Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Recognizing and understanding knowledge flow between scientists is valuable for

hether we are aware of it or not, knowledge flows within human society and in the Internet-mediated interconnection environment scientists increasingly rely on for research. Knowledge flows influence the evolution of culture and language, promote international collaboration, and hasten the development of science. Scientists have developed many approaches to the static representation of knowledge, and to extracting, discovering, learning, and reasoning about it. However, knowledge is dynamic—it goes through human brains for knowing, invention, propagation, fusion, generalization, and problem solving. Scientific articles are the major medium that carries knowledge between scientists. The Citation Network. The citations in scientific articles are objective data used, for example, by the Institute for Scientific Information’s Journal Citation Report, for assessing scientists, scientific articles, and journals [5]. Statistics from ISI shows that top scientists are always most-cited. Scientific articles’ citations follow a powerlaw distribution [9], which is coincidentally similar to the distribution of the hyperlinks of the Web [1, 2]. Neither the citation nor the hyperlink relationship is transitive; that is, “A cites/links to B” and “B cites/links to C” does not imply “A cites/links to C. ” Hyperlinking is arbitrary—“anything can link to anything” [3]—but citation is not. Citations among scientific documents form a time-constrained non-redundant content net with the following characteristics:
Striatal Medium-Sized Spiny Neurons: Identification by Nuclear Staining and Study of Neuronal Subpopulations in BAC Transgenic Mice

Precise identification of neuronal populations is a major challenge in neuroscience. In the striatum, more than 95% of neurons are GABAergic medium-sized spiny neurons (MSNs), which form two intermingled populations distinguished by their projections and protein content. Those expressing dopamine D1-receptors (D1Rs) project preferentially to the substantia nigra pars reticulata (SNr), whereas those expressing dopamine D2- receptors (D2Rs) project preferentially to the lateral part of the globus pallidus (LGP). The degree of segregation of these populations has been a continuous subject of debate, and the recent introduction of bacterial artificial chromosome (BAC) transgenic mice expressing fluorescent proteins driven by specific promoters was a major progress to facilitate striatal neuron identification. However, the fraction of MSNs labeled in these mice has been recently called into question, casting doubt on the generality of results obtained with such approaches. Here, we performed an in-depth quantitative analysis of striatal neurons in drd1a-EGFP and drd2-EGFP mice. We first quantified neuronal and non-neuronal populations in the striatum, based on nuclear staining with TO-PRO-3, and immunolabeling for NeuN, DARPP-32 (dopamine- and cAMP-regulated phosphoprotein Mr∼32,000), and various markers for interneurons. TO-PRO-3 staining was sufficient to identify MSNs by their typical nuclear morphology and, with a good probability, interneuron populations. In drd1a-EGFP/drd2-EGFP double transgenic mice all MSNs expressed EGFP, which was driven in about half of them by drd1a promoter. Retrograde labeling showed that all MSNs projecting to the SNr expressed D1R and very few D2R (<1%). In contrast, our results were compatible with the existence of some D1R-EGFP-expressing fibers giving off terminals in the LGP. Thus, our study shows that nuclear staining is a simple method for identifying MSNs and other striatal neurons. It also unambiguously confirms the degree of segregation of MSNs in the mouse striatum and allows the full exploitation of results obtained with BAC-transgenic mice.
The Effect of Badger Culling on Breakdown Prolongation and Recurrence of Bovine Tuberculosis in Cattle Herds in Great Britain

