Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Virus particles produced by the herpes simplex virus type 1 alkaline nuclease null mutant ambUL12 contain abnormal genomes.

Open reading frame UL12 of herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) encodes an alkaline nuclease that has previously been implicated in processing the complex, branched, viral DNA replication intermediates and allowing egress of DNA-containing capsids from the nucleus. This report describes experiments using the HSV-1 UL12 null mutant ambUL12, which aim to explain the approximately 200- to 1000-fold decrease in the yield of infectious virus, compared with wild-type (wt) HSV-1, from non-complementing cells. A detailed examination revealed that both DNA replication and encapsidation were affected in ambUL12-infected cells, resulting in an approximately 15- to 20-fold reduction in the amount of packaged DNA. In contrast to previous reports, the absence of UL12 function did not greatly impair capsid release into the cytoplasm, and virus particles were readily detected in the supernatant medium from ambUL12-infected cells. The released virus, however, exhibited much higher particle/p.f. u. ratios than wt HSV-1, and this made a further important contribution to the overall reduction in yield. Gel analyses of packaged ambUL12 and wt DNAs revealed the presence of structural abnormalities. The DNA obtained from extracellular ambUL12 virions was non-infectious in transfection assays, and both ambUL12 DNA and virus particles exerted a dominant inhibitory effect on the growth of wt virus. These results suggest that ambUL12 virions produced in non-complementing cells have a greatly reduced ability to initiate new cycles of infection, and that this defect results from the encapsidation of abnormal genomes.
A single-chip 77 GHz heterodyne receiver MMIC in 100 nm AlGaN/GaN HEMT technology

The paper presents the design, implementation and measured performance of a 77 GHz heterodyne receiver MMIC realized in a new AlGaN/GaN on s.i. SiC HEMT technology with 100 nm gate length and maximum cutoff frequencies fT and ƒmax of 80 and >200 GHz, respectively. The compact single-chip receiver combines a four-stage low noise amplifier with a resistive down-conversion mixer and a frequency doubler stage for LO generation. At 77 GHz RF frequency, it achieves a conversion gain of 11 dB when driven with 10 dBm of LO power at 38.5 GHz. The saturated IF output power, without any post-amplification, is more than 1 dBm. The receiver is dedicated to radar systems with high linearity requirements and high robustness from strong interferers or reflected signals.
Charles Darwin's Emotional Expression “Experiment” and His Contribution to Modern Neuropharmacology

In the late 1860s and early 1870s, Darwin had corresponded with the French physician and physiologist, G. B. A. Duchenne, regarding Duchenne's experimental manipulation of human facial expression of emotion, by applying Galvanic electrical stimulation directly to facial muscles. Duchenne had produced a set of over 60 photographic plates to illustrate his view that there are different muscles in the human face that are separately responsible for each individual emotion. Darwin studied this material very carefully and he received permission from Duchenne in 1871 to reproduce several of these images in The Expression of the Emotions in Man and Animals (1872). Darwin had doubted Duchenne's view that there were individual muscle groups that mediate the expression of dozens of separable emotions, and he wondered whether there might instead be a fewer set of core emotions that are expressed with great stability worldwide and across cultures. Prompted by his doubts regarding the veracity of Duchenne's model, Darwin conducted what may have been the first-ever single-blind study of the recognition of human facial expression of emotion. This single experiment was a little-known forerunner for an entire modern field of study with contemporary clinical relevance. Moreover, his specific question about cross-cultural recognition of the cardinal emotions in faces is a topic that is being actively studied (in the twenty-first century) with the hope of developing novel biomarkers to aid the discovery of new therapies for the treatment of schizophrenia, autism, and other neuropsychiatric diseases.
At Low SNR, Asymmetric Quantizers are Better

