Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Diagnostic Model and Analysis of the Surface Currents in the Tropical Pacific Ocean

Abstract A diagnostic model of the tropical circulation over the 0–30-m layer is derived by using quasi-linear and steady physics. The horizontal velocity is directly estimated from sea surface height (TOPEX/Poseidon), surface vector wind (SSM/I) and sea surface temperature (AVHRR + in situ measurements). The absolute velocity is completed using the mean dynamic height inferred from the World Ocean Atlas (WOA). The central issue investigated in this study is the more accurate estimate of equatorial surface currents relative to prior satellite-derived method. The model formulation combines geostrophic, Ekman, and Stommel shear dynamics, and a complementary term from surface buoyancy gradient. The field is compared with velocity observations from 15-m-depth buoy drifter and equatorial Tropical Ocean–Atmosphere (TAO) current meters. Correlations with TAO data on the equator are much higher in the eastern Pacific cold tongue than before. The mean field in the cold tongue is also much more accurate, now showin.
On the twilight zone between clouds and aerosols

Cloud and aerosols interact and form a complex system leading to high uncertainty in understanding climate change. To simplify this non‐linear system it is customary to distinguish between “cloudy” and “cloud‐free” areas and measure them separately. However, we find that clouds are surrounded by a “twilight zone” – a belt of forming and evaporating cloud fragments and hydrated aerosols extending tens of kilometers from the clouds into the so‐called cloud‐free zone. The gradual transition from cloudy to dry atmosphere is proportional to the aerosol loading, suggesting an additional aerosol effect on the composition and radiation fluxes of the atmosphere. Using AERONET data, we find that the measured aerosol optical depth is higher by 13% ± 2% in the visible and 22% ± 2% in the NIR in measurements taken near clouds relative to its value in the measurements taken before or after, and that 30%−60% of the free atmosphere is affected by this phenomenon.
Co-registration of hyperspectral bands

A hyperspectral consists of a great number of spectral images. Although these spectral images are obtained simultaneously, due to a number of optical effects the hyperspectral bands are not co-registered. This has been found to be particularly prominent in images of regions near the absorption bands of atmospheric gases. We have developed a method using subpixel image registration that enables us to identify the spatial misregistration between spectral bands and correct it. We use one band as a reference band and match all other spectral images to this band. We use the average row and column disparity to correct the spatial misregistration. Other than the spatial correction that we obtain we also obtain a mapping of the atmospheric gas absorption features. This is done by plotting the average disparities as a function of wavelength. Local peaks in this plot are clear evidence of absorption features of the atmospheric gases. Our method is robust to the low snr in the atmospheric absorption images with low transmission. The correction, results in a hyperspectral cube with all the bands spatially aligned. The algorithm has been applied to the following hyperspectral imagers : AISA Hawk, AISA Eagle, AVIRIS and HYPERION.
Runoff generation in relation to soil moisture patterns in a small Dartmoor catchment, Southwest England

A hydrological experiment was conducted in a small headwater catchment in southeast Dartmoor, UK, to monitor the temporal and spatial variations in soil moisture content at the hillslope scale in order to determine how the spatial organization affected runoff generation. Two distinctly different types of rainfall response were found. During the dry state the soil moisture pattern was very patchy and the increase in stream discharge was relatively small for most rainstorms. The catchment response was limited to about 10% of the area, a figure that is similar in extent to the saturated area identified in the valley bottom. During the wet state, however, modest to large storms resulted in significantly higher discharge rates. The area generating the runoff increased up to 65% of the area. The division between the two ‘preferred’ states occurred at a catchment wetness of about 0·60 cm3 cm−3. This figure was based firstly on the exceptional increase in range, as determined by geostatistical analyses, for the soil moisture content measured associated with very high stream discharges. Secondly, it was consistent with a steep rise in gradient noted for the soil moisture characteristic curves at about 0·60 cm3 cm−3. The greater catchment responses were therefore dependent on the pore size distribution plus other soil characteristics and the connectivity between the wet areas. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Seismic scattering from topographic irregularities

