Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Computerized physician order entry in U.S. hospitals: results of a 2002 survey.

OBJECTIVE To determine the availability of inpatient computerized physician order entry in U.S. hospitals and the degree to which physicians are using it. DESIGN Combined mail and telephone survey of 964 randomly selected hospitals, contrasting 2002 data and results of a survey conducted in 1997. MEASUREMENTS AVAILABILITY computerized order entry has been installed and is available for use by physicians; inducement: the degree to which use of computers to enter orders is required of physicians; participation: the proportion of physicians at an institution who enter orders by computer; and saturation: the proportion of total orders at an institution entered by a physician using a computer. RESULTS The response rate was 65%. Computerized order entry was not available to physicians at 524 (83.7%) of 626 hospitals responding, whereas 60 (9.6%) reported complete availability and 41 (6.5%) reported partial availability. Of 91 hospitals providing data about inducement/requirement to use the system, it was optional at 31 (34.1%), encouraged at 18 (19.8%), and required at 42 (46.2%). At 36 hospitals (45.6%), more than 90% of physicians on staff use the system, whereas six (7.6%) reported 51-90% participation and 37 (46.8%) reported participation by fewer than half of physicians. Saturation was bimodal, with 25 (35%) hospitals reporting that more than 90% of all orders are entered by physicians using a computer and 20 (28.2%) reporting that less than 10% of all orders are entered this way. CONCLUSION Despite increasing consensus about the desirability of computerized physician order entry (CPOE) use, these data indicate that only 9.6% of U.S. hospitals presently have CPOE completely available. In those hospitals that have CPOE, its use is frequently required. In approximately half of those hospitals, more than 90% of physicians use CPOE; in one-third of them, more than 90% of orders are entered via CPOE.
Structure and Change in Economic History

At the core of Professor North's investigation is the question of property rights, the arrangements individuals and groups have made through history to deal with the fundamental economic problem of scarce resources. In six theoretical chapters, Professor North examines the structure of economic systems, outlines an economic theory of the state and the ideologies that undergird various modes of economic organization, and then explores the dynamic forces such as new technologies that cause institutions to adapt in order to survive. With this analytical framework in place, major phases in Western history come under careful reappraisal, from the origins of agriculture and the neolithic revolution through the political economy of the ancient and medieval worlds to the industrial revolution and the economic transformations of the twentieth century. Structure and Change in Economic History is a work that will reshape many established explanations of the growth of the west.
Osteopontin and latent‐TGF β binding‐protein 2 as potential diagnostic markers for HBV‐related hepatocellular carcinoma

Chronic Hepatitis B (HB) is the main risk factor for chronic liver disease (CLD) and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) in many low‐resource countries, where diagnosis is constrained by lack of clinical, histopathological and biomarker resources. We have used proteomics to detect plasma biomarkers that outperform α‐Fetoprotein (AFP), the most widely used biomarker for HCC diagnosis in low‐resource contexts. Deep‐plasma proteome analysis was performed in HCC patients, patients with CLD and in HB‐carrier controls from Thailand (South‐East Asia) and The Gambia (West‐Africa). Mass spectrometry profiling identified latent‐transforming growth factor β binding‐protein 2 (LTBP2) and Osteopontin (OPN) as being significantly elevated in HCC versus CLD and controls. These two proteins were further analyzed by ELISA in a total of 684 plasma samples, including 183 HCC, 274 CLD and 227 asymptomatic controls. When combined, LTBP2 and OPN showed an area under the receiver operating curve of 0.85 in distinguishing HCC from CLD in subjects with AFP <20 ng/mL. In a prospective cohort of 115 CLD patients from Korea, increased plasma levels of LTBP2 and/or OPN were detected in plasma collected over 2 years prior to diagnosis in 21 subjects who developed HCC. Thus, the combination of LTBP2 and OPN outperformed AFP for diagnosis and prediction of HCC and may therefore improve biomarker‐based detection of HBV‐related HCC.
THE FATE OF HUMAN AND BOVINE TUBERCLE BACILLI IN VARIOUS ORGANS OF THE RABBIT

