Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Responses of young girls to two modes of aerobic training.

OBJECTIVES: To investigate the physiological effects of two different three times a week, eight week training programmes on the aerobic fitness of nine to ten year old girls. METHODS: Treadmill determined peak VO2, submaximal heart rates, and submaximal blood lactate were the criterion measures. Seventeen girls completed a programme of "aerobics" training where sessions lasted 20-25 minutes. Eighteen girls followed a cycle ergometer training programme which involved pedalling continuously for 20 minutes with the heart rate maintained between 160 and 170 beats/minute. A control group of 16 girls completed the criterion tests but did not train. In the cycle ergometer group and eight control subjects plasma total cholesterol and high density lipoprotein cholesterol were determined before and after training. RESULTS: Peak VO2 did not change significantly with training in either training group, neither were there any significant changes in submaximal heart rates. Blood lactate declined significantly at the two lowest submaximal exercise intensities in the cycle ergometer training group (from 2.3 (1.1) to 1.4 (0.06) mmol/l at stage 1 and from 2.1 (1.2) to 1.6 (0.06) mmol/l at stage 2; means (SD); P < 0.01). Total cholesterol and high density lipoprotein cholesterol remained unchanged with training. CONCLUSIONS: These findings suggest that an eight week structured exercise programme produces minimal changes in either the aerobic fitness or blood lipids of young girls. It may be more beneficial for long term health to promote enjoyment in activity and positive attitudes to exercise rather than attempting to enhance aerobic fitness through strenuous exercise programmes.
Comparison of total ozone from the satellite instruments GOME and TOMS with measurements from the Dobson network 1996-2000

Over the last 3 decades, satellite data have been used to monitor long-term global changes in stratospheric ozone. The TOMS series (1978-present) and GOME (1995-present) are two very important instruments in this context. In this paper, TOMS total ozone and three approaches to derive total ozone from GOME measurements are validated with ground-based Dobson network data. Beyond the operational products of both instruments, e.g. TOMS version 7 and GOME Data Processor version 2.7, total ozone is calculated by integrating FURM ozone profiles and by applying the TOMS algorithm to the GOME spectra. All algorithms show in general good agreement with ground-based measurements. The operational GOME total ozone shows seasonal variations, most likely introduced by difficulties in the derivation of airmass factors, which convert measured slant columns into vertical columns. The TOMS algorithm estimates on average 2% higher total ozone in the southern hemisphere than in the northern for both instruments as compared to the ground-based data, indicating that the source of the observed hemispheric differences is in the TOMS algorithm. Both instruments show aging effects in 2000, leading to enhanced variability in the ozone column differences with respect to Dobson data. In addition, the integrated GOME ozone profiles and the TOMS algorithm applied to GOME data show larger mean deviations in 2000.
Eigenvalues of a matrix in the streaming model

We study the question of estimating the eigenvalues of a matrix in the streaming model, addressing a question posed in [Mut05]. We show that the eigenvalue "heavy hitters" of a matrix can be computed in a single pass. In particular, we show that the φ-heavy hitters (in the e1 or e2 norms) can be estimated in space proportional to 1/φ2. Such a dependence on φ is optimal. We also show how the same techniques may give an estimate of the residual error tail of a rank-k approximation of the matrix (in the Frobenius norm), in space proportional to k2. All our algorithms are linear and hence can support arbitrary updates to the matrix in the stream. In fact, what we show can be seen as a form of a bi-linear dimensionality reduction: if we multiply an input matrix with projection matrices on both sides, the resulting matrix preserves the top eigenvalues and the residual Frobenius norm.
Relationship between aortic calcification and stroke in a mass screening program using a mobile helical computed tomography unit.

