Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Why Do Wages Vary

In neoclassical economics, wage rates-like the price of any traded commodity-are determined by both supply and demand. Despite the simultaneous nature of the wage-setting process, recent empirical investigations of the determinants of wages have focused primarily on factors affecting labor supply Demand factors have been relatively neglected. During the 1940s and 1950s, participation in the administration of wage and price controls led a distinguished group of economists to examine employer wage policies. Reynolds, Segal, Dunlop, Myers, Lester, and Lewis studied interindustry, intra-industry, union, establishment size, and regional differentials. ' In essence, they focused on variables controlled by employers (that is, labor demand) and mediumrun labor supply Dunlop (1957) summarizes many of these effects in his work on wage contours. Research on the influence of supply-side factors was stimulated by the development of human capital theory (Becker [I9641 and Mincer [1974]), and by the availability of household
Recent important changes in IEEE motor and generator winding insulation diagnostic testing standards

IEEE standards and test procedures are widely used by motor and generator vendors and users to commission windings in new machines, as well as evaluate the condition of the winding insulation in operating machines. Until recent revisions, the basic procedures and standards in use were written over 25 years ago. Since the 1970s, motor windings have encountered many changes in their design and manufacture. The result was that the interpretation of results in many of the standards was no longer valid for the more modern motors. Over the past five years, the IEEE Power Engineering Society has conducted a major review and updating of most of these standards. Many important changes in test procedures and interpretation guidelines have resulted. This paper reviews the main insulation standards used for stator and rotor winding diagnostic testing, and discusses the changes that have been made. Standards discussed include: IEEE 43, 56, 95, 286, 522, and 1434. For example, IEEE 43-2000 now requires a minimum insulation resistance of 100 M/spl Omega/ for new stator windings rated 2300 V or more, rather than the "kV+1" that was required in the past. Furthermore, the interpretation for polarization index has changed such that a motor with a polarization index of 1 is no longer automatically classed as bad.
Performance impact of virtual machine placement in a datacenter

In virtualized systems, several Virtual Machines (VM) running on a single hardware platform share and compete for the hardware resources such as memory, disk and network IO to meet a certain Quality of Service (QoS) requirements. It is critical to characterize and understand how the different workloads running in the VMs interact and share such resources to be able to map them efficiently onto processor cores and server hosts for optimal performance. This is especially important for resources such as memory controllers or the on-chip or inter-socket networks for which there is currently no software control. In this paper, we present a measurement-based performance analysis of server virtualization workloads from a real system using virtual machines that are part of the popular industry standard VMmark benchmark, a server consolidation benchmark. First, we characterize the relative resource contention and interference impact of VMs when multiple virtual workloads are run together. Second, we study the effects of co-locating different types of VMs under various VM to core placement schemes and discover the best placement for performance. We observe performance variations from 25-65% for Database servers and from 7-40% for File servers when compared to standalone VM depending on the placement of these VMs onto cores and the degree of sharing of resources. Finally, we propose an interference metric and regression model for the worst set of co-located VMs in our study. Based on different VM placement schemes we show that the overall server consolidation performance in a virtualized host can be improved by 8% when the VMs are placed effectively.
To Ensure the Learning of Every Child with a Disability.

