Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
A Chloroplast Light-Regulated Oxidative Sensor for Moderate Light Intensity in Arabidopsis[C][W]

This study identifies a regulatory oxidative pathway, comprised of thioredoxin and peroxiredoxin, in Arabidopsis thaliana chloroplasts. It shows that the pathway is used to sense photosynthetic peroxide formation under low to moderate light intensity and proposes that the oxidative signal adjusts the photosynthetic linear electron flow to fluctuating environmental conditions. The transition from dark to light involves marked changes in the redox reactions of photosynthetic electron transport and in chloroplast stromal enzyme activity even under mild light and growth conditions. Thus, it is not surprising that redox regulation is used to dynamically adjust and coordinate the stromal and thylakoid compartments. While oxidation of regulatory proteins is necessary for the regulation, the identity and the mechanism of action of the oxidizing pathway are still unresolved. Here, we studied the oxidation of a thylakoid-associated atypical thioredoxin-type protein, ACHT1, in the Arabidopsis thaliana chloroplast. We found that after a brief period of net reduction in plants illuminated with moderate light intensity, a significant oxidation reaction of ACHT1 arises and counterbalances its reduction. Interestingly, ACHT1 oxidation is driven by 2-Cys peroxiredoxin (Prx), which in turn eliminates peroxides. The ACHT1 and 2-Cys Prx reaction characteristics in plants further indicated that ACHT1 oxidation is linked with changes in the photosynthetic production of peroxides. Our findings that plants with altered redox poise of the ACHT1 and 2-Cys Prx pathway show higher nonphotochemical quenching and lower photosynthetic electron transport infer a feedback regulatory role for this pathway.
Integrating nonmarket and market action, response, and initiating firm performance in competitive dynamics

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to seek to advance the understanding of competitive interaction framework based on competitive dynamics theory that investigates how nonmarket and market factors concurrently affect the relationships among action and response, their integration, and initiating firm performance. Design/methodology/approach – To test the hypotheses for this study, the authors used data collected from the news found in web sites of 72 Chinese firms over a five-year period from January 2007 to December 2011. The authors use the approach suggested by Baron and Kenny (1986) to test the mediated effect of rival response and speed, after structured content analysis is adopted to overcome the challenges of identification and measurement by using a sample of competitive actions and responses. Findings – The results test partial mediating role of rival response and speed in linking nonmarket, market, and integrated action with initiating firm performance outcomes. Rival responses and speed may .
Has ECB communication been helpful in predicting interest rate decisions? An evaluation of the early years of the Economic and Monetary Union

We examine the usefulness of communication by the European Central Bank for predicting its policy decisions during the early years of the European Economic and Monetary Union. Using ordered probit models based on the Taylor rule, we find that statements on the main refinancing rate and future inflation are significantly related to interest rate decisions. At the same time, an out-of-sample evaluation shows that communication-based models do not outperform models based on macroeconomic data in predicting decisions. Both types of models have difficulty in predicting changes in the main refinancing rate.
A Segmented Markets Model of Inflation

Models of inflation usually have monetary policy impacting the economy through either an interest rate or a monetary/credit quantity channel but not through both. We argue that policy is transmitted via two distinct types of agents – those that are and that are not liquidity constrained. The implication is that both channels must be seen as complementary, joint indicators of inflation and must both be incorporated in models of inflation. We provide a formal representation of price level determination and behaviour in this segmented markets framework and evaluate it econometrically using US data. Length: 32 pages
Dynamics of T-Cell Responses and Memory T Cells during Primary Simian Immunodeficiency Virus Infection in Cynomolgus Macaques

