Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
The Zygomaticotemporal Branch of the Trigeminal Nerve: An Anatomical Study

This study was conducted to determine the site of emergence of the zygomaticotemporal branch of the trigeminal nerve from the temporalis muscle and to identify the number of its accessory branches and their locations. A pilot study, conducted on the same number of patients, concluded that the main zygomaticotemporal branch emerges from the deep temporal fascia at a point on average 17 mm lateral and 6 mm cephalad to the lateral palpebral commissure, commonly referred to as the lateral canthus. These measurements, however, were obtained after dissection of the temporal area, rendering the findings less reliable. The current study included 20 consecutive patients, 19 women and one man, between the ages of 26 and 85 years, with an average age of 47.6 years. Those who had a history of previous trauma or surgery in the temple area were excluded. Before the start of the endoscopic forehead procedure, the likely topographic site of the zygomaticotemporal branch was marked 17 mm lateral and 6 mm cephalad to the lateral orbital commissure on the basis of the information extrapolated from the pilot study. The surface mark was then transferred to the deeper layers using a 25-gauge needle stained with brilliant green. After endoscopic exposure of the marked site, the distance between the main branch of the trigeminal nerve or its accessory branches and the tattoo mark was measured in posterolateral and cephalocaudal directions. In addition, the number and locations of the accessory branches of the trigeminal nerve were recorded. On the left side, the average distance of the emergence site of the main zygomaticotemporal branch of the trigeminal nerve from the palpebral fissure was 16.8 mm (range, 12 to 31 mm) in the posterolateral direction and an average of 6.4 mm (range, 4 to 11 mm) in the cephalad direction. On the right side, the average measurements for the main branch were 17.1 mm (range, 15 to 21 mm) in the lateral direction and 6.65 mm (range, 5 to 11 mm) in the cephalic direction. Three types of accessory branches were found in relation to the main branch: (1) accessory branch cephalad, (2) accessory branch lateral, and (3) accessory branches in the immediate vicinity of the main branch. This anatomical information has proven colossally helpful in injection of botulinum toxin A in the temporalis muscle to eliminate the trigger sites in the parietotemporal region and surgical management of migraine headaches triggered from this zone.
Processing Mutual Nearest Neighbor Queries for Moving Object Trajectories

Given a set of trajectories D, a query object (point or trajectory) q, and a query interval T, a mutual (i.e., symmetric) nearest neighbor (MNN) query over trajectories finds from D within T, the set of trajectories that are among the k1 nearest neighbors (NNs) of q, and meanwhile, have q as one of their k2 NNs. This type of queries considers proximity of q to the trajectories and the proximity of the trajectories to q, which is useful in many applications (e.g., decision making, data mining, pattern recognition, etc.). In this paper, we first formalize MNN query and identify some problem characteristics, and then develop two algorithms to process MNN queries efficiently. In particular, we thoroughly investigate two classes of queries, viz. MNNP and MNNT queries, which are defined w.r. t. stationary query points and moving query trajectories, respectively. Our techniques utilize the advantages of batch processing and reusing technology to reduce the I/O (i.e., number of node/page accesses) and CPU costs significantly. Extensive experiments demonstrate the efficiency and scalability of our proposed algorithms using both real and synthetic datasets.
Context-dependency of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi on plant-insect interactions in an agroecosystem

