Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Regional Accumulation of Calcium in Postischemic Rat Brain

Abstract: The regional concentrations of intravenously injected 45Ca and total calcium were measured in rat brain during recovery from transient occlusion of the four major arteries to the brain. 45Ca was injected at intervals after ischemia, and the regional distribution of 45Ca was estimated by autoradiography. The 45Ca appeared to enter the brain via the choroid plexus, labeling the paraventricular tissue at 1 h after the injection. Control brains had more 45Ca in the gray matter compared to fiber‐rich areas at 5 and 24 h, but within these regions the optical density was nearly uniform. The accumulation and retention of 45Ca in postischemic brain were selective and time‐dependent. The regional pattern of 45Ca uptake correlated with the temporal progression of ischemic cell change. Infarction and preischemic hyperglycemia increased morphological damage, and increased the extent and distribution of 45Ca accumulation. The rise in total calcium concentration appeared to be biphasic in irreversibly damaged tissue.
A Survey of Modern Spam Tools

Over the past 5 years, spam sending technology has improved dramatically. Static messages sent opportunistically through misconfigured hosts have evolved into dynamically generated, subtly obfuscated messages sent on a massive scale by special purpose malware. We present a survey of three generations of the most popular spam sending tools, focusing on how they have improved over time. The paper conclude with a case study of a modern spam campaign, showing how the spammer has used randomization to make their messages more difficult to detect by content filters.
Withholding Anticoagulation Following a Single Negative Whole-Leg Ultrasound in Patients at High Pretest Probability for Deep Vein Thrombosis

Prompt, accurate diagnosis of deep vein thrombosis (DVT) is essential. A single, whole-leg ultrasound (whole-leg US) has been used to exclude DVT, but limited data exist for patients with high pretest probability (PTP) for DVT. This diagnostic management study tested the rate of venous thromboembolism (VTE) in patients with a PTP of “DVT likely” per the simplified Wells score when anticoagulation is withheld based on a single, negative whole-leg US. Consecutive patients presenting during coordinator shifts with a PTP of DVT likely were enrolled. Anticoagulation was withheld after a single, negative whole-leg US. The outcome was objectively confirmed VTE in 3 months. All 167 patients completed the follow-up. A single patient death was adjudicated as possibly caused by VTE, resulting in a VTE rate of 0.60% (95% confidence interval: 0.02%-3.29%). Whole-leg US should be further studied in diagnostic algorithms that utilize PTP scoring and d-dimer testing.
Contribution-Based Incentive Design for Mobile Crowdsourcing

In this paper, we propose COIN as a general pattern for carrying out effective mobile crowd sourcing. As a demonstration, we apply the pattern to design a crowd-based system for realizing smart parking. Compared with existing solutions, our proposal possesses several desirable features and improves the efficiency of crowd sourcing in the process of problem solving.
LTE-WiFi Handover Strangelove Or: How I Started Worrying and Fear the OSI model

This thesis examines the current techniques in LTE-WiFi data handover. Handovers take place when a mobile device switches from one network to another. It is interesting to look at methods to offload the rather expensive mobile data connections to the cheaper WiFi (home) networks. This transition is usually not seamless. A good example is when you start a streaming video whilst on mobile data and a known WiFi network appears. Your mobile device automatically connects to the WiFi network and the streaming video stops. These so-called vertical handovers have not been made seamless yet. This thesis compares several techniques that operate on different layers of the OSI model. To facilitate vertical handover, it is useful to know how horizontal handovers work. This kind of handover occurs when, for example, a mobile phone switches from one cell tower to another. Contrary to vertical handover, horizontal handover occurs practically seamless. Horizontal handovers in both LTE and WiFi networks are discussed, to give a heads up for the problems that arise for vertical handovers. Vertical handovers can be done at different points in the OSI model. This thesis covers solutions that have been devised on a few of these layers. The solutions include Mosh, Multipath TCP and Mobile IP / Proxy Mobile IPv6. All of these solutions try to solve the big problem in vertical handover: the change of the client’s IP address. Not all of these solutions work as well as expected. Mosh works very well and Multipath TCP looks very promising, although it did not work out in the experiment that is done in this thesis.
Preliminary Validation of the Abbreviated Spanier Dyadic Adjustment Scale: Some Psychometric Data Regarding a Screening Test of Marital Adjustment

