Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
High‐pressure and high‐temperature in situ x‐ray Diffraction study of iron to above 30 Gpa using MA8‐type apparatus

In situ x-ray diffraction experiments on iron at pressures of 22–32 GPa and temperatures of 300–1500 K were carried out using an MA8-type high-pressure apparatus, employing sintered diamond anvils, combined with synchrotron radiation. No phases other than e(hcp) and γ(fcc) were observed in this pressure and temperature range. It became clear that non-hydrostaticity or chemical reaction with hydrogen causes serious problems in high-pressure and high-temperature x-ray diffraction study on iron. The average thermal expansivity of e phase between 300 K and 1000 K and the zero-pressure bulk modulus of γ phase at 1400 K were determined by assuming that no chemical reaction occurred in the present study. The thermal expansivities of e iron at 22 GPa and 32 GPa are determined to be 3.88 × 10−5 K−1 and 3.16 × 10−5 K−1, respectively. In this case, the volume at 22–32 GPa and room temperature is about 1% larger than the literature value. The bulk modulus of γ iron is determined to be 120 GPa, when its pressure derivative is fixed at 5.
Piezometric response in zones of a watershed with lateral preferential flow as a first‐order control on subsurface flow

Characterizing zones of a watershed based on the water table is used to understand and predict internal watershed processes. In watersheds dominated by lateral preferential flow, the water table response typically shows a distinct hydraulically limited pattern. This response is characterized by a capping of the rising water table when the lateral preferential flow features are activated and subsurface flow still increases. We expected that this response would be related to the contributing area since nearby hillslope excavations showed that the development of preferential flow network was positively correlated with the contributing area. The watershed was stratified into three predetermined zones and installed 25 piezometers to measure the water table dynamics. The objectives were (1) to characterize the water table–runoff relationship, (2) to prove preferential flow by observable characteristics and (3) to test the feasibility of identifying areas within a watershed that are dominated by lateral preferential flow. Watershed zones were not well defined and there was no strong relationship between the hydraulically limited response and observable watershed characteristics. Although zones might still be useful for grouping the hillslope processes, the piezometric response may not be an appropriate indicator for mapping the watershed into areas with runoff dominated by lateral preferential flow. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Data fusion for electromagnetic and electrical resistive tomography based on maximum likelihood

This paper presents a maximum likelihood based approach to data fusion for electromagnetic (EM) and electrical resistive (ER) tomography. The statistical maximum likelihood criterion is closely linked to the additive Fisher information measure, and it facilitates an appropriate weighting of the measurement data which can be useful with multiphysics inverse problems. The Fisher information is particularly useful for inverse problems which can be linearized similar to the Born approximation. In this paper, a proper scalar product is defined for the measurements and a truncated Singular Value Decomposition (SVD) based algorithm is devised which combines the measurement data of the two imaging modalities in a way that is optimal in the sense of maximum likelihood. As a multiphysics problem formulation with applications in geophysics, the problem of tunnel detection based on EM and ER tomography is studied in this paper. To illustrate the connection between the Green's functions, the gradients and the Fisher information, two simple and generic forward models are described in detail regarding two-dimensional EM and ER tomography, respectively.
Selected indicators of technical quality of silver birch (Betula pendula Roth.) wood in north-eastern Poland

Wybrane wskaźniki jakości technicznej drewna brzozy brodawkowatej (Betula pendula Roth.) w północno-wschodniej Polsce Selected indicators of technical quality of silver birch (Betula pendula Roth.) wood in north-eastern Poland Wood resistance and structural parameters with the consideration of the geographical location and tree age were selected for the study of the variability in technical quality of silver birch wood. The study area covered the northeastern part of the birch timber resource basis in Poland. Trees were sampled at aged 45 and 70 years, in the sites located in the fresh broadleaved forest. The most important result of the paper is the confirmed significance of both geographical location and tree age for the mean width of annual wood rings. Another finding is the statistically significant effect of geographical location on birch wood density and its mechanical properties. No significant effect of tree age on wood density and mechanical properties of birch wood has been found. The highest values of resistance to static bending as well as the elasticity coefficient obtained during static bending have been stated for the Sokołów Podlaski Forest District: 131.4 MPa and 14741 MPa, respectively; while the lowest values obtained for the Płońsk Forest District were 121.5 MPa and 13447 MPa, respectively (the differences reaching 8.1% and 9.6%). In the Forest Districts Sokołów Podlaski and Biała Podlaska, the following birch wood parameters had their maximum values: wood density, compression resistance along fibers, static bending and coefficient of elasticity during static bending.
Comparison of in-vivo optical imaging of brain functional activity: intrinsic signal imaging and laser speckle imaging

