Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Michael Polanyi and His Generation, Origins of the Social Construction of Science

new organic society that would allow for greater individual fulfillment than they were by economics or politics. Some became involved with utopian communities that tried to create the new society by example. But they did not, Bevir argues, see socialism as a surrogate faith, as many historians have argued. Rather, like many late-nineteenth century individuals who retained a religious faith, they were moved by the growth of immanentist beliefs that saw God in everything. ‘Ethical socialism and liberal welfarism did not provide a new home for old religious emotions so much as emerge as part of a new set of religious beliefs’ (220), Bevir concludes. What I missed in these case studies was two things. In his concern to divorce the development of socialism from the working class – and of course most of the famous early socialists were middle class – Bevir largely ignores the impact of the major political and social developments of the period, with certain exceptions such as Bloody Sunday or the birth of the Independent Labour Party. But the impact of working-class socialists like Tom Mann, or of working-class protest, or of related developments in social theory (the work of Charles Booth, for example) are absent from the narrative. So, too, are ways that the socialists he examines may have been in conversation with more than the particular historical traditions that Bevir focuses on. Evangelicalism and liberalism may have been key to the mid-Victorian period, but by the late-nineteenth century surely social Darwinism was the greater force, to take only one example. Overall, however, this is an original and important book. Bevir’s detailed case studies of this cluster of late-nineteenth-century socialists are all based on original primary research. They are each in their own way attempts to revise prevailing historical views, and in many cases they succeed in doing that. Much of what Bevir describes will not be new to specialists but the overall effect will be. The book is thus an important contribution to the historiography that all historians of the period will want to read.
Adenosine Inhibits Choline Kinase Activity and Decreases the Phosphorylation of Choline in Striatal Synaptosomes

Abstract: The main objective of these studies was to determine whether adenosine inhibits choline kinase in rat striata, leading to a decreased incorporation of choline into phosphorylcholine, a mechanism that may mediate seizure‐induced increases in the levels of free choline in brain. Incubation of paniculate and soluble fractions of striatal synaptosomes with adenosine or its metabolically stable analogues significantly inhibited enzyme activity. The inhibition was noncompetitive versus choline and competitive versus MgATP. Inhibitor constants for adenosine, 2‐chloroadenosine, and 2′,5′‐dideoxyadenosine at the MgATP site were 94, 49, and 207 μM, respectively; these values were less than the Michaelis constant for MgATP (340 μM). To determine whether adenosine altered the phosphorylation of choline in an intact preparation, synaptosomes were in cubated with [3H]choline in the presence or absence of adenosine or its analogues and the amount of [3H]‐phosphorylcholine formed from the [3H]choline taken up was measured. All compounds tested significantly reduced the synthesis of [3H]phosphorylcholine. Results suggest that following seizures or hypoxia, when levels of adenosine increase and the concentration of ATP decreases, inhibition of choline phosphorylation may be manifest, resulting in increased levels of free choline in brain.
Anytimeness avoids parameters in detecting closed convex polygons

Many perceptual grouping algorithms depend on parameters one way or another. It is always difficult to set these parameters appropriately for a wide range of input images, and parameters tend to be tuned to a small set of test cases. Especially certain thresholds often seem unavoidable to limit search spaces in order to obtain reasonable runtime complexity. Furthermore early pruning of less salient hypotheses is often necessary to avoid exponential growth of the number of hypotheses. In the presented work we show how the adoption of a simple anytime algorithm, i. e. an algorithm which returns the best answer possible when interrupted and may improve on the answer if allowed to run longer, for finding closed convex polygons eliminates the need for parameter tuning. Furthermore it quite naturally allows the incorporation of attentional mechanisms into the grouping process.
Relation of Vocational Choice to Mental Ability and Occupational Opportunity

KNOWLEDGE about the relation that the choice of a vocation has to mental ability and to occupational opportunity is Inecessary for the formulation of intelligent principles of vocational and educational guidance, and yet there is little available information on the subject. This study was undertaken for the purpose of contributing data in this field. The principal object of the investigation was to determine what is the relation between mental ability and the occupational choices of high-school Seniors. Another purpose of the study was to discover the relation between the proportions of high-school Seniors who choose to enter the various occupations and the proportion of the gainfully employed who are actually engaged within those occupational fields. The findings are of such striking nature that they are presented here with only the briefest of interpretations.
Cervical cancer in the Netherlands 1989–1998: Decrease of squamous cell carcinoma in older women, increase of adenocarcinoma in younger women

