Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Vegetation of mono-layer landfill cover made of coal bottom ash and soil by compost application

Monolayer barriers called evapotranspiration (ET) covers were developed as alternative final cover systems in waste landfills but high-quality soil remains a limiting factor in these cover systems. Coal bottom ash was evaluated to be a very good alternative to soil in previous tests and a combination of soil (65% wt.wt-1) and coal bottom ash (35% wt.wt-1) was evaluated to be the most feasible materials for ET cover systems. In our pot test, selected manure compost as soil amendment for the composite ET cover system, which was made of soil and bottom ash at ca. 40 Mg.ha-1 application level was very effective to promote vegetation growth of three plants; namely, garden cosmos (Cosmosbipinnatus), Chinese bushclover (Lespedezacuneata), and leafy lespedeza (Lespedeza cyrtobotrya). To evaluate the effect of compost application on plant growth in an ET vegetative cover system, two couples of lysimeters, packed with soil and a mixture of soil and bottom ash, were installed in a pilot landfill cover system in 2007. Manure composts were applied at the rates of 0 and 40 Mg.ha-11before sowing the five plant species, i.e.indigo-bush (Amorphafruticosa), Japanese mugwort (Artemisia princeps, Arundinella hirta, Lespedezacuneata, and Lespedezacyrtobotrya). Unseeded native plant (green foxtail,Setaria viridis) was dominant in all treatments in the 1st year after installation while the growth of the sown plants significantly improved over the years. Total biomass productivity significantly increased with manure compost application, and more significantly increased in the composite ET cover made of soil and bottom ash treatment compared to the single soil ET cover, mainly due to more improved soil nutrient levels promoting vegetation growth and maintaining the vegetation system. The use of bottom ash as a mixing material in ET cover systems has a strong potential as an alternative to fine-grained soils, and manure compost addition can effectively enhance vegetative propagation in ET cover systems.
Study on seasonal variety of ocean color and delimitation between river and sea in Yellow River Estuary based on TM images

Using Landsat-5 TM image on November 24, 2004 and May 13, 2005; and quasi-synchronous surveyed data, the dynamic change of suspended silt and chlorophyll a in the Yellow River Estuary were inversed and the coastal line of this region was interpreted. The mean correlation coefficient between measured data and spectral signature value of every image is 0.85 which proved that the inversion is satisfying. The results show that there were different seasonal patterns between suspended silt and chlorophyll a. The concentration of suspended silt in the surface seawater in the estuary averaged 307.8mg/L in winter and 352.7mg/L in spring. While the Chlorophyll a concentration in the surface seawater averaged 0. 71μg/L in winter and 0. 59μg/L in spring. The surveyed data show one distinct boundary in concentration of suspended silt along the sampled stations. The reversed data from band1, band2, band3, band4 and band6 also show the same boundary at the same location. The results of interpreting coastal line show that there is a rapid alteration in the Yellow River Estuary coastal line. Although in low or median water level period, with advance extent of the coastal line, there were prominent on the south shore beside the Laizhou Bay than the other places. Integrated with the practical measured data, by means of RS method, the study can get the same conclusion as the other methods did on judging boundary sign between River and Sea. So it also can be regarded as an efficient method to confirm boundary of River and Sea, and be the most available way to study dynamic state of coastal line of river mouth.
Effect of Salinity and Currents on Sea Level Variation Along the Indian Coast: A Numerical Study

