Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
A 0.45 W 18% PAE E-Band Power Amplifier in 100 nm InGaAs pHEMT Technology

This paper describes a fully integrated power amplifier (PA) in 100 nm InGaAs pHEMT process for E-band point-to-point communications. The device size and biasing conditions are optimized to enhance the overall performance at millimeter-wave frequencies. The complete PA consists of two unit PAs and each unit PA has four stages to improve the gain while ensuring stability from dc to the operating frequencies. A 4-way zero-degree combiner (in the unit PA) and a 2-way λ/2 combiner are used to boost the output power. Occupying 5 mm2, the proposed PA achieves an output power of 0.45 W with 17.9% PAE at 74 GHz.
Word Sense Disambiguation in the Biomedical Domain: An Overview

There is a trend towards automatic analysis of large amounts of literature in the biomedical domain. However, this can be effective only if the ambiguity in natural language is resolved. In this paper, the current state of research in word sense disambiguation (WSD) is reviewed. Several methods for WSD have already been proposed, but many systems have been tested only on evaluation sets of limited size. There are currently only very few applications of WSD in the biomedical domain. The current direction of research points towards statistically based algorithms that use existing curated data and can be applied to large sets of biomedical literature. There is a need for manually tagged evaluation sets to test WSD algorithms in the biomedical domain. WSD algorithms should preferably be able to take into account both known and unknown senses of a word. Without WSD, automatic metaanalysis of large corpora of text will be error prone.
Tri-dimensional Model of the Radovna Glacier from the Last Glacial Period

The Radovna River Valley is located in the northwest of Slovenia, in the Julian Alps, and bounded by two plateaus – Pokljuka in the south and Mežakla in the north. Typical geological and geomorphological shapes in the valley indicate several glacial stages in the Pleistocene. As a result of glacial activity and river outflow, typical glacial and river terraces can be observed throughout the valley, especially in its lower and middle regions. The paper deals with the Radovna Glacier from the last glacial period, the existence of which is evidenced by certain remaining geomorphological features in the valley. Little investigative research on the Radovna Glacier, on its activity and extent, has been done in recent decades; the little that has been done has only featured the glacier as a secondary or incidental subject of research on the neighbouring Dolinka and Bohinj Glaciers. Both numerical modelling and field surveying were used for the reconstruction model, with work based on previous experiences and observations of hydrogeological conditions in the Radovna Valley. However, it must be emphasized that the model is only validated based on a few remaining traces of the glacier’s activity.
An integral variable structure control scheme for non-overshooting responses

This article presents an improved integral variable structure control scheme to avoid overshooting responses for a class of second-order plants. The proposed sliding dynamics have two integral state variables. One integral state variable is initially specified to enable existence of a sliding mode throughout an entire response. The other’s initial value is assigned to avoid overshooting output responses. It is shown that the integral state is initially chosen to be a nonlinear function of the plant’s initial state to avoid an overshooting response. This article also reports the experimental results for controlling the position of a screw-driven actuator with various payloads and initial velocities, in order to show the effectiveness of the proposed scheme.
Intermolecular Antigen Spreading Occurs During the Preclinical Period of Human Type 1 Diabetes1

Intra- and intermolecular spreading of T cell responses to autoantigens has been implicated in the pathogenesis of autoimmune diseases. Therefore, we questioned whether T cell responses from subjects identified as at-risk (positive for autoantibody reactivity to islet proteins) for the development of type 1 diabetes, a cell-mediated autoimmune disease, would demonstrate intermolecular Ag spreading of T cell responses to islet cell proteins. Previously, we have demonstrated that by the time subjects develop type 1 diabetes, they have T cell responses to numerous islet proteins, whereas T cells from normal controls respond to a limited number of islet proteins. Initial testing of PBMC responses from 25 nondiabetic at-risk subjects demonstrated that 16 of the 25 subjects have PBMC responses to islet proteins similar to controls. Fourteen of these 16 subjects were available for follow-up. Eleven of the 14 developed T cell responses to increasing numbers of islet proteins, and 6 of these subjects developed type 1 diabetes. In the nine subjects who already demonstrated T cell Ag spreading at the initial visit, four were available for follow-up. Of these four, two had increases in T cell reactivity to islet proteins, while two maintained their initial levels of T cell reactivity. We also observed Ag spreading in autoantibody reactivity to islet proteins in nine of the 18 at-risk subjects available for follow-up. Our data strongly support the conclusion that intermolecular spreading of T cell and Ab responses to islet proteins occurs during the preclinical period of type 1 diabetes.
Exploiting Emotion on Reviews for Recommender Systems

