Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Charge Density Wave Order in Cuprate Superconductors Studied by Resonant Soft X-ray Scattering

Cuprate high temperature superconductors have been the subject of intense investigation since their discovery in 1986. The nature of the pairing mechanism in these unconventional superconductors does not seem to be mediated by phonons, as in conventional superconductors, and thus remains a puzzle. The superconducting phase emerges from doping holes (or electrons) into the CuO2 planes of an anti-ferromagnetic Mott insulator, producing a wealth of electronic ordering phenomena in many of the cuprate families. One of these phases is an incommensurate charge ordered state, known since the mid 90’s to occur in La-based cuprates along with incommensurate spin ordering and compete with superconductivity. Recent advances in experimental capabilities, notably the ability to perform resonant diffraction experiments with soft x-rays, which can be made sensitive to holes in Cu 3d and O 2p orbitals, have provided new opportunities to learn about these charge ordered states. The study of charge order in cuprate superconductors by resonant soft x-ray scattering is the subject of this thesis. The main results are as follows. The energy dependence of the resonant scattering intensity sensitive to holes in Cu 3dx2−y2 and O 2px,y orbitals was shown to result from modulated orbital energy levels rather than directly due to charge modulations. This is notable, as prior interpretations of this scattering signature were taken as direct evidence for a sizeable charge modulation, whereas this result indicates considerably smaller modulation amplitudes. The applicability of this model was first demonstrated for La1.475Nd0. 4Sr0.125CuO4, but subsequently validated for YBa2Cu3O6+x as well. This commonality hinted at a largely similar type of charge ordering in these different families, despite important structural and compositional differences. Moreover, the applicability of this model in YBa2Cu3O6+x, along with studies of the temperature and momentum dependence of the scattering signature, demonstrated that the chain layer of YBa2Cu3O6+x, which supports its own type of order involving full and empty CuO chains, was not responsible for the observed charge order and argued for it being an intrinsic property of the CuO2 planes. This crucial distinction has now helped to affirm charge order as a generic feature of hole-doped cuprates. This point has since been further established by the observation of charge ordering in other cuprate families. More recently, there has been a great deal of interest in determining the symmetry of the charge density waves, as theory has predicted a d type symmetry on the O 2px,y bonds surrounding Cu sites. To address this, an experiment on La1.875Ba0. 125CuO4 involving a special scattering geometry was performed. The relative d and s′ symmetry components were determined by modelling of the polarization and geometry dependence of the scattering intensity and mapping this to a theoretical construct to provide quantifiable symmetry components. This revealed a dominant s′ symmetry, in contrast to d symmetry
Comparison of Dental and Skeletal Age Estimating Methods in Children

Objectives Estimating age is a crucial determinant of forensic science. Various methods have been used to estimate dental age (DA) and skeletal age (SA). The aim of the current study was to compare the Cameriere’s DA method with the Cameriere’s SA method in estimating CA in children. Materials and methods A total of 216 radiographs of 130 females and 86 males (between 9 to 14.99 years of age) were evaluated in northwestern Turkey. DA was calculated on the panoramic images using Cameriere’s open-apex method. SA was determined on the lateral cephalograms using the fourth cervical vertebrae method by Cameriere. The DA, SA, and CA data were compared using a paired t-test and Wilcoxon test. Results The mean CA of all groups was calculated as 12.96±0.30, the mean DA of 12.74±0.68 and the mean SA of 12.89±0.89. In males, the DA method presented an underestimation between ages of 14.00 and 14.99 (p<0.05) and an overestimation between ages 9.00 and 11.99 (p<0.05). In females, the DA method showed an underestimation in the 13.00- and 14.99-year-old age groups (p<0.05) and an overestimation in the 10.00- and 11.99-year-old age groups (p<0.05). The SA method revealed a significant underestimation in females between the ages of 13.00 and 14.99 and in males between the ages of 14.00 and 14.99 (p<0.05). Conclusions The SA estimation method may provide more accurate results compared to the DA method with children of both sexes aged between 9.00 to 12.99 in the determination of CA.
Impact of l‐citrulline on nitric oxide signaling and arginase activity in hypoxic human pulmonary artery endothelial cells

