Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Industry Structure Characteristics and International Entrepreneurship in India’s Software Industry

Drawing upon research in international entrepreneurship regarding born global firms as well as strategy and economics research on industry structure and March’s (1991) exploration-exploitation framework, we examine how domestic market structure influences international entrepreneurship in India’s software industry. We suggest that the domestic industry structure aspect of industry concentration influences which global industry segments these born global firms are involved in. Analysis of our sample comprising 876 of the major Indian software firms in existence in 2002–2003 shows high industry concentration with a few dominant firms and a number of firms with little market presence. Consistent with our hypotheses, we found that dominant firms tend to engage in the high revenue per employee industry segment of business process outsourcing (BPO), while less powerful firms tend to engage in the low revenue per employee segment of high technology. Implications of our research as well as areas for future research are discussed.
Temporal genetic patterns of diversity and structure evidence chaotic genetic patchiness in a spiny lobster

Population structure of many marine organisms is spatially patchy and varies within and between years, a phenomenon defined as chaotic genetic patchiness. This results from the combination of planktonic larval dispersal and environmental stochasticity. Additionally, in species with bi‐partite life, postsettlement selection can magnify these genetic differences. The high fecundity (up to 500,000 eggs annually) and protracted larval duration (12–24 months) and dispersal of the southern rock lobster, Jasus edwardsii, make it a good test species for chaotic genetic patchiness and selection during early benthic life. Here, we used double digest restriction site‐associated DNA sequencing (ddRADseq) to investigate chaotic genetic patchiness and postsettlement selection in this species. We assessed differences in genetic structure and diversity of recently settled pueruli across four settlement years and between two sites in southeast Australia separated by approximately 1,000 km. Postsettlement selection was investigated by identifying loci under putative positive selection between recently settled pueruli and postpueruli and quantifying differences in the magnitude and strength of the selection at each year and site. Genetic differences within and among sites through time in neutral SNP markers indicated chaotic genetic patchiness. Recently settled puerulus at the southernmost site exhibited lower genetic diversity during years of low puerulus catches, further supporting this hypothesis. Finally, analyses of outlier SNPs detected fluctuations in the magnitude and strength of the markers putatively under positive selection over space and time. One locus under putative positive selection was consistent at both locations during the same years, suggesting the existence of weak postsettlement selection.
Serum Levels of IL‐4, IL‐10, IL‐12, IL‐13 and IFN‐Gamma in Behçet's Disease

Behçet's disease (BD) is an inflammatory disease of unknown etiology. Although its pathogenesis is not fully understood, recent studies have suggested that immunological abnormalities and neutrophil hyperfunction may be involved in its etiology and pathophysiology. The immune system in BD can be characterized as a divergent cytokine production profile of the mixed Th1/Th2 cell type. In this study, we investigated the levels of interleukin (IL)‐4, IL‐10, IL‐12, IL‐13 and interferon‐γ in the sera of patients with BD, in comparison with recurrent aphthous stomatitis and healthy controls, to determine the Th1/Th2 profile of the disease. The levels of IL‐4, IL‐10 and IL‐13 were found to be high in active BD patients, and IL‐12 and interferon‐γ levels were lower in active BD patients than in inactive BD, recurrent aphthous stomatitis, and control patients.
Naturally Occurring Selenosis in Wyoming

A review of Wyoming State Veterinary Laboratory records for 1947–1987 revealed no substantiated cases of naturally occurring selenosis. However, older reports attributed thousands of animal deaths to selenium each year in this area. Beginning in August 1988, cases of suspected selenosis and selenium deficiency were solicited from veterinarians and producers by announcements in various statewide livestock publications. As of August 1991, 4 cases (all horses) of naturally occurring selenosis have been confirmed. Clinical signs were most often referable to epithelial damage, e.g., hoof lesions and loss of mane and tail. None involved neurologic signs. Sources of selenium included native range and grass hay.
Brain Drain and Its Impact on Ethiopia's Higher Learning Institutions: Medical Establishments and the Military Academies Between 1970s and 2000