Review history is widely used by recommender systems to infer users' preferences and help find the potential interests from the huge volumes of data, whereas it also brings in great concerns on the sparsity and cold-start problems due to its inadequacy. Psychology and sociology research has shown that emotion information is a strong indicator for users' preferences. Meanwhile, with the fast development of online services, users are willing to express their emotion on others' reviews, which makes the emotion information pervasively available. Besides, recent research shows that the number of emotion on reviews is always much larger than the number of reviews. Therefore incorporating emotion on reviews may help to alleviate the data sparsity and cold-start problems for recommender systems. In this paper, we provide a principled and mathematical way to exploit both positive and negative emotion on reviews, and propose a novel framework MIRROR, exploiting eMotIon on Reviews for RecOmmendeR systems from both global and local perspectives. Empirical results on real-world datasets demonstrate the effectiveness of our proposed framework and further experiments are conducted to understand how emotion on reviews works for the proposed framework.
Better Health Systems for India's Poor: Findings, Analysis, and Options

This report focuses on four areas of the health system in which reforms, and innovations would make the most difference to the future of the Indian health system: oversight, public health service delivery, ambulatory curative care, and inpatient care (together with health insurance). Part 1 of the report contains four chapters that discuss current conditions, and policy options. Part 2 presents the theory, and evidence to support the policy choices. The general reader may be most interested in the overview chapter, and in the highlights found at the beginning of each of the chapters in part 2. These highlights outline the empirical findings, and the main policy challenges discussed in the chapter. The report does not set out to prescribe detailed answers for India's future health system. It does however, have a goal: to support informed debate, and consensus building, and to help shape a health system that continually strives to be more effective, equitable, efficient, and accountable to the Indian people, and particularly to the poor.
Contrasting activity of cytosin–guanosin dinucleotide oligonucleotides in mice with experimental colitis

Intestinal inflammation in inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) and experimental models of colitis is characterized by a dysregulated intestinal immune response with elevated levels of Th1 cytokines. The luminal flora has been implicated as a major factor contributing to the initiation and perpetuation of inflammation in experimental colitis by mechanisms not known. Bacterial DNA contains unmethylated cytosin–guanosin dinucleotides (CpG) which strongly activate Th1‐mediated immune responses. To test whether these CpG‐motifs modulate intestinal inflammation we treated mice with dextran sulphate sodium (DSS)‐induced colitis with CpG‐containing oligodeoxynucleotides (CpG‐ODN). CpG‐ODN given after the onset of DSS colitis aggravated the disease, as indicated by a significantly increased loss of body weight and a 30% increase of the histological score. Further, we found a severe increase of proinflammatory cytokines (interleukin (IL)‐6: 40‐fold; interferon (IFN)‐γ : 11‐fold). In a pretreatment setting CpG‐ODN reduced weight loss significantly and reduced intestinal inflammation by 45%. Colonic IFN‐γ and IL‐6 mRNA levels were reduced by 75%, and IL‐10 was elevated by 400% compared to controls. The prophylactic CpG‐effect was not imitated by IL‐12 because IL‐12 pretreatment was not protective. In time‐course experiments, CpG‐ODN pretreatment over 5 days resulted in a tolerance effect concerning its IFN‐γ‐inducing quality, and during the following days of colitis induction IL‐10 secretion from mesenterial lymph node cells was elevated compared to controls. Therefore, the prophylactic effect of CpG‐ODN might be explained by its tolerizing effect and/or the increased ability for IL‐10 production during the consecutive intestinal inflammation.
Very early administration of progesterone for acute traumatic brain injury.

BACKGROUND Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is a major cause of death and disability worldwide. Progesterone has been shown to improve neurologic outcome in multiple experimental models and two early-phase trials involving patients with TBI. METHODS We conducted a double-blind, multicenter clinical trial in which patients with severe, moderate-to-severe, or moderate acute TBI (Glasgow Coma Scale score of 4 to 12, on a scale from 3 to 15, with lower scores indicating a lower level of consciousness) were randomly assigned to intravenous progesterone or placebo, with the study treatment initiated within 4 hours after injury and administered for a total of 96 hours. Efficacy was defined as an increase of 10 percentage points in the proportion of patients with a favorable outcome, as determined with the use of the stratified dichotomy of the Extended Glasgow Outcome Scale score at 6 months after injury. Secondary outcomes included mortality and the Disability Rating Scale score. RESULTS A total of 882 of the planned sample of 1140 patients underwent randomization before the trial was stopped for futility with respect to the primary outcome. The study groups were similar with regard to baseline characteristics; the median age of the patients was 35 years, 73.7% were men, 15.2% were black, and the mean Injury Severity Score was 24.4 (on a scale from 0 to 75, with higher scores indicating greater severity). The most frequent mechanism of injury was a motor vehicle accident. There was no significant difference between the progesterone group and the placebo group in the proportion of patients with a favorable outcome (relative benefit of progesterone, 0.95; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.85 to 1.06; P=0.35). Phlebitis or thrombophlebitis was more frequent in the progesterone group than in the placebo group (relative risk, 3.03; CI, 1.96 to 4.66). There were no significant differences in the other prespecified safety outcomes. CONCLUSIONS This clinical trial did not show a benefit of progesterone over placebo in the improvement of outcomes in patients with acute TBI. (Funded by the National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke and others; PROTECT III ClinicalTrials.gov number, NCT00822900.).
Lumbar pedicle cortical bone trajectory screw

