Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Men classified as hypo- or hyperresponders to dietary cholesterol feeding exhibit differences in lipoprotein metabolism.

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the differences that occur within the plasma compartment of normolipidemic men, classified on the basis of their response to prolonged consumption of additional dietary cholesterol. Using a crossover design, 40 men aged 18-57 y were randomly allocated to an egg (640 mg/d additional dietary cholesterol) or placebo group (0 mg/d additional dietary cholesterol), for two 30-d periods, which were separated by a 3-wk washout period. Subjects were classified as hypo- [increase in plasma total cholesterol (TC) of <0.05 mmol/L for each additional 100 mg of dietary cholesterol consumed] or hyperresponders (increase in TC of > or =0.06 mmol/L for each additional 100 mg of dietary cholesterol consumed) on the basis of their plasma reaction to the additional dietary cholesterol provided. Male hyporesponders did not experience an increase in LDL cholesterol (LDL-C) or HDL cholesterol (HDL-C) during the egg period, whereas both lipoproteins were significantly (P < 0.0001 and P < 0.05, respectively) elevated in hyperresponders. Although the LDL/HDL ratio was increased in male hyperresponders after the high cholesterol period, the mean increase experienced by this population was still within National Cholesterol Education Program guidelines. Furthermore, male hyperresponders had higher lecithin cholesterol acyltransferase (P < 0.05) and cholesteryl ester transfer protein (P < 0.05) activities during the egg period, which suggests an increase in reverse cholesterol transport. These data suggest that additional dietary cholesterol does not increase the risk of developing an atherogenic lipoprotein profile in healthy men, regardless of their response classification.
An initial assessment, using 24-h [13C]leucine kinetics, of the lysine requirement of healthy adult Indian subjects.

The international 1985 FAO/WHO/UNU upper dietary requirement for lysine of 12 mg.kg-1.d-1 may be inadequate for healthy Indian adults. To test this, we used a modified indicator amino acid oxidation technique to assess the adequacy of lysine intake of 12 and 28 mg.kg-1.d-1. Seven healthy, male, Indian subjects were studied during each of two randomly assigned 6-d periods while receiving an otherwise adequate diet based on an L-amino acid mixture. Beginning at 1800 on day 6 of the diet, a 24-h infusion protocol in which a [13C]leucine tracer was administered intravenously was used to assess leucine oxidation and daily leucine balance at each test lysine intake. Mean 24-h leucine oxidation was 54.7 compared with 46.9 mg.kg-1.d-1 (P < 0.05) and mean 24-h leucine balances were -4.1 and 3.5 mg.kg-1.d-1 (P < 0.05) for lysine intakes of 12 and 28 mg, respectively. Leucine balances were significantly negative (0.025 < P < 0.05) with the 12-mg lysine intake and not significantly different (P > 0.10) from zero or equilibrium with the 28-mg intake. These findings indicate that the international requirement for lysine appears to be inadequate to maintain body amino acid homeostasis and function in apparently healthy subjects characteristic of the south Asia region. They further indicate that our previously proposed, tentative lysine requirement of 30 mg.kg-1.d-1 is probably adequate for this population.
The Main Anatomical Variations of the Pancreatic Duct System: Review of the Literature and Its Importance in Surgical Practice

Anatomical variations or anomalies of the pancreatic ducts are important in the planning and performance of endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) and surgical procedures of the pancreas. Normal pancreatic duct anatomy occurs in approximately 94.3% of cases, and multiple variations have been described for the remaining 5.7%. The purpose of this study was to review the literature on the pancreatic duct anatomy and to underline its importance in daily invasive endoscopic and surgical practice. Two main databases were searched for suitable articles published from 2000 to 2017, and results concerning more than 8,200 patients were included in the review. The most common anatomical variation was that of pancreas divisum, which appeared in approximately 4.5% of cases.
Adipose tissue biomarkers of fatty acid intake.

