Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Fractional Exponent Coupling of RIO

The IETF Differentiated Service (DiffServ) architecture can allow for establishing a modern large scale network which guarantees the quality of service. In order to realize the multiple levels of packet drop precedence required for the Assured Forwarding (AF) framework of DiffServ, a multi-level RED algorithm is needed. RIO (RED with In/Out) is suitable for the AF scheme, and two major RIO variants such as RIO-D and RIO-C have been proposed and widely used. Both use the average lengths of virtual queues to determine the multiple levels of drop precedence and have different coupling strengths between virtual queues. The key difference between RIO-C and RIO-D lies with the fact that RIO-C takes full coupling and RIO-D has zero coupling. In this paper, a novel algorithm called RIO-FEC (RIO based on Fractional Exponent Coupling for determining the coupling strength) is proposed, and can achieve partial coupling with a controllable coupling power for calculating each average virtual queue length. The effects of the fractional exponent based coupling on the drop rates and throughputs of color-labeled virtual queues are analyzed, and a fractional power 1/3 is found to be optimal. The queue weight factor for calculating the EWMAs (Exponential Weighted Moving Averages) of virtual queue lengths, thus affecting the drop probability, is also presented. The results show that the proposed algorithm can achieve a total drop rate and a total throughput as good as RIO-D. Furthermore, RIO-FEC outperforms RIO-C and RIO-D in terms of preventing the lowest-priority virtual queue from bandwidth starvation, and can effectively adjudge the coupling strengths to gain the desired control on the allocation of priority and fairness.
Testing the Reasoning for Question Answering Validation

Question answering (QA) is a task that deserves more collaboration between natural language processing (NLP) and knowledge representation (KR) communities, not only to introduce reasoning when looking for answers or making use of answer type taxonomies and encyclopaedic knowledge, but also, as discussed here, for answer validation (AV), that is to say, to decide whether the responses of a QA system are correct or not. This was one of the motivations for the first Answer Validation Exercise at CLEF 2006 (AVE 2006). The starting point for the AVE 2006 was the reformulation of the answer validation as a recognizing textual entailment (RTE) problem, under the assumption that a hypothesis can be automatically generated instantiating a hypothesis pattern with a QA system answer. The test collections that we developed in seven different languages at AVE 2006 are specially oriented to the development and evaluation of answer validation systems. We show in this article the methodology followed for developing these collections taking advantage of the human assessments already made in the evaluation of QA systems. We also propose an evaluation framework for AV linked to a QA evaluation track. We quantify and discuss the source of errors introduced by the reformulation of the answer validation problem in terms of textual entailment (around 2%, in the range of inter-annotator disagreement). We also show the evaluation results of the first answer validation exercise at CLEF 2006 where 11 groups have participated with 38 runs in seven different languages. The most extensively used techniques were Machine Learning and overlapping measures, but systems with broader knowledge resources and richer representation formalisms obtained the best results.
Estimation of Cancer Burden Attributable to Infection in Asia

Background Some infectious agents have been shown to be human carcinogens. The current study focused on estimation of cancer burden attributable to infection in different regions of Asia. Methods By systematically reviewing previous studies of the infection prevalence data of 13 countries in Asia and relative risks of specific cancers, we calculated the population attributable fraction of carcinogenic infections. Using data from GLOBOCAN 2012, the overall country-specific and gender-specific number of new cancer cases and deaths resulting from infection were estimated. Results Across 13 principal Asian countries, the average prevalence and range was 6.6% (0.5% in Japanese women to 15.0% in Vietnamese men) for hepatitis B virus (HBV), 2.6% (0.3% in Iran to 5.1% in Saudi Arabia) for hepatitis C virus (HCV), 7.9% (2.8% in Pakistan to 17.7% in China) for human papillomavirus (HPV), and 61.8% (12.8% in Indonesia to 91.7% in Bangladesh) for Helicobacter pylori (HP). The estimated total number of cancer cases and deaths caused by infection in these 13 countries were 1 212 026 (19.6% of all new cancer cases) and 908 549 (22.0% of all deaths from cancer). The fractions of cancer incidence attributable to infection were 19.7% and 19.5% in men and women, respectively. The percentages of cancer deaths attributable to infection were 21.9% and 22.1% in men and women, respectively. Among the main infectious agents, HP was responsible for 31.5% of infection-related cancer cases and 32.8% of infection-related cancer deaths, followed by HBV (28.6% of new cases and 23.8% of deaths), HPV (22.0% of new cases and 27.3% of deaths), and HCV (12.2% of new cases and 10.6% of deaths). Conclusions Approximately one quarter of all cancer cases and deaths were infection-associated in Asia, which could be effectively prevented if appropriate long-term controls of infectious agents were applied.
A Mixed-Integer Linear Programming approach to wind farm layout and inter-array cable routing

