Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
American Journal of Epidemiology Original Contribution Breast Cancer Risk Factors Defined by Estrogen and Progesterone Receptor Status the Multiethnic Cohort Study

Prospective data on ethnic differences in hormone receptor-defined subtypes of breast cancer and their risk factor profiles are scarce. The authors examined the joint distributions of estrogen receptor (ER) and progesterone receptor (PR) status across 5 ethnic groups and the associations of established risk factors with ER/PR status in breast cancer cases with data on ER/PR status were identified: 1,672 estrogen receptor-positive (ERþ)/progesterone receptor-positive (PRþ); 303 ERþ/progesterone receptor-negative (PRÀ); 77 estrogen receptor-negative (ERÀ)/PRþ; and 491 ERÀ/PRÀ. ER/PR status varied significantly across racial/ethnic groups even within the same tumor stage (for localized tumors, P < 0.0001; for advanced tumors, P ¼ 0.01). The highest fraction of ERÀ/PRÀ tumors was observed in African Americans (31%), followed by Latinas (25%), Whites (18%), Japanese (14%), and Native Hawaiians (14%). Associations differed between ERþ/PRþ and ERÀ/PRÀ cases for postmenopausal obesity (P ¼ 0.02), age at menarche (P ¼ 0.05), age at first birth (P ¼ 0.04), and postmenopausal hormone use (P < 0.0001). African Americans are more likely to be diagnosed with ERÀ/PRÀ tumors independently of stage at diagnosis, and there are disparate risk factor profiles across the ER/PR subtypes of breast cancer. Estrogen receptor (ER) status and progesterone receptor (PR) status are biologic markers commonly evaluated in breast cancer to predict a patient's response to endocrine therapy and her prognosis. Women diagnosed with estrogen receptor-positive (ERþ)/progesterone receptor-positive (PRþ) tumors are more responsive to hormonal treatment and have a better prognosis than those diagnosed with estrogen receptor-negative (ERÀ)/progesterone receptor-negative (PRÀ) tumors. Several molecular subtypes based on gene-expression patterns in breast tumor tissue have been proposed, and these subtypes have distinct clinical outcomes (1–3). The basal-like subtypes and the subtypes expressing human epidermal growth factor receptor 2, which both are ERÀ/PRÀ, are more common among younger African Americans, and they have the poorest prognosis (1, 4). Etiologic heterogeneity of hormone receptor-defined sub-types of breast cancer has been proposed, for several reasons. Age-specific incidence rates vary by hormone receptor status; incidence rates of ERÀ tumors do not increase after ages 50–54 years as do ERþ incidence rates (5). Racial/ ethnic distributions also differ by hormone receptor status; ERÀ/PRÀ tumors account for approximately 15%–20% of
Applying Definitions of “Asbestos” to Environmental and “Low-Dose” Exposure Levels and Health Effects, Particularly Malignant Mesothelioma

Although asbestos research has been ongoing for decades, this increased knowledge has not led to consensus in many areas of the field. Two such areas of controversy include the specific definitions of asbestos, and limitations in understanding exposure-response relationships for various asbestos types and exposure levels and disease. This document reviews the current regulatory and mineralogical definitions and how variability in these definitions has led to difficulties in the discussion and comparison of both experimental laboratory and human epidemiological studies for asbestos. This review also examines the issues of exposure measurement in both animal and human studies, and discusses the impact of these issues on determination of cause for asbestos-related diseases. Limitations include the lack of detailed characterization and limited quantification of the fibers in most studies. Associated data gaps and research needs are also enumerated in this review.
Resistance to Reform: Status Quo Bias in the Presence of Individual-Specific Uncertainty: Comment

Why do governments so often fail to adopt policies that economists consider to be efficiency-enhancing? The authors answer to this question relies on uncertainty regarding the distribution of gains and losses from reform. They show that there is a bias toward the status quo (and, hence, against efficiency-enhancing reforms) whenever some of the individual gainers and losers from reform cannot be identified beforehand. There are reforms which, once adopted, will receive adequate political support but would have failed to carry the day ex ante. The argument does not rely on risk aversion, irrationality, or hysteresis due to sunk costs. Copyright 1991 by American Economic Association.
Cell fate regulation in early mammalian development

