Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Interleukin (IL)‐12 mediates the anti‐osteoclastogenic activity of CpG‐oligodeoxynucleotides

Bacterial DNA activates the innate immune system via interactions with Toll‐like receptor 9 (TLR9). This receptor recognizes CpG‐oligodeoxynucleotides (CpG‐ODNs) mimicking the CpG dinucleotides in certain sequence contexts characterizing this DNA. Most studies have shown increased osteoclast differentiation by TLR ligands. We found that activation of TLRs (specifically TLR4 and TLR9) in early osteoclast precursors results in inhibition of receptor activator of NF‐κB ligand (RANKL)‐induced osteoclast differentiation. Our objective is to identify the mechanism leading to this inhibitory effect of a TLR ligand. Since both RANKL–RANK and CpG–ODN–TLR9 interactions result in NF‐κB activation, p38 and ERK phosphorylation, and TNF‐α synthesis (all implicated in osteoclastogenesis), we hypothesized that CpG‐ODN (but not RANKL) in addition induces the synthesis of an anti‐osteoclastogenic factor. Control osteoclast precursors, and cells treated with RANKL, CpG‐ODN, or their combination were studied using DNA arrays (GEArray Q Series Mouse NF‐κB Signaling Pathway Gene Array, MM‐016, SuperArray). We found a marked increase in the mRNA levels of the osteoclastogenesis inhibitor interleukin‐12 (IL‐12) in osteoclast precursors treated with CpG‐ODN and CpG‐ODN + RANKL. Northern and Western analyses, together with ELISA, confirmed the DNA array studies. In correlation with these findings, IL‐12 inhibited RANKL‐induced osteoclast differentiation and specific anti‐IL‐12‐antibodies inhibited the anti‐osteoclastogenic effect of CpG‐ODN. In conclusion, activation of TLR9 by its ligand, CpG‐ODN, results in synthesis and release of IL‐12 opposing RANKL‐induced osteoclast differentiation. J. Cell. Physiol. 207: 244–250, 2006. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Effects on sleep-state organisation of a behavioural intervention for infant sleep disturbance

10 Introduction . 11 The Importance of Sleep . 13 Brain Functioning and Cognitive Development. 13 Physical Growth . 15 Individual and Parental Psychopathology . 16 Temperament and Behaviour . 17 Development of Sleep: Birth-24 Months . 18 Sleep-State Organisation . 18 Sleep Duration . 19 Longest Sleep Period (LSP) . 20 Longest Self-Regulated Sleep Period (LSRSP) . 20 Night Wakings . 21 Environmental Influences . 23 Circadian Rhythm and Zeitgebers . 23 Family Environment and Sleep Hygiene . 24
Linear Processes Under Vanishing Communications The Consensus Algorithm

In this report, we revisit the classical multi-agent distributed consensus problem under the dropping of the general assumption that the existence of a connection between agent implies weights uniformly bounded away from zero. We reformulate and study the problem by establishing global convergence results both in discrete and continuous time, under fixed, switching and random topologies.
A Recessive Arabidopsis Mutant That Grows Photoautotrophically under Salt Stress Shows Enhanced Active Oxygen Detoxification

Mutagenized Arabidopsis seedlings (ecotype Columbia) were screened for the ability to grow photoautotrophically on solid medium containing 200 mM NaCl. A novel mutant line, designated pst1 (for photoautotrophic salt tolerance1), was obtained. There were no significant differences between pst1 and wild-type plants with regard to their ability to induce proline as an osmoregulatory solute. In addition, the content of monovalent cations in pst1 plants grown with or without salt stress was equal to that in the wild type. We observed that light, even at moderate intensities, increased the effects of salt stress on wild-type plants. The pst1 seedlings were nearly 10 times more tolerant to methyl viologen than were wild-type seedlings. We also found that the activities of the active oxygen scavengers superoxide dismutase and ascorbate peroxidase were enhanced significantly in pst1 plants. The pst1 plants also were tolerant to other stresses, such as high light intensity and toxic monovalent cations. The recessive nature of the pst1 mutation indicates that the potential for salt-stress tolerance is blocked in wild-type Arabidopsis.
Book Review: The forgotten men: Serving a life without parole sentence

