Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Use of bio-mimetic three-dimensional technology in therapeutics for heart disease

Due to the limited self-renewal capacity of cardiomyocytes, the mammalian heart exhibits impaired regeneration and insufficient ability to restore heart function after injury. Cardiovascular tissue engineering is currently considered as a promising alternative therapy to restore the structure and function of the failing heart. Recent evidence suggests that the epicardium may play critical roles in regulation of myocardial development and regeneration. One of the mechanisms that has been proposed for the restorative effect of the epicardium is the specific physiomechanical cues that this layer provides to the cardiac cells. In this article we explore whether a new generation of epicardium-mimicking, acellular matrices can be utilized to enhance cardiac healing after injury. The matrix consists of a dense collagen scaffold with optimized biomechanical properties approaching those of embryonic epicardium. Grafting the epicardial patch onto the ischemic myocardium—promptly after the incidence of infarct—resulted in preserved contractility, attenuated ventricular remodeling, diminished fibrosis, and vascularization within the injured tissue in the adult murine heart.
Bio-molecular Event Extraction using A GA based Classifier Ensemble Technique

The main goal of Biomedical Natural Language Processing (BioNLP) is to capture biomedical phenomena fro m textual data by extracting relevant entities, information and relations between biomedical entities (i.e. proteins and gens). In general, in most of the published papers, only binary relations were extracted. In a recent past, the focus is shifte d towards extracting more complex relations in the form of biomolecular events that may include several entities or other relations. In this paper we propose an approach that enables even t extraction (detection and classification) of relatively complex bio-molecular events. We approach this problem as a supervised classification problem and use the well-known algorit hms, namely Conditional Random Field (CRF) and Support Vector Machine (SVM) as the underlying classifiers. These algorith ms make use of statistical and linguistic features those repre sent various morphological, syntactic and contextual information of the candidate bio-molecular trigger words. Here the output s of these classifiers are combined using a newly developed genetic ensemble technique. The genetic algorithm based ense mble technique will be able to automatically determine the appropriate weights of votes for each classifier for each outpu t class in order to combine the outputs of different classifier s using weighted voting. Experiments on the BioNLP 2009 shared task datasets yield the overall average recall, precision a nd Fmeasure values of 53.56%, 51.47%, and 52.50%, respectively , on development data.
How Often Are Teens Arrested for Sexting? Data From a National Sample of Police Cases

Objective: To examine characteristics of youth sexting cases handled by police and their outcomes in response to clinical and other concerns about the risks of sexting behavior. Methods: Mail surveys were sent to a stratified national sample of 2712 law enforcement agencies followed by detailed telephone interviews with investigators about a nationally representative sample of sexting cases handled by police during 2008 and 2009 (n = 675). The cases involved “youth-produced sexual images” that constituted child pornography under relevant statutes according to respondents. Results: US law enforcement agencies handled an estimated 3477 cases of youth-produced sexual images during 2008 and 2009 (95% confidence interval: 3282–3672). Two-thirds of the cases involved an “aggravating” circumstance beyond the creation and/or dissemination of a sexual image. In these aggravated cases, either an adult was involved (36% of cases) or a minor engaged in malicious, non-consensual, or abusive behavior (31% of cases). An arrest occurred in 62% of cases with an adult involved, in 36% of the aggravated youth-only cases, and in 18% of the “experimental” cases (youth-only and no aggravating elements). Most of the images (63%) were distributed by cell phone only and did not reach the Internet. Sex offender registration applied in only a few unusual cases. Conclusions: Many of the youth sexting cases that come to the attention of police include aggravating circumstances that raise concerns about health and risky sexual behavior, although some cases were relatively benign. Overall, arrest is not typical in cases with no adults involved.
Passband Narrowing and Crosstalk Impairments in ROADM-Enabled 100G DWDM Networks

100G dense wavelength-division multiplexing networks with reconfigurable optical add-drop multiplexers (ROADMs) enable dynamically reconfigurable networks and are therefore part of the solution needed to meet increasing bandwidth and routing flexibility requirements for transport networks. ROADMs, in particular cascaded ROADMs, also incur penalties including those induced by passband narrowing, frequency drift, and imperfect isolation. As networks migrate toward denser wavelength assignments in search of higher capacity, these issues will become more challenging. Here, passband and in-band crosstalk effects for long-haul ROADM-enabled 112 Gb/s polarization division multiplexing quadrature phase shift keying systems are examined. We investigate the pulse format dependence for passband narrowing/frequency detuning. We also demonstrate a spectral weighting method to evaluate crosstalk penalties for widely varying crosstalk spectral content. Our experimental results demonstrate that the conventional crosstalk metric is insufficient. Finally, we demonstrate experimentally and in simulation a nonlinearity-enhanced crosstalk penalty that results from the nonlinear parametric interaction between the primary signal and crosstalk. We show that this penalty is more limiting than the nonlinear interactions between signal and amplified spontaneous emission noise.
Segmentation and Classification of Breast Cancer Using Independent Component Analysis, Texture Features and Neural Networks

