Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Are young supernova remnants interacting with circumstellar gas

The young remnants of galactic Type I supernovae (SN 1006, SN 1572, and SN 1604) appear to be interacting with moderately dense gas (n/sub O/> or =0.1 cm/sup -3/). If the gas in the ambient interstellar medium, the observations suggest that gas of this density is fairly pervasive. If the gas is circumstellar, there are important implications for the progenitors of Type I supernovae. A plausible density distribution for circumstellar gas is rhoinfinityr/sup -2/. The expansion of a supernova into such a medium is examined and is compared with expansion into a uniform medium. The two cases can be distinguished on the basis of their density profiles and their rates of expansion. Currently available data factor the hypothesis of expansion in a uniform medium for all three Type I remnants; the evidence is the strongest for SN 1572 and the weakest for SN 1604. Further X-ray and radio observations of the galactic remnants and of extragalactic Type I supernovae should serve to test this hypothesis.
Functional renormalization group approach to transport through correlated quantum dots

We investigate the effect of local Coulomb correlations on electronic transport through a variety of coupled quantum dot systems connected to Fermi liquid leads. We use a newly developed functional renormalization group scheme to compute the gate voltage dependence of the linear conductance, the transmission phase, and the dot occupancies. A detailed derivation of the flow equations for the dot level positions, the inter-dot hybridizations, and the effective interaction is presented. For specific setups and parameter sets we compare the results to existing accurate numerical renormalization group data. This shows that our approach covers the essential physics and is quantitatively correct up to fairly large Coulomb interactions while being much faster, very flexible, and simple to implement. We then demonstrate the power of our method to uncover interesting new physics. In several dots coupled in series the combined effect of correlations and asymmetry leads to a vanishing of transmission resonances. In contrast, for a parallel double-dot we find parameter regimes in which the two-particle interaction generates additional resonances.
Facing targets type of sputtering method for deposition of magnetic metal films at low temperature and high rate

A new type of cathode sputtering apparatus with two targets facing each other has been developed to prepare magnetic films at a high deposition rate without the extreme rise of the substrate temperature. When two disks of iron and nickel were used as targets, the maximum deposition rates obtained were approximately 4000 and 5000 A/min, respectively. The substrate temperature was not elevated above 200°C during sputtering. The high rate deposition of Mo permalloy films also was attempted by co-sputtering of two facing targets composed of disks of iron and nickel and chips of molybdenum. The Vicker's hardness of the obtained Mo permalloy films was about 900 and the typical values of permeability at 1 MHz magnetic field and coercive force at dc magnetic field of them were about 2500 and 0.16 Oe, respectively.
Integration Algorithm for Covariance Nonstationary Dynamic Analysis of SDOF Systems Using Equivalent Stochastic Linearization

Random vibration theory is the natural way to deal with some dynamic actions whose nature is deeply random, such as wind, earthquakes or sea waves. Moreover only in a few cases exact solutions are available, so that approximate solutions are usually adopted: Stochastic equivalent linearization is one of the widely used. Its application needs specific numerical techniques, whose complexity is greater in nonstationary cases than in stationary ones and that are usually approached in time domain instead of frequency domain. In this paper, an iterative integration algorithm is proposed in order to solve this problem for single-degree-of-freedom (SDOF) oscillators, using the evolutive Lyapunov equation for nonlinear mechanical linearized system by stochastic linearization technique. It updates linearized system matrix coefficients step by step, by an iterative procedure based on a predictor–corrector technique. The proposed algorithm is described and applied to an hysteretic Bouc–Wen SDOF system excited by a modulated filtered white noise nonstationary process. The accuracy and computational cost are analyzed showing the efficiency of the proposed integrating procedure.
Structure of bubble plumes in linearly stratified environments