In this study the attempt has been made to follow the fate of tubercle bacilli in the lung, liver, spleen, kidney and bone marrow of rabbits infected intravenously with large and small doses of human and bovine tubercle bacilli by determining the number of colonies recoverable from similar quantities of tissue on egg media at varying intervals during the course of infection. This method offers certain possibili-ties for the elucidation of this problem precluded by the modes of attack used hitherto. Histological methods, while giving precise data in regard to tissue changes produced by the tubercle bacilli, are poor instruments for determining the fate of the bacilli in a given organ. Without stressing the notorious difficulties in staining the organism at all times, histological technique can give no definite answer to the question whether certain stained bacilli are living or dead, and it is the number of living bacilli that is of importance. Again animal inoculation, while an excellent index of the presence of living virulent bacilli, is a very inaccurate index of the number of living bacilli in a given specimen of tissue, for it is possible to infect guinea pigs with even a very few bacilli.
Referral mode and pattern of malocclusion among patients attending the Lagos University Teaching Hospital, Lagos, Nigeria.

BACKGROUND In Nigeria, the awareness of the dentition and its role in the overall facial beauty is increasing, especially in the urban areas. The purpose of this study was to assess the demand for orthodontic treatment and the pattern of malocclusion in patients attending the Lagos University Teaching Hospital, Lagos, Nigeria. METHOD A 5-year retrospective study of 633 patients, 288 males (45.5%) and 345 females (54.5%) attending the orthodontic unit of the hospital. RESULTS The patients seen ranged from 1 to 50 years with the most frequent age group being that of 12-17 years constituting 37.5% of the total patients seen. Adult patients made up 30.7% of attending patients. Self-referred patients constituted 64.1% of this population. Class I molar relationship was predominantly occurring seen in 76.7% of patients. Anterior segment crowding was recorded in 38.7% and 43.2% of the patients for the upper and lower arch respectively. Marked increase in overjet was observed in 32.2%. Overbite discrepancies were recorded with 26.2% of patients with deep bite and 11.2% of patients with anterior open bite. A history or ongoing oral habit was recorded in 61.8% of patients.
Near Surface Fractures Evidence from Audio-Magnetotelluric (AMT) Investigation in Ayos-Nguelemendouka Area (Eastern Cameroon)

The current study deals with an interpretation of audio-magnetotelluric (AMT) data collected in the Ayos/Nguelemendouka area, using a Stratagem EH4 unit. The study’s objective is to provide a better understanding of the area’s subsurface structure. Thus, AMT soundings were realised through seven profiles NE30° oriented, each profile made up of four stations. Data modelling highlights a SW-NE tectonic unevenness which seems to correlate with the Centre Cameroon Shear Zone. Moreover, this interpretation put into evidence an uplift of the basement at Lamba 2, a tabular structure at depth and an absence of discontinuities beneath 300 mdepth.
Central nervous system infections in immunocompromised patients

Purpose of review Although rare, central nervous system (CNS) infections are increasingly being recognized in immunocompromised patients. The goal of the present review is to provide a practical diagnostic approach for the intensivist, and to briefly discuss some of the most prevalent conditions. Recent findings Immunocompromised patients presenting with new neurological symptoms should always be suspected of a CNS infection. These infections carry a poor prognosis, especially if intracranial hypertension, severely altered mental status or seizures are present. Clinical examination and serum blood tests should be followed by brain imaging, and when no contra-indications are present, a lumbar puncture including cerebrospinal fluid PCR to identify causative organisms. Empirical therapy depends on the type of immunodeficiency. In HIV-infected patients, the most common CNS infection is cerebral toxoplasmosis, whereas in other immunocompromised patients, aspergillosis, cryptococcal meningitis and tuberculous meningitis are more prevalent. Multiple pathogens can be detected in up to 15% of patients. The diagnostic value of fast multiplex PCR has yet to be evaluated in this setting. Summary CNS infections represent a rare but severe complication in immunocompromised patients. A systematic approach including early diagnosis, appropriate antimicrobial treatment, early ICU admission and aggressive measures to reduce intracranial pressure may improve outcome.
Multispecies and Multiscale Conservation Planning: Setting Quantitative Targets for Red‐Listed Lichens on Ancient Oaks

