Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Connection between bow shock and cusp energetic ions

A linkage between energetic ions in the bow shock and the cusp is established using a three‐dimensional (3‐D) self‐consistent global hybrid simulation, for a case of the interplanetary magnetic field (IMF) condition favoring high‐latitude magnetic reconnection and inter‐connection between field lines in the quasi‐parallel bow shock and the cusp. A diffuse ion distribution is obtained in the quasi‐parallel shock and foreshock region, where large‐amplitude waves and turbulence are present. Its energy spectrum is well described by an exponential function as in the case for upstream diffuse ions previously observed. These bow shock accelerated ions, upon being transmitted into the cusp region, form the bulk of cusp energetic ions. By tracing particles from the solar wind to the cusp, it is found that the source of acceleration for the cusp energetic ions is predominantly in the quasi‐parallel shock and foreshock region, through a Fermi‐type acceleration mechanism. Contribution to the cusp energetic ions from magnetosheath/cusp waves and magnetic reconnection appears relatively minor. Owing to the limitation of the model used, the magnetospheric source for energetic particles in the cusp cannot be fully investigated.
RpS3 Is Required for Spermatogenesis of Drosophila melanogaster

Ribosomal proteins (RPs) constitute the ribosome, thus participating in the protein biosynthesis process. Emerging studies have suggested that many RPs exhibit different expression levels across various tissues and function in a context-dependent manner for animal development. Drosophila melanogaster RpS3 encodes the ribosomal protein S3, one component of the 40S subunit of ribosomes. We found that RpS3 is highly expressed in the reproductive organs of adult flies and its depletion in male germline cells led to severe defects in sperm production and male fertility. Immunofluorescence staining showed that RpS3 knockdown had little effect on early germ cell differentiation, but strongly disrupted the spermatid elongation and individualization processes. Furthermore, we observed abnormal morphology and activity of mitochondrial derivatives in the elongating spermatids of RpS3-knockdown testes, which could cause the failure of axoneme elongation. We also found that RpS3 RNAi inhibited the formation of the individualization complex that takes charge of disassociating the spermatid bundle. In addition, excessive apoptotic cells were detected in the RpS3-knockdown testes, possibly to clean the defective spermatids. Together, our data demonstrated that RpS3 plays an important role in regulating spermatid elongation and individualization processes and, therefore, is required for normal Drosophila spermatogenesis.
ESVIO: Event-Based Stereo Visual-Inertial Odometry

The emerging event cameras are bio-inspired sensors that can output pixel-level brightness changes at extremely high rates, and event-based visual-inertial odometry (VIO) is widely studied and used in autonomous robots. In this paper, we propose an event-based stereo VIO system, namely ESVIO. Firstly, we present a novel direct event-based VIO method, which fuses events’ depth, Time-Surface images, and pre-integrated inertial measurement to estimate the camera motion and inertial measurement unit (IMU) biases in a sliding window non-linear optimization framework, effectively improving the state estimation accuracy and robustness. Secondly, we design an event-inertia semi-joint initialization method, through two steps of event-only initialization and event-inertia initial optimization, to rapidly and accurately solve the initialization parameters of the VIO system, thereby further improving the state estimation accuracy. Based on these two methods, we implement the ESVIO system and evaluate the effectiveness and robustness of ESVIO on various public datasets. The experimental results show that ESVIO achieves good performance in both accuracy and robustness when compared with other state-of-the-art event-based VIO and stereo visual odometry (VO) systems, and, at the same time, with no compromise to real-time performance.
Analysis of Experimental Data on Changes in Various Structures and Functions of the Rat Brain following Intranasal Administration of Fe2O3 Nanoparticles

Particulate matter, including iron nanoparticles, is one of the constituents of ambient air pollution. We assessed the effect of iron oxide (Fe2O3) nanoparticles on the structure and function of the brain of rats. Electron microscopy showed Fe2O3 nanoparticles in the tissues of olfactory bulbs but not in the basal ganglia of the brain after their subchronic intranasal administration. We observed an increase in the number of axons with damaged myelin sheaths and in the proportion of pathologically altered mitochondria in the brains of the exposed animals against the background of almost stable blood parameters. We conclude that the central nervous system can be a target for toxicity of low-dose exposure to Fe2O3 nanoparticles.
Full particle orbit tracing with the RIO code in the presence of broad-spectrum MHD activity in a reversed-field pinch

