Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Bacteria and serologic reactions against bacteria in patients hospitalized with acute respiratory illness.

AbstractDuring 1963–1967 a study was undertaken of 1128 patients hospitalized with acute respiratory illness (cases of scarlet fever excluded). Pneumonia was diagnosed in 53%. Bacterial cultures were made on each of the first 3 days from nose, nasopharynx, and throat swabs, and sputum. Tests for antistreptolysin, antistaphylolysin, antipneumolysin, and complement fixing antibody against H. influenzae were performed on acute and convalescent serum samples. A number of complement fixation tests against respiratory viruses, Mycoplasma pneumoniae, and Bedsonia agent were also carried out. By repetition of cultures it was found that: 1) single throat swabs gave positive results in less than half the patients harbouring streptococci; 2) nasal swabs were the best material for finding S. aureus but single samples even from all the localities mentioned above revealed less than half the patients from whom staphylococci were isolated; 3) sputum was the best material for recovering pneumococci but, in spite of the 3 .
Evaluation on green development ability of Chinese automobile manufacturing enterprises

Green development strategy is an important direction of the future industrial development in China, and the green development ability of automobile manufacturing enterprises is an important indicator to measure the green development of the industry. We use external presentation layer, business support layer, core layer to further explain the relationship between the enterprise's green development ability and suppliers, consumers and the public, which improve the theory system of green development ability. Under the guidance of the theory, this paper establishes an evaluation system from five dimensions, including green development concept, green production capacity, green innovation ability, green product and growth ability. Take 21 listed automobile manufacturing enterprises as an example; the empirical analysis is carried out. The result shows that the green development ability of Chinese automobile manufacturing listed companies is generally excellent. But the difference between enterprises is small. Enterprise need to focus on green product sales, improve dealer and consumer satisfaction, reduce defective product recalls, to enhance enterprise green development if wants to obtain competitive advantage.
Regulation of glucose fluxes during exercise in the postabsorptive state.

The increase in glucose utilization by the working muscle would lead to hypoglycemia were it not accompanied by an increase in hepatic glucose production. Although the increase in glucose uptake is normally driven by mechanisms that are primarily independent of the action of insulin and other hormones, the response of the liver appears to be closely controlled by the endocrine system. Although considerable progress has been made in understanding the bases for the increases in glucose utilization and production, the means by which these two processes are coordinated to form the exercise response are unclear (e.g. feedback or central feedforward control). Work intensity affects the mechanisms by which glucose fluxes are regulated. For example, during moderate-intensity exercise, the glucoregulatory response resembles glucoregulation in the basal state in that under both conditions, glucose release from the liver is controlled by glucagon and insulin, and blood glucose levels are tightly controlled. The response to high-intensity exercise, on the other hand, takes on characteristics of the stress response, as described by Cannon (13). That is, the catecholamine response increases disproportionately for a given increment in work intensity, and glucose levels are no longer closely regulated, but increase. The specific factors that turn exercise into stress at higher work intensities are not well defined. Determining factors involved in the regulation of glucose fluxes are limited in some respects because the body is more sensitive than are experimental detection methods to various stimuli (glucose, hormones, neurotransmitter release). More complete delineation of mechanisms involved in the regulation of glucose fluxes will require the development of improved techniques and unique experimental models. The trend in the physiological sciences is for more study at the level of the gene. Technical limitations will be overcome or circumvented as knowledge of gene regulation and the development of genetically engineered animal models provide new avenues with which to address basic questions regarding the control of glucose fluxes during exercise.
Path loss model for TETRA networks in metropolitan areas

This paper reports on measurements of the attenuation in the transmitted RF-power of a TETRA system, operating in the UIIF band. The measurements data are consistent with a log-distance path loss model for arbitrary T-R separation, with a path loss exponent n = 4.0 /spl plusmn/ 0.5. Small scale fading is characterized by a Gaussian signal level distribution (log-normal) with standard deviation s = 8.6 /spl plusmn/ 0.2. Furthermore, the reference distance in the far field of the transmitting antenna from the measurements is d/sub 0/ = 1 km. Interestingly, the average value of the received RF-power approaches a level close to the dynamic sensitivity of the TETRA receivers at approximately the same distance (around 5 km) from a base station, for various low-altitude base station locations with similar transmission characteristics. This distance provides a simple characterization reference indicative of the attenuation of the RF-power in the particular urban environment; it also provides a rule of thumb for cell planning in metropolitan locations similar to that of the Greek capital.
Most stomatal closure in woody species under moderate drought can be explained by stomatal responses to leaf turgor.

