Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
EXPLAINING HEALTH INEQUALITIES IN THREE MEGA-URBAN REGIONS IN INDONESIA UNDERGOING RAPID DEMOGRAPHIC CHANGE AND DECENTRALIZATION

Indonesia’s rapidly growing mega-urban regions of Jabotabek (Jakarta Extended Metropolitan Region), Bandung and Surabaya each have a large socially and economically heterogeneous population. As a result, substantial spatial and socio-economic inequalities in child mortality risk exist. A means for policy makers to address these differentials is to increase the utilization of trained birth assistance, especially to the urban poor. Multilevel multinomial logistic regression reveals that use of a skilled birth attendant is highly associated with predisposing factors (ie, mother’s education) whilst highly skilled assistance is more related to enabling factors (ie, household expenditure quintile and proximity to hospitals). Recent decentralization of government powers, however, has caused numerous challenges to policy makers to ensure more equitable access to health services and reduce inequalities in child mortality risk. The author wishes to acknowledge the assistance of Wendy Hartanto of Statistics Indonesia in providing data from the Village Potential Survey 2000.
The private cost of socially responsible investing

Over $625 billion is invested in funds that screen holdings according to ethical considerations. A crucial issue to many investors is whether ethical screening affects portfolio performance. We examine twenty-eight common stock portfolios over the period January 1, 1989–December 31, 1991 in order to determine whether ethical screening has an impact on portfolio performance. Analysis of eleven distinct ethical screens and three combinations of screens reveals little impact. To the extent that any impacts are observed, the market appears to reward good environmental performance, charitable giving, and an absence of nuclear and defence work, and it appears to penalize firms that provide family-related benefits such as parental leave, job sharing, and dependent care assistance.
Financial Statement Analysis and the Prediction of Financial Distress

Financial statement analysis has been used to assess a company's likelihood of financial distress — the probability that it will not be able to repay its debts. Financial statement analysis was used by credit suppliers to assess the credit worthiness of its borrowers. Today, financial statement analysis is ubiquitous and involves a wide variety of ratios and a wide variety of users, including trade suppliers, banks, creditrating agencies, investors and management, among others. Financial distress refers to the inability of a company to pay its financial obligations as they mature. Empirically, academic research in accounting and finance has focused on either bond default or bankruptcy. The basic issue is whether the probability of distress varies in a significant manner conditional upon the magnitude of the financial statement ratios. This monograph discusses the evolution of three main streams within the financial distress prediction literature: The set of dependent and explanatory variables used, the statistical methods of estimation, and the modeling of financial distress.
Chronotropic incompetence and mortality in middle-aged men with known or suspected coronary heart disease.

AIMS The objective is to study whether a heart rate (HR) increase from 40 to 100% of maximal work capacity in the exercise test (HR40-100) independently predicts mortality in men with known or suspected coronary heart disease (CHD). METHODS AND RESULTS The subjects were 294 men, 42-61 years of age, from eastern Finland with known or suspected CHD but without use of HR-lowering medication at baseline. HR was measured at rest and during a maximal, symptom-limited exercise test. During an average follow-up of 11.0 years, there were 61 all-cause deaths. In Cox-multivariable model, mortality increased by 41% (95% confidence interval, 12-79%) with a 1-SD (15 b.p.m.) decrement in HR40-100. HR increase from rest to 40% of maximal work capacity was not associated with an increased risk of death. Synergism was observed between HR40-100 and workload achieved at HR of 100 b.p.m. so that men having low values for both these HR variables had a particularly adverse prognosis compared with men with high values for these variables. CONCLUSION An attenuated HR increase particularly during the latter half of a maximal exercise test is an independent predictor of death in men with known or suspected CHD.
Optimal gelaufen, einfach zufrieden oder unüberlegt gehandelt? Zur Theorie (un)eingeschränkt rationalen Entscheidens

