Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Experimental and numerical study of a YBCO pancake coil with a magnetic substrate

A finite element model for a YBCO pancake coil with a magnetic substrate is developed in this paper. An axial symmetrical H formulation and the E–J power law are used to construct the model, with the magnetic substrate considered by introducing an extra time-dependent term in the formula. A pancake coil is made and tested. The measurement of critical current and transport loss is compared to the model result, showing good consistency. The influence of magnetic substrate in the condition of AC and DC current is studied. The AC loss decreases without a magnetic substrate. It is observed that when the applied DC current approaches the critical current the coil turn loss profile changes completely in the presence of magnetic substrate due to the change of magnetic field distribution.
Identification and elimination of an inflow boundary computational solution in limited area model integrations

Abstract The linearized non‐divergent barotropic vorticity equation in one dimension is used for the study of a problem associated with the specification of lateral boundaries in limited area models. This problem presents itself in the form of a “pillow” that builds up near the inflow boundary of the model. Linear analysis shows that this pillow can easily be eliminated. Linear integrations carried out with a corrector seem to be reasonably accurate. Similar integrations with the linearized shallow water equations in one dimension also produce a pillow and the same corrector gives improved results. Additional runs are performed in order to show that some commonly used nesting strategies do not control this computational problem in a satisfactory manner. It seems that these strategies could be improved with an appropriate corrector.
Converse coding theorem for identification via general degraded broadcast channels

We consider the problem of identifi- cation(ID) via broadcast channels(BCs) with one in- put alphabet and two output alphabets. We do not assume any condition for the stochastic property of BCs except for a kind of degraded structure. For the above general degraded BCs, we drive an explicit outer bound of the identification capacity region un- der the criterion that the error probability of iden- tification is asymptotically upper bounded by a pre- scribed level. When the value of this level is zero, this outer bound coincides with the inner bound, thereby establishing the capacity region for general degraded BCs. 11. MAIN RESULT
Quantum Brownian motion and its classical limit

The Feynman-Vernon, Caldeira-Leggett model for a quantum dissipative system is used, via a general kinetic equation due to Chow, Browne, and the present author, to cast light on the classical limit of quantum Brownian motion, with special attention paid to the requirement of coarse graining in time.
On Extending the Bradley-Terry Model to Accommodate Ties in Paired Comparison Experiments

Abstract This study is concerned with the extension of the Bradley-Terry model for paired comparisons to situations which allow an expression of no preference. A new model is developed and its performance compared with a model proposed by Rao and Kupper. The maximum likelihood estimates of the parameters are found using an iterative procedure which, under a weak assumption, converges monotonically to the solution of the likelihood equations. It is noted that for a balanced paired comparison experiment the ranking obtained from the maximum likelihood estimates agrees with that obtained from a scoring system which allots two points for a win, one for a tie and zero for a loss. The likelihood ratio test of the hypothesis of equal preferences is shown to have the same asymptotic efficiency as that for the Rao-Kupper model. Two examples are presented, one of which introduces a set of data for an unbalanced paired comparison experiment. Initial applications of the test of goodness of fit suggest that the propos.
Remarks on disputed numerical results in compressible boundary‐layer stability theory

Past work on the influence of Mach number on the viscous and inviscid instability of flat‐plate boundary layers is reviewed, and new spatial calculations are presented. These calculations support the previous view that viscosity is only stabilizing for both two‐ and three‐dimensional first‐mode waves above M1=3.0, and for second‐mode waves at all Mach numbers. It is concluded that the calculations of Wazzan, Taghavi, and Keltner that show viscous instability at M1=6.0 for first‐mode 50° waves, and at M1=3.0 for two‐dimensional second‐mode waves, are not correct.
Detection of Cosmic Microwave Background Anisotropy by the Third Flight of the Medium-Scale Anisotropy Measurement

The third flight of the Medium-Scale Anisotropy Measurement (MSAM1), in 1995 June, observed a new strip of sky, doubling the sky coverage of the original MSAM1 data set. MSAM1 observes with a 0. °5 beam size in four bands from 5 to 20 cm-1. From these four bands we derive measurements of cosmic microwave background radiation (CMBR) anisotropy and interstellar dust emission. Our measurement of dust emission correlates well with the 100 μm IRAS Sky Survey Atlas; from this comparison we determine an effective emissivity spectral index between 100 μm and 444 μm of 1.46±0.28. Analysis of our measurement of CMBR anisotropy shows that for Gaussian-shaped correlation functions with θc = 0. °3, we place a limit on total rms anisotropy of 2.2×10−5<ΔT/T<3.9×10−5 (90% confidence interval, including calibration error). The band-power limits are ⟨δT⟩ ≡ ⟨l(l+1)Cl/2π⟩½=50+16−11 μK at l=160, and ⟨δT⟩=65+18−13 μK at l=270 (1 σ limits, including calibration error). The corresponding limits with statistical errors only are ⟨δT⟩=50+ 13−9 μK and ⟨δT⟩=65+ 14−10 μK, respectively. These measurements are consistent with a standard adiabatic cold dark matter model; we discuss constraints on h, n, and the redshift of reionization.
The three-dimensional turbulent boundary layer near a plane of symmetry

