Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
A Monte Carlo test of the Fisher–Nakanishi–Scaling theory for the capillary condensation critical point

Extending the Swendsen–Wang cluster algorithm to include both bulk (H) and surface fields (H1) in L×L×D Ising films of thickness D and two free L×L surfaces, a Monte Carlo study of the capillary condensation critical point of the model is presented. Applying a finite-size scaling analysis where the lateral linear dimension L is varied over a wide range, the critical temperature Tc(D) and the associated critical field Hc(D) are estimated for 4⩽D⩽32 lattice spacings, for a choice of the surface field H1 small enough that the dependence of Hc(D) on H1 is still linear. It is shown that the results are consistent with the power laws predicted by Fisher and Nakanishi [M. E. Fisher and H. Nakanishi, J. Chem. Phys. 75, 5857 (1981)], namely Tc(∞)−Tc(D)∝D−1/ν, Hc(D)∝D−(Δ−Δ1)/ν, where ν is the bulk correlation length exponent of the three-dimensional Ising model, and Δ, Δ1 are the corresponding “gap exponents” associated with bulk and surface fields, respectively. As expected, the order parameter of the thin film ne.
Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor mRNA Expression in the Brain of the Teleost Fish, Anguilla anguilla, the European Eel

The spatial expression pattern of Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor (BDNF) mRNA in the brain of the European eel (Anguilla anguilla) was determined using non-radioactive in situ hybridization, and mapped and compared to that of other vertebrates. Riboprobes were prepared based on a partial cDNA coding sequence for A. anguilla BDNF that was amplified using degenerate primers, cloned and sequenced. As in other animal groups, in the eel, BDNF mRNA expression was seen in the telencephalon, hypothalamus, tectum, many primary and secondary sensory centers, and cranial motor nuclei. However, in contrast to mammals, BDNF mRNA expression was observed in some brain stem nuclei, such as the reticular formation, that contain cell bodies of neurons that project down the spinal cord. We suggest that these differences might relate to the continual growth of teleost fish.
National Trends in Jewish Ethnicity: A Test of the Polarization Hypothesis

The purpose of this study is to test whether national patterns of Jewish identification indicate a "polarization" trend (i.e., increased identification among younger Orthodox Jews and decreased identification among younger Reform and non-denominational Jews). Using data from the National Jewish Population Study we found mixed results regarding the polarization hypothesis. Our findings show that by the fourth generation Orthodoxy seems to be maintaining its numbers while the dropout rate from Conservative and Reform Judaism substantially increases the proportion of nondenominational Jews for the first time. However, age trends within denominational and generational groups do not show any clear trend toward either greater or less identification among younger Jews. The implications of the various changes and trends discovered are explored in detail and the similarities to changes in Protestant denominational affilations are discussed.
THE ROLE OF LYMPH FACTORS IN LUNG INJURY, BONE MARROW SUPPRESSION, AND ENDOTHELIAL CELL DYSFUNCTION IN A PRIMATE MODEL OF TRAUMA-HEMORRHAGIC SHOCK

