Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Power MOSFET Verilog modelling

Power MOSFETs are electronic devices used for modern switches. The complexity of mixed-signal system-on-chip using power MOSFETs has increased. Advanced analog and digital interfaces, tough requirements for their safety and reliability impose new advanced methodologies for their simulations. Cadence Virtuoso offers a complex simulation environment including AMS, a mixed digital - analog simulation tool. Power MOSFETs behavioral models are needed for analog and digital simulations. Virtuoso AMS is a reference language in the mixed-signal environment, aimed to provide a good tradeoff between accuracy and speed in verification. This paper proposes a new approach in power MOS simulation using System Verilog for analog and digital simulation. A new model for a power transistor has been developed. The model was used for an analog simulation for a power stage circuit including a power MOSFET. The power stage was also simulated in Verilog, commonly used in the design and verification of digital circuits. The analog and digital outputs plotted in SimVision were in good agreement in order to validate the model.
The global distribution of human population and recent volcanism

Abstract This study quantifies the spatial relationship between the global distribution of human population and recent volcanism. Using recently compiled databases of population and Holocene volcanoes, we estimate that almost 9% (455 × 106 people) of the world's 1990 population lived within 100km of an historically active volcano and 12% within 100km of a volcano believed to have been active during the last 10,000 years. The analysis also indicates that average population density generally decreases with distance from these volcanoes (within 200 km). In tropical areas, the elevation and fertile soils associated with volcanic regions can provide incentives for agrarian populations to settle close to potentially active volcanoes. In Southeast Asia and Central America higher population densities lie in closer proximity to volcanoes than in other volcanic regions. In Japan and Chile, population density tends to increase with distance from volcanoes. The current trends of rapid urbanization and sustained population growth in tropical developing countries, combined with agricultural intensification of fertile volcanic terrains could alter the relationship between humans and volcanoes so as to increase both local and global consequences of volcanic eruptions in the future.
Estrogen receptors and effects of estrogen on membrane electrical properties of coronary vascular smooth muscle

The effect of estrogen stimulation in vitro on the electrical properties of vascular smooth muscle (VSM), and the concentration of estrogen receptors in VSM were measured in isolated coronary arteries. Microelectrode measurements of the dog coronary artery membrane potential (Em) showed quiescent values of −51 millivolts (mV) and an input resistance (rin) of 10 megohms. Addition of diethylstibestrol (DES) at 10−6 M hyperpolarized the membrane to −64 mV and reduced in resistance (rin) to 5 megohms within 15 minutes. Extrapolation of the Em vs. log [K]o curve to zero potential gave similar values of [K]i of around 170 mM in both normal and DES treated muscles suggesting that the DES induced hyperpolarization is not due to increased Na‐K pump activity. The 0.5% ethanol vehicle alone had no effect on the membrane potentials. Tetraethylammonium ion (TEA) induced action potentials in the previously quiescent tissue. When DES was applied in the presence of TEA, the membrane potential increased and the action potential were abolished. Scatchard analysis of the estrogen receptor binding demonstrated both a high and a low affinity receptor for estrogen in the VSM. These data indicate that DES hyperpolarizes the VSM cells by a mechanism other than an increased Na‐K pump activity. The mechanism of this increased Em may be due to factors which increase K+ conductance either mediated directly through estrogen interaction with its cytosolic receptors or through some unidentified second mechanism.
Genetic Control of Resistance to the Sterol 14α-Demethylase Inhibitor Fungicide Prochloraz in the Cereal Eyespot PathogenTapesia yallundae

ABSTRACT Sexual crosses were used to determine the genetic basis of resistance to the sterol 14 α-demethylase inhibitor fungicide prochloraz in the cereal eyespot pathogen Tapesia yallundae. Three different crosses between sensitive parental strains (22-432 and 22-433 [the concentration required to inhibit growth by 50% {IG50} for each was ≤0.03 mg/liter]) and field isolates from France and New Zealand with differing levels of resistance (PR11 [IG50 = 0.5 mg/liter], PR1 [IG50 = 1.0 mg/liter], and 11-3-18 [IG50 = 2.4 mg/liter]) yielded progeny showing a bimodal distribution, with an even number of sensitive and resistant progeny. This indicated the segregation of a single major gene for resistance in each cross, which was confirmed by the use of backcrosses, crosses between F1 progeny, and control crosses between sensitive parents. However, there was also evidence of additional quantitative genetic components responsible for the increased IG50s of the more resistant isolates. A further cross was made between isolate PR11 and an F1 progeny arising from isolate 11-3-18, and this also yielded progeny which were entirely prochloraz resistant. This suggested that resistance genes were allelic in these two isolates, with resistance conferred by a gene at the same locus (or closely linked loci), despite the fact that the isolates (PR11 and 11-3-18) originated from different continents.
Low power multi-channel capacitive touch sensing unit using capacitor to time conversion method

