Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Near-surface depletion of antimony during the growth of GaAsSb and GaAs/GaAsSb nanowires

The near-surface reduction of the Sb mole fraction during the growth of GaAsSb nanowires (NWs) and GaAs NWs with GaAsSb inserts has been studied using quantitative high-angle annular dark field scanning transmission electron microscopy (STEM). A model for diffusion of Sb in the hexagonal NWs was developed and employed in combination with the quantitative STEM analysis. GaAsSb NWs grown by Ga-assisted molecular beam epitaxy (MBE) and GaAs/GaAsSb NWs grown by Ga- and Au-assisted MBE were investigated. At the high temperatures employed in the NW growth, As-Sb exchange at and outward diffusion of Sb towards the surface take place, resulting in reduction of the Sb concentration at and near the surface in the GaAsSb NWs and the GaAsSb inserts. In GaAsSb NWs, an increasing near-surface depletion of Sb was observed towards the bottom of the NW due to longer exposure to the As beam flux. In GaAsSb inserts, an increasing change in the Sb concentration profile was observed with increasing post-insert axial GaAs grow.
Digital-image-based finite element analysis for bone microstructure using conjugate gradient and Gaussian filter techniques

Analyzing bone micromechanics has become increasingly necessary for understanding how bone structure is adapted in response to mechanical stimulus. The complex geometry of bone microstructure makes it difficult to use traditional finite element techniques for analysis. The use of finite element modeling procedure based on direct mesh generation from digital images using an Element-By-Element Preconditioned Conjugate Gradient solution technique for analyzing bone microstructure was presented. The results from digitized meshes were compared to smooth mesh results for microstructures of regular geometry to assess the digitized solutions. The digitized solutions were found to match the smooth mesh solutions well except near material boundaries where the digitized solutions exhibited numerical oscillations. A smoothing procedure utilizing Gaussian Filter techniques was investigated for smoothing solution oscillations, but results indicated that the filtering techniques did not significantly smooth the oscillation. In conclusion, digital image based finite element analysis will produce reasonably accurate estimates of stress and strain within microstructures but smoothing techniques for numerical oscillations at material boundaries need to be developed.
Flight Delay Prediction using Binary Classification

Nowadays, aircrafts have become a necessity because they easy life. They are efficient in carrying goods and passengers around the world. It also supplies emergencies in warfare and takes a vital role in carrying medical necessities. Hence, advent of airplanes is considered important. Delays in aircrafts can affect thousands of people across the globe either directly or indirectly. There are a lot of reasons of delays in aircrafts such as critical weather, security issues, traffic and many more. There are several methods proposed to predict the flight delays but due to various complexities of the ATFM and the huge datasets involved, it has become very difficult to find an accurate solution for this complication. Many algorithms have been implemented to forecast flight delays. We are using Python in Visual Studio Code. We implement Binary Classification to prepare a model that can predict the delays. Index Terms – Binary Classification, Visual Studio Code, Regularities, Python, Transportation, Complexities, Air Traffic
THz dielectric anisotropy of metal slanted columnar thin films

The anisotropic optical dielectric functions of a metal (cobalt) slanted columnar thin film deposited by electron-beam glancing angle deposition are reported for the terahertz (THz) frequency domain using generalized spectroscopic ellipsometry. We employ a simple effective medium dielectric function homogenization approach to describe the observed optical response. The approach describes isolated, electrically conductive columns which render the thin film biaxial (orthorhombic). Our findings suggest controlled variability of dielectric polarizability and anisotropy in the THz spectral range by choice of geometry, material, and structure.
Diffusion and dissociation of neutral divacancies in crystalline silicon

