Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
What Do We Know about Enterprise Zones?

In the last decade, most states have targeted certain depressed areas for revitalization by providing a combination of labor and capital tax incentives to firms operating in an "enterprise zone" (EZ). Britain is also completing a federal program that designated zones for a ten-year period. These zone experiments can add to our understanding of the influence of tax policy on business investment, and provide insights into the design and implementation of federal programs with similar objectives. This paper summarizes the theory and empirical evidence on the operational success of these EZ programs. The experience and appraisal of EZs are the subject of this paper. The next section outlines a conceptual framework for analyzing the effects of an EZ program inside and outside zone boundaries. I present estimates of the percentage change in zone wages under several incentive scenarios. In section II, I discuss some methodological issues involved in measuring the success of an EZ program. The British EZ experiment is described in section III, and section IV surveys the state EZ programs in the United States. Section V focuses on the EZ program in Indiana. It is one of the oldest state programs and has been evaluated with a variety of types of data. New evidence is presented on the well-being of Indiana zone residents using 1980 and 1990 Census data. I briefly discuss the difficult issue of program cost effectiveness in section VI and conclude in section 7 with observations about a proposed federal program and some unresolved issues.
A Charge Equalizer With a Combination of APWM and PFM Control Based on a Modified Half-Bridge Converter

A charge equalizer with a combination of asymmetrical pulse width modulation and pulse frequency modulation control based on a modified half-bridge converter for electric vehicles is proposed in this paper. The reliability of the charge equalizer can be improved because the split capacitors are not required and the soft switching of power switches can be achieved by the proposed control. In addition, with the proposed rectification, the number of bridge rectifiers at the secondary side of the transformer can be reduced by half, which also cuts the cost and conduction loss by half. The circuit topology, operation analysis, and control strategy of the proposed charge equalizer are described in detail. Finally, the experimental results are provided to verify the feasibility and performance of the proposed charge equalizer.
Price Limits: How Effective? Evidence from the Istanbul Stock Exchange

There has been considerable discussion in policy circles about controlling volatility by imposing price limits on asset prices. This study examines the effects of price limits on a stock market by testing volatility spillover, delayed price discovery, and trading interference hypotheses in a leading emerging market, Istanbul Stock Exchange (ISE), which has a unique microstructure with related to price limits. Our results support volatility spillover, delayed price discovery, and trading interference hypotheses. We also show price locks at limits measured by Volume-Weighted Average Prices provide significantly stronger evidence regarding the effects of price limits than measurement of limit moves only. Finally, price limits have a significant impact on stock market, casting doubt on their effectiveness in financial markets.
Promotions and Wage Growth

This article presents evidence that internal mobility, defined as a promotion or other position change, is an important source of wage growth. It accounts for approximately 15% of wage growth over the life cycle for white and black men, but less for women. The incidence of promotions and other position changes appears tied to the wage level: better paid workers are more likely to be promoted. The life-cycle incidence of internal mobility looks similar to that for conventionally defined job mobility. Most moves are made early in the career; mobility declines both with time in position, and with experience.
The natural history and clinical significance of intermittent viraemia in patients with initial viral suppression to < 400 copies/ml

ObjectivesTo determine the prevalence and prognostic significance of intermittent viraemia (IV) in patients who attained an undetectable viral load (VL) < 400 copies/ml within 6 months on highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART). MethodsRetrospective analysis of viral load rebound ⩾ 400 copies/ml and CD4 cell counts rise for 765 patients followed for ⩾ 12 months following initial VL undetectability, comparing the 226 (29.5%) who maintained an undetectable VL for > 1 year from initiation of HAART and 122 (15.9%) who had one or more episodes of IV. Genotypic resistance was evaluated at the time of the first episode of IV ⩾ 2000 copies/ml. ResultsPatients with IV had a threefold higher rate of sustained virological rebound [hazards ratio (HR), 3.15; 95% confidence interval (CI), 1.72–5.77;P < 0.001). For patients with and without IV, the Kaplan–Meier estimates at 24 and 36 months after initiation of HAART were 19.3% (95% CI, 8.9–21.5) versus 7.7% (95% CI, 4.5–13.0) and 31.6% (95% CI, 21.8–44.2) versus 12.9% (95% CI, 7.5–21.5), respectively (P < 0.001). The median CD4 cell count rise at 18 and 24 months was significantly lower in those with IV than in those without: 138 [interquartile range (IQR), 58–221] versus 224 × 106 cells/l (IQR, 119–357) (P = 0.0001) and 200 (IQR, 89–294) versus 260 × 106 cells/l (IQR, 125–384) (P = 0.003), respectively. In a subgroup of 16 patients, genotypic resistance mutations were found in the reverse transcriptase gene for five (31%) and in the protease gene in one. A probable contributing factor/event was identified for most patients with IV, such as poor adherence (42.6%), intercurrent infection (26.2%) or drug interaction (6.8%). ConclusionsPatients with IV > 400 copies/ml are three times more likely to experience sustained viral rebound and to have an impaired CD4 cell rise relative to those who maintain undetectable VL. This supports the adoption of a more pro-active approach to treatment intensification and the need for caution with structured treatment interruptions.
Correlating Temporal Thumbprints for Tracing Intruders

