Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
The Usefulness of NMR Quantum Computing

would be determined not only by the production , but also by the (hydrolytic) destruction rate of polyphosphate before it could reach the deep ocean. A detailed discussion has to take into account the following considerations (8), among others: Phosphate would condense out of rock vapor after much of the silicate had condensed. So, rock rain would concentrate phosphate in the remaining air. The rock rain drops would fall through the surface layer and would be quenched in seconds in the ocean. Water rain would not fall until later, when the atmosphere became cooler than the critical point. This water rain would initially be buoyant on saline water and cool slowly. In a reduced rock vapor with metallic iron, P is not volatile; it condenses in solid solution, and then as Fe 3 P. This would happen in a major impact, when metallic iron is present. Phosphorous becomes a lithosphile at lower temperatures as phosphate. If iron drops quench, then P might react at low temperature. On the other hand, iron phosphide in Fe metal drops may be a good starting material for interesting prebiotic reactions. In a more oxidizing impact of silicate without metallic iron, phosphate may become concentrated more in the final vapor. [The moon is somewhat depleted in P relative to the Earth, so the final vapor that was lost to space was somewhat enriched in P (9)]. Finally, a further point has to be taken into account: Keefe and Miller (4) pointed out that if the partial pressure of water vapor exceeds 6 bar, the entropy-driven condensation reaction of phosphate into polyphosphate and water would be driven in the reverse direction. This limits the size of the impactor useful for producing polyphosphates to about 90-km diameter (8). Much bigger blasts in earlier times (even bigger than ocean blaster) would have destroyed any complex molecules, including polyphosphates, [the water vapor atmosphere lasts 3000 years (7)], but could still be beneficial for the later origin of life by reworking the upper crust thoroughly and " leaching out " the phosphate fraction. Because phosphate probably remained airborne longer than the rock fraction (8), it would be more concentrated in the upper layers of the Earth's crust after re-condensation. There it could be mobilized again by not so massive and deep penetrating impacts. Such large impactors, however, would have an iron core. So the above-described process has to compete with …
Evaluating service quality of the subject librarian based on fuzzy variable

Evaluation on subject librarian service quality is the key step to get a better subject librarian service quality and obtain consumers' satisfaction. In this paper, a new approach, which is based on fuzzy variable, analytical hierarchy process and entropy method, is proposed to deal with the problem of the subject librarian service quality evaluation. Case study is provided to illustrate the implementation and effectiveness of the method.
The next generation of silicon-based plastics: Polyhedral oligomeric silsesquioxane (POSS) nanocomposites

Abstract : The proposed operational requirements of future military, space, and commercial vehicles, have forced designers and engineers to increasingly incorporate lightweight polymeric structures into higher temperature Component applications. Consequently, existing hydrocarbon. based resin technology will be pushed to its critical thermal performance limits while material performance issues such as reduced flammability and retention of mechanical properties at elevated temperatures have not been satisfactorily resolved. Despite manufacturers' and molders' attempts to obtain new physical properties from the existing pool of polymer types, the low cost avenues of polymer-polymer blending and processing manipulations have only produced incremental improvements to properties. Surprisingly the development of new chemical feedstock technologies that may offer high-tech solutions to inherent material-property shortcomings have not been seriously pursued.
Non-Native Plant Litter Enhances Soil Carbon Dioxide Emissions in an Invaded Annual Grassland

