Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Market Microstructure: An Examination of the Effects on Intraday Event Studies*

This paper examines the implications for intraday event studies of market microstructure factors. It shows how market microstructure factors affect the price process and consequent issues that may arise when event studies are performed over successively shorter time intervals. These issues are examined empirically to determine the most effective way to deal with them. The issues examined are how to deal with time intervals with no trading, the choice of abnormal returns measurement, and the choice of statistical tests to determine if there is a significant price change, the increase in power of the statistical tests that can be attained from examining intraday rather than daily intervals. In conclusion, the best methods to detect price reactions at the intraday level are not the same as those that are currently standard practice for detecting price changes at the daily level. Additionally, intraday event studies are shown to detect significantly smaller price changes than is possible by performing daily event studies; this conclusion depends on the price reaction occurring within the time interval examined. Resume. L'auteure examine queues sont les consequences des facteurs relatifs a la microstructure du marche sur les etudes evenementielles effectuees a l'interieur d'une meme journee. Elle decrit comment ces facteurs influent sur le processus d'etablissement des prix et les questions que peut soulever la realisation d'etudes evenementielles a intervalles successifs plus courts. Ces questions, qu'elle examine sous l'angle empirique afin de determiner la facon la plus efficace de les resoudre, sont les suivantes: le traitement des intervalles de temps pendant lesquels le marche est inactif, le choix de la mesure des rendements anormaux, le choix des tests statistiques visant a determiner si une variation de prix est significative, et la puissance accrue des tests statistiques lorsque les etudes evenementielles sont decoupees par intervalles horaires plutot que quotidiens. En conclusion, les methodes les plus efficaces pour detecter les variations de prix a l'interieur d'une meme journee ne sont pas les memes que celles qui sont couramment utilisees pour detecter les variations de prix a intervalle quotidien. Il est, en outre, etabli que les etudes evenementielles effectuees a l'interieur d'une meme journee permettent de detecter des variations de prix beaucoup plus faibles que ne le permettent les etudes evenementielles effectuees a intervalle quotidien; cette conclusion depend du comportement des prix a l'interieur de l'intervalle de temps examine.
Postantibiotic Effect of Ceftaroline against Gram-Positive Organisms

ABSTRACT The postantibiotic effects (PAEs), postantibiotic sub-MIC effects (PA-SMEs), and sub-MIC effects (SMEs) of ceftaroline, a novel injectable cephalosporin, were determined for 15 gram-positive organisms. The pneumococcal, staphylococcal, and enterococcal PAEs were 0.8 to 1.8 h, 0.7 to 2.2 h, and 0.2 to 1.1 h, respectively. The corresponding PA-SMEs (0.4 times the MIC) were 2.5 to 6.7 h, 2.9 to >0.0 h, and 7.9 to >10.3 h, respectively. The PA-SMEs were longer than the PAEs, suggesting that sub-MIC levels extend the PAE of ceftaroline against gram-positive cocci.
Stimulation of IRF-7 Gene Expression by Tumor Necrosis Factor α

Interferon regulatory factor 7 (IRF-7) plays an important role in innate immunity, where, together with IRF-3, it controls the expression of interferon A/B genes as well as chemokine RANTES (regulated on activation normal T cell expressed and secreted). Previously, we characterized human IRF-7 promoter and showed that an interferon-stimulated response element site in the first intron binds interferon-stimulated gene factor 3 (ISGF3) and confers the response to interferon. Here we report the stimulation of IRF-7 expression by 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate (TPA) and tumor necrosis factor α (TNFα) in human peripheral blood monocytes. Using promoter analysis in combination with electrophoretic mobility shift assays, we have demonstrated that an NFκB site located next to the TATA box, binds p50 and p65 heterodimer and is required for the induction of the IRF-7 gene by TPA and TNFα. In addition, we report stimulation of IRF-7 gene expression by topoisomerase II (TOPII) inhibitors. We show by chromatin immunoprecipitation assay that treatment with the TOPII inhibitor etoposide induces association of acetylated histone 3 with the promoter of IRF-7 gene, indicating that TOPII-mediated changes in chromatin structure could be responsible for the induction. This suggests that the IRF-7 gene is localized in the condensed area of the chromosome where it is inaccessible to transcription factors that would promote its constitutive expression.
Suppression of mucin 2 enhances the proliferation and invasion of LS174T human colorectal cancer cells

