Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
A comparison study of IKE protocols

The Internet key exchange (IKE) protocol is a protocol with which two communication peers can authenticate each other, get a new shared key and build IPSec SA. It has been widely used in mobile IPv6, router systems, IPv6 VPN and 3G core network elements. IKEv2 significantly improves the communication efficiency and security when compared with IKEv1. This article introduces the IKEv2's mechanism, particularly compares the security of IKEv1 and IKEv2.
Feasibility of HgBrI as photoconductor for direct X-ray imaging

Films of HgBrI (eutectic composition) were grown by the physical vapor deposition method on palladium-coated glass substrates 2"times2" in size. The growth was performed in a system especially designed and constructed for getting a fine control of the growth parameters. The best growth conditions were a source temperature of 116degC, a growth temperature of 50degC and a growth time of 3 hours, with an initial pressure of 6times10-3 Pa. Film thicknesses and grain sizes gave values ranging between 100 and 350 mum (10%), and between 10 and 50 mum, respectively. The dark current density of the films is higher than 10 pA/mm2 for electric fields above 0.03 V/mum, and the resistivity is 3.8times1011 Omegacm. An electron mobility-lifetime of 6times10-6 cm2/2V was estimated. HgBrI films give a sensitivity to X-rays of 65 nC/Rcm2 , and a signal to dark relation of 12 at 750 mR/s and 32 KVp, with an electric field of 0.9 V/mum applied to the film. Dark current density, resistivity, electron mobility-lifetime product and response to the X-ray of the films are acceptable taking into account that this is the first attempt on growing films with this material, and indicate HgBrI as a new compound semiconductor candidate for the application
Sham surgery controls: intracerebral grafting of fetal tissue for Parkinson’s disease and proposed criteria for use of sham surgery controls

Sham surgery is a controversial and rarely used component of randomised clinical trials evaluating surgical interventions. The recent use of sham surgery in trials evaluating efficacy of intracerebral fetal tissue grafts in Parkinson’s disease has highlighted the ethical concerns associated with sham surgery controls. Macklin, and Dekkers and Boer argue vigorously against use of sham surgery controls. Macklin presents a broad argument against sham surgery controls while Dekkers and Boer present a narrower argument that sham surgery is unnecessary in the specific setting of fetal tissue engraftment for Parkinson’s disease. I defend sham surgery controls against both these criticisms. Appropriate clinical trial design, sometimes including sham surgery, is needed to ensure that false positive trial results do not occur and endanger public safety. Results of a completed trial of fetal tissue grafting for Parkinson’s disease are used to illustrate the potential benefits of, and problems associated with, sham surgery controls. Sham surgery controls, however, should be employed only when absolutely necessary. I suggest criteria for appropriate use of sham surgery controls.
Dispersion of the corrected QT and JT interval in the electrocardiogram of alcoholic patients.

BACKGROUND The aim of this study was to analyze the corrected QT interval (QTc), its dispersion (QTcd), and the QT interval index (QTcI) and to compare it with the corrected JT interval (JTc), its dispersion (JTcd), and the JT interval index (JTcI) in long-term alcoholic users, by investigating the ventricular activation until the completion of repolarization. METHODS The study of ECGs was performed on a selected group of 49 male white alcoholic patients, mean age 53.51+/-4.78 years. The control group was pair-matched. The analysis of ECGs was performed according to the Minnesota Code, and Bazett's formula gave the values of the corrected QT interval and JT interval. RESULTS The results of the descriptive statistics in the group of alcoholics showed a range of the QTcd of 12.0 to 103.0 milliseconds, mean 44.2+/-18.6 milliseconds, compared with 5.0 to 68.0 milliseconds, mean 23.8+/-11.1 milliseconds, in the control group (p < 0.0001). The range of JTcd in the alcoholic patients was 11.0 to 88.0 milliseconds, mean 43.0+/-18.3 milliseconds, compared with 5.0 to 66.0 milliseconds, mean 22.8+/-12.1 milliseconds, in the control group (p < 0.0001). The QTc from 422.0 to 480.0 milliseconds was obtained in 69.4% of the alcoholic patients and 32.6% of the controls. The QTc over 480.0 milliseconds was found in 24.5% of the alcoholic patients, but was not recorded among the controls at all (p < 0.0001). The QTcd over 50.0 milliseconds was registered in 34.7% of the alcoholic patients, while in the controls a QTcd above 50 milliseconds was found in 2.0% (p < 0.0001). The mean values of QT were markedly higher in the alcoholic patients (p < 0.01) than in the controls. The same was the case with the values of QTd, QT(I), QTcd, and QTcI (p < 0.0001). Also, the mean values of JTd, JT(I), JTc, JTcd, and JTcI were significantly higher in the alcoholic patients than in the controls (p < 0.0001). The mean value of JT, although higher in the alcoholic patients, did not significantly differ between the examined groups (p=0.1002). The odds ratio estimated for prolonged QTc and for enlarged QTcd in the alcoholics versus the controls was 31.625 and 25.500 (p < 0.0001), respectively. CONCLUSIONS Persons who consume various alcoholic beverages excessively and for a long time have significantly higher dispersions of the QTc and JTc, intervals and they have a significantly higher estimation of relative risk for the prolonged QTc interval and higher QTc dispersion than the control group, i.e., higher risk of arrhythmias.
New Social Policy Ideas in the Making: The Case of Central and Eastern Europe

