Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Enzymatic hydrolysis of biomass from wood

Current research and development in cellulosic ethanol production has been focused mainly on agricultural residues and dedicated energy crops such as corn stover and switchgrass; however, woody biomass remains a very important feedstock for ethanol production. The precise composition of hemicellulose in the wood is strongly dependent on the plant species, therefore different types of enzymes are needed based on hemicellulose complexity and type of pretreatment. In general, hardwood species have much lower recalcitrance to enzymes than softwood. For hardwood, xylanases, beta‐xylosidases and xyloglucanases are the main hemicellulases involved in degradation of the hemicellulose backbone, while for softwood the effect of mannanases and beta‐mannosidases is more relevant. Furthermore, there are different key accessory enzymes involved in removing the hemicellulosic fraction and increasing accessibility of cellulases to the cellulose fibres improving the hydrolysis process. A diversity of enzymatic cocktails has been tested using from low to high densities of biomass (2–20% total solids) and a broad range of results has been obtained. The performance of recently developed commercial cocktails on hardwoods and softwoods will enable a further step for the commercialization of fuel ethanol from wood.
Long overdue? Another look at the National Literacy Strategy

This paper discusses the teaching approaches which English primary schools are encouraged to use as part of the National Literacy Strategy (NLS) and the ways in which the case for their increased use is supported by research and inspection evidence. This evidence suggests that, in the years immediately before the NLS was implemented, early reading in English primary schools was largely taught by individualised methods. The skills for dealing with information texts were taught rather patchily. Links between reading and writing were often not directly made. The paper argues that the reasons for this individualised pedagogy can be traced back to the influence of the Plowden Report of 1967. The limitations of individualised teaching with whole classes have subsequently been highlighted by school effectiveness research. The paper outlines the studies which have influenced the NLS in promoting greater direct interactive teaching of literacy and notes some critical issues which are still to be resolved. United Kingdom Reading Association 2000.
The Importance of Being Fuzzy and the Importance of Being Precise: Commentary On Harrison and Tronick

A lexandra Harrison and Edward Tronick address two central issues for understanding how psychoanalysis may work. On a theoretical level they suggest a conceptual framework derived from nonlinear dynamics and systems theory to describe the therapeutic action of psychoanalysis in terms of the evolution of complex systems. On an empirical level they suggest that psychoanalysts need to incorporate a wider observational stance that has been most fruitfully used in infant research.
Anemia Caused by Oxidative Stress

Anemia is considered to be one of the major health problems. According to the World Health Organization, about 30 percent of people throughout the world suffer from anemia. The most common cause of anemia is iron deficiency; however, recent work has shown that reactive oxygen species (ROS) of erythrocytes are one of the principal causative factors of anemia. Elevation of ROS in erythrocytes could occur either by activation of ROS generation or by suppression of antioxidative/redox system. When erythrocytes experience an excessive elevation of ROS, oxidative stress develops. ROS are known to contribute to the pathogenesis of several hereditary disorders of erythrocytes, including sickle cell anemia, thalassemia, and glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) deficiency. Deficiency of antioxidant enzymes such as superoxide dismutase 1 (SOD1) or peroxiredoxin II (Prx II) induces elevation of oxidative stress in erythrocytes and causes anemia, while deficiency of catalase or glutathione peroxidase does not. In addition to the abnormalities of antioxidant enzymes, some transcription factors such as p45NF-E2 or Nrf2 can cause anemia. In this chapter, I provide some evidence of the involvement of oxidative stress in anemia.
SOCITEMREC: A FRAMEWORK FOR ITEM RECOMMENDATION IN SOCIAL NETWORKS

Collaborative filtering based recommendation methods focus on user-item information for modeling the user interest. However, in social networks the user interest is influenced by other user interests in the local social circle of the active user. In this paper, considering the homophily of relation to similar interests and similar friends, we propose a social item recommendation framework (SocItemRec). Our framework combines both global interest from the user-item information and local interest from social relation information for recommendations. We evaluate our framework on real world data from Sina Weibo, one of the most popular social network sites in China. The experimental results demonstrate that our framework leads to improved performance of top-k item recommendation.
Secure Delivery of Data in WSN

