Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Rock alteration, mercury transport, and metal deposition at Sulphur Bank, California

The hydrothermal alteration at Sulphur Bank, Lake County, California, is characterized by the phases alunite, kaolinite, and amorphous silica. Comparison between the observed mineralogical zonation and theoretical simulation of the water-rock interaction reveals that the alteration process at Sulphur Bank may be described on a broad scale in terms of an irreversible thermodynamic model based on the assumption of local equilibrium. However, this theoretical model alone fails to explain the details of the mineralogical zonation of the veins and alteration halos at Sulphur Bank. The zonation may be the result of a coupled reaction-fluid transport system in which two solute transport mechanisms--advective flow through open veins and diffusion--build superimposed alteration sequences.As a result of aqueous mercury-complex stability studies, it is inferred that mercury is transported as sulfide complexes at Sulphur Bank. In spite of the common association of mercury and organic matter in some hydrothermal systems, newly compiled thermodynamic data indicate that organic mercury complexes are unstable under reducing conditions typical of hydrothermal systems.Both boiling and oxidation are effective depositional processes for cinnabar according to theoretical calculations presented here. Oxidation best fits the geologic characteristics of the near-surface mineralization at Sulphur Bank, although boiling may be responsible for deeper mercury and possible gold mineralization.
The Effect of Local Sea Surface Temperatures on Atmospheric Circulation over the Tropical Atlantic Sector

Abstract The effects of tropical Atlantic sea surface temperature (SST) anomalies on atmospheric circulation are examined by analyzing several ensembles of integrations of an atmospheric general circulation model (AGCM) forced with differently configured SSTs. An attempt is made to separate the atmospheric response to local SST forcing from internal atmospheric variability, using various statistical analyses. The analyses reveal a robust pattern of atmospheric response to SST forcing. The dominant response is largely confined within the tropical Atlantic sector and may be associated with the variation in location and intensity of the intertropical convergence zone (ITCZ) in response to changes in SST gradient near the equator. Within the deep Tropics, particularly in the western tropical Atlantic warm pool region, there is an indication of a positive feedback between surface heat flux and SST anomalies. In this warm SST region, the latent heat flux tends to dominate surface heat flux variability, and the .
Brain Functional Connectivity Changes During Learning of Time Discrimination

Introduction: The human brain is a complex system consisting of connected nerve cells that adapt to and learn from the environment by changing its regional activities. The synchrony between these regional activities is called functional network changes during life and results in the learning of new skills. Time perception and interval discrimination are among the most necessary skills for the human being to perceive motions, coordinate motor functions, speak, and perform many cognitive functions. Despite its importance, the underlying mechanism of changes in brain functional connectivity patterns during learning time intervals still need to be well understood. Methods: This study aimed to show how electroencephalography (EEG) functional connectivity changes are associated with learning temporal intervals. In this regard, 12 healthy volunteers were trained with an auditory time-interval discrimination task over six days while their brain activities were recorded via EEG signals during the first and the last sessions. Then, changes in regional phase synchronization were calculated using the weighted/phase lag index (WPLI) approach, the most effective EEG functional connections at the temporal and prefrontal regions, and in the theta and beta bands frequency. In addition, the WPLI reported more accurate values. Results: The results showed that learning interval discrimination significantly changed functional connectivity in the prefrontal and temporal regions. Conclusion: These findings could shed light on a better understanding of the brain mechanism involved in time perception. Highlights Accuracy of auditory interval discrimination improved by a six-day learning process. Most established connections were formed in the temporal, occipital and middle regions of brain. Creation of new significant connection was observed at the theta and gamma frequency bands. New neural networks are constructed between regions of the brain during interval learning. Plain Language Summary The time perception is a vital challenge that human beings face in various aspects of their lives. Researchers have always been challenged in how to calculate it and understand its mechanism for each individual. In the present study, which is based on the temporal perception, by comparing the timing of auditory stimuli, we seek to show the functional relationships of neural network formation related to learning temporal perception. Our aim was to understand how the hidden information of auditory stimuli (time intervals) is encoded in the content of the brain signals.
A Survey of Photometric Stereo Techniques

