Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
A review of palaeomagnetic and magnetic anisotropy results from the Alps

Summary Numerous palaeomagnetic studies in the Alpine region have documented the effects of tectonic displacement and rotation. Regions in the southern Alps are characterized by palaeomagnetic directions which are more similar to directions predicted by the African path of apparent polar wander than by the Eurasian path. Attempts to define the extent of the region with this African affinity are found in the internal zone of the western Alps, and also in the Lepontine of southern Switzerland, yet directions with European affinity have been reported from S of the Insubric Line. Although the northern calcareous Alps are of southern Tethyan origin, palaeomagnetic directions reveal that these allochthonous units have undergone substantial rotations, in some places clockwise and in others anticlockwise, during emplacement. Several palaeomagnetic studies in the eastern and central Alps show rotated directions due to strong local tectonic effects. In the western Alps, European style directions are found in the undeformed rocks of the Dôme de Barrot and the external Dauphinois zone, whereas directions from the internal zone tend to have African affinity. Deformation produces not only a deflection of the stable palaeomagnetic vector in a rock. If the deformation is penetrative, grain rotations falsify the palaeomagnetic vector. Preferential grain alignment caused by deformation produces a magnetic anisotropy which can be measured easily and quickly in many rocks. Analogously to the strain fabric, the magnetic fabric can be described by an anisotropy ellipsoid. Several studies in the Alps have confirmed that the principal axes of the magnetic anisotropy are aligned with the corresponding axes of the strain ellipsoid. In deformed Permian red beds in the Alpes Maritimes the anisotropy ellipsoid changes shape and orientation like the strain ellipsoid during progressive deformation. A good qualitative agreement between magnetic fabric and petrofabric is also found in Jurassic shales and slates from the Dauphinois zone of the western Alps, where magnetic lineations often correspond to the direction of nappe transport. In strongly deformed Permo—Triassic red beds from the Lower Glarus nappe complex in central Switzerland the quantitative relationship between strain and magnetic fabric was used to derive equivalent strain ellipsoids in rocks that had no conventional strain markers. In the eastern Alps, the sense of motion on the Insubric Line has been postulated from magnetic fabric observations. Magnetic anisotropy results have been used in attempts to correct palaeomagnetic vectors for the effect of deformation. This technique may be viable in weakly deformed rocks, but it fails in strongly deformed samples; the limits of its applicability have not yet been determined satisfactorily.
How does elevated atmospheric CO2 concentration affect vegetation productivity? : a study based on Free Air CO2 Enrichment (FACE) experiments and two generalised vegetation models

Increasing levels of CO2 in the atmosphere may substantially increase net primary productivity (NPP) and thereby increase carbon sequestration by terrestrial ecosystems. Realistic Free Air Carbon Enrichment (FACE) experiments tend to show a NPP enhancement of about 25% if CO2 is elevated by 200 ppm. In this study two generalized vegetation models, the Lund-Postsdam-Jena dynamic generalized vegetation model (LPJ-DGVM), and the General Ecosystem Simulator (GUESS), were tested against results from five FACE sites, representing different global vegetation types. The models manage to provide results that were close the observed values in the FACE experiments when presenting the average NPP enhancement for all the sites over all the years. LPJ-DGVM simulated an enhancement in NPP of 29,6%, the GUESS 26,5% compared to the observed 26,5% in the FACE experiments. However the models fail to simulate the interannual variation in the CO2 response. One potential explanation for this is that the generalised representations of soil hydrology in the models do not adequately represent site-specific hydrological patterns and water-availability. The results in this study do not confirm the hypothesis that the NPP enhancement as a result of elevated CO2 is larger under water limitation. Strong critics have been aimed against models without nutrient limitation, like the LPJ-DGVM and GUESS, stating that these oversimulate the NPP effect from elevated CO2. This study indicates that nutrient availability does not crucially limit vegetation response to elevated CO2 productivity.
Hierarchical Control of Intelligent Microgrids

