Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Observations of Bullying in the Classroom

Abstract The prevalence and nature of bullying was assessed on the basis of observations of children's interactions in the classroom. This study was based on a systemic-developmental model of bullying and victimization. Participants were drawn from 1 public school in metropolitan Toronto. Twenty-seven children (19 boys, 8 girls) identified by teachers as aggressive and nonaggressive were targeted for filming. The 27 children were identified from the total number of students (N = 190) in the 8 classrooms. There were 60 bullying episodes observed from 28 hr of video and remote audio recordings of classroom observations. Bullying occurred twice every hour in the classroom and was short in duration. The boys and girls bullied at the same rate. Peers were involved in some capacity (from actively participating to passively onlooking) in 85% of the bullying episodes. Results suggest that bullying unfolds in a peer context in the classroom and is related to the type of classroom activity and individual characteri.
Exposure to perchlorate induces the formation of macrophage aggregates in the trunk kidney of zebrafish and mosquitofish

Abstract Environmental contamination of ground and surface waters by perchlorate, derived from ammonium perchlorate (AP) and other perchlorate salts, is of increasing concern. Exposure to perchlorate can impair the thyroid endocrine system, which is thought to modulate renal and immune function in vertebrates. This study with zebrafish Danio rerio and eastern mosquitofish Gambusia holbrooki examined the histological effects of perchlorate on the trunk kidney, which in teleosts serves excretory and hemopoietic functions and therefore may be a target of perchlorate effects. Adult zebrafish of both sexes were exposed in the laboratory to waterborne, AP-derived perchlorate at measured concentrations of 18 mg/L for 8 weeks. Adult male mosquitofish were exposed to waterborne sodium perchlorate at measured perchlorate concentrations of 1–92 mg/L for 8 weeks. Control fish were kept in untreated water. The region of the body cavity containing the trunk kidney was processed from each fish for histological analysis.
Attentional Bias for Threatening Facial Expressions in Anxiety: Manipulation of Stimulus Duration

The study investigated the time course of attentional biases for emotional facial expressions in high and low trait anxious individuals. Threat, happy, and neutral face stimuli were presented at two exposure durations, 500 and 1250msec, in a forced-choice reaction time (RT) version of the dot probe task. There was clear evidence of an attentional bias favouring threatening facial expressions, but not emotional faces in general, in high trait anxiety. Increased dysphoria was associated with a tendency to avoid happy faces. No evidence was found of avoidance following initial vigilance for threat in this nonclinical sample. Methodological and theoretical implications of the results are discussed.
Comparative efficacy of clindamycin and benzoyl peroxide for in vivo suppression of Propionibacterium acnes

BACKGROUND: Benzoyl peroxide and clindamycin are the two most widely prescribed topical antimicrobials in the treatment of acne. AIM: To compare the antimicrobial efficacy, in vivo, of benzoyl peroxide and clindamycin against Propionibacterium acnes . METHODS: Two groups of 10 subjects each, with comparable mean P. acnes baseline counts of log 5.75 to 5.85, underwent twice daily application of benzoyl peroxide or clindamycin for 14 days. RESULTS: The results of quantitatively sampling P. acnes after 3, 7 and 14 days of treatment showed that TriazA 6% benzoyl peroxide special gel produced faster and significantly greater reductions in P. acnes than did the 1% clindamycin phosphate in Cleocin-TA lotion ( p < 0.01). These results were paralleled by the greater reductions produced by Triaz versus Cleocin ( p < 0.05) in P. acnes fluorescence. CONCLUSION: Benzoyl peroxide formulations suppress the follicular population of P. acnes more rapidly and to a greater degree than topical antibiotics such as clindamycin.
Energy-Momentum Tensor and Particle Creation in the De Sitter Universe

Particle creation in a conformally flat spacetime (e.g., FRW universe) requires a non-conformal field. The choice of state is crucial, as one may misunderstand the physics of particle creation by choosing a too restrictive vacuum for the quantum field. The authors exhibit a vacuum state in which the expectation values of the energy and pressure allow an intuitive physical interpretation. They apply this general result to the de Sitter universe.
Application of the Evidence Procedure to Linear Problems in Signal Processing