The measurement of marital adjustment remains of major concern to researchers and clinicians. In spite of criticism, several research studies have reported the use of various measures of marital adjustment, most recently the Spanier Dyadic Adjustment Scale (DAS). This paper reports the field-testing and preliminary validation of a series of items from the DAS which have been previously suggested to be nearly as accurate as the entire scale for classifying respondents' marital adjustment. Data from a total of 545 married, living together, separated, and divorced persons revealed that the abbreviated form of the DAS validly differentiated between persons who in their perception were happy in their relationship and those who were not. The usefulness of this abbreviated scale for researchers and clinicians is discussed.
An improved high speed charge pump in 90 nm CMOS technology

This paper proposes an improved current steering charge pump in high speed application in IBM 90 nm technology. By using the current compensation circuit and accelerating acquisition circuit, the output voltage range with current matching is obviously enlarged. Simulation result shows that the charge pump can be applied for 500MHz frequency, with 1.4mW power consumption. Moreover, the current mismatch ratio of charge pump is less than 0.01% with output voltage swinging from 0.1 to 1.1V, very suitable for high speed PLL application.
Transcriptome Profiling of Shewanella oneidensis Gene Expression following Exposure to Acidic and Alkaline pH

ABSTRACT The molecular response of Shewanella oneidensis MR-1 to variations in extracellular pH was investigated based on genomewide gene expression profiling. Microarray analysis revealed that cells elicited both general and specific transcriptome responses when challenged with environmental acid (pH 4) or base (pH 10) conditions over a 60-min period. Global responses included the differential expression of genes functionally linked to amino acid metabolism, transcriptional regulation and signal transduction, transport, cell membrane structure, and oxidative stress protection. Response to acid stress included the elevated expression of genes encoding glycogen biosynthetic enzymes, phosphate transporters, and the RNA polymerase sigma-38 factor (rpoS), whereas the molecular response to alkaline pH was characterized by upregulation of nhaA and nhaR, which are predicted to encode an Na+/H+ antiporter and transcriptional activator, respectively, as well as sulfate transport and sulfur metabolism genes. Collectively, these results suggest that S. oneidensis modulates multiple transporters, cell envelope components, and pathways of amino acid consumption and central intermediary metabolism as part of its transcriptome response to changing external pH conditions.
Diverse Functions of Small RNAs in Different Plant–Pathogen Communications

RNA silencing is a conserved mechanism that utilizes small RNAs (sRNAs) to direct the regulation of gene expression at the transcriptional or post-transcriptional level. Plants utilizing RNA silencing machinery to defend pathogen infection was first identified in plant–virus interaction and later was observed in distinct plant–pathogen interactions. RNA silencing is not only responsible for suppressing RNA accumulation and movement of virus and viroid, but also facilitates plant immune responses against bacterial, oomycete, and fungal infection. Interestingly, even the same plant sRNA can perform different roles when encounters with different pathogens. On the other side, pathogens counteract by generating sRNAs that directly regulate pathogen gene expression to increase virulence or target host genes to facilitate pathogen infection. Here, we summarize the current knowledge of the characterization and biogenesis of host- and pathogen-derived sRNAs, as well as the different RNA silencing machineries that plants utilize to defend against different pathogens. The functions of these sRNAs in defense and counter-defense and their mechanisms for regulation during different plant–pathogen interactions are also discussed.
Cognitive Appraisals and Smoking Intentions: The Role of Decision Making Competence

