Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Quantum error correction with the toric Gottesman-Kitaev-Preskill code

We examine the performance of the single-mode Gottesman-Kitaev-Preskill (GKP) code and its concatenation with the toric code for a noise model of Gaussian shifts, or displacement errors. We show how one can optimize the tracking of errors in repeated noisy error correction for the GKP code. We do this by examining the maximum-likelihood problem for this setting and its mapping onto a 1D Euclidean path-integral modeling a particle in a random cosine potential. We demonstrate the efficiency of a minimum-energy decoding strategy as a proxy for the path integral evaluation. In the second part of this paper, we analyze and numerically assess the concatenation of the GKP code with the toric code. When toric code measurements and GKP error correction measurements are perfect, we find that by using GKP error information the toric code threshold improves from 10% to 14%. When only the GKP error correction measurements are perfect we observe a threshold at 6%. In the more realistic setting when all error information is noisy, we show how to represent the maximum likelihood decoding problem for the toric-GKP code as a 3D compact QED model in the presence of a quenched random gauge field, an extension of the random-plaquette gauge model for the toric code. We present a decoder for this problem which shows the existence of a noise threshold at shift-error standard deviation σ0 ≈ 0.243 for toric code measurements, data errors and GKP ancilla errors. If the errors only come from having imperfect GKP states, then this corresponds to states with just four photons or more. Our last result is a no-go result for linear oscillator codes, encoding oscillators into oscillators. For the Gaussian displacement error model, we prove that encoding corresponds to squeezing the shift errors. This shows that linear oscillator codes are useless for quantum information protection against Gaussian shift errors.
Monadic translation of classical sequent calculus

We study monadic translations of the call-by-name (cbn) and call-by-value (cbv) fragments of the classical sequent calculus ${\overline{\lambda}\mu\tilde{\mu}}$ due to Curien and Herbelin, and give modular and syntactic proofs of strong normalisation. The target of the translations is a new meta-language for classical logic, named monadic λμ. This language is a monadic reworking of Parigot's λμ-calculus, where the monadic binding is confined to commands, thus integrating the monad with the classical features. Also, its μ-reduction rule is replaced by a rule expressing the interaction between monadic binding and μ-abstraction. Our monadic translations produce very tight simulations of the respective fragments of ${\overline{\lambda}\mu\tilde{\mu}}$ within monadic λμ, with reduction steps of ${\overline{\lambda}\mu\tilde{\mu}}$ being translated in a 1–1 fashion, except for β steps, which require two steps. The monad of monadic λμ can be instantiated to the continuations monad so as to ensure strict simulation of monadic λμ within simply typed λ-calculus with β- and η-reduction. Through strict simulation, the strong normalisation of simply typed λ-calculus is inherited by monadic λμ, and then by cbn and cbv ${\overline{\lambda}\mu\tilde{\mu}}$, thus reproving strong normalisation in an elementary syntactical way for these fragments of ${\overline{\lambda}\mu\tilde{\mu}}$, and establishing it for our new calculus. These results extend to second-order logic, with polymorphic λ-calculus as the target, giving new strong normalisation results for classical second-order logic in sequent calculus style. CPS translations of cbn and cbv ${\overline{\lambda}\mu\tilde{\mu}}$ with the strict simulation property are obtained by composing our monadic translations with the continuations-monad instantiation. In an appendix to the paper, we investigate several refinements of the continuations-monad instantiation in order to obtain in a modular way improvements of the CPS translations enjoying extra properties like simulation by cbv β-reduction or reduction of administrative redexes at compile time.
Professionalisation and social attitudes: a protocol for measuring changes in HIV/AIDS-related stigma among healthcare students

Introduction HIV/AIDS-related stigma affects the access and utilisation of health services. Although HIV/AIDS-related stigma in the health services has been studied, little work has attended to the relationship between professional development and stigmatising attitudes. Hence, in this study, we will extend earlier research by examining the relationship between the stage of professional development and the kinds of stigmatising attitudes held about people living with HIV/AIDS. Methods and analysis A serial cross-sectional design will be combined with a two-point in time longitudinal design to measure the levels of stigma among healthcare students from each year of undergraduate and graduate courses in Malaysia and Australia. In the absence of suitable measures, we will carry out a sequential mixed methods design to develop such a tool. The questionnaire data will be analysed using mixed effects linear models to manage the repeated measures. Ethics and dissemination We have received ethical approval from the Monash MBBS executive committee as well as the Monash University Human Research Ethics Committee. We will keep the data in a locked filing cabinet in the Monash University (Sunway campus) premises for 5 years, after which the information will be shredded and disposed of in secure bins, and digital recordings will be erased in accordance with Monash University's regulations. Only the principal investigator and the researcher will have access to the filing cabinet. We aim to present and publish the results of this study in national and international conferences and peer-reviewed journals, respectively.
Tax Incentives and Household Portfolios: A Panel Data Analysis