This paper proposes FWCa hash-based fragile watermarking technique to protect the integrity of sensor data. Sensor data are organized into groups before calculating the hash digest and storing them in the least significant bits. The watermark is chained across the groups to mitigate group insertion and deletion attacks. Detailed security analysis is provided for each of the proposed scheme. Experimental results prove that the proposed schemes are much faster than SGW security technique. At the same time, the proposed schemes are more robust than SGW.
Synaesthesia: a Conceptualization (‘Synthesis’-) Phenomenon. Philosophical and Neurobiological Aspects

Neurobiological aspects of synaesthesia are discussed from the perspective of the broader philosophical topic of “syn-aisthesis” and the basic fundamentals of a neuropsychological understanding of perceptual inter-modal integration. Herein, the predominance of conceptualization processes in regard to top-down functions of the brain appears as a prerequisite for perception. Functional Magnet Resonance Imaging (fMRI) data of synaesthetes compared to controls are discussed, providing evidence for the theory that prefrontal and parietal conceptualization processes by themselves exert transmodal functions and thus contain properties of “binding”. A partial hyperactivity of such processes in synaesthesia may thus be a causal factor of this condition.
Constituting ‘the public’ in public participation

The emphasis on public participation in contemporary policy discourse has prompted the development of a wide range of forums within which dialogue takes place between citizens and officials. Often such initiatives are intended to contribute to objectives relating to social exclusion and democratic renewal. The question of 'who takes part' within such forums is, then, critical to an understanding of how far new types of forums can contribute to the delivery of such objectives. This article draws on early findings of research conducted as part of the ESRC Democracy and Participation Programme. It addresses three questions: 'How do public bodies define or constitute the public that they wish to engage in dialogue? '; 'What notions of representation or representativeness do participants and public officials bring to the idea of legitimate membership of such forums? '; and 'How do deliberative forums contribute to, or help ameliorate, processes of social inclusion and exclusion? '
Folate therapy and in-stent restenosis.

1. Keenan SP, Powers C, McCormack DG, Block G. Noninvasive positive-pressure ventilation for postextubation respiratory distress: a randomized controlled trial. JAMA 2002;287:3238-44. 2. Hillberg RE, Johnson DC. Noninvasive ventilation. N Engl J Med 1997;337:1746-52. 3. Mehta S, Hill NS. Noninvasive ventilation. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2001;163:540-77. 4. International Consensus Conferences in Intensive Care Medicine: noninvasive positive pressure ventilation in acute respiratory failure. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2001;163:283-91.
Hippocampal Astrocytes In Situ Respond to Glutamate Released from Synaptic Terminals

A long-standing question in neurobiology is whether astrocytes respond to the neuronal release of neurotransmitters in vivo. To address this question, acutely isolated hippocampal slices were loaded with the calcium-sensitive dye Calcium Green-1 and the responses of the astrocytes to electrical stimulation of the Schaffer collaterals were monitored by confocal microscopy. To confirm that the responsive cells were astrocytes, the slices were immunostained for the astrocytic marker glial fibrillary acidic protein. Stimulation of the Schaffer collaterals (50 Hz, 2 sec) resulted in increases in the concentration of intracellular calcium ([Ca2+]i) in the astrocytes located in the stratum radiatum of CA1. The astrocytic responses were blocked by the sodium channel blocker tetrodotoxin, the voltage-dependent calcium channel blocker ω-conotoxin-MVIIC, and the selective metabotropic glutamate receptor antagonist α-methyl-4-carboxyphenylglycine (MCPG). These results suggest that the astrocytic responses were induced by stimulation of metabotropic glutamate receptors on the astrocytes by neuronally released glutamate. The astrocytic responses to neuronal stimulation were enhanced in the presence of the K+ channel antagonist 4-aminopyridine (4-AP). Inhibition of the astrocytic responses in the presence of 4-AP required the presence of both MCPG and the ionotropic glutamate receptor antagonist kynurenic acid. These results suggest that higher levels of neuronal activity result in stimulation of both metabotropic and ionotropic glutamate receptors on the astrocytes. Overall, the results indicate that hippocampal astrocytes in situ are able to respond to the neuronal release of the neurotransmitter glutamate with increases in [Ca2+]i.
Randomized phase III trial of cisplatin with or without topotecan in carcinoma of the uterine cervix: a Gynecologic Oncology Group Study.

