Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Precaldera lavas of the southeast San Juan Volcanic Field: Parent magmas and crustal interactions

Early intermediate composition volcanic rocks of the Oligocene (circa 34–29 Ma) southeast San Juan volcanic field, southern Colorado, comprise the Conejos Formation. Conejos lavas include both high-K calc-alkaline and alkaline magma series (54–69% SiO2) ranging in composition from basaltic andesite (basaltic trachyandesite) to dacite (trachydacite). The subsequent Platoro caldera complex (29–27 Ma) was superimposed on a cluster of broadly precursory Conejos stratocones. Precaldera volcanism occurred in three pulses corresponding to three time-stratigraphic members: (1) the Horseshoe Mountain member, (2) the Rock Creek member, and (3) the Willow Mountain member. Each member exhibits distinctive phenocryst modes and incompatible trace element contents. Horseshoe Mountain lavas (hornblende-phyric) have relatively low alkali and incompatible element abundances, Rock Creek lavas (anhydrous phenocrysts) and ash-flow tuffs have the highest abundances, and Willow Mountain lavas (diverse mineralogy) are intermediate. All Conejos lavas exhibit low ratios of lead (206Pb/204Pb = 17.5 to 18.2) and neodymium (eNd = −8 to −4) isotopes and high 87Sr/86Sr (0.7045 to 0.7056) compared to depleted asthenospheric mantle. These values lie between those of likely mantle compositions and the isotopic composition of Proterozoic crust of the southern Rocky Mountains. Mafic lavas of the Horseshoe Mountain member have the lowest Pb and Nd isotope ratios among Conejos members but trend toward higher isotopic values with increasing degrees of differentiation. Compositions within the Rock Creek series trend toward higher Pb and lower Nd isotope ratios with increasing SiO2. Willow mountain volcanic sequences define diverse chemical-isotopic correlations. We interpret the chemical and isotopic differences observed between mafic lavas of each member to reflect derivation from compositionally distinct mantle derived parent magmas that have experienced extensive deep level crustal contamination. Chemical and isotope correlations within each member indicate Conejos magmas differentiated via staged polybaric, multiprocess evolutionary paths. Stage I occurred near the base of the crust as mantle-derived basalt evolved to basaltic andesite by the MASH mechanism. Stage II followed ascent to shallower crustal levels where basaltic andesite differentiated to more evolved compositions by combined fractionation and assimilation of heterogeneous crust.
Polarization and Frequency-Wavenumber Spectrum Analysis for the Strong-Motion Array Data in Ashigara Valley, Japan

In order to understand the propagation characteristics of earthquake strong motion in a sedimentary basin, combined analyses were made using running spectra, polarization and frequency-wavenumber spectra for array data obtained in Ashigara Valley, Japan. The data from three moderately large events (M= 5.5-6.5) which occurred in Sagami Bay, south of the Ashigara Valley, were analyzed. The long-period (5-10 s) Love waves were predominant during the two shallow events ( <10 km), while short-period waves less than 2 s dominated in the event of intermediate depth (20 km). The predominant waves propagated from the azimuths of about 10°-20° west of the sources. Not only the sedimentary basin at the Ashigara Valley, but also the underground structure beneath Izu Peninsula may affect the propagation path from source to station. A significant variation in the Love wave propagation direction was found during the earthquake of Feb. 20, 1990, the shallow largest event. Three distinct arrivals of Love waves were identified in the event. Two wave groups were identified as Love waves propagated from the azimuth of 15° west of the source. The other one group propagated from the azimuth of 30° west of the source. Its propagation path turned towards a more easterly direction. The arrival was identified as Love waves from both the polarization and propagation direction. This identification was only possible by combining the results of polarization and frequency-wavenumber spectral analyses. The significance of the effects of three-dimensional heterogeneity in the sedimentary basin was also suggested.
Palaeomagnetism and continental collision in the Alpine Belt and the formation of late-tectonic extensional basins

