Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Physical Activity and Sleep in Adults and Older Adults in Southern Brazil

Good sleep quality is a well-known indicator of physical and mental health, well-being, and overall vitality. This study aimed to verify the association between the practice of physical activity and sleep duration and quality in adults and older adults in southern Brazil. A cross-sectional population-based study was carried out with 820 individuals of both sexes aged 18 years or more, where sociodemographic variables were collected and also health-related variables. This study included 523 (63.8%) women and 297 (36.2%) men, and the prevalence of adequate sleep hours was 41.5% (95%CI: 39.1; 44.9). People who performed leisure walking were 34% more likely to present adequate sleep duration (PR: 1.34; 95%CI: 1.10; 1.64) compared to those who did not perform leisure walking. Individuals who met the recommendations for moderate or vigorous physical activity were more likely to have good sleep quality (PR: 1.16; 95%CI: 1.01; 1.34). Future health behavior modification strategies to improve sleep quality at the population level should consider encouraging lifestyle improvements, thus increasing the practice of physical activities.
Surface wave attenuation of seismic records with the co-core trace transform filter

To remove surface waves from seismic records while preserving other seismic events of interest, we introduced a transform and a filter based on recent developments in image processing. The transform can be seen as a weighted Radon transform, in particular along linear trajectories. The weights in the transform are data dependent and designed to introduce large amplitude differences between surface waves and other events such that surface waves could be separated by a simple amplitude threshold. This is a key property of the filter and distinguishes this approach from others, such as conventional ones that use information on moveout ranges to apply a mask in the transform domain. Initial experiments with synthetic records and field data have demonstrated that, with the appropriate parameters, the proposed trace transform filter performs better both in terms of surface wave attenuation and reflected signal preservation than the conventional methods. Further experiments on larger data sets are needed to full.
Future fire risk under climate change and deforestation scenarios in tropical Borneo

Fire in the tropical peatland forests of Borneo is an environmental issue interactioning with climate change and deforestation, and the consequences have local and global implications. While research has shown that fire severity and frequency are expected to increase with climate change, there is conflicting model and observational data as to the effect of deforestation on precipitation, which is a key metric for fire risk. To better understand the changes in fire risk from deforestation and climate change we ran simulations of the climate scenario RCP8.5 with and without total deforestation using regional climate model RegCM4. The output was then used for calculations of the fire weather index. We find that annual temperature change from deforestation at elevations above 500 m is 53% of the change over the 21st century in RCP8.5. Fire risk is significantly affected by both climate change and deforestation, despite some increases in precipitation from deforestation. While the multi model dry season (June–August) mean increases in fire risk are larger from elevated atmospheric carbon dioxide, the increases in maximum fire risk are larger from deforestation. The altitude is a good predictor of fire risk change, with larger increases at more densely populated lower elevations where the peatlands are concentrated and smaller increases at higher elevations. Therefore, while deforestation generally causes a smaller increase in climate-related fire risk than climate change, its local control and heterogeneous effects compared to global carbon emissions makes it critical for climate mitigation policy. These high-resolution simulations provide a guide to the most vulnerable areas of Borneo from climatic increases in fire risk.
Emerging Flux Tubes in the Solar Convection Zone. II. The Influence of Initial Conditions

Numerical simulations of rising magnetic flux tubes in the solar convection zone have contributed significantly to our understanding of the basic properties of sunspot groups. They have provided an important clue to the operation of the solar dynamo by predicting strong (super-equipartition) magnetic fields near the bottom of the convection zone. We have investigated to what extent the simulation results (obtained on the basis of the thin flux tube approximation) depend on the assumptions made about the initial state of a magnetic flux tube at the start of the simulation. Two initial conditions used in the literature have been considered in detail: mechanical equilibrium (MEQ) and temperature balance (TBL). It turns out that the requirement of super-equipartition field strength is a robust feature of the simulations, largely independent of the choice of initial conditions: emergence of active regions at low latitudes and the correct dependence of their tilt angle (with respect to the east-west direction) as a function of heliographic latitude require an initial magnetic field strength on the order of 105 G. Other properties of rising flux tubes, such as the asymmetries of shape and field strength between the leading and following wings (with respect to the direction of rotation) of a rising loop, or the anchoring of part of the flux tube in the overshoot region, depend on the initial condition. Observed asymmetries in the magnetic flux distribution and of proper motions in emerging active regions favor MEQ over TBL as the proper initial condition. MEQ should also be preferred for other theoretical reasons: it allows for fewer free parameters, it requires no fine tuning for the tube geometry and background stratification in the overshoot region, and it can be easily made compatible with an encompassing model of the generation, storage, and eruption of the magnetic flux. We have also studied whether an external upflow (convective updraft) can trigger the eruption of an otherwise stably stored flux tube in the overshoot region. We find that a significant deformation and destabilization of a flux tube with equipartition field strength requires coherent upflow velocities of 20-50 m s-1 in the overshoot layer, which is an order of magnitude larger than current estimates for such velocities.
Design and demonstration of tunable q-switched fiber laser