Reconstructing the shape of an object from images is an important problem in computer vision that has led to a variety of solution strategies. This survey covers photometric stereo, i.e., techniques that exploit the observed intensity variations caused by illumination changes to recover the orientation of the surface. In the most basic setting, a diffuse surface is illuminated from at least three directions and captured with a static camera. Under some conditions, this allows to recover per-pixel surface normals. Modern approaches generalize photometric stereo in various ways, e.g., relaxing constraints on lighting, surface reflectance and camera placement or creating different types of local surface estimates. Starting with an introduction for readers unfamiliar with the subject, we discuss the foundations of this field of research. We then summarize important trends and developments that emerged in the last three decades. We put a focus on approaches with the potential to be applied in a broad range of scenarios. This implies, e.g., simple capture setups, relaxed model assumptions, and increased robustness requirements. The goal of this review is to provide an overview of the diverse concepts and ideas on the way towards more general techniques than traditional photometric stereo.
Using NOAA-AVHRR data to model human helminth distributions in planning disease control in Cameroon, West Africa

Human helminth infections (intestinal nematode infections such as Ascaris lumbricoides, Trichuris trichiura, and hookworm, and schistosome infections such as Schistosoma haematobium and S. mansoni) affect more than a quarter of the world's population, with potential consequences for the health and nutritional and educational development of infected individuals. The advent of broad-spectrum anthelminthic drugs that are cheap, safe, and simple to deliver has meant that control has become a viable option for many countries. Because helminth infections patterns are highly heterogeneous, methods to identify priority areas for intervention against intestinal nematode and schistosome will enhance the efficacy of control. This paper describes the use of NOAA-AVHRR data to develop logistic regression models that predict the probability of infection prevalence greater than 50 percent, and thus warrant mass treatment for intestinal nematodes and schistosomes, according to wHO's criteria. Moreover, by overlaying the resulting risk maps on population surfaces, it is possible to estimate the school-aged population size requiring mass treatment and also provide an estimate of program costs.
A Multi-Agent Deep Deterministic Policy Gradient Method for Multi-Zone HVAC Control

As heating, ventilation, and air conditioning (HVAC) systems consume a significant amount of building energy, an intelligent strategy for building HVAC control has great potential to significantly reduce energy costs. Deep Deterministic Policy Gradient (DDPG) has gained traction in home energy management and HVAC control in recent years. However, the traditional DDPG control is usually ineffective in practice because of the complexity of thermal dynamics with inter-effect between rooms in a building. This paper proposes a Multi-Agent Deep Deterministic Policy Gradient (MADDPG) algorithm for HVAC control in an occupant-centric manner that takes into account the occupants’ thermal comfort in multi-zones. The performance of the proposed MADDPG algorithm is evaluated and compared with a traditional DDPG algorithm through EnergyPlus. Simulation results demonstrate that the proposed MADDPG algorithm is more effective than the traditional DDPG approach in energy cost reduction while maintaining the occupants’ multi-zonal thermal comfort.
REFLECTIONS ON SUSTAINABILITY-ORIENTED INNOVATION IN HEALTH SERVICES

The study’s objective consists of a theoretical reflection on how sustainability-oriented innovation (SOI) can be developed in the context of health services. The work format is a theoretical essay based on research in journals that comprise the Scopus database, using the Business, Management and Accounting filters. Among the study’s contributions, we can mention identifying factors related to adopting SOI in the health context, highlighting the main and necessary aspects for developing SOI in this segment. A conceptual SOI scheme can be proposed, demonstrating that the path to becoming a sustainable organization passes through the articulation of processes in a strategic way, which involves the need to adopt a sustainable business model that places the generation of value of the organization through SOI
Interaction between deformation sources and implications for numerical modelling of magma storage

Volcano ground deformation due to magma movement in the subsurface is commonly modelled using simple point (Mogi) or dislocation (Okada) sources, embedded in a homogeneous, isotropic, elastic half-space, and representing respectively a magma chamber and a dike. When datasets are too complex to be explained by a single deformation source, the magmatic system is often represented by a combination of these sources and their displacements �elds are simply summed. By doing so, the assumption of homogeneity in the half space is violated and the resulting interaction between sources is neglected. This thesis seeks to determine the limits in which the combination of analytical sources is justi�ed, by testing the analytical surface displacements against the solutions of corresponding 3D �nite element models, which account for the interaction between sources. For models with dike and magma chamber aligned vertically or along the dike-strike direction, the calculated discrepancies, and therefore the source interaction, are insignificant (< 5%), independently of the source separation. Although the discrepancies depend on the physical model parameters and can not be generalized, for models with a magma chamber next to a dike (in the direction perpendicular to the dike-strike), or for horizontally or vertically aligned pressurized magma chambers, care must be taken for source separation of less than 4 times the radius of the magma chamber as the discrepancies can reach 20% at a wall-to-wall distance of 0.5 source radii. Furthermore, a statistical study of the retrieved source parameters employing an inversion scheme (based on analytical solutions, hence neglecting the source interaction), demonstrates the di�culty of solving the structure of vertically layered magmatic system without additional, e.g. petrological, constraints. Finally, modelling the dike employing various FE methods has pointed out the fact that the rheology of the magma needs to be integrated in future numerical modelling approaches.
Great white shark teeth used as pendants and possible tools by early-middle Holocene terrestrial mammal hunter-gatherers in the Eastern Pampas (Southern South America)

