Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Sedimentation, Metallogenesis, and Tectonic Origin of the Basal Galice Formation Overlying the Josephine Ophiolite, Northwestern California

Basal sediments overlying the Late Jurassic Josephine ophiolite consist of interbedded siliceous argillite, radiolarian chert, and rare graywacke overlain by a thick flysch sequence; together the pelagic rocks and flysch comprise the Galice Formation in northwestern California. The transition between pelagic rocks and overlying flysch is comprised of radiolarian argillites containing abundant silt-size detritus. Deposition of many of the argillites and cherts by turbidity currents is indicated by sedimentary structures such as graded bedding. Some of the cherts are tuffaceous. Metalliferous rocks (up to 22% $$Fe_{2}O^{\ast}_{3}$$ and 6% MnO) occur in some sections and have geochemical characteristics indicative of a substantial hydrothermal component formed by precipitation from heated seawater circulated through the underlying ophiolite. These rocks are found approximately 8-21 m above the base of the sequence, suggesting an origin from off-axis hydrothermal vents. A massive sequence of metalliferous sediments in one of the sections studied is probably a fossil mound. The presence of graywackes within the pelagic sequence, the local occurrence of an olistostrome rather than pelagic rocks directly overlying the ophiolite, and the common high detrital contents indicate deposition of the basal Galice on a topographic high (spreading ridge) within a sediment-choked basin. Previous work strongly suggests a back-arc basin setting.
Brown carbon absorption linked to organic mass tracers in biomass burning particles

Traditional gas and particle phase chemical markers used to identify the presence of biomass burning (BB) emissions were measured for a large forest fire near Boulder, Colorado. Correlation of the organic matter mass spectroscopicm/z 60 with measured particle light absorption properties found no link at 532 nm, and a strong correlation at 404 nm. Non-black carbon absorption at 404 nm was well correlated to the ratio of the mass fractions of particulate organic matter (POM) that was m/z 60 (f60) to m/z 44 (f44). The f60 to f44 ratio did not fully explain the variability in non-BC absorption, due to contributions of brown carbon (BrC) absorption and absorption due to internal mixing of POM with black carbon (BC). The absorption Å gstrom exponent (̊ AAbs) showed a good correlation to f60/f44; however the best correlation resulted from the mass absorption efficiency (MAE) of BrC at 404 nm (MAEPOM-404 nm) and f60/f44. This result indicates that the absorption of POM at low visible and UV wavelengths is linked to emissions of organic matter that contribute to the m/z 60 mass fragment, although they do not contribute to 532 nm absorption. m/z 60 is often attributed to levoglucosan and related compounds. The linear relationship between MAE POM-404 nmandf60/f44 suggests that the strength of BrC absorption for this fire can be predicted by emissions of f60-related organic matter.
Ground‐Penetrating Radar Detection and Three‐Dimensional Mapping of Lateral Macropores: I. Calibration

Preferential flow of water through soil macropores is known to contribute to groundwater and surface water contamination as well as stream bank instability. However, research on the mechanisms and extent of soil macroporosity is limited due to the lack of a practical technique to study macropores in situ without disrupting the site's ecological function. In this paper, we present a ground-penetrating radar (GPR)-based methodology for detecting soil macropores smaller than 10 cm in diameter within 1 m of the soil surface and then creating a computerized tomogram of the macropore network. Manual and automated algorithms for macropore detection were tested for scan data collected using a 900-MHz radar antenna in a field experiment with a silt-loam soil. Buried polyvinyl chloride (PVC) pipes were used to simulate soil macropores of different diameters and fill contents intersected by GPR scan lines at four different angles. Pipes ≥ 3.00 cm in diameter were clearly detectable regardless of the scan line orientation relative to the target, and pipes with diameters as small as 1.85 cm were detected at perpendicular angles of intersection. In a second field experiment, PVC pipes of varying dimensions were buried at different depths to simulate a macropore network of preferential flow pathways. A branch-node algorithm was developed that referenced GPR scan line detections to create an accurate computer-generated three-dimensional map of the pipe network.
Site index curves for young-growth California white fir on the western slopes of the Sierra Nevada

a bachelor of science degree (1969) in forest management and a master of science degree (1971) in forest ecology from Colorado State University. He joined the Station in 1977. a bachelor of science degree (1969) in rorest management and a master of science degree (1971) in forest ecology from Colorado State University. He joined the Station in 1977.
On the termination of El Niño

