Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Teacher Leadership: Tensions and Ambiguities in Organizational Perspective

This article presents the findings of an exploratory study of teacher leadership roles in a metropolitan K-8 school district. These findings suggest that the development and performance of these roles are mediated by the organizational contexts in which they are established. They thus suggest that teacher leadership should be approached as an issue of organizational development rather than solely as an issue of individual empowerment.
No Requirement for V(D)J Recombination in p53-Deficient Thymic Lymphoma

ABSTRACT The p53 tumor suppressor is activated in response to a variety of cellular stress signals, although specific in vivo signals that trigger tumor suppression are unknown. In mouse thymocytes, where p53 inactivation leads to tumorigenesis, several observations suggest that V(D)J recombination of T-cell receptor (TCR) loci could provide a DNA damage signal triggering p53-dependent apoptosis and tumor suppression. Inactivation of p53 would allow V(D)J driven mutation of additional cancer genes, facilitating tumorigenesis. Here, we show that mice with a p53 deficiency in thymocytes and unable to carry out V(D)J recombination are not impaired in the development of thymoma. Recombination-activating gene (RAG) deficiencies were introduced into both p53−/− mice and TgTΔN transgenic mice, a strain in which 100% of the mice develop thymoma due to thymocyte-specific inactivation of p53 by a simian virus 40 T-antigen variant. V(D)J recombination was dispensable for tumorigenesis since thymomas developed with or without the RAG-1 or RAG-2gene, although some delay was observed. When V(D)J recombination was suppressed by expression of rearranged TCR transgenes, 100% of the TgTΔN mice developed thymoma, surprisingly with reduced latency. Further introduction of a RAG deficiency into these mice had no impact on the timing or frequency of tumorigenesis. Finally, karyotype and chromosome painting analyses showed no evidence for TCR gene translocations in p53-deficient thymomas, although abundant aneuploidy involving frequent duplication of certain chromosomes was present. Thus, contrary to the current hypothesis, these studies indicate that signals other than V(D)J recombination promote p53 tumor suppression in thymocytes and that the mechanism of tumorigenesis is distinct from TCR translocation oncogene activation.
On Economic and Computational-Efficient Resource Pricing in Large Distributed Systems

There is growing interest in large-scale systems where globally distributed and commoditized resources can be shared and traded, such as peer-to-peer networks, grids, and cloud computing. Users of these systems are rational and maximize their own interest when consuming and contributing shared resources, even if by doing so they affect the overall efficiency of the system. To manage rational users, resource pricing and allocation can provide the necessary incentives for users to behave such that the overall efficiency can be maximized. In this paper, we propose a dynamic pricing mechanism for the allocation of shared resources, and evaluate its performance. In contrast with several existing trading models, our scheme is designed to allocate a request with multiple resource types, such that the user does not have to aggregate different resource types manually. We formally prove the economic properties of our pricing scheme using the mechanism design framework. We perform both theoretical and simulation analysis to evaluate the economic and computational efficiency of the allocation and the scalability of the mechanism. Our simulations are validated against a prototype implementation on PlanetLab.
Expression of matrix metalloproteinases in the microenvironment of spontaneous and experimental melanoma metastases reflects the requirements for tumor formation.

Expression of matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) and their activation in tumor cells, as well as tumor surrounding stromal cells have been implicated in tumor cell invasion and metastasis. By means of a syngeneic tumor model for either experimental or spontaneous metastases, the differential expression of MMPs and tissue inhibitors of MMPs (TIMPs) in relation to the microenvironment and the way of metastasis induction was characterized. In vitro characterization revealed that increased levels of secreted MMP-2, MMP-9, and TIMP-1 were only detectable in the most aggressive cell line, B16G3.12BM2. Remarkably, active MMP-2 was restricted to this cell line, whereas TIMP-2 and membrane type (MT) 1-MMP expression was comparable in all three of the spontaneously metastasizing melanoma cell lines investigated. In vivo analysis demonstrated that MMP-2, MMP-9, and MT1-MMP were predominantly expressed at the tumor-stroma border of s.c. tumors. Furthermore, functional active MMP-2 was restricted to this invasive front. In spontaneous lymph node or lung metastases, however, MMP-9 was expressed both in the center and the periphery of tumors; these areas were largely negative for MMP-2 and MT1-MMP. Notably, tumor cells of experimental lung metastases did not express MMP-9 at all. These results indicate that expression of MMPs in melanoma metastases is not only influenced by their localization but also the nature of tumor induction, suggesting that individual MMPs serve specific roles during the different stages of metastasis formation.
Accelerating coevolution with adaptive matrix factorization