Reduced stomatal conductance (gs ) during soil drought in angiosperms may result from effects of leaf turgor on stomata and/or factors that do not directly depend on leaf turgor, including root-derived abscisic acid (ABA) signals. To quantify the roles of leaf turgor-mediated and leaf turgor-independent mechanisms in gs decline during drought, we measured drought responses of gs and water relations in three woody species (almond, grapevine and olive) under a range of conditions designed to generate independent variation in leaf and root turgor, including diurnal variation in evaporative demand and changes in plant hydraulic conductance and leaf osmotic pressure. We then applied these data to a process-based gs model and used a novel method to partition observed declines in gs during drought into contributions from each parameter in the model. Soil drought reduced gs by 63-84% across species, and the model reproduced these changes well (r(2) = 0.91, P < 0.0001, n = 44) despite having only a single fitted parameter. Our analysis concluded that responses mediated by leaf turgor could explain over 87% of the observed decline in gs across species, adding to a growing body of evidence that challenges the root ABA-centric model of stomatal responses to drought.
Costs, Institutional Mobility Barriers, and Market Structure: Advertising Agencies as Multiproduct Firms

What accounts for the diversity and limited concentration that has long characterized the organization of the advertising agency industry? This question is addressed by treating an advertising agency as a multiproduct firm. The firm's product line or service mix is defined in terms of the set of different media categories where an agency places the advertising messages which it creates on behalf of its clients. Evidence is presented indicating that the structure of demand and costs in the advertising agency industry conforms to the conditions that MacDonald and Slivinski (1987) showed were required for an industry to sustain an equilibrium with diversified firms. Building on this framework, we formulate a set of three hypotheses relating to the realization of product-specific scale and scope economies. The first two hypotheses posit that given low fixed costs and minimal entry barriers, both media-specific scale and scope economies are available and can be exploited by relatively small-size agencies. The third hypothesis suggests that large agencies may experience diseconomies of scope as a consequence of excessive diversification induced by two pervasive industry institutional phenomena: (i) 'bundling' of agency services to match client demand for a mix of media advertising; and (ii) 'conflict policy' which prohibits an agency from serving competing accounts and operates as a mobility constraint. Utilizing a multiproduct cost function, we estimate media-specific scale and scope economies for a cross-section of 401 U.S. agencies in 1987. The results obtained support the set of three hypotheses outlined above.
Perceived barriers to physical activity by older adults.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the perceived barriers to physical activity by older adults. 199 volunteers responded to the Perceived Barriers Questionnaire (PBQ). The subjects resided in apartment residences for independent, healthy, older adults. Older adults perceived as many as 17 barriers to physical activity. The number of barriers per subject was significantly related to age and illness or handicap. The remaining factors, gender, income, activity and educational levels, were not related to the number of barriers. There was a significant difference among four specific types of barriers (i.e. Psychological, Administrative, Physical/Health, Knowledge) with barriers of the knowledge dimension being most often identified.
Equity, Efficiency, Uncertainty, and the Mitigation of Global Climate Change

Policies to mitigate potential damages from global climate change impose costs on the current generation to provide benefits to future generations. This article examines how comparisons among three stylized policies — business‐as‐usual, mitigation of climate change, and compensation for climate damages — depend on social preferences with respect to risk and intertemporal equity. Also examined is the opportunity‐cost criterion, which asserts that mitigation should not be chosen if its net present value is smaller than that of business‐as‐usual. Analysis reveals that the discount factor used to evaluate whether mitigation satisfies this criterion depends on preferences regarding risk and intertemporal inequality of consumption, and on the risk of the compensation policy. Risk aversion favors mitigation over business‐as‐usual. If society is neutral to inequality, risk aversion disfavors compensation, but if society is inequality averse, the effect of risk aversion on preferences between compensation and business‐as‐usual is ambiguous. Inequality aversion tends to favor business‐as‐usual over both alternative policies provided that, roughly speaking, the anticipated future improvements in welfare exceed the anticipated climate damages.
Expatriate compesation and its link to subsidiary strategic role : a theoretical analysis

This paper focuses on the strategic design of expatriates' salaries. Unlike standard expatriation literature that assumes a lack of connection between strategy and international managers' compensation, we use the theoretical concepts from the international strategic management research to discuss how different international strategies affect the way expatriates are compensated. In this respect, the paper proposes a series of hypotheses on how expatriate compensation systems take shape according to the role that the expatriates may play in the internationalization process. The hypotheses refer to the type of incentives offered to encourage acceptance of the assignment, the type of criteria used to evaluate their performance, and the reference unit used to establish variable compensation
Multiparty Government: The Politics of Coalition in Europe