BACKGROUND Biomarkers can provide a more accurate measure of long-term intake than can dietary questionnaires. OBJECTIVE The objective was to identify which adipose tissue fatty acids are suitable biomarkers of intake as assessed with a validated food-frequency questionnaire. DESIGN Costa Rican men with a mean (+/- SD) age of 56 +/- 11 y (n = 367) and women aged 60 +/- 10 y (n = 136) completed a 135-item food-frequency questionnaire and provided an adipose tissue sample. Fifty fatty acids were identified by capillary gas chromatography. Correlation coefficients were calculated after adjustment for age, sex, body mass index, and smoking status. RESULTS The best adipose tissue marker for total intake of saturated fatty acids was 15:0 + 17:0 (r = 0.18). Both 15:0 and 17:0 were also the best correlates of dairy product intake (r = 0.31 for each). The diet-adipose tissue correlations for n-3 fatty acids were r = 0.34 for 18:3, r = 0.15 for 20:5, and r = 0.18 for 22:6. Fish intake correlated significantly with these adipose tissue n-3 fatty acids. Dietary and adipose tissue n-6 fatty acids were highly correlated: 18:2 (r = 0.58) and 18:3 (r = 0.24). The best indicators of total trans fatty acid intake were ct18:2n-6 and tc18:2n-6 (r = 0.58 for each); total 18:1 trans fatty acid (r = 0.45) and 16:1 trans fatty acid (r = 0.16) were the next best indicators. CONCLUSIONS Adipose tissue is a suitable biomarker of dietary fatty acid intake, particularly for n-3 and n-6 cis polyunsaturated fatty acids and trans fatty acids. Ideally, adipose tissue and dietary questionnaires should complement, rather than substitute for, each other in epidemiologic studies.
Malabsorption syndrome in ascariasis.

This group of researchers recently reported findings on the overall effect of Ascaris lumbricoides infection on human nutrition. On the basis of available data, it was suggested that intestinal malabsorption is a potential cause of nutritional impairment in children infected with Ascaris lumbricoides. The purpose of this discussion is to present additional data on the effect of Ascaris infection on small bowel function and structure in children. 5 children with heavy Ascaris infection without any evidence of clinical malnutrition were admitted to a metabolic unit. On admission, each child was placed on a constant diet consisting of 82-95 kcal and approximately 1 g protein/kg body weight/day. The amount of dietary fat varied from 55-60 g; the levels of vitamins and minerals in the diet were adjusted to meet the recommended dietary allowances. After an adjustment period of 4-6 days, fecal samples were collected during 2 periods of 4 days each for nitrogen and fat analysis. Peroral jejunal biopsies were obtained using an 8 mm Crosby-Kugler biopsy capsule. The samples were processed and stained according to standard techniques. The children then received deworming treatment consisting of 75 mg piperazine/kg body weight daily for 5 consecutive days. In 4 of 5 children there was reduced fecal nitrogen excretion; the mean reduction represented 6.5% of dietary nitrogen. Steatorrhea was present in 4 children; deworming resulted in a reduction of fecal fat from 9.9-2.3% of dietary fat. 3 children demonstrated an impairment in D-xylose excretion. It returned to normal following deworming in only 1 child. The jejunal morphology was found to be abnormal in all children. In each case a significant improvement was noted soon after deworming. The study results strongly suggest that there is a cause and effect relationship between Ascaris infection and intestinal lesions in children.
Diacylglycerols affect substrate oxidation and appetite in humans.

BACKGROUND Meals rich in diacylglycerols (DGs) instead of triacylglycerols (TGs) show beneficial effects on lipid metabolism and energy balance. These effects are probably attributable to differences in DG and TG metabolism, especially postprandial fat oxidation. OBJECTIVE We assessed the effects of partial replacement of TGs with DGs on substrate oxidation, energy expenditure (EE), relevant blood variables, and appetite. DESIGN Twelve healthy, dietarily unrestrained women participated in a single-blind, placebo-controlled, randomized trial with crossover design. For 3 d before and throughout a 36-h stay in a respiration chamber, subjects were fed energy-maintenance amounts of a diet consisting of 55% of energy from carbohydrate, 15% from protein, and 30% from fat. In the respiration chamber, 40% of the fat was consumed as DG-rich (80% DGs) oil or as TG-based control oil with a similar fatty acid profile. RESULTS Fat oxidation was significantly higher with DG treatment than with TG treatment. Appetite profiles during day 1 (24 h) did not differ significantly between the DG and TG treatments; however, feelings of hunger, appetite, estimated prospective food intake, and desire to eat were all significantly lower on day 2 (12 h) with DG treatment. Mean plasma beta-hydroxybutyrate tended to be higher with DG treatment, and the difference between the 2 treatments was significant at 1130 on day 2. Plasma lipid concentrations and resting and 24-h EE did not differ significantly between the 2 treatments. CONCLUSION Consumption of DGs in place of TGs does not alter EE but produces metabolic effects, particularly increases in fat oxidation, which may be associated with improved appetite control and energy balance.
Cation composition sensitive visible quantum cutting behavior of high efficiency green phosphors Ca9Ln(PO4)7:Tb3+ (Ln = Y, La, Gd)

