Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
EVIDENCE BASED PUBLIC HEALTH POLICY AND PRACTICE Prevention of smoking in adolescents with lower education: a school based intervention study

Objective: To assess the effect of an antismoking intervention focusing on adolescents in lower education. Students with lower education smoke more often and perceive more positive norms, and social pressure to smoke, than higher educated students. An intervention based on peer group pressure and social influence may therefore be useful to prevent smoking among these students. Design: Group randomised controlled trial. Setting: 26 Dutch schools that provided junior secondary education. Subjects: 1444 students in the intervention and 1118 students in the control group, all in the first grade, average age 13 years. Intervention: Three lessons on knowledge, attitudes, and social influence, followed by a class agreement not to start or to stop smoking for five months and a class based competition. Main outcome measures: Comparison of smoking status before and immediately after and one year after the intervention, using multilevel analysis. Results: In the intervention group, 9.6% of non-smokers started to smoke, in the control group 14.2%. This leads to an odds ratio of 0.61 (95% CI= 0.41 to 0.90) to uptake smoking in the intervention group compared with the control group. One year after the intervention, the effect was no longer significant. Conclusions: In the short-term, an intervention based on peer pressure decreases the proportion of adolescents with lower education who start smoking. Influencing social norms and peer pressure would therefore be a promising strategy in terms of preventing smoking among adolescents. The results also suggest that additional interventions in later years are needed to maintain the effect.
Bandwidth-Aware Replica Placement for Peer-to-Peer Storage Systems

Peer-to-Peer (P2P) storage systems are cost-effective and reliable platforms that enable users to share their storage to support variant emerging applications, such as peer-to-peer social networks and distributed backup systems. Because different users have heterogeneous online characteristics and bandwidth capabilities, how to replicate data at suitable peers has become an important issue to ensure that users can access any replica with a high probability. Previous work on data replication in a P2P storage system only considers online characteristic of each user, and aims at increasing data availability. However, we notice that, without considering the bandwidth capability of each user, a system might replicate popular data at a user who has a long online duration but does not have enough bandwidth capability to support all the requests. Therefore, in this work, we propose a swap-based replication scheme that jointly considers online characteristic, data popularity and bandwidth capability to improve not only data availability, but also access probability for each data item.
Applying Parallel Learning Models of Arti(cid:12)cial Neural Networks To Letters Recognition From Phonemes

A Parallel Arti(cid:12)cial Neural Networks approach which converts strings of phonemes to strings of letters is described. Our approach employs several neural networks, each of which handles a different set of the input data with di(cid:11)erent weights. This approach is characterized by two important properties. First, this approach provides a way to handle the local minima problem without complex computations by generating multiple neural networks working in parallel. Neural networks are trained on examples iteratively which the previous neural networks could not produce proper results. Second, the test data is distributed across the learning networks according to the ability of each network to handle its assigned task. From among multiple outputs generated by trained neural networks, selection strategies are applied. Performance evaluated over 5,528 characters taken from the 934 most-used English words shows that our approach achieves more than 10% improvement over the general multi-layered neural network (89.1% for our method, compared with 78.6% for the general network). In the training set, our approach achieves a correctness rate of 95.4%, while the general multi-layered network has a correctness rate of 92.7%.
A metaphorical view of God, the gods and the supernatural among the Igbo of Southeastern Nigeria

Abstract Based on insights from the tenets of conceptual metaphor theory (CMT) this study examines the metaphorical conceptualization of God, the gods and the supernatural among the Igbo speakers of Southeastern Nigeria. This study accepts the notion that metaphor is primarily conceptual/cognitive and most times draws from the cultural worldview and ideological orientation of the people, hence the way we understand our physical and spiritual worlds, and our everyday actions, shape the form of language we use to express them. The data under consideration represent the Igbo as religious people who in their language and thought consciously recognize the existence of God and other supernatural forces. The Igbo express God and the supernatural in metaphors that show their relationships with these entities. God is metaphorized variously as a mountain/hill, river, king/wealthy person and so on while the lower gods are framed as mass killers/cleansers, destroyers and so on. Metaphors in Igbo language and thought are linguistic and cognitive representations of ideational meanings.
World Journal of Emergency Surgery Open Access History and Development of Trauma Registry: Lessons from Developed to Developing Countries

