Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Age-Related Preservation of Trust Following Minor Transgressions

Objectives This study assesses age-related differences in the weighting and integration of appearance and behavior cues to trustworthiness. The aim is to assess whether it becomes more difficult with age to detect a cheater in disguise. Method Young and older adults invested real money in a repeated trust game with trustees who varied on facial expression (smiling, neutral, angry) and return rate (high, low). Trustees were also rated for trustworthiness pre- and post-trust game. Results Young and older adults learned to disregard appearances to invest more in trustees providing high relative to low returns. Both groups also updated ratings of trustworthiness from pre- to post-trust game in the direction of behavior that was incongruent with appearance. Notably, young (but not older) adults updated ratings of smiling trustees with a high return rate (i.e., returned money on 8 of 10 investments) to reflect reduced trustworthiness in line with the 2 instances of cheating from those trustees. Discussion The findings show that there are no age-related differences in the way that obvious cheating in disguise is punished with reduced trustworthiness ratings. However, older adults are less vigilant to more subtle cheating in disguise, or are more forgiving of transgressions perceived as minor.
Role of Actin Polymerization and Adhesion to Extracellular Matrix in Rac- and Rho-induced Cytoskeletal Reorganization

Most animal cells use a combination of actin-myosin–based contraction and actin polymerization– based protrusion to control their shape and motility. The small GTPase Rho triggers the formation of contractile stress fibers and focal adhesion complexes (Ridley, A.J., and A. Hall. 1992. Cell. 70:389–399) while a close relative, Rac, induces lamellipodial protrusions and focal complexes in the lamellipodium (Nobes, C.D., and A. Hall. 1995. Cell. 81:53–62; Ridley, A.J., H.F. Paterson, C.L. Johnston, D. Diekmann, and A. Hall. 1992. Cell. 70:401–410); the Rho family of small GTPases may thus play an important role in regulating cell movement. Here we explore the roles of actin polymerization and extracellular matrix in Rho- and Rac-stimulated cytoskeletal changes. To examine the underlying mechanisms through which these GTPases control F-actin assembly, fluorescently labeled monomeric actin, Cy3-actin, was introduced into serum-starved Swiss 3T3 fibroblasts. Incorporation of Cy3- actin into lamellipodial protrusions is concomitant with F-actin assembly after activation of Rac, but Cy3-actin is not incorporated into stress fibers formed immediately after Rho activation. We conclude that Rac induces rapid actin polymerization in ruffles near the plasma membrane, whereas Rho induces stress fiber assembly primarily by the bundling of actin filaments. Activation of Rho or Rac also leads to the formation of integrin adhesion complexes. Integrin clustering is not required for the Rho-induced assembly of actin-myosin filament bundles, or for vinculin association with actin bundles, but is required for stress fiber formation. Integrin-dependent focal complex assembly is not required for the Rac-induced formation of lamellipodia or membrane ruffles. It appears, therefore, that the assembly of large integrin complexes is not required for most of the actin reorganization or cell morphology changes induced by Rac or Rho activation in Swiss 3T3 fibroblasts.
Towards improving ℓ1 optimization in compressed sensing

Recently, [3, 8] theoretically analyzed the success of a polynomial ℓ1-optimization algorithm in solving an under-determined system of linear equations. In a large dimensional and statistical context [3, 8] proved that if the number of equations (measurements in the compressed sensing terminology) in the system is proportional to the length of the unknown vector then there is a sparsity (number of non-zero elements of the unknown vector) also proportional to the length of the unknown vector such that ℓ1-optimization succeeds in solving the system. In this paper, we consider the same problem while additionally assuming that the locations of a fraction of non-zero elements are a priori known. We provide a performance analysis of a modified ℓ1-optimization. As expected, the obtained recoverable sparsity proportionality constants improve on the equivalent ones that can be obtained if no information about the non-zero elements location is available. This effectively means that, for certain sparsity levels where ℓ1-optimization is unsuccessful, instead of solving exactly an under-determined system of linear equations one may be interested in searching for approximate algorithms that only recover location of the fraction of the non-zero part of the unknown vector.
An application of plot-scale NDVI in predicting carbon dioxide exchange and leaf area index in heterogeneous subarctic tundra

Accurate predictions of carbon dioxide (CO2) exchange in tundra regions are critical because of the impacts of climate change on carbon stored in permafrost. Examining the relationships between the normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) and vegetation and CO2 exchange can contribute to understanding how small-scale variation in vegetation community contributes to remotely sensed estimates of landscape characteristics. CO2 fluxes were measured with a portable chamber in a range of tundra vegetation communities. Biomass and leaf area were measured with destructive harvest, and NDVI was derived using a hand-held infrared camera. NDVI was weakly correlated with leaf area index in only some vegetation communities and significantly correlated with biomass, including mosses. NDVI was significantly related to photosynthetic activity and net CO2 uptake in all vegetation groups, but to ecosystem respiration only in wet sedge. These results suggest that at a plot scale, NDVI shows variable success in predicting ecosystem properties and CO2 exchange in heterogeneous tundra vegetation.
An Arabidopsis mutant able to green after extended dark periods shows decreased transcripts of seed protein genes and altered sensitivity to abscisic acid

