Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Quasi‐Three‐Dimensional Angle‐Tolerant Electromagnetic Illusion Using Ultrathin Metasurface Coatings

Low‐profile and light‐weight coatings that offer comprehensive manipulation of the electromagnetic scattering for finite‐length objects are highly desirable, but not yet achieved, for applications including camouflaging, deceptive sensing, radar cognition control, and defense security. Here, for the first time, the theory, practical design, and experimental demonstration of quasi‐three‐dimensional and angle‐tolerant electromagnetic illusion coatings are presented which have been enabled by ultrathin single‐layer functional metasurfaces. By controlling the multiple Mie scattering coefficients using the tangential and non‐vanishing radial electromagnetic responses of the metasurface, the quasi‐two‐dimensional coating transforms the electromagnetic perception of one object to mimic that of another which has been pre‐selected by the designer. The illusion coating, which is homogeneous but anisotropic, is realized using hundreds of composite electric and magnetic sub‐wavelength unit cells operating at frequencies away from their resonance. Two different prototypes of the metasurface illusion coatings were fabricated and characterized, demonstrating very good camouflaging performance for finite‐length dielectric as well as conducting objects within a field‐of‐view up to ±10° off normal. This work paves the way for practical artificially engineered material coatings with exotic and versatile scattering control capabilities that would enable a wide range of applications throughout the entire electromagnetic spectrum.
Metabolic energy expenditure of ambulation in lower extremity amputees: what have we learned and what are the next steps?

Abstract Purpose: Amputation results in reduced mobility and contributes to reduced quality of life. The increased metabolic cost of ambulation has been suggested as an important contributor to reduced mobility in this population. Current research on the metabolic energy expenditure of ambulation will be critically reviewed from the perspectives of ecological validity of the research methods and the relative contribution to functional improvement in amputees. Recommendations will be made regarding possible future directions for research and their potential clinical utility. Methods: Narrative review. Results: The methods used to quantify metabolic energy expenditure of amputee ambulation do not emulate typical mobility conditions that amputees experience. Amputee mobility is characterized by short bouts of activity with starting, stopping and changes of direction. This is opposed to the typical metabolic testing protocol that requires at least 5 min of steady state linear walking on a treadmill. These studies, therefore, have limitations in ecological validity and therefore limitations in the extent to which they accurately reflect the effect of amputation level, amputation etiology and prosthetic components on energy consumption during walking. Further, the broader perspective on outcomes after dysvascular amputation and sports participation limitations, raises questions about the relative importance of improving metabolic costs and its potential effect on improving mobility in amputees. Conclusion: The greatest potential clinical impact of future research requires methods with improved ecological validity, and the ability to translate metabolic energy expenditure outcomes into functional terms that are meaningful to both clinicians and patients. Implications for Rehabilitation The search for objective measurements to define the effects of amputation on outcome and the consequences of prosthetic components on mobility has focused in part on the use of study designs incorporating metabolic measurement. However, there are important limitations to the ecological validity of these measures and their relative importance as an outcome measure in dysvascular amputees as well as in sports/leisure participation. Novel research approaches are required to quantify the functional impact of increased metabolic energy expenditure and to better understand the psychophysical limitations that result.
Researches based on neural network about optimizing combination of speaker verification

The identity vector (i-vector) approach has been the state-of-the-art for text-independent speaker recognition, both identification and verification in recent years. An I-vector is a low-dimensional vector, which is called total variability space and is represented with a thin and tall rectangular matrix. In this paper, there is a novel interpretation of the Universal Background Model (UBM), and consider it as a mapping function that transforms the variable length observations (speech utterances) into a fixed dimensional feature vector (sufficient statistics). After this mapping, a similarity measurement is computed on the fixed dimensional features. With this novel interpretation, we proposed new combinations which produce improvements over the conventional UBM framework in both equal error rate and detection cost function. Performance can be further improved by progressively combining different kinds of the feature and the network construction in this vector space via the increasing numbers of neural network layers. Our algorithm makes use of a hybrid generative-discriminative framework: it uses a generative model to learn the characteristics of a speaker and then a discriminative model to discriminate between a speaker and an impostor.
Endosomal sorting and c-Cbl targeting of paxillin to autophagosomes regulate cell-matrix adhesion turnover in human breast cancer cells

