Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
CALIPSO: lidar and wide-field camera performance

The CALIPSO (Cloud-Aerosol Lidar and Infrared Pathfinder Satellite Observations) mission is designed to study the impact of clouds and aerosols on the Earth's radiation budget. Three instruments and their infrastructure make up the payload. They are a two-wavelength, polarization-sensitive lidar, a wide-field camera (WFC) operating at 645 nm, and a three-channel, infrared (IR), imaging radiometer (IIR) built by Sodern in France. The lidar is a follow-on to the short-duration LITE mission that flew on the shuttle.1 The lidar and WFC, built by Ball Aerospace under contract to NASA Langley Research Center, has completed its environmental and performance testing and is being integrated to the spacecraft in preparation for an April 2005 launch. This paper gives an overview of the testing and performance of this payload while being built and integrated at Ball Aerospace.
Methyl Salicylate Production and Jasmonate Signaling Are Not Essential for Systemic Acquired Resistance in Arabidopsis

Systemic acquired resistance (SAR) develops in response to local microbial leaf inoculation and renders the whole plant more resistant to subsequent pathogen infection. Accumulation of salicylic acid (SA) in noninfected plant parts is required for SAR, and methyl salicylate (MeSA) and jasmonate (JA) are proposed to have critical roles during SAR long-distance signaling from inoculated to distant leaves. Here, we address the significance of MeSA and JA during SAR development in Arabidopsis thaliana. MeSA production increases in leaves inoculated with the SAR-inducing bacterial pathogen Pseudo-monas syringae; however, most MeSA is emitted into the atmosphere, and only small amounts are retained. We show that in several Arabidopsis defense mutants, the abilities to produce MeSA and to establish SAR do not coincide. T-DNA insertion lines defective in expression of a pathogen-responsive SA methyltransferase gene are completely devoid of induced MeSA production but increase systemic SA levels and develop SAR upon local P. syringae inoculation. Therefore, MeSA is dispensable for SAR in Arabidopsis, and SA accumulation in distant leaves appears to occur by de novo synthesis via isochorismate synthase. We show that MeSA production induced by P. syringae depends on the JA pathway but that JA biosynthesis or downstream signaling is not required for SAR. In compatible interactions, MeSA production depends on the P. syringae virulence factor coronatine, suggesting that the phytopathogen uses coronatine-mediated volatilization of MeSA from leaves to attenuate the SA-based defense pathway.
Hydrological model of peat-mound form with vertically varying hydraulic conductivity

The form of raised peat mires can be considered to reflect the form of the saturated water mound. Ingram (1982) calculates this form from hydraulic considerations, but assumes a uniform hydraulic conductivity throughout the profile. Here, the form of the mire is calculated for non-uniform, depth-dependent hydraulic conductivity of the peat deposit. Although requiring more computational effort, the alternative model may offer a more appropriate description of the structure of the peat mire.
Surgical Treatment of Ampullary Adenocarcinoma – Single Center Experience and a Review of Literature

1 Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University, University Hospital Brno, Czech Republic 2 Department of Gastroenterology, Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University, University Hospital Brno, Czech Republic 3 Department of Gastroenterology, Masaryk Memorial Cancer Institute, Brno, Czech Republic 4 Endoscopy Center, Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University, University Hospital Brno, Czech Republic 5 Department of Radiology, Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University, University Hospital Brno, Czech Republic 6 Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University, University Hospital Brno, Czech Republic 7 Department of Hematology, Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University, University Hospital Brno, Czech Republic
Negotiation of Group Behaviors Based on Environmental Pressures - The Fundamental Qualitative Nature of the Environments

In our daily interactions we are integrated in different social and economic environments each with their own specificities and sustainability logics forcing us to adapt our behaviors and generating incompatible adaptive actions. Consequently our behaviors are a result of ample “negotiations” with the surrounding environments.The objective of this paper is to model a particular example of “negotiations”. We are going to focus on two key interactions: inter-group interactions and interactions with the natural environment through resources. The inter-group interactions are modeled based on the hypothesis that each group tries to impose its own key behavior. The interactions with the natural environment are modeled based on behavior mutations and crossovers between behaviors. The agents will select those modifications that allow them to adapt to the environment. There are two main findings of the paper.First of all, there are multiple behavior solutions that result from the interplay of different environmental pressures. From this perspective, local optimal solutions resulting from taxing externalities (in the case of the paper) can prove to be unsatisfying solutions when viewed from the perspective of the interplay with other adaptive pressures.Second of all, the environments (social, economic, natural) have a fundamental qualitative nature (Colceag 2011). This is reflected by the findings of the paper which illustrate that the adaptation to the pressures from the natural environment is influenced mainly by the crossover rate and not by the mutation rate.
Profitability and Environmental Stewardship for Row Crop Production: Are There Trade-offs?

