Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Relative Fairness and the Division of Housework: The Importance of Options

In spite of employed married women performing approximately twice as much hosework as their husbands, the majority of women believe this situation to be fair. This article investigates the sources and consequences of employed wives' perceptions of fairness in the division of housework. The findings support a social exchange explanation: women who have fewer alternatives to marriage and less economic resources are more likely to view a given division of housework as fair, while women with more alternatives view the same division as unjust. Also, women who perceive an unequal situation as unfair experience lower psychological well-being.
Upper and Lower Bounds of Frequency Interval Gramians for a Class of Perturbed Linear Systems

Abstract The notions of controllability and observability play an important role in different problems within feedback control analysis and design. To verify the controllability and observability of a system, several techniques have been introduced. However, often it is not only important to verify if the system is controllable or observable, but also it is required to know the degree of controllability or observability of the system. Gramian matrices were introduced to address this issue by providing a quantitative measure for controllability and observability. In many applications, the information on the controllability and observability properties of a system is needed within a specific frequency interval rather than the whole frequency-domain. The frequency interval gramians provide such information. While this concept were originally introduced for fixed known systems, it needs to be investigated for the case of uncertain systems. In this paper, we derive upper and lower bounds of frequency interval gramians under perturbations of an A -matrix in the state-space form. These bounds are obtained by solving algebraic Riccati equations. The results are further used to obtain upper and lower bounds of the frequency interval Hankel singular values for perturbed systems.
Escherichia coli 23S ribosomal RNA truncated at its 5' terminus.

In a strain of E. coli deficient in RNase III (ABL1), 23S rRNA has been shown to be present in incompletely processed form with extra nucleotides at both the 5' and 3' ends (King et al., 1984, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S. 81, 185-188). RNA molecules with four different termini at the 5' end are observed in vivo, and are all found in polysomes. The shortest of these ("C3") is four nucleotides shorter than the accepted mature terminus. In growing cells of both wild-type and mutant strains up to 10% of the 23S rRNA chains contain the 5' C3 terminus. In stationary phase cells, the proportion of C3 termini remains the same in the wild-type cells; but C3 becomes the dominant terminus in the mutant. Species C3 is also one of the 5' termini of 23S rRNA generated in vitro from larger precursors by the action of purified RNase III. We therefore suggest that some form of RNase III may still exist in the mutant; and since no cleavage is detectable at any other RNase III-specific site, the remaining enzyme would have a particular affinity for the C3 cleavage site, especially in stationary phase cells. We raise the question whether the C3 terminus has a special role in cellular metabolism.
Banach algebras of pseudodifferential operators and their almost diagonalization

We define new symbol classes for pseudodifferntial operators and investigate their pseudodifferential calculus. The symbol classes are parametrized by commutative convolution algebras. To every solid convolution algebra over a lattice we associate a symbol class. Then every operator with such a symbol is almost diagonal with respect to special wave packets (coherent states or Gabor frames), and the rate of almost diagonalization is described precisely by the underlying convolution algebra. Furthermore, the corresponding class of pseudodifferential operators is a Banach algebra of bounded operators on $L^2 $. If a version of Wiener's lemma holds for the underlying convolution algebra, then the algebra of pseudodifferential operators is closed under inversion. The theory contains as a special case the fundamental results about Sj\"ostrand's class and yields a new proof of a theorem of Beals about the H\"ormander class of order 0.
Vitamin D receptor regulates TNF-mediated arthritis

Objective Reduced vitamin D intake has been linked to increased susceptibility to develop rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and vitamin D deficiency is associated with increased disease activity in RA patients. The pathophysiological role of vitamin D in joint inflammation is, however, unclear. Methods To determine the influence of absent vitamin D signalling in chronic arthritis, vitamin D receptor (VDR)-deficient mice were crossed with human tumour necrosis factor (TNF) transgenic mice (hTNFtg), which spontaneously develop chronic arthritis. Results Clinical signs and symptoms of chronic arthritis were aggravated in hTNFtg mice lacking functional VDR signalling. Moreover, synovial inflammation was clearly increased in VDR−/−hTNFtg mice as compared to hTNFtg mice and was associated with an increased macrophage influx in inflamed joints. In vitro, VDR-deficient monocytes were proinflammatory and hyper-responsive to TNF stimulation associated with prolonged mitogen-activated protein kinase activation and cytokine secretion. Also, VDR−/− monocytes showed enhanced potential to differentiate into bone resorbing osteoclasts in vitro. In line, VDR−/−hTNFtg mice had significantly increased cartilage damage and synovial bone erosions. Conclusions VDR plays an important role in limiting the inflammatory phenotype in a mouse model of RA. Absent VDR signalling causes a proinflammatory monocyte phenotype associated with increased inflammation, cartilage damage and bone erosion.
'Is It not Sufficient to Be a Human Being?' Memory, Christianity and White Identity in Africa

