Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Reliability Analysis Considering the Component Collision Behavior for a Large‐scale Open Source Solution

Open source software systems that serve as key components of critical infrastructures in the society are still ever‐expanding now. Many open source software systems are developed in all parts of the world, that is, Firefox, Apache HTTP server, Linux, Android, and so on. Especially, a large‐scale open source solution composed of several open source software is now attracting attention as a next‐generation software development paradigm because of the cost reduction, quick delivery, and work saving. In this paper, we propose a new approach to software reliability assessment based on stochastic differential equations and a hierarchical Bayesian model in order to consider the interesting aspect of the collision status in the binding phase of open source software. Also, we analyze actual software fault‐count data to show numerical examples of software reliability assessment considering the component collision for several open source software. Moreover, we show that the proposed reliability analysis can assist improvement of quality for the large‐scale open source solution. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Patterns of host plant utilization and diversification in the brush‐footed butterflies

Herbivorous insects represent one of the most successful animal radiations known. They occupy a wide range of niches, feed on a great variety of plants, and are species rich; yet the factors that influence their diversification are poorly understood. Host breadth is often cited as a major factor influencing diversification, and, according to the Oscillation Hypothesis, shifts from generalist to specialist feeding states increase the diversification rate for a clade. We explored the relationship between host breadth and diversification within the Nymphalidae (Lepidoptera) and explicitly tested predictions of the Oscillation Hypothesis. We found strong evidence of diversification rate heterogeneity, but no difference in host breadth between clades with a higher diversification rate compared to their sisters. We also found some clades exhibited phylogenetic nonindependence in host breadth and these clades had lower host plant turnover than expected by chance, suggesting host breadth is evolutionarily constrained. Finally, we found that transitions among host breadth categories varied, but the likelihood of reductions in host breadth was greater than that of increases. Our results indicate host breadth is decoupled from diversification rate within the Nymphalidae, and that constraints on diet breadth might play an important role in the evolution of herbivorous insects.
Volatility transmissions between shocks to the oil price and inflation: evidence from a bivariate GARCH approach

This paper examines the effects of oil price volatilities on inflation using a bivariate GARCH model. We supplement the second moment dependencies, oil price volatilities and cluster and spillover effects on inflation by taking into account the growing body of evidence that suggests that oil prices have a nonlinear impact on inflation. The results reveal the following. First, the oil price volatilities are found to strongly Granger-cause inflation. This is in accordance with previous studies which suggest that the oil price has a significant effect on inflation in the U.S., Japan, and Europe. Second, the bivariate GARCH model shows that although the persistent volatility spills over from the oil price to inflation unidirectionally, past innovations originating with the oil price have a bi-directionally significant effect on the present volatility of inflation. These findings may provide insights into the volatility transmission between the oil price and inflation.
Influence of Acetaminophen Vehicle on Regulation of Transporter Gene Expression During Hepatotoxicity

Researchers who study acetaminophen (APAP) hepatotoxicity use either a 50% propylene glycol solution or saline as a diluent. Previous studies demonstrated differential expression of hepatobiliary transporter mRNA in mice treated with a toxic dose of APAP dissolved in 50% propylene glycol. The purpose of this study was to determine whether using saline as a diluent for APAP alters regulation of transporter gene expression during hepatotoxicity. Male C57BL/6J mice received acetaminophen (APAP 400 mg/kg, ip in saline) or saline (20 ml/kg). Plasma and liver samples were collected at 24 and 48 h for assessment of alanine aminotransferase (ALT) activity and gene expression. It was determined that plasma ALT activity was elevated at 24 and 48 h after APAP administration. Using the branched DNA signal amplification assay, reductions in organic anion-transporting polypeptides Oatp1a1, Oatp1b2, sodium/taurocholate-cotransporting polypeptide (Ntcp), and bile salt export pump (Bsep) mRNA were observed in APAP-treated mice. In contrast, multidrug resistance-associated proteins Mrp1, Mrp2, Mrp3, and Mrp4, as well as multidrug resistance proteins Mdr1a and Mdr1b genes, were increased following APAP. No changes in Oatp1a4, Mdr2, or breast cancer resistance protein (Bcrp) mRNA were observed. Alterations in transporter gene expression in this study were similar to those reported previously using propylene glycol as diluent. With the exceptions of Oatp1a1, Ntcp, and Mrp1, these data mirror previous results suggesting that the solution used to dissolve APAP may alter the susceptibility of mice to hepatotoxicity, but only minimally change the regulation of transporter gene expression.
Unilateral hemilaminectomy for patients with intradural extramedullary tumors

