Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Historical and modern seismicity of Pakistan, Afghanistan, northwestern India, and southeastern Iran

Both historical (noninstrumental) and modern (instrumental) data are compiled and critically reviewed to document the seismicity of Pakistan, Afghanistan, northwestern India, southeastern Iran, and neighboring areas. Earthquakes occurring between 1914 and 1965 are systematically relocated and magnitudes are determined for these events when possible. For some of the larger earthquakes, in both historical and modern times, the orientation and length of the rupture zone, and an approximate value of the seismic moment, are estimated. The usefulness of the documented seismicity to locate the sites of future large earthquakes in this part of the world is limited. The restricted historical record, the occurrence of earthquakes over wide zones (i.e., less confined than at oceanic subduction zones), and the long recurrence intervals combine to make the identification of seismic gaps, with a significant potential for rupture in large earthquakes, a difficult procedure. Seismicity variations prior to the great earthquake in the Makran region along the southern coast of Pakistan, in 1945, appear to be consistent with patterns identified before large earthquakes else-where in the world. Recent patterns of seismicity farther west along the Makran coast may be consistent with those for a zone in preparation for a large future earthquake; however, this observation is based on a limited amount of data.
Towards improving the utilisation of counselling centre services by Ghanaian university students: An exploratory study

This study sought to explore university students’ expectations from on-campus counselling centres in order to improve service utilisation. A total of 72 Ghanaian students attending a public university in Accra (64% females; 85% undergraduate; 90% in the 18–35 age range) provided written responses of their expectations from their counselling centre. Thematic analyses yielded two essential counselling centre needs: Enhanced counselling centre functions and the elimination of systems barriers. For enhanced counselling centre functions, students reported needing traditional and non-traditional services, as well as advocacy efforts on their behalf. Systems barriers students wanted eliminated were stigma, low awareness and inaccessibility. These findings indicate a need for a holistic approach to service delivery, and elimination of services-seeking barriers to improve counselling centre service utilisation at Ghanaian universities.
Whole mantle SH velocity model constrained by waveform inversion based on three-dimensional Born kernels

SUMMARY A whole mantle SH velocity model is obtained by using a unique data set and techniques. Body and surface waveforms including major and multi-orbit phases are used as a data set and are inverted by using 3-D Born kernels. The resultant model, SH18CE, reveals the different natures of the two major upwelling systems: the strong low velocity anomalies beneath Africa extend for more than 1000 km from the core–mantle boundary (CMB), whereas those beneath the Pacific are restricted to 300–400 km from the CMB. The results also show the variable natures of stagnant slabs on the 670 discontinuity around Japan: the depths of the strongest high velocity anomalies within the stagnant slabs are different region by region, which is consistent with the detailed delay time tomography model in this area.
Characterizing Thermal Environment Under Senaiarid Conditions in Relation to Growth and Development of Bottle Gourd and Tomato

A field study was conducted during both the summer and winter seasons 0[2004-2005, to characterize thennal environment of air and soil on crop growth and yields of bottle gourd and tomato. Summer bottle gourd (cv. Pusa Naveen) was sown on three dates at 10 days intervals starting from March 10th 2004, while winter tomato (cv. Pusa Hybrid 2) was transplanted at J O-day intervals starting 15th November 2004. Study revealed that bottle gourd required about 2000 thermal degree days to reach final harvest and late sown crops experienced I-2°C higher temperature as compared to early sown crops. The heat Lise efticiency was higher for March 10th sown crop (I. 13 g/m 2 1"C day) followed by March 20th (0.95) and March 30th (0.69) sown summer crop. The study also revealed that crop growth parameters, LAI, biomass and final yield were significantly correlated with growing degree-days. In case of tomato, the plants in all the three transplantings accumulated more than 140, 180, 250 and 450-degree days during vegetative, flowering, fl:uiting and harvesting stages, respectively. November 25th planted crop recorded highest HUE (1.71 g/m2jQC day). All the three transplanted crops suffered soil temperature stress almost during the same period in which they sutTered air temperature stress.
DSP-Net: A Dynamic Spectral–Spatial Joint Perception Network for Hyperspectral Target Tracking

