Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Detecting Program Changes from Edit History of Source Code

Detecting program changes helps maintainers to figure out the evolution of the changed program. For this, several line-based difference tools have been proposed, which extract differences between two versions of the program. Unfortunately, these tools do not provide enough support to program comprehension since a single commitment stored in a version control system contains multiple changes that are intermingled with each other. Therefore, the maintainers have to untangle them by hand. This work is troublesome and time-consuming. This paper proposes a novel mechanism that automatically detects individual program changes. For this, it restores snapshots of the program from the history of edit operations for the target source code and compares class members that result from syntax analysis for respective snapshots. In addition, the mechanism provides several options of aggregating fine-grained changes detected based on the edit history. The maintainers can select their suitable levels of summarization of program changes. The paper also shows experimental results with a running implementation of the change detection tool. Through the experiment, the detection mechanism presents various kinds of summarized information on program changes, which might facilitate maintainers' activities for program comprehension.
A Comparison between Neural Networks and other Statistical Techniques for Modeling the Relationship between Tobacco and Alcohol and Cancer

Epidemiological data is traditionally analyzed with very simple techniques. Flexible models, such as neural networks, have the potential to discover unanticipated features in the data. However, to be useful, flexible models must have effective control on overfitting. This paper reports on a comparative study of the predictive quality of neural networks and other flexible models applied to real and artificial epidemiological data. The results suggest that there are no major unanticipated complex features in the real data, and also demonstrate that MacKay's [1995] Bayesian neural network methodology provides effective control on overfitting while retaining the ability to discover complex features in the artificial data.
A modified architecture for Optimal Normal Basis multiplication based on pre-computation

In this paper, a newly modified optimal normal basis multiplier based on the Massey-Omura method is proposed. Improvements in both area and critical path delay have been achieved over the next best architecture in the literature, through the use of pre-computation. These improvements allow for the design of small, fast multipliers for the implementation of Elliptic Curve Cryptography.
Effect of 2,4-Thiazolidinedione on Limousin Cattle Growth and on Muscle and Adipose Tissue Metabolism

The main adipogenic transcription factor PPARγ possesses high affinity to 2,4-TZD, a member of the Thiazolidinedione family of insulin-sensitizing compounds used as adipogenic agents. We evaluated 2,4-TZD's effect on bovine growth and PPAR tissue expression. Seventeen Limousin bulls (18 month-old; 350 kg body weight (BW)) were assigned into 2 treatments: control and 2,4-TZD (8 mg/70 kg BW) and were fed until bulls reached 500 kg BW. They were weighed and their blood was sampled. DNA, RNA, and protein were determined in liver; skeletal muscle; subcutaneous (SC), omental, perirenal adipose tissues (AT) to determine protein synthesis rate and cellular size. Expression of PPAR mRNA was measured in liver and muscle (PPARα, -δ, and -γ) and SC adipose tissue (γ) by real-time PCR. No significant differences were found (P > 0.1) in weight gain, days on feed, and carcass quality. Muscle synthesis was greater in controls (P < 0.05); cell size was larger with 2,4-TZD (P < 0.05). PPARα, -δ, and -γ expressions with 2,4-TZD in liver were lower (P < 0.01) than in muscle. No differences were found for PPARγ mRNA expression in SCAT. The results suggest the potential use of 2,4-TZD in beef cattle diets, because it improves AT differentiation, liver, and muscle fatty acid oxidation that, therefore, might improve energy efficiency.
Autoluminescent Plants

Prospects of obtaining plants glowing in the dark have captivated the imagination of scientists and layman alike. While light emission has been developed into a useful marker of gene expression, bioluminescence in plants remained dependent on externally supplied substrate. Evolutionary conservation of the prokaryotic gene expression machinery enabled expression of the six genes of the lux operon in chloroplasts yielding plants that are capable of autonomous light emission. This work demonstrates that complex metabolic pathways of prokaryotes can be reconstructed and function in plant chloroplasts and that transplastomic plants can emit light that is visible by naked eye.
A study of color illumination effect on the SNR of rPPG signals

