Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Surviving Industrial Targeting: State Credibility and Public Policy Contingencies in Multinational Subcontracting

International economists have long recognized that market imperfections create exceptions to traditional trade models, which hold that protectionism diminishes national welfare. In recent years, some have introduced formal models of "strategic trade policy" (Stegemann; for examples, see Brander and Spencer, 1983, 1985; Krugman, 1984, 1986). These new models construe states as strategic actors, capable of maximizing national interests by implementing industrial targeting policies. As defined in these models, industrial targeting policies select certain national industries, firms, or their activities for financial support, to make them more competitive in international markets. The new models often describe states in similar terms and assume they have properties that contemporary industrial organization economists ascribe to firms in competitive or collaborative rivalries. In particular, their results depend on the assumption that state targeting confers the properties of credible commitments on national firms' consequent strategic moves. Schelling originated the formal concept of credible commitment. In this context, it implies
Valuation uncertainty and the Mallinson Report

This paper addresses uncertainty in valuations in relation to the issues raised by the Mallinson Report . It shows that valuers have approximately 1 chance in 10 of achieving values within +/- 5% of the mean value. This improves to 1 in 5 if the range is increased to +/- 10%. These figures are, however, based on average properties within each sector and are probably much lower than generally believed. Valuers may, however, achieve better or worse performance when considering individual properties. In an ex ante framework it is shown that the main influence on variability in valuations switches from growth to total returns as capital values decline. Improving the standard error of forecasts can lead to a significant improvement in the uncertainty of valuations. This points to the need for better research. The levels of valuation uncertainty reported in this paper do not imply any inefficiency in the way valuations are prepared. Differences of opinion are important in order to encourage the development of an active property market. Valuation uncertainty as identified in the Mallinson Report is not, therefore, a serious issue. A more serious problem concerns errors in valuation.
Heritable and life‐style determinants of bone mineral density

Familial resemblance in bone mineral density at five skeletal sites was measured among 160 adult members of 40 families. Each family included a postmenopausal mother, one premenopausal daughter, one son, and the children's father. Similarities in selected life‐style factors thought to influence bone density, such as physical activity, smoking, alcohol use, and diet, were also evaluated. Bone density was measured by dual‐energy (total body, femoral neck, and lumbar spine) or single‐photon (radius and os calcis) absorptiometry. Correlation coefficients between the midparent Z score and offspring Z scores of bone mineral density ranged from 0.22 to 0.52 among daughters and from 0.27 to 0.58 among sons. Adjustment of bone density for age, height, weight, and significant life‐style or environmental factors yielded heritability estimates for the five skeletal sites between 0.46 and 0.62. That is, 46–62% of variance in bone density was attributable to heredity. Most estimates derived from the group of daughters were similar to those from the sons. These observations provide support for a significant contribution of heredity to bone density. However, an individual's life‐style may account for a potentially large proportion of the nonheritable variance in bone density.
Mortality and morbidity in patients receiving encainide, flecainide, or placebo. The Cardiac Arrhythmia Suppression Trial.

BACKGROUND AND METHODS In the Cardiac Arrhythmia Suppression Trial, designed to test the hypothesis that suppression of ventricular ectopy after a myocardial infarction reduces the incidence of sudden death, patients in whom ventricular ectopy could be suppressed with encainide, flecainide, or moricizine were randomly assigned to receive either active drug or placebo. The use of encainide and flecainide was discontinued because of excess mortality. We examined the mortality and morbidity after randomization to encainide or flecainide or their respective placebo. RESULTS Of 1498 patients, 857 were assigned to receive encainide or its placebo (432 to active drug and 425 to placebo) and 641 were assigned to receive flecainide or its placebo (323 to active drug and 318 to placebo). After a mean follow-up of 10 months, 89 patients had died: 59 of arrhythmia (43 receiving drug vs. 16 receiving placebo; P = 0.0004), 22 of nonarrhythmic cardiac causes (17 receiving drug vs. 5 receiving placebo; P = 0.01), and 8 of noncardiac causes (3 receiving drug vs. 5 receiving placebo). Almost all cardiac deaths not due to arrhythmia were attributed to acute myocardial infarction with shock (11 patients receiving drug and 3 receiving placebo) or to chronic congestive heart failure (4 receiving drug and 2 receiving placebo). There were no differences between the patients receiving active drug and those receiving placebo in the incidence of nonlethal disqualifying ventricular tachycardia, proarrhythmia, syncope, need for a permanent pacemaker, congestive heart failure, recurrent myocardial infarction, angina, or need for coronary-artery bypass grafting or angioplasty. CONCLUSIONS There was an excess of deaths due to arrhythmia and deaths due to shock after acute recurrent myocardial infarction in patients treated with encainide or flecainide. Nonlethal events, however, were equally distributed between the active-drug and placebo groups. The mechanisms underlying the excess mortality during treatment with encainide or flecainide remain unknown.
Women Entrepreneurs from Southern India: An Exploratory Study