In order to better understand the behaviour of both neutral beam injected and spontaneously generated fast ions in the Madison Symmetric Torus reversed-field pinch, we have developed the full orbit-following code random ion orbits (RIO). The low magnetic field and relatively large level of MHD activity present in MST require a full orbit code as the guiding centre assumptions are violated even for ions with modest energy. Furthermore, quasi-periodic bursts of MHD activity (sawteeth) generate large transient electric fields and significant modifications to the equilibrium magnetic fields. Understanding the full effect of these sawteeth on the spatial and velocity distribution of the fast ions is of great interest. To this end, RIO now has the ability to take the full 3D, time evolving, magnetic and electric fields produced by the visco-resistive MHD code DEBS as input. In static cases, where broad-spectrum magnetic perturbations from DEBS are input, but fixed in time, beam injected ions are found to be generally well confined with the core fast ion density profile largely unaffected by the magnetic modes while the fast ion density in the mid-radius is substantially reduced. In the dynamic case, the large amplitude magnetic fluctuations that occur at the sawtooth crash produce substantial fast ion loss. Those fast ions that are not lost are accelerated by a large, transient, parallel electric field in the co-current direction. This causes the average energy of the beam ions to increase by ∼20%, consistent with recent experimental measurements.
Unsteady Separation Control on Wind Turbine Blades using Fluidic Oscillators

Fluidic oscillators are actuators that are essentially constituted of a flow vane with no moving parts. They are very effective in generating an oscillating velocity field, and because of their robustness and potential to meet most application requirements they have been thoroughly investigated in previous years. In this work fluidic oscillators have been embedded in an airfoil representative of the outboard sections of wind turbine blades, and subsequently tested at full-scale Reynolds numbers 2.0·10 6 ≤ Re ≤ 4.8·10 6 in the laminar wind tunnel at the University of Stuttgart. The effects of the unsteady actuation on the lift and drag strongly depend upon Re, the level of actuation, and the state of the airfoil surface. However, strong improvements have been obtained throughout the whole testing envelope, with relative lift increase spanning from a minimum of 10 to over 60% and substantial stall margin extension. In addition, employing fluidic oscillators strongly reduces the suction surface boundary-layer thickness and the unsteadiness of the mean flow velocity.
Boundary stabilization of the wave equation in almost star-shaped domains

We improve several earlier results on the boundary stabilization of the wave equation in a bounded domain. First we weaken the usual geometrical conditions. Second, we improve the estimate of the decay rate in the case of polygonal domains. Then we show how to modify this method to study Maxwell's equations. The proofs are based on the construction of new multipliers, better adapted to the domain.
Energy Structure of Two-Dimensional Graphene-Semiconductor Quantum Dot

Graphene is a newly discovered material that possesses unique electronic properties. It is a two-dimensional singlelayered sheet in which the electrons are free and quasi-relativistic. These properties may open a door for many new electronic applications. In this paper we proposed a flat 2-dimensional circular graphene-semiconductor quantum dot. We have carried out theoretical studies including deriving the Dirac equation for the electrons inside the graphene-semiconductor quantum dot and solving the equation. We have established the energy structure as a function of the rotational quantum number and the size (radius) of the dot. The energy gap between the energy levels can be tuned with the radius of the quantum dot. It could be useful for quantum computation and single electron device application.
On Parametric Bootstrapping and Bayesian Prediction

Abstract. We investigate bootstrapping and Bayesian methods for prediction. The observations and the variable being predicted are distributed according to different distributions. Many important problems can be formulated in this setting. This type of prediction problem appears when we deal with a Poisson process. Regression problems can also be formulated in this setting. First, we show that bootstrap predictive distributions are equivalent to Bayesian predictive distributions in the second‐order expansion when some conditions are satisfied. Next, the performance of predictive distributions is compared with that of a plug‐in distribution with an estimator. The accuracy of prediction is evaluated by using the Kullback–Leibler divergence. Finally, we give some examples.
Monte Carlo Simulation of the Electron Transport Through Air Slabs: A Comparative Study of

The Monte Carlo simulation of the electron transport through air slabs is studied with four codes: PENELOPE, GEANT3, Geant4 and EGSnrc. Monoenergetic electron beams with energies 6, 12 and 18 MeV are considered to impinge on air slabs with thick- nesses ranging from 10 to 100 cm. The angular and radial distribu- tions of the transmitted electrons are used to make a comparison between the codes. Non-negligible differences are observed in the radial distributions. These differences produce worth effects in the macroscopical dose distribution absorbed in a water phantom sit- uated behind the slabs.
Electrically Active Defects in SiC Power MOSFETs

The performance and reliability of the state-of-the-art power 4H-SiC metal–oxide–semiconductor field-effect transistors (MOSFETs) are affected by electrically active defects at and near the interface between SiC and the gate dielectric. Specifically, these defects impact the channel-carrier mobility and threshold voltage of SiC MOSFETs, depending on their physical location and energy levels. To characterize these defects, techniques have evolved from those used for Si devices to techniques exclusively designed for the SiC MOS structure and SiC MOSFETs. This paper reviews the electrically active defects at and near the interface between SiC and the gate dielectric in SiC power MOSFETs and MOS capacitors. First, the defects are classified according to their physical locations and energy positions into (1) interface traps, (2) near interface traps with energy levels aligned to the energy gap, and (3) near-interface traps with energy levels aligned to the conduction band of SiC. Then, representative published results are shown and discussed for each class of defect.
An Active Detection Strategy Based on Dimensionality Reduction for False Data Injection Attacks in Cyber-Physical Systems