Remote photoplethysmography (rPPG) can be used to measure cardiac activity by detecting the subtle color variation of the human skin tissue using an RGB camera. Recent studies have presented the feasibility and proposed multiple methods to improve the motion robustness for the subject movements. However, enhancing the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) of the rPPG signal is still an important issue for the contactless measurement. In this paper, we conducted an experiment to study the lighting effect on the SNR of rPPG signals. The results point out that different colors of light sources provide different SNR in each RGB channel. By providing the dedicated light sources (λ= 490–620) nm, the SNR of rPPG signals captured from the green color channel can be enhanced. Among the tested light sources, light green provides the most significant improvement from −11.09 to −6.6 dB compared with the fluorescent light.
Evaluation of vascular wall elasticity of human digital arteries using alternating current-signal photoplethysmography

Purpose A simple method of estimating arterial elasticity in the human finger using a volume-oscillometric technique with photoplethysmography was principally studied under the various effects of age, sex, and cold-stress stimulation for testing the capability of using this technique in arterial elasticity analysis. Methods Amplitude variations in the alternating current signal of the photoplethysmograph during a continuous change in transmural pressure were analyzed to obtain the blood pressure and the transmural pressure–relative volume difference relationship of the arteries. We first tested the effect of the occluding cuff size on the arterial elasticity analysis in eight subjects (ages 20–45 years) to obtain a suitable cuff size, resulting in the selection of a middle cuff with a 22 mm diameter. Blood pressure and arterial elasticity were measured in six groups of subjects separated into three age-groups of women and men (ages 20–25, 32–45, and over 50 years) for testing the effect of age and sex. Twelve subjects (ages 20–25 years) also had their blood pressure and arterial elasticity measured in three conditions under the influence of the cold-stress stimulation. Results Age, sex, and cold-stress stimulation had an impact on mean blood pressure (P < 0.0005, 0.025), whereas pulse pressure and heart rate were statistically unchanged by those factors. Furthermore, an advanced age (over 50 years) was found to induce an increase in relative volume difference values (P < 0.025) and upward shifting of the transmural pressure–relative volume difference relationships, whereas sex, level of mean blood pressure, and cold-stress stimulation had no influence on these forms of the index. Conclusion This study showed the usefulness of the relative volume difference as being a mean blood pressure-independent indicator for changes in arterial elasticity.
Sexually transmitted infections and PRO-LIVES: based on a clinical report*

Physicians are also responsible for the increase in sexually transmitted infections. We report a case of patient inadequately monitored, that shows the importance of physicians to take basic measures with any individual at risk of acquiring such infections. We propose the following mnemonic acrostic: PRO-LIVES (Protection: usual and proper codom use, Responsibility, Other orientations, Laboratory tests -HIV infection, syphilis and B and C hepatitis-, Immunization: B hepatitis vaccination, Various: at least two patients, Ensure: case history and physical examination, Single dose treatment: whenever possible). Clinicians should take these measures when treating any patient who has been exposed to risk or with a diagnosis of sexually transmitted infections.
Small-Signal Modeling and Analysis of Combination-Configuration Microgrid Based on Droop Control

In order to study the influence of system parameters on the stability and dynamic performance of combination-configuration microgrid based on droop control, small-signal model is established at the point of steady state. By calculating the eigenvalues of state matrix, the small-signal stability of combination-configuration microgrid can be directly analyzed. Based on sensitivity analysis, the key parameters influencing on each eigenvalue are found out. Using root locus method, the ranges of key parameters and their influence on dynamic performance are determined. Analysis result shows the presented method provides the basis for the optimization design of key parameters, and is helpful to improve the stability and dynamics performance of islanding microgrid.
A Hospital Outbreak of Legionella from a Contaminated Water Supply

