Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
How Mothers Cope When Their Welfare Grant Is Cut

Abstract In this qualitative study of welfare mothers' perceptions and responses to receiving an economic sanction, we recruited a convenience sample of mothers of preschool children whose benefits had been cut due to noncompliance with an employment activity. The interviews combined semi-structured and open-ended questions, as well as measures of maternal depression and economic hardship. No pattern of differences in strategies was found between those women who complied with the work mandate and those who did not. Many of the women were confused about the reason for the cut in their benefit. Policy ramifications of findings in regard to the 2002 TANF Reauthorization legislation are discussed.
Probing the evolution of appendage specialization by Hox gene misexpression in an emerging model crustacean

Changes in the expression of Hox genes have been widely linked to the evolution of animal body plans, but functional demonstrations of this relationship have been impeded by the lack of suitable model organisms. A classic case study involves the repeated evolution of specialized feeding appendages, called maxillipeds, from anterior thoracic legs, in many crustacean lineages. These leg-to-maxilliped transformations correlate with the loss of Ultrabithorax (Ubx) expression from corresponding segments, which is proposed to be the underlying genetic cause. To functionally test this hypothesis, we establish tools for conditional misexpression and use these to misexpress Ubx in the crustacean Parhyale hawaiensis. Ectopic Ubx leads to homeotic transformations of anterior appendages toward more posterior thoracic fates, including maxilliped-to-leg transformations, confirming the capacity of Ubx to control thoracic (leg) versus gnathal (feeding) segmental identities. We find that maxillipeds not only are specified in the absence of Ubx, but also can develop in the presence of low/transient Ubx expression. Our findings suggest a path for the gradual evolutionary transition from thoracic legs to maxillipeds, in which stepwise changes in Hox gene expression have brought about this striking morphological and functional transformation.
Parental influence on female vocational intentions in the Arabian Gulf

Due to the Arabian Gulf’s pyramid-style ‘national’ demographic profile and pronounced reliance on expatriate labor, policymakers are now actively seeking ways to increase national FLFP. In this context, we examine the impact of parental influence on the post-graduation vocational intentions of women in the United Arab Emirates. Perceived levels of parental support, engagement and interference are measured against factors including: the likelihood per se of seeking formal employment, sectoral preferences and, the impact of sociocultural barriers on such decisions. While remunerative factors (particularly salary and maternity leave) and sentiment towards a given occupation’s ‘appropriateness’ were observed to have considerable bearing, so was the role played by parents. Parental support is found to significantly reduce the magnitude of sociocultural barriers. Conversely, parental interference results in labor market entry being less likely. Moreover, those whose fathers have tertiary-level education have a significantly higher intention of joining the workforce.
[Detection of acid mucins in gastric metaplasia of the gallbladder].

BACKGROUND/AIM In this paper we present a histological and histochemical study about the metaplastic changes in the gallbladder, and discussed the participation of the antral metaplasia in the genesis of gallbladder cancer. METHODS We collected 43 pieces of colecistectomy whit antral metaplasia, intestinal metaplasia and displasia. Presence of mucins were demonstrated by the alcian blue stain to ph 3 and ph 0.5 ph. RESULTS We found sulphated and not sulphated acid mucins. In all of the forms of antral metaplasia. The not freguent finding coas an intense staining of intracitoplasmie mucins in metaplastic cells. We alsa detected small globular deposits in isolated cells of surface epithelium. CONCLUSIONS This finding seems to associate antral metaplasia with intestinal metaplasia, at least in the mucins production. Antral metaplasia could be one of the first steps involved in the sequence displasia-cancer in the gallbladder.
Laos: Towards subregional integration

For Laos the opening on 8 April 1994 of the first bridge across its Mekong river frontier with Thailand was more important for its symbolic significance than for any immediate economic impact it can be expected to have. The Mitaphap ("Friendship" in both Lao and Thai) bridge carries two lanes of road traffic and can accommodate an extension of the Bangkok-Nong Khai railway to Vieng Chan (Vientiane). Its 1.174 kilometre length spans the river channel 23 kilometres downstream from the Lao capital. Construction by Australian engineers began in October 1991 and was completed in September 1993, six months ahead of schedule, at a cost of US$30 million.1 A bridge across the Mekong was first suggested in the 1960s when the former Royal Lao regime enjoyed friendly relations with the then military-dominated government in Bangkok. In 1969 the Japanese Technical Cooperation Agency produced a report for the UN Mekong Coordination Committee that estimated considerable long-term benefits from bridging the Mekong. The following year an Asian Development Bank (ADB) assessment cast some doubt on the Japanese findings, and interest in the project lapsed. Strained relations between Laos and Thailand over the decade following the declaration of the Lao People's Democratic Republic (LPDR) in December 1975 prevented any resuscitation of the project until the late 1980s. Then a series of political developments ? Gorbachev's accession to power in the Soviet Union, the introduction of market mechanisms in Laos, progress towards a peaceful resolution of the conflict in Cambodia, withdrawal of Vietnamese forces from both Cambodia and Laos, and election of a civilian government in Thailand ? all contributed to creating the necessary conditions to go ahead. In 1989 Australian Prime Minister Robert Hawk offered to build a bridge. Construction was eagerly accepted by the Thai, and welcomed with some subsequent misgivings by the Lao. For Australia the gesture reinforced a commitment both to the peace and prosperity of the region and to greater Australian involvement in Asia. On the face of it, construction of the Friendship Bridge made good economic sense, both for Thailand and Laos. Improved relations following their brief
Comparison of feature selection methods in text classification on highly skewed datasets