Bovine tuberculosis is endemic in cattle herds in Great Britain, with a substantial economic impact. A reservoir of Mycobacterium bovis within the Eurasian badger (Meles meles) population is thought to have hindered disease control. Cattle herd incidents, termed breakdowns, that are either ‘prolonged’ (lasting ≥240 days) or ‘recurrent’ (with another breakdown within a specified time period) may be important foci for onward spread of infection. They drain veterinary resources and can be demoralising for farmers. Randomised Badger Culling Trial (RBCT) data were re-analysed to examine the effects of two culling strategies on breakdown prolongation and recurrence, during and after culling, using a Bayesian hierarchical model. Separate effect estimates were obtained for the ‘core’ trial areas (where culling occurred) and the ‘buffer’ zones (up to 2 km outside of the core areas). For breakdowns that started during the culling period, ‘reactive’ (localised) culling was associated with marginally increased odds of prolongation, with an odds ratio (OR) of 1.7 (95% credible interval [CI] 1.1–2.4) within the core areas. This effect was not present after the culling ceased. There was no notable effect of ‘proactive’ culling on prolongation. In contrast, reactive culling had no effect on breakdown recurrence, though there was evidence of a reduced risk of recurrence in proactive core areas during the culling period (ORs and 95% CIs: 0.82 (0.64–1.0) and 0.69 (0.54–0.86) for 24- and 36-month recurrence respectively). Again these effects were not present after the culling ceased. There seemed to be no effect of culling on breakdown prolongation or recurrence in the buffer zones. These results suggest that the RBCT badger culling strategies are unlikely to reduce either the prolongation or recurrence of breakdowns in the long term, and that reactive strategies (such as employed during the RBCT) are, if anything, likely to impact detrimentally on breakdown persistence.
Classification of Micro Array Gene Expression using k-NN , SVM and Naive Classifiers

Classification analysis of microarray gene expression data has been performed widely to find out the biological features and to differentiate intimately related cell types that usually appear in the diagnosis of cancer. Many algorithms and techniques have been developed for the microarray gene classification process. These developed techniques accomplish microarray gene classification process with the aid of three basic phases namely, dimensionality reduction, feature selection and gene classification. In our previous work, microarray gene classification by statistical analysis approach with Fuzzy Inference System (FIS) was proposed for precise classification of genes to their corresponding gene types. This paper proposes an effective classification technique that uses Naïve Bayes classifier, k-NN and SVM. The dimensionality reduction of the gene expression dataset is performed by using statistical approaches. From the dimensionality reduced data, the important genes are identified and also features are extracted. The improved classifier is developed for classification and so it is trained using the classifiers. The well-trained classifier is used to the classification of micro array gene expression dataset.
Subband Spreading Technique Using Orthogonal Code Multiplexing in OFDM Systems

We propose a subband spreading technique to average a frequency selective fading channel which produces different signal-to-noise ratios (SNR) per subcarrier in orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) systems. Data symbols are spread over a subband using orthogonal codes and transmitted. Each subband is composed of a group of subcarriers. Received symbols in a subband have the same reliability even in a frequency selective fading channel due to the subband spreading at the transmitter. As the number of subcarriers per subband increases, the averaging effect increases even though the complexity to multiplex the symbols increases. We compare the bit error rate (BER) performance of the proposed scheme with that of the conventional OFDM systems including the pre-equalization scheme. Furthermore, we propose an adaptive modulation scheme using the subband spreading technique in order to reduce signaling overhead and complexity. The proposed scheme can outperform the conventional subcarrier-by-subcarrier adaptation scheme in terms of throughput when the channel varies quickly.
Les origines linguistiques du Basque : l'ouralo-altaïque

Basque has been regarded during a long time as an isolated language and the various attempts in the field of comparisons since the beginning of the 19th century were not able to give significant results. A new approach towards north-eurasia seems to be promising. Under the condition to come back to the most traditional lexical comparatism. Following a critical review of the various theories, one presents the euro-siberian sustratum of basque, then some comparisons with the languages of the ural-altaic family are founded. An attempt of establishing systematical phonetic tendencies is made. The whole work ends with a chapter dealing with ethno-linguistic comparisons (mythology, etc. ).
Intel-Eye: An Innovative System for Accident Detection, (A Two - Way Approach in Eye Gaze Analysis)

