Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
False Belief Understanding in Young Children: Explanations do not Develop Before Predictions

Two studies contrasted children’s ability to predict a wrong action with their ability to explain such an action in a standard unexpected transfer task. It was found that the majority of 31/2- to 41/2-year-old children was unable to explain in an appropriate way why the protagonist looked for the critical object in the wrong place and, therefore, exhibited at least as much difficulty with explanation as with prediction. This finding speaks against Fodor’s (1992) critical account of the standard false belief tasks. According to Fodor, these tasks induce children to rely on too simple action prediction heuristics (“Predict that the agent will act in a way that will satisfy his desire”) although they possess an understanding of belief and desire as joint causes of action. Analysis of children’s inadequate explanatory attempts showed that in the majority of these answers they referred to the protagonist’s desire to get the object or to the actual location of the object. These desire and reality orientations in explanation are similar to response tendencies in prediction and suggest a lacking in understanding of the causal links between misleading informational conditions, epistemic states, and resulting actions in younger children.
Genetic Evidence for Hybrid Trait Speciation in Heliconius Butterflies

Homoploid hybrid speciation is the formation of a new hybrid species without change in chromosome number. So far, there has been a lack of direct molecular evidence for hybridization generating novel traits directly involved in animal speciation. Heliconius butterflies exhibit bright aposematic color patterns that also act as cues in assortative mating. Heliconius heurippa has been proposed as a hybrid species, and its color pattern can be recreated by introgression of the H. m. melpomene red band into the genetic background of the yellow banded H. cydno cordula. This hybrid color pattern is also involved in mate choice and leads to reproductive isolation between H. heurippa and its close relatives. Here, we provide molecular evidence for adaptive introgression by sequencing genes across the Heliconius red band locus and comparing them to unlinked wing patterning genes in H. melpomene, H. cydno, and H. heurippa. 670 SNPs distributed among 29 unlinked coding genes (25,847bp) showed H. heurippa was related to H. c. cordula or the three species were intermixed. In contrast, among 344 SNPs distributed among 13 genes in the red band region (18,629bp), most showed H. heurippa related with H. c. cordula, but a block of around 6,5kb located in the 3′ of a putative kinesin gene grouped H. heurippa with H. m. melpomene, supporting the hybrid introgression hypothesis. Genealogical reconstruction showed that this introgression occurred after divergence of the parental species, perhaps around 0.43Mya. Expression of the kinesin gene is spatially restricted to the distal region of the forewing, suggesting a mechanism for pattern regulation. This gene therefore constitutes the first molecular evidence for adaptive introgression during hybrid speciation and is the first clear candidate for a Heliconius wing patterning locus.
Distribution and variability study of the femur cortical thickness from computer tomography

In the context of patient-specific 3D bone reconstruction, enhancing the surface with cortical thickness (COT) opens a large field of applications for research and medicine. This functionality calls for database analysis for better knowledge of COT. Our study provides a new approach to reconstruct 3D internal and external cortical surfaces from computer tomography (CT) scans and analyses COT distribution and variability on a set of asymptomatic femurs. The reconstruction method relies on a short (∼5 min) initialisation phase based on 3D reconstruction from biplanar CT-based virtual X-rays and an automatic optimisation phase based on intensity-based cortical structure detection in the CT volume, the COT being the distance between internal and external cortical surfaces. Surfaces and COT show root mean square reconstruction errors below 1 and 1.3 mm. Descriptions of the COT distributions by anatomical regions are provided and principal component analysis has been applied. The first mode, 16–50% of the variance, corresponds to the variation of the mean COT around its averaged shape; the second mode, 9–28%, corresponds to a fine variation of its shape. A femur COT model can, therefore, be described as the averaged COT distribution in which the first parameter adjusts its mean value and a second parameter adjusts its shape.
Role of Receptor Tyrosine Kinase Signaling in Renal Fibrosis

