Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Life Course Patterns of Career-Prioritizing Decisions and Occupational Attainment in Dual-Earner Couples

Couples' long-term pattern of favoring one spouse's career in major decisions is thought to affect occupational trajectories, but current research has looked only at short-term effects of single decisions. This article applies a new technique, the interpolated curves approach, to represent and compare life course patterns of major career-prioritizing decisions, using in-depth data from 51 couples. Five clusters of career hierarchy patterns are identified; the patterns predict income better than summary measures of career hierarchy, including average individual career gains to decisions and self-reported career priority. Findings are significant for wives, and are similar but weaker for husbands.
The offending cycle, escalation and de‐escalation in delinquent behavior: A challenge for criminology

Escalation in delinquent behavior has been the subject of numerous controversies in the criminological literature. Its counterpart, de‐escalation, has rarely been studied. Escalation and de‐escalation are two complementary aspects of the cycle that characterizes the individual course of offending. In this paper, we review the six strategies used by criminologists to study quantitative and qualitative changes during the course of offending. These strategies are: transition matrices, ad hoc classification, group detection, developmental sequence, growth curve, and cross‐lagged analysis. For each of these strategies, we review the methods and results concerning escalation and de‐escalation and their correlates. We conclude by proposing some challenges for criminological research in this domain for the next millennium.
Rede fi ning the role of thiazolidinediones in the management of type 2 diabetes

Correspondence: Anthony H Barnett Undergraduate Centre, Birmingham Heartlands Hospital, Bordesley Green East, Birmingham B9 5SS, UK Tel +44 121 424 3587 Fax +44 121 424 0593 Email anthony.barnett@heartofengland. nhs.uk Abstract: There is a need to evaluate oral glucose-lowering agents not only for their value in achieving glycemic control but also for their impact on cardiac risk factor modifi cation. This article reviews the evidence base for the two thiazolinediones currently available, pioglitazone and rosiglitazone. These drugs exert their effects through actions affecting metabolic control, lipid profi les, and the vascular wall. They have been shown to be as effi cacious in establishing glycemic control, in both monotherapy and combination therapy regimens, as more traditional oral agents, and may be able to sustain that control in the long term. Both thiazolidinediones have demonstrated favorable effects on markers of cardiovascular disease. Evidence from the large PROactive outcomes study suggests that pioglitazone may exert protective effects in patients with type 2 diabetes and macrovascular disease. Thiazolidinediones are generally well tolerated but they can cause weight gain, induce fl uid retention, and may contribute to bone loss in postmenopausal women. The place of thiazolidinediones in the management of type 2 diabetes is well established. The potential for additional benefi ts in reducing macrovascular risk encourages further long-term study of these agents.
A Homocentric Squares Filter for pulmonary nodule enhancement based on the CT images

Automatic pulmonary nodule detection in Computer Tomographic (CT) images is a challenge task for the Computer Aided Diagnosis (CAD) systems. This paper proposes a novel nodule enhancement filter (Homocentric Squares Filter) for automatic nodule detection based on CT characteristic and shape feature. First, the bright regions in the image are enhanced by calculating the CT value variation between an inner square and an outer hollow square. Then, a line-restrained function is constructed to eliminate line-like region response of the filter. Simultaneously, a uniformity function is defined to exclude the marginal region and the corner region response of the filter. Finally, the output of the proposed filter is a combination of the CT value variation function, line-restrained function and uniformity function, which can enhance those nodule-like regions and avoid the response of line-like, marginal and corner regions. Moreover, the integral image technique is applied to speed up the processing of the filter. Experimental results showed that the proposed filter outperformed the selective filter according to the nodule enhancement effect and the processing speed.
The RUNX1 +24 Enhancer and P1 Promoter Identify a Unique Subpopulation of Hematopoietic Progenitor Cells Derived from Human Pluripotent Stem Cells

Derivation of hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) from human pluripotent stem cells remains a key goal for the fields of developmental biology and regenerative medicine. Here, we use a novel genetic reporter system to prospectively identify and isolate early hematopoietic cells derived from human embryonic stem cells (hESCs) and human induced pluripotent cells (iPSCs). Cloning the human RUNX1c P1 promoter and +24 enhancer to drive expression of tdTomato (tdTom) in hESCs and iPSCs, we demonstrate that tdTom expression faithfully enriches for RUNX1c‐expressing hematopoietic progenitor cells. Time‐lapse microscopy demonstrated the tdTom+ hematopoietic cells to emerge from adherent cells. Furthermore, inhibition of primitive hematopoiesis by blocking Activin/Nodal signaling promoted the expansion and/or survival of the tdTom+ population. Notably, RUNX1c/tdTom+ cells represent only a limited subpopulation of the CD34+CD45+ and CD34+CD43+ cells with a unique genetic signature. Using gene array analysis, we find significantly lower expression of Let‐7 and mir181a microRNAs in the RUNX1c/tdTom+ cell population. These phenotypic and genetic analyses comparing the RUNX1c/tdTom+ population to CD34+CD45+ umbilical cord blood and fetal liver demonstrate several key differences that likely impact the development of HSCs capable of long‐term multilineage engraftment from hESCs and iPSCs. Stem Cells 2015;33:1130–1141
The Emergence of Competition Between Model Protocells