An important element of smoking cessation programs is the modification of health beliefs about risks and benefits. However, Janis and Mann's (1977) conflict-theory suggests only vigilant decision-makers are motivated by such outcome appraisals. Thus, this study examined the extent to which relations between health beliefs and cigarette smoking are moderated by decision-making competence. Over 150 university undergraduates completed a questionnaire survey assessing health beliefs about smoking (perceptions of susceptibility to and severity of lung cancer, and benefits of not smoking), smoking intentions, and decision-making competence. Hierarchical regression analysis revealed interactions between risk perceptions and competence, whereby perceived susceptibility and severity appraisals better predicted smoking intentions in less proficient decision-makers. However, these interactions disappeared after controlling for smoking status. These findings suggest that risk perceptions are more important in college students averse to information search and appraisal, albeit this is confounded by smoking status.
Problematic internet and cell-phone use: Psychological, behavioral, and health correlates

This study aimed to assess pathological Internet and cell-phone use in college students, and to identify psychological, health, and behavioral correlates. A cross-sectional design was utilized to gather data from 337 students. We developed two measures, termed the Internet Over-use Scale (IOS), and the Cell-Phone Over-Use Scale (COS). Additional measures utilized were the Beck Anxiety Inventory, the Beck Depression Inventory, and the General Health Questionnaire-28. Results provide support for internal consistency of the IOS and the COS (α = 0.88 and α = 0.87, respectively) as well as for construct validity. Logistic regression analyses indicated that heavy Internet use is associated with high anxiety; high cell-phone use is associated to being female, and having high anxiety and insomnia. The developed measures seem to be promising tools for assessing these new behavioral addictions.
Hydrogen peroxide release from mouse peritoneal macrophages: dependence on sequential activation and triggering

Using a specific and sensitive fluorometric assay, the H2O2 release from as few as 2 X 10(5) mouse peritoneal macrophages could be detected continuously and quantitated. It is emphasized that the assay measured H2O2 release, not production. Induction of H2O2 release required sequential application of two stimuli: the administration of an activating agent to the mice from 4 days to 10 wk before all harvest, and the exposure of the cells in vitro to a triggering agent. BCG was most effective as an activating agent, resulting in peritoneal macrophages which could be triggered to release H2O2 almost as copiously (8 nmol/10(6) macrophages per 5 min) as mouse peritoneal PMN (9 NMOL/10(6) PMN per 5 min). Casein and C. parvum could also serve as activators, but thioglycollate and FCS were ineffective after single injections. PMA was a potent triggering agent, resulting in a maximal rate of H2O2 release after a latency of about 40 s for cells in suspension. Other triggering agents included the ionophore A23187, concanavalin A in the presence of cytochalasin B, and phagocytosis. H2O2 release could be attributed to macrophages and PMN in peritoneal cell suspensions or in preparations of adherent peritoneal cells, but not to lymphocytes. Indirect evidence suggested that the H2O2 detected was formed from superoxide anion. These observations appear to justify renewed interest in the idea that H2O2 may be important in macrohpage antimicrobial and antitumor mechanisms.
Yield-area optimizations of digital circuits using non-dominated sorting genetic algorithm (YOGA)

With shrinking technology, the timing variation of a digital circuit is becoming the most important factor while designing a functionally reliable circuit. Gate sizing has emerged as one of the efficient way to subside the yield deterioration due to manufacturing variations. In the past single-objective optimization techniques have been used to optimize the timing variation whereas on the other hand multi-objective optimization techniques can provide a more promising approach to design the circuit. We propose a new algorithm called YOGA, based on multi-objective optimization technique called non-dominated sorting genetic algorithm (NSGA). YOGA optimizes a circuit in multi domains and provides the user with Pareto-optimal set of solutions which are distributed all over the optimal design spectrum, giving users the flexibility to choose the best fitting solution for their requirements. YOGA overcomes the disadvantages of traditional optimization techniques, while even providing solutions in very stringent bounds
Plant lock and ant key: pairwise coevolution of an exclusion filter in an ant–plant mutualism

