Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Performance differences between male and female marines on standardized physical fitness tests and combat proxy tasks: identifying the gap.

OBJECTIVES For decades women have been restricted from direct assignment to certain military occupational specialties such as infantry. These restrictions can limit the advancement of women through the ranks of military leadership. Thus, the purpose of this effort was to identify those physical requirements most likely to serve as barriers for women wanting to enter closed combat arms positions, and to evaluate the quality of existing physical fitness tests as potential measures of assessment of combat readiness. METHODS Data were collected from 3 different sites within the US Marine Corps Training and Education Command. All participants (409 male, 379 femaile) were active-duty Marines who recently completed the Physical Fitness Test (PFT) and Combat Fitness Test (CFT). Participants completed 6 physical tasks: 120-mm tank loading drill, 155-mm artillery round carry, negotiating an obstacle course wall while wearing a fighting load (≈30 lb), pull-ups, deadlift, and clean and press. RESULTS Overall, there was a high rate of successful completion on the combat proxy tasks (men, ≈80% to 100%; women, ≈70% to 100%), with the notable exception being the clean and press (men, 80%; women, 9%) and pull-ups (men, 16±4; women, 4±2). The PFT and CFT components tasks were also related, strongly in some cases, with performance on combat-related proxy tasks (Spearman's ρ typically ranged from 0.60 to 0.80). Estimates of fat-free mass and VO2max were also strongly related to an overall measure of combat readiness (Spearman's ρ=0.77 and ρ=0.56, respectively). CONCLUSIONS The primary physical obstacle for women is upper body strength. However, some women could successfully complete all of the proxy tasks and thus are physically capable of meeting the demands of closed combat occupations. The fact that some female Marines could complete the most challenging upper body strength tasks suggests that these barriers are not inherent but may be due to a lack of training specificity.
The Poincaré Conjecture 99 Years Later : A Progress Report

The topology of 2-dimensional manifolds or surfaces was well understood in the 19-th century. 1 In fact there is a simple list of all possible smooth compact orientable surfaces. Any such surface has a well defined genus g ≥ 0 , which can be described intuitively as the number of holes; and two such surfaces can be put into a smooth one-to-one correspondence with each other if and only if they have the same genus. The corresponding question in higher dimensions is much more difficult. Henri Poincaré was perhaps the first to try to make a similar study of 3-dimensional manifolds. The most basic example of such a manifold is the 3-dimensional unit sphere, that is, the locus of all points (x , y , z , w) in 4-dimensional Euclidean space which have distance exactly one from the origin: x 2 + y 2 + z 2 + w 2 = 1. He noted that a distinguishing feature of the 2-dimensional sphere is that every simple closed curve in the sphere can be deformed continuously to a point without leaving the sphere. In 1904, he asked a corresponding question in dimension three. 2 In more modern language, it can be phrased as follows: If a smooth compact 3-dimensional manifold M 3 has the property that every simple closed curve within the manifold can be deformed continuously to a point, does it follow that M 3 is homeomorphic to the sphere S 3 ? He commented, with considerable foresight, " Mais cette question nous entraˆınerait trop loin ". Since then, the hypothesis that every simply-connected closed 3-manifold is homeomorphic to the 3-sphere has been known as the Poincaré Conjecture. It has inspired topologists ever since, and attempts to prove it have led to many advances in our understanding of the topology of manifolds. 3 Early Missteps. From the first, the apparently simple nature of this statement has led mathematicians to overreach. Four years earlier in 1900, Poincaré himself had been the first to err, stating a false theorem which can be phrased as follows. 4 Every compact polyhedral manifold with the homology of an n-dimensional sphere is actually homeomorphic to the n-dimensional sphere.
HOW MUCH OF THE VARIATION IN ADAPTIVE DIVERGENCE CAN BE EXPLAINED BY GENE FLOW? AN EVALUATION USING LAKE‐STREAM STICKLEBACK PAIRS

Abstract How much of the variation in adaptive divergence can be explained by gene flow? The answer to this question should objectively reveal whether gene flow generally places a substantial constraint on evolutionary diversification. We studied multiple independent lake‐stream population pairs of threespine stickleback (Gasterosteus acu‐leatus). For each pair, we quantified adaptive divergence based on morphological traits that have a genetic basis and are subject to divergent selection. We then estimated gene flow based on variation at five unlinked microsatellite loci. We found a consistent and significant pattern for morphological divergence to be positively correlated with genetic divergence and negatively correlated with gene flow. Statistical significance and the amount of variation explained varied within and among traits: 36.1–74.1% for body depth and 11.8–51.7% for gill raker number. Variation within each trait was the result of differences among methods for estimating genetic divergence and gene flow. Variation among traits likely reflects different strengths of divergent selection. We conclude that gene flow has a substantial effect on adaptive divergence in nature but that the magnitude of this effect varies among traits. An alternative explanation is that cause and effect are reversed: adaptive divergence is instead constraining gene flow. This effect seems relatively unimportant for our system because genetic divergence and gene flow were not correlated with ecologically relevant habitat features of lakes (surface area) or streams (width, depth, flow, canopy openness).
Enhancing Coping and Supporting Protective Factors After a Disaster

