Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Low-Rate TCP-Targeted DoS Attack Disrupts Internet Routing

Compared to attacks against end hosts, Denial of Service (DoS) attacks against the Internet infrastructure such as those targeted at routers can be more devastating due to their global impact on many networks. We discover that the recently identi(cid:2)ed low-rate TCP-targeted DoS attacks can have severe impact on the Border Gateway Protocol (BGP). As the interdomain routing protocol on today’s Internet, BGP is the critical infrastructure for exchanging reachability information across the global Internet. We demonstrate empirically that BGP routing sessions on the current commercial routers are susceptible to such low-rate attacks launched remotely, leading to session resets and delayed routing convergence, seriously impacting routing stability and network reachability. This is a result of a fundamental weakness with today’s deployed routing protocols: there is often no protection in the form of guaranteed bandwidth for routing traf(cid:2)c. Using testbed and Internet experiments, we thoroughly study the effect of such attacks on BGP. We demonstrate the feasibility of launching the attack in a coordinated fashion from wide-area hosts with arbitrarily low-rate individual attack (cid:3)ows, further raising the dif(cid:2)culty of detection. We explore defense solutions by protecting routing traf(cid:2)c using existing router support. Our (cid:2)ndings high-light the importance of protecting the Internet infrastructure, in particular control plane packets.
MINING PUBLIC TRANSPORT USER BEHAVIOUR FROM SMART CARD DATA

Abstract In urban public transport, smart card data is made of millions of observations of users boarding vehicles over the network across several days. The issue addresses whether data mining techniques can be used to study user behaviour from these observations. This must be done with the help of transportation planning knowledge. Hence, this paper presents a common “transportation planning/data mining” methodology for user behaviour analysis. Experiments were conducted on data from a Canadian transit authority. This experience demonstrates that a combination of planning knowledge and data mining tool allows producing travel behaviours indicators, mainly regarding regularity and daily patterns, from data issued from operational and management system. Results show that the public transport users of this study can rapidly be divided in four major behavioural groups, whatever type of ticket they use.
Protective mechanism of Xuebijing injection against heat stroke in rats

This study aimed to investigate the protective mechanism of Xuebijing injection (XBJ) against heat stroke (HS) in rats. Adult male Sprague Dawley rats were randomly divided into normal control (NC), normal saline-treated HS (NS-HS) and XBJ-treated HS (XBJ-HS) groups. At 47 and 57 min from the initiation of heat stress (42.5–43.5°C), the plasma levels of certain cytokines [interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-6 and tumor necrosis factor-α], biochemical indicators (creatinine, blood urea nitrogen, aspartate aminotransferase, alanine aminotransferase and alkaline phosphatase) and coagulation indicators (activated partial thromboplastin time, prothrombin time, fibrinogen degradation products and D-dimer) were detected, and microscopy of the liver tissue of the rats was conducted. At 47 and 57 min after the initiation of the heat stress, the levels of the cytokines, coagulation indicators and biochemical indicators in the NS-HS group were significantly higher than those in the NC group (P<0.05). In the NS-HS group, the levels of the aforementioned indices were significantly reduced compared with those in the NC and NS-HS groups (P<0.05). In the NS-HS group, serious liver cell congestion, nuclear swelling and central vein dilation were visible, along with the appearance of bubbles in the liver tissue. In the XBJ-HS group, only a small number of congestive liver cells were identified, with occasional nuclear swelling but no bubbles, which was similar to the observations in the NC group. Early intervention treatment of HS with XBJ is able to reduce the systemic inflammatory response and coagulation activity and decrease the tissue ischemia and injury degree, thus extending the survival time of rats with HS.
The detection of P2P bots using the dendritic cells algorithm

New botnet and bots using P2P protocols have become the increasing threat to network security because P2P botnet and bots do not have a centralized point to trace back or shut down, thus detecting the P2P bots is very difficult. In order to deal with these threats, the model in terms of the dendritic cells algorithm (DCA) is presented to detect P2P bots on an individual host. The detailed approach to detect P2P bots is also described. The raw data for P2P bots detection are obtained via APITrace tool. The processes ID are mapped into the antigens, and the behavioral data created by the processes are mapped into the signals, which are the time series input data of DCA. These data as the input data of the algorithm are used to implement data fusion and correlation. Through related experiments, the systems using the proposed method in this paper can detect p2p bots. The method should outperform the other existing P2P detection techniques due to its linear computation in the process of detection and analysis, and no training phrase.
Immunoglobulin E to allergen components of house dust mite in Korean children with allergic disease

