Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Maternal predictors of perinatal human immunodeficiency virus transmission

&NA; This analysis sought to identify characteristics of pregnant human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV‐1)‐infected women that predict mother‐to‐child HIV‐1 transmission. Pregnant and immediately postpartum women at risk for HIV were enrolled at obstetric and pediatric care settings in New York City from 1986 to 1992. Demographic and behavioral characteristics, clinical illness, T lymphocyte subsets, immunoglobulin concentration and syphilis serology were collected on the women. Infants were followed to determine HIV infection classification according to Centers for Disease Control and Prevention criteria for HIV‐1 in children. Transmission rates were calculated for women who gave birth more than 15 months before the analysis. Of 172 HIV‐1‐infected women with known outcome 49 (28%) had infected infants. The transmission rate (TR) was significantly higher among women with <280 CD4+ cells/&mgr;l (lowest CD4+ quartile) than with CD4+ counts >280 (48% vs. 22%; P = 0.004; odds ratio, 3.4; 95% confidence interval (1.5, 7.8)); a similar trend was seen by CD4+% quartile. No difference in TR was seen comparing women by CD8+ count quartile but marginally higher TR was seen among women with CD8+% ≥51% than with CD8+% <51% (TR = 41% vs. 24%; P = 0.076; odds ratio, 2.2; confidence interval (1.0, 5.1)). The highest TR, 62%, was seen in women with both CD8+ count above the median and CD4+ count in the lowest quartile. No significant difference in TR was seen between women with and without HIV‐related illness, although the TR was 53% among women hospitalized in the previous year for pneumonia compared with 25% in others (P = 0.03). TR was somewhat lower in women who delivered by cesarean section than vaginally (entire cohort: 18% vs. 32%, P = 0.11; prenatal enrollees only, 17% vs. 38%, P = 0.045). No factor or combination of factors was both highly sensitive and specific for predicting mother‐to‐child HIV transmission. A possible relationship between transmission and mode of delivery deserves further investigation.
Usefulness of Discarded Vitreous Samples from Routine Vitrectomy

Purpose. To describe the histopathological features of vitreous samples obtained after vitrectomy surgery from diabetic and nondiabetic patients. Methods. Vitreous specimens from 137 patients who underwent vitrectomy for different clinical conditions were analysed. All samples were centrifuged and each resulting pellet was fixed and processed as part of routine paraffin section histopathology. The histopathological features were categorized in a semiquantitative fashion. The samples from diabetic and nondiabetic patients were compared. Results. The 125 included patients (58 diabetic, 60% males) were aged 64.2 ± 13.9 years. The presence of hemorrhage, inflammatory cells, and histiocytes was significantly higher in the diabetic group (P < 0.001, P = 0.028, and P = 0.016, resp.), showing more vessels (P < 0.001) and ghost vessels (P = 0.049). The presence of inflammatory cells was the feature with the highest sensitivity for detecting diabetes mellitus (98%) and also the highest negative predictive value (89%). In the multivariate analysis, three variables emerged as independent significant predictors of diabetes in vitrectomy samples: hemorrhage, endothelial-lined vessels, and age (P < 0.001, P < 0.001, and P = 0.019, resp.). Conclusions. Different histopathological features can be found in vitreous samples from diabetic patients. Analysis of vitrectomy samples may serve as a tool for diabetes management.
Comparison between three-phase structures of two and three branches with ancillary services capabilities in type-3 wind turbines: Flying capacitor topology

The use of multilevel converters has been a trend in back-to-back converters employed in type-3 turbines based on doubly-fed induction generator (DFIG). In this sense, this work aims to compare the performance of three-phase converters of three-levels flying capacitor topology of two branches (FC-2B) and three branches (FC-3B). These structures are used like grid-side converter (GSC) with the capability to provide ancillary services on harmonic compensation and reactive power support. This study uses simulation results via PSCAD/EMTDC software. As a preliminary stage for future experimental trials, this work demonstrates that FC-2B is as efficient as FC-3B.
Filtering sources of unwanted traffic

