Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Arabic Text Diacritization In The Age Of Transfer Learning: Token Classification Is All You Need

Automatic diacritization of Arabic text involves adding diacritical marks (diacritics) to the text. This task poses a significant challenge with noteworthy implications for computational processing and comprehension. In this paper, we introduce PTCAD (Pre-FineTuned Token Classification for Arabic Diacritization, a novel two-phase approach for the Arabic Text Diacritization task. PTCAD comprises a pre-finetuning phase and a finetuning phase, treating Arabic Text Diacritization as a token classification task for pre-trained models. The effectiveness of PTCAD is demonstrated through evaluations on two benchmark datasets derived from the Tashkeela dataset, where it achieves state-of-the-art results, including a 20\% reduction in Word Error Rate (WER) compared to existing benchmarks and superior performance over GPT-4 in ATD tasks.
Nonparametric worst-case bounds for publication bias on the summary receiver operating characteristic curve

The summary receiver operating characteristic (SROC) curve has been recommended as one important meta-analytical summary to represent the accuracy of a diagnostic test in the presence of heterogeneous cutoff values. However, selective publication of diagnostic studies for meta-analysis can induce publication bias (PB) on the estimate of the SROC curve. Several sensitivity analysis methods have been developed to quantify PB on the SROC curve, and all these methods utilize parametric selection functions to model the selective publication mechanism. The main contribution of this article is to propose a new sensitivity analysis approach that derives the worst-case bounds for the SROC curve by adopting nonparametric selection functions under minimal assumptions. The estimation procedures of the worst-case bounds use the Monte Carlo method to obtain the SROC curves along with the corresponding area under the curves in the worst case where the maximum possible PB under a range of marginal selection probabilities is considered. We apply the proposed method to a real-world meta-analysis to show that the worst-case bounds of the SROC curves can provide useful insights for discussing the robustness of meta-analytical findings on diagnostic test accuracy.
The Postshock Chemical Lifetimes of Outflow Tracers and a Possible New Mechanism to Produce Water Ice Mantles

We have used a coupled time-dependent chemical and dynamical model to investigate the lifetime of the chemical legacy in the wake of C-type shocks. We concentrate this study on the chemistry of H2O and O2, two molecules which are predicted to have abundances that are significantly affected in shock-heated gas. Two models are presented: (1) a three-stage model of preshock, shocked, and postshock gas; and (2) a Monte Carlo cloud simulation where we explore the effects of stochastic shock activity on molecular gas over a cloud lifetime. For both models we separately examine the pure gas-phase chemistry as well as the chemistry including the interactions of molecules with grain surfaces. In agreement with previous studies, we find that shock velocities in excess of 10 km s-1 are required to convert all of the oxygen not locked in CO into H2O before the gas has an opportunity to cool. For pure gas-phase models the lifetime of the high water abundances, or "H2O legacy," in the postshock gas is ~(4-7) × 105 yr, independent of the gas density. A density dependence for the lifetime of H2O is found in gas-grain models as the water molecules deplete onto grains at the depletion timescale. Through the Monte Carlo cloud simulation we demonstrate that the time-average abundance of H2O, the weighted average of the amount of time gas spends in preshock, shock, and postshock stages, is a sensitive function of the frequency of shocks. Thus we predict that the abundance of H2O, and to a lesser extent O2, can be used to trace the history of shock activity in molecular gas. We use previous large-scale surveys of molecular outflows to constrain the frequency of 10 km s-1 shocks in regions with varying star formation properties and discuss the observations required to test these results. We discuss the postshock lifetimes for other possible outflow tracers (e.g., SiO and CH3OH) and show that the differences between the lifetimes for various tracers can produce potentially observable chemical variations between younger and older outflows. For gas-grain models we find that the abundance of water-ice on grain surfaces can be quite large and is comparable to that observed in molecular clouds. This offers a possible alternative method to create water mantles without resorting to grain surface chemistry: gas heating and chemical modification due to a C-type shock and subsequent depletion of the gas-phase species onto grain mantles.
The Use of Internet of Things (IoT) Technology to Promote Children's Oral Health: A Scoping Review

