Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Patterns of Errors Contributing to Trauma Mortality: Lessons Learned From 2594 Deaths

Objective:To identify patterns of errors contributing to inpatient trauma deaths. Methods:All inpatient trauma deaths at a high-volume level I trauma center from 1996 to 2004 inclusive were audited. Data were collected with daily trauma registry chart abstraction, weekly morbidity and mortality reports, hospital quality assurance reports, and annual trauma registry analyses of risk of death using TRISS and HARM methodology. Deaths that met criteria for low to medium probability of mortality or those with quality of care concerns were analyzed for errors and then subjected to 3-stage peer review at weekly departmental, monthly hospital, and annual regional forums. Patterns of errors were constructed from the compiled longitudinal data. Results:In 9 years, there were 44,401 trauma patient admissions and 2594 deaths (5.8%), of which 601 met low to medium mortality risks. Sixty-four patients (0.14% admissions, 2.47% deaths) had recognized errors in care that contributed to their death. Important error patterns included: failure to successfully intubate, secure or protect an airway (16%), delayed operative or angiographic control of acute abdominal/pelvic hemorrhage (16%), delayed intervention for ongoing intrathoracic hemorrhage (9%), inadequate DVT or gastrointestinal prophylaxis (9%), lengthy initial operative procedures rather than damage control surgery in unstable patients (8%), over-resuscitation with fluids (5%), and complications of feeding tubes (5%). Resulting data-directed institutional and regional trauma system policy changes have demonstrably reduced the incidence of associated error-related deaths. Conclusions:Preventable deaths will occur even in mature trauma systems. This review has identified error patterns that are likely common in all trauma systems, and for which policy interventions can be effectively targeted.
[Relationship between colorectal cancer and ten inorganic elements].

A population-based case-control study including 726 patients with colon cancer, 575 with rectum cancer, and 1400 population controls matched on age (+/- 5 yrs.) and sex was carried out to evaluate the association of ten inorganic elements, including potassium, sodium, calcium, magnesium, iron, manganese, zinc, copper, phosphorus and selenium, and other dietary factors with colorectal cancer. Single variable analysis adjusted for age and sex showed most of the ten elements, except sodium and selenium, may reduce the risk of the development of colorectal cancer. Correlation analysis indicated these eight elements correlated closely to the "vegetable factors", e.g., dietary fibre, and so on, since the major sources (about 80%) of these elements were from vegetables. Multi-variable logistic regression analysis showed nine elements (except sodium) may confound the effects of some dietary factors (such as dietary fibre and vitamin C) on the occurrence of colorectal cancer and only contribute to it. The results showed a close association between saturated fatty acid, mono-unsaturated fatty acid, dietary fibre, vitamins C and E, and colorectal cancer.
Value of Children and Family Change: A Three‐Decade Portrait From Turkey

L’etude turque sur la valeur conferee aux enfants a porte sur trois generations relevant de trois niveaux socio-economiques dans centre metropolitain et deux zones rurales. Les resultats ont montre qu’il y avait sur les trois derrieres decennies un net accroissement des valeurs psychologiques attribuees aux enfants et une chute correspondante des valeurs utilitaires et economiques. La preference pour le fils a ete remplacee par la preference pour la fille, ce qui traduit un changement de la dynamique et des roles familiaux. Des modifications analogues dans ce qui est attendu des enfants, les qualites que l’on souhaite trouver chez cux et les nombres reels, desires et ideaux d’enfants sont coherents avec les attentes; le modele du changement familial propose par Kagitcibasi est ainsi confirme. Les comparaisons des valeurs attribuees aux enfants sur les trois decennies par generation et niveau social aide a comprendre l’evolution et le changement social de la societe turque, voire de societes comparables. The Turkish Value of Children Study consisted of three generations from three socioeconomic strata in a metropolitan center and from two rural areas. The findings showed a sharp increase in the psychological, and a corresponding decrease in the utilitarian/economic values attributed to children over the last three decades. Son preference has been replaced by daughter preference, pointing to changing family dynamics and family roles. Corresponding modifications in expectations from (adult) children, qualities desired in children, and actual, desired, and ideal numbers of children are in line with expectations, providing support for Kagitcibasi's Model of Family Change. Comparisons of values attributed to children over three decades and across generations and social strata provide insights for understanding social change and development in Turkish society and possibly in similar societies.
Epidermal Lignin Deposition in Quinoa Cotyledons in Response to UV-B Radiation¶

