Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Demonstration and Comparison of Sequential Approaches to Data Assimilation in HYCOM

Abstract : A broad partnership of institutions is collaborating in developing and demonstrating the performance and application of eddy-resolving, real-time global and basin-scale ocean prediction systems using the HYbrid Coordinate Ocean Model (HYCOM). These systems are to be transitioned for operational use by the U.S. Navy at both the Naval Oceanographic Office (NAVOCEANO), Stennis Space Center, MS, and the Fleet Numerical Meteorology and Oceanography Center (FNMOC), Monterey, CA, and by NOAA at the National Centers for Environmental Prediction (NCEP), Washington, D.C. The systems will run efficiently on a variety of massively parallel computers and will include sophisticated, but relatively inexpensive, data assimilation techniques for assimilation of satellite altimeter sea surface height (SSH) and sea surface temperature (SST) as well as in-situ temperature, salinity, and float displacement. The partnership represents a truly broad spectrum of the oceanographic community, bringing together academia, federal agencies, and industry/commercial entities, spanning modeling, data assimilation, data management and serving, observational capabilities, and application of HYCOM prediction system outputs. The institutions participating in this Partnership have long histories of supporting and carrying out a wide range of oceanographic and ocean prediction-related research and data management. All institutions are committed to validating an operational hybrid-coordinate ocean model that combines the strengths of the vertical coordinates used in the present generation of ocean models by placing them where they perform best.
Assessment of the capacity of slow sand filtration to eliminate Cryptosporidium oocysts

Decimal Elimination Capacity (DEC) of the slow sand filters of the Dutch drinking water Companies was assessed; first by literature review, followed by evaluation of the removal of environmental spores of sulphite-reducing clostridia (SSRC) and small-sized centric diatoms (SSCD) as surrogates. Because these data were not conclusive, additional dosing experiments were performed on laboratory and pilot plant scale. These experiments confirmed the high DEC-values for Cryptosporidium (4.7 log or more) described in literature. The results also showed that the DEC of these filters for persistent organisms can be influenced by long term accumulation and delayed breakthrough. Assessment of the spatial distribution of retained oocysts in the pilot filter showed a significant reduction of oocyst concentration over time. The sand contained a high concentration of zooplankton and on the basis of literature data it was concluded that the oocyst reduction was most likely caused by predation. Predation will be subject for further research. In conclusion slow sand filters have a high DEC for Cryptosporidium and most likely the risk of oocyst accumulation and breakthrough in biologically active and well constructed and well operated slow sand filters is low. Additionally, SSRC and SSCD are no good surrogates to assess the capacity of these filters to remove protozoan oocysts.
A spatio-temporal process data model for characterizing marine disasters

Marine disasters are a more prevalent problem in China than in many other countries. Based on the development of a status quo of China's marine disaster the space-time process model is used. The model uses the ocean's temperature field, salinity field, water density field, surface wind field, wave field and other four-dimensional spatio-temporal quantities. This paper studies that model in detail. This study aims at using the theory to provide support during marine disasters in an effort to prevent or decrease their frequency in the future.
Evidence for Block Rotations and Basal Shear in the World's Fastest Slipping Continental Shear Zone in Nw New Guinea

Global Positioning System measurements from 1991 to 1997 reveal that the Bird’s Head region of eastern Indonesia moves at 75 to 80 mm/a relative to northern Australia along a continental shear zone that may be as wide as 300 kilometers. The estimated slip rate across the shear zone is twice as fast as any other found in a continent yet the shear zone contributes little to the seismic moment release in the region. Movements of points outside the deforming zone suggest simple shear across the zone while some points within the shear zone show significant velocities normal to the edges, consistent with deformation accommodated at least in part by rotating blocks rather than solely by sub-parallel strikeslip faults. A simple analysis of the possible forces acting on the Bird’s Head continental block suggests that it may be driven by basal drag from the Pacific plate sliding beneath it.
Groundwater Prediction Analysis for Sustainable Development in Okeigbo, Southwestern Nigeria: A GIS supported AHP Approach