A feature of the end‐phase of recent El Niño periods is thermocline shallowing to normal depths, in the central and eastern equatorial Pacific, before sea surface temperature (SST) returns to normal. Also characteristic of El Niño periods is a late‐in‐the‐year shift of the El Niño equatorial westerly wind anomalies, from symmetric about the equator to centered south of the equator. We show that the directly forced ocean response to this shift produces thermocline shallowing like that observed. The wind shift may result from the normal seasonal evolution of Pacific waters warmer than 28°C. These shift from being relatively symmetric about the equator in October–November, to concentrated south of the equator in December–January. Thus, the seasonal cycle may be a central part of the mechanism of El Niño termination.
Cloud computing and 5G challenges and open issues

The obtainable fourth-generation technology (4G) networks have been extensively used in the cloud application and are constantly evolving to match the needs of the future cloud applications. The ﬁfth generation (5G) networks are probable to immense expand today's cloud that can boost communication operations, cloud security, and network challenges and drive the cloud future to the edge and internet of things (IoT) applications. The existing cloud solutions are facing a number of challenges such as large number of connection of nodes, security, and new standards. This paper reviews the current research state-of-the-art of 5G cloud, key-enabling technologies, and current research trends and challenges in 5G along with cloud application.
Late Tertiary reorganizations of deformation in northeastern Tibet constrained by stratigraphy and provenance data from eastern Longzhong Basin

The deformation of the Tibetan Plateau is central to unraveling the process and mechanism of continental tectonics. Although most agree that crust shortening and plateau growth were protracted throughout the Cenozoic Indo‐Asian collision, particular deformation histories relating to tectonic kinematics and dynamics are still incomplete due to sparseness of diagnostic geological information from plateau margin. Here we present combined investigation of stratigraphy, magnetostratigraphy, and provenance for the eastern margin of Longzhong Basin to show two reorganizations of basin formation and tectonic regime during the late Tertiary. First, the depocenter migrated from the dispersed Paleogene sequences to the Wushan‐Tianshui foreland sequence during the earliest Miocene (circa 22 Ma), accompanied by shift of sedimentary provenance from double sources including the eastern Qilian block and eastern West Qinling terrain to single source within the West Qinling. It suggests reorganization of deformation from NW‐SE extension to NE‐SW contraction and initial uplift of the eastern West Qinling. Second, massive coarse‐grained fluvial beds were revived in the Wushan Basin during the late Miocene (circa 10 Ma), associated by eastward depositional expansion and another shift of sedimentary provenance toward northeast. It reflects thrusting up of the northern edge of the West Qinling and Liupan Shan Mountains linked with relocation of crust shortening from NE‐SW direction to ENE‐WSW direction and accelerated deformation of northeastern Tibet. These transitions of deformation regimes imply variation of geodynamic mechanisms during the process of plateau growth.
Quantitative measure of the variation in fault rheology due to fluid‐rock interactions

