Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Policy Directions and Presidential Leadership: Alternative Interpretations of the 1980 Presidential Election

As the Reagan administration neared the end of its first full year in office, interpretations of the meaning of the 1980 presidential election were still as varied as the political positions of analysts and commentators. The politically dominant interpretation, promoted by the new administration and its supporters, was that the election provided a mandate to bring about several fundamental changes in the role of government in American social and economic life. In recommendations whose scope had not been matched since the first days of Franklin Roosevelt's New Deal, the Reagan administration set about responding to what it understood to be popular demands for reduced government spending and taxes, expansion of the national defence establishment, limitation of environmental protection in favour of the development of energy resources, and a myriad of other tasks designed to encourage free enterprise by ‘getting government off the backs of the people’. With varying degrees of enthusiasm for the new administration's programmes, scores of Democratic politicians shared the interpretation of Reagan's victory as a new electoral mandate which rejected many of the fundamental policies of Democratic administrations from Roosevelt to Carter. This interpretation of the ‘meaning’ of the 1980 election was expressed by Democratic congressmen of many political colours who decried the bankruptcy of their own leadership and affirmed the victor's sense of mandate by supporting the President's various legislative programmes.
Influence of Elastic and Inelastic Phonon Scattering on the Drive Current of Quasi-Ballistic MOSFETs

In this paper, we study the influence of elastic and inelastic phonon scattering on the drive current of Si MOSFETs under quasi-ballistic transport. Inelastic phonon emission involving energy relaxation helps achieve ballistic current, even in the presence of scattering, if the channel length is scaled down to the 10-nm scale. This result agrees with Natori's previous predictions. However, for longer channel devices, inelastic phonon emission degrades the drain current due to space charge effects caused by charge accumulation. We also demonstrate that source-end potential engineering to electrically reduce the bottleneck barrier length can result in a ballistic current even in longer channel devices.
A tourism financial conditions index.

The paper uses monthly data on financial stock index returns, tourism stock sub-index returns, effective exchange rate returns and interest rate differences from April 2005 – August 2013 for Taiwan that applies Chang’s (2014) novel approach for constructing a tourism financial indicator, namely the Tourism Financial Conditions Index (TFCI). The TFCI is an adaptation and extension of the widely-used Monetary Conditions Index (MCI) and Financial Conditions Index (FCI) to tourism stock data. However, the method of calculation of the TFCI is different from existing methods of constructing the MCI and FCI in that the weights are estimated empirically. The empirical findings show that TFCI is estimated quite accurately using the estimated conditional mean of the tourism stock index returns. The new TFCI is straightforward to use and interpret, and provides interesting insights in predicting the current economic and financial environment for tourism stock index returns that are based on publicly available information. In particular, the use of market returns on the tourism stock index as the sole indicator of the tourism sector, as compared with the general activity of economic variables on tourism stocks, is shown to provide an exaggerated and excessively volatile explanation of tourism financial conditions.
FAS 133: What Is Accounting Truth?

FAS 133, the rule that governs accounting for derivatives, has been controversial since its inception. Besides being expensive to implement and maintain, the rules often cause accounting treatment to diverge markedly from economic reality, making financial statements less transparent and less useful. For example, by marking to market only one side of what are in fact two-sided (hedged) positions, FAS 133 often introduces artificial volatility into earnings and, in so doing, discourages companies from hedging. 2005 Morgan Stanley.
The territorial politics of social policy development in multi-level states

Abstract This article examines policy divergence and convergence from the perspective of territorial politics. It considers the significance and consequences of policy divergence, and the manner in which public policies are used to serve territorial objectives in multi-level states. It argues that the practice of assuming policy ownership, and the contest for policy control, have more significance for territorial politics than does the divergence or convergence of public policy. Its focus is on Scotland and the UK, but it draws upon the experiences of Quebec and Canada to gain insight into the territorial politics of policy development in a multi-level and multi-national state.
Efferent projections of thyrotropin‐releasing hormone‐synthesizing neurons residing in the anterior parvocellular subdivision of the hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus

The anterior parvocellular subdivision of the PVN (aPVN) contains nonhypophysiotropic thyrotropin‐releasing hormone (TRH) neurons that are densely innervated by feeding‐related neuronal groups of the hypothalamic arcuate nucleus. To determine how these TRH neurons are integrated within the brain, the major projection fields of this cell group were studied by anterograde and retrograde tract‐tracing methods. Projection sites were identified by injection of the anterograde tracer Phaseolus vulgaris leucoagglutinin (PHAL) into the aPVN, and subsequent double immunofluorescent staining was used to visualize axons containing both PHAL and pro‐TRH. To distinguish between the projection sites of TRH neurons residing in the aPVN and the closely situated perifornical area, the retrograde tracer cholera toxin B subunit (CTB) was injected into regions where PHAL/pro‐TRH‐containing axons were densely accumulated. TRH neurons in the aPVN were found to project to the hypothalamic arcuate, dorsomedial and ventral premammillary nuclei, medial preoptic region, tuber cinereum area, paraventricular thalamic nucleus, bed nucleus of the stria terminalis, lateral septal nucleus, and central amygdaloid nucleus. Projection fields of perifornical TRH neurons were in partial overlap with those of the aPVN TRH cells. In addition, these neurons also innervated the hypothalamic ventromedial nucleus, the medial amygdaloid nucleus, and the amygdalohippocampal area. The data suggest that, through its efferent connections, aPVN TRH neurons may be involved in the regulation of energy homeostasis coordinately with effects on behavior, locomotor activity, and thermogenesis. In addition, the major differences in the projection fields of aPVN and perifornical TRH neurons suggest that these two TRH‐synthesizing neuronal groups are functionally different. J. Comp. Neurol. 515:313–330, 2009. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Diabetes mellitus and risk of breast cancer: A meta‐analysis

Diabetes mellitus has been associated with an increased risk of several types of cancers, but its relationship with breast cancer remains unclear. We conducted a meta‐analysis of case–control and cohort studies to assess the evidence regarding the association between diabetes and risk of breast cancer. Studies were identified by searching MEDLINE (1966–February 2007) and the references of retrieved articles. We identified 20 studies (5 case–control and 15 cohort studies) that reported relative risk (RR) estimates (odds ratio, rate ratio/hazard ratio, or standardized incidence ratio) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for the relation between diabetes (largely Type II diabetes) and breast cancer incidence. Summary RRs were calculated using a random‐effects model. Analysis of all 20 studies showed that women with (versus without) diabetes had a statistically significant 20% increased risk of breast cancer (RR, 1.20; 95% CI, 1.12–1.28). The summary estimates were similar for case–control studies (RR, 1.18; 95% CI, 1.05–1.32) and cohort studies (RR, 1.20; 95% CI, 1.11–1.30). Meta‐analysis of 5 cohort studies on diabetes and mortality from breast cancer yielded a summary RR of 1.24 (95% CI, 0.95–1.62) for women with (versus without) diabetes. Findings from this meta‐analysis indicate that diabetes is associated with an increased risk of breast cancer. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Romania and the monetary union: An example for emerging countries

The European and world economy have taken a serious downturn in recent years. The European Union and the Euro-area have been challenged by the enlargement process, by diversity as a central feature of the group, and also by the economic and financial crisis. Romania, the EU 7th largest member state, under the effects of the “no opt-out” clause, will be facing, rather soon, the Euro adoption as a new challenge along with all its implications. This has become an even greater challenge due to recent evolutions in Greece, Ireland, Portugal or Italy. Beyond the simple member status, or the enlargement of the Euro-Area, foreseeing the future of the European single currency – the Euro raises serious questions around the real convergence process and its interaction with the actual crises. The optimal currency area (OCA) convergence frequently emerges as the missing puzzle piece in a functional monetary union system. This paper wishes to accomplish a brief evaluation of Romania’s real convergence in respect to the Euro-zone. But this is not the only issue raised here. Apart from that, in accurately quantifying real convergence we must focus on the most enhancing, relevant and suitable set of indicators for the real convergence, as the literature has not yet imposed a single set as universal or at least as generally agreed upon. In assessing real convergence as a clear aim for Romania on a medium term perspective, this paper envisages applying the optimal currency area theory. Convergent evolution may be influenced by several factors showing the evolution of the main disparities in the compared economies. Taking this into account, we shall also compute the variation coefficient of the GDP per capita or the σ-convergence as an expression of the dispersion of this indicator. Key words: Real-convergence, Euro, optimal currency area, Romania.
Entrepreneurial Timing Theory: Time Entrepreneurship and Time Strategy