The asymptotic structure of the three-dimensional turbulent boundary layer near a plane of symmetry is considered in the limit of large Reynolds number. A selfconsistent two-layer structure is shown to exist wherein the streamwise velocity is brought to rest through an outer defect layer and an inner wall layer in a manner similar to that in two-dimensional boundary layers. The cross-stream velocity distribution is more complex and two terms in the asymptotic expansion are required to yield a complete profile which is shown to exhibit a logarithmic region. The flow in the inner wall layer is demonstrated to be collateral to leading order; pressure gradient effects are formally of higher order but can cause the velocity profile to skew substantially near the wall at the large but finite Reynolds numbers encountered in practice. The governing set of ordinary differential equations describing a self-similar flow is derived. The calculated numerical solutions of these equations are matched asymptotically to an inner wall-layer solution and the results show trends that are consistent with experimental observations.
Nonequilibrium statistical mechanics of two‐dimensional turbulence

The vorticity dynamics of two-dimensional turbulence are investigated analytically, applying the method of Qian (1983). The vorticity equation and its Fourier transform are presented; a set of modal parameters and a modal dynamic equation are derived; and the corresponding Liouville equation for the probability distribution in phase space is solved using a Langevin/Fokker-Planck approach to obtain integral equations for the enstrophy and for the dynamic damping coefficient eta. The equilibrium spectrum for inviscid flow is found to be a stationary solution of the enstrophy equation, and the inertial-range spectrum is determined by introducing a localization factor in the two integral equations and evaluating the localized versions numerically.
Extracting Spectral Information about 253 Mathilde Using the NEAR Photometry

Abstract The Near Earth Asteroid Rendezvous (NEAR) spacecraft will conduct the first photometric imagery of a C-class asteroid when it flies by 253 Mathilde. An absorption feature seen in ground-based disk-integrated spectra of many C-class asteroids has been attributed to oxidized iron in phyllosilicate minerals of the serpento-chlorite groups. We have designed a method of identifying this absorption feature in the NEAR photometry of Mathilde. A linear mixing model was used to combine two sets of synthetic NEAR photometry created from a spectrum of Mathilde that does not show this feature and the average of nine spectra of other C-class asteroids each having the 0.7-μm absorption feature. We find that a spatial unit must contain a minimum of 55% material that has a spectrum showing the 0.7-μm absorption feature for the presence of this material to be spectrally detectable in the NEAR photometric imaging data.
A cell-by-cell thermally driven mushy cell tracking algorithm for phase-change problems

A thermally driven mushy cell tracking algorithm for phase-change problems with a moving boundary is presented. The equation used to track the moving boundary is based on energy balance over the mushy cell and is applied to advance a moving front in a cell-by-cell manner. The efficacy of the tracking algorithm is demonstrated on specific problems solved using the finite volume method. An implicit scheme is adopted to ensure that the numerical solution is unconditionally stable in time. A preconditioned conjugated gradient (P-CG) solver is implemented to ensure that solutions converge in a finite number of iterations. Four benchmark cases are used to validate the algorithm including solidification in one dimensional space (two-region problem), melting of pure aluminum in two-dimensional (2D) space, solidification with periodic boundary conditions, and solidification of one-region problem. The results obtained show that the current algorithm is capable of converging to accurate solutions for moving fronts and the numerical predications are in excellent agreement with corresponding analytical solutions.
Improved stabilisation method for networked control systems

The controller design problem for networked control systems (NCSs) is investigated. By considering the relationship between the network-reduced delay and its upper bound, an improved stability criterion for networked closed-loop system is proposed without ignoring any terms in the derivative of Lyapunov-Krasovskii function. As a result, a state feedback controller design method is established using a modified cone complementary linearisation (CCL) algorithm with a new stopping condition. A numerical example is given to demonstrate the effectiveness and the benefits of the proposed method.
Combustion response of ammonium perchlorate composite propellants

