Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Positive Youth Development: Theory, Research, and Applications†

This chapter describes positive youth development (PYD) as an emerging arena of applied developmental science. We show how PYD is both rooted in the theoretical traditions of developmental psychology, and fueled by newer emphases on nurturing the potentialities of youth more than addressing their supposed deficits, and on addressing and helping to shape the roles of developmental contexts, especially that of the community, and youth themselves as agents of their own development. We begin with an historical overview and a presentation on major conceptual frameworks, including the framework of developmental assets, which have significantly influenced PYD theory, research, and programs. The following section of the chapter poses seven broad hypotheses that represent the scientific foundation of PYD (e.g., contexts can be intentionally altered to enhance developmental success and changes in the context change the person), and reviews a wide array of studies that lends support to the hypotheses. After demonstrating the general utility of these hypotheses for understanding and promoting positive development in all youth, we review research that illustrates differences in developmental paths and outcomes across youth diversity in gender, age, race/ethnicity, and socioeconomic status. The chapter ends by suggesting those areas of youth development knowledge where the field is relatively strong (e.g., taxonomies of factors that are correlated with positive outcomes), and those areas where significantly more research is needed (e.g., theories of change that articulate how youth, adults, and community systems move toward greater developmental attentiveness). We conclude by posing a number of theoretical questions, research challenges, and applied needs to be addressed if the promise of PYD as both a scientific and applied field is to be fully realized. Keywords: community change and youth development; developmental assets; positive youth development; research on youth development
Why Are Women Delaying Motherhood in Germany

German fertility trends show that the average age at which women have their first child has increased in recent decades. Moreover, researchers have argued that delayed maternity is an important factor in reduced fertility. Using data from the German Socio-Economic Panel (SOEP), this paper contributes to the debate about maternity timing and reduced fertility in Germany by analyzing some of the factors determining the delay of motherhood. The results suggest that German women who have accumulated more years of education and longer work experience at the time of marriage delay motherhood more. On the other hand, women with higher labor income and a higher contribution to household income delay motherhood less. The results confirm that women consolidate their careers before motherhood in order to reduce career costs. Therefore, if fertility rates are to be increased in Germany further policies that aim to combine women's careers and motherhood need to be developed.
ARAS 2 Preconditioning Technique for CFD Industrial 2 Cases 3

The convergence rate of a Krylov method such as the Generalized Conjugate Resid10 ual (GCR) [6] method, to solve a linear system Au = f , A = (ai j) ∈ Rm×m,u ∈ 11 R m, f ∈ Rm, decreases with increasing condition number κ2(A) = ||A||2||A−1||2 12 of the non singular matrix A. Left preconditioning techniques consist of solving 13 M−1Au=M−1 f such that κ2(M−1A)<<κ2(A). The Additive Schwarz (AS) precon14 ditioning is built from the adjacency graph G =(W,E) of A, where W = {1,2, . ,m} 15 and E = {(i, j) : ai j = 0} are the edges and vertices of G. Starting with a non16 overlapping partition W =∪ i=1Wi,0 and δ ≥ 0 given, the overlapping partition {Wi,δ} 17 is obtained defining p partitions Wi,δ ⊃Wi,δ−1 by including all the immediate neigh18 boring vertices of the vertices in the partition Wi,δ−1. Then the restriction opera19 tor Ri,δ from W to Wi,δ defines the local operator Ai,δ = Ri,δ AR T i,δ ,Ai,δ ∈ Rmi,δ×mi,δ 20 on Wi,δ . The AS preconditioning writes: M −1 AS,δ = p ∑ i=1 Ri,δ A −1 i,δ Ri,δ . Introducing R̃i,δ 21 the restriction matrix on a non-overlapping subdomain Wi,0, the Restricted Additive 22 Schwarz (RAS) iterative process [2] writes: 23
Migration, Labor Market Flexibility, and Wage Determination in China: A Review

This paper reviews economic studies on rural-urban migration issues in China. The paper focuses on four issues: the household registration system in China, the proﬁle of the migrants, explanations for rural-to-urban migration, and the interaction between migration and labor market evolution, with special reference to labor market segregation, labor market ﬂexibility, and wage differentials. The paper concludes with suggestions for further research topics.
Prevalence of the Child Behavior Checklist-pediatric bipolar disorder phenotype in a German general population sample.