Altered expression of MUC2 (mucin 2) is related to tumour development in colorectal cancer. Colorectal mucinous carcinomas are positive for MUC2 expression, whereas MUC2 is down‐regulated in non‐mucinous adenocarcinomas. In the present study, we down‐regulated MUC2 expression by RNAi (RNA interference) and investigated the in vitro and in vivo effects on the proliferation and invasion/migration potential of the LS174T human colorectal cancer cells. The LS174T cell line is a goblet‐cell‐like colorectal cancer cell line that continuously produces high levels of MUC2. Inhibition of MUC2 expression in vitro by transfection of LS174T cells with the recombinant plasmid pcDNA6.2‐GW/EmGFP‐miR‐MUC2 led to the production of a stably transfected MUC2‐RNAi LS174T cell line. The proliferation and invasion/migration of MUC2‐RNAi cells in vitro were significantly higher than those in control cells, as assessed by MTT [3‐(4,5‐dimethylthiazol‐2‐yl)‐2,5‐diphenyl‐2H‐tetrazolium bromide], colony formation and transwell assays. Subcutaneous injection of MUC2‐RNAi LS174T cells into nude mice resulted in the development of subcutaneous tumours visible to the naked eye after 1 week. The growth rate of tumours derived from MUC2‐RNAi LS174T cells was greater than that of tumours derived from control cells. Ki67 and matrix metalloproteinase‐9 proteins were detected by immunohistochemistry in the xenografts. The expression levels of these proteins were higher in the MUC2‐RNAi‐derived xenografts than in xenografts derived from control cells. Although the role of MUC2 in colorectal tumorigenesis is not fully understood, these results strongly suggest a relationship between the proliferation and invasion of LS174T cells and the expression of MUC2.
Out-of-plane conductivity in single-crystal YBa2Cu

The resistivity anisotropy has been measured in seven single crystals of YBa/sub 2/Cu/sub 3/O/sub 7/. We find that the anisotropy is between 56 and 110 at 290 K, increasing to approx.250 just above T/sub c/ (90--93 K). While the out-of-plane resistivity rho/sub c/ is close to the Mott limit, the large in-plane resistivity rho/sub a//sub b/ (120--150 .mu cap omega. cm at 290 K) implies a large metallic parameter (k/sub F/lapprox.31) and long electronic mean free path (67 A at 100 K). Both rho/sub c/ and rho/sub a//sub b/ are well described by the equation rho = AT+BT recently proposed by Anderson and Zou
Value Relevance of Earnings in an Emerging Capital Market: the Case of A-shares in China

This study investigates the value relevance of earnings in the emerging capital market of China by examining the information content of accounting earnings measured under the People’s Republic of China Accounting Standards (PRC-GAAP). Based on the A-shares of listed Chinese firms during 1994–97, a significant association is observed between annual market-adjusted stock return and the change of earnings. Also documented is a significant price reaction to the annual earnings announcement in a three-day window centered around the announcement date. Overall, the empirical results suggest that earnings reported in China are value-relevant to A-share investors.
Irrigation water demand and implications for water pricing policy in rural China

ABSTRACT The goal of this paper is to analyze whether reforming groundwater pricing has the potential to encourage water conservation and assess its impacts on crop production and producer income in rural China. Household-level water demands are estimated so that adjustments at both the intensive and extensive margins are captured. The results show that a large gap exists between the cost of water and the value of water to producers. Simulation analysis shows that reforming water pricing can induce water savings. However, the price of water needs to be raised to a relatively high level. We also find that the value-based policy is more effective than the cost-based policy since it generates larger water savings, given the same increase in the average price of water. While raising the price of water negatively affects crop production and crop income, higher water prices do not adversely affect the distribution of household income.
Optical metrology analysis of the lower jaw deformations.