An Arabidopsis mutant showing an altered ability to green on illumination after extended periods of darkness has been isolated in a screen for genomes uncoupled (gun) mutants. Following illumination for 24 h, 10-day-old dark-grown mutant seedlings accumulated five times more chlorophyll than wild-type seedlings and this was correlated with differences in plastid morphology observed by transmission electron microscopy. The mutant has been named greening after extended darkness 1 (ged1). Microarray analysis showed much lower amounts of transcripts of genes encoding seed storage proteins, oleosins, and late embryogenesis abundant (LEA) proteins in 7-day-old seedlings of ged1 compared with the wild type. RNA gel-blot analyses confirmed very low levels of transcripts of seed protein genes in ged1 seedlings grown for 2–10 d in the dark, and showed higher amounts of transcripts of photosynthesis-related genes in illuminated 10-day-old dark-grown ged1 seedlings compared with the wild type. Consensus elements similar to abscisic acid (ABA) response elements (ABREs) were detected in the upstream regions of all genes highly affected in ged1. Germination of ged1 seeds was hypersensitive to ABA, although no differences in ABA content were detected in 7-day-old seedlings. This suggests the mutant may have an altered responsiveness to ABA, affecting expression of ABA-responsive genes and plastid development during extended darkness.
From Fertilisation to Implantation in Mammalian Pregnancy—Modulation of Early Human Reproduction by the Endocannabinoid System

There is an increasing recognition that the endocannabinoid system is the crucial cytokine-hormone system regulating early human pregnancy. The synchronous development of the fertilized embryo and the endometrium to ensure timely implantation has been shown to be one of the pivotal steps to successful implantation. This development is thought to be regulated by a finely balanced relationship between various components of the endocannabinoid system in the endometrium, the embryo and the Fallopian tube. In addition, this system has also been shown to be involved in the regulation of the development and maturation of the gametes prior to fertilization. In this review, we will examine the evidence from animal and human studies to support the role of the endocannabinoid system in gametogenesis, fertilization, implantation, early pregnancy maintenance, and in immunomodulation of pregnancy. We will discuss the role of the cannabinoid receptors and the enzymes involved in the synthesis and degradation of the key endocannabinoid ligands (e.g., anandamide and 2-arachinoylglycerol) in early reproduction.
Debris-flow mobilization from landslides

▪ Abstract Field observations, laboratory experiments, and theoretical analyses indicate that landslides mobilize to form debris flows by three processes: (a) widespread Coulomb failure within a sloping soil, rock, or sediment mass, (b) partial or complete liquefaction of the mass by high pore-fluid pressures, and (c) conversion of landslide translational energy to internal vibrational energy (i.e. granular temperature). These processes can operate independently, but in many circumstances they appear to operate simultaneously and synergistically. Early work on debris-flow mobilization described a similar interplay of processes but relied on mechanical models in which debris behavior was assumed to be fixed and governed by a Bingham or Bagnold rheology. In contrast, this review emphasizes models in which debris behavior evolves in response to changing pore pressures and granular temperatures. One-dimensional infinite-slope models provide insight by quantifying how pore pressures and granular temperatures c.
A Systems Biology Approach Uncovers Cellular Strategies Used by Methylobacterium extorquens AM1 During the Switch from Multi- to Single-Carbon Growth

Background When organisms experience environmental change, how does their metabolic network reset and adapt to the new condition? Methylobacterium extorquens is a bacterium capable of growth on both multi- and single-carbon compounds. These different modes of growth utilize dramatically different central metabolic pathways with limited pathway overlap. Methodology/Principal Findings This study focused on the mechanisms of metabolic adaptation occurring during the transition from succinate growth (predicted to be energy-limited) to methanol growth (predicted to be reducing-power-limited), analyzing changes in carbon flux, gene expression, metabolites and enzymatic activities over time. Initially, cells experienced metabolic imbalance with excretion of metabolites, changes in nucleotide levels and cessation of cell growth. Though assimilatory pathways were induced rapidly, a transient block in carbon flow to biomass synthesis occurred, and enzymatic assays suggested methylene tetrahydrofolate dehydrogenase as one control point. This “downstream priming” mechanism ensures that significant carbon flux through these pathways does not occur until they are fully induced, precluding the buildup of toxic intermediates. Most metabolites that are required for growth on both carbon sources did not change significantly, even though transcripts and enzymatic activities required for their production changed radically, underscoring the concept of metabolic setpoints. Conclusions/Significance This multi-level approach has resulted in new insights into the metabolic strategies carried out to effect this shift between two dramatically different modes of growth and identified a number of potential flux control and regulatory check points as a further step toward understanding metabolic adaptation and the cellular strategies employed to maintain metabolic setpoints.
Comparative study between the proposed shape independent clustering method and the conventional methods (K-means and the other)

