Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Observation and branching fraction measurement of B+ → ψ(2S) φ K+ at √s = 8 TeV in CMS & Hadron Shower development studies using Geant4 simulations

Heavy quark decays provide a very advantageous opportunity to test the Standard Model (SM). Recently, promising experiments with b quark, as well as the analysis of the huge data sets produced at the Large Hadron Collider (LHC) experiment, have led to an increasing study and sensitive measurements of relative b quark decays. In this thesis, a preliminary study is presented for the first time observation of the B → ψ(2S)φK with a statistical significance above 5 standard deviations using proton-proton collisions at √ s = 8 TeV collected with Compact Muon Solenoid (CMS) detector at LHC. The data sample, selected on the basis of the dimuon decay mode of the ψ(2S), corresponds to an integrated luminosity of 19.6 fb−1. A total of 140±15 B → ψ(2S)φK events have been observed. The branching fraction of B → ψ(2S)φK is measured relative to B → ψ(2S)K, whose absolute branching fraction (BF) is known. The ratio is converted to an absolute branching fraction of B → ψ(2S)φK, including systematics which is determined to be (4.0 ± 0.4(stat) ± 0.6(syst) ± 0.1(BR)) × 10−6, where the third uncertainty is due to imprecise knowledge of the BF. The upper limit of the fraction of B → ψ(2S)(non − φ)K component in the selected B → ψ(2S)K+K−K+ channel is found to be 26% at 95% confidence level.
Wavelet shrinkage generalized Bayes estimation for elliptical distribution parameter's under LINEX loss

In this paper, the generalized Bayes estimator of elliptical distribution parameter’s under asymmetric Linex error loss function is considered. The new shrinkage generalized Bayes estimator by applying wavelet transformation is investigated. We develop admissibility and minimaxity of shrinkage estimator on multivariate normal distribution.We present the simulation in order to test validity of purpose estimator.
SURFACE SURFACE

—This paper proposes a practical way to realize the diversity in face recognition system for performance improvement by fusing the classiﬁcation results from the components (characteristic regions such as eyes, nose and mouth) and from the whole face image, instead of concatenating the face feature and the modular features for a single classiﬁer. The extracted sub-images are not totally independent from the face image, but the experiments show that the fused result is improved from the recognition result based on the face or components alone. The fusion is implemented and compared at both score level and decision level. Communication resources are preserved between the sensor and fusion point in decision level fusion at the expense of performance, and the selection of which fusion scheme to use depends on the system resources and performance requirement.
Seismic Response and Safety Assessment of an Existing Concrete Chimney under Wind Load

A safety assessment of a chimney under the action of wind and earthquake is performed on one of the reinforced concrete chimneys in the Jinchuan company in China. The assessment is based on the linear filtering method, and wind loads of several heights on one field are simulated by MATLAB. The displacement of the structure under the action of wind load and earthquake is analyzed using maximum value superposition, and the stress on the chimney is calculated in four cases using the equal curvature criterion method. The time-history responses of the tall chimney structure under linear and nonlinear elastic conditions are discussed. The results show that for a chimney under wind load or frequent earthquakes, the displacement limit can meet the code requirements; however, under the combined action of frequent earthquakes and wind load, the structural displacement is bigger than other conditions. When the chimney is acted upon by a wind load, frequent earthquake action, or the combined action of wind load and frequent earthquake action, the maximum compressive stress, maximum tensile stress, and maximum shear stress are concentrated at the bottom of the chimney. The ultimate bearing capacity of a reinforced concrete chimney under three conditions can meet the original design requirements, but the maximum compressive stress at the bottom approaches the designed tensile limit value under the action of rare earthquakes; under these conditions, the bottom of the chimney may experience partial damage.
Wideband circularly polarized antenna with end shorting vias and inverted L-shaped slots

ABSTRACT In this paper, we present a new wideband circularly polarized (CP) antenna. It has two parts, the first part is a circular ground plane with curved branches, and the second one is a circular patch with curved branches and inverted L-shaped slots. We could obtain a wideband of impedance and axial ratio (AR) through commending inverted L-shaped slots on the patch and loading end shorting vias at the corresponding ends of the arced branches in the patch and ground plane. The realized antenna has a dimension of 43 × 43 × 3.2 mm3, equals to 0. 73λ0 × 0. 73λ0 × 0. 054λ0 (λ0 is the wavelength at the minimum frequency). The tested results illustrated that the impedance and axial ratio (AR) bandwidth are 26.98% (5.29–6.94 GHz) and 25.33% (5–6.45 GHz), respectively. The results of the actual test are basically adjacent with the simulated one.
A Model for Generating Synthetic Network Flows and Accuracy Index for Evaluation of Anomaly Network Intrusion Detection Systems

