Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Grand Challenges in Glass Science

INTRODUCTION Glass science offers researchers an ample range of open questions, starting from one of the most difficult problems in science: the basic nature of the glassy state. Atomic-level descriptions of the glassy state are extremely complex due to the lack of long-range order found in crystalline materials. Our understanding of fundamental glass physics and chemistry is also hindered by the non-equilibrium thermodynamic state of glass. Recent theoretical and experimental advances are enabling the field to mature from an empirical discipline to one built upon rigorous scientific principles. These advancements not only offer a remarkable level of understanding but also contribute to the atomic-level design of novel functional glasses (Mauro et al., 2013a). Glass science combines the cutting edge of a multitude of technical subjects: physics, chemistry, geology, engineering, and mathematics. Glass transition and relaxation phenomena are at the frontiers of condensed matter and statistical physics. From a chemical perspective, a nearly infinite combination of compositions can lead to successful glass formation. To facilitate progress at a large scale and exploit all of the unique properties that glasses may offer, the boundaries of glass engineering technology must also be pushed forward. Recent advances of the domain have coincided with an unprecedented demand for glass as a high-tech material in consumer electronic devices. Working in the field of glass has never been more stimulating – glass plays a critical role in solving several of the global energy and healthcare challenges of today.
Rational Cherednik algebras and Hilbert schemes, II: Representations and sheaves

Let H_c be the rational Cherednik algebra of type A_{n-1} with spherical subalgebra U_c = e H_c e. Then U_c is filtered by order of differential operators with associated graded ring gr U_c = \mathbb{C} [ \mathfrac{h} ⊕ \mathfrac{h}^* ]^W, where is the n-th symmetric group. Using the Z-algebra construction from [GS], it is also possible to associate to a filtered H_c - or U_c - module \hat{Φ}(M) on the Hilbert scheme Hilb(n). Using this technique, we study the representation theory of U_c and H_c, and we relate it to Hilb(n) and to the resolution of singularities τ : Hilb(n) → \mathfrac{h} ⊕ \mathfrac{h}^* / W. For example, we prove the following. • If c=1/n so that L_c(triv) is the unique one-dimensional simple H_c-module, then \hat{Φ}(e L_c(triv)) ≅ \mathcal{O}_{Z_n}, where Z_n = τ^{-1}(0) is the punctual Hilbert scheme. • If c = 1/n+k for k \in \mathbb{N}, then under a canonical filtration on the finite-dimensional module L_c(triv), gr e L_c(triv) has a natural bigraded structure that coincides with that on H^0( Z_n, \mathscr{L}^k), where \mathscr{L} ≅ \mathcal{O}_{Hilb(n)}(1); this confirms conjectures of Berest, Etingof, and Ginzburg [BEG2, Conjectures 7.2, 7.3]. • Under mild restrictions on c, the characteristic cycle of \hat{Φ}(e Δ_c(μ)) equals \sum_λ K_{μλ}[Z_λ], where K_{μλ} are Kostka numbers and the Z_λ are (known) irreducible components of τ^{-1}(\mathfrak{h}/W)
Alterations with Movement Duration in the Kinematics of a Whole Body Pointing Movement

Our aim was to investigate how the organization of a whole body movement is altered when movement duration (MD) is varied. Subjects performed the same whole body pointing movement over long, normal and short MDs. The kinematic trajectories were then analyzed on a normalized time base. A principal components analysis (PCA) revealed that the degree of coordination between the elevation angles of the body did not change with MD. This lack of significant differences in the coordination was interesting given that small spatial and temporal differences were observed in the individual kinematic trajectories. They were revealed by studying the trajectories of the elevation angles, joint markers and center of mass. The elevation angle excursions displayed modifications primarily in their spatial characteristics. These alterations were more marked for the short rather than long duration movements. The temporal characteristics of the elevation angles as measured by the time to peak of angular velocity were not modified in the same fashion hence displaying a dissociation in the tuning of the spatial and temporal aspects of the elevation angles. Modifications in the temporal characteristics of the movement were also studied by examining the velocity profiles of the joint markers. Interestingly, unlike the disordered nature of this variable for the elevation angles, the time to peak velocity was neatly ordered as a function of MD for the joint markers – It arrived first for the short duration movements, followed by those of the normal and finally long duration movements. Despite the modifications observed in the kinematic trajectories, a PCA with the elevation angle excursions at different MDs revealed that two principal components were sufficient to account for nearly all the variance in the data. Our results suggest that although similar, the kinematic trajectories at different MDs are not achieved by a simple time scaling.
Finding of the Alpine salamander ( Salamandra atra Laurenti , 1768 ; Salamandridae , Caudata ) in the Nature

