Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
European Capital of Culture Designation as an Initiator of Urban Transformation in the Post-socialist Countries

Since 1985, the EU has designated cities as European Capital of Culture (ECOC) for 1 year at a time. Various ECOCs have used the designation as a tool to revive the city space. The cultural initiatives, such as the ECOC designation, are the EU's political instruments, whose significance has increased during the recent decades, and through which the EU aims to influence various political objectives, such as the unity of the Union and economic growth. These particular objectives were brought into the focus of the ECOC initiative during the Eastern enlargement of the Union. Since 2007, various Central and Eastern European cities have aimed to regenerate their economy through large construction projects, developing and repairing public spaces, investing in creative industries and transforming the image of the city, with the help of the ECOC brand. On one hand, the investments have recreated the cities with a unified modern look and an up-to-date atmosphere. On the other hand, the ECOC designation can be criticized for homogenizing the urban spaces in European cities by forcing the cities to follow certain criteria and expecting them to obey certain cultural values and trends in the urban development.
ADOPTION OF A LONG‐GESTATION CROP: EUCALYPTUS GROWERS IN NORTH‐WEST INDIA

A four‐village survey was carried out in 1989‐90 in western Uttar Pradesh to test three hypotheses about the adoption of a newly introduced tree crop of Eucalyptus. First, Eucalyptus is of relatively long gestation, and is hence inconvenient for small farmers. Second, its adoption entails risk, and is more likely to be adopted by those who come from upper castes, have more assets, and diversified sources of incomes. Third, total labour required for growing Eucalyptus is much less than for seasonal crops, and hence it is preferred by labour‐constrained households in general, and non‐resident households in particular. The survey supported these hypotheses. Besides the constraint of gestation, small farmers, despite having caught up with large farmers in the adoption of modern seeds technology in agriculture, did not risk adopting Eucalyptus because, with assured irrigation and fertile soils, annual crops provided a more stable income.
Bridging town and gown: best practice? An essay on growing the local entrepreneurial ecosystem

Dating back to the Middle Ages, universities and cities have co-existed awkwardly. Cities want to perceive universities as a resource; universities perceive their host cities as a support system for them. Yet this article suggests that the potential to be realised from genuine collaboration is enormous. Three potentially huge payoffs for both 'town' and 'gown' are identified: creating innovation; creating jobs; creating community. Eight key principles are identified and the issues raised are discussed. Questions for the community to ask the university and vice versa are outlined.
Aid and Foreign Direct Investment: substitutes, complements or neither?

This paper examines whether official aid (Aid) and Foreign Direct Investment (FDI), defined here as shares of recipients' gross domestic product, are substitutes, complements or neither. We hypothesise that there is no direct relationship between the two flows. We explain how we address endogeneity and heterogeneity issues through a number of econometric methods. Applying standard panel estimators on data for around 180 countries from 1971 to 2007, Aid and FDI seem to be substitutes even after controlling for Gross Domestic Product per Capita (GDPc). However, this correlation is not significant once we allow for parameter heterogeneity and common correlated effects. When we allow for endogeneity we find that there is no causal relationship between Aid and FDI, and that GDPc does impact on Aid, but not on FDI. We conclude that there is no evidence of causal relationship between Aid and FDI.
Discounting under internal or external habit formation

Discounting subjective well-being has not gathered much attention in the climate change debate. It is shown in the paper that accounting for habit formation decreases the conventional consumption discount rate, as is shown in Gollier et al. (2011) as well. The habit stock approach illuminates the di erence between the past consumption trend and its future prospect, where there is a regime change. Moreover, it can accommodate partially external habit formation, where consumption growth prospect of a reference group also becomes relevant to the discount rate. The implication of negative growth prospect is also discussed.
The Short List: The Most Effective Actions U.S. Households Can Take to Curb Climate Change

