Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
FINITE-STATE TRANSDUCER BASED PHONOLOGY AND MORPHOLOGY MODELING WITH APPLICATIONS TO HUNGARIAN LVCSR

This article introduces a novel approach to model phonology and morphosyntax in morpheme unit based speech recognizers. The proposed method is evaluated in our recent Hungarian large vocabulary continuous speech recognition (LVCSR) system. The architecture of the recognition system is based on the weighted finite state transducer (WFST) paradigm. The task domain is the recognition of fluently read sentences selected from a major daily newspaper. The vocabulary units used in the system are morpheme based in order to provide sufficient coverage of the large number of word-forms resulting from affixation and compounding. Besides the basic pronunciation model and the morphemeN -gram language model we evaluate a novel phonology model and the novelstochastic morphosyntactic language model(SMLM). Thanks to the flexible transducer-based architecture of the system these new components are integrated seamlessly with the basic modules with no need to modify the decoder itself. The proposed phonology model reduced the error rate by 8.32% and the stochastic morphosyntactic language model creased the error rate by 17.9% relatively compared to the baseline systems. The morpheme error rate of the best configuration is 14.75% in a 1350 morpheme Hungarian dictation task.
Diversity - An End in Itself?

The scope of this article is methodological, focusing on the measurement of programme diversity on television. In recent research literature programme diversity has been understood too narrowly. In order to avoid typical pitfalls of diversity studies, the article discusses the concept and dimensions of diversity and, then, develops four parallel measures of breadth of programming and difference between channels, applicable for the analysis of both individual channels and the channel system as a whole. These measures (channel diversity, system diversity, deviation and choice options) are tested in a longitudinal analysis of Finnish television schedules. The article demonstrates that since shifts in the different dimensions of diversity are not necessarily unilinear, the multi-measure method tends to provide a more versatile picture of the developments in programme schedules than the traditional diversity analysis can do.
A Design of a Multi-Agent Smart E-Examiner

this paper proposes a design of an application of multi agent technology on a semantic net knowledge base, to build a smart e-examiner system. This e-examiner could be used in building and grading a personalized special on-line e-assessment. The produced e-assessment should cover the majority of examined topics and material. It should cover various levels of difficulties and learners profile(s). The e-examiner will use a semantic net question bank, to emphasize on the structuring categories of all course domains. This task is done through four different intelligent agents: control agent, personal agent, examiner agent, and grading agent. The system might select questions from a bank of questions for several courses. It could be used in different education levels and natures. Also, it will produce a key for the produced exam, to be used latter in grading, and giving final marks of e-assessments.
Direct and Fast Ray Tracing of Nurbs Surfaces

Recently it has been shown that Bézier surfaces can be used as a geometric primitive for interactive ray tracing on a single commodity PC. However, the Bézier representation is restricted, as a large number of control points also implies a high polynomial degree, thus reducing the frame rate significantly. In this work we will present a fast, efficient and robust algorithm to ray trace trimmed NURBS surfaces of arbitrary degree. Furthermore, our approach is largely independent of the number of control points of a surface with respect to the rendering performance. Additionally the degree and the number of control points of a surface do not influence the numerical stability of the intersection algorithm. The desired high performance is achieved by taking a novel approach of surface evaluation, which requires only minimal prepro-cessing. We will present a method to transform the computationally expensive Cox-de Boor recursion into a SIMD suitable form that maximizes performance by avoiding the recursion and drastically reduces the number of executed commands.
Multidomain and ground state configurations of two-phase vesicles

A simple model is used to study the equilibrium of lipid domains on two-phase vesicles. Two classes of configurations are considered: multidomain and ground state configurations. For multidomain configurations, the vesicle has a finite number of identical lipid domains. For ground state configurations, the vesicle is fully phase separated into two coexisting domains. Whereas the volume enclosed by a vesicle with multidomains is fixed, the volume enclosed by a vesicle in a ground state is allowed to vary with the osmotic pressure. Guided by experimental observations, all domains are assumed to be spherical caps. In a multidomain configuration, the line tension is found to decrease with the number of domains present, with possible exceptions when the number of domains is very small. The importance of a critical osmotic pressure and a critical excess radius on ground state configurations is explored. Emphasis is placed on understanding the variations of these critical quantities with relevant parameters.
Untying the Gordian Knot of Guilt and Shame

