Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
A Fully Polarimetric SAR Imagery Classification Scheme for Mud and Sand Flats in Intertidal Zones

Sediments on exposed intertidal flats are very dynamic and perform vital ecosystem functions. This paper proposes a new classification scheme for mud and sand flats on intertidal flats using fully polarimetric synthetic aperture radar (SAR) data. Freeman–Durden (FD) and Cloude–Pottier (CP) polarimetric decomposition components as well as double bounce eigenvalue relative difference (DERD) are introduced into the feature sets instead of the original intensity polarimetric channels. Classification is carried out using the random forest (RF) theory, and the results are evaluated using confusion matrices, kappa coefficients, and RF variable importance indices. Three study sites with different environmental conditions are chosen to demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed classification chain. To further assess the performance of the proposed feature set, we set different feature combinations and process with the same processing chain. Results show that the DERD parameter can detail the sediment mappings on exposed intertidal flats and is a useful SAR feature to distinguish mud and sand flats efficiently. The combined FD and CP components have the ability to describe the polarimetric characteristics of sediments more correctly than the commonly used original intensity channels. Meanwhile, the RF theory shows great potential in distinguishing sediments in intertidal zones accurately and time efficiently.
CARM1 Mediates Modulation of Sox2

Sox2 is a key component of the transcription factor network that maintains the pluripotent state of embryonic stem cells (ESCs). Sox2 is regulated by multiple post-translational modifications, including ubiquitination, sumoylation, acetylation and phosphorylation. Here we report that Sox2 is in association with and methylated by coactivator-associated arginine methyltransferase 1 (CARM1), a protein arginine methyltransferase that plays a pivotal role in ESCs. We found that CARM1 facilitates Sox2-mediated transactivation and directly methylates Sox2 at arginine 113. This methylation event enhances Sox2 self-association. Furthermore, the physiological retention of Sox2 on chromatin restricts the Sox2 methylation level. Our study reveals the direct regulation of Sox2 by CARM1 that sheds lights on how arginine methylation signals are integrated into the pluripotent transcription factor network.
Problematic Internal Voices in Clients with Borderline Features: An Elaboration of The Assimilation Model

The assimilation model is an empirically researched account of psychotherapy process, focusing on stages of clients’ change. According to the model, traces of a person's experiences are manifested as agentic internal voices, and personality is understood as a community of such voices. This study focuses on how unassimilated voices appear clinically, and it applies the assimilation model to clients with borderline or dissociative disorders. We introduce the notion of subcommunities of voices, i.e., constellations of voices that appear unassimilated to each other. They are manifested as drastic shifts in self-states and availability of personal resources. We propose five distinctions and illustrate them with clinical examples: Voices or subcommunities (1) may be dominant or nondominant and (2) included in a community to different degrees. They (3) may express broader or more limited segments of experience, which (4) may be processed more or less thoroughly. Finally, (5) they may be avoided or engaged by the community to varying degrees.
Scenario-based approach for flexible resource loading under uncertainty

Order acceptance decisions in manufacture-to-order environments are often made based on incomplete or uncertain information. To quote reliable due dates in order processing, manage resource capacity adequately and take into account uncertainty, the paper presents and analyses models and tools for more robust resource loading. We refer to the problem as flexible resource loading under uncertainty. We propose a scenario-based solution approach that can deal with a wide range of uncertainty types. The approach is based on an MILP to find a plan with minimum expected costs over all relevant scenarios. To solve this MILP, we propose an exact branch-and-price algorithm. Further, we propose a much faster improvement heuristic based on an LP (linear programming) approximation. A disadvantage of the scenario-based MILP, is that a large number of scenarios may make the model intractable. We therefore propose an approximate approach that uses the aforementioned solution techniques and only a sample of all scenarios. Computational experiments show that, especially for instances with sufficient slack, solutions obtained with deterministic techniques that only use the expected scenario can be significantly improved with respect to their expected costs (i.e. robustness). We also show that for large instances, our heuristics outperform the exact approach given a maximum computation time as a stopping criterion. Moreover, it turns out that using a small sample of selected scenarios generally yields better results than using all scenarios.
GOLGI FRACTIONS PREPARED FROM RAT LIVER HOMOGENATES