Today, students with disabilities are identified earlier, attend school, graduate and go on to post-secondary education and jobs in larger numbers, and learn in more inclusive settings than ever in history (American Youth Policy Forum & Center for Education Policy, 2001). Special education outcomes have never been more positive. Too many students with disabilities, however, still do not graduate from high school, too many are excluded from challenging learning outcomes, too many do not successfully make the transition to independence, and too many end up living lonely, unproductive lives. These quality-of-life indices are inextricably linked to the quality of education that people with disabilities experience. Even though access to a free and appropriate education has been achieved, the educational quality of that experience remains problematic. The progress that special education has made in its three brief decades of existence is remarkable. Nevertheless, in the same spirit of social justice and advocacy in which special education was born and nurtured, special educators continue to advocate for improvements in the education of students with exceptionalities (Kode, 2002). Today, rather than advocating for inclusion in public education, special educators are working within the general education community to gain genuine access for students with disabilities to the challenging educational results that most individuals in our society take for granted. The push for research-based practice and results-driven accountability is being compromised by a crisis within the special education profession: Special educators labor under work conditions that contribute to attrition rates in special education that are twice as high as those of general educators (NCES, 2000). Recognizing this burgeoning problem, the Council for Exceptional Children (CEC) established a CEC Presidential Commission on the Conditions of Teaching in Special Education. The Commission (Kozleski, Mainzer, Deshler, Coleman, & Rodriquez-Walling, 2000) identified three outcomes fundamental to ensuring high and challenging learning results for every exceptional learner:
CONSTRAINTS ON THE PROPERTIES OF THE NEUTRON STAR XTE J1814−338 FROM PULSE-SHAPE MODELS

The accretion-powered (non–X-ray burst) pulsations of XTE J1814−338 are modeled to determine neutron star parameters and their uncertainties. The model is a rotating circular hot spot and includes: (1) an isotropic blackbody spectral component; (2) an anisotropic Comptonized spectral component; (3) relativistic time delays and light bending; and (4) the oblate shape of the star due to rotation. This model is the simplest possible model that is consistent with the data. The resulting best-fit parameters of the model favor stiff equations of state (EOS), as can be seen from the 3σ allowed regions in the mass–radius diagram. We analyzed all data combined from a 23 day period of the 2003 outburst, and separately analyzed data from two days of the outburst. The allowed mass–radius regions for both cases only allow EOS that are stiffer than the EOS of Akmal and colleagues, consistent with the large mass that has been inferred for the pulsar NGC 6440B. The stiff EOS inferred by this analysis is not compatible with the soft EOS inferred from a similar analysis of SAX J1808.
A comparison of the effects of computer and manual reminders on compliance with a mental health clinical practice guideline.

OBJECTIVE To evaluate the relative effectiveness of computer and manual reminder systems on the implementation of a clinical practice guideline. DESIGN Seventy-eight outpatients in a mental health clinic were randomly assigned within clinician to one of the two reminder systems. The computer system, called CaseWalker, reminded clinicians when guideline-recommended screening for mood disorder was due, ensured the fidelity of the diagnosis of major depressive disorder to criteria of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 4th edition (DSM-IV), and generated a progress note. The manual system was a checklist inserted in the paper medical record. MEASURES Screening rates for mood disorder and the completeness of the documentation of which DSM-IV criteria were met by patients who were said to have major depressive disorder were compared. RESULTS The CaseWalker, compared with the paper checklist, resulted in a higher screening rate for mood disorder (86.5 vs. 61 percent, P = 0.008) and a higher rate of complete documentation of DSM-IV criteria (100 vs. 5.6 percent, P < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS In an outpatient mental health clinic, computer reminders were shown to be superior to manual reminders in improving adherence to a clinical practice guideline for depression.
Venous Thromboembolism in Cancer: An Update of Treatment and Prevention in the Era of Newer Anticoagulants

Cancer patients are at major risk of developing venous thromboembolism (VTE), resulting in increased morbidity and economic burden. While a number of theories try to explain its pathophysiology, its risk stratification can be broadly done in cancer-related, treatment–related, and patient-related factors. Studies report the prophylactic use of thrombolytic agents to be safe and effective in decreasing VTE-related mortality/morbidity especially in postoperative cancer patients. Recent data also suggest the prophylactic use of low molecular weight Heparins (LMWHs) and Warfarin to be effective in reducing VTEs related to long-term central venous catheter use. In a double-blind, multicenter trial, a new ultra-LMWH Semuloparin has shown to be efficacious in preventing chemotherapy-associated VTE’s along with other drugs, such as Certoparin and Nadoparin. LMWHs are reported to be very useful in preventing recurrent VTEs in advanced cancers and should be preferred over full dose Warfarin. However, their long-term safety beyond 6 months has not been established yet. Furthermore, this paper discusses the safety and efficacy of different drugs used in the treatment and prevention of recurrent VTEs, including Bemiparin, Semuloparin, oral direct thrombin inhibitors, parenteral and direct oral factor Xa inhibitors.
Hip arthroscopy in the warrior athlete: 2 to 10 year outcomes

