Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Macroeconomics: An Integrated Approach

Part I From Micro to Macro-Modelling Income Determination and Growth: Output, Inputs, and Growth Case Study - Sources of U.S. Growth Since 1950 The Dynamic Supply of Inputs Case Study - Why Has the US Saving Rate Declined? Case Study - The Worldwide Demographic Transition and the Supply of Capital Case Study - The U.S. Trend Toward Early Retirement The Dynamic Demand for Inputs and the Revolution of Output Case Study - Post-World War II Japanese and German Capital Deepening Case Study - The Black Plague Business Cycles Case Study - The Massachusetts Miracle Measurement of Outputs and Inputs Case Study - How Not to Impose a Sales Tax Case Study - How to Tax Consumption Saving and Growth in the International Economy Case Study - Japan After World War II and the US in the 19th Century. Part II Fiscal and Monetary Policy: Fiscal Policy, Saving and Growth Case Study - Generational Accounts, Now and In the Future Case Study - Social Security Case Study - Government Capital Formation Case Study - Tax Policy in the 1980s Money and Prices in the Closed Economy Case Study - California's 1992 Warrants Case Study - Real Money Balances During the German Hyperinflation Case Study - The Deflation of 1865-1879 Money, Prices and Policy in the Open Economy Case Study - Postwar U.S. Exchange Rate Regimes Case Study - Fixed Exchange Rates Under the Gold Standard Case Study - Purchasing-Power Parity and International Big Mac Prices Case Study - Stabilizing the Argentine Peso Case Study - The Debate Over European Monetary Union. Part III Economics Fluctuations: Monetary and Fiscal Policy in the Presence of Price and Wage Rigidity Case Study - Price Rigidity-Magazine Prices and the Minimum Wage Understanding Recessions Case Study - Oil Price Shocks and Recessions Case Study - Do Anticipated or Unanticipated Money Shocks Affect US Output? Case Study - Consumer and Business Confidence and the Business Cycle. (Part contents)
Unfolding of the cold shock protein studied with biased molecular dynamics

The cold shock protein from Bacillus caldolyticus is a small β‐barrel protein that folds in a two‐state mechanism. For the native protein and for several mutants, a wealth of experimental data are available on stability and folding, so that it is an optimal system to study this process. We compare data from unfolding simulations (trajectories of 5 and up to 12 ns) obtained with a bias potential at room temperature and from unbiased thermal unfolding simulations with experimental data. The unfolding patterns derived from the trajectories starting from different native‐like conformations and subject to different unfolding conditions agree. The transition state found in the simulations of unfolding is close to the native structure in agreement with experiment. Moreover, a lower value of the free energy barrier of unfolding was found for the mutant R3E than for the mutant E46A and the native protein, as indicated by experimental data. The first unfolding event involves the three‐stranded β‐sheet whose decomposition corresponds to the transition state. In contrast to conclusions drawn from experiments, we found that the two‐stranded β‐strand forms the most stable substructure, which decomposes very late in the unfolding process. However, assuming that this structure forms very early in the folding process, our findings would not contradict the experiments but require a different interpretation of them. Proteins 2003;53:000–000. © 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Venture capitalist and entrepreneur knowledge of new venture internationalization: A review of knowledge components

This article offers a review of conceptual and empirical research on knowledge components during the process of new venture internationalization. A framework is developed to illustrate different knowledge components that constitute ‘international knowledge’. We focus specifically upon the interface between entrepreneur and venture capitalist knowledge respectively. Propositions are developed in relation to these knowledge components; based on our framework and the related propositions, suggestions for future research activities are outlined. Finally, we offer insights for managers and investors in the development of their internationalization strategy.
Immersive Training for Two-Person Radiological Surveys

Civil Support Teams (CST) must be ready to respond to a variety of potential situations involving dangerous materials. For many of these materials, standard real-world training methods can be successfully employed. Training involving radiological agents, however, poses a greater challenge than for other agents due to a lack of materials that can suitably mimic the situation without the danger of the real material. To address the need of providing a good training system for learning how to behave when responding to a radiological threat, we have developed a CST immersive training system. Our system simulates a radiological threat in a virtual environment and allows users to practice surveying the threat using virtual representations of the world and necessary equipment. We developed novel multi-user interaction techniques to enable simultaneous training for two CST members. The 92nd CST tested the system and provided feedback throughout the development process. The team learned to use the system with little coaching, quickly learned to navigate and interact via wand controls, and ultimately performed a successful demonstration of a radiological survey using our system for their superior officers.
A Numerical Technique for Determining the Internal Field in Biological Bodies Exposed to Electromagnetic Fields

In this paper, the field prediction inside biological bodies exposed to electromagnetic incident waves is addressed by considering inverse scattering techniques. In particular, the aim is to evaluate the possibility of limiting the test area in order to strongly reduce the computational time, ensuring, at the same time, a quite accurate solution. The approach is based on separating the scattering contributions of the region under test and the other part of the biological body. The starting point is represented by the inverse-scattering equations, which are recast as a functional to be minimized. A Green's function approach is then developed in order to include an approximate knowledge (a model) of the biological body. The possible application of the approach for diagnostic purposes is also discussed.
Noninvasive assessment of cardiac pumping capacity during exercise predicts prognosis in patients with congestive heart failure.