The Design of TCP/IP protocol makes it difficult to reliably traceback to the original attackers if they obscure their identities by logging through a chain of multiple hosts. A thumbprint method based on connection content was proposed in 1995 to traceback attackers, but this method is limited to non-encrypted sessions. In this paper, we propose a thumbprint based on time intervals, T-thumbprint, to identify a connection. T-thumbprint is a sequence of time gaps between adjacent TCP ‘Send’ packets of an interactive terminal session. An algorithm is presented to correlate two T-thumbprints to see if they belong to the same connection chain. We also discuss how to use T-thumbprints to traceback an attacker on the Internet, and how to defeat attacker’s manipulation. T-thumbprint has advantages of: (1) It can be applied to encrypt sessions; (2) It does not require tightly synchronized clocks; (3) It can defeat attacker’s manipulation to some extent; and (4) It is efficient, can be used to trace attackers in real time.
Sin3a–Tet1 interaction activates gene transcription and is required for embryonic stem cell pluripotency

Abstract Sin3a is a core component of histone-deacetylation-activity-associated transcriptional repressor complex, playing important roles in early embryo development. Here, we reported that down-regulation of Sin3a led to the loss of embryonic stem cell (ESC) self-renewal and skewed differentiation into mesendoderm lineage. We found that Sin3a functioned as a transcriptional coactivator of the critical Nodal antagonist Lefty1 through interacting with Tet1 to de-methylate the Lefty1 promoter. Further studies showed that two amino acid residues (Phe147, Phe182) in the PAH1 domain of Sin3a are essential for Sin3a–Tet1 interaction and its activity in regulating pluripotency. Furthermore, genome-wide analyses of Sin3a, Tet1 and Pol II ChIP-seq and of 5mC MeDIP-seq revealed that Sin3a acted with Tet1 to facilitate the transcription of a set of their co-target genes. These results link Sin3a to epigenetic DNA modifications in transcriptional activation and have implications for understanding mechanisms underlying versatile functions of Sin3a in mouse ESCs.
Heterogeneity and Specificity of Inter-Firm Knowledge Flows in Innovation Networks

Literature on innovation networks reveals little of to what extent different types of knowledge are exchanged and combined by collaborating firms to foster innovation. Based on field research in the aerospace industrial cluster of Rome, this study investigates the exchange of technological, market and managerial knowledge. Using social network analysis, the paper shows that the three types of knowledge are unevenly distributed and exchanged, thus revealing that the process of exchange is knowledge-specific. Further, it is found that in most collaborative relationships, partners exchange technological knowledge together with market and managerial knowledge, emphasizing the complex nature of the innovation process which requires access to and recombination of diverse knowledge. This phenomenon concerns not only large companies, but also small-to-medium enterprises. The reconsideration of the relative salience of the three types of knowledge has remarkable managerial and theoretical implications, which are developed in terms of propositions offered for further research. Copyright (c) Blackwell Publishing Ltd 2008.
An Experimental Investigation of Approaches to Audit Decision Making: An Evaluation Using Systems‐Mediated Mental Models*

The objective of this research is to articulate a decision-making foundation for the systems audit approach. Under this audit approach, the auditor first gains an understanding of the auditee's economic environment, strategy, and business processes and then forms expectations about its performance and financial reporting. Proponents of this audit approach argue that decision-making is enhanced because the knowledge of the system allows the auditor to focus on the most important risks. However, there has not been an explicit framework to explain how systems knowledge can enhance decision-making. To provide such a framework, we combine mental model theory with general systems theory to produce a hypothesis we refer to as a systems-mediated mental model hypothesis. We test this hypothesis using experimental economics methods. We find that (1) subjects make systematic errors under the setting without an organizing framework provided by the systems information and (2) the presence of an organizing framework resulted in lower reporting errors. Importantly, the organizing framework significantly enhanced decision-making in the settings where the environment changed. Establishing a decision-making foundation for systems audits can provide an important building block that, in part, can contribute to the development of a more effective and efficient audit technology - an important objective now when audits are facing a credibility crisis.
Solving the Esscher puzzle: the NEF-GHS option pricing model