Within a hierarchy of senses where sight dominates, race constitutes a regime of visibility with whiteness as the master signifier in the Western world. The essay explores the impossibility to think beyond race in a world that is still deeply racist. Racism is not undone once people have seen through it. In illustrating the performativity of race in terms of white identity issues, the discussion starts with a brief look at what constitutes identity and what is memory's function in constructing particular identities. The argument then turns towards an understanding of Africa's specific memory of Christianity's racialising mission by focussing on how the binaries of Spirit / Flesh became a racial binary of black and white that apparently continues in a post-modern empire without colonies. Subsequently, the essay focuses on an example of this entrapment, namely Bernal's book Black Athena and the ensuing debate where African and Western identities became markers of each other. Lastly, the discussion looks at the way Bernal's construction of memory in President Thabo Mbeki's challenge of Western hegemony and the role of whiteness in our thinking. The essay concludes that whiteness needs to be exposed in terms of the religious roots of its assumed naturalness, eternity and truth that went with its power.
Visualizing Coevolution with CIAO Plots

In a previous article, we introduced a number of visualization techniques that we had developed for monitoring the dynamics of artificial competitive coevolutionary systems. One of these techniques involves evaluating the performance of an individual from the current population in a series of trials against opponents from all previous generations, and visualizing the results as a 2D grid of shaded cells or pixels: qualitative patterns in the shading can indicate different classes of coevolutionary dynamics. As this technique involves pitting a current individual against ancestral opponents, we referred to the visualizations as CIAO plots. Since then, a number of other authors studying the dynamics of competitive coevolutionary systems have used CIAO plots or close derivatives to help illuminate the dynamics of their systems, and it has become something of a de facto standard visualization technique. In this very brief article we summarize the rationale for CIAO plots, explain the method of constructing a CIAO plot, and review important recent results that identify significant limitations of this technique.
Manipulating Exercise Order Affects Muscular Performance During a Resistance Exercise Training Session

This investigation looked at the effects of exercise order on performance of isotonic muscle contractions. Subjects, 17 trained men between the ages of 18 and 29, were strength tested using 6 standard lifts. Each then completed 2 sessions consisting of 4 sets of 8 contractions (or until muscle failure), for each exercise with 2 min rest between sets. The order for one trial was squat, leg extension, leg flexion, bench press, military press, and triceps pushdown; for the other trial it was leg flexion, leg extension, squat, triceps pushdown, military press, and bench press. When the triceps pushdown and military press preceded the bench press, the bench press total force (TF) was significantly reduced. The TF for squats, leg extensions, and triceps pushdown were all significantly greater when done first in the first exercise sequence. Cumulative TF was greater when structural exercises (multijointed) were done first. Fatigue rate and TF for the bench press were substantially decreased when single-jointed exercises preceded structural ones.
Towards a Semantic Alignment of the ArchiMate Motivation Extension and the Goal-Question-Metric Approach

Supporting Goal-Oriented Requirement Engineering (GORE) in a systematic and comprehensive way may require the combination of distinct goal-oriented approaches. However, due to lack of common semantics, to combine these approaches can be challenging. In this work, we propose a semantic alignment between two complementary goal-oriented approaches: the ArchiMate Motivation Extension and the Goal-Question-Metric. The approaches are semantically analyzed in light of the Unified Foundational Ontology (UFO), which provides real-world semantics for both languages, serving as a reference ontology to support the ontological analysis of concepts and relationships of both approaches and the alignment between them.
Explaining Method Effects Associated With Negatively Worded Items in Trait and State Global and Domain-Specific Self-Esteem Scales

Several investigators have interpreted method effects associated with negatively worded items in a substantive way. This research extends those studies in different ways: (a) it establishes the presence of methods effects in further populations and particular scales, and (b) it examines the possible relations between a method factor associated with negatively worded items and several covariates. Two samples were assessed: 592 high school students from Valencia (Spain), and 285 batterers from the same city. The self-esteem scales used were Rosenberg's Self-Esteem Scale, the State Self-Esteem Scale, and Self-Esteem 17. Anxiety was also assessed with the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory, and gender and educational level were taken into account. The models were conducted using a multiple indicators and multiple causes (MIMIC) model framework. The evidence in this research pointed out that method effects were present across the different measures of self-esteem. Moreover, a significant and negative effect of anxiety on method effects was present across scales and samples, whereas no effects of age or educational level where found.
Dependence power, severity appraisals, and communicative decisions about problematic events in dating relationships