Studies in rodent models of trauma-hemorrhagic shock (T/HS) have shown that factors contained in the intestinal lymph are responsible for acute lung injury and bone marrow suppression, and that they contribute to a systemic inflammatory state. Because results observed in rodent T/HS models may not fully reflect the response of injured patients, it is necessary to determine if these results can be replicated in primates before the institution of invasive studies in humans. Thus, the three goals of this study were to determine if diversion of thoracic duct lymph reduced T/HS-induced lung injury; to compare the biologic activity of thoracic duct lymph from baboons subjected to T/HS or trauma sham-shock (T/SS); and to compare the biologic activity and composition of plasma from baboons subjected to T/SS, T/HS, and T/HS with thoracic duct lymph drainage. Three groups of baboons were studied: T/SS plus lymph diversion via a thoracic duct catheter, T/HS, and T/HS plus lymph diversion (T/HS-LD). The trauma component consisted of a neck dissection with resection of the proximal clavicle plus a laparotomy. HS was to a mean arterial pressure of 40 mmHg and was maintained at 40 mmHg until the base excess reached −5 mEq or the total shock period reached 3 h. Volume resuscitation was carried out by reinfusing the shed blood plus crystalloids. Before, during, and after the T/HS or T/SS period, blood and lymph samples were obtained for analysis, and lung samples were harvested for measurement of lung wet-to-dry ratio at 5 h after the end of the shock period. Diversion of thoracic duct lymph prevented T/HS-induced lung injury as reflected in lung wet-to-dry weight ratios (T/SS = 4.6 ± 0.5; T/HS+LD = 4.8 ± 0.7; T/HS = 5.4 ± 0.6; P < 0.05). Lymph from the T/HS group collected during the early postshock period was cytotoxic for human endothelial cells (HUVECs; 16% vs. 100% survival in T/SS lymph) and increased HUVEC monolayer permeability almost 2-fold (P < 0.01). T/HS lymph and plasma also suppressed red blood cell (erythroid burst-forming unit) and white blood cell (granulocyte-monocyte colony-forming unit) progenitor cell growth of human bone marrow to ∼50% of control, whereas T/SS lymph and plasma were not suppressive (P < 0.05). Plasma cytokine levels were increased to a similar degree in the two T/HS groups. Thus, in a primate model of T/HS, gut-derived factors carried in the lymph potentiates lung injury and endothelial dysfunction, and suppresses bone marrow progenitor cell growth.
Molecular characterization of melanocyte stem cells in their niche

Emerging evidence from stem cell (SC) research has strengthened the idea that SC fate is determined by a specialized environment, known as the SC niche. However, because of the difficulty of identifying individual stem cells and their surrounding components in situ, the exact mechanisms underlying SC regulation by the niche remain elusive. To overcome this difficulty, we employed melanocyte stem cells (MSCs), which allow the identification of individual SCs in the niche, the lower permanent portion of the hair follicle (HF). Here, we present molecular makers that can distinguish MSCs from other melanocyte (MC) subsets in the HF. We also describe a simple and robust method that allows gene expression profiling in individual SCs. After isolating individual MSCs from transgenic mice in which the MCs are marked by green fluorescence protein (GFP), we performed single-cell transcript analysis to obtain the molecular signature of individual MSCs in the niche. The data suggest the existence of a mechanism that induces the downregulation of various key molecules for MC proliferation or differentiation in MSCs located in the niche. By integrating these data, we propose that the niche is an environment that insulates SCs from various activating stimuli and maintains them in a quiescent state.
Conceptual and Methodological Biases in Network Models

Many natural and biological phenomena can be depicted as networks. Theoretical and empirical analyses of networks have become prevalent. I discuss theoretical biases involved in the delineation of biological networks. The network perspective is shown to dissolve the distinction between regulatory architecture and regulatory state, consistent with the theoretical impossibility of distinguishing a priori between “program” and “data. ” The evolutionary significance of the dynamics of trans‐generational and interorganism regulatory networks is explored and implications are presented for understanding the evolution of the biological categories development‐heredity, plasticity‐evolvability, and epigenetic‐genetic.
ZENA WERB AND

Cholesterol is a constituent of all mammalian cells and serves as a structural unit of membranes. Cytomembranes of the "thick" variety (80-100 A) which have potential access to the extracellular milieu are rich in cholesterol and include plasma membrane, lysosomal membrane, and secretion granules (1-10). In contrast, "thin" membranes (40-70 A) such as endoplasmic reticulum, mitochondria, and nuclear envelope are poor in cholesterol, whereas Golgi membranes are intermediate in size and cholesterol content (5, 11, 12). Although there is an extensive literature on cholesterol metabolism of the whole organism (13-16), our knowledge of the cellular level is fragmentary. Exceptions are the well-documented studies first described by Hagerman and Gould (17) demonstrating cholesterol exchange from plasma lipoproteins to the membrane of erythrocytes. No net change in cholesterol content of red cell takes place and cholesterol ester (CE) 1 exchange is very limited. Recently, the de novo biosynthesis of cholesterol by cultured eukaryotic cells has been shown (18-20) although its conversion to metabolites other than its esters has not been demonstrated (19, 21, 22). We have chosen to examine the metabolism of cholesterol in homogeneous populations of macrophages. This was prompted by the physiological role of this cell in the processing of chylomicrons and effete erythrocytes (23-25) and its association with a number of pathological events in which lipid storage takes place (26-30). In addition, macrophages exhibit striking endocytic activity in which the flow and turnover of cholesterol-rich membranes might be examined.
Gut intraepithelial lymphocytes induce immunity against Cryptosporidium infection through a mechanism involving gamma interferon production

