Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Quantitative trait loci and gene interaction: the quantitative genetics of metapopulations

Genetic population differentiation is typically viewed as differentiation of population means. However, several theories of evolution and speciation postulate that populations differentiate not only with respect to the population means, but also with respect to the effects of alleles within these populations. I develop herein a measure of population differentiation for the ‘local average effects’ of alleles, where local average effect is defined as the average effect of an allele in a deme measured as a deviation from the metapopulation mean. The differentiation for local average effects has two components, a component attributable to the population mean and a residual component that is attributable to changes in the local average effects independent of the population mean. The variance in local average effects attributable to the population mean is measured as the variance in the mean local average effect of all alleles. The variance in the residual local average effects is measured as the difference between the variance local average effects of individual alleles and the variance in the mean local average effects of all alleles. Differentiation for population means and differentiation for residual local average effects need not be related. I show that when there is only additive gene action, populations can differentiate for population means, but not for residual local average effects. However, if there is gene interaction then populations can also differentiate for local average effects of alleles. The consequence of this differentiation is that the local average effects of alleles change relative to each other such that an allele that is favoured by selection in one population may be removed by selection in other populations. I discuss the evolutionary consequences of differentiation for local average effects, and the interpretation of QTL data in light of this model.
Strength, but not muscle mass, is associated with mortality in the health, aging and body composition study cohort.

BACKGROUND Although muscle strength and mass are highly correlated, the relationship between direct measures of low muscle mass (sarcopenia) and strength in association with mortality has not been examined. METHODS Total mortality rates were examined in the Health, Aging and Body Composition (Health ABC) Study in 2292 participants (aged 70-79 years, 51.6% women, and 38.8% black). Knee extension strength was measured with isokinetic dynamometry, grip strength with isometric dynamometry. Thigh muscle area was measured by computed tomography (CT) scan, and leg and arm lean soft tissue mass were determined by dual energy x-ray absorptiometry (DXA). Both strength and muscle size were assessed as in gender-specific Cox proportional hazards models, with age, race, comorbidities, smoking status, level of physical activity, fat area by CT or fat mass by DXA, height, and markers of inflammation, including interleukin-6, C-reactive protein, and tumor necrosis factor-alpha considered as potential confounders. RESULTS There were 286 deaths over an average of 4.9 (standard deviation = 0.9) years of follow-up. Both quadriceps and grip strength were strongly related to mortality. For quadriceps strength (per standard deviation of 38 Nm), the crude hazard ratio for men was 1.51 (95% confidence interval, 1.28-1.79) and 1.65 (95% confidence interval, 1.19-2.30) for women. Muscle size, determined by either CT area or DXA regional lean mass, was not strongly related to mortality. In the models of quadriceps strength and mortality, adjustment for muscle area or regional lean mass only slightly attenuated the associations. Further adjustment for other factors also had minimal effect on the association of quadriceps strength with mortality. Associations of grip strength with mortality were similar. CONCLUSION Low muscle mass did not explain the strong association of strength with mortality, demonstrating that muscle strength as a marker of muscle quality is more important than quantity in estimating mortality risk. Grip strength provided risk estimates similar to those of quadriceps strength.
A Weighted Average of Sparse Representations is Better than the Sparsest One Alone