PURPOSE On the basis of reported activity of methotrexate, vinblastine, doxorubicin, and cisplatin (MVAC) or topotecan plus cisplatin in advanced cervix cancer, we undertook a randomized trial comparing these combinations versus cisplatin alone, to determine whether survival is improved with either combination compared with cisplatin alone, and to compare toxicities and quality of life (QOL) among the regimens. PATIENTS AND METHODS Eligible patients were randomly allocated to receive cisplatin 50 mg/m(2) every 3 weeks (CPT); cisplatin 50 mg/m(2) day 1 plus topotecan 0.75 mg/m(2) days 1 to 3 every 3 weeks (CT); or methotrexate 30 mg/m(2) days 1, 15, and 22, vinblastine 3 mg/m(2) days 2, 15, and 22, doxorubicin 30 mg/m(2) day 2, and cisplatin 70 mg/m(2) day 2 every 4 weeks (MVAC). Survival was the primary end point; response rate and progression-free survival (PFS) were secondary end points. QOL data are reported separately. RESULTS The MVAC arm was closed by the Data Safety Monitoring Board after four treatment-related deaths occurred among 63 patients, and is not included in this analysis. Two hundred ninety-four patients enrolled onto the remaining regimens: 146 to CPT and 147 to CT. Grade 3 to 4 hematologic toxicity was more common with CT. Patients receiving CT had statistically superior outcomes to those receiving CPT, with median overall survival of 9.4 and 6.5 months (P = .017), median PFS of 4.6 and 2.9 months (P = .014), and response rates of 27% and 13%, respectively. CONCLUSION This is the first randomized phase III trial to demonstrate a survival advantage for combination chemotherapy over cisplatin alone in advanced cervix cancer.
Potential Health Effects Associated with Dermal Exposure to Occupational Chemicals

There are a large number of workers in the United States, spanning a variety of occupational industries and sectors, who are potentially exposed to chemicals that can be absorbed through the skin. Occupational skin exposures can result in numerous diseases that can adversely affect an individual's health and capacity to perform at work. In general, there are three types of chemical-skin interactions of concern: direct skin effects, immune-mediated skin effects, and systemic effects. While hundreds of chemicals (metals, epoxy and acrylic resins, rubber additives, and chemical intermediates) present in virtually every industry have been identified to cause direct and immune-mediated effects such as contact dermatitis or urticaria, less is known about the number and types of chemicals contributing to systemic effects. In an attempt to raise awareness, skin notation assignments communicate the potential for dermal absorption; however, there is a need for standardization among agencies to communicate an accurate description of occupational hazards. Studies have suggested that exposure to complex mixtures, excessive hand washing, use of hand sanitizers, high frequency of wet work, and environmental or other factors may enhance penetration and stimulate other biological responses altering the outcomes of dermal chemical exposure. Understanding the hazards of dermal exposure is essential for the proper implementation of protective measures to ensure worker safety and health.
A Study of Machine Reading from Multiple Texts

