Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
GaSb-based composite quantum wells for laser diodes operating in the telecom wavelength range near 1.55-μm

We have investigated in detail the material, optical, and lasing properties of innovative GaInSb/AlInSb composite quantum wells (CQWs). The CQWs are confined by AlGaAsSb barrier layers, and a monolayer-thin AlInSb barrier layer has been inserted within the GaInSb QWs in order to achieve lasing emission within the telecom window. High-resolution X-ray diffraction, transmission electron microscopy, and photoluminescence spectroscopies reveal high structural quality of the samples. Inserting AlInSb layers allows wider QWs, and thus higher gain-material volume and CQW/optical mode overlap. This translates into better laser performances. Near room temperature, a threshold current of 85 mA and an output power of ∼30 mW/uncoated-facet under continuous wave operation are demonstrated at 1.55 μm with 10 μm × 1 mm laser diodes.
Green’s tensor and its potentials for inhomogeneous elastic media

The explicit exact form of the spectral Green tensor is obtained for 3D inhomogeneous elastic media with a single axis (dimension) of inhomogeneity. The tensor is specified, in the most general case, by five scalar potentials: axial-dilatational (Φˆz), axial-shear (Ψˆz), transverse-dilatational (Φˆt), transverse-shear (Ψˆt) and horizontal-shear (χˆ), where each potential is effectively a scalar Green function. In general, the two axial potentials are engaged in a pair of coupled inhomogeneous biharmonic wave equations. The transverse pair is coupled via a similar system of equations. The horizontal-shear potential obeys a wave equation of its own. In a restricted class of media, the biharmonic wave equations degenerate into coupled second-order wave equations. In media wherein the dilataional and shear wave motions are totally uncoupled (vanishing of the spatially dependent coupling coefficients η12 and η21,) the number of independent potentials reduces further to three (Φ,Ψ,χ) and each potential obeys its own wave equation. Finally, in homogeneous media, the two shear potentials coalesce into a single potential. In the general case, the tensor is asymmetric and its curvilinear components are independent of the azimuth-angle coordinate. The paper exhibits a new mathematical scheme that enables one to calculate the displacement and strain fields in arbitrary 3D inhomogeneous media (with one-dimensional inhomogeneity) due to any given multipolar point source. We treat the displacement fields excited by a single-point force and a general dipolar force system. In particular, we obtain the potential equations for a couple, a centre of rotation (torque) and a displacement dislocation. It is shown, among other things, that a spherically symmetric energy injection into an elastic medium with a non-zero density and rigidity gradients at the source point, will produce a non-symmetric radiation field; the deviation of which from spherical symmetry, may serve to measure these gradients.The potential wave equations are solved in closed form for a constant-gradient solid. Approximation of the potentials under the ‘mode decoupling condition’ is presented and worked in detail for the case of a parabolic velocity profile.
On the Averaged Stochastic Approximation for Linear Regression

For a linear regression function the average of stochastic approximation with constant gain is considered. In case of ergodic observations almost sure convergence is proved, where the limit is biased with small bias for small gain. For independent and identically distributed observations and also under martingale and mixing assumptions, asymptotic normality with $(n^{-1/2})$-convergence order is obtained. In the martingale case the asymptotic covariance matrix is close to the optimum one if the gain is small.
Inter Seasonality of the Energy Fluxes in Brazilian Savana—Mato Grosso—Brazil

Dynamics of flows of matter and energy these biomes are relevant to understanding of environmental processes that govern the biosphere-atmosphere interactions and between ecosystems. This study analyzed inter season and season of energy fluxes in Brazilian Savana through Bowen Ration Method. Results show differences in patterns LE in all season, LE predominant in wet while H in dry. This inversion in patterns of predominant components of the energy balance in wet and dry season because in wet season increase water content in soil and atmosphere due precipitation in this season providing more lost energy for atmosphere in shape LE through soil evaporation and plant transpiration, this results in LE and H in all season of the Brazilian Savana show higher variation in dynamics energy fluxes between surface and atmosphere, as well as energy partition in this biome. Statistics analyses presents than many climate variables influences LE and H in each season indicating complexity in this fluxes. More study is necessary to higher understand patterns energies fluxes in Brazilian Savana.
Small‐scale magnetic flux ropes in the solar wind

Small‐scale magnetic flux ropes have been discovered in the solar wind at 1 AU in observations from the IMP 8 and WIND spacecraft. These small magnetic structures (diameter of 270 RE, on average) have some similar properties to magnetic clouds (diameters of 0.2–0.3 AU or about 6000–8000 RE), which are well known large‐scale magnetic flux ropes, but have durations of 10s of minutes as opposed to many hours or days for most magnetic clouds. The presence of these small helical field structures suggests that solar wind flux ropes may have a wide‐range of scale sizes, or possibly have a bimodal size distribution, and are perhaps more common than previously estimated. Similarities and differences with magnetic clouds will be discussed. We suggest that these small scale magnetic flux ropes are signatures of magnetic reconnection in the solar wind as opposed to in the solar corona.
Thin film passivation of laser generated 3D micro patterns in lithium manganese oxide cathodes

