Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Delayed onset of brain edema and mislocalization of aquaporin-4 in dystrophin-null transgenic mice

Cerebral water accumulation was studied during induction of brain edema in dystrophin-null transgenic mice (mdx-βgeo) and control mice. Immunofluorescence and immunoelectron microscopic analyses of dystrophin-null brains revealed a dramatic reduction of AQP4 (aquaporin-4) in astroglial end-feet surrounding capillaries (blood–brain barrier) and at the glia limitans (cerebrospinal fluid–brain interface). The AQP4 protein is mislocalized, because immunoblotting showed that the total AQP4 protein abundance was unaltered. Brain edema was induced by i.p. injection of distilled water and 8-deamino-arginine vasopressin. Changes in cerebral water compartments were assessed by diffusion-weighted MRI with determination of the apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC). In dystrophin-null mice and control mice, ADC gradually decreased by 5–6% from baseline levels during the first 35 min, indicating the initial phase of intracellular water accumulation is similar in the two groups. At this point, the control mice sustained an abrupt, rapid decline in ADC to 58% ± 2.2% of the baseline at 52.5 min, and all of the animals were dead by 56 min. After a consistent delay, the dystrophin-null mice sustained a similar decline in ADC to 55% ± 3.4% at 66.5 min, when all of the mice were dead. These results demonstrate that dystrophin is necessary for polarized distribution of AQP4 protein in brain where facilitated movements of water occur across the blood–brain barrier and cerebrospinal fluid–brain interface. Moreover, these results predict that interference with the subcellular localization of AQP4 may have therapeutic potential for delaying the onset of impending brain edema.
Assessment of the Relationship between Body Mass Index and Gross Motor Development in Children

Objective Obesity is a growing epidemic and public health problem in children. The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of body mass index (BMI) on the gross motor development. Materials & Methods In this cross-sectional study conducted in 2012-13 in Gorgan, northern Iran, the gross motor development of 90 children 3-5 yr old in three groups of lean, normal and obese/overweight were evaluated by the ages and stages questionnaires (ASQ) and Denver 2 scale. Results Totally, 90 children were enrolled and their developmental level was assessed with two ASQ and Denver II indices. The mean and standard deviation of the ASQ scores of the children was 53.11± 11.06 and based on Denver index, 9 children (10%) were at developmental delay status, 15 (16.7%) in the caution conditions, and 53 (58.9%) at normal developmental status. The developmental level was lower in obese/overweight group comparing with other groups according to both Denver and ASQ and there was a significant difference between obese/overweight group and normal group based in Denver and ASQ, respectively. There was no significant difference between underweight and normal and obese and underweight groups. Conclusion Overweight and obesity could affect on the gross motor development.
The microcirculation of the renal medulla.

Etude de la fonction normale de la circulation medullaire, avec consideration de l'organisation architecturale de la vascularisation medullaire, des techniques de mesure du debit sanguin medullaire et de leurs resultats, discussion de l'hematocrite dans les capillaires medullaires et de la regulation du debit sanguin medullaire
Factorisable Sparse Tail Event Curves

In this paper, we propose a multivariate quantile regression method which enables localized analysis on conditional quantiles and global comovement analysis on conditional ranges for high-dimensional data. The proposed method, hereafter referred to as FActorisable Sparse Tail Event Curves, or FASTEC for short, exploits the potential factor structure of multivariate conditional quantiles through nuclear norm regularization and is particularly suitable for dealing with extreme quantiles. We study both theoretical properties and computational aspects of the estimating procedure for FASTEC. In particular, we derive nonasymptotic oracle bounds for the estimation error, and develope an efficient proximal gradient algorithm for the non-smooth optimization problem incurred in our estimating procedure. Merits of the proposed methodology are further demonstrated through applications to Conditional Autoregressive Value-at-Risk (CAViaR) (Engle and Manganelli; 2004), and a Chinese temperature dataset.
The Role of Sequences for Incremental Learning