Driver in-alertness is an important cause for most accidents related to vehicle crashes. Drowsy driver detection methods can form the basis of a system to potentially reduce accidents related to driver doziness. Intel-Eye describes a real-time online driver in-alertness and shock related facial expression monitoring methods. Intel -Eye obtains visual cues such as eyelid movement; gaze movement, head movement, and facial expression that typically characterize the level of alertness of a person are extracted in real time and systematically combined to infer the fatigue level of the driver. Intel-eye distinguishes itself by the Two-Way Approach in eye gaze analysis. Shock analysis is done to identify the driver's expression during a head on collision and signals are sent for automatic braking system. A probabilistic model is developed to model in Intel-Eye and it's used for predicting human in-alertness based on the visual cues obtained. The simultaneous use of multiple visual cues and their systematic combination yields a much more robust and accurate fatigue and shock characterization than using a single visual cue. Percent eye closure (PERCLOS) (1) is also determined. Intel-Eye system is efficient under real-life fatigue conditions i.e. human subjects with/without glasses under different illumination conditions. Intel-Eye uses the two way approach when compared to other existing systems, it's main advantage is to analyse the shock expression and send signals to deviate the behind vehicles and avoid the collision directly by shifting movement. It is deemed to be reasonably robust, trustworthy, and precise in fatigue and shock characterization, detection and warning.
IIMM: An Interest Induced Mobility Model for the Simulation of Mobile Ad Hoc Networks

Realistic models for node movement are essential in simulating mobile ad hoc networks. We observe that convergence motion occurs frequently in ad hoc networks, and introduce a novel constrained entity mobility model -interest induced mobility model (IIMM) - to represent the interactional relationship among mobile hosts. IIMM can be readily used in simulations of several MANET scenarios. Moreover, we simulate HMM with Random Waypoint and Group Mobility and have evaluated network performance using various protocol independent metrics. As expected, the preliminary results indicate that the various mobility models will affect the performance of Ad Hoc network in different ways.
Convective Characteristics of the Madden-Julian Oscillation over the Central Indian Ocean Observed by Shipborne Radar during DYNAMO

AbstractThis study investigates the convective population and environmental conditions during three MJO events over the central Indian Ocean in late 2011 using measurements collected from the Research Vessel (R/V) Roger Revelle deployed in Dynamics of the MJO (DYNAMO). Radar-based rainfall estimates from the Revelle C-band radar are first placed in the context of larger-scale Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM) rainfall data to demonstrate that the reduced Revelle radar range captured the MJO convective evolution. Time series analysis and MJO phase-based composites of Revelle measurements both support the “recharge–discharge” MJO theory. Time series of echo-top heights indicate that convective deepening during the MJO onset occurs over a 12–16-day period. Composite statistics show evident recharging–discharging features in convection and the environment. Population of shallow/isolated convective cells, SST, CAPE, and the lower-tropospheric moisture increase (recharge) substantially approximately tw.
Visualizing and Understanding Code Duplication in Large Software Systems

Code duplication, or code cloning, is a common phenomena in the development of large software systems. Developers have a love-hate relationship with cloning. On one hand, cloning speeds up the development process. On the other hand, clone management is a challenging task as software evolves. Cloning has commonly been considered as undesirable for software maintenance and several research efforts have been devoted to automatically detect clones and eliminate clones aggressively. However, there is little empirical work done to analyze the consequences of cloning with respect to the software quality. Recent studies show that cloning is not necessarily undesirable. Cloning can used to minimize risks and there are cases where cloning is used as a design technique. In this thesis, three visualization techniques are proposed to aid researchers in analyzing cloning in studying large software systems. All of the visualizations abstract and display cloning information at the subsystem level but with different emphases. At the subsystem level, clones can be classified as external clones and internal clones. External clones refer to code duplicates that reside in the same subsystem, whereas external clones are clones that are spread across different subsystems. Software architecture quality attributes such as cohesion and coupling are introduced to contribute to the study of cloning at the architecture level. The Clone Cohesion and Coupling (CCC) Graph and the Clone System Hierarchy (CSH) Graph display the cloning information for one single release. In particular, the CCC Graph highlights the amount of internal and external cloning for each subsystems; whereas the CSH Graph focuses more on the details of the spread of cloning. Finally, the Clone System Evolution (CSE) Graph shows the evolution of cloning over a period of time.
How to live with ERP systems and thrive

