Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Insider and Liquidity Trading in Stock and Options Markets

We analyze the introduction of a nonredundant option, which completes the markets, and the effects of this on information revelation and risk sharing. The option alters the interaction between liquidity and insider trading. We find that the option mitigates the market breakdown problem created by the combination of market incompleteness and asymmetric information. The introduction of the option has ambiguous consequences on the informational efficiency of the market. One the one hand, by avoiding market breakdown, it enables trades to occur and convey information. On the other hand, the introduction of the option enlarges the set of trading strategies the insider can follow. This can make it more difficult for the market makers to interpret the information content of trades and consequently can reduce the informational efficiency of the market. The introduction of the option also has an ambiguous effect on the profitability of insider trades, which can either increase or decrease depending on parameter values. Article published by Oxford University Press on behalf of the Society for Financial Studies in its journal, The Review of Financial Studies.
Early Post-Operative Complications in Cataract Surgery

To date a number of techniques have been used for cataract surgery. However phacoemulsification is the most common method. Other methods such as intraand extracapsular cataract extraction, mini-nuc, phacosection, sandwich and phaconit have also been used by many surgeons. Over the years, the techniques of cataract surgery have evolved into a safe and successful procedure for visual rehabilitation. The incidence of most complications has significantly decreased with better instrumentation and affordable high quality intraocular lens implants. Better pre-operative evaluation has helped. This has also reduced the number of poor results owing to the presence of other eye diseases in a patient. However some risk factors are intrinsic to the patient and, short of avoiding surgery altogether, very little can be done to eliminate them. In the event of surgery, high-risk cases should be operated on in an appropriate setting, by a surgeon who has the right level of experience. Although cataract surgery is safe for the majority of patients, some complications that involve the anterior and the posterior segment can occur. Cataract surgery complications can be divided into intraoperative complications, and postoperative complications. These complications are anaesthesia-related complications, posterior capsular rupture and vitreous loss, vitreous prolapse, expulsive haemorrhage, Descemet's membrane detachment, intraocular haemorrhage, wound malapposition, shallow anterior chamber, iris prolapse, infectious endophthalmitis, corneal oedema, dropped nucleus or retained nuclear fragments, suture-induced astigmatism, cystoid macular oedema, retinal detachment, posterior capsule opacification, and bullous keratopathy. The most important of these complications are often associated with posterior capsular rupture and infectious endophthalmitis. The incidence of posterior capsule tear during cataract surgery ranges from 0.2% to 16.0%. A higher incidence of posterior capsule tear and vitreous loss is associated with pseudoexfoliation, diabetes mellitus, trauma, hard or brunescent nuclei, and white cataract. Postoperative endophthalmitis remains a devastating outcome after cataract surgery, despite improved methods of prophylaxis, surgical technique, and treatment. This complication causes significant morbidity and distress and often severe visual impairment or blindness. The reported incidence of endophthalmitis after cataract surgery varies considerably around the world. Occurring about once every 500 operations worldwide, the relatively low incidence of endophthalmitis makes it
A Two-Stage Theory of Discussant Influence on Vote Choice in Multiparty Systems

This article addresses two aspects of social network influence on voters’ electoral choices that are not well understood: the role of party systems as institutional contexts and the relationship between social pressure and information sharing as mechanisms of influence. It argues that in the cleavage-based multiparty systems of Western Europe, discussant influence at elections occurs in two stages. First, discussants place social pressure on voters to opt for parties from the same ideological camp. Secondly, by providing information, discussants influence which parties voters eventually choose out of these restricted ‘consideration sets’. The study tests these assumptions using a panel survey conducted at the 2009 German federal election. The first proposition is clearly confirmed, and the evidence supports the second proposition, although less unequivocally.
Internet job hunting: A field study of applicant experiences with on‐line recruiting

