Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
The variable X-ray light curve of GRB 050713A: the case of refreshed shocks

We present a detailed study of the spectral and temporal properties of the X-ray and optical emission of GRB050713a up to 0.5 day after the main Gamma Ray Burst (GRB) event. The X-ray light curve exhibits large amplitude variations with several rebrightenings superposed on the underlying three-segment broken power-law that is often seen in Swift GRBs. Our time-resolved spectral analysis supports the interpretation of a long-lived central engine, with rebrightenings consistent with energy injection in refreshed shocks as slower shells generated in the central engine prompt phase catch up with the afterglow shock at later times. Our sparsely sampled light curve of the optical afterglow can be fitted with a single power-law without large flares. The optical decay index appears flatter than the X-ray one, especially at later times.
THE DISTRIBUTION OF 51CR-LABELED LYMPHOCYTES INTO ANTIGEN-STIMULATED MICE

The localization of syngeneic 51Cr-labeled lymph node cells was investigated in CBA/J mice previously challenged with sheep erythrocytes, Salmonella H antigen, keyhole limpet hemocyanin, C57BL/6J skin, or rat skin. The effect of time, dose, and route of antigen administration on lymphocyte migration was studied in both primary and secondary responses. When the distribution pattern of lymphocytes was examined after 20–24 hr, it was found that increased localization of labeled cells occurred in spleen after intravenous or intraperitoneal antigen injection, and in draining lymph nodes after subcutaneous antigen injection or skin grafting. Increased localization (trapping) of lymphocytes was antigen dose dependent and could be demonstrated when 1–6 hr had elapsed between intravenous antigen administration, or when 24 hr had elapsed between subcutaneous antigen administration and intravenous cell infusion. Trapping was transient, lasting approximately 24 hr. Maximal trapping of lymphocytes in the draining nodes occurred 9 days after skin grafting in the first-set allograft response, and 3 days after grafting in the second-set allograft and first-set xenograft responses. The cell type trapped, the specificity and mechanism of action of the trap, and the role of lymphocyte trapping in the initiation of immune responses are discussed.
Lymphoid function in F1 leads to parent chimeras: lack of evidence for adaptive differentiation of B cells or antigen-presenting cells

Information was sought on whether B cells undergo abnormal differentiation in F1 leads to parent chimeras (irradiated parental- strain mice reconstituted with F1-hybrid bone marrow cells). As assessed by collaborative responses to sheep erythrocytes in vivo, three different types of T cells restricted to interaction with strain a H-2 determinants were shown to collaborate as effectively with heterologous F1 leads to b chimera B cells as with homologous F1 leads to a chimera B cells. This applied to both primed and unprimed B cells, to IgM- and IgG-antibody formation and to production of Ig allotype. Thus, unlike T cells, B cells from F1 leads to parent chimeras behaved indistinguishably from normal F1 B cells. F1 leads to parent chimeras were also examined for their capacity to present antigen to normal F1 T cells in vivo. The results suggested that the antigen-presenting cells in these chimeras were no different than in normal F1 mice. Collectively these data imply that, at least in the situation studied, raising F1 stem cells in a parental-strain environment has a marked effect on T-cell specificity but does not discernably influence the differentiation of B cells or macrophage-like cells.
On the Rényi divergence and the joint range of relative entropies

This paper starts with a study of the minimum of the Rényi divergence, of an arbitrary order α > 0, subject to a fixed (or minimal) value of the total variation distance. Relying on the solution of this minimization problem, we determine the exact region of the points (D(Q∥P1), D(Q∥P2)) where P1 and P2 are any probability distributions whose total variation distance is not below a fixed value, and the probability distribution Q is arbitrary (none of these three distributions is assumed to be fixed). It is further shown that all the points of this convex region are attained by a triple of 2-element probability distributions. As a byproduct of this characterization, we provide a geometric interpretation of the minimal Chernoff information subject to a minimal total variation distance. A full paper version, which includes more results and proofs, is available at http://arxiv.org/abs/1501.03616.
IPA as a Theoretical Concept of Evaluating Various Elements in HRM

