Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Preschool Children's Use of Objects in Symbolic Play.

ELDER, JOY L. , and PEDERSON, DAVD R. Preschool Children's Use of Objects in Symbolic Play. CGrme DEVELOPMENT, 1978, 49, 500-504. Developmental differences in children's reliance on the presence of a substitute object and in the importance of similarity between the substitute object and its referent were investigated. Children at 3 age levels (2%, 3, and 312 years of age) were asked to perform actions under 1 of 3 substitution conditions: (1) with similar substitute objects whose general physical dimensions were similar to those of the reference objects; (2) with dissimilar substitute objects, which were physically unlike the referent objects and had their own particular use; or (3) with no object present. The results indicated that children under 3 years of age were most dependent on the presence of substitute objects which resembled their referents. 3%-year-old children were able to pretend equally well in all of the substitution conditions.
N,N'-bis(2-hydroxycyclohexyl)-N,N'-bis(2-hydroxyethyl)ethane-1,2-diaminium dichloride.

The achiral meso form of the title compound, C(18)H(38)N(2)O(4)(2+)·2Cl(-), crystallizes to form undulating layers consisting of chains linked via weak hydroxyalkyl C-H.Cl contacts. The chains are characterized by centrosymmetric hydrogen-bonded dimers generated via N-H.Cl and hydroxycycloalkyl O-H.Cl interactions. trans-N-Alkyl bridges subdivide the chains into hydrophilic segments flanked by hydrophobic cycloalkyl stacks along [001].
Fibulin-3 Is Uniquely Upregulated in Malignant Gliomas and Promotes Tumor Cell Motility and Invasion

Malignant gliomas are highly invasive tumors with an almost invariably rapid and lethal outcome. Surgery and chemoradiotherapy fail to remove resistant tumor cells that disperse within normal tissue, which are a major cause for disease progression and therapy failure. Infiltration of the neural parenchyma is a distinctive property of malignant gliomas compared with other solid tumors. Thus, glioma cells are thought to produce unique molecular changes that remodel the neural extracellular matrix and form a microenvironment permissive for their motility. Here, we describe the unique expression and proinvasive role of fibulin-3, a mesenchymal matrix protein specifically upregulated in gliomas. Fibulin-3 is downregulated in peripheral tumors and is thought to inhibit tumor growth. However, we found fibulin-3 highly upregulated in gliomas and cultured glioma cells, although the protein was undetectable in normal brain or cultured astrocytes. Overexpression and knockdown experiments revealed that fibulin-3 did not seem to affect glioma cell morphology or proliferation, but enhanced substrate-specific cell adhesion and promoted cell motility and dispersion in organotypic cultures. Moreover, orthotopic implantation of fibulin-3–overexpressing glioma cells resulted in diffuse tumors with increased volume and rostrocaudal extension compared with controls. Tumors and cultured cells overexpressing fibulin-3 also showed elevated expression and activity of matrix metalloproteases, such as MMP-2/MMP-9 and ADAMTS-5. Taken together, our results suggest that fibulin-3 has a unique expression and protumoral role in gliomas, and could be a potential target against tumor progression. Strategies against this glioma-specific matrix component could disrupt invasive mechanisms and restrict the dissemination of these tumors. (Mol Cancer Res 2009;7(11):1756–70)
A Directional Texture Descriptor via 2D Walking Ant Histogram

A novel texture descriptor, which can be extracted from the major object edges automatically and used for the content-based retrieval in multimedia databases, is presented. The proposed method is adopted from the 2D walking ant histogram, which is in fact a generic shape descriptor recently developed for general purpose multimedia databases. 2D WAH shape descriptor is motivated from the imaginary scenario of a walking ant with a limited line of sight over the boundary of a particular object; eventually each sub- segment is traversed and the process keeps describing a certain line of sight, whether it is a continuous branch or a corner, using individual 2D histograms. In this paper we tuned this approach as an efficient texture descriptor, which achieves a superior performance especially for directional textures. Integrating the whole process as feature extraction module into MUVIS framework allows us to test the mutual performance of the proposed texture descriptor in the context of multimedia indexing and retrieval.
The Determinants of Crime in Tucson, Arizona1

