Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
GSICS GEO-LEO intercalibration: baseline algorithm and early results

The Global Space-based Inter-Calibration System (GSICS) is a critical space component of the Global Earth Observation System of Systems (GEOSS) that provides users with high-quality inter-calibrated satellite radiances. In an early development, GSICS has implemented the inter-calibration of imaging instruments on geostationary (GEO) satellites with hyperspectral sounding instruments AIRS and IASI on Low Earth Orbit (LEO) satellites. This paper summarizes the major components and the theoretical basis of the baseline algorithm that is common to all implementations, and demonstrates the initial impact of the GSICS Correction.
Rotational effects in the system of proper motions of the UCAC3 catalogue

A set of ≈8 million single stars of the UCAC3 catalogue has been analysed. It contains stars with reliable proper motions with not less than three epochs of observations used to compute the proper motion. Our main goal is to investigate the inertiality of the reference system defined by ‘good’ stars of the UCAC3 catalogue. The formalism of vectorial spherical harmonics has been applied to analyse the system of proper motions of the selected UCAC3 stars. A comparison between the results of solutions for several subsets of UCAC3 stars shows that the key parameters significantly change with stellar magnitudes, colours and average distances. The values of the components of the rigid-body rotation vector of the Hipparcos Celestial Reference Frame (HCRF) with respect to extragalactic sources were determined using ‘proper motions’ of more than 8000 galaxies of the UCAC3 catalogue. The values are ω1 = 0.58 ± 0.15, ω2 =− 1.02 ± 0.15, ω3 =− 0.59 ± 0.17 mas yr −1 in galactic coordinates. Traces of the considerable magnitude equation are seen in the ‘proper motions’ of the UCAC3 galaxies. The most significant component derived from the analysis of the UCAC3 galaxies is ω2. It does not contradict the results of the analysis of the proper motions of selected stars (ω2 =− 1.09 ± 0.02 mas yr −1 ).
Accurate Solutions of the Navier-Stokes Equations Despite Unknown Outflow Boundary Data

A very common procedure when constructing boundary conditions for the time-dependent Navier-Stokes equations at artificial boundaries is to extrapolate the solution from grid points near the boundary to the boundary itself. For supersonic outflow, where all the characteristic variables leave the computational domain, this leads to accurate results. In the case of subsonic outflow, where one characteristic variable enters the computational domain, one cannot in general expect accurate solutions by this procedure. The problem with outflow boundary operators of extrapolation type at artificial boundaries with errors in the boundary data of order one will be investigated. Both the problem when the artificial outflow boundary is located in essentially uniform flow and the situation when the artificial outflow boundary is located in a flow field with large gradients are discussed. It will be shown, that in the special case when there are large gradients tangential to the boundary, extrapolation methods can be used even in the subsonic case.
Fuzzy principal component analysis for fuzzy data

A fuzzy concept is employed to construct a principal component model which can deal with fuzziness, vagueness or possibility, which is called fuzzy principal component analysis for fuzzy data. The fuzzy principal component analysis analyzes the possibility of fuzzy data. The fuzzy principal component analysis for fuzzy data has three formulations according the portions which the possibilities included in fuzzy data are embodied: (1) an eigenvalue, (2) an eigenvector and (3) both eigenvalue and eigenvector. In this paper, we discuss only the first formulation that an eigenvalue is employed to deal with fuzziness of data. The principal component analysis for fuzzy data is employed in this paper to analyze the features of information technology industry. In this analysis, the financial ratio is employed as an index. We evaluate the possibility of a company activity in the information technology industry.
Bearings-only tracking of maneuvering targets using a batch-recursive estimator