Cervical cancer is a preventable disease, occurring in relatively young women. In the Netherlands, population‐based cervical screening aims at women aged 30–60 years. We performed a population‐based study of the incidence of invasive cervical cancer in the Netherlands to evaluate trends, with emphasis on age at time of diagnosis. Histologic diagnosis was retrieved from the Netherlands Cancer Registry for all women residing in the Netherlands with invasive cervical cancer between January 1, 1989, and December 31, 1998. In this 10‐year period, the incidence rate of squamous cell carcinoma decreased significantly from 7.1/100,000 to 6.1/100,000 (p < 0.001), with the greatest decrease in women aged 60–74 (–5.5%). While the overall incidence rate of adenocarcinoma remained stable, it increased in women aged 15–29 (+15.8%) and in women aged 30–44 (+2.5%), though the number of cases was small. For squamous cell carcinoma, the incidence of stage II at diagnosis decreased most (–2.7%). There was no change in stage at diagnosis for adenocarcinoma. Most cases of cervical cancer, 60.5%, were detected between ages 30 and 60 years, i.e., the Dutch screening age interval. Cervical cancer in women below age 30 contributed 5.0% to the total incidence, with 3.0% occurring between ages 27 and 29. Thus, screening for cervical cancer in the Netherlands is associated with a decrease in the incidence of squamous cell carcinoma and adenocarcinoma incidence appears to be increasing in younger women. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
The Golgi in Cell Migration: Regulation by Signal Transduction and Its Implications for Cancer Cell Metastasis

Migration and invasion are fundamental features of metastatic cancer cells. The Golgi apparatus, an organelle involved in posttranslational modification and sorting of proteins, is widely accepted to regulate directional cell migration. In addition, mounting evidence suggests that the Golgi is a hub for different signaling pathways. In this paper we will give an overview on how polarized secretion and microtubule nucleation at the Golgi regulate directional cell migration. We will review different signaling pathways that signal to and from the Golgi. Finally, we will discuss how these signaling pathways regulate the role of the Golgi in cell migration and invasion. We propose that by identifying regulators of the Golgi, we might be able to uncover unappreciated modulators of cell migration. Uncovering the regulatory network that orchestrates cell migration is of fundamental importance for the development of new therapeutic strategies against cancer cell metastasis.
Carbonyl compounds in electronic cigarette vapors: effects of nicotine solvent and battery output voltage.

INTRODUCTION Glycerin (VG) and propylene glycol (PG) are the most common nicotine solvents used in e-cigarettes (ECs). It has been shown that at high temperatures both VG and PG undergo decomposition to low molecular carbonyl compounds, including the carcinogens formaldehyde and acetaldehyde. The aim of this study was to evaluate how various product characteristics, including nicotine solvent and battery output voltage, affect the levels of carbonyls in EC vapor. METHODS Twelve carbonyl compounds were measured in vapors from 10 commercially available nicotine solutions and from 3 control solutions composed of pure glycerin, pure propylene glycol, or a mixture of both solvents (50:50). EC battery output voltage was gradually modified from 3.2 to 4.8V. Carbonyl compounds were determined using the HPLC/DAD method. RESULTS Formaldehyde and acetaldehyde were found in 8 of 13 samples. The amounts of formaldehyde and acetaldehyde in vapors from lower voltage EC were on average 13- and 807-fold lower than in tobacco smoke, respectively. The highest levels of carbonyls were observed in vapors generated from PG-based solutions. Increasing voltage from 3.2 to 4.8V resulted in a 4 to more than 200 times increase in formaldehyde, acetaldehyde, and acetone levels. The levels of formaldehyde in vapors from high-voltage device were in the range of levels reported in tobacco smoke. CONCLUSIONS Vapors from EC contain toxic and carcinogenic carbonyl compounds. Both solvent and battery output voltage significantly affect levels of carbonyl compounds in EC vapors. High-voltage EC may expose users to high levels of carbonyl compounds.
Environmental Factors and Puberty Timing: Expert Panel Research Needs

Serono Symposia International convened an expert panel to review the impact of environmental influences on the regulation of pubertal onset and progression while identifying critical data gaps and future research priorities. An expert panel reviewed the literature on endocrine-disrupting chemicals, body size, and puberty. The panel concluded that available experimental animal and human data support a possible role of endocrine-disrupting chemicals and body size in relation to alterations in pubertal onset and progression in boys and girls. Critical data gaps prioritized for future research initiatives include (1) etiologic research that focus on environmentally relevant levels of endocrine-disrupting chemicals and body size in relation to normal puberty as well as its variants, (2) exposure assessment of relevant endocrine-disrupting chemicals during critical windows of human development, and (3) basic research to identify the primary signal(s) for the onset of gonadotropin-releasing hormone–dependent/central puberty and gonadotropin-releasing hormone–independent/peripheral puberty. Prospective studies of couples who are planning pregnancies or pregnant women are needed to capture the continuum of exposures at critical windows while assessing a spectrum of pubertal markers as outcomes. Coupled with comparative species studies, such research may provide insight regarding the causal ordering of events that underlie pubertal onset and progression and their role in the pathway of adult-onset disease.
Utilizing a Low-Cost, Laser-Driven Interactive System (LaDIS) to Improve Learning in Developing Rural Regions