In recent years, different intelligent and undetectable cyberattacks against networked control systems (e.g., replay and covert attacks) have been investigated. In this article, we design a novel control architecture that prevents their existence. In particular, first, we propose to encode the sensor outputs into a randomly changing lower dimensional space obtained by means of principal component analysis. Such a transformation ensures optimal information reconstruction on the controller's side, and it prevents the attacker from accessing the original sensor measurements, nullifying the possibility of perfect stealthy attacks. Then, on the controller's side, we design a passive Gaussian anomaly detector that leverages the output of an unknown input observer ad hoc designed to estimate the system's states and unknown inputs simultaneously. It is formally shown that the proposed detection strategy is able to discover the presence of replay and covert attacks. Simulation results obtained considering a quadruple water tank system confirm the capability of the developed architecture.
Cyber Nuts and Bolts: Effective Participatory Online Learning, Theory and Practice

This article presents emergent findings from an empirical research study conducted during Covid lockdown with 52 undergraduate students at a UK university November 2020–April 2021. The research study, which adopts a teacher-practitioner stance, builds on a 2012–2019 programme of research (represented by publications including Barnard 2019) which explores the potentials and dangers that digital technologies hold for pedagogy and education. It is located in the field of Creative Writing and uses the discipline’s pedagogical practice of ‘workshopping’ as a case study. The Creative Writing workshop centres on the exchange of information and critically informed comment by participating students (generally in small groups), and, as such, has similarities with seminars in other disciplines. Hence it is hoped that this article will be of benefit both in the home discipline and more widely. The contention of this article is that, to maintain quality in the delivery of participatory online teaching, it is necessary to ensure an ongoing feedback loop between individuals’ bodily existence ‘IRL’ (‘In Real Life’) and the section of cyberspace that they carve out and inhabit collaboratively during virtual seminar groups. It considers how the cliché of the ‘digital native’ can inhibit learning and the role of affect in enabling productive online and engagement. In taking initial steps towards development of a pedagogy of affect in which a ‘neutral terrain’ is established that enables students to apply and develop close reading skills in an online environment, it presents a new theoretical position on what constitutes effective pedagogy in the context of participatory virtual classrooms.
The role of the environmental flow in the development of secondary frontal cyclones

The impact of the environmental flow on the development of secondary frontal cyclones is investigated. Several case‐studies are examined as examples of secondary frontal‐cyclone events observed in the North Atlantic‐western Europe sector. A simple measure of growth is defined to chart their development. The vorticity attribution technique of Bishop is utilized to calculate the action of the large‐scale (environmental) flow on the fronts. In particular the environmental along‐front stretching—shown to be important in theoretical models of frontal instabilities—is calculated. The role of the environmental deformation appears to be crucial: as part of a baroclinic life cycle, stretching deformation acts to build up a front but suppress along‐front waves; if the stretching rate diminishes, barotropic instabilities may then break out. Diagnostics are examined to try to ascertain the growth mechanisms at work in each frontal‐cyclone case. A range of values for the commonly prescribed deformation‐frontogenesis and shearing‐frontogenesis parameters are calculated.
Design and Optimization of an Integrated Resonant Inductor With High-Frequency Transformer for Wide Gain Range DC–DC Resonant Converters in Electric Vehicle Charging Applications

Large-scale adoption of wide band gap semiconductors in switched-mode power converters enables miniaturization of power electronic systems. With switching frequencies approaching a few hundred kilohertz–megahertz range, efficient and compact design of magnetic components are crucial for future generation power supplies in data centers or electric vehicle (EV) applications. In a typical two-stage AC–DC power supply, the DC–DC stage is often constructed using a resonant converter with galvanic isolation provided by a high-frequency transformer. In such systems, the integration of an inductor in the resonant network with the transformer helps improve power density and reduces component count and cost. However, the integration of magnetic components can result in increased losses, deteriorating the performance of the power conversion system. In this article, a magnetic structure along with an optimization methodology is presented to integrate a predefined resonant inductor as leakage inductance of the high-frequency transformer achieving minimum penalty on converter efficiency using planar core geometry and printed circuit board (PCB)-based windings. The proposed methodology is applied to integrate a $\rm{7.8} \rm{\mu }\rm{H}$ inductor with a 2:1 transformer for a 6.6-kW, 500-kHz LCL-T resonant DC–DC stage utilizing gallium nitride transistors in an onboard battery charging converter. On the prototype converter using the optimized integrated magnetic component, a peak efficiency of 98.4% was obtained using PCB windings. Furthermore, the integrated magnetic component achieved 64-kW/L power density in the demonstrator prototype.
Global trends in research of fibroblasts associated with rheumatoid diseases in the 21st century: A bibliometric analysis

