Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Expectations, Economics of 2. Traditional Models 3. Rational Expectations 4. Econometric Issues with Rational Expectations 4.1 Testing for Rationality 5. Multiple Equilibria and Re 6. Learning

an impressive restatement of the entire project of modernityasthediscoveryofhumanautonomy.Herethe commitment to freedom as the fundamental prerequisite for any valued form of human being is restated with unsurpassed determination. The result is less a secular version of a Christian notion of existence (Kierkegaard) than the consecration of a particular kind of Romanticism (Fichte). This is characteristic also of Albert Camus (1913–60), whose The Rebel (1954) returned to nineteenth-century Russian literature for an understanding of nihilism as the most consistent and fearless of existential views of the human world. Only the free act could be considered authentically human, and as conformity to any existing convention was tainted with coercion, acts of rebellion bore the only indubitable sign of freedom and, therefore, of authenticity. Sartre increasingly sought for his existentialism a larger and more dramatic stage; history and the collective subject, rather than the small individual acts of everyday life, supplied the setting for the working out of the great refusal; the negation of everything intolerable in modern life. The attempted synthesis of existentialist and Marxist traditions resulted, in Critique of Dialectical Reason (1976 [1960]), in a social theory paradoxically 'founded' on 'anti-foundational' existential insights. Through this Sartre sought to establish praxis relevant to contemporary life rather than an explanation of its various features. His views, thus, remain rooted in existential insight; 'The only concrete basis for the historical dialectic is the dialectical structure of individual acts. ' The radical freedom central to Being and Nothingness is somewhat muted here—reciprocity and otherness, mediated through a series of 'objective' forms (dyad, triad, serial group, fused group, statutory group, organization, class), are conceived as pre-given and as essential aspects of, and constraints upon, every human project. However the subversive genius of its empty form is also invoked: 'For freedom is nothing other than a choice which creates for itself its own possibilities. ' The human remains the being for whom 'The upsurge of freedom is immediate and concrete. ' Existential social theory seeks to realize two distinct and seemingly incompatible values; the absolute and untrammeled freedom of the subject; and the actualiz-ation of authentic selfhood. Much of the development of existentialism is an attempt to reconcile these two values and to imagine a social world in which they could be harmonically interrelated. The urgency and difficulty of such a task is the source of the pathos, which distinguishes all serious existential social theory. 'Expectations' in economics refers to …
Responsiveness to Intervention and the Identification of Specific Learning Disability: A Critique and Alternative Proposal

Responsiveness to intervention (RTI) is being proposed as an alternative model for making decisions about the presence or absence of specific learning disability. We argue that many questions about RTI remain unanswered, and that radical changes in the proposed regulations are not warranted at this time. Since many fundamental issues related to RTI have not been resolved, a better strategy may be to more rigorously implement existing identification criteria (e.g., discrepancy and psychological processing deficits) in a structured psychometric framework. Suggestions for how to modify present procedures are provided.
Organizational Enactments and Conformity to Environmental Prescriptions

This paper argues that current conceptions of organizational activity as ritual conformity (or isomorphism) to institutional demands which exist in the environment must also incorporate an understanding of organizational enactment. Enactment entails a conception of the environment in terms of processes of reality construction; organizations are active in creating and defining institutional demands. Data is drawn from a study of the response of mental health organizations to outpatient commitment which is a legal policy designed to fulfill the societal demands for deinstitutionalization of the mentally ill. Organizational responses were highly variable, despite the existence of outpatient commitment as a legal policy with active encouragement of its use by the State Division of Mental Health. This variability can be understood in terms of organizational enactments; each organization construed the workings of the policy according to its own definitions and stocks of knowledge, and then conformed with its own enactment.
Asymmetric circuit models and parameter measurement for permanent magnet linear synchronous motor considering inductance harmonics