The presented work addresses application of the evidence procedure to the field of signal processing where ill-posed estimation problems are frequently encountered. We base our analysis on the Relevance Vector Machines (RVM) technique originally proposed by M. Tipping. It effectively locally maximizes the evidence integral for linear kernel-based models. We extend the RVM technique by considering correlated additive Gaussian observation noise and complex-valued signals. We also show that grouping model parameters �, such that a single hyperparameter α k controls the kth cluster can be very effective in practice. In particular, it allows to cluster parameters �w's according to their potential relevance which in turns leads to highly improved generalization performance of the therewith parametrized models. The developed scheme is then illustratively applied to the problem of nonlinear system identifi- cation based on a discrete-time Volterra model. Similar ideas are used to analyze wireless channels from the channel measurement data. Results for synthetic as well as real-world data are presented.
In favor of an ecological account of color

Abstract Byrne & Hilbert understate the difficulties facing their version of color realism. We doubt that they can fix reflectance types and magnitudes in a way that does not invoke relations to perceivers. B&H's account, therefore, resembles the dispositional or ecological accounts that they dismiss. This is a good thing, for a dispositional account is promising if understood in an ecological framework.
Right and Left Atrial Radiofrequency Catheter Therapy of Paroxysmal Atrial Fibrillation

Ablation of Paroxysmal Atrial Fibrillation. Introduction: (AF), trial fibrillation (AF), the most common arrhythmia, is due to multiple simultaneous wavelets of reentry in the atria. The only available curative treatment is surreal, using atriotomies to compartmentalize the atria. Therefore, we investigated a staged anatomical approach using radiofrequency catheter ablation lines to prevent paroxysmal AF.
Her2 amplification distinguishes a subset of non-muscle-invasive bladder cancers with a high risk of progression

Background Several studies have employed immunohistochemistry to detect Her2/neu overexpression in urothelial carcinomas, yielding a tremendous range of positive expression rates. Few studies have examined Her2 status in non-muscle invasive bladder cancer (NMIBC) using fluorescence in situ hybridisation (FISH). Aim To evaluate Her2 amplification in NMIBC (Ta/T1), to correlate the findings with recurrence and progression, and compare the Her2 status between primary and progressive tumours. Methods FISH and immunohistochemistry for Her2/neu were performed on tissue arrays consisting of 36 papillary urothelial neoplasms of low malignant potential (PUNLMPs), 190 low grade urothelial carcinomas (LG-UCs) and 178 high grade urothelial carcinomas (HG-UCs). 32 cases with specimens of both primary and progressive tumours (from Ta/T1 to T2–4) were included for comparative analyses. Results 16 HG-UCs (9.0%) showed Her2 gene amplification while none of the PUNLMPs and LG-UCs showed this aberration. There was 100% concordance in the status of Her2 amplification between primary and progressive lesions. Immunohistochemistry and FISH results were in closest agreement when overexpression was defined as 50% of tumour cells showing immunoreactivity. The cumulative incidences of recurrence and progression in Her2-amplified HG-UC were significantly higher than in those without amplification. Conclusions A subset of high-grade NMIBCs contain Her2 amplification and are associated with markedly aggressive behaviour. Her2 diagnostics are valuable for distinguishing patients who require diligent surveillance and would potentially benefit from anti-Her2 therapies.
The Divided Self Revisited: Effects of Self-Concept Clarity and Self-Concept Differentiation on Psychological Adjustment

Abstract This article presents two studies that tested the ability of self-concept differentiation (SCD) and self-concept clarity (SCC) to predict levels of psychological adjustment. In Study 1, 133 college students rated themselves on measures of Self-Esteem, Purpose in Life, Sense of Coherence, Affect Balance, General Contentment, Depression, Anxiety, and Self-Disclosure Flexibility. After controlling for SCD, the addition of SCC resulted in a 9% to 33% increase in the explained variance using hierarchical multiple regression. Study 2 extended these findings to an inpatient psychiatric population (N = 31), again finding that measures of psychological adjustment were more strongly related to self-concept clarity than to self-concept differentiation. Results are interpreted as extending and qualifying Donahue et al.'s (1993) position regarding the negative impact of a “divided self” on psychological adjustment.
Reference ranges for testosterone in men generated using liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry in a community-based sample of healthy nonobese young men in the Framingham Heart Study and applied to three geographically distinct cohorts.

