Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Consensus and Conflict: The Socioeconomic Challenge Facing Sustainable Tourism Development in Southern Albania

This paper analyses consensus and conflict within community-based development and their implications for sustainable tourism development. Using evidence from an EU LIEN/PHARE programme for integrated rural development in rural southern Albania during 1995–98, it demonstrates the falsity of the cosy notion that local communities are cohesive entities with harmonious social relations, able to access national and international power structures provided only that they get the right support from foreign donors and NGOs. In the context of project experience, this paper explores the problems that have arisen and concludes with some recommendations, cognisant of the continuing Balkan crisis.
Panel data and policy analysis in South Africa: Taking a long view

Despite the comparatively high level of institutional development for data collection and analysis in South Africa, an important adjunct of apartheid has been the absence of credible and comprehensive data on which policies can be grounded. The apartheid era governments showed little interest in collecting information of this nature and often suppressed data that described conditions in the former bantustan areas. As an example, between 1976 and 1994, official government statistics excluded the nominally independent 'TBVC states' or homelands of Transkei, Bophuthatswana, Venda and Ciskei, thereby excluding a large proportion of the poor. While surveys were undertaken in these areas, the bantustan governments rarely permitted the publication of reports, or the release of the data collected. The Development Bank of Southern Africa tried to fill this information gap by means of various 'panel beating' exercises (DBSA, 1987a, 1987b, 1991, 1994). Research exercises such as the 1984 Carnegie Conference on poverty also helped to shed light on the conditions in the former homeland areas, but were based on small area specific studies rather than on a national database. It was not until the 1993 Project for Statistics on Living Standards and Development (PSLSD) that a comprehensive quantitative database of household conditions was created. Since then, a number of similar data gathering exercises have been undertaken by Statistics South Africa (the former Central Statistical Services) including an annual household survey and an income and expenditure survey in 1995 which is to be repeated every five years.
Kgalagadi Transfrontier Park and its land claimants: a pre- and post-land claim conservation and development history

Kgalagadi Transfrontier Park is located in the Northern Cape Province of South Africa and neighbouring Botswana. The local communities on the South African side, the Khomani San (Bushmen) and Mier living adjacent to the park have land rights inside and outside the park. The path from a history of land dispossession to being land owners has created conservation challenges manifested through heightened inter- and intra-community conflicts. The contestations for land and tourism development opportunities in and outside the park have drawn in powerful institutions such as the governments, South African National Parks, private safari companies, local interest groups and NGOs against relatively powerless local communities. This has consequently attracted national and international interest since it may result in further marginalization of the communities who lack the power to negotiate resource access. Moreover, the social and political system of the San is romanticized while little is reported about the Mier, who are an integral part of the park management system. To make these issues more accessible to a growing audience of interested parties and to better understand present conservation and development challenges and opportunities, this paper synthesizes information on the pre- and post-land restitution history of the park and the adjacent communities.
QoE model based on fuzzy logic system for offload decision in HetNets environment

To cope the surge traffic demand, several approaches are proposed. The HetNet, based on LTE-A and Wi-Fi networks, is one of the promising architecture widely used by operators as the next generation of their cellular networks. In this paper, we propose a new offload schema from LTE-A to Wi-Fi. It is based on new QoE metric called QoE Score which allows to takes into consideration the business value of the users. The QoE Score is given by a fuzzy logic system and used as key metric for offload decision in our algorithm. Results show that more than 65% can be offloaded from LTE-A to Wi-Fi while ensuring a good end user QoE. In addition, it achieves better results compared to our previous multi constraints algorithm.
Characteristics of the biologically active 35‐kDa metalloprotease virulence factor from Listeria monocytogenes