Among many interaction schemes in coevolutionary settings for interactive domains, the round-robin tournament provides the most precise evaluation of candidate solutions at the expense of computational effort. In order to improve the coevolutionary learning speed, we propose an interaction scheme that computes only a fraction of interactions outcomes between the pairs of coevolving individuals. The missing outcomes in the interaction matrix are predicted using matrix factorization. The algorithm adaptively decides how much of the interaction matrix to compute based on the learning speed statistics. We evaluate our method in the context of coevolutionary covariance matrix adaptation strategy (CoCMAES) for the problem of learning position evaluation in the game of Othello. We show that our adaptive interaction scheme allows to match the state-of-the-art results obtained by the standard round-robin CoCMAES while, at the same time, considerably improves the learning speed.
Scalable Rule Management for Data Centers

Cloud operators increasingly need more and more fine-grained rules to better control individual network flows for various traffic management policies. In this paper, we explore automated rule management in the context of a system called vCRIB (a virtual Cloud Rule Information Base), which provides the abstraction of a centralized rule repository. The challenge in our approach is the design of algorithms that automatically off-load rule processing to overcome resource constraints on hypervisors and/or switches, while minimizing redirection traffic overhead and responding to system dynamics. vCRIB contains novel algorithms for finding feasible rule placements and adapting traffic overhead induced by rule placement in the face of traffic changes and VM migration. We demonstrate that vCRIB can find feasible rule placements with less than 10% traffic overhead even in cases where the traffic-optimal rule placement may be infeasible with respect to hypervisor CPU or memory constraints.
Antitumor Activity of Saracatinib (AZD0530), a c-Src/Abl Kinase Inhibitor, Alone or in Combination with Chemotherapeutic Agents in Gastric Cancer

Src is a nonreceptor tyrosine kinase involved in the cross-talk and mediation of many signaling pathways that promote cell proliferation, adhesion, invasion, migration, and tumorigenesis. Increased Src activity has been reported in many types of human cancer, including gastric cancer. Therefore, this factor has been identified as a promising therapeutic target for cancer treatments, and targeting Src in gastric cancer is predicted to have potent effects. We evaluated the antitumor effect of a c-Src/Abl kinase inhibitor, saracatinib (AZD0530), alone or combined with chemotherapeutic agents in gastric cancer cell lines and a NCI-N87 xenograft model. Among 10 gastric cancer cell lines, saracatinib specifically inhibited the growth and migration/invasion of SNU216 and NCI-N87 cells. Saracatinib blocked the Src/FAK, HER family, and oncogenic signaling pathways, and it induced G1 arrest and apoptosis in SNU216 and NCI-N87 cells. Apoptosis required induction of the proapoptotic BCL2 family member Bim. Knockdown of Bim using siRNA decreased apoptosis induced by treatment with saracatinib, suggesting that Bim has an important role in saracatinib-induced apoptosis. Saracatinib enhanced the effects of lapatinib, an EGFR/HER2 dual inhibitor, in SNU216 and NCI-N87 cells. Furthermore, combined treatment with saracatinib and 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) or cisplatin exerted synergistic effects in both saracatinib-sensitive and saracatinib-resistant cells. Consistent with our in vitro findings, cotreatment with saracatinib and 5-FU resulted in enhanced antitumor activity in the NCI-N87 xenografts. These data indicate that the inhibition of Src kinase activity by saracatinib alone or in combination with other agents can be a strategy to target gastric cancer. Mol Cancer Ther; 12(1); 16–26. ©2013 AACR.
Reduced population viscosity in spatially disordered, triple strategy prisonera's dilemma games

Altruism in selfish groups of individuals has been explained using game theory. In this work, cooperation within a spatial evolutionary prisoner's dilemma game is studied with three strategies: cooperation, defection or Tit-for-Tat. By imposing the condition of a site diluted lattice and relaxing the condition of strong population viscosity, the emergence of cooperating and defecting island universes is observed. Under a softer condition of movement such that players may move to a lattice site of at least equal payoff we find that these defecting islands become inherently unstable and dissociate to invade the rest of the system. This subsequently leads to a re-emergence of cooperation in the entire system as the Tit-for-Tat strategies knockout any rampant unconditional defection strategies. These results are interpreted suggestively in the context of biology and sociology.
Timing in mother-infant communications: a comment on Murray & Trevarthen (1986)

ABSTRACT Murray & Trevarthen (1986) experimentally manipulated the behaviours of mothers and infants in an attempt to determine who is responsible for the fine temporal patterning during vocal engagements. In the present note it is argued that the measures of content and style of maternal talk used by Murray and Trevarthen do not directly indicate the ways in which the behaviours of the partners are combined on a moment-to-moment basis.
CHAPTER 2 Ca 2 +-Sensitive Fluorescent Dyes and Intracellular Ca 2 + Imaging