The politics of coalition--the very heart of the political process in most European countries--can be analyzed either theoretically or empirically. "Multiparty Government" reconciles these approaches. It gives students of European politics access to the insights of contemporary theory while applying it to an analysis of real-world coalition politics.Michael Laver and Norman Schofield examine five basic themes: the identity and motivation of the actors in the coalition game; the eventual membership of the coalitions they form; their durability; the payoffs that are shared out by coalition members; and the impact of constitutional bargaining, behavioral, and historical constraints on the process of coalition bargaining. They illustrate their discussion of theory with a range of detailed case studies. "Multiparty Government" offers an accessible approach that bridges the gap between the "European politics" and "game theory" traditions of political science, and puts the systematic study of the politics of coalition on the broader political science map. "Laver and Schofield's book is at the same time accessible, pithy, down-to-earth, insightful, and yes, even captivating. In its scope and quality, it has no rival in the literature of party coalitions . all students of political parties or legislative behavior should allow themselves the privilege of being educated and entertained by Laver and Schofield's fine book. " --"American Political Science Review"Michael Laver is Professor of Political Science and Sociology, University College, Galway. His books include "Playing Politics"; "Private Desires, Political Action: An Invitation to the Politics of Rational Choice"; "The Crime Game"; and "Social Choice and Public Policy. " Norman Schofield is Professor and Director, Center in Political Economy, Washington University. He is the author of "Statistics: Theory & Practice in the Social Sciences"; "Mathematical Methods in Economics"; and "Social Choice and Democracy. "
Lobular carcinoma in situ of the breast Detailed analysis of 99 patients with average follow‐up of 24 years

Ninety-nine patients with in situ lobular carcinoma (LCIS) of the breast, not treated by mastectomy, were identified in a review of consecutive breast biopsies performed at Memorial Hospital between 1940 and 1950. Follow-up for an average of 24 years was obtained in order to determine the frequency of subsequent breast carcinoma. Detailed analysis of important clinical and pathologic features was undertaken to identify predictive factors that would serve to distinguish between patients with the greatest and least risk for subsequent carcinoma. Thirty-nine breast carcinomas other than the original LCIS were diagnosed in 32 patients. Half of the carcinomas occurred in the same and half in the opposite breast. The hazard rate for subsequent carcinoma increased with increasing length of follow-up and increasing age.When compared with general population data, the frequency of subsequent breast carcinoma was nine times greater than expected and deaths due to breast carcinoma were 11 times more frequent than expected. None of the currently recommended choices for therapy is entirely satisfactory. Follow-up without further surgery should be considered an investigative procedure until more information is available. This recommendation should be made only if the patient and physician are prepared to accept the responsibility of lifetime surveillance. At present, we consider it prudent in most cases to recommend ipsilateral mastectomy with low axillary dissection and concurrent biopsy of the opposite breast. Contralateral mastectomy is most appropriate when carcinoma is detected in the biopsy.
Single‐shot T1 mapping using simultaneous acquisitions of spin‐ and stimulated‐echo‐planar imaging (2D ss‐SESTEPI)

The conventional stimulated‐echo NMR sequence only measures the longitudinal component while discarding the transverse component, after tipping up the prepared magnetization. This transverse magnetization can be used to measure a spin echo, in addition to the stimulated echo. Two‐dimensional single‐shot spin‐ and stimulated‐echo‐planar imaging (ss‐SESTEPI) is an echo‐planar‐imaging‐based single‐shot imaging technique that simultaneously acquires a spin‐echo‐planar image and a stimulated‐echo‐planar image after a single radiofrequency excitation. The magnitudes of the spin‐echo‐planar image and stimulated‐echo‐planar image differ by T1 decay and diffusion weighting for perfect 90° radiofrequency and thus can be used to rapidly measure T1. However, the spatial variation of amplitude of radiofrequency field induces uneven splitting of the transverse magnetization for the spin‐echo‐planar image and stimulated‐echo‐planar image within the imaging field of view. Correction for amplitude of radiofrequency field inhomogeneity is therefore critical for two‐dimensional ss‐SESTEPI to be used for T1 measurement. We developed a method for amplitude of radiofrequency field inhomogeneity correction by acquiring an additional stimulated‐echo‐planar image with minimal mixing time, calculating the difference between the spin echo and the stimulated echo and multiplying the stimulated‐echo‐planar image by the inverse functional map. Diffusion‐induced decay is corrected by measuring the average diffusivity during the prescanning. Rapid single‐shot T1 mapping may be useful for various applications, such as dynamic T1 mapping for real‐time estimation of the concentration of contrast agent in dynamic contrast enhancement MRI. Magn Reson Med, 2010. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Impact of Taxes and Benefits on Inequality Among Groups of Income Units