BACKGROUND It is reported that there is a significant relationship between the calcification of the aortic arch detected by chest X-ray examination and stroke. However, the relationship between stroke and aortic calcification (AoC) detected during a mass screening using a mobile helical computed tomography (CT) unit remains unknown. METHODS AND RESULTS The study population consisted of 2,618 subjects (1,345 men, and 1,273 women; mean age, 52.9+/-13.8 years) who participated in a mass CT screening for lung cancer and tuberculosis. In the present study, 28 subjects (18 men, and 10 women; mean age, 65.9+/-13.5 years) had a past history of cerebral infarction. There were no subjects with a past history of intracerebral or subarachnoid hemorrhage. The frequency of AoC was significantly higher in the infarction group who were older than 50 years of age. In logistic regression analysis, the AoC was a stronger contributor of infarction than sex, age, and risk factors. Furthermore, the odds ratio of AoC for subjects with a past history of infarction increased as the number of calcified segments increased, and these values were 1.82 (95% confidence interval (CI) 1.06-3.15) in men, and 2.53 (95% CI 1.12-5.75) in women. CONCLUSIONS These results suggest that detection of AoC during mass chest screening using a mobile helical CT unit is an effective way to evaluate the risk of cerebral infarction.
Switching from manual to automated driving and reverse: Are drivers behaving more risky after highly automated driving?

Enabling highly automated driving is a long lasting endeavor in traffic research. Whereas technical solutions have been tested for more than 20 years, psychological effects of highly automated driving became subject to debate in the last decade. Recent studies revealed that switching from highly automated to manual driving mode produces some difficulties for drivers. Therefore, the present driving simulator study investigates drivers' performance before (pre-automation) and after (post-automation) highly automated convoy driving (platooning). Hence it represents a more fine granulated analysis of a simulator experiment from Skottke et al. [1]. The pre-/post-comparison of driver performance shows whether driving behavior is more risky after 33km (20 min.) of highly automated driving in a platoon with a time headway of 0.3 sec. Results showed that drivers significantly decreased their distance to the lead vehicle in the post-automation driving period compared to their pre-automation duration. Moreover, lateral vehicle control and driving speed differed between pre- and post-automation periods as well. Based on these findings, it can be concluded that highly automated driving critically affects drivers' post-automation behavior. Consequences for subsequent empirical research and technological developments are discussed.
In vivo Hypoxia and a Fungal Alcohol Dehydrogenase Influence the Pathogenesis of Invasive Pulmonary Aspergillosis

Currently, our knowledge of how pathogenic fungi grow in mammalian host environments is limited. Using a chemotherapeutic murine model of invasive pulmonary aspergillosis (IPA) and 1H-NMR metabolomics, we detected ethanol in the lungs of mice infected with Aspergillus fumigatus. This result suggests that A. fumigatus is exposed to oxygen depleted microenvironments during infection. To test this hypothesis, we utilized a chemical hypoxia detection agent, pimonidazole hydrochloride, in three immunologically distinct murine models of IPA (chemotherapeutic, X-CGD, and corticosteroid). In all three IPA murine models, hypoxia was observed during the course of infection. We next tested the hypothesis that production of ethanol in vivo by the fungus is involved in hypoxia adaptation and fungal pathogenesis. Ethanol deficient A. fumigatus strains showed no growth defects in hypoxia and were able to cause wild type levels of mortality in all 3 murine models. However, lung immunohistopathology and flow cytometry analyses revealed an increase in the inflammatory response in mice infected with an alcohol dehydrogenase null mutant strain that corresponded with a reduction in fungal burden. Consequently, in this study we present the first in vivo observations that hypoxic microenvironments occur during a pulmonary invasive fungal infection and observe that a fungal alcohol dehydrogenase influences fungal pathogenesis in the lung. Thus, environmental conditions encountered by invading pathogenic fungi may result in substantial fungal metabolism changes that influence subsequent host immune responses.
Data generation for application-specific benchmarking

The Transaction Processing Council (TPC) has played a pivotal role in the database industry's growth over the last twenty-five years. However, its handful of domain-specific benchmarks are increasingly irrelevant to the multitude of data-centric applications, and its top-down process is slow. This mismatch calls for a paradigm shift to a bottom-up community effort to develop tools for application-specific benchmarking. Such a development program would center around techniques for synthetically scaling (up or down) an empirical dataset. This engineering effort in turn requires the development of a database theory on attribute value correlation.
Search for tt̄ resonances with the ATLAS detector