Plants interact with a variety of other community members that have the potential to indirectly influence each other through a shared host plant. Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) are generally considered plant mutualists because of their generally positive effects on plant nutrient status and growth. AMF may also have important indirect effects on plants by altering interactions with other community members. By influencing plant traits, AMF can modify aboveground interactions with both mutualists, such as pollinators, and antagonists, such as herbivores. Because herbivory and pollination can dramatically influence plant fitness, comprehensive assessment of plant–AMF interactions should include these indirect effects. To determine how AMF affect plant–insect interactions, we grew Cucumis sativus (Cucurbitaceae) under five AMF inoculum treatments and control. We measured plant growth, floral production, flower size, and foliar nutrient content of half the plants, and transferred the other half to a field setting to measure pollinator and herbivore preference of wild insects. Mycorrhizal treatment had no effect on plant biomass or floral traits but significantly affected leaf nutrients, pollinator behavior, and herbivore attack. Although total pollinator visitation did not vary with AMF treatment, pollinators exhibited taxon-specific responses, with honey bees, bumble bees, and Lepidoptera all responding differently to AMF treatments. Flower number and size were unaffected by treatments, suggesting that differences in pollinator preference were driven by other floral traits. Mycorrhizae influenced leaf K and Na, but these differences in leaf nutrients did not correspond to variation in herbivore attack. Overall, we found that AMF indirectly influence both antagonistic and mutualistic insects, but impacts depend on the identity of both the fungal partner and the interacting insect, underscoring the context-dependency of plant–AMF interactions.
Challenges in the Laboratory Diagnosis and Management of Dengue Infections

Dengue fever is considered the most important arthropod-borne viral diseases in terms of morbidity and mortality. An accurate and efficient diagnosis of dengue plays an important role in case confirmation. The virus may be isolated during the viremic phase (within day 5 of illness), from serum, plasma and peripheral blood mononuclear cells. Enzyme linked immunoassay (ELISA) has demonstrated the presence of high levels of dengue NS1 antigen and tests may be performed by enzyme-immunoassays (EIAs) or immune-chromatographic (ICT) methods. These assays are specific with respect to different flaviviruses. Conventional and real time RT PCR, nested PCR, multiplex PCR and Nucleic acid sequence based amplification (NASBA) have been described as sensitive and relatively rapid method of detecting the virus during the early viremic phase. Other tests used include assay of anti-dengue specific IgM and IgG ELISA. Currently no curative treatment in terms of anti-viral drugs is available for dengue and patients are managed with rest and aggressive supportive therapy. Management may be done at home or in the hospital depending on the severity of the illness. Hospital management includes fluid therapy, blood component transfusion and other modalities of treatments like steroids, recombinant factor VII and management of complications. Various vaccines are in trial stages and may become available in the near future.
Efficacy of a Monthly Compared to 3-Monthly Depot GnRH Analogue (Goserelin) in the Treatment of Children with Central Precocious Puberty

Aims: To compare the efficacy of goserelin 10.8 mg (Zoladex LA – ZLA) administered 9–12 weekly with 3.6 mg (Zoladex – Z) given monthly in suppressing pubertal development, and effect on body mass index (BMI). Methods: Children with central precocious puberty (CPP) treated with Z (n = 34) or ZLA (n = 28) were studied retrospectively. Pubertal scores and BMI SDS during 24 months’ treatment were compared. Results: To attain adequate pubertal suppression, more patients on ZLA than Z required increase in injection frequency (p = 0.02) and this was so for 7/8 patients with a structural aetiology for CPP on ZLA and 2/8 on Z. A greater proportion of patients on ZLA had BMI >+2 SDS before (p = 0.05), and at 18 and 24 months (p = 0.02 and 0.04). BMI SDS transiently increased during the first 6 months on ZLA (p = 0.04). Conclusion: Both Z and ZLA were effective in suppressing puberty. To achieve adequate suppression, increased injection frequency was more likely with ZLA than Z, and particularly in patients with structural defects. Children with CPP had an elevated BMI at the onset of therapy and ZLA had a transient positive influence on BMI.
An approach to chaotic synchronization.