(Updated on December 15, 2009) The U.S. Congress, presidential candidates, lobbyists, and political commentators have focused much of their attention lately on the need for policies to limit the United States’ contribution to climate change. They promote and debate cap-and-trade systems, stricter automobile fuel economy standards, investments in renewable energy and “clean coal,” and other policies to change the behavior of energy and manufacturing corporations. The debates presume that these policies will reverberate through the entire economy, and their advocates seem willing to wait—in some cases for decades—for that to happen.
Power system harmonics estimation using Particle Swarm Optimization

The three-phase voltage and current waveforms from a Power System (PS) are not considered pure sinusoids due to the presence of, among others, the harmonic distortion. This work presents an approach based on the Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) method for the harmonic component estimation in a PS. PSO is a technique of search/optimization that models the social behavior observed in many species of birds, schooling fish and even human social behavior. The technique uses a population of particles to search inside a multidimensional search space. The objective of the PSO is to adjust the speed and position of each particle, seeking for the best solution within the search space. The results demonstrate that the method can precisely identify the harmonic components in the distorted waveforms and it shows considerable advantages if compared to the most common algorithm for this purpose, the Discrete Fourier Transform.
A case of synthetic oestrogen‐induced autoimmune hepatitis with microvesicular steatosis

Drug‐induced liver injury (DILI) is a leading cause of acute liver failure in developed countries. Hepatotoxicity is a well‐recognized adverse effect associated with synthetic oestrogens, which can cause cholestasis. The current report describes ethinyloestradiol (EE2)‐associated highly unusual adverse effects of autoimmune hepatitis (AIH) and microvesicular steatosis (MS). DILI that fulfils the criteria for AIH is referred to as drug‐induced autoimmune hepatitis (DIAIH). MS is a potentially severe liver lesion that results from mitochondrial dysfunction. We explore the pathophysiological mechanisms underlying DIAIH and MS.
The Delivery Option on Forward Contracts: A Comment

Abstract Livingston contends that short futures/long cash traders can eliminate the potential costs of the quality option through use of a dynamic trading strategy. It is proposed here that if this is possible then futures prices will never reach a stable equilibrium. Alternatively, if Livingston's argument is flawed, then no risk-free arbitrage opportunities are likely to be available to either short cash/long futures or long cash/short futures traders. Under such conditions, futures prices will reach an equilibrium when the expected return and risk of each type position are equally attractive.
The Effect of Home Advantage, Momentum, and Fighting on Winning in the National Hockey League

Using game-level data, the authors estimate models of team success and test for the effect of three specific factors on game outcomes in professional ice hockey. First, they estimate the home ice advantage and find that much of it can be attributed to rules advantages for the home team. Second, contrary to previous studies on momentum, the authors find some evidence that game-to-game momentum has a positive effect on winning. Finally, the authors test the impact of fighting on the likelihood of winning and find that winning fights does not lead to winning games.
APRIL and TACI interact with syndecan‐1 on the surface of multiple myeloma cells to form an essential survival loop

BLyS and APRIL share two receptors – transmembrane activator and calcium modulator and cyclophilin ligand interactor (TACI) and B‐cell maturation antigen (BCMA) – and BLyS binds to a third receptor, BAFF‐R. We previously reported that TACI gene expression is a good indicator of a BLyS‐binding receptor in human multiple myeloma cell lines (HMCLs), unlike BCMA, which is expressed by all HMCLs or BAFF‐R which is typically not expressed by late‐stage B cells. We hypothesised a link between APRIL and TACI through syndecan‐1, similar to the situation reported for FGF and FGFR. We observed very strong binding of APRIL, but not BLyS, at the surface of all syndecan‐1+ HMCLs and primary multiple myeloma cells (MMC). All syndecan‐1+ HMCLs and MMC could also bind TACI‐Fc, but not BCMA‐Fc or BAFF‐R‐Fc molecules. Binding of APRIL or TACI‐Fc was abrogated by heparin or cell pretreatment with heparitinase, which cleaves heparan sulfate chains. The growth factor activity of APRIL on MMC was also inhibited by heparin. Our data identify syndecan‐1 as a co‐receptor for APRIL and TACI at the cell surface of MMC, promoting the activation of an APRIL/TACI pathway that induces survival and proliferation in MMC.
The Co-movement of Inflation and the Real Growth of Output

