Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
On E‐Auctions for Procurement Operations

Electronic auctions have revolutionized procurement in the last decade. In many situations, they have replaced negotiations for supplier selection and price setting. While they have often greatly reduced transaction costs and increased competition, they have also encountered problems and resistance from suppliers resenting their intrusion on cooperative supplier/buyer relationships. In response to these issues, procurement auctions have evolved in radical new directions. Buyers use business rules to limit adverse changes. Some procurement auctions allow bidders to offer variants in the specifications of products to be supplied. Most important, some suppliers are allowing bidders to bid on packages of items, not just individual items. This tends to change procurement auctions from zero‐sum fights over supplier profit margins to win‐win searches for synergies. These changes have opened up many new research areas. Researchers are trying to improve how to deal with the computational issues involved in package auctions and to analyze the new auctions forms that are evolving. In general, equilibrium incentives are not known, and dealing with ties in package auctions is an issue. Computer scientists are analyzing the use of computerized bidding agents. Mechanisms that combine auctions with fixed buy prices or with negotiations need to be analyzed.
Multiple types of ryanodine receptor/Ca2+ release channels are differentially expressed in rabbit brain

The neuronal Ca2+ signal is induced by a rise in the intracellular free Ca2+ concentration ([Ca2+]i), and is thought to be important for higher brain function. Dynamic changes in [Ca2+]i are affected by the spatial distributions of various Ca(2+)-increasing molecules (channels and receptors). The ryanodine receptor (RyR) is an intracellular channel through which Ca2+ is released from intracellular stores. To define the contribution of neuronal Ca2+ signaling via the RyR channel, we examined RyR type-specific gene expression in rabbit brain by in situ hybridization histochemistry. The neuronal RyR was composed of three distinct types, two types dominant in skeletal (sRyR) and cardiac (cRyR) muscle, respectively, and a novel brain type (bRyR). sRyR was distinguished by its high level of expression in cerebellar Purkinje cells. cRyR was predominantly expressed throughout nearly the entire brain, and was characterized by its markedly high level of expression in the olfactory nerve layer, layer VI of the cerebral cortex, the dentate gyrus, cerebellar granule cells, the motor trigeminal nucleus, and the facial nucleus. bRyR expression was the least widely distributed throughout the brain, and was high in the hippocampal CA1 pyramidal layer, caudate, putamen, and dorsal thalamus. This investigation demonstrates that the heterogeneous distribution of neuronal RyRs may be implicated in distinct Ca(2+)-associated brain functions. Moreover, it should be noted that cRyR, a typical CICR channel, is distributed widely throughout the brain, suggesting that in a variety of cell types, the amplification of neuronal Ca2+ signals is functionally accompanied by a rise in [Ca2+]i, such as Ca2+ influx stimulated by neuronal activity. This widespread distribution of the neuronal RyR family indicates that Ca2+ signals via the intracellular stores should be considered in studies of neuronal Ca2+ dynamics.
WDR5 Interacts with Mixed Lineage Leukemia (MLL) Protein via the Histone H3-binding Pocket*

WDR5 is a component of the mixed lineage leukemia (MLL) complex, which methylates lysine 4 of histone H3, and was identified as a methylated Lys-4 histone H3-binding protein. Here, we present a crystal structure of WDR5 bound to an MLL peptide. Surprisingly, we find that WDR5 utilizes the same pocket shown to bind histone H3 for this MLL interaction. Furthermore, the WDR5-MLL interaction is disrupted preferentially by mono- and di-methylated Lys-4 histone H3 over unmodified and tri-methylated Lys-4 histone H3. These data implicate a delicate interplay between the effector, WDR5, the catalytic subunit, MLL, and the substrate, histone H3, of the MLL complex. We suggest that the activity of the MLL complex might be regulated through this interplay.
EUROPEIZZAZIONE DELLE POLITICHE PUBBLICHE E MUTAMENTO ISTITUZIONALE: LA POLITICA ANTITRUST ITALIANA

