Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Price Elasticity of Tobacco Products Among Quintile Groups in India, 2009-10

Background: Globally, policy-makers are currently grappling with both economic and non-economic measures to combat tobacco consumption. Among economic measures, advertising/sponsorship ban, alternative cropping and alternative livelihood measures are considered, in addition, to imposing heavy taxes on all tobacco products. However, the price responsiveness of major tobacco products has not been extensively studied empirically in the Indian context, especially by income status of consumers. Objective: The key objective of this study is to examine the pattern of price elasticity of major tobacco products (bidi, cigarette and leaf tobacco) by income quintiles. Methods: The study utilizes data from Consumer Expenditure Survey of households, a nationally representative data collected by the National Sample Survey Organization (NSSO) for the 66th (2009-10) round. The sample size was 100,855 households, of which 50,074 were tobacco using households. The study draws its theoretical framework a model developed by Deaton (1988, 1997) to estimate own and cross price elasticity of three types of tobacco products. The model uses the augmented utility function of consumer behavior, with a two-stage two-equations system of unit values and budget shares. The price elasticity is estimated after correcting for the effect of any measurement error in unit values and budget shares arising due to differences in quality of products. Results: Unit values were highest for both bidis and cigarettes in the richest quintile groups (Rs 0.363 and 2.52, respectively). Highest unit value for leaf tobacco was Rs. 3.27 in the second richest quintile group. Budget share regression coefficients show that an increase in household size will increase the budget share of both bidis and leaf tobacco by 0.001% for both urban and rural areas (p-value Conclusions: Overall, rural elasticities were higher than urban, indicating that rural consumers are more price responsive. Bidis were the most price elastic of all tobacco products, suggesting that increases in bidi prices will deter bidi consumption. Leaf tobacco displayed moderate elasticity, suggesting that increases in tax may result in a tradeoff between consumption decline and government revenue. Elasticities for cigarettes were the least of all products, suggesting that cigarette smokers are more resistant to price changes. However, elasticities by quintile groups indicate high price responsiveness in the wealthier quintiles for cigarettes and bidis, suggesting that increases in prices will also affect their consumption patterns. Overall, while a broad spectrum rise in tax rates across all tobacco products are critical, simplifying tax structure and tax governance must receive utmost importance in the current policy regime against tobacco control.
Syllidae (Annelida: Phyllodocida) from the deep Mediterranean Sea, with the description of three new species.

Despite almost two centuries of research, the diversity of Mediterranean deep-sea environments remain still largely unexplored. This is particularly true for the polychaete family Syllidae. We report herein 14 species; among them, we describe Erinaceusyllis barbarae n. sp. , Exogone sophiae n. sp. and Prosphaerosyllis danovaroi n. sp. and report Parexogone wolfi San Martín, 1991, Exogone lopezi San Martín, Ceberio Aguirrezabalaga, 1996 and Anguillosyllis Day, 1963 for the first time from the Western Mediterranean, the latter based on a single individual likely belonging to an undescribed species. Moreover, we re-establish Syllis profunda Cognetti, 1955 based on type and new material. Present data, along with a critical analysis of available literature, show that Syllidae are highly diverse in deep Mediterranean environments, even though they are rarely reported, probably due to the scarce number of studies devoted to the size-fraction of benthos including deep-sea syllids. Most deep-sea Syllidae have wide distributions, which do not include shallow-waters. 100 m depth apparently represents the boundary between the assemblages dominated by generalist shallow water syllids like Exogone naidina Ørsted, 1843 and Syllis parapari San Martín López, 2000, and those deep-water assemblages characterised by strictly deep-water species like Parexogone campoyi San Martín, Ceberio Aguirrezabalaga, 1996, Parexogone wolfi San Martín, 1991 and Syllis sp. 1 (= Langerhansia caeca Katzmann, 1973).
Pack‐Year Cigarette Smoking History for Determination of Lung Cancer Screening Eligibility. Comparison of the Electronic Medical Record versus a Shared Decision‐making Conversation

