Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Impacto de la inmigración en la epidemia del VIH en Madrid: perspectivas epidemiológica, clínica y molecular

HIV-1 diagnosis among immigrants residing in Spain is increasing. This fact is changing the current situation of the HIV epidemic in Madrid and affecting both traditional and molecular epidemiology. The Community of Madrid represents a challenge for the control of HIV epidemic in Spain given its high HIV prevalence and increasing proportion of immigrant people. In this Thesis, different studies focusing on the impact at diverse levels of the presence of HIV-positive immigrants in Madrid are presented. A combination of molecular, phylogenetic and demographic approaches was used. According to the results, HIV-infected patients in this cohort in Madrid presented very different profiles according to their geographical origin. Subjects from sub-Saharan Africa showed a more advanced immunodeficiency, co-existence of parasitic diseases, and a HIV-1 infection caused by a large diversity of non-B and recombinant variants. They also presented an increasing prevalence of transmitted drug resistance among those who remained untreated. In addition, the mutational pattern differed across groups, reflecting the influence of the treatment strategies in their countries of origin. On the other hand, autochthonous and Latin American HIV-positive populations were more similar, showing both of them decreasing rates of transmitted drug resistance. Nevertheless, these factors did not seem to have an influence on the antiretroviral treatment effectiveness. HIV transmission networks were also described, showing that one out of five HIV-infected patients was epidemically linked. The probability of inclusion in these networks was high for Spaniards and Latin Americans but quite low for sub-Saharan Africans. This determined also different trends for the HIV transmission across viral variants. The increasing presence of diverse HIV variants, especially recombinants, impaired the performance of different computational tools widely used in clinical settings, since they misinterpreted the great variability that HIV-1 clades naturally present. In summary, different approaches for the study of HIV sequences generated routinely are powerful and very valuable tools that, together with epidemiological and clinical surveillance, can reveal crucial knowledge for designing prevention campaigns aimed for vulnerable collectives in the fight against HIV/AIDS such as immigrant people.
Evaluating Autoselection Methods Used for Choosing Solutions from Pareto-Optimal Set: Does Nondominance Persist from Calibration to Validation Phase?

The calibration of hydrological models using multiobjective algorithms generates several competitive solutions, usually referred to as a Pareto-optimal set. Pareto-optimal solutions are nondominated (i.e., accurate in different ways) and give users several decision scenarios and alternative trade-offs between model evaluation objectives. For decision-making purposes, a single solution is often chosen to represent the properties of the problem under consideration. From a practical standpoint, users are interested to know if selected solutions will continue to be nondominated when evaluated for future periods. In this paper demonstrates an evaluation framework to compare four autoselection methods commonly applied to select a solution from the Pareto-optimal set. The Pareto-optimal sets were generated by using the nondominated sorting genetic algorithm-II (NSGA-II) to calibrate the soil and water assessment tool (SWAT) for simulations of streamflow in the Fairchild Creek watershed in southern Ontario, Canad.
Influence of Different Porosities of Titanium Meshes on Bone Neoformation: Pre-Clinical Animal Study with Microtomographic and Histomorphometric Evaluation