This paper deals with the chaotic oscillator synchronization. An approach to the synchronization of chaotic oscillators has been proposed. This approach is based on the analysis of different time scales in the time series generated by the coupled chaotic oscillators. It has been shown that complete synchronization, phase synchronization, lag synchronization, and generalized synchronization are the particular cases of the synchronized behavior called "time-scale synchronization. " The quantitative measure of chaotic oscillator synchronous behavior has been proposed. This approach has been applied for the coupled Rössler systems and two coupled Chua's circuits.
Adaptation of colonic fermentation and glucagon-like peptide-1 secretion with increased wheat fibre intake for 1 year in hyperinsulinaemic human subjects

High cereal fibre intake is associated with reduced risk for type 2 diabetes, but wheat fibre had little or no effect on glycaemic control or oral glucose tolerance in clinical trials lasting 4–12 weeks. To explain this discrepancy, we hypothesised that colonic adaptation to increased wheat fibre intake takes many months but eventually results in increased SCFA production and glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) secretion. Thus, the primary objective was to determine the time-course of the effects of increased wheat fibre intake on plasma acetate, butyrate and GLP-1 concentrations in hyperinsulinaemic human subjects over 1 year. Subjects with fasting plasma insulin ≥ 40 pmol/l were randomly assigned by computer to receive either a high-wheat fibre cereal (fibre group; 24 g fibre/d; twenty assigned; six dropped out, fourteen included) or a low-fibre cereal (control group; twenty assigned; six dropped-out, fourteen included) daily for 1 year. Acetate, butyrate and GLP-1 were measured during 8 h metabolic profiles performed every 3 months. There were no differences in body weight in the fibre group compared with the control group. After 9 months baseline-adjusted mean 8 h acetate and butyrate concentrations were higher on the high-fibre than the control cereal (P < 0·05). After 12 months on the high-fibre cereal, baseline-adjusted mean plasma GLP-1 was 1·3 (95 % CI 0·4, 2·2) pmol/l (P < 0·05) higher than at baseline (about 25 % increase) and 1·4 (95 % CI 0·1, 2·7) pmol/l (P < 0·05) higher than after 12 months on control. It is concluded that wheat fibre increased SCFA production and GLP-1 secretion in hyperinsulinaemic humans, but these effects took 9–12 months to develop. Since GLP-1 may increase insulin sensitivity and secretion, these results may provide a mechanism for the epidemiological association between high cereal fibre intake and reduced risk for diabetes.
Triangulated Irregular Network Model from Mass Points

Digital Terrain Modeling, the Triangulated Irregular Network (TIN) is a representation of a surface derived from irregularly spaced sample points and break line features. Paper deals with the basic concept of Delauney’s triangulation method with its practical approach in ArcGIS. The next section describes the process to convert mass points to TIN model and explores some of the basics of TIN Model with their data structure. The last section gives clear idea about its advantages and disadvantages over grid based model.
Spatial Epidemiology: Current Approaches and Future Challenges

Spatial epidemiology is the description and analysis of geographic variations in disease with respect to demographic, environmental, behavioral, socioeconomic, genetic, and infectious risk factors. We focus on small-area analyses, encompassing disease mapping, geographic correlation studies, disease clusters, and clustering. Advances in geographic information systems, statistical methodology, and availability of high-resolution, geographically referenced health and environmental quality data have created unprecedented new opportunities to investigate environmental and other factors in explaining local geographic variations in disease. They also present new challenges. Problems include the large random component that may predominate disease rates across small areas. Though this can be dealt with appropriately using Bayesian statistics to provide smooth estimates of disease risks, sensitivity to detect areas at high risk is limited when expected numbers of cases are small. Potential biases and confounding, particularly due to socioeconomic factors, and a detailed understanding of data quality are important. Data errors can result in large apparent disease excess in a locality. Disease cluster reports often arise nonsystematically because of media, physician, or public concern. One ready means of investigating such concerns is the replication of analyses in different areas based on routine data, as is done in the United Kingdom through the Small Area Health Statistics Unit (and increasingly in other European countries, e.g., through the European Health and Environment Information System collaboration). In the future, developments in exposure modeling and mapping, enhanced study designs, and new methods of surveillance of large health databases promise to improve our ability to understand the complex relationships of environment to health.
High strain rate mechanical characterization of trabecular bone utilizing the split-Hopkinson pressure bar technique

