Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
The Wolfsberg Anti‐Money Laundering Principles

On 30th October, 2000, a new initiative to combat money laundering was unveiled. What differentiates this initiative from many of the existing initiatives is that it has been put forward by the private sector. Eleven banks signed a set of principles known as the Wolfsberg Anti‐Money Laundering Principles (the ‘Wolfsberg Principles’). The Wolfsberg Principles are a non‐binding set of best practice guidelines governing the establishment and maintenance of relationships between private bankers and clients. Over the past decade much has been written about money laundering, the problems it creates for the economic, political and social institutions of countries, and the need to combat the phenomenon. Most initiatives to date have been public sector led by governments and their regulatory and law enforcement agencies, or by government representatives acting through international forms such as the Financial Action Task Force (FATF) and the Basel Committee of Bank Supervisors. Consequently, most initiatives have focused on enacting new criminal laws, implementing reporting requirements, and developing codes of best practice. The fact that the private sector has taken the initiative to establish the Wolfsberg Principles is therefore worthy of closer analysis. As Dr Peter Eigen, the Chairman of Transparency International, observed on the release of the Wolfsberg Principles, ‘This is a unique event — few would expect the leading anti‐corruption organisation and the leading banks to be standing on the same platform’. The following article examines the Wolfsberg Principles in order to identify the various strengths and weaknesses of each. First, however, it is worth noting in brief the background to the Wolfsberg Principles and the regulatory paradigm within which they are to operate.
Demand response driven load pattern elasticity analysis for smart households

The recent interest in smart grid vision enables several smart applications in different parts of the power grid structure, where specific importance should be given to the demand side. As a result, changes in load patterns due to demand response (DR) activities at end-user premises, such as smart households, constitute a vital point to take into account both in system planning and operation phases. In this study, the assessment of the impacts of pricing based DR strategies on smart household load pattern variations is provided. The household load data sets are acquired from a provided model of a smart household, including appliance scheduling. Then, an artificial neural network (ANN) approach based on Wavelet Transform (WT) is employed for the forecasting of responsive residential load behaviors to different pricing schemes. From the literature perspective this study contributes by considering DR impacts on load pattern forecasting, being a very useful tool for market participants such as aggregators in future pool-based market structures, or for load serving entities to discuss potential change requirements in existing DR strategies, or even to effectively plan new ones.
Room for the River: Room for Research? The case of depoldering De Noordwaard, the Netherlands

This paper explores the role of research in the context of the Dutch spatial planning procedure ‘Room for the River’. We start from the idea that research is strategically used to create space in negotiation processes, where stakeholders often have competing claims on natural resources. Multiple data collection techniques allow us to reconstruct and understand the critical events that led to the decision to depolder De Noordwaard. Within each critical event we describe and analyse how research and other resources were mobilized by policy-makers and other stakeholders to open up or close down negotiation space. By doing so, this paper contributes insights into the factors that influence the effective mobilization and contribution of research towards exploring sustainable solutions to complex environmental problems. Copyright , Beech Tree Publishing.
Possible mechanisms of superior resistance of polyamide nanocomposites to partial discharges and plasmas

Degradation profiles induced by partial discharges and those induced by oxygen plasmas are compared for polyamide/mica nanocomposites. Both the resistances to partial discharges and to plasmas improve with an increase in nanofiller content. On the other hand, the partial discharge resistance is not improved if mum-sized glass fibers are added to polyamide. In order to investigate these phenomena, the superior resistance mechanism of nanocomposites is discussed, focusing on the effects of the nanofillers on the bulk and surface structures of the resin. It was revealed from X-ray diffraction and permittivity measurements that the nanofiller loading increases crystallinity of the resin and restricts the molecular motion. This should enhance the resistance to degradation. Furthermore, observation results by scanning electron microscopy, energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy, and X-ray diffraction revealed that the nanofillers had piled up themselves to form a layered structure on the sample surface in an early stage of degradation. Such a structure acts as a barrier against impact of charged particles and diffusion of gases such as oxygen, which should contribute to the improvement of resistance to degradation as its direct effect and also as its indirect effect by suppressing the oxidation of resin. Moreover, it was also revealed from scanning electron microscopy that the nanofillers impede the growth of surface cavities by partial discharges drastically.
Leadership Development: An Outcome-Oriented Review Based on Time and Levels of Analyses

