Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
The Proximal Development and Thecal Structure of the Ordovician Graptolites Tylograptus and Sinograptus

A study of pyritic and three‐dimensional specimens of sinograptids from the early Middle Ordovician Ningkuo Formation of western Zhejiang Province, south‐east China, indicates that the proximal development of both TylograptusSinograptus is of modified isograptid type. The thecal apertures of the two genera are reconstructed and display a complex morphology more typical of stratigraphically younger graptoloids. Because of differences in its prothecal folds and thecal apertures Tylograptus is distinguished from Holmograptus and regarded as a valid genus. In Sinograptus, a tongue‐shaped structure, and constriction of the thecal tube after the metathecal fold, are illustrated for the first time. The proximal development and thecal structures of TylograptusSinograptus imply a possible origin of sinograptids from earlier didymograptids or sigmagraptids. Four species, Tylograptus intermediusT. globiformisSinograptus typicalisS. rastritoides, are revised.
Agricultural Landuse Change Impacts on Bioenergy Production, Avifauna, and Water Use in Nebraska's Rainwater Basin

Government mandates aimed at increasing second generation biofuel production could spur exploratory development in the United States cellulosic ethanol industry. Cellulosic ethanol production has not yet been implemented commercially in the U.S.A. , at least partly due to the lack of infrastructure required for converting plant biomass into ethanol. The Abengoa Bioenergy ethanol plant near York, Nebraska has been identified as a potential cellulosic ethanol producer in the near future. To assess the feasibility of supplying adequate biomass for year–round cellulosic ethanol production from residual maize (Zea mays) stover and bioenergy switchgrass (Panicum virgatum) within a 40 kilometer service area of the York Abengoa Bioenergy ethanol plant, I identified 14,113 hectares of marginally productive cropland within the service area suitable for conversion from annual rowcrops to switchgrass and 131,532 hectares of maize enrolled cropland from which maize stover could be collected. Combined annual maize stover and switchgrass biomass supplies within the service area could range between 428,595 and 752,004 Megagrams (Mg). Approximately 143 – 251 million liters of cellulosic ethanol could be produced from this quantity of biomass, rivaling the current 208 million liter annual starch-based ethanol production capacity of the plant. I conclude that sufficient quantities of biomass could be produced from maize stover and switchgrass within the Abengoa Bioenergy ethanol plant 40 km service area to support year round cellulosic
Nisin-Controlled Extracellular Production of Interleukin-2 in Lactococcus lactis Strains, without the Requirement for a Signal Peptide Sequence

ABSTRACT Secretion of the cytokine interleukin-2 (IL-2) was investigated in Lactococcus lactis using the secretory machinery of the bacteriocin lactococcin A. Surprisingly, the lcnCD transport genes were not essential for mouse IL-2 secretion. Furthermore, expression of a mature mouse IL-2 gene resulted in interleukin secretion without the requirement for a leader sequence.
Biliverdin reductase bridges focal adhesion kinase to Src to modulate synaptic signaling

Synapses connect discrete neurons into vast networks that send, receive, and encode diverse forms of information. Synaptic function and plasticity, the neuronal process of adapting to diverse and variable inputs, depend on the dynamic nature of synaptic molecular components, which is mediated in part by cell adhesion signaling pathways. Here, we found that the enzyme biliverdin reductase (BVR) physically links together key focal adhesion signaling molecules at the synapse. BVR-null (BVR−/−) mice exhibited substantial deficits in learning and memory on neurocognitive tests, and hippocampal slices in which BVR was postsynaptically depleted showed deficits in electrophysiological responses to stimuli. RNA sequencing, biochemistry, and pathway analyses suggested that these deficits were mediated through the loss of focal adhesion signaling at both the transcriptional and biochemical level in the hippocampus. Independently of its catalytic function, BVR acted as a bridge between the primary focal adhesion signaling kinases FAK and Pyk2 and the effector kinase Src. Without BVR, FAK and Pyk2 did not bind to and stimulate Src, which then did not phosphorylate the N-methyl-d-aspartate (NMDA) receptor, a critical posttranslational modification for synaptic plasticity. Src itself is a molecular hub on which many signaling pathways converge to stimulate NMDAR-mediated neurotransmission, thus positioning BVR at a prominent intersection of synaptic signaling. Description Biliverdin reductase promotes synaptic plasticity by scaffolding focal adhesion and effector kinases. Scaffolding adhesion signaling for learning Biliverdin reductase (BVR) and its product bilirubin have critical functions in the liver and antioxidant, neuroprotective functions in the brain. Here, Vasavda et al. found an additional synaptic role for BVR that was independent of either bilirubin or biliverdin. The authors found that BVR physically linked focal adhesion kinases to an effector kinase at synapses in the mouse hippocampus. This molecular bridge enabled signaling between these kinases and subsequently to NMDA receptors that mediate changes in synaptic strength in response to changing inputs—a cellular process called synaptic plasticity that underlies learning. Mice lacking BVR had impaired focal adhesion signaling and showed performance deficits on various cognitive tests. This mechanism did not require the catalytic function of BVR, thus revealing a scaffolding function for the enzyme in the brain.
Total ozone dependence of the difference between the empirically corrected EP-TOMS and high-latitude station datasets

