Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Antiperistalsis and other muscular activities of the colon 1

The simple account of the movement of food through the large intestine, namely that it is driven down by a sluggish and intermittent peristalsis to be finally expelled after accumulation in the rectum, is inadequate since it neglects two structures at the upper end of the colon. These are the caecum and the ileo-colic sphincter. The ctecum is large even in mammals: in birds that live upon green food the length of each caecal recess may be equal to that of the snmall intestine. Plainly these can only be filled by an active reversal of the normal direction of the current of food2. The ileo-colic sphincter is not comparable with the merely mechanical valves in tubes, but in the cat, gulinea-pig, rat, and rabbit3, is a powerful muscular ring which may resist or allow flow in either direction. Muscular sphincters are
Transneuronal retinal input to the primate Edinger‐Westphal nucleus

The Edinger‐Westphal nucleus of the oculomotor nuclear complex provides preganglionic parasympathetic innervation to the pupil. We labelled its retinal input by transneuronal autoradiography after an eye injection of [3H] proline in the macaque monkey. The primary retinal projection to the pretectum terminated in the ipsilateral and contralateral olivary nuclei. These nuclei were intensely labelled and sharply delimited, with a mean diameter of 590 μm and a rostrocaudal length of 2.52 mm. The caudal half of the olivary nucleus on each side broke into multiple clumps of label. Fragments of label also surrounded each olivary nucleus. The exact pattern of pretectal labelling varied considerably among animals and even from side to side in the same animal. In 5 of 6 monkeys, label from the olivary nucleus reached the Edinger‐Westphal nucleus transneuronally. In transverse sections, the Edinger‐Westphal label appeared as a circular patch located on either side of the midbrain ventral to the cerebral aqueduct in the central gray matter. It averaged 230 μm in diameter and 610 μm in length. In Nissl‐stained sections, the autoradiographic label corresponded to a distinct nucleus comprised of neurons that were smaller than neurons in nearby somatic subdivisions of the oculomotor complex. The mean area of Edinger‐Westphal neurons was 295 μm2. Transneuronal retinal input to the Edinger‐Westphal nucleus mediating pupillary constriction terminates in a single, well‐defined cell group in the midbrain. J. Comp. Neurol. 381:68‐80, 1997. © 1997 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Saharan Dust and Associations between Particulate Matter and Daily Mortality in Rome, Italy

Background: Outbreaks of Saharan-Sahel dust over Euro-Mediterranean areas frequently induce exceedances of the Europen Union's 24-hr standard of 50 μg/m3 for particulate matter (PM) with aerodynamic diameter ≤ than 10 μm (PM10). Objectives: We evaluated the effect of Saharan dust on the association between different PM fractions and daily mortality in Rome, Italy. Methods: In a study of 80,423 adult residents who died in Rome between 2001 and 2004, we performed a time-series analysis to explore the effects of PM2.5, PM2.5–10, and PM10 on natural, cardiac, cerebrovascular, and respiratory mortality. We defined Saharan dust days by combining light detection and ranging (LIDAR) observations and analyses from operational models. We tested a Saharan dust–PM interaction term to evaluate the hypothesis that the effects of PM, especially coarse PM (PM2.5–10), on mortality would be enhanced on dust days. Results: Interquartile range increases in PM2.5–10 (10.8 μg/m3) and PM10 (19.8 μg/m3) were associated with increased mortality due to natural, cardiac, cerebrovascular, and respiratory causes, with estimated effects ranging from 2.64% to 12.65% [95% confidence interval (CI), 1.18–25.42%] for the association between PM2.5–10 and respiratory mortality (0- to 5-day lag). Associations of PM2.5–10 with cardiac mortality were stronger on Saharan dust days (9.73%; 95% CI, 4.25–15.49%) than on dust-free days (0.86%; 95% CI, –2.47% to 4.31%; p = 0.005). Saharan dust days also modified associations between PM10 and cardiac mortality (9.55% increase; 95% CI, 3.81–15.61%; vs. dust-free days: 2.09%; 95% CI, –0.76% to 5.02%; p = 0.02). Conclusions: We found evidence of effects of PM2.5–10 and PM10 on natural and cause-specific mortality, with stronger estimated effects on cardiac mortality during Saharan dust outbreaks. Toxicological and biological effects of particles from desert sources need to be further investigated and taken into account in air quality standards.
Clinically Meaningful Scores on Pain Catastrophizing Before and After Multidisciplinary Rehabilitation: A Prospective Study of Individuals With Subacute Pain After Whiplash Injury