This paper presents asymmetric circuit models and inductance parameter measurement method for Permanent Magnet Linear Synchronous Motor (PMLSM). Asymmetric circuit models considering the saliency and inductance harmonic effects are discussed for PMLSM. All fundamental and harmonic inductance parameters are easily determined by a standstill test using a single–phase commercial source. Experimental and simulation results on a 3-phase, 4-pole and 14-slot single-sided PMLSM demonstrate the validity of the proposed method.
Higher Fibrinogen Level is Independently Linked with the Presence and Severity of New-Onset Coronary Atherosclerosis among Han Chinese Population

Background Fibrinogen is a coagulation/inflammatory biomarker strongly associated with atherogenesis. However, no data is currently available regarding the association of fibrinogen level with the presence and severity of new-onset coronary atherosclerosis assessed by Gensini score (GS), particularly in Han Chinese with a large sample size. Methods and Results We studied 2288 consecutive, new-onset subjects undergoing coronary angiography with angina-like chest pain. Clinical and laboratory data were collected. Coronary stenotic lesions were considered to be the incidence of coronary atherosclerosis. The severity of coronary stenosis was determined by the GS system. Data indicated that patients with high GS had significantly elevated fibrinogen level (p<0.001). The prevalence and severity of coronary atherosclerosis were dramatically increased according to fibrinogen tertiles. Spearman correlation analysis revealed a positive association between fibrinogen level and GS (r = 0.138, p<0.001). Multivariate logistic regression analysis demonstrated that plasma fibrinogen level was independently associated with high GS (OR = 1.275, 95% CI 1.082–1.502, p = 0.004) after adjusting for potential confounders. Moreover, fibrinogen level was also independently related to the presence of coronary atherosclerosis (fibrinogen tertile 2: OR = 1.192, 95% CI 0.889–1.598, p = 0.241; tertile 3: OR = 2.003, 95% CI 1.383–2.903, p <0.001) and high GS (fibrinogen tertile 2: OR = 1.079, 95% CI 0.833–1.397, p = 0.565; tertile 3: OR = 1.524, 95% CI 1.155–2.011, p = 0.003) in a dose-dependent manner. Receiver-operating characteristic curve analysis showed that the best fibrinogen cut-off value for predicting the severity of coronary stenosis was 3.21 g/L. Conclusions Higher fibrinogen level is independently linked with the presence and severity of new-onset coronary atherosclerosis in Han Chinese population.
Repetition priming of homographs and novel objects: Evidence for an item-specific locus

Two experiments examined the nature of the memory representations underlying repetition priming. In Expt 1, homographs (words with two meanings) were presented accompanied by bias words that demanded one particular interpretation of each. These homographs were then used in a test phase picture-word matching task. Repeated items accompanied by a picture that demanded another interpretation of the word showed as much facilitation as repeated items accompanied by a picture that preserved the trained interpretation of the homograph. Under the same encoding conditions, participants were able to remember which bias words accompanied the homographs at training, yet there was no evidence of a role for the retrieval of interpretive encoding operations in producing the repetition priming observed; results were instead consistent with activation of item-specific representations underlying the effect. This locus of repetition priming was further investigated in Expt 2. Participants made same-different responses to pairs of simultaneously presented novel objects. There was no reduction in facilitation of responding following recombination of pairings of items between training and test, as compared to pairs repeated intact. These results are not compatible with accounts of the priming effect based only on the retrieval of prior processing episodes, or the reinstatement of prior processing demands. The results are consistent with a perceptual locus of the priming effect, based not on pre-existing representations or connections, but on representations of structure and form of individual stimuli.
Riehle The Commercial Open Source Business Model The Commercial Open Source Business Model