Background Rheumatoid Diseases (RDs) are a group of systemic auto-immune diseases that are characterized by chronic synovitis, and fibroblast-like synoviocytes (FLSs) play an important role in the occurrence and progression of synovitis. Our study is the first to adopt bibliometric analysis to identify the global scientific production and visualize its current distribution in the 21st century, providing insights for future research through the analysis of themes and keywords. Methods We obtained scientific publications from the core collection of the Web of Science (WoS) database, and the bibliometric analysis and visualization were conducted by Biblioshiny software based on R-bibliometrix. Results From 2000 to 2022, a total of 3,391 publications were reviewed. China is the most prolific country (n = 2601), and the USA is the most cited country (cited 7225 times). The Center of Experimental Rheumatology at University Hospital Zürich supported the maximum number of articles (n = 40). Steffen Gay published 85 records with 6263 total citations, perhaps making him the most impactful researcher. Arthritis and Rheumatism, Annals of Rheumatic Diseases, and Rheumatology are the top three journals. Conclusion The current study revealed that rheumatoid disease (RD)-related fibroblast studies are growing. Based on the bibliometric analysis, we summarized three important topics: activation of different subsets of fibroblasts; regulation of fibroblast function; and in vitro validation of existing discoveries. They are all valuable directions, which provide reference and guidance for researchers and clinicians engaged in the research of RDs and fibroblasts.
Lianas (Vitis spp.) reduce growth and carbon sequestration of light‐demanding tree species in a temperate forest

Governments worldwide are seeking natural climate solutions that can provide economic stimulus while meeting climate goals. Forests provide essential carbon dioxide (CO2) sequestration services, but their potential may be limited by elevated liana densities often resulting from human disturbance. Here we report the first estimate of liana (Vitis spp.) impacts on CO2 removal rates by trees in temperate Appalachian forests and suggest liana removal with biodiversity safeguards as a potential strategy for improved forest management. Shade‐intolerant tree species without lianas removed CO2 20% faster than conspecifics with lianas (p = 0.025). We did not detect significant impacts of liana presence on the CO2 removal rates for shade‐tolerant species (p = 0.838). Additionally, the merchantable boles of trees without lianas increased in volume 9% faster annually compared to trees with lianas, for all species (p = 0.003). Our findings indicate that thinning lianas—particularly from light‐loving species such as Liriodendron tulipifera—may improve sustainability of forest management and increase carbon storage while mitigating climate change.
Magnetotransport Behavior and the Phase Diagram of Nd $_{1 - {\rm x}}$ Ca $_{\rm x}$ MnO $_{3}$ Manganites

In this work, the temperature dependent magnetization M(T) and the electrical resistivity rho (T) of Nd1-xCaxMnO3 (x=0.1-0.5) are measured. From the M(T) curves, the ferromagnetic (FM) phase is observed for samples of x=0.1 and 0.2. However, the canted-antiferromagnetic (CAF) phase which coexists with the charge-ordering (CO) phase occurs at low temperature for samples x=0.3-0.5. By systematically changing the Ca concentration from x=0.1 to 0.5, a detailed phase diagram is established. Based on the result of magnetic field dependent rho (T), the magnetoresistance ratio is calculated, which shows a maximum in the x=0.4 sample. These results are helpful for improving the MR effect in these manganites.
Long-wave optical properties of water clouds and rain

Mie theory is used for calculation of the long-wave (5–200μm) optical properties of non-precipitatingand precipitating water clouds, and of rain. The optical parameters (mass extinctionand absorption coefficients, coalbedo and asymmetry parameter) are then parameterized assimple functions of cloud drop effective radius, cloud water amount and rain rate, for use ingeneral circulation and weather forecast models. Broadband and some wideband parameterizationsare given and tested both in two-stream and emissivity applications. A simple relationbetween the effective radius and cloud water content is also suggested for maritime and continentalair masses. DOI: 10.1034/j.1600-0870.1998. 00001.x
Norwegian teachers’ efforts in preparing students with mild intellectual disability for working life

ABSTRACT People with intellectual disability are only marginally represented in the labour market, and research has identified several school-related barriers to their labour market participation. This study uses a qualitative method triangulation with eight teacher interviews and nine individualised educational plans (IEPs) to explore how teachers prepare students with mild intellectual disability (MID) for future employment in Norway. Document analysis illustrates which work-related goals teachers incorporate in students’ IEPs. In-depth interviews with teachers provide additional information about teachers’ efforts about helping their students become valued employees. Findings from this study indicate wide variation and room for improvement in how schools prepare students with MID for employment. Recommendations for research and practice are discussed in the article.