Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Airways infection with virulent Mycobacterium tuberculosis delays the influx of dendritic cells and the expression of costimulatory molecules in mediastinal lymph nodes

Despite tuberculosis resurgence and extensive dendritic cell (DC) research, there are no in vivo studies evaluating DC within regional lymphoid tissue during airways infection with virulent Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) H37Rv. Using DC‐specific antibodies, immunocytochemistry, flow cytometry and Ziehl–Neelsen (ZN) for bacilli staining, we searched for Mtb and DC changes within mediastinal lymph nodes, after intratracheal (ITT) inoculation of virulent Mtb. ZN and immunocytochemistry in frozen and paraffin sections of mediastinal lymph nodes identified Mtb until day 14 after ITT inoculation, associated with CD11c+ and Dec205+ DC. Analysing CD11c, MHC‐CII, and Dec205 combinations by flow cytometry in MLN suspensions revealed that CD11c+/MHC‐CII+ and CD11c+/Dec205+ DC did not increase until day 14, peaked on day 21, and sharply declined by day 28. No changes were seen in control, saline‐inoculated animals. The costimulatory molecules evaluated in CD11c+ DCs followed a similar trend; the CD80 increase was negligible, slightly surpassed by CD40. CD86 increased earlier and the three markers peaked at day 21, declining by day 28. While antigen‐specific proliferation was not evident for MLN CD4+ T cells at 2 weeks postinfection, delayed‐type hypersensitivity responses upon ITT inoculation revealed that, as early as day 3 and 7, both the priming and peripheral systemic immune responses were clearly established, persisting until days 14–21. While airways infection with virulent Mtb triggers an early, systemic peripheral response maintained for three weeks, this seems dissociated from regional events within mediastinal lymph nodes, such as antigen‐specific T‐cell reactivity and a delay in the influx and local activation of DC.
Combining the output of two coreference resolution systems for two source languages to improve annotation projection

Although parallel coreference corpora can to a high degree support the development of SMT systems, there are no large-scale parallel datasets available due to the complexity of the annotation task and the variability in annotation schemes. In this study, we exploit an annotation projection method to combine the output of two coreference resolution systems for two different source languages (English, German) in order to create an annotated corpus for a third language (Russian). We show that our technique is superior to projecting annotations from a single source language, and we provide an in-depth analysis of the projected annotations in order to assess the perspectives of our approach.
Transcriptional Repression of IFN Regulatory Factor 7 by MYC Is Critical for Type I IFN Production in Human Plasmacytoid Dendritic Cells

Type I IFNs are crucial mediators of human innate and adaptive immunity and are massively produced from plasmacytoid dendritic cells (pDCs). IFN regulatory factor (IRF)7 is a critical regulator of type I IFN production when pathogens are detected by TLR 7/9 in pDC. However, hyperactivation of pDC can cause life-threatening autoimmune diseases. To avoid the deleterious effects of aberrant pDC activation, tight regulation of IRF7 is required. Nonetheless, the detailed mechanisms of how IRF7 transcription is regulated in pDC are still elusive. MYC is a well-known highly pleiotropic transcription factor; however, the role of MYC in pDC function is not well defined yet. To identify the role of transcription factor MYC in human pDC, we employed a knockdown technique using human pDC cell line, GEN2.2. When we knocked down MYC in the pDC cell line, production of IFN-stimulated genes was dramatically increased and was further enhanced by the TLR9 agonist CpGB. Interestingly, MYC is shown to be recruited to the IRF7 promoter region through interaction with nuclear receptor corepressor 2/histone deacetylase 3 for its repression. In addition, activation of TLR9-mediated NF-κB and MAPK and nuclear translocation of IRF7 were greatly enhanced by MYC depletion. Pharmaceutical inhibition of MYC recovered IRF7 expression, further confirming the negative role of MYC in the antiviral response by pDC. Therefore, our results identify the novel immunomodulatory role of MYC in human pDC and may add to our understanding of aberrant pDC function in cancer and autoimmune disease.
Using a poetry wiki: How can the medium support pre-service teachers of English in their professional learning about writing poetry and teaching poetry writing in a digital age?

