Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
The Dutch UMTS-Auction

In this paper I review the Dutch UMTS-auction that took place in the summer of 2000 and which, in contrast to the UK and German auctions, was generally considered to be a major flop. I analyse the policy process leading to the auction as well as the bidding behaviour in the auction, and provide an evaluation of both. I demonstrate that the case contains several useful lessons for other auction design problems.
Interactions of Dynamics and Observations in a Four-Dimensional Variational Assimilation

Abstract A four-dimensional (4D) variational assimilation (4DVAR) seeks an optimal balance between observations scattered in time and space over a finite 4D analysis volume and a priori information. In some cases, 4DVAR is able to closely fit both observations and the a priori initial estimate by making very small changes to the initial conditions that correspond to those rapidly growing perturbations that have large amplitude at the observation locations and times. Some observations may occur at locations and times for which the amplitudes of rapidly growing perturbations are not large. To fit such data, larger changes to the initial conditions are necessary. Such cases may result in amplification of the analysis increments away from the observation locations. This situation occurs generally for surface data, because of the damping effect of surface exchange processes. These interactions are seen in experiments using single observations. To further explore the impact of surface data in 4DVAR, experiments.
High Efficiency Deep Ultraviolet Light-Emitting Diodes With Polarity Inversion of Hole Injection Layer

In this work, we investigate the performance improvement of N-polar AlGaN-based deep ultraviolet light-emitting diodes (DUV LEDs) by the inversion of the hole injection layer from N-polar to Ga-polar. The influence of different inversion points on the performance and the energy band of DUV LED is systematically studied, and the principle of performance improvement of DUV LED is explained in detail through the analysis of the energy band. Furthermore, according to the simulation results and practical application, an appropriate inversion point is selected. Under the current of 120 mA, with polarity inversion of the hole injection layer, the light output power of the DUV LEDs increases from 21.34 mW to 29.71 mW, and the applied voltage reduces from 16.06 V to 9.63 V. The DUV LED with polarity inversion has a 132% increase in wall-plug efficiency (WPE) compared with the DUV LED which is totally along [000-1] direction. Therefore, polarity inversion is an effective way to achieve high-performance UV-LEDs.
Distributed Privacy Preserving Algorithm for Economic Dispatch Over Time-Varying Communication

The economic dispatch problem (EDP) is the solid rock to guarantee the stable operation of power systems, which is essentially an optimization problem, i.e., dispatching generators to meet the total demands with the minimum generation cost under the constraint of generation capacity. With the increasing complexity of power systems, higher requirements for the security and robustness of EDP algorithm have been put forward. On the one hand, the explicit information communication between the generators may bring serious security risks; on the other hand, in practical applications, there may be communication delays and communication link failures due to network instability. However, many existing EDP algorithms can hardly meet the requirements of both security and robustness. Thus, this article develops a fully distributed privacy preserving algorithm for EDP with line losses over time-varying and directed communication and extends it to non-ideal communication environments. In particular, the proposed algorithm only relies on the row-stochastic weight matrix, where each generator can allocate the information weight of its neighbor nodes locally, making the approach easier to implement. Moreover, the conditional noise is added to the auxiliary variable to achieve the generator's privacy preservation. The rigorous mathematical analysis reveals that the proposed approach can effectively find the optimal dispatch while achieving privacy preservation of generators under the assumption that the communication delays are arbitrarily significant but bounded. Finally, several cases are presented to testify the convergence and robustness of the proposed approach.
Altered In Vivo Knee Kinematics and Lateral Compartment Contact Position During the Single-Leg Lunge After Medial Unicompartmental Knee Arthroplasty

