Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Detailed study on Linux Logical Volume Manager

Logical Volumes have the following advantages over physical volumes 1. Flexible Capacity: Since multiple disks can be aggregated into single logical volume files systems can extend over multiple disks. 2. Resize-ability: The size of the logical volume can be increased or decreased without reformatting the underlying disk. 3. Disk Striping: Logical volumes can stripe across two or more disks. 4. Snapshots: Logical volumes can be snapshotted without having to replicate the entire volume data. 5. Mirroring: Data in a logical volume can be mirrored to another logical volume.
Does contact with a podiatrist prevent the occurrence of a lower extremity amputation in people with diabetes? A systematic review and meta-analysis

Objective To determine the effect of contact with a podiatrist on the occurrence of Lower Extremity Amputation (LEA) in people with diabetes. Design and data sources We conducted a systematic review of available literature on the effect of contact with a podiatrist on the risk of LEA in people with diabetes. Eligible studies, published in English, were identified through searches of PubMed, CINAHL, EMBASE and Cochrane databases. The key terms, ‘podiatry’, ‘amputation’ and ‘diabetes’, were searched as Medical Subject Heading terms. Reference lists of selected papers were hand-searched for additional articles. No date restrictions were imposed. Study selection Published randomised and analytical observational studies of the effect of contact with a podiatrist on the risk of LEA in people with diabetes were included. Cross-sectional studies, review articles, chart reviews and case series were excluded. Two reviewers independently assessed titles, abstracts and full articles to identify eligible studies and extracted data related to the study design, characteristics of participants, interventions, outcomes, control for confounding factors and risk estimates. Analysis Meta-analysis was performed separately for randomised and non-randomised studies. Relative risks (RRs) with 95% CIs were estimated with fixed and random effects models as appropriate. Results Six studies met the inclusion criteria and five provided data included in meta-analysis. The identified studies were heterogenous in design and included people with diabetes at both low and high risk of amputation. Contact with a podiatrist did not significantly affect the RR of LEA in a meta-analysis of available data from randomised controlled trials (RCTs); (1.41, 95% CI 0.20 to 9.78, 2 RCTs) or from cohort studies; (0.73, 95% CI 0.39 to 1.33, 3 Cohort studies with four substudies in one cohort). Conclusions There are very limited data available on the effect of contact with a podiatrist on the risk of LEA in people with diabetes.
Determination of proper motions and membership of the open star cluster NGC 2548

Absolute proper motions, their corresponding errors and membership probabilities of 501 stars in the intermediate-age open cluster NGC 2548 region are determined from MAMA ? measurements of 10 photographic plates. The plates have the maximum epoch dierence of 82 years and they were taken with the double astrograph at Z^ o-S e station of Shanghai Observatory, which has an aperture of 40 cm and a plate scale of 30 00 mm 1 . T he average proper motion precision is 1.18 mas yr 1 . These proper motions are used to determine the membership probabilities of stars in the region. The number of stars with membership probabilities higher than 0.7 is 165.
A Gateway-Based System for Fast Evaluation of Protein-Protein Interactions in Bacteria

Protein-protein interactions are important layers of regulation in all kingdoms of life. Identification and characterization of these interactions is one challenging task of the post-genomic era and crucial for understanding of molecular processes within a cell. Several methods have been successfully employed during the past decades to identify protein-protein interactions in bacteria, but most of them include tedious and time-consuming manipulations of DNA. In contrast, the MultiSite Gateway system is a fast tool for transfer of multiple DNA fragments between plasmids enabling simultaneous and site directed cloning of up to four fragments into one construct. Here we developed a new set of Gateway vectors including custom made entry vectors and modular Destination vectors for studying protein-protein interactions via Fluorescence Resonance Energy Transfer (FRET), Bacterial two Hybrid (B2H) and split Gaussia luciferase (Gluc), as well as for fusions with SNAP-tag and HaloTag for dual-color super-resolution microscopy. As proof of principle, we characterized the interaction between the Salmonella effector SipA and its chaperone InvB via split Gluc and B2H approach. The suitability for FRET analysis as well as functionality of fusions with SNAP- and HaloTag could be demonstrated by studying the transient interaction between chemotaxis response regulator CheY and its phosphatase CheZ.
Cuckoo females preferentially use specific habitats when searching for host nests