In this paper we report on one aspect of a qualitative study about an online wiki community, which was developed to build collaborative knowledge about poetry among a group of pre-service English teachers. Our paper explores pre-service teachers’ experiences of writing in a digital medium and their perceptions of themselves as writers. We focus specifically on the processes of poetry writing (both collaborative and independent) undertaken in this digital medium by two groups of teachers, who were working in contrasting settings in the UK and Canada during their
Coding Strategies for Genetic Algorithms and Neural Nets

The interaction between coding and learning rules in neural nets NNs and between coding and genetic operators in genetic algorithms GAs is discussed The underlying principle advocated is that similar things in the world should have similar codes Similarity metrics are suggested for the coding of images and numerical quantities in neural nets and for the coding of neural network structures in genetic algorithms A principal component analysis of natural images yields receptive elds resembling hori zontal and vertical edge and bar detectors The orientation sensitivity of the bar detector components is found to match a psychophysical model suggesting that the brain may make some use of principal components in its visual processing Experiments are reported on the e ects of di erent input and output codings on the accuracy of neural nets handling numeric data It is found that simple analogue and interpo lation codes are most successful Experiments on the coding of image data demonstrate the sensitivity of nal performance to the internal structure of the net The interaction between the coding of the target problem and reproduction operators of mutation and recombination in GAs are discussed and illustrated The possibilities for using GAs to adapt aspects of NNs are considered The permutation problem which a ects attempts to use GAs both to train net weights and adapt net structures is illustrated and methods to reduce it suggested Empirical tests using a simulated net design problem to reduce evaluation times indicate that the permutation problem may not be as severe as has been thought but suggest the utility of a sorting recombination operator that matches hidden units according to the number of connections they have in common A number of experiments using GAs to design network structures are reported both to specify a net to be trained from random weights and to prune a pre trained net Three di erent coding methods are tried and various sorting recombination operators evaluated The results indicate that appropriate sorting can be bene cial but the e ects are problem dependent It is shown that the GA tends to over t the net to the particular set of test criteria to the possible detriment of wider generalisation ability A method of testing the ability of a GA to make progress in the presence of noise by adding a penalty ag is described
Shades of grey: Understanding job quality in emerging graduate occupations

This article examines job quality for university graduates employed in intermediately skilled (emerging) and traditional graduate occupations. Skills policies largely assume that increasing the supply of skilled labour generates sufficient demand in terms of appropriate jobs, but job quality in emerging occupations and the effects on graduates’ attitudes and well-being have yet to be established. The role of job quality (defined in terms of skills use, job content, job security and pay) was examined in a sample drawn from the 2006 UK Skills Survey. Graduates in emerging occupations reported lower use of ‘graduateness’ skills, job control, opportunities for skill use and pay. In turn, job quality explained lower job satisfaction and organizational commitment. The defining features of a ‘good’ graduate job related to intrinsic job content. The findings highlight the importance of employer practices and skills policies that better utilize and develop the highly skilled workforce.
Induction and Activation by Zinc of NADPH Oxidase in Cultured Cortical Neurons and Astrocytes

Zinc overload may be a key mechanism of neuronal death in acute brain injury. We have demonstrated previously that zinc overload neurotoxicity involves protein kinase C (PKC)-dependent rises in intracellular levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS). However, the cascade linking PKC activation to ROS generation in cultured cortical neurons has been unknown. A recent study has demonstrated that ROS-generating NADPH oxidase is present in sympathetic neurons and contributes to NGF deprivation-induced cell death. Because NADPH oxidase is activated by PKC, in the present study, we examined the possibility that NADPH oxidase is the effector for oxidative stress in zinc-overloaded cortical cells. Reverse transcription-PCR and Western blot analyses revealed that naive cultured cortical cells express subunits of NADPH oxidase at low levels. Exposure to zinc substantially increased levels of NADPH oxidase subunits in both neurons and astrocytes. In addition, zinc exposure induced translocation of the p47(PHOX) and p67(PHOX) subunits to the membrane, a signature event for NADPH oxidase activation. Addition of a selective PKC inhibitor, GF109203X, blocked both the induction and the membrane translocation of NADPH oxidase by zinc. Supporting the role for NADPH oxidase in zinc-triggered oxidative injury, NADPH oxidase inhibitors attenuated ROS production and cortical neuronal death induced by zinc. In addition, Cu/Zn-superoxide dismutase and catalase attenuated zinc-induced cortical neuronal death. Our results have demonstrated that zinc overload induces and activates NADPH oxidase in cortical neurons and astrocytes in a PKC-dependent manner. Thus, NADPH oxidase may be an enzyme contributing to ROS generation in zinc-overloaded cortical neurons and astrocytes.
A descriptive investigation of the possible communication‐based reasons for effective and ineffective group decision making

The present study sought to compare the nature and content of interaction within a number of “effective” and “ineffective” decision‐making groups in an effort to identify consistent differences which might account for the differences in the quality of their group decisions. The goal of the investigation was to generate data which will help us better understand the communication‐based reasons for “effective” and “ineffective” group decision making. Using basically a qualitative approach, six “effective” groups and five “ineffective” groups were compared. The study found that the discussions of those two sets of groups can be distinguished on the basis of at least four communication‐related characteristics: (1) The manner in which the groups examined opinions and assumptions advanced by group members; (2) The manner in which the groups evaluated alternative choices; (3) The nature of the premises which served as the basis for the groups’ decisions; and (4) The nature of influence exerted by the most influen.
Characterization of Dissolved Organic Matter Released from Microcystis aeruginosa

