Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Visualization of β‐amyloid plaques in a transgenic mouse model of Alzheimer's disease using MR microscopy without contrast reagents

The visualization of β‐amyloid plaque deposition in brain, a key feature of Alzheimer's disease (AD), is important for the evaluation of disease progression and the efficacy of therapeutic interventions. In this study, β‐amyloid plaques in the PS/APP transgenic mouse brain, a model of human AD pathology, were detected using MR microscopy without contrast reagents. β‐Amyloid plaques were clearly visible in the cortex, thalamus, and hippocampus of fixed brains of PS/APP mice. The distribution of plaques identified by MRI was in excellent agreement with those found in the immunohistological analysis of the same brain sections. It was also demonstrated that image contrast for β‐amyloid plaques was present in freshly excised nonfixed brains. Furthermore, the detection of β‐amyloid plaques was achieved with a scan time as short as 2 hr, approaching the scan time considered reasonable for in vivo imaging. Magn Reson Med 52:538–544, 2004. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
High‐Resolution Rayleigh Wave Group Velocity Variation Beneath Greenland

We present a high‐resolution group velocity model of Greenland from the analysis of fundamental mode Rayleigh waves. Regional and teleseismic events recorded by the Greenland Ice Sheet Monitoring Network seismic network were used and we developed a group velocity correction method to estimate the dispersion within our region of study. The global dispersion model GDM52 from Ekström (2011, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365‐246X.2011.05225.x ) was used to calculate group delays from the earthquake to the boundaries of our study area. An iterative reweighted generalized least squares approach was then used to invert for the regional group velocity variations between periods of 25 s and 180 s. The group delay correction method helps alleviate the limitations of the sparse Greenland seismic network in a region with poor seismicity. Both the ray coverage and resolution of our model are significantly better than similar studies of Greenland using two‐station methods. Spike tests suggest that features as small as 200 km can be resolved across Greenland. Our dispersion maps are consistent with previous studies and reveal many signatures of known geologic features including known sedimentary basins in Baffin Bay, the West and East Greenland flood basalt provinces, the East and South Greenland Archean blocks. Our model also contains two prominent features: a deep high‐velocity anomaly extending from northwestern to southwestern Greenland that could be the signature of a cratonic root and a low‐velocity anomaly in central eastern Greenland that correlates with the Icelandic plume track and could be associated with lithospheric thinning and upwelling of hot asthenosphere material.
Cytoarchitecture, areas, and neuron numbers of the Etruscan Shrew cortex

The Etruscan shrew, Suncus etruscus, is one of the smallest mammals. Etruscan shrews can recognize prey shape with amazing speed and accuracy, based on whisker‐mediated tactile cues. Because of its small size, quantitative analysis of the Etruscan shrew cortex is more tractable than in other animals. To quantitatively assess the anatomy of the Etruscan shrew's brain, we sectioned brains and applied Nissl staining and NeuN (neuronal nuclei) antibody staining. On the basis of these stains, we estimated the number of neurons of 10 cortical hemispheres by using Stereoinvestigator and Neurolucida (MBF Bioscience) software. On average, the neuron number per hemisphere was found to be ∼1 million. We also measured cortical surface area and found an average of 11.1 mm2 (n = 7) and an average volume of 5.3 mm3 (n = 10) per hemisphere. We identified 13 cortical regions by cytoarchitectonic boundaries in coronal, sagittal, and tangential sections processed for Nissl substance, myelin, cytochrome oxidase, ionic zinc, neurofilaments, and vesicular glutamate transporter 2 (VGluT2). The Etruscan shrew is a highly tactile animal with a large somatosensory cortex, which contains a barrel field, but the barrels are much less clearly defined than in rodents. The anatomically derived cortical partitioning scheme roughly corresponds to physiologically derived maps of neocortical sensory areas. J. Comp. Neurol. 520:2512–2530, 2012. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Identifying Relevant Messages in a Twitter-based Citizen Channel for Natural Disaster Situations

During recent years the online social networks (in particular Twitter) have become an important alternative information channel to traditional media during natural disasters, but the amount and diversity of messages poses the challenge of information overload to end users. The goal of our research is to develop an automatic classifier of tweets to feed a mobile application that reduces the difficulties that citizens face to get relevant information during natural disasters. In this paper, we present in detail the process to build a classifier that filters tweets relevant and non-relevant to an earthquake. By using a dataset from the Chilean earthquake of 2010, we first build and validate a ground truth, and then we contribute by presenting in detail the effect of class imbalance and dimensionality reduction over 5 classifiers. We show how the performance of these models is affected by these variables, providing important considerations at the moment of building these systems.
Dynamics of the Central Bottleneck: Dual-Task and Task Uncertainty