BACKGROUND In children with pediatric bipolar disorder (PBD), a consistent pattern of elevations in inattention/hyperactivity, depression/anxiety, and aggression has been identified on the Child Behavior Checklist (CBCL-PBD profile). In Germany, no epidemiological study has included PBD to date. OBJECTIVES To estimate the six-month prevalence of the CBCL-PBD profile in Germany in a large normative general population sample, and to examine subjects with CBCL-PBD profile with regard to symptoms assumed to coexist with PBD (e.g., suicidality, decreased need for sleep, and hypersexuality). METHODS We studied a nationwide representative general population sample of 2,856 children and adolescents aged 4-18 years. RESULTS A total of 21 subjects [0.7% of the sample; 95% confidence interval (CI) = 0.5-1.1] met the criteria for the CBCL-PBD phenotype. CBCL-PBD subjects were more pervasively disturbed than clinical controls (n = 118; 4.1% of total sample; 95% CI = 3.4-4.9), demonstrated in significantly more social problems and delinquent behavior, and showed significantly higher rates of suicidality, decreased need for sleep and hypersexual behavior. CONCLUSIONS The prevalence of CBCL-PBD subjects in the general German population compares to rates of PBD in US and Dutch epidemiological samples. Regardless of whether these subjects are affected by 'real' PBD or 'severe, pervasive ADHD' with pronounced emotional dysregulation, they constitute a group of seriously disturbed children and adolescents. The high rate of suicidality among CBCL-PBD subjects emphasizes the need for the identification and adequate treatment of children meeting this profile.
Constructing a classification of hypersensitivity/allergic diseases for ICD‐11 by crowdsourcing the allergist community

The global allergy community strongly believes that the 11th revision of the International Classification of Diseases (ICD‐11) offers a unique opportunity to improve the classification and coding of hypersensitivity/allergic diseases via inclusion of a specific chapter dedicated to this disease area to facilitate epidemiological studies, as well as to evaluate the true size of the allergy epidemic. In this context, an international collaboration has decided to revise the classification of hypersensitivity/allergic diseases and to validate it for ICD‐11 by crowdsourcing the allergist community. After careful comparison between ICD‐10 and 11 beta phase linearization codes, we identified gaps and trade‐offs allowing us to construct a classification proposal, which was sent to the European Academy of Allergy and Clinical Immunology (EAACI) sections, interest groups, executive committee as well as the World Allergy Organization (WAO), and American Academy of Allergy Asthma and Immunology (AAAAI) leaderships. The crowdsourcing process produced comments from 50 of 171 members contacted by e‐mail. The classification proposal has also been discussed at face‐to‐face meetings with experts of EAACI sections and interest groups and presented in a number of business meetings during the 2014 EAACI annual congress in Copenhagen. As a result, a high‐level complex structure of classification for hypersensitivity/allergic diseases has been constructed. The model proposed has been presented to the WHO groups in charge of the ICD revision. The international collaboration of allergy experts appreciates bilateral discussion and aims to get endorsement of their proposals for the final ICD‐11.
Malý dynamický faktorový model na krátkodobé prognózovanie slovenského HDP

In this article we estimate a small dynamic factor model (DFM) for the short-term forecasting of Slovak GDP. The model predicts the developments of real activity in the next two quarters on the basis of monthly data, which are published earlier than GDP. The regular release of various monthly indicators allows about a weekly update of the short-term outlook. Our DFM contains six monthly indicators, which are retail sales, sales in industry and construction, employment in selected industries, health care contributions of employers, export and the PMI for the eurozone. These approximate the production, expenditure and income side of GDP. The forecast accuracy of the factor model prevails over simple approaches not relying on monthly data, such as the random walk and the autoregressive models of the GDP series.
Neuroaccounting: Consilience Between the Biologically Evolved Brain and Culturally Evolved Accounting Principles

SYNOPSIS: We develop the hypothesis that culturally evolved accounting principles will be ultimately explained by their consilience with how the human brain has evolved biologically to evaluate social and economic exchange. We provide background on the structure and evolution of the brain, the measurement of brain behavior during economic decision making, and the brain’s central role in building economic institutions. We describe the emergence of modern accounting principles and argue that the primary function of accounting in evaluating exchange is to provide quantified information on the net benefits of past exchanges. We review evidence documented by neuroscientists that is consistent with the hypothesis that longstanding accounting principles (e.g., Revenue Realization and Conservatism) have distinct parallels in brain behaviors. Our analysis of Neuroaccounting extends Basu and Waymire (2006) to provide a new way to scientifically view accounting, which has implications for how we think about the orig.
MDM2 SNP309 accelerates colorectal tumour formation in women