Objective: This article presents the Journey of Hope (JoH), a school-based intervention for children who have experienced a collective trauma such as a natural disaster. Through the use of group work, the JoH focuses on building coping skills and enhancing protective factors to help children recover. Method: This quasi-experimental research included 102 children impacted by tornadoes in Tuscaloosa, Alabama in 2011. Results: Through an hierarchical linear model analysis with (n = 48) from the JoH group and (n = 54) from a wait-list control group, the outcomes indicate that after participation in the JoH youth had increased coping skills, F(100) = 5.270, p < . 05, and prosocial behaviors, F(95) = 4.286, p < . 05. This is the first quasi-experimental design to be conducted on the JoH; findings provide preliminary evidence of the effectiveness of this broad-based postdisaster intervention. Conclusion: Future replication studies with larger samples in other societies impacted by a natural disaster are needed to further evaluate the JoH’s impact in enhancing coping and building resilience.
Evaluation of the potential of the phytocannabinoids, cannabidivarin (CBDV) and Δ9‐tetrahydrocannabivarin (THCV), to produce CB1 receptor inverse agonism symptoms of nausea in rats

The cannabinoid 1 (CB1) receptor inverse agonists/antagonists, rimonabant (SR141716, SR) and AM251, produce nausea and potentiate toxin‐induced nausea by inverse agonism (rather than antagonism) of the CB1 receptor. Here, we evaluated two phytocannabinoids, cannabidivarin (CBDV) and Δ9‐tetrahydrocannabivarin (THCV), for their ability to produce these behavioural effect characteristics of CB1 receptor inverse agonism in rats.
I am not a gambler, you are a gambler: Distinguishing between tolerable and intolerable gambling

Abstract Gambling has become a widespread recreational activity in Canada over the past decade. As gambling activities become more accessible and acceptable in our society, it is expected that the rates of gambling will increase, and in turn so too will the rates of problem gambling. It has been suggested that university students are one of the higher risk groups for gambling problems, yet little attention has been paid to this group. The present study was an exploration of students’ experiences of gambling behaviours to understand how gambling is viewed as both tolerable and intolerable deviance. Undergraduate students enrolled at Memorial University of Newfoundland participated (N = 203). Approximately 90% of the students surveyed reported gambling in the last 12 months with 37.1% of the sample reporting some level of risk associated with gambling behaviours. Students were more likely to identify negative motives for the gambling of other people than they were for their own gambling behaviours.
Anatomy, histology, and pathology of the cardiac conduction system—part III

The cardiac conduction system may be affected by various pathologic changes. Some of these changes are general and affect the nonconduction system tissues of the heart (atrophy, fibrosis, necrosis, segment deposition, mineral) and others are more localized to the conduction system (Lev and Lenegre disease). Pathologic conditions associated with atrial, junctional, and ventricular arrhythmias are reviewed.
Internationalization of education policy: a new constellation of statehood in education?

Austria, Slovenia, Hungary, Bulgaria, Russia, Lithuania and Estonia. These chapters each focus on a different theme for the country concerned: for instance, the UK chapter illustrates how the New Labour government successively undermined liberal adult education and endeavoured to introduce continuing vocational education – it is a critical historical account of what occurred – with the authors regretting the neo-liberal policies of New Labour; another chapter focuses on the socialist policies of the Flemish government with respect to formal adult education. Each of these country reports focuses on different themes which are reflected in the comprehensive analysis of the first three chapters. Finally, the conclusion illustrates how treating lifelong learning as a social field opens the gates for analysing policy-making for education and training. There is no basic intellectual principle for the countries chosen, as is nearly always the case with European projects, since they are self-chosen and this becomes very clear when it is recalled that countries not included in this study include France and Germany, amongst others. At the same time, the book provides an extremely good basis for comparative analysis and a useful introduction to many topics and themes in lifelong education in Europe and the wider world.
Special management needs of the elderly hypertensive patient