The Cohen and Strand model for ammonium perchlorate (AP) composite propellants is applied as boundary conditions, one for AP and one for binder, in solving the heat conduction equation in each to compute linear and nonlinear combustion response properties for each and for the aggregate propellant. Iterations couple AP and binder through the quasi-steady flame processes. Illustrative results for linear response functions (pressure coupled and velocity coupled) are presented for a monomodal AP propellant showing effects of varying AP size, pressure, and crossflow speed. Examples of nonlinear responses to arbitrary waveforms are also shown. The model predicts a very large response at high pressures with coarse AP due to AP monopropellant combustion, underpredicts peak response amplitude for low pressures due to a possible change in mechanism, and shows a stabilizing effect of the diffusion flame. A quantitative comparison with response function data is limited to one well-characterized research formulation. Mechanistic implications are discussed, including recommendations for future modeling work.
Modeling of magnetic island formation in magnetic reconnection experiment

Formation of a magnetic island found in the Magnetic Reconnection Experiment (MRX) [M. Yamada, H. Ji, S. Hsu, et al., Phys. Plasmas 4, 1936 (1997)] is investigated by a magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) relaxation theory and a numerical simulation. In the cohelicity injection with a mean toroidal field, the growing process of the island into a spheromak-type configuration is explained by quasistatic transition of the force-free and minimum energy state to a state with larger normalized helicity. It also turns out that no magnetic island would be generated in the counterhelicity case. The MHD simulation with inhomogeneous electric resistivity agrees with experimental results, which clearly shows formation and growth of the magnetic island in a diffusion region where the reconnection takes place.
Functional Statements in Biology

Nearly all biologists and philosophers agree that biology is fundamentally nonteleological; that is they agree that any biological statement which appears to refer to future causes can in fact be translated, without any loss of meaning, into a statement without any such reference (the author of [5] is a notable exception). However, as the wealth of literature on the subject well shows, the task of providing the required translation rules would have taxed even Hercules (see [2] for a good collection of essays on the topic). One point does seem to be clear: not all teleological statements in biology are of the same type. In this discussion my particular concern will be with finding the correct nonteleological translation of an important subclass of such biological statements, namely functional statements. These are statements of the form "The function of x in z is to do y. " One of the most widely known attempts to translate functional statements into nonteleological language is that of E. Nagel (in [4]). Nearly every discussion on the topic since the appearance of his book has begun with a reference to Nagel, inevitably critical. I want to argue that Nagel's account is indeed mistaken, but that his critics fail to identify the chief source of his error, which is a confusion between two similar sounding but quite different biological concepts, adaptation and adaptability. Once this confusion is uncovered, I believe that the correct method of translating biological functional statements into nonteleological language is relatively easy to find. Consider the example of a functional statement for which Nagel claims to give a nonteleological interpretation, namely that
Recombination Dynamics of High-Density Photocarriers in Type-II Ge/Si Quantum Dots

The optical properties and dynamics of charge carriers under high-density photoexcitation in type-II Ge/Si quantum dots (QDs) are studied by time-resolved photoluminescence (PL) measurements at low temperatures. Under high-density photoexcitation, the PL spectra showed a broad band with an extended, high-energy tail, representing a hot-carrier distribution over high-energy states. PL decay measurements revealed that a fast-decay component appeared under high-density photoexcitation, indicating that Auger recombination results in hot-carrier generation in Ge/Si QDs. Moreover, by comparing with thermally annealed Ge/Si QDs, we found that the Auger recombination rate is affected by Ge–Si intermixing at the Ge/Si interface.
An Automatic Ellipsometer for Use in Electrochemical Investigations

An automatic ellipsometer based on the principle of measurement of intensities is described. Use is made of a rotating analyzer with a three‐channel strobing voltmeter to read the photomultiplier output at chosen analyzer angles. The outputs are recorded in digital form, and the time for one optical measurement is 150 msec. Sources of error and ways of eliminating noise from the signal are discussed. The system incorporates a cell specially engineered for electrochemical investigations, and its performance is illustrated with results from an experiment on the electrochemical formation of a thin oxide layer on platinum.
Single Channel Source Separation Using Sparse NMF and Graph Regularization

The aim of single channel source separation is to accurately recover signals from mixtures. In supervised case, non-negative matrix factorization (NMF) is a popular method to separate mixed signals from learned dictionaries. These dictionaries can be produced efficiently by sparse NMF to approximate the input signal as closely as possible. However, previous methods neither consider the structure of the data in terms of the similarity between vertices of the input signal nor use state-of-art variants of NMF that are more efficient than conventional ones. This paper presents a method that incorporate graph regularization constraint into a group sparsity NMF to improve the performance of source separation. Experimental results demonstrate that our method is outstandingly effective for speech separation in two representative scenarios.
Euler and Navier-Stokes Solutions for Missiles at High Angles of Attack