A Mixed-Integer Linear Programming (MILP) approach is proposed to optimize the turbine allocation and inter-array offshore cable routing. The two problems are considered with a two steps strategy, solving the layout problem first and then the cable problem. We give an introduction to both problems and present the MILP models we developed to solve them. To deal with interference in the onshore cases, we propose an adaptation of the standard Jensen's model, suitable for 3D cases. A simple Stochastic Programming variant of our model allows us to consider different wind scenarios in the optimization. For the inter-array cable routing, we propose a new MILP model able to deal with different constraints arsing in practical application, such as capacity limitations, substation limitations and non-crossing constraints. Computational results on real-world instances prove the practical viability of the approach.
Formal Support for Development of Knowledge-Based Systems

This article provides an approach for developing reliable knowledge-based systems. Its main contributions are: Specification is done at an architectural level that abstracts from a specific implementation formalism. The model of expertise of CommonKADS distinguishs different types of knowledge and describes their interaction. Our architecture refines this model and adds an additional level of formalization. The formal specification and verification system KIV is used for specifying and verifying such architectures. We have chosen KIV for four reasons: (1) it provides the formal means required for specifying the dynamics of knowledge-based systems (i.e., dynamic logic), (2) it provides compositional specifications, (3) it provides an interactive theorem prover, and (4) last but not least it comes with a sophisticated tool environment developed in several realistic application projects.
Benefits of assistance dogs: A review.

Objective: To review outcome research concerning placement of trained assistance dogs (ADs), focusing primarily on service dogs for people with mobility impairments and hearing dogs for individuals who are deaf or hard of hearing. Design: The authors place the relatively small body of literature on ADs in the context of relevant research on the benefits of human-animal contact and pet ownership. Results: While the research specific to ADs generally shows positive benefits, the small number of studies and methodological limitations of these studies preclude any clear conclusions. Recommendations for future research on ADs include the use of longitudinal designs, matched comparison groups, stan- dardized measures that assess diverse areas of functioning, and behavioral self- monitoring for daily activities. With the passage of the Americans with Disabilities Act(ADA, 1990), there has been an increase in the use of assistance dogs (ADs), which are trained and placed for the purpose of reducing the impact of disabling conditions. While the number of individuals partnered with ADs does not yet represent a substantial
Comparison of the direct fluorescence assay and real-time polymerase chain reaction for the detection of influenza virus A and B in immunocompromised patients

OBJECTIVE: This study evaluated the diagnostic performance of two methods for the detection of influenza virus in immunocompromised transplant patients. METHODS: A total of 475 respiratory samples, 236 from patients in a hematopoietic stem cell transplantation program and 239 from kidney transplant patients, were analyzed by a direct fluorescence assay and the Centers for Disease Control real-time polymerase chain reaction protocol for influenza A and B detection. RESULTS: Influenza detection using either method was 7.6% in the hematopoietic stem cell transplant group and 30.5% in the kidney transplant patient group. Influenza detection by real-time polymerase chain reaction yielded a higher positive rate compared with fluorescence than that reported by other studies, and this difference was more pronounced for influenza A. The fluorescence assay sensitivity, specificity, positive and negative predictive values, and kappa coefficient were 17.6%, 100%, 1, 0.83, and 0.256, respectively, and lower detection rates occurred in the kidney transplant patients. CONCLUSIONS: The real-time polymerase chain reaction performance and the associated turnaround time for a large number of samples support the choice of this method for use in different routine diagnostic settings and influenza surveillance in high-risk patients.
Effects of diurnally cycling versus constant temperatures on chicken growth and food intake.