ABSTRACT Cellular immune responses make an important contribution to both the control of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) replication and disease progression. We used a pathogenic model of SIVmac251 infection of cynomolgus macaques to longitudinally evaluate cellular immune responses in association with various rates of disease progression. We found an inverse relationship between plasma viral load and the simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV)-specific T cells responses in peripheral blood and lymph nodes. SIV-specific T-cell responses in peripheral blood were transient during primary infection, with the highest responses detected around 3 months after infection. There was also a transient increase of central memory CD8+ T cells in peripheral blood during primary infection, and effector memory T-cell counts in peripheral lymph nodes were increased. This study emphasizes the importance of the early virus-specific immune responses in the outcome of HIV/SIV disease and provides details about the changes of virus-specific immune responses over time.
Self-Assembly of Viral Capsid Protein and RNA Molecules of Different Sizes: Requirement for a Specific High Protein/RNA Mass Ratio

ABSTRACT Virus-like particles can be formed by self-assembly of capsid protein (CP) with RNA molecules of increasing length. If the protein “insisted” on a single radius of curvature, the capsids would be identical in size, independent of RNA length. However, there would be a limit to length of the RNA, and one would not expect RNA much shorter than native viral RNA to be packaged unless multiple copies were packaged. On the other hand, if the protein did not favor predetermined capsid size, one would expect the capsid diameter to increase with increase in RNA length. Here we examine the self-assembly of CP from cowpea chlorotic mottle virus with RNA molecules ranging in length from 140 to 12,000 nucleotides (nt). Each of these RNAs is completely packaged if and only if the protein/RNA mass ratio is sufficiently high; this critical value is the same for all of the RNAs and corresponds to equal RNA and N-terminal-protein charges in the assembly mix. For RNAs much shorter in length than the 3,000 nt of the viral RNA, two or more molecules are assembled into 24- and 26-nm-diameter capsids, whereas for much longer RNAs (>4,500 nt), a single RNA molecule is shared/packaged by two or more capsids with diameters as large as 30 nm. For intermediate lengths, a single RNA is assembled into 26-nm-diameter capsids, the size associated with T=3 wild-type virus. The significance of these assembly results is discussed in relation to likely factors that maintain T=3 symmetry in vivo.
States and Pre-State Actors: The Nomadic Challenge to Westphalian Territoriality

The collapse of walls and borders after the Cold War has been coupled with a proliferation of transborder non-state actors. However, many non-state actors predate the state system itself. Surveying the phenomenon of traditional nomadism, this paper seeks to extend a critical dialogue about territoriality and borders in IR. Nomadism appears to present unique challenges to sovereignty. It destabilizes the state’s ability to maintain a territorially fixed population under law, undermining the state’s ability to control its borders. Adopting a constructivist approach, we argue that nomadism constitutes as much an ideational as a material threat to the state. The impulse to delegitimate and curtail nomadism belongs to the ideational structure of sovereignty. By disrupting the territorial foundation of statehood, nomadism becomes a source of ontological insecurity for the state. States have responded to nomadism chiefly in three ways. Many forcibly settle nomads. Others facilitate relatively free international migration, by reducing the salience of borders as barriers to transit. In many further instances, weak states are unable to secure borders, allowing nomads to migrate relatively freely. We offer three examples: Bedouins, often forcibly settled; Roma, permitted to migrate transnationally within the European Union; and African pastoralists, permitted to migrate by porous borders. While the Bedouin and African instances suggest a necessary conflict between the role of state and the culture of nomadism, the European experience suggests that an ontological desecuritization of nomadism is possible: a relaxation of borders can allow these two political frames of reference to coexist.
Institutional Logic Migration and Industry Evolution in Emerging Economies: The Case of Telephony in India

We employ a historical case narrative of the Indian telephony sector to inductively develop a process model of institutional change in an industry within an emerging economy. Our findings highlight the turbulent nature of migrating institutional logics—one that involves processes we term subverting, maneuvering and bolstering. We demonstrate how these institutional dynamics impact entrepreneurial activity and explicate the role of the state as a constrained institutional entrepreneur in these scenarios. In highlighting the contested and capricious nature of such migration, we make contributions to the institutions-based view of strategy and entrepreneurship and the institutional logics and institutional entrepreneurship literatures. Copyright © 2013 Strategic Management Society.
A hierarchy of trans-acting factors modulates translation of an activator of amino acid biosynthetic genes in Saccharomyces cerevisiae

