Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Host responses to pathogenic Salmonella infection.

Exposure to bacteria, fungi, and protozoa is an inescap­ able part of life from the moment that we are born until we die. Our contact with many of these microorganisms is very brief, whereas others stay behind and establish a more stable relationship. These organisms become part of our normal flora and are found, among other places, on the skin, in the mouth, and in the gastrointestinal tract. Typically these relationships are beneficial to both the host and the microorganism. Although the commensal flora appears to provide several benefits, it can also, un­ der certain conditions, represent a significant threat to our health. The immune system has the primary respon­ sibility of ensuring that the growth and location of com­ mensal organisms is optimal for the host. If defensive immunity is compromised or fails in any way then be­ nign commensals quickly become opportunistic patho­ gens. Some of the microorganisms that we encounter rely upon their ability to cause cellular damage to a host for survival and replication. Upon entering a suitable host, these pathogens initiate a series of events that test in­ nate host defense mechanisms and the capabilities of the immune system. From the perspective of the microor­ ganism, these interactions challenge the ability of the bacteria to respond to constantly changing obstacles within the host environment. This review will focus on the interactions between virulent Salmonella strains and the hosts that they infect as an example of how selective pressure helps to shape host-pathogen relation­ ships. Efforts will be made to highlight the various im­ munological and cellular host responses that occur in response to Salmonella infection and invasion. Salmonella infections are initiated when a pathogenic strain is ingested into a suitable host via contaminated food or water. Ingested organisms move from the mouth to the extremely acidic environment of the stomach. Or­ ganisms that survive this low pH environment then move into the small intestine where they begin to com­ pete with the normal enteric flora of the host for nutri­ ents and space. The first pathogenic step of the bacteria is taken when organisms breach the intestinal epithe­ lium of lymphoid follicles and enter the lymphatic sys
Injuries, Death, and Disability Associated with 11 Years of Conflict in Baghdad, Iraq: A Randomized Household Cluster Survey

Background The objective of this study was to characterize injuries, deaths, and disabilities arising during 11 years of conflict in Baghdad. Methods Using satellite imagery and administrative population estimated size for Baghdad, 30 clusters were selected, proportionate to population size estimates. Interviews were conducted during April and May 2014 in 900 households containing 5148 persons. Details about injuries and disabilities occurring from 2003 through May 2014 and resultant disabilities were recorded. Findings There were 553 injuries reported by Baghdad residents, 225 of which were intentional, and 328 unintentional. For intentional injuries, the fatality rate was 39.1% and the disability rate 56.0%. Gunshots where the major cause of injury through 2006 when blasts/explosions became the most common cause and remained so through 2014. Among unintentional injuries, the fatality rate was 7.3% and the disability rate 77.1%. The major cause of unintentional injuries was falls (131) which have increased dramatically since 2008, followed by traffic related injuries (81), which have steadily increased. The proportion of injuries ending in disabilities remained fairly constant through the survey period. Interpretation Intentional injuries added substantially to the burden of unintentional injuries for the population. For Baghdad, the phases of the Iraqi conflict are reflected in the patterns of injuries and consequent deaths reported. The scale of injuries during conflict is most certainly under-reported. Difficulties recalling injuries in a survey covering 11 years is a limitation, but it is likely that minor injuries were under-reported more than severe injuries. The in- and out-migration of Baghdad populations likely had effects on the events reported which we could not measure or estimate. Damage to the health infrastructure and the flight of health workers may have contributed to mortality and morbidity. Civilian injuries as well as mortality should be measured during conflicts, though not currently done.
Study of the trading behavior on agent-based system simulation

In this paper, an artificial stock market based on Agent is built combined with system simulation technology. The heterogeneous investors will evolve and adapt to the environment through social learning in the artificial stock market. Public rule set is composed of the trading rule of each investor. And the public rule set evolves by genetic algorithm. This paper analyzes and researches the impact of social learning in the different learning speeds on financial market and micro-level investor.
Power Control and Scheduling In Low SNR Region In The Uplink of Two Cell Networks

