Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
A Danger Theory Based Mobile Virus Detection Model and Its Application in Inhibiting Virus

According to the propagation and destruction characteristics of mobile phone viruses, a virus detection model based on the Danger Theory is proposed. This model includes four phases: danger capture, antigen presentation, antibody generation and antibody distribution. In this model, local knowledge of mobile phones is exploited by the agents that are running in mobile phones to discover danger caused by viruses. The Antigen Presenting Cells (APCs) present the antigen from mobile phones in the danger zone, and the Decision Center confirms the infection of viruses. After the antibody is generated by self-tolerating using the negative selection algorithm, the Decision Center distributes the antibody to mobile phones. Due to the distributed and cooperative mechanism of artificial immune system, the proposed model lowers the storage and computing consumption of mobile phones. The simulation results show that based on the mobile phone virus detection model, the proposed virus immunization strategy can effectively inhibit the propagation of mobile phone viruses.
Stochastic routing in ad-hoc networks

We investigate a network routing problem where a probabilistic local broadcast transmission model is used to determine routing. We discuss this model's key features, and note that the local broadcast transmission model can be viewed as soft handoff for an ad-hoc network. We present results showing that an index policy is optimal for the routing problem. We extend the network model to allow for control of transmission type, and prove that the index nature of the optimal routing policy remains unchanged. We present three distributed algorithms which compute an optimal routing policy, discuss their convergence properties, and demonstrate their performance through simulation.
The metalloprotease PrtV from Vibrio cholerae Purification and properties

The Vibrio metalloprotease PrtV was purified from the culture supernatant of a Vibrio cholerae derivative that is deficient in several other secreted peptidases, including the otherwise abundant hemagglutinin/protease HapA. The PrtV is synthesized as a 102 kDa protein, but undergoes several N‐ and C‐terminal processing steps during V. cholerae envelope translocation and prolonged incubation. Purified V. cholerae PrtV protease forms of 81 or 73 kDa were stabilized by calcium ions. Removal of calcium resulted in further rapid autoproteolysis. The two major products of autoproteolysis of the PrtV protease were approximately 37 and 18 kDa and could not be separated under non‐denaturing conditions, indicating they are interacting domains. In an assay using cultured cells of the human intestinal cell line HCT8, the PrtV protein showed a cytotoxic effect leading to cell death. Using human blood plasma as a source of potential substrates of mammalian origin for the PrtV protease, we found that the extracellular matrix components fibronectin and fibrinogen were degraded by the enzyme. Additional tests with individual protein substrates revealed that plasminogen was also a possible target for the PrtV protease.
A delay and loss versatile scheduling discipline in ATM switches

We propose a versatile scheduling discipline, called precedence with partial push-out (PPP), in asynchronous transfer mode (ATM) switches supporting two delay and two loss priorities. By employing a threshold L, PPP provides delay guarantee by allowing a newly-arriving high-delay-priority cell to precede a maximum of L low-delay-priority cells. Through the use of another threshold R, the discipline offers loss guarantee by permitting a newly-arriving high-loss-priority cell to push out the last low-loss-priority cell located beyond the Rth location in a full queue. By setting L and R properly, PPP versatilely performs as any one of the four widely-accepted disciplines, namely the FCFS, head-of-line, push-out, or head-of-line with push-out disciplines. To determine L and R retaining demanded quality of services (QoSs), we provide an in-depth queueing analysis for the cell delay (CD) and cell loss ratio (CLR) of high-delay-priority low-loss-priority cells. We further propose a simple, algebra-based analysis for the CD and CLR for low-delay-priority, high-loss-priority cells. On the basis of these analyses, L and R can be dynamically and effectively adjusted to provide adequate delay and loss guarantees for high-priority cells while incurring only minimal performance degradation for other classes of cells. Finally, the paper presents simulation results confirming the accuracy of the analyses.
RDCLRP-route discovery by cross layer routing protocol for performance improvement

MANET links have dependency on node mobility and node battery power. If a nodes battery power goes below threshold or if a node goes out of transmission range lead to link failure causing degradation of network's performance. It could be alleviated by allowing cross layer interaction in the protocol stack. So RDCLRP is proposed for route discovery and route maintenance using adaptive hello warning message. HELLO warning message is used to give warning when link is going to break before link breakage to keep connectivity of the link and it is broadcasted whenever it is required and not periodically. This paper is targeted to improve network performance parameters such as throughput, delay, jitter, overhead and battery power consumption
The Traveling Salesman Problem with Pickups, Deliveries, and Handling Costs