Abstract This report points out the role of sequences of samples for training an incremental learn-ing method. We de ne characteristics of incremental learning methods to describe theinuence of sample ordering on the performance of a learned model. Di erent types ofexperiments evaluate these properties for two di erent datasets and two di erent incre-mental learning methods. We show how to nd sequences of classes for training just basedon the data to get always best possible error rates. This is based on the estimation ofBayes error bounds. 1.1 Introduction In this section the goal of learning is identifying and discriminating instances of classes.This requires generative models as they are most descriptive and assure learning of manyclasses. On the other hand one needs discriminative models as they are more ecientin separating classes. We will use both of them, either alone or in combination to useproperties of both models.Incremental learning is clearly in the scope of eTRIMS. It is impossible to capturethe huge variability of facades with one dataset. Instead we need a continuous learningsystem that is able to improve already learned models using new examples. This processin principle does not stop.For this purpose there exists a number of incremental learning methods. But one caneasily show that the performance of these methods depends on the order of examples fortraining, also this is not mentioned by most other authors.Imagine little kids, they are sophisticated incremental learners. They permanentlyincrease their knowledge just by observing their surrounding. But obviously they learnmuch better when examples are presented in a meaningful order.Therefore teachers design a curriculum for teaching their pupils in the beginning of aschool year. This way they ensure that the topics are presented to the pupils in a wellstructured order depending of the complexity and challenge of each single topic.Analogously, we want to de ne curricula for training classi cation procedures usingincremental learning methods. We want to de ne good sequences of examples to trainsuch methods such that they always perform best.For this, we rst characterize incremental learning methods regarding the e ects ofsample ordering in Section 1.2. Thereafter we propose experiments to explore these e ectsand show results for two di erent types of incremental learning methods and two di erenttypes of data in Section 1.3. Finally we propose a method to de ne suitable class sequencesfor training based on the estimate of bounds of the Bayes error in Section 1.4.
RECOGNIZING MEANDERS TO RECONSTRUCT RIVER DYNAMICS OF THE GANGES

The long-term discharge evolution of branches of ri vers can potentially be derived from inactive and f ossil river meanders using relations between discharge and channel width and m eander dimensions. This evolution is relevant for t he understanding of river dynamics and avulsion, and the resulting changes of downstream flooding risks and shipping conveyance. Unfortunately, digitalisation of infilled and overgrown meanders f om images or maps is laborious and inaccurate. We developed and demonstrated an automated procedur e for the recognition of river meanders from satell ite-imagery of the river Ganges. For this automated recognition we used obje ctased image analysis, which allows including sha pe nd neighbourhood information besides spectral information in the cla ssification procedure. We needed information on both present, i.e. water c arrying meanders, and fossil, i.e. partly vegetated m anders. This implies a wide range of spectral behaviour and hence the selection of meanders should be primarily based on shape. Th refore, we used an image showing the low-flow situation. Results demonstrate that the object-oriented image analysis approach offers detailed meandering metric s. The Gorai channel belt, once the main courses of the Ganges, has a fairly u niform meander size distribution and only a small n umber of old meanders, indicating a sudden emergence of the channel with l imited dynamic meandering and a short period of act ivity. The Hooghly channel belt, another previous main course, has many more a bandoned meanders and cut-off meanders including ma ny small ones, suggesting a more gradual rise of discharge and a l onger period of activity. The lack of small meander s in the present residual channels indicates that both were abandoned so sudd enly that meander geometry could not adjust to the waning discharge. Given the importance of shape to recognize the mean ders, this study was possible only thanks to the av ail bility of object based image analysis. * Corresponding author.
MIME Type Registration for RTP Payload Format for H.224

In conversational video applications, far-end camera control protocol is used by participants to control the remote camera. The protocol that is commonly used is ITU H.281 over H.224. The document registers the H224 media type. It defines the syntax and the semantics of the Session Description Protocol (SDP) parameters needed to support far- end camera control protocol using H.224. [STANDARDS-TRACK]
An Overview of Capturing Live Experience with Virtual and Augmented Reality

