Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Three-dimensional simulations of neutrino-driven core-collapse supernovae from low-mass single and binary star progenitors

We present a suite of seven 3D supernova simulations of non-rotating low-mass progenitors using multi-group neutrino transport. Our simulations cover single star progenitors with zero-age main sequence masses between $9.6 M_\odot$ and $12.5 M_\odot$ and (ultra)stripped-envelope progenitors with initial helium core masses between $2.8 M_\odot$ and $3.5 M_\odot$. We find explosion energies between $0.1\,\mathrm{Bethe}$ and $0.4\,\mathrm{Bethe}$, which are still rising by the end of the simulations. Although less energetic than typical events, our models are compatible with observations of less energetic explosions of low-mass progenitors. In six of our models, the mass outflow rate already exceeds the accretion rate onto the proto-neutron star, and the mass and angular momentum of the compact remnant have closely approached their final value, barring the possibility of later fallback. While the proto-neutron star is still accelerated by the gravitational tug of the asymmetric ejecta, the acceleration can be extrapolated to obtain estimates for the final kick velocity. We obtain gravitational neutron star masses between $1.22 M_\odot$ and $1.44 M_\odot$, kick velocities between $11\, \mathrm{km}\, \mathrm{s}^{-1}$ and $695\, \mathrm{km}\, \mathrm{s}^{-1}$, and spin periods from $20\, \mathrm{ms}$ to $2.7\,\mathrm{s}$, which suggests that typical neutron star birth properties can be naturally obtained in the neutrino-driven paradigm. We find a loose correlation between the explosion energy and the kick velocity. There is no indication of spin-kick alignment, but a correlation between the kick velocity and the neutron star angular momentum, which needs to be investigated further as a potential point of tension between models and observations.
A Catalog of 44 GHz Methanol Masers in Massive Star-forming Regions. IV. The High-mass Protostellar Object Sample

We present a survey of 56 massive star-forming regions in the 44 GHz methanol maser transition made with the Karl G. Jansky Very Large Array (VLA); 24 of the 56 fields showed maser emission. The data allow us to demonstrate associations, at arcsecond precision, of the Class I maser emission with outflows, H ii regions, and shocks traced by 4.5 μm emission. We find a total of 83 maser components with line widths ranging from 0.17 to 3.3 km s−1, with a nearly flat distribution and a median value of 1.1 km s−1. The relative velocities of the masers with respect to the systemic velocity of the host clouds range from −2.5 to 3.1 km s−1, with a distribution peaking near zero. We also study the correlation between the masers and the so-called extended green objects (EGOs) from the GLIMPSE survey. Multiple sources in each field are revealed from IR images as well as from centimeter continuum emission from VLA archival data; in the majority of cases the 44 GHz masers are positionally correlated with EGOs, which seem to trace the younger sources in the fields. We report a possible instance of a 44 GHz maser associated with a low-mass protostar. If confirmed, this region will be the fifth known star-forming region that hosts Class I masers associated with low-mass protostars. We discuss three plausible cases of maser variability.
Entanglement Entropy from Numerical Holography

In this thesis I present numerical studies of entanglement entropy and the quantum null energy condition in strongly coupled far-from-equilibrium quantum states using holography. I give a careful introduction into the numerical methods used and provide the computer codes to compute entanglement entropy and the quantum null energy condition. These methods are then applied to systems of various degrees of complexity, including homogeneous and isotropic far- from-equilibrium quantum quenches dual to Vaidya spacetimes, to homogeneous and anisotropic finite temperature states dual to anisotropic black brane geometries, and to inhomogeneous and anisotropic states of colliding walls of energy dual to gravitational shock wave collisions in Anti-de Sitter space. For all these scenarios I compute the fully non-linear dynamics of the dual geometry, which requires to numerically solve five-dimensional Einstein equations with negative cosmological constant and asymptotic Anti-de Sitter boundary conditions. The numerical solutions for the geometries allow to extract the time evolution of the holographic energy momentum tensor and provides the background for computing two-point functions, entanglement entropy and the quantum null energy condition. From the anisotropic system one learns that the near-equilibrium dynamic of entanglement entropy has an accurate description in terms of quasinormal modes. In the shock wave system I identify characteristic features of entanglement entropy that allow to discriminate between thick and narrow shocks. All my numerical studies confirm the quantum null energy condition, also the shock wave system, which itself can violate the classical null energy condition for sufficiently narrow shocks. My results also show that the quantum null energy condition can saturate in the far-from-equilibrium regime.
Inhomogeneous chiral condensate in the quark-meson model

