Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Beyond the emotional event: Six studies on the social sharing of emotion

Abstract We argue that emotion cannot only be conceived of as a short-lived and intrapersonal phenomenon. Rather, based on five theoretical arguments, we propose that the social sharing of an emotional experience forms an integral part of the emotional processes. A series of six studies investigated different aspects of this hypothesis. Study 1 showed that an overwhelming majority of people reported sharing their emotional experiences and that the memories of these experiences tended to come back spontaneously to their consciousness. No difference was found among emotions. Using a different procedure, Studies 2 and 3 replicated these findings in two different populations. In addition, these studies provided indications that women share their experiences with a wider array of individuals than do men. The first three studies did not find any differences among emotions, but they did not include shame. It could be argued that people are less inclined to socially share shame experiences which are typically eli.
Recombinant human bone morphogenetic proteins‐2 and ‐4 induce several mesenchymal phenotypes in culture

Bone morphogenetic protein has previously been shown to induce the formation of cartilage and bone in vivo. We have isolated a population of mesenchymal stem cells from rat skeletal muscle capable of forming multiple mesodermal morphologies in vitro. These cells were treated with recombinant human bone morphogenetic proteins‐2 and ‐4 to determine the differentiation‐inducing activities of bone morphogenetic protein on these cells. The mesenchymal stem cells were cultured in medium with 10% preselected horse serum containing 0 to 100 ng/ml recombinant human bone morphogenetic proteins‐2 or ‐4 for a maximum of 4 weeks. Control cultures maintained the stellate morphology of mesenchymal stem cells. Cultures treated with recombinant human bone morphogenetic protein‐2 exhibited discrete cartilage nodules and mineralized bone nodules. The first increase in chondrogenesis was seen at 0.5 ng/ml. Cultures treated with recombinant human bone morphogenetic protein‐4 also exhibited an increase in chondrogenesis at the higher concentration of 2 ng/ml. Skeletal myotubes and adipocytes also appeared in cultures treated with either bone morphogenetic protein. Mesenchymal stem cells do respond to inductive factors, but bone morphogenetic proteins‐2 and ‐4 were not specific for the induction of cartilage and bone.
Novel macrocyclic and polycyclic norcembranoid diterpenes from Sinularia species of soft coral: structural relationships and biosynthetic speculations.

Covering: up to July 2010 Polycyclic norcembranoid diterpenes are a rare group of natural products which are found exclusively in soft corals of the genus Sinularia. They co-occur with 14-membered macrocyclic 3(2H)-furanone-based norcembranoids, all of which lack a C18 carbon substituent in comparison with C20-cembranoids. The polycyclic norcembranoids have structural features in common with the better-known C20-cembranoid diterpenes plumarellide, mandapamate and rameswaralide. No synthetic studies or suggestions as to the origins of these novel polycyclic norcembranoids in Nature have been forthcoming. This review summarises the structural relationships that are found between polycyclic norcembranoids and their macrocyclic congeners. It then poses the question: how and when does Nature expel a C18 carbon substituent from a C20-cembranoid precursor during the elaboration of macrocyclic norcembranoids? A number of suggestions and possibilities are then offered, involving both anionic and radical intermediates. Finally, the review speculates on the range of competitive transannular carbon-to-carbon bond-forming reactions that may be used as key steps in the elaboration of polycyclic norcembranoids from their macrocyclic precursors.
The Design and Analysis of Learning Effects for a Game-based Learning System

The major purpose of this study is to use network and multimedia technologies to build a game-based learning system for junior high school students to apply in learning “World Geography” through the “role-playing” game approaches. This study first investigated the motivation and habits of junior high school students to use the Internet and online games, and then designed a game-based learning system according to situated and game-based learning theories. A teaching experiment was conducted to analyze the learning effectiveness of students on the game-based learning system and the major factors affecting their learning. A questionnaire survey was used to understand the students’ attitudes towards game-based learning. The results showed that the game-based learning system can enhance students’ learning, but the gender of students and their habits in using the Internet have no significant impact on learning. Game experience has a significant impact on students’ learning, and the higher the experience value the better the effectiveness of their learning. The results of questionnaire survey also revealed that the system can increase students’ motivation and interest in learning "World Geography". Keywords—Game-based learning, situated learning, role playing, learning effectiveness, learning motivation.
Classical hallucinogens as antidepressants? A review of pharmacodynamics and putative clinical roles

