Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Routledge International Handbook of Participatory Design

Preface. 1. Participatory Design: An introduction by Toni Robertson and Jesper Simonsen Section I: Participatory Design - Contributions and Challenges 2. Heritage: Having a Say by Finn Kensing and Joan Greenbaum 3. Design: Design Matters in Participatory Design by Liam Bannon and Pelle Ehn 4. Ethics: Engagement, Representation and Politics-In-Action by Toni Robertson and Ina Wagner 5. Ethnography: Positioning Ethnographic within Participatory Design by Jeanette Blomberg and Helena Karasti 6. Methods: Organizing Principles and General Guidelines for Participatory Design Projects by Tone Bratteteig, Keld Bodker, Yvonne Dittrich, Preben Mogensen, and Jesper Simonsen 7. Tools and Techniques: Ways to Engage Telling, Making and Enacting by Eva Brandt, Thomas Binder and Elizabeth Sanders 8. Communities: Participatory Design For, With, and By Communities by Carl DiSalvo, Andrew Clement and Volkmar Pipek Section II: Outstanding Applications of Participatory Design 9. Global Fund for Women: Integrating Participatory Design into everyday work at a global non-profit by Randy Trigg and Karen Ishimaru 10. Health Information Systems Program: Participatory design within the HISP network by Jorn Braa and Sundeep Sahay 11. ACTION for Health: Influencing Technology Design, Practice and Policy Through Participatory Design by Ellen Balka
Do-It-Yourself Information Notes for AIDS Counselling in Developing Countries

Provision of a health information booklet is an important component of AIDS prevention counseling. This measure is essential because people may not fully understand verbal explanations or need time to think about the details. In developing countries, however, implementation of this strategy may be limited by the expense involved in printing booklets, difficulties maintaining adequate supplies to meet the demand, the presence of multiple languages in a given area, and high rates of illiteracy. Recommended, in such a context, is the preparation of basic explanatory information and graphic illustrations on a single sheet of paper that can be duplicated as necessary or translated into local languages. Local customs or religious beliefs, as well as community risk factors (e.g., scarification by traditional healers), should be considered in writing the text. An appendix presents a sample information sheet that was prepared in Swahili, Arabic, and English for Omani patients attending the infectious disease clinic of the Sultan Qaboos University Hospital.
Incidental Detection of Interstitial Pregnancy on CT Imaging

Ectopic pregnancy is a potentially life-threatening condition. Detection of ectopic pregnancy on CT images is rare. In this case, we describe the CT findings of interstitial pregnancy both before and after rupture. If CT images demonstrate the presence of a strong enhancing ring-like mass in the pelvis, ectopic pregnancy should be considered.
A model-based approach for automated feature extraction in fundus images

A new approach to automatically extract the main features in color fundus images is proposed. The optic disk is localized by principal component analysis (PCA) and its shape is detected by a modified active shape model (ASM). Exudates are extracted by the combined region growing and edge detection. A fundus coordinate system is further set up based on fovea localization to provide a better description of the features in fundus images. The success rates achieved are 99%, 94%, and 100% for disk localization, disk boundary detection, and fovea localization respectively. The sensitivity and specificity for exudate detection are 100% and 71%. The success of the proposed algorithms can be attributed to utilization of the model-based methods.
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This paper shows the effect of local and global interconnections in the area, throughput, and latency of VLSI arrays. As an example, a binary multiplier topology is pipelined in two advantageous directions to obtain two prototypes with the same logic depth (one processor element between consecutive lines of registers) but different wiring distribution. If a purely architectural point of view were adopted, both pipelines would have identical throughput. However, from the technological side, there is an important difference between the circuits: the second pipelining direction transforms all the global communications in local ones. This fact leads to a higher throughput, in spite of the area and routing overhead of the circuits.
Passive rafting is a powerful driver of transoceanic gene flow