This paper investigates the responsiveness of household portfolios to tax incentives by exploiting a substantial tax reform that altered after-tax returns and cost of debt for a large number of households. An extraordinary panel data set that covers two years before and after the reform is used for the analysis. Our empirical findings suggest that households reshuffle their balance sheets in the case of a partial deductibility phase-out. In particular, heavily taxed, interest-bearing assets are used to pay off mortgage debt. Furthermore, we find that taxes have a significant impact on the structure of household portfolios even after controlling for unobserved heterogeneity.
Towards an Early Holocene Tephrochronology for the Faroe Islands: Methodology and first results

The uncertainties regarding future climate change have put considerable notice to the climate variability following the Late Glacial-Holocene transition (ca. 13-9 ka BP) in the North Atlantic region as well as the forcing mechanisms behind climate changes. Much attention has focused on short climate events in order to understand the mechanisms that drove these changes but also to identify the leads and lags in the climate system. Chronological uncertainties for these events remain but an accurate chronological framework for the North Atlantic region would enhance possibilities to solve some of the chronological questions. Tephrochronology uses volcanic ash from a volcanic eruption which creates a marker horizon in marine and lake sediments, peat bogs and glacier ice as the ash is spread over large areas. These time-parallel markers allow precise correlations between archives. The purpose of this thesis is to improve and refine the Early Holocene tephrochronological framework with focus on dating and identification of new and previously known tephra horizons on the Faroe Islands, especially around the climatic events of the Preboreal Oscillation (11,300-11,100 cal. yr BP), the Erdalen events (10,100-10,050 and 10,000-9800 cal. yr BP) and the 9.3 ka BP event. A second goal is to develop the methodology of tephrochronology for finding cryptotephra (not visible by the eye) horizons in lacustrine sediments. The findings of eight tephra horizons spanning ca. 11,350 to 9700 cal yr BP where three are known from other locations in Europe show the potential of tephrochronology for linking records across the North Atlantic region. Refined ages for the Askja-S and Hasseldalen tephra were obtained from an age model built on eight AMS radiocarbon ages with the Saksunarvatn ash as a constrained age. The results from using XRF ITRAX core scanner to locate tephra in lacustrine sediments illustrate that high concentrations of basaltic tephra could be captured but not lower concentrations of rhyolitic shards.
A note on Whittaker–Henderson graduation: Bisymmetry of the smoother matrix

Abstract Whittaker–Henderson (WH) graduation is a popular smoothing method that has been used for mortality table construction in the actuarial sciences and for the trend-cycle decomposition in time series econometrics. This paper proves that the smoother matrix of WH graduation is bisymmetric (i.e., symmetric centrosymmetric). This result implies, for example, that the first row of the smoother matrix is equivalent to the last row of it in reverse order. We also provide some related results.
Review of techniques for measuring soil moisture in situ. Special report

Recently there has been an increased interest in the in-situ measurement of soil moisture content in the areas of hydrology, meteorology, agriculture and environmental studies. Current methods generally have limitations, depending upon the use of the data, that greatly influence acquisition and reliability of the soil moisture determination. This report discusses gravimetric, nuclear, electromagnetic, tensiometric and hygroscopic techniques and the advantages and disadvantages of using the technique. Emphasis is placed on the tensiometric and electromagnetic techniques. These two measurements when coupled together would supply information on the wetting and drying soil moisture characteristic curves and thereby provide a means of tracing moisture movement under field conditions in cold climates.
Traditional and bayesian approaches for testing mean equivalence and a lack of association

Researchers are often interested in demonstrating that variables are unrelated. However, declar-ing a lack of relationship (e.g., no mean difference or no correlation) through nonrejection of the traditional null hypothesis (e.g., H0: μ1 − μ2 = 0; H0: ρ = 0) is inappropriate. The two one-sided tests (TOST) method for testing mean equivalence is a popular approach to resolving this issue, and has been adapted for testing equivalence with various test statistics. In this study, two Bayesian alternatives to the TOST method for assessing equivalence of means or a lack of correlation were examined and compared to their equivalence testing analogs. The first is the Bayes factor method, which compares the relative evidence that the data were more likely under one hypothesis than another. The second method is Bayesian parameter estimation, using highest density intervals, which estimates a posterior distribution and seeks to demonstrate that the interval falls within bounds for establishing equivalence. The power rates of these procedures were first compared in a simulation study. Next, empirical examples of each of the approaches are shown using an openly available dataset on personality traits. Results identify the benefits and limitations of these competing alternatives under various testing conditions, and highlight the importance of using equivalence interval based methods in the behavioral sciences.
Effect of exchange and magnetostatic interactions on grain boundaries

