Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Climatological Characteristics of Rapidly Intensifying Typhoons

Abstract The occurrence of rapid deepening of tropical cyclones(≥42 mb in 24 h) in the western North Pacific is examined to determine the statistics of these events and to identify features peculiar to their onset. Seventy-nine cases of rapid growth during the period 1956-76 were selected to study climatological characteristics. These data show that the majority (75%) of the deep central pressures(≤920 mb) in the region are attained through the rapid deepening process. The bulk (67%) of these pressure reductions occur over a time interval of 18 h or less with the first 6 h most likely to account for the steepest fall. The statistics reveal that development of a tropical cyclone to typhoon intensity over warm waters (temperature ≥28°C to a depth of 30 m) is a necessary (but not sufficient) prerequisite for rapid deepening. An eye dimension near 40 km also is a frequently observed feature at the onset of rapid deepening. The time of onset occurs most frequently at night. Investigation of typhoon track direc.
Optimum solution of model-reduction problem

Conditions are given for synthetising a reduced model for a multivariable time-invariant linear system by minimising a functional of the error between the output vector of the reduced model and the original model. It is shown that, when the system has a single output or single input and the eigenvalues of the reduced model are specified, the synthesis simplifies to a linear problem. A simple example is presented.
Characteristic dissipative Galerkin scheme for open-channel flow

Many open‐channel flow problems may be modeled as depth‐averaged flows. Petrov‐Galerkin finite element methods, in which up‐wind weighted test functions are used to introduce selective numerical dissipation, have been used successfully for modeling open‐channel flow problems. The underlying consistency and generality of the finite element method is attractive because separate computational algorithms for subcritical and supercritical flow are not required and algorithm extension to the two‐dimensional depth‐averaged flow equations is straightforward. Here, a reconsideration of the fundamental role of the characteristics in the determination of the up‐wind weighting and the use of the conservation form of the governing equations, leads to a new Petrov‐Galerkin scheme entitled the characteristic dissipative Galerkin method. A linear stability analysis illustrates the selective damping of short wavelengths and excellent phase accuracy achieved by this scheme, as well as its insensitivity to parameter variati.
Detecting polymeric nanoparticles with coherent anti-stokes Raman scattering microscopy in tissues exhibiting fixative-induced autofluorescence

Recent advances in pharmaceutical nanotechnology have enabled the development of nano-particulate medicines with enhanced drug performance. Although the fate of these nano-particles can be macroscopically tracked in the body (e.g. using radio-labeling techniques), there is little information about the sub-cellular scale mechanistic processes underlying the particle-tissue interactions, or how these interactions may correlate with pharmaceutical efficacy. To rationally engineer these nano-particles and thus optimize their performance, these mechanistic interactions must be fully understood. Coherent Anti-Stokes Raman scattering (CARS) microscopy provides a label-free means for visualizing biological samples, but can suffer from a strong non-resonant background in samples that are prepared using aldehyde-based fixatives. We demonstrate how formalin fixative affects the detection of polymeric nanoparticles within kidneys following oral administration using CARS microscopy, compared with samples that were snap-frozen. These findings have implications for clinical applications of CARS for probing nanoparticle distribution in tissue biopsies.
Mesolayer Theory for Turbulent Flows

ONG and Chen,1 Afzal,2'3 and Afzal and Bush4 have reported the intermediate layer theory for turbulent shear flows. The velocity in the intermediate (meso) layer, as postulated by Long and Chen,1 is of the order of the friction velocity. The inner and intermediate layers in the mesolayer theory1 were regarded as a composite expansion that was matched with the outer defect layer. Their theory showed that for a boundary layer the logarithmic region was absent and that for a pipe flow the effect of the mesolayer was weak, although it did tend to modify the classical logarithmic behavior. In contrast to Long and Chen, Afzal2'3 has shown that the velocity in the intermediate layer is of the order of unity. Afzal's theory2'3 dealt separately with three (inner, intermediate, and outer) layers that were matched in the two overlap domains to show the possibility of two logarithmic regions rather than the one proposed by classical theory. Afzal2'3 and Afzal and Bush4 have shown that, in terms of classical theory, there is a distinct intermediate limit between the outer defect layer and the inner wall layer. This (new) three-layer theory modifies and/or extends the (old) two-layer theory. The implications of turbulent modeling by eddy viscosity and mixing length have been studied by Afzal and Bush.4 The aim of this Note is to modify Long and Chen's mesolayer theory in the light of Afzal's proposition2'3 that the velocity in the intermediate layer is of the order of C/ c, where 0 ( U c) >0 ( UT ). On the basis of the above stated proposition, a composite expansion for the inner and intermediate layer is formulated. The composite expansion is matched with the outer defect layer to show that the classical logarithmic region always exists, provided Uc is judiciously selected. It is further shown that the intermediate layer, when analyzed in terms of the two-layer classical theory, plays an insignificant role as far as the lowest-order results are concerned. However, this intermediate layer plays a significant role in the first-order theory where a three-layer picture of the flow is required.
Extrasolar X-Ray Sources

