Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
A Complete Workflow for Development of Bangla OCR

ABSTRACT Developing a Bangla OCR requires bunch of algorithm and methods. There were many effort went on for developing a Bangla OCR. But all of them failed to provide an error free Bangla OCR. Each of them has some lacking. We discussed about the problem scope of currently existing Bangla OCR‟s. In this paper, we present the basic steps required for developing a Bangla OCR and a complete workflow for development of a Bangla OCR with mentioning all the possible algorithms required. Keywords 3.OCR, Bangla OCR, Bangla Font, Matra, Preprocessing, Binarization, Classification, Segmentation, Page Layout analysis, Tesseract. 1. INTRODUCTION OCR A, Av, B, C, D, E, F, means Optical Character Recognition, which is the mechanical or electronic transformation of scanned images of handwritten, typewritten or printed text into machine-encoded text. It is widely used for converting books and documents into electronic files, to computerize a record-keeping system in an office or to publish the text on a website. OCR has emerged a major research field for its usefulness since 1950. All over the world there are many widely spoken languages like English, Chinese, Arabic, Japanese, and Bangla etc. Bangla is ranked 5
A Mathematical Model for Voltage Gated Ion-channel Stationary Conductance

Opening of ion-channels has been popularly described by means of Markov processes with a small number of important channel states. The approximation of the number of important states is often ambiguous and overestimating this number creates unnecessary computational complexities. We propose a simple equation that will portray the essence of voltage regulated ion-chan nel gating in a functional cell. The equation is generated using concepts in elementary thermodynamics applied to protein Markov models and it matches well many published channel current-voltage characteristics. Further, parameters of the model are found to be identifiable and easily determined from experimental data.
Accelerating critical section execution with asymmetric multi-core architectures

To improve the performance of a single application on Chip Multiprocessors (CMPs), the application must be split into threads which execute concurrently on multiple cores. In multi-threaded applications, critical sections are used to ensure that only one thread accesses shared data at any given time. Critical sections can serialize the execution of threads, which significantly reduces performance and scalability. This paper proposes Accelerated Critical Sections (ACS), a technique that leverages the high-performance core(s) of an Asymmetric Chip Multiprocessor (ACMP) to accelerate the execution of critical sections. In ACS, selected critical sections are executed by a high-performance core, which can execute the critical section faster than the other, smaller cores. As a result, ACS reduces serialization: it lowers the likelihood of threads waiting for a critical section to finish. Our evaluation on a set of 12 critical-section-intensive workloads shows that ACS reduces the average execution time by 34% compared to an equal-area 32T-core symmetric CMP and by 23% compared to an equal-area ACMP. Moreover, for 7 out of the 12 workloads, ACS improves scalability by increasing the number of threads at which performance saturates.
Regional Seismic-Flood Disaster Integrated Risk Assessment Based on Dynamic Spatial Panel

This paper comprehensively analyzes the hazards and vulnerability of natural disasters, applies Matlab and GIS tools, deeply analyzes the spatial-temporal characteristics of the comprehensive risk of earthquake-flood disasters, and further builds a dynamic spatial panel model based on different spatial weight matrixes, and further analyzes them. The spatial correlation and agglomeration characteristics of comprehensive earthquakeflood hazards in Lijiang City, Chuxiong Prefecture, and Pu'er City in Yunnan Province were carried out, and comprehensive risk assessments for two types of disasters were conducted. The results show that there is a significant positive spatial correlation between the comprehensive risk of earthquake-flood disasters, and the spatial spillover effect of disaster risk will decrease with the increase of inter-regional distance, and a high-risk area of risk will be formed in Pu'er City; the spatial and temporal distribution of disasters will be uneven and the earthquake There is a big difference between disasters caused by floods and floods. Therefore, the coordination of regional disaster risk management can effectively improve disaster prevention and reduction capabilities.
Relationship of glycemic control markers - 1,5 anhydroglucitol, fructosamine, and glycated hemoglobin among Asian Indians with different degrees of glucose intolerance

