Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
It Takes Two to Tango: The Therapist, the Patient, and Automatic Aspects of Their In-Between

In his target article Macmillan (this issue) presents a critical analysis of the fundamental rule of psychoanalysis and of the method of free association. We welcome this critical analysis of the foundations of psychoanalysis as the latter are-to a great extent-the cornerstones of modern psychology in general and modern therapy in particular. We feel that Macmillan's illuminating discussion of the constraints and limitations of Freud's fundamental rule and the process of free association results in an improved understanding of this important procedure. Succinctly put, the rule, and the method of free association, are used to gather data that the therapist interprets and organizes in the process of finding the causes of, for example, neuroses. As stressed by Macmillan it is of utmost importance to the therapy that this process will not be affected by the therapist's expectations, goals, worries, or irrelevant thoughts. Traditionally, threats to this requirement were discussed in regard to conscious and unconscious demand characteristics. However, the (relatively) recent examination of higher-order automatic processes suggests multiple unconscious pathways through which the therapist's goals, expectations, and thoughts may affect every one of the aforementioned stages. In the following discussion, then, we would like to offer a sketch of what might the empirical research on automatic higher mental processes add to the critical examination of the foundations of psychoanalysis. We argue that (a) the therapist can cause the patient to behave in certain ways without either of them being aware of this causation, (b) the ways the therapist process information about the patient may be influenced by goals the therapist is unaware of, (c) the therapist's interpretation of information about the patient (or of the patient's behaviors) may be affected by factors he or she is unaware of, and lastly (d) a conscious effort by the therapist to correct for the unwarranted influences described previously might not always be successful, and sometimes may even be harmful. Two introductory remarks. First, all of the data we present below were gathered in laboratory experiments, whose nature is very different from that of therapeutic sessions. We see no reason to question the validity of the implications we draw from the former to the latter, but we acknowledge that this question is not
Leveraging Crowd for Game-based Learning: A Case Study of Privacy Education Game Design and Evaluation by Crowdsourcing

As the Internet grows in importance, it is vital to develop methods and techniques for educating end-users to improve their awareness of online privacy. Web-based education tools have been proven effective in many domains and have been increasingly adopted by many online professional and educational services. However, the design and development of Web-based education tools for online privacy is still in the early stage. The traditional solutions always involve privacy experts who have sophisticated expertise. Such involvement can make the tool development costly. Furthermore, it is not clear how inspiring and effective these education tools are to general users of varying backgrounds, specially to novice users who have rarely dealt with online privacy issues before. In this paper, we design, develop, and evaluate a game-based privacy learning system by leveraging the wisdom of a crowd of non-experts on Amazon Mechanic Turk. Empirical study demonstrates that the crowd can provide high-quality ideas of designing and developing a practical, educational privacy learning game.
A direct consequence of the Expansion of Space

Consider radar ranging of a distant galaxy in a Friedman-Lemaitre cosmological model. In this model the comoving coordinate of the galaxy is constant; hence, the equations of null geodesics for photons travelling to the distant galaxy and back imply ∫ τr τe dτ a(τ)= ∫ τo τr dτ a(τ) Here, τ e , τ r and To are, respectively, the times of emission, reflection and observation of the reflected photons, and a(r) is the scalefactor. Since the Universe is expanding, a(r) is a monotonically increasing function, so the return traveltime, τ o - τ r , must be greater than the forward traveltime, τ r - τ e . Clearly, space expands, and on their way back, the photons must travel a longer distance! This paper explains why this argument for the Expansion of Space (EoS) is wrong. We argue that, unlike the expansion of the cosmic substratum, the EoS is unobservable. We therefore propose to apply to it - just like to the ether - Ockham's razor.
Écologie et histoire : les origines de la savane du Bénin.

