Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Improved outcomes with earlier initiation of highly active antiretroviral therapy among human immunodeficiency virus-infected patients who achieve durable virologic suppression: longer follow-up of an observational cohort study.

On the basis of studies with relatively short follow-up, treatment guidelines currently recommend that highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) be initiated in asymptomatic human immunodeficiency virus-infected patients when the CD4+ lymphocyte count is < or =200 cells/mm3. We assessed the development of a new opportunistic infection or death among 1173 patients initiating HAART. Durable virologic suppression was defined as having more undetectable (<400 copies/mL) than detectable virus loads after the initiation of therapy. The median durations of therapy and follow-up were 29 and 36 months, respectively. Among patients who achieved durable virologic suppression, those with baseline CD4+ lymphocyte counts of <200 cells/mm3 tended to progress faster than those with baseline CD4+ lymphocyte counts of 201-350 cells/mm3 (P=.09) and progressed faster than those with baseline CD4+ lymphocyte counts of >350 cells/mm3 (P=.01). Among those with durable virologic suppression, there was no difference in disease progression between those with baseline CD4+ lymphocyte counts of 201-350 cells/mm3 and those with durable virologic suppression with baseline CD4+ lymphocyte counts of >350 cells/mm3 (P=.40). Initiating HAART with a CD4+ lymphocyte count of <200 cells/mm3 was associated with a higher risk of disease progression, even with durable virologic suppression. HAART should be initiated at CD4+ lymphocyte counts of >200 cells/mm3.
Boundaries, Redistricting Criteria, and Representation in the U.S. House of Representatives

Many U.S. states require redistricting authorities to follow traditional districting principles (TDPs) like the creation of compact districts and respecting the integrity of county and town boundaries. Reformers, academics, and other redistricting experts have long suggested that following such districting principles may enhance representation. Yet, very few academic studies have empirically examined these expectations. Using two measures of geographical compactness and a new measure of respect for political subdivisions (referred to as coterminosity) created with a geographic information system (GIS), the connection between district boundaries and representation is tested. The results show strong evidence that the use of geographic districting principles can enhance dyadic representation, as more compact and more coterminous districts are associated with more positive evaluations of legislative responsiveness and greater citizen-representative communication. Violating TDPs to advance other goals in redistricting like strict population equality between districts thus comes with a clear representational cost.
The Disappointing History of the National Marine Sanctuaries Act

This article considers the history of the National Marine Sanctuaries Act (NMSA), a little-known federal statute. Congress enacted the act amid grand rhetoric, which suggested an intention to provide broad protection to the United States' oceans, but implementation of the act fell well short of those declarations of intent. While some areas have been protected from some environmental threats, the protection that now exists is geographically limited and often legally weak, and the process of designating sanctuaries proceeded only with significant additional Congressional intervention. This article analyzes the history of the NMSA and the marine sanctuaries program, and then traces the struggles of the program to the terms of the NMSA itself. It concludes that the act's structure, while potentially minimizing controversy and providing political wins for individual members of Congress, all but ensured that the program as a whole would take limited effect. The NMSA therefore provides a cautionary example of ways in which statutory drafting can prevent implementation of environmental laws from achieving statutory goals.
Antena Cetak Pita Ganda Berbasis Struktur Metamaterial untuk Aplikasi GPS dan WLAN

