Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Brief Notes

Electron microscope studies of synaptic junctions have demonstrated the presence of a characteristic submicroscopic component designated by De Robertis and Bennett (1) the synaptic vesicles. This component was observed in the neuropile of the nerve cord of the earth-worm, and in frog sympathetic ganglia (1) and reported simultaneously in synapsis of the central nervous system (2, 3) and the neuromuscular junction (3). Furthermore, the widespread occurrence of similar vesicles in synapses of the arthropods and in the central nervous system and retina of mammals was emphasized (4) and their presence in many types of synaptic junctions and nerve endings has been widely recognized (5, 6). Synaptic vesicles were found to be preferentially distributed in the presyn-aptic side of the synapse and to have a close relationship to the synaptic membrane. These and other morphological characteristics led to speculations that acetylcholine and other chemical compounds active in synaptic transmission might be bound to the synaptic vesicles. Moreover, it was presumed that the movement of vesicles, to and possibly across the synaptic membrane, was an indication of the flow and discharge of these chemical mediators into the space immediately adjacent to the postsynaptic membrane (1). Further indirect support of this hypothesis was found in the fact that the synaptic vesicles of the retinal rods and cones underwent considerable changes in size under prolonged darkness (7). Furthermore , in the acoustic ganglion they became agglutinated and lysed very early after destruction of the organ of Corti (8). The latter alternative changes should be correlated with the early physiological deterioration of synaptic transmission in nerve degeneration. However, so far there has not been a direct proof of the physiological significance of synaptic vesicles in the transmission of the nerve impulse. Ever since the discovery of the syn-aptic vesicles it has been realized that a more direct approach to this problem might be found by inducing changes in the synaptic vesicles by physiological or electrical stimulation. Several attempts made in collaboration with Prof. Amas-in synapses of the sympathetic ganglia, failed or gave inconclusive results, mainly 611
Combinatorial walrasian equilibrium

We study a combinatorial market design problem, where a collection of indivisible objects is to be priced and sold to potential buyers subject to equilibrium constraints. The classic solution concept for such problems is Walrasian Equilibrium (WE), which provides a simple and transparent pricing structure that achieves optimal social welfare. The main weakness of the WE notion is that it exists only in very restrictive cases. To overcome this limitation, we introduce the notion of a Combinatorial Walrasian equilibium (CWE), a natural relaxation of WE. The difference between a CWE and a (non-combinatorial) WE is that the seller can package the items into indivisible bundles prior to sale, and the market does not necessarily clear. We show that every valuation profile admits a CWE that obtains at least half of the optimal (unconstrained) social welfare. Moreover, we devise a poly-time algorithm that, given an arbitrary allocation X, computes a CWE that achieves at least half of the welfare of X. Thus, the economic problem of finding a CWE with high social welfare reduces to the algorithmic problem of social-welfare approximation. In addition, we show that every valuation profile admits a CWE that extracts a logarithmic fraction of the optimal welfare as revenue. Finally, these results are complemented by strong lower bounds when the seller is restricted to using item prices only, which motivates the use of bundles. The strength of our results derives partly from their generality --- our results hold for arbitrary valuations that may exhibit complex combinations of substitutes and complements.
Development of PET Imaging to Visualize Activated Macrophages Accumulated in the Transplanted iPSc-Derived Cardiac Myocytes of Allogeneic Origin for Detecting the Immune Rejection of Allogeneic Cell Transplants in Mice