In order to find out whether there really are co-movements between inflation and the real growth of output for the post-WWII period, this paper adopts FIML Markov-Switching Model to solve the equation of Phillips Curve and the equation of Okun’s Law together. The findings of this paper are as follows: inflation is procyclical in movement with the real growth of output during the Korean War and the two Oil Shock periods; and there is relatively little evidence of co-movement between inflation and real growth of output with the exceptions of the Korean War and the two Oil Shock periods.
A comparative study of the effects of ‘best practice’ HRM on worker outcomes in Malaysia and England local government

This paper presents the findings of a cross-cultural comparison of the effects of ‘best practice’ HRM using employees from a matched sample of local government service departments in England and Malaysia (England n = 569, Malaysian n = 453). The paper tests the universal ‘best practice’ thesis, and also assesses the perceived level of up-take of HR practices in the two samples. The research also considers the effects of the psychological climate and employees' perceptions of trust on five work-related outcomes, namely job satisfaction, motivation, organizational citizenship behaviour, stress and quit intentions. The findings reveal that the Malaysian workers perceived the up-take of HR practices to be higher in comparison to their counterparts in England. A less consistent pattern emerged with regards to perceptions of climate. OLS regression revealed that consistent with the universal thesis, a bundle of HR practices significantly predicted employee outcomes in the hypothesized directions in both samples. Therefore, these findings provide strong support for the universal thesis.
Does it pay to work in the public sector in Turkey?

This article examines wage gap between the public and private sectors in Turkey. Relying on microdata from Turkey's Household Budget Survey (HBS) for the year 2009, we estimate separate earnings functions for public and private sectors by gender with appropriate correction for selectivity bias. The results suggest that while the observed pay advantage of public male employees can be explained entirely by differences in their observed characteristics, for female employees these differences only partly explain the observed public–private pay differential. Decomposition of male–female wage differentials by sector of work suggests that women are facing discrimination in both sectors.
Nanofibers for RF and Beyond

In the age of Moore's Law, as the dimensions of integrated circuits are constantly pushed to smaller length scales, it is common to focus on the shrinking gate lengths in transistors rather than the elaborate, multilayered scaffold of interconnects that sits on top of the transistors. However, as the dimensions of these systems approach a few nanometers, interconnects in general and power consumption by interconnects in particular play prominent roles in system design and optimization. Integrated circuits rely on interconnects to distribute high-speed signals among the various system functions on a chip. The ongoing need for improvement and optimization of interconnects is emphasized by the International Technology Roadmap for Semiconductors [1]. In order to reduce power consumption by interconnects, alternative approaches such as wireless and optoelectronic chip-to-chip communication have been proposed.
Interactions between S4-S5 Linker and S6 Transmembrane Domain Modulate Gating of HERG K+ Channels*

Outward movement of the voltage sensor is coupled to activation in voltage-gated ion channels; however, the precise mechanism and structural basis of this gating event are poorly understood. Potential insight into the coupling mechanism was provided by our previous finding that mutation to Lys of a single residue (Asp540) located in the S4-S5 linker endowed HERG (human ether-a-go-go-related gene) K+ channels with the unusual ability to open in response to membrane depolarization and hyperpolarization in a voltage-dependent manner. We hypothesized that the unusual hyperpolarization-induced gating occurred through an interaction between Lys540 and the C-terminal end of the S6 domain, the region proposed to form the activation gate. Therefore, we mutated six residues located in this region of S6 (Ile662–Tyr667) to Ala in D540K HERG channels. Mutation of Arg665, but not the other five residues, prevented hyperpolarization-dependent reopening of D540K HERG channels. Mutation of Arg665 to Gln or Asp also prevented reopening. In addition, D540R and D540K/R665K HERG reopened in response to hyperpolarization. Together these findings suggest that a single residue (Arg665) in the S6 domain interacts with Lys540 by electrostatic repulsion to couple voltage sensing to hyperpolarization-dependent opening of D540K HERG K+ channels. Moreover, our findings suggest that the C-terminal ends of S4 and S6 are in close proximity at hyperpolarized membrane potentials.
The Compressibility of Media under Extreme Pressures.