An approximation, similar to the Born approximation, is developed for scattering of seismic waves by an irregular surface. It is assumed that the magnitude and slope of the irregularity are small. The irregularity is replaced by an equivalent stress distribution so that the problem is reduced to Lamb's problem for distributed surface sources; the latter problem can be solved by convolution methods. As examples, the problems of the scattering of plane P waves, plane S waves, and surface Rayleigh waves are treated. Solutions are obtained in terms of integrals of functions that arise in the theory of Lamb's problem for isolated surface line sources. The example of the scattering from a mountain with plane sides is worked out in detail. The result is valid for pulses whose durations are long compared with the vertical travel time across the irregularity and short compared with the horizontal travel time across the irregularity.
Eastward shift of the Pacific/North American pattern on an interdecadal time scale and an associated synoptic eddy feedback

In this study, we investigate the interdecadal changes in the Pacific/North American (PNA) pattern during the winter season (November–February) that accompanies the global‐scale climate shift in the late 1970s. In the Empirical Orthogonal Function (EOF) analysis, the PNA pattern shows three distinctive features during the period of 1983–2002 in contrast with that of the previous decades (1959–1977): the extension of the central North Pacific cell into the Gulf of Alaska, the eastward shift of the action centre of the Canadian cell, and weakening of the North America cell. Pacific/North American structural changes are closely related to the southeastward shift of the storm track that causes the vigorous synoptic eddy feedback region to move farther east. Eddy activity feeds the cyclonic flow at the eastern part of conventional central North Pacific cell, following the pattern change of storm track. Copyright © 2011 Royal Meteorological Society
A correlation between the Dynamic Cone Penetrometer and bearing capacity of a local soil formation

The dynamic cone penetrometer (DCP), especially when combined with a vibrating hammer offers a simple and inexpensive site investigation equipment for simple structures. However, the difficulty in the successful application of this equipment lies in the absence of a credible correlation between the DCP test results and the bearing capacity. This paper discusses the correlation between the DCP test results and the bearing capacity of a shallow foundation. In-mould DCP tests were performed in the laboratory on re-moulded and re-compacted samples of two local soils. Similar samples were subjected to triaxial compression tests to determine the strength parameters from which the allowable bearing pressure of a footing on the material was computed. The DCP values were then correlated with the allowable bearing pressure and the results compared with those predicted with correlations from the literature. Field results to illustrate the potential application of the DCP as a simple site investigation tool for foundation design are also presented RÉSUMÉ Le Pénétromètre Dynamique (DCP), spécialement lorsque lié à un marteau vibrant est un appareil simple et peu coûteux pour l’investigation des sites pour des structures simples. Cependant, la difficulté liée à l’utilisation de cet appareil est l’absence d’une corrélation plausible entre les résultats des essais et la portance. Cette étude vise à discuter de la corrélation entre les résultats des essais DCP et la portance d’une fondation peu profonde. Des essais DCP en moule ont été effectués au laboratoire sur des échantillons remoulés et recompactés de deux sols locaux. Des échantillons similaires ont été soumis au test de compression triaxial en vue de déterminer les paramètres de force, desquels la portance admissible d’une semelle sur le matériel a été calculée. Les valeurs DCP ont été alors mises en corrélation avec la portance admissible et les résultats comparés avec ceux prédits par la littérature. Aussi sont inclus les résultats des essais sur le terrain pour illustrer l’utilisation éventuelle du DCP comme un outil simple d’investigation du site pour la conception de la fondation.
Family Size Effect on Mental Health and medication Adherence on a Sample of Copd Patients. The Moderating Role of Financial Strain

