Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
FLARE FOOTPOINT REGIONS AND A SURGE OBSERVED BY HINODE/EIS, RHESSI, AND SDO/AIA

The Extreme-ultraviolet Imaging Spectrometer (EIS) on the Hinode spacecraft observed flare footpoint regions coincident with a surge for an M3.7 flare observed on 2011 September 25 at N12 E33 in active region 11302. The flare was observed in spectral lines of O vi, Fe x, Fe xii, Fe xiv, Fe xv, Fe xvi, Fe xvii, Fe xxiii, and Fe xxiv. The EIS observations were made coincident with hard X-ray bursts observed by RHESSI. Overlays of the RHESSI images on the EIS raster images at different wavelengths show a spatial coincidence of features in the RHESSI images with the EIS upflow and downflow regions, as well as loop-top or near-loop-top regions. A complex array of phenomena were observed, including multiple evaporation regions and the surge, which was also observed by the Solar Dynamics Observatory/Atmospheric Imaging Assembly telescopes. The slit of the EIS spectrometer covered several flare footpoint regions from which evaporative upflows in Fe xxiii and Fe xxiv lines were observed with Doppler speeds greater than 500 km s−1. For ions such as Fe xv both evaporative outflows (∼200 km s−1) and downflows (∼30–50 km s−1) were observed. Nonthermal motions from 120 to 300 km s−1 were measured in flare lines. In the surge, Doppler speeds are found from about 0 to over 250 km s−1 in lines from ions such as Fe xiv. The nonthermal motions could be due to multiple sources slightly Doppler-shifted from each other or turbulence in the evaporating plasma. We estimate the energetics of the hard X-ray burst and obtain a total flare energy in accelerated electrons of ≥7 × 1028 erg. This is a lower limit because only an upper limit can be determined for the low-energy cutoff to the electron spectrum. We find that detailed modeling of this event would require a multithreaded model owing to its complexity.
Adapting Sequence to Sequence models for Text Normalization in Social Media

Social media offer an abundant source of valuable raw data, however informal writing can quickly become a bottleneck for many natural language processing (NLP) tasks. Off-theshelf tools are usually trained on formal text and cannot explicitly handle noise found in short online posts. Moreover, the variety of frequently occurring linguistic variations presents several challenges, even for humans who might not be able to comprehend the meaning of such posts, especially when they contain slang and abbreviations. Text Normalization aims to transform online user-generated text to a canonical form. Current text normalization systems rely on string or phonetic similarity and classification models that work on a local fashion. We argue that processing contextual information is crucial for this task and introduce a social media text normalization hybrid word-character attention-based encoder-decoder model that can serve as a pre-processing step for NLP applications to adapt to noisy text in social media. Our character-based component is trained on synthetic adversarial examples that are designed to capture errors commonly found in online user-generated text. Experiments show that our model surpasses neural architectures designed for text normalization and achieves comparable performance with state-of-the-art related work.
Correlation Analysis of Linear Viscoelastic (LVE) Properties, Damage Resistance and Microstructure of Unmodified Asphalt Binders with the Same Penetration Grade

The penetration grade system is still widely adopted for selecting asphalt binder with desired paving performance. However, the initial material compositions of asphalt binder with the same penetration level are still different, and vary with the crude oil source and essentially result in different rheological performance. This study aimed to assess the linear viscoelastic (LVE) properties, and high- and intermediate-temperature and microscale characteristics of seven unmodified asphalt binders from different sources and countries with the same penetration level of 70. The LVE parameters were firstly evaluated followed by comparisons to various damage-based indexes. The microstructure of asphalt binders was further investigated followed by correlations between morphology and performance parameters. Experimental results indicate the |G*|/sin δ is well related to the MSCR-based non-recoverable creep compliance; furthermore, the R and |G*|·sin δ can generally represent the LAS-based failure strain and fatigue life, respectively. The viscoelastic nature of tested binders was clearly distinguished and related to rheological performance by atomic force microscopy (AFM). The roughness parameters and the phases’ content derived from AFM images showed significant correlations with LVE characteristics and fatigue resistance nature, respectively. This research provides theoretical foundations for further investigating the rheological performance and microstructure characteristics, and their correlations with asphalt binders.
Nucleon electromagnetic form factors with 2+1 flavors of domain wall fermions

