Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Comparative Statistical Analyses of the 1916 and 1931 Epidemics of Poliomyelitis in and About the City of New Haven *

In the following report we have assembled and compiled some rather conventional statistical data gleaned from two extensive epidemics of poliomyelitis which have occurred in and about the City of New Haven. Our interest lies mainly in analyzing certain events which occurred within this area during both epidemics, and comparing them. Such events, which lend themselves for comparison indude: (a) the time of onset and decline of the two epidemics; (b) the age distribution of the populations attacked; (c) the geographical location (home sites) of cases in each epidemic. It should be stated, at once, that present methods of reporting the incidence of poliomyelitis are inadequate because we still do not know the clinical limits of this disease. In particular, the problem of so-called "abortive" forms of the disease has been a knotty one, since Wickman"0 first called attention to their existence, for the symptomatology of these "abortive" forms is indefinite, including as it does, many examples of illness which seem to be merely a gastrointestinal upset, or a mild bout of fever, headache, vomiting, etc. Consequently, most physicians find it very difficult to make a diagnosis of either poliomyelitis or "abortive" poliomyelitis, except in the presence of tangible signs of the disease, such as evidences of meningitic or myelitic involvement. In any event, the question of uncertainty of diagnosis has excluded cases without meningitic or myelitic involvement from statistics on poliomyelitis5 7, although it is needless to point out that, if the disease is thus limited, such a concept will enormously influence views not only on the epidemiology, but also on the fundamental nature of this disease. This problem was vividly impressed upon us during the recent (1931) epidemic. For practical purposes some diagnostic criteria were necessary and these gradually resolved themselves into: (a) the development of paralysis in association with the usual signs of
Building A Highly Accurate Mandarin Speech Recognizer With Language-Independent Technologies and Language-Dependent Modules

We describe a system for highly accurate large-vocabulary Mandarin speech recognition. The prevailing hidden Markov model based technologies are essentially language independent and constitute the backbone of our system. These include minimum-phone-error discriminative training and maximum-likelihood linear regression adaptation, among others. Additionally, careful considerations are taken into account for Mandarin-specific issues including lexical word segmentation, tone modeling, phone set design, and automatic acoustic segmentation. Our system comprises two sets of acoustic models for the purposes of cross adaptation. The systems are designed to be complementary in terms of errors but with similar overall accuracy by using different phone sets and different combinations of discriminative learning. The outputs of the two subsystems are then rescored by an adapted n-gram language model. Final confusion network combination yielded 9.1% character error rate on the DARPA GALE 2007 official evaluation, the best Mandarin recognition system in that year.
A layered caching architecture for the interference channel

Recent work has studied the benefits of caching in the interference channel, particularly by placing caches at the transmitters. In this paper, we study the two-user Gaussian interference channel in which caches are placed at both the transmitters and the receivers. We propose a separation strategy that divides the physical and network layers. While a natural separation approach might be to abstract the physical layer into several independent bit pipes at the network layer, we argue that this is inefficient. Instead, the separation approach we propose exposes interacting bit pipes at the network layer, so that the receivers observe related (yet not identical) quantities. We find the optimal strategy within this layered architecture, and we compute the degrees-of-freedom it achieves. Finally, we show that separation is optimal in regimes where the receiver caches are large.
Progesterone regulates HLA-G gene expression through a novel progesterone response element.

BACKGROUND We have previously demonstrated that progesterone has a stimulatory effect on HLA-G gene expression. Because this effect was abolished by the anti-progestin, RU486, we hypothesize that this effect is through receptor-mediated up-regulation of the HLA-G gene. The objective of this study was to explore the molecular mechanisms of this effect. METHODS The transient transfection of a chloramphenicol acetyltransferase (CAT) construct containing a fragment of the HLA-G gene promoter into the JEG-3 choriocarcinoma cell line was performed. An electrophoretic mobility shift assay (EMSA) and a DNA fragment-binding enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) were carried out to locate a specific progesterone response element (PRE) in the HLA-G gene promoter region. RESULTS Progesterone treatment of JEG-3 cells transfected with the HLA-G gene promoter-CAT construct resulted in an increase of CAT synthesis, whereas RU486 blocked this transcriptional activation. A novel PRE-binding site sequence, with 60% homology to that of wild-type mouse mammary tumour virus (MMTV) PRE, was discovered in this region. CONCLUSION The effect of progesterone on HLA-G gene expression is through progesterone receptor (PR) activation, followed by binding to a novel PRE in the HLA-G promoter region. Therefore, one of the mechanisms of immunomodulation by progesterone during pregnancy may be through the regulation of HLA-G gene expression via this novel PRE.
Mind and Maze: Spatial Cognition and Environmental Behavior