Background House dust mites (HDMs) are important sources of indoor allergens. Seventeen components have been identified from Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus (Der p). Objective Our aim was to define the prevalence of specific IgE to components of Der p in Korea and investigate the clinical features of them in children with allergic disease. Methods We performed a prospective evaluation of 80 HDM sensitized patients with history of allergic rhinitis (AR), atopic dermatitis (AD), asthma and urticaria (UC). Patients underwent ImmunoCAP for total IgE, Der p, Der f, Der p 1, Der p 2, and Der p 10. Results Seventy-nine patients had detectable serum IgE to Der p, 80 patients were sensitized to Der f, 66 patients were sensitized to Der p 1, 63 patients to Der p 2, and 7 patients were sensitized to Der p 10. Der p 1 specific IgE was significantly lower in the UC group compared with the AD and AR group. Total IgE was significantly higher in the Der p 10 sensitized group. Der p 10 serum IgE level was highly correlated with crab and shrimp specific IgE. There was a significant positive correlation between total IgE and specific IgE to Der p and its components and Der f. Conclusion Sensitization to HDM and its components in Korea is similar to previous studies from temperate climate. The determination of Der p 1, Der p 2, and Der p 10 specific IgE helps in obtaining additional information in regards to allergic disease.
Assessment of the Hip and Knee Flexion Contractures in Cerebral Palsy Patients with Crouch Gait

The knee is the most affected joint in children with cerebral palsy. Flexion contracture of the knee is the cause of the crouch gait pattern, instability in stance phase of gait, and difficulties during standing and sitting, and other daily living activities. Hip flexion contracture in crouch gait is mostly compensation of the knee flexion contracture and ankle equines. The psoas muscle is the primary reason for the hip flexion contracture and is known to be associated with increased anterior pelvic tilt, crouching gait, hip instability and lumbar lordosis. Children with cerebral palsy may even give up walking due to the high energy demand in the adult period. The purpose of this article is to review the causes of the knee and hip flexion contractures, clinical evaluations, and treatment principles in children with cerebral palsy. The biomechanical reasons of knee and hip flexion deformity are discussed in detail in the light of previous studies and gait analysis data. (JAREM 2012; 2: 33-7)
Application of Co-Occurrence Frequency Image

We have revealed that the co-occurrence frequency image (CFI) based on the co-occurrence histogram (CH) of the gray level value of an image has a new potential to introduce a new scheme for image feature extraction. Our method and filters are very similar to the previous methods in result but quite different in process from those which have been used so far. Thus, we could show a possibility for introducing a new paradigm for basic image processing methods by means of CFI. We found that the CFI has better generalization performance than the texture analysis method and therefore CFI has high potentiality for the application to image processing methods. In addition in this paper, we extended CH and CFI from binary to ternary for enforcing the potential.
Cortical Ensemble Adaptation to Represent Velocity of an Artificial Actuator Controlled by a Brain-Machine Interface

Monkeys can learn to directly control the movements of an artificial actuator by using a brain-machine interface (BMI) driven by the activity of a sample of cortical neurons. Eventually, they can do so without moving their limbs. Neuronal adaptations underlying the transition from control of the limb to control of the actuator are poorly understood. Here, we show that rapid modifications in neuronal representation of velocity of the hand and actuator occur in multiple cortical areas during the operation of a BMI. Initially, monkeys controlled the actuator by moving a hand-held pole. During this period, the BMI was trained to predict the actuator velocity. As the monkeys started using their cortical activity to control the actuator, the activity of individual neurons and neuronal populations became less representative of the animal's hand movements while representing the movements of the actuator. As a result of this adaptation, the animals could eventually stop moving their hands yet continue to control the actuator. These results show that, during BMI control, cortical ensembles represent behaviorally significant motor parameters, even if these are not associated with movements of the animal's own limb.
Character-Sense Association and Compounding Template Similarity: Automatic Semantic Classification of Chinese Compounds

This paper presents a character-based model of automatic sense determination for Chinese compounds. The model adopts a sense approximation approach using synonymous compounds retrieved by measuring similarity of semantic template in compounding. The similarity measure is derived from an association network among characters and senses, which is built from a formatted MRD. Adopting the taxonomy of CILIN, a system of deep semantic classification (at least to the small classes) for V-V compounds is implemented and evaluated to test the model. The experiment reports a high precision rate (about 38% in outside test and 61% in inside test) against the baseline one (about 18%).
Optimizing Airline Overbooking Using a Hybrid Gradient Approach and Statistical Modeling

