Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Transport Layer Loss Differentiation and Loss Notification

It is a well known problem that errors and lossescaused by unfavorable wireless link conditions causeproblems for congestion controlled transport protocols such as TCP. TCP assumesthat all losses occur due to network congestion. To remedythe percei ved congestion, congestionavoidance is employed, typically by the TCP senderhalving the sending rate. When congestionavoidance is incorrectly applied also for wirelesslosses,performance is degraded. Protocols with similarcongestioncontrol, suchastheStreamControl Transfer Protocol (SCTP)[11], sharethe problem. Many TCP-specific solutionshave beenproposedto improve the performancein a wirelessenvironment. Examples includeusingsplit connections [1], TCP-awarelocal retransmissions(snoop) [2] or loss differentiationat the transport layer. Recentwork addressing the problem of wireless over TCP include TCP Westwood [4], TCPReal[12] andWTCP[10]. Insteadof applying TCPspecificsolutions, the problem canbe circumventedby using physicalandlink-layersolutions suchasforwarderror correction (FEC) and/or link level retransmissions.This approach is usedin many operational wirelessnetworks. As percei ved by the transpor t layer theunreliability of thewirelessmedium is now transformed into round-trip time variations causedby link-layer retransmissions.In someinstancesthesevariations cancausespurious timeouts,andsubseque nt unnecessaryretransmissions. TheTCPEifel algorithm [8] hasbeenproposed asa solutionto improve performance for thesecases. However, thereare caseswhere link level retransmissions areunsuitable. Theseincludeinteracti vereal-timeapplications, for example VoIP or video-conferencing. Due to their delay sensiti vity, this type of applications does gener ally not use TCP but insteaduse UDP. One of the major problems with UDP is that it hasno congestioncontrol that ensures that it sharesnetworks resourcesfairly. The new DCCPprotocol [6] addressthis problem by providing a congestioncontrolled but unreliable transpor t service.However, this again introduces the discussedproblem of inappropriate congestionbehavior in the presenceof non-congestion lossessuch as causedby wirelesserrors. In order to successfullyperform congestion control the reasonof a packet loss must be ascertainedso that congestionavoidance is not performed for lossesnot causedby congestion.In the following, we usethe term loss differentiation to meanthe processof decidingthe causeof a lost packet. Often the loss differentiationis performedat the recei ver side and the congestioncontrol at the senderside. This calls for the use of loss notification, i.e. the process of communicating the results of loss differentiation to the senderside. In this paper we presenta simple checksumbasedapproachfor lossdifferentiationtogetherwith two loss notificationschemesin the context of TCP.
A Novel Method for Word-Pair Similarity Computing

Semantic similarity between words is fundamental to various fields such as Cognitive Science, Artificial Intelligence, Natural Language Processing and Information Retrieval. According to Baeza-Yates and Neto [2] an Information Retrieval system “should provide the user with easy access to the information in which he is interested”. Therefore, in this domain, relying on a robust semantic similarity measure is crucial for automatic query suggestion and expansion process. In this same context, we propose a method that uses on one hand, an online English dictionary provided by the Semantic Atlas project of the French National Centre for Scientific Research (CNRS) and on the other hand, a page counts based metric returned by a social website.
Expression of the novel scavenger receptor SR-PSOX in cultured aortic smooth muscle cells and umbilical endothelial cells.

