Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Toward a theory of interstellar turbulence. 2. Strong Alfvenic turbulence

We continue to investigate the possibility that interstellar turbulence is caused by nonlinear interactions among shear Alfven waves. Here, as in Paper I, we restrict attention to the symmetric case where the oppositely directed waves carry equal energy fluxes. This precludes application to the solar wind in which the outward flux significantly exceeds the ingoing one. All our detailed calculations are carried out for an incompressible magnetized fluid. In incompressible magnetohydrodynamics (MHD), nonlinear interactions only occur between oppositely direct waves. Paper I contains a detailed derivation of the inertial range spectrum for the weak turbulence of shear Alfven waves. As energy cascades to high perpendicular wavenumbers, interactions become so strong that the assumption of weakness is no longer valid. Here, we present a theory for the strong turbulence of shear Alfven waves. It has the following main characteristics. (1) The inertial-range energy spectrum exhibits a critical balance beween linear wave periods and nonlinear turnover timescales. (2) The "eddies" are elongated in the direction of the field on small spatial scales; the parallel and perpendicular components of the wave vector, k_z and k_⊥, are related by k_z ≈ k^(2/3) _⊥L^(-1/3), where L is the outer scale of the turbulence. (3) The "one-dimensional" energy spectrum is proportional to k^(-5/3) _⊥-an anisotropic Kolmogorov energy spectrum. Shear Alfvenic turbulence mixes specific entropy as a passive contaminant. This gives rise to an electron density power spectrum whose form mimics the energy spectrum of the turbulence. Radio, wave scattering by these electron density fluctuations produces anisotropic scatter-broadened images. Damping by ion-neutral collisions restricts Alfvenic turbulence to highly ionized regions of the interstellar medium. We expect negligible generation of compressive MHD waves by shear Alfven waves belonging to the critically balanced cascade. Viscous and collisionless damping are also unimportant in the interstellar medium (ISM). Our calculations support the general picture of interstellar turbulence advanced by Higdon.
Band gap control of colloidal photonic crystal by hyperthermal neutral beam etching

The photonic band gap of colloidal crystal films made of polystyrene nanospheres was controlled by dry etching technology using hyperthermal neutral beam. Vertical deposition technique was applied to prepare colloidal crystal films with face centered cubic lattice structure using aqueous suspension of monodispersed polystyrene particles. The pseudogap of these colloidal photonic crystals was tuned by etching the films with neutral beam, which reduces the size of the constituent polystyrene particles. Isotropic reduction of the particles in collodial crystal films resulted in the blue shift of stop band of the photonic band gap materials. By changing the etching time, the reflected colors of the dry-etched colloidal crystals were successfully controlled.
Is the future female for turtles? Climate change and wetland configuration predict sex ratios of a freshwater species

Climate change and land‐use change are leading drivers of biodiversity decline, affecting demographic parameters that are important for population persistence. For example, scientists have speculated for decades that climate change may skew adult sex ratios in taxa that express temperature‐dependent sex determination (TSD), but limited evidence exists that this phenomenon is occurring in natural settings. For species that are vulnerable to anthropogenic land‐use practices, differential mortality among sexes may also skew sex ratios. We sampled the spotted turtle (Clemmys guttata), a freshwater species with TSD, across a large portion of its geographic range (Florida to Maine), to assess the environmental factors influencing adult sex ratios. We present evidence that suggests recent climate change has potentially skewed the adult sex ratio of spotted turtles, with samples following a pattern of increased proportions of females concomitant with warming trends, but only within the warmer areas sampled. At intermediate temperatures, there was no relationship with climate, while in the cooler areas we found the opposite pattern, with samples becoming more male biased with increasing temperatures. These patterns might be explained in part by variation in relative adaptive capacity via phenotypic plasticity in nest site selection. Our findings also suggest that spotted turtles have a context‐dependent and multi‐scale relationship with land use. We observed a negative relationship between male proportion and the amount of crop cover (within 300 m) when wetlands were less spatially aggregated. However, when wetlands were aggregated, sex ratios remained consistent. This pattern may reflect sex‐specific patterns in movement that render males more vulnerable to mortality from agricultural machinery and other threats. Our findings highlight the complexity of species' responses to both climate change and land use, and emphasize the role that landscape structure can play in shaping wildlife population demographics.
Implement of Hyper-Graph System Based on Three-Dimensional Matrix Model

