Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Low-dose cyclophosphamide-induced acute hepatotoxicity

Patient: Male, 48 Final Diagnosis: Low dose cyclophosphamide-induced acute hepatotoxicity Symptoms: Epigastric pain Medication: Withdrawal of cyclophosphamide Clinical Procedure: — Specialty: Nephrology • Hepatology • Gastroenterology • Toxicology Objective: Unexpected drug reaction Background: Cyclophosphamide is commonly used to treat cancers, systemic vasculitides, and kidney diseases (e.g., lupus nephritis and focal segmental glomerulosclerosis). Acute adverse effects include bone marrow suppression, hemorrhagic cystitis, nausea, vomiting, and hair loss. Hepatotoxicity with high dose cyclophosphamide is well recognized but hepatitis due to low dose cyclophosphamide has rarely been described. Case Report: We report the case of a 48-year-old Chinese man with a rapidly progressive glomerulonephritis secondary to granulomatosis with polyangiitis who developed severe acute hepatic failure within 24 hours of receiving low-dose intravenous cyclophosphamide. The diagnosis of granulomatosis with polyangiitis was supported with a positive c-ANCA serology. The patient was treated with high dose methylprednisolone, plasmapheresis, intermittent hemodialysis, and low-dose intravenous cyclophosphamide. Conclusions: Hepatotoxicity may occur even after low-dose intravenous cyclophosphamide treatment. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report of severe, non-viral, liver inflammation developing within 24 hours of administration of low-dose intravenous cyclophosphamide (200 mg). Physicians should be aware of this serious adverse reaction and should not repeat the cyclophosphamide dose when there is hepatotoxicity caused by the first dose. Initial and follow-up liver function tests should be monitored in all patients receiving cyclophosphamide treatment.
Towards Generating Colour Terms for Referents in Photographs: Prefer the Expected or the Unexpected?

Colour terms have been a prime phenomenon for studying language grounding, though previous work focussed mostly on descriptions of simple objects or colour swatches. This paper investigates whether colour terms can be learned from more realistic and potentially noisy visual inputs, using a corpus of referring expressions to objects represented as regions in real-world images. We obtain promising re-sults from combining a classiﬁer that grounds colour terms in visual input with a recalibration model that adjusts probability distributions over colour terms according to contextual and object-speciﬁc preferences.
Two-Dimensional Computer-Generated Ornamentation Using a User-Driven Global Planning Strategy

Two-Dimensional Computer-Generated Ornamentation Using a User-Driven Global Planning Strategy Dustin Robert Anderson Hand drawn ornamentation, such as floral or geometric patterns, is a tedious and time consuming task that requires much skill and training in ornamental design principles and aesthetics. Ornamental drawings both historically and presently play critical roles in all things from art to architecture; however, little work has been done in exploring their algorithmic and interactive generation. The field of computer graphics offers many algorithmic possibilities for assisting an artist in creating two-dimensional ornamental art. When computers handle the repetition and overall structure of ornament, considerable savings in time and money can result. Today, the few existing computer algorithms used to generate 2D ornament have over-generalized and over-simplified the process of ornamentation, resulting in the substitution of limited amounts of generic and static “clip art” for once personalized artistic innovations. Two possible approaches to computational ornamentation exist: interactive tools give artists instant feedback on their work, while non-interactive programs can carry out complex and sometimes lengthy computations to produce mathematically precise ornamental compositions. Due to the importance of keeping an artist in the loop for the production of ornamentation, we present an application, designed and implemented utilizing a user-driven global planning strategy, to help guide the generation of two-dimensional ornament. The system allows for the creation of beautiful, organic ornamental 2D art which follows a user-defined curve. We present the application, the algorithmic approaches used, and the potential uses of this application. Key terms: ornamentation, computer graphics, art, algorithmic generation, interactive application
Gradient-Based Image Recovery Methods From Incomplete Fourier Measurements

