Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Evaluation of time series models under non-stationarity with application to the comparison of regional climate models

Different disciplines pursue the aim to develop models which characterize certain phenomena as accurately as possible. Climatology is a prime example, where the temporal evolution of the climate is modeled. In order to compare and improve different models, methodology for a fair model evaluation is indispensable. As models and forecasts of a phenomenon are usually associated with uncertainty, proper scoring rules, which are tools that account for this kind of uncertainty, are an adequate choice for model evaluation. However, under the presence of non-stationarity, such a model evaluation becomes challenging, as the characteristics of the phenomenon of interest change. We provide methodology for model evaluation in the context of non-stationary time series. Our methodology assumes stationarity of the time series in shorter moving time windows. These moving windows, which are selected based on a changepoint analysis, are used to characterize the uncertainty of the phenomenon/model for the corresponding time instances. This leads to the concept of moving scores allowing for a temporal assessment of the model performance. The merits of the proposed methodology are illustrated in a simulation and a case study.
CMOS-MEMS Test-Key for Extracting Wafer-Level Mechanical Properties

This paper develops the technologies of mechanical characterization of CMOS-MEMS devices, and presents a robust algorithm for extracting mechanical properties, such as Young’s modulus, and mean stress, through the external electrical circuit behavior of the micro test-key. An approximate analytical solution for the pull-in voltage of bridge-type test-key subjected to electrostatic load and initial stress is derived based on Euler’s beam model and the minimum energy method. Then one can use the aforesaid closed form solution of the pull-in voltage to extract the Young’s modulus and mean stress of the test structures. The test cases include the test-key fabricated by a TSMC 0.18 μm standard CMOS process, and the experimental results refer to Osterberg’s work on the pull-in voltage of single crystal silicone microbridges. The extracted material properties calculated by the present algorithm are valid. Besides, this paper also analyzes the robustness of this algorithm regarding the dimension effects of test-keys. This mechanical properties extracting method is expected to be applicable to the wafer-level testing in micro-device manufacture and compatible with the wafer-level testing in IC industry since the test process is non-destructive.
CORRIGENDUM: Diabetes Trend and Impact on Risk of Cardiovascular Disease in Middle-Aged Japanese People.

Diabetes is a strong risk factor for coronary artery disease (CAD) and ischemic stroke,4,5 as well as heart failure.6 A few studies have examined the population attributable fraction (PAF) of cardiovascular disease (CVD) due to diabetes and reported it to be at most 10%,4,7 and the impact might be smaller in comparison with that of hypertension, at approximately 50%. 7 In the present study, we investigated the trends in the prevalence of diabetes and the PAF of CVD using three 10-year cohorts from the 1990 s to the 2000 s. ine percent of adults aged ≥18 years had diabetes in 2014, and worldwide 347 million people are estimated to have diabetes. According to the 2012 World Health Organization (WHO) statistics, diabetes causes 1.5 million deaths and is one of the leading causes of non-communicable disease. The prevalence of diabetes has been increasing gradually since the 1980 s and this rise is largely driven by physical inactivity and obesity.1 However, the relatively larger burden of diabetes in Asia than in Western countries was not fully explained by obesity.2 There are differences in the prevalence of diabetic complications and their related factors between Asian and European populations.3 N
Structure of the single-strand annealing domain of human RAD52 protein

In eukaryotic cells, RAD52 protein plays a central role in genetic recombination and DNA repair by (i) promoting the annealing of complementary single-stranded DNA and (ii) stimulation of the RAD51 recombinase. The single-strand annealing domain resides in the N-terminal region of the protein and is highly conserved, whereas the nonconserved RAD51-interaction domain is located in the C-terminal region. An N-terminal fragment of human RAD52 (residues 1–209) has been purified to homogeneity and, similar to the full-size protein (residues 1–418), shown to promote single-strand annealing in vitro. We have determined the crystal structure of this single-strand annealing domain at 2.7 Å. The structure reveals an undecameric (11) subunit ring with extensive subunit contacts. A large, positively charged groove runs along the surface of the ring, readily suggesting a mechanism by which RAD52 presents the single strand for reannealing with complementary single-stranded DNA.
Correlation between protein kinase catalytic subunit alpha-1 gene rs13361707 polymorphism and gastric cancer susceptibility in asian populations