Aim: The aim of the study is to evaluate the family size and the financial strain effects on medication adherence, testing in particular the hypothesis that mental health mediates the relation between family size and medication adherence. Methods: The results of the study are based on a purposive sample of 105 COPD patients (94 male, 11 female) with an average age of 68.9 (SD = 9.2). The participants completed the 8-Item Morisky Medication Adherence Scale (MMAS-8) and the 36-item Short Form health survey (SF-36) from which their medication-taking behavior and their mental health was evaluated. Further, they were asked to complete a sociodemographic questionnaire including self-evaluation items about their current financial situation and the impact of the economic crisis on family, health, and treatment. A path analysis approach was used to test the indirect effect of family size on medication adherence and the moderating role of impact and mortgage debt, controlling for age, duration of COPD illness, and income of the respondents. Results: Financial health, as is reflected in the monthly income and an obligation to repay a mortgage debt was found to be positively associated with medication adherence. The impact of the financial crisis was significantly associated with mental health for the patients that experienced parenthood in families with 2 or more children. Not an analogous effect was reported for patients having been parents of one child or no children. That is, the family size effect on mental health is moderated by the impact of the financial crisis. No significant effect on mental health was reported on medication adherence. Further, neither age nor illness duration was found to have a significant effect on both mental health and adherence. Conclusions: Financial health is confirmed to be positively related to medication adherence. The hypothesized mediating role of mental health in the relation between family size and adherence is not confirmed. Having been a parent of a large family is associated with a greater vulnerability to the effects of financial strain on mental health in the long run.
COPA - cancer outlier profile analysis

UNLABELLED Chromosomal translocations are common in cancer, and in some cases may be causal in the progression of the disease. Using microarrays, in which the expression of thousands of genes are simultaneously measured, could potentially allow one to detect recurrent translocations for a particular cancer type. Standard statistical tests, such as the t-test are not suited for detecting these translocations, but a simple test based on robust centering and scaling of the data to help detect outlier samples, followed by a search for pairs of samples with mutually exclusive outliers, may be used to find genes involved in recurrent translocations. We have implemented this method, termed Cancer Outlier Profile Analysis (COPA) in an R package (that we call the copa package), and show its applicability on a publicly available dataset. AVAILABILITY http://www.bioconductor. org
Isolation and Identification of an Anthracimycin Analogue from Nocardiopsis kunsanensis, a Halophile from a Saltern, by Genomic Mining Strategy

Modern medicine is unthinkable without antibiotics; yet, growing issues with microbial drug resistance require intensified search for new active compounds. Natural products generated by Actinobacteria have been a rich source of candidate antibiotics, for example anthracimycin that, so far, is only known to be produced by Streptomyces species. Based on sequence similarity with the respective biosynthetic cluster, we sifted through available microbial genome data with the goal to find alternative anthracimycin-producing organisms. In this work, we report about the prediction and experimental verification of the production of anthracimycin derivatives by Nocardiopsis kunsanensis, a non-Streptomyces actinobacterial microorganism. We discovered N. kunsanensis to predominantly produce a new anthracimycin derivative with methyl group at C-8 and none at C-2, labeled anthracimycin BII-2619, besides a minor amount of anthracimycin. It displays activity against Gram-positive bacteria with similar low level of mammalian cytotoxicity as that of anthracimycin.
University of Birmingham Paving the Way for Patient Centricity in Real-World Evidence (RWE)

Objectives: Real-world evidence (RWE) generation can be enhanced by including patient-reported outcomes (PROs). Methods for collecting and using PRO data in the real-world setting are currently underdeveloped and there is no international guidance specific to its use in this context. This study explored stakeholders ’ perspectives and needs for using PROs in RWE generation. Barriers, facilitators, and opportunities for wider use of PROs in real-world studies were also investigated. Methods: Online semi-structured interviews were conducted with international stakeholders: patients, patient advocates, regulators, payers, clinicians, academic researchers, and industry experts. Interviews were recorded, transcribed verbatim and analysed using NVivo 20. Thematic analysis was conducted based on the updated Consolidated Framework for Implementation Research (CFIR). Results: Twenty-three interviews were conducted. Participants confirmed that the use of PROs in RWE generation is not yet well established. Participants expressed a mixed level of confidence in the value of PROs collected in a real-world setting. Operational challenges associated with collecting routine PRO data to inform care delivery at the individual level (e.g., setting up infrastructure) need to be addressed. Methodological and other challenges (e
Plasmoids observed in the near‐Earth magnetotail at X ∼ −7 RE

