Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Eta Model storm-relative winds associated with tornadic and nontornadic supercells

Abstract A conceptual model for sustained low-level mesocyclones is tested as a tornado forecast tool with observations and forecasts from the operational Eta Model. In the conceptual model, a balance between low-level storm inflow and outflow allows the development of a persistent low-level mesocyclone along the rear flank of a supercell thunderstorm, owing largely to the strength of the midlevel storm-relative winds. The present work draws on this conceptual model to identify preferred ranges of low- (model surface level), middle- (500 mb), and upper-level (250-mb) storm-relative wind speeds for 131 supercells, from gridded Eta Model fields. The observations reveal that the 500-mb storm-relative wind speed has a distinct lower bound of approximately 8 m s−1 for the tornadic supercells, while differences between surface-level and 250-mb storm-relative wind speeds for tornadic and nontornadic supercells are much less pronounced. The storm-relative wind speeds are also compared to the bulk Richardson numbe.
An Approach to Multivariate Rank Tests in Multivariate Analysis of Variance

Abstract A class of multivariate rank-like quantities is defined and used to develop multivariate tests to mimic popular one-dimensional rank tests such as the Mann-Whitney/Wilcoxon two-sample test, the Jonckheere-Terpstra test for trend, and the Kruskal-Wallis one-way analysis of variance test. Tests in one-way analysis of variance are developed based on qualitative orthogonal contrasts, allowing decomposition of an overall statistic into asymptotically independent components based on the contrasts. The class of tests includes the usual normal-theory tests and the componentwise rank tests, but the main focus is on the tests based on a particular definition of multivariate rank. A study of the Pitman efficiency of the latter tests to those based on multivariate medians shows them to be superior at the normal, slightly heavy-tailed, and light-tailed distributions, whereas the median-based tests are superior for heavy tails. These results are analogous to the univariate case.
Modified PDPWM control with MPPT algorithm for equal power sharing in cascaded multilevel inverter for standalone PV system under partial shading

In this paper, a modified particle swarm optimization (MPSO) based maximum power point tracking (MPPT) controller is used to track the maximum power of a PV system using DC-DC boost converter technology. To raise the PV module's input DC voltage, a DC-DC boost converter was employed. The boost converter powered the DC-AC multilevel PWM inverter, which then delivered the output AC voltage to a solitary inductive load. Cascaded multilevel inverters are often used to condition power in renewable energy applications because they are easy to use and have few parts. Ripples in the voltage of DC link capacitors cause low order harmonics and inter harmonics in the multilevel inverter's output voltage. Phase disposition pulse width modulation (PDPWM) has the fewest harmonics. The inverter cells' power delivery is not equal in this manner. In the present paper, a strategy for improving sharing of power PDPWM for photovoltaic applications is proposed. The modified PDPWM is used on a 9-level inverter where each cell is connected to a PV array running at maximum power point tracking MPPT and under partial shadowing for single phase multilevel inverters. The MATLAB/SIMULINK software was used to do simulations, and the findings demonstrate that the method presented is effective at balancing the way power is shared between different inverter cells and reducing the voltage ripple of the DC link capacitor.
Ice-Bearing Cumulus Cloud Evolution: Numerical Simulation and General Comparison Against Observations.

Abstract A two-dimensional (axisymmetric) numerical cloud model with parameterized microphysics for water drops and ice particles is described. The parameterized liquid-phase processes include condensation, evaporation, autoconversion of small drops to large ones, and collection of small drops by large ones. The solid-phase processes include heterogeneous sorption nucleation, homogeneous contact nucleation, deposition, sublimation, riming and melting. Both liquid and solid particles may precipitate. The model was used to simulate three different conditions of ice generation as a function of temperature: 1) based on classical concepts of the activity of heterogeneous ice-forming nuclei—suggesting continental cumuli; 2) based on field observations of much greater concentrations of ice particles at warmer temperatures than indicated measurements of heterogeneous ice nuclei—suggesting maritime cumuli; and 3) based on nucleus seeding practice when the goal is to stimulate the growth of cumulus clouds. General .
A 1-16b Reconfigurable 80Kb 7T SRAM-Based Digital Near-Memory Computing Macro for Processing Neural Networks