Feature selection plays a vital role in boosting the performance of a classifier. The aim of feature selection is to remove irrelevant features and choose only highly invidious ones thus improving the performance of classification. This paper compares the performance of nine popular feature ranking (FR) metrics on six benchmark datasets using Naive Bayes (NB) and Support Vector Machine (SVM) classifiers. Results of comparisons are shown both in tabular and graphical forms. The nine FR metrics include: Chi squared (CHI), Odds Ratio (OR), Information Gain (IG), Gini Index (GINI), Poisson Ratio (POIS), Normalized Difference Measure (NDM), Balanced Accuracy Measure (ACC2), Distinguishing Feature Selector (DFS), and Binormal Separation (BNS). We used six datasets for empirical evaluation: WAP, K1a, RE0, RE1, Spam and Enron where two datasets (RE0, K1a) are highly skewed. The performance of classifiers is evaluated based on popular micro and macro-averaged F1 measures.
A systematic review of interventions for smokers who contact quitlines

Objective: To evaluate the effect of different types of adjunctive support to stop smoking for individuals contacting telephone “quitlines,” including call-back counselling, different counselling techniques and provision of self help materials. Data sources: This review includes quitline studies identified as part of Cochrane reviews of telephone counselling and self help materials for smoking cessation. We updated the searches for this review. Study selection: We included studies that were randomised or quasi-randomised controlled trials of any quitline or related service with follow-up of at least six months. Data extraction: Data were extracted by one author and checked by a second. The cessation outcome was numbers quit at longest follow-up taking the strictest definition of abstinence available, and assuming participants lost to follow-up continued to smoke. Data synthesis: We identified 14 relevant studies. Eight studies (18 500 participants) comparing multiple call-backs to a single contact increased quitting in the intervention group (Mantel-Haenszel fixed effect odds ratio 1.41, 95% confidence interval 1.27 to 1.57). Two unpublished studies without sufficient data to include in the meta-analysis also reported positive effects. Three call-back trials compared two schedules of multiple calls. Two found a significant dose-response effect and one did not detect a difference. We did not find consistent differences in comparisons between counselling approaches (two trials) or between different types of self help materials supplied following quitline contact (three trials). Conclusions: Multiple call-back counselling improves long term cessation for smokers who contact quitline services. Offering more calls may improve success rates. We failed to detect an effect of the type of counselling or the type of self help materials supplied as adjuncts to quitline counselling.
Isolated remnant or recent introduction? Estimating the provenance of Yellingbo Leadbeater's possums by genetic analysis and bottleneck simulation

Effective conservation management requires that genetically divergent populations potentially harbouring important local adaptations be identified and maintained as separate management units. In the case of the endangered Australian Leadbeater's possum (Gymnobelideus leadbeateri), an arboreal marsupial endemic to Victoria, uncertainty over the evolutionary origin of a potentially important extant wild population recently discovered in atypical habitat (lowland swamp) at Yellingbo is hampering such efforts. The population is rumoured to be a recent introduction. Microsatellite allele frequencies at Yellingbo differed substantially from those in sampled populations in montane ash forest (FST between 0.23 and 0.36), and Bayesian clustering analyses of genotypes strongly separated them (K = 2). We conducted a suite of bottlenecking tests which all indicated that Yellingbo had undergone a recent reduction in size. The extent to which the distinctiveness of Yellingbo animals might be expected solely through bottlenecking associated with a recent introduction, was tested by simulating population–history scenarios seeded with genotypes from candidate wild and captive sources. No bottleneck scenario reproduced anything approaching the genetic distinction of the Yellingbo population, with all structure analyses placing Yellingbo in a separate cluster to simulated populations (K = 2, minimum FST = 0.13). These results suggest that Yellingbo does not share recent ancestry with other extant populations and instead may be a remnant of an otherwise extinct gene pool. Importantly, this may include genes involved in adaptation to a lowland swamp environment, substantially adding to the conservation importance of this population, and suggesting that separate management may be prudent until evidence suggests otherwise.
Physical properties of the fluid lipid-bilayer component of cell membranes: a perspective