Introduzione Il tema della nascita di una politica nazionale della concorrenza costituisce un processo di policy da molti punti di vista paradigmatico. Tanto per la portata dell'innovazione istituzionale, quanto per l'evidente grado di interrelazione con la politica comunitaria antitrust, questo processo di policy making si presenta come un ottimo punto di osservazione dal quale tentare di dare un volto all'europeizzazione e al policy change ad essa collegato. Gli obiettivi che mi prefiggo in questo articolo sono i seguenti: 1) ricostruire in maniera succinta il contesto di governance entro il quale è nata la legge antitrust italiana; 2) esaminare il processo parlamentare relativo alla legge stessa; 3) illustrare il processo di nascita del regolamento europeo sulle concentrazioni e le sue influenze sul processo legislativo nazionale; 4) individuare le caratteristiche del processo di policy making cercando di individuare attori e logiche d'azione; 5) inquadrare il caso entro una prospettiva di policy change che avviene sotto la pressione di un mutamento esogeno in un contesto di ridefinizione del sistema politico; 6) riflettere brevemente sul rapporto esistente tra lo sviluppo di un sistema di governance comunitaria e il mutamento dei sistemi di governance nazionale.
Unravelling of dynamic sorting

We consider a two-sided, finite-horizon search and matching model with heterogeneous types and complementarity between types. The quality of the pool of potential partners deteriorates as agents who have found mutually agreeable matches exit the market. When search is costless and all agents participate in each matching round, the market performs a sorting function in that high types of agents have multiple chances to match with their peers. However, this sorting function is lost if agents incur an arbitrarily small cost in order to participate in each round. With a sufficiently rich type space, the market unravels as almost all agents rush to participate in the first round and match and exit with anyone they meet. Copyright 2005, Wiley-Blackwell.
Methods, Trends and Controversies in Contemporary Benefit Transfer

Benefit transfer uses research results from pre-existing primary research to predict welfare estimates for other sites of policy significance for which primary valuation estimates are unavailable. Despite the sizable literature and the ubiquity of benefit transfer in policy analysis, the method remains subject to controversy. There is also a divergence between transfer practices recommended by the scholarly literature and those commonly applied within policy analysis. The size, complexity and relative disorganization of the literature may represent an obstacle to the use of updated methods by practitioners. Recognizing the importance of benefit transfer for policymaking and the breadth of associated scholarly work, this paper reviews and synthesizes the benefit transfer literature. It highlights methods, trends and controversies in contemporary research, identifies issues and challenges facing benefit transfer practitioners and summarizes research contributions. Several areas of future research on benefit transfers naturally emerge. Copyright © 2009 Blackwell Publishing Ltd.
Inflorescence Commitment and Architecture in Arabidopsis

Flowering plants exhibit one of two types of inflorescence architecture: indeterminate, in which the inflorescence grows indefinitely, or determinate, in which a terminal flower is produced. The indeterminate condition is thought to have evolved from the determinate many times, independently. In two mutants in distantly related species, terminal flower 1 in Arabidopsis and centroradialis in Antirrhinum, inflorescences that are normally indeterminate are converted to a determinate architecture. The Antirrhinum gene CENTRORADIALIS (CEN) and the Arabidopsis gene TERMINAL FLOWER 1 (TFL1) were shown to be homologous, which suggests that a common mechanism underlies indeterminacy in these plants. However, unlike CEN, TFL1 is also expressed during the vegetative phase, where it delays the commitment to inflorescence development and thus affects the timing of the formation of the inflorescence meristem as well as its identity.
Caractéristiques des jeunes contrevenants qui reçoivent des services dans les Centres jeunesse du Québec