Two great white shark (Carcharodon carcharias) teeth recovered in a terrestrial mammal hunter-gatherers context in the Pampas are described. Associated lithic (mainly quarzite) tools, and the predominant exploitation of the Lama guanicoe relate the ancient inhabitants of the site with those of the early-middle Holocene sites of the Area Interserrana of the Provincia de Buenos Aires. According to the stratigraphic context and the terrestrial fauna, the age of the deposit seems to be constrained to the early-middle Holocene. The root tips of the shark teeth are marked by an artificial transvers groove fitted to tie a thread. Tooth edge serrations are strongly eroded, suggesting they were used as tools. We favour the hypotheses that the fish could have stranded on the beach or a small estuary in the neighbourhood, or that the teeth were obtained from the body of a pinniped attacked by a shark and sobsequenty found by humans. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Analysis Role of ML and Big Data Play in Driving Digital Marketing's Paradigm Shift

Marketing strategies are being revolutionized by the development of user data and the expanding usability of Machine Learning (ML) as well as Big Data approaches. The wide variety of options that ML and Big Data applications provide in building and sustaining a competitive corporate edge are not fully understood by researchers and marketers. Based on a thorough analysis of academic and commercial literature, we offer a classification of ML and Big Data use cases in marketing in this article. In order to effectively employ ML and Big Data in marketing, we have discovered 11 recurrent use cases that are grouped into 4 homogenous families. These families are: fundamentals of the consumer, the consumer experience, decision-making, and financial impact. We go over the taxonomy's repeating patterns and offer a conceptual framework for understanding and extending it, emphasizing the practical ramifications for marketers and academics.
Identifying PTSD Symptoms Using Machine Learning Techniques on Social Media

Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is a mental health illness brought on by watching or experiencing a horrific incident. Flashbacks, nightmares, acute anxiety, and uncontrolled thoughts about the unforgettable incident are the possible symptoms faced by PTSD sufferers. The PTSD diagnosis is usually done by a mental health specialist based on the symptoms that the person has, and the task is very time-consuming. Due to the widespread use of social media in recent years, it has opened up the opportunity to explore PTSD signs in users' postings on Twitter. The content-sharing feature available on this platform has allowed its users to share personal experiences, thoughts, and feelings that could reflect their psychological status. Thus, the goal of this work is to identify the PTSD symptom from text posting on Twitter. The crawled text posting is filtered and trained on selected machine learning and deep learning methods. The experiment results show that the support vector machine performed the best with 91% accuracy compared to others. This extracted model could be used in identifying PTSD symptoms on social media.
Seepage into drifts and tunnels in unsaturated fractured rock

Methods for obtaining estimates of seepage into drifts and tunnels excavated in unsaturated fractured rocks are of interest for engineering and environmental applications. For uniform porous media a tunnel surface may present a capillary barrier promoting water diversion around the opening through the porous matrix, hence reducing seepage into the opening. The presence of fractures intersecting the opening complicates flow behavior and presents a challenge to seepage prediction. We present a simple and physically based model for seepage estimation that preserves key physical processes associated with fracture flow, while avoiding complexity of detailed fracture network characterization. The processes of film and capillary‐driven flows are combined with a geometrically tractable representation of the dual‐continuum fractured rock with two disparate populations of matrix pores and fracture apertures. The large disparity in capillary forces between matrix and fractures rules out matrix seepage based on Philip's theory. We obtain estimates of seepage fraction for a given percolation flux from consideration of the hydraulic conductivity of the fracture domain only. Similar to previous studies, the new model shows existence of a percolation threshold for onset of seepage. The new model also exhibits a steep increase in seepage with increase in percolation flux that reflects the role of fracture film flow. In addition to consideration of physically based flow processes, computations for the proposed analytical model can be performed with common spreadsheet software, which is a distinct advantage over numerical equivalent porous media approaches that require a powerful computational environment, excessive computation time, and thorough characterization of the fracture domain.
On the Role of Interior Mixing and Air-Sea Fluxes in Determining the Stratification and Circulation of the Oceans