We develop an overbooking approach for airline revenue management. We estimate a revenue function by employing a statistical modeling approach, specifically a multivariate adaptive regression splines approximation of a stochastic network model. We develop an overbooking cost function using a binomial distribution to model the number of customers that show up for the flight. We implement a hybrid gradient algorithm that combines Newton’s and a steepest ascent method to optimize profit. Finally, we compare our method to one that overbooks based on the probability that the number of customers that show up for a flight exceeds the flight capacity. Revenue management is defined as, “Selling the right seat at the right time to the right passenger for the right price” (Vinod 1995). After deregulation in 1979, revenue management research has evolved to efficiently utilize resources and generate higher revenue. One of the revenuecapturing concepts identified was overbooking, where airlines sell more seats than the capacity of the flight. Overbooking is essential because not all customers who buy tickets show up on the day of departure. Some of them are cancellations (customers who cancel a purchased ticket), while others are no-shows (customers who do not show up for their ticketed flight). The overbooking level (or authorization level) specifies the number of seats that may be overbooked on a flight. In this paper, we present an approach to determine optimal overbooking levels, so as to generate higher profit (revenue − cost). The revenue is estimated using a design and analysis of computer experiments (DACE, Sacks et al. 1989) approach, and only overbooking costs are estimated. (We ignored other airline costs, such as fuel burn, labor, etc. that are generally considered independent of the booking process.) To optimize profit, a hybrid algorithm that combines Newton’s method and a steepest ascent method is developed (Bertsekas 1999). Perishable goods need to be utilized well before the end of their life cycle. The overbooking concept can be applied to various transportation sectors, such as auto rentals, ferries, rail, tour operators, cargo, and cruises. Other areas, like hotels and resorts, extended stay hotel, health care, and companies that produce perishable goods can also use overbooking. In the airline industry, once a flight takes off the seats are said to be “perished. ” Hence, we should efficiently utilize those seats. Given the schedule, flight capacities, and demand distributions, how many seats should be overbooked on each flight, so that the seats are efficiently utilized and higher profits are achieved? The remainder of this section provides background on airline overbooking, and describes the contribution of this paper. Section 1 explains the methodology adapted in this paper to determine the optimal overbooking levels, and Section 2 presents computational results. Finally, concluding remarks are given in Section 3. Overbooking Concept Let nc be the number of cancellations and no-shows, and let y be the overbooking level.
Cooperative Inchworm Localization with a Low Cost Heterogeneous Team by Brian Nemsick Research Project

In this thesis we address the problem of multi-robot localization with a heterogeneous team of low-cost mobile robots. The team consists of a single centralized “observer” with an inertial measurement unit (IMU) and monocular camera, and multiple “picket” robots with only IMUs and Red Green Blue (RGB) light emitting diodes (LED). This team cooperatively navigates a visually featureless environment such as a collapsed building. A combination of camera imagery captured by the observer, as well as IMU measurements on the pickets and observer are fused to estimate motion of the team. A team movement strategy, referred to as inchworm, is formulated as follows; pickets move ahead of the observer and then act as temporary landmarks for the observer to follow. This cooperative approach employs a single Extended Kalman Filter (EKF) to localize the entire heterogeneous multi-robot team, using a formulation of the measurement Jacobian to relate the pose of the observer to the poses of the pickets with respect to the global reference frame. An initial experiment with the inchworm strategy has shown localization within 0.14 m position error and 2.18 orientation error over a path-length of 5 meters in an environment with irregular ground, partial occlusions and a ramp. This demonstrates improvement over a camera only relative pose measurement localization technique that was adapted to our team dynamic which produced 0.18m position error and 3.12 orientation error over the same dataset.
Microfluidic Cell Cycle Analysis of Spread Cells by DAPI Staining †

Single-cell cell cycle analysis is an emerging technique that requires detailed exploration of the image analysis process. In this study, we established a microfluidic single-cell cell cycle analysis method that can analyze cells in small numbers and in situ on a microfluidic chip. In addition, factors that influenced the analysis were carefully investigated. U87 or HeLa cells were seeded and attached to microfluidic channels before measurement. Cell nucleic DNA was imaged by 4′-6-diamidino-2-phenylindole (DAPI) staining under a fluorescent microscope and subsequently fluorescent intensities of the cell nuclei DNA were converted to depict histograms for cell cycle phases. DAPI concentration, microscopic magnification, exposure time and cell number were examined for optimal cell cycle analysis conditions. The results showed that as few as a few hundred cells could be measured by DAPI staining in the range of 0.4–0.6 μg/mL to depict histograms with typical cell cycle phase distribution. Microscopic magnification during image acquisition, however, could distort the phase distribution. Exposure time did not significantly affect the cell cycle analysis. Furthermore, cell cycle inhibitor rapamycin treatment changed the cell cycle phase distribution as expected. In conclusion, a method for microfluidic single-cell cell cycle analysis of spread cells in situ was developed. Factors such as dye concentration and microscopic magnification had more influence on cell cycle phase distribution. Further studies will focus on detail differentiation of cell cycle phases and the application of such a method for biological meanings.
Joint pricing and capacity planning for IaaS cloud