The aim of this study was to evaluate the influence of different types of porosity of titanium meshes on the bone neoformation process in critical defects surgically created in rat calvaria, by means of microtomographic and histomorphometric analyses. Defects of 5 mm in diameter were created in the calvaria of 36 rats, and the animals were randomly treated and divided into the following groups (6 animals per group): NCOG (negative control, only blood clot), TEMG (Polytetrafluoroethylene—PTFE—membrane), SPTMG (small pore titanium mesh), SPMMG (small pore mesh + PTFE), LPTMG (large pore titanium mesh), and LPMMG (large pore mesh + PTFE). After 60 days, the animals were sacrificed, and the bone tissue formed was evaluated with micro-CT and histomorphometry. The data were compared using an ANOVA followed by the Tukey post-test (p ≤ 0.05). The microtomographic results showed that the SPTMG group presented the highest numerical value for bone volume/total volume (22.24 ± 8.97), with statistically significant differences for all the other groups except LPTMG. Considering the histomorphometric evaluation, groups with only porous titanium meshes showed higher values compared to the groups that used the PTFE membrane and the negative control. The SPTMG group presented higher values in the parameters of area (0.44 mm2 ± 0.06), extension (1.19 mm2 ± 0.12), and percentage (7.56 ± 1.45%) of neoformed bone. It was concluded that titanium mesh with smaller pores showed better results and that the association of PTFE membranes with titanium meshes did not improve the outcomes, suggesting a correlation between mesh porosity and underlying bone repair.
First observations of large‐scale wave structure and equatorial spread F using CERTO radio beacon on the C/NOFS satellite

First observations of large‐scale wave structure (LSWS) and the subsequent development of equatorial spread F (ESF), using total electron content (TEC) derived from the ground based reception of beacon signals from the CERTO (Coherent Electromagnetic Radio Tomography) radio beacon on board C/NOFS (Communications/Navigation Outage Forecasting System) satellite, are presented. Selected examples of TEC variations, using measurements made during January 2009 from Bac Lieu, Vietnam (9.2°N, 105.6°E geographic, 1.7°N magnetic dip latitude) are presented to illustrate two key findings: (1) LSWS appears to play a more important role in the development of ESF than the post‐sunset rise (PSSR) of the F‐layer, and (2) LSWS can appear well before E region sunset. Other findings, that LSWS does not have significant zonal drift in the initial stages of growth, and can have zonal wavelengths of several hundred kilometers, corroborate earlier reports.
Application of the Nearly Perfectly Matched Layer to Seismic-Wave Propagation Modeling in Elastic Anisotropic Media

Seismic anisotropy has become a main research topic in both seismic data processing and interpretation (e.g., migration and impedance inversion). As an important part of seismic anisotropy, numerical modeling can help us better understand seismic responses when seismic waves propagate through the interior of the Earth. For the numerical implementation of finite-difference time-domain algorithms, boundary conditions are needed to suppress the spurious reflections from the artificially truncated edges of the discrete model. Here, the nearly perfectly matched layer (NPML) technique is applied to a numerical simulation of seismic-wave propagation in a 2D elastic anisotropic medium, which has been proven to be a very effective absorbing boundary condition in electromagnetic, acoustic, and elastic isotropic media. The equivalence of the wave absorbing performance between the NPML and the standard perfectly matched layer (PML) for elastic wave modeling is theoretically proven in this paper. To check the absorbing ability of the NPML in the cases of grazing incidence and longer simulations (up to 200 s), we choose an elongated anisotropic model in our test. Test results indicate that the NPML has essentially the same computational accuracy as the standard PML but with higher computational savings.
Efficacy and visual prognostic factors of intravitreal bevacizumab as needed for macular edema secondary to central retinal vein occlusion

Purpose: Our aim was to investigate the efficacy and prognostic factors of intraocular injections of bevacizumab as needed in patients with macular edema secondary to central retinal vein occlusion (CRVO). Methods: This is a retrospective study including 28 eyes of 27 consecutive patients with macular edema due to CRVO and followed for at least 6 months. The mean age of the patients was 66.3 years. The patients underwent an intravitreal injection of bevacizumab (1.25 mg) at the initial visit. Retreatments were performed when macular edema was persistent or worsened (as-needed regimen). The primary outcome measure was the mean change in best-corrected visual acuity (BCVA). The change in central retinal thickness (CRT) was evaluated as the secondary outcome. Finally, the factors useful for predicting BCVA outcome were determined. Results: The mean number of injections was 1.8 over a period of 6 months. The mean BCVA (logarithm of minimum angle of resolution) was significantly improved at 1 ( - 0.097), 3 ( - 0.14), and 6 months ( - 0.25) after the initial injection ( P , 0.05, , 0.01, and , 0.001, respectively). The mean CRT was also improved significantly at 1 ( - 250.4), 3 ( - 150.0), and 6 months ( - 187.2) ( P , 0.001 each). Earlier treatment and better improvement in BCVA at 1 month after the initial treatment were the prognostic factors significantly associated with better visual outcomes at 6 months ( P = 0.047 and 0.029, respectively). Conclusion: Intravitreal injection of bevacizumab as needed significantly improved visual acuity and macular edema in CRVO patients. Time before the treatment and early response to the treatment were important factors for the visual outcome.
On the solar ultraviolet spectral irradiance during the Maunder Minimum