Introduction The Development of Spatial Cognition: Infants and Newcomers. Gender Differences in Spatial Cognition: North by Northwest. The Neuropsychology of Spatial Cognition: In the Mind's Eye. Research on Wayfinding Tools: Maps and Minds. Spatial Cognition and Urban Design: Trapped in a Tree. Concluding Comments
Setting the Stage for Reflective Practice : Faculty Development of Multimedia Case Studies

A multidisciplinary team of college faculty and professional educators are collaborating on a four-year National Science Foundation project to develop multimedia case studies to help teachers address the needs of all students, including students with disabilities, within a standardsbased mathematics curriculum. Now in the second year of the project, Mathematics for All collaborators are finalizing five multimedia case studies. This qualitative study of the project, based on observations, interviews, surveys, meeting notes and reflections from the college faculty, focuses on the impact of the project on the developmental team. The data reveal that the process of working together to create the multimedia case studies has influenced college faculty thinking in at least three important ways: 1) media are newly seen as an artifact for learning in higher education classrooms 2) faculty members are connected in new ways to the learning process in elementary classrooms and 3) the collaboration has created new content and pedagogical content knowledge for special education and mathematics educators.
A Modal Perspective on Path Constraints

Several classes of path constraints for semistructured data are analysed and a number of decidability and complexity results proved for such constraints. While some of these decidability results were known before, it is believed that the improved complexity bounds are new. Proofs are based on techniques from modal logic and automata theory. This modal logic perspective sheds additional light on the reasons for previously known decidability and complexity results.
Positive Inotropy Contributes to the Hemodynamic Mechanism of Action of Flosequinan (BTS 49465) in the Intact Dog

Flosequinan (BTS 49465) is a putative, selective direct-acting balanced vasodilator currently undergoing evaluation for the treatment of congestive heart failure (CHF) and hypertension. We examined the pharmacologic action of flosequinan and compared it to milrinone and nitroprusside (SNP). In ferret papillary muscle, in vitro, flosequinan (1–100 μM) increased the rate of force development up to 116%. The effect was not blocked by nadolol (10 μM) Flosequinan was less effective than milrinone and SNP as a relaxant of canine renal and coronary arteries, in vitro, since 100 p.M of flosequinan produced less than 50% relaxation of the arteries, whereas milrinone or SNP (100 μM) produced between 85 and 125% relaxation of the precontracted arteries. Flosequinan, SNP, and milrinone (100 μM) completely relaxed precontracted canine mesenteric veins. Fifteen minutes after intraduodenal administration (i.d.) of flosequinan (0.3, 1.0, and 3.0 mg/kg) to anesthetized dogs (n = 7), mean left ventricular (LV) dP/dT increased by 11, 27, and 54%, respectively, whereas total peripheral resistance (TPR) decreased by 4, 4, and 13%, and mean arterial pressure (MAP) decreased by 7, 14, and 23%, respectively. Flosequinan was 4.6 times more potent as a positive inotrope than as a vasodilator. The hemodynamic profile of milrinone was similar to that of flosequinan, except milrinone produced greater increases in LV dP/dT and decreases in MAP and TPR. In contrast, SNP (1, 3, and 10 μg/kg/min i.v.) decreased TPR (7, 18, and 34%, respectively) and MAP (14, 32, and 41%, respectively) without any increase in LV dP/dT. In dogs with propranolol-induced heart failure (PIHF), flosequinan (1.0 and 3.0 mg/kg, i.d.) increased mean myocardial dP/dT by 54 and 84% (n = 5) and MAP, but decreased TPR. The data show that (a) the hemodynamic effects of flosequinan in the normal and PIHF dogs were primarily due to positive inotropy rather than to arterial vasodilation and (b) the positive inotropic effect of flosequinan is independent of catecholamines, since it occurred in dogs with PIHF. The beneficial effect of flosequinan in patients with CHF may not be mediated by balanced vasodilation.
ISOPRENOID PATHWAY DYSFUNCTION IN HUMAN MALE INFERTILITY