-With the exception of the Teffe strain which will be discussed in another publication, no trace of sexual isolation is observed between strains of D. willistoni from different parts of Brazil and from Guatemala. When Brazilian males are offered a choice of females of their own and of other Brazilian strains, inseminations occur at random. If a mixture of Brazilian and Guatemalan females are confined either with Brazilian or with Guatemalan males, a greater proportion of Brazilian than of Guatemalan females are inseminated. The mating of Brazilian and Guatemalan flies is, therefore, selective rather than random; however, the particular type of selectivity here observed does not constitute a barrier to gene exchange. 1 Dobzhansky, Th. , Amer. Natur. , 71, 404-420 (1937). 2 Dobzhansky, Th. , Genetics and the Origin of Species, New York, 1937, 1941. 3 Mayr. , E. , Systematics and the Origin of Species, New York, 1942. 4 The expression "physiological isolating mechanisms" used in some papers of Dobzhansky was intended to distinguish between isolating mechanisms based on inherent properties (physiology) of the organisms concerned and geographical isolation. Since this expression has led to some misapprehension, the adjective "reproductive," instead of "physiological," is used to convey the same idea. 5 Phillips, J. C. , J. Exp. Zool. , 18, 69-146 (1915). 6 Gordon, M. , Trans. N. Y. Acad. Sci., 5 (2), 63-77 (1943). 7 Dobzhansky, Th. , and Koller, P., Biol. Zentr. , 58, 589-607 (1938). 8 Stalker, H. D. , Genetics, 27, 238-257 (1942). 9 Patterson, J. T. , Stone, W. S. , and Griffen, A. B. , Univ. Texas Public. , 4228, 162200 (1942); Stone, W. S. , Ibid., 16-22; Griffen, A. B. , Ibid., 68-73; Mainland, G. B. , Ibid., 74-112. 10 Copulation in D. willistoni begins as early as 8 hours after the hatching from pupae; to collect virgins bottles were emptied at 4-hour intervals, but it was found expedient to use also females hatched overnight since the proportion fertilized is small.
Small Centrum ovale Infarcts – A Pathological Study

There are limited data, mainly clinical and radiological, on small centrum ovale infarcts (SCOIs). From a consecutive series of 159 autopsy brains we identified 12 cases which on gross pathological examination harboured a total of 21 SCOIs. In the majority of lesions histology revealed a significant component of incompletely infarcted brain. Clinicopathological data suggested that the underlying mechanism was likely to have been cardioembolic in 3 cases, and possibly embolic from heart or aortic arch in a further 5. Two cases were due to ipsilateral carotid artery atheroma (i.e. 10 of 12 cases had possible embolic sources). The majority of lesions appeared to lie in arterial borderzones. The combined data suggest that SCOIs are pathologically and pathogenetically heterogeneous, and therefore that the term ‘lacune’ is inappropriate because this implies intrinsic small vessel disease as the underlying cause. Clinically, potentially treatable cardiac and large vessel pathology should be excluded.
Does total quality management make a difference to employee attitudes

TQM is generally seen as depending on employees having a high awareness of quality issues and a willingness to engage in continuous improvement. Many total quality programmes have, implicitly or explicitly, attitudinal change as one of their initial objectives. Reports the results of a study which aims to assess the effects of a TQM programme in a medium‐sized factory in the North of England. TQM initiatives are invariably multidimensional and there is here a specific concentration on assessing the relative impact on employees′ quality consciousness of the programme′s various components. The results show that those individuals whose attitudes changed most were more likely to have been involved in certain aspects of the programme than were others. In particular they were more likely to have been appraised, made a suggestion under the revamped suggestion scheme, and to have attended specific briefing sessions about the aspects of the programme. They were also more likely to view the regular monthly departme.
Prediction of psychosis across protocols and risk cohorts using automated language analysis