This study profiles women entrepreneurs who own and manage small- to medium- sized enterprises in two southern Indian states—Tamil Nadu and Kerala. Based on their reasons for starting a business, the women are classified into three cate gories : 'chance', 'forced' and 'created or pulled' entrepreneurs. The paper argues that while there are similarities between these three groups in terms of certain demographic variables, they do differ in terms of critical business variables such as sales volume, expected growth and success factors. The start-up problems faced by the women entrepreneurs in this study are similar to those encountered by their counterparts elsewhere. However, the level of work—family conflicts are found to be lower in the case of the former.
Changing governance structures and the environment: economy–environment relations at the local and regional scales

Two substantive bodies of research have developed in recent years, both of which have a focus upon local and regional scales. First, there has been the development of work on changing forms of local and regional governance. This has drawn on a range of theoretical perspectives, including notions of institutional capacity, urban regime theory and neo-regulationalist accounts. Second, a body of research has developed into environmental policy and sustainable development, but this has largely been normative and undertheorized. While these two bodies of literature have developed separately, we believe there is merit in bringing the insights from each together. A focus on local environmental policy helps to broaden our understanding of local governance and problems of after-Fordist regulation. Such a project also helps to illuminate problems in implementing policy on the environment and sustainability. The examination of changing local and regional forms of governance allows us to identify new state spaces, which may provide opportunities for the strategic insertion of environmental objectives into economic development policies. This paper seeks to theorize such environment–economy relations and emerging multi-scalar forms of environmental governance, drawing upon case study research work in six UK local authority areas. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Product Demand, Cost of Production, Spillovers, and the Social Rate of Return to R&D

The purpose of this paper is to develop and estimate a model of production with endogenous technological change. Technological change arises from R&D capital accumulation decisions. These decisions respond to market and government incentives and generate R&D capital spillovers. A spillover network of senders and receivers is estimated. The network shows that each receiving industry is affected by a distinct set of R&D sources and each sending industry affects a unique set of receivers. For the receivers, spillovers generally expand product markets, lower product prices, increase production costs and input demands. For the sources, significant R&D spillovers cause the social rates of return to R&D capital to be substantially above the private returns.
International Trade, the Division of Labor, and Unemployment

The author merges a model of monopolistic competition in the production of intermediate goods with the Shapiro-Stiglitz model of efficiency wages to show that the introduction of international trade leads to increased employment in both countries. The intuition is that trade results in a greater division of labor due to the increased variety of available intermediates. The resulting increase in productivity yields higher real wages, thus relaxing the efficiency-wage constraint and permitting an increase in employment. The increase in employment then magnifies the benefits of trade. Similar reasoning applies even when unemployment is generated from other processes. Copyright 1996 by Economics Department of the University of Pennsylvania and the Osaka University Institute of Social and Economic Research Association.
The 'Incomplete Revelation Hypothesis' and Financial Reporting

Those who believe markets are inefficient rarely provide a coherent and refutable alternative to the Efficiency Markets Hypothesis (EMH). This paper presents the Incomplete Revelation Hypothesis (IRH) as such an alternative, and describes its implications for financial reporting research, practice and regulation. Inspired by "noisy rational expectations models," the IRH assumes that the costs of extracting useful statistics from public data keep markets from fully revealing the meaning of those statistics. The IRH can account for many of the phenomena that are central to financial reporting but inconsistent with the EMH. It predicts that investors devote substantial resources to identifying mispriced stocks on the basis of public data, that managers seek to boost stock prices by hiding bad news in footnotes, and that regulators may wish to defeat such efforts, because information that is hard to extract from financial statements will not be reflected in stock prices. The IRH also provides a number of novel and testable predictions that distinguish it from the EMH.
Development, use, and availability of a job exposure matrix based on national occupational hazard survey data.

