Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
A CNN-Transformer Deep Learning Model for Real-time Sleep Stage Classification in an Energy-Constrained Wireless Device*

This paper presents a lightweight deep learning (DL) model for classifying sleep stages based on single-channel EEG. The DL model was designed to run on energy- and memory-constrained devices for real-time operation with all processing on the edge. Four convolutional filter layers are used to extract features and reduce the data dimension, and transformers were utilized to learn the time-variant features of the data. EEG recordings from a publicly available dataset (Sleep-EDF) are used to train and test the model. Subject-specific training was implemented to improve model performance. The testing F1 score was 0.91, 0.37, 0.84, 0.877, and 0.73 for the stages of awake, N1, N2, N3, and rapid eye movement (REM), respectively. The performance of the model was comparable to the state-of-the-art works with significantly greater computational costs. A reduced-size version of the model has been successfully tested on a low-cost Arduino Nano 33 BLE board. This design holds great promise for future integration into a low-power wireless EEG sensor with edge DL for sleep research in pre-clinical and clinical experiments, such as real-time sleep modulation.
Susceptibility-Weighted Magnetic Resonance Imaging Highlights Brain Alterations in COVID Recovered Patients.

The increasing number of reports of mild to severe psychological, behavioral, and cognitive sequelae in COVID-19 survivors motivates a need for a thorough assessment of the neurological effects of the disease. In this regard, we have conducted a neuroimaging study to understand the neurotropic behavior of the coronavirus. We hypothesize that the COVID-recovered subjects have developed alterations in the brain which can be measured through susceptibility differences in various regions of the brain when compared to healthy controls (HCs). Hence, we performed our investigations on susceptibility-weighted imaging (SWI) volumes. Fatigue, being of the most common symptoms of Long COVID, has also been studied in this work. SWI volumes of 46 COVID and 30 HCs were included in this study. The COVID patients were imaged within six months of their recovery. We performed an unpaired two-sample t-test over the pre-processed SWI volumes of both groups and multiple linear regression was performed to observe group differences and correlation of fatigue with SWI values. The group analysis showed that COVID recovered subjects had significantly higher susceptibility imaging values in regions of the frontal lobe and the brain stem. The clusters obtained in the frontal lobe primarily show differences in the white matter regions. The COVID group also demonstrated significantly higher fatigue levels than the HC group. The regression analysis on the COVID group yielded clusters in the anterior cingulate gyrus and midbrain, which exhibited negative correlations with fatigue scores. This study suggests an association of Long COVID with prolonged effects on the brain and also indicates the viability of the SWI modality for analysis of post-COVID symptoms.
Detecting Scenes in Lifelog Videos based on Probabilistic Models of Audio data

Lifelog videos are recorded every activity in everyday lives. To utilize them efficiently, it is required to be indexed automatically. To index continuous shots of the lifelog, significant scenes are detected automatically. For detection, many researches employ image features such as color and edge, however, the accuracy is insufficient. In this study, we propose probabilistic models for scene detection from lifelog video. In this method, mel‐frequency filter bank output of audio tracks of the lifelog videos is modeled statistically with hand‐labeled training data. We tested the proposed method to use train station scene. We collected 11 hour sound data for such scenes. To analyze them, we defined seven categories, such as stopping trains, passing trains, starting trains, waiting, and so on. Our method achieved to 100% for waiting scene and 18.4% in average.
Phenomenological theory of superconductivity near domain walls in ferromagnets

We develop a phenomenological model of superconductivity near a domain wall in a ferromagnet. In addition to the electromagnetic interaction of the order parameter with the ferromagnetic magnetization, we take into account the possibility of a local enhancement or suppression of superconducting pairing in the vicinity of the wall, and also a non-perfect transparency of the wall to electrons. It is found that the critical temperature of superconductivity near the domain wall might be substantially higher than in the bulk.
Coded-aperture Raman imaging for standoff explosive detection

