Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Final Solutions

1. To figure out electronic configurations of multi-electron atoms we have to take inter-electron Coulomb repulsion into account. For relatively small atoms, we can ignore spin-orbit interactions (in comparison to Coulomb repulsion), and build electronic configurations using LS coupling. Namely, we add individual l to form a total L, and individual s to form total S. We then refer to the configuration as 2S+1 L, such as 1 P , 3 D, etc. With the central potential alone electronic configurations with the orbitals are degenerate. However, inter-electron Coulomb repulsion removes the degeneracy. The empirical " Hund's rule " says that configuration with larger S are lower, and among those with the same S, states with larger L are lower. Calculate the difference in energies for three different configurations for the case of carbon 1s 2 2s 2 2p 2 , and show that Hund's rule is correct. For this purpose, you can ignore the completely filled 1s and 2s orbitals, and discuss only the remaining two electrons in the 2p orbital (of course anti-symmetrized) and the Coulomb repulsion between them A good place to begin is to recognize which electronic configurations are allowed by anti-symmetry of the wavefunction. We are adding two spin 1/2 particles which can give us an antisymmetric S = 0 or a symmetric S = 1. Adding the two l = 1 states can give either L = 0 or L = 2 which are symmetric 1 or an antisymmetric L = 1, requiring the total wave function be antisymmetric we are restricted to
Aspects of open-closed duality in a background B-field, II

We study closed string exchanges in background B-field. By analysing the two point one loop amplitude in bosonic string theory, we show that tree-level exchange of lowest lying, tachyonic and massless closed string modes, have IR singularities similar to those of the nonplanar sector in noncommutative gauge theories. We further isolate the contributions from each of the massless modes. We interpret these results as the manifestation of open/closed string duality, where the IR behaviour of the boundary noncommutative gauge theory is reconstructed from the bulk theory of closed strings.
Workshop "learning 98" an Approach to Learning in Autocatalytic Sets in Analogy to Neural Networks

Autocatalytic sets are a particular type of dynamics that occur naturally in biochemical or ecosystems. They are characterised by cooperation in terms of high population numbers within the set, while the environment is competitive. So far autocatalytic sets have mainly been studied in the context of evolvable systems, because of their contrast to Darwinian selection. Here a learning rule is adapted from neural networks for the change of parameters in a dynamic model of autocatalytic sets. New parameters are introduced such that each factor in a growth term of the model is weighted by an exponent, which is to be learned. Furthermore a learning rule is also devised for the biases that correspond to kinetic rate constants in chemical reaction models. Simulation results show that the recurrent network can perform bidirectional association or pattern completion in a task of learning the composition of words from letters with alternative representations. As another type of learning it is discussed how specialisation through competitive learning can be incorporated into the same system, which may partly account for the generation of the initial architecture of the example of learning words. Rather than in the original domain of biochemistry, this theory may be applied in ecosystems modelling or neural networks.
Angiogenesis and Cardiac Hypertrophy: Maintenance of Cardiac Function and Causative Roles in Heart Failure

Cardiac hypertrophy is an adaptive response to physiological and pathological overload. In response to the overload, individual cardiac myocytes become mechanically stretched and activate intracellular hypertrophic signaling pathways to re-use embryonic transcription factors and to increase the synthesis of various proteins, such as structural and contractile proteins. These hypertrophic responses increase oxygen demand and promote myocardial angiogenesis to dissolve the hypoxic situation and to maintain cardiac contractile function; thus, these responses suggest crosstalk between cardiac myocytes and microvasculature. However, sustained pathological overload induces maladaptation and cardiac remodeling, resulting in heart failure. In recent years, specific understanding has increased with regard to the molecular processes and cell–cell interactions that coordinate myocardial growth and angiogenesis. In this review, we summarize recent advances in understanding the regulatory mechanisms of coordinated myocardial growth and angiogenesis in the pathophysiology of cardiac hypertrophy and heart failure.
Explanations and Recommendations for Temporal Inconsistencies