Worldwide, electrical grids are expected to become smarter in the near future. In this sense, there is an increasing interest in intelligent and flexible microgrids, i.e., able to operate in island or in grid-connected modes. Black start operation, frequency and voltage stability, active and reactive power flow control, active power filter capabilities, and storage energy management are the functionalities expected for these small grids. This way, the energy can be generated and stored near the consumption points, thus increasing the reliability and reducing the losses produced by the large power lines. In this article, the main concepts related to the configuration, control, and energy management of intelligent microgrids are reviewed.
Integration of distributed energy resources. The CERTS Microgrid Concept - eScholarship

LBNL-50829 Consortium for Electric Reliability Technology Solutions White Paper on Integration of Distributed Energy Resources The CERTS MicroGrid Concept Prepared for Transmission Reliability Program Office of Power Technologies Assistant Secretary for Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy U . S . Department of Energy Energy Systems Integration Program Public Interest Energy Research California Energy Commission Prepared by Robert Lasseter, Abbas A k h i l , Chris Marnay, John Stephens, Jeff Dagle, Ross Guttromson, A . Sakis Meliopoulous, Robert Yinger, and Joe Eto A p r i l 2002 The work described in this report was coordinated by the Consortium for Electric Reliability Technology Solutions, and funded by the Assistant Secretary of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy, Office of Power Technologies of the U.S. Department of Energy under Contract No. DE-AC03-76SF00098 and by the California Energy Commission, Public Interest Energy Research Program, under Work for Others Contract No. B G 99-39.
Sedimentation in the riparian zone of an incising river

This paper focuses on one aspect of riparian zone change associated with channel incision. It presents information on sedimentation within the riparian zone of the River Garonne, France, derived from both historical and contemporary sources. The riparian zone investigated is morphologically complex, containing a remnant island and cut-off channel. Information drawn from historical and contemporary sources permits the reconstruction of channel planform and cross-profile change, as well as an assessment of changes in riparian zone sedimentation rates and patterns. Very significant changes are identified over the last 50 years: a change from a multiple thread to single thread channel planform; high rates of riparian zone sedimentation of the order of 0·5 to 2·5 cm a−1; clear spatial patterns in over-bank sedimentation, reflecting topographic and vegetational variations and flood event magnitude; and a reduction in morphological and vegetational diversity through the period, which is expected to continue as the zone is transformed into an increasingly homogeneous sediment sink. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Remote sensing application of soil salinization based on multi-source images

The aim of this study was to test a method for regional-scale soil salinization mapping in arid area using multi-source images, SPOT and ASTER, and digital elevation data. Two databases were used for the study. The first one was purely ASTER data, while in the second database the ASTER data was complemented with a SPOT data. To extract salinity information in effect, layers of DEM, slope, and aspect were integrated into two databases. The performance of these two databases when employed to derive soil salinization information was compared. Based on the analysis of field-derived data, it was concluded that soil salinity was consistent with land surface features. Two databases were then further processed using minimum noise fraction, pixel purity index, and then classified using spectral angle mapper. The thematic map of soil salinization was got, ultimately. The accuracy assessment showed that the SPOT-ASTER-DEM database got better result than that of ASTER. And the method is resultful for rapid assessment of soil salinization, especially in remote arid area where conventional methods are restricted.
40Ar/39Ar ages of impacts involving ordinary chondrite meteorites

