Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Gender and Leadership Style among School Principals: A Meta-Analysis

This article uses meta-analytic methods to review 50 studies that compared the leader-ship styles of principals of public schools and finds some evidence for differences between the sexes. In general, female principals scored somewhat higher than male principals on measures of task-oriented style, but there was less evidence for a sex difference on measures of interpersonally oriented style. A third aspect of leadership style, the tendency to lead democratically or autocratically, produced the largest sex difference, with female principals adopting a more democratic or participative style and a less autocratic or directive style than male principals. The implications of the findings for school administration and their consistency with research conducted in other organizational settings are discussed.
Michael Kenstowics & Charles Kisseberth, Topics in phonological theory. New York: Academic Press, 1977.

In this book Kenstowics and Kisseberth examine some currently much discussed issues in generative phonological theory. There are two very long sections (60+ pages each) on the abstractness of underlying representations, and the non-phonetic basis of phonology, and four much shorter sections (20+ pages each) on an assortment of related topics the functions and domains of different kinds of phonological rules, the relationships holding between rules, and the sorts of information that rules may have access to. The typical shape of each section is an examination of a number of proposals for treating the topic under discussion in different ways, and then the production of arguments against each position, supported by illustrative mini-chunks of data from a wide range of languages. The dust-cover states that 'the authors presuppose only a minimal acquaintance with phonological theory'. This is obviously untrue. The authors assume a knowledge of transformational generative theory in general, which includes familiarity with recent discussion by Kiparsky and Anderson, to name but two of the many scholars whose works are cited without introduction, and in particular they assume that the reader will be familiar with their own position in the shifting paradigm. The reader who is interested in what their overall model might look like, and tries to work it out on the basis of this book, will find a good deal of contradictory evidence. In general they appear to assume a non-redundantly specified lexical entry of the sort which appears in Chomsky and Halle, 1968, before the introduction of markedness (ibid., 400 ff.) and before Stanley intervened to demand fully specified lexical entries (Stanley, 1967). On pages 7-8, however, it appears that they are working with fully specified lexical entries. Their position vis-a-vis distinctive features is similarly unclear. Like everyone else, they use phonetic symbols as standard abbreviations for feature bundles and introduce ad hoc features like apical without comment. An early, apparently consistent, distinction between [ — voice] and [ + voiced] (e.g. p. 30) disappears on page 82 where [—voiced] and [—voice] appear in the same rule and on page 133 [ +voice] appears, so one has to assume that the distinction is not consistent. This is not a book for a novice.
A technique for using employee perception of security to support usability diagnostics

Problems of unusable security in organisations are widespread, yet security managers tend not to listen to employees' views on how usable or beneficial security controls are for them in their roles. Here we provide a technique to drive management of security controls using end-user perceptions of security as supporting data. Perception is structured at the point of collection using Analytic Hierarchy Process techniques, where diagnostic rules filter user responses to direct remediation activities, based on recent research in the human factors of information security. The rules can guide user engagement, and support identification of candidate controls to maintain, remove, or learn from. The methodology was incorporated into a prototype dashboard tool, and a preliminary validation conducted through a walk-through consultation with a security manager in a large organisation. It was found that user feedback and suggestions would be useful if they can be structured for review, and that categorising responses would help when revisiting security policies and identifying problem controls.
Problems in Studying the Communicative Effect of Learner's Errors

The growing interest in error analysis shows a concern with errors as evidence of learner language systems. A study of errors becomes a means of revealing what the learner has yet to know. However, the analyst takes a lenient view of errors as such. What has to be remedied is the system, not the symptoms. Nevertheless, the errors produced may be more or less serious. As the analysis will normally reveal a host of deficiencies in the learner system, it may be difficult to know where to start and what to emphasize in applying the results. This is where error evaluation fits in, i.e. the study of error gravity (see Fig. 1.).
A systems approach to model the relationship between aflatoxin gene cluster expression, environmental factors, growth and toxin production by Aspergillus flavus

