Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Projections of wildfire risk and activities under 1.5 °C and 2.0 °C global warming scenarios

Wildfires are important ecosystem processes that have a significant impact on terrestrial vegetation, environment, and climate. This study investigates how future wildfire risk and activities could change under 1.5 °C and 2.0 °C warming scenarios relative to pre-industrial levels using a modified McArthur Forest Fire Danger Index (FFDIn) and the CLM4.5-BGC land surface model. Sixteen Earth System Models (ESMs) from CMIP5 and CMIP6 were employed to supply the variables of climate change under low, middle, and high greenhouse emission scenarios in the 1.5 °C and 2.0 °C scenarios. The ensemble means from the FFDIn and results from the CLM4.5-BGC with multiple forcings show that the dry areas in the southwestern US, Brazilian Highlands, and Arabian islands are projected to face higher wildfire risk with larger burned areas and more carbon emissions under a warmer climate. The Congo Basin and part of the Amazon could have a lower wildfire risk with smaller burned areas and less carbon emissions. The absolute changes in the projected FFDIn are small, although large increases are observed in boreal areas, particularly in the winter and spring. Burned area and carbon emissions are projected to increase in general in the boreal area but decrease in northeastern Asia. Compared to the 1.5 °C scenario, the wildfire risk and burned area levels are projected to increase under the 2.0 °C scenario except in the western Amazon. However, fire carbon emissions are projected to decrease more in tropical areas under the 2.0 °C scenario. The different change directions in eastern North America and eastern China produced by the FFDIn and CLM4.5-BGC suggest the potential effect of non-meteorological elements on fire activities.
The role of Rezum in the management of refractory urinary retention due to benign prostate hyperplasia: A literature review

ABSTRACT Background Benign prostatic hyperplasia is the most common cause of urinary retention in men (BPH). The gold standard surgical treatment is transurethral resection of the prostate (TURP). However, due to the morbidity and mortality associated with TURP, more minimally invasive treatments, such as vaporizing the prostate with the Rezum system, have been introduced. We investigated the efficacy of Rezum in the treatment of refractory urinary retention due to BPH in this review. Methodology and materials To conduct this review, the Cochrane methodology for systematic reviews was used. All studies that used Rezum to treat catheter-dependent patients with enlarged prostates were included. The literature search showed 111 studies, 84 of which were excluded due to non-relevance based on titles and 18 due to lack of relevance based on abstract review. Full manuscripts were reviewed in nine studies, three of which were excluded because they did not meet the inclusion criteria. Results This review included 301 patients in total. The rate of a successful trial of voiding post Rezum therapy was 85%. The complication rated between 3.8 and 4.3% all of which were mild and self-limited. As there was no major complication of Rezum (clavien dindo >2), the procedure-related morbidity is negligible. Conclusion In this review, Rezum was found to be an efficacious and safe alternative in the treatment of refractory retention with mild complications and minimal morbidity.
Generalised Kelvin contact models for DEM modelling of asphalt mixtures

ABSTRACT Rigid particle models based on the discrete element method (DEM) have been adopted to model creep, fracture, and the viscoelastic behaviour of asphalt mixtures considering an irregular micro-structure and particle contacts. Within a DEM framework, the Burgers contact model, which is known to have a narrow frequency and temperature range, is usually adopted to model viscoelastic properties. In this study, a new explicit three-dimensional generalised Kelvin (GK) contact model formulation for the DEM model is proposed for asphalt materials. The model is implemented following two different methodologies (GK$_1$1 and GK$_2$2). The models are validated in uniaxial tension-compression sinusoidal tests for predicting the dynamic modulus ($\vert E^{\ast }\vert$|E∗|) and phase angle (ϕ) of these composites at a frequency range of 1–10 Hz at $20\, ^{\circ }$20∘C. Four mixtures are investigated based on the modelling of their mastic. The influence of the GK contact parameters on the dynamic response of mastics is assessed. Results show that $\kappa _m$κm has an important influence on both rheological properties and that $\eta _m$ηm can be used for small adjustments focussing on the predicted phase angle. Moreover, it is shown that a viscoelastic contact model should be adopted to simulate aggregate-to-mastic contacts in mixtures. As expected, the response obtained for both GK models is the same but the simulations with the GK$_1$1 are 14% faster. In addition, the response predicted with the proposed GK contact model is compared with the response predicted with a Burgers contact model. The DEM predictions obtained for the GK model are more accurate. For mastics, the average errors for $\vert E^{\ast }\vert$|E∗| and ϕ when adopting the GK model (Burgers) are 2.40% (3.46%) and 3.64% (4.17%), respectively. For mixtures, the average errors for $\vert E^{\ast }\vert$|E∗| for the GK model (Burgers) are 7.00% (7.92%). The proposed contact model greatly enhances the DEM ability to simulate the viscoelasticity of asphalt materials.
Description of two new species of the microhylid frog genus Oreophryne (Amphibia: Anura: Microhylidae) from southern Papua New Guinea