A major problem in imaging applications such as magnetic resonance imaging and synthetic aperture radar is the task of trying to reconstruct an image with the smallest possible set of Fourier samples, every single one of which has a potential time and/or power cost. The theory of compressive sensing (CS) points to ways of exploiting inherent sparsity in such images in order to achieve accurate recovery using sub-Nyquist sampling schemes. Traditional CS approaches to this problem consist of solving total-variation (TV) minimization programs with Fourier measurement constraints or other variations thereof. This paper takes a different approach. Since the horizontal and vertical differences of a medical image are each more sparse or compressible than the corresponding TV image, CS methods will be more successful in recovering these differences individually. We develop an algorithm called GradientRec that uses a CS algorithm to recover the horizontal and vertical gradients and then estimates the original image from these gradients. We present two methods of solving the latter inverse problem, i.e., one based on least-square optimization and the other based on a generalized Poisson solver. After a thorough derivation of our complete algorithm, we present the results of various experiments that compare the effectiveness of the proposed method against other leading methods.
Stability and Scalability Properties for Dynamic Content Updates Over Delay Tolerant Networks

The applications of dynamic content updates for a group of users, for example weather report and traffic congestion broadcast, have been shown to benefit significantly from Delay Tolerant Networks (DTN) communication mechanisms such as opportunistic contact and user sharing. In this paper, we study the dynamic content updates over energy-constrained DTN, and focus on its asymptotic properties about stability and scalability on the time and network size dimensions respectively. By introducing a continuous time Markov framework, we characterize the content dissemination system by both the source update & node sharing process and energy constraint. Based on this framework, we prove the system is stable when the time t approaches to infty, and the convergence rate is exponential. At the same time, by simulation we find that the content's average stable age decreases as E(1/sqrt(N)) as the number of users N increases. Moreover, through extensive numerical results, we demonstrate the correctness of the theoretically obtained properties of stability.
Conversion of inhaled nitric oxide to nitrate in man

1 Nitric oxide (NO) is potentially useful as a selective vasodilator drug in infants and adults with pulmonary hypertension. In vitro and in vivo observations demonstrate that NO may be converted to nitrate in the blood, to be further excreted into the urine. The aim of the present study was to assess quantitatively the importance of this pathway for inhaled NO in human subjects. 2 Healthy subjects inhaled 15NO (25 p.p.m.) for 1 h. The plasma and urine levels of 15NO3‐ were followed for 2 and 48 h, respectively. 3 The measured retention of 15NO in the lungs was 224 ± 13 μmol, corresponding to 90 ± 2% of the inhaled amount. Plasma 15NO3‐ increased during the inhalation of 15NO, to about 15μmoll_1, and fell when inhalation of 15NO was terminated. 4 Urinary excretion of 15NO3‐ during the first 24 h after inhalation was 154 ± 12μmol. During the following 24 h another 8 ± 2 μmol of 15NO3 appeared in the urine. 5 We conclude that conversion of inhaled NO to nitrate is a major metabolic pathway in man, covering more than 70% of its inactivation. The metabolic fate of the remaining NO inhaled requires further study.
Concise Review: Tissue‐Specific Microvascular Endothelial Cells Derived From Human Pluripotent Stem Cells

Accumulating evidence suggests that endothelial cells (ECs) display significant heterogeneity across tissue types, playing an important role in tissue regeneration and homeostasis. Recent work demonstrating the derivation of tissue‐specific microvascular endothelial cells (TS‐MVECs) from human pluripotent stem cells (hPSCs) has ignited the potential to generate tissue‐specific models which may be applied to regenerative medicine and in vitro modeling applications. Here, we review techniques by which hPSC‐derived TS‐MVECs have been made to date and discuss how current hPSC‐EC differentiation protocols may be directed toward tissue‐specific fates. We begin by discussing the nature of EC tissue specificity in vivo and review general hPSC‐EC differentiation protocols generated over the last decade. Finally, we describe how specificity can be integrated into hPSC‐EC protocols to generate hPSC‐derived TS‐MVECs in vitro, including EC and parenchymal cell coculture, directed differentiation, and direct reprogramming strategies. Stem Cells 2014;32:3037–3045
Economic considerations in the management of Alzheimer’s disease