BACKGROUND/AIM New optical stereometric methods based on both contact and noncontact mechanisms for displacement measurement have become common methods in biomechanical behavior research of biomaterials, bone and soft tissue. The aim of this study was to register and measure possible deformations of the lower jaw (mandible) with the intact dental arch using optical metrology method. METHODS The system for full field measurement of deformations (strains) comprised of two digital cameras for a synchronized stereoview of the specimen, and the Aramis software. RESULTS The maximum mandibular bone strains were measured in the regions of the lower first premolar and the lower second molar. In the action force of 500 N simulated in the region of the first lower premolar the intensity of deformation was 86 microm. The value of maximum strain in the bone around the molars was 24 microm for the force of 500 N acting on the second lower molar. When it comes to premolars, 3-5 times stronger deformation was observed in the region of the first lower premolar, compared to the deformation values of the second lower premolar area. CONCLUSION Under loading of the applied forces the measured strains were in the elastic deformation area, meanning that the dependence of force and deformity is linear. The highest values of strain measurements obtained by the optical method were found in the jaw bone tissue around the loading teeth, and the bony regions of the triangle and mental region. According to the obtained results from the Aramis processing software it can be concluded that this method is applicable in a variety of biomedical research.
Recent Immigrants: Unexpected Implications for Crime and Incarceration

This analysis of data from the 5% 1980 and 1990 Public Use Microdata Samples shows that among 18–40-year-old men in the United States, immigrants were less likely than the native-born to be institutionalized (that is, in correctional facilities, mental hospitals, or other institutions), and much less likely to be institutionalized than native-born men with similar demographic characteristics. Furthermore, earlier immigrants were more likely to be institutionalized than were more recent immigrants. Although all immigrant cohorts appear to have assimilated toward the higher institutionalization rates of the native-born as their time in the country increased, the institutionalization rates of recent immigrants did not increase as quickly as would be predicted from the experience of earlier immigrant cohorts. These results contradict what one would predict from the literature on immigrant earnings, which suggests that more recent immigrants have worse permanent labor market characteristics than earlier immigrants.
Capturing Complexity: Developing an Integrated Approach to Analysing HRM in SMEs

This article presents a framework to evaluate HRM in small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs), using an open systems theoretical perspective. In presenting an open systems perspective the objective is to overcome the limitations of existing theorising in HRM, in particular to facilitate a move away from the ‘small is beautiful’ versus ‘bleak house’ stereotypes evident in much of the literature concerned with HRM in SMEs. The evidence is drawn from six SMEs operating in the Republic of Ireland, using a case study method. The findings show that a complex interplay of external structural factors and internal dynamics shaped HRM in each of the companies. HRM was not the coherent set of practices typically identified in the literature but rather was often informal and emergent. It is argued that the open systems theoretical framework enables a move beyond mere recognition of the complexity and heterogeneity of HRM in SMEs, towards an understanding, accommodation and explanation of particularistic factors.
Binding and accumulation of hemin in Porphyromonas gingivalis are induced by hemin