The high excitation temperatures of the solar corona were established a generation ago by optical spectroscopy. Atomic lines in the soft X-ray region were among the first results sought-and found-once detectors were sent beyond the atmosphere in sounding rockets. Continuum radiation in the range of tens or hundreds of Rydbergs was earlier predicted from the observed ionosphere disturbances accompanying solar activity, and it too has been studied, directly and indirectly. The Sun, then, has been known as an X-ray source for a long time (1). But cosmic X rays from sources farther than the Sun were found for the first time in the summer of 1963 (2). Three years later (September 1966) the astronomy of such X-ray sources is a strong if imma­ ture branch of science. How young it is can be realized from the fact that a total successful exposure to the sky of about an hour from rockets and of perhaps 150 hours from balloons sums up the world's entire positive experi­ ence of extrasolar X-ray astronomical observation. Yet a plausible case can be made for the statement that most of the matter in the universe is ob­ servable only by means of X rays, a channel whose exploitation has obviously only just begun. That is its interest and its challenge.
Structural origins of morphing in plant tissues

Plant tissues are able to generate complex movements via shape modifications. These effects are tightly related to distinctive multi-scale composite architectures of the plant material, and can therefore largely be interpreted by composite mechanics principles. Here, we propose a generic framework for the analysis and prediction of the shape morphing of intricate biological composite materials, arising from changes in humidity. We have examined in depth the hierarchical structures of three types of seed pods for which we propose a theoretical scheme that is able to accurately simulate the relevant shape deformations. The validity and generality of this approach are confirmed by means of laboratory scale synthetic models with similar architectures leading to equivalent morphing patterns. Such synthetic configurations could pave the way to future morphing architectures of advanced materials and structures.
Fake-fingerprint detection using multiple static features

Recently, fake fingerprints have become a serious concern for the use of fingerprint recognition systems. We introduce a novel fake-fingerprint detection method that uses multiple static features. With regard to the usability of the method for field applications, we employ static features extracted from one image to determine the aliveness of fingerprints. We consider the power spectrum, histogram, directional contrast, ridge thickness, and ridge signal of each fingerprint image as representative static features. Each feature is analyzed with respect to the physiological and statistical distinctiveness of live and fake fingerprints. These features form a feature vector set and are fused at the feature level through a support vector machine classifier. For performance evaluation and comparison, a total of 7200 live images and 9000 fake images were collected using four sensors (three optical and one capacitive). Experimental results showed that proposed method achieved approximately 1.6% equal-error rate with optical-based sensors. In the case of the capacitive sensor, there was no test error when only one image was used for a decision. Based on these results, we conclude that the proposed method is a simple yet promising fake-fingerprint inspection technique in practice.
A differential equation for approximate wall distance

A partial differential equation to compute the distance from a surface is derived and solved numerically. The benefit of such a formulation especially in combination with turbulence models is shown. The details of the formulation as well as several examples demonstrating the influence of its parameters are presented. The proposed formulation has computational advantages and can be favourably incorporated into one‐ and two‐equation turbulence models like e.g. the Spalart–Allmaras, the Secundov or Menter's SST model. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
On order relations between reliability measures

It is well known that the three reliability measures, namely, the survival function, the failure rate function, and the mean residual life function are equivalent in the sense that knowing any one of them, the other two can be determined. This paper deals with the question of whether an ordering of two life distributions with respect to a reliability measure implies the same ordering with respect to another reliability measure. Implications of various orderings are discussed from the point of view of some properties of the life distributions involved.
Photon corrections to the graviton propagator

The one-loop photon contribution to the graviton self-energy is calculated using the technique of dimensional regularization and the resulting amplitude is found to satisfy the appropriate Slavnov-Ward identities. The infinite part can "be removed "by counter-terms of the form *Jg (R 3R R ) and the finite part is compared with the previously derived graviton loop contribution. MIRAMARE TRIESTE September 1973 t To be submitted for publication. * Present address: Department of Physics, Imperial College, London, England. ** Royal Society European Postdoctoral Fellov. Present address: Department of Astrophysics, University of Oxford, England. *** On leave of absence from Service de Physique Mathematique, Faculte de Sciences, Universite" Libre, Brussels, Belgium.
Bayesian Inference for a Two-Part Hierarchical Model