Hallucinogens have been part of spiritual practice for millennia, but controversy surrounding their mind-manifesting effects led to their proscription by the mid-20th century, largely without evidence of harm or toxicity and despite nascent data suggesting therapeutic utility in treating depressive illnesses. This review explores their pharmacodynamic actions and the current limited data on their clinic effectiveness. These drugs appear to exert their psychedelic effects through their agonist or partial agonist activity at the serotonergic 5-HT2A receptor, though they also have affinity for other metabotropic serotonin receptors. Hallucinogen binding affects a wide range of intracellular signalling pathways, the precise nature of which remains incompletely understood. They alter the serotonergic tone of brainstem raphe nuclei that project through the brain; they interact with receptors in the prefrontal cortex altering connectivity patterns and intracellular functioning; and they disrupt inhibitory control of sensory input via the thalamus to the cortex. The serotonergic system has long been implicated in anxiety and depressive disorders, and is a major target of most existing antidepressants. Classical hallucinogens alter the functioning of this system, but not in the same way current medications do: whilst there are identified receptors and neurotransmitter pathways through which hallucinogens could therein produce therapeutic effects, the neurobiology of this remains speculative at this time. There is currently an extremely limited but growing literature on hallucinogen safety and clinical application. The drugs appear well tolerated by healthy controls and clinical populations, and the rapid tolerance to repeated administration might reduce the possibility of dependency. Clinical trials reported over the past decade have generally shown positive therapeutic potential, but they are notably few in number. Legislative policy has had a freezing effect on evaluation of these compounds, a better understanding of which might improve our knowledge of the processes involved in consciousness, the neuropathology of depression, and potentially open up new pharmacological therapies.
Going upstream: Social inequality and children's health

This study explores the impact of income inequality on the health of children. We examine the direct effects of income inequality and the mediating effects of income inequality via poverty concentration at local levels. We use a multilevel study design incorporating individual level data from the 1988 Child Health Supplement to the National Health Interview Survey supplemented with aggregate data from the 1990 Census of Population STF3A economic/ demographic files. Measures of income inequality are constructed at the county level and poverty concentration at the county and neighbourhood level. Multiple indicators are used to examine child health including physiologic, functional status, and psychological measures and behavior and school problems. The association between income inequality and child health was examined using logistic regression models. Direct effects of income inequality were observed for school suspension and indirect effects for chronic conditions, learning disabilities, emotional and behavior problems, school suspension, health status and seeing a counsellor/psychiatrist. To assess whether income inequality works through challenging the integrity of local economic institutions, we also examine whether inequality and poverty concentration at the neighbourhood level or the larger administrative unit influence children's access to health insurance. Income inequality was found to exert both a direct and an indirect effect on children's health insurance status. These findings specifically provide evidence of the effects of income inequality on children's health, and more generally demonstrate that higher level contextual factors need to be incorporated into research in order to enhance our understanding of the determinants of children's health.
English as a Lingua Franca: concepts, use, and implications

Sowden’s article raises a number of questions concerning English as a Lingua Franca (ELF) and criticizes it as a simplified and culturally neutral means of communication. In this response, I address the issues concerning the conceptualization and use of ELF as well as the implications for ELT. I provide up-to-date evidence of ELF research and show the variability, richness, and creativity of ELF communication.
Repeated landmass reformation limits diversification in the widespread littoral zone mosquito Anopheles sundaicus sensu lato in the Indo‐Oriental Region

Southeast Asia harbours abundant biodiversity, hypothesized to have been generated by Pliocene and Pleistocene climatic and environmental change. Vicariance between the island of Borneo, the remaining Indonesian archipelago and mainland Southeast Asia caused by elevated sea levels during interglacial periods has been proposed to lead to diversification in the littoral zone mosquito Anopheles (Cellia) sundaicus (Rodenwaldt) sensu lato. To test this biogeographical hypothesis, we inferred the population history and assessed gene flow of A. sundaicus s.l. sampled from 18 populations across its pan‐Asian species range, using sequences from mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase subunit 1 (CO1), the internal transcribed spacer 2 (ITS2) and the mannose phosphate isomerase (Mpi) gene. A hypothesis of ecological speciation for A. sundaicus involving divergent adaptation to brackish and freshwater larval habitats was also previously proposed, based on a deficiency of heterozygotes for Mpi allozyme alleles in sympatry. This hypothesis was not supported by Mpi sequence data, which exhibited no fixed differences between brackish and freshwater larval habitats. Mpi and CO1 supported the presence of up to eight genetically distinct population groupings. Counter to the hypothesis of three allopatric species, divergence was often no greater between Borneo, Sumatra/Java and the Southeast Asian mainland than it was between genetic groupings within these landmasses. An isolation‐with‐migration (IM) model indicates recurrent gene flow between the current major landmasses. Such gene flow would have been possible during glacial periods when the current landmasses merged, presenting opportunities for dispersal along expanding and contracting coastlines. Consequently, Pleistocene climatic variation has proved a homogenizing, rather than diversifying, force for A. sundaicus diversity.
Whole Brain Magnetic Resonance Image Atlases: A Systematic Review of Existing Atlases and Caveats for Use in Population Imaging

