Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Multi-level Method Understanding Using Microprints

Understanding classes and methods is a key activity in object-oriented programming, since classes represent the primary abstractions from which applications are built, while methods contain the actual program logic. The main problem of this task is to quickly grasp the purpose and inner structure of a class. To achieve this goal, one must be able to overview multiple methods at once. In this paper, we present microprints, pixel-based representations of methods enriched with semantic information. We present three specialized microprints each dealing with a specific aspect we want to understand of methods: (1) state access, (2) control flow, and (3) invocation relationship
Shock compression of reactive powder mixtures

The shock compression of reactive powder mixtures can yield varied chemical behaviour with occurrence of mechanochemical reactions in the timescale of the high pressure state, or thermochemical reactions in the timescale of temperature equilibration, or simply the creation of dense packed highly reactive state of material. The principal challenge has been to understand the processes that distinguish between mechanochemical (shock induced) and thermochemical (shock assisted) reactions, which has broad implications for the synthesis of novel metastable or non-equilibrium materials, or the design of highly configurable next generation energetic materials. In this paper, the process of shock compression in reactive powder mixtures and the associated role of various intrinsic and extrinsic characteristics of reactants in the triggering of ultrafast shock induced chemical reactions are discussed. Experimental techniques employing time resolved diagnostics and results which identify the occurrence of shock induced reactions are reviewed. Conceptual and numerical models used to describe the heterogeneous nature of such reactions through mesoscopic details of shock compression are presented. Finally, a discussion of the application of recent results for the design of reactive material systems with controlled reaction initiation and energy release characteristics is provided.
Bark rubber tree crack detection and classification using fractal dimension

The amount of latex from rubber tree (Hevia Brasiliensis) depends on the quality of the bark surface in the cutting area. The major sign for a low quality surface is a cracking bark which can results in empty latex. This paper proposes a vision-based method for crack detection and classification of bark surfaces. First, candidate regions are detected using threshold-based boundary detection method. Then, the maximum area region each candidate region is computed by fractal dimension method finally, these features are used as the inputs to discriminate statistic to classify whether or not it is a cracking bark. Any surface with a cracking bark is considered as a bad surface. The experiments on 30 cracking surfaces and 30 normal surfaces were carried out. The results showed overall errors at 10 % of which 16.7 % is the negative faults (i.e. bad surfaces are graded as good ones) and 3.3 % is the positive faults (i.e. good surfaces are graded as bad ones).
How Geography Affects Quality 1

This paper connects the quality of product-level bilateral trade flows with the geographic position of the exporter. Theoretically, we show that, in addition to commonly used importer characteristics, quality increases (i) in trade-weighted specific transportation cost to destinations other than the importer and (ii) in trade-weighted preference for quality of destinations other than the importer. These two channels represent the extensions of the familiar Alchian-Allen and Linder quality theories to the multilateral setting. The model implies that market access to high-income and remote importers can improve the quality of exports from low-income countries. The data confirm the theoretical prediction. Non-OECD exporters of differentiated goods that face a stronger demand for quality from richer countries charge about 10% more for all destinations. At the same time, countries whose demand is especially distorted by the Alchian-Allen effect charge 58% more. Moreover, geography is more significant to the quality choice of developing countries. Multilateral geographic factors explain 13% of the price variation for non-OECD exporters, 3% for small OECD exporters, and are not significant for OECD exporters overall. The Alchian-Allen effect influences an exporter’s quality roughly two to four times as much as proximity to rich importers does.
Drawing stereo disparity images into occupancy grids: Measurement model and fast implementation

Mapping the environment is necessary for navigation in unknown areas with autonomous vehicles. In this context, a method to process depth images for occupancy grid mapping is developed. Input data are images with pixel-based distance information and the corresponding camera poses. A measurement model, focusing on stereo-based depth images and their characteristics, is presented. Since an enormous amount of range data must be processed, improvements like image pyramids are used so that the image analysis is possible in real-time. Output is a grid-based image interpretation for sensor fusion, i.e. a world-centric occupancy probability array containing information stored in a single image. Different approaches to draw pixel information into a grid map are presented and discussed in terms of accuracy and performance. As a final result, 3D occupancy grids from aerial image sequences are presented.
MR Spectroscopic imaging of collagen: Tendons and knee menisci