Background: Osteoarthritis (OA) progression in the lateral compartment is the most common reason for revision after medial unicompartmental knee arthroplasty (UKA). Altered contact kinematics in the lateral compartment may be related to the pathogenesis of OA. Purpose: To quantify the in vivo 6 degrees of freedom (6-DOF) knee kinematics and contact points in the lateral compartment during a single-leg lunge in knees after medial UKA and compare them with the contralateral native knee. Study Design: Descriptive laboratory study. Methods: Included were 13 patients (3 male, 10 female; mean age, 64.7 ± 6.2 years) who had undergone unilateral medial UKA. All patients underwent computed tomography preoperatively and 6 months postoperatively, and bilateral knee posture was tracked using dual fluoroscopic imaging system during a single-leg deep lunge to evaluate the in vivo 6-DOF kinematics. The closest points between the surface models of the femoral condyle and the tibial plateau were determined to locate the lateral compartment contact positions. The Wilcoxon signed-rank test was used to compare knee kinematics and lateral contact position between the UKA and native knees. Spearman correlation was used to test the associations of bilateral 6-DOF range difference and lateral compartment contact excursion difference with bilateral limb alignment difference and functional scores. Results: Compared with native knees, UKA knees had an increased anterior femoral translation of 2.0 ± 0.3 mm during the entire lunge (P < .05). The lateral contact position in UKA knees was located 2.0 ± 0.9 mm posteriorly and with 3.3 ± 4.0 mm less range of contact excursion than native knees (P < .05). Decreased range of lateral compartment contact excursion in the anterior-posterior direction was significantly associated with increased hip-knee-ankle angle in the UKA side (P < .05). Conclusion: The current study revealed altered knee 6-DOF kinematics and the reduced contact excursion range during single-leg lunge after unilateral medial UKA. Clinical Relevance: The altered contact kinematics and reduced range of contact excursion in UKA knees could lead to excessive cumulative articular surface contact stress, which is implicated in the pathogenesis of OA.
Does Digitization Promote Green Innovation? Evidence from China

Green innovation is an important strategy in seeking sustainable competitive advantages. This paper investigates the impact of enterprise digitization on green innovation and its mechanisms. We find that enterprise digital transformation has a significant effect on the promotion of green innovation. This positive effect mainly stems from the advantage of resource reallocation generated by enterprise digitalization that can alleviate financing constraints and raise risk-taking levels. Furthermore, the level of economic development strengthens the impact of enterprise digitization on green innovation, and the positive relationship between enterprise digitization and green innovation is stronger in regions with stronger environmental regulation and higher intellectual property protection, as well as in state-owned and heavily polluting enterprises. Digitization can optimize resource utilization, strengthen the capacity of green innovation in pollution reduction and promote the clean production of enterprises. Our results show that enterprise digitization plays a positive role in innovation activities. Furthermore, our results show that enterprise digitization plays a positive role in innovation activities.
Gain switching characteristics of quantum well laser by using SPICE simulator

Gain switching phenomena of quantum well (QW) lasers diode is described by using a SPICE equivalent circuit model, which is based on the three-level rate equations. Effects of gain switching frequency, some laser diode parameters and dc and rf drive conditions on the full-width half maximum (FWHM) of gain switched pulses are investigated. It is shown that FWHM of pulses decrease as the rf current increased, at a constant frequency. However, the FWHM of pulses increases as the dc bias is increased. FWHM decreases also for small value of gain compression parameter whereas the variation in carrier lifetime in the well does not significantly affect the FWHM of generated pulses. It is also shown that as the frequency is increased, FWHM start to increase.
Interior Point-by-Point Calculations in Obstructed Spaces

The authors describe a procedure for the calculations of point-by-point lighting metrics in artificially-lighted spaces which contain shadow-producing obstructions. Computer-time requirements for an implementation of this algorithm, as a function of several varying parameters, are presented. Compared to the empty room case, the obstructed environment offers two primary challenges: How to compute the final exitances (after interreflections) on each planar surface in the room; and how to use these exitances to determine their effect at the task. The paper concentrates on illuminance calculations; the extension to ESI is, for the most part, straightforward. Where such extension would prove more subtle, the authors have attempted to describe the steps necessary to reach it.
Head Size in Phelan–McDermid Syndrome: A Literature Review and Pooled Analysis of 198 Patients Identifies Candidate Genes on 22q13