Brain MRI atlases may be used to characterize brain structural changes across the life course. Atlases have important applications in research, e.g., as registration and segmentation targets to underpin image analysis in population imaging studies, and potentially in future in clinical practice, e.g., as templates for identifying brain structural changes out with normal limits, and increasingly for use in surgical planning. However, there are several caveats and limitations which must be considered before successfully applying brain MRI atlases to research and clinical problems. For example, the influential Talairach and Tournoux atlas was derived from a single fixed cadaveric brain from an elderly female with limited clinical information, yet is the basis of many modern atlases and is often used to report locations of functional activation. We systematically review currently available whole brain structural MRI atlases with particular reference to the implications for population imaging through to emerging clinical practice. We found 66 whole brain structural MRI atlases world-wide. The vast majority were based on T1, T2, and/or proton density (PD) structural sequences, had been derived using parametric statistics (inappropriate for brain volume distributions), had limited supporting clinical or cognitive data, and included few younger (>5 and <18 years) or older (>60 years) subjects. To successfully characterize brain structural features and their changes across different stages of life, we conclude that whole brain structural MRI atlases should include: more subjects at the upper and lower extremes of age; additional structural sequences, including fluid attenuation inversion recovery (FLAIR) and T2* sequences; a range of appropriate statistics, e.g., rank-based or non-parametric; and detailed cognitive and clinical profiles of the included subjects in order to increase the relevance and utility of these atlases.
Trajectory tracking control of a small unmanned helicopter using MPC and backstepping

A hierarchical inner-outer loop-based controller is proposed to solve the trajectory tracking problem of a small unmanned helicopter. The outer loop employs model predictive controller to track the reference trajectory, while the inner loop controller is designed by means of backstepping techniques that allow the stabilization of the attitude. The obtained control method takes advantage of both controllers and it is simple and easy to implement and tune in future real flight test. Finally, the computer simulations are conducted to illustrate the tracking performance of the proposed control method.
An assertion-based information acquisition system exploiting hierarchical structures of documents

This paper presents a new kind of document-information acquisition system, which we call an information probe system. This system is intended to enable the user-centric acquisition of information in which authors and users may not have a common interpretation. The notion of the ldquoskeletonrdquo is devised to abstract the relations between terms that appear in the pairs of adjacent layers of hierarchical documents. The skeleton reflects the assertions made by authors, and its formal description is presented by applying the notation of conceptual graphs. This model has produced a scheme for the assertion-based acquisition of information. The assertions of authors and of users are represented as respective sets of terms and their relations; document information is then selectively acquired by comparing the assertions. Probing is intended to cater to the original interpretations of individual users, and uses assertions as clues in searching for document information.
Patent Strategy and Management

This review reorganizes and reconceptualizes extant research on patent strategy, which has emerged from diverse roots in economics, law, and management. Accordingly, it is anticipated that this review will help provide structure and direction to what is currently a somewhat disparate and fractured field of study within management. The main proposed framework highlights two important themes within patent strategy research—generic patent strategies and the strategic management of patents. In addition, it is noted that research in each of these themes generally maps onto one or more of three key domains—rights, licensing, or enforcement—within which patent-related strategic actions are typically undertaken. Two summary tables of prior research are provided that juxtapose the three patent strategy domains with different theory lenses adopted in patent strategy research. Finally, the article highlights two promising areas whose connections with patent strategy are beginning to be addressed by research—firms’ overall appropriability strategies and value creation strategies. An overarching conceptual figure maps the different research areas reviewed in the article and highlights the relationships between these research literatures. The reconceptualization and reframing of prior research advanced in this review promises to advance scholarship on patent strategy by illuminating its many links with the broader management field and by identifying opportunities to address important unanswered research questions. It thus provides a useful roadmap to help stimulate and guide future management research in this vital area.
Developing steady clicks:: a method of cursor assistance for people with motor impairments

Slipping while clicking and accidental clicks are a source of errors for mouse users with motor impairments. The Steady Clicks assistance feature suppresses these errors by freezing the cursor during mouse clicks, preventing overlapping button presses and suppressing clicks made while the mouse is moving at a high velocity. Evaluation with eleven target users found that Steady Clicks enabled participants to select targets using significantly fewer attempts. Overall task performance times were significantly improved for the five participants with the highest slip rates. Blocking of overlapping and high velocity clicks also shows promise as an error filter. Nine participants preferred Steady Clicks to the unassisted condition. If used in conjunction with existing techniques for cursor positioning, all of the major sources of clicking errors observed in empirical studies would be addressed, enabling faster and more effective mouse use for those who currently struggle with the standard mouse.
Cardioprotective effects of angiotensin III against ischemic injury via the AT2 receptor and KATP channels