The two-flavor quark-meson model is used to study inhomogeneous chiral condensates at finite temperature $T$ and baryon chemical potential $\mu_B$. Using a chiral-density wave ansatz for the inhomogeneity, we present the results for the phase diagram of a mean-field calculation of the effective potential. The parameters of the model are determined by matching the meson and quark masses, and the pion constant to their physical values using the on-shell and modified minimal subtraction schemes. In the chiral limit, the size of the inhomogeneous region in the phase diagram depends on whether one includes quantum fluctuations and is also very sensitive to the value of the sigma mass. At the physical point, we find no inhomogeneous phase if one includes quantum corrections.
Landau-Zener problem for trilinear systems

We consider a nonlinear version of the Landau-Zener problem, focusing on photoassociation of a Bose-Einstein condensate as a specific example. Contrary to the exponential rate dependence obtained for the linear problem, when the resonance is crossed slowly the no-transition probability is directly proportional to the rate at which the resonance is crossed.
Microfabricated high-finesse optical cavity with open access and small volume

We present a microfabricated optical cavity, which combines a very small mode volume with high finesse. In contrast to other micro-resonators, such as microspheres, the structure we have built gives atoms and molecules direct access to the high-intensity part of the field mode, enabling them to interact strongly with photons in the cavity for the purposes of detection and quantum-coherent manipulation. Light couples directly in and out of the resonator through an optical fiber, avoiding the need for sensitive coupling optics. This renders the cavity particularly attractive as a component of a lab-on-a-chip, and as a node in a quantum network.
CLASSIFICATION WITH POLYNOMIAL KERNELS AND $l^1-$COEFFICIENT REGULARIZATION

In this paper we investigate a class of learning algorithms for classification generated by regularization schemes with polynomial kernels and $l^1-$regularizer. The novelty of our analysis lies in the estimation of the hypothesis error. A Bernstein-Kantorovich polynomial is introduced as a regularizing function. Although the hypothesis spaces and the regularizers in the schemes are sample dependent, we prove the hypothesis error can be removed from the error decomposition with confidence. As a result, we derive some explicit learning rates for the produced classifiers under some assumptions.
The Density Profile and Kinematics of the Milky Way with RR Lyrae Stars

Most of the known RR Lyraes are type ab RR Lyraes (RRLab), and they are an excellent tool to map the Milky Way and its substructures. We find that 1148 RRLab stars determined by Drake et al. have been observed by spectroscopic surveys of SDSS and LAMOST. We derived the radial velocity dispersion, circular velocity, and mass profile from 860 halo tracers in Paper I. Here we present the stellar densities and radial velocity distributions of the thick disk and halo of the Milky Way. The 288 RRLab stars located in the thick disk have the mean metallicity of [Fe/H] = −1.02. Three thick disk tracers have a radial velocity lower than 215 km s−1. With 860 halo tracers, which have a mean metallicity of [Fe/H] = −1.33, we find a double power law of n(r) ∝ r−2.8 and n(r) ∝ r−4.8 with a break distance of 21 kpc to express the halo stellar density profile. The radial velocity dispersion at 50 kpc is around 78 km s−1.
High-resolution investigation of spinal cord and spine