This work introduces a digital SRAM-based near-memory compute macro for DNN inference, improving on-chip weight memory capacity and area efficiency compared to state-of-the-art digital computing-in-memory (CIM) macros. A <inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$20\times 256.1$ </tex-math></inline-formula>-16b reconfigurable digital computing near-memory (NM) macro is proposed, supporting a reconfigurable 1-16b precision through the bit-serial computing scheme and the weight and input gating architecture for sparsity-aware operations. Each reconfigurable column MAC comprises <inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$16\times $ </tex-math></inline-formula> custom-designed 7T SRAM bitcells to store 1-16b weights, a conventional 6T SRAM for zero weight skip control, a bitwise multiplier, and a full adder with a register for partial-sum accumulations. <inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$20\times $ </tex-math></inline-formula> parallel partial-sum outputs are post-accumulated to generate a sub-partitioned output feature map, which will be concatenated to produce the final convolution result. Besides, pipelined array structure improves the throughput of the proposed macro. The proposed near-memory computing macro implements an 80Kb binary weight storage in a 0.473mm2 die area using 65nm. It presents the area/energy efficiency of 4329-270.6 GOPS/mm2 and 315.07-1.23TOPS/W at 1-16b precision.
Dynamic loading leads to increased metabolic activity and spatial redistribution of viable cell density in nucleus pulposus tissue

Nucleus pulposus (NP) cell density is orchestrated by an interplay between nutrient supply and metabolite accumulation. Physiological loading is essential for tissue homeostasis. However, dynamic loading is also believed to increase metabolic activity and could thereby interfere with cell density regulation and regenerative strategies. The aim of this study was to determine whether dynamic loading could reduce the NP cell density by interacting with its energy metabolism.
Determination of Moving‐Base Acceleration for Airborne Gravimetry

Airborne gravimetry is a new technique for determination of earth gravity, in which gravimeter, GPS and other sensors are used. Its basic theory is that gravimeter senses the total accelerations including gravity acceleration, inertial acceleration and some other accelerations; and GPS determines inertial acceleration of moving-base; then gravity will be yielded if inertial acceleration can be subtracted from total accelerations with some corrections. Therefore, determination of inertial acceleration by using GPS is one of the key problems to airborne gravimetry. Firstly, the mathematic model of direct calculation method is deduced in this paper. Then, data from an airborne gravimetry test are processed. Finally, the acceleration precision is evaluated in static and kinematic condition respectively. The results indicate that the acceleration accuracy of 0.4~0.9 mGal level can be achieved at 60 s interval in static condition and 1~3 mGal level can be achieved at 90 s interval in kinematic condition.
Control of the chaotic driven pendulum

A method of controlling chaos (due to Ott, Grebogi, and Yorke) is illustrated with a simulated chaotic pendulum. The method consists of stabilizing a previously unstable periodic orbit through a feedback mechanism that periodically adjusts the damping parameter of the pendulum. The presentation is pedagogical and describes the method in more detail than is typical of the research literature on controlling chaotic systems.
Supernova Rates and Galaxy Inclinations

The supernova frequency in Shapley-Ames galaxies of types Sc-Sd shows a sharp peak in objects with inclinations of about 25 deg or less. This suggests that many supernovae occur at the bottoms of deep steep-walled pits in the equatorial layer of gas and dust in late-type galaxies. Such pits might have been excavated by previous supernovae in rich clusters or associations. 14 refs.
Engineering At-Home Dilution and Filtration Methods to Enable Paper-Based Colorimetric Biosensing in Human Blood with Cell-Free Protein Synthesis