A microarray analysis was used to examine the effect of combinations of water activity (aw, 0.995–0.90) and temperature (20–42°C) on the activation of aflatoxin biosynthetic genes (30 genes) in Aspergillus flavus grown on a conducive YES (20 g yeast extract, 150 g sucrose, 1 g MgSO4·7H2O) medium. The relative expression of 10 key genes (aflF, aflD, aflE, aflM, aflO, aflP, aflQ, aflX, aflR and aflS) in the biosynthetic pathway was examined in relation to different environmental factors and phenotypic aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) production. These data, plus data on relative growth rates and AFB1 production under different aw × temperature conditions were used to develop a mixed-growth-associated product formation model. The gene expression data were normalized and then used as a linear combination of the data for all 10 genes and combined with the physical model. This was used to relate gene expression to aw and temperature conditions to predict AFB1 production. The relationship between the observed AFB1 production provided a good linear regression fit to the predicted production based in the model. The model was then validated by examining datasets outside the model fitting conditions used (37°C, 40°C and different aw levels). The relationship between structural genes (aflD, aflM) in the biosynthetic pathway and the regulatory genes (aflS, aflJ) was examined in relation to aw and temperature by developing ternary diagrams of relative expression. These findings are important in developing a more integrated systems approach by combining gene expression, ecophysiological influences and growth data to predict mycotoxin production. This could help in developing a more targeted approach to develop prevention strategies to control such carcinogenic natural metabolites that are prevalent in many staple food products. The model could also be used to predict the impact of climate change on toxin production.
Career Development and Emerging Managerial Career Patterns

Although references to the changing nature of management have pointed to rather substantial if not revolutionary transformations in both the content and process of managerial work (Drucker, 1989; Handy, 1994), it is difficult to find shifts of comparable dimensions in the theoretical frameworks which are utilized to investigate and analyze managerial career patterns. This state of affairs is best illustrated by the treatment of career change in the management literature. Whereas career change is becoming a more common feature of managerial career patterns, as the subsequent literature review will demonstrate, conceptualization and theorization have not kept pace. In this article, I explore the conditions which have made career change a more central aspect of managerial careers, and why career motivation theory (London, 1983), a career development framework is
Subclassification of the RBCC/TRIM Superfamily Reveals a Novel Motif Necessary for Microtubule Binding*

The biological significance of RBCC (N-terminal RING finger/B-box/coiled coil) proteins is increasingly being appreciated following demonstrated roles in disease pathogenesis, tumorigenesis, and retroviral protective activity. Found in all multicellular eukaryotes, RBCC proteins are involved in a vast array of intracellular functions; but as a general rule, they appear to function as part of large protein complexes and possess ubiquitin-protein isopeptide ligase activity. Those members characterized to date have diverse C-terminal domain compositions and equally diverse subcellular localizations and functions. Using a bioinformatics approach, we have identified some new RBCC proteins that help define a subfamily that shares an identical domain arrangement (MID1, MID2, TRIM9, TNL, TRIM36, and TRIFIC). Significantly, we show that all analyzed members of this subfamily associate with the microtubule cytoskeleton, suggesting that subcellular compartmentalization is determined by the unique domain architecture, which may in turn reflect basic functional similarities. We also report a new motif called the COS box, which is found within these proteins, the MURF family, and a distantly related non-RBCC microtubule-binding protein. Notably, we demonstrate that mutations in the COS box abolish microtubule binding ability, whereas its incorporation into a nonmicrotubule-binding RBCC protein redirects it to microtubule structures. Further bioinformatics investigation permitted subclassification of the entire human RBCC complement into nine subfamilies based on their varied C-terminal domain compositions. This classification schema may aid the understanding of the molecular function of members of each subgroup and their potential involvement in both basic cellular processes and human disease.
Creating a Theory-Based Research Agenda for Gamification

Gamification is a topic which has recently gained significant attention in the IS community due to its relevance for both practitioners and academics. Being a boundary-spanning subject by nature, it also attracts interest from scholars from diverse non-IS communities, including education, marketing and business administration. In this paper we develop a research agenda for gamification which explicitly takes into account the important role of theory. An interdisciplinary expert panel evaluated and selected theories being relevant for gamification and subsequently derived research questions. Based on the respective theoretical background the resulting questions cover different aspects of the gamification domain. We conclude that taking a multi-theoretical perspective in the creation of a research agenda helps to produce a holistic picture, which allows classifying subsequent research and helps in structuring a domain.
A Biosensor for Urea from Succinimide-Modified Acrylic Microspheres Based on Reflectance Transduction

New acrylic microspheres were synthesised by photopolymerisation where the succinimide functional group was incorporated during the microsphere preparation. An optical biosensor for urea based on reflectance transduction with a large linear response range to urea was successfully developed using this material. The biosensor utilized succinimide-modified acrylic microspheres immobilized with a Nile blue chromoionophore (ETH 5294) for optical detection and urease enzyme was immobilized on the surface of the microspheres via the succinimide groups. No leaching of the enzyme or chromoionophore was observed. Hydrolysis of the urea by urease changes the pH and leads to a color change of the immobilized chromoionophore. When the color change was monitored by reflectance spectrophotometry, the linear response range of the biosensor to urea was from 0.01 to 1,000 mM (R2 = 0.97) with a limit of detection of 9.97 μM. The biosensor response showed good reproducibility (relative standard deviation = 1.43%, n = 5) with no interference by major cations such as Na+, K+, NH4+ and Mg2+. The use of reflectance as a transduction method led to a large linear response range that is better than that of many urea biosensors based on other optical transduction methods.
Personality Disorders and Pathological Gambling: Comorbidity and Treatment Dropout Predictors