Water molecules associated with collagen have short transverse (T2) relaxation times. Projection‐reconstruction techniques are able to achieve an echo time (TE) much shorter than conventional techniques, allowing imaging of tissues with T2 < 5 ms. Using these techniques, a conventional 1.5‐T MRI human imaging system can directly image collagen‐associated water from knee menisci and tendons in normal volunteers and patients. Long‐T2 suppression improves the contrast between these structures and the surrounding tissue with long‐T2 relaxation times. Spectroscopic imaging provides improved lipid/water registration and information about chemical composition and relaxation times. Direct imaging of tendons and menisci may provide more information about these structures and provide a new way to assess both injury and repair.
Variational Weakly Supervised Gaussian Processes

We introduce the first model to perform weakly supervised learning with Gaussian processes on up to millions of instances. The key ingredient to achieve this scalability is to replace the standard assumption of MIL that the bag-level prediction is the maximum of instance-level estimates with the accumulated evidence of instances within a bag. This enables us to devise a novel variational inference scheme that operates solely by closedform updates. Keeping all its parameters but one fixed, our model updates the remaining parameter to the global optimum. This virtue leads to charmingly fast convergence, fitting perfectly to large-scale learning setups. Our model performs significantly better in two medical applications than adaptation of GPMIL to scalable inference and various scalable MIL algorithms. It also proves to be very competitive in object classification against state-of-the-art adaptations of deep learning to weakly supervised learning.
Automated performance maintenance for service compositions

Web service compositions, usually defined as BPEL processes, need to adapt to changes in their constituent web services, in order to maintain functionality and performance. Therefore, BPEL processes must be able to detect web service failure and performance degradation resulting in the violation of service-level agreements. Automated diagnosis and repair are equally important. However, BPEL lacks constructs for web service monitoring and runtime adaptability, which are pre-requisites for diagnosis and repair. We present a solution for transparent runtime monitoring, as well as automated performance degradation detection, diagnosis, and repair for BPEL processes. Our solution uses lightweight monitoring techniques, supports customizable diagnosis and repair strategies, and is compatible with any standards-compliant BPEL engine.
Remote Powered Medical Implants for Telemonitoring

Chronic diseases like diabetes mellitus often require a permanent monitoring of vital signs. Especially the use of telemedicine will increase the quality of life for affected patients. Therefore, novel systems are necessary which are able to permanently detect and provide health status information. But these systems must not control patient's life and should work autonomously. For this purpose, intelligent medical implants are well qualified. This work describes a system for wireless power supply and communication with medical implant applications. Monitoring vital signs will create a big amount of data. Therefore, high data rates are necessary provided by high operating frequencies which in turn lead to electromagnetic far-field conditions. In this case, high attenuation losses due to the permittivity of the human body εr have to be considered. Hence, high frequencies are not suitable for the transfer of energy into the human body. The presented concept is based on two different frequencies for power supply and data transmission. An independent development of both blocks is thereby possible. The power supply operates at a frequency of 13.56 MHz, using inductive coupling. Consequently, the human body does not affect the energy transfer. In contrast, the data transmission is operated at a frequency of the medical implant communication service (MICS) band. The elaborated system consists of a power supply unit, a data transmission unit, and a control unit. The implementation of the power supply and data transmission as well as associated theoretical basics are presented. Performed measurements demonstrate that the realized system is qualified for the use on human beings.
Adaptive Imperfect Column with Piezoelectric Actuators

