Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Effects of Disturbance Frequency on Canopy Age Structure and Species Composition in a Managed Midwestern Oak Savanna

In the Midwest, the oak savanna is a unique plant community located between the western prairies and northern forests, but, once the most common plant community in Wisconsin, it is now one of the region's rarest plant communities. To assess the success of varying intensities of management practices, standard dendrochronology and vegetation surveying methods were used to determine the age structure and species composition in oak savanna sites that varied from intensely managed to unmanaged. Size and age distributions revealed that the number of distinct cohorts of oaks increased in less managed sites. Seedlings and saplings were present in high frequencies in all sites; however, management practices such as fire applications that were too frequent apparently decreased oak survivorship, as did the competition in the closed canopies of the unmanaged sites. A fire frequency of 2-3 years eliminates competition, but a frequency of 4-6 years, typical of fire-adapted forest communities, allows for slower-growing species and younger oaks to survive, while still maintaining a low density. In these conditions, where growth rates vary in time, the use of dendrochronology is necessary to obtain an accurate canopy structure for fire-adapted forest communities. Quercus macrocarpa was dominant in the more managed sites, but shade-tolerant species were dominant in the unmanaged site. At present, the canopy composition in the managed sites represented an oak savanna assemblage; however, the unmanaged composition was shifting to a woodland assemblage. Thus, remnant oak savanna can be over- or under-managed, and unmanaged oak savanna can be overlooked as woodlands.
Impact evaluation of weed biological control in Australia: lessons from a quantitative review.

Evaluation of the impact of biological control programs is often neglected due to inadequate time and resources, or the perception that any successful outcomes will be clearly noticeable. In this paper, the biocontrol literature was quantitatively reviewed to assess the methodologies used in past evaluation studies and to estimate the overall impact of biocontrol in Australia. Impact of biological control agents have been mainly measured in terms of damage on individual plants and reductions in weed population densities, but other broader ecological impacts are rarely evaluated. This review highlights that biological control agents have had considerable impact on both individual target weeds and populations in Australia. However, the methodology used influences the extent to which impacts are detected.
Sequence of rifting in Afar, Manda‐Hararo rift, Ethiopia, 2005–2009: Time‐space evolution and interactions between dikes from interferometric synthetic aperture radar and static stress change modeling

Thirteen dike intrusions in the Manda Hararo rift, Afar (Ethiopia), from September 2005 to June 2009, studied using an extensive interferometric synthetic aperture radar (InSAR) data set, provide insight into the mechanics of a major active rift. Kinematic inversions of InSAR data reveal that dikes opened by 0.8–3.5 m at an average 5 km depth, with volumes of 0.04–0.2 km 3 (with up to 12 m opening and a volume greater than 1 km 3 for the September 2005 megadike). Dikes have their source in a midsegment magma reservoir, which induces a local shallowing of the brittle‐ductile boundary, presumably due to thermal weakening of the lithosphere. The smaller dikes in 2006–2009 were emplaced in regions of minimum opening of the September 2005 megadike, above the central magma reservoir. In contrast, the most voluminous dike intrusions in 2006–2009 occurred near the locus of the peak of maximum opening of the September 2005 megadike, ∼10 km north of the magma source. This may suggest that tension on the plate boundary was highest there, both prior to 2005 and possibly also after 2005. Evolution and distribution of normal stress on the plate boundary throughout the rifting episode may indicate that tension near to the magma reservoir is lower than toward segment ends. Average relief of normal stresses of tectonic origin coeval to dike intrusions is comparable with shear stress drops for earthquakes, presumably because dikes in the Manda Hararo rift are intruded at low magma pressure and high tectonic stress. : Time‐space evolution and interactions between dikes from interferometric synthetic aperture radar and static stress change modeling,
Bayesian Multi‐net Classifier for classification of remote sensing data