The increasing need for long-life lithium-ion batteries requires the further development of electrode materials. Especially on the cathode side new materials or material composites are needed to increase the cycle lifetime. On the one hand, spinel-type lithium manganese oxide is a promising candidate to be used as cathode material due to its non-toxicity, low cost and good thermal stability. On the other hand, the spinel structure suffers from change in the oxidation state of manganese during cycling which is also accompanied by loss of active material into the liquid electrolyte. The general trend is to enhance the active surface area of the cathode in order to increase lithium-ion mobility through the electrode/electrolyte interface, while an enhanced surface area will also promote chemical degradation. In this work, laser microstructuring of lithium manganese oxide thin films was applied in a first step to increase the active surface area. This was done by using 248 nm excimer laser radiation and chromium/quartz mask imaging techniques. In a second step, high power diode laser-annealing operating at a wavelength of 940 nm was used for forming a cubic spinel-like battery phase. This was verified by means of Raman spectroscopy and cyclic voltammetric measurements. In a last step, the laser patterned thin films were coated with indium tin oxide (ITO) layers with a thickness of 10 nm to 50 nm. The influence of the 3D surface topography as well as the ITO thickness on the electrochemical performance was studied by cyclic voltammetry. Post-mortem studies were carried out by using scanning electron microscopy and focused ion beam analysis.
Static analysis of a functionally graded cylindrical shell with piezoelectric layers as sensor and actuator

In this paper, an analytical approach to the static behavior of functionally graded material (FGM) cylindrical shells with simply supported edges is developed. The Poisson’s ratios of the FGM shell are assumed to be constant, but it is the modulus of elasticity which varies continuously through the radial direction according to the exponential function. The shell has finite length and embedded piezoelectric layers. The partial differential equilibrium equations as well as the stress–displacement relations are reduced to the ordinary one with constant coefficient by using the Fourier series expansion. Finally, the problem is solved by using the state space method. Numerical results are given to demonstrate the accuracy of the presented method. The influences of the gradient index, applied voltage and radius to thickness ratios on the static behavior of FGM shells are also studied.
Forbidden and invisible Z boson decays in a covariant θ-exact noncommutative standard model

The triple neutral gauge boson and direct U(1)Y-neutrino interactions, being absent in ordinary field theory, can arise quite naturally in noncommutative gauge field theories. Using non-perturbative methods and a Seiberg–Witten map-based covariant approach to noncommutative gauge theory, we have found θ-exact expressions for both interactions, thereby eliminating previous restrictions to low-energy phenomena. In particular, we obtain for the first time the covariant, θ-exact, triple neutral gauge boson interactions within the noncommutative standard model gauge sector including an additional gauge-field deformation freedom. Finally, we discuss implications for Z → γγ and decays, and show that our results behave quite reasonably throughout all interaction energy scales.
SPONTANEOUS BREAKDOWN OF CONFORMAL AND CHIRAL INVARIANCE.

NOTE: Text or symbols not renderable in plain ASCII are indicated by [. ]. Abstract is included by . pdf document. We discuss the implications of a theory in which scale and chiral invariance are spontaneously broken, and the dilaton [. ] appears as a mixture of the two isoscalar members of the scalar nonet. From standard assumptions for the conformal properties of the axial-vector current, we predict the ratio of the [. ] and [. ] coupling constants, and test the hypothesis of f-dominance. At first, we neglect the effects of scale violation. Then, the calculated width of the dilaton, [. ], appears to exceed the limit given by the Adler-Weisberger sum rule for [. ] scattering, while f-dominance seems to work. Using the method of collinear dispersion relations, we estimate scalebreaking effects, which are found to be large. In the real world, our result for [. ] agrees with other expectations, both experimental and theoretical. However, the spin-2 gravitational radius of the pion is found to be double the prediction of f-dominance. This is consistent with experimental indications that f-dominance fails. We discuss meson-baryon scattering and its relation to parameters measuring the breaking of chiral symmetry in the energy density. Our interpretation of a recent result of Cheng and Dashen is that scale invariance is spontaneously broken, and chiral SU(2) x SU(2) is a much better summetry than SU(3). By requiring consistency, with a sum rule of von Hippel and Kim, we find that data for [. ] scattering are not consistent with the dimension of the chiral-violating scalar being -1.
MEASUREMENT OF RAIN TEMPERATURE

