Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
A Multiple Keyword Fusion Scheme for P2P IDS Alert

Alert fusion is a key problem in distributed intrusion detection system (DIDS). The paper proposes a distributed intrusion alert fusion scheme based on multiple keywords and routing infrastructure: distributed hash table (DHT). All the related alerts produced by local sensor can be routed and fused to their corresponding peers by multiple keywords, while evenly distributing unrelated alerts to different peer. We evaluation our scheme with a real-world intrusion detection dataset (DShield Dataset), which has been collected firewall and NIDS logs from over 1600 administrators across the world. Experimental results show that our scheme has well scalable, and can achieve significant improvement in load balancing.
Outcomes following Laminoplasty or Laminectomy and Fusion in Patients with Myelopathy Caused by Ossification of the Posterior Longitudinal Ligament: A Systematic Review

Study Design Systematic review. Objective To compare laminoplasty versus laminectomy and fusion in patients with cervical myelopathy caused by OPLL. Methods A systematic review was conducted using PubMed/Medline, Cochrane database, and Google scholar of articles. Only comparative studies in humans were included. Studies involving cervical trauma/fracture, infection, and tumor were excluded. Results Of 157 citations initially analyzed, 4 studies ultimately met our inclusion criteria: one class of evidence (CoE) II prospective cohort study and three CoE III retrospective cohort studies. The prospective cohort study found no significant difference between laminoplasty and laminectomy and fusion in the recovery rate from myelopathy. One CoE III retrospective cohort study reported a significantly higher recovery rate following laminoplasty. Another CoE III retrospective cohort study reported a significantly higher recovery rate in the laminectomy and fusion group. One CoE II prospective cohort study and one CoE III retrospective cohort study found no significant difference in pain improvement between patients treated with laminoplasty versus patients treated with laminectomy and fusion. All four studies reported a higher incidence of C5 palsy following laminectomy and fusion than laminoplasty. One CoE II prospective cohort and one CoE III retrospective cohort reported that there was no significant difference in axial neck pain between the two procedures. One CoE III retrospective cohort study suggested that there was no significant difference between groups in OPLL progression. Conclusion Data from four comparative studies was not sufficient to support the superiority of laminoplasty or laminectomy and fusion in treating cervical myelopathy caused by OPLL.
Pesticides and inner-city children: exposures, risks, and prevention.

Six million children live in poverty in America's inner cities. These children are at high risk of exposure to pesticides that are used extensively in urban schools, homes, and day-care centers for control of roaches, rats, and other vermin. The organophosphate insecticide chlorpyrifos and certain pyrethroids are the registered pesticides most heavily applied in cities. Illegal street pesticides are also in use, including tres pasitos (a carbamate), tiza china, and methyl parathion. In New York State in 1997, the heaviest use of pesticides in all counties statewide was in the urban boroughs of Manhattan and Brooklyn. Children are highly vulnerable to pesticides. Because of their play close to the ground, their hand-to-mouth behavior, and their unique dietary patterns, children absorb more pesticides from their environment than adults. The long persistence of semivolatile pesticides such as chlorpyrifos on rugs, furniture, stuffed toys, and other absorbent surfaces within closed apartments further enhances urban children's exposures. Compounding these risks of heavy exposures are children's decreased ability to detoxify and excrete pesticides and the rapid growth, development, and differentiation of their vital organ systems. These developmental immaturities create early windows of great vulnerability. Recent experimental data suggest, for example, that chlorpyrifos may be a developmental neurotoxicant and that exposure in utero may cause biochemical and functional aberrations in fetal neurons as well as deficits in the number of neurons. Certain pyrethroids exert hormonal activity that may alter early neurologic and reproductive development. Assays currently used for assessment of the toxicity of pesticides are insensitive and cannot accurately predict effects to children exposed in utero or in early postnatal life. Protection of American children, and particularly of inner-city children, against the developmental hazards of pesticides requires a comprehensive strategy that monitors patterns of pesticide use on a continuing basis, assesses children's actual exposures to pesticides, uses state-of-the-art developmental toxicity testing, and establishes societal targets for reduction of pesticide use. ImagesFigure 1Figure 2
Eliciting Acceptance For “Illicit” Organizations: The Positive Implications of Stigma for MMA Organizations

