Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Mineral lick use by a community of large herbivores in northern Iran

Abstract Natural mineral licks are ecologically valuable resources to meet the physiological needs of herbivores, particularly in temperate forests. Importantly, licking sites can harbor high anthropogenic risk for conservation‐dependent herbivores through higher chance of pathogen spillover from livestock and increased levels of poaching risks. However, to the best of our knowledge, there is no information on the mineral lick use in temperate forests of west Asia and the Caucasus where a few threatened deer species exist. We monitored four naturally occurring mineral licks in Central Alborz Protected Area, northern Iran during May–July 2019 using camera traps and analyzed the mineral content of the licking sites. A total of 53 independent mineral lick visits were obtained from only three species of herbivores, i.e., Caspian red deer (Cervus elaphus maral; n = 21), roe deer (Capreolus capreolus; n = 26), and wild pig (Sus scrofa; n = 6). The sex ratio of visiting Caspian red deer was highly skewed toward females (3M:18F), whereas it was more balanced in visiting roe deer (11M:15F). The species‐level distribution of visits corresponded to diurnal and cathemeral for Caspian red deer and for roe deer, respectively, without any evidence of different activity curves. There was a negative nonlinear relationship between the ambient temperature and the visitation rate. Our findings showed that mineral licks are important habitat features for these large herbivores and need to be included in spatial mapping and habitat protection measures.
Large deviation principles for some random combinatorial structures in population genetics and Brownian motion

Large deviation principles are established for some random combinatorial structures including the Ewens sampling formula and the Pitman sampling formula. A path-level large deviation principle is established for the former on the cadlag space D$(o, 1], R)$ equipped with the uniform convergence topology, and the rate function is the same as for a Poisson process justifying the Poisson process approximation for the Ewens sampling formula at the large deviation level. A large deviation principle for the total number of parts in a partition is obtained for the Pitman formula; here the rate function depends only on one of the two parameters which display the different roles of the two parameters at different scales. In addition to these large deviation results, we also provide an embedding scheme which gives the Pitman sampling formula. A product of this embedding is an intuitive alternate proof of a result of Pitman on the limiting total number of parts.
A nonlinear dynamical perspective on model error: A proposal for non‐local stochastic‐dynamic parametrization in weather and climate prediction models

Conventional parametrization schemes in weather and climate prediction models describe the effects of subgrid‐scale processes by deterministic bulk formulae which depend on local resolved‐scale variables and a number of adjustable parameters. Despite the unquestionable success of such models for weather and climate prediction, it is impossible to justify the use of such formulae from first principles. Using low‐order dynamical‐systems models, and elementary results from dynamical‐systems and turbulence theory, it is shown that even if unresolved scales only describe a small fraction of the total variance of the system, neglecting their variability can, in some circumstances, lead to gross errors in the climatology of the dominant scales. It is suggested that some of the remaining errors in weather and climate prediction models may have their origin in the neglect of subgrid‐scale variability, and that such variability should be parametrized by non‐local dynamically based stochastic parametrization schemes. Results from existing schemes are described, and mechanisms which might account for the impact of random parametrization error on planetary‐scale motions are discussed. Proposals for the development of non‐local stochastic‐dynamic parametrization schemes are outlined, based on potential‐vorticity diagnosis, singular‐vector analysis and a simple stochastic cellular automaton model.
A review on multimodal zero‐shot learning

Multimodal learning provides a path to fully utilize all types of information related to the modeling target to provide the model with a global vision. Zero‐shot learning (ZSL) is a general solution for incorporating prior knowledge into data‐driven models and achieving accurate class identification. The combination of the two, known as multimodal ZSL (MZSL), can fully exploit the advantages of both technologies and is expected to produce models with greater generalization ability. However, the MZSL algorithms and applications have not yet been thoroughly investigated and summarized. This study fills this gap by providing an objective overview of MZSL's definition, typical algorithms, representative applications, and critical issues. This article will not only provide researchers in this field with a comprehensive perspective, but it will also highlight several promising research directions.
Giant magnetoresistive spin valve bridge sensor

We describe the design, fabrication, and performance of a "spin valve" magnetic field sensor based on the giant magnetoresistive effect. The sensor is a balanced, four resistor, fully biased, Wheatstone bridge network with bipolar output. The devices described here show magnetoresistance ratios /spl Delta/V/V=/spl Delta/R/R=6%, saturation fields of 25 Oe, and a Johnson limited noise floor of 2.6 /spl mu/Oe/(Hz)/sup 1/2/. The linearity of the device is +/-2% of the full scale amplitude, with a hysteresis of 1% over the linear range. Fabrication of this device requires a novel approach to setting the directions of the antiferromagnetic exchange layers that bias the sensor. As compared to bridges based on the anisotropic magnetoresistance effect, these devices offer superior signal amplitude and linearity. To our knowledge this is the first report of such a device.
Dynamics of the Hydra I galaxy cluster

