Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Apple leaf disease identi�cation via improved CycleGAN and Convolutional Neural Network

The identification of apple leaf diseases is crucial to reduce yield reduction and timely take disease control measures. Employing machine learning-based methods, such as deep learning for accurate identification of multiple apple leaf diseases is challenging because of the limited availability of samples for supervised training and the serious class imbalance. Hence, this paper proposes an accurate deep learning-based pipeline to solve the problem of limited data sets on farms and reduce the partiality due to serious class imbalance. Firstly, this paper proposes the improved cycle-consistent adversarial networks (CycleGAN) to generate synthetic samples to improve the learning of data distribution and solve the problems of small data sets and class imbalance. On the basis of CycleGAN, two discriminators are introduced: one to judge whether the image is true or false, and one to judge whether the leaf image has disease. Specifically, healthy leaves are converted into disease-carrying leaves using two models, health-to-scab and health-to-rust to balance apple leaf disease datasets. Secondly, ResNet is trained as a baseline convolutional neural network classifier to classify apple leaf diseases. In experimental results, this paper carries out some experiments on evaluation of quality of the generated images by the improved CycleGAN and the
Long-term retinal nerve fiber layer changes following nonarteritic anterior ischemic optic neuropathy

Background: In cases of nonarteritic anterior ischemic optic neuropathy (NAION), retinal nerve fiber layer (RNFL) thickness changes have been described during the first 12 months following the acute event. The purpose of this study was to report on the long-term RNFL changes in these eyes beyond the first year following onset of NAION. Methods: Fourteen eyes of 13 patients with NAION were analyzed in this retrospective observational case series study. Uninvolved eyes served as controls. All patients underwent a complete neuro-ophthalmological examination and repeat measurements of peripapillary RNFL thickness using Stratus optical coherence tomography. Results: On optical coherence tomography scan performed on average 6 months following onset of NAION, the mean global RNFL thickness (59.8 ± 11.8 µ m) was significantly thinner ( P , 0.001) compared with uninvolved eyes (95.1 ± 13.9 µ m). In a second optical coherence tomography scan performed on average 13 (range 12–23) months later, the mean global RNFL thickness (58.9 ± 6.5 µ m) was not significantly different ( P = 0.702) from the first scan. Conclusion: There appears to be no further RNFL loss beyond the first 6 months following an acute event of NAION. topics include: Optometry; Visual science; Pharmacology and drug therapy in eye diseases; Basic Sciences; Primary and Secondary eye care; Patient and Quality of Improvements.
Implementation of the ISORROPIA-lite aerosol thermodynamics model into the EMAC chemistry climate model (based on MESSy v2.55): implications for aerosol composition and acidity

Abstract. This study explores the differences in performance and results by various versions of the ISORROPIA thermodynamic module implemented within the ECHAM/MESSy Atmospheric Chemistry (EMAC) model. Three different versions of the module were used, ISORROPIA II v1, ISORROPIA II v2.3, and ISORROPIA-lite. First, ISORROPIA II v2.3 replaced ISORROPIA II v1 in EMAC to improve pH predictions close to neutral conditions. The newly developed ISORROPIA-lite has been added to EMAC alongside ISORROPIA II v2.3. ISORROPIA-lite is more computationally efficient and assumes that atmospheric aerosols exist always as supersaturated aqueous (metastable) solutions, while ISORROPIA II includes the option to allow for the formation of solid salts at low RH conditions (stable state). The predictions of EMAC by employing all three aerosol thermodynamic models were compared to each other and evaluated against surface measurements from three regional observational networks in the polluted Northern Hemisphere (Interagency Monitoring of Protected Visual Environments (IMPROVE), European Monitoring and Evaluation Programme (EMEP), and Acid Deposition Monitoring Network of East Asia (EANET)). The differences between ISORROPIA II v2.3 and ISORROPIA-lite were minimal in all comparisons with the normalized mean absolute difference for the concentrations of all major aerosol components being less than 11 % even when different phase state assumptions were used. The most notable differences were lower aerosol concentrations predicted by ISORROPIA-lite in regions with relative humidity in the range of 20 % to 60 % compared to the predictions of ISORROPIA II v2.3 in stable mode. The comparison against observations yielded satisfactory agreement especially over the USA and Europe but higher deviations over East Asia, where the overprediction of EMAC for nitrate was as high as 4 µg m−3 (∼20 %). The mean annual aerosol pH predicted by ISORROPIA-lite was on average less than a unit lower than ISORROPIA II v2.3 in stable mode, mainly for coarse-mode aerosols over the Middle East. The use of ISORROPIA-lite accelerated EMAC by nearly 5 % compared to the use of ISORROPIA II v2.3 even if the aerosol thermodynamic calculations consume a relatively small fraction of the EMAC computational time. ISORROPIA-lite can therefore be a reliable and computationally efficient alternative to the previous thermodynamic module in EMAC.
Benefits of Low Frequencies For Subsalt Imaging

