Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Classical feedback control with MATLAB and Simulink

Feedback and Sensitivity Feedforward, Multiloop, and MIMO Systems Frequency Response Methods Shaping the Loop Frequency Response Compensator Design Analog Controller Implementation Linear Links and System Simulation Introduction to Alternative Methods of Controller Design Adaptive Systems Provision of Global Stability Describing Functions Process Instability Multiwindow Controllers Appendix 1: Feedback Control, Elementary Treatment Appendix 2: Frequency Responses Appendix 3: Causal Systems, Passive Systems, and Positive Real Functions Appendix 4: Derivation of Bode Integrals Appendix 5: Program for Phase Calculation Appendix 6: Generic Single-Loop Feedback System Appendix 7: Effect of Feedback on Mobility Appendix 8: Dependence of a Function on a Parameter Appendix 9: Balanced Bridge Feedback Appendix 10: Phase-Gain Relation for Describing Functions Appendix 11: Discussions Appendix 12: Design Sequence Appendix 13: Examples Bibliography Notation Index
Measurement of electromagnetic field intensity in focal region of wide-angle paraboloid reflector

An experimental study has been made of the intensity distribution in the focal region of a wide-angle paraboloid reflector illuminated by a linearly polarized plane wave of wavelength 12.5 mm. Intensity distributions given by the transverse field components were measured along the axis of the mirror and in several transverse planes. The corresponding distributions given by the longitudinal component were also measured. Experimental results have been found to compare well with available theoretical calculations in the transverse planes. Along the axis, better agreement was obtained after the theoretical calculations had been modified.
A Modified Gene Optimization for TSP

The genetic optimization (GO) is employed to solve the Traveling Salesman Problems (TSP). Instead of the global fitness of the individuals, it calculates the local fitness of each gene in GO. Based on the local fitness, worse gene are selected and modified for better fitness. With the improvement of local fitness, the global fitness is improved. The algorithm is implemented for well-known benchmark cases, and the simulation results have shown the infeasibility and effectiveness of the algorithm.
Precision motion control with disturbance observer for pulsewidth-modulated-driven permanent-magnet linear motors

In this paper, we address the problem of precision motion control of permanent-magnet linear motors (PMLMs) under the influence of significant disturbances. We establish a mathematical model of a PMLM driven by a sinusoidal pulsewidth-modulated (PWM) amplifier, obtaining it from a describing function analysis of the essentially nonlinear characteristics. The overall model (PWM+PMLM) inevitably inherits uncertainties in the face of load changes, system parameter perturbation, noise, and inherent system nonlinearities, etc., all of which constitute disturbances to the control system that will adversely affect the precision and accuracy. We propose a robust control scheme employing a disturbance observer to address the sensitivity of the control performance to the disturbances. Real-time experimental results are provided to verify and confirm the practical effectiveness of the proposed approach.
A Deterministic Interfacial Cyclic Oxidation Spalling Model. Part 2; Algebraic Approximation, Descriptive Parameters, and Normalized Universal Curve

—A cyclic oxidation interfacial spalling model has been developed in Part 1. The governing equations have been simplified here by substituting a new algebraic expression for the series i Σ (Good-Smialek approximation). This produced a direct relationship between cyclic oxidation weight change and model input parameters. It also allowed for the mathematical derivation of various descriptive parameters as a function of the inputs. It is shown that the maximum in weight change varies directly with the parabolic rate constant and cycle duration and inversely with the spall fraction, all to the 1⁄2 power. The number of cycles to reach maximum and zero weight change vary inversely with the spall fraction, and the ratio of these cycles is exactly 1:3 for most oxides. By suitably normalizing the weight change and cycle number, it is shown that all cyclic oxidation weight change model curves can be represented by one universal expression for a given oxide scale.
Combinatorial Aspects in Sparse Elimination Methods

