Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Multinucleon transfer study inPb206(O18,x)at energies above the Coulomb barrier

Single- and multi-nucleon transfer reactions, namely, $^{206}\mathrm{Pb}(^{18}\mathrm{O},^{20}\mathrm{O})$, $^{206}\mathrm{Pb}(^{18}\mathrm{O},^{19}\mathrm{O})$, $^{206}\mathrm{Pb}(^{18}\mathrm{O},^{17}\mathrm{O})$, $^{206}\mathrm{Pb}(^{18}\mathrm{O},^{16}\mathrm{O})$, $^{206}\mathrm{Pb}(^{18}\mathrm{O},^{18}\mathrm{N})$, $^{206}\mathrm{Pb}(^{18}\mathrm{O},^{17}\mathrm{N})$, $^{206}\mathrm{Pb}(^{18}\mathrm{O},^{16}\mathrm{N})$, $^{206}\mathrm{Pb}(^{18}\mathrm{O},^{15}\mathrm{N})$, $^{206}\mathrm{Pb}(^{18}\mathrm{O},^{14}\mathrm{N})$, $^{206}\mathrm{Pb}(^{18}\mathrm{O},^{16}\mathrm{C})$, $^{206}\mathrm{Pb}(^{18}\mathrm{O},^{15}\mathrm{C})$, $^{206}\mathrm{Pb}(^{18}\mathrm{O},^{14}\mathrm{C})$, $^{206}\mathrm{Pb}(^{18}\mathrm{O},^{13}\mathrm{C})$, $^{206}\mathrm{Pb}(^{18}\mathrm{O},^{12}\mathrm{C})$, $^{206}\mathrm{Pb}(^{18}\mathrm{O},^{12}\mathrm{B})$, $^{206}\mathrm{Pb}(^{18}\mathrm{O},^{11}\mathrm{B})$, $^{206}\mathrm{Pb}(^{18}\mathrm{O},^{10}\mathrm{B})$, $^{206}\mathrm{Pb}(^{18}\mathrm{O},^{10}\mathrm{Be})$, and $^{206}\mathrm{Pb}(^{18}\mathrm{O},^{9}\mathrm{Be})$, have been studied at an incident $^{18}\mathrm{O}$ energy of 139 MeV. The total kinetic energy loss (TKEL) spectrum and angular distribution of reaction products have been measured. The $Q$ value and angle integrated cross sections are deduced. Angular distributions for the elastically scattered $^{18}\mathrm{O}$ particles are also measured. Fully microscopic time-dependent Hartree-Fock (TDHF) calculations, based on the independent single-nucleon transfer mode, have been carried out and are compared with experimental data of multinucleon transfer reactions. The TDHF calculations provide reasonable agreement with the experimental data for cases where one- and two-nucleon transfer is involved; the discrepancy is large for multinucleon transfer reactions. The effect of particle evaporation on the production cross sections has been studied. Inclusion of particle evaporation effects, though improving the results, could not reproduce the measured cross sections. Possible origins of these discrepancies are discussed.
Conditional Sampling in Turbulence Measurement

(a) Shear flows which exhibit a turbulent-nonturbulent interface; (b) Shear layers perturbed by interaction with another field of turbu­ lence; (c) Quasi-periodic or periodic flows (these include flows behind pass­ ing blades in rotating machinery, boundary layers over a solid or liquid surface with stationary or progressive periodic waves, and more generally flows subjected to either internal or external peri­ odic perturbations); (d) Coherent structures in different shear flows (these structures are currently receiving close attention by the turbulence community in view of their importance to the flow dynamics).
Double Queues and Impatient Customers with an Application to Inventory Theory

This paper starts by observing that any queuing system can be viewed as two symmetric queues, one of customers in line for service, and one of idle clerks, awaiting customers. Usually at least one of the queues the idle clerks has a finite limit, but examples, such as passengers and taxis at a taxi stand, exist where both queues are unlimited. In such cases, if arrival and service rates are independent of queue length, at least one of the queues is unstable and grows indefinitely as time passes. In practice there has to be some factor that limits queue length, and a possible mechanism is to assume that both passengers and taxis become impatient and will leave if, after some fixed amount of time, they have not been “serviced. ” The equations governing such a system are developed and steady-state solutions are found. It is shown that steady-state solutions always exist for both queues, the means and variances which are finite are given. In the last part of the paper an application to inventory theory is suggested. Here the backlog of orders corresponds to the queue of customers, and items in stock to the idle clerks. It is assumed that orders not filled in a certain time are cancelled and that items are perishable and cannot be sold if stocked too long.
An experimental investigation of the relative diffusion of particle pairs in three-dimensional turbulent flow

