Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Progress Toward a Healthy Sky: An Assessment of the London Amendments to the Montreal Protocol on Substances that Deplete the Ozone Layer

Early in the summer of 1990, representatives of ninety-three nations met in London and agreed to amend significantly the 1987 Montreal Protocol on Substances that Deplete the Ozone Layer (Montreal Protocol). 1 The resulting agreement, commonly known as the London Amendments, was the product of several international meetings,2 and came amidst rising concern over continued thinning of upper atmospheric ozone as a result of the release of chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs), halons, carbon tetrachloride, methyl chloroform, and other chemical compounds. While imperfect, the agreement represents a heartening step forward in the world community's effort to protect our biosphere from the dangers of increased solar ultraviolet radiation.
The Eurace@Unibi Model: An Agent-Based Macroeconomic Model for Economic Policy Analysis

This document provides a description of the modeling assumptions and economic features of the Eurace@Unibi model. Furthermore, the document shows typical patterns of the output generated by this model and compares it to empirically observable stylized facts. The Eurace@Unibi model provides a representation of a closed macroeconomic model with spatial structure. The main objective is to provide a micro-founded macroeconomic model that can be used as a unified framework for policy analysis in different economic policy areas and for the examination of generic macroeconomic research questions. In spite of this general agenda the model has been constructed with certain specific research questions in mind and therefore certain parts of the model, e.g. the mechanisms driving technological change, have been worked out in more detail than others. The purpose of this document is to give an overview over the model itself and its features rather than discussing how insights into particular economic issues can be obtained using the Eurace@Unibi model. The model has been designed as a framework for economic analysis in various domains of economics. A number of economic issues have been examined using (prior versions of) the model (see Dawid et al. (2008), Dawid et al. (2009), Dawid et al. (2011a), Dawid and Harting (2011), van der Hoog and Deissenberg (2011), Cincotti et al. (2010)) and recent extensions of the model have substantially extended its applicability in various economic policy domains, however results of such policy analyses will be reported elsewhere. Whereas the overall modeling approach, the different modeling choices and the economic rationale behind these choices is discussed in some detail in this document, no detailed description of the implementation is given. Such a detailed documentation is provided in the accompanying document Dawid et al. (2011b).
Some equilibrium reactions in the join CaAl2Si2O8‐H2O

The equilibriums lawsonite ⇌ zoisite + kyanite + quartz + vapor and zoisite + sillimanite + quartz ⇌ anorthite + vapor have been determined in the temperature range 500° to 950°C and in the pressure range 7 to 33 kb. The results indicate an invariant point involving the phases lawsonite, anorthite, zoisite, sillimanite, quartz, and vapor at 5.4 kb and 410°C. The course of the equilibrium lawsonite ⇌ anorthite + water in the range of geologic interest has been estimated from the present data. A few applications to regional metamorphism and the mechanism of batholith formation are discussed.
The VLT-FLAMES Tarantula Survey - XVIII. Classifications and radial velocities of the B-type stars

We present spectral classifications for 438 B-type stars observed as part of the VLT-FLAMES Tarantula Survey (VFTS) in the 30 Doradus region of the Large Magellanic Cloud. Radial velocities are provided for 307 apparently single stars, and for 99 targets with radial-velocity variations which are consistent with them being spectroscopic binaries. We investigate the spatial distribution of the radial velocities across the 30 Dor region, and use the results to identify candidate runaway stars. Excluding potential runaways and members of two older clusters in the survey region (SL 639 and Hodge 301), we determine a systemic velocity for 30 Dor of 271.6 ± 12.2 kms^(-1) from 273 presumed single stars. Employing a 3σ criterion we identify nine candidate runaway stars (2.9% of the single stars with radial-velocity estimates). The projected rotational velocities of the candidate runaways appear to be significantly different to those of the full B-type sample, with a strong preference for either large (≥345 kms-1) or small (≤65 kms^(-1)) rotational velocities. Of the candidate runaways, VFTS 358 (classified B0.5: V) has the largest differential radial velocity (−106.9 ± 16.2 kms^(-1)), and a preliminary atmospheric analysis finds a significantly enriched nitrogen abundance of 12 + log (N/H) ≳ 8.5. Combined with a large rotational velocity (v_esini = 345 ± 22 kms^(-1)), this is suggestive of past binary interaction for this star.
Computer Science & Information Technology (CS & IT)