Cardiovascular (CV) disease will progressively assume greater importance as the number of elderly individuals in the population of the world increases with a parallel increase in the incidence of hypertension. Elderly patients with hypertension are often difficult to manage. Pathophysiological changes associated with ageing are also associated with long-standing, uncontrolled hypertension. Diagnosis may not be straightforward and the incidence of concomitant disease will be higher than in younger patients. The preventative benefits of antihypertensive therapy in the elderly is well established and treatment of hypertension is of greatest value in older patients who, because of additional risk factors or prevalent CV disease, are at a higher risk of developing a CV event. However, established benefits are based upon the evidence from randomised, controlled trials in selected patient groups, which may not be universally applicable to many elderly hypertensives. Thus, the treatment of hypertension in the elderly should be based upon an individualised approach which inevitably cannot be strictly evidence-based. However, there is a compelling case for an approach based upon a recognition that high blood pressure (BP) in the elderly should be treated early and vigorously whilst at the same time exercising some caution to avoid the development of hypotensive BP levels.
Structure, function and toxicity of alpha‐synuclein: the Bermuda triangle in synucleinopathies

Parkinson's disease belongs to a group of currently incurable neurodegenerative disorders characterized by the misfolding and accumulation of alpha‐synuclein aggregates that are commonly known as synucleinopathies. Clinically, synucleinopathies are heterogeneous, reflecting the somewhat selective neuronal vulnerability characteristic of each disease. The precise molecular underpinnings of synucleinopathies remain unclear, but the process of aggregation of alpha‐synuclein appears as a central event. However, there is still no consensus with respect to the toxic forms of alpha‐synuclein, hampering our ability to use the protein as a target for therapeutic intervention. To decipher the molecular bases of synucleinopathies, it is essential to understand the complex triangle formed between the structure, function and toxicity of alpha‐synuclein. Recently, important steps have been undertaken to elucidate the role of the protein in both physiological and pathological conditions. Here, we provide an overview of recent findings in the field of alpha‐synuclein research, and put forward a new perspective over paradigms that persist in the field. Establishing whether alpha‐synuclein has a causative role in all synucleinopathies will enable the identification of targets for the development of novel therapeutic strategies for this devastating group of disorders.
Neuropathologic Changes Following Direct-Current Stimulation of the Rat Sciatic Nerve

Peripheral nerve stimulators can be of value in surgical dissections. Recent investigations have questioned the safety of direct-current nerve stimulators, while verifying the safety of pulsed-current nerve stimulators. However, the studies failed to adequately simulate the routine clinical setting in which a nerve stimulator was used. Therefore, an experiment was designed to approximate as closely as possible – given the limitations of the animal model – the use of a direct-current peripheral nerve stimulator in a surgical dissection. The results of this study did not show a difference between experimental and control groups. We conclude that direct-current nerve stimulation is safe when used judiciously and appropriately.
Soldiers as Police Officers/ Police Officers as Soldiers: Role Evolution and Revolution in the United States

The military and police professions share a number of common facets, but in spite of surface similarities, the two professions are significantly different. Consequently, the evidence indicating a convergence of primary aspects of the two roles presages an important societal development, with substantial implications on several levels. Thus, this article has several objectives. First, it reviews the evidence indicating role convergence, that is, evidence that significant segments of police operations in the United States have taken on military characteristics; and evidence indicating that many U.S. military initiatives have taken on policing characteristics. Next, using the notion of internal and external role-change “drivers,” it examines how such role shifts occur and considers some political and legal implications of the shift. Third, the article compares the role orientations and job demands of both professions, identifying the important differences inherent in the two roles and presenting an analysis of the occupational implications of role convergence for job holders, job evaluators, and job “clients” (i.e., ordinary citizens). The last section considers the implications of role convergence for role management.
SimCoach: an intelligent virtual human system for providing healthcare information and support

Abstract Over the last 15 years, a virtual revolution has taken place in the use of Virtual Reality simulation technology for clinical purposes. Shifts in the social and scientific landscape have now set the stage for the next major movement in Clinical Virtual Reality with the “birth” of intelligent virtual humans. Seminal research and development has appeared in the creation of highly interactive, artificially intelligent and natural language capable virtual human agents that can engage real human users in a credible fashion. No longer at the level of a prop to add context or minimal faux interaction in a virtual world, virtual humans can be designed to perceive and act in a 3D virtual world, engage in spoken dialogs with real users and can be capable of exhibiting human-like emotional reactions. This paper will present an overview of the SimCoach project that aims to develop virtual human support agents to serve as online guides for promoting access to psychological healthcare information and for assisting military personnel and family members in breaking down barriers to initiating care. The SimCoach experience is being designed to attract and engage military Service Members, Veterans and their significant others who might not otherwise seek help with a live healthcare provider. It is expected that this experience will motivate users to take the first step – to empower themselves to seek advice and information regarding their healthcare and general personal welfare and encourage them to take the next step towards seeking other, more formal resources if needed.
Precise Global Shape Analysis for Left Ventricle Function Assessment