This study confirms the presence of Alpine salamander (Salamandra atra) in the Nature Park Žumberak Samoborsko gorje, where previously only one specimen was recorded in 1989. Species presence and distribution were investigated at ten different localities in stands of montane beech forest, during the vegetation season 2004. In July 2004 five individuals (four males and one female) of Alpine salamander were found in the virgin beech forest at site Kuta (about 900 m a.s.l.), during weather conditions characterized by heavy rain. This is the northernmost finding of the species in Croatia, as well as a confirmed disjunctive part of its areal in the Dinarids. Conservation measures for the species are proposed but for more precise conservation plan further research of species distribution and ecology is needed.
The Expression of the Suicide-Associated Gene SKA2 Is Decreased in the Prefrontal Cortex of Suicide Victims but Not of Nonsuicidal Patients

Background: Recent study of genome-wide DNA methylation profiling in the postmortem brain of suicidal and nonsuicidal subjects found that gene expression of spindle and kinetochore associated complex subunit 2 (SKA2) is decreased in the postmortem brain of suicide victims compared with nonsuicidal, nonpsychiatric control subjects. Methods: To determine if decreased SKA2 is specific to suicide and independent of diagnosis, we determined gene and protein expression of SKA2 in the prefrontal cortex obtained from suicide victims (n= 52), nonsuicidal psychiatric subjects (n= 27), and normal controls (n= 24). We determined gene expression by quantitative PCR technique and protein expression by Western blot. The postmortem brain samples were obtained from the Maryland Psychiatric Research Center. Results: We found that protein and gene expression of SKA2 was significantly reduced in the prefrontal cortex of suicide victims compared with normal control subjects and nonsuicidal patients. We also found that SKA2 protein and gene expression in depressed suicide victims, schizophrenic suicide victims, and suicide victims with substance abuse and/or conduct disorders was significantly decreased compared with normal control subjects and also with nonsuicidal depressed or schizophrenic subjects. Conclusions: This study shows that decreased gene and protein expression of SKA2 observed in the prefrontal cortex of suicide victims is specific to suicide, which was not observed in the brain of nonsuicidal patients. It also indicates reduced SKA2 expression in suicide is independent of psychiatric diagnosis, since it is observed in all diagnostic groups studied. Therefore, SKA2 may be a potential biomarker for suicide.
Medical and Biological Engineering in the Next 20 Years: The Promise and the Challenges

In 2011, the American Institute for Medical and Biological Engineering (AIMBE) (www.aimbe.org) celebrated its 20th anniversary by undertaking to identify major societal challenges to which medical and biological engineers can contribute solutions in the next 20 years. This report is a summary of the six major challenges that were identified. The report also discusses some specific areas within these high-level challenges that can form the basis for policy action, provides a brief rationale for pursuing those areas, and discusses roadblocks to progress. The six overarching challenges are: 1) engineering safe and sustainable water and food supply, 2) engineering personalized health care, 3) engineering solutions to injury and chronic diseases, 4) engineering global health through infectious disease prevention and therapy, 5) engineering sustainable bioenergy production, and 6) engineering the 21st century US economy. While arrived at independently by AIMBE, many of the elements overlap with similar challenges identified by other bodies. The similarities highlight the central mission of medical and biological engineers, working with other experts, which is to solve important problems central to human health and welfare.
A novel nano-copper-bearing stainless steel with reduced Cu2+ release only inducing transient foreign body reaction via affecting the activity of NF-κB and Caspase 3