A. COFFEY, B. VAN DEN BURG, R. VELTMAN and T. ABEE.2000. Listeria monocytogenes, a facultative intracellular pathogen, synthesizes an extracellular protease which is responsible for the maturation of phosphatidylcholine phospholipase C (lecithinase), a virulence factor involved in cell‐to‐cell spread. This work describes the environmental parameters necessary for increased production of mature, 35‐kDa active protease in strains of L. monocytogenes, and its detection using polyclonal antibodies raised against Bacillus subtilis neutral protease. High performance liquid affinity chromatography was exploited to isolate the biologically active form of the mature protease, which was then subjected to biochemical characterization using casein as a substrate. The protease is a zinc‐dependent metalloprotease which degrades casein over a wide range of temperatures and pH values. It can also degrade actin, the most abundant protein in many eukaryotic cells. The Listeria protease was shown to exhibit a high thermal stability and a relatively narrow substrate specificity. A three‐dimensional model built on the basis of the homology with thermolysin was used to understand the structural basis of these characteristics.
A similarity measure for outlier detection in timestamped temporal databases

Outlier Detection is one of the important research problems in temporal data mining. A pattern in time stamped temporal database is a sequence of probability values. Finding outliers from time stamped temporal databases requires suitable dissimilarity measure to find dissimilarity between input pattern and reference pattern which is of user interest. In the current work, the objective is to propose a dissimilarity measure for detecting outliers. We also come up with expression for deviation which is used to compute dissimilarity degree using proposed measure. The dissimilarity measure has lower bound value (0) and upper bound (1) respectively.
Analytical models of threshold voltage and breakdown voltage of short-channel MOSFET's derived from two-dimensional analysis

Analytical models of threshold voltage and breakdown voltage of short-channel MOSFET's are derived from the combination of analytical consideration and two-dimensional numerical analysis. An approximate analytical solution for the surface potential is used to derive the threshold voltage, in contrast with the charge conservation approach which has been usually taken. It is shown that the surface potential depends exponentially on the distance from the drain, and this causes the threshold voltage to decrease exponentially with decreasing channel length. The analytical dependence of threshold voltage on device dimensions, doping, and operating conditions is verified by accurate two-dimensional calculations, and the accuracy of the model is attained by slight modification. The breakdown voltage of a short-channel n-MOSFET is lowered by a positive feedback effect of excess substrate current. From two-dimensional analysis of this mechanism, a simple expression of the breakdown voltage is derived. Using this model, the scaling down of MOSFET's is discussed. The simple models of threshold and breakdown voltage of short-channel MOSFET's are helpful both for circuit-oriented analysis and process diagnosis where statistical use of the model is often needed.
Polyphenolic cells and their interrelation with cotyledon cells in seven species of Theobroma (Sterculiaceae)

The amount of cotyledon polyphenolic cells varies extensively within the Theobroma species. The polyphenolic compounds of these cells play a protective role and furthermore have an important function in the development of chocolate flavour. The morphology of the polyphenolic cells of the mesophyll is described and the development of these idioblasts in Theobroma cacao L. , T. subincanum Mart. , T. obovatum Klotzsch ex Bernoulli, T. grandiflorum (Willd. ex Spreng.) K. Schum. , T. microcarpum Mart. , T. bicolor Bonpl. and T. speciosum Willd. ex Spreng analysed. The total polyphenolic content in the seeds as determined by spectrophotometry showed a variation of about forty times. The alive, transparent polyphenolic cells are scattered throughout the cotiledonary mesophyll. However the polyphenolic cells of T. cacao and T. grandiflorum are also aligned perpendicularly with respect to the mesophyll borders and, in addition, both species display polyphenolic cells with a natural translucent purple colour. All the species analysed contained polyphenolic cells scattered throughout the parenchymal cells and also in a lengthwise association with vascular bundles. In T. bicolor and T. speciosum, the species with the lowest polyphenolic contents, these cells were mostly located around the vascular bundles. Using Scanning Electron Microscopy, the polyphenolic cells demonstrated a complex cytoarchitecture, and after fixing with glutaraldhyde, the polyphenolic secretion was shown to remain as a single unit or was organized into round droplets. Transmission Electron Microscopy displayed immature plastids from young mesophyll cells containing eletron-dense deposits similar to phenolic substances, suggesting that Theobroma plastids are involved in the synthesis of phenolics.
Implementing cultural change through human resources: the elusive organization alchemy?