The authors gratefully acknowledge support from the National Science Foundation under Human and Social Dynamics Grant No. 0527587 and Long-term Ecological Research Grant No. 0423627. Thanks are also due to the Michigan Agricultural Experiment Station and the Michigan State University Environmental Science and Policy Program. For valuable discussions, they thank Natalie Rector, Rob Shupp, and Lenisa Vangjel. Any opinions, findings, and conclusions or recommendations expressed in this material are those of the author(s) and do not necessarily reflect the views of the National Science Foundation or other research sponsors.
Hepatocyte nuclear factor 3/fork head homolog 11 is expressed in proliferating epithelial and mesenchymal cells of embryonic and adult tissues

The hepatocyte nuclear factor 3alpha (HNF-3alpha) and 3beta proteins have homology in the winged helix/fork head DNA binding domain and regulate cell-specific transcription in hepatocytes and in respiratory and intestinal epithelia. In this study, we describe two novel isoforms of the winged helix transcription factor family, HNF-3/fork head homolog 11A (HFH-11A) and HFH-11B, isolated from the human colon carcinoma HT-29 cell line. We show that these isoforms arise via differential splicing and are expressed in a number of epithelial cell lines derived from tumors (HT-29, Caco-2, HepG2, HeLa, A549, and H441). We demonstrate that differentiation of Caco-2 cells toward the enterocyte lineage results in decreased HFH-11 expression and reciprocal increases in HNF-3alpha and HNF-3beta mRNA levels. In situ hybridization of 16 day postcoitus mouse embryos demonstrates that HFH-11 expression is found in the mesenchymal and epithelial cells of the liver, lung, intestine, renal cortex, and urinary tract. Although HFH-11 exhibits a wide cellular expression pattern in the embryo, its adult expression pattern is restricted to epithelial cells of Lieberkühn's crypts of the intestine, the spermatocytes and spermatids of the testis, and the thymus and colon. HFH-11 expression is absent in adult hepatocytes, but its expression is reactivated in proliferating hepatocytes at 4, 24, and 48 h after partial hepatectomy. Consistent with these findings, we demonstrate that HFH-11 mRNA levels are stimulated by intratracheal administration of keratinocyte growth factor in adult lung and its expression in an adult endothelial cell line is reactivated in response to oxidative stress. These experiments show that the HFH-11 transcription factor is expressed in embryonic mesenchymal and epithelial cells and its expression is reactivated in these adult cell types by proliferative signals or oxidative stress.
Petrogenesis of the Cretaceous Cassiar batholith, Yukon–British Columbia, Canada: Implications for magmatism in the North American Cordilleran Interior

The ca. 100 Ma Cassiar batholith is the single largest plutonic body in the hinterland of the Canadian Cordillera and is part of widespread middle Cretaceous to Eocene magmatism that occurred in the Omineca crystalline belt. The Cassiar batholith is dominated by muscovite-biotite granite and biotite ± muscovite granodiorite along with subordinate biotite ± hornblende granodiorite, quartz monzodiorite, and quartz monzonite. The batholith has a wide range of strontium, neodymium, and oxygen isotope compositions [( 87 Sr/ 86 Sr) i = 0.706 to 0.734; ϵ Nd = −2.7 to −17.1, T DM = 2000 to 980 Ma; δ 18 O = +7.6‰ to +11.6‰], but the batholith9s lead isotope compositions are limited ( 206 Pb/ 204 Pb = 19.14 to 19.24; 207 Pb/ 204 Pb = 15.70 to 15.72; 208 Pb/ 204 Pb = 39.14 to 39.26). These data require that the Cassiar magmas have been generated from at least two distinct sources—an isotopically evolved felsic source and an isotopically more primitive source of mafic to intermediate composition. We propose that the felsic source comprised Mesoproterozoic to Neoproterozoic metasedimentary rocks and Paleoproterozoic basement rocks of the North American cratonic margin. Determining the mafic source is more problematic, but most likely it was Proterozoic basement rocks of mafic to intermediate composition, such as have been reported from various parts of the Omineca crystalline belt. The Cassiar batholith is lithologically, geochemically, and isotopically similar to other major batholiths in the Cordilleran Interior, including the batholiths of southeastern British Columbia and the Idaho batholith. We interpret these similarities to reflect melting of common crustal source materials, namely Proterozoic basement and cover rocks of western Laurentia. The Cassiar batholith and other Cordilleran Interior granitoids are distinct from granitoids generated in known subduction-zone environments in terms of their mineralogical, geochemical, and isotopic characteristics. These differences reflect a predominantly or exclusively crustal source region for the Cordilleran Interior granitoids. In contrast, subduction-zone magmatism contains a significant mantle input, even in cases where subduction takes place beneath thick continental crust. These results strongly suggest that Cordilleran Interior granitoids did not form directly from a subduction setting. Rather, an intracontinental collisional setting seems more appropriate in which magma generation occurred in response to crustal thickening followed in some cases by extension.
Efficacy and Safety of Biodegradable Osteofixation Devices in Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery: a Systematic Review

