Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
1-Mbit 3-D DRAM Using a Monolithically Stacked Structure of a Si CMOS and Heterogeneous IGZO FETs

We present a three-dimensional (3D) DRAM prototype, which is formed using oxide semiconductor FETs (OSFETs) monolithically stacked on a Si CMOS. The OSFETs are composed of a one-layer planar FET and two-layer vertical FETs (VFETs). The 1T1C memory cells in the VFET layers and a primary sense amplifier in the planar FET layer, which are formed using heterogeneous OSFETs, provide various circuit functions in the DRAM. The operation of the 3D DRAM in a 1-Mbit memory array is demonstrated for the first time. The results show that the proposed DRAM operates with read and write times of 60 ns and 50 ns, respectively. The leakage current of the memory cell is extremely low (comparable to an $2.2\times 10^{-19}$ A/cell at 85°C), indicating that over 99% of the data are retained in the memory array after one hour at 85°C without refresh.
Logistics Sprawl: Spatial Patterns and Characteristics of New Warehousing Establishments in The Greater Toronto and Hamilton Area

A significant sprawl in logistics facilities has been identified both in the Greater Toronto Area (GTA) and the Greater Golden Horseshoe (GGH). The objective of this thesis is to analyze the spatial patterns and characteristics of new warehousing establishments that have located in the Greater Toronto and Hamilton Area (GTHA) since 2003. The study found that the major share of increase in number of warehouses in the GTHA occurred between the years 2005 and 2006, and years 2009 and 2010 respectively. This growth illustrates the emergence of clusters of new warehouses around the Toronto Pearson International Airport, and the Canadian National and the Canada Pacific intermodal terminals. The building footprint and the property size used for development by new warehouses indicate the emergence of large scale warehouses in the GTHA. An inward movement of warehousing establishments towards the distribution centers of major firms has been observed.
Effect of Low-Temperature Oxygen Plasma Treatment of Titanium Alloy Surface on Tannic Acid Coating Deposition

In this study, the effect of low-temperature oxygen plasma treatment with various powers of a titanium alloy surface on the structural and morphological properties of a substrate and the deposition of a tannic acid coating was investigated. The surface characteristics of the titanium alloy were evaluated by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), atomic force microscopy (AFM), and contact angle measurements. Following this, the tannic acid coatings were deposited on the titanium alloy substrates and the structural and morphological properties of the tannic acid coatings deposited were subject to characterization by XPS, SEM, and spectroscopic ellipsometry (SE) measurements. The results show that the low-temperature oxygen plasma treatment of titanium alloys leads to the formation of titanium dioxides that contain –OH groups on the surface being accompanied by a reduction in carbon, which imparts hydrophilicity to the titanium substrate, and the effect increases with the applied plasma power. The performed titanium alloy substrate modification translates into the quality of the deposited tannic acid coating standing out by higher uniformity of the coating, lower number of defects indicating delamination or incomplete bonding of the coating with the substrate, lower number of cracks, thinner cracks, and higher thickness of the tannic acid coatings compared to the non-treated titanium alloy substrate. A similar effect is observed as the applied plasma power increases.
Supporting farmers in the transition to agroecology to promote carbon sequestration from silvopastoral systems

ilvopastoral systems, or silvopastures, have the potential to provide a wide range of ecosystem services to benefit the environment and society in relation to climate change, in particular carbon sequestration. However, being considered highly diversified and integrated systems, silvopastures present several challenges in the evaluation of their performance to support their adoption in different environmental contexts with the purpose of increasing carbon sequestration from agroforestry. While such evaluations and predictions of carbon sequestration potential can be achieved by researchers with long-term experimental studies and scenario-based modelling, farmers and land managers may need sufficiently accurate yet simplified methodologies to estimate the impact of land use and land use changes from forestry (LULUCF). This can be achieved with decision-support tools and participatory work where farmers and researchers engage in sharing and co-creating knowledge on best agroecological practices. This work sets out to review the current knowledge on carbon sequestration from silvopastures and the state of the agroforestry sector in the UK. It then proposes a methodology to integrate agroecological practices and knowledge generated using scenario-based LULUCF modelling to identify practical farm management strategies. It highlights potential barriers to and drivers for innovation in the UK agroforestry sector, including the impact of farmers’ attitudes to climate change and silvopasture, and the impacts of networks of influence, community of practice, and the current provision of extension and advisory services. Finally, it illustrates how a decision-support system tailored for the agroforestry sector can benefit farmers in their transition to silvopastoral farming systems by adopting agroecological principles.
How does mobility and urban environment affect the migrants’ settlement intention? A perspective from the intergenerational differences