At present the majority of association rule mining algorithm only uses support and confidence to evaluate association rules, association rules which may contain a large number of redundant, meaningless, Introducing the concepts of hyper-graph and system and exploring to construct the hyper-graph on the model of three-dimensional matrix. According to the characteristics of Big Data, the new hyper-edge definition method is adopted combining the concept of system, thus improving the processing capacity.
The Effects of Drug Addiction and Detoxification on the Human Oral Microbiota

Drug addiction has serious negative consequences for human health and public security. The evidence indicates that drug abuse can cause poor oral health. ABSTRACT Drug addiction can powerfully and chronically damage human health. Detoxification contributes to health recovery of the body. It is well established that drug abuse is associated with poor oral health in terms of dental caries and periodontal diseases. We supposed that drug addiction and detoxification might have significant effects on the oral microbiota. To test the hypothesis, we assessed the effects of drug (heroin and methylamphetamine) addiction/detoxification on the oral microbiota based on 16S rRNA gene sequencing by an observational investigation, including 495 saliva samples from participants. The oral microbial compositions differed between non-users, current and former drug users. Lower alpha diversities were observed in current drug users, with no significant differences between non-users and former drug users. Heroin and METH addiction can cause consistent variations in several specific phyla, such as the enrichment of Acidobacteria and depletion of Proteobacteria and Tenericutes. Current drug users had significantly lower relative abundances of Neisseria subflava and Haemophilus parainfluenzae compared to non-users and former drug users. The result of random forest prediction model suggested that the oral microbiota has a powerful classification potential for distinguishing current drug users from non-users and former drug users. A cooccurrence network analysis showed that current drug users had more complex oral microbial networks and lower functional modularity. Overall, our study suggested that drug addiction may damage the balance of the oral microbiota. These results may have benefits for further understanding the effects of addiction-related oral microbiota on the health of drug users and promoting the microbiota to serve as a potential tool for accurate forensic identification. IMPORTANCE Drug addiction has serious negative consequences for human health and public security. The evidence indicates that drug abuse can cause poor oral health. In the current study, we observed that drug addiction caused oral microbial dysbiosis. Detoxication have positive effects on the recovery of oral microbial community structures to some extent. Understanding the effects of drug addiction and detoxification on oral microbial communities will promote a more rational approach for recovering the oral function and health of drug users. Furthermore, specific microbial species might be considered biomarkers that could provide information regarding drug abuse status for saliva left at crime scenes. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report on the role of the oral microbiota in drug addiction and detoxification. Our findings give new clues to understand the association between drug addiction and oral health.
The Molecular Effect of Wearing Silver-Threaded Clothing on the Human Skin

