Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Transport of ozone and pollutants from North America to the North Atlantic Ocean during the 1996 Atmosphere/Ocean Chemistry Experiment (AEROCE) intensive

Research flights were conducted to investigate the episodic occurrence of enhanced ozone mixing ratios over the North Atlantic Ocean (NAO) during the spring as part of the Atmosphere/Ocean Chemistry Experiment (AEROCE). We measured meteorological variables, trace gases, and aerosol light scattering from the University of Wyoming King Air research aircraft during 16 research flights in April and early May 1996. The flights were conducted over eastern North America and over the NAO between the United States and Bermuda. On April 28, a cold front was located just west of Bermuda while a second system developed over the Midwest and central United States. In the midtroposphere, polluted layers with up to 250 ppbv CO, 150 pptv NO, and 1.8 ppbv NO y were observed within a deeper layer of enhanced O 3 mixing ratios (up to 88 ppbv) over the NAO at around 32°N, 64-68°W. These aircraft observations, when coupled with ozone sondes, back trajectories, and satellite image loops, indicate two distinct meteorological mechanisms that combine to yield the observed chemical signature of the air. There is substantial meteorological evidence, supported by ozone sonde observations and earlier King Air flights, indicating that stratosphere/troposphere exchange associated with the upstream frontal system injects and advects dry, ozone-rich air into midtro-pospheric regions over the continent. These subsiding air masses have the potential to result in deep layers of enhanced ozone in the offshore postfrontal area. Convection from the developing (upwind) system appears to lift air from the continental boundary layer into the area of subsidence in the mid to upper troposphere. The result is high concentrations of gaseous and particulate pollutants along with elevated quantities of ozone. Ozone mixing ratios exceed those attributable to boundary layer venting or in-transit photochemical production. These meteorological processes lead to pollution and enhanced ozone from the stratosphere cooccurring in postfrontal air masses over the NAO.
Impact of fluid saturation on the reflection coefficient of a poroelastic layer

The impact of changes in saturation on the frequencydependent reflection coefficient of a partially saturated layer was studied. Seismic attenuation and velocity dispersion in partially saturated (i.e., patchy saturated) poroelastic media were accounted for by using the analytical solution of the 1D White’s model for wave-induced fluid flow. White’s solution was applied in combination with an analytical solution for the normal-incidence reflection coefficient of an attenuating layer embedded in an elastic or attenuating background medium to investigate the effects of attenuation, velocity dispersion, and tuning on the reflection coefficient. Approximations for the frequency-dependent quality factor, its minimum value, and the frequency at which the minimum value of the quality factor occurs were derived. The approximations are valid for any two alternating sets of petrophysical parameters. An approximation for the normal-incidence reflection coefficient of an attenuating thin (compared to the wavelength) layer was also derived. This approximation gives insight into the influence of contrasts in acoustic impedance and/or attenuation on the reflectivity of a thin layer. Laboratory data for reflections from a water-saturated sand layer and from a dry sand layer were further fit with petrophysical parameters for unconsolidated sand partially saturated with water and air. The results showed that wave-induced fluid flow can explain low-frequency reflection anomalies, which are related to fluid saturation and can be observed in seismic field data. The results further indicate that reflection coefficients of partially saturated layers (e.g., hydrocarbon reservoirs) can vary significantly with frequency, especially at low seismic frequencies where partial saturation may often cause high attenuation.
Estimation of snow depth over open prairie environments using GOES imager observations

We assess the potential for estimating snow depth using observations in the visible and infrared spectral bands from the imager instrument onboard the Geostationary Operational Environmental Satellites (GOES). The approach makes use of a correlation between depth of the snowpack and satellite‐derived subpixel fractional snow cover over non‐forested and sparsely forested areas. To retrieve the snow depth we propose a simple analytical formula approximating the statistical relationship between the snow depth and the snow fraction.
Optical closure for remote-sensing reflectance based on accurate radiative transfer approximations: the case of the Changjiang (Yangtze) River Estuary and its adjacent coastal area, China