At present, the easiest and most effective strategy of imaging functional architecture is based on the slow intrinsic changes in the optical properties of active brain tissue, permitting visualization of active cortical regions at a spatial resolution better than 50 micrometers . This can be accomplished without some of the problems associated with the use of extrinsic probes. Monitoring the spatio-temporal characteristics of cerebral blood flow (CBF) is crucial for studying the normal and pathological conditions of brain metabolism. Laser dynamic speckle imaging technique achieves this goal without the need for scanning by utilizing the spatial statistics of time-integrated speckle, which was first proposed by Fercher and Briers in the early eighties. Considering similarity of these two experimental systems, we are trying to integrate them into one system in order to acquire much more neurophysiological information simultaneously.
Inferring trip purposes and uncovering travel patterns from taxi trajectory data

ABSTRACT Global positioning system-enabled vehicles provide an efficient way to obtain large quantities of movement data for individuals. However, the raw data usually lack activity information, which is highly valuable for a range of applications and services. This study provides a novel and practical framework for inferring the trip purposes of taxi passengers such that the semantics of taxi trajectory data can be enriched. The probability of points of interest to be visited is modeled by Bayes’ rules, which take both spatial and temporal constraints into consideration. Combining this approach with Monte Carlo simulations, we conduct a study on Shanghai taxi trajectory data. Our results closely approximate the residents’ travel survey data in Shanghai. Furthermore, we reveal the spatiotemporal characteristics of nine daily activity types based on inference results, including their temporal regularities, spatial dynamics, and distributions of trip lengths and directions. In the era of big data, we encounter the dilemma of “trajectory data rich but activity information poor” when investigating human movements from various data sources. This study presents a promising step toward mining abundant activity information from individuals’ trajectories.
Analytical Solution for Channel Routing with Uniform Lateral Inflow

Distributed hydrologic models describe both hillslope and channel processes. The presence of a large number of hillslopes requires that flood routing through a channel network be computationally efficient and able to account for hillslope or lateral inflow. This paper presents an analytical solution to the linearized Saint-Venant equation with lateral inflow uniformly distributed along the channel. The solution is given as the sum of two functions. The first function, obtained by several earlier authors, represents the response to the upstream inflow; the second function, derived in this study, represents the contribution from lateral or hillslope inflow. We test the latter on a simple channel, and the results compare well with those of a detailed numerical model for channels with steep to fairly gentle bed slopes. The errors due to linearization are presented, and the effects of channel-bed slope and the reference velocity are discussed. A run time comparison between the numerical and the analytical solutions shows that the latter is more efficient computationally and hence is ideal as an element of a distributed rainfall-runoff model.
Triangulation of sprites, associated halos and their possible relation to causative lightning and micrometeors

Sprite halos were recently identified as an impulsive but spatially diffuse phenomenon that sometimes occurs just prior to, but distinct from, sprites. The lack of discernible spatial structure and the temporal development sequence in halos differs markedly from the highly structured bodies and tendrils and the complex development sequences of sprites. However, both phenomena are thought to result from an electric field due to charge moment changes usually associated with large positive cloud-to-ground (CG) lightning but also following negative CG flashes. Three-dimensional triangulations of sprites and sprite halos were made between stations in South Dakota and Wyoming in August 1999 during the NASA Sprites99 balloon campaign. Halos were found to have a Gaussian 1/e diameter of ∼66 km and 1/e thickness of ∼4 km. Comparison with the location of the underlying lightning strokes, as recorded by the National Lightning Detection Network (NLDN), confirms that the horizontal position of sprites may be laterally offset by as much as 50 km from the underlying parent lightning discharge, as has been previously reported. The point of maximum apparent brightness for sprite halos occurs at an altitude of ∼78 km, similar to that of sprites. However, unlike sprites, this point tends to be centered directly above the underlying parent lightning discharge, 4.6 ± 2.7 km mean distance from the center of the halo to the NLDN location. This difference in spatial location relative to the underlying lightning suggests that the electrical breakdown associated with discrete sprites may require a random ionizing event such as a micrometeor. In contrast, sprite halos do not appear to require such a random component.
Temporal characteristics of USA snowfall 1945–1946 through to 1984–1985

The temporal variability of USA snowfall is investigated for the period 1945–1946 through to 1984–1985 using linear trend and principal components analyses. The results of the linear trend analysis indicate that two regions of the USA evidence significant changes in monthly snowfall over the period. These areas include the Great Lakes/upper mid-west and high plains regions of the USA. In the Great Lakes/upper mid-west sector, positive linear trends are found in monthly snowfall totals for the mid-winter months (December, January, February). For the high plains region, positive linear trends are found for the month of December. Principal components analysis (PCA) is used with seasonal snowfall data in order to better understand the spatial and temporal nature of seasonal snowfall variations across the USA. The PCA isolates six spatially coherent regions in which seasonal snowfall varied similarly over the 40-year period. Only one of these regions, centred on the Great Lakes and upper mid-west, displays any long-term change in seasonal snowfall, a positive trend during the period 1945–1946 through to 1984–1985. These results are discussed in the context of man-induced and natural environmental changes.
Wave- and Wind-Driven Flow in Water of Finite Depth