Multi-criteria decision analysis with GIS-supported Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP) has been undertaken in Okeigbo, Southwestern Nigeria to predict the hydrogeologic significance of the aquifers and in relation to the geologic units; quartzite, quartz schist, and metadiorite. Six parameters of higher hydrogeologic importance were pairwise and weighted respectively: AQT-aquifer layer thickness (0.07), AQR-aquifer layer resistivity (0.16), OVT-overburden thickness (0.10), TR-transverse resistance (0.20), TMY-transmissivity (0.26), CoA-coefficient of anisotropy (0.22). Subsequently, the GWPIV ranged from metadiorite 1.08 (weathered/fracture aquifer)–quartz schist 3.55 (weathered aquifer) with an average of 2.35 indicating moderate groundwater potential. The low, moderate, and high zones constituted 25%, 55%, and 20% respectively of the study area. The high potential zone is prominent in the mid-central and north central parts. Conclusively, the quartz schist and quartzite areas showed better prolificacy than metadioritic environment. But in terms of protective capacity of the aquifers, the longitudinal unit conductance recorded weak regional average of 0.19396 mhos, with quartzite (0.33444 mhos) and quartz schist (0.15218 mhos); and metadiorite recorded 0.1208 mhos, hence metadiorite being the most vulnerable environment. The water table aquifer and the fracture basement are the major water bearing units in the area. The drainage basin falls within the low–moderate regional drainage basins, with moderate to high flow connectivity and low–moderate flow direction. Thus, there’s possibility of movement of water towards the northern part (discharged zone) with the southern area forming the watershed.
Sea Level Change Through the Last Glacial Cycle

Sea level change during the Quaternary is primarily a consequence of the cyclic growth and decay of ice sheets, resulting in a complex spatial and temporal pattern. Observations of this variability provide constraints on the timing, rates, and magnitudes of the changes in ice mass during a glacial cycle, as well as more limited information on the distribution of ice between the major ice sheets at any time. Observations of glacially induced sea level changes also provide information on the response of the mantle to surface loading on time scales of 103 to 105 years. Regional analyses indicate that the earth-response function is depth dependent as well as spatially variable. Comprehensive models of sea level change enable the migration of coastlines to be predicted during glacial cycles, including the anthropologically important period from about 60,000 to 20,000 years ago.
Structural insights into the activation of ataxia-telangiectasia mutated by oxidative stress

Ataxia-telangiectasia mutated (ATM) is a master kinase regulating DNA damage response that is activated by DNA double-strand breaks. However, ATM is also directly activated by reactive oxygen species, but how oxidative activation is achieved remains unknown. We determined the cryo-EM structure of an H2O2-activated ATM and showed that under oxidizing conditions, ATM formed an intramolecular disulfide bridge between two protomers that are rotated relative to each other when compared to the basal state. This rotation is accompanied by release of the substrate-blocking PRD region and twisting of the N-lobe relative to the C-lobe, which greatly optimizes catalysis. This active site remodeling enabled us to capture a substrate (p53) bound to the enzyme. This provides the first structural insights into how ATM is activated during oxidative stress.
Validation of the WRF model for PWV forecasting at the Roque de los Muchachos Observatory

The atmospheric Precipitable Water Vapour content (PWV) is crucial for astronomical observations in the infrared. In this work, we have validated the Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) mesoscale numerical model as an operational tool for PWV at Roque de los Muchachos astronomical Observatory (ORM). We used radiosonde data obtained directly at the Observatory and at the sea level. An excellent agreement between PWV model forecasts and observations was found at both verification points with a correlation above 0.9.
The Regional Forest Agreement and the use of publicly owned native forests in Tasmania : an investigation into key decision making processes, policies, outcomes and opportunities

The Tasmanian Regional Forest Agreement is a defining policy tool that governs the use and management of the publicly owned native forests positioned at the centre of one of the most protracted and conflict-ridden debates over natural resource management in Australia's history. Drawing on multi-disciplinary discourses and data, and employing a qualitative approach including interviews with prominent participants in the RFA process and implementation, this thesis examines key aspects of the conflict, positions Tasmania's forestry system within a national and global environmental policy context, and undertakes a critical analysis of the scientific, political and governance processes and outcomes generated by the Tasmanian Regional Forest Agreement. It finds that the management of Tasmania's publicly owned native forests is still a contested issue and that, despite some successes, the RFA has largely failed to provide the anticipated win-win solutions to Tasmania's forest conflict.
MODEL‐BASED STACK: A METHOD FOR CONSTRUCTING AN ACCURATE ZERO‐OFFSET SECTION FOR COMPLEX OVERBURDENS1

The interpretation of stacked time sections can produce a correct geological image of the earth in cases when the stack represents a true zero-offset section. This assumption is not valid in the presence of conflicting dips or strong lateral velocity variations. We present a method for constructing a relatively accurate zero-offset section. We refer to this method as model-based stack (MBS), and it is based on the idea of stacking traces within CMP gathers along actual traveltime curves, and not along hyperbolic trajectories as it is done in a conventional stacking process. These theoretical curves are calculated for each CMP gather by tracing rays through a velocity-depth model. The last can be obtained using one of the methods for macromodel estimation. In this study we use the coherence inversion method for the estimation of the macromodel since it has the advantage of not requiring prestack traveltime picking. The MBS represents an accurate zero-offset section in cases where the estimated macromodel is correct. Using the velocity–depth macromodel, the structural inversion can be completed by post-stack depth migration of the MBS.
Input shaping control of a three‐cable suspension manipulator