Visible quantum cutting (QC) has the potential to overcome the still low efficiency of the presently used vacuum ultraviolet (VUV) phosphors. The understanding of this process will provide important guidance for exploring VUV phosphors with high efficiency. The QC process through cross-relaxation energy transfer between Tb ions of Tb3+ doped Ca9Ln(PO4)7 (Ln = Y, La, Gd) phosphors is observed upon host absorption transition and 4f8–4f75d1 excitation. Based on the location of host absorption and the levels of Tb ions in the hosts, QC models and the corresponding ideal quantum efficiency (QE) calculation formula obtained by an indirect method for the phosphors with and without Gd3+ are proposed. By comparing the values of three kinds of phosphors, the results represent the relationship of ηCYP:Tb3+ > ηCGdP:Tb3+ > ηCLaP:Tb3+. Furthermore, the critical concentration for QC in the three kinds of phosphors exhibits some difference. The phenomena have been discussed combining the crystal structures, Raman spectra, PL/PLE spectra, and decay curves, and have been confirmed to mainly involve the occupied sites of Tb3+ in the host rather than the phonon energies.
Longitudinal patterns of alcohol, drug, and mental health need and care in a national sample of U.S. adults.

OBJECTIVE Use of longitudinal data can help clarify the extent of persistent need for services or persistent problems in gaining access to services. This study examined the level of transient and persistent need and unmet need over time among respondents to a national survey and whether need was met by provision of mental health services or resolved without treatment. METHODS Data from the longitudinal Health Care for Communities (HCC) household telephone survey were used to produce joint distributions of need status and care for two periods (wave 1 data collected in 1997 to 1998 and wave 2 data collected in 2000 to 2001; N=6,659). Perceived need was measured as self-report of need for help with a mental or substance use problem. Probable clinical need was assessed with the Composite International Diagnostic Interview, the Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test, and the 12-item Short Form Health Survey. RESULTS High levels of persistent unmet need for care (44 to 52 percent) were found among respondents who had probable clinical need in wave 1. Although a majority of those with need received some care, an equal proportion (about 30 percent) of those with perceived need only or probable clinical need in wave 1 did not receive any care. A substantial portion of need (22 to 26 percent) appears to have resolved without treatment, which may suggest high levels of transient need. CONCLUSIONS Persistent patterns of unmet need represent important targets for policy and programs that can improve utilization, including outreach, education, and improved insurance coverage.
Evidence of a Biphasic Domain in the UO2-Nd2O3 Diagram at Room Temperature: a Proof for a Miscibility Gap in UO2-Nd2O3 Phase Diagram ?

Several samples of (U,Nd)O2 with different Nd content (ranging from 2 to 50 in Nd2O3 mass. %) were prepared. For composition ranging from 6 to 20 in Nd2O3 mass %, two crystalline phases are unambiguously evidenced by X-ray and neutron diffraction, by optical microscopy, and by SEM-EDX and EPMA. The influence of the preparation route on the distribution of the domains made by these two phases is evidenced and discussed.
Low income postpartum women are at risk of iron deficiency.

We estimated the prevalence of postpartum iron deficiency, anemia and iron deficiency anemia in the United States and compared risk of iron deficiency between women 0-24 mo postpartum (n = 680) and never-pregnant women, 20-40 y old (n = 587). We used data from National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, 1988-1994. Iron deficiency was defined as abnormal values for > or = 2 of 3 iron status measures (serum ferritin, free erythrocyte protoporphyrin, transferrin saturation). Iron deficiency prevalences for women 0-6, 7-12 and 13-24 mo postpartum were 12.7, 12.4 and 7.8%, respectively, and 6.5% among never-pregnant women. After adjustment for confounding, the risk of iron deficiency among women with a poverty index ratio < or = 130% who were 0-6, 7-12 and 13-24 mo postpartum was 4.1 (95% confidence interval 2.0, 7.2), 3.1 (1.3, 6.5) and 2.0 (0.8, 4.1) times as great, respectively, as never-pregnant women with a poverty index ratio > 130%, but risk was not elevated for never-pregnant women with a poverty index ratio < or = 130%. Compared with the same referent, the risk of iron deficiency was not meaningfully different for women with a poverty index ratio > 130% who were 0-6, 7-12 or 13-24 mo postpartum. Given that low income postpartum women bear a substantially greater iron deficiency risk than never-pregnant women, more attention should be given to preventing iron deficiency among low income women during and after pregnancy.
Cultural competence among nursing students in Saudi Arabia: a cross‐sectional study