Our analysis shows that frequencies less than 6-7 Hz, if they are recorded in marine surveys, are often very noisy and of little use. Here we analyze the potential benefits of these lower frequencies to justify our extensive acquisition efforts to record them with less noise. We find that the recording and use of low frequencies for subsalt imaging offers the following advantages: 1) A sharper wavelet, 2) Ability to produce interpretable images where there were none before, 3) Ability to improve velocities so that higher frequencies can be imaged. 4) Low frequencies penetrate into shadow zones 5) Provide stability for wave equation inversion algorithms
New H2O masers in Seyfert and FIR bright galaxies II. The intermediate luminosity range

Context. Recently, a relationship between the water maser detection rate and far infrared (FIR) flux density has been found as a result of a 22 GHz maser survey in a sample comprised of northern galaxies with 100 µm flux density >50 Jy and a declination >−30 ◦ . Aims. The survey has been extended toward galaxies with lower FIR flux densities in order to confirm this correlation and to discover additional maser sources for relevant follow-up interferometric studies. Methods. A sample of 41 galaxies with 30 Jy −30 ◦ was observed with the 100-m telescope at Effelsberg in a search for the 22 GHz water vapor line. The average 3σ noise level of the survey is 40 mJy for a 1 km s −1 channel, corresponding to
On Robust Biometric Identity Veriﬁcation via Sparse Encoding of Faces: Holistic vs Local Approaches

—In the ﬁeld of face recognition, Sparse Representation (SR) has received considerable attention during the past few years. Most of the related literature focuses on holistic descriptors in closed-set identiﬁcation applications. The underlying assumption in identiﬁcation is that the gallery always has sufﬁcient samples per subject to linearly reconstruct a query image. Unfortunately, such assumption is easily violated in the more challenging and realistic face veriﬁcation scenario. A veriﬁcation algorithm is required to determine if two faces (where one or both have not been seen before) belong to the same person, while explicitly taking into account the possibility of impostor attacks. In this paper, we ﬁrst discuss why most of the SR literature is not applicable to veriﬁcation problems. Motivated by the success of bag-of-words methods in the ﬁeld of object recognition, which describe an image as a set of local patches or interest points, we then propose to tackle the veriﬁcation problem by encoding each local face patch through SR. The locally encoded sparse vectors are pooled to form regional descriptors, where each descriptor covers a relatively large portion of the face. Experiments in various challenging conditions show that the proposed method achieves high and robust veriﬁcation performance.
To Question about Nature of Laser-Induced Cavitation

: Main peculiarities of laser-induced cavitation are discussed. Shiort review of corresponding experimental data is represented. Corresponding models and theories, which are used for the explanation this phenomenon, are represented. The main focus is on the Rayleigh model and its modifications. The issue of the nature and conditions of obtaining laser-optical and laser-acoustic cavitation was investigated. The given models make it possible to explain the corresponding experimental data.
Phase Congruency Based on Derivatives of Gaussian Function: An E�cient Feature Map for Image Quality Assessment

