Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Chord recognition using measures of fit, chord templates and filtering methods

This paper presents an efficient method for chord transcription of music signals. A succession of chroma vectors is calculated from the signal in order to extract the musical content of the piece over time. We introduce a set of chord templates for several types of chords (major, minor, dominant seventh, .): different chord models taking into account one or more harmonics of the notes of the chord are considered. In order to fit the chroma vectors to the chord templates, we analytically calculate a scale parameter. The detected chord over a frame is the one minimizing a measure of fit between a rescaled chroma vector and the chord templates. Several popular measures in the probability and signal processing field are considered for our task. In order to take into account the time-persistence, we perform a post-processing filtering over the recognition criteria which quickly smooths the results and corrects random errors. The system is evaluated on the 13 Beatles albums and compared to the state-of-the-art. Results show that our method outperforms state-of-the-art methods but more importantly is significantly faster.
The role of imaging techniques in the management of multiple myeloma

Bone disease is the major feature of multiple myeloma (MM). Imaging is required for correct staging, in the follow‐up after treatment and, as recently highlighted, is predictor of prognosis. In the near future, whole‐body X‐Ray may be replaced by more sensitive techniques, such as whole‐body low‐dose computerized tomography (CT). Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is the gold standard method for assessing bone marrow infiltration of the spine, predicting the risk of vertebral fracture and distinguishing between benign and malignant osteoporosis. Positron emission tomography (PET) with CT (PET/CT) provides important information about the extent of whole‐body disease, including soft tissue masses, and is the best tool to distinguish between active or inactive disease after therapy. Both MRI and PET/CT are predictors of clinical outcome. A prospective use of these newer imaging techniques in both clinical trials and clinical practice may help optimize MM management in the near future.
Some Observations on the Canadian Family Allowances Program

ONE of the outstanding social security and child welfare developments during the war has been in the field of family allowances. Family allowances legislation in Australia (1941), Canada (1944), and Great Britain (1945) has added these nations to the list of those that had such legislation in operation before the war, including France, the Soviet Union, and numerous smaller countries in continental Europe and elsewhere. " The United States is now the only major industrial nation in the world without a plan for family allowances. The program in Canada is of particular interest in the United States because of the proximity and the many common characteristics and interests of the two countries. The Canadian Family Allowances Act,3 passed in August, 1944, became effective July, 1945, so that well over a year's experience is now available on its operation. Family allowances averaging $6.oo a month are now being paid for about 95 per cent of all Canadian children under sixteen; Canadian parents with eligible children are receiving an average allowance of $14 a month for the maintenance of these children. Expenditures for family allowances now stand at over $20 million per month; funds for the estimated annual expenditure of $250 million per year are derived from general revenue. The importance of this program to Canada is indicated by the fact that in the fiscal year April, i945-March, 1946, expenditures for family allowances constituted about 4 per cent of the total expenditures of the Dominion government (including war and demobilization expenditures) and 16 per cent of ordinary expenditures,4 yet the family allowances program was in operation during only nine months of that fiscal year. The government's announced purposes in passing the act havei been briefly stated as follows: "Its first purpose is to protect the rising eneration, assuring children of their basic needs; its second purpose is to maintain domestic pur' The opinions expressed in this article are those of the author and do not necessarily represent the views of the Social Security Administration.
A New Property Coding in Text Steganography of Microsoft Word Documents

Electronic documents, similarly as printed documents, need to be secured by adding some specific features that allow efficient copyright protection, authentication, document tracking or investigation of counterfeiting and forgeries. Microsoft Word is one of the most popular word processors, and several methods exist for embedding data specially in documents produced by it. We present a new type of methods for hiding data in Microsoft Word documents, named as Property coding, which deploys properties of different document objects (e.g., characters, paragraphs, and sentences) for embedding data. We give four different ways of Property coding, which are resistant to save actions, introduce very small overhead on the document size (about 1%), can embed up to 8 bits per character, and of course, are unnoticed by readers. Property coding belongs to format based methods of text steganography. Keywords-Data Hiding; Microsoft Word. I. INTRODUCTION
Do the fix ingredients already exist? an empirical inquiry into the redundancy assumptions of program repair approaches

Much initial research on automatic program repair has focused on experimental results to probe their potential to find patches and reduce development effort. Relatively less effort has been put into understanding the hows and whys of such approaches. For example, a critical assumption of the GenProg technique is that certain bugs can be fixed by copying and re-arranging existing code. In other words, GenProg assumes that the fix ingredients already exist elsewhere in the code. In this paper, we formalize these assumptions around the concept of ``temporal redundancy''. A temporally redundant commit is only composed of what has already existed in previous commits. Our experiments show that a large proportion of commits that add existing code are temporally redundant. This validates the fundamental redundancy assumption of GenProg.
The genetic basis of dental anomalies and its relation to orthodontics