Martin D. Bootman,1,2,5 Katja Rietdorf,3 Tony Collins,4 Simon Walker,1 and Michael Sanderson3 Babraham Institute, Babraham, Cambridge, CB22 3AT, United Kingdom; Department of Life, Health and Chemical Sciences, The Open University, Walton Hall, Milton Keynes, MK7 6AA, United Kingdom; Department of Microbiology and Physiology Systems, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts 01655; McMaster Stem Cell and Cancer Research Institute, Faculty of Health Sciences, McMaster University, MDCL 5029, Hamilton, Ontario L8S4L8, Canada
Plexiform Schwannoma in the Duodenum of a Horse with Recurrent Colic

Background: Intestinal neoplasia is an uncommon cause of colic in the horse. Accurate clinical diagnosis is necessary to direct rationale intervention because equine intestinal neoplasms have widely varying prognoses and treatment requirements. Case Presentation: A 23-year-old Missouri Foxtrotter gelding presented with a history of mild recurrent colic. Physical examination, abdominal ultrasound, and cytologic evaluation of peritoneal fluid were unremarkable. Upper gastrointestinal endoscopy revealed multiple tan raised masses in the duodenal mucosa. Histopathology demonstrated a well demarcated, multicentric, intramucosal spindle cell neoplasm arranged in an Antoni A pattern with no evident mitotic figures or necrosis. Immunohistochemistry was negative for desmin, smooth muscle actin, and the gastrointestinal stromal tumor (GIST) marker CD117 (c-Kit). Tumor cells were uniformly positive for neuronal specific enolase and S-100. Based on distribution, morphology and immunohistochemical markers, the tumor was diagnosed as benign plexiform Schwannoma. The horse responded well to conservative symptomatic treatment. Conclusion: Although uncommon, spindle cell tumors should be considered in cases of recurrent equine colic after more common causes have been excluded. Immunohistochemistry is necessary to definitively diagnose intestinal mesenchymal and neuroectodermal tumors. Benign tumors such as Schwannoma, neurofibroma and lowgrade GIST carry a good prognosis.
On the Veri cation of SCOOP Programs

In this paper we focus on the development of a toolbox for the veri cation of programs in the context of SCOOP an elegant concurrency model, recently formalized based on Rewriting Logic (RL) and Maude. SCOOP is implemented in Ei el and its applicability is demonstrated also from a practical perspective, in the area of robotics programming. Our contribution consists in devising and integrating an alias analyzer and a Co man deadlock detector under the roof of the same RL-based semantic framework of SCOOP. This enables using the Maude rewriting engine and its LTL model-checker for free , in order to perform the analyses of interest. We discuss the limitations of our approach for model-checking deadlocks and provide solutions to the state explosion problem. The latter is mainly caused by the size of the SCOOP formalization which incorporates all the aspects of a real concurrency model. On the aliasing side, we propose an extension of a previously introduced alias calculus based on program expressions, to the setting of unbounded program executions such as in nite loops and recursive calls. Moreover, we devise a corresponding executable specication easily implementable on top of the SCOOP formalization. An important property of our extension is that, in non-concurrent settings, the corresponding alias expressions can be over-approximated in terms of a notion of regular expressions. This further enables us to derive an algorithm that always stops and provides a sound over-approximation of the may aliasing information, where soundness stands for the lack of false negatives.
Investigating the association between prepregnancy body mass index and adverse pregnancy outcomes: a large cohort study of 536 098 Chinese pregnant women in rural China

Objective Unhealthy maternal weight before pregnancy increases the risk of various adverse pregnancy outcomes. We conducted a nutrition survey to provide baseline data on the prepregnant nutritional status of mothers in order to better understand the association between prepregnancy maternal body mass index (BMI) and adverse pregnancy outcomes. Design A large, prospective, population-based cohort study. Setting Data from the National Free Preconception Health Examination Project (NFPHEP) in China during 2010–2012. Participants 536 098 pregnant women out of 2 120 131 were evaluated. Primary and secondary outcome measures The primary adverse pregnancy outcomes included preterm birth (PTB), low birth weight (LBW), spontaneous miscarriage (SM), ectopic pregnancy (EP) and stillbirth (SB). A χ2 test was used to compare the prevalence of each BMI category during 2010–2012. Univariable and multiple logistic regression analyses were performed to assess the association between prepregnancy BMI and various adverse pregnancy outcomes. Results Between 2010 and 2012, the average BMI decreased from 21.31 to 21.16, while underweight prevalence increased from 10.40% to 14.14%. An age-stratified subgroup analysis indicated that the underweight prevalence increased from 13.52% to 17.02% among women aged 21–24 and from 10.72% to 13.71% among women aged 25–34. Overweight prevalence increased from 9.84% to 10.75% (25–34 years) and from 17.10% to 19.20% (35–49 years). Obesity prevalence increased from 2.17% to 2.42% and from 4% to 4.2% among women aged 25–34 and 35–49 respectively. Prepregnancy underweight was associated with PTB, LBW and SM; overweight women had an increased risk of LBW; obese women had a higher risk of LBW, SM, EP and SB. Conclusions While the average prepregnancy BMI decreased, the prevalence of underweight individuals in a very large population significantly increased. The abnormal prepregnancy BMIs were associated with increased risks of adverse pregnancy outcomes. Most notably, underweight prepregnant women appeared to be at a greater risk of developing adverse pregnancy outcomes in China's rural areas.
The dynamics of sustainable innovation journeys