The particle tracking (PT) technique is used to study turbulent diffusion of particle pairs in a three-dimensional turbulent flow generated by two oscillating grids. The experimental data show a range where the Richardson–Obukhov law 〈r2〉 = Cεt3 is satisfied, and the Richardson–Obukhov constant is found to be C = 0.5. A number of models predict much larger values. Furthermore, the distance–neighbour function is studied in detail in order to determine its general shape. The results are compared with the predictions of three models: Richardson (1926), Batchelor (1952) and Kraichnan (1966a). These three models predict different behaviours of the distance–neighbour function, and of the three, only Richardson's model is found to be consistent with the measurements. We have corrected a minor error in Kraichnan's (1996a) Lagrangian history direct interaction calculations with the result that we had to increase his theoretical value from C = 2.42 to C = 5.5.
Connect-it Games

Frank Harary received his Ph.D. in logic at the University of California, Berkeley, in 1948 and has been teaching at the University of Michigan ever since. It was his privilege to be taught by Enrico Fermi, Alfred Foster, Richard Courant, Alfred Tarski, George Uhlenbeck and Oscar Zariski. He has been awarded honorary doctorates by the University of Aberdeen, Scotland and the University of Lund, Sweden. He was a Fellow at Wolfson College, Oxford and Churchill College, Cambridge and spent two sabbatical years at Uni? versity College, London. Visiting professorships were held at the universities of Chile (in Santiago), Melbourne, Munich, Newcastle, Niamey, and Waterloo. Most recently he occu? pied the Ulam Chair at the University of Colorado. Professor Harary founded the Journal of Combinatorial Theory and the Journal of Graph Theory. His books are Graph Theory, Graphical Enumeration (with Ed Palmer), Structural Models (with Bob Norman, and Doc Cartwright), and Structural Mod? els in Anthropology (with Per Hage). Soon to appear is Achievement and Avoidance Games.
On Associated and Supported Primes

Let R be a commutative ring with identity and M be a unitary R-module. The notions of associated and supported prime submodules of a module are defined. Our aim is to extend the results concerning associated and supported prime ideals of a module to associated and supported prime submodules of a module and find new properties when the modules are multiplication, have finite length, are finitely generated or weakly finitely generated.
On the Buckling of Circular Cylindrical Shells Under Pure Bending

Abstract : The stability of circular cylindrical shells under pure bending is investigated by means of Batdorf's modified Donnell's equation and the Galerkin method. The results have shown that contrary to the commonly accepted value, the maximum critical bending stress is for all practical purposes equal to the critical compressive stress. (Author)
Simulating propagation of decoupled elastic waves using low-rank approximate mixed-domain integral operators for anisotropic media

ABSTRACTIn elastic imaging, the extrapolated vector fields are decoupled into pure wave modes, such that the imaging condition produces interpretable images. Conventionally, mode decoupling in anisotropic media is costly because the operators involved are dependent on the velocity, and thus they are not stationary. We have developed an efficient pseudospectral approach to directly extrapolate the decoupled elastic waves using low-rank approximate mixed-domain integral operators on the basis of the elastic displacement wave equation. We have applied k-space adjustment to the pseudospectral solution to allow for a relatively large extrapolation time step. The low-rank approximation was, thus, applied to the spectral operators that simultaneously extrapolate and decompose the elastic wavefields. Synthetic examples on transversely isotropic and orthorhombic models showed that our approach has the potential to efficiently and accurately simulate the propagations of the decoupled quasi-P and quasi-S modes as we.
Calibration error analysis and way of calibration forspatial curvature measurement