Cleaning of noise from signals is a classical and long-studied problem in signal processing. Algorithms for this task necessarily rely on an a-priori knowledge about the signal characteristics, along with information about the noise properties. For signals that admit sparse representations over a known dictionary, a commonly used denoising technique is to seek the sparsest representation that synthesizes a signal close enough to the corrupted one. As this problem is too complex in general, approximation methods, such as greedy pursuit algorithms, are often employed. In this line of reasoning, we are led to believe that detection of the sparsest representation is key in the success of the denoising goal. Does this mean that other competitive and slightly inferior sparse representations are meaningless? Suppose we are served with a group of competing sparse representations, each claiming to explain the signal differently. Can those be fused somehow to lead to a better result? Surprisingly, the answer to this question is positive; merging these representations can form a more accurate, yet dense, estimate of the original signal even when the latter is known to be sparse. In this paper we demonstrate this behavior, propose a practical way to generate such a collection of representations by randomizing the Orthogonal Matching Pursuit (OMP) algorithm, and produce a clear analytical justification for the superiority of the associated Randomized OMP (RandOMP) algorithm. We show that while the Maximum a-posterior Probability (MAP) estimator aims to find and use the sparsest representation, the Minimum Mean-Squared-Error (MMSE) estimator leads to a fusion of representations to form its result. Thus, working with an appropriate mixture of candidate representations, we are surpassing the MAP and tending towards the MMSE estimate, and thereby getting a far more accurate estimation, especially at medium and low SNR.
Communicative Action and Rational Choice Joseph Heath Studies in Contemporary German Thought Cambridge, MA: The MIT Press, 2001, xii + 363 pp., $39.95

maniere convaincante de l'actualite et de la fecondite de la philosophic de Kant aujourd'hui. Comme tous les ouvrages de ce genre, la qualite des contributions presentees n'y est pas toujours egale, mais le nombre de celles qui valent la peine qu'on s'y attarde depasse grandement celui de celles dont la pertinence serait plus contestable. A la lecture de cet ouvrage, on ne peut que souhaiter que se perpetue la voie initiee par Pierre Laberge et que se poursuive l'interrogation contemporaine sur l'heritage du kantisme, car cette philosophie apparait plus que jamais a la hauteur des problemes qui se posent actuellement dans les domaines du droit, de l'ethique, de l'esthetique, de meme qu'en philosophie theorique.
The French Version of the Screen for Child Anxiety Related Emotional Disorders-Revised (Scared-R): Factor Structure, Convergent and Divergent Validity in a Sample of Teenagers

The principal objective of this study is to provide data on the French version of the SCARED-R. This article investigates the factor structure of the French version of the Screen for Child Anxiety Related Emotional Disorders-Revised (SCARED-R) and its convergent and divergent validity. 704 normal adolescents aged 10 to 19 years completed the questionnaires in their classrooms. A sub-sample of 595 adolescents also completed an anxiety questionnaire (the French version of the Fear Survey Schedule for Children-Revised, FSSC-R) and a depression questionnaire (the French version of the Center for Epidemiological Studies Depression Scale, CES-D). Confirmatory factor analysis of the SCARED-R suggested reasonable fit for the 9-factor model. The comparison of the convergent and divergent validity revealed that the SCARED-R total score and five SCARED-R subscales (SAD, Social Phobia and the three Specific Phobias) correlated more strongly with anxiety than depression. The other SCARED-R subscales (GAD, Panic Disorder, OCD and PTSD) are positively related to levels of anxiety and depression. Altogether, the French version of the SCARED-R showed reasonable psychometric properties.
Verification of gate-level arithmetic circuits by function extraction

The paper presents an algebraic approach to functional verification of gate-level, integer arithmetic circuits. It is based on extracting a unique bit-level polynomial function computed by the circuit directly from its gate-level implementation. The method can be used to verify the arithmetic function computed by the circuit against its known specification, or to extract the arithmetic function implemented by the circuit. Experiments were performed on arithmetic circuits synthesized and mapped onto standard cells using ABC system. The results demonstrate scalability of the method to large arithmetic circuits, such as multipliers, multiply-accumulate, and other elements of arithmetic datapaths with up to 512-bit operands and over 2 Million gates. The procedure has linear runtime and memory complexity, measured by the number of logic gates.
Basic science of knee joint injury mechanisms

