Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Educational aspirations and attitudes over the business cycle

We use data from the youth component of the British Household Panel Survey to examine how educational attitudes and aspirations among 11-15 year olds vary across the business cycle. We find that the impact of the local unemployment rate on children‟s attitudes and aspirations varies significantly with parental education level and parental attitudes to education – children from highly educated families react more positively to low labour demand those from less educated families. Therefore the aspirations of children from low socioeconomic status backgrounds are more adversely affected by recessions than those from higher status backgrounds, representing a barrier to social mobility for a generation. Acknowledgements: This research was supported by funding from the UK Economic and Social Research Council (ESRC) under the grant „Understanding the impact of recession on labour market behaviour in Britain‟ (grant number ES/I037628/1) and also forms part of the research programme of the Research Centre on Micro-Social Change, also funded by the ESRC (award no. RES-518-28-001). * Corresponding author: Professor Mark Taylor, Institute for Social and Economic Research, University of Essex, Colchester, Essex, UK, CO4 3SQ. Email: taylm@essex.ac. uk. Tel: +44(0)1206 873553; Fax: +44(0)1206 873151.
Hole-assisted multiring fiber with low dispersion around 1550 nm

Due to large index contrast between air and silica, many properties of optical fiber unachievable through doping can be realized easily by utilizing air holes. We present a nonzero dispersion-shifted fiber design based on multiring index profile with the assistance of air holes. The proposed fiber exhibits small dispersion values over nearly 100-nm-wide wavelength range with very low dispersion slope. It can have applications in future long-haul optical communication network.
Distinct apoptotic responses imparted by c-myc and max.

The c-myc oncoprotein accelerates programmed cell death (apoptosis) after growth factor deprivation or pharmacological insult in many cell lines. We have shown that max, the obligate c-myc heterodimeric partner protein, also promotes apoptosis after serum withdrawal in NIH3T3 fibroblasts or cytokine deprivation in interleukin-3 (IL-3)-dependent 32D murine myeloid cells. We now show that c-myc- and max-overexpressing 32D cells differ in the nature of their apoptotic responses after IL-3 removal or treatment with chemotherapeutic compounds. In the presence of IL-3, c-myc overexpression enhances the sensitivity of 32D cells to Etoposide (Sigma, St Louis, MO), Adriamycin (Pharmacia, Columbus, OH), and Camptothecin (Sigma), whereas max overexpression increases sensitivity only to Camptothecin. Drug treatment of c-myc-overexpressing cells in the absence of IL-3 did not alter the spectrum of drug sensitivity other than to additively accelerate cell death. In contrast, enhanced sensitivity to Adriamycin, Etoposide, and Taxol (Bristol-Meyers Squibb, Princeton, NJ) was revealed in max-overexpressing cells concurrently deprived of IL-3. Differential rates of apoptosis were not strictly correlated with the ability of the drugs to promote G1 or G2/M arrest. Ectopic expression of Bcl-2 or Bcl-XL blocked drug-induced apoptosis in both cell lines. In contrast, whereas Bcl-2 blocked apoptosis in both cell lines in response to IL-3 withdrawal, Bcl-XL blocked apoptosis in max-overexpressing cells but not in c-myc-overexpressing cells. These results provide mechanistic underpinnings for the idea that c-myc and max modulate distinct apoptotic pathways.
How to ... manage your time effectively.

How to Manage Your Time Effectively Setting Yourself Up for Success Even if you don’t have any classes or work, make sure to do the following every morning: ● Wake up at a consistent time ● Eat some kind of breakfast ● Get dressed ● Check Canvas and email A good routine can set you up with a mindset for success and help you to keep a schedule. Have a good space to do your work that is: ● Distraction-free ● Comfortable ● Easy to set up When you feel stuck, change your environment, but avoid studying in bed! Create a document to keep track of where you are in class and keep track of upcoming assignments and projects (these could really help you boost your grade if it begins to drop). Remember, never be afraid to ask your professor for help. Creating Time Management Tools Here are some helpful tips to better help you better manage your time: ● Write down all important university and class dates (deadlines, holidays, due dates, etc.) ● Plan your class time ● Plan your study time ● Keep a To-Do list ● Plan accordingly for all exams, don’t forget to schedule extra study time in advance
ABNORMAL MORPHOLOGY OF THE SOFT PALATE. II. THE GENETICS OF CLEFT UVULA.

