Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
The double function of the gate. Social inclusion and exclusion in gated communities and security zones

The EUREX course has dealt with three issues: the spatial impact of ongoing transformation processes, the role of housing, and social exclusion. This paper argues that the spatial impact of ongoing transformation processes leads to a (new) transformation in housing supply in European countries. One of the consequences is the rise of gated communities. Both the community aspect and the gate aspect are questioned. The author asserts that the gate serves a double function of social inclusion and social exclusion. Starting from American literature the paper questions the applicability of the American perspective on Europe. After making up Dutch examples of gated communities, the paper discusses the social conditions for the rise of gated communities in Europe.
The Efficient Breach Theory

This article discusses the moral objection to the efficient breach theory, specifically the objection that it is not based upon a moral obligation to perform a contract. The efficient breach theory endorses the immoral behaviour of breaching a promise whenever the consequences of breach are considered to be superior (in the sense that they are more efficient or better) to those of performance. It considers that contracts (namely, those promises in which legal rules and institutions are involved) are simply vehicles for achieving economic efficiency. The efficient breach theory has been challenged by a number of critics. It is the idea underlying promissory obligations that a promise excludes or ignores the ordinary grounds – for example, utilitarian grounds – that a promisor may bear in mind and consider in the course of making the decision about whether they should perform the promise. This characteristic of promises can be explained by saying that a promise creates an exclusionary reason for action. This article also addresses two crucial questions. First, why do promises create exclusionary reasons for action in the first place? Without answering this question, it would be difficult to argue that promises should be understood differently from the way the efficient breach theory understands them. Second, how do we decide when breaching a promise is or is not immoral? This question is significant because without such knowledge, it would be difficult to argue that the efficient breach theory endorses the immoral behaviour of promise-breaking once a better opportunity presents itself.
Hamstring Graft Size Prediction

Background Recently we retrospectively collected clinical data to predict hamstring graft diameter. Prospective data collection will improve and further define prediction of hamstring graft size. Hypothesis Clinical anthropometric data can be used to predict hamstring graft size. Study Design Cohort study (prevalence); Level of evidence, 1. Methods Fifty consecutive patients with anterior cruciate ligament deficiency scheduled for reconstruction using hamstring autograft were prospectively evaluated. Preoperatively we recorded height, weight, body mass index, age, gender, leg length, thigh length, shank length, bilateral thigh circumference, and Tegner score. Intraoperative measurements of both the gracilis and semitendinosus tendons were made, including absolute length before fashioning the graft and final diameter of the quadrupled graft using sizing tubes calibrated to 0.5 mm. Bivariate correlation coefficients (Pearson r) were calculated to identify relationships among clinical data and intraoperatively measured hamstring graft length and diameter. Results Strongest correlations for graft lengths were height and leg length measurements. Shorter persons with shorter leg, thigh, and shank lengths tended to have shorter gracilis and semitendinosus grafts. Likewise, the strongest correlations for graft diameter were weight and thigh circumference. Self-reported activity level and age did not correlate. Gender comparison revealed that women who were shorter, lighter, and had smaller body mass indices were more likely to have smaller graft diameters and shorter graft lengths. Conclusion Patients weighing less than 50 kg, less than 140 cm in height, with less than 37 cm thigh circumference, and with body mass index less than 18 should be considered at high risk for having a quadrupled hamstring graft diameter less than 7 mm. When separated by gender, small graft diameters are most likely in older, short, female subjects with small thigh circumferences or young, skinny, male subjects with small thigh circumferences and low body mass index. Common clinical measurements can be used for preoperative identification of patients at risk for insufficient graft tissue and would be useful for patient counseling and alternative graft source planning.
Pathology of Mouse Models of Accelerated Aging

Progeroid mouse models display phenotypes in multiple organ systems that suggest premature aging and resemble features of natural aging of both mice and humans. The prospect of a significant increase in the global elderly population within the next decades has led to the emergence of “geroscience,” which aims at elucidating the molecular mechanisms involved in aging. Progeroid mouse models are frequently used in geroscience as they provide insight into the molecular mechanisms that are involved in the highly complex process of natural aging. This review provides an overview of the most commonly reported nonneoplastic macroscopic and microscopic pathologic findings in progeroid mouse models (eg, osteoporosis, osteoarthritis, degenerative joint disease, intervertebral disc degeneration, kyphosis, sarcopenia, cutaneous atrophy, wound healing, hair loss, alopecia, lymphoid atrophy, cataract, corneal endothelial dystrophy, retinal degenerative diseases, and vascular remodeling). Furthermore, several shortcomings in pathologic analysis and descriptions of these models are discussed. Progeroid mouse models are valuable models for aging, but thorough knowledge of both the mouse strain background and the progeria-related phenotype is required to guide interpretation and translation of the pathology data.
The money supply in macroeconomics