We propose a method for segmentation and classification of breast cancer in digital mammograms using Independent Component Analysis (ICA), Texture Features and Multilayer Perceptron (MLP) Neural Networks. The method was tested for a mammogram set from MIAS database, resulting in 90.15% success rate, with 92% of specificity and 88.3% of sensitivity.
Crystal Structure of the Human Natural Killer (NK) Cell Activating Receptor NKp46 Reveals Structural Relationship to Other Leukocyte Receptor Complex Immunoreceptors*

Natural cytotoxicity receptors (NCR) mediate lysis of a variety of tumor and virus-infected cells by natural killer (NK) cells. Upon engagement, NCR trigger the cytolytic activity and cytokine release of NK cells through association with ITAM-containing signaling molecules. To further understand the function of these receptors in activation of natural cytotoxicity, we determined the crystal structure of the extracellular ligand binding domain of human NKp46, one of three known NCR, at 2.2-Å resolution. The overall fold and disposition of the two C2-set immunoglobulin domains are similar to the D1D2 domains of inhibitory killer cell Ig-like receptor (KIR) and Ig-like transcript (ILT) receptors. As the cellular ligands of NKp46 have not yet been defined, the known ligand binding sites of KIR and ILT were compared with the corresponding structural regions of NKp46 in an effort to identify potential areas suitable for molecular recognition. A potential binding site for influenza hemagglutinin is located near the interdomain hinge, a region that mediates ligand binding in KIR. The structural similarity of NKp46 to inhibitory KIR receptors may have implications for how NK cells balance activating and inhibitory signals.
Relationship between renal artery perfusion pressure and tubular sodium reabsorption.

APERIA, ANITA C. , C. G. OVE BROBERGER, AND &GRID SEDERLUND. Relationship between renal artery perfusion pressure and tubular sodium reabsorption. Am. J. Physiol. 220(5): 1205-1212. 1971.In the in situ perfused dog kidney perfusion pressure was gradually increased from 110 to 325 mm Hg. Renal blood flow remained stable until perfusion pressure exceeded 225-240 mm Hg, the glomerular filtration rate over the entire pressure range studied. There was a direct relationship between renal artery perfusion pressure and fractional sodium excretion both in hydropenia and in water diuresis. In hydropenia, fractional sodium excretion and free water reabsorption increased with elevation of renal artery perfusion pressure up to 160 mm Hg. Beyond this range free water reabsorption declined and finally became negative while the fractional sodium excretion continued to increase. In water diuresis, fractional distal tubular sodium reabsorption was found to be more inhibited when urine flow was increased by increment in perfusion pressure than by intravenous mannitol load. Albumin infusion into the renal artery abolished the high-pressure natriuresis except in chlorothiazide-treated dogL. c This supports the hypothesis that tubular sodium reabsorption is controlled by physical forces.
Nerve Regeneration in Caenorhabditis elegans After Femtosecond Laser Axotomy

We perform submicrometer-scale surgery with femtosecond lasers to study nerve regeneration in the tiny nematode Caenorhabditis elegans, an invertebrate model organism with only 302 neurons. By cutting nanoscale nerve connections inside the nematode C. elegans , the feedback loops that control backward motion of the worm can be disconnected. This operation stops the whole worm from moving backward while leaving its forward motion intact. The femtosecond laser-based axotomy creates little peripheral damage so that the cut axons can regrow, and the worms recover and move backward again within one day. We conduct several assays to assess target specificity, damage threshold, and the extent of femtosecond laser axotomy. We also study nerve regeneration in touch neurons, and report an interesting type of nerve regeneration that salvages the severed parts of neurons from degeneration. The use of femtosecond laser pulses as a precise surgical tool allowed, for the first time, observation and study of nerve regeneration in C. elegans with a simple nervous system. The ability to perform precise axotomy on such organisms provides tremendous research potential for the rapid screening of drugs and for the discovery of new biomolecules affecting regeneration and development
Employing intonational events parameterization for emotion recognition