The interruption of odontogenesis by any etiological factor may result in dental anomalies. Apart from the environmental factors, the impact of genetics in dental anomalies was found to be a factor in different levels. Many authors had questioned a common genetic defect resulting in different phenotypic conditions such as absent, malformed, malposed or ectopic teeth. Because the multidisciplinary treatment of these dental anomalies such as hypodontia, impaction etc., involves orthodontic intervention, orthodontists must be aware of the etiology and possible correlative conditions with dental anomalies.
Open Tiled Manycore System-on-Chip

Manycore System-on-Chip include an increasing amount of processing elements and have become an important research topic for improvements of both hardware and software. While research can be conducted using system simulators, prototyping requires a variety of components and is very time consuming. With the Open Tiled Manycore System-on-Chip (OpTiMSoC) we aim at building such an environment for use in our and other research projects as prototyping platform. This paper describes the project goals and aspects of OpTiMSoC and summarizes the current status and ideas.
Teaching Causal Reasoning Through Cognitive Apprenticeship: What Are Results From Situated Learning?

Abstract The author investigated whether situated instruction produces more usable, transferable knowledge than instruction that is abstracted from the context of its use. To test that theory, 220 Grade 7 students were instructed on the topic of causality. Half the students were taught how to determine whether a research study shows a cause-and-effect relationship under the situated-learning model. The remaining students were taught the same concept under the abstracted instruction model. An additional factor, teaching for transfer, also was investigated. Although there were significant differences in learning immediately following instruction, there were no differences on the transfer task due to instructional condition or transfer training. Of the 194 participants who completed the transfer task, only 2 students spontaneously transferred their learning.
Building text hierarchical structure by using confusion matrix

There are two strategies to build hierarchical structure of document category. One is hierarchical clustering and the other is confusion category. Based on confusion matrix of plane classifier, the paper made use of hierarchical classification to carry on experiments, and it is showed that the confusion category strategy was superior to hierarchical clustering strategy. And compared to plane classifier, confusion category strategy improved recall and precision of classification.
Causes of death in patients with chronic sarcoidosis.

INTRODUCTION Sarcoidosis is a multi-system, granulomatous disorder of unknown etiology that is associated with a variable prognosis and sometimes results in death. There are conflicting reports regarding the causes of death in patients with sarcoidosis. METHODS Forty-four consecutive patients with sarcoidosis who underwent an autopsy (35 patients) or died at Mayo Clinic (Rochester, MN, USA) over a 20-yr period, from January 1, 1994 to December 31, 2013 were analyzed. RESULTS The median age at death was 63 years (range, 33-94 years) and there were 22 (50%) women. Sarcoidosis had not been clinically diagnosed in 16 (36%) patients before death. Fifteen deaths (34%) were related to sarcoidosis and included seven deaths (16%) from cardiac sarcoidosis and four deaths (9%) from progressive pulmonary sarcoidosis. Other sarcoidosis-related causes of death included advanced hepatic sarcoidosis (5%) and opportunistic infections (5%) related to immunosuppressive therapy for treating sarcoidosis. Among seven patients dying from cardiac sarcoidosis, three had been diagnosed with sarcoidosis during life and cardiac involvement was known in two of them. Six of seven deaths from cardiac sarcoidosis occurred in the autopsied cohort while all four deaths from pulmonary sarcoidosis occurred in those not autopsied. CONCLUSIONS In the majority of patients dying with sarcoidosis the cause of death is unrelated to sarcoidosis. Cardiac involvement is the most common cause of sarcoidosis-related deaths in patients subjected to postmortem examination and was usually undiagnosed during life. The cause distribution of death in patients with sarcoidosis differed depending on whether autopsy was performed.
The Effect of DDAVP Infusion on Thrombin Generation in Platelet-rich Plasma of von Willebrand Type 1 and in Mild Haemophilia A Patients