Optical closure exercises are pivotal for evaluating the accuracy of water quality remote-sensing techniques. The agreement between radiometrically derived and inherent optical property (IOP)-derived above-water spectral remote-sensing reflectance Rrs(λ) is necessary for resolving IOPs, the diffuse attenuation coefficient, and biogeochemical parameters from space. We combined spectral radiometric and IOP measurements to perform an optical closure exercise for two optically contrasting Chinese waters – the Changjiang (Yangtze) River Estuary and its adjacent coastal area in the East China Sea. The final aim of our investigation was to compare two derivations of Rrs(λ): Rrs(λ), derived from radiometric measurements; and Rrs(λ), derived from simultaneous IOP measurements. Five subsequent steps have been taken to achieve this goal, including (1) estimation of the Rrs(λ) from radiometric measurements; (2) scattering correction for the non-water spectral absorption coefficient apd(λ); (3) estimation of the below-water spectral remote-sensing reflectance rrs(λ) from IOPs measurements; (4) the estimation of the Rrs(λ) from the rrs(λ) values; and (5) the comparison between the Rrs(λ) derived from radiometric and IOP measurements. All steps were realized by using both direct measurements and different models based on radiative transfer theory. Results demonstrated that the impact of the errors caused by the scattering correction procedure and conversion of radiometric quantities into Rrs(λ) may be rather significant, especially in the long-wavelength spectrum range. Nevertheless, spectral features were similar between these Rrs(λ) sets for all waters – from relatively clear to very turbid. Exploiting this fact allows use of the spectral reflectance ratios for remote sensing of the estuarine and coastal Chinese waters.
Recovering Seismic Displacements through Combined Use of 1-Hz GPS and Strong-Motion Accelerometers

Retrieving displacement from seismic acceleration records is often difficult because unknown small baseline offsets in the acceleration time series will contaminate the doubly integrated record with large quadratic errors. One-hertz Global Positioning System (gps) position estimates and collocated seismic data are available from the 2003 M w 8 Tokachi-Oki (Hokkaido) earthquake. After a process of correcting for possible misorientation of the seismic sensors, an inversion method is used to simultaneously solve for ground displacement with both data sets as input constraints. This inversion method takes into account the presence of unknown offsets in the acceleration record, and the relatively large uncertainties in the estimated 1-Hz gps positions. In this study, 117 channels of seismic data were analyzed. Only 5% of the time does the static displacement retrieved from traditional baseline correction processing without gps information agree with the absolute displacement measured with 1-Hz gps to within the errors of the gps data. In solving simultaneously for constrained displacements that agree with both the seismic and gps data sets, an optimal solution was found that included only one- or two-step functions in the acceleration records. Potential explanations for the offsets are analyzed in terms of tilt of the sensor or electronic noise. For nine stations, clear misorientations of the seismic sensors of more than 20 deg from the reported orientation were found. For this size event, the 30-sec sampled gps solutions were also a sufficient constraint for establishing the offset errors and recovering reliable displacements. The results significantly extend the frequency band over which accelerometer data are reliable for source inversion studies. Online material: Plots of constrained seismograms with metadata.
Food Deserts in Dundee

Abstract The poor health of Scots is sometimes linked to poor diet, especially a lack of fresh fruit and vegetables. However, this lack may itself be linked to accessibility issues. In recent years, shops selling ‘healthy’ food, such as large superstores, have tended to relocate to edge-of-town locations, which are very accessible to car users but difficult for others. The term ‘food desert’ is often applied to inner cities when they have few or no food shops, or at least few shops selling healthy food. This paper describes a project intended to evaluate the applicability of the food desert concept to Dundee, Scotland's fourth largest city (2001 population 145,663), located on the Tay estuary in East Central Scotland. A postal survey was conducted in Dundee in the summer of 2009. It collected information on consumption of fresh fruit and vegetables, and of other supposedly healthy (or unhealthy) foods, the retail outlets most often used for food purchases, the mode and duration of food shopping trips, and whether respondents found it easy or difficult to shop for healthy food. Although the response rate in some zones was poor, it is possible to identify some clear trends in the data. The failure of 81% of respondents to eat the recommended five portions of fresh fruit and vegetables per day confirms that dietary choices are problematic for Dundonians. The sample overall showed that the majority of food shoppers went by car, and that journeys seldom lasted more than 20minutes. Very few respondents said that they found shopping trips difficult. In view of these results, it does not seem appropriate to describe Dundee as a food desert, though many individuals may settle for a less healthy diet because of difficulties in gaining access to more healthy foods. Dundee may be too small to be a food desert. Residents in all our survey areas are within easy reach of at least one superstore. However, the lack of support for the ‘food desert’ metaphor should not be interpreted as meaning that nobody experiences problems of accessibility to healthy food, nor that individuals' illnesses should be blamed on their poor food choices.
Tropospheric ozone production and transport in the springtime in east Asia

