Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Search for the standard model Higgs boson in the WH → τνbb̄ channel in 0 . 94 fb − 1 of pp̄ collisions at √ s = 1 . 96 TeV The DØ Collaboration

Search for the standard model Higgs boson in the W H → τ νb ¯ b channel in 0.94 fb −1 of p ¯ p collisions at √ s = 1.96 TeV A search for the standard model Higgs boson has been performed in 0.94 fb −1 of p¯ p collisions at 1.96 TeV, collected with the RunIIa DØ detector at the Fermilab Tevatron. The final state considered is a pair of b jets with a reconstructed tau and missing transverse energy as expected from the reaction p¯ p → W H → τ νb ¯ b. The search is also sensitive to the ZH → τ ¯ τ b ¯ b channel, when the second tau is not identified. For a Higgs boson mass of 115 GeV, we set a limit at 95% C.L. on the cross section times branching fraction of (p¯ p → H(W/Z)) × (H → b ¯ b), that is 35 times larger than the standard model value.
Movement Sonification : Motion perception , behavioral effects and functional data

The sonification of human movement data is a new approach to support motor perception, motor control and learning in sports and rehabilitation. Perceptual and motor control mechanisms both benefit of additional acoustic information, both are performing more accurate compared to unimodal conditions. But how does movement sonification work when supporting perception and action especially when processing together with visual information? What kind of perceptual mechanisms are addressed by movement vision and which are activated by additional movement acoustics? While visual motion perception is attended with reference to the approach of 'biological motion perception' in this paper, audio-visual phenomena are treated on the basis of 'multisensory integration'-research. Multisensory integration-research on speech perception as well as on basic perceptual phenomena had identified audiovisual integration sites in the CNS. The activation of multisensory integrationareas correlates with enhanced perceptual as well as behavioral performance. Here we proof this correlation for the sonification of human movement pattern with a first fMRI-study. Data support behavioral effects of movement sonification on perception and action in a first step.
Identity Theft and the Gullible Computer User: What Sun Tzu in The Art of War Might Teach

Securing trust is now a priority. Identity theft, phishing and pharming have exposed shortcomings in the criminal law. The online environment is now seen as the playground of criminals. Online criminal activities pose significant social and economic costs. Apparently, the Fraud Act 2006 is the instrument that will now neutralise the threats posed by phishers and identity thieves. This concept paper is an attempt to chart a less tenuous path of claim and counterclaim that often rears its head when the subject turns to personal Internet security. Accordingly, the paper aims to initiate a debate on how we can begin to think about information security and the role of law against the growing threats posed by identity thieves and phishing. I draw on the insights of Sun Tzu in The Art of War as way of understanding how best we can manage and reduce complexity. The debates have all too often focussed on liability rules and legal reform. The resulting impasse can be overcome if the problem is first of all properly characterised. A balanced policy debate requires an understanding of two key matters - â€˜trivergenceâ€™ and the gullible computer user. The hypothesis is that before we can think about regulatory tools to curb practices like phishing an identity theft we need a better understanding of the interactions between data, devices and networks.
A functional Link Artificial Neural Network for location management in cellular network

Mobility management is one of the major issues in mobile networks to provide an efficient and low-cost service. In this paper, we intend a prediction-based location management scheme for locating a mobile host (MH) or mobile station, which depends on its history of movement pattern of a mobile subscriber. A multilayer neural network (MNN) model for mobile movement prediction is designed to predict the future movement of a mobile host. For predicting the location of a mobile host the MNN is trained with respect to the data obtained from the movement pattern. The difficulties associated with the location management can be solved by nonlinear neural network that is computationally efficient. The major issue in feed forward neural network such as Multilayer perceptron (MLP) trained with back Propagation (BP) is that it requires a large amount of computation time for learning the network. Functional Link Neural Network (FLNN) is proposed here and that is simpler than MLP-BP. This is basically a single layer structure in which nonlinearity is introduced where the input pattern is enhanced with nonlinear functional expansion. The novelty of the proposed work is it requires less computation than that of MLP-BP. With proper choice of functional expansion in case of FLANN, this network performs better than multilayer perceptron with back propagation. It is observed from the simulation result that FLANN outperforms MLP-BP in terms of performance error. It is also shown that proposed network is computationally cheap and gives better classification accuracy than that of MLP classifier.
Serial Analysis of Gene Expression Identifies Metallothionein-II as Major Neuroprotective Gene in Mouse Focal Cerebral Ischemia

