with QA- explains why it was not detected earlier. The mechanism of triplet quenching in the presence of QA- is not understood; however it may represent a protective process in PS II. (5) Almost identical data were obtained for PS II-enriched membranes from spinach and PS II core preparations from Synechococcus. Room temperature optical studies were performed on the Synechococcus preparation. In samples containing sodium dithionite to form QA- in the dark, EPR controls showed that multiple excitation flashes given at room temperature led to a decrease of the QA-Fe2+ signal, indicating double reduction of QA. During the first few flashes, QA- was still present in the large majority of the centers. In this case, the yield of the primary pair at room temperature was around 50%, and its decay could be described monoexponentially with t1/2 approximately 8 ns (a slightly better fit was obtained with two exponentials: t1/2 approximately 4 ns (approximately 80%)/25 ns (approximately 20%). (ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
The Influences between New Nurses' Nursing Performance, Emotional Intelligence, Self-resiliency and Core Self-evaluation

본 연구는 신입간호사의 정서지능, 자아탄력성, 핵심자기평가가 간호업무수행에 미치는 영향을 파악하는 서술적 조사연구이다. 대상자는 경기도에 소재한 800병상 이상의 종합병원 2곳에서 근무하는 12개월 미만 의 신입간호사 114명이었다. 자료 수집은 2013년 7월부터 11월까지 간호업무수행, 정서지능, 자아탄력성, 핵심자기평가에 대해 구조화된 설문지를 이용하여 측정하였다. 연구의 결과, 신입간호사의 교육 정도, 직무 만족도, 근무부서 업무만족도에 따라 간호업무수행 정도의 차이가 있었으며, 정서지능, 자아탄력성, 핵심자 기평가가 높을수록 간호업무수행 정도는 높았다. 정서지능, 교육수준, 핵심자기평가와 직무만족도는 간호 업무수행 정도를 잘 예측하는 변수로 확인되었고, 간호업무수행 정도를 33% 설명하는 것으로 나타났다. 따라서 신입간호사의 교육 정도와 직무만족도를 고려하여 신입간호사 오리엔테이션부터 간호업무수행 외 에 정서지능과 핵심자기평가를 포함한 실제적인 실무적응 훈련교육이 필요하다.
Why bodies? Twelve reasons for including bodily expressions in affective neuroscience

Why bodies? It is rather puzzling that given the massive interest in affective neuroscience in the last decade, it still seems to make sense to raise the question ‘Why bodies’ and to try to provide an answer to it, as is the goal of this article. There are now hundreds of articles on human emotion perception ranging from behavioural studies to brain imaging experiments. These experimental studies complement decades of reports on affective disorders in neurological patients and clinical studies of psychiatric populations. The most cursory glance at the literature on emotion in humans, now referred to by the umbrella term of social and affective neuroscience, shows that over 95 per cent of them have used faces as stimuli. Of the remaining 5 per cent, a few have used scenes or auditory information including human voices, music or environmental sounds. But by far the smallest number has looked into whole-body expressions. As a rough estimate, a search on PubMed today, 1 May 2009, yields 3521 hits for emotion × faces, 1003 hits for emotion × music and 339 hits for emotion × bodies. When looking in more detail, the body × emotion category in fact yields a majority of papers on well-being, nursing, sexual violence or organ donation. But the number of cognitive and affective neuroscience studies of emotional body perception as of today is lower than 20. Why then have whole bodies and bodily expressions not attracted the attention of researchers so far? The goal of this article is to contribute some elements for an answer to this question. I believe that there is something to learn from the historical neglect of bodies and bodily expressions. I will next address some historical misconceptions about whole-body perception, and in the process I intend not only to provide an impetus for this kind of work but also to contribute to a better understanding of the significance of the affective dimension of behaviour, mind and brain as seen from the vantage point of bodily communication. Subsequent sections discuss available evidence for the neurofunctional basis of facial and bodily expressions as well as neuropsychological and clinical studies of bodily expressions.
Long-Term Distribution Patterns of Chlorophyll-a Concentration in China's Largest Freshwater Lake: MERIS Full-Resolution Observations with a Practical Approach