The use of osteofixation devices should be evidence-based if uncomplicated bone healing is to be achieved. Numerous studies describe and claim the advantages of biodegradable over titanium devices as a bone fixation method. Here, we systematically review the available literature to determine the clinical efficacy and safety of biodegradable devices compared with titanium devices in oral and maxillofacial surgery. In addition, related general aspects of bone surgery are discussed. We conducted a highly sensitive search in the databases of MEDLINE (1966–2005), EMBASE (1989–2005), and CENTRAL (1800–2005) to identify eligible studies. Eligible studies were independently evaluated by two assessors using a quality assessment scale. The study selection procedure revealed four methodologically ‘acceptable’ articles. Owing to the different outcome measures used in the studies, it was impossible to perform a meta-analysis. Therefore, the major effects regarding the stability and morbidity of fracture fixation using titanium and biodegradable fixation systems were qualitatively described. Any firm conclusions regarding the fixation of traumatically fractured bone segments cannot be drawn, due to the lack of controlled clinical trials. Regarding the fixation of bone segments in orthognathic surgery, only a few controlled clinical studies are available. There does not appear to be a significant short-term difference between titanium and biodegradable fixation systems regarding stability and morbidity. However, definite conclusions, especially with respect to the long-term performance of biodegradable fixation devices used in maxillofacial surgery, cannot be drawn. Abbreviations: CENTRAL, Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials; MeSH, Medical Subject Heading; VAS, Visual Analogue Scale; and W, weight.
Imaging the conduit size of the dome with cosmic‐ray muons: The structure beneath Showa‐Shinzan Lava Dome, Japan

We developed a radiographic technique to image a subsurface conduit shape using cosmic‐ray muons. The test measurement was performed in Showa‐Shinzan lava dome located in Hokkaido, Japan as an example. A muon detector with an area of 6000 cm2 was set up at the foot of the lava dome. Muon tracks recorded in nuclear emulsion films in the detector were analyzed to determine the level of energy absorption along different ray paths through subsurface beneath the lava dome. A typical angular resolution of the muon detector of 10 mrad corresponds to a spatial resolution of 10 m at a distance of 1 km, which is difficult to be addressed with seismological technique. We mapped differentially absorbed cosmic‐ray muons, which depend upon the varying thickness and density beneath the dome. We successfully imaged the conduit shape and determined a conduit diameter of 102 ± 15 m, assuming the observed high absorption region beneath the dome is localized in the vent area.
A 2,200 years periodicity in the Asian Monsoon System

We have carried out a high-resolution study of fluctuations in upwelling intensity along the Oman Margin, western Arabian Sea, through the last 19,130 years based on several marine microfossil indices of upwelling. We document a periodicity of 2,200 years in the upwelling indices, which would be governed by the south-west (SW) monsoon with such a periodicity. Our data further demonstrate greater amplitude in the variability of the SW monsoon during the Holocene than during the last glacial period. Our reported 2,200 years periodicity has two implications (1) oceanic circulation changes partly influence monsoon strength at sub-Milankovitch cycles (2) previously documented 2,300 years periodicity in atmospheric 14C might be induced by oceanic circulation changes.
Luminance.

Luminance was introduced by the CIE as a photometric analog of radiance. This implies that an additive spectral-luminosity function characterizes the human observer. In practice, many different spectral-sensitivity functions characterize human vision, although few produce the additive spectral-luminosity function V (lambda), which is suitable for use in practical photometry. Methods that give rise to additive spectral-sensitivity functions that most resemble V (lambda) tend to have in common the use of spatial or temporal frequencies that will discriminate against signals from the short-wavelength-sensitive cone pathways or against signals in other chromatic pathways. Some of the difference among results obtained with different techniques seems to reflect the extent to which the methods can bring about changes in the state of chromatic adaptation, but it also seems likely that not all tasks tap the same postreceptoral mechanisms. Psychophysical evidence is equivocal regarding the nature of the postreceptoral mechanisms: some evidence suggests just three mechanisms, one of which has a spectral sensitivity that is like V (lambda); other evidence suggests the existence of multiple mechanisms with different spectral sensitivities. Physiological recordings from neurons in the macaque's visual pathway suggest that the properties of the magnocellular system may be sufficient to account for spectral-sensitivity functions measured with the techniques of heterochromatic flicker photometry, minimally distinct border, and critical flicker fusion. These are the psychophysical methods that yield spectral sensitivities that are most like V (lambda). Other methods of measuring spectral sensitivity seem more likely to depend on signals that travel through the parvocellular system.
Practical Population Group Assignment with Selected Informative Markers: Characteristics and Properties of Bayesian Clustering via Structure