Contemporary organizations face critical challenges associated with possessing and leveraging leadership capabilities. Researchers studying leadership development have responded to this practical imperative, although research on the topic is still in the early stages of scientific development. In assessing the state of the science in leadership development, we review an array of theoretical and research approaches with the goal of stimulating thoughtful intellectual discourse regarding fundamental questions, such as, what is leadership, and what is development. We highlight the breadth of this phenomenon by reviewing theory and research that has considered the development of leadership in individuals, dyads, and teams/organizations. Additionally, we describe a set of proximal and distal signs that indicate leadership may be developing, and we promote experiences, interventions, and interactions as factors that enhance the leadership development process.
Clinical features, aetiology and outcome of empyema in children in the north east of England

Background: The incidence of empyema in children in the UK is increasing. The reason for this is unclear. A prospective study was undertaken to investigate the clinical features, aetiology, and outcome of cases of empyema and parapneumonic effusion presenting to a tertiary paediatric respiratory centre between February 1997 and August 2001. Method: Routine bacterial culture of blood and pleural fluid was performed for 47 cases. Forty three pleural fluid specimens, culture negative for pneumococcus, were analysed for pneumococccal DNA by real time polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Penicillin susceptibility was determined for DNA positive specimens using complementary PCR assay. Capsular serotype specific antigen detection was by enzyme immunoassay (EIA) using monoclonal antibodies to serotypes 1, 3, 4, 5, 6A, 6B, 7F, 9V, 14, 18C, 19A, 19F, and 23F. Clinical data were obtained from patient notes, supplemented by a postal questionnaire. Results: The median (range) age of the patients was 5.6 (0.6–16.9) years and 70% were male. The median (range) duration of illness before referral to hospital was 5 (0–25) days. Forty five (96%) had received antibiotics before referral; 32 (68%) required decortication and eight (21%) thoracocentesis. Median postoperative stay was 4 days (2–8). Thirty two (75%) pneumococcal culture negative specimens were pneumococcal DNA positive; 17 (53%) of these were serotype 1. All were penicillin sensitive. Conclusions: Pneumococcus is the major pathogen in childhood empyema and serotype 1 is the prevalent serotype. This has implications for vaccine development and immunisation strategy as the current 7-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine does not protect against serotype 1.
Clinical perspectives on echinocandin resistance among Candida species

Purpose of review We review and offer our clinical perspectives on the emergence of echinocandin-resistant Candida. Recent findings Candida FKS gene mutations attenuate echinocandin activity, but overall mutation rates among clinical isolates remain low (Candida glabrata, ∼4%; other species, <1%). Rates are higher with prior echinocandin exposure, exceeding 50% among C. glabrata or Candida albicans isolates causing breakthrough invasive candidiasis. The median duration of prior echinocandin exposure among FKS mutant isolates is ∼100 days. The clinical usefulness of echinocandin susceptibility testing is limited by the low overall prevalence of resistance, and uncertainties surrounding testing methods and interpretation of minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs). In single-center studies, caspofungin resistance (defined using institution-specific MIC breakpoints) was 32–53% sensitive and 75–95% specific for predicting treatment outcomes of C. glabrata invasive candidiasis; corresponding values for the presence of an FKS mutation were 35–41% and 90–98%. Results were similar using anidulafungin and micafungin MICs. Clinical data are scarce for non-C. glabrata species. Summary Echinocandins remain preferred agents against invasive Candida infections. Susceptibility testing and FKS genotypic testing do not have roles in routine clinical practice, but may be useful in newly-diagnosed patients who are echinocandin-experienced or those who have not responded to echinocandin treatment.
Autographa californica Multiple Nucleopolyhedrovirus GP64 Protein: Roles of Histidine Residues in Triggering Membrane Fusion and Fusion Pore Expansion

ABSTRACT The Autographa californica multiple nucleopolyhedrovirus (AcMNPV) GP64 protein mediates membrane fusion during entry. Fusion results from a low-pH-triggered conformational change in GP64 and subsequent interactions with the membrane bilayers. The low-pH sensor and trigger of the conformational change are not known, but histidine residues are implicated because the pKa of histidine is near the threshold for triggering fusion by GP64. We used alanine substitutions to examine the roles of all individual and selected clusters of GP64 histidine residues in triggering and mediating fusion by GP64. Three histidine residues (H152, H155, and H156), located in fusion loop 2, were identified as important for membrane fusion. These three histidine residues were important for efficient pore expansion but were not required for the pH-triggered conformational change. In contrast, a cluster of three histidine residues (H245, H304, and H430) located near the base of the central coiled coil was identified as a putative sensor for low pH. Three alanine substitutions in cluster H245/H304/H430 resulted in dramatically reduced membrane fusion and the apparent loss of the prefusion conformation at neutral pH. Thus, the H245/H304/H430 cluster of histidines may function or participate as a pH sensor by stabilizing the prefusion structure of GP64.
Institutional Layers, Connectedness and Change: Implications for Economic Evolution in Regions