Abstract How should we react to experiments that refute pure selfishness? Are deviations in action space only important if they imply considerable losses? For (un)bounded rationality it is unimportant which payoff declines lead to more or less adequate decision considerations. But also for unreflected actions a bad outcome need not necessarily arise if for example institutional frameworks exclude or restrict the exploitation of naïve agents. The comparison of rational and unreflected decisions is not reduced to action and payoff spaces, but extended to cognition space. The conceptual comparison is illustrated by results from laboratory experiments.
Product‐country images and preference heterogeneity for Mediterranean food products: A discrete choice framework

Despite the importance of region of origin (ROO) as a quality indicator and EU recognition of territorial specificity in food products, there is still a dearth of work investigating the importance of regional (both national and territorial) identity in consumer perceptions for specific food product categories. Employing nationwide discrete choice data for Italy, we investigate the strength of the ROO attribute across three food product categories. Moreover, in addition to treating taste heterogeneity as conditional on socioeconomic factors, we employ recent advances in discrete-choice modeling to test for unobserved heterogeneity in consumer preferences for domestic and territorial origin of production certification. The results show evidence of home bias in preference across all three food products, while preference heterogeneity is exhibited for table grapes and oil, but not for oranges. The analysis shows that unobserved heterogeneity, as represented by mixed logit models, appears to explain more of the observed choice variation than heterogeneity associated to socioeconomic characteristics. lJEL classification: Q120,Q130, Q180r. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Agribusiness 21: 329-349, 2005.
Smartphone electrographic monitoring for atrial fibrillation in acute ischemic stroke and transient ischemic attack

Rationale Paroxysmal atrial fibrillation is a common and preventable cause of devastating strokes. However, currently available monitoring methods, including Holter monitoring, cardiac telemetry and event loop recorders, have drawbacks that restrict their application in the general stroke population. AliveCor™ heart monitor, a novel device that embeds miniaturized electrocardiography (ECG) in a smartphone case coupled with an application to record and diagnose the ECG, has recently been shown to provide an accurate and sensitive single lead ECG diagnosis of atrial fibrillation. This device could be used by nurses to record a 30-s ECG instead of manual pulse taking and automatically provide a diagnosis of atrial fibrillation. Aims To compare the proportion of patients with paroxysmal atrial fibrillation detected by AliveCor™ ECG monitoring with current standard practice. Sample size 296 Patients. Design Consecutive ischemic stroke and transient ischemic attack patients presenting to participating stroke units without known atrial fibrillation will undergo intermittent AliveCor™ ECG monitoring administered by nursing staff at the same frequency as the vital observations of pulse and blood pressure until discharge, in addition to the standard testing paradigm of each participating stroke unit to detect paroxysmal atrial fibrillation. Study outcome Proportion of patients with paroxysmal atrial fibrillation detected by AliveCor™ ECG monitoring compared to 12-lead ECG, 24-h Holter monitoring and cardiac telemetry. Discussion Use of AliveCor™ heart monitor as part of routine stroke unit nursing observation has the potential to be an inexpensive non-invasive method to increase paroxysmal atrial fibrillation detection, leading to improvement in stroke secondary prevention.
Price Relationships in Processors' Input Market Areas: Testing Theories for Corn Prices Near Ethanol Plants

"This study examines corn pricing in the vicinity of processing plants. We develop and test several price-distance models for cargo, insurance and freight (CIF) plant pricing in the presence of varying degrees of exporter competition, and for discriminatory free-on-board (FOB) pricing at the farm. The price-distance functions describing spatial prices near processing plants all depend on local transport costs. But the pricing system (CIF or FOB) and the extent of local competition define the level and spatial rate of change in prices.Estimations of an empirical price-location function for Iowa during the spring of 2003 suggest that prices near the plants of four conventional businesses conform to the CIF pricing model. But prices near producer-owned firms or farmer cooperatives failed to show any statistically significant effect on nearby prices. One plant had a price-distance function that resembled FOB pricing. " Copyright 2005 Canadian Agricultural Economics Society.
An empirical examination of the value relevance of consolidated earnings figures under a cost of acquisition regime

