Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
L-NAME, A NITRIC OXIDE SYNTHASE INHIBITOR, AS A POTENTIAL COUNTERMEASURE TO POST-SUSPENSION HYPOTENSION IN RATS

A large number of astronauts returning from spaceflight experience orthostatic hypotension. This hypotension may be due to overproduction of vasodilatory mediators, such as nitric oxide (NO) and prostaglandins. To evaluate the role of the NO synthase inhibitor NG-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester (L-NAME) as a countermeasure against the post-suspension reduction in mean arterial pressure (MAP), we assessed the cardiovascular responses and vascular reactivity to 7-day 30° tail-suspension and a subsequent 6 hr post-suspension period in conscious rats. After a pre-suspension reading, direct MAP and heart rate (HR) were measured daily and every 2 hrs post-suspension. The NO synthase inhibitor L-NAME (20 mg/kg, i.v.), or saline, were administered after the 7th day reading prior to release from suspension and at 2 and 4 hrs post-suspension. At 6 hrs post-suspension, vascular reactivity was assessed. While MAP did not change during the suspension period, it was reduced post-suspension. Heart rate was not significantly altered. L-NAME administration reversed the post-suspension reduction in MAP. In addition, the baroreflex sensitivity for heart rate was modified by L-NAME. Thus, the post-suspension reduction in MAP may be due to overproduction of NO and altered baroreflex activity.
The behavior of Escherichia coli endotoxin (somatic antigen) during infectious arthritis.

On the basis of an immunologic assay method developed with the Boivin endotoxin of E. coli O:113, the behavior of this endotoxin and its antigenic component was studied in animals with septic arthritis produced by the parent organism. A single inoculation of this strain of E. coli into the knee of rabbits established a severe septic arthritis that was accompanied by high spiking fever lasting 2 weeks. Somatic antigen was found in the blood of febrile animals in the absence of bacteremia; this observation indicated that endotoxin was released into the knee by living and dead bacteria in quantities exceeding those that appeared to be bound locally by the articular tissues. In addition to fever, circulating somatic antigen was accompanied by the hematologic changes and immunologic response characteristic of animals given purified endotoxin intravenously and intraarticularly. E. coli was cultured from the knee for 2 weeks. The infectious arthritis was then replaced by a prolonged sterile progressive suppurative arthritis. Because E. coli somatic antigen was demonstrated in the sterile joint fluid and because a similar sterile arthritis with fever was produced by knee injections of endotoxin, it is possible that the endotoxin elaborated by living and dead bacteria was responsible for both the local tissue damage and the systemic effects that occurred during infection. Specific antibody against circulating endotoxin reached its peak at 7 days, whereupon the fever began to decline and further antibody production was checked. Since antisera were found to neutralize both the pyrogenic and antigenic actions of endotoxin, the specific immune response may be partially responsible for interrupting these processes during the infectious arthritis due to E. coli.
Competitive Balance in Sports Leagues

Competitive balance is like wealth. Everyone agrees it is a good thing to have, but no one knows how much one needs. Economic theory tells us that the optimal level of balance in a sports league is a function of the distribution of fan preferences, fan population base, and fan income across host cities. Profit maximizing teams will accumulate units of talent until the marginal revenue per win is equalized across all teams. This implies that in leagues with a fixed supply of teams (and monopoly or duopoly team rights to a territory), the league will maximize revenues when teams from large, rich, and fan-intense cities win more often. In his seminal 1956 article, Rottenberg, among other things, anticipated the relevance of the Coase Theorem (Coase, 1960) in understanding talent distribution across teams and argued that the profit motive would limit the accumulation of player talent on any single team. El-Hodiri and Quirk (1971), in the first formal modeling of a professional sport league, find that individual team profit maximization is inconsistent with equal playing strengths among the teams except in the special case of identical team revenue functions. Fort and Quirk (1995) focus on the problem of competitive balance in sports leagues and assess the degree to which different mechanisms create greater balance. Based on the Coase Theorem, they conclude that neither the reserve clause nor the reverse-order amateur draft aid balance. Explicitly assuming that gate revenue grows in proportion to the home team’s playing strength, that each team faces the same cost per unit of playing strength, and implicitly assuming that owner risk aversion is invariant to team revenue and that cross subsidies are proportional to team revenue and not team rent, Fort and Quirk also conclude that increased revenue sharing will not improve competitive balance. The only mechanism in their
Enhanced Multi-Hop Vehicular Broadcast (MHVB) for Active Safety Applications