Abstract UV-B radiation (280–320 nm) is harmful to living organisms and has detrimental effects on plant growth, development and physiology. In this work we examined some mechanisms involved in plant responses to UV-B radiation. Seedlings of quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa Willd.) were exposed to variable numbers of UV-B radiation doses, and the effect on cotyledons was studied. We analyzed (1) cotyledons anatomy and chloroplasts ultrastructure; (2) peroxidase activity involved in the lignification processes; and (3) content of photosynthetic pigments, phenolic compounds and carbohydrates. Exposure to two UV-B doses induced an increase in the wall thickness of epidermal cells, which was associated with lignin deposition and higher activity of the peroxidase. The chloroplast ultrastructure showed an appearance typical of plants under shade conditions, likely in response to reduced light penetration into the mesophyll cells due to the screening effect of epidermal lignin deposition. Exposure to UV-B radiation also led to (1) enhancement in the level of phenolics, which may serve a protective function; (2) strong increase in the fructose content, a fact that might be related to higher requirement of erythrose-4P as a substrate for the synthesis of lignin and phenolics; and (3) reduction in the chlorophyll concentration, evidencing alteration in the photosynthetic system. We propose that the observed lignin deposition in epidermal tissues of quinoa is a resistance mechanism against UV-B radiation, which allows growing of this species in Andean highlands.
Genetic algorithm optimization for blind channel identification with higher order cumulant fitting

An important family of blind equalization algorithms identify a communication channel model based on fitting higher order cumulants, which poses a nonlinear optimization problem. Since higher order cumulant-based criteria are multimodal, conventional gradient search techniques require a good initial estimate to avoid converging to local minima. We present a novel scheme which uses genetic algorithms to optimize the cumulant fitting cost function. A microgenetic algorithm implementation is adopted to further enhance computational efficiency. As is demonstrated in computer simulation, this scheme is robust and accurate and has a fast convergence performance.
The Experiences of Women Academics at a South African University.

This article focuses on the experiences of women academics at a South African university, historically an enclave of male domination. The study employed an interpretative research methodology and utilised in-depth, semi-structured interviews as data collection method. The constant comparative method of data analysis was used to construct categories that captured recurring themes and patterns. The findings of this research denote both positive and negative experiences of women academics at the Rand Afrikaans University (RAU). Positives include the lessening of visible, overt discrimination and the advantage of flexible working hours. Negative experiences include the double workload of women academics, their ambivalent feelings about academia and its impact on their reactions and behaviour. The article concludes with a number of possible recommendations for all role-players in the academic arena.
Characterization of Aromatase Expression in the Adult Male and Female Mouse Brain. I. Coexistence with Oestrogen Receptors α and β, and Androgen Receptors