Objective: 1,5 anhydroglucitol (1,5 AG) is emerging as a marker of short-term glycemic control. We measured levels of 1,5 AG, fructosamine (FA), and glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c) in Asian Indians with different degrees of glucose intolerance. Materials and Methods: We recruited 210 individuals with normal glucose tolerance (NGT; n = 60), impaired glucose tolerance (IGT; n = 50), and Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM; n = 100) from a large tertiary diabetes center in Chennai in Southern India. Anthropometric measurements were obtained using standardized techniques. Serum 1,5 AG (enzymatic colorimetric assay), FA (NBT/kinetic), and HbA1c (high-performance liquid chromatography) estimations were performed. Results: 1,5 AG levels were significantly lower in the T2DM followed by IGT compared with the NGT group (7.9 vs. 18.8 vs. 21.8 µg/ml, P < 0.05). FA and HbA1c were higher in T2DM and IGT compared with NGT individuals (313 vs. 237 vs. 200 µmol/L, P < 0.001) (8.3 vs. 5.8 vs. 5.3%, P < 0.001). 1,5 AG showed a significant negative correlation with FA (r = −0.618, P < 0.001) and HbA1c (r = −0.700, P < 0.001). 1,5 AG decreased with increasing quartiles of postprandial glucose (P for trend <0.001). However, even among individuals with HbA1c ≤7%, 27% individuals had decreased 1,5 AG plasma level (<10 µg/ml). Conclusion: Circulatory levels of 1,5 AG correlate negatively with FA and HbA1c, and may provide an additional marker to assess glycemic control in patients with Type 2 diabetes.
Tuning-friendly body bias clustering for compensating random variability in subthreshold circuits

Post-fabrication tuning for mitigating manufacturing variability is receiving a significant attention. To reduce leakage increase involved in performance compensation by body biasing, body bias clustering methods have been proposed. However, conventional methods suffer from a large test cost for tuning after fabrication, since there are a tremendous number of body bias assignments. We in this paper propose a low-cost tuning scheme after fabrication and present a layout aware body bias clustering method. The proposed method estimates average leakage power after post-fabrication tuning, and minimizes it. We applied the proposed method to ultralow voltage circuits for suppressing their high sensitivity to random Vth variability, and demonstrated the effectiveness of the proposed method. In the experiments, by just introducing two clusters, leakage power after post-fabrication tuning was reduced by up to 70% compared to a single cluster case.
Respiratory rate detection by empirical mode decomposition method applied to diaphragm mechanomyographic signals

Non-invasive evaluation of respiratory activity is an area of increasing research interest, resulting in the appearance of new monitoring techniques, ones of these being based on the analysis of the diaphragm mechanomyographic (MMGdi) signal. The MMGdi signal can be decomposed into two parts: (1) a high frequency activity corresponding to lateral vibration of respiratory muscles, and (2) a low frequency activity related to excursion of the thoracic cage. The purpose of this study was to apply the empirical mode decomposition (EMD) method to obtain the low frequency of MMGdi signal and selecting the intrinsic mode functions related to the respiratory movement. With this intention, MMGdi signals were acquired from a healthy subject, during an incremental load respiratory test, by means of two capacitive accelerometers located at left and right sides of rib cage. Subsequently, both signals were combined to obtain a new signal which contains the contribution of both sides of thoracic cage. Respiratory rate (RR) measured from the mechanical activity (RRMmg) was compared with that measured from inspiratory pressure signal (RRP). Results showed a Pearson's correlation coefficient (r = 0.87) and a good agreement (mean bias = -0.21 with lower and upper limits of -2.33 and 1.89 breaths per minute, respectively) between RRmmg and RRP measurements. In conclusion, this study suggests that RR can be estimated using EMD for extracting respiratory movement from low mechanical activity, during an inspiratory test protocol.
REDUCING RUNTIME VALUES IN MINIMUM SPANNING TREE BASED CLUSTERING BY VISUAL ACCESS TENDENCY

