Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Advancements in Time Series-Based Detection Systems for Distributed Denial-of-Service (DDoS) Attacks: A Comprehensive Review

Distributed denial-of-service assaults, often known as DDoS attacks, pose a significant danger to the stability and security of the internet, particularly in light of the increasing number of devices that are linked to the internet. Intelligent detection systems are absolutely necessary in order to lessen the impact of distributed denial of service assaults. In this study, a comprehensive overview of recent research on intelligent approaches, such as Machine Learning (ML), Deep Learning (DL), and Artificial Intelligence (AI), is presented. The review focuses on the application of these techniques in the detection of Distributed Denial of Service (DDoS) assaults. In addition to providing a taxonomy and conceptual framework for DDoS mitigation, the study places particular emphasis on the application of time series data analysis for the detection of distributed denial of service attacks. A number of different intelligent techniques are investigated in this paper. Some of these techniques include clustering, deep reinforcement learning, graph neural networks, support vector machines, and others. For the purpose of performance evaluation, real datasets are utilized, and prospective future research areas in this area are explored.
A long-term study of a popular MMORPG

Over the last decade, Massively Multi-player On-line Role Playing Games (MMORPGs), have become big business. In typical MMORPGs, players pay a monthly subscription to the game publisher who hosts the game and provides periodic content updates. To be successful, game publishers must characterize their player population so that they can provision sufficient resources to support the game and so that they can update the game in a timely manner. To this end, this paper provides the first, long-term study of a popular MMORPG from its launch. Our dataset encompasses the entire lifetime of "EVE Online" [1, 2], a science-fiction based MMORPG that has supported nearly 1 million unique players, 67 million player sessions, and 17,000 player years of gameplay since its launch in May 2003.
Extending an Ontology by Analyzing Annotation Co-occurrences in a Semantic Cultural Heritage Portal

Ontologies aim to capture knowledge about things and their relationships. Publishing ontologies on the Semantic Web enables people and organizations to use shared ontologies in annotating e.g. photographs, videos, music, and other types of cultural objects. Search engines also use relationships provided by ontologies in semantic search, e.g. for query expansion or for view-based search. However, building ontologies is a time-consuming process, and it should be helped by automatic finding of interesting, possible relationships. Finding the correct concept for annotation purposes is helped by subsumption and partonomy hierarchies and associative relationships. In this paper we show how an analysis of co-occurrences of concepts in annotations can be used to provide interesting relationships for enriching ontological structures. We use association rule mining techniques and test the idea using a set of annotations of cultural objects in CULTURESAMPO portal and the Finnish General Upper Ontology YSO. The results are visualized in the ONKI SKOS browser to give an additional layer on top of the original relationships of the YSO ontology. An analysis shows that best ranked relationships should also be included in the ontology as subclassof or associative relationships.
Proposed Running Head : Voting in Large Elections 2

This paper provides a game-theoretic model of probabilistic voting and then examines the incentives faced by candidates in a spatial model of elections. In our model, voters’ strategies form aQuantal Response Equilibrium(QRE), which merges strategic voting and probabilistic behavior. We first show that a QRE in the voting game exists for all elections with a finite number of candidates, and then proceed to show that, with enough voters and the addition of a regularity condition on voters’ utilities, a Nash equilibrium profile of platforms exists when candidates seek to maximize their expected margin of victory. This equilibrium (1) consists of all candidates converging to the policy that maximizes the expected sum of voters’ utilities, (2) exists even when voters can abstain, and (3) is unique when there are only 2 candidates. Journal of Economic LiteratureClassification Numbers: D71, D72, D50, D60.
Evaluation of EMLA Cream for Preventing Pain during Tattooing of Rabbits: Changes in Physiological, Behavioural and Facial Expression Responses

