Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Power Rules: How Common Sense Can Rescue American Foreign Policy

From one of the nation's leading foreign-policy minds comes a provocative new account of how to think about--and use--America's power in the twenty-first century. Inspired by Machiavelli's classic "The Prince," Leslie H. Gelb offers illuminating guidelines on how American power actually works and should be wielded in today's tumultuous world, writing with the perspective of four decades of extraordinary access and influence in government, think tanks, and journalism. He argues that Washington risks losing the essential lifeblood of its national security--its power--unless American leaders relearn the lessons of how to use that power. Contrary to runaway fashion, Gelb argues that the world is not flat, power is not soft, and that we have not entered a post-American era in global affairs. The United States remains far and away the most powerful country in a world where power remains sharply pyramidal. But the U.S. is not the dominant power, and it can't dictate to others. Gelb persuasively shows that America's future power must be based on the principle of mutual indispensability: Washington is the indispensable leader because it alone can galvanize coalitions to solve major international problems (and all nations know this), while other key nations are indispensable partners in getting the job done. The reality is this: succeed together or fail apart. Washington will also fail if it forgets that power is still, as in the days of Machiavelli, about pressure and coercion, carrots and sticks. Reason, values, and understanding are foreplay, but not the real thing. Gelb provides an incisive look at the major U.S. foreign-policy triumphs and tragedies of the last half century, and offers practical rules on how to effectively exercise power today. "Power Rules" is an impassioned challenge to both liberals and conservatives and a plea to reclaim the true meaning of power and the essential role of common sense in solving global problems.
Understanding Lateral Violence in Nursing Professional issues

The concept of lateral violence (LV) also is known as horizontal violence, bullying, or aggression (Griffin, 2004). Other terms in the literature relating to this concept are horizontal hostility, verbal abuse, or “nurses eating their young” (see Figure 1). The phenomenon has been described in nursing literature for more than 25 years (Farrell, 1997; Roberts, 1983). The literature defines LV as nurses overtly or covertly directing their dissatisfaction inward toward: (a) those less powerful than themselves, (b) themselves, and (c) each other (Griffin). The lack of a universal term to encompass these actions makes integrating research on LV difficult (Bartholomew, 2006). LV manifests itself in a variety of unkind, antagonistic interactions that occur among nurses at the same organizational hierarchy (Alspach, 2007); these interactions may be overt or covert (Bartholomew; Griffin). Because most communication is nonverbal, covert behaviors have the biggest impact (Bartholomew). LV is an act of aggression that is perpetrated by one nurse against another. The common manifestations of LV have been described by Griffin (2004) as nonverbal innuendo, verbal affront, undermining activities, withholding information, sabotage, infighting, scapegoating, backstabbing, failure to respect privacy, and broken confidences (see Table 1). Typically, LV is verbal or emotional abuse, but it also can become physical abuse (Longo & Sherman, 2007). LV is an issue throughout nursing and practice settings (Stanley, Dulaney, & Martin, 2007; Woelfle & McCaffrey, 2007).
The Role of Antioxidant Hesperidin in the Attenuation of Lung Cancer Caused by Benzo(a)pyrene in Balb/c Mice

2 Abstract: It was postulated that chemoprevention is one of the most promising and realistic approaches in the prevention of cancer. Anthocyanin (ANT) is one such naturally occurring flavonoid widely found in citrus fruits. The aim of the present study is to divulge the chemopreventive nature of ANT during Benzo(a)pyrene (B(a)p) induced lung cancer in BALB/c mice. Administration of B(a)p (60 mg/kg body weight) to mice resulted in increased lipid peroxidation (LPO), lung specific tumor marker carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) and serum marker enzymes aryl hydrocarbon hydroxylase (AHH), alanine transaminase (ALT), with concomitant decrease in the levels of tissue antioxidants like superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), glutathione peroxidase (GPx) and reduced glutathione. ANT supplementation (25 mg/kg body weight) significantly attenuated these alterations thereby showing potent anticancer effect in lung cancer. Overall, these findings substantiate the chemoprotective potential of ANT against chemically-induced lung cancer in Balb/c mice.
Effect of KRAS oncogene substitutions on protein behavior: implications for signaling and clinical outcome.