Africa is beset with problems that range from natural calamities to civil wars and epidemics such as HIV-AIDS. Ironically, countries like Ethiopia, which badly need trained manpower, continued to lose highly skilled professionals, both military and civilian, to Western Europe and the United States. Ethiopia, for instance, loses more than a third of all its students who were sent for further education to Europe and the U.S. This is in addition to those who leave the country for various reasons but refuse to return home and those educated Ethiopians who became refugees in African countries. One of the consequences of the outflow of highly educated Ethiopians is that today there are more Ethiopian professionals, including MDs, working in the U.S. than in Ethiopia. However, not all Ethiopian professionals are successful in practicing their profession. Among these professionals, highly trained military officers constituted the largest group. They end up being taxi drivers and security guards; they represent the worst case of brain drain—brain hemorrhage. My paper will examine the causes and processes of migration of highly educated Ethiopians to the U.S. and its impact on higher education, both military and civilian, and health institutions in Ethiopia—a country with the least developed higher education establishments, even by African standards, and one of the worst HIV-AIDS affected areas in the world.
STUDIES ON EARNINGS DYNAMICS AND UNCERTAINTY IN RETURN TO EDUCATION

I decompose the earnings variance of Finnish male and female workers into its permanent and transitory components using the approach of Baker (1997) and Haider (2001) in the spirit of scientific replication. I find that the increasing earnings inequality of men and women is driven by both the transitory and permanent components of earnings. In addition, I find considerable differences in the earnings dynamics of men and women, that have been largely neglected in previous studies of earnings dynamics. The inequality among men is dominated by the permanent component. Conversely, permanent and transitory components are of comparable magnitudes to women. As a corollary, men experience more stable income paths but display larger permanent earnings differences. Women, on the other hand, face more unstable earnings profiles but show smaller permanent differences in earnings. A paper based on this chapter is published as Kässi (2014)
Strategic opportunities from diaspora tourism: The Jamaican perspective

This article is based on a broader multi-country, multi-participant case study research of the Jamaica/London migration stream and explores the range of immediate to long term benefits associated with return visits to Jamaica by Jamaican nationals living in London. These short return visits to one's homeland or place of origin, birth or heritage is referred to as diaspora tourism and is an important element in the migration-tourism nexus. With the recent declines in international tourism, diaspora tourism has come into the spotlight as a viable alternative for foreign exchange, trade and investment opportunities. Through in depth interviews with key stakeholders, the study examines the nature of the movement as well as the motivations for Jamaican diaspora short visits to Jamaica from London, one of the major global cities that Jamaicans have historically migrated to. The study also examines the socio-economic and political impacts of this movement and further explores strategic opportunities for trade and investment and the implications for future tourism policy planning and national development in Jamaica. Cet article rend compte d'une recherche – au sens large du terme, multi-pays et multi-populations, et basée sur la méthode du cas d'étude – sur le flux migratoire Jamaïque/Londres ; et explore les nombreux avantages, immédiats et sur le long terme, des visites de retour à la Jamaïque, de citoyens jamaïcains vivant à Londres. Ces courtes visites de retour dans la patrie ou le lieu d'origine, de naissance ou de patrimoine culturel, renvoient à l'expression « tourisme diasporique » et sont une composante importante des connexions entre migration et tourisme. En tant qu'alternative viable au tourisme international en déclin, le tourisme diasporique s'est mis à susciter beaucoup d'intérêt en raison des opportunités qu'il représente en matière d'échange de devises, de commerce et d'investissements. À travers des entretiens en profondeur conduits avec des parties prenantes clé, l'étude examine le caractère du déplacement et les motivations des membres de la diaspora jamaïcaine effectuant de courtes visites en Jamaïque depuis Londres, l'une des plus grandes villes du monde vers lesquelles les Jamaïcains ont émigré au cours de l'histoire. L'étude examine aussi l'impact socio-économique et politique de ces déplacements et va plus loin dans son exploration des opportunités stratégiques pour le commerce et les investissements, et des implications pour une politique du tourisme planifiée et pour le développement futur de la Jamaïque.
New Labour and work-time regulation: a Marxian analysis of the UK economy

This article examines the impact of work-time regulation, introduced by the UK’s New Labour governments (1997–2010). In doing so, we return to Marx’s hypotheses regarding the length of the working day. These include the arguments that class conflict over the length of the working day is inherently distributional in a surplus-value sense and that workers often display a preference for reduced hours even with a proportionate reduction in pay. Our quantitative Marxist methodology provides a way of assessing the pattern of surplus value before and during the period of office of the New Labour governments and the distributional effects of regulation. The impact of such regulations on workers’ preferences are examined through an investigation of British Household Panel Survey data. Although many have been sceptical concerning the record of the last Labour governments, policies such as the Working Time Regulations (1998) and the Work-Life Balance Campaign (2000) are found to have been noteworthy innovations in the labour market. This is all the more important given recent moves by the successor government to weaken work-time regulation. Our results suggest the impact of these policy initiatives was broadly favourable, though the effect on men and women was different.
Linguistic hesitant intuitionistic fuzzy linear assignment method based on Choquet integral

