Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
A Real-time Session Composer with Acoustic Polyphonic Instruments

We have developed improvisational session systems for popular music which aim at cooperative composing of a human musician and a computer. Those systems can recognize chord names and timings, and can follow the human musician without any scores. Like many other session systems, those systems, however, use MIDI instruments as input. In this paper, we introduce a revised system which allows audio signals from polyphonic instruments. This paper mainly describes the mechanisms of the listening (i.e., recognition of chord names and those timings) of this system. The listener is fairly stable, and error rate of the recognition is smaller than 5%.
Mediators for internalizing problems in adolescents of parents with chronic medical condition

Parents ’ chronic medical condition (CMC) is related to internalizing problem behavior in adolescents. Following the transactional stress and coping (TSC) model of Hocking and Lochman, our study examines whether the effect of illness and demographic parameters on the child ’ s internalizing problems is mediated by the ill parent ’ s quality of life, family functioning, and child adaptational processes. Participants were 160 adolescents (52 % female, mean age=15.1 years) from 100 families affected by parental CMC. Children completed a test battery including the Youth Self-Report. Family functioning was determined with the Interactional Problem Solving Inventory (marital functioning) and the Inventory of Parent and Peer Attachment (alienation from parents). Child adaptational processes were com-posed by cognitive processes, methods of coping, and child report of stress. Ill parents completed the Medical Outcome Study Short-Form and the Beck Depression Inventory, assessing quality of life. We used structural equation modeling to investigate the tenability of the TSC model. After a series of step-by-step modifications, the TSC model for children with parental CMC fitted the data closely. The ill parent ’ s quality of life, family functioning, and children ’ s daily hassles and stress mediated the effect of parental CMC on adolescent internalizing problems. Children ’ s active problem solving and social support seeking were not directly related to internalizing problems but significantly interfered with children ’ s self-esteem and stress. Child adaptational processes should be accorded a central role in support programs and interventions for children with parental CMC. Health practitioners and teachers are recommended to be alert for support needs in children.
Regulated Secretion Is Impaired in AtT-20 Endocrine Cells Stably Transfected with Botulinum Neurotoxin Type A Light Chain*

Botulinum neurotoxin type A (BoNT/A) inhibits neurotransmitter release by specific cleavage of SNAP-25, a synaptosome-associated protein also expressed in the ACTH secretory cell line AtT-20. Expression of light chain BoNT/A (L-BoNT/A) gene transfected into AtT-20 cells resulted in a cleaved form of SNAP-25 indistinguishable from that generated by bona fide BoNT/A. L-BoNT/A-transfected cells showed no difference in replication rate, viability, or phenotype, compared with control AtT-20 cells. In contrast, L-BoNT/A-transfected cells could not be induced to secrete ACTH upon stimulation by 8-bromo-cAMP or KCl. In addition, α-latrotoxin induced ACTH release from control cells, but not from L-BoNT/A-transfected cells. These experiments suggest an important role for SNAP-25 in regulated secretion from AtT-20 cells and underline the usefulness of this cell system as a tool for the study of the molecular mechanism of peptide hormone secretion.
Surface gloss and color perception of 3D objects

Two experiments explore the color perception of objects in complex scenes. The first experiment examines the color perception of objects across variation in surface gloss. Observers adjusted the color appearance of a matte sphere to match that of a test sphere. Across conditions we varied the body color and glossiness of the test sphere. The data indicate that observers do not simply match the average light reflected from the test. Indeed, the visual system compensates for the physical effect of varying the gloss, so that appearance is stabilized relative to what is predicted by the spatial average. The second experiment examines how people perceive color across locations on an object. We replaced the test sphere with a soccer ball that had one of its hexagonal faces colored. Observers were asked to adjust the match sphere have the same color appearance as this test patch. The test patch could be located at either an upper or lower location on the soccer ball. In addition, we varied the surface gloss of the entire soccer ball (including the test patch). The data show that there is an effect of test patch location on observers' color matching, but this effect is small compared to the physical change in the average light reflected from the test patch across the two locations. In addition, the effect of glossy highlights on the color appearance of the test patch was consistent with the results from Experiment 1.
Peasant Economy, Culture, and Politics of European Russia, 1800-1921