Image quality assessment (IQA) has become a hot issue in image processing, which aims to evaluate the quality of images automatically by a metric being consistent with subjective evaluations. Though deep learning based techniques have been applied to IQA models to achieve much progress, conventional IQA models that adopt deliberately designed features are still meaningful because by which we can learn what features are quality-aware and hence understand more about the way we improve image quality by enhancing quality-aware features. The first stage of conventional IQA model design is the quality-aware feature selection. Phase congruency (PC), as one of efficient saliency maps, which takes advantages of early visual feature, operates in frequency domain to measure local structure such as edges, corners, lines, etc. by computing the local amplitude and local energy in multiple scales. Conventional local PC feature is calculated with log-Gabor based filtration in several orientations, and is usually combined with other features in quality estimating. Recently, researchers suggested that spatially circular symmetric filters, such as gradient magnitude (GM) and Laplacian of Gaussian (LoG), are highly-efficient quality features that have been widely used in various IQA model designs. By considering the first-order derivative property of GM and the second-order derivative property of LoG, the two features are a suitable pairs for PC compositions while keeping the circular symmetric characteristic. Therefore, we use GM and LoG to construct a novel PC feature map and only use this feature map to build a full-reference (FR) IQA model, which is proved to be state-of-the-art on three benchmark databases. Furthermore, we replace the PC algorithm in the state-of-the-art FSIM metric with our PC computation, which achieves improved performance. This study suggests that the proposed circular symmetric PC feature is a high efficient quality feature and can be exclusively used in IQA model designs.
Multidimensional engineering of Saccharomyces cerevisiae for improved vanillin synthesis

Background Vanillin represents one of the most widely used �avoring agents in the world. However, microbial synthesis of vanillin is hindered by the host native metabolism that could rapidly degrade vanillin to the byproducts. Results Here, we report that the industrial workhorse Saccharomyces cerevisiae was engineered by systematic deletion of oxidoreductases to improve the vanillin accumulation. Subsequently, we harnessed the reduced aromatic aldehyde reduction (RARE) yeast platform for de novo synthesis of vanillin from glucose. We investigated multiple coenzyme-A free pathways to improve vanillin production in yeast. The vanillin productivity in yeast was enhanced by multidimensional engineering to optimize the supply of cofactors (NADPH and S-adenosylmethionine) together with metabolic recon�guration of yeast central metabolism. The �nal yeast strain with overall 24 genetic modi�cations produced 365.55 ± 7
Simultaneous whole-head electrophysiological recordings using EEG and OPM-MEG

Electroencephalography (EEG) and magnetoencephalography (MEG) non-invasively measure human brain electrophysiology. They differ in nature; MEG offers better performance (higher spatial precision) whilst EEG (a wearable platform) is more practical. They are also complementary, with studies showing that concurrent MEG/EEG provides advantages over either modality alone, and consequently clinical guidelines for MEG in epilepsy recommend simultaneous acquisition of EEG. In recent years, new instrumentation, optically pumped magnetometers (OPMs), has had a significant impact on MEG, offering improved performance, lifespan compliance, and wearable sensors. Nevertheless, the ability to carry out simultaneous EEG/OPM-MEG remains critical. Here, we investigated whether simultaneous, wearable, whole-head EEG and OPM-MEG measurably degrades signal quality in either modality. We employed two tasks: a motor task known to modulate beta oscillations, and an eyes-open/eyes-closed task known to modulate alpha oscillations. In both, we characterised the performance of EEG alone, MEG alone, and concurrent EEG/OPM-MEG. Our results show that the SNR of the beta response was very similar, regardless of whether modalities were used individually or concurrently. Likewise, our alpha band recordings demonstrated that signal contrast was stable, regardless of the concurrent recording. These results combined suggest that there are no fundamental barriers to simultaneous wearable EEG/OPM-MEG, and consequently this technique is ripe for neuroscientific and clinical adoption. This will be particularly important in the clinical sphere where a direct comparison between simultaneous EEG and OPM-MEG recordings will facilitate interpretation of OPM-MEG data in patients.
Outlier Suppression+: Accurate quantization of large language models by equivalent and effective shifting and scaling