The notion that the quantity of money in an economy might be endogenously determined has a long history. Even so, it has never been part of mainstream economic thinking which has remained dominated by the view that the policymaker somehow controls the stock of money and that interest rates are market-determined. However, the need to design and operate a monetary policy that works for modern economies as they are currently constructed, has led to the emergence of the so-called ‘new consensus macroeconomics’ in which it is recognised that the policymaker sets a short-term interest rate and the quantities of money and credit are demand-determined. This paper looks at the way in which this ‘new consensus’ is (at last) forcing a recognition, in the teaching of money, that the money supply is endogenously determined. It also shows how we can take this further by adding a banking sector to a model of the real economy in which the money supply is endogenously determined. The paper ends by showing how some of the issues currently emerging in the new consensus are very closely related to earlier debates amongst post Keynesian economists.
Lost in Translation? The Prevalence and Performance Impact of Corporate Social Responsibility in Franchising

Corporate social responsibility (CSR) is much discussed by researchers and executives and often occupies a prominent position on corporate Internet sites. Yet, little is known about CSR initiatives in franchising, although there are significant organizational differences between corporate firms and franchised chains. Building on the strategic view of CSR and using data from 76 franchise systems, this study explores the prevalence and performance outcomes of CSR in franchising. We focus on system�? specific, industry, and competitive factors that determine the degree to which franchise systems behave in a socially responsible manner and on performance effects of CSR initiatives targeted toward various stakeholder groups.
Exhaustive Analysis of a Genotype Space Comprising 1015 Central Carbon Metabolisms Reveals an Organization Conducive to Metabolic Innovation

All biological evolution takes place in a space of possible genotypes and their phenotypes. The structure of this space defines the evolutionary potential and limitations of an evolving system. Metabolism is one of the most ancient and fundamental evolving systems, sustaining life by extracting energy from extracellular nutrients. Here we study metabolism’s potential for innovation by analyzing an exhaustive genotype-phenotype map for a space of 1015 metabolisms that encodes all possible subsets of 51 reactions in central carbon metabolism. Using flux balance analysis, we predict the viability of these metabolisms on 10 different carbon sources which give rise to 1024 potential metabolic phenotypes. Although viable metabolisms with any one phenotype comprise a tiny fraction of genotype space, their absolute numbers exceed 109 for some phenotypes. Metabolisms with any one phenotype typically form a single network of genotypes that extends far or all the way through metabolic genotype space, where any two genotypes can be reached from each other through a series of single reaction changes. The minimal distance of genotype networks associated with different phenotypes is small, such that one can reach metabolisms with novel phenotypes – viable on new carbon sources – through one or few genotypic changes. Exceptions to these principles exist for those metabolisms whose complexity (number of reactions) is close to the minimum needed for viability. Increasing metabolic complexity enhances the potential for both evolutionary conservation and evolutionary innovation.
Why Not Cash Out Home Equity? Reflections on the Finnish Case

Abstract Recently, many governments have sought ways to secure the provision of an adequate level of income for their ageing populations. The notion that citizens themselves should provide a part of their future livelihood is gaining ground in European societies. One possibility is to apply the wealth that individuals have accumulated during their lives. An owner-occupied dwelling is the largest piece of wealth that ordinary households possess. It constitutes an asset that households can transform into money. Banks have developed various financial instruments for households to transform their housing equity into money. However, housing is not a comparable asset to financial investments, such as stocks or shares. Homes have a special meaning for individuals, and this makes a dwelling a special good that cannot be traded at will. This article is based on a qualitative interview study conducted in Finland. We will examine how Finnish homeowners justify their generally negative attitudes towards using housing equity. One of the issues that households face is that by employing financial instruments, they would be remortgaging a debt-free house, and homeowners would find this undesirable. Is there a specific moral aversion to debt? Is the owner-occupied house a “sacred” possession that cannot be cashed out?
Los Modelos DSGE: Una Respuesta De La Discusión Macroeconomica (DSGE Models: An Answer to the Macroeconomic Discussion )

Models of Dynamic Stochastic General Equilibrium (DSGE) are based on the theory of general equilibrium that influences contemporary macroeconomics. This instrument explains the aggregate economic phenomena derived from microeconomic principles, and, as a special characteristic, the DSGE models are not vulnerable to the Lucas critique. Also, those consider that the economy is affected by random shocks. In this sense, empirical analysis seeks for the sources of economic fluctuations. This paper presents an overview of the theoretical literature on economic fluctuations in order to reflect on the development of modern macroeconomics, the reflection culminating with an overview of the DSGE
Perceiving spatial relationships in computer-generated images