This study proposes an innovation Laser-Driven Interactive System (LaDIS), utilizing general IWBs (Interactive Whiteboard) didactics, to support student learning for rural and developing regions. LaDIS is a system made to support traditional classroom practices between an instructor and a group of students. This invention effectively transforms a general projection screen into an IWBs. Accompanied by a projector, laser emitter, screen, PC (Personal Computer) and web cam, LaDIS provides a viable, efficient and economical solution for e-learning in classrooms. Students in the classroom are connected to a single computer and a shared screen. LaDIS is an extensible device, for use in any IWBs and interactive teaching software. This study engages 92 first-grade students enrolled in a 5-Year Junior College; these individuals are from two classes at a college of Taoyuan County, in Taiwan. Each class consists of 46 students. Classes are twelve hours in length, for a total of six weeks in the experimental course with different didactics. One class is the control group, and it adopts ordinary didactics. The other one is an experimental group, which adopts the innovation LaDIS didactics in class. The results indicate positive impacts of the innovation LaDIS on student learning performances. Most students are highly satisfied with the system and willing to use LaDIS because of its naturally superior interactive performance in classes. LaDIS provides a low-cost classroom tool, for developing regions financially unable to afford general IWBs equipment and didactics.
Effects of Participation in Class Activities on Children's Environmental Attitudes and Knowledge

Abstract The Caretaker Classroom Program was initiated by the major newspaper of a large, southern city to encourage elementary school classes to engage in proenvironmental activities. Participating classes agreed to engage in a minimum of eight environmentally relevant activities during the course of an academic year. This study was designed to assess, first, whether environmental attitudes and knowledge of participants changed relative to nonparticipants, and second, whether Caretaker children influenced their parents' environmental attitudes and knowledge. Sixteen participating classes and 19 nonparticipating control classes were chosen from 11 schools; pretest and posttest environmental attitudes and knowledge were assessed. The program had a significant positive effect on attitude toward the environment but did not influence knowledge of environmental issues. Additionally, children rated by their teachers as most interested in the activities showed greater increases in proenvironmental attitudes than.
Pareto Models for Multiclass Discriminative Linear Dimensionality Reduction

Linear Discriminant Analysis (LDA) is a popular tool for multiclass discriminative dimensionality reduction. However, LDA suffers from two major drawbacks: (i) it only optimizes the Bayes error for two-class problems where each class is a unimodal Gaussian with different mean, but both classes have equal full rank covariance matrices, and (ii) the multiclass extension does not maximize each pairwise distance between the classes, but rather maximizes the sum of all these pairwise distances. This typically results in serious overlapping in the projected space between classes that are close to each other in the input space, and degrades classification performance. To solve these two problems, this paper proposes Pareto Discriminant Analysis (PARDA). First, PARDA explicitly models each class as a multidimensional Gaussian distribution (or as a mixture of Gaussians) with a full rank covariance matrix. Second, PARDA decomposes the multiclass problem to a set of pairwise objective functions representing the pairwise distance between different classes. Unlike existing extensions of Fisher discriminant analysis (FDA) to multiclass problems that typically maximize the sum of all pairwise distances, PARDA maximizes each pairwise distance, guided by an ultimate objective to maximally separate all class means, while minimizing the class overlap (due to class Corresponding Author Email addresses: aboumous@cs.ualberta.ca (Karim T. Abou–Moustafa), ftorre@cs.cmu. edu (Fernando De La Torre), ferrie@cim.mcgill. ca (Frank P. Ferrie) Preprint submitted to Pattern Recognition August 14, 2014 spread) in the lower dimensional space. Solving PARDA is a multiobjective optimization problem – simultaneously optimizing more than one, possibly conflicting, objective functions – and the resulting solution is known to be “Pareto optimal”. Experimental results on various data sets show promising results in favour of PARDA when compared with standard and modern multiclass extensions of LDA.
CCD Photometry of the Classic Second-Parameter Globular Clusters M3 and M13