Examines approaches taken by two UK hotels for survival in the current complex environment in which greater competition, market changes and technological advances are affecting the manner in which the hospitality industry is operating. Examines strategies which have been implemented in an attempt to ensure long‐term success. Analyses the manner in which these organizations have undertaken the process of culture change in order to achieve and maintain a competitive advantage. Focuses on the role of human resource management within this process.
Detection of enteroviral RNA in end‐stage dilated cardiomyopathy in children and adolescents

Medical records and archival myocardial specimens of 33 children and adolescents with end%stage idiopathic dilated cardiomyopathy (IDCM) were collected to evaluate retrospectively the potential role of enteroviral persistence in the pathogenesis of IDCM. The clinical history and laboratory assessment of each patient were reviewed carefully in order to obtain information on the nature and etiology of infections in the past and at the time of diagnosis of cardiomyopathy. Sixty‐four formaldehyde‐fixed, paraffin‐embedded myocardial specimens, obtained from endomyocardial biopsies (n = 5), explanted hearts (n = 10), or autopsies (n = 49), were studied by the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and by in situ hybridization to detect enteroviral RNA in the specimens. Control specimens included 34 formaldehyde‐fixed, paraffin‐embedded myocardial specimens from children with other cardiomyopathies, metabolic diseases, structural heart defects, or various noncardiac malignancies. The presence of cellular RNA in the specimens was confirmed by amplification of glyceraldehyde‐3‐phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH) mRNA or β‐actin mRNA as positive controls. Only one specimen from the 32 IDCM patients with appropriate myocardial specimens was positive for enteroviral RNA by PCR. Sequence analysis of the amplified viral segment showed a significant degree of homology between the viral sequence and echovirus 1. One specimen from the control patients also appeared positive by PCR, but sequence analysis of the amplified viral segment revealed it as rhinovirus 16. The results do not indicate any significant role for enteroviral persistence in end‐stage childhood IDCM, although they need to be confirmed using a prospective study with fresh frozen specimens. However, mechanisms other than viral persistence may be more important in the progression of IDCM to end‐stage heart failure in this age group. J. Med. Virol. 56:364–371, 1998. © 1998 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Does Housing Mobility Policy Improve Health?

Abstract This article summarizes the empirical evidence for the effect of housing mobility policies on health outcomes. Our focus derived from our interest in housing policies that might help reduce health disparities and our finding that, excluding policies concerned with the physical characteristics of housing (e.g., exposure to lead), only housing mobility has been evaluated for its effects on health. We reviewed 13 articles covering five housing mobility studies and ranked them according to their methodological strength. Although health data have been collected in just a few studies, our review finds that this policy may potentially contribute to improving the health of both adults and children. Yet the empirical evidence is sparse, and only a handful of studies are methodologically sound. To date, the strongest evidence derives from the Moving to Opportunity (MTO) demonstration and from the Yonkers evaluation of scattered‐site public housing.
The Trade Union Response to Agency Labour in Britain

The growth of agency work in recent years has posed a challenge to trade unions, which must decide if they will accept agency workers as part of their constituency and accept employment agencies as legitimate labour-market actors. This article analyses the reaction of British unions to agency work and identifies four main responses: exclusion, replacement, regulation and engagement. It concludes with an evaluation of union policies, which stresses the need for unions to secure broad regulation of the agency labour market either through multi-employer bargaining or employment law.
Deprivation-induced cortical reorganization in children with cochlear implants