Summary New palaeomagnetic data are consistent with the hypothesis that Adria moved as a promontory of the African Plate during the Mesozoic. This hypothesis is supported by regional facies analysis and by geophysical data from the eastern Mediterranean basins which indicate a continental lithosphere. However, the new data cast doubt upon the concept of a rigid, autochthonous African promontory remaining coherent during Alpine deformation. It is apparent that small-scale relative rotations have occurred during the Tertiary in areas which were previously considered authochtonous. Late-tectonic extensional basins, such as the Tyrrhenian Sea, are superimposed on the continent-continent collision suture and their growth is contemporaneous with thrusting in surrounding arcs. The very rapid evolution of the collision suture into a region of extension is due to a rapid lithospheric thinning process, such as catastrophic delamination of part of the mantle lithosphere. Such delamination would be most likely to occur very soon after a collision involving fast lithospheric thickening.
A 100-mVpp Input Range 10-kHz BW VCO-based CT-DSM Neuro-Recording IC in 40-nm CMOS

This paper presents a time-domain continuous-time sigma delta modulator (CT-DSM) based neuro-recording interface circuit. This circuit consists of a current-reuse fully differential OTA, a voltage-controlled oscillator (VCO), a counter-based quantizer and a capacitive DAC feedback circuit with Data Weighted Averaging (DWA) logic. A current-reuse Gm cell is adopted to suppress the input-referred noise with high energy efficiency. The VCO converts the input signal amplitude into phase for integration as well as quantization by the counter-based quantizer. The DAC feedback circuit ensures a linear operation of Gm-VCO within the input range. The prototype circuit is designed and implemented in a commercial 40-nm CMOS process. the proposed circuit consumes 19.5 $\mu$ W under 1.2-V supply voltage. With the maximum tolerable input swing of 100-mVpp, the proposed circuit achieves an SNDR of 59 dB over a bandwidth of 10 kHz. The proposed design is suitable for application such as the neuro-recording circuit in the closed-loop neural stimulation system.
Modelling of Re-Working Carbonate Sediments under Strong Tidal Current Setting

A numerical model has been developed which successfully simulated not only carbonate precipitation but also re-sedimentation of carbonate material under a strong tidal current environment. Carbonate reservoirs in oil fields, offshore Abu Dhabi, were deposited under such environments, so that there is difficulty to predict the reservoir heterogeneity in the exploitation stage where no more appraisal wells would be available. A numerical process model is the only solution for predicting reservoir heterogeneity under such conditions; however, most of the carbonate models that have been developed in recent years take account only of the generation of carbonate material under specified depositional environments. Sedimentation by tidal currents, which is similar to clastic sedimentation, was also neglected in the models because of its lesser importance for carbonate reservoir characterization. The present model estimates in detail the distribution of tidal current velocity in the field by using a commercial flow model with multi-layered systems. For a simplification, only the bed load transportation was taken into account for transportation of carbonate sediments. It was possible to formulate the effect by bed load transportation as a function of water depth, grain size and current velocity at each point for a given grid system. For simulation of a longer period of ancient sedimentation, the ‘Mean Field Method’ and ‘Error Tolerance Level’ are introduced for effective calculation of the equivalent result using longer time conditions than daily tidal cycles. The model developed was tested against the present-day geologic situation from the Bahamas where many of the input parameters can be observed. Then it is applied to the real oil field, offshore Abu Dhabi. We could reproduce the geologic sequences that are conceptually similar to the observations in both cases. The model thus has the potential to predict ancient reservoir quality at the petroleum exploitation stage.
Detection, diversity, and activity on anaerobic ammonium oxidizing bacteria (Anammox) in the Cape Fear River Estuary