Allogeneic transplantation (Tx) of induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) is a promising tissue regeneration therapy. However, this inevitably induces macrophage-mediated immune response against the graft, limiting its therapeutic efficacy. Monitoring the magnitude of the immune response using imaging tools would be useful for prolonging graft survival and increasing the therapy longevity. Minimally invasive quantitative detection of activated macrophages by medical imaging technologies such as positron emission tomography (PET) imaging targets translocator protein (TSPO), which is highly expressed on mitochondrial membrane, especially in activated macrophage. N,N-diethyl-2-[4-(2-fluoroethoxy) phenyl]-5,7-dimethylpyrazolo[1,5-a]pyrimidine-3-acetamide (DPA-714) is known as a TSPO ligand used in clinical settings. We herein hypothesized that immune rejection of the transplanted iPSC-derived cardiomyocytes (iPSC-CMs) of allogeneic origin may be quantitated using 18F-DPA-714-PET imaging study. iPSC-CM cell-sheets of C57BL/6 mice origin were transplanted on the surface of the left ventricle (LV) of C57BL/6 mice as a syngeneic cell-transplant model (syngeneic Tx group), or Balb/c mice as an allogeneic model (allogeneic Tx group). 18F-DPA-714-PET was used to determine the uptake ratio, calculated as the maximum standardized uptake value in the anterior and septal wall of the LV. The uptake ratio was significantly higher in the allogeneic Tx group than in the syngeneic group or the sham group at days 7 and day 10 after the cell transplantation. In addition, the immunochemistry showed significant presence of CD68 and CD3-positive cells at day 7 and 10 in the transplanted graft of the allogeneic Tx group. The expression of TSPO, CD68, IL-1 beta, and MCP-1 was significantly higher in the allogeneic Tx group than in the syngeneic Tx and the sham groups at day 7. The 18F-DPA-714-PET imaging study enabled quantitative visualization of the macrophages-mediated immune rejection of the allogeneic iPSC-cardiac. This imaging tool may enable the understanding and monitoring host-immune response of the host, allogeneic cell transplantation therapy.
Use of scintigraphy to evaluate gastric accommodation and emptying: Comparison with barostat

Scintigraphy is a useful noninvasive technique for assessment of gastric motility, especially emptying, but there is little knowledge of use of the technique to assess gastric accommodation. Therefore, to clarify the usefulness of scintigraphy as a technique for assessing gastric accommodation, we compared scintigraphy with barostat, the gold standard modality.
The Acetone Extract of Sclerocarya birrea (Anacardiaceae) Possesses Antiproliferative and Apoptotic Potential against Human Breast Cancer Cell Lines (MCF-7)

Interesting antimicrobial data from the stem bark of Sclerocarya birrea, which support its use in traditional medicine for the treatment of many diseases, have been delineated. The current study was aimed to further study some pharmacological and toxicological properties of the plant to scientifically justify its use. Anticancer activity of water and acetone extracts of S. birrea was evaluated on three different cell lines, HT-29, HeLa, and MCF-7 using the cell titre blue viability assay in 96-well plates. Apoptosis was evaluated using the acridine orange and propidium iodide staining method, while morphological structure of treated cells was examined using SEM. The acetone extract exhibited remarkable antiproliferative activities on MCF-7 cell lines at dose- and time-dependent manners (24 h and 48 h of incubation). The extract also exerted apoptotic programmed cell death in MCF-7 cells with significant effect on the DNA. Morphological examination also displayed apoptotic characteristics in the treated cells, including clumping, condensation, and culminating to budding of the cells to produce membrane-bound fragmentation, as well as formation of apoptotic bodies. The acetone extract of S. birrea possesses antiproliferative and apoptotic potential against MCF-7-treated cells and could be further exploited as a potential lead in anticancer therapy.
Changing epidemiology of dengue in South-East Asia

The burden of dengue and its potential threat to global health are now globally recognized, with 2.5 billion people at risk worldwide. The pathogenesis of severe dengue is particularly intriguing with the involvement of different immune factors. Also, the epidemiology of dengue in South-East Asia is undergoing a change in the human host, the dengue virus and the vector bionomics. Shift in affected age groups, sex differences and expansion to rural areas are evident, while the virulence and genotype of the virus determine the severity and time interval between sequential infections. The Aedes mosquito, a potent and adaptive vector, has evolved in longevity and survival, affected by seasonality and climate variability, socio-cultural and economic factors of human habitation and development. This review provides insights into the changing epidemiology and its factors in South-East Asia, one of the most important epicentres of dengue in the world, highlighting the major factors influencing these rapid changes. Addressing the changes may help mitigate the challenges in the current dengue control and prevention efforts.
An HSS Matrix-Inspired Butterfly-Based Direct Solver for Analyzing Scattering From Two-Dimensional Objects