Objectives: This study proposes a model for generating synthetic network flows inserting malicious fragments randomly and a new metric for measuring the performance of an Anomaly Network Intrusion Detection System (ANIDS). Method: A simulation model is developed for generating synthetic network flows inserting malicious fragments that reflect Denial of Service (DoS) and Probe attacks. An ANIDS shall maximize true positives and true negatives which is equivalent to minimizing Type-I and Type-II errors. The geometric mean of True Positive Rate (TPR) and True Negative Rate (TNR) is proposed as a metric, namely, Geometric Mean Accuracy Index (GMAI) for measuring the performance of any proposed ANIDS. Findings: The task of detecting anomalous network flows by inspecting at fragment level boils down to discrete binary classification problem. The Receiver Operating Characteristic (ROC) curve considers False Positive Rates (FPR) and True Positive Rate (TPR) only. It does not reflect the minimization of Type-I and Type-II errors. Maximizing GMAI is the reflection of minimizing 1-GMAI which is equivalent to minimizing Type-I and Type-II errors. Further, the GMAI can be employed as service level for evaluating acceptance sampling based ANIDS. The domain of DoS and Probe attacks, mostly employed by the intruders at fragment level is studied. A conceptual simulation model is developed for generating synthetic network flows incorporating malicious fragments randomly from the domain of DoS and Probe attacks. The conceptual model is translated into operational model (a set computer programs) and synthetic network flows are generated. Using the operational model, the 1000 synthetic network flows are generated for each percentage of anomalous flows varying from 0.1 to 0.9 and employing discrete uniform probability distribution for selecting a fragment for transforming it into malicious. The generated network flows for each percentage of anomalous flows are represented graphically as histogram. It is found that they follow discrete uniform distribution. Hence, the model is validated. Applications: The simulation model can be used for generating synthetic networks flows for evaluating ANIDS. The GMAI can be used as service level for evaluating a discrete binary classifier irrespective of domain.
A remark on the Lavallee-Spearman-Williams-Yang family of quadratic fields

In [4], M. J. Lavallee, B. K. Spearman, K. S. Williams and Q. Yang introduced a certain parametric D5-quintic polynomial and studied its splitting field. The present paper gives an infinite family of quadratic fields with class number divisible by 5 by using properties of its polynomial.
Recent change of vegetation growth trend in China

Using satellite-derived normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) data, several previous studies have indicated that vegetation growth significantly increased in most areas of China during the period 1982–99. In this letter, we extended the study period to 2010. We found that at the national scale the growing season (April–October) NDVI significantly increased by 0.0007 yr−1 from 1982 to 2010, but the increasing trend in NDVI over the last decade decreased in comparison to that of the 1982–99 period. The trends in NDVI show significant seasonal and spatial variances. The increasing trend in April and May (AM) NDVI (0.0013 yr−1) is larger than those in June, July and August (JJA) (0.0003 yr−1) and September and October (SO) (0.0008 yr−1). This relatively small increasing trend of JJA NDVI during 1982–2010 compared with that during 1982–99 (0.0012 yr−1) (Piao et al 2003 J. Geophys. Res.—Atmos. 108 4401) implies a change in the JJA vegetation growth trend, which significantly turned from increasing (0.0039 yr−1) to slightly decreasing ( − 0.0002 yr−1) in 1988. Regarding the spatial pattern of changes in NDVI, the growing season NDVI increased (over 0.0020 yr−1) from 1982 to 2010 in southern China, while its change was close to zero in northern China, as a result of a significant changing trend reversal that occurred in the 1990s and early 2000s. In northern China, the growing season NDVI significantly increased before the 1990s as a result of warming and enhanced precipitation, but decreased after the 1990s due to drought stress strengthened by warming and reduced precipitation. Our results also show that the responses of vegetation growth to climate change vary across different seasons and ecosystems.
2011-02 Estimating and Testing Non-Linear Models Using Instrumental Variables

In many empirical studies, researchers seek to estimate causal relationships using instrumental variables. When only one valid instrumental variable is available, researchers are limited to estimating linear models, even when the true model may be non-linear. In this case, ordinary least squares and instrumental variable estimators will identify different weighted averages of the underlying marginal causal effects even in the absence of endogeneity. As such, the traditional Hausman test for endogeneity is uninformative. We build on this insight to develop a new test for endogeneity that is robust to any form of non-linearity. Notably, our test works well even when only a single valid instrument is available. This has important practical applications, since it implies that researchers can estimate a completely unrestricted non-linear model by OLS, and then use our test to establish whether those OLS estimates are consistent. We re-visit a few recent empirical examples to show how the test can be used to shed new light on the role of non-linearity.
Deferred Correction Methods for Forward Backward Stochastic Differential Equations