This paper describes the design of a deep-UV Raman imaging spectrometer operating with an excitation wavelength of 228 nm. The designed system will provide the ability to detect explosives (both traditional military explosives and home-made explosives) from standoff distances of 1-10 meters with an interrogation area of 1 mm x 1 mm to 200 mm x 200 mm. This excitation wavelength provides resonant enhancement of many common explosives, no background fluorescence, and an enhanced cross-section due to the inverse wavelength scaling of Raman scattering. A coded-aperture spectrograph combined with compressive imaging algorithms will allow for wide-area interrogation with fast acquisition rates. Coded-aperture spectral imaging exploits the compressibility of hyperspectral data-cubes to greatly reduce the amount of acquired data needed to interrogate an area. The resultant systems are able to cover wider areas much faster than traditional push-broom and tunable filter systems. The full system design will be presented along with initial data from the instrument. Estimates for area scanning rates and chemical sensitivity will be presented. The system components include a solid-state deep-UV laser operating at 228 nm, a spectrograph consisting of well-corrected refractive imaging optics and a reflective grating, an intensified solar-blind CCD camera, and a high-efficiency collection optic.
Atmospheric conditions and their effect on ball-milled magnesium diboride

Magnesium diboride bulk pellets were fabricated from pre-reacted MgB2 powder ball milled with different amounts of exposure to air. Evidence of increased electron scattering including increased resistivity, depressed Tc, and enhanced Hc2 of the milled and heat treated sample was observed as a result of increased contact with air. These and other data were consistent with alloying with carbon as a result of exposure to air. A less clear trend of decreased connectivity associated with air exposure was also observed. In making the case that exposure to air should be considered a doping process, these results may explain the wide variability of ‘undoped’ MgB2 properties extant in the literature.
Li–Yorke sensitive minimal maps

Let Q be the Cantor middle third set and S the circle, and let τ : Q → Q be an adding machine (i.e. odometer). Let X = Q × S be equipped with (a metric equivalent to) the Euclidean metric. We show that there are continuous triangular maps Fi: X → X, Fi: (x, y) ↦ (τ(x), gi(x, y)), i = 1, 2, with the following properties. (i) Both (X, F1) and (X, F2) are minimal systems, without weak mixing factors (i.e. neither of them is semiconjugate to a weak mixing system). (ii) (X, F1) is spatio-temporally chaotic but not Li–Yorke sensitive. (iii) (X, F2) is Li–Yorke sensitive. This disproves conjectures of Akin and Kolyada (2003 Nonlinearity 16 1421–33.)
Applications of the Wigner distribution function to partially coherent light beams

The paper presents a review of the Wigner distribution function--its definition and its most important properties-- and of some of its applications to optical problems, in particular to the description of partially coherent light beams and to the propagation of such light beams through first-order optical ABCD-systems. Special attention is paid to Gaussian beams and to second-order moments of general, partially coherent light.
External validation and comparison of IPI, R-IPI, and NCCN-IPI in diffuse large B-cell lymphoma patients treated with R-CHOP to predict 2-year progression-free survival

ABSTRACT Background Diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL) is the most common aggressive lymphoma. The standard first-line therapy for DLBCL consists of rituximab cyclophosphamide doxorubicin vincristine and prednisone (R-CHOP). About 50–70% of patients may be cured by R-CHOP. There was no data on external validation and comparison of the international prognostic index, revised-IPI (R-IPI), and enhanced-IPI (NCCN-IPI) to predict treatment outcomes in the middle-income country with a resourced-limited setting. Objectives We aimed to externally validate and compare IPI, R-IPI, and NCCN-IPI in predicting 2-year progression-free survival (2-y PFS) of newly diagnosed DLBCL patients treated with R-CHOP. Methods This ambispective observational study recruited consecutive patients diagnosed between 1 January 2014 and 30 June 2020, with the last follow-up on 1 July 2022 from Thammasat University Hospital and Ramathibodi Hospital. We assessed discrimination by Harrell‘s concordance index (c-index), calibration by calibration plot, and absolute difference in survival (ADS) between the lowest-and the highest-risk groups. Results The cohort of 292 patients (median age 63 years and median follow-up 3.6 years) had 131 progressions and 96 deaths. The 2-y PFS was 63%. The c-indices were NCCN-IPI 0.6216, R-IPI 0.6004 (P = 0.215), and IPI 0.6104 (P = 0.463). The calibration plots of NCCN-IPI and R-IPI showed nearly perfect agreement (moderate strength), while IPI had miscalibrations. The ADSs were NCCN-IPI 52%, R-IPI 42%, and IPI 25%. Conclusion NCCN-IPI is the best prognostic index compared to IPI and R-IPI in prior studies. However, the prognostic model for DLBCL patients treated with R-CHOP requires updating or integrating biomarkers to improve discrimination to the acceptable level (c-index 0.7).
Titin force in muscle cells alters lattice order, thick and thin filament protein formation