This field study examines the experiences of managers and professionals searching for jobs via the Internet. Results suggest that facility with Internet navigation is significantly associated with the amount of general job searching, particularly for those who want to explore job options initially in private without fear of retribution from supervisors. The data also suggest that managers and professionals are more likely to use the Internet for job hunting when the geographical scope of the job hunt is wide, when a major salary increase is desired, and when both small and large firms are being considered as potential employers. Use of the Internet is perceived as a somewhat less effective job search strategy than personal networking, but far superior to searching for jobs through newspaper ads and “cold calling. ” Major issues found to impede the effectiveness of on-line recruiting are the degree and speed of follow-up on-line applications, lack of specific and relevant job descriptions on a company's Web site, concerns about the security of personal information, and difficulty in customizing, formatting, and downloading resumes to companies' specifications. The article concludes with recommendations for improving the effectiveness of on-line recruiting. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Uncertainty and Wage Setting in a Monetary Union

The enlargement of the European Monetary Union is likely to lead to an increase of uncertainty about the transmission of monetary policy for the larger union. Adding new members to the central bank council in addition implies that the policy reaction of the enlarged council will be uncertain for an initial period. The paper considers the influence of both types of uncertainty on wage setting and unemployment in the larger monetary union.
Targeted Deletion of the Extracellular Signal-Regulated Protein Kinase 5 Attenuates Hypertrophic Response and Promotes Pressure Overload–Induced Apoptosis in the Heart

Rationale: Mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathways provide a critical connection between extrinsic and intrinsic signals to cardiac hypertrophy. Extracellular signal-regulated protein kinase (ERK)5, an atypical MAPK is activated in the heart by pressure overload. However, the role of ERK5 plays in regulating hypertrophic growth and hypertrophy-induced apoptosis is not completely understood. Objective: Herein, we investigate the in vivo role and signaling mechanism whereby ERK5 regulates cardiac hypertrophy and hypertrophy-induced apoptosis. Methods and Results: We generated and examined the phenotypes of mice with cardiomyocyte-specific deletion of the erk5 gene (ERK5cko). In response to hypertrophic stress, ERK5cko mice developed less hypertrophic growth and fibrosis than controls. However, increased apoptosis together with upregulated expression levels of p53 and Bad were observed in the mutant hearts. Consistently, we found that silencing ERK5 expression or specific inhibition of its kinase activity using BIX02189 in neonatal rat cardiomyocytes (NRCMs) reduced myocyte enhancer factor (MEF)2 transcriptional activity and blunted hypertrophic responses. Furthermore, the inhibition of MEF2 activity in NRCMs using a non-DNA binding mutant form of MEF2 was found to attenuate the ERK5-regulated hypertrophic response. Conclusions: These results reveal an important function of ERK5 in cardiac hypertrophic remodeling and cardiomyocyte survival. The role of ERK5 in hypertrophic remodeling is likely to be mediated via the regulation of MEF2 activity.
ALMA REDSHIFTS OF MILLIMETER-SELECTED GALAXIES FROM THE SPT SURVEY: THE REDSHIFT DISTRIBUTION OF DUSTY STAR-FORMING GALAXIES

Using the Atacama Large Millimeter/submillimeter Array, we have conducted a blind redshift survey in the 3 mm atmospheric transmission window for 26 strongly lensed dusty star-forming galaxies (DSFGs) selected with the South Pole Telescope. The sources were selected to have S1.4 mm > 20 mJy and a dust-like spectrum and, to remove low-z sources, not have bright radio (S843 MHz < 6 mJy) or far-infrared counterparts (S100 μm < 1 Jy, S60 μm < 200 mJy). We robustly detect 44 line features in our survey, which we identify as redshifted emission lines of 12CO, 13CO, C i, H2O, and H2O+. We find one or more spectral features in 23 sources yielding a ∼90% detection rate for this survey; in 12 of these sources we detect multiple lines, while in 11 sources we detect only a single line. For the sources with only one detected line, we break the redshift degeneracy with additional spectroscopic observations if available, or infer the most likely line identification based on photometric data. This yields secure redshifts for ∼70% of the sample. The three sources with no lines detected are tentatively placed in the redshift desert between 1.7 < z < 2.0. The resulting mean redshift of our sample is = 3.5. This finding is in contrast to the redshift distribution of radio-identified DSFGs, which have a significantly lower mean redshift of = 2.3 and for which only 10%–15% of the population is expected to be at z > 3. We discuss the effect of gravitational lensing on the redshift distribution and compare our measured redshift distribution to that of models in the literature.
Association between early palliative care referrals, inpatient hospice utilization, and aggressiveness of care at the end of life.