The GCN4 gene encodes a positive effector of amino acid biosynthetic genes in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Genetic analysis has suggested that GCN4 is regulated by a hierarchy of interacting positive and negative effectors in response to amino acid starvation. Results presented here for a GCN4-lacZ gene fusion support this regulatory model and suggest that the regulators of GCN4 exert their effects primarily at the level of translation of GCN4 mRNA. Both the GCN2 and GCN3 products appear to stimulate translation of GCN4 mRNA in response to amino acid starvation, because a recessive mutation in either gene blocked derepression of GCN4-lacZ fusion enzyme levels but did not reduce the fusion transcript level relative to that in wild-type cells grown in the same conditions. The GCD1 product appears to inhibit translation of GCN4 mRNA because under certain growth conditions, the gcd1-101 mutation led to derepression of the GCN4-lacZ fusion enzyme level in the absence of any increase in the fusion transcript level. In addition, the gcd1-101 mutation suppressed the low translational efficiency of GCN4-lacZ mRNA observed in gcn2- and gcn3- cells. A deletion of four small open reading frames in the 5' leader of GCN4-lacZ mRNA mimicked the effect of a gcd1 mutation and derepressed translation of the fusion transcript in the absence of either starvation conditions or the GCN2 and GCN3 products. By contrast, in a gcd1- strain, the deletion resulted in little additional increase in the translational efficiency of the fusion transcript. These results suggest that GCD1 mediates the translational repression normally exerted by the GCN4 leader sequences and that GCN2 and GCN3 antagonize these negative elements in response to amino acid starvation. The effects of the trans-acting mutations on the translation of GCN4-lacZ mRNA remained intact even when transcription of the fusion gene was placed under the control of the S. cerevisiae GAL1 transcriptional control element.
Factors Influencing Posttraumatic Seizures in Children

&NA; The ideal treatment of children with head trauma would include prevention of posttraumatic seizures. Ninety‐two of 937 children with head injuries (9.8%) experienced posttraumatic seizures. In 94.5% of these patients (87 of 92), seizures developed within the first 24 hours after injury. Three children convulsed between 24 hours and 7 days, but only 2 children developed seizures after the 1st week. Factors found to influence the likelihood of seizures included severe head injury (GCS, 3 to 8), diffuse cerebral edema, and acute subdural hematoma (P < 0.001). Seizures occurred in 35% of severely head‐injured children compared to 5.1% with minor head injury (P < 0.001). A less significant correlation (P < 0.1) was noted between seizures and open, depressed skull fractures. We found no significant correlation between seizure occurrence and numerous other factors including age, sex, fracture location and type (other than open, depressed fractures), parenchymal injuries, fixed neurological deficits, and cranial operation. Based on our observations, we recommend the prophylactic use of anticonvulsants in children at higher risk for posttraumatic seizures: those with diffuse cerebral edema, acute subdural hematoma, open, depressed skull fracture with parenchymal damage, or severe head injury (GCS ≤ 8).
Simulating Spatio-Temporal Foraging Dynamics of Ateles belzebuth at Yasuni National Park , Ecuador

Spatially-explicit agent-based models can be important tools in exploring how environmental factors affect the fission-fusion dynamics of many species. In this paper, we develop such a model to explore how spatial heterogeneity influences the subgroup formation for Ateles belzebuth at Tiputini Biodiversity Station in Yasuni National Park, Ecuador. By integrating key topological features such as elevation, slope and convexity, we are able to test how the topographical-based distribution of key tree attributes affects subgroup size. We compare combinations of different environments (random uniform, aggregate and realistic, data driven distribution of trees), and little, partial and full knowledge of the environments for the monkeys through numerous simulations. Our data and model suggest that topography-based distribution of tree attributes, along with partial knowledge, produce realistic patterns in subgroup size formation. We conclude that future studies on fission-fusion and social organization of primates should focus on ecological factors and spatial heterogeneity.
Further Evidence on the Real Interest Rate Parity Hypothesis in Central and East European Countries: Unit Roots and Nonlinearities