CONTEXT Reference ranges are essential for partitioning testosterone levels into low or normal and making the diagnosis of androgen deficiency. We established reference ranges for total testosterone (TT) and free testosterone (FT) in a community-based sample of men. METHODS TT was measured using liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry in nonobese healthy men, 19-40 yr old, in the Framingham Heart Study Generation 3; FT was calculated. Values below the 2.5th percentile of reference sample were deemed low. We determined the association of low TT and FT with physical dysfunction, sexual symptoms [European Male Aging Study (EMAS) only], and diabetes mellitus in three cohorts: Framingham Heart Study generations 2 and 3, EMAS, and the Osteoporotic Fractures in Men Study. RESULTS In a reference sample of 456 men, mean (sd), median (quartile), and 2.5th percentile values were 723.8 (221.1), 698.7 (296.5), and 348.3 ng/dl for TT and 141. 8 (45.0), 134.0 (60.0), and 70.0 pg/ml for FT, respectively. In all three samples, men with low TT and FT were more likely to have slow walking speed, difficulty climbing stairs, or frailty and diabetes than those with normal levels. In EMAS, men with low TT and FT were more likely to report sexual symptoms than men with normal levels. Men with low TT and FT were more likely to have at least one of the following: sexual symptoms (EMAS only), physical dysfunction, or diabetes. CONCLUSION Reference ranges generated in a community-based sample of men provide a rational basis for categorizing testosterone levels as low or normal. Men with low TT or FT by these criteria had higher prevalence of physical dysfunction, sexual dysfunction, and diabetes. These reference limits should be validated prospectively in relation to incident outcomes and in randomized trials.
Reflexive Interactions

Reflexive methodology was used to identify music collectors’ needs, that informed the development of conceptual prototypes which create moments of delightful distraction in their everyday lives. ARON: music lives in the cloud is a music listening and sharing system that enables ambient, non-task oriented experiences through networked biomorphic light forms equipped with a presence interface. ARON was developed via a methodology which the author calls Reflexive Interactions. This methodology positions interaction designers as social agents. The approach recognizes the influences and negotiations between the people involved in the design process. The methodology works toward an evolution of interaction design models to affect the collective social condition. In this paper, the author defines the methodology of Reflexive Interactions and presents a case study of its ap-
A study of occupational stress, job satisfaction, and quitting intention in Hong Kong firms : the role of locus of control and organizational commitment

The authors investigated the direct and moderating effects of locus of control and organizational commitment on the relationship of sources of stress with psychological distress, job satisfaction and quitting intention of 122 employees (66 males, 54 females, two unclassified) working in Hong Kong firms. The instruments included parts of Occupational Stress Indicator-2 measuring sources of stress and job satisfaction, Work Locus of Control and the nine-item Organizational Commitment Questionnaire. In addition, 10 items measuring psychological distress and two items measuring quitting intention were constructed by the first author. A series of validation procedures were conducted, and the authors concluded that the instruments used were valid to be used on Chinese employees in Hong Kong. The results of the study suggested that locus of control and organizational commitment had strong direct effects (externals were dissatisfied with the job itself and thought of quitting the job quite often; employees who had a high commitment had higher job satisfaction) and moderating effects (the stressor–strain relationships were significant in externals, and commitment buffered most of the stressor–strain relationships). © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Night thoughts of a quantum physicist

The most dramatic developments in theoretical physics in the next millennium are likely to come when we make progress on so far unresolved foundational questions. In this essay I consider two of the deepest problems confronting us, the measurement problem in quantum theory and the problem of relating consciousness to the rest of physics. I survey some recent promising ideas on possible solutions to the measurement problem and explain what a proper physical understanding of consciousness would involve and why it would need new physics.
Surgery and the Spinorial τ-Invariant