The transition from independent molecular entities to cellular structures with integrated behaviors was a crucial aspect of the origin of life. We show that simple physical principles can mediate a coordinated interaction between genome and compartment boundary, independent of any genomic functions beyond self-replication. RNA, encapsulated in fatty acid vesicles, exerts an osmotic pressure on the vesicle membrane that drives the uptake of additional membrane components, leading to membrane growth at the expense of relaxed vesicles, which shrink. Thus, more efficient RNA replication could cause faster cell growth, leading to the emergence of Darwinian evolution at the cellular level.
Analyses of hospitalization of diabetes mellitus patients in Poland by gender, age and place of residence.

AIM The purpose of this study was to analyze the hospitalization of diabetes mellitus patients in Polish hospitals in 2005-2009. MATERIALS AND METHODS Data was taken from a nationwide database, kept at the National Institute of Public Health - National Institute of Hygiene in Warsaw. Data gathered for this work related to patients whose main cause of hospitalization was diabetes. RESULTS In the period of five years the number of diabetes-caused hospitalizations increased by nearly 22% - from 172.2 per 100 thousand in 2005 to 209.9 per 100 thousand in 2009. Hospital treatment covered mainly patients suffering from type 2 diabetes (116.4 per 100 thousand in 2009), as well as type 1 diabetes (87.6 per 100 thousand in 2009). Patients under 39 years of age were more often hospitalized because of type 1 diabetes, whereas in the older age groups patients were more often treated in hospitals for type 2 diabetes. Generally, in both types of the disease, older patients required hospitalizations more often than the younger ones. Cardiovascular diseases were the most reported co-morbidity in both types of the disease. In 2005-2009 the hospital mortality rate decreased with regard to both types of diabetes and an average length of hospital stay decreased by one day, reaching 8.1 days in 2009. CONCLUSION It must be emphasized that the growing epidemic of diabetes and its complications are an important challenge to society. The percentage of people hospitalized due to diabetes is increasing every year and consumes significant resources dedicated to health care. Early diagnosis and appropriate treatment of diabetes are imperative, as well as reducing the disparities in access to medical care (ambulatory and stationary) for town and country residences.
Effects of sodium‐potassium pump inhibition and low sodium on membrane potential in cultured embryonic chick heart cells.

1. When the Na+‐K+ pump of cultured embryonic chick heart cells was inhibited by addition of ouabain with or without removal of external K+, the membrane potential rapidly depolarized to ‐40 mV and the Na+ content approximately doubled within 3 min. 2. After this, exposure to an [Na+]o of 27 mM caused a fall in Na+ content, a gain in Ca2+ content and a hyperpolarization. The hyperpolarization was approximately 25 mV in a [K+]o of 0 or 5.4 mM after 3 min of pump inhibition. After approximately 10 min of pump inhibition, the same hyperpolarization was observed in a [K+]o of 5.4 mM but in K+‐free solution the hyperpolarization increased to approximately 44 mV. 3. Varying [K+]o during the 10 min period of Na+‐K+ pump inhibition showed that the increase in hyperpolarization was associated with the period of exposure to K+‐free solution rather than the [K+]o at the time of lowering [Na+]o. 4. Changes in Na+ and Ca2+ content induced by exposure to an [Na+]o of 27 mM in K+‐free solution were similar at 3 and 10 min. This and the above observations suggest that the increased hyperpolarization was due to an increased membrane resistance. 5. 10 mM‐Cs+ reduced the low‐[Na+]o hyperpolarization by 26% but did not significantly affect the movements of Na+ and Ca2+. 1 mM‐La3+ reduced the low‐[Na+]o hyperpolarization by 15%: it also totally blocked the rise in Ca2+ content and partially blocked the fall in Na+ content. 1 mM‐Ba2+ reduced the low‐[Na+]o hyperpolarization by 20%. 6. Raising [Ca2+]o from 2.7 to 13.5 mM produced similar but smaller hyperpolarizations (approximately 6 mV after 3 min pump inhibition). High [Ca2+]o caused a rise in Ca2+ content but no significant drop in Na+ content. The hyperpolarization in high [Ca2+]o was insensitive to verapamil (20 microM) and 10 mM‐Cs+. 7. We conclude from the disparities between the magnitudes of the hyperpolarizations and the changes in ion contents that Na+‐Ca2+ exchange cannot be unequivocally identified as electrogenic solely from the low‐[Na+]o hyperpolarizations.
Work-Related Self-Concept and Family Relations in Unemployed Married Men