A butterfly-based fast direct integral equation solver for analyzing high-frequency scattering from two-dimensional objects is presented. The solver leverages a randomized butterfly scheme to compress blocks corresponding to near- and far-field interactions in the discretized forward and inverse electric field integral operators. The observed memory requirements and computational cost of the proposed solver scale as <inline-formula><tex-math notation="LaTeX"> $O(N{\log ^2}N)$</tex-math></inline-formula> and <inline-formula><tex-math notation="LaTeX">$O({N^{1.5}}\log N)$ </tex-math></inline-formula>, respectively. The solver is applied to the analysis of scattering from electrically large objects spanning over 10 000 wavelengths and modeled in terms of five million unknowns.
Understanding the dynamics of wind-driven ocean circulation

This thesis describes several simple models of ocean flows, such as the Stommel model and the Munk model. Some physical and mathematical background is given on the concepts and equations of fluid dynamics, of which the Navier-Stokes equations are of biggest importance. These equations will be adapted to describe flows in a rotating spherical coordinate system that is applicable to large-scale flows on planet Earth and other planets. In order to make the models of interest analytically solvable, some simplifications are introduced. The curved planet's surface is, for instance, approximated by a tangent plane. The equations of Henry Stommel's Gulf Stream model are introduced and solved analytically. A more general approach to model ocean streams derived by Joseph Pedlosky is also introduced, from which both the Stommel model and the Munk model, another important model by Walter Munk, can be obtained. Finally, Pedlosky's method is used to introduce time-dependent tidal forces into the time-independent Stommel model. Several graphs and MATLAB scripts are included to visualize the models.
Cluster Analysis of Obesity and Asthma Phenotypes

Background Asthma is a heterogeneous disease with variability among patients in characteristics such as lung function, symptoms and control, body weight, markers of inflammation, and responsiveness to glucocorticoids (GC). Cluster analysis of well-characterized cohorts can advance understanding of disease subgroups in asthma and point to unsuspected disease mechanisms. We utilized an hypothesis-free cluster analytical approach to define the contribution of obesity and related variables to asthma phenotype. Methodology and Principal Findings In a cohort of clinical trial participants (n = 250), minimum-variance hierarchical clustering was used to identify clinical and inflammatory biomarkers important in determining disease cluster membership in mild and moderate persistent asthmatics. In a subset of participants, GC sensitivity was assessed via expression of GC receptor alpha (GCRα) and induction of MAP kinase phosphatase-1 (MKP-1) expression by dexamethasone. Four asthma clusters were identified, with body mass index (BMI, kg/m2) and severity of asthma symptoms (AEQ score) the most significant determinants of cluster membership (F = 57.1, p<0.0001 and F = 44.8, p<0.0001, respectively). Two clusters were composed of predominantly obese individuals; these two obese asthma clusters differed from one another with regard to age of asthma onset, measures of asthma symptoms (AEQ) and control (ACQ), exhaled nitric oxide concentration (FENO) and airway hyperresponsiveness (methacholine PC20) but were similar with regard to measures of lung function (FEV1 (%) and FEV1/FVC), airway eosinophilia, IgE, leptin, adiponectin and C-reactive protein (hsCRP). Members of obese clusters demonstrated evidence of reduced expression of GCRα, a finding which was correlated with a reduced induction of MKP-1 expression by dexamethasone Conclusions and Significance Obesity is an important determinant of asthma phenotype in adults. There is heterogeneity in expression of clinical and inflammatory biomarkers of asthma across obese individuals. Reduced expression of the dominant functional isoform of the GCR may mediate GC insensitivity in obese asthmatics.
Groundwater recharge amidst focused stormwater infiltration