Abstract: A new empirical Chl-a algorithm has been developed and validated for the largest freshwater lake of China (Poyang Lake) using a normalized green-red difference index (NGRDI), where the uncertainty was estimated to be ~25 mg·L −1 total suspended sediments or TSS) masked. The long-term Chl-a distribution showed significant spatial gradient and temporal variability, wi th Chl-a ranging between 2.4 ± 0.2 mg·m −3 in April and 4.4 ± 1.0 mg·m −3 in July and no significant increasing or decreasing trend during the 10-year period. In waters where Chl-a was retrievable (
OIL SPILL DETECTION AND MAPPING IN LOW VISIBILITY AND ICE : SURFACE REMOTE SENSING

Over the past four decades, the oil and gas industry has made significant advances in being able to detect, contain and clean up spills in Arctic environments. To further build on existing research, increase understanding of potential impacts of oil on the Arctic marine environment, and improve the technologies and methodologies for oil spill response, in January 2012, the international oil and gas industry launched a collaborative four-year effort – the Arctic Oil Spill Response Technology Joint Industry Programme (JIP). Over the course of the programme, the JIP will carry out a series of advanced research projects on six key areas: dispersants, environmental effects, trajectory modeling, remote sensing, mechanical recovery and in situ burning. Expert technical working groups for each project are populated by the top researchers from each of the member companies. JIP MEMBERS The JIP is managed under the auspices of the International Association of Oil and Gas Producers (OGP) and is supported by nine international oil and gas companies – and Total – making it the largest pan-industry programme dedicated to this area of research and development. EXECUTIVE SUMMARY This study was conducted under the Remote Sensing Technical Working Group of the recently formed Arctic Oil Spill Response Technology Joint Industry Program. The primary objective is to define the state-of-the-art for surface remote sensing technologies to monitor oil under varying conditions of ice and visibility. A review of current and emerging technologies with a documented ability to detect oil on water was conducted, their potential for application in ice-affected waters assessed and near term recommendations for Research and Development (R&D) priorities assigned. Performance parameters in ice and low visibility were defined to evaluate technologies. Many imaging systems are available that can be used from helicopters, fixed-wing aircraft, vessels and drilling platforms. Recent studies demonstrate the utility of hyperspectral imagery, although at present the interpretation of hyperspectral datasets requires specialized expertise. Automating the information extraction process used will make it easier to integrate hyperspectral sensor output into operations. Optical (visible, multispectral (MS) and ultraviolet (UV)) and thermal infrared (TIR) sensors are routinely used in oil spill monitoring, and visual interpretation from still and video cameras remain an important element of operational surveillance. Oil can be confused with other phenomena, especially if the interpretation is not made by trained operators. A significant body of knowledge exists to describe the use of visual instruments to map and characterize oil on …
Olympic Games: catalyst of urban change

The Olympic Games have emerged as a significant catalyst of urban change and can act as a key instrument of urban policy for their host cities. This paper reviews the effect of the Games on the built environment of the various cities which have acted as hosts in the modern Olympic period (1896–1996) and assesses the preparations now being made for the Games in Sydney in the year 2000. The review indicates that the Games have been increasingly used as a trigger for a wide range of urban improvements, although there have been considerable variations in the scale of infrastructural investment and in the public-private sector mix.
Increased GABAA Receptor ε-Subunit Expression on Ventral Respiratory Column Neurons Protects Breathing during Pregnancy