This paper is a qualitative interpretive research which tries to establish a new theory, based on deductive process, in entrepreneurship by gathering contextual qualitative data from 1000 relevant articles. Entrepreneurial Timing Theory (ETT) is an interpretive, grounded theory, which focuses on time as a precious and determinant resource for entrepreneurship and strategy formulation . The success of all products and services could be discussed in two levels. In one level it is the innovation in the product or service, or its production and offering (entrepreneurship) and in the other level, the fittest time for their launch and commercialization (Entrepreneurial Timing Strategy). Most of the concepts in entrepreneurship and entrepreneurial strategies are time bound . This theory could be named as time entrepreneurship and tries to discuss the concept of time in entrepreneurship.
E Pluribus Unum? Creative Disagreement About Legitimacy in the EU

This article considers how a plurality of views on how the EU ought to be legitimated may even contribute to its overall legitimacy and not, as is often assumed, to its contestedness as a polity. It draws lessons for the EU from a recent turn in the literature on legitimacy towards analysing political systems as mechanisms for mediating between several views of legitimacy, rather than articulating any one. It identifies a range of views on how the Union ought to be legitimated. It appraises alternative mechanisms for combining or choosing between those views. It concludes with lessons for the constitutional development of the Union.
The Dynamics of Senatorial Representation, 1952-1991

We propose a dynamic model of representation that posits that representatives adapt through time to minimize the distance between policy choices and constituent, global, and personal preferences. Several hypotheses flow from the dynamic model: (1) equilibria develop through time in senator policy choice; (2) representatives adapt through time to global, as well as constituent preferences; (3) the manner in which adaptation occurs depends on the strength of the representative's personal ideology; (4) the manner in which adaptation occurs depends on various measures of constituency efficiency. We use pooled time-series cross-section analysis of covariance techniques to evaluate the preceding hypotheses. The analysis shows that senators integrate constituent, global, and personal preferences. Equilibria exist through time in Senator Policy Liberalism Adaptation to and from the equilibria depends on global and constituent preferences and efficiency. The manner of adaptation also depends on the strength of the representative's ideology and the efficiency of the constituency.
Identifying temporal relationships within multidimensional performance measurement

The paper investigates temporal relationships between leading drivers of success, non-financial outputs, and financial outcomes as suggested by the Balanced Scorecard. Based on a sample of 42 companies with a four-year survey data, we find partial confirmation of temporal causality between selected actions and performance. The effects of the leading variables on the non-financial outputs are the strongest in the same year. Also, the influence of innovation and HR policies via the number of patented innovations and new products (services) on profit growth is the strongest within one year. These findings have important implications for the design of cause-and-effect relationships schemes (strategy maps) and the development of contemporary performance measurement systems.
An optimal and fully explicit rate controller for high-speed networks

We have designed and investigated a new congestion control scheme, called the OFEX (Optimal and Fully EXplicit) controller. Different from the existing relatively explicit controllers, this new scheme is able to provide not only optimal bandwidth allocation but also fully explicit congestion signal to sources. It overcomes the drawback of the relatively explicit controllers that “bias” the multi-bottlenecked users, and improves their convergence speed and source throughput performance. Furthermore, the OFEX controller design considers a dynamic model by proposing a remedial measure against the unpredictable bandwidth changes in contention-based networks (such as shared Ethernet and IEEE 802.11). Compared with the former works/controllers, such a remedy also effectively reduces the instantaneous queue size in a link, and thus significantly improving the queueing delay and system stability performance. We have evaluated the effectiveness of the OFEX controller in OPNET. The experimental comparison verifies the superiority of the OFEX controller.
Prognostic significance of p53 immunohistochemical expression in adenoid cystic carcinoma of the salivary glands: a meta-analysis

Adenoid cystic carcinoma of salivary glands is a rare adenocarcinoma and has been placed in “high-risk” category as poor long-term prognosis. The purpose of this study was to investigate p53 protein expression in adenoid cystic carcinoma of salivary glands and its correlation with clinicopathological parameters and prognosis. Literatures were searched from PubMed, Embase, Cochrane Library and Web of Science, which investigated the relationships between p53 expression and pathological type, clinical stage, local recurrence, metastasis, nerve infiltration and overall survival. A total of 1,608 patients from 36 studies were included in the analysis. The results showed that p53-postive expression rate was 49% in adenoid cystic carcinoma of salivary glands (OR=10.34, 95%CI: 4.93-21.71, P < 0.0001). The p53-postive expression was closely related to tumor types (OR=0.30, 95%CI: 0.14-0.65, P < 0.0001). The tumor with solid histological subtype had a strong positive correlation with p53 expression. The combined analysis revealed that the p53-positive expression rate among patients in T1and T2 stage was 41.4%, compared to 53.2% among those in T3 and T4 stage. However, there was no significant correlation between tumor stage and p53 expression (OR=0.47, 95% CI: 0.17-1.29, P = 0.14). Besides, compared to patients with p53-negative expression, those with p53-positive expression had a greater chance of developing metastasis, local recurrence and nerve infiltration as well as poorer 5-year overall survival (P < 0.01). In conclusion, the p53 expression is related to the survival of adenoid cystic carcinoma of salivary glands. It can be considered as the auxiliary detection index in treatment and prognosis of adenoid cystic carcinoma of salivary glands.
The Redistributive Effects of British Subsidies to Higher Education