This paper presents a multi-channel capacitive touch sensing unit for SoC applications. This unit includes a simple common processing unit and switch array to detect the touch sensing input by capacitive-time(C-T) conversion method. This touch sensor ASIC is designed based on the Capacitive-Time(C-T) conversion method to have advantages of small current and chip area, and the minimum resolution of the unit is 41 fF per count with the built-in sensing oscillator, LDO regulator and I2C for no additional external components. This unit is implemented in 0.18 um CMOS process with dual supply voltage of 1.8 V and 3.3 V. The total power consumption of the unit is 60 uA and the area is 0.26 mm2.
WeeKends, WorK, and Well-Being: PsyChologiCal need satisfaCtions and day of the WeeK effeCts on mood, vitality, and PhysiCal symPtoms

We examine the effects of weekend versus weekday and work versus nonwork experiences on mood and other well-being indicators in a sample of 74 men and women employed in a wide variety of occupations. It was hypothesized that both weekends and nonworking times would be associated with enhanced well-being, and that these relations would be mediated by greater satisfaction of autonomy and relatedness needs. In addition, we hypothesized that much of the weekend effect would be accounted for by the work versus nonwork contrast, given that work activities are expected to be associated with a lower sense of autonomy and relatedness than nonwork activities. Results supported these hypotheses, showing that for both male and female workers, weekend and nonwork activities were associated with several indicators of well-being, and these relations were partially or fully mediated by basic psychological need satisfaction. The findings are discussed in terms of mood variability and the implications of free time and work.
Does fast dissociation from the dopamine d(2) receptor explain the action of atypical antipsychotics?: A new hypothesis.

OBJECTIVE Although atypical antipsychotics are becoming the treatment of choice for schizophrenia, what makes an antipsychotic "atypical" is not clear. This article provides a new hypothesis about the mechanism of action of atypical antipsychotics. METHOD Published data regarding the molecular, animal model, neuroimaging, and clinical aspects of typical and atypical antipsychotics were reviewed to develop this hypothesis. Particular attention was paid to data regarding the role of the serotonin 5-HT(2) and dopamine D(4) receptors in atypicality. RESULTS Neuroimaging data show that optimal dopamine D(2) occupancy is sufficient to produce the atypical antipsychotic effect. Freedom from motor side effects results from low D(2) occupancy, not from high 5-HT(2) occupancy. If D(2) occupancy is excessive, atypicality is lost even in the presence of high 5-HT(2) occupancy. Animal data show that a rapid dissociation from the D(2) receptor at a molecular level produces the atypical antipsychotic effect. In vitro data show that the single most powerful predictor of atypicality for the current generation of atypical antipsychotics is fast dissociation from the D(2) receptor, not its high affinity at 5-HT(2), D(4), or another receptor. CONCLUSIONS The authors propose that fast dissociation from the D(2) receptor makes an antipsychotic more accommodating of physiological dopamine transmission, permitting an antipsychotic effect without motor side effects, prolactin elevation, or secondary negative symptoms. In contrast to the multireceptor hypotheses, the authors predict that the atypical antipsychotic effect can be produced by appropriate modulation of the D(2) receptor alone; the blockade of other receptors is neither necessary nor sufficient.
All Internal in the Family?

Measurements of the impact of public health insurance have typically focused on the health and insurance outcomes of the newly eligible child. In this paper, I investigate the consequences of public health insurance for the other members of the household. Using a regression discontinuity design, I find that a child’s public health insurance eligibility crowds out the private health insurance of parents by 11 percentage points when it is not accompanied by parental eligibility. This loss of insurance corresponds to changes in self-reported health and preventive care for women.
Novel design approach for transversal notch filter using recursive principles

In this paper, a new transversal active filter is presented. Basic principle consists of combining the signals coming from two branches. One branch is passive and the other includes a band-pass filter. The transversal combination leads to a stop-band response. For the band-pass filter, we have chosen a recursive topology that uses the same amplifier/power combiner association process. We first present a low-noise MMIC active recursive filter implemented at X-band. Layout, measured noise figure and s-parameters of this filter are presented. Then, the theoretical background of the transversal filter is given. We first apply the technique by using the results of the low-noise measured recursive filter. We further show the improvement provided by the method with the analytical optimization of the filter in terms of noise.
The mediating role of relational benefit between service quality and customer loyalty in airline industry

