Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Training the Concept of Innovate in Dolphins (Tursiops truncatus) Is Both Creative and Cognitively Stimulating

Simple Summary Creative or novel behaviors in bottlenose dolphins (Tursiops truncatus) can be indicators of flexible thinking and problem solving. Twelve bottlenose dolphins (five females, seven males) in managed care were reinforced for exhibiting different behaviors of their choosing in response to a hand gesture. Using a human-based theory of creativity, the dolphins’ behaviors were assessed for four aspects: how many different behaviors they could produce in a session or in a row (fluency), how different the behaviors were from each other (flexibility), how simple or complex the behaviors were (elaboration), and how novel or new the behaviors were (originality). The results indicated that dolphins were variable in all aspects measured, with some animals producing more behaviors that were also more complex and variable in type and energy than the other dolphins. Behaviors were also invented by several dolphins. The dolphins were engaged and cognitively challenged by this task, which suggests this task facilitates cognitive welfare while providing a means to study innovative behavior across species. Abstract Creative or novel behaviors in bottlenose dolphins (Tursiops truncatus) can be indicators of flexible thinking and problem solving. Over 50 years ago, two rough-tooth dolphins demonstrated creative novel behaviors acquired through reinforcement training in human care. Since this novel training, a variety of species have been trained to respond to this conceptual cue. The current study assessed the creativity of 12 bottlenose dolphins (5 females, 7 males) housed at the Roatan Institute for Marine Sciences (RIMS) in Roatan, Honduras. Individual differences were found across four constructs measured for creativity: fluency, flexibility, elaboration, and originality. Variability in performance occurred across test sessions. Animals with less experience with this task performed fewer “innovative” behaviors as compared to more experienced animals. Despite errors, dolphins continued to attempt the task during test sessions, suggesting the concept of “innovate” was intrinsically rewarding and cognitively engaging. This task may be utilized across species to promote the comparative study of innovative or creative behavior as well as to promote cognitive welfare.
Practical solutions for counting scalars and dependences in ATOMIUM-a memory management system for multidimensional signal processing

Image and video processing applications involve large multidimensional signals which have to be stored in memory modules. In application-specific architectures for real-time multidimensional signal processing, a significant cost in terms of chip area and power consumption is due to these background memory units. The multidimensional signals are usually modeled in behavioral descriptions with array variables. In the algorithmic specifications of our target applications, many of the array references cover large amounts of scalars. Therefore, the efficient handling of array references in the specifications for image and video processing is crucial for obtaining low cost memory allocation solutions. This paper addresses a central problem which arises when handling the array variables in behavioral specifications: the computation of the number of scalars covered by an array reference. This problem is closely related to the computation of dependences in data-flow analysis. The novel algorithms proposed in this paper are embedded in the ATOMIUM environment-a memory management system for multidimensional signal processing.
Golgi-dependent transport of cholesterol to the Chlamydia trachomatis inclusion

Cholesterol, a lipid not normally found in prokaryotes, was identified in purified Chlamydia trachomatis elementary bodies and in the chlamydial parasitophorous vacuole (inclusion) membrane of infected HeLa cells. Chlamydiae obtained eukaryotic host cell cholesterol both from de novo synthesis or low-density lipoprotein. Acquisition of either de novo-synthesized cholesterol or low-density lipoprotein-derived cholesterol was microtubule-dependent and brefeldin A-sensitive, indicating a requirement for the Golgi apparatus. Transport also required chlamydial protein synthesis, indicative of a pathogen-directed process. The cholesterol trafficking pathway appears to coincide with a previously characterized delivery of sphingomyelin to the inclusion in that similar pharmacological treatments inhibited transport of both sphingomyelin and cholesterol. These results support the hypothesis that sphingomyelin and cholesterol may be cotransported via a Golgi-dependent pathway and that the chlamydial inclusion receives cholesterol preferentially from a brefeldin A-sensitive pathway of cholesterol trafficking from the Golgi apparatus to the plasma membrane.
Imaging Reveals the Connection Between Spontaneous Coronary Plaque Ruptures, Atherothrombosis, and Myocardial Infarctions in HypoE/SRBI−/− Mice

