Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Cosmic Rays, Clouds, and Climate

It has been proposed that Earth's climate could be affected by changes in cloudiness caused by variations in the intensity of galactic cosmic rays in the atmosphere. This proposal stems from an observed correlation between cosmic ray intensity and Earth's average cloud cover over the course of one solar cycle. Some scientists question the reliability of the observations, whereas others, who accept them as reliable, suggest that the correlation may be caused by other physical phenomena with decadal periods or by a response to volcanic activity or El Niño. Nevertheless, the observation has raised the intriguing possibility that a cosmic ray–cloud interaction may help explain how a relatively small change in solar output can produce much larger changes in Earth's climate. Physical mechanisms have been proposed to explain how cosmic rays could affect clouds, but they need to be investigated further if the observation is to become more than just another correlation among geophysical variables.
Notch signaling: simplicity in design, versatility in function

Notch signaling is evolutionarily conserved and operates in many cell types and at various stages during development. Notch signaling must therefore be able to generate appropriate signaling outputs in a variety of cellular contexts. This need for versatility in Notch signaling is in apparent contrast to the simple molecular design of the core pathway. Here, we review recent studies in nematodes, Drosophila and vertebrate systems that begin to shed light on how versatility in Notch signaling output is generated, how signal strength is modulated, and how cross-talk between the Notch pathway and other intracellular signaling systems, such as the Wnt, hypoxia and BMP pathways, contributes to signaling diversity.
William Aiello Beeswax : a platform for private web apps

Even if a web-based messaging service offered confidential channels, how would users know whether their keys, or indeed even their plaintext, was not being exfiltrated? What if a variety of applications offered confidentiality? How would a user gain trust in all of them? In this paper we argue that a platform for private web applications is the only practical way for users to gain assurance about the confidentiality claims of a large number of full-featured web-services. We introduce Beeswax, a client-side platform that allows confidential data to be exchanged between users at the behest of an application, through a narrow set of APIs. Beeswax installs in a modern browser to deliver a complete practical solution, from key distribution to isolation of private data from the applications, thereby making an analysis of application code unnecessary. This focuses scrutiny and trust on the platform itself, rather than on all the applications using it. DOI 10.1515/popets-2016-0014 Received 2015-11-30; revised 2016-03-01; accepted 2016-03-02.
PMMA denture base material enhancement: a review of fiber, filler, and nanofiller addition

This paper reviews acrylic denture base resin enhancement during the past few decades. Specific attention is given to the effect of fiber, filler, and nanofiller addition on poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) properties. The review is based on scientific reviews, papers, and abstracts, as well as studies concerning the effect of additives, fibers, fillers, and reinforcement materials on PMMA, published between 1974 and 2016. Many studies have reported improvement of PMMA denture base material with the addition of fillers, fibers, nanofiller, and hybrid reinforcement. However, most of the studies were limited to in vitro investigations without bioactivity and clinical implications. Considering the findings of the review, there is no ideal denture base material, but the properties of PMMA could be improved with some modifications, especially with silanized nanoparticle addition and a hybrid reinforcement system.
Physical activity and hospitalization for exacerbation of COPD.

BACKGROUND Acute exacerbations (AEs) have a negative impact on various aspects of the progression of COPD, but objective and detailed data on the impact of hospitalizations for an AE on physical activity are not available. Objective and measurements: We aimed to investigate physical activity using an activity monitor (DynaPort; McRoberts; the Hague, the Netherlands), pulmonary function, muscle force, 6-min walking distance, and arterial blood gas levels in 17 patients (mean age, 69 +/- 9 years [+/- SD]; body mass index, 24 +/- 5 kg/m(2)) at the beginning and end of a hospitalization period for an AE and 1 month after discharge. RESULTS Time spent on weight-bearing activities (walking and standing) was markedly low both at day 2 and day 7 of hospitalization (median, 7%; interquartile range [IQR], 3 to 18% of the time during the day; and median, 9%; IQR, 7 to 21%, respectively) and 1 month after discharge (median, 19% [IQR, 10 to 34%]; Friedman test, p = 0.13). Time spent on weight-bearing activities was positively correlated to quadriceps force at the end of the hospitalization period (r = 0.47; p = 0.048). Patients with hospitalization for an AE in the previous year had an even lower activity level when compared to those without a recent hospitalization. In addition, patients with a lower activity level at 1 month after discharge were more likely to be readmitted in the following year. CONCLUSIONS Patients with COPD are markedly inactive during and after hospitalization for an AE. Efforts to enhance physical activity should be among the aims of the disease management during and following the AE periods.
Differentiation of Adult Rat Cardiac Myocytes in Cell Culture