GABAergic signaling is essential for proper respiratory function. Potentiation of this signaling with allosteric modulators such as anesthetics, barbiturates, and neurosteroids can lead to respiratory arrest. Paradoxically, pregnant animals continue to breathe normally despite nearly 100-fold increases in circulating neurosteroids. ε subunit-containing GABAARs are insensitive to positive allosteric modulation, thus we hypothesized that pregnant rats increase ε subunit-containing GABAAR expression on brainstem neurons of the ventral respiratory column (VRC). In vivo, pregnancy rendered respiratory motor output insensitive to otherwise lethal doses of pentobarbital, a barbiturate previously used to categorize the ε subunit. Using electrode array recordings in vitro, we demonstrated that putative respiratory neurons of the preBötzinger Complex (preBötC) were also rendered insensitive to the effects of pentobarbital during pregnancy, but unit activity in the VRC was rapidly inhibited by the GABAAR agonist, muscimol. VRC unit activity from virgin and post-partum females was potently inhibited by both pentobarbital and muscimol. Brainstem ε subunit mRNA and protein levels were increased in pregnant rats, and GABAAR ε subunit expression co-localized with a marker of rhythm generating neurons (neurokinin 1 receptors) in the preBötC. These data support the hypothesis that pregnancy renders respiratory motor output and respiratory neuron activity insensitive to barbiturates, most likely via increased ε subunit-containing GABAAR expression on respiratory rhythm-generating neurons. Increased ε subunit expression may be critical to preserve respiratory function (and life) despite increased neurosteroid levels during pregnancy.
Why Santa Claus is Not a God

Through the lenses of cognitive science of religion, successful god concepts must possess a number of features. God concepts must be (1) counterintuitive, (2) an intentional agent, (3) possessing strategic information, (4) able to act in the human world in detectable ways and (5) capable of motivating behaviors that reinforce belief. That Santa Claus appears to be only inconsistently represented as having all five requisite features Santa has failed to develop a community of true believers and cult. Nevertheless, Santa concepts approximate a successful god concept more closely than other widespread cultural characters such as Mickey Mouse and the Tooth Fairy, in part explaining Santa's relative cultural prominence.
Dijital Ebeveynlik ve Değişen Roller

Bilgi ve iletisim teknolojilerindeki gelismelerle birlikte bu teknolojiler hayatin pek cok alaniyla butunlesmeye baslamistir. Yasamin butun alanlarina cesitli kolayliklar sunmustur. Bu butunlesme sureci, ozellikle bu teknolojileri cocuklarin, ebeveynlerinden daha hizli bir sekilde kullanmaya ve uyum saglamaya baslamalari ile cocuklar acisindan cesitli olumsuzluklari da beraberinde getirmektedir. Turkiye’de bilgisayar ve Internet hemen hemen butun evlerde kullanilmaya baslamistir. Cocuklarini disarida oyun oynarken merak eden ebeveynler, artik evlerinde de cocuklarini merak etmektedirler. Tum bu gelismelerden dolayi ebeveynlik kavrami farkli boyutlar kazanmis ve ebeveyn rolleri de degismistir. Ebeveynler artik dijital ebeveyn, Internet ebeveyni ya da cevrimici ebeveyn olmak durumundadir. Bu calismada dijital ebeveynlik kavrami ele alinmis, dijital ebeveynlik kavrami tanimlanmis ve dijital ebeveynlere ait roller belirlenmistir. Bu rollere bagli olarak uygulamaya ve gelecekte yapilacak calismalara yonelik oneriler sunulmustur
Nonparametric Bayesian Analysis for Masked Data From Hybrid Systems in Accelerated Lifetime Tests

Under constant stress accelerated test, we analyze the masked data from hybrid systems including series–parallel system and parallel–series system. The Bayesian posterior distribution and estimates of components’ subsurvival functions are obtained by assuming a prior of the multivariate Dirichlet process. By establishing a relationship between subsurvival and survival functions of components, the estimates of reliabilities for components and system are derived from the estimates of subsurvival functions. It is not confined to the common restriction that the sets of discontinuity points of the survival functions have to be disjointed. For a complex system, we represent it to the proposed series–parallel system or parallel–series system. Thus, the nonparametric Bayesian approach is also applicable for the complex system with s-independent components. A simulated example is presented to demonstrate the efficiency of the method. Finally, the method is applied to a real data of coal wine monitoring power.
ROL ÖTESİ OLUMLU DAVRANIŞLAR KİŞİSEL VE TUTUMSAL FAKTÖRLERLE ÖNGÖRÜLEBİLİR Mİ