Abstract Impaired nitric oxide (NO) signaling contributes to the development of pulmonary hypertension (PH). The l‐arginine precursor, l‐citrulline, improves NO signaling and has therapeutic potential in PH. However, there is evidence that l‐citrulline might increase arginase activity, which in turn, has been shown to contribute to PH. Our major purpose was to determine if l‐citrulline increases arginase activity in hypoxic human pulmonary artery endothelial cells (PAECs). In addition, to avoid potential adverse effects from high dose l‐citrulline monotherapy, we evaluated whether the effect on NO signaling is greater using co‐treatment with l‐citrulline and another agent that improves NO signaling, folic acid, than either alone. Arginase activity was measured in human PAECs cultured under hypoxic conditions in the presence of l‐citrulline (0–1 mM). NO production and endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) coupling, as assessed by eNOS dimer‐to‐monomer ratios, were measured in PAECs treated with l‐citrulline and/or folic acid (0.2 μM). Arginase activity increased in hypoxic PAECs treated with 1 mM but not with either 0.05 or 0.1 mM l‐citrulline. Co‐treatment with folic acid and 0.1 mM l‐citrulline increased NO production and eNOS dimer‐to‐monomer ratios more than treatment with either alone. The potential to increase arginase activity suggests that there might be plasma l‐citrulline concentrations that should not be exceeded when using l‐citrulline to treat PH. Rather than progressively increasing the dose of l‐citrulline as a monotherapy, co‐therapy with l‐citrulline and folic acid merits consideration, due to the possibility of achieving efficacy at lower doses and minimizing side effects.
An adaptive empirical Bayesian thresholding procedure for analysing microarray experiments with replication

Summary. A typical microarray experiment attempts to ascertain which genes display differential expression in different samples. We model the data by using a two‐component mixture model and develop an empirical Bayesian thresholding procedure, which was originally introduced for thresholding wavelet coefficients, as an alternative to the existing methods for determining differential expression across thousands of genes. The method is built on sound theoretical properties and has easy computer implementation in the R statistical package. Furthermore, we consider improvements to the standard empirical Bayesian procedure when replication is present, to increase the robustness and reliability of the method. We provide an introduction to microarrays for those who are unfamilar with the field and the proposed procedure is demonstrated with applications to two‐channel complementary DNA microarray experiments.
Evolutionary sequences of stellar models with new radiative opacities. VI. $Z=0.0001$

We present a large grid of stellar evolutionary models with the initial chemical composition (Z = 0:0001;Y =0 :23). These tracks are conceived to extend the grid of stellar models described in the previous papers of this series, and are computed with the new radiative opacities by Iglesias et al. (1992) and convective overshoot. The tracks span the range of initial masses from 0:6 M to 100 M, and extend from the zero age main sequence (ZAMS) till very advanced evolutionary phases. Specically, low- and intermediate-mass stars are followed till the beginning of the thermally pulsing regime of the asymptotic red giant branch phase (TP-AGB), while massive stars are followed till the core C-ignition. With respect to previous papers of this series, these models incorporate a number of small modications in the input physics, particularly on the equation of state, which now incorporates the eect of Coulomb interactions between charged particles. The eect of these modications is discussed. The corresponding theoretical isochrones are presented.
A New Fourth-Order Enstrophy and Energy Conserving Scheme

Abstract A new pseudo-fourth-order finite-difference scheme for the shallow-water and primitive equations is derived. This scheme is a C-grid scheme that conserves energy and conserves enstrophy in the nondivergent limit. The accuracy of the scheme is second order, but in the nondivergent limit it has fourth-order accuracy. In the nondivergent limit, the scheme reduces to Arakawa's fourth-order Jacobian scheme for the vorticity equation for two-dimensional incompressible flow. Model runs with the shallow-water equations are discussed.
Employment Participation and Determinants of the Gender Wage Gap in the Head of the Household