Aromatase catalyses the last step of oestrogen synthesis. There is growing evidence that local oestrogens influence many brain regions to modulate brain development and behaviour. We examined, by immunohistochemistry, the expression of aromatase in the adult male and female mouse brain, using mice in which enhanced green fluorescent protein (EGFP) is transcribed following the physiological activation of the Cyp19A1 gene. EGFP-immunoreactive processes were distributed in many brain regions, including the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis, olfactory tubercle, medial amygdaloid nucleus and medial preoptic area, with the densest distributions of EGFP-positive cell bodies in the bed nucleus and medial amygdala. Differences between male and female mice were apparent, with the density of EGFP-positive cell bodies and fibres being lower in some brain regions of female mice, including the bed nucleus and medial amygdala. EGFP-positive cell bodies in the bed nucleus, lateral septum, medial amygdala and hypothalamus co-expressed oestrogen receptor (ER) α and β, or the androgen receptor (AR), although single-labelled EGFP-positive cells were also identified. Additionally, single-labelled ERα−, ERβ- or AR-positive cell bodies often appeared to be surrounded by EGFP-immunoreactive nerve fibres/terminals. The widespread distribution of EGFP-positive cell bodies and fibres suggests that aromatase signalling is common in the mouse brain, and that locally synthesised brain oestrogens could mediate biological effects by activating pre- and post-synaptic oestrogen α and β receptors, and androgen receptors. The higher number of EGFP-positive cells in male mice may indicate that the autocrine and paracrine effects of oestrogens are more prominent in males than females.
Instability of 3d Null Singularities

Apparatus for supporting a body on a carrier in a desired angular position while the carrier is mounted on a moving base, such as a ship, includes an electrically operated drive for angularly moving the carrier relative to the base about a normally horizontally extending axis. The control device for controlling the drive includes a first signal generator which senses the rate of angular movement of the carrier in a plane perpendicular to the afore-mentioned axis and generates a first signal indicative of the sensed rate. A second signal generator includes a mercury switch and generates a second, constant, D.C. signal indicative of the absence or presence of a predetermined angular position of the mercury switch in plane perpendicular to the axis. A circuit connected to the signal generators and the drive transmits to the drive an electrical operating signal in response to the first and second signals and thereby causes the mercury switch to be moved by the drive into its predetermined angular position.
Order effect in interactive information retrieval evaluation: an empirical study

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to report a study of order effect in interactive information retrieval (IIR) studies. The phenomenon of order effect is well-known, and it is the main reason why searches are permuted (counter-balanced) between test participants in IIR studies. However, the phenomenon is not yet fully understood or investigated in relation to IIR; hence the objective is to increase the knowledge of this phenomenon in the context of IIR as it has implications for test design of IIR studies. Design/methodology/approach – Order effect is studied via partly a literature review and partly an empirical IIR study. The empirical IIR study is designed as a classic between-groups design. The IIR search behaviour was logged and complementary post-search interviews were conducted. Findings – The order effect between groups and within search tasks were measured against nine classic IIR performance parameters of search interaction behaviour. Order effect is seen with respect to three performance p.
Varying Hydric Conditions during Incubation Influence Egg Water Exchange and Hatchling Phenotype in the Red‐Eared Slider Turtle

Environmental conditions within the nest, notably temperature and moisture of substrate, exert a powerful influence during embryogenesis in oviparous reptiles. The influence of fluctuating nest temperatures has been experimentally examined in different reptile species; however, similar experiments using moisture as the key variable are lacking. In this article, we examine the effect of various substrate moisture regimes during incubation on different traits (egg mass, incubation length, and hatchling mass) in a chelonian species with flexible‐shelled eggs, the red‐eared slider turtle (Trachemys scripta elegans). Our results show that the rate of water uptake by the eggs was higher in wet than in dry substrate and varied across development. More important, during the first third of development, the egg mass changes were relatively independent of the soil moisture level; they became very sensitive to moisture levels during the other two‐thirds. Moreover, hydric conditions exerted a strong influence on the eggs' long‐term sensitivity to the moisture of the substrate. Even short‐term episodes of high or low levels of moisture modified permanently their water sensitivity, notably through modification of eggshell shape and volume, and in turn entailed significant effects on hatchling mass (and hence offspring quality). Such complex influences of fluctuating moisture levels at various incubation stages on hatchling phenotype better reflect the natural situation, compared to experiments based on stable, albeit different, moisture levels.
THE OBSCURED GROWTH OF MASSIVE BLACK HOLES

