Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Relative Importance of Heat-Labile Enterotoxin in the Causation of Severe Diarrheal Disease in the Gnotobiotic Piglet Model by a Strain of Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli That Produces Multiple Enterotoxins

ABSTRACT Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC) strains that produce multiple enterotoxins are important causes of severe dehydrating diarrhea in human beings and animals, but the relative importance of these enterotoxins in the pathogenesis is poorly understood. Gnotobiotic piglets were used to study the importance of heat-labile enterotoxin (LT) in infection with an ETEC strain that produces multiple enterotoxins. LT− (ΔeltAB) and complemented mutants of an F4+ LT+ STb+ EAST1+ ETEC strain were constructed, and the virulence of these strains was compared in gnotobiotic piglets expressing receptors for F4+ fimbria. Sixty percent of the piglets inoculated with the LT− mutant developed severe dehydrating diarrhea and septicemia compared to 100% of those inoculated with the nalidixic acid-resistant (Nalr) parent and 100% of those inoculated with the complemented mutant strain. Compared to piglets inoculated with the Nalr parent, the mean rate of weight loss (percent per hour) of those inoculated with the LT− mutant was 67% lower (P < 0.05) and that of those inoculated with the complemented strain was 36% higher (P < 0.001). Similarly, piglets inoculated with the LT− mutant had significant reductions in the mean bacterial colony count (CFU per gram) in the ileum; bacterial colonization scores (square millimeters) in the jejunum and ileum; and clinical pathology parameters of dehydration, electrolyte imbalance, and metabolic acidosis (P < 0.05). These results indicate the significance of LT to the development of severe dehydrating diarrhea and postdiarrheal septicemia in ETEC infections of swine and demonstrate that EAST1, LT, and STb may be concurrently expressed by porcine ETEC strains.
Rediscovering asylums: the unhistorical history of the mental hospital.

D uring the past two decades there has been unending controversy in the United States over how to deal with the mentally ill. Some argue that confinement in hospitals is the worst possible policy; others urge greater public expenditures to upgrade institutional care and treatment; still others deny that there is any such thing as mental disease; and finally, there are those who insist that only a totally new approach involving the entire community can resolve painful dilemmas. Most individuals attempt to "prove" the validity of their own position by drawing on the experiences of the past. As a historian I am pleased that those involved in policy decisions do turn to the past. What troubles me, however, is the quality of the historical data used in legitimating or opposing particular policies. Let me be more specific. Anyone concerned with the development of mental hospitals (or, for that matter, of schools, prisons, almshouses, houses of refuge, to cite only a few examples) immediately confronts a scholarly controversy. On one side stand those who celebrate these institutions as evidence of human progress, humanitarianism, and liberal sentiment. Although these scholars concede that there are serious flaws and imperfections in these institutions, they operate on the assumption that with additional effort and funding most societal defects could have been eliminated. On the other, there are scholars who denigrate these same institutions, viewing them as the agencies by which dominant elites restrained deviant groups or largely lower-class elements, thereby ensuring their own hegemony. Although I have deliberately set forth these two general approaches in dichotomous terms, I do not believe such a conceptualization of the debate is far from the truth, even though many individual studies do not fit within such a framework.1
The World Bank, community development and education for social justice

For a long time the target of criticism, the World Bank has changed its image and received a more favourable press. Now it talks the language of development, has a routine presence in the worlds of adult education and community development and is seen by some as qualified to speak about education for social justice. This article critically examines the work of the Bank and argues that its values remain antithetical to social justice from the perspective of a transformative approach to community development. It concludes by asking what might be an appropriate relationship for community workers to develop with the Bank.
Dynamical Modeling with Kernels for Nonlinear Time Series Prediction

We consider the question of predicting nonlinear time series. Kernel Dynamical Modeling (KDM), a new method based on kernels, is proposed as an extension to linear dynamical models. The kernel trick is used twice: first, to learn the parameters of the model, and second, to compute preimages of the time series predicted in the feature space by means of Support Vector Regression. Our model shows strong connection with the classic Kalman Filter model, with the kernel feature space as hidden state space. Kernel Dynamical Modeling is tested against two benchmark time series and achieves high quality predictions.
Home literacy, television viewing, fidgeting and ADHD in young children

Factors related to parent ratings of young children’s (mean age = 3.72, range = 3–6) fidgeting and reports of attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) were examined in a nationally representative sample of US families via the National Household Education Surveys. In structural equation models, the number of television hours viewed daily was associated with more fidgeting (a sign of hyperactivity), which, in turn, was related to ADHD, when controlling for race/ethnicity, SES, family structure, autism, emotional disturbance and gender. The home literacy environment (shared reading, children’s books and library visits) was negatively associated with both fidgeting and hours of television. Home literacy was indirectly negatively related with ADHD via fidgeting. Boys and children with autism fidgeted more frequently, where as children from two-parent families were less likely to have ADHD. Overworked parents allowed more television viewing than other parents. The implications for future studies involving television viewing, home literacy, attention and hyperactivity are discussed.
On the trade-off between resolution time and delay times in bistable circuits

