Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Inversion of Data from Electrical Resistivity Imaging Surveys in Water-Covered Areas

Electrical resistivity imaging surveys widely used in many environmental and engineering studies have also been conducted in water-covered areas. Surveys in water-covered areas include conventional surveys using multi-electrode resistivity systems where part of the survey line crosses a river or stream, and surveys conducted entirely within a water-covered environment. Surveys that are located entirely within a water-covered environment utilise electrodes mounted on a streamer, towed behind a boat. The streamer can be dragged along the water bottom, or float on the water surface. In this paper, the smoothness-constrained least-squares inversion method commonly used to interpret electrical resistivity imaging data from land surveys is adapted for underwater surveys. To accommodate the water bottom topography, a distorted finite-element grid is used to calculate the apparent resistivity values for the inversion model. The first few rows of elements are used to model the water layer, while the lower part of the grid is used for the sub-bottom resistivity distribution. For robust inversion, the water column resistivity and geometry must be known accurately as a large proportion of the current flows through the water layer. The section of the Earth below the bottom surface is subdivided into a large number of rectangular cells. The water column resistivity and geometry in the earth model is fixed, and the inversion program attempts to determine the resistivity of the cells that would most accurately reproduce the observed resistivity measurements. Implementation of water column resistivity and geometric constraints is demonstrated using numerical simulations and field data. Examples of electrical resistivity imaging surveys conducted on and across water bodies including rivers and near-shore marine environments are shown.
CCAAT/Enhancer Binding Protein (cid:1) Regulates Aromatase Expression via Multiple and Novel Cis-Regulatory Sequences in Uterine Leiomyoma

Context: Controlofaromataseexpressioninuterineleiomyomahassignificantclinicalimplications because aromatase inhibitors reduce tumor growth and associated irregular uterine bleeding. The mechanisms that regulate aromatase expression in leiomyoma are unknown. Objectives: We previously demonstrated that the cAMP-responsive proximal promoters I.3 and II regulate aromatase expression in vivo in uterine leiomyoma tissue. Here, we investigated the cellular and molecular mechanisms responsible for promoter I.3/II usage. Results: In smooth muscle cells isolated from leiomyoma (LSMCs), dibutyryl cAMP significantly induced aromatase mRNA and enzyme activity. Reporter constructs of promoter I.3/II deletion and site-directed mutants with selective disruption of cis -regulatory elements in the (cid:1) 517/ (cid:1) 16 bp region revealed that five out of seven elements, including three CCAAT/enhancer binding protein (C/EBP)bindingsitesandtwocAMPresponseelements,wereessentialforcAMP-inducedpromoter activity. EMSAs demonstrated that nuclear extracts from LSMCs contain complexes assembled on four of the five cis -elements, with C/EBP binding sites, including a novel (cid:1) 245/ (cid:1) 231 bp sequence, clearlyassociatingwithC/EBP (cid:1) . ChromatinimmunoprecipitationassaysrevealedthatC/EBP (cid:1) binds specificallytothepromoterI.3/IIregioninintactcells.DibutyrylcAMPsignificantlyinducednuclear C/EBP (cid:1) protein levels in LSMCs in a time-dependent manner. Conversely, knockdown of C/EBP (cid:1)
CONTRIBUTIONTO THE LIFE HISTORY OF THE DEEP-SEA KING CRAB, LITHODES COUESI, IN THE GULF OF ALASKA!