Cette etude etablit le profil psychologique comparatif des adolescentes et des adolescents au moment de l’application des mesures dans des centres jeunesse du Quebec, de meme que les caracteristiques familiales et sociales de ces jeunes. La recherche compare 213 adolescents (12-17 ans) qui recoivent des services en CJ en vertu de la Loi sur les jeunes contrevenants, a 213 adolescents en provenance d’ecoles secondaires en milieu defavorise. Les resultats revelent des difficultes d’adaptation serieuses, des troubles exteriorises, des troubles interiorises et une consommation reguliere de substances psychoactives chez plusieurs jeunes contrevenants. Ces difficultes sont beaucoup plus frequentes en CJ qu’en population juvenile. La situation des adolescentes est inquietante, car s’ajoute une prevalence elevee de depression et de victimisation sexuelle. Enfin, les familles dont l’adolescent recoit des services en CJ ont moins de ressources financieres, personnelles et sociales, et davantage de difficultes dans l’exercice du role parental que celles de la population generale. En conclusion, des recommandations sont formulees sur les services psychosociaux requis par les jeunes et les familles.
Enhanced Toxicity of Bacillus thuringiensis Subspecies kurstaki and aizawai to Black Cutworm Larvae (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) with Bacillus sp. NFD2 and Pseudomonas sp. FNFD1

ABSTRACT Bacillus thuringiensis subspecies kurstaki and aizawai are important control agents for lepidopteran pests. Bioassays were designed to test B. t. kurstaki and aizawai against second- and-fourth instar black cutworm larvae with and without Bacillus sp. NFD2 and Pseudomonas sp. FNFD1 bacteria. B. thuringiensis subsp. aizawai (XenTari) was more toxic to both second- and fourth-instar black cutworm, Agrolis ipsilon (Hufnagel) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae), larvae than B. t. kurstaki (DiPel) at 7 d after treatment (DAT). When DiPel was combined with NFD2 or FNFD1 versus second instars, the LC50s were 5.0× and 4.7× lower, respectively, than with DiPel alone. DiPel combined with both NFD2 and FNFD1 versus second instars resulted in an LC50 value 7.7× lower than with DiPel alone. When XenTari was combined with NFD2 or FNFD1 versus second instars, the LC50s were 5.2× and 3.8× lower, respectively, than with XenTari alone. XenTari combined with both NFD2 and FNFD1 versus second instars resulted in an LC50 9.7× lower than with XenTari alone. When DiPel was combined with NFD2 or FNFD1 versus fourth instars, the LC50s were 4.4× and 3.4× lower, respectively, than with DiPel alone. DiPel combined with both NFD2 and FNFD1 versus fourth instars resulted in an LC50 5.0× lower than with DiPel alone. When XenTari was combined with NFD2 or FNFD1 versus fourth instars, the LC50s were 5.7× and 3.3× lower, respectively, than with XenTari alone. XenTari combined with both NFD2 and FNFD1 versus fourth instars resulted in an LC50 6.7× lower than with XenTari alone.
Strategic Hedging for Grain Processors

Price risk management problems confronting grain processors differ somewhat from conventional motives for hedging. There are two components of this problem that are addressed in this study. One is the competitive characteristics of the processing sector, the structure and conduct of which ultimately determines the relationship between input and output prices. In some cases, these are highly correlated and in others they are not. The second refers to the hedge horizon, or, how far forward a firm should cover its inevitable short cash positions. This study incorporates these two components of hedging into a mean-variance framework to evaluate how they impact price risk management decisions for processors. A theoretical model is developed which is then solved numerically to illustrate the relationships between optimal hedge ratios, the correlation between input and output prices, and the hedge horizon. The model is applied to the case of the United States bread baking industry to further illustrate how these impact hedging in a particular industry.
Tourism and poverty alleviation in Fiji: comparing the impacts of small- and large-scale tourism enterprises