BACKGROUND Mutations in the v-Ki-ras2 Kirsten rat sarcoma viral oncogene homolog (KRAS) play a critical role in cancer cell growth and resistance to therapy. Most mutations occur at codons 12 and 13. In colorectal cancer, the presence of any mutant KRas amino acid substitution is a negative predictor of patient response to targeted therapy. However, in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC), the evidence that KRAS mutation is a predictive factor is conflicting. METHODS We used data from a molecularly targeted clinical trial for 215 patients with tissues available out of 268 evaluable patients with refractory NSCLC to examine associations between specific mutant KRas proteins and progression-free survival and tumor gene expression. Transcriptome microarray studies of patient tumor samples and reverse-phase protein array studies of a panel of 67 NSCLC cell lines with known substitutions in KRas and in immortalized human bronchial epithelial cells stably expressing different mutant KRas proteins were used to investigate signaling pathway activation. Molecular modeling was used to study the conformations of wild-type and mutant KRas proteins. Kaplan-Meier curves and Cox regression were used to analyze survival data. All statistical tests were two-sided. RESULTS Patients whose tumors had either mutant KRas-Gly12Cys or mutant KRas-Gly12Val had worse progression-free survival compared with patients whose tumors had other mutant KRas proteins or wild-type KRas (P = .046, median survival = 1.84 months) compared with all other mutant KRas (median survival = 3.35 months) or wild-type KRas (median survival = 1.95 months). NSCLC cell lines with mutant KRas-Gly12Asp had activated phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI-3-K) and mitogen-activated protein/extracellular signal-regulated kinase kinase (MEK) signaling, whereas those with mutant KRas-Gly12Cys or mutant KRas-Gly12Val had activated Ral signaling and decreased growth factor-dependent Akt activation. Molecular modeling studies showed that different conformations imposed by mutant KRas may lead to altered association with downstream signaling transducers. CONCLUSIONS Not all mutant KRas proteins affect patient survival or downstream signaling in a similar way. The heterogeneous behavior of mutant KRas proteins implies that therapeutic interventions may need to take into account the specific mutant KRas expressed by the tumor.
Micro-Economic Theory of the Household and Nutrition Programmes

Lack of food is no longer the major cause of malnutrition. Many households and individuals remain malnourished when income and supplies of food are adequate. Nutrition policy and programs must be based on a sound knowledge of household behaviour patterns. The microeconomic theory of the household focuses on the household's decisionmaking about scarce food resources based upon such considerations as: (i) the size of the family; (ii) the purchasing power of the family; (iii) the availability of healthful foods; (iv) the family's food preferences; (v) environmental variables (such as ethnic traditions and the homemaker's level of education); and finally (vi) family health (disease can limit the absorption of nutrients). Such determinants should be monitored to anticipate malnutrition problems unrelated to the food.
The New Keynesian Hybrid Phillips Curve: An Assessment of Competing Specifications for the United States

Inflation forecasting is fundamental to monetary policy. In practice, however, economists are faced with competing goals: accuracy and theoretical consistency. Recent work by Fuhrer and Moore (1995), Gali and Gertler (1999), Gali, Gertler, and Lopez-Salido (2001), Sbordone (2002), and Kozicki and Tinsley (2002a, b) suggests that the two objectives need not be mutually exclusive in the context of inflation forecasts. The New Keynesian Phillips curve is theoretically appealing, because its purely forward-looking specification is based on a model of optimal pricing behaviour with rational expectations. This specification, however, does not properly capture observed inflation persistence. The author estimates three structural models of U.S. inflation that incorporate price frictions to justify the presence of lags in the forward-looking New Keynesian Phillips curve. The models, based on Gali and Gertler (1999) and Kozicki and Tinsley (2002a, b), are tested on the basis of forecast performances. The results show that the new Keynesian hybrid Phillips curve with the output gap as an explanatory variable performs marginally better than the two alternative specifications.
In Vitro Anticancer Activity of Phlorofucofuroeckol A via Upregulation of Activating Transcription Factor 3 against Human Colorectal Cancer Cells