BACKGROUND Palliative care has a positive effect on many clinical outcomes, yet most referrals to palliative care have occurred late. End-of-life (EOL) cancer care has become increasingly aggressive. There have been no studies investigating the association between early palliative care referrals and aggressive EOL care in Japan. OBJECTIVE This study was designed to explore the association between early palliative care referrals, inpatient hospice utilization, and aggressiveness of EOL care by investigating cancer decedents. DESIGN A retrospective cohort study in a cancer-designated hospital in Japan. SETTING/SUBJECTS This study examined 266 consecutive cancer decedents. Inclusion criteria were adults and patients who died from cancer or causes related to cancer. Patients who died from causes unrelated to cancer were excluded. A total of 265 patients met the criteria. MEASUREMENTS We explored the association between early referrals (>3 months before death) and inpatient hospice utilization and the relationship between the timing of referrals and aggressive EOL care measured by a composite score adapted from Earle and colleagues. RESULTS Patients were divided into an early referral group (n=54) and a control group (n=211). The rate of inpatient hospice utilization was significantly higher in the early referral group (74% versus 47%, adjusted p<0.001). While each of six indicators of aggressiveness of EOL care did not differ significantly, the composite score was significantly lower in the early referral group (1.91±0.59 versus 2.14±0.78, adjusted p<0.001). CONCLUSIONS Early palliative referrals were associated with more inpatient hospice utilization and less aggressive EOL care.
Snoring, sleep quality, and sleepiness across attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder subtypes.

STUDY OBJECTIVES To characterize the relationship between pediatric attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) subtypes, chronic snoring, and indexes of sleep quality and daytime sleepiness. DESIGN A cross-sectional design with planned comparisons of ADHD (all subtypes) versus general community controls; ADHD Predominantly Inattentive Type (ADHD-I) versus a group with both ADHD Predominantly Hyperactive/Impulsive Type (ADHD-HI) and ADHD Combined Type (ADHD-C); and ADHD-HI versus ADHD-C. SETTING Subjects recruited from a pediatric clinic, a university psycholgy clinic, and the general community. PARTICIPANTS Caretakers of 74 children (45 with ADHD, 29 community controls; 53 boys, 21 girls; mean age, 9.6 years; age range, 6 to 16 years). Thirty-two (71.1%) of the children with ADHD were taking stimulant medication and 7 (15.5%) were taking hypnotic medication. INTERVENTIONS N/A. MEASUREMENTS AND RESULTS Caretakers completed the Pediatric Sleep Questionnaire (PSQ) and the Children's Sleep-Wake Scale (CSWS). Only the ADHD-HI diagnosis was associated with an increased likelihood of chronic snoring. Sleep quality was poorer among children with ADHD than controls; however, there were no differences in sleep quality across ADHD subtypes. Sleepiness was greater in children with ADHD, especially the ADHD-I Type. CONCLUSIONS Chronic snoring may be a correlated feature in only a subgroup of the ADHD population, possibly those more likely to be diagnosed with ADHD-HI. Although children with ADHD have poorer sleep quality and greater daytime sleepiness, these 2 features of ADHD are not closely related.
Induction of Potent Antitumor CTL Responses by Recombinant Vaccinia Encoding a Melan-A Peptide Analogue

There is considerable interest in the development of vaccination strategies that would elicit strong tumor-specific CTL responses in cancer patients. One strategy consists of using recombinant viruses encoding amino acid sequences corresponding to natural CTL-defined peptide from tumor Ags as immunogens. However, studies with synthetic tumor antigenic peptides have demonstrated that introduction of single amino acid substitutions may dramatically increase their immunogenicity. In this study we have used a well-defined human melanoma tumor Ag system to test the possibility of translating the immunological potency of synthetic tumor antigenic peptide analogues into recombinant vaccinia viruses carrying constructs with the appropriate nucleotide substitutions. Our results indicate that the use of a mutated minigene construct directing the expression of a modified melanoma tumor Ag leads to improved Ag recognition and, more importantly, to enhanced immunogenicity. Thus, recombinant vaccinia viruses containing mutated minigene sequences may lead to new strategies for the induction of strong tumor-specific CTL responses in cancer patients.
Physical mobility limitations in adults with intellectual disabilities: a systematic review.