Abstract — The development of telecommunications technology, especially mobile and wireless greatly impacted the development of telecommunications equipment, one of these devices is the ability to be able to work on several technologies. This also affects the development of devices or components, including antennas, which can operate on several frequency bands from the telecommunications technology. In this paper, antennas with dual band frequency response for GPS (Global Positioning System) and WLAN (Wireless Local Area Network) applications are proposed to be designed based on metamaterial structures and realized by printing them on dielectric substrates. The use of metamaterial structure is based on its advantages, especially to get the dimensions and compact antenna architecture. The proposed print antenna is designed on an FR4 epoxy dielectric substrate with a total thickness of 1.6mm, while the length and width are 72mm and 51mm respectively. From the measurement results, the proposed print antenna has a first resonant frequency at 1.52GHz with a bandwidth of 53.8MHz, and a second resonance frequency at 2.47GHz with a bandwidth of 32MHz. Index Terms — print antenna, GPS (Global Positioning System), dual band, metamaterial structure, WLAN (Wireless Local Area Network). Abstrak –- Perkembangan teknologi telekomunikasi terutama yang bergerak (mobile) dan nirkabel (wireless) sangat berdampak pada pengembangan perangkat telekomunikasi, salah satunya adalah kemampuan untuk dapat bekerja sekaligus pada beberapa teknologi. Hal tersebut berdampak juga pada pengembangan device atau komponen, termasuk antena diantaranya, yang dapat beroperasi pada beberapa pita frekuensi dari teknologi telekomunikasi tersebut. Dalam makalah ini, antena dengan tanggapan frekuensi pita ganda (dual band) untuk aplikasi GPS (Global Positioning System) dan WLAN (Wireless Local Area Network) diusulkan untuk dirancang berbasiskan struktur metamaterial dan direalisasi dengan mencetaknya pada substrat dielektrik. Penggunaan struktur metamaterial didasarkan pada kelebihan yang dimilikinya terutama untuk mendapatkan dimensi dan arsitektur antena yang compact. Antena cetak yang diusulkan dirancang pada sebuah substrat dielektrik FR4 epoxy dengan ketebalan total 1,6mm, adapun panjang dan lebarnya masing-masing 72mm dan 51mm. Dari hasil pengukuran, antena cetak yang diusulkan mempunyai frekuensi resonansi pertama pada 1,52GHz dengan lebar pita (bandwidth) sebesar 53,8MHz, dan frekuensi resonansi kedua pada 2,47GHz dengan lebar pita sebesar 32MHz. Kata Kunci — antena cetak, GPS (Global PositioningSystem),pita ganda, struktur metamaterial , WLAN (Wireless LocalAreaNetwork).
Hilbert scan based tree representation for image search

In this paper, Hilbert scan based tree representation (HSBT) is presented for image search. Unlike common ways decreasing the number of interest points or reducing the dimensions of features or using searching methods to match interest points, the proposed method builds a tree for each image and gives a new distance measure to calculate the similarity between the query and images in database. In the proposed approach, Hilbert scan for arbitrarily-sized arrays is used to map the interest points from two-dimensional space to one-dimensional space at first. Then, interest points set is divided into several parts by a separation way, and a grouping strategy is given to build a tree for each image. Experimental results show that the proposed approach is space saving. That is because it only stores clustering center and relevant information of each node in the tree. It is also time saving since the similarity calculation is up to the nodes of tree rather than all the descriptors of image. At the same time, the retrieval precision is good, because Hilbert scanning preserves the correlation in two-dimensional image, so nodes of tree are shaped according to the compactness of interest points which can employ the local information as much as possible.
Yield and matching implications for static RAM memory array sense-amplifier design

The effects of MOS transistor mismatch upon sense-amplifier yield in synchronous static RAM memories is investigated. The matching characteristics of the two transistor layout styles are compared, a general formula is derived for calculating the statistical likelihood of the sense amplifier failing to read correct data given transistor size and input differential voltage, recommendations are made for optimizing size/speed/reliability trade-offs.
An integrated creep, crack growth and thermo-mechanical fatigue model for WLCSP assemblies soldered with SAC 405

This paper presents a reliability model for wafer level chip scale packages (WLCSP) assembled with Sn4%Ag 0.5%Cu (SAC 405) solder. The reliability model is based on a creep constitutive model that takes into consideration the dimensions of the solder joints and a thermo-mechanical fatigue crack growth model. The creep constitutive model was derived from over 250 constant load creep tests performed on micro scale specimens with specimen dimensions in the size range of 300 to 450 µm and specimen aspect ratios in the range from 1.2 – 5.1. In this work, data from experiments that range from 1E-3/s to 1E-9/s. while the applied stress levels ranged from 5 MPa to 40 MPa is presented for 3 different temperatures: 40°C, 70°C, and 100°C. Different SINH creep law based creep models were generated for the different specimen dimensions which are presented in this work. Fatigue crack growth during thermal cycling of soldered assemblies is measured on assemblies with 10 × 10 mm WLCSP's for temperature cycle conditions of 0–100°C, −40 to 125°C and 0–150°C. Strain and strain energy estimations were done with FE analysis and these were correlated with the crack growth rates measured for the different assemblies and different test conditions. The N63 (Number of cycles to 63% sample set) failure data based on 2 parameter Weibull fitting was correlated to the crack growth rate estimations and the strain energy estimations to develop a general failure life model.
Coevolution of tRNA intron motifs and tRNA endonuclease architecture in Archaea