Summary In von Willebrand disease (vWD) type 1 and mild haemophilia A patients we studied the effect of an infusion of DDAVP (0.3 µg/kg body weight) on thrombin generation in platelet-rich plasma (PRP) and platelet-poor plasma (PPP). Baseline thrombin generation in PRP was diminished both in the haemophilia A and vWD patients. It was normal in vWD plasma when sufficient procoagulant phospholipids were present, either via adding phospholipid vesicles to PPP or via scrambling of the platelet membrane with ionomycin in PRP. In haemophilia A plasma, thrombin generation did not normalize by providing procoagulant phospholipids. Treatment with DDAVP temporarily restored thrombin generation in PRP to normal in both diseases. To investigate the individual roles of von Willebrand factor (vWF) and factor VIII, we also studied the effect of factor VIII infusion on thrombin generation in a severe haemophilia patient. It appears that at a fixed normal vWF concentration, <25% factor VIII is sufficient for normal thrombin generation in PRP. At a sufficient factor VIII concentration, however, thrombin generation is still lower than normal in vWD patients; ∼40% of vWF is required for half-normal thrombin generation in PRP. It thus appears that vWF is also a clotting factor, in the sense that it is required for normal thrombin generation. This underlines the importance of the interaction between coagulation and the platelets in normal haemostasis. Thrombin generation in PRP appears to be a suitable test to reflect the combined function.
Prophylaxis versus episodic treatment to prevent joint disease in boys with severe hemophilia.

BACKGROUND Effective ways to prevent arthropathy in severe hemophilia are unknown. METHODS We randomly assigned young boys with severe hemophilia A to regular infusions of recombinant factor VIII (prophylaxis) or to an enhanced episodic infusion schedule of at least three doses totaling a minimum of 80 IU of factor VIII per kilogram of body weight at the time of a joint hemorrhage. The primary outcome was the incidence of bone or cartilage damage as detected in index joints (ankles, knees, and elbows) by radiography or magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). RESULTS Sixty-five boys younger than 30 months of age were randomly assigned to prophylaxis (32 boys) or enhanced episodic therapy (33 boys). When the boys reached 6 years of age, 93% of those in the prophylaxis group and 55% of those in the episodic-therapy group were considered to have normal index-joint structure on MRI (P=0.006). The relative risk of MRI-detected joint damage with episodic therapy as compared with prophylaxis was 6.1 (95% confidence interval, 1.5 to 24.4). The mean annual numbers of joint and total hemorrhages were higher at study exit in the episodic-therapy group than in the prophylaxis group (P<0.001 for both comparisons). High titers of inhibitors of factor VIII developed in two boys who received prophylaxis; three boys in the episodic-therapy group had a life-threatening hemorrhage. Hospitalizations and infections associated with central-catheter placement did not differ significantly between the two groups. CONCLUSIONS Prophylaxis with recombinant factor VIII can prevent joint damage and decrease the frequency of joint and other hemorrhages in young boys with severe hemophilia A. (ClinicalTrials.gov number, NCT00207597 [ClinicalTrials.gov].).
Predicting PTSD Prospectively Based on Prior Trauma History and Immediate Biological Responses

Abstract: Studies examining the biopsychology of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) have suggested that PTSD is characterized by alterations of the primary stress pathways: the hypothalamic‐pituitary‐adrenal (HPA) axis and the sympathetic nervous system (SNS). More recent investigations point to the presence of these alterations soon after a traumatic event, leading researchers to suggest that acute biological responses may serve as risk or resilience factors for the development of PTSD. The present article reviews the evidence for early biological predictors of PTSD, with a focus on the role of prior trauma as a contributor to both hormonal abnormalities and increased risk for the development of PTSD following a subsequent trauma.
Perception of Place-of-Articulation Distinctions: Common Representation for Vowels and Consonants

We look for a common perceptual representation of place-of-articulation distinctions between stop consonants and those between closed vowels. This representation can be either acoustic or articulatory in nature but not both acousticarticulatory because the acoustic consequences of front to back articulatory changes are inverted for stops and vowels. Identification data show that the perceptual boundaries for vowels and consonants do not match in an acoustic representation. However, vowel and consonant boundaries almost coincide after rotation, suggesting an articulatorywise isotropic representation of place distinctions.
How to Make Best Use of Cross-Company Data for Web Effort Estimation?

[Context]: The numerous challenges that can hinder software companies from gathering their own data have motivated over the past 15 years research on the use of cross-company (CC) datasets for software effort prediction. Part of this research focused on Web effort prediction, given the large increase worldwide in the development of Web applications. Some of these studies indicate that it may be possible to achieve better performance using CC models if some strategy to make the CC data more similar to the within-company (WC) data is adopted. [Goal]: This study investigates the use of a recently proposed approach called Dycom to assess to what extent Web effort predictions obtained using CC datasets are effective in relation to the predictions obtained using WC data when explicitly mapping the CC models to the WC context. [Method]: Data on 125 Web projects from eight different companies part of the Tukutuku database were used to build prediction models. We benchmarked these models against baseline models (mean and median effort) and a WC base learner that does not benefit of the mapping. We also compared Dycom against a competitive CC approach from the literature (NN-filtering). We report a company-by- company analysis. [Results]: Dycom usually managed to achieve similar or better performance than a WC model while using only half of the WC training data. These results are also an improvement over previous studies that investigated the use of different strategies to adapt CC models to the WC data for Web effort estimation. [Conclusions]: We conclude that the use of Dycom for Web effort prediction is quite promising and in general supports previous results when applying Dycom to conventional software datasets.
Coming Home: Student Veterans' Articulation of College Re-enrollment