A multi‐cable suspension manipulator moves a heavy payload through a large workspace by several spatially arranged cables with winches mounted on a crane system. All actuators are independently controllable to achieve a desired position and orientation of the payload with six degrees of freedom in space. As the payload is not fully constrained by the length of the cables, undesired load sway occurs. To transition the payload between predefined stationary equilibrium points, a feedforward control concept based on the input shaping method is presented. For the determination of the natural frequencies and damping ratios required for the design of an input shaper, a nonlinear dynamic model is linearised around a varying equilibrium point by an efficient procedure. The occurring kinematic actuator redundancy is resolved by optimisation. Experimental results from the prototype three‐cable suspension manipulator Cablev confirm the effectiveness of the approach.
Music emotion representation based on non-negative matrix factorization algorithm and user label information

Music emotion representation learning forms the foundation of user emotion recognition, addressing the challenges posed by the vast volume of digital music data and the scarcity of emotion annotation data. This article introduces a novel music emotion representation model, leveraging the nonnegative matrix factorization algorithm (NMF) to derive emotional embeddings of music by utilizing user-generated listening lists and emotional labels. This approach facilitates emotion recognition by positioning music within the emotional space. Furthermore, a dedicated music emotion recognition algorithm is formulated, alongside the proposal of a user emotion recognition model, which employs similarity-weighted calculations to obtain user emotion representations. Experimental findings demonstrate the method’s convergence after a mere 400 iterations, yielding a remarkable 47.62% increase in F1 value across all emotion classes. In practical testing scenarios, the comprehensive accuracy rate of user emotion recognition attains an impressive 52.7%, effectively discerning emotions within seven emotion categories and accurately identifying users’ emotional states.
Curing process monitoring of polymeric composites with Gramian angular field and transfer learning-boosted convolutional neural networks

Continuous and accurate monitoring of the degree of curing (DoC) is essential for ensuring the structural integrity of fabricated composites during service. Although machine learning (ML) has shown effectiveness in DoC monitoring, its generalization and extendibility are limited when applied to other curing-related scenarios not included in the previous learning process. To break through this bottleneck, we propose a novel DoC monitoring approach that utilizes transfer learning (TL)-boosted convolutional neural networks alongside Gramian angular field-based imaging processing. The effectiveness of the proposed approach is validated through experiments on metal/polymeric composite co-bonded structures and carbon fiber reinforced polymers using raw sensor data separately collected through the electromechanical impedance and fiber Bragg grating (FBG) measurements. Four indicators, accuracy, precision, recall, and F1-score are introduced to evaluate the performance of generalization and extendibility of the proposed approach. The indicator scores of the proposed approach exceed 0.9900 and outperform other conventional ML algorithms on the FBG dataset of the target domain, demonstrating the effectiveness of the proposed approach in reusing the pre-trained base model on the composite curing monitoring issues.
The contribution of horizontal sea-bed displacements into tsunami generation processes

The main reason for the generation of tsunamis is the deformation of the bottom of the ocean caused by an underwater earthquake. Usually, only the vertical bottom motion is taken into accound while the horizontal co-seismic displacements are neglected in the absence of landslides. In the present study we propose a novel methodology for reconstructing all components of the bottom coseismic displacements field. Then, the sea-bed motion is transmitted onto the free surface using a three-dimensional Weakly Nonlinear (WN) approach. We pay a special attention to the evolution of kinetic and potential energies of the resulting wave while the contribution of horizontal displacements into wave energy balance is also quantified. Approaches proposed in this study are illustrated on the July 17, 2006 Java tsunami and some more recent events.
Linear Earthwork, Tribal Boundary and Ritual Beheading: Aves Ditch from the Iron Age to the Early Middle Ages

Aves Ditch is one of the best-preserved and yet most enigmatic of the ancient monuments in Oxfordshire, and it has remained a landmark to the present day. For over three centuries scholars have wondered whether it is of pre-Roman, Roman or Anglo-Saxon origin, whether it was a road or a linear earthwork and, in the latter case, what function it may have served. It is also one of the least known of the county's visible archaeological features and is seldom referred to in popular or scholarly work on the history or archaeology of the region. Previously unpublished excavations of the 1930s and further work in the 1990s have contributed much to solving this enigma, and the present book provides the final report on these excavations. With contributions by Paul Booth, Patrick Erwin, Peter Hacking, Birgitta Hoffmann, Stephanie Knight and Mark Robinson.
Crop production in Ethiopia: Regional patterns and trends

