Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Spatial interpolation of air temperature according to atmospheric circulation patterns in southeast France

A method is proposed for the interpolation of daily maximum and minimum air temperatures (Tx and Tn, respectively) at the regional scale, taking into account the atmospheric circulation patterns (CPs). The study region was in southeast France (150×250 km2). Daily temperatures measured at 152 meteorological stations were available, and CPs from automatic classification performed every day by Meteo France from forecast model outputs were used. For the whole of Europe, ten classes centred on France are defined. A geostatistical approach (ordinary kriging) was chosen, because it permits the mapping of the estimation variance for interpolation and consideration of several days at once. Different data processing methods were compared: raw temperatures without correction; temperatures converted to sea level by applying a constant or varying coefficient according to the CP; and sorting days in relation to CP and season. Cross-validation analyses were performed, separating the data set in two independent parts (62 stations for the model calibration and 90 for the validation). These sets of data showed errors from 0.6° to 2°C. An improvement of 0.5°C was observed for the maximum temperature if it was corrected with regard to the elevation and the days sorted according to CP; however, correction of the elevation had a greater effect on improving the results than does CP sorting. The results obtained for the minimum temperatures fluctuate more from day to day. Copyright © 1999 Royal Meteorological Society
Seamless Interoperation of LTE-UMTS-GSM requires Flawless UMTS and GSM

Though the mobile communication technology keep facilitating new generations such as LTE, UMTS, etc the replacement of the past generation technologies may take time and it may not be replaced in its entirety. Hence, interoperability among these technologies are coming into the picture. This interoperation may introduce unexpected security vulnerabilities which are inherited from the past generation technologies such as GSM. Moreover, most phones are programmed to gracefully fail over to GSM when a 3G/4G connection seems unavailable [13]. Hence, irrespective of the presence of advanced technologies, the interoperability demands to update the identified flaws of the past technologies. This will pave way for seamless secure communication through interoperation. Hence, in this paper, a HMAC based mutual authentication and key agreement protocol for GSM is proposed to avoid false base station attack. The correctness of the protocol is verified by using Prove if.
Embryogenesis of arborization pattern and topography of individual axons in N. Laminaris of the chicken brain stem

This study examined the development of individual axon terminal fields in n. laminaris (NL) of the chicken brainstem. In their mature form axons from the nucleus magnocellularis (NM), second‐order auditory neurons in the chicken brainstem, project bilaterally onto the NL. Axons from the ipsilateral and contralateral NM neurons from spatially segregated, elongated arbors in the dorsal and ventral neuropil of NL, respectively. The long axes of these arbors correspond to physiologically defined isofrequency bands To assess the development of this stereotyped arborization pattern, 6–17 day embryonic chicken brain stems were maintained in vitro while injecting horseradish peroxidase into small groups of axons. Three dimensional reconstructions were made from serial sections and projected onto a cartesian plane for quantitative analyses.
3 Correlations, Fluctuations, Power Spectra 3.1 Motivation

Why are correlations (in biology) important? One idea is that by studying correlations we could learn something about causal interactions between parts of the system; for example, the wiring diagram of a genetic regulatory network. However, " correlation is not causation, " as we discussed on the example of inferring regulatory interactions from microarray data. There one measures the expression levels of N genes when the cells are placed in different conditions, C 1 ,. C K ; the raw data is a N × K matrix. The simplest analysis computes the correlation in gene expression levels between genes g i and g j : where ·· denotes averaging across all K conditions. The correlation describes the degree to which two genes " respond together " across conditions. Often, this measure is normalized into the usual correlation coefficient: C ij = Cov ij σ i σ j , (2) where σ 2 i = g 2 i − g i 2 is the variance in gene g i. C ij ∈ [−1, 1], with +1/ − 1 meaning that the pair of genes are perfectly correlated / anticorrelated. Note that it is often nice to work with deviations from the mean, δg i = g i − g i (in this notation, δg i means " small deviation in g i " and not a product of δ with g i), so that Cov ij = δg i δg j. After computing this N × N covariance matrix, its entries are often compared to some threshold Θ, and for those pairs of genes where |C ij | > Θ one could postulate a true underlying interaction. This approach, however, has multiple problems: • If g 1 regulates g 2 and g 3 , but g 2 does not directly regulate g 3 , there will be a very high correlation coefficient between g 2 and g 3 , but no causal link. This is very common in genetic regulatory networks, where a few transcription factors may corregulate many genes. If Θ is set at statistical significance, a large fraction of the pairs will appear to be links, which is not the case. • There is in principle no way to discern the direction on the arrows, if correlation is measured at a single point in time in steady state. Can correlations nevertheless be used to infer the true interactions? …
Henri Poincaré Topological Censorship for Kaluza – Klein SpaceTimes