The details of the design and implementation of a narrow linewidth, wavelength-tunable and variable repetition-rate short pulse Q-switched fiber laser are discussed. A traveling wave model is used in conjunction with Finite different time domain method to account for propagation delays, spatial distribution of powers and population densities in the laser. A tunable repetition rate and tunable wavelength laser is demonstrated experimentally, yielding pulses of peak power 7.1 W, width 212 ns (at 1533 nm) and a repetition rate of 10 kHz. The paper further discusses the simulation and experimental results of the characteristic features of tunable wavelength and tunable repetition rate pulsed laser.
Real-time line matching from stereo images using a nonparametric transform of spatial relations and texture information

Abstract. We propose a real-time line matching method for stereo systems. To achieve real-time performance while retaining a high level of matching precision, we first propose a nonparametric transform to represent the spatial relations between neighboring lines and nearby textures as a binary stream. Since the length of a line can vary across images, the matching costs between lines are computed within an overlap area (OA) based on the binary stream. The OA is determined for each line pair by employing the properties of a rectified image pair. Finally, the line correspondence is determined using a winner-takes-all method with a left-right consistency check. To reduce the computational time requirements further, we filter out unreliable matching candidates in advance based on their rectification properties. The performance of the proposed method was compared with state-of-the-art methods in terms of the computational time, matching precision, and recall. The proposed method required 47 ms to match lines from an image pair in the KITTI dataset with an average precision of 95%. We also verified the proposed method under image blur, illumination variation, and viewpoint changes.
Einstein’s 1934 two-blackboard derivation of energy-mass equivalence

We use a famous and a rare picture of Einstein to reconstruct the context of a lecture he gave on the derivation of the equivalence of energy and mass in Pittsburgh in 1934. This lecture is interesting from a historical and sociological point of view because, at the time, Einstein was at the height of his fame, the equivalence of energy and mass was being discussed in newspapers, and his presence in Pittsburgh created much attention among the general public. Einstein exhibited his well-known intuitive style of using only the most important physical information in the zero-momentum frame derivation. His method was simple and direct and is relevant to those who teach the zero-momentum frame idea. From the perspective of the nonspecialists in the Pittsburgh audience, it was presented at an expert level without allowing for many explanatory concessions we would take for granted today. A definitive picture of Einstein, in front of his famous energy equation, was missed by photographers who posed him with the w.
Hydrogen atom in a strong magnetic field

We study the energy spectrum of atomic hydrogen in strong and ultra-strong magnetic fields, in which the hydrogen electron starts to move relativistically and quantum electrodynamics effects become important. Within the adiabatic approximation, highly accurate energy level values are obtained analytically for , which are then compared with asymptotic and numerical results available in the literature. A characteristic feature noted in electron motion in a strong magnetic field is that for , the transverse motion becomes relativistic, while the longitudinal motion (along ) can be described by nonrelativistic theory and is amenable to the adiabatic approximation. Topics discussed include: the qualitative difference in the way odd and even levels change with the magnetic field (for ); the removal of degeneracy between odd and even atomic states; spectral scaling relations for different quantum numbers and different field strengths; the shape, size, and quadrupole moment of the atom for ; radiative transitions in a strong magnetic field; relativistic QED effects, including the effects of vacuum polarization and of the electron anomalous magnetic moment on the energy level positions; Coulomb potential screening and energy level freezing at ; and the possibility of the Zeldovich effect in the hydrogen spectrum in a strong magnetic field. The critical nuclear charge problem is briefly discussed. Simple asymptotic formulas for , valid for low-lying levels, are proposed. Some of the available information on extreme magnetic fields produced in the laboratory and occurring in space is given. The Coulomb renormalization of the scattering length is considered in the resonance situation with a shallow level in the spectrum.
What It Would Take to Increase the Number of High School Astronomy Courses: A Survey of Principals and a Comparison to Astronomy Teachers, and a Prescription for Change.

