Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
THE PROCESS OF COMMUNITY-BUILDING IN DISTANCE LEARNING CLASSES

The purpose of this study was to develop a theory about the process through which community formed in adult computer-mediated asynchronous distance learning classes. A grounded theory design incorporated archived class input as well as interviews with twenty-one students and three faculty members from three graduate-level distance education classes.A three-stage phenomenon was ascertained. The first stage was making friends on-line with whom students felt comfortable communicating. The second stage was community conferment (acceptance) which occurred when students were part of a long, thoughtful, threaded discussion on a subject of importance after which participants felt both personal satisfaction and kinship. The third stage was camaraderie which was achieved after long-term or intense association with others involving personal communication. Each of these stages involved a greater degree of engagement in both the class and the dialogue.Causal conditions, intervening conditions, strategies and consequences were enumerated. A visual model of the entire process of community-building was advanced. Benefits of community were noted, and suggestions were made to facilitate the formation of an on-line community.
A model of word meaning inference development in child

Many researchers of infant language acquisition have reported that three-year-old infants can properly expand the meaning of a noun to a new object. However, for the verb, Imai et al. reported that infants gradually acquire a proper expansion of verb meaning from 3 years to 5 years old. In this study, we analyze the experimental data with a statistical model in order to elucidate the structure of information processing in a child's meaning inference of nouns and verbs.
Signalling apoptosis: a radical approach

Abstract Reactive oxygen species (ROS) are frequently associated with cytotoxicity, often being described as damaging, harmful or toxic. It is generally assumed that, under pathological circumstances, ROS elicit wide-spread and random acts of oxidation. This passive attack of cellular components by ROS, in conditions where oxidative stress is the initiating stimulus for apoptosis, is assumed to simply trigger cell death as a result of cumulative oxidative damage. However, accumulating evidence now suggests that ROS may act as signalling molecules for the initiation and execution of the apoptotic death programme in many, if not all, current models of apoptotic cell death. Signalling by ROS would not appear to be random, as previously assumed, but targeted at specific metabolic and signal transduction cellular components. There is also evidence that the enzymatic generation of ROS may not simply be an unwanted by-product of the primary reaction catalysed, but that ROS may be used as signalling molecules to regulate cellular processes including apoptosis. This view of ROS as signalling molecules (as opposed to toxic metabolites) has been further bolstered by the findings that cellular antioxidants such as glutathione and thioredoxin not only serve to regulate ROS levels but also act as reversible redox modifiers of enzyme function. This review will attempt to delineate the involvement of ROS in apoptosis in light of these recent discoveries and provide evidence for a crucial role for ROS in the initiation and execution of the death process.
Heuristic and Systematic Use of Search Engines

It is becoming increasingly important to understand in greater detail how people process information and make decisions while searching on the World Wide Web. With the distinction between systematic and heuristic processing, dual-process theories and decision theory provide a useful framework for analyzing this decision-making. A laboratory quasi-experiment was conducted, combining a client-oriented Web content analysis, think aloud technique, and an online questionnaire. From the data obtained, two different search sequence levels were created and analyzed. The results show that within these sequences, different degrees of heuristic and systematic processing occurred, depending on the situational demands as well as the Web experience and the domain specific involvement of the user.
Dynamic Changes of the Ecological Footprint and Its Component Analysis Response to Land Use in Wuhan, China

Humans’ demands for biological resources and energies have always been increasing, whereas evidence has shown that this demand is outpacing the regenerative and absorptive capacity of the planet. Since China is experiencing unprecedented urbanization and industrialization processes, how much impact this has imposed on the earth during economic development worldwide is conspicuous. Therefore, this paper tries to examine the environmental impact in detail and track its changes in a typical city of Central China, Wuhan, based on ecological footprint analysis. By calculating the ecological footprint and its components in terms of biologically productive land areas during the period of 1995–2008, it is found that the ecological footprint increased in fluctuations from 1.48 gha per capita to 2.10 gha per capita, with the carbon footprint contributing most within the whole time period. Compared to the tiny declining biocapacity of the region, a gradually aggravated ecological deficit in the city was observed, which increased from 1.12 gha per capita in 1995 to 1.79 gha per capita in 2008. Component analysis on the trends of the ecological footprint and ecological deficit reveals that the impact on the ecosystem induced by humans’ demands for resource production and energy consumption became greater than before, and cutting down the consumption of fossil fuels could reduce the carbon footprint and the overall ecological deficit of the city.
Sequence and structure requirements for specific recognition of HIV-1 TAR and DIS RNA by the HIV-1 Vif protein

