Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
A modeling study of anaerobic biofilm systems: II. Reactor modeling

A rigorous steady‐state model of anaerobic biofilm reactors taking into account acid–base and gas–phase equilibria in the reactor in conjunction with detailed chemical equilibria and mass transfer in acetate‐utilizing methanogenic biofilms is presented. The performances of ideal completely stirred tank reactors (CSTRs) and plug‐flow reactors, as well as reactors with nonideal hydraulic conditions, are simulated. Decreasing the surface loading rate increases the acetate removal efficiency, while decreasing the influent pH and increasing the buffering capacity improves the removal efficiency only if the bulk pH of the reactor shifts toward more optimal values between 6.8 to 7.0. The reactor can have negative or positive removal efficiencies depending on the start‐up conditions. The respiration coefficient plays a critical role in determining the minimum influent pH required for reactor recovery after failure. Having multiple CSTRs‐in‐series generally increases the overall removal efficiency for the influent conditions investigated. Monitoring of the influent feed quality is critical for plug‐flow reactors, becasue failure of the initial sections of the reactor may cause a cascading effect that may lead to a rapid reactor failure. © 1995 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Drawing Large Graphs by Low‐Rank Stress Majorization

Optimizing a stress model is a natural technique for drawing graphs: one seeks an embedding into Rd which best preserves the induced graph metric. Current approaches to solving the stress model for a graph with |𝒱| nodes and |ɛ| edges require the full all‐pairs shortest paths (APSP) matrix, which takes O(|𝒱|2 log |ɛ|+|𝒱‖ɛ|) time and O(|𝒱|2) space. We propose a novel algorithm based on a low‐rank approximation to the required matrices. The crux of our technique is an observation that it is possible to approximate the full APSP matrix, even when only a small subset of its entries are known. Our algorithm takes time O(k|𝒱|+|𝒱|log|𝒱|+|ɛ|) per iteration with a preprocessing time of O(k3+ k(|ɛ|+|𝒱| log |𝒱|) + k2|𝒱|) and memory usage of O(k|𝒱|), where a user‐defined parameter k trades off quality of approximation with running time and space. We give experimental results which show, to the best of our knowledge, the largest (albeit approximate) full stress model based layouts to date.
FolkPopularityRank: Tag Recommendation for Enhancing Social Popularity using Text Tags in Content Sharing Services

In this study, we address two emerging yet challenging problems in social media: (1) scoring the text tags in terms of the influence to the numbers of views, comments, and favorite ratings of images and videos on content sharing services, and (2) recommending additional tags to increase such popularity-related numbers. For these purposes, we present the FolkPopularityRank algorithm, which can score text tags based on their ability to influence the popularity-related numbers. The FolkPopularityRank algorithm is inspired by the PageRank and FolkRank algorithms but the scores of the tags are calculated not only by the co-occurrence of the tags but also by considering the popularityrelated numbers of the content. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first attempt to recommending tags that can enhance popularity attributes of social media. We conducted extensive experiments with about 1,000 images. We uploaded the photos with the recommended tags along with the original tags to Flickr as a real test, and obtained very promising results.
REVIEW ESSAY