A job exposure matrix has been developed based on potential exposure data collected during the 1972-1974 National Occupational Hazard Survey (NOHS). The survey sample was representative of all U.S. non-agricultural businesses covered under the Occupational Safety and Health Act of 1970 and employing eight or more employees. Potential worker exposure to all chemical, physical, or biological agents was recorded during the field survey if certain minimum guidelines for exposure were met. The job exposure matrix (JEM) itself is a computerized database that assists the user in determining potential chemical or physical exposures in occupational settings. We describe the structure and possible uses of the job exposure matrix. In one example, potential occupational exposures to elemental lead were grouped by industry and occupation. In a second example, the matrix was used to determine exposure classifications in a hypothetical case-control study. Present availability as well as future enhancements of the job exposure matrix are described.
Competition and Reputation

In this paper we analyze the interaction of two disciplinary mechanisms: competition and reputation. We first study a dynamic model of monopolistic competition with experienced goods (i.e., quality is observed after goods are purchased). When market power is high enough, reputation results in the equilibrium with perfect information being sustainable. If consumers' expectations satisfy a weak regularity condition, then there is a unique sequential equilibrium with quality goods being produced and the price has a mark-up which is either the full information monopolistic mark-up or, if this is not sustainable (e.g., when goods are very close substitutes), the rate of time preference, that acts as a reputation constraint. A variation of the model allows us to study the private provision of currencies. In particular, we inquire whether Bertrand competition between profit maximizing currency issuers would drive inflation rates to the efficient outcome, as suggested prominently by Hayek. We show that, unless firms can commit to future actions, the efficient outcome is never attained. Without full commitment, equilibria with deflation -as implied by the Friedman rule- can not be sustained, however, if currencies are close substitutes (and beliefs regular) the equilibrium inflation rate is zero.
C∗ TENSOR CATEGORIES FROM QUANTUM GROUPS

In a recent paper [Ki], Kirillov, Jr., defined a ∗-operation on the morphisms of the representation category of a quantum group Uqg, with |q| = 1, using constructions going back to Andersen, Kashiwara and Lusztig. He then conjectured that for any two morphisms f, g : V → W , the form (f, g) = Trq(gf) is positive semidefinite for certain roots of unity q, where Trq is the categorical q-trace. As a consequence, the morphisms in a certain quotient category, usually referred to as fusion category, become Hilbert spaces, and one obtains C∗ categories. We prove this conjecture in this paper for all Lie types. In particular, one obtains for any object in the fusion category a subfactor whose index is the square of its categorical dimension. If the object is simple, the corresponding subfactor is irreducible. We consider the tensor category T of tilting modules of a quantum group Uqg, where g is a simple Lie algebra and q = e, with d ∈ {1, 2, 3} being the ratio of the square lengths of a long and a short root and l being larger than the dual Coxeter number of g. Here, and in the following, we use the notations of Lusztig’s book [Lu]. It is shown in [A], [AP] that T contains a semisimple quotient category F whose simple objects are labelled by the dominant weights λ which satisfy θ · (λ+ρ) < ld, where θ is the highest root (see Section 1 for notation). Any tilting module T can be written as T = CT⊕C T , where CT and C′ T are direct sums of indecomposable tilting modules such that the q-dimension of each of them is not equal to 0 (for CT ), resp. equal to 0 (for C ′ T ). The quotient construction can be described by assigning the object T ∈ T to the object CT ∈ F , and the morphism f : V →W to the restriction fC : CV → CW . The problem is to define an antilinear operation ∗ on morphisms which is functorial, i.e. such that (f1 ⊗ f2) = f∗ 1 ⊗ f∗ 2 , where fi : Vi → Wi, and positive, i.e. Trq(f ∗f) ≥ 0 for any morphism f in F . Kirillov defined a ∗-operation which is functorial; the remaining problem is to prove positivity. The approach in this paper can be sketched in the following way: Assume that we have bases of W1 and W2 with respect to which the generators of the quantum group act via matrices whose coefficients are polynomials in q. Moreover, assume that we can find an idempotent p whose coefficients depend continuously on q such that p(q) commutes with Uqg for q in a neighborhood of 1 containing q0 = e , and such that p(q0) projects onto CW1⊗W2 , with kernel C ′ W1⊗W2 . Moreover, assume we have defined a Hermitian form on W = W1 ⊗W2 also depending continuously on q which is nondegenerate on p(q)W for all q near 1, and such that it is positive definite on p(1)W . Then it follows by continuity that it has to be positive definite
CYP2D6 polymorphism, pesticide exposure, and Parkinson's disease

We performed a case–control study of Parkinson's disease (PD) in a population characterized by a high prevalence of pesticide exposure and studied the joint effect of pesticide exposure and CYP2D6. Although they are based on a small group of subjects with the joint exposure, our findings are consistent with a gene–environment interaction disease model according to which (1) pesticides have a modest effect in subjects who are not CYP2D6 poor metabolizers, (2) pesticides' effect is increased in poor metabolizers (approximately twofold), and (3) poor metabolizers are not at increased PD risk in the absence of pesticide exposure. Ann Neurol 2004
Diagnostic criteria, severity classification and guidelines of lichen sclerosus et atrophicus