We present a new batch-recursive estimator for tracking maneuvering targets from bearings-only measurements in clutter (i.e., for low signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) targets), Standard recursive estimators like the extended Kalman Iter (EKF) suffer from poor convergence and erratic behavior due to the lack of initial target range information, On the other hand, batch estimators cannot handle target maneuvers. In order to rectify these shortcomings, we combine the batch maximum likelihood-probabilistic data association (ML-PDA) estimator with the recursive interacting multiple model (IMM) estimator with probabilistic data association (PDA) to result in better track initialization as well as track maintenance results in the presence of clutter. It is also demonstrated how the batch-recursive estimator can be used for adaptive decisions for ownship maneuvers based on the target state estimation to enhance the target observability. The tracking algorithm is shown to be effective for targets with 8 dB SNR.
An Adaptive Wavelet-Vaguelette Algorithm for the Solution of PDEs

The paper first describes a fast algorithm for the discrete orthonormal wavelet transform and its inverse without using the scaling function. This approach permits to compute the decomposition of a function into a lacunary wavelet basis, i.e., a basis constituted of a subset of all basis functions up to a certain scale, without modification. The construction is then extended to operator-adapted biorthogonal wavelets. This is relevant for the solution of certain nonlinear evolutionary PDEs where a priori information about the significant coefficients is available. We pursue the approach described in (J. Frohlich and K. Schneider,Europ. J. Mech. B/Fluids13,439, 1994) which is based on the explicit computation of the scalewise contributions of the approximated function to the values at points of hierarchical grids. Here, we present an improved construction employing the cardinal function of the multiresolution. The new method is applied to the Helmholtz equation and illustrated by comparative numerical results. It is then extended for the solution of a nonlinear parabolic PDE with semi-implicit discretization in time and self-adaptive wavelet discretization in space. Results with full adaptivity of the spatial wavelet discretization are presented for a one-dimensional flame front as well as for a two-dimensional problem.
Some generalized order-disorder transformations

In considering the statistics of the ‘no-field’ square Ising lattice in which each unit is capable of two configurations and only nearest neighbours interact, Kramers and Wannier (3) were able to deduce an inversion transformation under which the partition function of the lattice is invariant when the temperature is transformed from a low to a high (‘inverted’) value. The important property of this inversion transformation is that its fixed point gives the transition point of the lattice.
An Approach to 3D Magnetic Field Calculation Using Numerical and Differential Algebra Methods

LBL-32624 UC-414 IT[1 Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA Accelerator & Fusion Research Division An Approach to 3D Magnetic Field Calculation Using Numerical and Differential Algebra Methods s. Caspi, M. Helm, L.J. Laslett, and V.O. Brady July 1992 Prepared for the U.S. Department of Energy under Contract Number DE·AC03·76SF00098
Plasma Losses by Fast Electrons in Thin Films

The angle-energy distribution of a fast electron losing energy to the conduction electrons in a thick metallic foil has been derived assuming that the conduction electrons constitute a Fermi-Dirac gas and that the fast electron undergoes only small fractional energy and momentum changes. This distribution exhibits both collective interaction characteristics and individual interaction characteristics, and is more general than the result obtained by other workers. Describing the conduction electrons by the hydro-dynamical equations of Bloch, it has been shown that for very thin idealized foils energy loss may occur at a value which is less than the plasma energy, while as the foil thickness decreases below ∼vωp the loss at the plasma energy becomes less than that predicted by more conventional theories. The net result is an increase in the energy loss per unit thickness as the foil thickness is decreased. It is suggested that the predicted loss at subplasma energies may correspond to some of the low-lying energy losses which have been observed by experimenters using thin foils.
Optimal design of electromechanical actuators: a new method based on global optimization

The aim of this paper is to show the advantage of a deterministic global-optimization method in the optimal design of electromechanical actuators. The numerical methods classically used are founded either on nonlinear programming techniques (i.e., augmented Lagrangian, sequential quadratic programming) or on stochastic approaches which are more satisfactorily adapted to global optimum research (i.e., genetic algorithm, simulated annealing). However, the latter methods only guarantee reaching this global optimum with some probability. The present paper proposes a deterministic branch and bound algorithm associated with interval arithmetic which is then applied to the dimensioning of a slotless permanent magnet machine. The problem is formulated as a multiobjective-optimization problem with mixed variables. Original and unexpected results in this optimal design are obtained, and comparisons with previous works are presented.
Likelihood Ratio Type Statistics for Repeated Measures Designs with Heterogeneous Covariance Matrices

