Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Mixed-field-switching liquid crystal mode using in-plane and fringe fields self-adjusted by bottom floating electrode for transmittance enhancement

We demonstrate a liquid crystal (LC) mode switched by mixed electric fields of in-plane and fringe fields, which are self-adjusted by adopting a bottom floating electrode for enhanced electro-optical properties. In our LC mode structure, conventional in-plane switching (IPS) electrodes are formed as pixel electrodes and common electrodes on an insulating layer and floating electrodes that are patterned per the sub-pixels. When the areas of the pixel and common electrodes are identical, the voltage of the bottom floating electrode is spontaneously determined to be half the value of the pixel voltage, which ideally generates symmetric fringe fields with both pixel and common electrodes. Due to the in-plane fields additionally generated between the pixel and common electrodes, the proposed LC structure operates by mixed-field switching (MFS), which shows higher transmittance than fringe-field switching (FFS) and IPS LC modes. Transmittance of the conventional FFS and IPS LC modes is highly sensitive to the in-plane electrode’s width (w) and spacing (l) condition, but the proposed MFS LC mode shows good transmittance without degradation with large variations of the in-plane electrode’s spacing-to-width ratio (l/w).
The Global Space-Based Inter-Calibration System

The Global Space-based Inter-Calibration System (GSICS) is a new international program to assure the comparability of satellite measurements taken at different times and locations by different instruments operated by different satellite agencies. Sponsored by the World Meteorological Organization and the Coordination Group for Meteorological Satellites, GSICS will intercalibrate the instruments of the international constellation of operational low-earth-orbiting (LEO) and geostationary earth-orbiting (GEO) environmental satellites and tie these to common reference standards. The intercomparability of the observations will result in more accurate measurements for assimilation in numerical weather prediction models, construction of more reliable climate data records, and progress toward achieving the societal goals of the Global Earth Observation System of Systems. GSICS includes globally coordinated activities for prelaunch instrument characterization, onboard routine calibration, sensor intercomparison of.
Initial Conditions for Convective-Scale Ensemble Forecasting Provided by Ensemble Data Assimilation

AbstractA kilometer-scale ensemble data assimilation system (KENDA) based on a local ensemble transform Kalman filter (LETKF) has been developed for the Consortium for Small-Scale Modeling (COSMO) limited-area model. The data assimilation system provides an analysis ensemble that can be used to initialize ensemble forecasts at a horizontal grid resolution of 2.8 km. Convective-scale ensemble forecasts over Germany using ensemble initial conditions derived by the KENDA system are evaluated and compared to operational forecasts with downscaled initial conditions for a short summer period during June 2012.The choice of the inflation method applied in the LETKF significantly affects the ensemble analysis and forecast. Using a multiplicative background covariance inflation does not produce enough spread in the analysis ensemble leading to a degradation of the ensemble forecasts. Inflating the analysis ensemble instead by either multiplicative analysis covariance inflation or relaxation inflation methods enhanc.
Colliding laser-produced plasmas as targets for laser-generated extreme ultraviolet sources

Colliding plasmas produced by neodymium-doped yttrium aluminium garnet (Nd:YAG) laser illumination of tin wedge targets form stagnation layers, the physical parameters of which can be controlled to optimise coupling with a carbon dioxide (CO2) heating laser pulse and subsequent extreme ultraviolet (EUV) production. The conversion efficiency (CE) of total laser energy into EUV emission at 13.5 nm ± 1% was 3.6%. Neglecting both the energy required to form the stagnation layer and the EUV light produced before the CO2 laser pulse is incident results in a CE of 5.1% of the CO2 laser energy into EUV light.
A cryogenic steering mirror for source selection in multi-integral-field spectrographs