In this work we introduce the utilization of Fujisaki’s modeling of pitch contour for the task of emotion recognition. For the evaluation of the proposed features we have employed a decision tree as well as an instance based learning algorithm. The datasets utilized for training the classification models, were extracted from two emotional speech databases. Results showed that knowledge extracted from Fujisaki’s modeling of intonation benefited all resulted emotion recognition models. Thus, an average raise of 9,52% in the total accuracy of all approaches was achieved. An extensive number of experiments to explore which particular aspects of speech would manifest saliently the emotional condition of a speaker, have been conducted lately. Results showed that those related to prosody [1], [2] (pitch contour, intensity, timing) are considered an important indicator to emotional states. Furthermore, voice quality [3] as well as certain co-articulatory phenomena [4] are also high correlated with some emotional conditions of a speaker. In this study we cope with the task of recognizing emotional states, based on knowledge extracted only from speech signals. We present the evaluation of features carrying information regarding intonation and speaking style of a spoken utterance for the task of emotion classification. For this purpose, prosodic knowledge was extracted from the Fujisaki’s proposed model for F0 contour quantification. This model is based on the fundamental assumption that intonation curves, although continuous in time and frequency, originate in discrete events triggered by the speaker that appear as a continuum given physiological mechanisms related to fundamental frequency control. The model has been applied to several languages and good approximations of F0 contours have been presented. Fujisaki’s representation of F0 is realized as the superposition of phrase effects with accent effects. The outline of the paper is organized as follows. Initially we present a brief description of Fujisaki’s model of intonation. In section 2 we present the methodology followed for the feature extraction from the utilized databases as well as the construction of the classification framework. Finally, we present and discuss the results of our evaluation framework. 2. Fujisaki’s Intonational Model Fujisaki’s model, is the continuation of Ohman’ s work [6] on the prosody of words. It is based on the fundamental assumption that intonation curves, although continuous in both time and frequency, originate in discrete events triggered by the reader and are the cause of physiological mechanisms related to F0 control. Fujisaki’s model aims at modeling the generation process of F0 by giving an explanation to the physical and physiological properties behind it. The logarithm of the fundamental frequency contour is modeled superposing the output of two second order critically damped filters and a constant base frequency, figure 1.
Recidivism in Juvenile Offenders: Effects of Education and Length of Stay

Walsh (1985) reported that adult basic education reduced the recidivism of adult probationers. Based on this, it was predicted that recidivism would be less among juvenile offenders who had more education because education should facilitate pursuit of a law-abiding life and in those who stayed briefly in the institution because institutionalization prolongs contact with other offenders. Subjects were a one-third sample of those offenders released during a 1yr. period from a youth center in Maryland for male offenders who were sent there by court order or by transfer from another center. They were followed up for one year. The sample was 147 male offenders (M age 16.3 yr., SD = 0.6). Length of stay in the institution was not related to recidivism. Of those staying 3 to 6 mo. , 22.2% became recidivists, of those staying 6 to 9 mo. , 35.5% became recidivists, and of those staying 9 to 15 mo. , 34.3% became recidivists = 2.10). However, those with a high school diploma or equivalent were less likely to recidivate than those without (22.2% versus 41.3%; x,2 = 6.17, p < .01). In this sample of juvede offenders, possession of a high school diploma was associated with a lower probability of recidivism. Length of stay was not related to recidivism, although the results were in the predicted direction. Offenders with high school diplomas were less likely to become recidivists, but other factors may also be important here such as the ability to formulate personal goaIs and being willing to accomplish them.
Unravelling the origin of the counter-rotating core in IC 1459 with KMOS and MUSE

The massive early-type galaxy IC 1459 is a slowly rotating galaxy that exhibits a rapidly counter-rotating kinematically decoupled core (KDC, RKDC ≈ 5 arcsec ≈ 0.1Re). To investigate the origin of its KDC, we coupled large data mosaics from the near-infrared and optical integral field unit instruments K-band Multi-Object Spectrograph (KMOS) and Multi-Unit Spectroscopic Explorer (MUSE), respectively. We studied IC 1459’s stellar populations and, for the first time for a KDC, the spatially resolved initial mass function (IMF). We used full-spectral-fitting to fit the stellar populations and IMF simultaneously, and an alternative spectral-fitting method that does not assume a star formation history (SFH; although does not constrain the IMF) for comparison. When no SFH is assumed, we derived a negative metallicity gradient for IC 1459 that could be driven by a distinct metal-poor population in the outer regions of the galaxy, and a radially constant old stellar age. We found a radially constant bottom-heavy IMF out to ${\sim }\frac {1}{3}R_{\rm e}$. The radially flat IMF and age extend beyond the counter-rotating core. We detected high-velocity dispersion along the galaxy’s major axis. Our results potentially add weight to findings from orbital modelling of other KDCs that the core is not a distinct population of stars but in fact two smooth co-spatial counter-rotating populations. No clear picture of formation explains the observational results of IC 1459, but we propose it could have included a gas-rich intense period of star formation at early times, perhaps with counter-rotating accreting cold streams, followed by dry and gas-rich mergers through to the present day.
Turning a Blind Eye, But Not the Other Cheek: On the Robustness of Costly Punishment

