Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Journal of Medical Ethics and History of Medicine Teaching endotracheal intubation on the recently deceased: opinion of patients and families

This study was done to explore the views of patients and their companions concerning endotracheal intubation training on newly deceased patients and the necessity of obtaining their consent in this regard. In this cross-sectional descriptive analytical study, we used a questionnaire to collect data through structured interviews conducted by the researcher on patient discharge day. A convenient sample of over 18 year old patients hospitalized at a teaching hospital were enrolled, and after receiving patient consent, one of each patient’s companions was enrolled in the study as well. In this study, 150 of the approached patients agreed to participate (response rate = 85.0%); of those, 92 (61.3%) allowed their companions to be enrolled as well. Eighty-three persons (55.3%) in the patient group and 68 persons (73.9%) in the companion group agreed to have endotracheal intubation training on their own bodies after death. Among these consenting patients and companions, 75.9% (n = 63) and 91.2% (n = 62) believed it was necessary to acquire patient consent for this procedure. Obtaining relatives’ consent was thought to be necessary by 69.9% (n = 72) of the patients and 72.1% (n = 49) of the companions, even when there was patient prior consent. Therefore it seems that asking the patient’s consent for doing educational procedures on their dead body is crucial.
Separation of Duty Constraint for Permission Based Delegation Model

In large enterprise software systems, users often need to delegate their authority to others. Permission base delegation model (PBDM) based on RBAC96 currently is the most attractive model to fulfill the delegation requirement since it supports partly delegation and multiple steps delegation. However in PBDM there is no explicit specification of the separation of duty (SOD) constraint, which is one of the most important constraints and is essential to the security of the system. In this paper, we analyze the SOD constraint in PBDM delegation model and give the formal definition for the constraint. We prove that the constraint violation will not happen at the stage of the delegation role definition whereas it can only happen at the stage of role assignment. We then propose a protective mechanism to prevent the illegal role delegation utilizing the prerequisite conditions which are a set of Boolean expressions. We also give the algorithm to check the prerequisite conditions to help the security administrator guarantee the safe role delegation.
Mission plan recovery for increasing vehicle autono my

Autonomy for autonomous vehicles is achieved at the level of decision making. This paper discusses the lack of autonomous decision making in current unmanned vehicles platforms. Although current unmanned vehicles are often term aautonomous, they relay on the communications and decisions established with and boperator. In order to achieve this autonomy during mission without requiring operator feedback, the study proposes the integration of novel approaches in the context of o n-line plan repair algorithms capable of providing machine behavioural awareness for on-line mission adaptation and recoverability.
Evaluation of Fingerprinting Techniques and a Windows-based Dynamic Honeypot

Server honeypots are static systems, setup to monitor attacks on research and production networks. Static honeypots are unable to represent the dynamic nature of today's networks where different numbers of hardware devices and hosts running various operating systems are online at a particular time and frequently join and leave a network. A single static server honeypot presents a particular operating system, open ports and hardware type which are associated with a unique address (i.e. IP/MAC address). A static honeypot system is also always present on the network while other hosts leave and join frequently. These properties of static systems can be a revealing indication of presence of a honeypot within a network. Dynamic honeypots overcome the static nature of server honeypots by automatically adjusting the number of hosts, operating systems and running services of honeypots deployed in a network environment, based on the topology of the production network. In this paper a dynamic honeypot design with self-configuring capabilities based on Windows platform is presented with a focus on usability and simplicity in installation, configuration and management. The honeypot can be deployed within production networks without requiring prior knowledge of network topology, hardware, operating systems and associated services and open ports on the network. Dynamic honeypots can lead to popularity and increased adaption of server honeypots with end-users and within production networks. Active and passive fingerprinting techniques utilized in the process of mapping a network and its systems for dynamic honeypot deployments are also evaluated and their accuracy and speed in detection are measured and discussed.
Phloem-localized, Proton-coupled Sucrose Carrier ZmSUT1 Mediates Sucrose Efflux under the Control of the Sucrose Gradient and the Proton Motive Force*