Members of the three kingdoms of life contain tRNA genes with introns. The introns in pre-tRNAs of Bacteria are self-splicing, whereas introns in archaeal and eukaryal pre-tRNAs are removed by splicing endonucleases. We have studied the structures of the endonucleases of Archaea and the architecture of the sites recognized in their pre-tRNA substrates. Three endonuclease structures are known in the Archaea: a homotetramer in some Euryarchaea, a homodimer in other Euryarchaea, and a heterotetramer in the Crenarchaeota. The homotetramer cleaves only the canonical bulge–helix–bulge structure in its substrates. Variants of the substrate structure, termed bulge–helix–loops, appear in the pre-tRNAs of the Crenarcheota and Nanoarcheota. These variant structures can be cleaved only by the homodimer or heterotetramer forms of the endonucleases. Thus, the structures of the endonucleases and their substrates appear to have evolved together.
Transmission Strategies for Throughput Maximization in High-Speed-Train Communications: From Theoretical Study to Practical Algorithms

This paper focuses on improving the downlink throughput of the base station (BS)-to-train communication link in a high-speed train (HST) scenario. First, we provide a theoretical study of the throughput maximization problem in a single-cell multiple-input–multiple-output orthogonal frequency-division multiplexing (MIMO-OFDM) train scenario with and without cooperation among carriages. The aim is to give fundamental insight into the problem rather than providing practically realizable algorithms. The theoretical study suggests that it is highly advantageous to exploit the size of the train by increasing the number of antennas and further allowing the carriages to cooperate. In the practical system-level study, we propose two low-complexity MIMO-OFDM transmission schemes, which are based on simple antenna selection (AS) methods with spatial multiplexing. The main idea is to select the best transmit antennas among different antenna combinations by comparing their estimated throughput performances. The simulation results show that the proposed algorithms outperform Long-Term Evolution (LTE)-based dynamic rank transmission schemes in terms of throughput and computational load in practical HST scenarios. Unlike the exhaustive search type of dynamic transmission schemes, our simple algorithms are also applicable to large antenna arrays. In conclusion, large antenna arrays with simple AS and spatial multiplexing transmission strategies seem to be potential solutions to the significant improvement of the throughput of the BS-to-train link in HST scenarios.
Ursodeoxycholyl lysophosphatidylethanolamide attenuates hepatofibrogenesis by impairment of TGF‐β1/Smad2/3 signalling

Chronic hepatic inflammation results in liver fibrosis. As effective anti‐fibrogenic agents are lacking, we investigated ursodeoxycholyl lysophosphatidylethanolamide (UDCA‐LPE), a synthetic bile acid–phospholipid conjugate with anti‐inflammatory and anti‐apoptotic properties for tis effects on hepatic fibrogenesis.
Ultrastructure of the Epithelial Cells Associated with Tooth Biomineralization in the Chiton Acanthopleura hirtosa

Abstract The cusp epithelium is a specialized branch of the superior epithelium that surrounds the developing teeth of chitons and is responsible for delivering the elements required for the formation of biominerals within the major lateral teeth. These biominerals are deposited within specific regions of the tooth in sequence, making it possible to conduct a row by row examination of cell development in the cusp epithelium as the teeth progress from the unmineralized to the mineralized state. Cusp epithelium from the chiton Acanthopleura hirtosa was prepared using conventional chemical and microwave assisted tissue processing, for observation by light microscopy, conventional transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and energy filtered TEM. The onset of iron mineralization within the teeth, initiated at row 13, is associated with a number of dramatic changes in the ultrastructure of the apical cusp cell epithelium. Specifically, the presence of ferritin containing siderosomes, the position and number of mitochondria, and the structure of the cell microvilli are each linked to aspects of the mineralization process. These changes in tissue development are discussed in context with their influence over the physiological conditions within both the cells and extracellular compartment of the tooth at the onset of iron mineralization.
Comminuted Talar Neck Fractures: A Mechanical Comparison of Fixation Techniques