We applied serial analysis of gene expression (SAGE) to study differentially expressed genes in mouse brain 14 hr after the induction of focal cerebral ischemia. Analysis of >60,000 transcripts revealed 83 upregulated and 94 downregulated transcripts (more than or equal to eightfold). Reproducibility was demonstrated by performing SAGE in duplicate on the same starting material. Metallothionein-II (MT-II) was the most significantly upregulated transcript in the ischemic hemisphere. MT-I and MT-II are assumed to be induced by metals, glucocorticoids, and inflammatory signals in a coordinated manner, yet their function remains elusive. Upregulation of both MT-I and MT-II was confirmed by Northern blotting. MT-I and MT-II mRNA expression increased as early as 2 hr after 2 hr of transient ischemia, with a maximum after 16 hr. Western blotting and immunohistochemistry revealed MT-I/-II upregulation in the ischemic hemisphere, whereas double labeling demonstrated the colocalization of MT with markers for astrocytes as well as for monocytes/macrophages. MT-I- and MT-II-deficient mice developed approximately threefold larger infarcts than wild-type mice and a significantly worse neurological outcome. For the first time we make available a comprehensive data set on brain ischemic gene expression and underscore the important protective role of metallothioneins in ischemic damage of the brain. Our results demonstrate the usefulness of SAGE to screen functionally relevant genes and the power of knock-out models in linking function to expression data generated by high throughput techniques.
Partially isometric dilations of noncommuting N-tuples of operators

Given a row contraction of operators on a Hilbert space and a family of projections on the space that stabilizes the operators, we show there is a unique minimal joint dilation to a row contraction of partial isometries that satisfy natural relations. For a fixed row contraction the set of all dilations forms a partially ordered set with a largest and smallest element. A key technical device in our analysis is a connection with directed graphs. We use a Wold decomposition for partial isometries to describe the models for these dilations, and we discuss how the basic properties of a dilation depend on the row contraction.
The Relationship between Ultraviolet Radiation Exposure and Vitamin D Status

This paper reviews the main factors influencing the synthesis of vitamin D, with particular focus on ultraviolet radiation exposure. On the global level, the main source of vitamin D is the sun. The effect of solar radiation on vitamin D synthesis depends to some extent on the initial vitamin D levels. At moderate to high latitudes, diet becomes an increasingly important source of vitamin D due to decreased solar intensity and cold temperatures, which discourage skin exposure. During the mid-winter season, these factors result in decreased solar radiation exposure, hindering extensively the synthesis of vitamin D in these populations.
To Listen or Not: Distributed Detection With Asynchronous Transmissions

This letter examines a variation of the canonical distributed detection system: a sensor may overhear other sensors' transmissions and thus may choose to refine its output in the hope of achieving a better detection performance. We show that while this is indeed possible for the fixed sample size test, asymptotically (in the number of samples) there is no performance gain, as measured by the Kullback-Leibler distance achievable at the fusion center, provided that the observations are conditionally independent. For conditionally dependent observations, however, we demonstrate that asymptotic detection performance may indeed be improved when overhearing is utilized.
Cardiac electrophysiology and tissue structure: bridging the scale gap with a joint measurement and modelling paradigm

