Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Modeling study of the e ﬀ ects of entrainment-mixing on fog simulation in the chemistry – weather coupling model GRAPES_Meso5.1/CUACE CW

Entrainment-mixing processes of fog with the surrounding ambient air are extremely intricate and impose signi ﬁ cant e ﬀ ects on the microphysical and radiative properties of fog. However, it is di ﬃ cult to utilize the default Thompson scheme of the atmospheric chemistry model GRAPES_Meso5. 1/CUACE to examine the e ﬀ ects of di ﬀ erent entrainment-mixing mechanisms on the microphysical and radiative properties of fog. To address this issue, this scheme is modi ﬁ ed to include homogeneous mixing degree to investigate the e ﬀ ects of various entrainment-mixing processes on typical regional fog simultaneously occurring in the Northeast China and Yangtze River Delta regions from December 31, 2016, to January 2, 2017, and from January 6 to 8, 2017. It is revealed that inhomogeneous entrainment-mixing processes can result in smaller fog droplet number concentration and lower liquid water path, and larger fog droplet size. These phenomena, in turn, can lead to a decreased fog optical thickness and increased visibility. Furthermore, the e ﬀ ects of inhomogeneous entrainment-mixing processes depend on fog thickness, i.e. , the e ﬀ ects in thin fog in the Northeast China region are more signi ﬁ cant than those in thick fog in the Yangtze River Delta region. This primarily occurs because the proportion of evaporated grids in thin fog is higher than that in thick fog by 16% and 6%, respectively. These ﬁ ndings enhance the theoretical understanding of entrainment-mixing processes and lay the foundation for improving model parameterization.
A Discussion on the Detachment Structural Deformation and Its Influence on Pore Structure Evolution in Shale on the Western of the Xuefeng Mountain, South China

Additional information is available the the chapter Abstract Detachment structures occur widely in the crust, and it is the commonest and most important deformation type developed in the region between orogenic belts and basins. Organic-rich shale, as the weak layers, usually acts as slippery layers in detachment structural deformation systems. The “comb-like” and “tough-like” fold belts on the western side of the Xuefeng Mountain result from the multilayer detachment, and their formation is different from the typical Jura type structures. The reason is that there are several detachment layers and detachment systems in the stratigraphic column from the Neoproterozoic upwards to the Mesozoic in the study area. As the stress decoupling role, the shale slippery layers tend to undergo strong deformation in the detachment systems and impacted on pore structure evolution in the shale. In order to obtain the detachment structural deformation and its influence on pore structure evolution in shale on the Middle and Upper Yangtze, the structural and textural, geochemical and mineralogi cal properties analysis, porosity and pore structure feature investigations are performed using shale samples collected from the same shale bed of the Longmaxi Formations (Lower Silurian) of Western of the Xuefeng Mountain, South China.
The use of computational toxicology in hazard assessment of engineered nanomaterials

Assessing the risks of engineered nanomaterials (ENMs) solely on the basis of experimental assays is time-consuming, resource intensive, and constrained by ethical considerations (such as the principles of the 3Rs of animal testing). The adoption of computational toxicology in this field is a high priority. Computational toxicology is able to contribute to the prediction of the extent of toxic effects of untested ENMs, to the hazard categorization and labeling of ENMs, and to the establishment of hazard threshold values that are sufficiently protecting the ecosystem with respect to the ENMs of concern. These three steps are listed by the European Chemicals Agency (ECHA) as the three elements in evaluating the hazards of ENMs. This study has expanded the use of computational toxicology in the hazard assessment with regard to the safe handling of ENMs. The results obtained contribute to the integration and evaluation of toxicity data, the identification of research gaps on ENM-related modeling, and the development of nano-SARs and SSDs for metallic ENMs. Despite the uncertainties that are associated with our results, as mainly due to limited data quality and availability, we managed to take this field one step forwards and contribute to better-informed regulatory decisions of ENMs.
How Approaching Angle, Bottleneck Width and Walking Speed Affect the Use of a Bottleneck by Individuals