Magnetic minerals are abundant within our Earth’s crust and can retain, through one of a number of processes, a remanent magnetisation induced by the Earth’s magnetic field. Analyses of palaeomagnetic samples have been used for the past fifty years to improve our understanding of many of the Earth’s major processes. Recent studies utilising newly developed imaging techniques, namely holographic transmission electron microscopy, have for the first time allowed direct observations of the magnetic structure in palaeomagnetic samples on a nanoscale. It is commonly observed that igneous rocks contain closely packed magnetic lamellae with a non-magnetic matrix, a result of the chemical process of exsolution. However, the results of current micromagnetic models, generated to predict the magnetic structure within such samples, are not in agreement with these direct observations. The results do, however, show strong similarities to the direct observations. The discrepancies between the direct observations and micromagnetic models indicate a lack of understanding of the magnetic interactions within such samples. To examine this two distinct hypotheses have been tested. Firstly, the geometry of the system has been altered to examine the effect of this on the magnetic structure of the grains. Secondly, a multiphase model has been produced. This multiphase model allows the simulation of more complicated systems that include more than one magnetic material in direct contact. This multiphase model has allowed us to examine the effect of varying the exchange in these multiphase structures and its effect on the modelled magnetic structure. Further, this multiphase model has allowed us to examine theoretical systems involving combinations of magnetic materials commonly found in palaeomagnetic samples.
research paper series Globalisation , Productivity and Technology Research Paper 2015 / 04 Firm Efficiency and Input Market Integration : Trade versus FDI

This paper highlights the crucial role played by international access to intermediate inputs to explain firm-level performance, via two channels simultaneously: trade and FDI. We develop a simple theoretical model showing that trade integration of input market entails an efficiency improvement within firms able to import (gains from input switching) and an efficiency decline within other firms (losses from domestic input availability). At the same time, FDI integration of input market implies non-importers’ efficiency enhancement (gains from input switching) and some ambiguous effects on importers’ efficiency (due to additional losses from foreign input availability). Using firm-level data from the Chinese manufacturing sector over the period 2002-2006, we find some results coherent with our theoretical predictions.
Patients’ Global Impression of Change in the management of peripheral neuropathic pain: Clinical relevance and correlations in daily practice

Patient‐Reported Outcome (PRO) instruments have been developed to evaluate pain management in daily practice; the Patients’ Global Impression of Change (PGIC) is particularly recommended by the Initiative on Methods, Measurement, and Pain Assessment in Clinical Trials. The prospective non‐interventional multicenter PRO‐QURE study aimed at assessing correlations between PGIC and pain measurements and treatment effects in patients followed in French pain centres.
Research of the Dynamic Performance of the Full Weathering Granite Subgrade and Pavement by Model Test

Subgrade has fatigue characteristic with residual plastic deformation under cycle dynamic traffic loads.The residual plastic deformation is determined by dynamic strength of roadbed filling and the actual level of dynamic stress.Through full scale model experiment,the variations of the subgrade dynamic strain and stress and total deformation are discussed under the conditions of three subgrade soil including full weathering granite, cement stable soil and reinforced soil with geogrid. The variations of the dynamic strain and stress with velocity and subgrade strength are analyzed. The design norm of the dynamic strength and modulus on which the full weathering granite and cement stable soil are used in expressway are presented.The reliability of this granite as filling soil is expounded and proved by experimental study. It is successfully applied to Lingxiang-Changsha Expressway£§ s subgrade construction with full weathering granite.
Software Design 3

Software design techniques span a wide spectrum, and have incrementally evolved as the discipline has matured over the years. In the early 1960s, owcharts were the most heavily used design technique for programming, and subsequently evolved through the sixties and into the mid-1970s into approaches such as dataow and entity-relationship diagrams. At this same time, parallel e orts began on approaches for design using modules [32] and abstract data types (ADTs) [27, 28]. Module concepts were further explored in the late 1970s [44], taking us into the early 1980s, where these design concepts were supported in programming languages such as Smalltalk-80 [17], Ada [1], and Modula-2 [45]. Starting in the mid-1980s and continuing into the 1990s, there has been the emergence of the object-oriented approach for software design and development, which are being supported today in many di erent object-oriented programming languages (e.g., Ada 95 [13], Modula-3 [19], C++ [40], Eiffel [30], Smalltalk [17], Object Pascal [41], etc.) and database systems (e.g., Ontos [31], Gemstone [6], O2 [12], Vision [9], Orion [22], ObjectStore [25], etc.). While it would be impossible to review this entire history of software design in a single chapter, we will introduce and trace the important concepts and techniques. Software design is not an isolated activity, and in the opinion of some, is one of the most Copyright c 1996 by S. A. Demurjian, Storrs, CT.
The Distribution Of Standardized Futures Price Changes