We established diagnostic criteria and severity classification of lichen sclerosus et atrophicus, because there is no established diagnostic criteria or widely accepted severity classification of the disease. Also, there is no clinical guideline for lichen sclerosus et atrophicus in Japan, so we proposed its clinical guideline. The clinical guidelines were formulated by clinical questions and recommendations on the basis of evidence‐based medicine according to the New Minds Clinical Practice Guideline Creation Manual (version 1.0). We aimed to make the guidelines easy to use and reliable including the newest evidence, and to present guidance for various clinical problems in treatment of lichen sclerosus et atrophicus.
Effectiveness of Vitamin D Supplementation for Cardiovascular Health Outcomes

There is a plausible physiological theory, supported by many observational studies, that vitamin D supplementation should be effective for improving cardiovascular end points, such as blood pressure (BP), large artery stiffness, atherosclerosis, endothelial function and clinical events. However, results from randomised controlled trials (RCTs) have been inconsistent. In this review, we evaluated the evidence regarding the effectiveness of vitamin D supplementation for cardiovascular surrogate and hard clinical end points. RCTs were assessed in terms of sample size, duration of supplementation, baseline vitamin D level inclusion criteria (i.e., absence of vitamin D deficiency), dosage of vitamin D and population under investigation. Forty-five RCTs were identified. Eight RCTs with BP and 6 RCTs with large artery stiffness as the end points were found to comply with guidelines for the optimal design of clinical trials evaluating nutrient effects. Only 2 of the RCTs with an optimal design were effective in decreasing BP with vitamin D supplementation, although these were of moderate sample size (<150) and very short duration (8 weeks for both), whilst no RCT was effective in reducing large artery stiffness. Similar results were observed for atherosclerotic and endothelial function markers as end points. Only 1 RCT reported cardiovascular events as an end point and found neither increased nor decreased incident cardiovascular events over 7 years of follow-up. In conclusion, results from published RCTs indicate that vitamin D supplementation is ineffective in improving cardiovascular health among various patient populations, including in the presence or absence of vitamin D deficiency.
Sources of Information, Consumer Attitudes on Nutrition, and Consumption of Dairy Products

Commodity promotion programs, paid for by producers, may be a source of nutrition information for consumers. The analytical approach treats sources of nutrient and health information, consumers' attitudes, and behaviors sequentially. The National Dairy Board's promotion of the calcium-related benefits of dairy products is one case where nutritional messages, through their impact on attitudes, do effect change in dietary behavior.
Xylitol: effects on the acquisition of cariogenic species in infants.

PURPOSE The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of xylitol gum (XG) on the acquisition pattern of 39 bacterial species, including mutans streptococci (MS), in infants. METHODS Ninety-seven mothers (MS counts > 10(5) CFU/ml) were randomly divided into 4 groups and received: (1) XG (4.2 gm/day); (2) XG (6 months after baseline exams); (3) sorbitol gum (4.2 gm/day); or (4) no gum. Groups 1 and 3 chewed gum 3 times a day for 9 months. Microbiota of plaque and saliva samples from the mother-child pairs were analyzed by culturing and via checkerboard DNA-DNA hybridization. RESULTS MS was isolated from 33% of the predentate infant (< or =5 months old) baseline saliva samples and from 41% of the saliva and 65% of the plaque samples at the final visit. At baseline, positive responses to "mother's checking of baby's food temperature using baby's spoon" and "starting a bottle after stopping breast-feeding" were significant predictors (P = .009 and P < .001, respectively) of infant's total streptococci counts. At the final visit (9 months later), there were no significant differences between treatment groups for infants' 39 microbial plaque species, including MS. CONCLUSIONS Maternal use of xylitol gum did not result in statistically significant differences in the microbial plaque composition of 9- to 14-month-old infants.
Cetuximab induce antibody‐dependent cellular cytotoxicity against EGFR‐expressing esophageal squamous cell carcinoma

To evaluate the possibility of treatment with antiepidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) mAb, Cetuximab against esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (SCC), we performed detail analysis of the antibody‐dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC) mediated by Cetuximab against esophageal SCC. Esophageal SCC cell lines with various levels of EGFR (n = 8) were evaluated for their Cetuximab‐mediated ADCC by 51Cr‐release assay. As a result, Cetuximab was able to induce ADCC against EGFR‐expressing esophageal SCC and the activities reflected the degree of EGFR expression on the esophageal SCC. The activities of Cetuximab‐mediated ADCC by patients' PBMC were impaired in comparison with those by healthy donors' PBMC. Moreover, the inhibition of transforming growth factor (TGF)‐β could enhance Cetuximab‐mediated ADCC against TGF‐β‐producing SCC. In conclusion, Cetuximab was able to induce ADCC against EGFR‐expressing esophageal SCC. Some modalities aiming at enhancing the Cetuximab‐mediated ADCC may be necessary for successful Cetuximab treatment of patients with esophageal SCC. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.