Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Goal-Directed Scientific Exploration Using Multiple Rovers

Tt~is paper describes an integrated system for coordinating multiple rover behavior with the overall goal of collecting planetary surface data. The MultiRover Integrated Science Understanding System combines concepts from machine learning with planning and scheduling to perform autonomous scientific exploration by cooperating rovers. The integrated system utilizes a novel machine-learning clustering component to analyze science data and direct new science activities. A distributed planning and scheduling system is employed to generate rover plans for achieving science goals, to coordinate activities among rovers, and to replan when necessary. We describe each of these components and describe how they are integrated with a planetary environment simulation.
Stress, the immune system and psychiatric illness

Anecdotal evidence suggesting a causal relationship between psychiatric illness, environmental stress and a malfunctioning immune system goes back to antiquity. Recently, clinical and experimental studies have established the interrelationship between neuroendocrine regulation, the immune system and abnormalities in central neurotransmission which may be deranged as a consequence of stressful events. This short review is an attempt to assess the evidence implicating altered immune responsiveness in depression and schizophrenia and to consider the impact of different types of environmental stress in triggering the immune malfunction. While these findings are of considerable biological importance, it is presently unclear whether the immunological changes are primary or secondary to the disease states.
A Genomic Island of an Extraintestinal Pathogenic Escherichia coli Strain Enables the Metabolism of Fructooligosaccharides, Which Improves Intestinal Colonization

ABSTRACT Prebiotics such as fructooligosaccharides (FOS) are increasingly being used in some countries for improving human and animal health and as an alternative to antibiotic growth promoters in animals, with various degrees of success. It has been observed that FOS stimulate the proliferation of probiotic bacteria and, at the same time, decrease the population of bacteria associated with disease. This observation assumes that pathogenic bacteria do not metabolize FOS and, therefore, lose their competitive advantage over beneficial bacteria. Here we present evidence that some pathogenic Escherichia coli strains can metabolize FOS and show that this property helps the bacterium colonize the intestine. These findings highlight the potential risk that a high level of prebiotic usage could lead to the emergence of well-adapted pathogenic strains that metabolize prebiotic substances.
A NEW APPROACH FOR PROBING CIRCUMBINARY DISKS

Circumbinary disks are considered to exist in a wide variety of astrophysical objects, e.g., young binary stars, protoplanetary systems, and massive binary black hole systems in active galactic nuclei (AGNs). However, there is no definite evidence for the circumbinary disk except for some in a few young binary star systems. In this Letter, we study possible oscillation modes in circumbinary disks around eccentric and circular binaries. We find that prograde, nonaxisymmetric waves are induced in the inner part of the circumbinary disk by the tidal potential of the binary. Such waves would cause variabilities in emission line profiles from circumbinary disks. Because of prograde precession of the waves, the distance between each component of the binary and the inner edge of the circumbinary disk varies with the beat period between the precession period of the wave and the binary orbital period. As a result, light curves from the circumbinary disks are also expected to vary with the same period. The current study thus provides a new method to detect circumbinary disks in various astrophysical systems.
Group Work with Preschool Children: Effect on Emotional Awareness and Behavior

Aggression and defiant behavior in preschool children have been linked to lower self-esteem (Scott, 1998), and a lack of core social and emotional competencies (Giles & Heyman, 2004). This study concerned the implementation and evaluation of an educational/guidance group with one preschool class. The intervention focused on self esteem, emotional awareness, and appropriate social skills. Effects were measured using the Emotional Identification Measure (EIM), and the Achenbach Child Behavior Checklist: Caregiver-Teacher Report Form for Ages 2–5 (CBC). Results indicated that emotional awareness and positive coping behaviors were increased from pre-intervention to post-intervention and generally maintained through follow-up evaluation.
Dietary Shifts and the European Upper Palaeolithic Transition1

High‐latitude modern humans with traditional diets must maintain a critical ratio of dietary fat to protein. An analysis of 15 New World Arctic groups reveals that the abundance and predict ability of dietary fat affects eight social variables. Assuming that the physiology of extinct Palaeolithic humans resembles that of anatomically modern humans and that dietary carbohydrates were limited, constraints to their behavior must have existed. These constraints were determined by the physiological necessity of maintaining a critical ratio of dietary fat to protein. At the end of the European Middle Palaeolithic, a relatively subtle dietary shift occurred; an initial increase in dietary fat would have increased population size with very little lag time. Later in the Upper Palaeolithic, dietary breadth expanded. These dietary shifts may have affected hominid biology and social behavior, with selection pressure being exercised principally through population growth. A relaxation of selection pressure for skeletal robusticity could have resulted in high‐protein diets without intolerable calciuria. The cascading, interacting consequences of population increase would eventually have resulted in a phase change which is identified as the Upper Palaeolithic. If similar physiology is assumed, different human groups may have independently acquired traits of modernity. The effect of population expansion in temperate areas is dramatic, because dietary carbohydrates are always seasonally limited. In the eastern Canadian Arctic, the transition between the Dorset culture and the Thule culture offers a recent analogue to the European Middle Palaeolithic/Upper Palaeolithic transition.
In-Store Experimental Approach to Pricing and Consumer Behavior