This study examined empirically the value relevance of, first, the total reported consolidated accounting earnings and, secondly, the earnings of the subsidiaries attributed to the parent company, under a cost of acquisition regime, via an association study. Various alternative models were formed and tested empirically against data obtained from the Athens Stock Exchange for the years 1993, 1994 and 1995. It was found that, when undeflated, total reported consolidated earnings were value relevant but to a lesser degree than the total reported earnings of the parent company, probably because they are the sum of a set of heterogeneous earnings components. Similarly, consolidation did not improve the explanatory power of the valuation models. However, decomposition of the total reported consolidated earnings into the part contributed by the parent company and the part contributed by the subsidiaries (excess group earnings), in order to account for the different legal (and tax) status of these two earnings components provided two earnings measures with different degree of value relevance, thus verifying expectations.
Fas/Fas ligand expression and characteristics of primed CD45RO+ T cells in the inflamed mucosa of ulcerative colitis.

BACKGROUND Chronic immune activation in the colon is characteristic of ulcerative colitis (UC). Fas/Fas ligand (FasL) system is a mechanism responsible for activation-induced cell death (AICD), which maintains homeostasis within the immune system. Thus, Fas/FasL expression on activated colonic T cells of UC patients, as well as the susceptibility of such T cells to AICD was investigated in order to determine the role of activated colonic T cells in the long lasting inflammation in UC. METHODS Fas, FasL, and CD45RO expression on peripheral blood and colonic T cells of UC patients were assayed by flow cytometry. Apoptosis of colonic T cells induced by anti Fas antibody was assessed using the terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated dUTP-biotin nick end-labeling (TUNEL) assay. RESULTS The majority of colonic T cells expressed both CD45RO and Fas in the colonic mucosa, a situation that was quite different from that in the peripheral blood. The number of CD45RO+CD8+ and Fas+CD8+ T cells was significantly lower in UC patients than the controls, unlike the number of Fas+CD4+ T cells. In contrast, the number of both CD45RO+CD4+ and CD45RO+CD8+ T cells in UC mucosa expressing FasL was significantly higher than in the controls. While Fas mediated apoptosis of CD45RO+CD8+ T cells was higher in UC patients than the controls, the number of apoptotic CD45RO+CD4+ T cells from UC mucosa was not. CONCLUSIONS In UC patients, CD45RO+CD4+ T cells are less sensitive to apoptotic signals mediated by Fas. These phenomena may contribute to the pathogenesis of UC.
The Competitive Market Efficiency of Hotel Brands: An Application of Data Envelopment Analysis

The objective of this article is to illustrate how managers in the hotel industry can analyze and improve their brands’market efficiency using data envelopment analysis (DEA). The authors evaluated the competitive market efficiency of 46 hotel brands in terms of customer satisfaction and customer value. Their DEA results show that 23 of the 46 brands studied generated less customer satisfaction and customer value for the same level of inputs relative to their more efficient competitors. In particular, the competitive market-inefficient hotel brands suffered more guest complaints, employed a lower quality staff, did not maintain their properties as well, and charged prices higher than justified by their market offerings. Furthermore, the competitive market-inefficient hotels had a less-than-optimal number of rooms and properties in the chain. The results illustrate how managers can use DEA to improve the relative market efficiency of their brands.
The realm of cellulases in biorefinery development