which are discussed in-depth in the text), the analysis would present stronger evidence for his case if additional incidents of targeted killings (and the subsequent behavioral effects thereof) were included. Performing the same statistical analysis for a larger assortment of targeted killings would strengthen the argument by demonstrating a pattern of similar changes in terrorist activity that is more generalizable to all targeted killings. Furthermore, by limiting this analysis to targeted killings as the only form of deterrence by punishment, Wilner overlooks many other punishment options— such as reducing support from community groups that encourage acts of violence and terrorism. Additionally, Wilner ignores all methods of deterrence by denial, such as defensive denial (restricting financial support), behavioral defenses (environmental unpredictability), deterrence by mitigation (increased first-responder training), and delegitimation (deromanticizing the terrorist lifestyle and deglamorization of the leaders). These aspects need to be empirically tested in order to expand the claim that deterrence theory is applicable to counterterrorism. Although terrorism cannot be completely eliminated, Wilner’s suggestions are worth consideration. According to this (albeit, limited) set of research, deterrent strategies can be created and used effectively in altering the behavior of terrorist groups. Deterrence did not prevent all acts of terrorism, but it did change the type of violence used and the success or failure of those attacks. Although more research is required, this book successfully argues that deterrence as a tool of counterterrorism is not obsolete.
The Impact of Postgraduate Education Attainment on Legislators ’ Progressive Voting Patterns

This paper seeks to answer the question of whether legislators with post-graduate levels of education tend to vote more progressively. Our dataset is constructed by taking members of the U.S. House of Representatives between 1999 and 2005 (from the 106 to the 109 Congress) as data points, examining their voting scores established by the ADA (Americans for Democratic Action) as proxies for their propensity to vote liberally. The ADA compiles these scores annually, taking a set of 20 policies and assigning each legislator a score equal to the percentage of their votes, within those 20 policies, that correspond to a politically “progressive” vote. Having controlled for age, gender, and district-related factors, I conclude that my results from an OLS regression corroborate a positive correlative relationship between post-graduate degrees and higher liberal voting. __________________________________________________________ Acknowledgements: I would like to thank Professor Enrico Moretti for guiding me through each step of this thesis, and being helpful and encouraging even when significant obstacles arose. This thesis would never have been possible otherwise, and I am extremely appreciative for his patience and time in this endeavor.
Spontaneous bacterial peritonitis and bacteremia in fulminant hepatic failure

1. Fujisawa T, Kumagai T, Akamatsu, et al. Changes in seroepidemiological pattern ofHelicobacter pylori and hepatitis A virus over the last 20 years in Japan. Am J Gastroenterol 1999;94:2094–9. 2. Furuta T, Kamata T, Takashima M, et al. A study of transmission routes ofHelicobacter pyloriin relation with seroprevalence of hepatitis A virus. J Clin Microbiol 1997;35:1891–3. 3. Luzza F, Imeneo M, Maletta M, et al. Seroepidemiology of Helicobacter pylori infection and hepatitis A in a rural area: Evidence against a common mode of transmission. Gut 1997; 41:164–8. 4. Thomas JE, Gibson GR, Darboe MK, et al. Isolation of Helicobacter pylorifrom human feces. Lancet 1992;340:1194–5. 5. Shames B, Krajden S, Fuksa M, et al. Evidence for the occurrence of the same strain of Campylobacter pylori in the stomach and dental placque. J Clin Microbiol 1989;27:2849–50. 6. Leung W-K, Siu KLK, Kwok CKL, et al. Isolation of Helicobacter pylori from vomitus in children and its implication in gastro-oral transmission. Am J Gastroenterol 1999;94:2881–4. 7. Nilsson I, Ljungh A, Aleljung P et al. Immunoblot assay for serodiagnosis of Helicobacter pyloriinfection. J Clin Microbiol 1997;35:427–32.
Binding of DCC by Netrin-1 to Mediate Axon Guidance Independent of Adenosine A2B Receptor Activation