This paper introduces a new variant of the one-to-many-to-one single vehicle pickup and delivery problems (SVPDP) that incorporates the handling cost incurred when rearranging the load at the customer locations. The simultaneous optimization of routing and handling costs is difficult, and the resulting loading patterns are hard to implement in practice. However, this option makes economical sense in contexts where the routing cost dominates the handling cost. We have proposed some simplified policies applicable to such contexts. The first is a two-phase heuristic in which the tour having minimum routing cost is initially determined by optimally solving an SVPDP, and the optimal handling policy is then determined for that tour. In addition, branch-and-cut algorithms based on integer linear programming formulations are proposed, in which routing and handling decisions are simultaneously optimized, but the handling decisions are restricted to three simplified policies. The formulations are strengthened by means of problem specific valid inequalities. The proposed methods have been extensively tested on instances involving up to 25 customers and hundreds of items. Our results show the impact of the handling aspect on the customer sequencing and indicate that the simplified handling policies favorably compare with the optimal one.
Abnormal angular gyrus asymmetry in schizophrenia.

OBJECTIVE Few studies have evaluated the parietal lobe in schizophrenia despite the fact that it has an important role in attention, memory, and language-all functions that have been reported to be abnormal in schizophrenia. The inferior parietal lobule, in particular, is of interest because it is not only part of the heteromodal association cortex but also is part of the semantic-lexical network, which also includes the planum temporale. Both the inferior parietal lobule, particularly the angular gyrus of the inferior parietal lobule, and the planum temporale are brain regions that play a critical role as biological substrates of language and thought. The authors compared volume and asymmetry measures of the individual gyri of the parietal lobe by means of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scans. METHOD MRI scans with a 1. 5-Tesla magnet were obtained from 15 male chronic schizophrenic and 15 comparison subjects matched for age, gender, and parental socioeconomic status. RESULTS Inferior parietal lobule volumes showed a leftward asymmetry (left 7.0% larger than right) in comparison subjects and a reversed asymmetry (left 6.3% smaller than right) in schizophrenic subjects. The angular gyrus accounted for this difference in asymmetry, with the left angular gyrus being significantly larger (18.7%) than the right in comparison subjects, a finding that was not observed in schizophrenic patients. A further test of angular gyrus asymmetry showed a reversal of the normal left-greater-than-right asymmetry in the schizophrenic patients. CONCLUSIONS Patients with schizophrenia showed a reversed asymmetry in the inferior parietal lobule that was localized to the angular gyrus, a structure belonging to the heteromodal association cortex as well as being part of the semantic-lexical network. This finding contributes to a more comprehensive understanding of the neural substrates of language and thought disorder in schizophrenia.
Neurons labeled from locomotor‐related ventrolateral funiculus stimulus sites in the neonatal rat spinal cord

Spinal cord/brainstem preparations from 5‐ to 8‐day‐old rats, maintained in vitro, were used to determine the cells of origin and regions of termination of fibers in the superficial ventrolateral funiculus (VLF) at a site from which rhythmic locomotor‐like activity can be induced. Rhythmic locomotor‐like activity was recorded from lumbar ventral roots after short trains of stimuli (50 Hz for 0.5–2 seconds) delivered to the VLF. Field potential mapping revealed that single VLF stimuli elicited responses in the ipsilateral ventrolateral medulla. Tract‐tracing experiments by using biocytin, pressure‐injected into the VLF, showed that only a small number of brainstem neurons were labeled and these were scattered bilaterally in the ventrolateral and lateral medulla. Dense concentrations of nerve terminals were found in the lateral reticular nucleus ipsilateral to the stimulation site. Labeled spinal cord neurons included a primary population of large cells distributed bilaterally in lamina VII from T13 to L4, with peak numbers in L2 ipsilaterally and in L3 contralaterally. Intracellular recordings revealed that some L2 and L3 neurons with rhythmic responses to VLF stimulation could be activated antidromically from the VLF, with latencies of less than 1.0 msec. These observations led us to speculate that the superficial VLF carries a locomotor‐related tract originating bilaterally in lumbar lamina VII and terminating in the ipsilateral medulla, including the lateral reticular nucleus. This pathway may be part of the spinoreticular or spinoreticulotectal pathway that has been described in many species, the function of which has only loosely been ascribed. J. Comp. Neurol. 442:226–238, 2002. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Modeling integrated photovoltaic–electrochemical devices using steady-state equivalent circuits