Post-translational mechanisms regulating cell-matrix adhesion turnover during cell locomotion are not fully elucidated. In this study, we uncovered an essential role of Y118 site-specific tyrosine phosphorylation of paxillin, an adapter protein of focal adhesion complexes, in paxillin recruitment to autophagosomes to trigger turnover of peripheral focal adhesions in human breast cancer cells. We demonstrate that the Rab-7 GTPase is a key upstream regulator of late endosomal sorting of tyrosine118-phosphorylated paxillin, which is subsequently recruited to autophagosomes via the cargo receptor c-Cbl. Essentially, this recruitment involves a direct and selective interaction between Y118-phospho-paxillin, c-Cbl, and LC3 and is independent from c-Cbl E3 ubiquitin ligase activity. Interference with the Rab7-paxillin-autophagy regulatory network using genetic and pharmacological approaches greatly impacted focal adhesion stability, cell locomotion and progression to metastasis using a panel of human breast cancer cells. Together, these results provide novel insights into the requirement of phospho-site specific post-translational mechanism of paxillin for autophagy targeting to regulate cell-matrix adhesion turnover and cell locomotion in breast cancer cells.
High fidelity Virtualization of Cyber-Physical Systems

Cyber-physical systems (CPS) tightly integrate cyber and physical components and transcend discrete and continuous domains. It is greatly desired that the synergy between cyber and physical components of CPS is explored even before the complete system is put together. Virtualization has potential to play a significant role in exploring such synergy. In this paper, we propose a CPS virtualization approach based on the integration of virtual machine and physical component emulator. It enables real software, virtual hardware, and virtual physical components to execute in a holistic virtual execution environment. We have implemented this approach using QEMU as the virtual machine and Matlab/Simulink as the physical component emulator, respectively. To achieve high-fidelity between the real system and its virtualization, we have developed a strategy for synchronizing the virtual machine and the physical component emulator. To evaluate our approach, we have successfully applied it to real-world control systems. Experiments results have shown that our approach achieves high-fidelity in capturing dynamic behaviors of the entire system. This approach is promising in enabling early development of cyber components of CPS and early exploration of the synergy of cyber and physical components.
Feature singletons attract spatial attention independently of feature priming

People perform better in visual search when the target feature repeats across trials (intertrial feature priming [IFP]). Here, we investigated whether repetition of a feature singleton's color modulates stimulus-driven shifts of spatial attention by presenting a probe stimulus immediately after each singleton display. The task alternated every two trials between a probe discrimination task and a singleton search task. We measured both stimulus-driven spatial attention (via the distance between the probe and singleton) and IFP (via repetition of the singleton's color). Color repetition facilitated search performance (IFP effect) when the set size was small. When the probe appeared at the singleton's location, performance was better than at the opposite location (stimulus-driven attention effect). The magnitude of this attention effect increased with the singleton's set size (which increases its saliency) but did not depend on whether the singleton's color repeated across trials, even when the previous singleton had been attended as a search target. Thus, our findings show that repetition of a salient singleton's color affects performance when the singleton is task relevant and voluntarily attended (as in search trials). However, color repetition does not affect performance when the singleton becomes irrelevant to the current task, even though the singleton does capture attention (as in probe trials). Therefore, color repetition per se does not make a singleton more salient for stimulus-driven attention. Rather, we suggest that IFP requires voluntary selection of color singletons in each consecutive trial.
Polyether ether ketone implants achieve increased bone fusion when coated with nano-sized hydroxyapatite: a histomorphometric study in rabbit bone