The authors performed a cross-sectional epidemiological survey to investigate the source of a hospital Legionella outbreak originating in contaminated water. Water temperature and air humidity were measured around possible contamination sources. A deadend pipe was found to contain Legionella pneumophila serogroup 1. All individuals who acquired legionellosis had spent at least 30 min within 2 m of the contamination source. Among staff, 41 of 71 were exposed, and 31 of these fell ill. All 7 patients exposed to the contaminated water acquired legionellosis. None of the 94 bed-ridden patients from the same units developed the disease. An aerosol with 60% relative air humidity was formed near the suspect water faucets, but the humidity fell rapidly farther from the water source, suggesting that desiccation decreased the risk of infection. The healthy personnel and patients closest to the source acquired legionellosis, suggesting that risk was related less to compromised patients than to exposure.
A continuous dynamic model for an omnidirectional mobile robot

The omnidirectional mobile robots with MY wheels-II are discontinuous dynamic systems. This paper derives a continuous model from a given discontinuous dynamic model. Firstly, the problem of a previously proposed dynamic model, average dynamic model, is analyzed. It shows that the effectiveness of the average dynamic model is limited to robots under a certain class of configurations. To overcome this problem, we first derive the switching conditions of MY wheel-II. Then a continuous dynamic modeling method, using adaptive continuous curves instead of the real discontinuous contact radius in the discontinuous dynamic model, is proposed based on the switching conditions. The resulting dynamic model is a smooth NLPV model, which may then be used as one solution for the model-based control design. The effectiveness of the proposed NLPV model is verified and compared through open-loop simulations against the average model.
Rab8, a small GTPase involved in vesicular traffic between the TGN and the basolateral plasma membrane

Small GTP-binding proteins of the rab family have been implicated as regulators of membrane traffic along the biosynthetic and endocytic pathways in eukaryotic cells. We have investigated the localization and function of rab8, closely related to the yeast YPT1/SEC4 gene products. Confocal immunofluorescence microscopy and immunoelectron microscopy on filter-grown MDCK cells demonstrated that, rab8 was localized to the Golgi region, vesicular structures, and to the basolateral plasma membrane. Two-dimensional gel electrophoresis showed that rab8p was highly enriched in immuno-isolated basolateral vesicles carrying vesicular stomatitis virus-glycoprotein (VSV-G) but was absent from vesicles transporting the hemagglutinin protein (HA) of influenza virus to the apical cell surface. Using a cytosol dependent in vitro transport assay in permeabilized MDCK cells we studied the functional role of rab8 in biosynthetic membrane traffic. Transport of VSV-G from the TGN to the basolateral plasma membrane was found to be significantly inhibited by a peptide derived from the hypervariable COOH-terminal region of rab8, while transport of the influenza HA from the TGN to the apical surface and ER to Golgi transport were unaffected. We conclude that rab8 plays a role in membrane traffic from the TGN to the basolateral plasma membrane in MDCK cells.
NST: a unit testing system for common Lisp

We introduce NST, an expressive and extensible unit testing framework for Common Lisp. Distinct features of Lisp's object system CLOS allow an elegant implementation for NST, and we describe this class model and implementation. There are over a dozen test frameworks for Lisp which are currently available, almost half of which are under active maintenance, and we compare these packages features. Development of NST is ongoing, and we conclude with a discussion of future directions for the system.
Evolving Compiler Heuristics to Manage Communication and Contention

As computer architectures become increasingly complex, hand-tuning compiler heuristics becomes increasingly tedious and time consuming for compiler developers. This paper presents a case study that uses a genetic algorithm to learn a compiler policy. The target policy implicitly balances communication and contention among processing elements of the TRIPS processor, a physically realized prototype chip. We learn specialized policies for individual programs as well as general policies that work well across all programs. We also employ a two-stage method that first classifies the code being compiled based on salient characteristics, and then chooses a specialized policy based on that classification.This work is particularly interesting for the AI community because it 1) emphasizes the need for increased collaboration between AI researchers and researchers from other branches of computer science and 2) discusses a machine learning setup where training on the custom hardware requires weeks of training, rather than the more typical minutes or hours.
Triterpenes and phenolic compounds in apple fruit (Malus domestica Borkh.)

