Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Not All Causal Inference is the Same

Neurally-parameterized Structural Causal Models in the Pearlian notion to causality, referred to as NCM, were recently introduced as a step towards next-generation learning systems. However, said NCM are only concerned with the learning aspect of causal inference and totally miss out on the architecture aspect. That is, actual causal inference within NCM is intractable in that the NCM won’t return an answer to a query in polynomial time. This insight follows as corollary to the more general statement on the intractability of arbitrary structural causal model (SCM) parameterizations, which we prove in this work through classical 3-SAT reduction. Since future learning algorithms will be required to deal with both high dimensional data and highly complex mechanisms governing the data, we ultimately believe work on tractable inference for causality to be decisive. We also show that not all “causal” models are created equal. More specifically, there are models capable of answering causal queries that are not SCM, which we refer to as partially causal models (PCM). We provide a tabular taxonomy in terms of tractability properties for all of the different model families, namely correlation-based, PCM and SCM. To conclude our work, we also provide some initial ideas on how to overcome parts of the intractability of causal inference with SCM by showing an example of how parameterizing an SCM with SPN modules can at least allow for tractable
Evaluating impact investment strategies from a social ecological economics perspective

Social economy organisations are attributed a major role in solving societal and environmental problems and in implementing social innovations in Europe. These organisations are private entities running economic activities whose main purpose is to provide goods and services to their members or the community at large, with profits coming second. Nevertheless, these organisations are not sufficiently supported, especially from the capital market side. Not all impact investors, which in principle should be investors with the goal of creating social and environmental benefit, are strategically aligned with the social economy entities. An identified reason could be the structurally embedded relationship-to-profit of impact investors which refers to their legal distinction in for-profit or not-for-profit. Consequently, the objective of this research is to critically evaluate the strategic decisions of impact investors paying attention to their relationship-to-profit and using indicators that assess their compatibility with social economy entities. This is done to fulfil the aim of distinguishing impact investors according to their supportiveness towards the social economy. A framework is developed that captures the influence of the relationship-to-profit on the strategic decisions of impact investors. This framework is then used as an instrument to test predictions from the theory implementing a case study approach including four diverse impact investment organisations. The results from qualitative coding and survey answers indicate that not-for-profit impact investors choose with almost no exception the strategy that is aligned with the social economy across all dimensions. On the other hand, for-profit investors compromise on the possible social benefit achieved by mainly investing in for-profit entities and not being transparent about their profit utilisation among other less socially beneficial choices. These findings stress the importance of bringing in the relationship-to-profit as an important indicator when evaluating social and sustainability impacts.
Toxic Heavy Metals Tolerance in Bacterial Isolates Based On Their Inducible Mechanism

: The pollution of the environment with toxic heavy metals is spreading throughout the world along with industrial progress. Removal of heavy metals from contaminated sites using microorganisms is a cheaper alternative to chemical technologies. The present study was carried out to isolate microbial strains from the battery manufactured polluted soil and to test their metal tolerance to cadmium, lead and nickel (Cd, Pb, Ni). In the primary screening were isolated 30 bacterial strains that were tested on higher concentrations of Cd, Pb and Ni (up to 2000 ppm), the widespread hazardous chemicals used by battery industry. It has been noticed that the intracellular accumulation of Pb changes the color of colonies grown on media with lead. The selected 7 strains were morphologically and physiochemically characterized and the growth kinetics studied on the basis of two types of developed inoculum. Data indicated that the isolated bacteria have a great potential in heavy metals bioremediation.
Multidimensional Intrusion Detection System for IEC 61850 based SCADA Networks

-Emerging cybersecurity vulnerabilities in supervisory control and data acquisition (SCADA) systems are becoming urgent engineering issues for modern substations. This paper proposes a novel intrusion detection system (IDS) tailored for cybersecurity of IEC 61850 based substations. The proposed IDS integrates physical knowledge, protocol specifications and logical behaviors to provide a comprehensive and effective solution that is able to mitigate various cyberattacks. The proposed approach comprises access control detection, protocol whitelisting, model-based detection, and multi-parameter based detection. This SCADA-specific IDS is implemented and validated using a comprehensive and realistic cyber-physical test-bed and data from a real 500kV smart substation.
Learning “ graph-mer ” motifs that predict gene expression trajectories in development : supplementary results