The isoprenoid pathway produces 3 key metabolites: digoxin (membrane sodium-potassium ATPase inhibitor and regulator of neurotransmitter transport), dolichol (regulates N-glycosylation of proteins), and ubiquinone (free radical scavenger). The pathway was assessed in patients with human male infertility (oligospermia and decreased motility). It was also studied for comparison in patients with right hemispheric, left hemispheric, and bihemispheric dominance. The results of the study showed that the isoprenoid pathway was upregulated with increased digoxin synthesis in all 3 groups of patients. There was also a reduction in membrane Na + -K + ATPase activity and serum magnesium levels. There was an increase in tryptophan catabolites and a reduction in tyrosine catabolites. The dolichol and glycoconjugate levels increased and lysosomal stability was reduced with increased serum lysosomal enzymes in all 3 groups. The ubiquinone levels were low and free radicals increased. The cholesterol:phospholipid ratio increased and glycoconjugate was reduced in the membrane of these patients. This pattern correlated with those in right hemispheric dominance. The significance of these factors in the pathogenesis of human male infertility is discussed.
Cell Painting, a high-content image-based assay for morphological profiling using multiplexed fluorescent dyes

In morphological profiling, quantitative data are extracted from microscopy images of cells to identify biologically relevant similarities and differences among samples based on these profiles. This protocol describes the design and execution of experiments using Cell Painting, which is a morphological profiling assay that multiplexes six fluorescent dyes, imaged in five channels, to reveal eight broadly relevant cellular components or organelles. Cells are plated in multiwell plates, perturbed with the treatments to be tested, stained, fixed, and imaged on a high-throughput microscope. Next, an automated image analysis software identifies individual cells and measures ∼1,500 morphological features (various measures of size, shape, texture, intensity, and so on) to produce a rich profile that is suitable for the detection of subtle phenotypes. Profiles of cell populations treated with different experimental perturbations can be compared to suit many goals, such as identifying the phenotypic impact of chemical or genetic perturbations, grouping compounds and/or genes into functional pathways, and identifying signatures of disease. Cell culture and image acquisition takes 2 weeks; feature extraction and data analysis take an additional 1–2 weeks.
3D Mesh Segmentation Based on Markov Random Fields and Graph Cuts

3D Mesh segmentation has become an important research field in computer graphics during the past few decades. Many geometry based and semantic oriented approaches for 3D mesh segmentation has been presented. However, only a few algorithms based on Markov Random Field (MRF) has been presented for 3D object segmentation. In this letter, we present a definition of mesh segmentation according to the labeling problem. Inspired by the capability of MRF combining the geometric information and the topology information of a 3D mesh, we propose a novel 3D mesh segmentation model based on MRF and Graph Cuts. Experimental results show that our MRF-based schema achieves an effective segmentation. key words: mesh segmentation, markov random field, graph cuts, SDF
Wikipedia and Encyclopaedism: A Genre Analysis of Epistemological Values

This thesis considers how Wikipedia justifies, structures, and legitimizes its production of knowledge. To do so the thesis positions Wikipedia as a site of conflict over the epistemic values between its wiki and encyclopaedic traditions. Through the literature review, the wiki epistemology is argued to be composed of six values: self-identification, collaboration, co-construction, cooperation, trust in the community, and constructionism. While these values are explicit, encyclopaedism’s were not found to be equally defined. To fill this gap, the thesis conducts a genre analysis of encyclopaedism. It first identifies the genre through its communicative purposes to create a universal system of total knowledge and to use this system to educate the public. Second, an analysis of recurrent social contexts within Chambers’ Cyclopaedia (1728), Diderot & d’Alembert’s Encyclopédie (1751–72), the Encyclopaedia Britannica (1771–), and Wikipedia (2001–) find that the communicative purposes are achieved through the use of five epistemic values: utility, systematic organization, authority, trust in experts, and consistency. Third, a comparison spanning 240 years between Wikipedia and the Britannica’s article headings finds that the value of systematic organization structures Wikipedia’s articles using seventeenth century categories of knowledge. Having established two sets of values that determine Wikipedia’s production of knowledge, the thesis sets the stage for future research to analyze how Wikipedia’s epistemology is articulated in its different production spaces. Ultimately, such research may not only describe the shifting values of Wikipedia’s epistemology but also explain how knowledge is transformed and produced in the network society.
Boosting by weighting boundary and erroneous samples