The causes for spatial curvature measurement errors are analysed, and the relationship between the curvature in the direction of calibration and the signal in the direction of measurement is discussed. With a relevant formula established, a new method is proposed for the correction of the calibration error. The geometric meaning of this method is then defined not only for measurement of spatial curvature, but also for inspection for some other spatial vectors.
Cardinality Estimation-Based Adaptive Multi-Tree Splitting Algorithm for RFID System

This paper proposes a cardinality estimation-based adaptive multi-tree splitting (CEAMS) algorithm. Tag number is estimated by using the depth information obtained from the first tag identification and adaptively assigns the splitting strategy according to the splitting subset rule table. Simulation results show that the average total number of timeslots can be reduced by 65% compared with DBS and the system throughput is about 0.52 when the number of tags ranged from 5 ~ 1000.
Optical measurements of plasma dynamics in carbon fiber Z-pinches

A series of experiments has been carried out on the Mega Ampere Generator for Plasma Implosion Experiments (MAGPIE) generator in order to study the dynamics of carbon fiber Z-pinches. The generator was operated at 1.4 MV, with a peak current of 1 MA, and a rise time of 150 ns. In some shots, a current prepulse of about 30 kA was provided to study its influence on the dynamics of the fiber pinch. Carbon fibers of 7, 33, and 300 /spl mu/m diameter were used during these experiments. The diagnostics employed were a self-referencing interferometer, a two-frame Schlieren system, an optical streak camera, and a four-frame X-ray framing camera. A novel feature of these measurements is the employment of an optical streak camera with a set of four slits arranged along the fiber axis and displaced in the radial direction. This permitted the study of the temporal evolution (axial and radial) of the plasma regions emitting in the visible part of the spectra. Correlation between these regions of the plasma and the location of X-ray hot spots is discussed. In carbon fibers of 33 pm diameter, the radial expansion velocity measured from Schlieren images was 3.6/spl times/10/sup 6/ cm/s and 5.5/spl times/10/sup 6/ cm/s for shots with and without prepulse, respectively. The dominant axial wavelengths of instabilities in the coronal plasma were between 0.05 and 0.2 cm, which correspond to ka values between 10 and 20, where k is the wavenumber of the instability and a is its amplitude. The dynamics of carbon fibers of different diameters are compared.
Mechanisms of ultrafast GHz burst fs laser ablation

Gigahertz (GHz) femtosecond (fs) lasers have opened possibilities for enhancing and controlling the laser machining quality to engineer the physicochemical properties of materials. However, fundamental understanding of laser-material interactions by GHz fs laser has remained unsolved due to the complexity of associated ablation dynamics. Here, we study the ablation dynamics of copper (Cu) by GHz fs bursts using in situ multimodal diagnostics, time-resolved scattering imaging, emission imaging, and emission spectroscopy. A combination of probing techniques reveals that GHz fs bursts rapidly remove molten Cu from the irradiated spot due to the recoil pressure exerted by following fs pulses. Material ejection essentially stops right after the burst irradiation due to the limited amount of remnant matter, combined with the suppressed heat conduction into the target material. Our work provides insights into the complex ablation mechanisms incurred by GHz fs bursts, which are critical in selecting optimal laser conditions in cross-cutting processing, micro/nano-fabrication, and spectroscopy applications.
Phenotypic divergence of traits that mediate antagonistic and mutualistic interactions between island and continental populations of the tropical plant, Tribulus cistoides (Zygophyllaceae)

Abstract Island systems have long served as a model for evolutionary processes due to their unique species interactions. Many studies of the evolution of species interactions on islands have focused on endemic taxa. Fewer studies have focused on how antagonistic and mutualistic interactions shape the phenotypic divergence of widespread nonendemic species living on islands. We used the widespread plant Tribulus cistoides (Zygophyllaceae) to study phenotypic divergence in traits that mediate antagonistic interactions with vertebrate granivores (birds) and mutualistic interactions with pollinators, including how this is explained by bioclimatic variables. We used both herbarium specimens and field‐collected samples to compare phenotypic divergence between continental and island populations. Fruits from island populations were larger than on continents, but the presence of lower spines on mericarps was less frequent on islands. The presence of spines was largely explained by environmental variation among islands. Petal length was on average 9% smaller on island than continental populations, an effect that was especially accentuated on the Galápagos Islands. Our results show that Tribulus cistoides exhibits phenotypic divergence between island and continental habitats for antagonistic traits (seed defense) and mutualistic traits (floral traits). Furthermore, the evolution of phenotypic traits that mediate antagonistic and mutualistic interactions partially depended on the abiotic characteristics of specific islands. This study shows the potential of using a combination of herbarium and field samples for comparative studies on a globally distributed species to study phenotypic divergence on island habitats.
Super-resolution Reconstruction Method of Passive Millimeter-wave Image