This paper presents an approach to automatically providing explanations and recommendations for temporal inconsistencies within the context of constraint-based, mixed-initiative planning. In this style of planning, a user operation can cause the planner’s temporal constraint network to become inconsistent. For example, if a partial plan has been built and the user is trying to add another activity into the plan, an inconsistency will arise if the activity’s associated constraints conflict with the current plan’s constraints. In such cases, it is helpful if the system can explain to the user why the user’s operation led to the inconsistency, and it is even better if the system can give the user recommendations on how to fix the inconsistency. Our approach to explanation and recommendation is generally applicable to constraint-based reasoning systems; however, the motivation and validation of our approach derive from a deployed planning system for planetary rover missions.
On the Characterization and Software Implementation of General Protein Lattice Models

Abstract models of proteins have been widely used as a practical means to computationally investigate general properties of the system. In lattice models any sterically feasible conformation is represented as a self-avoiding walk on a lattice, and residue types are limited in number. So far, only two- or three-dimensional lattices have been used. The inspection of the neighborhood of alpha carbons in the core of real proteins reveals that also lattices with higher coordination numbers, possibly in higher dimensional spaces, can be adopted. In this paper, a new general parametric lattice model for simplified protein conformations is proposed and investigated. It is shown how the supporting software can be consistently designed to let algorithms that operate on protein structures be implemented in a lattice-agnostic way. The necessary theoretical foundations are developed and organically presented, pinpointing the role of the concept of main directions in lattice-agnostic model handling. Subsequently, the model features across dimensions and lattice types are explored in tests performed on benchmark protein sequences, using a Python implementation. Simulations give insights on the use of square and triangular lattices in a range of dimensions. The trend of potential minimum for sequences of different lengths, varying the lattice dimension, is uncovered. Moreover, an extensive quantitative characterization of the usage of the so-called “move types” is reported for the first time. The proposed general framework for the development of lattice models is simple yet complete, and an object-oriented architecture can be proficiently employed for the supporting software, by designing ad-hoc classes. The proposed framework represents a new general viewpoint that potentially subsumes a number of solutions previously studied. The adoption of the described model pushes to look at protein structure issues from a more general and essential perspective, making computational investigations over simplified models more straightforward as well.
Efficient Broadcasting Using Network Coding

We consider the problem of broadcasting in an ad hoc wireless network, where all nodes of the network are sources that want to transmit information to all other nodes. Our figure of merit is energy efficiency, a critical design parameter for wireless networks since it directly affects battery life and thus network lifetime. We prove that applying ideas from network coding allows to realize significant benefits in terms of energy efficiency for the problem of broadcasting, and propose very simple algorithms that allow to realize these benefits in practice. In particular, our theoretical analysis shows that network coding improves performance by a constant factor in fixed networks. We calculate this factor exactly for some canonical configurations. We then show that in networks where the topology dynamically changes, for example due to mobility, and where operations are restricted to simple distributed algorithms, network coding can offer improvements of a factor of , where is the number of nodes in the network. We use the insights gained from the theoretical analysis to propose low-complexity distributed algorithms for realistic wireless ad hoc scenarios, discuss a number of practical considerations, and evaluate our algorithms through packet level simulation.
Do Changes in Body Mass Index Percentile Reflect Changes in Body Composition in Children? Data From the Fels Longitudinal Study

