Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Matrix Mediates the Functional Link between Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 RNA Nuclear Export Elements and the Assembly Competency of Gag in Murine Cells

ABSTRACT Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) assembles poorly in murine cells, reflecting inefficient targeting of the Gag structural polyprotein to the plasma membrane. Virus particle production can be restored by replacing the cis-acting Rev response element (RRE) in Gag-Pol mRNAs with multiple copies of the CTE (4×CTE), suggesting a mechanistic link between HIV-1 RNA trafficking and productive Gag assembly. In this report, we demonstrate that Gag molecules generated from RRE-dependent transcripts are intrinsically defective for assembly in murine 3T3 cells. When controlled for the intracellular Gag level, modulations of the Gag matrix (MA) domain that enhance Gag membrane association (e.g., deletion of the MA globular head) substantially improve assembly for Gag derived from RRE- but not 4×CTE-dependent transcripts. Gag mutants carrying a leucine zipper replacement of the nucleocapsid (NC) domain remain largely assembly defective when derived from RRE-dependent transcripts, indicating that the defect does not reflect aberrant NC/RNA-driven Gag multimerization. We further demonstrate that single changes in uncharged amino acids implicated in Gag/MA myristoyl switch regulation, most notably replacing the leucine at position 21 with serine, improve assembly for Gag derived from RRE-dependent transcripts. In sum, we provide genetic evidence to suggest that HIV-1 RNA metabolism specifically modulates the activation of MA-dependent membrane targeting.
Corruption and Confidence in Public Institutions: Evidence from a Global Survey

Well-functioning institutions matter for economic development. In order to operate effectively, public institutions must also inspire confidence in those they serve. The authors use data from the Gallup World Poll, a unique and very large global household survey, to document a quantitatively large and statistically significant negative correlation between corruption and confidence in public institutions. This suggests an important channel through which corruption can inhibit development by eroding confidence in public institutions. This correlation is robust to the inclusion of a large set of controls for country and respondent-level characteristics, and they show how it can plausibly be interpreted as reflecting at least in part a causal effect from corruption to confidence. The authors also show that individuals with low confidence in institutions exhibit low levels of political participation, show increased tolerance for violent means to achieve political ends, and have a greater desire to"vote with their feet"through emigration.
Entry Mode–Dependent Function of an Indole Glucosinolate Pathway in Arabidopsis for Nonhost Resistance against Anthracnose Pathogens[W]

This work describes a previously undiscovered cellular process that fungi use for entry into leaves: hyphal tip-based entry (HTE) that is independent of appressorium formation. It shows that HTE is the predominant morphogenetic response of Colletotrichum during pathogenesis at wound sites and might have broader significance as infection strategy on fruits during ripening. When faced with nonadapted fungal pathogens, Arabidopsis thaliana mounts nonhost resistance responses, which typically result in the termination of early pathogenesis steps. We report that nonadapted anthracnose fungi engage two alternative entry modes during pathogenesis on leaves: turgor-mediated invasion beneath melanized appressoria, and a previously undiscovered hyphal tip–based entry (HTE) that is independent of appressorium formation. The frequency of HTE is positively regulated by carbohydrate nutrients and appears to be subject to constitutive inhibition by the fungal mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) cascade of MAPK ESSENTIAL FOR APPRESSORIUM FORMATION1. The same MAPK cascade is essential for appressorium formation. Unexpectedly, the Arabidopsis indole glucosinolate pathway restricts entry of the nonadapted anthracnose fungi only when these pathogens employ HTE. Arabidopsis mutants defective in indole glucosinolate biosynthesis or metabolism support the initiation of postinvasion growth of nonadapted Colletotrichum gloeosporioides and Colletotrichum orbiculare. However, genetic disruption of Colletotrichum appressorium formation does not permit HTE on host plants. Thus, Colletotrichum appressoria play a critical role in the suppression of preinvasion plant defenses, in addition to their previously described role in turgor-mediated plant cell invasion. We also show that HTE is the predominant morphogenetic response of Colletotrichum at wound sites. This implies the existence of a fungal sensing system to trigger appropriate morphogenetic responses during pathogenesis at wound sites and on intact leaf tissue.
Differences in central noradrenergic and behavioural responses of Maudsley non‐reactive and Maudsley reactive inbred rats on exposure to an aversive novel environment