This paper analyzes the redistributive impact of the fiscal system and simultaneously explains how each tax and benefit instrument satisfies the principles of vertical and horizontal equity within and across different groups of income units. The decompositions of the redistributive effect are based on new axioms concerning the vertical and horizontal equity of the overall fiscal system, including taxes and benefits. The method is based on pairwise comparisons of income units and the “micro” concepts of income supremacy change, deprivation from reranking, and income distance change. The decomposition results provide more detailed insights into the income redistribution process than is typical in the literature. This is illustrated by an empirical application of the method to the Croatian scheme of personal income taxes and non-pension social benefits, in which households are divided into two groups, those with and those without children.
Electromagnetic human body modeling with physiological motion for radar applications

Radar has the potential to be used for both therapeutic and diagnostic medical applications, such as vital sign detection. To date, the focus of research in radar medical applications has been predominantly in algorithm development. Improved performance may, however, be achieved through the optimal selection of radar system parameters. In this paper, we present the implementation and validation of electromagnetic human body models for the purpose of selecting application-specific parameters, such as frequency. Higher fidelity in the models leads to valuable physical insight into how the absorption and reflectivity of the human body phantom may be effectively used for vital sign detection. Toward this goal, the validation of two high fidelity models against each other is presented as well as a representative example of vital sign detection modeling.
Injury Patterns, Physiological Profile, and Performance in University Rugby Union.

CONTEXT Rugby union is a physically demanding collision sport with high injury rates. There is a common perception that higher training loads result in greater injury risk in field-based sports. OBJECTIVES To determine injury, anthropometric, and physical-performance characteristics in junior rugby union players and investigate the interaction between training load and injury across a competitive season. DESIGN Prospective cohort study. METHODS Fifty-one players (age 19.2 ± 0.7 y) from an under-20 university rugby union team (forwards, n = 27; backs, n = 24) participated in a study conducted over a competition season. Training load, injury characteristics, anthropometry, physiological performance, and match time-loss injury incidence were observed. RESULTS Backs had significantly lower body mass (ES [95% CI] = 1.6 [0.9, 2.2]), skinfold thickness (ES = 1.1 [0.5, 1.7]), strength (squat ES = 0.6 [0.0, 1.2], deadlift ES = 0.6 [0.0, 1.1], bench press ES = 0.9 [0.4, 1.5]), lower-body power (ES = 0.4 [-0.2, 1.0]), and higher maximal aerobic capacity (ES = -0.3 [-0.8, 0.3]) than forwards. Match injury incidence was 107.3 injuries/1000 player hours (forwards 91.4/1000, backs 125.5/1000) during preseason and 110.7 injuries/1000 player hours (forwards 124.1/1000, backs 95.2/1000) during in-season. Forwards showed higher incidence of joint and ligament (P = .049) and upper-limb (P = .011) injuries than backs. No significant relationship between overall training load and match injury incidence was found. However, lower match injury incidence was associated with higher weekly training volume in backs (P = .007). CONCLUSIONS Positional differences in body composition, performance, injury characteristics, and match injury patterns were identified in junior university rugby union players, indicating the need for position-specific training programs to reduce risk of injury.
Governance of differential stakeholder interests in supply chains and networks

Competing frames and interests regarding food provision and resource allocation, adding to the increased global interdependencies, necessitate agri-food companies and institutions to engage themselves in very diverse multi-stakeholder settings. To develop new forms of interaction, and governance, researchers with very different backgrounds in social sciences try to align, or at least share, research trajectories. This first paper in a special issue on governance of differential stakeholder interests discusses, first, different usages of stakeholder categories, second, the related intersubjectivity in sciences, third, an rough sketch of the use of stakeholder management in different social sciences. Social science researchers study a wide variety of topics, such as individual stakeholder impact on new business models, stakeholder group responses to health claims, firm characteristics explaining multi-stakeholder dialogue, and the impact of multi-stakeholder dialogue on promoting production systems, and on environmental innovations. Interestingly, researchers use very different methods for data gathering and data analysis.