Background: A trauma registry is an integral component of modern comprehensive trauma care systems. Trauma registries have not been established in most developing countries, and where they exist are often rudimentary and incomplete. This review describes the role of trauma registries in the care of the injured, and discusses how lessons from developed countries can be applied toward their design and implementation in developing countries.
Dynamic Walking 2014 A Lower Extremity Soft Robotic Exoskeleton

Humans and other animals walk in a way that minimizes energy consumption. We take advantage of inertial passive dynamics and elastic energy storage and return to create a walking pattern that is extremely economical [1]. A reduction in energy consumption during walking might be achieved by supplying external mechanical power to the joints of the lower limbs. With additional mechanical power applied to the joints, a human could engage in physical activity for longer durations of time before fatigue sets in. This same concept could be applied for rehabilitation purposes to supplement mechanical power for impaired muscles [2].
A study on deterioration in proprioception related to low back pain and falls and postural sway response to local vibratory stimulation

The goal of our work was to develop a treatment system for restoring proprioception in patients experiencing low back pain and those who experience falls. For this purpose, we investigated postural sway during local vibratory stimulation in elderly people in the standing position by using our newly developed variable frequency vibratory stimulation device and a gravicorder. Vibratory stimulations of 30, 60, 150, or 240 Hz were applied to the patients' lumbar multifidus (LM) or gastrocnemius soleus muscles (GM). These frequencies were determined from eigen response frequencies for proprioception. The eigen response frequencies for the Meissner corpuscle, muscle spindle, and the Vater-Pacini corpuscles were 30, 60, and 240 Hz, respectively. The relative proprioceptive weighting ratios at 30 and 240 Hz were significantly different between elderly patients with and those without low back pain. On the other hand, the relative difference of center of pressure length of the LM at 30 Hz was significantly different between elderly patients with and those without a history of falls. Therefore, the Meissner and Vater-Pacini corpuscles may be deteriorated in patients with low back pain. The Meissner corpuscle in the lumbar region may be deteriorated in those who experience falls.
Reliable Motion Detection, Location and Audit in Surveillance Video

The review of video captured by fixed surveillance cameras is a time consuming, tedious, expensive and potentially unreliable human process, but of very high evidentiary value. Two key challenges stand out in such a task; ensuring that all motion events are captured for analysis, and demonstrating that all motion events have been captured so that the evidence survives being challenged in court. In previous work (Zhao, Poursoltanmohammadi & Sorell, 2008), it was demonstrated that tracking the average brightness of video frames or frame segment provided a more robust metric of motion than other commonly hypothesized motion measures. This paper extends that work in three ways; by setting automatic localized motion detection thresholds, by maintaining a frame-by-frame single parameter normalized motion metric, and by locating regions of motion events within the footage. A tracking filter approach is used for localized motion analysis, which adapts to localized background motion or noise within each image segment. When motion is detected, location and size estimates are reported to provide some objective description of the motion event.
Guidance for Industry Drug Interaction Studies — Study Design , Data Analysis , Implications for Dosing , and Labeling Recommendations

Comments and suggestions regarding this draft document should be submitted within 90 days of publication in the Federal Register of the notice announcing the availability of the draft guidance. Submit comments to the Division of Dockets Management (HFA-305), Food and Drug Administration, 5630 Fishers Lane, rm. 1061, Rockville, MD 20852. All comments should be identified with the docket number listed in the notice of availability that publishes in the Federal Register.
A weight-size trade-off for circuits with MOD m gates