Immunological control of infection with cryptosporidia in mice is dependent on CD4+ T cells and the production of gamma interferon (IFN-gamma), but to date, the mucosal T cells which produce IFN-gamma local to the infection have not been characterized. We previously showed that immunity against the gastric parasite Cryptosporidium muris could be adoptively transferred to adult SCID (severe combined immunodeficiency) mice with small intestinal intraepithelial lymphocytes (IEL) from previously infected immunocompetent mice, but only if the donor CD4+ T cells were intact. The present investigation examined whether IFN-gamma was important in the effector mechanisms mediated by immune IEL in SCID mice. The development of resistance against C. muris infection in SCID mice given immune IEL was prevented by treatment with a hamster anti-mouse IFN-gamma-neutralizing monoclonal antibody, but following cessation of antibody treatment, the mice recovered from infection. In further experiments, an enzyme-linked immunospot (ELISPOT) technique was used to compare frequencies of IFN-gamma-producing cells in activated T-cell populations from C. muris-immune and naive donor mice. Stimulation with concanavalin A or a rat anti-mouse CD3 monoclonal antibody resulted in detection of greater numbers of cells producing IFN-gamma from immune than naive IEL populations. Small numbers of IEL from C. muris-immune mice, but not from naive mice, also produced IFN-gamma when cultured with soluble oocyst antigen, but this occurred only if gamma-irradiated spleen cells were cocultured with the immune IEL. These results suggested that IEL were important in the generation of immunity to Cryptosporidium and that one of their crucial functions was to produce IFN-gamma at the site of infection.
Exemplar-based Sparse Representation phone identification features

Exemplar-based techniques, such as k-nearest neighbors (kNNs) and Sparse Representations (SRs), can be used to model a test sample from a few training points in a dictionary set. In past work, we have shown that using a SR approach for phonetic classification allows for a higher accuracy than other classification techniques. These phones are the basic units of speech to be recognized. Motivated by this result, we create a new dictionary which is a function of the phonetic labels of the original dictionary. The SR method now selects relevant samples from this new dictionary to create a new feature representation of the test sample, where the new feature is better linked to the actual units to be recognized. We will refer to these new features as Spif. We present results using these new Spif features in a Hidden Markov Model (HMM) framework for speech recognition. We find that the Spif features allow for a 2.9% relative reduction in Phonetic Error Rate (PER) on the TIMIT phonetic recognition task. Furthermore, we find that the Spif features allow for a 4.8% relative improvement in Word Error Rate (WER) on a large vocabulary 50 hour Broadcast News task.
A Dynamic Deep Neural Network Design for Efficient Workload Allocation in Edge Computing

Unreliable communication channels and limited computing resources at the edge end are two primary constraints of battery-powered movable devices, such as autonomous robots and unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs). The impact is especially severe for those performing deep neural network (DNN) computations. With increasing demand for accuracy, the trend in modern DNN designs is the use of cascaded modularized layers. Implementing a deep network at the edge increases computational workloads and resource occupancy, leading to an increase in battery drain. Using a shallow network and offloading workloads to backbone servers, however, incur significant latency overheads caused by unstable communication channels. Hence, dynamic DNN design techniques for efficient workload allocation are urgently required to manage the amount of workload transmissions while achieving the required accuracy. In this paper, we explore the use of authentic operation (AO) unit and dynamic network structure to enhance DNNs. The AO unit defines a set of stochastic threshold values for different DNN output classes and determines at runtime if an input has to be transferred to backbone servers for further analysis. The dynamic network structure adjusts its depth according to channel availability. Experiments have been comprehensively performed on several well-known DNN models and datasets. Our results show that, on an average, the proposed techniques are able to reduce the amount of transmissions by up to 17% compared to previous methods under the same accuracy requirement.
Stressful Events in Early Life Lead to Aberrant Ghrelin and Appetite Regulation to Stress in Adulthood

