Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
tau Decays to Five Mesons in TAUOLA

The tau-decay library TAUOLA has gained popularity over the last decade. However, with the continuously increasing precision of the data, some of its functionality has become insufficient. One of the requirements is the implementation of decays into five mesons plus a neutrino with a realistic decay amplitude. This note describes a step into this direction. For the 2pi- pi+ 2pi0 mode the three decay chains tau- --> a_1- nu --> rho- (--> pi- pi0) omega (--> pi- pi+ pi0) nu, tau- --> a_1- nu --> a_1- (--> 2pi- pi+) f_0 (--> 2pi0) nu, and tau- --> a_1- nu --> a_1- (--> pi- 2pi0) f_0 (--> pi + pi-) nu are introduced with simple assumptions about the couplings and propagators of the various resonances. Similar amplitudes (without the rho omega contributions) are adopted for the pi- 4pi0 and 3pi- 2pi+ modes. The five-pion amplitude is thus based on a simple model, which, however, can be considered as a first realistic example. Phase-space generation includes the possibility of presampling the omega and a_1 resonances, in one channel only, however. This is probably sufficient for the time being, both for physics applications and for tests. The technical test of the new part of the generator is performed by comparing Monte Carlo and analytical results. To this end a non-realistic, but easy to calculate, purely scalar amplitude for the decay into five massless pions was used.
MULTISCALE ANALYSIS OF ACTIVE SEED DISPERSAL CONTRIBUTES TO RESOLVING REID'S PARADOX

“Reid's paradox” is the mismatch between theoretical estimates of invasion rates for plants and “observed” rates of plant migration, particularly in the Holocene postglacial migration northwards. While Reid couched his paradox in terms of the migration of oaks in Great Britain, observers have documented the same problem in a wide variety of species. In almost all cases, these authors suggest that occasional, long-distance events, probably mitigated by active dispersal factors (ants, birds, rodents) are responsible. Clark and co-workers have shown that order statistics can bridge the gap between theory and predictions, essentially using “fat-tailed” dispersal kernels raised to high powers corresponding to rare, distant dispersal events. However, the spatial caching structure induced by most active dispersers has not been specifically examined. In this paper we develop a complementary approach to order statistics, based on the theory of homogenization, to describe the long-distance dispersal probabilities of seeds. The homogenization approach includes the spatial structure of active dispersal explicitly, and generates a corrective factor to current estimates of migration rates. This corrective factor is the “caching scale ratio,” the ratio of mean scatter-hoard size to mean separation between cache sites, and is, in principle, directly observable. The methodology is not limited to animal dispersers and can be used to address any set of dispersal agencies operating at differing scales, in one or more spatial dimensions. This approach is tested for three dispersal mutualisms where Reid's paradox is known to operate: harvester ant/wild ginger, Blue Jay/oaks, and nutcracker/stone pine. Migration rates predicted using the homogenized approach compare favorably with estimates for tree species based on the paleo-ecological record. However, these rates do not seem to explain the Holocene migration of wild ginger.
A Study of Brane Solutions in D-Dimensional Coupled Gravity System

We use only the equation of motion for an interacting system of gravity, dilaton and antisymmetric tensor to study the soliton solutions by making use of a Poincare-invariant ansatz. We show that the system of equations is completely integrable and the solution is unique with appropriate boundary conditions. Some new classes of solutions are also given explicitly.
Rapid Regulation of Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor mRNA within Eye-Specific Circuits during Ocular Dominance Column Formation

The neurotrophin brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) has emerged as a candidate retrograde signaling molecule for geniculocortical axons during the formation of ocular dominance columns. Here we examined whether neuronal activity can regulate BDNF mRNA in eye-specific circuits in the developing cat visual system. Dark-rearing throughout the critical period for ocular dominance column formation decreases levels of BDNF mRNA within primary visual cortex, whereas short-term (2 d) binocular blockade of retinal activity with tetrodotoxin (TTX) downregulates BDNF mRNA within the lateral geniculate nucleus (LGN) and visual cortical areas. Brief (6 hr to 2 d) monocular TTX blockade during the critical period and also in adulthood causes downregulation in appropriate eye-specific laminae in the LGN and ocular dominance columns within primary visual cortex. Monocular TTX blockade at postnatal day 23 also downregulates BDNF mRNA in a periodic fashion, consistent with recent observations that ocular dominance columns can be detected at these early ages by physiological methods. In contrast, 10 d monocular TTX during the critical period does not cause a lasting decrease in BDNF mRNA expression in columns pertaining to the treated eye, consistent with the nearly complete shift in physiological response properties of cortical neurons in favor of the unmanipulated eye known to result from long-term monocular deprivation. These observations demonstrate that BDNF mRNA levels can provide an accurate “molecular readout” of the activity levels of cortical neurons and are consistent with a highly local action of BDNF in strengthening and maintaining active synapses during ocular dominance column formation.
Semantic Tagging of Domain-Specific Text Documents with DIAsDEM