Renal fibrosis can be induced in different renal diseases, but ultimately progresses to end stage renal disease. Although the pathophysiologic process of renal fibrosis have not been fully elucidated, it is characterized by glomerulosclerosis and/or tubular interstitial fibrosis, and is believed to be caused by the proliferation of renal inherent cells, including glomerular epithelial cells, mesangial cells, and endothelial cells, along with defective kidney repair, renal interstitial fibroblasts activation, and extracellular matrix deposition. Receptor tyrosine kinases (RTKs) regulate a variety of cell physiological processes, including metabolism, growth, differentiation, and survival. Many studies from in vitro and animal models have provided evidence that RTKs play important roles in the pathogenic process of renal fibrosis. It is also showed that tyrosine kinases inhibitors (TKIs) have anti-fibrotic effects in basic research and clinical trials. In this review, we summarize the evidence for involvement of specific RTKs in renal fibrosis process and the employment of TKIs as a therapeutic approach for renal fibrosis.
Genetic Polymorphisms of CYP2E1 and Risk of Colorectal Cancer: The Fukuoka Colorectal Cancer Study

Cytochrome P450 2E1 (CYP2E1) is involved in the metabolic activation of a wide variety of potential carcinogens, and functional polymorphisms in the CYP2E1 gene have been investigated in relation to colorectal cancer. We examined the relation of the CYP2E1 RsaI and 96-bp insertion polymorphisms to colorectal cancer risk and the interaction between these polymorphisms and some lifestyle risk factors. Subjects were 685 incident cases of colorectal cancer and 778 community controls. Statistical adjustment was made for alcohol use, body mass index, physical activity, and other factors. The RsaI c2 allele was associated with a decreased risk of rectal cancer [adjusted odds ratio for at least one c2 allele, 0.71; 95% confidence interval (95% CI), 0.53-0.95], and an increased risk of rectal cancer was observed among individuals having one or two 96-bp insertion alleles (adjusted odds ratio, 1.40; 95% CI, 1.06-1.85). Individuals with two 96-bp insertion alleles showed a 2.28-fold increase in colon cancer risk (95% CI, 1.29-4.01). The two polymorphisms were in almost complete linkage disequilibrium (D′ = 0.94). A positive association between alcohol intake and colorectal cancer was observed only in individuals without RsaI c2 allele (Ptrend = 0.03) or in those without 96-bp insertion allele (Ptrend = 0.009). Colon cancer risk was increased in relation to red meat intake only in individuals having one or two 96-bp insertion alleles (Pinteraction = 0.03). The present study suggests that variation in activity and inducibility of CYP2E1, in relation to alcohol or red meat intake, contributes to the development of colorectal cancer. (Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2009;18(1):235–41)
MoonWalker, a lower limb exoskeleton able to sustain bodyweight using a passive force balancer

This paper presents MoonWalker, a lower limb exoskeleton able to sustain part of a user's bodyweight. This orthosis can be used for rehabilitation, to help people having weak legs, or to help those suffering from a broken leg, to walk. It can also be used as an assistive device helping people carrying heavy loads. Its main characteristic is that a passive force balancer provides the force to sustain bodyweight. An actuator is also required, but is used only to shift that force the same side as the leg in stance. Consequently, MoonWalker requires very low energy to work on flat terrains. That motor can provide also a part of the energy to climb stairs or slopes. We believe that this approach can help improving energetic autonomy of lower limb exoskeletons.
Cyber-trespass and 'Unauthorized Access' as Legal Mechanisms of Access Control: Lessons from the US Experience

The common law doctrine of trespass to chattels has recently been revived and applied by courts in the United States (US) to cover intrusions (in the form of electronic signals) to computer systems connected to the Internet. These cases represent judicial recognition of the need to protect certain unwanted intrusions in cyberspace, though the principles developed therewith are remarkably expansive. As such, they overlap with the concept of 'unauthorized access' under computer misuse legislation in the US and elsewhere. This overlap has yet to be judicially acknowledged. Since the US, the United Kingdom and other common law countries not only share a common law ancestry but also 'unauthorized access' principles as the primary trigger for computer misuse, this paper seeks to examine the consequences of developing a broad cyber-trespass doctrine beyond the US, and its corresponding implications for judicial interpretations of 'unauthorized access' in the common law world.
2016 Ieee International Conference on Big Data (big Data) towards Resource-efficient Cloud Systems: Avoiding Over-provisioning in Demand-prediction Based Resource Provisioning

