Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Neural Correlates of Approach and Avoidance Learning in Behavioral Inhibition

Title of Document: NEURAL CORRELATES OF APPROACH AND AVOIDANCE LEARNING IN BEHAVIORAL INHIBITION Sarah M. Helfinstein, Ph.D., 2011 Directed By: Professor Nathan A. Fox, Human Development Behavioral inhibition is a temperamental trait characterized in infancy a d e rly childhood by a tendency to withdraw from novel or familiar stimuli. Recent neuroimaging research indicates that BI individuals have atypical neural res pons s to information regarding reward and punishment in the striatum and amygdala—regions of the brain that receive information about salient stimuli and use it to guide motivated behavior. Activation to rewarding and punishing stimuli in these regions follows a “prediction error” pattern. My research examines whether behavior ally inhibited young adults display atypical prediction error responses, and whether the se responses are specific to rewarding or aversive events. Prediction error si gnals are theorized to be critical for approach and avoidance learning, and a second study examined probabilistic approach and avoidance learning in the same sample, examining differences in approach and avoidance learning between behaviorall y inhibited and non-inhibited individuals, and the relation between learning and neural prediction error signals to reward and punishment.
Estimating Acacia mangium Plantation's Standing Timber Volume Using an Airborne Hyperspectral Imaging System

Individual tree mapping in the forest is usually done by several techniques such as the sequential target and point origin mapping. Generally, the estimation of standing timber volume operation is considered a difficult task as ground survey is expensive. Most of this task is being done on the ground and takes a lot of time to be accomplished. However, the use of airborne remote sensing such as the UPM-APSB's Airborne Imaging Spectrometers for Applications (AISA) that plays its part in Global Positioning System (GPS) could change the way on how tree mapping and standing timber volume estimation are done. The general objective of this study is to map the individual wild A. mangium trees and estimate their standing timber volume using the airborne hyperspectral imaging technique. The specific objectives were to assess the capability of UPM-APSB's AISA airborne hyperspectral data in mapping A. mangium plantation and estimate its standing timber volume by delineating the individual trees crown areas. The hyperspectral image of A. mangium plan- tation in Lebuh Silikon, UPM in ENVI (.img) format taken on February 2004 was enhanced using the ENVI software. The age of the A. mangium stand was about 30 years old. Results indicated the presence of 29 canopies of A. mangium trees over a 0.8 ha plot. A single crown or canopy represented a single tree. A set of simple linear regression model for predicting volume from the crown area was developed using the 29 samples of tree crown. The value for rwas 0.801 for this fit of the model, which showed 80.1% erratum data could be evaded. The equation developed in this study was V = 0.1045 + 0.0111(CA) where it provided a mean for predicting volume from the crown size measurement using the air- borne sensor. The total standing timber volume mapped and quantified by the UPM-APSB's for the study site of 0.8 ha A. mangium plantation was about 20.73 mwith a mapping accuracy of 80.45%. In practice, users of airborne hyperspectral data can now predict the timber volume by measuring tree crown size using ENVI software and apply the appropriate equation developed from linear regression as the indirect method of timber volume estimation. Further work in this area is to estimate the above ground biomass, carbon sequestration and biodiversity of planted A. mangium plantations in Malay- sia.
On Peer Effects: Contagion of Pro- and Anti-Social Behavior and the Role of Social Cohesion

Little is known about the underlying mechanisms of behavioral contagion, in particular with respect to differences in contagion of pro- versus anti-social behavior. Our principal contribution is the use of a novel experimental approach that enables us to analyze the contagion of behavior under varied levels of social distance to peers and differences in contagion of pro- and anti-social behavior. Anti-social behavior is found to be more contagious and social distance particularly drives the contagion of anti-social but not prosocial behavior. The results yield policy implications with regards to designing effective nudges and interventions to facilitate (reduce) pro- (anti-)social behavior, in both social and work environments.
Skirting the pitfalls: a clear-cut nomenclature for H3K4 methyltransferases

To unravel the system of epigenetic control of transcriptional regulation is a fascinating and important scientific pursuit. Surprisingly, recent successes in gene identification using high‐throughput sequencing strategies showed that, despite their ubiquitous role in transcriptional control, dysfunction of chromatin‐modifying enzymes can cause very specific human developmental phenotypes. An intriguing example is the identification of de novo dominant mutations in MLL2 as a cause of Kabuki syndrome, a well‐known congenital syndrome that is associated with a very recognizable facial gestalt. However, the existing confusion in the nomenclature of the human and mouse MLL gene family impedes correct interpretation of scientific findings for these genes and their encoded proteins. This Review aims to point out this nomenclature pitfall, to explain its historical background, and to promote an unequivocal nomenclature system for chromatin‐modifying enzymes as proposed by Allis et al. (2007).
Measuring the accumulated hazards of smoking: global and regional estimates for 2000