Based on ab initio calculations with a 216-atom supercell, we find mechanisms for the diffusion and dissociation of the neutral-state divacancy (V 0 2 ). Contrary to the popular belief that diffusion is via successive detachment and recombination (a two-step process), we find that V 0 2 diffusion follows predominantly a one-step hopping mechanism; that is, two adjacent vacancies move together. The calculated activation energy of 1.35 eV is in excellent agreement with experiment (1.3 eV). This work suggests that to dissociate the V-V pair the neighboring Si atoms on each side of the V 0 2 must move inward simultaneously to form the stable V-Si-Si-V configuration, and then a third neighboring Si atom hops inward to leads to the V-Si-Si-Si-V state whose energy is almost equivalent to that of two separated monovacancies (2V 0 1 ) of 6.96 eV. We also present the formation energy of the vacancy-vacancy complex for different relative positions, providing insight into the vacancy-vacancy interaction.
An empirical approach to modeling ion production rates in Titan's ionosphere I: Ion production rates on the dayside and globally

Titan's ionosphere is created when solar photons, energetic magnetospheric electrons or ions, and cosmic rays ionize the neutral atmosphere. Electron densities generated by current theoretical models are much larger than densities measured by instruments on board the Cassini orbiter. This model density overabundance must result either from overproduction or from insufficient loss of ions. This is the first of two papers that examines ion production rates in Titan's ionosphere, for the dayside and nightside ionosphere, respectively. The first (current) paper focuses on dayside ion production rates which are computed using solar ionization sources (photoionization and electron impact ionization by photoelectrons) between 1000 and 1400 km. In addition to theoretical ion production rates, empirical ion production rates are derived from CH4, CH3+, and CH4+ densities measured by the INMS (Ion Neutral Mass Spectrometer) for many Titan passes. The modeled and empirical production rate profiles from measured densities of N2+ and CH4+ are found to be in good agreement (to within 20%) for solar zenith angles between 15 and 90°. This suggests that the overabundance of electrons in theoretical models of Titan's dayside ionosphere is not due to overproduction but to insufficient ion losses.
The Influence of Electron Impact Ionization in the Relativistic Pickup of Interstellar Neutrals

The influence of interstellar neutrals on the relativistic pickup process in jets of active galactic nuclei is investigated. It is assumed that the jet plasma consists of thermally distributed electron-positron pairs. Using the formalism of Weaver and the electron impact ionization cross section of Lotz for neutral hydrogen H I and neutral helium He I, the corresponding ionization lengths in the comoving outflow frame of reference are calculated. For nonrelativistic pair temperatures the ionization lengths are constants and of order ≃2 × 1014Γ/np, 8 cm, where Γ denotes the outflow bulk Lorentz factor and np, 8 is the comoving pair density in units of 108 cm-3. We estimate that about 5%-9% of the neutrals are ionized in the outflow region. After ionization these pickup ions and electrons form an anisotropic backward-propagating beam distribution in the outflow plasma, which initiates two-stream instabilities.
The hydrodynamic stress in a suspension of rods

A theory is presented to describe the momentum transport properties of suspensions containing randomly placed, slender fibers. The theory is based on a diagrammatic representation of the multiple scattering expansion for the averaged Green’s function as developed in the authors’ previous work on the heat and mass transfer properties of fiber dispersions [Phys. Fluids A 1, 3 (1989)]. The ‘‘best one‐body approximation’’ is used to calculate the wavenumber‐dependent, ensemble‐averaged stress for both aligned and isotropically oriented fiber dispersions. Both the dilute and semidilute concentration regimes are considered. The effective viscosity is calculated as a limit unit of the previously obtained wavenumber‐dependent properties. In the semidilute concentration regime the scaling form originally suggested by Batchelor [J. Fluid Mech. 46, 813 (1971)] is recovered for both orientation distributions and its relation to short range ‘‘screening’’ is discussed. Corrections to this result in a ‘‘semidilute expan.
Short- and intermediate-period oxygen-rich Miras

Available IR photometry and the period-IR luminosity relationship are used to analyze a nearly complete sample of oxygen-rich Miras at Galactic latitudes with /b/ greater than 30 deg. In agreement with previous kinematic studies, a marked difference is found in the spatial distributions between the stars with periods less than and those with periods greater than 300 d. For stars with periods in the range 300-400 d, the exponential scale height from the Galactic plane is close to 240 pc, the projected surface density is about 100/sq kpc, and the local space density is about 210/cu kpc. The progenitors of the Miras with periods greater than 300 d appear to be disk dwarfs with typical main-sequence masses of between 1.0 and 1.2 solar masses. The masses of the main-sequence progenitors of the short-period Miras are 1.1 solar masses or less. The duration of the Mira phase for the intermediate-period stars is estimated to be about 20,000 yr, somewhat longer than other recent estimates. Both short- and intermediate-period oxygen-rich Miras characteristically lose mass at about 10 exp -7 solar mass/yr.
The Scale Effect and Design Method of the Regenerative Pump with Non-Radial Vanes