Why is the human brain fundamentally limited when attempting to execute two tasks at the same time or in close succession? Two classical paradigms, psychological refractory period (PRP) and task switching, have independently approached this issue, making significant advances in our understanding of the architecture of cognition. Yet, there is an apparent contradiction between the conclusions derived from these two paradigms. The PRP paradigm, on the one hand, suggests that the simultaneous execution of two tasks is limited solely by a passive structural bottleneck in which the tasks are executed on a first-come, first-served basis. The task-switching paradigm, on the other hand, argues that switching back and forth between task configurations must be actively controlled by a central executive system (the system controlling voluntary, planned, and flexible action). Here we have explicitly designed an experiment mixing the essential ingredients of both paradigms: task uncertainty and task simultaneity. In addition to a central bottleneck, we obtain evidence for active processes of task setting (planning of the appropriate sequence of actions) and task disengaging (suppression of the plan set for the first task in order to proceed with the next one). Our results clarify the chronometric relations between these central components of dual-task processing, and in particular whether they operate serially or in parallel. On this basis, we propose a hierarchical model of cognitive architecture that provides a synthesis of task-switching and PRP paradigms.
A Model-based Approach for Assessing Attentional Biases in People with Depressive Symptoms

Biased attention is assumed to play an important role in the etiology and maintenance of depression and depressive symptoms. In this paper, we used data from a categorization task and an associated model to assess the attentional bias of people with varying levels of depressive symptoms. Attentional bias was operationalized as the parameter estimate in a prototype model of categorization. For estimation, we used a Bayesian hierarchical mixture approach. We expected to find a positive correlation between depressive symptoms and an AB for negative material and a negative correlation between depressive symptoms and a bias toward positive material. Despite good model fit, Bayesian regression analyses revealed weak or moderate evidence in favor of the null model assuming no association between attentional preferences and depressive symptoms, both for negative and positive material.
Neuron hemilineages provide the functional ground plan for the Drosophila ventral nervous system

Drosophila central neurons arise from neuroblasts that generate neurons in a pair-wise fashion, with the two daughters providing the basis for distinct A and B hemilineage groups. 33 postembryonically-born hemilineages contribute over 90% of the neurons in each thoracic hemisegment. We devised genetic approaches to define the anatomy of most of these hemilineages and to assessed their functional roles using the heat-sensitive channel dTRPA1. The simplest hemilineages contained local interneurons and their activation caused tonic or phasic leg movements lacking interlimb coordination. The next level was hemilineages of similar projection cells that drove intersegmentally coordinated behaviors such as walking. The highest level involved hemilineages whose activation elicited complex behaviors such as takeoff. These activation phenotypes indicate that the hemilineages vary in their behavioral roles with some contributing to local networks for sensorimotor processing and others having higher order functions of coordinating these local networks into complex behavior. DOI: http://dx.doi. org/10.7554/eLife.04493. 001
Waiting for medical services in Canada: lots of heat, but little light.

The Canadian debate about access to care, and waiting lists in particular, is characterized by disturbing chasms between widely held views and research evidence. This disjunction apprears to be the product of a number of factors, including lack of standars approaches to measurement and reporting of waiting-list lengths and waiting time and a general ignorance (or disregard) of the effects of comprting approaches to managing waiting lists in Canada and abroad.
The osteoimmunology of alveolar bone loss

ABSTRACT The mineralized structure of bone undergoes constant remodeling by the balanced actions of bone-producing osteoblasts and bone-resorbing osteoclasts (OCLs). Physiologic bone remodeling occurs in response to the body’s need to respond to changes in electrolyte levels, or mechanical forces on bone. There are many pathological conditions, however, that cause an imbalance between bone production and resorption due to excessive OCL action that results in net bone loss. Situations involving chronic or acute inflammation are often associated with net bone loss, and research into understanding the mechanisms regulating this bone loss has led to the development of the field of osteoimmunology. It is now evident that the skeletal and immune systems are functionally linked and share common cells and signaling molecules. This review discusses the signaling system of immune cells and cytokines regulating aberrant OCL differentiation and activity. The role of these cells and cytokines in the bone loss occurring in periodontal disease (PD) (chronic inflammation) and orthodontic tooth movement (OTM) (acute inflammation) is then described. The review finishes with an exploration of the emerging role of Notch signaling in the development of the immune cells and OCLs that are involved in osteoimmunological bone loss and the research into Notch signaling in OTM and PD.
Controlling the Work-Life Balance?: A Case of Football Non-Participation in Australia