Objective: Current prevalence of smoking, even where data are available, is a poor proxy for cumulative hazards of smoking, which depend on several factors including the age at which smoking began, duration of smoking, number of cigarettes smoked per day, degree of inhalation, and cigarette characteristics such as tar and nicotine content or filter type. Methods: We extended the Peto-Lopez smoking impact ratio method to estimate accumulated hazards of smoking for different regions of the world. Lung cancer mortality data were obtained from the Global Burden of Disease mortality database. The American Cancer Society Cancer Prevention Study, phase II (CPS-II) with follow up for the years 1982 to 1988 was the reference population. For the global application of the method, never-smoker lung cancer mortality rates were chosen based on the estimated use of coal for household energy in each region. Results: Men in industrialised countries of Europe, North America, and the Western Pacific had the largest accumulated hazards of smoking. Young and middle age males in many regions of the developing world also had large smoking risks. The accumulated hazards of smoking for women were highest in North America followed by Europe. Conclusions: In the absence of detailed data on smoking prevalence and history, lung cancer mortality provides a robust indicator of the accumulated hazards of smoking. These hazards in developing countries are currently more concentrated among young and middle aged males.
Improvement of Radioimmunotherapy Using Pretargeting

During the past two decades, considerable research has been devoted to radionuclide therapy using radiolabeled monoclonal antibodies and receptor binding agents. Conventional radioimmunotherapy (RIT) is now an established and important tool in the treatment of hematologic malignancies such as Non-Hodgkin lymphoma. For solid malignancies, the efficacy of RIT has not been as successful due to lower radiosensitivity, difficult penetration of the antibody into the tumor, and potential excessive radiation to normal tissues. Innovative approaches have been developed in order to enhance tumor absorbed dose while limiting toxicity to overcome the different limitations due to the tumor and host characteristics. Pretargeting techniques (pRIT) are a promising approach that consists of decoupling the delivery of a tumor monoclonal antibody (mAb) from the delivery of the radionuclide. This results in a much higher tumor-to-normal tissue ratio and is favorable for therapy as well and imaging. This includes various strategies based on avidin/streptavidin-biotin, DNA-complementary DNA, and bispecific antibody-hapten bindings. pRIT continuously evolves with the investigation of new molecular constructs and the development of radiochemistry. Pharmacokinetics improve dosimetry depending on the radionuclides used (alpha, beta, and Auger emitters) with prediction of tumor response and host toxicities. New constructs such as the Dock and Lock technology allow production of a variety of mABs directed against tumor-associated antigens. Survival benefit has already been shown in medullary thyroid carcinoma. Improvement in delivery of radioactivity to tumors with these pretargeting procedures associated with reduced hematologic toxicity will become the next generation of RIT. The following review addresses actual technical and clinical considerations and future development of pRIT.
Top-Down Parameter-Free Clustering of High-Dimensional Categorical Data

A parameter-free, fully-automatic approach to clustering high-dimensional categorical data is proposed. The technique is based on a two-phase iterative procedure, which attempts to improve the overall quality of the whole partition. In the first phase, cluster assignments are given, and a new cluster is added to the partition by identifying and splitting a low-quality cluster. In the second phase, the number of clusters is fixed, and an attempt to optimize cluster assignments is done. On the basis of such features, the algorithm attempts to improve the overall quality of the whole partition and finds clusters in the data, whose number is naturally established on the basis of the inherent features of the underlying data set rather than being previously specified. Furthermore, the approach is parametric to the notion of cluster quality: Here, a cluster is defined as a set of tuples exhibiting a sort of homogeneity. We show how a suitable notion of cluster homogeneity can be defined in the context of high-dimensional categorical data, from which an effective instance of the proposed clustering scheme immediately follows. Experiments on both synthetic and real data prove that the devised algorithm scales linearly and achieves nearly optimal results in terms of compactness and separation.
Serologic concentrations of HER-2/neu in breast cancer patients with visceral metastases receiving trastuzumab therapy predict the clinical course.