The mass density of massive black holes observed locally is consistent with the hard X-ray background provided that most of the radiation produced during their growth was absorbed by surrounding gas. A simple model is proposed here for the formation of galaxy bulges and central black holes in which young spheroidal galaxies have a significant distributed component of cold dusty clouds, which accounts for the absorption. The central accreting black hole is assumed to emit both a quasar-like spectrum, which is absorbed by the surrounding gas, and a slow wind. The power in both is less than the Eddington limit for the black hole. The wind, however, exerts the most force on the gas and, as earlier suggested by Silk & Rees, when the black hole reaches a critical mass it is powerful enough to eject the cold gas from the galaxy, so terminating the growth of both black hole and galaxy. In the present model this point occurs when the Thomson depth in the surrounding gas has dropped to about unity and results in the mass of the black hole being proportional to the mass of the spheroid, with the normalization agreeing with that found for local galaxies by Magorrian et al. for reasonable wind parameters. The model predicts a new population of hard X-ray and submm sources at redshifts above 1, which are powered by black holes in their main growth phase.
Social-psychology and the invasion of Iraq

Abstract The invasion of Iraq by American and British forces is analyzed from the standpoint of social psychology. The following social phenomena and events are discussed: (a) the role of groupthink in the intelligence failure; (b) asymmetrical consequences of reward and punishment and the role of causal attribution in responsibility assignment as explanations for the alleged possession of weapons of mass destruction (WMD) by Iraq;(c) dissonance avoidance and the refusal by those responsible for the invasion to accept that there were no WMD in Iraq; (d) balance theory, retributive justice and the attempt to link Saddam to bin Laden after the acceptance of the inexistence of WMD; (e) de-individuation, power of the situation, and obedience to authority and the Abu-Ghraib tortures; (f) the escalation of violence and the psychology of malignant social processes. The paper ends with a distinction between science and applications of science, and gives some recommendations to achieve peace in the world based on social psychological knowledge.
Contributions of Basal Glucose and Postprandial Glucose Concentrations to Hemoglobin A1c in the Newly Diagnosed Patients with Type 2 Diabetes--the Preliminary Study.

OBJECTIVE The aim of this preliminary study is to investigate contributions of basal glucose (BG) and postprandial glucose (PPG) increments to overall hyperglycemia in newly diagnosed patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS We evaluated the relative contributions of BG and PPG to overall hyperglycemia in 59 newly diagnosed T2DM patients according to BG baseline value of 6.1 mmol/L and 24-h glucose profiles of normal glucose tolerance (NGT) subjects obtained by continuous glucose monitoring as baseline, respectively. RESULTS When the baseline was 24-h glucose profiles of the NGT subjects, the relative contributions of PPG in the T2DM patients with hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) levels of ≤ 7.0%, 7.0-9.0%, and >9.0% were 57.58%, 44.69%, and 21.56%, respectively. When the baseline value was equal to 6.1 mmol/L, the relative contributions of PPG in the T2DM patients with HbA1c levels of ≤ 7.0%, 7.0-9.0%, and >9.0% were 77.23%, 53.43%, and 22.78%, respectively. Compared with the 24-h glucose profiles of the NGT subjects as the baseline, the relative contribution of PPG was overestimated by about 10-20% in the T2DM patients with HbA1c levels of ≤ 9.0% when 6.1 mmol/L was chosen as the baseline. CONCLUSIONS In the newly diagnosed T2DM patients with mild hyperglycemia, PPG is a predominant contributor, whereas the relative contributions of BG gradually increase from mild to severe hyperglycemia and obviously exceed PPG in the T2DM patients with HbA1c levels of >9.0%. This finding implies that the initial pharmacotherapy may target PPG in those patients with mild hyperglycemia and target BG in those patients with severe hyperglycemia.
Maximum MIMO Capacity in Line-of-Sight