To the Editor: In the November issue of Arteriosclerosis, Thrombosis, and Vascular Biology , Minami et al1 demonstrated expression of the novel scavenger receptor for phosphatidylserine and oxidized lipoprotein (SR-PSOX) in lipid-laden macrophages accumulated in the intima of human atherosclerotic lesions. Because SR-PSOX seems to be identical to the membrane-anchored chemokine CXCL16,2,3⇓ which may play a dual role in inflammation and homeostasis, Minami et al1 discussed the potential regulation of SR-PSOX by pro-inflammatory cytokines. Although the authors did not detect SR-PSOX in smooth muscle cells (SMCs) and endothelial cells (ECs), they did discuss the possible expression of SR-PSOX in these cell types. Until now, only the expression of the scavenger receptors SR-AI/II,4 CD36,5 and LOX-16 in SMCs has been described. In our studies on the formation of SMC-derived foam cells during atherogenesis, we have focused on the expression of scavenger receptors,7 including SR-PSOX, in SMCs and ECs. We have also investigated the influence of cytokines on the expression of SR-PSOX in SMCs. Reverse transcriptase–polymerase chain reaction (PCR; primers for human SR-PSOX: 5′-TACACGAGGTTCCAGCTCCT-3′ and 5′-GGGGGCTGGT- AGGAAGTAAA-3′, porcine SR-PSOX: 5′-TATGTGGAGGCAGCAG- TGAC-3′ and …
Insights into early language recovery: from basic principles to practical applications

Background: Post-stroke loss and recovery of language functions evolves in time and space. A high functional dynamic can be observed in the first days and weeks after stroke, which has been associated with reorganisation processes in the left-lateralised language network, its right-hemisphere homologues and in the vicinity of the lesion site. With the advances in in vivo neuroimaging techniques, mapping changes in the language network over time (e.g., lesion extent, structural integrity of grey or white matter, task-based activity, functional or structural connectivity) is currently the focus of ongoing investigations. Main Contribution: This review highlights the recent findings on the neurobiology of language recovery from the hyperacute to the subacute phase after stroke. It relates pathophysiological processes of stroke evolution and the spatio-temporal characteristics of recovery patterns within the anatomically distributed language network to the behavioural dynamics of early language recovery. Conclusions: Understanding distinct, yet characteristic, recovery patterns within the language network promoting an improvement of language functions has lately provided new targets for non-invasive brain stimulation to enhance language rehabilitation mainly in the chronic phase after stroke. We argue that a more profound understanding of the natural history of behaviour–physiology relationships during aphasia evolution could open up new opportunities for an early system-level, neurobiologically motivated therapeutic use of neuromodulation techniques during language rehabilitation.
Natural Resource Use and Global Change: New Interdisciplinary Perspectives in Social Ecology

education, they find that it plays a major role, as survey respondents with higher levels of education are clearly less likely to exhibit prejudice and support repressive policies. Priming is also important: telling survey respondents about past attacks, and even more reminding them of the danger of future (hypothetical) attacks, increases support for counterterrorist policies. Finally, naming the group affiliation of the individuals targeted or affected by certain counterterrorist policies also matters. Not surprisingly, references to Muslims and those coming from a Middle Eastern background elicit particularly negative attitudes, and support for counterterrorist policies that target them is higher. Yet beyond that, American citizenship and nationality serve as powerful cues, as support for measures that target nonAmericans is higher than support for measures targeting Americans of all ethnicities and origins. Despite these important and enlightening findings, the book is not without faults. First, the theoretical frame seems somewhat disjointed. While the authors make a number of smaller theoretical contributions (for example, to target group theory and to the polity feedback literature), the book lacks a major coherent theoretical frame that would lead it throughout. This shortfall is even more noticeable given the fact that many of the main findings, while revealing, are not that surprising to scholars who specialize in terrorism and counterterrorism. A second weaker point is a lack of sufficient discussion of the particular features and uniqueness of terrorist acts and threats. Brooks and Manza rightfully note that the risk of dying from terrorist acts is much lower than the risk of dying from domestic homicide, traffic accidents, or cancer. However, they fail to consider fully why it is that terrorism still elicits such a substantial sense of threat for so many. Is this only the result of conservative media scare tactics and the spread of moral panic? While these tell some of the story, there also seems to be something unique about terrorism, its psychological effects, and the ways in which people perceive terrorist threats. Without addressing this uniqueness, it may be hard to comprehend fully the consistency and durability of public support for policies that violate civil rights. Despite these drawbacks, Whose Rights? makes an important contribution to the literatures on counterterrorism and mass opinion. Although the effects of public opinion on actual policies cannot be systematically examined when looking at such a limited period, it is important to examine the ways in which mass opinion can be influenced and manipulated. The book is well written, compelling, and brings revealing insights into the processes of threat priming and target groups. Brooks and Manza use innovative methodologies to explore the underlying sources of public attitudes toward counterterrorism, and provide a more informative and detailed account of these sources than any previous work in the field.
Planning in the Face of Power.