The purpose of this paper is to investigate the applicability of Bayesian Multi‐net Classifier (BMC) to classify remote sensing data. BMC is based on Bayesian Network (BN), which is a graphical model encoding probabilistic relationships among variables of interest. Different from the BNC that has a mere network, a BMC has as many local Bayesian Networks as the predefined classes, which means that the probabilistic relationships among the features can be different for different classes. Classification is done by computing the probability of the class, given the particular instance of the features, and then predicting the class with the highest posterior probability. This method was validated using a Landsat ETM+ image of Beijing acquired on 1 May 2003. Based on the confusion matrix, overall accuracy, Kappa statistic, total normalized probability of misclassification (TNPM), and McNemar's test, classification results of BMC were compared with those of MLC and BNC in the case study. The comparison results show that BMC performs slightly better than MLC and similar to BNC. The local Bayesian Networks of BMC can also lead to a better understanding of the dependencies between bands for different classes.
Persistence and Spatial Range as Endpoints of an Exposure-Based Assessment of Organic Chemicals

An approach to the classification of environmental chemicals in terms of exposure-based quantities is presented. First, the spatial range of environmental chemicals is introduced as the counterpart of the persistence, and mathematical definitions are given for the calculation of both persistence and spatial range from exposure data. Persistence and spatial range serve as proxy measures that reflect the influence of many different transport and degradation mechanisms without the details of these mechanisms being discussed individually. Secondly, a one-dimensional model of the global circulation is set up in analogy to previous unit-world models; besides atmospheric and oceanic long-range transport, the model covers diffusive and nondiffusive phase transfer processes as well as net first-order degradation. CCl3F and 1-butanol are used as benchmarks representing long-range/long-term and short-range/short-term exposure. As a first test of the model, the distribution behavior of these two chemicals is quantifi.
COVERAGE PREDICTION OF HF WIRELESS NETWORK FOR DISASTER EARLY WARNING SYSTEM IN INDONESIA

HF Radio communication (2 â€“ 25 MHz) is relatively low cost beyond the line-of-sight application. And have an alternative to satellite and tropospheric scatter communication. Using the wireless sensor array network for monitoring and identifying of sea, land, mountain etc which deal with activity of earthquake disaster in relatively small area. The data collected and processed in one center node regional divisions, then using the HF wireless network build a national disaster early warning system. The important medium for HF radio communication is Ionosphere, which have spatially and temporally propagation characteristics, but when used appropriate time and location a long range communication can be done. This paper focuses on coverage prediction of point to point HF radio communication, which used to communicate from six center node regional divisions to national main control system in Indonesia. Using statistical based tool communication analysis and prediction program VOACAP is yielded that the best communication can be done at disaster frequency 12.6MHz almost all day long. Padang, Pontianak, Palu, Ambon, Kupang and Tembagapura is set as center node regional divisions with main control system at Surabaya, they have coverage capability when used in the disaster early warning system in Indonesia. Keyword: coverage prediction, HF radio communication, wireless sensor array.
New 3D Bolton standards: coregistration of biplane x rays and 3D CT

The Bolton Standards 'normative' cohort (16 males, 16 females) have been invited back to the Bolton-Brush Growth Study Center for new biorthogonal plain film head x-rays and 3D (three dimensional) head CT-scans. A set of 29 3D landmarks were identified on both their biplane head film and 3D CT images. The current 3D CT image is then superimposed onto the landmarks collected from the current biplane head films. Three post-doctoral fellows have collected 37 3D landmarks from the Bolton Standards' 40 - 70 year old biplane head films. These films were captured annually during their growing period (ages 3 - 18). Using 29 of these landmarks the current 3D CT image is next warped (via thin plate spline) to landmarks taken from each participant's 18th year biplane head films, a process that is successively reiterated back to age 3. This process is demonstrated here for one of the Bolton Standards. The outer skull surfaces will be extracted from each warped 3D CT image and an average will be generated for each age/sex group. The resulting longitudinal series of average 'normative' boney skull surface images may be useful for craniofacial patient: diagnosis, treatment planning, stereotactic procedures, and outcomes assessment.
Category fluency in psychometric schizotypy: how altering emotional valence and cognitive load affects performance