N. L. Gayibor — Ecology and History: the Origins of the Benin Savanna. ; The Benin savanna is that big clearing, over 500 kilometers wide, from 0° to 5° E, that is from Akutse, in Ghana, to the east of Lagos in Nigeria, which breaks through the coastal forest extending from the Gambia to the Niger delta. An examination of settlement history, archaeology, and of climatic, biogeographical factors provides explanations as to how the forest disappeared to be replaced by this savanna which seems to be a product of both nature and history.
Developing Issues in the Classification of Mental and Physical Disabilities

In this analysis, the authors explore the implications of changing classifications and definitional criteria for mental disability and physical disability. Much of this discussion is set against the background of the ideas that have come out of the social and political movements organized by individuals with disabilities. The first part of the article focuses on issues that may develop from increasing implementation of the “social model” of disability. The second part centers on the problems produced by the development of measures based on contrasting definitions. Finally, the authors examine the factors that might contribute to evaluations of the satisfaction of and opportunities for adults with disabilities living in the community.
Acetaminophen-induced Liver Injury: from Animal Models to Humans

Drug-induced liver injury is an important clinical problem and a challenge for drug development. Whereas progress in understanding rare and unpredictable (idiosyncratic) drug hepatotoxicity is severely hampered by the lack of relevant animal models, enormous insight has been gained in the area of predictable hepatotoxins, in particular acetaminophen-induced liver injury, from a broad range of experimental models. Importantly, mechanisms of toxicity obtained with certain experimental systems, such as in vivo mouse models, primary mouse hepatocytes, and metabolically competent cell lines, are being confirmed in translational studies in patients and in primary human hepatocytes. Despite this progress, suboptimal models are still being used and experimental data can be confusing, leading to controversial conclusions. Therefore, this review attempts to discuss mechanisms of drug hepatotoxicity using the most studied drug acetaminophen as an example. We compare the various experimental models that are used to investigate mechanisms of acetaminophen hepatotoxicity, discuss controversial topics in the mechanisms, and assess how these experimental findings can be translated to the clinic. The success with acetaminophen in demonstrating the clinical relevance of experimental findings could serve as an example for the study of other drug toxicities.
A Prospective Study of Blood Selenium Levels and the Risk of Arsenic-Related Premalignant Skin Lesions

Arsenic exposure from drinking water is considered to be a risk factor for skin and internal cancers. Animal studies suggest a potential antagonism between arsenic and selenium in the body. We did a case-cohort analysis to prospectively evaluate the association between arsenic-related premalignant skin lesions and prediagnostic blood selenium levels in 303 cases of skin lesions newly diagnosed from November 2002 to April 2004 and 849 subcohort members randomly selected from the 8,092 participants in the Health Effects of Arsenic Longitudinal Study with available baseline blood and urine samples collected in 2000. Incidence rate ratios for skin lesions in increasing blood selenium quintiles were 1.00 (reference), 0.68 [95% confidence interval (95% CI), 0.39-1.18], 0.51 (95% CI, 0.29-0.87), 0.52 (95% CI, 0.30-0.91), and 0.53 (95% CI, 0.31-0.90). Effect estimates remained similar with adjustments for age, sex, body mass index, smoking status, excessive sunlight exposure (in men), well water arsenic concentration at baseline, and nutritional intakes of folate, iron, protein, vitamin E, and B vitamins. At any given arsenic exposure level, the risk of premalignant skin lesions was consistently greater among participants with blood selenium lower than the average level. The findings support the hypothesis that dietary selenium intake may reduce the incidence of arsenic-related premalignant skin lesions among populations exposed to arsenic exposure from drinking water. (Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2007;16(2):207–13)
The Mental Cost of Cognitive Enhancement