Importance-performance analysis (IPA) was primarily presented by Martilla and James (1977) as a simple evaluating marketing tool. However, as suggested by Slack (1994), IPA can also be used to evaluate internal services, in other words companies’ internal organization. Purpose of this paper is to present a theoretical concept of IPA in human resource management (HRM) for evaluating employee satisfaction with review of elements which are considered important in HRM theory. Therefore the main goal is to present IPA as an important tool used to evaluate relations between two factors, employees (importance) and lower management (performance). In order to confirm the theoretical hypothesis made by previous researches it can be suggested that IPA can be implemented in HRM’s evaluation of important factors which indicates employee satisfaction. Furthermore the procedure showed the limitation of previous findings, which prompted the research. Authors will demonstrate its conclusion based on theoretical aspects used in IPA concept. At first IPA concept will be presented as a theoretical concept and then transferred from external to internal matters and its possible implementation in HRM process. Consequently the analysis showed that although IPA concept was introduced for marketing purposes, it can possibly be implicated in others, such as HRM.
Severity of memory impairment in monkeys as a function of locus and extent of damage within the medial temporal lobe memory system

During the past decade, work with monkeys has helped identify the structures in the medial temporal lobe that are important for memory: the hippocampal region (including the hippocampus proper, the dentate gyrus, and the subicular complex) and adjacent cortical areas that are anatomically linked to the hippocampus, i.e., the entorhinal, perirhinal, and parahippocampal cortices. One idea that has emerged from this work is that the severity of memory impairment might increase as more components of the medial temporal lobe are damaged. We have evaluated this idea directly by examining behavioral data from 30 monkeys (ten normal monkeys and 20 monkeys with bilateral lesions involving structures within the medial temporal lobe) that have completed testing on our standard memory battery during the last 10 years. The main finding was that the severity of memory impairment depended on the locus and extent of damage to the medial temporal lobe. Specifically, damage limited to the hippocampal region produced a mild memory impairment. More severe memory impairment was produced when the damage was increased to include the adjacent entorhinal and parahippocampal cortices (the H+ lesion). Finally, memory impairment was even more severe when the H+ lesion was extended forward to include the anterior entorhinal cortex and the perirhinal cortex (H++ lesion). Taken together, these findings suggest that, whereas damage to the hippocampal region produces measurable memory impairment, a substantial part of the severe memory impairment produced by large medial temporal lobe lesions in humans and monkeys can be attributed to damage to entorhinal, perirhinal, and parahippocampal cortices adjacent to the hippocampal region. © 1994 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
A Rose by Any Other Name or an Insane Root ? Adventures in Namespace Resolution

Namespaces are fundamental to computing systems. Each namespace maps the names that clients use to retrieve resources to the actual resources themselves. However, the indirection that namespaces provide introduces avenues of attack through the name resolution process. Adversaries can trick programs into accessing unintended resources by changing the binding between names and resources and by using names whose target resources are ambiguous. In this paper, we explore whether a unified system approach may be found to prevent many name resolution attacks. For this, we examine attacks on various namespaces and use these to derive invariants to defend against these attacks. Four prior techniques are identified that enforce aspects of name resolution, so we explore how these techniques address the proposed invariants. We find that each of these techniques are incomplete in themselves, but a combination could provide effective enforcement of the invariants. We implement a prototype system that can implement these techniques for the Linux filesystem namespace, and show that invariant rules specific to each, individual program system call can be enforced with a small overhead (less than 3%), indicating that fine-grained name resolution enforcement may be practical.
New substitution models for rooting phylogenetic trees