The purpose of this article is to report and analyse research findings on the relationship between organised team sport and the impediments to participating in it, particularly those related to working time. To date there has been limited study of the relationship between organised team sport participation and impediments to it, particularly working time arrangements, within the work-life balance debate especially at a regional level. Our methodology involves a survey of and semi-structured interviews with participants. We find that the main impediments to participation in local soccer are injury/illness, work and family commitments. Impediments to match participation are dominated by injury/illness, however, work commitments are the principal impediment to training sessions. Our results imply that, in the regional Australian context, impediments to participation are limited but can be mitigated by the increasing flexibility of work requirements which would permit increased participation at training sessions. URL: http://sportandsociety.com/journal/publications/ http://researchoutput.csu.edu.au/R/-? func=dbin-jumpfull&amp;object_id=26621&amp;local_base=GEN01-CSU01 Author Address: jhicks@csu.edu.au
Assessing the Significance of Data Mining Results on Graphs with Feature Vectors

Assessing the significance of data mining results is an important step in the knowledge discovery process. While results might appear interesting at a first glance, they can often be explained by already known characteristics of the data. Randomization is an established technique for significance testing, and methods to assess data mining results on vector data or network data have been proposed. In many applications, however, both sources are simultaneously given. Since these sources are rarely independent of each other but highly correlated, naively applying existing randomization methods on each source separately is questionable. In this work, we present a method to assess the significance of mining results on graphs with binary features vectors. We propose a novel null model that preserves correlation information between both sources. Our randomization exploits an adaptive Metropolis sampling and interweaves attribute randomization and graph randomization steps. In thorough experiments, we demonstrate the application of our technique. Our results indicate that while simultaneously using both sources is beneficial, often one source of information is dominant for determining the mining results.
Scalable mobility management for content sources in Named Data Networking

As a promising future Internet architecture, Named Data Networking (NDN) naturally enables consumer mobility but leaves source mobility challenging due to the binding between content identifier and locator. Most of source mobility solutions in literature adopt similar idea with the Mobile IP and suffer from several problems, like non-optimal routing, severe scalability, single point of failure etc. To address this issue, we build a distributed scalable mobility management framework based on threefold separation mechanisms to improve the content source mobility management without changing the original NDN's name-based communication paradigm. The proposed scheme supports fast handover and shortest path communication by splitting content locator and identifier as well as isolating content source's dynamics out of the routing plane. Numerical comparisons show that the proposed scheme outperforms the other baseline schemes in terms of handover latency, communication latency.
The Effect of Mass Media Campaign on the Use of Insecticide-Treated Bed Nets among Pregnant Women in Nigeria

Background. Malaria during pregnancy is a major public health problem in Nigeria especially in malaria-endemic areas. It increases the risk of low birth weight and child/maternal morbidity/mortality. This paper addresses the impact of radio campaigns on the use of insecticide-treated bed nets among pregnant women in Nigeria. Methods. A total of 2,348 pregnant women were interviewed during the survey across 21 of Nigeria's 36 states. Respondents were selected through a multistage sampling technique. Analysis was based on multivariate logistic regression. Results. Respondents who knew that sleeping under ITN prevents malaria were 3.2 times more likely to sleep under net (OR: 3.15; 95% CI: 2.28 to 4.33; P < 0.0001). Those who listened to radio are also about 1.6 times more likely to use ITN (OR: 1.56; 95% CI: 1.07 to 2.28; P = 0.020), while respondents who had heard of a specific sponsored radio campaign on ITN are 1.53 times more likely to use a bed net (P = 0.019). Conclusion. Pregnant women who listened to mass media campaigns were more likely to adopt strategies to protect themselves from malaria. Therefore, behavior change communication messages that are aimed at promoting net use and antenatal attendance are necessary in combating malaria.
Fijación biológica de nitrógeno en el Parque Nacional del Teide : simbiosis Spartocytisus supranubius-Rizobios

Biological Nitrogen Fixation (BNF) is a process carried out by a certain group of prokaryotic microorganisms where the atmospheric nitrogen (N2) is reduced to ammonia, and it constitutes the main source of combined nitrogen in the ecosystems. Within this group, stands out “rhizobia”, which fix nitrogen in symbiosis with plants of the Leguminoseae family. The aim of this project was to study the symbiosis between rhizobia and retama del Teide (Spartocytisus supranubius), an endemic shrub legume currently endangered, probably due to the influence of rabbits (Oryctolagus cuniculus). Being the dominant legume in Las Cañadas, its decline could have negative consequences in the ecosystem’s nitrogen supply. In this project we used soils from the broom’s rhizosphere (both with and without latrine) as well as soils without plants (also with and without latrine). The total nitrogen content was analysed in addition to the amount of rhizobia in each soil. Additionally, selected strains isolated from radical nodules were used to perform genetic (RAPD profiles) and phylogenetic diversity (sequencing of the DNAr 16S) analyses. The results show important differences among the different soils’ types, depending on the presence or absence of latrines.
Comparison of Session Establishment Schemes over IMS in Mobile Environment