Significant tissue structures exist in cardiac ventricular tissue that are of supracellular dimension. It is hypothesized that these tissue structures contribute to the discontinuous spread of electrical activation, may contribute to arrhymogenesis and also provide a substrate for effective cardioversion. However, the influences of these mesoscale tissue structures in intact ventricular tissue are difficult to understand solely on the basis of experimental measurement. Current measurement technology is able to record at both the macroscale tissue level and the microscale cellular or subcellular level, but to date it has not been possible to obtain large volume, direct measurements at the mesoscales. To bridge this scale gap in experimental measurements, we use tissue‐specific structure and mathematical modelling. Our models have enabled us to consider key hypotheses regarding discontinuous activation. We also consider the future developments of our intact tissue experimental programme.
Geographical distribution of peers of BitTorrent in multi-granularity scale

Since BitTorrent (BT)-like P2P applications ignore the underlying Internet topology and Internet Service Providers (ISPs) link costs which may lead to huge unnecessary traffic on the Internet and inefficient network resources usages, many locality-based approaches have been proposed to mitigate such stress on ISPs. However, most of these approaches have paid very limited effort to the geographical distributions of peers in BT. Given the scenario that there are very few peers in a client's neighborhood, locality-based approaches will loose the foundation to improve the performance of BT clients. In this paper, we provide a comprehensive picture of the geographical distribution of peers of BT swarms in multi-granularity scale such as in country and autonomous system (AS) level respectively. We investigate more than 2 million torrents with 6 different languages in 12-month period and find: (1) the geographical distributions of peers are found to follow Zipf-like law both in country level and AS level; (2) peers are more apt to clustered into the ASes with higher ranking. These findings provide some new insights for better understanding BT systems.
TeV γ-rays from old supernova remnants

We study the emission from an old supernova remnant (SNR) with an age of around 10 5 yrs and that from a giant molecular cloud (GMC) encountered by the SNR. When the SNR age is around 10 5 yrs, proton acceleration is efficient enough to emit TeV γ-rays both at the shock of the SNR and that in the GMC. The maximum energy of primarily accelerated electrons is so small that TeV γ-rays and X-rays are dominated by hadronic processes, π 0 -decay and synchrotron radiation from secondary electrons, respectively. However, if the SNR is older than several 10 5 yrs, there are few high-energy particles emitting TeV γ-rays because of the energy loss effect and/or the wave damping effect occurring at low-velocity isothermal shocks. For old SNRs or SNR-GMC interacting systems capable of generating TeV γ-ray emitting particles, we calculated the ratio of TeV γ-ray (1–10 TeV) to X-ray (2–10 keV) energy flux and found that it can be more than � 10 2 . Such a source showing large flux ratio may be a possible origin of recently discovered unidentified TeV sources.
Topics in Fourier Analysis: DFT & FFT, Wavelets, Laplace Transform

In addition to their inestimable importance in mathematics and its applications, Fourier series also serve as the entry point into the wonderful world of Fourier analysis and its wide-ranging extensions and generalizations. An entire industry is devoted to further developing the theory and enlarging the scope of applications of Fourier–inspired methods. New directions in Fourier analysis continue to be discovered and exploited in a broad range of physical, mathematical, engineering, chemical, biological, financial, and other systems. In this chapter, we will concentrate on four of the most important variants: discrete Fourier sums leading to the Fast Fourier Transform (FFT); the modern theory of wavelets; the Fourier transform; and, finally, its cousin, the Laplace transform. In addition, more general types of eigenfunction expansions associated with partial differential equations in higher dimensions will appear in the following chapters. Modern digital media, such as CD’s, DVD’s and MP3’s, are based on discrete data, not continuous functions. One typically samples an analog signal at equally spaced time intervals, and then works exclusively with the resulting discrete (digital) data. The associated discrete Fourier representation re-expresses the data in terms of sampled complex exponentials; it can, in fact, be handled by finite-dimensional vector space methods, and so, technically, belongs back in the linear algebra portion of this text. However, the insight gained from the classical continuous Fourier theory proves to be essential in understanding and analyzing its discrete digital counterpart. An important application of discrete Fourier sums is in signal and image processing. Basic data compression and noise removal algorithms are applied to the sample’s discrete Fourier coefficients, acting on the observation that noise tends to accumulate in the high frequency Fourier modes, while most important features are concentrated at low frequencies. The first Section 2 develops the basic Fourier theory in this discrete setting, culminating in the Fast Fourier Transform (FFT), which produces an efficient numerical algorithm for passing between a signal and its discrete Fourier coefficients. One of the inherent limitations of classical Fourier methods, both continuous and discrete, is that they are not well adapted to localized data. (In physics, this lack of localization is the basis of the Heisenberg Uncertainty Principle.) As a result, Fourier-based signal processing algorithms tend to be inaccurate and/or inefficient when confronting highly localized signals or images. In the second section, we introduce the modern theory of wavelets, which is a recent extension of Fourier analysis that more naturally incorporates multiple scales and localization. Wavelets are playing an increasingly dominant role in
Advances in implanted functional electrical stimulation