Dispersal by passive oceanic rafting is considered important for the assembly of biotic communities on islands. However, not much is known about levels of population genetic connectivity maintained by rafting over transoceanic distances. We assess the evolutionary impact of kelp-rafting by estimating population genetic differentiation in three kelp-associated invertebrate species across a system of islands isolated by oceanic gaps for over 5 million years, using mtDNA and AFLP markers. The species occur throughout New Zealand's subantarctic islands, but lack pelagic stages and any opportunity for anthropogenic transportation, and hence must rely on passive rafting for long-distance dispersal. They all have been directly observed to survive transoceanic kelp-rafting journeys in this region. Our analyses indicate that regular gene flow occurs among populations of all three species between all of the islands, especially those on either side of the subtropical front oceanographic boundary. Notwithstanding its perceived sporadic nature, long-distance kelp-rafting appears to enable significant gene flow among island populations separated by hundreds of kilometres of open ocean.
Iiasa Research Overview A. Introduction and Research Framework

As a leader in applied systems analysis, IIASA is able to integrate natural, social, and economic systems to produce independent, interdisciplinary research into real-world problems. The institute's collaborations with research institutions and policymakers around the world ensures the highest quality, most relevant science. IIASA has a long and successful history of developing systems-based, integrated solutions and policy advice for some of the world's most pressing problems, from poverty to climate change. The Research Plan 2016-2020 responds to an increasingly globalized world that is characterized by fundamental shifts in economic and political power, growing global environmental problems, and potentially explosive social conflicts. The research framework (below) provides both the foundation for the institute's research direction and the necessary flexibility to modify IIASA activities to accommodate changing scientific or policy priorities. This framework moves away from the idea that problems (such as climate change) are separate from drivers (such as population growth) or from impacts (such as environmental degradation). Problems,
MULTIPLE PROMOTERS OF CATECHOL-O-METHYLTRANSFERASE GENE ARE SELECTIVELY INACTIVATED BY CPG HYPERMETHYLATION IN ENDOMETRIAL CANCER

Catechol-O-methyltransferase (COMT) plays an important role in estrogen-induced cancers because COMT inactivates catechol estrogens that have cancer-promoting activities. Two promoters control the expression of human COMT isoforms: membrane-bound COMT (MB-COMT) and soluble COMT (S-COMT). We hypothesize that inactivation of MB-COMT and S-COMT is important in understanding the pathogenesis of endometrial cancer. To test this hypothesis, we investigated the methylation status and expression of two COMT isoforms in 4 endometrial cancer cell lines, 60 endometrial cancer tissues, 10 normal endometrium tissues from normal healthy controls, and 32 pairs of cancerous and normal endometrial samples from the same patients using methylation-specific PCR, methylation-specific sequencing, reverse transcription-PCR, and 5'-rapid amplification of cDNA ends. The results of this study clearly demonstrate that MB-COMT was inactivated and methylated, although S-COMT was activated and unmethylated in all endometrial cancer cell lines. The 5-aza-2'-deoxycytidine treatment restored MB-COMT expression in all cell lines. The promoter for MB-COMT was methylated in 47 of 60 cancer tissues but was unmethylated in endometrial tissues from cases without cancer. The promoter for S-COMT was unmethylated in all endometrial cancerous and normal tissues. The CpG methylation density at the MB-COMT promoter was significantly higher in cancer tissues (a mean of 79.1% of the 19 CpG sites; range, 69-94%) than in adjacent normal tissues (a mean of 8.7% of the 19 CpG sites; range, 3-14%). In summary, these findings demonstrate that methylation of multiple promoters of the COMT gene can selectively inactivate MB-COMT and may contribute to endometrial carcinogenesis.
Future Girl: Young Women in the Twenty-First Century

Acknowledgments Introduction 1. The 'Can-Do' Girl Versus the 'At-Risk' Girl 2. Jobs for the Girls? Education and Employment in the New Economy 3. Citizenship and the Self-Made Girl 4. Spaces of Regulation: School Halls and Shopping Malls 5. Being Seen and Being Heard: The Incitement to Discourse 6. Future Girl Politics Conclusion Appendix Notes Bibliography Index
Bidirectional Incremental Parsing for Automatic Pathway Identification with Combinatory Categorial Grammar