Geopolitical concerns (unstable supply of gasoline, environmental pollution, and regular price hikes), economic, and employment concerns have been prompting researchers, entrepreneurs, and policy makers to focus on harnessing the potential of lignocellulosic feedstock for fuel ethanol production and its commercialization. The carbohydrate skeleton of plant cell walls needs to be depolymerised into simpler sugars for their application in fermentation reactions as a chief carbon source of suitable ethnologic strains for ethanol production. The role of cellulolytic enzymes in the degradation of structural carbodydrates of the plant cell wall into ready-to-fermentable sugar stream is inevitable. Cellulase synergistically acts upon plant cell wall polysaccharides to release glucose into the liquid media. Cellulase predominantly dominates all the plant cell wall degrading enzymes due to their vast and diverse range of applications. Apart from the major applications of cellulases such as in detergent formulations, textile desizing, and development of monogastric feed for ruminants, their role in biorefinery is truly remarkable. This is a major area where new research tools based upon fermentation based formulations, biochemistry, and system biology to expedite the structure–function relationships of cellulases including cellulosomes and new designer enzymatic cocktails are required. In the last two decades, a considerable amount of research work has been performed on cellulases and their application in biomass saccharification. However, there are still technical and economic impediments to the development of an inexpensive commercial cellulase production process. Advancements in biotechnology such as screening of microorganisms, manipulation of novel cellulase encoding traits, site-specific mutagenesis, and modifications to the fermentation process could enhance the production of cellulases. Commercially, cheaper sources of carbohydrates and modified fermentation conditions could lead to more cost-effective production of cellulases with the goal to reduce the cost of ethanol production from lignocellulosics. Implementation of integrated steps like cellulase production and cellulase mediated saccharification of biomass in conjunction with the fermentation of released sugars in ethanol in a single step so called consolidated bio-processing (CBP) is very important to reduce the cost of bioethanol. This paper aims to explore and review the important findings in cellulase biotechnology and the forward path for new cutting edge opportunities in the success of biorefineries.
Corporate governance theorising: limits, critics and alternatives

Purpose – This paper seeks to examine the mainstream theories of corporate governance in an attempt to suggest that their underlying assumptions and ideologies are misplaced and ought to give way to an emerging pluralistic view of the governing process in order to understand any governance contribution to the dynamics of the business environment.Design/methodology/approach – The paper engages with the traditional literature and views on governance models from law, business and organisational studies perspectives. It then considers the environment and changes in the environment and how those challenge the relevance of the traditional approach, drawing upon the impacts on the fluidity of management and governance perspectives and practices in the global economy.Findings – The reflections and analysis confirm the view that the underlying assumptions of existing models and regulatory frameworks for governance are misplaced and it is suggested, with reason, that a pluralistic view and framework are better than.
Toward a More Embedded Production System? Automotive Supply Networks and Localized Capabilities in Poland

The article addresses the embeddedness of automotive production in Poland in terms of supply networks. A comprehensive analysis of more than 550 suppliers, supported by company interviews, shows that foreign-owned producers become embedded in Poland in the automotive supplier networks they have largely created themselves. Numerous local suppliers gain access to export markets and become integrated in a Europe-wide production system. This trend has been accompanied by significant upgrading of foreign affiliates and domestic firms in terms of product quality, cost efficiency, adaptability, and fast response, but far less in nonproduction competences such as R&D. It is argued that the competences of automotive suppliers in Poland are built upon the localized capabilities, which are a product of the dynamic interplay between the activity of foreign firms and the changing local environment comprising various stakeholders. The localized capabilities constitute elements of a company's sunk costs and are embedding automotive producers in Poland. At the same time, the dependence on decisions and innovations from abroad and the limited development of local design and brands may constrain the future role of suppliers from the semiperipheral economy of Poland. Copyright (c) 2009 Copyright the Authors. Journal compilation (c) 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Multiple adhesins of streptococci