Lithodes couesi is a deepwater relative of the commercially important Alaskan king crabs, Paralithodes camtschatica, P platypus, and L. aequispina. Compared with the Paralithodes species, which are primarily restricted to the continental shelf, L. couesi displays a variety offeatures which appear to be adaptations for life in deeper water on the continental slope, including elongated legs, red coloration, inflated branchial chambers, asynchronous spawning, and large eggs. Fecundity of L. couesi increases asymptotically with carapace length accordingtothe relationship E = 4,329 - 3.19 x 10 9
Two‐dimensional indices of atmospheric blocking and their statistical relationship with winter climate patterns in the Euro‐Atlantic region

The statistical relationship between the leading climate patterns of mid‐tropospheric flow and atmospheric blocking over the Euro–Atlantic region during winter is investigated using three new two‐dimensional blocking indicators. The focus is on the leading climate pattern of the 500‐hPa geopotential variability, i.e. the North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO). The results indicate that the blocking‐NAO relation is not restricted to the North Atlantic region, where blocking and the NAO are known to be out of phase. All three indicators show that the positive NAO phase is characterised by an enhanced occurrence of blocking‐type high‐pressure systems over the European mainland. The sign change of the NAO‐blocking relation from west to east is well detectable with the two‐dimensional blocking indicators and it is found further south than at the traditionally studied blocking latitudes near 60°N. The analysis of blocking events by seasonal NAO indices leads to similar (albeit less significant) results as with a daily NAO index stratification. This indicates that the relation between the NAO and blocking is fairly insensitive to the chosen time resolution.
Rising temperatures and changing rainfall patterns in South Africa's national parks

Air temperatures have increased globally over the past decades, while rainfall changes have been more variable, but are taking place. In South Africa, substantial climate‐related impacts are predicted, and protected area management agencies will need to respond actively to impacts. It is critical for management agencies to understand the way in which climate is changing locally to predict impacts and respond appropriately. Here, for the first time, we quantify observable changes in temperature and rainfall in South African national parks over the past five to ten decades. Our results show significant increases in temperatures in most parks, with increases being most rapid in the arid regions of the country. Increases in the frequency of extreme high temperature events were also most pronounced in these regions. These results are consistent with other climate studies conducted in these areas. Similar increases were identified for both minimum and maximum temperatures, though absolute minimum temperatures increased at greater rates than absolute maxima. Overall, rainfall trends were less obvious, but a decrease in rainfall was observed for the southern Cape (in three parks), and an increase was detected in one park. The observed temperature changes over the last 20–50 years have in several instances already reached those predicted for near future scenarios (2035), indicating that change scenarios are conservative. These results provide individual parks with evidence‐based direction for managing impacts under current and projected changes in local climate. They also provide the management agency with sub‐regional information to tailor policy and impact monitoring. Importantly, our results highlight the critical role that individual weather stations play in informing local land management and the concerns for parks that have no local information on changes in climate.
Australian snow tourist's perceptions of climate change: Implications for the Queenstown Lakes region of New Zealand

This qualitative research has emerged from the sustained discussion of the future of winter alpine tourism in the Australasian context. Our paper follows on and complements recent climate modelling and forecasting for New Zealand’s future snow availability, using semi structured interviews to gain greater understanding of the potential behavioural adaptations available to Australian snow tourists in New Zealand. This paper will present the preliminary findings from interviews conducted during the 2011 winter season in the Queenstown Lakes District of New Zealand. Motivations for travelling to New Zealand for snow tourism are fundamental to understanding behavioural adaptations under climate change scenarios, contrary to previous research we identified that the tourism offerings of the Queenstown Lakes District stretch far beyond the ski fields, and this is particularly appealing to Australian tourists and could limit vulnerability to climatic changes.
Impacts of flow regulation and Artificial Floods in an upland stream ecosystem