Background. Stressful events in early life pre- dispose to the development of eating disorders in adulthood. This study investigates how neonatal maternal separation (NMS) affects satiety and ghrelin secretion in adulthood. Methods. Sprague-Dawley rats underwent NMS and con- trols were without NMS. Experiments were conducted on day 60: (1) water avoidance stress (WAS); (2) feeding after overnight fasting; (3) feeding after overnight fasting and WAS. Blood samples, gastric and hypothalamic tissues expression were collected for ghrelin analysis. Results. (1) MS rats had a higher basal ghrelin. After WAS, MS rats had enhanced ghrelin. (2) A higher initial calorie intake and lower postprandial gastric ghrelin protein in MS are observed without difference in overall calorie intake. (3) MS had symptoms of binge eating and early satiation. Overall reduction of calorie intake was observed until 48 hours in MS. Conclusion. Stressful events in early life led to aberrant ghrelin profile and early satiation in response to stressful experience in adulthood.
Population-based needs assessment

A need for health or social care exists when a person will benefit from a medical or social care intervention. To determine needs therefore requires knowledge of effective interventions. There are four approaches towards carrying out a population based needs assessment: using routine data, surveying patients in contact with services, carrying out population surveys and modelling service requirements using census data. At present, population based needs assessment is an aspiration rather than a reality. A pragmatic approach is usually needed in order to identify gaps in service provision.
Observed 20th century desert dust variability: Impact on climate and biogeochemistry

Desert dust perturbs climate by directly and in- directly interacting with incoming solar and outgoing long wave radiation, thereby changing precipitation and tempera- ture, in addition to modifying ocean and land biogeochem- istry. While we know that desert dust is sensitive to pertur- bations in climate and human land use, previous studies have been unable to determine whether humans were increasing or decreasing desert dust in the global average. Here we present observational estimates of desert dust based on pa- leodata proxies showing a doubling of desert dust during the 20th century over much, but not all the globe. Large uncertainties remain in estimates of desert dust variability over 20th century due to limited data. Using these ob- servational estimates of desert dust change in combination with ocean, atmosphere and land models, we calculate the net radiative effect of these observed changes (top of at- mosphere) over the 20th century to be 0.14± 0.11 W/m 2 (1990-1999 vs. 1905-1914). The estimated radiative change
Removal of Nitrate from Groundwater by Cyanobacteria: Quantitative Assessment of Factors Influencing Nitrate Uptake

ABSTRACT The feasibility of biologically removing nitrate from groundwater was tested by using cyanobacterial cultures in batch mode under laboratory conditions. Results demonstrated that nitrate-contaminated groundwater, when supplemented with phosphate and some trace elements, can be used as growth medium supporting vigorous growth of several strains of cyanobacteria. As cyanobacteria grew, nitrate was removed from the water. Of three species tested, Synechococcus sp. strain PCC 7942 displayed the highest nitrate uptake rate, but all species showed rapid removal of nitrate from groundwater. The nitrate uptake rate increased proportionally with increasing light intensity up to 100 μmol of photons m−2 s−1, which parallels photosynthetic activity. The nitrate uptake rate was affected by inoculum size (i.e., cell density), fixed-nitrogen level in the cells in the inoculum, and aeration rate, with vigorously aerated, nitrate-sufficient cells in mid-logarithmic phase having the highest long-term nitrate uptake rate. Average nitrate uptake rates up to 0.05 mM NO3− h−1 could be achieved at a culture optical density at 730 nm of 0.5 to 1.0 over a 2-day culture period. This result compares favorably with those reported for nitrate removal by other cyanobacteria and algae, and therefore effective nitrate removal from groundwater using this organism could be anticipated on large-scale operations.
Building Bilingual Corpus based on Hybrid Approach for Myanmar-English Machine