High-resolution non-invasive 3D study of intact spine and spinal cord morphology on the level of complex vascular and neuronal organization is a crucial issue for the development of treatments for the injuries and pathologies of central nervous system (CNS). X-ray phase contrast tomography enables high quality 3D visualization in ex-vivo mouse model of both vascular and neuronal network of the soft spinal cord tissue at the scale from millimeters to hundreds of nanometers without any contrast agents and sectioning. Until now, 3D high resolution visualization of spinal cord mostly has been limited by imaging of organ extracted from vertebral column because high absorbing boney tissue drastically reduces the morphological details of soft tissue in image. However, the extremely destructive procedure of bones removal leads to sample deterioration and, therefore, to the lack of considerable part of information about the object. In this work we present the data analysis procedure to get high resolution and high contrast 3D images of intact mice spinal cord surrounded by vertebras, preserving all richness of micro-details of the spinal cord inhabiting inside. Our results are the first step forward to the difficult way toward the high- resolution investigation of in-vivo model central nervous system.
Hundreds of billions of silent outbreaks: A historic outbreak record of the gall midge Schizomyia castanopsisae (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae) on the Izu Islands, Tokyo, Japan, and its potential mechanism

Herbivore outbreaks cause serious damage to forest trees. In recent decades, outbreaks of the gall midge Schizomyia castanopsisae (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae) inducing inflorescence galls on Castanopsis sieboldii (Fagaceae) occurred in the Izu Islands, Tokyo, Japan. We investigated the gall density on the islands and estimated the larval population on Miyakejima Island. We also surveyed seasonal changes in larval age structure, presence of natural enemies, larval cold tolerance, and thermal effects on the adult emergence. In addition, we conducted molecular phylogenetic analyses of S. castanopsisae populations among different localities. The gall density was particularly high in southern parts (from Miyakejima to Aogashima) of the Izu Islands. The gall midge seemed to have been expanding its range toward northern parts in recent years. On Miyakejima, the larval population was estimated to be approximately 158 and 36 bn in 2017 and 2018, respectively. Parasitoids were not found in the dissection of galls. A cold temperature treatment did not affect the percentage of adult emergence. Developmental zero and thermal constant during the period from larval departure to adult emergence were estimated to be 4.7°C and 588.2°C‐days in males and 7.4°C and 476.2°C‐days in females, and the adults were predicted to emerge in April. Populations in Kyushu were genetically distinct from those in Okinawajima and the Izu Islands, but a common haplotype was found between the latter two localities. These imply that S. castanopsisae on the Izu Islands may be a recent invasion, and the absence of natural enemies causes its outbreaks.
Being “Diverse” in the Midst of a Pandemic and Protests: Understanding Misalignments between Institutional and Individual Values for Women of Color Academics

Marginalization of women in academia can lead to feelings of isolation, questioning of legitimacy, and cultural taxation. As women of color at a predominantly White institution we have engaged in duoethnography to analyze and understand these experiences, and to ask whether the COVID–19 pandemic and #BlackLivesMatter protests of 2020 have influenced how we navigate those experiences. Our work is guided by theories of congruence, notions of (in)visibility, and previous autoethnographic work by women professors of color. In our dialogic work we have come to understand how our ideas and our institution's ideas of diversity and justice work are misaligned. In this paper we share how these misalignments existed before 2020 and how they have shifted in the era of COVID–19 and #BlackLivesMatter. We hope this work can support our Black and Brown women colleagues and broader human resources development efforts for supporting diversity and justice in higher education and adult education.
H2CO Distribution and Formation in the TW HYA Disk

H2CO is one of the most readily detected organic molecules in protoplanetary disks. Yet its distribution and dominant formation pathway(s) remain largely unconstrained. To address these issues, we present ALMA observations of two H2CO lines ( and ) at 0. ″5 (∼30 au) spatial resolution toward the disk around the nearby T Tauri star TW Hya. Emission from both lines is spatially resolved, showing a central depression, a peak at 0. ″4 radius, and a radial decline at larger radii with a bump at ∼1″, near the millimeter continuum edge. We adopt a physical model for the disk and use toy models to explore the radial and vertical H2CO abundance structure. We find that the observed emission implies the presence of at least two distinct H2CO gas reservoirs: (1) a warm and unresolved inner component (<10 au), and (2) an outer component that extends from ∼15 au to beyond the millimeter continuum edge. The outer component is further constrained by the line ratio to arise in a more elevated disk layer at larger radii. The inferred H2CO abundance structure agrees well with disk chemistry models, which predict efficient H2CO gas-phase formation close to the star, and cold H2CO grain surface formation, through H additions to condensed CO, followed by non-thermal desorption in the outer disk. The implied presence of active grain surface chemistry in the TW Hya disk is consistent with the recent detection of CH3OH emission, and suggests that more complex organic molecules are formed in disks, as well.
Intermediate- and High-Velocity Ionized Gas toward ζ Orionis