—Demand-prediction based resource provisioning schemes help assure service level objectives (SLO) in cloud systems. We notice that if a provisioning scheme does not exclude bursts from historical resource demands in normal demand prediction or always uses a large padding to correct under-prediction, it will lead to resource over-provisioning and low resource utilization. To improve the previous schemes, in this paper, we present a Resource-efficient Predictive Resource Provisioning system in clouds (RPRP) that excludes bursts in demand prediction and has algorithms to specifically handle bursts to avoid resource over-provisioning. Rather than setting padding to a possibly high value, RPRP has a load-dependent padding algorithm that adaptively determines padding based on predicted demands. To handle bursts, RPRP embodies a responsive padding algorithm that adaptively adjusts padding to recover from both under-provisioning and over-provisioning. We implemented RPRP on top of Xen and conducted both trace-driven simulation and real-world testbed experiments. The experimental results show that RPRP achieves higher resource utilization, more accurate demand predictions, and fewer SLO violations than previous schemes.
Transversal European survey on testosterone deficiency diagnosis

Background: Despite being one of the relevant public health threats among ageing men, testosterone deficiency syndrome (TDS) is under-recognized and under-diagnosed. Objective: To assess current clinical practices of European physicians regarding diagnosis and management of TDS compared with current guidelines. Methods: Postal survey conducted June–November 2008 in France, Germany, Italy and Spain among urologists, endocrinologists and general practitioners to collect information regarding knowledge of TDS. Results: Among 801 respondents, the majority of endocrinologists and urologists had received training on TDS, either initially or as part of continuous medical education. TDS was recognized by 86.5% of physicians as a true clinical entity, and estimated the prevalence at 10–15% of the male population; 73.5% considered that symptoms and a low level of testosterone were required for diagnosis. Treatment preferences were quarterly intramuscular injections (26.3% of physicians), percutaneous gels (23.9%), matrix patch (21.2%), semi-monthly injections (15.4%) and oral therapy (13.4%). Adverse effects of testosterone replacement therapy, such as benign prostatic hyperplasia and prostate cancer, were a concern for physicians. Conclusions: TDS management appeared to be close to that recommended in international guidelines. Signs and symptoms of testosterone deficiency were fairly well known, but some diagnostic and treatment variations were observed.
The shear rheology of semi-dilute DNA solutions

Dilute polymer solutions and polymer melts in shear flow have been extensively studied experimentally and theoretically. However, a systematic experimental study to understand the influence of concentration, temperature and molecular weight on the rheology of semidilute polymer solutions is currently lacking. Such knowledge is of crucial importance in a number of industrial and biological contexts. In this work, the shear rheology of linear DNA molecules (which have near perfect monodispersity) has been investigated in a wide range of molecular weights (25 - 165.6 kilobasepairs), temperatures and concentrations. Steady state shear viscosities in semi-dilute regime have been determined. The dependence of the zero shear rate viscosity on concentration is observed to display universal behaviour that can be understood in the framework of scaling theories for polymer solutions. Further, the shear rate dependence of viscosity, at various temperatures, can be collapsed onto a master curve when interpreted in terms of a concentration dependent Weissenberg number. The current work will provide benchmark data that can be used for the validation of theoretical studies.
Tumor‐antigen‐specific humoral immune response of animals to anti‐idiotypic antibodies and comparative serological analysis of patients with small‐cell lung carcinoma