This paper discusses the stability of long imperfect adaptive (or smart) columns. The mechanics of a smart column having piezoelectric elements as active elements is introduced first. Then, the governing differential equation of the adaptive column is presented. A numerical example is given to show the capability of active piezo-ceramic elements in enhancing structural stability of long imperfect column. Obtained numerical results show improved stability performance of the adaptive column in comparison with the passive one. It is possible to straighten initially imperfected columns using surface attached active elements.
Rhythmic engagement with music in infancy

Humans have a unique ability to coordinate their motor movements to an external auditory stimulus, as in music-induced foot tapping or dancing. This behavior currently engages the attention of scholars across a number of disciplines. However, very little is known about its earliest manifestations. The aim of the current research was to examine whether preverbal infants engage in rhythmic behavior to music. To this end, we carried out two experiments in which we tested 120 infants (aged 5–24 months). Infants were exposed to various excerpts of musical and rhythmic stimuli, including isochronous drumbeats. Control stimuli consisted of adult- and infant-directed speech. Infants’ rhythmic movements were assessed by multiple methods involving manual coding from video excerpts and innovative 3D motion-capture technology. The results show that (i) infants engage in significantly more rhythmic movement to music and other rhythmically regular sounds than to speech; (ii) infants exhibit tempo flexibility to some extent (e.g., faster auditory tempo is associated with faster movement tempo); and (iii) the degree of rhythmic coordination with music is positively related to displays of positive affect. The findings are suggestive of a predisposition for rhythmic movement in response to music and other metrically regular sounds.
Rosuvastatin to prevent vascular events in men and women with elevated C-reactive protein.

BACKGROUND Increased levels of the inflammatory biomarker high-sensitivity C-reactive protein predict cardiovascular events. Since statins lower levels of high-sensitivity C-reactive protein as well as cholesterol, we hypothesized that people with elevated high-sensitivity C-reactive protein levels but without hyperlipidemia might benefit from statin treatment. METHODS We randomly assigned 17,802 apparently healthy men and women with low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol levels of less than 130 mg per deciliter (3.4 mmol per liter) and high-sensitivity C-reactive protein levels of 2.0 mg per liter or higher to rosuvastatin, 20 mg daily, or placebo and followed them for the occurrence of the combined primary end point of myocardial infarction, stroke, arterial revascularization, hospitalization for unstable angina, or death from cardiovascular causes. RESULTS The trial was stopped after a median follow-up of 1.9 years (maximum, 5.0). Rosuvastatin reduced LDL cholesterol levels by 50% and high-sensitivity C-reactive protein levels by 37%. The rates of the primary end point were 0.77 and 1.36 per 100 person-years of follow-up in the rosuvastatin and placebo groups, respectively (hazard ratio for rosuvastatin, 0.56; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.46 to 0.69; P<0.00001), with corresponding rates of 0.17 and 0.37 for myocardial infarction (hazard ratio, 0.46; 95% CI, 0.30 to 0.70; P=0.0002), 0.18 and 0.34 for stroke (hazard ratio, 0.52; 95% CI, 0.34 to 0.79; P=0.002), 0.41 and 0.77 for revascularization or unstable angina (hazard ratio, 0.53; 95% CI, 0.40 to 0.70; P<0.00001), 0.45 and 0.85 for the combined end point of myocardial infarction, stroke, or death from cardiovascular causes (hazard ratio, 0.53; 95% CI, 0.40 to 0.69; P<0.00001), and 1.00 and 1.25 for death from any cause (hazard ratio, 0.80; 95% CI, 0.67 to 0.97; P=0.02). Consistent effects were observed in all subgroups evaluated. The rosuvastatin group did not have a significant increase in myopathy or cancer but did have a higher incidence of physician-reported diabetes. CONCLUSIONS In this trial of apparently healthy persons without hyperlipidemia but with elevated high-sensitivity C-reactive protein levels, rosuvastatin significantly reduced the incidence of major cardiovascular events. (ClinicalTrials.gov number, NCT00239681.)
Spectrophotometric evaluation of dental bleaching under orthodontic bracket in enamel and dentin