The hyperlipidemic mouse model HypoE/SRBI−/− has been shown to develop occlusive coronary atherosclerosis followed by myocardial infarctions and premature deaths in response to high-fat, high-cholesterol diet (HFC). However, the causal connection between myocardial infarctions and atherosclerotic plaque rupture events in the coronary arteries has not been investigated so far. The objective of this study was to assess whether diet-induced coronary plaque ruptures trigger atherothrombotic occlusions, resulting in myocardial infarctions in HFC-fed HypoE/SRBI−/− mice. Methods: HypoE/SRBI−/− mice were characterized with respect to the individual dynamics of myocardial infarctions and features of infarct-related coronary atherosclerosis by serial noninvasive molecular and functional imaging, histopathology, and a pharmaceutical intervention. Detailed histologic analysis of whole mouse hearts was performed when spontaneously occurring acute myocardial infarctions were diagnosed by imaging. Results: Using the imaging-triggered approach, we discovered thrombi in 32 (10.8%) of all 296 atherosclerotic coronary plaques in 14 HFC-fed HypoE/SRBI−/− mice. These thrombi typically were found in arteries presenting with inflammatory plaque phenotypes. Acetylsalicylic acid treatment did not attenuate the development of atherosclerotic coronary plaques but profoundly reduced the incidence of premature deaths, the number of thrombi (7 in 249 plaques), and also the degree of inflammation in the culprit lesions. Conclusion: HFC-induced ruptures of coronary plaques trigger atherothrombosis, vessel occlusions, myocardial infarctions, and sudden death in these mice. Thus, the HypoE/SRBI−/− mouse model mimics major features of human coronary heart disease and might therefore be a valuable model for the investigation of molecular and cellular parameters driving plaque rupture-related events and the development of new interventional approaches.
Graph Embedding Algorithms Based on Neighborhood Discriminant Embedding for Face Recognition

: This paper explores the use of a series of Graph Em-bedding (GE) algorithms based on Neighborhood Discriminant Embedding (NDE) as a means to improve the performance and robustness of face recognition. NDE combines GE framework and Fishers criterion and it takes into account the Individual Discriminative Factor (IDF) which is proposed to describe the microscopic discriminative property of each sample. The tensor and bilinear extending algorithms of NDE are proposed for directly utilizing the original two-dimensional image data to enhance the efﬁciency. The common purpose of our algorithms are to gather the within-class samples closer and separate the between-class samples further in the projected feature subspace after the dimensionality reduction. Furthermore, another informative feature extraction method called Circular Pixel Distribution (CPD) is applied to enhance the robustness of the 2-D algorithm. Experiments with the Olivetti Research Laboratory (ORL) face dataset are conducted to evaluate our methods in terms of classiﬁcation accuracy, efﬁciency and robustness.
Changing patterns of West Nile virus transmission: altered vector competence and host susceptibility

West Nile virus (WNV) is a flavivirus (Flaviviridae) transmitted between Culex spp. mosquitoes and avian hosts. The virus has dramatically expanded its geographic range in the past ten years. Increases in global commerce, climate change, ecological factors and the emergence of novel viral genotypes likely play significant roles in the emergence of this virus; however, the exact mechanism and relative importance of each is uncertain. Previously WNV was primarily associated with febrile illness of children in endemic areas, but it was identified as a cause of neurological disease in humans in 1994. This modulation in disease presentation could be the result of the emergence of a more virulent genotype as well as the progression of the virus into areas in which the age structure of immunologically naïve individuals makes them more susceptible to severe neurological disease. Since its introduction to North America in 1999, a novel WNV genotype has been identified that has been demonstrated to disseminate more rapidly and with greater efficiency at elevated temperatures than the originally introduced strain, indicating the potential importance of temperature as a selective criteria for the emergence of WNV genotypes with increased vectorial capacity. Even prior to the North American introduction, a mutation associated with increased replication in avian hosts, identified to be under adaptive evolutionary pressure, has been identified, indicating that adaptation for increased replication within vertebrate hosts could play a role in increased transmission efficiency. Although stable in its evolutionary structure, WNV has demonstrated the capacity for rapidly adapting to both vertebrate hosts and invertebrate vectors and will likely continue to exploit novel ecological niches as it adapts to novel transmission foci.
Abstract 5370: PTEN loss confers BRAF inhibitor resistance to melanoma cells through the suppression of BIM expression