Introduction With China embracing a new people-centered urbanization stage, the problem of migrants “flowing without moving” has become increasingly prominent, and settlement intention has gradually garnered attention. Methods Our research, based on questionnaire data from the China Labor Force Dynamic Survey 2016, uses a multilevel linear regression model to explore the influence of mobility, social environment, built environment, and demographics characteristics on settlement intention in the migrants and discusses differences between settlement intention of new and old generations and their internal influence mechanism. Results The findings are as follows: (1) Compared to the old generation, the new migrant generation generally has higher settlement intention. (2) The migrants’ settlement intention is influenced mainly by mobility, social environment, built environment, and demographic characteristics. (3) For the new migrant generation, social and demographic characteristics significantly influence their settlement intention. (4) The floating and built environment of the old generation significantly influence their settlement intention. Discussion Finally, this paper argues that there are differences in the influence mechanism of the same factors on the settlement intention of the new and old generations of migrants. It proposes differentiated policy suggestions for the migrants to promote city social integration. Finally, this paper argues that there are differences in the influence mechanism of the same factors on the settlement intention of the new and old generations of migrants. It proposes differentiated policy suggestions for the migrants to promote city social integration.
Scaling of Drag Coefficients Under Five Tropical Cyclones

The drag coefficient, often used to parameterize the surface wind stress τ, beneath tropical cyclones (TCs) is a critical but poorly known factor controlling TC intensity. Here, τ is estimated using current measurements taken by 12 Electromagnetic Autonomous Profiling Explorer floats beneath the forward half of five TCs. Combining estimates of τ and aircraft measurements of winds U10, the downwind drag coefficient C∥~ and the angle ϕ clockwise orientation from U10 to τ are computed. At |U10| = 25–40 m/s, C∥~ and ϕ vary over (0.8–3.1) × 10−3 and −15–40°, respectively. A new nondimensional parameter “effective wind duration,” a function of |U10|, storm translation speed, and positions in TCs, predicts C∥~ to within 25%. The largest C∥~ and smallest ϕ occur at high winds, in the forward right quadrant of fast‐moving storms. These dependences are explained by variations in surface wave age and breaking under different wave forcing regimes.
Pairwise Velocity Dispersion of Galaxies at High Redshift: Theoretical Predictions

We investigate the feasibility of determining the pairwise velocity dispersion (PVD) for Lyman break galaxies (LBGs) and of using this quantity as a discriminator among theoretical models. We find that within a given cosmological model, different schemes of galaxy formation lead to significant changes of the PVD. We propose a simple phenomenological model for the formation of LBGs, determined by the formation interval parameter Δz and the halo mass threshold Mh. With a reasonable choice for these two parameters, our model predicts an occupation number distribution of galaxies in halos that agrees very well with the predictions of semianalytical models. We also consider a range of galaxy formation models by adjusting the two model parameters. We find that model LBGs can have the same two-point correlation function (TPCF) over the range of observable separations, even though the cosmology and/or galaxy formation model are different. Moreover, with similar galaxy formation models, currently popular cosmologies can result in both the same TPCF and the same PVD. However, with the same cosmology, different galaxy formation models may show quite different PVDs, even though the TPCF is the same. Our test with mock samples shows furthermore that one can discriminate among such models already with currently available observational samples (if the measurement error of the redshift is negligible), which have a typical error of 80 km s-1. The error will be reduced by a factor of 2 if the samples are increased 4 times. We also show that an erroneous assumption about the geometry of the universe and different infall models only slightly change the results. Therefore, the PVD will become another promising statistic to test galaxy formation models with redshift samples of LBGs.
Analog Front-End Input-Impedance Boosting Techniques for Bio-Potential Monitoring—A Review

Physiological information provided by bio-potential signals is essential and pivotal for biomedical sensors. As the first stage in the signal chain of the sensor, impedance matching of the analog front-end (AFE) is critical for determining signal integrity. AFEs require high input impedance to minimize the effects of electrode impedance mismatch. A significant problem is that the input impedance is affected by parasitic capacitances from the integrated circuit (IC) package, electrode cables, and internal chips. This article aims to summarize the development of AFE impedance-boosting techniques for bio-potential monitoring. The scope of this work includes a review of common architectures for instrumentation amplifiers (IA), mechanisms for input impedance reduction, and a comparison of impedance boosting factors (IBF) employed to evaluate the efficiency of impedance enhancement. Techniques schemes for boosting input impedance in architectures are then surveyed and the contributions and drawbacks of these techniques are discussed. Finally, the state-of-the-art designs of AFE are compared and summarized, along with an analysis of the trend toward enhanced input impedance in bio-electrical signal acquisition. These provide useful references for AFE designers.
Land Use Random Forests for Estimation of Exposure to Elemental Components of Particulate Matter