Litter decomposition is a fundamental ecosystem process in which breakdown and decay of plant detritus releases carbon and nutrients. Invasive exotic plants may produce litter that differs from native plant litter in quality and quantity. Such differences may impact litter decomposition and soil respiration in ways that depend on whether exotic and native plant litters decompose in mixtures. However, few field experiments have examined how exotic plants affect soil respiration via litter decomposition. Here, we conducted an in situ study of litter decomposition of an annual native grass (Eragrostis pilosa), a perennial exotic forb (Alternanthera philoxeroides), and their mixtures in an annual grassland in China to examine potential invasion effects on soil respiration. Alternanthera litter decomposed faster than Eragrostis litter when each was incubated separately. Mass loss in litter mixes was more rapid than predicted from rates in single species bags (only 35% of predicted mass remained at 8 months) showing synergistic effects. Notably, exotic plant litter decomposition rate was unchanged but native plant litter decomposition rate was accelerated in mixtures (decay constant k = 0.20 month−1) compared to in isolation (k = 0.10 month−1). On average, every litter type increased soil respiration compared to bare soil from which litter was removed. However, the increases were larger for mixed litter (1.82 times) than for Alternanthera litter (1.58 times) or Eragrostis litter (1.30 times). Carbon released as CO2 relative to litter carbon input was also higher for mixed litter (3.34) than for Alternathera litter (2.29) or Eragrostis litter (1.19). Our results indicated that exotic Alternanthera produces rapidly decomposing litter which also accelerates the decomposition of native plant litter in litter mixtures and enhances soil respiration rates. Thus, this exotic invasive plant species will likely accelerate carbon cycling and increase soil respiration even at intermediate stages of invasion in these annual grasslands.
Effect of mu-opioids morphine and buprenorphine on the development of adjuvant arthritis in rats.

OBJECTIVE AND DESIGN On the basis that endogenous opioids play a role in the physiological response to inflammation, this study tests the anti-arthritic effects of a mu-opioid agonist, morphine and the partial mu-agonist, buprenorphine. MATERIAL Male Lewis rats were used. TREATMENT Rats were inoculated subcutaneously with 0.05 ml of Freund's complete adjuvant (5 mg/ml) into the right hind paw to produce adjuvant arthritis. Morphine (either 10 to 60 mg/kg/day s.c. bolus or 60 mg/kg/day s.c. infusion) and buprenorphine (0.65 +/- 0.06 mg/kg/day, orally), respectively, were administered for 3 days during the primary inflammatory phase of adjuvant arthritis. METHODS The progression of adjuvant arthritis was monitored every three days by body weight change and hind limb oedema (ipsilateral and contralateral). On day 21 the animals were sacrificed and histology and radiography of the contralateral limb were performed. In rats receiving Freund's adjuvant and no drug treatment, the incidence of arthritis was 89%. Effect was expressed as the pooled severity index (PSI) derived from the arithmetic average of the volume, histology and radiography scores in the contralateral hind limb. RESULTS Buprenorphine had no effect on experimental arthritis (PSI control vs treated: 242 +/- 28 vs 253 +/- 28%). In contrast, morphine by subcutaneous injection twice daily (10 to 60 mg/kg/day) but not by subcutaneous infusion (60 mg/kg/day) was found to attenuate the progression of adjuvant arthritis in a dose-dependent manner. This indicates that the anti-arthritic effects of morphine are opioid receptor mediated (ED50, 58 +/- 9 mg/kg) and suggests that the local concentration reached effective levels only after subcutaneous injection. It is also possible that the high doses of morphine were anti-inflammatory through effects at the kappa receptor. However, these high doses of morphine produced death in one third of the rats, the calculated lethal dose (LD50, 63 +/- 2 mg/kg) being close to the effective dose. CONCLUSION Anti-arthritic effects of morphine are opioid receptor mediated but morphine use for this indication is restricted by its adverse effects.
Dynamic Modeling and Controller Design for a Spherical Rolling Robot Equipped With a Gyro

In this paper, we derive a dynamic model of a spherical rolling robot that has a new driving mechanism equipped with a gyro and design a controller to stabilize a desired translational motion of the robot. Due to the angular momentum of the gyro, nutation motion of the internal mechanism of the robot may be caused. A feedback controller is designed to achieve the stabilization to a straight motion of the robot and nutation damping in the internal mechanism simultaneously. The asymptotic stability is proved using a Lyapunov function, and the effectiveness of the controller is verified by experiments. The controller is also successfully applied to other translational motions such as a circular motion and a meandering motion.
The Presence of m1 to m5 Receptors in Human Sclera: Evidence of the Sclera as a Potential Site of Action for Muscarinic Receptor Antagonists