Diagnostic blood tests can guide the administration of healthcare to save and improve lives. Most clinical biosensing blood tests require a trained technician and specialized equipment to process samples and interpret results, which greatly limits test accessibility. Colorimetric paper-based diagnostics have an equipment-free readout, but raw blood obscures a colorimetric response which has motivated diverse efforts to develop blood sample processing techniques. This work uses inexpensive readily-available materials to engineer user-friendly dilution and filtration methods for blood sample collection and processing to enable a proof-of-concept colorimetric biosensor that is responsive to glutamine in 50 µL blood drop samples in less than 30 min. Paper-based user-friendly blood sample collection and processing combined with CFPS biosensing technology represents important progress towards the development of at-home biosensors that could be broadly applicable to personalized healthcare.
A Tablet-Based Aphasia Assessment System “STELA”: Feasibility and Validation Study

Background There is an extensive library of language tests, each with excellent psychometric properties; however, many of the tests available take considerable administration time, possibly bearing psychological strain on patients. The Short and Tailored Evaluation of Language Ability (STELA) is a simplified, tablet-based language ability assessment system developed to address this issue, with a reduced number of items and automated testing process. Objective The aim of this paper is to assess the administration time, internal consistency, and validity of the STELA. Methods The STELA consists of a tablet app, a microphone, and an input keypad for clinician’s use. The system is designed to assess language ability with 52 questions grouped into 2 comprehension modalities (auditory comprehension and reading comprehension) and 3 expression modalities (naming and sentence formation, repetition, and reading aloud). Performance in each modality was scored as the correct answer rate (0-100), and overall performance expressed as the sum of modality scores (out of 500 points). Results The time taken to complete the STELA was significantly less than the time for the WAB (mean 16.2, SD 9.4 vs mean 149.3, SD 64.1 minutes; P<.001). The STELA’s total score was strongly correlated with the WAB Aphasia Quotient (r=0.93, P<.001), supporting the former’s concurrent validity concerning the WAB, which is a gold-standard aphasia assessment. Strong correlations were also observed at the subscale level; STELA auditory comprehension versus WAB auditory comprehension (r=0.75, P<.001), STELA repetition versus WAB repetition (r=0.96, P<.001), STELA naming and sentence formation versus WAB naming and word finding (r=0.81, P<.001), and the sum of STELA reading comprehension or reading aloud versus WAB reading (r=0.82, P<.001). Cronbach α obtained for each modality was . 862 for auditory comprehension, . 872 for reading comprehension, . 902 for naming and sentence formation, . 787 for repetition, and . 892 for reading aloud. Global Cronbach α was . 961. The average of the values of item-total correlation to each subscale was 0.61 (SD 0.17). Conclusions Our study confirmed significant time reduction in the assessment of language ability and provided evidence for good internal consistency and validity of the STELA tablet-based aphasia assessment system.
Experimental study of Rayleigh–Taylor instability with a complex initial perturbation

Experiments have been performed investigating the Rayleigh–Taylor instability initialized with a complex initial perturbation. The experiments utilize a miscible fluid combination with Atwood number A≈0.2. The initially stably stratified fluids are contained within a Plexiglas tank mounted to a linear rail system. The tank was then oscillated vertically to impose nearly sinusoidal three-dimensional internal waves of varying wavelength and complexity at the fluid interface. After imposing this perturbation, the tank is accelerated down the rails at a rate greater than Earth’s gravity (g0) resulting in a body force of approximately 0.8g0. The flow is visualized with either backlit photography or planar laser induced fluorescence. Image sequences from the experiments show bubble and spike merging, leading to a growth of length scale with time. Averaged vertical concentration distributions show self-similarity after ∼233 ms with a total experiment time of ∼300 ms. In addition, after this time, the square root.
Gene-editing techniques and their applications in livestock and beyond

Genetic modification enables modification of target genes or genome structure in livestock and experimental animals. These technologies have not only advanced bioscience but also improved agricultural productivity. To introduce a foreign transgene, the piggyBac transposon element/transposase system could be used for production of transgenic animals and specific target protein-expressing animal cells. In addition, the clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeat-CRISPR associated protein 9 (CRISPR-Cas9) system have been utilized to generate chickens with knockout of G0/G1 switch gene 2 (G0S2) and myostatin, which are related to lipid deposition and muscle growth, respectively. These experimental chickens could be the invaluable genetic resources to investigate the regulatory pathways and mechanisms of improvement of economic traits such as fat quantity and growth. The gene-edited animals could also be applicable to the livestock industry.
The Rijke Tube: A Green's Function Approach in the Frequency Domain