Ozone transport and chemistry in the springtime in east Asia are studied by use of the STEM-II (Sulfur Transport Eulerian Model) regional-scale transport/chemistry model. Three-dimensional simulations are performed for the period May 1–15, 1987. This was a period of strong downward transport of ozone in east Asia, associated with traveling low-pressure systems. Elevated ozone levels were observed at high-altitude surface sites in Japan during this period. Model simulations both with and without photochemical processes are performed in order to assess the relative importance of the transport and chemical sources of tropospheric ozone. The model results are compared with measured values at a network of stations in Japan and are found to accurately capture most of the important observed features. Near-surface ozone levels are found to be strongly influenced both by continental outflow of precursors occurring behind the cold fronts as they move out over the Pacific Ocean and by the strong downward transport of ozone-rich air from the upper troposphere which occurs in association with these weather systems.
A Structure Recognition Technique in Contextual Generalisation of Buildings and Built-up Areas

Abstract A structure recognition technique is presented that can be employed for contextual building and built-up area generalisation in medium-scale topographic maps. Owing to various spatial configurations, a contextual mechanism is necessary to achieve acceptable results in cartographic generalisation. Spatial structures are usually implicit in data, and advanced analysis and processing methods are required to detect them. This technique is based on auxiliary geometric data structures and spatial analysis methods. A case study is performed with a topographic data set, using an interface developed in an object-oriented geographic information system (O-O GIS). The proposed approach was found to assist and improve automation.
A Kalman filter reconstruction of the vertical ozone distribution in an equivalent latitude–potential temperature framework from TOMS/GOME/SBUV total ozone observations

[1] We present a quasi three-dimensional ozone data set (Candidoz Assimilated Three-dimensional Ozone, CATO) with daily resolution and covering the period 1979-2004. It was reconstructed from two-dimensional total ozone observations of the Total Ozone Mapping Spectrometer (TOMS), Global Ozone Monitoring Experiment (GOME), and Solar Backscatter UV (SBUV) satellite instruments by assimilating the measurements into an equivalent latitude (Φ E )-potential temperature (θ) framework. The statistical reconstruction method uses the fact that total ozone columns are influenced by transient north-south excursions of air parcels associated, for instance, with Rossby waves. These adiabatic motions change the thickness of individual isentropic layers and transport high or low ozone into the column depending on meridional concentration gradients. A Kalman filter was employed to calculate sequentially the ozone distributions on a (Φ E , θ) grid that best match the total ozone observations given the errors in both the measurements and the ozone field predicted by the filter. CATO is shown to agree in midlatitudes within 20% with ozonesondes and the Halogen Occultation Experiment (HALOE) capturing both seasonal and interannual variations. Significantly larger differences of about 30% are found at the high-latitude sonde station Sodankyla (67°N), while differences from HALOE are mostly within 20% at these latitudes. Differences of about 30% from both the sondes and HALOE are found in the tropical lower stratosphere. This new data set is unique in its temporal and spatial coverage and will be particularly useful for studies of the factors influencing the long-term evolution of ozone in the lower stratosphere.
EARNINGS DYNAMICS AND INEQUALITY IN EU , 1994-2001

The 'watch dog' role of the media, the impact of migration processes, health care access for children in developing countries, mitigation of the effects of Global Warming are typical examples of governance issues – issues to be tackled at the base; issues to be solved by creating and implementing effective policy. prepares students to pave the road for innovative policy developments in Europe and the world today. Our master's and PhD programmes train you in analysing, monitoring and evaluating public policy in order to strengthen democratic governance in domestic and international organisations. The School carefully crafts its training activities to give national and international organisations, scholars and professionals the tools needed to harness the strengths of changing organisations and solve today' s challenges, and more importantly, the ones of tomorrow. ABSTRACT This paper uses ECHP for 14 EU countries to explore the dynamic structure of individual earnings and the extent to which changes in cross-sectional earnings inequality reflect transitory or permanent components of individual lifecycle earnings variation. Overall, the decrease in inequality resulted from a decrease in transitory differentials in Germany, France, UK and Ireland, in permanent differentials in Belgium and Spain, and in both components in Denmark and Austria. The increase in inequality reflects an increase in permanent differentials in Luxembourg, Italy, Greece and Finland, and an increase in both components in Portugal and Netherlands. The decrease in inequality was accompanied by an increase in mobility only in Denmark, Belgium and Spain. Except for Netherlands and Portugal, all countries recording an increase in inequality experienced also a decrease in mobility.
A GIS-based spatial distribution modeling of seasonal precipitation using terrain variables in Zhejiang Province, China