Because of their simplicity, Wald statistics are typically used in complex experimental designs. Likelihood ratio statistics in factorial designs are more flexible than Wald statistics in the sense of adapting to non-saturated designs by fitting only as many parameters as the model calls for. This leads to a significant gain in power. Here we propose likelihood ratio type statistics for testing hypotheses in repeated measures designs with heterogeneous covariance matrices, and derive their asymptotic distribution in one general theorem that does not require normality or even continuity of the responses. Simulation studies demonstrate their advantages over the Wald statistics.
Injection molded fine-scale piezoelectric composite transducers

A ceramic injection molding process has been developed for net-shape forming complex-shaped PZT 1-3 and 2-2 element arrays that are suitable for direct assembly into composite transducers. The process offers a low cost, shape-versatile alternative to the conventional dice-and-fill method of composite transducer fabrication now widely used in the medical ultrasound industry. This technique has been used to produce 1-3 composite preforms having 19t19 arrays of 1.15 mm diameter PZT rods. When assembled into a larger array, the 1-3 composite transducers outperform PVDF and 0-3 composites in both sensing and projection operation. The limits of the process are being explored in an attempt to achieve smaller PZT element dimensions suitable for high frequency ultrasonic imaging. With appropriate tooling, the process is capable of producing arrays of extremely fine elements: 1-3 composites having l100 mm diameter PZT fibers and 2-2 composites with 25 mm wide PZT strips have been demonstrated
Correlation between dielectric constants and enhancement of surface plasmon resonances for thin gold films

Optical properties of thin gold films evaporated on glass substrates were studied with the method of spectroscopic ellipsometry in both external and internal reflection configurations as well as with the UV–visible absorption spectroscopy. Here, we discussed how ellipsometric functions Psi and Delta in the spectral region of excitation of surface plasmon waves are related to the dielectric functions (ratio ϵ1m/ϵ2m) of the thin gold films for different thickness and adhesive layers. The obtained results showed a gradual shift of the plasmon peak from 580 nm for 55 nm thick films to more than 700 nm for thin (15 nm) gold films. This study also reports an effective method to enhance the surface plasmon resonance (SPR) on Au films by using a thin Al seed layer assisted deposition. Experimental results show that the Au/Al films exhibit an enhanced SPR over the Au/Cr and Au/Ti films with a narrower full width at half‐maximum. It was found that Al acts as a roughness‐diminishing growth layer for the Au film while at the same time maintaining and enhancing the plasmonic properties of the combined structures.
Quantification of Regional Human Leg Muscle Perfusion Using First-pass Magnetic Resonance Imaging

Shuichiro KAJI1, Brian HARGREAVES2, Phillip YANG3, Dwight G. NISHIMURA4, Bob HU5 1Kawasaki Medical School, 577, Matsushima, Kurashiki, Okayama Japan; 2Stanford University, 704 Campus Drive, #12A, Stanford, CA ; 3Stanford University, Stanford University Hospital, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Stanford, CA ; 4Stanford University, School of Engineering, Department of Electrical Engineering, Stanford, California United States; 5Stanford University, School of Medicine, 300 Pasteur Drive, Stanford, California United States;
Low MHD activity using resonant helical field and limiter biasing in IR-T1 tokamak