Phlorofucofuroeckol A (PFF-A), one of the phlorotannins found in brown algae, has been reported to exert anti-cancer property. However, the molecular mechanism for the anti-cancer effect of PFF-A has not been known. Activating transcription factor 3 (ATF3) has been reported to be associated with apoptosis in colorectal cancer. The present study was performed to investigate the molecular mechanism by which PFF-A stimulates ATF3 expression and apoptosis in human colorectal cancer cells. PFF-A decreased cell viability through apoptosis of human colorectal cancer cells. PFF-A increased ATF3 expression through regulating transcriptional activity. The responsible cis-element for ATF3 transcriptional activation by PFF-A was cAMP response element binding protein (CREB), located between positions −147 and −85 of the ATF3 promoter. Inhibition of p38, c-Jun N-terminal kinases (JNK), glycogen synthase kinase (GSK) 3β, and IκB kinase (IKK)-α blocked PFF-A-mediated ATF3 expression. ATF3 knockdown by ATF3 siRNA attenuated the cleavage of poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP) by PFF-A, while ATF3 overexpression increased PFF-A-mediated cleaved PARP. These results suggest that PFF-A may exert anti-cancer property through inducing apoptosis via the ATF3-mediated pathway in human colorectal cancer cells.
Splines in the Space of Shells

Cubic splines in Euclidean space minimize the mean squared acceleration among all curves interpolating a given set of data points. We extend this observation to the Riemannian manifold of discrete shells in which the associated metric measures both bending and membrane distortion. Our generalization replaces the acceleration with the covariant derivative of the velocity. We introduce an effective time‐discretization for this novel paradigm for navigating shell space. Further transferring this concept to the space of triangular surface descriptors—edge lengths, dihedral angles, and triangle areas—results in a simplified interpolation method with high computational efficiency.
Optimizing power-area for constant input-referred noise level in MOSFETs

Area and current consumption are crucial for design of low-noise low-bandwidth preamplifiers for biosignal amplification. In this paper we present an analytical method for optimizing power-area for a constant root mean square (RMS) input-referred noise level of MOSFETs. Power-area optimization is performed for single PMOS transistor over 1mHz to 10kHz for 1μVrms input-referred RMS noise level in a 0. 18μm CMOS technology. The results are validated by using HSPICE circuit simulation and numerical simulations. The results indicate that both area and area-current product of transistor can be optimized of a specific input-referred RMS noise level.
The emergence and evolution of integrated worldviews

It is proposed that the ability of humans to flourish in diverse environments and evolve complex cultures reflects the following two underlying cognitive transitions. The transition from the coarse-grained associative memory of Homo habilis to the fine-grained memory of Homo erectus enabled limited representational redescription of perceptually similar episodes, abstraction, and analytic thought, the last of which is modeled as the formation of states and of lattices of properties and contexts for concepts. The transition to the modern mind of Homo sapiens is proposed to have resulted from onset of the capacity to spontaneously and temporarily shift to an associative mode of thought conducive to interaction amongst seemingly disparate concepts, modeled as the forging of conjunctions resulting in states of entanglement. The fruits of associative thought became ingredients for analytic thought, and vice versa. The ratio of associative pathways to concepts surpassed a percolation threshold resulting in the emergence of a self-modifying, integrated internal model of the world, or worldview.
Accelerated Stochastic Gradient Method for Composite Regularization

Regularized risk minimization often involves nonsmooth optimization. This can be particularly challenging when the regularizer is a sum of simpler regularizers, as in the overlapping group lasso. Very recently, this is alleviated by using the proximal average, in which an implicitly nonsmooth function is employed to approximate the composite regularizer. In this paper, we propose a novel extension with accelerated gradient method for stochastic optimization. On both general convex and strongly convex problems, the resultant approximation errors reduce at a faster rate than methods based on stochastic smoothing and ADMM. This is also veried experimentally on a number of synthetic and real-world data sets.
A Survey-Based Analysis of HIPAA Security Requirements