Central and Eastern European countries have experienced a rapid transformation of their economic, political and welfare regime(s). From a state-paternalist welfare state, post-communist countries are now moving towards something new. A shift in the main social policy paradigm is, in fact, taking place: from central-planning to market-based welfare provisions, from public to private responsibility, from universal and flat-rate to insurance-based and contributions-related benefits. Most of these changes seem to be clearly paradigmatic, although it has still to be asked where the post-1989 social policy discourse originated. This paper aims to address this issue, by exploring the introduction of new social policy ideas in Central and Eastern Europe. The first section clarifies the difference between old and new social policy ideas within the specific context of Central and Eastern Europe. The second section provides a brief overview of the main changes in pension, health care and unemployment benefits, while the third section briefly summarizes the results. The main argument of the paper is that policy makers in the region have combined old with new social policy ideas in order to make the new welfare arrangement sustainable to internal and external pressures. In other words, they recasted the welfare state from within.
On the design of V2I communications architecture with reduced infrastructural set: Urban scenario

The paper is investigating connectivity conditions and optimal selection of infrastructure access points location in V2I communications, employed on urban motorways. Radio communication channels usability, taking into account third party channel utilization, is also analyzed. A mathematical model taking with road capacity and radio interferences is proposed to evaluate optimal AP density in the field. The purpose is to define a traffic information infrastructure with minimized set of communication backbone.
The Use of an Event Portfolio in Regional Community and Tourism Development: Creating Synergy between Sport and Cultural Events

Although host communities have begun to capitalize on a portfolio of recurring events to achieve a range of benefits, there is scant research and empirical evidence about the phenomenon of event portfolio. In addressing this knowledge gap, this study employed ethnographic methods to examine the rationales and drivers for the use of an event portfolio in regional development. Fieldwork was conducted in the rural community of Fort Stockton in USA – Texas. The findings indicate that the event portfolio is a socially embedded configuration in local life that facilitates the development of a holistic approach. It consists of sport and cultural events that strive to address community issues pertaining to social, tourism, and economic development. Event implementations are facilitated by the use of an integrated set of resources and the adoption of established practices. The relationship between sport and cultural events is innately symbiotic sharing common objectives, resources, and markets. The study argues that a holistic approach in event portfolio planning can integrate economic, sport, and tourism, as well as social development purposes and foster synergies between sport and cultural events. To do so, event tourism research needs to start building knowledge on the neglected area of event portfolios and understand this complex phenomenon.
Techniques for reducing the interfering effects of autofluorescence in fluorescence microscopy: improved detection of sulphorhodamine B‐labelled albumin in arterial tissue

Measurements of the transport of circulating sulphorhodamine B‐labelled albumin into the arterial wall, made by applying digital imaging fluorescence microscopy to sections of arteries fixed in situ, are limited in sensitivity by the low levels of tracer fluorescence and high levels of autofluorescence emitted from the tissue. Three attempts to improve these ratios are described. In the first, spectra of the tracer in solution and of arterial autofluorescence were used to design novel microscope filters for rhodamine‐like dyes. By exciting with the rarely used yellow lines of the mercury arc lamp and detecting a narrow band of emission with Stokes shifts as small as 15 nm, the ratio of tracer fluorescence to autofluorescence was tripled. In the second, effects of different fixatives were investigated. Using a model system, it was confirmed that Karnovsky's fixative gives good tracer immobilization but elevates autofluorescence, whereas fixative‐free buffer solutions give low autofluorescence but do not retain the tracer. It was further found that simple formaldehyde‐based fixatives, hitherto considered to be poor fixatives of albumin, immobilized the tracer as well as the glutaraldehyde‐based fixative, whilst giving autofluorescence levels comparable to those seen with buffer alone; they therefore give excellent tracer fluorescence to autofluorescence ratios. In the third, lowering specimen temperature by 50 °C was found to increase the intensity of tracer fluorescence by 30% whilst autofluorescence was unaffected. These data may have relevance to microscopical studies using other tissues and fluorescent tracers.
Have ‘European’ and US GAAP measures of income and equity converged under IFRS? Evidence from European companies listed in the US