Service quality, in essence, seeks to measure firm performance along transactional dimensions, whereas relational benefits measure the intangible aspects of relationships, over and above the core elements of the service. Thus, the interaction between the consumer and service provider is ongoing (relational) rather than one-off (transactional). The purpose of this study aims to identify the role of relational benefits between service quality and loyalty. In order to achieve the objective of this paper, a quantitative analysis through a personal survey of passengers was performed. Four hundred and fifty questionnaires were distributed and 403 useable samples were obtained with 89% response rate. The results of this study found that service quality has positive impacts on relational benefit and customer loyalty in the airline industry. Additionally, relational benefit influences customer loyalty directly. Furthermore, service quality would also affect customer's loyalty through customer relational benefits.
Mortality Risk by Body Weight and Weight Change in People with NIDDM: The WHO Multinational Study of Vascular Disease in Diabetes

OBJECTIVE Care guidelines for people with non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM) emphasize the importance of weight loss in reducing mortality risk. However, existing evidence regarding the relationship between weight and mortality and the effects of weight change is conflicting. We examined these relationships in the World Health Organization Multinational Study of Vascular Disease in Diabetes. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS This was a cohort study of 1,416 men and 1,544 women. Baseline examinations were performed in 1975 through 1977, a morbidity follow-up was performed in 1983, and a mortality follow-up continued until 1988. Data were analyzed according to geographical groups: Europeans, East Asians, and Native Americans. The relationship between weight change and mortality was analyzed for Europeans only. RESULTS Generally, body mass index (BMI) was positively associated with age, blood pressure, and cholesterol but was negatively associated with duration of diabetes, prevalence of retinopathy, and use of insulin. There was no clear relationship between BMI and mortality across the geographical groups. In Europeans, weight loss in the leanest subjects at baseline (BMI < 26 kg/m2) was associated with a threefold increase in mortality risk compared with those who had maintained a steady weight (relative risk [RR] 3.05, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.26–7.36). Only in the most obese group was weight loss associated with a reduction in mortality risk (BMI > 29 kg/m2, RR 0.84, 95% CI 0.40–1.74). CONCLUSIONS The positive association of BMI with age, blood pressure, and cholesterol and the negative association with duration of diabetes, retinopathy, and use of insulin may explain why there is no strong relationship between BMI and mortality in NIDDM. Weight loss, particularly in the relatively lean diabetic person, may be associated with an increased mortality risk.
Looking Ahead: Young Men, Wage Growth, and Labor Market Participation

Despite the long economic expansion, employment among young men is lower today than it was in the late 1960s. This decline has been largely driven by a 17 percentage point reduction in the proportion of high school dropouts working even a single week per year. One common explanation for this trend, declining real wages, ignores the fact that the value of working today depends on future returns to experience. This paper estimates a model of labor supply with returns to experience as an explanatory variable, using data from the Current Population Survey. The classic myopic labor supply model (in which only the current wage matters) is rejected in favor of one that includes forward-looking considerations, embodied in returns to experience. For high school dropouts, decreasing returns to experience explain 30 percent of the decline in participation between 1967 and 1977. Changes in wages do not explain any of this trend.
Efficient distribution-based event filtering

Event notification services are used in various applications, for example, stock tickers, environmental monitoring, and facility management. Several filtering algorithms for such services have been proposed. The best performance results are achieved by tree-based algorithms. However to our knowledge existing algorithms do not consider the influence of event and profile distribution on the filter performance. In this paper we propose a distribution-dependent improvement of the tree-algorithm. We present the test results of our prototypical implementation that show the influence of various distribution-based measures on the performance.
Use of IS901 and IS1245 in RFLP typing of Mycobacterium avium complex: relatedness among serovar reference strains, human and animal isolates.

SETTING Mycobacterium avium complex (MAC) includes major acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS)-associated pathogens. Formerly, MAC serotyping was used for epidemiological purposes. Recently, restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) typing has become available. OBJECTIVE Examination of the usefulness of insertion sequence IS1245 in RFLP typing of MAC isolates and the association with IS901 RFLP. DESIGN Ninety-four serovar reference strains were compared with 144 clinical and animal MAC isolates in RFLP typing. RESULTS All but four strains containing M. avium-specific-rRNA possessed IS1245. Most human isolates showed polymorphic multiband IS1245 patterns, which were associated with serovars 4, 6 and 8. Sequential clinical isolates obtained at up to five years' distance displayed indistinguishable/closely related patterns. Eleven M. paratuberculosis isolates showed indistinguishable six-band patterns. All 29 MAC isolates from 23 bird species, 7/23 from mammals and 1/81 clinical isolates showed an IS1245 three-band pattern, associated with serovars 1, 2 and 3. All these IS1245 'bird' type strains showed closely related IS901 RFLPs. Only three IS1245 'non-bird' type strains contained IS901, but exhibited completely different RFLP patterns. CONCLUSION IS1245-RFLP typing is useful for the classification of M. avium and epidemiology of most human isolates. The highly conserved IS901 and IS1245 RFLPs among 'bird' type isolates provide proof that these strains constitute a separate taxon within the MAC.
The Development of National Agricultural Research Capacity: India's Experience with the Rockefeller Foundation and Its Significance for Africa