Anammox is a new pathway in the nitrogen cycle, in which NH4+ oxidiation is coupled to NO2- reduction to produce N2. Anammox was first discovered in a wastewater treatment plant in 1995, and the process was attributed to bacteria that branch deeply in the bacterial genus Planctomycetes. Since this initial finding, anammox bacteria have been detected in anoxic marine sediments, oxygen minimum zones of the oceanic water column, estuaries, arctic sea ice, and even a freshwater lake. Activity measurements have further revealed that these bacteria can contribute significantly to the nitrogen removal process. This chemolithotrophic process is a new loop in the biogeochemical nitrogen cycle that was previously unknown. Prior to the discovery of anammox, denitrification was considered to be the only process responsible for nitrogen removal via N2 gas production. Little is known about the genetics, ecology, and physiology of this organism. Therefore, this study was an attempt to gain better understanding in the community structure of anammox bacteria and their activity related to environmental parameters such as, ammonium, nitrate, and salinity levels. The Cape Fear River Estuary was chosen as the study site. A combination of molecular tools and stable isotope probing technique was employed to study anammox bacteria in the Cape Fear River Estuary. Anammox bacteria were identified at all three sampling sites, and each site had distinct community structure. Salinity and ammonium levels were positively correlated with diversity. Although, no correlation could be established between environmental parameters and activity levels, there did seem to be a link between community structure and activity levels.
Effect of the Pacific Ocean on the Earth's seasonal wobble inferred from National Center for Environmental Prediction ocean analysis data

In order to assess oceanic influence on the excitation of the Earth's seasonal wobble, which is not totally explained by atmospheric angular momentum (AAM) we employed Pacific Ocean monthly analysis data from the U. S. National Center for Environmental Prediction for the period from 1980 to 1994 to compute the Pacific Ocean angular momentum (POAM) around two axes on the equatorial plane. These were X1 and X2 with respect to axis I and axis 2 which corresponded to motion along the Greenwich meridian and 90°E, respectively. In particular, we paid attention to the X1 component, which was barely influenced by AAM. The variance in the AAM plus POAM X 1 was almost 10 times that of the AAM alone, while that of AAM plus POAM X2 decreased to ∼60% of that of AAM alone. Thus the mean seasonal cycle of POAM plus AAM roughly accounted for the observed wobble, and its year-to-year fluctuations overlapped with those of seasonal wobble excitation. We also found that the seasonal X1 POAM mostly consisted of the motion (current) term and that the mass term played a secondary role; this is in contrast to AAM's contribution to X2 . Although intensive seasonal fluctuations in the X1 motion term were localized around the western Pacific region, we found that middle-to-higher- and lower-latitude regions were inphase and out of phase with the basin-wide contribution. However, the influence of the Pacific Ocean may be reduced by other unaccounted for sources such as effects from other oceanic basins and land water.
Biases of CO2 storage in eddy flux measurements in a forest pertinent to vertical configurations of a profile system and CO2 density averaging

CO2 storage in a 30-minute period in a tall forest canopy often makes significant contributions to net ecosystem exchange (NEE) in the early morning and at night. When CO2 storage is properly measured and taken into account, underestimations of NEE on calm nights can be greatly reduced. Using CO2 data from a 12-level profile, we demonstrate that the lower canopy layer (below the thermal inversion) is a disproportional contributor to the total CO2 storage. This is because time derivative of CO2 density ( c/ t) generally shows increasing magnitude of mean and standard deviation with decreasing heights at night and from sunrise to 1000 hr in both growing and dormant seasons. Effects of resolution and configuration in a profiling system on the accuracy of CO2 storage estimation are evaluated by comparing subset profiles to the 12-level benchmark profile. It is demonstrated that the effectiveness of a profiling system in estimating CO2 storage is not only determined by its number of sampling levels but, more importantly, by its vertical configuration. To optimize a profile, one needs to balance the influence of two factors, c/ t and layer thickness, among all vertical sections within a forest. As a key contributor to themore » total CO2 storage, the lower canopy (with relatively large means and standard deviations of c/ t) requires a higher resolution in a profile system than the layers above. However, if the upper canopy is over-sparsely sampled relative to the lower canopy, the performance of a profile system might be degraded since, in such a situation, the influence of layer thickness dominates over that of c/ t. We also find that, because of different level of complexity in canopy structure, more sampling levels are necessary at our site in order to achieve the same level of accuracy as at a boreal aspen site. These results suggest that, in order to achieve an adequate accuracy in CO2 storage measurements, the number of sampling levels in a profile and its design should be subject to the site properties, e.g., canopy architecture and the resulted thermodynamic and flow structures. If CO2 density from a single profile is averaged in time and then used in assessing CO2 storage to make this measurement more spatially representative, biases associated with this averaging procedure become inevitable. Generally, larger window sizes used in averaging CO2 density generate poorer estimates of CO2 storage. If absolute errors are concerned, it appears that the more significant the CO2 storage is during a period (nighttime and early morning hours versus late morning and afternoon, peak growing season versus early growing season), the larger effects the averaging procedure has. « less
Characterizing Human Shape Variation Using 3-D Anthropometric Data