In this paper we will give an overview on combinatorial algorithms in sparse elimination methods. Beside well established techniques that have been developed in the last twenty years a modern viewpoint of LU decomposition is presented that illustrates how the evolution of techniques in the last decade improved the performance of sparse direct solvers. (© 2006 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
FAST TRACK PAPER: Full three-dimensional tomography: a comparison between the scattering-integral and adjoint-wavefield methods

Vertebrate gene locus control regions linked to a structural gene of interest and inserted into a transgenic animal are capable of bestowing tissue-independent, copy number-dependent, position-independent gene expression. Recombinant proteins of interest encoded by structural genes linked to the metallothionein locus control regions may be prepared following expression in transgenic animal hosts.
A modified, sparsity-promoting, Gauss-Newton algorithm for seismic waveform inversion

Images obtained from seismic data are used by the oil and gas industry for geophysical exploration. Cutting-edge methods for transforming the data into interpretable images are moving away from linear approximations and high-frequency asymptotics towards Full Waveform Inversion (FWI), a nonlinear data-fitting procedure based on full data modeling using the wave-equation. The size of the problem, the nonlinearity of the forward model, and ill-posedness of the formulation all contribute to a pressing need for fast algorithms and novel regularization techniques to speed up and improve inversion results. In this paper, we design a modified Gauss-Newton algorithm to solve the PDE-constrained optimization problem using ideas from stochastic optimization and compressive sensing. More specifically, we replace the Gauss-Newton subproblems by randomly subsampled, ℓ1 regularized subproblems. This allows us us significantly reduce the computational cost of calculating the updates and exploit the compressibility of wavefields in Curvelets. We explain the relationships and connections between the new method and stochastic optimization and compressive sensing (CS), and demonstrate the efficacy of the new method on a large-scale synthetic seismic example.
Compton modified line structure and its relation to the electron theory of solid bodies

A tube especially designed for the study of the Compton effect at large angles of scattering. —The structure of the Compton line obtained with this tube for a scattering angle of nearly 180° with a metallic beryllium scatterer is shown. Interpretation of the structure of the Compton line. —The diffuse structure of the Compton line is here attributed to a broadening caused by the velocity distribution of the scattering electrons in the solid scatterer analagous to a Doppler broadening and a relation between line structure and velocity distribution is derived. The observed line structure from the beryllium scatterer is compared with theoretical structures computed on several alternative assumptions as to electron velocity distribution. It is assumed: —1. That electrons in the solid scattering substance have the velocity distribution required by a wave-mechanical atom model for a free atom of that substance far removed from neighbors. 2. That electrons may be divided into two classes, one class the metallic or conductive electrons in the state of a degenerate electron gas subject to the Pauli Exclusion Principle and having the velocity distribution derived by Sommerfeld, and the other class as in the 1st assumption unperturbed by the neighboring atoms. 3. That electrons may be divided into two classes as before but that those forming an electron gas have the classical velocity distribution required by the Maxwell-Boltzmann equipartition law. 4. That electrons have the velocity distribution required by the older Bohr-Sommerfeld atom model with point electrons executing Kepler orbits and as in the first assumption unperturbed by neighboring atoms. The distribution of electron velocities in metals. —The results strongly contradict the classical distribution of electron velocities in solid bodies predicted by the rigid interpretation of the Maxwell-Boltzmann equipartition principle. They are also in contradiction with the older Bohr-Sommerfeld atom model. The results are in accord with the wave-mechanical atom model and constitute favorable evidence for the Sommerfeld distribution of metallic electron velocities and for the degenerate gas state.
An overview of recent developments in FLUKA PET TOOLS