The high-stakes game of mergers and acquisitions (M&A) that redefined Wall Street in the 1980s was engineered by a handful of specialized operations. Kohlberg, Kravis & Roberts (KKR) and Drexel Burnham Lambert are two of the most important innovators of the leveraged buyout (LBO), a financial maneuver in which an entity borrows vast sums of money in order to wrest control over a target company. KKR devised the first capital structures (organization of cash flow and cost of capital) that would make a LBO feasible while Michael Milken’s infamous high-yielding junk-bond operation at Drexel provided the financial instruments for raising funds. The Milken machine commanded unmatched intelligence about potential buyers and sellers of junk bonds, as well as their loyalty, which allowed his group to piece together financing commitments on terms that trounced the competition. In the words of George Anders, to finance an LBO, these ‘merchants of debt’ arranged senior debt, subordinated debt and a variety of other loans ‘with an intricacy and cleverness much like that of a mathematician solving multiple simultaneous equations or an engineer designing bridges’ (1992, p. 39). The takeover magnates’ serenade was that taking on debt could be productive. The basic rationale was simple enough: a company could remain viable while servicing an enormous debt-burden so long as it could generate a stable pattern of earnings. The LBO overturned corporate America’s aversion to indebtedness. Debt as debt remained reprehensible, but harnessed to value, debt was good. What financial luminaries did not explain, however, was that if levering-up was going to make sense, the very definition of corporate value would undergo a gutwrenching shift. Industrial might (productive capacity) would no longer be the primary objective of corporate enterprise. What would matter most when companies had high debt ratios was regularizing cash-flow (financial capacity). The promise of leverage was
Reference Image Distorted Image T ext Segm entation Pictorial Patches Text Patches Pictorial Patches Text Patches Textural Quality Prediction Pictorial Quality Prediction Final Quality

In this paper, we propose a novel full-reference objective quality assessment metric of screen content images by structure information. The input screen content image is first divided into textual and pictorial regions. The visual quality of textual regions is predicted based on perceptual structural similarity, where the gradient information is used as the feature. To estimate the visual quality of pictorial regions, we extract the luminance and structure features as feature representation. The overall quality of the screen content image is measured by fusing those of textual and pictorial parts. Experimental results show that the proposed method can obtain better performance of visual quality prediction of SCIs than other existing ones.
Light Thresholds to Prevent Dredging Impacts on the Great Barrier Reef Seagrass, Zostera muelleri ssp. capricorni

Coastal seagrass habitats are at risk from a range of anthropogenic activities that modify the natural light environment, including dredging activities associated with coastal and port developments. On Australia’s east coast, the tropical seagrass Zostera muelleri ssp. capricorni dominates intertidal mudbanks in sheltered embayments which are also preferred locations for harbours and port facilities. Dredging to establish and maintain shipping channels in these areas can degrade water quality and diminish light conditions that are required for seagrass growth. Based on this potential conflict, we simulated in-situ light attenuation events to measure effects on Z. muelleri ssp. capricorni condition. Semi-annual in situ shading studies conducted over three years were used to quantify the impact of prolonged light reduction on seagrass morphometrics (biomass, percent cover and shoot density). Experimental manipulations were complimented with an assessment of 46 months of light history and concurrent natural seagrass change at the study site in Gladstone Harbour. There was a clear light-dependent effect on seagrass morphometrics during seagrass growing seasons, but no effect during senescent periods. Significant seagrass declines occurred between four and eight weeks after shading during the growing seasons with light maintained in the range of 4 - 5 mol photons m-2 d-1. Sensitivity to shading declined when applied in two-week intervals (fortnightly) rather than continuous over the same period. Field observations were correlated to manipulative experiments to derive an applied threshold of 6 mol photons m-2 d-1 which formed the basis of a reactive light-based management strategy which has been successfully implemented to ensure positive ecological outcomes for seagrass during a large-scale dredging program.
Consumer's Revisit Behavior in Online Group-Buying: A Shopping Value Perspective

There is a tremendous growth of online group-buying (OGB) in recent years. Under the intensive market competition, customer’s revisit behavior is essential for OGB websites to survive. Drawing upon the shopping value perspective, this paper identifies the unique features of OGB and investigates the impacts of these features on customer shopping value and revisit behaviors. A theoretical model was developed and tested by 258 valid responses collected through an online survey. The results show that both the hedonic value and utilitarian value are salient in OGB context and the identified OGB features significantly influence the shopping value. Further, the effects of shopping value vary among different visit channels.
Alterations in the local myocardial motion pattern in patients suffering from pressure overload due to aortic stenosis.

