Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
The Changing Social Structure of the British Political Elite, 1886-1935

HE PURPOSE of this article is to report briefly on research into the | social origin of the group of British Cabinet Ministers who held office X between I886 and I935. The main emphasis is therefore on the tables giving this analysis, to which the text is regarded as merely introdllctory and explanatory. W}ile the Cabinet contains both great statesmen and persons of lesser calibre it was nevertheless thought that this body did indeed represent the group of leading parliamentarians of the three parties who held power during this period. Both the structure of political parties and the system of parliamentary representation and government as we know them in this country tend to equate the party leadership with the leadership of that party in Parliament. A study of the Cabinet Membership will therefore at the same time be a study of the political Flite during the penod, provided that the " suing of the pendulum " is strong enough to bnng the contesting parties into office at regular intervals. Of the I93 men who held office during these years, 9I were Conservatives, 70 Liberals and 32 belonged to the Labour Party; the representation of the three parties in the Cabinet corresponds thus closely to their strength in the country.2 Our investigation begins with the Cabinet formed by Mr. Gladstone in I886 and concludes with MacDonaldJs National Ministry as it was in the summer of I935. Both the social structure of the personnelof individual administrations and the total Cabinet Membership during this period are investigated.
Developing Writing Competencies through Education in Elementary School

D. Elkonin's thesis that thinking is much more closely related to writing than to oral speech formed the basis of our three-year formative experiment at the elementary school level. In order to test this idea, second-graders through fourth-graders were given a few assignments in which they were asked to exchange thoughts in writing with their teacher. The integrative nature of written assignments used in the study was necessary when translating from the language of models into the language of verbal definitions and back again. All assignments were based on concepts already learned by the children during class discussions when solving learning tasks. Concepts from courses in mathematics, natural science, and Russian language were used. The authors avoided focusing on any particular academic subject. The final analysis of fourth-graders showed that the way written forms of educational communication were organized in elementary school contributes to the creation of metasubject abilities in elementary school children. This primarily relates to reading literacy, which is relevant to understanding superfluous, vague, or contradictory content in verbal and graphic texts.
YB-1 Autoregulates Translation of Its Own mRNA at or prior to the Step of 40S Ribosomal Subunit Joining

ABSTRACT YB-1 is a member of the numerous families of proteins with an evolutionary ancient cold-shock domain. It is involved in many DNA- and RNA-dependent events and regulates gene expression at different levels. Previously, we found a regulatory element within the 3′ untranslated region (UTR) of YB-1 mRNA that specifically interacted with YB-1 and poly(A)-binding protein (PABP); we also showed that PABP positively affected YB-1 mRNA translation in a poly(A) tail-independent manner (O. V. Skabkina, M. A. Skabkin, N. V. Popova, D. N. Lyabin, L. O. Penalva, and L. P. Ovchinnikov, J. Biol. Chem. 278:18191-18198, 2003). Here, YB-1 is shown to strongly and specifically inhibit its own synthesis at the stage of initiation, with accumulation of its mRNA in the form of free mRNPs. YB-1 and PABP binding sites have been mapped on the YB-1 mRNA regulatory element. These were UCCAG/ACAA for YB-1 and a ∼50-nucleotide A-rich sequence for PABP that overlapped each other. PABP competes with YB-1 for binding to the YB-1 mRNA regulatory element and restores translational activity of YB-1 mRNA that has been inhibited by YB-1. Thus, YB-1 negatively regulates its own synthesis, presumably by specific interaction with the 3′UTR regulatory element, whereas PABP restores translational activity of YB-1 mRNA by displacing YB-1 from this element.
Scalp‐Recorded Ictal Patterns in Focal Epilepsy

Scalp-recorded focal EEG seizure patterns are usually expressed as rhythmic metamorphic evolving patterns (with or without epileptiform morphology) that progress through two or more ictal phases into a postictal change. Such patterns are almost invariably seen in temporal complex partial seizures but less often detected in frontal complex partial seizures and least of all in simple partial seizures. The failure of scalp recordings to detect activity from a focal seizure can usually be explained by the seizure's distant location, limited extent, or disadvantageous orientation with respect to scalp electrodes. The elimination of these disadvantages with properly implanted electrodes explains why these recordings are able to detect seizure discharges missed by scalp electrodes. Although the lateralization of a scalp-recorded seizure can be misleading, it usually accurately identifies the focus when it remains well-lateralized throughout its various ictal phases and into the postictal state.
Ganglioside GM3 suppresses lipopolysaccharide‐induced inflammatory responses in rAW 264.7 macrophage cells through NF‐κB, AP‐1, and MAPKs signaling