This study develops a new multiple attribute decision making method based on linear assignment method with linguistic hesitant intuitionistic fuzzy information considering correlation. First, we develop some linguistic hesitant intuitionistic fuzzy correlated aggregation operators by using Choquet integral. Then we propose a new linguistic hesitant intuitionistic fuzzy linear assignment method considering correlation of attributes. A numerical example has been presented to illustrate feasibility and practical advantages of the new method. Comparisons of new method with other methods, including the linguistic hesitant intuitionistic fuzzy correlated TOPSIS method, the method based on the generalized linguistic hesitant intuitionistic fuzzy correlated averaging (GLHIFCA) operator, have been conducted.
Gender and Livelihood Diversification: Maasai Women’s Market Activities in Northern Tanzania

Abstract East African pastoralists are increasingly diversifying their livelihoods to bring cash into the household. While men dominate these activities, women’s contributions to household economies through new market activities make them pivotal players in livelihood diversification. This article compares Maasai women’s income-earning activities at local markets with their market activities at the gemstone mining area of Mererani. It shows that women’s economic activities simultaneously challenge and reify a pastoral gender system and that this differs according to a woman’s family and household status. In addition, it addresses the implications of these processes for rural development initiatives aimed at empowering women.
Effective Heat Inactivation of Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis in Raw Milk Contaminated with Naturally Infected Feces

ABSTRACT The effectiveness of high-temperature, short holding time (HTST) pasteurization and homogenization with respect to inactivation of Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis was evaluated quantitatively. This allowed a detailed determination of inactivation kinetics. High concentrations of feces from cows with clinical symptoms of Johne's disease were used to contaminate raw milk in order to realistically mimic possible incidents most closely. Final M. avium subsp. paratuberculosis concentrations varying from 102 to 3.5 × 105 cells per ml raw milk were used. Heat treatments including industrial HTST were simulated on a pilot scale with 22 different time-temperature combinations, including 60 to 90°C at holding (mean residence) times of 6 to 15 s. Following 72°C and a holding time of 6 s, 70°C for 10 and 15 s, or under more stringent conditions, no viable M. avium subsp. paratuberculosis cells were recovered, resulting in >4.2- to >7.1-fold reductions, depending on the original inoculum concentrations. Inactivation kinetic modeling of 69 quantitative data points yielded an Ea of 305,635 J/mol and an lnk0 of 107.2, corresponding to a D value of 1.2 s at 72°C and a Z value of 7.7°C. Homogenization did not significantly affect the inactivation. The conclusion can be drawn that HTST pasteurization conditions equal to 15 s at ≥72°C result in a more-than-sevenfold reduction of M. avium subsp. paratuberculosis.
Performance-Based Regulation: Prospects and Limitations in Health, Safety and Environmental Protection

Regulation aims to improve the performance of individual and organizational behavior in ways that reduce social harms, whether by improving industry's environmental performance, increasing the safety of transportation systems, or reducing workplace risk. With this in mind, the phrase "performance-based regulation" might seem a bit redundant, since all regulation should aim to improve performance in ways that advance social goals. Yet regulators can direct those they govern to improve their performance in at least two basic ways. They can prescribe exactly what actions regulated entities must take to improve their performance. Or they can incorporate the regulation's goal into the language of the rule, specifying the desired level of performance and allowing those targeted by regulation to decide how to achieve that level. This second approach is the kind of regulation that is the subject of this working paper. Incorporating performance goals into regulatory standards is by no means a new idea, but in recent years there has been renewed interest in expanding the use of performance standards in a variety of areas of health, safety, and environmental regulation. In keeping with its mission of advancing research and promoting policy outreach, the Regulatory Policy Program at the John F. Kennedy School of Government convened a workshop on May 13, 2002, to see what could be learned from agencies' experiences with performance standards and to begin to identify the likely conditions for the effective use of performance standards. The workshop brought together decisionmakers from a dozen different government agencies as well as leading researchers from the fields of economics, engineering, law, and political science. The dialogue at the workshop sought to build on the experiences of different regulatory agencies that have used performance-based regulation and to clarify its advantages and disadvantages in addressing health, safety, and environmental problems. This working paper summarizes and syntheses the dialogue that emerged from the discussion, addressing the role of performance standards in the regulator's toolbox, the conditions under which performance standards can be effective, and the challenges associated with implementing performance-based regulation in practice.
Trends in development of coastal area management in tropical countries: From central to community orientation