The sources of visual information that must be present to correctly interpret spatial relations in images, the relative importance of different visual information sources with regard to metric judgments of spatial relations in images, and the ways that the task in which the images are used affect the visual information's usefulness are discussed. Cue theory, which states that the visual system computes the distances of objects in the environment based on information from the posture of the eyes and from the patterns of light projected onto the retinas by the environment, is presented. Three experiments in which the influence of pictorial cues on perceived spatial relations in computer-generated images was assessed are discussed. Each experiment examined the accuracy with which subjects matched the position, orientation, and size of a test object with a standard by interactively translating, rotating, and scaling the test object. <<ETX>>
G‐CSF induction early in uropathogenic Escherichia coli infection of the urinary tract modulates host immunity

Uropathogenic Escherichia coli (UPEC), the causative agent of approximately 85% of urinary tract infections (UTI), is a major health concern primarily affecting women. During infection, neutrophils infiltrate the bladder, but the mechanism of recruitment is not well understood. Here, we investigated the role of UPEC‐induced cytokine production in neutrophil recruitment and UTI progression. We first examined the kinetics of cytokine expression during UPEC infection of the bladder, and their contribution to neutrophil recruitment. We found that UPEC infection induces expression of several pro‐inflammatory cytokines including granulocyte colony‐stimulating factor (G‐CSF, CSF‐3), not previously known to be involved in the host response to UTI. G‐CSF induces neutrophil emigration from the bone marrow; these cells are thought to be critical for bacterial clearance during infection. Upon neutralization of G‐CSF during UPEC infection, we found fewer circulating neutrophils, decreased neutrophil infiltration into the bladder and, paradoxically, a decreased bacterial burden in the bladder. However, depletion of G‐CSF resulted in a corresponding increase in macrophage‐activating cytokines, such as monocyte chemotactic protein‐1 (MCP‐1, CCL‐2) and Il‐1β, which may be key in host response to UPEC infection, potentially resolving the paradoxical decreased bacterial burden. Thus, G‐CSF acts in a previously unrecognized role to modulate the host inflammatory response during UPEC infection.
Manufacturing Investment and Taxation in the Nordic Countries

The accumulation of fixed productive capital in the manufacturing industries of Denmark, Finland, Norway, and Sweden is analyzed for the period 1965-90. Particular attention is given to the effect of taxes on this process. The following conclusions appear fairly robust across countries: cointegrating long-run relationships can be found within the framework of the neoclassical model; the error-correction estimations indicate that investment is relatively sensitive to economic shocks; and taxes do not seem to have had significant effects on either long-run capital levels or the timing of investment. Copyright 1994 by The editors of the Scandinavian Journal of Economics.
THE EFFECT OF TWO MENTORING MODELS ON TEACHER ATTRITION

Title of Dissertation: THE EFFECT OF TWO MENTORING MODELS ON TEACHER ATTRITION Michael P. Kuhaneck, Doctor of Education, 2015 Dissertation directed by: Professor William O. Strein Department of Counseling, Higher Education, and Special Education This quantitative study employs Hierarchical Linear Modeling (HLM) to complete a path analysis that determines the effect of two different mentoring models on teacher attrition in a local education agency (LEA). The research focuses on 38 comprehensive public schools to determine if teacher attrition was impacted by a countywide teacher mentoring model employed from 2007 to 2012 compared to a school-based teacher mentoring program employed from 2012 to 2014. The research also assessed if these models had varying impact based on the level of the school (elementary, middle, or high), the setting of the school (urban or rural), and the poverty level of the school as measured by free and reduced meal rate. The results illustrate there was no statistically significant correlation between teacher attrition and the mentoring model employed irrespective of the level, setting, or poverty rate of the school. THE EFFECT OF TWO MENTORING MODELS ON TEACHER ATTRITION
Finite element analysis (FEA) based system identification of a metal-composite spar using Eigensystems Realization Algorithm (ERA)

A process of characterizing an unknown system based on the inputs and outputs is called System Identification (SI). Characteristics of a structural system include its stiffness, mass and damping matrices, eigenvalues and eigenvectors and strain energies etc. Eigensystem Realization Algorithm (ERA) is a very useful system identification technique which employs theory and concept of simple linear algebra and Hankel matrix. The aim of this paper is to implement the Eigensystem Realization Algorithm (ERA) on metal-composite spar under impulse loading. Full finite element model of a metal-composite spar in cantilever position is used for the modal and transient response analysis in MSC. Nastran. Modal analysis is used to get the frequencies and mode shapes while transient response analysis is done under impulse loading to get the displacement response at three nodes by exciting each of the three nodes one by one. These nine displacement response vectors are then fed into the ERA code in Matlab to get the displacement responses, mass and stiffness matrices and eigenvalues of the beam by black box identification technique. These structural identification parameters are then compared with the FEM and good correlation is found. The proposed system identification method perform very well and indicate its great potential within the domain of damage detection and Test-FEM correlation.
Detection of Low Level Microwave Radiation Induced Deoxyribonucleic Acid Damage Vis-à-vis Genotoxicity in Brain of Fischer Rats