A single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) of the protein kinase catalytic subunit alpha-1 gene (PRKAA1) that confers susceptibility to gastric cancer (GC) was identified by genome-wide association in several case-control studies. However, the results remained controversial and ambiguous. Therefore, we performed a larger meta-analysis to confirm this association. We searched the PubMed, Embase, WanFang, and CNKI databases, without any restriction on language, covering all papers published until Feb 22, 2017. Overall, 14 case-control studies with 14,485 cases and 14,792 controls were retrieved based on the search criteria. Odds ratios (ORs) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were used to quantify the strength of the association. Publication bias was assessed by Egger’s and Begg’s tests. We found that the PRKAA1 rs13361707 C/T polymorphism had no association with GC risk in any of the pooled genetic models (for example, the T-allele vs. C-allele allelic contrast model yielded the following estimates: OR = 0.87, 95% CI = 0.73–1.05, Pheterogeneity = 0.000). Furthermore, in analyses stratified by either source of control or geographical origin of subjects, a statistically significant inverse relationship was detected between PRKAA1 rs13361707 C/T polymorphism and GC risk. No obvious evidence of publication bias was detected in the pooled meta-analysis. Furthermore, we observed that individuals carrying T-allele (TT or TC) genotypes had a lower expression of PRKAA1. Our present study indicated that PRKAA1 rs13361707 C/T was not significantly associated with GC risk, despite few positive results in the subgroups.
Linear logic

Linear logic was introduced by Girard in 1987 [11] . Since then many results have supported Girard' s statement, "Linear logic is a resource conscious logic," and related slogans . Increasingly, computer scientists have come to recognize linear logic as an expressive and powerful logic with connection s to a variety of topics in computer science . This column presents a.n intuitive overview of linear logic, some recent theoretical results, an d summarizes several applications of linear logic to computer science . Other introductions to linear logic may be found in [12, 361 .
CORTICAL ULTRASTRUCTURE OF PARAMECIUM AURELIA

Two methods have been devised for the isolation of large quantities of purified pellicles (cortical layers) of Paramecium aurelia. Pellicles isolated by both procedures, when examined by electron microscopy, were found to contain ciliary basal bodies, two types of cortical membranes, ribbons of microtubules, kinetodesmal fibers, and elements of the infraciliary lattice system. By electron microscopy, the extent of preservation of the various cortical structures when pellicles are isolated by each method has been characterized. Pellicles isolated in both ways have been utilized to investigate cortical morphology of Paramecium. Both phase-contrast and electron microscopic observations have been made. Many new ultrastructural features were observed and are reported herein. An interesting result of this study is the discovery in stock CD that the structure of cortical territories (the territory is the functional unit of cortical morphogenesis and physiology) may vary within a single organism. Features which show variation include number of parasomal sacs, microtubular ribbons, and basal bodies (and therefore cilia) per territory, number of microtubules per ribbon, and length of kinetodesmal fibers. The possible significance of these variations, with respect to territory replication, is discussed. In addition, preliminary observations on the solubility of various cortical organelles in the presence of a number of protein-denaturing agents are reported.
A New Metastrongyloidean Species (Nematoda) Parasitizing Pulmonary Arteries of Puma (Herpailurus) yagouaroundi (É. Geoffroy, 1803) (Carnivora: Felidae) from Brazil

Abstract: Angiostrongylus felineus n. sp. (Nematoda, Metastrongyloidea), parasitic in Puma (Herpailurus) yagouaroundi (É. Geoffroy, 1803) (Carnivora, Felidae) from the municipality of Juiz de Fora, Minas Gerais state, Brazil, is described and illustrated herein. Angiostrongylus felineus n. sp. differs from all congeneric species by having the anterior extremity with accentuated cuticular expansion and by smaller size of spicules. This study describes for the first time a species of Angiostrongylus in a wild Felidae in Brazil.
Behavioral evidence for a magnetic sense in the oriental armyworm, Mythimna separata