We prove that any depth–3 circuit with MOD m gates of unbounded fan-in on the lowest level, AND gates on the second, and a weighted threshold gate on the top needs either exponential size or exponential weights to compute the inner product of two vectors of length n over GF(2). More exactly we prove that log(wikf) = Q(n), where w is the sum of the absolute values of the weights, and &f is the maximum fan–in of the AND gates on level 2. Setting all weights to 1, we have got a trade-off between the numbers of the MOD m gates and the AND gates. By our knowledge, this is the first trade–off result involving hard-to–handle MOD m gates. In contrast, with n AND gates at the bottom and a single MOD 2 gate at the top one can compute the inner product function. The lower–bound proof does not use any monotonicity or uniformity assumptions, and all of our gates have unbounded fan–in. The key step in the proof is a random evaluation protocol of a circuit with MOD m gates.
An Effective Regularization Path for ν-Support Vector Classification

The ν-Support Vector Classification (ν-SVC) proposed by Scholkopf et al. has the advantage of using a regularization parameter ν on controlling the number of support vectors and margin errors. However, comparing to C-SVC, its formulation is more complicated, up to now there are no effective methods on computing the regularization path for it. In this paper, we propose a new regularization path algorithm, which is designed based on a modified formulation of ν-SVC and traces the solution path with respect to the parameter ν.
A New Localization Algorithm for Underwater Acoustic Sensor Networks

Localization is one of most important technologies in Underwater Wireless Sensor Networks (UWSNs) since it plays a critical role in many applications. The variable speed of sound and the long propagation delays under water in addition to bandwidth limitations all pose a unique set of challenges for localization in UWSN. Localization algorithms are divided under two subcategories: range-based and range-free schemes. Range-based scheme uses measure distances or angles for estimating position of unknown node. But Range-free scheme uses stage-count or area-based schemes to estimate position of unknown node and does not need additional hardware. Range-free scheme is less accurate. On the other hand, range-based localization algorithms are not suitable for underwater networks because it needs additional hardware and also it does not act well. In this paper an improved range-free localization method is introduced. First ASP schema is simulated that is a range-free schema. Its drawback is to be less accurate due to its accuracy depends on distance determination. After that an improved method is presented that is based on range-free schema. In the proposed method, average distance between sensor node and connected anchor nodes, position of anchor nodes are given to a neural network. This neural network determinates position of sensor nodes after training. Simulation results in two distributed and centralized techniques are shown that improved algorithm includes high accuracy, fast convergence, wide coverage, low communication costs and good scalability features.
Differential Calcium Signaling by Cone Specific Guanylate Cyclase-Activating Proteins from the Zebrafish Retina

Zebrafish express in their retina a higher number of guanylate cyclase-activating proteins (zGCAPs) than mammalians pointing to more complex guanylate cyclase signaling systems. All six zGCAP isoforms show distinct and partial overlapping expression profiles in rods and cones. We determined critical Ca2+-dependent parameters of their functional properties using purified zGCAPs after heterologous expression in E.coli. Isoforms 1–4 were strong, 5 and 7 were weak activators of membrane bound guanylate cyclase. They further displayed different Ca2+-sensitivities of guanylate cyclase activation, which is half maximal either at a free Ca2+ around 30 nM (zGCAP1, 2 and 3) or around 400 nM (zGCAP4, 5 and 7). Zebrafish GCAP isoforms showed also differences in their Ca2+/Mg2+-dependent conformational changes and in the Ca2+-dependent monomer-dimer equilibrium. Direct Ca2+-binding revealed that all zGCAPs bound at least three Ca2+. The corresponding apparent affinity constants reflect binding of Ca2+ with high (≤100 nM), medium (0.1–5 µM) and/or low (≥5 µM) affinity, but were unique for each zGCAP isoform. Our data indicate a Ca2+-sensor system in zebrafish rod and cone cells supporting a Ca2+-relay model of differential zGCAP operation in these cells.
Transferring Markov Network for Information Retrieval