Learning “graph-mer” motifs that predict gene expression trajectories in development: supplementary results Xuejing Li, Casandra Panea, Chris H. Wiggins Valerie Reinke Christina Leslie4,∗ 1 Department of Physics, Columbia University, New York, NY 2 Department of Genetics, Yale University, New Haven, CT 3 Department of Applied Physics and Applied Mathematics, Columbia University, New York, NY 4 Computational Biology Program, Sloan-Kettering Institute, New York, NY ∗ E-mail: cleslie@cbio.mskcc. org
3D atrous spatial pyramid pooling based multi-scale feature fusion network for hyperspectral image classification

The convolutional neural network (CNN) has been widely adopted in the processing of hyperspectral images (HSI) due to its remarkable capabilities in feature extraction. However, CNN-based methods for HSI classification still face the challenge of extracting spectral-spatial features that are more effective while considering all spectral bands. This paper reviews various spectral and spectral-spatial classifiers that have been developed to overcome the challenges of HSI classification, including the limitations of handcrafted features and the problems caused by spectral variability and nonlinearity. The paper proposes a novel method, the 3D ASPP Multi-Scale Feature Fusion Network (3A-MFFN), which simultaneously preserves high-resolution spatial detail information and high-level semantic information of HSI. The proposed network extracts and fuses multi-scale features for HSI classification using a multi-scale 3D ASPP convolution block to fuse different levels of feature output. The paper presents experiments and analysis to demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed method. The results suggest that the 3A-MFFN algorithm can significantly enhance the classification accuracy of HSI with limited samples, making it a valuable contribution to the hyperspectral remote sensing community.
Altitude and solar activity dependence of 1967–2005 thermospheric density trends derived from orbital drag

We examine 1967–2005 thermospheric mass density trends (as well as 1967–2013 trends) derived from satellite orbit data, as a function of altitude, solar flux, and geomagnetic activity. At 400 km altitude, the estimated 1967–2005 trend is −2.0 ± 0.5% per decade. The estimated trends become increasingly negative with increasing height between 250 and 575 km, suggesting an exospheric temperature trend of −1 to −2 K per decade, which is much smaller than temperature trends that have been inferred from ground‐based incoherent scatter radar measurements. The orbit‐derived trend height profiles are in good agreement with model simulations of the enhanced cooling that results from increasing concentration of CO2 in the mesosphere and lower thermosphere. In contrast to earlier results, the solar flux dependence of the estimated trends is weak, relative to the trend uncertainty. There is some indication that the trends may be stronger during very low geomagnetic activity conditions. Estimation of the solar flux and geomagnetic activity dependence of the trends is complicated by monotonic decreases in these drivers over the past four solar minima together with the CO2 increase, all of which drive interminima decreases in density.
Millennials, the Last Standing Heroes of the Workforce: A Comprehensive Literature Review on Synching Millennials’ Values With Organizational Culture to Boost Retention Rates

This paper dives into millennials' role in the workplace, merging generational insights with foundational research. According to Mannheim’s theory, generational distinctions stem from upbringing, societal values, environmental circumstances, and key events. Works by Rescher and Viega underline the importance of value alignment, emphasizing its effect on job satisfaction, behavior, and productivity. Drucker's theory stresses the power of managerial authority on employee retention. As traditional management methods become outdated, emphasis on attraction, selection, turnover, and talent development becomes paramount. Recognizing what drives this key demographic is pivotal for talent retention. Millennials, labeled here as the Hero generation due to their vast numbers, demand recognition and alignment with their values for effective retention. Ignoring this can be financially disastrous for businesses. The insights offered in this paper offer a competitive edge for organizations aiming to harness and retain millennial talent in a dynamic business landscape.
An evolutionary approach to facilitating organisational learning: an experiment by the Christian Commission for Development in Bangladesh