The split-Hopkinson pressure bar (SHPB) technique has been in use in one form or another for more than fifty years and has recently gained a great deal of attention for its ability to characterize materials such as metals, plastics, and even stiff foams at strain rates of up to 10 5 sec-1 . Historically, however, numerous obstacles have stood in the way of applying this technique to softer biological tissues. This study is aimed at bridging this gap by employing various innovations in the field of split-Hopkinson pressure bar techniques (including hollow aluminum and solid polymeric pressure bars) to the characterization of trabecular bone. A preliminary study is conducted on a polyurea (PU) blend to assess the advantages and shortcomings of these approaches, as well as to validate the results obtained with each. Bovine trabecular bone with marrow in-situ, which was chosen for its ability to be tested with a wide spectrum of techniques, is then characterized with the selected techniques at rates of up to 1300 s-1 and strains of 0.07. The results are presented for each technique in the form of engineering stress vs. engineering strain curves. Average trend curves are also provided. Unfortunately, many of the samples were too damaged to allow for accurate measurement of apparent density. Consequently, a study into the effect of density on high strain rate responses is left as future work. Recommendations are made for increasing the strain imposed on the samples and suggestions for future studies on both trabecular bone and softer biological tissues are put forward. Thesis Supervisor: Simona Socrate Title: Assistant Professor of Mechanical Engineering
Introduction to Analysis of Cardiac Development: From Embryo to Old Age

This volume, the result of three days of interactive sessions amongworld leaders in the cardiac sciences, summarizes the mostup-to-date information about development and cardiogenesissignaling in cell-based therapy, as well as developmental aspectsof the formation of the embryonic heart, including the effect ofmechanical load on differentiation. Other topics covered include: signaling and repair strategies,cell and gene therapy for the treatment of postmyocardialinfarction, signaling, vascularization methods in engineeringembryonic cardiac tissue, and molecular methods to improve survivalof human embryonic stem cell derived cardiomyocytes;developmental and evolutional cardiology; novel strategies fortreatment of atrial fibrillation and channel molecular physiologyin remodeling and hypertrophy; multiscale modeling for metabolismand flows, including force development, mechanics of cardiaccontraction, and ATP supply and demand aspects; aging,interactions, and interference aspects includefibroblast-myocyte-capillary communications, nonuniformities incontraction, calcium channels as oxygen sensors, and epigenetics ofheart failure; and macroscale phenomena and clinical aspects,including various clinical aspects of modern cardiology such asnavigation methods for cardiac interventions and control of cardiacfunction by changes in energetic demand. NOTE: Annals volumes are available for sale as individual booksor as a journal. For information on institutional journalsubscriptions, please visit www.blackwellpublishing. com/nyas. ACADEMY MEMBERS: Please contact the New York Academy of Sciencesdirectly to place your order (www.nyas.org). Members of the NewYork Academy of Science receive full-text access to the Annalsonline and discounts on print volumes. Please visit http://www.nyas. org/MemberCenter/Join.aspxfor more information about becoming a member.
Temporal Dynamics of Interferon Gamma Responses in Children Evaluated for Tuberculosis

Background Development of T-cells based-Interferon gamma (IFNγ) assays has offered new possibilities for the diagnosis of latent tuberculosis infection (LTBI) and active disease in adults. Few studies have been performed in children, none in France. With reference to the published data on childhood TB epidemiology in the Paris and Ile de France Region, we considered it important to evaluate the performance of IGRA (QuantiFERON TB Gold In Tube®, QF-TB-IT) in the diagnosis and the follow-up through treatment of LTBI and active TB in a cohort of French children. Methodology/Principal Findings 131 children were recruited during a prospective and multicentre study (October 2005 and May 2007; Ethical Committee St Louis Hospital, Paris, study number 2005/32). Children were sampled at day 0, 10, 30, 60 (except Healthy Contacts, HC) and 90 for LTBI and HC, and a further day 120, and day 180 for active TB children. Median age was 7.4 years, with 91% of the children BCG vaccinated. LTBI and active TB children undergoing therapy produced significant higher IFNγ values after 10 days of treatment (p = 0.035). In addition, IFNγ values were significantly lower at the end of treatment compared to IFNγ values at day 0, although the number of positive patients was not significantly different between day 0 and end of treatment. Conclusions/ Significance By following quantitative IFNγ values in each enrolled child with LTBI or active TB and receiving treatment, we were able to detect an increase in the IFNγ response at day 10 of treatment which might allow the confirmation of a diagnosis. In addition, a decline in IFNγ values during treatment makes it possible for clinicians to monitor the effect of preventive or curative therapy.
Significant increase of flow kinetic energy in “nonresponders” patients to cardiac resynchronization therapy

