Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
[The impact of disease course and type of episodes in bipolar disorder on caregiver burden].

OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to determine how the disease course and type of episodes in patients with bipolar I disorder (BPD-I) affect caregiver burden. MATERIALS AND METHODS The study was conducted between February and July 2010, and included 89 euthymic-state BPD-I patients (55 with a natural course and 34 with ≥1 mixed episode or a rapid cycling course) diagnosed according to DSM-IV-TR criteria and 89 of their caregivers. The patients were evaluated using a sociodemographic clinical form, the Hamilton Depression Rating Scale (HAM-D), Young Mania Rating Scale (YMRS), and Global Assessment of Functionality Scale (GAFS). The caregivers were evaluated using a sociodemographic form and the Zarit Caregiver Burden Interview (ZCBI). RESULTS In all, 44% of the BPD-I patients' caregivers had moderate to severe burden. More of the caregivers of patients with rapid cycling or mixed episodes had social relationships negatively affected by caregiver burden (P < 0.01). The mean YMRS score was higher in the caregivers with moderate to severe burden (P< 0.01). As patient age, YMRS score, number of manic episodes, duration of illness, and duration of caregiving during the euthymic period increased (P < 0.05) the level of caregiver-perceived dependency also increased; as caregiver age and the duration of caregiving increased, the perception of economic burden decreased (P< 0.05). CONCLUSION BPD-I patient caregiving, even when patients are in a euthymic state, results in considerable caregiver burden. Mixed episodes or rapid cycling increases the severity of caregiver burden, as does the number of manic episodes and the presence of subsyndromal manic features.
The role of the linker between the SH2 domain and catalytic domain in the regulation and function of Src

The crystal structures of the regulated Src and Hck tyrosine kinases show intramolecular interactions between the phosphorylated tail and the SH2 domain as well as between the SH3 domain, the SH2–catalytic domain linker (SH2‐CD linker) and the catalytic domain. The relative contribution of these interactions to regulation of activity is poorly understood. Mutational analysis of Src and Lck revealed that interaction of the SH2‐CD linker with the SH3 domain is crucial for regulation. Moreover, three sites of interaction of the linker with the catalytic domain, one at the beginning (Trp260) and two at the back of the small lobe, opposite the catalytic cleft (β2/β3 loop; αC/β4 loop), impinge on Src activity. Other activating mutations map to the front of the catalytic domain in the loop preceding the αC‐helix (β3/αC loop). SH2‐CD linker mutants are deregulated in mammalian cells but transform fibroblasts weakly, suggesting that the linker may bind cellular components. Interpretation of our results on the basis of the crystal structure of Src favours a model in which the correctly positioned SH2‐CD linker exerts an inhibitory function on catalysis of Src family members by facilitating displacement of the αC‐helix. This study may provide a template for the generation of deregulated versions of other protein kinases.
Update on Severe Burn Management for the Intensivist

Thermal injury of humans causes arguably the most severe perturbations in physiology that can be experienced. These physiologic derangements start immediately and can persist in some form until months or even years after the burn wounds are healed. Burn shock, marked activation of the systemic inflammatory response, multiple-organ failure, infection, and wound failure are just a few of the insults that may require management by the intensivist. The purpose of this article is to review recent advances in the critical care management of thermally injured patients.
Granulosa Cell Tumor of the Ovary: Tumor Review