The process of upwelling/sinking and associated sea level variations are seen as a response of coastal ocean to pure wind stress forcing. Further,precipitation and monsoonal floods, apart from the marine meteorological parameters, are expected to influence the sea level fluctuations along the coast. This study comprises determining the sea level from the various parameters together with the pure wind stress forcing, which is compared with the observed cycle. However, it is found that there is considerable difference between the computations and observations. This suggests that the sea level is dependent not just on the local forcing alone, but also on the induced background circulation as well. For example, the sea level changes along the east coast of India, particularly the northern region, are more sensitive to freshwater discharge from various rivers joining the Bay of Bengal. This is due to more frequently occurring pre- and postmonsoon cyclonic storms and the associated surges in the Bay of Bengal as compared to the Arabian Sea. Hence the salinity effects are particularly important in the coastal waters off the east coast of India during monsoon months (June-September). For the west coast of India, however, it is expected that the large-scale coastal circulation may play a role in determining sea level changes in addition to other forcings. The salinity effects are negligible along the west coast in the absence of any major river systems that join the Arabian Sea. The local advection currents caused by the offshore directed freshwater discharge from various estuaries joining the coastal bay also seemed to influence the sea level. In order to elucidate the essential dynamics involved and to study the effect of the remote forcing, a three-dimensional baroclinic, nonlinear numerical model is used with appropriate open boundary conditions. The local effect of the current has been incorporated in the west coast model by means of opening a channel at Cochin through which the rainwater is carried away to the model ocean. The low saline plume, cascading from north along the east cost of India, has been incorporated in the east coast model through a proper forcing applied at the northern boundary of the model. With the inclusion of these remote forcings in the models, the disagreement between the simulations and the observations is minimized.
Three‐dimensional P and S velocity structure in the Coalinga Region, California

The Coalinga earthquake sequence of 1983 provided a unique opportunity to perform a three-dimensional velocity and hypocenter inversion in an area of complex three-dimensional structure dominated by folding and blind thrusts. Additionally, since other varied geological and geophysical studies have been completed in this area, the three-dimensional inversion solution could be compared to other interpretations. Inversion of 7696 P and 1511 S first arrivals from earthquakes and 696 P first arrivals from refraction shots produced a three-dimensional velocity model with grid spacing of 1–2 km in the hypocentral area. The overall shape and location of velocity features correspond well to the mapped surface geology. The three-dimensional inversion yields details of folds where the resolution is good and the general shape where resolution is lower. The amounts of structural relief inferred for the local folds are similar to values inferred from geologic data. The three-dimensional velocity solution has several distinctive features. There is a linear high-velocity body (6.1–6.5 km/s), about 25 km long, from 6 to 8 km depth, that may represent a fragment of Coast Range ophiolite. A shallow low-velocity zone (LVZ), which extends for 20 km along the fold axis at about 6 km depth and correlates with LVZs observed in both the refraction and the reflection data, may indicate high pore pressure caused by lateral compressive strain. Deeper LVZs occur within inferred Franciscan material and are characterized by horizontal or southwest dipping zones of varied thickness, 4–8 km wide and 5–10 km long. These LVZs may represent multiple thrust faults. Their locations and geometry are consistent with thrust faults inferred with seismic reflection data. The three-dimensional velocity solution compares well to prior two-dimensional seismic reflection and refraction models and observed gravity. The shape of the inferred sedimentary section agrees well with the reflections from the Cenozoic strata. Compared to the refraction model, the three-dimensional solution has similar velocities and similar locations of velocity features but is more detailed in the hypocentral zone where it uses more data. The gravity computed from the three-dimensional velocities is similar to the observed gravity in both shape and amplitude. Both a simple one-dimensional initial model and a complex initial model derived from the refraction interpretation were tried. A simple starting model gave the best results. The S velocity solution has different resolution than the P velocity solution because it uses a different set of stations, and it has lower resolution because it uses fewer arrival times. While the general patterns of velocity variation are similar for both Vp and Vs, the Vs solution tends to have more smearing of velocity features and can have somewhat different locations of velocity features.
Unraveling tectonic and Climatic Controls on Synorogenic Growth Strata (Northern Apennines, Italy)