Purpose: The aim of this study was to identify the presence of muscarinic acetylcholine receptors (mAChRs) in human sclera in order to determine whether the sclera is a potential site of action for mAChR antagonists. Methods: Cell lines of human scleral fibroblasts were cultured in Dulbecco modified Ealge's medium. Reverse transcription–polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and Northern blot analysis were used to detect mRNA expression of muscarinic acetylcholine receptors in the cell lines of the fibroblasts. Western blot analysis and immunocytochemistry were used to detect proteins of mAChRs in the cell lines. Immunohistochemical study was used to further detect the presence of mAChR proteins in the frozen scleral sections. Results: The cultured fibroblasts demonstrated mRNA expression of five mAChRs (m1 to m5) in RT-PCR and Northern blot analysis. The molecular size of mRNA expression was largest for the m3 receptor, followed by the m2, m4, m5, and m1 in both RT-PCR and Northern blot analysis. Proteins of the m1 to m5 receptors were present in cell line fibroblasts under Western blot analysis and immunocytochemistry with a range of molecular weight from 80 kDa (m5) to 60 kDa (m1) in Western blot analysis. The presence of these five receptors was also detected in scleral tissues with immunohistochemistry. Conclusions: This study demonstrated the presence of mAChR subtypes (m1 to m5) in human scleral fibroblasts at both mRNA and protein levels. This finding indicates that the sclera is a potential site of action for the currently used mAChR antagonists in prevention of human myopia.
Performance of a genetic risk score for CKD stage 3 in the general population.

BACKGROUND Recent genome-wide association studies have identified multiple genetic loci that increase the risk of chronic kidney disease (CKD) in the general population. We hypothesized that knowledge of these loci might permit improved CKD risk prediction beyond that provided by traditional phenotypic risk factors. STUDY DESIGN Observational cohort study. SETTING & PARTICIPANTS Participants who attended the 15th (1977-1979) and 24th (1995-1998) examination cycles of the original cohort or the 6th (1995-1998) and 8th cycles (2005-2008) of the offspring cohort of the Framingham Heart Study (n = 2,489). PREDICTORS Single-nucleotide polymorphisms at 16 stage 3 CKD loci were genotyped and used to construct a genetic risk score. Standard clinical predictors of incident stage 3 CKD also were used. OUTCOMES & MEASUREMENTS Incident stage 3 CKD was defined as estimated glomerular filtration rate <60 mL/min/1.73 m(2) at follow-up. Participants with baseline stage 3 CKD were excluded. Logistic regression was used to generate C statistics, which measured the power of the genetic risk score to discriminate risk of incident CKD stage 3 with and without traditional risk factors. RESULTS There were 270 new stage 3 CKD cases during an average of 10.8 years of follow-up. Mean genetic risk score was 17.5 ± 2.8 (SD) for those who developed stage 3 CKD and 17.3 ± 2.6 for those who did not (P for genotype score difference = 0.2). The OR for stage 3 CKD was 1.06 (95% CI, 1.01-1.11; P = 0.03) per additional risk allele, adjusting for age and sex. In the age- and sex-adjusted model, the C statistic was 0.748 without the genotype score and 0.751 with the score (P difference = 0.3). The risk score was not statistically significant in a multivariable model adjusted for standard stage 3 CKD risk factors (P = 0.07). LIMITATIONS All participants were of European ancestry; the genotype score may not be valid in different ancestral groups. CONCLUSIONS A genetic score generated from 16 known CKD risk alleles did not predict new cases of stage 3 CKD in the community beyond knowledge of common clinical risk factors alone.
Incidence of and Risk Factors for Chronic Opioid Use Among Opioid-Naive Patients in the Postoperative Period.