It was hypothesized that unemployed men (n = 50) would have significantly lower mean scores on work-related self-concept and family relations than employed men (n = 50). Secondary hypotheses looked at the effect of the period of unemployment, method of job loss, and education on work-related self-concept. No significant differences were found between scores on work-related self-concept and family relations of the employed and the unemployed groups. The unemployed men with less education tended to have higher work-related self-concept scores than those with more education.
Label-Free Detection of Neuronal Differentiation in Cell Populations Using High-Throughput Live-Cell Imaging of PC12 Cells

Detection of neuronal cell differentiation is essential to study cell fate decisions under various stimuli and/or environmental conditions. Many tools exist that quantify differentiation by neurite length measurements of single cells. However, quantification of differentiation in whole cell populations remains elusive so far. Because such populations can consist of both proliferating and differentiating cells, the task to assess the overall differentiation status is not trivial and requires a high-throughput, fully automated approach to analyze sufficient data for a statistically significant discrimination to determine cell differentiation. We address the problem of detecting differentiation in a mixed population of proliferating and differentiating cells over time by supervised classification. Using nerve growth factor induced differentiation of PC12 cells, we monitor the changes in cell morphology over days by phase-contrast live-cell imaging. For general applicability, the classification procedure starts out with many features to identify those that maximize discrimination of differentiated and undifferentiated cells and to eliminate features sensitive to systematic measurement artifacts. The resulting image analysis determines the optimal post treatment day for training and achieves a near perfect classification of differentiation, which we confirmed in technically and biologically independent as well as differently designed experiments. Our approach allows to monitor neuronal cell populations repeatedly over days without any interference. It requires only an initial calibration and training step and is thereafter capable to discriminate further experiments. In conclusion, this enables long-term, large-scale studies of cell populations with minimized costs and efforts for detecting effects of external manipulation of neuronal cell differentiation.
How to be Bicameral: Reading William Connolly's Pluralism with Whitehead and Deleuze

This article argues that the concept of bicameralism is central to William Connolly's pluralism. The concept is analysed in terms of its roots in political bicameralism, in the bicameral mind and in organic bicameralism in order to show its richness and its capacity to provide positive answers to a series of standard criticisms of pluralism. Two more persistent critical problems are presented in the problem of evil (can we afford to be open to other political positions if they are evil? ) and in the problem of the generation of paradoxes (does pluralism depend on adopting perniciously paradoxical positions? ). These questions are answered by drawing connections from Connolly's work to Alfred North Whitehead's definition of evil and to Gilles Deleuze's work on paradox.
The measurement of interpersonal skills in instructional contexts

Interpersonal skills are not currently being assessed in many basic communication courses. A major reason for this may be the lack of a valid and flexible assessment format. An extensive review of social skills research and the data from a previous study were used to generate a sample of 25 molecular behavioral items relevant to the domain of conversational skill. These items were then selected for use in developing an instructional version of an interpersonal skills assessment form. In the first study, the behavioral items were used in self‐report recalled conversation format, and were found to substantially and positively relate to motivation, knowledge, and molar impressions of self‐competence in communicating. In all, the behaviors themselves explained 36 percent of the variance in self‐rated competence. In the second study, the behavioral items were used by instructors to rate the performance of subjects observed in dyadic get‐acquainted conversations. The behavioral items explained over 64 percent o.
Elimination of Numerical Dispersion from Electromagnetic Time Domain Analysis by Using Resource Efficient Finite Element Technique

Time domain analysis of electromagnetic wave propagation is required for design and characterization of many optical and microwave devices. The FDTD method is one of the most widely used time domain methods for analysing electromagnetic scattering and radiation problems. However, due to the use of the Finite Difference grid, this method suffers from higher numerical dispersion and inaccurate discretisation due to staircasing at slanted and curve edges. The Finite Element (FE)-based meshing technique can discretize the computational domain offering a better approximation even when using a small number of elements. Some of the FE-based approaches have considered either an implicit solution, higher order elements, the solution of a large matrix or matrix lumping, all of which require more time and memory to solve the same problem or reduce the accuracy. This paper presents a new FE-based method which uses a perforated mesh system to solve Maxwell’s equations with linear elements. The perforated mesh reduces the requirement on memory and computational time to less than half of that compared to other FE-based methods. This paper also shows a very large improvement in the numerical dispersion over the FDTD method when the proposed method is used with an equilateral triangular mesh.
The Influence of Perceived Disgust on Students’ Motivation and Achievement