Phelan–McDermid syndrome (PMS) is a multisystem disorder that is associated with deletions of the 22q13 genomic region or pathogenic variants in the SHANK3 gene. Notable features include developmental issues, absent or delayed speech, neonatal hypotonia, seizures, autism or autistic traits, gastrointestinal problems, renal abnormalities, dolichocephaly, and both macro- and microcephaly. Assessment of the genetic factors that are responsible for abnormal head size in PMS has been hampered by small sample sizes as well as a lack of attention to these features. Therefore, this study was conducted to investigate the relationship between head size and genes on chromosome 22q13. A review of the literature was conducted to identify published cases of 22q13 deletions with information on head size to conduct a pooled association analysis. Across 56 studies, we identified 198 cases of PMS with defined deletion sizes and head size information. A total of 33 subjects (17%) had macrocephaly, 26 (13%) had microcephaly, and 139 (70%) were normocephalic. Individuals with macrocephaly had significantly larger genomic deletions than those with microcephaly or normocephaly (p < 0.0001). A genomic region on 22q13.31 was found to be significantly associated with macrocephaly with CELSR1, GRAMD4, and TBCD122 suggested as candidate genes. Investigation of these genes will aid the understanding of head and brain development.
A Time- and Position-Sensitive Detector using a Resistive Film Anode Combined with a “Modified Backgammon with Weighted Capacitors” Readout Pad

A new time- and position-sensitive detector (PSD) was constructed by combining a microchannel plate (MCP) and a resistive-film anode with a readout pad based on the “modified backgammon technique with weighted capacitors” (MBWC). By using a resistive film, the free-flight length of the electron avalanche formed by the MCP is much shorter than in a conventional PSD with an MBWC anode. Consequently, the PSD is more compact, which presents several practical advantages. Temporal and positional resolution and imaging linearity were examined by measuring a mask image.
Effects of the airgap eccentricity on the SRM vibrations

This paper describes an investigation of the effects of static eccentricity on SRM vibration. First we have to calculate the electromagnetic forces distribution based on the virtual work principle associated with the finite element method in order to determine the global forces generated by rotor eccentricity, which increase the radial vibration. Then we study the influence of saturation phenomena. In addition, we investigate the SRM vibratory behaviour by experimental measurement of acceleration.
Thermoviscoplasticity of Glassy Polymers in the Logarithmic Strain Space Based on the Free Volume Theory

In this contribution a new constitutive model of finite thermo‐visco‐plastic behavior of amorphous glassy polymers and details of its numerical implementation are outlined. In contrast to existing kinematical approaches to finite plasticity of glassy polymers, the formulation applies a plastic metric theory based on an additive split of Lagrangian Hencky‐type strains into elastic and plastic parts [1, 3]. The characteristic strain hardening of the model is derived from a polymer network model, the thermo‐visco‐plastic flow rule in the logarithmic strain space uses structures of the free volume flow theory [4]. The integration of this micromechanically motivated approach in a three‐dimensional computational model is the key novel aspect of this work. An important aspect of this work is the model validation based on experimental findings, whereas the excellent performance of the proposed formulation is demonstrated by means of numerical examples. (© 2010 Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Design and analysis of isolated high step-up Y-source DC/DC resonant converter for photovoltaic applications