Alzheimer’s disease is a devastating chronic disease that significantly increases healthcare costs and affects the quality of life (QoL) of the afflicted patients and their caregivers. Population aging and other demographic changes may further increase the already staggering costs of this devastating disease. While few pharmacoeconomic studies have used a prospective health economics design to assess resource utilization, most studies showed beneficial treatment effects and suggested potential savings in healthcare costs and reductions in caregiver burden. Various degrees of cost savings have been reported depending on the type of economic model, treatment evaluated, and region used in the studies. Direct comparisons of the results are difficult because different methods have been used in these evaluations. The preference of patients and families for home care for as long as possible suggests that promoting noninstitutional care for these patients should become a priority. Continued home care for patients under pharmacological treatment may reduce caregiver burden, healthcare costs, and ultimately improve patients’ and caregivers’ QoL.
Histological, Immunohistological, and Ultrastructural Description of Vasculogenic Mimicry in Canine Mammary Cancer

Canine inflammatory mammary cancer (IMC) and human inflammatory breast cancer (IBC) are the most aggressive and lethal type of mammary cancer in female dogs and in women. The generation of microvascular channels by malignant tumor cells (endothelial-like cells [ELCs]) without endothelial cell participation (vasculogenic mimicry) has been reported in human breast cancer, including IBC, and is considered a new type of tumor angiogenesis. The aim of this study was to investigate the presence of ELCs in highly malignant canine mammary tumors (IMC and non-IMC) by histology, inmunohistochemistry (pancytokeratin, cytokeratin 14, vimentin, actin, desmin, vWF, CD31, and CD34), and electron microscopy. This retrospective study included 21 female dogs with diagnoses of IMC and 20 animals with metastatic grade III noninflammatory malignant mammary tumors (MMT). IMC tumors (33.33%) and MMT (5%) showed ELCs forming structures similar to small capillaries. The histological, immunohistochemical (positive to AE1/AE3 and cytokeratin 14, mostly negative to endothelial markers), and ultrastructural characteristics of these cells indicated vasculogenic mimicry. The higher frequency of this phenomenon in inflammatory versus noninflammatory canine mammary cancer is in agreement with previous studies in experimental and spontaneous human IBC, and it could be in relation with the extremely high lymphangiogenic capacity and metastatic lymphangiotropism characteristics of inflammatory breast cancer.
Ten-a Affects the Fusion of Central Complex Primordia in Drosophila

The central complex of Drosophila melanogaster plays important functions in various behaviors, such as visual and olfactory memory, visual orientation, sleep, and movement control. However little is known about the genes regulating the development of the central complex. Here we report that a mutant gene affecting central complex morphology, cbd (central brain defect), was mapped to ten-a, a type II trans-membrane protein coding gene. Down-regulation of ten-a in pan-neural cells contributed to abnormal morphology of central complex. Over-expression of ten-a by C767-Gal4 was able to partially restore the abnormal central complex morphology in the cbd mutant. Tracking the development of FB primordia revealed that C767-Gal4 labeled interhemispheric junction that separated fan-shaped body precursors at larval stage withdrew to allow the fusion of the precursors. While the C767-Gal4 labeled structure did not withdraw properly and detached from FB primordia, the two fan-shaped body precursors failed to fuse in the cbd mutant. We propose that the withdrawal of C767-Gal4 labeled structure is related to the formation of the fan-shaped body. Our result revealed the function of ten-a in central brain development, and possible cellular mechanism underlying Drosophila fan-shaped body formation.
The Discovery and Development of the Triptans, a Major Therapeutic Breakthrough

The drug discovery programs that led to the development of the triptans were determined by the membership of the American Headache Society to be the most important breakthrough in headache medicine in the last 50 years. Dr. Humphrey, who spearheaded the drug discovery, recounts the pioneering work that took place and examines its therapeutic impact.
Effect of bag holding on the center of foot pressure and the lower leg muscle activities