The deferred correction (DC) method is a classical method for solving ordinary differential equations; one of its key features is to iteratively use lower order numerical methods so that high-order numerical scheme can be obtained. The main advantage of the DC approach is its simplicity and robustness. In this paper, the DC idea will be adopted to solve forward backward stochastic differential equations (FBSDEs) which have practical importance in many applications. Noted that it is difficult to design high-order and relatively “clean” numerical schemes for FBSDEs due to the involvement of randomness and the coupling of the FSDEs and BSDEs. This paper will describe how to use the simplest Euler method in each DC step–leading to simple computational complexity–to achieve high order rate of convergence.
An investigation of the false discovery rate and the misinterpretation of p-values

1. Summary If you use p = 0.05 to suggest that you have made a discovery, you will be wrong at least 30% of the time. If, as is often the case, experiments are underpowered, you will be wrong most of the time. This conclusion is demonstrated from several points of view. First, tree diagrams which show the close analogy with the screening test problem. Similar conclusions are drawn by repeated simulations of t-tests. These mimic what is done in real life, which makes the results more persuasive. The simulation method is used also to evaluate the extent to which effect sizes are over-estimated, especially in underpowered experiments. A script is supplied to allow the reader to do simulations themselves, with numbers appropriate for their own work. It is concluded that if you wish to keep your false discovery rate below 5%, you need to use a three-sigma rule, or to insist on p ≤ 0.001. And never use the word ‘significant’.
A comprehensive transcriptomic analysis of differentiating embryonic stem cells in response to the overexpression of Mesogenin 1

The mutation of somitogenesis protein Mesogenin 1 (Msgn1) has been widely used to study the direct link between somitogenesis and the development of an embryo. Several studies have used gene expression profiling of somitogenesis to identify the key genes in the process, but few have focused on the pathways involved and the coexpression patterns of associated pathways. Here we employed time-course microarray datasets of differentiating embryonic stem cells by overexpressing the transcription factor Msgn1 from the public database library of Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO). Then we applied gene set enrichment analysis (GSEA) to the datasets and performed candidate transcription factors selection. As a result, several significantly regulated pathways and transcription factors (TFs), as well as some of the specific signaling pathways, were identified during somitogenesis under Msgn1 overexpression, most of which had not been reported previously. Finally, significant core genes such as Hes1 and Notch1 as well as some of the TFs such as PPARs and FOXs were identified to construct coexpression networks of related pathways, the expression patterns of which had been validated by our following quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR). The results of our study may help us better understand the molecular mechanisms of somitogenesis in mice at the genome-wide level.
Socioeconomically disadvantaged neighborhoods, stroke risk, and cognition in older adults: A focus on violent crime

Living in socioeconomically disadvantaged neighborhoods, i.e., neighborhoods with lower incomes, lower education/occupational levels, and/or higher crime, increases one’s risk of developing chronic health problems, including cardiovascular disease risk factors and stroke. These health problems are associated with reduced cognition and dementia and may help to explain disparities in brain aging. We investigated the association of neighborhood socioeconomic characteristics on stroke risk and cognitive outcomes hypothesizing that stroke risk mediates the association between the socioeconomic environment and cognitive functioning. Participants were non-demented community-dwelling older adults (N=121), ~67 years of age (50% male, 44% non-Latino Black) who underwent cognitive and medical assessments. Stroke risk was measured using the 2017 Framingham Stroke Risk Profile Score (FSRP). Neighborhood socioeconomic characteristics were quantified at either the census tract (income, education, and employment) or the point (violent crime) level. We focused on cognitive domains most vulnerable to pathological aging and stroke risk including memory, attention/information processing, and executive functioning. Structural equation modeling (SEM) evaluated whether FSRP mediated the relationship between neighborhood socioeconomic characteristics and cognitive performance. SEM results accounting for neighborhood income, education, and employment levels revealed that higher rates of violent crime were associated with higher FSRP scores, and higher FSRP scores were associated with reduced attention/information processing performance. Neighborhood-level crime had a significant effect on individual health, which, in turn, impacted individual cognition independent of other socioeconomic neighborhood factors typically investigated. Taken together, results suggest that clinicians working with older adults should query individual and neighborhood health. Neighborhoods, stroke risk, and cognition 3
Design and operation of a Rayleigh Ohnesorge jetting extensional rheometer (ROJER) to study extensional properties of low viscosity polymer solutions

