Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
On the use of C-stat in testing models for X-ray spectra

It has been shown that for the analysis of X-ray spectra the C-statistic, contrary to the chi^2-statistic, provides unbiased estimates of the model parameters and their uncertainty ranges. However, it is often stated that the C-statistic cannot be used to carry out statistical tests on the goodness of fit of the model, and therefore several investigations are still based on chi^2-statistics. Here we show that it is straightforward to calculate the expected value and variance of the C-statistic so that it can be used in tests. We provide formulae and simple numerical approximations to evaluate these expected values and variances. We also give examples indicating that tests based on only the expected value and variance of the C-statistic are reliable for spectra even with only ~30 counts. Therefore the C-statistic can be used for statistical tests such as assessing the goodness of fit of a spectral model.
Robust MPC for Systems With Model Uncertainties and Measurement Outliers

This paper considers the observer-based output feedback robust model predictive control (RMPC) problem for systems with model uncertainties and possible measurement outliers. For the sake of alleviating the effects of possible abnormal measurements, we design a set of observer-based output feedback RMPC controllers with the saturation constraint where the saturation level is adaptive according to the estimation errors. The purpose of the addressed problem is to design a set of desired RMPC controllers so as to guarantee the robustness and the asymptotical stability of the closed-loop system. Sufficient stability conditions are obtained by solving a time-varying terminal constraint set of an auxiliary optimization problem, and the corresponding control law and the upper bound of the quadratic cost function are derived. In addition, an algorithm including both off-line and on-line parts is provided to find a sub-optimal solution. Finally, two simulation examples are employed to illustrate the effectiveness of the proposed RMPC approach.
A Broadband Dipolar Resonance in THz Metamaterials

We demonstrate a THz metamaterial with broadband dipole resonance originating due to the hybridization of LC resonances. The structure optimized by finite element method simulations is fabricated by electron beam lithography and characterized by terahertz time-domain spectroscopy. Numerically, we found that when two LC metamaterial resonators are brought together, an electric dipole resonance arises in addition to the LC resonances. We observed a strong dependence of the width of these resonances on the separation between the resonators. This dependence can be explained based on series and parallel RLC circuit analogies. The broadband dipole resonance appears when both the resonators are fused together. The metamaterial has a stopband with FWHM of 0.47 THz centered at 1.12 THz. The experimentally measured band features are in reasonable agreement with the simulated ones. The experimental power extinction ratio of THz in the stopbands is found to be 15 dB.
Discovery of a z = 7.452 High Equivalent Width Lyα Emitter from the Hubble Space Telescope Faint Infrared Grism Survey

We present the results of an unbiased search for Lyα emission from continuum-selected 5.6 < z < 8.7 galaxies. Our data set consists of 160 orbits of G102 slitless grism spectroscopy obtained with the Hubble Space Telescope(HST)/WFC3 as part of the Faint Infrared Grism Survey (FIGS; PI: Malhotra), which obtains deep slitless spectra of all sources in four fields, and was designed to minimize contamination in observations of previously identified high-redshift galaxy candidates. The FIGS data can potentially spectroscopically confirm the redshifts of galaxies, and as Lyα emission is resonantly scattered by neutral gas, FIGS can also constrain the ionization state of the intergalactic medium during the epoch of reionization. These data have sufficient depth to detect Lyα emission in this epoch, as Tilvi et al. have published the FIGS detection of previously known Lyα emission at z = 7.51. The FIGS data use five separate roll angles of HST to mitigate the contamination by nearby galaxies. We created a method that accounts for and removes the contamination from surrounding galaxies and also removes any dispersed continuum light from each individual spectrum. We searched for significant (>4σ) emission lines using two different automated detection methods, free of any visual inspection biases. Applying these methods on photometrically selected high-redshift candidates between 5.6 < z < 8.7, we find two emission lines, one previously published by Tilvi et al., (2016) and a new line at 1.028 μm, which we identify as Lyα at z = 7.452 ± 0.003. This newly spectroscopically confirmed galaxy has the highest Lyα rest-frame equivalent width (EWLyα) yet published at z > 7 (140.3 ± 19.0 Å).
THE ABELL 85 BCG: A NUCLEATED, CORELESS GALAXY