ABSTRACT Progress has been made in understanding the mechanisms underlying directional navigation in migratory insects, yet the magnetic compass involved has not been fully elucidated. Here we developed a flight simulation system to study the flight directionality of the migratory armyworm Mythimna separata in response to magnetic fields. Armyworm moths were exposed to either a 500 nT extreme weak magnetic field, 1.8 T strong magnetic field, or a deflecting magnetic field and subjected to tethered flight trials indoors in the dark. The moths were disoriented in the extreme weak magnetic field, with flight vectors that were more dispersed (variance=0.60) than in the geomagnetic field (variance=0.32). After exposure to a 1.8 T strong magnetic field, the mean flight vectors were shifted by about 105° in comparison with those in the geomagnetic field. In the deflecting magnetic field, the flight directions varied with the direction of the magnetic field, and also pointed to the same direction of the magnetic field. In the south-north magnetic field and the east-west field, the flight angles were determined to be 98.9° and 166.3°, respectively, and formed the included angles of 12.66° or 6.19° to the corresponding magnetic direction. The armyworm moths responded to the change of the intensity and direction of magnetic fields. Such results provide initial indications of the moth reliance on a magnetic compass. The findings support the hypothesis of a magnetic sense used for flight orientation in the armyworm Mythimna separata. Summary: Responses to changes in the intensity and direction of magnetic fields in the armyworm moth (Mythimna separata) indicate a reliance on a magnetic compass for flight orientation.
Securitization and Moral Hazard: Evidence from Credit Score Cutoff Rules

A growing literature exploits credit score cutoff rules as a natural experiment to estimate the moral hazard effect of securitization on lender screening. However, these cutoff rules can be traced to underwriting guidelines for originators, not for securitizers. Moreover, loan-level data reveal that lenders change their screening at credit score cutoffs in the absence of changes in the probability of securitization. Credit score cutoff rules thus cannot be used to learn about the moral hazard effect of securitization on underwriting. By showing that this evidence has been misinterpreted, our analysis should move beliefs away from the conclusion that securitization led to lax screening.
Physical Properties of Textile Fibres

Introduction to fibre structure Testing and sampling Fibre fineness and transverse dimensions Fibre length Fibre density Thermal properties Equilibrium absorption of water Heats of sorption Rate of absorption of moisture The retention of liquid water Swelling Theories of moisture sorption Tensile properties The effects of variability Elastic recovery Rheology Directional effects Thermo-mechanical responses Fibre breakage and fatigue Theories of mechanical properties Dielectric properties Electrical resistance Static electricity Optical properties Fibre friction.
Membranas cerámicas y su utilidad en procesos de separación

espanolEntre los procesos industriales de separacion, los que se basan en membranas se consideran como un nuevo y prometedor campo en desarrollo. Entre estos, los basados en el uso de membranas ceramicas por sus caracteristicas de resistencia mecanica, termica y quimica y cada vez mayor selectividad han adquirido una gran relevancia. En este trabajo se comenzara haciendo una breve descripcion de los metodos de sintesis de membranas inorganicas y en particular ceramicas. Se exponen tanto los metodos tradicionales como los de sol-gel por vias polimerica y coloidal. Para caracterizar estas membranas se deben obtener sus distribuciones de tamano de poro y propiedades superficiales tanto morfologicas como relacionadas con la hidrofilicidad y sus propiedades electricas. Algunas tecnicas de investigacion de estas propiedades estructurales y superficiales se exponen tambien resumidamente. Las membranas ceramicas pueden usarse en las mismas aplicaciones que las membranas polimericas, con la ventaja de sus mejores prestaciones y durabilidad. EnglishAmong the separation processes in the industry, those using membranes are usually considered as forming a new and promising field. From them, those which use ceramic membranes, which can be manufactured more selective now than some time ago, are especially relevant due to their high mechanic, thermal and chemical resistances.Here we will start by a summary description of the methods of synthesis of inorganic membranes and particularly ceramic ones. Traditional methods are presented as well as both the polymeric and the coloidal sol-gel techniques. In order to characterize them, pore size distributions and surface properties, including morphology, hydrophillicity and electrical properties should be investigated. Some techniques to study these structural and surface properties are summarily presented. The ceramic membranes can substitute polymeric ones in most of their typical applications with profit due to their better performances and durability.
APOBEC3G Is Degraded by the Proteasomal Pathway in a Vif-dependent Manner without Being Polyubiquitylated*