We study the capacity of the discrete-time Gaussian channel when its output is quantized with a 1-bit quantizer. We focus on the low signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) regime, where communication at very low spectral efficiencies takes place. In this regime, a symmetric threshold quantizer is known to reduce channel capacity by a factor of 2/π, i.e., to cause an asymptotic power loss of approximately 2 dB. Here, it is shown that this power loss can be avoided by using asymmetric threshold quantizers and asymmetric signaling constellations. To avoid this power loss, flash-signaling input distributions are essential. Consequently, 1-bit output quantization of the Gaussian channel reduces spectral efficiency. Threshold quantizers are not only asymptotically optimal: at every fixed SNR, a threshold quantizer maximizes capacity among all 1-bit output quantizers. The picture changes on the Rayleigh-fading channel. In the noncoherent case, a 1-bit output quantizer causes an unavoidable low-SNR asymptotic power loss. In the coherent case, however, this power loss is avoidable provided that we allow the quantizer to depend on the fading level.
The CNVrd2 package: measurement of copy number at complex loci using high-throughput sequencing data

Recent advances in high-throughout sequencing technologies have made it possible to accurately assign copy number (CN) at CN variable loci. However, current analytic methods often perform poorly in regions in which complex CN variation is observed. Here we report the development of a read depth-based approach, CNVrd2, for investigation of CN variation using high-throughput sequencing data. This methodology was developed using data from the 1000 Genomes Project from the CCL3L1 locus, and tested using data from the DEFB103A locus. In both cases, samples were selected for which paralog ratio test data were also available for comparison. The CNVrd2 method first uses observed read-count ratios to refine segmentation results in one population. Then a linear regression model is applied to adjust the results across multiple populations, in combination with a Bayesian normal mixture model to cluster segmentation scores into groups for individual CN counts. The performance of CNVrd2 was compared to that of two other read depth-based methods (CNVnator, cn.mops) at the CCL3L1 and DEFB103A loci. The highest concordance with the paralog ratio test method was observed for CNVrd2 (77.8/90.4% for CNVrd2, 36.7/4.8% for cn.mops and 7.2/1% for CNVnator at CCL3L1 and DEF103A). CNVrd2 is available as an R package as part of the Bioconductor project: http://www.bioconductor. org/packages/release/bioc/html/CNVrd2.html.
Eye typing in application: A comparison of two systems with ALS patients

A variety of eye typing systems has been developed during the last decades. Such systems can provide support for people who lost the ability to communicate, e.g. patients suffering from motor neuron diseases such as amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS). In the current retrospective analysis, two eye typing applications were tested (EyeGaze, GazeTalk) by ALS patients (N = 4) in order to analyze objective performance measures and subjective ratings. An advantage of the EyeGaze system was found for most of the evaluated criteria. The results are discussed in respect of the special target population and in relation to requirements of eye tracking devices.
Modeling Use of Space from Social Media Data Using a Biased Random Walker

Individuals and other entities move through space as a function of local characteristics of place, their internal behavioral models, and the topological structure of the underlying space. When a collection of locations (i.e. geotagged photos or other geotagged social media information) from a large number of individuals is assembled, it becomes possible to understand the interrelationship between the individuals and the space they occupy. This research systematically considers this interrelationship through an examination of the effect of the intersection of behavioral and spatial characteristics on individuals moving on street networks. The research illustrates how social media data, in combination with a biased random walker, can be used to understand and model the interaction of spatial structure and social‐environmental factors on influencing individuals' use of their environment. The biased walker offers a flexible approach to incorporate consideration of both social‐environmental and structural factors into a model and we demonstrate this through a case study wherein we are able to use the random walker to model the characteristics of Flickr users in New York City.
Forecasting the limits of resilience: integrating empirical research with theory

Despite the increasing evidence of drastic and profound changes in many ecosystems, often referred to as regime shifts, we have little ability to understand the processes that provide insurance against such change (resilience). Modelling studies have suggested that increased variance may foreshadow a regime shift, but this requires long-term data and knowledge of the functional links between key processes. Field-based research and ground-truthing is an essential part of the heuristic that marries theoretical and empirical research, but experimental studies of resilience are lagging behind theory, management and policy requirements. Empirically, ecological resilience must be understood in terms of community dynamics and the potential for small shifts in environmental forcing to break the feedbacks that support resilience. Here, we integrate recent theory and empirical data to identify ways we might define and understand potential thresholds in the resilience of nature, and thus the potential for regime shifts, by focusing on the roles of strong and weak interactions, linkages in meta-communities, and positive feedbacks between these and environmental drivers. The challenge to theoretical and field ecologists is to make the shift from hindsight to a more predictive science that is able to assist in the implementation of ecosystem-based management.
Visual outcomes and amblyogenic risk factors in craniosynostotic syndromes: a review of 141 cases