This paper, focuses on the "enhancement" of multi- hop vehicular broadcast (MHVB). The protocol is fundamentally a flooding algorithm with special characteristics in order to efficiently disseminate information such as the positions and the velocities of the vehicles for the sake of active safety applications. The main purpose of this paper is to show the performance improvements obtained by adding more special characteristics to the existing version of MHVB. The enhancement procedure is carried out in two steps: by changing the shape of the backfire region in the algorithm and by introducing a new Dynamic Scheduling algorithm which prioritizes the packet transmission based upon "processing" of the received packets from the other vehicles. The key point in the proposal made to enhance the broadcast protocol is the balance between the application requirement and the performance of the protocol.
Profiling South African gender inequality in informal self-employment

South Africa is a nation with high unemployment, and informal self-employment can offer an escape from poverty. For this reason, many South African women are currently self-employed. Men also enter the informal sector and though in the minority, they tend to earn more than women. The aim of this paper was to construct a profile of gender differences in South African informal self-employment using the 2005 Labour Force Survey and the 2005 Survey of Employers and Self-Employed. The results of our study reveal that along with distinct earning differences, female informal enterprise owners have different characteristics from their male counterparts. In order to improve the earnings potential of such owners, this paper outlines a series of interventions voiced by the women themselves that offer the potential of improving the earnings.
Genetic and phenotypic relationships between and within support and demand tissues in a single line of broiler chicken

1. With commercial selection for increased broiler performance there has been a correlated increase in the incidence of several metabolic disorders. A study was undertaken to investigate the balance between the unselected support tissues (including the heart, liver, spleen and the components of the gastrointestinal tract (GIT)) which drive growth in the selected demand tissues (eviscerated body mass) by assessing the genetic correlations between these traits. 2. Data were collected on 483 broiler birds taken from a commercial male broiler line with pedigree information. 3. Genetic parameters were estimated by restricted maximum likelihood with an individual animal model. Heritability estimates for the production traits ranged between h 2 = 0.48 and 0.59 for leg and breast mass, respectively. The support tissues were generally associated with low to moderate heritabilities ranging between h 2 = 0.19 for proventriculus to h 2 = 0.38 for duodenum mass, although moderately high heritability estimates (h 2 = 0.51 to 0.54) were associated with the spleen and gizzard. 4. The genetic correlations between production traits and support organs were generally low, however, heart mass was positively correlated with all carcase components of the lean tissue mass; the genetic correlations ranged between r g = 0.55 with breast mass to r g = 0.64 with eviscerated body mass. 5. In general, there were strong positive genetic correlations between the different components of the GIT. Organs that have been implicated in the development of metabolic disorders such as ascites (for example, the heart) could theoretically be used in commercial selection indices due to moderate heritabilities (heart: h 2 = 0.30) and favourable correlations with commercially important traits.
Emotion in the workplace: The new challenge for managers

Emotions in workplace settings and emotional intelligence are hot topics in management today. Leading business journals such as Fortune and Harvard Business Review have featured articles on emotional intelligence. But there is more to emotions in the workplace than just emotional intelligence. The aim of this article is to acquaint managers with intriguing new research that examines both emotional intelligence and the broader issue of emotion, which has been shown to play a powerful role in workplace settings. We show that this research has a strong potential for practical application in organizations within many broad human-resource functions such as selection, performance management, and training, as well as implications for more narrow domains like customer service. We conclude that the study of emotions in organizational settings has provided new and important insights into the way in which people in organizations behave, and we offer advice for managers to enable them to develop and to maintain a positive emotional climate in their organizations.
Fault Ride-Through Capability Enhancement of DFIG-Based Wind Turbine With a Flux-Coupling-Type SFCL Employed at Different Locations

Doubly fed induction generators (DFIGs) have attracted a wide interest for wind power generation, but they suffer from high sensitivity to grid disturbances, particularly grid faults. In this paper, a modified flux-coupling-type superconducting fault current limiter (SFCL) is suggested to improve the fault ride-through (FRT) capability of DFIGs. The SFCL's structure and principle is first presented. Then, considering that the SFCL can be installed at a DFIG's different locations, its influence mechanism to the DFIG's FRT capability is analyzed, and some technical discussions on the design of the SFCL are carried out. Furthermore, the simulation model of a 1.5-MW/690-V DFIG integrated with the SFCL is built, and the performance analysis is conducted. From the results, introducing the SFCL can effectively limit the fault currents across the DFIG's stator and rotor sides, and when the stator side is selected as the installation site, the terminal-voltage sag can be also improved, which helps prevent the disconnection of the DFIG from the power grid.
Forecast Encompassing as the Necessary Condition to Reject Futures Market Efficiency: Fluid Milk Futures