Granulosa cell tumors of the ovary are rare neoplasms that originate from sex-cord stromal cells. The long natural history of granulosa cell tumors and their tendency to recur years after the initial diagnosis are the most prominent of their characteristics. The secretion of estradiol is the reason for signs at presentation such as vaginal bleeding and precocious puberty. Abdominal pain and hemoperitoneum, which occasionally can occur, are attributable to tumor rupture. The most common finding in pelvic examination is a tumor mass, which is subsequently confirmed with imaging techniques. Surgery is the mainstay of initial management for histological diagnosis, appropriate staging, and debulking. A more conservative unilateral salpingo-oophorectomy is indicated in patients with stage I disease and patients of reproductive age. Total abdominal hysterectomy with bilateral salpingo-oophorectomy is the appropriate surgical treatment for postmenopausal women and those with more advanced disease. The stage of disease is the most important prognostic factor associated with the risk of relapse. There are no clear conclusions regarding the role of postoperative chemotherapy or radiotherapy in stage I disease and in those with completely resected tumor. The use of adjuvant chemotherapy or radiotherapy has sometimes been associated with prolonged disease-free survival and possibly overall survival. Chemotherapy is the treatment of choice for patients with advanced, recurrent, or metastatic disease, and BEP (bleomycin, etoposide, and cisplatin) is the preferred regimen. Although the overall rate of response to treatment is high, the impact of treatment on disease-free or overall survival is unknown. Prolonged surveillance is mandatory because tumors tend to recur years after the initial diagnosis.
Dummy-feature placement for chemical-mechanical polishinguniformity in a shallow-trench isolation process

Manufacturability of a design that is processed with shallow-trench isolation (STI) depends on the uniformity of the chemical-mechanical polishing (CMP) step in STI. The CMP step in STI is a dual-material polish for which all previous studies on dummy-feature placement for single-material polish by Kahng et al. (1999), Tian et al. (2000), and Chen et al. (2000) are not applicable. Based on recent semiphysical models of polish-pad bending by Ouma et al (1998), local polish-pad compression by Grillaert (1999) and Smith (1999), and different polish rates for materials present in a dual-material polish by Grillaert (1999) and Tugbawa et al. (1999), this paper derives a time-dependent relation between post-CMP topography and layout pattern density for CMP in STI. Using the dependencies derived, the first formulation of dummy-feature placement for CMP in STI is given as a nonlinear-programming problem. An iterative approach is proposed to solve the dummy-feature placement problem. Computational experience on four layouts from Motorola is given.
Aphrodisiac effects of Panax ginseng extract standardized with ginsenoside Rg 3 in male rats

Panax ginseng Sildenafil citrate Sex behavior Sexual disorders In traditional medicine, Panax ginseng has been used to treat various behavioral effects. However, a little is known about the effect of ginsenoside Rg3, the most ingredients in panax ginseng, on male copulatory and sexual behavior. The aim of the current study was to investigate the effect of panax ginseng extract standardized with ginsenoside Rg3 (PGRg3) on general mating behaviour, libido, potency and the adverse effects in normal male Sprague-Dawley rats. Four tests were carried out to evaluate different sexual parameters. Male rats were divided into different groups in each test and treated with different doses of PGRg3 (50, 250 and 500 mg/kg b.w.) and Sildenafil citrate (5 mg/kg b.w). Female rats with oestrus phase were used to analyze the mating behavior.The results indicated that PGRg3 significantly increased mounting frequency, intromission frequency, ejaculatory latency in the first and second series, erection, quick flips, long flips and aggregate of penile reflexes. Whereas, it significantly decreases mounting latency, intromission latency and post ejaculatory intervals in dose dependent manner. Moreover, PGRg3 was found to be devoid of any conspicuous gastric ulceration and any other adverse effects. PGRg3 extract at the higher dose (500 mg/kg b.w.) was comparable to the standards drug Sildenafil citrate with regards to all the tested parameters. It could be concluded that PGRg3 extract produced a significant and sustained increase in the sexual activity of normal male rats without any conspicuous gastric ulceration and adverse effects. The most important conclusion is that the resultant aphrodisiac effectively of PGRg3 extract lends support to the claims for its traditional usage in sexual disorders.
Changes in self‐concept following severe head injury