This paper examines the geography of violent crime across the neighborhoods of Tucson and South Tucson, Arizona. The research is informed by the tenets of modern social disorganization theory, which has a strong ecological or environmental basis. Three different crime indices are computed; each represents an annual average during the five-year period 1995-1999. The most comprehensive index captures aggravated assaults, homicides, robberies, and sexual assaults. After providing a factor-ecological study of the study area, using 27 variables taken from the 1990 census, various regression models are developed to explain violent crime patterns. These models use a smaller array of ten demographic, economic, and social attributes to predict patterns at the block group level. A number of variables are found to be significant across all models, thereby providing further support for social disorganization theory. Stability in the signs and values of the estimates suggest that a general model of violent crime can be established for the study region. The paper closes with a short discussion of some public policy implications.
Age at Peak Performance of Successful Track & Field Athletes

Knowledge of age at peak performance in competitive sport could inform decisions about selection and preparation of athletes for specific events. The purpose of the study was to estimate age at peak performance of elite track-and-field athletes. 168,576 performance times and distances by 2017 athletes in 19 men's and 19 women's track-and-field events from 1979 to 2009 were downloaded from tilastopaja.org. Each athlete had finished in the top 16 (track events and combined events) or top 12 (field events) of their event at an Olympic Games or a World Athletics Championships between 2000 and 2009. After adjustment for year of competition, and venue-related factors such as altitude, wind-speed, indoor or outdoor and level of competition, a mixed linear model provided quadratic age-related performance trajectories to estimate each athlete's age at peak performance and age window for negligible contiguous improvement and decline. Age at peak performance for men ranged from 23.9 ± 2.4 y (10000 m; mean ±SD) to 28.5 ± 2.2 y (discus throw) and for women from 24.7 ± 2.5 y (pole vault) to 28.1 ± 3.9 y (discus throw). There were clear differences in mean age at peak performance between male and female throwers (mean;±CL) (28.0;±0.4 vs. 26.7;±0.6 y), between male and female runners (25.1;±0.3 vs. 26.2;±0.4 y), and between throwers and runners or jumpers (27.3;±0.5 vs. 25.6;±0.3 or 25.7;±0.3 y). In conclusion, the current generation of track-and-field athletes should prepare for an age window of ~2.5 y each side of a peaking age of ~23-28 y depending on event. Differences and trends in participation, ethnic representation, professionalization and specialization could account for differences between events and for apparent changes from age at peak performance of previous generations.
Temporal and spatial correlation patterns of air pollutants in Chinese cities

As a huge threat to the public health, China’s air pollution has attracted extensive attention and continues to grow in tandem with the economy. Although the real-time air quality report can be utilized to update our knowledge on air quality, questions about how pollutants evolve across time and how pollutants are spatially correlated still remain a puzzle. In view of this point, we adopt the PMFG network method to analyze the six pollutants’ hourly data in 350 Chinese cities in an attempt to find out how these pollutants are correlated temporally and spatially. In terms of time dimension, the results indicate that, except for O3, the pollutants have a common feature of the strong intraday patterns of which the daily variations are composed of two contraction periods and two expansion periods. Besides, all the time series of the six pollutants possess strong long-term correlations, and this temporal memory effect helps to explain why smoggy days are always followed by one after another. In terms of space dimension, the correlation structure shows that O3 is characterized by the highest spatial connections. The PMFGs reveal the relationship between this spatial correlation and provincial administrative divisions by filtering the hierarchical structure in the correlation matrix and refining the cliques as the tinny spatial clusters. Finally, we check the stability of the correlation structure and conclude that, except for PM10 and O3, the other pollutants have an overall stable correlation, and all pollutants have a slight trend to become more divergent in space. These results not only enhance our understanding of the air pollutants’ evolutionary process, but also shed lights on the application of complex network methods into geographic issues.
Are smokers interested in genetic testing for smoking addiction? A socio-cognitive approach