We associate to a compact spin manifold M a real-valued invariant τ(M) by taking the supremum over all conformal classes of the infimum inside each conformal class of the first positive Dirac eigenvalue, when the metrics are normalized to unit volume. This invariant is a spinorial analogue of Schoen's σ-constant, also known as the smooth Yamabe invariant. We prove that if N is obtained from M by surgery of codimension at least 2 then τ(N) ≥ min{τ(M), Λ n }, where Λ n is a positive constant depending only on n = dim M. Various topological conclusions can be drawn, in particular that τ is a spin-bordism invariant below Λ n . Also, below Λ n the values of τ cannot accumulate from above when varied over all manifolds of dimension n.
Cognitive Constraints in a Computational Linguistic Model for Speech Recognition

This paper investigates the use of cognitive constraints in a computational linguistic model for speech recognition. The approach incorporates a cognitive-based phonology into a dynamic temporal framework with the aim of improving the robustness of speech recognition performance by analysing speech as an embodied artefact of human social cognition. This paper sketches the necessary extensions to an existing computational linguistic model and discusses how a distributional analysis based on cognitively motivated features can provide the basis for the establishment of the cognitive constraints for the purposes of constraint ranking in such a model.
Pre‐ and postsynaptic regulation of locus coeruleus neurons after chronic morphine treatment: a study of GIRK‐knockout mice

While the acute inhibitory effect of opioids on locus coeruleus (LC) neurons is mediated primarily by the activation of G protein‐gated inwardly‐rectifying K+ (GIRK) channels, the 3′‐5′‐cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) system has been implicated in the effects of chronic morphine exposure. Presently, the impact of chronic morphine treatment on GIRK‐dependent and GIRK‐independent mechanisms underlying the opioid‐induced inhibition of LC neurons is unclear. Here, opioid‐induced postsynaptic inhibition was studied in LC neurons from wild‐type and GIRK2/GIRK3−/− mice at baseline and following chronic morphine treatment. The postsynaptic inhibition of LC neurons caused by the opioid agonist [Met]5 enkephalin (ME) was unaffected by chronic morphine treatment in mice of either genotype. Furthermore, chronic morphine treatment had no effect on the forskolin augmentation of the ME‐induced current in wild‐type LC neurons and only a minor effect on the ME‐induced current in LC neurons from GIRK2/GIRK3−/− mice. Chronic morphine treatment did, however, lead to an increased frequency of spontaneous excitatory postsynaptic currents (EPSCs) in the LC. Interestingly, while forskolin augmented the EPSC frequency similarly in untreated and morphine‐treated wild‐type mice, as well as untreated GIRK2/GIRK3−/− mice, it failed to increase the frequency of EPSCs in morphine‐treated GIRK2/GIRK3−/− mice. Altogether, the findings suggest that chronic morphine treatment exerts little impact on ion channels and signaling pathways that mediate the postsynaptic inhibitory effects of opioids but does enhance excitatory neurotransmission in the mouse LC.
Spin Echo Magnetic Resonance Imaging

P. C. Lauterbur was the pioneer of imaging techniques for medical practice using MRI. In 1973, he described a method that produced a generation of a two-dimensional projection showing the density of the protons and the distribution of the relaxation times in a sample consisting of two water tubes. His studies were further improved by groups led by Hinshaw and Mansfield in England, Hutchinson in Scotland, Ernst in Switzerland, and Cho in Korea. Thus, alternative techniques have been developed to generate images that can assist both medical diagnoses and "in vivo" studies of biochemical reactions that occur at the cell level [1,3,4].
Developmental Factors Affecting Children in Legal Contexts

Developmental factors affect the way that children and young people behave in legal contexts. We first discuss developmental factors such as cognitive and emotional development, social expectations and suggestibility that affect young victims and suspects. We then describe some implications of these developmental factors for police interviewers and for the youth justice system more generally and call for the more differentiated treatment of young people according to their age and development.
Multidrug Resistance and Cancer Stem Cells in Neuroblastoma and Hepatoblastoma