Preimplantation development in mammals encompasses a period from fertilization to implantation and results in formation of a blastocyst composed of three distinct cell lineages: epiblast, trophectoderm and primitive endoderm. The epiblast gives rise to the organism, while the trophectoderm and the primitive endoderm contribute to extraembryonic tissues that support embryo development after implantation. In many vertebrates, such as frog or fish, maternally supplied lineage determinants are partitioned within the egg. Cell cleavage that follows fertilization results in polarization of these factors between the individual blastomeres, which become restricted in their developmental fate. In contrast, the mouse oocyte and zygote lack clear polarity and, until the eight-cell stage, individual blastomeres retain the potential to form all lineages. How are cell lineages specified in the absence of a maternally supplied blueprint? This is a fundamental question in the field of developmental biology. The answer to this question lies in understanding the cell–cell interactions and gene networks involved in embryonic development prior to implantation and using this knowledge to create testable models of the developmental processes that govern cell fates. We provide an overview of classic and contemporary models of early lineage development in the mouse and discuss the emerging body of work that highlights similarities and differences between blastocyst development in the mouse and other mammalian species.
Soundness Proofs for Iterative Deepening

The Iterative Deepening algorithm allows stateless model checkers to adjust preemption points on-the-fly. It uses dynamic data-race detection to avoid necessarily preempting on every shared memory access, and ignores false-positive data race candidates arising from certain heap allocation patterns. An Iterative Deepening test that reaches completion soundly verifies all possible thread interleavings of that test. Acknowledgements: Michael J. “Sully” Sullivan, Carlo Angiuli, and Nathaniel Filardo double-checked the proof and provided valuable feedback on notation style and the flow of explanation. Thanks as well to the anonymous OOPSLA reviewer #4, whose suggestions helped improve the formality of our definitions. We thank the member companies of the PDL Consortium (Broadcom, Citadel, EMC, Facebook, Google, Hewlett-Packard Labs, Hitachi, Intel, Microsoft Research, MongoDB, NetApp, Oracle, Samsung America, Seagate, Tintri, Two Sigma, Uber, Veritas and Western Digital) and by the U.S. Army Research Office under grant number W911NF0910273.
Inhibition of nitrification by ammonia and nitrous acid.

THE IMPORTANCE OF NITRIFICATION has been recognized for more than a cen tury. Engineers and scientists continue to investigate the process to obtain a better understanding of the fundamentals and to use the process for the benefit of man. Controlled nitrification may occur during waste treatment, and engineers have begun to incorporate the process as part of nitri fication-denitrification systems for nitrogen control preceding discharge of the treated wastes.
Detection, Penalization and Handling of Misbehavior in Ad Hoc Wireless Networks

Devices in mobile ad hoc networks depend on the cooperation of other nodes for relaying of packets in the network. Medium Access Control protocols such as IEEE 802.11 are ecient with upper layer protocols only if the nodes adhere to the protocol and cooperate. Non-cooperating nodes may delay forwarding of frames or drop the frames altogether. This might be advantageous for individual nodes (from the point of view of saving energy) but it hampers the network as a whole. Such non-cooperating nodes disrupt communication between the cooperating nodes. We present a solution with a part modification of the IEEE 802.11 protocol to detect and penalize such non-cooperating nodes and thus making it unattractive to deny cooperation. For this we associate each node with an index, the Fairness Index, which is dynamically mapped to the behavior of the associated node. We not only penalize them but also ensure reliable routing throughout. In our scheme we also allow a convicted node to return to the mainstream if it shows its eagerness to cooperate. We prove the same using simulation results.
The Sex Differences in Regulating Unpleasant Emotion by Expressive Suppression: Extraversion Matters

Males are known for more suppression of emotional displays than females. However, when the emotion regulation effect of expressive suppression is greater in males, and how this sex difference varies with emotion display-related personality (e.g., extraversion), are undetermined. Event-related potentials were recorded while male and female participants different in extraversion were required to attend to or suppress emotional expression to negative pictures. Sex and extraversion did not modulate self-reported emotional experience. However, late positive potential (LPP) amplitudes showed an extraversion-moderated sex difference in the 2000–3000 ms and the 3000–4000 ms time epochs. LPP amplitudes were decreased during suppression versus viewing conditions in ambivert males, while this effect was absent in ambivert females. However, the LPP amplitudes of extraverts were similar for suppression and viewing conditions, irrespective of sex and timing. Regardless of early, middle, or late time windows, LPP amplitudes were positively related to self-reported emotion. These results suggest a male advantage for using expressive suppression for emotion regulation in non-extraverted, ambivert individuals.
Remote condition monitoring using open-system wireless technologies