This paper reports on the results of a survey-based investigation into the perceived security requirements held by the U.S. dental schools for their enterprise dental information systems. The U.S. dental schools are faced with the legal requirement to comply with HIPAA which contains provisions that are intended to protect electronic patient information. However it is proving to be a challenge to comply with HIPPA because of the lack of detail in its provisions. Consequently the perceived security requirements held by the dental schools vary. We used a survey-based misuse case analysis to engineer a more detailed set of security requirements. Due to low response rate of the survey the results of this study are not conclusive yet. However we have successfully obtained some promising security requirements that warrant further work in similar direction.
Collapse of Kaluza-Klein bubbles.

Kaluza-Klein theory admits ``bubble" configurations, in which the circumference of the fifth dimension shrinks to zero on some compact surface. A three parameter family of such bubble initial data at a moment of time-symmetry (some including a magnetic field) has been found by Brill and Horowitz, generalizing the (zero-energy) ``Witten bubble" solution. Some of these data have negative total energy. We show here that all the negative energy bubble solutions start out expanding away from the moment of time symmetry, while the positive energy bubbles can start out either expanding or contracting. Thus it is unlikely that the negative energy bubbles would collapse and produce a naked singularity.
On the Design and Evaluation of Multiobjective Single-Channel SAR Image Segmentation Algorithms

Multiobjective segmentation algorithms are based on an objective function, consisting of two or more terms, that is minimized by using an optimization algorithm. The objective terms represent differing segmentation objectives, the most popular of which are statistical likelihood of pixel values and smoothness of segment boundaries. Many assumptions are built into the objective function, and we present a case study based on the algorithm of Stewart to demonstrate the importance of analyzing algorithm characteristics to test the validity of hidden assumptions. We develop a set of simulated test images and a novel segmentation performance metric for use with simulated data. An innovative aspect of the Stewart algorithm (SA) is the probability of false alarm (PFA) model used to weight the objective terms. This is intended to dynamically balance the terms as the algorithm progresses. The PFA model is only valid for false edges, and we have shown that the number of selected true edges increases as segmentation evolves, making the theoretical weight model increasingly invalid. In addition, we found problems with several other algorithm assumptions. We tested algorithm performance against a fixed-weight version. We found that the performance of the SA was worse than a fixed-weight version. Thus, while the two-term objective function algorithm does deliver reasonable performance for multilook data, the fixed-weight version gives better performance. While these results hold only for simulated data, we believe that the experimental results indicate the need for a more powerful approach to multiobjective synthetic aperture radar segmentation.
Implementation of FPGA based controller for induction motor drives

This paper presents a control scheme of single phase to three phase converters for low power three phase induction motor drives, with reduced number of switching devices. Here a single phase half-bridge PWM rectifier and two-leg inverter are used with the same function that are all given by conventional one such as sinusoidal input current, unity power factor, bidirectional power flow, dc-link voltage control. Hence the number of switching devices is reduced from ten to six. A current controller is introduced for two-leg inverter. In addition, the source voltage sensor elimination technique is presented which makes the system cheaper. The effectiveness of the proposed control scheme is verified by experimental results for the V/ f control of 3-HP induction motor drives with FPGA based controller.
An Ultra Low-Voltage and Low-Power OTA Using Bulk-Input Technique and Its Application in Active-RC Filters