Two new species of the microhylid genus Oreophryne are described on the basis of material collected from the Kikori River Basin in southern Papua New Guinea. Both species belong to the group of Oreophryne that have a ligamentous connection between the procoracoid and scapula. One of the new species is small (snout-urostyle length in males 19.7 – 23.3 mm and in females 23.8 – 27.4 mm), and males can be distinguished from congeners in this group by having one or a few conspicuous yellow spots in the inguinal region and an advertisement call consisting of a loud rattle lasting 1.4 – 2.3 seconds. The second species is larger (males 25.9 – 31.4 mm and females 30.1 – 34.7 mm) and in life has a uniform brownish-grey dorsum with numerous tiny white dots. Its advertisement call is a series of 9 – 15 ‘whistling’ or ‘peeping’ notes. Both species are predominantly arboreal, normally calling from perches more than 2 m above the ground.
The Impact of Lattice Distortions on the Magnetic Stability of Single Atoms: Dy and Ho on BaO(100)

X‐ray magnetic circular dichroism, atomic multiplet simulations, and density functional theory calculations are employed to identify criteria for the optimum combination of supporting alkaline earth oxide and adsorption site maximizing the spin lifetimes of lanthanide single‐atom magnets. Dy and Ho atoms adsorbed on BaO(100) thin films on Pt(100) are characterized and compared with previous results for the same two elements on MgO/Ag(100). Dy shows hysteresis in magnetic fields up to ≈3.5 T and long spin lifetime, exceeding 300 s at 2.5 K and 0.5 T. Dy displays superior magnetic stability on the bridge site than on the top‐O site. Surprisingly, Ho shows paramagnetism, as opposed to its long spin lifetime on MgO. These differences originate from the local surface distortions induced by the adatoms. On MgO, minimal distortions involve only the closest O atoms, while, on BaO, they affect both the closest anions and cations. This trend reflects the decrease of the lattice energy along the series of the alkaline earth oxides, going from MgO to BaO. This study represents a step ahead in the understanding of the factors determining the spin dynamics of surface‐adsorbed single‐atom magnets in order to achieve their operation as qubits and memories.
Preseismic Perturbations and their Inhomogeneity as Computed from Ground- and Space-Based Investigation during the 2016 Fukushima Earthquake

