Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Addendum XXIII of The Crisis of European Sciences and Transcendental Phenomenology

For the human being biology is essentially guided by its humanity, which is experienceable in a truly original manner; there alone life is given in an original way and in the most authentic manner through the self-understanding of the biological dimension. Such is the guiding thread for all biology, and for all the variant forms of empathy (Einfühlung), only through which the animal can have sense. But this subjective element also guides everything in the world that we call organic life, and which however does not receive its life from an anima that is analogically understandable, thus it does not receive it from egoity (Ichlichkeit). But what are those variant forms (Abwandlungsformen) that ultimately lead back to an ego and to myself, the inquirer here, as an originary mode? Only from here does the concept of organism draw its ultimate sense, and similarly the construction of organisms out of partial organisms (Teilorganismen), which do not function freely and independently for themselves, but rather as simple and necessary elements of construction.3 In its naïve method, practiced like a techne (Kunstmaßig), biology mirrors the intentional intermingling (das intentionale Ineinander) behind the externality of biological research according to ontogenesis and phylogenesis and behind the research concerning specific classes and species of animals. In their great generalities eidetic laws announce themselves, biology hides an ontology in itself, an ontology which is not based on intuitive givenness and which is even less analogous to the ontology of nature; that is, of the mathematics of nature: as an ontology that is completed in advance and that can be known in its completion. Indeed biology – like any positive science – is also a naive science and “artwork” (Kunstwerk), the latter understood as a superior analogue to craftwork.4 Its superiority lies in the fact that it carries within itself a hidden sense (verschlossenen Sinn), the true and authentic sense of being, which biology believes it can develop thanks to the art of science, while in fact never being able to attain it. However, unlike mathematics, biology, in particular, could never become, as a concrete theory in the lifeworld, as a descriptive science, such a pure work of art, so completely rootless, entirely freed from naive evidence, from the sources of intuition (Quellen der Anschauung). Its admirable constructions are not constructions that rise up
Accelerated three‐dimensional cine phase contrast imaging using randomly undersampled echo planar imaging with compressed sensing reconstruction

The aim of this study was to implement and evaluate an accelerated three‐dimensional (3D) cine phase contrast MRI sequence by combining a randomly sampled 3D k‐space acquisition sequence with an echo planar imaging (EPI) readout. An accelerated 3D cine phase contrast MRI sequence was implemented by combining EPI readout with randomly undersampled 3D k‐space data suitable for compressed sensing (CS) reconstruction. The undersampled data were then reconstructed using low‐dimensional structural self‐learning and thresholding (LOST). 3D phase contrast MRI was acquired in 11 healthy adults using an overall acceleration of 7 (EPI factor of 3 and CS rate of 3). For comparison, a single two‐dimensional (2D) cine phase contrast scan was also performed with sensitivity encoding (SENSE) rate 2 and approximately at the level of the pulmonary artery bifurcation. The stroke volume and mean velocity in both the ascending and descending aorta were measured and compared between two sequences using Bland–Altman plots. An average scan time of 3 min and 30 s, corresponding to an acceleration rate of 7, was achieved for 3D cine phase contrast scan with one direction flow encoding, voxel size of 2 × 2 × 3 mm3, foot–head coverage of 6 cm and temporal resolution of 30 ms. The mean velocity and stroke volume in both the ascending and descending aorta were statistically equivalent between the proposed 3D sequence and the standard 2D cine phase contrast sequence. The combination of EPI with a randomly undersampled 3D k‐space sampling sequence using LOST reconstruction allows a seven‐fold reduction in scan time of 3D cine phase contrast MRI without compromising blood flow quantification. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Systematic literature reviews in global software development: A tertiary study