Abstract The overall objective of this paper is to better understand regional change from institutional and economic perspectives. The paper introduces the concept of institutional layers in order to analyse the interdependencies between institutions of different types and spatial scales, and to investigate institutional change processes in a regional context. It suggests that the diversity and connectedness of institutional layers are key dimensions for explaining economic evolution in regions. Based on these two dimensions, the paper introduces a typology of regions and relates this typology to economic evolution and growth as well as the likelihood of fragmentation, lock-ins and disruptive changes.
Changing patterns of urban travel Part 2. public transport and future patterns of travel

This two‐part paper contains most of a report prepared by TRRL for the European Conference of Ministers of Transport, and presented by one of the authors to the Council of Ministers in November 1984. Part 1, which was published in the January‐March 1986 issue of Transport Reviews, looked at the way cities have been changing over the years and the influence of growing car ownership on trip patterns. This part examines the changes in public transport use in more detail, considers the interactions between the various underlying trends, speculates on future travel patterns by both public and private means and considers the likely impact of land use and transport policies.
The Spatial Transferability of a Decompositional Multiattribute Preference Model

An empirical test is made of the spatial transferability of a decompositional multiattribute preference model, in the context of spatial shopping behaviour. The model which is estimated for the city of Maastricht is used to predict shopping patterns in a part of the city of Eindhoven. The results indicate that the goodness of fit of the model reduces only slightly. This supports the assumption that decompositional preference models may be used to uncover utility or preference functions which are independent of spatial structure.
Auditory Brainstem Implants in NF2 Patients: Results and Review of the Literature

Objective Neurofibromatosis Type 2 (NF2) patients have multiple central nervous system tumors and, specifically, bilateral vestibular schwannomas (VSs) causing bilateral deafness. If the cochlear nerve is not preserved during tumor removal, the only hearing rehabilitation in these patients could be via an auditory brainstem implant (ABI). Study Design Retrospective case study and literature review. Setting Tertiary referral cranial base center. Patients In 24 NF2 patients, 25 ABIs were placed in the lateral recess of the fourth ventricle after VS surgery via a translabyrinthine approach. Results In this series, a large range of results are observed: from open speech and use of the telephone to no ABI use, because of the poor sound identification ability. Of the 24 patients, 19 use their ABI on a daily basis, 4 are nonusers, and 1 died of NF2 progression. A multivariate analysis did not reveal a good predictor for ABI outcome. In literature, the results of ABI in NF2 are difficult to compare, and the overall outcome was poor compared with cochlear implantation results. Conclusion Auditory brainstem implantation in NF2 patients directly after tumor removal is a safe procedure and the best means of hearing rehabilitation if the cochlear nerve is not preserved. The results in NF2 cases in the literature and these series are poor compared with cochlear implantation. If a cochlear implant is possible, it has the preference over an ABI, also in NF2. Nevertheless, the majority of the patients have benefit of the ABI during daily life particularly in combination with lip reading.
The rise of the 1%: an organizational explanation

The paper adopts an organizational perspective to explore the conditions of possibility of the recent re-emergence of overt class-based discourse on one hand, epitomized by the ‘We are the 99%’ movement, and the rise on the other hand of a populist, nativist and sometimes overtly fascist right. It is argued that these phenomena, reflecting the increasingly crisis-prone character of global capitalism, the growing gap between rich and poor and a generalized sense of insecurity, are rooted in the dismantling of socially embedded organizations through processes often described as ‘financialization’, driven by the taken-for-granted dominance of neoliberal ideology. The paper explores the rise to dominance of the neoliberal ‘thought style’ and its inherent logic in underpinning the dismantling and restructuring of capitalist organization. Its focus is upon transnational value chain capitalism which has rebalanced power relations in favour of a small elite that is able to operate and realize wealth in ways that defy and often succeed in escaping the regulation of nation states.
Marx and the Mixed Economy: Money, Accumulation, and the Role of the State

2219599 Timmons, Heather. 2009. “In Overhaul, G.M. May Look to Its Far-Flung Arms. ” The New York Times ( June 4). Toyota. 2009. “Toyota in America. ” http://www.toyota. com/about/our-business/ toyota-in-america/our-numbers UNCTD. 2006. World Investment Report. New York and Geneva: United Nations. Vlasic, Bill. 2009. “G.M. Decides to Keep Opel, Its European Unit. ” The New York Times (November 4). Vlasic, Bill, and Nick Bunkley. 2009. “G.M. ’s Latest Plan Envisions a Much Smaller Automaker. ” The New York Times (April 27).
Ethical, Academic, and Practical Considerations for Online Teaching: Does the Search for Quality and Integrity Come at the Expense of Academic Freedom?