Permission is granted to quote short excerpts and to reproduce figures and tables from this report, provided that the source of such material is fully acknowledged. Abstract Characterizing the variations of the human body shape is fundamentally important in many applications ranging from animation to product design. 3D scanning technology makes it possible to digitize the complete surfaces of a large number of human bodies, providing much richer information about the body shape than traditional anthropometric measurements. This technology opens up opportunities to extract new measurements for quantifying the body shape. In this paper, we present a new method for extracting the main modes of variations of the human shape from a 3D anthropometric database. Previous approaches rely on anatomical landmarks. Using a volumetric representation, we show that human shape analysis can be performed despite the lack of such information. We first introduce a technique for repairing the 3D models from the original scans. Principal components analysis is then applied to the volumetric description of a set of human models to extract dominant components of shape variability for a target population. We demonstrate a good reconstruction of the original models from a reduced number of components. Finally, we provide tools for visualizing the main modes of human shape variation.
Comparisons between macro‐ and microfabrics in a pebble‐rich, sandy till deposited by the Cordilleran Ice Sheet

It is standard practice to measure particle fabrics in glacial studies to infer palaeo‐ice flow directions and processes of till formation but few studies examine the relationships between particle fabrics at different (i.e. the macro‐ and micro‐) scales. This knowledge is critical to inform the utility of the methods and limitations of the associated interpretations. Micro‐ (sand grain) and macro‐ (pebble) fabrics of pebble‐rich, sandy subglacial till (Kamloops Lake till) deposited by the Cordilleran Ice Sheet, south‐central British Columbia, were compared to assess their similarities and differences, and therefore their utility for understanding subglacial processes. Before comparisons were made, the data were tested for robustness by assessing various controls (e.g. sampling face orientation, number of particles measured, statistical variation resulting from sampling effects, particle shape, size and concentration) on particle fabrics. A new method of microfabric analysis was applied that involves the identification and delineation of distinct clusters of similarly orientated sand grains in order to compare them with macrofabrics and inferred ice‐flow directions. The results show that microfabrics, on their own, are an unreliable indicator of ice‐flow direction in Kamloops Lake till in the study area and should not be used as a substitute for macrofabric data, as they probably record late‐stage microscale strain patterns and pore‐water flow in addition to till deposition and deformation by overriding ice. We suspect that this would also be the case for coarse‐grained till elsewhere. Our findings suggest that till microfabric interpretations should always be made after assessing corresponding macrofabric data alongside sedimentological and structural observations.
Relationship between rupture process complexity and earthquake size