Language and speech are the primary source of data for psychiatrists to diagnose and treat mental disorders. In psychosis, the very structure of language can be disturbed, including semantic coherence (e.g., derailment and tangentiality) and syntactic complexity (e.g., concreteness). Subtle disturbances in language are evident in schizophrenia even prior to first psychosis onset, during prodromal stages. Using computer‐based natural language processing analyses, we previously showed that, among English‐speaking clinical (e.g., ultra) high‐risk youths, baseline reduction in semantic coherence (the flow of meaning in speech) and in syntactic complexity could predict subsequent psychosis onset with high accuracy. Herein, we aimed to cross‐validate these automated linguistic analytic methods in a second larger risk cohort, also English‐speaking, and to discriminate speech in psychosis from normal speech. We identified an automated machine‐learning speech classifier – comprising decreased semantic coherence, greater variance in that coherence, and reduced usage of possessive pronouns – that had an 83% accuracy in predicting psychosis onset (intra‐protocol), a cross‐validated accuracy of 79% of psychosis onset prediction in the original risk cohort (cross‐protocol), and a 72% accuracy in discriminating the speech of recent‐onset psychosis patients from that of healthy individuals. The classifier was highly correlated with previously identified manual linguistic predictors. Our findings support the utility and validity of automated natural language processing methods to characterize disturbances in semantics and syntax across stages of psychotic disorder. The next steps will be to apply these methods in larger risk cohorts to further test reproducibility, also in languages other than English, and identify sources of variability. This technology has the potential to improve prediction of psychosis outcome among at‐risk youths and identify linguistic targets for remediation and preventive intervention. More broadly, automated linguistic analysis can be a powerful tool for diagnosis and treatment across neuropsychiatry.
Major histocompatibility complex class II‐restricted presentation of secreted and endoplasmic reticulum resident antigens requires the invariant chains and is sensitive to lysosomotropic agents

We have tested the involvement of the invariant chains (Ii) p31 and p41 in the presentation of peptides derived from hen egg lysozyme (HEL) constructs targeted to different intracellular compartments within transfected fibroblasts. The endogenous HEL constructs were either present in the cytosol (HELc), secreted (HELs), or linked to the mammalian (KDEL C‐terminal sequence that causes retention of HEL in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER)/pre‐Golgi recycling compartment (HELr). Using Ii‐negative antigen‐presenting cells, the presentation of HELr to a HEL 46‐61 specific T cell hybridoma was far less efficient than the presentation of the HELs. High levels of Ii expression enhanced drastically the presentation of the HEL 46‐61 determinant derived from both HELr and HELs. HELr and HELs presentation was fully sensitive to lysosomotropic agents such as chloroquine, indicating that the formation of complexes between major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class II molecules and determinants derived from endogenous antigens entering the secretory pathway is taking place in an acidic compartment. The degradation and dissociation of Ii might be a prerequisite for the efficient presentation of endogenously derived determinants by MHC class II molecules, as for the presentation of most exogenous antigens. All our results are compatible with the notion that endogenous molecules being translocated into the lumen of the ER could be presented by class II molecules through a processing pathway involving an acidic compartment in which Ii chains dissociate from class II molecules.
Old Wine in New Bottles: Are Malaysia's Tourism Markets Converging?

The primary objective of this study is to re-examine the convergence hypothesis for Malaysia's tourism markets for the period January 1995–December 2008. This study employs the recently developed Kapetanios (Journal of Time Series Analysis, 2005, 26(1), 123–133) m-breaks unit root test to assess the possibility of convergence of Malaysia's tourism markets. The results, however, suggest that Malaysia's tourism markets are not consistently converging and only five of the selected markets support the convergence hypothesis. In addition, eight out of 10 selected markets are subjected to more than two structural breaks. According to these findings, the existing tourism marketing policies conducted by Tourism Malaysia may not be effective at capturing certain tourism markets.