Objectives:Pain catastrophizing has emerged as a significant risk factor for problematic recovery after musculoskeletal injury. As such, there has been an increased focus on interventions that target patients’ levels of catastrophizing. However, it is not presently clear how clinicians might best interpret scores on catastrophizing before and after treatment. Thus, the purpose of this study was to provide preliminary guidelines for the clinical interpretation of scores on pain catastrophizing among individuals with subacute pain after musculoskeletal injury. Methods:A sample of 166 occupationally disabled individuals with subacute pain due to a whiplash injury participated in this study. Participants completed a 7-week standardized multidisciplinary rehabilitation program aimed at fostering functional recovery. Participants completed the Pain Catastrophizing Scale (PCS) upon program commencement and completion. One year later, participants indicated their pain severity and involvement in employment activities. Separate receiver operating characteristic curve analyses were conducted to determine absolute pretreatment and posttreatment and percent change scores on the PCS that were best associated with clinically important levels of pain and employment status at the follow-up. Results:An absolute pretreatment PCS score of 24 best identified patients according to follow-up clinical outcomes. Posttreatment PCS scores of 14 and 15 best identified patients with high follow-up pain intensity ratings and those who did not return to work, respectively. PCS reductions of approximately 38% to 44% were best associated with return to work and low pain intensity ratings at follow-up. Discussion:The results indicate scores on catastrophizing before and after treatment that are clinically meaningful. These results may serve as preliminary guidelines to assess the clinical significance of interventions targeting pain catastrophizing in patients with subacute pain after musculoskeletal injury.
Dissociated Representations of Pleasant and Unpleasant Olfacto-Trigeminal Mixtures: An fMRI Study

How the pleasantness of chemosensory stimuli such as odorants or intranasal trigeminal compounds is processed in the human brain has been the focus of considerable recent interest. Yet, so far, only the unimodal form of this hedonic processing has been explored, and not its bimodal form during crossmodal integration of olfactory and trigeminal stimuli. The main purpose of the present study was to investigate this question. To this end, functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) was used in an experiment comparing brain activation related to a pleasant and a relatively unpleasant olfacto-trigeminal mixture, and to their individual components (CO2 alone, Orange alone, Rose alone). Results revealed first common neural activity patterns in response to both mixtures in a number of regions: notably the superior temporal gyrus and the caudate nucleus. Common activations were also observed in the insula, although the pleasant mixture activated the right insula whereas the unpleasant mixture activated the left insula. However, specific activations were observed in anterior cingulate gyrus and the ventral tegmental area only during the perception of the pleasant mixture. These findings emphasized for the firs time the involvement of the latter structures in processing of pleasantness during crossmodal integration of chemosensory stimuli.
An Investigation into the Relationship between Depressive Symptoms, Approach-Related Affect, Cognitive Appraisals and Striving Behaviour