Noninvasive brain stimulation provides a potential tool for affecting brain functions in the typical and atypical brain and offers in several cases an alternative to pharmaceutical intervention. Some studies have suggested that transcranial electrical stimulation (TES), a form of noninvasive brain stimulation, can also be used to enhance cognitive performance. Critically, research so far has primarily focused on optimizing protocols for effective stimulation, or assessing potential physical side effects of TES while neglecting the possibility of cognitive side effects. We assessed this possibility by targeting the high-level cognitive abilities of learning and automaticity in the mathematical domain. Notably, learning and automaticity represent critical abilities for potential cognitive enhancement in typical and atypical populations. Over 6 d, healthy human adults underwent cognitive training on a new numerical notation while receiving TES to the posterior parietal cortex or the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex. Stimulation to the the posterior parietal cortex facilitated numerical learning, whereas automaticity for the learned material was impaired. In contrast, stimulation to the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex impaired the learning process, whereas automaticity for the learned material was enhanced. The observed double dissociation indicates that cognitive enhancement through TES can occur at the expense of other cognitive functions. These findings have important implications for the future use of enhancement technologies for neurointervention and performance improvement in healthy populations.
Second-harmonic induced soliton drifting and annihilation in microresonators

The fundamental soliton dynamics can be affected by second-harmonic generation in microresonators with simultaneous χ<sup>(2)</sup> and χ<sup>(3)</sup> nonlinearities. Soliton drifting and annihilation is observed, which facilitates spectrally smooth single-soliton comb generation.
RNA-Seq Based De Novo Transcriptome Assembly and Gene Discovery of Cistanche deserticola Fleshy Stem

Backgrounds Cistanche deserticola is a completely non-photosynthetic parasitic plant with great medicinal value and mainly distributed in desert of Northwest China. Its dried fleshy stem is a crucial tonic in traditional Chinese medicine with roles of mainly improving male sexual function and strengthening immunity, but few mechanistic studies have been conducted partly due to the lack of genomic and transcriptomic resources. Results In this study, we performed deep transcriptome sequencing in fleshy stem of C. deserticola, and about 80 million reads were generated using Illumina pair-end sequencing on HiSeq2000 platform. Using trinity assembler, we obtained 95,787 transcript sequences with transcript lengths ranging from 200bp to 15,698bp, having an average length of 950 bases and the N50 length of 1,519 bases. 63,957 transcripts were identified actively expressed with FPKM ≥ 0.5, in which 30,098 transcripts were annotated with gene descriptions or gene ontology terms by sequence similarity analyses against several public databases (Uniprot, NR and Nt at NCBI, and KEGG). Furthermore, we identified key enzyme genes involved in biosynthesis of lignin and phenylethanoid glycosides (PhGs) which are known to be the primary active ingredients. Four phenylalanine ammonia-lyase (PAL) genes, the first key enzyme in lignin and PhG biosynthesis, were identified based on sequences comparison and phylogenetic analysis. Two biosynthesis pathways of PhGs were also proposed for the first time. Conclusions In all, we completed a global analysis of the C. deserticola fleshy stem transcriptome using RNA-seq technology. A collection of enzyme genes related to biosynthesis of lignin and phenylethanoid glysides were identified from the assembled and annotated transcripts, and the gene family of PAL was also predicted. The sequence data from this study will provide a valuable resource for conducting future phenylethanoid glysides biosynthesis researches and functional genomic studies in this important medicinal plant.
Hepatitis B Virus Immunopathology, Model Systems, and Current Therapies

Most people develop acute hepatitis B virus (HBV)-related hepatitis that is controlled by both humoral and cellular immune responses following acute infection. However, a number of individuals in HBV-endemic areas fail to resolve the infection and consequently become chronic carriers. While a vaccine is available and new antiviral drugs are being developed, elimination of persistently infected cells is still a major issue. Standard treatment in HBV infection includes IFN-α, nucleoside, or nucleotide analogs, which has direct antiviral activity and immune modulatory capacities. However, immunological control of the virus is often not durable. A robust T-cell response is associated with control of HBV infection and liver damage; however, HBV-specific T cells are deleted, dysfunctional, or become exhausted in chronic hepatitis patients. As a result, efforts to restore virus-specific T-cell immunity in chronic HBV patients using antiviral therapy, immunomodulatory cytokines, or therapeutic vaccination have had little success. Adoptive cell transfer of T cells with specificity for HBV antigen+ cells represents an approach aiming to ultimately eliminate residual hepatocytes carrying HBV covalently closed circular DNA (cccDNA). Here, we discuss recent findings describing HBV immunopathology, model systems, and current therapies.
Mechanism of action of prostaglandin E2 in the dog skeletal muscle circulation.