The HER-2/ neu oncoprotein, a member of the epidermal growth factor receptor family, is overexpressed in 20–30% of breast cancer patients as a result of gene amplification (1)(2). Various methods have been used to quantify both HER-2/ neu gene amplification and its gene product. Those methods most clinically applicable include fluorescence in situ hybridization for gene amplification and immunohistochemistry or ELISAs for protein overexpression (3)(4). The amplification/overexpression of HER-2/ neu may have several clinical implications that indicate an aggressive form of breast cancer with a significantly shortened relapse-free interval (1)(2). Nevertheless, the independence of this factor remains uncertain, as does the predictive value of HER-2/ neu overexpression for therapeutic success (5). Treatment with trastuzumab, a humanized monoclonal antibody that binds with high affinity to the extracellular domain of HER-2/ neu , is a promising therapy for metastatic breast cancers that overexpress HER-2/ neu protein. In experimental models of breast cancer, trastuzumab was active in vitro and in vivo (5)(6); in addition, the administration of trastuzumab in combination with chemotherapy showed an augmented antitumor effect (7)(8). The largest clinical study recruited 222 patients with HER-2/ neu -overexpressing metastatic breast cancer who had relapsed after one or two chemotherapy regimens (9). The overall response rate (complete response plus partial response), as determined by an independent Response Evaluation Committee, was 16%, with a 4% complete response and a 12% partial response rate. In 469 patients with HER-2/ neu -overexpressing metastatic breast cancer who had not been previously treated with chemotherapy, the combination of trastuzumab with chemotherapy was associated with a longer time to disease progression, a higher rate of objective response, a longer duration of response, a lower death rate after 1 year, longer survival, and a 20% reduction in the risk …
A novel image classification and image retrieval using saliency driven multiscale nonlinear diffusion filtering and linear distance coding

Feature extraction-coding-pooling framework generates robust and discriminative image representation which improves the performance of image classification. Image classification and image retrieval is carried out using saliency driven multi-scale nonlinear diffusion filtering with linear distance coding (LDC). The saliency driven multi-scale nonlinear diffusion filtering generates images at small, mid and high scale. Information from these scales produces robust image classification using LDC. The proposed image retrieval system is the content based image retrieval. The class manifolds generated by this classification system are given as input to image retrieval system which finally retrieves all images relevant to supplied image.
A scoping study of workforce development for self-neglect work

Copies of this work may be made for non-commercial distribution to aid social care workforce development. Any other copying requires the permission of Skills for Care. Skills for Care is the employer-led strategic body for workforce development in social care for adults in England. It is part of the sector skills council, Skills for Care and Development. A scoping study of workforce development for self-neglect work Self-neglect is complex and varied. In England, as in many other countries, there is no standard definition in general use. Consequently consistent prevalence data do not exist at a national level (Braye et al., 2011), making it hard to estimate the scale of the issue. However, qualitative research with social care and health professionals has indicated that self-neglect cases are often practically, personally and ethically challenging for There is as yet no widespread or definitive approach to workforce development to assist in addressing the difficulties of practice with self-neglect. This study, commissioned by Skills for Care, explores to what extent there is a need and justification for such an undertaking. It reviews evidence from the research literature, relevant serious case review summaries and interviews carried out at five localities within England. The findings add to what is known about the challenges of self-neglect practice and identify key workforce development issues to be addressed. They also identify examples of ways forward already in progress and point to key priorities for the sector skills council, Skills for Care. Self-neglect has long been something of a 'grey area' (Gunstone, 2003) for social care staff and agencies in England. In contrast to the equivalent guidance in Wales and Scotland, No Secrets (Department of Health, 2000) focused entirely on abuse and neglect by a third party, leaving how to respond to the demands of self-neglect largely at the discretion of local authorities and their partner agencies. As a result, some local authorities and local safeguarding adults boards include self-neglect within adult safeguarding procedures, whilst others do not and direct self-neglect referrals through adult social care channels. In its recent review of adult social care law, the Law Commission recommended that a new duty on a local authority to investigate cases of abuse and neglect should apply expressly to cases of self-neglect (Law Commission, 2011). While the Care Bill 2013 does not include an express reference to self-neglect, the government will clarify the position in a code of practice, due …
Periodic Topic Mining from Massive Amounts of Data

Social media keeps growing and providing us with rich sources of information to understand our everyday lives, customs, and culture in the form of periodic topics. This paper proposes a method of detecting periodic topics based on autocorrelation using the time series of the document frequencies of keywords. To deal with the massive amount of data collected from social media, this method is implemented using Hadoop, which is an open-source framework for distributed processing and data storage. The implementation is evaluated in comparison with a relational database management system. Using this method, this paper analyzes blogs, news sites, and spam as information sources which serve as social and cultural indicators. Data is collected from Japanese blogs and news sites, and spam blogs are then separated from legitimate blogs using a spam filtering system. Distribution periods of keywords within each information source and weekly keywords are then extracted, and the characteristics of each information source are illustrated in terms of distribution and keywords. The results obtained using this extraction method indicate that periodic blog topics tend to be TV programs, hobbies, and social events; periodic news topics tend to be political and economic events; and periodic topics in spam tend to be automatically copied-and-pasted e-mail newsletters and affiliate offers.
Repair, Revision, and Complexity in Syntactic Analysis: An Electrophysiological Differentiation