We have previously developed 3 monoclonal anti‐idiotypic antibodies (Ab2) of LOU rat origin directed against the binding site of the murine monoclonal IgM LAM8, which recognizes the small‐cell lung carcinoma (SCLC)‐associated sialoglycoprotein antigen sGP90–135. The aim of this study was to compare the efficiencies of these 3 Ab2, designated LY8–229, LX8–531 and LX8–632, to induce antigen‐specific immunity in different animal species without prior exposure of the recipients to the nominal antigen, and thereby possibly select an Ab2 candidate for active immunotherapy against SCLC in patients. The feasibility of this approach was further evaluated by a serological analysis of patients with SCLC compared with healthy individuals, in whom the spontaneous antibody reactivities against SCLC cell lines and Ab2 were tested. LY8–229 was shown to be the most effective Ab2 in inducing antigen‐specific antibodies in BALB/c mice, CBA/J/Zur mice and one NZW rabbit. Furthermore, LY8–229 was the only Ab2 against which significantly elevated idiotype‐specific antibody reactivities existed in sera of patients with SCLC. These reactivities correlated positively with binding to antigen‐positive tumor cells. Our findings suggest that LY8–229 represents in its reactivity pattern the nominal SCLC antigen in humans also, and therefore may be of diagnostic and possibly therapeutic relevance for patients with SCLC.
Design and Analysis of Quaternary Logic Lookup Table in Standard CMOS

Binary logics and devices have been developed with an advance technology and gate design era. The design and implementation of each logical circuit become compact and easier to design. Therefore present logic devices that can implement in binary and multi valued logic system. Except binary value logic the multi-valued logic system logic gates differ in different logic systems, a quaternary logic has become mature in terms of logic gates and algebraic terms. Some multi valued logic systems such as ternary and quaternary logic schemes have been developed. Quaternary logic has several advantages over binary logic. Therefore it require half the number of digits to store any information than its binary equivalent it is good for storage; the quaternary storage mechanism is less than twice as complex as the binary system. The Various digital building blocks and quaternary logic gates are presented and its power comparisons are made by using tanner tool.
Short-Term Forgetting and the Articulatory Loop

Two experiments explored the role of subvocal articulatory rehearsal in the Peterson short-term forgetting task. In the first of these, subjects recalled consonant trigrams after an interval of 0, 5 or 15 s during which they either counted backwards in threes, suppressed articulation by continuously uttering the word “the”, or in a third control condition continuously tapped on the table. While counting backwards caused the usual dramatic forgetting, tapping caused no forgetting, and articulatory suppression only minimal forgetting at the longest delay. A second study used the same procedure but included only two conditions, articulatory suppression during the retention interval and articulatory suppression during both input and retention. Neither showed evidence of forgetting over the 15 s delay. These results suggest that covert speech is not necessary for rehearsal in short-term verbal memory. As such they call for a re-evaluation of the nature and function of rehearsal.
Internal ribosome entry site within hepatitis C virus RNA

The mechanism of initiation of translation on hepatitis C virus (HCV) RNA was investigated in vitro. HCV RNA was transcribed from the cDNA that corresponded to nucleotide positions 9 to 1772 of the genome by using phage T7 RNA polymerase. Both capped and uncapped RNAs thus transcribed were active as mRNAs in a cell-free protein synthesis system with lysates prepared from HeLa S3 cells or rabbit reticulocytes, and the translation products were detected by anti-gp35 antibodies. The data indicate that protein synthesis starts at the fourth AUG, which was the initiator AUG at position 333 of the HCV RNA used in this study. Efficiency of translation of the capped methylated RNA appeared to be similar to that of the capped unmethylated RNA. However, a capped methylated RNA showed a much higher activity as mRNA than did the capped unmethylated RNA in rabbit reticulocyte lysates when the RNA lacked a nucleotide sequence upstream of position 267. The results strongly suggest that HCV RNA carries an internal ribosome entry site (IRES). Artificial mono- and dicistronic mRNAs were prepared and used to identify the region that carried the IRES. The results indicate that the sequence between nucleotide positions 101 and 332 in the 5' untranslated region of HCV RNA plays an important role in efficient translation. Our data suggest that the IRES resides in this region of the RNA. Furthermore, an IRES in the group II HCV RNA was found to be more efficient than that in the group I HCV RNA.
Embedding grammars into statistical language models