Background Ear tattooing is a routine procedure performed on laboratory, commercial and companion rabbits for the purpose of identification. Although this procedure is potentially painful, it is usually performed without the provision of analgesia, so compromising animal welfare. Furthermore, current means to assess pain in rabbits are poor and more reliable methods are required. The objectives of this study were to assess the physiological and behavioural effects of ear tattooing on rabbits, evaluate the analgesic efficacy of topical local anaesthetic cream application prior to this procedure, and to develop a scale to assess pain in rabbits based on changes in facial expression. Methodology/Principal Findings In a crossover study, eight New Zealand White rabbits each underwent four different treatments of actual or sham ear tattooing, with and without prior application of a topical local anaesthetic (lidocaine/prilocaine). Changes in immediate behaviour, heart rate, arterial blood pressure, serum corticosterone concentrations, facial expression and home pen behaviours were assessed. Changes in facial expression were examined to develop the Rabbit Grimace Scale in order to assess acute pain. Tattooing without EMLA cream resulted in significantly greater struggling behaviour and vocalisation, greater facial expression scores of pain, higher peak heart rate, as well as higher systolic and mean arterial blood pressure compared to all other treatments. Physiological and behavioural changes following tattooing with EMLA cream were similar to those in animals receiving sham tattoos with or without EMLA cream. Behavioural changes 1 hour post-treatment were minimal with no pain behaviours identifiable in any group. Serum corticosterone responses did not differ between sham and tattoo treatments. Conclusions Ear tattooing causes transient and potentially severe pain in rabbits, which is almost completely prevented by prior application of local anaesthetic cream. The Rabbit Grimace Scale developed appears to be a reliable and accurate way to assess acute pain in rabbits.
Effect of tertiary and quaternary atropine salts on absolute scotopic threshold changes produced by an anticholinesterase (sarin).

The Hecht-Shlaer adaptometer was employed in conjunction with an artificial pupil of 2-mm diameter to test the effect of a tertiary and quaternary atropine salt on the absolute visual threshold following exposure to isopropyl methylphosphono-fluoridate, an anticholinesterase, and on controls following white light exposure to 3784 ml intensity for 2 minutes duration in human subjects. It was found that protection of both eyes from contact with an atmosphere containing 2.79 mg/m 3 Sarin resulted in a significant elevation of the absolute scotopic threshold following exposure by inhalation to the vapor. An intramuscular injection of 2 mg atropine sulfate significantly reduced the elevated threshold whereas an intramuscular injection of 2 mg atropine methyl nitrate had no significant effect. The discussion relates these findings to the process considered critical for visual intensity discrimination. Submitted on October 7, 1957
Evidence for functional estrogen receptors α and β in human adipose cells: regional specificities and regulation by estrogens

Adipocytes are estrogen-responsive cells, but the quantitative expression and transcriptional regulation of the estrogen receptors (ER-alpha and ER-beta) in human adipocytes and their precursor cells are unclear. Using real-time quantitative PCR, we have demonstrated that both ER-alpha and ER-beta mRNA are expressed in human mature adipocytes with a large predominance of ER-alpha mRNA. Moreover, ER-alpha mRNA is identically expressed whatever the anatomic origin (intraabdominal and subcutaneous) of the adipocytes and the gender. ER-beta mRNA levels are higher in women compared with men, without regional differences. 17beta-Estradiol in vitro upregulates expression of both ER-alpha and ER-beta mRNA in subcutaneous adipocytes from women but only the ER-alpha mRNA in subcutaneous and intra-abdominal adipocytes from men. In preadipocytes, only the ER-alpha subtype was present. In the latter cells, estrogens in vitro had no influence on ER-alpha expression (mRNA and protein). The present study also shows that estrogens in vitro increase the AP-1, SP-1, and estrogen response element DNA binding activities in differentiated but not in confluent preadipocytes, suggesting that ER become functional during the course of adipogenesis. On the whole, these data are consistent with a predominant role of the ER-alpha subtype in mediating the effects of estrogens on human adipose tissue development and metabolism.
Integrated framework for soil and water conservation in Kosi River Basin