Proceedings: AACR 102nd Annual Meeting 2011‐‐ Apr 2‐6, 2011; Orlando, FL The current study has addressed the role of PTEN loss in intrinsic resistance to the BRAF inhibitor PLX4720. Immunohistochemical staining of a tissue array covering all stages of melanocytic neoplasia (n=147) revealed PTEN expression to be lost in >10% of all melanoma cases. Although PTEN status did not predict for sensitivity to the growth inhibitory effects of PLX4720, it was predictive for apoptosis, with little cell death observed in melanomas lacking PTEN expression (PTEN-). Mechanistically, PLX4720 was found to stimulate AKT signaling in the PTEN- but not the PTEN+ cell lines. Liquid chromatography multiple reaction monitoring mass spectrometry (LC-MRM) was performed to identify differences in apoptosis signaling between the two cell line groups. PLX4720 treatment significantly increased BIM expression in the PTEN+ (>14-fold) compared to the PTEN- cell lines (4-fold). A role for PTEN in the regulation of PLX4720-mediated BIM expression was confirmed by siRNA knockdown of PTEN and through re-introduction of PTEN into cells that were PTEN-. Further studies showed that siRNA knockdown of BIM significantly blunted the apoptotic response in PTEN+ melanoma cells. Dual treatment of PTEN- cells with PLX4720 and a PI3K inhibitor enhanced both BIM expression and the level of apoptosis. The importance of rebound PI3K/AKT signaling in BRAF inhibitor resistance was confirmed in 3D organotypic cell culture and long-term colony formation assays. In conclusion, we have shown for the first time that loss of PTEN contributes to intrinsic BRAF inhibitor resistance via the suppression of BIM-mediated apoptosis. Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 102nd Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2011 Apr 2-6; Orlando, FL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2011;71(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 5370. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2011-5370
Privacy Preserving Search Schemes over Encrypted Cloud Data: A Comparative Survey

Due to the development of the network and the growth big data, data owner prefer to remotely outsource their data to cloud, which can avoid the local data management and decrease the local hardware cost. But some sensitive data, such as personal healthcare information and personal property information, must be encrypted firstly and then outsourced to the cloud. This can protect sensitive information. But the outsource encrypted data to cloud can increase the difficulty of the data retrieval, because data owner or unauthorized users can't search correctly the data they need, and also it is impractical to download all of the data to local side from the cloud, which will result in huge communication an computation overhead. Hence, some cloud data retrieval schemes has been proposed to solve this problem, these schemes not only can search the data they need correctly, but also can prevent sensitive data leaked out. In this paper, we survey the privacy preserving cloud data retrieval schemes and give a comparison of them with respect to the key principles of search and privacy assured.
Neighborhoods of Starlike and Convex Functions Associated with Parabola

Let be a normalized analytic function defined on the unit disk and for . For , a function if lies in the parabolic region . Let be the corresponding class consisting of functions such that lies in the region . For an appropriate , the -neighbourhood of a function is shown to consist of functions in the class .
Charge of a quasiparticle in a superconductor