BACKGROUND Prognostic parameters in patients with congestive heart failure (CHF) are important for guiding therapeutic options. Maximal oxygen uptake (O(2)max) is a widely used parameter for prognostic assessment in patients with CHF and correlates with exercise cardiac output; however, afterload is not taken into account. METHODS The concept of a noninvasive surrogate of cardiac power output combines exercise systolic BP (SBP), as an estimate of afterload, with O(2)max, as an estimate of exercise cardiac output neglecting preload. Thus, a variable termed exercise cardiac power (ECP) is defined as the product of O(2)max (expressed as a percent predicted value) and SBP (ECP, expressed as %mm Hg, is the product of O(2)max, expressed as percentage of predicted maximum, times systolic pressure. The prognostic value of ECP obtained during routine treadmill ergospirometry was assessed in patients referred to our heart failure clinic. Patients undergoing heart transplantation were censored at the time of transplantation. RESULTS One hundred fifty-four patients were followed prospectively for a mean (+/- SE) duration of 625 +/- 32 days. Thirty-two patients (21%) died. ECP was the most powerful predictor of mortality, was the combined end point of mortality or hospitalization for worsening heart failure (all p < 0.001), and was an independent predictor in multivariate analysis. An ECP of < 5,000 %mm Hg indicated a poor prognosis with a 1-year mortality rate of 37%, whereas only 2% of the patients having an ECP of > 9,000 %mm Hg died during the first year. CONCLUSION The integration of afterload and O(2)max improves the prognostic value of each indicator, and provides an easily available and independent predictor of mortality and morbidity in CHF patients. This integrative concept of cardiac hydraulic performance is superior to O(2)max and can be used in routine ergospirometry.
Gestation Lags for Capital, Cash Flows, and Tobins's Q

Investment models typically assume that capital becomes productive almost immediately after purchase and that there is no lead time needed to plan. In the case, marginal q is usually sufficient for investment. This paper develops a model of aggregate investment where competitive firms face no adjustment costs other than building and planning delays. In this context, both Tobin's Q and cash flow can be noisy indicators of investment because some shocks fail to outlast the combined gestation lag. The paper demonstrates some empirical facts that challenge prevailing theories of investment but are consistent with gestation requirements. Regressions using aggregate data suggest that it takes at least four quarters for investment to respond to technology shocks and as many as eight additional quarters before productive capacity is affected. Estimates from structural VARs show that only permanent shocks affect investment, but that cash flow and Q react to both permanent and transitory shocks.
Preference or constraint? Part-time workers' transitions in Denmark, France and the United Kingdom

This article investigates whether women work part-time through preference or constraint and argues that different countries provide different opportunities for preference attainment. It argues that women with family responsibilities are unlikely to have their working preferences met without national policies supportive of maternal employment. Using event history analysis the article tracks part-time workers' transitions to both full-time employment and to labour market drop-out.The article compares the outcome of workers in the UK, a country with little support for maternal employment, relative to Denmark and France, two countries with a long history of facilitating workers' engagement in both paid employment and family life. It finds evidence of part-time constraint in the UK relative to the other two countries.
Strategic planning in emergent market organizations: empirical investigation

Purpose – This study is designed to examine strategic planning practices in Jordanian manufacturing organizations (JMOs). Two issues are of primary concern here. The first is related to the extent of using strategic planning in JMOs, while the second issue is concerned with the infrastructure necessary to implement successful strategic planning.Design/methodology/approach – Data were collected via a questionnaire that was administered to the CEOs of the 37 manufacturing firms included in this study. Out of the 37 questionnaires distributed, 28 were returned representing a response rate of 76 percent.Findings – Results reveal that 39 percent of JMOs are implementing strategic planning, whereas 61 percent are not. Results also indicate that while JMOs managers possess strong and positive attitudes toward strategic planning; these attitudes have not been translated into real commitment. A low to moderate level of commitment, low level of participation, and moderate strength of information system are found in.
Performance of Inconsistent Networks