Individuals in relationships accrue dependence power to the extent that they are perceived by a committed partner to be uncommitted to the relationship and have viable relationship alternatives (Cloven & Roloff, 1993). This investigation examined how relational dependence power influences post‐hoc appraisals and communicative decisions about problematic events for both problematic event offenders and observers. One hundred and six dating couples participated in this investigation. Each person individually completed measures of dependence power. Then, one person in each couple was designated the offender and the other was the observer of one of five hypothetical problematic events; participants rated the severity of the scenario, as welt as completing several measures related to defining the scenario as a problematic event. Respondents also reported the likelihood that they would not communicate about the situation. Analyses indicated that for offenders, appraisals of problematic event severity were negatively associated with partner's commitment and positively associated with perceptions of partner's alternatives; the opposite pattern was indicated for observers. Moreover, when events were appraised as serious, offenders and observers were less likely to avoid communicating about the situation. Little support was found for the association between dependence power and decisions to communicate about problematic events.
Confirmation of Superoxide Generation via Xanthine Oxidase in Streptozotocin-induced Diabetic Mice

Reactive oxygen species (ROS) may play key roles in vascular inflammation and atherogenesis in patients with diabetes. In this study, xanthine oxidase (XO) system was examined as a potential source of superoxide in mice with streptozotocin (STZ)-induced experimental diabetes. Plasma XO activity increased 3-fold in diabetic mice (50±33 μU/ml) 2 weeks after the onset of diabetes, as compared with non-diabetic control mice (15±6 μU/ml). In vivo superoxide generation in diabetic mice was evaluated by an in vivo electron spin resonance (ESR)/spin probe method. Superoxide generation was significantly enhanced in diabetic mice, and the enhancement was restored by the administration of superoxide dismutase (SOD) and 4,5-dihydroxy-1,3-benzene disulfonic acid (Tiron), which was reported to scavenge superoxide. Pretreatment of diabetic mice with XO inhibitors, allopurinol and its active metabolite oxipurinol, normalized the increased superoxide generation. In addition, there was a correlation (r=0.78) between the level of plasma XO activity and the relative degree of superoxide generation in diabetic and non-diabetic mice. Hence, the results of this study strongly suggest that superoxide should be generated through the increased XO seen in the diabetic model mice, which may be involved in the pathogenesis of diabetic vascular complications.
Prevention of Vascular Dysfunction after Preeclampsia: A Potential Long-Term Outcome Measure and an Emerging Goal for Treatment

Preeclampsia is increasingly being recognised as more than an isolated disease of pregnancy. In particular, preeclampsia has emerged as an independent risk factor for maternal cardiovascular disease and has recently been recognised as a risk factor for cardiovascular disease in children exposed in utero. Preeclampsia and cardiovascular disease may share important pathophysiological and molecular mechanisms and further investigation into these is likely to offer insight into the origins of both conditions. This paper considers the links between cardiovascular disease and preeclampsia and the implication of these findings for refinement of the management of patients whose care is complicated by preeclampsia.
School federation governing

This article examines the ways in which being a member of a federation governing body impacts upon the governor identities of individuals. Using an ideographic case study based upon a single academy federation, the investigation employs a framework for identity analysis to analyse qualitative in-depth interviews with members within governing organizations in the federation. The data reveal changing understandings around the term ‘governor’, the bifurcation of actual and perceived roles between the executive governing body and the advisory committees, and important insights into governor succession planning. The study concludes that future research into governor identities is important in terms of both governor role performance and the maturation and development of federation systems of school governance.
Eye contact and face scanning in early infancy

Visual fixations of 3- to 5-week-old, 7-week-old, and 9- to 11-week-old infants were recorded as they scanned an adult's face which was stationary, moving, or talking. A dramatic increase in face fixations occurred between 5 and 7 weeks for all conditions. Talking produced an intensification of scanning in the eye area in the two older groups.
Modeling local and cross-species neuron number variations in the cerebral cortex as arising from a common mechanism