Particulate matter (PM) has long been known to have a negative effect on public health. Epidemiological studies associating air pollution and other sources of PM often rely on land use modeling for exposure assessment. This approach relies on the association of characteristics of the surrounding land with PM concentrations. Land use regression (LUR) is the most commonly implemented land use model and has several drawbacks, including model instability due to correlated predictors and an inability to capture non-linear relationships and complex interactions. Here, I utilize the machine learning random forest model within a land use framework to generate a novel land use random forest (LURF) model. Using ambient air sampling data from the Cincinnati Childhood Allergy and Air Pollution (CCAAPS) study, I developed LURF and LUR models for eleven elemental components of particulate matter, including Al, Cu, Fe, K, Mn, Ni, Pb, S, Si, V, Zn. We show that LURF models utilized a higher number and more diverse selection of land use predictors than the LUR models. Furthermore, the LURF models were more accurate and precise predictors of all elemental PM concentrations, except for Fe, Mn, and Ni. To extend the usability of the LURF models, I utilized the recent application of the infinitesimal jackknife (IJ) to the random forest model in order to estimate the prediction variance. The IJ theorems were originally verified under the assumptions of traditional random forest framework, namely using CART trees and bootstrap resampling. Alternatives to the traditional random forest, such as subsampling instead of bootstrap resampling and conditional inference trees instead of CART trees have been shown to increase the accuracy
A Nonlinear Local Approximation Approach for Catchment Classification

Catchment classification plays an important role in many applications associated with water resources and environment. In recent years, several studies have applied the concepts of nonlinear dynamics and chaos for catchment classification, mainly using dimensionality measures. The present study explores prediction as a measure for catchment classification, through application of a nonlinear local approximation prediction method. The method uses the concept of phase-space reconstruction of a time series to represent the underlying system dynamics and identifies nearest neighbors in the phase space for system evolution and prediction. The prediction accuracy measures, as well as the optimum values of the parameters involved in the method (e.g., phase space or embedding dimension, number of neighbors), are used for classification. For implementation, the method is applied to daily streamflow data from 218 catchments in Australia, and predictions are made for different embedding dimensions and number of neighbors. The prediction results suggest that phase-space reconstruction using streamflow alone can provide good predictions. The results also indicate that better predictions are achieved for lower embedding dimensions and smaller numbers of neighbors, suggesting possible low dimensionality of the streamflow dynamics. The classification results based on prediction accuracy are found to be useful for identification of regions/stations with higher predictability, which has important implications for interpolation or extrapolation of streamflow data.
Critical Decline of Earthworms from Organic Origins under Intensive, Humic SOM-Depleting Agriculture

In view of recent reports of critical declines of microbes, plants, insects and other invertebrates, birds and other vertebrates, the situation pertaining to neglected earthworms was investigated. Entomological reports found the probable cause of general loss was lack of recruitment from surrounding fields (except for pest species). Earthworm decline under agricultural intensification compared to organic fertilizing is herein charted from several long-term agronomic trials, some operational >170 years. Relative biomass losses of –50–100% (with a mean of –83.3 %) match or exceed those reported for other faunal groups, thus earthworms are conclusively shown to be similarly depleted from their optima in agrichemical fields. Concomitant mean loss of SOC/SOM humus is –56.8% and soil moisture is reduced by –22.3%. Organic farming lessens humic degradation and topsoil erosion, conserves essential soil moisture and biota, and produces equivalent or higher crop and pasture yields (on average +17.8% in this study) at lower cost. Loss of earthworms adds weight for rational re-evaluation of viable means for food production compatible with environmental conservation (agroecology), hence various interlinked benefits of organic husbandry in terms of yields, soil restoration, biodiversity and economics are briefly discussed. Persistence with failing chemical agriculture makes neither ecological nor economic sense.
Performance Analysis of Forest Management Unit Region III Kisaran, North Sumatra Province