Abstract Impact ages have now been determined for c. 100 ordinary chondrites, providing information about impacts in the asteroid belt throughout the history of the Solar System. Most notably, there is evidence for (a) impact events in the first 100 Ma of Solar System history, during the accretion of material; (b) an increase in impact ages produced between 3500 and 4100 Ma, presumably related to the suspected ‘lunar cataclysm’; (c) many L chondrites being degassed during the disruption of their parent body slightly less than 500 Ma ago; and (d) at least one younger event in the H chondrites. There are no 40Ar/39Ar ages that clearly match the cosmic ray exposure ages of any meteorites, which means that the collisions that liberated the fragments we now have as meteorites did not produce time–temperature histories capable of degassing radiogenic 40Ar. Since there is no way to know a priori whether an ordinary chondrite impact melt is the result of a recent or ancient event, much of the progress will continue to come from reconnaissance studies of shocked ordinary chondrites.
Mars atmospheric opacity effects observed in the northern hemisphere by Viking Orbiter Imaging

Observations of changing Mars contrasts by Viking orbiter television cameras have provided a description of changing atmospheric opacity in the Southern Hemisphere (paper 1). This report extends those measurements into the Northern Hemisphere over a greater time period and provides a detailed description of photometric changes at the lander sites as seen from orbit. Reflectivity changes compared with optical depth increases produced by four dust storms indicate mean particle scattering changes with storm evolution as well as substantial opacity in the Northern Hemisphere for the duration of nearly a Martian year.
Nocturnal basin low-level jets: an integrated study

Low-level jets (LLJs) are a very common feature in the nocturnal stably stratified boundary layer. Many factors can intervene in their generation, linked basically to effects of baroclinity. A special kind of low-level jets is composed by the nocturnal katabatic and basin flows, generated over terrain slopes. A study of observed LLJs in the Duero Basin is shown here, combining observational data and modelling experiments. Normalized in respect to the maximum wind height, the dynamic characteristics of the jets are similar: a two-layer system, with a stably stratified layer below the jet maximum and a near neutral layer above, with a very stable layer separating them at the level of the wind maximum. There is vertical mixing above and below the jet, and the connection between these layers takes place occasionally in a very turbulent manner.
Measurements of the relationship between submicron aerosol number and volume concentration

The relationship between aerosol number concentration and volume, or mass, concentration is a key linkage for the impact of aerosols on cloud albedo and thus climate forcing. Furthermore, this relationship is important in interpreting aerosol remote retrievals by satellites. We report here aircraft data, primarily from the TARFOX (Tropospheric Aerosol Radiative Forcing Experiment) study, which suggest a general linear relationship between aerosol number and mass concentration in the effective cloud condensation nucleus (CCN) size range (diameter >0.1 μm) for the locations examined. Limited data on the relationship between aerosol number concentration and chemical composition are also presented, which show a preferential dependence of effective CCN number concentration on sulfate mass. However, an implicit dependence on organic mass is also suggested.
Design of a randomised controlled trial of adapted physical activity during adjuvant treatment for localised breast cancer: the PASAPAS feasibility study

Introduction After a diagnosis of localised breast cancer, overweight, obesity and weight gain are negatively associated with prognosis. In contrast, maintaining an optimal weight through a balanced diet combined with regular physical activity appears to be effective protective behaviour against comorbidity or mortality after a breast cancer diagnosis. The primary aim of the Programme pour une Alimentation Saine et une Activité Physique Adaptée pour les patientes atteintes d'un cancer du Sein (PASAPAS) randomised controlled trial is to evaluate the feasibility of implementing an intervention of adapted physical activity (APA) for 6 months concomitant with the prescription of a first line of adjuvant chemotherapy. Secondary aims include assessing the acceptability of the intervention, compliance to the programme, process implementation, patients’ satisfaction, evolution of biological parameters and the medicoeconomic impact of the intervention. Methods and analysis The study population consists of 60 women eligible for adjuvant chemotherapy after a diagnosis of localised invasive breast cancer. They will be recruited during a 2-year inclusion period and randomly allocated between an APA intervention arm and a control arm following a 2:1 ratio. All participants should benefit from personalised dietetic counselling and patients allocated to the intervention arm will be offered an APA programme of two to three weekly sessions of Nordic walking and aerobic fitness. During the 6-month intervention and 6-month follow-up, four assessments will be performed including blood draw, anthropometrics and body composition measurements, and questionnaires about physical activity level, diet, lifestyle factors, psychological criteria, satisfaction with the intervention and medical data. Ethics and dissemination The study was approved by the French Ethics Committee (Comité de Protection des Personnes Sud-Est IV) and the national agencies for biomedical studies and for privacy. All participants will give written informed consent. The study findings will be disseminated through the scientific public and serve as a foundation for future randomised controlled trials of efficacy.
Ice nucleation on mineral dust particles: Onset conditions, nucleation rates and contact angles