The motivation for this review arises from the conviction that, as a result of the mass of experimental data and observations collected in recent years, the study of the physical properties of membranes is now entering a new stage of development. More and more, experiments are being designed to answer specific, detailed questions about membranes which will lead to a quantitative understanding of the way in which the physical properties of membranes are related to and influence their biological function.
Behaviour and developmental effects of otitis media with effusion into the teens

OBJECTIVE To examine whether behavioural or cognitive sequelae of otitis media with effusion (OME) continue into late childhood and the early teens (11–18 years). SETTING Data from a large multipurpose birth cohort study: the Dunedin multidisciplinary health and development study. PARTICIPANTS Around 1000 children from the study. The main independent variable of interest was otological status of the child up to age 9. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Parent and teacher rated behaviour problems, including antisocial, neurotic, hyperactive, and inattentive behaviours, and tests of academic achievement including intelligence quotient (IQ), reading, and spelling were available in a high proportion of the cohort at ages 11 to 18 years. RESULTS After adjustments for covariates such as socioeconomic status, hyperactive and inattentive behaviour problems were evident as late as 15 years, and lower IQ associated with OME remained significant to 13 years. The largest effects were observed for deficits in reading ability between 11 and 18 years. CONCLUSIONS No previous study considering behaviour problems as an outcome has followed children long enough to determine whether some of the early sequelae of OME are still present in the early to late teens. Some developmental sequelae of OME, particularly deficits in reading ability, can persist into late childhood and the early teens.
FEMALE GENITAL CUTTING AND OTHER INTRA-VAGINAL PRACTICES: IMPLICATIONS FOR TWODAY METHOD USE

Summary This report examines the implications of female genital cutting and other intra-vaginal practices for offering the TwoDay Method® of family planning. This fertility awareness-based method relies on the identification of cervico-vaginal secretions to identify the fertile window. Female genital cutting and traditional vaginal practices, such as the use of desiccants, may affect the presence or absence of secretions and therefore the woman's perception of her fertility. These issues and their implications for service delivery of the method are discussed.
The sustainable and the criminogenic: the case of new‐build housing projects in Britain

This paper discusses the crime‐specific problems that may arise with regard to potential solutions that have been provided to achieve the projected housing need of 4.4 million new homes by 2016. The development of “brownfield” land in this regard is briefly discussed and the urban‐rural housing dilemma raised. Central to this paper is the issue of the criminogenic capacity of new‐built housing designs, which, it is contended, has been largely ignored. The Social Exclusion Unit’s report entitled Bringing Britain Together: A National Strategy for Neighbourhood Renewal has highlighted the problems experienced on 3,000 run‐down neighbourhoods in England and it is posited that lessons can be learned by analysing why such designs failed. In recent years, the concept of “sustainable development” has been adopted enthusiastically by town planners, surveyors, urban designers and environmentalists. However, the social malaise of crime has been largely ignored within this concept. The creation of “unsustainable” housing estates such as those discussed in the above report, are testament to the potential problems that can arise in the design, siting and tenant‐allocation policies that may be applied to new‐build housing developments. Oscar Newman’s “defensible space” theory (1973) is discussed, with particular reference to two of his concepts that have not been extensively discussed within criminology, let alone within the echelons of town planning. The “image” and “geographical juxtaposition” of new‐build housing represent important elements to Newman’s theory, which has only been studied in relation to modifications to existing designs. New‐build developments provide the opportunity to evaluate empirically certain designs and contribute towards a broadening of our understanding of the criminogenic capacity of residential housing design.
Simultaneously placement and sizing of multiple DGs and shunt capacitor banks in unbalanced distribution systems using real coded GA

The allocation of local active and reactive power in distribution systems is very important to meet customer demand and maintain the quality of electrical energy. Power loss and voltage deviation can be minimized by placing Distributed Generations (DGs) or Shunt Capacitor Banks (SCBs) in the right places and with the appropriate size. This paper discusses simultaneously placement and sizing of multiple DGs and SCBs in unbalanced distribution systems for power loss and voltage deviation reduction while maintaining harmonics at the IEEE-519 standard limit. Real Coded Genetic Algorithm (RCGA) is employed to determine the location and size of SCBs and DGs. The proposed method is applied on Modified Kaliasin radial distribution systems. The results show that the placement of the DGs on the bus 7, 8, 9, 10 is the most powerful results in reducing losses and voltage deviation compared to the other scheme. Placement 4 DGs with the size of each is 135 kW reduce the active power losses of 35.80% and the reactive power of 35.81%. The minimum bus voltage before and after placement DGs are 19.906 kV and 19.928 kV respectively.
Veto Players: How Political Institutions Work

