Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Optimal Lower Bounds on the Number of Queries for Solving Dierential Equations of Addition

Equations that mix addition modulo 2 n (+) and exclusive- or ( ) have a host of applications in design and cryptanalysis of sym- metric ciphers. In this paper we study two basic equations of the form (x + y) (x + (y )) = and (x + y) ((x ) + (y )) = , which are termed dierential equations of addition . Firstly, the paper presents formal proofs for the number of solutions for (x; y) in the above equations. Secondly, we give an algorithm that solves the rst equation with (n t 1) queries in the worst case, where n is the input size and t is a non-negative parameter depending on the input, when the previ- ous best known algorithm by Muller required 3(n 1) queries. For the other equation, the number of queries required by our algorithm is 3 in the worst case for all n > 2, i.e., the number of queries is constant asymptotically. The most important contribution of the paper is that we show, using simple combinatorial relations among carry bits and input bits, that the upper bounds for our algorithms on the required number of queries match worst case lower bounds. This, in eect, closes further research in this direction as our lower bounds are optimal. Finally, as an example of practical use of our results, we show that these results alone improve the data complexity of a dierential attack on the Helix stream cipher by a factor of 3 in the worst case and by a factor of 46.5 in the
Computational study of interfaces and edges of 2D materials

The discovery of graphene and its intriguing properties has given birth to the field of two-dimensional (2D) materials. These materials are characterized by a strong covalent bonding between the atoms within a plane, but weak, van derWaals, bonding between the planes. Such materials can be isolated as single or few atomic layers, or controllably grown by van der Waals epitaxy. Graphene has no band gap, but other 2D materials are natural semiconductors, such as the (group VI) transition metal dichalcogenides (TMDs) MX2, M = Mo;W, X = S; Se;Te. As the band gap of single layers of these TMDs is direct, they attract a large interest because of their potential applications in opto-electronics. This thesis concerns interfaces and edges of TMDs. It can be divided into two major parts. The first part, chapters 2,3, and 4, deals with the interfaces between these materials and metal contacts, which play a crucial role in the successful operation of electronic devices. In part two, chapters 5 and 6, we focus on the edges of 2D TMDs. Whereas the interior is semiconducting, many TMD edges are metallic and show a rich structure of electronic states with energies in the band gap. The metallicity is localized at the first few atomic rows along the edges, and it has one-dimensional character.
Bone augmentation followed by implant surgery in the edentulous mandible: A systematic review

Long-standing loss of natural teeth in the mandible can lead to severe jaw atrophy and even mandibular fracture. There is no consensus on the best pre-prosthetic surgical treatment to reconstruct the atrophic edentulous mandible. The purpose of this review was to provide an overview of the existing literature and to give an evidence-based recommendation for bone grafting and future research. This systematic review was conducted according to the PRISMA statement. A literature search was performed in online databases Pubmed and Cochrane library for articles published between January 1980 and September 2017. The search was conducted using Medical Subject Heading terms: alveolar ridge augmentation; mouth, edentulous and mandible. Eligible articles were included according to in- and exclusion criteria and assessed on quality. Dental implant survival and bone stability were the primary outcomes. Secondary outcomes were complications. Twenty-four text articles matched the criteria and were included. Eleven articles were assessed to be of adequate quality for analysis. Graft stability seems to be higher in vertical distraction and tent-pole grafting, but as the dental implant survival is high (91.7% or higher) regardless of the procedure used for bone augmentation, this is of no clinical relevance. The survival rate of dental implants is high, regardless of the bone augmentation procedure used. High-quality clinical trials are needed to support the current evidence and guidelines on pre-implant bone grafting. Reporting of future research should include proper baseline characteristics and treatment description, as well as uniform outcome rendering.
VarXplorer: Lightweight Process for Dynamic Analysis of Feature Interactions