Objective: To compare the mechanical performance of 3 fixation techniques for comminuted talar neck fractures. Design: In vitro biomechanical study. Setting: Bioengineering research laboratory. Participants: Thirty previously frozen human cadaveric tali were osteotomized across the talar neck. A wedge of bone 2 cm long and extending 50% of the medial to lateral and superior to inferior dimension of the talus was removed to create an unstable, comminuted fracture. Intervention: The specimens were randomized to one of 3 fixation groups. The first group was fixed with 3 anterior-to-posterior screws. The second group was fixed with 2 cannulated screws inserted from posterior to anterior. The third group was fixed with 1 screw from anterior to posterior and a medially applied blade plate. Specimens were embedded in acrylic cement and mounted on an Instron mechanical testing machine. Loading was applied in the dorsal-medial direction to failure. Main Outcome Measures: For each specimen, the load-displacement curve, yield point, and 3 mm displacement point were recorded in response to controlled dorsal-medial loading to failure. Stiffness was calculated as the linear portion of the slope of the load (kN) versus displacement (mm) curve. Statistical analysis of the data was conducted using analysis of variance. Results: The mean yield point of each of the fixation techniques tested exceeded 1.4 kN. No statistically significant difference was found between the fixation methods, even when variations in age and sex were considered. Conclusions: The mean yield point of the fixation techniques tested exceeds the theoretical stress across the talar neck during active motion. Anterior plate fixation provided equivalent stability to posterior screw fixation.
Postnatal penile length and growth rate correlate to serum testosterone levels: a longitudinal study of 1962 normal boys.

OBJECTIVE Infant boys show a brief activation of their hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis shortly after birth, the physiological significance of which is poorly understood. The objective of the study was to investigate the correlation between endogenous testosterone levels and penile size and growth. DESIGN Prospective, longitudinal population-based study taking place at two large primary obstetric centres at the University Hospitals of Copenhagen, Denmark, and Turku, Finland. METHODS Infant boys, 728 Danish and 1234 Finnish, underwent clinical examinations at 0, 3, 18 and 36 months in Denmark and at 0, 3 and 18 months in Finland with blood samples taken at 3 months (n = 630). Penile length and growth were registered and reproductive hormones (testosterone, sex hormone binding globulin, oestradiol) were analysed. RESULTS Penile length increased from birth (3.49+/-0.4 cm) to 3 years of age (4.53+/-0.51 cm) with the highest growth velocity from birth to 3 months (1.0 mm/month). Penile length and growth were significantly, positively correlated to serum testosterone (r = 0.31 and 0.076, P = 0.006 and 0.001 respectively) and to free testosterone index (r = 0.385 and 0.094, P = 0.0001 and 0.0001 respectively). CONCLUSIONS We found that endogenous testosterone was significantly associated with penile size and growth rate in infant boys. Thus, the postnatal surge in reproductive hormones appears to be important for genital growth. Our data may serve as an updated reference for normal penile length in Caucasian boys up to 3 years of age.
A $24\,\mu \text{W}$, Batteryless, Crystal-free, Multinode Synchronized SoC “Bionode” for Wireless Prosthesis Control