BACKGROUND MR tissue tagging allows the noninvasive assessment of the locally and temporally resolved motion pattern of the left ventricle. Alterations in cardiac torsion and diastolic relaxation of the left ventricle were studied in patients with aortic stenosis and were compared with those of healthy control subjects and championship rowers with physiological volume-overload hypertrophy. METHODS AND RESULTS Twelve aortic stenosis patients, 11 healthy control subjects with normal left ventricular function, and 11 world-championship rowers were investigated for systolic and diastolic heart wall motion on a basal and an apical level of the myocardium. Systolic torsion and untwisting during diastole were examined by use of a novel tagging technique (CSPAMM) that provides access to systolic and diastolic motion data. In the healthy heart, the left ventricle performs a systolic wringing motion, with a counterclockwise rotation at the apex and a clockwise rotation at the base. Apical untwisting precedes diastolic filling. In the athlete's heart, torsion and untwisting remain unchanged compared with those of the control subjects. In aortic stenosis patients, torsion is significantly increased and diastolic apical untwisting is prolonged compared with those of control subjects or athletes. CONCLUSIONS Torsional behavior as observed in pressure- and volume-overloaded hearts is consistent with current theoretical findings. A delayed diastolic untwisting in the pressure-overloaded hearts of the patients may contribute to a tendency toward diastolic dysfunction.
Studies of Labile polyelectrolyte at solid-liquid interfaces

Guar is naturally occurring polysaccharide. This thesis presents studies on hydroxypropyl guar (HPG) borate, a Labile polyelectrolyte, interacting with a number of model tear film (eye) components including sulfate-stabilized polystyrene latex, anionic lipid-stabilized emulsions and cationic 1,2-dioleoyl-3-trimethylammonium-propane (DOTAP) liposomes. The presence of borate ions converts nonionic HPG into an anionic polyelectrolyte. However, the borate ions on HPG chains do not inhibit HPG-borate adsorption onto anionic polystyrene latex. Both HPG and HPG-borate show the same adsorption isotherms. As a comparison, HPG slightly oxidized to give C6 carboxyl groups, with a degree of substitution close to HPG-borate, does not adsorb onto anionic polystyrene latex when the polymer is fully ionized. Although HPG and HPG-borate do not adsorb onto anionic lipid-stabilized emulsions, the emulsions aggregate at high polymer concentration (> 0.1 giL) because of depletion flocculation. Borate ions do not influence the depletion threshold polymer concentration. However, HPG provides gravitational stability for flocculated emulsions to against phase separation. Our work has shown that cationic colloids in the presence of HPG-borate display bridging flocculation, depletion flocculation, steric st,abilization, salt induced coagulation, or no change at all, depending upon the HPG and salt concentrations. Developed were novel stability maps showing these phenomena mapped onto a log salt concentration versus log HPG concentration plane. The maps were generated by a combination of published models and experimental results. This portrayal of complex behaviors will be valuable to fonnulators because it clearly shows the effects of changing HPG molecular weight, colloids size and colloid volume fraction.
Cryo‐electron diffraction as a tool to study local variations in the lipid organization of human stratum corneum

The human skin provides the body with a barrier against transepidermal water loss and the penetration of harmful agents (e.g. microbes) from outside. This barrier function is produced mainly by the outermost, nonviable layer of the epidermis, the stratum corneum (SC). The SC consists of terminally differentiated corneocytes surrounded by a continuous intercellular lipid domain, which contains mostly ceramides, cholesterol and free fatty acids. Small‐ and wide‐angle X‐ray diffraction studies have elucidated the lamellar and lateral lipid organizations in these domains. However, these techniques require bulk quantities of SC, as a result of which local structure information on the lipids cannot be obtained. Insights to these local lipid arrangements are important when new transdermal drug delivery systems have to be developed. Therefore, the technique of electron diffraction arose as a tool to study the lateral packing of the lipids in the intercellular domains of SC, locally. In a previous study, the suitability of electron diffraction was demonstrated using a lipid model system that resembled the lipid composition of the SC. The spacings calculated from the electron diffraction patterns were in good agreement with the spacings revealed by wide‐angle X‐ray diffraction. The results presented here succeed this previous study. We improved the microscope settings and developed a new preparation method to study ex vivo human SC by cryo‐electron diffraction. The method is based on the conventional tape‐stripping method and offers the possibility to study depth‐related changes in the lipid organization of human SC. Diffraction patterns of both hexagonal and orthorhombic lipid lattices have been recorded with spacings that resembled those found in human SC by wide‐angle X‐ray diffraction. After lipid extraction, such diffraction patterns could no longer be detected in the samples.
A novel method for recognition of handwritten chemical symbols based on MQDF