Significance The control scheme for length-dependent activation (LDA), a fundamental, striated muscle property where submaximal contraction is improved at longer compared to shorter lengths, is poorly understood. We demonstrate that 50% titin cleavage in passive sarcomeres attenuates all measured structural markers of LDA for thick (e.g., myosin) and thin (e.g., actin, troponin) filaments, as well as a functionally required thick-thin filament bridge in the A-band. These culminate to attenuate LDA in contracting fibers. The identified regulatory role of titin to LDA structural features is critical to the future study of many myo- and cardiomyopathies, of which LDA impairment is a hallmark.
Rice nitrogen nutrition monitoring classification method based on the convolution neural network model: Direct detection of rice nitrogen nutritional status

The nitrogen nutrition status affects the main factors of rice yield. In traditional rice nitrogen nutrition monitoring methods, most experts enter the farmland to observe leaf color and growth and apply an appropriate amount of nitrogen fertilizer according to the results. However, this method is labor- and time-consuming. To realize automatic rice nitrogen nutrition monitoring, we constructed the Jiangxi rice nitrogen nutrition monitoring model based on a convolution neural network (CNN) using the same region rice canopy image in different generation periods. Our CNN model was evaluated using multiple evaluation criteria (Accuracy, Recall, Precision, and F1 score). The results show that the same CNN model could distinguish the rice nitrogen nutrition status in different periods, which can completely realize the automatic discrimination of nitrogen nutrition status so as to guide the scientific nitrogen application of rice in this area. This will greatly improve the discrimination efficiency of the nitrogen nutrition status and reduce the time and labor cost. The application of the proposed method also proved that the CNN model can be applied in the discrimination of the nitrogen nutrition status. Among CNN models, GoogleNet model proposed a CNN architecture named Inception which can improve the depth of the network and extract higher-level features without changing the amount of calculation of the model. The GoogleNet model achieved the highest accuracy, 95.7%.
Does relative strength influence bench press kinematics in resistance-trained men?

ABSTRACT The aim of the present study was to examine whether relative strength influences lifting kinematics (e.g., lifting time, barbell velocity, vertical displacement) during the bench press (BP) exercise with healthy men. Loaded BP 6-repetition maximum normalized to body mass (i.e., relative strength) was examined in 110 resistance-trained men (age: 22.9 ± 2.5 years, height: 180.9 ± 6.9 cm, body mass: 80.3 ± 7.9 kg), by analysing lifting kinematics using a linear encoder. According to relative BP strength, subjects were classified as beginners, recreationally trained, intermediate, and advanced. Results showed that in the intermediate (p = 0.004, ES = 0.85) and advanced (p = 0.016, ES = 0.81) groups barbell velocity was lower in the sticking region of the BP action, compared with beginners, however there were no significant differences between groups for vertical displacement (p = 0.122–1.000) and lifting time (p = 0.052–1.000). These findings suggest that greater relative strength improves the capacity to perform the eccentric but not the concentric phase of BP. Enhanced barbell lowering indicates that the sticking region is caused by a high demand for eccentric force production during biomechanically disadvantageous conditions.
Supersymmetric D3-branes in five-form flux