As the importance of automatically extracting and analyzing various natural language assertions about protein-protein interactions in biomedical publications is recognized, many uses of natural language processing techniques are proposed in the literature. However, most proposals to date make rather simplifying assumptions about the syntactic aspects of natural language due to various reasons including efficiency. In this paper, we describe an implemented system that utilizes combinatory categorical grammar known to be competent in modeling natural language, with a controlled mechanism for the parser to operate bidirectionally and incrementally. We discuss the performance of the system on a large set of abstracts in Medline with quite encouraging results.
Type 2 diabetes in grandparents and birth weight in offspring and grandchildren in the ALSPAC study

Objective: To examine the association between a history of type 2 diabetes and birth weight of offspring and grandchildren. Design: Prospective observational study. Diabetic status, as reported by mothers (F1 generation) was collected on grandparents (F0) of babies (F2) born to mothers (F1) who participated in a study of maternal and child health. Associations between risk of grandparental diabetes and birth weight in mothers (F1) and grandchildren (F2) were analysed using linear and logistic regression. Setting: Avon: comprising of the city of Bristol and surrounding areas. Participants: 12 076 singleton babies (F2), their parents (F1) and maternal and paternal grandparents (F0). Results: Women (F1) who had no parents with type 2 diabetes had lower birth weights than women with one or two diabetic parents, after controlling for the age of both parents. There was a U shaped association between maternal birth weight and grandmaternal diabetes, but no evidence of an association with grandpaternal diabetes. The grandchildren of maternal grandparents with type 2 diabetes were more likely to be in the top tertile of birth weight than grandchildren of non-diabetics. There was evidence for an inverted U shaped association between birth weight of grandchildren and diabetes in paternal grandmothers. Conclusions: This is the first study to show intergenerational associations between type 2 diabetes in one generation and birth weight in the subsequent two generations. While the study has limitations mainly because of missing data, the findings nevertheless provide some support for the role of developmental intrauterine effects and genetically determined insulin resistance in impaired insulin mediated growth in the fetus.
Auditory Selective Attention Reveals Preparatory Activity in Different Cortical Regions for Selection Based on Source Location and Source Pitch

In order to extract information in a rich environment, we focus on different features that allow us to direct attention to whatever source is of interest. The cortical network deployed during spatial attention, especially in vision, is well characterized. For example, visuospatial attention engages a frontoparietal network including the frontal eye fields (FEFs), which modulate activity in visual sensory areas to enhance the representation of an attended visual object. However, relatively little is known about the neural circuitry controlling attention directed to non-spatial features, or to auditory objects or features (either spatial or non-spatial). Here, using combined magnetoencephalography (MEG) and anatomical information obtained from MRI, we contrasted cortical activity when observers attended to different auditory features given the same acoustic mixture of two simultaneous spoken digits. Leveraging the fine temporal resolution of MEG, we establish that activity in left FEF is enhanced both prior to and throughout the auditory stimulus when listeners direct auditory attention to target location compared to when they focus on target pitch. In contrast, activity in the left posterior superior temporal sulcus (STS), a region previously associated with auditory pitch categorization, is greater when listeners direct attention to target pitch rather than target location. This differential enhancement is only significant after observers are instructed which cue to attend, but before the acoustic stimuli begin. We therefore argue that left FEF participates more strongly in directing auditory spatial attention, while the left STS aids auditory object selection based on the non-spatial acoustic feature of pitch.
SUCCINIC ACID DECARBOXYLATION SYSTEM IN PROPIONIBACTERIUM PENTOSACEUM AND VEILLONELLA GAZOGENES I