This paper shows that new and flexible criteria to resample populations in boosting algorithms can lead to performance improvements. Real Adaboost emphasis function can be divided into two different terms, the first only pays attention to the quadratic error of each pattern and the second takes only into account the "proximity" of each pattern to the boundary. Here, we incorporate an additional degree of freedom to this fixed emphasis function showing that a good tradeoff between these two components improves the performance of Real Adaboost algorithm. Re- sults over several benchmark problems show that an error rate reduction, a faster convergence and overfitting robustness can be achieved.
Identification and Antimicrobial Activity Detection of Lactic Acid Bacteria Isolated from Corn Stover Silage

A total of 59 lactic acid bacteria (LAB) strains were isolated from corn stover silage. According to phenotypic and chemotaxonomic characteristics, 16S ribosomal DNA (rDNA) sequences and recA gene polymerase chain reaction amplification, these LAB isolates were identified as five species: Lactobacillus (L.) plantarum subsp. plantarum, Pediococcus pentosaceus, Enterococcus mundtii, Weissella cibaria and Leuconostoc pseudomesenteroides, respectively. Those strains were also screened for antimicrobial activity using a dual-culture agar plate assay. Based on excluding the effects of organic acids and hydrogen peroxide, two L. plantarum subsp. plantarum strains ZZU 203 and 204, which strongly inhibited Salmonella enterica ATCC 43971T, Micrococcus luteus ATCC 4698T and Escherichia coli ATCC 11775T were selected for further research on sensitivity of the antimicrobial substance to heat, pH and protease. Cell-free culture supernatants of the two strains exhibited strong heat stability (60 min at 100°C), but the antimicrobial activity was eliminated after treatment at 121°C for 15 min. The antimicrobial substance remained active under acidic condition (pH 2.0 to 6.0), but became inactive under neutral and alkaline condition (pH 7.0 to 9.0). In addition, the antimicrobial activities of these two strains decreased remarkably after digestion by protease K. These results preliminarily suggest that the desirable antimicrobial activity of strains ZZU 203 and 204 is the result of the production of a bacteriocin-like substance, and these two strains with antimicrobial activity could be used as silage additives to inhibit proliferation of unwanted microorganism during ensiling and preserve nutrients of silage. The nature of the antimicrobial substances is being investigated in our laboratory.
Cognitive Limitations in Aging and Psychopathology: Frontmatter