OBJECTIVE To determine whether prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) influences the dog skeletal muscle circulation by a direct action on the vascular smooth muscle or via pre- or post-synaptic modulation of sympathetic neurotransmission. METHODS In 18 anaesthetised dogs, a gracilis muscle was vascularly isolated and perfused at constant flow. Sympathetic vasoconstrictor tone on the muscles was reflexly controlled by alterations to the pressure at which the isolated carotid sinuses were perfused. The effects of PGE2 injection into the muscle were compared at low carotid sinus pressure, high carotid sinus pressure, and following denervation of the muscle, with or without noradrenaline infusion. RESULTS At all levels of sympathetic tone, PGE2 produced significantly more vasodilation than the saline vehicle. However, at a carotid sinus pressure of 46.0 +/- 2.3 mmHg (1 mmHg = 0.133 kPa), PGE2 caused a decrease in femoral arterial perfusion pressure of 52.6 +/- 7.1 mmHg, which was significantly greater than the response at a carotid sinus pressure of 208.5 +/- 3.7 (33.6 +/- 4.2 mmHg decrease) or following denervation (25.6 +/- 3.7 mmHg decrease). In a separate group of denervated muscles, PGE2 caused a similar decrease in perfusion pressure in the presence or absence of a noradrenaline infusion. CONCLUSIONS PGE2 appears to cause vasodilation through two separate mechanisms: one mechanism involves presynaptic inhibition of sympathetic vasoconstrictor tone, whilst the other is independent of the sympathetic nervous system, and is therefore presumably a direct action on the vascular smooth muscle or endothelium. Under our experimental conditions, both mechanisms contributed equally to the vasodilation.
A Spectrophotometric Method to Precisely Determine Endpoint Titers in Complement Fixation Assays

Since the early 20th century, complement fixation (CF) testing has been used to quantify the humoral response to various pathogens. The qualification of a positive result is based on a subjective determination of 30% lysis of sheep red blood cells, which can lead to variability in the analysis. A spectrophotometric reading of a standard with a known 30% lysis was used to standardize the currently used CF method and tested with controls and patient sera for various fungal assays. By utilizing this method a precise and non‐subjective determination of endpoint titers was achieved. J. Clin. Lab. Anal. 26:190‐193, 2012. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Geodesic Based Semi-supervised Multi-manifold Feature Extraction

Manifold learning is an important feature extraction approach in data mining. This paper presents a new semi-supervised manifold learning algorithm, called Multi-Manifold Discriminative Analysis (Multi-MDA). The proposed method is designed to explore the discriminative information hidden in geodesic distances. The main contributions of the proposed method are: 1) we propose a semi-supervised graph construction method which can effectively capture the multiple manifolds structure of the data, 2) each data point is replaced with an associated feature vector whose elements are the graph distances from it to the other data points. Information of the nonlinear structure is contained in the feature vectors which are helpful for classification, 3) we propose a new semi-supervised linear dimension reduction method for feature vectors which introduces the class information into the manifold learning process and establishes an explicit dimension reduction mapping. Experiments on benchmark data sets are conducted to show the effectiveness of the proposed method.
Thrombocytosis in solid tumors: review of the literature.