[1] Recent studies have statistically shown that the magnetic reconnection site at substorm expansion onset is located in the magnetotail at X ∼ −20 RE on average. For a substorm event that occurred at ∼0153 UT on 2 July 1996, however, Geotail observed a series of tailward but slow flows with southward magnetic fields fairly close to the Earth at (X, Y) ∼ (−7, 9) RE. The flows had enhancements of the total pressure and the total magnetic field as well as bidirectional field-aligned low-energy electrons in their central part. We interpret these as signatures for tailward moving small plasmoids with scales of ∼0.5–3 RE. Considering that GOES-8 observed a dipolarization at (X, Y) ∼ (−4, 5) RE after the expansion onset, we estimate that the magnetic reconnection occurred between the Geotail and GOES-8 positions. UVI auroral images from Polar and ground magnetic field data show that this substorm, initiated at ∼20 hours MLT and ∼64° magnetic latitude, was not very intense, and the period examined was not during an intense storm. The southward interplanetary magnetic field (IMF) was not very large, while the large duskward IMF persisted for more than 12 hours before the onset as well as the somewhat large solar wind dynamic pressure. It seems likely that the global ionospheric convection was not very strong. Locally enhanced convection and auroral oval expansion due to the large IMF By and the solar wind dynamic pressure might lead to the initiation of the magnetic reconnection much closer to the Earth than usual.
Estimation of upper ocean heat content from remote sensing observations in the Arabian Sea

In this paper, we attempted to estimate the upper ocean heat content from Sea Surface Height Anomaly (SSHA), Sea Surface Temperature (SST) and Wind Stress Curl (WSC) obtained from satellite observations through Artificial Neural Networks approach. For this purpose, we analyzed the monthly heat content derived from 3D-model, SSHA, SST and WSC during 2000-2003. Due to non availability of Argo profiles at all locations during all the seasons, estimation of heat content is not possible at different time scales. 3D-model derived heat content is validated with Argo heat content during 2003. We have developed a model for the Arabian Sea to estimate upper ocean heat content, with a standard deviation error of 0.05E+09 J/m2. In estimating the Heat Content (HC) we also studied the effect of each parameter through ANN model.
Remote sensing in microwave and gamma ranges for the monitoring of soil water content of the root zone

Knowledge of vertical distribution of the soil water content in the root zone W plays a key role in the optimization of irrigation and, hence, for water saving. Therefore, in this study, synergistic use of the frequency modulated continuous-wave P-band (λ = 68 cm) scatterometer (SC) and the gamma-ray radiometer (GR) for the range of 50–3000 keV, both low in sensitivity to soil surface roughness and vegetation, was proposed. This combination allowed the determination of W at the three depth ranges: 0–5, 0–30, and 5–30 cm. This considerably specified the vertical distribution of W. Both instruments were developed as an integrated remote-sensing system that was installed onboard a light aircraft and tested on an irrigated agricultural region of the Negev desert, Israel. For processing and analysing the results, analytical models for both reflection coefficient ( ) and intensity of the natural gamma radiation ( ) were developed for various types of soils and vertical distributions of W. Using these models, the problem of the inverse retrieval of W was solved, and the depth of sampling z was evaluated. SC allowed the measurement of average W for the depth of 0.5–5.0 cm depending on W and dW/dz at the soil surface. For GR, the sampling depth varied from 20 to 30 cm depending on the mean value of W in the top soil layer. Field experiments showed that W retrieved by the developed system was in good agreement (r2 ≥ 0.9) with ground measurements, thus indicating sufficient accuracy of both instruments.
Emergency preparedness in the case of Makran tsunami: a case study on tsunami risk visualization for the western parts of Gujarat, India