Understanding pedestrian dynamics at bottlenecks and how pedestrians interact with their environment—particularly how they use and move in the space available to them—is of safety importance, since bottlenecks are a key point for pedestrian flow. We performed a series of experiments in which participants walked through a bottleneck individually for varying combinations of approaching angle, bottleneck width and walking speed, to investigate the dependence of the movement on safety-relevant influencing factors. Trajectories as well as 3D motion data were recorded for every participant. This paper shows that (1) the maximum amplitude of shoulder rotation is mainly determined by the ratio of the bottleneck width to the shoulder width of the participant, while the direction is determined by the starting angle and the foot position; (2) the ‘critical point’ is not invariant to the starting angle and walking speed; (3) differences between the maximum and minimum speed values arise mainly from the distribution of deceleration patterns; and (4) the position of crossing shifts by 1.75 cm/10 cm, increasing the bottleneck width in the direction of origin.
The application of non-destructive methods in the diagnostics of the approach pavement at the bridges

The article presents the possibility of using non-destructive methods of road pavement diagnostics as an alternative to traditional means to assess the reasons for premature cracks adjacent to bridge objects. Two scanning methods were used: laser scanning to measure geometric surface deformation and ground penetrating radar (GPR) inspection to assess the road pavement condition. With the use of a laser scanner, an effective tool for road deformation assessment several approach pavement surfaces next to the bridges were scanned. As the result, a point cloud was obtained including spatial information about the pavement deformation. The data accuracy was about 3 mm, the deformations were presented in the form of deviation maps between the reference surface and the actual surface. Moreover characteristic pavement surface cross-sections were presented. The in situ measurements of the GPR method were performed and analysed in order to detect non-homogeneity in the density of structural layers of the pavement. Due to the analysis of the permittivity of individual layers, it was possible to detect non-homogeneity areas. The performed GPR measurements were verified by standard invasive tests carried out by drilling boreholes and taking cores from the pavement and testing the compaction and air voids content in asphalt layers. As a result of the measurements made by both methods significant differences in layer compacting factor values were diagnosed. The factor was much smaller in the area directly next to the bridgehead and much larger in the zone located a few meters away. The research showed the occurrence of both design and erection errors as well as those related to the maintenance of engineering structures.
A New Atmospheric Motion Vector Intercomparison Study

This study furthers a line of previously completed research regarding the similarities and differences between the operational Atmospheric Motion Vector (AMV) algorithms of various satellite-derived wind producers. By using a common set of MSG/SEVIRI images and ancillary data, past intercomparison studies assessed how the cloudy AMVs from each unique wind producer compared in terms of coverage, speed, direction, and cloud height (Genkova et al. 2008; Genkova et al. 2010). The current study focuses on including the CMA and NWC SAF AMV algorithms in the intercomparison in order to quantify its performance relative to other AMV algorithms, on updating the results of the previous AMV intercomparison studies due to the changes that have occurred since 2009, and lastly, on performing follow up studies, identified in the previous intercomparison work, to analyze particular issues in pursuance of a more complete understanding of how the different AMV algorithms compare. The study finds a mix of both positive and negative results. The different AMV algorithms successfully determine the horizontal and vertical displacements of the moved features, but not all centers define a consistent AMV speed and direction with these displacements. Using the IR brightness temperature (TBT ) for the height assignment, the distribution of AMV heights is highly variable due to the variability of how this representative T BT is defined. When additional height assignment techniques are used, all centers except JMA improve the AMV validation statistics. Nevertheless, the improvement is limited for some of the centers because of using the improved height assignment techniques in only a small part of the data. The two centers using CCC height assignment method (EUM and NWC) are in general the ones obtaining the best validation statistics. Considering the AMV coverage, important differences occur between centers even in the case where a similar prescribed configuration is used. This paper is a summary of the full AMV intercomparison Technical Report which can be found at: www.nwcsaf. org/HD/files/vsadoc/CIMSS_AMV_Comparison_FinalReport_04July2014. pdf .
WHEN A PEDOMARKER IS LACKING: PALYNOLOGICAL AND CHEMICAL MULTIANALYSIS OF A LATEGLACIAL-HOLOCENE SOILS SUITE (BOLOGNA)