1. The Dynamics of Sustainable Innovation Journeys Frank W. Geels, Marko P. Hekkert and Staffan Jacobsson 2. Strategic niche management and sustainable innovation journeys: theory, findings, research agenda, and policy Johan Schot and Frank W. Geels 3. Multi-niche analysis of dynamics and policies in Dutch renewable energy innovation journeys (1970-2006): hype-cycles, closed networks and technology-focused learning Geert Verbong, Frank W. Geels and Rob Raven 4. 'Legitimation' and 'development of positive externalities': two key processes in the formation phase of technological innovation systems Anna Bergek, Staffan Jacobsson and Bjoern A. Sanden 5. Cumulative causation in biofuels development: a critical comparison of the Netherlands and Sweden Karl M. Hillman, Roald A.A. Suurs, Marko P. Hekkert and Bjoern A. Sanden 6. Discourse and innovation journeys: the case of low energy housing in the UK Heather Lovell 7. Socio-political embedding of onshore wind power in the Netherlands and North Rhine-Westphalia Susanne Agterbosch and Sylvia Breukers
Trend assessment of annual instantaneous maximum flows in Turkey

ABSTRACT A comprehensive evaluation of trends in annual instantaneous maximum flows (AIMF) from 153 gauge stations located in 26 river basins in Turkey is presented. Two traditional non-parametric trend tests, the Mann-Kendall (MK) and Spearman’s rho (SR), are used to quantify the significance of trends, while Sen’s slope method is applied to determine the magnitude of trends. The traditional tests indicate that the AIMF records of 57 stations showed statistically decreasing trends, while those of six stations showed an increasing trend. Sen’s trend method, which provides more detailed assessment of the trends in different clusters (low, medium and high), was applied to the AIMF series and the results were compared with traditional tests. Sen’s trend method indicated that all flow clusters at nine stations have increasing or decreasing trends, although no significant trend was detected by the MK and SR tests.
Moving Past Picket Fences: The Meaning of “Home” for Public Housing Residents

The literature on the meaning of “home” has generally focused on creating lists without giving much attention to the context that shapes meanings. Recently, scholars have argued that to understand “home” it is important to know the range of meanings that different people in different contexts give it. In this article, we focus on the meaning of “home” for public housing residents and consider how they construct the meaning of “home” and if they find that meaning in public housing. Our findings suggest that respondents consider their public housing residences to be “home,” and they construct this meaning using the dimensions of home identified in the literature. However, how respondents used these dimensions were, in some ways, different because of the context of living in public housing. Respondents emphasized the social dimension, and this dimension appeared to organize the other dimensions. As such, our findings support arguments that context matters to the meaning of “home. ” They also suggest that policymakers need to broaden their understandings of public housing, as places that can be “home,” and use this understanding when making decisions about housing transformations.
Socialist ideology and practical realism: the process of compromise in Vietnams law on education

As part of the overall theme of this book, this chapter seeks to analyse how socialism has been influential in shaping law by examining the specific example of the Education Law of Vietnam, passed in 1998. Socialism, in its many incarnations, played a particularly important role in the development and elaboration of the Vietnamese Education Law, linked in part to the significance of the education sector as the principal vehicle for the transmission of socialist theory and ideology—even as its importance is being downplayed in other sectors. Socialism, in its various different forms, has had a variety of impacts on the structure and content of the Education Law. At times these have been in contradiction with the practical realities facing the Vietnamese education sector, leading to certain contradictions within the law itself. While the Education Law covers all education levels, this chapter draws its practical examples principally from developments in higher education. This sector saw the most far-reaching changes while the law was being drafted, and was one where developments had a strong influence on shaping the way in which many important issues were addressed. The first section looks at the theoretical role of law in Vietnamese socialism, and shows that this role is far from resolved. Against this background, the chapter then goes on to look at the Education Law itself and the references to socialism and socialist theory (particularly Marxism–Leninism) it contains. Finally, it focuses on the issues surrounding three specific areas in the law—those of administration, financing and the role of education itself—and argues that, while socialist central planning and socialist theory have had a strong influence on the shape of the law, many areas show a break from these paradigms where they did not fit with wider social values or were contradictory to the perceived