Propionibacterium and Veillonella have the capacity to convert quantitatively succinate to propionate and C02 (Delwiche, 1948; Johns, 1951a, 1951b). Novelli (1952, personal communication) demonstrated CoA'-dependent activations (hydroxamate formation) of succinate, propionate, and acetate with cell-free extracts of P. pentosaceum. Subsequently, Whiteley (1953a 1953b, 1953c), Phares et al. (1953), and Delwiche et al. (1953, 1954) have in part elucidated the mechanism of succinate decarboxylation. The present paper describes experiments carried out with cell-free extracts of P. pentosaceum 214 and V. gazogenes C2 (Bergey's Manual; 1948, also called Micrococcus lactilyticus). The cell-free extracts are capable of activating succinate, propionate and acetate (hydroxamate formation); the Propionibacterium system requires CoA and ATP, whereas that of Veillonella requires ATP only. Both systems require CoA for succinate decarboxylation. Transsuccinylase, succinyland propionyl-CoA transphorases, and acetyl-succinyl transphorase activity have been demonstrated.
Pathophysiology and Natural History Cardiac Transplantation ,b-adrenergic Blockade

Increased sensitivity of the denervated transplanted human heart to isoprenaline both before and after ABSTRACT It is not known whether surgical denervation leads to increased fl-receptor sensitivity after human cardiac transplantation. We assessed cardiac ,8-receptor sensitivity by studying the heart rate response to isoprenaline of the denervated donor heart as compared with the innervated recipient heart in eight patients who underwent heterotopic cardiac transplantation and in six patients with orthotopic transplantation. Changes in the donor and recipient hearts seen in these 14 patients were further compared with those seen in 10 normal volunteers. Incremental intravenous infusion of isopren-aline (5, 10, and 15 ng/kg/min) raised heart rate to a greater extent in the donor compared with the recipient hearts in the eight patients who had heterotopic grafts (slopes [beats/min/ng/kg]: donor = + 2.26, recipient = + 1. 59; p < .01). In addition, the donor hearts of the transplant patients were more sensitive than hearts of the normal volunteers (slopes: donor = + 2.26, normal = + 0.94; p < .01). The changes in the two groups of donor hearts were similar (slopes: orthotopic = + 2.24, heterotopic = + 2.27; NS). The recipient hearts in the patients with heterotopic transplants were more sensitive than the hearts of the normal volunteers (p < .05), suggesting that the observed differences in isoprenaline sensitivity in the patients with heterotopic grafts were not caused by a decreased sensitivity of the recipient heart. After fl-blockade, the heart rate responses to isoprenaline were attenuated to the same extent in denervated and innervated hearts. The donor hearts, however, continued to be more sensitive to isoprenaline than were the recipient hearts (slopes: donor = + 0.72, recipient = + 0.34; p < .01). In patients with cardiac transplantation, the denervated heart is more sensitive to the chrono-tropic effect of isoprenaline compared with the innervated hearts of both the recipients and normal volunteers. However, since ,8-blockers attenuated this response similarly in the denervated and inner-vated hearts, our observations are consistent with an increase in fl-receptor density and probably no change in fl-receptor affinity.
Vitamin D, common mental disorders and cognition : insights from genetic and observational epidemiology

The potential relationship between hypovitaminosis D and non-skeletal health outcomes is a growing public health concern. There is suggestion of a relationship between 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25(OH)D) and brain function, with equivocal epidemiological evidence for an association with common mental disorders (CMD) and cognitive function. The aim of the thesis was to investigate the association of 25(OH)D with CMDs and cognitive function in mid-adulthood. Observational and genetic studies were used to gain better insight into the causal nature of the relationship between 25(OH)D and cognitive function. During observational studies, the association of 25(OH)D with CMDs and cognitive function was assessed in the 1958 British birth cohort (1958BC). A genetic study investigated the potential for a gene-environment interaction (GxE) by APOE e4 on cognitive function using participants from the 1958BC. This GxE study was replicated in an older European cohort. The causal relationship between 25(OH)D and cognitive function was assessed using a Mendelian randomisation (MR) approach in a meta-analyses using participants from nine European cohorts. Using observational data from 1958BC, there was evidence that both low and high 25(OH)D concentrations were associated with increased risk of CMDs and lower memory function. There was also evidence of a GxE interaction for memory function; where increasing 25(OH)D concentrations may be particularly beneficial for those with APOE e4 genotype. However, results from a MR study provided no evidence for 25(OH)D concentrations acting as a causal factor for cognitive performance in mid- to later-life. Since there was evidence of a non-linear observational association, the MR study may have been underpowered to detect small causal effects at the extremes of the 25(OH)D distribution. Overall, there is some evidence of a potential non-linear association of 25(OH)D with CMDs and cognitive function. However the causal nature of this relationship requires confirmation from large long-term randomised controlled trials.
Gastric capnometry with air-automated tonometry predicts outcome in critically ill patients