Abstract Soil loss through erosion and its subsequent deposition is considered as an important challenge for watersheds. In this paper, attempt has been made to integrate the Revised Universal Soil Loss Equation, rainfall climatology from merged IMD gauge-TRMM (1998–2015) and soil hydraulic parameters to delineate the highly susceptible zones of the Kosi River Basin (KRB), Bihar, India for soil erosion assessment and watershed prioritization. The soil hydraulic parameters are calculated by using the ROSETTA model. Afterwards, the analytical hierarchy process based on multi-criteria evaluation method (AHP-MCE) was employed to assign the weighting to each factor (Soil erosion, Compound Factor, Field Capacity) depending on their erosion potential. Weighted overlay analysis is then performed to generate the watershed prioritization map for soil and water conservation. The overall findings suggest that the sub-watersheds 5, 8 and 7 required utmost attention and conservative measures because of their high erodibility characteristics.
Power-to-volume of the High Speed Generators

The high-speed generators offer superior power-to-volume ratio and highly compact structure comparing with their lower speed counterparts. These advantages make high-speed machines eligible for distributed generating application with microturbine that one of the distributed power generation that produced electric in the remote and disastrous zones where grid power is unavailable. To achieve higher power-to-volume ratio, it is offer to use optimization methods. In this paper, two powerful optimization algorithms, i.e. genetic algorithm and Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) are considered. The model of machine with loss calculations is prepared for this optimization. It will be shown the power-to-volume ratio of the High-speed Axial Flux Generator (HSAFG) can be increased two times by using PSO. Key word: High-speed machineaxial-flux generatorpower-to-volume ratiooptimizationgenetic algorithm • PSO
Cross-Pose Face Recognition - A Virtual View Generation Approach Using Clustering Based LVTM

SUMMARY This paper presents an approach for cross-pose face recognition by virtual view generation using an appearance clustering based local view transition model. Previously, the traditional global pattern based view transition model (VTM) method was extended to its local version called LVTM, which learns the linear transformation of pixel values between frontal and non-frontal image pairs from training images using partial image in a small region for each location, instead of transforming the entire image pattern. In this paper, we show that the accuracy of the appearance transition model and the recognition rate can be further improved by better exploiting the inherent linear relationship between frontal-nonfrontal face image patch pairs. This is achieved based on the observation that variations in appearance caused by pose are closely related to the corresponding 3D structure and intuitively frontal-nonfrontal patch pairs from more similar local 3D face structures should have a stronger linear relationship. Thus for each specific location, instead of learning a common transformation as in the LVTM, the corresponding local patches are first clustered based on an appearance similarity distance metric and then the transition models are learned separately for each cluster. In the testing stage, each local patch for the input non-frontal probe image is transformed using the learned local view transition model corresponding to the most visually similar cluster. The experimental results on a real-world face dataset demonstrated the superiority of the proposed method in terms of recognition rate.
ChatGPT’s Response Consistency: A Study on Repeated Queries of Medical Examination Questions

(1) Background: As the field of artificial intelligence (AI) evolves, tools like ChatGPT are increasingly integrated into various domains of medicine, including medical education and research. Given the critical nature of medicine, it is of paramount importance that AI tools offer a high degree of reliability in the information they provide. (2) Methods: A total of n = 450 medical examination questions were manually entered into ChatGPT thrice, each for ChatGPT 3.5 and ChatGPT 4. The responses were collected, and their accuracy and consistency were statistically analyzed throughout the series of entries. (3) Results: ChatGPT 4 displayed a statistically significantly improved accuracy with 85.7% compared to that of 57.7% of ChatGPT 3.5 (p < 0.001). Furthermore, ChatGPT 4 was more consistent, correctly answering 77.8% across all rounds, a significant increase from the 44.9% observed from ChatGPT 3.5 (p < 0.001). (4) Conclusions: The findings underscore the increased accuracy and dependability of ChatGPT 4 in the context of medical education and potential clinical decision making. Nonetheless, the research emphasizes the indispensable nature of human-delivered healthcare and the vital role of continuous assessment in leveraging AI in medicine.
A confidence ellipsoid approach for measurement cost minimization under Gaussian noise