In the late 1990s many Australian Universities went through the process of chosing, acquiring and implementing Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP) Systems. This paper offers one example of how the Faculty of Informatics and Communication (Infocom) at Central Queensland University (CQU) has learned to live and thrive with CQU’s ERP system. This has been achieved through the use of an emergent development methodology to create a range of intermediary information systems that bridge the gap between CQU’s ERP system and the requirements of Infocom’s staff and students. Using specific examples the paper identifies a range of technical (bad technology, lack of technical knowledge, requirements mismatch and limited integration support) and organisational (system owner/user mismatch, organisational holes, organisational silos, developer/user distance, system/structural inertia) factors that help create this gap. The resulting intermediary information systems are used by hundreds of staff and thousands of students, offer significant advantages and enable further innovation. The paper suggests that the gap between institutional information systems and client requirements, exists in most Universities.
Tumor Necrosis Factor Receptor 1 Mediates Dendritic Cell Maturation and CD 8 T Cell Response through Two Distinct Mechanisms

Tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNFα) and its two receptors (TNFR1 and 2) are known to stimulate dendritic cell (DC) maturation and T cell response. However, the specific receptor and mechanisms involved in vivo are still controversial. Here we show that in response to an attenuated mouse hepatitis virus (MHV) infection, DCs fail to mobilize and up-regulate CD40, CD80, CD86, and MHC class I in TNFR1−/− mice as compared to the wild-type and TNFR2−/− mice. Correspondingly, virus-specific CD8 T cell response was dramatically diminished in TNFR1−/− mice. Adoptive transfer of TNFR1-expressing DCs into TNFR1−/− mice rescues CD8 T cell response. Interestingly, adoptive transfer of TNFR1-expressing naïve T cells also restores DC mobilization and maturation and endogenous CD8 T cell response. These results show that TNFR1, not TNFR2, mediates TNFα stimulation of DC maturation and T cell response to MHV in vivo. They also suggest two mechanisms by which TNFR1 mediates TNFα-driven DC maturation: a direct effect through TNFR1 expressed on immature DCs and an indirect effect through TNFR1 expressed on naïve T cells.
A dynamic multi-source Dijkstra's algorithm for vehicle routing

This paper discusses the implementation of Dijkstra's (1959) classic double bucket algorithm for path finding in connected networks. The work reports on a modification of the algorithm embracing both static and dynamic heuristic components and multiple source nodes. The modified algorithm is applied in a 3D spatial information system (SIS) for routing emergency service vehicles. The algorithm has been implemented as a suite of modules and integrated into a commercial SIS software environment. Genuine 3D spatial data is used to test the algorithm on the problem of vehicle routing and rerouting under simulated earthquake conditions in the Japanese city of Okayama. Coverage graphs were also produced giving contour lines joining points with identical travel times.
What's Wrong with Copyright: Educator Strategies for Dealing with Analog Copyright Law in a Digital World

Article I, Section 8, Clause 8 of the U.S. Constitution states that "to promote the Progress of Science and useful Arts, by securing for limited Times to Authors and Inventors the exclusive Right to their respective Writings and Discoveries," Congress may pass laws to protect the intellectual property of the citizens of the United States. Today, the controlling statute of copyright, Title 17, Chapter 1, Section 102, covers books, graphical material, written music, manuscripts, paintings, architecture (in the form of plans), and sculpture as well as various forms of musical, dramatic, pictorial, and motion picture work and sound recordings. This title of U.S. Code comprises all of U.S. copyright law, including the Copyright Act of 1976 (effective January 1, 1978).
S.P.L.O.T.: software product lines online tools