Introduction. In clinical high-risk populations, category fluency deficits are associated with conversion to psychosis. However, their utility as clinical risk markers is unclear in psychometric schizotypy, a group experiencing schizophrenia-like traits that is at putative high risk for psychosis. Methods. We examined whether introducing affective or cognitive load, two important stress vulnerability markers, altered category fluency performance in schizotypy (n = 42) and non-schizotypy (n = 38) groups. To investigate this question, we developed an experimental paradigm where all participants were administered category fluency tests across baseline, pleasant valence, unpleasant valence, and cognitive load conditions. Results. Compared to the non-schizotypy group, those with schizotypy performed significantly worse in pleasant and unpleasant valence conditions, but not cognitive load or baseline fluency tests. Conclusions. This study demonstrated the role of affect – but not cognitive load – on category fluency in psychometric schizotypy, as group differences only emerged once affective load was introduced. One explanation for this finding is that semantic memory may be unimpaired under normal conditions in psychometric schizotypy, but may be compromised once affective load is presented. Future studies should examine whether fluency deficits – particularly when affect is induced – predict future conversion to psychosis in psychometric schizotypy cohorts.
Open-world Software: Specification, Verification and Beyond

Open-world software systems are built by composing heterogeneous, third-party components, whose behavior and interactions cannot be fully controlled or predicted; moreover, the environment they interact with is characterized by frequent, unexpected, and welcome changes. This class of software exhibits new features that often demand for rethinking and extending the traditional methodologies and the accompanying methods and techniques. In this thesis we deal with a particular class of open-world software, represented by service-based applications (SBAs). We focus on three specific aspects related to the development and provisioning of SBAs: specification, verification, and reputation management. With respect to these aspects, we provide methods and techniques that are i) suitable to deal with aspects such as change, evolution, and reliance on thirdparties, and ii) able to improve the overall quality of the systems they are applied to. More specifically, concerning specification, we report on the findings of a study that analyzed requirements specifications of SBAs developed in research settings and in industrial settings. These findings have then driven the design of SOLOIST, a language used to specify the interactions of SBAs. Regarding verification, our contribution is twofold; we propose: i) a technique for automatically generating the behavioral interfaces of the partner services of a service composition, by decomposing the requirements specification of the composite service; ii) a framework for the definition of verification procedures (encoded as synthesis of semantic attributes associated with a grammar) that are made incremental using an approach based on incremental parsing and attributes evaluation techniques. Finally, as for reputation management, we present a reputation-aware service execution infrastructure, which manages the reputation of services used by composite SBAs in an automated and transparent manner.
Detecting tides and gravity at Europa from multiple close flybys

This paper presents the expected accuracy of the tides and gravity of Europa that can be measured by tracking a spacecraft during close flybys of Europa. A reference trajectory was designed for flyby science observations and consists of a total of 36 flybys of Europa at 100 km altitude. Earth‐based Doppler measurements were created during ±2 hours of each periapsis passage and were simulated with realistic dynamical and measurement assumptions. The result shows that the degree 2 tidal Love number,k2, can be estimated to σk2 = 0.045 and σk2= 0.009 (1‐sigma formal uncertainty) assuming X‐band and Ka‐band tracking capabilities, respectively, which is sufficient to confirm the existence of a global subsurface ocean.
Geochemistry of Some Marine Fe–Mn Nodules and Crusts with Respect to Pt Contents

Bulk chemical analyses for Pt and Pd in marine Fe–Mn nodules and crusts from different provenances are presented, together with a wide range of elements. Platinum contents vary from 70–328 ppb, whereas Pd contents extend from 0.6–4.7 ppb only. Bromine and Pb show strong positive correlations with Pt. Lead is remarkably enriched in Fe–Mn precipitates over seawater, but Br is a conservative‐type element in seawater and shows no enrichment in Fe–Mn precipitates. Hence, the Pt–Br–Pb element association combines two elements, Br and Pb, of extremely contrasting enrichment factors in Fe–Mn precipitates.
ZOOPLANKTON BIOMASS OF SOME TRANSVAAL IMPOUNDMENTS AND ITS RELATIONSHIP TO TROPHIC STATUS