The stability behaviour of a Rijke tube is studied by a Green's function approach in the frequency domain. The tube is open at both ends. It contains an acoustically compact flame holder that blocks the acoustic motions; there is also a jump in cross-sectional area and in mean temperature. The oscillating part of the rate of heat release is modelled by a flame transfer function, i.e. the frequency-domain ratio of heat release rate to acoustic velocity. An equation for the complex eigenfrequencies is derived. Its solutions give the frequencies and growth rates of the acoustic modes in the tube. The approach is then used to study the effect of several flame transfer functions on the stability behaviour of the Rijke tube. The role of several parameters in these flame transfer functions is examined. Finally, the possibility is discussed whether one can discriminate between these transfer functions from measurements of the stability behaviour and frequencies in a simple Rijke tube set-up.
Statistical Analysis of Counting Processes

1. One-Dimensional Counting Processes. - 1.1. Probabilities on (0,? ]. - 1.2. The definition of one-dimensional counting processes. - 1.3. Construction of canonical counting processes. - 1.4. Intensities for canonical counting processes. - 1.5. Martingale decompositions for canonical counting processes. - 1.6. Statistical models and likelihood ratios. - Notes. - Exercises. - 2. Multivariate Counting Processes. - 2.1. Definition and construction of multivariate counting processes. - 2.2. Intensities and martingale representations. - 2.3. Products of canonical counting processes. - 2.4. Likelihood ratios. - 2.5. Discrete counting processes. - Exercises. - 3. Stochastic Integrals. - 3.1. Processes and martingales on WE. - 3.2. Definition and basic properties of stochastic integrals. - Notes. - Exercises. - 4. The Multiplicative Intensity Model. - 4.1. Definition of the full Aalen model. - 4.2. Product models and sufficient reductions. - 4.3. Estimation in the Aalen Model. - 4.4. Estimation in Markov chains. - 4.5. The Cox regression model. - 4.6. Maximum-likelihood estimation in Aalen models. - Notes. - Exercises. - 5. Asymptotic Theory. - 5.1. A limit theorem for martingales. - 5.2. Asymptotic distributions of Aalen estimators. - 5.3. Asymptotic distributions of product-limit estimators. - 5.4. Comparison of two intensities. - Notes. - Exercises. - 1. The principle of repeated conditioning. - 2. Weak convergence. - References.
Highly Valuable Fish Oil: Formation Process, Enrichment, Subsequent Utilization, and Storage of Eicosapentaenoic Acid Ethyl Esters

In recent years, as the demand for precision nutrition is continuously increasing, scientific studies have shown that high-purity eicosapentaenoic acid ethyl ester (EPA-EE) functions more efficiently than mixed omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid preparations in diseases such as hyperlipidemia, heart disease, major depression, and heart disease; therefore, the market demand for EPA-EE is growing by the day. In this paper, we attempt to review EPA-EE from a whole-manufacturing-chain perspective. First, the extraction, refining, and ethanolysis processes (fish oil and ethanol undergo transesterification) of EPA-EE are described, emphasizing the potential of green substitute technologies. Then, the method of EPA enrichment is thoroughly detailed, the pros and cons of different methods are compared, and current developments in monomer production techniques are addressed. Finally, a summary of current advanced strategies for dealing with the low oxidative stability and low bioavailability of EPA-EE is presented. In conclusion, understanding the entire production process of EPA-EE will enable us to govern each step from a macro perspective and accomplish the best use of EPA-EE in a more cost-effective and environmentally friendly way.
Analysis of Recommendations from Mining Incident Investigative Reports: A 50-Year Review