In this study, the structure of guilt and shame reactions are investigated in three cultural groups (Peru, Hungary, and Belgium) using two newly constructed scenario-based inventories. Results show that it is possible to distinguish between a structure of guilt and shame reactions based on person variation and a structure based on situation variation. Moreover, both the person-based and the situation-based structures of shame and guilt are very similar across the three cultural groups, whereas within cultural groups, the two structures are quite different. The dimensions guilt versus shame and interpersonal versus intrapersonal orientation spanned the situation-based structure, whereas the dimensions control versus lack of control and appraisals versus subjective experiences and action tendencies spanned the person-based structure.
Perceiver and target effects in personality ratings

Critics of personality research have asserted that consistency of personality is in the eye of the beholder and does not reflect differences between rated targets. The relative importance of perceiver and target effects is assessed with self‐ and other‐ratings on five personality tests. Three members of the same family, both parents and an adolescent, supplied self‐ratings as well as ratings of the two other members. Perceiver and target effects were assessed with analysis of variance. The correlation between ratings of the same target by different perceivers was compared with that between ratings of different targets by the same perceiver. Both types of analysis showed target effects to be more important than effects of the perceiver. The differences between the present study and those using free descriptions instead of personality tests are discussed.
Relational Classification for Personalized Tag Recommendation

Folksonomy data is relational by nature, and therefore methods that directly exploit these relations are prominent for the tag recommendation problem. Relational methods have been successfully applied to areas in which entities are linked in an explicit manner, like hypertext documents and scientific publications. For approaching the graph-based tag recommendation task of the ECML PKDD Discovery Challenge 2009, we propose to turn the folksonomy graph into a homogeneous post graph and use relational classification techniques for predicting tags. Our approach features adherence to multiple kinds of relations, semi-supervised learning and fast predictions.
More on the Acceptability of Workplace Behaviors of a Dubious Ethical Nature

Research on business ethics is often characterized by a lack of continuity in the measures used in empirical studies. In other words, many investigators develop unique measures rather than use existing ones, a process which has produced a series of measures about which relatively little is known. This paper further explores an existing measure of ten survey items assessing the perceived acceptability of workplace behaviors of a dubious ethical nature. Self-report surveys were administered to two diverse samples of North American respondents (total N = 308). The acceptability scale continued to display adequate α reliability. Respondents who regarded the questionable activities described in the survey items as relatively acceptable tended also to score Machiavellian, to display an “entitled” pattern of equity sensitivity, and to report the existence of relatively little ethical conflict. The paper concluded by affirming the relevance and utility of both the acceptability measure and the ethical conflict scale. Researchers may wish to consider using existing scales when appropriate rather than creating their own measures.
The Relationship between Contingency and Complexity in a Lifelike Humanoid Robot

We believe that lifelikeness is important to make it possible for a humanoid robot to interact naturally with people. In this research we investigate the relationship between contingency and complexity in a lifelike humanoid robot. We have developed a robot control system to experimentally control contingency and complexity in interaction by combining a humanoid robot with a motion-capturing system. Two independent experiments were conducted with different levels of interaction complexity: simple interaction and complex interaction. As a result of experiments in the simple interaction situation, subjects felt that the robot behaved autonomously when contingency was low, and there was no significant relationship between contingency and a lifelike impression. On the other hand experiments in the complex interaction situation showed that the robot gave the subjects the impression of being more autonomous and lifelike when contingency was high
The Role of Group Work in Classroom Second Language Acquisition

The shift in language classroom organization from teacher-fronted to student group work has received a growing amount of theoretical and empirical support (cf. Long, 1983; Long, Adams, McLean, and Castanos, 1976; Taylor, 1982). However, this practice is becoming so popular that it is in danger of turning into yet another ESL bandwagon. The following study was conducted, therefore, to evaluate the role of group work in the classroom, specifically in regard to its possible effects on classroom second language acquisition. Comparisons were made of three ESL classrooms during group vs. teacher-fronted classroom interaction on decision-making tasks. Analysis focused on three broad categories: (1) grammaticality of input, (2) negotiation of input, and (3) individual input/production. Significant differences between the two participation patterns were indicated only in the increased amount of input and production for individual students during group interaction. Task, rather than participation pattern was shown to be a more important variable with regard to parameters (1) and (2). These results suggested that group work has a useful but somewhat restricted role in classroom second language acquisition.
Family burden and parental distress following mild traumatic brain injury in children and its relationship to post-concussive symptoms.