A basic finding in developmental neurophysiology is that some areas of the cortex cortical areas will reorganize following a period of stimulus deprivation. In this review, we discuss mainly electroencephalography (EEG) studies of normal and deprivation-induced abnormal development of the central auditory pathways in children and in animal models.We describe age cut-off for sensitive periods for central auditory development in congenitally deaf children who are fitted with a cochlear implant. We speculate on mechanisms of decoupling and reorganization which may underlie the end of the sensitive period. Finally, we describe new magentoencephalography (MEG) evidence of somatosensory cross-modal plasticity following long-term auditory deprivation.
Multi-robot persistent coverage with optimal times

This paper addresses the persistent coverage problem, in which a group of autonomous robots must visit periodically a finite set of interest points and spend some time covering them, which we call coverage time. An optimization problem to calculate the optimal coverage times is formulated, and sufficient conditions for the existence of solution are given. In particular, a linear cost function is considered to solve the problem as a linear program. An iterative algorithm, which runs on the solution, is proposed to reduce the lengths of the predefined paths traveled by the robots in a finite number of iterations while maintaining optimal coverage times. Moreover, path planning is included in the optimization problem, computing specific weights in the cost function, and thus reducing the traveled distances and the total time spent covering. Simulation results demonstrate the performance of the approach.
Interphase fluorescence in situ hybridization with an IGH probe is important in the evaluation of patients with a clinical diagnosis of chronic lymphocytic leukaemia

Translocations involving IGH are common in some lymphoid malignancies but are believed to be rare in chronic lymphocytic leukaemia (CLL). To study the clinical utility of fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) for IGH translocations, we reviewed 1032 patients with a presumptive diagnosis of CLL. Seventy‐six (7%) patients had IGH translocations. Pathology and clinical data were available for the 24 patients evaluated at the Mayo Clinic. Ten (42%) patients had IGH/cyclin D1 fusion and were diagnosed with mantle cell lymphoma (MCL). The immunophenotype was typical of MCL in three of these patients and atypical for MCL in seven patients. One patient had biclonal disease with typical MCL and CLL with IGH/BCL‐2. Eleven (46%) patients had IGH/BCL‐2 fusion including the patient with biclonal disease. Two of these patients had leukaemic phase follicular lymphoma and nine patients had CLL. The median progression‐free survival of patients with CLL and IGH/BCL‐2 translocation was 20·6 months. The two patients with IGH/BCL‐3 fusion (one of these also had IGH/BCL‐11a) had rapid disease progression. The IGH partner gene was not identified in two patients. We conclude that use of an IGH probe in FISH analysis of monoclonal B‐cell lymphocytosis improves diagnostic precision and could have prognostic value in patients with CLL.
Cobalt-induced occupational asthma associated with systemic illness.

We report a case of occupational asthma caused by cobalt associated with systemic symptoms. He was a non-atopic, ex-smoker and had worked in a glassware factory for 14 months. A skin prick test with CoSO4 up to 100 mg/ml showed a negative result. A bronchoprovocation test with CoSO4 demonstrated an isolated asthmatic response with systemic symptoms such as fever, arthralgia and myalgia. Although an initial methacholine bronchial challenge test showed a negative result, the following methacholine bronchial challenge test which was done 24 hours after the challenge testing demonstrated an increased airway hyperresponsiveness at 2.5 mg/ml which recovered 7 days later. An intradermal skin test with 10 mg/ml and 100 mg/ml CoSO4 solution demonstrated positive responses respectively(13 x 12/40 x 32, 20 x 15/40 x 37 , histamine 16 x 14/64 x 50). A patch test including cobalt showed a negative result. Bronchoalveolar lavage fluid after the cobalt inhalation testing and other laboratory findings showed no evidence of hypersensitivity pneumonitis. These results suggested that cobalt could induce occupational asthma with systemic illness in an exposed worker.
ABOUT POSSIBILITY OF USAGE METHODOLOGICAL APPROACHES TO BANKRUPTCY PREDICTION