&NA; Rationale: Implementation of lung cancer screening programs is occurring across the United States. Programs vary in approaches to patient identification and shared decision‐making. The eligibility of persons referred to screening programs, the outcomes of eligibility determination during shared decision‐making, and the potential for the electronic medical record (EMR) to identify eligible individuals have not been well described. Objectives: Our objectives were to assess the eligibility of individuals referred for lung cancer screening and compare information extracted from the EMR to information derived from a shared decision‐making conversation for the determination of eligibility for lung cancer screening. Methods: We performed a retrospective analysis of individuals referred to a centralized lung cancer screening program serving a five‐hospital health services system in Seattle, Washington between October 2014 and January 2016. Demographics, referral, and outcomes data were collected. A pack‐year smoking history derived from the EMR was compared with the pack‐year history obtained during a shared decision‐making conversation performed by a licensed nurse professional representing the lung cancer screening program. Results: A total of 423 individuals were referred to the program, of whom 59.6% (252 of 423) were eligible. Of those, 88.9% (224 of 252) elected screening. There was 96.2% (230 of 239) discordance in pack‐year smoking history between the EMR and the shared decision‐making conversation. The EMR underreported pack‐years of smoking for 85.2% (196 of 230) of the participants, with a median difference of 29.2 pack‐years. If identification of eligible individuals relied solely on the accuracy of the pack‐year smoking history recorded in the EMR, 53.6% (128 of 239) would have failed to meet the 30‐pack‐year threshold for screening. Conclusions: Many individuals referred for lung cancer screening may be ineligible. Overreliance on the EMR for identification of individuals at risk may lead to missed opportunities for appropriate lung cancer screening.
Fine grain creation for UHDTV

A novel fine grain creation method for Ultra-HighDefinition TeleVision (UHDTV) has been proposed. To make fine grain components, multi-layer super resolution reconstruction and the frequency modulation method are developed. Base and Texture layer of images are fused separately to prevent the loss of texture components in interpolation. After, fine grains are created on up-scaled images. Fine grain creation is composed of two parts, one is diffusion of low frequency components, and the other is generation of aliased high frequency components. Those are added on the up-scaled video with matching weights to enhance the feeling of textures. The proposed method shows a better performance compared to the conventional restoration methods in terms of texture by the experimental results.
Serum-mediated Activation of Bone Marrow–derived Mesenchymal Stem Cells in Ischemic Stroke Patients

Stroke induces complex and dynamic, local and systemic changes including inflammatory reactions, immune responses, and repair and recovery processes. Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) have been shown to enhance neurological recovery after stroke. We hypothesized that serum factors play a critical role in the activation of bone marrow (BM) MSCs after stroke such as by increasing proliferation, paracrine effects, and rejuvenation. Human MSCs (hMSCs) were grown in fetal bovine serum (FBS), normal healthy control serum (NS), or stroke patient serum (SS). MSCs cultured in growth medium with 10% SS or NS exhibited higher proliferation indices than those cultured with FBS (P < 0.01). FBS-, NS-, and SS-hMSCs showed differences in the expression of trophic factors; vascular endothelial growth factor, glial cell–derived neurotrophic factor, and fibroblast growth factor were densely expressed in samples cultured with SS (P < 0.01). In addition, SS-MSCs revealed different cell cycle– or aging-associated messenger RNA expression in a later passage, and β-galactosidase staining showed the senescence of MSCs observed during culture expansion was lower in MSCs cultured with SS than those cultured with NS or FBS (P < 0.01). Several proteins related to the activity of receptors, growth factors, and cytokines were more prevalent in the serum of stroke patients than in that of normal subjects. Neurogenesis and angiogenesis were markedly increased in rats that had received SS-MSCs (P < 0.05), and these rats showed significant behavioral improvements (P < 0.01). Our results indicate that stroke induces a process of recovery via the activation of MSCs. Culture methods for MSCs using SS obtained during the acute phase of a stroke could constitute a novel MSC activation method that is feasible and efficient for the neurorestoration of stroke.
A Range Theory Account of Price Perception