Abstract A technique for measuring the temperature of rain at the ground and the methods for calibrating the equipment used for this purpose are described in this report. A preliminary analysis of the data indicates that significant differences between the rain and ambient air temperatures usually occur in the first portion of the thunderstorm rain period and that the differences in temperature between the ambient air and the rain falling from the latter portion of the storm are small.
Heitler-London Approach to Electrical Conductivity, II. A Proof of the Hopping Motion

A foundation of the Heitler-London approach to electrical conductivity is given, which has been left unproved in the previous paper (J. Phys. Soc. Japan 15 (1960) 802), applying Van Hove's method. The hopping motion of electron is realized under the conditions: large effective mass, strong interaction with lattice and the presence of a potential fluctuation through lattice.
Transformer-Based Hierarchical Clustering for Brain Network Analysis (Extended Abstract)

Brain networks, graphical models such as those constructed from MRI, have been widely used in pathological prediction and analysis of brain functions. Within the complex brain system, differences in neuronal connection strengths parcellate the brain into various functional modules (network communities), which are critical for brain analysis. However, identifying such communities within the brain has been a nontrivial issue due to the complexity of neuronal interactions. In this work, we propose a novel interpretable transformer-based model for joint hierarchical cluster identification and brain network classification with three main contributions. First, we offer an end-to-end transformer-based approach to learning clustering assignments. Through pairwise attention, a clustering layer, BCluster, and a transformer encoder collaboratively learn a globally shared clustering assignment that is continuously tuned to downstream tasks. BCluster enhances the model’s performance and reduces run time complexity while also providing clinical insights. Second, we propose a hierarchical structure for the clustering model, enabling the model to learn more abstract, higher-level cluster representations by combining lower-level modules. Each clustering layer is attached to a distinct readout module, which allows the model to utilize the cluster embeddings of every layer effectively. Last but not least, we redesign the attention mechanism of the transformer with stochastic noise, which enhances its cluster learning capability. We compare our model’s performance with SOTA models and perform clustering analysis with the ground truth community labels. Extensive experimental results show that with the help of hierarchical clustering, the model achieves increased accuracy and reduced runtime complexity while providing plausible insight into the functional organization of brain regions.
Brief Paper Robust fault-tolerant control of networked control systems with stochastic actuator failure

Fault-tolerant control of networked control systems (NCSs) with random actuator failure is studied. An innovative model is presented for this problem. It includes three sources of uncertainties, namely uncertainties in the plant model, uncertainties in networked communications and uncertainties in possible actuator failure/malfunction. Other main features are: (i) the fault statistics of each actuator is individually quantified, and (ii) a united framework is proposed to have logic zero-order-holders embedded in the NCS. The latter enables actuators - when in normal operation - to use the latest actuating signals available to them. Based on the Lyapunov-Krasovskii functional, three theorems are proved in the study for the system stability and controller design. Theorem 1 gives a matrix inequality for the system asymptotical stability in the mean-square and is the foundation of the other two theorems. Theorem 2 shows a stability condition regarding the design of a robust state-feedback control for the system under study. Finally, Theorem 3 gives a modified stability condition that can be employed for actual design. A numerical example is presented to show how such a robust controller can be designed.
Experimental Investigation of the Interblade Flow in a Kaplan Runner at Several Operating Points Using Laser Doppler Anemometry

This paper presents laser Doppler anemometry (LDA) measurements within the runner blade channels and at the runner outlet of a Kaplan turbine model. The model was investigated at six operating points located on two propeller curves of the turbine to study the flow condition during on-cam and off-cam operations. Main and secondary flows within and after the runner were analyzed, and the effects of the hub and tip clearances on the velocity fields within and after the runner were evaluated. Operation of the turbine at flow rates that are lower than the designed rate for the corresponding propeller curve resulted in vortex breakdown and the formation of a rotating vortex rope (RVR). The RVR formation produced an asymmetrical velocity distribution within and after the runner. The results demonstrated the occurrence of an oscillating flow with the same frequency as the vortex rope within the blade channels located upstream of the RVR. This results in an asymmetric flow through the runner and oscillating forces on the runner blades. The measured velocities indicated that the geometrical asymmetries in the runner manufacturing process resulted in various flow asymmetries at the measured sections. The asymmetries were up to 3% within the runner and 7% at the runner outlet.
Promin: A Method for Oblique Factor Rotation

A usual practice in factor analysis is the oblique rotation of the retained factors. For this purpose, different rotation procedures have been proposed. The present article discusses Promin, an alternative to Promaj (Trendafilov, 1994). It is easier to use than Simplimax (Kiers, 1994) and the rotated solution obtained by Promin is very similar to the one obtained by Simplimax. Promin also seems to perform better than other well-known procedures.
Evaluation of Dye-Sublimation Printing Inks Used for Textile Printing