Bubble plumes in a linearly stratified ambient fluid are studied. Four well-defined flow regions were observed: an upward-moving bubble core, an inner plume consisting of a mixture of bubbles and relatively dense fluid, an annular downdraught and beyond that a horizontal intrusion flow. Depending on the gas flow rate with respect to the stratification, three types of intrusions were documented. At large gas flow rates a single intrusion was observed. As the gas flow rate was decreased, the buoyancy flux was insufficient to carry the lower fluid to the surface and a stack of intrusions were formed. At very low gas flow rates the intrusions became unsteady. The transition between these three regimes was observed to occur at critical values of the parameters N3H4/(QBg), QBg/ (4πα2u3sH), and H/HT, where N is the buoyancy frequency, H is the water depth, HT is equal to H + HA, HA being the atmospheric pressure head, QB is the gas flow rate at the bottom, g the acceleration due to gravity, α the entrainment coefficient and us the differential between the bubble and the average water velocity commonly called the slip velocity. The height between intrusions was found to scale with the Ozmidov length (QBg/N3)¼, the plunge point entrainment with the inner plume volume flux ($(Q_0 g)^{\frac{3}{4}} N^{-\frac{5}{4}}$ and the radial distance to the plunge point with (Q0g/N3)¾, where Q0 is the gas flow rate at the free surface. These results were used to construct a double annular plume model which was used to investigate the efficiency of conversion of the input bubble energy to potential energy of the stratification; the efficiency was found to first increase, reach a maximum, then decrease with decreasing gas flow rate. This agreed well with the results from the laboratory experiments.
A review of the initiation of precipitating convection in the United Kingdom

Recent severe weather events have prompted the European scientific community to assess the current understanding of convective processes with a view to more detailed and accurate forecasting. The initial development of convective cells remains one of the least understood aspects and one in which limited research has taken place. The important processes can be split into three main areas: boundary‐layer forcing, upper‐level forcing and secondary generation. This paper is a review of the mechanisms responsible for the initiation of precipitating convection in the United Kingdom; i.e. why convective clouds form and develop into precipitating clouds in a particular location.
Design and Development Educational Media Diction of Madurese Language Level

In everyday life, the use of local languages into the unique identity of each tribe. The use of local languages gradually began to be replaced by national and foreign languages. One of them happened in Madurese language. The use of the Madurese language in everyday life has three levels of language with different uses including Enggi Bunten (level 1), Enggi Enten (level 2), and Enja 'Iya (level 3). Dictionary in Madurese is very important to communicate well and precisely with the opponent of speech. This research focuses on the development of educational media application of Madurese language learning. Applications with this form of educational media provide the material and also as a evaluation of the user's knowledge about diction of Madurese language level with trivia quiz. The ADDIE model is used as a reference for software development life cycle. Applications have been running well after functional and non-functional testing by providing a questionnaire to users. Therefore this application can be used as one of the alternative of diction of Madurese language level learning.
Metabolomics Profiling of Age-Associated Metabolites in Malay Population

Aging is a complex process characterized by progressive loss of functional abilities due to the accumulation of molecular damages. Metabolomics could offer novel insights into the predictors and mechanisms of aging. This cross-sectional study is aimed at identifying age-associated plasma metabolome in a Malay population. A total of 146 (90 females) healthy participants aged 28–69 were selected for the study. Untargeted metabolomics profiling was performed using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. Association analysis was based on the general linear model. Gender-associated metabolites were adjusted for age, while age-associated metabolites were adjusted for gender or analyzed in a gender-stratified manner. Gender-associated metabolites such as 4-hydroxyphenyllactic acid, carnitine, cortisol, and testosterone sulfate showed higher levels in males than females. Deoxycholic acid and hippuric acid were among the metabolites with a positive association with age after being adjusted for gender, while 9(E),11(E)-conjugated linoleic acid, cortisol, and nicotinamide were negatively associated with age. In gender-stratified analysis, glutamine was one of the common metabolites that showed a direct association with age in both genders, while metabolites such as 11-deoxy prostaglandin F2β, guanosine monophosphate, and testosterone sulfate were inversely associated with age in males and females. This study reveals several age-associated metabolites in Malays that could reflect the changes in metabolisms during aging and may be used to discern the risk of geriatric syndromes and disorders later. Further studies are required to determine the interplay between these metabolites and environmental factors on the functional outcomes during aging.
An investigation of the flow regimes resulting from splashing drops