The relation of thrombocytosis with malignant disorders is known for a century[1]. Frequency of thrombocytosis and thrombocyte count varies in different malignant diseases. It is especially seen in lung, colon, gynecological, and renal cell cancer. The specific mechanism by which thrombocytosis develops in malignancies remain speculative and several hypothesis have been proposed on this subject. In recent years humoral mediators are suggested to play role in the pathogenesis of thrombocytosis occur with the response of host against the malignant tissue. Excess amount of cytokines were found to be associated with thrombocytosis in cancers. Interleukin-6 (IL-6), IL-1, vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), macrophage colony stimulating factor (M-CSF), granulocyte-macrophage colony stimulating factor (GM-CSF), and granulocyte colony stimulating factor (G-CSF), and tumor necrosis factor α (TNF-α) are some of the cytokines studied in malignancy associated thrombocytosis. Thrombocytosis might be a sign of poor prognosis and cause morbi-motality in cancers. It can be in relation with different processes occur during the course of malignant tumors as cell invasion and metastasis.
A Rasch Analysis of a Measure of Computer Anxiety

A number of tests have been constructed in an attempt to measure the psychological construct computer anxiety. Although some of these studies have reported dimensions of computer anxiety as a result of factor analyses, these dimensions have varied in their number and description. Other studies have assumed unidimensionality of this construct. The present study has tested the dimensionality of the computer-anxiety index (CAIN) by Rasch analysis of the responses of 372 eleven- to twelve-year-old elementary school students. Rasch analysis enabled the students' response patterns to each question to be compared with their responses for all other questions in the questionnaire to determine the extent to which that question measured the same underlying variable as the other questions. Results indicated that six of the twenty-six items did not measure the same underlying trait as the other twenty and that several of the accepted items were apparently redundant. The use of the shortened (20-item) CAIN is recommended.
Glycated Cu,Zn-superoxide dismutase in rat lenses: evidence for the presence of fragmentation in vivo.

Cu,Zn-superoxide dismutase (Cu,Zn-SOD) exists in tissues of rats as both glycated and non-glycated forms when separated by boronate acid column chromatography. Glycated Cu.Zn-SOD is most abundant in rat lenses compared to other tissues. In normal rats lens levels of glycated Cu.Zn-SOD showed a gradual increase with age, whereas in diabetic rats substantial increases were observed. Immunoblotting analyses, using anti-hexitol lysine IgG, indicated that glycated Cu.Zn-SOD contains Amadori products. Moreover, Cu.Zn-SOD in lenses was site-specifically fragmented probably because of glycation. This the first report of a fragmented protein, such as Cu,Zn-SOD, occurring in vivo.
The effect of school-leader support and participation in decision making on teacher collaboration in Dutch primary and secondary schools

Over the last three decades, the concept of teacher collaboration has been embraced as a promising concept in the sphere of educational policy and educational research. Teacher collaboration is now considered crucial to strengthening the position of teachers, shaping their professional space and improving their professionalism. However, the concept of teacher collaboration lacks consensus: both its definitions and its purpose are the subject of discussion and criticism. Against this background, we present a theoretical and empirical analysis of teacher collaboration. We carried out secondary analyses on existing data from a large quantitative study conducted in primary schools (n = 271) and secondary schools (n = 343) to examine the extent to which teachers collaborate and to identify organizational characteristics and teachers’ personal characteristics that affect teacher collaboration. The models we developed using structural equation modelling reveal that teacher collaboration in primary schools is influenced by the extent to which teachers perceive school-leader support, teachers’ satisfaction concerning their participation in decision making and teachers’ orientation towards student performance. The model for secondary schools is more straightforward: only perceived school-leader support directly influences teacher collaboration.
A Comparison of Human and Machine Learning-based Accuracy for Valence Classification of Subjects in Video Fragments

Facial expressions are the primary way to show one’s emotional state. Automatic recognition of these cues from video using software allows for various improvements in human-computer interaction, ranging from improved feedback for recommender systems to automatic labeling of movies according to the emotions they induce. A number of affective display databases have been created to aid development in this field. These datasets are frequently available for academic use [1, 2, 3], use picture or video stimuli and range from highly controlled [1, 2] to more natural settings [3]. We observe that methods using these datasets report accuracy figures that leave room for improvement [5].