Context: There has been an increase in research into global software development (GSD) and in the number of systematic literature reviews (SLRs) addressing this topic. Objective: The aim of this research is to catalogue GSD SLRs in order to identify the topics covered, the active researchers, the publication vehicles, and to assess the quality of the SLRs identified. Method: We performed a broad automated search to find SLRs dealing with GSD. We differentiate between SLR studies and papers reporting those studies. Data relating to each of the following was extracted and synthesized from each study: authors and their affiliation at the time of publication, the journal or conference in which the paper was published, the quality of each study and the main GSD study topic. Results: Twenty-four GSD SLR studies and 37 papers reporting those studies were identified. Major GSD topics covered include: (1) organizational environment, (2) project execution, and (3) project planning and control. The main research groups are based in Brazil (17), Ireland (8), and Sweden (7). Conclusions: GSD SLR studies are most frequently reported in the International Conference on Global Software Engineering and IEEE Software; the two most popular topics for research are risk factors due to the organizational environment and the development process. The most active researchers are based in Brazil. The quality of the SLR studies has not changed over time.
The Naturalistic Approach to Learning Styles

Learning styles are the preferences that students have for thinking, relating to others, and for various classroom environments and experi ences. A large number of such prefer ences have been identified (Claxton and Murrell 1987; Fuhrmann and Grasha 1983; Keefe 1982), and a com prehensive literature exists on the uses of learning style information for diag nosing students and designing instruc tional environments. Much of this work employs self-report personality tests, opinion and attitude surveys, and questionnaires designed to elicit prefer ences students have for particular in structional procedures. Over the past eighteen years, I have conducted research on the Grasha Riechmann Student Learning Style Scales, which is a questionnaire de signed to elicit information about stu dent tendencies toward competition, collaboration, independence, depend ence, participation, and avoidance. About five years ago, I began seriously to question the utility of these ques tionnaires and tests. Some of my rea sons involved the inadequate reliability and validity of many instruments, the failure of some authors to identify clear instructional procedures that would enhance certain styles, and the
Links between Mountain Communities and Environmental Services in the Italian Alps

The aim of this study is to evaluate the importance of mountain communities in increasing the value of environmental services. The assumption of the research is that, for historical and cultural reasons there is a greater sense of local identity and social capital in alpine communities and thus greater attention to the environment. In these communities individuals with a higher level of social capital will have a greater tendency to play a tangible role in the preservation of the environment. The study concerns the municipality of Premana in the Italian Alps. We evaluated forest and alpine pasture environmental services using the contingent valuation (CV) method. We interviewed 319 randomly selected residents (14 per cent of the population), asking them about their willingness to pay or donate work hours. Their annual mean willingness to pay was €94 and €896 in working hours, respectively. The CV results, together with other data collected through the questionnaire, demonstrate that local traditions and social capital play a key role in the multifunctional management of forests and alpine pastures. We suggest that studies such as this one on the benefits evaluation of the environmental services of mountain resources might be used for the formation and implementation of better informed policies that will affect the future of mountain communities.
Differential attribution of secondary emotions to members of the ingroup and the outgroup: infrahumanization bias in children / Atribución de sentimientos a miembros del endogrupo y del exogrupo: el sesgo de infrahumanización en niños

Abstract Research on infrahumanization has shown that people reserve uniquely human characteristics, including secondary emotions, for their ingroup, and deny them to their outgroup. However, this hypothesis has been corroborated almost exclusively in adults. The present research objective is to determine whether children, like adults, infrahumanize members of the outgroup. Forty-eight children in a competitive sports context were asked to attribute several secondary emotions to members of the ingroup and the outgroup. Results revealed that, like adults, children infrahumanize the outgroup. Their attributions showed a reluctance to accept the outgroup’s secondary emotions, which they reserved exclusively for the ingroup. Specifically, children attributed more positive and negative secondary emotions to the ingroup than the outgroup.
Comparisons of Copy Number, Genomic Structure, and Conserved Motifs for α-Amylase Genes from Barley, Rice, and Wheat