There is a large and increasing amount of unwanted traffic on the Internet today, including phishing, spam, and distributed denial-of-service attacks. One way to deal with this problem is to filter unwanted traffic at the routers based on source IP addresses. Because of the limited number of available filters in the routers today, aggregation is used in practice: a single filter describes and blocks an entire range of IP addresses. This results in blocking of all (unwanted and wanted) traffic generated from hosts with IP addresses in that range. In this paper, we develop a family of algorithms that, given a blacklist containing the source IP addresses of unwanted traffic and a constraint on the number of filters, construct a set of filtering rules that optimize the tradeoff between the unwanted and legitimate traffic that is blocked. We show that our algorithms are optimal and also computationally efficient. Furthermore, we demonstrate that they are particularly beneficial when applied to realistic distributions of sources of unwanted traffic, which are known to exhibit spatial and temporal clustering.
Inverse genetic association between alcohol preference and severity of alcohol withdrawal in two sets of rat lines selected for the same phenotype.

BACKGROUND The purpose of the present study was to determine whether alcohol-naïve rats selectively bred for alcohol preference or nonpreference differ in alcohol withdrawal severity using two sets of rat lines selectively bred for the same phenotype. METHODS Alcohol-naïve male rats from the high alcohol drinking (HAD1) and low alcohol drinking (LAD1) rat lines and from the alcohol preferring (P) and nonpreferring (NP) rat lines received an intragastric infusion of alcohol (4.0 g/20.3 ml/kg; 25% v/v) or an equal volume of water once a day for 10 consecutive days. Alcohol withdrawal severity was assessed at using a behavioral rating scale and a radiant heat assay measured analgesia at 10, 12, 14, 16, 18, and 24 hrs following infusion of alcohol or water on days 1, 5, and 10 of treatment. RESULTS Data were analyzed using body weight as a co-factor to correct for differences in body weight between the HAD1/LAD1 and P/NP lines. Acute (1 day) but not repeated alcohol treatment (5 or 10 days) produced mild behavioral signs of withdrawal in LAD1 but not in HAD1 rats. HAD1 and LAD1 rats showed alcohol-induced analgesia after 1 and 5 days of alcohol treatment that disappeared by day 10 in both lines. Repeated alcohol treatment (5 days) produced mild behavioral signs of withdrawal in NP but not in P rats. Neither P nor NP rats showed alcohol-induced analgesia after 1, 5, or 10 days of alcohol treatment. CONCLUSIONS An inverse genetic association was found between alcohol preference and severity of alcohol withdrawal in two sets of rat lines selected for the same phenotype. The pattern of alcohol withdrawal that emerged over the course of the 10 days of alcohol treatment differed between the two lines selected for low alcohol drinking (LAD1 and NP), suggesting that unique sets of genes may influence alcohol withdrawal severity in the two lines.
Hurricane Andrew through Women's Eyes: Issues and Recommendations

While gender is a central organizing principle in social systems, limited attention has been paid to differences in the disaster-related experiences of women and men. To address some gender-related issues we conducted a qualitative sociological analysis of women's experiences in the most heavily impacted areas of Dade County, Florida after Hurricane Andrew. Through interviews, focus groups, surveys, secondary data analysis, and fieldwork we document ways in which the private and public caregiving responsibilities of women expanded, often under very difficult and stressful circumstances. Being particularly interested in the intersection of gender with race/ethnicity and class, much of our work focused on minority groups having particular problems with recovery, including migrant workers, recent immigrants, single mothers, and battered women. The effects of household and community losses tended to be different for women and in many respects more profound. Being female was an important dimension which appeared to increase the negative effects of being a victim and to retard personal and family recovery, especially when compounded with poverty and minority status. Based on issues which emerged from the experiences of women victims and careproviders, we offer a series of recommendations to disaster planners to increase the involvement of women at every level of disaster response.
QoS-aware service-oriented middleware for pervasive environments