Numerical simulations have been used to investigate the flow regimes resulting from the impact of a 2.9 mm water drop on a deep water pool at velocities in the range 0.8–2.5 m/s. The results were used to identify the conditions leading to the formation of vortex rings, entrapment of a bubble during cavity collapse and the formation of vertical Rayleigh jets. Bubble entrapment and the associated growth of a thin high speed jet were shown to be the result of a capillary wave that propagates down the walls of the crater resulting from drop impact. Although the existence of a capillary waves is a necessary condition for bubble entrapment, bubbles will only occur when the wave speed and maximum crater size is such that the wave reaches the bottom of the crater before collapse has resulted in the formation of a thick Rayleigh jet. Simulations also clarified the conditions for which drop impact leads to axi-symmetric vortex rings. Results not reported previously, include the observation that a single drop can pr.
Numerical solution of axisymmetric, unsteady free‐boundary problems at finite Reynolds number. I. Finite‐difference scheme and its application to the deformation of a bubble in a uniaxial straining flow

A brief description of a numerical technique suitable for solving axisymmetric, unsteady free‐boundary problems in fluid mechanics is presented. The technique is based on a finite‐difference solution of the equations of motion on a moving orthogonal curvilinear coordinate system, which is constructed numerically and adjusted to fit the boundary shape at any time. The initial value problem is solved using a fully implicit first‐order backward time differencing scheme in order to insure numerical stability. As an example of application, the unsteady deformation of a bubble in a uniaxial extensional flow for Reynolds numbers is considered in the range of 0.1≤R≤100. The computation shows that the bubble extends indefinitely if the Weber number is larger than a critical value (W>Wc). Furthermore, it is shown that a bubble may not achieve a stable steady state even at subcritical values of Weber number if the initial shape is sufficiently different from the steady shape. Finally, potential‐flow solutions as an .
An Ultrasound Prediction Equation to Estimate DXA-Derived Body Fatness for Middle-Aged and Older Caucasian Adults

Background & ObjectivesCurrently, only one study has used dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA)-derived percent body fat (BF%) as the criterion measure to develop ultrasound prediction equations to estimate BF% in adults between the ages of 50 and 80 years. The aim of this study was to examine the relationship between BF% estimated from subcutaneous fat thickness using a previously published Japanese-based prediction equation and DXA-derived BF% in Caucasian middle-aged and older adults. A secondary aim was to develop a new prediction equation for Caucasian adults if the previously published equation did not predict BF% well in Caucasians.DesignCross-sectional study.Participants & MeasurementsOne-hundred and two Caucasian adults aged 50–76 years (59 men and 43 women) had ultrasound fat thickness and DXA values measured. A new BF% prediction model was developed using ordinary least squares multiple linear regression.ResultsThere was a strong correlation between ultrasound predicted and DXA-derived BF% (r = 0.882, p<0.001). Bland-Altman analysis did not indicate a bias in the prediction of BF% for Caucasian adults (r = −0.092, p>0.05). However, the predicted BF% was significantly higher compared to DXA-derived BF% (approximately 4%). A newly developed nonlinear prediction model used to estimate BF% was significant [F(17,84) = 33.44, p<0.001] with an R2 of 0.871 and an adjusted R2 of 0.845. When examining the stability of the model, bootstrapping (n=1000) resulted in an optimism value of 0.1135 so that the corrected R2 was 0.758. After removing an outlier, the model was significant [F(17,83) = 34.82, p<0.001] and it’s R2 was 0.877 and adjusted R2 was 0.852. ConclusionThe developed equation was stable with a high degree of variance compared to results from previous studies. The results of this study also suggest that ethnicity should be considered when choosing which prediction equations should be used to estimate BF%.
Adaptable Recursive Update Filter