The contribution of dissolved organic matter (DOM) released from phytoplankton ( Microcystis aeruginosa) during cultivation and biodegradation was examined to clarify the causes of the organic pollution of Lake Biwa. Two peaks, peak 2 (retention time (RT) = 32 min) and peak 3 (RT = 35 min), were detected in the algal DOM released from Microcystis aeruginosa during cultivation and biodegradation by gel chromatography with a fluorescence detector (Ex = 340 nm, Em = 435 nm). As these peaks correspond with the peaks detected in the surface water of Lake Biwa, one can conclude that the algal DOM released from Microcystis aeruginosa during cultivation and biodegradation makes a considerable contribution to the refractory organic matter in Lake Biwa. Three fluorescence maxima were observed in the cultivation of Microcystis aeruginosa: a fulvic-like fluorescence peak (peak A) with Ex/Em values of 320/430 nm, a protein-like fluorescence peak (peak C) with Ex/Em values of 280/360 nm, and another peak with Ex/Em values of 240/370 nm. The fluorescence material of peak C has a larger MW than that of peak A. The algal-derived DOM from Microcystis aeruginosa has similar fluorescence to fulvic acid of soil origin but exhibits mainly hydrophilic characteristics. In the biodegradation of Microcystis aeruginosa , a fulvic-like fluorescence peak (peak B) with Ex/Em values of 250/440 nm and a peak with Ex/Em values of 320/380 nm were observed.
Editor’s Introduction

Although Pettigrew (1979) noted the importance of processual research some time ago, our community has been slow to embrace process in our work. There is good reason for this— studying static states and single snapshot slices of organizational life is a much easier and less time-consuming endeavor to accomplish. Moreover, until very recently (cf. Langley, 1999; Locke, 2001; Pentland, 1999), there has been little reflection and systematic articulation of the processes we use in conducting, analyzing, and writing up process research. This article by Anne Smith, “From Process Data to Publication: APersonal Sensemaking,” contributes to this important conversation that explicates how we do process research. Her richly chronicled 7-year journey in analyzing and publishing research using process data is extremely useful reading for anyone doing, or thinking about doing, process research. Looking back on her journey, Anne offers us glimpses into detailed dealings with process data, insights gained in sorting through various voices and influences, and awareness and appreciation of those consequential moments that suddenly emerge in the midst of working with such data. She notes at the end of the article that developing the model for this article “has opened [her] eyes to the researcher’s role in managing the cycling among outside voices, data analysis strategies and model articulation, and field data. ” As readers
Nickel‐induced keratinocyte proliferation and up‐modulation of the keratinocyte growth factor receptor expression

Abstract: Keratinocytes play a key role in the pathogenesis of allergic contact dermatitis (ADC) induced by the sensitizing agent nickel. We analyzed here the effects of treatment with nickel and of the pretreatment with zinc on HaCaT cells and primary human keratinocytes. Cell counting, 5‐bromo‐2′‐deoxyuridine incorporation assay and adenosine triphosphate (ATP) bioluminescence detection showed that treatment with NiSO4 induced DNA synthesis and cell proliferation and that pretreatment with ZnSO4 was able to abrogate this proliferative effect. This nickel‐induced cell growth appeared enhanced when primary human keratinocytes were co‐cultured with fibroblasts. Western blot analysis demonstrated that nickel ions induced up‐modulation of the expression of the keratinocyte growth factor receptors (KGFR) without affecting the keratinocyte differentiation, whereas the protein levels of the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) and of its ligand transforming growth factor‐alpha (TGF‐α) appeared unmodified by the treatment. Double immunofluorescence showed that the effect of nickel on DNA synthesis was mainly exerted on KGFR expressing cells, suggesting that KGFR up‐modulation could be required for the nickel‐induced cell proliferation. These results indicate that KGFR and its ligands may play a role in the mechanism of action of nickel ions and in the protective effect of zinc pretreatment.
In Russia: Multicultural Strategies of an Elementary Teacher

With the impact of democracy on the system of education in Russia, the education policymakers and teachers have begun to consider and implement the ideas of multicultural education in elementary and secondary schools. To prove it, the author of the article concentrates on a case study and describes some of the multicultural techniques and strategies used by an elementary teacher from the Republic of Bashkortostan (Central Russia) with whom the author has been collaborating over the last decade.
A longitudinal study of academic and social predictors of college attrition.