We present the recent high-statistics calculations of the nucleon electromagnetic form factors with fully dynamical domain wall fermions on the 32^3x64 lattices generated by the RBC and UKQCD collaborations, with pion masses at roughly 297 MeV, 355 MeV and 403 MeV. We study the phenomenological fits to the momentum transfer dependence of the form factors and investigate chiral extrapolations for the Dirac radius, Pauli radius and the anomalous magnetic moment using two variants of chiral effective field theories, the small scale expansion (SSE) and covariant baryon chiral perturbation theory.
Trace distance and scaling behavior of a coupled cavity lattice at finite temperature

We use an alternative approach to study the quantum phase transition in a coupled cavity lattice at finite temperature. As an illustrative example, we investigate the behaviors of the trace distance and quantum phase transition in a Jaynes-Cummings lattice at finite temperature. It is found that the trace distance can be used to describe the critical point of the quantum phase transition at finite low temperatures and the critical points are sensitive to the atom-field interaction strength and the detuning factor. For non-equilibrium states, we demonstrate that the time evolution of the trace distance's maximum value is also a good indicator of the critical points. Moreover, we show that the scaling behavior of derivative of the trace distance at the critical points and the scaling rule are dependent on the external parameters of the Hamiltonian.
How Similar are the Properties of Quasars with Nearly Identical Ultraviolet Spectra

The spectrum of a quasar contains important information about its properties. Thus, it can be expected that two quasars with similar spectra will have similar properties, but just how similar has not before been quantified. Here we compare the ultraviolet spectra of a sample of 5553 quasars from Data Release 7 of the Sloan Digital Sky Survey, focusing on the $1350$ \AA \ $\leq \lambda \leq 2900$ \AA \ rest-frame region which contains prominent emission lines from \SiIV, O IV], \CIV, \CIII, and \MgII\ species. We use principal component analysis to determine the dominant components of spectral variation, as well as to quantitatively measure spectral similarity. As suggested by both the Baldwin effect and modified Baldwin effect, quasars with similar spectra have similar properties: bolometric luminosity, Eddington fraction, and black hole mass. The latter two quantities are calculated from the luminosity in conjunction with spectral features, and the variation between quasars with virtually identical spectra (which we call doppelg\"angers) is driven by the variance in the luminosity plus measurement uncertainties. In the doppelgangers the luminosity differences show 1$\sigma$ uncertainties of 57\% (or 0.63 magnitudes) and $\sim$70\% 1$\sigma$ uncertainties for mass and Eddington fraction. Much of the difference in luminosities may be attributable to time lags between the spectral lines and the continuum. Furthermore, we find that suggestions that the mostly highly accreting quasars should be better standard candles than other quasars are not bourne out for doppelgangers. Finally, we discuss the implications for using quasars as cosmological probes and the nature of the first two spectral principal components.
Gas dynamics in whole galaxies: SPH

Abstract I review the progress of SPH calculations for modelling galaxies, and resolving gas dynamics on GMC scales. SPH calculations first investigated the response of isothermal gas to a spiral potential, in the absence of self gravity and magnetic fields. Surprisingly though, even these simple calculations displayed substructure along the spiral arms. Numerical tests indicate that this substructure is still present at high resolution (100 million particles, ~10 pc), and is independent of the initial particle distribution. One interpretation of the formation of substructure is that smaller clouds can agglomerate into more massive GMCs via dissipative collisions. More recent calculations have investigated how other processes, such as the thermodynamics of the ISM, and self gravity affect this simple picture. Further research has focused on developing models with a more realistic spiral structure, either by including stars, or incorporating a tidal interaction.
Low temperature properties of the triangular-lattice antiferromagnet: a bosonic spinon theory