Aims: To determine the visual outcome and prevalence of amblyogenic risk factors in children with craniosynostotic syndromes. Methods: The case notes of 141 children seen within the craniofacial unit were reviewed and information retrieved on date of birth, age at first and last examination, cycloplegic refraction at last visit, best corrected visual acuity at last visit, horizontal ocular deviation in primary position at first visit, and alphabet pattern if any. The presence of astigmatism, its magnitude, and orientation of axis were determined. Results: 40.3% of patients had 1 dioptre (D) of astigmatism or greater and, of these, 64% had oblique astigmatism in at least one eye. Anisometropia of 1D or more was found in 18% of patients (age matched normals 3.5%). Horizontal strabismus was found in 70% (38% exotropia, 32% esotropia). Visual outcome results showed 39.8% of patients (45 of 113) had visual acuity of 6/12 or worse in their better eye. Conclusion: In the largest study to date a poor visual outcome was shown in children with Crouzon’s, Pfeiffer’s, Apert’s, and Saethre-Chotzen syndromes (39.8% with 6/12 or worse in the better eye) together with significant prevalence of amblyogenic risk factors.
PROJECTION OPERATORS AND D-BRANES IN PURELY CUBIC OPEN STRING FIELD THEORY

We study a matrix version of the purely cubic open string field theory as describing the expansion around the closed string vacuum. Any D-branes in the given closed string background can appear as classical solutions by using the identity projectors. Expansion around this solution gives the correct kinetic term for the open strings on the created D-branes while there are some subtleties in the unwanted degree of freedom.
Hierarchical Fingertip Space for Synthesizing Adaptable Fingertip Grasps

The ability to synthesize and execute fingertip grasps are bases for dexterous in-hand manipulation. Reliable fingertip grasping is difficult to achieve due to noise and uncertainties in object and hand model, as well as hand control etc. Moreover, in many cases it is desirable to employ an adaptive approach that can deal with changed external forces. In this paper, we propose an approach to jointly optimize stability, adaptability, and reachability of grasps using combinatorial optimization for a hierarchical representation of the fingertip space. To illustrate our approach, we demonstrate an example synthesized by the proposed framework and executed by an Allegro hand. We also show how it is adapted when a perturbation is applied.
A 3.1mW phase-tunable quadrature-generation method for CEI 28G short-reach CDR in 28nm CMOS

Generating quadrature phases at low area and power overhead from a two-phase clock without frequency conversion is desirable for half-rate CDR architectures. This is useful for both embedded and forwarded clock systems, where quadrature generation by dividers, ring oscillators or coupled LC-VCOs is common. For example, [1] uses LC-VCOs followed by 2:1 dividers to generate the half-rate clocks for both TX and RX in a 28Gb/s transceiver. However, such an approach tends to be power- and area-inefficient for multi-lane implementations at data rates of 25Gb/s and beyond.
Improvement of LDMOS MMICs compactness

This paper describes an innovative mean of realizing input matching networks for LDMOS MMICs, by using a very compact broadband transformer balun, which is integrated in the input matching network, in the active device gate plane instead of the 50 ohms port. The aim of this technique is to significantly reduce the silicon area, which is induced by the base station market trend of compactness improvement. This is illustrated through the design of a 1.8 GHz to 2.2 GHz MMIC.
Sex Differences in Diabetes Risk and the Effect of Intensive Lifestyle Modification in the Diabetes Prevention Program