ABSTRACT This paper presents the design and analysis of an isolated high step-up Y-source DC/DC converter for photovoltaic systems. At high switching frequencies, the conventional impedance source converter (ISC) experiences higher switching losses. To mitigate this, a high gain soft-switched frequency-modulated Y-source DC/DC converter is proposed. Here, soft switching is implemented on the Y-source impedance converter by creating quasi-resonance during a shoot-through instant. Thus, quasi-resonance occurs by an LC resonant tank, and it is formed using a resonant capacitor and leakage inductance of a transformer. It ensures that all the active switches are turned off with zero current switching (ZCS) and the voltage stress on each switch is much lower than the output voltage with lower turn-off voltage spikes. Thus, it eliminates the need for a snubber circuit. The output voltage is regulated by frequency modulation with the ON period of all four active switches kept constant. The converter can also deliver a continuous input current (CIC) and high voltage gain with a small shoot-through duty ratio . The galvanic isolation of the converter helps to eliminate the leakage current issues and safety hazards faced by the non-isolated counterparts. The proposed topology has all the inherent characteristics of a typical impedance source DC/DC converter with higher conversion efficiency over a wide range of output loads. The proposed converter achieves 96.46% of full load efficiency. Finally, a 200W prototype is built and tested in the laboratory to verify the converter design and performance.
A Short Proof of the Minimality of Simons Cone

In 1969 Bombieri, De Giorgi and Giusti proved that Simons cone is a minimal surface, thus providing the first example of a minimal surface with a singularity. We suggest a simplified proof of the same result. Our proof is based on the use of sub-calibrations, which are unit vector fields extending the normal vector to the surface, and having non-positive divergence. With respect to calibrations (which are divergence free) sub-calibrations are more easy to find and anyway are enough to prove the minimality of the surface.
Stimulus–response compatibility effects during object semantic categorisation: Evocation of grasp affordances or abstract coding of object size?

When the size of visual objects matches the size of the response required to perform the task, a potentiation effect has been reported, with faster responses in compatible than incompatible situations. Size compatibility effects have been taken as evidence of close perception-action interrelations. However, it is still unclear whether the effect arises from abstract coding of the size of stimulus and response or from the evocation of grasp affordances from visual objects. We aimed to disentangle the two interpretations. Two groups of 40 young adults categorised small and large objects presented in standardised size as natural or artefact objects. One group categorised manipulable objects that may be associated with small or large size properties and evoke power or precision grasp affordances. The other group categorised non-manipulable objects that may only be associated with small or large size properties. Categorisation responses were made by reaching and grasping a monotonic cylindric device with a power or precision grip in a grasping condition and with large or small touch responses in a control condition. Compatibility effects were found in both grasping and control conditions, independently of the manipulability or category of objects. Participants were faster when the size of the expected response matched the size of the object than when they mismatched, especially for power grasps or whole-hand touch responses. Overall findings support the abstract coding hypothesis and suggest that compatibility between the conceptual size of the object and the size of the hand response is sufficient to facilitate semantic categorisation judgements.
Analytical model for subthreshold conduction and threshold switching in chalcogenide-based memory devices

Chalcogenide materials are receiving increasing interest for their many applications as active materials in emerging memories, such as phase-change memories, programmable metallization cells, and cross-point devices. The great advantage of these materials is the capability to appear in two different phases, the amorphous and the crystalline phases, with rather different electrical properties. The aim of this work is to provide a physically based model for conduction in the amorphous chalcogenide material, able to predict the current-voltage (I−V) characteristics as a function of phase state, temperature, and cell geometry. First, the trap-limited transport at relatively low currents (subthreshold regime) is studied, leading to a comprehensive model for subthreshold conduction accounting for (a) the shape of the I−V characteristics, (b) the measured temperature dependence, (c) the dependence of subthreshold slope on the thickness of the amorphous phase, and (d) the voltage dependence of the activation ener.
Early morpho-physiological response of oilseed rape under seed applied Sedaxane fungicide and Rhizoctonia solani pressure