The Rayleigh Ohnesorge jetting extensional rheometer (ROJER) enables measurement of very short relaxation times of low viscosity complex fluids such as those encountered in ink-jet printing and spraying applications. This paper focuses on the design and operation of the ROJER. The performance of two nozzle designs is compared using Newtonian fluids alongside a study using computational fluid dynamics. Subsequently, a disposable nozzle is developed that overcomes issues of blockage and cleaning. The operability of this design is subject to a focused study where low viscosity polymer solutions are characterized. The test fluid materials are ethyl hydroxy-ethyl cellulose and poly-ethylene oxide mixed with water/glycerol solutions. Results obtained by the disposable nozzle are encouraging, paving the way for a more cost-efficient and robust ROJER setup.
SHORT MATURITY ASIAN OPTIONS FOR THE CEV MODEL

We present a rigorous study of the short maturity asymptotics for Asian options with continuous-time averaging, under the assumption that the underlying asset follows the constant elasticity of variance (CEV) model. The leading order short maturity limit of the Asian option prices under the CEV model is obtained in closed form. We propose an analytical approximation for the Asian options prices which reproduces the exact short maturity asymptotics, and demonstrate good numerical agreement of the asymptotic results with Monte Carlo simulations and benchmark test cases for option parameters relevant for practical applications.
Adaptive Finite Time Control of Nonlinear Systems Under Time-Varying Actuator Failures

This paper proposes a new finite-time tracking control strategy for a nonlinear uncertain system with actuation failures. The presented control scheme is not dependent on the exact model of system and actuation failures. By employing the approximation ability of fuzzy logic systems, an integrated adaptive controller is constructed, which accommodates for both system uncertainties and unknown actuator failures. Unlike the existing fault-tolerant control studies for actuator failures which can guarantee the system performances only if time tends to infinity, the presented control scheme can assure the system performances in finite time. By applying the Bhat and Bernstein theorem, the finite-time stability of system is proved. At last, the usefulness of the developed control scheme is illustrated by two examples.
A fast algorithm based on image gradient field reconstructing

Aiming at reducing the number of iterations in variational method used to reconstruct image gradient field and overlarge data memory space caused by Kronecker’s direct product operation, the paper discusses a matrix transform method to complete the reconstructing of image gradient field. The algorithm maintains the size of matrix constant and requires no iterations and the algorithm’s time complexity and space complexity are O(N), which meets the basic requirements in engineering calculations.
Robust Regression and Band Switching to Improve DAS Flow Estimates

Within the Oil and Gas industry the use of Acoustics data for flow rate estimation is increasingly being explored. One technique is to consider the total spectral power of the signal within a specific frequency range, known as an FBE. The FBE, along with measured Flow rates, can then be used to build a simple regression model to estimate the flow rate. We collect acoustic data using Distributed Acoustic Sensing, DAS, and find that the recorded FBE generally contains some corrupted data and outliers. This may be due to well shut-in periods or other physical phenomena, or it may be due to issues in the DAS recording itself. These outliers can have a detrimental effect on the calibration of any predictive model and lead to biased flow predictions. We combat this by calibrating out model using Robust Regression techniques, such as Least Absolute Deviation, which are less influenced by outliers. Another practical concern is choosing the correct frequency band for the FBE. This can be done by evaluating the model performance on a training set, however we find that the signal quality within a band can diminish over time necessitating a change in the band used. Our challenge is to find a way to identify when a band is likely to be giving poor predictions. We do this by looking at the ratios between different FBE bands, we find that under normal conditions these are highly correlated, however for certain bands this correlation is lost over time. This can be used to determine when it is time to switch to use a different band. This paper contains the motivation and results of these techniques as they are applied to flow prediction in a gas producing well which has been part of a long-term flow monitoring project.
An arbitrary wavelength solver for global gyrokinetic simulations. Application to the study of fine radial structures on microturbulence due to non-adiabatic passing electron dynamics

The influence of the fine layers of the non-adiabatic passing electron response on electrostatic turbulent transport, previously studied systematically in flux tube geometry [Dominski et al., Phys. Plasmas 22, 062303 (2015)], is pursued in global geometry in conditions relevant for the TCV tokamak with a deuterium plasma (mi/me = 3672). The spectral organization of the passing electron turbulent flux and its dependence on the radial profile of the safety factor are revealed. A radially dependent toroidal spectral analysis of the turbulent fluxes led to the key result that the particle and heat diffusivities of passing-electrons are proportional to the local density of low-order mode rational surfaces. To permit this study of the short radial scales associated with the passing electron dynamics, a new field solver valid at an arbitrary wavelength is implemented in ORB5, for the gyrokinetic quasi-neutrality equation. A benchmark is conducted against the global version of the gyrokinetic code GENE, showing v.