Human streptococcal isolates are confronted with numerous environmental challenges, one of which is the necessity that they adhere to one or more of the varied mucosal surfaces of the oropharyngeal cavity between their point of entry into the host and the site where physiological conditions favor colonization. They interact with buccal cells, tonsillar cells, salivary constituents, and dental pellicles and with other bacteria and their products. To maintain themselves in these environments, the streptococci must be able to interact with different receptors on the distinct surfaces (5, 6, 31). It is not surprising, therefore, that evolutionary pressures would select organisms that are genetically capable of producing more than one class or type of adhesin. Indeed, the concept of multiple adhesins has been recognized for over 20 years for gram-negative bacteria, especially members of the family Enterobacteriaceae (27). There is, in fact, no need to bring attention to the concept of multiple adhesins in gram-negative bacteria, so widespread is its acceptance (32). The concept of multiple steps in the process of adhesion has also been proposed for gram-negative bacteria, such as enteropathogenic Escherichia coli (46) and Mycoplasma pulmonis (51). However, it was more recently that a sufficient body of data accumulated to suggest that similar to gram-negative bacteria, gram-positive bacteria also express multiple adhesins and, further, that the adhesins probably function in distinct kinetic steps. While these are not new concepts, they are not yet widely recognized or accepted for streptococci. It is these concepts that we wish to address, primarily with respect to human streptococcal isolates. For illustration, we shall focus on two streptococcal species that inhabit different niches of the upper respiratory tract. One, Streptococcus sanguis, colonizes the tooth surface, and the other, Streptococcus pyogenes, colonizes the pharynx and tonsils. We will attempt to marshall the evidence for the expression of multiple adhesins in these species (and perhaps other gram-positive cocci) and develop
Timeliness and Conservatism of Taiwanese Earnings

Abstract Taiwan is an economy with an efficient stock market where accounting and auditing standards generally follow the US. However, a culturally different climate is caused by the predominance of family-owned public companies. We find Taiwanese firms' earnings exhibit the conservatism and timeliness of Asian economies where US GAAP is not used. Further tests show that family-controlled firms (typical of the Asian business model) exhibit less conservatism in their application of GAAP. This suggests limitations in the harmonization of accounting standards in those economies that have strong family influence in publicly traded firms.
Validity of self-reported alcohol use: a literature review and assessment.

SummaryRecently, there has been increased attention to the validity of self-reported alcohol use. Yet, much of theliterature appears to be inappropriately seeking the definitive answer to a relative question, e.g. are self-reportsof alcohol use valid. ^. The literature on the validity of self-reported alcohol use was reviewed with a primaryfocus on concurrent criterion-oriented validity. Validity studies using collateral reports, diaries, official records,different interviewing methods, laboratory tests and multiple measures were assessed. It is concluded thatresearch on the validity of self-reported alcohol use should emphasize the interactions of the respondent, theinterviewer, the information being obtained and the context of the interview to determine under whichconditions valid responses can be maximized. Further, research on validity should focus on specific processesinvolved in providing accurate responses. Emphasis should be placed on developing a range of strategies anddetermining their appropriateness for obtaining more accurate reports from specific populations.IntroductionControversy surrounding the validity of self-reported alcohol use has heightened in the last fewyears. The fact that such a controversy existsconcerning this complex issue in the field of alcoholstudies is a healthy sign that more rigorous examina-tion of important methodological issues is occurringwithin the clinical and research communities.Recently, two viewpoints have been emergingconcerning the use of self-reports of alcohol use.The first is represented by Watson and his colleag-ues (1984; 1985) who found only a modest corre-spondence between reports of alcohol consumptionby alcoholics and their significant others (collater-als) over time. "The data, then, casts serious doubton the utility of self-report follow-up studies, and
Due Process and the Adoption of IFRS IN New Zealand

This paper reviews the decision to adopt IFRS in New Zealand and the subsequent decisions made on implementation of adoption. The emphasis of the review is on due process. The paper outlines the current regulatory structure for financial reporting in New Zealand, describes how the decision to adopt IFRS was made, and evaluates the due process followed in making the decision to adopt IFRS and in implementation of the decision. We conclude that the limited due process followed in making the decision to move to IFRS and in developing each New Zealand standard was adequate. However, the method adopted for converting international standards to New Zealand standards did not go through sufficient due process.