The HIV-1 Vif protein plays an essential role in the regulation of the infectivity of HIV-1 virion and in vivo pathogenesis. Vif neutralizes the human DNA-editing enzyme APOBEC3 protein, an antiretroviral cellular factor from the innate immune system, allowing the virus to escape the host defence system. It was shown that Vif is packaged into viral particles through specific interactions with the viral genomic RNA. Conserved and structured sequences from the 5'-noncoding region, such as the Tat-responsive element (TAR) or the genomic RNA dimerization initiation site (DIS), are primary binding sites for Vif. In the present study we used isothermal titration calorimetry to investigate sequence and structure determinants important for Vif binding to short viral RNA corresponding to TAR and DIS stem-loops. We showed that Vif specifically binds TAR and DIS in the low nanomolar range. In addition, Vif primarily binds the TAR UCU bulge, but not the apical loop. Determinants for Vif binding to the DIS loop-loop complex are likely more complex and involve the self-complementary loop together with the upper part of the stem. These results suggest that Tat-TAR inhibitors or DIS small molecule binders might be also effective to disturb Vif-TAR and Vif-DIS binding in order to reduce Vif packaging into virions.
A Parallel Framework for Large-scale Multidimensional Heterogeneous Network Analysis

How to manage and analyze interconnected, multidimensional and heterogeneous information network data has become the focus of current research. Graph On-Line Analytical Processing (GraphOLAP) can process a quick online analysis and query operation of graph data. With the existing achievement of GraphOLAP we propose a new graph cube framework according to the multidimensional heterogeneous informational network. We introduce the concept of relation path which is the guidance of the relation path aggregate network. We propose the concept of derived dimension to support more analysis with clustering algorithm. We also propose some traditional operations and new operations based on our model. Then we discuss the materialization strategies and implement the framework in Spark. The result of experiments has proved the efficiency and effectiveness of our framework.
History, Present, and Progress of Frontotemporal Dementia in China: A Systematic Review

We aim to provide an overview of clinical and demographical features and neuropathological research on frontotemporal dementia (FTD) from China over the past decade. We reviewed the demographic features, clinical presentations, and neuropathology of the FTD-spectrum disorders from the 49 cases in China published since 1998. On the basis of these findings, we retrospect the history and speculate on future progress in terms of FTD in China. We found that most published papers comprise case reports with a few retrospective studies with small sample sizes. Behavior variant FTD (bvFTD) was the most common diagnostic subtype, of which 35% were associated with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis or Parkinsonian syndrome. More than 47% patients with FTD had age onset before 65. There were no differences in age of onset and sex distribution between diagnostic subtypes. The spectrum of neuropathological diagnosis of bvFTD was frontotemporal lobe degeneration (FTLD) with tau protein or ubiquitin-immunopositive inclusions, and FTLD without intracellular inclusions. Median survival in bvFTD was 14 years. This paper provides an overview of the current status and pointers for future research directions of FTD in China.
Multiply-deployed residual testing at the object level

Software testing is a proven technique widely used to increase confidence that a software product behaves as expected and to gather system usage information to support evolution. Many structural coverage criteria techniques are used to perform and measure testing activities, but their complete satisfaction is rarely achieved resulting in code release with neglected test obligations. This paper suggests a remedy for this situation – monitor the software after release to measure coverage criteria (either by beta testers or by end users). Our approach explores residual testing in multiple deployments of an application to determine incrementally but continually how well selected coverage criteria are satisfied. We introduce a prototype and demonstrate the value of the approach to real-world applications.
Correct and Efficient Timestamping of Temporal Data

Previous approaches to timestamping temporal data have implicitly assumed that transactions have no duration. In this paper we identify several situations where a sequence of operations over time within a single transaction can violate ACID properties. It has been previously shown that the transaction-time dimension must be timestamped after commit. This time is not known within the transaction. We describe how to correctly implement most queries that make explicit reference to this (unknown) transaction time, and argue that the rest, which can be syntactically identified, can only be answered with an approximation of the correct value. The drawback of timestamping after commit is that it requires revisiting tuples. We show that this expensive revisiting step is required only before any queries or modifications in subsequent transactions that access prior states; in most cases, revisiting tuples can be postponed, and when to revisit can be syntactically determined. We propose several strategies for revisiting tuples, and we empirically evaluate these strategies in order to determine under which circumstances each is best.
Fast encoding method for vector quantization using modified L/sub 2/-norm pyramid