This paper presents a novel consensus algorithm deployed within the Temtum cryptocurrency network. An overview of the proof of work consensus algorithm is presented, and gaps in the research are outlined. The Temtum consensus algorithm's unique components, including the Node Participation Document (NPD) and the use of the NIST randomness beacon, are outlined and explained. Comparisons on the cost to attack the consensus algorithm and energy consumption between the Temtum consensus algorithm and Bitcoin’s proof of work is presented and evaluated. We conclude this paper summarising the findings of the research and presenting future work to be conducted.
OPTICAL DATING OF SINGLE AND MULTIPLE GRAINS OF QUARTZ FROM JINMIUM ROCK SHELTER, NORTHERN AUSTRALIA: PART I, EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN AND STATISTICAL MODELS*

Jinmium rock shelter is famous for the claims made by Fullagar et al. (1996) for the early human colonization and ancient rock art of northern Australia. These claims were based on thermo-luminescence ages obtained for the artefact-bearing quartz sediments that form the floor deposit at the site. In this paper, we outline the background to the optical dating programme at Jinmium, and describe the experimental design and statistical methods used to obtain optical ages from single grains of quartz sand. The results, interpretations, and implications of this dating programme are reported in a companion paper (Roberts et al. 1999, this volume).
Atmospheric annular modes in simulations over the past millennium: No long‐term response to external forcing

This study analyzes whether the imprint of external forcings can be detected in the long‐term evolution of the main atmospheric circulation patterns in climate simulations over the last millennium. The external forcing is not found to significantly add variability in any frequency band compared to control simulations where the external drivers are kept constant. Additionally, a method designed to detect a common signal in the time evolution of these circulation patterns among all simulations is proposed, and employed to demonstrate that the null hypothesis of an evolution dominated by internal variability cannot be rejected regardless of the time smoothing applied to the series. Given that the fingerprint of external forcings on atmospheric circulation has been successfully detected in simulations of the 20th century climate and in future climate change projections, we argue that either the effect of past natural forcing is too small, state‐of‐the‐art climate models underestimate their climate sensitivity, or the anthropogenic forcing qualitatively differs from the natural forcing in its effect on main circulation patterns.
Analysis of deep seismic reflection and other data from the southern Washington Cascades. Final report, September 15, 1992--December 31, 1993

This report describes results of a synthesis of geological, geological, geophysical and geochemical data from a largely volcanic rock covered region in southwestern Washington that has been identified as a underlain by thick marine sedimentary rocks. The work was funded by the Deep Source Gas projects at the Morgantown Energy Technology Center (METC). The subproject which resulted in this report is centered in the Branch of Geophysics, US Geological Survey (USGS) has involved one task focused on the application of geophysical methods to the study of phenomena associated with fossil and active subduction zones and non-subduction suture zones that may have deeply emplaced sedimentary rocks. This report represents a summary synthesis of several geophysical and geological data sets. The Southern Washington Cascades Conductor (SWCC) has been examined using several types of data in addition to MT, seismic, magnetic, and gravity Specific geological mapping tasks have been completed trough funding by the Department of Energy and the USGS in the western part of the proposed basin near Morton, WA. Other regional geological studies using wells and outcrops done as part of the USGS Evolution of Sedimentary Basins programs have added information that constraint the possible nature of the SWCC rocks andmore » their tectonic setting. Recently, evaluation of patterns of seismicity in the SWCC region has demonstrated the likelihood of several parallel and step-over strike-slip faults that may have produced the proposed basin or altered its geometry. In addition, the seismicity patterns trace the axis of key anticlinal structures and thrusts. « less
Bis(acetato-κO)[1,2-bis(2-pyridylmethoxy)benzene-κ4 N,O,O′,N′]copper(II) monohydrate