Profiling is currently an important, and hotly debated, topic in health care and other industries looking for ways to control costs, increase profitability, and increase service quality. Managed care in particular has seen a proliferation in the use of statistical profiling methodology, particularly with regard to monitoring expenditure data. This article focuses on the specific problem of developing statistical methods appropriate for profiling physician contributions to patient pharmacy expenditures incurred in a managed care setting. The two-part hierarchical model with a correlated random-effects structure considered here accounts for both the skewed, zero-inflated nature of pharmacy expenditure data and the fact that patient pharmacy expenditures are correlated within physicians. The random-effects structure has an attractive interpretation in terms of a conceptual model for physician prescribing patterns. Using this model, we propose to rank physicians based on an appropriately constructed provider-level performance measure. This information is subsequently used to develop a novel financial incentive scheme. Inference is conducted in a Bayesian framework using Markov chain Monte Carlo.
Improved Approximation Algorithms for Bin Packing with Conflicts

Given a set of items, and a conflict graph defined on the item set, the problem of bin packing with conflicts asks for a partition of items into a minimum number of independent sets so that the total size of items in each independent set does not exceed the bin capacity. As a generalization of both classic bin packing and classic vertex coloring, it is hard to approximate the problem on general graphs. We present new approximation algorithms for bipartite graphs and split graphs. The absolute approximation ratios are shown to be [Formula: see text] and [Formula: see text] respectively, both improving the existing results.
Phenology of the black bean aphid, Aphis fabae, on organic crops and effect of parasitoid communities

Parasitoids represent the third trophic level in plant‐insect food webs. They develop in or on herbivorous insects at the second trophic level, which in turn feed on plants that constitute the first trophic level. This food web system might be affected by agricultural landscape and practices. We studied the phenology and population density of Aphis fabae (Hemiptera: Aphididae) and determined the impact of parasitoids in organic fields of beans and beet plants. Twenty leaves per field were collected weekly. For each leaf, the total number of aphids, apterous and alate morphs, the number of mummies, and mortality of aphids were recorded. Our results showed that the phenology of A. fabae varied throughout the season with maximal numbers observed at the beginning of summer. In addition, the production of alate morphs and the proportion of parasitism were positively correlated to an increase in aphid densities. Six parasitoid species were recorded attacking A. fabae in the field, with Lysiphlebus fabarum and Binodoxys angelicae (Hymenoptera: Aphidiinae) being the most abundant parasitoids. Field characteristics and availability of host plants in the surroundings affected A. fabae density. Lysiphlebus fabarum and B. angelicae appeared to be good biocontrol candidates against A. fabae.
Comparative Transcriptome Analysis of the Heterosis of Salt Tolerance in Inter-Subspecific Hybrid Rice

Soil salinity is one of the major abiotic stresses limiting rice growth. Hybrids outperform their parents in salt tolerance in rice, while its mechanism is not completely understood. In this study, a higher seedling survival was observed after salt treatment in an inter-subspecific hybrid rice, Zhegengyou1578 (ZGY1578), compared with its maternal japonica Zhegeng7A (ZG7A) and paternal indica Zhehui1578 (ZH1578). A total of 2584 and 3061 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) with at least twofold changes were identified between ZGY1578 and ZG7A and between ZGY1578 and ZH1578, respectively, in roots under salt stress using the RNA sequencing (RNA-Seq) approach. The expressions of a larger number of DEGs in hybrid were lower or higher than those of both parents. The DEGs associated with transcription factors, hormones, and reactive oxygen species (ROS)–related genes might be involved in the heterosis of salt tolerance. The expressions of the majority of transcription factors and ethylene-, auxin-, and gibberellin-related genes, as well as peroxidase genes, were significantly higher in the hybrid ZGY1578 compared with those of both parents. The identified genes provide valuable clues to elucidate the heterosis of salt tolerance in inter-subspecific hybrid rice.
Nitrogen Enriched Solid-State Cultivation for the Overproduction of Azaphilone Red Pigments by Penicillium sclerotiorum SNB-CN111