A participatory monitoring system was devised in the course of developing an evolutionary perspective on learning within organisations and in co-operation with the Christian Commission for Development in Bangladesh (CCDB). In this approach, indicators are abandoned: instead the method focuses on the identification of significant change as perceived and interpreted by the various participants. It relies on the use of qualitative information. It extracts meaning out of events that have taken place rather than making assumptions about future events. The system has been valuable to CCDB and has been expanded since its first conception.
Gamma oscillations in visual statistical learning correlate with individual behavioral differences

Statistical learning is assumed to be a fundamentally general sensory process across modalities, age, other cognitive functions, and even species. Despite this general role, behavioral testing on regularity acquisition shows great variance among individuals. The current study aimed to find neural correlates of visual statistical learning showing a correlation with behavioral results. Based on a pilot study, we conducted an EEG study where participants were exposed to associated stimulus pairs; the acquisition was tested through a familiarity test. We identified an oscillation in the gamma range (40–70 Hz, 0.5–0.75 s post-stimulus), which showed a positive correlation with the behavioral results. This change in activity was located in a left frontoparietal cluster. Based on its latency and location, this difference was identified as a late gamma activity, a correlate of model-based learning. Such learning is a summary of several top-down mechanisms that modulate the recollection of statistical relationships such as the capacity of working memory or attention. These results suggest that, during acquisition, individual behavioral variance is influenced by dominant learning processes which affect the recall of previously gained information.
Acoustic and EMA study of pharyngealisation: Coarticulatory effects as index of stylistic and regional distinctions

The present chapter deals with the coarticulatory effects of the contrast of pharyngealisation in Modern Standard Arabic (MSA) and Dialectal Arabic (DA). The first study dealt with acoustic data, based on locus equation (LE) parameters extracted from the production of sixteen subjects from Yemen, Kuwait, Jordan and Morocco who spoke 24 words in MSA and 24 words in DA, with a symmetrical VCV context [iCi, uCu, aCa] where C was either pharyngealised (Ph) /tˁ dˁ sˁ ðˁ/ or non-pharyngealised (n.Ph) /t d s ð/. LE parameters were very accurate to reflect pharyngealisation patterns of CV coarticulatory effects according to speech variety and geographical clustering. The second study dealt with EMA data performed on one Tunisian speaker. It provides some observations of the articulatory mechanism of pharyngealisation. This section provides also a comprehensible interpretation of coarticulatory effects of pharyngealisation revealed by locus equation parameters.
Comparative Analysis of Alpha and Beta HPV E6 Oncoproteins: Insights into Functional Distinctions and Divergent Mechanisms of Pathogenesis

Human papillomaviruses (HPVs) represent a diverse group of DNA viruses that infect epithelial cells of mucosal and cutaneous tissues, leading to a wide spectrum of clinical outcomes. Among various HPVs, alpha (α) and beta (β) types have garnered significant attention due to their associations with human health. α-HPVs are primarily linked to infections of the mucosa, with high-risk subtypes, such as HPV16 and HPV18, being the major etiological agents of cervical and oropharyngeal cancers. In contrast, β-HPVs are predominantly associated with cutaneous infections and are commonly found on healthy skin. However, certain β-types, notably HPV5 and HPV8, have been implicated in the development of non-melanoma skin cancers in immunocompromised individuals, highlighting their potential role in pathogenicity. In this review, we comprehensively analyze the similarities and differences between α- and β-HPV E6 oncoproteins, one of the major drivers of viral replication and cellular transformation, and how these impact viral fitness and the capacity to induce malignancy. In particular, we compare the mechanisms these oncoproteins use to modulate common cellular processes—apoptosis, DNA damage repair, cell differentiation, and the immune response—further shedding light on their shared and distinct features, which enable them to replicate at divergent locations of the human body and cause different types of cancer.
Productivity influences on oxygenation of the Santa Barbara Basin, California, during the late Quaternary