The west coast of India is affected by tsunamigenic earthquake along the Makran subduction zone. On 28 November 1945 at 21:56 coordinated universal time (UTC), a massive Makran earthquake (M8.0) generated a destructive tsunami that propagated across the Northern Arabian Sea and the Indian Ocean. This tsunamigenic earthquake was responsible for the loss of life and great destruction along the coasts of India, Pakistan, Iran and Oman. Modelling of tsunami stages has been made for the coasts of Pakistan, Iran, India and Oman using NAMI-DANCE computer code. The fault parameters of the earthquakes for the generation of tsunami are epicentre (25.15° N, 63.48° E), fault area (200 km length and 100 km width), angle of strike, dip and rake (246°, 7° and 90°), focal depth (15 km), slip magnitude (7 m). The bathymetry data are taken from General Bathymetric Chart of the Oceans (GEBCO) and land topography data were collected using Shuttle Radar Topography Mission (SRTM). The present simulation is carried out for a duration of 360 min. It is observed that the maximum calculated tsunami run-ups were about 0.7–1.1 m along the coast of Oman, 0.5 m near Muscat, 0.1 m near Sur, 0.7–1.35 m along the western coast of India, 0.5–2.3 m along the southern coast of Iran and 1.2–5.8 m along the southern coast of Pakistan. After the tsunamigenic earthquake, the tsunami wave reached the Gulf of Kachchh in about 240 min, Okha in about 185 min, Dwarka in about 150 min, Porbandar in about 155 min, Mumbai in about 300 min and Goa in about 210 min. The calculated 2-hr tsunami travel time to the Indian coast is in good agreement with the available reports and published data. If the tsunami strikes during high tide, we should expect more serious hazards which would impact local coastal communities. The results obtained in this study are converted to be compatible with the geographic information system based applications for display and spatial analysis of modelling results. The paper also presents classification of tsunami risk zones based on elevation vulnerability. We expect that the results presented here will be supportive to the tsunami emergency response system and useful in planning the protection measures due to tsunami.
Collision and extrusion at the Kuril‐Japan arc junction

Hokkaido (Japan) is a region where collision tectonics is ongoing at an arc‐arc junction and where lower crust is presently exposed as a result of the collision of the forearc sliver of the Kuril Arc with the Northeast Japan Arc. Deep‐seated ductile deformation in metamorphic rocks has already been described, but more shallow deformation is not sufficiently well observed to clarify a total history of the collision. We focus on the shallow deformation in the Cape Erimo area in central Hokkaido and discuss in detail the process of collision at this arc‐arc junction. Four phases of deformation are discriminated in the study area as follows: (1) ENE‐WSW extension immediately after sediment deposition, (2) NW trending dextral strike slip, (3) NE‐SW compression in association with the formation of conjugate sets of strike‐slip faults, and (4) E‐W compression represented by the formation of low‐angle reverse faults. The first and the second phases of faulting may be a manifestation of the Oligo‐Miocene dextral transform plate boundary between the Eurasia and Okhotsk Plates. A conjugate system of strike‐slip faults formed in the third phase, newly clarified in this study, by NE trending horizontal compression nearly normal to the NW trending dextral strike‐slip fault zone of the previous phase. Development of the strike‐slip faults, especially the predominance of sinistral strike‐slip faults in the southern half of the arc‐arc junction, must be explained by extrusion in association with collision of the forearc sliver of the Kuril Arc. Such extrusion may be a common tectonic feature even in the case of a small‐scale collision at an arc‐arc junction.
Monkey see, monkey do: Learning relations through concrete examples

Abstract Penn et al. argue that the complexity of relational learning is beyond animals. We discuss a model that demonstrates relational learning need not involve complex processes. Novel stimuli are compared to previous experiences stored in memory. As learning shifts attention from featural to relational cues, the comparison process becomes more analogical in nature, successfully accounting for performance across species and development.