Abstract: Species occurrence in a habitat patch depends on local habitat and the amount of that habitat in the wider landscape. We used predictions from empirical landscape studies to set quantitative conservation criteria and targets in a multispecies and multiscale conservation planning effort. We used regression analyses to compare species richness and occurrence of five red‐listed lichens on 50 ancient oaks (Quercus robur; 120–140 cm in diameter) with the density of ancient oaks in circles of varying radius from each individual oak. Species richness and the occurrence of three of the five species were best explained by increasing density of oaks within 0.5 km; one species was best explained by the density of oaks within 2 km, and another was best predicted by the density of oaks within 5 km. The minimum numbers of ancient oaks required for “successful conservation” was defined as the number of oaks required to obtain a predicted local occurrence of 50% for all species included or a predicted local occurrence of 80% for all species included. These numbers of oaks were calculated for two relevant landscape scales (1 km2 and 13 km2) that corresponded to various species responses, in such a way that calculations also accounted for local number of oaks. Ten and seven of the 50 ancient oaks surveyed were situated in landscapes that already fulfilled criteria for successful conservation when the 50% and 80% criteria, respectively, were used to define the level of successful conservation. For cost‐efficient conservation, oak stands in the landscapes most suitable for successful conservation should be prioritized for conservation and management (e.g., grazing and planting of new oaks) at the expense of oak stands situated elsewhere.
Real-Time RFI Processor for Future Spaceborne Microwave Radiometers

Anthropogenic radio frequency interference (RFI) within microwave radiometer bands is a serious problem in remote sensing. The problem is ever-increasing and thus, future spaceborne microwave radiometers will require efficient methods to mitigate the effects of RFI. In this paper, we present a solution: an RFI processor to detect and blank the RFI in real time. The processor was designed to be compatible with the 18.7-GHz channel of the Microwave Imager Instrument onboard the European MetOp Second Generation satellite system. The RFI processor developed here applies the following complementary detection algorithms: 1) anomalous amplitude detection; 2) kurtosis; and 3) two different cross-frequency algorithms. In the processing, the data are divided into subsamples with fine temporal and frequency resolution. The RFI processor detects and filters out RFI with this fine resolution in real time and then integrates the clean (noncontaminated) subsamples over time and frequency. Thus, a cleaned version of the radiometer data can be downlinked at a traditional low data rate. The processing is implemented in a reprogrammable field programmable gate array with high processing capacity, which provides high flexibility. The processing bandwidth that is applied is 200 MHz (+ 25-MHz transition bands on both sides). The detection limits of the system vary between various kinds of RFI but are in line with simulations. The power consumption of the RFI processor is ∼12 W (at room temperature), and its mass is ∼1.1 kg.
On the performance analysis of energy detection of unknown signals in Gamma shadowed Ricean fading environments

In this paper, we analyze the performance of an energy detector operating over Gamma shadowed Rice fading channels, namely Rice fading channels with the fluctuating line-of-sight components following the Gamma distribution. This composite multi-path/shadowing model has been shown to provide remarkably accurate fading characterization while leading to closed-form expressions for important channel statistics. For the considered system, we first derive analytical expressions for the average probability of detection, using either the probability density function method or the moments generating function method. The application of the former method, yields a rapidly convergent infinite series representation for the average probability of detection. The latter method is based on a contour integral representation for the Marcum Q-function. Finally, an infinite series representation for the area under the receiver operating characteristic curve is derived. Extensive numerically evaluated results, accompanied with Monte-Carlo simulations, are presented to corroborate the proposed analysis, for composite multi-path/shadowing scenarios of practical interest.
Treatment of agarose–agarose RENCA macrobeads with docetaxel selects for OCT4+ cells with tumor-initiating capability