Cluster analysis aims at identifying groups of similar objects and, therefore helps to discover distribution of patterns and interesting correlations in the data sets. In this paper, we propose to provide a consistent partitioning of a dataset which allows identifying any shape of cluster patterns in case of numerical clustering, convex or non-convex. The method is based on layered structure representation that be obtained from measurement distance and angle of numerical data to the centroid data and based on the iterative clustering construction utilizing a nearest neighbor distance between clusters to merge. Encourage result show the effectiveness of the proposed technique.
Soil Genesis and Mineral Transformation Across an Environmental Gradient on Andesitic Lahar

Soils derived from andesite are regionally important in the western USA, and expression of andic soil properties may be directly related to climate. The objective of this research was to quantify mineral transformation on andesitic lahar across an environmental gradient on the western slope of the Sierra Nevada of California. We hypothesized that the dominance of short-range-order (SRO) materials would increase with increasing elevation as precipitation increased and temperatures decreased. Seven pedons were sampled across an elevation gradient (150-2800 m) having large variations in mean annual soil temperature (3-17°C) and mean annual precipitation (45-150 cm). The soil mineral assemblage was characterized by x-ray diffraction, selective dissolution, total elemental analysis, and microprobe analysis. Weathering and soil development displayed maxima in the zone just below the permanent winter snowline (∼1590 m), with a sharp decrease at higher elevations. Rainfall-dominated soils at lower elevations had a clay fraction dominated by kaolin. In the snowfall-dominated zone, SRO (allophane and imogolite) dominated the clay fraction, except for the soils in the cryic soil temperature regime, where interlayered 2:1 layer silicates dominated. The 2:1 mineral is probably inherited, based on the presence of a chlorite-like mineral in the andesite parent material. With increasing elevation, soil development followed the order Mollisols → Alfisols → Ultisols → Andisols → Inceptisols. Weathering, mineralogical transformations and soil development are limited by water availability at low elevations, whereas low soil temperature is the major limitation at high elevations.
Geographic Distributions of Linguistic Variation Reflect Dynamics of Differentiation

The oldest branch of dialectology is the study of what is today often referred to as " dialect geography " , i.e. the study of the geographical distribution of language varieties, as opposed to the study of many other relations between language varieties and external conditioning factors, such as social class, age, and sex. While it is clear that geography has a massive influence on the distribution of language varieties, and that closer varieties are normally more linguistically alike than more distant ones, still there have been surprisingly few attempts to examine these relationships with an eye toward more general formulations. Trudgill (1974) is an honorable exception to this last generalization. Trudgill proceeds from the very plausible assumptions that closer dialects must influence each other most strongly, and that intensity of social contact is likely to determine the degree of influence. He shows how to tie these ideas together in a model which hypothesizes a gravity-like attraction between dialect varieties , where population is the analog to physical mass, and geographic distance plays its customary role. He adduces evidence in support of this view, relying on selected dialect features. Although we wish to contribute to the understanding of the general principles underlying the geographic distribution of linguistic variation, we structure our paper as a test of the very specific gravity hypothesis advanced by Trudgill, according it the attention we feel it deserves as an early attempt at a general formulation of the the principles of how geography influences variation. Dialectometry provides the more general tools with which such relation-and the present paper is an attempt to apply dialectometry to evaluate Trudgill's ideas more systematically. In fact it has been common to examine the dependence of dialect distance on geography from the earliest work on in dialecto-There has been no systematic examination of Trudgill's gravity hypothesis from a dialectometric perspective, however. In the current paper we expose Trudgill's fundamental ideas to dialec-tometric examination. The following section presents Trudgill's ideas, their motivation and an overview of previous work. Section 3 describes the experiment , including the data sources, and Section 4 presents the results, which certainly do not provide confirmation for the importance of the role of gravity, 2 Contents or centripetal forces due to social interaction. The final section discusses these results, and suggests an interpretation which does not dismiss gravity, which after all, is theoretically well-founded, but which emphasizes that …
Integration Gain of Heterogeneous WiFi/WiMAX Networks