Cleft uvula was recently reported to be present in one of every 75 individuals examined in an adult Caucasian population of 9,701 individuals (9). This frequency of occurrence is approximately 30 times greater that that of the more severe, but apparently related defect: isolated cleft of the secondary palate (2, 5, 12). Nevertheless, despite the apparent similarity between these malformations, their etiologic and genetic relationships have not been clearly investigated. Moreover, since the frequency of occurrence of these two defects appears to differ markedly and, since it has been hypothesized that cleft uvula is a minor manifestation of severe cleft palate (1, 11), the need to compare these relationships becomes even more apparent. Therefore, this study was designed primarily to investigate the genetic pattern of the transmission of cleft uvula in order to compare this with the transmission of severe cleft palate. A secondary purpose of the in— vestigation was to determine the prevalence of severe cleft palate and other congenital anomalies in the families of cleft uvula probands (in— dividuals with cleft uvulae). Methods and Materials All probands demonstrating cleft uvula in a previous frequency study (9) were contacted for participation in this study. Fifty-four cleft uvula probands were selected. All of these probands who agreed to participate had at least one parent residing within 30rmiles of our facilities who was available for examination. Forty-one subjects had uvulae bifurcated up to one-fourth of the total length, eight subjects had uvulae bifurcated from one—fourth to three-fourths of the total length, and five showed bifur-cations of from three—fourths to the total length of the uvula. The families of these probands who were available for examination included 101 parents and 97 siblings.
Real-Time Counting of moving objects in H . 264 video flows

objects in H.264 video flows. In contrast to most of approaches proposed in the literature, which normally process raw images/pictures with costly image processing methods, our approach employs the motion information already contained in H.264 video sequences. So, our proposal is based on three main elements: 1) H.264 moving vectors, 2) a morphological description of the objects to be counted and 3) a forward object position estimator for reducing counting errors. A number of tests has been achieved over High-Defintion TeleVision (HDTV) video sequences (1440x1080 pixels at 25 frames per second) and results show that the proposed approach is capable of achiving real-time object counting .
Are the origins of any mental process available to introspection?

Voluntary acts are preceded by electrophysiological "readiness potentials" (RPs). With spontaneous acts involving no preplanning, the main negative RP shift begins at about —550 ms. Such RPs were used to indicate the minimum onset times for the cerebral activity that precedes a fully endogenous voluntary act. The time of conscious intention to act was obtained from the subject's recall of the spatial clock position of a revolving spot at the time of his initial awareness of intending or wanting to move (W). W occurred at about -200 ms. Control experiments, in which a skin stimulus was timed (S), helped evaluate each subject's error in reporting the clock times for awareness of any perceived event. For spontaneous voluntary acts, RP onset preceded the uncorrected Ws by about 350 ms and the Ws corrected for S by about 400 ms. The direction of this difference was consistent and significant throughout, regardless of which of several measures of RP onset or W were used. It was concluded that cerebral initiation of a spontaneous voluntary act begins unconsciously. However, it was found that the final decision to act could still be consciously controlled during the 150 ms or so remaining after the specific conscious intention appears. Subjects can in fact "veto" motor performance during a 100-200-ms period before a prearranged time to act. The role of conscious will would be not to initiate a specific voluntary act but rather to select and control volitional outcome. It is proposed that conscious will can function in a permissive fashion, either to permit or to prevent the motor implementation of the intention to act that arises unconsciously. Alternatively, there may be the need for a conscious activation or triggering, without which the final motor output would not follow the unconscious cerebral initiating and preparatory processes.
Nonlinear transient computation and variable noise tolerance

A novel nonlinear transient computation device is presented which is designed to perform computations on multiple spike-train input signals. The input signals perturb the internal dynamic state of the device in a way that is characteristic of the input signal presented in each case. These characteristics are reflected in the output spike train of the device. Experimental evidence is presented in this paper which shows that this output spike train is both a noise tolerant and a noise sensitive response to the input signal presented.
A Link Strength Based Label Propagation Algorithm for Community Detection

The Label Propagation Algorithm (LPA) is a fast algorithm for community detection. This algorithm has proved its efficiency and scalability even in large social networks. It is basedonly on updating the label of each node by the most frequent label within its neighbors. However, in case of many maximal labels, a random choice is made. This reduces the performance of the algorithm. In this paper, we propose a new version of LPA, called Link Strength-based LPA (LS-LPA), that addresses this issue. In our approach, we rank labels according to the link strength of each neighbor. The strength of links is quantified via k-neighborhood which includes common neighbors and multi-step neighbors. Experiments on different networks with different sizes show that our solution improves LPA's performance significantly.
The use and misuse of student evaluations of teaching