The standard topological censorship theorems require asymptotic hypotheses which are too restrictive for several situations of interest. In this paper we prove a version of topological censorship under significantly weaker conditions, compatible, e.g., with solutions with Kaluza–Klein asymptotic behavior. In particular we prove simple connectedness of the quotient of the domain of outer communications by the group of symmetries for models which are asymptotically flat, or asymptotically anti-de Sitter, in a Kaluza–Klein sense. This allows one, e.g., to define the twist potentials needed for the reduction of the field equations in uniqueness theorems. Finally, the methods used to prove the above are used to show that weakly trapped compact surfaces cannot be seen from Scri.
Effects of gravity on the structure of post-shock accretion flows in magnetic cataclysmic variables

We calculate the temperature and density structure of the hot post-shock plasma in magnetically confined accretion flows, including the gravitational potential. This avoids the inconsistency of previous calculations which assume that the height of the shock is negligible. We assume a stratified accretion column with 1D flow along the symmetry axis. We find that the calculations predict a lower shock temperature than previous calculations, with a flatter temperature profile with height. We revise previous determinations of the masses of the white dwarf primary stars, and find that for higher mass white dwarfs there is a general reduction in derived masses when the gravitational potential is included. This is because the spectrum from such flows is harder than that of previous prescriptions at intermediate energies.
Role of the ferret perigeniculate nucleus in the generation of synchronized oscillations in vitro.

1. The cellular mechanisms by which neurons of the ferret perigeniculate nucleus (PGN) participate in the generation of spindle waves and slowed absence seizure‐like oscillations were investigated with intracellular and extracellular recording techniques in geniculate slices maintained in vitro. 2. During spindle wave generation, PGN neurons generated repetitive (2‐9 Hz) high frequency (up to 500 Hz) burst discharges mediated by the activation of a low threshold Ca2+ spike by the arrival of barrages of excitatory postsynaptic potentials (EPSPs). In most PGN cells at resting membrane potentials (‐60 to ‐70 mV) spindle waves were associated with a progressive hyperpolarization that persisted as a prolonged after‐hyperpolarization. 3. The EPSPs occurring in PGN cells were highly synchronized with burst firing in the neighbouring portion of the dorsal lateral geniculate nucleus (LGNd) and were intermixed with short duration inhibitory postsynaptic potentials (IPSPs). After block of GABAergic receptors, the EPSPs occurring during the generation of spindle waves reversed polarity at around 0 mV. In addition, these EPSPs were completely blocked with the bath application of the non‐NMDA receptor antagonist 6‐cyano‐7‐nitroquinoxaline‐2,3‐dione (CNQX), as was spindle wave generation in both the PGN and LGNd. 4. Slowing the intraspindle frequency to 2‐4 Hz with pharmacological block of GABAA receptors resulted in a marked increase in the intensity of burst firing by PGN cells such that the number of action potentials per burst increased from a maximum of thirteen to a maximum of sixty. Block of GABAA receptors also resulted in a marked increase in the amplitude and duration of the EPSP barrages arriving from the relay laminae during generation of the slowed oscillation. 5. These findings indicate that spindle waves are generated in the ferret LGNd in vitro through an interaction between the GABAergic neurons of the PGN and relay neurons, such that burst firing in relay neurons activates a barrage of EPSPs and a subsequent low threshold Ca2+ spike in PGN cells. This activation of PGN neurons inhibits a substantial number of relay cells, a few of which rebound burst after this IPSP, thus starting the cycle again. Block of GABAA receptors results in a marked enhancement of activity in PGN cells through increased excitation from relay cells and disinhibition from neighbouring PGN cells. This increased activity in PGN neurons results in a markedly enhanced activation of GABAB receptors in relay neurons and the subsequent generation of paroxysmal activity that is similar to that associated with absence seizures.
Placement: Hot or Not?