Although the covalent attachment of a polyubiquitin is the prevailing paradigm for entry into proteasomes, accumulating evidence suggests that poorly defined ubiquitin-free pathways also degrade proteins. The cytidine deaminase APOBEC3G (A3G) potently inhibits human immunodeficiency virus type 1 replication by disrupting viral reverse transcription. However, human immunodeficiency virus type 1 produces a viral infectivity factor (Vif) to destroy this antiretroviral protein. It was shown that Vif binds to both A3G and a Cullin 5 ubiquitin-protein isopeptide ligase. It is currently accepted that this enzyme polyubiquitylates A3G on lysine residues, resulting in its degradation by proteasomes. Here, we find that A3G without ubiquitylation is still degraded by proteasomes in a Vif-dependent manner. We further show that Vif is polyubiquitylated and that this event could be critical for A3G proteasomal degradation. Thus, A3G is degraded by a novel pathway that might involve ubiquitylation of one protein and then targets a second binding partner for proteasomal entry and degradation. We propose that instead of triggering A3G polyubiquitylation, polyubiquitylated Vif might serve as a vehicle to transport A3G into proteasomes for degradation.
Simultaneous antenna avoidance and via optimization in layer assignment of multi-layer global routing

Antenna effect is an important issue that needs to be considered in the routing stage for modern design. In this paper, we study a layer assignment problem that arises during multi-layer global routing and takes antenna avoidance into account. The problem asks to transform a given 2-dimensional global routing result into a 3-dimensional one (i.e., a multi-layer one) and to minimize the amount of antenna violations and the via count subject to given wire congestion constraints. We present an algorithm that tackles the addressed layer assignment problem in a net-by-net manner. An existing dynamic-programming-based single-net layer assignment method that can only consider the via count is judiciously modified and adopted by our algorithm to handle both antenna avoidance and via count minimization for each net. To further reduce the via count but without increasing the amount of antenna violations, a refinement procedure based on min-cost max-flow is developed and added to our algorithm. The experiment results show that when compared with the layer assignment approach adopted by a state-of-the-art academic global router, our algorithm not only can improve the via count slightly but also can significantly reduce the amount of antenna violations.
The Isomorphic Response of Koebner

The isomorphic response of Koebner is a wellknown phenomenon commonly associated with psoriasis but which has been described in conjunction with a host of other disorders. It involves the development of lesions in previously normal skin that has been traumatized either externally or internally. Potential sources of trauma include physical damage, infection, or irritant/allergic reactions. A "reverse" Koebner response occurs when a lesion clears following injury. Heinrich Koebner (1838-1904), the founder of the Breslau school of dermatology, was a prominent German dermatologist of the 19th century^ (Fig. 1). He worked widely with leprosy, pemphigus, and mycosis fungoides and initially proposed what is now known as epidermolysis bullosa. In 1872 at a meeting of the Silesian Society for National Culture, he presented the phenomenon that bears his name. ^'' Four years later Koebner published the paper describing his original patient. ^ Five and six years after the appearance of the initial isolated plaque, various traumas at far removed portions of the body resulted in psoriatic lesions in exactly the areas of trauma. The traumata were excoriations after horseback riding, suppuration after lymphadenitis, horse bite, and tattoo. The bite by tbe borse resulted in the most extensive lesions. That the lesions were localized strictly in tbe dots and lines of artificial injury was best seen in the letters and figures of tbe tattoo wbich had been applied a few weeks before I saw tbe patient.
T cell lysis of murine renal cancer: multiple signaling pathways for cell death via Fas