This collection of original essays provides a rare in-depth look at peasant life in nineteenth- and early twentieth-century European Russia. It is the first English-language text to deal extensively with peasant women and patriarchy; the role of magic, healing, and medicine in village life; communal economic innovation; rural poverty and labor migration from the village perspective; the agricultural hiring market as workers' turf; and the regional components of the late nineteenth-century agrarian crisis. Originally published in 1991. The Princeton Legacy Library uses the latest print-on-demand technology to again make available previously out-of-print books from the distinguished backlist of Princeton University Press. These editions preserve the original texts of these important books while presenting them in durable paperback and hardcover editions. The goal of the Princeton Legacy Library is to vastly increase access to the rich scholarly heritage found in the thousands of books published by Princeton University Press since its founding in 1905.
Fuzzy handling of measurement errors in instrumentation

This paper focuses on the use of the possibility theory and of the fuzzy subset theory to deal with the imprecision and/or uncertainty of the information handled in measurement systems. Methods are described: for building fuzzy subsets from numerical data coming from "physical" sensors on the one hand, and handling approximate estimations provided by "human" sensors on the other hand. The propagation of the fuzzy representation of acquired measures in further treatments, such as those involved in performance indicators, is also considered.
Why Do Bathrooms Matter?

unlikely to be four separate bathrooms, only white women and men could depend on having someplace to pee when traveling (Cooper and Ruth 1999). Twenty years ago, the gendering of bathrooms became a contentious feminist issue. It was part of the fight for gender equality (Edwards and McKie 1996; Molotch 1988). Gendered bathrooms perpetuated gender inequality because there were never enough ladies' rooms to match their greater need. Arguing for unisex bathrooms, feminists put their bodies on the line by liberating men's rooms. Today, the battle has been taken up by transitioning transgenders and by genderqueers who do not identify as male or female, especially on college campuses (Brown 2005). Now, gender-neutral bathrooms are part of the battle for recognition of the rights of people with all sorts of bodies (Lucal 1999). Racial desegregation and mandated wheelchair-accessible bathrooms are
Secondary Prevention of Low‐Back Pain: A Clinical Trial

A clinical trial, aimed at secondary prevention of low-back pain, was performed in 142 hospital employees reporting at least three annual episodes of this condition. Participants were randomly assigned to one of three groups: a calisthenics program (CAL) for 3 months with biweekly sessions of flexion exercises, a back school program (5 sessions), and a control group. The effectiveness of the two intervention programs was evaluated over a 1-year period. Baseline preintervention data and evaluation at the end of 3 months of intervention and after an additional 6 months were collected. A monthly surveillance for the whole year showed a mean of 4.5 “painful months” in the CAL group versus 7.3 and 7.4 months in the back school and control groups, respectively (P < 0.0001). The superiority of the CAL group was achieved partly because of the significant increase in trunk forward flexion and to initial increment in abdominal muscle strength. The increased trunk flexion was associated with the rate of participation in the CAL sessions. Further research is needed to answer the question of “intensity versus type of exercise” by comparing different intervention programs, with similar intensity.
Promoting participation for children and young people: Some key questions for health and social welfare organisations

This article draws on research carried out by Barnardo's on behalf of the Health Education Authority. It analyses different meanings of 'participation' and identifies different processes in which it is currently deemed valuable to ensure children's participation. Although the article concludes by summarising some of the advantages of participation-for individuals, for organisations and for society-it challenges the reader to be clear about the nature and purpose of attempts to involve children
Competitividade das nações: análise da métrica utilizada Pelo world economic forum