Polyether ether ketone (PEEK) possesses excellent mechanical properties similar to those of human bone and is considered the best alternative material other than titanium for orthopedic spine and trauma implants. However, the deficient osteogenic properties and the bioinertness of PEEK limit its fields of application. The aim of this study was to limit these drawbacks by coating the surface of PEEK with nano-scaled hydroxyapatite (HA) minerals. In the study, the biological response to PEEK, with and without HA coating, was investigated. Twenty-four screw-like and apically perforated implants in the rabbit femur were histologically evaluated at 3 weeks and 12 weeks after surgery. Twelve of the 24 implants were HA coated (test), and the remaining 12 served as uncoated PEEK controls. At 3 weeks and 12 weeks, the mean bone–implant contact was higher for test compared to control (P<0.05). The bone area inside the threads was comparable in the two groups, but the perforating hole showed more bone area for the HA-coated implants at both healing points (P<0.01). With these results, we conclude that nano-sized HA coating on PEEK implants significantly improved the osteogenic properties, and in a clinical situation this material composition may serve as an implant where a rapid bone fusion is essential.
Point pattern matching based on line graph spectral context and descriptor embedding

Spectral methods have been extensively studied for point pattern matching. In this work, we aim to render the spectral matching algorithm more robust for positional jitter and outliers. We concentrate on the issue of spectral representation for point patterns. A local structural descriptor, called the line graph spectral context, is proposed to characterize the attribute of point patterns, making it fundamentally different from the available representation approaches at the global level. For any given point, we first construct a line graph using its neighboring points. Then the eigenvalues of various matrix representations associated with the obtained line graph are used as the point descriptor. Furthermore, the similarities between the descriptors are evaluated by comparing their low dimensional embedding via the technique of multiview spectral embedding. The proposed descriptor is finally integrated with a graph-matching framework for establishing the correspondences. Comparative experiments conducted on both synthetic data and real-world images show the effectiveness of the proposed method, especially in the presence of positional jitter and outliers.
Cancer prevention—the feasibility and acceptability of promoting breast cancer risk reduction in the screening setting through a lifestyle magazine

Cancer prevention and early detection strategies are fundamental to reducing breast cancer burden. Offering prevention guidance on modifiable risk factors within early detection settings is rare. We aimed to evaluate the acceptability of a magazine focused on lifestyle and cancer prevention for use in breast screening clinics. A lifestyle magazine was developed and distributed within two breast screening settings in the West of Scotland over a 2-month period. Women were either offered the magazine on arrival or in a self-service format. Uptake was recorded by NHS staff. Women's views were sought via an evaluation questionnaire. Staff were interviewed on their experiences of intervention delivery. Uptake was greatest when offered to attendees (95% vs. 20% self-service). The evaluation questionnaire response rate was 17.3%. Almost 60% of respondents reported an increased knowledge about breast cancer and lifestyle and felt motivated to find out more about cancer prevention and 40% expressed intentions to make lifestyle changes. Over 90% of respondents thought lifestyle factors were important in breast cancer prevention. Staff feedback was positive, indicating no detrimental effects on workloads. In conclusion, a cancer prevention lifestyle magazine can be successfully delivered in the breast screening setting and deserves further exploration for roll out.
Seeking true intelligence from the ground up: Evolutionary origins of cognition

Higher cognitive function was built from a foundation laid by the lowest goal-directed systems in the human brain. Thus, to understand higher cognitive function we must first understand the lowest level. This paper presents our initial results of a computational investigation into the origins of our cognition. We present results from four experiments that investigated the conditions under which initial cognitive abilities arose in our lineage, by comparing a representative chordate, amphioxus, to its close cousins the tunicates and Pikaia. Experiment 1 found that the chordates that would eventually lead to amphioxus and Pikaia evolved a switching mechanism for actions partially from a need to deal with sparse food environments. Experiments 2 & 3 found that predator sensing was the most beneficial adaptation for an organism to receive, followed by increased speed and switching speeds, but also surprisingly, that sensing food was in some cases detrimental. In Experiment 4 we examined the addition of a higher radius of vision and found an amplified performance from predator detection. Our findings show that cognitive adaptations are more advantageous because they enable organisms to avoid predation, eventually enabling them to become predators themselves. Future research will then examine how these basic principles led to more sophisticated cognitive-control mechanisms and learning as evolution progressed to vertebrates, mammals, primates, and ultimately to the complete human mind and brain.
A predominantly glial origin of axonal ribosomes after nerve injury