In this paper we investigate the sub-channel assignment and power control to maximize the total sum rate in the uplink of two-cell network. It is assumed that there are some sub-channels in each cell which should be allocated among some users. Also, each user is subjected to a power constraint. The underlying problem is a non-convex mixed integer non-linear optimization problem which does not have a trivial solution. To solve the problem, having fixed the consumed power of each user, and assuming low co-channel interference region, the sub-channel allocation problem is reformulate into a more mathematically tractable problem which is shown can be tackled through the so-called Hungarian algorithm. Then, the consumed power of each user is reformulated as a quadratic fractional problem which can be numerically derived. Numerical results demonstrate the superiority of the proposed method in low SNR region as compared to existing works addressed in the literature
Pulmonary afferent fibres of small diameter stimulated by capsaicin and by hyperinflation of the lungs.

This paper describes experiments in which impulses have been recorded from afferent vagal fibres whose endings were located in the lung. These fibres differed from the pulmonary stretch fibres described by Adrian (1933) and subsequent workers in that their spontaneous activity was sparse and irregular and showed no respiratory modulation at normal ventilation volumes. The fibres were stimulated, however, by inflating the lungs with larger volumes. The fibres appeared to be of small diameter, having a mean conduction velocity of 16 m/sec and a blocking temperature of 1-6° C. These slowly conducting fibres were identified in the following way. Capsaicin, a decylenic acid amide of vanillylamine, injected intravenously produces bradyeardia, systemic hypotension and apnoea (Toh, Lee & Kiang, 1955; Porsz6asz, Such & Porszasz-Gibiszer, 1957). Porsztasz et al. (1957) suggested that this triad of effects was evoked reflexly by stimulation of baroreceptors in the extrapulmonary parts of the pulmonary artery. Subsequently, Coleridge, Coleridge & Kidd (1964) found that although pulmonary arterial baroreceptors undoubtedly played a part in mediating the reflex effects, some other afferent endings within the vascular bed of the lung itself were probably involved. A search was therefore made for intrapulmonary receptors which were stimulated by capsaicin. The afferent fibres described in the present paper were encountered in the course of this work. They were the only pulmonary fibres consistently stimulated by capsaicin, the drug having little or no effect on the activity of pulmonary stretch fibres of the type described by Adrian (1933).
Hypereosinophilic syndrome with recurrent strokes: a case report.

PURPOSE Hypereosinophilic syndrome is a rare disorder which can cause ischemic stroke. Although cardioembolism is acknowledged as the most common etiology for stroke, the underlying pathogenesis of hypereosinophilic syndrome could be heterogeneous. Herein we describe a patient with persistent hypereosnophillia with recurrent strokes focusing on the pathogenetic mechanism of stroke. CASE REPORT A 43-year-old male patient with persistent primary eosinophilia presented with ischemic stroke which persisted for three weeks. Magnetic resonance imaging showed bilateral multiple cerebral infarctions over both anterior and posterior vascular territories. Segmental stenosis of the right posterior cerebral artery was revealed with magnetic resonance angiography and computed tomography angiography. Extensive laboratory workup ruled out other etiologies for the strokes except eosinophilia, which responded well to corticosteroid therapy. CONCLUSIONS Cerebrovascular wall damage inflicted by eosinophilia may be the pathogenesis of the thromboembolic strokes in this case.
A simple and fast 2-approximation algorithm for the one-warehouse multi-retailers problem

We consider a well-known NP-hard deterministic inventory control problem: the One-Warehouse Multi-Retailer (OWMR) problem. We present a simple combinatorial algorithm to recombine the optimal solutions of the natural single-echelon inventory subproblems into a feasible solution of the OWMR problem. This approach yields a 3-approximation. We then show how this algorithm can be improved to a 2-approximation by halving the demands at the warehouse and at the retailers in the subproblems. Both algorithms are purely combinatorial and can be implemented to run in linear time for traditional linear holding costs and quadratic time for more general holding cost structures. We finally show that our technique can be extended to the Joint Replenishment Problem (JRP) with backorders and to the OWMR problem with non-linear holding costs.
The cumulative cost of additional wakefulness: dose-response effects on neurobehavioral functions and sleep physiology from chronic sleep restriction and total sleep deprivation.