The development phases of coastal management in tropical countries are described. Precolonial, centralized, community based, and collaborative coastal management are identified as forms of management which have evolved to what today is called integrated coastal management. Centralized management began during colonial times when any attempt at management was orchestrated from the top of government. Community based coastal management, in response to the failures of more centralized approaches, began in the Philippines through several projects, the experience of which spread to other countries in Southeast Asia and to Ecuador in the 1980s. The concept of collaborative management is now accepted as a description of variations in joint management arrangements between government and community or with the private sector stakeholders. It is suggested that collaborative management and integrated coastal management are more or less synonymous. The trends identified within tropical coastal management include interdi.
Learning Attention Model From Human for Visuomotor Tasks

A wealth of information regarding intelligent decision making is conveyed by human gaze and visual attention, hence, modeling and exploiting such information might be a promising way to strengthen algorithms like deep reinforcement learning. We collect high-quality human action and gaze data while playing Atari games. Using these data, we train a deep neural network that can predict human gaze positions and visual attention with high accuracy.
Insomnia causes, consequences, and therapeutics: An overview

There is growing interest in insomnia both from the perspective of recent advances in clinical management as well as research aimed at elucidating its pathophysiology. This theoretical overview of insomnia describes the negative impact, etiological considerations, and pharmacological and behavioral treatments for the disorder, with an emphasis on areas receiving increased research attention. Insomnia, the most prevalent sleep disorder, affects 10–15% of the general population. In population‐based studies severe insomnia has been shown to last for a median of 4 years. In addition, insomnia has a significant negative impact on an individual's work, physical, and social performance as well as overall quality of life. Furthermore, the economic cost of insomnia related to lost productivity, work‐related accidents, absenteeism, and health‐care costs are enormous. There is increasing evidence linking the precipitation of insomnia to stress, and converging evidence from cognitive, endocrine, neurological, and behavioral domains provide clear evidence for hyperarousal in insomnia. However, there remains no consensus regarding the specific etiological mechanisms of this disorder. Although the pathophysiology of primary insomnia remains an enigma, numerous treatments both pharmacological and behavioral have been developed and found to be efficacious in controlled studies. Despite the wide availability of pharmacological treatments and increased knowledge of behavioral interventions, the vast majority of individuals with insomnia do not appear to be receiving adequate treatment. The inadequate treatment of insomnia leads to several important and under‐recognized consequences including subsequent development of psychiatric disease and increased substance use. Depression and Anxiety 18:163–176, 2003. © 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Audiology education and practice from an international perspective

This paper describes the international education and practice of audiology with the broader aim of proposing possible cost-effective and sustainable education models to address the current situation. Major audiology organizations worldwide were surveyed from February 2005 to May 2007, and organizations from 62 countries (78% of the world population) returned a completed survey. Overall, the results suggested a wide range of professionals providing hearing health care, and 86% of the respondents reported a need for more audiologists. There was also considerable variation in the scope of practice among the different hearing health care professionals, and the minimum education levels of audiologists with similar scopes of practice. The countries surveyed fell into four broad categories in terms of professional resources, and the results highlighted the urgent need for forward planning at both national and international levels. The study highlights options for addressing some of the challenges in educating audiologists and the provision of hearing health care services globally.
Effect of Platelet Rich Plasma Combined with Chitosan Biodegradable Film on Full-Thickness Wound Healing in Rat Model.

OBJECTIVE To assess the effects of platelet rich plasma (PRP) with chitosan biodegradable film on full thickness wound healing in rat. METHODS This was an experimental study being performed in 2015 during a 4-month period. Twenty-four male white Wistar rats were divided into four groups of 12 rats each, randomly: Control group (SHAM) with creation of wounds and no treatment, PRP group with creation of wounds and application of one milliliter PRP, Chitosan group (CHIT) with dressing the wound with chitosan and CHIT/PRP group with application of one mL PRPand dressing the wound with chitosan. The wounds were created by cutting healthy skin.Wound size was measured on 6, 9, 12, 15, 18 and 21 post surgery and was compared between groups. RESULTS Reduction in wound area, hydroxyproline contents and biomechanical parametersindicated there was significant difference (p=0.001) between group CHIT/PRP and other groups. Biomechanical testing was performed on day 9 post surgery in incisional model. Quantitative histological studies and mean rank of the qualitative studies demonstrated that there was significant difference (p<0.001) between group CHIT/PRP and other groups. CONCLUSION PRP with chitosan have beneﬁcial effects on wounds repair and could be suggested for treating various types of wounds in animals and human being.