Prospects for observation of a narrow tt̄-resonance at the Large Hadron Collider (LHC) with the ATLAS detector are studied. As a typical example of the tt̄-resonance, an extra neutral Z′ boson with masses of 1.0, 1.5 and 2.0 TeV/c was used. The full and fast simulations of the ATLAS detector were performed with the ATLAS software ATHENA. Minimal cross-sections of the Z′-like tt̄-resonance production at the LHC are estimated which allow observation of this tt̄-resonance state on the basis of 5, 10, and 100 fb−1 of data statistics.
Content-based image retrieval using fractional distance metric

Distance measurement is one of the key tasks in content-based image retrieval (CBIR). This paper proposes a new fractional distance metric for CBIR. We conduct extensive experiments on three famous benchmark datasets, using different color, texture and shape features. Our experiments show that retrieval performance of the new distance metric consistently outperforms the more common City Block and Euclidean distance metrics, as well as several other commonly-used distance functions. The experimental results on three commonly used benchmark datasets show that the new fractional distance metric can be used universally.
Feature extraction of hyperspectral images based on preserving neighborhood discriminant embedding

A novel manifold learning feature extraction approach—preserving neighborhood discriminant embedding (PNDE) of hyperspectral image is proposed in this paper. The local geometrical and discriminant structure of the data manifold can be accurately characterized by within-class neighboring graph and between-class neighboring graph. Unlike manifold learning, such as LLE, Isomap and LE, which cannot deal with new test samples and images larger than 70×70, the method here can process full scene hyperspectral images. Experiments results on hyperspectral datasets and real-word datasets show that the proposed method can efficiently reduce the dimensionality while maintaining high classification accuracy. In addition, only a small amount of training samples are needed.
Isolated starless cores in infrared dark clouds in the Hi-GAL survey

In a previous paper, we identified cores within infrared dark clouds. We regarded those without embedded sources as the least evolved and labelled them starless. Here we identify the most isolated starless cores and model them using a three-dimensional multiwavelength Monte Carlo radiative transfer code. We derive the cores’ physical parameters and discuss the relation between the mass, temperature, density, size and the surrounding interstellar radiation field (ISRF) for the cores. The masses of the cores were found not to correlate with their radial size or central density. The temperature at the surface of a core was seen to depend almost entirely on the level of the ISRF surrounding the core. No correlation was found between the temperature at the centre of a core and its local ISRF. This was seen to depend, instead, on the density and mass of the core.
BOARD OF GOVERNORS OF THE FEDERAL RESERVE SYSTEM

We characterize the LSE approach by its implications for reduced-form modeling and structural interpretations. Much of what has come to be associated with the LSE methodology involves the approach to fitting reduced forms, and can be thought of as a pragmatic solution to problems created by short samples plagued by serial correlation. The policy analysis one might be able to do with an “LSE model,” on the other hand, hinges on structural identification arguments which do not meet the classic Cowles Commission standards, and is thus suspect.
Effects of Various Prāṇāyāma on Cardiovascular and Autonomic Variables

Cardiovascular functions are controlled by neural factors, temperature, hormones, etc., Of these, neural factors primarily concern the autonomic nervous system, which plays a major role in maintaining and regulating cardiac functions, e.g., blood pressure and heart rate. Prāṇāyāma is one of the most important yogic practices. There are various review articles on Yoga and its effects but, though Prāṇāyāma is a part of yoga, there is lack of review articles. To the best of our knowledge there is no known review article on effect of various Prāṇāyāma on cardiovascular and autonomic variables. To provide a general overview about the effect of various prāṇāyāma (breathing techniques) on cardiovascular and autonomic variables. A narrative review was performed based on the available scientific literature. An electronic data search was performed in Medline/PubMed database to review relevant articles, using keywords such as “Prāṇāyāma, Yogic breathing techniques, Unilateral nostril breathing, Alternate nostril breathing, Kapalbhati, Bhastrika and Bhramari Pranayama”. All the relevant articles published from 1988 to 06-04-2016 were included in this review. Slow type of yogic breathing technique was reported to produce beneficial effect on cardiovascular and autonomic variables while fast breathing techniques do not produce such effects. There is lack of consistency in the results of specific nostril yogic breathing techniques and the mechanisms behind the effects of various prāṇāyāma. This review suggests that different types of Prāṇāyāma techniques produce different effects and the mechanisms behind these effects are not fully understood.
EXTRACTION OF WATERSHEDS FROM DTM AND IMAGES WITH SUBPIXEL PRECISION