A comparison was made of the ground-based and satellite total ozone content (TOC) measurements in the atmosphere over the Antarctic stations Vernadsky, Halley and Amundsen–Scott and the Arctic station Barrow. A similar discrepancy analysis was performed using the global network of ground-based ozonometric stations from the beginning of regular satellite observations in 1978. Slowing of the long-term global ozone losses has been observed during the past decade and a recovery of the ozone layer is forecast for the coming decades. Therefore, the accuracy requirements for ozone measurements are increasing, which, in turn, requires corresponding analysis of the measurement errors. In this work, the Earth Probe Total Ozone Mapping Spectrometer (EP-TOMS) satellite data from 1996 to 2005 were used. Satellite daily TOC values were taken using version 8 of the algorithm introduced in 2004 and empirically corrected in 2007. The most persistent features of the relative EP-TOMS–Dobson difference are: (1) a significant increase in dispersion during the period of the spring Antarctic ozone hole and (2) a differing dependence on total ozone in the trend tendency and significance for EP-TOMS and Dobson datasets. The results indicate the influence of the specific conditions during the Antarctic ozone hole on the possible precision that could be achieved in assessments of Montreal Protocol effects in the ozone layer over this region.
Comment on “Are noctilucent clouds truly a “Miner's Canary” for Global Change?”

A recent Eos article [von Zahn, 2003] has challenged the notion that Noctilucent Clouds may be a “miner's canary” of global change [Thomas, 1996]. We first note our terminology: we use the generic term Mesospheric Clouds (MC) to denote this phenomenon encompassing both the terms Polar Mesospheric Clouds (PMC) and Noctilucent Clouds (NLC). In this article, we address his specific criticisms on a point-by-point basis. We critically address his assertion that available data sets derived from satellite measurements of cloud radiance are too short for assessing long-term trends. We argue that his inference of large and irregular natural variability of MC is based on statistically-unreliable data from the older literature. We show from published space-based data that substantial interdecadal trends are present in MC brightness. We point out that MC heights (which have apparently remained constant) are not necessarily sensitive indicators of changes of MC properties. Finally we address the question of attribution, raised by von Zahn. We argue that the space observations are readily explained by well-documented water vapor variability.
Towards a better understanding of African topography: a review of passive-source seismic studies of the African crust and upper mantle