Post-training quantization~(PTQ) of transformer language models faces significant challenges due to the existence of detrimental outliers in activations. We observe that these outliers are concentrated in specific channels and are asymmetric across channels. To address this issue, we propose the Outlier Suppression+~(OS+) framework, which contains the channel-wise shifting for asymmetry and channel-wise scaling for concentration. We show that these operations can be seamlessly migrated into subsequent modules while maintaining equivalence. Second, we propose a fast and stable scheme to calculate effective shifting and scaling values. The channel-wise shifting aligns the center of each channel for removal of outlier asymmetry. The channel-wise scaling quantitatively evaluates changes brought by migration and quantization for better quantization burden balance. We validate our OS+ under both standard and fine-grained quantization settings with models including BERT, OPT, BLOOM, BLOOMZ, and LLaMA. Comprehensive results across various tasks demonstrate the superiority of our approach. Especially, with standard quantization, OS+ can achieve near-floating-point performance on both small models and large language models on 8-bit and 6-bit. Besides, we establish a new state-of-the-art for 4-bit BERT with 15.5\% improvement. Our code is available at \url{https://github.com/ModelTC/Outlier_Suppression_Plus}.
Phosphorylated HP1α–Nucleosome Interactions in Phase Separated Environments

In the nucleus, transcriptionally silent genes are sequestered into heterochromatin compartments comprising nucleosomes decorated with histone H3 Lys9 trimethylation and a protein called HP1α. This protein can form liquid–liquid droplets in vitro and potentially organize heterochromatin through a phase separation mechanism that is promoted by phosphorylation. Elucidating the molecular interactions that drive HP1α phase separation and its consequences on nucleosome structure and dynamics has been challenging due to the viscous and heterogeneous nature of such assemblies. Here, we tackle this problem by a combination of solution and solid-state NMR spectroscopy, which allows us to dissect the interactions of phosphorylated HP1α with nucleosomes in the context of phase separation. Our experiments indicate that phosphorylated human HP1α does not cause any major rearrangements to the nucleosome core, in contrast to the yeast homologue Swi6. Instead, HP1α interacts specifically with the methylated H3 tails and slows the dynamics of the H4 tails. Our results shed light on how phosphorylated HP1α proteins may regulate the heterochromatin landscape, while our approach provides an atomic resolution view of a heterogeneous and dynamic biological system regulated by a complex network of interactions and post-translational modifications.
Reconstruction of Historical Sea Surface Temperatures Using Empirical Orthogonal Functions

Abstract Studies of climate variability often rely on high quality sea surface temperature (SST) anomalies. Although the high-resolution National Centers for Environmental Prediction (formerly the National Meteorological Center) optimum interpolation (OI) SST analysis is satisfactory for these studies, the OI resolution cannot be maintained before November 1931 due to the lack of satellite data. Longer periods of SSTs have come from traditional analyses of in situ (ship and buoy) SST observations alone. A new interpolation method is developed using spatial patterns from empirical orthogonal functions (E0Fs)—that is, a principal component analysis—to improve analyses of SST anomalies from 1950 to 1981. The method uses the more accurate OI analyses from 1982 to 1993 to produce the spatial EOFs. The dominant EOF modes (which correspond to the largest variance) are used as basis functions and are fit, in a least squares sense, to the in situ data to determine the time dependence of each mode. A complete field.
Woce Radiocarbon IV: Pacific Ocean Results; P10, P13N, P14C, P18, P19 & S4P

The World Ocean Circulation Experiment, carried out between 1990 and 1997, provided the most comprehensive oceanic survey of radiocarbon to date. Approximately 10,000 samples were collected in the Pacific Ocean by U.S. investigators for both conventional large volume p counting and small volume accelerator mass spectrometry analysis techniques. Results from six cruises are presented. The data quality is as good or better than previous large-scale surveys. The 14C distribution for the entire WOCE Pacific data set is graphically described using mean vertical profiles and sections, and property-property plots.
Preserving periodontal tissue in the treatment of a large peripheral ossifying fibroma: a case study