1. Male broiler chickens were exposed in separate experiments to: (a) constant ambient temperatures (Ta) ranging between 10 and 35 degrees C; (b) 12 h:l2 h diurnal high-low temperature of 10:30 degrees C, 15:35 degrees C and 15:30 degrees C in different trials; and (c) 12 h of 30 or 35 degrees C and 12 h of variable lower temperature. 2. A progressive decline in weight gain and food intake was obtained as Ta increased from 18 to 35 degrees C. Under diurnally cycling temperature, weight gain and food intake were lower than in the average corresponding constant temperature, with the exception of chickens exposed to 15 : 30 degrees C, where weight gain and food intake were not significantly different from those of the constant average temperature. 3. As the diurnal cold period was made colder, chickens exposed during half of the diurnal cycle to high temperature (30, 35 degrees C) demonstrated a significant (P <= 0.05) increase in weight gain and food intake. 4. There was a good correlation between plasma triiodothyronine (T3) and Ta. The correlation between T3 and food intake was highly significant, but that between T3 and weight gain was poor. 5. The results indicate the difficulties in predicting the performance of broilers exposed to diurnally cycling temperatures from knowledge of the average temperature.
Impact of Hyperosmolar Sodium-Lactate Resuscitation on Lactate Clearance in Pediatric Severe Sepsis

Background: Fluid resuscitation with normal saline (NS) could aggravate lactate production. Our objective was to compare the impact the of small volume resuscitation using hyperosmolar sodium-lactate (HSL) versus NS in pediatric severe sepsis. The primary endpoint was the increased of lactate clearance after 1 and 6 hours of fluid resuscitation. The secondary endpoint was the incidence of fluid overload and serum sodium level. Methodology and principal findings: A clinical trial study on 34 severe sepsis children was conducted in Hasan Sadikin Hospital Bandung, Indonesia. Eligible subjects were newly diagnosed severe sepsis children (1−14 years old). Patients were resuscitated with either HSL (bolus of 5 mL/kgBW, repeated if no response and followed by 1 mL/kgBW/hour for 12 hours), or NS (bolus of 20 mL/kgBW, repeated if no response and followed by maintenance fluid requirement). If shock persisted, inotropes and/or catecholamine were commenced. HSL group had significant higher 1 hour and 6 hours lactate clearance compared to NS group (p<0.05 and <0.01 respectively). HSL group had significant lower incidence of fluid overload compared to NS group (p<0.001). HSL and NS group had no significant difference serum sodium level after fluid resuscitation (p=0.601). Conclusions: There was an impact of HSL on lactate clearance after 1 and 6 hours fluid resuscitation. As lower fluid overload incidence was observed in HSL group, HSL solution might likely to be a promising fluid for small volume resuscitation in severe sepsis children.
National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke–Canadian Stroke Network Vascular Cognitive Impairment Harmonization Standards

Background and Purpose— One in 3 individuals will experience a stroke, dementia or both. Moreover, twice as many individuals will have cognitive impairment short of dementia as either stroke or dementia. The commonly used stroke scales do not measure cognition, while dementia criteria focus on the late stages of cognitive impairment, and are heavily biased toward the diagnosis of Alzheimer disease. No commonly agreed standards exist for identifying and describing individuals with cognitive impairment, particularly in the early stages, and especially with cognitive impairment related to vascular factors, or vascular cognitive impairment. Methods— The National Institute for Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NINDS) and the Canadian Stroke Network (CSN) convened researchers in clinical diagnosis, epidemiology, neuropsychology, brain imaging, neuropathology, experimental models, biomarkers, genetics, and clinical trials to recommend minimum, common, clinical and research standards for the description and study of vascular cognitive impairment. Results— The results of these discussions are reported herein. Conclusions— The development of common standards represents a first step in a process of use, validation and refinement. Using the same standards will help identify individuals in the early stages of cognitive impairment, will make studies comparable, and by integrating knowledge, will accelerate the pace of progress.
The Role of Stimulus Factors in Making Categorical and Coordinate Spatial Judgments