Analysis of the most common foreign methods showed that they were designed to analyze enterprises in the sustainable economic development with low-shadowing of the economy. The most appropriate retrospective analysis results were obtained using Springate model, Lis ratio and Beaver ratio. Domestic methods analysis allows us to conclude that they make it difficult to account criterion of insolvency using a number of factors. Ukrainian researchers, as well as foreigners, use indexes for bankruptcy prediction that are based on convolution values of different insolvency signs. However, we believe that usage of a single indicator as a result doesn’t allow us to make an insolvency diagnosis. The reason is high probability of an erroneous calculation because of the unreliability of the data used. Also, one of domestic methods problems is their orientation to the official statistics that increases the error due to significant domestic shadowing economy.
A community-based study of the prevalence of constipation in young children and the role of dietary fibre.

OBJECTIVES To study the prevalence of constipation in young children, and to explore its association with dietary fibre intake. DESIGN Cross-sectional community-based study. SETTING Three kindergartens randomly selected from the eastern district of Hong Kong. PARTICIPANTS Between October 2003 and January 2004, parents of children aged 3 to 5 years completed a specially designed questionnaire and a 3-day dietary record form, which were used to collect information on bowel function and dietary intake. Children with constipation were identified based on Rome criteria. Children with normal bowel habits served as a comparison group. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Dietary intake of energy, protein, and dietary fibre. RESULTS Of 778 children recruited, 561 complete sets of data were successfully obtained from the participating kindergartens. One hundred and sixty-six (29.6%) children were found to be constipated. The incidence of a family history of constipation was significantly higher in the constipated group (14%) than in the non-constipated group (7%) [P=0.013]. Mean dietary fibre consumption was 4.1 g/d (standard deviation, 2.3 g/d) in all children corresponding to 45.5% (standard deviation, 24.9%) of the daily recommendation. Constipated children (mean, 40.7%; standard deviation, 20.5%) had a significantly lower dietary fibre intake of the daily recommendation than the non-constipated group (mean, 47.5%; standard deviation, 26.2%) [P=0.017]. CONCLUSION Up to 30% of preschool children in the eastern district had constipation. A family history of constipation was related to its occurrence in the studied children. Dietary fibre intake was insufficient in all children and even lower in those who were constipated.
Epidemiology, aetiology and management of visual impairment in children

An estimated 19 million of the world's children are visually impaired, while 1.4 million are blind. Using the UK as a model for high income countries, from a population-based incidence study, the annual cumulative incidence of severe visual impairment/blindness (SVL/BL) is estimated to be 6/10 000 by age 15 years, with the incidence being highest in the first year of life. The population of visually impaired children within high, middle and lower income countries differ considerably between and within countries. The numerous and mainly uncommon disorders which can cause impaired vision result in heterogeneous population which includes a substantial proportion (for SVI/BL, the majority) of children with additional systemic disorders or impairments whose needs differ substantially from those with isolated vision impairment. Paediatricians and other paediatric professionals have a key role in early detection and multidisciplinary management to minimise the impact of visual impairment (VI) in childhood.
Electromagnetic effects on the biological tissue surrounding a transcutaneous transformer for an artificial anal sphincter system

This paper reports on the electromagnetic effects on the biological tissue surrounding a transcutaneous transformer for an artificial anal sphincter. The coupling coils and human tissues, including the skin, fat, muscle, liver, and blood, were considered. Specific absorption rate (SAR) and current density were analyzed by a finite-length solenoid model. First, SAR and current density as a function of frequency (10–107 Hz) for an emission current of 1.5 A were calculated under different tissue thickness. Then relations between SAR, current density, and five types of tissues under each frequency were deduced. As a result, both the SAR and current density were below the basic restrictions of the International Commission on Non-Ionizing Radiation Protection (ICNIRP). The results show that the analysis of these data is very important for developing the artificial anal sphincter system.