The traditional necessary condition for futures market inefficiency is the existence of alternative forecasting methods that produce mean squared forecast errors smaller than the futures market. Here, a more exacting requirement for futures market efficiency is proposed—forecast encompassing. Using the procedure of Harvey and Newbold, multiple forecast encompassing is tested using Chicago Mercantile Exchange fluid milk futures. Time series models and USDA experts provide competing forecasts. Results suggest milk futures do not encompass the information contained in the USDA forecasts at a two-quarter horizon. While the competing forecasts generate positive revenues, it is unlikely that returns exceed transaction costs in this relatively new market. Copyright 2005, Oxford University Press.
Dyslexia and Music

Abstract: The underlying causes of the language and literacy difficulties experienced by dyslexic children are not yet fully understood, but current theories suggest that timing deficits may be a key factor. Dyslexic children have been found to exhibit timing difficulties in the domains of language, music, perception and cognition, as well as motor control. The author has previously suggested that group music lessons, based on singing and rhythm games, might provide a valuable multisensory support tool for dyslexic children by encouraging the development of important auditory and motor timing skills and subsequently language skills. In order to examine this hypothesis, a research program was designed that involved the development of group music lessons and musical tests for dyslexic children in addition to three experimental studies. It was found that classroom music lessons had a positive effect on both phonologic and spelling skills, but not reading skills. Results also indicated that dyslexic children showed difficulties with musical timing skills while showing no difficulties with pitch skills. These apparent disassociations between spelling and reading ability and musical timing and pitch ability are discussed. The results of the research program are placed in the context of a more general model of the potential relationship between musical training and improved language and literacy skills.
Gold, Fiat Money and Price Stability

The classical gold standard has long been associated with long-run price stability. But short-run price variability led critics of the gold standard to propose reforms that look much like modern versions of price-path targeting. This paper uses a dynamic stochastic general equilibrium model to examine price dynamics under alternative policy regimes. In the model, a pure inflation target provides more short-run price stability than does the gold standard and, although it introduces a unit root into the price level, it leads to as much long-term price stability as does the gold standard for horizons shorter than 20 years. Relative to these regimes, Fisher's compensated dollar (or pure price-path targeting) reduces inflation uncertainty by an order of magnitude at all horizons. A Taylor rule, with its relatively large weight on output, leads to large uncertainty about inflation at long horizons. This long-run inflation uncertainty can be largely eliminated by introducing an additional response to the deviation of the price level from a desired path.
Swiss residential demand for electricity

A residential demand for electricity is estimated using aggregate data at a city level for 40 Swiss cities over the period 1987 to 1990. For this purpose, a log linear stochastic equation for electricity consumption was estimated. The empirical analysis has highlighted some of the characteristics of the Swiss residential electricity market. The price elasticity was estimated to be -0.30, which shows a moderate responsiveness of electricity consumption to changes in prices. This result indicates a price-inelastic demand for electricity with a lower price elasticity than those reported in previous studies. From an energy policy point of view this result implies that there is little room for discouraging residential electricity consumption using price increases.
Asymmetric Employment Cycles in Britain : Evidence and an Explanation

Search and matching models imply that firms' employment adjustment costs depend on the tightness of the labor market, giving rise to endogenous or nonlinear dynamics in employment. This paper sets this argument out in detail, estimating a model simultaneously explaining the long-run level of employment and the nonlinear dynamics. One of the implications of the estimated model is that asymmetric business cycles occur with the downswing in employment being sharper and deeper than the upswing. Copyright 1992 by Royal Economic Society.
Roles of nitric oxide, nitrite and myoglobin on myocardial efficiency in trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) and goldfish (Carassius auratus): implications for hypoxia tolerance