We report three experiments which investigate the lateralization of categorical and coordinate processing. In all experiments, participants judged the position of a dot relative to a line. We manipulated display luminance (controlling for contrast), polarity (black-on-white versus white-on-black displays), and exposure duration (100, 150, and 200 ms). The results showed a left visual field-right hemisphere advantage for coordinate judgments, but only under highly prescribed conditions. We argue that stimulus and procedural factors are critical in determining the hemisphere by task interaction.
A Trade-Off of the Schema Theorem

For years the schema theorem has been a principal mathematical foundation for Genetic Algorithms. This article briefly describes a trade-off involving crossover and mutation with respect to schema length. The one-max function, a variant of it, and finding snakes in hypercubes are used to demonstrate this trade-off, looking at the impact on solution quality solution and number of function evaluations required when the schema theorem trade-off is violated.
SIMULATING KNOWLEDGE-GENERATION AND DISTRIBUTION PROCESSES IN INNOVATION COLLABORATIONS AND NETWORKS

An agent-based simulation model representing a theory of the dynamic processes involved in innovation in modern knowledge-based industries is described. The agent-based approach allows the representation of heterogenous agents that have individual and varying stocks of knowledge. The simulation is able to model uncertainty, historical change, effect of failure on the agent population, and agent learning from experience, from individual research and from partners and collaborators. The aim of the simulation exercises is to show that the artificial innovation networks show certain characteristics they share with innovation networks in knowledge intensive industries and which are difficult to be integrated in traditional models of industrial economics.
The Role of Theory in Uses and Gratifications Studies

Although the uses and gratifications approach lacks a single general theory, it is not inherently atheoretical, and the author suggests how progress can be made in dealing with four conceptual issues facing this tradition: the nature of the "active" audience; the role of gratification orientations in mediating effects; the social origins of media needs and uses; and the interest shared with students of popular culture in perceptions of and cognitions about mass media content formed by audience members.
0 70 10 62 v 3 2 1 M ay 2 00 7 Uncertainty Principle and Quantum Fisher Information-II

Heisenberg and Schrödinger uncertainty principles give lower bounds for the product of variances Varρ(A) · Varρ(B) if the observables A,B are not compatible, namely if the commutator [A, B] is not zero. In this paper we prove an uncertainty principle in Schrödinger form where the bound for the product of variances Varρ(A) ·Varρ(B) depends on the area spanned by the commutators i[ρ, A] and i[ρ, B] with respect to an arbitrary quantum version of the Fisher information. 2000 Mathematics Subject Classification. Primary 62B10, 94A17; Secondary 46L30, 46L60.
HIV/AIDS surveillance data for New York City West Indian-born Blacks: comparisons with other immigrant and US-born groups.

OBJECTIVES Although the risk of HIV among New York City West Indian-born Black immigrants often is assumed to be high, population-based data are lacking, a gap we aimed to address. METHODS Using 2006-2007 HIV/AIDS surveillance data from the New York City Department of Health and Mental Hygiene and population data from the US Census American Community Survey 2007, we compared the rate of newly reported HIV diagnoses, prevalence of people living with HIV/AIDS, and distribution of transmission risk categories in West Indian-born Blacks, 2 other immigrant groups, and US-born Blacks and Whites. RESULTS The age-adjusted rate of newly reported HIV diagnoses for West Indian-born Blacks was 43.19 per 100 000 (95% confidence interval [CI] = 38.92, 49.10). This was higher than the rate among US-born Whites (19.96; 95% CI = 18.63, 21.37) and Dominican immigrants and lower than that among US-born Blacks (109.48; 95% CI = 105.02, 114.10) and Haitian immigrants. Heterosexual transmission was the largest risk category in West Indian-born Blacks, accounting for 41% of new diagnoses. CONCLUSIONS Although much lower than in US-born Blacks, the rate of newly reported HIV diagnoses in West Indian-born Blacks exceeds that among US-born Whites. Additional work is needed to understand the migration-related sources of risk.
Different Type of Carotid Arterial Wall Remodeling in Rheumatoid Arthritis Compared with Healthy Subjects: A Case-Control Study