One of the core aspects of human sentence processing is the ability to detect errors and to recover from erroneous analysis through revision of ambiguous sentences and repair of ungrammatical sentences. In the present study, we used event-related potentials (ERPs) to help identify the nature of these processes by directly comparing ERPs to complex ambiguous sentence structures with and without grammatical violations, and to simpler unambiguous sentence structures with and without grammatical violations. In ambiguous sentences, preference of syntactic analysis was manipulated such that in one condition, the structures agreed with the preferred analysis, and in another condition, a nonpreferred but syntactically correct analysis (garden path) was imposed. Nonpreferred ambiguous structures require revision, whereas ungrammatical structures require repair. We found that distinct ERPs reflected different characteristics of syntactic processing. Specifically, our results are consistent with the idea that a positivity with a posterior distribution across the scalp (posterior P600) is an index of syntactic processing difficulty, including repair and revision, and that a frontally distributed positivity (frontal P600) is related to ambiguity resolution and/ or to an increase in discourse level complexity.
Effect of submucosal injection of dexamethasone on postoperative discomfort after third molar surgery: a prospective study.

AIM To evaluate the relative ability of 4 mg dose of intraoperative dexamethasone, administered submucosally, to reduce the postoperative discomfort after third molar surgery. MATERIALS AND METHODS A total of 100 patients requiring surgical removal of a single mandibular third molar were included. The experimental group (50) received dexamethasone 4 mg as submucosal injection and control group (50) received no drugs. The maximum interincisal distance and facial contours were measured at baseline and at postsurgery days 2 and 7. The measurement of pain was done using visual analog scale (VAS). RESULTS None of the patients developed wound infection or any serious postoperative complications. Postoperative edema tended to be less severe on the second postoperative day in the experimental group and the result was statistically significant. There were no significant differences in the reduction of pain and trismus between the two groups studied. CONCLUSION Submucosal administration of dexamethasone sodium phosphate (4 mg) results in reduction of postoperative edema, comparable with or greater than other routes of administration. Presumably, a higher effective drug concentration at the site of injury without loss due to distribution to other compartments may be achieved, and the submucosal route is convenient for both the surgeon and the patient. CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE Submucosal route of administration of dexamethasone (4 mg) is effective in reducing postoperative discomfort after third molar surgeries.
Tracking-as-Recognition for Articulated Full-Body Human Motion Analysis

This paper addresses the problem of markerless tracking of a human in full 3D with a high-dimensional (29D) body model. Most work in this area has been focused on achieving accurate tracking in order to replace marker-based motion capture, but do so at the cost of relying on relatively clean observing conditions. This paper takes a different perspective, proposing a body-tracking model that is explicitly designed to handle real-world conditions such as occlusions by scene objects, failure recovery, long-term tracking, auto-initialisation, generalisation to different people and integration with action recognition. To achieve these goals, an action's motions are modelled with a variant of the hierarchical hidden Markov model. The model is quantitatively evaluated with several tests, including comparison to the annealed particle filter, tracking different people and tracking with a reduced resolution and frame rate.
The Evolution of a Structured Relativistic Jet and Gamma-Ray Burst Afterglow Light Curves

We carry out a numerical hydrodynamical modeling for the evolution of a relativistic collimated outflow as it interacts with the surrounding medium and calculate the light curve resulting from synchrotron emission of the shocked fluid. The hydrodynamic equations are reduced to one-dimensional by assuming axial symmetry and integrating over the radial profile of the flow, thus considerably reducing the computation time. We present results for a number of different initial jet structures, including several different power laws and a Gaussian profile for the dependence of the energy per unit solid angle, ϵ, and the Lorentz factor, Γ, on the angle from the jet symmetry axis. Our choice of parameters for the various calculations is motivated by the current knowledge of relativistic outflows from gamma-ray bursts and the observed afterglow light curves. Comparison of the light curves for different jet profiles with gamma-ray burst afterglow observations provides constraints on the jet structure. One of the main results we find is that the transverse fluid velocity in the comoving frame (vt) and the speed of sideways expansion for smooth jet profiles is typically much smaller than the speed of sound (cs) throughout much of the evolution of the jet; vt approaches cs when Γ along the jet axis becomes of order a few (for a large angular gradient of ϵ, vt ~ cs while Γ is still large). This result suggests that the dynamics of relativistic structured jets may be reasonably described by a simple analytic model in which ϵ is independent of time, as long as Γ along the jet axis is larger than a few.