We develop a new high-resolution stratigraphic age model to unravel the contributions of tectonic and climatic processes on early to late Pleistocene synorogenic growth strata. We capitalize on excellent, continuous exposures along the flank of the Po foreland in northern Italy to elucidate hydrologic, geomorphic, and sedimentologic processes that are regularly attributed to, but rarely proven to be caused by, glacial-interglacial climatic changes and unsteady rock uplift. We perform our analysis on the Enza section, a succession of marine and terrestrial strata exposed along the Enza River, between Parma and Reggio Emilia, northern Italy. Bedding in the Enza section displays synorogenic growth strata geometry, with bedding dips that range from 2° to 55°, that becomes progressively shallower upsection. We develop an age model that incorporates biostratigraphy, magnetostratigraphy, rock-magnetic cyclostratigraphy, cosmogenic radionuclide burial dating, and optically stimulated luminescence dating and shows that the Enza section spans the interval between 0.04 and 1.65 Ma. Furthermore, the age model pins the time of deposition for several lithostratigraphic units of regional significance and shows that sediment accumulation was unsteady, ranging from 14–31 cm/k.y. in the marine part of the section to 5–362 cm/k.y. in the overlying littoral and terrestrial part of the section. Unsteady deposition is most pronounced in the terrestrial deposits where thick fluvial gravel packages accumulated in short (∼10–15 k.y.) time periods that coincide with Quaternary glacial intervals. There is direct evidence for a dominant tectonic control in the older, marine part of the section. Here, sediment accumulation rates on the limb of the fold growing along this portion of the Northern Apennine mountain front show that between 1.07 and 1.65 Ma, repetitive progradation of neritic sand units directly followed pulses of rapid, punctuated uplift. In contrast, the cyclic terrestrial facies variations in the Enza section reveal that once the section became emergent at ca. 1 Ma and uplift slowed, climate was the dominant control on sediment production and deposition.
Self-potential signals associated with preferential groundwater flow pathways in sinkholes

Two self-potential (SP) surveys have been conducted at a test site located in Normandy, in the northwest of France, in a chalk karst in spring and summer 2005. The spring survey showed circular negative SP signals associated with the position of sinkholes and crypto-sinkholes, while the survey conducted during the summer showed fewer anomalies with lesser magnitudes. The negative SP anomalies observed in the spring survey were several tens of millivolts less than a reference located outside the ridge along which the sinkholes are located. In addition to the SP surveys, we also performed a DC electrical resistivity survey. The electrical resistivity tomogram shows the position of the interfaces between the chalk and the overlying clay with flint and loess covers and the position of the sinkholes. A linear relationship is observed between the SP signals and the thickness of the loess layer. In addition, large negative SP anomalies are associated with the sinkholes themselves. These SP signals are explained by solving the boundary value problem for the coupled hydroelectric problem. We fixed the boundary condition at the ground surface in terms of hydraulic flux associated with the infiltration of the meteoric water and a no-flow condition on the vertical boundaries. A finite element numerical simulation of this coupling is performed, and a fairly good agreement is obtained between the simulation and the observed SP signals. We show for the first time how the SP signals reflect mainly the topography of the clay with flint/loess interface and help to identify the location of sinkholes. Three-dimensional tomography algorithms are proposed to locate the source of these self-potential signals in the ground.
The effects of sound propagation and avoidance behaviour on naval sonar levels received by cetaceans

iii Acknowledgements . v List of acronyms . ix Chapter 1. General introduction . 1-1 1.1 Cetaceans and sonar . 1-1 1.2 Environmental risk assessment . 1-3 1.3 Current study . 1-5 Chapter 2. The effects of range, depth and acoustic propagation on sonar levels received by killer, long-finned pilot and sperm whales . 2-6 2.
The Socioeconomic and Health Status of RuralÃ¢â‚¬â€œUrban Migrants in Indonesia

This paper seeks to answer whether or not ruralurban migrants make it, i.e. whether or not they are able to, at least, achieve a socioeconomic and health status similar to that of their nonmigrant counterparts living in the same city. Using specifically collected data on rural urban migration, this study finds that, after controlling for various characteristics, migrants household incomes are significantly higher than those of nonmigrants. They also have a significantly lower probability to be absolutely poor than nonmigrants. Their health performance and that of their children are also no different from the health status of nonmigrants. There is only weak, and not robust, evidence that children of migrants have a higher probability of being significantly underweight. Their childrens educational performances do not lag behind. In fact, for lifetime migrants, there is evidence that their childrens educational attainments are significantly better than those of nonmigrants children. Therefore it can be inferred that the process of rural-to-urban migration in Indonesia is not a harmful process. In fact, it has been found to be beneficial to the socioeconomic condition of the migrants. It is a way to provide a better life for poor rural people. To allow this process to happen naturally, the government needs to reduce unnecessary barriers to rural people who want to move to urban areas.
Kajian Penanda Genetik Gen Cytochrome B Pada Tarsius sp. =Study of Genetic Marker on Cytochrome B Gene of Tarsius sp.