The present experiments compared the noradrenaline and behavioural responses of inbred Maudsley reactive (MR) and non‐reactive (MNRA) rats when they are exposed to the light or dark arena of a light/dark shuttle‐box. Behavioural scores confirmed that both strains of rats perceived the light arena to be more aversive than the dark one. Using in vivo microdialysis, exposure to the light, but not the dark, arena was found to increase noradrenaline efflux in both the frontal cortex and the hypothalamus of MNRA and MR rats. However, whereas the increase in the frontal cortex of both strains and the hypothalamus of MR rats was transient, the hypothalamic response in MNRA rats was maintained throughout exposure to the test zone. Strain differences in activity/visit and time/visit were evident but it was not possible to discern whether this could be attributed to the strain difference in the hypothalamic noradrenaline response. Nevertheless, it remains possible that, by comparison with MR rats, the prolonged noradrenaline response in the hypothalamus of MNRA rats could contribute to their well‐documented, greater resistance to aversive environmental stimuli.
Cultural quarters and regeneration: The case of Wolverhampton

In recent decades, cities throughout the UK have increasingly looked to culturerelated uses to help bring about regeneration outcomes (Landry et al., 1996). The UK Government has also taken a pro-active stance on the encouragement of cultural industries (Department for Culture, Media and Sport (DCMS), 1999), and local authority cultural regeneration strategies have been encouraged (Scottish Executive, 2000). A range of policy approaches has been applied locally, including the widespread designation of ‘cultural quarters’, often within a broader set of ‘city quarters’. However, such approaches to regeneration may be contested, since they may result in negative effects such as erosion of distinctiveness, and there is confusion over the rationale for, and potential of, cultural quarters in particular. This article uses a case study of Wolverhampton’s Cultural Quarter to explore the questions of why and how such mechanisms are applied, and what is their potential in terms of delivery of regeneration outcomes. In so doing, the article problematises the notion of cultural quarters, which all too often forms part of an under-theorised orthodoxy of practice, transmitted by a process of serial replication. The article is structured as follows. First, conceptual frameworks relevant to city quartering, culture-led regeneration and ‘cultural quarters’ are considered; second, a case study of Wolverhampton’s Cultural Quarter is set out; third, an analysis of the critical issues and problems is provided; and finally, broad conclusions are suggested, of relevance to policy and practice elsewhere.
Are Regional Oil Markets Growing Closer Together?: An Arbitrage Cost Approach

A large number of papers published in the last decade have attempted to show that energy markets have grown more integrated. These articles attempt to infer that various markets have become more "unified" because the correlation (in various forms) of prices between markets has increased during the last several years. This article suggests that a more appropriate modeling technique based on the theory of arbitrage as presented in Spiller and Wood (1988a and b), is better suited to answering this question. In this paper, the arbitrage technique is extended and applied to light crude oil markets in the 1990s. Arbitrage costs between markets are estimated. In addition, the hypothesis that crude oil markets have converged during this period is tested. Substantial though mixed support is gained for this hypothesis.
β2‐Agonists and running economy in prepubertal boys