Flip flops used to store a bit in a register have different requirements to flip flops used in a synchronizer application. The D input must be held stable during the setup and until the Q output appears, these times determine the remaining part of the clock cycle available for computing. On the other hand the D input can violate setup and hold times in a synchronizer, and the reliability of the synchronizer depends on the metastability recovery time constant. We show how these parameters can be traded off in a simple edge triggered D flip flop and other cells.
Outcomes of Therapy in High Risk Mother-Child Dyads in Which There is Active Maltreatment and Severely Disturbed Child Behaviors

Parallel Parent and Child Therapy (PPACT) is an attachment-based therapy for mother-child dyads in which there is significant relationship breakdown and histories of relational trauma. Research on PPACT has focused on its application with high risk mother-child dyads where the child presents with disturbed behaviors and where there are multiple risk factors for maltreatment, including unresolved parental history of childhood maltreatment and parental mental illness (Chambers, Amos, Allison, & Roeger, 2006; Amos, Furber, & Segal, 2011; Amos, Beal, & Furber, 2007). This paper presents outcomes for six consecutive cases treated over a five-year period where multiple types of assessment, including standardized instruments and interviews, were employed. Four of the six cases showed lasting improvements for the child, the mother, or both, evidenced by remission of psychiatric symptoms and parental reports of improved social and family outcomes. This early evidence suggests the PPACT model has promise in the treatment of high risk mother-child dyads and that the processing of relational trauma may be central to its impact.
Epidemiology and treatment of sexually transmitted acute hepatitis C

Purpose of reviewIn recent years outbreaks of sexually acquired acute hepatitis C virus infections have been observed in HIV-infected men who have sex with men. The reasons are unclear as both viruses have been known for more than a decade and sexual transmission of hepatitis C has been rare. Recent findingsFor effective sexual transmission of hepatitis C several factors comprising HIV infection, concomitant sexually transmitted infections and sexual practices with a risk of mucosal damage appear to be important. Sexual transmissions have also been described in HIV-negative individuals, underlining the fact that the degree of mucosal damage, facilitating blood to blood transmission, is the key risk factor. After acquisition of acute hepatitis C a spontaneous resolution is observed in 25% of HIV-infected individuals. Early treatment with pegylated interferon and ribavirin results in sustained virological response rates in 60–75% of patients. SummarySexual transmission of hepatitis C has occurred more frequently in recent years within a highly selected population. A surge of classic sexually transmitted infections as well as behavioural changes appear to have fuelled this epidemic.
Negative implicit feedback in e-commerce recommender systems

In this paper, we imagine the situation of a typical e-commerce portal employing personalized recommendation. Such website typically receives user feedback from their implicit behavior such as time on page, scrolling etc. The implicit feedback is generally understood as positive only, however we present several methods how to identify some of the implicit feedback as negative user preference, how to aggregate various feedback types together and how to recommend based on it. We have conducted several off-line experiments with real user data from travel agency website confirming that treating some implicit feedback as negative preference can significantly improve recommendation quality.
Nail Matrix Melanoma in situ: Conservative Surgical Management

Background: Nail unit melanoma (NUM) is a rare variant of acral lentiginous melanoma. The differential diagnosis is wide but an acquired brown streak in the nail of a fair-skinned person must be considered a potential melanoma. Dermatoscopy helps clinicians to more accurately decide if a nail apparatus biopsy is necessary. Methods: We report the case of a 61-year-old Caucasian woman with melanonychia occupying the central portion of the right thumbnail plate with 1 year of evolution. Dermatoscopy showed a brown pigmentation overlaid by longitudinal irregular lines. An excisional biopsy was performed, and pathological examination revealed melanoma in situ. For safety reasons, the nail unit was totally removed down to the phalangeal bone 3 weeks later, and a full-thickness skin graft taken from the arm was used for reconstruction. Conclusion: NUMs pose a difficult treatment challenge. Wide excision with phalanx amputation is not satisfactory for patients with in situ and early invasive melanoma. Full-thickness skin grafting after total nail unit excision is a simple procedure providing a good functional and cosmetic outcome.
Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress-Related Inflammation and Cardiovascular Diseases