[1] We studied the complexity of waveforms for two shallow crustal earthquake sequences in Japan. Using 47 earthquakes of the 2003 northern Miyagi sequence and 95 events of the 2004 mid-Niigata sequence, we estimated the number of complex and simple P waveforms for events with magnitudes from M3.1 to M6.6. Data were recorded at borehole and surface stations with minimal site responses for close hypocentral distances of less than 30 km. The determination of complexity was done by counting the zero crossings of the accelerations waveforms. Our results show that for the smaller earthquakes, there are both simple and complex events but that all of the larger earthquakes are complex. There appears to be a threshold size over which the earthquakes always become complex. For both data sets this threshold is M4.0 to M4.5. We attribute this difference in complexity with earthquake size as an indication that larger earthquake grow with a complex ruptures that may be indicative of stochastic processes. There do not appear to be large earthquakes that grow smoothly to their final size.
Multi-Decadal Modulation of Tropical Pacific Instability Wave Activity since the Middle of the Twentieth Century

Modulation of the Pacific tropical instability waves (TIWs) is investigated from 1950 to 2007 using high-resolution ocean data assimilation. So far, detecting their multi-decadal variations is difficult due to the lack of a fine-scale observation network. The results of our high-resolution general circulation model indicate that the Pacific TIW activity increased rapidly after the early 1990s, because a precedent intensified subsurface temperature front north of the cold tongue associated with the mid-1970s’ climate shift positively influenced the baroclinic source. This intensified subsurface meridional temperature gradient related to a warm phase of the tropical Pacific decadal variability associated with cold anomalies along the subsurface thermocline which contribute to decay of the surface warm phase, characterized by wide- spread meridional warm anomalies and upwelled cold anomalies along the equator. 2013: Multi-decadal modulation of tropical Pacific instability wave activity since the middle of the twentieth century. SOLA
Overexpression of Parkinson’s Disease-Associated Mutation LRRK2 G2019S in Mouse Forebrain Induces Behavioral Deficits and α-Synuclein Pathology

Visual Abstract Mutations in the leucine-rich repeat kinase 2 (LRRK2) gene have been identified as an unambiguous cause of late-onset, autosomal-dominant familial Parkinson’s disease (PD) and LRRK2 mutations are the strongest genetic risk factor for sporadic PD known to date. A number of transgenic mice expressing wild-type or mutant LRRK2 have been described with varying degrees of LRRK2-related abnormalities and modest pathologies. None of these studies directly addressed the role of the kinase domain in the changes observed and none of the mice present with robust features of the human disease. In an attempt to address these issues, we created a conditional LRRK2 G2019S (LRRK2 GS) mutant and a functionally negative control, LRRK2 G2019S/D1994A (LRRK2 GS/DA). Expression of LRRK2 GS or LRRK2 GS/DA was conditionally controlled using the tet-off system in which the presence of tetracycline-transactivator protein (tTA) with a CAMKIIα promoter (CAMKIIα-tTA) induced expression of TetP-LRRK2 GS or TetP-LRRK2 GS/DA in the mouse forebrain. Overexpression of LRRK2 GS in mouse forebrain induced behavioral deficits and α-synuclein pathology in a kinase-dependent manner. Similar to other genetically engineered LRRK2 GS mice, there was no significant loss of dopaminergic neurons. These mice provide an important new tool to study neurobiological changes associated with the increased kinase activity from the LRRK2 G2019S mutation, which may ultimately lead to a better understanding of not only the physiologic actions of LRRK2, but also potential pathologic actions that underlie LRRK2 GS-associated PD.
Land administration for housing production: analysis of need for interagency integration

Abstract In most country contexts the activities of government land administration agencies, those dealing with the functions of land tenure, valuation, planning, and development, are disparate and lack harmonisation. This paper analyses the imperative for integrating these functions across and between government structures. An exploratory approach synthesising existing research and newly acquired empirical case study data from Victoria-Australia, and Lagos-Nigeria underpins the discussion. Drivers for interagency integration are exposed and discussed including: cost inefficiencies for actors in the development process, the effectiveness of planning enforcement, and redundancy in land information. Opportunities for integration are revealed through analysis of the land development process, land information infrastructures, and urban management policy.