Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Role of Carbonic Anhydrase IX in Human Tumor Cell Growth, Survival, and Invasion

Carbonic anhydrase IX (CAIX) is a membrane-associated carbonic anhydrase (CA), strongly induced by hypoxia. CAIX is overexpressed in a variety of tumor types and associated with increased metastasis and poor prognosis. An inhibitor of CAs, acetazolamide has been reported to inhibit invasion. We used RNA interference (RNAi) to examine the function of CAIX in MDA468 and MDA231 breast carcinoma cells, which express high levels of CAIX under hypoxia. Hypoxia-induced CA activity was completely blocked by specific RNAi (P < 0.01). RNAi-treated cells showed growth delay in dense monolayer culture and a 50% reduction in clonogenic survival under hypoxia. In the MDA468 cells, there was no effect of RNAi treatment on invasion. In a cell line that did not induce CAIX under hypoxia, RT112, we found no effect on the ability of cells transfected with CAIX to invade or migrate. Thus, CAIX plays an important role in the growth and survival of tumor cells under normoxia and hypoxia, making it a potential target for cancer therapy, but is not involved in invasion.
New distribution data of the vulnerable Mertensiella caucasica from Gümüşhane, Turkey

The Caucasian salamander, Mertensiella caucasica, is a vulnerable species, distributed in a restricted area from the southwest of Georgia to the northeast of Turkey. This study presents five new localities from the Gümüşhane province in Turkey. The new localities extent the known distribution by about 40 km southwards. We determine the species’ potential distribution in this province. The habitat of M. caucasica has been predicted to shrink in the future and localities on the range boundary such as presented here will be important to understand the species’ tolerance.
Women ’ s Issues and Their Fates in Congress

Significant scholarship indicates that female legislators focus their attention on “women’s issues” to a greater extent than do male lawmakers. Yet, women’s issues have thus far been largely selected by scholars ex ante, often without comparison to other issues. We instead define women’s issues in terms of those sponsored at a greater rate by women in Congress over a thirty-year period. This analysis reveals that most (but not all) of the classically considered women’s issues are indeed raised at an enhanced rate by congresswomen. We then track the fate of those issues, demonstrating that the proposals of women (and their specific proposals on women’s issues) achieve far less success than do those of men. We link the bias against women’s issues to the committee process, and suggest pathways through which women’s issues may gain more attention and legislative success in the future. Working Paper: 7-2013 Research Concentration: Legislative Politics and Policymaking Women’s Issues and Their Fates in Congress Craig Volden, University of Virginia Alan E. Wiseman, Vanderbilt University Dana E. Wittmer, Colorado College
A policy-aware switching layer for data centers

Data centers deploy a variety of middleboxes (e.g., firewalls, load balancers and SSL offloaders) to protect, manage and improve the performance of applications and services they run. Since existing networks provide limited support for middleboxes, administrators typically overload path selection mechanisms to coerce traffic through the desired sequences of middleboxes placed on the network path. These ad-hoc practices result in a data center network that is hard to configure and maintain, wastes middlebox resources, and cannot guarantee middlebox traversal under network churn. To address these issues, we propose the policy-aware switching layer or PLayer, a new layer-2 for data centers consisting of inter-connected policy-aware switches or pswitches. Unmodified middleboxes are placed off the network path by plugging them into pswitches. Based on policies specified by administrators, pswitches explicitly forward different types of traffic through different sequences of middleboxes. Experiments using our prototype software pswitches suggest that the PLayer is flexible, uses middleboxes efficiently, and guarantees correct middlebox traversal under churn.
Freestanding copper nanocones for field emission by ion-track technology and electrodeposition

Freestanding copper nanocones (Cu-NC) are fabricated by electrodeposition in etched ion-track membranes for field emission investigations. Different deposition conditions of the Cu-NC were studied in order to get mechanically stable cones with good electrical contact to the substrate. Electrodeposition at −40 mV lead to a slow growth rate, resulting in uniform and mechanically stabile Cu-NC of about 28 µm length, 1.2 µm base radius, and 190 nm tip radius. The deposition process was monitored via current-vs-time curves.
Effects of DNA dose, route of vaccination, and coadministration of porcine interleukin-6 DNA on results of DNA vaccination against influenza virus infection in pigs.