In the past few decades a wealth of information has surfaced in the sports medicine literature regarding the risk of sustaining injuries in association with sports participation. To this end the epidemiological studies have been useful in recognizing and establishing the injury risk for different sports. From the data it appears that the incidence, or the number of sports injuries during a given period for a particular sports population, is particularly great in sports such as volleyball, basketball, and handball. Sprains and strains of the knee and ankle ligaments are the most frequent injuries in these games, and rupture of the anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) is distinctly more numerous in female athletes. Ligament injuries are interestingly enough often associated with non-contact situations such as sudden stops, turns, and changes of direction. Structural characteristics such as joint geometry and a narrow intercondylar notch may play a role in these injuries; however, high intensity situations during the game and external factors such as high friction between the shoe and floor may also be important factors. While epidemiological studies have provided the background information on the risk of sustaining an injury, the injury mechanisms remain to be more firmly determined. Only when the mechanisms are thoroughly understood can reasonable preventive measures be introduced, whereafter the efficacy in reducing the injury risk then needs to be carefully assessed. When the knee bends it takes an expert cliffhanger technique for the femur to hold on and avoid anterior-inferior sliding on the slippery surface of the proximal carrying surface of the tibia. For the knee joint to remain stable, the femur must transfer its load at a right angle to the tibial joint surfaces. The stability can be achieved through a resulting vector that is composed of forces from 15 different muscles crossing the joint, from tension in the capsule, liga-
Social adjustment over 10 years following diagnosis with bulimia nervosa.

OBJECTIVE The authors sought to describe social adjustment among women diagnosed with bulimia nervosa more than a decade earlier. METHOD A cohort of women who were diagnosed with bulimia nervosa between 1981 and 1987 were located and invited to participate in follow-up assessments. RESULTS Although the current sample demonstrated considerable improvement in disordered eating behaviors and social adjustment, measures of social adjustment suggested continued impairment in interpersonal relationships and only a modest association with eating disorder outcome. DISCUSSION Continued difficulties in social adjustment may reflect an underlying vulnerability from which disordered eating developed. Treatments for bulimia nervosa may benefit from including interpersonal skills training.
Fundamental Escherichia coli biochemical pathways for biomass and energy production: Identification of reactions

Cells grow by oxidizing nutrients using a complex network of biochemical reactions. During this process new biological material is produced along with energy used for maintaining cellular organization. Because the metabolic network is highly branched, these tasks can be accomplished using a wide variety of unique reaction sequences. However, evolutionary pressures under carbon‐limited growth conditions likely select organisms that utilize highly efficient pathways. Using elementary‐mode analysis, we demonstrate that the metabolism of the bacterium Escherichia coli contains four unique pathways that most efficiently convert glucose and oxygen into new cells and maintenance energy under any level of oxygen limitation. Observed regulatory patterns and experimental findings suggest growing cells use these highly efficient pathways. It is predicted that five knockout mutations generate a strain that supports growth using only the most efficient reaction sequence. The analysis approach should be generally useful for predicting metabolic capabilities and efficient network designs based on only genomic information. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
A Security Risk Assessment Model for Business Process Deployment in the Cloud

Managing security risks on information systems is essential to guarantee their security while handling costs. However, the complexity of risk assessments is greatly increased when data is spread on multiple environments. In this paper we present a security risk assessment model for distributing business processes in a multi-cloud environment. We aim at offering the full power of cloud computing to composite applications while shielding companies from the complexity related to security risk assessments in the Cloud. We also want to give them the capability to automatically generate secure and cost-effective applications across multiple clouds. Our approach is based on existing risk assessment methodologies, while using the industry recognized IT standards.
La transition vers de nouvelles formes d’union en France, en Lituanie et en Russie