New high-resolution r-band imaging of the brightest cluster galaxy (BCG) in Abell 85 (Holm 15A) was obtained using the Gemini Multi Object Spectrograph. These data were taken with the aim of deriving an accurate surface brightness profile of the BCG of Abell 85, in particular, its central region. The new Gemini data show clear evidence of a previously unreported nuclear emission that is evident as a distinct light excess in the central kiloparsec of the surface brightness profile. We find that the light profile is never flat nor does it present a downward trend toward the center of the galaxy. That is, the new Gemini data show a different physical reality from the featureless, “evacuated core” recently claimed for the Abell 85 BCG. After trying different models, we find that the surface brightness profile of the BCG of Abell 85 is best fit by a double Sérsic model.
Dark Matter that Interacts with Baryons: Density Distribution within the Earth and New Constraints on the Interaction Cross-section

For dark matter (DM) particles with masses in the 0.6–6mp range, we set stringent constraints on the interaction cross-sections for scattering with ordinary baryonic matter. These constraints follow from the recognition that such particles can be captured by—and thermalized within—the Earth, leading to a substantial accumulation and concentration of DM that interact with baryons. Here, we discuss the probability that DM intercepted by the Earth will be captured, the number of DM particles thereby accumulated over Earth’s lifetime, the fraction of such particles retained in the face of evaporation, and the density distribution of such particles within the Earth. In the latter context, we note that a previous treatment of the density distribution of DM, presented by Gould and Raffelt and applied subsequently to DM in the Sun, is inconsistent with considerations of hydrostatic equilibrium. Our analysis provides an estimate of the DM particle density at Earth’s surface, which may exceed 1014 cm−3, and leads to constraints on various scattering cross-sections, which are placed by (1) the lifetime of the relativistic proton beam at the Large Hadron Collider; (2) the orbital decay of spacecraft in low Earth orbit; (3) the vaporization rate of cryogenic liquids in well-insulated storage dewars; and (4) the thermal conductivity of Earth’s crust. For the scattering cross-sections that were invoked recently in Barkana’s original explanation for the anomalously deep 21 cm absorption reported by EDGES, DM particle masses in the 0.6–4mp range are excluded.
The nonlinear states of viscous capillary jets confined in the axial direction

We report an experimental and theoretical study of the global stability and nonlinear dynamics of vertical jets of viscous liquid confined in the axial direction due to their impact on a bath of the same liquid. Previous works demonstrated that in the absence of axial confinement the steady liquid thread becomes unstable due to an axisymmetric global mode for values of the flow rate, $Q$ , below a certain critical value, $Q_{c}$ , giving rise to oscillations of increasing amplitude that finally lead to a dripping regime (Sauter & Buggisch, J. Fluid Mech., vol. 533, 2005, pp. 237–257; Rubio-Rubio et al., J. Fluid Mech., vol. 729, 2013, pp. 471–483). Here we focus on the effect of the jet length, $L$ , on the transitions that take place for decreasing values of $Q$ . The linear stability analysis shows good agreement with our experiments, revealing that $Q_{c}$ increases monotonically with $L$ , reaching the semi-infinite jet asymptote for sufficiently large values of $L$ . Moreover, as $L$ decreases a quasi-static limit is reached, whereby $Q_{c}\rightarrow 0$ and the neutral conditions are given by a critical length determined by hydrostatics. Our experiments have also revealed the existence of a new regime intermediate between steady jetting and dripping, in which the thread reaches a limit-cycle state without breakup. We thus show that there exist three possible states depending on the values of the control parameters, namely steady jetting, oscillatory jetting and dripping. For two different combinations of liquid viscosity, $\unicode[STIX]{x1D708}$ , and injector radius, $R$ , the boundaries separating these regimes have been determined in the $(Q,L)$ parameter plane, showing that steady jetting exists for small enough values of $L$ or large enough values of $Q$ , dripping prevails for small enough values of $Q$ or sufficiently large values of $L$ , and oscillatory jetting takes place in an intermediate region whose size increases with $\unicode[STIX]{x1D708}$ and decreases with $R$ .
CONFIRMATION OF IGR J01363+6610 AS A Be X-RAY BINARY WITH VERY LOW QUIESCENT X-RAY LUMINOSITY