BACKGROUND Mobility limitations increase with age in the general population. Despite a growing population of older adults with intellectual disabilities (ID), mobility is rarely studied in the ID literature. The specific aim of this study was to identify and summarise primary literature investigating mobility limitations in adults with ID. METHODS This study was a systematic review of the epidemiological literature (incidence and prevalence) of mobility limitations among adults with ID. Four electronic databases were searched from January 1980 to May 2007 for publications according to predefined inclusion/exclusion criteria. Additional sources were consulted. Two reviewers extracted data from each of the included articles. RESULTS Thirty-two publications representing 31 studies were ultimately included. In general, studies did not focus on mobility but were conducted for other purposes. All studies were conducted in industrialised countries. Only one study used a longitudinal design; the remainders were cross-sectional. Few investigators reported on the representativeness of the sample or the validity of the measurement tool. Study samples differed substantially and investigators used numerous definitions of mobility limiting comparability between studies. CONCLUSIONS There is a need for increased research on mobility limitations among adults with ID, particularly longitudinal research. Researchers investigating mobility limitations should use validated measurement tools and offer detailed descriptions of the study sample and how it compares with an identifiable population.
Whatever Happened to Social Dialogue? From Partnership to Managerialism in the EU Employment Agenda

There has been a major bifurcation in the level and form of social dialogue between employers and unions within the EU. The intersectoral and sectoral social dialogue launched by the Val Duchesse process in 1985 now runs in parallel with domestic forms that are merely reacting to agendas established by the Commission and the Council. This article, based on interviews with employer, union and government representatives across six EU member states, argues that the European Employment Strategy is converting social dialogue into a managerialist process by decentralizing it to national level and co-opting the social partners into taking responsibility for meeting employment targets over which they have had no influence.
Regional Computable General Equilibrium Modeling: A Survey and Critical Appraisal

Regional computable general equilibrium (CGE) models have grown in popularity in recent years as an alternative method to examine regional economies and regional policy issues. However, the contribution of regional CGE models has yet to be assessed. Therefore, this paper surveys the literature related to regional CGE modeling. The survey includes a discussion of the contributions that CGE models have made to regional economic analysis. In addition, the basic approach of regional CGE modeling is outlined, and the key features of existing regional CGE models are detailed. The paper also appraises of the current state of the art of regional CGE modeling and suggests future research directions.
Stoichiometry of Expressed α4β2δ γ-Aminobutyric Acid Type A Receptors Depends on the Ratio of Subunit cDNA Transfected*

The γ-aminobutyric acid type A receptor (GABAAR) is the target of many depressants, including benzodiazepines, anesthetics, and alcohol. Although the highly prevalent αβγ GABAAR subtype mediates the majority of fast synaptic inhibition in the brain, receptors containing δ subunits also play a key role, mediating tonic inhibition and the actions of endogenous neurosteroids and alcohol. However, the fundamental properties of δ-containing GABAARs, such as subunit stoichiometry, are not well established. To determine subunit stoichiometry of expressed δ-containing GABAARs, we inserted the α-bungarotoxin binding site tag in the α4, β2, and δ subunit N termini. An enhanced green fluorescent protein tag was also inserted into the β2 subunit to shift its molecular weight, allowing us to separate subunits using SDS-PAGE. Tagged α4β2δ GABAARs were expressed in HEK293T cells using various ratios of subunit cDNA, and receptor subunit stoichiometry was determined by quantitating fluorescent α-bungarotoxin bound to each subunit on Western blots of surface immunopurified tagged GABAARs. The results demonstrate that the subunit stoichiometry of α4β2δ GABAARs is regulated by the ratio of subunit cDNAs transfected. Increasing the ratio of δ subunit cDNA transfected increased δ subunit incorporation into surface receptors with a concomitant decrease in β2 subunit incorporation. Because receptor subunit stoichiometry can directly influence GABAAR pharmacological and functional properties, considering how the transfection protocols used affect subunit stoichiometry is essential when studying heterologously expressed α4β2δ GABAARs. Successful bungarotoxin binding site tagging of GABAAR subunits is a novel tool with which to accurately quantitate subunit stoichiometry and will be useful for monitoring GABAAR trafficking in live cells.
Genuine ankylosing spondylitis in children: a case-control study of patients with early definite disease according to adult onset criteria.