Abstract In this paper, the effect of resonant helical magnetic field (RHF) and cold biased local limiter on plasma current, loop voltage, confinement time energy, poloidal beta, line emission intensity Hα, and magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) behavior based on Mirnov oscillations in the IR-T1 tokamak has been investigated. The experiments have been done in different regimes as cold biased local limiter, magnetic perturbation application, and both of these. At first the effect of the positive and negative bias voltage on plasma parameters and magnetic fluctuations detected by Mirnov coils has been investigated. Also, the effects of RHF on plasma parameters have been investigated in the edge region. Then the effects of applied biasing and RHF at the same time are analyzed. The bias voltage has been restricted to (−320 ≤ Vbias ≤ +320) and it has been applied with the limiter biasing that is fixed at r = 11.25 cm. These parameters have been measured using a diamagnetic loop, spectrometer, which is a visible light spectrometer for H-alpha, and Mirnov coils. The time-resolved frequency component analysis has been performed using short-time Fourier transforms. Fourier-based techniques and auto-correlation have been employed to analyze the frequency of MHD fluctuations. The results show that applied radial electric field at the plasma edge could control electromagnetic instabilities in the tokamak. In the positive biased regime, the amplitude of low-frequency Mirnov oscillations (<30 kHz) decreases after the application of biasing. Confinement time increases and line emission intensity decreases in all situations. The results are reversed when negative biasing has been applied. When RHF and biasing are applied to the plasma at the same time, the plasma parameters do not change any more compared to corresponding discharges with only RHF (L = 3). In other words, the amplitude of MHD activity can be totally controlled when a convenient biasing is applied to the limiter in the phases of current flat-top.
Measuring the speed of a surface plasmon

This paper presents experiments using an 800-nm pulsed laser and a streak camera with 2-ps resolution, which is implemented with a two-fiber differential measurements permitting a 0.2-ps resolution. With this technique, we measure the speed of the propagation of the surface plasmons. This velocity was found to be approximately $(0.57\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.19)c,$ about 61% the value expected from simple theory (i.e., about $0.94c). $ The former result may clarify what is going on at the metal vacuum interface excitations, and has been measured by a direct method without the need for any theory.
A Comparison among Solar Diameter Measurements Carried Out from the Ground and outside Earth's Atmosphere

The solar diameter has been measured since the 17th century, using different methods and instruments, and without a clear strategy of measurement, which could explain the lack of coherence between the results obtained. The present study confirms that the discrepancies between solar diameter measurements are mostly due to differences in instrumental characteristics, the spectral domain of observation of each investigation, and atmospheric turbulence for ground measurements. We show that correcting the measurements for the effects introduced by the properties of each instrument reduces the differences between the radius measurements to the level of uncertainty of each instrument. This study makes use of simulated and real data. For the simulated data, we use an empirical model of the solar limb shape, and for observations, we use measurements carried out with the Solar Disk Sextant experiment, the CCD solar astrolabe of Calern Observatory, and the Michelson Doppler Imager on board SOHO.
Sampling and analysis of chemical element concentration distribution in rock units and orebodies

Existing sampling techniques applied within known orebodies, such as sampling along mining drifts, yield element concentration values for larger blocks of ore if they are extended into their surroundings. The resulting average concentration values have relatively small "extension variance". These techniques can be used for multifractal modeling as well as ore reserve estimation approaches. Geometric probability theory can aid in local spatial covariance modeling. It provides information about increase of variability of element concentration over short distances exceeding microscopic scale. In general, the local clustering of ore crystals results in small-scale variability known as the "nugget effect". Parameters to characterize spatial covariance estimated from ore samples subjected to chemical analysis for ore reserve estimation may not be valid at local scale because of the nugget effect. The novel method of local singularity mapping applied within orebodies provides new insights into the nature of the nugget effect. Within the Pulacayo orebody, Bolivia, local singularity for zinc is linearly related with logarithmically transformed concentration value. If there is a nugget effect, moving averages resulting from covariance models or estimated by other methods that have a smoothing effect, such as kriging, can be improved by incorporating local singularities indicating local element enrichment or depletion. Although there have been many successful applications of the multifractal binomial/ p model, its application within the Pulacayo orebody results in inconsistencies, indicating some shortcomings of this relatively simple approach. Local singularity analysis and universal multifractal modeling are two promising new approaches to improve upon results obtained by commonly used geostatistical techniques and use of the binomial/ p model. All methods in this paper are illustrated using a single example (118 Pulacayo zinc values), and several techniques are applied to other orebody datasets (Whalesback copper deposit, Witwatersrand goldfields and Black Cargo titanium deposit). Additionally, it is discussed that nugget effects exist in a binary series of alternating mostly gneiss and metabasite previously derived from KTB borehole velocity and lithology logs, and within a series of 2796 copper concentration values from this same drill-hole.
COMPLEMENT CLAUSES AS TURN CONTINUATIONS: THE FINNISH ET(TÄ)-CLAUSE