The new developments of the FLUKA Positron-Emission-Tomography (PET) tools are detailed. FLUKA is a fully integrated Monte Carlo (MC) particle transport code, used for an extended range of applications, including Medical Physics. Recently, it provided the medical community with dedicated simulation tools for clinical applications, including the PET simulation package. PET is a well-established imaging technique in nuclear medicine, and a promising method for clinical in vivo treatment verification in hadrontherapy. The application of clinically established PET scanners to new irradiation environments such as hadrontherapy requires further experimental and theoretical research to which MC simulations could be applied. The FLUKA PET TOOLS, besides featuring PET scanner models in its library, allow the configuration of new PET prototypes via the FLUKA Graphical User Interface (GUI) Flair. Both the beam time structure and scan time can be specified by the user, reproducing PET acquisitions in time, in a particle therapy scenario. Furthermore, different scoring routines allow the analysis of single and coincident events, and identification of parent isotopes generating annihilation events. Two reconstruction codes are currently supported: the Filtered Back–Projection (FBP) and Maximum–Likelihood Expectation Maximization (MLEM), the latter embedded in the tools. Compatibility with other reconstruction frameworks is also possible. The FLUKA PET TOOLS package has been successfully tested for different detectors and scenarios, including conventional functional PET applications and in beam PET, either using radioactive sources, or simulating hadron beam irradiations. The results obtained so far confirm the FLUKA PET TOOLS suitability to perform PET simulations in R&D environment.
With or without you : Do financial data help to forecast industrial production ?

This paper analyzes the forecasting performance of fi nancial market data in comparison to other indicator groups to forecast industrial production for Germany and the US. We focus on single-indicator models and various weighting schemes and evaluate the forecasting performance using a signifi cance test. In addition, we investigate the stability of forecasting models before and during the recent fi nancial crisis. This paper shows that fi nancial market indicators are useful for short-term forecasting, especially for the US and longer forecast horizons. Nevertheless, the results indicate that the Great Recession was not foreseeable even if fi nancial market indicators were taking into account. Furthermore, the reliability of pooled forecasts is higher than most of the forecasts obtained from single-indicator models. JEL Classifi cation: C53, E37
New bounds for parallel prefix circuits

In this paper, new upper and lower bounds are obtained for the number of gates in parallel prefix circuits with minimum depth when the number of inputs is a power of two. In addition, structural information concerning these circuits is described. Parallel prefix circuits with bounds imposed on the fan-out of the gates are also considered. In both cases, the upper and lower bounds obtained differ by small constant factors.
Clinical optical tomography and NIR spectroscopy for breast cancer detection

The results of the first set of clinical trials with the Philips optical mammography prototype system are summarized. This optical mammo prototype is designed to image the interior of the female breast with the help of near-infrared (NIR) laser light transmission measurements. This study is expected to lead to optical tomography systems for breast cancer detection. This paper presents information on the design of the optical mammo system, the clinical measurements and the imaging results from an initial group of ten patients, and discussions about ongoing research on optical tomography.
COWLES FOUNDATION FOR RESEARCH IN ECONOMICS

Note: Cowles Foundation Discussion Papers are preliminary materials circulated to stimulate discussion and critical comment. Requests for single copies of a Paper will be filled by the Cowles Foundation within the limits of the supply. References in publications to Discussion Papers (other than mere acknowledgment by a writer that he has access to such unpublished material) should be cleared with the author to protect the tentative character of these papers.
A MODIFIED VARIABLE-PENALTY ALTERNATING DIRECTIONS METHOD FOR MONOTONE VARIATIONAL INEQUALITIES

Alternating directions method is one of the approaches for solving linearly constrained separate monotone variational inequalities. Experience on applications has shown that the number of iteration significantly depends on the penalty for the system of linearly constrained equations and therefore the method with variable penalties is advantageous in practice. In this paper, we extend the Kontogiorgis and Meyer method [12] by removing the monotonicity assumption on the variable penalty matrices. Moreover, we introduce a self-adaptive rule that leads the method to be more efficient and insensitive for various initial penalties. Numerical results for a class of Fermat-Weber problems show that the modified method and its self-adaptive technique are proper and necessary in practice.
LPV gain-scheduling controller design for a non-linear quarter-vehicle active suspension system