OBJECTIVE To examine the relationship of mild traumatic brain injuries (TBI) and post-concussive symptoms (PCS) to post injury family burden and parental distress, using data from a prospective, longitudinal study. METHODS Participants included 71 children with mild TBI with loss of consciousness (LOC), 110 with mild TBI without LOC, and 97 controls with orthopedic injuries not involving the head (OI), and their parents. Shortly after injury, parents and children completed a PCS interview and questionnaire, and parents rated premorbid family functioning. Parents also rated family burden and parental distress shortly after injury and at 3 months post injury. RESULTS Mild TBI with LOC was associated with greater family burden at 3 months than OI, independent of socioeconomic status and premorbid family functioning. Higher PCS shortly after injury was related to higher ratings of family burden and distress at 3 months. CONCLUSIONS Mild TBI are associated with family burden and distress more than mild injuries not involving the head, although PCS may influence post injury family burden and distress more than the injury per se. Clinical implications of the current findings are noted in the Discussion section.
Distinct Wnt signaling pathways have opposing roles in appendage regeneration

In contrast to mammals, lower vertebrates have a remarkable capacity to regenerate complex structures damaged by injury or disease. This process, termed epimorphic regeneration, involves progenitor cells created through the reprogramming of differentiated cells or through the activation of resident stem cells. Wnt/β-catenin signaling regulates progenitor cell fate and proliferation during embryonic development and stem cell function in adults, but its functional involvement in epimorphic regeneration has not been addressed. Using transgenic fish lines, we show that Wnt/β-catenin signaling is activated in the regenerating zebrafish tail fin and is required for formation and subsequent proliferation of the progenitor cells of the blastema. Wnt/β-catenin signaling appears to act upstream of FGF signaling, which has recently been found to be essential for fin regeneration. Intriguingly, increased Wnt/β-catenin signaling is sufficient to augment regeneration, as tail fins regenerate faster in fish heterozygous for a loss-of-function mutation in axin1, a negative regulator of the pathway. Likewise, activation of Wnt/β-catenin signaling by overexpression of wnt8 increases proliferation of progenitor cells in the regenerating fin. By contrast, overexpression of wnt5b (pipetail) reduces expression of Wnt/β-catenin target genes, impairs proliferation of progenitors and inhibits fin regeneration. Importantly, fin regeneration is accelerated in wnt5b mutant fish. These data suggest that Wnt/β-catenin signaling promotes regeneration, whereas a distinct pathway activated by wnt5b acts in a negative-feedback loop to limit regeneration.
Mitochondrial DNA variation, genetic structure and demographic history of Iranian populations

In order to survey the evolutionary history and impact of historical events on the genetic structure of Iranian people, the HV2 region of 141 mtDNA sequences related to six Iranian populations were analyzed. Slight and non-significant FST distances among the Central-western Persian speaking populations of Iran testify to the common origin of these populations from one proto-population. Mismatch distribution suggests that this proto-Iranian population started to colonize Iran about 30000 years ago which is almost consistent with the timing of arrival and colonization of western Asia by the anatomically modern human. Star-like haplotype network structures, significant and negative Tajima’s D (D=-2.08, P<0.05) and unimodal mismatch distributions support the genetic effects of this expansion. Iranian populations presented mtDNA lineages that clearly belong to the European gene pool (i.e. H and U), while the Mashhad population was characterized by the presence of eastern and central Asian mtDNA lineages (i.e. M, B and D). Furthermore, the low diversity (h=0.428) observed in Mashhad may indicated the presence of inbreeding, drift or bottleneck events. The application of Monmonier’s maximum differences algorithm revealed a geographic zone of genetic discontinuity between the Arab people of Khuzestan and rest of Iranian populations. Geographical factors, in cooperation with cultural/linguistic differences, are the main reasons for this differentiation. The lack of a sharp geographical or ethno-linguistic structure for mtDNA HV2 sequence diversity was statistically supported by AMOVA and Mantel (r=0.19, P<0.05) tests.
Capacity enhancement and power allocation using a multi-antenna relay system

In this paper, the issue of capacity enhancement and power allocation has been presented using multi-antenna relay system. The multi-antenna relay system is constructed by a selective decode-and-forward (SDF) and an incremental-decode-and-forward (IDF) protocol. These two protocols are jointly introduced in a cooperative relay network. We have derived the issues of outage capacity and power allocation for each protocol and demonstrated that they can outperform high capacity and allocated 90% power. All relay input signals are combined, re-encoded and re-transmitted to the destination. We have proposed the multi-antenna relay with the joint protocol relay system which efficiently enhances the capacity and power allocation of the cooperative networks.
African peasants and revolution

Are peasants like a ‘sack of potatoes’, divided and demoralised, or can they become a revolutionary force? While most of the world's oppressed are peasants and their discontent generates the ‘steam of revolution’, a ‘piston box’ is needed to transform it into power. This may be provided either by forms of extraordinary and direct oppression or by organisation and political leadership. In practice it will almost always require both. John Saul examines the range of peasantries in Africa and, using the contrasting experiences of Mozambique and Tanzania, discusses the methods and circumstances which may transform peasantries into the mass base of revolutions.
Explaining Perceptions of Advertising Tone