This paper examines the use of etta-clauses in Finnish everyday conversation for extending a speaker’s turn after a possible point of turn completion for the purpose of pursuing uptake from a turn recipient. Although etta-clauses are considered complements in most grammatical descriptions of Finnish, the paper questions their status as subordinate clauses. We show that they nevertheless could be considered to function as increments, as either Extensions (Glue-ons, in terms of Couper-Kuhlen & Ono, this volume) or Free Constituents. This is interesting in view of Ford, Fox & Thompson’s (2002) definition of increments as “nonmain-clause continuations after a possible point of turn completion. ” We also show that what makes etta-clauses ideal for the pursuit of uptake is that both as a conjunction and particle, etta functions to open up the participation framework and import new voices to the conversation.
Profile likelihood inferences on semiparametric varying-coefficient partially linear models

Varying-coefficient partially linear models are frequently used in statistical modelling, but their estimation and inference have not been systematically studied. This paper proposes a profile leastsquares technique for estimating the parametric component and studies the asymptotic normality of the profile least-squares estimator. The main focus is the examination of whether the generalized likelihood technique developed by Fan et al. is applicable to the testing problem for the parametric component of semiparametric models. We introduce the profile likelihood ratio test and demonstrate that it follows an asymptotically � 2 distribution under the null hypothesis. This not only unveils a new Wilks type of phenomenon, but also provides a simple and useful method for semiparametric inferences. In addition, the Wald statistic for semiparametric models is introduced and demonstrated to possess a sampling property similar to the profile likelihood ratio statistic. A new and simple bandwidth selection technique is proposed for semiparametric inferences on partially linear models, and numerical examples are presented to illustrate the proposed methods.
DNA molecule elastic nonlinearity: A functional helicoidal model

We constructed a functional DNA molecule model on the basis of a flexible helicoidal sensor, specifically, a pretwisted hollow nano‐strip. We study in this note the helicoidal nano‐sensor model with a pretwisted strip axial extension corresponding to the overstretching transition of DNA from dsDNA to ssDNA. Our model and the DNA molecule have similar geometrical and nonlinear mechanical features unlike models based on an elastic rod, accordion bellows, or a combination of “multiple soft and hard linear springs”, presented in some recent publications.
Isospin invariant boson models for fp-shell nuclei

Isospin invariant boson models, IBM-3 and IBM-4, applicable in nuclei with neutrons and protons in the same valence shell, are reviewed. Some basic results related to these models are discussed: the mapping onto the shell model, the relation to Wigner's supermultiplet scheme, the boson-number and isospin dependence of parameters, etc. These results are examined for simple single-j shell situations (e.g. f7/2) and their extension to the fp shell is investigated. Other extensions discussed here concern the treatment of odd-mass nuclei and the classification of particle-hole excitations in light nuclei. The possibility of a pseudo-SU(4) supermultiplet scheme in fp-shell nuclei is discussed.
Excited spherical waves in unbounded cold magnetoplasma and applications in radio sounding

The electromagnetic field excited by an arbitrary current source embedded in an unbounded uniform cold magnetoplasma is investigated in this paper. The Green's function method for solving the radiation equation is used, and the derived solution is valid for any cold plasma parameters. There are always two wave modes excited, and in the far field each mode has the form of a spherical wave. A refractive index for spherical waves is introduced to describe the propagation. The properties of these excited spherical waves are discussed in this paper in comparison with the plane wave representation. It is shown that the energy flow of the spherical wave is always in the radial direction, i.e., parallel to the wave normal.