In the title compound, [Cu(CH3COO)2(C18H16N2O2)]·H2O, the CuII ion is six-coordinated in a typically Jahn–Teller distorted octahedral environment defined by two O and two N atoms from the ligand and two O atoms from acetate anions. A linear chain structure propagating in [010] is built up by intermolecular O—H⋯O hydrogen bonds involving the uncoordinated water molecules.
Two-phase-flow pore-size simulations in Opalinus clay by the Lattice Boltzmann Method

Abstract The experimental determination of transport properties of low permeability clay rocks, especially of relative permeabilities and capillary pressure curves for water and gas, is a very challenging issue, in particular at high water saturation (very low gas permeability resulting in long equilibration times) and for gaseous hydrogen (due to the high pressures involved and the resulting explosion risk). Navier-Stokes equations are solved inside a porous medium on the pore scale, so as to derive the absolute and relative (two-phase-flow) permeabilities. For this purpose microtomography data of Opalinus clay samples acquired in the Mont Terri Ventilation Experiment are used to visualize the pore space in 3D at a micrometric scale (porosity size >0.7 µm). The corresponding percolating porosity is mainly composed of micrometric cracks parallel to the bedding and attributed to shrinkage. Two-phase flow is calculated in the percolating cracks by an immiscible Lattice Boltzmann (LBM) code. In addition, some validation results of the LBM model for three-phase systems (liquid-gas-solid) are presented.
Measurement of the fractal dimension of ice-sheet surfaces using Landsat data

Abstract A method is described for determining the fractal dimension of an ice sheet or other snow-covered surface from a Landsat-type image. The method relies on the well known strong correlation between surface slope and image brightness and it has been applied to a Landsat image of the ice cap on Nordaustlandet, Svalbard. Two transects approximately 100 km in length were studied, and they were found to give consistent results. The surface shows strong evidene of fractal behaviour on scales bclween 0’3 km and at least 10 km, with a fractal dimension of 1-120 for transects of one (topological) dimension This fractal behaviour was compared with that of the underlying bedrock, which also displays fractal behaviour over the same range of linear scales but with a significantly larger fractal dimension of 1 38. This difference accords with glaciologjcal theory.
Statistical criteria for characterizing irradiance time series.

We propose and examine several statistical criteria for characterizing time series of solar irradiance. Time series of irradiance are used in analyses that seek to quantify the performance of photovoltaic (PV) power systems over time. Time series of irradiance are either measured or are simulated using models. Simulations of irradiance are often calibrated to or generated from statistics for observed irradiance and simulations are validated by comparing the simulation output to the observed irradiance. Criteria used in this comparison should derive from the context of the analyses in which the simulated irradiance is to be used. We examine three statistics that characterize time series and their use as criteria for comparing time series. We demonstrate these statistics using observed irradiance data recorded in August 2007 in Las Vegas, Nevada, and in June 2009 in Albuquerque, New Mexico.
Incorporating physics to overcome data scarcity in predictive modeling of protein function: A case study of BK channels