A system that seeks to build a semantically coherent representation from multiple texts requires (at least) three things: a representation language that is sufficiently expressive to capture the information conveyed by the text; a natural language engine that can interpret text and generate semantic representations in that language with reasonable reliability; and a knowledge integration capability that can integrate information from different texts and from background knowledge into a coherent whole. In this paper we present a case study of these requirements for interpreting four different paragraphs of text (from different sources), each describing how a two-stroke combustion engine behaves. We identify the challenges involved in meeting these requirements and how they might be addressed. One key feature that emerges is the need for extensive background knowledge to guide the interpretation, disambiguate, and fill in gaps. The resulting contribution of this paper is a deeper understanding of the overall machine reading task.
Wrapper design for multifrequency IP cores

This paper addresses the testability problems raised by intellectual property cores with multiple clock domains. The proposed solution is based on a novel core wrapper architecture and a new wrapper design algorithm. It is shown how multifrequency at-speed test response capture can be achieved via the design of capture windows without any structural modifications to the logic within the embedded core. The new features in the core wrapper architecture, which introduce limited hardware overhead, can also synchronize the external tester channels with the core's internal scan chains in the shift mode. Thus, the wrapper implementation space can be explored in order to efficiently utilize the available tester bandwidth while meeting the constraints on the maximum internal shift frequency that guarantees low testing time within the given power ratings. Using experimental data, the benefits of the proposed solution are demonstrated by analyzing the tradeoffs between the number of tester channels, testing time, area overhead, and power dissipation.
A corporate's responsibility to employees during a merger: organizational virtue and employee loyalty

– A company may ignore its non‐obligatory responsibilities to employees during a major change such as a merger, leading to their disaffection and feeling of insecurity. The purpose of this paper is to explore how employee views of the merged organization differ by their pre‐merger background, and to explain the impact of the poorly perceived organizational virtue on employees' emotional response to the merged organization including satisfaction, emotional attachment, job security and loyalty. , – The methodology involved a questionnaire survey of employees from an organization in crisis following a merger due to poor employee morale and high labor turnover. , – The two major findings were: first perceptions of organizational empathy, warmth and conscientiousness were strongly correlated with employee loyalty, perceived job security, satisfaction and emotional attachment. Second, company background prior to the merger had a contrary effect to that expected from existing literature; employees from the acquiring companies had more negative feeling towards the merged organization. , – The research findings highlight the importance of promoting the virtues of empathy and warmth as keys to ensuring the emotional attachment and loyalty of key employees to ensure the long‐term success of the merger. , – Despite growing interest in applying virtue ethics into business, empirical studies assessing organizational level virtue are rare. This empirical study of the organizational virtue advances, complements, and distinguishes itself from existing studies on merger, by demonstrating the importance of non‐obligatory virtues (those beyond legal and economic responsibilities) perceived by employees.
A 56-year-old woman with early acute pulmonary emboli following pelvic reconstructive surgery

Venous thromboembolism (VTE) remains a significant cause of postoperative morbidity and mortality. There are few reports on acute symptomatic pulmonary embolism (PE) following urogynaecological surgery. The authors report a case of an adult woman who developed a massive acute PE early on postoperative day 1 following a complex reconstructive surgery. Following anticoagulation treatment and placement of an inferior vena cava filter, the patient recovered and was discharged without discomfort on the ninth postoperative day. While recognition of the early occurrence of VTE is important to ensure optimal patient care following major pelvic surgery, this case highlights the need to reconsider VTE prophylaxis protocols in moderate to high-risk populations undergoing elective surgery.
Shape from Shading for Rough Surfaces: Analysis of the Oren-Nayar Model