Large volumes of electronically available information are stored in textual form. The extraction of semantics from these documents and the characterization of their contents into a databaselike schema is a necessary prerequisite for efficient search and for the fusion of documents semantically belonging together, be they documents about the same company, police reports or legal attests related to the same case. In this study we present the approach pursued in the DIAsDEM 1 project to semantically tag documents and derive a corresponding XML document type definition. Our approach is based on iterative clustering of text units into homogeneous groups whose labels form the XML tags surrounding their contents and from which the document type definition for the collection is derived. DIAsDEM further incorporates a sophisticated mechanism for the preparation of texts on a specific knowledge domain that are characterized by jargon and syntax deviating from conventional linguistic rules. A case study on the semantic tagging of texts from the German Commercial Register archive demonstrates the advantages and applicability radius of our approach.
Conditioning vs. excitation time for estimating impedance parameters of the human arm

The human arm's capability to alter its impedance has motivated multiple developments of robotic manipulators and control methods. It provides advantages during manipulation such as robustness against external disturbances and task adaptability. However, how the impedance of the arm is set depends on the manipulation situation; a general procedure is lacking. This paper aims to fill this gap by providing a method to estimate the impedance parameters of the human arm, while taking the numerical stability of the approach into account. A dynamic arm model and an identification method is presented. Confidential criteria to determine the accuracy of the estimated parameters are given. Finally, the procedure is validated in an experiment with a human subject and the results are discussed.
Exploratory Study of 99mTc-EC20 Imaging for Identifying Patients with Folate Receptor–Positive Solid Tumors

99mTc-EC20 is a folate receptor (FR)–targeted imaging agent consisting of the vitamin folate conjugated to 99mTc. FR is expressed on a variety of epithelial cancers, with advanced cancers often expressing FR at significantly higher levels than earlier stages of the disease. The goals of this pilot study were to determine the percentages of various solid tumors that accumulate 99mTc-EC20 in vivo and to correlate 99mTc-EC20 uptake with immunohistochemistry (IHC) analysis of FR expression in available biopsied tumor tissue. Methods: A total of 154 patients with proven or suspected cancer and at least one lesion of ≥1.5 cm underwent imaging with 99mTc-EC20. The majority of these patients (77%) had a diagnosis of renal cell carcinoma. The remaining patients had a variety of other solid tumors. Whole-body planar images were obtained 1–2 h after injection, followed by SPECT of the region containing index lesions. The uptake of 99mTc-EC20 in tumors was scored as no uptake, mild uptake, or marked uptake. The resultant 99mTc-EC20 data were analyzed for correlation with the expression of the α-isoform of FR, as determined by IHC analysis, in tissue available from prior or subsequent surgery or biopsy. Results: The administration of 99mTc-EC20 was well tolerated. Tumors with increased 99mTc-EC20 uptake were identified in 68% of patients, and IHC results were positive for the expression of the α-isoform of FR in 67% of patients. The agreement between methods was 61% overall (κ = 0.096; 95% confidence interval = −0.085 to 0.277), with 72% agreement of positive results and 38% agreement of negative results. Conclusion: In vivo imaging with 99mTc-EC20 identified approximately two thirds of patients as having FR-positive tumors. Agreement between imaging and in vitro IHC was poor but was potentially confounded by a lack of correlation between the time of tissue sampling and the time of 99mTc-EC20 imaging, the heterogeneous expression of FR in metastatic lesions from the same patient, and the inability to detect the β-isoform of FR by IHC. This pilot study of 99mTc-EC20 scintigraphy indicates that the agent is safe and well tolerated and that this noninvasive procedure may have utility in selecting patients likely to benefit from FR-targeted therapy.
Disposition effect, investor sophistication and taxes: Some French Specificities

We investigate the presence of the disposition effect for 90 244 individual investors using a unique large brokerage account database between 1999 and 2006. Our main results show that individual investors demonstrate a strong preference for realizing their winning stocks rather than their losing ones. However, the fiscal impact in France appears to be moderate relative to the one observed in other countries. Taking French specificities such as, the way short sales are realized and the existence of tax free account (PEA account) into account, show that: a) the behavioral bias is not eliminated for sophisticated individual investors; b) the change of “tax account type” does not imply any change in investors’ behavior.
Optimal election of qualities in the presence of externalities