Gangliosides are known to specifically inhibit vascular leukocyte recruitment and consequent interaction with the injured endothelium, the basic inflammatory process. In this study, we have found that the production of nitric oxide (NO), a main regulator of inflammation, is suppressed by GM3 on murine macrophage RAW 264.7 cells, when induced by LPS. In addition, GM3 attenuated the increase in cyclooxyenase‐2 (COX‐2) protein and mRNA levels in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)‐activated RAW 264.7 cells in a dose‐dependent manner. Moreover, GM3 inhibited the expression and release of pro‐inflammatory cytokines of tumor necrosis factor‐alpha (TNF‐α), interleukin‐6 (IL‐6), and interleukin‐1β (IL‐1β) in RAW 264.7 macrophages. At the intracellular level, GM3 inhibited LPS‐induced nuclear translocation of nuclear factor kappa‐light‐chain‐enhancer of activated B cells (NF‐κB) and activator protein (AP)‐1 in RAW 264.7 macrophages. We, therefore, investigated whether GM3 affects mitogen‐activated protein kinase (MAPK) phosphorylation, a process known as the upstream signaling regulator. GM3 dramatically reduced the expression levels of the phosphorylated forms of ERK, JNK, and p38 in LPS‐activated RAW 264.7 cells. These results indicate that GM3 is a promising suppressor of the vascular inflammatory responses and ganglioside GM3 suppresses the LPS‐induced inflammatory response in RAW 264.7 macrophages by suppression of NF‐κB, AP‐1, and MAPKs signaling. Accordingly, GM3 is suggested as a beneficial agent for the treatment of diseases that are associated with inflammation.
Brain-Generated Estradiol Drives Long-Term Optimization of Auditory Coding to Enhance the Discrimination of Communication Signals

Auditory processing and hearing-related pathologies are heavily influenced by steroid hormones in a variety of vertebrate species, including humans. The hormone estradiol has been recently shown to directly modulate the gain of central auditory neurons, in real time, by controlling the strength of inhibitory transmission via a nongenomic mechanism. The functional relevance of this modulation, however, remains unknown. Here we show that estradiol generated in the songbird homolog of the mammalian auditory association cortex, rapidly enhances the effectiveness of the neural coding of complex, learned acoustic signals in awake zebra finches. Specifically, estradiol increases mutual information rates, coding efficiency, and the neural discrimination of songs. These effects are mediated by estradiol's modulation of both the rate and temporal coding of auditory signals. Interference with the local action or production of estradiol in the auditory forebrain of freely behaving animals disrupts behavioral responses to songs, but not to other behaviorally relevant communication signals. Our findings directly show that estradiol is a key regulator of auditory function in the adult vertebrate brain.
Algorithme de bandit et obsolescence : un modèle pour la recommandation

Un nombre croissant de systemes numeriques font appel a des algorithmes de bandits pour combiner efficacement exploration de l'environnement et exploitation de l'information accumulee. Les modeles de bandits classiques sont toutefois assez naifs : ils se bornent a un nombre fixe de choix disponibles (appeles bras), et a des reponses ne variant pas au cours du temps. Pour les moteurs de recommandation, par exemple, il s'agit de limitations severes : de nouveaux items a recommander apparaissent regulierement, et les anciens ont une tendance previsible a perdre de l'attractivite. Pour faire face a ces problemes, des strategies capables de gerer l'evolution temporelle du gain moyen associe a chaque bras ont ete proposees. Si ces strategies sont assez generales, elles ne sont pas forcement les plus efficaces dans le cas ou la forme de cette evolution temporelle est largement connue a priori. Dans cet article nous proposons deux nouvelles strategies capables de prendre en compte d'une part l'obsolescence progressive de chaque bras, et d'autre part l'arrivee de nouveaux bras : Fading-UCB, pour laquelle nous fournissons une analyse detaillee de la borne superieure de regret, et Trust and abandon. Nous montrons experimentalement que les deux strategies proposees permettent d'obtenir de meilleures performances que celles obtenues par les strategies de l'etat de l'art.
Molecular Mechanisms of Na/K‐ATPase‐Mediated Signal Transduction