The cancer stem cell (CSC) theory depicts such cells as having the capacity to produce both identical CSCs (symmetrical division) and tumor-amplifying daughter cells (asymmetric division). CSCs are thought to reside in niches similar to those of normal stem cells as described for neural, intestinal, and epidermal tissue, are resistant to chemotherapy, and are responsible for tumor recurrence. We recently described the niche-like nature of mouse renal adenocarcinoma (RENCA) cells following encapsulation in agarose macrobeads. In this paper we tested the hypothesis that encapsulated RENCA colonies function as an in vitro model of a CSC niche and that the majority of cells would undergo chemotherapy-induced death, followed by tumor recurrence. After exposure to docetaxel (5 µg/ml), 50% of cells were lost one week post-treatment while only one or two cells remained in each colony by 6 weeks. Surviving cells expressed OCT4 and reformed tumors at 16 weeks post-treatment. Docetaxel-resistant cells also grew as monolayers in cell culture (16–17 weeks post-exposure) or as primary tumors following transplantation to Balb/c mice (6 of 10 mice) or NOD.CB17-Prkdcscid/J mice (9 of 9 mice; 10 weeks post-transplantation or 28 weeks post-exposure). These data support the hypothesis that a rare subpopulation of OCT4+ cells are resistant to docetaxel and these cells are sufficient for tumor recurrence. The reported methodology can be used to obtain purified populations of tumor-initiating cells, to screen for anti-tumor-initiating cell agents, and to investigate the in vitro correlate of a CSC niche, especially as it relates to chemo-resistance and tumor recurrence.
Action Congruency Influences Crowding When Discriminating Biological Motion Direction

Identification and discrimination of peripheral stimuli are often difficult when a few stimuli adjacent to the target are present (crowding). Our previous study showed that crowding occurs for walking direction discrimination of a biological motion stimulus. In the present study, we attempted to examine whether action congruency between the target and flankers would influence the crowding effect on biological motion stimuli. Each biological motion stimulus comprised one action (e.g., walking, throwing wastepaper, etc.) and was rotated in one of five directions around the vertical axis. In Experiment 1, observers discriminated between the directions of the target stimulus actions, which were surrounded by two flankers in the peripheral visual field. The crowding effect was stronger when the flankers performed the same action as the target and the directions differed. The congruency of action type enhanced the crowding effect in the direction-discrimination task. In Experiment 2, observers discriminated between action types of target stimuli. The crowding effect for the action-discrimination task was not modulated by the congruency of action direction. Thus, identical actions induced a larger crowding effect for action-direction discrimination, but congruent directions did not influence crowding for action-type discrimination. These results suggest that the processes involved in direction discrimination of biological motion are partially distinct from action discrimination processes.
A minimum income for healthy living

BACKGROUND Half a century of research has provided consensual evidence of major personal requisites of adult health in nutrition, physical activity and psychosocial relations. Their minimal money costs, together with those of a home and other basic necessities, indicate disposable income that is now essential for health. METHODS In a first application we identified such representative minimal costs for healthy, single, working men aged 18–30, in the UK. Costs were derived from ad hoc survey, relevant figures in the national Family Expenditure Survey, and by pragmatic decision for the few minor items where survey data were not available. RESULTS Minimum costs were assessed at £131.86 per week (UK April 1999 prices). Component costs, especially those of housing (which represents around 40% of this total), depend on region and on several assumptions. By varying these a range of totals from £106.47 to £163.86 per week was detailed. These figures compare, 1999, with the new UK national minimum wage, after statutory deductions, of £105.84 at 18–21 years and £121.12 at 22+ years for a 38 hour working week. Corresponding basic social security rates are £40.70–£51.40 per week. INTERPRETATION Accumulating science means that absolute standards of living, “poverty”, minimal official incomes and the like, can now be assessed by objective measurement of the personal capacity to meet the costs of major requisites of healthy living. A realistic assessment of these costs is presented as an impetus to public discussion. It is a historical role of public health as social medicine to lead in public advocacy of such a national agenda.
Asperger's syndrome.