It is well accepted in the behavioral pricing literature that a consumer's perception of the attractiveness of a market price depends on a comparison of the market price to an internal reference price. The rationale underlying this dynamic has its roots in Adaptation-Level Theory. However, consistent with Range Theory, we postulate that a consumer's assessment of the attractiveness of a market price may also depend on a comparison of the market price to the endpoints of the evoked price range. Four experiments provide evidence that variance in the width of the evoked price range affects price-attractiveness judgments in the absence of any variance in the internal reference price. Of theoretical importance, findings from the present article suggest that pricing theory is in need of augmentation in order to account for this effect. Of managerial relevance, these findings suggest that changes in context can bring about changes in the evoked price range and perceptions of the attractiveness of a market price. Copyright 1999 by the University of Chicago.
Nanoconfined Atomic Layer Deposition of TiO2/Pt Nanotubes: Toward Ultrasmall Highly Efficient Catalytic Nanorockets

Small machines are highly promising for future medicine and new materials. Recent advances in functional nanomaterials have driven the development of synthetic inorganic micromachines that are capable of efficient propulsion and complex operation. Miniaturization and large‐scale manufacturing of these tiny machines with true nanometer dimension are crucial for compatibility with subcellular components and molecular machines in operation. Here, block copolymer lithography is combined with atomic layer deposition for wafer‐scale fabrication of ultrasmall coaxial TiO2/Pt nanotubes as catalytic rocket engines with length below 150 nm and a tubular reactor size of only 20 nm, leading to the smallest man‐made rocket engine reported to date. The movement of the nanorockets is examined using dark‐field microscopy particle tracking and dynamic light scattering. The high catalytic activity of the Pt inner layer and the reaction confined within the extremely small nanoreactor enable highly efficient propulsion, achieving speeds over 35 µm s−1 at a low Reynolds number of <10−5. The collective movements of these nanorockets are able to efficiently power the directional transport of significantly larger passive cargo.
Where are CO2 Emission Allowance Prices Heading? The Ambiguous Role of Capital Mobility

As a consequence of the missing global agreement in the fight against Climate Change, several independent emissions trading schemes are coming into operation. From an economic perspective it would be desirable if prices of CO2 emission allowances were the same in each scheme, as this would ensure cost effectiveness and avoid competitive distortions. There are several factors that could lead to price convergence, one of them being capital mobility. The purpose of this paper is to reveal what impact capital mobility has on the CO2 price levels. Based on a simple economic model, I derive a short-term and a long-term general equilibrium for which five scenarios, covering all possible combinations of capital endowment and CO2 emission cap, are analyzed. The results reveal that the role of capital mobility is ambiguous and that depending on the initial situation capital mobility can lead to both price convergence and price divergence.
KILL RATES AND PREDATION BY WOLVES ON UNGULATE POPULATIONS IN BIAŁOWIEŻA PRIMEVAL FOREST (POLAND)

