Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Mountain mortality: a review of deaths that occur during recreational activities in the mountains

The growing popularity of activities such as hiking, climbing, skiing and snowboarding has ensured that the number of visitors to mountain environments continues to increase. Since such areas place enormous physical demands on individuals, it is inevitable that deaths will occur. Differences in the activities, conditions and methods of calculation make meaningful mortality rates difficult to obtain. However, it is clear that the mortality rate for some mountain activities is comparable to hang gliding, parachuting, boxing and other pastimes that are traditionally viewed as dangerous. Deaths in the mountains are most commonly due to trauma, high altitude illness, cold injury, avalanche burial and sudden cardiac death. This review describes the mortality rates of those who undertake recreational activities in the mountains and examines the aetiology that lies behind them.
Stochastic inventory theory and the demand for money

﻿ This thesis describes an inventory-theoretic approach to the study of the demand for money. It aims to connect money demand theory with optimal inventory theory on the one hand and with time series empirical evidence on the other. Thus it incorporates recent advances in inventory theory and extends these to allow the interest rate to follow a stochastic process. The problem of minimising the expected, discounted suns of cash-management costs is ascribed to an agent. Through the use of continuous-time, stochastic, optimal control an optimal cash-management policy is shown to exist and be of a familiar target-threshold form. Closed-form expressions for the forward-looking time-varying targets and thresholds are derived in special cases. The steady-state, Baumol-Tabin model, a further special case, also is examined in detail. The theory implies that expected future interest rates may influence money holdings despite the absence of strictly convex adjustment costs. A distributed-1ag expression for these holdings is proposed in which the adjustment and expectations dynamics are derived front theory. Aggregation over time and, to a lesser extent, over agents is treated explicitly. The econometric issues involved in testing models of the demand for money with rational expectations are outlined and simulation evidence on the predictions of the theory is provided. The theory gives rise to new predictions concerning expectations effects and variable adjustment speeds. It can also account for the findings of empirical research. In particular, it largely resolves the problem of slow adjustment in empirical money demand equations.
Filter vs. Wrapper approach for optimum gene selection of high dimensional gene expression dataset: An analysis with cancer datasets

In Bioinformatics, gene dataset experiments are generating thousands of gene expression measurements, which generally used to collect information from tissue and cell samples regarding gene expression differences. Optimum gene selection from such gene expression datasets and their classification plays an important role for disease prediction & diagnosis. Further the task ahead to understand that, what is the best way of gene selection to get maximum classification accuracy from such high dimensional gene expression dataset, whether the filter is the best way to rely upon or wrapper approach can be the best suitable, beyond that which classifier works well with filter and with wrapper? To answer the question, in this paper, the performance of the filter vs. wrapper gene selection technique is being evaluated by supervised classifiers over three well known public domain datasets viz. Ovarian Cancer, Lymphomas & Leukemia. For optimal gene selection, ReliefF method is used as a filter based gene selection and Random gene subset selection algorithm is used as a wrapper based gene selection. For classification, different linear as well as an ensemble classifiers have been tested for their performances. This paper also tries to bring the fact of timing details so that through analysis, it can get derived upon that which approach is more appropriate for better time management as well as with high accuracy of the selected dataset.
When Is a Robot a Moral Agent

Introduction R obots have been a part of our work environment for the past few decades, but they are no longer limited to factory automation. The additional range of activities they are being used for is growing. Robots are now automating a wide range of professional activities such as: aspects of the health-care industry, white collar office work, search and rescue operations, automated warfare, and the service industries. A subtle but far more personal revolution has begun in home automation as robot vacuums and toys are becoming more common in homes around the world. As these machines increase in capability and ubiquity, it is inevitable that they will impact our lives ethically as well as physically and emotionally. These impacts will be both positive and negative, and in this paper I will address the moral status of robots and how that status, both real and potential, should affect the way we design and use these technologies. Morality and Human-Robot Interactions As robotics technology becomes more ubiquitous, the scope of human-robot interactions will grow. At the present time, these interactions are no different than the interactions one might have with any piece of technology, but as these machines become more interactive, they will become involved in situations that have a moral character that may be uncomfortably similar to the interactions we have with other sentient animals.
Adherence to HAART: A Systematic Review of Developed and Developing Nation Patient-Reported Barriers and Facilitators