but occasionally we seek an expert opinion on those letters which are in the form of a brief scientific report. We do receive letters which take a stance on social or political issues. The decision to publish these letters rests with us as editors but we will often invite someone with alternative views to write a commentary or letter which may be published simultaneously or in a subsequent issue. About half of the letters submitted to the correspondence column are rejected by the editors. These include letters commenting on an article published more than five or six months before, letters containing trivial or unduly harsh or emotive comments on a previously published article, and those that merely report another patient with a previously published finding. Letters which do not conform to our instructions to authors stand less chance of being published because it is time consuming to request each time that a letter should be shortened or the number of references be reduced. Book reviews are commissioned by the editors and are reviewed by them. They are not sent to outside referees as they represent the personal opinion of the author and are signed.
Mechanical and biochemical changes in the superficial zone of articular cartilage in canine experimental osteoarthritis

The changes in the tensile mechanical properties and biochemical composition of the superficial zone of articular cartilage were examined in a canine model of early osteoarthritis generated by transection of the anterior cruciate ligament. Sixteen weeks following ligament transection, the tensile stiffness of the articular cartilage was decreased by 44% and the ion‐induced stress relaxation of the tissue was increased by 57% compared with the contralateral control. Biochemical analyses indicated that the water content of the experimental tissue was increased by 13%, which was reflected as an apparent 37% decrease in the proteoglycan content and a 36% decrease in the collagen content (expressed per wet weight). The hydroxypyridinium crosslink density was decreased in the experimental tissue by 11%. A significant negative correlation was found between the ion‐induced stress relaxation and the hydroxypyridinium crosslink density in both control tissue (R = −0.56) and experimental tissue (R = −0.70). No correlation was noted between the tensile stiffness and the biochemical composition of the tissue. These results suggest that, in the superficial zone of articular cartilage, the structure of the tissue may play a more important role than the composition in the determination of its mechanical properties. A major event observed in the model of early osteoarthritis appears to be the disruption and remodeling of the collagen network in the superficial zone of the articular cartilage.
Admission Motor Strength Grade Predicts Mortality in Patients with Acute Ischemic Stroke Undergoing Mechanical Thrombectomy

Background: The mortality due to mechanical thrombectomy (MT) in the acute treatment of intracranial arterial occlu- sions can be up to 45%. The SWIFT (Solitaire FR with the Intention for Thrombectomy) and Multi MERCI (mechani- cal embolus removal in cerebral ischemia) trials have evaluated the safety and efficacy of MT. It may be important to determine pre-procedural factors that help predict post-intervention prognosis. We sought to determine if admission medical research council (MRC) motor strength grade along with other factors can be used as predictor of mortality after MT for acute ischemic stroke. Methods: Retrospective analysis of stroke database assessing outcomes in all 62 patients who underwent MT as an intervention for acute ischemic stroke, with or without concurrent intravenous thrombolysis was done. Five baseline variables were included in univariate and multivariate analyses to define the in- dependent predictors of mortality during current hospitalization. The medical research council (MRC) motor grade (0 - 5); modified collateral flow (CS) grading (0 - 3); age; acute and chronic co-morbidities were used as the baseline vari- ables. If motor strength grade were different in upper and lower extremities, then the lower grade was used. Age was analyzed independently as well as dichotomized using 80 as cut-off value. Relevant stroke related acute and chronic co-morbidities were given 1 point each and mean calculated. Results: In the univariate analysis, low (0 - 1) motor strength grade (OR, 0.11; 95% CI, 0.021 - 0.33; p = 0.001) and age (OR, 1.06; 95% CI, 1.02 - 1.12; p = 0.011) was sig- nificantly associated with mortality. The presence of collateral flow, acute and chronic co-morbidities were not signifi- cantly associated with mortality. In the multivariate analysis, motor grade retained its statistical significance for morta- lity (OR, 0.09; 95% CI, 0.01 - 0.32; p = 0.003) along with chronic co-morbidity (OR, 1.52; 95% CI 1.05 - 2.43; p