This paper examines the dynamics of the Hydra I cluster. This cluster has circularly symmetric galaxy and X-ray distributions, and a velocity histogram that is close to Gaussian. However, the velocity distribution of galaxies near the cluster center is very flat. Using various statistical tests, the probability that the observed velocities were drawn from a normal distribution, or from a set of spherical equilibrium models is calculated. Based on several of the tests, the data are inconsistent with the models at the approximately 2.4 sigma level. The possibility that substructure is important in this cluster is therefore considered. It is found that a model that is spherically symmetric at large radii, and clumpy at small radii, is more consistent with the kinematical data. The locations and the velocities of the brighter cluster galaxies also lend support to this hypothesis. Such a model can also explain why Hydra I does not lie along the L(x)-sigma relation for galaxy clusters. 42 references.
Amorphous ZnO films grown by room temperature pulsed laser deposition on paper and mylar for transparent electronics applications

Recently, there has been a surge of activity in the development of next-generation transparent thin film transistors for use in applications such as electronic paper and flexible organic light emitting diode panels. Amongst the transparent conducting oxides attracting the most interest at present are Amorphous Oxide Semiconductors (AOS) based on ZnO because they exhibit enhanced electron mobility (μ), superior capacity for processability in air and improved thermodynamic stability compared with conventional covalent amorphous semiconductors and existing AOS. Moreover, they give excellent performance when fabricated at relatively low temperature and can readily be made in large area format. Thus, they are projected to resolve the trade-off between processing temperature and device performance and thereby allow fabrication on inexpensive heatsensitive substrates. For the moment, however, an undesireable post-deposition annealing step at a temperature of about 200°C is necessary in order to obtain suitable electrical and optical properties. This paper demonstrates the possibility of directly engineering amorphous ZnO with relatively high conductiviy at room temperature on paper and mylar substrates using pulsed laser deposition.
Bit-parallel systolic modular multipliers for a class of GF(2/sup m/)

In this paper, an effective algorithm for computing multiplication over a class of GF(2/sup m/) based on irreducible all one polynomials (AOP) and equally spaced polynomials (ESP) is presented. The structures are the use of two special operations, called the cyclic shifting and the inner product, to construct the low-latency bit-parallel systolic multipliers. The circuits are simple and modular which is important for hardware implementation. The AOP-based multiplier is composed of (m+1)/sup 2/ identical cells, each of which consisting of one 2-bit AND gate, one 2-bit XOR gate and three 1-bit latches. This multiplier has very low latency and propagation delay, which makes them very fast. Moreover, the AOP-based multiplier of small size can also be applied to construct ESP-based multiplier of large size, in which the elements are represented with the root of an irreducible equally spaced polynomial of degree nr. It is shown that if, for a certain degree, an irreducible ESP of a large degree can be obtained from a corresponding irreducible AOP of a very small degree, then from the complexity point view, the structure of the ESP-based multiplier is beneficial to construct a modular architecture.
ISAR imaging to identify basic scattering mechanisms

This paper concentrates on identification of basic scattering mechanisms using ISAR imaging techniques with polarization information. An approach for generating synthetic target images from electromagnetic scattering measurements is described. Images of both geometrically simple and complicated targets using different linear polarizations are generated and compared. Different sets of colors are assigned to exploit the polarization dependence of the images. It has been shown that polarization is a useful tool for scattering mechanism identification with ISAR images. >
Correcting of thermal and gravitational distortions of primary mirror on space camera by using adaptive optics

The paper describes the necessity of employing AO on space camera to overcome the thermal and gravitational influences in order to improve its image quality. Simulative computation of six cases are made to the thermal distortion of primary mirror of a typical Ritchey-Chretien space optical system by using finite element method. The P-V and RMS values, the Zernike coefficients of the mirror's surface are given. An AO correcting experiment system was designed and completed, both open-loop and close-loop experiments were made. A (Phi) 100 mm K9 glass reflective plane mirror was used as a proportional model of the primary mirror to simulate its thermal distortion. Three typical cases -- axial thermal gradient, radial gradient and the local thermal gradient were selected to simulate the on-orbit environment influences. This experiment results prove that AO can correct the low frequency thermal distortion of primary mirror on space camera and decrease the difficulty of temperature control of space optical system.
Bulletin of Electrical Engineering and Informatics