Prior information and constraints are of importance in super-resolution image reconstruction which is always an ill-posed problem.In this paper,first,a degradation model for passive millimeter wave imaging is established and the point spread function(PSF) of the model is estimated.Then,by introducing radiation characteristics of typical objects and scene as a-prior knowledge,a method combining Projection Onto Convex Set(POCS) with Maximum A Posterior(MAP) is proposed for optimum image reconstruction.Experiment results show that the method proposed in this paper has good convergence and can preserve the textures well while reducing noise in the image.
Frequency Distribution of Eigentones in a Three‐Dimensional Continuum

Rayleigh derived an asymptotic formula for the number of characteristic frequencies or eigentones, N, up to a given frequency, ν, and the derivative form which gives the number of eigentones in the range ν to ν+dν. This dN form was applied successfully to quantum radiation laws. In acoustic terminology the equations are: N = (4πV/3c3)ν3 and: dN = (4πV/c3)ν2 dν where V is the volume of the room and c is the velocity of sound. It is shown that these simple formulae do not apply accurately to sound waves, especially in small rooms and at low frequencies. The discrepancy is attributable to the comparatively small number of eigentones involved, compared to the number of characteristic frequencies usually concerned in the case of electromagnetic radiation. More accurate expressions have been derived, for a rectangular room, from a consideration of the density of characteristic points in frequency space. The new formulae are: N = 4πV3c3 ν3|2Vν+cR122Vν+(c/2)R12|3 and, after expansion and simplification: dN = 4πVc.
Measure aerosols with iSPEX on your smartphone

Many people carry advanced instrumentation with them, all day, every day. Modern smartphones contain excellent cameras, are connected to the internet, have considerable computing power, and know exactly where they are and how they are oriented: they are nearly fit for performing scientific measurements! With the iSPEX add-on device,1 we supply the last piece to turn a smartphone into a spectropolarimeter that can be used by anyone to perform measurements of aerosols in the atmosphere overhead. (The name iSPEX derives from that of the SPEX instrument,2 the Spectropolarimeter for Planetary EXploration, which is currently being developed for accurate global observations of aerosol properties from orbit around Earth or other planets.) Detailed measurements of aerosols are crucial for a number of reasons. First, many of them affect your health. Just inhaling the air in an average industrialized city takes half a year off your life expectancy. To assess health risks due to aerosols, the size and composition of the particles need to be known: it is the smallest particles, which penetrate deep into your lungs, and the ones that cannot be broken down by the body that do most damage. Aerosol particles also deserve more attention in climate research. They constitute the largest unknown factor within our current understanding of climate change.3 Finally, one particular type of aerosol even has the power to ground airplanes. Remember that Icelandic volcano eruption back in 2010? With iSPEX, we introduce a new measurement technique for aerosols, but, more important, also a modern measurement philosophy: citizen science. This approach is fully enabled by the robust yet cheap design of the iSPEX add-on for smartphones. The measurement process itself is very easy to perform. The user simply mounts the iSPEX add-on before the camera (see Figure 1), starts up the iSPEX app, and points the device at various patches of blue sky. iSPEX measures both the spectrum and Figure 1. The iSPEX add-on.
ORBITS IN A MAGNETIC UNIVERSE