With the purpose of highlighting the validity and use of student evaluations of teaching (SETs), this article analyzes student grades and student evaluations of teaching performance along with nine other independent variables in the Spanish program of a major university. Data analyzed for this project represents four years of teaching and includes the evaluations and grades of 18,175 students. The most significant findings of the study are the following: There is a moderate correlation between low grades and low evaluations, but no correlation between high grades and high evaluations when all cases are considered together. Analysis and interpretation of the data suggests that SETs should not be used to compare language instructors. In addition, since the relationship between student evaluations and the actual merits of teaching performance has not been clearly identified, numerical values of those evaluations should not be used in critical personnel decisions such as retention, tenure and promotion of faculty, unless they are properly interpreted within a sound theory of teaching effectiveness.
Leigh syndrome associated with a mutation in the NDUFS7 (PSST) nuclear encoded subunit of complex I

Leigh syndrome is the phenotypical expression of a genetically heterogeneous cluster of disorders, with pyruvate dehydrogenase complex deficiency and respiratory chain disorders as the main biochemical causes. We report the first missense mutation within the nuclear encoded complex I subunit, NDUFS7, in 2 siblings with neuropathologically proven complex I–deficient Leigh syndrome. Ann Neurol 1999;45:787–790
Relationship of Goal Level to Valence and Instrumentality

Eight experiments were conducted to explore the relationships between goal level, valence, and instrumentality. Valence, measured in terms of anticipated satisfaction across a range of performance levels, was strongly but negatively related to goal level. This finding was explained by showing that low goals entail using less stringent standards for self-evaluation than do high goals. Instrumentality was positively associated with goal level. Subjects believed that trying for hard goals would be more likely to give them a sense of achievement, develop their skills, and prove them competent than would trying for easy goals. Subjects also believed that high goals would lead to more practical (job and life) benefits, as well as more pride and self-respect, than would low goals.
The progressive development of environmental education in Sweden and Denmark

Our paper traces the history and progressive development of environmental education and education for sustainable development (ESD) in Sweden and Denmark. Our main focus is on work in primary and lower secondary schools as part of a search for trends of international interest related to the conceptualisation and practice of environmental education and ESD in both countries, as well as the role and significance of democratic perspectives to their development. Traditionally, Sweden has a more centralised approach to change compared to a more decentralised approach in Denmark. Accordingly, the interplay between the State, the individual and private initiatives has differed over the past half‐century, and this has given rise to interesting effects on the development of environmental education as well as ESD. The discussion of their development in Sweden draws on historical, political and organisational perspectives, while for Denmark, we focus on how these perspectives relate to a series of challenges; for example, the epistemological challenge of the development of environmental education that resulted in ‘the new generation of environmental education’, and the effects of taking an action competence approach to environmental education. In both countries the links between the development of environmental education and ESD and the discourse of environmental protection and democracy are highlighted, as are the interplays between the State's agenda on education, the actions of research institutions, and the provision of in‐service teacher training. Sweden has become a world leader in initiatives for ESD promotion and joint efforts to spur innovations and clarification of ESD, while Denmark has mainly put its efforts into developing science education, and in this regard, has sacrificed the development of ESD.
The Structure of Design Problem Spaces

It is proposed that there are important generalizations about problem solving in design activity that reach across specific disciplines. A framework for the study of design is presented that (a) characterizes design as a radial category and fleshes out the task environment of the prototypical cases; (b) takes the task environment seriously; (c) shows that this task environment occurs in design tasks, but does not occur in every nondesign task; (d) explicates the impact of this task environment on the design problem space; and (e) demonstrates that, given the structure of the information-processing system, the features noted in the problem spaces of design tasks will not all occur in problem spaces where the task environment is vastly different. This analysis leads to the claim that there are a set of invariant features in the problem spaces of design situations that collectively constitute a design problem space. Protocol studies are reported in which the problem spaces of three design tasks in architecture, mechanical engineering, and instructional design are explored and compared with several protocols from nondesign problem-solving tasks.
Multicultural Students in Study Abroad: Their Interests, Their Issues, and Their Constraints

Study abroad programs offer great potential to benefit students in an increasingly internationalized world and work place. Recently, a wide discussion among educators about the benefits of diversifying study abroad has developed, but students participating in study abroad may face many constraints, many of which are not faced by their majority student peers. The purpose of this study is to further assess, through a survey and focus groups, the constraints on multicultural student participation in study abroad. The results of the study indicate that institutional factors (academic scheduling difficulties, absence of relevant programs, lack of information, etc.), as well as other factors that can be moderated by institutional effort (providing encouragement, addressing financial issues, discussing family concerns, etc.), prevent students of color from participating in study abroad programs. The authors use the results of this study, along with those of the broader literature, to recommend strategies to increase multicultural student participation in study abroad.
Computation and application of nematode community indices: general guidelines.