On s’interesse dans cet article a La transition vers de nouvelles formes d’union et aux determinants culturels et structurels ayant conduit a ce processus dans trois pays : La France, La Lituanie et La Russie. Chacun a connu des evolutions tres differentes au cours du XX e siecle : La transition a ete reguliere en France, retardee en Lituanie et distordue en Russie. Aujourd’hui, un seul facteur explicatif de L’union Libre subsiste en France, La religion. En Lituanie et en Russie, ou Les nouvelles formes d’union se sont repandues plus tardivement, La transition est encore a L’œuvre, et Les « precurseurs » de ces nouveaux comportements maritaux se caracterisent par des specificites a La fois culturelles et structurelles.
The Articulation of the Coronal Sounds in the Peking Dialect

This paper investigates the articulatory characteristics of the syllable-initial coronal stop ‘d’, fricatives ‘s sh x’, affricates ‘z zh j’ and approximant ‘r’ in the Peking dialect. Palatograms and linguograms show that the syllable-initial (i) ‘d’ is apico-laminal denti-alveolar [ ]; (ii) ‘s z’ are laminal alveolar or denti-alveolar [ ]; (iii) ‘sh zh r’ are apical postalveolar or pre-palatal [ ]; and (iv) ‘x j’ are anterodorsal postalveolar or alveolopostalveolar [ ]. The findings in this study constitute evidence against the claim that ‘sh zh r’ and ‘x j’ in the Peking dialect are retroflexes and palatals, respectively. The findings also show that it is necessary to include the information about lingual contact, otherwise the description of the articulatory properties of the coronal sounds in question will be
The rise of pre-vocational education and the needs of employers

Abstract Two important government White Papers published since 1980 have pointed to the desperate skills shortages in certain new areas, and the consequent need for relevant and up-to-date vocational education. But exactly what are these relevant skills and how do employers see them? This paper reports a preliminary investigation into the stated ‘needs’ of employers and relates these to some of the landmarks in the call for pre-vocational education of the last decade. The paper ends by pointing to further research which could be done into this crucial problem of matching vocational education with the needs of employers in a rapidly changing society.
Risk, representation and the new pay

Considers the ethics of the “new pay”, a prescriptive model of pay management which has exercised increasing influence over reward practice in recent years. Makes two primary criticisms of the new pay ‐ that it seeks to impose excessive risk on employees and that it affords little scope for involvement of employee representatives in the selection, design and operation of reward systems.
Use of Radiographic Criteria to Predict Outcomes Following Surgery for Pancreatic Cancer

Authors' disclosures of potential conflicts of interest are found at the end of this article. S urgical resection of the pan-creas is the only treatment for pancreatic cancer that offers curative potential. Because other treatment modalities such as chemotherapy and radiation only offer palliation, surgical resectability is critical , as it dictates the treatment plan and ultimately serves as a determinant for long-term survival. Unfortunately, 80% of patients diagnosed with pan-creatic cancer present with metastatic or locoregional disease at initial diagnosis (Chatterjee et al., 2012; Karma-zanovsky, Fedorov, Kubyshkin, & Kotchatkov, 2005). These patients are therefore deemed ineligible for resec-tion at initial diagnosis given that met-astatic and locally advanced extrapan-creatic disease are exclusion criteria for surgical treatment. As such, pancreatic cancer has a grim prognosis, with an overall survival rate of only 6% (American Cancer Society, 2014). According to Hidalgo (2010), patients with earlier stages of disease deemed resectable have higher median survival rates (stage IA, 24.1 months; stage IB, 20.6 months; stage IIA, 15.4 months; stage IIB, 12.7 months) compared with patients with advanced stages of disease considered to be unresectable (stage III, 10.6 months; stage IV, 4.5 months). The implications for long-term survival accentuate the importance of identifying characteristics that distinguish resectable from unresectable disease at the outset of diagnosis and treatment planning. The involvement of the superior mesenteric vein (SMV) or the portal vein (PV) by pancreatic cancer was historically considered a contraindi-cation for surgical resection These vessels are adjacent to the pan-creas and are at high risk for involvement by the pancreatic tumor. There remains concern that resec-tion and reconstruction of the involved SMV-PV during pancreatic cancer surgery is a high-risk procedure given the higher than usual risk for perioperative complications owing to the additional complexity of surgery. Additionally, it is thought that these patients are also at high risk for early systemic failure due to the advanced nature of the primary tumor, and at high risk for margin-positive resection with surgery alone. However, in centers where experi
QUANTUM EFFICIENCIES OF THE REVERSIBLE PHOTOREACTION OF OCTOPUS RHODOPSIN