Technical change is one of the critical elements that determine the pace of agricultural growth in developing countries. International agricultural research centers currently initiate much of the scientific work necessary for technical change, but individual countries also need to be able to identify what is relevant in the existing stock of international knowledge, to conduct adaptive research and farm-level tests, and thus to tailor techniques discovered in the laboratory to the specific requirements of different farming locations.1 These functions require investments in national scientific and technical institutions. The public sector is heavily involved in this enterprise because agricultural research requires lumpy investments, involves externalities, gives rise to public goods, and is subject to long gestation lags. As a measure of the scale of the effort of multilateral and bilateral official donors in supporting farm technology development at the national and international levels, the Consultative Group on International Agriculture Research (CGIAR) spent $163 million worldwide in 1985.2 Despite these expenditures, the process by which countries develop their own agricultural research capacity is little understood, as are the links in the long chain of research, experimentation, adaptation, and dissemination of technology. The theory of induced innovation, for instance, which explains technical change and institutional innovation as the result of relative factor scarcities, tends to treat as a "black box" the process of national capacity-building.3 Others have postulated that the demand for technical change reflects pressures from interest groups, but this approach has limited value as an explanation
The Relationship between Personal and Social Growth and Involvement in College and Subsequent Alumni Giving.

This study focused on how college experiences influence the decision of alumni to contribute financially to a small, religiously affiliated liberal arts university. Collegiate extracurricular activities and the college’s contribution to personal and social development were examined as they relate to donor status and donor level. ACT College Outcomes Survey data obtained from 1,885 graduating seniors (93% of the population) between 1994 and 2003 were combined with donation and undergraduate involvement records. Results indicate that years since graduation and three types of activities – social, campus leadership and academic – are able to distinguish donors from nondonors. Years since graduation, spouse alumnus, campus leadership activities and social activities are shown to have a minor, but significant, relationship to the amount of donation.
The Measurement of Efficiency in Portuguese Hotels Using Data Envelopment Analysis

In this study, the economic efficiency of a sample of Portuguese hotels for the period 1998-2002 is analyzed with data envelopment analysis. The efficiency scores of the hotels analyzed are decomposed into technical and allocative efficiency by using outputs, inputs, and input prices. A range of managerial and economic implications arising from the study is proposed.
Modeling the Intraurban Variability of Ambient Traffic Pollution in Toronto, Canada

The objective of this paper is to model determinants of intraurban variation in ambient concentrations of nitrogen dioxide (NO2) in Toronto, Canada, with a land use regression (LUR) model. Although researchers have conducted similar studies in Europe, this work represents the first attempt in a North American setting to characterize variation in traffic pollution through the LUR method. NO2 samples were collected over 2 wk using duplicate two-sided Ogawa passive diffusion samplers at 95 locations across Toronto. Independent variables employed in subsequent regression models as predictors of NO2 were derived by the Arc 8 geographic information system (GIS). Some 85 indicators of land use, traffic, population density, and physical geography were tested. The final regression model yielded a coefficient of determination (R2) of . 69. For the traffic variables, density of 24-h traffic counts and road measures display positive associations. For the land use variables, industrial land use and counts of dwellings within 2000 m of the monitoring location were positively associated with NO2. Locations up to 1500 m downwind of major expressways had elevated NO2 levels. The results suggest that a good predictive surface can be derived for North American cities with the LUR method. The predictive maps from the LUR appear to capture small-area variation in NO2 concentrations. These small-area variations in traffic pollution are probably important to the exposure experience of the population and may detect health effects that would have gone unnoticed with other exposure estimates.
Cultures of Public Policy Problems

This article is an essay about the construction of a culturalist theory of problem definition in the public domain. Using grid-group Cultural Theory and a typology of the structures of policy problems, questions are posed such as the following: Why do some policymakers prefer to define problems as overstructured and not understructured? May one predict that policymakers who adhere to different ways of life will prove to be more adept in solving some problem types rather than others? Renowned policy science research work suggests how each way of life corresponds to a particular problem definition strategy. Hierarchists will impose a clear structure on any problem, no matter what the cost. Isolates see social reality as an unstable casino in which any privileged problem structure jeopardizes chances for survival. Enclavists (or egalitarians) will define any policy problem as an issue of fairness and distributive justice. Individualists will exploit any bit of usable knowledge to improve a problematic situation. These four focal strategies are part of repertoires of problem definition strategies, where each cultural solidarity type disposes of a differentially composed set of secondary strategies. Finally, it is suggested that the links between group-grid Cultural Theory and policy problem types may serve the practitioner as analytic tool for active and (self-) critical problem structuring and (re)framing.