Abstract Information is a source of power in the planning process. This article begins by assessing five perspectives of the planner's use of information: those of the technician, the incremental pragmatist, the liberal advocate, the structuralist, and the “progressive. ” Then several types of misinformation (inevitable or unnecessary, ad hoc or systematic) are distinguished in a reformulation of bounded rationality in planning, and practical responses by planning staff are identified. The role and ethics of planners acting as sources of misinformation are considered. In practice planners work in the face of power manifest as the social and political (mis)-man-agement of citizens' knowledge, consent, trust, and attention. Seeking to enable planners to anticipate and counteract sources of misinformation threatening public serving, democratic planning processes, the article clarifies a practical and politically sensitive form of “progressive” planning practice.
Training and Innovation in an Imperfect Labour Market

This paper shows that in a frictional labour market part of the productivity gains from general training will be captured by future employers. As a result, investments in general skills will be suboptimally low, and contrary to the standard theory, part of the costs may be borne by the employers. The paper also demonstrates that the interaction between innovation and training leads to an amplification of this inefficiency and to a multiplicity of equilibria. Workers are more willing to invest in their skills by accepting lower wages today if they expect more firms to innovate and pay them higher wages in the future. Similarly, firms are more willing to innovate when they expect the quality of the future workforce to be higher, thus when workers invest more in their skills.
Evaluation of diverse compiling for software-fault detection

Although software fault prevention techniques improve continually, faults remain in every complex software system. Thus safety-critical embedded systems need mechanisms to tolerate software faults. Typically, these systems use static redundancy to detect hardware faults during operation. However, the reliability of a redundant system not only depends on the reliability of each version, but also on the dissimilarity between them. Thus, researchers have investigated ways to automatically add cost-efficient diversity to software to increase the efficiency of redundancy strategies. One of these automated software diversification methods is diverse compiling, which exploits the diversity introduced by different compilers and different optimization flags. Today, diverse compiling is used to improve the hardware fault tolerance and to avoid common defects from compilers. However, in this paper we show that diverse compiling also enhances the software fault tolerance by increasing the chance of finding defects in the source code of the executed software during runtime. More precisely, the memory is organized differently, when using different compilers and compiler flags. This enhances the chance of detecting memory-related software bugs, such as missing memory initialization, during runtime. Here we experimentally quantify the efficiency of diverse compiling for software fault tolerance and we show that diverse compiling can help to detect up to about 70% of memory-related software bugs.
Identity Based Proxy Signature from RSA without Pairings

RSA is a key cryptography technique and provides various interfaces for the applied software in real-life scenarios. Although some good results were achieved in speeding up the computation of pairing function in re- cent years, the computation cost of the pairings is much higher than that of the exponentiation in a RSA group. So it is still interesting to design efficient cryptosystems based on RSA primitive. A proxy signature scheme allows a proxy signer to sign messages on behalf of an original signer within a given context. Most identity based proxy signature schemes currently known employ bilinear pairings. In this paper, an identity based proxy ring signature (IBPS) scheme from RSA without pairings is constructed, and the security is proved under the random oracle model.
Searching for a Corporate Savior: The Irrational Quest for Charismatic CEOs

Preface ix 1. "Everyone Knew He Was Brilliant ":The Wooing of Jamie Dimon 1 2. A Different Kind of Market 20 3. The Rise of the Charismatic CEO 53 4. Board Games:The Role of Directors in CEO Search 81 5. The Go-Betweens:The Role of the Executive Search Firm 118 6. Crowning Napoleon:The Making of the Charismatic Candidate 151 7. Open Positions,Closed Shops:Learning from the External CEO Succession Process 186 Appendix 221 Notes 237 References 273 Index 289
Inhibition of Interference during Word Reading in Children with Attention Deficit Hyperactive Disorder