Features in highly configurable systems can interact in undesired ways which may result in faults. However, most interactions are not easily detectable as specifications of feature interactions are usually missing. In this paper, we aim to detect interactions and to help create feature-interaction specifications. We use variational execution to observe internal interactions on control and data flow of highly configurable systems. The number of potential interactions can be large and hard to understand, especially as many interactions are benign. To help developers understand these interactions, we propose feature-interaction graphs as a concise representation of all pairwise interactions. We provide two analyses that provide additional details about interactions, namely suppress and require interactions. Finally, we propose a specification language that enables developers to define different kinds of allowed and forbidden interactions, which help to detect interaction faults. Our tool, VarXplorer, provides a visualization of feature-interaction graphs and supports the creation of feature interaction specifications. VarXplorer also provides an iterative analysis of feature interactions allowing developers to focus on suspicious cases.
Capacity of Magnetic-Induction MIMO Communication for Wireless Underground Sensor Networks

In underground sensor networks, electronic magnetic waves undergo severe fading due to the challenging environment. Magnetic-induction (MI) communication is a promising alternative physical layer technique for underground sensor networks. In this paper, we solve the intercoil crosstalk in magnetic-induction multiple-input multiple-output (MI MIMO) communication and investigate the channel capacity for underground MI MIMO wireless communication. Firstly, considering mutual induction between each two coils, we analyze the capacity of magnetic-induction channel. Secondly, the channel model of magnetic-induction multiple-input single-output (MISO) is introduced and a novel coil deployment method is proposed to reduce the crosstalk in MI MISO communication. Finally, the capacity of MI MISO communication and MI MIMO communication is deduced by the proposed coil deployment method. Simulation shows that the channel capacity would increase significantly in high SNR regime for underground MI MIMO communication.
An analysis of programming language statement frequency in C, C++, and Java source code

Statement frequency data can inform programming language research and provide a solid basis for frequency‐based code analysis. This paper presents an analysis of programming language statement frequency in a large corpus of C, C++, and Java source code, comprised of more than 54 million lines of code. Across these languages, the top four work‐performing statement types are Method/Function Call, Assignment, If, and Return. As compared to studies of Formula Translating System, Common Business Oriented Language and Programming Language One in the 1970s, the main change is the prevalence of method/function calls. Statement use frequency across languages is remarkably similar, and within each individual language, most statement types have a frequency distribution that occupies a small range. A more detailed examination of assignment and looping statement types shows that many assignments simply involve copying of data and that C++/Java use for statements more than C. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Neuropsychological and neuroimaging findings in traumatic brain injury and post-traumatic stress disorder

Advances in imaging technology, coupled with military personnel returning home from Iraq and Afghanistan with traumatic brain injury (TBI) and/or post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), have increased interest in the neuropsychology and neurobiology of these two conditions. There has been a particular focus on differential diagnosis. This paper provides an overviev of findings regarding the neuropsychological and neurobiological underpinnings of TBI andfor PTSD. A specific focus is on assessment using neuropsychological measures and imaging techniques. Challenges associated with the assessment of individuals with one or both conditions are also discussed. Although use of neuropsychological and neuroimaging test results may assist with diagnosis and treatment planning, further work is needed to identify objective biomarkers for each condition. Such advances would be expected to facilitate differential diagnosis and implementation of best treatment practices.
Variation in high-priority drug-drug interaction alerts across institutions and electronic health records

Objective: The United States Office of the National Coordinator for Health Information Technology sponsored the development of a “high-priority” list of drug-drug interactions (DDIs) to be used for clinical decision support. We assessed current adoption of this list and current alerting practice for these DDIs with regard to alert implementation (presence or absence of an alert) and display (alert appearance as interruptive or passive). Materials and methods: We conducted evaluations of electronic health records (EHRs) at a convenience sample of health care organizations across the United States using a standardized testing protocol with simulated orders. Results: Evaluations of 19 systems were conducted at 13 sites using 14 different EHRs. Across systems, 69% of the high-priority DDI pairs produced alerts. Implementation and display of the DDI alerts tested varied between systems, even when the same EHR vendor was used. Across the drug pairs evaluated, implementation and display of DDI alerts differed, ranging from 27% (4/15) to 93% (14/15) implementation. Discussion: Currently, there is no standard of care covering which DDI alerts to implement or how to display them to providers. Opportunities to improve DDI alerting include using differential displays based on DDI severity, establishing improved lists of clinically significant DDIs, and thoroughly reviewing organizational implementation decisions regarding DDIs. Conclusion: DDI alerting is clinically important but not standardized. There is significant room for improvement and standardization around evidence-based DDIs.
Comparison of Triage Strategies for HPV-Positive Women: Canadian Cervical Cancer Screening Trial Results