We analyze friction data from two published suites of laboratory tests on granite in order to explore and quantify the effects of temperature (T) and pore water pressure (Pp) on the sliding behavior of faults. Rate-stepping sliding tests were performed on laboratory faults in granite containing “gouge” (granite powder), both dry at 23° to 845°C [Lockner et al., 1986], and wet (Pp = 100 MPa) at 23° to 600°C [Blanpied et al., 1991, 1995]. Imposed slip velocities (V) ranged from 0.01 to 5.5 μm/s, and effective normal stresses were near 400 MPa. For dried granite at all temperatures, and wet granite below ∼300°C, the coefficient of friction (μ) shows low sensitivity to V, T, and Pp. For wet granite above ∼350°, μ drops rapidly with increasing T and shows a strong, positive rate dependence and protracted strength transients following steps in V, presumably reflecting the activity of a water-aided deformation process. By inverting strength data from velocity stepping tests we determined values for parameters in three formulations of a rate- and state-dependent constitutive law. One or two state variables were used to represent slip history effects. Each velocity step yielded an independent set of values for the nominal friction level, five constitutive parameters (transient parameters a, b1, and b2 and characteristic displacements Dc1 and Dc2), and the velocity dependence of steady state friction ∂μss/∂ ln V = a-b1−b2. Below 250°, data from dry and most wet tests are adequately modeled by using the “slip law” [Ruina, 1983] and one state variable (a = 0.003 to 0.018, b = 0.001 to +0.018, Dc ≈ 1 to 20 μm). Dried tests above 250° can also be fitted with one state variable. In contrast, wet tests above 350° require higher direct rate dependence (a = 0.03 to 0.12), plus a second state variable with large, negative amplitude (b2 = −0.03 to −0.14) and large characteristic displacement (Dc2 = 300 to >4000 μm). Thus the parameters a, b1, and b2 for wet granite show a pronounced change in their temperature dependence in the range 270° to 350°C, which may reflect a change in underlying deformation mechanism. We quantify the trends in parameter values from 25° to 600°C by piecewise linear regressions, which provide a straightforward means to incorporate the full constitutive response of granite into numerical models of fault slip. The modeling results suggest that the succeptibility for unstable (stick-slip) sliding is maximized between 90° and 360°C, in agreement with laboratory observations and consistent with the depth range of earthquakes on mature faults in the continental crust.
Role of aerosol absorption in vicarious calibration of satellite sensors

Absolute sensor calibration is the basis on which measured radiance from multiple sensors can be compared with each other or with time. Despite the increasing sophistication and reliability of on-board satellite sensor calibration systems, vicarious (or ground-look) calibration methods remain an important component of calibration validation. These methods, particularly the surface reflectance method, typically involve intensive measurements, at the time of satellite over-flight, of the surface and atmospheric properties (such as, surface reflectance and temperature, atmospheric pressure, water vapor and temperature profiles, and aerosol optical properties) that are ideally uniform, stable, and well defined. Such conditions are found, for example, in the desert southwest of the United States or in the atmosphere above high altitude lakes. A key measurement that has been often neglected and one that is becoming increasingly important due to rapid industrialization of developing countries, is the single scattering albedo of aerosols--a measure of the fraction of light that is scattered from the total amount extinguished from the direct beam; typical values range from close to 1 to 0.8 or lower for highly absorbing aerosols. It is obtained from a measurement of aerosol absorption for which many techniques are available. The error in the measurement of absorptance disproportionately impacts the error in the scattered radiance as seen by the remote sensor. Here we describe the sensitivity of sensor calibration to aerosol absorption and illustrate why it should be an important measurement in the field calibration campaigns, including those planned for the next generation satellites of the US National Polar-Orbiting Operational Environmental Satellite System.
Direct observation of frost wedging in alpine bedrock

Width and temperature of rock joints were automatically monitored in the Japanese Alps. Three years of monitoring on a sandstone rock face shows two seasonal peaks of joint widening in autumn and spring. The autumn events are associated with short‐term freeze–thaw cycles, and the magnitude of widening reflects the freezing intensity and water availability. The short‐term freezing can produce wedging to a depth of at least 20 cm. The spring events follow a rise in the rock surface temperature to 0 °C beneath the seasonal snowcover, and likely originate from refreezing of meltwater entering the joint. Some of these events contribute to permanent enlargement of the joint. Two other joints on nearby rock faces experience only sporadic widening accompanying freeze–thaw cycles and insignificant permanent enlargement. Observations indicate that no single thermal criterion can explain frost weathering. The temperature range at which wedging occurs varies with the bedrock conditions, water availability and duration of freezing. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Linkages between hydrological drought, climate indices and human activities: a case study in the Columbia River basin