In 2014 a 13-metres long palaeopedological section has been sampled in the courtyard of Sant’Orsola Hospital (Bologna) to make a paleoenvironmental reconstruction of the area and to better understand the environmental dynamics occurring at the Chalcolithic site found at the depth of 5 metres. Pedological horizons have been grouped in 14 Soil Units (SU), 3 of which show a strong blackening. Chronological reference points are the 13230±70 cal. yr BP radiocarbon dated ACkb horizon of SU 10 (the lowest black horizon), the Chalcolithic charcoal horizon of SU 4 (the topmost) and the top-section Roman horizon of SU 1, the latter recognised thanks to some ceramic fragments. The other black horizon didn’t show specific characters on the field. Fossa Cavallina creek is the main driver of local depositional and environmental dynamics, while human presence is a subordinate factor. At first, geomorphological and chemical multianalysis have provided data to understand pedological conditions; secondly, palynological analysis has not only allowed to better characterise the environmental changes and their local drivers, but it also permitted to putatively assign the basal SU 14 to the Bolling interstadial, even though no diagnostic pedological features [AES 7b Vignola Unit’s A-Bw-Bt-Bk-C 2 m-thick reddish dark brown non calcareous Alfisol sensu Martelli et al. (editors), 2009] had been found. These results stress the striking importance of an integrated geomorphological, pedological and palynological approach towards the study of continental pedogenised deposits.
Time‐Dependent Freshwater Input From Ice Shelves: Impacts on Antarctic Sea Ice and the Southern Ocean in an Earth System Model

Earth System Models do not reproduce the observed increase in Antarctic sea ice extent which may be due to the unrealistic representation of ice shelves. Here we investigate the response of sea ice to increasing freshwater input from ice shelves using the Community Earth System Model with the Community Atmosphere Model version 5 [CESM1(CAM5)]. We have conducted model experiments adding fresh water as if from ice shelf melt with a linear increase in the rate of input over the period 1980–2013. Including the effect of heat loss from the ocean to melt ice shelves resulted in significantly more positive trends in sea ice area. We found that an increase in the rate of change of freshwater input of ∼45 Gt yr−2 was sufficient to offset the negative trend in sea ice area in CESM1(CAM5), although the freshwater input by the end of the experiment was larger than observed at that time.
Novel results of structural investigations on crystalline and liquid crystalline cellulose derivatives and their potential application

ABSTRACT The crystal and molecular structure of homogeneously and hetrogeneously derived cellulose tribenzoate (CTB) was solved. The most probable structure for two differently prepared samples appears to be a trigonal unit cell, space group P 32, a = b = 12.2 A, c (fiber axis) = 15.2 A,γ = 120° with one chain passing through the unit cell. A threefold helical (3/2, lefthanded) conformation of the chain leads to an unusual parallel chain arrangement also for solution grown crystals. The morphology of the fibrils was simulated by a statistical method by computer modeling, a probability parameter introduced by which the two limiting cases of antiparallel and parallel packing arrangements, as well as all cases of up and down chains can be studied for a trigonal lattice. An investigation of polymer-solvent interaction, most probably causing the unusual chain arrangements in cellulosics and which may play an important role in application, has been undertaken for the cellulose tricarbanilate/methyl acetoacetate system in the semidilute and liquid crystalline state.
Applications and Learning Outcomes of Game Based Learning in Education