In this study we examined differences between eventual graduates and eventual dropouts in a longitudinal study of college men. Predictor variables were obtained early in the first year of college and attrition status was assessed after 4 years. A linear combination of academic ability, family legacy status, specific stress perceptions, and self-perceived social alienation was found to predict attrition status.
Ensuring benefits realisation from ERP II: the CSF phasing model

Purpose – Delivering benefits from ERP II is challenging and the purpose of this paper is to investigate the allocation of resources contributing towards benefits realisation.Design/methodology/approach – A case‐study investigation was based on a five‐month placement within the project team of an organisation implementing ERP II. A critical success factors (CSF) phasing model was developed in order to categorise invested resources. Participant observations formed the first stage of the research and two years post implementation the observations were presented back to four key members of the project team to identify which invested resources contributed towards benefits realisation. Subsequently, the findings were presented to seven supplier organisations to validate the CSFs required to deliver benefits realisation from ERP II implementations.Findings – This research has identified 19 CSFs for ERP II, contributing an additional six to those already outlined in literature. A critical pathway for ERP II impl.
Developing conceptual understandings of the capacity to aspire for higher education

This paper reviews research and theory relating to aspirations for higher education as a cultural capacity. Understanding the social and cultural dimensions of aspirations for higher education is important as they are increasingly becoming part of social commentary and more recently educational policy, research and practice. This paper synthesises the empirical literature, conceptual understandings and theory relating to aspirations as a capacity in a way that will be useful to others who are engaged in practical initiatives and research targeting educational equity. We focus on recent and current developments regarding the capacity to aspire as a conceptual framework, analyse studies that evaluate programs based on the capacity to aspire, and consider what evidence and lessons can be used in current and future equity initiatives. This paper draws on the authors’ current research about the educational and career aspirations of students from under-represented backgrounds in higher education.
The Psychology of Lineup Identifications1

A review is made of issues and data on eyewitness identifications, and a relative-judgment conceptualization is proposed. It is argued that eyewitnesses are prone to choose the lineup member who most resembles the perpetrator relative to other lineup members as evidenced by studies that manipulated similarity of lineup members. The relative-judgment strategy is fallacious because of the unpredictable occurrence of target-absent lineups and is not corrected fully by instructions to eyewitnesses. An extension of the relative-judgment conceptualization proposes an inverse relationship between the goodness of witnesses' memories (quality and quantity of relevant information available in memory) and witnesses' tendencies to rely on relative judgments. This extended conceptualization was used to derive expectations regarding an experiment (N= 192 eyewitnesses) that used a blank lineup prior to presenting eyewitnesses with the actual lineup. The data indicated that a blank lineup can yield a diagnostic split of eyewitnesses; those who made no identification when presented with a blank lineup were less likely to make false identifications on the actual lineup than either the witnesses who identified someone from the blank lineup or the witnesses who were not presented with a blank lineup. The blank lineup did not produce a significant loss in accurate identifications. The practical implications of using blank lineups and the theoretical utility of the relative-judgment conceptualization are discussed.
Internal dosimetry estimates using voxelized reference phantoms for thyroid agents

This work presents internal dosimetry estimates for diagnostic procedures performed for thyroid disorders by relevant radiopharmaceuticals. The organ doses for 131Iodine, 123Iodine and 99mTc incorporated into the body were calculated for the International Commission on Radiological Protection (ICRP) reference voxel phantoms using the Monte Carlo transport method. A comparison between different thyroid uptakes of iodine in the range of 0–55% was made, and the effect of various techniques for administration of 99mTc on organ doses was studied. To investigate the necessity of calculating organ dose from all source regions, the major source organ and its contribution to total dose were specified for each target organ. Moreover, we compared effective dose in ICRP voxel phantoms with that in stylized phantoms. In our method, we directly calculated the organ dose without using the S values or SAFs, as is commonly done. Hence, a distribution of the absorbed dose to entire tissues was obtained. The chord length distributions (CLDs) were also computed for the selected source–target pairs to make comparison across the genders. The results showed that the S values for radionuclides in the thyroid are not sufficient for calculating the organ doses, especially for 123I and 99mTc. The thyroid and its neighboring organs receive a greater dose as thyroid uptake increases. Our comparisons also revealed an underestimation of organ doses reported for the stylized phantoms compared with the values based on the ICRP voxel phantoms in the uptake range of 5–55%, and an overestimation of absorbed dose by up to 2-fold for Iodine administration using blocking agent and for 99mTc incorporation.
Improving Name Discrimination: A Language Salad Approach

This paper describes a method of discriminating ambiguous names that relies upon features found in corpora of a more abundant language. In particular, we discriminate ambiguous names in Bulgarian, Romanian, and Spanish corpora using information derived from much larger quantities of English data. We also mix together occurrences of the ambiguous name found in English with the occurrences of the name in the language in which we are trying to discriminate. We refer to this as a language salad, and find that it often results in even better performance than when only using English or the language itself as the source of information for discrimination.