Barley is an important crop for the production of malt and beer. However, crops such as rice and wheat are rarely used for malting. α-amylase is the key enzyme that degrades starch during malting. In this study, we compared the genomic properties, gene copies, and conserved promoter motifs of α-amylase genes in barley, rice, and wheat. In all three crops, α-amylase consists of four subfamilies designated amy1, amy2, amy3, and amy4. In wheat and barley, members of amy1 and amy2 genes are localized on chromosomes 6 and 7, respectively. In rice, members of amy1 genes are found on chromosomes 1 and 2, and amy2 genes on chromosome 6. The barley genome has six amy1 members and three amy2 members. The wheat B genome contains four amy1 members and three amy2 members, while the rice genome has three amy1 members and one amy2 member. The B genome has mostly amy1 and amy2 members among the three wheat genomes. Amy1 promoters from all three crop genomes contain a GA-responsive complex consisting of a GA-responsive element (CAATAAA), pyrimidine box (CCTTTT) and TATCCAT/C box. This study has shown that amy1 and amy2 from both wheat and barley have similar genomic properties, including exon/intron structures and GA-responsive elements on promoters, but these differ in rice. Like barley, wheat should have sufficient amy activity to degrade starch completely during malting. Other factors, such as high protein with haze issues and the lack of husk causing Lauting difficulty, may limit the use of wheat for brewing.
A Study of Email Spam and How to Effectively Combat It

This paper presents the results of researching the issues pertaining to email spam on Bahrain's email society and how to combat it. We have surveyed the status of spam amongst the Bahraini community through a carefully prepared questionnaire and studied the effects of spam on the social and economical welfare of Bahrainis. The research results stress the need to regulate spam spread through the introduction of a spam law. The overwhelming majority of the Bahraini email community expresses concern with receiving spam but some would still prefer to continue to receive some sort of controlled spam especially commercial advertising spam. The paper addresses the different concerns expressed by the email community and measures the levels of these concerns in terms of age, gender, work productivity. This paper is aimed at setting the pace for regulating and raising the level of awareness of email spam in the Arab countries.
BOOGA: A component-oriented framework for computer graphics

This paper describes the core characteristics of BOOGA, a framework for 2D and 3D computer graphics. BOOGA o ers a uni ed 3-layer model for many areas, including rendering, image processing, computational geometry and scene reconstruction. The framework consists of ready-to-use components to support rapid application development. New components may be seamlessly integrated into the existing system.
Reconstruction of time-varying 3-D left-ventricular shape from multiview X-ray cineangiocardiograms

This paper reports on the clinical application of a system for recovering the time-varying three-dimensional (3-D) left-ventricular (LV) shape from multiview X-ray cineangiocardiograms. Considering that X-ray cineangiocardiography is still commonly employed in clinical cardiology and computational costs for 3-D recovery and visualization are rapidly decreasing, it is meaningful to develop a clinically applicable system for 3-D LV shape recovery from X-ray cineangiocardiograms. The system is based on a previously reported closed-surface method of shape recovery from two-dimensional occluding contours with multiple views. To apply the method to "real" LV cineangiocardiograms, user-interactive systems were implemented for preprocessing, including detection of LV contours, calibration of the imaging geometry, and setting of the LV model coordinate system. The results for three real LV angiographic image sequences are presented, two with fixed multiple views (using supplementary angiography) and one with rotating views. 3-D reconstructions utilizing different numbers of views were compared and evaluated in terms of contours manually traced by an experienced radiologist. The performance of the preprocesses was also evaluated, and the effects of variations in user-specified parameters on the final 3-D reconstruction results were shown to be sufficiently small. These experimental results demonstrate the potential usefulness of combining multiple views for 3-D recovery from "real" LV cineangiocardiograms.
Radical prostatectomy versus observation for localized prostate cancer.