Objective. Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is associated with an increased cardiovascular (CV) risk, but mechanisms behind this increased risk have not been fully elucidated. Carotid arterial remodeling is the change of structural properties in response to hemodynamic or metabolic factors aimed at keeping wall stress within certain limits. This process might become maladaptive when stress on the arterial wall increases beyond these limits. We investigated whether maladaptive carotid arterial remodeling is present in RA compared with control subjects. Methods. The 2 cohorts were 96 patients with RA and 274 healthy subjects, who were investigated cross-sectionally. Carotid intima-media thickness (cIMT) and interadventitial diameter (IAD) were assessed by B-mode carotid ultrasonography. Lumen diameter (LD), circumferential wall stress (CWS), and circumferential wall tension (CWT) were calculated. Linear regression analyses were used to investigate the association between presence of RA and carotid arterial remodeling. Results. Compared with healthy subjects, RA was associated with a 0.40 mm (9.3%) greater LD, 0.41 mm (7.8%) greater IAD, 10% higher CWS, and 8% higher CWT. The groups had comparable cIMT. Associations remained similar after exclusion of patients with prior CV disease and after adjustment for demographic factors and CV risk factors. Conclusion. RA is associated with maladaptive outward carotid arterial remodeling. These results are relevant because maladaptive outward remodeling is associated with plaque instability and rupture. These results indicate an alternative pathway, beyond the traditional CV risk factors, in RA that amplifies the CV risk.
Dietary indices of atherogenicity and thrombogenicity and ischaemic heart disease risk: the Caerphilly Prospective Study

The aim of the study was to investigate whether proposed dietary scores of atherogenicity and thrombogenicity predict ischaemic heart disease (IHD) risk in a community sample of men aged 45–59 years. Dietary scores were calculated from consumption of various fatty acids, estimated from 7 d weighed intake data obtained from 665 men. Investigation of associations with blood lipids, lipoproteins and haemostatic factors revealed positive associations with low-density-lipoprotein cholesterol (P < 0·05) and white cell count (P < 0·05), and a negative association with antithrombin III (P = 0·05), after taking into account the effects of age, body mass index and smoking. During a 5-year follow-up period, there were twenty-one new IHD events among the 512 men in whom there was no evidence of IHD at baseline. Men with higher atherogenicity or thrombogenicity scores at baseline tended to have a higher risk of subsequent IHD. The trend was consistent but not statistically significant. A similar trend was observed for total saturates, and an inverse trend for total polyunsaturates, expressed as a percentage of total fatty acids. It is, therefore, concluded that proposed dietary indices of atherogenicity and thrombogenicity may be weak predictors of IHD risk, but that these scores are unlikely to be substantially better predictors than more simple approaches such as intakes of total saturates. To enhance the predictive ability, more complex formulas which take into account other dietary factors as well as fatty acid intakes would probably be required.
Gender differences in children's divergent thinking

Abstract: Block's theory (1984) of gender differences was examined to determine if it could explain inconsistencies in the reports of gender differences and the personality correlates of creativity in children. Additionally, an investigation of 244 gifted children in grades 4 to 8 is described. Two divergent thinking tests, each with a familiar and an unfamiliar item, were used to test cognitive style. The Dependency Proneness Test was used to measure independence, and the Fundamental Interpersonal Relations Orientation‐Behavior Children was used to measure social orientation. No gender differences were found on the measures of personality and cognitive style, and no significant association was found between cognitive style and personality. The results were discussed in light of the moderating influence of sex‐role flexibility and the relative freedom boys and girls experience in peer groups and play.