Netrins stimulate and orient axon growth through a mechanism requiring receptors of the DCC family. It has been unclear, however, whether DCC proteins are involved directly in signaling or are mere accessory proteins in a receptor complex. Further, although netrins bind cells expressing DCC, direct binding to DCC has not been demonstrated. Here we show that netrin-1 binds DCC and that the DCC cytoplasmic domain fused to a heterologous receptor ectodomain can mediate guidance through a mechanism involving derepression of cytoplasmic domain multimerization. Activation of the adenosine A2B receptor, proposed to contribute to netrin effects on axons, is not required for rat commissural axon outgrowth or Xenopusspinal axon attraction to netrin-1. Thus, DCC plays a central role in netrin signaling of axon growth and guidance independent of A2B receptor activation.
Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy and sudden death in the young: pathologic evidence of myocardial ischemia.

The mechanism underlying cardiac arrest in patients with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HC) is intriguing. In the clinical setting, myocardial ischemia has long been incriminated, particularly in the young. Among 274 cardiovascular sudden deaths in the young (< or = 35 years), 19 (7.0%), 14 males and 5 females, median age 23 years, had HC. Familial occurrence of HC was ascertained in 3 (16%). SD occurred on effort in 6 (31%). Previous syncope occurred in 5 and palpitations in 3. Basal electrocardiogram (ECG) was abnormal in 7 of 8 available cases. Hypertrophy was septal asymmetric in 14. Gross examination showed large isolated or multiple septal scars in 11 (58%); at histomorphometry, the mean percent area of fibrosis of the septal myocardium was 18.6 +/- 6. Four showed a deep intramyocardial course of the left anterior descending coronary artery. At histology, myocardial disarray involved 30 +/- 16% of the septal myocardium; evidence of acute-subacute myocardial necrosis was present in 14 (74%), 1 of them with a regional acute myocardial infarction. By comparing hearts with (n = 11) and without (n = 8) areas of scar-type fibrosis, we found a statistically significant difference in terms of age (25.5 +/- 5.4 v 15.5 +/- 12.4 years, P = .04), septal thickness (25.4 +/- 5.4 v 15.4 +/- 4.9 mm, P < .001), percent increase of septal thickness versus normal value for age and sex (46.2 +/- 15 v 25.2 +/- 13.6%, P < .01) and mean score of small vessel disease (1.7 +/- 0.4 v 1.2 +/- 0.4, P = .04). Linear regression analysis showed a positive correlation of percent area of replacement fibrosis with septal thickness (P = .01) and with mean score of small vessel disease (P < .01). In conclusion, our pathologic findings of ischemic damage, either acute-subacute or in the form of fibrotic scars, support the clinical evidence that ischemia occurs in the natural history of HC and may contribute to life-threatening electrical instability.
Neurohormonal regulation of myocardial cell apoptosis during the development of heart failure

Adult cardiac myocytes are terminally differentiated cells that are no longer able to divide. Accumulating data support the idea that apoptosis in these cells is involved in the transition from cardiac compensation to decompensated heart failure. Since a number of neurohormonal factors are activated in this state, these factors may be involved in the positive and negative regulation of apoptosis in cardiac myocytes. β1‐ Adrenergic receptor and angiotensin type 1 receptor pathways, nitric oxide and natriuretic peptides are involved in the induction of apoptosis in these cells, while α1‐ and β2‐ad renergic receptor and endothelin‐1 type A receptor pathways and gp130‐related cytokines are antiapoptotic. The myocardial protection of the latter is mediated, at least in part, through mitogen‐activated protein kinase‐depen dent pathways, compatible with the findings in other cell types. In contrast, signaling pathways leading to apoptosis in cardiac myocytes are distinct from those in other cell types. The cAMP/PKA pathway induces apoptosis in cardiac myocytes and blocks apoptosis in other cell types. The p300 protein, a coactivator of p53, mediates apoptosis in fibroblasts but appears to play a protective role in differentiated cardiac myocytes. The inhibition of myocardial cell apoptosis in heart failure may be achieved by directly blocking apoptosis signaling pathways or by modulating neurohormonal factors involved in their regulation. These may provide novel therapeutic strategies in some forms of heart failure. J. Cell. Physiol. 186:11–18, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
The Football Association Medical Research Programme: an audit of injuries in professional football—analysis of hamstring injuries