IMPORTANCE Chronic opioid use imposes a substantial burden in terms of morbidity and economic costs. Whether opioid-naive patients undergoing surgery are at increased risk for chronic opioid use is unknown, as are the potential risk factors for chronic opioid use following surgery. OBJECTIVE To characterize the risk of chronic opioid use among opioid-naive patients following 1 of 11 surgical procedures compared with nonsurgical patients. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS Retrospective analysis of administrative health claims to determine the association between chronic opioid use and surgery among privately insured patients between January 1, 2001, and December 31, 2013. The data concluded 11 surgical procedures (total knee arthroplasty [TKA], total hip arthroplasty, laparoscopic cholecystectomy, open cholecystectomy, laparoscopic appendectomy, open appendectomy, cesarean delivery, functional endoscopic sinus surgery [FESS], cataract surgery, transurethral prostate resection [TURP], and simple mastectomy). Multivariable logistic regression analysis was performed to control for possible confounders, including sex, age, preoperative history of depression, psychosis, drug or alcohol abuse, and preoperatice use of benzodiazepines, antipsychotics, and antidepressants. EXPOSURES One of the 11 study surgical procedures. MAIN OUTCOMES AND MEASURES Chronic opioid use, defined as having filled 10 or more prescriptions or more than 120 days' supply of an opioid in the first year after surgery, excluding the first 90 postoperative days. For nonsurgical patients, chronic opioid use was defined as having filled 10 or more prescriptions or more than 120 days' supply following a randomly assigned "surgery date. " RESULTS The study included 641 941 opioid-naive surgical patients (169 666 men; mean [SD] age, 44.0 [12.8] years), and 18 011 137 opioid-naive nonsurgical patients (8 849 107 men; mean [SD] age, 42.4 [12.6] years). Among the surgical patients, the incidence of chronic opioid in the first preoperative year ranged from 0.119% for Cesarean delivery (95% CI, 0.104%-0.134%) to 1.41% for TKA (95% CI, 1.29%-1.53%) The baseline incidence of chronic opioid use among the nonsurgical patients was 0.136% (95% CI, 0.134%-0.137%). Except for cataract surgery, laparoscopic appendectomy, FESS, and TURP, all of the surgical procedures were associated with an increased risk of chronic opioid use, with odds ratios ranging from 1.28 (95% CI, 1.12-1.46) for cesarean delivery to 5.10 (95% CI, 4.67-5.58) for TKA. Male sex, age older than 50 years, and preoperative history of drug abuse, alcohol abuse, depression, benzodiazepine use, or antidepressant use were associated with chronic opioid use among surgical patients. CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE In opioid-naive patients, many surgical procedures are associated with an increased risk of chronic opioid use in the postoperative period. A certain subset of patients (eg, men, elderly patients) may be particularly vulnerable.
Sampling density compensation in MRI: Rationale and an iterative numerical solution

Data collection of MRI which is sampled nonuniformly in k‐space is often interpolated onto a Cartesian grid for fast reconstruction. The collected data must be properly weighted before interpolation, for accurate reconstruction. We propose a criterion for choosing the weighting function necessary to compensate for nonuniform sampling density. A numerical iterative method to find a weighting function that meets that criterion is also given. This method uses only the coordinates of the sampled data; unlike previous methods, it does not require knowledge of the trajectories and can easily handle trajectories that “cross” in k‐space. Moreover, the method can handle sampling patterns that are undersampled in some regions of k‐space and does not require a post‐gridding density correction. Weighting functions for various data collection strategies are shown. Synthesized and collected in vivo data also illustrate aspects of this method. Magn Reson Med 41:179–186, 1999. © 1999 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Word-based probabilistic phonetic retrieval for low-resource spoken term detection