AIM This study assessed the cultural competence of nursing students in a Saudi University. BACKGROUND With the current situation of immigration in Saudi Arabia, the cultural diversity in healthcare facilities is anticipated to grow. This presents a great challenge to the members of the healthcare team. METHODS A cross-sectional study was conducted among 272 nursing students in a Saudi university using a self-administered questionnaire consisting of two parts, namely the respondents' demographics and cultural background information sheet and the Cultural Capacity Scale Arabic version. RESULTS The respondents showed the highest competence in their ability to demonstrate communication skills with culturally diverse patients and lowest in the familiarity with health- or illness-related cultural knowledge or theory. Gender, academic level, clinical exposure, prior diversity training, the experience of taking care of culturally diverse patients and patients belonging to special population groups were significant factors that could likely to influence cultural competence. DISCUSSION The findings suggest that the Saudi nursing students possess the ability to provide culturally appropriate nursing care to patients with a diverse cultural background. CONCLUSIONS Despite the good cultural competence reflected in this study, some aspects in ensuring a culturally competent care rendered by Saudi nursing students need to be improved. IMPLICATIONS FOR NURSING & HEALTH POLICY With the country's Saudization policy in health care (replacing foreign nurses with Saudi nurses), the findings can be used in designing training and interventions to meet the needs of Saudi nursing students regarding cultural competence development, which is integral in their preparation to assume their future roles as nurses. Policy guidelines, such as including cultural competency training and foreign languages training as mandatory continuing education for nurses, as well as integrating cultural competency and foreign languages in the prelicensure curriculum, should be developed and implemented in Saudi Arabia and other countries.
Nutrient Requirements and Optimal Nutrition Trans Fatty Acids in Human Milk in Canada Declined with the Introduction of Trans Fat Food Labeling 1

Trans fatty acids in human milk have raised concerns because of possible adverse effects on infant growth and development. Analyses of human milk in the late 1990s in Canada showed high amounts of trans fatty acids from partially hydrogenated oils. Canada introduced labeling of trans fatty acids on retail foods in 2003. We analyzed trans and cis unsaturated and saturated fatty acids in human milk collected from 87 women in 2004–2006 and compared the levels to those in milk collected from 103 women in 1998 and analyzed using similar methods. The total trans fatty acids (mean 6 SEM, g/100 g fatty acids) in human milk in Canada decreased significantly, from 7.1 6 0.32 in 1998 to 6.2 6 0.48, 5.3 6 0.49, and 4.6 6 0.32 over 3 consecutive 5-mo periods from November 2004 to January 2006. The milk total trans fatty acids were significantly and inversely related to 16:0, 18:2(n-6), 18:3(n-3), 20:4(n-6), 22:4(n-6), and 22:5(n-6) and positively related to 18:0 and conjugated linolenic acids (P , 0.05, n 1⁄4 190). The estimated exposures of exclusively breast-fed infants to trans fatty acids decreased from a mean and 95th percentile intake of 2.0 and 4.4 g infant d in 1998 to 1.33 and 2.41 g infant d, respectively, in late 2005. The estimated intake of the mothers was 4.0 (range 0.51–12.3) and 2.2 (0.56–7.65) g person d in 1998 and late 2005, respectively. Our studies show trans fatty acids have decreased in human milk in Canada, which suggests a concomitant decrease in trans fatty acid intake among lactating women and breast-fed infants. J. Nutr. 136: 2558–2561, 2006.
Dietary protein requirements of younger and older adults.