Angiotensin III (Ang III) has similar effects on blood pressure and aldosterone secretion as Ang II, but cardioprotective effects are also proposed. In this study, we investigated whether Ang III protects the heart against ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury. After sacrificing Sprague‐Dawley rats, the hearts were perfused with Krebs–Henseleit buffer for a 20 min preischemic period with and without Ang III followed by 20‐min global ischemia and 50‐min reperfusion. Pretreatment with Ang III (1 μmol/L) improved an increased postischemic left ventricular end‐diastolic pressure (LVEDP) and a decreased postischemic left ventricular developed pressure (LVDP) induced by reperfusion compared to untreated hearts. Ang III markedly decreased infarct size and lactate dehydrogenase levels in effluent during reperfusion. Ang III increased coronary flow and the concentrations of atrial natriuretic peptide in coronary effluent during reperfusion. Pretreatment with Ang II type 2 receptor (AT2R) antagonist or ATP‐sensitive K+ channel (KATP) blocker for 15 min before ischemia attenuated the improvement of LVEDP, LVDP, and ±dP/dt induced by Ang III. Ang III treatment increased Mn‐superoxide dismutase, catalase, and heme oxygenase‐1 protein levels, which was attenuated by pretreatment with AT2R antagonist or KATP blocker. Ang III treatment also decreased Bax, caspase‐3, and caspase‐9 protein levels, and increased Bcl‐2 protein level, which were attenuated by pretreatment with AT2R antagonist or KATP blocker. These results suggest that the cardioprotective effects of Ang III against I/R injury may be partly related to activating antioxidant and antiapoptotic enzymes via AT2R and KATP channels.
On the general reconfiguration problem for expanding cube style modular robots

We discuss the theoretical limitations for reconfiguration of metamorphic robots made up of Telecubes, six degree of freedom cube shaped modules currently being developed at Xerox PARC. We show that by using meta-modules composed of 8 individual modules as a backbone for building the desired shape, we can establish completeness for the reconfiguration as well as time and space bounds for the process. Finally we present several open problems in the field of reconfiguration.
A Social Tool: Why and How ESOL Students Use Facebook.

English language learners in the United States and abroad have begun to utilize Facebook, a social networking site, which since its inception in 2004 has been extremely popular with American college students. This qualitative case study with participants from an intensive English program in the US explores seven ESOL students’ motivations for joining Facebook and use of the site and two ESOL students’ reasons for abstaining. This study follows the individual cases and looks across cases to find trends in motivation, use, and difficulties. The ESOL students in this study joined Facebook for social reasons. Their use over a four-week period and interview data showed that they were able to communicate with existing friends, learn English, and learn about American culture through Facebook. They were able to accomplish their goals on Facebook with few difficulties.
Continuous privacy preserving publishing of data streams

Recently, privacy preserving data publishing has received a lot of attention in both research and applications. Most of the previous studies, however, focus on static data sets. In this paper, we study an emerging problem of continuous privacy preserving publishing of data streams which cannot be solved by any straightforward extensions of the existing privacy preserving publishing methods on static data. To tackle the problem, we develop a novel approach which considers both the distribution of the data entries to be published and the statistical distribution of the data stream. An extensive performance study using both real data sets and synthetic data sets verifies the effectiveness and the efficiency of our methods.
Iron Metabolism in the veal calf

1. The iron requirements of eighteen Ayrshire bull calves reared on fat-supplemented skim milk for 14 weeks from c. 16 d of age have been studied. There was a highly significant relationship between dietary Fe intake (10, 40 and 100 mg/kg dry diet) and blood haemoglobin concentration, packed cell volume and plasma Fe concentration. 2. A microcytic normochromic anaemia developed in the calves given a diet containing 10 mg Fe/kg diet, but not in the other calves. 3. Plasma Fe concentrations increased to > 5 μg Fe/ml in calves receiving 100 mg Fe/kg diet but there were no effects of Fe treatment on plasma Fe-binding capacity, which rose from 4·9 to 8·4 μg Fe/ml during the experiment. Saturation of plasma transferrin was only 3% in the Fe-deficient calves. 4. There were some significant effects of Fe treatment on tissue concentrations of Fe and cytochrome c. 5. Dietary supplementation with 5 mg copper/kg dry diet had little effect on the growth or haematological status of the calves, although there were significant Cu × Fe interactions for mean corpuscular haemoglobin and mean corpuscular volume. There was no evidence of Cu deficiency in the calves, as measured by blood and liver Cu concentrations and by ceruloplasmin and cytochrome oxidase activities.