Foreign body reaction induced by biomaterials is a serious problem in clinical applications. Although 317L-Cu stainless steel (317L-Cu SS) is a new type of implant material with antibacterial ability and osteogenic property, the foreign body reaction level still needs to be assessed due to its Cu2+ releasing property. For this purpose, two macrophage cell lines were selected to detect cellular proliferation, apoptosis, mobility, and the secretions of inflammatory cytokines with the influence of 317L-Cu SS. Our results indicated that 317L-Cu SS had no obvious effect on the proliferation and apoptosis of macrophages; however, it significantly increased cellular migration and TNF-α secretion. Then, C57 mice were used to assess foreign body reaction induced by 317L-Cu SS. We observed significantly enhanced recruitment of inflammatory cells (primarily macrophages) with increased TNF-α secretion and apoptosis level in tissues around the materials in the early stage of implantation. With tissue healing, both inflammation and apoptosis significantly decreased. Further, we discovered that NF-κB pathway and Caspase 3 played important roles in 317L-Cu SS induced inflammation and apoptosis. We concluded that 317L-Cu SS could briefly promote the inflammation and apoptosis of surrounding tissues by regulating the activity of NF-κB pathway and Caspase 3. All these discoveries demonstrated that 317L-Cu SS has a great potential for clinical application.
Social Capital, Local Community Participation and the Construction of Pakistani Identities in England: Implications for Health Inequalities Policies

Emphasis has been placed on the importance of the participation of socially excluded groups in local initiatives to reduce health inequalities in England, in `partnerships' with government. We examine potential obstacles to such participation through a case study of factors shaping local participation by residents of a deprived multi-ethnic area who describe themselves as Pakistani. We draw on three-hour interviews with 26 men and women, aged 15—67 years. Assuming that a sense of common identification is a precondition for participation in local community networks, we examine how the construction of Pakistani identities, within conditions of material and symbolic social exclusion, constrains the likelihood of widespread, representative local participation by Pakistani people in our local area of interest. No matter how significant a category such as `Pakistani' might be in statistical analyses of health inequalities, an epidemiological category of this nature cannot simply be `mapped' onto policy recommendations.
On-chip power supply for subthreshold-operated CMOS LSIs

An on-chip voltage supply regulator for subthreshold-operated CMOS logic LSIs is proposed. The regulator transforms lithium battery voltage 3 V to low supply voltage 0.4-0.5 V for subthreshold-operated CMOS logic LSIs. It monitors the gate delay in the LSI and produces an appropriate supply voltage such that the delay is equal to a value determined by a built-in capacitor-resistor reference. We designed the regulator circuit, using 0.18-µm CMOS parameters, and confirmed its operation with SPICE simulation.
Tessella: interactive origami light

We present an interactive origami light that transforms its shape in the user's hands and creates light patterns depending on the shape. Tessella, explores key themes of current Organic User Interface research. First, input and output are integrated in one object. Second, the form implies its function. Thirdly, it allows the user to discover its affordances and uses. Our work merges the physicality of tessellation with a tangible light experience, incorporating traditional craft and more recent soft-circuit techniques. The goal of this project is to create a playful, poetic interface that evokes users' creativity through interaction.
Does Childhood Sexual Abuse Set in Motion a Cycle of Violence Against Women?

This article reviews evidence for the deleterious effects of childhood sexual abuse on female development in both the acute and long-term phases. Taken in aggregate, there is evidence to suggest a persistent cycle of violence perpetrated against women that begins in childhood in the form of sexual abuse, reemerges later in adolescence and early adulthood in the form of physical assault or sexual revictimization, and ultimately places the next generation at considerable risk for victimization. The differential effect of the characteristics of sexual abuse and the wide variation in the onset and developmental course of symptoms are underscored. The need for adequate models elucidating mechanisms behind this continued cycle of violence is discussed.
Trend analysis of diagnosed diabetes prevalence among American Indian/Alaska native young adults--United States, 1994-2007.