In this paper, we investigate the capacity limits of Multiple-input, multiple-output (MIMO) communication systems in line-of-sight (LoS) environments. Under this scenario, the channel is usually rank deficient due to the linear dependence of the LoS rays' phases on the receive elements. To overcome this problem, specifically designed antenna arrays can be employed, where the antenna elements are positioned in a way that orthogonality is preserved; hence maximizing the channel rank. To help in the design of such systems we derive the criteria for the maximum MIMO capacity in LoS environments as a function of the distance and the spacing of the arrays. The performance of these architectures is investigated in a number of optimal and suboptimal locations using a geometrical channel model. Finally, the performance is also studied in various degrees of scatter using a stochastic Monte-Carlo simulator
Helpful therapeutic processes: Client activities, therapist activities and helpful effects

Aim: The purpose of this study was to explore helpful processes in therapy, focusing on the specific client and therapist activities that can lead to helpful effects. Method: Ten clients took part in relationally oriented therapy, and were asked to complete the Post‐Session Form, which asked them to describe helpful client activities, the therapist activities that facilitated this and the perceived impact of these activities. Qualitative data were analysed thematically and a process map was developed to illustrate one of the key pathways of change. Results: Clients identified talking about their emotions and experiences as the principal helpful client activity. The most frequently reported helpful contributions from therapists were questioning, direction and the therapists' specific relational qualities. The effects of these activities were increased insight, completion of therapeutic tasks and changes in clients’ feelings. Discussion: Disentangling client activities from therapist activities allowed clients’ contributions to the change process to come to the fore, while also highlighting the specific therapist activities that can facilitate this.
Diet composition and insulin action in animal models

Critical insights into the etiology of insulin resistance have been gained by the use of animal models where insulin action has been modulated by strictly controlled dietary interventions not possible in human studies. Overall, the literature has moved from a focus on macronutrient proportions to understanding the unique effects of individual subtypes of fats, carbohydrates and proteins. Substantial evidence has now accumulated for a major role of dietary fat subtypes in insulin action. Intake of saturated fats is strongly linked to development of obesity and insulin resistance, while that of polyunsaturated fats (PUFAs) is not. This is consistent with observations that saturated fats are poorly oxidized for energy and thus readily stored, are poorly mobilized by lipolytic stimuli, impair membrane function, and increase the expression of genes associated with adipocyte profileration (making their own home). PUFAs have contrasting effects in each instance. It is therefore not surprising that increased PUFA intake in animal models is associated with improved insulin action and reduced adiposity. Less information is available for carbohydrate subtypes. Early work clearly demonstrated that diets high in simple sugars (in particular fructose) led to insulin resistance. However, again attention has rightly shifted to the very interesting issue of subtypes of complex carbohydrates. While no differences in insulin action have yet been shown, differences in substrate flux suggest there could be long-term beneficial effects on the fat balance of diets enhanced in slowly digested/resistant starches. A new area of major interest is in protein subtypes. Recent results have shown that rats fed high-fat diets where the protein component was from casein or soy were insulin-resistant, but when the protein source was from cod they were not. These are exciting times in our growing understanding of dietary factors and insulin action. While it has been clear for some time that ‘oils ain't oils’, the same is now proving true for carbohydrates and proteins.
Hematological and hemorheological Determinants of the Six-Minute Walk Test Performance in Children with Sickle Cell Anemia

The six-minute walk test is a well-established submaximal exercise reflecting the functional status and the clinical severity of sickle cell patients. The aim of the present cross-sectional study was to investigate the biological determinants of the six-minute walk test performance in children with sickle cell anemia. Hematological and hemorheological parameters, pulmonary function and the six-minute walk test performance were determined in 42 children with sickle cell anemia at steady state. The performance during the six-minute walk test was normalized for age, sex and height and expressed as percentage of the predicted six-minute walk distance. We showed that a high level of anemia, a low fetal hemoglobin expression and low red blood cell deformability were independent predictors of a low six-minute walk test performance. This study describes for the first time the impact of blood rheology in the six-minute walk test performance in children with sickle cell anemia.