Although hemin is an essential nutrient for the black-pigmented oral bacterium Porphyromonas gingivalis, the mechanisms involved in hemin binding and uptake are poorly defined. In this study, we have examined the binding of hemin and Congo red (CR) to P. gingivalis whole cells and have defined the conditions for maximal binding. Additionally, the accumulation of hemin by P. gingivalis under growing conditions has been characterized. P. gingivalis A7436 was grown under hemin- or iron-deplete conditions (basal medium [BM] or Schaedler broth with dipyridyl [SBD]) or under hemin- or iron-replete conditions (BM with hemin [BMH] or Schaedler broth [SB]), and hemin and CR binding were assessed spectrophotometrically. Binding of hemin by P. gingivalis whole cells was rapid and was observed in samples obtained from cells grown under hemin- and iron-replete and hemin-deplete conditions but was not observed in cells grown under iron limitation. We also found that P. gingivalis whole cells bound more hemin when grown in BMH or SB than cells grown in BM or SBD. Binding of CR by P. gingivalis A7436 was also enhanced when cells were grown in the presence of hemin or when cells were incubated with hemin prior to CR binding. Hemin binding and accumulation were also assessed using [14C]hemin and [59Fe]hemin under growing conditions. Both [14C]hemin and [59Fe]hemin were accumulated by P. gingivalis, indicating that iron and the porphyrin ring were taken into the cell. Binding and accumulation of hemin under growing conditions were also induced by growth of P. gingivalis in hemin-replete media. Hemin accumulation was inhibited by the addition of KCN to P. gingivalis cultures, indicating that active transport was required for hemin uptake. [14C]hemin binding and accumulation were also inhibited by the addition of either cold hemin or protoporphyrin IX. Taken together, these results indicate that P. gingivalis transports the entire hemin moiety into the cell and that the binding and accumulation of hemin are induced by growth of cultures in the presence of hemin.
The Impact of Strategic Relevance and Assurance of Sustainability Indicators on Investors’ Decisions

SUMMARY: In this study, we report two 2 × 2 between-subjects experiments that investigate the effect of strategic relevance of reported sustainability information and its assurance on nonprofessional investors' investment decisions. The first experiment manipulates strategic relevance of reported environmental, social, and governance (ESG) indicators between “high” and “low” by varying the company strategy (sustainability-based differentiation strategy versus cost leadership strategy unrelated to sustainability). The second experiment manipulates the strategic alignment of the ESG indicators (holding strategy constant). We also manipulate the presence (absence) of assurance in both experiments. Results from both experiments document that investors perceive ESG indicators to be more important, and are more willing to invest in the company if ESG indicators have higher strategic relevance. Experiment one also provides evidence that assurance increases investors' willingness to invest to a greater extent whe.
Is U.S. Economic Growth Over? Faltering Innovation Confronts the Six Headwinds

This paper raises basic questions about the process of economic growth. It questions the assumption, nearly universal since Solow’s seminal contributions of the 1950s, that economic growth is a continuous process that will persist forever. There was virtually no growth before 1750, and thus there is no guarantee that growth will continue indefinitely. Rather, the paper suggests that the rapid progress made over the past 250 years could well turn out to be a unique episode in human history. The paper views the future from 2007 while pretending that the financial crisis did not happen.
Variation in intensive care unit outcomes: a search for the evidence on organizational factors

This study was undertaken to determine the extent of empirical evidence on the role of organizational factors in the critical care literature and to categorize these factors. Studies evaluating organizational factors were identified through electronic and hand searching of the critical care literature. Sixty-three publications relating to 54 different studies were identified. The studies were grouped into eight main categories: staffing, teamwork, volume and pressure of work, protocols, admission to intensive care, technology, structure, and error. Studies evaluating organizational factors exist in the critical care literature, and there is evidence that the number is increasing each year. Results indicate that organizational factors may have an impact on mortality after case mix adjustment. Some areas have been investigated more thoroughly than others and are ripe for systematic review. Variation in case mix adjusted hospital mortality after intensive care is an old theme. This study has shown that emerging data will help us understand mortality differences and deliver better outcomes for patients.
Employee Layoffs, Shareholder Wealth and Firm Performance: Evidence from the UK

We examine the financial performance of UK listed companies surrounding the announcement of permanent employee layoffs. We find that poor operating and stock price performance, increased gearing, and threats from external markets for corporate control precede employee layoffs. Layoff announcements elicit a significantly negative stock price reaction, which is driven by announcements that are reactive to poor financial conditions. We also find that layoffs result in significant increases in employee productivity and corporate focus. We conclude that layoffs represent an efficient response to poor financial conditions, but that their occurrence is strongly dependent on pressure from external control markets.
Roles of N‐linked glycans in the recognition of microbial lipopeptides and lipoproteins by TLR2