Background Adherence to highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) medication is the greatest patient-enabled predictor of treatment success and mortality for those who have access to drugs. We systematically reviewed the literature to determine patient-reported barriers and facilitators to adhering to antiretroviral therapy. Methods and Findings We examined both developed and developing nations. We searched the following databases: AMED (inception to June 2005), Campbell Collaboration (inception to June 2005), CinAhl (inception to June 2005), Cochrane Library (inception to June 2005), Embase (inception to June 2005), ERIC (inception to June 2005), MedLine (inception to June 2005), and NHS EED (inception to June 2005). We retrieved studies conducted in both developed and developing nation settings that examined barriers and facilitators addressing adherence. Both qualitative and quantitative studies were included. We independently, in duplicate, extracted data reported in qualitative studies addressing adherence. We then examined all quantitative studies addressing barriers and facilitators noted from the qualitative studies. In order to place the findings of the qualitative studies in a generalizable context, we meta-analyzed the surveys to determine a best estimate of the overall prevalence of issues. We included 37 qualitative studies and 47 studies using a quantitative methodology (surveys). Seventy-two studies (35 qualitative) were conducted in developed nations, while the remaining 12 (two qualitative) were conducted in developing nations. Important barriers reported in both economic settings included fear of disclosure, concomitant substance abuse, forgetfulness, suspicions of treatment, regimens that are too complicated, number of pills required, decreased quality of life, work and family responsibilities, falling asleep, and access to medication. Important facilitators reported by patients in developed nation settings included having a sense of self-worth, seeing positive effects of antiretrovirals, accepting their seropositivity, understanding the need for strict adherence, making use of reminder tools, and having a simple regimen. Among 37 separate meta-analyses examining the generalizability of these findings, we found large heterogeneity. Conclusions We found that important barriers to adherence are consistent across multiple settings and countries. Research is urgently needed to determine patient-important factors for adherence in developing world settings. Clinicians should use this information to engage in open discussion with patients to promote adherence and identify barriers and facilitators within their own populations.
A panel data analysis of FDI and informal labour markets

The objective of this paper is to examine whether informal labor markets affect the flows of Foreign Direct Investment (FDI), and also whether this effect is similar in developed and developing countries. With this aim, different public data sources, such as the World Bank (WB), and the United Nations Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD) are used, and panel econometric models are estimated for a sample of 65 countries over a 14 year period (1996-2009). In addition, this paper uses a dynamic model as an extension of the analysis to establish whether such an effect exists and what its indicators and significance may be. While the results shows that informal labor markets are significant and do positively affect the flow of FDI, these effects are felt up to a certain level of informality, above which the effect becomes negative. The results are similar for developed and developing countries and are robust to several checks.
Cadmium Mimics Estrogen-Driven Cell Proliferation and Prolactin Secretion from Anterior Pituitary Cells

Cadmium (Cd) is a heavy metal of considerable occupational and environmental concern affecting wildlife and human health. Recent studies indicate that Cd, like other heavy metals, can mimic effects of 17β-estradiol (E2) involving E2 receptor (ER) activation. Lactotrophs, the most abundant cell type in anterior pituitary gland, are the main target of E2, which stimulates cell proliferation and increases prolactin secretion through ERα. The aim of this work was to examine whether Cd at nanomolar concentrations can induce cell proliferation and prolactin release in anterior pituitary cells in culture and whether these effects are mediated through ERs. Here we show that 10 nM Cd was able to stimulate lactotroph proliferation in anterior pituitary cell cultures from female Wistar rats and also in GH3 lactosomatotroph cell line. Proliferation of somatotrophs and gonadotrophs were not affected by Cd exposure. Cd promoted cell cycle progression by increasing cyclins D1, D3 and c-fos expression. Cd enhanced prolactin synthesis and secretion. Cd E2-like effects were blocked by the pure ERs antagonist ICI 182,780 supporting that Cd acts through ERs. Further, both Cd and E2 augmented full-length ERαexpression and its 46 kDa-splicing variant. In addition, when co-incubated Cd was shown to interact with E2 by inducing ERα mRNA expression which indicates an additive effect between them. This study shows for the first time that Cd at nanomolar concentration displays xenoestrogenic activities by inducing cell growth and stimulating prolactin secretion from anterior pituitary cells in an ERs-dependent manner. Cd acting as a potent xenoestrogen can play a key role in the aetiology of different pathologies of the anterior pituitary and in estrogen-responsive tissues which represent considerable risk to human health.
The Repulsive Guidance Molecule RGMa Is Involved in the Formation of Afferent Connections in the Dentate Gyrus