In this paper we obtain the quality and the level of production that a certain sector would have if completely unregulated. We use a vertical differentiation model with variable costs. The market outcome has been compared to the social planner solution, when this accounts for the external costs that the production activity provokes on resident households and for the possibility that an important share of the consumer surplus goes to non-residents. From this perspective, it is found that an optimal solution allows for the coexistence of the high and low qualities, and that the optimal solution does not necessarily imply that the high quality segment should be expanded. JEL classification: D62, L13, L15.
Consumption Taxes, Income Taxes, and Saving: Evidence from OECD Countries

We estimate the relative impact of consumption and income taxes on aggregate saving rates using panel data of OECD countries over 1975-2007. In a fixed-effects model and using tax rates and other key variables averaged in five-year intervals, we find that consumption taxation is generally neutral to private saving, while income taxation has a substantial negative impact on private saving. The implied aggregate compensated elasticity of private saving to the after-tax rate of return is approximately 1.3 when evaluated at sample means. The advantages of consumption over income taxation in stimulating private savings however are diminished with higher fiscal deficits.
A Curriculum-Based Approach to a QA Roadmap

The QA community is beginning to understand the core problems in the field, and they largely coincide with those of Natural Language Understanding. The difficulty of answering a question by a current QA system is a function of the match or lack of it between the question or its expression and the resources used to answer it, not how difficult it is for a human to answer it. A prominent factor in making a question hard now is not so much in finding an answer but in validating whether a candidate answer is correct. The problem in many ways parallels that of reading comprehension for children, which suggests a graduated approach to developing and evaluating the field. The difficulties faced by QA systems include long-standing issues in computational linguistics, such as anaphora resolution, metonymy etc.; logic-oriented issues such as scope and quantification as introduced by adverbs and articles; structural problems where the answer must be assembled from many sources, as well as reasoning about space, time and numbers. These problem areas are largely orthogonal, and can be introduced progressively with at each step accepted criteria for success.
1 Spain : From ( massive ) immigration to ( vast ) emigration ?

Since the start of the Great Recession the unemployment rate in Spain has increased by almost 20 percentage points. This unemployment crisis, which is affecting to all population groups, including the highly educated, is even more acute for the foreign population, whose unemployment rate is close to 40%. This situation follows a period of very high immigration flows (1995-2007) that brought the proportion of foreigners in the population living in Spain up to 11%. In this paper we document the characteristics of the recent migration inflows to and outflows from Spain. In particular, we focus on the different responses to unemployment differentials of recent immigrants and Spaniards with regards to migrating abroad and across Spanish regions. We also shed some insights on the selection of migrants by educational level and draw some conjectures on the implications of the observed migration outflows during the recent years for future potential growth in Spain. 1 Paper prepared for the IZA/Center of Human Capital Workshop on Migration and Human Capital, IZA, Bonn, May 23-24, 2013.
Stochastic cloning Kalman filter for visual odometry and inertial/magnetic data fusion

The work demonstrates the fusion of the position and the orientation information from Visual Odometry (VO) with the orientation information obtained from low-cost inertial and magnetic sensors. The proposed approach is based on the stochastic cloning (SC) Kalman filter formulation which is able to incorporate independent incremental measurements in a statistically consistent way. The algorithm was tested on realistic trajectories and compared to the results of a pure VO as well as to those of a decoupled system. A drift in the heading estimation is addressed by incorporating the Earth's magnetic field measurements with associated heuristics for more robust disturbance detection.
Building a new framework for analyzing effects of Japanese shocks on Asia

This paper is a first step toward building a new macroeconomic model that is usable for analyzing the effects of shocks that originate in Japan on Asian economies. The new framework borrows its central ingredients from the literature of the â€œnew open economy macroeconomicsâ€ , that is characterized by explicit dynamic optimization, short-run nominal rigidity, and imperfect substitution between products. The last feature of this approach enables us to analyze how the trade structure between countries influences international transmission of shocks. This paper builds a three-country model, where the three countries are Asia, Japan, and US, which reflects trade and production patterns between them. Thus, the model is expected to yield more realistic predictions about how policy and productivity shocks in Japan affect Asian economies, both in the short and the long runs
E11, K11 and EE11

In the study of conjecture on M-theory as a non-linear realization E 11 /K 11 we present arguments for the following: 1)roots of K 11 coincide with the roots of Kac-Moody algebra EE 11 with Dynkin diagram given in the paper, 2)one of the fundamental weights of EE 11 coincides with l 1 weight of E 11 , known to contain 11d supergravity brane charges.
Methodology for Securing Wireless LANs Against Wormhole Attack