The authors investigate whether the news media and the tone of actual ads aired during a political campaign influence people’s perceptions of campaign ad tone. Using data on the content of political advertising, local television news coverage, and local newspaper coverage in nine races in five midwestern states in 2006, the authors discover that perceptions of ad tone respond to both exposure to advertising and exposure to local news media. Both positive and negative advertising drive tone perceptions, and the impact of ad coverage depends not on its volume or mentions of tone but on whether that coverage is framed strategically or not.
Caffeine Use and Young Adult Women

A study of 491 randomly selected college women and men surveyed on two separate occasions and enrolled in required courses at a large Midwestern university showed that caffeine, a pharmacologically active psychotropic drug, was consumed by a large proportion of the respondents in a twenty-four hour period (86%). Women consumed a larger amount of caffeine and used more substances containing this drug. An increase in caffeine usage with increased psychic stress was observed for women only. About 15 per cent of the women sampled (N = 337) had ingested 500 mg or more during the survey period of highest stress. The data suggest that future investigations of the linkage of poor pregnancy outcomes with caffeine consumption must obtain an accurate appraisal of the total amount of caffeine ingested. This can be accomplished only if O-T-C drugs containing caffeine and such beverages as colas, teas and cocoa, as well as coffee, are taken into account.
Auxin transport, metabolism, and signalling during nodule initiation: indeterminate and determinate nodules

Most legumes can form a unique type of lateral organ on their roots: root nodules. These structures host symbiotic nitrogen-fixing bacteria called rhizobia. Several different types of nodules can be found in nature, but the two best-studied types are called indeterminate and determinate nodules. These two types differ with respect to the presence or absence of a persistent nodule meristem, which consistently correlates with the cortical cell layers giving rise to the nodule primordia. Similar to other plant developmental processes, auxin signalling overlaps with the site of organ initiation and meristem activity. Here, we review how auxin contributes to early nodule development. We focus on changes in auxin transport, signalling, and metabolism during nodule initiation, describing both experimental evidence and computer modelling. We discuss how indeterminate and determinate nodules may differ in their mechanisms for generating localized auxin response maxima and highlight outstanding questions for future research.
Reactive oxygen species and the central nervous system in salt‐sensitive hypertension: possible relationship with obesity‐induced hypertension

1. There are multiple and complex mechanisms of salt‐induced hypertension; however, central sympathoexcitation plays an important role. In addition, the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) is increased in salt‐sensitive hypertensive humans and animals. Thus, we hypothesized that brain ROS overproduction may increase blood pressure (BP) by central sympathostimulation.
Information Processing and Language Comprehension in Children with Specific Language Impairment.

Many of the studies reported in this article that were conducted by the author were supported by a research grant (R29 DC 02535) from the National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders, National Institutes of Health. Many children with specific language impairment (SLI) exhibit co-occurring deficits in information processing and spoken language comprehension. While it has been assumed that the language comprehension problems of these children are related, at least in part, to poor processing, relatively little is known about such a relation. In this article we examine several sub-constructs of information processing and their potential association with the poorer language comprehension of children with SLI. We argue that some of the language comprehension problems of children with SLI are related to certain information processing inefficiencies. Techniques for both language assessment and intervention are offered.
Population structure between environmentally transmitted vibrios and bobtail squids using nested clade analysis

Squids from the genus Euprymna (Cephalopoda: Sepiolidae) and their symbiotic bacteria Vibrio fischeri form a mutualism in which vibrios inhabit a complex light organ within the squid host. A host‐mediated daily expulsion event seeds surrounding seawater with symbiotically capable V. fischeri that environmentally colonize newly hatched axenic Euprymna juveniles. Competition experiments using native and non‐native Vibrio have shown that this expulsion/re‐colonization phenomenon has led to cospeciation in this system in the Pacific Ocean; however, the genetic architecture of these symbiotic populations has not been determined. Using genetic diversity and nested clade analyses we have examined the variation and history of three allopatric Euprymna squid species (E. scolopes of Hawaii, E. hyllebergi of Thailand, and E. tasmanica from Australia) and their respective Vibrio symbionts. Euprymna populations appear to be very genetically distinct from each other, exhibiting little or no migration over large geographical distances. In contrast, Vibrio symbiont populations contain more diverse haplotypes, suggesting both host presence and unidentified factors facilitating long‐distance migration structure in Pacific Vibrio populations. Findings from this study highlight the importance of how interactions between symbiotic organisms can unexpectedly shape population structure in phylogeographical studies.