Apple (Malus × domestica Borkh.), a popular and widely cultivated fruit world-wide, contains bioactive triterpenes and phenolic compounds with potentially valuable pharmacological functions. This thesis investigated the effects of pre-harvest and postharvest factors on concentrations of these bioactive compounds in apples. It also studied the effect of ozone treatment, before or during storage, combined with cold storage on triterpene and phenolic compound concentrations in apples and the antifungal activity of triterpene-enriched crude extract. Concentrations of two major triterpenes, oleanolic acid and ursolic acid, in apple peel varied significantly between cultivars, with the late-ripening cultivar ‘Gloster’ having higher concentrations than the earlier ripening ‘Discovery’ and ‘Aroma’. The concentrations were higher in peel from the shaded side than from the sun-exposed side of both ‘Discovery’ and ‘Gloster’ apples. Harvest time and storage methods had minor effects on the concentrations, although some between-cultivar variation was observed. Inoculation with Penicillium expansum decreased oleanolic acid concentration in ‘Discovery’ and ‘Gloster’ at harvest in one study year and decreased ursolic acid concentration in ‘Aroma’ after cold storage. Oleanolic acid and ursolic acid concentrations in apple peel showed non-consistent changes in different cultivars after bruising. On four of six harvest occasions during a two-year study of ‘Aroma’, the concentrations were higher in peel of apples from rootstock ‘MM106’ than from ‘M9’. Total polyphenolics concentration was higher in ‘Amorosa’ peel than in ‘Santana’ peel at harvest and after four months of storage. Ursolic acid concentration in apple peel was almost unaffected by ozone treatment, but oleanolic acid concentration showed differing responses to varying ozone application. The concentrations of different bioactive compounds both increased and decreased after ozone treatment, but the changes were within the range of fluctuations observed in untreated apples during storage. Low-dose ozone treatment (0.5 ppm gaseous ozone one hour per day) during four months of cold storage did not affect total polyphenolics in ‘Amorosa’ and ‘Santana’ flesh, but increased total polyphenolics in ‘Amorosa’ peel and decreased them in ‘Santana’. Short-term ozone treatment (2.5 ppm gaseous ozone and ozonated water, alone or combined) before one month of cold storage reduced total polyphenolics content in apple peel, while inconsistent responses were observed in apple flesh. Triterpene-enriched water significantly inhibited mycelial growth of all pathogens studied, but inhibited conidia production differently in each pathogen.
Adoption Issues of Multi-agent Systems in Manufacturing Industry

This paper looks at the adoption challenges of multiagent systems as an implementation of the intelligent manufacturing concept, which intends to offer a system characterized by its flexibility, reconfigurability, autonomy, reliability and learning capabilities. It describes the concept of multi-agent systems, its generic architecture and some relevant industrial implementations. Additionally, it analyzes the main multi-agent challenges looking for its benefits in the manufacturing industry, but also exposing its limitations and barriers for a widely industry adoption.
DECRYPTING ENGLISH TEXT USING ENHANCED FREQUENCY ANALYSIS