The emergence of pervasive computing has changed the role, the characteristics and the requirements of software supporting users in their daily life. Hence, the way this software is designed and built must change accordingly. A specific feature to consider towards this purpose is the Quality of Service (QoS). Indeed, pervasive computing brings about new challenges and issues related to QoS. In this poster, we present a middleware-based solution addressing QoS concerns in pervasive computing. Our solution copes with QoS issues related to different phases of the pervasive systems' life cycle. This includes QoS description during the specification of pervasive systems, QoS-awareness during the design and implementation of pervasive systems, and the adaptation of these systems regarding QoS dynamics.
The “Scary World” of the Nonviewer and Other Anomalies

This article critically examines the statistical evidence presented by Gerbner et al. to support their assertion that television-viewing “cultivates” distorted perceptions of the “real world. ” In Part I, I point out discrepancies in the items, samples, and coding categories employed, and show that when controls are applied simultaneously (rather than singly) there is no linear relationship between amount of viewing and the provision of “television answers. ” This reanalysis concludes that the “cultivation” hypothesis lacks empirical support and that the very data presented in its support argue strongly for rejecting the assertion that it has any scientific basis in fact.
The asymmetric simple exclusion process with an open boundary

We consider the asymmetric simple exclusion process confined to the nonnegative integers with an open boundary at 0. The point 0 is connected to a reservoir where particles are injected and ejected at prescribed rates subject to the exclusion rule. We derive formulas for the transition probability as a function of time from states where initially there are m particles to states where there are n particles.
Simulated Annealing and Tabu Search for Constraint

In this paper, we present an experimental study of local search for constraint solving. For this purpose, we experiment with two algorithms based on Simulated Annealing (SA) and Tabu Search (TS) for solving the maximal constraint satisfaction problem. These two algorithms were tested on various large random instances going from 100 to 300 variables with 10 to 30 values per variable. Experimental results show that the TS algorithm dominates the SA algorithm on all the tested instances in terms of solution quality and solving speed. We propose empirical arguments to explain the diierence of performances.
A PROSPECTIVE STUDY OF SURGICAL MANAGEMENT OF DIAPHYSEAL FRACTURES OF FEMUR IN CHILDREN AGED BETWEEN 5 TO 16 YEARS USING ELASTIC STABLE INTRA MEDULLARY NAILING

BACKGROUND: Elastic stable intramedullary nailing for the treatment of Pediatric Femur diaphyseal fractures was introduced by Prevot and colleagues in 1979. The technique offers several advantages, including better reduction, dynamic axial stabilization, shorter hospitalization with early rehabilitation and low rate of complications. OBJECTIVES: To study the union rates and functional outcome of closed reduction and internal fixation of pediatric diaphyseal fractures of femur with TENS. DESIGN: PROSPECTIVE STUDY. SETTING: AT VIMS GOVERNMENT HOSPITAL BELLARY. METHODS: 30 children between ages 5 to 16 years admitted to the Department of Orthopedics at Vijayanagar Institute of Medical Sciences, Bellary with diaphyseal fractures of femur during the period from NOVEMBER 2010 to SEPTEMBER 2012 are selected. All patients were followed up for an average of 6 months. Outcome was assessed using TENS SCORING SYSTEM USED BY FLYNN et al. RESULTS: The selected patients evaluated thoroughly clinically and radiologically. The fractures were treated BY CLOSED REDUCTION AND INTERNAL FIXATION WITH ELASTIC STABLE INTRAMEDULLARY NAILING. Results of the entire patients were followed up for an average of 6 months. Our series consisted of 30 patients, 24 male and only 6 female. Most common fracture pattern of femur was spiral. 23 fractures healed within an average duration of 10 to 12 weeks following surgery. There was superficial infection in 1 case, 2 cases had LLD <2cm & 1 femur case had nail backing out distally which was treated with second surgery for implant removal after complete union of fracture.2 cases had varus angulation & 1 case had valgus angulation. All patients had full range of hip and ankle motion in the present study and 4 (13.33%) patients had mild restriction in knee flexion at 12 weeks. CONCLUSION: Based on our experience and results, we conclude that ELASTIC STABLE INTRAMEDULLARY NAILING technique is an ideal method for treatment of pediatric femoral diaphyseal fractures. It gives elastic mobility promoting rapid union at fractures site and stability which is ideal for early mobilization. It gives lower complication rate, good outcome
DECOUPLED ESTIMATION OF NOMINAL DIRECTION AND ANGULAR SPREAD BASED ON ASYMPTOTIC MAXIMUM LIKELIHOOD APPROACH