This study describes the personality disorders (PDs) among French-speaking Canadian gamblers seeking cognitive and behavioural treatment (CBT) in an external setting. One hundred pathological gamblers were assessed with the Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-IV Axis II (SCID-II) in four different treatment centres for problem gambling. Sixty-four per cent had at least one comorbid PD according to the semi-structured interview based on the DSM-IV. The most common PDs were represented in clusters B and C. The presence of a comorbid cluster B was a significant predictor of treatment dropout. This characteristic seems to reduce the chances of recovery for some pathological gamblers. The implications for clinical practice and research are discussed.
THE EFFECTS OF THE AGE OF ONSET ON VOCABULARY ACQUISITION IN THE SECOND LANGUAGE

Bilingualism is no longer for the elite and highly educated. It is becoming a necessity for survival in modern society. Therefore, school systems around the world are implementing mandatory foreign language programs. However, the question of the best time to start a child learning a second language is still debated. This study examined a group of early onset sequential bilinguals and a group of late onset sequential bilinguals in an EFL setting for differences in vocabulary development, keeping the length of foreign language education constant. The results of this study suggest that age of onset may not have an impact on vocabulary acquisition. However, this study was done on a small scale. A larger scale study with modifications in the measurement instruments is recommended before definitive conclusions can be made. DOI: http://dx.doi. org/10.7220/2335-2027.5. 9
From a Continental Point of View: The Role of Logic in the Analytic-Continental Divide

My discussion addresses the differences between analytic and continental philosophy concerning the use of logic and exact reasoning in philosophical practice. These differences are mainly examined in the light of the controversial dominance of Hegel's concept of logic (and theory of concept) in twentieth-century continental philosophy. The inquiry is developed in two parts. In the first (Sections 1-2), I indicate some aspects of the analytic-continental divide, pointing to the role that the topic 'logic and philosophy' plays in it. In the second part (Sections 3-6), I give a short account of the views of logic which are typical of the three main trends of continental philosophy (see Table 1). I also suggest how, with the aid of some typical analytical devices, some continental 'anti-logical' attitudes may be corrected, on their own terms.
Inferences during Reading: Converging Evidence from Discourse Analysis, Talk-Aloud Protocols, and Recognition Priming

The conditions under which inferences that connect goals to other goals and actions in narrative texts were investigated following a three-pronged approach. (1) Contrasting texts that allowed or prevented inferences were constructed according to the expectations of a causal network, discourse model. Inferences depended upon whether a subgoal or action directly fit the plan of a superordinate goal, and upon which goal was the most recent unsatisfied goal in a hierarchical plan. (2) The making of predicted goal inferences was evaluated and supported by subjects talking aloud as they read each sentence. (3) Convergent evidence for goal inferences during on-line processing was found by recognition priming of goal statement information at those locations predicted as likely by the discourse analysis and talk-aloud data. The convergent methods and data are discussed with respect to theoretical positions and problems in revealing inferences in on-line processing.
Null Results in Brief NAT 2 and NQO 1 Polymorphisms Are Not Associated with Adult Glioma 1

Introduction Although various carcinogenic agents ( e.g.,ionizing radiation, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, N-nitroso compounds, dietary nitrosamines, organic solvents, unfiltered cigarettes, and pesticides) have been suggested as possible risk factors for brain cancer, none have emerged as dominant factors. The etiology of most of brain tumors continues to be poorly understood (1). A genetically based difference in susceptibility to carcinogens may play a role in the development of glioma. Few studies have examined the relationship between genetic polymorphisms of metabolizing enzymes and glioma risk. The finding by Triznaet al. (2) of a suggestive, but nonsignificant, elevation in glioma risk for the rapid NAT2 acetylator genotype suggested that further exploration of this polymorphism might be worthwhile. If aromatic/heterocyclic amines are associated with gliomas, then functional variations in enzymes that metabolize these carcinogens might modify the risk for glioma among exposed individuals. To evaluate this possibility, we examinedNAT2andNQO1polymorphisms in conjunction with smoking history in adult glioma cases and controls.
Effects of oxidative irrigants on root dentin structure: Attenuated Total Reflection Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy study.