This work combines grammars and statistical language models for speech recognition together in the same sentence. The grammars are compiled into bigrams with word indices, which serve to distinguish different syntactic positions of the same word. For both the grammatical and statistical parts there is one common interface for obtaining a language model score for bi-or trigrams. With only a small modification to a recogniser prepared for statistical language models, this new model can be applied without using a parser or a finite-state network in the recogniser. Priority is given to the grammar, therefore the combined model is able to disallow certain word transitions. With this combined language model, one or several grammatical phrases can be embedded into longer sentences.
Efficiency and safety of tranexamic acid in reducing blood loss in total shoulder arthroplasty

Objective: This meta-analysis aimed to evaluate the efficiency and safety of tranexamic acid for reducing blood loss and transfusion requirements in patients undergoing total shoulder arthroplasty. Methods: A systematic search was performed in Embase (1980–2017.04, embase.com), Medline (1966–2017.04, medline.com), PubMed (1966–2017.04, pubmed.com), ScienceDirect (1985–2017.04, sciencedirect.com), and Web of Science (1950–2017.04, webofknowledge.com). Study which assessed the efficiency and safety of tranexamic acid in total shoulder arthroplasty was selected. Meta-analysis was performed using Stata 11.0 software. Results: In all, 484 patients from 2 randomized controlled trials (RCTs) and 2 non-RCTs were subjected to meta-analysis. The present meta-analysis demonstrated that there was less total blood loss (mean difference [MD] −172.16, 95% confidence interval [CI] −35.46 to −308.87, P = .01, d = 0.33) and transfusion rate (odds ratio 0.34, 95% CI 0.13 to 0.91, P = .03, d = 0.29) in tranexamic acid groups compared with the control groups. There were no significant differences in duration of surgery (MD 0.02, 95% CI −0.12 to 0.22, P = .89, d = 0.19), length of stay (MD −0.06, 95% CI −0.26 to 0.14, P = .56, d = 0.20), or incidence of adverse effects such as deep venous thrombosis (odds ratio 1.15, 95% CI 0.33 to 4.00, P = .83, d = 0.53). Conclusion: Clinical application of tranexamic acid seemed to result in significant reductions in total blood loss, hemoglobin decline and transfusion requirements following total shoulder arthroplasty. Moreover, no increased risk of the thrombotic events was identified. Due to the limited quality of the evidence currently available, higher quality RCTs are required.
Avoiding communication hot-spots in interconnection networks

In creating interconnection networks for parallel computers, an efficient design is crucial because of its impact on performance. A high-speed routing scheme that minimises contention and avoids the formation of hot-spots should be included. We have developed a new method to uniformly balance communication traffic over the interconnection network, called distributed routing balancing (DRB), based on limited and load-controlled path expansion in order to maintain low message latency. DRB defines how to create alternative paths to expand single paths (expanded path definition) and when to use them depending on traffic load (expanded path selection). An evaluation in terms of latency and bandwidth is presented. Some conclusions and comparisons with existing methods are given. It is demonstrated that DRB is a method to effectively balance network traffic.
Transient Behavior of Doubly Fed InductionGenerator Using Simulink Model in Wind Energy Conversion System

In this paper, transient behaviours of the Doubly Fed Induction Generator using Simulink model is demonstrated. A mathematical model based on d-q transformation i.e. stator phase currents, rotor currents, stator flux linkages,rotor flux linkages ,instantaneous power electromagnetic torque is also presented. In this paper 9 MW wind farm consisting of six 1.5 MW wind turbines connected to a 25 kV distribution system exports power to a 120 kV grid through a 30 km, 25 kV feeder has been considered. It is concluded in proposed Simulink model, when 3- phase symmetrical fault occur at the grid during t = 0.04s to t = 0.06s, the sudden voltage reduction gives to a lower power injection into the network both active power & reactive power are almost abrupt. This behaviour also depends on the rotor side converter during the fault.