Twenty five severely head injured patients from two specialist neurological rehabilitation centres were interviewed on average seven months post-injury. Changes in self-concept were investigated through the completion of scales of anxiety and depression, an attitude questionnaire relating to physical disability and semantic differential ratings of Present Self, Past (pre-morbid) Self, Future Self, a Typical Person and a Typical Head Injured Person. Psychological distress in terms of anxiety and depressions was common. Patients viewed themselves as having changed substantially as a result of their head injury on a wide range of constructs, yet confidently anticipated a return to Past (pre-morbid) Self within a year, even though Past Self was rated more positively overall than a Typical Person. While differing dramatically from Past Self, Present Self was rated more positively in some respects than the concept of a Typical Head Injured Person, which was perceived as markedly different from that of a Typical Person. Whilst unrealistic expectations may initially serve to protect the profoundly disabled individual and even motivate him towards recovery, in the long run they are more likely to hamper rehabilitation and adjustment. Effective intervention calls for awareness of the patient's own perspective as well as the relatives' reactions to the overt disabilities.
1-by-7 circularly-polarized shaped-beam antenna array for radio frequency identification (RFID) reader applications at 2.4 GHz

This paper presents a compact design of circularly-polarized (CP) shaped-beam antenna array for RFID reader applications at 2.4 GHz. Aperture-coupled patch configuration using ring radiator was adopted as the array element with L-shaped aperture to maintain good axial ratio of the single element. A 10-degree down-tilt in the main beam was realized through synthesized amplitude and phase distributions of the feeding network. The fabricated 1-by-7 array featured a 32% impedance bandwidth centered at 2.4 GHz with 11.2 dBic gain and a 10° down-tilt in the main beam.
CHARACTERISTICS OF REJECTION OF ORTHOTOPIC CORNEAL ALLOGRAFTS IN THE RAT

We have employed a rat model of orthotopic corneal transplantation to study the characteristics of rejection and development of systemic immunity in the host. Lewis (LEW) rats underwent a true penetrating keratoplasty using Wistar-Furth (WF) donor corneas. A rejection incidence of 55% with a mean survival time (MST) of 17.1 days was observed using these untreated allogeneic corneas. Animals undergoing rejection of these allografts developed cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTL) capable of lysing WF lymphoblasts in a standard 51-chromium release assay. These same rats did not have delayed-type hypersensitivity (DTH) responses when compared to skin grafted controls. Rats-with clear allografts had no demonstrable CTL or DTH activity. As expected, LEW rats that were preimmunized with WF skin grafts and subsequently received WF orthotopic corneal grafts rejected 100% of these corneas at an accelerated rate (MST = 9.7 days, P< .02). We then employed a previously described technique of using latex beads to induce migration of Langerhans cells into the central cornea of the donor graft prior to transplantation. The presence of Langerhans cells in the donor cornea resulted in a higher incidence of rejection (96%) and an accelerated rate (MST = 11.8 days, P < .02) when compared to untreated allografts. These rats also had a higher level of CTL activity and marked DTH responses. These data show that rejection of orthotopic allogeneic corneas is accompanied by the development of systemic alloimmunity as measured by CTL activity.
The hyperglycaemic response to different types of surgery and anaesthesia.

SUMMARY The rise in blood sugar during anaesthesia without surgery and during surface, thoracic and intra-abdominal surgery, was measured. In patients anaesthetized primarily with thiopentone there was no significant rise without surgery and the rise was, in general, proportional to the stress of surgery, the largest being during intra-abdominal operations. Findings were similar in another series of patients anaesthetized primarily with propanidid. Five anaesthetic techniques were also compared during intra-abdominal surgery. In all nitrous oxide and tubocurarine were used and there was a bigger rise in patients in whom anaesthesia was induced with propanidid than in those who had thiopentone. The addition of 1 per cent halothane or phenoperidine 5 mg to the thiopentone/nitrous oxide/tubocurarine technique, led to a significantly smaller response. When a technique using droperidol/fentanyl/tubocurarine was employed the hyperglycaemic response was similar to that with thiopentone induction.
TatC Is a Specificity Determinant for Protein Secretion via the Twin-arginine Translocation Pathway*