In order to effectively utilize spectral and object spatial information to improve tracking performance, we design a hyperspectral video (HSV) tracker, namely DSP-Net, to integrate the various prior information. The gradient difference between spectral vectors is explored to develop a clustering technique. The approach generates a binary mask containing target spectral information and appearance clues. A feature cache is introduced to store historical information. Additionally, the channel shift operation is used on the timing to capture the trajectory clues of the target. With the help of the nonlocal mechanism, the trajectory clues, appearance clues, and spectral information of the target are finally integrated, using the designed spectral–spatial joint perception module (SSPM) to enhance the expression of the target. Experimental results show that DSP-Net outperforms state-of-the-art HSV trackers on existing dataset.
Explicit time‐dependent solutions and numerical evaluations for penny‐shaped hydraulic fracture models

The governing nonlinear equations for the hydraulically induced propagation of a circular crack in a poroelastic medium are derived. A Lagrangian formulation is utilized with the crack maximum width and radius selected as generalized coordinates. Explicit time-dependent solutions for the crack geometry and fluid pressure associated with Newtonian and non-Newtonian fracturing fluids are derived. The classical expression relating fracture width in terms of fracture radius is deduced as a special case. In addition, parameter sensitivity responses and comparison of results are presented.
Electro-Optic Modulator With Tunable Multimode Interference Couplers Based on LiNbO$_{3}$ Waveguides and Optical Single-Sideband Modulation

We propose a Mach-Zehnder electro-optic modulator (MZM) in which conventional waveguide Y branches are replaced by a tunable 2 × 2 coupler and a 1 × 2 coupler based on multimode interference (MMI). The properties of the MMI couplers, which were designed with tapered input/output waveguides, were experimentally evaluated. The MZM was fabricated with Ti-diffused LiNbO<inline-formula><tex-math notation="LaTeX">$_{3}$</tex-math></inline-formula> waveguides. Optical intensity modulation was achieved with a 50 dB extinction ratio. The experimental results show that the 2 × 2 MMI optical coupler provides nearly equal power division with a 90<inline-formula><tex-math notation="LaTeX">$^\circ$</tex-math></inline-formula> phase difference, which means that the coupler operates as an optical 90<inline-formula><tex-math notation="LaTeX">$^\circ$</tex-math></inline-formula> hybrid. This MZM structure was applied to optical single-sideband modulation. A high sideband suppression ratio of 39 dB was achieved in a modulation experiment with microwave modulation signals. We also designed and fabricated a compact optical single-sideband modulator, in which the microwave 90<inline-formula><tex-math notation="LaTeX">$^\circ$</tex-math></inline-formula> hybrid circuit was integrated on a LiNbO<inline-formula><tex-math notation="LaTeX">$_{3}$</tex-math></inline-formula> substrate, that operates with a single input signal. This modulator was confirmed to have a consistently high sideband suppression ratio, which was achieved by tuning the optical power splitting ratio of the 2 × 2 MMI coupler to compensate for the effects of fabrication errors and deviations in the operating conditions.
The interplay between syntactic and morphological comprehension in heritage contexts: The case of relative clauses in heritage Syrian Arabic

Abstract Previous studies show that even though monolingual children find subject relatives easier than object relatives, their comprehension of object relatives can be facilitated by morphological cues. Given that in heritage contexts functional morphology is a vulnerable domain, a question that needs to be addressed is whether bilingual children, who are heritage speakers of their L1, will also be able to use morphological cues to comprehend complex syntax. To contribute to this line of research, we focused on monolingual (N = 18; Mean Age: 11.43) and bilingual/first generation (N = 108; Mean Age: 11.98), Syrian Arabic-speaking children in Canada, and examined their ability to use gender morphology in their comprehension of relative clauses, while taking into consideration cognitive, environmental, and age-related variables. To this end, we used two offline sentence-picture matching tasks targeting relative clauses and gender (as encoded in SV agreement and object clitics). Results showed that, like monolingual children, first-generation, Arabic-speaking children living in Canada used morphological cues to comprehend complex syntax in their L1. Furthermore, even though there was an association between comprehension of gender agreement and comprehension of relative clauses, performance in gender agreement was higher than performance in relative clauses, suggesting that challenges with complex syntactic structures are not necessarily an epiphenomenon of a morphological deficit.
Supplement to: Upper Crustal Structure of the Southern Rio Grande Rift: A Composite Record of Rift and Pre-Rift Tectonics