The endoplasmic reticulum (ER) is the site of synthesis and maturation of proteins designed for secretion or for localization on the cell membrane. Various types of stress from both inside and outside cells disturb ER function, thus causing unfolded or misfolded proteins to accumulate in the ER. To improve and maintain the ER functions against such stresses, the ER stress response pathway is activated. However, when the stress is prolonged or severe, apoptosis pathways are activated to remove damaged cells. It was recently reported that the ER stress pathway is also involved in the inflammatory response, whereby inflammation induces ER stress, and ER stress induces an inflammatory response. Therefore, the ER stress response pathway is involved in various diseases, including cardiovascular diseases such as atherosclerosis and ischemic diseases, in various ways. The ER stress pathway may represent a novel target for the treatment of these diseases.
Defining the Industrial Demilitarized Zone and Its Benefits for Mining Applications

There are many organizations and standard bodies that recommend segmenting the enterprise zone from the industrial zone by utilizing an industrial demilitarized zone (IDMZ). This paper will discuss the basic principles and purpose behind an IDMZ. Additionally, this paper will discuss various strategies and design considerations to help users understand their application requirements for the development and deployment of an IDMZ.
Inhibition of Sodium-Calcium Exchange by Ceramide and Sphingosine*

Na+/Ca2+ exchange activity in Chinese hamster ovary cells expressing the bovine cardiac Na+/Ca2+ exchanger was inhibited by the short chain ceramide analogs N-acetylsphingosine andN-hexanoylsphingosine (5–15 μm). The sphingolipids reduced exchange-mediated Ba2+ influx by 50–70% and also inhibited the Ca2+ efflux mode of exchange activity. The biologically inactive ceramide analogN-acetylsphinganine had only modest effects on exchange activity. Cells expressing the Δ(241–680) and Δ(680–685) deletion mutants of the Na+/Ca2+ exchanger were not inhibited by ceramide; these mutants show defects in both Na+-dependent and Ca2+-dependent regulatory behavior. Another mutant, which was defective only in Na+-dependent regulation, was as sensitive to ceramide inhibition as the wild-type exchanger. Inhibition of exchange activity by ceramide was time-dependent and was accelerated by depletion of internal Ca2+ stores. Sphingosine (2.5 μm) also inhibited the Ca2+ influx and efflux modes of exchange activity in cells expressing the wild-type exchanger; sphingosine did not affect Ba2+ influx in the Δ(241–680) mutant. The effects of the exogenous sphingolipids were reproduced by blocking cellular ceramide utilization pathways, suggesting that exchange activity is inhibited by increased levels of endogenous ceramide and/or sphingosine. We propose that sphingolipids impair Ca2+-dependent activation of the exchanger and that in cardiac myocytes, this process serves as a feedback mechanism that links exchange activity to the diastolic concentration of cytosolic Ca2+.
Can Student Teachers Acquire Core Skills for Teaching from Part-Time Employment?.

Part-time employment among university students has become commonplace internationally. Research has largely focused on the impact of part-time employment on academic performance. This research takes an original approach in that it poses the question whether students can acquire core skills relevant to teaching from their part-time employment. The research was conducted in a university college of education. A case study approach was adopted using an opportunistic sample of 285 students drawn from two BEd programmes. The project is based on an interpretive paradigm, focusing on students’ perceptions of their part-time employment. The research methodology included a questionnaire containing both closed and open questions, a follow-up focus group discussion and two case histories. The results showed that the majority of students believed that they had acquired core skills from their part-time employment. The findings of this research raise important issues about how university courses can effectively build on such learning experiences.
Predictors of Health Self-Appraisal: What's Involved in Feeling Healthy?

Increased interest in the prevention of illness underscores the importance of understanding how people evaluate their health. This study investigated self-report measures of health status, medical complaints, and psychosocial factors in 455 undergraduates. After controlling for neuroticism, regression analyses indicated that positive mood, negative mood, perceived vulnerability to illness, and vitality were significant contributors to self-assessed health independent of physical symptoms and diseases. Together, psychosocial factors accounted for more variance in health assessments (R2 = .44) than did disease and symptom reports alone (R2 = .25; p. < .01 for all betas). These results demonstrate the strong association of psychosocial stares with evaluations of health and suggest that physical discomfort may play a relatively minor role in how "healthy" we feel.
Community: Risk, Identity, and Love in the Age of AIDS