Clustering has been widely used in data analysis. Dissimilarity assesses the distance between objects and this is important in Minimum Spanning Tree (MST) based clustering. An inconsistent edge is identified and removed without knowledge of prior tendency in MST based clustering, which explore the results of clusters in the form of sub-trees. Clustering validity is to be checked at every iterated MST clusters by Dunn’s Index. Higher Dunn’s Index imposes the exact clustering. The existing system takes more run time when there are several iterations where as the proposed system takes single step with very less run time. Key contribution of the paper is to find prior tendency in MST Based Clustering by Visual Access Tendency (VAT) and to find clustering results in a single step instead of several trails. The proposed method extends the MST based clustering algorithm with VAT procedure, called as VAT-Based-MST-Clustering. Results are tested on synthetic data sets, and real data sets to conclude the clustering results are improved by proposed method with respect to the runtime.
Modelling and Analysing Systems of Agents by Agent-aware Transition Systems

We propose a method to specify, in a modular way, complex systems formed by interacting agents. The method is based on the notion of view, that is a partial representation of the system, reflecting one of its specific aspects. By composing the different views, we get the overall system, described as a special kind of transition system. By means of a suitable logical language, we can express interesting properties of the system; model-checking techniques can then be used to assess their validity. Views can be specified using different languages or notations, provided they can be translated in so-called agent aware transition systems. The method is explained with the help of a simple, but non trivial example.
Evidence of an inflammatory-like response in non-normally pigmented tissues of two scleractinian corals

Increasing evidence of links between climate change, anthropogenic stress and coral disease underscores the importance of understanding the mechanisms by which reef-building corals resist infection and recover from injury. Cellular inflammation and melanin-producing signalling pathway are two mechanisms employed by invertebrates to remove foreign organisms such as pathogens, but they have not been recorded previously in scleractinian corals. This study demonstrates the presence of the phenoloxidase (PO) activating melanin pathway in two species of coral, Acropora millepora and a massive species of Porites, which both develop local pigmentation in response to interactions with a variety of organisms. l-DOPA (3-(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)-l-alanine) substrate-based enzyme activation assays demonstrated PO activity in healthy tissues of both species and upregulation in pigmented tissues of A. millepora. Histological staining conclusively identified the presence of melanin in Porites tissues. These results demonstrate that the PO pathway is active in both coral species. Moreover, the upregulation of PO activity in areas of non-normal pigmentation in A. millepora and increased melanin production in pigmented Porites tissues suggest the presence of a generalized defence response to localized stress. Interspecific differences in the usage of pathways involved in innate immunity may underlie the comparative success of massive Porites sp. as long-lived stress tolerators.
Cytokine-Based Therapy and Biochemotherapy for Advanced Melanoma

A variety of immunotherapeutic approaches have shown activity in patients with metastatic melanoma with the best results being observed with interleukin 2 (IL-2). Follow-up data through 2004 confirm the durability of responses produced by the Food and Drug Administration–approved high-dose IL-2 regimen in this patient population. Efforts to develop more tolerable and/or effective IL-2–based treatment regimens by either prolonged administration of lower doses or the combination of IL-2 with other cytokines, monoclonal antibodies, or vaccines have yet to produce results superior to those seen with high-dose IL-2 alone. Recent investigations have suggested that, in some patients, IL-2 may expand regulatory T-cell populations leading to immune tolerance rather than antitumor immunity. Efforts to shift this balance in favor of immune rejection by reducing the confounding effects of regulatory T cells on IL-2 therapy or the use of novel and potentially more purely immunostimulatory cytokines are ongoing. Despite promising phase 2 data, phase 3 studies have failed to show meaningful clinical benefit for the combination of cytokines with cytotoxic chemotherapy, so-called “biochemotherapy. ” Nonetheless, recent investigations with biochemotherapy followed by maintenance immunotherapy suggest that biochemotherapy may still have a role as a “bridge to immunotherapy” in some patients with rapidly progressive disease. Given the low number of patients achieving durable benefit with cytokine-based immunotherapy, considerable recent effort has focused on identifying predictors of therapeutic response. Investigations suggest that immune responsiveness may be predetermined by a tumor microenvironment conducive to immune recognition and the host propensity to develop autoimmunity. Efforts to understand and further define pretreatment predictors of response through the use of gene expression and proteomic techniques are ongoing and raise the potential for eventually limiting cytokine-based immunotherapy to those most likely to benefit.
The Nature and Restoration of Denuded Areas in Iceland