Distributed, infiltration‐based approaches to stormwater management are being implemented to mitigate effects of urban development on water resources. One of the goals of this type of storm water management, sometimes called low impact development or green infrastructure, is to maintain groundwater recharge and stream base flow at predevelopment levels. However, the connection between infiltration‐based stormwater management and groundwater recharge is not straightforward. Water infiltrated through stormwater facilities may be stored in soil moisture, taken up by evapotranspiration or contribute to recharge and eventually base flow. This study focused on a 1.1 km2 suburban, low impact development watershed in Clarksburg, Maryland, USA, that was urbanized and contained 73 infiltration‐based stormwater facilities. Continuous water table measurements were used to quantify the movement of infiltrated stormwater. Time series analyses were performed on hydrographs of 7 wells, and the episodic master recession method was used. Persistence in water levels, as measured by autocorrelation function, was found to be positively related to depth to water. Storm properties (precipitation rate and duration) and well location (proximity to the nearest stream) were significant in driving episodic recharge to precipitation ratios. The well that had the highest recharge to precipitation ratios and water table rises of up to 1.5 m in response to storm events was located furthest from the stream and down gradient of stormwater infiltration locations. This work may be considered in evaluating the effects of planned watershed‐scale infiltration‐based stormwater management on groundwater flow systems.
Cdx 4 regulates the onset of spinal cord neurogenesis

Department of Biology, University of Miami, 1301 Memorial Drive, Coral Gables, Florida, 33146, United States The Miami Project to Cure Paralysis, 1095 NW 14 Terrace R501, Miami, Florida, 33136, United States Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami 1095 NW 14 Terrace R501, Miami, Florida, 33136, United States Current Address: Department of Biology, University of Richmond, 28 Westhampton Way B322, Richmond, Virginia, 23173, United States
Major and Trace Elements Geochemistry of Laterites from the Swarnagadde Plateau, Uttar Kannada District, Karnataka, India

The laterite deposits of Swarnagadde plateau occurs in Uttar Kannada district of Karnataka state, forming low altitude flat topped laterite hills and plateaus adjoining part of Central Western Ghats, in the western continental margin of India. In this study, using geochemical techniques for calculation of relative weathering (SiO2 content), CIA and correlation coefficients, the effective factors in mobilization and redistribution of major and trace elements during lateritization processes across selected profile were considered. According to the Al2O3-Fe2O3-SiO2 ternary diagram of Schellmann [1] the limit of kaolinization on the tri-plot for the protolith of Swarnagadde plateau profile (granite/gneiss rock) is determined to occur at 68.22% SiO2 and gradual change from SiO2-rich to Fe2O3-rich to Al2O3-rich compositions and of increasing degree of lateritization. The laterite samples were highly weathered with chemical index of alteration ca.98. 92%, nearly complete loss of Na, Ca, Mg and K in the ferruginous zone. Fe mainly occurred as goethite, hematite, while Al mainly occurred as secondary clay minerals (kaolinite) and gibbsite below the ferruginous zone. On the basis of mineralogy and geochemistry, these deposits are grouped as aluminous laterites, ferruginous laterites and lithomargic clay. The major, trace elements and mineralogical characteristics of laterites, these were formed in situ by the alteration of parent rocks of granite/granitic gneiss compositions. The correlation coefficient patterns of several major and trace elements and their preferential enrichment have suggested that there is an influence of precursor rock on the distribution of trace elements. Significant depletion of base cations and Si, coupled with enrichment of Fe and Al, reveal that intense leaching of cations, kaolinization, desilication and ferruginization took place in lateritic deposits during weathering and lateritization.
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This report describes the machine translation system tuning experiments leading to CMU system submissions to the WMT 2011 French-English and Haitian-English translation tracks. For each language track, we tune a standard phrase-based SMT system to a variety of metrics including BLEU, TER, and several variations of METEOR. We select a balanced Tuning version of METEOR that performs well across tracks as the tuning metric for our official submissions.
Virtualization of wireless LAN infrastructures