The field containing the candidate High Mass X-ray Binary IGR J01363+6610 was observed by XMM-Newton on 2009 July 31 for 28 ks. A Be star was previously suggested as the possible counterpart of the INTEGRAL source, and although Chandra, during a 2007 observation, did not detect an X-ray source at the position of the Be star, we find a variable source (XMMU J013549.5+661243) with an average X-ray flux of 2 × 10−13 erg cm−2 s−1 (0.2–12 keV, unabsorbed) at this position with XMM-Newton. The spectrum of this source is consistent with a hard power law with a photon index of Γ = 1.4 ± 0.3 and a column density of NH = (1.5+0.7−0.5) × 1022 cm−2 (90% confidence errors). These results, along with our optical investigation of other X-ray sources in the field, make the association with the Be star very likely, and the 2 kpc distance estimate for the Be star indicates an X-ray luminosity of 9.1 × 1031 erg s−1. This is lower than typical for a Be X-ray binary, and the upper limit on the luminosity was even lower (<1.4 × 1031 erg s−1 assuming the same spectral model) during the Chandra observation. We discuss possible implications of the very low quiescent luminosity for the physical properties of IGR J01363+6610.
Flow of a viscous nematic fluid around a sphere

Abstract We analyse the creeping flow generated by a spherical particle moving through a viscous fluid with nematic directional order, in which momentum diffusivity is anisotropic and which opposes resistance to bending. Specifically, we provide closed-form analytical expressions for the response function, i.e. the equivalent to Stokes’s drag formula for nematic fluids. Particular attention is given to the rotationally pseudo-isotropic condition defined by zero resistance to bending, and to the strain pseudo-isotropic condition defined by isotropic momentum diffusivity. We find the former to be consistent with the rheology of biopolymer networks and the latter to be closer to the rheology of nematic liquid crystals. These ‘pure’ anisotropic conditions are used to benchmark existing particle tracking microrheology methods that provide effective directional viscosities by applying Stokes’s drag law separately in different directions. We find that the effective viscosity approach is phenomenologically justified in rotationally isotropic fluids, although it leads to significant errors in the estimated viscosity coefficients. On the other hand, the mere concept of directional effective viscosities is found to be misleading in fluids that oppose an appreciable resistance to bending. Finally, we observe that anisotropic momentum diffusivity leads to asymmetric streamline patterns displaying enhanced (reduced) streamline deflection in the directions of lower (higher) diffusivity. The bending resistance of the fluid is found to modulate the asymmetry of streamline deflection. In some cases, the combined effects of both anisotropy mechanisms leads to streamline patterns that converge towards the sphere.
The Baseline Gut Microbiota Enterotype Directs Lifestyle-Induced Amelioration of Pollen Allergy Severity: A Self Controlled Case-Series Study

Deciphering the key factors underlying individual responses to a habitual diet is important in implementing personalized nutrition strategies to treat allergic diseases. This prospective randomized cohort study aimed to identify key factors determining individual pollen allergy (PA) trajectories in a natural setting. Baseline data on fecal microbiota composition, lifestyle activities, and diet habits of 190 participants with PA and 92 healthy controls were collected, followed by a SOMPO-guided intestinal activity program. Three enterotypes enriched in Bacteroides, Prevotella, and Ruminococcus and four subenterotypes for enterotypes Bacteroides and Prevotella enriched with Faecalibacterium, Megamonas, and Fusobacterium were identified at baseline. PA severity was significantly negatively correlated with the daily intake of fermented plants and no weekly intake of meat, but positively correlated with poor sleep quality. Interactions between enterotype and lifestyle factors affected PA severity, and intestinal activity intervention based on the baseline enterotype reduced the PA severity score. In conclusion, the findings of this study demonstrated that the baseline gut enterotype plays a crucial role in PA. This study suggests combining enterotype data with habitual diet can improve PA severity.
An excitation-dependent four-level model for quantum entanglement in photosynthetic systems