Genetic advances have made genetically tailored smoking cessation treatments possible. In this study, we examined whether smokers are interested in undergoing a genetic test to identify their genetic susceptibility to nicotine addiction. In addition, we aimed to identify socio-cognitive determinants of smokers’ intention to undergo genetic testing. Following the protection motivation theory (PMT), we assessed the following constructs using an online survey among 587 smokers: threat appraisal (i.e. susceptibility and severity), fear, coping appraisal (i.e. response efficacy and self-efficacy), response costs and intention. In addition, knowledge, social norms and information-seeking behaviour were measured. Mean intention rates were 2.57 on a 5-point scale. Intention was significantly associated with threat appraisal and coping appraisal, as predicted by the PMT. Fear of the outcome was negatively associated with the intention to undergo genetic testing, but response costs, knowledge and social influence were not. Intention to undergo genetic testing in turn was positively related to seeking information about genetic testing and genetically tailored smoking cessation treatments. Smokers seem ambivalent or ‘on the fence’ with regard to undergoing a genetic test for smoking addiction. Socio-cognitive concepts such as susceptibility, severity, response efficacy and self-efficacy may be used to inform or educate smokers about the value of genetically tailored smoking cessation treatments.
Effectively Obtaining Informed Consent for Child and Adolescent Participation in Mental Health Research

With the recent expansion of child mental health research, more attention is being paid to the process of informed consent for research participation. For the consent to be truly informed, it is necessary that the relevant information be both disclosed and actually understood. Traditionally, much effort has gone to ensuring the comprehensiveness of consent/assent documents, which have progressively increased in length and complexity, whereas less attention has been paid to the comprehensibility of these documents. Available data indicate that many parent and children have difficulties appreciating the research nature of treatment studies and that a higher level of formal education among the parents is associated with a greater degree of understanding. Promising approaches to achieving truly informed research participation have emerged, such as additional time for parents to meet with the researchers and using postexplanation questionnaires for identifying issues in need of further clarification. Research is needed to develop and test strategies for improving the effectiveness of the informed consent process in child mental health.
Sonar localization using receiver beam profile features

A localization method for a sonar system equipped with an emitter and two receivers is presented in this paper. The signal reflected from the target is filtered through the receiver beam patterns whose knowledge is used to estimate the direction of the echo. Indeed, the known emitted signal and measurement of its travel time make it possible to compensate for distance and air absorption effects, and to calculate the ratio between the received echo and the original signal at all frequencies. Simulations with two beam patterns were conducted. A monotonic one over orientations was implemented, to show evidence that linearity reduces ambiguity: in this case, the method returns estimates with an error of less than 1.5° with SNR = 50 dB. If a bat's beam pattern is adopted, most of orientations are estimated with an error less than 5°, even when SNR = 15 dB.
On scalarity in information structure

Eva Hajicova: ON SCALARITY IN INFORMATION STRUCTURE In the present paper, different scales discussed in the relevant linguistic literature are characterized and compared, first of all those that are related in some way or another to the information structure of the sentence. We then introduce our scale based on a partial ordering of mental images in the stock of knowledge assumed by the speaker to be shared by him and the hearer during the discourse. This hierarchy has a cognitive background but is reflected in the structure of the sentence, be it its information structure, or the types of referring expressions. The activation scale and its impact is then illustrated on a segment of parallel English and Czech text.
Approximation algorithm for the temperature-aware scheduling problem