Asthmatic athletes (adults and junior) have competed successfully at the highest level for many years assisted by pre‐event medication with β2‐agonists. To examine the impact of (β2–agonists upon submaximal running economy (oxygen consumption at a given submaximal work load), we studied 10 nonasthmatic boys (age, 10.4 ± 0.48 years, mean ± SD). They each completed submaximal (speeds, 7.2, 8.0, and 8.8 km/hr) and peak treadmill running protocols preceded by treatment with β2‐agonist (terbutaline, 500 (μg via nebuhaler) or placebo in a randomized, crossover single‐blind study. No significant differences were found between running economy and heart rate during the submaximal exercise tests or between peak oxygen consumption (V02), peak respiratory exchange ratio, peak heart rate (HR), or total running time during the peak V02 test. Pretreatment with terbutaline did produce small but nonsignificant increases in aerobic fractional utilization (percent peak V02 on drug: 65.9%, 72.6%, and 76.7% vs. placebo: 65.1%, 70%, and 75.5%), at the three submaximal work loads. Respiratory exchange ratio (RER) values were elevated throughout the submaximal tests (on drug: 0.94, 0.93, and 0.94 vs. placebo: 0.91, 0.92, and 0.91, P < 0.05). No significant differences were found between drug and placebo for minute ventilation (VE) and ventilatory equivalent for oxygen (VE/V02), at both submaximal and peak exercise intensities. The significant increase in forced expiratory volume in 1 second (FEV1) (% predicted) found following submaximal (pre: 107 ± 13 vs. post: 111 ± 17, P < 0.001) and peak exercise (pre: 103 ± 10 vs. post: 106 ± 14, P < 0.001), both with drug and placebo, suggests an effect of exercise rather than of drug. These results indicate that therapeutic doses of an inhaled β2–agonist administered immediately pre‐exercise do not enhance the submaximal running economy or peak V02 of nonasthmatic children.
Immunohistochemical analysis of differentiation in static and mixed prostate cancer spheroids

Neoplastic multicellular spheroids are in vitro models of solid tumors employed in drug testing and basic research. This study compares differentiation in static and mixed prostate cancer spheroids. Staining intensity of prostate specific antigen (PSA) was down‐regulated upon mixing from 0.21 ± 0.03 to 0.13 ± 0.03 in LNCaP multicellular spheroids, and from 0.13 ± 0.04 to 0.03 ± 0.02 in DU 145 multicellular spheroids. This was accompanied by 65% increase in the expression of cytokeratins 8 and 18 in DU 145 spheroids. PSA expression extended 60 μm within static spheroids and was disrupted in mixed culture. Diminished PSA expression and spatial organization suggests a more aggressive cancer. Higher cytokeratin expression could result from either differentiation towards a luminal phenotype or activation of the Ras pathway during dedifferentiation. THus, the existing paradigm of differentiation established for normal tissue does not apply for our neoplastic spheroids. Cell dedifferentiation is attributed to improved interstitial transport and synthesis of extracellular matrix.
Human-capital-centred Regionalism in Economic Development: A Case of Analytics Outpacing Institutions?

Drawing on the case of the Delaware Valley Innovation Network, a regional consortium funded under the US Department of Labor, the paper argues that sophisticated analytical tools developed to facilitate workforce- and occupation-led economic development are running ahead of the institution-building required to put new approaches into practice. There are two main reasons for this. First, tensions persist around the role of the public-sector workforce system in regional development initiatives. Secondly, regional stakeholders disagree about whether ‘knowledge economy’ investments should include the training of manufacturing, transport and logistics workers. The documentation of regional occupational specialisations, ‘talent gap’ analyses and the clarification of career pathways are crucial components of human-capital-centred regionalism in economic development. However, best analytical practices are of little use without the institutional capacity to translate analysis into coherent, effective policy.
One-Year Results of Photodynamic Therapy for Small Predominantly Classic Choroidal Neovascular Membranes Secondary to Age-Related Macular Degeneration

Purpose To determine the visual and angiographic outcomes of patients with small predominantly classic choroidal neovascular membranes (CNV) undergoing photodynamic therapy (PDT). Methods The subjects were a cohort of patients with age-related predominantly classic CNV with lesion size of greatest linear diameter of 2000 μm or less treated with PDT Lesion size and visual acuity were recorded at baseline and at 3-month intervals. Visual treatment failure was defined as either loss of at least 15 letters or visual acuity less than 35 letters on a modified Early Treatment Diabetic Retinopathy Study chart. Lesion treatment failure was defined as increase in greatest linear diameter (GLD) of at least 500 μm. Results Twenty-five eyes of 25 patients were included. Visual treatment failure occurred in 16 and mean visual acuity dropped from 58 letters to 34 letters (p<0.0001). In 11 of these patients this occurred within the first 3 months. Lesion treatment failure occurred in 18 patients. Mean GLD increased from 1331 to 2935 μm (p<0.0001). Early growth of the lesion was associated with poor visual outcome with growth in GLD in the first 3 months of 310 μm in patients without eventual visual treatment failure and 1131 μm in patients with eventual visual failure (p=0.027). Conclusions Small predominantly classic lesions commonly cause visual deterioration if treated with PDT alone. In the first year over 50% may lose at least 15 letters or drop below 35 letters, with most visual loss occurring in the first 3 months. Visual loss is associated with early lesion growth.
The Spatial Distribution of Self-Employment in India: Evidence from Semiparametric Geoadditive Models