OBJECTIVE To examine the effects of DNA dose, site of vaccination, and coadministration of a cytokine DNA adjuvant on efficacy of H1-subtype swine influenza virus hemagglutinin (HA) DNA vaccination of pigs. ANIMALS 24 eight-week-old mixed-breed pigs. PROCEDURE 2 doses of DNA were administered 27 days apart by use of a particle-mediated delivery system (gene gun). Different doses of HA DNA and different sites of DNA administration (skin, tongue) were studied, as was coadministration of porcine interleukin-6 (pIL-6) DNA as an adjuvant. Concentrations of virus-specific serum and nasal mucosal antibodies were measured throughout the experiment, and protective immunity was assessed after intranasal challenge with homologous H1N1 swine influenza virus. RESULTS Increasing the dose of HA DNA, but not coadministration of pIL6 DNA, significantly enhanced virus-specific serum antibody responses. Pigs that received DNA on the ventral surface of the tongue stopped shedding virus 1 day sooner than pigs vaccinated in the skin of the ventral portion of the abdomen, but none of the vaccinated pigs developed detectable virus-specific antibodies in nasal secretions prior to challenge, nor were they protected from challenge exposure. Vaccinated pigs developed high virus-specific antibody concentrations after exposure to the challenge virus. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE Co-administration of pIL-6 DNA did not significantly enhance immune responses to HA DNA vaccination or protection from challenge exposure. However, HA DNA vaccination of pigs, with or without coadministration of pIL-6 DNA, induced strong priming of the humoral immune system.
Ionospheric convection signatures of tail fast flows during substorms and Poleward Boundary Intensifications (PBI)

Tail fast flows have been associated both with the onset of substorms and with auroral Poleward Boundary Intensifications (PBIs) that extend equatorward as streamers. We study here a series of bursts of fast tail flow that occurred on 5 March 2008 when four of the THEMIS probes were aligned in the tail from mid‐tail to inner magnetosphere and were in good conjunction with the Sondrestrom Incoherent Scatter Radar. The series of burst are identified as two separate events. We find that the first event is associated with a small substorm onset, and the second with a PBI and then possibly another onset. The ionospheric flow signatures of the substorm and the PBI are distinctly different: the substorm onset is characterized by flow enhancement in the polar cap several minutes before onset and by sudden ionospheric flow reduction at onset, while the PBI is accompanied by a flow enhancement directed primarily equatorward and intruding from the polar cap into the plasma sheet.
INFLUENCE OF COMMON SYNAPTIC INPUT TO MOTOR 3 NEURONS ON THE NEURAL DRIVE TO MUSCLE IN 4 ESSENTIAL TREMOR 5 6

1. Neuroengineering and Cognitive Science Group, Centre for Automation and Robotics, 10 Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, 28500 Arganda del Rey, Spain. 11 2. Department of Neurorehabilitation Engineering, Bernstein Focus Neurotechnology 12 Göttingen, Bernstein Center for Computational Neuroscience, University Medical Center 13 Göttingen, Georg-August University, 37075 Göttingen, Germany. 14 3. Faculty of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, University of Maribor, 2000 15 Maribor, Slovenia. 16 4. Neural Rehabilitation Group, Cajal Institute, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones 17 Científicas, 28002, Madrid, Spain. 18 5. Department of Neurology, College of Physicians and Surgeons, and Department of 19 Epidemiology, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, 10032 New York, 20 New York, USA. 21 6. Post-graduate Program, Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo, 29075-910, Vitória, 22 Brazil. 23 24
Combination of Evidence Using the Principle of Minimum Information Gain

One of the most important aspects in any treatment of uncertain information is the rule of combination for updating the degrees of uncertainty. The theory of belief functions uses the Dempster rule to combine two belief functions defined by independent bodies of evidence. However, with limited dependency information about the accumulated belief the Dempster rule may lead to unsatisfactory results. The present study suggests a method to determine the accumulated belief based on the premise that the information gain from the combination process should be minimum. This method provides a mechanism that is equivalent to the Bayes rule when all the conditional probabilities are available and to the Dempster rule when the normalization constant is equal to one. The proposed principle of minimum information gain is shown to be equivalent to the maximum entropy formalism, a special case of the principle of minimum cross-entropy. The application of this principle results in a monotonic increase in belief with accumulation of consistent evidence. The suggested approach may provide a more reasonable criterion for identifying conflicts among various bodies of evidence.
Magneto-inductive passive relaying in arbitrarily arranged networks

We consider a wireless sensor network that uses inductive near-field coupling for wireless powering or communication, or for both. The severely limited range of an inductively coupled source-destination pair can be improved using resonant relay devices, which are purely passive in nature. Utilization of such magneto-inductive relays has only been studied for regular network topologies, allowing simplified assumptions on the mutual antenna couplings. In this work we present an analysis of magneto-inductive passive relaying in arbitrarily arranged networks. We find that the resulting channel has characteristics similar to multipath fading: the channel power gain is governed by a non-coherent sum of phasors, resulting in increased frequency selectivity. We propose and study two strategies to increase the channel power gain of random relay networks: i) deactivation of individual relays by open-circuit switching and ii) frequency tuning. The presented results show that both methods improve the utilization of available passive relays, leading to reliable and significant performance gains.
Ingestion of casein and whey proteins result in muscle anabolism after resistance exercise.