OBJECTIVE In this study, we build on the previous findings of increased diabetes prevalence among American Indian/Alaska Native (AI/AN) young adults, by studying the rate at which annual prevalence estimates of diagnosed diabetes increased from 1994 to 2007. DESIGN AND SETTING For this study, BRFSS data for 1994-2007 from the 50 states, District of Columbia, Puerto Rico, Guam, and the Virgin Islands were analyzed. PARTICIPANTS Only non-institutionalized adults aged 18 years and older were eligible to participate in the Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System survey. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES To examine the existence and strength of a trend, we analyzed plots and Spearman's rank correlation coefficients of annual prevalence estimates for each group of young adults. Mantel-Haenszel tests were employed to study the relationship of diagnosed diabetes prevalence and race (AI/ AN, non-Hispanic White), while controlling for the time periods 1994-2000 and 2001-2007. To quantify increases in the disparity of diagnosed diabetes prevalence and race (AI/ AN, non-Hispanic White), odds risk ratio estimates were employed to approximate corresponding prevalence ratio estimates for the time periods 1994-2000 and 2001-2007. RESULTS Employing Spearman's test for trend resulted in observing, during 1994-2007, statistically significant increasing trends in the annual prevalence estimates of diagnosed diabetes among AI/AN and non-Hispanic White young adults. AI/AN young adults, on average, were 1.7 (95% CI; [1.12, 2.63]) times more likely than non-Hispanic White young adults to be diagnosed with diabetes during 1994-2000 and 2.5 (95% CI; [1.93, 3.32]) times more likely during 2001-2007. CONCLUSION The findings in this study suggests that the disparity in the estimated prevalence of diagnosed diabetes between AI/AN and NHW young adults widened steadily from 2001 to 2007.
Accuracy of respiratory rate monitoring by capnometry using the Capnomask(R) in extubated patients receiving supplemental oxygen after surgery.

BACKGROUND Respiratory monitoring is standard after anaesthesia and surgery. Abnormal respiratory rate is a sensitive indicator of respiratory problems, even in patients receiving supplemental oxygen, but the best method for its continuous measurement in spontaneously breathing patients is unclear. This study compared respiratory rate assessment by capnometry using a new oxygen mask with a carbon dioxide sampling port (Capnomask(®)) and thoracic impedance pneumography with clinical measurement (used as a reference method) in extubated patients receiving supplemental oxygen. METHODS Adult males admitted to the post-anaesthesia care unit after general anaesthesia were studied. Immediately after extubation, a Capnomask(®) connected to a capnometer was positioned appropriately. Respiratory rate was measured by visual inspection of chest movement for 1 min, by capnometry, and thoracic impedance pneumography. One set of measurements was obtained for every patient receiving supplemental oxygen at different flow rates. RESULTS Twenty men, mean (inter-quartile range) age 54 (23-66) yr and BMI 25 (21-31) kg m(-2), were studied. Compared with visual inspection, the bias and limits of agreement were 0.0 (1.0 to -1.0) bpm for the Capnomask(®) and -2.2 (2.0 to -6.5) bpm for the impedance pneumography. The accuracy of respiratory rate assessment using Capnomask(®) was not influenced by the supplemental oxygen flow rate. CONCLUSIONS In extubated patients, continuous assessment of respiratory rate with the Capnomask(®) is more accurate than by thoracic impedance pneumography even when supplemental oxygen is delivered at a high flow rate.
Hepcidin Is Directly Regulated by Insulin and Plays an Important Role in Iron Overload in Streptozotocin-Induced Diabetic Rats