T HE Kalman filter [1,2] is an optimal linear estimator for linear dynamic systems subject to linear measurements. The extended Kalman filter [3] (EKF) is a nonlinear approximation of the Kalman filter, which assumes small estimation errors and approximates them to first order to calculate their covariance matrix. The EKF is a linear estimator that relies on the additional assumption that the first-order approximation is valid. Nonlinear filters with a polynomial update up to arbitrary order are known [4]; knowledge of moments of the conditional estimation error distribution higher than the second are needed for these updates. Techniques exist to overcome some of the limitations of the EKF linearization assumption. The Gaussian second-order filter [5] takes into account second-order terms assuming the prior error distribution is Gaussian. The iterated extended Kalman filter (IEKF) [3] recursively improves the center of theTaylor series expansion for a better linearization. The unscented Kalman filter [6] is able to retain higher-order terms of the Taylor series expansion. Underweighting [7] is an ad hoc technique to compensate for the second-order effects without actually computing them. The recursive update filter (RUF) [8] applies the update gradually and relinearizes at each recursion, hence avoiding linearization problems and providing a consistent covariance. The number of recursions of the RUF is a user-defined parameter that needs to be selected by addressing two conflicting design objectives. On the one hand, the number of iterations should be chosen high to improve performance; themore recursions, themore often the algorithm relinearizes and the better the nonlinearity of the measurement is followed. On the other hand, whenever computational time is of concern, it is desirable to reduce the number of recursions. In general, the higher the degree of nonlinearity of themeasurement, the more recursions are needed. A good indicator of the performance of the algorithm is the postupdate residual (actual measurement minus estimated measurement computed with the updated state). The residual should be consistent with its predicted covariance. Discrepancies between the two indicate the nonlinear effects are of concern and more iterations are needed. The estimate x provided by the IEKF is equivalent to using a Gauss–Newton method [9] to minimize the following nonlinear least-squares problem:
Bernstein Inequalities for Constrained Polynomial Optimization Problems

In this paper, we examine linear programming (LP) relaxations based on Bernstein polynomials for polynomial optimization problems (POPs). We present a progression of increasingly more precise LP relaxations based on expressing the given polynomial in its Bernstein form, as a linear combination of Bernstein polynomials. The well-known bounds on Bernstein polynomials over the unit box combined with linear inter-relationships between Bernstein polynomials help us formulate “Bernstein inequalities” which yield tighter lower bounds for POPs in bounded rectangular domains. The results can be easily extended to optimization over polyhedral and semi-algebraic domains. We also examine techniques to increase the precision of these relaxations by considering higher degree relaxations, and a branch-and-cut scheme.
Radar climatology of the COPS region

A climatology of convection initiation (CI) and convective enhancements (CE) has been developed using radar reflectivity data in southwestern Germany and eastern France over the period of May–August of 2000–2006 and 2008. The study region included the Vosges Mountains of France, the Rhine Valley which straddles France and Germany, the Black Forest Mountains and the Swabian Mountains of Germany. Convection occurred frequently during the summer months throughout the study region. The CI density (number of initiations per square km) illustrates preferential formation in the mountain regions while the CE events spanned both mountains and valleys nearly equally. There is a strong mid‐day peak of the CI events suggesting that diurnal heating is critical for CI in the region. The very strong thunderstorms (>46 dBZ) first occurred in the mountains and ∼2 h later in the Rhine Valley.
Development and Validation of a Data Literacy Assessment Scale