The paper addresses the problem of performance optimization for a set of periodic tasks with discrete voltage/frequency states under thermal constraints. We prove that the problem is NP-hard, and present a pseudo-polynomial optimal algorithm and a fully polynomial time approximation technique (FPTAS) for the problem. The FPTAS technique is able to generate solutions in polynomial time that are guaranteed to be within a designer specified quality bound (QB) (say within 1% of the optimal). We evaluate our techniques by experimentation with multimedia and synthetic benchmarks mapped on the 70 nm CMOS technology processor. The experimental results demonstrate our techniques are able to match optimal solutions when QB is set at 5%, can generate solutions that arc quite close to optimal (< 5%) even when QB is set at higher values (50%), and executes in few seconds (with QB > 25%) for large task sets with 120 nodes (while the optimal solution takes several hundred seconds). We also analyze the effect of different thermal parameters, such as the initial temperature, the final temperature and the thermal resistance.
Structure Identification-Based Clustering According to Density Consistency

Structure of data set is of critical importance in identifying clusters, especially the density difference feature. In this paper, we present a clustering algorithm based on density consistency, which is a filtering process to identify same structure feature and classify them into same cluster. This method is not restricted by the shapes and high dimension data set, and meanwhile it is robust to noises and outliers. Extensive experiments on synthetic and real world data sets validate the proposed the new clustering algorithm.
Meeting the Needs of the Hidden Minority: Transition Planning Tips for LGBTQ Youth

Effective transition planning requires school personnel to ascertain the preferences and interests of the student and to focus on services including instruction, related services, employment, and postschool living arrangements necessary to support postschool outcomes. While great strides have been made in meeting the needs of students with disabilities from diverse cultural and linguistic backgrounds, lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, and questioning (LGBTQ) students with disabilities are often marginalized and disregarded in this process. This article aims to provide tips for effective transition planning for LGBTQ youth with disabilities.
Liquid Chromatography with Post-Column Reagent Addition of Ammonia in Methanol Coupled to Negative Ion Electrospray Ionization Tandem Mass Spectrometry for Determination of Phenoxyacid Herbicides and their Degradation Products in Surface Water

A new liquid chromatography (LC)-negative ion electrospray ionization (ESI−)–tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS) method with post-column addition of ammonia in methanol has been developed for the analysis of acid herbicides: 2,4-dichlorophenoxy acetic acid, 4-chloro-o-tolyloxyacetic acid, 2-(2-methyl-4-chlorophenoxy)butyric acid, mecoprop, dichlorprop, 4-(2,4-dichlorophenoxy) butyric acid, 2,4,5-trichlorophenoxy propionic acid, dicamba and bromoxynil, along with their degradation products: 4-chloro-2-methylphenol, 2,4-dichlorophenol, 2,4,5-trichlorophenol and 3,5-dibromo-4-hydroxybenzoic acid. The samples were extracted from the surface water matrix using solid-phase extraction (SPE) with a polymeric sorbent and analyzed with LC ESI− with selected reaction monitoring (SRM) using a three-point confirmation approach. Chromatography was performed on a Zorbax Eclipse XDB-C18 (50 × 4.6 mm i.d., 1.8 μm) with a gradient elution using water-methanol with 2 mM ammonium acetate mobile phase at a flow rate of 0.15 mL/min. Ammonia in methanol (0.8 M) was added post-column at a flow rate of 0.05 mL/min to enhance ionization of the degradation products in the MS source. One SRM transition was used for quantitative analysis while the second SRM along with the ratio of SRM1/SRM2 within the relative standard deviation determined by standards for each individual pesticide and retention time match were used for confirmation. The standard deviation of ratio of SRM1/SRM2 obtained from standards run on the day of analysis for different phenoxyacid herbicides ranged from 3.9 to 18.5%. Limits of detection (LOD) were between 1 and 15 ng L−1 and method detection limits (MDL) with strict criteria requiring <25% deviation of peak area from best-fit line for both SRM1 and SRM2 ranged from 5 to 10 ng L−1 for acid ingredients (except dicamba at 30 ng L−1) and from 2 to 30 ng L−1 for degradation products. The SPE-LC-ESI− MS/MS method permitted low nanogram-per-liter determination of pesticides and degradation products for surface water samples.
Advanced Optimization Circuit for Wireless Power Transfer