Abstract The authors first derive both Coriolis-induced and viscosity-induced stresses for arbitrary water depth and arbitrary wave direction. Opportunity is taken here to succinctly and rigorously derive the Longuet-Higgins virtual tangential stress due to wave motion. It is shown that the virtual stress is a projection on the surface slope of two viscous normal stresses acting on the vertical and horizontal planes. Then a simple Eulerian model is presented for the steady flow driven by waves and by waves and winds This simple Eulerian model demonstrates that the wave forcing can he easily incorporated with other conventional forcing, rather than resorting to a complicated and lengthy perturbation analysis of the Lagrangian equations of motion. A further focus is given to the wave-driven flow when the various limits of the wave-driven steady flow are discussed. The wave-driven steady flow given by the model yields a unified formula between Ursell and Hasselmann's inviscid but rotational theory and the Lo.
Free surface effects on the propagation of dynamic rupture

Dynamic rupture of reverse and normal fault intersecting the surface are investigated. In the case of a normal fault nucleating at depth and propagating upwards, coupling of rupture‐radiated stress and free boundary conditions at the surface may induce a shallow secondary nucleation anticipating up to a few seconds the arrival of the main rupture front. Indeed, the free surface induces normal stress fluctuations modifying the fault frictional strength. No significant effect on rupture velocity is observed in the case of reverse faulting. These incidences are explained by a stress analysis and illustrated by some numerical simulations in the case of dynamic normal faulting in a homogeneous half‐space. The described effects could explain some observations of high frequency radiation close to the surface in documented shallow earthquakes like in Kalamata, 1986 [Bouin, 1994].
Mason Valley Groundwater Model: Linking Surface Water and Groundwater in the Walker River Basin, Nevada 1

Carroll, Rosemary W.H. , Greg Pohll, David McGraw, Chris Garner, Anna Knust, Doug Boyle, Tim Minor, Scott Bassett, and Karl Pohlmann, 2010. Mason Valley Groundwater Model: Linking Surface Water and Groundwater in the Walker River Basin, Nevada. Journal of the American Water Resources Association (JAWRA) 46(3):554‐573. DOI: 10.1111/j.1752‐1688.2010. 00434.x
Sun‐sky radiometer–derived column‐integrated aerosol optical and physical properties over a tropical urban station during 2004–2009

[1] This paper reports the first observational results of aerosol characteristics over Pune, India (an AERONET site), using CIMEL Sun-sky radiometer. Here 5 years of observational data have been analyzed. The aerosol loading, in terms of the aerosol type and optical depth, undergoes strong seasonal variation over Pune with coarse-mode aerosols dominating during premonsoon season while fine-mode anthropogenic pollution particles result in boundary layer haze during postmonsoon and winter months. The daily mean AOD440 at this location ranged between 0.10 and 1.12, with the most frequently occurring value in the range 0.45–0.55. The overall mean for the 5 year period is 0.49, with a day-to-day variability of about 36.7%. The annual average of CWV over the region shows a fluctuating trend with a marginal increase in the last 2 years. CWV shows strong annual cycle with two maxima, one in the postmonsoon and the other in the premonsoon season. Angstrom exponent (α) varies in the range 0.3–1.7, with large seasonal variability. The spectral variation of SSA has been found to be large during the postmonsoon season as compared to that in the other seasons. Real n(λ) and imaginary k(λ) parts of complex refractive index show contrasting spectral behavior during the observational period. The average asymmetry factor (g) representative of the total aerosol layer exhibits a distinct wavelength dependence with g = 0.70 (0.02) at 440 nm and decreasing to 0.64 (0.04) at 1020 nm.
Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor Promotes Pericyte Coverage of Brain Capillaries , Improves Cerebral Blood Flow During Subsequent Focal Cerebral Ischemia , and Preserves the Metabolic Penumbra

1 predisposing them to severe and devastating strokes. There is a major need for revascularization strategies in such patients. 1 Also in patients without hemodynamic deficits, vascular sprouting takes place after stroke. It has been proposed that subjects at vascular risk might benefit from the therapeutic amplification of angio-genesis. 4 The underlying hypothesis is that vascular growth should increase blood flow and reduce the impact of future stroke events. 3 Animal studies examining the effects of angiogenesis induced by vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) rapidly led to clinical trials in a variety of medical conditions, including coronary heart and peripheral occlusive artery disease. 3,4 However, such trials have so far been of limited success. 3,4 This raises questions about the viability of angiogenesis as a therapeutic approach. In animal models of ischemic stroke, VEGF-induced angiogenesis has been shown to result in structural neuroprotection and functional neurological recovery.
EXPLOITING VOLUNTEERED GEOGRAPHIC INFORMATION TO EASE LAND USE MAPPING OF AN URBAN LANDSCAPE