Background: High-risk human papillomavirus (HR-HPV) testing has become a preferred cervical cancer screening strategy in some countries due to its superior sensitivity over cytology-based methods for identifying cervical intraepithelial neoplasia of grade 2 or worse (CIN2+). Improved sensitivity has been accompanied by reductions in specificity and concerns regarding overscreening and overtreatment of women with transient or nonprogressing HR-HPV infections. Triage of HR-HPV+ women to colposcopy is, thus, warranted for appropriate management and treatment. Methods: Using data from the Canadian Cervical Cancer Screening Trial (CCCaST), we compared the performance of cytology and HR-HPV strategies to detect CIN2+ among HR-HPV+ women (age, 30–69 years). Colposcopy referral rates and performance gains from adding other HR-HPV genotypes to HPV16/18+ triage were also evaluated. Results: A strategy referring all women HPV16/18+ and HPV16/18−, but with atypical squamous cells of undetermined significance or worse cytology (ASC-US+) had the highest sensitivity [82.5%; 95% confidence interval (CI), 70.9%–91.0%] but yielded the highest colposcopy referral rate. HPV16/18+ triage was the next most sensitive strategy (64.1%; 95% CI, 51.1%–75.7%). Low-grade squamous intraepithelial lesion or worse cytology (LSIL+) triage yielded a low sensitivity (32.8%; 95% CI, 21.9%–45.4%) but had the most favorable specificity (93.6%; 95% CI, 91.0%–95.6%), positive predictive value (41.5%; 95% CI, 28.1%–55.9%), and colposcopy referral rate of strategies examined. HPV viral load triage strategies did not perform optimally overall. Inclusion of HR-HPV genotypes 31 and 52 to HPV16/18+ triage provided the highest sensitivities. Conclusion: Concerns surrounding HPV-based screening can be effectively mitigated via triage. Impact: Balancing the benefits of HPV-based primary cervical screening with informed management recommendations for HR-HPV+ women may decide the success of its widening utilization. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev; 26(6); 923–9. ©2017 AACR.
Resilience and Biomarkers of Health Risk in Black Smokers and Nonsmokers

Objectives: Blacks are disproportionately affected by tobacco-related illnesses as well as traumatic events associated with psychiatric conditions and smoking. We examined the potential protective nature of resilience within this context, hypothesizing resilience differentially moderates the associations of traumatic experiences to depressive symptoms and to biomarkers of health risk among Black ever versus never smokers. Method: Measures of resilience, traumatic experiences, depressive symptoms, and biomarkers (interleukin-6 [IL-6], C-reactive protein [CRP], allostatic load) were obtained among 852 Blacks recruited from Grady Memorial Hospital in Atlanta. Results: Ever smokers experienced more trauma (p < .001) and depressive symptoms (p = .01). Structural equation modeling indicated that, in ever smokers, childhood trauma was positively associated with depressive symptoms (p < .001); resilience was negatively associated with depressive symptoms (p = .01). Depressive symptoms were positively associated with IL-6 (p = .03), which was positively associated with allostatic load (p = .01). Adulthood trauma was associated with higher CRP levels (p = .03). In never smokers, childhood (p < .001) and adulthood trauma (p = .01) were associated with more depressive symptoms. Adulthood trauma was also associated with higher CRP levels (p < .001), which was positively associated with allostatic load (p < .001). Never smokers with higher resilience had a negative association between childhood trauma and depressive symptoms whereas those with lower resilience had a positive association between childhood trauma and depressive symptoms. Resilience was negatively associated with CRP levels (p < .001). Conclusions: Interventions targeting resilience may prevent smoking and adverse health outcomes.
Crack Models for Concrete, Discrete or Smeared? Fixed, Multi-Directional or Rotating?