Abstract Dental treatments and oral health promotion are now more mobile and versatile thanks to the Internet of Things (IoT)-based healthcare services. This scoping review aims to compile the available data and outline the aims, design, assessment procedures, efficacy, advantages, and disadvantages of the implementation of IoT to improve children's oral health. Articles for this review were gathered from PubMed, Scopus, and Ebscohost databases to identify and construct the keywords and primary research topic. The selected studies were published between 2000 and 2022 and focused on children aged 1 to 18 and/or parents/caregivers of children who received oral health promotion and/or dental disease preventive treatments utilizing the IoT. Each study topic required data extraction. A total of nine papers were included in this review. Two of the nine publications were quasi-experimental, while the remaining six papers were randomized control trials. The nine papers considered in this appraisal have a range of interventions and follow-up periods. Mobile-Health (m-Health), home healthcare, hospital/clinical management, and electronic-Health applications (e-Health) are the most common IoT architecture used as interventions. Three studies assessed oral health knowledge and behavior scores, whereas the bulk of studies (6/7) used m-Health treatments focusing on dental plaque buildup as well as gingival health evaluation to assess oral hygiene. IoT is one of the mediums or instruments that might be used to encourage children's dental health. The studies suggest that the use of IoT could help in improving oral hygiene and oral health, which can further improve children's oral health.
Effect of Risk Mitigation Guidance for opioid and stimulant dispensations on mortality and acute care visits during dual public health emergencies: retrospective cohort study

Abstract Objective To determine the effect of opioid and stimulant Risk Mitigation Guidance (RMG) dispensations on mortality and acute care visits during the dual public health emergencies of overdose and covid-19. Design Population based retrospective cohort study. Setting British Columbia, Canada. Participants 5882 people with opioid or stimulant use disorder who received RMG prescriptions for opioids (n=5356) and/or stimulants (n=1061) (535 received both) from 27 March 2020 to 31 August 2021. Main outcome measures All cause and overdose specific mortality and acute care visits in the week after RMG opioid or stimulant dispensation. RMG recipients were matched 1:1 with controls through use of high dimensional propensity score matching. Marginal structural models, executed on weekly time steps, were used to measure the effect of dispensations on outcomes. Results RMG opioid dispensations of one day or more were associated with reduced all cause mortality (adjusted hazard ratio 0.39, 95% confidence interval 0.25 to 0.60) and overdose related mortality (0.45, 0.27 to 0.75) in the subsequent week. Dispensations of RMG stimulants (≥1 days) were not significantly associated with reduced all cause mortality (adjusted hazard ratio 0.50, 0.20 to 1.23) or overdose related mortality (0.53, 0.18 to 1.56). The protective effect of RMG opioid dispensations increased with the number of days the medications were dispensed in a given week. People who received four or more days of RMG opioid dispensations had reduced all cause mortality (adjusted hazard ratio 0.09, 0.04 to 0.21) and overdose related mortality (0.11, 0.04 to 0.32) compared with the control group. Opioid RMG dispensations did not significantly modify the odds of all cause or overdose related acute care visits. Dispensations of RMG stimulants were associated with a significant decrease in the odds of acute care visits for any cause but did not affect the odds of overdose related acute care visits. Conclusions RMG opioid dispensations were associated with reduced overdose related and all cause mortality among a sample of people with opioid use disorder. Pharmaceutical alternatives to the illegal drug supply are promising interventions to reduce mortality in people with opioid use disorder.
COMPOSTING OF FOOD GARBAGE AND LIVESTOCK WASTE CONTAINING BIOMASS CHARCOAL

In Japan biomass charcoal has been used for a long time as environmental improver, soil improver in a firm, water purification material and odor adsorbent. Recently, both carbonizing biomass waste such as wasted construction biomass materials, wasted paper and thinned wood and bamboo in forest and composting of garbage generated by homes, restaurants and livestock waste and their utilization are receiving attention from the viewpoint of recycling biomass wastes. It was found that proliferation of composting microorganisms was enhanced in and on charcoal as a medium added with rice bran as nutrient. A couple of examples of composting of biomass waste and charcoal mixture succeeded in Japan was introduced. In Suwa City, Nagano Prefecture, preparation of compost with charcoal was verified in demonstration program for garbage composting. Compost was made from garbage generated from 55 homes in Suwa City. The garbage was mixed with charcoal and complex microorganisms as seed. The mixture was heated over 55 o C in aerobic condition for three hours. After one or two months the aged compost was obtained. Another recycle model of biomass resources using compost system is succeeded in Dake Spa Area, Fukushima Prefecture. The compost is made from garbage generated from hotels and cow manure from a dairy farm. The prepared compost is supplied to agriculture farms which cultivated vegetables organically. The hotels generating garbage purchase the vegetables and serve them for their guests. For realizing environmental recycle system of biomass resources, the system should be profitable for all the members concerning the recycle system. The small size of the system is inexpensive dependent on characteristics of a suburban area compared with a huge garbage treatment system.
Estimating the Effect of PrEP in Black Men Who Have Sex with Men: A Framework to Utilize Data from Multiple Non-Randomized Studies to Estimate Causal Effects