The competitiveness of nations is a relevant matter to decision makers when it comes to choose the country which may yield better results on investment. In this trend, this study seeks to analyze the metrics of competitiveness of countries using multivariate statistical concepts in order to simplify and avoid mixed results on the subject. With such a purpose, we used the databases published by the World Economic Forum (WEF) in 2010, which uses twelve pillars to establish the competitive position of 133 countries. It was found that the metric used by the WEF is redundant since it relies on pillars that represent the same construct. It was found that Technology Readiness explains the country’s competitiveness in 86.5% and that the combination of Macroeconomic Stability, Quality of Higher Education and Business Sophistication rises this percentage to 95.7%.
Peer Victimization in Dutch School Classes of Four‐ to Five‐Year‐Olds: Contributing Factors at the School Level

This research was designed to examine how factors within young children's environment (e.g., school factors, neighborhood) contribute to explaining peer victimization. The sample comprised 2,003 children (between 4 and 5 years of age) from 98 classrooms in 23 elementary schools in the Netherlands. Teachers were asked to complete a questionnaire on exposure to victimization for each child. Multilevel analyses revealed that gender and social climate of the school were directly related to victimization. Furthermore, results indicated that peer victimization in boys was less prevalent when they attended smaller schools. In low‐SES neighborhoods victimization scores were significantly lower when schools had implemented clear antibullying policies. Finally, variation among school classes appeared to be strongly associated with victimization, even more so than variation among schools. These findings support broadening the focus beyond the individual child at risk.
Design and measurement of cavity enclosed microstrip edge-coupled bandpass filter at Ku band

In this paper, design of an edge coupled cavity-enclosed, axially rotated, Bandpass filter (BPF) at Ku band is presented. Effects of a properly designed cavity are included in the simulations of the BPF performance for subsequent manufacturing. The BPF is realized on a substrate with dielectric constant of 2.2. The filter is fabricated, enclosed in the manufactured cavity (with its waveguide cutoff frequency close to operating frequency) and measurement results are presented.
Perception of Interior Designs

A set of slides representing six interior styles of design (Victorian, English, Country French, Contemporary, Early American, and Eclectic) was shown to 22 subjects who responded to them on a 20-item semantic differential scale. Four factors obtained from the scale were used as dependent variables in one-way analyses of variance. No differences were found on either the spiritual or activity factors. However, the Eclectic and Country French designs were rated highest and the English design lowest on both the evaluation and aesthetic appeal factors. Early American was judged as intermediate in beauty but high in livability.
Tool-Supported Component Evolution

Evolution Thomas Gen ler and Benedikt Schulz Forschungszentrum Informatik Karlsruhe Haid-und-Neu-Stra e 10-14 76131 Karlsruhe Germany fgensslerjbschulzg@fzi.de Workshop on Object-Oriented Reengineering ECOOP'99 Abstract In this paper we present some experiences we have had with the use of meta-programming adaptation and con guration operators. These operators are meta-programs written in a standard programming language and based on a meta-object protocol. They perform complex reorganization operations on legacy components such as replacing communication links, increasing exibility, and wrapping. Our technique is rooted in the concepts of aspect-oriented programming. The main idea behind our approach is to identify fragments of so-called aspect code within components and to provide a means to adapt this code to new requirements. We present some examples of how to apply our technique, ranging from exibility-improving reorganizations to the adaptation of components to new middle-ware platforms.
Dissociation between implicit and explicit attitudes towards the rich in a developing country: The case of China

In developing countries in which the gap between the rich and the poor is wide, we hypothesized a dissociation between people's implicit and explicit attitudes towards the rich. We tested this hypothesis in China, the world's largest emerging economy. As predicted, Chinese participants exhibited a negative attitude towards the rich in responding to a questionnaire which measured their explicit attitude. In contrast, when an implicit measure was used, they were found to hold a positive attitude towards the rich. In addition, the correlation between the explicit and implicit measures was not significant.
Some Research Perspectives on Entrepreneurship Education, Enterprise Education and Education for Small Business Management: A Ten-Year Literature Review