With the celebrated model of Black and Scholes in 1973 the development of modern option pricing models started. One of the assumptions of the Black and Scholes model is that the risky asset evolves according to a geometric Brownian motion which implies normally distributed log-returns. As various empirical investigations show, log-returns do not follow a normal distribution, but are leptokurtic and to some extend skewed. To capture these distributional stylized facts, exponential Levy motions have been proposed since 1994 which allow for a large class of underlying return distributions. In these models the Esscher transformation is used to obtain a risk-neutral valuation formula. This paper proposes the so-called Esscher NEF-GHS option pricing model, where the price process is modeled by an exponential NEF-GHS Levy motion, implying that the returns follow an NEF-GHS distribution. The corresponding model seems to unify all advantages of other Esscher-based option pricing model, that is numerical tractability and a flexible underlying distribution which itself is self-conjugate.
Sequential Bilateral Cochlear Implantation in Children: Development of the Primary Auditory Abilities of Bilateral Stimulation

The advantages of sequential bilateral cochlear implantation were assessed in 29 children with a severe to profound hearing loss. The effect of age at second implantation and the effect of duration of bilateral implant use on the outcomes in speech perception and directional hearing were investigated. The children received their second cochlear implant at an age ranging from 2.8 to 8.5 years. Measurements were carried out preoperatively and postoperatively after 6, 12 and 24 months of bilateral implant use. A matched control group of 9 children with a unilateral implant were also measured over time and were compared with the study group after 12 and 24 months. Speech reception in both quiet and in noise and lateralization were measured. After 24 months, a minimum audible angle task was carried out. Bilateral advantages with regard to speech reception in quiet and in noise were already present after 6 months of bilateral implant use and improved thereafter. After 24 months, speech reception in noise had significantly improved with bilateral implants compared to that of children with a unilateral implant. The percentage of children that could accurately lateralize increased from 57% after 6 months to 83% after 24 months. With regard to the minimum audible angle task, loudspeakers were placed on average at ±42°. Age at second implantation did not have an influence on all outcomes. From the results it can be concluded that the advantages of bilateral hearing occur after sequential bilateral implantation and that age at second implantation does not influence the amount of bilateral advantage. Furthermore, it can be concluded that longer periods of bilateral implant use lead to greater bilateral advantages.
Doherty Power Amplifier Distortion Correction Using an RF Linearization Amplifier

This paper presents a linear Doherty power amplifier (DPA) topology suitable for low-powered small cell and multiantenna fifth generation transceivers. The proposed topology relies on augmenting the conventional two-way DPA with a linearization amplifier (LA) in order to enhance its efficiency versus linearity tradeoff when driven with wideband modulated signals. For this, a study of the interactions between the LA and DPA circuitries is conducted, and a design strategy is developed to determine the circuit’s parameters that maximize the adjacent channel leakage ratio (ACLR) improvement while minimizing its power overhead. For validation purpose, this strategy is applied to design a proof of concept prototype with a center frequency of 800 MHz and an output peak envelope power of 12 W. Compared with the case where the LA is not integrated, more than 11-dB improvement of the ACLR was obtained at the prototype output when driven with modulated signals of up to 40 MHz of modulation bandwidth. Furthermore, an ACLR of about −45 dBc or better was maintained over a wide average power range.
Selection of patients for resection of colorectal metastases to the liver using diagnostic laparoscopy and laparoscopic ultrasonography.

OBJECTIVE To assess the value of diagnostic laparoscopy (DL) and laparoscopic ultrasonography (LUS) in the staging and selection of patients with colorectal liver metastasis. SUMMARY BACKGROUND DATA Preoperative imaging modalities such as ultrasound, computed tomography, and magnetic resonance imaging are limited in the assessment of the number and exact location of hepatic metastases and in the detection of extrahepatic metastatic disease. Consequently, the surgeon is often faced with a discrepancy between preoperative imaging results and perioperative findings, resulting in either a different resection than planned or no resection at all. METHODS Fifty consecutive patients were planned for DL and LUS in a separate surgical sitting to assess the resectability of their liver metastases. All patients were considered to be candidates for resection on the basis of preoperative imaging studies. RESULTS Laparoscopy could not be performed in 3 of the 50 patients because of dense adhesions. The remaining 47 patients underwent DL. On the basis of DL and LUS, 18 (38%) patients were ruled out as candidates for resection. Of the 29 patients who subsequently underwent open exploration and intraoperative ultrasonography, another 6 (13%) were deemed to have unresectable disease. CONCLUSIONS The combination of DL and LUS significantly improves the selection of candidates for resection of colorectal liver metastases and effectively reduces the number of unnecessary laparotomies.
Innovation and industry