Received Feb 8, 2023 Revised Apr 24, 2023 Accepted May 4, 2023 Due to the disturbingly high quantities of pesticides found in recent years, it has become essential to analyze the food composition intended for consumption. In this study and from a similar angle, we are interested in the detection of alpha-cypermethrin insecticide residues in edible Swiss chard. To this end, we suggest an electronic nose that was constructed using metal oxide gas sensors. Following data collection and pre-processing, two machine learning algorithms—principal component analysis (PCA) and support vector machine (SVM)—were used to analyze the sensor matrix data. The PCA method initially showed that the first three principal components (PCs) may account for more than 96.5% of the sample variation with a clear distinction between known groups corresponding to treated and untreated samples. The identification of untreated Swiss chard from treated one was then accomplished using the SVM method with five folds cross-validation, with a success rate of 92.3%. These results show that our suggestion, which is quick, easy, and affordable, can be utilized as an effective substitute for current methods for identifying Swiss chard that has been treated with the hazardous alpha-cypermethrin.
A Comprehensive Review of the Multiple Uses of Water in Aquaculture-Integrated Agriculture Based on International and National Experiences

Multiple uses of water aquaculture-integrated agriculture systems (AIAS) are inevitable to produce more food per drop of water to address water shortage, food insecurity, and climate change. This survey intends to outline the multiple-use water in pond-based AIAS in light of legal regulations and water salinity. Scenarios for pond-based AIA and their impact on the environment were presented and discussed. Pond-based AIA has been demonstrated to have many social, economic, and environmental benefits. Moreover, international and national experiences and attempts for genuine applications were exhibited. Throughout, pond-based AIA farming practices are seen as a proficient utilization of water that aids food sustainability. It was concluded that pond-based AIA could aid in increasing productivity, income for food producers and soil fertility, ecosystem maintenance, and adaptation to environmental change. AIAS helps adapt to and mitigate climate change by reducing waste and greenhouse gas emissions, reducing pressure on water resources, and recycling nutrients. Finally, developing and promoting the expansion of rotation of wheat-fish and pond-based AIA in the desert and encouraging global collaboration for information and knowledge transfer among different countries were discussed.
Steady shear and dynamic rheological properties of xanthan gum solutions in viscous solvents

An extensive examination of the first normal stress difference and linear viscoelastic properties of xanthan gum solutions has been conducted in relation to molecular theories in the literature. The first normal stress difference, storage modulus, and loss modulus are reported for 0.01–0.04% w/w solutions of xanthan gum in high viscosity (wheat syrup and water) solvents. The average length of the xanthan molecules used was determined by light scattering to be (1.25±0.05)×103 nm. The storage and loss moduli obtained show a frequency dependence consistent with theories that included a relaxation time spectrum, while the first normal stress difference exhibits dependence on shear rate consistent with theories of suspensions of rigid particles. Both the first normal stress difference and the solute contribution to the storage modulus were found to vary linearly with concentration and with the solvent viscosity to the power of 2/3. Extensional viscosity measurements of a xanthan gum solution are in good agreem.
Probabilistic robustness analysis: explicit bounds for the minimum number of samples

In this paper, we study robustness analysis of control systems affected by bounded uncertainty. Motivated by the difficulty to perform this analysis when the uncertainty enters into the plant coefficients in a nonlinear fashion, we study a probabilistic approach. In this setting, the uncertain parameters q are random variables bounded in a set Q and described by a multivariate density function f(q). We then ask the following question: Given a performance level, what is the probability that this level is attained? The main content of this paper is to derive explicit bounds for the number of samples required to estimate this probability with a certain accuracy and confidence apriori specified. It is shown that the number obtained is inversely proportional to these thresholds and it is much smaller than that of classical results. Finally, we remark that the same approach can be used to study several problems in a control system context. For example, we can evaluate the worst-case H/sup /spl infin// norm of the sensitivity function or compute /spl mu/ when the robustness margin is of concern.
Spatio-temporal mode dynamics and higher order transitions in high aspect ratio Newtonian Taylor–Couette flows

Spatial and temporal frequency dynamics were experimentally tracked via flow visualization for Newtonian fluids as a function of the inner cylinder Reynolds number (Rei) in the flow between concentric, independently rotating cylinders with a radius ratio of 0.912 and an aspect ratio of 60.7. Eight transitions from laminar to turbulent flow were characterized in detail for a stationary outer cylinder, producing highly resolved space–time and frequency–time plots for wavy, modulated and weakly turbulent states. A previously unreported early-modulated wavy vortex flow was found in our high aspect ratio geometry both with and without the presence of a dislocation. The envelope of stability for this flow state was shown to cross into the co-rotating regime, and is present up to Reo ~ 60, where Reo is the outer cylinder Reynolds number. This early modulation is independent of acceleration in the range 0.18 < dRei/dτ < 2.9, where τ is the time nondimensionalized with a viscous time scale. While many of the flow states have been previously observed in geometries with somewhat different radius ratios, we provide new characterization of transitional structures for Reo = 0 in the range 0 < Re* < 21.4, where Re* = Rei/Rec and Rec is the value of Rei at the primary instability. Special attention has been given to ramp rate. For quasi-static ramps, axisymmetric states are stable over the ranges of Re* = [(0–1.17), > 15.4], states characterized by a single distinct temporal frequency for Re* = [(1.17–1.41), (3.56–5.20), (7.85–15.4)], states with multiple temporal frequencies for Re* = [(1.41–3.56), (5.20–7.85)], and a transition from laminar to weakly turbulent vortices occurs at Re* = 5.49. All flow states are characterized by symmetry/symmetry-breaking features as well as azimuthal and axial wavenumbers.
Primordial black holes from an inflationary potential valley