GARY GORMAN IS AN ASSOCIATE DEAN AND associate professor and Dennis Hanlon an assistant professor at the Faculty of Business Administration, Memorial University ofNewfoundland, Canada, and Wayne King is director of the P. J. Gardiner Institute for Small Business Studies as well as an assistant professor at Memorial University of Newfoundland. This paper reviews the literature in the areas of entrepreneurship education, enterprise education and education for small business management. The review covers the period from 1985 to 1994 inclusive and is limited to mainstream journals that focus on entrepreneurship and small business. Theoretical and empirical papers are examined from the perspective of content and market focus. The paper also suggests directions for future research.
Insulin mutation screening in 1 , 044 patients with diabetes : mutations in the INS gene are a common cause of neonatal diabetes but a rare cause of diabetes diagnosed in childhood or adulthood

This is the second appearance of this Yearbook chapter on evidence-based medicine [1]. So what has changed over the past year? The total volume of publications in clinical pediatric endocrinology this year has been enormous, with many high quality publications, so how have we made the selection for this chapter? As before, selection has principally focused on identifying seminal studies demonstrating a well-defined rigorous evidence-based approach with direct relevance to our daily practice of pediatric endocrinology. This year has seen important joint consensus statements published by the European Society for Paediatric Endocrinology and the Lawson Wilkins Pediatric Endocrine Society on GH treatment of children born small for gestational age [2], and on the use of continuous subcutaneous insulin infusions [3]. Recommendations on the use of newly launched rhIGF-1 were produced in a Lawson Wilkins Pediatric Endocrine Society review [4]. Additionally the large volume of published data on the efficacy and safety of rhGH treatment over 20 years in the KIGS pharmaceutically sponsored database cannot be ignored as an important source of evidence [5]. This chapter contains a selection of important randomized controlled trials (RCTs), but also several large cohort or population studies, often with prospectively collected data from the study population and specifically chosen parallel control groups. This is often the most appropriate way to test a hypothesis and to obtain sufficient statistical power. We must also not forget longitudinal follow-up programs, which have fewer subjects than population studies, but these give us the quality of the evidence-based information in pediatric endocrinology that can only be obtained from this type of platform. So therefore, this chapter contains quite a mix oigf sources of high quality evidence which we hope will stimulate and inform.
Mannitol at clinical concentrations activates multiple signaling pathways and induces apoptosis in endothelial cells.

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Hyperosmotic mannitol therapy is widely used in the clinical setting for acute and subacute reduction in brain edema, to decrease muscle damage in compartment syndrome, and to improve renal perfusion. Though beneficial rheological effects commonly are attributed to mannitol, its direct effects on endothelial cells are poorly understood. METHODS We studied the effect of hypertonic and hypotonic stress on bovine aortic endothelial (BAE) cells, using mannitol, urea, and sodium chloride and medium dilution in vitro. RESULTS Exposure to incremental osmolar concentrations of 300 mOsm of each osmotic agent increased apoptosis in BAE cells (mannitol congruent withNaCl>urea). Induced programmed cell death was detected by DAPI staining of intact cell nuclei, and by TUNEL and DNA fragmentation ladder assays. Mannitol-induced apoptosis exhibited dose dependence (42% of cells at 300 mOsm [P<0.0001] compared with 1.2% of control cells) and was also observed in bovine smooth muscle cells. Mannitol-induced apoptosis was attenuated approximately 50% in the presence of cycloheximide or actinomycin D. Hypertonic mannitol and NaCl, but not urea, increased tyrosine phosphorylation of the focal adhesion contact-associated proteins paxillin and FAK. Hypotonic medium, which did not lead to apoptosis, increased protein tyrosine phosphorylation of FAK but not of paxillin. Addition of mannitol or NaCl also produced sustained increases in c-Jun NH2-terminal kinase (JNK) activity. In addition, hypertonic mannitol increased intracellular free [Ca2+] in a dose-dependent manner. Chelation of intracellular Ca2+ with quin2-AM (10 micromol/L) inhibited mannitol-induced apoptosis approximately 50%, as to a lesser extent did inhibition of tyrosine kinase activity with herbimycin (1 micromol/L). CONCLUSIONS We have shown that hypertonic mannitol exposure induces endothelial cell apoptosis, accompanied by activation of tyrosine and stress kinases, phosphorylation of FAK and paxillin, and elevation of intracellular free [Ca2+]. The apoptosis is attenuated by inhibition of transcription or translation, by inhibition of tyrosine kinases, or by intracellular Ca2+ buffering. These data suggest that clinical use of the osmotic diuretic mannitol may exert direct deleterious effects on vascular endothelium.
The effects of metals and food availability on the behavior of Caenorhabditis elegans