The impact of silver-threaded material on human skin chemistry and microbiome is largely unknown. Although the most abundant taxa remained unaffected, silver caused an increase in diversity and richness of low-abundant bacteria and a decrease in chemical diversity. ABSTRACT With growing awareness that what we put in and on our bodies affects our health and wellbeing, little is still known about the impact of textiles on the human skin. Athletic wear often uses silver threading to improve hygiene, but little is known about its effect on the body’s largest organ. In this study, we investigated the impact of such clothing on the skin’s chemistry and microbiome. Samples were collected from different body sites of a dozen volunteers over the course of 12 weeks. The changes induced by the antibacterial clothing were specific for individuals, but more so defined by gender and body site. Unexpectedly, the microbial biomass on skin increased in the majority of the volunteers when wearing silver-threaded T-shirts. Although the most abundant taxa remained unaffected, silver caused an increase in diversity and richness of low-abundant bacteria and a decrease in chemical diversity. Both effects were mainly observed for women. The hallmark of the induced changes was an increase in the abundance of various monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFAs), especially in the upper back. Several microbe-metabolite associations were uncovered, including Cutibacterium, detected in the upper back area, which was correlated with the distribution of MUFAs, and Anaerococcus spp. found in the underarms, which were associated with a series of different bile acids. Overall, these findings point to a notable impact of the silver-threaded material on the skin microbiome and chemistry. We observed that relatively subtle changes in the microbiome result in pronounced shifts in molecular composition. IMPORTANCE The impact of silver-threaded material on human skin chemistry and microbiome is largely unknown. Although the most abundant taxa remained unaffected, silver caused an increase in diversity and richness of low-abundant bacteria and a decrease in chemical diversity. The major change was an increase in the abundance of various monounsaturated fatty acids that were also correlated with Cutibacterium. Additionally, Anaerococcus spp. , found in the underarms, were associated with different bile acids in the armpit samples. Overall, the impact of the silver-threaded clothing was gender and body site specific.
N-terminal domain on dystroglycan enables LARGE1 to extend matriglycan on α-dystroglycan and prevents muscular dystrophy

Dystroglycan (DG) requires extensive post-translational processing and O-glycosylation to function as a receptor for extracellular matrix (ECM) proteins containing laminin-G (LG) domains. Matriglycan is an elongated polysaccharide of alternating xylose (Xyl) and glucuronic acid (GlcA) that binds with high affinity to ECM proteins with LG domains and is uniquely synthesized on α-dystroglycan (α-DG) by like-acetylglucosaminyltransferase-1 (LARGE1). Defects in the post-translational processing or O-glycosylation of α-DG that result in a shorter form of matriglycan reduce the size of α-DG and decrease laminin binding, leading to various forms of muscular dystrophy. Previously, we demonstrated that protein O-mannose kinase (POMK) is required for LARGE1 to generate full-length matriglycan on α-DG (~150–250 kDa) (Walimbe et al., 2020). Here, we show that LARGE1 can only synthesize a short, non-elongated form of matriglycan in mouse skeletal muscle that lacks the DG N-terminus (α-DGN), resulting in an ~100–125 kDa α-DG. This smaller form of α-DG binds laminin and maintains specific force but does not prevent muscle pathophysiology, including reduced force production after eccentric contractions (ECs) or abnormalities in the neuromuscular junctions. Collectively, our study demonstrates that α-DGN, like POMK, is required for LARGE1 to extend matriglycan to its full mature length on α-DG and thus prevent muscle pathophysiology.
Thermal oxidation and electrical properties of silicon carbide metal‐oxide‐semiconductor structures

Fabrication processes of metal‐oxide‐semiconductor (MOS) capacitors on n‐type, Si‐face 6H‐SiC, and its electrical properties, have been reported in this article. The effects of thermal oxidation conditions at temperatures between 1150 and 1250 °C on the electrical properties of MOS capacitors were studied. After oxidation, the wafers were annealed under argon ambient to improve the capacitance‐voltage (C‐V) characteristics. The C‐V characteristics of the Al‐SiO2‐SiC metal‐oxide‐semiconductor capacitors were measured at high frequency in the dark and under illumination. Under dark conditions, inversion did not occur, probably owing to the absence of minority carriers due to the large band gap of 6H‐SiC. The C‐V measurements made under illumination for both wet and dry thermally grown oxides show accumulation, depletion, and inversion regions. The ac conductance method was used to determine the interface trap densities and emission time constants of fast states. From the analysis of the data a total of fixe.
A novel method for dynamically altering the surface area of intracranial EEG electrodes