PURPOSE Determination of the anabolic response to exercise and nutrition is important for individuals who may benefit from increased muscle mass. Intake of free amino acids after resistance exercise stimulates net muscle protein synthesis. The response of muscle protein balance to intact protein ingestion after exercise has not been studied. This study was designed to examine the acute response of muscle protein balance to ingestion of two different intact proteins after resistance exercise. METHODS Healthy volunteers were randomly assigned to one of three groups. Each group consumed one of three drinks: placebo (PL; N = 7), 20 g of casein (CS; N = 7), or whey proteins (WH; N = 9). Volunteers consumed the drink 1 h after the conclusion of a leg extension exercise bout. Leucine and phenylalanine concentrations were measured in femoral arteriovenous samples to determine balance across the leg. RESULTS Arterial amino acid concentrations were elevated by protein ingestion, but the pattern of appearance was different for CS and WH. Net amino acid balance switched from negative to positive after ingestion of both proteins. Peak leucine net balance over time was greater for WH (347 +/- 50 nmol.min(-1). 100 mL(-1) leg) than CS (133 +/- 45 nmol.min(-1). 100 mL(-1) leg), but peak phenylalanine balance was similar for CS and WH. Ingestion of both CS and WH stimulated a significantly larger net phenylalanine uptake after resistance exercise, compared with the PL (PL -5 +/- 15 mg, CS 84 +/- 10 mg, WH 62 +/- 18 mg). Amino acid uptake relative to amount ingested was similar for both CS and WH (approximately 10-15%). CONCLUSIONS Acute ingestion of both WH and CS after exercise resulted in similar increases in muscle protein net balance, resulting in net muscle protein synthesis despite different patterns of blood amino acid responses.
ACRO-PUF: A Low-power, Reliable and Aging-Resilient Current Starved Inverter-Based Ring Oscillator Physical Unclonable Function

Ring oscillator (RO)-based physical unclonable function (PUF) is an emerging hardware security primitive but its response reproducibility is susceptible to changes in operating conditions and device aging. Present solutions to increase RO PUF reliability either incur large hardware overhead or require sophisticated RO selection algorithm. This paper exploits the optimal biasing of current starved (CS) inverter for the design of RO PUF with very high reliability against both temperature and voltage variations. With two additional transistors, the CS inverter can be adaptively biased at idle time and in active mode to significantly reduce the overall stress, making the proposed CS RO PUF robust against both environmental condition variations and aging. Without using error correction code, the reliability is further improved by a low-cost proximity detector circuit with a small sacrifice on challenge-response pair space. The correlation between successive RO pairs of different input challenges is also broken by an irregular clocking of the linear feedback shift register used to encipher the input challenges. Based on Monte Carlo simulation in TSMC 40-nm CMOS process, the reliability of native PUF responses has been raised substantially from 89.78% for the regular RO PUF to 95.88% for the proposed CS RO PUF over a broad temperature range of −40°C to 120 °C and ± 20% supply variation. With the proximity detector, the proposed Aging-resistant Current-starved RO (ACRO) PUF can attain 100% reliability statistically by discarding 34.47% fewer challenge-response pairs than the regular RO PUF. It is also ~3.7x more aging resilient than existing aging-resilient RO PUFs with ~2.38x lower power dissipation.
Statistical Methods for Genome‐Wide and Sequencing Association Studies of Complex Traits in Related Samples

Genome‐wide association studies (GWAS) and sequencing studies are routinely conducted for the identification of genetic variants that are associated with complex traits. Many genetic studies for association mapping include related individuals. When relatives are included in an association analysis, familial correlations must be appropriately taken into account to ensure correct type I error and to increase power. This unit provides an overview of statistical methods that are available for GWAS and sequencing association studies of complex traits in samples with related individuals. © 2015 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Centromeres Are Specialized Replication Domains in Heterochromatin

The properties that define centromeres in complex eukaryotes are poorly understood because the underlying DNA is normally repetitive and indistinguishable from surrounding noncentromeric sequences. However, centromeric chromatin contains variant H3-like histones that may specify centromeric regions. Nucleosomes are normally assembled during DNA replication; therefore, we examined replication and chromatin assembly at centromeres in Drosophila cells. DNA in pericentric heterochromatin replicates late in S phase, and so centromeres are also thought to replicate late. In contrast to expectation, we show that centromeres replicate as isolated domains early in S phase. These domains do not appear to assemble conventional H3-containing nucleosomes, and deposition of the Cid centromeric H3-like variant proceeds by a replication-independent pathway. We suggest that late-replicating pericentric heterochromatin helps to maintain embedded centromeres by blocking conventional nucleosome assembly early in S phase, thereby allowing the deposition of centromeric histones.
Towards formal structural representation of spoken language : an evolving transformation system (ETS) approach