This paper analyzes the empirical fulfillment of the real interest rate parity (RIRP) theory for a pool of central and east European countries. To do so, we apply the recently developed Ng and Perron (2001) unit root tests, which are corrected versions of existing unit root tests, and the Kapetanios et al. (2003) unit root test, which generalizes the alternative hypothesis to the globally stationary smooth transition autoregression model. We find evidence in favor of the empirical fulfillment of RIRP, particularly when taking into account the possibility of nonlinearities in the real interest rate differential.
Spatial Influences on the Employment of U.S. Hispanics: Spatial Mismatch, Discrimination, or Immigrant Networks?

Employment rates of Hispanic males in the United States are considerably lower than employment rates of whites. In the data used in this paper, the Hispanic male employment rate is 61 percent, compared with 83 percent for white men.1 The question of the employment disadvantage of Hispanic men likely has many parallels to the question of the employment disadvantage of black men, where factors including spatial mismatch, discrimination, and labor market networks have all received attention as contributing factors. However, the Hispanic disadvantage has been much less studied, and the goal of this paper is to bridge that gap. To that end, we present evidence that tries to assess which of the three factors listed above appears to contribute to the lower employment rate of Hispanic males. We focus in particular on immigrant Hispanics and Hispanics who do not speak English well.
International diversification and conference calls

This paper explores the impact of international diversification on the decision to hold conference calls. In addition, we examine the mitigating roles of legal environment and agency problems in holding conference calls. Using a sample drawn from Taiwan, we find that greater corporate internationalization (INT) is associated with a higher likelihood of holding conference calls. We also find that firms are more likely to conduct conference calls when companies invest in a higher proportion of common law countries. We also find that the positive association between the likelihood of holding conference calls and corporate INT is less pronounced when the control divergence of controlling owners increases.
The capacity to cope with climate warming declines from temperate to tropical latitudes in two widely distributed Eucalyptus species

As rapid climate warming creates a mismatch between forest trees and their home environment, the ability of trees to cope with warming depends on their capacity to physiologically adjust to higher temperatures. In widespread species, individual trees in cooler home climates are hypothesized to more successfully acclimate to warming than their counterparts in warmer climates that may approach thermal limits. We tested this prediction with a climate‐shift experiment in widely distributed Eucalyptus tereticornis and E. grandis using provenances originating along a ~2500 km latitudinal transect (15.5–38.0°S) in eastern Australia. We grew 21 provenances in conditions approximating summer temperatures at seed origin and warmed temperatures (+3.5 °C) using a series of climate‐controlled glasshouse bays. The effects of +3.5 °C warming strongly depended on home climate. Cool‐origin provenances responded to warming through an increase in photosynthetic capacity and total leaf area, leading to enhanced growth of 20–60%. Warm‐origin provenances, however, responded to warming through a reduction in photosynthetic capacity and total leaf area, leading to reduced growth of approximately 10%. These results suggest that there is predictable intraspecific variation in the capacity of trees to respond to warming; cool‐origin taxa are likely to benefit from warming, while warm‐origin taxa may be negatively affected.
Beta 1-integrin protects hepatoma cells from chemotherapy induced apoptosis via a mitogen-activated protein kinase dependent pathway.