Population stratification, which is caused by population genetic substructure (PGS), is a critical issue for the design and interpretation of genetic association studies. Methods to address this problem have been devised, but little is known at this point about practical genotyping requirements for resolving PGS based on different marker characteristics. In this report, we seek to (1) identify a small, practical marker set to differentiate African Americans (AAs) from European Americans (EAs), and (2) assess the impact of marker efficiency and sample size on clustering individuals into subgroups by the methods of STRUCTURE (Pritchard et al., [2000a] Genetics 155:945–959). A panel of 37 markers was genotyped for 865 individuals (640 EAs and 225 AAs) from the Northeastern United States. Among EAs, the assignment accuracy reached 499% using only the 4 most efficient markers. Among AAs, the assignment accuracy exceeded 95% when using the 6 most informative markers. Smaller sample size increased the variance in population differentiation, rather than degrading the results consistently. We conclude that the use of marker-efficiency measures for marker selection yielded a relatively small set of STR markers that were effective at differentiating EA and AA populations. The number of markers required is much lower than has been suggested in previous studies.
Reply to Discussion 1 –“The Role of Observer Variation in Determining Rosgen Stream Types in Northeastern Oregon Mountain Streams” 3 by David L. Rosgen 2

We thank Rosgen (this issue) for his comments, which provide valuable insight regarding his channel classification and its correct application. However, we believe that many of his objections are based on misinterpretation of our analysis, which we hope to clarify through this reply. Because our measurement techniques differed from those advocated by Rosgen (1996), our study may not represent the range of variability in channel classification that would result from strict adherence to his methods. Nevertheless, this does not invalidate our analysis and the intended study goal of evaluating classification consistency and sources of observed differences. However, some of the identified shortcomings of the classification may stem from our use of methods different from Rosgen’s and therefore deserve further analysis.
Analysis of Bone “Collagen” Extraction Products for Radiocarbon Dating

Archaeological bones are now routinely dated in many radiocarbon laboratories through the extraction of “collagen. ” Methods for “collagen” extraction vary, and several laboratories now apply an ultrafiltration step after gelatinization to extract the higher molecular weight (usually >10 or 30kDa) fraction for dating, thereby removing low molecular weight contaminants. Ultrafiltration has been demonstrated to result in products that are easier to handle and have more acceptable C:N ratios, and in some instances can result in significantly improved (generally older) 14C dates when compared to non-ultrafiltered products from the same bone. Although it has been suggested that ultrafiltration removes potential contaminants such as short-chain degraded collagen and other peptides and amino acids, fulvic acids, and salts, there remains little published evidence to support this. This paper presents data from a pilot study investigating the most suitable techniques with which to study the products of the routine “collagen” extraction procedures employed at the Oxford Radiocarbon Accelerator Unit (ORAU) (modified Longin followed by ultrafiltration). The preliminary data demonstrates that the final product of “collagen” extraction at ORAU appears to be an aggregate consisting of a range of proteins of different molecular weights, including collagen, as well as some other organic matter and inorganic species. Ultrafiltration is removing some, but not all, of the <30kDa fraction from the samples. Further work to investigate the nature of this aggregate and how best to improve the efficiency of “collagen” extraction procedures is discussed.
Analysis of glacier flow dynamics from preliminary RADARSAT InSAR data of the Antarctic Mapping Mission

The entire continent of Antarctica was mapped at a 25 meter resolution with synthetic aperture radar (SAR) during the Radarsat Antarctic Mapping Project (RAMP) over a 30 day period in the fall of 1997 providing a static "snapshot" of the ice sheet. Since Radarsat-l has a 24-day orbit cycle, repeat-pass interferometric SAR (InSAR) data was also acquired. The extensive InSAR data will provide a view of ice sheet kinematics. The authors present the results of analysis of an InSAR pair for the Recovery Glacier, East Antarctica. Analysis of the Recovery Glacier data set has demonstrated the excellent quality of InSAR data available from the Radarsat Antarctic Mapping Mission and its application to glacier dynamics. Phase coherence is high over most this highly dynamic area even though the temporal baseline is 24 days. The coherence image enhances subtle ice sheet topography and indicates the location of shear margins and the grounding line. A radar line-of sight ice velocity map identified a large region of slow moving ice that drains the Shackelton Range. Longitudinal stain rates along a flow line within the main ice stream were calculated directly from the wrapped phase.