Chemotherapy is one of the major modalities in treating cancers. However, its effectiveness is limited by the acquisition of multidrug resistance (MDR). Several mechanisms could explain the up-regulation of MDR genes/proteins in cancer after chemotherapy. It is known that cancer stem cells (CSCs) play a role as master regulators. Therefore, understanding the mechanisms that regulate some traits of CSCs may help design efficient strategies to overcome chemoresistance. Different CSC phenotypes have been identified, including those found in some pediatric malignancies. As solid tumors in children significantly differ from those observed in adults, this review aims at providing an overview of the mechanistic relationship between MDR and CSCs in common solid tumors, and, in particular, focuses on clinical as well as experimental evidence of the relations between CSCs and MDR in neuroblastoma and hepatoblastoma. Finally, some novel approaches, such as concomitant targeting of multiple key transcription factors governing the stemness of CSCs, as well as nanoparticle-based approaches will also be briefly addressed.
Medical and Psychosocial Aspects of Fertility After Cancer

Survival for cancer has improved significantly in the last 25 years with excellent overall 5- and 10-year survival rates. Hence, the majority of young women diagnosed with cancer can expect to live for decades, making quality of life issues such as fertility increasingly important. Risks of infertility vary based on the chemotherapy and treatments employed, as well as a woman's age. In general, younger women are less likely to experience permanent amenorrhea than older women, but even women who continue to menstruate have a greatly increased risk of premature menopause. Options for patients with cancer entering chemotherapy treatment, who wish to preserve fertility range from clinically well-established techniques such as embryo cryopreservation to more experimental techniques such as ovarian tissue cryopreservation. Pregnancy does not appear to increase the risk of cancer recurrence. Discussions of fertility issues in premenopausal women diagnosed with cancer present important challenges to the provider and to the patient. However, failure to discuss these options adequately can have lasting negative consequences on a woman's quality of life. Physician education interventions should seek to improve the knowledge of fertility preservations options, and of locally and nationally available resources.
DA-BSP: Towards Data Association Aware Belief Space Planning for Robust Active Perception

We develop a belief space planning (BSP) approach that advances the state of the art by incorporating reasoning about data association (DA) within planning (existing BSP approaches typically assume data association is given and perfect), while considering additional sources of uncertainty. Our data association aware belief space planning (DA-BSP) approach explicitly reasons about DA within belief evolution, and as such can better accommodate these challenging real world scenarios. Starting from a Gaussian prior, due to perceptual aliasing, we show that the posterior belief becomes a Gaussian mixture model. Overall, our approach is applicable to robust active perception and autonomous navigation in perceptually aliased environments.
Liquiritigenin Protects Rats from Carbon Tetrachloride Induced Hepatic Injury through PGC-1α Pathway

The lack of effective treatment for liver cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinomas imposes serious challenges to the healthcare system. Here, we investigated the efficacy and mechanism of liquiritigenin involved in preventing or retarding the progression of liver diseases in a rat model with chronic carbon tetrachloride (CCl4) exposure. Sprague Dawley rats were given CCl4 and lliquiritigenin alone or simultaneously for 8 weeks before liver was harvested to check histological changes by Hematoxylin and Eosin (H&E) staining, apoptosis by TUNEL assay, ROS by dihydroethidium staining, antioxidant enzyme activities and malondialdehyde using specific kits, and gene expression by quantitative real-time PCR and western blot. Chronic CCl4 exposure caused profound changes in liver histology with extensive hepatocyte death (necrosis and apoptosis), fat accumulation, and infiltration of inflammatory cells, accompanied by depressed activities of antioxidant enzymes, increased oxidative stress, elevated expression of inflammation and fibrotic genes, and downregulation of PGC-1α, ND1, and Bcl-x in rat liver. All these changes were abolished or alleviated by lliquiritigenin. The results demonstrated that liquiritigenin is effective in protecting liver from injury or treating chronic liver diseases. The modulation of PGC-1α and its downstream genes might play a critical role in relieving CCl4-induced hepatic pathogenesis by liquiritigenin.