Two problems make Spoken Term Detection (STD) particularly challenging under low-resource conditions: the low quality of speech recognition hypotheses, and a high number of out-ofvocabulary (OOV) words. In this paper, we propose an intuitive way to handle OOV terms for STD on word-based Confusion Networks using phonetic similarities, and generalize it into a probabilistic and vocabulary-independent retrieval framework. We then reflect on how several heuristics and Machine Learning based methods can be incorporated into this framework to improve retrieval performance. We present experimental results on several low-resource languages from IARPA’s Babel program, such as Assamese, Bengali, Haitian, and Lao.
Bioceramics

Part 1 Bone biology - general. Part 2 Bioceramics - present and future. Part 3 Bioceramics - preparation and properties: alumina zirconia calcium phosphates bioglass composites coatings cements. Part 4 Cells and bioceramics interactions in vitro. Part 5 Tissue response to bioceramics. Part 6 Biomimetics, tissue engineering, growth factors, drug delivery: biomimetics tissue engineering and growth factors drug delivery. Part 7 Clinical applications: dental applications medical applications. Part 8 Methods - special preparation and analysis: surface modifications of implant special preparations and analytical techniques.
To bend a coralline: effect of joint morphology on flexibility and stress amplification in an articulated calcified seaweed

SUMMARY Previous studies have demonstrated that fleshy seaweeds resist wave-induced drag forces in part by being flexible. Flexibility allows fronds to `go with the flow', reconfiguring into streamlined shapes and reducing frond area projected into flow. This paradigm extends even to articulated coralline algae, which produce calcified fronds that are flexible only because they have distinct joints (genicula). The evolution of flexibility through genicula was a major event that allowed articulated coralline algae to grow elaborate erect fronds in wave-exposed habitats. Here we describe the mechanics of genicula in the articulated coralline Calliarthron and demonstrate how segmentation affects bending performance and amplifies bending stresses within genicula. A numerical model successfully predicted deflections of articulated fronds by assuming genicula to be assemblages of cables connecting adjacent calcified segments (intergenicula). By varying the dimensions of genicula in the model, we predicted the optimal genicular morphology that maximizes flexibility while minimizing stress amplification. Morphological dimensions of genicula most prone to bending stresses (i.e. genicula near the base of fronds) match model predictions.
Meta-analytic study of implant survival following sinus augmentation

Objectives: To evaluate graft types used for maxillary sinus augmentation and review success rates of dental implants inserted in these areas, analyzing the graft materials used, implant surface types and the moment of implant placement. Study Design: A meta-analytic study reviewing articles on sinus augmentation published during the last ten years. Results: 3,975 implants placed in sinus augmentations (with bony windows) were registered, of which 3,749 implants survived, a survival rate of 94.3%. Conclusions: When performing sinus augmentation, bone substitute materials are just as effective as autologous bone, whether used alone or in combination with autologous bone. Implant surface treatments can have an important effect on implant survival and it would appear that roughened surfaces are the best option. When implants are inserted simultaneously to grafting, a higher failure rate can be expected. Key words: Sinus augmentation, bone implant, bone regeneration, dental implant.
A New Allotypic Specificity in the Mouse (MuA2)

IMMUNOLOGICAL differences between γ-globulins of the same species have been demonstrated in man, rabbit, guinea pig, mouse and possibly baboon. In man and rabbit, these differences have been examined in great detail1. In the mouse, only one allotypic specificity has so far been described in a report by Kelus and Moor-Jankowski2. These authors elicited, in C57BL mice, an antibody to the γ-globulin of BALB/c mice. This antibody reacted with the γ-globulin of BALB/c, C3H/He and ‘Champagne Glaxo’ individuals. We have immunized BALB/cJ mice with the antigen obtained from C3H/HeN × C57BL/6J mice in two ways: (1) by injection with sera incorporated in Freund's adjuvant; (2) by injection with bacteria coated with antibody incorporated in Freund's adjuvant or suspended in 0.15 M sodium chloride3.