Hip disorders are increasingly recognized among athletic populations. The rigors of military service expose individuals to the same risks as those participating in competitive sports, compounded by potential exposure to violent macrotrauma. This is a retrospective review of prospectively collected data among 62 active duty military personnel (64 hips) with 2–10-year follow-up. Follow-up averaged 47 months (range 24–120 months). The average age was 30 years (range 17–53 years) with 45 males and 17 females; 37 right and 27 left hips. Duration of symptoms prior to arthroscopy averaged 28 months (range 6–168 months). The average improvement was 22 points (pre-op 63; post-op 85) using the 100-point modified Harris hip score and was statistically significant (P < 0.001). Patients were improved after 60 of 64 procedures (94%) and returned to active duty following 52 (80%) and an average of 5 months (range 1 week–15 months). Forty-six (72%) underwent correction of FAI including 27 combined, 17 cam and two pincer lesions. Overall diagnoses and procedures are detailed. One patient underwent repeat arthroscopy and remained improved at 2-year follow-up; none were converted to total hip arthroplasty. There were two minor complications, a transient ulnar nerve neurapraxia and superficial sensory dysesthesias of the foot, both of which resolved within a few days. This is a heterogeneous cohort of pathology, but illustrates that hip disorders may exist among active duty military personnel and may benefit from arthroscopic intervention. A sense of awareness is important for accurate diagnosis and timely treatment.
Equity Ownership and Firm Value in Emerging Markets

Abstract This paper investigates whether management stock ownership and large non-management blockholder share ownership are related to firm value across a sample of 1433 firms from 18 emerging markets. When a management group's control rights exceed its cash flow rights, I find that firm values are lower. I also find that large non-management control rights blockholdings are positively related to firm value. Both of these effects are significantly more pronounced in countries with low shareholder protection. One interpretation of these results is that external shareholder protection mechanisms play a role in restraining managerial agency costs and that large non-management blockholders can act as a partial substitute for missing institutional governance mechanisms.
Impact Forces in Legged Robot Locomotion

An energetic approach to the impact problem in planar legged robot locomotion is hereby presented. The goal is to find the configurations that yield zero tangential velocity at the impacting leg, a condition known as sticking, and restitute the least energy back into the system. With this analysis, the ground contact friction and the inertial properties of the system, including those of the servo motors, play a determinant role in the impact analysis. This approach yields an energetic criterion for the analysis of the transition from impact to contact constraint conditions. This paper presents a simple, robust method that uses the system generalized coordinates and velocities, the Jacobian, the mass matrix, the coulomb friction law, and the energetic coefficient of restitution to determine whether or not the current configuration is advantageous for maintaining contact, and thereby controllability, in the presence of impulsive forces.
Complexity Control Using Inter Mode Decision In H.264/AVC Baseline Profile

H.264/AVC, the latest video coding standard, outperforms the previous coding standards. It achieves better video compression since it supports new features of video coding such as a large number of intra and inter prediction macro block (MB) modes. H.264/AVC adopts rate-distortion optimization (RDO) technique to obtain the best intra and inter prediction, while maximizing visual quality and minimizing the required bit rate. However, full RD cost calculation for all intra-prediction modes and exhaustive searches for optimal motion vectors for all block sizes increase computational complexity considerably with the number of prediction modes allowed. In order to reduce the complexity, an efficient fast block mode decision algorithm is proposed. The algorithm is based on the spatial correlation of neighboring block and there priority order of occurrence which terminates RDO calculation and reduces the encoding time of video frame with allowable degradation in video quality. Experimental results show that implemented algorithm reduces the encoding time by around 20% under different bandwidth with tolerable PSNR loss of around 0.2db to 0.5 db by using x264 software encoder.
Worst-case execution time analysis for modern hardware architectures