Multi-integral-field spectrographs for near-infrared observations require a large number of complex cryogenic mechanisms to select source images in the telescope field of view which are then re-format on the spectrograph entrance slit. Source selection can be achieved in several ways, but the two methods most adequate for large fields and cryogenic environment are positioning of an optical element in the telescope field to pick off the source image, or steering a mirror located in a pupil image to deflect the light from a source into relay optics. The first solution permits high flexibility in source selection at the cost of large mechanical travels. The second solution limits the source selection to one per pre-defined sub-field, but gets by with small mirror tilts. Higher flexibility can be regained for the second solution by assigning different sub-field sizes to the steering mirrors in the central and in the peripheral areas of the field of view. We present a solution for a cryogenic steering mirror unit with a mirror diameter of about 20 mm and tilt angles of a few degrees, appropriate for source selection in a 1 arc minute field of an 8 m class telescope. The gimbaled mirror can be tilted about two perpendicular axes in the tangential plane of the mirror apex. The mirror is driven by two Nanomotors, and the motor strokes are measured by LVDTs. Motors and sensors are specified for operation at LHe temperatures.
Nonlinear multigrid eigenvalue solver utilizing nonorthogonal localized orbitals

A nonlinear multigrid eigenvalue solver utilizing nonorthogonal localized orbitals is formulated and implemented on a real‐space grid. The localization of orbitals is necessary to achieve linear scaling in the computational effort. Numerical tests are performed on the benzene molecule, C20, and C60. The localization centers for the orbitals are allowed to move so as to lower the total energy. The convergence rate depends on the radius of the confined regions. Also, the convergence rate slows when the number of atoms in the system increases, and/or when unoccupied orbitals are included. The slowed convergence is due to ill‐conditioning, which is related to the kinetic contribution to the total energy. Work is in progress to alleviate the ill‐conditioning. (© 2006 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Underwater acoustic detection and classification for cetaceans' vocalizations of Marine Observatory in the Northeastern Taiwan (MONET)

Passive acoustics is as an important tool for observing marine animals and long-term underwater environment monitoring. Since the amount of data is enormous, an effective auto-detector to select critical features and classify their patterns from the recorded acoustic signal. In this study, we had developed an automatic detector with both the feature extraction and classification modules. In the feature extraction module, we select features from the energy and end-point of the time signal in needed. Then, we normalized the extracted features as inputs for the classification module based on the theory of back propagation neural network (BPNN). The BPNN will be trained and tested using both the cetaceans' acoustic signals which recorded from the hydrophone of Marine Cable Hosted Observatory (MACHO system) until the network becomes stable and convergent. Identification objects are chosen commonly seeing cetaceans from the northeastern offshore of Taiwan, Guishan Island. The detector is a robust tool which has.
Ultraviolet Imaging Telescope Observations of the Horizontal Branch in M13

Images of the globular cluster M13 were obtained with the Ultraviolet Imaging Telescope (UIT) during the Astro-2 Spacelab mission. A total of 488 stars are detected in the UIT B5 filter centered at 1620 Å. Of an uncrowded sample of 247 stars, 232 are well correlated with ground-based Johnson V photometry, which was provided by K. Montgomery (1995, private communication). A color-magnitude diagram, constructed from the (m1620 − V) color index and the m1620 magnitude, shows a well-populated, blue horizontal branch extending to a temperature in excess of 35,000 K. A King plot of radial density distribution is satisfied by an exponential of index α=3.0, which is consistent with Laget et al. Recent evolutionary models by Sweigart that include the effects of helium mixing into the hydrogen envelope of horizontal-branch stars, in addition to the latest canonical models, are considered when discussing the extreme blue horizontal-branch morphology. An offset toward a higher luminosity of stars near the zero-age horizontal branch in the 4.1 < logTeff < 4.3 region is also discussed.
On Estimation in M/G/c/c Queues

We derive the minimum variance unbiased estimator (MVUE) and the maximum likelihood estimator (MLE) of the stationary probability function (pf) of the number of customers in a collection of independent M/G/c/c subsystems. It is assumed that the offered load and number of servers in each subsystem are unknown. We assume that observations of the total number of customers in the system are utilized because it may be impractical or impossible to observe individual server occupancies. Both estimators depend on the R distribution (the distribution of the sum of independent right truncated Poisson random variables) and R numbers.
Calculating condensed matter properties using the KKR-Green's function method—recent developments and applications