The recognition of data literacy as an important learning outcome in higher education has led to a call for assessment tools to measure students’ data literacy. Although there has been a growing interest in the conceptualization of data literacy, the literature lacks a measuring instrument to operationalize data literacy. This study developed and validated a three‐factor, 24‐item data literacy assessment tool using a sample of 573 students from four community colleges in the United States. The data literacy scale developed in this study has respectable reliability and construct validity, supported by a concept analysis of data literacy, a comparative analysis of data literacy competency frameworks, an expert panel review, exploratory factor analysis, and confirmatory factor analysis.
The long-term effects of an implantable drop foot stimulator on gait in hemiparetic patients

Drop foot is a frequent abnormality in gait after central nervous system lesions. Different treatment strategies are available to functionally restore dorsal extension during swing phase in gait. Orthoses as well as surface and implantable devices for electrical stimulation of the peroneal nerve may be used in patients who do not regain good dorsal extension. While several studies investigated the effects of implanted systems on walking speed and gait endurance, only a few studies have focussed on the system’s impact on kinematics and long-term outcomes. Therefore, our aim was to further investigate the effects of the implanted system ActiGait on gait kinematics and spatiotemporal parameters for the first time with a 1-year follow-up period. 10 patients were implanted with an ActiGait stimulator, with 8 patients completing baseline and follow-up assessments. Assessments included a 10-m walking test, video-based gait analysis and a Visual Analogue Scale (VAS) for health status. At baseline, gait analysis was performed without any assistive device as well as with surface electrical stimulation. At follow-up patients walked with the ActiGait system switched off and on. The maximum dorsal extension of the ankle at initial contact increased significantly between baseline without stimulation and follow-up with ActiGait (p = 0.018). While the spatio-temporal parameters did not seem to change much with the use of ActiGait in convenient walking speed, patients did walk faster when using surface stimulation or ActiGait compared to no stimulation at the 10-m walking test at their fastest possible walking speed. Patients rated their health better at the 1-year follow-up. In summary, a global improvement in gait kinematics compared to no stimulation was observed and the long-term safety of the device could be confirmed.
Conditions for the formation of massive stars

Upper limits on the masses of stars that can form are reexamined and models for the inflow of matter through cocoons around stars of 60, 100, and 200 solar masses are calculated. Consideration is given to the general conditions that must hold at the inner and outer boundaries of a protostellar cocoon; limits on the dust-to-gas ratios and mass inflow rates that will permit inflow onto very massive stars are determined. It is found that inflow can occur if intermediate-sized grains (0.05-0.25 micron) are missing from the initial gas/dust mixture. The existence of massive stars in certain locations in galaxies indicates that preconditioning of the interstellar medium by shocks or turbulence is necessary for massive star formation. 63 references.
The completed double layer boundary integral equation method for two-dimensional Stokes flow

Power and Miranda explained how integral equations of the second kind can be obtained for general exterior three-dimensional Stokes flows. They observed that, although the double layer representation that leads to an integral equation of the second kind coming from the jump property of its velocity field across the density carrying surface can represent only those flow fields that correspond to a force and torque free surface, the representation may be completed by adding terms that give arbitrary total force and torque in suitable linear combinations, precisely a Stokeslet and a Rotlet located in the interior of the three-dimensional particles. We extend Power and Miranda's completed method to the problem of multiple cylinders in two-dimensional bounded and unbounded domains.
Exact Monte Carlo simulation for fork-join networks

In a fork-join network each incoming job is split into K tasks and the K tasks are simultaneously assigned to K parallel service stations for processing. For the distributions of response times and queue lengths of fork-join networks, no explicit formulae are available. Existing methods provide only analytic approximations for the response time and the queue length distributions. The accuracy of such approximations may be difficult to justify for some complicated fork-join networks. In this paper we propose a perfect simulation method based on coupling from the past to generate exact realisations from the equilibrium of fork-join networks. Using the simulated realisations, Monte Carlo estimates for the distributions of response times and queue lengths of fork-join networks are obtained. Comparisons of Monte Carlo estimates and theoretical approximations are also provided. The efficiency of the sampling algorithm is shown theoretically and via simulation.