Abstract Explaining the cause and support of Africa's varied topography remains a fundamental question for our understanding of the long-term evolution of the continent. As geodynamical modelling becomes more frequently used to investigate this problem, it is important to understand the seismological results that can be incorporated into these models. Crustal thickness estimates are crucial for calculating components of topography that are isostatically compensated. Variations in seismic velocity help constrain variations in subsurface temperature and density and thus buoyancy; measurements of anisotropy can also be used to determine the contribution of the mantle flow field to dynamic topography. In this light, we review the results of passive seismic studies across Africa. At the continental scale there are significant differences in crustal models, meaning large uncertainties in corrections for isostatic topography. In east Africa, multiple seismic experiments have provided firm constraints on crustal and mantle structure. Tomographic images illuminate a broad (c. 500 km wide) low-velocity region in the upper mantle, with possible connection to the African Superplume in the lower mantle. These observations, alongside the variations in radial anisotropy, strongly suggest that the mantle flow field contributes significantly to the uplift of the region. Beneath southern Africa, low velocities are observed near the base of the continental lithosphere; the depth to transition zone discontinuities however suggests that they are not linked to the superplume beneath. It is thus less clear what role the sublithospheric mantle plays in supporting the region's high topography. Many of Africa's secondary topographic features (e.g. Atlas, Hoggar, Bie Dome) are underlain by slow velocities at depths of 100–150 km and are adjacent to rapid changes in lithospheric thickness. Whether these variations in lithospheric structure promote small-scale convection or simply guide the larger-scale mantle flow field remains ambiguous.
Sleep, depression and anxiety: an epidemiological perspective

Sleep disturbances are thought to increase the risk of developing depressive and anxiety disorders. However, evidence up until now is not conclusive. To determine associations between insomnia and sleep duration at baseline and the incidence of depressive and anxiety disorder during two year follow-up in a sample free of lifetime depressive and anxiety disorders at baseline, while adjusting for the effect of subclinical depressive symptoms, sociodemographics and somatic health indicators. Data are from the Netherlands Study of Depressive and Anxiety Disorders, a longitudinal cohort study. Subjects without lifetime depressive and anxiety disorders at baseline (n=565) were selected for the current study. Incidence of depressive and anxiety disorders over two years of follow-up according to the Composite International Diagnostic Interview based on DSM-IV criteria. Insomnia and short sleep duration at baseline were significantly associated with 2-year incidence of depressive and anxiety disorders (OR Insomnia=4.23, 95% CI=2.15-8.33, OR short sleep duration=2.70, 95% CI= 1.35-5.48). Associations remained present after considering baseline subclinical depressive symptoms, sociodemographics and somatic health indicators.
Teenagers’ Usage of a Mobile - Wearable - Cloud Platform to Promote Healthy Lifestyles: the PEGASO Experience*

 Abstract — In contemporary society, non-communicable diseases linked to unhealthy lifestyles, such as obesity, are on the rise with a major impact on global deaths. Prevention is the new frontier, promising to increase life expectancy and quality, while reducing costs related to healthcare. The PEGASO project developed a mobile ecosystem where the digital Companion aims at empowering teenagers in the adoption of healthy lifestyles. The pilot study conducted in three European countries (Spain, UK and Italy) shows a good acceptance of the system and that teenagers are keen to use mobile technology to improve their lifestyle, although wearable devices did not engage the young users.
Exercise‐induced elevations in cerebral blood velocity are greater in running compared to cycling at higher intensities

The optimal exercise intensity and modality for maximizing cerebral blood flow (CBF) and hence potential exposure to positive, hemodynamically derived cerebral adaptations is yet to be fully determined. This study compared CBF velocity responses between running and cycling across a range of exercise intensities. Twenty‐six participants (12 females; age: 26 ± 8 years) completed four exercise sessions; two mode‐specific maximal oxygen consumption (VO2max) tests, followed by (order randomized) two incremental exercise protocols (3‐min stages at 35%, 50%, 65%, 80%, 95% VO2max). Continuous measures of middle cerebral artery velocity (MCAv), oxygen consumption, end‐tidal CO2 (PETCO2), and heart rate were obtained. Modality‐specific MCAv changes were observed for the whole group (interaction effect: p = .01). Exercise‐induced increases in MCAvmean during cycling followed an inverted‐U pattern, peaking at 65% VO2max (Δ12 ± 7 cm/s from rest), whereas MCAvmean during running increased linearly up to 95% VO2max (change from rest: Δ12 ± 13 vs. Δ7 ± 8 cm/s for running vs. cycling at 95% VO2max; p = .01). In contrast, both modalities had an inverted‐U pattern for PETCO2 changes, although peaked at different intensities (running: 50% VO2max, Δ6 ± 2 mmHg; cycling: 65% VO2max, Δ7 ± 2 mmHg; interaction effect: p = .01). Further subgroup analysis revealed that the running‐specific linear MCAvmean response was fitness dependent (Fitness*modality*intensity interaction effect: p = .04). Above 65% VO2max, fitter participants (n = 16; male > 45 mL/min/kg and female > 40 mL/min/kg) increased MCAvmean up to 95% VO2max, whereas in unfit participants (n = 7, male < mL/min/kg and female < 35 mL/min/kg) MCAvmean returned toward resting values. Findings demonstrate that modality‐ and fitness‐specific profiles for MCAvmean are seen at exercise intensities exceeding 65% VO2max.
Evaluating cyclic liquefaction potential using the cone penetration test