Abstract This study examined the influence of holding a bag with one hand on the center of foot pressure (COP) and the electromyographic responses in lower leg muscles. Thirteen healthy male adults participated in this study to keep an upright posture while holding a load with the dominant hand with four bag weight conditions (0%, 15%, 30%, and 45% of maximal voluntary contraction (MVC) of the jerk strength). Integrated Electromyography (iEMG) and mean power frequency (MPF) of EMG were calculated to estimate the degree of muscle activity and fatigue in the tibialis anterior and soleus that are involved in ankle joint control. Body sway was evaluated by the mean position of left-right (X) and front-back (Y) axis sway and the following 4 body sway factors; unit time sway factor (F1), front-back sway factor (F2), left-right sway factor (F3), high frequency band power spectrum factor (F4). When holding a bag at 45% MVC or more of the jerk strength with a single hand for one minute, muscle activity in the lower leg on the side of the bag increased markedly, and muscle fatigue was induced in the antigravity muscles of both legs. As a result, anteroposterior sway increased to a short, quick sway.
Clinical, Pathologic, and Biologic Features Associated with BRAF Mutations in Non–Small Cell Lung Cancer

Purpose: BRAF mutations are found in a subset of non–small cell lung cancers (NSCLC). We examined the clinical characteristics and treatment outcomes of patients with NSCLC harboring BRAF mutations. Experimental Design: Using DNA sequencing, we successfully screened 883 patients with NSCLC for BRAF mutations between July 1, 2009 and July 16, 2012. Baseline characteristics and treatment outcomes were compared between patients with and without BRAF mutations. Wild-type controls consisted of patients with NSCLC without a somatic alteration in BRAF, KRAS, EGFR, and ALK. In vitro studies assessed the biologic properties of selected non-V600E BRAF mutations identified from patients with NSCLC. Results: Of 883 tumors screened, 36 (4%) harbored BRAF mutations (V600E, 18; non-V600E, 18) and 257 were wild-type for BRAF, EGFR, KRAS, and ALK negative. Twenty-nine of 36 patients with BRAF mutations were smokers. There were no distinguishing clinical features between BRAF-mutant and wild-type patients. Patients with advanced NSCLC with BRAF mutations and wild-type tumors showed similar response rates and progression-free survival (PFS) to platinum-based combination chemotherapy and no difference in overall survival. Within the BRAF cohort, patients with V600E-mutated tumors had a shorter PFS to platinum-based chemotherapy compared with those with non-V600E mutations, although this did not reach statistical significance (4.1 vs. 8.9 months; P = 0.297). We identified five BRAF mutations not previously reported in NSCLC; two of five were associated with increased BRAF kinase activity. Conclusions: BRAF mutations occur in 4% of NSCLCs and half are non-V600E. Prospective trials are ongoing to validate BRAF as a therapeutic target in NSCLC. Clin Cancer Res; 19(16); 4532–40. ©2013 AACR.
Transcriptomics of Actinorhizal Symbioses Reveals Homologs of the Whole Common Symbiotic Signaling Cascade1[W]

Comparative transcriptomics of two actinorhizal symbiotic plants, Casuarina glauca and Alnus glutinosa, was used to gain insight into their symbiotic programs triggered following contact with the nitrogen-fixing actinobacterium Frankia. Approximately 14,000 unigenes were recovered in roots and 3-week-old nodules of each of the two species. A transcriptomic array was designed to monitor changes in expression levels between roots and nodules, enabling the identification of up- and down-regulated genes as well as root- and nodule-specific genes. The expression levels of several genes emblematic of symbiosis were confirmed by quantitative polymerase chain reaction. As expected, several genes related to carbon and nitrogen exchange, defense against pathogens, or stress resistance were strongly regulated. Furthermore, homolog genes of the common and nodule-specific signaling pathways known in legumes were identified in the two actinorhizal symbiotic plants. The conservation of the host plant signaling pathway is all the more surprising in light of the lack of canonical nod genes in the genomes of its bacterial symbiont, Frankia. The evolutionary pattern emerging from these studies reinforces the hypothesis of a common genetic ancestor of the Fabid (Eurosid I) nodulating clade with a genetic predisposition for nodulation.
Hylomorphic Attitudinal Spirituality