In the historical record of solar activity the period from 1645 to 1715 is a singular epoch during which the number of sunspots decreased markedly for a generation. Known as the Maunder Minimum, this solar epoch coincided with the coldest part of the Little Ice Age (circa 1450 to 1850). We estimate the change at this time in the output of solar ultraviolet (UV) radiation at wavelengths from 120 to 300 nm, relative to contemporary observations. Since this portion of the solar UV spectrum determines ozone composition in the stratosphere, our results bear on the historical variability of ozone and its potential climatic effects. Between the Maunder Minimum and 1986 (the present day solar activity minimum between cycles 21 and 22) we estimate reductions of 64% in the irradiance of the Lyman α line of neutral hydrogen (at 121.6 nm), 8% at 200 nm, and 3.5% in the wavelength range from 210 to 250 nm. The reduction in the solar output from the entire spectral band between 120 and 300 nm is estimated to be 0.17 W/m2, which is approximately 6% of the change in the total solar irradiance of 2.7 W/m2 previously estimated by us (Lean et al., 1992a) over the same time span. Because of this diminished UV output due to very low solar activity the Maunder Minimum total ozone concentration may have been 4% below its 1980 level. While the climatic consequences of such a change have yet to be determined, recent work by Haigh (1994) on modulation of radiative climate forcing by stratospheric ozone emphasizes the need to understand the role of UV irradiance variability as one forcing mechanism.
A Robust Algorithm and Associated QC for Finding the Anisotropy Directions for Converted Wave Data

s the phenomenon by which an incident S wave travels at two different velocities depending on the angle between the wave polarization and the so-called natural directions of the anisotropic medium; When the polarization is parallel to the fast (or slow) direction a single arrival is observed. However, for intermediate polarization angles, two arrivals are observed with their amplitude and polarity determined by the angle of the wave’s polarization with the natural directions. This well known property gives a direct observation of the fracture directions, even though wide-azimuth P-wave data can also give such an estimate through a rather sophisticated processing sequence. In this paper we propose a robust method for estimating the natural directions based on the direct least-squares fit of the observation to a 1D, HTI model of the converted waves. The result of this algorithm is illustrated using synthetic and real data.
Mineralogical and spectroscopic investigation of the Tagish Lake carbonaceous chondrite by X‐ray diffraction and infrared reflectance spectroscopy