Mitigation of ecological impacts associated with stream regulation is now a legislative priority and Artificial Floods have been suggested as a potential tool to achieve this aim. However, understanding of the impacts of stream regulation and Artificial Floods on downstream ecology is currently limited. This thesis provides detailed reviews of both of these topics and identifies key contemporary research priorities. These priorities were subsequently addressed through assessment of the impact of stream regulation and Artificial Floods on downstream hydrology, physical chemistry, coarse sediment transport and benthic macroinvertebrates in an upland subcatchment of the River Humber, UK. Evidence that regulation was associated with significant impacts on hydrology (e.g. flood frequency, rate of change), physical chemistry (particularly flood pH and diurnal stream temperature range) and macroinvertebrates was identified, but impacts were found to vary spatially and temporally, indicating the importance of site specific and temporal factors. Control of hydrological characteristics was demonstrated during Artificial Floods which generally resulted in reductions of electrical conductivity, dissolved oxygen and pH and no change in stream temperature. Evidence for coarse sediment transport in line with overspill events prior to Artificial Floods was identified, but little evidence for change in macroinvertebrate assemblage was found. Evidence for the use of Artificial Floods as a management tool was greatest for coarse sediment transport and pH but overall, limited potential was demonstrated, bringing into question their validity as management techniques in some regulated streams and provoking requirement for further research. The findings of this thesis, methodological developments, conceptual advances and recommendations are therefore considered to have advanced the science and understanding of regulated stream management. Such progress is vital in this rapidly developing research field.
Near Infrared Spectroscopy for Quality Evaluation of Root Crops: Practical Constraints, Preliminary Studies and Future Prospects

Near Infrared Spectroscopy (NIRS) is a rapid and non-destructive technique, which does not use chemicals but can simultaneously determine numerous constituents in root crops. Spectrophotometers are simple to manipulate and the simple spectral collection reduces the risks of operator errors. However, NIRS is not a stand-alone technology and its performance depends upon the relationships between the spectral information and an accurate chemical method to measure the constituents of interest. The major constraint is, therefore, the need to build a reliable equation of prediction, also called a calibration model. This paper reviews the practical steps involved in the development of a model, including: 1. the collection of highly variable samples for calibration and validation sets; 2. the production of chemical data for these samples; 3. the collection of spectra on samples from the calibration and validation sets; 4. the development of the multivariate model; 5. its validation using descriptive statistics and 6. the monitoring of the model performance. The paper also reviews recent studies conducted on six root crops, including four tropical species (cassava, sweet potato, yam and taro) and two temperate (potato and sugar beet). Their results and the perspectives for further studies are discussed.
GIS for the Urban Environment

"GIS for the Urban Environment" is a useful tool for all students and practitioners who want to learn more about how they might apply GIS to urban planning, public health, urban environmental assessment, hazard and emergency management, geographic analysis, or sustainable community development. The exercises and case studies in the book present clear illustrations of GIS usage in contemporary cities and urban regions through examples of real-life applications. ArcView, ArcEditor, or ArcInfo 9 is required to complete the exercises in this book. Earlier software releases are not compatible. The CD included with this book contains the data used in the exercises.
Novel ROSA26 Cre-reporter Knock-in C57BL/6N Mice Exhibiting Green Emission before and Red Emission after Cre-mediated Recombination

The Cre/loxP system is a strategy for controlling temporal and/or spatial gene expression through genome alteration in mice. As successful Cre/loxP genome alteration depends on Cre-driver mice, Cre-reporter mice are essential for validation of Cre gene expression in vivo. In most Cre-reporter mouse strains, although the presence of reporter product indicates the expression of Cre recombinase, it has remained unclear whether a lack of reporter signal indicates either no Cre recombinase expression or insufficient reporter gene promoter activity. We produced a novel ROSA26 knock-in Cre-reporter C57BL/6N strain exhibiting green emission before and red after Cre-mediated recombination, designated as strain R26GRR. Ubiquitous green fluorescence and no red fluorescence were observed in R26GRR mice. To investigate the activation of tdsRed, EGFP-excised R26GRR, R26RR, mice were produced through the crossing of C57BL/6N mice with R26GRR/Ayu1-Cre F1 mice. R26RR mice showed extraordinarily strong red fluorescence in almost all tissues examined, suggesting ubiquitous activation of the second reporter in all tissues after Cre/loxP recombination. Moreover, endothelial cell lineage and pancreatic islet-specific expression of red fluorescence were detected in R26GRR/Tie2-Cre F1 mice and R26GRR /Ins1-Cre F1 mice, respectively. These results indicated that R26GRR mice are a useful novel Cre-reporter mouse strain. In addition, R26GRR mice with a pure C57BL/6N background represent a valuable source of green-to-red photoconvertible cells following Cre/loxP recombination for application in transplantation studies. The R26GRR mouse strain will be available from RIKEN BioResource Center (http://www.brc.riken.jp/lab/animal/en/).
The Utilization of MODIS and Landsat TM/ETM+ for Cotton Fractional Yield Estimation in Burewala