This paper explores the pro-poor tourism literature's proposition that businesses “at all levels and scales of operation” can contribute to poverty alleviation, and questions the view that small-scale “alternative” forms of tourism development are preferable in delivering wide-ranging benefits to the poor. Based on research in Fiji, it uses the multidimensional view of poverty modelled on Zhao and Ritchie's integrative research framework for “anti-poverty tourism” that identifies three determinants: “opportunity”, “empowerment” and “security”. The paper reveals that both small- and large-scale tourism make positive contributions to revenue generation, job creation and community development, but there is considerable potential for local procurement and labour conditions to improve. Poverty has increased in Fiji, despite rising tourism arrivals, but this problem is complex and is linked to agricultural decline. An underlying concern is that tourism policy in Fiji encourages development of large, foreign-owned resorts, while indigenous businesses often do not receive the support they require to be successful in the long term. Thus, indigenous Fijian participation in the tourism sector is predominantly as employees or as recipients of lease monies, and rarely as those directly involved in tourism planning and development, therefore limiting the pro-poor potential of the sector in Fiji.
Accounting and the business economics tradition in Germany

From the German point of view, accounting is a very important part of business economics. However, in order to understand the theoretical development of accounting in Germany during the twentieth century, it is necessary to identify the influences of the social, economic and legal environment on business economics in general and accounting in particular. Much business economics has emphasized microeconomic theory, but this ignores the problems of organization, and the institutional aspects of the business world. Financial accounting in particular cannot be understood in Germany without reference to legal rules and tradition. Although theorizing about accounting may have been the main root of the business economics tradition in Germany, other aspects of business economics have developed, and it has not been possible to construct a common theoretical foundation covering all aspects of business economics. Hence, it is necessary to study the development of German accounting theory and practice on its own terms.
Impact of Recession on the Catalan Labor Market and the Unequal Distribution of Salary from a Gender Perspective

In order to highlight the uneven impact of recession on the labor market in Catalonia, this study examines the evolution of its main variables in the period 2005-2012 from a gender perspective delving into the structure wages and analyzing the distribution of inter-and intra-group inequality between men and women. Analyzing this impact is very important as a framework for effective European action in this area, and the implementation of positive action in favor of women to correct inequalities, as a smart, sustainable and inclusive growing factor is needed.
Beyond sophisticated stereotyping: Cultural sensemaking in context

Executive Overview Much of our cross-cultural training and research occurs within the framework of bipolar cultural dimensions. While this sophisticated stereotyping is helpful to a certain degree, it does not convey the complexity found within cultures. People working across cultures are frequently surprised by cultural paradoxes that do not seem to fit the descriptions they have learned. The authors identify the sources of cultural paradoxes and introduce the idea of value trumping: In a specific context, certain cultural values take precedence over others. Thus, culture is embedded in the context and cannot be understood fully without taking context into consideration. To decipher cultural paradoxes, the authors propose a model of cultural sensemaking, linking schemas to contexts. They spell out the implications of this model for those who teach culture, for people working across cultures, and for multinational corporations.
Tax Administration in Developing Countries: An Economic Perspective

A survey of tax administration in developing countries from an economic perspective is warranted because tax administrators in developing countries in effect make tax policy by deciding how to apply tax legislation. Tax administration links legal statutes and the "real," implemented tax system and thus affects fiscal deficits and the tax burdens of different sectors and income classes. A survey of analytical and empirical work concludes that administrative constraints can severely weaken the tax revenue structure with respect to stabilization, efficiency, and equity goals.
Serum and nasal wash antibodies associated with resistance to experimental challenge with influenza A wild-type virus

To identify immunological predictors of resistance to influenza A infection and illness, the immunological status of live and inactivated virus vaccines subsequently challenged with H1N1 or H3N2 wild-type virus was examined. We refer to prechallenge antibodies of vaccinees receiving live attenuated virus as infection induced and those receiving inactivated virus as inactivated vaccine induced. Inactivated vaccine-induced protection against wild-type virus infection or illness correlated with the level of neuraminidase-inhibiting antibody in serum, local hemagglutinin immunoglobulin G (IgG) (but not IgA) enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay antibody, and hemagglutination-inhibiting antibody in serum. In contrast, infection-induced resistance to wild-type virus infection correlated with local hemagglutinin IgA antibody and neuraminidase-inhibiting antibody in serum, but not with hemagglutination-inhibiting antibody in serum. These observations suggest that live vaccine virus infection-induced and inactivated vaccine-induced immunity may involve different compartments of the immune system; sufficient antibody in either serum or nasal secretions is capable of conferring resistance.
Mutual recognition and the monopoly of force: limits of the single market analogy