—Word alignment in bilingual corpora has been an active research topic in the Machine Translation research groups. In this paper, we describe an alignment system that aligns English-Myanmar texts at word level in parallel sentences. Essential for building parallel corpora is the alignment of translated segments with source segments. Since word alignment research on Myanmar and English languages is still in its infancy, it is not a trivial task for Myanmar-English text. A parallel corpus is a collection of texts in two languages, one of which is the translation equivalent of the other.Thus, the main purpose of this system is to construct word-aligned parallel corpus to be able in Myanmar-English machine translation. The proposed approach is combination of corpus based approach and dictionary lookup approach. The corpus based approach is based on the first three IBM models and Expectation Maximization (EM) algorithm. For the dictionary lookup approach, the proposed system uses the bilingual Myanmar-English Dictionary.
Recent Changes in the Internet Landscape Die einzige Konstante im Internet ist die Veränderung

The Internet is in a state of constant flux. This property of the Internet, that stems from the pressure from its continuously reinvented usage, makes it a lively environment, which must be re-assessed fundamentally from time to time. In this article, we review recent trends that have radically changed our perception of what the Internet is. Popular applications such as Youtube and Facebook have demonstrated the massive scale at which services can be delivered across the Internet. This has been possible only thanks to the massive deployment in content delivery infrastructures, leading to the rise of the Cloud paradigm. Recent studies from the research community have observed the consequences of this growth in the Internet infrastructure, through structural changes in the Internet topology and traffic patterns. The increasingly dynamic nature of Internet traffic patterns asks for improved capabilities to engineer traffic, that require a completely different level of programmability from the network. Software-defined networking is expected to fill this gap. Overall, the picture of the Internet that we draw in this article is the one of a very dynamic, challenging, and exciting playground. Zusammenfassung Die einzige Konstante im Internet ist die stetige Veränderung. Durch die ständig neuen Anforderungen und Nutzungsverhalten muss das Internet von Zeit zu Zeit grundsätzlich überdacht werden. In diesem Artikel untersuchen wir Trends, welche unsere Auffassung vom Internet radikal geändert haben. Populäre Anwendungen wie Youtube und Facebook sind Beispiele für die neuen, massiv skalierbaren Services im Internet. Sie wurden möglich durch die Verbreitung von so genannten Content Delivery Infrastrukturen, die auch zum Cloud Computing Paradigma führten. Neue Studien zeigen die Auswirkungen dieses Wachstums an Infrastruktur, sowohl bezüglich strukturellen Änderungen und Verkehrsmustern. Das immer dynamischere Internet erfordert ein „Traffic Engineering“, welches auf einem programmierbaren Netzwerk basiert. Software-Defined Networking bietet eine solche Lösung. Dieser Artikel zeigt auf, dass das Internet ein sehr interessantes aber auch anspruchsvolles Spielfeld geworden ist.
C3‐Mediated Release of Prostaglandin From Human Monocytes: Evidence for Independent Regulation of Thromboxane and Prostaglandin Synthesis

Human mononuclear phagocytes (HMP) lose the capacity to respond to C3b, exogenous arachidonic acid (AA), and other stimuli of arachidonic acid (AA) metabolism when precultured for 24 hours prior to the addition of stimulus. Data presented in this report suggest that this reduced capacity is not due to loss of the cyclooxygenase enzyme, to autoinactivation of cyclooxygenase, or to release by the cells of inhibitors of PGE and TxB2 production. Additional metabolism of PGE or a shift of AA metabolism from the cyclooxygenase pathway to the lipoxygenase pathways does not occur and hence cannot account for the observation. HMP precultured for 24 hours with gamma interferon (IFN‐γ) retain the capacity to metabolize AA in response to subsequent exposure to C3b and LPS. HMP precultured with LPS or C3b respond to exogenous AA, but not to restimulation with LPS or C3b, by releasing PGE and to a lesser extent TxB2. The amounts of PGE and TxB2 produced under these conditions are reversed when compared to HMP treated with IFN‐γ LPS, or C3b at the initiation of culture. These data suggest that the producton of TxB2 and PGE may be independently regulated in HMP and that IFN‐γ affects HMP AA metabolism by different mechanisms than LPS or C3b.
- 1-Encouraging Co-located Players Social Interaction

This position paper presents our ongoing work for stimulating co-located social engagement among players with a game that resorts to face recognition and another game where players are accompanied in their daily lives by virtual projected imaginary friends. We suggest interaction between imaginary friends of different players that will work as a bridge for interaction among their respective human companions. In the context of the games and of the initial results obtained a framework for encouraging social interactions in large groups of players is outlined. Author