Axonal mRNA transport and local protein synthesis are crucial for peripheral axon regeneration. To date, it remains unclear how ribosomes localize to axons. They may be co‐transported with mRNAs or, as suggested by recent studies, transferred from Schwann cells (SC). Here, we generated transgenic “RiboTracker” mice expressing tdTomato‐tagged ribosomal protein L4 in specific cell types when crossed with Cre lines. Two neuronal RiboTracker‐Cre lines displayed extremely low levels of axonal L4‐tdTomato‐positive ribosomes. In contrast, two glial RiboTracker‐Cre lines revealed tagged ribosomes in sciatic nerve (SN) axons with increasing amounts after injury. Furthermore, non‐RiboTracker dorsal root ganglia co‐cultured with L4‐tdTomato‐expressing SCs displayed tagged ribosomes in axons. These data provide unequivocal evidence that SN axons receive ribosomes from SCs upon injury and indicate that glial cells are the main source of axonal ribosomes.
Microvascular Angina

The inclusion criteria remained substantially homogeneous over time. Included patients had (1) typical chest pain, exclusively or mainly related to effort, suggesting obstructive CAD; (2) positive EST, as diagnosed according to exercise-induced ST-segment depression on electrocardiogram (ECG); (3) normal epicardial coronary arteries at angiography; and (4) absence of any evidence of coronary artery spasm (based on clinical history, non-invasive tests and, if necessary, i.c. or i.v. ergonovine test), other heart diseases (e.g., valvular disease, cardiomyopathy), and clinically relevant systemic diseases. Patients with significant left ventricular (LV) hypertrophy (LV wall thickness >12 mm) and/or even mild impairment of LV function (LV ejection fraction <50%) on echocardiography, were also always excluded. All patients had carefully been characterized at enrollment with regard to cardiovascular risk factors (hypertension, smoking, diabetes, obesity, family history of CAD), symptom status and diagnostic work-up. Patients were contacted by telephone and invited to undergo a follow-up clinical visit, standard ECG and P revious follow-up studies of primary stable microvascular angina (MVA) diagnosed on the presence of effort chest pain typical enough to suggest coronary artery disease (CAD), positive exercise stress test (EST) and normal coronary arteries at angiography,1 have indicated good long-term prognosis.2–5 A sizeable proportion of patients, however, continues to have recurrent symptoms and impaired quality of life.2–5 Surprisingly, however, there are no follow-up data on EST results, and it is unknown whether changes in EST during follow-up, suggesting possible variations in coronary microvascular dysfunction (CMVD), correlate with symptom outcome. Thus, the aims of this study were to (1) investigate the long-term outcome of EST in patients with MVA; and (2) assess the relationship between changes in EST results and angina symptoms in these patients.
Realizing Wisdom Theory in Complex Learning Networks

The word “wisdom” is rarely seen in contemporary technology and learning discourse. This conceptual paper aims to provide some clear principles that answer the question: How can we establish wisdom in complex learning networks? By considering the nature of contemporary calls for wisdom the paper provides a metatheoretial framework to evaluate the appropriateness of the characteristics of learning technologies in the postmodern context. By taking into account the complexities of paradox and uncertainty in contemporary life, the paper also indicates where future research would be best directed and considers how wisdom might practically be applied via use of learning technologies.
Comparison of Maximum Common Subgraph Isomorphism Algorithms for the Alignment of 2D Chemical Structures