Game-based learning (GBL) is considered the most engaging means of learning and brings several benefits as regards the learning outputs. Game-based learning is applied in all different educational stages from pre-school education to tertiary education, and workplace. This review study discusses and extends previous findings by organizing the application of GBL approaches in different educational stages and presenting the main learning outcomes. The review study collects and analyzes 104 scientific papers ranging from 2013-2021. The benefits and limitations of GBL are also discussed in the paper, while different types of games including augmented reality (AR) approaches are considered. According to the findings, in primary and secondary education, GBL demonstrates a positive impact on learning outcomes and engagement, enhancing students' understanding of complex concepts and fostering real-world application of learned knowledge. While GBL in tertiary education facilitates deeper understanding, critical thinking, and skill development, its implementation requires careful design and evaluation aligned with learning objectives. The study also explores various types of GBL games, including memory, simulation, interactive, quiz, puzzle, strategy, and reality-testing games, each tailored to different educational objectives and subjects. Furthermore, Augmented Reality (AR) in GBL shows promise across subjects but faces challenges like technical limitations, training needs, privacy concerns, potential distractions, and a lack of comprehensive research on its efficacy. Overall, while GBL demonstrates considerable potential in enhancing education, its successful implementation requires careful consideration of age-appropriateness, varied game types, and integration of emerging technologies like AR.
Partial Least Squares Regression Trees for Multivariate Response Data With Multicollinear Predictors

Some problems arise in analyzing massive complex data consisting of multivariate response variables and a large number of multicollinear predictor variables, especially when the sample sizes compared to the number of predictors are small. Rather than ordinary linear regression modeling approaches, latent variable regression modeling approaches such as partial least squares regression can be used to capture the relationship between the response and predictor variables for such cases. However, for complex nonlinear relationships between the predictor and the response variable, the performance of inference and prediction using regression modeling approaches can be deflated. Regression trees can capture such complex relationships. Thus, we develop a partial least squares tree modeling algorithm that detects complex relationships and makes precise predictions by integrating the merits of partial least squares and regression trees. It is shown that it has better predictive performance than other methods through simulation and it is demonstrated that it generates interpretable predictive models with real data of usedcar and orthognathic surgery.
Numerical investigation of an amalgamation of two phase change materials thermal energy storage system

In the last three decades, many researchers have published their findings on the storage of thermal energy using various phase transition materials (both organic and non-organic). One of their goals was to have a higher heat storage capacity with a shorter heat charging cycle for thermal energy storage. This study looked into a floating capsule thermal energy storage system (TESS). A number of spherical capsules filled with beeswax were placed in a paraffin-filled cylindrical shell. With heat transfer fluid flowing through three hexagonal tubes arranged at 120° inside the TESS core, the two phase change materials (beeswax with a thermal conductivity of 0.25 W/mK and paraffin with a thermal conductivity of 0.23 W/mK) were charged and discharged. For the proposed TESS, a mathematical model was created and utilised to forecast thermal energy storage capacity and charging/discharge times for various configurations. In TESS, a 70–30% mixture of the two PCMs results in a 21.5 percent increase in heat storage capacity when beeswax alone is used, and an 8.4 percent decrease in storage capacity when paraffin alone is used. For a heat storage capacity of 7300 kJ, the model estimates charging and discharging times of around 2.6 and 3.2 hours, respectively.
Morphometric differentiation between subspecies of Resplendent Quetzal (Pharomachrus mocinno mocinno and P. m. costaricensis) based on male uppertail-coverts

Summary. Resplendent Quetzal Pharomachrus mocinno is endemic to montane cloud forests of Middle America. Disjunct populations in the highlands north (southern Mexico and northern Central America) and south of the lowlands of Nicaragua (Costa Rica and Panama) have been recognised subspecifically by several authorities (e.g. Ridgway 1911, Cory 1919, Dickinson & Remsen 2013, Gill & Donsker 2017), but have also been suggested to merit species status (Solórzano & Oyama 2010). We present morphometric differences in the elongated uppertailcoverts of adult males. We analysed width and length of the uppertail-coverts of 73 adult male specimens in European ornithological collections. Mean width and mean length of the uppertail-coverts were significantly greater in northern P. m. mocinno compared to southern P. m. costaricensis. Our data support a previously published proposal to treat the two taxa as species based on molecular and other morphological data.
Filtering Environmental Information for Automatic Driving in Urban Area