Abstract The EU's adoption of IFRS, combined with the SEC's removal of the US GAAP reconciliation requirement for non‐US registrants reporting under IFRS, signifies a major shift towards the acceptance of global standards. Based on 20‐F reconciliations provided by the population of US listed European companies filing IFRS‐based statements with the SEC in 2005, we examine whether ‘European’ and US GAAP measures of income and equity converged under IFRS. We find that during the period immediately preceding IFRS, for our sample companies, European and US GAAP measures are generally comparable in respect of income and equity. However, as an exception to the latter, we find that UK GAAP yielded significantly lower measures of equity than US GAAP For companies adopting IFRS for the first time in 2005, we find a significant gap between IFRS and US GAAP measures of income, thereby, signifying de facto divergence from US GAAP in regard to income determination. Furthermore, we find that, following IFRS adoption, significant differences with US GAAP equity persisted for companies that previously reported using UK GAAP. Our findings, thus, support critics’ claims that standard‐setters, most notably the IASB and FASB, have more work to do to achieve a sufficient degree of convergence between IFRS and US GAAP that will convince the SEC to require US companies to use IFRS.
Market-based transmission expansion planning

Restructuring and deregulation has exposed transmission planner to new objectives and uncertainties. Therefore, new criteria and approaches are needed for transmission planning in deregulated environments. A new market-based approach for transmission planning in deregulated environments is presented in this paper. The main contribution of this research is: i) introducing a new probabilistic tool, named probabilistic locational marginal prices, for computing the probability density functions of nodal prices; ii) defining new market-based criteria for transmission expansion planning in deregulated environments; and iii) presenting a new approach for transmission expansion planning in deregulated environments using the above tool and criteria. The advantages of this approach are: i) it encourages and facilitates competition among all participants; ii) it provides nondiscriminatory access to cheap generation for all consumers; iii) it considers all random and nonrandom power system uncertainties and selects the final plan after risk assessment of all solutions; and iv) it is value based and considers investment cost, operation cost, congestion cost, load curtailment cost, and cost caused by system unreliability. The presented approach is applied to IEEE 30-bus test system.
Explaining levels of within-group wage inequality in U.S. labor markets

Most research on earnings inequality has focused on the growing gap between workers of different races and at different education, age, and income levels, but a large portion of the increasing inequality has actually occurred within these groups. This article focuses on the extent and sources of “within-group” wage inequality in more than 500 labor markets in the United States in 1990. In addition to documenting that within-group wage inequality across regions varies more widely today than over the past several decades, the analysis reveals that two frequently cited explanations of rising wage inequality over time have little impact on within-group wage inequality when measured at the local labor market level: (1) industrial shifts and (2) increased technology and trade. By contrast, flexible and insecure employment conditions (e.g., unemployment, contingent work, and immigration) are associated strongly with high local levels of within-group wage inequality, especially among women.
Spatio-temporal analysis and prediction of cellular traffic in metropolis

Understanding and predicting cellular traffic at large-scale and fine-granularity is beneficial and valuable to mobile users, wireless carriers and city authorities. Predicting cellular traffic in modern metropolis is particularly challenging because of the tremendous temporal and spatial dynamics introduced by diverse user Internet behaviours and frequent user mobility citywide. In this paper, we characterize and investigate the root causes of such dynamics in cellular traffic through a big cellular usage dataset covering 1.5 million users and 5,929 cell towers in a major city of China. We reveal intensive spatio-temporal dependency even among distant cell towers, which is largely overlooked in previous works. To explicitly characterize and effectively model the spatio-temporal dependency of urban cellular traffic, we propose a novel decomposition of in-cell and inter-cell data traffic, and apply a graph-based deep learning approach to accurate cellular traffic prediction. Experimental results demonstrate that our method consistently outperforms the state-of-the-art time-series based approaches and we also show through an example study how the decomposition of cellular traffic can be used for event inference.
Social policy in hard times: The case of Greece