We study the low temperature properties of the triangular-lattice Heisenberg antiferromagnet with a mean field Schwinger spin- boson scheme that reproduces quantitatively the zero temperature energy spectrum derived previously using series expansions. By analyzing the spin–spin and the boson density–density dynamical structure factors, we identify the unphysical spin excitations that come from the relaxation of the local constraint on bosons. This allows us to reconstruct a free energy based on the physical excitations only, whose predictions for entropy and uniform susceptibility seem to be reliable within the temperature range 0 ⩽ T ≲ 0.3J, which is difficult to access by other methods. The high values of entropy, also found in high temperature expansion studies, can be attributed to the roton-like narrowed dispersion at finite temperatures.
TESTING THE MAGNETAR MODEL VIA LATE-TIME RADIO OBSERVATIONS OF TWO MACRONOVA CANDIDATES

Compact binary mergers may have already been observed as they are the leading model for short gamma-ray bursts (sGRBs). Radioactive decay within the ejecta from these mergers is expected to produce an infrared flare, dubbed macronova (or kilonova), on a timescale of a week. Recently, two such macronova candidates were identified in followup observations of sGRBs, strengthening the possibility that those indeed arise from mergers. The same ejecta will also produce long-term (months to years) radio emission due to its interaction with the surrounding interstellar medium. In the search for this emission, we observed the two macronova candidates, GRB 130603B and GRB 060614, with the Jansky Very Large Array (VLA) and the Australia Telescope Compact Array (ATCA). Our observations resulted in null-detections, putting strong upper limits on the kinetic energy and mass of the ejecta. A possible outcome of a merger is a highly magnetized neutron star (a magnetar), which has been suggested as the central engine for GRBs. Such a magnetar will deposit a significant fraction of its energy into the ejecta leading to a brighter radio flare. Our results, therefore, rule out magnetars in these two events.
Oscillating line source in a shear flow with a free surface: critical layer-like contributions

The linearized water wave radiation problem for an oscillating submerged line source in an inviscid shear flow with a free surface is investigated analytically at finite, constant depth in the presence of a shear flow varying linearly with depth. The surface velocity is taken to be zero relative to the oscillating source, so that Doppler effects are absent. The radiated wave out from the source is calculated based on Euler’s equation of motion with the appropriate boundary and radiation conditions, and differs substantially from the solution obtained by assuming potential flow. To wit, an additional wave is found in the downstream direction in addition to the previously known dispersive wave solutions; this wave is non-dispersive and we show how it is the surface manifestation of a critical layer-like flow generated by the combination of shear and mass flux at the source, passively advected with the flow. As seen from a system moving at the fluid velocity at the source’s depth, streamlines form closed curves in a manner similar to Kelvin’s cat’s eye vortices. A resonant frequency exists at which the critical wave resonates with the downstream propagating wave, resulting in a downstream wave pattern diverging linearly in amplitude away from the source.
Dynamical stability of a thermally stratified intracluster medium with anisotropic momentum and heat transport

In weakly-collisional plasmas such as the intracluster medium (ICM), heat and momentum transport become anisotropic with respect to the local magnetic field direction. Anisotropic heat conduction causes the slow magnetosonic wave to become buoyantly unstable to the magnetothermal instability (MTI) when the temperature increases in the direction of gravity and to the heat-flux‐driven buoyancy instability (HBI) when the temperature decreases in the direction of gravity. The local changes in magnetic field str ength that attend these instabilities cause pressure anisotropies that viscously damp motions parallel to the magnetic field. In this paper we employ a linear stability analysis to elucidate the effects of anisotropic viscosity (i.e. Braginskii pressure anisotropy) on the MTI and HBI. By stifli ng the convergence/divergence of magnetic field lines, pressure anisotropy significantly a ffects how the ICM interacts with the temperature gradient. Instabilities which depend upon the convergence/divergence of magnetic field lines to generate unstable buoyant motions (the H BI) are suppressed over much of the wavenumber space, whereas those which are otherwise impeded by field-line convergence/divergence (the MTI) are strengthened. As a result, the wavenumbers at which the HBI survives largely unsuppressed in the ICM have parallel components too small to rigorously be considered local. This is particularly true as the magnetic field becomes more and more orthogonal to the temperature gradient. The field-line insula tion found by recent numerical simulations to be a nonlinear consequence of the standard HBI might therefore be attenuated. In contrast, the fastest-growing MTI modes are unaffected by anisotropic viscosity. However, we
A Learning-Based Dipole Yagi-Uda Antenna and Phased Array Antenna for mmWave Precoding and V2V Communication in 5G Systems