Estimates of crop yield are desirable for managing agricultural lands. Remote sensing is the one technology that can give an unbiased view of large areas, with spatially explicit information distribution and time repetition, and has thus been widely used to estimate crop yield and offers great potential for monitoring production, yet the uncertainties associated with large-scale crop yield estimates are rarely addressed. In this study, we tried to estimate cotton cropped area using the supervised classification; planting dates for 11 years (1998 to 2009) of Landsat imagery, and fractional yield using MODIS (Terra) the normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI), and enhanced vegetation index (EVI) in an intensive agricultural region of Burewala, Punjab province of Pakistan. Vegetation indices are widely used for assessing and monitoring ecological variables such as vegetation cover and above-ground biomass. Monitoring the spatial distribution of cotton yield helps identifying sites with yield constraints. The newly available satellite images from the MODIS sensor provide enhanced atmospheric correction, cloud detection, improved geo-referencing, comprehensive data quality control and the enhanced ability to monitor vegetation development. The high temporal resolution of the MODIS datasets can provide an efficient and consistent way for biomass and fractional yield monitoring and assessment. The reflected radiation provides an indication of the type and density of canopy. The condition, distribution, structure and the development of the vegetation through the phenological stages can affect the relation between yield and NDVI. The high spatial resolution Landsat images were applied to extract the area under cotton cultivation within the landscape and to determine the cotton fraction among other land uses within the coarse spatial resolution MODIS pixels.
Chapter 44 Geology and petroleum potential of the Lincoln Sea Basin, offshore North Greenland

Abstract A seismic refraction line crossing the Lincoln Sea was acquired in 2006. It proves the existence of a deep sedimentary basin underlying the Lincoln Sea. This basin appears to be comparable in width and depth to the Sverdrup Basin of the Canadian Arctic Islands. The stratigraphy of the Lincoln Sea Basin is modelled in analogy to the Sverdrup Basin and the Central Spitsbergen Basin, two basins between which the Lincoln Sea intervened before the onset of seafloor spreading in the Eurasian Basin. The refraction data indicates that the Lincoln Sea Basin is capped by a kilometre-thick, low-velocity layer, which is taken to indicate an uplift history similar to, or even more favourable than, the fairway part of the Sverdrup Basin. Tectonic activity in the Palaeogene is likely to constitute the major basin scale risk. We conclude that the Lincoln Sea Basin is likely to be petroliferous and contains risked resources on the order of 1×109 barrels of oil, to which comes an equivalent amount of (associated and nonassociated) gas.
Reassessment of stable continental regions of Southeast Asia

Probabilistic seismic-hazard assessments of the central and eastern United States (CEUS) require estimates of the size of the largest possible earthquake (Mmax). In most of the CEUS, sparse historical seismicity does not provide a record of moderate and large earthquakes that is sufficient to constrain Mmax. One remedy for the insufficient catalog is to combine the catalog of moderate to large CEUS earthquakes with catalogs from other regions worldwide that are tectonically analogous to the CEUS (stable continental regions, or SCRs). After the North America SCR, the largest contribution of earthquakes to this global SCR catalog comes from a Southeast Asian SCR that extends from Indochina to southeasternmost Russia. Integration and interpretation of recently published geological and geophysical results show that most of these Southeast Asian earthquakes occurred in areas exposing abundant alkaline igneous rocks and extensional faults, both of Neogene age (last 23 million years). The implied Neogene extension precludes classification of the areas as SCR crust. The extension also reduces the number of moderate and large Southeast Asian historical earthquakes that are available to constrain CEUS Mmax by 86 percent, from 43 to six.
More Heat Than Light : A Critical Assessment of the Gay Parenting Literature , 1995 -2010