Cardiac myocytes isolated from adult rat hearts were grown on laminin coated culture dishes for more than a month. During this time, the cells underwent a morphological transformation which has also been referred to by others as cell remodeling (Guo J-X, Jacobson SL, Brown DL: Cell Mot Cytoskeleton 1986; 6:291–304). This results in a change in myocyte morphology from its typical in vivo cylindrical shape to one which is more pleiomorphic. Despite the long-term change in morphology, myocytes expressed for differing lengths of time several aspects of the adult phenotype as evidenced by the following: 1) maintenance of cylindrical shape and/or evident cross-striations for the first 24–48 hours in culture, 2) reappearance of cross-striations during the second week in culture, 3) little or no spontaneous contractility for the first 4 days in culture, 4) expression of only the V1 isoform of myosin for at least 7 days, and 5) altered myosin isoform expression in response to changes in environmental conditions. These factors taken together suggest that in culture the adult cardiac myocyte remains a highly differentiated cell (as opposed to possible dedifferentiation) and maintains many of its previous in vivo characteristics. Such highly differentiated adult cells should be suitable as an in vitro system for studying the direct cellular effects of factors which regulate growth and differentiation of the in vivo heart.
Flood Alert System by using Weather Forecasting Data and Wireless Sensor Network

This research proposal is basically for generating flood alert system in Indian environment by using weather forecasting data, and wireless sensor networks, The wireless sensor network is playing important role to transmission and monitoring the data, we can collect telemetered rainfall data and flow of water level data from various location, the system is measures the River Water Level, flow of water and different weather condition through wireless sensor network it also sends flood notification messages to the inhabitant of such a zones, base station of that area for necessary action. The existing Indian flood alert system it’s depend on Input data from satellites for flood forecasting, and it come after a long interval and some the information is quite insufficient. The designed system is based on WSN and it is used to monitor, detect and report the environment’s status to a control unit using relative water level and amount of rainfall as flood indicators, whose values are gathered by sensors in the sensor field.
Angiogenic and Inflammatory Vitreous Biomarkers Associated With Increasing Levels of Retinal Ischemia.

PURPOSE To characterize the angiogenic and inflammatory vitreous biomarker profiles in a spectrum of ischemic retinopathies, including neovascular glaucoma. METHODS This institutional review board-approved study retrospectively analyzed 80 undiluted vitreous samples obtained during pars vitrectomy. The specimens were frozen (-80°C) and sent for concentration analysis of 34 proteins by Bio-Plex Pro assays. Specimens were divided into four groups: patients undergoing epiretinal membrane (ERM) peeling and/or macular hole (MH) surgery with no history of diabetes (non-DM group), patients undergoing ERM peeling, and/or MH surgery with a history of diabetes (DM group), patients with proliferative diabetic retinopathy (PDR group), and patients with neovascular glaucoma (NVG group). Parametric and nonparametric analyses of demographics and cytokine levels were performed using SPSS. RESULTS There were no significant differences in demographics among cohorts. Numerous proteins were significantly elevated between non-DM and DM (G-CSF, sCD40L, Endoglin, IL-6, placental growth factor [PlGF], VEGF-D), DM and PDR (leptin, IL-8, PlGF, VEGF-A), and PDR and NVG (G-CSF, leptin, TIE-2, sCD40L, EGF, HB-EGF, IL-6, IL-8, PlGF, TNF-α). Only PlGF was significantly elevated between each successive cohort. The most potent drivers of NVG were PlGF, VEGF-A, IL-6, and IL-8. CONCLUSIONS While the role of angioproliferative growth factors is well documented in ischemic retinopathy, our study delineates the importance of inflammatory and previously underreported angiogenic proteins. It also demonstrates a significant incremental increase in certain factors with increasing levels of ischemia. Both of these findings may guide the development of future therapies for ischemic retinopathies.
Social Influence Perspective on Crowd Behavior