The observed non-normality of futures price changes has been attributed to non-constant variance. This paper tests whether the non-normality is due to changing variances or additional factors. The data are adjusted for heteroskedasticity and the stability-under-addition test of stable distributions performed on the original and the rescaled data sets. Rescaled data are less leptokurtic than the original data, but the rescaled data are still not normal. Thus, factors other than changing variance may also be responsible for the observed leptokurticity of daily futures returns.
Control of Shunt Capacitors and Shunt Reactors Energization Transients

Transients produced upon the energization of capacitor banks and shunt reactors may be harmful for the capacitor or reactor itself, for the switching device and for the adjacent system components. One of the most modern countermeasures for the reduction of these transients is controlled switching. In the present study, an overview of the restrictions concerning the application of this technique for the safe switching of capacitor banks and shunt reactors is presented and the benefits of its use taking into account these restrictions are investigated.
In adults with standard-risk acute lymphoblastic leukemia, the greatest benefit is achieved from a matched sibling allogeneic transplantation in first complete remission, and an autologous transplantation is less effective than conventional consolidation/maintenance chemotherapy in all patients: fin

Ciobanu and Jacob M. Rowe Mark R. Litzow, David I. Marks, Jill Durrant, Andrew McMillan, Ian M. Franklin, Selina Luger, Niculae Adele K. Fielding, Alan K. Burnett, Raj Chopra, Peter H. Wiernik, Letizia Foroni, Elisabeth Paietta, Anthony H. Goldstone, Susan M. Richards, Hillard M. Lazarus, Martin S. Tallman, Georgina Buck, XII/ECOG E2993) all patients: final results of the International ALL Trial (MRC UKALL in effective than conventional consolidation/maintenance chemotherapy first complete remission, and an autologous transplantation is less benefit is achieved from a matched sibling allogeneic transplantation in In adults with standard-risk acute lymphoblastic leukemia, the greatest
CDC growth charts; United States

Objectives—This report presents the revised growth charts for the United States. It summarizes the history of the 1977 National Center for Health Statistics (NCHS) growth charts, reasons for the revision, data sources and statistical procedures used, and major features of the revised charts. Methods—Data from five national health examination surveys collected from 1963 to 1994 and five supplementary data sources were combined to establish an analytic growth chart data set. A variety of statistical procedures were used to produce smoothed percentile curves for infants (from birth to 36 months) and older children (from 2 to 20 years), using a two-stage approach. Initial curve smoothing for selected major percentiles was accomplished with various parametric and nonparametric procedures. In the second stage, a normalization procedure was used to generate z-scores that closely match the smoothed percentile curves. Results—The 14 NCHS growth charts were revised and new body mass index-for-age (BMI-for-age) charts were created for boys and girls (http://www.cdc.gov/growthcharts). The growth percentile curves for infants and children are based primarily on national survey data. Use of national data ensures a smooth transition from the charts for infants to those for older children. These data better represent the racial/ethnic diversity and the size and growth patterns of combined breast- and formula-fed infants in the United States. New features include addition of the 3rd and 97th percentiles for all charts and extension of all charts for children and adolescents to age 20 years. Conclusion—Created with improved data and statistical curve smoothing procedures, the United States growth charts represent an enhanced instrument to evaluate the size and growth of infants and children.
on Gastrointestinal Imaging:

Criteria its developed criteria for determining appropriate imaging examinations for diagnosis and treatment of specified medical condition(s). These criteria are intended to guide radiologists, radiation oncologists and referring physicians in making decisions regarding radiologic imaging and treatment. Generally, the complexity and severity of a patient’s clinical condition should dictate the selection of appropriate imaging procedures or treatments. Only those examinations generally used for evaluation of the patient’s condition are ranked. Other imaging studies necessary to evaluate other co-existent diseases or other medical consequences of this condition are not considered in this document. The availability of equipment or personnel may influence the selection of appropriate imaging procedures or treatments. Imaging techniques classified as investigational by the FDA have not been considered in developing these criteria; however, study of new equipment and applications should be encouraged. The ultimate decision regarding the appropriateness of any specific radiologic examination or treatment must be made by the referring physician and radiologist in light of all the circumstances presented in an individual examination.