This article examines the distribution of net benefits from subsidies to higher education in the United Kingdom, focusing on the system in place in the mid-1990s. We find the distribution to be regressive with respect to graduate income, with high lifetime earners receiving large net subsidies, while low lifetime earners are net contributors to the system. Our findings are of particular relevance to policymakers in the UK in light of the ongoing debate over tuition fees. However, these results should also be of interest to anyone who studies the socioeconomic implications of higher education.
Research on multi-objective control strategy of split-capacitor-type three-phase four-wire distribution static generator

To meet the requirement of high reliability, practicability and stability in low cost, a multi-objective control algorithm is proposed based on split-capacitor-type three-phase four-wire distribution static generator. The control algorithm is implemented on improved ip-iq method and certain equivalent triangle conversion; then the six target components including negative, zero and base positive sequence reactive current, negative and zero sequence active current, harmonic current, are simultaneously detected; PI control and triangle wave modulating technique respectively is applied in DC side capacitor voltage stabilizing and reference current tracking. The control algorithm can achieve dispersion compensation or any composite compensation of six target components. A multi-objective distribution static generator model is simulated on PSCAD/EMTDC, while a prototype is built on the experimental platform based on FPGA+DSP, which validate the effectiveness of the proposed control strategy.
Impact of a University Recreation Center on Social Belonging and Student Retention

While studies have been conducted to determine the social-emotional development and learning outcomes associated with participation in sport clubs, very few similar studies have been done on the recreational sports environment as a whole. It is important to know why college recreation centers are important to student life as well as to understand what overall benefits students receive from the program as a whole. This study revealed that students who used the student recreation center more frequently were more likely to be attend the university, experience place bonding, social belonging to the recreation center and the university, integration into the university and hence retention at the university. From a practical perspective, the findings provide information for the university to better understand how to attract and retain students throughout their academic careers by the presence of a student recreation center.
Hypertension and its management in countries in Africa and the Middle East, with special reference to the place of β-blockade

Abstract Background: The prevalence and clinical consequences of hypertension in countries in Africa and the Middle East have not been studied as well as in other regions. Scope: We have reviewed the literature on the epidemiology and management of hypertension and related cardiovascular complications in countries within Africa and the Middle East. A PubMed search for countries in the region and ‘hypertension’ was supplemented by articles identified from reviews, and by literature suggested by the authors. Findings: The prevalence of hypertension is >20% in some countries in the Middle East and Africa, despite an average population age that is some 10–15 years lower than those of developed countries. Hypertension in these countries is associated with an increased risk of cardiovascular risk factors and cardiovascular disease, as elsewhere. Awareness rates of hypertension are low. Hypertension and its complications are undertreated, and mortality rates from cardiovascular disease are higher than in developed countries. Conclusion: Available resources should be brought to bear on the management of hypertension in these countries. In particular, a recent downgrading of the importance of β-blockers in hypertension management guidelines needs to be reassessed. These agents are as effective as other antihypertensive classes both on blood pressures and on cardiovascular event rates. General concerns over an increased rate of new-onset diabetes with β-blockers have been overstated, although these agents should be avoided in metabolic syndrome.
Automated Performance Deviation Detection across Software Versions Releases

Performance is an important aspect and critical requirement in multi-process software architecture systems such as Google Chrome. While interacting closely with members of the Google Chrome engineering team, we observed that they face a major challenge in detecting performance deviations between releases, because of their very high release frequency and therefore limited amount of data on each. This paper describes a deep analysis on the data distributions followed by a comparative approach using median based confidence interval for software evaluation. This technique is capable of detecting performance related deviations. It is substantially different from the standard confidence interval, in that it can be used in the presence of outliers and random external influences since the median is less influenced by them. We conducted a bottom-up analysis, using stack traces in a very large pool of releases. The results show that our approach can accurately localize performance deviations at a function-level granularity, using a very small number of trace samples, nearby 5 runs.