The three Golgi fractions isolated from rat liver homogenates by the procedure given in the companion paper account for 6–7% of the protein of the total microsomal fraction used as starting preparation. The lightest, most homogeneous Golgi fraction (GF1) lacks typical "microsomal" activities, e.g., glucose-6-phosphatase, NADPH-cytochrome c-reductase, and cytochrome P-450. The heaviest, most heterogeneous fraction (GF3) is contaminated by endoplasmic reticulum membranes to the extent of ∼15% of its protein. The three fractions taken together account for nearly all the UDP-galactose: N-acetyl-glucosamine galactosyltransferase of the parent microsomal fraction, and for ∼70% of the activity of the original homogenate. Omission of the ethanol treatment of the animals reduces the recovery by half. The transferase activity is associated with the membranes of the Golgi elements, not with their content. Galactose is transferred not only to N-acetyl-glucosamine but also to an unidentified lipid-soluble component.
The Segregated Expression of Voltage-Gated Potassium and Sodium Channels in Neuronal Membranes: Functional Implications and Regulatory Mechanisms

Neurons are highly polarized cells with apparent functional and morphological differences between dendrites and axon. A critical determinant for the molecular and functional identity of axonal and dendritic segments is the restricted expression of voltage-gated ion channels (VGCs). Several studies show an uneven distribution of ion channels and their differential regulation within dendrites and axons, which is a prerequisite for an appropriate integration of synaptic inputs and the generation of adequate action potential (AP) firing patterns. This review article will focus on the signaling pathways leading to segmented expression of voltage-gated potassium and sodium ion channels at the neuronal plasma membrane and the regulatory mechanisms ensuring segregated functions. We will also discuss the relevance of proper ion channel targeting for neuronal physiology and how alterations in polarized distribution contribute to neuronal pathology.
Atomic quake: using transactional memory in an interactive multiplayer game server

Transactional Memory (TM) is being studied widely as a new technique for synchronizing concurrent accesses to shared memory data structures for use in multi-core systems. Much of the initial work on TM has been evaluated using microbenchmarks and application kernels; it is not clear whether conclusions drawn from these workloads will apply to larger systems. In this work we make the first attempt to develop a large, complex, application that uses TM for all of its synchronization. We describe how we have taken an existing parallel implementation of the Quake game server and restructured it to use transactions. In doing so we have encountered examples where transactions simplify the structure of the program. We have also encountered cases where using transactions occludes the structure of the existing code. Compared with existing TM benchmarks, our workload exhibits non-block-structured transactions within which there are I/Ooperations and system call invocations. There are long and short running transactions (200-1.3M cycles) with small and large read and write sets (a few bytes to 1.5MB). There are nested transactions reaching up to 9 levels at runtime. There are examples where error handling and recovery occurs inside transactions. There are also examples where data changes between being accessed transactionally and accessed non-transactionally. However, we did not see examples where the kind of access to one piece of data depended on the value of another.
The increase in thyroid cancer incidence during the last four decades is accompanied by a high frequency of BRAF mutations and a sharp increase in RAS mutations.

CONTEXT Thyroid cancer incidence rates in the United States and globally have increased steadily over the last 40 years, primarily due to a tripling of the incidence of papillary thyroid carcinoma (PTC). OBJECTIVE The purpose of this study was to analyze trends in demographic, clinical, pathologic, and molecular characteristics of PTC from 1974 to 2009. DESIGN AND SETTING We identified and histologically reviewed 469 consecutive cases of PTC from one US institution from 4 preselected periods (1974 to 1985, 1990 to 1992, 2000, and 2009) and assessed BRAF and RAS point mutations and RET/PTC rearrangements among 341 tumors ≥0.3 cm in size. Changes over time were analyzed using polytomous and binary logistic regression; all analyses were adjusted for age and sex. RESULTS During this period, the median age of patients at diagnosis increased from 37 to 53 years (P < .001) and the percentage of microcarcinomas (≤1.0 cm) increased from 33% to 51% (P < .001), whereas extrathyroidal extension and advanced tumor stage decreased from 40% to 21% (P = .005) and from 43% to 28% (P = .036), respectively. Changes in tumor histopathology showed a decrease in classic PTC and an increase in the follicular variant (P < .001). The proportion of tumors with a BRAF mutation was stable (∼46%) but increased from 50% to 77% (P = .008) within classic papillary PTCs. The proportion of tumors with RAS mutations increased from 3% to 25% and within follicular pattern tumors from 18% to 44% (P < .001). The proportion of RET/PTC rearrangements decreased from 11% to 2% (P = .038). CONCLUSIONS Similar to US national trends, we found an increasing age at diagnosis and greater detection of smaller-sized intrathyroidal PTCs. However, the overall proportion of BRAF mutations remained stable. Sharply rising percentages of the follicular variant histology and RAS mutations after 2000 suggest new and more recent etiologic factors. The increased incidence is not likely to be due to environmental or therapeutic radiation because the percentage of RET/PTC rearrangements decreased.
A novel KCND 3 gain-of-function mutation associated with early-onset of persistent lone atrial fibrillation

A novel KCND3 gain-of-function mutation associated with early-onset of persistent lone atrial fibrillation
Bounded Rationality in Classroom Teaching

This article examines the concept of bounded rationality and its implications for research and practice in classroom teaching. Bounded rationality has been recognized as a valuable concept for understanding human reasoning, problem solving, and decision making in complex real-world situations, including classroom teaching. The concept has been used to understand how teachers deal with the complexities of the classroom. Teacher expectations and differential treatment of students is used as an example. The discussion stresses limits of the concept for guiding empirical research. Finally, recommendations for future research and implications for classroom practice are considered.
Civic obligations in medicine: does "professional" civil disobedience tear, or repair, the basic fabric of society?