Objective: To conduct a detailed analysis of hamstring injuries sustained in English professional football over two competitive seasons. Methods: Club medical staff at 91 professional football clubs annotated player injuries over two seasons. A specific injury audit questionnaire was used together with a weekly form that documented each clubs’ current injury status. Results: Completed injury records for the two competitive seasons were obtained from 87% and 76% of the participating clubs respectively. Hamstring strains accounted for 12% of the total injuries over the two seasons with nearly half (53%) involving the biceps femoris. An average of five hamstring strains per club per season was observed. A total of 13 116 days and 2029 matches were missed because of hamstring strains, giving an average of 90 days and 15 matches missed per club per season. In 57% of cases, the injury occurred during running. Hamstring strains were most often observed during matches (62%) with an increase at the end of each half (p<0.01). Groups of players sustaining higher than expected rates of hamstring injury were Premiership (p<0.01) and outfield players (p<0.01), players of black ethnic origin (p<0.05), and players in the older age groups (p<0.01). Only 5% of hamstring strains underwent some form of diagnostic investigation. The reinjury rate for hamstring injury was 12%. Conclusion: Hamstring strains are common in football. In trying to reduce the number of initial and recurrent hamstring strains in football, prevention of initial injury is paramount. If injury does occur, the importance of differential diagnosis followed by the management of all causes of posterior thigh pain is emphasised. Clinical reasoning with treatment based on best available evidence is recommended.
Behavioral conflict, anterior cingulate cortex, and experiment duration: Implications of diverging data

We investigated the relationship between behavioral measures of conflict and the degree of activity in the anterior cingulate cortex (ACC). We reanalyzed an existing data set that employed the Stroop task using functional magnetic resonance imaging [Milham et al., Brain Cogn 2002;49:277–296]. Although we found no changes in the behavioral measures of conflict from the first to the second half of task performance, we found a reliable reduction in the activity of the anterior cingulate cortex. This result suggests the lack of a strong relationship between behavioral measurements of conflict and anterior cingulate activity. A concomitant increase in dorsolateral prefrontal cortex activity was also found, which may reflect a tradeoff in the neural substrates involved in supporting conflict resolution, detection, or monitoring processes. A second analysis of the data revealed that the duration of an experiment can dramatically affect interpretations of the results, including the roles in which particular regions are thought to play in cognition. These results are discussed in relation to current conceptions of ACC's role in attentional control. In addition, we discuss the implication of our results with current conceptions of conflict and of its instantiation in the brain. Hum. Brain Mapping 21:96–105, 2004. © 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Attitude Change in an Electoral Context as a Function of Expectations Not Being Fulfilled

Attitudes toward Carter and Reagan before and after the 1980 election were analyzed in relation to several hypotheses regarding attitude change. The results supported the hypothesis, derived from the theory of cognitive dissonance, that people whose expectations are not fulfilled by the electoral outcome are likely to change their attitudes. Another hypothesis from dissonance theory, that people show a larger differentiation in their attitudes toward the candidates after the election, was sustained only among Reagan supporters. Overall, people in the national sample did change their preelection attitudes after the election, becoming somewhat more favorable toward Reagan, the winner, and slightly less favorable toward Carter, the loser.
A computational procedure for assessing the significance of RNA secondary structure

In our recent series of papers, we have used the structures of statistical significance from Monte Carlo simulations to improve the predictions of secondary structure of RNA and to analyze the possible role of locally significant structures in the life cycle of human immunodeficiency virus. Because of intensive computational requirements for Monte Carlo simulation, it becomes impractical even using a supercomputer to assess the significance of a structure with a window size greater than 200 along an RNA sequence of 1000 bases or more. In this paper, we have developed a new procedure that drastically reduces the time needed to assess the significance of structures. In fact, the efficiency of this new method allows us to assess structures on the VAX as well as the CRAY.
Fgf-8, activated by proviral insertion, cooperates with the Wnt-1 transgene in murine mammary tumorigenesis