A modified hemilaminectomy was introduced in an attempt to explore the operative techniques and the values of the limited approach to spinal cord tumors. Forty-five consecutive patients with intradural extramedullary lesions, who underwent modified hemilaminectomy, were studied retrospectively. The intraspinal tumors were removed via the limited bone window with a 3.3-cm mean length (range: 2.0–6.5 cm) and a 1.2-cm mean width (range: 0.6–1.5 cm), in which the inner parts of the medial and lateral laminae were mostly undercut for wider view. Spinal lesions were cervical in 21 cases, thoracic in 12 cases, lumbar in 10 cases, and multiple in 2 cases. Forty-three cases were completely excised via hemilaminectomy alone. Two subjects with dumbbell neurinoma underwent two-stage tumor removal via anterolateral cervical approach following hemilaminectomy. With respect to neurological status, the percentage of good Frankel scale (D+E grade) was markedly improved from 22.2% on admission to 93.3% at follow-up. At the median 26-month follow-up evaluation by magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), none of the subjects showed spinal deformity or instability. By preserving musculoligamentous attachments and posterior bony elements as much as possible, the modified approach is minimally invasive and may be routinely used to remove intradural and extramedullary tumors, especially in patients with meningiomas and neurinomas.
Design and implementation of a 5GHz RF receiver front-end in LCP based system-on-package module with embedded chip technology

In this paper, we present a receiver front-end for 5GHz wireless LAN in novel LCP (liquid crystal polymer) based system-on-package module. The module is based on embedded chip technologies for system-on-package, which eliminates the constraints of off-chip pad drive capability and hence improves electrical performance. Furthermore, the novel LCP material shows excellent RF and microwave performance. The quality factors of key passive components such as inductors integrated in LCP substrate with thin film technologies is as high as 60. The insertion loss of the bandpass filter is 3dB. The conversion gain of the receiver front-end is 20dB and occupies 8.7mm by 3.6mm area.
Effects of Macroalgal Chemical Extracts on Spore Behavior of the Antarctic Epiphyte Elachista antarctica Phaeophyceae

Most macroalgal species along the Western Antarctic Peninsula (WAP) are defended against predation, many using chemical defenses. These subtidal communities are also mostly devoid of free living filamentous algae. However, one endo/epiphyte, Elachista antarctica, is found growing exclusively out of the palatable rhodophyte Palmaria decipiens. To understand this unusual and exclusive epiphytization, we tested whether macroalgal secondary metabolites such as those responsible for deterring sympatric grazers, affect the behaviors of the epiphyte's spores. Settlement, germination, and swimming behaviors of the epiphyte's motile spores were quantified in the presence of fractionated lipophilic and hydrophilic extracts of host P. decipiens and other rhodophytes from the shallow subtidal. Host P. decipiens was the only alga tested that did not inhibit spore settlement or germination. We also examined whether extracts from these chemically rich algae affect spore swimming behaviors and found spores to be chemotactically attracted to seawater soluble extract fractions of host P. decipiens. These results indicate that chemosensory behaviors of the epiphyte's spores to metabolites associated with these chemically defended macrophytes can explain this exclusive epiphyte–host interaction.
Modeling complex decay profiles of hepatitis B virus during antiviral therapy

Typically, hepatitis B virus (HBV) decays in patients under therapy in a biphasic manner. However, more complex decay profiles of HBV DNA (e.g., flat partial response, triphasic, and stepwise), for which we have no clear understanding, have also been observed in some treated patients. We recently introduced the notion of a critical drug efficacy, ϵc, such that if overall drug efficacy, ϵtot, is higher than the critical drug efficacy (i.e., ϵtot > ϵc) then viral levels will continually decline on therapy, while if ϵtot < ϵc, then viral loads will initially decline but will ultimately stabilize at a new set point, as seen in flat partial responders. Using the idea of critical efficacy and including hepatocyte proliferation in a viral kinetic model, we can account for these complex HBV DNA decay profiles. The model predicts that complex profiles such as those exhibiting a plateau or shoulder phase, as well as a class of stepwise declines, occur only in patients in whom the majority of hepatocytes are infected before therapy. Conclusion: We show via kinetic modeling how a variety of HBV DNA decay profiles can arise in treated patients. (HEPATOLOGY 2009;49:32‐38.)
Graduate Employability: Policy and Performance in Higher Education in the UK

The UK government is introducing new sets of indicators designed to measure the performance of universities. A first wave of indicators was published in December 1999. A performance indicator based on graduate employment outcomes will follow. This paper proposes a method for developing employment-related performance indicators based on the analysis of data on the first destinations of a full cohort of leavers from pre-1992 universities in the United Kingdom. We analyse the determinants of graduate first destinations and suggest a method for the construction of university performance indicators. We also discuss limitations of league tables based on university performance indicators.
Legitimising State Capitalism: Malian Militarism in Third-World Perspective