Machine learning has played transformative roles in numerous chemical and biophysical problems such as protein folding where large amount of data exists. Nonetheless, many important problems remain challenging for data-driven machine learning approaches due to the limitation of data scarcity. One approach to overcome data scarcity is to incorporate physical principles such as through molecular modeling and simulation. Here, we focus on the big potassium (BK) channels that play important roles in cardiovascular and neural systems. Many mutants of BK channel are associated with various neurological and cardiovascular diseases, but the molecular effects are unknown. The voltage gating properties of BK channels have been characterized for 473 site-specific mutations experimentally over the last three decades; yet, these functional data by themselves remain far too sparse to derive a predictive model of BK channel voltage gating. Using physics-based modeling, we quantify the energetic effects of all single mutations on both open and closed states of the channel. Together with dynamic properties derived from atomistic simulations, these physical descriptors allow the training of random forest models that could reproduce unseen experimentally measured shifts in gating voltage, ∆V1/2, with a RMSE ~ 32 mV and correlation coefficient of R ~ 0.7. Importantly, the model appears capable of uncovering nontrivial physical principles underlying the gating of the channel, including a central role of hydrophobic gating. The model was further evaluated using four novel mutations of L235 and V236 on the S5 helix, mutations of which are predicted to have opposing effects on V1/2 and suggest a key role of S5 in mediating voltage sensor-pore coupling. The measured ∆V1/2 agree quantitatively with prediction for all four mutations, with a high correlation of R = 0.92 and RMSE = 18 mV. Therefore, the model can capture nontrivial voltage gating properties in regions where few mutations are known. The success of predictive modeling of BK voltage gating demonstrates the potential of combining physics and statistical learning for overcoming data scarcity in nontrivial protein function prediction.
Environmental regulation of plant gene expression: An RT‐qPCR laboratory project for an upper‐level undergraduate biochemistry or molecular biology course

We present a novel laboratory project employing “real‐time” RT‐qPCR to measure the effect of environment on the expression of the FLOWERING LOCUS C gene, a key regulator of floral timing in Arabidopsis thaliana plants. The project requires four 3‐hr laboratory sessions and is aimed at upper‐level undergraduate students in biochemistry or molecular biology courses. The project provides students with hands‐on experience with RT‐qPCR, the current “gold standard” for gene expression analysis, including detailed data analysis using the common 2−ΔΔCT method. Moreover, it provides a convenient starting point for many inquiry‐driven projects addressing diverse questions concerning ecological biochemistry, naturally occurring genetic variation, developmental biology, and the regulation of gene expression in nature. © 2013 by The International Union of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, 41(5):325–333, 2013
A Meta-Analysis of the Value of Marine Protected Areas for Pelagic Apex Predators

A Meta-analysis of the Value of Marine Protected Areas for Pelagic Apex Predators by Meagan Mná Dunphy-Daly Marine Science and Conservation Duke University Date:_______________________ Approved: ___________________________ Andrew J. Read, Supervisor ___________________________ Andre M. Boustany ___________________________ Jeffrey A. Buckel ___________________________ Patrick N. Halpin ___________________________ Jeffrey J. Polovina An abstract of a dissertation submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Marine Science and Conservation in the Graduate School of Duke University 2015
Climate and energy exchange at the snow surface in the Alpine Region of the Sierra Nevada: 2. Snow cover energy balance

A detailed evaluation of surface climate and energy exchange at the snow surface in a small alpine watershed, typical of much of the southern Sierra Nevada, is presented for the 1986 water year. Measurements of snowfall, meteorological and snow cover conditions, and snow cover ablation, described in part 1 of this paper (Marks et al., this issue), are used to characterize the climate. Each form of energy transfer, radiation, sensible and latent heat flux, soil heat flux, and heat flux by mass advection, is evaluated separately to determine how its magnitude changes during the snow season. These are then combined to approximate a snow cover energy balance and determine the relative importance of each form of energy transfer in the seasonal energy and mass balance of the snow cover. Radiation and sensible and latent heat flux dominate the snow cover energy balance throughout the snow season. During snowmelt, radiation accounts for between 66 and 90% of the energy available for melt. Sensible and latent heat transfer during this time are of approximately equal magnitude but are usually of opposite sign and therefore cancel. Calculated sublimation during the entire snow season accounted for the loss of about 20% (approximately 50 cm snow water equivalent) of the mass of the snow cover. This experiment shows that energy and mass transfer can be adequately monitored at a remote site using a combination of measured and modeled parameters and that the energy balance of the snow cover in the alpine zone of the Sierra Nevada is dominated by net radiation during snowmelt.
Estimating Subsurface Velocities from Surface Fields with Idealized Stratification