This paper explores the positive implications that stigma has for organizations and how it may lead to broader acceptance for them among social audiences. We conduct a qualitative study of stigmatized—but increasingly accepted—mixed martial arts (MMA) organizations and the audiences that evaluated them through an analysis of interviews, media reports, and texts documenting their experiences. We found the following. First, there were three different types of stigma associated with MMA organizations: aesthetic, lawlessness, and harm-based. Second, MMA organizational actors used stigma to their advantage in two, opposing manners. They coopted negative labels to gain the awareness of supportive audiences, as well as drew from them to correct negative evaluations held by critical audiences regarding their organizations. This demonstrates that, rather than attempting to “pass as normal,” stigmatized organizational actors can actively construct those attributes that are the focus of stigma and persuade audiences to reconsider their negative evaluations, rendering their organizations more acceptable
Mining Business Contracts for Service Exceptions

A contract is a legally binding agreement between real-world business entities whom we treat as providing services to one another. We focus on business rather than technical services. We think of a business contract as specifying the functional and nonfunctional behaviors of and interactions among the services. In current practice, contracts are produced as text documents. Thus the relevant service capabilities, requirements, qualities, and risks are hidden and difficult to access and reason about. We describe a simple but effective unsupervised information extraction approach and tool, Contract Miner, for discovering service exceptions at the phrase level from a large contract repository. Our approach involves preprocessing followed by an application of linguistic patterns and parsing to extract the service exception phrases. Identifying such (noun) phrases can help build service exception vocabularies that support the development of a taxonomy of business terms, and also facilitate modeling and analyzing service engagements. A lightweight online tool that comes with Contract Miner highlights the relevant text in service contracts and thereby assists users in reviewing contracts. Contract Miner produces promising results in terms of precision and recall when evaluated over a corpus of manually annotated contracts.
"Your Cell Will Teach You Everything": Old Wisdom, Modern Science, and the Art of Attention

A brother came to Scetis to visit Abba Moses and asked him "Father, give me a word. " The old man said to him "Go, sit in your cell, and your cell will teach you everything. "1 Among the Desert Fathers, Christian monks of the fourth and fifth centuries, it was customary for a novice to go to an elder and ask for "a word," a word of advice, of counsel, a word to take home and reflect on. What does this word of advice say to us today?
Introduction of culture into English teaching

As language and culture are interrelated, language cannot go without culture. So, it is necessary to introduce culture to English teaching. This paper mainly analyses the major reasons for introducing culture to English teaching and how culture teaching can be conducted into English classroom and teacher's roles in culture teaching. It is concluded that the introduction of culture to English teaching is necessary, so that the effect of English teaching can be improved and smooth intercultural communication can be achieved.
Attention: Prenatal alcohol and continuities of vigilance and attentional problems from 4 through 14 years

Abstract This study examined the longitudinal components of vigilance performance and attentional behaviors across the ages of 4, 7, and 14 years of life as they relate to prenatal alcohol exposure assessed by maternal self-report in midpregnancy for a cohort of 512 children. The vigilance score most salient for prenatal alcohol across this 10-year developmental period was Standard Deviation of Reaction Time (SDRT). Also salient were False Alarms (FA) on the AX task, impulsive errors reflecting difficulty in withholding a response. All 19 of the children with poorest scores on a Vigilance Latent Variable (LV) at 14 years had scored low on a similarly-defined Vigilance LV at age 7 years. Cross-lagged correlations revealed that the 7-year Vigilance LV not only predicted second-grade teacher ratings of attention a year later (r = – .38), but also predicted fourth-fifth-grade teacher ratings of attention (r = – .36). These data reveal considerable consistency across time in the impact of prenatal alcohol on child/adolescent vigilance performance and attention between 4 and 14 years of age.
Shape transformations of vesicles: Phase diagram for spontaneous- curvature and bilayer-coupling models.

Vesicle shapes of low energy are studied for two variants of a continuum model for the bending energy of the bilayer: (i) the spontaneous-curvature model and (ii) the bilayer-coupling model, in which an additional constraint for the area difference of the two monolayers is imposed. We systematically investigate four branches of axisymmetric shapes: (i) the prolate-dumbbell shapes; (ii) the pear-shaped vesicles, which are intimately related to budding; (iii) the oblate-discocyte shapes; and (iv) the stomatocytes. These branches end up at limit shapes where either the membrane self-intersects or two (or more) shapes are connected by an infinitesimally narrow neck. The latter limit shape requires a certain condition between the curvatures of the adjacent shape and the spontaneous curvature. For both models, the phase diagram is determined, which is given by the shape of lowest bending energy for a given volume-to-area ratio and a given spontaneous curvature or area difference, respectively. The transitions between different shapes are continuous for the bilayer-coupling model, while most of the transitions are discontinuous in the spontaneous-curvature model. We introduce trajectories into these phase diagrams that correspond to a change in temperature and osmotic conditions. For the bilayer-coupling model, we find extreme sensitivity to an asymmetry in the monolayer expansivity. Both models lead to different predictions for typical trajectories, such as budding trajectories or oblate-stomatocyte transitions. Our study thus should provide the basis for an experimental test of both variants of the curvature model.
Modeling and verification of TCP congestion control based on colored Petri nets