Aware of the diffusion capacity of bleaching in the dental tissues, many orthodontists are subjecting their patients to dental bleaching during orthodontic treatment for esthetic purposes or to anticipate the exchange of esthetic restorations after the orthodontic treatment. For this purpose specific products have been developed in pre-loaded whitening trays designed to fit over and around brackets and wires, with clinical efficacy proven. Objective: The objective of this study was to evaluate, through spectrophotometric reflectance, the effectiveness of dental bleaching under orthodontic bracket. Material and Methods: Thirty-two bovine incisors crown blocks of 8 mm x 8 mm height lengths were used. Staining of tooth blocks with black tea was performed for six days. They were distributed randomly into 4 groups (1-home bleaching with bracket, 2- home bleaching without bracket, 3- office bleaching with bracket, 4 office bleaching without bracket). The color evaluation was performed (CIE L * a * b *) using color reflectance spectrophotometer. Metal brackets were bonded in groups 1 and 3. The groups 1 and 2 samples were subjected to the carbamide peroxide at 15%, 4 hours daily for 21 days. Groups 3 and 4 were subjected to 3 in-office bleaching treatment sessions, hydrogen peroxide 38%. After removal of the brackets, the second color evaluation was performed in tooth block, difference between the area under the bracket and around it, and after 7 days to verified color stability. Data analysis was performed using the paired t-test and two-way variance analysis and Tukey’s. Results: The home bleaching technique proved to be more effective compared to the office bleaching. There was a significant difference between the margin and center color values of the specimens that were subjected to bracket bonding. Conclusions: The bracket bond presence affected the effectiveness of both the home and office bleaching treatments. Key words:Tooth bleaching, spectrophotometry, orthodontics.
Strengthening Individual Memories by Reactivating Them During Sleep

During sleep, memories can be influenced in a specific and systematic manner. While asleep, people heard sounds that had earlier been associated with objects at specific spatial locations. Upon waking, they recalled these locations more accurately than other locations for which no reminder cues were provided. Consolidation thus operates during sleep with high specificity and is subject to systematic influences through simple auditory stimulation.
Is Remote Ischemic Conditioning of Benefit to Patients Undergoing Kidney Transplantation?

ABSTRACT Renal ischemia-reperfusion injury (IRI), an inevitable event during kidney transplantation procedure, can result in delayed graft function or even primary nonfunction. In addition to strategies to limit IRI such as advancements in organ allocation systems and preservation of organs, and reduction in cold and warm ischemia time, remote ischemic conditioning (RIC) has attracted much attention in recent years. With promising findings and data suggesting a potential benefit of RIC in animal kidney transplantation models, a few clinical trials have investigated the use of RIC in human kidney transplantation. Unfortunately, the findings from these investigations have been inconclusive due to a number of factors such as diverse time points of RIC, limited sample size, and complexity of kidney transplant patients. This brief commentary aims to discuss the effects of RIC on clinical outcomes and proinflammatory cytokines in patients undergoing kidney transplantation.
The role of G-proteins in plant immunity

Heterotrimeric G-proteins play an important regulatory role in multiple physiological processes, including the plant immune response, and substantial progress has been made in elucidating the G-protein-mediated defense-signaling network. This mini-review discusses the importance of G-proteins in plant immunity. We also provide an overview of how G-proteins affect plant cell death and stomatal movement. Our recent studies demonstrated that G-proteins are involved in signal transduction and induction of stomatal closure and defense responses. We also discuss future directions for G-protein signaling studies involving plant immunity.
Caveolin-2-Deficient Mice Show Evidence of Severe Pulmonary Dysfunction without Disruption of Caveolae