AbstractA previously published method by Wang et al. for predicting subsurface velocities and density from sea surface buoyancy and surface height is extended by incorporating analytical solutions to make the vertical projection. One solution employs exponential stratification and the second has a weakly stratified surface layer, approximating a mixed layer. The results are evaluated using fields from a numerical simulation of the North Atlantic. The simple exponential solution yields realistic subsurface density and vorticity fields to nearly 1000 m in depth. Including a mixed layer improves the response in the mixed layer itself and at high latitudes where the mixed layer is deeper. It is in the mixed layer that the surface quasigeostrophic approximation is most applicable. Below that the first baroclinic mode dominates, and that mode is well approximated by the analytical solution with exponential stratification.
Diurnal cycle of precipitation over the eastern Indian Ocean off Sumatra Island during different phases of Indian Ocean Dipole

Observed difference in diurnal cycle of precipitation over the eastern Indian Ocean between positive and negative Indian Ocean Dipole (IOD) phases was investigated using a regional model. During the negative IOD phase, prominent precipitation peak was over the land during evening in both observation and model, while precipitation often appeared over the ocean during early morning. In the positive IOD phase, precipitation peak was shifted to the northern area where sea surface temperature was warm. The amount of precipitation in the southern area during the negative phase was more than three times larger than that in the positive phase.
Erratum: Ambient noise tomography across the Central Andes

Kevin M. Ward,1 Ryan C. Porter,2 George Zandt,1 Susan L. Beck,1 Lara S. Wagner,3 Estela Minaya4 and Hernando Tavera5 1Department of Geosciences, The University of Arizona, 1040 E. 4th Street Tucson, AZ 85721, USA. E-mail: wardk@email.arizona. edu 2Department of Terrestrial Magnetism, Carnegie Institution of Washington, 5241 Broad Branch Road, NW, Washington, DC 20015-1305, USA 3Department of Geological Sciences, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 104 South Rd., Mitchell Hall, CB #3315, Chapel Hill, NC 27599-3315, USA 4El Observatorio San Calixto, Calle Indaburo 944, Casilla 12656, La Paz, Bolivia 5Instituto Geofisico Del Peru, Calle Badajo No. 169, Urb. Mayorazgo IV Etapa, Lima, Peru
Future changes in low precipitation patterns projected by the super‐high‐resolution MRI‐AGCM3.1S and CMIP3 AOGCMs

This study assesses future changes in low precipitation patterns over land around the globe under the Special Report on Emissions Scenarios A1B scenario. We use global precipitation data sets derived by the super‐high‐resolution Atmospheric General Circulation Model of the Japan Meteorological Agency and Meteorological Research Institute (MRI‐AGCM3.1S) and Atmospheric Ocean coupled General Circulation Models compiled in the phase 3 of the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project (CMIP3 AOGCMs). The low precipitation patterns refer to the temporal and spatial distribution of annual minimum of accumulated precipitation over a given time interval using occurrence probability and observation windows in unfixed seasons. As for the low precipitation patterns, this study assesses low precipitation quantiles in six probability levels approximated by the Weibull distribution using annual minima of monthly accumulated precipitation over 1‐, 3‐, 6‐ and 12‐month time intervals. Also, low precipitation occurrence season were assessed from the centroid of the frequency distribution of the ending months with annual minima of the low precipitation over the four time intervals. The model capability of reproducing current low precipitation patterns was examined in reference to the global precipitation observation data set of VASClimO, from which MRI‐AGCM3.1S showed the best performance among all models. The MRI‐AGCM3.1S projections, as well as the multi‐model ensemble mean calculated over 16 GCMs, indicate that 0.1 probability low precipitation quantiles in 3‐ and 6‐month intervals would decrease by 10 to 50% in Mexico, southern Brazil, southern Argentina, Mediterranean area and southern Africa with high model consistency. The projected shifts in low precipitation occurrence seasons were of concern; however, they show a considerable degree of uncertainty with low model consistency. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.