Orgutsel baglamda calisanlar rollerinin otesinde olumlu veya olumsuz bircok davranis bicimleri sergilemektedirler. Bu davranislardan orgutsel basari ve performans acisindan onemli gorulen vatandaslik davranislari, rol otesi olumlu davranislardandir. Bu calismanin temel amaci, vatandaslik davranislarinin aciklanmasinda kisisel ve tutumsal faktorlerin etkilerinin bir yapisal esitlik modeli cercevesinde arastirilmasidir. Bu kapsamda ozel bir bankanin calisanlarindan olusan toplam 327 kisilik orneklemden anket yontemi kullanilarak veri toplanmistir. Arastirmada elde edilen veriler Yapisal Esitlik Modellemesi teknigiyle Amos 16.0 istatistik programi kullanilarak degerlendirilmistir. Elde edilen bulgular, orgutsel vatandaslik davranislari boyutlarindan digergamlik, vicdanlilik, nezaket, centilmenlik ve sivil erdem davranislarinin aciklanmasinda oz yeterlilik ve is tatmini degiskenlerinin onemli rolleri oldugu ortaya cikmistir. Ayrica tum vatandaslik davranislari ile oz yeterlilik degiskenleri arasindaki iliskilere is tatmininin aracilik ettigi gorulmustur. Sonucta rol otesi olumlu davranislarinin ongorulmesinde, oz yeterlilik gibi kisisel bir faktor ile is tatmini gibi tutumsal bir faktorun bagimsiz etkileriyle birlikte, is tatmininin bu surecteki aracilik rolleri ortaya cikarilmistir.
Frequency-sweep linearization for FMCW sensors with high measurement rate

In certain object surface distance measurement applications where contactless and robust estimates are required, microwave frequency modulated continuous wave sensors are the solution of choice. High linearity of transmitted frequency over time is a prerequisite for accurate results and poses a challenge, if high measurement rates are to be achieved simultaneously. This paper presents a novel method for sweep linearization in phase-locked-loop-based frequency synthesizers by determining the instantaneous output signal phase and error directly within the synthesizer. The proposed method is compared to a conventional voltage predistortion linearization technique.
Interventions with Young Children Who Have Been Multiply Abused

This article provides an overview of theory-driven interventions for young children who have been multiply abused and their families. The interventions are based primarily upon two theories: (1) Developmental-ecological theory provides a conceptual framework for understanding the context of abuse, and for planning effective interventions for the individual, the parents, and the family, and other social contexts; (2) Attachment theory provides a conceptual framework for understanding the disordered parent/child relationships that can lead to or result from maltreatment, and can suggest directions for intervention.
How Natural is Argument in Natural Dialogue?

Exposed disagreement is extremely rare in natural dialogue. Although informal argumentation features frequently in natural dialogue, the ways in which individuals make and evidence claims and position their opinions in relation to those of others is often achieved through more subtle and oblique methods. This makes natural dialogue distinct from more formal or institutionalised contexts. With increasing availability of natural dialogue datasets and with increasingly diverse contexts within which the application of argumentation modelling could be beneficial, being able to identify and interpret argumentation in natural dialogue becomes more important; so too does an understanding of why argumentation is enacted differently in natural dialogue and how factors such as politeness impact upon this. In this paper we highlight some of the ways in which argumentative content is produced differently in natural dialogue compared to formalised debate contexts and highly structured documents. We present some initial findings that demonstrate how existing models such as the Penn Discourse Treebank need further development if they are to adapt to the more dialogic data created on the social web.