Objective. Intracranial electroencephalogram (iEEG) plays a critical role in the treatment of neurological diseases, such as epilepsy and Parkinson’s disease, as well as the development of neural prostheses and brain computer interfaces. While electrode geometries vary widely across these applications, the impact of electrode size on iEEG features and morphology is not well understood. Some insight has been gained from computer simulations, as well as experiments in which signals are recorded using electrodes of different sizes concurrently in different brain regions. Here, we introduce a novel method to record from electrodes of different sizes in the exact same location by changing the size of iEEG electrodes after implantation in the brain. Approach. We first present a theoretical model and an in vitro validation of the method. We then report the results of an in vivo implementation in three human subjects with refractory epilepsy. We recorded iEEG data from three different electrode sizes and compared the amplitudes, power spectra, inter-channel correlations, and signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) of interictal epileptiform discharges, i.e. epileptic spikes. Main Results. We found that iEEG amplitude and power decreased as electrode size increased, while inter-channel correlation did not change significantly with electrode size. The SNR of epileptic spikes was generally highest in the smallest electrodes, but 39% of spikes had maximal SNR in larger electrodes. This likely depends on the precise location and spatial spread of each spike. Significance. Overall, this new method enables multi-scale measurements of electrical activity in the human brain that can facilitate our understanding of neurophysiology, treatment of neurological disease, and development of novel technologies.
Visible electroluminescence in hydrogenated amorphous silicon oxynitride

The mechanism of electroluminescence in hydrogenated amorphous silicon oxynitride was investigated. The luminescence can be observed only in the samples with high nitrogen content and annealed at high temperatures. It depends on the direction of the applied electric field, and its peak photon energy decreases from 2.3 to 1.8 eV as the nitrogen content increases. From the measurements of conduction current and Fourier transform infrared absorption spectroscopy, it was found that the electrical conduction in the electric field region where the luminescence was observed is governed by the Poole–Frenkel process at the defect centers induced by the high temperature annealing. The electroluminescence is considered to be caused by electronic transition between the band-tail states, at least one of which is related to N or Si–N bonds.
Predictive Equations to Estimate Relative Load Based on Movement Velocity in Males and Females: Accuracy of Estimation for the Smith Machine Concentric Back Squat

Abstract Mendonca, GV, Fitas, A, Santos, P, Gomes, M, and Pezarat-Correia, P. Predictive equations to estimate relative load based on movement velocity in males and females: accuracy of estimation for the Smith machine concentric back squat. J Strength Cond Res 37(8): 1559–1565, 2023—We sought to determine the validity of using the Smith machine bar velocity to estimate relative load during the concentric back squat performed by adult male and female subjects. Thirty-two subjects (16 men: 23.3 ± 3.8 and 16 women: 26.1 ± 2.7 years) were included. The load-velocity relationship was extracted for all subjects individually. Mean concentric velocity (MCV), combined with sex, was used to develop equations predictive of relative load (% one repetition maximum [1RM]). Prediction accuracy was determined with the mean absolute percent error and Bland-Altman plots. Relative strength was similar between the sexes. However, male subjects exhibited faster concentric MCV at 1RM (p < 0.05). Mean concentric velocity and the sex-by-MCV interaction were both significant predictors of %1RM (p < 0.0001), explaining 89% of its variance. The absolute error was similar between the sexes (men: 9.4 ± 10.0; women: 8.4 ± 10.5, p > 0.05). The mean difference between actual and predicted %1RM in Bland-Altman analysis was nearly zero in both sexes and showed no heteroscedasticity. The limits of agreement in both men and women were of approximately ±15%. Taken together, it can be concluded that sex should be taken into consideration when aiming at accurate prescription of relative load based on movement velocity. Moreover, predicting relative load from MCV and sex provides an error of approximately 10% in assessments of relative load in groups of persons. Finally, when used for individual estimations, these equations may implicate a considerable deviation from the actual relative load, and this may limit their applicability to training conditions in which extreme accuracy is required (i.e., more advanced lifters and athletes).
Examining the potential influence of crosslinguistic lexical similarity on word-choice transfer in L2 English