OBJECTIVE To describe a group of children with spinal and sacroiliac (SI) joint involvement since the initial year of disease, who fulfilled current adult onset ankylosing spondylitis (AS) diagnostic criteria within 3 years of onset. METHODS We conducted a case-control study of 44 patients with juvenile onset definite AS. 14 cases (Group A) and 30 controls (Group B) were studied; groups were matched by age at onset (age < or = 16 years), duration of disease at the time of admission to our clinic (< or = 1 year), diagnostic criteria (New York criteria), and period of observation. We compare demographic characteristics, as well as peripheral joint disease 6 and 12 months after onset, and analyze Group A at time of diagnosis. In contrast to Group A, patients in Group B had a syndrome of peripheral arthritis and enthesitis (SEA syndrome), but no axial symptoms or definite diagnosis of AS in the first 5 years of disease. RESULTS Patients in Group A were HLA-B27 positive boys with peripheral arthritis and enthesitis who differed from those in Group B in the frequency of pauciarthritis and polyarthritis at one year of disease (0 vs 36.7% and 100.0 vs 63.3%; p = 0.008) and age at diagnosis (9.03 +/- 1.13 vs 16.5 +/- 3.3 years; p > 0.0001). Six patients in Group A had lumbar pain and 3 SI joint pain 6 months after onset; at the end of the first year, the number increased to 10 and 6 patients, respectively. At time of diagnosis (2.36 +/- 0.72 yrs after onset), all patients in Group A had radiographic sacroiliitis and spinal, SI, and/or costosternal pain, 11 reduced anterior spinal flexion, and 6 reduced chest expansion. CONCLUSION There is a less common subgroup of adult-like juvenile onset AS who develop clinical and radiographic evidence of disease affecting the axial skeleton earlier than children progressing from SEA syndrome to AS 5 to 10 years after onset.
Platform Competition and Welfare: Media Markets Reconsidered

This paper presents a model of broadcast competition where viewers dislike advertising while producers want to reach many viewers with their commercials. In contrast to the existing literature, in our model viewers can watch different channels. We show that this leads to clear cut welfare results. In example, there is always over-provision of advertising because stations do not take into account viewers’ utility loss from advertising. Moreover, separate ownership of channels is better than joint ownership. Although there is no direct competition for viewers, because they can multi-home, stations have a strong incentive to be the sole provider of their viewers to advertisers which leads to indirect competition. Because of this effect stations’ profits are non-monotonic in the differentiation. We show that the results of our model fit well with recent developments in the German broadcasting market. JEL classification: D43, L62, L13
GOVERNMENT, TRADE OPENNESS AND FINANCIAL DEVELOPMENT 1

We explore the role of government in the nexus of finance and trade starting from the earliest days of organized finance in England and then broadening the analysis to 84 countries from 1960 to the present. The evidence from 18 th century England suggests that while short-run government spending and financial development tend to crowd each other out in the short run, the opposite is true in the long run. Trade openness, which is weakly exogenous in this system, exhibits a positive and stable long-run relationship with financial development. We observe similar patterns in the more recent data set for middle income countries. For low income countries, we find that neither government expenditure nor trade openness promote financial development while government expenditure and financial development are important drivers for openness.