We consider multiple euclidean D3-branes in a specific supergravity solution, which consists of a self-dual 5-form RR field in a flat background. We propose a deformation of = 4 SYM action describing the dynamics of D3-branes in this background. We look at the supersymmetries of = 4 SYM theory consistent with those preserved by the background. We derive the Chern-Simons action induced by the RR field, and show that the whole action can be supersymmetrized. This we do by deforming the supersymmetry transformations and using the BRST-like characteristic of the unbroken supercharges.
High performance airbrushed organic thin film transistors

Spray-deposited poly-3-hexylthiophene (P3HT) transistors were characterized using electrical and structural methods. Thin-film transistors with octyltrichlorosilane treated gate dielectrics and spray-deposited P3HT active layers exhibited a saturation regime mobility as high as 0.1 cm2 V−1 s−1, which is comparable to the best mobilities observed in high molecular mass P3HT transistors prepared using other methods. Optical and atomic force microscopy showed the presence of individual droplets with an average diameter of 20 μm and appreciable large-scale film inhomogeneities. Despite these inhomogeneities, near-edge x-ray absorption fine structure spectroscopy of the device-relevant channel interface indicated excellent orientation of the P3HT.
Preoperative Risk Factors for Subsequent Ipsilateral ACL Revision Surgery After an ACL Restoration Procedure

Background: Anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) revision surgery is challenging for both patients and surgeons. Understanding the risk factors for failure after bridge-enhanced ACL restoration (BEAR) may help with patient selection for ACL restoration versus ACL reconstruction. Purpose: To identify the preoperative risk factors for ACL revision surgery within the first 2 years after BEAR. Study Design: Case-control study; Level of evidence, 3. Methods: Data from the prospective BEAR I, II, and III trials were used to determine the preoperative risk factors for ACL revision surgery. All patients with a complete ACL tear (aged 13-47 years, depending on the trial), who met all other inclusion/exclusion criteria and underwent a primary BEAR procedure within 30 to 50 days from the injury (dependent on the trial), were included. Demographic data (age, sex, body mass index), baseline patient-reported outcomes (International Knee Documentation Committee [IKDC] subjective score, Marx activity score), preoperative imaging results (ACL stump length, notch size, tibial slope), and intraoperative findings (knee hyperextension, meniscal status) were evaluated to determine their contribution to the risk of ipsilateral ACL revision surgery. Results: A total of 123 patients, with a median age of 17.6 years (interquartile range, 16-23 years), including 67 (54%) female patients, met study criteria. Overall, 18 (15%) patients required ACL revision surgery in the first 2 years after the BEAR procedure. On bivariate analyses, younger age (P = .011), having a contact injury at the time of the initial tear (P = .048), and increased medial tibial slope (MTS; P = .029) were associated with a higher risk of ipsilateral revision surgery. Multivariable logistic regression analyses identified 2 independent predictors of revision: patient age and MTS. The odds of ipsilateral revision surgery were decreased by 32% for each 1-year increase in age (odds ratio, 0.684 [95% CI, 0.517-0.905]; P = .008) and increased by 28% for each 1° increase in MTS (odds ratio, 1.280 [95% CI, 1.024-1.601]; P = .030). Sex, baseline IKDC or Marx score, knee hyperextension, and meniscal status were not significant predictors of revision. Conclusion: Younger age and higher MTS were predictors of ipsilateral ACL revision surgery after the BEAR procedure. Younger patients with higher tibial slopes should be aware of the increased risk for revision surgery when deciding to undergo ACL restoration.
Serval Optimization Algorithm: A New Bio-Inspired Approach for Solving Optimization Problems