SUMMARY The zooplankton biomass characteristics of 11 South African impoundments were investigated to assess the value of zooplankton biomass as a trophic status index. Mean annual zooplankton biomasses ranged from 0,38 to 5,32 g m−2, compared with the mean annual chlorophyll a concentrations in the euphotic zone of 1,1 to 27,8 mg l −1. Highly significant correlations were obtained between zooplankton biomass, chlorophyll a and inorganic nitrogen and orthophosphate suggesting that zooplankton biomass is acceptable as an index of trophic status. It is proposed that impoundments with a mean annual zooplankton biomass of less than 0,5 g m−2 may be considered oligotrophic, those with more than 1,0 g m−2, eutrophic and those intermediate, mesotrophic.
Hydrodynamic Behavior of the Puelche Aquifer in Matanza River Basina

An analysis is presented for the hydrodynamic behavior of the Puelche aquifer in the Matanza River basin, Buenos Aires, Argentina, relative to the section overlying it or Epipuelche aquifer which contains the water table. By comparison between the isophreatic and isopiestic contours, a general similarity exists between the potentiometric levels, the hydraulic gradients, and the distribution of local recharge and discharge areas of both aquifers. Also, a coincidence occurs between the surface- and ground-water divides, the latter acting as a hydrological barrier which prevents ground-water inflows to the Matanza basin from neighboring basins. The volume of water flowing away from the Puelche aquifer by underground lateral movement in the northeastern section of the basin is 20,000 cu m/d (5.3 Mgal/d). This yield is supplied by the Epipuelche aquifer through vertical downward leakage, because the Puelche: (1) does not crop out within the study area, (2) does not receive water recharge from underground flows from neighboring basins, and (3) is a semiconfined aquifer. From comparison between piezometric and phreatimetric maps, curves of equal difference of hydraulic head between both aquifers can be constructed. From this analysis it is determined that the Puelche potentiometric surface is lower than the Epipuelche (water table) in 75% of the ground-water basin area. Therefore, of the total of the ground-water basin area (1,600 km2= 620 mi2), the Puelche is recharged by the Epipuelche over 1,200 km2 (465 mi2). In 25% of the area (400 km2= 155 mi2), the Puelche exhibits positive levels relative to the Epipuelche, hence discharging into the latter. Finally, from the analysis of the relation between the vertical transmissivity of an aquitard (T′) and the storage coefficient of a semiconfined aquifer (S) related to the former, it may be concluded that when a considerable difference of ground-water levels occurs, T’is less or equal in equivalence than S. The mean storage coefficient of the Puelche obtained by pumping tests is 5 × 10−4. If a vertical regional transmissivity equivalent to 5 × 10−4 day−1 is assumed, it would be necessary to have a mean hydraulic head difference of only 5 cm (2 in.) along the remaining 800 km2 (310 mi2), for the Puelche to receive from the Epipuelche 20,000 m3/d, which constitutes its effective recharge. The remaining area (800 km2) appears as a difference between the recharge and discharge areas of the Puelche aquifer. If the mean vertical transmissivity of the aquitard were 5 × 10−5 day−1, the effective recharge of the Puelche would be supplied by the Epipuelche with 50 cm (1.6 ft) of hydraulic head differential. The latter value seems to be more accurate than the former, taking into account the difference of hydraulic head measured in both aquifers.
Africa's unfolding diet transformation: implications for agrifood system employment