Although observations suggest pairwise coevolution in specific ant–plant symbioses, coevolutionary processes have rarely been demonstrated. We report on, what is to the authors' knowledge, the strongest evidence yet for reciprocal adaptation of morphological characters in a species–specific ant–plant mutualism. The plant character is the prostoma, which is a small unlignified organ at the apex of the domatia in which symbiotic ants excavate an entrance hole. Each myrmecophyte in the genus Leonardoxa has evolved a prostoma with a different shape. By performing precise measurements on the prostomata of three related myrmecophytes, on their specific associated ants and on the entrance holes excavated by symbiotic ants at the prostomata, we showed that correspondence of the plant and ant traits forms a morphological and behavioural filter. We have strong evidence for coevolution between the dimensions and shape of the symbiotic ants and the prostoma in one of the three ant–Leonardoxa associations.
Comparative Study of Sequential Pattern Mining Frameworks Support Framework vs . Multiple Alignment Framework

Knowledge discovery and datamining (KDD) is commonly defined as the nontrivial process of finding interesting, novel and useful patterns from data. In this paper, we examine closely the problem of mining sequential patterns and propose a comprehensive evaluation method to assess the quality of the mined results. We propose four evaluation criteria, namely (1) recoverability, (2) the number of spurious patterns (3) the number of redundant patterns, and (4) the degree of extraneous items in the patterns, to quantitatively assess the quality of the mined result from a wide variety of synthetic datasets with varying randomness and noise levels. Recoverability, a new metric, measures how much of the underlying trend has been detected. Such an evaluation method provides a basis for comparing different frameworks for sequential pattern mining, which is very essential in understanding the performance of approximate solutions. In this paper, the method is employed to conduct a detailed comparison of the traditional frequent sequential pattern framework with an alternative approximate pattern framework based on sequence alignment. We demonstrate that the alternative approach is able to best recover the underlying patterns with little confounding information under all circumstances including those where the frequent sequential pattern framework fails.
Use of fine‐needle aspirate calcitonin to detect medullary thyroid carcinoma: A systematic review

The measurement of calcitonin in washout fluids of thyroid nodule aspirate (FNA‐calcitonin) has been reported as accurate to detect medullary thyroid carcinoma (MTC). The results from these studies have been promising and the most updated version of ATA guidelines quoted for the first time that “FNA findings that are inconclusive or suggestive of MTC should have calcitonin measured in the FNA washout fluid. ” Here we aimed to systematically review published data on this topic to provide more robust estimates.
Effects of Changes in GNP and Perceived Group Characteristics on National and Ethnic Stereotypes in Central and Eastern Europe1

This study examines changes in national and ethnic stereotypes between 1994 and 1995 among 625 adolescents from 6 central and eastern European countries. First, it was found that stereotypes of the national in-group and ethnic minority groups were stable, while stereotypes of specific national out-groups changed slightly in some of the countries. Second, the results indicate that foreign out-group stereotypes, in terms of morality, became more negative as a function of the economic deterioration in the perceivers' country. Third, the results show that stereotypes of foreign national groups are affected by changes in perceived economic and relational features of the national states. The results are discussed in relation to self-categorization theory, relative deprivation theory, social identity theory, and scapegoat theory.
Agent Tcl: A Flexible and Secure Mobile-Agent System