The left ventricular (LV) shape alteration is believed that has close correlation with cardiac disease and LV regional function. In this paper, we propose a set of procedure to evaluate LV shape deformation quantitatively and precisely. The LV myocardial shape of first cardiac cycle (end diastole) is reconstructed using a set of control points manually by expert and then tracked to last cardiac cycle (end systole) using accurate motion estimation. A new global shape parameter is extracted based on the alteration of both of shape in end diastole and end systole. This parameter is a spatial geometry variable on the apical segment of human cardiac. The normal subject and patient data are used to evaluate this procedure. Comparison of the parameter of the global shape analysis on both cases shows a promise result as a new approach to evaluate the regional LV function and such cardiac pathologies.
Molecular mechanisms of ribosomal protein gene coregulation

The 137 ribosomal protein genes (RPG) of Saccharomyces provide a model for gene coregulation. Reja et al. examine the positional and functional organization of their regulators (Rap1, Fhl1, Ifh1, Sfp1, and Hmo1), the transcription machinery (TFIIB, TFIID, and RNA polymerase II), and chromatin at near-base-pair resolution using ChIP-exo.
How satisfied are Greek EFL teachers with their work ?: investigating the motivation and job satisfaction levels of Greek EFL teachers

The unstable and adverse working conditions Greek EFL (English as a Foreign Language) teachers are called to operate within as well as the scarcity of research on EFL teachers' job satisfaction more generally, prompted this study which aimed at identifying the job satisfaction levels and sources of motivation of Greek EFL teachers. The findings of this survey shed light on the factors/issues that affect EFL teachers' motivation and that need to be taken into account by educational policy makers and school advisors, if high quality public school foreign language education is to be achieved.
The Day-to-Day Functioning of Close versus Casual Friendships

Sixty five undergraduates maintained daily records of their interactions with two same-sexed target friends (one casual friend and one close friend) for a one week period. Data concerned structural (e.g. time, location, initiator) and functional (e.g. degree to which various costs and benefits were experienced, perceived effect of the interaction) aspects of the interactions. Compared to casual friends, close friends were found to interact more frequently, to interact across a greater range of settings and to describe their interactions as being more exclusive and providing more benefits (particularly emotional and informational support). Social exchange dynamics were found to vary for casual versus close friendships. Most strikingly, costs appeared to be weighted more heavily when interacting with casual friends than with close friends. However, for both close and casual dyads, the amount of fun and relaxation experienced with one's friend was the variable most correlated with evaluations of friendship progression. Gender differences in interaction patterns also emerged.
The efficacy of rofecoxib 50 mg and hydrocodone/acetaminophen 7.5/750 mg in patients with post-arthroscopic pain

ABSTRACT Objective: To compare the efficacy and tolerability of rofecoxib, hydrocodone/acetaminophen 7.5 mg/750 mg (H/A) and placebo in treating pain after arthroscopy of the knee. Methods: A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, single dose study enrolling patients experiencing moderate or severe pain after knee arthroscopy. Patients with moderate-to-severe postoperative pain received either rofecoxib 50 mg (n = 151), H/A (n = 145), or placebo (n = 147). Pain was measured over 24 h. The primary endpoint was total pain relief at 6 h for rofecoxib 50 mg compared with placebo. Results: H/A ( p = 0.003), but not rofecoxib ( p = 0.256) was significantly more effective than placebo for total pain relief at 6 h (TOPAR6). Although analgesic onset and peak were significantly better for H/A than for both rofecoxib ( p < 0.01, p < 0.05, respectively) and placebo ( p < 0.05, p < 0.001, respectively), rofecoxib patients used significantly less rescue analgesia ( p < 0.001) over 24 h. Rofecoxib also provided better Brief Pain Inventory Severity ( p = 0.008) and Interference Domain ( p = 0.045) scores at 24 h compared to placebo and had lower 24‑h Pain Severity scores than H/A ( p < 0.05). Treatments were generally well tolerated, with no significant difference in the frequency of patient-reported adverse events between groups. Conclusions: Rofecoxib 50 mg did not provide significantly different pain relief than placebo at 6 h, and the primary endpoint TOPAR was not attained, although it did show several efficacy benefits at 24 h, including a significant opioid-sparing effect. All treatments were well tolerated, with no significant differences observed. The limited efficacy of rofecoxib in this study contrasts to the results of previous surgical studies evaluating rofecoxib, and may be partially explained by the postoperative dosing in this arthroscopic surgical model.