The willingness to punish norm violation is an important component of many legal and social institutions, and much prior research demonstrates an apparent willingness to incur costs to punish individuals who act unfairly. But, will people rely on “excuses” to get out of having to act on costly punishment intentions, as they do with other costly pro-social acts? And how may the answer to this question depend on whether the punisher is the victim of a norm violation or an independent third party? We conduct an experiment and find that third parties punish reluctantly: although they indicate a preference to punish, they choose to avoid the opportunity to punish when they can do so without explicitly revealing that this is their preference. In contrast, second parties, who have been directly wronged, are resolute punishers—they actively seek out the opportunity to punish, even misrepresenting random outcomes in order to ensure that punishment is implemented. Our findings highlight important differences in the motives underlying second- and third-party punishment.
Pathogenesis of Primary Biliary Cirrhosis

Correspondence to: Professor David E J Jones, Liver Research Group, Institute of Cellular Medicine, 4th Floor William Leech Building, The Medical School, Framlington Place, Newcastle-upon-Tyne NE2 4HH, UK; d.e. j.jones@ ncl.ac. uk __________________________ P rimary biliary cirrhosis (PBC) is a chronic cholestatic liver disease that affects up to one in 700 women in western populations (female to male ratio is approximately 10 to 1, with the disease typically presenting over the age of 40 years). 2 PBC is characterised histologically by damage to, and eventual loss of, the biliary epithelial cells (BEC) lining small intrahepatic bile ducts. BEC loss is typically accompanied by a significant portal tract inflammatory infiltrate that is mixed in phenotype (T cells (CD4 and CD8, with the latter predominating in the periductal areas), B cells, macrophages, eosinophils and natural killer cells). 4 Early descriptions of PBC emphasised the predominant role played by the progression of bile duct loss, accompanied by increasing portal tract and linking fibrosis leading to biliary cirrhosis, in the clinical expression of PBC, and described an aggressive and uniformly fatal condition. Increased awareness of the condition and, in particular, the availability of diagnostic tools such as serology has led to broader and earlier diagnosis. This has had the effect that we now recognise PBC far more frequently than was previously the case, and typically do so at an earlier stage in the disease process. Broadening of the diagnostic base has, in addition, led us to appreciate that there is a significant subgroup within the PBC population who have a low risk of disease progression and who are unlikely to develop end-stage liver disease during a normal lifetime (but who remain at risk of developing the often life-altering symptoms of the disease such as fatigue, which are seemingly unrelated to the severity of the underlying liver disease). 7 8 The factors that determine individual risk of disease progression remain unclear, precluding us, at present, from targeting disease-modifying therapies at ‘‘high-risk’’ patients. Study of the pathogenesis of PBC has focused, until relatively recently, almost entirely on immunological aspects of the disease. PBC was one of the first conditions in which the presence of autoantibodies in the serum was identified, and was one of the first conditions in which the antigen specificity of this autoreactive response was characterised. This led, quite naturally, to the view that PBC is an autoimmune disease. This led, again not unreasonably (but largely unsuccessfully), to a focus on developing and applying therapies aimed at modifying this increasingly well-characterised autoreactive immune response. More recently, however, the true complexities of the processes seemingly contributing to PBC pathogenesis have begun to be appreciated and the exclusively autoimmune disease model has been challenged.
Annotating and Learning Morphological Segmentation of Egyptian Colloquial Arabic

We present an annotation and morphological segmentation scheme for Egyptian Colloquial Arabic (ECA) in which we annotate user-generated content that significantly deviates from the orthographic and grammatical rules of Modern Standard Arabic and thus cannot be processed by the commonly used MSA tools. Using a per letter classification scheme in which each letter is classified as either a segment boundary or not, and using a memory-based classifier, with only word-internal context, prove effective and achieve a 92% exact match accuracy at the word level. The well-known MADA system achieves 81% while the per letter classification scheme using the ATB achieves 82%. Error analysis shows that the major problem is that of character ambiguity since the ECA orthography overloads the characters which would otherwise be more specific in MSA, like the differences between y (Ù) and Y (Ù) and A (Ø§) , > ( Ø£), and < (Ø¥) which are collapsed to y (Ù) and A (Ø§) respectively or even totally confused and interchangeable. While normalization helps alleviate orthographic inconsistencies, it aggravates the problem of ambiguity.
Twitter Translation using Translation-Based Cross-Lingual Retrieval

Microblogging services such as Twitter have become popular media for real-time usercreated news reporting. Such communication often happens in parallel in different languages, e.g., microblog posts related to the same events of the Arab spring were written in Arabic and in English. The goal of this paper is to exploit this parallelism in order to eliminate the main bottleneck in automatic Twitter translation, namely the lack of bilingual sentence pairs for training SMT systems. We show that translation-based cross-lingual information retrieval can retrieve microblog messages across languages that are similar enough to be used to train a standard phrase-based SMT pipeline. Our method outperforms other approaches to domain adaptation for SMT such as language model adaptation, meta-parameter tuning, or self-translation.