OBJECTIVE. Our aim was to examine the degree to which changes in BMI percentile reflect changes in body fat and lean body mass during childhood and how age and gender affect these relationships. METHODS. This analysis used serial data on 494 white boys and girls who were aged 8 to 18 years and participating in the Fels Longitudinal Study (total 2319 observations). Total body fat (TBF), total body fat-free mass (FFM), and percentage of body fat (%BF) were determined by hydrodensitometry, and then BMI was partitioned into its fat and fat-free components: fat mass index (FMI) and FFM index (FFMI). We calculated predicted changes (Δ) in FMI, FFMI, and %BF for each 10-unit increase in BMI percentile using mixed-effects models. RESULTS. FFMI had a linear relationship with BMI percentile, whereas FMI and %BF tended to increase dramatically only at higher BMI percentiles. Gender and age had significant effects on the relationship between BMI percentile and FFMI, FMI, and %BF. Predicted Δ%BF for boys 13 to 18 years of age was negative, suggesting loss of relative fatness for each 10-unit increase in BMI percentile. CONCLUSIONS. In this longitudinal study of white children, FFMI consistently increased with BMI percentile, whereas FMI and %BF had more complicated relationships with BMI percentile depending on gender, age, and whether BMI percentile was high or low. Our results suggest that BMI percentile changes may not accurately reflect changes in adiposity in children over time, particularly among male adolescents and children of lower BMI.
EL PAPEL DEL VOCABULARIO EN LA ENSEÑANZA DE LA COMPRENSIÓN LECTORA Y COMPOSICIÓN ESCRITA The role of vocabulary in the teaching of reading comprehension and written composition

This article analyses the influence of vocabulary on writing and the comprehension of texts through a revision of some of the research that has focused on this subject. Having confirmed this influence, the objective is to develop a plan­ ned approach to the teaching of vocabulary, in the framework of activities that include reading comprehension and writing compositions, analysing the diverse aspects that dominate this teaching process: the setting of objectives, guiding princi­ ples of teaching, contents and activities, methodology and criteria for evaluating vocabulary. For each of these an active role is given to the students, as the protagonists of their learning, and the role of the teacher is oriented towards being a guide to this process.
Screen Space: Depiction and the Space of Interactive Media

The spatial properties of digital interactive multimedia are analysed and contrasted with those of pictures, and of narrative feature films and factual television. These media have developed distinctive spatial methods and questions arise concerning the transferability of such methods to other, interactive, forms. A taxonomy is proposed which reflects existing practice in digital interactive media and indicates promising lines of enquiry for the future.
Nucleotide sequence of pvdD, a pyoverdine biosynthetic gene from Pseudomonas aeruginosa: PvdD has similarity to peptide synthetases

Pseudomonas aeruginosa secretes a fluorescent siderophore, pyoverdine, when grown under iron-deficient conditions. Pyoverdine consists of a chromophoric group bound to a partly cyclic octapeptide. As a step toward understanding the molecular events involved in pyoverdine synthesis, we have sequenced a gene, pvdD, required for this process. The gene encodes a 2,448-residue protein, PvdD, which has a predicted molecular mass of 273,061 Da and contains two highly similar domains of about 1,000 amino acids each. The protein is similar to peptide synthetases from a range of bacterial and fungal species, indicating that synthesis of the peptide moiety of pyoverdine proceeds by a nonribosomal mechanism. The pvdD gene is adjacent to a gene, fpvA, which encodes an outer membrane receptor protein required for uptake of ferripyoverdine.
Chen Lie algebras

The Chen groups of a finitely presented group G are the lower central series quotients of its maximal metabelian quotient G/G″. The direct sum of the Chen groups is a graded Lie algebra, with bracket induced by the group commutator. If G is the fundamental group of a formal space, we give an analog of a basic result of Sullivan by showing that the rational Chen Lie algebra of G is isomorphic to the rational holonomy Lie algebra of G modulo the second derived subalgebra. Following an idea of Massey, we point out a connection between the Alexander invariant of a group G defined by commutator-relators and its integral holonomy Lie algebra. As an application, we determine the Chen Lie algebras of several classes of geometrically defined groups, including surface-like groups, fundamental groups of certain link complements in S 3 , and fundamental groups of complements of hyperplane arrangements in ℂ l . For link groups, we sharpen Massey and Traldi's solution of the Murasugi conjecture. For arrangement groups, we prove that the rational Chen Lie algebra is combinatorially determined.
Stability Analysis of Linear Time-Invariant Fractional Exponential Delay Systems

