Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Plasma CRH response to water immersion-restraint stress in rats bearing a hypothalamic knife cut.

We reported earlier that the plasma level of corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH) remained high 120 min after the onset of such strong sustained stress as ether-laparotomy or water immersion-restraint, which reflected the persistent secretion of CRH from the hypothalamic median eminence (ME). We investigated the change in plasma CRH during water immersion-restraint stress in rats bearing an anterolateral cut around the medial basal hypothalamus (MBH) which cuts the CRH neurons from the PVN to the ME. Concentrations of CRH in the hypothalamus, extrahypothalamic tissues and peripheral blood were measured by radioimmunoassay. Plasma ACTH was measured with an immunoradiometric assay kit. Plasma baseline ACTH and CRH concentrations did not differ significantly in the sham vs. cut groups. At 120 min after the onset of stress, plasma ACTH concentrations were definitely higher in both groups. In the cut group, plasma CRH at 120 min after stress did not differ significantly from the baseline level, whereas plasma CRH at 120 min was definitely higher in the sham group. Baseline CRH concentrations in the ME did not differ greatly in the two groups. CRH concentrations in the ME of both groups had decreased appreciably 120 min after the onset of stress as compared with baseline CRH, and the CRH decrease was greater in the cut group than in the sham group. CRH in the neurointermediate lobe (NIL) and adrenal gland of both groups showed no significant change at 120 min, compared with the control. These findings confirm that the continuous CRH increase in plasma during sustained stress is derived mainly from the hypothalamus. (ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Implementation and analysis Of large winding ratio transformers

The paper presents the work that has been carried out trying to improve the behavior and the performances of DC to DC step up converters with high conversion ratio. Especially, it is studied how the design and the realization of the magnetic HF transformer can be improved in order to increase the global efficiency of hard switch isolated DC to DC converters. It is shown that a split in conductors and then in magnetic core can be consedred to improve the performances of the converter. Practical realization and implementation are used to validate the approaches considered in this paper. Thermal imaging helps to conclude on the work. Especially, it is shown that new technological approaches, for the passive but also the active devices, lead to better operations. The important results of the work are the presentation of a simple and very effective way to design and to build HF magnetic transformers with high transformation ratios thanks to an original winding technique. The new transformer structure is named SSWT. The second important result coming from this work is that interleaved structures added to technology and design may bring interesting results from electrical and thermal point of views.
The Impact of School Governance Restructuring on Public Financial Support Systems.

Changes in public policy with respect to governance structures require complementary changes in public policy concerning the financing of educational services. Drawing on their findings from studies in Australia, England and the USA, the authors present a framework to clarify what is happening in the restructuring of school governance and to project the implications for public policy concerning the finance of schooling. The political system is represented by a decision matrix which arrays the decisions that have to be made about financing schools (who gets what, when and how) with the primary decision makers (society, the educating profession and families). The decision‐making process is shown to be a dynamic one, causing the nature of acceptable decisions to change along with political‐economic environments and with priorities given to policy objectives. Using the model, the implications of alternative centralization/decentralization strategies for school finance policy are examined under varying circums.
Nature and governance of the firm: in search of an integrated perspective

In this paper we argue that in order to analyse firm governance we need to reappraise the nature of the firm. Based on Austrian and Marshallian categories we consider the firm as a processor of production and knowledge, whose governance is implemented through the cooperative actions of stakeholders involved in a collective learning process. This interpretation conflicts with models of corporate governance based on shareholder‐value principles.
Genetic strain differences in platelet aggregation of laboratory mice

Summary To investigate the physiological role of novel genes and proteins in platelet activation, various knockout mice have been produced. A number of standard inbred mouse strains each possessing genetically unique characters such as high tumor generation, hyperglycemia or hyperlipidemia, have been bred. In breeding knockout mice for investigation of specific physiological functions, appropriate selection of parental or backcross strains is necessary. Thus, examination of strain-specific platelet characteristics is important. In the present study, platelet aggregation responses of 13 laboratory mouse strains, 129/Sv, A, AKR, BALB/c, C3H/He, C57BL/6J, CBA, DBA/1, DBA/2, ddY, FVB, ICR, and NZW, and the diabetic strain C57BL/KsJ db/db, were compared. Marked strain differences were observed inADP- and collagen-induced platelet aggregation. The highest responses with both were seen in AKR/J and NZW/N, whereas the lowest were seen in DBA/2 and DBA/1.There was a 5-fold difference in the platelet aggregation threshold index (PATI) for ADP-induced PRP aggregation between AKR/J (0.6 µM) and DBA/2 (3.0 µM). With whole blood aggregation, the highest response was seen in AKR, whereas the lowest was seen in DBA/2 and DBA/1. The present study demonstrated that there is considerable strain difference in platelet aggregation among laboratory mice, which should be taken into account in backcrossing knockout strains.
Private and Government Employment in the OECD: Productivities and Wages