In wired Ethernet networks (IEEE 802.3), physical network interfaces can be connected to different network segments or shared among multiple virtual machines. In wireless LAN (IEEE 802.11) sharing wireless network interfaces is recognized to be a difficult task. However, virtualization can solve this problem. In this paper we will introduce a viable solution to deploy virtualized wireless networks by means of open source virtualization techniques. We present the design, implementation, and performance testing of this solution. Results have shown that the proposed solution can support multiple virtualized wireless networks without compromising the performance.
Speaker recognition based on SOINN and incremental learning Gaussian mixture model

Gaussian Mixture Models has been widely used in speaker recognition during the last decades. To deal with the dynamic growth of datasets, initial clustering problem and achieving the results of clustering effectively on incremental data, an incremental adaptation method called incremental learning Gaussian mixture model (IGMM) is proposed in this paper. It was applied to speaker recognition system based on Self Organization Incremental Learning Neural Network (SOINN) and improved EM algorithm. SOINN is a Neural Network which can reach a suitable mixture number and appropriate initial cluster for each model. First, the initial training is conducted by SOINN and EM algorithm only need a limited amount of data. Then, the model would adapt to the data available in each session to enrich itself incrementally and recursively. Experiments were taken on the 1st speech separation challenge database. The results show that IGMM outperforms GMM and classical Bayesian adaptation in most of the cases.
Nutrients content and quality of liquid fertilizer made from goat manure

Quality of liquid fertilizer is determined by the content of nutrients and other chemical factors such as pH and EC. This research aimed to examine nutrient contents and dynamic of pH and EC of liquid fertilizer made from goat manure in combination with sugar and ammonium sulfate (ZA) and using Effective Microorganisms (EM) as the decomposer. This research was conducted by employing 3 x 3 factorial experiment with three replications. Each treatment combination was applied in 20 L of water. The first factor was the quantity of sugar which consisted of 3 levels: 12.5, 25, and 50 g L-1 of water. The second factor was the quantity of ZA which consisted of 3 levels: 25, 37.5, and 50 g L-1 of water. All combinations were added by 100 g of air dried goat manure L-1 of water and EM solution 1 ml L-1 of water, and incubated for five months. Results of the experiment indicated that the increasing concentration of ZA resulted in the significantly increase of N total and S total. Increasing concentration of sugar resulted in decreasing pH and increasing lactic acid; whereas, increasing concentration of ZA followed by increasing Electrical Conductivity (EC). There was no significantly change of pH and EC of the liquid fertilizer during five months incubation.
Improvement of the multi-temporal InSAR method using reliable arc solutions

ABSTRACT In the multi-temporal interferometric synthetic aperture radar (MT-InSAR) technique, a deformation map is obtained through the integration of arc solutions. The reliability of the arc solutions directly influences the accuracy of the final deformation results. In this study, the influence of phase ambiguity on the arc solutions is analysed, and two indicators are proposed to identify the arcs with phase ambiguity. Precise variance–covariance estimation is implemented using the high-quality arcs, which are selected using four proposed indicators. The lambda method is used to perform phase unwrapping, and the low-quality arcs are removed according to the conditions of the indicators. In addition, the network is reconstructed based on a network search strategy to link as many coherent points as possible. Our improved MT-InSAR method is tested by processing 35 repeat COSMO-SkyMed (COnstellation of small Satellites for the Mediterranean basin Observation) SAR images covering Shanghai.
When is a container a comonad?

Abbott, Altenkirch, Ghani and others have taught us that many parameterized datatypes (set functors) can be usefully analyzed via container representations in terms of a set of shapes and a set of positions in each shape. This paper builds on the observation that datatypes often carry additional structure that containers alone do not account for. We introduce directed containers to capture the common situation where every position in a datastructure determines another datastructure, informally, the sub-datastructure rooted by that position. Some natural examples are non-empty lists and node-labelled trees, and datastructures with a designated position (zippers). While containers denote set functors via a fully-faithful functor, directed containers interpret fully-faithfully into comonads. But more is true: every comonad whose underlying functor is a container is represented by a directed container. In fact, directed containers are the same as containers that are comonads. We also describe some constructions of directed containers. We have formalized our development in the dependently typed programming language Agda.