Abstract The problem of determining the (eastern boundary) basic stratification and the buoyancy-driven circulation of the oceans is addressed. A global integral constraint relating the interior stratification and the air-sea heat fluxes is derived, based on the condition that the total mass of water of given density is constant in a steady state ocean. This constraint is then applied to two simple analytic models: The first is a continuous nonlinear diffusive model of the lower mid-depth and bottom circulation below the influence of the wind-driven circulation. It shows the tendency of the vertical density profile to look like an exponential profile in the presence of mixing. The integral constraint is used to relate the stratification and circulation of the bottom and mid-depth waters to the air-sea heat fluxes at the surface, where the deep densities outcrop. The second model is a layered one of the wind-driven circulation, mid-depth, and bottom water. The eastern boundary stratification of the model i.
Energy Flow Optimization of Integrated Gas and Power Systems Using Staggered Difference Method

Due to the increasing penetration of gas-fired units (GFU), the interdependency between natural gas systems (NGS) and electric power systems (EPS) has become increasingly strengthened, promoting the concept of integrated gas and power systems (IGPS). However, the significant difference in time scales between NGS and EPS brings new challenges to the optimal operation of IGPS. This paper focuses on developing a novel approach to characterize the dynamic optimal energy flow of IGPS. Firstly, the partial differential equation constraints of gas flow are transformed into a set of explicit linear equation constraints by using the staggered difference method. Secondly, an adaptive update method for the base values of gas velocity is established to achieve the accurate description of the dynamic gas flow. Finally, the proposed gas flow model is combined with the power flow model to construct a dynamic optimal energy flow model for IGPS. Case study validates the advantages of the proposed model in terms of solution efficiency and accuracy, which can further provide decision support for the planning and operation of IGPS.
The Encyclopedia of Tourism and Recreation in Marine Environments

Marine tourism has become one of the fastest growing areas within the tourism industry. With the increased use of marine environments comes the need for informed planning and sustainable management as well as for the education and training of planners, managers and operators.Combining the disciplines of marine scientists and tourism researchers, this encyclopedia will bring together the terms, concepts and theories related to recreational and tourism activities in marine settings. Entries range from short definitions to medium and long articles.
Single Split Resonance Sensor Device for Detection of Bovine Serum Albumin Using Water Soluble Perylenediimide as Probe

Perylenediimides (PDIs) are organic n-type semiconductor molecules with special photophysical and device properties. These molecules are underutilized in biomedical applications. In this work, a water soluble PDI substituted with ethylenediamine at N-imide position [PDI-quaternary ethylenediamine (EDAQ)] is used as a probe molecule and studied for its interaction with bovine serum albumin (BSA) quantitatively. Single split resonator (SSR) devices are fabricated and studied for interaction in the range of 300 MHz–1 GHz with high accuracy and resolution for quantitative identification of BSA using PDI as the probe. SSR device shows high sensitivity, Q-factor and figure of merit (FoM) with sequential shift in resonance frequency with increasing concentration of BSA. Without PDI, no shift was observed in increasing the amount of BSA. The mechanism of interaction between PDI and BSA is interpreted using absorption, fluorescence, and transient absorption spectroscopy (TAS) studies. Charge-separated species appear at 775 nm (1.6 eV) with a lifetime of 220 fs after a 2.3-ps delay of excitation in TAS spectra due to the formation of donor–acceptor charge-transfer complex between BSA and PDI and response in SSR devices is obtained for this C-T complex. PDI probe-based SSR devices are envisaged as potential electronic diagnosis devices with high sensitivity.
Chilean flat slab subduction controlled by overriding plate thickness and trench rollback

How flat slab geometries are generated has been long debated. It has been suggested that trenchward motion of thick cratons in some areas of South America and Cenozoic North America progressively closed the asthenospheric wedge and induced flat subduction. Here we develop time-dependent numerical experiments to explore how trenchward motion of thick cratons may result in flat subduction. We find that as the craton approaches the trench and the wedge closes, two opposite phenomena control slab geometry: the suction between ocean and continent increases, favoring slab flattening, while the mantle confined within the closing wedge dynamically pushes the slab backward and steepens it. When the slab retreats, as in the Peru and Chile flat slabs, the wedge closure rate and dynamic push are small and suction forces generate, in some cases, flat subduction. We model the past 30 m.y. of subduction in the Chilean flat slab area and demonstrate that trenchward motion of thick lithosphere, 200–300 km, currently ∼700–800 km away from the Peru-Chile Trench, reproduces a slab geometry that fits the stress pattern, seismicity distribution, and temporal and spatial evolution of deformation and volcanism in the region. We also suggest that varying trench kinematics may explain some differing slab geometries along South America. When the trench is stationary or advances, the mantle flow within the closing wedge strongly pushes the slab backward and steepens it, possibly explaining the absence of flat subduction in the Bolivian orocline.