Wormhole attacks enable an attacker with limited Resources and no cryptographic material to wreak havoc on wireless networks. Initial research focused that this attack is possible only on Adhoc networks, but in present Scenario wormhole attack is possible on infrastructure based wireless LANs also. We propose architecture and analyze the possibility of wormhole attack along with a countermeasure to avoid such an attack. The proposed mechanism involves the shared information between communicating Access Points to prevent Rouge Access Points from masquerading as false neighbors. Our defense greatly diminishes the threat of wormhole attacks and requires no location information or clock synchronization. Keywords—Wireless Network, Access Point (AP), wormhole attack, Rouge Access Point (RAP).
Part-Of-Speech Tagging for Gujarati Using Conditional Random Fields

This paper describes a machine learning algorithm for Gujarati Part of Speech Tagging. The machine learning part is performed using a CRF model. The features given to CRF are properly chosen keeping the linguistic aspect of Gujarati in mind. As Gujarati is currently a less privileged language in the sense of being resource poor, manually tagged data is only around 600 sentences. The tagset contains 26 different tags which is the standard Indian Language (IL) tagset. Both tagged (600 sentences) and untagged (5000 sentences) are used for learning. The algorithm has achieved an accuracy of 92% for Gujarati texts where the training corpus is of 10,000 words and the test corpus is of 5,000 words.
Teachers’ and head teachers’ views of democratic practices in Scottish rights respecting secondary schools

This research investigates how Scottish teachers and head teachers view democratic practices in their schools, which are the secondary schools who achieved the Level One Rights Respecting School Award (RRSA). These schools were targeted since the award required schools to teach and practice the United Nations Convention of Rights of the Child (UNCRC), where pupil voice should be respected and their participation valued. The implementation and initiation of the RRSA in these schools are described, together with what was perceived by teachers and head teachers as benefits, challenges and facilitating factors of implementing the RRSA in their schools. How they viewed democratic schools is also investigated to understand their motivation to improve pupil voice and participation. This information is analysed to examine how close these schools were to become a ‘democratic school’, which was defined as pupils’ individual rights being upheld and having an equal share of responsibility in school management with adults. This investigation involves four schools located in the Central Scotland area. School documents were collected together with interview responses from thirteen teachers and three head teachers in semi-structured interviews. From the findings, it is discovered that children’s rights were upheld to some extent in these schools and there was an increased share of pupils’ responsibility in school management. These changes were brought from bottom-up forces consisted of teachers and pupils, when the RRSA was introduced from a top-down approach. However, such improvement was bounded by the constraints from the national policy and adults’ judgement on pupils’ maturity. These have a number of implications for educational practitioners in schools, the United Nations Children’s Fund (UNICEF) which initiated the RRSA and policy makers, if children’s rights and pupil participation are aimed to be upheld and improved respectively.
Inventory policy based on differential pricing with stockout compensation in B2C E-commerce

Differential pricing is an effective tool for electronic retailer to manage the inventory and mitigate customer's dissatisfaction caused by stockout. The paper analyzes the effect of offering a lower price during stockout period to compensate for a customer's waiting time and simultaneously optimizes the ordering quantity of inventory, the length of out-of-stock period and the prices offered during the in-stock and stockout periods, using the similar analysis framework with Bhargava and Sun's model. However, our model is different from the Bhargava and Sun's model in two ways. Firstly, the order quantity of inventory replaces the duration of in-stock as decision variable because using a random variable as decision objective is not appropriate. Secondly, a customer's valuing of the item during out-of-stock period should be different from that in in-stock period due to customer's reactions to the stockout. The paper analyzes the characteristics of optimal inventory, pricing and stockout period. The optimal stockout-compensation policy is to make the two periods have equal effective prices. We introduce the concept of acceptance rate thetas, explores its effect on inventory and pricing policy. The firm obtains maximum profits only when the customer's valuation for the product in the stockout period is the same as that in the in-stock period. We analyze the behaviors of rational customer and find that the rational consumers never defer their purchase whether they arrive in the in-stock period or not. Thus, the optimal inventory and pricing policy is unchanged for the rational customers. The paper points out existence conditions of the unique optimal solution, especially gives the optimal inventory and pricing policy when G(U) is a uniform distribution.
The Ancient Evolutionary History of Polyomaviruses

Polyomaviruses are a family of DNA tumor viruses that are known to infect mammals and birds. To investigate the deeper evolutionary history of the family, we used a combination of viral metagenomics, bioinformatics, and structural modeling approaches to identify and characterize polyomavirus sequences associated with fish and arthropods. Analyses drawing upon the divergent new sequences indicate that polyomaviruses have been gradually co-evolving with their animal hosts for at least half a billion years. Phylogenetic analyses of individual polyomavirus genes suggest that some modern polyomavirus species arose after ancient recombination events involving distantly related polyomavirus lineages. The improved evolutionary model provides a useful platform for developing a more accurate taxonomic classification system for the viral family Polyomaviridae.