Caenorhabditis elegans, a nonparasitic soil nematode, was used to assess the combined effects of metal exposures and food availability on behavior. Movement was monitored using a computer tracking system after exposures to Cu, Pb, or Cd while feeding was measured as a change in optical density (△OD) of bacteria suspensions over the exposure period. After 24‐h exposures at high and low bacteria concentrations, movement was decreased in a concentration‐dependent fashion by Pb and Cd but feeding reductions were not directly proportional to exposure concentrations. Copper exposure induced concentration‐dependent declines in feeding and movement regardless of bacteria concentration. The impact of 24‐h metal exposures was apparently reduced by increasing food availability. Therefore, exposures were shortened to 4 h in an attempt to minimize starvation effects on movement. Although nematodes were immobilized following 24 h of food depravation, worms deprived of food during the 4‐h exposure continued to feed and move after exposure. A bead‐ingestion assay after 4‐h exposures was also used as an additional means of assessing the effects of metals on feeding behavior. Ingestion was significantly reduced by all concentrations of metals tested, indicating its sensitivity as a sublethal assay. Feeding (△OD) during exposures exhibited similar trends as ingestion but was slightly less sensitive, while movement was the least sensitive assay of 4‐h metal exposures to C. elegans. Assessment of multiple sublethal endpoints allowed for the determination of the separate and interactive effects of metals and food availability on C. elegans behavior.
Bosch ’ s Cases : a 40 years Follow-up of Patients with Infantile Autism and Asperger Syndrome

Only a handful of longitudinal case reports on autism spectrum disorders exist in the literature. In this study, we present the follow-up data on two subjects with infantile autism and one with Asperger syndrome over 40 years after initial diagnosis. Their childhood phenomenology had been described in detail in a historic monograph by Gerhard Bosch (1962, 1970). The trajectories of his three former patients were consistent with more recent larger scale empirical studies on outcome in autism and related disorders. While the two cases with core autism had poor outcomes compared to the person with Asperger syndrome, all three of them showed a highly stable symptomatology from childhood into adulthood. The study confirms the stability and validity of the diagnosis of autism over the years (German J Psychiatry 2004; 7:10-13).
Rate stimulation of deoxyribonucleic acid synthesis after inhibition

The degree to which the rate of deoxyribonucleic acid synthesis in thy- cultures of Escherichia coli is stimulated after a period of thymine starvation is shown to be a function of the concentration of thymine present as well as of the culture doubling time. Inhibition of deoxyribonucleic acid synthesis by nalidixic acid yields comparable results. Periods of thymine starvation exceeding one doubling time appear to cause an irreversible inactivation of a fraction of the replication forks in the culture.
Onward Into More Fog: Thoughts on Public Relations' Research Directions

Researchers and practitioners are challenged to understand what can move our study, teaching, and practice (for postmodernism's contributions to these ends, see Toth, 2002). In this endeavor, our work can productively rest on systems theory, the rhetorical heritage (including a humanistic and social scientific interest in persuasion as a way of understanding how people make decisions and engage in social influence), and premises espoused by social exchange theory that guide our understanding of relationships. A rhetorical perspective is vital (or for some, a European sociological perspective) because we must have a theory-based systematic way to understand, research, and critique the role of public relations in forming and responding to ideas—competing and convergent shared social realities that can broadly be interpreted as zones of meaning. In public relations, communication is about something; ideas and meaning count.