Chemical symbols recognition is a base component in online handwritten chemical formulas recognition which has been paid more and more attention. This paper adopts 108 chemical symbols which are comprised of inorganic chemical symbols, organic ring structures, chemical bonds and laboratory apparatus. The recognizing process is divided into four steps. The first is adjusting and optimizing the handwritten data. Then, eight-directional features are extracted from each trajectory point. In the third stage, the features are optimized by maximum filter and Gaussian filter. The MQDF classifier is used for recognition of handwritten chemical symbols at last. Experimental results show that the proposed method is robust and flexible.
Mobile Search through Dynamic Mashups

Nowadays, mobile devices are the first choice for seeking information and content consumption on the Web. However, the overwhelming amount of available web resources, significantly affects the quality of the results returned by search systems. Traditionally, the web resource's retrieval is performed by using syntactic and/or semantic matches between the user query and content of the resources, leaving aside aspects such as: Goals and intentions that an end-user has when performing a query. This paper introduces a novel approach that allows to improve the mobile search user experience, delivering results according to his goals and intentions. This proposal is based on three main processes: i) To infer goals and intentions of end-users from their search query through a probabilistic generative model called LDA (Latent Dirichlet Allocation). ii) to discover resources based on inferred goals and intentions. And iii) to generate a dynamic mash up with the retrieved resources. We argue that the concept of mash up can contribute to improve the user experience in mobile search. Experiments show promising results in the user search experience in contrast to traditional approaches.
GRAMMAR SUPPORTED FACADE RECONSTRUCTION FROM MOBILE LIDAR MAPPING

The paper describes an approach for the quality dependent reconstruction of building facades using 3D point clouds from mobile terrestrial laser scanning and coarse building models. Due to changing viewing conditions such measurements frequently suffer from different point densities at the respective building facades. In order to support the automatic generation of facade structure in regions where no or only limited LiDAR measurements are available, a quality dependent processing is implemented. For this purpose, facades are reconstructed at areas of sufficient LiDAR point densities in a first processing step. Based on this reconstruction, rules are derived automatically, which together with the respective facade elements constitute a so-called facade grammar. This grammar holds all the information that is necessary to reconstruct facades in the style of the given building. Thus, it can be used as knowledge base in order to improve and complete facade reconstructions at areas of limited sensor data. Even for parts where no LiDAR measurements are available at all synthetic facade structures can be hypothesized providing detailed building geometry.
Particular Forms of Homography Matrices

This paper deals with monocular video sequences without calibration to recover a maximum of information on displacement and projection parameters. In this paper, we propose a new way to deal with the huge number of particular cases of homographic relations and validate this approach with some experiments showing that if several models are correct, the model with less parameters gives the best estimation. The experiments presented in this paper show also that even if the motion is approximate, the method is still robust.
Children and Adults Both Learn Motor Sequences Quickly, But Do So Differently

Both children and adults can learn motor sequences quickly in one learning session, yet little is known about potential age-related processes that underlie this fast sequence acquisition. Here, we examined the progressive performance changes in a one-session modified serial reaction time task in 6- and 10-year-old children and adults. We found that rapid sequence learning, as reflected by reaction time (RT), was comparable between groups. The learning was expressed through two behavioral processes: online progressive changes in RT while the task was performed in a continuous manner and oﬄine changes in RT that emerged following a short rest. These oﬄine and online RT changes were age-related; learning in 6-year-olds was primarily reflected through the oﬄine process. In contrast, learning in adults was reflected through the online process; and both online and oﬄine processes occurred concurrently in 10-year-olds. Our results suggest that early rapid sequence learning has a developmental profile. Although the unifying mechanism underlying these two age-related processes is unclear, we discuss possible explanations that need to be systematically elucidated in future studies.
D-branes, Discrete Torsion and the McKay Correspondence