Denuded areas in Iceland can be divided into the following categories: glacial deposits, sandy areas, postglacial lavas, alluvial and colluvial materials, and areas covered with pumice. Of these, glacial deposits are most extensive. The paper describes the nature of the denuded areas with emphasis on the glacial deposits. The denuded glacial deposits generally have sparse plant cover (< 5%) and suffer from wind abrasion and cryoturbation. The soils are deficient in organic matter (about 1%). The texture is sand and loamy sand. Despite the lack of organic materials and the coarse texture, the sum of exchangeable cations ranges from 5 to 15 meq 100 g–1 dry soil.Revegetation with agronomic grasses and fertilization under subarctic conditions in the Icelandic highlands has increased the vegetative cover to over 50% after 5 yr of fertilization. Little increase in soil organic matter is apparent after 5 yr.Objectives for revegetation in Iceland include (1) reclamation of disturbed areas; (2) stabilization of mo.
Exponential Separation for One-Way Quantum Communication Complexity, with Applications to Cryptography

We give an exponential separation between one-way quantum and classical communication protocols for a partial Boolean function (a variant of the Boolean hidden matching problem of Bar-Yossef et al.). Previously, such an exponential separation was known only for a relational problem. The communication problem corresponds to a strong extractor that fails against a small amount of quantum information about its random source. Our proof uses the Fourier coefficients inequality of Kahn, Kalai, and Linial. We also give a number of applications of this separation. In particular, we show that there are privacy amplification schemes that are secure against classical adversaries but not against quantum adversaries; and we give the first example of a key-expansion scheme in the model of bounded-storage cryptography that is secure against classical memory-bounded adversaries but not against quantum ones.
Improving category specific Web search by learning query modifications

Users looking for documents within specific categories may have a difficult time locating valuable documents using general purpose search engines. We present an automated method for learning query modifications that can dramatically improve precision for locating pages within specified categories using Web search engines. We also present a classification procedure that can recognize pages in a specific category with high precision, using textual content, text location and HTML structure. Evaluation shows that the approach is highly effective for locating personal homepages and calls for papers. These algorithms are used to improve category specific search in the Inquirus 2 search engine.
State-space averaging model of wind turbine with PMSG and its virtual inertia control

With the increasing number of variable speed wind turbine generators connect to electrical grid, it is necessary for wind turbines to provide inertia support when the grid frequency drops. Because of its unclear physical concept and time-consuming calculation when the detail simulation model is adopted to deal with the virtual inertia control of the directly-driven wind turbine with permanent-magnet synchronous generator (D-PMSG), it is difficult to design the control scheme and analyze the frequency dynamic response of power systems according to the simulation results. Aiming at the physical essence of wind turbine virtual inertia control, this paper presents a properly-simplified state-space averaging model of the wind power integrated system (WPIS). The model can reflect the dynamic process of virtual inertia control. Based on the model, a linearized model is derived from equation transformation so as to get information about small signal stability. The state-space averaging model established in this paper can provide the technical means for designing the control scheme of virtual inertia control and analyzing the frequency dynamic response of the WPIS. The results of simulation tests have verified the effectiveness of the state-space averaging model.
Low doses of mirtazapine or quetiapine for transient insomnia: A randomised, double-blind, cross-over, placebo-controlled trial