Community indices, such as maturity or diversity, condense information regarding the structure and composition of communities into a single metric. Soil health and quality can be inferred from such indices by assuming that communities with different structure and composition function differently. Thus, these indices can be instrumental in monitoring soil and sediment quality as well as assessing ecosystem sustainability and biodiversity.
Motivational Orientations in Under-researched FLL Contexts

■ This study explores Indonesian university students' motivational orientations toward learning English as a foreign language. 168 students responded to a questionnaire concerning their reasons for choosing to study English. Factor analysis of the data revealed 11 independent orientations. This supports discourse arguing for a multi-factorial view of orientations in foreign language learning. The lack of correlation between the orientations, and the contextual bias of their definitions, imply that larger motivational subsystems are not valid in this context. The students strongly endorsed orientations pertaining to pragmatic reasons for studying English, and were almost neutral toward identifying with native English speakers. Comparison of these findings with those reported previously in Asia revealed significant, but incomplete, overlap.
Predictors of early leaving from the cotton spinning mill environment in newly hired workers

Objective: This longitudinal study aimed to identify the predictors of leaving during the first year of employment from the cotton spinning mill environment in newly hired workers. Methods: One hundred and ninety eight consecutively appointed new employees were investigated by questionnaire, lung function test, and skin test. They were examined before employment and at the end of the 1st week, and the 1st, 3rd, 6th, and 12th month after starting work and when possible before leaving their job. 572 personal dust sampling and 191 endotoxin measurements were performed to assess the environmental exposure. For the univariate analysis χ2, Student t tests, ANOVA, and Kruskall Wallis tests were used. Cox proportional hazards analysis was used to identify factors associated with leaving the job. Results: Fifty three per cent of workers left the mill environment during their first working year. Work related lower respiratory tract symptoms reported at the third month were associated with an increase rate of leaving the industry compared to those remaining in the industry (25% v 4.8%; p<0.005). Having respiratory symptoms at the first month of work predicted those leaving the industry at some point in the next 11 months. According to the Cox model, increasing age and having work related lower respiratory tract symptoms were found to be predictors for leaving job at the first working year. Atopic status, dust and endotoxin levels, and lung function changes were not consistently predictive of workers who left the industry in the follow up period. Conclusion: This study demonstrated that work related respiratory symptoms can predict workers likely to leave the cotton mill environment during the first year of employment, but atopy or acute lung function changes do not.
An automated approach to the Electric Network Frequency (ENF) criterion - Theory and practice

A relatively recent forensic technique developed to help establish the authenticity of audio and video recordings is the Electric Network Frequency (ENF) criterion. This paper confirms the applicability of the ENF criterion for use in mainland UK and describes an automated approach to matching ENF estimates taken from a questioned recording to a database of ENF values. It will be shown that the automated approach has the added advantage of producing statistical data capable of indicating the strength of the match. Consideration has been given to the robust extraction of ENF signals from evidential recordings and the resulting system and signal processing procedures outlined have been used successfully by the Metropolitan Police Forensic Audio Laboratory in London to extract and match ENF data from evidential recordings to an ENF database.
Modeling Dynamics in Online Auctions: A Modern Statistical Approach

In this work we propose a modern statistical approach to the analysis and modeling of dynamics in online auctions. Online auction data usually arrive in the form of a set of bids recorded over the duration of an auction. We propose the use of a modern statistical approach called functional data analysis that preserves the entire temporal dimension in place of currently used methods that aggregate over time thereby losing important information. This enables us to investigate not only the price evolution that takes place during an auction, but also the dynamics of the price evolution. We show how functional data analysis can be combined with cluster analysis and regression-type models for data exploration and summarization, and for testing hypotheses about relationships between price formation and other relevant factors.
A Square-wave Controller for a high speed induction motor drive using a three phase floating bridge inverter

A square-wave voltage control scheme is presented for a high speed induction motor drive that uses a dual 3 phase inverter system and open ended motor windings. The drive main inverter bridge is connected to the dc battery source and a second inverter bridge is floating with no dc power source. The floating bridge dc voltage is allowed to naturally fluctuate and used to provide voltage boosting at high speeds, well above the maximum possible when using just the main bridge. This voltage boosting can also be used to compensate for fluctuations in the dc battery voltage. A second controller feature forces the main bridge to operate at a unity displacement power factor, lowering the main inverter losses and the rms current drawn from the battery - while maximizing the reactive support available to the machine. Significantly, these features are obtained inherently without having to switch between different inverter switching patterns or monitor the load current magnitude or phase. Experimental results are used to illustrate the principal of the natural reactive compensation of the floating bridge and to verify drive operation on a 2HP, 1800 rpm induction machine.