The well-known problem of estimating an unknown deterministic parameter vector over a linear system subject to additive Gaussian noise is studied from the perspective of minimizing total sensor measurement cost under a constraint on the log volume of the estimation error confidence ellipsoid. A convex optimization problem is formulated for the general case, and a closed form solution is provided when the system matrix is invertible. Furthermore, effects of system matrix uncertainty are discussed by employing a specific but nevertheless practical uncertainty model. Numerical examples are presented to discuss the theoretical results in detail.
Catecholamine levels and delay discounting forecast drug use among African American youths.

AIMS To test hypotheses about the contributions of the catecholamines epinephrine and norepinephrine [which serve as biological markers of life stress through sympathetic nervous system (SNS) activation], delay discounting and their interaction to the prediction of drug use among young African American adults. DESIGN A 1-year prospective study that involved assessment of SNS activity and collection of self-report data involving delay discounting and drug use. SETTING Rural communities in the southeastern United States. PARTICIPANTS A total of 456 African Americans who were 19 years of age at the beginning of the study. MEASUREMENTS At age 19, participants provided overnight urine voids that were assayed for epinephrine and norepinephrine. Participants were also assessed for hyperbolic temporal discounting functions (k) and drug use. At age 20, the participants again reported their drug use. FINDINGS Linear regression analyses revealed that (i) catecholamine levels at age 19 forecast increases in drug use [B = 0.087, P < 0.01, 95% confidence interval (CI) = 0.025, 0.148] and (ii) among young men, catecholamine levels interacted positively with delay discounting to forecast increases in drug use (simple slope = 0.113, P < 0.001, 95% CI = 0.074, 0.152). CONCLUSIONS Higher urinary catecholamine concentrations in their adulthood predict higher levels of drug use a year later among young African American men in the United States who engage in high, but not low, levels of delay discounting.
TUIC: enabling tangible interaction on capacitive multi-touch displays

We present TUIC, a technology that enables tangible interaction on capacitive multi-touch devices, such as iPad, iPhone, and 3M's multi-touch displays, without requiring any hardware modifications. TUIC simulates finger touches on capacitive displays using passive materials and active modulation circuits embedded inside tangible objects, and can be used with multi-touch gestures simultaneously. TUIC consists of three approaches to sense and track objects: spatial, frequency, and hybrid (spatial plus frequency). The spatial approach, also known as 2D markers, uses geometric, multi-point touch patterns to encode object IDs. Spatial tags are straightforward to construct and are easily tracked when moved, but require sufficient spacing between the multiple touch points. The frequency approach uses modulation circuits to generate high-frequency touches to encode object IDs in the time domain. It requires fewer touch points and allows smaller tags to be built. The hybrid approach combines both spatial and frequency tags to construct small tags that can be reliably tracked when moved and rotated. We show three applications demonstrating the above approaches on iPads and 3M's multi-touch displays.
Risky Drinking Patterns Are Being Continued into Pregnancy: A Prospective Cohort Study

Background Risky patterns of alcohol use prior to pregnancy increase the risk of alcohol-exposed pregnancies and subsequent adverse outcomes. It is important to understand how consumption changes once women become pregnant. Objective The aim of this study was to describe the characteristics of women that partake in risky drinking patterns before pregnancy and to examine how these patterns change once they become pregnant. Methods A sample of 1577 women from the 1973–78 cohort of the Australian Longitudinal Study on Women’s Health were included if they first reported being pregnant in 2000, 2003, 2006, 2009 and reported risky drinking patterns prior to that pregnancy. Multinomial logistic regression was used to determine which risky drinking patterns were most likely to continue into pregnancy. Results When reporting risky drinking patterns prior to pregnancy only 6% of women reported weekly drinking only, whereas 46% reported binge drinking only and 48% reported both. Women in both binge categories were more likely to have experienced financial stress, not been partnered, smoked, used drugs, been nulliparous, experienced a violent relationship, and were less educated. Most women (46%) continued these risky drinking patterns into pregnancy, with 40% reducing these behaviors, and 14% completely ceasing alcohol consumption. Once pregnant, women who binged only prior to pregnancy were more likely to continue (55%) rather than reduce drinking (29%). Of the combined drinking group 61% continued to binge and 47% continued weekly drinking. Compared with the combined drinking group, binge only drinkers prior to pregnancy were less likely to reduce rather than continue their drinking once pregnant (OR = 0.37, 95% CI = 0.29, 0.47). Conclusions Over a third of women continued risky drinking into pregnancy, especially binge drinking, suggesting a need to address alcohol consumption prior to pregnancy.
Designing in virtual reality (DesIRe): a gesture-based interface