Along with the development of internet, a lot of new data appears in the web every day. To construct a retrieval model to adapt the new data quickly and to retrieval the new documents accurately is becoming an important research topic. In this paper, we put forward a new retrieval model by incorporating the theory of transfer learning with Markov Network. Firstly, compare term spaces network of old dataset and new (target) dataset, and the distance between data sets is measured using the Kullback-Leibler divergence. Moreover, KL-divergence is used to decide the trade-off parameter in retrieval formula. Then we transfer the useful prior knowledge of old dataset to the new (target) dataset, and finally implement the retrieval process on the target dataset. Experiments on multiple datasets indicate that our new approach outperforms other methods. Furthermore, we perform several T-tests to demonstrate the improvements are statistically significant.
Internalizing Intensional Type Theory

Homotopical interpretations of Martin-Löf type theory lead toward an interpretation of equality as a richer, more extensional notion. Extensional or axiomatic presentations of the theory with principles based on such models do not yet fully benefit from the power of dependent type theory, that is its computational character. Reconciling intensional type theory with this richer notion of equality requires to move to higher-dimensional structures where equality reasoning is explicit, which explains the emerging interest on simplicial or cubical models. However, such models are still based on set theory, which is somehow in opposition with the goal to replace set theory by homotopy type theory in the foundations of mathematics. Therefore, it is important to be able to express those models directly in type theory. In this paper, we follow this idea and pursue the internalization of a setoid model of Martin-Löf type theory based on an internalization of groupoids. Our work shows that a (proof-relevant) setoid model of type theory constitutes an internal category with families, as introduced by Dybjer, but with the advantage that the (unsolved) coherence problem mentioned by Dybjer now becomes a lemma parametrized by a 2-dimensional proof of confluence of the conversion rule (which can not be internalized). Our formal development relies crucially on ad-hoc polymorphism to overload notions of equality and on a conservative extension of Coq’s universe mechanism with polymorphism.
Impaired Resting-State Functional Integrations within Default Mode Network of Generalized Tonic-Clonic Seizures Epilepsy

Generalized tonic-clonic seizures (GTCS) are characterized by unresponsiveness and convulsions, which cause complete loss of consciousness. Many recent studies have found that the ictal alterations in brain activity of the GTCS epilepsy patients are focally involved in some brain regions, including thalamus, upper brainstem, medial prefrontal cortex, posterior midbrain regions, and lateral parietal cortex. Notably, many of these affected brain regions are the same and overlap considerably with the components of the so-called default mode network (DMN). Here, we hypothesize that the brain activity of the DMN of the GTCS epilepsy patients are different from normal controls, even in the resting state. To test this hypothesis, we compared the DMN of the GTCS epilepsy patients and the controls using the resting state functional magnetic resonance imaging. Thirteen brain areas in the DMN were extracted, and a complete undirected weighted graph was used to model the DMN for each participant. When directly comparing the edges of the graph, we found significant decreased functional connectivities within the DMN of the GTCS epilepsy patients comparing to the controls. As for the nodes of the graph, we found that the degree of some brain areas within the DMN was significantly reduced in the GTCS epilepsy patients, including the anterior medial prefrontal cortex, the bilateral superior frontal cortex, and the posterior cingulate cortex. Then we investigated into possible mechanisms of how GTCS epilepsy could cause the reduction of the functional integrations of DMN. We suggested the damaged functional integrations of the DMN in the GTCS epilepsy patients even during the resting state, which could help to understand the neural correlations of the impaired consciousness of GTCS epilepsy patients.
3-DoF Haptic Rendering