[1] An optical microscope coupled to a flow cell was used to investigate the onset conditions for ice nucleation on five atmospherically relevant minerals at temperatures ranging from 233 to 246 K. Here we define the onset conditions as the humidity and temperature at which the first ice nucleation event was observed. Kaolinite and muscovite were found to be efficient ice nuclei in the deposition mode, requiring relative humidities with respect to ice (RHi) below 112% in order to initiate ice crystal formation. Quartz and calcite, by contrast, were poor ice nuclei, requiring relative humidities close to water saturation before ice crystals would form. Montmorillonite particles were efficient ice nuclei at temperatures below 241 K but were poor ice nuclei at higher temperatures. In several cases, there was a lack of quantitative agreement between our data and previously published work. This can be explained by several factors including the mineral source, the particle sizes, the surface area available for nucleation, and observation time. Heterogeneous nucleation rates (Jhet) were calculated from the measurements of the onset conditions (temperature and RHi) required from ice nucleation. The Jhet values were then used to calculate contact angles (θ) between the mineral substrates and an ice embryo using classical nucleation theory. The contact angles measured for kaolinite and muscovite ranged from 6° to 12°, whereas for quartz and calcite, the contact angles ranged from 25° to 27°. The reported Jhet and θ values may allow for a more direct comparison between laboratory studies and can be used when modeling ice cloud formation in the atmosphere.
The sensitivity of simulated flow and water quality response to spatial heterogeneity on a hillslope in the Tarrawarra catchment, Australia

Models are widely used to simulate hydrological response and the generation and transport of constituents such as salt, phosphorus, and nitrogen from catchments to streams. Several models use a spatial representation with catchments divided into subcatchments. Variations in land use and other characteristics within subcatchments are represented by spatially lumped hydrologic response units (HRUs) or functional units instead of using fully distributed models. This approach disregards any spatial interaction between HRUs, including their connectivity to each other and to the stream and the influence of these interactions on water and constituent export. A spatially explicit hydrological model (Thales) was used to simulate a variety of theoretical catchments with soils dominated by combinations of infiltration excess, saturation excess, and subsurface stormflow processes and different soil constituent concentrations that were spatially interacting (i.e. located along a hillslope sequence). The modelling results show that the response of both runoff and concentration is sensitive to varying spatial arrangements due to interactions of runoff, infiltration, and chemical processes between the different soil types in many but not all situations. Results highlight the importance of considering connectivity of pathways when modelling hydrological response and constituents export. This is achieved by comparing pairs of simulations and the corresponding differences in the exported loads. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The Sensitivity of a Coupled Climate Model to Its Ocean Component

Abstract The control climates of two coupled climate models are intercompared. The first is the third climate configuration of the Met Office Unified Model (HadCM3), while the second, the Coupled Hadley–Isopycnic Model Experiment (CHIME), is identical to the first except for the replacement of its ocean component by the Hybrid-Coordinate Ocean Model (HYCOM). Both models possess realistic and similar ocean heat transports and overturning circulation. However, substantial differences in the vertical structure of the two ocean components are observed, some of which are directly attributed to their different vertical coordinate systems. In particular, the sea surface temperature (SST) in CHIME is biased warm almost everywhere, particularly in the North Atlantic subpolar gyre, in contrast to HadCM3, which is biased cold except in the Southern Ocean. Whereas the HadCM3 ocean warms from just below the surface down to 1000-m depth, a similar warming in CHIME is more pronounced but shallower and confined to the up.
Fracture channel waves