“But what about AIDS? ” The question arises immediately, almost every time I hazard the opinion that sex is not harmful to minors. Often it is not a question at all, but a kind of preemptive statement: as long as there is AIDS, there cannot be adolescent sex. In 1981, when only gay men and their friends knew about the incipient epidemic, “chastity education” was a laughingstock. But as soon as HIV hit the cover of Newsweek, not far behind was the remarkable popular consensus that no-sex was the best thing to teach and the best thing for teens to practice. Just when mass public education about transmission, condoms, and nonpenetrative forms of sex was crucial, AIDS became the rationale for not talking about sex. “The right wing’s demand to ‘teach’ abstinence created the next generation’s paradox,” wrote Cindy Patton in her searing Fatal Advice: How Safe-Sex Education Went Wrong. “[E]quating ‘no sex’ and safe sex suggests that no sex is safe. ”1 That paradox did not yield mass abstention. Sex continued more or less unabated, but instead of safely, many youth did it ignorant of the difference between those acts that abetted HIV transmission, those that were relatively safer, and those that virtually precluded it. And exactly as the militant AIDS activist group ACT-UP warned, silence has equaled death. By the mid-1990s, a young person was being infected with HIV every hour of every day.2 And while AIDS deaths dropped in the gen-
PICK1 Regulates Incorporation of Calcium-Permeable AMPA Receptors during Cortical Synaptic Strengthening

While AMPA-type glutamate receptors (AMPARs) found at principal neuron excitatory synapses typically contain the GluR2 subunit, several forms of behavioral experience have been linked to the de novo synaptic insertion of calcium-permeable (CP) AMPARs, defined by their lack of GluR2. In particular, whisker experience drives synaptic potentiation as well as the incorporation of CP-AMPARs in the neocortex. Previous studies implicate PICK1 (protein interacting with C kinase-1) in activity-dependent internalization of GluR2, suggesting one potential mechanism leading to the subsequent accumulation of synaptic CP-AMPARs and increased synaptic strength. Here we test this hypothesis by using a whisker stimulation paradigm in PICK1 knock-out mice. We demonstrate that PICK1 facilitates the surface expression of CP-AMPARs and is indispensable for their experience-dependent synaptic insertion. However, the failure to incorporate CP-AMPARs in PICK1 knock-outs does not preclude sensory-induced enhancement of synaptic currents. Our results indicate that synaptic strengthening in the early postnatal cortex does not require PICK1 or the addition of GluR2-lacking AMPARs. Instead, PICK1 permits changes in AMPAR subunit composition to occur in conjunction with synaptic potentiation.
Residents' perceptions of Transatlantic Slave Trade attractions for heritage tourism in Danish-Osu, Ghana

Against the background of lingering controversy over the use of Transatlantic Slave Trade (TAST) relics for tourism ends, this paper sought to examine residents' perceptions towards proposed promotion of heritage tourism based on TAST relics in Danish-Osu, a former slave site in Accra, capital of Ghana. A combination of both qualitative and quantitative research methods were employed during the fieldwork towards the end of 2007. A questionnaire survey captured 200 household heads in six communities while interviews and focus group discussions were conducted with other key stakeholders in the Danish-Osu community. Frequencies and percentages were used to demonstrate residents' lay concepts of tourism, whereas the mean, t-test and one-way ANOVA were used to measure residents' attitude towards heritage tourism. A major finding of the study is that residents' perceive tourism from a cultural perspective because of the numerous TAST resources in the community. However, residents' support for heritage tourism is influenced by place of residence. This suggested that irrespective of the place of residence, residents of Danish-Osu were found to be supportive of heritage products and activities. Implications were discussed in the context of how residents' perceptions will affect preservation efforts at various stages of tourism planning.
Live Hot, Die Young: Transmission Distortion in Recombination Hotspots

There is strong evidence that hotspots of meiotic recombination in humans are transient features of the genome. For example, hotspot locations are not shared between human and chimpanzee. Biased gene conversion in favor of alleles that locally disrupt hotspots is a possible explanation of the short lifespan of hotspots. We investigate the implications of such a bias on human hotspots and their evolution. Our results demonstrate that gene conversion bias is a sufficiently strong force to produce the observed lack of sharing of intense hotspots between species, although sharing may be much more common for weaker hotspots. We investigate models of how hotspots arise, and find that only models in which hotspot alleles do not initially experience drive are consistent with observations of rather hot hotspots in the human genome. Mutations acting against drive cannot successfully introduce such hotspots into the population, even if there is direct selection for higher recombination rates, such as to ensure correct segregation during meiosis. We explore the impact of hotspot alleles on patterns of haplotype variation, and show that such alleles mask their presence in population genetic data, making them difficult to detect.
Natural language query interface in SMS/MMS-based spatial information service

To solve the problem of poor interface of SMS/MMS, we adopt natural language query interface as an optional approach for the user who does not know any command format. Since there is no service code in natural language query string, we have to evaluate what kind of service the user wants. In this paper, we propose an approach of mapping natural language query string to standard commands that servers understand. We also discuss the extraction process of spatial semantics from unstructured query string based on the spatial semantic roles. Meanwhile, the system framework of the prototype is given, and the potential problems and the future works are also discussed. KeywordsSpatial Information Service, Natural Language Interface, Multimedia Messaging Service (MMS), Semantic Extraction