Low doses of the antidepressant mirtazapine or the neuroleptic quetiapine are often prescribed off-label for insomnia. However, studies on the effects on sleep and hangover effects the following day are scarce. In this randomised, double-blind, cross-over, placebo-controlled trial, the influence of 7.5 mg mirtazapine and 50 mg quetiapine on both normal sleep and sleep disturbed by acoustic stress (traffic noise) as a model for transient insomnia was assessed. Additionally, hangover effects on next-day alertness and cognitive functioning were examined. A total of 19 healthy men without sleep complaints completed three treatment sessions, each session consisting of three consecutive nights in one of the mirtazapine, quetiapine or placebo conditions. Sleep was assessed using polysomnography and the Leeds Sleep Evaluation Questionnaire. Daytime sleepiness and cognitive functioning were assessed using the Leeds Sleep Evaluation Questionnaire, Karolinska Sleepiness Scale, Digit Symbol Substitution Task, Psychomotor Vigilance Task and an addition task. Under acoustic stress, both mirtazapine and quetiapine increased total sleep time by half an hour and reduced the number of awakenings by 35–40% compared to placebo. While quetiapine specifically increased the duration of non-rapid eye movement sleep, stage N2, mirtazapine mainly increased deep sleep stage N3. Subjects reported that both mirtazapine and quetiapine eased getting to sleep and improved sleep quality. Both drugs caused daytime sleepiness and lessened sustained attention. These findings support the use of low doses of mirtazapine and quetiapine for the treatment of insomnia. Further prospective studies on the long-term effects regarding effectiveness and adverse effects are needed.
A Review of Online Dynamic Models and Algorithms for Railway Traffic Management

Railway timetables are developed to make operations robust and resilient to small delays. However, disturbances perturb the daily plan, and dispatchers adjust the plan to keep operations feasible and to limit delay propagation. Rescheduling approaches aim at updating the offline timetable at best, in the presence of delays. We present a survey of the recent approaches on online railway traffic rescheduling problems, which exhibit dynamic and stochastic (or, at least, not completely deterministic) aspects. In fact, while online static rescheduling has reached a wide degree of dissemination, much is still to be done with regard to the probabilistic nature of the railway traffic rescheduling problems, and also how to best take uncertainty into account for future states. Open challenges for the future research are finally outlined.
Time-domain simulation of multiconductor transmission lines with frequency-dependent losses

A method for time-domain simulation of multiconductor transmission lines with frequency-dependent conductor (skin effect) and dielectric losses is presented. The method is based on a traveling-wave solution of the transmission line equations in the frequency domain. Time-domain simulation is achieved by convolving the transmission line terminal voltages with describing time-domain input and transfer impulse responses derived from the frequency-domain solution. Attention must be given to careful formulation of the frequency-dependent conductor and dielectric losses to assure causality in the transmission line responses. The excessive numerical burden of discrete-time convolution is avoided by approximating the transmission line responses with exponential series, which may be convolved recursively, making the transmission line solution feasible and practical for large simulations. An implementation of the solution algorithm in the circuit simulation program SPICE is described, and sample results for a microstrip system are presented. <<ETX>>
ENSO Change in Climate Projections: Forced Response or Internal Variability?

Two large ensembles are used to quantify the extent to which internal variability can contribute to long‐term changes in El Niño‐Southern Oscillation (ENSO) characteristics. We diagnose changes that are externally forced and distinguish between multi‐model simulation results that differ by chance and those that differ due to different model physics. The range of simulated ENSO amplitude changes in the large ensemble historical simulations encompasses 90% of the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project 5 historical simulations and 80% of moderate (RCP4.5) and strong (RCP8.5) warming scenarios. When considering projected ENSO pattern changes, model differences are also important. We find that ENSO has high internal variability and that single realizations of a model can produce very different results to the ensemble mean response. Due to this variability, 30–40 ensemble members of a single model are needed to robustly compute absolute ENSO variance to a 10% error when 30‐year analysis periods are used.