The medical profession sits, sometimes uncomfortably, between the medical needs of our patients and the values and priorities of health care policy makers. Whether these policymakers work in the private or public arena or act in the interests of business or government, the medical needs of our individual patients will occasionally conflict with the diverse needs of the groups of which they are a part. Indeed, it has been argued that professions arise where vulnerable individuals are at risk of exploitation by the state or market forces—with professionals serving to protect the needs and rights of the vulnerable [1]. At the same time, medical professionals frequently are called upon to support the public health needs of society, even when individual patients might prefer otherwise (reporting of infectious diseases and isolation protocols come to mind as examples). Balancing these competing obligations is a sine qua non of professional life—sometimes we must act to preserve the health of the public despite the desires of individual patients, other times we must frustrate governmental and market forces to protect our patients' health and human rights. No one ever said being a medical professional was easy.
Depression as a Glial-Based Synaptic Dysfunction

Recent studies combining pharmacological, behavioral, electrophysiological and molecular approaches indicate that depression results from maladaptive neuroplastic processes occurring in defined frontolimbic circuits responsible for emotional processing such as the prefrontal cortex, hippocampus, amygdala and ventral striatum. However, the exact mechanisms controlling synaptic plasticity that are disrupted to trigger depressive conditions have not been elucidated. Since glial cells (astrocytes and microglia) tightly and dynamically interact with synapses, engaging a bi-directional communication critical for the processing of synaptic information, we now revisit the role of glial cells in the etiology of depression focusing on a dysfunction of the “quad-partite” synapse. This interest is supported by the observations that depressive-like conditions are associated with a decreased density and hypofunction of astrocytes and with an increased microglia “activation” in frontolimbic regions, which is expected to contribute for the synaptic dysfunction present in depression. Furthermore, the traditional culprits of depression (glucocorticoids, biogenic amines, brain-derived neurotrophic factor, BDNF) affect glia functioning, whereas antidepressant treatments (serotonin-selective reuptake inhibitors, SSRIs, electroshocks, deep brain stimulation) recover glia functioning. In this context of a quad-partite synapse, systems modulating glia-synapse bidirectional communication—such as the purinergic neuromodulation system operated by adenosine 5′-triphosphate (ATP) and adenosine—emerge as promising candidates to “re-normalize” synaptic function by combining direct synaptic effects with an ability to also control astrocyte and microglia function. This proposed triple action of purines to control aberrant synaptic function illustrates the rationale to consider the interference with glia dysfunction as a mechanism of action driving the design of future pharmacological tools to manage depression.
What Variables Produce Similarity Grouping

The effectiveness of several configurational or textural variables in producing similarity grouping was investigated by measuring the time it took Ss to locate the disparate quadrant in a circular array. The 'figure' and 'ground' quadrants differed in (1) slope of elements, (2) linearity of elements, or (3) the way in which the same slopes were combined into angles. Differences in slope produced excellent grouping; differences in linearity were less effective; and differences in arrangement of slopes were generally quite ineffective. Grouping was also dependent on orientation of the whole array: horizontals and verticals gave better grouping than diagonals, and even arrangement of slopes gave moderately effective grouping when angles with horizontal and vertical axes of symmetry were opposed to each other. Conditions of head tilt were used to determine whether the grouping effects were dependent on retinal or gravitational orientation. For the angles, only retinal orientation seemed important; but for line segments and paired dots varying in slope, both retinal and gravitational orientation had significant effects. The results disconfirm the hypothesis that grouping occurs entirely on a projection level, independently of constancy mechanisms. It is suggested that grouping and segregation depend on identities and differences between descriptors which in turn represent relationships between the stimulus array and an internal Cartesian reference system. Similarity is one of the most important of Wertheimer's principles of perceptual grouping, but only recently, with the work of Julesz and Beck, has any appreciable curiosity been displayed about the kinds of similarity that are effective in this respect. ' It should, of course, be understood that grouping always implies the complementary process of segregation. Grouped items must be at once similar to one another and different from extraneous items; in analysis-of-variance terminology, within-group variance must be Received for publication September 22, 1969. The research was supported in part by the Air Force Office of Scientific Research (Grant 973-66) and in part by the Advanced Research Projects Agency of the Department of Defense (Contract F44620-67C-0099). 1 M. Wertheimer, Untersuchungen zur Lehre von der Gestalt, Psychol. Forsch. , 4, 1923, 301-350; B. Julesz, Texture and visual perception, Sci. Amer. , 212, 1965, 38-48; J. Beck, Perceptual grouping produced by line figures, Percept. & Psychophys. , 2, 1967, 491-495.
Statistical Analysis of Computational Tests of Algorithms and Heuristics