We present the atmospheric anomalies instigated through seismogenic sources by a multichannel observation using ground- and satellite-based systems. This study emphasizes the seismic event which happened on the east coast of Japan, near the Fukushima Prefecture on November 21, 2016 (in UTC), with a magnitude of 6.9 and a depth of 11.4 km. We mainly focus on the atmospheric and ionospheric irregularities via acoustic and electromagnetic channels originating from earthquakes in the process of the lithosphere, atmosphere, and ionospheric coupling (LAIC) mechanism. In the acoustic channel, we study the seismogenic atmospheric gravity wave (AGW) which perturbs the local lower atmosphere. The observation of nighttime fluctuations in the very low frequency (VLF) signals and total electron content (TEC) is used to investigate the atmospheric perturbation through the electromagnetic channel. For the ground-based observations, a VLF signal network consisting of 5 receivers in Japan is used to study by recording the VLF amplitude transmitted from the Japanese transmitter JJI (22.2 kHz). VLF nighttime fluctuation is used to check the unusualities due to the earthquake. Preseismic wavelike structures having periods of AGW are observed in the nighttime signal. Direct investigation of such AGWs is done by computing the potential energy related to AGW from the sounding of the atmosphere using broadband emission radiometry (SABER) temperature profiles mounted on the Thermosphere Ionosphere Mesosphere Energetics and Dynamics (TIMED) satellite. Ionospheric TEC inspection is done by using a ground-based global navigation satellite system (GNSS) receiver from the International GNSS Survey (IGS) station MIZU in Japan and observing anomalies in diurnal TEC around 6 and 10 days prior to the earthquake. We also obtain the wavelike structure of AGW from the small-scale fluctuation of TEC using wavelet analysis. All the parameters are found to be preseismic for this earthquake; the acoustics channel gives more consistent outcomes than the electromagnetic channel.
Electrical stimulation therapy for peripheral nerve injury

Peripheral nerve injury is common and frequently occurs in extremity trauma patients. The motor and sensory impairment caused by the injury will affect patients' daily life and social work. Surgical therapeutic approaches don't assure functional recovery, which may lead to neuronal atrophy and hinder accelerated regeneration. Rehabilitation is a necessary stage for patients to recover better. A meaningful role in non-pharmacological intervention is played by rehabilitation, through individualized electrical stimulation therapy. Clinical studies have shown that electrical stimulation enhances axon growth during nerve repair and accelerates sensorimotor recovery. According to different effects and parameters, electrical stimulation can be divided into neuromuscular, transcutaneous, and functional electrical stimulation. The therapeutic mechanism of electrical stimulation may be to reduce muscle atrophy and promote muscle reinnervation by increasing the expression of structural protective proteins and neurotrophic factors. Meanwhile, it can modulate sensory feedback and reduce neuralgia by inhibiting the descending pathway. However, there are not many summary clinical application parameters of electrical stimulation, and the long-term effectiveness and safety also need to be further explored. This article aims to explore application methodologies for effective electrical stimulation in the rehabilitation of peripheral nerve injury, with simultaneous consideration for fundamental principles of electrical stimulation and the latest technology. The highlight of this paper is to identify the most appropriate stimulation parameters (frequency, intensity, duration) to achieve efficacious electrical stimulation in the rehabilitation of peripheral nerve injury.
Computing Lyapunov spectra with continuous Gram - Schmidt orthonormalization

We present a straightforward and reliable continuous method for computing the full or partial Lyapunov spectrum associated with a dynamical system specified by a set of differential equations. We do this by introducing a stability parameter and augmenting the dynamical system with an orthonormal k-dimensional frame and a Lyapunov vector such that the frame is continuously Gram - Schmidt orthonormalized and at most linear growth of the dynamical variables is involved. We prove that the method is strongly stable when where is the kth Lyapunov exponent in descending order and we show through examples how the method is implemented. It extends many previous results.
The endoparasite Perkinsus olseni affecting the Mediterranean mussels (Mytilus galloprovincialis) in the Italian and Spanish waters: A new possible threat for mussel aquaculture and wild animal population