Abstract: Our recent work shows that in addition to pumping ions, Na/K‐ATPase acts as a signal transducer. Binding of ouabain to Na/K‐ATPase changes the interaction of the enzyme with neighboring membrane proteins and induces the formation of multiple signaling modules, resulting in activation of Src, transactivation of the EGF receptor (EGFR), and increased production of reactive oxygen species (ROS). Interaction of these signals leads to activation of several other cascades, including p42/44 and p38 MAPKs, phospholipase C, and protein kinase C isozymes, in a cell‐specific manner. Ouabain also increases [Ca2+]i and contractility, induces some of the early‐response protooncogenes, and activates transcription factors AP‐1 and NF‐κB. Interplay among these pathways eventually results in changes in the expression of a number of growth‐related genes and in cell growth. Significantly, inhibition of Src blocked many of the aforementioned ouabain‐activated signaling pathways. Furthermore, Src binds to Na/K‐ATPase directly and ouabain regulates the interaction between Src and the enzyme, resulting in Src activation. To address the possibility that the signaling Na/K‐ATPase is concentrated in a separate pool on the plasma membrane, we have assessed interaction of the enzyme with caveolins. These studies indicated that Na/K‐ATPase was concentrated in caveolae/rafts. In addition, caveolin‐1 can be co‐immunoprecipitated with Na/K‐ATPase. Finally, we have shown that the signaling function of the enzyme is also pivotal to ouabain‐induced nongenomic effects on cardiac myocytes.
Crenças de autoeficácia e carreira de estudantes de administração Self-efficacy beliefs and business administration student's careers

The self-efficacy beliefs may influence how the students face their degree, how they behave during their studies and how they face the challenges of the market. In this context, this research searched to identify the predictor variables of the Administration students beliefs related to the higher education, seeking to contribute with the controllable variable studies that impact with the academic results and with the graduates market beginning. To accomplish that, a survey was conducted with 585 Business Administration students. This survey was composed by independent variables: gender, age group, study period and semester; and had as dependent variable graduate beliefs about degree and carrier. Using descriptive analyzes and logistic regression, it was verified that the period and semester show impact on the self-efficacy beliefs. These beliefs are more positive for night students and students that are finishing the course.
Effects of aspirin and desmopressin on platelet reactivity in patients undergoing cardiac surgery with extracorporeal circulation

Summary The effect of desmopressin on platelet function in patients with continued antiplatelet therapy undergoing cardiac surgery is discussed controversially. We assessed platelet reactivity in 86 patients undergoing elective coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG) under extracorporeal circulation. Twenty-nine of these patients were without preoperative antiplatelet therapy (group A), while 57 were treated with acetylsalicylic acid (ASA) 100 mg qd up to the day of surgery. Out of this cohort, 24 patients received no desmopressin perioperatively (group B), whereas 33 patients were treated with desmopressin 0.4 μg/kg after administration of protamine due to increased bleeding tendency (group C). Multiple electrode platelet aggregometry with arachidonic acid as agonist showed a marked decrease of platelet reactivity in patients without antiplatelet therapy immediately after extracorporeal circulation compared to preoperative control (375 ± 227 vs. 749 ± 330 AU*min, p<0.001). Platelet reactivity recovered to preoperative controls in group A at 24 hours after protamine administration (662 ± 295 AU*min). Platelet reactivity in patients on ASA was not decreased further after extracorporeal circulation (group B: 197 ± 126 vs. 251 ± 203 AU*min, p=0.14; group C: 212 ± 100 vs. 245 ± 248 AU*min, p=0.43) and improved significantly within 24 hours. A statistically significant effect of desmopressin, however, could not be determined (group B: 392 ± 223 AU*min; group C: 439 ± 324 AU*min at 24 hours after protamine, p=0.63 for between-subjects contrast). Our data suggest that desmopressin does not affect platelet reactivity in patients on ASA undergoing CABG and is, therefore, not useful in this clinical setting.
Berufliche Bildung 4.0? Ueberlegungen zur Arbeitsmarkt- und Innovationsfaehigkeit (Vocational training 4.0? Reflections on an innovative system and its contribution to the German labour market)