We present a batteryless, crystal-free, time division multiple access (TDMA) synchronized multinode wireless body sensor node (WBSN) system-on-chip (SoC), referred to as a Bionode, for continuous and real-time telemetry of electromyograms (EMGs), enabling intuitive upper limb prosthesis control by an amputee. The SoC utilizes state of the art in supercapacitive RF energy harvesting, biosensing analog-front-end, switchingoptimized SAR ADC, ultra-low-power RF transceiver, and clock circuits. The sensor node SoCs are time synchronized with a base station, mounted on the prosthetic arm, by using the ultra-lowpower TDMA controller and receiver, and the digital core circuits. A 915 MHz broadcast RF signal is utilized to synthesize the carrier frequency of the transmitter. This along with the process and voltage compensated on-chip clock obviates the need for a bulky crystal oscillator, thus providing a low-cost and highly integrated solution to the WBSNs. The SoC is verified by capturing the EMG data from a healthy human body and consumes only 24 μW, while operating exclusively from the harvested RF energy. Implemented in a 0.18 μm CMOS process, the SoC occupies 2.025 mm2 silicon area. The sensor node has an extremely low weight and physical dimensions, thanks to the flexible carbon nanotube (CNT) supercapacitor, electrically small antenna (ESA), and crystal-free operation of the SoC.
Down your drink: a web-based intervention for people with excessive alcohol consumption.

AIMS To conduct a pilot study of the usefulness of Down Your Drink (DYD), a web-based intervention to encourage excessive drinkers to adopt a healthy pattern of drinking and reduce alcohol-associated harm. The DYD website was structured as a 6-week programme, derived from a manual which included elements of motivational approaches and cognitive behavioural therapy. METHODS Visitors whose responses to the Fast Alcohol Screening Test were positive, and those indicating excessive alcohol consumption, were encouraged to register. Users completed alcohol dependence and mental health questionnaires before the programme, and a drinking diary at each of the weekly sessions. Follow-up questionnaires were sent electronically to those who completed the programme, or who missed three or more sessions. RESULTS During the 6-month study there were 7581 visits to the site and 1319 registrations. Of the registrants, 61.8% completed week 1, and 6.0% stayed with the programme until the end. The 6% who stayed for 6 weeks provided encouraging feedback about the value of the site. Little information was obtained from those who dropped out, but some reported that the programme was too time-consuming. CONCLUSIONS Web site interventions for excessive drinkers are feasible and merit evaluation of their effectiveness.
Interindividual Variations in Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics of 3-(6-Methylpyridine-3-yl-sulfanyl)-6-(4H-[1,2,4]triazole-3-yl-sulfanyl)-N-(1,3-thiazole-2-yl)-2-pyridine carboxamide, a Glucokinase Activator, in Rats Caused by the Genetic Polymorphism of CYP2D1

3-(6-Methylpyridine-3-yl-sulfanyl)-6-(4H-[1,2,4]triazole-3-yl-sulfanyl)-N-(1,3-thiazole-2-yl)-2-pyridine carboxamide (Cpd-D) is a novel glucokinase activator that is being developed for the treatment of type 2 diabetes. Large interindividual variations were observed in the pharmacokinetics of Cpd-D in male Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats, which were subsequently divided into two phenotypes; >6-fold longer terminal-phase half-life and ∼10-fold larger AUC0–∞ values were observed in slow metabolizers (SM) than in fast metabolizers (FM) after the oral administration of Cpd-D. The thiohydantoic acid analog (M2) was the predominant metabolite detected in the urine, bile, and plasma after the oral administration of [14C]Cpd-D to the FM phenotypes of bile-duct cannulated SD rats. The liver microsomes prepared from FM phenotyped rats extensively formed M2 with the highest affinity (Km = 0.09 μM) and largest Vmax/Km value in primary metabolism, whereas those from SM phenotypes had little capacity to form M2. Of the rat cytochrome P450 isoforms tested, the formation of M2 was only catalyzed by recombinant CYP2D1. Sequence substitutions (418A/421C and 418G/421T) were detected in the CYP2D1 gene and were designated F and S alleles, respectively. The genotype-phenotype correlation analysis indicated that two S alleles were homozygous (S/S) in the SM phenotypes, whereas the FM phenotypes were either homozygous for the F-alleles (F/F) or heterozygous (F/S). These results indicated that the CYP2D1 polymorphism caused by nucleotide substitutions (418A/421C versus 418G/421T) was responsible for interindividual variations leading to the polymorphism in the major metabolism and pharmacokinetics of Cpd-D in male SD rats.