Significance This article extends the construction of direct solar-to-fuels devices, such as the artificial leaf based on crystalline silicon. Because a single Si junction has insufficient potential to drive water splitting, it cannot be used for direct solar-to-fuels conversion. This paper performs an equivalent circuit analysis for multiple series-connected devices. The predictive utility of the model is demonstrated in the case of water oxidation at the surface of a Si solar cell, using a cobalt–borate oxygen evolving catalyst. Considering recent cost reductions of Si solar cells, this paper offers a path to the construction of low cost solar-to-fuels devices. We describe a framework for efficiently coupling the power output of a series-connected string of single-band-gap solar cells to an electrochemical process that produces storable fuels. We identify the fundamental efficiency limitations that arise from using solar cells with a single band gap, an arrangement that describes the use of currently economic solar cell technologies such as Si or CdTe. Steady-state equivalent circuit analysis permits modeling of practical systems. For the water-splitting reaction, modeling defines parameters that enable a solar-to-fuels efficiency exceeding 18% using laboratory GaAs cells and 16% using all earth-abundant components, including commercial Si solar cells and Co- or Ni-based oxygen evolving catalysts. Circuit analysis also provides a predictive tool: given the performance of the separate photovoltaic and electrochemical systems, the behavior of the coupled photovoltaic–electrochemical system can be anticipated. This predictive utility is demonstrated in the case of water oxidation at the surface of a Si solar cell, using a Co–borate catalyst.
EMT or EMT-Promoting Transcription Factors, Where to Focus the Light?

The epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) is commonly considered as a main driving force of the metastatic cascade. An impressive series of experiments and observations worldwide supports its pivotal role in promoting cancer cell dissemination at the invasive fronts of tumors, intravasation, cell survival in fluids, and extravasation, with secondary site colonization being the only step requiring a return to an epithelial phenotype (1). Beyond this, commitment of epithelial cells into an EMT program has been associated with resistance to chemo-, radio-, and hormono-therapies, definitively extending the interest of studying EMT from the embryologist community to the oncology and medical fields. Obviously, EMT turns out to constitute a transdifferentiation program, allowing epithelial cells to escape from numerous stresses, including mechanical constrains, hypoxia, nutrient depletion, and unfortunately therapeutic treatments (1). EMT is orchestrated by a restricted number of transcription factors mainly the three Snail, Twist, and Zeb families (EMT-TFs). With inclusion of miRNAs, these factors constitute a complex interactome, able to sensor multiple signals received from the proximal microenvironment and relay them onto gene expression (2, 3).
On the List-Decodability of Random Linear Codes

The list-decodability of random linear codes is shown to be as good as that of general random codes. Specifically, for every fixed finite field F<sub>q</sub>, <i>p</i> ∈ (0,1 - 1/<i>q</i>) and ε >; 0, it is proved that with high probability a random linear code <i>C</i> in F<sub>q</sub><sup>n</sup> of rate (1-<i>H</i><sub>q</sub>(<i>p</i>)-ε) can be list decoded from a fraction <i>p</i> of errors with lists of size at most <i>O</i>(1/ε). This also answers a basic open question concerning the existence of highly list-decodable linear codes, showing that a list-size of O(1/ε) suffices to have rate within ε of the information-theoretically optimal rate of 1 - H<sub>q</sub>(p). The best previously known list-size bound was q<sup>O(1/ε)</sup> (except in the q = 2 case where a list-size bound of O(1/ε) was known). The main technical ingredient in the proof is a strong upper bound on the probability that I random vectors chosen from a Hamming ball centered at the origin have too many (more than Ω(ℓ)) vectors from their linear span also belong to the ball.
Simplified Zero Ischemia in Robot Assisted Partial Nephrectomy: Initial Yonsei Experience

Purpose To evaluate the safety and feasibility of a simplified zero ischemia technique using kidney donor computed tomographic (CT) angiography and conventional laparoscopic bulldog clamps. Materials and Methods We conducted a review of seven robot-assisted partial nephrectomies (RAPNs) performed by a single surgeon from January 2012 to May 2012. Using a simplified protocol of 3-dimentional reconstruction, tertiary arterial branches supplying the tumor were selectively clamped prior to resection. We used conventional laparoscopic bulldog clamps instead of microsurgical vessel clamps. The patients' demographic information, perioperative outcomes, pathologic outcomes and pre- and postoperative renal functions up to 3 months follow-up were analyzed. Results RAPN were successfully performed for seven complex renal hilar tumors. There were no significant differences in the total operation time, estimated blood loss or postoperative outcomes compared with published literature on standard RAPN. Negative surgical margins were reported in all cases. Conclusions We presented a simplified-zero ischemia technique using kidney Donor CT angiography and conventional laparoscopic bulldog clamps. We have also demonstrated its safety and feasibility in patients with complex renal hilar tumors. This modified technique can be easily adopted by most surgeons who are currently performing RAPN.
Pruned Bit-Reversal Permutations: Mathematical Characterization, Fast Algorithms and Architectures