We examined whether and how L1-L2 crosslinguistic formal lexical similarity influences L2 word choice. Our sample included two learner subcorpora, containing 8,500 and 6,390 English texts, written in an educational setting, by speakers of diverse L1s in the A1–B2 CEFR range of L2 proficiency. We quantified similarity based on phonological overlap between L1 words and their L2 (English) translations. This similarity relates to psycholinguistic cognancy, which occurs when words and their translations share a high level of formal similarity, often due to historical cognancy from shared etymology or language contact. We then used mixed-effects statistical models to examine how this similarity influences the rate of use of the L2 words; essentially, we checked whether L2 words that are more similar to their L1 translations are used more often. We also controlled for potential confounds, including the baseline L1 frequency of the English words. The type of crosslinguistic similarity that we examined did not influence learners’ choice of L2 words in their writing in the present sample, which represents a type of educational setting that many learners encounter. This suggests that the influence of such similarity is constrained, and that communicative needs can override transfer from learners’ L1 to their L2, which raises questions regarding when and how else situational factors can influence transfer.
To participate or not? Research on second-hand apparel recycling intention under the guidance of environmental psychology

The apparel industry, one of the largest manufacturing industries in the world, generates a large amount of solid waste. It is necessary to reduce excessive apparel consumption in order to reduce waste of the apparel industry. This study takes China as an example to explore the residents’ second-hand apparel recycling intention (SARI). Purchasing second-hand, renting and swapping apparel are comprehensively defined as second-hand apparel (SA) recycling. Then, the influence of six environmental psychological factors on SARI is explored, including environmental concern (EC), trust in social media (TSM), consumer innovativeness (CI), face consciousness (FC), perceived consumer effectiveness (PCE) and subjective norm (SN). In this study, 348 valid questionnaires are collected, and structural equation model is used to process the data. The results show that EC, CI and PCE have no significant effect on SARI. SN and TSM positively promote SARI, while FC has a negative effect. The results are expected to provide in-depth insights to further understand and improve the SARI of residents in emerging economies from the environmentally psychological level.
Frequency of Hypoglycemia Assessed by Continuous Glucose Monitoring in Advanced CKD

Visual Abstract Background Hypoglycemia represents a risk for serious morbidity. We evaluated the prevalence and risk factors of hypoglycemia by continuous glucose monitoring (CGM) in patients with CKD with or without diabetes. Methods In this cross-sectional study, outpatients with CKD stages G3–G5 (including hemodialysis) and type 2 diabetes without CKD were enrolled and underwent intermittently scanned CGM measurements for 7 days. The burden of CGM-measured hypoglycemia was assessed using the 7-day sum of area over the curve with glucose levels <70 mg/dl and the sum of time spent <54 mg/dl. Results A total of 366 participants (148 participants with CKD and diabetes, 115 with CKD and without diabetes, and 103 without CKD and with diabetes) were included. Glucose levels of <54 mg/dl were observed in 41% of participants with CKD and diabetes, 48% of participants with CKD and without diabetes, and 14% of participants with diabetes and without CKD. However, only two participants reported hypoglycemic symptoms during CGM measurements, which were confirmed and documented by capillary blood glucose measurements. Between-group differences of 7-day area over the curve (<70 mg/dl) were as follows: hemodialysis group versus CKD stage G4 and G5 groups, −0.25 min·mg/dl per hour (95% confidence interval [CI], −6.40 to −0.59) P<0.001; CKD stage G4 and G5 groups versus CKD stage G3 group, −0.08 min·mg/dl per hour (95% CI, −0.0 to −0.50) P=0.15; and CKD stage G3 group versus diabetes without CKD group, −0.14 min·mg/dl per hour (95% CI, −0.0 to −0.20) P=0.01. In addition, the subgroup analysis of the diabetic or nondiabetic and at daytime or nighttime showed that the 7-day area over the curve (<70 mg/dl) and time spent (<54 mg/dl) was larger with worse kidney function. Conclusions The lowering level of kidney function was strongly associated with the burden of hypoglycemia in patients with CKD.