OBJECTIVES To inform the debate over whether human sleep can be chronically reduced without consequences, we conducted a dose-response chronic sleep restriction experiment in which waking neurobehavioral and sleep physiological functions were monitored and compared to those for total sleep deprivation. DESIGN The chronic sleep restriction experiment involved randomization to one of three sleep doses (4 h, 6 h, or 8 h time in bed per night), which were maintained for 14 consecutive days. The total sleep deprivation experiment involved 3 nights without sleep (0 h time in bed). Each study also involved 3 baseline (pre-deprivation) days and 3 recovery days. SETTING Both experiments were conducted under standardized laboratory conditions with continuous behavioral, physiological and medical monitoring. PARTICIPANTS A total of n = 48 healthy adults (ages 21-38) participated in the experiments. INTERVENTIONS Noctumal sleep periods were restricted to 8 h, 6 h or 4 h per day for 14 days, or to 0 h for 3 days. All other sleep was prohibited. RESULTS Chronic restriction of sleep periods to 4 h or 6 h per night over 14 consecutive days resulted in significant cumulative, dose-dependent deficits in cognitive performance on all tasks. Subjective sleepiness ratings showed an acute response to sleep restriction but only small further increases on subsequent days, and did not significantly differentiate the 6 h and 4 h conditions. Polysomnographic variables and delta power in the non-REM sleep EEG-a putative marker of sleep homeostasis--displayed an acute response to sleep restriction with negligible further changes across the 14 restricted nights. Comparison of chronic sleep restriction to total sleep deprivation showed that the latter resulted in disproportionately large waking neurobehavioral and sleep delta power responses relative to how much sleep was lost. A statistical model revealed that, regardless of the mode of sleep deprivation, lapses in behavioral alertness were near-linearly related to the cumulative duration of wakefulness in excess of 15.84 h (s.e. 0.73 h). CONCLUSIONS Since chronic restriction of sleep to 6 h or less per night produced cognitive performance deficits equivalent to up to 2 nights of total sleep deprivation, it appears that even relatively moderate sleep restriction can seriously impair waking neurobehavioral functions in healthy adults. Sleepiness ratings suggest that subjects were largely unaware of these increasing cognitive deficits, which may explain why the impact of chronic sleep restriction on waking cognitive functions is often assumed to be benign. Physiological sleep responses to chronic restriction did not mirror waking neurobehavioral responses, but cumulative wakefulness in excess of a 15.84 h predicted performance lapses across all four experimental conditions. This suggests that sleep debt is perhaps best understood as resulting in additional wakefulness that has a neurobiological "cost" which accumulates over time.
Exploiting multiple hypotheses for Multilingual Spoken Language Understanding

In this work, we present an approach for multilingual portability of Spoken Language Understanding systems. The goal of this approach is to avoid the effort of acquiring and labeling new corpora to learn models when changing the language. The work presented in this paper is focused on the learning of a specific translator for the task and the mechanism of transmitting the information among the modules by means of graphs. These graphs represent a set of hypotheses (a language) that is the input to the statistical semantic decoder that provides the meaning of the sentence. Some experiments in a Spanish task evaluated with input French utterances and text are presented. They show the good behavior of the system, mainly when speech input is considered.
Batesonian epistemology, Bushman n/om-kxaosi, and rock art