Soil liquefaction is a major concern for structures constructed with or on sandy soils. This paper describes the phenomena of soil liquefaction, reviews suitable definitions, and provides an update on methods to evaluate cyclic liquefaction using the cone penetration test (CPT). A method is described to estimate grain characteristics directly from the CPT and to incorporate this into one of the methods for evaluating resistance to cyclic loading. A worked example is also provided, illustrating how the continuous nature of the CPT can provide a good evaluation of cyclic liquefaction potential, on an overall profile basis. This paper forms part of the final submission by the authors to the proceedings of the 1996 National Center for Earthquake Engineering Research workshop on evaluation of liquefaction resistance of soils.Key words: cyclic liquefaction, sandy soils, cone penetration test
Bleached chondrules: Evidence for widespread aqueous processes on the parent asteroids of ordinary chondrites

Abstract— We present the first detailed study of a population of texturally distinct chondrules previously described by Kurat (1969), Christophe Michel‐Lévy (1976), and Skinner et al. (1989) that are sharply depleted in alkalis and Al in their outer portions. These “bleached” chondrules, which are exclusively radial pyroxene and cryptocrystalline in texture, have porous outer zones where mesostasis has been lost. Bleached chondrules are present in all type 3 ordinary chondrites and are present in lower abundances in types 4–6. They are most abundant in the L and LL groups, apparently less common in H chondrites, and absent in enstatite chondrites. We used x‐ray mapping and traditional electron microprobe techniques to characterize bleached chondrules in a cross section of ordinary chondrites. We studied bleached chondrules from Semarkona by ion microprobe for trace elements and H isotopes, and by transmission electron microscopy. Chondrule bleaching was the result of low‐temperature alteration by aqueous fluids flowing through finegrained chondrite matrix prior to thermal metamorphism. During aqueous alteration, interstitial glass dissolved and was partially replaced by phyllosilicates, troilite was altered to pentlandite, but pyroxene was completely unaffected. Calcium‐rich zones formed at the inner margins of the bleached zones, either as the result of the early stages of metamorphism or because of fluid‐chondrule reaction. The mineralogy of bleached chondrules is extremely sensitive to thermal metamorphism in type 3 ordinary chondrites, and bleached zones provide a favorable location for the growth of metamorphic minerals in higher petrologic types. The ubiquitous presence of bleached chondrules in ordinary chondrites implies that they all experienced aqueous alteration early in their asteroidal histories, but there is no relationship between the degree of alteration and metamorphic grade. A correlation between the oxidation state of chondrite groups and their degree of aqueous alteration is consistent with the source of water being either accreted ices or water released during oxidation of organic matter. Ordinary chondrites were probably open systems after accretion, and aqueous fluids may have carried volatile elements with them during dehydration. Individual radial pyroxene and cryptocrystalline chondrules were certainly open systems in all chondrites that experienced aqueous alteration leading to bleaching.
Bose–Einstein condensation of quasiparticles by rapid cooling