Commercial open source software projects are open source software projects that are owned by a single firm that derives a direct and significant revenue stream from the software. Commercial open source at first glance represents an economic paradox: How can a firm earn money if it is making its product available for free as open source? This paper presents the core properties of commercial open source business models and discusses how they work. Using a commercial open source approach, firms can get to market faster with a superior product at lower cost than possible for traditional competitors. The paper shows how these benefits accrue from an engaged and self-supporting user community. Lacking any prior comprehensive reference, this paper is based on an analysis of public statements by practitioners of commercial open source. It forges the various anecdotes into a coherent description of revenue generation strategies and relevant business functions.
3α,4α-Epoxy-2-piperidone, a new minor derivative from leaves of Piper crassinervium Kunth (Piperaceae)

A new antifungal piperidone derivative 3α,4α-epoxy-2-piperidone, whose structure was determined by spectroscopic methods, was isolated from the MeOH extract from leaves of Piper crassinervium. This is the first occurrence of one amide in P. crassinervium.
Anchoring transition in a nematic liquid crystal doped with chiral agents

Anchoring transition in cholesteric liquid crystals (CLCs) was studied in this article. The orientational change is not simple in CLCs; instead of the orientational change of the helical axis, a variety of molecular orientations in cells such as planar, Grandjean, fingerprint, and homeotropic orientations were observed depending on chiral dopant, its concentration and temperature. It is proposed that the competition between helix forming power and preferential surface anchoring must be the origin of this phenomenon.
The Effect of GoF Design Patterns on Stability: A Case Study

Stability refers to a software system's resistance to the “ripple effect”, i.e., propagation of changes. In this paper, we investigate the stability of classes that participate in instances/occurrences of GoF design patterns. We examine whether the stability of such classes is affected by (a) the pattern type, (b) the role that the class plays in the pattern, (c) the number of pattern occurrences in which the class participates, and (d) the application domain. To this end, we conducted a case study on about 65.000 Java open-source classes, where we performed change impact analysis on classes that participate in zero, one (single pattern), or more than one (coupled) pattern occurrences. The results suggest that, the application of design patterns can provide the expected “shielding” of certain pattern-participating classes against changes, depending on their role in the pattern. Moreover, classes that participate in coupled pattern occurrences appear to be the least stable. The results can be used for assessing the benefits and liabilities of the use of patterns and for testing and refactoring prioritization, because less stable classes are expected to require more effort while testing, and urge for refactoring activities that would make them more resistant to change propagation.
Vigilante Media: Unveiling Anonymous and the Hacktivist Persona in the Global Press

Since 2008, Anonymous has been a rising presence in global affairs, although the group has remained relatively hidden behind the margins of media scrutiny. This study uses content and frame analysis from the review of 200 articles in 10 countries to examine the reception of Anonymous in the global press. The analysis revealed a disparity in how journalists chose to represent Anonymous and what they actually reported. Hacktivists were framed mostly as malicious pranksters, even though 82% of their operations were motivated by a defense of free speech or political causes. A cross-examination of hacktivist operations suggested an economically motivated news bias in support of those corporate and government organizations targeted by Anonymous. The study also investigated hacktivist methods and targets, highlighting the group's proclivity for crashing the websites of global institutions.
Protection of Brain Injury by Amniotic Mesenchymal Stromal Cell-Secreted Metabolites