OBJECTIVE—In participants of the Diabetes Prevention Program (DPP) randomized to intensive lifestyle modification (ILS), meeting ILS goals strongly correlated with prevention of diabetes in the group as a whole. Men met significantly more ILS goals than women but had a similar incidence of diabetes. Therefore, we explored sex differences in risk factors for diabetes and the effect of ILS on risk factors. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS—Baseline risk factors for diabetes and percent change in risk factors over the first year in men versus women were compared using Wilcoxon's rank-sum tests. RESULTS—At baseline, men were older and had a larger waist circumference; higher fasting plasma glucose concentration, caloric intake, and blood pressure; and lower HDL cholesterol and corrected insulin response than women, who were less physically active and had a higher BMI (P < 0.01 for all comparisons). Over the first year of the DPP, no sex difference in risk factors for diabetes was observed for those who lost <3% body weight. Weight loss of 3–7% body weight yielded greater decreases in 2-h glucose (P < 0.01), insulin concentration (P < 0.04), and insulin resistance (P < 0.03) in men than in women. Weight loss of >7% body weight resulted in greater decreases in 2-h glucose (P < 0.01), triglyceride level (P < 0.01), and A1C (P < 0.03) in men than in women. CONCLUSIONS—Weight loss >3% body weight yielded greater reduction in risk factors for diabetes in men than in women. Despite the more favorable effects of ILS in men, baseline risk factors were more numerous in men and likely obscured any sex difference in incident diabetes.
Diabetes in pregnancy and infant adiposity: systematic review and meta-analysis

Objective Maternal glycaemia and anthropometry-derived newborn adiposity are strongly correlated. The children of mothers with diabetes are at greater risk of adverse metabolic health, and increased adiposity is a plausible mediator. We undertook a systematic review and meta-analysis to compare adiposity in infants of diabetic mothers (IDM) and infants of mothers without diabetes (NIDM). Design We identified observational studies reporting adiposity in IDM and NIDM. We searched references, traced forward citations and contacted authors for additional data. We considered all body composition techniques and compared fat mass, fat-free mass, body fat % and skinfold thickness. We used random effects meta-analyses and performed subgroup analyses by maternal diabetes type (type 1, type 2 and gestational) and infant sex. We examined the influence of pre-pregnancy body mass index (BMI) and conducted sensitivity analyses. Results We included data from 35 papers and over 24 000 infants. IDM have greater fat mass than NIDM (mean difference (95% CI)): 83 g (49 to 117). Fat mass is greater in infants of mothers with gestational diabetes: 62 g (29 to 94) and type 1 diabetes: 268 g (139 to 397). Insufficient studies reported data for type 2 diabetes separately. Compared with NIDM, fat mass was greater in IDM boys: 87 g (30 to 145), but not significantly different in IDM girls: 42 g (−33 to 116). There was no attenuation after adjustment for maternal BMI. Conclusions IDM have significantly greater adiposity in comparison with NIDM. These findings are justification for studies to determine whether measures to reduce infant adiposity will improve later health.
How statistics and text mining can be applied to literary studies?

Statistics and data mining techniques provide exciting approaches for extracting knowledge from data. Recently, using statistics and data mining has sought to be exploited in many research fields. In this study, it was demonstrated that how statistics can be applied to literary studies. First, all the lines in Khaghani’s divan are classified and coded into three categories (mystical, non-mystical, and borderline). Then a set of chi-square goodness-of-fit tests are used to investigate and compare the frequency of different line’s categories for all lines and all odes, separately. Finally, the chi-square independence test (crosstabs) is employed to investigate the existence of trend in the lines.
Environmental management, sustainability and competitiveness in mining.: Contextualization of situation, and challenges of the approach through the life-cycle assessment