Significance The charge of the quasiparticles in superconductors was never, to our knowledge, directly measured. Here, we used our experience and sensitive techniques in measuring the fractional excitations in the fractional quantum Hall effect via quantum shot noise, to measure the tunneling quasiparticles in a 1D superconductor–insulator–superconductor Josephson junction, and find their charge to be significantly less than that of an electron. Nonlinear charge transport in superconductor–insulator–superconductor (SIS) Josephson junctions has a unique signature in the shuttled charge quantum between the two superconductors. In the zero-bias limit Cooper pairs, each with twice the electron charge, carry the Josephson current. An applied bias VSD leads to multiple Andreev reflections (MAR), which in the limit of weak tunneling probability should lead to integer multiples of the electron charge ne traversing the junction, with n integer larger than 2Δ/eVSD and Δ the superconducting order parameter. Exceptionally, just above the gap eVSD ≥ 2Δ, with Andreev reflections suppressed, one would expect the current to be carried by partitioned quasiparticles, each with energy-dependent charge, being a superposition of an electron and a hole. Using shot-noise measurements in an SIS junction induced in an InAs nanowire (with noise proportional to the partitioned charge), we first observed quantization of the partitioned charge q = e*/e=n, with n = 1–4, thus reaffirming the validity of our charge interpretation. Concentrating next on the bias region eVSD∼2Δ, we found a reproducible and clear dip in the extracted charge to q ∼0.6, which, after excluding other possibilities, we attribute to the partitioned quasiparticle charge. Such dip is supported by numerical simulations of our SIS structure.
The correlation of sperm morphology with unexplained recurrent spontaneous abortion: A systematic review and meta-analysis

Sperm morphology displays a potential impact on sperm function and may ultimately impact reproductive function. Current studies have investigated the correlation between sperm morphology with unexplained recurrent spontaneous abortion (RSA) but have shown inconsistent results. Hence, we systematically searched MEDLINE, EMBASE, CNKI databases, as well as the Cochrane Library for studies that examined the association between sperm morphology and unexplained RSA. Fifteen studies were identified, including 883 cases and 530 controls. Our meta-analysis results indicated that the percentage of normal sperm morphology from men with RSA partners was significantly lower than those from normal controls(SMD [95% CI]: − 0.60 [−0.81, −0.40]; P<0.00001) and the percentage of sperm morphologic alterations was significantly higher in patients with RSA compared with the control group (SMD [95% CI]: 0.92 [0.42, 1.43]; P=0.0004). The present study suggested that the percentage of normal sperm morphology may indeed decrease in men from RSA group compared with controls. However, there were some limitations in the study such as the differences in stain techniques and classification criteria. Further evidences are needed to better elucidate the relationship between sperm morphology and unexplained RSA.
Update of the Texaco mortality study 1947-93: Part II. Analyses of specific causes of death for white men employed in refining, research, and petrochemicals.

OBJECTIVE: To examine patterns of mortality for specific causes of death with increases in the Texaco mortality study to determine if the patterns are related to employment in the petroleum industry. METHODS: Mortality patterns by duration of employment in various job groups were examined for mesothelioma, non-Hodgkin's lymphoma, multiple myeloma, cell type specific leukaemia, and brain tumours. RESULTS: Mortality from mesothelioma was examined for the total cohort and for two maintenance groups with the greatest potential for exposure to asbestos. The insulator group had a standardised mortality ratio (SMR) of 3029, and a larger group consisting of insulators, carpenters, labourers, electricians, pipefitters, boiler-makers, and welders had an SMR of 411. The mortalities from mesothelioma increased with increasing duration of employment. Mortality was lower for those first employed after 1950. An analysis of all brain tumours for the total cohort and some job and unit subgroups resulted in an SMR of 178 for those employed on the units related to motor oil and 166 for those employed as laboratory workers. Mortality from brain tumours in both of these job groups was higher for those employed > or = 5 years in the group. An analysis of non-Hodgkin's lymphoma showed no consistent patterns among the various employment groups. Mortality from multiple myeloma was non-significantly increased among people employed on the crude (SMR = 155) and fluid catalytic cracking units (SMR = 198). Leukaemia mortality was not increased for the total cohort, and a cell type analysis of leukaemia mortality for the total cohort showed no significant increases for the major cell types. However, there were significant increases for acute unspecified leukaemia (SMR = 276) and leukaemia of unknown cell type (SMR = 231). CONCLUSIONS: Analyses of specific causes of death by duration of employment in various job and process units did not show any patterns which suggest that, other than for mesothelioma, any of these increases in mortalities were likely to have resulted from workplace exposures or from employment at one of the places included in the Texaco mortality study.
Local Depth Edge Detection in Humans and Deep Neural Networks