This study assessed how, and to what extent, it is possible to use behavioral experimentation and relative sales analysis to study the effects of price on consumers' brand choices in the store environment. An in-store experiment was performed in four stores to investigate the effects of different prices of a target brand on consumers' relative buying behavior using an alternating treatment design with baseline. The intervention consisted of periodically reducing the target brand's price by 17–26%. Price reductions generally had none or minor effects. However, data for one store showed lower relative sales for the price reduction condition. These are surprising results and they underline the need to examine all of the marketing mix factors, not only price.
The effects of acute fluoxetine administration on temporal discounting in youth with ADHD

Background Serotonin is under-researched in attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), despite accumulating evidence for its involvement in impulsiveness and the disorder. Serotonin further modulates temporal discounting (TD), which is typically abnormal in ADHD relative to healthy subjects, underpinned by reduced fronto-striato-limbic activation. This study tested whether a single acute dose of the selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI) fluoxetine up-regulates and normalizes reduced fronto-striato-limbic neurofunctional activation in ADHD during TD. Method Twelve boys with ADHD were scanned twice in a placebo-controlled randomized design under either fluoxetine (between 8 and 15 mg, titrated to weight) or placebo while performing an individually adjusted functional magnetic resonance imaging TD task. Twenty healthy controls were scanned once. Brain activation was compared in patients under either drug condition and compared to controls to test for normalization effects. Results Repeated-measures whole-brain analysis in patients revealed significant up-regulation with fluoxetine in a large cluster comprising right inferior frontal cortex, insula, premotor cortex and basal ganglia, which further correlated trend-wise with TD performance, which was impaired relative to controls under placebo, but normalized under fluoxetine. Fluoxetine further down-regulated default mode areas of posterior cingulate and precuneus. Comparisons between controls and patients under either drug condition revealed normalization with fluoxetine in right premotor-insular-parietal activation, which was reduced in patients under placebo. Conclusions The findings show that a serotonin agonist up-regulates activation in typical ADHD dysfunctional areas in right inferior frontal cortex, insula and striatum as well as down-regulating default mode network regions in the context of impulsivity and TD.
Acculturation and Alcohol Treatment in Ethnic Minority Populations: Assessment Issues and Implications

ABSTRACT The roles of culture and ethnicity are crucial for understanding the relevance of personal and social factors involved in the drinking patterns of individuals. Research has shown that acculturative stress is associated with poorer health outcomes and may be linked to problematic drinking. This article briefly outlines issues including the construct of acculturation, measuring acculturation, and understanding the implications that it has with alcohol use in ethnic minorities. A study is presented that illustrates the association between acculturation and drinking patterns in older White and Hispanic veterans. Greater levels of past drinking were associated with more acculturation into the mainstream U.S. society for the Hispanic veterans. For the White veterans, greater levels of past drinking were associated with greater perceived discrimination and less comfort in mainstream U.S. society. Based on the literature, implications for clinical treatment are presented. Clinicians are called upon to understand the worldview of their clients and engage in culturally sensitive alcohol treatments.
Agonist-dependent Phosphorylation of the G Protein-coupled Receptor Kinase 2 (GRK2) by Src Tyrosine Kinase*