An approach to extract watersheds and watercourses, as well as their corresponding valleys and hills, from grid DTMs and digital images with subpixel accuracy is proposed. The critical points of the terrain, which are essential as the starting points for the construction of these separatrices, are extracted efficiently with subpixel accuracy by a linear-filter-based approach. The separatrices are extracted by integrating their defining differential equation. Finally, the hills and valleys are constructed by an efficient graph search algorithm. Examples show the quality of the results that can be achieved with the proposed approach.
The development of second-order social cognition and its relation with complex language understanding and working memory

In this study, the development of second-order social cognition and its possible relationship with language and memory were investigated. For this reason two second-order false belief tasks (FBT_2), a short term memory task (WST), a complex working memory task (LST), a linguistic perspective-taking test (PTT) and a double-embedded relative clause task (REL_2) were used with 21 Turkish kindergarten children (aged 4-5 years), 47 primary school children (aged 6- 12 years) and 10 adults. A general developmental trend was found for all tasks. However, a multiple linear regression showed that once age was partialed out, none of the other tasks could predict FBT_2 scores. Our findings are consistent with the modularity view that Theory of Mind (ToM) is a faculty of the human mind that does not share intrinsic content with other faculties such as language and memory (Leslie et al., 2004) and also with Apperly's (2011) 'two- systems' account of Theory of Mind. However, it develops together with those other faculties which may constrain the expression of children’s false belief reasoning as a manifestation of their social cognitive abilities.
Worst-Case Performance Bounds for Simple One-Dimensional Packing Algorithms

The following abstract problem models several practical problems in computer science and operations research: given a list L of real numbers between 0 and l, place the elements of L into a minimum number $L^ * $ of “bins” so that no bin contains numbers whose sum exceeds l. Motivated by the likelihood that an excessive amount of computation will be required by any algorithm which actually determines an optimal placement, we examine the performance of a number of simple algorithms which obtain “good” placements. The first-fit algorithm places each number, in succession, into the first bin in which it fits. The best-fit algorithm places each number, in succession, into the most nearly full bin in which it fits. We show that neither the first-fit nor the best-fit algorithm will ever use more than $\frac{17}{10}L^ * + 2$ bins. Furthermore, we outline a proof that, if L is in decreasing order, then neither algorithm will use more than $\frac{11}{9} L^ * + 4$ bins. Examples are given to show that both upper bou.
Gridmedia: A Practical Peer-to-Peer Based Live Video Streaming System

In this paper, we describe the design and implementation of a peer-to-peer based live video streaming system called Gridmedia. Gridmedia organizes the nodes into an unstructured overlay, and adopts a novel push-pull streaming mechanism to fetch data from the partner nodes. The pull mode in the unstructured overlay can work well with the high churn rate in P2P environment while the push mode can efficiently reduce the accumulated latency at user side. We also depict our practical solution of traversal over network address translators (NATs) and firewalls. Gridmedia was adopted by CCTV to broadcast the CCTV Spring Festival Gala 2005 through Internet and attracted more than 500,000 users all over the world during that night, with the maximum amount of concurrent users reaches as high as 15,239
Histological and immunohistochemical studies on the localization of immunoglobulins in porcine placenta.