type="main" xml:lang="en"> This paper estimates the productivity of private and government employment for a panel of 23 OECD economies over the 1961–1992 period, and investigates their relation to the government/private wage ratio. The paper finds that (i) the elasticities of output with respect to private and government employment are statistically significantly different from each other; (ii) the marginal products of private and government employment are not statistically significantly different, which suggests that government employment is neither over- nor under-provided, and that shifting employment from one sector to the other is not likely to produce substantial output gains; and (iii) in most of the countries examined, government workers are overpaid in the sense that the government/private wage ratio exceeds the corresponding ratio of marginal products. (J.E.L. E24, E62).
Spiral twisting of fiber orientation inside bone lamellae

The secondary osteon — a fundamental building block in compact bone — is a multilayered cylindrical structure of mineralized collagen fibrils arranged around a blood vessel. Functionally, the osteon must be adapted to the in vivo mechanical stresses in bone at the level of its microstructure. However, questions remain about the precise mechanism by which this is achieved. By application of scanning x-ray diffraction with a micron-sized synchrotron beam, along with measurements of local mineral crystallographic axis direction, we reconstruct the three-dimensional orientation of the mineralized fibrils within a single osteon lamella (∼5 μm). We find that the mineralized collagen fibrils spiral around the central axis with varying degrees of tilt, which would — structurally — impart high extensibility to the osteon. As a consequence, strains inside the osteon would have to be taken up by means of shear between the fibrils.
The transfer veteran student experience: Exploring college choice, transition, and collegiate experiences of veterans

The tragic series of events that took place on September 11, 2001, changed the course of this nation and became the catalyst for wars that have spanned for more than a decade. As a result, over 2 million veterans have been deployed in support of Operation Iraqi Freedom (OIF), Operation Enduring Freedom (OEF), and Operation New Dawn. In 2008, President George W. Bush signed into law provisions for what has been commonly referred to as the Post 9/11 GI Bill. This legislation substantially increased educational benefits for veterans and has led to an increase of veterans enrolling in institutions of higher education across the country. Unfortunately, we still know very little about the student veteran, aside from the recent literature that has largely focused on combat veterans and the issues they face relative to their transition from the military to college. This qualitative collective case study takes a different approach as it focuses on the experiences of 14 transfer student veterans and their satisfaction at Southeast Public University. Tinto’s (1993) model of student attrition was used as a guiding framework, as this study did not focus on the veteran’s decision to depart their previous institution but to explore their current experience at Southeast Public University.
A Broadband CMOS RF Front-End for Universal Tuners Supporting Multi-Standard Terrestrial and Cable Broadcasts

A wideband CMOS highly linear and low noise RF front-end including inductor-less wideband LNA, integrated passive tunable filter, harmonic rejection mixer (HRM), and loop-through amplifier (LTA) is proposed for universal tuners. The proposed inductor-less wideband LNA shows a gain range greater than 55 dB with fine gain step less than 0.5 dB while achieving higher linearity and lower noise figure (NF), as compared with the traditional resistive/active feedback LNA through a source follower (SF). The integrated tunable filter covers the entire VHF bands without dividing the frequency range by multiple filters. By adopting tunable filter and HRM simultaneously, the overall harmonic rejection ratio (HRR) of over 65 dBc is obtained. The active feedback LTA utilizing a complementary characteristic of NMOS and PMOS is proposed for supporting multiple tuner applications. The proposed RF front-end achieves a maximum voltage gain of 42 dB, a minimum NF of 4.7 dB, and CTB and CSO of under -60 dBc. The power consumption including the LTA is 144 mW at a 1.8 V supply and the chip area is 1.43 mm2 .
A Phylogenetic Consideration of the Optic Tectum.

It is not unusual in the consideration of the optic tectum to regard it as dominated on the afferent side by the optic tract. It cannot be denied that there exists a direct relation between the size of the eye and the development of certain layers of the optic tectum, but it is equaUy true that the tectum is a sensory correlation center and to a very considerable degree its size, and more particularly its lamination, evidences the relative variety and complexity of the non-optic afferent impulses reaching it from the brain stem and diencephalic region. But its function as a sensory correlation center is only one phase of its activity, since afferent impulses correlated through the interrelation of its neurons, are affected through efferent paths arising from certain of its neurons so that it becomes not only an important afferent correlation center but also an equally important efferent center, containing the upper neuron of the final common path. On casual examination of the optic tectum of different vertebrate orders there would appear to be a wide variety of patterns, the apparent number of layers varying from two or three in certain urodele amphibians to approximately fifteen in reptiles and birds. In an endeavor to elucidate the structure of the optic tectum, one method of approach, adopted and developed particularly by the Spanish school, was to designate by number, numericaUy arranged from within out, cell and fiber layers. The application of this system of numbering to the tecta of different orders of vertebrates led to the use of the same numbers to designate widely divergent functional fields. According to the above indicated system of numbering there were described in the optic tectum of reptiles fourteen distinct layers. In recent studies, Huber and Crosby, with use of abundant reptilian material, containing series cut in several critical planes and prepared to reveal cell structure and arrangement, medullated and nonmedullated nerve fibers, were able to group these various layers into six strata, on the basis not only of morphology but of morphology and function, and they regard these six strata as presenting a fundamental pattern, present potentially or with full expression or again with slight regression in all vertebrate tecta. These strata we have named:
Education and Social Transformation in Central and Eastern Europe