Knowing the worst case execution times (WCETs) for programs are crucial for the design and veri cation of real-time systems. Modern hardware architectures utilize pipelined execution and cache memory for improved performance. We extend an existing execution time analysis technique, the Implicit Path Enumeration Technique (IPET), to consider these and other modern hardware architecture features. We extend IPET in two stages. First, we annotate the control ow graph of the program with variables representing the history of execution, thus allowing the state of architectural entities, such as cache and pipeline, to be determined before each basic block. Secondly, we model the architectural entities with constraints. The result is an equation which contains a complete model of how the program will execute on the modeled architecture. This novel idea provides a straightforward and exible way of incorporating the behavior of various modern hardware architecture features into WCET analysis.
T cells that encounter virus in the complete absence of a particular H- 2 antigen are nonresponsive when stimulated again in the context of that H-2 antigen

Immunologically naive BALB/c (H-2d) and C57BL/6J (B6) (H-2b) T-cell populations can, after filtration to remove alloreactive precursor lymphocytes, be induced to respond to vaccinia virus presented in the context of H-2Kk when stimulated in an appropriate recipient. Exposure to vaccinia virus 6 wk previously completely abrogated the capacity of BALB/c T cells to interact with H-2Kk-vaccinia virus. This is also true for negatively selected B6 thoracic duct lymphocytes taken at 14 or 18 d, but not at 6 wk after immunization: the discrepancy is thought to reflect the progressive emergence of new T cells in the latter group. No evidence could be found for the operation of suppression, and the results are considered to indicate that T cells that interact with virus in the absence of the relevant H-2 antigen are tolerized. Whereas stimulation to effector function is H-2 restricted, induction of immune paralysis may be unrestricted. The capacity of T-cell populations to respond to virus presented in the context of allogeneic H-2 determinants thus depends upon previous antigenic experience.
On Bayesian Model Asessment and Choice Using Cross-Validation Predictive Densities

We consider the problem of estimating the distribution of the expected utility of the Bayesian model (expected utility is also known as generalization error). We use the cross-validation predictive densities to compute the expected utilities. We demonstrate that in flexible non-linear models having many parameters, the importance sampling approximated leave-one-out cross-validation (IS-LOO-CV) proposed in (Gelfand et al., 1992) may not work. We discuss how the reliability of the importance sampling can be evaluated and in case there is reason to suspect the reliability of the importance sampling, we suggest to use predictive densities from the k-fold crossvalidation (k-fold-CV). We also note that the k-fold-CV has to be used if data points have certain dependencies. As the k-fold-CV predictive densities are based on slightly smaller data sets than the full data set, we use a bias correction proposed in (Burman, 1989) when computing the expected utilities. In order to assess the reliability of the estimated expected utilities, we suggest a quick and generic approach based on the Bayesian bootstrap for obtaining samples from the distributions of the expected utilities. Our main goal is to estimate how good (in terms of application field) the predictive ability of the model is, but the distributions of the expected utilities can also be used for comparing different models. With the proposed method, it is easy to compute the probability that one method has better expected utility than some other method. If the predictive likelihood is used as a utility (instead of application field utilities), we get the pseudo-Bayes factor as a special case. The proposed method can also be used to get samples from the distributions of the (prior), posterior, partial, fractional and intrinsic Bayes factors. As illustrative examples, we use MLP neural networks and Gaussian Processes (GP) with Markov Chain Monte Carlo sampling in one toy problem and two real world problems.
Kognitive Funktionen bei Sprachentwicklungsstörungen im Vorschulalter