We combine near-UV spectra obtained with the Hubble Space Telescope GHRS echelle with far-UV spectra obtained with the Interstellar Medium Absorption Profile Spectrograph and Copernicus to study the abundances and physical conditions in the predominantly ionized gas seen at high velocity (-105 km s-1 ≲ v☉ ≲ -65 km s-1) and at intermediate velocity (-60 km s-1 ≲ v☉ ≲ -10 km s-1) along the line of sight to the star ζ Ori. We have high-resolution (FWHM ~ 3.3-4.5 km s-1) and/or high signal-to-noise ratio spectra for at least two significant ions of C, N, Al, Si, S, and Fe—enabling accurate estimates for both the total N(H II) and the elemental depletions. C, N, and S have essentially solar relative abundances; Al, Si, and Fe appear to be depleted by about 0.8, 0.3-0.4, and 0.95 dex, respectively, relative to C, N, and S. While various ion ratios would be consistent with collisional ionization equilibrium (CIE) at temperatures of 25,000-80,000 K, the widths of individual high-velocity absorption components indicate that T ~ 9000 ± 2000 K—so the gas is not in CIE. Analysis of the C II fine-structure excitation equilibrium, at that temperature, yields estimates for the densities (ne ~ nH ~ 0.1-0.2 cm-3), thermal pressures (2nHT ~ 2000-4000 cm-3 K), and thicknesses (0.5-2.7 pc) characterizing the individual clouds. We compare the abundances and physical properties derived for these clouds with those found for gas at similar velocities toward 23 Ori and τ CMa and also with several different models for shocked gas. While the shock models can reproduce some features of the observed line profiles and some of the observed ion ratios, there are also significant differences between the models and the data. The measured depletions suggest that roughly 10% of the Al, Si, and Fe originally locked in dust in the preshock medium may have been returned to the gas phase, consistent with recent predictions for the destruction of silicate dust in a 100 km s-1 shock. The observed near-solar gas-phase abundance of carbon, however, appears to be inconsistent with the predicted longer timescales for the destruction of graphite grains.
A Chandra and XMM–Newton study of the wide‐angle tail radio galaxy 3C 465

We have observed the prototypical wide-angle tail radio galaxy 3C 465 with Chandra and XMM-Newton. X-ray emission is detected from the active nucleus and the inner radio jet, as well as a small-scale, cool component of thermal emission, a number of the individual galaxies of the host cluster (Abell 2634), and the hotter the rmal emission from the cluster itself. The X-ray detection of the jet allows us to argue that synchrotron emission may be an important mechanism in other well-collimated, fast jets, i ncluding those of classical double radio sources. The bases of the radio plumes are not detected in the X-ray, which supports the model in which these plumes are physically different from the twin jets of lower-power radio galaxies. The plumes are in fact spatially coincident with deficits of X-ray emission on large scales, which argues that they contain little thermal material at the cluster temperature, although the minimum pressures throughout the source are lower than the external pressures estimated from the observed thermal emission. Our observations confirm both spatially and spectrally that a component of dense, cool gas with a short cooling time is associated with the central galaxy. However, there is no evidence for the kind of discontinuity in external properties that would be required in many models of the jet-plume transition in WATs. Although the WAT jet-plume transition appears likely to be related to the interface between this central cool component and the hotter intra-cluster medium, the mechanism for WAT formation remains unclear. We revisit the question of the bending of WAT plumes, and show that the plumes can be bent by plausible bulk motions of the intra-cluster medium, or by motion of the host galaxy with respect to the cluster, as long as the plumes are light.
Genome-Wide Analysis of SQUAMOSA-Promoter-Binding Protein-like Family in Flowering Pleioblastus pygmaeus