1Fachbereich Physik and Landesforschungszentrum OPTIMAS, Technische Universität Kaiserslautern, Kaiserslautern, Germany. 2Department of Physics and Energy Science, University of Colorado at Colorado Springs, Colorado Springs, CO, USA. 3Graduate School Materials Science in Mainz, Mainz, Germany. 4Faculty of Physics, University of Vienna, Wien, Austria. 5THATec Innovation GmbH, Dresden, Germany. 6Institut für Physik, Martin-Luther-Universität Halle-Wittenberg, Halle, Germany. 7Nano Structuring Center, Technische Universität Kaiserslautern, Kaiserslautern, Germany. 8INNOVENT e.V. Technologieentwicklung, Jena, Germany. 9Department of Physics, Oakland University, Rochester, MI, USA. ✉e-mail: mi_schne@rhrk.uni-kl.de; andrii.chumak@univie.ac. at Bosons are particles of integer spin that allow for the fundamental quantum effect of Bose–Einstein condensation (BEC), which manifests itself in the formation of a macroscopic coherent state in an otherwise incoherent, thermalized many-particle system. The phenomenon of BEC was originally predicted for an ideal gas by Albert Einstein in 1924 based on the theory developed by Satyendra Nath Bose. Nowadays, Bose–Einstein condensates are investigated experimentally in a variety of different systems, including real particles such as ultra-cold gases1,2 as well as quasiparticles with the likes of exciton–polaritons3,4, photons5,6, or magnons in quantum magnets7–9, liquid helium 3H (refs. 10,11) and ferrimagnets12–15. The phenomenon can be achieved by a major decrease in the system temperature or by an increase in the particle density. To form a condensate from atomic gases, extremely low temperatures on the order of mK are required since the density of such gases must be very low to prevent their cohesion. By contrast, cooling of a quasiparticle system is accompanied by a decrease in its population and prevents BEC. Thus, an injection of bosons is required to reach the threshold for BEC in such systems. Since quasiparticle systems allow for high densities of bosons, BEC by quasiparticle injection is possible even at room temperature. Prominent examples are the injection of exciton–polaritons by a laser3,4 and of magnons either by microwave parametric pumping12–16 or due to spin currents induced by the SSE17.
QUIESCENT ENDOTHELIAL CELLS UPREGULATE FATTY ACID -OXIDATION FOR VASCULOPROTECTION VIA REDOX HOMEOSTASIS

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Cerebral laterality of writing in right‐ and left‐handers: A functional transcranial Doppler ultrasound study

The cerebral lateralization of written language has received very limited research attention in comparison to the wealth of studies on the cerebral lateralization of oral language. The purpose of the present study was to further our understanding of written language lateralization, by elucidating the relative contribution of language and motor functions. We compared written word generation with a task that has equivalent visuomotor demands but does not include language: the repeated drawing of symbols. We assessed cerebral laterality using functional transcranial Doppler ultrasound (fTCD), a non‐invasive, perfusion‐sensitive neuroimaging technique in 23 left‐ and 31 right‐handed participants. Findings suggest that the linguistic aspect of written word generation recruited more left‐hemispheric areas during writing, in right‐handers compared to left‐handers. This difference could be explained by greater variability in cerebral laterality patterns within left‐handers or the possibility that the areas subserving language in left‐handers are broader than in right‐handers. Another explanation is that the attentional demands of the more novel symbol copying task (compared to writing) contributed more right‐hemispheric activation in right‐handers, but this could not be captured in left‐handers due to ceiling effects. Future work could investigate such attentional demands using both simple and complex stimuli in the copying condition.
A stable core gut microbiota across fresh-to saltwater transition 3 for farmed Atlantic salmon 4

11 Gut microbiota associations through habitat transitions are fundamentally important, yet poorly 12 understood. One such habitat transition is the migration from fresh to salt water for anadromous 13 fish such as salmon. The aim of the current work was therefore to determine the freshto 14 saltwater impact on the gut microbiota in farmed Atlantic salmon, with dietary interventions 15 resembling that of freshand salt water diets with respect to fatty acid composition. Using deep 16 16S rRNA gene sequencing, and quantitative PCR, we found that the freshto salt water 17 transition both had a major association with the microbiota composition and quantity, while 18 diet did not show significantly associations with the microbiota. In salt water there was a 10019 fold increase in bacterial quantity, with a relative increase of Firmicutes and a relative decrease 20 of both Actinobacteria and Proteobacteria. Irrespective of an overall shift in microbiota 21 composition from fresh to salt water we identified three core clostridia and one Lactobacillus22 affiliated phylotype with wide geographic distribution that were highly prevalent and co23