This paper focuses on lack of explainability about the actions made by Deep reinforcement learning (DRL). DRL shows its superiority on tasks with multi-dimensional visual-input such as playing Atari games and navigation of robot. Also, DRL has been expected as an useful approach to realize a self-driving car. Though a lot of inputs would be available within urban environment, we could not specify the essential inputs to decide the appropriate action. The results derived from DRL are the tacit knowledge that is difficult to transfer to another system by means of writing it down as a symbolic way. Thus, human designer of self-driving operation may be reluctant to accept and utilize these results. For the above reason, as a first stage to reach a symbolic representation, we propose a filtering method to specify the necessary inputs for the right actions, and show the effectiveness of it via some experiments.
The Use of By-product Coal as Fuel on Boiler Plants of Small and Medium Power

A significant environmental problem for the coal regions of Russia is the presence of large volumes of finedispersed coal sludges formed during the operation of coal mines and coal-preparation plants. In addition to direct environmental damage, storage of these sludges in sedimentation tanks, hydro-dumps or on sludge sites requires significant economic costs. Thus, the solution of the utilization problem of coal-enrichment wastes, especially finely-dispersed, represented by filter cakes of filtration compartments, containing practically all chemical reagents used in coal washing (flocculants, coagulants, etc.) is topical. The paper presents the results of research on the use of fine coalenrichment wastes as a fuel in boiler plants. It is shown that on the basis of these wastes it is possible to prepare a suspension water-coal fuel with a solid phase content of 56-60%, with the required structural-rheological characteristics and a net calorific value of up to 13 MJ / kg. A boiler with a thermal capacity of 0.63 MW with a vortex combustion system efficiently operating on fuel from coal waste was designed, manufactured and tested. The composition and effect of plasticizing additives on the rheological characteristics of the fuel is defined; the dependence of fuel consumption on its ash content is established. The results of the boiler operation on this fuel showed its high efficiency (the efficiency is 83-85%) with the level of harmful emissions in the flue gas significantly below the permissible values.
Water temperature modeling in the Lower Ebro River (Spain): Heat fluxes, equilibrium temperature, and magnitude of alteration caused by reservoirs and thermal effluent

The lower Ebro River (Spain) is subject to the thermal and hydrological alterations caused by the system of reservoirs of Mequinenza, Riba‐roja, and Flix and to the thermal effluent of the nuclear power plant of Ascó, located 5 km downstream from the three reservoirs. In this paper, a modeling approach is used to determine the equilibrium temperature and recuperation distance at the study reach for different seasons and hydrological years. The intensity of the alteration caused by the reservoirs and nuclear power plant effluent is studied in reference to the equilibrium temperature and discharge rate. Mean daily water temperature downstream from the reservoirs is higher than mean daily equilibrium temperature in the fall and is lower during the rest of the year. Changes in the heat fluxes induced by thermal alteration are also addressed, showing important variations in evaporation and conduction to the atmosphere.
Pore Fluid Extraction by Reactive Solitary Waves in 3‐D

In the lower crust, viscous compaction is known to produce solitary porosity and fluid pressure waves. Metamorphic (de)volatilization reactions can also induce porosity changes in response to the propagating fluid pressure anomalies. Here we present results from high‐resolution simulations using Graphic Processing Unit parallel processing with a model that includes both viscous (de)compaction and reaction‐induced porosity changes. Reactive porosity waves propagate in a manner similar to viscous porosity waves, but through a different mechanism involving fluid release and trap in the solid by reaction. These waves self‐generate from red noise or an ellipsoidal porosity anomaly with the same characteristic size and abandon their source region to propagate at constant velocity. Two waves traveling at different velocities pass through each other in a soliton‐like fashion. Reactive porosity waves thus provide an additional mechanism for fluid extraction at shallow depths with implications for ore formation, diagenesis, metamorphic veins formation, and fluid extraction from subduction zones.