This article evaluates the outcomes of the efforts of Central and Eastern European (CEE) countries to make their education systems more effective in enhancing broader social and economic goals. It focuses on those 11 Central and Eastern European countries which became members of the EU in 2004 or following this date. First, it presents a short analysis of how educational goals were connected with the broader goals of social and economic progress before and during the first phase of the transition period after the collapse of Communism. It then analyses the impact of the accession of these countries to the EU, including the impact of some European mechanisms that have contributed to the strengthening of linkages between education and social-economic progress. The third part of the article attempts to evaluate the outcomes of the relevant national education reforms, development programmes and policies, most of them generated by these mechanisms, in the light of a number of selected indicators. A key conclusion of the article is that the adoption of the lifelong learning approach of the EU has been a major engine to strengthen the role of education in social and economic development in the CEE region, but most countries still need further efforts to translate this approach into coherent and effective national policies and to implement them so that they produce relevant and significant outcomes.
Gastrointestinal‐projecting neurones in the dorsal motor nucleus of the vagus exhibit direct and viscerotopically organized sensitivity to orexin

Orexin (hypocretin)‐containing projections from lateral hypothalamus (LH) are thought to play an important role in the regulation of feeding behaviour and energy balance. In rodent studies, central administration of orexin peptides increases food intake, and orexin neurones in the LH are activated by hypoglycaemia during fasting. In addition, administration of orexins into the fourth ventricle or the dorsal motor nucleus of the vagus (DMV) has been shown to stimulate gastric acid secretion and motility, respectively, via vagal efferent pathways. In this study, whole‐cell recordings were obtained from DMV neurones in rat brainstem slices to investigate the cellular mechanism(s) by which orexins produce their gastrostimulatory effects. To determine whether responsiveness to orexins might be differentially expressed among distinct populations of preganglionic vagal motor neurones, recordings were made from neurones whose projections to the gastrointestinal tract had been identified by retrograde labelling following apposition of the fluorescent tracer DiI to the gastric fundus, corpus or antrum/pylorus, the duodenum or caecum. Additionally, the responses of neurones to orexins were compared with those produced by oxytocin, which acts within the DMV to stimulate gastric acid secretion, but inhibits gastric motor function. Bath application of orexin‐A or orexin‐B (30–300 nm) produced a slow depolarization, accompanied by increased firing in 47 of 102 DMV neurones tested, including 70 % (30/43) of those that projected to the gastric fundus or corpus. In contrast, few DMV neurones that supplied the antrum/pylorus (3/13), duodenum (4/18) or caecum (1/13) were responsive to these peptides. The depolarizing responses were concentration dependent and persisted during synaptic isolation of neurones with TTX or Cd2+, indicating they resulted from activation of postsynaptic orexin receptors. They were also associated with a small increase in membrane resistance, and in voltage‐clamp recordings orexin‐A induced an inward current that reversed near the estimated equilibrium potential for K+, indicating the depolarization was due in large part to a reduction in K+ conductance. Orexins did not affect synaptically evoked excitation, but did reduce membrane excitability in a subset of gastric‐projecting DMV neurones by enhancing GABA‐mediated synaptic input. Lastly, although many DMV neurones responded to orexins and oxytocin with excitation, for the most part these peptides modulated excitability of distinct populations of gastric‐projecting vagal motor neurones. These results indicate that orexins act preferentially within the DMV to directly excite vagal motor neurones that project to gastric fundus and corpus. In this way, release of endogenous orexins from descending hypothalamic projections into the DMV may mediate the increase in gastric acid secretion and motor activity associated with the cephalic phase of feeding.
The Effect of Prior Recall on Multiple Response Recognition *