BACKGROUND beta 1-integrin modulates cellular phenotype by mediating signals from the extracellular matrix (ECM). Although overexpression of integrin molecules in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) has been reported, the role of overexpressed beta 1-integrin in the disease process of HCC is not fully understood. The authors investigated the effects of beta 1-integrin on apoptosis in hepatoma cells. METHODS Human hepatoma cell lines HepG2, Huh7, and HLE were stably transfected with full-length beta 1-integrin. Cells underwent apoptosis induced by chemotherapeutic reagents, including cis-platinum (II)-diammine dichloride, etoposide, and docetaxel. Cell survival and intracellular signaling pathways dependent on beta 1-integrin-mediated apoptosis effects were analyzed by treating cells with PD98059 (ERK inhibitor), SB203580 (p38MAP kinase inhibitor), wortmannin (phosphatidyl inositol-3-kinase inhibitor), and herbimycin A (tyrosine kinase inhibitor). RESULTS All three hepatoma cell lines overexpressing beta 1-integrin were protected from apoptosis induced by chemotherapeutic reagents, whereas parental or mock transfected cells were not. Treatment with PD98059 or SB203580 abolished the protective effect on apoptosis in cells overexpressing beta 1-integrin. Neither herbimycin nor wortmannin blocked the protective effects of beta 1-integrin overexpression. CONCLUSIONS These data suggest that overexpression of beta 1-integrin confers resistance to apoptosis in hepatoma cells via a MAP kinase dependent pathway. beta1-integrin mediated signaling from the ECM in HCC cells may contribute to chemotherapy resistance.
Community brokers: Their role in the formation and development of business ventures

Many regions in the UK require an increased supply of new firms if they are to promote economic growth. New firm formation occurs when motivated individuals with business ideas acquire skills and gain access to resources. However, in many instances the development of ideas and the marshalling of resources is best accomplished by groups of people rather than by individuals. In addition, it is increasingly recognized that the entrepreneurial role is unique and that planning cannot meet every contingency. Under these conditions networking skill becomes extremely important. It allows entrepreneurs to build up a collection of useful contacts who can assist in the generation of ideas, solving problems and acquiring resources. Given the particular importance of networking some authors recommend that autonomous entrepreneurs should be afforded assistance by community brokers to develop large and active personal contact networks. In this study, using a modified version of Aldrich et al (1986) questionnaire, the au.
Effect of yoga therapy on anxiety and depressive symptoms and quality-of-life among caregivers of in-patients with neurological disorders at a tertiary care center in India: A randomized controlled trial

Context: The concerns of caregivers of patients with neurological disorders have been a felt need for a long time, with many of them experiencing significant psychiatric morbidity. Aims: This study aimed to find the effect of yoga in reducing anxiety and depression, as well as improving quality-of-life in caregivers of patients with neurological disorders. Settings and Design: The study was conducted using a randomized controlled design, with yoga intervention and waitlisted controls. Methodology: Sixty consenting caregivers of inpatients in neurology wards were randomized into two groups: Yoga and control. Demographic variables except years of education and length of caretaking were comparable in the two groups, as also baseline scores of anxiety, depression and quality-of-life. A specific yoga module comprising yogāsanas, prāṇāyāma, and chanting was taught to the participants in the yoga group by the researcher. At follow-up 43 patients (yoga n=20 and control group n=23) were available. Two-way repeated measures analysis of variance was used to test the change from pre-test to post-test scores within and between groups. Analysis of covariance was performed to compare the post-test scores between the groups adjusting for education and length of caretaking. Results: Following one month intervention of yoga therapy, there was a significant (P<0.001) decrease in anxiety and depression scores, as well as improved quality-of-life among the participants in the yoga group as compared with the control group. Conclusion: This study highlights the usefulness of a yoga intervention for caregivers of inpatients with neurological problems. The small sample size and lack of blinding were some of the limitations of this study.
Konsumnachfrage in der Schweiz: Aufschlüsse aus einer zu wenig beachteten Informationsquelle

Consumer Demand in Switzerland: Sidelights from a little noticed data source The surveys conducted by the Federal Office for Industry, Crafts, and Labor (FOICL) permit a rather clear-cut distinction between the consumption hypotheses put forward by Duesenberry (R) and Friedman (P). A percursory analysis of these surveys already leads to rejection of the keynesian hypothesis (A). The choice between R and P is based on their predictions regarding the influence of active household members on consumption. Casewise evaluation of an annual sample confirms R against P. With aggregate time series, on the other hand, it would not be possible to distinguish between any two of A, R, and P as soon as A is correctly specified.