Primordial black holes (PBHs) could be formed if large perturbations are generated on small scales in inflation. We study a toy inflation model with a local minimum. The curvature perturbations are enhanced when the inflaton passes through the local minimum, with more efficient amplification rate than that of quasi-inflection point inflation, leading to the production of PBHs on small scales. The PBHs could comprise the total dark matter in the mass window $10^{16}$--$10^{20}$g.
A Novel Model Predictive Current Control for Asymmetrical Six-Phase PMSM Drives With an Optimum Duty-Cycle Calculation Scheme

This paper presents a novel model predictive current control (MPCC) with an optimum duty-cycle calculation scheme for asymmetrical six-phase permanent magnet synchronous machine (ASPMSM) drives. The proposed method takes advantages of the steady-state performance improvement and the weighting factor elimination. Both merits are owing to the optimum duty-cycle calculation scheme. On the one hand, for the <inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$\alpha $ </tex-math></inline-formula> - <inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$\beta $ </tex-math></inline-formula> subspace, the optimal voltage vector set (VVS) is chosen from twelve ones and the corresponding optimal duty cycles are calculated using the proposed scheme. On the other hand, for the x-y subspace, the VVS can be determined according to that of <inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$\alpha $ </tex-math></inline-formula> - <inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$\beta $ </tex-math></inline-formula> subspace and the optimal duty cycles are deduced using the same scheme. The voltage vector references in two subspaces are then obtained, and they are transformed to six-phase voltages for controlling the six-phase inverter. The proposed method is verified by experimental results based on a 2 kW ASPMSM prototype.
The Influence of a 9-Week Movement Program on the Body Composition of 7- to 8-Year-Old Schoolchildren in the Eastern Cape of South Africa

Pediatric obesity has become a growing global epidemic which has negative health consequences, including for South African children. This study aimed to determine the immediate and sustainable influences of a 9-week movement program on the body composition of 7 to 8-year-old school children in a rural area of South Africa. A two group, pre-test, post-test and re-test after six months experimental design was used to compare anthropometric measurements of the intervention group (IG) and control group (CG). Ninety-three schoolchildren (IG = 57; CG = 36) participated in the study. A 9-week movement program was followed twice a week for 30 min during school hours with an emphasis on improving BMI. Hierarchical Linear Modelling (HLM) was used to analyze the data with time, sex and group as predictors. Effect sizes was computed based on the Cohen’s d to assess the practical significance of findings. The intervention positively changed the waist circumference. The subscapular skinfold and BMI showed statistical and practically significant sustainable changes because of the intervention, although gender influenced these effects. School based movement interventions, focusing on improving fundamental movement skills (FMS), have the potential to contribute to a healthier BMI, skinfold thickness and circumferences among young children.
Experimental study on vertical scaling of InAs-on-insulator metal-oxide-semiconductor field-effect transistors

We have investigated effects of the vertical scaling on electrical properties in extremely thin-body InAs-on-insulator (-OI) metal-oxide-semiconductor field-effect transistors (MOSFETs). It is found that the body thickness (Tbody) scaling provides better short channel effect (SCE) control, whereas the Tbody scaling also causes the reduction of the mobility limited by channel thickness fluctuation (δTbody) scattering (μfluctuation). Also, in order to achieve better SCEs control, the thickness of InAs channel layer (Tchannel) scaling is more favorable than the thickness of MOS interface buffer layer (Tbuffer) scaling from a viewpoint of a balance between SCEs control and μfluctuation reduction. These results indicate necessity of quantum well channel structure in InAs-OI MOSFETs and these should be considered in future transistor design.
Estimating random effects in a finite Markov chain with absorbing states: Application to cognitive data

Finite Markov chains with absorbing states are popular tools for analyzing longitudinal data with categorical responses. The one step transition probabilities can be defined in terms of fixed and random effects but it is difficult to estimate these effects due to many unknown parameters. In this article we propose a three‐step estimation method. In the first step the fixed effects are estimated by using a marginal likelihood function, in the second step the random effects are estimated after substituting the estimated fixed effects into a joint likelihood function defined as a h‐likelihood, and in the third step the covariance matrix for the vector of random effects is estimated using the Hessian matrix for this likelihood function. An application involving an analysis of longitudinal cognitive data is used to illustrate the method.