The seismic data were acquired by the University of Texas at El Paso in May of 2003 along a 205 km transect across southern New Mexico and Far West Texas (Fig. 1). A total of 793 TEXAN seismic recorders were laid out at variable spacing of 100 m, 200 m, and 600 m along the length of the transect to record 8 explosive shots with an average spacing of 35 km. Seismic recorders were equipped with single-component 4-Hz vertical geophones. The greatest part of the transect was instrumented at 600 m spacing. Along a 50-km-long portion of the transect, centered on Potrillo Mountains, recorders were deployed at 100 m. An additional 57 instruments were deployed at 200 m spacing on the eastern end of the profile in a location that was also the subject of a site investigation for a desalination plant being built by the El Paso Water Utility. The seismic instruments recorded a total of 8 explosive shots ranging in size from 450 to 900 kg that were set off in holes 80 to 100 m deep holes. The resultant data and metadata are available from the IRIS Data Management Center and are discussed below.
Spectral Analysis Of A TransitionalSeparated-reattached Flow Using Fourier AndWavelet Transforms

Large-eddy simulations (LES) of transitional separating-reattaching flow over a square surface mounted obstacle (SSMO) and a forward-facing step (FFS) have been performed. The Reynolds number based on the uniform inlet velocity and the obstacle height is 4.5 × 10. A dynamic subgrid-scale model is employed in this work. The mean LES results compare favourably with the available experimental and DNS data. This paper addresses the characteristic shedding modes associated with the separated-reattached flows on the SSMO and the FFS and sheds light on the use of the wavelet transform (WT) in extracting the content of a time history of a (velocity and/or pressure) signal compared to the traditional Fourier transform (FT). The turbulence spectra for the geometries revealed amplified frequency modes both upstream and downstream of the separation edge with those associated with the SSMO showing more clearly compared to the FFS. A frequency peak was detected at a location upstream of the separation line and immediately above the SSMO. The value of this frequency suggests that the upstream separated region is unstable via the Kelvin–Helmholtz instability and the peak can not be attributed to the flapping of the separated shear layer which is a phenomenon commonly associated with this class of flows. The WT captured events that are characterised by narrow periods (scales) and which happened over shorter times. Such events are smoothed out by the Fourier transform indicating the superiority of the WT over the FT.
The Impact of the Annual Cycle on Cloudiness at Manus and Nauru

Convection is ubiquitous throughout the maritime continent region. The frequency of convection is modulated by a variety of phenomena including the diurnal cycle, intra-seasonal waves, and El Nino/Southern Oscillation (ENSO). While much of this region does not experience seasons to the same degree as one finds in mid-latitudes, the annual solar cycle also has a significant impact on convection throughout the maritime continent and the Tropical Western Pacific (TWP). The Atmospheric Radiation Measurement (ARM) Program has three sites in the TWP region. Each of these exhibits a somewhat different annual convection cycle resulting from its location within the region. Darwin experiences a strong annual cycle associated with the Australian monsoon with active convection being prevalent from December through March and suppressed conditions prevailing from May through September. There have been numerous studies of the Australian monsoon (e.g., Drosdowsky 1996; Hendon and Liebmann 1990) so the following will focus on the annual cycle at Manus and Nauru. The seasonal variation is less pronounced at Manus and Nauru but it may be important for interpreting data collected at those sites and it reveals important processes in the TWP region.
Artificial Intelligence Reveals Distinct Prognostic Subgroups of Muscle-Invasive Bladder Cancer on Histology Images