Abstract– We have carried out a sample‐correlated spectroscopic and mineralogical investigation of samples from seven different collection sites of the Tagish Lake C2 chondrite. Rietveld refinement of high‐resolution powder X‐ray diffraction (XRD) data was used to determine quantitative major mineral abundances. Thermal infrared (400–4500 cm−1, 2.2–25.0 μm) spectra of the same samples were obtained using diffuse (biconical) reflectance infrared Fourier transform spectroscopy (DRIFTS). Our results are in good agreement with previous studies of the mineralogy of the Tagish Lake meteorite; we find however that Tagish Lake is more varied in major mineralogy than has previously been reported. In particular, we observed two new distinct lithologies, an inclusion‐poor magnetite‐ and sulfide‐rich lithology, and a carbonate‐rich, siderite‐dominated lithology in addition to the previously documented carbonate‐rich and carbonate‐poor lithologies. Grain density for each Tagish Lake sample was calculated from the measured mineral modal abundances and known mineral densities. For powders from three originally intact inclusion‐rich samples, the calculated grain density is 2.77 ± 0.05 g cm−3, in excellent agreement with those reported in the literature for other intact inclusion‐rich Tagish Lake samples. Tagish Lake disaggregated samples have a significantly higher calculated grain density due to their lower saponite‐serpentine content, likely a result of mineral separation in the meltwater holes from which they were collected; the disaggregated samples may not therefore adequately represent bulk samples of the Tagish Lake meteorite. The predominance of very fine‐grained material in the Tagish Lake samples investigated in this study is expected to produce infrared spectra representative of asteroidal regolith. Gypsum and talc have been found by XRD in powders from the inclusion‐rich, intact Tagish Lake samples in this study, and may have been present in the parent body; if present, these hydrous sulfates would complicate the interpretation of possible hydrated mineral features in asteroid infrared spectra.
FGFR 1 and WT 1 are markers of human prostate cancer progression

Background: Androgen-independent prostate adenocarcinomas are responsible for about 6% of overall cancer deaths in men. Methods: We used DNA microarrays to identify genes related to the transition between androgen-dependent and androgen-independent stages in the LuCaP 23.1 xenograft model of prostate adenocarcinoma. The expression of the proteins encoded by these genes was then assessed by immunohistochemistry on tissue microarrays (TMA) including human prostate carcinoma samples issued from 85 patients who had undergone radical prostatectomy. Results: FGFR1, TACC1 and WT1 gene expression levels were associated with the androgenindependent stage in xenografts and human prostate carcinoma samples. MART1 protein expression was correlated with pT2 tumor stages. Conclusion: Our results suggest that each of these four genes may play a role, or at least reflect a stage of prostate carcinoma growth/development/progression. Background Prostate adenocarcinoma is the most common cancer in men in western countries, and is responsible for about 6% of overall cancer deaths [1]. Localized prostate adenocarcinoma is usually treated by either surgery or radiotherapy. In the early stages, tumor growth is dependent on androgen stimulus and androgen ablation may be used as a complementary therapy. The tumor then progresses to an androgen-independent stage against which hormone therapy has no effect. Currently, there is no effective therapy against androgen-independent prostate cancer. Published: 30 November 2006 BMC Cancer 2006, 6:272 doi:10.1186/1471-2407-6-272 Received: 09 October 2006 Accepted: 30 November 2006 This article is available from: http://www.biomedcentral. com/1471-2407/6/272 © 2006 Devilard et al; licensee BioMed Central Ltd. This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. H A L athor m anscript inerm -001110, version 1 HAL author manuscript BMC Cancer 2006; 6 272 BMC Cancer 2006, 6:272 http://www.biomedcentral. com/1471-2407/6/272
Failure factors of AI projects: results from expert interviews

In the last few years, business firms have substantially invested into the artificial intelligence (AI) technology. However, according to several studies, a significant percentage of AI projects fail or do not deliver business value. Due to the specific characteristics of AI projects, the existing body of knowledge about success and failure of information systems (IS) projects in general may not be transferrable to the context of AI. Therefore, the objective of our research has been to identify factors that can lead to AI project failure. Based on interviews with AI experts, this article identifies and discusses 12 factors that can lead to project failure. The factors can be further classified into five categories: unrealistic expectations, use case related issues, organizational constraints, lack of key resources, and technological issues. This research contributes to knowledge by providing new empirical data and synthesizing the results with related findings from prior studies. Our results have important managerial implications for firms that aim to adopt AI by helping the organizations to anticipate and actively manage risks in order to increase the chances of project success.
University of Birmingham No Evidence for Entrainment