The wi-fi energy transfer (WPT) is an emerging era with increasingly more ability packages to transfer energy from a transmitter to a cellular receiver over a noticeably huge air gap. but, its extensive utility is hampered due to the relatively low performance of modern wireless power switch (WPT) structures. This study gives an idea to maximize the performance in addition to to increase the quantity of extractable electricity of a WPT system operating in resonant operation. The proposed method is primarily based on actively modifying the equal secondary-side load impedance by controlling the section-shift of the active rectifier and its output voltage degree. The offered hardware prototype represents an entire wireless charging machine, consisting of a dc–dc converter that is used to price a battery at the output of the system. Experimental results are shown for the proposed concept in comparison to a traditional synchronous rectification approach. The supplied optimization technique sincerely outperforms trendy solutions in phrases of efficiency and extractable power.
Group participation and intergroup relations: An experimental study of negotiation groups†

Negotiations were conducted to investigate the effects on settlement-points andon the attitudes and perceptions of participants of (i) group participation and (ii)belief in own group's point of view, in a 2 × 2 factorial design. Ninety-six school children prepared cases in groups of four before representing their group's position against an individual of a similarly prepared opposed group. Group participation was manipulated by groups either participating in preparatory discussions or observing video films of another group's discussions. Belief was manipulated by systematically varying the composition of groups according to scores on a pre-test of attitudes towards the raising of the school-leaving age. In general the belief manipulation operated as expected, ‘believers’ exhibiting less variability, more tit-for-tat agreements and less opinion change than the ‘disbelievers’. Group participation did not influence the measures as predicted, and measures of interpersonal perception did not conform to the pattern of findings in recent experiments on intergroup discrimination. The results are discussed in terms of (i) their relevance to the issue of the appropriate relationship of the representative to his group in a negotiation and (ii) their implications for intergroup relations theory.
Manycore performance-portability: Kokkos multidimensional array library

Large, complex scientific and engineering application code have a significant investment in computational kernels to implement their mathematical models. Porting these computational kernels to the collection of modern manycore accelerator devices is a major challenge in that these devices have diverse programming models, application programming interfaces APIs, and performance requirements. The Kokkos Array programming model provides library-based approach to implement computational kernels that are performance-portable to CPU-multicore and GPGPU accelerator devices. This programming model is based upon three fundamental concepts: 1 manycore compute devices each with its own memory space, 2 data parallel kernels and 3 multidimensional arrays. Kernel execution performance is, especially for NVIDIA® devices, extremely dependent on data access patterns. Optimal data access pattern can be different for different manycore devices --potentially leading to different implementations of computational kernels specialized for different devices. The Kokkos Array programming model supports performance-portable kernels by 1 separating data access patterns from computational kernels through a multidimensional array API and 2 introduce device-specific data access mappings when a kernel is compiled. An implementation of Kokkos Array is available through Trilinos [Trilinos website, http://trilinos.sandia. gov/, August 2011].
Paradoxes in the definition of dyslexia

The definition and explanation of dyslexia have long been problematic. A causal modelling framework involving three levels of description - behavioural, cognitive and biological - can solve some seemingly intractable problems and confusions. Dyslexia can be defined as a neuro-developmental disorder with a biological origin and behavioural signs which extend far beyond problems with written language. At the cognitive level, putative causes of the behavioural signs and symptoms of the condition can be specified. These hypothetical deficits are subject to controversy, but serve as a basis for testable predictions at both the behavioural and biological levels. At all three levels, interactions with cultural influences occur. These influences have a major impact on the clinical manifestation of dyslexia, the handicap experienced by the sufferer, and the possibilities for remediation. When all these factors are considered together, paradoxes disappear and a satisfactory definition of dyslexia can be achieved.