The interconnected networks have many policies and traffic environments. The inconsistency between networks results in set of conflictions that debase the entire performance. The convergence process takes sometime to adapt the sub-networks, this lags the service time at all levels. The inconsistency between the sub-networks during this paper concerns on ten elements: Packet Length (PL) and format, Time assigned for signal To Life (TTL), throughput, bandwidth (BW) of bottlenecks, error manipulation, damping parameters, routing algorithms, Sub-networks Address Translation (SAT) protocols, routing polices and management protocols. This paper discusses also the mutual performance and performs a set of simulation experiments to estimate the interoperability and performance of the entire network. The entire results show that increasing the inconsistency level results in debasing the entire performance. The individual networks have different PL's and formats. Moving from one format to another consumes an extra time delay for segmentation and re-assembly (SaR). This delay depends on traffic load and formats on both networks' sites. TTL, damping parameters, QoS parameters and error management tools vary from one network to another at all OSI management layers. Traffic intensities ; bottlenecks like hubs, switches and routers; BW of NE's ; congestion and erroneous traffic cause damping that debases the network serviceability. Network serviceability vary according to the capabilities of infra-structures. The manner that each network deals errors varies depending on the Available Bandwidth (AB), Class of Service (CoS) and congestion level. The main schemes are: fixing the faulty signals, requesting another correct copy or use a combination of both schemes. The increase of congestion level results in violation of damping factors[1]. The performance metrics like delay, QoS and reliability vary among most of the internetworking layers. The variety in routing schemes, transfer rate, transfer mode and admission control protocols result in inter-networking conflictions. ATM infra-structures match many inconsistent networks that handle variable and unspecified bit rates at real and non-real time [1]. Traffic control metrics in ATM fulfill the least TTL using tools like Cell Loss Priority (CLP), Available Bit Rate (ABR), Allowed Cell Rate (ACR), Peak Cell Rate (PCR) and Maximum Cell Delay (MCD). Routing have a main effect on network performance. Routers select the proper routes and deliver the messages through them. Tools for selecting the proper paths and tools of delivering messages, differ from one network to another. Inter-domain Routers (IR) perform Address translation Tables (AT) to guide traffic between sub-domains[2]. Tools to handle …
Effectiveness of Cognitive Behavioural Therapy Administered by Videoconference for Posttraumatic Stress Disorder

Telehealth, or health care via videoconferencing, constitutes a clinical option that makes it possible to treat patients remotely. A growing number of studies have demonstrated that telehealth is a feasible and effective method for diagnostic interviews and psychiatric consultations. However, few studies have assessed the effectiveness of psychotherapy given by videoconference. This study examines the effectiveness of cognitive behavioural therapy (CBT) administered by videoconference for posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Forty‐eight participants with PTSD were recruited for the study: 16 in the videoconferencing condition and 32 in a control face‐to‐face condition. Each participant received CBT for 16 to 25 weeks and completed various questionnaires before and after treatment. The results show a significant decline in the frequency and severity of posttraumatic symptoms after treatment in both conditions. A clinical improvement in overall functioning was also observed. No significant difference was observed in the effectiveness of the two therapeutic conditions. The examination of effect sizes supports these results. A number of clinical implications and certain avenues for future research are discussed.
A combining call admission control and power control scheme for D2D communications underlaying cellular networks

As device-to-device (D2D) communications usually reuses the resource of cellular networks, call admission control (CAC) and power control are crucial problems. However in most power control schemes, total data rates or throughput are regarded as optimization criterion. In this paper, a combining call admission control (CAC) and power control scheme under guaranteeing QoS of every user equipment (UE) is proposed. First, a simple CAC scheme is introduced. Then based on the CAC scheme, a combining call admission control and power control scheme is proposed. Next, the performance of the proposed scheme is evaluated. Finally, maximum DUE pair number and average transmitting power is calculated. Simulation results show that D2D communications with the proposed combining call admission control and power control scheme can effectively improve the maximum DUE pair number under the premise of meeting necessary QoS.
Towards a Management Model for Sport and Physical Activity Community-based Partnerships

Abstract Given the increasing popularity of the partnership concept and of sport and physical activity-based programs, this paper integrates the extensive North American and European management, sport management and political science literatures (in both French and English) to develop a partnership model for sport, community-based initiatives. The proposed model includes a three-part feedback loop: the formation of a partnership between two or more organizations (the antecedents), the management of the partnership and the partnership's evaluation, which feeds back into the antecedents and management. The partnership antecedents include the project's purpose, environment, nature of the partners and partnership planning. The partnership management aspects include the attributes of the partnership, communication and decision making. The partnership evaluation components include the type of evaluation and the determination of success/effectiveness. This paper therefore offers a comprehensive analytical framework of sport and physical activity community-based partnerships.
Microbial ecology perturbation in human IgA deficiency