The current Greek crisis started off in 2009 as a fiscal crisis, soon turned into a sovereign debt crisis, then mutated into a full-blown recession, unprecedented in depth and duration. The article offers an early analysis of the impact of the crisis on the labour market and the distribution of incomes, showing that the need for social protection is now much greater than ever before. It then critically reviews social policy responses in a context of both cuts to social spending and reforms in social programmes, arguing that the Greek welfare state is poorly equipped to meet the challenge. The article concludes by discussing prospects for social policy in an era of permanent austerity.
Plant Location and the Advent of Slab Casting by U.S. Steel Minimills: An Observation-Based Analysis

Abstract The advent of slab casting for steel that is produced in electric furnaces resulted in a wave of new investments in the construction of steel minimills. From 1989 to 2001, 10 new plants were constructed in the United States on the basis of new technologies. Some were built in established steel industry agglomerations, while others were built in greenfield locations—regions that had little or no prior steelmaking activity. This research brings new evidence to bear on location decisions concerning modern steelmaking. The findings are based on direct observation and visits to the plants of all the new mills that were created by these investments. While the analysis reinforces the importance of transfer costs in decision making, it also argues that critical locational elements cannot be fully understood unless analyses take account of the characteristics of specific products, plants, and firms.
Public sector efficiency in transition and beyond: evidence from Czech local governments

This article provides the first comparison of public sector efficiency in and beyond transition. We compare the comprehensive efficiency scores of 202 local governments in the Czech Republic in the transition period of 1995–1998 and the post-transition period of 2005–2008 and identify the period-specific determinants of local government efficiency. We observe convergence to the best practice frontier but also a growing efficiency gap between small and large governments. In both periods, municipal size and the main fiscal variables qualitatively affect efficiency in the same direction and in line with the fiscal stress hypothesis. Left-wing ideology is only robustly associated with cost inefficiency in the transition period. The geographic distances begin to matter for efficiency only in the post-transition period.
Conventions in Cross-Border Trade Coordination: The Case of Organic Food Imports to Germany and Australia

Monitoring and tracing product and process qualities along global supply chains have become increasingly challenging tasks for companies at the downstream end of the chain. High levels of uncertainty in trade coordination arise among importing companies in the face of these developments. The conceptual aim of this paper is to show, by the example of organic food imports to Germany and Australia, how convention theory can contribute to the analysis of trade coordination in global value chains. Our empirical results affirm that industrial conventions such as standards and third-party certification have gained increasing significance over the past two decades. Simultaneously, however, we argue that industrial conventions are not enough to overcome uncertainties in trade. They do not necessarily lead to reduced differences in perceptions of product quality between suppliers and importers. Less tangible factors such as trust established through relationship management and reputation are likewise significant. Furthermore, not only companies with a certain ideological tradition, but also individual people with altruistic motives within other types of firms, can determine how ‘dedicated’ a firm is in pushing trade coordination according to civic and domestic conventions. Market conventions (ie, the importance of price and competitiveness) are stressed more by Australian firms reflecting the country's liberal market economy and low state subsidies especially in the area of agriculture. Finally, compromises between conventions are sometimes necessary to end a situation of conflict between buyer and supplier.
Outage capacity of pulsed-OFDM ultra wideband communications

Pulsed-OFDM is a novel modulation scheme proposed to enhance the baseline multi-band OFDM proposal for the IEEE 802.15. 3a wireless personal area networks. Pulsating the OFDM symbols spreads the spectrum of the modulated signals in the frequency domain, leading to enhanced performance in multipath fading environments and reduced complexity and power consumption for transceivers. We study the information theoretic aspects of the pulsed-OFDM system. We provide formulas for average capacity and capacity versus outage probability characteristics in Rayleigh fading channels and use these formulas to determine the optimum spreading factor for the pulsed-OFDM system in a given channel condition. We also show that the optimum spreading factor is a function of the signal-to-noise ratio and capacity versus outage probability characteristics of the channel.
Conceptions of the Business-Society-Nature Interface: Implications for Management Scholarship

This article explores the implicit and explicit conceptions of the relationship between business, society, and nature that are evident in the management literature. The authors derive three conceptions, termed the disparate, intertwined, and embedded views, and consider how they relate to the economic, social, and environmental challenges of our time. It is argued that an embedded view is best able to help us address these challenges, as it infers a holarchical (or holistically hierarchical) perspective of the business— society—nature interface: the notion that the business, societal, and biospheric systems are not only interrelated but that they are most realistically (and therefore most usefully) viewed as nested systems. The embedded view highlights systemic limits and the dependency of society and economy on nature, and it thus provides a logical value ordering to these domains. The authors conclude by discussing the research implications of an embedded view.