5 Introduction . 6 Approach System Theories of Depression . 7 Reward Related Affect, Cognitions and Behaviour in Depression . 10 Reduced Positive Affect in Depression . 10 Reduced Behavioural Striving in Depression . 11 Negative Approach Related Cognitive Appraisals in Depression . 12 Studies Linking Reward Related Affect, Cognitions and Behaviour in Depression 14 Implications of Emotion Theory for the Role of Approach-Related Affect in Depression . 15 Overview of the Literature . 17 The Current Research Study . 18 References . 20 DEPRESSIVE SYMPTOMS AND APPROACH MOTIVATION 10-01036 5 An Investigation into the Relationship between Depressive Symptoms, Approach-Related Affect, Cognitive Appraisals and Striving Behaviour Abstract As well as a persistent lowering of mood, depression is characterised by anhedonia, a lack of interest or pleasure in normally rewarding experiences. Relatedly, depression has also been linked with low levels of approach motivation, a term used to describe “the energization of behaviour by, or the direction of behaviour toward, positive stimuli" (Elliot, 2008, p.8). This literature review focused on the role of the approach system in depression. A systematic literature search using only those articles from peer-review journals and written in English and subsequent screening of these yielded a total of 48 relevant papers. These papers included review articles as well as studies using both clinical and non-clinical populations. The review of these papers highlighted a seemingly limited evidence base relating to affect during reward anticipation/goal striving in depression. The studies, together with the theoretical evidence reviewed, did however suggest that approach related behaviour is a consequence of both approach-related cognitive appraisals and approach-related cognitive affect, and depression affects levels of both. Based on this reviewed literature, a proposed model was constructed of the effect of depression on behavioural striving, and subsequent levels of depression, proposing that depressive symptoms negatively impact both approach related affect and cognitions, and this then negatively impacts of striving behaviour and subsequent levels of depression. DEPRESSIVE SYMPTOMS AND APPROACH MOTIVATION 10-01036
Beetle horns are regulated by the Hox gene, Sex combs reduced, in a species‐ and sex‐specific manner

Discovering the mechanisms that underlie the origin of novel features represents a major frontier in developmental and evolutionary biology. Here we begin to characterize the role of the Hox gene Sex combs reduced (Scr) during the development and evolution of a morphologically novel trait: beetle horns. Beetle horns develop as epidermal outgrowths from the prothorax and/or head, and size and location vary dramatically across species and between sexes. Using both comparative gene expression and larval RNA interference in two species of the horned beetle genus Onthophagus, we show that Scr functions in patterning adult labial mouthpart identity and suppressing wing development in the prothorax. At the same time, however, our results illustrate that Scr has acquired, within its ancestral domain of expression, additional new functions including the regulation of prepupal growth and pupal remodeling of pronotal horn primordia. Furthermore, comparative analyses of our results across both Onthophagus species, which differ in location of horn development (thoracic horns vs. thoracic and head horns) as well as patterns of sexual dimorphism (traditional vs. reversed sexual dimorphism), reveal surprising differences in exactly when, where, and to what degree Scr regulates horn formation in different sexes. These observations suggest that the interactions between Scr and its targets in the regulation of horn development can diversify quickly over remarkably short phylogenetic distances. More generally, our results suggest that the Hox complex can play an integral role in the development and evolution of novel complex traits while maintaining traditional patterning responsibilities.
Investigation of potential operation issues of human-system interface in lungmen nuclear power project

The Lungmen Nuclear Power Project (LMNPP) with 1350 MWe twin units is the first advanced boiling water reactor (ABWR) project owned by the Taipower Company in Taiwan. Video display units are the main human-system interface for operators to manipulate, i.e., so-called "soft" control, and to know the status of the equipment and plant information. Several concerns arise when compared to hard controls. These concerns led us to conduct an investigation of the operator's performance and the potential issues regarding the operator's teamwork. The results of the investigation show that the most important task is to establish an intensive training program that addresses the knowledge and skill requirements of the operators to meet the task characteristics and the responses of the plant processes.
Ethical Issues Raised in Addressing the Needs of People With Serious Mental Disorders in Complex Emergencies