Abstract. Remote sensing techniques have eased land use/cover mapping substantially by observing the earth remotely through diminishing field surveying and in-site data collection. However, field measurement is still required to identify training sites for defining the existing land use classes, which requires visiting the study area. This paper is intended to utilize volunteered geographic information (VGI) contributions to the OpenStreetMap (OSM) project as an alternative data source instead of gathering training sites through insite visits and to evaluate how accurate land use patterns can be mapped. High resolution imagery of RapidEye with 5 meter spatial resolution is selected to derive land use patterns of Koblenz, Germany through a maximum likelihood classification technique. The achieved land use map is compared with the Global Monitoring for Environment and Security Urban Atlas (GMESUA) and a Kappa Index of 89% is achieved. The outcomes prove that VGI can be integrated within remote sensing processes to facilitate the process of earth observation and monitoring.
Pressure‐induced incipient amorphization of α‐quartz and transition to coesite in an eclogite from Antarctica: a first record and some consequences

Monocrystalline quartz inclusions in garnet and omphacite from various eclogite samples from the Lanterman Range (Northern Victoria Land, Antarctica) have been investigated by cathodoluminescence (CL), Raman spectroscopy and imaging, and in situ X‐ray (XR) microdiffraction using the synchrotron. A few inclusions, with a clear‐to‐opalescent lustre, show ‘anomalous’ Raman spectra characterized by weak α‐quartz modes, the broadening of the main α‐quartz peak at 465 cm−1, and additional vibrations at 480–485, 520–523 and 608 cm−1. CL and Raman imaging indicate that this ‘anomalous’α‐quartz occurs as relicts within ordinary α‐quartz, and that it was preserved in the internal parts of small quartz inclusions. XR diffraction circular patterns display irregular and broad α‐quartz spots, some of which show an anomalous d‐spacing tightening of ∼2%. They also show some very weak, hazy clouds that have d‐spacing compatible with coesite but not with α‐quartz. Raman spectrometry and XR microdiffraction characterize the anomalies with respect to α‐quartz as (i) a pressure‐induced disordering and incipient amorphization, mainly revealed by the 480–485 and 608‐cm−1 Raman bands, together with (ii) a lattice densification, evidenced by d‐spacing tightening; (iii) the cryptic development of coesite, 520–523 cm−1 being the main Raman peak of coesite and (iv) Brazil micro‐twinning. This ‘anomalous’α‐quartz represents the first example of pressure‐induced incipient amorphization of a metastable phase in a crustal rock. This issue is really surprising because pressure‐induced amorphization of metastable α‐quartz, observed in impactites and known to occur between 15 and 32 GPa during ultrahigh‐pressure (UHP) experiments at room temperature, is in principle irrelevant under normal geological P–T conditions. A shock (due to a seism? ) or a local overpressure at the inclusion scale (due to expansion mismatch between quartz and its host mineral) seem the only geological mechanisms that can produce such incipient amorphization in crustal rocks. This discovery throws new light on the modality of the quartz‐coesite transition and on the pressure regimes (non‐lithostatic v. lithostatic) during high‐pressure/UHP metamorphism. In particular, incipient amorphization of quartz could favour the quartz‐coesite transition, or allow the growth of metastable coesite, as already experimentally observed.
Beyond the Limits of Location: human environmental disturbance prior to official European contact in early colonial Australia

The expansion of European occupation across Australia was closely circumscribed during the first half century of the colony's existence. Despite this, there is considerable evidence of unsanctioned movements beyond the officially prescribed boundaries. Given their illegal nature, information on such movements is unlikely to be preserved in the documentary record. Other sources of information may, however, yield evidence of these activities. Perhaps the most useful of these is that preserved in sediments laid down at the time of initial colonisation. This study exploits this data source, focussing on the depositional record from the New England Tablelands of northern New South Wales. Well-dated sedimentary sequences yield evidence of enhanced rates of soil erosion and disturbance to lake sediment chemistry perhaps decades before the accepted date of European arrival on the Tablelands in the 1830s. This disturbance is unlikely to have been a consequence of natural processes. It may instead have been the result of Aboriginal activities, although it is more likely to indicate the presence of either Europeans or the shadow of European culture in New England well before the official date of settlement. The sediments may therefore throw light on the timing and processes of European colonisation of the continent, and reveal indications of early contact environmental disturbance, of particular significance given the long-term response of the Australian biophysical environment to human impacts.