Preface Acknowledgments 1. Cognitive limitations in aging and psychopathology: an introduction and a brief tutorial to research methods Randall W. Engle, Grzegorz Sedek, Ulrich von Hecker and Daniel N. McIntosh Part I. Working Memory and Cognitive Functions: 2. Working memory capacity in hot and cold cognition Nash Unsworth, Richard P. Heitz and Randall W. Engle 3. Age differences and Individual differences in cognitive functions Klaus Oberauer 4. Stress and working memory: between-person and within-person relationships Martin Sliwinski, Joshua Smyth, Robert S. Stawski and Christina Wasylyshyn Part II. Aging and Psychopathology of Cognitive Control: 5. The aging of cognitive control: studies of conflict processing, goal neglect, and error monitoring Robert West and Ritvij Bowry 6. Cognitive control and schizophrenia: psychological and neural mechanisms Deanna M. Barch and Todd S. Braver 7. Aging and varieties of cognitive control: a review of meta-analyses on Resistance to interference, coordination, and task switching, and an experimental exploration of age-sensitivity in the newly identified process of focus switching Paul Verhaeghen, John Cerella, Kara L. Bopp and Chandramallika Basak 8. An ecological approach to studying aging and dual-task performance Karen Z. H. Li, Ralf Th. Krampe and Albina Bondar 9. Cognitive performance after preexposure to uncontrollability and in a depressive state: going with a simpler 'plan B' Daniel N. McIntosh, Grzegorz Sedek, Susan Fojas, Aneta Brzezicka-Rotkiewicz and Miroslaw Kofta Part III. Attention, Inhibition, and Reasoning Processes: 10. The nature of attentional bias in human anxiety Elaine Fox and George A. Georgiou 11. Inhibition, rumination, and mood regulation in depression Jutta Joormann 12. Aging and inhibitory processes in memory, attentional and motor tasks Elizabeth A. Maylor, Friederike Schlaghecken and Derrick G. Watson 13. Impairments of memory and reasoning in patients with neuropsychiatric illness: disruptions of dynamic cognitive binding James A. Waltz 14. Generative reasoning as influenced by depression, aging, stereotype threat and prejudice Ulrich von Hecker, Grzegorz Sedek, Kinga Piber-Dabrowska and Sylwia Bedynska.
Physician Volume, Specialty, and Outcomes of Care for Patients With Heart Failure

Background—There is an urgent need to improve outcomes and reduce costs for patients with heart failure (HF). Physician volume is associated with better outcomes for patients undergoing procedures, but its association with outcomes for medically managed diseases, such as HF, is not well understood. Methods and Results—We used Medicare inpatient data in 2009 to examine all HF admissions to acute care hospitals in the United States. We divided physicians into quintiles according to their volume of patients with HF. We used patient-level regression to compare 30-day risk-adjusted mortality, readmissions, and costs across volume groups, controlling for patient, physician, and hospital characteristics. We examined physician volume within strata of hospital volume and physician specialty. Patients cared for by the high-volume physicians had lower mortality than those by the low-volume physicians (8.9% versus 9.7%; P<0.001); this relationship was strongest in low-volume hospitals. In contrast, patients cared for by high-volume physicians had higher readmission rates (25.8% versus 21.5%; P<0001); this relationship was similar across hospital volume groups. Finally, costs were higher for the high-volume physicians ($8982 versus $8731; P=0.002, a difference that was consistent across hospital volume groups). The relationship between physician volume and mortality was strongest for internists (9.2% versus 10.6%; P<0.001) and weakest for cardiologists (6.4% versus 6.7%; P=0.485). Conclusions—Physician volume is associated with lower mortality for HF, particularly in low-volume institutions and among noncardiologist physicians. Our findings suggest that clinician expertise may play an important role in HF care.
The association between the body composition and lifestyle affecting pulmonary function in Japanese workers

[Purpose] The purpose of this study was to identify factors related to physical characteristics and lifestyle that affect pulmonary function. [Subjects and Methods] Ninety seven healthy male workers were recruited for this study, and basic information and details about lifestyle were collected. Body composition analyzer and visceral fat measuring device were conducted as measurements. Pulmonary function was measured using spirometer. A multiple stepwise linear regression analysis was performed with pulmonary function as the dependent variable. Variables with a significant association with pulmonary function on univariate analysis were imputed as independent variables. [Results] Height, fat free mass, upper extremity muscle mass, lower extremity muscle mass, and trunk muscle mass had significant positive correlations with FEV1 and FVC. Age, percentage of body fat, and visceral fat area were negatively correlated with FEV1 and FVC. Regarding the association between pulmonary function and lifestyle, a significant difference was found between the smoking index and the presence or absence of metabolic syndrome risk factors and both FEV1 and FVC. The multiple stepwise linear regression analysis with FEV1 as the dependent variable, adjusted for age and height, revealed that visceral fat area and fat free mass were significantly associated with FEV1. A similar analysis, FVC as the dependent variable identified visceral fat area. [Conclusion] FEV1 was independently associated with visceral fat area and fat free mass. FVC was independently associated with visceral fat area. These results may be valuable in preventing the decrease in respiratory function and, hence, in further preventing the onset of COPD.