Purpose – Aims to define the conceptual tools of Gregory Bateson's epistemology – the nature of difference, logical typing, and recursion – and to apply this to understanding how we can approach the analysis of ethnographic reports of the Bushman n/om‐kxaosi (shamans) and the Bushman rock art of Southern Africa.Design/methodology/approach – The paper argues that kinesthetic interaction with n/om‐kxaosi provides a vehicle for learning their way of construing the world.Findings – The n/om‐kxaosi have a kinesthetic lexicon and a set of dominant metaphors rooted to their ecstatic body expression that provide coherence to their ways of healing and spiritual understanding. The previously assumed incoherent nature of Bushman religious views noted by anthropologists is argued to have been the consequence of underestimating the importance Bushman thinking gives to circularity and transformation of all aspects of their experience.Originality/value – Illuminates the analysis of the Bushman culture.
Cross-Layer Approach Asymmetry for Wireless Mesh Access Networks

In wireless mesh access networks working in an ad hoc model, link asymmetry exists because of t he heterogeneous transmission range of mesh clients and mesh routers. In such networks, several challenges, including the unidirectional link problem, heterogeneous hidden problem, and heterogeneous exposed problem, can dramatically degrade network performance. In this paper, we develop a cross-layer approach for mesh access networks to simultaneously address these challenges and improve network performance. The main ideas of our approach are to eliminate t he unidirectional link at t he network layer and design novel handshake and channel reservation mechanisms at the medium-access control ( MAC) layer u sing topological information collected in the network layer. Via a combination of theoretical analysis and extensive evaluation, we validate t hat our approach can achieve better performance with lower cost in comparison with existing approaches.
On the algorithmic role of synonyms and keywords in analytics for catastrophic events

We study statistical issues related to the use of words in messages on SNs, as related to specific potentially catastrophic events, such as fires and earthquakes. The analysis investigates the frequency of the words in the messages of interest, moreover their temporal correlation, and aims to determine a reasonable number of keywords for the searches of the events, especially in relation with analytics and searches on SNs for the reflectance of those events. A special attention is given to synonyms.
Genetic dissection of histone deacetylase requirement in tumor cells

Histone deacetylase inhibitors (HDACi) represent a new group of drugs currently being tested in a wide variety of clinical applications. They are especially effective in preclinical models of cancer where they show antiproliferative action in many different types of cancer cells. Recently, the first HDACi was approved for the treatment of cutaneous T cell lymphomas. Most HDACi currently in clinical development act by unspecifically interfering with the enzymatic activity of all class I HDACs (HDAC1, 2, 3, and 8), and it is widely believed that the development of isoform-specific HDACi could lead to better therapeutic efficacy. The contribution of the individual class I HDACs to different disease states, however, has so far not been fully elucidated. Here, we use a genetic approach to dissect the involvement of the different class I HDACs in tumor cells. We show that deletion of a single HDAC is not sufficient to induce cell death, but that HDAC1 and 2 play redundant and essential roles in tumor cell survival. Their deletion leads to nuclear bridging, nuclear fragmentation, and mitotic catastrophe, mirroring the effects of HDACi on cancer cells. These findings suggest that pharmacological inhibition of HDAC1 and 2 may be sufficient for anticancer activity, providing an experimental framework for the development of isoform-specific HDAC inhibitors.
Analysis on Bidding Behaviours for Detecting Shill Bidders in Online Auctions

Online auction is a popular electronic marketplacethat allows buyers and sellers to purchase and sell productsin an efficient way. In spite of popularity of online auctions, there are many fraudulent bidding or selling behaviours that canoccur during an auction (e.g., shill bidding, bid shielding, etc.). Among auction fruads, shill bidding is one of the hardest typesof auction fraud to detect. Researchers have developed frauddetection and prevention methods for combating such fraud. However, it is difficult to effectively identify and recognise biddingbehaviours for detecting shill bidders in online auctions. Thispaper presents a brief overview of major research on biddingpatterns for detecting shill bidders in online auctions. Moreover, our analysis result illustrates the characteristics of such biddingpatterns represent strong signs of shill bidding when monitoringonline auctions to combat this fraud. We also present case studiesfor identifying shill bidding behaviours in the datasets of eBay.
A novel direct interaction of endoplasmic reticulum with microtubules