The root of a phylogenetic tree is fundamental to its biological interpretation, but standard substitution models do not provide any information on its position. Here, we describe two recently developed models that relax the usual assumptions of stationarity and reversibility, thereby facilitating root inference without the need for an outgroup. We compare the performance of these models on a classic test case for phylogenetic methods, before considering two highly topical questions in evolutionary biology: the deep structure of the tree of life and the root of the archaeal radiation. We show that all three alignments contain meaningful rooting information that can be harnessed by these new models, thus complementing and extending previous work based on outgroup rooting. In particular, our analyses exclude the root of the tree of life from the eukaryotes or Archaea, placing it on the bacterial stem or within the Bacteria. They also exclude the root of the archaeal radiation from several major clades, consistent with analyses using other rooting methods. Overall, our results demonstrate the utility of non-reversible and non-stationary models for rooting phylogenetic trees, and identify areas where further progress can be made.
Novel Class of Thiourea Compounds That Inhibit Herpes Simplex Virus Type 1 DNA Cleavage and Encapsidation: Resistance Maps to the UL6 Gene

ABSTRACT In our search for novel inhibitors of herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1), a new class of thiourea inhibitors was discovered.N-{4-[3-(5-Chloro-2,4-dimethoxyphenyl)-thioureido]-phenyl}-acetamide and its 2-fluoro-benzamide derivative inhibited HSV-1 replication. HSV-2, human cytomegalovirus, and varicella-zoster virus were inhibited to a lesser extent. The compounds acted late in the replication cycle by impairing both the cleavage of concatameric viral DNA into progeny genome length and the packaging of the DNA into capsids, indicative of a defect in the encapsidation process. To uncover the molecular target of the inhibition, resistant HSV-1 isolates were generated, and the mutation responsible for the resistance was mapped using marker transfer techniques. Each of three independent isolates had point mutations in the UL6 gene which resulted in independent single-amino-acid changes. One mutation was located in the N terminus of the protein (E121D), while two were located close together in the C terminus (A618V and Q621R). Each of these point mutations was sufficient to confer drug resistance when introduced into wild-type virus. The UL6 gene is one of the seven HSV-1 genes known to play a role in DNA packaging. This novel class of inhibitors has provided a new tool for dissection of HSV-1 encapsidation mechanisms and has uncovered a new viable target for the treatment of herpesviral diseases.
DNA damage in lens epithelium of cataract patients in vivo and ex vivo

Purpose: DNA damage has been described in the human cataractous lens epithelium, and oxidative stress generated by UV radiation and endogenous metabolic processes has been suggested to play a significant role in the pathogenesis of cataract. In this study, the aim was to explore the quality and relative quantity of DNA damage in lens epithelium of cataract patients in vivo and after incubation in a cell culture system.
Muscle activation patterns in acceleration-based phases during reach-to-grasp movement

[Purpose] An earlier study divided reaching activity into characteristic phases based on hand velocity profiles. By synchronizing muscle activities and the acceleration profile, a phasing approach for reaching movement, based on hand acceleration profiles, was attempted in order to elucidate the roles of individual muscle activities in the different phases of the acceleration profile in reaching movements. [Subjects and Methods] Ten healthy volunteer subjects participated in this study. The aim was to electromyographically evaluate muscles around the shoulder, the upper trapezius, the anterior deltoid, the biceps brachii, and the triceps brachii, most of which have been used to evaluate arm motion, as well as the acceleration of the upper limb during simple reaching movement in the reach-to-grasp task. [Results] Analysis showed the kinematic trajectories of the acceleration during a simple biphasic profile of the reaching movement could be divided into four phases: increasing acceleration (IA), decreasing acceleration (DA), increasing deceleration (ID), and decreasing deceleration (DD). Muscles around the shoulder showed different activity patterns, which were closely associated with these acceleration phases. [Conclusion] These results suggest the important role of the four phases, derived from the acceleration trajectory, in the elucidation of the muscular mechanisms which regulate and coordinate the muscles around the shoulder in reaching movements.
Adoption Factors of Electronic Human Resource Management (e-HRM) in Banking Industry of Bangladesh