There are a wide range of student emotions in academic settings, but apart from emotions such as interest and well-being, disgust is a negative emotion which might be relevant in biology education, for instance, during dissection or when encountering living animals. This paper addresses the issue of situational disgust during a course at the university using living animals and prepared mounts. The course covers a wide range of organisms from protists (e.g. Paramecium) through invertebrates to vertebrates and uses many methods (e.g. microscopy, dissection, and behavioral observations) and specific content (anatomy, structure, and behavior). The dissection of the trout was rated as most disgusting, followed by working with living woodlice, living earthworms, and living snails. The least disgusting lessons were those dealing with microscopy, mammalian skulls, honeybee dance, and bird flight. Based on animals, macro-invertebrates were rated as most disgusting and mammals as least disgusting. Concerning methods, observing through a microscope was perceived as being least disgusting, followed by experiments without animals, then followed by experiments with living animals and, most disgusting, dissection. Disgust was correlated negatively with interest, well-being, and competence but positively with pressure and boredom. Thus, low disgust is related to high interest, well-being, and competence, while higher disgust is related to higher pressure and boredom. The results show a need for measuring situational disgust in addition to survey studies. They also suggest that perceived disgust negatively affects intrinsic motivation. This has implications for biology teaching, because carrying out dissections or experiencing living animals in the classroom may have a detrimental effect on motivation.
Performance evaluation of TCP congestion control for different network operating systems

The purpose of this paper is to compare and analyze the diyerent congestion control and avoidance mechanism which have been proposed for TCP protocol for diyerent network operating systems, namely: Tahoe, Reno, and SACK with diferent Unix and Windows based operating systems. Also, in this paper the previous mechanism shall implemented with Jacobson’s, Kern’s, and Nagle ’s algorithm for jlow control and round trip time calculation. Congestion window for TCP implementation in Unix Solaris, HP-UX and dyerent Microsoft Windows implementation will be investigated.
TreeGNG - hierarchical topological clustering

This paper presents TreeGNG, a top-down unsupervised learning method that produces hierarchical classification schemes. Tree- GNG extends the Growing Neural Gas algorithm by maintaining a time history of the learned topological mapping. TreeGNG is able to recover from poor decisions made during the construction of the tree, and pro- vides the novel ability to influence the general shape of the hierarchy. 1 Background In this paper we present TreeGNG, a new hierarchical clustering algorithm based on a time audit trail of the graph connectivity of the Growing Neural Gas (GNG) (4) algorithm. GNG grows and prunes the network components in response to incremental learning. The dynamic nature of the network can produce disjoint graph structures, and these disconnected graphs "can be used to identify clusters in the input data" (5). By maintaining a time audit trail of the graph connectivity, we can uncover hierarchical structure within the data. The use of unsupervised learning techniques to discover the hierarchy of concepts from unlabelled data, primarily focus on extensions to Kohonen's Self- organising Feature Map (SOM) (8). Recently, two hierarchical neural clusterers, HiGCS (1) and TreeGCS (6), have been proposed, both based on Bernd Fritzke's Growing Cell Structures (GCS) (3). The hierarchical structures produced by TreeGCS are binary. Moreover, there are some limitations of GCS, which are detailed in (7) and (1), and the results of our own evaluation of GCS concur with these findings. The models produced by the GCS and SOM algorithms are a topological mapping only if the topology of the graph matches the topological structure of the manifold from which the data are drawn. In (9), it was shown that an algorithm for the homogeneous distribution of the network nodes combined with the competitive Hebb rule produces the induced Delaunay triangulation of the manifold. GNG is an incremental implementation of this node distribution and competitive Hebbian learning concept, and the resultant graph structures are a topology preserving map of the manifold. It was reported in (2), that
Factors associated with job content plateauing among older workers

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to identify personal and work environment factors associated with the experience of job content plateauing among older workers.Design/methodology/approach – Two cross‐sectional studies, each including two samples, were conducted. In each study, one sample consisted of a diverse group of older workers and the other sample was composed of older nurses.Findings – Work centrality and learning self‐efficacy were significantly negatively related to job content plateauing especially for older managerial and professional employees. Perceived organizational support and perceived respect from the organization, supervisor, and work group members were significantly negatively related to job content plateauing for both the diverse group of older workers and older nurses.Research limitations/implications – The average level of job content plateauing was below the scale midpoint, suggesting older workers who are most susceptible to job content plateauing may have already exited the.
The China Syndrome: Further Discussion On Teaching Ob in the People's Republic

During the spring of 1984, I had the opportunity to teach a course at the Department of Economic Management Engineering at Hauzhong University of Sciences and Technology (HUST), one of the &dquo;key&dquo; or model universities in the People’s Republic of China. The intent of this short article is to provide additional insights on teaching in China from my own experiences and to add to the two articles by Art Brief and Barry Staw which appeared in an earlier issue of Exchange (1982).