ABSTRACT Recent manmade and natural disasters highlight weaknesses in the public health systems designed to protect populations from harm and minimize disruption of the social and built environments. Emergency planning and response efforts have, as a result, focused largely on ensuring populations' physical well-being during and after a disaster. Many public health authorities, including the World Health Organization, have recognized the importance of addressing both mental and physical health concerns in emergency plans. Individuals with mental disorders represent a notable proportion of the overall population, and anticipating their needs is critical to comprehensive emergency planning and response efforts. Because people with serious mental disorders historically have been stigmatized, and many individuals with mental disorders may be unable to care for themselves, ethical guidance may be of assistance to those engaged in emergency planning and response. This article considers several broad categories of ethical issues that arise during emergencies for people with serious mental disorders and offers recommendations for ways in which emergency planners and other stakeholders can begin to address these ethical challenges. (Disaster Med Public Health Preparedness. 2012;6:72–78)
Role of metabolite transporters in source-sink carbon allocation

Plants assimilate carbon dioxide during photosynthesis in chloroplasts. Assimilated carbon is subsequently allocated throughout the plant. Generally, two types of organs can be distinguished, mature green source leaves as net photoassimilate exporters, and net importers, the sinks, e.g., roots, flowers, small leaves, and storage organs like tubers. Within these organs, different tissue types developed according to their respective function, and cells of either tissue type are highly compartmentalized. Photoassimilates are allocated to distinct compartments of these tissues in all organs, requiring a set of metabolite transporters mediating this intercompartmental transfer. The general route of photoassimilates can be briefly described as follows. Upon fixation of carbon dioxide in chloroplasts of mesophyll cells, triose phosphates either enter the cytosol for mainly sucrose formation or remain in the stroma to form transiently stored starch which is degraded during the night and enters the cytosol as maltose or glucose to be further metabolized to sucrose. In both cases, sucrose enters the phloem for long distance transport or is transiently stored in the vacuole, or can be degraded to hexoses which also can be stored in the vacuole. In the majority of plant species, sucrose is actively loaded into the phloem via the apoplast. Following long distance transport, it is released into sink organs, where it enters cells as source of carbon and energy. In storage organs, sucrose can be stored, or carbon derived from sucrose can be stored as starch in plastids, or as oil in oil bodies, or – in combination with nitrogen – as protein in protein storage vacuoles and protein bodies. Here, we focus on transport proteins known for either of these steps, and discuss the implications for yield increase in plants upon genetic engineering of respective transporters.
Pathophysiologic Differences Among Asians, Native Hawaiians, and Other Pacific Islanders and Treatment Implications

Differences in pathophysiology may affect the diagnosis, prevention, and treatment of diabetes in Asian Americans, Native Hawaiians, and Pacific Islanders (AANHPIs). Equally important are differences in cultural beliefs, dietary habits, and behavioral patterns among AANHPIs that require culturally effective translation of interventions into the community. These issues were discussed by clinicians and investigators at a conference held in Honolulu, Hawaii, in September 2011 with the theme “Diabetes in Asian Americans, Native Hawaiians, and Pacific Islanders: A Call to Action” by a coalition of health care organizations, clinicians, and scientists with strong interests in the topic and in the health of AANHPI populations (1). The discourse begins with an evaluation of pathophysiologic differences, followed by a discussion of the standard diagnostic criteria and current treatment algorithms as well as dietary recommendations. The focus then shifts to various diabetes prevention studies specific to AANHPIs and their relevance to this growing ethnic minority group in America. This review concludes with two investigations that demonstrate culturally appropriate interventions and a brief description of the role played by the National Diabetes Education Program (NDEP). ### Pathophysiology—type 1 diabetes Diabetes has reached an epidemic level around the world, with most of the increase attributable to type 2 diabetes in developing Asian countries such as India and China (2). Type 1 diabetes is also increasing, although at a much less dramatic rate than type 2 diabetes and is now also increasingly associated with obesity and insulin resistance (3). The highest rates for type 1 diabetes are found in Northern European and Scandinavian countries and among the Caucasian population of the U.S. In contrast, type 1 diabetes is approximately 5 to 10 times lower in prevalence in those of Asian than those of European descent (4). In the U.S., the incidence of type 1 diabetes is lower by two- to fivefold in …
Metric Learning in Dimensionality Reduction