Black men who have sex with men (MSM) are disproportionately burdened by the HIV epidemic in the US. The effectiveness of pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) in preventing HIV infection has been demonstrated through randomized placebo-controlled clinical trials in several populations. Importantly, no such trial has been conducted exclusively among Black MSM in the US, and it would be unethical and infeasible to do so now. To estimate the causal effects of PrEP access, initiation, and adherence on HIV risk, we utilized causal inference methods to combine data from two non-randomized studies that exclusively enrolled Black MSM. The estimated relative risks of HIV were: (i) 0.52 (95% confidence interval: 0.21, 1.22) for individuals with versus without PrEP access, (ii) 0.48 (0.12, 0.89) for individuals who initiated PrEP but were not adherent versus those who did not initiate, and (iii) 0.23 (0.02, 0.80) for individuals who were adherent to PrEP versus those who did not initiate. Beyond addressing the knowledge gap around the effect of PrEP in Black MSM in the US, which may have ramifications for public health, we have provided a framework to combine data from multiple non-randomized studies to estimate causal effects, which has broad utility.
Debt Sustainability: Empirical Evidence from Indian States

This study utilizes the Bohn framework for panel data and a penalized spline technique for testing the sustainability of public debt in 20 major Indian states for the period 2003–04 to 2014–15. It is found that in 14 out of 20 states, the primary surplus reacts positively to public debt, indicating debt sustainability in these states. Moreover, it is interesting to note that the reaction coefficients are not constant but varies with time in all the states. in six states, the debt is unsustainable which suggests for policy intervention in them. Our analysis also indicates that the net borrowings in these six states exceed their FRBM limits, and which are partially used for non-investment purposes. Therefore, they need to strictly adhere to debt-deficit targets. It is our hope that these results will be useful to policymakers and other stakeholders in such a way that their strategies will improve the debt position of these states and make them sustainable.
Structural Exclusion and Administrative Burden within the Affordable Care Act: An Exploratory Study of Latinos in Arizona

This paper is based on an exploratory study that collected original data in 2016 from Latino and Latino immigrant communities in Arizona to examine the most important policy issues and challenges they encounter. The findings showed, surprisingly, that Latino respondents considered health care and the Affordable Care Act among the top challenges Latinos face today, just as important as the overall economy of the United States and even more important than immigration reform. This was surprising because Arizona has increasingly and expansively securitized its immigration sector, which disproportionately targets Latinos and Latino immigrants. In light of this puzzle, this study examines the discrepancies of the health care system from a federalist point of view, and synthesizes existing research on the outcomes of the Affordable Health Care Act across lines of race, ethnicity, gender, national origin, and immigrant status. We connect these findings to academic literature on administrative exclusion and administrative burdens, a crucial intersection within the field of public administration and social policy. We then found another interesting item from the survey data: there is an increased likelihood of perceiving the AC A and health care as a pressing challenge if Latinos perceive discrimination, particularly on the basis of language. This paper adds to existing work on the disparities in health that arise out of lack of cultural competency, an issue that the public health community must address. Implications of this paper are critical in understanding contextual issues that are imperative to community building. In the context of Latinos and Latino immigrants who have repeatedly expressed feeling disenfranchised from formal political structures in the U.S., this research is especially important to facilitate their political assimilation and incorporation, in order to further establish social equity perspective.
SEEUNRS: Semantically-Enriched-Entity-Based Urdu News Recommendation System

The advancement in the production, distribution, and consumption of news has fostered easy access to the news with fair challenges. The main challenge is to present the right news to the right audience. News recommendation system is one of the technological solutions to this problem. Much work has been done on news recommendation systems for the major languages of the world, but trivial work has been done for resource-poor languages like Urdu. Another significant hurdle in the development of an efficient news recommendation system is the Scarcity of an accessible and suitable Urdu dataset. To this end, an Urdu news mobile application was used to collect the news data and user feedback for one month. After refinement, the first-ever Urdu dataset of 100 users and 23250 news is curated for the Urdu news recommendation system. In addition, a Semantically-Enriched-Entity-Based Urdu News Recommendation System (SEEUNRS) is proposed. The proposed scheme exploits the hidden features of a news article and entities to suggest the right article to the right audience. Results have shown that the presented model has an improvement of 6.9% in the F-1 measure from traditional recommendation system techniques.
“You feel that you are stepping into a different world”: Vulnerability and biases in the treatment of anorexia nervosa