SQUAMOSA Promoter-Binding Protein-Like (SPL) family is well-known for playing an important role in plant growth and development, specifically in the reproductive process. Bamboo plants have special reproductive characteristics with a prolonged vegetative phase and uncertain flowering time. However, the underlying functions of SPL genes in reproductive growth are undisclosed in bamboo plants. In the study, a total of 28 SPLs were screened from an ornamental dwarf bamboo species, Pleioblastus pygmaeus. Phylogenetic analysis indicates that 183 SPLs from eight plant species can be classified into nine subfamilies, and the 28 PpSPLs are distributed among eight subfamilies. Homologous analysis shows that as many as 32 pairs of homologous genes were found between P. pygmaeus and rice, and 83 pairs were found between P. pygmaeus and Moso bamboo, whose Ka/Ks values are all <1. MiRNA target prediction reveals that 13 out of the 28 PpSPLs have recognition sites complementary to miRNA156. To screen the SPLs involved in the reproductive growth of bamboo plants, the mRNA abundance of the 28 PpSPLs was profiled in the different tissues of flowering P. pygmaeus and non-flowering plants by RNA-Seq. Moreover, the relative expression level of eight PpSPLs is significantly higher in flowering P. pygmaeus than that in non-flowering plants, which was also validated by RT-qPCR. Combined with phylogenetic analysis and homologous analysis, the eight significant, differentially expressed PpSPLs were identified to be associated with the reproductive process and flower organ development. Among them, there are four potential miRNA156-targeting PpSPLs involved in the flowering process. Of significant interest in the study is the identification of 28 SPLs and the exploration of four key flowering-related SPLs from P. pygmaeus, which provides a theoretic basis for revealing the underlying functions of SPLs in the reproductive growth of bamboo plants.
Stark Effect of Doped Two-Dimensional Transition Metal Dichalcogenides

The band gap of two-dimensional (2D) semiconductors can be efficiently tuned by gate electric field, which is so called the Stark effect. We report that doping, which is essential in realistic devices, will substantially change the Stark effect of few-layer transition metal dichalcogenides in unexpected ways. Particularly in bilayer structures, because of the competition between strong quantum confinement and intrinsic screening length, electron and hole dopings exhibit surprisingly different Stark effects: doped electrons actively screen the external field and result in a nonlinear Stark effect; however, doped holes do not effectively screen the external field, causing a linear Stark effect that is the same as that of undoped materials. Our further analysis shows that this unusual doping effect is not limited within transition metal dichalcogenides but general for 2D structures. Therefore, doping plays a much more crucial role in functional 2D devices and this unusual Stark effect also provides a new degree of freedom to tune band gaps and optical properties of 2D materials.
Implementation of quantum teleportation protocol by superposition of displacement operators with absolute equal but opposite in sign amplitudes

We consider novel implementation of quantum teleportation protocol of unknown qubit by superposition of displacement operators with equal modulo but opposite in sign amplitudes. Entangled hybrid state with coherent components of small amplitude is used as quantum channel. Coherent components of the quantum channel displace the teleported qubit at the same absolute but opposite in sign values, so that any information about amount by which the qubit is displaced is lost despite the fact that one of these events has definitely occurred. Alice unambiguously distinguishes her measurement outcomes and Bob obtains at his disposal two states of a single photon in superposition state of two modes. The superposition of the displacement operators is nonunitary, so success probability of the protocol depends on the amplitude parameters of the teleported qubit. Remarkably, the success probability of the teleportation can be made arbitrary high for some amplitude values of the teleported state by means of initial amplitude modulation of unknown qubit and bits of classical information for Bob to identify the states. The scheme is realized by linear optics methods and works without photon number resolving measurement.