A systematic analysis was conducted using ten occupational health and safety commissioned reports from Canada, New Zealand, United States, United Kingdom, and Australia spanning from 1967 to 2015. The objective was to identify commonalities and differences in the key recommendations across the identified reports. The text-mining software Leximancer was utilized to analyze the content of the recommendations through the semantic extraction of dominant themes, and the relational extraction and mapping of thematic relationships against each other. The identified themes were then analyzed within the concept map to fully understand the relationships. Based on the concept map, the thematic analysis provided a longitudinal perspective of the recommendations, identifying six key themes and 49 sets of overlapping recommendations. Key themes included: health and safety hazards (n = 10), legislation, regulations and organizational structure (n = 13), emergency management and mine rescue (n = 9), training, education and competence (n = 10), technology (n = 4), and research (n = 3). The results of this analysis illustrate that the same hazards continue to be identified across reports and recommendations, regardless of time or country of origin. This indicates that the communication of recommendations and/or the strategies developed in response to the recommendations need to be further addressed.
ANYexo 2.0: A Fully Actuated Upper-Limb Exoskeleton for Manipulation and Joint-Oriented Training in All Stages of Rehabilitation

We developed an exoskeleton for neurorehabilitation that covered all relevant degrees of freedom of the human arm while providing enough range of motion, speed, strength, and haptic-rendering function for therapy of severely affected (e.g., mobilization) and mildly affected patients (e.g., strength and speed). The ANYexo 2.0, uniting these capabilities, could be the vanguard for highly versatile therapeutic robotics applicable to a broad target group and an extensive range of exercises. Thereby, the practical adoption of these devices in clinics will be fostered. The unique kinematic structure of the robot and the bio-inspired controlled shoulder coupling allowed training for most activities of daily living. We demonstrated this capability with 15 sample activities, including interaction with real objects and the own body with the robot in transparent mode. The robot's joints can reach <inline-formula><tex-math notation="LaTeX">$200 \%$</tex-math></inline-formula>, <inline-formula><tex-math notation="LaTeX">$398 \%$</tex-math></inline-formula>, and <inline-formula><tex-math notation="LaTeX">$354 \%$</tex-math></inline-formula> of the speed required during activities of daily living at the shoulder, elbow, and wrist, respectively. Further, the robot can provide isometric strength training. We present a detailed analysis of the kinematic properties and propose algorithms for intuitive control implementation.
Maximum a Posteriori Image Denoising with Edge-Preserving Markov Random Field Regularization

Image denoising is still a challenging problem for researchers. The conventional methods for image denoising often smooth the images and result in blurring the edges. In this paper, however, we consider not only the noise removal ability but also another important requirement for image denoising procedures that is true image structures, such as edges, should be preserved. To this end, we propose a maximum a posterior (MAP) image denoising algorithm using a novel edge-preserving Markov random field (MRF) model. Considering edges tend to be continuous in space, the connectivity of structure tensor is defined to describe edges. And the revised Markov random field model is proposed by using the edge connectivity, which can adaptively control the degree of smoothing. The experiments show that our new method gives superior performance in terms of both objective criteria and subjective human vision when compared with related MRF models.
Adaptive central difference filter for non-linear state estimation

A new algorithm for adaptive non-linear filter suitable for signal models with unknown measurement noise covariance is presented here. The proposed adaptive filter is based on numerically efficient central difference algorithm which is potentially suitable for on board implementation. Unlike some competing adaptation scheme the proposed method guarantees positive definiteness of the estimated covariance matrix and avoids consequent singularity. Superiority of the proposed filter in comparison with non-adaptive central difference filter (CDF), an adaptive unscented Kalman filter and also another CDF based adaptive filter with alternative adaptation scheme has been demonstrated by Monte Carlo simulations. The signal models used are a well-known reentry ballistic target tracking problem and a high dimensional, relatively complex spacecraft attitude determination problem. The algorithm has provisions for (i) iterative refinement, (ii) modulating the degree of adaptation and also (iii) for incorporating tradeoff mechanisms between computational load and estimation error.