In order to make clear the scale effects of the regenerative pump with non-radial vanes, the authors carry out an investigation of the pump performance using 18 kinds of impellers which combine six diameters from 94 mm to 180 mm with three vane angles 60°, 90° and 120° changing the dimensions of the flow channel and fluid viscosity. The following conclusions are obtainded : (1) The influences of impeller diameter on the performance vary with the vane angle. (2) The relations between pump elements and coefficients of shut-off head, flow-rate, torque and maximum value of internal efficiency are made clear. Consequently, the authors give the outline of design method considering the effect of fluid viscosity. To facilitate the description, two examples by the present design method are given. The calculated values agree well with experimental results.
Convergence and steady-state properties of the least-mean mixed-norm (LMMN) adaptive algorithm

Convergence and steady-state analyses of a least-mean mixed-norm adaptive algorithm are presented. This is formed as a convex mixture of the mean-square and the mean-fourth cost functions. The local exponential stability of the algorithm is shown by application of the deterministic averaging analysis and the total stability theorem. A theoretical misadjustment expression is then obtained by using the ordinary-differential-equation method. Simulation studies are presented to support the theoretical findings. The results demonstrate the advantage of mixing error norms in adaptive filtering when the measurement noise is composed of a linear combination of long-tail and short-tail noise distributions.
On the law of logarithm of the recurrence time

Let $T$ be a transformation from $I=[0,1)$ onto itself and let $Q_n(x)$ be the subinterval $[i/2^n,(i+1)/2^n)$, $0 \leq i < 2^n$ containing $x$. Define $K_n (x) =$min{$j\geq 1:T^j (x)\in Q_n(x)$} and $K_n(x,y) =$min{$j\geq 1:T^{j-1} (y) \in Q_n(x)$}. For various transformations defined on $I$, we show that $ \lim_{n\to\infty}\frac{\log K_n(x)}{n}=1 \quad$and$\quad \lim_{n\to\infty}\frac{\log K_n(x,y)}{n}=1 \quad $a.e.
Forward and Inverse Modelling of Atmospheric Nitrous Oxide Using MIROC4-Atmospheric Chemistry-Transport Model

Atmospheric nitrous oxide (N 2 O) contributes to global warming and stratospheric ozone depletion, so reduc-ing uncertainty in estimates of emissions from different sources is important for climate policy. In this study, we simulate atmospheric N 2 O using an atmospheric chemistry-transport model (ACTM), and the results are first compared with the in situ measurements. Five combinations of known (a priori) N 2 O emissions due to natural soil, agricultural land, other human activities, and sea–air exchange are used. The N 2 O lifetime is 127.6 ± 4.0 yr in the control ACTM simulation (range indicates interannual variability). Regional N 2 O emissions are optimized using Bayesian inverse modeling for 84 partitions of the globe at monthly intervals, using measurements at 42 sites around the world covering 1997 – 2019. The best estimated global land and ocean emissions are 12.99 ± 0.22 TgN yr −1 and 2.74 ± 0.27 TgN yr −1 , respectively, for 2000 – 2009, and 14.30 ± 0.20 TgN yr −1 and 2.91 ± 0.27 TgN yr −1 , respectively, for 2010 – 2019. On regional scales, we find that the most recent ocean emission estimation, with lower emissions in the Southern Ocean regions, fits better with that predicted by the inversions. Marginally higher (lower) emissions than the inventory/model for the tropical (extratropical) land regions are estimated and validated using independent aircraft observations. Global land and ocean emission variabilities show a statistically significant correlation with El Niño Southern Oscillation (ENSO). Analysis of regional land emissions shows increases over America (Temperate North, Central, and Tropical), Central Africa, and Asia (South, East, and Southeast) between the 2000s and 2010s. Only Europe as a whole recorded a slight decrease in N 2 O emissions due to the chemical industry. Our inversions suggest revisions to seasonal emission variations for three of the 15 land regions (East Asia, Temperate North America, and Central Africa), and the Southern Ocean region. The terrestrial ecosystem model (Vegetation Integrative SImulator for Trace Gases) can simulate annual total emissions in agreement with the observed N 2 O growth rate since 1978, but the lag-time scales of N 2 O emissions from nitrogen fertilizer application may need to be revised.
Distributed Geometric and Optimization-based Control of Multiple Quadrotors for Cable-Suspended Payload Transport