GRK2 is a member of the G protein-coupled receptor kinase (GRK) family, which phosphorylates the activated form of a variety of G protein-coupled receptors (GPCR) and plays an important role in GPCR modulation. It has been recently reported that stimulation of the mitogen-activated protein kinase cascade by GPCRs involves tyrosine phosphorylation of docking proteins mediated by members of the Src tyrosine kinase family. In this report, we have investigated the possible role of c-Src in modulating GRK2 function. We demonstrate that c-Src can directly phosphorylate GRK2 on tyrosine residues, as shown by in vitro experiments with purified proteins. The phosphorylation reaction exhibits an apparentK m for GRK2 of 12 nm, thus suggesting a physiological relevance in living cells. Consistently, overexpression of the constitutively active c-Src Y527F mutant in COS-7 cells leads to tyrosine phosphorylation of co-expressed GRK2. In addition, GRK2 can be detected in phosphotyrosine immunoprecipitates from HEK-293 cells transiently transfected with this Src mutant. Interestingly, phosphotyrosine immunoblots reveal a rapid and transient increase in GRK2 phosphorylation upon agonist stimulation of β2-adrenergic receptors co-transfected with GRK2 and wild type c-Src in COS-7 cells. This tyrosine phosphorylation is maximal within 5 min of isoproterenol stimulation and reaches values of ∼5-fold over basal conditions. Furthermore, GRK2 phosphorylation on tyrosine residues promotes an increased kinase activity toward its substrates. Our results suggest that GRK2 phosphorylation by c-Src is inherent to GPCR activation and put forward a new mechanism for the regulation of GPCR signaling.
Resiliency Scales for Children and Adolescents: Profiles of Juvenile Offenders

An exploratory study of resiliency profiles of male and female juvenile offenders committed to a juvenile correctional facility was conducted. The goal of the present study was to examine juvenile offenders’ positive characteristics (e.g., adaptability, optimism, self-efficacy, tolerance of differences). To assess positive characteristics and vulnerabilities, 215 male and female juvenile offenders completed The Resiliency Scales for Children and Adolescents . K-means cluster analysis identified four resiliency profiles among the sample of juvenile offenders. The clusters were analyzed using ANOVA to determine how they differed on the Resiliency Scales for Children and Adolescents, as well as demographic factors (e.g., age, age when incarcerated, number of months incarcerated prior to survey completion, number of educational credits obtained) and behavioral indicators (number of major infractions and visits to segregation 30 days before survey completion). Differences in the four resiliency profiles are discussed in respect to these factors. Discussion of the four resiliency profiles illuminates the importance of identifying areas of strength to help mitigate against risk factors for juvenile offending and to prevent recidivism.
Exponential separations between restricted resolution and cutting planes proof systems

We prove an exponential lower bound for tree-like cutting planes refutations of a set of clauses which has polynomial size resolution refutations. This implies an exponential separation between tree-like and dag-like proofs for both cutting planes and resolution; in both cases only superpolynomial separations were known before. In order to prove this, we extend the lower bounds on the depth of monotone circuits of R. Raz and P. McKenzie (1997) to monotone real circuits. In the case of resolution, we further improve this result by giving an exponential separation of tree-like resolution front (dag-like) regular resolution proofs. In fact, the refutation provided to give the upper bound respects the stronger restriction of being a Davis-Puatam resolution proof. Finally, we prove an exponential separation between Davis-Putnam resolution and unrestricted resolution proofs; only a superpolynomial separations was previously known.
Combining activity-evaluation information with NMF for trust-link prediction in social media

Acquiring a network of trust relations among users in social media sites, e.g., item-review sites, is important for analyzing users' behavior and efficiently finding reliable information on the Web. We address the problem of predicting trustlinks among users for an item-review site. Non-negative matrix factorization (NMF) methods have recently been shown useful for trust-link prediction in such a site where both link and activity information is available. Here, a user activity in an item-review site means posting a review and giving a rating for an item. In this paper, for better trust-link prediction, we propose a new NMF method that incorporates people's evaluation of users' activities as well as trust-links and users' activities themselves. We further apply it to an analysis of users' behavior. Using two real world item-review sites, we experimentally demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed method.
Long‐Term Prognostic Value of the Right Ventricular Myocardial Performance Index Compared to Other Indexes of Right Ventricular Function in Patients with Moderate Chronic Heart Failure

Background: The ventricular myocardial performance index (MPI) is a feasible echocardiographic parameter for the evaluation of patients with chronic heart failure (CHF). The long‐term prognostic role of right ventricular MPI (RV MPI) has been already assessed in patients with more advanced CHF but data are lacking in moderate CHF. The aim of the study is to evaluate the possible prognostic role of RV MPI in moderate CHF patients compared to others traditional RV parameters. Methods: From 2003 to 2004 we enrolled 95 consecutive NYHA class II CHF patients (65 males and 30 females), with the mean age of 66 ± 11 years with left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) <40%, on optimal medical treatment. All patients were evaluated clinically and by echocardiography with a follow‐up of 5 years (combined end point: cardiovascular mortality and hospitalization for HF). Results: RV MPI was 0.45 ± 0.36, tricuspid annular plane systolic excursion was 21 ± 8 mm, RV fractional area change was 42 ± 12%, systolic pulmonary artery pressure was 33 ± 9 mmHg, and acceleration time of pulmonic flow was 115.5 + 22.62 msec. After the 5 year follow‐up the total mortality was 24.2% and HF hospitalization rate was 33%. At Cox multivariate analysis only an RV MPI superior to median value (>0.38) and tricuspid annular plane systolic excursion inferior to median value (<18 mm) had shown a significant prognostic role. Conclusion: The RV MPI in a population of moderate CHF showed to have a more long‐term powerful prognostic value than other conventional and traditional echocardiographic right ventricular functional parameters.
Friction in scheduling and coordinating lives of families: designing from an interaction metaphor