Placement is considered a fundamental physical design problem in electronic design automation. It has been around so long that it is commonly viewed as a solved problem. However, placement is not just another design automation problem; placement quality is at the heart of design quality in terms of timing closure, routability, area, power and most importantly, time-to-market. Small improvements in placement quality often translate into large improvements further down the design closure stack. This paper makes the case that placement is a “hot topic” in design automation and presents several placement formulations related to routability, clocking, datapath, timing, and constraint management to drive years of research.
Modification of central nervous system effects of laudanosine by inhalation anaesthetics.

To determine the effect of inhalation anaesthetics on the plasma concentration of laudanosine necessary to produce CNS excitation, we administered laudanosine 0.5 mg kg-1 min-1 i.v. to 40 rabbits under eight study conditions: 1.0 or 0.7% halothane, 1.6% isoflurane, 2.0% enflurane, during normocapnia and hypocapnia; 70% nitrous oxide, alone and with 1.0% halothane, and room air (control). At the onset of purposeless, unco-ordinated movements of the entire body, blood samples were obtained to determine the CNS excitation-threshold plasma concentration (ETPC) of laudanosine. During normocapnia, 1.0% halothane, 1.6% isoflurane and 2.0% enflurane increased ETPC (mean (SD) 11.8 (2.5), 11.3 (2.8) and 9.1 (1.4) micrograms ml-1, respectively) from control (5.0 (0.9) microgram ml-1). ETPC during enflurane anaesthesia did not change significantly with hypocapnia. Nitrous oxide, alone or in combination with halothane, did not change ETPC. The combination of nitrous oxide with 1.0% halothane significantly decreased ETPC to less than that for halothane alone (6.7 (1.2) v. 11.8 (2.5) micrograms ml-1, respectively).
Towards a multi-level modeling language for testbed automation systems

Models of software intensive systems often are unnecessarily complex due to inappropriate modeling language capabilities. In the context of model driven generation of automation system parameters, we propose a multi-level modeling approach to prevent unnecessary complex models. The mechanism, based on a unified notion of classes and objects, allows modeling the domain entities concisely and builds the foundation for stepwise-refinement and model reuse.
Quantifying Responses of Dung Beetles to Fire Disturbance in Tropical Forests: The Importance of Trapping Method and Seasonality

Understanding how biodiversity responds to environmental changes is essential to provide the evidence-base that underpins conservation initiatives. The present study provides a standardized comparison between unbaited flight intercept traps (FIT) and baited pitfall traps (BPT) for sampling dung beetles. We examine the effectiveness of the two to assess fire disturbance effects and how trap performance is affected by seasonality. The study was carried out in a transitional forest between Cerrado (Brazilian Savanna) and Amazon Forest. Dung beetles were collected during one wet and one dry sampling season. The two methods sampled different portions of the local beetle assemblage. Both FIT and BPT were sensitive to fire disturbance during the wet season, but only BPT detected community differences during the dry season. Both traps showed similar correlation with environmental factors. Our results indicate that seasonality had a stronger effect than trap type, with BPT more effective and robust under low population numbers, and FIT more sensitive to fine scale heterogeneity patterns. This study shows the strengths and weaknesses of two commonly used methodologies for sampling dung beetles in tropical forests, as well as highlighting the importance of seasonality in shaping the results obtained by both sampling strategies.
Impact of problem-based learning on residents' self-directed learning.