Ethiopia’s crop agriculture is complex, involving substantial variation in crops grown across the country’s different regions and ecologies. Five major cereals (teff, wheat, maize, sorghum and barley) are the core of Ethiopia’s agriculture and food economy, accounting for about three-quarters of total area cultivated, 29 percent of agricultural GDP in 2005/06 (14 percent of total GDP) and 64 percent of calories consumed.1 There has been substantial growth in cereals, in terms of area cultivated, yields and production since 2000, but yields are low by international standards and overall production is highly susceptible to weather shocks, particularly droughts. Thus, both raising production levels and reducing its variability are essential aspects of improving food security in Ethiopia, both to help ensure adequate food availability, as well as to increase household incomes.
The diffusion of innovations in the presence of geography and media

Increasingly, the world we live in is digital, mobile, and online. As a consequence, many of your seemingly mundane actions are recorded, archived, and for the first time widely accessible to both the generators and curators of this information. From this fire hose of digital breadcrumbs, we can learn an enormous amount about ourselves as individuals and societies. Simple questions such as where we go, who we are meeting, and how we interact when we get there can be explored with incredibly high resolution and richness. Through new emiprical and analytic tools, we can leverage information generated from rapidly expanding online social networks, revealing the beautiful and often surprising complexity of everyday human behavior. We are able to harness data from millions of cell phone users to better understand how people move through cities, use roads, and interact with their neighbors. This thesis deals with quantifying, analyzing, and ultimately modeling sociotechnical systems. More specifically, it focuses on modeling the diffusion of innovations in time and space. While there has been much work examining the affects of social network structure on innovation adoption, models to date have lacked important features such as meta-populations reflecting real geography or influence from mass media forces. This thesis shows that these are features crucial to producing more accurate predictions of a social contagion and technology adoption at the city level. Using data from the adoption of the popular micro-blogging platform, Twitter, a model of adoption on a network is presented. The model places friendships in real geographic space and exposes individuals to mass media influence. Results show that homophily both amongst individuals with similar propensities to adopt a technology and geographic location is critical to reproduce features of real spatiotemporal adoption. Furthermore, estimates suggest that mass media was responsible for increasing Twitter’s user base two to four fold. To reflect this strength, traditional contagion models are extended to include an endogenous mass media agent that responds to those adopting an innovation as well as influencing agents to adopt themselves. The final chapter of this thesis addresses the future. The ubiquity of digital devices like mobile phones and tablets is opening rich new avenues of research. The massive
Selecting climate change scenarios using impact‐relevant sensitivities

Climate impact studies often require the selection of a small number of climate scenarios. Ideally, a subset would have simulations that both (1) appropriately represent the range of possible futures for the variable/s most important to the impact under investigation and (2) come from global climate models (GCMs) that provide plausible results for future climate in the region of interest. We demonstrate an approach to select a subset of GCMs that incorporates both concepts and provides insights into the range of climate impacts. To represent how an ecosystem process responds to projected future changes, we methodically sample, using a simple sensitivity analysis, how an ecosystem variable responds locally to projected regional temperature and precipitation changes. We illustrate our approach in the Pacific Northwest, focusing on (a) changes in streamflow magnitudes in critical seasons for water management and (b) changes in annual vegetation carbon.
The Incidence of Metabolic Syndrome in People Over 40 Years Old with Normal Fasting Plasma Glucose and the Predictive Cutoff Value of Effective Fasting Plasma Glucose for Metabolic Syndrome in Guiyang

Purpose This study aimed to investigate the incidence of metabolic syndrome (MS) in people over 40 years of age with normal blood glucose levels in Guiyang’s urban areas and determine the effective glycemic cutoff value for predicting MS. Methods The analysis was based on anthropometric and biochemical indicators of residents aged 40 years or older in urban areas of Guiyang City who participated in the “Epidemiological Study of Tumor Risk in Chinese Patients with Type 2 Diabetes” in 2011. This study included 3509 patients (2567 females and 942 males) with normal fasting plasma glucose (FPG) and no MS. Multivariate logistic regression was used to analyze the correlation between FPG and MS ROC was used to analyze the effective cutoff value of FPG for the incidence of MS. Results After 3-year follow-up, 675 patients had MS (567 females and 108 males). MS incidence in the total population was 19.24%, 11.46% in males, and 22.09% in females, and it increased with FPG. After multivariate logistic regression analysis, the risk of MS corresponding to FPG in females and males was OR=4.607,95% CI (3.477–6.105) and OR=2.944, 95% CI (1.785–4.855), respectively. ROC results demonstrated that FPG could predict the onset of MS (AUC: 0.720 in males and 0.666 in females). Conclusion Increased FPG correlated with the incidence of metabolic syndrome. Subjects with FPG in the normal range still had a high incidence of MS. The population cutoff value for predicting effective FPG for metabolic syndrome was 5.545 mmol/L in men and 5.605 mmol/L in women. Epidemiological investigations are needed to determine whether a lower FPG cutoff value is required to diagnose MS. FPG not only diagnoses diabetes but also serves as a cost-effective and convenient screening method for developing of MS in the general Chinese population.