The collaborations UC San Diego has forged with its partner institutions on the Torrey Pines mesa enhance San Diego's global reputation for cutting-edge science and discovery. The campus's billion-dollar research enterprise translates inquiry and exploration into innovations, medical breakthroughs, jobs and new businesses in San Diego and California. UC San Diego faculty, staff and alumni have started 650 companies, including many of San Diego's most prominent biotech and technology firms. The total estimated annual sales of active UC San Diego-related companies including those utilizing licensed technology is $25.7 billion. UC San Diego is a magnet for leading minds and uncommon scholars. It fosters a culture of interdisciplinary collaboration and innovation that uniquely positions the campus to play a critical role in addressing societal challenges that will improve the planet and humankind. 1960, has emerged as a premier teaching institution, an economic engine and a research powerhouse with a strong commitment to public service. For more than a decade, Report as one of the top ten public universities. Today, the campus is a model and leader with transformative impact on public higher education. Outstanding faculty are a hallmark of UC San Diego. Our students learn directly from leading scholars, including the 16 Nobel laureates who have taught at UC San Diego in the past five decades. Ninety current faculty members, including Chancellor Pradeep K. Khosla, are members of one or more of the three prestigious recipient, have shaped and led the campus. Positive imPact on the community and World Ocean data taken from the pier at UC San Diego's Scripps Institution of Oceanography provides an unparalleled source of information on changes in the coastal Pacific Ocean. Situated on a public beach in La Jolla, Calif. , Scripps Pier is a center of public—as well as scientific—activity. Below: UC San Diego's eighth chancellor, Pradeep K. Khosla, tours the Sapphire Energy offices in La Jolla. Founded by UC San Diego faculty, the company strives to change the world by developing a domestic, renewable source of energy. Bottom left: Scheduled to open in 2016, UC San Diego Health System's Jacobs Medical Center will emerge as one of the world's premier scientific and clinical hubs. 2013 PRESIDENTIAL MEDAL OF FREEDOM recipient and Nobel laureate Mario Molina is one of UC San Diego's leading faculty in the study of climate change. university in the nation for the fourth consecutive year —Washington Monthly, 2013 We are committed to …
Analysis of critical traffic and phase transitions on complex network

The critical traffic, which provides a guide for many technical decisions to perform network design and management, is an importance index in describing the capability of computer network. In the paper, a novel method for estimating the critical traffic is proposed based on Little theorem and the weight of betweenness centrality. Compared with other approximation means, the prominent merit of this method is its universality that can be applied to all kinds of network in despite of their different topology structure. The results of simulation on the regular network and scale-free network indicates the validity of this method and shows the fact that the critical traffic of scale-free network is lower than regular networkpsilas when their total number of node are equal. The fluctuations of the total number and the average latency of packets and throughput of system are analyzed under different traffic load . It is shown that the network traffic exhibits nontrivial the phase transition behaviors when the load close to the critical point.
Human resource management and employment practices in the Hong Kong power supply industry: the challenge of industrial de-regulation and business re-structuring

Power supply has been one of the key public utility industries in Hong Kong, as protected by official franchise granted by the government for regulating and controlling entry. It is the purpose of this paper to explore and investigate how the impending advents of 'market de-regulation' have affected people management and employee perception within two monopolistic power plants in Hong Kong. The authors have postulated and illustrated empirically the strategic role played by enhanced activities of human resource management and employment practices in the process of corporate renewal in face of the challenge of escalated business competition in the power supply market.
Interest-rate stickiness and optimal monetary policy: A survey

Modern central banks use short-term (overnight) interest rates as a policy instrument. However, little attention has been paid in the optimal monetary policy literature to the correlation between the policy rate and the retail interest rates that are directly related to the decision-making of fi rms and households. Recently, a lot of empirical studies report that the pass-through from money market rates to retail lending rates is far from complete in some industrialized countries, especially the Euro area. This paper provides a brief survey of recent studies on incomplete interest rate pass-through and a perspective on future research. 1. Review of the literature In formal models of monetary policy, the relationship between the policy rate and retail interest rates has received little attention. This is rather surprising given that it is widely agreed that the behaviors of firms and households are more closely related to retail interest rates, especially long-term interest rates and loan rates, than the policy rate. In the literature on optimal monetary policy originated by Woodford (2003), a short-term (3-month) interest rate is typically treated as the sole interest rate existing in the economy. It is implicitly assumed that a central bank can directly control the interest rate that affects the behavior of fi rms and households. This
Continuous Multi-Modal Interaction Causes Human-Robot Alignment

This study explores the effect of continuous interaction with a multi-modal robot on alignment in user dialogue. A game application of `20 Questions' was developed for a SoftBank Robotics NAO robot with supporting gestures, and a study was carried out in which subjects played a number of games. The robot's confidence of speech comprehension was logged and used to analyse the similarity between application legal dialogue and user speech. It was found that subjects significantly aligned their dialogue to the robot throughout continuous, multi-modal interaction.