In this paper, we review the use of virtual and augmented reality technologies for capture and externalization of tacit knowledge from complex activity in knowledge-intensive professions. We focus on technologies for converting experience hidden in activity with the aim to boost industry competitiveness, innovation, and facilitate learning on the job. As such types of knowledge and experience are difficult to capture and represent in traditional media, we explore emerging technology along two lines of investigation. First, we look at applications of virtual reality to then, second, focus on using sensors, augmented reality, and wearable technologies. We discuss existing and future applications of experience capturing with virtual and augmented reality technologies. This review provides a comprehensive overview for those interested in recording virtual, real, and augmented activities, methods for delivering the recorded data, and extracting knowledge.
The human post‐fertile lifespan in comparative evolutionary context

There persist two widely held but mutually inconsistent views on the evolution of post‐fertile lifespan of human females. The first, prevalent within anthropology, sees post‐fertile lifespan (PFLS) in the light of adaptive processes, focusing on the social and economic habits of humans that selected for a lengthy PFLS. This view rests on the assumption that human PFLS is distinct from that of other species, and focuses on quantifying the selective causes and consequences of that difference. The second view, prevalent within gerontology and comparative biology, emphasizes that PFLS is a phylogenetically widespread trait or that human PFLS is predictable based on life‐history allometries. In this view, human PFLS is part of a broad cross‐species pattern and its genesis cannot, therefore, rely on human‐specific traits. Those who advocate the second view have questioned the “special pleading” for human specific explanations of PFLS, and have argued that human PFLS is quantitatively greater but not qualitatively different than PFLS in many other animals. Papers asking whether human PFLS is explained by the importance of mothers more than grandmothers, whether paternal or maternal grandparents have more of an effect on child survival, or who is providing the excess calories are associated with the first view that assumes the need to explain the existence of human PFLS on the basis of a uniquely human socioecology. Anthropologists largely see human PFLS as derived, while comparative gerontologists point to evidence that it is one instance of a ubiquitous cross‐species pattern. The two groups generally occupy non‐overlapping research circles, in terms of conferences and journals, and therefore interact little enough to largely avoid the need to reconcile their views, allowing the persistence of misconceptions in each field. Our goal is to identify and address the most important of these misconceptions and thereby make clear that both of these seemingly incongruent views contain valid points. We argue that two distinct but related traits have been lumped together under the same concept of “post‐reproductive lifespan,” one (post‐fertile viability) that is tremendously widespread and another (a post‐fertile life stage) that is derived to hominins, and that the differences and connections between these two traits are necessary for understanding human life‐history evolution.
Robot Navigation Using Neuro-electronic Hybrid Systems

Neuro-electronic hybrid systems have been gaining interest of researchers as a possible architecture for computing. This aims to exploit the strengths of biological neuronal systems with their immense parallel processing and learning capabilities along with that of VLSI systems. Towards this end, we have set up a system which demonstrates the use of a live neuronal culture to solve a real world problem of controlling a robot doing the task of obstacle avoidance. We show that a neuronal culture can look at the sensor inputs to the robot and generate motor commands to allow it to explore an arena while avoiding obstacles.
Preoperative Erythrocyte Sedimentation Rate Independently Predicts Overall Survival in Localized Renal Cell Carcinoma following Radical Nephrectomy

Objectives. To determine the relationship between preoperative erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR) and overall survival in localized renal cell carcinoma (RCC) following nephrectomy. Methods. 167 patients undergoing nephrectomy for localized RCC had ESR levels measured preoperatively. Receiver Operating Characteristics curves were used to determine Area Under the Curve and relative sensitivity and specificity of preoperative ESR in predicting overall survival. Cut-offs for low (0.0–20.0 mm/hr), intermediate (20.1–50.0 mm/hr), and high risk (>50.0 mm/hr) groups were created. Kaplan-Meier analysis was conducted to assess the univariate impact of these ESR-based groups on overall survival. Univariate and multivariate Cox regression analysis was conducted to assess the potential of these groups to predict overall survival, adjusting for other patient and tumor characteristics. Results. Overall, 55.2% were low risk, while 27.0% and 17.8% were intermediate and high risk, respectively. Median (95% CI) survival was 44.1 (42.6–45.5) months, 35.5 (32.3–38.8) months, and 32.1 (25.5–38.6) months, respectively. After controlling for other patient and tumor characteristics, intermediate and high risk groups experienced a 4.5-fold (HR: 4.509, 95% CI: 0.735–27.649) and 18.5-fold (HR: 18.531, 95% CI: 2.117–162.228) increased risk of overall mortality, respectively. Conclusion. Preoperative ESR values represent a robust predictor of overall survival following nephrectomy in localized RCC.
Immunohistochemical biomarkers and FDG uptake on PET/CT in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma

ABSTRACT Background. There is an exciting complementarity between the spatial resolution provided by molecular imaging of a single, often unspecific, biomarker on one hand and the more detailed biological profile achievable from a diagnostic biopsy using a panel of immunohistochemical (IHC) markers on the other. A number of previous studies have shown a relationship between glucose transport protein expression and 18F-Fludeoxyglucose (FDG) PET uptake. Here, FDG uptake is analyzed in relation to expression of a selected panel of IHC cancer biomarkers in head and neck squamous cell carcinomas (HNSCC). Material and methods. IHC staining for Bcl-2, β-tubulin-1 and 2, p53, EGFR, Ki-67, glutathione-S-transferase-π and p16 was performed on formalin-fixed paraffin embedded diagnostic biopsies from 102 HNSCC cases treated at Rigshospitalet during 2005–2009. The proportion of positive cells was used for analyses, except p16, which was scored according to EORTC guidelines. In all cases, maximal FDG standardized uptake value (SUV) metrics were extracted for the primary tumor, TSUVmax. Univariate linear regression and multiple linear regression of TSUVmax versus IHC markers were performed. Results. In univariate analyses, TSUVmax showed negative associations with Bcl-2 (p = 0.002) and p16 (p = 0.005) indices and positive association with β-tubulin-1 index (p = 0.003). On multivariate analysis, TSUVmax remained associated with β-tubulin-1 (p = 0.009), Bcl-2 (p = 0.03) and p16 (p = 0.03). All correlations had r-squared < 0.3. Conclusion. Statistically significant correlations were observed between the expression of IHC biomarkers and maximum FDG uptake in the primary tumor.
The Ultrastructure of Schmidt-Lanterman Clefts and Related Shearing Defects of the Myelin Sheath

Schmidt-Lanterman clefts in frog sciatic nerves have been studied in thin sections by electron microscopy utilizing permanganate fixation and araldite embedding. It is shown that they are shearing defects in myelin in which the lamellae are separated widely at the major dense lines. Each lamella consisting of two apposed Schwann cell unit membranes ∼ 75 A across traverses the cleft intact. The unit membranes composing each lamella sometimes are slightly (∼ 50 to 100 A) separated in the clefts. The layers between the lamellae contain membranous structures which may be components of the endoplasmic reticulum. These layers are continuous with the outer layer of Schwann cytoplasm and the thin and inconstant cytoplasmic layer next to the axon (Mauthner's sheath). Each of these layers in perfect clefts constitutes a long helical pathway through the myelin from the axon. One of these is connected with Schwann cytoplasm and the other directly with the outside. A type of cross-sectional shearing defect, not hitherto recognized, is described and shown to be a kind of Schmidt-Lanterman cleft. Incomplete clefts are seen and interpreted as representing stages in a dynamic process whereby the myelin lamellae may be constantly separating and coming together again in life.
Oral Vaccination of Captive Small Indian Mongoose (Herpestes auropunctatus) against Rabies

Abstract The small Indian mongoose (Herpestes auropunctatus), a rabies reservoir species on several Islands in the Caribbean, was successfully immunized against rabies for the first time by offering animals a vaccine bait specifically designed for this small carnivore. The bait contained on average 0.6 mL of the genetically modified replication-competent rabies virus construct SPBN GASGAS (108.5 focus-forming units/mL). Three of four mongooses offered a bait developed an immune response above 0.5 IU/mL, but the response was less pronounced than in two animals offered the vaccine by direct oral instillation.
The Cognitive-Evolutionary Model of Surprise: A Review of the Evidence