Wolf (Canis lupus) kill rates, factors affecting their variation, and predation impact on ungulates were studied in the Polish part of Biaowieza Primeval Forest (580 km 2 ). With the mean size of hunting groups being 4.4 individuals, wolves killed, on average, 0.513 6 0.04 prey·(pack) 21 ·d 21 (mean 6 1 SE); 63% of prey were red deer (Cervus elaphus), 28% were wild boar (Sus scrofa), and 4% were roe deer (Capreolus capreolus). Per capita kill rate averaged 0.116 ungulates·(wolf) 21 ·d 21 , and daily food intake was 5.58 6 0.32 kg·(wolf) 21 ·d 21 . Kill rate on red deer was affected by snow cover (P , 0.001). A pack of wolves killed, on average, 0.264 deer/d in seasons with no snow and 0.587 deer/d when snow was 17 cm deep. The increase in kill rates coincided with a decline in the condition of juvenile (but not adult) deer in late winter (mean marrow fat content in the femur 66% in October-January vs. 27% in February-March). Per capita kill rates decreased slightly (not significantly) with the increasing size of wolf hunting group. However, the amount of food acquired per wolf did not differ among groups containing 2-6 individuals, because larger packs killed bigger prey more often and small prey less frequently than did small packs. Wolf kill rates on wild boar were higher in spring-summer (0.242 6 0.06 boar·(pack) 21 ·d 21 ), when piglets were present, than in autumn-winter (0.106 6 0.04 boar·(pack) 21 ·d 21 ). Annually, wolves killed on average 72 red deer, 16 roe deer, and 31 wild boar over a 100-km 2 area. Compared to prey densities, wolves were an important agent of mortality for red deer only, taking annually 12% of spring-summer (seasonally highest) numbers of deer, which was equivalent to 40% of deer annual increase due to breeding and 40% of their annual mortality. Compared to winter densities (3-6 deer/km 2 ), percentage predation by wolves was inversely density dependent; thus wolves limited deer numbers but did not regulate prey population. By eliminating a substantial proportion of the annual production of the deer population, wolves hamper its growth and prolong the time until it reaches carrying capacity of the habitat. However, wolf predation alone is a poor predictor of deer population dynamics, because deer are also subject to lynx (Lynx lynx) predation and hunting harvest.
Specific Activity of 11C-Labelled Radiotracers: A Big Challenge for PET Chemists

Non-invasive in vivo molecular imaging using radionuclides is based on the Radiotracer Principle of G. von Hevesy and the magic bullet concept by Ehrlich (1990). Both principles require administration of a radioactive tracer (a molecule labelled with a radioactive isotope which when injected into a living object can be traced by external radiation detection devices) and require that the quantity is in sub-pharmacological amounts, i.e. that minimal mass is injected, which in radiopharmaceutical terms means high specific activity.
Calculation of Energy Expectation Values for He Atom by Using Improved Wave Function 2014

: The energies that evaluated for atomic and molecular systems have a huge important in theatrical and practical calculations and of a big consider in studding the properties of these system. There is clear the effects of correlation weave function in field studding different atomic and molecular structures and given reasons for many behaving of calculation properties of the system sin various physics field such solid state ,materials and atomic ,molecular physics . Through the recent research ,there is calculated the electron correlation in two electrons system by using a new function ,it was found in this study.That represent the correlation function which use configuration interaction principle. Correlation energy is evaluated for two electron (e . I He atom ) as a close example . The energy value of research is compared with experimental energy value , with that value was evaluated from famous correlated ( like Wiss 1961 ) and with energy value was calculated from best uncorrelated function that is Hartree – Fock wave function . This results point to wellness behave the new correlated function.
Enhanced Hypervisor-based SSD Cache with Dynamic Cache Scanning and Allocation for Virtualized Cloud System

Recently, SSD caching is widely studied for VM-based systems. In this paper we propose a novel hypervisor-based SSD caching scheme, employing a new metric to accurately determine the demand on SSD cache space of each VM. Computer simulation confirms that it substantially improves the accuracy of cache space allocation compared to the existing schemes. It also allows comparable hit ratio as the existing schemes with less amount of SSD cache for the VMs.
Simulating worm propagation in interconnected peer-to-peer networks

Peer-to-peer computing (P2P) refers to the famous technology that provides peers an equal spontaneous collaboration in the network by using appropriate information and communication systems without the need for a central server coordination. Today, the interconnection of several P2P networks has become a genuine solution for increasing system reliability, fault tolerance and resource availability. However, the existence of security threats in such networks, allows us to investigate the safety of users from P2P threats by studying the effects of competition between these interconnected networks. In this paper, we present an e-epidemic model to characterize the worm propagation in an interconnected peer-to-peer network. Here, we address this issue by introducing a model of network competition where an unprotected network is willing to partially weaken its own safety in order to more severely damage a more protected network. The unprotected network can infect all peers in the competitive networks after their non react against the passive worm propagation. Our model also evaluated the effect of an immunization strategies adopted by the protected network to resist against attacking networks. The launch time of immunization strategies in the protected network, the number of peers synapse connected to the both networks, and other effective parameters have also been investigated in this paper.
Some lagrangian invariants of symplectic manifolds