—We consider transporting a heavy payload that is attached to multiple quadrotors. The current state-of-the-art distributed geometric controller has several limitations: it does not avoid collisions between the robots or obstacles and there are almost no successful physical flights. We generalize this controller by introducing an efficient quadratic program for quadrotor load balancing, which can consider additional constraints, such as collision avoidance or weight limits. Since we optimize in the null-space of the prior work, we retain the existing strong stability results. Moreover, we provide an implementation that runs in real-time on an embedded microcontroller at a high rate. Our code is also usable in our software-in-the-loop (SITL) simulation. We demonstrate our new controller both in simulation and on a physical team of small quadrotors carrying a payload.
Toward Capability-Aware Cooperation for Decentralized Planning

—Many works cast the problem of decentralized multi-agent cooperation as fundamentally one of misspecified (or incorrectly inferred) goals. In this work, we show that challenges can also arise naturally due a difference in capa-bilities—even in an idealized setting of perfectly aligned agents with full information. In particular, we consider cooperative 2-player games, in which each agent employs a truncated version of Monte Carlo tree search (MCTS) for infinite-horizon interactions that limits their simulation to a maximum depth. We provide examples of games in which deviations in computational capability between agents can lead to arbitrarily poor outcomes. To address this challenge, we propose an algorithm that maintains a belief over the other agent’s computational capacities and incorporates this belief into the MCTS. We experimentally validate that our capability-aware algorithm avoids the anti-cooperative behavior of the na¨ıve approach in several toy settings. These results thus suggest that decentralized multi-agent settings requires further consideration of the challenges arising from differing computational (or cognitive) capabilities.
Geometrical Acoustics' Theory of Waves from a Point Source in a Temperature‐ and Wind‐Stratified Atmosphere

This paper is concerned with the development of practical numerical methods of estimating the amplitude and travel times of received pulses generated by a small source in a temperature‐ and wind‐stratified atmosphere. The basic theory of Blokhintzev [J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 18, 322–334 (1946)] is shown to hold for propagation in the atmosphere even when gravitational forces are included, if wave periods are sufficiently short. The “ray‐tracing” equations are derived from Blokhintzev's eikonal equation using Cauchy's method of characteristics and the boundary conditions on these equations appropriate to a point source are discussed. The numerical solution of the ray‐tracing equations by integration over height is discussed and an integration approximation is introduced for handling the singularities at ray turning points. The method is illustrated by numerical examples.
Which Patient-Related Factors Influence the Outcome of Telescopic-Retained Removable Implant-Supported Dental Prostheses in Edentulous Patients?

PURPOSE To survey the clinical performance of telescopic-retained removable implant-supported dental prostheses (TR-RISDPs) in edentulous patients, as well as incidental maintenance measures and technical complications. MATERIALS AND METHODS In this retrospective analysis, the former presence of oral cancer, prosthesis location (maxilla or mandible), and participation in a follow-up program were analyzed as possible factors with an influence on survival and maintenance treatments of the TR-RISDPs and dental implants using Kaplan-Meier estimates. RESULTS A total of 86 TR-RISDPs (mean follow-up: 4.62 ± 3.24 years; maximum 13.8 years) and 465 implants (mean follow-up: 5.67 ± 3.59 years; maximum 16.5 years) were observed. Six (6.9%) of the TR-RISDPs had to be remade, and 11 (2.3%) implants failed. Regular attendance in the follow-up program showed significantly higher survival times and fewer maintenance treatments for the TRRISDPs (P < .05). Implants in patients with former oral cancer showed significantly lower survival times (P < .001). CONCLUSIONS TR-RISDPs in edentulous patients show excellent clinical outcomes. Regular check-ups are decisive for success.
TREATMENT OF PEDIATRIC MANDIBULAR FRACTURES USING CUSTOMIZED COMPUTER ASSISTED PEEK PLATES