The distortion model becomes a problem in development planning, including in the development goals of reducing discrimination and concerns. These two things are closely related to gender expectations on work participation. The purpose of this study was to estimate the gender pay gap at the work participation rate of household heads in Magelang during the Covid-19 pandemic. The analytical tools used are Probit regression and the decomposition of the Blinder-Oaxaca model. The model decomposes wage differentials by gender. The study uses the 2020 SAKERNAS data. The results show that work participation for male household heads is determined by the marginal effect of work experience, age and area of residence, not education level and number of family dependents, while female household heads are only determined because of the number factor. family responsibilities. Furthermore, the potential work experience of male household heads has a significant negative effect. Research findings from the Blinder-Oaxaca Decomposition calculation show that the difference in wages between groups of household heads during the Covid 19 pandemic proved statistically significant. The role of the government is expected to be more active in disseminating policies related to gender in the labor market and exercising control over business actors in implementing labor regulations.
Coherent Radiation from Energetic Electron Streams via Collisionless Bremsstrahlung in Strong Plasma Turbulence

Radiation produced by the scattering of energetic electron streams in regions of plasma turbulence can be more efficient than synchroton emission. Plasma instability occurs naturally due to counterstreaming plasmas in the environment of galactic jets, and saturates in a turbulent state of intense localized regions of electrostatic field. Energetic electrons accelerate while traversing soliton-like electric field structures. Their radiation is extremely broad-band in frequency, a bremsstrahlung type spectrum in which the minimum impact parameter is the scale size of the soliton, assumed to be a many Debye lengths.
Comparison between tools for automatic segmentation of white matter hyperintensities of presumed vascular origin in aging: which one, how and why to choose the most suitable for your purpose?

Cerebrovascular damage consequent to small vessel disease (SVD) is a common companion of healthy and pathological aging. Neuroimaging signatures of SVD are present in virtually all people older than 60 years, and their prevalence increases with age. According to the STRIVE criteria, white matter hyperintensities (WMH) have been associated with different clinical symptoms and constitute a good clinical proxy for SVD. This is important as WMH can be directly assessed via MRI. Currently, the most widely used method to detect and assess the severity of WMH are clinical scales based on visual assessment, but these scales do not offer real quantitative information, making it difficult to assess progression. Quantitative information can be approached through the manual segmentation of physicians, but this process is extremely time-consuming and presents a high inter and intra evaluators variability, which makes its application in routine protocols unfeasible. Therefore, it is imperative to facilitate the use of automatic protocols capable of providing WMH load measurements that are as accurate as possible to those obtained by manual segmentation. In this study, we aim to identify the most accurate software for WMH segmentation, providing not only methodological insights but also usability knowledge that would enlighten the tradeoff between clinical accuracy and real-world implementation. The data set consisted of T1 and Flair images of 45 cognitively healthy older participants (mean age 71 {+/-} 5). The study analyzed WMH segmentations obtained with clinician manual segmentation and four tools included in three of the most widely used neuroimaging toolkits: 1) Lesion Prediction Algorithm (LPA) and Lesion Growth Algorithm (LGA) of the lesion segmentation tool (LST); 2) sequence adaptive multimodal segmentation (SAMSEG); and 3) the brain intensity anomalies classification algorithm (BIANCA). The analysis evaluated the correlations with the Fazekas clinical scale, the influence of the WMH load and evaluated the performance at the individual lesion level. The results showed that the supervised methods (LST-LPA and BIANCA) performed better in all the analyses and were the only ones capable of consistently capturing small lesions (<26 mm3). However, these tools lose performance when applied to new data. Considering the results (accuracy and ease of use), we concluded that, in the general case, the combined use of the two FSL tools emerged as the best option. We confirmed this conclusion by evaluating WMH segmentation in a dataset of 500 older individuals and found that the LPA results, using LGA to control for divergences, offered valuable and actionable clinical information, both to help clinicians make treatment decisions treatment and to monitor pathological progression.
Utility of a new lower limb and trunk functional evaluation for pitchers with focus on the physical characteristics of players with a throwing disorder