We present high-precision V, B-V color-magnitude diagrams (CMDs) for the classic second-parameter globular clusters M3 and M13 from wide-field, deep CCD photometry. The data for the two clusters were obtained during the same photometric nights with the same instrument, allowing us to determine accurate relative ages. Based on a differential comparison of the CMDs using the Δ(B-V) method, an age difference of 1.7 ± 0.7 Gyr is obtained between these two clusters. We compare this result with our updated horizontal-branch (HB) population models, which confirm that the observed age difference can produce the difference in HB morphology between the clusters. This provides further evidence that age is the dominant second parameter that influences HB morphology.
Distinction of winter road surface conditions using road surveillance camera

To prevent traffic accident, recognizing dangerous road surface conditions such as puddle and freezing are very important issue. Several methods to distinguish road surface condition have been suggested so far. However, there are only a few proposed methods for at night-time. In these systems, it needs special expensive equipment such as camera with polarizing lens, infrared detector or laser radar. Therefore, in this paper, we present a distinction method of road surface conditions of wet or snow by using only visible road surveillance camera at daytime and night-time. So, this system does not use special equipment. As a result, we are able to distinguish road surface condition with high accuracy at both daytime and night-time such as wet or snow.
Looking at Pictures of Gay Men: Political Uses of Homophobia in Contemporary Poland

During the recent period of rightwing rule, sometimes referred to as the Fourth Republic (2005 – 7), Poland developed a reputation for homophobia, prejudice against sexual minorities becoming its mark of difference in Europe. In January and June 2006, and again in April 2007, the European Parliament (EP) passed resolutions against homophobia, either alluding to Poland or mentioning it directly as a culprit in this area. The charge was not unearned: several lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender (LGBT) demonstrations had been banned; participants of gay pride parades (known in Poland as “equality marches”) were regularly victimized by members of neoNazi groups; police had used violence against gay activists; and openly homophobic statements had been made by politicians.1 These developments add up to an exciting and chilling story, but my purpose is neither to revisit the events themselves nor to assess the level of hostility toward sexual minorities in Poland as compared to other European societies. Instead, I aim to examine the dynamic of what I call the politicization of homophobia, that is, to look at the interplay between revived nationalist sentiment in Poland’s public sphere following the country’s May 2004 European Union (EU) accession and the trend of gay bashing, which was indulged in or at least condoned by state authorities. I argue that the exchanges concerning limits of sexual freedom fulfilled an important political function in the early stage of
Protection against skeletal muscle hypoperfusion by adenosine and nitric oxide: together alone?

regulation of vasomotor tone in the microcirculation is essential to ensure adequate tissue oxygenation, particularly when oxygen demand is high, i.e., in skeletal or cardiac muscle during exercise and/or when supply is compromised, i.e., during hypoxia or in the presence of a flow-limiting stenosis
College Race and the Early Status Attainment of Black Students.

Despite increasing black enrollments in predominantly white institutions [37], the predominantly black college continues to play a major role in the education of American black men and women [51]. Surprisingly, however, there has been relatively little inquiry into the long-term educational impact of these institutions on students. The vast majority of the existing research has focused on differences in the black student's academic and social adjustment in predominantly white versus predominantly black colleges [for example, 15, 22, 25, 31, 32, 55]. The general conclusion from this research is that the cultural, social, and psychological conditions for optimal black student personal and intellectual development are more likely to be found at predominantly black than at predominantly white postsecondary institutions. A second focus of existing research has been to assess the relative academic and degree attainments of students attending institutions with different racial compositions. Using students as the unit of analysis, Centra, Linn, and Parry [16] sought to determine if students attending predominantly white versus predominantly black colleges differed in achievement in the humanities, social sciences, and natural sciences area tests of the Graduate Record Examination. When initial
Fast Learning of Simple Perceptual Discriminations Reduces Brain Activation in Working Memory and in High-level Auditory Regions

Introducing simple stimulus regularities facilitates learning of both simple and complex tasks. This facilitation may reflect an implicit change in the strategies used to solve the task when successful predictions regarding incoming stimuli can be formed. We studied the modifications in brain activity associated with fast perceptual learning based on regularity detection. We administered a two-tone frequency discrimination task and measured brain activation (fMRI) under two conditions: with and without a repeated reference tone. Although participants could not explicitly tell the difference between these two conditions, the introduced regularity affected both performance and the pattern of brain activation. The “No-Reference” condition induced a larger activation in frontoparietal areas known to be part of the working memory network. However, only the condition with a reference showed fast learning, which was accompanied by a reduction of activity in two regions: the left intraparietal area, involved in stimulus retention, and the posterior superior-temporal area, involved in representing auditory regularities. We propose that this joint reduction reflects a reduction in the need for online storage of the compared tones. We further suggest that this change reflects an implicit strategic shift “backwards” from reliance mainly on working memory networks in the “No-Reference” condition to increased reliance on detected regularities stored in high-level auditory networks.