espanolLa mineria es una actividad economica que se desarrolla en gran parte del territorio colombiano, con un area total concedida para exploracion y explotacion de recurso minero de 4 485.910 ha. Las principales actividades mineras desarrolladas en Colombia son la explotacion de oro (2 365.500 ha) y carbon (1 234.220 ha)[1], generando segun datos del Ministerio de Minas mas de 227.000 empleos[2]. La industria minera se ha preocupado por incluir elementos de “sostenibilidad” en sus operaciones, vistos estos, como los aportes que la industria pueda hacer al Desarrollo Sostenible. El objetivo de este articulo es Analizar como se involucra el concepto de sostenibilidad en las operaciones mineras, y como a traves del ACV como herramienta de la gestion ambiental, es posible obtener un metodo simplificado y con enfoque cientifico para demostrar el avance en este tema. EnglishMining is an economic activity that takes place in much of the Colombian territory. The total area granted for exploration and exploitation of mineral resources is 4'485.910 ha. The main mining activities in Colombia they are gold (1'743.721 ha) and coal (1'204.238 ha) [1], generating over 227,000 jobs, according to the Ministry of Mining [2]. The mining industry has been concerned with including elements of "sustainability" in its operations, seen these, as the contributions that the industry can make to Sustainable Development. The objective of this article is to analyze how the concept of sustainability in mining operations is involved, and how through the LCA as a tool of environmental management, it is possible to obtain a simplified and scientific approach to demonstrate progress in this area.
The vibrator-ground model and the vibroseis source wavelet

Miller and Pursey (1954) have shown that for an isotropic-homogeneous-elastic half-space, the far-field particle displacement is proportional to the surface stress if the surface stress is uniformly applied over a small disc. This relationship of force and far-field particle displacement establishes the theory of the vibroseis method. It implies that the vibrator ground force is proportional to the far field particle displacement if the ground is assumed to be an isotropic-homogeneous-elastic body and the vibrator baseplate is small enough comparing with the wavelength of interest. The true ground force is the integration of the pressures beneath the baseplate. However, this true ground force is not directly measured, and it is often estimated by a weighted sum of outputs from two accelerometers placed on the reaction mass and baseplate assemblies (Sallas and Weber, 1982; Sallas, 1984). The weighted sum estimation of the ground force, often referred as the weighted-sum ground force, has been widely used as the phase locking feedback signal on the vibrator force control since 1984. Initially, the vibroseis source wavelet embedded in correlated vibroseis data is assumed to be the autocorrelation of the pilot sweep (zero-phase with a flat spectrum).
Time Value of Knowledge - Time-Based Frameworks for Valuing Knowledge

To survive and flourish in a changing and unpredictable world, organizations and people must maintain strategic power over necessary resources - often in the face of competition. Knowledge contributes to that strategic power. Without vigilance to maintain its currency and accuracy, the value of knowledge depreciates as circumstances change over time. Karl Popper's evolutionary epistemology and Maturana and Varela's concept of autopoiesis provide a paradigmatic framework for considering the roles and importance of time in constructing knowledge and using it to maintain strategic power. Following Popper, knowledge is constructed, used and evaluated via cyclically-iterated processes. We introduce nine time-based frames of reference based in this Popperian autopoietic paradigm to explore the relationships between time and a utility-based valuation of knowledge as it is constructed and applied. We believe this framework and associated paradigmatically consistent vocabulary provide useful tools for analysing organizational knowledge management needs.
Delaying evolution of insect resistance to transgenic crops by decreasing dominance and heritability

The refuge strategy is used widely for delaying evolution of insect resistance to transgenic crops that produce Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) toxins. Farmers grow refuges of host plants that do not produce Bt toxins to promote survival of susceptible pests. Many modelling studies predict that refuges will delay resistance longest if alleles conferring resistance are rare, most resistant adults mate with susceptible adults, and Bt plants have sufficiently high toxin concentration to kill heterozygous progeny from such matings. In contrast, based on their model of the cotton pest Heliothis virescens, Vacher et al. (Journal of Evolutionary Biology, 16, 2003, 378) concluded that low rather than high toxin doses would delay resistance most effectively. We demonstrate here that their conclusion arises from invalid assumptions about larval concentration‐mortality responses and dominance of resistance. Incorporation of bioassay data from H. virescens and another key cotton pest (Pectinophora gossypiella) into a population genetic model shows that toxin concentrations high enough to kill all or nearly all heterozygotes should delay resistance longer than lower concentrations.