Our hylomorphic attitudinal perspective is an alternate view of spirituality. Herein we posit a priori that spirituality is essential to human nature and it can be studied in a taxonomical sense. We argue that spirituality disposes us toward what is good and truthful as we live our lives; how we involve ourselves with our immediate reality imbues how we experience life. We argue that spirituality and religiosity are not congruently human phenomena. And, we disjoint spirituality from religiosity against the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders’ (4th ed.; merican Psychiatric Association, 1994) conflated codification of these constructs via loss of faith. We explain spirituality is inherent to humanity instead of religion, and it substantiates all human phenomena; organic and intellectual. We also report two studies. Study 1 established initial confidence of content validity of the Spiritual Typology Inventory (STI). Study 2 examined the STI’s emergent psychometric properties: acceptable internal consistency coefficients (α = .949), test–retest reliability coefficients (rxy = .759), and exploratory factor analyses (factor loadings > .30). These properties adduce acceptable stability and construct validity for our inventory’s conceptual scales (α = .910, rxy = .770; α = .917, rxy = .667) from an adequate sample (n = 1,080) and stability subsample (n = 619). These psychometric properties evince our theoretical assumptions that spirituality is fundamentally human and it can be viewed as complementary types of a fundamental spiritual profile. Our inventory stands as a useful assessment tool for research and clinical practices in health care disciplines.
‘Liking’ persuasion: case studies in social media for behaviour change

Contemporary social media platforms such as Facebook and Twitter have seen huge growth in recent years with a respective 1 billion and 500m registered users. Given such large numbers of the global population are using online social networks regularly, tapping into this audience to raise awareness of, and bring about positive behaviour change in, societal issues such as energy consumption and healthier lifestyles has promising potential. This position paper describes three behavior change case studies in domestic energy and physical activity that fully integrated with online social networks. Participant engagement throughout the pilot interventions was high with measurable consumption/activity behavior change evident. We also discuss our current social media and sustainability research.
The Role of IL-23/IL-17 Axis in Lupus Nephritis1

T cells that express IL-17 infiltrate the kidneys of patients with systemic lupus erythematosus. A significant proportion of these cells are CD3+CD4−CD8− double-negative T cells. In this study, we show that double-negative T cells from MRL/lpr mice express high amounts of IL-17 and that as disease progressively worsens, the expression of IL-17 and of IL-23 receptor in lymphocytes from these mice increases. Lymph node cells from lupus-prone mice, but not control mice, treated in vitro with IL-23 induce nephritis when transferred to non-autoimmune, lymphocyte-deficient Rag-1−/− mice. Kidney specimens from these recipient mice show significant Ig and complement deposition. The data indicate that an aberrantly active IL-23/IL-17 axis contributes to the development of nephritis in lupus-prone mice.
The phonological development of a trilingual child: Facts and factors

This article investigates the early phonological development of a trilingual child who is acquiring Spanish, Mandarin and Taiwanese simultaneously. By examining the natural speech data recorded between the age of 1;3 and 2;0, the article reports the age of emergence and stabilization of the vowels and consonants, speech accuracy and phonological error patterns in each language. The data show that by the age of two the child is able to produce most of the vowels in the three languages. However, there are cross-linguistic differences in the rate of acquisition of consonants and speech accuracy: the child’s Spanish consonant inventory develops faster than the other two languages, while the child has statistically significantly higher speech accuracy in Taiwanese than in Spanish, which is in turn higher than that in Mandarin. There is also evidence of interaction or interference between the languages, e.g. the existence of unusual error patterns. These facts are interpreted in the context of phonological saliency of the three phonological systems and language input.