In this article, a compact, wideband Yagi-Uda antenna and its phased array antenna is optimized by a multi-objective antenna for the millimeter-wave (mmWave) band of fifth generation (5G) communication systems. Ten geometrical parameters of a single Yagi-Uda antenna are selected to widen the 5G operating bandwidth (BW) and increase the gain together using the Kriging model builder and pipeline sequential design (PLSD) in combined sampling strategy. The single antenna element provides a wide impedance bandwidth (IBW) from 26 to 34 GHz with 20% and a peak measured gain of 5.5 dBi at frequency 28 GHz. The optimized antenna provides a high growth of 27.7% and a 2 dB increase in peak gain over the reference antenna without any effect on the structure design. Then, a low-bit phased array antenna with the optimized 5G Yagi-Uda antenna is designed and optimized with directional radiation in the horizontal plane for the 28 GHz base-station (BS) 5G applications. The array antenna consists of three sections: the Yagi-Uda antenna elements, Wilkinson power divider, and two bits phase shifters. The total size of the proposed array antenna is $60 \times 47\ \text{mm}^{2}$ and it operates in a measured frequency range of 26.2 to 29.1 GHz around an operating frequency of 28 GHz which provides 10.3% IBW, and a maximum measured gain is 14 dB. Finally, two analog and hybrid precoding methods are considered to evaluate the performance of the proposed 5G phased array antenna. In the analog precoding, gain patterns are nearly constant in the range of $[-45^{\circ }, 45^{\circ }]$ with variations around 1 dB and the range for hybrid precoding, is $[-60^{\circ }, 60^{\circ }]$ with a very low sidelobe level (SLL). Measurement and simulation results complied well. Finally, a dual beamforming scheme is tested for mmWave (5G) vehicle-to-vehicle (V2V) communication systems in several channel models by an experimental test that shows the compatibility of this array antenna in mmWave V2V communications.
Breakpoint in the evolution of the gap through the cuprate phase diagram

The actual physical origin of the gap at the antinodes and a clear identification of the superconducting gap are fundamental open issues in the physics of high-${T}_{c}$ superconductors. Here, we present a systematic electronic Raman scattering study of a mercury-based single layer cuprate as a function of both doping level and temperature. On the deeply overdoped side, we show that the antinodal gap is a true superconducting gap. In contrast, on the underdoped side, our results reveal the existence of a breakpoint close to optimal doping, below which the antinodal gap is gradually disconnected from superconductivity. The nature of both the superconducting and normal states is distinctly different on each side of this breakpoint.
Mode excitation by turbulent convection in rotating stars - I. Effect of uniform rotation

We focus on the influence of the Coriolis acceleration on the stochastic excitation of oscillation modes in convective regions of rotating stars. Our aim is to estimate the asymmetry between excitation rates of prograde and retrograde modes. We extend the formalism derived for obtaining stellar p -a ndg-mode amplitudes (Samadi & Goupil 2001, AA Belkacem et al. 2008, A&A, 478, 163) to include the effect of the Coriolis acceleration. We then study the special case of uniform rotation for slowly rotating stars by performing a perturbative analysis. This allows us to consider the cases of the Sun and the CoRoT target HD 49933. We find that, in the subsonic regime, the influence of rotation as a direct contribution to mode driving is negligible compared to the Reynolds stress contribution. In slow rotators, the indirect effect of the modification of the eigenfunctions on mode excitation is investigated by performing a perturbative analysis of the excitation rates. The excitation of solar p modes is found to be affected by rotation with excitation-rate asymmetries between prograde and retrograde modes of the order of several percent. Solar low-order g modes are also affected by uniform rotation and their excitation-rate asymmetries are found to reach 10%. The CoRoT target HD 49933 is rotating more rapidly than the Sun (Ω/Ω� ≈ 8), and we show that the resulting excitation-rate asymmetry is about 10% for the excitation rates of p modes. We demonstrate that p and g mode excitation rates are modified by uniform rotation through the Coriolis acceleration. A study of the effect of differential rotation will be presented in a forthcoming paper.
Systematic Uncertainties In Constraining Dark Matter Annihilation From The Cosmic Microwave Background