Objectives A pitching motion involves three-dimensional whole body movement. Proper pelvic and trunk rotation movement are important for the prevention of throwing injuries. Given that throwing is not a simple rotation movement, the evaluation of proper motion should reflect muscle strength as well as coordination and pitching motion characteristics. We have devised a throwing rotational assessment (TRA) as a new evaluation of the total rotation angle required for throwing. The purpose of this study was to examine the characteristics of players with throwing disorders compared to a pain-free group using TRA. Materials and methods The subjects consisted of 164 high school baseball pitchers who participated in a medical check. Pain-induced tests included an elbow hyperextension test and an intra-articular shoulder impingement test. Pitchers who felt pain in either test were classified into a disorder group (n=61). With the subjects in a position similar to the foot contact phase of throwing, the rotation angles of the pelvis and trunk were measured. All tests were performed in the throwing and opposite directions. Results The disorder group had significantly lower average rotation angles of the pelvis and trunk in the throwing direction and the rotation angle of the trunk in the opposite direction compared to the healthy group. Conclusion TRA reflects the complex whole body rotation movement. Reductions in rotational angles as assessed in TRA may be associated with throwing disorders. TRA is a simple method that may be useful in the early detection of a throwing disorder and could be used in the systematic evaluation during a medical check, as well as during self-check in the sports field.
Infusing behavior science into large language models for activity coaching

Large language models (LLMs) have shown promise for task-oriented dialogue across a range of domains.The use of LLMs in health and fitness coaching is under-explored. Behavior science frameworks such asCOM-B, which conceptualizes behavior change in terms of capability (C), Opportunity (O) and Motivation(M), can be used to architect coaching interventions in a way that promotes sustained change. Here weaim to incorporate behavior science principles into an LLM using two knowledge infusion techniques: coachmessage priming (where exemplar coach responses are provided as context to the LLM), and dialogue re-ranking (where the COM-B category of the LLM output is matched to the inferred user need). Simulatedconversations were conducted between the primed or unprimed LLM and a member of the research team,and then evaluated by 8 human raters. Ratings for the primed conversations were significantly higher interms of empathy and actionability. The same raters also compared a single response generated by theunprimed, primed and re-ranked models, finding a significant uplift in actionability from the re-rankingtechnique. This is a proof of concept of how behavior science frameworks can be infused into automatedconversational agents for a more principled coaching experience
Two-fold increase in the prevalence of autism in Israel between 2017 and 2021

The prevalence of autism spectrum disorder (ASD) has increased steadily in most high-income countries over the last decade. Estimates of ASD prevalence among 8 year old children in the U.S. have increased from 1.47% in 2010 to 2.3% in 2018, and up to 3.5% among 3 to 17 year old children in 2020. In Israel, estimates have been lower, with the prevalence of ASD in 8 year old children increasing from 0.3% in 2009 to 0.64% in 2018. Here, we examined data from the entire population of Israel (~3 million 1-17-year-old children) and quantified changes in their ASD prevalence between 2017 and 2021. We analyzed consecutive annual reports acquired from the Israeli National Insurance Institute (NII), which monitors all children with ASD in Israel who receive welfare services, and Clalit Health Services (CHS), the largest Health Maintenance Organization (HMO) in Israel that services ~50% of the population. Both data sources revealed a nearly twofold increase in the ASD prevalence of 1 to 17 year old children during this five-year period. Rates differed across age groups with 2 to 3 year old (day-care) children exhibiting a ~4.4 fold increase in prevalence from 0.27% to 1.19% and 4 to 6 year old (pre-school) children exhibiting a ~2.3 fold increase from 0.80% to 1.83%. These results demonstrate that ASD prevalence in Israel is increasing at unprecedented rates and shifting towards diagnosis at earlier ages. These findings highlight the challenge facing health and education service providers in meeting the needs of a rapidly growing ASD population that is being diagnosed at earlier ages.
Towards robust clinical genome interpretation: developing a consistent terminology to characterize disease-gene relationships - allelic requirement, inheritance modes and disease mechanisms