Implanted functional electrical stimulation (FES) has been successfully used in a large set of applications linked to organic deficiencies and sensory disabilities. More recent attempts have been made to use implanted FES for movements or functions restoration in para- and quadriplegic patients. Unfortunately, standing and walking still remain unsatisfactory at the moment. Although not optimal, FES systems remain the only products on offer for movement restoration in a daily use context. The main drawbacks of the technique are well known and include insufficient reliability, the complexity of the surgery, limited stimulation selectivity and efficiency, non-physiological recruitment of motor units and the complexity of muscle control. To improve this selectivity, both electrode geometry and current shape have to be explored. A programmable multidimensional stimulus waveform generator provides the opportunity to conduct research on artificial-to-natural interfaces in order to achieve efficient and minimally aggressive activation. Thus, our team has developed a new architecture for advanced implanted FES: we designed and prototyped the basic elements of a network of distributed stimulation and measurement units. We designed the architecture taking into account the a priori constraints and requirements in terms of performance, safety, stimulation sites, as well as diversity in the stimulation profiles to address selectivity issues in nerve fiber recruitment. We choose a power-efficient microstimulator design where the stimulation current generated by a single source is then distributed on the outputs according to programmable ratios. The prototype circuit based on current mirrors guarantees constant ratios between channels all over the dynamic range. It uses a high-voltage technology (0.35 μm AMS HV) and can deal with adaptive power supply up to 20 V.
A Deformation of twistor space and a chiral mass term in N=4 super Yang-Mills theory

Super twistor space admits a certain (super) complex structure deformation that preserves the Poincare subgroup of the symmetry group PSL(4|4) and depends on 10 parameters. In a previous paper [1], it was proposed that in twistor string theory this deformation corresponds to augmenting N = 4 super Yang-Mills theory by a mass term for the left-chirality spinors. In this paper we analyze this proposal in more detail. We calculate 4-particle scattering amplitudes of fermions, gluons and scalars and show that they are supported on holomorphic curves in the deformed twistor space.
The Star Formation History of Late Type Galaxies

Abstract The combination of huge databases of galaxy spectra and advances in evolutionary synthesis models in the past few years has renewed interest in an old question: How to estimate the star formation history of a galaxy out of its integrated spectrum? Fresh approaches to this classical problem are making it possible to extract the best of both worlds, producing exquisite pixel-by-pixel fits to galaxy spectra with state-of-the-art stellar population models while at the same time exploring the fabulous statistics of mega-surveys to derive the star-formation and chemical enrichment histories of different types of galaxies with an unprecedented level of detail. This review covers some of these recent advances, focusing on results for late-type, star-forming galaxies, and outlines some of the issues which will keep us busy in the coming years.
Quangos, accountability and reform : the politics of quasi-government