Abstract The classic method of photometric curves for photosensitivity determination has been extended to the case of photoreversible reactions and applied to the octopus rhodopsin → acid metarhodopsin photoreaction. In such cases, measurements at one irradiation wavelength yield the sum of the photosensitivities of the forward and reverse processes. However, by using different irradiation wavelengths, together with appropriate molar extinction coefficients, the quantum efficiencies for both reactions may be resolved. For detergent‐solubilized octopus rhodopsin at room temperature, pH 7, the quantum yields are found to be 0.69 (± 0.03) for rhodopsin → metarhodopsin, in line with values observed in a range of vertebrate visual pigments, and 0.43 (± 0.02) for the reverse photoregeneration process. The similarities in overall photosensitivities of the forward and reverse reactions in the visible region are consistent with a significant physiological role for photoreversal in the cephalopod visual cycle.
Effects of counselor attire on subject perceptions of counselor expertness, empathy, and counselor preference

Approved Accepted TyGcer-iber, 1Q33 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS I gratefully acknowledge the encouragement, time, and help of Professor D. Russell Crane for whom I have the deepest respect and admiration. He not only enlarged my experiences in the field of family studies, but also showed me the importance of one's own family life. I would also like to express gratitude to the other members of my com-for their invaluable feedback. A special tribute is due to my parents, Ron and Betty Bailey, for their financial assistance and constant support. And finally, a warm thanks to my husband, David, who always helped me see the humor in life, and my son Coleman, who just made my life so much brighter.
SpotIt!An Interactive Identikit System

Abstract In this paper we present a system for browsing large mug-shot databases and creating identikits of photographic quality. The two functions are interrelated: the available database provides direct feedback to the user building the identikit and the identikit itself can be used as an access key to the image database. SpotIt! provides a virtually unlimited set of alternative features that can be browsed efficiently in the appropriate context, interactive holistic feature modification coupled to syntactic access to a feature database, and quantitative, automatic computation of face similarities, providing real-time feedback of the system which constantly shows the most promising matches to the identikit being built.
Comparative meta-analysis of pharmacotherapy and behavior therapy for persistent insomnia.

OBJECTIVE Although four meta-analytic reviews support the efficacy of pharmacotherapy and behavior therapy for the treatment of insomnia, no meta-analysis has evaluated whether these treatment modalities yield comparable outcomes during acute treatment. The authors conducted a quantitative review of the literature on the outcome of the two treatments to compare the short-term efficacy of pharmacotherapy and behavioral therapy in primary insomnia. METHOD They identified studies from 1966 through 2000 using MEDLINE, psycINFO, and bibliographies. Investigations were limited to studies using prospective measures and within-subject designs to assess the efficacy of benzodiazepines or benzodiazepine receptor agonists or behavioral treatments for primary insomnia. Benzodiazepine receptor agonists included zolpidem, zopiclone, and zaleplon. Behavioral treatments included stimulus control and sleep restriction therapies. Twenty-one studies summarizing outcomes for 470 subjects met inclusion criteria. RESULTS Weighted effect sizes for subjective measures of sleep latency, number of awakenings, wake time after sleep onset, total sleep time, and sleep quality before and after treatment were moderate to large. There were no differences in magnitude between pharmacological and behavioral treatments in any measures except latency to sleep onset. Behavior therapy resulted in a greater reduction in sleep latency than pharmacotherapy. CONCLUSIONS Overall, behavior therapy and pharmacotherapy produce similar short-term treatment outcomes in primary insomnia.