Abstract The introduction of the principle of mutual recognition in EU justice and home affairs co-operation has been associated with a ‘revolution’ in internal security co-operation and has raised as many expectations as concerns. Whereas most discussions focus on the legal coherence of the concept in third pillar legislation and its potential tensions with procedural law and human rights standards, this article goes two steps back and questions at a more fundamental level the transferability of a principle of market integration into a core area of statehood and analyses the institutional preconditions for its implementation. Juxtaposing the different constellations of interdependence and governance modes in the economic and internal security spheres, it is argued that what functions as an instrument of liberalization in one sphere becomes a tool of governmentalization in the other, yet hampered by an unsettled tension between supranationality and states' prerogatives.
Real‐time inversions for finite fault slip models and rupture geometry based on high‐rate GPS data

We present an inversion strategy capable of using real‐time high‐rate GPS data to simultaneously solve for a distributed slip model and fault geometry in real time as a rupture unfolds. We employ Bayesian inference to find the optimal fault geometry and the distribution of possible slip models for that geometry using a simple analytical solution. By adopting an analytical Bayesian approach, we can solve this complex inversion problem (including calculating the uncertainties on our results) in real time. Furthermore, since the joint inversion for distributed slip and fault geometry can be computed in real time, the time required to obtain a source model of the earthquake does not depend on the computational cost. Instead, the time required is controlled by the duration of the rupture and the time required for information to propagate from the source to the receivers. We apply our modeling approach, called Bayesian Evidence‐based Fault Orientation and Real‐time Earthquake Slip, to the 2011 Tohoku‐oki earthquake, 2003 Tokachi‐oki earthquake, and a simulated Hayward fault earthquake. In all three cases, the inversion recovers the magnitude, spatial distribution of slip, and fault geometry in real time. Since our inversion relies on static offsets estimated from real‐time high‐rate GPS data, we also present performance tests of various approaches to estimating quasi‐static offsets in real time. We find that the raw high‐rate time series are the best data to use for determining the moment magnitude of the event, but slightly smoothing the raw time series helps stabilize the inversion for fault geometry.
Integrating the Empirical Tests of the Natural Rate Hypothesis: A Meta-Regression Analysis

A meta-analysis of thirty-four restriction tests from nine studies of the natural rate of unemployment hypothesis (NRU) finds the statistical trace of a false empirical hypothesis. A theme of bias and misspecification among those studies that tend to be more supportive of NRU emerges. When combined with a separate meta-analysis of NRU's falsifying hypothesis, unemployment 'hysteresis' (Stanley 2004a), the natural rate hypothesis may be regarded as empirically 'falsified' (Popper 1959). Monte Carlo simulations validate the meta-regression methods used here to integrate different restriction tests and to identify their limitations.
The Stochastic Arrival of Alien Species and the Number of and the Damage from Biological Invasions

The extant literature has delineated some of the ways in which uncertainty affects the management of alien species. In this paper, we continue this line of inquiry and shed light on two insufficiently studied issues concerning the probabilistic nature of biological invasions. First, we determine the total number of biological invasions in a particular time period of interest. Second, we compute the total monetary damage from biological invasions in this same time period of interest. Our analysis of the first (second) issue focuses on the case in which the parameter of the stochastic process describing the arrival of alien species is probabilistic (deterministic).
The 2012 U.S. Presidential Election: Did Markets Matter?

The 2012 presidential opinion polls just before Election Day and economic models predicted a close popular vote. Using models estimated through 2008, 2012 presidential election vote shares are simulated with reasonable assumptions and actual results for economic growth rates, rates of inflation, and parameters known on Election Day. This study presents a Financial Markets Model and its expected increasing role on future president elections. The Market Model forecasts the incumbent Democrat to win the popular vote by 0.84 percent less than the actual result if the economy the public experienced had been reflected by the actual GDP growth data.