The L/sub 2/-norm pyramid has already been investigated as a promising data structure for the fast search of vector quantization (VQ) encoding in the previous work. Because the distortion at the top level is always tested first when using such a conventional L/sub 2/-norm pyramid, the top level is most important. In order to enhance the capability of achieving a rejection decision at the top level, a modification is introduced into the conventional L/sub 2/-norm pyramid in this letter by using both the mean and the variance of a vector simultaneously to replace the L/sub 2/-norm of the vector for distortion computation at the top level. Two issues are made clear as 1) why this modification is beneficial to the distortion test is proved and 2) why only the top level of a conventional L/sub 2/-norm pyramid should be modified is interpreted as well. Experimental results confirmed that the performance of VQ encoding by using the modified L/sub 2/-norm pyramid can be improved obviously.
2 Misinformation Effect in Older Versus Younger Adults

The United States is getting older. According to the U.S. Census Bureau, adults over the age of 65 were the fastest growing subpopulation in 2010, and in fact, more people were over the age of 65 than in any previous census (U.S. Census Bureau, 2011). These age trends are projected to continue so that by 2050, one in every five persons will be aged 65 or older (Shrestha & Heisler, 2011). This increase in the proportion of older adults is not only happening in the United States; the United Kingdom projects an estimated 23% increase of adults over 65 years of age between 2010 and 2018 (Rutherford, 2012). In Asia, where 55% of the world’s population of older people live, the proportion of the population aged 60 and over is expected to increase from 11% in 2012 to 24% in 2050 (United Nations, 2012). Even lesser developed regions of the world are expecting an aging of their populations with similar trends in both absolute and relative size of the older adult populations (United Nations, 2012). Demographic projections indicate that in the next several decades the world will see an increase in older adults never before experienced. Because older adults will make up a large proportion of the population, we can expect more older adults to become involved in the legal system, often as witnesses to key events (Eglit, 2004). Psycholegal researchers have extensively studied eyewitness memory for events (e.g., Toglia, Read, Ross, & Lindsay, 2006); however, inconsistent findings about age differences between older and younger adults in eyewitness ability make it difficult to form conclusions about how eyewitness age should influence policy and practice, if at all (e.g., Dodson & Krueger, 2006; Loftus, Levidow, & Duensing, 1992). Generally speaking, older adults are perceived as having difficulties with cognition and memory compared with younger adults. Although not always the case, it is well known that memory performance in older adults can decrease with age (Moulin, Thompson, Wright, & Conway, 2007). A research review and quantitative meta-analysis can assist in understanding whether these memory differences are due only to age or whether there are additional methodological factors that are related to how memory is measured that may contribute to these differences. This chapter reviews research examining age differences in
Mapping of receptive language cortex in bilingual volunteers by using magnetic source imaging.

OBJECT There are conflicting claims in the functional imaging literature concerning whether different languages are represented by distinct brain mechanisms in individuals who are proficient in more than one language. This interesting theoretical issue has practical implications when functional imaging methods are used for presurgical language mapping. To address this issue the authors compared the location and extent of receptive language cortex specific to English and Spanish in neurologically intact bilingual volunteers by using magnetic source imaging. METHODS Areas of the cortex that were specialized for receptive language functions were identified separately for each language in 11 healthy adults who were bilingual in English and Spanish. The authors performed exactly the same procedures used routinely for presurgical receptive language mapping. In each bilingual individual, the receptive language-specific map always encompassed the posterior portion of the superior temporal gyrus. In every case, however, substantial differences in the receptive language maps were also observed for the two languages, regardless of whether each participant's first language was English or Spanish. CONCLUSIONS Although the reasons for such differences and their ultimate significance in identifying the cerebral mechanisms of language are subject to continuing investigation, their presence is noteworthy and has practical implications for the surgical management of patients with lesions in the temporal and parietal regions of the dominant hemisphere.
Conceptualising ‘The Relationship’ in Intensive Key Worker Support as a Therapeutic Medium

Across various welfare and justice systems, intensive key worker support is a model of working considered effective for individuals and families identified as having multiple and complex needs. The high profile ‘troubled families’ programme in England is the most recent prominent example of such a model. The key worker role is to assess an individual’s needs, carry out support planning, provide and/or co-ordinate the delivery of supportive interventions and complete care plan reviews. This requires the key worker to work on a one-to-one basis with individuals which, in turn, demands the ability to form effective relationships. In this paper and using evidence from a number of studies, I look at how the key worker-client relationship is developed and maintained. I examine the skills, processes and communication strategies that allow key workers to engage clients, build relationships and drive change. I also explore the notion that the key worker-service user relationship is itself a ‘therapeutic’ medium and is therefore a productive practice in its own right. The paper suggests that while key workers might not be trained therapists or counsellors, they might be equipped to address some emotional challenges that individuals with complex needs face and build therapeutic relationships with them.
Proximal regularization for online and batch learning