The existing session establishment scenario of IP multimedia subsystem (IMS) suffers from triangular routing for a certain period of time when an end SIP user or terminal is mobile. In this paper, the performance of three possible session establishment scenarios in a mobile environment is investigated by using an analytical model. The model is developed based on the expressions of cost functions, which may represent system delay and overhead involved in sessions establishment. Some numerical results are demonstrated which provides useful insights into the system behavior. Finally, a decision algorithm is demonstrated in this article to select the optimal session set up option
Couplage de données géographiques participatives et d'images aériennes par apprentissage profond

Ce travail porte sur l'utilisation des donnees OpenStreetMap (OSM) pour la segmentation semantique d'images de teledetection. Suite aux succes recents obtenus grâce aux reseaux de neurones profonds pour la classification de donnees multispectrales, hyperspectrales, radar et LiDAR, nous nous interessons a l'integration de donnees geographiques, rarement utilisees dans ces procedes d'apprentissage. En particulier, nous presentons deux architectures permettant d'apprendre simultanement a partir de donnees OSM et d'images aeriennes ou satellites, l'une basee sur le raffinement de cartes et l'autre sur la fusion de donnees heterogenes. Nos resultats sur le jeu de donnees ISPRS Potsdam montrent que l'utilisation des donnees OSM ameliore la qualite des cartes obtenues et accelere la convergence des reseaux lors de la phase d'apprentissage.
Phosphoinositide 3 Kinase Mediates Toll-Like Receptor 4-Induced Activation of NF-κB in Endothelial Cells

ABSTRACT Many of the proinflammatory effects of gram-negative bacteria are elicited by the interaction of bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS) with Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) expressed on host cells. TLR4 signaling leads to activation of NF-κB and transcription of many genes involved in the inflammatory response. In this study, we examined the signaling pathways involved in NF-κB activation by TLR4 signaling in human microvascular endothelial cells. Akt is a major downstream target of phosphoinositide 3 kinase (PI3-kinase), and PI3-kinase activation is necessary and sufficient for Akt phosphorylation. Consequently, Akt kinase activation was used as a measure of PI3-kinase activity. In a stable transfection system, dominant-negative mutants of myeloid differentiation factor 88 (MyD88) and interleukin-1 (IL-1) receptor-associated kinase 1 (IRAK-1) (MyD88-TIR and IRAK-DD, respectively) blocked Akt kinase activity in response to LPS and IL-1β. A dominant-negative mutant (Mal-P/H) of MyD88 adapter-like protein (Mal), a protein with homology to MyD88, failed to inhibit LPS- or IL-1β-induced Akt activity. Moreover, a dominant-negative mutant of p85 (p85-DN) inhibited the NF-κB luciferase activity, IL-6 production, and IκBα degradation elicited by LPS and IL-1β but not that stimulated by tumor necrosis factor alpha. The dominant-negative mutant of Akt partially inhibited the NF-κB luciferase activity evoked by LPS and IL-1β. However, expression of a constitutively activated Akt failed to induce NF-κB luciferase activity. These findings indicate that TLR4- and IL-1R-induced PI3-kinase activity is mediated by the adapter proteins MyD88 and IRAK-1 but not Mal. Further, these studies suggest that PI3-kinase is an important mediator of LPS and IL-1β signaling leading to NF-κB activation in endothelial cells and that Akt is necessary but not sufficient for NF-κB activation by TLR4.
Structural dynamics of an ionotropic glutamate receptor

Ionotropic glutamate receptors (iGluRs) are postsynaptic ion channels involved in excitatory neurotransmission. iGluRs play important roles in development and in forms of synaptic plasticity that underlie higher order processes such as learning and memory. Neurobiological and biochemical studies have long characterized iGluRs in detail. However, the structural basis for the function of iGluRs has not yet been investigated, because there is insufficient information about their three‐dimensional structures. In 1998, a crystal structure called S1S2 lobes was first solved for the extracellular bilobed ligand‐binding domain of the GluR2 subunit. Since then, the crystal structures for the S1S2 lobes both in the apo and in various liganded states have been reported, and recent biophysical studies have further elucidated the dynamic aspects of the structure of the S1S2 lobes. In this review, the dynamic structures of the S1S2 lobes and their ligands are summarized, and the importance of their structural flexibility and fluctuation is discussed in light of the mechanisms of ligand recognition, activation, and desensitization of the receptor. Proteins 2004. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.