The Internet has evolved to be the new revolution in educational delivery. A 2008 Sloan Consortium report on the state of online education in the United States revealed some startling information. For example, at the turn of this century approximately 10 percent of post-secondary enrollments at degreegranting institutions were in online courses or programs; but, by 2007, the number had grown to over 20 percent. This growth translated into an average annual increase of nearly 20 percent at a time when overall enrollment growth in higher education averaged only around 2 percent. Schools recognized that students were voting with the click of a mouse, and, by 2007, the percentage of schools defining online education as critical to their long-term strategy had grown to more than 70 percent of public institutions and more than 53 percent of private colleges and universities. Online courses and programs are now offered by universities large and small, including many of the nation’s most prestigious schools. As schools throughout the nation have looked to the rapidly evolving technological medium as a solution to education delivery challenges and as a way to expand existing education markets, the medium and its accompanying technologies have evoked mixed reactions among students, administrators and faculty. The pervasiveness and visibility of online instruction has served not only to magnify its strengths (e.g., the benefits that accrue to an asynchronous format) but to reveal areas of concern (e.g., maintaining academic/ethical integrity, especially in online testing, and issues relating to oversight and academic freedom) as well. It is the purpose of this paper to illuminate and elaborate on these complex issues from administrative, practical, ethical and academic perspectives, with a view toward generating further discussion on overcoming the evolving tensions related to online teaching.
Making Cycling Irresistible: Lessons from The Netherlands, Denmark and Germany

Abstract This article shows how the Netherlands, Denmark and Germany have made bicycling a safe, convenient and practical way to get around their cities. The analysis relies on national aggregate data as well as case studies of large and small cities in each country. The key to achieving high levels of cycling appears to be the provision of separate cycling facilities along heavily travelled roads and at intersections, combined with traffic calming of most residential neighbourhoods. Extensive cycling rights of way in the Netherlands, Denmark and Germany are complemented by ample bike parking, full integration with public transport, comprehensive traffic education and training of both cyclists and motorists, and a wide range of promotional events intended to generate enthusiasm and wide public support for cycling. In addition to their many pro‐bike policies and programmes, the Netherlands, Denmark and Germany make driving expensive as well as inconvenient in central cities through a host of taxes and restrictions on car ownership, use and parking. Moreover, strict land‐use policies foster compact, mixed‐use developments that generate shorter and thus more bikeable trips. It is the coordinated implementation of this multi‐faceted, mutually reinforcing set of policies that best explains the success of these three countries in promoting cycling. For comparison, the article portrays the marginal status of cycling in the UK and the USA, where only about 1% of trips are by bike.
Blackberries, Tweets, and YouTube: Technology and the Future of Communicating with Congress

From the establishment of the United States Postal Service and the invention of the telegram, to the introduction of C-SPAN and the explosion of the Internet, the development of new communication technologies has always affected the functioning of Congress. Not surprisingly, recent innovations such as e-mail and social networking have spurred Congress to alter the way it operates as an institution, and rethink the manner in which it engages the public. In this brief examination, I discuss recent changes in congressional behavior and practices due to technological innovation, specifically the proliferation of social networking Web sites. Then, I cautiously predict future trends in the use of social networking and related technologies as they become more integrated in congressional offices and increase the capacity for more robust internal and constituent communications over time.
On Measuring the Risk of Common Stocks Implied by Options Prices: A Note

Abstract This paper examines the implied standard deviation (ISD) estimated from transactons data on options, using the Black-Scholes pricing model. It was found that the distribution of the ISD is symmetric, though not normal. Also, the ISD based on the last daily observation deviates significantly from the daily average ISD. It is suggested that the daily average is a more reliable estimate of the standard deviation.
The Trade-Off between Equality and Efficiency

This paper uses a 1976 microdata base to estimate the marginal cost of reducing income inequality with a policy that has distributional effects similar to the present tax-transfer system. The analysis uses a simulation methodology in which only the labor supply effects are evaluated; other behavioral effects are ignored. The most striking finding is that marginal cost is quite high even for modest labor supply elasticities. For example, in the benchmark case with a weighted-average economy-wide uncompensated wage elasticity of 0.2 (and compensated elasticity of 0.31), the disposable money income of upper-income quintiles of households is depressed by 9.51 for each dollar increase in the disposable money income of lower-income quintiles. When income equivalent values that take account of the value of leisure are compared, the marginal cost for this case is estimated to be 3.49.