BACKGROUND The effectiveness of surgery versus observation for men with localized prostate cancer detected by means of prostate-specific antigen (PSA) testing is not known. METHODS From November 1994 through January 2002, we randomly assigned 731 men with localized prostate cancer (mean age, 67 years; median PSA value, 7.8 ng per milliliter) to radical prostatectomy or observation and followed them through January 2010. The primary outcome was all-cause mortality; the secondary outcome was prostate-cancer mortality. RESULTS During the median follow-up of 10.0 years, 171 of 364 men (47.0%) assigned to radical prostatectomy died, as compared with 183 of 367 (49.9%) assigned to observation (hazard ratio, 0.88; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.71 to 1.08; P=0.22; absolute risk reduction, 2.9 percentage points). Among men assigned to radical prostatectomy, 21 (5.8%) died from prostate cancer or treatment, as compared with 31 men (8.4%) assigned to observation (hazard ratio, 0.63; 95% CI, 0.36 to 1.09; P=0.09; absolute risk reduction, 2.6 percentage points). The effect of treatment on all-cause and prostate-cancer mortality did not differ according to age, race, coexisting conditions, self-reported performance status, or histologic features of the tumor. Radical prostatectomy was associated with reduced all-cause mortality among men with a PSA value greater than 10 ng per milliliter (P=0.04 for interaction) and possibly among those with intermediate-risk or high-risk tumors (P=0.07 for interaction). Adverse events within 30 days after surgery occurred in 21.4% of men, including one death. CONCLUSIONS Among men with localized prostate cancer detected during the early era of PSA testing, radical prostatectomy did not significantly reduce all-cause or prostate-cancer mortality, as compared with observation, through at least 12 years of follow-up. Absolute differences were less than 3 percentage points. (Funded by the Department of Veterans Affairs Cooperative Studies Program and others; PIVOT ClinicalTrials.gov number, NCT00007644.).
Salivary gland tissue expression of interleukin-23 and interleukin-17 in Sjögren's syndrome: findings in humans and mice.

OBJECTIVE Recently, the Th1/Th2 paradigm has been expanded by the discovery of Th17 cells, a subset of CD4+ memory T cells characterized by their unique ability to secrete interleukin-17 (IL-17) family cytokines. Importantly, Th17 cells appear to be intimately involved in autoimmunity. We undertook the present study to investigate whether the Th17/IL-23 system is up-regulated in Sjögren's syndrome (SS). METHODS Sera, saliva, and salivary glands from C57BL/6.NOD-Aec1Aec2 mice (a model for primary SS), as well as sera, saliva, and salivary gland biopsy specimens obtained from patients with primary SS, were evaluated for IL-17 and IL-23 expression by immunohistochemistry, real-time polymerase chain reaction, and the Luminex system. RESULTS Immunohistochemical stainings of submandibular glands from C57BL/6.NOD-Aec1Aec2 mice and of salivary gland biopsy specimens from SS patients revealed strong positive staining for both IL-17 and IL-23 within lymphocytic foci and diffuse staining on epithelial tissues. Temporal expression of IL-17 and IL-23 in submandibular glands of C57BL/6.NOD-Aec1Aec2 mice correlated with expression of retinoic acid-related orphan receptor gammat, the Th17 cell master control gene. While IL-17 could not be detected in saliva from 4-20-week-old C57BL/6.NOD-Aec1Aec2 mice, this cytokine was present in the blood of mice up to age 16 weeks. This contrasted with sera and saliva from SS patients, in which IL-17 and IL-6 were present at varying levels. CONCLUSION These results suggest that the Th17/IL-23 system is up-regulated in C57BL/6.NOD-Aec1Aec2 mice and SS patients at the time of disease. A correlation between up-regulated IL-17/IL-23 expression and specific clinical manifestations of SS has yet to be identified.
Vertical Structure of Kelvin Waves in the Indonesian Throughflow Exit Passages

Abstract The subsurface structure of intraseasonal Kelvin waves in two Indonesian Throughflow (ITF) exit passages is observed and characterized using velocity and temperature data from the 2004–06 International Nusantara Stratification and Transport (INSTANT) project. Scatterometer winds are used to characterize forcing, and altimetric sea level anomaly (SLA) data are used to trace the pathways of Kelvin waves east from their generation region in the equatorial Indian Ocean to Sumatra, south along the Indonesian coast, and into the ITF region. During the 3-yr INSTANT period, 40 intraseasonal Kelvin waves forced by winds over the central equatorial Indian Ocean caused strong transport anomalies in the ITF outflow passages. Of these events, 21 are classed as “downwelling” Kelvin waves, forced by westerly winds and linked to depressions in the thermocline and warm temperature anomalies in the ITF outflow passages; 19 were “upwelling” Kelvin waves, generated by easterly wind events and linked to shoaling of t.
The Perception of “Live” Embarrassment: A Social Relations Analysis of Class Presentations