Condition monitoring involves the use of sensors and data acquisition equipment to assess the quality of a given process by determining the health of its components. Machinery condition monitoring, which affords one the ability to implement condition-based maintenance (as opposed to time-based maintenance or run to failure) assesses the health of critical machinery components to reduce catastrophic process downtime and extend the useful life of machinery. The advent of robust, open-system, spread-spectrum radio technology has brought about the ability to reduce unplanned maintenance by continuously monitoring the condition of critical machinery and processes remotely and affordably via network and computer interfaces. This article looks at the value of continuous condition monitoring through remote data access and the means in which that data can be cost effectively transmitted wirelessly without compromising its integrity. It provides information on available wireless system technologies, addresses the suitability of various applications, and briefly describes product solutions commercially available today. Rotating machinery is a vital part of virtually every manufacturing process. Motors, gearboxes, pumps, compressors, etc. are relied upon to operate efficiently to maintain a steady stream of production at maximum throughput. This dependency on machinery used in critical operations has prompted the evolution of machinery health monitoring. The lifespan of every piece of machinery is limited by the speed at which it is operating, the load to which it is subjected, the quality of its components, assembly and installation, its environment and the level of maintenance. While all of these factors are extremely important, it’s the attention that’s placed on the latter that will dictate how efficiently the machinery performs. It’s the incorporation of intelligent maintenance practices, which predict impending failure of critical machinery components like bearings that prevent costly downtime, excessive overhead due to inventory and costly capital expenditures.
Neural network diagnosis of IC faults

The authors present experimental results which show that feedforward neural networks are well suited for analog IC fault diagnosis. Their results suggest that feedforward networks provide a cost efficient method for IC fault diagnosis in a large scale production environment. They specifically compare the diagnostic accuracy and the computational requirements of a simple feedforward network against that of Gaussian maximum likelihood and K-nearest neighbors classifiers. The feedforward network is found to provide an order-of-magnitude improvement in diagnostic speed while consistently performing as well as or better than any of the other classifiers in terms of accuracy. This makes the feedforward network classifier an excellent candidate for production line diagnosis of IC faults, where circuit verification time greatly influences total cost per part. <<ETX>>
Intimate partner sexual and physical violence among women in Togo, West Africa: Prevalence, associated factors, and the specific role of HIV infection

Background A substantial proportion of newly diagnosed HIV infections in sub-Saharan Africa occur within serodiscordant cohabiting heterosexual couples. Intimate partner violence is a major concern for couple-oriented HIV preventive approaches. This study aimed at estimating the prevalence and associated factors of intimate partner physical and sexual violence among HIV-infected and -uninfected women in Togo. We also described the severity and consequences of this violence as well as care-seeking behaviors of women exposed to intimate partner violence. Methods A cross-sectional survey was conducted between May and July 2011 within Sylvanus Olympio University Hospital in Lomé. HIV-infected women attending HIV care and uninfected women attending postnatal care and/or children immunization visits were interviewed. Intimate partner physical and sexual violence and controlling behaviors were assessed using an adapted version of the WHO Multi-country study on Women's Health and Life Events questionnaire. Results Overall, 150 HIV-uninfected and 304 HIV-infected women accepted to be interviewed. The prevalence rates of lifetime physical and sexual violence among HIV-infected women were significantly higher than among uninfected women (63.1 vs. 39.3%, p<0.01 and 69.7 vs. 35.3%, p<0.01, respectively). Forty-two percent of the women reported having ever had physical injuries as a consequence of intimate partner violence. Among injured women, only one-third had ever disclosed real causes of injuries to medical staff and none of them had been referred to local organizations to receive appropriate psychological support. Regardless of HIV status and after adjustment on potential confounders, the risk of intimate partner physical and sexual violence was strongly and significantly associated with male partner multi-partnership and early start of sexual life. Among uninfected women, physical violence was significantly associated with gender submissive attitudes. Discussion and conclusions The prevalence rates of both lifetime physical and sexual violence were very high among HIV-uninfected women and even higher among HIV-infected women recruited in health facilities in this West African country. Screening for intimate partner violence should be systematic in health-care settings, and specifically within HIV care services. At a time of increased investments in couple-oriented HIV prevention interventions, further longitudinal research to better understanding of HIV-serodiscordant couple dynamics in terms of intimate partner violence is needed.
Grammatical Evolution of Local Search Heuristics

Genetic programming approaches have been employed in the literature to automatically design constructive heuristics for cutting and packing problems. These heuristics obtain results superior to human-created constructive heuristics, but they do not generally obtain results of the same quality as local search heuristics, which start from an initial solution and iteratively improve it. If local search heuristics can be successfully designed through evolution, in addition to a constructive heuristic which initializes the solution, then the quality of results which can be obtained by automatically generated algorithms can be significantly improved. This paper presents a grammatical evolution methodology which automatically designs good quality local search heuristics that maintain their performance on new problem instances.
Epidemiological and clinical study of tuberculosis in the district of Kolín, Czechoslovakia. Second report (1965-1972).