Short-term fluctuations in the bottom water oxygen content of Santa Barbara Basin have been previously recognized from variations in a sedimentary bioturbation index (Behl and Kennett, 1996). A correlation between such anoxic events in the basin and Dansgaard-Oeschger interstadials, as measured from 5 1 0 j Ce in Greenland ice cores, was then used by the same authors to relate variations in bottom water oxygenation to high-frequency changes in the ventilation of the Santa Barbara Basin, driven by pan-hemispheric changes in climate transmitted through the atmosphere. An additional control on the oxygen content at depth is the local settling flux of metabolizable organic matter. Trace metal measurements from closelyspaced sediment samples are used here to distinguish oxygen depletion resulting from local increases in export production from oxygen depletion introduced by the importation of 02-poor water. Molybdenum, Re, U, Cd, and Ag and interelement ratios are used in conjunction with organic carbon concentrations, opal fluxes, and 8N measurements to deduce into past redox conditions of the basin, variations in the depth of the redox boundary and the flux of organic material to the basin floor. Comparisons between ODP Holes 893A (Santa Barbara Basin), 1019 and 1017 (both California margin) allows one to distinguish of regional signals dominated by ventilation changes from local signals dominated by vertical organic flux. During the Holocene, variations in productivity appear indeed to have impacted the oxygen content of the Santa Barbara Basin bottom waters. However, anoxic events concurrent with the B0lling-Aller0d and during the last glacial interval are regional events associated with intermediate water mass characteristics.
PERAN PERMAINAN TRADISIONAL UNTUK MENUMBUHKAN KARAKTER INTEGRITAS ANAK USIA 7-9 TAHUN

AbstrakPenelitian sudah dilaksanakan oleh peneliti dengan tujuan guna mengembangkan buku pedoman menggunakan permainan tradisional dalam upaya mengembangkan karakter integritas anak usia 7-9 tahun. Peneliti menggunakan jenis penelitian RD tipe ADDIE. Penelitian melibatkan 10 guru yang tersertifikasi, 10 validator dari berbagai bidang, serta delapan anak usia 7-9 tahun. Hasil penelitian mampu membuktikkan bahwa, 1) pengembangan produk penelitian berupa buku pedoman menggunakan tahapan ADDIE, 2) mutu produk dengan skor 3,80 "Sangat Baik" serta "Tidak perlu revisi", dan 3) produk mampu mempengaruhi karakter integritas. Rerata pretest (M = 2.0750, SE = 0.19086) lebih rendah dibandingkan rerata posttest (M = 3.5250, SE = 0.26592). Uji signifikansi t (7) = 13,781, p = 0,000 (p 0,05). Buku pedoman memberikan "Efek besar" yakni r = 0,98 dan sejajar 95,95%. Sedangkan N-gain score 75,52% kategori "Tinggi".
Enabling Efficient Erasure Coding in Disaggregated Memory Systems