Purpose - – The purpose of this paper is to understand how the unfolding diet transformation in East and Southern Africa is likely to influence the evolution of employment within its agrifood system (AFS) and between that system and the rest of the economy. To briefly consider implications for education and skill acquisition. Design/methodology/approach - – The authors link changing diets to employment structure. The authors then use alternative projections of diet change over 15- and 30-year intervals to develop scenarios on changes in employment structure. Findings - – As long as incomes in ESA continue to rise at levels near those of the past decade, the transformation of their economies is likely to advance dramatically. Key features will be: sharp decline in the share of the workforce engaged in farming even as absolute numbers rise modestly, sharp increase in the share engaged in non-farm segments of the AFS, and an even sharper increase in the share engaged outside the AFS. Within the AFS, food preparation away from home is likely to grow most rapidly, followed by food manufacturing, and finally by marketing, transport, and other AFS services. Resource booms in Mozambique and (potentially) Tanzania are the main factor that may change this pattern. Research limitations/implications - – Clarifying policy implications requires renewed research given the rapid changes in Africa over the past 15 years. Originality/value - – This is the first paper to explicitly link changing diets to changing employment within the AFS.
XXI. A contribution to the study of (i) some of the decussating tracts of the mid- and inter-brain, and (ii) of the pyramidal system in the mesencephalon and bulb

The present paper is supplementary to a paper communicated to the Royal Society, February, 1894, entitled a “ Contribution to the Study of the Descending Degenerations in the Brain and Spinal Cord. ” It is based upon a study of the changes found in the brains and spinal cords of the animals (cats) used for that research.
Locating and characterising groundwater storage areas within an alpine watershed using time‐lapse gravity, GPR and seismic refraction methods

Unconsolidated sediments in alpine watersheds can store glacier melt and snowmelt as groundwater, which helps sustain flow in mountain rivers during dry periods. However, the amount and distribution of groundwater storage in rugged alpine terrain is not well understood, hindering our ability to predict the rate and timing of groundwater discharge into alpine streams. We show how non‐invasive time‐lapse microgravity surveys can be used to gauge the spatial distribution of groundwater storage changes within a large (ca 1500 × 1000 m) moraine–talus field of the Lake O'Hara alpine watershed of the Canadian Rockies. Additional ground‐penetrating radar (GPR) and seismic refraction surveys provide complementary information on subsurface bedrock topography and reveal the location of a major northwest–southeast trending depression that likely controls groundwater flow to an alpine lake contiguous with the moraine–talus field. Repeat relative gravity measurements made on a network of 80 gravity stations over and around the moraine–talus field during the summers of 2009 and 2010 reveal gravity changes of up to 25 µgal. Although the small gravity changes associated with groundwater flowing out of storage areas are noisy, significant changes are evident on the eastern side of the moraine–talus field. © Her Majesty the Queen in Right of Canada 2012.
Combination of laser cloud ceilometer, sonic anemometer, and cw-Doppler lidar for boundary layer measurements

The wind field and turbulence of the atmospheric boundary layer are important parameters for various application fields, like meteorology, atmospheric physics, environmental protection, wind-energy utilization, air-traffic control, and-so-on. Their high variability in spatial and temporal scales necessitates a fast remote-sensing method. From the available techniques Doppler lidar has proved to be the most promising candidate. Therefore, the DLR Institute has combined its well established laser doppler anemometer (LDA) and its laser-based ceilometer with a sonic anemometer. <<ETX>>
SUBSURFACE SEQUENCE DELINEATION AND SALINE WATER MAPPING OF LAGOS STATE, SOUTHWESTERN NIGERIA

A subsurface sequence delineation and saline water mapping of Lagos State was carried out. Ten (10) deep boreholes with average depth of 300 m were drilled within the sedimentary basin. The boreholes were lithologically and geophysically logged. The driller's lithological logs aided by gamma and resistivity logs, showed that the area is underlain by clays, sandy/silty clays, clayey sands and sands with shale and limestone in places. The resistivity logs delineate saline water at shallow depth at Lekki wells I and II, Lakowe and Akodo with fresh/saline water interface at depths ranging from 8 - 15m. Confined saline water was delineated at deep levels at Eredo and Akodo. Saline seawater incursion has extended in land to within 2.5 - 12.5km from the coastline. KEY WORDS: Subsurface Sequence, Saline Water Mapping Global Jnl Geological Sciences . Vol.2(1) 2004: 111-123