Almost no emotion recognition studies have presented observers with episodes of both authentic and “live” emotion occurring in their natural settings. In contrast, in this study, students in various university courses judged the embarrassment felt by their classmates during presentations to their classes, and reported how they felt during their own presentations. The resulting round-robin data demonstrated that naturally occurring embarrassment can be reliably recognised by observers; audiences agreed about who was and who was not embarrassed, and their judgements were reliably correlated with the actors' self-reports of embarrassment. However, judgements of embarrassment are partly in the eye of the beholder as well; those who were more embarrassed by their own talks perceived greater embarrassment in others. In addition, experiences of empathic embarrassment emerged more from perceiver idiosyncrasy than from the objective behaviour of the target.
Cytoskeletal elements in mammalian spermiogenesis and spermatozoa

Identification of the cytoskeletal elements and their role in the formation as well as the maintenance of head membrane compartmentalization is a much debated issue in mammalian spermatozoa. Data which have emerged during the last ten years are summarized. Those which have converged in a common opinion, such as the distribution of actin in mammalian spermiogenesis, are distinguished from those which have to be confirmed, such as the role of actin related proteins and actin in mature spermatozoa.
Dysanapsis in normal lungs assessed by the relationship between maximal flow, static recoil, and vital capacity.

To quantify the degree of association, if any, between lung size and airway size in humans, the ratio of a measurement known to be sensitive to airway size (maximal expiratory flow divided by static recoil pressure at 50% of vital capacity) to one sensitive to lung size (vital capacity) was examined. If lung and airway size changed together, this ratio would be the same for large and small lungs, i.e., for persons with large and small vital capacities. If lung and airway size were independent, then, on average, the ratio would vary as (vital capacity)-1. Data for 21 men 20 to 50 yr of age showed that the ratio to decreased approximately as (vital capacity)-4/3. This is consistent with independence of airway diameter but dependence of airway length on lung size. Data for each of 7 females of comparable age fell below the adult male (smaller ratios at a given size), as did data for 5 boys less than 20 yr of age. These results suggest that women and boys have airways that are smaller relative to lung size than are those of men and that these sex differences develop late in the growth period.
Working With Urban, African American Fathers: The Importance of Service Provision, Joining, Accountability, the Father–Child Relationship, and Couples Work

Urban, African American fathers have been a difficult population for social workers and other helping professionals to effectively serve. This article, based on interviews with front-line African American service professionals at a father-focused program, who also participated in writing this article, provides information about and suggestions for working with young fathers. Providing father-friendly service, joining with fathers, holding them accountable for their behavior, and addressing their relationship with their child and the mother of their child through couples work are suggested, along with other interventions.
Issues with normative data of hippocampal volumetry in Indian population

Annals of Indian Academy of Neurology, April-June 2015, Vol 18, Issue 2 6. Dorr J, Krautwald S, Wildemann B, Jarius S, Ringelstein M, Duning T, et al. Characteristics of Susac syndrome: A review of all reported cases. Nat Rev Neurol 2013;9:307-16. 7. Susac JO, Egan RA, Rennebohm RM, Lubow M. Susac’s syndrome: 1975-2005 microangiopathy / autoimmuneendotheliopathy. J Neurol Sci 2007;257:270-2. 8. Do TH, Fisch C, Evoy F. Susac syndrome: Report of four cases and review of literature. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 2004;25:382-8. 9. Saenz R, Quan AW, Magalhaes A, Kish K. MRI of Susac’s syndrome. AJR Am J Roentgenol 2005;184:1688-90. Access this article online