Numerical tools to simulate cracking in concrete and similar materials are developed. Firstly, a treatment is given of smeared and discrete crack concepts, which start from the notion of a continuum and a discontinuum respectively. With the smeared crack concept a distinction is furthermore made between fixed, multi-directional and rotating cracks, whereby the orientation of the crack is kept constant, updated in a stepwise manner or updated continuously respectively. Secondly, descriptions of the material behavior at cracking and fracture are presented. Key-effects herein are the tensile-softening behaviour normal to the crack (mode I) and the shear retention parallel to the crack (mode II). Thirdly, the resulting models are applied to scrutinize localized fracture in concrete. Attention is given to tension-shear problems whereby the principal stresses rotate after crack initiation, as is typical of general crack analysis. The results for the various crack concepts show large discrepancies. Smeared cracks may give rise to stress-locking while discrete cracks do not. Fixed smeared cracks may produce overstiff behavior while rotating smeared cracks do not.
A First Look at Browser-Based Cryptojacking

In this paper, we examine the recent trend to- wards in-browser mining of cryptocurrencies; in particular, the mining of Monero through Coinhive and similar code- bases. In this model, a user visiting a website will download a JavaScript code that executes client-side in her browser, mines a cryptocurrency—typically without her consent or knowledge—and pays out the seigniorage to the website. Websites may consciously employ this as an alternative or to supplement advertisement revenue, may offer premium content in exchange for mining, or may be unwittingly serving the code as a result of a breach (in which case the seigniorage is collected by the attacker). The cryptocurrency Monero is preferred seemingly for its unfriendliness to large-scale ASIC mining that would drive browser-based efforts out of the market, as well as for its purported privacy features. In this paper, we survey this landscape, conduct some measurements to establish its prevalence and profitability, outline an ethical framework for considering whether it should be classified as an attack or business opportunity, and make suggestions for the detection, mitigation and/or prevention of browser-based mining for non- consenting users.
A Whole-Tumor Histogram Analysis of Apparent Diffusion Coefficient Maps for Differentiating Thymic Carcinoma from Lymphoma

Objective To assess the performance of a whole-tumor histogram analysis of apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC) maps in differentiating thymic carcinoma from lymphoma, and compare it with that of a commonly used hot-spot region-of-interest (ROI)-based ADC measurement. Materials and Methods Diffusion weighted imaging data of 15 patients with thymic carcinoma and 13 patients with lymphoma were retrospectively collected and processed with a mono-exponential model. ADC measurements were performed by using a histogram-based and hot-spot-ROI-based approach. In the histogram-based approach, the following parameters were generated: mean ADC (ADCmean), median ADC (ADCmedian), 10th and 90th percentile of ADC (ADC10 and ADC90), kurtosis, and skewness. The difference in ADCs between thymic carcinoma and lymphoma was compared using a t test. Receiver operating characteristic analyses were conducted to determine and compare the differentiating performance of ADCs. Results Lymphoma demonstrated significantly lower ADCmean, ADCmedian, ADC10, ADC90, and hot-spot-ROI-based mean ADC than those found in thymic carcinoma (all p values < 0.05). There were no differences found in the kurtosis (p = 0.412) and skewness (p = 0.273). The ADC10 demonstrated optimal differentiating performance (cut-off value, 0.403 × 10−3 mm2/s; area under the receiver operating characteristic curve [AUC], 0.977; sensitivity, 92.3%; specificity, 93.3%), followed by the ADCmean, ADCmedian, ADC90, and hot-spot-ROI-based mean ADC. The AUC of ADC10 was significantly higher than that of the hot spot ROI based ADC (0.977 vs. 0.797, p = 0.036). Conclusion Compared with the commonly used hot spot ROI based ADC measurement, a histogram analysis of ADC maps can improve the differentiating performance between thymic carcinoma and lymphoma.
StarCube: An On-Demand and Cost-Effective Framework for Cloud Data Center Networks with Performance Guarantee