The emerging big dimensionality in digital domains causes the need of powerful non-linear dimensionality reduction techniques for a rapid and intuitive visual data access. While a couple of powerful non-linear dimensionality reduction tools have been proposed in the last years, their applicability is limited in practice: since a non-linear projection is no longer characterised by semantically meaningful data dimensions, the visual display provides only very limited interpretability which goes beyond mere neighbourhood relationships and, hence, interactive data analysis and further expert insight are hindered. In this contribution, we propose to enhance non-linear dimensionality reduction techniques by a metric learning framework. This allows us to quantify the relevance of single data dimensions and their correlation with respect to the given visual display; on the one side, this explains its most relevant factors; on the other side, it opens the way towards an interactive data analysis by changing the data representation based on the learned metric from the visual display.
A Novel Ultra-Compact Broadband Antenna for Microwave Breast Tumor Detection

This paper presents a novel resistively loaded antenna design for microwave breast cancer detection. The antenna is planar and ultra-compact,and can be easily manufactured using PCB technology with embedded thin-film resistive layers. Through numerical simulations,the antenna demonstrates a return loss below −10 dB over a wide frequency range from 2 to 35 GHz. For pulse radiation in the ultra-wideband (UWB) range in a biological medium, the antenna shows an excellent fidelity above 0.95 and a relatively high radiation efficiency of 39.21% in comparison to resistively loaded antennas. In addition,a design rule guideline is presented for designing the antenna to radiate in a specific background medium and with a given lower operating frequency. Finally,a complete microstrip feed design is presented for the antenna operating in the UWB range.
Representing Representation: Integration between the Temporal Lobe and the Posterior Cingulate Influences the Content and Form of Spontaneous Thought

When not engaged in the moment, we often spontaneously represent people, places and events that are not present in the environment. Although this capacity has been linked to the default mode network (DMN), it remains unclear how interactions between the nodes of this network give rise to particular mental experiences during spontaneous thought. One hypothesis is that the core of the DMN integrates information from medial and lateral temporal lobe memory systems, which represent different aspects of knowledge. Individual differences in the connectivity between temporal lobe regions and the default mode network core would then predict differences in the content and form of people’s spontaneous thoughts. This study tested this hypothesis by examining the relationship between seed-based functional connectivity and the contents of spontaneous thought recorded in a laboratory study several days later. Variations in connectivity from both medial and lateral temporal lobe regions was associated with different patterns of spontaneous thought and these effects converged on an overlapping region in the posterior cingulate cortex. We propose that the posterior core of the DMN acts as a representational hub that integrates information represented in medial and lateral temporal lobe and this process is important in determining the content and form of spontaneous thought.
Teleretinal Imaging for Detection of Referable Macular Degeneration

Purpose The purpose of this study was to determine the sensitivity and specificity for detection of referable age-related macular degeneration (AMD) using an existing nonmydriatic telemedicine pathway for diabetic retinopathy screening with comparison to same-day face-to-face examination by a retina specialist. Methods Subjects in this study underwent nonmydriatic and mydriatic digital retinal imaging on the same day as stereoscopic dilated examination of the macula by a retina specialist and the level of AMD was recorded for each eye. Images were graded by two trained readers as nonreferable or referable (AREDS [Age-Related Eye Disease Study] grading of level 3 or greater). Sensitivity and specificity were calculated by comparing referral recommendations between each reader and the retina specialist (“gold standard”). Results There were 47 subjects (94 eyes) enrolled in the study. Sensitivity for nonreferable AMD with nonmydriatic imaging was 1.0 (reader 1) and 1.0 (reader 2), whereas specificity was 0.75 (reader 1) and 0.91 (reader 2). Sensitivity for referable AMD with nonmydriatic imaging was 0.84 (reader 1) and 0.88 (reader 2), whereas specificity was 0.81 (reader 1) and 0.81 (reader 2). Conclusions Our study showed that nonmydriatic digital retinal imaging had excellent sensitivity and specificity in identifying referable and nonreferable AMD using an existing validated telemedicine pathway for diabetic retinopathy screening.