Simple Summary This study developed an interpretable scoring system using artificial intelligence and bladder tissue images. It identified two distinct risk groups with different outcomes in high-grade bladder cancer. The scoring system was associated with various molecular features and gene mutations. This system can save shared clinical decision making and cost by identifying patients who need further molecular testing. Abstract Muscle-invasive bladder cancer (MIBC) is a highly heterogeneous and costly disease with significant morbidity and mortality. Understanding tumor histopathology leads to tailored therapies and improved outcomes. In this study, we employed a weakly supervised learning and neural architecture search to develop a data-driven scoring system. This system aimed to capture prognostic histopathological patterns observed in H&E-stained whole-slide images. We constructed and externally validated our scoring system using multi-institutional datasets with 653 whole-slide images. Additionally, we explored the association between our scoring system, seven histopathological features, and 126 molecular signatures. Through our analysis, we identified two distinct risk groups with varying prognoses, reflecting inherent differences in histopathological and molecular subtypes. The adjusted hazard ratio for overall mortality was 1.46 (95% CI 1.05–2.02; z: 2.23; p = 0.03), thus identifying two prognostic subgroups in high-grade MIBC. Furthermore, we observed an association between our novel digital biomarker and the squamous phenotype, subtypes of miRNA, mRNA, long non-coding RNA, DNA hypomethylation, and several gene mutations, including FGFR3 in MIBC. Our findings underscore the risk of confounding bias when reducing the complex biological and clinical behavior of tumors to a single mutation. Histopathological changes can only be fully captured through comprehensive multi-omics profiles. The introduction of our scoring system has the potential to enhance daily clinical decision making for MIBC. It facilitates shared decision making by offering comprehensive and precise risk stratification, treatment planning, and cost-effective preselection for expensive molecular characterization.
Semantic segmentation of remote sensing images combined with attention mechanism and feature enhancement U-Net

ABSTRACT Target segmentation of remote sensing images has always been a hotspot in image processing. This paper proposes a new semantic segmentation technology for remote sensing images, which uses Unet as the backbone and combines attention mechanism and feature enhancement module. The feature enhancement module can enlarge the information of the region of interest (ROI) to improve the contrast of the image; the attention mechanism includes spatial and channel attention modules, which can obtain more detailed information of the desired target while suppressing other useless information. This paper improves the loss function of the traditional Unet. On the basis of the sparse categorical cross-entropy function, the mean squared logarithmic error function is added, which can effectively improve the accuracy of semantic segmentation. The experimental results show that the algorithm has higher computational accuracy than Unet, DeepLabV3, SegNet, PSPNet, CBAM and DAnet while having the computational speed of FCN and Unet in model testing and validation.
A Novel Method for Solving Multi-objective Shortest Path Problem in Respect
of Probability Theory

Transportation process or activity can be considered as a multi-objective problem reasonably. However, it is difficult to obtain an absolute shortest path with optimizing the multiple objectives at the same time by means of Pareto approach. In this paper, a novel method for solving multi-objective shortest path problem in respect of probability theory is developed, which aims to get the rational solution of multi-objective shortest path problem. Analogically, each objective of the shortest path problem is taken as an individual event, thus the concurrent optimization of many objectives equals to the joint event of simultaneous occurrence of the multiple events, and therefore the simultaneous optimization of multiple objectives can be solved on basis of probability theory rationally. The partial favorable probability of each objective of every scheme (routine) is evaluated according to the actual preference degree of the utility indicator of the objective. Moreover, the product of all partial favorable probabilities of the utility of objective of each scheme (routine) casts the total favorable probability of the corresponding scheme (routine), which results in the decisively unique indicator of the scheme (routine) in the multi-objective shortest path problem in the point of view of system theory. Thus, the optimum solution of the multi-objective shortest path problem is the scheme (routine) with highest total favorable probability. Finally, an application example is given to illuminate the approach.
The Mojave Section of the San Andreas Fault (California): 1. Shaping the Terrace Stratigraphy of Little Rock Creek Through the Competition Between Rapid Strike‐Slip Faulting and Lateral Stream Erosion Over the Last 40 k.y.