AIM The aim of this study was to compare the effect of oxidative irrigants on the organic and inorganic structure of root canal dentin. METHODOLOGY Fifty human 2nd premolar roots were used in the study. The dentin specimens prepared from those teeth were immersed in liquid nitrogen for 15 min. The frozen composition was titrated in a mixer and the obtained dentin powder was kept frozen at -70°C until use. Ten groups of 50mg dentin powder were immersed in agents (A: Ozone for 100 or 200 sec, B: 5.25% NaOCl, C: 2.25% NaOCl, D: 2% Chlorhexidine, E: 0.9% NaCl (control)) for 5 or 10 min. An Attenuated Total Reflection Fourier Transform Infrared Spectrophotometer (ATR FT-IR) was used to analyze dentin powder. The data were statistically analyzed by using Kruskall-Wallis analysis of variance. RESULTS In all groups, collagen degradation was significantly increased compared to the control and 2% CHX groups (p<0.05). The use of ozone increased collagen degradation significantly compared to the use of 2.25% NaOCl and 2% Chlorhexidine for 5 min (p < 0.05). No significant differences were observed between ozone and 5.25% NaOCl-treated groups (p > 0.05). CONCLUSIONS The structural composition of human dentin was significantly affected by the use of oxidative irrigants at higher concentrations.
Talent Identification and Development: The Need for Coherence Between Research, System, and Process

Research on the complex issues that underpin Talent Identification and Development (TID) appears to be divided into five key constructs: sport specialization and selection, practice, athlete development, junior and adult success, and the role of stakeholders in the sport system. Analysis of each construct indicates that differences exist between research theory and reality in terms of outcomes for practice in athlete development, although the reasons for this are unclear. These differences may, however, indicate reasons for the lack of adult success in young athletes identified as ‘talented. ’ Further, analysis of the stakeholders construct also indicates both a lack of coherence in the understanding of TID systems and processes between key stakeholders in the TID process and a lack of research into the importance of such coherence in developing young athletes.
Reputation-aware Filtering Services for Citizen Science Data

The Internet, Web 2.0 and Social Networking technologies are enabling citizens to actively participate in "citizen science" projects by contributing data to scientific programs. However, the limited expertise of contributors can lead to poor quality or misleading data being submitted. Subsequently, the scientific community often perceive citizen science data as not worthy of being used in serious scientific research. In this paper, we describe how online reputation models can be adapted for citizen science projects to provide a simple and effective mechanism for assessing the reliability of community-generated data. We also describe the reputation aware querying, filtering and visualization services that we have developed that enable users to distinguish between datasets based on the reputation of the source/contributor. The resulting services are evaluated in the context of the Coral Watch project which uses volunteers to collect data on coral reef bleaching.
Current Treatment Approaches to Surgery for Brain Metastases

THE ROLE FOR surgical treatment of brain metastases continues to evolve. Data have demonstrated survival and quality-of-life benefits for surgical treatment of appropriate lesions in selected patients. With improvements in surgical technique, along with therapeutic improvements in the management of systemic cancers, more patients are now eligible for surgical resection. Selection of patients for surgical treatment depends on performance status, size, location, and number of brain lesions, as well as the status of systemic disease. Although surgery has traditionally been performed for patients with a single brain metastasis, an increasing number of patients with multiple brain metastases may also be treated surgically. Surgical techniques, such as image guidance, intraoperative ultrasound, functional neuronavigation, cortical mapping, and awake craniotomies, have expanded the scope of lesions that can be removed safely to optimize outcomes. Seizures, peritumoral edema, and venous thromboembolic disease all contribute significantly to surgical morbidity and mortality and thus require aggressive treatment around the time of the surgical procedure to improve the quality of life and maximize survival time.
Neural stem cell segmentation using local complex phase information

Segmentation of neural stem cells is the preliminary step to treat and cure several brain neural diseases. There exist a number of methods to accomplish this task. However, all of these methods suffer from some problems, such as high intensity variation sensitivity, human interaction and high computational complexity. In this paper we proposed a novel edge-detection-based neural stem cell image segmentation algorithm using the local complex phase characteristics. The proposed method is an illumination and contrast invariant measurement of edge significance. Our contributions are that, local weighting summation Gaussian kernel convolution and a new model for phase deviation weighting function are introduced into the proposed model to improve the local phase measurement. In experiments, we show that the proposed method is more accurate and reliable than three existing gradient-based edge detection algorithms and Kovesi's model for neural stem cell image segmentation.