Anisotropies of the cosmic microwave background (CMB) have proven to be a very powerful tool to constrain dark matter annihilation at the epoch of recombination. However, CMB constraints are currently derived using a number of reasonable but yet untested assumptions that could potentially lead to a misestimation of the true bounds (or any reconstructed signal). In this paper we examine the potential impact of these systematic effects. In particular, we separately study the propagation of the secondary particles produced by annihilation in two energy regimes: first following the shower from the initial particle energy to the keV scale, and then tracking the resulting secondary particles from this scale to the absorption of their energy as heat, ionization, or excitation of the medium. We improve both the high- and low-energy parts of the calculation, in particular finding that our more accurate treatment of losses to sub-10.2 eV photons produced by scattering of high-energy electrons weakens the constraints on particular dark matter annihilation models by up to a factor of 2. On the other hand, we find that the uncertainties we examine for the low-energy propagation do not significantly affect the results for current and upcoming CMB data. We include the evaluation of the precise amount of excitation energy, in the form of Lyman-alpha photons, produced by the propagation of the shower, and examine the effects of varying the helium fraction and helium ionization fraction. In the recent literature, simple approximations for the fraction of energy absorbed in different channels have often been used to derive CMB constraints: we assess the impact of using accurate vs approximate energy fractions. Finally we check that the choice of recombination code (between RECFAST V1.5 and COSMOREC), to calculate the evolution of the free electron fraction in the presence of dark matter annihilation, introduces negligible differences.
A robust DOA estimation method for a linear microphone array under reverberant and noisy environments

A robust method for linear array is proposed to address the difficulty of direction-of-arrival (DOA) estimation in reverberant and noisy environments. A direct-path dominance test based on the onset detection is utilized to extract time-frequency bins containing the direct propagation of the speech. The influence of the transient noise, which severely contaminates the onset test, is mitigated by a proper transient noise determination scheme. Then for voice features, a two-stage procedure is designed based on the extracted bins and an effective dereverberation method, with robust but possibly biased estimation from middle frequency bins followed by further refinement in higher frequency bins. The proposed method effectively alleviates the estimation bias caused by the linear arrangement of microphones, and has stable performance under noisy and reverberant environments. Experimental evaluation using a 4-element microphone array demonstrates the efficacy of the proposed method.
Engineering quantum operations on traveling light beams by multiple photon addition and subtraction

We propose and investigate an optical scheme for probabilistic implementation of an arbitrary single-mode quantum operation that can be expressed as a function of photon number operator. The scheme coherently combines multiple photon addition and subtraction and is feasible with current technology. As concrete examples, we demonstrate that the device can perform approximate noiseless linear amplification of light and can emulate Kerr nonlinearity.
A NOTE ON HOLOGRAPHIC SUPERCONDUCTORS WITH WEYL CORRECTIONS

We study analytical properties of the holographic superconductors with Weyl corrections. We describe the phenomena in the probe limit neglecting backreaction of the spacetime. We observe that for the conformal dimension △+ = 3, the minimum value of the critical temperature at which condensation sets, can be obtained directly from the equations of motion as , which is in very good agreement with the numerical value [Phys. Lett. B697, 153 (2011)]. This value of corresponds to the value of the Weyl's coupling γ = -0.06 in Table 1 of Phys. Lett. B697, 153 (2011). We calculate the for another Weyl's coupling γ = 0.02 and the conformal dimension △- = 1. Further, we show that the critical exponent is . We observe that there is a linear relation between the charge density ρ and the chemical potential difference μ-μc qualitatively matches the numerical curves.