Objective The purpose of this study was to demonstrate the lumbar pedicle cortical bone trajectory (CBT) screw fixation technique, a new fixation technique for lumbar surgery. Data sources The data analyzed in this review are mainly from articles reported in PubMed published from 1994 to 2014. Study selection Original articles and critical reviews relevant to CBT technique and lumbar pedicle fixation were selected. Results CBT technique was firstly introduced as a new fixation method for lumbar pedicle surgery in 2009. The concepts, morphometric study, biomechanical characteristics and clinical applications of CBT technique were reviewed. The insertional point of CBT screw is located at the lateral point of the pars interarticularis, and its trajectory follows a caudocephalad path sagittally and a laterally directed path in the transverse plane. CBT technique can be used for posterior fixation during lumbar fusion procedures. This technique is a minimally invasive surgery, which affords better biomechanical stability, fixation strength and surgical safety. Therefore, CBT technique has the greatest benefit in lumbar pedicle surgery for patients with osteoporosis and obesity. Conclusion CBT technique is a better alternative option of lumbar pedicle fixation, especially for patients with osteoporosis and obesity.
Negative Weights for Performance Measures

ABSTRACT Quantitative performance measurement is a controversial idea in the public sector. This paper argues that management by measurement is sensible if the measurement methods have a sufficient quality. In particular, quantitative performance measures have to address problems of gaming and monitoring intensity. I look at the assignment of negative weights to poor, but informative, performance measures even if these measures have a positive correlation with the non-contractible performance objective. In a simple agency relationship, I show how a poor measure with negative weight can serve as an indicator for manipulation. However, the benefits derived from a negative weight may come at the price of increased measurement risk. Healthcare and research organizations provide examples of how negative weights can improve performance measurement.
Markets for Fractional Partnerships

I study a model where various kinds of people form partnerships with others. For instance, if these are people who work in teams, the kinds are external characteristics such as seniority, experience, and so on. Each kind of person has a set of possible “kinds of partnerships” that he can partake in (including being alone). These specify the kinds of people that he can form a partnership with. He consumes a division of his availability among the kinds of partnerships that he can be a part of. A partnership allocation specifies a division of each person’s availability. Feasibility requires that the allocation be symmetric: if Ann, Bob, and Charlie are part of a partnership, then each of them consumes the same amount of that partnership. If the quantity of a partnership were measured in units of time, this would mean that if Ann spends two hours with Bob and Charlie then Bob spends two hours Ann and Charlie and Charlie spends two hours with Ann and Bob. Each person has a fixed availability and cannot be allocated more or less than that in total. There are two cases: In the first, along with partnerships, people consume another good such as money. In the second, partnerships are the only goods. For economies with money, I define a notion of competitive equilibrium and prove existence. Without money, I show that such equilibria may not exist. I then define and prove existence of an approximate competitive equilibrium. In either case, I show that equilibrium allocations have desirable welfare properties. JEL classification: C71, C78, D51, D61
IL-20 Signaling in Activated Human Neutrophils Inhibits Neutrophil Migration and Function

Neutrophils possess multiple antimicrobial mechanisms that are critical for protection of the host against infection with extracellular microbes, such as the bacterial pathogen Staphylococcus aureus. Recruitment and activation of neutrophils at sites of infection are driven by cytokine and chemokine signals that directly target neutrophils via specific cell surface receptors. The IL-20 subfamily of cytokines has been reported to act at epithelial sites and contribute to psoriasis, wound healing, and anti-inflammatory effects during S. aureus infection. However, the ability of these cytokines to directly affect neutrophil function remains incompletely understood. In this article, we show that human neutrophils altered their expression of IL-20R chains upon migration and activation in vivo and in vitro. Such activation of neutrophils under conditions mimicking infection with S. aureus conferred responsiveness to IL-20 that manifested as modification of actin polymerization and inhibition of a broad range of actin-dependent functions, including phagocytosis, granule exocytosis, and migration. Consistent with the previously described homeostatic and anti-inflammatory properties of IL-20 on epithelial cells, the current study provides evidence that IL-20 directly targets and inhibits key inflammatory functions of neutrophils during infection with S. aureus.
A 10 GHz dielectric resonator oscillator using GaN technology