Foreword D.Marquand Preface Notes on Contributors PART ONE: HISTORY, PERSPECTIVES AND DEBATE Setting the Scene: Quangos in Context M.Flinders Diversity and Complexity: the Quango Continuum M.Flinders and H.McConnel Quangos: Why do Governments Love Them? M.Flinders Quangos and Local Democracy G.Stoker PART TWO: AN INTERNATIONAL PERSPECTIVE Quangos in Germany? J.Fiedler Quangos-cratization in the Netherlands F.L. Leeuw and S.van Thiel Quangos in New Zealand E.Wistrich Quangos in Denmark and Scandinavia: Trends, Problems and Perspectives C.Greve PART THREE: THE INSIDER'S VIEW The Housing Corporation: Multiple Lines of Accountability A.Mayer Of Ministers, Mandarins and Managers B.Landers Local Government and the Unelected State A.Purssell Quango Watch: A Local Authority Perspective A.Peet A National Health Service in Quangoland P.Baldwin The Accountability of Training and Enterprise Councils A.Graham Balancing the Scales: The Growth, Role and Future of the Regulators A.Booker On Patronage and Appointments T.Wright Conclusion: Realising the Democratic Potential of Quangos M.Flinders and M.Smith
Nocturnal gastro-oesophageal reflux, asthma and symptoms of OSA: a longitudinal, general population study

Nocturnal gastro-oesophageal reflux (nGOR) is associated with asthma and obstructive sleep apnoea (OSA). Our aim was to investigate whether nGOR is a risk factor for onset of asthma and onset of respiratory and OSA symptoms in a prospective population-based study. We invited 2640 subjects from Iceland, Sweden and Belgium for two evaluations over a 9-year interval. They participated in structured interviews, answered questionnaires, and underwent spirometries and methacholine challenge testing. nGOR was defined by reported symptoms. Subjects with persistent nGOR (n=123) had an independent increased risk of new asthma at follow-up (OR 2.3, 95% CI 1.1–4.9). Persistent nGOR was independently related to onset of respiratory symptoms (OR 3.0, 95% CI 1.6–5.6). The risk of developing symptoms of OSA was increased in subjects with new and persistent nGOR (OR 2.2, 95% CI 1.3–1.6, and OR 2.0, 95% CI 1.0–3.7, respectively). No significant association was found between nGOR and lung function or bronchial responsiveness. Persistent symptoms of nGOR contribute to the development of asthma and respiratory symptoms. New onset of OSA symptoms is higher among subjects with symptoms of nGOR. These findings provide evidence that nGOR may play a role in the genesis of respiratory symptoms and diseases.
Emotional control and visual representation using advanced audiovisual interaction

Modern interactive means combined with new digital media processing and representation technologies can provide a robust framework for enhancing user experience in multimedia entertainment systems and audiovisual artistic installations with non-traditional interaction/feedback paths based on user affective state. In this work, the ‘Elevator’ interactive audiovisual platform prototype is presented, which aims to provide a framework for signalling and expressing human behaviour related to emotions (such as anger) and finally produce a visual outcome of this behaviour, defined here as the emotional ‘thumbnail’ of the user. Optimised, real-time audio signal processing techniques are employed for monitoring the achieved anger-like behaviour, while the emotional elevation is attempted using appropriately selected combined audio/visual content reproduced using state-of-the-art audiovisual playback technologies that allow the creation of a realistic immersive audiovisual environment. The demonstration of the proposed prototype has shown that affective interaction is possible, allowing the further development of relative artistic and technological applications.
Disengagement: A Partial Solution to the Annuity Puzzle

This research studies whether individuals make choices consistent with expected utility maximization in allocating wealth between a lifetime annuity and a phased withdrawal account at retirement. The paper describes the construction and administration of a discrete choice experiment to 854 respondents approaching retirement. The experiment fi nds overall rates of inconsistency with the predictions of the standard CRRA utility model of roughly 50%, and variation in consistency rates depending on the characteristics of the respondents. Individuals with poor numeracy and with low engagement with the choice task, as measured by scores on a task-speci fic recall quiz, are more likely to increase allocations to the phased withdrawal as the risk of exhausting it increases. Individuals with higher scores on tests of financial capability and with knowledge of retirement income products are more likely to score high on the engagement measure, but capability and knowledge do not have independent eff ects on consistent choice rates. Results suggest that initiatives to improve speci fic product knowledge and to help individuals engage with decumulation decisions could be a partial solution to the annuity puzzle.