This paper presents the design of a two-stage bulk-input pseudo-differential operational transconductance amplifier (OTA) and its application in active-RC filters. The OTA was designed in 90 nm CMOS process and operates at a single supply voltage of 0.5 V. Using a two-path bulk-driven OTA by the combination of two different amplifiers the DC gain and speed of the OTA is increased. Rail-to-rail input is made possible using the transistor’s bulk terminal as in input. Also a Miller-Feed-forward (MFF) compensation is utilized which is improved the gain bandwidth (GBW) and phase margin of the OTA. In addition, a new merged cross-coupled self-cascode pair is used that can provide higher gain. Also, a novel cost-effective bulk-input common-mode feedback (CMFB) circuit has been designed. Simplicity and ability of using this new merged CMFB circuit is superior compared with state-of-the-art CMFBs. The OTA has a 70.2 dB DC gain, a 2.5 MHz GBW and a 70.8o phase margin for a 20 PF capacitive load whereas consumes only 25 µw. Finally, an 8th order Butterworth active Biquadrate RC filter has been designed and this OTA was checked by a typical switched-capacitor (SC) integrator with a 1 MHz clock-frequency.
Short Duration Small Sided Football and to a Lesser Extent Whole Body Vibration Exercise Induce Acute Changes in Markers of Bone Turnover

We aimed to study whether short-duration vibration exercise or football sessions of two different durations acutely changed plasma markers of bone turnover and muscle strain. Inactive premenopausal women (n = 56) were randomized to complete a single bout of short (FG15) or long duration (FG60) small sided football or low magnitude whole body vibration training (VIB). Procollagen type 1 amino-terminal propeptide (P1NP) was increased during exercise for FG15 (51.6 ± 23.0 to 56.5 ± 22.5 μg·L−1, mean ± SD, P < 0.05) and FG60 (42.6 ± 11.8 to 50.2 ± 12.8 μg·L−1, P < 0.05) but not for VIB (38.8 ± 15.1 to 36.6 ± 14.7 μg·L−1, P > 0.05). An increase in osteocalcin was observed 48 h after exercise (P < 0.05), which did not differ between exercise groups. C-terminal telopeptide of type 1 collagen was not affected by exercise. Blood lactate concentration increased during exercise for FG15 (0.6 ± 0.2 to 3.4 ± 1.2 mM) and FG60 (0.6 ± 0.2 to 3.3 ± 2.0 mM), but not for VIB (0.6 ± 0.2 to 0.8 ± 0.4 mM) (P < 0.05). Plasma creatine kinase increased by 55 ± 63% and 137 ± 119% 48 h after FG15 and FG60 (P < 0.05), but not after VIB (26 ± 54%, NS). In contrast to the minor elevation in osteocalcin in response to a single session of vibration exercise, both short and longer durations of small sided football acutely increased plasma P1NP, osteocalcin, and creatine kinase. This may contribute to favorable effects of chronic training on musculoskeletal health.
AM Principles of Human-Environment Systems ( HES ) Research

This paper presents the basic principles, applications, and a methodological discussion of the approach of Human-Environment Systems (HES). In general, HES includes all environmental and technological systems that are relevant for or affected by humans. The basic principles of the HES approach are: (1) human and environmental systems are constructed as complementary systems, (2) a hierarchy of human systems with related environmental systems are considered, (3) environmental systems are modeled in their immediate and delayed dynamic reactions to human action, (4) the behavior of the human system is modeled from a decision theoretic perspective differentiating between goal formation, strategy formation, strategy selection and action, (5) a conceptualization of different types of environmental awareness in each of these three steps can be developed, and finally (6) a distinction is made, with corresponding modeling reflecting this distinction, between primary and secondary feedback loops with respect to human action. We illustrate the principles with an example from bio-waste management. It is shown how the humanenvironment interaction can be analyzed.
The Role of Business in the Development of the Welfare State and Labor Markets in Germany: Containing Social Reforms

1. Introduction 2. Theory: Economic Interests and Political Constraints 3. The Origins of Employers' Associations: Coordinating against Organized Labor 4. Bismarck's Social Reforms: Employers and Social Pacification 5. World War I and Its Consequences: Class Collaboration in Exceptional Times 6. Business and the Origins of Unemployment Insurance: Protecting Work Incentives 7. Business after World War II: The "Social Market Economy" 8. Post-War Social Policy Reforms: Containing Welfare Expansion 9. Codetermination: Employers against Economic Democracy 10. Employers and the German Model Today 11. Conclusions: How Employers Shaped the Welfare State