Anunstructured Euler e ow solverand a structured thin-layerNavier‐ Stokessolverarevalidated againstexperimentaldata andcompared withothersolversfortwo differentmissilegeometriesata Machnumberof M =2andat angles of attack ranging between 0 and 20 deg. The e rst geometry is a conventional missile geometry with an ogive nose, a cylindrical body, and four straight tail e ns. The second geometry is an unconventional missile geometry with a lenticular body and no tail e ns. Present results are found to be in good agreement with the available results, and the differences observed between them are explained in detail. The present unstructured Euler code proved to be accurate, fast, and reliable for determining the overall aerodynamic characteristics of the missiles, whereas the thin-layer Navier‐ Stokes solutions are found to be effective in predicting the detailed viscous behavior of the e owe eld over the conventional and unconventional missile geometries studied.
The new kilogram definition based on counting the atoms in a 28Si crystal

The kilogram is the only unit of measure still defined by a physical object. Now, a marathon effort to tie the kilogram to a constant of nature is nearing the finish line. This paper concerns an international research project aimed at determining the Avogadro constant by counting the atoms in an isotopically enriched silicon crystal. The counting procedure was based on the measurement of the molar volume and the volume of an atom in two 1 kg crystal spheres. The novelty was the use of isotope dilution mass spectrometry as a new and very accurate method for the determination of the molar mass of enriched silicon. Because of an unexpected metallic contamination of the sphere surfaces, the relative measurement uncertainty, , results were larger by a factor 1.5 than that targeted. The measured value of the Avogadro constant, mol–1 is the most accurate input datum for the kilogram redefinition and differs only by from the CODATA 2010 adjusted value. This value is midway between the watt-balance values.
Approximations to the distribution of the least squares estimator in a first order stationary autoregressive model

This study investigates the adequacy of approximations to the distribution of the least squares estimator in a first order stationary autoregressive model by the normal distribution, Edgeworth-type expansions, Cornish-Fisher-type expansions and the four-parameter Pearson distributions. Accuracy of these approximations is found to depend substantially on sample size and values of the autoregressive coefficient. Only the Pearson approximations appear to be reliable for both large and moderately small samples. Convenient algorithms by Tsui and Ali (1991a) are used to obtain the exact moments of the related estimator, thereby lifting the major blockage to applying such approximations.
Multi-Stage Marine Ship Recognition Based on Stackable Residual Network

Marine ship recognition has always been an important research field. The ships can be usually recognized by analyzing their attribute characteristics. However, in the actual process of recognition, many ship recognition methods using a single model cannot meet the requirements of this task due to the complexity of ship types, diversity of interference factors and different information obtained from distance differences. Therefore, we propose a multi-stage ship recognition scheme. First, the single radiation emitter feature recognition network model is designed for long-distance recognition. Second, the fusion feature network model for short distance recognition. The proposed network is mainly constructed with the residual units, which not only simplify the training of deep networks and facilitate the spread of information, but also can solve the vanishing gradient and exploding gradient problem. The simulation experimental results show that the proposed network model has better performance than typical methods and has great potential in applications.
Balancing for a class of non-linear singularly perturbed systems

In this work, a balancing method is investigated for a class of non-linear singularly perturbed systems. The main result presented here shows that the well-known 'two-stages' strategy used with singular perturbations in control theory can be extended to compute a balancing form of non-linear singularly perturbed systems. So, an approximate balancing form is derived from the balancing forms of the slow and fast subsystems both computed separately. This two-stage method avoids the difficult task of solving high dimensional and ill-conditioned Hamilton-Jacobi equations due to the presence of the small singular perturbation parameter.
The Wolf-Rayet Binary V444 Cygni Under the Spectroscopic Microscope. II. Physical Parameters of the Wolf-Rayet Wind and the Zone of Wind Collision

New, extensive, high signal-to-noise, phase-dependent optical spectroscopy, along with simultaneous narrowband continuum photometry, leads to restrictions on the electron temperature and density in the wind close to the Wolf-Rayet component of the eclipsing binary V444 Cygni (WN5 + O6 V-III). Detailed study of the phase dependence of the equivalent widths and line profiles of the W-R star reveals significant ionization stratification in the W-R wind. Our previous discussion of the wind-wind collision effects on He I lines is extended to He II lines. We find that (1) the wind-wind collision zone is detached from the surface of the O star; (2) the radiation field of the O star does not inhibit the initial acceleration of the W-R wind; however, it does brake the flow just prior to entrance into the collision zone; (3) the shocked gas experiences rapid, tcool ≲ (2-4) × 104 s, and profound cooling via radiative losses, leading to high compression of the postshock gas.