ABSTRACT Caveolin-2 is a member of the caveolin gene family with no known function. Although caveolin-2 is coexpressed and heterooligomerizes with caveolin-1 in many cell types (most notably adipocytes and endothelial cells), caveolin-2 has traditionally been considered the dispensable structural partner of the widely studied caveolin-1. We now directly address the functional significance of caveolin-2 by genetically targeting the caveolin-2 locus (Cav-2) in mice. In the absence of caveolin-2 protein expression, caveolae still form and caveolin-1 maintains its localization in plasma membrane caveolae, although in certain tissues caveolin-1 is partially destabilized and shows modestly diminished protein levels. Despite an intact caveolar membrane system, the Cav-2-null lung parenchyma shows hypercellularity, with thickened alveolar septa and an increase in the number of endothelial cells. As a result of these pathological changes, these Cav-2-null mice are markedly exercise intolerant. Interestingly, these Cav-2-null phenotypes are identical to the ones we and others have recently reported for Cav-1-null mice. As caveolin-2 expression is also severely reduced in Cav-1-null mice, we conclude that caveolin-2 deficiency is the clear culprit in this lung disorder. Our analysis of several different phenotypes observed in caveolin-1-deficient mice (i.e., abnormal vascular responses and altered lipid homeostasis) reveals that Cav-2-null mice do not show any of these other phenotypes, indicating a selective role for caveolin-2 in lung function. Taken together, our data show for the first time a specific role for caveolin-2 in mammalian physiology independent of caveolin-1.
Jagged 1 regulates the restriction of Sox2 expression in the developing chicken inner ear: a mechanism for sensory organ specification

Hair cells of the inner ear sensory organs originate from progenitor cells located at specific domains of the otic vesicle: the prosensory patches. Notch signalling is necessary for sensory development and loss of function of the Notch ligand jagged 1 (Jag1, also known as serrate 1) results in impaired sensory organs. However, the underlying mechanism of Notch function is unknown. Our results show that in the chicken otic vesicle, the Sox2 expression domain initially contains the nascent patches of Jag1 expression but, later on, Sox2 is only maintained in the Jag1-positive domains. Ectopic human JAG1 (hJag1) is able to induce Sox2 expression and enlarged sensory organs. The competence to respond to hJag1, however, is confined to the regions that expressed Sox2 early in development, suggesting that hJag1 maintains Sox2 expression rather than inducing it de novo. The effect is non-cell-autonomous and requires Notch signalling. hJag1 activates Notch, induces Hes/Hey genes and endogenous Jag1 in a non-cell-autonomous manner, which is consistent with lateral induction. The effects of hJag1 are mimicked by Jag2 but not by Dl1. Sox2 is sufficient to activate the Atoh1 enhancer and to ectopically induce sensory cell fate outside neurosensory-competent domains. We suggest that the prosensory function of Jag1 resides in its ability to generate discrete domains of Notch activity that maintain Sox2 expression within restricted areas of an extended neurosensory-competent domain. This provides a mechanism to couple patterning and cell fate specification during the development of sensory organs.
A hybrid Naive Bayes approach for information filtering

Naive Bayes has been widely used in the field of machine learning research for many years. While it is fast and easy to implement, its performance in comparison to other machine learning methods is not ideal. In this paper, we present a hybrid approach using naive Bayes for information filtering. This approach differs from previous approaches in that it uses Multivariate Bernoulli Model and Multinomial Model successively. We report on the performance of our proposed approach using Reuters-21578 and 20 Newsgroups data. In the filtering process, we first use multivariate Bernoulli model to estimate the pre- examined probability for words appear in a document. Subsequently, the Multinomial Model is used to estimate the post-examined probability for final classification. We show that with sufficient training data, this hybrid approach can achieve higher F-measure score than using multivariate Bernoulli model or multinomial model alone. It can even achieve competitive results as compared to the highly complex learning method such as support vector machine (SVM) with less computational time.
Polishing robot based on FJP with in situ monitoring system

A polishing robot, using the fluid jet polishing technique (FJP), in combination with in-situ monitoring systems will be presented. One of the monitoring systems is used to check the surface roughness, while the other checks the local removal. Owing to this removal monitoring system the presented system is ideally suited for corrective polishing applications where normally a time consuming iterative approach would be required.