The phloem network is as essential for plants as the vascular system is for humans. This network, assembled by nucleus- and vacuole-free interconnected living cells, represents a long distance transport pathway for nutrients and information. According to the Münch hypothesis, osmolytes such as sucrose generate the hydrostatic pressure that drives nutrient and water flow between the source and the sink phloem (Münch, E. (1930) Die Stoffbewegungen in der Pflanze, Gustav Fischer, Jena, Germany). Although proton-coupled sucrose carriers have been localized to the sieve tube and the companion cell plasma membrane of both source and sink tissues, knowledge of the molecular representatives and the mechanism of the sucrose phloem efflux is still scant. We expressed ZmSUT1, a maize sucrose/proton symporter, in Xenopus oocytes and studied the transport characteristics of the carrier by electrophysiological methods. Using the patch clamp techniques in the giant inside-out patch mode, we altered the chemical and electrochemical gradient across the sucrose carrier and analyzed the currents generated by the proton flux. Thereby we could show that ZmSUT1 is capable of mediating both the sucrose uptake into the phloem in mature leaves (source) as well as the desorption of sugar from the phloem vessels into heterotrophic tissues (sink). As predicted from a perfect molecular machine, the ZmSUT1-mediated sucrose-coupled proton current was reversible and depended on the direction of the sucrose and pH gradient as well as the membrane potential across the transporter.
A Bio-Hybrid Tactile Sensor Incorporating Living Artificial Skin and an Impedance Sensing Array

The development of a bio-hybrid tactile sensor array that incorporates a skin analogue comprised of alginate encapsulated fibroblasts is described. The electrical properties are modulated by mechanical stress induced during contact, and changes are detected by a ten-channel dual-electrode impedance sensing array. By continuously monitoring the impedance of the sensor array at a fixed frequency, whilst normal and tangential loads are applied to the skin surface, transient mechanotransduction has been observed. The results demonstrate the effectiveness and feasibility of the preliminary prototype bio-hybrid tactile sensor.
Distinct Roles of Nogo-A and Nogo Receptor 1 in the Homeostatic Regulation of Adult Neural Stem Cell Function and Neuroblast Migration

In the adult mammalian subventricular zone (SVZ), GFAP-positive neural stem cells (NSCs) generate neuroblasts that migrate tangentially along the rostral migratory stream (RMS) toward the olfactory bulb (OB). In the mouse brain, we found that the plasticity inhibitors Nogo-A and Nogo receptor 1 (NgR1) are differentially expressed in the SVZ–OB system, in which Nogo-A identifies immature neuroblasts and NgR1 germinal astrocytes. We therefore examined the role of Nogo-A and NgR1 in the regulation of neurogenesis. Pharmacological experiments show that Nogo-66/NgR1 interaction reduces the proliferation of NSCs. This is consistent with a negative-feedback loop, in which newly generated neurons modulate cell division of SVZ stem cells. Moreover, the Nogo-A–Δ20 domain promotes neuroblast migration toward the OB through activation of the Rho/ROCK (Rho-associated, coiled-coil containing protein kinase) pathway, without the participation of NgR1. Our findings reveal a new unprecedented function for Nogo-A and NgR1 in the homeostatic regulation of the pace of neurogenesis in the adult mouse SVZ and in the migration of neuroblasts along the RMS.
Simple, Rapid and Cost-Effective Method for High Quality Nucleic Acids Extraction from Different Strains of Botryococcus braunii

This study deals with an effective nucleic acids extraction method from various strains of Botryococcus braunii which possesses an extensive extracellular matrix. A method combining freeze/thaw and bead-beating with heterogeneous diameter of silica/zirconia beads was optimized to isolate DNA and RNA from microalgae, especially from B. braunii. Eukaryotic Microalgal Nucleic Acids Extraction (EMNE) method developed in this study showed at least 300 times higher DNA yield in all strains of B. braunii with high integrity and 50 times reduced working volume compared to commercially available DNA extraction kits. High quality RNA was also extracted using this method and more than two times the yield compared to existing methods. Real-time experiments confirmed the quality and quantity of the input DNA and RNA extracted using EMNE method. The method was also applied to other eukaryotic microalgae, such as diatoms, Chlamydomonas sp. , Chlorella sp. , and Scenedesmus sp. resulting in higher efficiencies. Cost-effectiveness analysis of DNA extraction by various methods revealed that EMNE method was superior to commercial kits and other reported methods by >15%. This method would immensely contribute to area of microalgal genomics.
Artificial Intelligence in the Concertgebouw

In this paper we present a real-world application (the first of its kind) of machine listening in the context of a live concert in a world-famous concert hall - the Concertgebouw in Amsterdam. A real-time music tracking algorithm listens to the Royal Concertgebouw Orchestra performing Richard Strauss' Alpensinfonie and follows the progress in the sheet music, i.e., continuously tracks the most likely position of the live music in the printed score. This information, in turn, is used to enrich the concert experience for members of the audience by streaming synchronised visual content (the sheet music, explanatory text and videos) onto tablet computers in the concert hall. The main focus of this paper is on the challenges involved in tracking live orchestral music, i.e., how to deal with heavily polyphonic music, how to prepare the data needed, and how to achieve the necessary robustness and precision.
Identifying Web Tables - Supporting a Neglected Type of Content on the Web