Peripheral ossifying fibroma (POF) is a reactive, benign gingival enlargement. Its etiology is not fully known. It can be seen in many different sizes in the mouth. The histopathological appearance of POF is mineralized tissue and fibrous proliferation. All relevant soft and hard tissues must be removed to prevent recurrence. Periodontal tissue remaining after excision is important for tooth preservation. With large lesions, the loss of healthy periodontal tissue is also large. Periodontal surgical approaches are important to preserve the remaining periodontal tissue. The positive effects of autogenously obtained titanium-prepared platelet-rich fibrin (T-PRF) and connective tissue graft (CTG) on soft tissue are well known. A 34-year-old woman presented with a fibrous and pedunculated gingival mass in the upper left canine premolar region. The operation was performed with complete excision of the lesion down to the bone along with the surrounding healthy tissue. Periodontal treatment of the large defect created after excision of a large POF lesion was performed with laterally positioned flap, CTG and T-PRF. The periodontal tissue and defect were noted to heal in a healthy manner at the 6-month follow-up. POF is a benign lesion; however, it has a high recurrence rate. Complete elimination of the lesion is crucial to prevent recurrence. Periodontal surgical methods and biomaterials applied after surgical excision are significant to maintain the periodontal health of the remaining teeth and tissues.
ESMO / ASCO Recommendations for a Global Curriculum in Medical Oncology Edition 2016

The European Society for Medical Oncology (ESMO) and the American Society of Clinical Oncology (ASCO) are publishing a new edition of the ESMO/ASCO Global Curriculum (GC) thanks to contribution of 64 ESMO-appointed and 32 ASCO-appointed authors. First published in 2004 and updated in 2010, the GC edition 2016 answers to the need for updated recommendations for the training of physicians in medical oncology by defining the standard to be fulfilled to qualify as medical oncologists. At times of internationalisation of healthcare and increased mobility of patients and physicians, the GC aims to provide state-of-the-art cancer care to all patients wherever they live. Recent progress in the field of cancer research has indeed resulted in diagnostic and therapeutic innovations such as targeted therapies as a standard therapeutic approach or personalised cancer medicine apart from the revival of immunotherapy, requiring specialised training for medical oncology trainees. Thus, several new chapters on technical contents such as molecular pathology, translational research or molecular imaging and on conceptual attitudes towards human principles like genetic counselling or survivorship have been integrated in the GC. The GC edition 2016 consists of 12 sections with 17 subsections, 44 chapters and 35 subchapters, respectively. Besides renewal in its contents, the GC underwent a principal formal change taking into consideration modern didactic principles. It is presented in a template-based format that subcategorises the detailed outcome requirements into learning objectives, awareness, knowledge and skills. Consecutive steps will be those of harmonising and implementing teaching and assessment strategies.
How Can A Native Vegetation Offset Policy Contribute To A 'No Net Loss' Of Native Vegetation Quality And Quantity?

Native vegetation offsets for vegetation loss is a relatively new policy area, although wider environmental offsets, including wetland banking, greenhouse gas and others have been used for the last thirty to forty years. This study sought to investigate how native vegetation offsets can contribute to the goal of ‘no net loss’ of native vegetation quality and quantity in Western Australia. To determine whether native vegetation offsets can achieve this goal, this study reviewed literature on native vegetation offsets, wider environmental offsets, restoration ecology and the environmental impact assessment (EIA) process in Western Australia. Interviews were conducted with key policy people in government agencies and environmental conservation organizations to gain a deeper understanding of offset issues. A sample of recent offsets was also analyzed to determine current practice in Western Australia. It was established through the literature review, interviews and recent examples of offsets that offsets in general had under-performed in relation to achieving their individual goals and objectives. Areas of under-performance include the inability of most offsets to replace the function and form of the impacted area, lack of auditing and compliance and inappropriate application of offsets. However, this study demonstrates that native vegetation offsets can contribute to a no net loss of native vegetation quality and quantity through adherence to criteria and principles that facilitate no net loss of native vegetation quality and quantity. This can be better achieved now in WA because of proposed clearing regulations and penalties that will assist in reducing legal and illegal clearing. Finally, this study has established that native vegetation offsets can contribute to no net loss of native vegetation quality and quantity mainly through restoration of native vegetation and by contributing to biodiversity protection and enhancement projects (BPEP’s).