The purpose of the study is identifying the important factors that contribute to adoption of e-HRM among banks in Bangladesh. Stratified random sampling technique was used to consider 265 respondents from twenty eight private commercial banks. A pre-tested and close-ended questionnaire adapting five-point Likert scale was used for data collection. In this study, descriptive statistics and exploratory factor analysis are exercised as statistical tools. The result shows that employee’s individual attributes, top management support, compatibility, IT infrastructure and industry pressure are important factors that influencing management decision to adopt e-HRM among banks. The practical implication of the findings is discussed at the end of this paper and recommendations for further research are also addressed.
Organometallic synthesis, reactivity and catalysis in the solid state using well-defined single-site species

Acting as a bridge between the heterogeneous and homogeneous realms, the use of discrete, well-defined, solid-state organometallic complexes for synthesis and catalysis is a remarkably undeveloped field. Here, we present a review of this topic, focusing on describing the key transformations that can be observed at a transition-metal centre, as well as the use of well-defined organometallic complexes in the solid state as catalysts. There is a particular focus upon gas–solid reactivity/catalysis and single-crystal-to-single-crystal transformations.
Effects of disconnection of amygdala dopamine and nucleus accumbens N‐methyl‐d‐aspartate receptors on ethanol‐seeking behavior in mice

There is a strong interest in harnessing the genetic manipulations that are possible in mice to investigate the functional neural mechanisms modulating the associative processes that control drug‐seeking behavior. However, it is unknown whether intracranial techniques, such as the disconnection procedure commonly used in rats to examine serial connectivity between implicated areas, can be successfully applied to mice. We have previously demonstrated that the expression of ethanol‐seeking behavior in mice is dependent upon amygdala (Amy) dopamine and nucleus accumbens (Acb) N‐methyl‐d‐aspartate (NMDA) receptor activation ( Gremel & Cunningham, 2009 ). Here, we used a neuropharmacological disconnection procedure to investigate whether dopamine activation of the Amy directly leading to increases in Acb glutamate release and binding of NMDA receptors modulates the expression of ethanol‐seeking behavior. Immediately before testing the expression of an ethanol‐induced conditioned place preference, mice were given an Amy infusion of flupenthixol and either an ipsilateral or contralateral Acb infusion of AP‐5. Although both ipsilateral and contralateral manipulations reduced the expression of ethanol conditioned place preference, in a separate experiment we demonstrated that a unilateral Acb infusion of AP‐5, but not Amy flupenthixol, is sufficient to disrupt preference. The finding of a significant blockade by unilateral AP‐5 into the Acb precludes any conclusions about a unique role for the Amy/Acb neuroanatomical connection in this model of ethanol‐seeking behavior. Further, the current results suggest potential limitations in transferring techniques from rats to mice in order to study serial interactions between neural areas underlying motivated behaviors. Nevertheless, these findings provide evidence showing that Acb NMDA receptors play an important role in the expression of ethanol‐conditioned behavior.
Short-Segment Pedicle Instrumentation of Thoracolumbar Burst Fractures: Does Transpedicular Intracorporeal Grafting Prevent Early Failure?