PURPOSE: The terminology used for gene-disease curation and variant annotation to describe inheritance, allelic requirement, and both sequence and functional consequences of a variant is currently not standardized. There is considerable discrepancy in the literature and across clinical variant reporting in the derivation and application of terms. Here we standardize the terminology for the characterization of disease-gene relationships to facilitate harmonized global curation, and to support variant classification within the ACMG/AMP framework. METHODS: Terminology for inheritance, allelic requirement, and both structural and functional consequences of a variant used by Gene Curation Coalition (GenCC) members and partner organizations was collated and reviewed. Harmonized terminology with definitions and use examples was created, reviewed, and validated. RESULTS: We present a standardized terminology to describe gene-disease relationships, and to support variant annotation. We demonstrate application of the terminology for classification of variation in the ACMG SF 2.0 genes recommended for reporting of secondary findings. Consensus terms were agreed and formalized in both sequence ontology (SO) and human phenotype ontology (HPO) ontologies. GenCC member groups intend to use or map to these terms in their respective resources. CONCLUSION: The terminology standardization presented here will improve harmonization, facilitate the pooling of curation datasets across international curation efforts and, in turn, improve consistency in variant classification and genetic test interpretation.
Updates on Compositional MRI Mapping of the Cartilage: Emerging Techniques and Applications

Osteoarthritis (OA) is a widely occurring degenerative joint disease that is severely debilitating and causes significant socioeconomic burdens to society. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is the preferred imaging modality for the morphological evaluation of cartilage due to its excellent soft tissue contrast and high spatial resolution. However, its utilization typically involves subjective qualitative assessment of cartilage. Compositional MRI, which refers to the quantitative characterization of cartilage using a variety of MRI methods, can provide important information regarding underlying compositional and ultrastructural changes that occur during early OA. Cartilage compositional MRI could serve as early imaging biomarkers for the objective evaluation of cartilage and help drive diagnostics, disease characterization, and response to novel therapies. This review will summarize current and ongoing state‐of‐the‐art cartilage compositional MRI techniques and highlight emerging methods for cartilage compositional MRI including MR fingerprinting, compressed sensing, multiexponential relaxometry, improved and robust radio‐frequency pulse sequences, and deep learning‐based acquisition, reconstruction, and segmentation. The review will also briefly discuss the current challenges and future directions for adopting these emerging cartilage compositional MRI techniques for use in clinical practice and translational OA research studies.
Infinite quasi-injective groups

A group G is said to be quasi-injective if, for each subgroup H of G and homomorphism θ:H→G, there is an endomorphism such that . It is of course well known that the category of groups does not possess non-trivial injective objects and so we consider groups satisfying the weaker condition of quasi-injectivity.
Simple approach to estimating the van der Waals interaction between carbon nanotubes

The van der Waals (vdW) interactions between carbon nanotubes (CNTs) were studied based on the continuum Lennard-Jones model. It was found that all the vdW potentials between two arbitrary CNTs fall on the same curve when plotted in terms of certain reduced parameters, the well depth, and the equilibrium vdW gap. Based on this observation, an approximate approach is developed to obtain the vdW potential between two CNTs without time-consuming computations. The vdW potential estimated by this approach is close to that obtained from complex integrations. Therefore, the developed approach can greatly simplify the calculation of vdW interactions between CNTs.