Iron overload is frequently observed in type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM2), but the underlying mechanisms remain unclear. We hypothesize that hepcidin may be directly regulated by insulin and play an important role in iron overload in DM2. We therefore examined the hepatic iron content, serum iron parameters, intestinal iron absorption, and liver hepcidin expression in rats treated with streptozotocin (STZ), which was given alone or after insulin resistance induced by a high-fat diet. The direct effect of insulin on hepcidin and its molecular mechanisms were furthermore determined in vitro in HepG2 cells. STZ administration caused a significant reduction in liver hepcidin level and a marked increase in intestinal iron absorption and serum and hepatic iron content. Insulin obviously upregulated hepcidin expression in HepG2 cells and enhanced signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 protein synthesis and DNA binding activity. The effect of insulin on hepcidin disappeared when the signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 pathway was blocked and could be partially inhibited by U0126. In conclusion, the current study suggests that hepcidin can be directly regulated by insulin, and the suppressed liver hepcidin synthesis may be an important reason for the iron overload in DM2.
PM wind generator comparison of different topologies

The objective of this paper is to provide a comparison among permanent magnet (PM) wind generators of different topologies. Seven configurations are chosen for the comparison, consisting of both radial-flux and axial-flux machines. The comparison is done at seven power levels ranging from 1 kW to 200 kW. The basis for the comparison is discussed and implemented in detail in the design procedure. The criteria used for comparison are considered to be critical for the efficient deployment of PM wind generators. The design data are optimized and verified by finite element analysis and commercial generator test results. For a given application, the results provide an indication of the best-suited machine.
The Relationship between Personality and Religiosity in an Israeli Sample

In this study, 190 female trainee teachers from Bar-Ilan University in Israel completed the Hebrew version of the Eysenck Personality Questionnaire and the Katz religiosity scale. The data suggest four conclusions: a) religiosity is associated with neither neuroticism nor emotional stability; b) religiosity is associated with neither introversion nor extraversion; c) religiosity has a positive relationship with tendermindedness, and a negative relationship with toughmindedness and psychoticism; and d) there is a positive relationship between religiosity and lie scale scores. These Israeli findings are consistent with the developing consensus regarding the relationship between personality and religion in predominantly Christian cultures.
A Peptide Domain of Bovine Milk Lactoferrin Inhibits the Interaction between Streptococcal Surface Protein Antigen and a Salivary Agglutinin Peptide Domain

ABSTRACT The peptide domain of salivary agglutinin responsible for its interaction with cell surface protein antigen (PAc) of Streptococcus mutans or bovine lactoferrin was found in the same peptide, scavenger receptor cysteine-rich domain peptide 2 (SRCRP2). Inhibition studies suggest that PAc and lactoferrin, of which residues 480 to 492 seem important, competitively bind to the SRCRP2 domain of salivary agglutinin.
Neutrophils and red blood cells in the cerebrospinal fluid of newborns

Lumbar puncture (LP) is routinely performed in order to investigate meningitis in the febrile newborn (1). The contamination of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) with blood during a traumatic LP makes interpretation of the cell count difficult (2). Several authors have used a definition for nontraumatic LP, even in newborns, that includes several hundreds of red blood cells (RBCs) (3–5). The presence of neutrophils in the CSF is regarded as a sign of inflammation after the neonatal period (2); nonetheless, presence of neutrophils has been accepted as a normal characteristic of the CSF profile in newborns (3). This study aims to evaluate the association of the presence of neutrophils with the presence of RBCs in noninfected and nonhaemorrhagic CSF obtained by LP in newborns (age ≤ 28 days), with risk factors for central nervous system (CNS) infection. The CSF charts of all newborns who underwent LP between April 2003 and December 2005 at the CSF Laboratory, José Silveira Foundation, Salvador, Brazil, were reviewed. Whenever a child underwent several LP, only the first one was included in this study. The performance of the laboratory procedures was prospectively standardized before the period of the study. Examination of the CSF included the cell count (cells/mm3) by using the Fuchs– Rosenthal chamber; cytomorphological profile for which accelerated gravitational sedimentation technique and Leishman staining were performed; protein and glucose concentration (mg/dL), by using the trichloride acetic acid turbid and the enzymatic method, according to Trinder, respectively. Gram-stained smear, bacterial and mycological CSF cultures were performed according to routine methods.