Objectives:To define the features of human amniotic mesenchymal stromal cell secretome and its protective properties in experimental models of acute brain injury. Design:Prospective experimental study. Setting:Laboratory research. Subjects:C57Bl/6 mice. Interventions:Mice subjected to sham or traumatic brain injury by controlled cortical impact received human amniotic mesenchymal stromal cells or phosphate-buffered saline infused intracerebroventricularly or intravenously 24 hours after injury. Organotypic cortical brain slices exposed to ischemic injury by oxygen-glucose deprivation were treated with human amniotic mesenchymal stromal cells or with their secretome (conditioned medium) in a transwell system. Measurements and Main Results:Traumatic brain injured mice receiving human amniotic mesenchymal stromal cells intravenously or intracerebroventricularly showed early and lasting functional and anatomical brain protection. cortical slices injured by oxigen-glucose deprivation and treated with human amniotic mesenchymal stromal cells or conditioned medium showed comparable protective effects (neuronal rescue, promotion of M2 microglia polarization, induction of trophic factors) indicating that the exposure of human amniotic mesenchymal stromal cells to the injured tissue is not necessary for the release of bioactive factors. Using sequential size-exclusion and gel-filtration chromatography, we identified a conditioned medium subfraction, which specifically displays these highly protective properties and we found that this fraction was rich in bioactive molecules with molecular weight smaller than 700 Da. Quantitative RNA analysis and mass spectrometry-based peptidomics showed that the active factors are not proteins or RNAs. The metabolomic profiling of six metabolic classes identified a list of molecules whose abundance was selectively elevated in the active conditioned medium fraction. Conclusions:Human amniotic mesenchymal stromal cell-secreted factors protect the brain after acute injury. Importantly, a fraction rich in metabolites, and containing neither proteic nor ribonucleic molecules was protective. This study indicates the profiling of protective factors that could be useful in cell-free therapeutic approaches for acute brain injury.
Food waste within food supply chains: quantification and potential for change to 2050

Food waste in the global food supply chain is reviewed in relation to the prospects for feeding a population of nine billion by 2050. Different definitions of food waste with respect to the complexities of food supply chains (FSCs)are discussed. An international literature review found a dearth of data on food waste and estimates varied widely; those for post-harvest losses of grain in developing countries might be overestimated. As much of the post-harvest loss data for developing countries was collected over 30 years ago, current global losses cannot be quantified. A significant gap exists in the understanding of the food waste implications of the rapid development of ‘BRIC’ economies. The limited data suggest that losses are much higher at the immediate post-harvest stages in developing countries and higher for perishable foods across industrialized and developing economies alike. For affluent economies, post-consumer food waste accounts for the greatest overall losses. To supplement the fragmentary picture and to gain a forward view, interviews were conducted with international FSC experts. The analyses highlighted the scale of the problem, the scope for improved system efficiencies and the challenges of affecting behavioural change to reduce post-consumer waste in affluent populations.
A nationwide study of children and adolescents with pneumonia who visited Emergency Department in South Korea in 2012

Purpose Acute respiratory infection, particularly pneumonia, is the most common cause of hospitalization and death among children in developing nations. This study aimed to investigate the characteristics of children and adolescents with pneumonia who visited Emergency Department (ED) in South Korea in 2012. Methods We analyzed National Emergency Department Information System (NEDIS) records from 146 EDs in South Korea for all pediatric patients aged ≤18 years who were diagnosed with pneumonia between January and December 2012. Results Among 38,415 subjects, the male-to-female ratio was 1:0.8. Patients aged <12 months comprised 18.0% of the study population; those aged 1 to 3 years, 54.4%; those aged 4 to 6 years, 16.8%; those aged 7 to 12 years, 7.4%; and those aged 13 to 18 years, 3.4%. Presentation rates were highest in April, followed by January, March, and May. The hospital admission rate was 43.5%, of which 2.6% were in intensive care units. The mortality rate was 0.02%. Based on the International Classification of Diseases, 10th Revision, diagnostic codes, the types of pneumonia according to cause were viral pneumonia (29.0%), bacterial pneumonia (5.3%), Mycoplasmal pneumonia (4.5%), aspiration pneumonia (1.3%), and pneumonia of unknown origin (59.3%). Conclusion Despite the limited data due to the ED data from the NEDIS lacking laboratory results and treatment information, this study reflects well the outbreak patterns among children and adolescents with pneumonia. Our results provide a basis for future studies regarding ED treatment for children and adolescents with pneumonia.
Radical Innovation as a Multilevel Process: Introducing Floating Grain Elevators in the Port of Rotterdam