Tamvada J. P. The spatial distribution of self-employment in India: evidence from semiparametric geoadditive models, Regional Studies. The entrepreneurship literature has rarely considered spatial location as a micro-determinant of occupational choice. It has also ignored self-employment in developing countries. Using Bayesian semiparametric geoadditive techniques, this paper models spatial location as a micro-determinant of self-employment choice in India. The empirical results suggest the presence of spatial occupational neighbourhoods and a clear north–south divide in self-employment when the entire sample is considered; however, spatial variation in the non-agriculture sector disappears to a large extent when individual factors that influence self-employment choice are explicitly controlled. The results further suggest non-linear effects of age, education and wealth on self-employment.
More Sustainable Participation? Multi-Stakeholder Platforms for Integrated Catchment Management

This paper argues for realistic expectations of Multi-Stakeholder Platforms (MSPs). MSPs are currently a hot topic in the water policy community, despite voices of disillusionment with participation in development work. Research carried out in Peru, Argentina, India, South Africa and Belgium suggests that platforms certainly can prove helpful networks in communication on and management of competing claims to water, managing coordination problems, coalition-building and/ or visioning. However, experience has put paid to implicit and explicit expectations from platforms, especially with a view to the integration of knowledge and actors. It makes no sense to separate distributive negotiation and politics (‘bad’) from integrative negotiation and social learning (‘good’). Platforms mix both modalities of negotiation, and actors may strategically withhold or contribute their knowledge. Second, no significant power sharing (vertical inclusion) takes place. A typology of MSPs ranked by influence finds no platform with a significant mandate. It is suggested that MSPs are an institutional bargaining space that is especially useful for visioning and information exchange, but cautioned not to insist that ‘water MSPs’ confine themselves to water issues only, and to institutionalized groups only. For some stakeholders, the communication and information process itself is good enough, but others will want results: ‘food on the table’. Some stakeholders will never join as they do not see how it benefits them and/or because they find it more advantageous to work around the platform. Initiators of platforms for stakeholder involvement in water management should therefore be very clear on what the participatory process aims at and can realistically achieve.
A penalized likelihood approach for mixture cure models

Cure models have been developed to analyze failure time data with a cured fraction. For such data, standard survival models are usually not appropriate because they do not account for the possibility of cure. Mixture cure models assume that the studied population is a mixture of susceptible individuals, who may experience the event of interest, and non‐susceptible individuals that will never experience it. Important issues in mixture cure models are estimation of the baseline survival function for susceptibles and estimation of the variance of the regression parameters. The aim of this paper is to propose a penalized likelihood approach, which allows for flexible modeling of the hazard function for susceptible individuals using M‐splines. This approach also permits direct computation of the variance of parameters using the inverse of the Hessian matrix. Properties and limitations of the proposed method are discussed and an illustration from a cancer study is presented. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The cost of carbon management using ocean nourishment

Purpose – A current estimate of the cost of reducing the concentration of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere by Ocean Nourishment is provided. A scenario of fertilisation of the ocean in regions of excess phosphorous, carried out using a ship to distribute ammonium hydroxide, is examined. Design/methodology/approach – Ocean fertilisation could be deployed to draw down the carbon dioxide already in the atmosphere and store it for millennia in the deep ocean. Findings – The costs of fertilising the ocean with macronutrient depends mostly on the cost of producing the nutrient and the cost of its delivery. Macronutrient fertilisation has been calculated, for a particular scenario, to cost US$20 per tonne of carbon dioxide emission avoided for 100 years. Research limitations/implications – There is a collateral benefit of increased fish stocks, which is not considered here. The ocean, plausibly, has the capacity to sequester more than one Gigatonne per year of carbon (∼3.7 Gt CO2/yr) via macronutrient fertilisat.
Minimizing power across multiple technology and design levels