Although the analysis which follows centres upon the West African state of Mali, much of what is said applies in varying measure to other examples of military state capitalism in Africa and elsewhere. Its importance is underscored by the fact that this is an increasingly common régime variant in the Third World. Similarly, domestic militarism has been transformed from an unusual occurrence to a phenomenon which evokes little more than a déjà vu response. Today nearly half of the governments of the ‘South’ are directly or indirectly dominated by the military, whereas three decades ago little more than 15 per cent could be so classified.
Price Value Perceptions of Travelers

This article identifies the role price plays in travel decision making and examines pleasure traveler perceptions of the price and quality of Canadian tourism products compared to those of other countries. Pleasure travel is described as an experience, the value of which requires a subjective assessment to be made by travelers. Perceptions as the subjective reality of individuals are the key. The author suggests that information gathered from travelers on their perceptions of price, quality, and value can be used to competitive advantage by a country.
Association of Eveningness With Problem Behavior in Children: A Mediating Role of Impaired Sleep

Eveningness, the preference of being active during the evening in contrast to the morning, has been associated with markedly increased problem behavior in adolescents; however, the underlying mechanisms are still not understood. This study investigates the association of eveningness with behavior and cognition in children aged 7–12 yrs, and explores the potential mediating role of a variety of sleep factors. Parents of 333 school-aged children (mean age = 9.97 yrs; 55% girls) completed a sleep log and several questionnaires regarding eveningness, sleep habits, and behavioral problems. Intellectual abilities, working memory, and attention were assessed using the short-form of the Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children (WISC) and subtasks of the Amsterdam Neuropsychological Tasks. Results showed that eveningness predicted behavioral problems over and above the effects of demographic variables (age, sex, and familial socioeconomic status) (p = 0.003). Significant partial correlation was found for eveningness and sleep duration during weekdays (p = 0.005), and not during weekends. Furthermore, evening orientation was associated with a reduced rested feeling on weekday mornings (p < 0.001), but not on weekends. The most important sleep characteristic showing association with many cognitive and behavioral measures was the subjective feeling upon awakening—particularly during weekdays. Bootstrap mediation analyses demonstrated that sleep significantly mediated the effects of eveningness on behavioral problems, working memory, and sustained attention. Interestingly, mediation was only significant through the subjective feeling upon awakening on weekdays. The current findings indicate that the subjective feeling upon awakening is a much better predictor of daytime problems than subjective sleep quantity. Furthermore, the data suggest that negative outcomes in evening types are due to the fact that they wake up before their circadian drive for arousal and prior to complete dissipation of sleep pressure during weekdays. Interventions that target the misalignment of endogenous circadian rhythms and imposed rhythms are discussed. (Author correspondence: kbheijden@fsw.leidenuniv.nl)
Public Offerings of State‐Owned And Privately‐Owned Enterprises: An International Comparison

We compare initial offer prices in privatizations to initial prices in public offerings of private companies. The evidence indicates that government officials in the United Kingdom underprice IPOs significantly more than their private company counterparts. In Canada and Malaysia, however, the opposite is true. There does not appear to be a general tendency for privatizations to be underpriced to a greater degree than private company IPOs. We provide additional evidence on the determinants of privatization initial returns. Our findings indicate that initial returns are significantly higher in relatively primitive capital markets and for privatized companies in regulated industries.
The Governance Challenges of Corporate Political Activity

This article explains the rationale for study of the governance challenges of corporate political activity. The topic is important, especially in light of the U.S. Supreme Court’s 2010 Citizens United decision, but understudied to date. The authors review the literature bearing on this topic. The authors separate consideration of the topic into macro-level and micro-level issues. The macro level concerns the societal perspective. At this level, key research questions concern whether corporate political activity be allowed, and how it should be regulated. The micro level covers managerial and shareholder control over corporate political activity. At this level, key research questions include concern whether the firm should practice political activity and how to regulate practice through professional self-regulation, ethical guidelines, and corporate governance systems control. The remainder of this article contains focused summaries of the articles selected for this Special Issue. Each article is introduced and evaluated against the key research questions at the macro or micro levels of analysis.
Peritransplant Lymphopenia Is a Novel Prognostic Factor in Recurrence of Hepatocellular Carcinoma After Liver Transplantation