This brief presents a new approach for the stability analysis of linear fractional exponential delay systems with commensurate orders and multiple commensurate delays that enable us to decide on some cases that were previously open problems. In the proposed approach, first an auxiliary polynomial is generated by mapping the principal sheet of the Riemann surface and a pseudodelay transformation. Next, this auxiliary polynomial is employed in determining all possible purely imaginary characteristic roots for any positive time delay. Then, the concept of stability is expressed as a function of delay. Two illustrative examples are provided to demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed method and to gain a better understanding of the problem, and the root-locus curve of these systems has been plotted as a function of time delay.
Angewandte Mathematik Und Informatik Universit at Zu K Oln Tree Spanners in Planar Graphs Ss Andor P. Fekete Center for Parallel Computing Universitt at Zu Kk Oln D{50923 Kk Oln Germany

A tree t-spanner of a graph G is a spanning subtree T of G in which the distance between every pair of vertices is at most t times their distance in G. Spanner problems have received some attention, mostly in the context of communication networks. It is known that for general unweighted graphs, the problem of deciding the existence of a tree t-spanner can be solved in polynomial time for t = 2, while it is NP-hard for any t 4; the case t = 3 is open, but has been conjectured to be hard. In this paper, we consider tree spanners in planar graphs. We show that even for planar unweighted graphs, it is NP-hard to determine the minimum t for which a tree t-spanner exists. On the other hand, we give a polynomial algorithm for any xed t that decides for planar unweighted graphs with bounded face length whether there is a tree t-spanner. Furthermore , we prove that it can be decided in polynomial time whether a planar unweighted graph has a tree t-spanner for t = 3.
Combining ground-based data and MODIS data for rice crop estimation in Indonesia

In this study, ground based data from spectroradiometer International Light type ILT900 combined with remotely sensed data from MODIS (Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectrometer) sensor of experimental farmland of the Ministry of Agriculture Republic of Indonesia in Sukamandi, Subang, West Java were used as input data for rice crop estimation using regression analysis. We chose four spectral bands (1-4) of MODIS data and four spectral bands of spectroradiometer data with same (the most similar) wavelength with chosen MODIS data. In addition to the spectral reflectance measurements, we also measured rice production data from several 7 × 20 plot areas that contain different rice varieties and different fertilizer compositions. The data from spectroradiometer then used for estimating regression model based on two approaches, Principal Component Regression (PCR) and Partial Least Square Regression (PLSR). The evaluation on ground-based data shows that PCR and PLSR give good accuracy with r2 = 0.968 and 0.984 respectively.
A channel variation-aware algorithm for enhanced video streaming quality

The demand for video streaming has been soaring in recent years. However, there is a gap between traffic demand and link capacity due to time-varying throughput fluctuation. This fluctuation results in poor quality video streaming services. The most well-known technique to improve the quality of video streaming is: adaptive video streaming. This technique adjusts the video bit-rate to the time-varying link capacity available to each user, based on the user's feedback about the link quality. Unfortunately, current quality adaptation algorithms do not incorporate channel time variation. This paper proposes a quality adaptation algorithm that adjusts video streaming quality levels for each user by measuring the channel variation experienced by that user. The algorithm periodically measures the channel throughput and calculates throughput variance between pairs of successive measurements. A quality selection decision is then made by comparing the channel variance to a threshold. This determines whether the quality switching will be aggressive or conservative. Through extensive testing using real datasets, representing multiple video sessions, we show that our proposed algorithm reduces the number of quality switching decisions made while maintaining a high average bitrate, compared to other adaptation schemes.
Review on Machine Learning Based Lesion Segmentation Methods from Brain MR Images

Brain lesions are life threatening diseases. Traditional diagnosis of brain lesions is performed visually by neuro-radiologists. Nowadays, advanced technologies and the progress in magnetic resonance imaging provide computer aided diagnosis using automated methods that can detect and segment abnormal regions from different medical images. Among several techniques, machine learning based methods are flexible and efficient. Therefore, in this paper, we present a review on techniques applied for detection and segmentation of brain lesions from magnetic resonance images with supervised and unsupervised machine learning techniques.
Drosophila SOCS Proteins