There always exists a conflict between ride comfort and suspension deflection performances during the vibration control of suspension systems. Active suspension control systems, which are designed by linear methods, can only serve as a trade-off between these conflicting performance criteria. Both performance objectives can only be accomplished at the same time by using a nonlinear controller. This paper addresses the non-linear induced L2 control of an active suspension system, which contains non-linear spring and damper elements. The design method is based on the linear parameter varying (LPV) model of the system. The proposed method utilizes the bilinear damping characteristic, stiffening spring characteristic when the suspension deflection approaches the structural limits, mass variations and parameter-dependent weighting filters. Simulation studies both in time and frequency domain demonstrate that the active suspension system controlled by the proposed method always guarantees an agreement between acceleration (comfort) and suspension deflection magnitudes together with a high ride performance.
A model for the turbulent Hartmann layer

Here we study the Hartmann layer, which forms at the boundary of any electrically-conducting fluid flow under a steady magnetic field at high Hartmann number provided the magnetic field is not parallel to the wall. The Hartmann layer has a well-known form when laminar. In this paper we develop a model for the turbulent Hartmann layer based on Prandtl’s mixing-length model without adding arbitrary parameters, other than those already included in the log-law. We find an exact expression for the displacement thickness of the turbulent Hartmann layer [also given by Tennekes, Phys. Fluids 9, 1876 (1966)], which supports our assertion that a fully-developed turbulent Hartmann layer of finite extent exists. Leading from this expression, we show that the interaction parameter is small compared with unity and that therefore the Lorentz force is negligible compared with inertia. Hence, we suggest that the turbulence present in the Hartmann layer is of classical type and not affected by the imposed magnetic field, s.
Applications of Linear Algebra to Information Retrieval

Some of the theory of nonnegative matrices is first presented. The Perron-Frobenius theorem is highlighted. Some of the important linear algebraic methods of information retrieval are surveyed. Latent Semantic Indexing (LSI), which uses the singular value decomposition is discussed. The Hyper-Text Induced Topic Search (HITS) algorithm is next considered; here the power method for finding dominant eigenvectors is employed. Through the use of a theorem by Sinkohrn and Knopp, a modified HITS method is developed. Lastly, the PageRank algorithm is discussed. Numerical examples and MATLAB programs are also provided. INDEX WORDS: Eigenvalue, Eigenvector, Nonnegative matrix, Perron-Frobenius theorem, Latent Semantic Indexing, Hyper-Text Induced Topic Search, Power method, PageRank APPLICATIONS OF LINEAR ALGEBRA TO INFORMATION RETRIEVAL
An investigation of the bandgap and Urbach tail of spray-deposited SnO2:F thin films

Fluorine-doped tin oxide (SnO2:F) thin films with thickness 100±5 and 200±10 nm were prepared by the spray pyrolysis technique on glass substrates at two different substrate temperatures: 400±5 and 480±5 °C. One set of films was etched by HNO3, another set of films was annealed in nitrogen atmosphere at 400±5 °C and yet another set was first etched by HNO3 and then annealed in nitrogen atmosphere at 400±5 °C. X-ray diffraction patterns and scanning electron microscope images showed that the films are polycrystalline. Energy dispersive analysis by x-rays (EDAX) revealed that the films are oxygen rich. Despite the fact that the same solution was used to prepare all the films, EDAX revealed that the films prepared at the higher substrate temperature contain more fluorine and less oxygen. The transmittance of the films was measured at room temperature in the wavelength range 290–1100 nm. Direct and indirect optical bandgap energies were estimated and showed a tendency to decrease with heat treatment. Urbach tailing in the bandgap was observed, and the width of the tail, which is related to disorder and localized states, was estimated and showed a tendency to increase with heat treatment.
Numerical Assessment of Stabilization Techniques for Coupled Poro‐plastic Analysis using Low‐Order Finite Elements