The abundance of the data in the Internet facilitates the improvement of extraction and processing tools. The trend in the open data publishing encourages the adoption of structured formats like CSV and RDF. However, there is still a plethora of unstructured data on the Web which we assume contain semantics. For this reason, we propose an approach to derive semantics from web tables which are still the most popular publishing tool on the Web. The paper also discusses methods and services of unstructured data extraction and processing as well as machine learning techniques to enhance such a workflow. The eventual result is a framework to process, publish and visualize linked open data. The software enables tables extraction from various open data sources in the HTML format and an automatic export to the RDF format making the data linked. The paper also gives the evaluation of machine learning techniques in conjunction with string similarity functions to be applied in a tables recognition task.
Silver bullet or fools' gold? A global review of markets for forest environmental services and their impact on the poor.

Ever since the passage of the 1990 amendments to the US Clean Air act and the creation of a market in sulfur dioxide (SO2), it has become clear that market mechanisms can be effectively used to achieve environmental policies. But markets are neither infallible nor automatic. They have blind spots and they need to be designed effectively if they are to effectively achieve environmental ends. This paper defines markets as regular gatherings of people for the purpose of buying and selling goods or services. Such markets are distinguished from public payments to private landowners for ecosystem services, or private deals between a few buyers and sellers. It then provides a brief overview of several existing and proposed environmental markets, including: the Acid Rain market in the US, the Emissions Trading Scheme in the UK, the proposed Emissions Trading System for the European Union, the US market in greenhouse gases proposed by Senators McCain and Lieberman, the US market in wetlands mitigation credits, and the renewable energy market in Texas. From these the paper attempts to draw some lessons and conclusions. URI http://hdl.handle. net/10919/66848 Collections Sustainable Agriculture and Natural Resource Management (SANREM) Knowledgebase [4055] Silver bullet or fools' gold: A global review of markets for forest environmental services and their impact on the poor ​ Landell-Mills, N. ; Porras, I.T. (London: International Institute for Environment and Development, 2002) Market-based approaches to environmental management are increasingly common in all sectors of the economy. Forestry is no exception. Governments around the world have opened the door to private sector participation in all . Exploring the market for voluntary carbon offsets ​ Taiyab, N. (London: International Institute for Environment and Development (IIED), 2006) This paper explores the potential for financing small-scale high-benefit sustainable development projects through the voluntary and retail sector of the carbon market. Through a literature review and interviews with offset . Creating markets for environmental stewardship: Potential benefits and problems ​ Ribaudo, M. (Washington, D.C.: Economic Research Service, USDA, 2008) This topical article from the United States Department of Agriculture summarizes some of the potential benefits and problems faced by defining environmental services markets in the United States. Though the discussion is . If you believe that any material in VTechWorks should be removed, please see our Making environmental markets work: lessons from early experience with sulfur, carbon, wetlands, and other related markets 
Mobility and Stability: The Dynamics of Job Change in Labor Markets

Three central facts describe inter-firm worker mobility in modern labor markets: 1) long-term employment relationships are common, 2) most new jobs end early, and 3) the probability of a job ending declines with tenure. Models based on firm-specific capital provide a parsimonious explanation for these facts, but it also appears that worker heterogeneity in mobility rates can account for much of what we observe in these data. I investigate tests of the specific capital model and consider whether these tests are successful in distinguishing the specific capital model from a model based on heterogeneity. One approach uses longitudinal data with detailed mobility histories of workers. These analyses suggest that both heterogeneity and specific capital (implying true duration dependence in the hazard of job ending) appear to be significant factors in accounting for mobility patterns. A second approach is through estimation of the return to tenure in earnings functions. This is found to have several weaknesses including endogeneity of tenure and the lack of tight theoretical links between tenure and accumulated specific capital and between productivity and wages. A third approach is to use of data on the earnings experience of displaced workers. Several tests are derived based on these data, but there is generally an alternative heterogeneity-based explanation that makes interpretation difficult. Nonetheless, firms appear willing to pay to encourage long-term employment relationships, and they may do so because it is efficient to invest in their workforce. On this basis, I conclude that, while deriving convincing direct evidence for the specific capital model of mobility is difficult, it appears that specific capital is a useful construct for understanding worker mobility and wage dynamics.
A Database of Force-Field Parameters, Dynamics, and Properties of Antimicrobial Compounds