Hugo van Driel is assistant professor of business history in the Faculty of Business Administration at the Erasmus University, Rotterdam. He specializes in the history of seaports and recently contributed to several chapters in Comparative Port History of Rotterdam and Antwerp (1880-2000): Competition, Cargo and Costs, ed. Ferry de Goey (Amsterdam, 2004). Johan Schot is professor of the history of technology at Eindhoven University of Technology. He has written and edited numerous books and articles on the history of technology and on constructive technology assessment, including most recently the seven-volume Techniek in Nederland in de twintigste eeuw, published by Walberg Pers, 1998-2003, and "The Contested Rise of a Modernist Technology Politics," in Modernity and Technology, ed. Thomas J. Misa, Philip Brey, and Andrew Feenberg (2003). They thank Dick van Lente, Adrian Jarvis, Michael Mende, and the Technology and Culture referees, along with the participants in the ECIS conference in Eindhoven, September 2001, and the COST340 conference "Towards a European Intermodal Transport Network: Lessons from History," Milan, May 2004, for their comments on earlier versions. Finally, they are indebted to Karen Freeze for her careful reading of a draft text and many detailed suggestions for improvement. This is a heavily revised version of an earlier article, "Regime-transformatie in de Rotterdamse graanoverslag," NEHA-Jaarboek voor Economische, Bedrijfsen Techniekgeschiedenis 64 (2001): 286-318. The research was funded by the Netherlands Organisation for Scientific Research (NWO).
Intervention personnalisée d’intégration communautaire (IPIC) et résilience : pourquoi revenir à la vie, si celle-ci n’a plus de sens ?

Le concept de resilience interesse de plus en plus les chercheurs, les intervenants, les gestionnaires et les usagers des services de readaptation. Toutefois, les ecrits concernant des interventions soutenant la resilience des personnes et des proches sont tres peu abondants. Cet article propose de decrire un programme d’accompagnement communautaire susceptible de soutenir la resilience des personnes ayant un traumatisme craniocerebral (TCC) modere a severe, l’Intervention personnalisee d’integration communautaire (IPIC). L’IPIC, actuellement en implantation, devrait contribuer a soutenir la participation sociale et stimuler la resilience des personnes ayant subi un TCC. Le programme s’appuie sur quatre cadres de reference : l’integration a la communaute fondee sur la perception de la personne de son integration communautaire, le modele ecosystemique, le modele du Processus de production du handicap (PPH) et la demarche pour cibler un but. L’IPIC adopte une perspective d’intervention centree sur le projet de vie de la personne ayant un TCC.
Respecting human embryos within stem cell research: Seeking harmony

: Many medical-ethics advisory boards have concluded that human embryonic stem cell research can be conducted in an ethical manner. Yet, almost all the recommendations of the ethics advisory boards have included a rather obscure requirement: the embryos that are to be destroyed for stem cell research must be treated with profound respect. In none of these recommendations, however, do we see an adequate explanation of what proper respect for human embryos actually entails. In this essay I argue that showing proper respect for human embryos, on the one hand, and simultaneously destroying them for stem cell research, on the other hand, are not mutually exclusive. In addition, I maintain that given current U.S. in vitro fertilization practices, which deliberately produce more embryos than will be implanted, proper respect for surplus embryos requires their use in embryonic stem cell research.
Models of primitive cellular life: polymerases and templates in liposomes

Nutrient transport, polymerization and expression of genetic information in cellular compartments are hallmarks of all life today, and must have appeared at some point during the origin and early evolution of life. Because the first cellular life lacked membrane transport systems based on highly evolved proteins, they presumably depended on simpler processes of nutrient uptake. Using a system consisting of an RNA polymerase and DNA template entrapped in submicrometre-sized lipid vesicles (liposomes), we found that the liposome membrane could be made sufficiently permeable to allow access of ionized substrate molecules as large as nucleoside triphosphates (NTPs) to the enzyme. The encapsulated polymerase transcribed the template-specific base sequences of the DNA to the RNA that was synthesized. These experiments demonstrate that units of genetic information can be associated with a functional catalyst in a single compartment, and that transcription of gene-sized DNA fragments can be achieved by relying solely on passive diffusion to supply NTPs substrates.