It is of great importance to investigate links between hydrological drought and climate indices, which helps to further reveal the cause of hydrological drought from a perspective of climate change, thus helping guiding future drought prediction and control. For a case study in the Columbia River basin, the Standardized Streamflow Index (SSI) was employed to characterize hydrological drought. The heuristic segmentation method was applied to identify change points of annual streamflow series spanning 1960–2012 in the Columbia River basin, and the cross‐wavelet analysis was utilized to reveal the correlations between monthly climate indices and SSI. The primary results are as following: (1) monthly SSI has a statistically significantly increasing trend in November and December and a noticeably decreasing trend in June and July in the main stream of the basin; (2) generally, hydrological drought risk in this basin is high, and that in the Snake River is higher than the main stream of the Columbia River; (3) El Niño Southern Oscillation (ENSO) and Arctic Oscillation (AO) play a major role in affecting hydrological drought in the Columbia River basin, and ENSO index mainly affects SSI at a relatively short time scale (2–7 years), while AO primarily impacts SSI at a relatively long time scale (more than 10 years); (4) anthropogenic activities intensify hydrological drought in the Columbia River basin, and they primarily influence the linkages between climate indices and hydrological drought at intra‐annual scale (less than 12 months), however, which do not change the basic pattern of their correlations.
Reconstructing long term fertility trends with pooled birth histories

The accurate measurement of past fertility trends has important practical, theoretical and policy implications. Assumptions about future fertility in population projections are largely influenced by past fertility trends. The evaluation of population policies is also to some extent based on the reliable measurement of fertility trends. The measurement of the timing and of the speed of fertility decline is also central to theories of fertility changes.
ESTIMATION OF DELTA PROFILE IN THE INDRAVATI RESERVOIR

In case of the Upper Indravati Hydro Electric Project in the Orissa state of India, the topography of the reservoir area governed the location of the water intake, which is situated about 6.6 km from the upstream edge of the water spread. The total length of the reservoir is 43 km. When the delta arrives at the intake, the water draws a heavy charge of sand and coarser sediment that will damage the turbines. Reasonably accurate prediction of the period required for the sediment delta to travel down to the intake position therefore achieved crucial importance. Three different methods were used to predict the time rate of delta development: (1) a mathematical model; (2) the empirical procedure developed by the U.S. Bureau of Reclamation (USBR), based on the observations about the topset slope, foreset slope, and pivot point, made when the reservoir is in operation; and (3) a procedure based on sediment distribution following the empirical area reduction method. Results achieved by each of the three methods .
A Multiscalar Analysis of Neighborhood Composition in Los Angeles, 2000–2010: A Location-Based Approach to Segregation and Diversity

There continues to be cross-disciplinary interest in the patterns, extent, and changing contexts of segregation and spatial inequality more generally. The changes are clearly context dependent but at the same time there are broad generalizations that arise from the processes of residential sorting and selection. A major question in U.S. segregation research is how the growth of Asian and Hispanic populations is influencing patterns of segregation and diversity at the neighborhood level. In this article we use a variant of a nearest neighbor approach to map, graph, and evaluate patterns of race and ethnicity at varying scales. We show that using a multiscalar approach to segregation can provide a detailed and more complete picture of segregation. The research confirms work from other studies that segregation is decreasing between some groups and increasing between others, and the patterns, and processes can be described as dynamic diversity. In a series of maps of ethnic clusters and population homogeneity we show how metropolitan areas, represented in this case by Los Angeles, now display patterns of complex living arrangements with multiple groups inhabiting both local neighborhoods and wider community spheres.
Spatial distribution of deposited bacteria following Miscible Displacement Experiments in intact cores