To determine the post‐40 ka slip‐rate along the Mojave section of the San Andreas Fault (MSAF) we re‐analyze the sedimentary record preserved where Little Rock (LR) Creek flows across the fault. At this location, interaction between the northeast‐flowing stream and right‐lateral fault has resulted in the abandonment and preservation of 11 strath terraces and one paleo‐floodplain in the downstream trailing corner of the river, two of which are also preserved upstream to provide cross‐fault matches. A new model of fault‐induced river deflection, together with standard terrace riser restoration, yields strike‐slip displacements of 1,140 ± 160 m for the older terrace and 360 ± 70 m for the younger one. When combined with new 10Be dating and reinterpretation of prior measurements the displaced terraces yield right‐lateral slip‐rates of 27.7+6.9/−3.5 and 26.8+3.4/−3.0 mm/yr over the last 23 k.y. and last 40 k.y. , where uncertainties are at 95% credible intervals. These new rate determinations are consistent with independent late Holocene estimates, indicating that the long‐term rate of strain accumulation along the MSAF is relatively fast and does not vary significantly when averaged over timescales of 15–20 k.y. Using our new model of stream deflection, we find that the fluvial sequence was emplaced in two distinct periods, each characterized by a temporally stable but markedly different deflected river geometry. Each period coincides with a distinct stage of erosive power along LR Creek determined from independent paleoclimate proxies. Importantly, application of the new river‐deflection model allows strike‐slip displacements to be determined in the absence of upstream piercing points.
Amphipods of the deep Mississippi Canyon, northern Gulf of Mexico: ecology and bioaccumulation of organic contaminants

Amphipods of the Deep Mississippi Canyon, Northern Gulf of Mexico: Ecology and Bioaccumulation of Organic Contaminants. (May 2007) Yousria S. Soliman, B.S., University of Alexandria (Egypt); M.S., University of Alexandria (Egypt) Co-Chairs of Advisory Committee: Dr. Gilbert T. Rowe Dr. Terry L. Wade In five summer cruises during the period 2000-2004, seventy-four box cores were collected from eleven locations from the Mississippi Canyon (4802750m, northern Gulf of Mexico), and an adjacent transect (336-2920) to understand the community structure and trophic function of amphipods and for measuring the bioaccumulation of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, (PAHs). Amphipods were discovered to be an important component of the macrofauna of the Mississippi Canyon (40 % of the total faunal abundance). Seventy two species, belonging to nineteen families, were collected from the study area with 61 species from the canyon and only 38 species from the non-Canyon transect. The head of the canyon (480m) was dominated by dense mats (15,880 ind/m) of a new amphipod (Ampelisca mississippiana). The logarithm of the amphipod abundance decreased linearly with depth. The species diversity (H`) exhibited a parabolic pattern with a maximum at 1100m. The differences in amphipod abundances and biodiversities were correlated with the variation in the amount of available organic matter. The depression in diversity in the canyon head is thought to be competitive exclusion resulting from the dominance by A.
SERBIA HEDGING ITS BETS BETWEEN THE WEST AND THE EAST

This article explains the evolution of Serbian political, economic, and security relations with the European Union, Russia, and China over the period of 2009-2023. The analysis of Serbia’s ambivalent relations with these three partners relies on the existing literature regarding the strategies small states use in their dealings with the great powers. An overview of various theoretical concepts has ensured the identification of the hedging model as appropriate for understanding Serbia’s approach toward external actors. In this regard, the study shows the inadequacy of labeling Serbian behavior as balancing, which is currently the dominant approach in the literature. The theoretical model of hedging as offered by the author Cheng-Chwee Kuik was chosen as suitable for analytically clarifying Serbia’s behavior in recent years as a complex combination of the hedging components of economic pragmatism, binding engagement, limited bandwagoning, dominance denial, and indirect balancing. Such a theoretical interpretation of Serbian policy is important, as the country does not yet have a written form of its foreign policy strategy, nor is a more detailed doctrinal basis of this model found in the domestic literature. In practical terms, this study will help better understand how Serbia has found itself in the uncomfortable position of choosing between the West and the East due to the outbreak of the war in Ukraine.