We study the integrated WiFi/WiMAX networks, where users are equipped with dual-radio interfaces that can connect to either a WiFi or a WiMAX network. Previous research on integrated heterogeneous networks (e.g., WiFi/cellular) usually considers one network as the main and the other as the auxiliary. The performance of the integrated network is compared with the "main” network. The gain is apparently due to the additional resources from the auxiliary network. In this study, we are interested in integration gain that comes from the better utilization of the resource rather than the increase of the resource. The heterogeneity of the two networks is the fundamental reason for the integration gain. To quantify it, we design a generic framework that supports different performance objectives. We focus on the max-min throughput fairness in this work and also briefly cover the proportional fairness metric. We first prove that it is NP-hard to achieve integral max-min throughput fairness, then propose a heuristic algorithm, which provides two-approximation to the optimal fractional solution. Simulation results demonstrate significant integration gain from three sources, namely, spatial multiplexing, multinetwork diversity, and multiuser diversity. For the proportional fairness metric, we derive the formulation and propose a heuristic algorithm, which shows satisfactory performance when compared with the optimal solution.
LONG-TIME RELAXATION ON SPIN LATTICE AS A MANIFESTATION OF CHAOTIC DYNAMICS

The long-time behavior of the infinite temperature spin correlation functions describing the free induction decay in nuclear magnetic resonance and intermediate structure factors in inelastic neutron scattering is considered. These correlation functions are defined for one-, two- and three-dimensional infinite lattices of interacting spins, both classical and quantum. It is shown that, even though the characteristic time-scale of the long-time decay of the correlation functions considered is non-Markovian, the generic functional form of this decay is either simple exponential or exponential multiplied by cosine. This work contains (i) the summary of the existing experimental and numerical evidence of the above asymptotic behavior; (ii) theoretical explanation of this behavior; and (iii) semi-empirical analysis of various factors discriminating between the monotonic and the oscillatory long-time decays. The theory is based on a fairly strong conjecture that, as a result of chaos generated by spin dynamics, a Brownian-like Markovian description can be applied to the long-time properties of ensemble average quantities on a non-Markovian time-scale. The formalism resulting from that conjecture can be described as "correlated diffusion in finite volumes. "
Description Logic Systems with Concrete Domains: Applications for the Semantic Web

The Semantic Web initiative defines important challenges for knowledge representation and database systems. Recently, several standards for representation languages have been proposed (RDF, DAML+OIL, OWL). We briefly discuss the logical basis of these representation languages by referring to description logic (DL) inferences systems. By introducing the DL inference system Racer we demonstrate that practically usable query engines for Semantic Web representation languages are available. Then, we argue that current representation languages for the Semantic Web are not sufficient for simple and well-defined representation problems that naturally arise in the context of Semantic Web applications. In particular, we mention different kinds of algebraic constraints over various domains such as the reals or the natural numbers. We report on practical experiences with DL reasoning systems (e.g., Racer) already supporting these representation means and argue for extensions to DAML+OIL or OWL.
Geotechnical and groundwater geophysics

Because of a change in emphasis from power plant siting to projects principally involving process and facility monitoring and certification of existing structures (dams, pipelines, etc.), geotechnical and groundwater geophysics is in quite a healthy state after some lean years following the demise of nuclear energy construction projects. The orders‐of‐magnitude jump in the computational capability of geophysicists working in these fields has overshadowed advances in instrumentation (e.g., digital enhancement seismographs), field methods (e.g., cross‐borehole EM), and interpretive procedures. The advent of powerful, affordable microcomputers has enabled expansion into applications demanding finer resolution and quicker turnaround of results. As a result, shallow seismic reflection, seismic and electromagnetic geotomography, and the complementary use of surface and borehole electrical resistivity and seismic data will soon be common if not dominant methods in geotechnical and groundwater investigations. Fut.
An Exploratory Survey of Summer Water Chemistry and Plankton Communities in Lakes near the Sutton River, Hudson Bay Lowlands, Ontario, Canada

Abstract We provide the first assessment of regional water chemistry and plankton (phytoplankton and crustacean zooplankton) for a suite of lakes near the Sutton River region of the north-central Hudson Bay Lowlands (HBL). We use ordination analyses to examine the spatial variation in water chemistry and plankton across lakes, and to explore the factors that may explain this variation. Based on data collected during summer from 2009 to 2011, we found that in addition to geology, water chemistry was strongly influenced by a lake's proximity to salt water and the degree of permafrost development within its catchment. Phytoplankton composition varied across lakes based on differences in water depth and nutrient concentrations, with non-filamentous cyanobacteria and chlorophytes more common in shallow lakes, and deeper lakes dominated by planktonic diatoms or filamentous cyanophytes. Crustacean zooplankton community composition and richness in the HBL lakes was similar to communities found in Ontario lakes in more temperate regions within the Precambrian Shield. These baseline data provide a foundation upon which future surveys in this climatically sensitive region may be compared.