SUMMARY The roles of nitric oxide synthase activity (NOS), nitrite and myoglobin (Mb) in the regulation of myocardial function during hypoxia were examined in trout and goldfish, a hypoxia-intolerant and hypoxia-tolerant species, respectively. We measured the effect of NOS inhibition, adrenaline and nitrite on the O2 consumption rate and isometric twitch force development in electrically paced ventricular preparations during hypoxia, and measured O2 affinity and nitrite reductase activity of the purified heart Mbs of both species. Upon hypoxia (9% O2), O2 consumption and developed force decreased in both trout and goldfish myocardium, with trout showing a significant increase in the O2 utilization efficiency, i.e. the ratio of twitch force to O2 consumption, suggesting an increased anaerobic metabolism. NOS inhibition enhanced myocardial O2 consumption and decreased efficiency, indicating that mitochondrial respiration is under a tone of NOS-produced NO. When trout myocardial twitch force and O2 consumption are enhanced by adrenaline, this NO tone disappears. Consistent with its conversion to NO, nitrite reduced O2 consumption and increased myocardial efficiency in trout but not in goldfish. Such a difference correlates with the lower O2 affinity measured for trout Mb that would increase the fraction of deoxygenated heme available to catalyze the reduction of nitrite to NO. Whereas low-affinity trout Mb would favor O2 diffusion within cardiomyocytes at high in vivo O2 tensions, goldfish Mb having higher O2 affinity and higher nitrite reductase activity appears better suited to facilitate O2 diffusion and nitrite reduction in the heart during severe hypoxia, a condition particularly well tolerated by this species.
Auditor perceptions of prior involvement and reputation threats as antecedents of quality threatening audit behavior

Purpose - The purpose of this paper is to investigate practicing auditors' beliefs regarding the effect of prior involvement on the occurrence of quality threatening behaviour (QTB) during an audit. The authors examine the extent to which auditors' beliefs about QTB are consistent with the theoretical framework of Kanodia Design/methodology/approach - The authors conduct an experiment in which auditors assess the likelihood of perceived reputation threats associated with encountering disconfirming evidence late in the audit, and the likelihood that such evidence will be suppressed. Findings - Auditors participating in the study believe that prior involvement will induce a perception of personal reputation threats in an auditor encountering evidence inconsistent with the conclusions of earlier audit work. Participants perceive an auditor with prior involvement in the audit work to be more likely to suppress audit evidence than an auditor with no prior involvement; this effect is largely explained by the personal reputation threats believed to be induced by prior involvement. Research limitations/implications - The findings provide important information, from the perspective of practicing auditors, about a situational antecedent of QTB that is present on most audit engagements. Prior involvement is perceived by auditors to induce a conflict of interest in reporting troublesome evidence uncovered late in the audit. These perceptions suggest it is important to raise reviewers' awareness of the possibility of undesirable behavior in such situations. Potential limitations of the study relate to generalizability of the results under different levels of misstatement risk and under different environments in audit practice. Also, the authors do not measure auditors' actual behaviour, but their assessment of hypothetical situations and beliefs about others' actions. Future research can examine actual auditor behaviour in the presence of prior involvement. Originality/value - The paper provides evidence on auditors' beliefs about the effects on QTB of prior involvement, a factor that has not been previously studied in this line of research. The authors show that auditors' beliefs about QTB are consistent with Kanodia
Leading as a team

This article deals with the difficulty of creating a “leadership team. ” Increasingly, organizations are finding it unworkable for a single almighty leader at the top to understand the full complexity of the business, build consensus throughout the business, and call all the shots. Instead, many are arranging for the leadership function to be performed by teams, perhaps of two equals, perhaps of whole, cross‐functional committees. The problem is that, while the idea is excellent in principle, very few companies have actually succeeded in creating effective leadership teams. In this article, the author describes that problem and addresses it with an approach to building leadership teams. Importantly, the approach recognizes and integrates elements of leadership teamwork that can be engineered and elements that must be cultivated and grown over time, and is well positioned in terms of the current scholarship on leadership development and team‐building.
Optimal Taxation of Bequests

A critique of Kaplow's (2001) optimal taxation (OT) framework for assessing inheritance taxation is outlined in this paper. Several points are raised, the most important one being that Kaplow's central result cannot be extrapolated to the important case of altruism very easily. Several formal problems of modelling altruism are discussed. Finally, I propose a simple OT model which can justify a marginal subsidy of bequests, and point out the limits of this approach.
Actions to implement three potent post‐crisis strategies

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to make suggestions as to how an organization successfully manage uncertainty and complexity and, ultimately, foster growth in the wake of the recent economic crisis.Design/methodology/approach – The paper recommends three main goals that organizations should concentrate their actions around.Findings – The paper finds that as organizations prepare for a future ripe with uncertainty, there is urgency for companies to take actions to prepare for the key opportunities presented in this post‐crisis environment. Business leaders should start by developing clear scenarios for their industry and the overall situation that can help identify which strategies and business models will best position their organization to succeed across the range of possible future outcomes. By combining an understanding of their current position with a clear set of future scenarios, they can select decisive moves across the three recommendations identified in this studyOriginality/value – The pa.