INTRODUCTION: Pediatric mandibular fracture is particularly challenging and its management is still controversial. The disadvantages of conventional metal plates such as stress shielding ,restricting bone growth, particularly in children, palpability, thermal sensitivity, and interference with diagnostic imaging, ,elicited the search for better options for fracture fixation. Therefore, polyether ether ketone (PEEK) has emerged as a promising alternative in the development of new osteosynthesis plates. OBJECTIVES: To evaluate the efficacy of customized computer assisted PEEK plates in the fixation of pediatric mandibular fractures in terms of clinical and radiographic assessment parameters. MATERIAL*S AND METHODS: The present study was conducted on seven children with recent displaced mandibular fractures indicated for open reduction and internal fixation (ORIF). All children were treated using customized computer assisted PEEK plates. Patients were then followed up for three months. Each patient was assessed clinically in terms of the operative time and postoperative complications. Radiographic assessment was done with the aid of an immediately postoperative orthopantomogram and computed tomography (CT) after three months to assess the bone healing and evaluate the mean bone density along the fracture site. RESULTS: The overall postoperative complications were 14.3%. The mean operative time was (0:56 ±00:07). The mean bone density at the third month revealed a statistically significant (p<0.001) increase when compared to the preoperative mean bone density results. CONCLUSION: Customized computer assisted PEEK plates may be a better option for treating pediatric mandibular fractures as it offers reasonable operative time, precise reduction, less postoperative complications, and proper bone healing.
Spectroscopic properties of Er 3+ - and Yb 3+ -doped soda-lime silicate and aluminosilicate glasses

A spectroscopic investigation of an extensive series of Er{sup 3+}-doped and Er{sup 3+},Yb{sup 3+}-codoped soda-lime-silicate (SL) and aluminosilicate (AS) glasses is presented. Compared to SL glasses, 4f transitions in AS glasses show higher oscillator strengths, larger inhomogeneous broadening, and smaller crystal-field splittings of the respective excited-state multiplets. The Er{sup 3+} excited-state relaxation dynamics is adequately described by a combination of the Judd-Ofelt model and the energy-gap law. With the exception of {sup 4}I{sub 13/2}, multiphonon relaxation is dominant for all excited states, making it possible to efficiently pump the 1.55 {mu}m {sup 4}I{sub 13/2}{r_arrow}{sup 4}I{sub 15/2} emission by excitation of {sup 4}I{sub 11/2} at around 980 nm. The absolute {sup 4}I{sub 13/2} luminescence quantum yield, for low 980-nm excitation density ({approximately}5W/cm{sup 2}), {eta}, is {approximately}0.9 at 0.4 mol{percent} Er{sub 2}O{sub 3} and drops to about 0.65 upon increasing Er{sub 2}O{sub 3} to 1.2 mol{percent}, indicating the onset of energy-transfer processes. Samples with high OH{sup {minus}} impurity concentration suffer from significantly higher quenching of {sup 4}I{sub 13/2} luminescence at higher Er{sup 3+} concentrations. Energy migration to the minority of Er{sup 3+} ions coordinated to OH{sup {minus}}, followed by efficient multiphonon relaxation accounts for this effect. At low excitation densities, the strongmore » near-infrared absorption of Yb{sup 3+} in combination with efficient Yb{r_arrow}Er energy transfer increases the {sup 4}I{sub 13/2} population density in Yb{sup 3+},Er{sup 3+}-codoped samples by up to 2 orders of magnitude compared to equivalent samples without Yb{sup 3+}. (Abstract Truncated)« less