Precipitation is a function of many topographical features as well as geographical locations. The correlations between precipitation and topographical and geographical features can be used to improve estimation of precipitation distribution. In this paper, we built seasonal precipitation model based on GIS techniques in Zhejiang Province in southeastern China. Terrain variables derived from the 1 km resolution DEM are used as predictors of the seasonal precipitation, using a regression-based approach. Variables used for model development include: longitude, latitude, elevation, and distance from the nearest coast, direction to the nearest coast, slope, aspect, and the ratio of land to sea within given radii. Seasonal precipitation data, for the observation period 1971 to 2000, were assembled from 59 meteorological stations. Precipitation data from 52 meteorological stations were used to initialize the regression model. The data from the other 7 stations were retained for model validation. Seasonal precipitation surfaces were constructed using the regression equations, and refined by kriging the residuals from the regression model and subtracting the result from the predicted surface. Latitude, elevation and distance from the sea are found to be the most effective predictors of local seasonal precipitation. Validation determined that regression plus kriging predicts mean seasonal precipitation with a coefficient of determination (R2), between the estimated and observed values, of 0.546 (winter) and 0.895 (spring). A simple regression model without kriging yields less accurate results in all seasons.
A multisensor diagnostic satellite cloud property retrieval scheme

Active sensor data, in the form of lidar and radar cloud vertical boundaries, are used as a priori information to passive sensor satellite retrievals of cloud optical depth and effective particle radius. Correct placement of cloud in the vertical eliminates the need to approximate cloud height from multispectral passive techniques and is shown to improve uncertainties in nighttime retrievals of thin cirrus in excess of 30%. The new method is exemplified by two casen studies using imager data from GOES but remains valid for any passive/active remote sensing application. A strength of this method is its ability to diagnose components of the retrieval uncertainty and thereby quantify retrieval performance. Errors associated with the forward model and measurement uncertainties, and an independent validation of the retrieval, are discussed.
How do climate and forest changes affect long‐term streamflow dynamics? A case study in the upper reach of Poyang River basin

In forested watersheds, forest changes and climatic variability have been commonly recognized as two major drivers for streamflow variations. Previous research has separated their relative contributions but mainly focused on either deforestation and climate or reforestation and climate, but rarely with single studies on both. This study used the Meijiang watershed (6983·2 km2), situated in the upper reach of the Poyang Lake basin, as an example to quantify how climate and forest changes (both deforestation and reforestation) consecutively affect streamflow dynamics. Two methods, namely modified double‐mass curves and sensitivity‐based approach, were used in this study. Two breakpoints (years 1968 and 1985) with significant annual streamflow changes were detected, and together with the control period, they were then used to define three distinct periods: the control (1957–1967), deforestation (1968–1984) and reforestation (1985–2006) periods. Our results show that in the deforestation period, the average annual streamflow increment attributed to deforestation was 112·78 mm year−1, while the annual streamflow variation attributed to climate variability was −111·39 mm year−1. In the reforestation period, the average annual streamflow decrease caused by reforestation was −51·04 mm year−1, while the annual streamflow variation attributed to climate variability was 52·52 mm year−1. The sensitivity‐based approach also provided similar results. The positive and negative values in the streamflow changes suggest offsetting effects between forest changes and climate variability in both deforestation and reforestation periods. The similar magnitudes of streamflow changes demonstrate that the hydrological effects of forest changes can be as great as those caused by climate change. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Linear trends of zonally averaged thermosteric, halosteric, and total steric sea level for individual ocean basins and the world ocean, (1955–1959)–(1994–1998)

We present estimates of the linear trends of zonally averaged fields of thermosteric, halosteric, and steric sea level by pentads (1955–1959)–(1994–1998) for individual ocean basins and the world ocean. The Atlantic is characterized by density compensating linear trends in the thermosteric and halosteric components of steric sea level change. Northward of approximately 45°N the halosteric trend acts to increase steric sea level and the thermosteric trend acts to decrease sea level. Southward of 45°N these two terms are reversed in sign. Similar to the Atlantic, the Indian Ocean is characterized by density compensating trends at most latitudes, a major exception being 28°S–38°S. The Pacific is different from the Atlantic and Indian oceans. The two components act in concert to change sea level in the same way with the exception of the 34°N–45°N and 22°S–38°S regions.