Study Design. A prospective, randomized study comparing two treatment methods for thoracolumbar burst fractures: short-segment instrumentation with transpedicular grafting and the same procedure without transpedicular grafting. Objective. To evaluate the efficacy of transpedicular grafting in preventing failure of short-segment fixation for the treatment of thoracolumbar burst fractures. Summary of Background Data. Short-segment pedicle instrumentation for thoracolumbar burst fractures is known to fail early because of the absence of anterior support. Additional transpedicular grafting has been offered as an alternative to prevent this failure. However, there is controversy about the results of transpedicular grafting. Methods. Twenty patients with thoracolumbar burst fractures were included in the study. The inclusion criterion was the presence of fractures through the T11–L3 vertebrae without neurologic compromise. The patients were randomized by a simple method into two groups. Group 1 patients were treated using short-segment instrumentation with transpedicular grafting (TPG) (n = 10), and Group 2 patients were treated by short-segment fixation alone (NTPG) (n = 10). Clinical (Likert’s questionnaire) and radiologic (sagittal index, percentage of anterior body height compression, and local kyphosis) outcomes were analyzed. Results. The two groups were similar in age, follow-up period, and severity of the deformity and fracture. The postoperative and follow-up sagittal index, percentage of anterior body height compression, and average correction loss in local kyphosis in both groups were not significantly different. The failure rate, defined as an increase of 10° or more in local kyphosis and/or screw breakage, was also not significantly different (TPG = 50%, NTPG = 40%, P = 0.99). Conclusions. Short-segment transpedicular instrumentation of thoracolumbar burst fractures is associated with a high rate of failure that cannot be decreased by additional transpedicular intracorporeal grafting.
A method of rapid rabbit atherosclerosis model establishment

To establish a method to produce the atherosclerosis rabbit model rapidly. A total of 18 healthy male Japanese white rabbits were randomly divided into the control group (n=8) and the experiment group (n=10). Rabbits in control group were fed with regular chow diet, while rabbits in the experiment group were fed with high fat diet and injected with bovine albumin. All animals received injure on left femoral arteries by vessel sheath. After seven weeks of injury and diet, morphological characters of pathological changes were investigated, serum lipoprotein and cholesterol levels were also profiled. Serum total cholesterol (TC), triglyceride (TG), and low density lipoprotein (LDL) levels were significantly higher in experiment group than control group (P<0.05). All rabbits in experiment group developed atherosclerotic plaques in left femoral arteries where was injured by vessel sheath indicating the successful establishment of the rabbit atherosclerosis model. The combination of high fat diet, intravenous injection of bovine albumin and arterial injury resulted in a successful establishment of atherosclerosis model in rabbit within a relatively short period of time.
Extracting Parallelism from Legacy Sequential Code Using Software Transactional Memory

Increasing the number of processors has become the mainstream for the modern chip design approaches. On the other hand, most applications are designed or written for single core processors; so they do not benefit from the underlying computation resources. Moreover, there exists a large base of legacy software which requires an immense effort and cost of rewriting and re-engineering. Transactional memory (TM) has emerged as a powerful concurrency control abstraction. TM simplifies parallel programming to the level of coarse-grained locking while achieving fine-grained locking performance. In this dissertation, we exploit TM as an optimistic execution approach for transforming a sequential application into parallel. We design and implement two frameworks that support automatic parallelization: Lerna and HydraVM. HydraVM is a virtual machine that automatically extracts parallelism from legacy sequential code (at the bytecode level) through a set of techniques including code profiling, data dependency analysis, and execution analysis. HydraVM is built by extending the Jikes RVM and modifying its baseline compiler. Correctness of the program is preserved through exploiting software transactional memory (STM) to manage concurrent and out-of-order memory accesses. Lerna is a compiler framework that automatically and transparently detects and extracts parallelism from sequential code through a set of techniques including code profiling, in-strumentation, and adaptive execution. Lerna is cross-platform and independent of the programming language. The parallel execution exploits memory transactions to manage concurrent and out-of-order memory accesses. This scheme makes Lerna very effective for sequential applications with data sharing. Additionally, we introduce the general conditions for embedding any transactional memory algorithm into our system. While prior research shows that transactions must commit in order to preserve program semantics , placing the ordering enforces scalability constraints at large number of cores. Our first major post-preliminary research goal is to eliminate the need for ordering transactions without affecting program consistency. We propose building a cooperation mechanism in which transactions can forward some changes safely. This approach eliminates false conflicts and increases concurrency opportunities. As our second contribution, we propose transac-tional checkpointing as a technique for reducing the wasted processing time in abort and code retrial. With checkpointing, a transaction can be partially aborted and only re-execute the invalid portion.