Research on surprise relevant to the cognitive-evolutionary model of surprise proposed by Meyer, Reisenzein, and Schützwohl (1997) is reviewed. The majority of the assumptions of the model are found empirically supported. Surprise is evoked by unexpected (schema-discrepant) events and its intensity is determined by the degree if schema-discrepancy, whereas the novelty and the valence of the eliciting events probably do not have an independent effect. Unexpected events cause an automatic interruption of ongoing mental processes that is followed by an attentional shift and attentional binding to the events, which is often followed by causal and other event analysis processes and by schema revision. The facial expression of surprise postulated by evolutionary emotion psychologists has been found to occur rarely in surprise, for as yet unknown reasons. A physiological orienting response marked by skin conductance increase, heart rate deceleration, and pupil dilation has been observed to occur regularly in the standard version of the repetition-change paradigm of surprise induction, but the specificity of these reactions as indicators of surprise is controversial. There is indirect evidence for the assumption that the feeling of surprise consists of the direct awareness of the schema-discrepancy signal, but this feeling, or at least the self-report of surprise, is also influenced by experienced interference. In contrast, facial feedback probably does contribute substantially to the feeling of surprise and the evidence for the hypothesis that surprise is affected by the difficulty of explaining an unexpected event is, in our view, inconclusive. Regardless of how the surprise feeling is constituted, there is evidence that it has both motivational and informational effects. Finally, the prediction failure implied by unexpected events sometimes causes a negative feeling, but there is no convincing evidence that this is always the case, and we argue that even if it were so, this would not be a sufficient reason for regarding this feeling as a component, rather than as an effect of surprise.
Static Analysis of Routing Protocols for Ad-Hoc Networks

An ad-hoc network is a collection of wireless nodes which adhere to a communication principle without fixed infrastructure or a centralised control component. Instead, nodes have to rely on each other in order to forward packages to others beyond direct transmission range. Developing reliable routing protocols for these networks is a hard task, especially when studied in an untrusted environment. But new protocols are predominantly validated by an interpretation of simulation results, thus lacking a rigid formal analysis necessary for ensuring security. We present a step in the direction of formal protocol verification in this setting by proposing a quantitative extension to the process calculus CBS that allows us to model the behaviour of ad-hoc networks. We apply our development to the DSR routing protocol and develop a static analysis defined by a flow logic in order to track the messages sent in a network. The analysis is then used to evaluate the sensitivity of the network to the presence of an attacker trying to disrupt communication.
DNA barcoding: a new tool for palm taxonomists?

BACKGROUND AND AIMS In the last decade, a new tool - DNA barcoding - was proposed to identify species. The technique of DNA barcoding is still being developed. The Consortium for the Barcode of Life's Plant Working Group (CBOL-PWG) selected two core markers (matK and rbcL) that now must be tested in as many taxa as possible. Although the taxonomy of palms (Arecaceae/Palmae) has been greatly improved in the past decades, taxonomic problems remain. Species complexes, for example, could significantly benefit from DNA barcoding. Palms have never before been subjected to a DNA barcoding test. METHODS For this study, 40 out of the 48 species of the southeast Asian tribe Caryoteae (subfamily Coryphoideae) were included. In total, four DNA markers - three plastid encoded (matK, rbcL and psbA-trnH) and one nuclear encoded (nrITS2) - were analysed to determine if adequate variation exists to discriminate among species. KEY RESULTS The combination of three markers - matK, rbcL and nrITS2 - results in 92 % species discrimination. This rate is high for a barcoding experiment. The two core markers suggested by the CBOL-PWG, rbcL and matK, have a low species discrimination rate and need to be supplemented by another marker. In Caryoteae, nrITS2 should be chosen over psbA-trnH to supplement the two 'core' markers. CONCLUSIONS For the first time a test of DNA barcoding was conducted in Arecaceae. Considering that palms have highly variable mutation rates compared with other angiosperms, the results presented here are encouraging for developing DNA barcoding as a useful tool to identify species within this ecologically important tropical plant family.