We model energy transfer between two coupled four-level chromophores with arbitrarily spaced energy levels. Our analysis takes into account the crucial---yet often ignored---process of initial excitation by light that is incident on the chromophores. We show that the amount of entanglement generated between the chromophores is strongly dependent on the degree of initial excitation as well as the inclusion of higher energy levels. We apply our model to the specific example of chlorophyll. Our results suggest that an excitation-dependent approach should be employed for entanglement studies on multi-level light-harvesting systems even when a two-level approximation is valid.
Feeding habits of the exotic invasive slug Limax maximus: a basis for risk assessment of herbivory on forest and agricultural ecosystems

Invasions of exotic herbivores often result in considerable damage to vegetation. Slugs are one of the herbivores that pose a high risk of altering vegetation when introduced to new sites. The large invasive slug, Limax maximus , was recently introduced into Japan. We examined its feeding behavior to assess potential effects on vegetation at introduced sites. We conducted two complementary experiments: feeding trials and DNA meta-barcoding analyses. In the feeding trials, we provided L. maximus with 23 test plants and calculated Acceptability Index (AI) values to evaluate palatability. Limax maximus clearly favored specific plants; average AI was highest for Brassica oleracea , followed by Lactuca indica, and Sambucus racemosa . DNA meta-barcoding analyses identified plants from six families in the feces of wild individuals. According to the generalized linear mixed model analyses, the plants that L. maximus preferred to eat were crops, herbaceous plants, and plants with glabrous leaves. Because native slugs and land snails do not show these preferences, L. maximus may exert herbivory pressure on native and agricultural plants that is different from that exerted by native molluscan communities. Our work demonstrated that combining multiple methods helps to estimate the potential risk of exotic herbivory in natural ecosystems. Additional research should examine
Magnetic Cycles and Meridional Circulation in Global Models of Solar Convection

Abstract We review recent insights into the dynamics of the solar convection zone obtained from global numerical simulations, focusing on two recent developments in particular. The first is quasi-cyclic magnetic activity in a long-duration dynamo simulation. Although mean fields comprise only a few percent of the total magnetic energy they exhibit remarkable order, with multiple polarity reversals and systematic variability on time scales of 6-15 years. The second development concerns the maintenance of the meridional circulation. Recent high-resolution simulations have captured the subtle nonlinear dynamical balances with more fidelity than previous, more laminar models, yielding more coherent circulation patterns. These patterns are dominated by a single cell in each hemisphere, with poleward and equatorward flow in the upper and lower convection zone respectively. We briefly address the implications of and future of these modeling efforts.
Topological invariance and global Berry phase in non-Hermitian systems

By studying the topological invariance and Berry phase in non-Hermitian systems, we reveal the basic properties of the complex Berry phase and generalize the global Berry phases $Q$ to identify the topological invariance for non-Hermitian systems. We find that $Q$ can identify topological invariance in two kinds of non-Hermitian model, the two-level non-Hermitian Hamiltonian and the bipartite dissipative model. For the bipartite dissipative model, an abrupt change of the Berry phase in the parameter space reveals a quantum phase transition and is related to the exceptional points. These results give the basic relationships between the Berry phase and the quantum and topological phase transitions of non-Hermitian systems.
Peripheral T-Cells, B-Cells, and Monocytes from Multiple Sclerosis Patients Supplemented with High-Dose Vitamin D Show Distinct Changes in Gene Expression Profiles

Vitamin D is a steroid hormone that has been widely studied as a potential therapy for multiple sclerosis and other inflammatory disorders. Pre-clinical studies have implicated vitamin D in the transcription of thousands of genes, but its influence may vary by cell type. A handful of clinical studies have failed to identify an in vivo gene expression signature when using bulk analysis of all peripheral immune cells. We hypothesized that vitamin D’s gene signature would vary by immune cell type, requiring the analysis of distinct cell types. Multiple sclerosis patients (n = 18) were given high-dose vitamin D (10,400 IU/day) for six months as part of a prospective clinical trial (NCT01024777). We collected peripheral blood mononuclear cells from participants at baseline and again after six months of treatment. We used flow cytometry to isolate three immune cell types (CD4+ T-cells, CD19+ B-cells, CD14+ monocytes) for RNA microarray analysis and compared the expression profiles between baseline and six months. We identified distinct sets of differentially expressed genes and enriched pathways between baseline and six months for each cell type. Vitamin D’s in vivo gene expression profile in the immune system likely differs by cell type. Future clinical studies should consider techniques that allow for a similar cell-type resolution.
SMA Observations of the Hot Molecular Core IRAS 18566+0408