ContextContrary to tonometer gastric intramucosal pH, there is currently no validated threshold prognostic value for Pco2 gap (tonometer gastric mucosal Pco2 minus arterial Pco2) in the critically ill patient. ObjectiveTo demonstrate a relationship between Pco2 gap and mortality in mechanically ventilated patients. Design and SettingInception cohort study from a 9-month prospective survey of 95 consecutively ventilated critically ill patients in a teaching hospital. PatientsAll the ventilated patients of the intensive care unit were included at their admission. Measurements and Main ResultsGastric Pco2 using regional capnometry with air-automated tonometry, arterial gas, lactate, and organ system failure score were measured at admission and after 6, 12, 24, 48, 72, 96, and 120 hrs. For the entire population, the 28-day mortality was 44%. In multivariate analysis, independent predictors of death were organ system failure score (odds ratio, 2.12; 95% confidence interval, 1.02–3.14), 24-hr Pco2 gap (odds ratio, 1.57; 95% confidence interval, 1.10–2.24), and 24-hr lactate (odds ratio, 1.48; 95% confidence interval, 1.06–2.05). We found a threshold value of 20 mm Hg for Pco2 gap and 2.5 mmol/L for lactate, which was associated with a sensitivity of 0.70 and 0.72, respectively, and a specificity of 0.72 and 0.73, respectively. ConclusionThe Pco2 gap is a marker of mortality in ventilated patients in the intensive care unit.
Bounds on Parameters in Panel Dynamic Discrete Choice Models

Identification of dynamic nonlinear panel data models is an important and delicate problem in econometrics. In this paper we provide insights that shed light on the identification of parameters of some commonly used models. Using this insight, we are able to show through simple calculations that point identification often fails in these models. On the other hand, these calculations also suggest that the model restricts the parameter to lie in a region that is very small in many cases, and the failure of point identification may therefore be of little practical importance in those cases. Although the emphasis is on identification, our techniques are constructive in that they can easily form the basis for consistent estimates of the identified sets.
Reconstruction from Uncalibrated Affine Silhouettes

A method for recovering structure and motion from a set of scaled orthographic silhouette views with unconstrained camera motion is presented. The outer epipolar tangencies between six or more views are used simultaneously to recover the relative pose of the cameras and hence the visual hull of the object. The camera representation proposed permits a closed form solution in the optimization of the camera parameters. The resulting system is applied to the problem of reconstructing aircraft in flight.
Influence of Reinforcement Contingencies and Cognitive Styles on Affective Responses: An Examination of Rolls' Theory of Emotion in the Context of Consumer Choice

This paper examines Rolls' (2005) propositions that emotional responses can be systematically related to environmental contingencies and that individual differences are related to emotional responses. In addition, consumer situations, defined functionally in terms of the reinforcement pattern they uniquely portray, as proposed by the behavioral perspective model (BPM) of consumer choice are predictably associated with patterns of self-reported pleasure, arousal, and dominance (Mehrabian & Russell, 1974). Rolls' argument that individual differences influence conditionality and emotionality is examined via hypotheses from the theory of adaptive–innovative cognitive style (Kirton, 1976, 2003). The results confirm that affective response to consumer environments is consistently predicted by the modeled pattern of operant contingencies, but not the expected relationship between cognitive styles and affective responses.