ABSTRACT The treatment of anorexia nervosa has been marked by challenges, prompting scholars to establish therapeutic guidelines aimed at overcoming barriers, and enhancing the efficacy of treatment. Although previous studies have documented the difficulties that usually arise in anorexia treatment, the challenges and the vulnerabilities therapists face have not been fully illuminated. The objective of this study is to delve into therapists’ experiences and explore the sense of vulnerability they encounter during the treatment of anorexia nervosa, thereby fostering a more profound comprehension of their perspectives. One-to-one interviews were carried out with a cohort of 7 Greek therapists, all of whom had a minimum of 5 years of professional experience. Data were analyzed using interpretative phenomenological analysis and two main themes were constructed: therapist-related factors and building communication. Therapists experienced moments of self-doubt wherein they questioned their capacity to provide an efficacious treatment plan. Aside from this sense of vulnerability, treatment was also thought to be hindered by personal biases while issues of mistrust and parental involvement were considered to be additional challenges. Lastly, the study raises doubts about the therapist’s role as the confident and unbiased expert, emphasizing the criticality of addressing these challenges to enhance the overall treatment outcomes.
The Buss-Perry Aggression Questionnaire: Construct validity and gender invariance among Argentinean adolescents Cuestionario de Agresión de Buss-Perry: validez de constructo e invarianza de género en adolescentes argentinos

The Aggression Questionnaire (Buss & Perry, 1992) is one of the most used instruments to assess aggression; it includes 29 items grouped into 4 factors. Furthermore, a reduced version of 12-item has been proposed (Bryant & Smith, 2001), and it has also been examined by several researchers. Nevertheless, Latin-American samples have rarely been included. In this study, exploratory and confirmatory models were evaluated among a sample of adolescents from Cordoba, Argentina (N = 371). Moreover, internal consistency and gender invariance were examined. A 2-factor structure resulted in the exploratory analysis, while 2- and 4-factor (short and long versions) structures showed acceptable fits in confirmatory analysis. In general, internal consistency was acceptable, and gender invariance was supported. Implications and limitations are discussed.
A security and privacy preserving approach based on social IoT and classification using DenseNet convolutional neural network

This method is able to synthesize fine-detailed images by the use of a global attention that gives more attention to the words in the textual descriptions. Also we have the deep attention multimodal similarity model (DAMSM) that calculates the matching loss in the generator. Though this work produced images of high quality, there was some loss while training the system and it takes enough time for training. Although there has been little study on applying character-level Dense Net algorithms for text classification tasks; the Dense Net structures we suggested in this paper have shown outstanding performance in image classification tasks. Extensive testing has revealed that they perform better when it comes to their ability to withstand interruption and that they can influence exerted many organizations implementing information usage and language information on the specifications of user privacy protection, framework implies, and regulatory requirements.
A security and privacy preserving approach based on social IoT evolving encoding using convolutional neural network

One of the most popular technological frameworks of the year is without a certain Internet of Things (IoT). It permeates numerous industries and has a profound impact on people's lives in all spheres. The “Internet of everything” age is by the IoT technology's rapid development, but it also alters the function of terminal equipment at the network's edge. The name “Internet of Things” has evolved as a result enabling things to be intelligent and competent in talking with verified devices (IoT). Between smart devices, social IoT (IoT) devices interact and adopt social networking concepts. It takes a secure connection between the smart gadgets to enable sociability. To determine whether the suggested strategy is practical it is applied to a convolutional neural network (CNN)-based language similarity analysis model in the context. The model created using the encounter training method is more accurate than the original CNN.
Identification of Arabidopsis phospholipase Ds involved in circadian clock alterations using CRISPR/Cas9-based multiplex editing

Reciprocal regulation between circadian clock and lipid metabolism is emerging, but its mechanistic details remain elusive in plants. We previously reported that a lipid metabolite phosphatidic acid (PA) bound to the core clock transcription factors LATE ELONGATED HYPOCOTYL (LHY) and CIRCADIAN CLOCK ASSOCIATED1 (CCA1) and chemical suppression of phospholipase D (PLD)-catalyzed PA formation perturbed the clock in Arabidopsis. Here, we investigated to identify, among 12 isoforms, specific PLD(s) important to the regulation of clock function. We generated a library of Arabidopsis plants bearing PLDs randomly mutated by multiplex CRISPR/Cas9 system. PCR and gel-based analyses showed that all PLDs, except for β2, were effectively edited and the mutations were heritable. Screening of T2 plants identified some with an altered rhythmic expression of CCA1 and this trait was observed in many of their progenies. Genotyping by DNA sequencing revealed that at least two of six PLDs (α1, α3, γ1, δ, ε and ζ2) were mutated in the clock-altered T3 plants. This study identifies different combinations of two or more PLDs involved in altering clock outputs, and also suggests a functional redundancy of the six PLDs for the regulation of plant circadian clock.