Certain investigators have found that recognition is impaired when a recall test is interpolated during the retention interval. One possible explanation of this finding is that interpolated recall leads subjects to employ a more stringent recognition criterion. In the two experiments reported here, the influence of the recognition criterion was eliminated by using a multiple-response test requiring subjects to rank a recognition list consisting of old and new items. Nevertheless recall impaired subsequent recognition in both experiments, the effect being most marked for lowly ranked items. The recognition test in the first experiment was carried out in two stages. This made possible a direct examination of whether recall has an effect on the recognition criterion. No evidence for such an effect was obtained. Other ways in which recall may affect the recognition criterion are discussed.
Trophic mismatch and its effects on the growth of young in an Arctic herbivore

In highly seasonal environments, timing of breeding of organisms is typically set to coincide with the period of highest resource availability. However, breeding phenology may not change at a rate sufficient to keep up with rapid changes in the environment in the wake of climate change. The lack of synchrony between the phenology of consumers and that of their resources can lead to a phenomenon called trophic mismatch, which may have important consequences on the reproductive success of herbivores. We analyzed long‐term data (1991–2010) on climate, plant phenology and the reproduction of a long‐distance Arctic migrant, the greater snow goose (Chen caerulescens atlantica), in order to examine the effects of mismatched reproduction on the growth of young. We found that geese are only partially able to adjust their breeding phenology to compensate for annual changes in the timing of high‐quality food plants, leading to mismatches of up to 20 days between the two. The peak of nitrogen concentration in plants, an index of their nutritive quality for goslings, occurred earlier in warm springs with an early snow melt. Likewise, mismatch between hatch dates of young and date of peak nitrogen was more important in years with early snow melt. Gosling body mass and structural size at fledging was reduced when trophic mismatch was high, particularly when the difference between date of peak nitrogen concentration and hatching was >9 days. Our results support the hypothesis that trophic mismatch can negatively affect the fitness of Arctic herbivores and that this is likely to be exacerbated by rising global temperatures.
Operational problems and chalenges in power system of Vietnam

The Vietnamese power system is growing rapidly both in terms of scale and complexity. The load growth rate averages to 14% for the last 10 years. The development of the Extra High Voltage network of 500kV and interconnections with neighboring grids are the main characteristic of such growths. However the fast growth rate also brings problems in operating the network, for instance the short-circuit current becomes too high or the difficulties in voltage regulation.
A novel tunable phase shifter based on composited right/left handed transmission line

In this paper, we present a novel tunable phase shifter at 2.4GHz, based on composited right/left-handed (CRLH) transmission line. The phase shifter is designed by adopting LC loaded lines with varactor diodes. The corresponding DC bias circuit is also designed. By changing the bias voltage of the varactor diodes, the phase shift of five cascaded phase shifter units can be changed continuously within about 450 degrees. At last, the equivalent circuit model is proposed and analyzed. The analysis result of equivalent circuit model can explain the result of the simulation.
Evaluation and Prospect of Market-Based Environmental Policy: How the Transferable Emission Permit Works in Reality

The purpose of this paper is to consider the effects of transferable emission permit system. In the United States, it was established under the Acid Rain Program in 1990, and trading of emission allowances started in 1993. In the research of the U. S. case, we can find some factors that influence the state of the real trade, and some differences between theory and reality. This paper discusses the reason why the gap between the practice and theoretical results emerges.
Knowledge Transfer and the Management of Expatriation

This is a theory-building article that uses the example of an international organization from the Spanish financial sector to explore the way in which the characteristics of knowledge influence expatriation policies. A preliminary conceptual framework is offered, and a case study is used to develop a set of theoretical hypotheses reflecting the relationship between knowledge characteristics and expatriation policies as a contribution towards a theory of international assignments. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Endogenous Quality Choice: Price vs. Quantity Competition

Two versions of a vertical product differentiation model, one with fixed and the other with variable costs of quality, are analyzed to study how the hypotheses of price versus quantity competition affect equilibrium solutions. Product differentiation arises under all the scenarios considered, contrasting previous findings of symmetric quality choices under Cournot behavior. However, to relax harsher market competition, firms differentiate more under Bertrand than under Cournot. A simple welfare measure also indicates that the economy is better-off when firms compete on prices-with fixed costs of quality, not only consumer but also producer surplus is higher under price competition. Copyright 1993 by Blackwell Publishing Ltd.
Equilibrium Social Hierarchies: A Non-Cooperative Ordinal Status Game

We analyze a game in strategic form, where each player's payoff depends on his action and his social status, which is given by his rank in the actions distribution. Our focus is on the relation between the degree of heterogeneity among status-seeking players and the distribution of their Nash equilibrium actions. We find that if among players intrinsic concerns are sufficiently important relative to status concerns, individual equilibrium actions diverge, but if status concerns are relatively important, individual equilibrium actions are the same. Another key result of the analysis is that, in contrast to what is usually claimed, status seeking need not always be socially inefficient. If players are sufficiently heterogeneous, there exists a Nash equilibrium that is unique, separating, and Pareto efficient.