We have used mouse mammary tumor virus (MMTV) infection of Wnt-1 transgenic mice to accelerate mammary tumorigenesis and to molecularly tag insertionally activated proto-oncogenes that cooperate oncogenically with Wnt-1 (G. M. Shackleford, C. A. MacArthur, H. C. Kwan, and H. E. Varmus, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 90:740-744, 1993). Here we report the identification and characterization of a 31-kb genomic locus that contains clonal MMTV integrations in 8 of 80 mammary tumors from MMTV-infected Wnt-1 transgenic mice. Two genes were identified within this locus, one of which was transcriptionally activated by MMTV insertions. This activated gene is identical to androgen-induced growth factor (AIGF/Fgf-8) (A. Tanaka, K. Miyamoto, N. Minamino, M. Takeda, B. Sato, H. Matsuo, and K. Matsumoto, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 89:8928-8932, 1992), the eighth member of the fibroblast growth factor (FGF) family. Transcriptional activation of Fgf-8 was found in all tumors with MMTV insertions in this locus. Fgf-8 mRNA was absent in normal mammary glands and was detected only in adult testis and ovary and in midgestational embryos. The sequences of Fgf-8 genomic and cDNA clones revealed five coding exons, in contrast to the three coding exons found in other FGF genes. cDNAs encoding three isoforms of the FGF-8 protein were isolated. The three corresponding mRNAs resulted from the alternative use of two 5' splice sites and two 3' splice sites for the second and third exons, respectively. These results implicate Fgf-8 as the third FGF gene found to cooperate with Wnt-1 in MMTV-induced murine mammary tumorigenesis, suggesting that FGFs and Wnts are strong collaborators in this process.
How ConvNets model Non-linear Transformations

In this paper, we theoretically address three fundamental problems involving deep convolutional networks regarding invariance, depth and hierarchy. We introduce the paradigm of Transformation Networks (TN) which are a direct generalization of Convolutional Networks (ConvNets). Theoretically, we show that TNs (and thereby ConvNets) are can be invariant to non-linear transformations of the input despite pooling over mere local translations. Our analysis provides clear insights into the increase in invariance with depth in these networks. Deeper networks are able to model much richer classes of transformations. We also find that a hierarchical architecture allows the network to generate invariance much more efficiently than a non-hierarchical network. Our results provide useful insight into these three fundamental problems in deep learning using ConvNets.
Multifrequency Small-Signal Model for Buck and Multiphase Buck Converters

To investigate the high-frequency behaviors of buck and multiphase buck converters, this paper develops a modeling method based on the harmonic-balance approach. Because the nonlinear pulse-width modulator generates sideband components, the sideband effect occurs in a closed-loop converter. Taking this effect into account, the multifrequency small-signal model is proposed, which is applicable beyond half of the switching frequency. In a voltage-mode-controlled buck converter, the introduced model predicts the measured phase delay of the loop gain, while the conventional average model fails to explain this phenomenon. Furthermore, this model is extended to the case of the multiphase buck converter. The influence from the interleaving technique is discussed and the frequency-domain characteristics are clearly explained. Simulation and experimental results are provided to verify the achievements of the proposed model
An Improved Single-Pass Algorithm for Chinese Microblog Topic Detection and Tracking

Microblog is a very popular social platform, as the source of news and popular information dissemination. Detection and tracking of hot topics through Microblog research has arose the domestic and foreign scholar's attention. So, this paper mainly focuses on financial domain topic detection and tracking of Chinese Microblog. In this paper, we propose incremental TF-IWF-IDF of terms part-of-speech and position weight calculation method. This weight calculation method can solve the problem that IDF of TF-IDF is a constant value and can't change with the dataset dynamically. The traditional feature vector doesn't consider the semantic and context of terms. The paper proposes a new feature vector representation method to solve this problem by incorporating IWF into TF-IDF. This text representation method is called Word vector based on an incremental TF-IWF-IDF of terms part-of-speech and position. This paper proposes Two Steps of Single-Pass based on Multi Topic Centers (MC-TSP) to overcome the shortcomings of the traditional Single-Pass algorithm. By experimental comparison, the improved algorithm has better performance than the traditional Single-Pass algorithm. With improved algorithm, financial hot topic detection and tracking model is designed and implemented. The application of this model in financial domain improved the accuracy of topic detection and tracking.