A cylindrically symmetric parallel bundle of magnetic lines of force, in equilibrium under their mutual gravitational attraction (``magnetic universe''), has recently received attention. While a Newtonian analysis suggests that the equilibrium is unstable, the complete general relativity analysis shows that the equilibrium is stable. This discrepancy may have to do with the unusually slow falloff of the gravitational field at large distances in this geometry. In order to understand the gravitational field of the static magnetic universe somewhat better, we have studied its timelike and lightlike geodesics (i.e., the orbits in it of electromagnetically neutral test particles with unit or zero rest mass). Since the density of magnetic flux‐and energy and stress and, therefore, ``gravitating mass''‐is approximately uniform in the vicinity of the axis, the motion of test particles there is like that in a Newtonian simple harmonic oscillator field. ``Vicinity'' here means within a small fraction ρ of the range.
EXACT CONFIDENCE INTERVALS FOR A VARIANCE RATIO (OR HERITABILITY) IN A MIXED LINEAR MODEL

A family of procedures is given to construct confidence intervals for the heritability coefficient in a mixed linear model. The procedures are applicable for constructing confidence intervals for a ratio of variance components in a mixed linear model having two sources of variation. If the random effects are correlated, the procedure is valid even when there are zero degrees of freedom for error. The resulting intervals are evaluated in terms of bias and expected length. A sufficient condition for local unbiasedness is given and a numerical procedure is discussed for computing expected lengths. The investigator may select the best confidence interval procedure from the family of procedures based on these criteria. Computer software for obtaining the best interval is available from the authors.
The detection and classification of objects lying on the seafloor

There are many instances when the detection of an object lying on the seafloor is insufficient. In many cases, an idea of what kind of object is lying on the seafloor is also required. The detection and classification sonar described here is based on a wide bandwidth continuous transmission frequency‐modulated (CTFM) sonar. The design and operating parameters of CTFM sonars are discussed in some detail with particular reference to their use as classification sonars. One type of CTFM sonar incorporating a technique to eliminate the ‘‘blind time’’ and extend the maximum range is chosen to implement several detection and classification schemes. It is shown that of the various classification schemes used, the one based on a simple rough/smooth discrimination was the most reliable. This reliability was judged by comparison to an alert human operator with access to a variety of visible and audible displays. It was found that the algorithm performed nearly as well as the operator and is of course faster and not .
Implications of eigenvector localization for dynamics on complex networks

In large and complex systems, failures can have dramatic consequences, such as black-outs, pandemics or the loss of entire classes of an ecosystem. Nevertheless, it is a centuries-old intuition that by using networks to capture the core of the complexity of such systems, one might understand in which part of a system a phenomenon originates. I investigate this intuition using spectral methods to decouple the dynamics of complex systems near stationary states into independent dynamical modes. In this description, phenomena are tied to a speci c part of a system through localized eigenvectors which have large amplitudes only on a few nodes of the system’s network. Studying the occurrence of localized eigenvectors, I nd that such localization occurs exactly for a few small network structures, and approximately for the dynamical modes associated with the most prominent failures in complex systems. My ndings con rm that understanding the functioning of complex systems generally requires to treat them as complex entities, rather than collections of interwoven small parts. Exceptions to this are only few structures carrying exact localization, whose functioning is tied to the meso-scale, between the size of individual elements and the size of the global network. However, while understanding the functioning of a complex system is hampered by the necessary global analysis, the prominent failures, due to their localization, allow an understanding on a manageable local scale. Intriguingly, food webs might exploit this localization of failures to stabilize by causing the break-o of small problematic parts, whereas typical attempts to optimize technological systems for stability lead to delocalization and large-scale failures. Thus, this thesis provides insights into the interplay of complexity and localization, which is paramount to ascertain the functioning of the ever-growing networks on which we humans depend.
Clearly Crisp, and Not Fuzzy

In a recent contribution to this journal, Vink and van Vliet seek to raise researchers’ awareness of the potentials and pitfalls of multi-value Qualitative Comparative Analysis (MvQCA). The authors are unconvinced by the technique’s distinctness from the more established crisp-set QCA (csQCA) and fuzzy-set QCA (fsQCA) variants and question its added value to configurational comparative methodology on five points. This article demonstrates why none of them challenges mvQCA. Two points do not relate to the method, two are based on incorrect reasoning, and one results from a misunderstanding of notational systems. This comment seeks to prove the suspicion against mvQCA that has prevailed thus far in the literature unjustified. It argues that this variant is as useful a contribution to the toolbox of comparative social science methodology as csQCA and fsQCA.