Berufliche Bildung ist in die Kritik geraten: Ein medial genaehrtes schlechtes Image, und junge Menschen, die es zunehmend zur Erstausbildung an die Hochschulen zieht. Ein in die Jahre gekommenes institutionelles System, das zudem als weitgehend deutscher Sonderweg gilt, erscheint vielen als Auslaufmodell. Der Beitrag widmet sich dem System der dualen Berufsbildung und versucht angesichts der vorherrschenden Kritik eine Art Bilanz zu ziehen. In einem ersten Schritt werden wissenschaftliche Studien einem kritischen Blick unterzogen, die in den Medien regelmaessig die Verdienst- und Arbeitsmarktchancen fuer akademisch und fuer beruflich Qualifizierte vergleichen. Deutlich wird dabei: die duale Berufsausbildung wird „schlecht“ gerechnet und eine Gegenueberstellung klar getrennter Beschaeftigtengruppen nach dualem oder akademischen Abschluss trifft die Wirklichkeit unserer Beschaeftigtenstruktur nicht. Ein zweiter Schritt befasst sich mit der Relevanz der beruflichen Bildung fuer den wirtschaftlichen Erfolg innovativer und exportstarker Branchen sowie fuer innovative Organisationsformen und Innovationsprozesse innerhalb von Unternehmen. Schliesslich wird in einem dritten Schritt die Innovationsfaehigkeit des Systems der dualen Berufsbildung selbst einem kritischen Blick unterzogen. Insgesamt sammelt der Beitrag empirisch fundierte Argumente fuer das System der beruflichen Bildung als zukunftsfaehige Innovationsressource. (While the German system of vocational training is highly acknowledged outside Germany, young people and public opinion in Germany increasingly see the system as obsolete. The paper addresses these opinions and takes stock of the system based on several facts and figures. First, the paper critically assesses studies that attribute people with vocational training qualifications considerably lower chances on the labour market, and lower wages compared to academically trained employees. A systematic comparison identifies more moderate differences between both systems than is usually claimed. Secondly, a review of a variety of studies illustrates how the vocational system contributes to specific economic strengths like innovativeness and exporting capability that are not only relevant for production and manufacturing sectors but are an essential asset for the transformation towards Industry 4.0.)
The pulmonary alveolar proteinosis in granulocyte macrophage colony- stimulating factor/interleukins 3/5 beta c receptor-deficient mice is reversed by bone marrow transplantation

Mice mutant for granulocyte macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM- CSF) or the common receptor component (beta c) for GM-CSF, interleukin (IL)-3, and IL-5 exhibit a lung disorder similar to human pulmonary alveolar proteinosis, a rare disease with congenital, infantile, and adult forms. Bone marrow transplantation and hematopoietic reconstitution of beta c mutant mice with wild-type bone marrow reversed the established disease state in the lungs, defining this disease as hematopoietic in nature. It is likely that the disease involves alveolar macrophages, as donor myeloid cell engraftment into the lungs of mutant recipient mice correlated with reverting both the disease and an abnormal macrophage morphology seen in the lungs of affected animals. Recombination Activating Gene-2 mutant donor bone marrow, which lacks the potential to develop lymphocytes, reversed the pathology in the lungs to the same extent as whole bone marrow. These data establish that certain lung disorders, if of cell-autonomous hematopoietic origin, can be manipulated by bone marrow transplantation.
Targeted disruption of PDE3B, but not PDE3A, protects murine heart from ischemia/reperfusion injury