List of Figures ix List of Tables xi Preface and Acknowledgments xiii Introduction 1 PART I: VETO PLAYERS THEORY 17 One: Individual Veto Players 19 Two: Collective Veto Players 38 PART II: VETO PLAYERS AND INSTITUTIONAL ANALYSIS 65 Three: Regimes: Nondemocratic, Presidential, and Parliamentary 67 Four: Governments and Parliaments 91 Five: Referendums 116 Six: Federalism, Bicameralism, and Qualified Majorities 136 PART III: POLICY EFFECTS OF VETO PLAYERS 161 Seven: Legislation 165 Eight: Macroeconomic Policies 187 PART IV: SYSTEMIC EFFECTS OF VETO PLAYERS 207 Nine: Government Stability 209 Ten: Judiciary and Bureaucracies 222 Eleven: Veto Players Analysis of European Union Institutions 248 Conclusion 283 Bibliography 291 Index 309
Prediction the Limiting Drawing Ratio in Deep Drawing Process by Back Propagation Artificial Neural Network

— In this paper back-propagation artificial neural network (BPANN) with Levenberg–Marquardt algorithm is employed to predict the limiting drawing ratio (LDR) of the deep drawing process. To prepare a training set for BPANN, some finite element simulations were carried out. die and punch radius, die arc radius, friction coefficient, thickness, yield strength of sheet and strain hardening exponent were used as the input data and the LDR as the specified output used in the training of neural network. As a result of the specified parameters, the program will be able to estimate the LDR for any new given condition. Comparing FEM and BPANN results, an acceptable correlation was found.
DNA replication initiation by 6‐DMAP treatment in maturing oocytes and dividing embryos from marine invertebrates

6‐dimethylaminopurine (6‐DMAP), a potent protein kinase inhibitor, drives most cells into an interphasic stage. Experiments were undertaken with oocytes from three marine invertebrate species, i.e., Mytilus edulis, Spisula solidissima, and Strongylocentrotus droebachiensis, wherein oocytes were arrested at different phases of meiosis. 6‐DMAP induced a continuous DNA synthesis in meiotic cells, whereas it allowed a single round of DNA replication in treated mitotic cells, regardless of species considered. The effects of 6‐DMAP were accompanied in all cases by rephosphorylation on tyrosine of the p34cdc2 homolog, the M‐phase promoting factor (MPF) catalytic subunit. The fact that 6‐DMAP overcomes the inhibitory control of replication during meiosis suggests that this process depends upon protein phosphorylation, while DNA synthesis regulation in mitotic cells relies on 6‐DMAP‐insensitive events. © 1996 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Managing Co‐Creation Design: A Strategic Approach to Innovation

Co‐creation offers firms and their network of actors significant opportunities for innovation, as each actor offers access to new resources through a process of resource integration. However, despite the significant advantages that co‐creation can offer, there is surprisingly little research providing a strategic approach for identifying the most advantageous co‐creation opportunities, especially when many possible options are available. Recently, scholars have called for research that develops tools and processes related to co‐creation. This study addresses these priorities, making two contributions. First, in contrast to previous work considering co‐creation more generally, or focusing on one specific form only, e.g. co‐production, this paper offers a detailed and granular approach to co‐creation design. A co‐creation design framework is developed, which incorporates multiple design dimensions and categories that can reveal new co‐creation opportunities. Second, the research extends the application of a design approach, specifically within the context of co‐creative activities. The authors use field‐based research with senior executives to develop a framework that includes key co‐creation design elements. A morphological approach is used to explore how a lead firm can identify attractive co‐creation opportunities. An innovation solution in one organization provides an illustration of how the co‐creation design framework can be applied.
An Electronic Medical Record in Primary Care: Impact on Satisfaction, Work Efficiency and Clinic Processes

User satisfaction with an electronic medical record (EMR) plays a decisive role in its implementation and subsequent use. We developed a survey tool to identify features of an EMR that contribute to user satisfaction and administered it in an adult primary care clinic. Most physician respondents were highly satisfied with the EMR and used all of its components. The EMR decreased the time to develop a synopsis of the patient and improved communication efficiency. Most respondents valued remote access to the EMR. Electronic messaging was an important component of improved care delivery according to 80% of the respondents. Access to online references within the EMR was not valued over web-based access for most respondents. Our results demonstrate acceptance of an EMR in adult primary care. Features such as remote access and electronic messaging were surprisingly useful and successful for primary care practice.
Sources of change in trade unions

It is argued widely that if trade unions are to experience renewal then they must invest in organizing the unorganized and align their strategies of interest representation with the needs of women and those in atypical employment. This article examines the groups and factors internal and external to trade unions that encourage representatives to engage in both types of activity. Drawing on a large survey of union paid officers in Britain, it identifies those internal and external pressures that encourage change and uses these data to comment on current theories of change in trade unions.