BACKGROUND For older men and women, the Estimated Average Requirement (EAR) and Recommended Dietary Allowance (RDA) for protein are not known with confidence. Data from the limited research studies available suggest that the EAR and RDA might be greater than the assumed 0.66 and 0.80 g protein x kg body wt(-1) x d(-1), respectively. OBJECTIVE This study assessed the effect of age on the EAR and RDA for protein. DESIGN Twenty-three younger (age: 21-46 y; 11 men, 12 women) and 19 older (age: 63-81 y; 8 men, 11 women) persons completed three 18-d trials with protein intakes of 0.50, 0.75, and 1.00 g protein x kg body wt(-1) x d(-1). Nitrogen balance was determined by using data from total nitrogen analyses of duplicate food composites and complete urine and feces collections from days 14 to 17 of each trial. Each subject's protein requirement was estimated by using linear regression of protein intake and nitrogen balance data from all 3 trials and inverse prediction. RESULTS The mean (+/- SD) protein requirement was not different between the younger and older subjects: 0.61 +/- 0.14 compared with 0.58 +/- 0.12 g protein x kg body wt(-1) . d(-1). On the basis of individual requirement estimates from the younger and older subjects combined (2.5% trimming from each tail and variation estimated by the bootstrap), an adequate protein allowance for these subjects was calculated to be 0.85 +/- 0.21 g protein x kg body wt(-1) x d(-1). CONCLUSIONS These short-term nitrogen balance results suggest that the requirement for total dietary protein is not different for healthy older adults than for younger adults and that the allowance estimate does not differ statistically from the RDA.
Energy expenditure of stunted and nonstunted boys and girls living in the shantytowns of São Paulo, Brazil.

BACKGROUND Stunting increases the risk of obesity in developing countries, particularly in girls and women, but the underlying reason is not known. OBJECTIVE Our objective was to test the hypothesis that stunted children have lower energy expenditure than do nonstunted children, a factor that has predicted an increased risk of obesity in other high-risk populations. DESIGN A cross-sectional study was conducted in shantytown children from São Paulo, Brazil. Twenty-eight stunted children aged 8-11 y were compared with 30 nonstunted children with similar weight-for-height. Free-living total energy expenditure (TEE) was measured over 7 d by using the doubly labeled water method. In addition, resting energy expenditure (REE) was measured by indirect calorimetry and body composition was measured by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry. RESULTS There were no significant associations between stunting and any measured energy expenditure parameter, including REE adjusted for weight (f1.gif" BORDER="0"> +/- SEM: 4575 +/- 95 compared with 4742 +/- 91 kJ/d, in stunted and nonstunted children, respectively) and TEE adjusted for weight (8424 +/- 239 compared with 8009 +/- 221 kJ/d, in stunted and nonstunted children, respectively). In multiple regression models that included fat-free mass and fat mass, girls had significantly lower TEE than did boys (P: < 0.05) but not significantly lower REE (P: = 0.17). CONCLUSIONS There was no association between stunting and energy expenditure after differences between groups in body size and composition were accounted for. However, the girls had lower TEE than did boys, which may help to explain the particularly high risk of obesity in stunted adolescent girls and women in urban areas of developing countries.
Biochemical and Molecular Roles of Nutrients Fish Oil Blocks Azoxymethane-Induced Rat Colon Tumorigenesis by Increasing Cell Differentiation and Apoptosis Rather Than Decreasing Cell Proliferation

The purpose of this study was to determine whether the protective effect of fish oil against colon carcinogenesis is due to decreased proliferation, increased differentiation and/or increased apoptosis. Male Sprague Dawley rats (n Å 260) were fed one of two oils (corn or fish) and two fibers (pectin or cellulose), plus or minus the carcinogen azoxymethane (AOM). Rats were killed at wk 18 (n Å 80) or 36 (n Å 180) for cytokinetic measurements. In vivo cell proliferation was measured by incorporation of bromodeoxyuridine into DNA, differentiation by binding of Dolichos biflorus agglutinin and apoptosis by immunoperoxidase detection of digoxigenin labeled genomic DNA. Fish oil resulted in a lower adenocarcinoma incidence (56.1 vs. 70.3%) compared with corn oil. There was no effect of fat or fiber on number of proliferative cells/crypt column in either the proximal or distal colon. In contrast, fish oil resulted in a greater degree of differentiation compared with corn oil in both colonic sites. In addition, fish oil resulted in a higher number of apoptotic cells/crypt column in both the proximal and distal colon as compared with corn oil. AOM treatment increased the ratio of proliferative cells/crypt column to apoptotic cells/crypt column in both the proximal and distal colon compared with saline controls. Fish oil, however, resulted in a lower ratio in both sites in the colon as compared with corn oil. These results suggest that an increase in apoptosis and differentiation, rather than a decrease in proliferation, accounts for the protective effect of fish oil against experimentally induced colon tumorigenesis. J. Nutr. 128: 491–497, 1998.