Background Absolute lymphocyte count (ALC) is considered a surrogate marker for the level of immunosuppression and nutritional status of patients and a prognostic factor for survival and recurrence in several cancers. The aim of this study was to investigate the prognostic value of peritransplant ALC for the recurrence of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) after liver transplantation (LT). Methods HCC patients who underwent LT between 2000 and 2010 were evaluated. Exclusion criteria were combined HCC and cholangiocarcinoma. Peritransplant ALCs (before LT and 2 weeks and 1 month after LT) were analyzed along with tumor, operative, and donor characteristics to identify risk factors for the recurrence of HCC. Results HCC developed in 27 of the 173 LT patients investigated for risk factors (15.6%). The median time to recurrence was 1.14 years. Low ALCs before and after LT were associated with a higher recurrence rate in a continuous manner (before LT: hazard ratio=1.12, P=0.003; 2 weeks after LT: hazard ratio=1.14, P=0.008; 1 month after LT: hazard ratio=1.06, P=0.055) (increased risk per 100/&mgr;L down). On multivariate Cox regression analysis, peritransplant persistent lymphopenia (<1000/&mgr;L before LT and <500/&mgr;L at 2 weeks and 1 month after LT) was an independent risk factor for cancer recurrence (hazard ratio=7.05, P<0.001), along with tumor characteristics. Conclusion Peritransplant lymphopenia is a powerful prognostic factor for the recurrence of HCC after LT, which suggests that maintaining ALCs in LT patients might improve cancer outcome.
Occupational breaks, their incidence and implications for training provision Case‐study evidence from the national longitudinal survey of youth

Detailed education, employment and training histories have been constructed for a cohort of 440 male respondents from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth. The employment histories show that most respondents without college degrees have experienced at least one occupational break since entering the labour force. The training histories show that most of those in employment in 1992 have had no formal training for their current occupations. An assessment of whether those who received training before or on entering the labour force have subsequently had more stable employment histories than those who have not shows that this is true of college‐level vocational education but not of high school vocational education or training received in vocational/technical institutes. These findings suggest that the comprehensive provision of entry‐level training for those not college‐bound, as advocated by those promoting vocational education in high schools, cannot be justified in terms of labour market outcomes.
THE DETERMINANTS OF EQUILIBRIUM UNEMPLOYMENT IN BRITAIN: A REPLY

In my original paper (Nickell, I982), r analyse a theoretical model concerned with flows into and out of unemployment. Consequent on this analysis, I estimate equations which explain the quarterly inflow and outflow rates (i.e. inflow/employment and outflow/unemployment). In the first section of his comments (Price, I985), Price rightly points out that such rates cannot be thought of as quarterly probabilities because of the length of the time interval involved. On the other hand, if it is thought to be helpful, the probability interpretation could be sustained to a high degree of approximation if one thought of the quarterly rates as the average daily probability times the number of days in a quarter. However, since this issue is of no significance vis-a-vis the original paper, I shall turn to the second section of Price's comment which deals with my results. His first point is concerned with the degree of serial correlation in the residuals. In my paper, I report Durbin-Watson and Box-Pierce tests, the former being a small sample test, the latter an asymptotic test. Neither test rejects the null in either equation. Price reports that large sample versions of the LM test reject the null in both equations with the outflow rate equation coming off worst. The large sample LM test for nth order autocorrelation is based on the R2 from a regression of the fitted residuals on n lags of itself plus all the regressors. In the outflow equation there are I5 regressors and 44 observations. In order to include n lags on the residuals, n observations must be dropped and the regression used to generate the LM test then includes I5 + n variables on the right and uses 44n observations. The number of degrees of freedom remaining is thus 292n. So even with the test for first order serial correlation we have only 27 degrees of freedom remaining and when we arrive at twelfth order serial correlation we are down to 5 degrees of freedom! This might explain why the first order LM test is somewhat at odds with the DurbinWatson test which is, after all, a perfectly reasonable small sample test of serial correlation in this particular equation. So I do not find this to be convincing evidence that the model originally reported is misspecified. However the fact that Price finds evidence of parameter instability across the middle of the sample is a more serious matter. This is always a potential problem with short samples and lots of regressors since the equations are more or less bound to be overfitted. I am guilty as charged on this count. The next section of Price's comment is concerned, for the most part, with the outflow rate equation. In essence he objects to my running a regression to explain the (log) outflow rate (log(Ot/Ut), 0 = outflow, U = unemployment) in spite of the fact that it is a natural consequence of the theory. To back up his [ I96 ]
Making Money Out of Thin Air: The Politics, Law and Economy of Radio Spectrum

[Extract] Reporting on the Australian government's windfall of $1.3 billion from the auction of radio spectrum in 2000, the Australian Financial Review on 5 May quoted Ian Hayne, the man responsible for the marketing exercise, as saying, "This is better than selling sand to the Arabs or ice to Eskimos. We are really selling nothing here. " More circumspectly, he added, "Maybe I shouldn't say that; this is about the right to use a natural resource. ''1 Some of his New Zealand counterparts may have thought he should not have said that, either, since they were disputing Maori claims to radio spectrum as a natural resource under the treaty of Waitangi.