Frequency analysis is the fundamental cryptanalytic technique besides brutal force, threat, blackmail, torture, bribery, etc. [1]. Conventionally, it is applied on monogram, bigram and trigram together with anagramming technique [2]. The efficiency of anagramming depends on the cryptanalyst's depth of knowledge in different language features. Hence anagramming is a trial-and-error approach due to huge deviation in different fields, e.g. military, diplomatic, commercial, legal and daily languages. The frequency fluctuations among the normal frequency order of the characters trigger the crossover problem for monogram frequency analysis. Meanwhile bigram and trigram frequency analyses are found to give little help. Higher orders are unlikely to be useful. In 1994, George Hart introduced a novel frequency analysis approach based on word frequency to decode the enhanced frequency analysis for systematic decryption of English ciphertext [3]. The proposed protocol uses combined techniques of monogram frequency analysis, keyword rules and dictionary checking. It is successfully tested faster on monoalphabetic substitution cipher. Moreover, it solves the weakness of Hart’s approach for complete failure when neither top 135 words is found in the ciphertext. Further extrapolation is expected to be applicable to other cryptanalytic algorithms and languages. Keyword: Science, Information and Communication, Languages, Linguistics and Cultures, Short Cryptogram, Language-Based Information Security.
PLASTICS‐IRRADIATED‐ETCHED: THE NUCLEPORE® FILTER TURNS 45 YEARS OLD

Book Reviews . 54 ASLO News . 58 Commentary from L&O: Methods AEs . 64 Obituary: Peter John Wangersky . 67 PLASTICS-IRRADIATEDETCHED: THE NUCLEPORE FILTER TURNS 45 YEARS OLD David M. Karl, School of Ocean and Earth Science and Technology, University of Hawaii, Honolulu, Hawaii 96822, USA; dkarl@hawaii.edu
Rank 48 gauge group in heterotic string

We discuss the existence of a non-perturbative gauge sector that can raise the rank of the gauge group of the N_4=2 heterotic string up to 48. These gauge bosons, that don't exist in six dimensions, co-exist with those originating from small instantons shrinking to zero size.
Analysis of Activation Energy and MSCR for Oxidized Asphalts and their impact on the Rutting of Pavements

There have been numerous studies focused on the effect of water on asphalt mixtures, the mineralogy of the aggregates, mastic, and voids. In this research, the effect of water on binder is evaluated in the context of chemical changes, and how such changes impact the material rheological response of asphalt mixtures. This phenomenon has impact on the durability of pavement insomuch as water affects our roads due to prolonged periods of rain and high relative humidity; a typical characteristic of tropical countries. The procedure applied in this research was to submerge 2 mm thick sheets of asphalt in water (of constant controlled properties) for twenty-one (21) months. During that time, the progressive changes in chemical properties, physical properties, and performance of the asphalt were tracked. The results presented in this article are focused on the analysis of the asphalts’ activation energy (and the generated change during the period of submersion) in relation to its response to the Multiple Stress Creep and Recovery (MSCR) test: one of the rheological tests that effectively represents the asphalts’ behavior under different stress and strain levels.
The impact of musculoskeletal disorders in the population: are they just aches and pains? Findings from the 1990 Ontario Health Survey.

OBJECTIVE In light of the high frequency of symptoms of musculoskeletal (MSK) disorders in the population, our objective was to establish the impact of these disorders on morbidity and health care utilization. METHODS Analysis of interview data from the 1990 Ontario Health Survey (sample size 45,650 from the household population age > or = 16 years) has provided one of the first opportunities to relate reported MSK morbidity to disability, illness duration, and use of health services. RESULTS Overall, MSK disorders were reported as a cause of morbidity or health care utilization by 29% of the population aged > or = 16 years. The prevalence of chronic MSK disorders was 22%; this includes the 5% of the population who reported longterm disability due to MSK disorders. Of reported MSK disorders, 79% had a duration of over 6 months, and the median duration was 5 years. MSK disorders impact in the previous 2 weeks, defined as reduced activity or use of health care (seeing a health professional or taking prescription or nonprescription medication) specifically because of MSK disorders, was reported by 12% of the population, of whom 72% reported chronic MSK disorders. A health professional had been consulted within the previous year for 72% of the reported MSK disorders. The proportion with consultations was over 80% for durations of one year or less, and remained over 50% for disease durations > or = 10 years. CONCLUSIONS Reported MSK disorders cannot be dismissed as minor problems not requiring ongoing care in view of their long duration, disabling impact, and continuing consumption of health care services and resources.