Over the past decades, numerous studies have linked cortical gamma oscillations ( ; 30 – 100 Hz) to neurocomputational mechanisms. Their functional relevance, however, is still passionately debated. Here, we asked whether endogenous gamma oscillations in the human brain can be entrained by a rhythmic photic drive . 50Hz. Such a noninvasive modulation of endogenous brain rhythms would allow conclusions about their causal involvement in neurocognition. To this end, we systematically investigated oscillatory responses to a rapid sinusoidal flicker in the absence and presence of endogenous gamma oscillations using magnetoencephalography (MEG) in combination with a high-frequency projector. The photic drive produced a robust response over visual cortex to stimulation frequencies of up to 80Hz. Strong, endogenous gamma oscillations were induced using moving grating stimuli as repeatedly done in previous research. When superimposing the flicker and the gratings, there was no evidence for phase or frequency entrainment of the endogenous gamma oscillations by the photic drive. Unexpectedly, we did not observe an amplification of the flicker response around participants ’ individual gamma frequencies (IGFs); rather, the magnitude of the response decreased monotonically with increasing frequency. Source reconstruction suggests that the flicker response and the gamma oscillations were produced by separate, coexistent generators in visual cortex. The presented findings challenge the notion that cortical gamma oscillations can be entrained by rhythmic visual stimulation. Instead, the mechanism generating endogenous gamma oscillations seems to be resilient to external perturbation
A detachment-limited model of drainage basin evolution

A drainage basin simulation model introduced here incorporates creep and threshold slumping and both detachment- and transport-limited fluvial processes. Fluvial erosion of natural slopes and headwater channels is argued to be dominantly detachment-limited. Such slopes undergo nearly parallel retreat and replacement with alluvial surfaces under fixed base level, in contrast with gradual slope decline for transport-limited conditions. The arrangement of divides and valleys is sensitive to initial conditions, although average morphology is insensitive. Dissected, initially flat surfaces in which downstream concavity is slight exhibit nearly parallel drainage, compared to very wandering main valleys when concavity is great. Steady state is reached after a cumulative base level drop approximately 3 times the final relief. Simulated valley systems are similar to those predicted by a previous model of optimal drainage basins. A critical value of slope divergence normalized by average slope gradient is a useful criterion for defining the valley network.
Regression Models for Dynamic Properties of Highly Organic Soils

Regression models are presented for the dynamic properties of highly organic soils. The models are based on a database of triaxial and resonant-column/torsional-shear cyclic loading tests on thin walled tube samples mainly retrieved from the Sacramento-San Joaquin Delta. The soils in this database range from highly fibrous peat to amorphous organic clays with organic contents OC ranging from 14-81%, water contents ranging from 88-495%, total densities ranging from 1.056-1.450 Mg/m 3 , and effective consolidation stresses vc ranging from 11-135 kPa. The secant shear modulus G and equivalent damping ratio were modeled as variables dependent on the shear strain amplitude c, consolidation stress vc , and OC. The residuals of the regression models were analyzed against other predictor variables including undisturbed density , loading frequency f, and number of loading cycles N. A regression model for was developed, and conditional probabilities were used to improve the estimation of G and when measurements were available. The database of in situ measurements of shear wave velocity Vs was used to adjust the regression model for in situ conditions. Variances and correlations in the regression models are presented.
Ozone in the troposphere: Measurements, climatology, budget, and trends

Abstract An improved understanding of the global tropospheric ozone budget has recently become of great interest, both in Canada and elsewhere. Improvements in both modelling and measurement have made it possible for weather centres to begin to forecast air quality using numerical weather prediction models. Despite substantial progress, there are many open questions regarding tropospheric ozone photochemistry, long‐range transport and the importance of the stratospheric source; this remains an area of very active research. Since ozone in association with particulate matter causes respiratory problems in humans, trends and forecasting of future surface ozone levels are also of great importance. The current status of measurement and modelling, as well as the current understanding of tropospheric ozone budgets and trends, are reviewed, with an emphasis on Canada within the global context.