Recent studies have shown that the G-allele of MDM2 SNP309 (T/G) in the p53 tumour suppressor pathway can accelerate tumorigenesis and alter the risk of various cancers in women and not in men. In this report, data are presented from two independent groups of patients that suggest that the G-allele of SNP309 accelerates colorectal tumour formation only in women, and that lend further support to the model that primarily female-specific hormones, such as oestrogen, could either directly or indirectly allow for the G-allele of SNP309 to accelerate tumour formation in women.
Patients referred to an urban HIV clinic frequently fail to establish care: factors predicting failure

Abstract To measure the success with which patients newly entering outpatient care establish regular care, and assess whether race/ethnicity was a predictive factor, we conducted a medical record review of new patients seen 20 April 1998 to 31 December 1998 at The Thomas Street Clinic, a county clinic for uninsured persons. Patients were considered ‘not established’ if they never saw a physician in the 6 months after intake (the ‘initial period’), ‘poorly established’ if seen but a > 6-month gap in care began in the initial period, and ‘established’ if there were no such gaps. Of 404 patients, 11% were ‘not established’, 37% ‘poorly established’, and 53% ‘established’. Injection drug use as HIV risk factor (IDU), admitted current alcohol and drug use, age < 35 years, and CD4 count > / = 200 cells/mm3 were most common in the ‘not established’ group and least common in the ‘established’ group. In multivariate ordinal logistic regression, difficulty establishing care was associated with IDU, admitted current alcohol use, and admitted former drug use. Age > 35 years was protective. Half the indigent patients entering care in this single-site study fail to establish regular care. Substance use and younger age are predictors of failure to establish care.
Fiscal Stabilization Policy and Fiscal Institutions

In this paper we analyse countercyclical fiscal policy within the context of a microfounded analysis of business cycle stabilisation. We show that tax and spending instruments can have a useful counter cyclical role, even after allowing for the distortionary nature of the instruments and the need for debt sustainability. A critical barrier to the use of fiscal instruments may be political economy concerns, and we survey recent suggestions involving alternative fiscal policy institutions.
Response of Lactobacillus helveticus PR4 to Heat Stress during Propagation in Cheese Whey with a Gradient of Decreasing Temperatures

ABSTRACT The heat stress response was studied in Lactobacillus helveticus PR4 during propagation in cheese whey with a gradient of naturally decreasing temperature (55 to 20°C). Growth under a gradient of decreasing temperature was compared to growth at a constant temperature of 42°C. Proteinase, peptidase, and acidification activities of L. helveticus PR4 were found to be higher in cells harvested when 40°C was reached by a gradient of decreasing temperature than in cells grown at constant temperature of 42°C. When cells grown under a temperature gradient were harvested after an initial exposure of 35 min to 55°C followed by decreases in temperature to 40 (3 h), 30 (5 h 30 min), or 20°C (13 h 30 min) and were then compared with cells grown for the same time at a constant temperature of 42°C, a frequently transient induction of the levels of expression of 48 proteins was found by two-dimensional electrophoresis analysis. Expression of most of these proteins increased following cooling from 55 to 40°C (3 h). Sixteen of these proteins were subjected to N-terminal and matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization-time of flight mass spectrometry analyses. They were identified as stress proteins (e.g., DnaK and GroEL), glycolysis-related machinery (e.g., enolase and glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase), and other regulatory proteins or factors (e.g., DNA-binding protein II and ATP-dependent protease). Most of these proteins have been found to play a role in the mechanisms of heat stress adaptation in other bacteria.
From Institutional Autonomy to Accountability for Higher Educational Leadership in Vietnam

Institutional autonomy plays a significant role in attempts to define international standards of university governance. Institutional accountability is enforced and can have important implications for institutional autonomy. Leaders of higher education institutions in Vietnam do not at present have much institutional autonomy and accountability within their governance. This study aims to investigate the impacts of the governance forms in Vietnamese higher education institutions from the perception of the nation and discusses the central importance of institutional autonomy and accountability for leadership in higher education. Standards for the governance of institutional autonomy and accountability in Vietnamese universities are advanced. This study was used as evidence from Hanoi University of Science and Technology for applications of institutional autonomy and accountability. Keywords: institutional autonomy, institutional accountability, leadership, Vietnamese higher education.
HRR Radar Signature Database Validation for ATR: An Information Theoretic Approach

The ability to make radar signature databases portable for use within similar sensor systems is critical to the affordability of future airborne signature exploitation systems. The capability to hybridize measured and synthetic signature database components will maximize the impact of the investment required to build complex radar signature databases. Radar target scattering mechanisms can be modeled and the signature signal model analyzed as a random process to enable portability and hybridization. Modal mutual information is developed as a measure of similarity for future use in the comparison of measured field data to modeled synthetic data. The inherent qualities of mutual information to be used in the context of the automatic target recognition problem are demonstrated using synthetic signature sets comprised of both "similar targets" and "dissimilar targets. "
Molecular organization of the vestigial region in Drosophila melanogaster.