Disaggregated memory (DM) separates compute and memory resources to build a huge memory pool. Erasure coding (EC) is expected to provide fault tolerance in DM with low memory cost. In DM with EC, objects are first coded in compute servers, then directly written to memory servers via high-speed networks like one-sided RDMA. However, as the one-sided RDMA latency goes down to the microsecond level, coding overhead degrades the performance in DM with EC. To enable efficient EC in DM, we thoroughly analyze the coding stack from the perspective of cache efficiency and RDMA transmission. We develop MicroEC, which optimizes the coding workflow by reusing the auxiliary coding data and coordinates the coding and RDMA transmission with an exponential pipeline, as well as carefully adjusting the coding and transmission threads to minimize the latency. We implement a prototype supporting common basic operations, such as write/read/degraded read/recovery. Experiments show that MicroEC reduces the write latency by up to 44.35% and 42.14% and achieves up to <inline-formula><tex-math notation="LaTeX">$1.80\times$</tex-math><alternatives><mml:math><mml:mrow><mml:mn>1</mml:mn><mml:mo>. </mml:mo><mml:mn>80</mml:mn><mml:mo>×</mml:mo></mml:mrow></mml:math><inline-graphic xlink:href="lyu-ieq1-3332782.gif"/></alternatives></inline-formula> and <inline-formula><tex-math notation="LaTeX">$1.73\times$</tex-math><alternatives><mml:math><mml:mrow><mml:mn>1</mml:mn><mml:mo>. </mml:mo><mml:mn>73</mml:mn><mml:mo>×</mml:mo></mml:mrow></mml:math><inline-graphic xlink:href="lyu-ieq2-3332782.gif"/></alternatives></inline-formula> write throughput, compared with the state-of-the-art DM systems with EC and 3-way replication for objects not smaller than 1 MB, respectively. For small objects, MicroEC also evidently reduces the variation of latency, e.g., it reduces the P99 latency of writing 1 KB objects by 27.81%.
Palynomorphological studies of some Ornamental Plants of Mall Road, Lahore

The Research work was conducted to analyze the palynomorphological data of ornamental plants collected from Lahore city. The results compiled indicated that total 14 pollen taxa were identified belonging to 12 families and 14 different genera. The pollen identified belonging to woody, herbaceous and shrubby vegetation. Among them nine were exotic taxa and five were native species. Woody pollen was abundant in samples while the percentage of the herbaceous pollen consisted of only 21.42%. Colpate and prolate type of apertures were characterized in all the pollen taxa. It was observed that circular apertures were only present in Hibiscus rosa-sinensis Linn. and Cassia fistula Linn. The maximum pollen size was recorded in Hibiscus rosa-sinensis Linn. and Lagerstroemia indica Linn.
Equatorial Pacific Sea‐Air CO2 Exchange Modulated by Upper Ocean Circulation During the Last Deglaciation

The eastern equatorial Pacific (EEP) is a source of atmospheric CO2 during the last deglaciation, but the associated oceanic dynamics in the broader low‐latitude Pacific is not fully understood. Here, we report 30,000‐year‐long surface and subsurface pCO2 records for the western equatorial Pacific (WEP), based on boron isotopes in two planktonic foraminiferal species from core MD10‐3340. Our results show that the WEP surface became a significant atmospheric CO2 sink despite that its subsurface waters were enriched by CO2 during the last deglaciation to early Holocene. Combined with EEP proxy data and model results, we suggest that a deglacial‐early Holocene zonal seesaw of sea‐air CO2 exchange across the equatorial Pacific led to a net CO2 outgassing much greater than the modern situation. This can be ascribed to strengthened Subtropical‐Tropical Circulation, resulting in stronger upper ocean stratification in the WEP concurrent with enhanced upwelling of CO2‐rich subsurface waters in the EEP.
Effects of Horticultural Activities Program Focusing on Four-season Ornamental Rooftop Garden to be Released on Preschoolers’ Creative Thinking

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of a horticultural activity program focused on four-season ornamental rooftop garden on both mental development and intelligence quotient of preschoolers. Forty seven preschoolers were participated in this experiment. Experimental group of 26 members were subjected to do the horticultural activity program and 21 members of the control group were not applied with the program. This study was performed once a week for 15 times from May 2013 to September 2013. As a result, mental development of both experimental and control groups were significantly improved (P=0.023, P=0.016) after the horticultural activity program, however improvement of the experimental group was higher than that of the control group. Accordingly, though mental development of both groups was improved as preschoolers grow, horticultural activity program was turned out to be effective in mental development of preschoolers. The intelligence quotient was also improved in both groups, but it was not statistically significant. Accordingly, we speculated that 15 weeks of research duration was not enough to give significant differences in thinking ability. In this study, we concluded that applying horticultural activity program using four-season ornamental rooftop garden to preschoolers was turned out to be effective for improving the mental development of them. Further more various horticultural programs using four-season ornamental rooftop gardens should be developed.