In the developing dentate gyrus, afferent fiber projections terminate in distinct laminas. This relies on an accurately regulated spatiotemporal network of guidance molecules. Here, we have analyzed the functional role of the glycosylphosphatidylinositol (GPI)-anchored repulsive guidance molecule RGMa. In situ hybridization in embryonic and postnatal brain showed expression of RGMa in the cornu ammonis and hilus of the hippocampus. In the dentate gyrus, RGM immunostaining was confined to the inner molecular layer, whereas the outer molecular layers targeted by entorhinal fibers remained free. To test the repulsive capacity of RGMa, different setups were used: the stripe and explant outgrowth assays with recombinant RGMa, and entorhino–hippocampal cocultures incubated either with a neutralizing RGMa antibody (Ab) or with the GPI anchor-digesting drug phosphatidylinositol-specific phospholipase C. Entorhinal axons were clearly repelled by RGMa in the stripe and outgrowth assays. After disrupting the RGMa function, the specific laminar termination pattern in entorhino–hippocampal cocultures was lost, and entorhinal axons entered inappropriate hippocampal areas. Our data indicate an important role of RGMa for the layer-specific termination of the perforant pathway as a repulsive signal that compels entorhinal fibers to stay in their correct target zone.
The Emerging Roles of Early Protein Folding Events in the Secretory Pathway in the Development of Neurodegenerative Maladies

Although, protein aggregation and deposition are unifying features of various neurodegenerative disorders, recent studies indicate that different mechanisms can lead to the development of the same malady. Among these, failure in early protein folding and maturation emerge as key mechanistic events that lead to the manifestation of a myriad of illnesses including Alzheimer's disease and prion disorders. Here we delineate the cascade of maturation steps that nascent polypeptides undergo in the secretory pathway to become functional proteins, and the chaperones that supervise and assist this process, focusing on the subgroup of proline cis/trans isomerases. We also describe the chaperones whose failure was found to be an underlying event that initiates the run-up toward neurodegeneration as well as chaperones whose activity impairs protein homeostasis (proteostasis) and thus, promotes the manifestation of these maladies. Finally, we discuss the roles of aggregate deposition sites in the cellular attempt to maintain proteostasis and point at potential targets for therapeutic interventions.
Advances in Control of Teleoperation System by State Convergence

In this work, we proposes a control strategy by state convergence applied to bilateral control of a nonlinear teleoperator system with constant delay. The bilateral control of the teleoperator system considers the case when the human operator applies a constant force on the local manipulator and when the interaction of the remote manipulator with the environment is considered passive. The stability analysis is performed using Lyapunov-Krasovskii functional, it showed that using an control algorithm by state convergence for the case with constant delay, the nonlinear local and remote teleoperation system is asymptotically stable, also speeds converge to zero and position tracking is achieved. This work also presents the implementation of an experimental platform. The mechanical structure of the arm that is located in the remote side has been built and the electric servomechanism has been mounted to control their movement.
TRPA1: the species difference

The recent Journal of General Physiology Perspectives (133:227–229, 245–262) deal with several key issues in TRPA1. The four informative papers (Bang and Hwang, 2009; Caspani and Heppenstall, 2009; Kwan and Corey, 2009; Latorre, 2009) provided a comprehensive review on the recent progress and remaining puzzles. Ample evidence suggests that the sensory function of TRPA1 is evolutionarily conserved. This notion is further supported by the fact that TRPA1 from several mammalian species (human, rat, and mouse) is activated by common ligands (a plethora of electrophylus) through a common mechanism (covalent modification). However, recent studies from us and others have revealed species-specific activation or blockade of TRPA1 by many ligands. Here, we wish to raise the awareness of the species difference issue, which has been largely overlooked thus far, but will have a profound impact on TRPA1 research and drug development.
An Enhanced Railway Transport System using FPGA through GPS & GSM

-Travel time information is a vital component of many intelligent transportation systems (ITS) applications. In recent years, the number of passengers travels in train & number of trains in India has increased tremendously. Due to the increase in number of trains the train times may be delayed and the passengers have to wait at railway stations. A desirable strategy to deal with such issues is to provide better service (comfort, convenience and so on) the notification of location of time through GSM. One such application provides accurate information about train arrivals to passengers, leading to reduced waiting times at railway stations. This needs a real-time data collection technique, a quick and reliable data and informing the passengers regarding the same. The scope of this proposed system is to use global positioning system data collected from trains in the city in India, to show the location. The system consists of three modules: Vehicle section Module, BASE Station section Module, User mobile section Module. Equipped with PC and GSM modem, BASE Station Module sends the initialization information containing the train number to Vehicle section Module using SMS. The microcontroller based vehicle section Module consisting mainly of a GPS receiver and GSM modem then starts transmitting its location to BASE Station Module. BASE Station Module equipped with a microcontroller unit and GSM modems interfaced to PCs is designed to keep track record of every train, processes user request about a particular train location out of BASE Station and updates trains location at stations. GPS Module is installed at every station and consists of a GSM modem, memory unit and dot matrix display all interfaced to a microcontroller. This module receives trains location information coming towards that station from BASE Station module and displays the information on a dot matrix display. The performance of the proposed system is found to be promising and expected to be valuable in the development of advanced public transportation systems (APTS) in India. The work presented here is one of the first attempts at real-time short-term prediction of arrival time for ITS applications in India.
Splitting functions in code management on scratchpad memories