In this paper, our purpose is to focus on detection of dynamic gestures and find the thresholds to detect gestures for a gesture-based system, DesIRe (DESigning In virtual REality). DesIRe treats virtual reality as a platform of virtual clay and allows realtime dynamic interaction with an object to perform a number of design operations. We developed an interface using a stereoscopic display environment and combining elements of gesture recognition and motion capture. The system architecture of DesIRe include following components: Vizard Virtual Reality Toolkit, an immersive projection system (VISOR), an optical tracking system (specifically the PPT system and the in-house gesture recognition software), and Data Input System (a data glove). In DesIRe, the user has control of a hand-shaped cursor which is guided by a single infrared LED and linked to the data glove finger states and orientation in order to provide an immediate, visual feedback. In this paper, we present an approach to represent the finger states using binary digits in gesture detection and demonstrate the thresholds. We found that thresholds are glove specific.
Resolution of lateral acoustic space assessed by electroencephalography and psychoacoustics

The encoding of auditory spatial acuity (measured as the precision to distinguish between two spatially distinct stimuli) by neural circuits in both auditory cortices is a matter of ongoing research. Here, the event-related potential (ERP) mismatch negativity (MMN), a sensitive indicator of preattentive auditory change detection, was used to tap into the underlying mechanism of cortical representation of auditory spatial information. We characterized the MMN response affected by the degree of spatial deviance in lateral acoustic space using a passive oddball paradigm. Two stimulation conditions (SCs)—specifically focusing on the investigation of the mid- and far-lateral acoustic space—were considered: (1) 65° left standard position with deviant positions at 70, 75, and 80°; and (2) 95° left standard position with deviant positions at 90, 85, and 80°. Additionally, behavioral data on the minimum audible angle (MAA) were acquired for the respective standard positions (65, 95° left) to quantify spatial discrimination in separating distinct sound sources. The two measurements disclosed the linkage between the (preattentive) MMN response and the (attentive) behavioral threshold. At 65° spatial deviations as small as 5° reliably elicited MMNs. Thereby, the MMN amplitudes monotonously increased as a function of spatial deviation. At 95°, spatial deviations of 15° were necessary to elicit a valid MMN. The behavioral data, however, yielded no difference in mean MAA thresholds for position 65 and 95°. The different effects of laterality on MMN responses and MAA thresholds suggest a role of spatial selective attention mechanisms particularly relevant in active discrimination of neighboring sound sources, especially in the lateral acoustic space.
A 0.5-V 16 GHz-20 GHz differential injection-locked divider in 0.18-μm CMOS process

An ultra-low-voltage (ULV) differential injection-locked (IL) divider topology is presented. By making use of a double-balanced active mixer with transformer feedback and a transformer-feedback VCO, the proposed ULV-IL divider features double-balanced differential-input differential-output, an ultra-low supply voltage comparable to the device threshold voltage, and low power consumption. Fabricated in a standard 0.18-μm CMOS process and operated at 0.5-V supply, the ULV-IL divider measures an input frequency range from 16.1 GHz to 20 GHz while consuming a total power from 2.75 mW to 4.35 mW. Moreover, two identical proposed ULV-IL dividers with differential inputs are implemented to achieve quadrature outputs with measured IQ sideband rejection of better than -35 dBc.