A mathematical characterization of serially pruned permutations (SPPs) employed in variable-length permuters and their associated fast pruning algorithms and architectures are proposed. Permuters are used in many signal processing systems for shuffling data and in communication systems as an adjunct to coding for error correction. Typically, only a small set of discrete permuter lengths are supported. Serial pruning is a simple technique to alter the length of a permutation to support a wider range of lengths, but results in a serial processing bottleneck. In this paper, parallelizing SPPs is formulated in terms of recursively computing sums involving integer floor functions using integer operations, in a fashion analogous to evaluating Dedekind sums. A mathematical treatment for bit-reversal permutations (BRPs) is presented, and closed-form expressions for BRP statistics including descents/ascents, major index, excedances/descedances, inversions, and serial correlations are derived. It is shown that BRP sequences have weak correlation properties. Moreover, a new statistic called permutation inliers that characterizes the pruning gap of pruned interleavers is proposed. Using this statistic, a recursive algorithm that computes the minimum inliers count of a pruned BR interleaver (PBRI) in logarithmic time is presented. This algorithm enables parallelizing a serial PBRI algorithm by any desired parallelism factor by computing the pruning gap in lookahead rather than a serial fashion, resulting in significant reduction in interleaving latency and memory overhead. Extensions to 2-D block and stream interleavers, as well as applications to pruned fast Fourier transforms and LTE turbo interleavers, are also presented. Moreover, hardware-efficient architectures for the proposed algorithms are developed. Simulation results of interleavers employed in modern communication standards demonstrate three to four orders of magnitude improvement in interleaving time compared to existing approaches.
Measurement of the third-order susceptibility of glasses by EFISH of femtosecond pulses.

We propose a simple technique based on electric field induced second harmonic (EFISH) generation of femtosecond pulses to measure the third order susceptibility x ;(3) (2 omega,0,omega,omega) in glasses. First we present the principle of the method, then we validate our experimental set-up and develop unexpected aspects of EFISH technique. Finally, we give a numerical value of the third order susceptibility in various glasses and discuss these results.
The relationship between visual illusions and cues to distance

The theory of R. L. Gregory that certain visual illusions are caused by the inappropriate action of a constancy-scaling mechanism was critically examined. Several unsuccessful attempts were made to replicate his experimental findings that certain ambiguous figures, such as the M-L illusion, appear 3-dimensional in a particular way when presented in reduced cue conditions. It was noted that the depth effect reported by Gregory was not large enough to explain all the illusory distortion in his figures. It was suggested that this might be because his apparatus allowed certain cues which could be used to determine the true form of the figures and thus destroy or reduce any 3-dimensional effects. The experimental results suggested that this was not so. In later experiments it proved possible to repeat Gregory's results only by inducing Ss to adopt a specific perceptual set. If this was not done Ss tended to see the figures in different ways which often changed over time. Combined analysis of the results of all Ss on many different figures showed a slight tendency for the central part of any Gestalt or figure to appear nearer than other parts. Two possible hypotheses were advanced to explain this result but further experimentation suggested that both were inadequate. Experimental evidence is provided that the Ponzo illusion is the result, of a shrinkage of the lower line rather than an expansion of the upper line, as is generally thought. This and other evidence is interpreted as suggesting that even this illusion may not have a perspective component. Taken as a whole the results suggest that any perspective theory of the illusions will prove inadequate. It is finally suggested that further research be directed towards inhibition type theories.
A bandwidth guaranteed polling MAC protocol for Ethernet passive optical networks

While the backbone networks have experienced substantial changes in the last decade; the access networks have not changed much. Recently, passive optical networks (PONs) seem to be ready for commercial deployment in access networks due to the maturity of a number of enabling technologies, long distance and reduced maintenance. Among PON technologies, the Ethernet PON (EPON) presently being standardized by the IEEE 802.3ah Ethernet in the first miles (EFM) task force is most attractive because of its high speed, low cost, familiarity, interoperability and low overhead. In this paper, we propose a novel bandwidth guarantee polling (BGP) scheme that will allow the upstream bandwidth to be shared based on the service level agreement (SLA) between each subscriber and the operator. It is able to provide bandwidth guarantee for premium subscribers according to the SLAs while providing best-effort service to other subscribers. The analytical and simulation results prove that the proposed scheme does best in what it is designed to do compared to another well-known scheme that has not considered providing differentiated services. With business customers preferring premium services with guaranteed bandwidth and residential users preferring low-cost best effort services, our scheme could benefit both groups of subscribers as well as the operators.
Supporting Collaboration by Large Scale Email Analysis

Email has become the most widespread Internet appli cation. It is a tool supporting not only communication but also coo peration, task management, archiving, or information and knowledge management. Furthermore Email is a source of information on per sonal, job or community network of an individual or an organization. Email communication analysis allows extraction of social networks with further c onnection to people, organizations, locations, topics or time. This pape r resents simple examples explaining how to extract a social network from ema il communication using approaches from the field of information retrieval and semantic annotation. We describe an experiment on the Hadoop distributed ar chitecture designed to process large email archives.