Families with working parents have busy and mobile lives. This typically causes a lot of friction in their schedules. This paper discusses two conceptual information appliances for scheduling and coordinating based on this friction and designed from user studies in the lives of these families.The interaction principles of the designs are based on a friction metaphor. This metaphor was explored through looking in depth at friction in mechanical constructions. This unconventional design approach led to product and interaction design that is both appropriate and expressive: the "long-term planner" is a large display that visualizes entangled family schedules and provides shared tangible interaction when scheduling new appointments; the "coordination watch" is a mobile device that allows distributed haptic interaction when changing appointments.These concept designs and their design process aim to inspire the design of future information appliances.
Strategic directions and emerging issues in tobacco control group

Despite decades of industry innovation and regulatory efforts, the harmfulness of conventional cigarettes has not changed. There are several pitfalls in this area, including the long time lag before health impacts of product regulatory changes become apparent, the danger of consumers deriving false reassurance of lesser harm in the interim period, the lack of relevant expertise and the lack of an internationally agreed and evidencebased strategic approach. Articles 9 and 10 of the Framework Convention on Tobacco Control provide the potential for such a global strategy, and knowledge and research has increased significantly over recent years. However, there are huge opportunity costs in implementing product disclosure and regulatory strategies: most national regulators have very limited human and financial resources, which should be focused on other evidence-based tobacco control interventions. We believe therefore that it is now time to abandon the notion of safe or safer cigarettes while moving consumers towards cleaner nicotine products as soon as possible. In parallel to this, we recommend a number of other strategies be implemented including: reducing the appeal of all tobacco products, forbidding new tobacco products or brand variants being marketed without evidence of reduced harm, appeal or addictiveness, and developing a tobacco industry resourced, but industry independent, Framework Convention on Tobacco Control global repository to assist national regulators in understanding and regulating the products on their
Getting personal? Student talk about racism

This research explores student responses to Beyond Today, an after school program that brings youth together from diverse urban neighborhoods to form a multiracial community. Through the enacted curriculum, Beyond Today facilitators scaffold opportunities for students to study race and racial discrimination in historical and contemporary contexts. In this article, we examine how the students personally related to examples of racism and inequity. Our work is based on the premise that if individuals are to develop the impetus to be change makers in society, they should build personal connections to past and present day examples of injustice. During the year of this research, some lessons provided a context for students to describe personal connections to socio-historical trends of racism, while the observation of other lessons helped us investigate the educational practices that may dampen such participation. We explore three lessons that portray students’ comparative responses. We conclude with recommendations for educators who wish to promote students’ stories about inequity in their own teaching contexts and craft visions of how to facilitate conversations with youth about racism.
An interactive tool for Chemical Engineers students using Easy Java Simulations

The impressive development of Internet technologies in the past few years has highlighted Virtual technologies as a growing area in educational research. A virtual tool enables the student to work by synchronous-mode or asynchronous-mode anywhere on the internet. The open source software tool Easy Java Simulation (EJS; http://fem.um.es/Ejs) provides the teacher without deep programming skills an effective tool for the design of applications which offer the student a high degree of interaction. As an example, we created a model related to chemical reaction engineering and implemented using EJS. This example afford the student the opportunity to investigate the effect of the kinetic and thermodynamic parameters and process conditions in the dynamic behavior of a non-linear system carried out in a reactor network. The study of the dynamics of the system gives a valuable insight into the design of the control system, which is also included in the model through the control parameters. This interactive remote simulation allows the student to visualize the response of the system on the fly to any change. This immediate change in the system output, as response to user interaction, provides the student a practical insight into the behavior of this complex engineering system.
Mirror neurons, Broca's area and language: Reflecting on the evidence

A premise of Corballis's theory is that speech arose when vocalization co-opted existing gestural functions in the left ventral premotor cortex. Yet, visuomotor functions in this region remain largely unchanged between humans and macaques and have no discernible connection to gestural communication. This functional continuity suggests that language production is not the result of modifying existing motor functions in this region.