Research guided by a social influence perspective on crowd behavior is considered under three categories: leader to crowd; crowd to members; crowd to outsiders. It is argued that a single model of crowd influence which relies on a single process is inadequate. It is found that several social influene proceases affect the attitudes and actions of crowd members-social facilitation, modelling and imitation, conformity to group norms, group discussion and persuasive appeals. The operation of these social influence processes is examined for a variety of crowd forms including crusade rallies (Newton & Mann, 1980), crazy auctions (Mann, 1975), spectators to a dispute (Mann, Paleg & Hawkins, 1978), baiting crowds (Mann, 1982) and queues (Mann, 1970, 1977). The size of the crowd is shown to be an important factor mediating the probability that people will be drawn to the crowd, induced to join, and become influenced by the leader's persuasive message. It is suggested that cultural differences in such factors as conformity pressures are linked to the incidence of crowd activity and the likelihood of social influence occurring in crowds in various countries. Future research should investigate the comparative vulnerability to influence of strangers and groups of friends in crowds, individual differences in susceptibility to crowd influence and discontinuities in individual behavior associated with changes in crowd size and proportion of crowd members already responding.
Optimized XML-based Web service generation for service communication in restricted embedded environments

Embedded network programming remains a highly complex task for developers since unique characteristics of such networks have to be faced: one of them is the communication between a diversity of resource constraint nodes. Another one is the infrastructure dynamics. The widely-used standardized Web service technologies would perfectly meet such unique characteristics and ease the development of applications. Such technologies that enable, e.g., requesting or subscribing service data, however, process usually plain XML documents which are not suitable for small embedded devices with very limited resources. This is due to XML's verbosity, its bandwidth usage, and its associated processing overhead. The paper addresses these issues and describes an innovative and optimized source code generation technique by means of W3C's Efficient XML Interchange (EXI) format for developing XML-based Web services for the embedded domain. This offers developers a seamless use of the wide-spread service protocols in the embedded domain as well. Evaluation results based on the dataset from the ISO/IEC standardization of the vehicle to grid communication interface (V2G CI) prove the applicability of the generated XML-based Web services of restricted devices in terms of message size, performance, and code footprint.
Conclusions from the Mexican National Nutrition Survey 1999: translating results into nutrition policy.

OBJECTIVE This article presents and overview of the main results and conclusions from the Mexican National Nutrition Survey 1999 (NNS-1999) and the principal nutrition policy implications of the findings. MATERIAL AND METHODS The NNS-1999 was conducted on a national probabilistic sample of almost 18,000 households, representative of the national, regional, as well as urban and rural levels in Mexico. Subjects included were children < 12 years and women 12-49 years. Anthropometry, blood specimens, diet and socioeconomic information of the family were collected. RESULTS The principal public nutrition problems are stunting in children < 5 years of age; anemia, iron and zinc deficiency, and low serum vitamin C concentrations at all ages; and vitamin A deficiency in children. Undernutrition (stunting and micronutrient deficiencies) was generally more prevalent in the lower socioeconomic groups, in rural areas, in the south and in Indigenous population. Overweight and obesity are serious public health problems in women and are already a concern in school-age children. CONCLUSIONS A number of programs aimed at preventing undernutrition are currently in progress; several of them were designed or modified as a result of the NNS-1999 findings. Most of them have an evaluation component that will inform adjustments or modifications of their design and implementation. However, little is being done for the prevention and control of overweight and obesity and there is limited experience on effective interventions. The design and evaluation of prevention strategies for controlling obesity in the population, based on existing evidence, is urgently needed and success stories should be brought to scale quickly to maximize impact. The English version of this paper is available too at: http://www.insp. mx/salud/index.html.
Knowledge Media Institute Visualisation of entity distribution in very large scale spatial and geographic information systems

The aim of this paper is to summarise entity distribution visualisation problems in very largescale spatial and geographic information systems. The motivation for this theme has arisen when solving a problem of geographic-spatial information system for Open University oriented on visualisation of geographic and logical distribution of university students and administrative organisation. At the beginning, the paper describes algorithms and data structures used by current geographic and spatial information systems. These are visualisation and mapping techniques, user interface problems, clustering analysis, used data structures and network services. Several existing systems are mentioned as examples. In the second part of the paper, suggested approaches and improvements are discussed. These should provide new possibilities, mainly the scalability of system when working with very large numbers of entities.
Reusing cached schedules in an out-of-order processor with in-order issue logic