The problem of estimating the nominal direction and its underlying angular spread is considered herein. As encountered in spatially distributed source localization, the computation of these directional parameters might be regarded as two consecutive tasks. In this paper, we propose an asymptotic maximuml ikelihood (AML) approach to successively estimate both of them. The first advantage of estimation in this way is that it requires only two successive 1-dimensional searches rather than joint 2-dimensional optimization as utilized in theasymptoticmaximum l ikelihood (AML) estimator. Therefore, the decoupled estimation in this way provides more numerical flexibility. Since it belongs to a largesample approximation of the exact ML method, numerical simulation is conducted in order to validate its asymptotic efficiency producible with respect to Cram ér-Rao bound. Although its non-asymptotic performance is inferior to that provided by the joint AML approach, it appeared that, in the region of large number of temporal snapshot, the proposed AML estimator for decoupled estimation is the same as the AML criterion which employed the joint 2-dimensions.
An Adaptive Real-Time Routing Scheme for Wireless Sensor Networks

Wireless sensor networks may have to support many kinds of applications, some of which may have to satisfy strict requirements for data transfer delay while others do not. Thus, it is necessary to design routing schemes that can provide adaptive real-time data transmission services. On the other hand, energy consumption is one of the most important criteria for routing schemes. This paper aims to explore the routing schemes that can satisfy the real-time transmission applications and also save energy. We achieve this target by designing an adaptive real-time routing scheme (ARP). This scheme provides different real-time levels for different applications and dynamically adjusts the transmission rate of data packets during the end-to-end transmission.
12 Way Mirror: Reflecting on Window Displays

Shop windows are the paradigmatic design environment for attracting and holding people's attention. They also provide a handy mirror in which people can check their appearance. The 12-way mirror project plays with this duality by building and testing an interactive installation that tracks people's reflections as they look into a shop window. Three versions of the installation are compared, one with static mirrors, one with moving mirrors and one with face-tracking mirrors. These were tested over a 5 day period in the window display of an Eyewear shop on a busy commercial road in East London. Data were collected on how many people looked in the window, for how long and what they did while looking. The results show that while movement attracts people's attention and stops them, their own reflection is most effective in keeping their interest.
Prototyping a personalized contextual retrieval framework

We introduce a framework for searching places according to user interests and spatial context. Our framework combines existing geo-tools or services (e.g., Google Places, Yahoo! BOSS Geo Services, PostGIS, Gisgraphy, Geonames) and ranks results according to features such as distance, popularity, and user preferences. We used this framework to participate in the TREC 2013 Contextual Suggestion Track.
The M / M / 1 Fork-Join Queue with Variable SubTasks

The fork-join queue models parallel resources where arrivi ng jobs divide into various number of sub-tasks that are assigned to unique devices within the parallel resource . Each device in the parallel resource is modeled by M=M=1 queueing servers. A job completes execution and departs the parallel resource after all its sub-tasks complete execution. This paper analyzes N-server fork-join queues where arriving jobs divide into 1 K N sub-tasks that are assigned to unique servers of the fork-join queue. There is no known closed-form solution for N > 2 fork-join queues. The paper presents an O(log K) algorithm for computing the mean response time pessimisti c and optimistic bounds and for computing the mean response time approximati on of the fork-join queue. The error bounds for the response time bounds and approximation are presented.
On Leadership and Influence in Human-Swarm Interaction