Distinguishing edges caused by a change in depth from other types of edges is an important problem in early vision. We investigate the performance of humans and computer vision models on this task. We use spherical imagery with ground-truth LiDAR range data to build an objective ground-truth dataset for edge classification. We compare various computational models for classifying depth from non-depth edges in small images patches and achieve the best performance (86%) with a convolutional neural network. We investigate human performance on this task in a behavioral experiment and find that human performance is lower than the CNN. Although human and CNN depth responses are correlated, observers' responses are better predicted by other observers than by the CNN. The responses of CNNs and human observers also show a slightly different pattern of correlation with low-level edge cues, which suggests that CNNs and human observers may weight these features differently for classifying edges.
Prevalence of Childhood Asthma in Korea: International Study of Asthma and Allergies in Childhood

Childhood asthma is a major concern because it leads to more hospital visits and a heavy economic burden. Proper management and prevention strategies for childhood asthma must be based on correct evaluation of prevalence and risk factors for its development. In Korea, nationwide studies were conducted in 1995 and 2000 on students from 68 elementary schools (age, 6-12 years) and junior high schools (age, 12-15 years) by the Korean Academy of Pediatric Allergy and Respiratory Diseases. We used the Korean version of the International Study of Asthma and Allergies in Childhood (ISAAC) written and video questionnaires at the same schools during the same period (October-November). The prevalence of asthma in junior high school children seemed to increase over 5 years. However, in elementary school children, the prevalence of asthma symptoms decreased, although the prevalence of 'diagnosis of asthma, ever' and 'treatment of asthma, last 12 months' increased. In addition, it was found that various factors, such as obesity, passive smoking, dietary habits, raising pets at home, and fever/antibiotic use during infancy were associated with childhood asthma. When prevalence of asthma in Korea was compared with that in different regions, the prevalence changes in the 6-7 years age group did not seem to be consistent between regions, whereas similar trends were observed among children aged 13-14 years. To conduct another epidemiological study to evaluate the time trend over time, a third nationwide survey is planned in 2010, and we anticipate ISAAC Phase 3 will explore recent changes in the prevalence of childhood asthma and assess its risk factors in Korean children. On the basis of accurate data on the current status of childhood asthma in 2010, we will be able to establish proper management strategies.
Analysis of a Reinforcement Learning algorithm using Self-Organizing Maps

The scenario of this work is defined by the need of many Machine Learning algorithms to tune a number of parameters that define its behavior; the resulting performance can be evaluated with different indices. The relationship between parameters and performance may be neither linear nor straightforward. This work proposes a qualitative ap- proach to the afore-mentioned relationship by using Self-Organizing Maps due to their visual information processing. The approach is evaluated in the framework of Reinforcement Learning algorithms.
Detecting spatially varying gray component replacement with application in watermarking printed images

We present a method to include watermarks in printed images. With accurate printer calibration, in theory, the same color under different gray component replacement (GCR) strategies should look the same, under specific viewing conditions. We spatially vary the GCR along the image in a manner that is not perceptible, and we employ an estimation method to detect such changes. The choice of GCR for a given pixel (or region) comprises an additional information channel that embeds a watermark or hidden information. The challenge is how to detect which GCR was used and that is our focus. For that, we estimate the RGB value of each pixel and the CMYK values intended to be put onto the paper by scanning the printed page. With that information, we can estimate which GCR strategy was used in a given region and retrieve the watermark message. Instead of focusing on a particular watermarking scheme, we are concerned only with the practical aspects of producing a spatially varying GCR and of robustly estimating which GCR strategy was used at a region. Promising GCR detection results are shown to illustrate the method's potential to watermark printed images.