Egg mimicry is an important adaptation of common cuckoos, Cuculus canorus, against rejection of eggs by their respective hosts. A precondition for the maintenance of egg mimicry is that female cuckoos find hosts with a matching egg type. Experimental evidence indicated that habitat imprinting may be important for host selection. We tested whether the spacing and laying patterns of female cuckoos in the field are compatible with the supposed habitat-imprinting mechanism. We observed 16 females, with the help of radiotelemetry; of seven females, we observed directly 26 egg layings and 27 nest visits without laying. As expected if females were imprinted on different vegetation types, (1) the distribution of vegetation types differed between female home ranges, (2) female habitat use differed from average habitat availability within the egg-laying area (habitat preference), (3) females visited nests and deposited their eggs in the habitat they preferred, and (4) females laid their eggs consistently in a particular habitat type, irrespective of the host species. These results indicate that cuckoo females show habitat preference when searching for suitable host nests. Hence our data are compatible with the habitat-imprinting hypothesis, but owing to the habitat specificity of hosts the data cannot disprove a potential role of host specificity in cuckoo females.
Android Database Attacks Revisited

Many Android apps (applications) employ databases for managing sensitive data, thus, security of their databases is a concern. In this paper, we systematically study attacks targeting databases in benign Android apps. In addition to studying database vulnerabilities accessed from content providers, we define and study a new class of database vulnerabilities. We propose an analysis framework to find such vulnerabilities with a proof-of-concept exploit. Our analysis combines static dataflow analysis, symbolic execution with models for handling complex objects such as URIs and dynamic testing. We evaluate our analysis on popular Android apps, successfully finding many database vulnerabilities. Surprisingly, our analyzer finds new ways to exploit previously reported and fixed vulnerabilities. Finally, we propose a fine-grained protection mechanism extending the manifest to protect against database attacks.
Experiment and Simulation of a Modular Push–Pull PWM Converter for a Battery Energy Storage System

This paper presents a modular push-pull PWM converter (MPC) for a battery energy storage system, which is intended for grid connections to medium- or high-voltage power systems. The converter per phase consists of a center-tapped transformer and two arms based on a cascade connection of multiple bidirectional PWM chopper-cells with floating dc capacitors. This paper discusses the operating performance and control method of the MPC, focusing on voltage balancing of all the floating dc capacitors. Moreover, a comparison is made between the MPC and a modular multilevel converter (MMC), under an assumption that both are used as the same battery energy storage system. The validity of the operating performance and control method is confirmed by both computer simulation using the “PSCAD/EMTDC” software package and experiment using a three-phase, 200-V, 5-kW downscaled model.
Rocket dust storms and detached dust layers in the Martian atmosphere

Airborne dust is the main climatic agent in the Martian environment. Local dust storms play a key role in the dust cycle; yet their life cycle is poorly known. Here we use mesoscale modeling that includes the transport of radiatively active dust to predict the evolution of a local dust storm monitored by OMEGA on board Mars Express. We show that the evolution of this dust storm is governed by deep convective motions. The supply of convective energy is provided by the absorption of incoming sunlight by dust particles, rather than by latent heating as in moist convection on Earth. We propose to use the terminology “rocket dust storm,” or conio‐cumulonimbus, to describe those storms in which rapid and efficient vertical transport takes place, injecting dust particles at high altitudes in the Martian troposphere (30–50 km). Combined to horizontal transport by large‐scale winds, rocket dust storms produce detached layers of dust reminiscent of those observed with Mars Global Surveyor and Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter. Since nighttime sedimentation is less efficient than daytime convective transport, and the detached dust layers can convect during the daytime, these layers can be stable for several days. The peak activity of rocket dust storms is expected in low‐latitude regions at clear seasons (late northern winter to late northern summer), which accounts for the high‐altitude tropical dust maxima unveiled by Mars Climate Sounder. Dust‐driven deep convection has strong implications for the Martian dust cycle, thermal structure, atmospheric dynamics, cloud microphysics, chemistry, and robotic and human exploration.
An Efficient Algorithm for Tensor Principal Component Analysis via Proximal Linearized Alternating Direction Method of Multipliers

In paper, we focus on the computation of the principal components for a general tensor, known as the tensor principal component analysis (PCA) problem. It has been proven that the general tensor PCA problem is reducible to its matricization form when the order is even. Usually it is considered as low-rank matrix completion problems theoretically. It is common to consider nuclear norm as a surrogate of the rank operator since it is the tightest convex lower bound of the rank operator under certain condition. However, most nuclear norm minimization based approaches involve numbers of singular value decomposition (SVD) operations. Given a matrix X Ε Rm× n, the time complexity of SVD operation is O(mn2), which brings prohibitive computational burden to apply these methods in real applications. However, the problem is non-convex, and the proximal mapping associated with non-convex regularization is not easy to compute. It is always solved by the Linearized Alternating Direction Method of Multipliers (LADMM). Despite the success of LADMM in practice, it remains unknown if LADMM is convergent in solving such non-convex compositely regularized optimization. In this paper, we firstly present a detailed convergence analysis of the LADMM algorithm for solving non-convex compositely regularized optimization with a large class of non-convex penalties. Furthermore, we propose a new efficient and scalable algorithm for matrix principal component analysis called Proximal Linearized Alternating Direction Method of Multipliers for Principal Component Analysis(PLADMPCA). Different from traditional matrix factorization methods, PLADMPCA utilizes the linearization technique to formulate the matrix as an outer product of vectors, which greatly improves the computational efficacy compared to matrix factorization method. We empirically evaluate the proposed algorithm PLADMPCA on synthetic tensor data with different order. Results have shown that PLADMPCA have much better computational cost to matrix factorization based method. At the same time, it outperforms the state-of-art SVD based matrix completion algorithms by similar or better reconstruction accuracy with enormous advantages on efficiency.
WSN02-1: Analysis of IEEE 802.11 DCF with Hidden Terminals