Due to their improved capability to handle realistic illumination scenarios, nonLambertian reflectance models are becoming increasingly more popular in the Shape from Shading (SfS) community. One of these advanced models is the Oren-Nayar model which is particularly suited to handle rough surfaces. However, not only the proper selection of the model is important, also the validation of stable and efficient algorithms plays a fundamental role when it comes to the practical applicability. While there are many works dealing with such algorithms in the case of Lambertian SfS, no such analysis has been performed so far for the Oren-Nayar model. In our paper we address this problem and present an in-depth study for such an advanced SfS model. To this end, we investigate under which conditions, i.e. model parameters, the Fast Marching (FM) method can be applied – a method that is known to be one of the most efficient algorithms for solving the underlying partial differential equations of Hamilton-Jacobi type. In this context, we do not only perform a general investigation of the model using Osher’s criterion for verifying the suitability of the FM method. We also conduct a parameter dependent analysis that shows, that FM can safely be used for the model for a wide range of settings relevant for practical applications. Thus, for the first time, it becomes possible to theoretically justify the use of the FM method as solver for the Oren-Nayar model which has been applied so far on a purely empirical basis only. Numerical experiments demonstrate the validity of our theoretical analysis. They show a stable behaviour of the FM method for the predicted range of model parameters.
Antireflective ‘moth-eye’ structures fabricated by a cheap and versatile process on various optical elements

We present a cheap and versatile method to fabricate antireflective moth-eye structures on various substrates. This method consists of a mask created by a self-assembly technique (block copoplymer micelle nanolithography - BCML) and a subsequent reactive ion etching step. Contrary to most other methods this technique also allows for the creation of moth-eye structures on non-flat substrates. We demonstrate the superiority of this technique on a diffraction grating and on different lenses. Electron micrographs show that almost the whole surface area is homogenously covered with these antireflective nanostructures. Transmittance and reflectance measurements support these findings.
A Monetary Policy Model Without Money for India

A New Keynesian model estimated for India yields valuable insights. Aggregate demand reacts to interest rate changes with a lag of at least three quarters, with inflation taking seven quarters to respond. Inflation is inertial and persistent when it sets in, irrespective of the source. Exchange rate pass-through to domestic inflation is low. Inflation turns out to be the dominant focus of monetary policy, accompanied by a strong commitment to the stabilization of output. Recent policy actions have raised the effective policy rate, but the estimated neutral policy rate suggests some further tightening to normalize the policy stance.
Dynamics of keratin assembly: exogenous type I keratin rapidly associates with type II keratin in vivo

Keratin intermediate filaments (IF) are obligate heteropolymers containing equal amounts of type I and type II keratin. We have previously shown that microinjected biotinylated type I keratin is rapidly incorporated into endogenous bundles of keratin IF (tonofilaments) of PtK2 cells. In this study we show that the earliest steps in the assembly of keratin subunits into tonofilaments involve the extremely rapid formation of discrete aggregates of microinjected keratin. These are seen as fluorescent spots containing both type I and type II keratins within 1 min post-injection as determined by double label immunofluorescence. These observations suggest that endogenous type II keratin subunits can be rapidly mobilized from their endogenous state to form complexes with the injected type I protein. Furthermore, confocal microscopy and immunogold electron microscopy suggest that the type I-type II keratin spots from in close association with the endogenous keratin IF network. When the biotinylated protein is injected at concentrations of 0.3-0.5 mg/ml, the organization of the endogenous network of tonofilaments remains undisturbed during incorporation into tonofilaments. However, microinjection of 1.5-2.0 mg/ml of biotinylated type I results in significant alterations in the organization and assembly state of the endogenous keratin IF network soon after microinjection. The results of this study are consistent with the existence of a state of equilibrium between keratin subunits and polymerized keratin IF in epithelial cells, and provide further proof that IF are dynamic elements of the cytoskeleton of mammalian cells.
RNA editing in kinetoplastid protozoa

Mitochondrial transcripts in kinetoplastids undergo remarkable posttranscriptional editing by uridylate insertion and deletion. The often dramatic remodeling of pre-mRNA sequences is directed by small guide RNAs (gRNAs) to produce mature mRNAs. In vitro analyses of editing have been used to determine the mechanism of editing and show that editing occurs by a series of enzyme-catalyzed steps. They also show that chimeric gRNA/mRNA molecules are not editing intermediates as proposed but are aberrant end products of editing. The complexes and molecules that catalyze editing are now being identified and characterized. The origin of editing, its developmental regulation which helps control the switching between terminal respiratory systems during the life cycle of trypanosomes, and other areas for future study are discussed.