IgA influences bacterial fitness in the intestinal lumen and is only partially compensated for by IgM in selective IgA-deficient patients. IgA leads the way in the gut IgA is the most abundant mucosal antibody, and experiments with animal models suggest that it may enforce the gut barrier to prevent dangerous bacteria from damaging the host. However, humans deficient specifically in IgA often have only mild symptoms. Fadlallah et al. examined the fecal microbiomes of healthy individuals in comparison to those deficient in IgA. Overall bacterial diversity was comparable, but different genera were predominant in the patients. They investigated which bacteria were bound by different isotypes and concluded that IgM could partially compensate for the lack of IgA in patients, but not entirely. Their results suggest that, in humans, IgA is not solely responsible for controlling infections but does shape the microbiome. Paradoxically, loss of immunoglobulin A (IgA), one of the most abundant antibodies, does not irrevocably lead to severe infections in humans but rather is associated with relatively mild respiratory infections, atopy, and autoimmunity. IgA might therefore also play covert roles, not uniquely associated with control of pathogens. We show that human IgA deficiency is not associated with massive quantitative perturbations of gut microbial ecology. Metagenomic analysis highlights an expected pathobiont expansion but a less expected depletion in some typically beneficial symbionts. Gut colonization by species usually present in the oropharynx is also reminiscent of spatial microbiota disorganization. IgM only partially rescues IgA deficiency because not all typical IgA targets are efficiently bound by IgM in the intestinal lumen. Together, IgA appears to play a nonredundant role at the forefront of the immune/microbial interface, away from the intestinal barrier, ranging from pathobiont control and regulation of systemic inflammation to preservation of commensal diversity and community networks.
Tandem configuration of differential mobility and centrifugal particle mass analysers for investigating aerosol hygroscopic properties

Abstract. A tandem arrangement of Differential Mobility Analyser and Humidified Centrifugal Particle Mass Analyser (DMA-HCPMA) was developed to measure the deliquescence and efflorescence thresholds and the water uptake of submicron particles over the relative humidity (RH) range from 10 to 95 %. The hygroscopic growth curves obtained for ammonium sulfate and sodium chloride test aerosols are consistent with thermodynamic model predictions and literature data. The DMA-HCPMA system was applied to measure the hygroscopic properties of urban aerosol particles, and the kappa mass interaction model (KIM) was used to characterize and parameterize the concentration-dependent water uptake observed in the 50–95 % RH range. For DMA-selected 160 nm dry particles (modal mass of 3.5 fg), we obtained a volume-based hygroscopicity parameter, κv ≈ 0.2, which is consistent with literature data for freshly emitted urban aerosols. Overall, our results show that the DMA-HCPMA system can be used to measure size-resolved mass growth factors of atmospheric aerosol particles upon hydration and dehydration up to 95 % RH. Direct measurements of particle mass avoid the typical complications associated with the commonly used mobility-diameter-based HTDMA technique (mainly due to poorly defined or unknown morphology and density).
An Empirical Study on Influence Factors of the Implementation of Using Genuine Software

Recent years, government agencies have achieved some degree of success on strengthening the protection of software copyright and enhancing its managements and laws. According to Technology Acceptance Model theory, the reason why consumers have intention to accept genuine antivirus software were explored from five aspects, perceived usefulness, perceived ease of use, subjective norm, self efficacy and perceived expense. The effects of these factors on the intention to using genuine antivirus software were studied by structural equation model. Some suggestions and future research directions are also put forward.
Leadership Theories and Stories: An Open-Space Exploration

Members of ISSS are being invited to participate in an interactive workshop to be held at the 55 th ISSS Meeting being held at the University of Hull, UK in August 2011 to explore four emerging Western leadership theories – authentic leadership, servant leadership, spiritual leadership and relational leadership with stories and narratives from non-Western cultures to build connections between these traditions. The workshop will be facilitated using an Open Space Technology Meeting format to initiate dialogue between participants to explore these connections and move from passion to action. The theme for the open space meeting is leadership research in not-for-profit charitable or church-based organizations in which the facilitator is deeply involved. The facilitator will briefly introduce the four leadership theories being discussed. He will then describe the Open Space Technology process and its four principles and one law. Participants will then announce discussion topics at the village marketplace that will be created during the workshop where storytelling is encouraged. Reflection and dialogue will take place in the open space (a circle of chairs with a space within) after these discussions. Summaries of discussions held at the marketplace will be collected and posted to all participants after the workshop. This is the first of a series of similar workshops that are being planned. The workshop at Hull will be followed by a similar workshop at an action research conference in Brisbane, Australia in September 2011 and a workshop being planned in the US in October 2011. The themes captured from these workshops will form the basis of a paper to be published in the Proceeding of the 55 th ISSS meeting in 2012.