"A survey to principals of high schools without astronomy points to the conditions needed to increase the number of high school astronomy courses and acceptable justifications for adding in a course. The former includes the need for more and better trained teachers, changing the perceptions of higher officials from local administrations to Federal-level legislators and education department officials, more funds, locally a need for students to show enough interest as well as a curriculum that helps with high stakes testing and Adequate Yearly Progress AYP scoring. Good reasons for having a course include helping increase options for students needing science electives or fourth year courses, and astronomy reinforces prior learning that helps raise AYP scores and increases student interest in science with material not taught in other courses. Some inhibiting influences include the timing of the course is usually after AYP testing, standards may not exist or limit new electives, and a dearth of astronomy teachers locally. Results of this study include a list of competing electives, typical procedures and a prescription for adding in courses. "
Diffractometer alignment and polarization determination of X-ray beams by means of the Borrmann effect

The Borrmann effect, that is, the anomalous transmission of X-ray beams through sufficiently thick perfect crystals in Laue geometry, is a sensitive diffraction tool which has many fundamental and practical applications: the accurate alignment of any full four-circle instrument (equipped with a cradle in asymmetric design) with respect to the incident beam, measurement of the divergence of any X-ray beam, and the precise determination of the beam polarization, incident or diffracted. For these applications, it is shown that no modifications to the diffractometer are required. The measurements simply consist of measuring ϕ and χ rocking curves of the anomalous transmitted beam where the ω angle is used as a parameter. The analyses require the findings of the peak centroid positions, the full widths at half maximum and the rocking-curve integrated intensities. Some results are presented as illustrations of the method. These Borrmann-effect applications promise to be more helpful for diffractometers installed at synchrotrons than for in-house laboratories.
Multicore fibers for large capacity transmission

Abstract We experience Internet traffic growth of 100 times every 10 years. However, the capacity of existing standard single-mode fiber is approaching its fundamental limit regardless of significant realization of transmission technologies which allow for high spectral efficiencies. Space division multiplexing (SDM) based on multicore fibers (MCFs) has emerged as a solution to the problem of saturation of the capacity of optical transmission systems. This article presents the recent progress on the MCFs for future large capacity long-distance transmission systems. In MCFs, there is a tradeoff relationship between low crosstalk and high multiplicity, therefore the maximum number of cores and the core arrangement have to be carefully determined based on the required crosstalk level and core size. The state-of-the-art of fabricated MCFs and the transmission experiments using MCFs are reviewed. The current maximum capacity-distance product in MCF transmission is 368.2 (184.1+184.1) Pb/s/fiber km with the relative spatial efficiency of 4.7 compared with a standard single-mode fiber. In order to increase the spatial efficiency as well as the capacity-distance product further in MCFs, the possibility of heterogeneous MCFs and few-mode MCFs is also presented.
Foreshocks of the 2010 Mw 6.7 Yushu, China Earthquake Occurred Near an Extensional Step‐Over

We conduct a detailed study of the foreshock sequence preceding the 2010 Mw 6.7 Yushu, Qinghai earthquake in the Tibetan plateau by examining continuous waveforms recorded at a seismic station near the mainshock rupture zone. By using a deep learning phase picker—EQTransformer and a matched‐filter technique, we identify 120 foreshocks with magnitude ranging from −0.7 to 1.6, starting with a Mw 4.6 foreshock approximately 2 hr before the Mw 6.7 Yushu mainshock. Our analyses show that the foreshock sequence follows a typical Omori's law decay with a p‐value of 0.73 and the Gutenberg‐Richer frequency‐magnitude b‐value of 0.66. We do not find any evidence of accelerating events leading up to the Yushu mainshock. Hence, they could be considered as aftershocks of the Mw 4.6 earthquake. We further invert for the focal mechanisms and rupture directions for both the largest foreshock and the mainshock. The Mw 4.6 foreshock likely occurred on a NE‐SW trending fault conjugating to the NW‐SE trending fault of the mainshock. Coulomb stress analysis suggests the Mw 4.6 foreshock induces negative stress on the mainshock source area. These observations do not support either the pre‐slip or the cascade triggering model for foreshock generation. The occurrence of the foreshock, mainshock and large aftershocks appear to be modulated by the Earth's tidal forces, likely reflecting the role of high pore‐fluid pressures. Our observations, together with other recent studies, suggest that extensional step‐overs and conjugate faults along major strike‐slip faults play an important role in generating short‐term foreshock sequences.
3D adaptive mesh refinement

An adaptive finite element (FE) method for the solution of three-dimensional elasto-static problems is described. The computational domain is represented by an assembly of tetrahedral elements and the mesh adaptation is achieved by a 3D bisection method using an error estimator procedure coupled with an automatic 3D mesh generator. The performance of the method is demonstrated using a number of examples. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Zero dimensionality and Josephson coupling in granular niobium nitride

Ultrathin granular niobium nitride films have been found to behave like an array of zero-dimensional superconducting grains coupled through grain boundaries by a Josephson-type interaction. The temperature dependence of the current at which a voltage first appears fits the Josephson-junction--like critical-current predictions remarkably well. The films exhibit a paraconductivity which extends to 24 K, more than twice the critical temperature, T/sub c/, of the grains and varying as (T-T/sub c/)/sup -2/.
The Emergence of Clinical Psychology in Britain from 1943 to 1958 Part II: Practice and Research Traditions