For the numerical modeling of geomaterials in general, and soft, water saturated soils in particular, the nonlinear constitutive behavior of the skeleton and its strong coupling with the pore fluid must be considered. In the limit of zero compressibility of water and soil grains and very low permeability (which correspond to the classical “undrained” assumption in soil mechanics), the functions used to interpolate displacements and pressures must fulfill either the Ladyženskaja‐Babuška‐Brezzi inf‐sup condition [1] or the much simpler patch test proposed by Zienkiewicz and Taylor. These requirements exclude the use of elements with equal order of linear interpolation for pressures and displacements, for which spurious oscillations may appear. Low‐order elements with linear approximation of displacements and pressure variables may be used if stabilization techniques are employed. The work is concerned with the numerical assessment and investigation of several stabilization techniques and their application to strain localization problems in coupled poro‐plastic analyses of soft, saturated soils [2,3]. (© 2014 Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
The Empirical Distribution Function with Arbitrarily Grouped, Censored, and Truncated Data

SUMMARY This paper is concerned with the non-parametric estimation of a distribution function F, when the data are incomplete due to grouping, censoring and/or truncation. Using the idea of self-consistency, a simple algorithm is constructed and shown to converge monotonically to yield a maximum likelihood estimate of F. An application to hypothesis testing is indicated.
An adjoint method for the assimilation of statistical characteristics into eddy-resolving ocean models

The study investigates perspectives of the parameter estimation problem with the adjoint methodin eddy-resolving models. Sensitivity to initial conditions resulting from the chaotic nature ofthis type of model limits the direct application of the adjoint method by predictability.Prolonging the period of assimilation is accompanied by the appearance of an increasing numberof secondary minima of the cost function that prevents the convergence of this method. In theframework of the Lorenz model it is shown that averaged quantities are suitable for describinginvariant properties, and that secondary minima are for this type of data transformed intostochastic deviations. An adjoint method suitable for the assimilation of statistical characteristicsof data and applicable on time scales beyond the predictability limit is presented. The approachassumes a greater predictability for averaged quantities. The adjoint to a prognostic model forstatistical moments is employed for calculating cost function gradients that ignore the finestructure resulting from secondary minima. Coarse resolution versions of eddy-resolving modelsare used for this purpose. Identical twin experiments are performed with a quasigeostrophicmodel to evaluate the performance and limitations of this approach in improving models byestimating parameters. The wind stress curl is estimated from a simulated mean stream function.A very simple parameterization scheme for the assimilation of second-order moments is shownto permit the estimation of gradients that perform efficiently in minimizing cost functions.
Multifrequency Observations of a Solar Microwave Burst with Two-dimensional Spatial Resolution

Frequency-agile interferometry observations using three baselines and the technique of frequency synthesis were used to obtain two-dimensional positions of multiple microwave sources at several frequency ranges in a solar flare. Source size and brightness temperature spectra were obtained near the peak of the burst. The size spectrum shows that the source size decreases rapidly with increasing frequency, but the brightness temperature spectrum can be well-fitted by gyrosynchrotron emission from a nonthermal distribution of electrons with power-law index of 4.8. The spatial structure of the burst showed several characteristics in common with primary/secondary bursts discussed by Nakajima et al. (1985). A source of coherent plasma emission at low frequencies is found near the secondary gyrosynchrotron source, associated with the leader spots of the active region. 37 refs.
A mathematical comparison of the members of an infinite family of agglomerative clustering algorithms

This article presents an algebraic analysis of agglomerative clustering method algorithms, which results in a graphic portrayal of these algorithms and a classification scheme for these algorithms based on the degree of distortion perpetrated on the object space by the algorithms in each group. Cet article presente une analyse algebrique des methodes algorithmiques de groupement agglomere qui debouche sur une representation graphique et une methode de classification de ces algorithmes, basee sur le degre de distortion perpetree sur l'espace object par les algorithmes dans chaque groupe.