Azaphilones are microbial specialized metabolites employed as yellow, orange, red or purple pigments. In particular, yellow azaphilones react spontaneously with functionalized nitrogen groups, leading to red azaphilones. In this study, a new two-step solid-state cultivation process to produce specific red azaphilones pigments was implemented, and their chemical diversity was explored based on liquid chromatography coupled to tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) and a molecular network. This two-step procedure first implies a cellophane membrane allowing accumulating yellow and orange azaphilones from a Penicillium sclerotiorum SNB-CN111 strain, and second involves the incorporation of the desired functionalized nitrogen by shifting the culture medium. The potential of this solid-state cultivation method was finally demonstrated by overproducing an azaphilone with a propargylamine side chain, representing 16% of the metabolic crude extract mass.
Polarization image super-resolution with non-local sparse models

The different polarization phase angle (orientation) low-resolution images of the same scene have much redundant and complementary information which can be used to construct a high-resolution image. In this paper, we propose a super-resolution (SR) algorithm via sparse and redundant representation with considering the non-local self-similarity in different polarization orientation images. As the redundant over-complete dictionary has many irrelevant atoms which not only reduce the computational efficiency in sparse coding but also reduce the representation accuracy, we learn a local dictionary by applying the principal component analysis (PCA) technique. For an image patch to be coded, the best fitted sub-dictionary is adaptively selected by an adaptive sparse domain selection strategy. To improve the stability and accuracy of sparse coding, the centralized sparse coding algorithm is used. The extensive experimental results demonstrated that the proposed method can effectively reconstruct the polarization image with edge structure preserved and detailed information obtained in terms of PSNR, SSIM and visual perception.
Using the output energy as performance index in the design of damping controllers for power systems

The present paper proposes an alternative performance index for the design of robust controllers to damp low-frequency electromechanical oscillations in power systems. The concept of output energy is used as performance index as opposed to the usual criterion of minimum damping ratio. The control problem with both performance indices was structured in the form of linear matrix inequalities and it was verified that the formulation with the output energy is less costly in terms of computational effort when compared to the one with the traditional minimum damping ratio. This characteristic allows the application of the proposed methodology to controller design involving large power system models. The design methodology is based on a multimachine model, without requiring the assumption that some part of the system can be modelled as an infinite bus. Such assumption is usual in control designs based on many modern control techniques, and may modify the dynamics described by the system model and consequently affect the performance of the designed controllers. The design methodology provides controllers that fulfill various practical requirements of the oscillation problem. The methodology has provided effective controllers with acceptable performance as shown in the results, and the gain in computational time was significant.
An RGB approach to prismatic colours

Teaching prismatic colours usually boils down to establishing the take-home message that white light consists of ‘differently refrangible’ coloured rays. This approach explains the classical spectrum of seven colours but has its limitations, e.g. in discussing spectra from setups with higher resolution or in understanding the well saturated colours of simple edge spectra. Besides, the connection of physical wavelength and colour remains obscure—after all, colour and wavelength are not equivalent. In this paper, we suggest that teachers demonstrate these impressive experiments in the classroom by using a video projector and a prism to disperse black-and-white slit images. We introduce experimental and diagrammatic methods for establishing the connection between the original slit image and the wavelength composition of the resulting spectrum. From this (or any other given) wavelength composition, students can systematically derive the colours with a simple RGB approach, thus gaining a more accurate picture of the relation between wavelength and colour.
Semiparametric Estimation in Time‐Series Regression with Long‐Range Dependence

Abstract. We consider semiparametric estimation in time‐series regression in the presence of long‐range dependence in both the errors and the stochastic regressors. A central limit theorem is established for a class of semiparametric frequency domain‐weighted least squares estimates, which includes both narrow‐band ordinary least squares and narrow‐band generalized least squares as special cases. The estimates are semiparametric in the sense that focus is on the neighbourhood of the origin, and only periodogram ordinates in a degenerating band around the origin are used. This setting differs from earlier studies on time‐series regression with long‐range dependence, where a fully parametric approach has been employed. The generalized least squares estimate is infeasible when the degree of long‐range dependence is unknown and must be estimated in an initial step. In that case, we show that a feasible estimate which has the same asymptotic properties as the infeasible estimate, exists. By Monte Carlo simulation, we evaluate the finite‐sample performance of the generalized least squares estimate and the feasible estimate.
Two Kinds of Restricted Estimators in Singular Linear Regression

In this article, the parameter estimators in singular linear model with linear equality restrictions are considered. The restricted root estimator and the generalized restricted root estimator are proposed and some properties of the estimators are also studied. Furthermore, we compare them with the restricted unified least squares estimator and show their sufficient conditions under which their superior over the restricted unified least squares estimator in terms of mean squares error, and discuss the choice of the unknown parameters of the generalized restricted root estimator.