In this paper, we propose a resource management framework called StarCube, which guarantees non-blocking resource allocation and topology-preserving reallocation for fat-tree based multi-tenant cloud data centers. With StarCube, each cloud service is allocated an isolated non-blocking virtual network topology, and the topology provisioned to each service is guaranteed logically unchanged during and after virtual machine reallocation. This resource management problem is formulated and proved to be NP-complete. To achieve high resource efficiency in acceptable time, we propose a cost-effective algorithm with polynomial-time complexity based on StarCube for on-demand resource allocation and reallocation. We demonstrate via extensive simulations that the server resources in StarCube-based cloud data centers can be nearly fully utilized with negligible reallocation cost. The results also show that StarCube supports a large variety of service provisioning feasibly and efficiently for cloud data centers of various scales and with dynamic demands. To the best of our knowledge, StarCube is the first solution to allocating and reallocating cloud services for fat-tree networks with guarantee on non-blocking properties.
Group-Based Trajectory Modeling of Distress and Well-Being Among Caregivers of Children Undergoing Hematopoetic Stem Cell Transplant

Objective To examine the trajectories of caregiver psychological responses in the year following their child's hematopoetic stem cell transplant (HSCT), and whether cognitive and social processing strategies differentiated between trajectories. Method One hundred and eight caregivers randomized to the control condition of a cognitive-behavioral intervention study completed measures of distress, coping, and social support at baseline, 1 month, 6 months, and 1 year post HSCT of their child. Results The majority reported moderate or low anxiety, depression, or distress that decreased over time, but a small group demonstrated high anxiety, depression, or distress that persisted or increased over time. Maladaptive coping was highest among caregivers in the high-persistent distress subgroup compared with the moderate-decreasing and low-stable groups. Adaptive coping was minimally associated with trajectory subgroups. Conclusions Screening HSCT caregivers for distress and maladaptive coping may be useful in identifying caregivers likely to experience persistently high distress who may benefit from psychological intervention.
Hardware implementation of adder for pulse signal processing

Analog to pulse converter (APC) converts continuous time signals into train of pulses such that each pulse interval represents a constant area. Recently, it was theoretically shown that arithmetic can be performed with pulse trains. In this paper, we examine the hardware design challenges in pulse signal processing when compared with conventional digital processing techniques and propose an architecture for implementation of pulse adders. The proposed architecture is validated for accuracy and we study the tradeoffs associated with the design parameters. Synthesis results show that a 16bit pulse adder occupies an area of 0374mm2 and consumes power of 3.06mW at 100MHz in SMIC 0. 18ßm CMOS technology.
Comparison of Binding Affinities of Water-Soluble Calixarenes with the Organophosphorus Nerve Agent Soman (GD) and Commonly-Used Nerve Agent Simulants

The formation of inclusion complexes of the water-soluble p-sulfonatocalix[n]arenes, where n = 4 or 6, with the Chemical Warfare Agent (CWA) GD, or Soman, and commonly used dialkyl methylphosphonate simulants has been studied by experimental solution NMR methods and by Molecular Mechanics (MMFF) and semi-empirical (PM6) calculations. Complex formation in non-buffered and buffered solutions is driven by the hydrophobic effect, and complex stoichiometry determined as 1:1 for all host:guest pairs. Low affinity complexes (Kassoc < 100 M−1) are observed for all guests, attributed to poor host–guest complementarity and the role of buffer cation species accounts for the low affinity of the complexes. Comparison of CWA and simulant behavior adds to understanding of CWA–simulant correlations and the challenges of simulant selection.