Haptic rendering enables a user to touch, feel, and manipulate virtual objects through a haptic interface (see Figure 1). The field has shown a significant expansion during the last decade. Since the publication of earlier review papers (Salisbury and Srinivasan, 1997; Srinivasan and Basdogan, 1997), new rendering techniques and several new applications have emerged (see the more recent reviews in Basdogan and Srinivasan, 2002, Salisbury et al, 2004, and Laycock and Day, 2007). The applications now cover a wide range of fields including medicine (surgical simulation, tele-medicine, haptic user interfaces for blind persons, rehabilitation for patients with neurological disorders, dental medicine) art and entertainment (3D painting, character animation, digital sculpting, virtual museums), computer-aided product design (free-form modeling, assembly and disassembly including insertion and removal of parts), scientific visualization (geophysical data analysis, molecular simulation, flow visualization), and robotics (path planning, micro/nano tele-manipulation). This chapter will primarily focus on the fundamental concepts of haptic rendering with some discussion of implementation details. In particular, we will focus on the haptic interactions of a single point (i.e. Haptic Interface Point-HIP- in Figure 1) with a 3D object in virtual environments. This corresponds to feeling and exploring the same object through a stylus in real world. This chapter is entitled 3-dof haptic rendering to differentiate it from 6-dof rendering which involves object-object interaction and is covered in the other parts of this book.
P2PMOBILE - A Framework for Remote Execution in Mobile Environment

In the last decade, the popularity of mobile devices (such as smart-phones, personal digital assistance PDAs, laptops), together with the development of wireless connection technology has been making mobile computing highly discussed and studied by researchers. In this paper, we introduce P2PMOBILE, a new framework for utilizing distributed resources in heterogeneous network environment. P2PMOBILE is designed for allowing mobile users to fetch services and resources located in peer-to-peer nodes through their mobile devices. In our framework the peer lies in wired network and communicates with other peers through peer-to-peer protocol. They advertise their services and resources so that other peers can easily get access to these services and resources. Besides, P2PMOBILE enables mobile terminals to get access to these distributed resources and thus makes it possible to utilize these resources for remote execution of various tasks. The load of system is taken into consideration, and a novel approach to route the result of execution back to mobile users is presented in P2PMOBILE. We use image process as an example to test our framework in the end.
PPARγ Variant Influences Angiographic Outcome and 10-Year Cardiovascular Risk in Male Symptomatic Coronary Artery Disease Patients

OBJECTIVE Activation of peroxisome proliferator–activated receptor (PPAR)-γ signaling influences metabolic profiles and the propensity toward inflammation. Small-molecule stimulation of PPARγ is investigated for secondary prevention of cardiovascular disease. The common PPARγ Pro12Ala variant has functional and prognostic consequences. A protective effect of the 12Ala-allele carriership on diabetes and myocardial infarction in healthy populations has been suggested. The relevance of this pathway also needs exploration in patients with manifest vascular disease. We investigated the effects of carriership of the Pro12Ala variant on angiographic and cardiovascular event outcomes in male patients with symptomatic coronary artery disease (CAD). RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS The Regression Growth Evaluation Statin Study (REGRESS) cohort was genotyped for the Pro12Ala variant (rs1801282). Ten-year follow-up was derived from nation-wide registries, and risks were estimated using proportional hazards. Quantitative coronary angiography measurements were obtained and relations with genotype estimated using a generalized linear model. RESULTS Genotypes ascertained (n = 679) comprised 540 (80%) Pro/Pro, 126 (19%) Pro/Ala, and 13 (2%) Ala/Ala subjects. The 12Ala allele was associated with less extensive focal (P = 0.001) and diffuse (P = 0.002) atherosclerosis and lower 10-year cardiovascular risk. Hazard ratios were 0.10 (95% CI 0.01–0.70, P = 0.02) for ischemic heart disease and 0.24 (0.08–0.74, P = 0.013) for vascular death, per each added copy of 12Ala, respectively. CONCLUSIONS Carriers of the 12Ala allele of PPARγ have less widespread CAD and are considerably protected against 10-year (cardio)vascular morbidity and mortality. These long-term findings in patients with manifest CAD support an important role of PPARγ in determining vascular risk.