Miscible displacement experiments were performed on intact sand columns ranging from 15 to 60 cm in length to determine whether bacterial deposition varies at the centimeter scale within aquifer sediments. A 1‐pore‐volume pulse of radiolabeled cell suspension was introduced into the columns followed by a 2‐pore‐volume flush of artificial groundwater. The columns were then drained and dissected along the axis of flow. At ∼1‐cm intervals, nine samples were removed for the enumeration of sediment‐associated bacteria. Concentrations of sediment‐associated (deposited) bacteria varied by up to 2 orders of magnitude in the direction perpendicular to flow demonstrating that bacterial deposition cannot be described mechanistically by a single rate coefficient. Incorporation of a distribution of sediment size and porosity values into Monte Carlo simulations indicates that physical heterogeneities are only partially responsible for the observed variability in deposited bacteria. A simple first‐order model (classic filtration theory) adequately described the average spatial distribution of bacteria with depth within the 15‐cm column. For the longer columns, however, the average concentration of deposited bacteria did not decrease exponentially with depth. A second‐order model, modified to include an influent suspension of bacteria consisting of two subpopulations with separate sticking efficiencies (dual‐alpha population), was required to describe the observed decreases of deposited bacteria with depth. A sensitivity analysis was performed with a first‐order dual‐alpha model to understand the effects of an influent suspension with two subpopulations of bacteria on the decrease of deposited bacteria with flow path length. Numerical simulations show that even for small fractions (0.01) of nonsticky bacteria, the decrease in deposited bacteria may deviate substantially from the exponential decrease expected from colloid‐filtration theory. Results from experimental as well as numerical studies demonstrate the importance of column dissections for understanding bacterial deposition in saturated porous media.
Characterising flash flood response to intense rainfall and impacts using historical information and gauged data in Britain

We analyse chronologies of historical flash floods derived from searches of newspaper archives and other sources commencing before 1800 and recent gauged rainfall and stream flow data. Five key examples are chosen to illustrate specific features of flash floods. Pluvial flash floods arise from rainfall before it reaches a watercourse and may cause severe flooding of land and properties far from rivers. River flash floods, like pluvial floods, have the characteristic of rapid speed of response, a principal source of risk to life. Intense rainfall can generate ‘walls of water’ in river courses which can propagate long distances downstream and steepen, without upstream structural failure. Steeply rising wavefronts more commonly occur on steep upland catchments but, where intensities of extreme short period rainfall are sufficient, such wavefronts can also occur on lowland catchments. A definition of flash floods from intense rainfall, relevant to British landscape and climate, is proposed.
Time-space relationships between late Quaternary rhyolitic and andesitic volcanism in the southern Taupo volcanic zone, New Zealand

About 9,800 yr ago a major pulse of andesitic volcanism lasting about 100 yr began in the Tongariro volcanic center at the southern end of the Taupo volcanic zone in North Island, New Zealand. Immediately following the onset of this intense period of andesitic volcanism, two voluminous rhyolitic eruptions from the Taupo volcanic center, located a few kilometres northeast of the Tongariro volcanic center, occurred after a period of quiescence of about 10,000 yr. The andesite volcanism marks a change in composition of titanomagnetite, which shows lower vanadium, chromium, cobalt, and nickel contents when compared with older andesites. Titanomagnetites analyzed from fresh rhyolite lapilli erupted from the Taupo volcanic center show a similar change in vanadium, nickel, and cobalt contents. Their composition falls into two distinct chemical groupings, which correspond to an older (about 9,800 to 8,850 yr) and younger (about 6,300 to 1,820 yr) rhyolitic Taupo magma previously distinguished on the basis of major-element glass chemistry and iron-titanium oxide equilibration temperatures. It is suggested that the timing of eruption of the andesite at about 9800 B.P. is related to that of the older Taupo rhyolitic magma, or that both were initiated by the same external trigger. Subsequent large-scale rhyolitic eruptions of the younger Taupo magma, however, showed no obvious temporal relationship to the later intermittent andesite activity.