Das Krankheitsbild der spezifischen Sprachentwicklungsstörung (SSES) beschreibt eine multifaktorielle Entwicklungsstörung von hoher Prävalenz [2]. Die Diagnosestellung fordert signifikante Sprachdefizite im Vergleich zu Gleichaltrigen und eine normale nonverbale Intelligenz (DSM-IV [3]; ICD-10 [4]). Erste Untersuchungen bezüglich neuronaler Korrelate weisen vermehrt auf atypische Gehirnfunktionen in Kernsprachregionen und Linkslateralisation hin [5–7]. Die Ätiologie von SSES ist bislang noch nicht vollständig geklärt. Es gibt jedoch zunehmende Evidenz, dass ein Zusammenhang zwischen SSES und Störungen in Exekutivfunktionen (EF) wie Inhibition [8–11], Sprachkompetenz sowie Aktualisierung von Gedächtnisinhalten („updating“) [9–10], Handlungsplanung [9–11] und Arbeitsgedächtnis [12, 13] besteht.
L' administration des territoires et les instruments de l'action publique

Les territoires sont soumis a des phenomenes sociodemographiques, economiques, environnementaux et culturels qui obligent les gouvernements et les administrations publiques a sans cesse reviser et ajuster leurs politiques, programmes et services. C’est notamment au moyen de ce que l’on appelle les «? instruments de l’action publique? » que les gouvernements materialisent leurs intentions et leurs interventions sur le territoire. Ces instruments sont de plusieurs types? : legal et reglementaire, fiscal et financier, nodal et informationnel, collaboratif et organisationnel. En plus d’une introduction generale sur ce que sont, font et changent les instruments de l’action publique, cet ouvrage compte 13 etudes de cas – produites par des chercheurs quebecois, canadiens et europeens – sur le role que jouent ces instruments dans l’amenagement, le developpement et la gestion des territoires. Il offre en quelque sorte un regard a la fois theorique, empirique et pratique sur des objec­tifs, processus, formes, effets et perspectives de developpement de l’instrumentation de l’action publique. S’inscrivant dans la continuite de travaux reconnus (dont ceux de Hood, Howlett, Halpern, Lascoumes et Le Gales) et de l’ouvrage qui lui est complementaire, Les instruments de l’action publique et les dispositifs territoriaux (L’Harmattan, 2016), ce livre interessera les decideurs publics, les chercheurs et les citoyens qui veulent mieux comprendre les multiples enjeux et defis lies aux territoires.
Comparison of relativity theories with observer-independent scales of both velocity and length/mass

We consider the two most studied proposals of relativity theories with observer-independent scales of both velocity and length/mass: the one discussed by Amelino-Camelia as an illustrative example for the original proposal (Preprint gr-qc/0012051) of theories with two relativistic invariants, and an alternative more recently proposed by Magueijo and Smolin (Preprint hep-th/0112090). We show that these two relativistic theories are much more closely connected than it would appear on the basis of a naive analysis of their original formulations. In particular, in spite of adopting a rather different formal description of the deformed boost generators, they end up assigning the same dependence of momentum on rapidity, which can be described as the core feature of these relativistic theories. We show that this observation can be used to clarify the concepts of particle mass, particle velocity and energy–momentum conservation rules in these theories with two relativistic invariants.
Reconfiguration of primary distribution networks using bit shift operator based Particle Swarm Optimization

This paper proposes a bit shift based Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) technique to solve the problem of feeder reconfiguration for different load models in a power distribution system (PDS). The objective of feeder reconfiguration is to find the best possible radial network configuration in terms of minimum power loss. Feeder reconfiguration is the process of changing the topology of the network by changing the on/off status of both the tie as well as sectionalizing switches. PSO can be used as one of the approaches for finding the best optimal reconfigured system. But the basic PSO is designed for optimization of continuous function and reconfiguration is a problem of discrete and combinational optimization. Hence, the basic PSO is modified in this paper to fit into the problem statement. A shift operator has been incorporated in the velocity equation that changes the position of tie switches after each iteration such that the algorithm moves into the direction of finding the optimum result. The paper emphasizes the significance of voltage dependence of load on the reconfiguration studies. The developed method has been illustrated on a standard IEEE 33-bus test distribution system.