Significance By catalyzing the destruction of cAMP and cGMP, cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterases (PDEs) regulate their intracellular concentrations and biological actions. Eleven distinct gene families (PDE1–PDE11) define the PDE superfamily. Most families contain several PDE genes. Two separate but related genes generate PDE3 subfamilies PDE3A and PDE3B. Although inhibition of PDE3 protects rodent heart against ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury, the specific PDE3 isoform involved is undetermined. Using PDE3A- and PDE3B-KO mice, we report that deletion of PDE3B, but not PDE3A, protected mouse heart from I/R injury in vivo and in vitro, via cAMP-induced preconditioning. To our knowledge, our study is the first to define a role for PDE3B in cardioprotection against I/R injury and suggests PDE3B as a target for cardiovascular therapies. Although inhibition of cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterase type 3 (PDE3) has been reported to protect rodent heart against ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury, neither the specific PDE3 isoform involved nor the underlying mechanisms have been identified. Targeted disruption of PDE3 subfamily B (PDE3B), but not of PDE3 subfamily A (PDE3A), protected mouse heart from I/R injury in vivo and in vitro, with reduced infarct size and improved cardiac function. The cardioprotective effect in PDE3B−/− heart was reversed by blocking cAMP-dependent PKA and by paxilline, an inhibitor of mitochondrial calcium-activated K channels, the opening of which is potentiated by cAMP/PKA signaling. Compared with WT mitochondria, PDE3B−/− mitochondria were enriched in antiapoptotic Bcl-2, produced less reactive oxygen species, and more frequently contacted transverse tubules where PDE3B was localized with caveolin-3. Moreover, a PDE3B−/− mitochondrial fraction containing connexin-43 and caveolin-3 was more resistant to Ca2+-induced opening of the mitochondrial permeability transition pore. Proteomics analyses indicated that PDE3B−/− heart mitochondria fractions were enriched in buoyant ischemia-induced caveolin-3–enriched fractions (ICEFs) containing cardioprotective proteins. Accumulation of proteins into ICEFs was PKA dependent and was achieved by ischemic preconditioning or treatment of WT heart with the PDE3 inhibitor cilostamide. Taken together, these findings indicate that PDE3B deletion confers cardioprotective effects because of cAMP/PKA-induced preconditioning, which is associated with the accumulation of proteins with cardioprotective function in ICEFs. To our knowledge, our study is the first to define a role for PDE3B in cardioprotection against I/R injury and suggests PDE3B as a target for cardiovascular therapies.
Information gain score computation for N-grams using multiprocessing model

Currently, the Internet faces serious threat from malwares, and its propagation may cause great havoc on computers and network security solutions. Several existing anti-malware defensive solutions detect known malware accurately. However, they fail to recognize unseen malware, since most of them rely on signature-based techniques, which are easily evadable using obfuscation or polymorphism technique. Therefore, there is immediate requirement of new techniques that can detect and classify the new malwares. In this context, heuristic analysis is found to be promising, since it is capable of detecting unknown malwares and new variants of current malwares. The N-Gram extraction technique is one such heuristic method commonly used in malware detection. Previous works have witnessed that shorter length N-Grams are easier to extract. In order to identify and remove noisy N-Grams, a popular Feature Selection Technique (FST), namely, Information Gain (IG), which computes score for each N-Gram (feature) in the dataset has been used in this work. N-Grams with the highest IG score are considered as best features, while the remaining N-Grams are neglected. The IG-FST (Information Gain-Feature Selection Technique) is computational resource demanding and takes time to generate IG scores for larger N-Gram datasets, if the processing is to be accomplished in the sequential mode. To address this issue, the present work presents a multiprocessing model that computes IG scores rapidly for larger N-Gram datasets. The proposed model has been designed, implemented, and compared with the sequential mode of IG score computation. The experimental results demonstrate that the proposed multiprocessing model performance is 80% faster than the sequential model of IG score computation.
Single lung transplantation for primary pulmonary hypertension without cardiopulmonary bypass.

We report the first case, to our knowledge, of single lung transplantation for primary pulmonary hypertension carried out without cardiopulmonary bypass. This operation seems to be possible even if the right ventricular ejection fraction is low (0.17) and the pulmonary vascular resistance very high (1,096 dynes.s.cm5). Since 1981, heart-lung transplantation has been successfully performed in patients with primary pulmonary hypertension. If heart-lung transplantation results in resolution of pulmonary hypertension, the incidence of obliterative bronchiolitis is significant in heart-lung transplantation recipients. Single lung transplantation has been performed for end-stage interstitial and obstructive lung disease but has not been considered a good option for primary pulmonary hypertension due to concerns that a single transplanted lung would be unable to cope with the entire blood flow. However, recently single lung transplantation has been performed for primary pulmonary hypertension, the risk of obliterative bronchiolitis remaining unknown. The purpose of this communication is to report one case of single lung transplantation for primary pulmonary hypertension and the feasibility of this operation without the use of cardiopulmonary bypass, if cardiopulmonary bypass is thought to be dangerous.