Approaches to achieve low power and high-speed VLSIs are described with the emphasis on techniques across multiple technology and design levels. To suppress the leakage current in a standby mode, boosted gate MOS (BGMOS) is effective, which is based on cooperation between technology level and circuit level. To reduce the power in an active mode, V/sub DD/-hopping and V/sub TH/-hopping are promising, which are cooperative approaches between circuit and software. Power consumed in the interconnect system can be reduced by a cooperative approach between application and layout as in bus shuffling. Other low-power design approaches are also discussed.
The epidemiology of groin injury in senior football: a systematic review of prospective studies

Background Groin injuries are troublesome in men's and women's football. Aim To review the literature on the epidemiology of groin injury in senior football and compare injury occurrence between sexes. Methods Studies were identified through a search of PubMed, EMBASE, CINAHL and Web of Science, in the reference lists of the selected articles and the authors’ bibliographies. The number of injuries, percentage of groin injury from all injuries and rate of groin injury per 1000 h were extracted. Exposure and injury data were aggregated across included studies and the absolute differences in groin injury proportion and rate of groin injury were compared between sexes. Risk of bias was assessed using a 5-item checklist. Results 34 articles met the study criteria and were included. The proportion of groin injury in club-seasonal football was 4–19% in men and 2–14% in women. Aggregated data analysis (29 studies) showed a higher relative proportion of groin injury in men than in women (12.8% vs 6.9%, absolute difference 5.9%, 95% CI 4.6% to 7.1%). The rate of groin injury varied from 0.2 to 2.1/1000 h in men and 0.1 to 0.6/1000 h in women's club football, and aggregated analysis (23 studies) showed a more than two-fold higher rate in men (0.83/1000 h vs 0.35/1000 h, rate ratio 2.4, 95% CI 2.0 to 2.9). High risk of bias was identified for participant selection (18 studies), exposure (17 studies) and precision estimate (16 studies). Conclusions Groin injuries are frequent in senior football and are more common in men than women. Future research needs to be of higher quality.
Indigenous-Inclusive Citizenship: The City and Social Housing in Canada, New Zealand, and Australia

Indigenous peoples in Canada, New Zealand, and Australia are highly urbanised. In spite of this, urban Indigenous communities have a difficult time giving effect to self-determining autonomy in comparison with their rural, remote, and reserve counterpart communities. The place of authentic Indigeneity in the public perception has remained outside of urban areas. All three countries have had social housing initiatives that aim to even out life-chances among citizens. How Indigeneity features in the housing sector varies from country to country. Through an examination of social housing developments from the 1930s to the present, we develop knowledge of how the place of authentic Indigeneity has changed over time and has been linked to the creation of Indigenous-inclusive citizenship in the city. While the Canadian experience continues to pair self-government with common social housing goals, New Zealand never really linked self-government with common social citizenship in the housing sector; Australia did for a time, but it is regressing quickly.
Bt and Ht Corn versus Conventional Pesticide and Herbicide Use. Do Environmental Impacts Differ

In this paper we empirically assess and compare the environmental impact of pesticide programs for Bt, Ht (glufosinate) and conventional corn in Europe, employing the Environmental Impact Quotient. We use field trial data from Narbons, France 2004 as well as secondary data. Our results show that management of Bt corn has a lower environmental impact than conventional corn programs. Herbicide treatment of the Ht variety also has a much lower environmental impact than that of the two conventional programs. Our empirical findings support the argument of lower environmental and health impacts with respect to pesticide use when growing Bt and Ht corn. The outcomes are relevant for environmental benefit-cost analysis of Bt and Ht corn.