The modern version of the KKR (Korringa–Kohn–Rostoker) method represents the electronic structure of a system directly and efficiently in terms of its single-particle Green's function (GF). This is in contrast to its original version and many other traditional wave-function-based all-electron band structure methods dealing with periodically ordered solids. Direct access to the GF results in several appealing features. In addition, a wide applicability of the method is achieved by employing multiple scattering theory. The basic ideas behind the resulting KKR-GF method are outlined and the different techniques to deal with the underlying multiple scattering problem are reviewed. Furthermore, various applications of the KKR-GF method are reviewed in some detail to demonstrate the remarkable flexibility of the approach. Special attention is devoted to the numerous developments of the KKR-GF method, that have been contributed in recent years by a number of work groups, in particular in the following fields: embedding schemes for atoms, clusters and surfaces, magnetic response functions and anisotropy, electronic and spin-dependent transport, dynamical mean field theory, various kinds of spectroscopies, as well as first-principles determination of model parameters.
U.S. Army TARDEC R&D program on intelligent subsystems for enhanced mobility

The U.S. Army Tank-automotive and Armaments Command Research Development and Engineering Center (TARDEC) has iniliated a systems engineering program to develop mutually compatible and complementary components and subsystems for enhanced Unmanned ground vehicles (UGV) mobility. UGV have historically lacked the mobility of manned tracked vehicles, especially in obstacle-crossing and off-road maneuver. To achieve comparable mobility, UGV require supervised navigation with enhanced locomotion subsystems and complementary, mutually adapted machine perception, routing and driving control. The TARDEC program is funding technology development, maturation and packaging to produce NonDevelopmental Items that can be scaled and configured for different UGV. The TARDEC is also developing a Systems Integration Laboratory (SIL) to evaluate compatibility and system-level performance of component technologies. This TARDEC program complements and extends the UGV Technology Exchange and Exploitation (UGVTEE) DEMO III program. It fills unfunded gaps in the Army Research Laboratory's Concerted Technology Thrust (CU) projects in machine perception and supervised navigation. It fills technology gaps in the integration of "smart" mobility subsystems with supervised navigation. It specifically addresses semi-autonomous navigation deficiencies in obstacle crossing, other wheeled UGV mobility issues not being addressed in UGVTEE or other UGV programs. As part of the systems engineedng activity to ensure that the ND! components will be scaleable across a wide range of UGV, TARDEC is developing modular concepts for UGV across a range ofweight classes and functions. Keywords: Supervised navigation, obstacle crossing, non-developmental items, systems integration laboratory, unmanned ground vehicles, locomotion
FIRE AND CLIMATE CHANGE DURING THE LAST 750 YR IN NORTHWESTERN MINNESOTA