Dye-sublimation printing is a modern digital printing technology that is being used more and more for textile printing. Classifying and identifying ink produced by the different manufacturers can be important to understand and analyse issues like document forgery, poor print quality, and printer service needs in the market. In this paper, we classify and evaluate the performance of dye-sublimation printing inks produced by six different manufacturers. The inks are evaluated in terms of colour and reproduction accuracy on two different textile materials. A weighting coefficient is introduced in the classification threshold to consider different customer requirements like quality, application, and process standardisation during classification. The obtained results indicate that with sufficient spectral measurement data, spectral angle calculated using the spectral angle mapper algorithm and the Mahalanobis distance between the inks, this would be possible.
The photon diffusion equation: forward and inverse problems

We compute the solution to the photon diffusion equation using a state-space system. The state-space system under consideration is obtained by applying a FEM technique to the photon diffusion equation. Computing the photon density in the medium is commonly called in computational tomography, the forward problem. We investigate and present some preliminary results on the inverse problem. The inverse problem entails the identification of anomalies (benign or malignant) inside the medium. We investigate the inverse problem using an optimization setup. Specifically, we use a baseline homogeneous experiment that represents the healthy tissue to compare with the actual data. We then form an error signal between the heterogeneous and homogeneous case, which we try to minimize over the absorption coefficient of the true medium. We minimize it using the two-norm of the error signal.
Adjusting for Response Error in Panel Surveys

Estimation of the current distribution of labor force characteristics, as well as individual-level changes in these characteristics, is threatened in the Current Population Survey (CPS) by “rotation group bias. ” Similar problems are likely to arise in other surveys that use a rotating panel format (e.g., the Survey of Income and Program Participation—SIPP) or are forced to administer questionnaires in different formats from wave to wave for some fraction of the sample. This article presents an analysis of response error (misclassification error) in the CPS that reconciles observed differences among rotation groups, and we propose that the same general approach can be used to model response bias in other panel surveys such as SIPP. It is hypothesized that the greater prevalence of unemployment observed in the initial CPS interview arises from errors in classifying individuals into labor force statuses. Multiple-group latent class models are developed for the November 1979 CPS file that estimate (1) the “true” prevalence of each labor force status, (2) the prevalence of misclassification, (3) the relationship between true labor force status and the type of interview conducted (i.e., telephone versus face-to-face interview, self versus proxy responses), and (4) the difference between the error structures observed in the first rotation group and those found in other groups. Results suggest that the true prevalence of labor force statuses is constant over rotation groups once response errors have been accounted for.
Design of a 5-Station Macromolecular Crystallography Beamline at MAX-Lab

A beamline for macromolecular crystallography is under construction at the Swedish synchrotron light source MAX-lab at Lund University in a collaborative effort between Denmark and Sweden. Of the 7 mrad horizontal wiggler fan emitted from the new superconducting multipole wiggler, the central 2 mrad will be used and split in three parts. The central 1 mrad will be used for a tunable station optimised for multi-wavelength anomalous diffraction experiments and on each side of the central fan there will be two fixed wavelength stations using different energies of the same part of the beam. These in total five stations can be used simultaneously and independently for collecting diffraction data.
On Cohen-Macaulay and Gorenstein simplicial affine semigroups

We give arithmetic characterizations which allow us to determine algorithmically when the semigroup ring associated to a simplicial affine semigroup is Cohen-Macaulay and/or Gorenstein. These characterizations are then used to provide information about presentations of this kind of semigroup and, in particular, to obtain bounds for the cardinality of their minimal presentations. Finally, we show that these bounds are reached for semigroups with maximal codimension.
Minimum Variance Quadratic Unbiased Estimation for the Variance Components in Simple Linear Regression with Onefold Nested Error

The explicit forms of the minimum variance quadratic unbiased estimators (MIVQUEs) of the variance components are given for simple linear regression with onefold nested error. The resulting estimators are more efficient as the ratio of the initial variance components estimates increases and are asymptotically efficient as the ratio tends to infinity.
Near field thermal memory based on radiative phase bistability of VO2

We report the concept of a near-field memory device based on the radiative bistability effect in the system of two closely separated parallel plates of SiO2 and VO2 which exchange heat by thermal radiation in vacuum. We demonstrate that the VO2 plate, having metal-insulator transition at 340 K, has two thermodynamical steady-states. One can switch between the states using an external laser impulse. We show that due to near-field photon tunneling between the plates, the switching time is found to be only 5 ms which is several orders lower than in case of far field.
Statistical Consulting in Industry

Abstract The statistics community is showing increasing interest in consulting in industry. This interest has stimulated questions concerning recognition and job satisfaction, job opportunities, and educational and training needs. These questions are considered in this article. A central theme is that effective statistical consulting requires total involvement in the consulting situation and that good recognition flows naturally from such an approach. This concept is defined in operational terms.