Significance Despite great diversity across mammals in the number of cortical neurons and the cognitive functions they support, the fundamental process which populates the cerebral cortex with neurons changes only subtly from the smallest rodents to the largest primates. Understanding how the dynamics of neurogenesis can vary will help unravel how the genome molds normal and disrupted cortical development. We gathered data on the growing and mature cortex to build a computational model of neurogenesis. The model recapitulates how dynamics, known to vary across species and across the cortex, sculpt the basic landscape of the embryonic cortex. Features of the cortex long thought to be the result of special selection are revealed as the necessary product of a conserved mechanism. A massive increase in the number of neurons in the cerebral cortex, driving its size to increase by five orders of magnitude, is a key feature of mammalian evolution. Not only are there systematic variations in cerebral cortical architecture across species, but also across spatial axes within a given cortex. In this article we present a computational model that accounts for both types of variation as arising from the same developmental mechanism. The model employs empirically measured parameters from over a dozen species to demonstrate that changes to the kinetics of neurogenesis (the cell-cycle rate, the progenitor death rate, and the “quit rate,” i.e., the ratio of terminal cell divisions) are sufficient to explain the great diversity in the number of cortical neurons across mammals. Moreover, spatiotemporal gradients in those same parameters in the embryonic cortex can account for cortex-wide, graded variations in the mature neural architecture. Consistent with emerging anatomical data in several species, the model predicts (i) a greater complement of neurons per cortical column in the later-developing, posterior regions of intermediate and large cortices, (ii) that the extent of variation across a cortex increases with cortex size, reaching fivefold or greater in primates, and (iii) that when the number of neurons per cortical column increases, whether across species or within a given cortex, it is the later-developing superficial layers of the cortex which accommodate those additional neurons. We posit that these graded features of the cortex have computational and functional significance, and so must be subject to evolutionary selection.
Question Answering with QED at TREC 2005

This report describes the system developed by the University of Edinburgh and the University of Sydney for the TREC-2005 question answering evaluation exercise. The backbone of our question-answering platform is QED, a linguistically-principled QA system. We experimented with external sources of knowledge, such as Google and Wikipedia, to enhance the performance of QED, especially for reranking and off-line processing of the corpus. For factoid and list questions we performed significantly above the median accuracy score of all participating systems at TREC 2005.
The illegal taking of wildlife: Toward a theoretical understanding of poaching

Abstract Many types of serious, as well as less serious, crimes have attracted the attention of sociologists and criminologists. However, despite its detrimental effect upon wildlife populations, social science researchers have devoted scant attention to the study of poaching and poachers. Identification of the specific motivations for poaching is necessary for wildlife agencies to effectively address the problem. Despite a paucity of literature on the topic, several sociological studies have been done which provide support for Sutherland's differential association theory (Sutherland & Cressey, 1960) and Sykes and Matza's (1957) neutralization theory as explanations for poaching. This paper reviews literature on poaching and suggests theoretical and methodological advancements that will help to refine our knowledge of the phenomenon. Specific directions for future research on the motivations to poach are discussed.
General quality practices in gynecologic cytopathology: findings from the College of American Pathologists Gynecologic Cytopathology Quality Consensus Conference working group 3.

CONTEXT There are many long-standing quality monitors for cytopathology laboratories and their cytotechnologists and pathologists. Many of these monitors are based on tradition and empirical good intentions. There is no established standard as to how results of these monitors should be used in a quality assurance program. OBJECTIVE To review practices that are typically part of a general quality program in cytopathology laboratories and to provide statements regarding good laboratory practices that laboratories may find useful in a quality assurance program in their own setting. DATA SOURCES An expert working group evaluated results from a national laboratory survey, responses from follow-up questions posted on a Web site, and findings from the literature. The group created statements on good laboratory practices related to general quality practices and quality assurance in gynecologic cytopathology. These were discussed and voted on at a consensus conference. CONCLUSIONS Laboratories follow many metrics. Most laboratories facilitate comparison of individual metrics against the laboratory's metrics: 81.1% for cytotechnologists and 59.6% for pathologists. The majority of laboratories facilitate comparison of individual cytotechnologist metrics with other cytotechnologists, but less frequently metrics from pathologists with other individuals. The most common methods to recognize variance in performance in individuals were by identifying outliers from the data or by user-defined action limits. The most common method to address variance was an attempt to identify the cause of the variance and conduct a focused review. Quality metrics should be monitored for the laboratory as a whole and in selected cases for both individual pathologists and cytotechnologists. Results should be shared with individuals, and newly hired primary screeners should be monitored. Reviewing selected cases is a useful quality tool. Low-volume methodologies, such as conventional Papanicolaou tests, should have additional oversight.