This paper introduces S.P.L.O. T. , a Web-based reasoning and configuration system for Software Product Lines (SPLs). The system benefits from mature logic-based reasoning techniques such as SAT solvers and binary decision diagrams to provide efficient reasoning and interactive configuration services to SPL researchers and practitioners. In addition, the system provides a feature model repository containing real and generated models to encourage knowledge sharing among researchers in the field.
Investment Bank Compensation in Venture and Non-Venture Capital Backed IPOs

We address two puzzles of the IPO literature: (1) Why do investment banks earn positive profits in a competitive market? And (2) Why do banks receive lower gross spreads in VC backed IPOs? We model the IPO procedure as a two-stage signaling game. In the second stage banks set offer prices given their private information and the level of the spread. Issuers anticipate the bank’s pricing decision and set in the first stage spreads to maximize expected revenue. Investors are aware of this process and subscribe only if their expected profits are non-negative. As a result, issuers offer high spreads to induce banks to set high prices, allowing them profits. Competition may take place in additional features of the IPO contract as, for example, the number of co-managers or analyst coverage. We show that in equilibrium superiorly informed VC backed issuers impose smaller spreads. JEL Classification: G14, G24.
Analytical modeling and ATLAS™ based simulation of the surface potential of double-material-gate strained-Si on Silicon-Germanium-on-Insulator (DMGSGOI) MOSFETs

An analytical study of the surface potential of double-material-gate strained-Si on Silicon-Germanium-on-Insulator (DMG-SGOI) MOSFETs has been presented in this paper. It has been shown that DMG-SGOI structure alleviates the short-geometry problems like short-channel effects (SCEs), drain induced barrier lowering (DIBL) and hot-carrier effects (HCEs) more efficiently than strained-Si on Silicon-Germanium-on-Insulator (SGOI) MOSFET structures.
TagFlip: Active Mobile Music Discovery with Social Tags

We report on the design and evaluation of TagFlip, a novel interface for active music discovery based on social tags of music. The tool, which was built for phone-sized screens, couples high user control on the recommended music with minimal interaction effort. Contrary to conventional recommenders, which only allow the specification of seed attributes and the subsequent like/dislike of songs, we put the users in the centre of the recommendation process. With a library of 100,000 songs, TagFlip describes each played song to the user through its most popular tags on Last.fm and allows the user to easily specify which of the tags should be considered for the next song, or the next stream of songs. In a lab user study where we compared it to Spotify's mobile application, TagFlip came out on top in both subjective user experience (control, transparency, and trust) and our objective measure of number of interactions per liked song. Our users found TagFlip to be an important complementary experience to that of Spotify, enabling more active and directed discovery sessions as opposed to the mostly passive experience that traditional recommenders offer.
IntegraTV-4 all : an interactive television for all

A project of industrial research, oriented to the investigation related to the “e-inclusion and eattendance Strategic Action” of the Spanish National Program of Technologies of Services of the Information Society, is undertaken, whose object is the acquisition and application of new knowledge and techniques that can turn useful to contribute to considerably improve the services of interactive and personalized television. The project, IntegraTV-4all, is an effort towards a new television for all and to promote the access of people with disabilities to the new technologies, with a technological development adapted and oriented to their possibilities and necessities, which includes both graphical and naturallanguage, oral interfaces. This paper characterizes the general approach of the project, the effort about the design for all in the domain of interactive systems of digital-entertainment consumption, the development of multimodal interfaces and the dialogue management system. In the case of the natural-language interface, the interaction management is based upon an intentional processing dialogue model, named the
A defect-tolerant and fully testable PLA

The authors present a defect-tolerant and fully testable programmable logic array (PLA) that allows the repair of a defective chip. The repair process is described. Special emphasis is placed on the location of defects inside a PLA. The defect location mechanism is completely topological and circuit-independent and therefore easy to adapt to existing PLA generators. Yield considerations for this type of PLA are presented. <<ETX>>