The mandatory access mode in IEEE 802.11 MAC is distributed coordination function (DCF), which provides both basic access and RTS/CTS(request-to-send/clear-to-send) access. Previous modeling work for DCF only provides analysis when all the nodes in WLAN lie in the carrier sense range of each other. However, in real deployment of WLAN, all the stations are in the communication range of access point (AP) but not necessarily with respect to each other, which results in hidden terminals(HT) and degrades the performance. This paper presents an accurate analytical model for DCF with hidden terminals through Markov chain for throughput in saturated situation. The analytical model is suitable for both basic and RTS/CTS access mechanisms, and is evaluated by extensive simulation results.
On the design of high order digital audio equalizers

This paper presents a new approach for designing high order digital audio equalizer filters. The new design is based on odd order analog allpass filters and bilinear transformation. The analog allpass filters are designed using Butterworth, Chebyshev I, Chebyshev II and elliptic polynomials. The new design results in an efficient structure, i.e., a parallel connection of two stable allpass filters.
Binaral Rivalry in the Presence of Visual Perceptual and Semantic Influences

When two different odorants are presented simultaneously to the two nostrils, we experience alternations in olfactory percepts, a phenomenon called binaral rivalry. Little is known about the nature of such alternations. Here we investigate this issue by subjecting unstable and stable olfactory percepts to the influences of visual perceptual or semantic cues as participants engage in simultaneous samplings of either two different odorants (binaral) or a single odorant and water (mononaral), one to each nostril. We show that alternations of olfactory percepts in the binaral setting persist in the presence of visual perceptual and semantic modulations. We also show that perceptual cues have a stronger effect than semantic cues in the binaral case, whereas their effects are comparable in the mononaral setting. Our findings provide evidence that an inherent, stimulus-driven process underlies binaral rivalry despite its general susceptibility to top-down influences.
Orbitofrontal Cortex and Nucleus Accumbens Alcohol Consumption Induces Endogenous Opioid Release in the Human

drug of abuse. may get more pleasure out of each drink, possibly leading to more frequent consumption of this legal −− of opioids releasing large amounts −− with orbitofrontal cortices or nucleus accumbens that are particularly responsive to alcohol concluded that these endogenous opioids are closely tied to the effects of alcohol that could lead to abuse. People orbitofrontal cortex was correlated with the subjects' feelings of being intoxicated. From this relationship, the authors rodents and humans. In addition to being larger in the heavy drinkers, the amount of ligand released in the orbitofrontal cortex and the nucleus accumbens, both of which have been implicated in registering reward stimuli in radioactive signal, as it was diluted in the area of the receptor. Alcohol triggered release in two brain areas, the opioid receptor agonist by PET scanning. The more opioid that was released, the lower the μ of a radioactive The authors determined the release of transmitters deep within the brain indirectly by monitoring displacement suggesting that individual differences in this region might contribute to excessive drinking. heavy drinkers. The single drink was able to release more opioid in the reward centers of the heavy drinkers, . measured the endogenous opioids released by one drink in groups of light and et al drink more than others, Mitchell dynorphins) in the so-called reward centers of the brain. To start to understand what might cause some people to amphetamine, alcohol causes release of endogenous opioids (the small peptides endorphins, enkephalins, and The brain is agnostic to the law and responds similarly to legal and illegal drugs of abuse. Like cocaine and Alcohol, Legal Drug of Choice
Interocular Symmetry in Macular Choroidal Thickness in Children

Objective. To report interocular differences in choroidal thickness in children using spectral domain optical coherence tomography (SD-OCT) and correlate findings with biometric data. Methods. This observational cross-sectional study included 91 (182 eyes) healthy children aged 6 to 17 years with no ocular abnormality except refractive error. After a comprehensive eye exam and axial length measurement, high definition macular scans were performed using SD-OCT. Two observers manually measured the choroidal thickness at the foveal center and at 1500 µm nasally, temporally, inferiorly, and superiorly. Interocular differences were computed; correlations with age, gender, refractive error, and axial length were performed. Results. Mean age was 10.40 ± 3.17 years; mean axial length and refractive error values were similar between fellow eyes. There was excellent correlation between the two observers' measurements. No significant interocular differences were observed at any location. There was only a trend for right eyes to have higher values in all thicknesses, except the superior thickness. Most of the choroidal thickness measurements correlated positively with spherical equivalent but not with axial length, age, or gender. Conclusion. Choroidal thickness measurements in children as performed using SD-OCT revealed a high level of interobserver agreement and consistent interocular symmetry. Values correlated positively with spherical equivalent refraction.
Second-Order Imitation: Uncovering Latent Effects of Board Network Ties