Since 1995 there have been fifty-two studies of gay parenting which include some type of child outcome measure. The vast majority of these studies conclude that children raised by gay parents perform as well, if not better, than their counterparts in heterosexual families. This conclusion, which may or may not be true, is not scientifically warranted due to the limitations of the studies These include: some results are misreported; the entire literature is exploratory in nature and made up of small qualitative samples, biased data, and other research design failures; the studies concentrate almost exclusively on lesbian families; and outcome measures have been limited. Although these problems prevent scientific generalizations, social scientists have treated the preliminary, non-conclusive research as authoritative. Regardless of what science ultimately demonstrates about same-sex couples or gay single parents as a family structure, it is important to safeguard the research process from political pressures: either anti-gay marriage or pro-gay rights. Burnaby Mountain Professor of Economics, Simon Fraser University. Thanks to Charles Crawford, Dean Lueck, Joe Price, and Simon Woodcock for comments.
Design and deployment of a portable membrane equilibrator for sampling aqueous dissolved gases

We present designs for a portable trace gas sampler, based on membrane technology, to obtain a gas sample from water in the field. A continuous flow of water is equilibrated with a finite volume of gas until the gas pressure matches the total dissolved gas pressure of the water stream. Samples collected in this manner can be analyzed to determine original water concentrations for potentially any dissolved gas. The sampler requires neither compressed carrier gas nor a vacuum pump to extract the dissolved gas sample; its power consumption is minimal and it fits within a 30 L plastic case. During the development stages, both major atmospheric gases (N2, O2, and Ar) and trace gases (CO2, SF6, and SF5CF3) were measured to confirm the equilibrium condition and to quantify the response time. Equilibration studies were conducted in the laboratory and at the site of a borehole CO2 injection experiment on the Lamont campus of Columbia University. The time required to achieve solubility equilibrium depends on the dissolved gas content and the water flow rate; we determined an e‐folding response time of 9–12 min, under air‐saturated conditions and with a flow rate of 2 L/min. Typically, equilibrium is achieved within 30–45 min. We compare the system function and analytical results to conventional sampling methods during the recovery phase of a push‐pull experiment and find a generally good agreement within 10% of conventional analyses for each of the gases.
Mobile WiMAX : MIMO Performance Analysis from a Quality of Service ( QoS ) Viewpoint

The end-to-end performance of applications in broadband wireless networks is a key concern from the user perspective. Mobile WiMAX is designed to support a wide range of different applications including media streaming, voice-overIP (VoIP), video conferencing, and web browsing. All of these applications require different levels of Quality of Service (QoS) and this imposes a variety of different performance requirements on the WiMAX Physical (PHY) and Medium Access Control (MAC) layers. For example, TCP-based applications such as FTP or web-browsing use Automatic-Repeat-reQuest (ARQ) to tolerate a relatively high PHY Packet Error Rate (PER), whilst a UDP-based application such as video streaming requires very low PER due to the lack of ARQ. This means that the same WiMAX system configuration needs to be able to provide different performance levels for different types of applications in order to operate efficiently. This paper analyses and compares the performance of a Multi-Input Multi-Output (MIMO) mobile WiMAX system in terms of achievable throughput and operating range for different PHY PER requirements. The paper shows that TCP applications can achieve higher throughputs and operating ranges due to higher PER tolerance. It also shows that this important QoS parameter affects the AMC switching points. Cross-layer interaction is required between the PHY and the scheduler in the MAC layer in order to efficiently fulfil the various QoS requirements at the application layer.