121 This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/ by-nc/3.0) which permits unrestricted noncommercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. Copyright © 2016 Korean Academy of Speech-Language Pathology and Audiology Inhibition of Interference during Word Reading in Children with Attention Deficit Hyperactive Disorder
Complete Convergence of Short Paths and Karp's Algorithm for the TSP

Let Xi, 1 ≤ i 0 $$\sum^{\infty}_{n=1}p\left|T_{n}/\sqrt{n-\beta}| \gt \epsilon\right \lt \infty. $$ This result is essential in justifying Karp's algorithm for the traveling salesman problem under the independent model, and it settles a question posed by B. W. Weide.
The Modulatory Effect of Acupuncture on the Activity of Locus Coeruleus Neuronal Cells: A Review

The Locus Coeruleus (LC) is a small collection of noradrenergic neurons located in the pons. In the brain, noradrenaline (NE) is primarily produced by noradrenergic cell groups in the LC, which is the largest group of noradrenergic neurons in the central nervous system. Acupuncture, including the electroacupuncture which is a modified acupuncture method, is known to be effective in various kinds of diseases, and the involvement of noradrenergic system in the central nervous system has been reported by previous studies. However, on whether acupuncture can modulate the LC neuronal cells activities, results vary from studies to studies. In this paper, we included twelve articles, which observed the effect of acupuncture on the activities of LC in humans and animals. Our study shows that, among twelve included studies, six reported decrease of LC activities, whereas six showed increase of LC activities after acupuncture treatment. Although it is difficult to draw a firm conclusion, the authors suggest that the difference of frequencies may play an important role in the modulatory effect of acupuncture on LC. Further studies are needed to clarify the precise mechanism of acupuncture on LC, as it can lead to a new therapeutic method for various LC-NE related diseases.
Optimal Design of Energy and Spectral Efficiency Tradeoff in One-Bit Massive MIMO Systems

Author(s): Li, Yongzhi; Tao, Cheng; Mezghani, Amine; Swindlehurst, A Lee; Seco-Granados, Gonzalo; Liu, Liu | Abstract: This paper considers a single-cell massive multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) system equipped with a base station (BS) that uses one-bit quantization and investigates the energy efficiency (EE) and spectral efficiency (SE) trade-off. We first propose a new precoding scheme and downlink power allocation strategy that results in uplink-downlink SINR duality for one-bit MIMO systems. Taking into account the effect of the imperfect channel state information, we obtain approximate closed-form expressions for the uplink and downlink achievable rates under duality with maximum ratio combining/matched-filter and zero-forcing processing. We then focus on joint optimization of the competing SE and EE objectives over the number of users, pilot training duration and operating power, using the weighted product method to obtain the EE/SE Pareto boundary. Numerical results are presented to verify our analytical resultsand demonstrate the fundamental tradeoff between EE and SE for different parameter settings.
Psychosocial functioning and glycemic control in emerging adults with Type 1 diabetes: A 5-year follow-up study.

OBJECTIVE The principal aim of this study was to examine the longitudinal interplay of depressive symptoms, diabetes-specific perceptions and distress, and glycemic control in emerging adults with Type 1 diabetes. METHODS Emerging adults with Type 1 diabetes (18-30 years old) participated in a 2-wave longitudinal study spanning 5 years (N = 164 at Time 1). Patients completed questionnaires on depressive symptoms, diabetes-specific distress (treatment-related, food-related, emotional, and social support problems), and illness perceptions (consequences and personal control) at baseline and follow-up. HbA1c values were obtained from treating clinicians. The authors investigated the directionality of effects using cross-lagged path analysis. RESULTS Stronger perceptions of control predicted a relative decrease in treatment-related problems 5 years later, whereas stronger perceptions of consequences predicted a relative increase in depressive symptoms, treatment-related, food-related, emotional, and social support problems over time. Furthermore, higher depressive symptoms predicted a relative increase in social support problems 5 years later. None of the study variables were related to changes in glycemic control over time. CONCLUSIONS Our findings stress the importance of addressing patients' perceptions and beliefs about their diabetes. Clinicians should find a delicate balance between stressing the importance of diabetes care and preventing patients from feeling overwhelmed or engulfed by the burden of diabetes care. Furthermore, our findings advocate for depression screening and treatment as key elements in holistic diabetes care, given the relatively high prevalence of elevated depressive symptoms in this population.
Understanding Stability of Noisy Networks through Centrality Measures and Local Connections