A 10 GHz AlGaN/GaN HEMT-based dielectric resonator oscillator (DRO) is presented. This device exhibits -118dBc/Hz phase noise at 100KHz offset frequency range and is the lowest yet reported. This phase noise and power capabilities of GaN HEMT oscillators are compared to those of two mature technologies, an Infineon SiGe HBT (BFP620) and Transcom GaAs pHEMT (TC1401). The oscillator output power density using a GaN HEMT was found to be 14 times greater than using an equivalent GaAs pHEMT. Phase noise improvements between two different GaN devices, resulting from developments in GaN technology, are also presented.
Temporary work and human resources management: Issues, challenges and responses

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to introduce the special issue volume that examines a range of concerns, challenges and responses relating to temporary workers and human resource management (HRM). Design/methodology/approach – The paper highlights eight key research questions and describes the structure of the issue. The various articles investigate six main areas: the rationale for using temporary workers rather than permanent workers; factors determining types of temporary work arrangements; the rationale for temp workers entering into temporary employment; the nature and extent of the relationship between TWAs and user firms; the relationship between employment regulations and an organisation's labour use patterns of temporary workers and the HR challenges associated with ongoing and extensive use of temporary workers.Findings – Findings varied according to the main focus of each paper. It is evident, however, that no one perspective, public policy or organisational strategy is likely to fit all .
Editorial: The social and political basis for citizen action on urban poverty reduction

The diverse papers in this issue share one concern – the means by which low-income urban dwellers can get their needs addressed. But for most authors, the focus is not on the role of governments or aid agencies and development banks or international NGOs but on the role of the urban poor groups themselves. The main reason for this is that conventional approaches to poverty reduction – state-managed, professionally directed and sometimes funded by international donors – have not met the needs of large sections of the urban population. This can be seen in the very large number of urban dwellers who live in poverty. For instance, there are few cities in lowand middle-income nations that do not have large sections of their population living in informal settlements lacking good quality infrastructure and services. It is also evident in the very large defi cit in provision for, for instance, water and sanitation(1) and in the high levels of infant and child mortality among urban populations in many nations. (2) More than a third of the urban population in lowand middle-income nations live in poor quality, overcrowded and usually insecure housing,(3) lacking adequate provision for basic services. Most of this housing is built by urban poor households, outside formal rules and regulations, usually without legal tenure and without fi nancial support from formal organizations. In effect, in most lowand middle-income nations, state policies – whether or not supported by aid agencies and development banks – have had little or no success in addressing this. This is the case even in well-established democracies, where democratic pressures might have been expected to address these issues. It is also the case in cities and nations with rapidly growing economies. (4) While the proportion of the urban population living in poverty and lacking basic services varies considerably from nation to nation, as does the extent of the defi cit in services, even in successful middle-income nations, urban poverty is still a serious problem affecting large numbers of individuals and households. (5) Thus, most of these papers are interested in direct attempts by the urban poor to address their needs through collective processes and activities. For some papers, the focus is on citizen
Identifying economic crises: insights from history

Economists have been blamed for their inability to forecast and address crises. This article attributes this inability to intertwined factors: the lack of a coherent definition of crises, the reference-class problem, the lack of imagination regarding the nature of future crises and sample-selection biases. Specifically, economists tend to adapt their views on crises to recent episodes, and omit averted and potential crises. Threshold-based definitions of crises run the risk of being ad hoc. Using historical examples, this article highlights some epistemological shortcomings of the current approach.
Asthma and allergic rhinitis associate with the rs2229542 variant that induces a p.Lys90Glu mutation and compromises AKR1B1 protein levels

Asthma and rhinitis are two of the main clinical manifestations of allergy, in which increased reactive oxygen or electrophilic species can play a pathogenic role. Aldose reductase (AKR1B1) is involved in aldehyde detoxification and redox balance. Recent evidence from animal models points to a role of AKR1B1 in asthma and rhinitis, but its involvement in human allergy has not been addressed. Here, the putative association of allergic rhinitis and asthma with AKR1B1 variants has been explored by analysis of single‐strand variants on the AKR1B1 gene sequence in 526 healthy subjects and 515 patients with allergic rhinitis, 366 of whom also had asthma. We found that the rs2229542 variant, introducing the p.Lys90Glu mutation, was significantly more frequent in allergic patients than in healthy subjects. Additionally, in cells transfected with expression vectors carrying the wild‐type or the p.Lys90Glu variant of AKR1B1, the mutant consistently attained lower protein levels than the wild‐type and showed a compromised thermal stability. Taken together, our results show that the rs2229542 variant associates with asthma and rhinitis, and hampers AKR1B1 protein levels and stability. This unveils a connection between the genetic variability of aldose reductase and allergic processes.