Charcoal stratigraphic analysis and fire scars on red pine (Pinus resinosa) trees were used to determine spatial and temporal occurrence of fire in 1 km2 of old-growth mixed conifer/hardwood forests in northwestern Minnesota. Charcoal was analyzed year by year on petrographic thin sections from annually laminated sediments of three small (<5 ha) lakes having adjacent catchments. Dated fire scars (n = 150) from recent treefalls provided an independent record of the spatial patterns of past bums. Sedimentology of the varved sediments, water-balance models that use 150 yr of instrumental temperature and precipitation data, and published data were used to identify climate changes in separate studies, and they were used in this study to examine the possible connection between changing fire regimes and climate change. Fire-history data were used to show the changing probability of fire with time since the last fire and the effects of spatial variance (slope and aspect) on the distribution of fires through time. Over the last 750 yr, fire was most frequent (8.6 ? 2.9-yr intervals) during the warm/ dry 15th and 16th centuries. Intervals were longer (13.2 ? 8.0 yr) during cooler/moister times from AD 1240 to 1440 and since 1600 (the Little Ice Age). The fire regime during the Little Ice Age consisted of periods during the rnid- 18th and mid- 19th centuries char- acterized by longer fire intervals of 24.5 ? 10.4 and 43.6 ? 15.9 yr, respectively, and short-term warm/dry periods from 1770 to 1820 and 1870 to 1920 when intervals were 17.9 ? 10.6 and 12.7 + 10. 1, respectively. The probability of fire increased through time, probably in step with fuel accumulation. South- and west-facing slopes burned more fre- quently than did north and east aspects. Fire suppression began in 1910. During warm periods, probability of fire was sufficiently high that a continuous litter layer was all that was necessary for fire to spread and scar trees. During cool and moist times fire was most likely to occur in years with higher moisture deficits. The combined methods for fire-history analysis provided a more detailed spatial and temporal documentation of fire regimes than has previously been possible from analysis of fire scars or of charcoal counts derived from fossil pollen preparations. Results support predictions of particle-motion physics that thin sections record a local fire history. Because climate varies continuously, the responsiveness of disturbance regime to short- and long- term climatic change suggests caution in the interpretation of fire frequencies that derive from space/time analogies or extrapolation from short-term data.
Invariants in visual motion

This paper deals with new and simple representations of 3-D points in a moving-observer coordinate system. Assuming rectilinear motion with no rotation of an observer where the optical axis coincides with the direction of motion, and a stationary scene, points in 3-D space that lie on a particular 3-D surface produce constant value of some nonlinear function of the measurable image optical flow. Five sets of different surfaces are introduced and there is one optical-flow based constant value for each surface. We called these values `invariants. ' It is shown how to extract these invariants and how to use them for representing 3-D space.
Evidence for energizing of Hα emission in type II supernovae by ejecta–wind interaction

A simple one-zone model of Hα luminosity of late time type II supernovae (t > 100 d), energized by 56 Co- 56 Fe decay, was applied to the analysis of the observed Hα evolution. Of the six available SNeII with known Hα fluxes at late times, three reveal the extra Hα flux above the radioactive model. This excess is interpreted as an effect of an energy release due to ejecta-wind interaction. Two SNeII, 1979C and 1987F, with the particularly strong Hα excess, show additional spectroscopic signatures, which can be attributed to the dense wind around supernovae.
Are type Ia supernovae reliable distance indicators

Recent applications of type Ia supernovae (SNe Ia) in cosmology have successfully revealed the accelerating expansion of the universe. However, as distance indicators used in measuring the expansion history of the universe and probing the nature of dark energy, these objects must pass more strict tests. We propose a K-S test to investigate if there exists any systematic bias when deriving the luminosity distances under the standard candle assumption. Two samples, one comprising 71 high-redshift SNe Ia and the other, 44 nearby ones, are used in our investigation. We find that it is likely there exists a bias in the adopted samples, which is probably caused by a systematic error, e.g. in the color parameter used in the luminosity calibration and a bias may be caused by the SN evolution or by varying properties of the dust surrounding the SNe Ia.
High definition aperture probes for near-field optical microscopy fabricated by focused ion beam milling

We have improved the optical characteristics of aluminum-coated fiber probes used in near-field scanning optical microscopy by milling with a focused ion beam. This treatment produces a flat-end face free of aluminum grains, containing a well- defined circularly-symmetric aperture with controllable diameter down to 20 nm. The polarization behavior of the tips is circularly symmetric with a polarization ratio exceeding 1:100. The improved imaging characteristics are demonstrated by measuring single molecule fluorescence. Count rates increase more than o­ne order of magnitude over unmodified probes, and the molecule images map a spatial electric field distribution of the aperture in agreement with calculations. (C) 1998 American Institute of Physics.
Physical mechanism of Au nanopore formation on pyramid using electron beam irradiation