This article introduces a new metaheuristic algorithm called the Serval Optimization Algorithm (SOA), which imitates the natural behavior of serval in nature. The fundamental inspiration of SOA is the serval’s hunting strategy, which attacks the selected prey and then hunts the prey in a chasing process. The steps of SOA implementation in two phases of exploration and exploitation are mathematically modeled. The capability of SOA in solving optimization problems is challenged in the optimization of thirty-nine standard benchmark functions from the CEC 2017 test suite and CEC 2019 test suite. The proposed SOA approach is compared with the performance of twelve well-known metaheuristic algorithms to evaluate further. The optimization results show that the proposed SOA approach, due to the appropriate balancing exploration and exploitation, is provided better solutions for most of the mentioned benchmark functions and has superior performance compared to competing algorithms. SOA implementation on the CEC 2011 test suite and four engineering design challenges shows the high efficiency of the proposed approach in handling real-world optimization applications.
Trends in Individualized Affordability of Factory-Made Cigarettes: Findings of the 2008–2020 International Tobacco Control Netherlands Surveys

Abstract Introduction Cigarette affordability, the price of tobacco relative to consumer income, is a key determinant of tobacco consumption. Aims and Methods This study examined trends over 12 years in individualized factory-made cigarette affordability in the Netherlands, and whether these trends differed by sex, age, and education. Data from 10 waves (2008–2020) of the International Tobacco Control Netherlands Surveys were used to estimate individualized affordability, measured as the percentage of income required to buy 100 cigarette packs (Relative Income Price [RIP]), using self-reported prices and income. The higher the RIP, the less affordable cigarettes are. Generalized estimating equation regression models assessed trends in individualized affordability over time and by sex, age, and education. Results Affordability decreased significantly between 2008 and 2020, with RIP increasing from 1.89% (2008) to 2.64% (2020) (p ≤ .001), except for 2008–2010, no significant year-on-year changes in affordability were found. Lower affordability was found among subgroups who have a lower income level: Females (vs. males), 18–24 and 25–39-year-olds (vs. 55 years and over) and low or moderate-educated individuals (vs. highly educated). Interactions between wave and education (p = .007) were found, but not with sex (p = .653) or age (p = .295). A decreasing linear trend in affordability was found for moderately (p = .041) and high-educated (p = .025), but not for low-educated individuals (p = .149). Conclusions Cigarettes in the Netherlands have become less affordable between 2008 and 2020, yet this was mostly because of the decrease in affordability between 2008 and 2010. There is a need for more significant increases in tax to further decrease affordability. Implications Our findings suggest that cigarettes have become less affordable in the Netherlands between 2008 and 2020. But, this appears to be the result of a steep decrease in affordability between 2008 and 2010. Affordability was lower among groups who have on average lower incomes (females, young adults, and low- and moderate-educated individuals), and differences in trends across education levels could be explained by per capita income changes. Our individualized measure indicated lower affordability than published aggregate affordability estimations. Future tax increases should be large enough to result in a lower affordability.
Laser emission from diode-pumped Nd:YAG cladding waveguides obtained by direct writing with a femtosecond-laser beam

Cladding waveguides have been realized in Nd:YAG by direct writing with a femtosecond-laser beam. A classical method that inscribes many tracks around the waveguide circumference with step-by-step translations of the laser medium, and a new technique in which the laser medium is moved on a helical trajectory and that delivers waveguides with well-defined walls were employed. Laser emission on the 1.06 μm 4F3/2→4I11/2 transition and at 1.3 μm on the 4F3/2→4I13/2 line was obtained under the pump with a fiber-coupled diode laser. Thus, laser pulses at 1.06 μm with energy of 1.3 mJ for the pump at 807 nm with pulses of 12.5-mJ energy were recorded from a circular waveguide of 100-μm diameter that was inscribed in a 5-mm long, 0.7-at. % Nd:YAG single crystal by the classical translation technique. A similar waveguide that was realized in a 5-mm long, 1.1-at. % Nd:YAG ceramic increased the 1.06-μm laser pulse energy to 2.15 mJ for the pump pulses of 13.1-mJ energy. Furthermore, a circular waveguide of 100-μm diameter that was inscribed in the Nd:YAG ceramic by the helical-movement method yielded pulses at 1.06 μm with increased maximum energy of 3.2 mJ; the overall optical-to-optical efficiency was 0.24, and the laser operated with a slope efficiency of 0.29. The same device outputted laser pulses at 1.3 μm with energy of 1.15 mJ.