There are different TCP congestion control implementations running on different operating systems. The implementation errors are easily introduced and have been reported by a RFC. It is a challenging task to ensure that TCP protocol is correctly and completely implemented according to the specification. This paper focuses on TCP congestion control modeling and verification. A verification environment is presented and a formal model of the TCP congestion control is established using colored Petri nets. The controllable and observable events in the verification environment are encoded in the model. The verification is performed by searching the occurrence graph of the model. A randomized algorithm is adopted to verify the TCP congestion control implementations.
Placeholders in the English Interlanguage of Bilingual (Basque/Spanish) Children

In this article we provide an explanation for 2 syntactic phenomena whose systematic production has been observed in the English nonnative grammar of 3 different age groups of 58 bilingual (Basque/Spanish) children after 4 years of exposure to English in a formal setting: (a) insertion of is before a lexical verb and (b) insertion of a subject personal pronoun before a lexical verb. We argue that the presence of these phenomena could be explained assuming the transfer of a functional projection common to the participants’ first languages and a gradual incorporation of the second language lexical items involved.
A 124.9fps memory-efficient hand segmentation processor for hand gesture in mobile devices

Hand gesture recognition is one of emerging Human Computer Interaction (HCI) technologies for the next generation of mobile devices. However, conventional software-oriented approaches spend a considerable time and require a large memory size for hand segmentation, which fails to give real-time interactions between users and mobile devices. Therefore, in this paper, we present a high-throughput and memory-efficient hand segmentation processor. To obtain both of high throughput and high memory-efficiency, we propose a parallelized hand candidate decision and a compressed feedback histogram. As a result, it achieves 124.9 fps with only 26.9 KB on-chip memory, which are 1.39 times faster and 92 time smaller, respectively, compared to the state-of-the-art.
The orientation dependence of quasar spectral energy distributions

We investigate the orientation dependence of the spectral energy distributions in a sample of radio-loud quasars. Selected specifically to study orientation issues, the sample contains 52 sources with redshifts in the range 0.16<z<1.4 and measurements of radio core dominance, a radio orientation indicator. Measured properties include monochromatic luminosities at a range of wavelengths between the infrared and X-rays, integrated infrared luminosity, spectral slopes, and the covering fraction of the obscuring circumnuclear dust. We estimate dust covering fraction assuming that the accretion disk emits anisotropically and discuss the shortcomings and technical difficulties of this calculation. Luminosities are found to depend on orientation, with face-on sources factors of a 2-3 brighter than more edge-on sources, depending on wavelength. The degree of anisotropy varies very little with wavelength such that the overall shape of the spectral energy distribution does not vary significantly with orientation. In the infrared, we do not observe a decrease in anisotropy with increasing wavelength. The spectral slopes and estimates of covering fraction are not significantly orientation dependent. We construct composite spectral energy distributions as a function of radio core dominance and find that these illustrate the results determined from the measured properties.
Monolithic 3D CMOS Using Layered Semiconductors

Monolithic 3D integrated circuits using transition metal dichalcogenide materials and low-temperature processing are reported. A variety of digital and analog circuits are implemented on two sequentially integrated layers of devices. Inverter circuit operation at an ultralow supply voltage of 150 mV is achieved, paving the way to high-density, ultralow-voltage, and ultralow-power applications.
Tagging in Volunteered Geographic Information: An Analysis of Tagging Practices for Cities and Urban Regions in OpenStreetMap