The importance of signal transduction cascades such as the EGFR and JAK/STAT pathways for development and homeostasis is highlighted by the high levels of molecular conservation maintained between organisms as evolutionary diverged as fruit flies and humans. This conservation is also mirrored in many of the regulatory mechanisms that control the extent and duration of signalling in vivo. One group of proteins that represent important physiological regulators of both EGFR and JAK/STAT signalling is the members of the SOCS family. Only 3 SOCS-like proteins are encoded by the Drosophila genome, and despite this low complexity, Drosophila SOCS proteins share many similarities to their human homologues. SOCS36E is both a target gene and negative regulator of JAK/STAT signalling while SOCS44A and SOCS36E represent positive and negative regulators of EGFR signalling. Here we review our current understanding of Drosophila SOCS proteins, their roles in vivo, and future approaches to elucidating their functions.
Comparison of 201Tl, 99mTc-tetrofosmin, and dobutamine magnetic resonance imaging for identifying hibernating myocardium.

BACKGROUND Both radionuclide perfusion tracers and contractile response to dobutamine have been used to identify hibernating myocardium. The aim was to compare 201Tl (thallium) single photon emission CT (SPECT), 99mTc-tetrofosmin (tetrofosmin) SPECT, and dobutamine cine MRI for identifying regions of reversible myocardial dysfunction. METHODS AND RESULTS Thirty patients with 3-vessel coronary artery disease and impaired left ventricular function (mean LVEF, 24.0%; SD, 8.3%) scheduled for coronary bypass grafting were recruited. All underwent rest/dobutamine stress (5 to 10 microg . kg-1 . min-1) cine MRI, stress/rest tetrofosmin SPECT, and stress/redistribution and separate-day rest/redistribution thallium SPECT before surgery. Stress/redistribution thallium SPECT and resting MRI were repeated after surgery. In a 9-segment model, SPECT images were scored visually for tracer uptake, which was also measured from a polar plot of myocardial counts. MRI was scored visually for endocardial motion, myocardial thickening, and thickness. Five patients died before follow-up, and 2 declined postoperative investigation. In the remaining 23 patients, mean LVEF increased from 24.0% (SD, 8.3%) to 29.7% (SD, 11.1%) (P<0.05). Of 207 segments analyzed, 145 had significantly abnormal wall motion before surgery, and 82 of these improved function after revascularization. The criteria for predicting recovery of severely hypokinetic segments on preoperative imaging were tracer uptake graded "moderately reduced" or better, or positive inotropic response on dobutamine MRI. Late-rest thallium images showed the highest sensitivity (76%), compared with stress-redistribution thallium (68%) and rest tetrofosmin (66%) (P<0.05). All 3 tracer techniques were nonspecific (44%, 51%, and 49%, respectively). Redistribution of thallium after the resting injection was insensitive (18%) but highly specific (83%). Inotropic response to dobutamine was also insensitive (50%) but specific (81%). CONCLUSIONS Radionuclide uptake is a sensitive but nonspecific predictor of myocardial functional recovery, whereas dobutamine MRI is specific but insensitive.
M-theory and characteristic classes

In this note we show that the Chern-Simons and the one-loop terms in the M-theory action can be written in terms of new characters involving the M-theory four-form and the string classes. This sheds a new light on the topological structure behind M-theory and suggests the construction of a theory of `higher' characteristic classes.
Exploiting Agent-Oriented Programming for Developing Android Applications

Agent-Oriented Programming (AOP) provides an effective level of abstraction for tackling the programming of mainstream software applications, in particular those that involve complexities related to concurrency, asynchronous events management and context-sensitive behaviour. In this paper we support this claim in practice by discussing the application of AOP technologies – Jason and CArtAgO in particular – for the development of smart nomadic applications based on the Google Android platform.