As the number of cores increases, cache-based memory hierarchy is becoming a major problem in terms of the scalability and energy consumption. Software-managed scratchpad memories (SPM) is a scalable alternative to caches, but the benefit comes at the cost of explicit management of data. For instance, an instruction SPM needs a code management techniques to load code blocks to the SPM. This paper presents a technique to split functions into smaller functions, to break away with the fundamental limitations of function-level code management. Our function-splitting technique is able to generate more efficient mappings by modifying the characteristics of functions to be more suitable for function-level code management. We propose two optimization policies to improve performance and reduce size respectively. The performance optimization policy improves performance by 16% on average, which can only be achieved by using 20% more SPM space if without function-splitting The size optimization policy can reduce the minimum SPM size requirement by 31% while increasing only 7% execution time.
Impact of Time in Network Selection for Mobile Nodes

Today, mobile nodes use multiple Internet access networks inefficiently. State-of-the-art network selection strategies distribute data traffic to available networks, but ignore an important second dimension: time. Time selection offers the opportunity to plan usage of future-available networks for delay-tolerant data traffic. We hypothesize, that concurrent selection of network and time leads to synergy effects, which reduce transmission cost and boost connectivity performance. To assess data distribution to wireless networks and time, we propose a novel rating model for joint network and time selection. The proposed model rates the satisfaction of Quality-of-Service (QoS) application requirements and trades off conflicting optimization goals. Moreover, we analyze the impact of time in network selection and present three network selection schedulers, which differ in their time selection strategy. Evaluation of the results reveals a strong impact of time selection on network performance. This gives evidence, that our initial hypothesis holds and forward-looking scheduling strategies provide a substantial benefit over state-of-the-art approaches.
The Relationship between Aβ and Memory in the Tg2576 Mouse Model of Alzheimer's Disease

Transgenic mice expressing mutant amyloid precursor proteins (APPs) have provided important new information about the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease (AD) histopathology. However, the molecular basis of memory loss in these mice is poorly understood. One of the major impediments has been the difficulty of distinguishing between age-dependent and age-independent behavioral changes. To address this issue we studied in parallel two lines of APP transgenic mice expressing comparable levels of mutant and wild-type human APP. This enabled us to identify age-independent behavioral deficits that were not specifically related to mutant APP expression. When mice with age-independent deficits were eliminated, we detected memory loss in transgenic mice expressing mutant APP (Tg2576 mice) starting at ∼6 months, which coincided with the appearance of detergent-insoluble Aβ aggregates (Aβinsol). Genetically accelerating the formation of Aβinsol resulted in an earlier onset of memory decline. A facile interpretation of these results, namely that memory loss and Aβinsol were closely connected, was rejected when we extended our analysis to include older mice. No obvious correspondence between memory and Aβinsol was apparent in a combined group of old and young mice unless the mice were stratified by age, whereupon inverse correlations between memory and Aβinsol became evident. These results suggested that Aβinsol is a surrogate marker for small assemblies of Aβ that disrupt cognition and occur as intermediates during Aβinsol formation, and they are the first descriptive in vivo data supporting their role in impairing memory. These studies also provide a methodological framework within which to investigate these Aβ assemblies in vivo.
Intelligent Automatic Generation Control of Two Area Interconnected Power System using Hybrid Neuro Fuzzy Controller I World

of an adaptive neuro fuzzy inference system (ANFIS) based intelligent hybrid neuro fuzzy controller for automatic generation control (AGC) of two-area interconnected thermal power system with reheat non linearity. The dynamic response of the system has been studied for 1% step load perturbation in area-1. The performance of the proposed neuro fuzzy controller is compared against conventional proportional-integral (PI) controller, state feedback linear quadratic regulator (LQR) controller and fuzzy gain scheduled proportional-integral (FGSPI) controller. Comparative analysis demonstrates that the proposed intelligent neuro fuzzy controller is the most effective of all in improving the transients of frequency and tie-line power deviations against small step load disturbances. Simulations have been performed using Matlab®.
Radar Soundings of the Ionosphere of Mars

We report the first radar soundings of the ionosphere of Mars with the MARSIS (Mars Advanced Radar for Subsurface and Ionosphere Sounding) instrument on board the orbiting Mars Express spacecraft. Several types of ionospheric echoes are observed, ranging from vertical echoes caused by specular reflection from the horizontally stratified ionosphere to a wide variety of oblique and diffuse echoes. The oblique echoes are believed to arise mainly from ionospheric structures associated with the complex crustal magnetic fields of Mars. Echoes at the electron plasma frequency and the cyclotron period also provide measurements of the local electron density and magnetic field strength.