This paper considers the range of practice and research traditions in clinical psychology that developed in Britain from 1943 to around 1958, and the contexts in which they arose. The earliest and for many years the largest identifiable tradition was that of mental hygiene and child guidance, influenced by the educational background of many psychologists. Three different groups worked at the Institute of Psychiatry in London, representing the influence of Hans Eysenck, Monte Shapiro, and those working at the Medical Research Council Social Psychiatry Unit. A number of the principal investigators at the last Unit (Jack Tizard and Neil O’Connor) worked in the learning disability and autism fields, and so collaborated with the Clarkes at Epsom and Herbert Giinzburg in Birmingham. The two other adult mental health traditions, of the Crichton Royal at Dumfries, and the Tavistock Clinic in London, illustrate very different approaches to both training and practice in this field. The neuropsychology field, led by Oliver Zangwill from Cambridge, was the only other client-group speciality identifiable at that time. Many psychologists worked away from these centres, and the story of this period is of slow development away from London, with more diverse research activity than is often assumed. The influence of key protagonists is discussed, including the role of different groups of doctors in promoting clinical psychology. Opportunities for further and more critical research in this field are outlined.
PRINCIPLES OF RADIATION, LIMIT ABSORPTION AND LIMIT AMPLITUDE IN THE GENERAL THEORY OF PARTIAL DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS

CONTENTSIntroductionChapter I. Equations with constant coefficients § 1. Auxiliary statements § 2. Construction of fundamental solutions § 3. Asymptotic behaviour of fundamental solutions § 4. Conditions for existence and uniqueness of a solutionChapter II. Principle of limit absorption § 1. "Generalized" principle of limit absorption § 2. Sharpening of Theorem 2.2Chapter III. Equations with variable coefficients § 1. Conditions for existence and uniqueness of a solution § 2. An example § 3. A sufficient condition for § 4. Principle of limit absorption and generalized principle of limit absorption for equations with variable coefficientsChapter IV. Principle of limit amplitudeReferences
Integrating Analysis to Identify Differential circRNAs Involved in Goat Endometrial Receptivity

Endometrial receptivity is one of the main factors underlying a successful pregnancy, with reports substantiating the fact that suboptimal endometrial receptivity accounts for two-thirds of early implantation event failures. The association between circRNAs and endometrial receptivity in the goat remains unclear. This study aims to identify potential circRNAs and regulatory mechanisms related to goat endometrial receptivity. Therefore, the endometrial samples on day 16 of pregnancy and day 16 of the estrous cycle were analyzed using high-throughput RNA-seq and bioinformatics. The results show that 4666 circRNAs were identified, including 7 downregulated and 11 upregulated differentially expressed circRNAs (DE-circRNAs). Back-splicing and RNase R resistance verified the identified circRNAs. We predicted the competing endogenous RNA (ceRNA) regulatory mechanism and potential target genes of DE-circRNAs. Gene Ontology (GO) and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) analyses of these predicted target genes suggest that DE-circRNAs were significantly involved in establishing endometrial receptivity. Furthermore, Sanger sequencing, qPCR, correlation analysis and Fluorescence in Situ Hybridization (FISH) show that circ_MYRF derived from the host gene myelin regulatory factor (MYRF) might regulate the expression of interferon stimulating gene 15 (ISG15), thereby promoting the formation of endometrial receptivity. These novel findings may contribute to a better understanding of the molecular mechanisms regulating endometrial receptivity and promoting the maternal recognition of pregnancy (MRP).
Consistency and Discrepancy between Visibility and PM2.5 Measurements: Potential Application of Visibility Observation to Air Quality Study

High-quality measurements of air quality are the highest priority for understanding widespread air pollution. Visibility has been widely suggested to be a good alternative to PM2.5 concentration as a measure. In this study, the similarities and differences between visibility and PM2.5 measurements in China are checked and the results reveal the potential application of visibility observation to the study of air quality. Based on the quality-controlled PM2.5 and visibility data from 2016 to 2018, the nonparametric Spearman correlation coefficient (ρ) values between stations for PM2.5 and visibility-derived surface extinction coefficient (bext) decrease as the station distance (R) increases. Some relatively low ρ values (<0.4) occur in regions characterized by the lowest (background) levels of PM2.5 and bext values, for example, the Tibetan and Yungui Plateau. The relatively lower ρ for bext compared to PM2.5 is probably caused by the predefined maximum threshold of visibility measurements (generally 30 km). A significant correlation between PM2.5 and bext is derived in most stations and relatively larger ρ values are evident in eastern China (Northeast China excluded) and in winter (the national median ρ is 0.67). The abrupt changes in specific mass extinction efficiency (αext) imply a potentially large influence of alternation of visibility sensors or recalibrations on visibility measurements. The bext data are thereafter corrected by comparison to the reference measurements at the adjacent stations, which leads to a three-year quality assured of visibility and bext datasets.