It's still unclear if different patterns of intraventricular flow dynamics may be detected in patients nonresponders to cardiac resynchronization therapy (CRT) as compared to responders ones. Aim of this study was to evaluate the characteristics of left ventricular (LV) flow dynamics 6‐months after CRT to identify Echo‐particle imaging velocity (PIV) patterns were more frequently detected in nonresponders patients.
Information Decomposition and Synergy

Recently, a series of papers addressed the problem of decomposing the information of two random variables into shared information, unique information and synergistic information. Several measures were proposed, although still no consensus has been reached. Here, we compare these proposals with an older approach to define synergistic information based on the projections on exponential families containing only up to k-th order interactions. We show that these measures are not compatible with a decomposition into unique, shared and synergistic information if one requires that all terms are always non-negative (local positivity). We illustrate the difference between the two measures for multivariate Gaussians.
FINE STRUCTURE OF MEMBRANOUS AND MICROFIBRILLAR SYSTEMS IN THE CORTEX OF PARAMECIUM CAUDATUM

An electron microscope study of the cortex of Paramecium caudatum has revealed new details pertinent to several unresolved problems. The lateral boundaries of the alveoli do not regularly follow the crests of the polygonal ridges and thus their staining with silver cannot account for the external lattice seen by light microscopists. A granulo-fibrillar material is present, however, within the peaks of the ridges, which would account for the external lattice if so stained. Perforations are present between adjacent alveoli which make the whole mosaic of alveolar sacs within the cell's cortex continuous—both the membranes and the lumen. A microfibrillar system exhibiting a cross-striated pattern lies in the superficial cortex. These bands are inserted at their ends in the epiplasm and have a fine structure and arrangement suggesting a muscular function. The infraciliary lattice is a branching system of fibers with electron-opaque posts at the center of each branching locus. This system is distinct from the striated bands in morphology and in space. The epiplasm is discontinuous along the crests of the ridges, which may account for the pellicles' disposition to tear along these lines. A three-dimensional drawing is presented to show the interrelationships between the above membranous and microfibrillar systems.
Epidemiologic aspects of leptospirosis.

MORE than 70 years have passed since Weil first described several cases of leptospirosis in humans although he had no knowledge of the etiologic agent. In 1905, Stimson, in New Orleans, first observed leptospires in kidney sections from a patient believed to have died of yellow fever. A few years later (1915) pathogenic leptospires were isolated first from patients with Weil's disease in Japan by Inada et al. and independently in Germany by Uhlenhuth and Fromme in the same year. About the same time the Japanese workers found that the rat (Rattus norvegicus) is a carrier of Leptospira icterohemorrhagiae. Since this early work, extensive investigations have shown that leptospirosis occurs in humans and animals in all parts of the world and is not a single disease but a group of diseases caused by a variety of leptospiral serotypes. Possible explanations for the wide distribution of these diseases may be (1) that they are insidious infections which have appeared gradually and become established almost unnoticed, or (2) that they have been present for many years and remained largely undetected because of the variable masking symptoms and the problems associated with laboratory diagnosis. Although considerable attention has been directed toward studies of leptospiral infections by European and Asian investigators since the early 1930's much of our knowledge regarding the epidemiology, public health importance and distribution of these diseases in the United States has been gained only during the past decade. The epidemiology of the leptospiroses has been shown to follow a characteristic pattern based, in part, upon the fact that they are zoonoses, diseases transmitted from animal to animal and from animal to human.