Tarsius merupakan salah satu satwa endemik Indonesia yang keberadaannya mulai memprihatinkan. Konservasi sebagai salah satu cara untuk pelestarian satwa ini akan lebih terarah dan berhasil guna apabila karakteristik dan keragaman sumber genetiknya diketahui dengan pasti. Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah mengkaji penanda genetik spesifik gen cyt b pada Tarsius sp. Pengurutan hasil PCR menggunakan primer H 15149 pada gen cyt b didapatkan urutan basa sebesar 276 pb (menyandi 92 asam amino. Fragmen cyt b hash! pengurutan disejajarkan berganda dengan primata lain dari data Genbank dengan bantuan perangkat lunak Genetyx-Win versi 3.0 dan Clustal W, kemudian dianalisis dengan menggunakan program MEGA versi 3.1. Dari hasil analisis diperoleh 14 situs asam amino yang berbeda. Tarsius dianae memiliki 12 situs asam amino (asam amino ke 2, 6, 9, 22, 23, 29, 39, 41, 42, 45, 55 dan 85), T. spectrum memiliki 7 situs asam amino (asam amino ke 2, 6, 9, 41, 45, 55 dan 85) dan T bancanus memiliki 2 situs asam amino ( ke 23 dan 45) yang dapat digunakan sebagai penanda genetik. Lima asam amino unik ditemukan pada T dianae, yaitu pada situs asam amino ke 6 (valina), ke 22 (alanina), ke 29 (alanina), ke 39 (serina) dan ke 42 (valina). Jarak genetik berdasar nukleotida cyt b yang dihitung menggunakan model 2 parameter Kimura ditemukan nilai paling kecil sebesar 0,7%, nilai paling besar 22,3% dan rata-rata 13,1%. Filogram menggunakan metode neighbor joining berdasar hasil urutan nukleotida dan asam amino cyt b tersebut dapat dijadikan pembeda masing-masing spesies Tarsius.
Geochemical and Isotopic Heterogeneities along an Island Arc–Spreading Ridge Intersection: Evidence from the Lewis Hills, Bay of Islands Ophiolite, Newfoundland

This study focuses on the origin of magma heterogeneity and the genesis of refractory, boninite-type magmas along an arc---ridge intersection, exposed in the Lewis Hills (Bay of Islands Ophiolite). The Lewis Hills contain the fossil fracture zone contact between a split island arc and its related marginal oceanic basin. Three types of intrusions, which are closely related to this narrow tectonic boundary, have been investigated. Parental melts in equilibrium with the ultramafic cumulates of the Pyroxenite Suite are inferred to have high MgO contents and low Al2O3, Na2O and TiO2 contents. The trace element signatures of these Pyroxenite Suite parental melts indicate a re-enriched, highly depleted source with 0 1 mid-ocean ridge basalt (MORB) abundances of the heavy rare earth elements (HREE). Initial eNd values of the Pyroxenite Suite range from y1 5 to 0 6, which overlap those observed for the island arc. Furthermore, the Pyroxenite Suite parental melts bear strong similarities to boninite-type equilibrium melts from island arc-related pyroxenitic dykes and harzburgites. Basaltic dykes split into two groups. Group I dykes have 0 6 MORB abundances of the HREE, and initial eNd values ranging from 5 4 to 7 5. Thus, they have a strong geochemical affinity with basalts derived from the marginal basin spreading ridge. Group II dykes have comparatively lower trace element abundances ( 0 3 MORB abundances of HREE), and slightly lower initial eNd values (5 4 to 5 9). The geochemical characteristics of the Group II dykes are transitional between those of Group I dykes and the Pyroxenite Suite parental melts. Cumulates from the Late Intrusion Suite are similarly transitional, with eNd values ranging from 2 9 to 4 6. We suggest that the magma heterogeneity observed in the Lewis Hills is due to the involvement of two compositionally distinct mantle sources, which are the sub-island lithospheric mantle and the asthenospheric marginal basin mantle. It is likely that the refractory, boninite-type parental melts of the Pyroxenite Suite result from remelting of the sub-arc lithospheric mantle at an arc---ridge intersection. Furthermore, it is suggested that the thermal-dynamic conditions of the transtensional transform fault have provided the prerequisite for generating magma heterogeneity, as a result of mixing relationships between arc-related and marginal basin-related magmas.
ENSO and Indian Ocean sea surface temperatures and their relationships with tropical temperate troughs over Mozambique and the Southwest Indian Ocean