The SDHI fungicide Sedaxane has shown to efficiently control Rhizoctonia spp. growth and to possess biostimulant properties in cereal crops. As a first, the present study investigated its effectiveness as a seed treatment of the dicot species oilseed rape (Brassica napus var. oleifera). For this, seeds were treated with different fungicides: (i) the conventionally used active ingredient Thiram, (ii) Sedaxane, or (iii) Sedaxane in combination with Fludioxonil and Metalaxyl-M, and later sown in soil inoculated with Rhizoctonia solani. The resulting shoot and root growth from the treated seeds were recorded in early growth stages and the presence of Rhizoctonia DNA in the basal stem tissue was quantified. Here we demonstrate that all the fungicide treatments were effective in greatly reducing the presence of Rhizoctonia DNA, with Thiram confirming to have high fungicidal effects. Following seed treatment, shoot and root growth at the 2-leaf stage was reduced regardless of inoculation, indicating that the fungicides became phytotoxic, with particular respect to Thiram. In seedlings grown in inoculated soil, significant biostimulation of the roots was observed at the 4-leaf stage of treatments containing both Sedaxane alone and in a mixture. Leaf area was stimulated in control soil not inoculated with Rhizoctonia, likely due to improved PSII efficiency, stomatal conductance, and CO2 assimilation rate. Young oilseed rape seedlings are thus highly sensitive to seed treatments with these fungicides, and in particular to Thiram. The retardation in growth is quickly overcome by the 4-leaf stage however. We confirm that Sedaxane indeed possesses root biostimulant properties in oilseed rape, which are enhanced in combination with other fungicides. Such biostimulating properties impose its greatest effects under conditions of biotic stress.
Perceptually lossless fractal image compression

According to the collage theorem, the encoding distortion for fractal image compression is directly related to the metric used in the encoding process. In this paper, we introduce a perceptually meaningful distortion measure based on the human visual system's nonlinear response to luminance and the visual masking effects. Blackwell's psychophysical raw data on contrast threshold are first interpolated as a function of background luminance and visual angle, and are then used as an error upper bound for perceptually lossless image compression. For a variety of images, experimental results show that the algorithm produces a compression ratio of 8:1 to 10:1 without introducing visual artifacts.
Simulating three-dimensional seismograms in 2.5-dimensional structures by combining two-dimensional finite difference modelling and ray tracing

SUMMARY Finite difference (FD) simulation of elastic wave propagation is an important tool in geophysical research. As large-scale 3-D simulations are only feasible on supercomputers or clusters, and even then the simulations are limited to long periods compared to the model size, 2-D FD simulations are widespread. Whereas in generally 3-D heterogeneous structures it is not possible to infer the correct amplitude and waveform from 2-D simulations, in 2.5-D heterogeneous structures some inferences are possible. In particular, Vidale & Helmberger developed an approach that simulates 3-D waveforms using 2-D FD experiments only. However, their method requires a special FD source implementation technique that is based on a source definition which is not any longer used in nowadays FD codes. In this paper, we derive a conversion between 2-D and 3-D Green tensors that allows us to simulate 3-D displacement seismograms using 2-D FD simulations and the actual ray path determined in the geometrical optic limit. We give the conversion for a source of a certain seismic moment that is implemented by incrementing the components of the stress tensor. Therefore, we present a hybrid modelling procedure involving 2-D FD and kinematic raytracing techniques. The applicability is demonstrated by numerical experiments of elastic wave propagation for models of different complexity.
Over-Current Mechanism and Suppression Strategy of DC Transformer in Multiterminal Interconnected Flexible DC Distribution Network

Direct current (dc) transformers are an important component of the multiterminal interconnected flexible dc distribution network. However, it is apt to suffer from the inrush current, which can trigger the shutdown protection and threaten the reliability of the system and equipment. In this article, a 2-MW dc transformer is developed for a T-connected star type multiterminal flexible dc distribution network, where the dual active bridge (DAB) converter is one of the important components. The design of the key parameters is also presented. Based on the steady-state model of the dc transformer, the overcurrent mechanism is elaborated and a suppression strategy of H-bridge temporary blocking and DAB not blocking is proposed, which can automatically clear the fault current. Simulations and practical engineering tests are conducted to verify the effectiveness and practicability of the proposed method, which provides engineering practical value.