Details of roles of carbohydrates attached to Toll‐like receptors (TLRs) in the recognition of pathogen‐associated molecular patterns and in the formation of the functional receptor complex still remain unknown. This study was designed to determine whether the glycans linked at Asn114, Asn199, Asn414 and Asn442 residues of TLR2 ectodomain were involved in the recognition of diacylated lipopeptide and lipoprotein. Single and multiple mutants were transfected into human embryonic kidney (HEK) 293 cells together with a NF‐κB luciferase reporter plasmid. All of these mutants were expressed on the surface. SDS‐PAGE of the transfectants demonstrated that these mutants migrated lower than wild‐type TLR2 and their molecular masses decreased as the number of mutated Asn residues increased. TLR2N114A, TLR2N199A and TLR2N414A as well as wild‐type TLR2 induced NF‐κB activation when stimulated with these ligands, whereas TLR2N442A failed to induce NF‐κB activation. All of triple and quadruple mutants failed to induce NF‐κB activation, but were associated with both wild‐type TLR2 and TLR6 in the transfectants. TLR2N114A,N199A, TLR2N114A,N414A and, to a lesser extent, TLR2N114A,N442A, in which two N‐linked glycans are speculated to be exposed to the concave surface of TLR2 solenoid, not only induce NF‐κB activation but also are associated with wild‐type TLR2 and TLR6. These results suggest that the glycan at Asn442 and at least two N‐linked glycans speculated to be exposed to the concave surface of TLR2 solenoid are involved in the recognition of ligands by TLR2 and/or in formation or maturation of a functional TLR2 receptor complex.
Perishable Inventory Model with Time Dependent Demand and Partial Backlogging

An Inventory Model For Decaying Items Under Inflation Has Been Developed. Demand Rate Is Taken As Linear Time Dependent. Holding Cost Is Also Taken As Time Dependent. We Have Developed The Two Cases: In The First Case Shortages Are Not Allowed And In The Second Case Partially Backlogged Shortages Are Allowed. Cost Minimization Technique Is Used In This Study.
A systematic mapping study on practical approaches to teaching software engineering

Background: Software engineering is a core subject in computing education. Today, there seems to be a consensus that teaching software engineering requires students to perform practical experiences that simulate the work in the software industry. This represents a challenge for universities and instructors, because these experiences are complex to setup and involve considerable time and effort. Although there are several experiences and proposals reported in the literature, there is no clear solution to address this challenge. Aim: Being knowledgeable about the several approaches reported in the literature for dealing with this challenge is the first step to proposing a new solution. Counting on this knowledge allows instructors to reuse lessons learned from other universities. In order to address this challenge, we conducted a systematic mapping study that intends to answer the following questions: What are the main approaches used to address the practical experiences in software engineering education? Is there an emerging tendency to address this challenge? Which software process models are used to support the practical experiences in software engineering courses? Have the universities changed the way of conducting these experiences over the years? What are the main forums to seek information on practical approaches for teaching software engineering? Method: We used a systematic mapping study to identify and classify available research papers that report the use of practical experiences in software engineering education. Results: There were 173 papers selected, analyzed and classified. The results indicate that universities have realized the value of including practical experiences as part of the software engineering teaching process. However, few proposals indicate how to address that challenge. The practical approaches identified in this study were game learning, case studies, simulation, inverted classrooms, maintenance projects, service learning, and open source development. Only one recent report on the use of traditional approaches (i.e., teaching using expositive lectures) was found. The use of a development process to support these practical experiences seems not to be a concern for software engineering instructors. Only 40% of these studies report the use of a development process to guide the process experience. The reported processes are mainly agile methods. Conferences are the most used forum to publish studies in this area (72%). One third of these studies have been published over the last five years. Conclusion: There is a clear concern for teaching software engineering involving practical experiences, and there are several initiatives exploring how to do it. The map gives us an overview of the different proposals to address this challenge, and also allows us to make some preliminary conclusions about the preferred approaches.