We present an on-line database of all-atom force-field parameters and molecular properties of compounds with antimicrobial activity (mostly antibiotics and some beta-lactamase inhibitors). For each compound, we provide the General Amber Force Field parameters for the major species at physiological pH, together with an analysis of properties of interest as extracted from μs-long molecular dynamics simulations in explicit water solution. The properties include number and population of structural clusters, molecular flexibility, hydrophobic and hydrophilic molecular surfaces, the statistics of intra- and inter-molecular H-bonds, as well as structural and dynamical properties of solvent molecules within first and second solvation shells. In addition, the database contains several key molecular parameters, such as energy of the frontier molecular orbitals, vibrational properties, rotational constants, atomic partial charges and electric dipole moment, computed by Density Functional Theory. The present database (to our knowledge the first extensive one including dynamical properties) is part of a wider project aiming to build-up a database containing structural, physico-chemical and dynamical properties of medicinal compounds using different force-field parameters with increasing level of complexity and reliability. The database is freely accessible at http://www.dsf. unica.it/translocation/db/.
A Fast Encoding Algorithm for Multiview Video Coding

Huge computational complexity of encoding multiview color video is one of the main challenges of putting 3D video systems into practical use. A fast encoding algorithm is proposed in this paper. The proposed algorithm combines a fast macroblock mode selection method and a fast prediction direction determination method. The fast macroblock mode selection method utilizes the macroblock modes of the corresponding macroblock and the macroblocks which surrounding it. The fast prediction direction determination method directly makes use of prediction direction of the corresponding macroblock. Simulation results demonstrate that the proposed fast algorithm promotes the encoding speed by 2.65~8.61 times in comparison with JMVM, while the algorithm hardly influences the RD performance.
ATZ (3‐amino‐1,2,4‐triazole) injected into the fourth cerebral ventricle influences the Bezold–Jarisch reflex in conscious rats

OBJECTIVES: Many studies have investigated the importance of oxidative stress on the cardiovascular system. In this study we evaluated the effects of central catalase inhibition on cardiopulmonary reflex in conscious Wistar rats. METHODS: Male Wistar rats were implanted with a stainless steel guide cannula in the fourth cerebral ventricle. The femoral artery and vein were cannulated for mean arterial pressure and heart rate measurement and for drug infusion, respectively. After basal mean arterial pressure and heart rate recordings, the cardiopulmonary reflex was tested with a dose of phenylbiguanide (PBG, 8 µg/kg, bolus). Cardiopulmonary reflex was evaluated before and µl15 minutes after 1.0 µL 3‐amino‐1,2,4‐triazole (ATZ, 0.01g/100µL)0.01 g/100 µL) injection into the fourth cerebral ventricle. Vehicle treatment did not change cardiopulmonary reflex responses. RESULTS: Central ATZ significantly increased hypotensive responses without influencing the bradycardic reflex. CONCLUSION: ATZ injected into the fourth cerebral ventricle increases sympathetic inhibition but does not change the parasympathetic component of the cardiopulmonary reflex in conscious Wistar rats.
LONG‐TERM REGULATION OF ARTERIAL BLOOD PRESSURE BY HYPOTHALAMIC NUCLEI: SOME CRITICAL QUESTIONS

1. The long‐term level of arterial pressure is dependent on the relationship between arterial pressure and the urinary output of salt and water, which, in turn, is affected by a number of factors, including renal sympathetic nerve activity (RSNA). In the present brief review, we consider the mechanisms within the brain that can influence RSNA, focusing particularly on hypothalamic mechanisms.
AMPLIF Marshall Chasin An Introduction − − Music and Hearing Aids

Modern digital hearing aids have provided improved fidelity over those of earlier decades for speech. The same however cannot be said for music. Most modern hearing aids have a limitation of their “front end,” which comprises the analog-todigital (A/D) converter. For a number of reasons, the spectral nature of music as an input to a hearing aid is beyond the optimal operating conditions of the “front end” components. Amplified music tends to be of rather poor fidelity. Once the music signal is distorted, no amount of software manipulation that occurs later in the circuitry can improve things. The solution is not a software issue. Some characteristics of music that make it difficult to be transduced without significant distortion include an increased sound level relative to that of speech, and the crest factorthe difference in dB between the instantaneous peak of a signal and its RMS value. Clinical strategies and technical innovations have helped to improve the fidelity of amplified music and these include a reduction of the level of the input that is presented to the A/D converter.