In this position paper, we synthesize “within the system” models of human inﬂuence over bio-inspired swarms, summarizing observations from previous experiments and identifying methods of inﬂuence that have not yet been explored. We describe (a) differences among agents that can be controlled by a human and those that can’t, (b) agents that are aware of the type of other agents and those that aren’t, and the effects of attraction, repulsion, and orientation on human-guided swarm behavior. We also brieﬂy discuss the interaction effort required to manage swarms.
Analyzing the effects of virality and topology for information diffusion in social networks

Virality is a term which reflects the popularity of a certain topic or message in a social environment. Taking into account the network topology, i.e. the relational hierarchy of individuals, we propose an analysis of networks with different connectivity degrees between nodes. We model the behavior of the social network in terms of information diffusion, starting with an initially chosen source node. Then, we observe how the value of virality impacts on the information spreading process with various other influence factors such as the topological position of the source node or its number of neighbors. To verify the correctness of the simulated diffusion process, we also provide an analytical method.
Anaerobic Formation of d-Lactate and Partial Purification and Characterization of a Pyruvate Reductase from Chlamydomonas reinhardtii.

d-Lactate accumulation in Chlamydomonas reinhardtii was dependent on anaerobic conditions. As much as 50% of the (14)C after 2 minutes of photosynthetic (14)CO(2) fixation moved into d-lactate from sugar phosphates if the cells became anaerobic for short time periods. No lactate accumulated in the dark until the O(2) concentration decreased to less than 0.1%. Lactate was determined to be of the d-configuration using stereospecific lactate dehydrogenases. d-Lactate produced anaerobically by algae grown on 5% CO(2) was only slowly metabolized aerobically in the light or dark, and in the dark, only a trace of the lactate was excreted.A pyruvate reductase (d-lactate: diphosphopyridine nucleotide oxidoreductase, EC 1.1.1.28) was partially purified 47-fold from Chlamydomonas. Because this enzyme catalyzes an essentially irreversible reaction in the direction of pyruvate reduction, it is considered to be a pyruvate reductase. The reductase activity in extracts of Chlamydomonas was 30 micromoles per hour per milligram chlorophyll. For the partially purified enzyme, the apparent K(m) (pyruvate) was 0.5 millimolar, and the pH optimum was 7.0. Studies with cycloheximide and chloramphenicol indicated that the enzyme was constitutive in aerobic cells. Potassium phosphate stimulated the reductase, and high salt and dithiothreitol were required for stability. The enzyme demonstrated substrate inhibition and was inhibited by ATP. Pyruvate reductase was separated from a hydroxypyruvate reductase by gel filtration chromatography, indicating the presence of separate reductases for these two substrates in Chlamydomonas.
Mixed Bayesian networks with auxiliary variables for automatic speech recognition

In standard automatic speech recognition (ASR), hidden Markov models (HMMs) calculate their emission probabilities by an artificial neural network (ANN) or a Gaussian distribution conditioned only upon the hidden state variable. Stephenson et al. (2001) showed the benefit of conditioning the emission distributions also upon a discrete auxiliary variable, which is observed in training and hidden in recognition. Related work (Fujinaga et al., 2001) has shown the utility of conditioning the emission distributions on a continuous auxiliary variable. We apply mixed Bayesian networks (BNs) to extend these works by introducing a continuous auxiliary variable that is observed in training but is hidden in recognition. We find that an auxiliary pitch variable conditioned itself upon the hidden state can degrade performance unless the auxiliary variable is also hidden. The performance, furthermore, can be improved by making the auxiliary pitch variable independent of the hidden state.