Many learning algorithms rely on the curvature (in particular, strong convexity) of regularized objective functions to provide good theoretical performance guarantees. In practice, the choice of regularization penalty that gives the best testing set performance may result in objective functions with little or even no curvature. In these cases, algorithms designed specifically for regularized objectives often either fail completely or require some modification that involves a substantial compromise in performance. We present new online and batch algorithms for training a variety of supervised learning models (such as SVMs, logistic regression, structured prediction models, and CRFs) under conditions where the optimal choice of regularization parameter results in functions with low curvature. We employ a technique called proximal regularization, in which we solve the original learning problem via a sequence of modified optimization tasks whose objectives are chosen to have greater curvature than the original problem. Theoretically, our algorithms achieve low regret bounds in the online setting and fast convergence in the batch setting. Experimentally, our algorithms improve upon state-of-the-art techniques, including Pegasos and bundle methods, on medium and large-scale SVM and structured learning tasks.
Emerging anticoagulants

Introduction: Thromboembolic disease encompasses a spectrum of conditions extending from deep vein thrombosis to stroke and myocardial infarction. The current anticoagulation therapy is cumbersome and characterized by several important drawbacks. Areas covered: Existing treatments and latest breakthroughs on emerging anticoagulants are presented. Oral and parenteral novel anticoagulants are being developed and tested for efficacy and safety and results are being published regularly. The introduction of novel anticoagulants marks a new era in the management of anticoagulated patients. It is important for the healthcare provider to understand the benefits and risks of the armamentarium of anticoagulants that will be available in the very near future. The critical conclusions drawn will help the reader look past what is the most highlighted feature of the new anticoagulantion era: the non-necessity for monitoring. Expert opinion: Currently, novel anticoagulants seem to lack the indefinable ‘charm’ of weakness. However, important questions remain unanswered and will require in-depth evaluations.
Clinical evaluation of single-stage advanced versus rotated flaps in the treatment of gingival recessions.

BACKGROUND Several procedures have been reported for the surgical correction of gingival recession (GR), including the laterally positioned flap (LPF) and the coronally advanced flap (CAF), performed as single- or two-stage procedures without or with, respectively, the preceding placement and healing of a free gingival graft. The objective of the present report was to compare the efficacy of single-stage LPF and CAF techniques in the treatment of localized maxillary GR defects. METHODS Thirty-six patients, 10 men and 26 women, with average age of 34 + or - 9 years with Miller Class I GR defects were randomly assigned to be treated by either a CAF (n = 18) or LPF (n = 18). Clinical parameters, including recession height, the width of keratinized tissue (WKT), probing depth, and vertical clinical attachment level were assessed at the mid-buccal site. Visual plaque score and bleeding on probing were also assessed dichotomously. Clinical recordings were performed at baseline and 6 months later. Intermeasurements differences were analyzed with a chi-square or a Wilcoxon test, with significance set at alpha<0.05. RESULTS Both flap designs were effective in treating recession defects resulting in similar improvements for percentage of root coverage, frequency of complete root coverage, and gain in clinical attachment level. The LPF resulted in significantly more gains in WKT than the CAF. CONCLUSION The results obtained by CAF in the treatment of Miller Class I maxillary GR are clinically similar to the LPF albeit with more limited gains in WKT.
Convergence Properties of Particle Filter Algorithm

The basic sampling importance resampling algorithm is the basic for improving particle filter methods which are widely utilized in optimal filtering problems. In our paper, we introduce a modified basic SIR algorithm and analyze the convergence property of the modified basic SIR algorithm. Furthermore, when the recursive time is finite and the forth-order moment of the interesting function w.r. t the posterior joint distribution of the extended state is exist, the sufficient condition for the basic particle filter estimation convergence almost surely to the optimal estimation is discussed.
Sistema de costeo ABC para empresas del sector eléctrico que actúen como operadores de red System Activity Based Costing System for Electric Companies that Act as Network Operators

Resumen— El exito organizacional involucra muchos aspectos y uno de los mas importantes en cualquier empresa es el financiero. Teniendo en cuenta esta realidad es necesario utilizar herramientas que ayuden a la toma de decisiones y los sistemas de costeo contribuyen de gran manera en este proceso, pues basados en ellos la gerencia puede seleccionar una alternativa entre una amplia gama de posibilidades. Bajo esta premisa en este articulo se desarrolla una propuesta de un costeo basado en actividades para empresas operadores de red que sirva como ayuda para la eficiente toma de decisiones. Palabras clave— Toma de decisiones, Sistemas de costeo; Costeo basado en actividades, Operadores de red.