This study examines whether board interlock ties facilitate second-order imitation, in which firms imitate an underlying decision process that can be adapted to multiple policy domains, rather than imitating specific policies of tied-to firms (first-order imitation). Longitudinal analyses of archival data for a large sample of Forbes/Fortune 500 companies, as well as analyses of survey data on mimetic processes among these firms, show that network ties to firms that use imitation to determine a particular policy can prompt use of imitation by the focal firm in determining both that policy and a different policy. Firms that have board network ties to firms in other industries that imitate their competitors' business strategy are likely to imitate their own competitors' business strategy, as well as their competitors' acquisition activity and compensation policy. Thus, the findings reveal network effects that are not visible with extant perspectives on interorganizational imitation. We discuss implications for institutional theory and research on interorganizational networks.
Modeling the Effects of Input Slew Rate and Temporal Proximity of Input Transitions in Event-Driven Simulation

This paper presents a new approach to improve the speed of switch-level timing simulation of MOS digital circuits. High performance is achieved by redefining the concept of event within the event-driven selective-trace paradigm. Unlike conventional techniques, in our approach an event occurs on an input slope change rather than a voltage change, thereby, lessening significantly the number of events to be treated during the simulation. The accuracy of this approach is improved by taking into account temporal proximity of multiple input transitions. Experimental results obtained for several circuits show significant speed-up compared to conventional switch-level timing simulation techniques
From Image to Word: a Computational Model of Word Recognition in Reading

This paper describes a working, computational model of word recognition that combines a letter classiication component with a component that segments the string of classiied letters into words and uses a dynamic programming method for matching the words against a lexicon of over 2,800 words. The letter classiication component is a neural network trained to classify, in parallel , inputs corresponding to 20x188 pixel array images of letter sequences, 14 or more letters long. Consistent with human capabilities, the system can classify all 14 letters at a level above chance, and on average, clas-siies the rst 7 or 8 letters in the sequence correctly. Dictionary lookup improves classiication accuracy by 1 character per image. The model is robust, having been trained and tested on the entire text of the book The Wonderful Wizard of Oz, printed in multiple fonts and in both mixed and upper-case letters. It provides a computation-level understanding of word recognition capabilities, in which errors are attributable to the theoretically inevitable diiculties associated with learning to classify large input patterns. The model mimics human capabilities for circumventing some of these diicul-ties by imposing constraints on xation positions that reduce image variability.
The sampling distributions and covariance matrix of phylogenetic spectra

We extend recent advances in computing variance-covariance matrices from genetic distances to a sequence method of phylogenetic analysis. These matrices, together with other statistical properties of corrected sequence spectra, are studied as a foundation for more powerful and testable methods in phylogenetics. We start with 8, a vector of the proportion of sites in a sequence of length c showing each of the possible character-state patterns for t taxa. Hadamard conjugations are then used to calculate 9, a vector of the the support for bipartitions, or splits, in the data, after correcting for all implied multiple changes. These corrections are made independently of any tree and are illustrated with Cavender’s two-character-state model. Each entry in f (% excluded) that is not associated with an edge on the tree that generated the data is an invariant (sensu Cavender) with an expected value of 0 as the number of sites c--,00. Under an independent identically distributed model (sites are independent and identically distributed), vector $ is a random sample from a scaled multinomial distribution. Starting from this point, we illustrate the derivation of V[f], the variance-covariance matrix of y. The bias induced by the delta method, a convenient approximation in deriving V[y], is evaluated for both population and sample variance-covariance matrices. It is found to be acceptable in the first case and very good in the second. Likewise bias in 9 due to a logarithmic transform and to short sequences is also acceptable. We infer the marginal distributions of entries in f. Simulations with illustrative values of c and h (the rate per site) show how 4 tends to multivariate normal as c+ co. Our results extend naturally to four-color (nucleotide) spectra.
Cognitive radio network architecture: part II -- trusted network layer structure

Cognitive radios shall form cognitive radio network (CRN) to complete the packets delivery. As cognitive radio network is a general multihop wireless heterogeneous network, trust becomes a critical factor for network layer functions and network operation. We explore and develop the mathematical framework of trust in CRN, to further develop trusted routing with relevant explorations on network layer and above functions.