Background: Non-ionizing radiofrequency radiation has been increasingly used in industry, commerce, medicine and especially in mobile phone technology and has become a matter of serious concern in present time. Objective: The present study was designed to investigate the possible deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) damaging effects of low-level microwave radiation in brain of Fischer rats. Materials and Methods: Experiments were performed on male Fischer rats exposed to microwave radiation for 30 days at three different frequencies: 900, 1800 and 2450 MHz. Animals were divided into 4 groups: Group I (Sham exposed): Animals not exposed to microwave radiation but kept under same conditions as that of other groups, Group II: Animals exposed to microwave radiation at frequency 900 MHz at specific absorption rate (SAR) 5.953 × 10–4 W/kg, Group III: Animals exposed to 1800 MHz at SAR 5.835 × 10–4 W/kg and Group IV: Animals exposed to 2450 MHz at SAR 6.672 × 10–4 W/kg. At the end of the exposure period animals were sacrificed immediately and DNA damage in brain tissue was assessed using alkaline comet assay. Results: In the present study, we demonstrated DNA damaging effects of low level microwave radiation in brain. Conclusion: We concluded that low SAR microwave radiation exposure at these frequencies may induce DNA strand breaks in brain tissue.
Market Efficiency or Behavioral Finance: The Nature of the Debate

Academic finance (also known as financial economics) espouses a methodology that has been largely discredited (or, at the very least, challenged) in all other disciplines, not to mention the philosophy of science itself. And this methodology is so ingrained that it is rarely even addressed, let alone seriously debated. The term behavioral finance, which ought to be applied to a different, more experimental methodological approach to finance, is instead applied to a set of papers that make slightly different assumptions in their mathematics/statistics without even using different methods.
A 1-MHz hard-switched silicon carbide DC–DC converter

Silicon Carbide (SiC) is a wide bandgap semiconductor material that offers performance improvements over Si for power semiconductors with accompanying benefits for power electronics applications that use these semiconductors. The wide bandgap of SiC results in higher junction forward voltage drops, so SiC is best suited for majority carrier devices such as field effect transistors (FETs) and Schottky diodes. The wide bandgap of SiC results in it having a high breakdown electric field, which in turn results in lower resistivity and narrower drift regions in power devices. This dramatically lowers the resistance of the drift region and means that SiC devices with substantially less area than their corresponding Si devices can be used. The lower device area reduces the capacitance of the devices enabling higher frequency operation. Here, the results from a 1-MHz hard-switched dc–dc converter employing SiC JFETs and Schottky diodes will be presented. This converter was designed to convert 270 Vdc to 42 Vdc such as may be needed in future electric cars. The results provide the performance obtained at 1 MHz and demonstrate the feasibility of a hard-switched dc–dc converter operating at this frequency.
Acetaminophen and hypoglycemia.

SALICYLATES and acetaminophen (Tempra), structurally related compounds, are prescribed commonly as antipyretic and analgesic agents for children. The undesirable effects of salicylates as manifested by either acute or chronic salicylism are well described.1The currently recognized side effects associated with acute acetaminophen toxicity include methemoglobinemia, anemia, hepatic cell injury, and possibly allergic reactions.2,3Recently, certain patients have been described who developed hypoglycemia while receiving salicylates.4,5The purpose of this paper is to report a patient who developed hypoglycemia in association with acetaminophen administration. Report of a Case The clinical course of this patient through 22 months of age has been reported previously.4His past history included the following features: delivery at term following a pregnancy complicated by toxemia and abruptio placenta; respiratory distress, apnea, and seizures associated with hypoglycemia occurring during the first 48 hours of life; control of hypoglycemia with hydrocortisone therapy; seizures occurring at
Performance Appraisal Systems, Productivity, and Motivation: A Case Study

One would expect a valid, reliable performance evaluation system to give employees and managers data about employees' strengths and needs for development. If these data are used to reinforce employees' strengths and to plan and provide developmental assignments in areas of need, then one might also expect improvements in morale, motivation, and productivity. This paper explores employees' and administrators' perceptions of a system with these goals, a system specifically designed to appraise performance of North Carolina “Subject to the Personnel Act” (SPA) employees at East Carolina University. The data show that a large proportion of employees, but no supervisors, are dissatisfied with the system; that neither the number of subordinates nor the time spent evaluating employees under the system affects supervisors' satisfaction with the system; and that employees' perceptions of the fairness of the system is related to trust and satisfaction with their supervisors but not with compliance with the program's procedures. Although various factors motivate employees and supervisors, pay is very important. So the legislature's failure to appropriate funds to reward employees who excel undermines the system's effectiveness. There is a need for further research to explore the relationships between employees' ratings and their race and sex. Introduction