OBJECTIVE To examine the effect of a problem-based learning (PBL) curriculum on self-directed learning behaviors among a group of pediatric residents. METHODS A controlled comparison study was conducted with 80 pediatric residents at a large urban academic medical center. Residents were observed over 3 distinct but consecutive periods. First, all residents participated in a 3-month-long daily lecture series (pre-exposure phase). Then, for another 3 months, 39 residents (PBL group) were exposed to twice-weekly PBL sessions while 41 residents continued with the daily lectures (lecture-based group) and served as controls. Problem-based learning was withdrawn after 3 months and all residents returned to the lecture series (follow-up phase). Residents' self-directed learning behaviors were assessed through self-administered questionnaires during the pre-exposure, exposure, and follow-up phases. RESULTS There were no significant preexposure differences in self-directed learning behaviors between the groups. During the exposure phase, the PBL group had significantly higher self-directed learning: 5 or more hours of independent study (26% vs 7%) [corrected] (P=.001); 5 or more hours of medical discussions (28% vs 4%) (P=.008); 2 or more computer literature searches (51% vs 30%) (P=.005); and total hours of self-study per week (6 vs 4 hours) (P<.05). At the 3-month follow-up, the PBL group had returned to baseline levels of self-directed learning and there were no significant differences between the groups. CONCLUSION Residents exposed to PBL engaged in significantly higher levels of self-directed learning than their counterparts.
The role of NR2A- and NR2B-containing NMDA receptors in innate anxiety

Anxiety disorders are very common mental health diseases affecting millions of people worldwide and cost billions of dollars in medical care each year. However, the exact biological mechanism underlying the occurrence of anxiety disorders is still not clear. Accumulating studies have shown that . /V-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) type of glutamate receptors (NMDARs) are involved in anxiety disorders in animal models, but the roles of NR2Aand NR2B-containing NMDARs in anxiety disorders remain controversial, and it is completely unknown whether NMDAR-mediated LTP or LTD are involved in anxiety disorders. This project was designed to further investigate the roles of NR2Aand NR2B-containing NMDARs and NMDAR-mediated LTP and LTD in anxiety disorders. The effects of NR2A specific antagonist NVP-AAM077 (1.2mg/kg and 2.4mg/kg), NR2B specific antagonists Ro25-6981 (6mg/kg) and ifenprodil (5mg/kg), and LTD blocking peptides Tat-GluR2-3Y and Tat-NR2B9c (1.5umol/kg) were assessed with Elevated Plus-Maze (EPM) and/or modified Novelty Suppressed Feeding (NSF) tests in rats. The effect of bilateral infusion of Ro25-6981 (lOOuM, ljj.1) into the basolateral amygdaloid nuclei (BLA) was also examined. Our results showed that NVP-AAM077 and LTD-blocking peptides produced no significant effects on innate anxiety both in the EPM and NSF tests. Systemic administration of Ro25-6981 and ifenprodil produced anxiogenic effect, whereas intra-BLA injection of Ro25-6981 produced anxiolytic effect in the EPM test. These results reveal that NR2A-containing NMDARs and NMDAR-mediated LTP are not involved in anxiety disorders, and that NR2B-containing NMDARs play an important role in the development of anxiety disorders through an unknown pathway other than LTD production.
The Unfolded Protein Response: A Novel Component of the Hypoxic Stress Response in Tumors

Hypoxia is a physiologically important endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress that is present in all solid tumors. Numerous clinical studies have shown that tumor hypoxia predicts for decreased local control, increased distant metastases, and decreased overall survival in a variety of human tumors. Hypoxia selects for tumors with an increased malignant phenotype and increases the metastatic potential of tumor cells. Tumor cells respond to hypoxia and ER stress through the activation of the unfolded protein response (UPR). The UPR is an adaptive response to increase cell survival during ER stress. XBP-1 is a critical transcriptional regulator of this process and is required for tumor growth. Pancreatic ER kinase (PKR-like ER kinase) regulates the translational branch of the UPR and is also important in the growth of tumors. Although the exact mechanism has yet to be elucidated, recent data suggest that the UPR affects tumor growth through protection from apoptosis and may influence angiogenic signaling pathways. Targeting various components of the UPR is a promising therapeutic strategy. Understanding the relationship between hypoxia, the UPR, and tumor growth is crucial to improving current cancer therapies.
Conservation policies, environmental valuation and the optimal size of jurisdictions