Networks created from real-world data contain some inaccuracies or noise, manifested as small changes in the network structure. An important question is whether these small changes can signficantly affect the analysis results. In this paper, we study the effect of noise in changing ranks of the high centrality vertices. We compare, using the Jaccard Index (JI), how many of the top-k high centrality nodes from the original network are also part of the top-k ranked nodes from the noisy network. We deem a network as stable if the JI value is high. We observe two features that affect the stability. First, the stability is dependent on the number of top-ranked vertices considered. When the vertices are ordered according to their centrality values, they group into clusters. Perturbations to the network can change the relative ranking within the cluster, but vertices rarely move from one cluster to another. Second, the stability is dependent on the local connections of the high ranking vertices. The network is highly stable if the high ranking vertices are connected to each other. Our findings show that the stability of a network is affected by the local properties of high centrality vertices, rather than the global properties of the entire network. Based on these local properties we can identify the stability of a network, without explicitly applying a noise model.
Multi-objective EM-driven design of integrated spiral inductors by Pareto front exploration

In this paper, multi-objective design of integrated spiral inductors is investigated. The method aims at finding the best possible trade-offs between inductor size and its quality factor. We adopt a penalty function approach to achieve a required inductance at a given operating frequency. The design process exploits a Pareto front exploration technique with trust-region-embedded gradient search as the optimization engine. Our considerations are illustrated using an example of a 3.5-nH 3.5-turn spiral inductor in a single-ended configuration.
Gene dosage of CuZnSOD and Down's syndrome: diminished prostaglandin synthesis in human trisomy 21, transfected cells and transgenic mice.

Patients with Down's syndrome (DS) exhibit elevated activity of copper zinc superoxide dismutase (CuZnSOD) caused by the trisomy 21 state. To investigate the possible involvement of CuZnSOD gene dosage in perturbation of prostaglandin biosynthesis we analyzed transfected cells and transgenic mice that express elevated levels of human CuZnSOD. It was found that the synthesis of prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) was diminished in transfected PC12‐CuZnSOD cells as well as in fibroblasts from DS patients. Primary cells derived from transgenic CuZnSOD mice showed similar reduction. Impaired biosynthesis of prostaglandins was not confined to cells grown in culture since secretion of PGE2 and PGD2 by kidney and cerebellum of transgenic CuZnSOD was significantly lower than in non‐transgenic littermate mice. These findings strongly suggest that overexpression of the CuZnSOD gene induces a demotion in PGE2 and PGD2 formation and establish a connection between alteration of prostaglandin biosynthesis in trisomy 21 cells and gene dosage of CuZnSOD.
Munc13-4 interacts with syntaxin 7 and regulates late endosomal maturation, endosomal signaling, and TLR9-initiated cellular responses

Munc13-4 regulates late endosome maturation and Toll-like receptor 9–dependent endosome-initiated signaling through a mechanism that involves interaction with the endocytic SNAREs syntaxin 7 and VAMP8. The results thus provide new mechanistic insight into endosomal maturation and function.
Diet and Parkinson's disease

To the Editor: We are pleased that the findings from our case-control study1 of increased caloric intake in patients with Parkinson's disease (PD) have been confirmed in another case-control study from Germany by Hellenbrand et al.2 Conversely, we found different results when we examined macronutrient intake. Patients with PD had increased intake of fats from animal sources in our study, whereas increased carbohydrate intake was reported by Hellenbrand et al. Increased caloric intake has already been reported in a clinical series3, and this result is surprising considering that patients with PD …