The recent discovery of a ubiquitous translocation pathway, specifically required for proteins with a twin-arginine motif in their signal peptide, has focused interest on its membrane-bound components, one of which is known as TatC. Unlike most organisms of which the genome has been sequenced completely, the Gram-positive eubacterium Bacillus subtilis contains twotatC-like genes denoted tatCd andtatCy. The corresponding TatCd and TatCy proteins have the potential to be involved in the translocation of 27 proteins with putative twin-arginine signal peptides of which ∼6–14 are likely to be secreted into the growth medium. Using a proteomic approach, we show that PhoD of B. subtilis, a phosphodiesterase belonging to a novel protein family of which all known members are synthesized with typical twin-arginine signal peptides, is secreted via the twin-arginine translocation pathway. Strikingly, TatCd is of major importance for the secretion of PhoD, whereas TatCy is not required for this process. Thus, TatC appears to be a specificity determinant for protein secretion via the Tat pathway. Based on our observations, we hypothesize that the TatC-determined pathway specificity is based on specific interactions between TatC-like proteins and other pathway components, such as TatA, of which three paralogues are present inB. subtilis.
A full on-chip low-dropout linear regulator with enhanced line, load regulation

A novel full on-chip (capacitor-less) low-dropout linear regulator is introduced in this paper. The main feature of the proposed LDO is its ability to be stable in the full-output-current range while still has good line and load regulations as well as improved transient response. This is achieved by using an advanced compensation network along with an adaptive-gain PMOS pass device. The post-layout simulations have revealed the advantageous performances of the LDO in all process corners. These include 3 uV/mA load regulation, 200 uV/V line regulation as well as 200 mV output voltage variation during load transient (the worst case). They are achieved in the condition of 0-100 mA output current capability, 200 mV dropout voltage and 54 uA no-load current consumption under a 2V supply.
Complex magnetic field exposure system for in vitro experiments at intermediate frequencies

In occupational environments, an increasing number of electromagnetic sources emitting complex magnetic field waveforms in the range of intermediate frequencies is present, requiring an accurate exposure risk assessment with both in vitro and in vivo experiments. In this article, an in vitro exposure system able to generate complex magnetic flux density B‐fields, reproducing signals from actual intermediate frequency sources such as magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scanners, for instance, is developed and validated. The system consists of a magnetic field generation system and an exposure apparatus realized with a couple of square coils. A wide homogeneity (99.9%) volume of 210 × 210 × 110 mm3 was obtained within the coils, with the possibility of simultaneous exposure of a large number of standard Petri dishes. The system is able to process any numerical input sequence through a filtering technique aimed at compensating the coils' impedance effect. The B‐field, measured in proximity to a 1.5 T MRI bore during a typical examination, was excellently reproduced (cross‐correlation index of 0.99). Thus, it confirms the ability of the proposed setup to accurately simulate complex waveforms in the intermediate frequency band. Suitable field levels were also attained. Moreover, a dosimetry index based on the weighted‐peak method was evaluated considering the induced E‐field on a Petri dish exposed to the reproduced complex B‐field. The weighted‐peak index was equal to 0.028 for the induced E‐field, indicating an exposure level compliant with the basic restrictions of the International Commission on Non‐Ionizing Radiation Protection. Bioelectromagnetics 34:211–219, 2013. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
The Proto-oncogene Transcription Factor Ets1 Regulates Neural Crest Development through Histone Deacetylase 1 to Mediate Output of Bone Morphogenetic Protein Signaling*

Background: A proper level of BMP signal is essential for the maintenance of neural crest cells. Results: Ets1 cooperates with HDAC1 to down-regulate BMP signaling output and reduce id3 expression. Conclusion: Ets1 regulates neural crest development through epigenetic control of BMP signaling. Significance: This is the first study linking Ets1 to BMP signaling. The neural crest (NC) is a transient, migratory cell population that differentiates into a large variety of tissues including craniofacial cartilage, melanocytes, and peripheral nervous system. NC is initially induced at the border of neural plate and non-neural ectoderm by balanced regulation of multiple signaling pathways among which an intermediate bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) signaling is essential for NC formation. ets1, a proto-oncogene playing important roles in tumor invasion, has also been implicated in delamination of NC cells. In this study, we investigated Ets1 function in NC formation using Xenopus. Overexpression of ets1 repressed NC formation through down-regulation of BMP signaling. Moreover, ets1 repressed the BMP-responsive gene id3 that is essential for NC formation. Conversely, overexpression of id3 can partially rescue the phenotype of NC inhibition induced by ectopic ets1. Mechanistically, we found that Ets1 binds to id3 promoter as well as histone deacetylase 1, suggesting that Ets1 recruits histone deacetylase 1 to the promoter of id3, thereby inducing histone deacetylation of the id3 promoter. Thus, our studies indicate that Ets1 regulates NC formation through attenuating BMP signaling epigenetically.
The physiology and pathology of inositide signaling in the nucleus