We analyze the D-branes of a type IIB string theory on an orbifold singularity including the possibility of discrete torsion following the work of Douglas et al. First we prove some general results about the moduli space of a point associated to the "regular representation" of the orbifold group. This includes some analysis of the "wrapped branes" which necessarily appear when the orbifold singularity is not isolated. Next we analyze the stringy homology of the orbifold using the McKay correspondence and the relationship between K-theory and homology. We find that discrete torsion and torsion in this stringy homology are closely-related concepts but that they differ in general. Lastly we question to what extent the D-1 brane may be thought of as being dual to a string.
Inner Speech: Development, Cognitive Functions, Phenomenology, and Neurobiology

Inner speech—also known as covert speech or verbal thinking—has been implicated in theories of cognitive development, speech monitoring, executive function, and psychopathology. Despite a growing body of knowledge on its phenomenology, development, and function, approaches to the scientific study of inner speech have remained diffuse and largely unintegrated. This review examines prominent theoretical approaches to inner speech and methodological challenges in its study, before reviewing current evidence on inner speech in children and adults from both typical and atypical populations. We conclude by considering prospects for an integrated cognitive science of inner speech, and present a multicomponent model of the phenomenon informed by developmental, cognitive, and psycholinguistic considerations. Despite its variability among individuals and across the life span, inner speech appears to perform significant functions in human cognition, which in some cases reflect its developmental origins and its sharing of resources with other cognitive processes.
Supplementary material for : Initializing Bayesian Hyperparameter Optimization via Meta-Learning

To evaluate our approach in a realistic setting we implemented 46 metafeatures from the literature listed in Table 1.1 These metafeatures are computed only for the training set. While most of them can be computed for a whole dataset, some of them (e.g., skewness) are defined for each attribute of a dataset. In this case, we compute the metafeature for each attribute of the dataset and use the mean, standard deviation, minimum and maximum of the resulting vector as proposed in Reif, Shafait, and Dengel (2012b). Since previous empirical results suggested that landmarking metafeatures are superior to other metafeatures (Pfahringer, Bensusan, and Giraud-Carrier 2000; Reif, Shafait, and Dengel 2011; 2012a), we experimented with using only the landmarking features used in the first experiment of Pfahringer, Bensusan, and Giraud-Carrier (2000). We also experimented with the subsets of metafeatures used in previous works on collaborative SMBO (Bardenet et al. 2013; Yogatama and Mann 2014). The exact subset are:
A high-capacity wireless network by quad-sector cell and interleaved channel assignment

We propose an improved sectorization scheme, called narrow-beam quad-sector cell (NBQC) for cellular networks, in which each cell is divided into four sectors and each sector is covered by a 60/spl deg/ antenna. The NBQC structure allows easy implementation of the concept of interleaved channel assignment (ICA), which can take full advantage of antenna directivity. With ICA, the NBQC system can enhance the system performance from several perspectives. First, the NBQC has better coverage performance than the current three-sector cellular architecture. Second, we demonstrate that in a typical radio environment, the NBQC system ran achieve a reuse cluster size N=2 with the signal-to-interference ratio (SIR) as high as 11 dB in 90% of the cell area, which is a 3-5-dB improvement over the existing cellular architectures. Third, as compared to the most advanced three-sector clover-leaf cell architecture with reuse cluster size N=3, the NBQC system with ICA can achieve reuse cluster size N=2 with very slight degradation in SIR performance, thereby still improving the system capacity by about 10% over a wide range of ninetieth percentile SIR requirements.