Dinoflagellates belonging to the Perkinsus genus are OIE (World Organization for animal Health)-listed pathogens extremely virulent for clams and oysters in many marine ecosystems throughout the world. During the monitoring activities of the Mediterranean mussel (Mytilus galloprovincialis) in Campania region (Italy), the presence of typical trophozoites of Perkinsus sp. was observed in mussels from farms and natural banks. Simultaneously, following mussel mortality in the Spanish waters of Catalonia, histopathological studies revealed the presence of the same parasite. Although perkinsosis is an endemic disease in clams in Italy (with prevalence from 40 to 80%), there are no reports to date of its presence in Mediterranean mussels and of the effect on this species. For this study, histopathology, Ray’s Fluid Thioglycollate Medium (RFTM), and molecular diagnostics with conventional Polimerase Chain Reaction (PCR) and qPCR were performed. In samples from Italy, histopathology in the mussel from one farm revealed a prevalence of 26% in February 2019, 40% in February 2020, 16% in November 2020, and 23% in April 2021. In a natural bank, Perkinsus was also detected in May 2020 but in lower prevalence. In Spain, in July 2020, the presence of the parasite was 20% in one site and 10% in a second site and related to animal mortality. In both areas, Perkinsus sp. elicited multiple inflammatory capsules of different size or infiltrates at the level of the digestive gland and gonad. Molecular diagnostics of the Internal Transcriber Spacer (ITS) region of the rDNA (ITS1, 5.8S, and ITS2) showed a 97% similarity of P. olseni from Italy with samples from New Zealand, Australia, and Uruguay and in bivalves such as Pitar rostrata, Astrovenus sp. , and Haliotis sp. , whereas in Spain the identity was 99% samples from South Korean venerids such as Anadara granosa. Phylogenetic analysis group together P. olseni from Italian and Spanish mussels but place them distant from other P. olseni described in the clams from Europe (Italy, France, and Spain). Direct impact of transboundary animal diseases in aquaculture constitutes a serious consequence for export living animals and their products, as well for international trade. This compromises food security, also causing a high socioeconomic impact on aquaculture exporting nations. P. olseni is a generalist pathogen able to infect different bivalve species, possibly passing from clams to oysters and mussels. Recognized international organizations should take this into account in the view of possible cross-infection. Other studies are needed to define pathogen virulence in this species.
CCPSO Based on PCA for Large-Scale Optimization Problem

This paper proposed a cooperative coevolving particle swarm optimization base on principal component analysis (PCA-CCPSO) algorithm for large-scale and complex problem. In this algorithm, PCA are used to pick up the available particles which gathered the important information of the initialized particles for CCPSO. The Cauchy and Gaussian distributions are used to update the position of the particles and the coevolving subcomponent size of the particles is determined dynamically. The experimental results demonstrate that the convergence speed of PCA-CCPSO is faster than that of CCPSO in solving the large-scale and complex multimodal optimization problems.
On (*, ∼)-Green's Relations and Ortho-lc-Monoids

An ortho-lc-monoid is a generalized orthogroup within the class of rpp semigroups. In this article, after giving some important properties of r-ample semigroups and super-r-ample semigroups, some structure theorems of ortho-lc-monoids are established, and several special cases are considered. The main techniques that we use in the study are the (*, ∼)-Green's relations and semispined product of semigroups.
Constructing analytically tractable ensembles of stochastic covariances with an application to financial data

In complex systems, crucial parameters are often subject to unpredictable changes in time. Climate, biological evolution and networks provide numerous examples for such non-stationarities. In many cases, improved statistical models are urgently called for. In a general setting, we study systems of correlated quantities which we refer to as amplitudes. We are interested in the case of non-stationarity covariances, which we model by stochastic covariances with a stationary distribution. We present a method to derive the distribution of the covariances from the distribution of the amplitudes. To ensure analytical tractability, we construct a properly deformed Wishart ensemble of random matrices. We apply our method to financial returns where large amounts of data are available. The ensemble that we find is characterized by an algebraic distribution which improves the understanding of large events.
THE USE OF CORRELATION IN LARGE SAMPLES

The asymptotic relative efficiency of Kendall's and Spearman's coefficients of rank correlation are considered for samples from a bivariate normal distribution and comments are made on the calculation of their variances. For large samples it is suggested that one should use mean values of the coefficients calculated by splitting the sample into a fairly large number of smaller samples. This reduces the amount of calculation required and the asymptotic relative efficiency of this procedure is found both for ρ= 0 and ρ≠ 0.
Short Physical Performance Battery reliability and validity in adults with mild to moderate intellectual disability