An epidemiological and clinical study of tuberculosis in a district with a population of 100 000 has been in operation in Czechoslovakia since 1960. Its objective is to ascertain the epidemiological situation and long-term trend in respect of tuberculosis in a country with well-established tuberculosis control facilities. This second report presents the results achieved in the period 1965-72 and the epidemiological trend of tuberculosis observed during the 12-year study period. The fundamental control measures adopted during the study included systematic BCG vaccination of the newborn and revaccination of persons aged 14 and 19 years; mass surveys of the population over 14 years of age by photofluorography; case-finding among persons with symptoms and in risk groups; systematic treatment of all persons with active tuberculosis-i.e., supervised inpatient treatment followed by outpatient self-administered regimens; and radiological and bacteriological follow-up of cases.The results confirmed that the systematic application of effective treatment throughout the study population was followed by a rapid decline in the prevalence of bacillary tuberculosis, particularly in its chronic form. The incidence of bacillary tuberculosis declined more slowly, because the risk of contracting the disease continued to be high for middle-aged and elderly persons. Indiscriminate photofluorographic surveys of the study population at 3-yearly intervals produced a decreasing yield.An increasing proportion of noninfected persons among the population is the basic condition for a further decline of tuberculosis. The cost of tuberculosis control can be reduced by strict adherence to rational and economical working methods. Most of the economic indicators analysed fell to less than one-fifth between 1961 and 1972.
Medium-voltage power converter interface for Wave Dragon wave energy conversion system

This paper presents a medium-voltage power converter system for the Wave Dragon ocean energy conversion platform. The proposed converter configuration is an alternative to the classic back-to-back low voltage converter implemented in the original prototype. The converter configuration merges several diode rectifiers with boost converters operating with low voltage at the generators side, with a single neutral point clamped converter (NPC) operating at medium-voltage at grid side. The control schemes for generator and grid side converters are analyzed, and simulation results are presented as preliminary validation. The proposed configuration provides a simple and cost-effective interface for wave energy conversion systems with several generators, such as Wave Dragon.
A study of the glycogen metabolism during exercise in man.

The glycogen content of the quadriceps femoris muscle was determined in needle biopsy specimens taken from normal subjects in connexion with muscular work.Work was performed both in the fasting state and during intravenous infusion of glucose. The carbohydrate metabolism of the liver was also studied before and during periods of exercise.The following inferences can be drawn from the results:1. During work, the muscle glycogen falls successively to values approaching zero, and the working capacity decreases when the glycogen store is depleted.2. The glycogen concentration in resting muscle remains unchanged when other muscle groups in the same subject have been emptied of glycogen by exercise.3. If glucose is infused continuously during muscular work, the glycogen consumption is significantly lower than when no glucose is administered. The difference is nevertheless small, and the consumption of muscle glycogen is responsible for the greater part of the energy production, even when the blood sugar level i.
Evolution of vertebrate forebrain development: how many different mechanisms?

Over the past 50 years and more, many models have been proposed to explain how the nervous system is initially induced and how it becomes subdivided into gross regions such as forebrain, midbrain, hindbrain and spinal cord. Among these models is the 2‐signal model of Nieuwkoop & Nigtevecht (1954), who suggested that an initial signal (‘activation’) from the organiser both neuralises and specifies the forebrain, while later signals (‘transformation’) from the same region progressively caudalise portions of this initial territory. An opposing idea emerged from the work of Otto Mangold (1933) and other members of the Spemann laboratory: 2 or more distinct organisers, emitting different signals, were proposed to be responsible for inducing the head, trunk and tail regions. Since then, evidence has accumulated that supports one or the other model, but it has been very difficult to distinguish between them. Recently, a considerable body of work from mouse embryos has been interpreted as favouring the latter model, and as suggesting that a ‘head organiser’, required for the induction of the forebrain, is spatially separate from the classic organiser (Hensen's node). An extraembryonic tissue, the ‘anterior visceral endoderm’ (AVE), was proposed to be the source of forebrain‐inducing signals. It is difficult to find tissues that are directly equivalent embryologically or functionally to the AVE in other vertebrates, which led some (e.g. Kessel, 1998) to propose that mammals have evolved a new way of patterning the head. We will present evidence from the chick embryo showing that the hypoblast is embryologically and functionally equivalent to the mouse AVE. Like the latter, the hypoblast also plays a role in head development. However, it does not act like a true organiser. It induces pre‐neural and pre‐forebrain markers, but only transiently. Further development of neural and forebrain phenotypes requires additional signals not provided by the hypoblast. In addition, the hypoblast plays a role in directing cell movements in the adjacent epiblast. These movements distance the future forebrain territory from the developing organiser (Hensen's node), and we suggest that this is a mechanism to protect the forebrain from caudalising signals from the node. These mechanisms are consistent with all the findings obtained from the mouse to date. We conclude that the mechanisms responsible for setting up the forebrain and more caudal regions of the nervous system are probably similar among different classes of higher vertebrates. Moreover, while reconciling the two main models, our findings provide stronger support for Nieuwkoop's ideas than for the concept of multiple organisers, each inducing a distinct region of the CNS.