An analysis of the inter‐annual frequency of the main summer rainfall producing synoptic system [tropical temperate troughs (TTTs)] over Mozambique and the Southwest Indian Ocean and their relationships with regional sea surface temperatures and circulation patterns is presented for the January–March season. Correlations and composite anomalies based on annual frequency of occurrence of TTTs over Mozambique suggest that TTT occurrence is related to La Niña and Southern Hemisphere planetary waves (wavenumber‐3 or ‐4) that modulate the subtropical high pressure cells in the three oceanic basins. These modulations lead to enhanced easterly winds over the South Indian Ocean and onshore moisture fluxes towards southeastern Africa. A stronger than average Angola low, particularly linked to La Niña, also plays an important role in the frequency and intensity of the TTT, by enhancing the wind and moisture convergence over southeastern Africa. Moisture fluxes over the warm Agulhas current and tropical southeast Atlantic also affect the rainfall variability over southern Africa to some extent during summers with a high frequency of TTT. Positive sea surface temperature (SST) anomalies over the tropical and subtropical South Indian Ocean that are linked to El Niño‐Southern Oscillation appear to play a significant role in causing dry conditions over Mozambique. These positive SST anomalies help promote convective activity offshore, and also weaken the northern half of the South Indian Ocean high pressure cell. As a result, the easterly winds are weakened leading to less onshore moisture fluxes than in the wet seasons. Copyright © 2009 Royal Meteorological Society
Shrews in Managed Northern Hardwood Stands in the Allegheny Mountains of West Virginia

Shrews are an abundant and important component of the mammalian fauna in central and southern Appalachian forested habitats. Because most soricids are small, cryptic, and difficult to survey, they typically have been underrepresented in research examining effects of forest management on small mammals. To assess shrew response to clearcutting northern hardwood forests in the Allegheny Mountains of West Virginia, we conducted a pitfall trapping survey during the late spring and early summer of 1998 and 1999 across a chronosequence of northern hardwood stand-ages from recently clearcut to those � 60 years old. Capture frequency of masked shrews (Sorex cinereus), smoky shrews (S. fumeus), and northern short-tailed shrews (Blarina brevicauda) did not differ among stand-ages. Shrew captures were influenced more by differences in weather conditions between years and pitfall type. Masked shrew and smoky shrew cap- tures were correlated positively with daily precipitation and negatively with maximum daily temperature in 1999, a severe drought year. Pitfalls placed along natural cover such as downed woody debris and emergent rock captured more masked shrews and smoky shrews than did pitfalls placed in the open forest floor. Rock shrews (S. dispar) and pygmy shrews (S. hoyi), both habitat specialists that our survey did not target, were collected only in pitfalls placed near cover. Proc. Annu. Conf. Southeast. Assoc, Fish and Wildl. Agencies 56:374-384
Evaluation of Eucalyptus Camaldulensis (river GUM) and Chamaecytisus Proliferu (Tagasaste) for salinity control by agroforestry

Components of the soil water balance were measured over a three year period for Eucalyptus camaldulenis and Chamaecytisus proliferus, species commonly used for revegetation in Western Australia, and compared with water balance components for pasture. Marked seasonal trends in evapotranspiration were observed for all species with maxima occurring in the wet months, and minima occurring in summer when rainfall was low and evaporative demand high. in each year of study, annual evapotranspiration and soil water depletions were greater for both tree species than for the pasture, due to the greater extraction of soil water at depth. Upward movement of water from the saturated zone was also found to be greater beneath the deeper rooted perennials than beneath pasture. Copyright