The KV-homology theory is a new framework which yields interesting properties of lagrangian foliations. This short note is devoted to relationships between the KV-homology and the KV-cohomology of a lagrangian foliation. Let us denote by AF (resp. V F ) the KV-algebra (resp. the space of basic functions) of a lagrangian foliation F . We show that there exists a pairing of cohomology and homology to V F . That is to say, there is a bilinear map H(AF , V F )× Hq(AF , V F ) → V F , which is invariant under F -preserving symplectic diffeomorphisms. Introduction. A locally flat structure on a manifold M is a pair (M,D) where D is a torsion free linear connection whose curvature tensor vanishes identically, [NB2,4], [KH], [WR1]. A real valued function f defined on M is called an affine function if its D-hessian vanishes identically. This means that the covariant derivative D(df) of df vanishes identically. Every locally flat structure (M,D) gives rise to an atlas At = (Uα, φα) whose local coordinate functions are affine functions. The pair (M,At) is called an affinely flat structure on M . The space X (M) of smooth vector fields on a locally flat manifold is a Koszul-Vinberg algebra (shortly KV-algebra). We denote it by A. This note is devoted to the real valued homology of A, [NB6]. This homology and the real valued KV-cohomology are paired to the space of real valued functions. The case of KV-algebras of lagrangian foliations is studied. These foliations played important roles in many mathematical problems and in mathematical physics as well, [GLS], [HH], [KB], [MJ], [SJ], [SW], [WR1,2]. We also overview some techniques such as spectral sequences of KV-cohomology which are clearly affine invariants. This material can be used to investigate new invariants and new properties of affinely flat manifolds and of lagrangian foliations on symplectic manifolds. The details will appear in [NB6]. 2000 Mathematics Subject Classification: Primary 55N35, 53B05, 55T10; Secondary 17B40, 17B55
CogCompNLP: Your Swiss Army Knife for NLP

Implementing a Natural Language Processing (NLP) system requires considerable engineering effort: creating data-structures to represent language constructs; reading corpora annotations into these data-structures; applying off-the-shelf NLP tools to augment the text representation; extracting features and training machine learning components; conducting experiments and computing performance statistics; and creating the end-user application that integrates the implemented components. While there are several widely used NLP libraries, each provides only partial coverage of these various tasks. We present our library C OG C OMP NLP which simpliﬁes the process of design and development of NLP applications by providing modules to address different challenges: we provide a corpus-reader module that supports popular corpora in the NLP community, a module for various low-level data-structures and operations (such as search over text), a module for feature extraction, and an extensive suite of annotation modules for a wide range of semantic and syntactic tasks. These annotation modules are all integrated in a single system, P IPELINE , which allows users to easily use the anno-tators with simple direct calls using any JVM-based language, or over a network. The sister project C OG C OMP NLP Y enables users to access the annotators with a Python interface. We give a detailed account of our system’s structure and usage, and where possible, compare it with other established NLP frameworks. We report on the performance, including time and memory statistics, of each component on a selection of well-established datasets. Our system is publicly available for research use and external contributions, at: http://github.com/CogComp/cogcomp-nlp .
Distributed and High Performance Big-File Cloud Storage Based On Key-Value Store

This research proposes a new Big File Cloud (BFC) with its architecture and algorithms to solve difficult problems of cloud-based storage using the advantages of key-value stores. There are many problems when designing an efficient storage engine for cloud-based storage systems with strict requirements such as big-file processing, lightweight meta-data, low latency, parallel I/O, deduplication, distributed, high scalability. Keyvalue stores have many advantages and outperform traditional relational database in storing data for heavy load systems. This paper contributes a low-complicated, fixed-size meta-data design, which supports fast and highly-concurrent, distributed file I/O, several algorithms for resumable upload, download and simple data deduplication method for static data. This research applies the advantages of ZDB an in-house key-value store which was optimized with auto-increment integer keys for solving big-file storage problems efficiently. The results can be used for building scalable distributed data cloud storage that support big-files with sizes up to several terabytes.