Nuclear inositide signaling is nowadays a well‐established issue and a growing field of investigation, even though the very first evidence came out at the end of the 1980's. The understanding of its biological role is supported by the recent acquisitions dealing with pathology and namely hematological malignancies. Here, we review this issue highlighting the main achievements in the last years. J. Cell. Physiol. 226: 14–20, 2010. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Effect of 6‐Month Whole Body Vibration Training on Hip Density, Muscle Strength, and Postural Control in Postmenopausal Women: A Randomized Controlled Pilot Study

High‐frequency mechanical strain seems to stimulate bone strength in animals. In this randomized controlled trial, hip BMD was measured in postmenopausal women after a 24‐week whole body vibration (WBV) training program. Vibration training significantly increased BMD of the hip. These findings suggest that WBV training might be useful in the prevention of osteoporosis.
Sleep quality in fibromyalgia and rheumatoid arthritis: associations with pain, fatigue, depression, and disease activity.

OBJECTIVES The aim of this study was to compare the sleep quality in patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and fibromyalgia syndrome (FMS); and to evaluate the relationship between sleep quality and pain, fatigue, depression, and disease activity in patients with RA and FMS. METHODS Forty RA, 40 FMS and 40 healthy controls were enrolled in the study. Disease activity and disease duration were reported in patients. Pain by visual analogue scale (VAS), fatigue by Multidimensional Assesment of Fatigue (MAF), depression by Beck Depression Index (BDI), and sleep quality by Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI) were gathered in all participants. RESULTS All participants were aged between 20 and 65 years, with a mean age of 42.97±10.75 years. There was no significant difference with respect to demographic characteristics among the three study groups. Patients reported more depression than controls, but BDI scores were similar in FMS and RA patients. VAS pain scores and MAF scores were significantly different in the three groups (p<0.001). FMS and RA patients had poor sleep quality (p<0.001). FMS patients had daytime dysfunction due to sleep disorder and had worse habitual sleep efficiency than RA patients (p<0.05). In patients, positive correlations were found between PSQI and clinic assessment variables except disease duration. CONCLUSIONS FMS and RA may have poor sleep quality when compared to subjects without rheumatologic disorders. The quality of sleep can be impaired by pain, fatigue, depression, and disease activity in such patients.
Influence of body segment position during in‐phase and antiphase hand and foot movements: A kinematic and functional MRI study

Behavioral studies have provided important insights into the mechanisms governing interlimb coordination. In this study, we combined kinematic and functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) analysis to investigate the brain cortical and subcortical areas involved in interlimb coordination and the influence of direction of movement and of body segment position on the activity of those areas. Fifteen right‐handed healthy subjects were studied while performing cyclic in‐phase and antiphase hand and foot movements with the dominant, right limbs, with the upper limb positioned either prone or supine, and in front or behind with respect to the trunk. When contrasting antiphase to in‐phase movements, fMRI analysis demonstrated an increased recruitment of a widespread sensorimotor network (including regions in the frontal and parietal lobes, bilaterally, the cingulated motor area, the thalami, the visual cortex, and the cerebellum) considered to function in motor, sensory, and multimodal integration processing. When contrasting the anterior to the posterior position of the upper limb with respect to the trunk, we found different recruitment patterns in the frontal and parietal regions as well as the preferential recruitment of the basal ganglia, the insula, and the cerebellum during the first condition and of regions located in the temporal lobes during the second one. Different brain areas are engaged at a different extent during interlimb coordination. In addition to the relative difficulty of the movement, the different cognitive and sensorial loads needed to control and perform the motor act might be responsible for these findings. Hum Brain Mapp, 2007. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.