We present Submillimeter Array (SMA) observations toward the high-mass star-forming region IRAS 18566+0408. Observations at the 1.3 mm continuum and in several molecular line transitions were performed in the compact (2.″4 angular resolution) and very-extended (∼0.″4 angular resolution) configurations. The continuum emission from the compact configuration shows a dust core of 150 M⊙, while the very-extended configuration reveals a dense (2.6 × 107 cm−3) and compact (∼4000 au) condensation of 8 M⊙. We detect 31 molecular transitions from 14 species including CO isotopologues, SO, CH3OH, OCS, and CH3CN. Using the different k-ladders of the CH3CN line, we derive a rotational temperature at the location of the continuum peak of 240 K. The , , and lines reveal a molecular outflow at PA ∼ 135° centered at the continuum peak. The extended emission has been recovered with the IRAM 30 m telescope observations. Using the combined data set, we derive an outflow mass of 16.8 M⊙. The chemically rich spectrum and the high rotational temperature confirm that IRAS 18566+0408 is harboring a hot molecular core. We find no clear velocity gradient that could suggest the presence of a rotational disk-like structure, even at the high-resolution observations obtained with the very-extended configuration.
The Value of Neutrophil/Lymphocyte Ratio Combined with Red Blood Cell Distribution Width in Evaluating the Prognosis of Emergency Patients with Sepsis

Sepsis is a dysfunction of various organs caused by a dysfunctional host response induced by infection. In recent years, the mortality rate of sepsis patients, especially the mortality rate of septic shock patients still remains high. Due to the complexity and heterogeneity of sepsis, there is currently a lack of clinical biomarkers that can be widely used for the early assessment of sepsis. In order to find more concise and accurate biomarkers for timely and adequate intervention in sepsis, we explored the value of neutrophil/lymphocyte ratio (NLR) combined with red blood cell distribution width (RDW) in assessing the prognosis of emergency sepsis patients. The results showed that NLR and RDW were closely related to the prognosis of emergency sepsis patients. The combination of the two can evaluate the prognosis of patients with emergency sepsis, which deserves close attention from clinicians.
The MiMeS Survey of Magnetism in Massive Stars: CNO surface abundances of Galactic O stars

The evolution of massive stars is still partly unconstrained. Mass, metallicity, mass loss and rotation are the main drivers of stellar evolution. Binarity and magnetic field may also significantly affect the fate of massive stars. Our goal is to investigate the evolution of single O stars in the Galaxy. For that, we use a sample of 74 objects comprising all luminosity classes and spectral types from O4 to O9.7. We rely on optical spectroscopy obtained in the context of the MiMeS survey of massive stars. We perform spectral modelling with the code CMFGEN. We determine the surface properties of the sample stars, with special emphasis on abundances of carbon, nitrogen and oxygen. Most of our sample stars have initial masses in the range 20 to 50 Msun. We show that nitrogen is more enriched and carbon/oxygen more depleted in supergiants than in dwarfs, with giants showing intermediate degrees of mixing. CNO abundances are observed in the range of values predicted by nucleosynthesis through the CNO cycle. More massive stars, within a given luminosity class, appear to be more chemically enriched than lower mass stars. We compare our results with predictions of three types of evolutionary models and show that, for two sets of models, 80% of our sample can be explained by stellar evolution including rotation. The effect of magnetism on surface abundances is unconstrained. Our study indicates that, in the 20-50 Msun mass range, the surface chemical abundances of most single O stars in the Galaxy are fairly well accounted for by stellar evolution of rotating stars.