The vestigial (vg) locus of Drosophila melanogaster is involved in wing margin development. In the absence of a vg+ gene, extensive cell death occurs in third instar imaginal discs which results in a complete loss of adult wing margin structures. P‐element tagging was used to obtain a molecular clone of the vg locus, which led to the molecular characterization of approximately 46 kb of DNA from the region. Deficiency analysis and molecular mapping identified sequences, spanning approximately 20 kb of DNA within the larger region, which are necessary for vg function. The molecular map was oriented with respect to a pre‐existing genetic fine structure map of the locus. The centromere distal limits of the locus were defined by deficiency analyses while the proximal end has not yet been conclusively established. However, three transcripts, that are apparently unrelated to vg, provide circumstantial evidence for the proximal limits of the vg locus. The nature of the molecular lesions for several extant recessive or lethal vg alleles was determined, and these were placed on the vg molecular map. The characterization of the lesions associated with two dominant vg alleles and one complex vg allele imply interesting regulatory mechanisms for this locus. As well, a revertant of a 412 insertion mutant allele was shown to have resulted from a further insertion of a roo element into the 412 element.
Assets and the Poor: New American Welfare Policy

As revolution swept over Russia and empires collapsed in the final days of World War I, Azerbaijan and neighbouring Georgia and Armenia proclaimed their independence in May 1918. During the ensuing two years of civil war, military endgames, and treaty negotiations, the diplomatic representatives of Azerbaijan struggled to gain international recognition and favourable resolution of territorial disputes. This brief but eventful episode came to an end when the Red Army entered Baku in late April 1920. Drawing on contemporary records, memoirs, and scholarship in many languages, the accomplished historian Jamil Hasanli has produced a comprehensive and meticulously documented account of this little-known period
Lead-Induced Inclusion Bodies: Composition and Probable Role in Lead Metabolism

Lead-induced inclusion bodies in renal tubular cells of rats have been studied in vitro after isolation by differential centrifugation. The inclusion bodies are insoluble in physiological media but may be dissolved in denaturants like 6M urea and sodium deoxycholate. They contain about 40–50 μg of lead/mg protein, but only about 10% of this is tightly bound. They also contain calcium, iron, zinc, copper, and cadmium. The protein is rich in glutamic and aspartic acids, glycine and cystine. When dissolved in 6M urea, the protein migrates as a single band on acrylamide gel electrophoresis and has a molecular weight of 27,500. It is suggested that the inclusion bodies function as an intracellular depot of nondiffusible lead. Further studies have been directed toward finding a free, unaggregated lead-containing protein fraction. Nuclear proteins from kidneys of lead-toxic rats were separated into NaCl-, Tris-, and NaOH-soluble fractions and an insoluble acidic fraction. A quantitatively small lead-containing protein was found in the 0.14M NaCl fraction. Amino acid composition, electrophoretic mobility, molecular weight, and ability to bind lead are similar to those of insoluble inclusion body protein. The possible role of this soluble lead-binding protein in the formation of nuclear inclusion bodies is at present time not certain. These studies do suggest, however, that protein-bound lead in renal tubular cells may be partitioned between insoluble and nondiffusible morphologically discrete inclusion bodies and a soluble, extractable fraction which is presumably diffusable. ImagesFIGURE 1.FIGURE 2.FIGURE 3.
Recent Fiscal Policy in Selected Industrial Countries

This paper summarises fiscal developments over the past 10 years in 16 industrial countries, based on OECD data and projections. Several countries that had substantial fiscal deficits early in the 1990s turned to surpluses by the year 2000, with some countries improving their fiscal balances by 5% of GDP or more, even abstracting from the effects of strong economic growth. But in many countries - especially the largest economies - this strong performance had given way to the reappearance of large fiscal deficits by 2003. Based on current fiscal legislation, the OECD expects to see no clear improvement in cyclically adjusted balances by 2005. All countries' fiscal positions in 2003 were worse than had been expected in late 2000, but after abstracting from the effects of a surprisingly weak economy, the negative surprise was largest for the United States, followed by the United Kingdom and Ireland. Sustainability calculations suggest that preventing rising net debt ratios requires a fiscal adjustment of some 7% of GDP in Japan, 2½ to 3% of GDP in the United States, 1½% of GDP in the United Kingdom, and about 1% of GDP in France and Germany. Italy's fiscal position is strong enough to stabilise the debt ratio at its current high level, but not strong enough to bring the debt ratio down appreciably.