The properties of guided waves which propagate between two parallel fractures are examined. Plane wave analysis is used to obtain a dispersion equation for the velocities of fracture channel waves. Analysis of this equation demonstrates that parallel fractures form an elastic waveguide that supports two symmetric and two antisymmetric dispersive Rayleigh channel waves, each with particle motions and velocities that are sensitive to the normal and tangential stiffnesses of the fractures. These fracture channel waves degenerate to shear waves when the fracture stiffnesses are large, to Rayleigh waves and Rayleigh-Lamb plate waves when the fracture stiffnesses are low, and to fracture interface waves when the fractures are either very closely spaced or widely separated. For intermediate fracture stiffnesses typical of fractured rock masses, fracture channel waves are dispersive and exhibit moderate to strong localization of guided wave energy between the fractures. The existence of these waves is examined using laboratory acoustic measurements on a fractured marble plate. This experiment confirms the distinct particle motion of the fundamental antisymmetric fracture channel wave (A{sub 0} mode) and demonstrates the ease with which a fracture channel wave can be generated and detected. {copyright} 1999 American Geophysical Union
The Scramble for Africa 1876-1912

In 1880 the continent of Africa was largely unexplored by Europeans. Less than thirty years later, only Liberia and Ethiopia remained unconquered by them. The rest - 10 million square miles with 110 million bewildered new subjects - had been carved up by five European powers (and one extraordinary individual) in the name of Commerce, Christianity, 'Civilization' and Conquest. The Scramble for Africa is the first full-scale study of that extraordinary episode in history.
Influence of BMPs on Cattle Position Preference

The beef industry is an important component of Kentucky’s agriculture accounting for approximately 15% of the state’s agricultural sales in 2000. Dairy also plays a prominent role in Kentucky’s agriculture (state rank of 18th). The state’s significant cattle production occurs primarily on small to mid-sized farms averaging between 25 and 40 head of cattle per operation. Considering this upward trend in cattle production along with Kentucky’s 140,000 km of rivers and streams, rolling pastures and karst geology, the potential for damage to riparian ecosystems from uncontrolled livestock access is high. The objective of this project was to determine the influence of alternate management strategies such as off-stream water, fencing, shade (permanent and movable), and pasture improvements on cattle behavior in grazed pastures of the humid region of the U.S. The project site, located on the University of Kentucky’s Animal Research Center, consisted of two replications of three treatments: control, selected BMPs with free access to the stream, and selected BMPs with limited access to the stream. Cattle placed on the research pastures were fitted with GPS collars to track their positions. The use of GPS collars for tracking animal movements and behaviors eliminates errors often introduced in human observations. GPS collar data was collected at five minute intervals for seven sampling events over a two year period. Results indicated that the BMP systems (i.e. treatments) did not affect cattle position preference, and as such, these BMP systems did not decrease the amount of time cattle spent along the streambanks. However, significant time effects were noted the cooling pasture feature trees as cattle sought relief from the heat and humidity. Increased cattle presence along the streambank during the daytime period was linked to longer day light hours, but the impractical nature of the model indicated that additional independent variables were required. For the nighttime data set, the significant seasonal variable was solar radiation, as decreases in solar radiation resulted in the model predicting that cattle would tend to avoid the pasture feature trees. The majority of non-zero solar radiation values, while relatively small in comparison to the daytime values, were in the periods dividing daytime and nighttime (i.e. dawn and dusk). Thus, the primary driving factor with regards to cattle position preference appeared to be a desire to avoid trees, a pasture feature often associated with loafing, possibly in favor of grazing. While the results of this study indicated that no significant treatment effects were present, the significant time effects suggest that the strategic development of 1) cooling features such as shade, wading ponds or water misters and 2) areas of high forage quality and quantity may influence cattle position preference.