Recently there have been tremendous interests about the fabrication of the solid state nanopore due to its capability of the nanosize biosensor. In this report, the dynamics of the Au nanopore formation on the pyramidal membrane will be reported. The nanopores on the microfabricated Au coated SiO2 pyramid were fabricated using focused ion beam (FIB) and high energy electron beam techniques such as transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM). For high scanning electron beam irradiation using FESEM, shrinking of the Au nanopore was always observed. The nanopore formation dependent upon the primary electron voltage, and the scan rate of the FESEM electron beam was carefully examined. The higher closing rates for the faster scan rate and the lower electron accelerating voltage are observed. For the TEM electron beam exposure, the closing or the opening of the pore was observed depending upon the electron beam current. We do believe that this phenomenon can be attributed to the capillary force and the vaporization of the materials on the viscous liquid membrane due to TEM electron beam irradiation.
3D marine magnetotelluric modeling and inversion with the finite-difference time-domain method

ABSTRACTFrequency-domain methods, which are typically applied to 3D magnetotelluric (MT) modeling, require solving a system of linear equations for every frequency of interest. This is memory and computationally intensive. We developed a finite-difference time-domain algorithm to perform 3D MT modeling in a marine environment in which Maxwell’s equations are solved in a so-called fictitious-wave domain. Boundary conditions are efficiently treated via convolutional perfectly matched layers, for which we evaluated optimized parameter values obtained by testing over a large number of models. In comparison to the typically applied frequency-domain methods, two advantages of the finite-difference time-domain method are (1) that it is an explicit, low-memory method that entirely avoids the solution of systems of linear equations and (2) that it allows the computation of the electromagnetic field unknowns at all frequencies of interest in a single simulation. We derive a design criterion for vertical node spacin.
Adaptive Image-Based Visual Servoing for an Underactuated Quadrotor System

This paper presents an adaptive image-based visual servoing (IBVS) integratedwith adaptive slidingmode control for a vision-based operation of a quadrotor unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV). For a seamless integration with underactuated quadrotor dynamics, roll and pitch channels are decoupled from the other channels using virtual features. This allows a simple and accurate algorithm for estimating depth information and successful application of the proposed guidance and control algorithm.By employing an adaptive gain in the IBVS controlmethod, the chance of image feature loss is reduced, and performance and stability of the vision-guided UAV control system are improved. The overall setup allows image features to be placed at the desired position in the image plane of a camera mounted on the quadrotor UAV. Stability of the IBVS systemwith the controller is proved using Lyapunov stability analysis. Performance of the overall approach is validated by numerical simulation, vision integrated hardware-inthe-loop simulation, and experiments. The results confirm that the target image is successfully placed at the desired position of the image plane and the quadrotor state variables are properly regulated, showing robustness in the presence of sensor noise, parametric uncertainty, and vibration from motors.
Bayesian Curve Classification Using Wavelets

We propose classification models for binary and multicategory data where the predictor is a random function. We use Bayesian modeling with wavelet basis functions that have nice approximation properties over a large class of functional spaces and can accommodate a wide variety of functional forms observed in real life applications. We develop an unified hierarchical model to encompass both the adaptive wavelet-based function estimation model and the logistic classification model. We couple together these two models are to borrow strengths from each other in a unified hierarchical framework. The use of Gibbs sampling with conjugate priors for posterior inference makes the method computationally feasible. We compare the performance of the proposed model with other classification methods, such as the existing naive plug-in methods, by analyzing simulated and real data sets.
Intensity distribution near focal point of high aperture optical system formed by partly polarized light

The paper presents the mathematical technique for calculation of three dimensional intensity distribution near a focal point of a high aperture optical system in case of quasi monochromatic partly polarized light. This technique is extension of the vector diffraction theory for high aperture optical systems. It is based on Huygens-Fresnel principle: spherical wave at an exit pupil is considered as a numerous set of elementary secondary partly polarized light sources. The total intensity is calculated as superposition of complex wave amplitudes taking into account polarization orientation, degree of polarization defined by Stokes parameters, orientation of detector aperture and coherence length of quasi-monochromatic light.