This study described student veterans’ navigation of college re-enrollment. Fifteen participants interviewed at one institution were less likely to seek academic support and more inclined to pursue social support in the form of associating with fellow veterans with whom they felt more comfortable. They downplayed or hid their veteran status from campus community members. Recommendations for acknowledging and supporting student veterans are discussed.
Methylene Blue Reduces Aβ Levels and Rescues Early Cognitive Deficit by Increasing Proteasome Activity

Promising results have emerged from a phase II clinical trial testing methylene blue (MB) as a potential therapeutic for Alzheimer disease (AD), where improvements in cognitive functions of AD patients after 6 months of MB administration have been reported. Despite these reports, no preclinical testing of MB in mammals has been published, and thus its mechanism of action in relation to AD pathology remains unknown. In order to elucidate the effects of MB on AD pathology and to determine its mechanism of action, we used a mouse model (3xTg‐AD) that develops age‐dependent accumulation of Aβ and tau and cognitive decline. Here, we report that chronic dietary MB treatment reduces Aβ levels and improves learning and memory deficits in the 3xTg‐AD mice. The mechanisms underlying the effects of MB on Aβ pathology appears to be mediated by an increase in Aβ clearance as we show that MB increases the chymotrypsin‐ and trypsin‐like activities of the proteasome in the brain. To our knowledge, this is the first report showing that MB increases proteasome function and ameliorates AD‐like pathology in vivo. Overall, the data presented here support the use of MB for the treatment of AD and offer a possible mechanism of action.
Geopolitical Challenges to the Success of Democracy in North Africa: Algeria, Tunisia and Morocco

The promotion of democracy in developing countries has been at the top of the foreign policy agenda of most western countries in the last decade. This stems from the liberal sentiment that the spread of democracy is the basis for international peace. However, the continuities of power politics outnumber the novelties of the international environment. This article argues that processes of democratization cannot be simply understood in light of the role of new concepts such as international legal norms, liberal ideals and economic globalization. Geopolitical understanding is key to explaining both failures and successes of attempts to democratize. The study highlights how western promotion of democracy is in fact the pursuit of selfish interests and democracy is a criterion that powerful countries apply to serve their national interest. This can be clearly witnessed when accounting for western policies in the Maghreb where the West supports brutal authoritarian regimes for geopolitical benefits. The connection between western regimes and Maghreb reigning elites are examined to demonstrate how the discourse of democracy is replaced by the practice of repression.
Adolescent Alcohol Use Self-Report Stability: A Decade of Panel Study Data

This study analyzed six waves of panel data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth (NLSY). These analyses were conducted to test the stability of self-reported lifetime use and age of onset. Intraclass correlation coefficients (ICCs) indicated that the stability of age of onset reports decreased with longer time frames between follow-ups. The percentage of youths who had discrepancies in self-reported ever use of alcohol at two-year follow-up ranged from 15% to 35%. Higher discrepancy rates were found for males and younger respondents. Differences in report stability as a function of race/ethnicity were minimal. Questions related to lifetime use and age of onset have implications for the study of lifetime trajectories of use and the timing of prevention programs.
The Development and Institutionalization of Subunit Power in Organizations.

This research is part of a larger project on the semiconductor industry under the direction of John Freeman and Michael Hannan and was supported by grants ISI-8218013 and SES-8510277 from the National Science Foundation. The author would like to thank Jerry Goodstein for help with data collection and comments and Ellen Auster, Glenn Carroll, Bob Drazin, Jim Fredrickson, John Freeman, Don Hambrick, Mike Tushman, and three anonymous ASO reviewers for their helpful comments on an earlier draft of this paper. The research reported here examined the effects of founding events on the evolution of subunit importance in the semiconductor industry from 1958 to 1985. The environmental period during which the organization is founded and the background of the entrepreneur starting the organization were shown to create conditions under which particular functional areas come to be regarded as more important. Patterns of influence established at founding are also demonstrated to maintain some consistency over time, contingent on the organization's performance, the organization's age, and the tenure of the entrepreneur. Inertial and institutional arguments are developed to explain the role of past practice in shaping future organizational action. Distributions of power and subunit importance represent not only the influence of current conditions but also vestiges of earlier events, including the organization's founding. '