The size of a jurisdiction is crucial in determining the efficiency, equity or efficacy of environmental regulations. However, jurisdictions are usually taken to coincide with political boundaries even if environmental externalities may transcend them. This paper illustrates the design and implementation of a Choice Modelling experiment to determine the spatial distribution of environmental benefits of Kings Park (Western Australia). The objective is to understand if federal, state or local resources are the appropriate form of funding a conservation policy. Results indicate that there are interstate spillovers of benefits, hence justifying federal contributions to Kings Park. They also show that some benefits are homogeneously spread within Western Australia, and this is an indication that state funding is also appropriate. Other benefits are distance-dependent; some level of local/council funding is warranted
Environmental influences on skin aging and ethnic-specific manifestations

Skin aging does not only occur by passing time alone but also by the exposure to different environmental factors. The skin aging process, which is induced by environmental factors, is named premature or extrinsic skin aging process and can be distinguished from the chronologically (intrinsic) skin aging process by characteristic skin aging signs. Well known environmental factors leading to extrinsic skin aging are sun exposure and smoking. Recently, an epidemiological study could further discover an association between air pollution and skin aging. First of all the skin aging inducing effect of sun exposure was discovered and an own term (photoaging) was given to this special field of extrinsic skin aging. Mechanistic studies have further increased our knowledge about the molecular pathways by which environmental factors contribute to extrinsic skin aging. In this regard, profound knowledge how sun exposure leads to extrinsic skin aging were gained in the last years, and additionally there are also indications how smoking and air pollution might contribute to this process. Moreover it was realized that extrinsic skin aging manifests differently between different populations. Thus, in this review we summarize the influence of the different environmental factors: sun exposure, smoking and air pollution on skin aging and further present ethnic-specific manifestations of extrinsic skin aging.
Combined Feature Selection and classification – A novel approach for the categorization of web pages

The World Wide Web is growing rapidly and the Internet users are still increasing day by day. Increasing with the number of users, the need for automatic classification techniques with good classification accuracy increases as search engines depend on previously classified web pages stored as classified directories to retrieve the relevant results. Machine learning techniques for automatic classification gains more interest as the classifier improves its performance with experience. In this paper we propose a method called Combined Feature Selection and Classification for effective categorization of web pages. Our experimental results show that our proposed approach improves the classification accuracy with the optimum number of attributes. We experimented with four machine learning classifiers (CV Parameter Selection, Logit Boost, Random Committee and VFI). Our results effectively improve the accuracy.
Effects of cytochalasin, phalloidin, and pH on the elongation of actin filaments.

We used electron microscopy to measure the effects of cytochalasins, phalloidin, and pH on the rates of elongation at the barbed and pointed ends of actin filaments. In the case of the cytochalasins, we compared the effects on ATP- and ADP-actin monomers. Micromolar concentrations of either cytochalasin B (CB) or cytochalasin D (CD) inhibit elongation at both ends of the filament, about 95% at the barbed end and 50% at the pointed end, so that the two ends contribute about equally to the rate of growth. Half-maximal inhibition of elongation at the barbed end is at 0.1 microM CB and 0.02 microM CD for ATP-actin and at 0.1 microM CD for ADP-actin. At the pointed end, CD inhibits elongation by ATP-actin and ADP-actin about equally. At high (2 microM) concentrations, the cytochalasins reduce the association and dissociation rate constants in parallel for both ADP- and ATP-actin, so their effects on the critical concentrations are minimal. These observations confirm and extend those of Bonder and Mooseker [Bonder, E. M. , & Mooseker, M. S. (1986) J. Cell Biol. 102, 282-288]. The dependence of the elongation rate on the concentration of both cytochalasin and actin can be explained quantitatively by a mechanism that includes the effects of cytochalasin binding to actin monomers [Godette, D. W. , & Frieden, C. (1986) J. Biol. Chem. 261, 5974-5980] and a partial cap of the barbed end of the filament by the complex of ADP-actin and cytochalasin. (ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)