In Volunteered Geographic Information (VGI) projects, the tagging or annotation of objects is usually performed in a flexible and non-constrained manner. Contributors to a VGI project are normally free to choose whatever tags they feel are appropriate to annotate or describe a particular geographic object or place. In OpenStreetMap (OSM), the Map Features part of the OSM Wiki serves as the de-facto rulebook or ontology for the annotation of features in OSM. Within Map Features, suggestions and guidance on what combinations of tags to use for certain geographic objects are outlined. In this paper, we consider these suggestions and recommendations and analyse the OSM database for 40 cities around the world to ascertain if contributors to OSM in these urban areas are using this guidance in their tagging practices. Overall, we find that compliance with the suggestions and guidance in Map Features is generally average or poor. This leads us to conclude that contributors in these areas do not always tag features with the same level of annotation. Our paper also confirms anecdotal evidence that OSM Map Features is less influential in how OSM contributors tag objects.
Archaeology and Texts: Subservience or Enlightenment

An overview of the relationship between archaeology and history is presented as the context in which to situate the argument that a rapprochement between the disciplines can be achieved only if we begin to think of texts and objects as having had efficacy in the past rather than just as evidence about it. Discussions of the meaning of material culture and the power of texts conclude with the suggestion that historical archaeologists need to be more cognizant of the latter. A case-study from the Roman world is used to illustrate the fact that texts can be both instruments of oppression and vehicles for enlightenment and liberation.
On the relationship between small and large Slavic languages

Abstract This article draws on the analysis of (standard) Slavic languages comprising the following pairs: Slovenian – Serbo-Croatian, Lower Sorbian – Upper Sorbian, Slovak – Czech, Rusyn – Slovak, Belarusian – Russian, and Ukrainian – Russian. In these pairs, the first language may be classified as small, the second one as large. This may be done on the basis of the following criteria: number of speakers, spread of the language, its economic strength, status of speakers, how the language is elaborated, and its prestige. These factors operate in particular periods of history, thus a language may vary regarding its “smallness” or “largeness. ” The notion of a small or large language is relative: with respect to a particular language, a language may be small and with respect to a different language, the same language may be large. Given that the areas where these languages are spoken border on each other and “semicommunication” (Haugen 1966) between their speakers is possible, the large languages influence the small ones. A large language penetrates the communicative domains of a small language or even its structure, especially in terms of vocabulary. The legal equality of small and large languages cannot stop these processes, as it works to the benefit of large languages simply due to their “largeness. ” Actual equality may be guaranteed by compensatory measures to the detriment of large languages. This article also further develops Language Management Theory, particularly its power dimension. Another characteristic of this approach is its focus on the reflexivity of linguists' work — the descriptions of language situations produced by linguists are viewed as an essential part of the language situations themselves.
Lymphoid-Related CD11c+ CD8α+ Dendritic Cells Are Involved in Enhancing Herpes Simplex Virus Type 1 Latency

ABSTRACT The mechanism(s) by which herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) latency is established in neurons is not known. In this study, we examined the effect of dendritic cells (DCs) on the level of HSV-1 latency in trigeminal ganglia (TGs) of ocularly infected BALB/c and C57BL/6 mice. We found that immunization of wild-type mice with FMS-like tyrosine kinase 3 ligand (Flt3L) DNA, which increases the number of DCs, increased the amount of latency in infected mice. Conversely, depletion of DCs was associated with reduced latency. Latency was also significantly reduced in Flt3L−/− and CD8−/− mice. Interestingly, immunization of Flt3L−/− but not CD8−/− mice with Flt3L DNA increased latency. Transfer experiments using DCs expanded ex vivo with Flt3L or granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor suggested that increased latency was associated with the presence of lymphoid-related (CD11c+ CD8α+) DCs, while reduced latency was associated with myeloid-related (CD11c+ CD8α−) DCs. Modulation of DC numbers by Flt3L DNA immunization or depletion did not alter acute virus replication in the eye or TG or eye disease in ocularly infected mice. Our results suggest that CD11c+ CD8α+ DCs directly or indirectly increase the amount of HSV-1 latency in mouse TGs.
Bilingualism and aging: Reversal of the cognate advantage in older bilingual adults

This study aimed to investigate cognate/noncognate processing distinctions in young adult bilinguals and examined whether the previously reported cognate facilitation effect would also be demonstrated in older adult bilinguals. Two groups of Italian–English bilingual participants performed lexical decisions in repetition priming experiments. Results for the younger bilinguals corresponded to previous findings, and indicated the expected reaction time advantage for cognates over noncognates. The older bilinguals, however, only demonstrated a cognate advantage in the within-language condition, and in fact, showed faster reaction times for noncognates when repetition was across languages. These findings are interpreted in the context of the revised hierarchical model and the bilingual interactive activation model and in light of findings regarding the effect of aging on language processing.