Speech recognition has been a very active area of research over the past twenty years. Despite an evident progress, it is generally agreed by the practitioners of the field that performance of the current speech recognition systems is rather suboptimal and new approaches are needed. The motivation behind the undertaken research is an observation that the notion of representation of objects and concepts that once was considered to be central in the early days of pattern recognition, has been largely marginalised by the advent of statistical approaches. As a consequence of a predominantly statistical approach to speech recognition problem, due to the numeric, feature vector-based, nature of representation, the classes inductively discovered from real data using decision-theoretic techniques have little meaning outside the statistical framework. This is because decision surfaces or probability distributions are difficult to analyse linguistically. Because of the later limitation it is doubtful that the gap between speech recognition and linguistic research can be bridged by the numeric representations. This thesis investigates an alternative, structural, approach to spoken language representation and categorisation. The approach pursued in this thesis is based on a consistent program, known as the Evolving Transformation System (ETS), motivated by the development and clarification of the concept of structural representation in pattern recognition and artificial intelligence from both theoretical and applied points of view. This thesis consists of two parts. In the first part of this thesis, a similarity-based approach to structural representation of speech is presented. First, a linguistically well-motivated structural representation of phones based on distinctive phonological features recovered from speech is proposed. The representation consists of string templates representing phones together with a similarity measure. The set of phonological templates together with a similarity measure defines a symbolic metric space. Representation and ETS-inspired categorisation in the symbolic metric spaces corresponding to the phonological structural representation are then investigated by constructing appropriate symbolic space classifiers and evaluating them on a standard corpus of read speech. In addition, similarity-based isometric transition from phonological symbolic metric spaces to the corresponding non-Euclidean vector spaces is investigated. Second part of this thesis deals with the formal approach to structural representation of spoken language. Unlike the approach adopted in the first part of this thesis, the representation developed in the second part is based on the mathematical language of the ETS formalism. This formalism has been specifically developed for structural modelling of dynamic processes. In particular, it allows the representation of both objects and classes in a uniform event-based hierarchical framework. In this thesis, the latter property of the formalism allows the adoption of a more physiologically-concrete
Electrical impedance scanning as a new breast cancer risk stratification tool for young women

Electrical impedance scanning (EIS) measures changes in breast tissue associated with breast cancer (Br‐Ca) development. The T‐Scan(tm2000 (ED is designed to use EIS to identify women ages 30–39 with elevated risk of breast cancer (i.e., T‐Scan+ women).
Exergy Analysis of a Double-Effect Solar Absorption Refrigeration System in Ngaoundere

Solar energy is replacing more and more traditional sources of energy because of the fact that it’s also fighting about global warming. This study is based on exergy analysis of a double-effect series flow absorption refrigeration system powered by solar energy in Ngaoundere. The simulation is done on the basis of a half hourly analysis for the first time, from 6.30 AM to 6.30 PM, using water-lithium bromide as working pair. The main parameters for the performance of an absorption cycle, which are the COP and the ECOP, have been analyzed and the results show that this two parameters increase while increasing the temperature of the main generator. The exergy loss of each component of the system and the total exergy loss of the system have been analyzed and their effectiveness calculated, using the first and second law of thermodynamics. The highest exergy loss occurs in the main generator GI and in the absorber, making these components more important in an absorption cycle. This analysis is based on a mathematical model using FORTRAN language. The results obtained may be useful for the optimization of solar absorption refrigeration systems.
Worst-Case Analysis of Selective Sampling for Linear Classification

A selective sampling algorithm is a learning algorithm for classification that, based on the past observed data, decides whether to ask the label of each new instance to be classified. In this paper, we introduce a general technique for turning linear-threshold classification algorithms from the general additive family into randomized selective sampling algorithms. For the most popular algorithms in this family we derive mistake bounds that hold for individual sequences of examples. These bounds show that our semi-supervised algorithms can achieve, on average, the same accuracy as that of their fully supervised counterparts, but using fewer labels. Our theoretical results are corroborated by a number of experiments on real-world textual data. The outcome of these experiments is essentially predicted by our theoretical results: Our selective sampling algorithms tend to perform as well as the algorithms receiving the true label after each classification, while observing in practice substantially fewer labels.
A Survey on Software Aging and Rejuvenation in Server Virtualized System

Cloud computing an elastic form of grid computing offers better resource availability and satisfies the request of the user in low priced cost. Failure tends to occur in the cloud system due to some type of aging related bugs, as a result of which the resources are exhausted and providing service to the user is under a crisis. Software rejuvenation is a technique that aims at avoids the aging related problems through ―Refreshing‖ and ―Rebooting‖ the virtual machines which is on top of cloud systems. As a result software rejuvenation has its profound implication in improving the system reliability. The paper provides a brief survey on aging related bugs on Virtual machines and various ways in which the aging related problems can be avoided in the virtual machine systems.