The placenta was histologically divided into four areas: the chorionic fossa (CF), chorionic ridge (CR), regular areola (RA) and irregular areola (IRA). The IRA was further subdivided into fetal IRA, maternal depression and ruffled area of the maternal depression (RAMD). In histochemical analysis, a reaction pro­ duct suggestive of acid mucopolysaccharides was detected exclusively in the uterine and chorionic epithelia of the IRA. In immunohistochemical analysis, the localization of IgG and IgM was demonstrated in the endometrial lamina propria mucosae, and the epithelia of the RAMD and fetal IRA. Regional IgG and IgM localization was identical to that of the acid mucopolysaccharides. In the fetal lymphatic tissues, a small number of IgG-containing cells was first noted at 114 days of gestation. In a serological survey, IgG and IgM were demonstrated at a constant level in all fetal sera from days 40 to 114 of gestation, although IgA was negative except for 2 of 23 sera from fetuses. Comparing the relative levels of maternal immunoglobulins (lgs), the fetal Igs were 11200 in IgG and 11500 in IgM. These results suggest that there is a possible diaplacental transition of IgG and IgM from the mother into the fetus occurring via epithelia exclusively at the RAMD and the fetal IRA.
Using an animated talking character in a web-based city guide demonstrator

Taking into account that the user acceptance of an animated agent is influenced by different criteria, including appropriateness of the application domain, quality of application design, and quality of character design, we have developed a demo application in a domain where we found the agent substantially helpful – a web-based city guide. The animated character interactively guides the user through some sights of the city of Darmstadt. It can display and explain how to get to different places of interest by moving around and pointing at locations on a map. The system allows input via mouse clicks, speech and typed text. Output modalities of the agent are speech, gesture, text (cartoon word balloons) and some facial expression. Further we have designed two new 3D characters. We describe experiences gained during system development and discuss design aspects concerning application as well as character animation.
The radial distribution of blue straggler stars and the nature of their progenitors

The origin of blue straggler stars (BSS) in globular clusters (GCs) is still not fully understood: they can form from stellar collisions, or through mass transfer in isolated, primordial binaries (PBs). In this paper we use the radial distribution of BSS observed in four GCs (M3, 47 Tuc, NGC 6752 and ω Cen) to investigate which formation process prevails. We find that both channels co-exist in all the considered GCs. The fraction of mass-transfer (collisional) BSS with respect to the total number of BSS is around ∼0.4‐0.5 (∼0.5‐0.6) in M3, 47 Tuc and NGC 6752. The case of ω Cen is peculiar with an underproduction of collisional BSS. The relative lack of collisional BSS in ω Cen can be understood if mass segregation has not yet driven to the core a sizeable number of PBs, which dominate stellar collisions through threeand four-body processes. The spatial distribution of BSS provides strong hints to their origin: the BSS in the cluster outskirts form almost exclusively from mass transfer in PBs, whereas the BSS found close to the cluster core most likely have a collisional origin.
Visual Input Enhances Selective Speech Envelope Tracking in Auditory Cortex at a “Cocktail Party”

Our ability to selectively attend to one auditory signal amid competing input streams, epitomized by the “Cocktail Party” problem, continues to stimulate research from various approaches. How this demanding perceptual feat is achieved from a neural systems perspective remains unclear and controversial. It is well established that neural responses to attended stimuli are enhanced compared with responses to ignored ones, but responses to ignored stimuli are nonetheless highly significant, leading to interference in performance. We investigated whether congruent visual input of an attended speaker enhances cortical selectivity in auditory cortex, leading to diminished representation of ignored stimuli. We recorded magnetoencephalographic signals from human participants as they attended to segments of natural continuous speech. Using two complementary methods of quantifying the neural response to speech, we found that viewing a speaker's face enhances the capacity of auditory cortex to track the temporal speech envelope of that speaker. This mechanism was most effective in a Cocktail Party setting, promoting preferential tracking of the attended speaker, whereas without visual input no significant attentional modulation was observed. These neurophysiological results underscore the importance of visual input in resolving perceptual ambiguity in a noisy environment. Since visual cues in speech precede the associated auditory signals, they likely serve a predictive role in facilitating auditory processing of speech, perhaps by directing attentional resources to appropriate points in time when to-be-attended acoustic input is expected to arrive.