We consider a monopoly Infrastructure-as-a-Service (IaaS) provider market with a set of Software-as-a-Service (SaaS) providers, where each SaaS provider lease the virtual machines (VMs) from the IaaS provider to provide cloud-based application services to its end-users. We investigate the problem of designing a joint pricing and capacity planning scheme from the IaaS provider's perspective. Specifically, we first study the SaaS providers' optimal decisions in terms of the amount of end-user requests to admit and the number of VMs to lease, given the resource price charged by the IaaS provider. Next, based on the best responses of the SaaS providers, we study joint pricing and capacity planning to maximize the IaaS provider's profit, which is determined by the revenue obtained through supplying the VMs and the energy cost for maintaining the active servers. By exploring the relationship between the optimal capacity and price, we simplify the original optimization problem into the a convex problem with respect to the price, and then we derive the expressions of the optimal solutions. Finally, the numerical results illustrate the efficacy of our proposed joint pricing and capacity planning scheme.
An Analysis of Competing Software Reliability Models

This paper examines the most widely used reliability models. The models discussed fall into two categories, the data domain and the time domain. Besides tracing the historical development of the various models their advantages and disadvantages are analyzed. This includes models based on discrete as weil as continuous probability distributions. How well a given model performs its purpose in a specific economic environment will determine the usefulness of the model. Each of the models is examined with actual data as to the applicability of the error fmding process.
Hack or Die: How Humanity Steers Into Its Post-Digital Future

This article introduces stories as a link between culture and evolution. It elaborates how the decline of interhuman communication leads to a loss of perception, capability for cooperation, and human intelligence and contributes to the current ecocide. It shows how cybernetics hacked the relationship between evolution and machine development, which brought forth the outlines of man’s current digital transformation and future. It suggests that Lucas Pawlik is still working on a possible sustainable future for humanity that Heinz von Foerster tried to initiate.
Money Contributions to Religion, Charity, Education, and Politics.

This article presents study results on the 577. of consumer units who made money contributions to religious, charitable, educational, or political causes in 1988-89. The median donation was $48. Data from the 1989 Consumer Expenditure Survey (CES) were used to determine characteristics of the consumer units making these donations. The CES is an ongoing survey that collects data on household expenditures, income, and major socioeconomic and demographic characteristics. Results show that 7 in 10 of the contributors had incomes above $35,000; 7 in 10 had a college degree or more; 6 in 10 were married couples with or without children; and 6 in 10 were at least 45 years old. Forty percent of the consumer units gave to religion, 39 percent gave to charity, 7 percent gave to education, and 5 percent gave to politics. A consumer unit is defined as: (1) all members of a particular housing unit who are related by blood, marriage, adoption, or other legal arrangements; (2) two or more people living together who pool their incomes to make joint expenditure decisions; or (3) a person living alone or sharing a household with others, but who is financially independent. Overall, 577. of consumer units interviewed contributed 2 percent of their before tax family income to religion, charity, education, and politics in 1988-89. As income and educational levels increased, so did the percentage of contributors and the dollar amount of median contribution. Because many consumer units did not make cash contributions, whereas some contributed a great deal, the median statistic better describes contribution level. (DK) *********************************************************************** I * Reproductions supplied by EDRS are the best that can be made * I * from the original document. * ***********************************************************************
Business model considerations for privacy protection in a mobile location based context

In this paper we discuss the main privacy issues around mobile business models and we envision new solutions having privacy protection as a main value proposition. We construct a framework to help analyze the situation and assume that a third party is necessary to warrant transactions between mobile users and m-commerce providers. We then use the business model canvas to describe a generic business model pattern for privacy third party services. This pattern is then illustrated in two different variations of a privacy business model, which we call privacy broker and privacy management software. We conclude by giving examples for each business model and by suggesting further directions of investigation.
At Odds: Perceived Stigma of Single Professional Malay Women

Anak dara tua (andartu) or anak dara lanjut usia (andalusia) are terms used in Malay culture to designate a woman’s unmarried status which mean old virgin or old maiden. Our language further functions to enhance stigma in that population as they are being referred to as tak laku (not sellable) or jual mahal (playing hard). The majority of researchers have failed to consider the role culture and religion might play for single women in quality of life, social status and lifestyle that take precedence over the common experience women share. Drawing on in-depth interviews with 20 professional Malay Muslim women who have not married, this paper highlights some of the societal stigma, problems and pressures single Malay women experience when they are not married. This paper argued that the meanings of singlehood among women are personally constructed through one life’s experiences that are situated within and reinforced by important social contexts, such as one’s culture and religious faith.