Statistical analysis is a powerful tool to apply when evaluating the performance of computer implementations of algorithms and heuristics. Yet many computational studies in the literature do not use this tool to maximum effectiveness. This paper examines the types of data that arise in computational comparisons and presents appropriate techniques for analyzing such data sets. Case studies of computational tests from the open literature are re-evaluated using the proposed methods in order to illustrate the value of statistical analysis for gaining insight into the behavior of the tested algorithms.
Anterior facial vein and submandibular gland together: predicting the histology of submandibular masses with CT or MR imaging.

PURPOSE To test the hypothesis that the relationship of the anterior facial vein to the submandibular salivary gland and a mass in the submandibular fossa could help identify the origin of the mass at computed tomography (CT) or magnetic resonance (MR) imaging. MATERIALS AND METHODS Thirteen patients with 14 palpable submandibular masses, surgical and histologic confirmation, and contrast material-enhanced CT images (12 patients) or MR images (one patient) that showed the anterior facial vein were identified with review of files from 1985 to 1997. Six patients had submandibular gland disease: three with primary neoplasms, two with metastatic tumor invading the gland, and one with chronic sialoadenitis. Eight patients had masses arising outside the gland (seven with lymphadenopathy, one with a plexiform neurofibroma). RESULTS The anterior facial vein did not separate primary tumors, tumors invading the gland, or lobulations of the enlarged gland from the body of the gland. The vein was identified between enlarged lymph nodes and the gland. The vein did not separate the gland from the neurofibroma, but this tumor was medial to the gland; the vein runs lateral to the gland. CONCLUSION The anterior facial vein is a useful landmark in determining the origin of a submandibular mass. Primary disease of the gland is never separated from the gland by the vein. The vein does separate lymphadenopathy from the gland and, theoretically, separates the gland from soft-tissue tumors lateral to the gland.
Postprandial Administration of Intranasal Insulin Intensifies Satiety and Reduces Intake of Palatable Snacks in Women

The role of brain insulin signaling in the control of food intake in humans has not been thoroughly defined. We hypothesized that the hormone contributes to the postprandial regulation of appetite for palatable food, and assessed the effects on appetite and snack intake of postprandial versus fasted intranasal insulin administration to the brain in healthy women. Two groups of subjects were intranasally administered 160 IU insulin or vehicle after lunch. Two hours later, consumption of cookies of varying palatability was measured under the pretext of a taste test. In a control study, the effects of intranasal insulin administered to fasted female subjects were assessed. Compared with placebo, insulin administration in the postprandial but not in the fasted state decreased appetite as well as intake and rated palatability of chocolate chip cookies (the most palatable snack offered). In both experiments, intranasal insulin induced a slight decrease in plasma glucose but did not affect serum insulin concentrations. Data indicate that brain insulin acts as a relevant satiety signal during the postprandial period, in particular reducing the intake of highly palatable food, and impacts peripheral glucose homeostasis. Postprandial intranasal insulin administration might be useful in curtailing overconsumption of snacks with accentuated rewarding value.
How people differ in syllogistic reasoning

Psychologists have studied syllogistic inferences for more than a century, but no extant theory gives an adequate account of them. Reasoners appear to reason using different strategies. A complete account of syllogisms must therefore explain these strategies and the resulting differences from one individual to another in the patterns of conclusions that they draw. We propose a dual-process theory that solves these two problems. It is based on the manipulation of mental models, i.e., iconic simulations of possibilities. We also propose a new way in which to analyze individual differences, which depends on implementing a stochastic computer program. The program, mReasoner, generates an initial conclusion by building and scanning a mental model. It can vary four separate factors in the process: the size of a model, its contents, the propensity to consider alternative models, and the propensity to revise its heuristic conclusions. The former two parameters control intuitive processes and the latter two control deliberative processes. The theory accounts for individual differences in an early study on syllogisms (Johnson-Laird & Steedman, 1978). The computational model provides an algorithmic account of the different processes on which three subsets of participants relied (Simulation 1). It also simulates the performance of each individual participant in the study (Simulation 2). The theory and its implementation constitute the first robust account of individual differences in syllogistic reasoning.