A mobile agent is an autonomous program that can migrate under its own control from machine to machine in a heterogeneous network. In other words, the program can suspend its execution at an arbitrary point, transport itself to another machine, and then resume execution from the point of suspension. Mobile agents have the potential to provide a {\em single, general framework} in which a wide range of distributed applications can be implemented efficiently and easily. Several challenges must be faced, however, most notably reducing migration overhead, protecting a machine from malicious agents (and an agent from malicious machines), and insulating the agent against network and machine failures. Agent Tcl is a mobile-agent system under development at Dartmouth College that has evolved from a Tcl-only system into a multiple-language system that currently supports Tcl, Java, and Scheme. In this thesis, we examine the motivation behind mobile agents, describe the base Agent Tcl system and its security mechanisms for protecting a machine against malicious agents, and analyze the system''s current performance. Finally, we discuss the security, fault-tolerance and performance enhancements that will be necessary for Agent Tcl and mobile agents in general to realize their full potential.
Å fremme studenters evne til refleksjon – en pedagogisk utfordring

Sammendrag Artikkelen retter oppmerksomheten mot refleksjonsprosessen i en sykepleierutdanning slik den kommer til uttrykk i studenters refleksjonsnotat. Fokus er pa notater som karakteriseres som ikke-reflekterte. At studenters refleksjonsnotater ikke inneholder refleksjonselementer er bekymringsfullt i en profesjonsutdanning. Hensikten med studien er a belyse noen trekk ved ikke-reflekterte refleksjonsnotater og kontrastere disse med notater som har refleksjon og derav utlede noen pedagogiske utfordringer. Det empiriske utvalget bestar av sykepleierstudenters skriftlige refleksjonsnotater fra praksisstudier i sykehjem 1. og 3. studiear. 18 notater var gjenstand for kvalitativ tematisk innholdsanalyse foruten en teoribasert analytisk modell bestaende av «Ikke reflektert», «Reflektert» og «Kritisk reflektert». Fem av notatene manglet refleksjonselementer. A ettersporre faglig kunnskap, skape rom for refleksjon, stimulere til nytenkning og verdsette medmenneskelighet gjennom hele utdanningen kan bidra i studenters refleksjonsprosess. Studenter ma ansvarliggjores og konfronteres med faglig resonnering, grunnlaget for handlinger og egne holdninger. Nar reflekterte praktikere er malet for profesjonsutdanninger, blir slike sider vesentlige. Abstract This article brings attention into process of reflection in nursing education, as expressed in students’ reflection journals. Main focus is on journals which are characterized as not reflective. The fact that some of the reflection journals have no elements of reflection is of great concern as students are educated for a profession. The aim of the study is to identify some characteristics of non-reflective journals as opposed to journals which are reflective, and subsequently identify pedagogical challenges. The empirical sample is nursing students’ written reflection journals from clinical studies in nursing during their 1 st and 3 rd academic year. 18 journals were subjected to qualitative thematic content analysis as well as to a theory based analytical model consisting of the three categories “Not reflection”, “Reflection” and “Critical reflection”. Five of the notes lacked elements of reflection. To ask for nursing knowledge, make room for reflection, stimulate innovation and embrace humanity may encourage students’ reflection process. The students must be held accountable for and be confronted with relevant arguments as these issues are foundational for actions and attitudes in becoming reflective practitioners. (Published: 18 October 2013) Citation: Uniped 2013, 36 : 22724 - http://dx.doi. org/10.3402/uniped.v36i3. 22724
Erroneous Classified Attack: A Time-Bomb

Over the past several years, the Internet environment has become more complex and un-trusted. Enterprise networked systems are inevitably exposed to the increasing threats posed by hackers as well as malicious users internal to a network. Intrusion Detection System (IDS) technology is one of the important tools used now-a-days, to detect such threats, which is a predictable element of the computer network system. Various IDS techniques has been proposed, which identifies and alarms for such threats or attacks. Data mining provides a wide range of techniques to classify these attacks. Today’s IDS faces a number of key challenging issues. The challenges like detect malicious activities of the large amount of network traffic. The main challenging if some attacks were sneaking as normal connection. [1] This paper provides a proposed system which performs well when compare to other IDS also introduce a comparative study of strong and weak points with other system on the attack detection rate of these existing classification techniques.