The complex and powerful out-of-order issue logic dismisses the repetitive nature of the code, unlike what caches or branch predictors do. We show that 90% of the cycles, the group of instructions selected by the issue logic belongs to just 13% of the total different groups issued: the issue logic of an out-of-order processor is constantly re-discovering what it has already found. To benefit from the repetitive nature of instruction issue, we move the scheduling logic after the commit stage, out of the critical path of execution. The schedules created there are cached and reused to feed a simple in-order issue logic, that could result in a higher frequency design. We present the complete design of our ReLaSch processor, that achieves the same average IPC than a conventional out-of-order processor, and a 1.56 speed-up over the IPC of an in-order processor. We actually surpass the out-of-order IPC in 23 out of 40 SPEC benchmarks, mainly because the broader vision of the code after the commit stage allows creating better schedules.
Life as We Know It and/or Life as It Could Be: Epistemology and the Ontology/Ontogeny of Artificial Life

Artificial life researchers assert that their work can offer insight into “life as it could be. ” The author suggests that it can also shed light on “life as we know it. ” A complex series of decisions and presumptions precedes the selection of a given artificial entity as lifelike. For the artist, the processes of selection and representation bring into question what has been characterized by sculptor Michael Grey as “the relationship between ontology and ontogeny,” or the interconnectedness of being and its formal embodiment. The work of biologists Humberto Maturana and Francisco Varela suggest that these two aspects of life are inseparable components of autopoiesis and are, moreover, environmentally determined and determining. If this is the case, then artificial life is not just a product of research but is structurally coupled with other natural and artificial life forms as part of a dynamic autopoietic system.
Quality control gone wrong: mitochondria, lysosomal storage disorders and neurodegeneration

The eukaryotic cell possesses specialized pathways to turn over and degrade redundant proteins and organelles. Each pathway is unique and responsible for degradation of distinctive cytosolic material. The ubiquitin‐proteasome system and autophagy (chaperone‐mediated, macro, micro and organelle specific) act synergistically to maintain proteostasis. Defects in this equilibrium can be deleterious at cellular and organism level, giving rise to various disease states. Dysfunction of quality control pathways are implicated in neurodegenerative diseases and appear particularly important in Parkinson's disease and the lysosomal storage disorders. Neurodegeneration resulting from impaired degradation of ubiquitinated proteins and α‐synuclein is often accompanied by mitochondrial dysfunction. Mitochondria have evolved to control a diverse number of processes, including cellular energy production, calcium signalling and apoptosis, and like every other organelle within the cell, they must be ‘recycled. ’ Failure to do so is potentially lethal as these once indispensible organelles become destructive, leaking reactive oxygen species and activating the intrinsic cell death pathway. This process is paramount in neurons which have an absolute dependence on mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation as they cannot up‐regulate glycolysis. As such, mitochondrial bioenergetic failure can underpin neural death and neurodegenerative disease. In this review, we discuss the links between cellular quality control and neurodegenerative diseases associated with mitochondrial dysfunction, with particular attention to the emerging links between Parkinson's and Gaucher diseases in which defective quality control is a defining factor.
**volume Title** Asp Conference Series, Vol. **volume Number** **author** Accelerating the Rate of Astronomical Discovery with Gpu-powered Clusters

In recent years, the Graphics Processing Unit (GPU) has emerged as a low-cost alternative for high performance computing, enabling impressive speed-ups for a range of scientific computing applications. Early adopters in astronomy are already benefiting in adapting their codes to take advantage of the GPU's massively parallel processing paradigm. I give an introduction to, and overview of, the use of GPUs in astronomy to date, highlighting the adoption and application trends from the first ∼100 GPU-related publications in astronomy. I discuss the opportunities and challenges of utilising GPU computing clusters, such as the new Australian GPU supercomputer, gSTAR, for accelerating the rate of astronomical discovery.
Security Toolbox for Detecting Novel and Sophisticated Android Malware

This paper presents a demo of our Security Toolbox to detect novel malware in Android apps. This Toolbox is developed through our recent research project funded by the DARPA Automated Program Analysis for Cybersecurity (APAC) project. The adversarial challenge ("Red") teams in the DARPA APAC program are tasked with designing sophisticated malware to test the bounds of malware detection technology being developed by the research and development ("Blue") teams. Our research group, a Blue team in the DARPA APAC program, proposed a "human-in-the-loop program analysis" approach to detect malware given the source or Java bytecode for an Android app. Our malware detection apparatus consists of two components: a general-purpose program analysis platform called Atlas, and a Security Toolbox built on the Atlas platform. This paper describes the major design goals, the Toolbox components to achieve the goals, and the workflow for auditing Android apps. The accompanying video illustrates features of the Toolbox through a live audit.