The positioning and dynamics of organelles in eukaryotic cells critically depend on membrane–cytoskeleton interactions. Motor proteins play an important role in the directed movement of organelle membranes along microtubules, but the basic mechanism by which membranes stably interact with the microtubule cytoskeleton is largely unknown. Here we report that p63, an integral membrane protein of the reticular subdomain of the rough endoplasmic reticulum (ER), binds microtubules in vivo and in vitro. Overexpression of p63 in cell culture led to a striking rearrangement of the ER and to concomitant bundling of microtubules along the altered ER. Mutational analysis of the cytoplasmic domain of p63 revealed two determinants responsible for these changes: an ER rearrangement determinant near the N‐terminus and a central microtubule‐binding region. The two determinants function independently of one another as indicated by deletion experiments. A peptide corresponding to the cytoplasmic tail of p63 promoted microtubule polymerization in vitro. p63 is the first identified integral membrane protein that can link a membrane organelle directly to microtubules. By doing so, it may contribute to the positioning of the ER along microtubules.
Loss of p120 catenin and links to mitotic alterations, inflammation, and skin cancer

Tumor formation involves epigenetic modifications and microenvironmental changes as well as cumulative genetic alterations encompassing somatic mutations, loss of heterozygosity, and aneuploidy. Here, we show that conditional targeting of p120 catenin in mice leads to progressive development of skin neoplasias associated with intrinsic NF-κB activation. We find that, similarly, squamous cell carcinomas in humans display altered p120 and activated NF-κB. We show that epidermal hyperproliferation arising from p120 loss can be abrogated by IκB kinase 2 inhibitors. Although this underscores the importance of this pathway, the role of NF-κB in hyperproliferation appears rooted in its impact on epidermal microenvironment because as p120-null keratinocytes display a growth-arrested phenotype in culture. We trace this to a mitotic defect, resulting in unstable, binucleated cells in vitro and in vivo. We show that the abnormal mitoses can be ameliorated by inhibiting RhoA, the activity of which is abnormally high. Conversely, we can elicit such mitotic defects in control keratinocytes by elevating RhoA activity. The ability of p120 deficiency to elicit mitotic alterations and chronic inflammatory responses, that together may facilitate the development of genetic instability in vivo, provides insights into why it figures so prominently in skin cancer progression.
RNA virus error catastrophe: Direct molecular test by using ribavirin

RNA viruses evolve rapidly. One source of this ability to rapidly change is the apparently high mutation frequency in RNA virus populations. A high mutation frequency is a central tenet of the quasispecies theory. A corollary of the quasispecies theory postulates that, given their high mutation frequency, animal RNA viruses may be susceptible to error catastrophe, where they undergo a sharp drop in viability after a modest increase in mutation frequency. We recently showed that the important broad-spectrum antiviral drug ribavirin (currently used to treat hepatitis C virus infections, among others) is an RNA virus mutagen, and we proposed that ribavirin's antiviral effect is by forcing RNA viruses into error catastrophe. However, a direct demonstration of error catastrophe has not been made for ribavirin or any RNA virus mutagen. Here we describe a direct demonstration of error catastrophe by using ribavirin as the mutagen and poliovirus as a model RNA virus. We demonstrate that ribavirin's antiviral activity is exerted directly through lethal mutagenesis of the viral genetic material. A 99.3% loss in viral genome infectivity is observed after a single round of virus infection in ribavirin concentrations sufficient to cause a 9.7-fold increase in mutagenesis. Compiling data on both the mutation levels and the specific infectivities of poliovirus genomes produced in the presence of ribavirin, we have constructed a graph of error catastrophe showing that normal poliovirus indeed exists at the edge of viability. These data suggest that RNA virus mutagens may represent a promising new class of antiviral drugs.