The identification of the largest substructure in common when two (or more) molecules are overlaid is important for several applications in chemoinformatics, and can be implemented using a maximum common subgraph (MCS) algorithm. Many such algorithms have been reported, and it is important to know which are likely to be the useful in operation. A detailed comparison was hence conducted of the efficiency (in terms of CPU time) and the effectiveness (in terms of the size of the MCS identified) of eleven MCS algorithms, some of which were exact and some of which were approximate in character. The algorithms were used to identify both connected and disconnected MCSs on a range of pairs of molecules. The fastest exact algorithms for the connected and disconnected problems were found to be the fMCS and MaxCliqueSeq algorithms, respectively, while the ChemAxon_MCS algorithm was the fastest approximate algorithm for both types of problem.
Relationship among mercury concentration, growth rate, and condition of northern pike: A tautology resolved?

Methylmercury is a bioaccumulative contaminant that biomagnifies in aquatic food webs and adversely affects the health of freshwater fish. Previous studies have documented an inverse relationship between fish condition and concentration of mercury in fish. However, this relationship may be a result of slow‐growing fish accumulating large amounts of methylmercury rather than the effects of methylmercury on fish condition and growth. An evaluation was conducted of the relationship among fish condition, growth, and mercury concentration in northern pike Esox lucius from 26 lakes in the western region of the Laurentian Great Lakes (USA–Canada). The relative weight (an index of fish condition) of northern pike was inversely related to mercury concentration in the axial muscle. The concentration of mercury in standard‐size northern pike increased with fish age and suggested that fast‐growing fish accumulated less mercury than slow‐growing fish. However, there was no relationship between the mean relative weight of northern pike in each population and mean age or mercury concentration of standard‐size northern pike. These results suggest that the relationship between mercury and fish condition is not because of the effects of mercury on rate of growth, but rather because slow‐growing fish bioaccumulate greater concentrations of mercury than fast‐growing fish of the same length. Environ Toxicol Chem 2016;35:2910–2915. © 2016 SETAC
Temporal Equilibrium Logic with past operators

Abstract In this paper, we study the introduction of modal past temporal operators in Temporal Equilibrium Logic (TEL), an hybrid formalism that mixes linear-time modalities and logic programs interpreted under stable models and their characterisation in terms of Equilibrium Logic. We show that Kamp’s translation can also be used to translate the new extension of TEL with past operators into Quantified Equilibrium Logic. Additionally, we provide a method for removing past operators that consists in replacing past-time subformulas by fresh auxiliary atoms, obtaining an equivalent formula, modulo the original alphabet.
Single- and multiple-dose pharmacokinetics of fleroxacin, a trifluorinated quinolone, in humans

Fleroxacin (Ro 23-6240; AM-833) is a new trifluorinated quinolone exhibiting high activity against a broad spectrum of gram-negative and gram-positive bacteria. Healthy male volunteers received, according to a randomized scheme, oral doses of 200, 400, or 800 mg of fleroxacin in tablet form, an intravenous infusion of 100 mg, or 400 mg of fleroxacin orally together with 1,000 mg of probenecid. Fleroxacin is characterized pharmacokinetically by a long elimination half-life (9 to 10 h) and high concentrations in plasma (e.g., maximum concentration of 2.3 micrograms/ml after an oral dose of 200 mg). The volume of distribution clearly exceeds 1 liter/kg and suggests a good tissue penetration. Within 60 h, the cumulative urinary recovery of unchanged drug amounted to 50 to 60% of the dose. The renal clearance of unbound drug was 137 ml/min, and probenecid had no significant effect on renal elimination. A good linear correlation (r = 0.999) was found between doses from 100 to 800 mg and the resulting values of area under the concentration-time curve. The absolute bioavailability of the administered tablet was practically 100%. During oral multiple dosing of 800 or 1,200 mg of fleroxacin once a day over 10 consecutive days, the accumulation of the drug in plasma was close to the theoretically predicted value of 1.3 and reflected the persistence of linear pharmacokinetics.