Forest Management Units (FMU) are a form of forestry policy that has become a key instrument in reforming Indonesia's forestry industry. North Sumatra Province has 33 FMU units, comprising 15 Production FMUs and 18 Protection FMUs, all grouped into 16 FMU Regions. This study evaluates forest management performance in the FMU Region III Kisaran. The performance assessment used the Forest Watch Indonesia 2.0 (FWI 2.0) instrument and the Technical Guidelines for Assessing the Effectiveness of Forest Area Management from the Ministry of Environment and Forestry. The FWI 2.0 method is oriented towards performance results, benefits, and impacts. The technical guidelines for assessing the effectiveness of FMU organizations are already oriented toward the results, benefits, and impacts of forest management. Both methods used show that the performance of FMU Region III Kisaran is in the medium category. This research indicates that the selection of FMU performance assessment methods should be tailored to the purpose of the assessment
Crustal Deformation Process in the Mid‐Niigata Region of the Niigata‐Kobe Tectonic Zone as Observed by Dense GPS Network Before, During, and After the Tohoku‐Oki Earthquake

We evaluate response of Mid‐Niigata during the preseismic, coseismic, and postseismic periods of the 2011 Mw9.0 Tohoku‐oki earthquake by analyzing strain distributions based on a dense Global Positioning System network. Decomposition of the coseismic E‐W strain according to its wavelength shows localized elastic extension, while persistent localized contraction in the short‐wavelength component within a narrow zone of 40‐ to 60‐km width is significant before and after the event, implying the persistence of an inelastic process. Differences in the amplitude and horizontal location of the localized deformation suggest that elastic heterogeneities of the crust, acting in different sense before and after the earthquake, affect the deformation in Mid‐Niigata as well. We model localized deformation in the preseismic and postseismic period considering an aseismic fault slip and a weak elastic zone as deformation sources. Our kinematic models suggest vertical decoupling between the weak elastic layer and the basement rock, implying that the preseismic and postseismic strain rate patterns represent direct effects of the shallow portion of the crust in Mid‐Niigata. Although model parameters are not well constrained, we find that faults cutting the lower crust and a part of the upper crust, and an anomalously weak zone of a 40‐ to 60‐km width located above the fault explain the data. Our simple model shows that both inelastic and elastic sources are essential in the deformation mechanism of the Mid‐Niigata area in northern Niigata‐Kobe Tectonic Zone.
System of Smart Home Based on Speech Recognition with Machine Learning

This article designs and implements a system of smart home based on speech recognition with machine learning and Android. The STM32 microcontroller is combined with actuating components to control home devices by obtaining server control commands through the network. This article designs a smart home APP based on Android and Google Voice Search, optimizes the speech recognition algorithm by using the training results from Word2Vector model to improve the recall rate of the speech recognition of command samples. This APP displays environmental data according to the scenario for users, such as the temperature, humidity, and alert of smoke gas. The test results show that the recognition recall rate of the test data of control commands from users of different ages is increased to 94.4% with high stability.
An Output Voltage Tracking Control Method With Overcurrent Protection Property for Disturbed DC–DC Boost Converters

In this paper, the output voltage tracking control of DC-DC boost converters is studied. To meet the increasing safety requirements and enhance the control system robustness, overcurrent protection and disturbance rejection are investigated simultaneously. A simple and effective control scheme is proposed to achieve all these three goals, which includes two parts. In the first part, a disturbance observer is constructed to estimate multiple disturbances (including the input voltage fluctuations and the load variations). In the second part, a composite current-constrained controller is proposed by embedding the disturbance estimates and the nonlinear penalty term into the passivity-based control law. Under the novel control scheme, rapid tracking performance and safe overcurrent protection are obtained, even in the presence of multiple disturbances. Rigorous stability analysis is conducted to demonstrate the accomplishment of the output voltage tracking task and the strict guarantee of the current constraint. Simulations and experiments are performed to verify the effectiveness of the proposed control scheme.
Is it okay to feel this way? Exploring the joint effect of emotional experiences and expectations on life satisfaction

This research investigates the joint effect of individual emotional experiences and societal expectations on life satisfaction. Inspired by the Affect Valuation Theory and Self-Discrepancy Theory, we explored how discrepancies between actual emotional experiences and what society believes we “ought” to feel are linked with life satisfaction. A total of 301 U.S. online participants rated their emotional experiences and societal expectations for emotions, along with measures of life satisfaction. Response surface analyses were used to assess the effect of emotional experience-norm congruence on life satisfaction. Findings revealed that the highest life satisfaction reported by individuals infrequently experiencing negative emotions but perceiving high societal expectations for these emotions, while congruence effects were not supported. These findings suggest the potential benefits of a societal shift toward greater acceptance of a wider range of negative emotions. The study may potentially stimulate interventions to enhance individuals' life satisfaction by reconsidering societal beliefs about emotions.