Activated T cells lyse the murine renal cancer Renca. We have examined the mechanism of tumor cell lysis with the use of T cells derived from C57BL/6, BALB/c, B6.gld, and B6.Pfp‐/‐ mice. C57BL/6 and BALB/c T cells can lyse Renca cells through the use of both granule‐ and Fas ligand (FasL)‐mediated pathways. However, B6.gld T cells predominantly use granule‐mediated killing, whereas B6.Pfp‐/‐ T cells use FasL. The lysis of Renca by Pfp‐/‐ T cells is only partially inhibited by the caspase inhibitor ZVAD‐FMK, suggesting that caspase‐independent signaling is also important for Renca cell lysis. When the reactive oxygen scavenger butylated hydroxyanisole was used alone or in combination with ZVAD‐FMK a substantial reduction of Renca lysis was observed. Therefore, the caspase‐independent generation of reactive oxygen intermediates in Renca after Fas triggering contributes to the lysis of these cells.
The Cognitive Linguistics of Scalar Humor

Humor holds a place among the most intriguing and least understood of ourcognitive capacities. It has been the topic of occasional linguistic investiga-tion (e.g. Attardo 1994, Coulson 2000), but since humor falls outside thetraditional scope of core language, grammars rarely refer to humorous usesof language. And yet humor, like communicating and instructing, is one ofa small number of pervasive and universal language functions.Among the various approaches to language, those falling under the ru-bric of cognitive linguistics may be best equipped to bring humor underrigorous scrutiny. The reasons for this are many, and include the focus incognitive approaches on the form and functions of linguistic items, on thepragmatics and semantics of linguistic constructions, including idioms, andon domain-general cognitive mechanisms underlying language use.There are various types of humor conveyed through a linguistic modal-ity, including puns, formulaic jokes, insult humor, and non-sequitur humor.In this paper, however, we will focus on just one sort of linguistic humor.We dub this type of humor scalar humor, because at its core is themanipulation of a conceptual scale. Some examples of this type of humorfollow in (1). (1) (a) I was such an ugly kid that when I worked in a pet store, peoplekept asking how big I’d get. (b) I was such an ugly kid that when I was born the doctor slappedmy face.
Protective effect of Woodfordia fruticosa flowers against acetaminophen-induced hepatic toxicity in rats

Context: The flowers of Woodfordia fruticosa Kurz. (Lythraceae) are commonly used for the treatment of several ailments which includes rheumatism, leucorrhea, menorrhagia, asthma, liver disorder, and inflammatory conditions. Objective: To evaluate the hepatoprotective property of Woodfordia fruticosa flowers against acetaminophen-induced hepatic injury in rats. Material and methods: Acetaminophen (3 g/kg bw)-induced hepatotoxicity study was carried out by observing the effect of methanol extract of Woodfordia fruticosa flowers (400 and 600 mg/kg, bw) on some serum marker enzymes, albumin, blood urea nitrogen levels as well as liver total protein, nonenzymetic glutathione reduced content, and enzymatic antioxidant glutathione peroxidase, with histopathological evidence. Results and discussion: Pretreatment of rats with methanol extract of Woodfordia fruticosa flowers effectively prevented the acetaminophen-induced hepatic damage as indicated by the serum marker enzymes aspartate aminotransferase, alanine aminotransferase, and alkaline phosphatase and other biochemical parameters (albumin and blood urea nitrogen). Parallel to these changes, the methanol extract of Woodfordia fruticosa flowers also prevented acetaminophen-induced oxidative stress in the rat liver by inhibiting depletion of liver total protein and restoring the levels of nonenzymatic antioxidant glutathione reduced. The biochemical changes were consistent with histopathological observations suggesting marked hepatoprotective effect of the methanol extract of Woodfordia fruticosa flowers. Conclusion: The results suggested that methanol extract of Woodfordia fruticosa flowers possesses protective effect against acetaminophen-induced hepatotoxicity.