ABSTRACT Background People with intellectual disability have poor balance skills and greater fall risk. The Short Physical Performance Battery (SPPB) provides comprehensive information on functional status and can predict fall risk. However, the reliability and validity of the SPPB have not been evaluated in people with intellectual disability. Methods Seventy-eight adults with intellectual disability were assessed using the SPPB twice. Reliability was analysed with intraclass correlation coefficient and validity was assessed against the Timed Up & Go (TUG) test and the stabilometric test using Spearman’s rho. Results Reliability was moderate to high in all SPPB components except for the semi-tandem and full tandem positions. The SPPB summary score indicated moderate test–retest reliability and showed mostly significant moderate associations with the TUG and poor agreement with the stabilometric test. Conclusions The SPPB summary score indicated high internal consistency, moderate reliability, and moderate validity when applied to adults with intellectual disability.
Novel SNR determination method in parallel MRI

We devised two kinds of new methods for accurate measurement of the image signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) in parallel magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) because image noise of the parallel MRI was not spatially constant. Using the first (Consecutive) method, more than fifty consecutive scans of the uniform phantom were obtained with identical scan parameters. Then the SNRs in each pixel were calculated from the ratio of mean signal intensity to the standard deviation of the time domain on a pixel-by-pixel. With the second (Remove) method, the phantom was removed after the first scan, and the second scan was done with identical parameters and the RF coil loading device. The SNRs in each pixel were then obtained from the ratio of the signal intensity of the first scan to the second scan (w/o phantom) image which was multiplied by the square root of 2/pi and filtered by the running mean (7 by 7 pixels). Moreover, actual geometry factors were calculated from image SNRs of parallel and no parallel MRI. The image SNR and actual geometry factor of parallel MRI with the Consecutive method agreed with that of the Remove method. The SNRs of the no parallel MRI with the above two methods conformed with that of the conventional SNR method (NEMA standard). Both new methods make it possible to obtain a more detailed determination of SNR in parallel MRI, and to calculate the actual geometry factor.
General Strategies for RNA X-ray Crystallography

An extremely small proportion of the X-ray crystal structures deposited in the Protein Data Bank are of RNA or RNA–protein complexes. This is due to three main obstacles to the successful determination of RNA structure: (1) low yields of pure, properly folded RNA; (2) difficulty creating crystal contacts due to low sequence diversity; and (3) limited methods for phasing. Various approaches have been developed to address these obstacles, such as native RNA purification, engineered crystallization modules, and incorporation of proteins to assist in phasing. In this review, we will discuss these strategies and provide examples of how they are used in practice.
Relation of GRACE Risk Score to Coronary Lipid Core Plaques in Patients with Acute Coronary Syndrome

The GRACE risk score is established to predict thrombotic events in patients with acute coronary syndrome (ACS). Although thrombotic events including myocardial infarction after ACS are mainly attributable to vulnerable plaque formation, whether the GRACE score correlates with coronary lipid-rich plaque is unclear. A total of 54 patients with ACS undergoing primary percutaneous coronary intervention under near-infrared spectroscopy intravascular ultrasound (NIRS-IVUS) guidance were included in a prospective manner. Patients were divided into two groups according to the median of the GRACE risk score. Coronary lipid plaques in the target vessel were assessed by NIRS-IVUS with lipid core burden index (LCBI) and a maximum LCBI in 4 mm (maxLCBI4mm). The receiver operating characteristics (ROC) curve analysis was performed based on the major adverse cardiovascular events as an exploratory analysis. The GRACE risk score was significantly and positively correlated with LCBI (r = 0.31, p = 0.03) and maxLCBI4mm (r = 0.38, p = 0.006). LCBI (111.7 ± 85.7 vs. 169.0 ± 83.5, p = 0.02) and maxLCBI4mm (428.5 ± 227.1 vs. 600.6 ± 227.7, p = 0.009) in the target vessel were significantly higher in the high GRACE risk score group than their counterpart. In the ROC curve analysis, LCBI and maxLCBI4mm were predictive for clinical events. In conclusion, the higher GRACE risk score may serve as a discriminator of risk comprising more lipid-rich plaques as an underlying mechanism of an increased risk of thrombotic events after ACS. In patients with ACS, the higher GRACE risk score was significantly and modestly associated with greater coronary lipid plaques in the target vessel.