Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
DETERMINATION OF STOICHIOMETRY AND EQUILIBRIUM CONSTANTS FOR REVERSIBLY ASSOCIATING SYSTEMS BY MOLECULAR SIEVE CHROMATOGRAPHY.

11 Coronado, A. , E. MNIardones, and J. E. Allende, Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. , 13, 75 (1963). 12 Jackson, D. S. , D). Watkins, and A. Winkler, Biochim. Biophys. Acta, 87, 152 (1964). 13 All attempts in this laboratory to demonstrate the formation of sRNA-hydroxyproline from proline have been unsuccessful (B. Peterkofsky, in Ph.D. dissertation, George Washington University, Washington, D.C., Feb. 1964, p. 72, and also unpublished observations of B. Peterkofsky and of A. Gottlieb). 14 Gottlieb, A. , B. Peterkofsky, and S. Udenfriend, in preparation. 11 Robertson, W. van B. , and B. Schwartz, J. Biol. Chem., 201, 689 (1953). 16 Levin, E. Y. , B. Levenberg, and S. Kaufman, J. Biol. Chem., 235, 2080 (1960). 17 Mason, H. S. , W. L. Fowlks, and E. Peterson, J. Am. Chem. Soc. , 77, 2914 (1955). 18 Stone, N. , and A. Meister, Nature, 194, 555 (1962). 19 Robertson, W. van B. , and J. Hewitt, Biochim. Biophys. Acta, 49, 404 (1961).
Cross-Regional Development Experiences and Lessons for Sub-Saharan Africa: An Overview

While within-region diversity of country experiences is undoubtedly large, there are certain distinct modes and trends of policies and outcomes followed by countries within a region, for reasons that probably have to do as much with economics and geographical proximity as with a common culture and history. Hence taking stock of regional development experiences in a quickly changing world is a useful exercise at the turn of the century. This article reviews the papers published in this volume on cross-regional and international development experiences with the aim of deriving lessons for Sub-Saharan Africa. Making use of large and newly made available cross-country data sets, the studies gathered here focus on various dimensions of world development: the design and implementation of macroeconomic and structural reforms, the links between macroeconomic and financial policy performance and growth, the evolution of poverty and income distribution along growth paths, and the changing role of the state in economic development. Copyright 1998 by Oxford University Press.
PCAOB Enforcements: A Review of the First Three Years

SUMMARY: The Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 created the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (hereafter, PCAOB) to oversee audits of public companies. When violations of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act or PCAOB rules are found, the PCAOB may impose sanctions as severe as revoking a firm’s registration or barring a person from participating in audits of public companies. This paper describes the PCAOB enforcement actions issued through 2008. We examine characteristics of the disciplined firms, their PCAOB inspections, the related issuer clients, and the circumstances that resulted in the disciplinary proceedings. Consistent with prior research, we find that firms with issues rising to the level of disciplinary action generally have longer inspections and more audit deficiencies than firms with inspection deficiencies not resulting in sanctions. Disciplined firms also tend to have fewer partners, audit more SEC issuers, and have clients that are smaller and less financially sound.
Training, Careers and Numerical Flexibility: Equity Implications in Hospitality and Retailing

Emphasis on training and careers in several aspects of recent policy directions in Australia signals a concern for both the expansion and equitable delivery of career opportunities. However, the strategies designed to produce a 'clever coun try' do not apply equally well to all industries, and detailed evaluation of training and career paths at workplace level is yet to be undertaken in most industries. Our purpose in this paper is to provide an initial overview of the factors affecting training and careers at workplace level in two service industries targeted as likely to provide the greatest levels of employment growth in coming years—hospitality and retail trade. We draw on survey research into employment practices in Bris bane workplaces in these industries in order to illuminate patterns of training and factors affecting its equitable delivery. Our data emphasize variation between and within workplaces, and suggest some difficulties for the introduction and efficacy of new policy directions in these industries.
FtsZ‐spirals and ‐arcs determine the shape of the invaginating septa in some mutants of Escherichia coli

The essential cell division protein FtsZ forms a dynamic ring structure at the future division site. This Z‐ring contracts during cell division while maintaining a position at the leading edge of the invaginating septum. Using immunofluorescence microscopy we have characterized two situations in which non‐ring FtsZ structures are formed. In ftsZ26 (temperature sensitive, Ts) mutant cells, FtsZ‐spirals are formed and lead to formation of spirally invaginating septa, which in turn cause morphological abnormalities. In rodAsui mutant cells, which grow as spheres instead of rods, FtsZ‐arcs are formed where asymmetric septal invaginations are initiated. The FtsZ‐arcs later mature into complete FtsZ‐rings. Our data show that Z‐spirals and Z‐arcs can contract and that in doing so, they determine the shape of the invaginating septa. These results also strongly suggest that in normal cell division, FtsZ is positioned to a single nucleation site on the inner membrane, from which it polymerizes bidirectionally around the cell circumference to form the Z‐ring.
Identification of a malonyl CoA‐acyl carrier protein transacylase and its regulatory role in fatty acid biosynthesis in oleaginous microalga Nannochloropsis oceanica

Oleaginous microalgae hold great promises for biofuel production. However, commercialization of microalgal biofuels remains impracticable due to the lack of suitable industrial strains with high growth rate and lipid productivity. Engineering of metabolic pathways is a potential strategy for the improvement of microalgal strains for the production of lipids and also value‐added products in microalgae. Malonyl CoA‐acyl carrier protein transacylase (MCAT) has been reported to be involved in fatty acid biosynthesis. Here, we identified a putative MCAT in the oleaginous marine microalga Nannochloropsis oceanica. NoMCAT overexpressing N. oceanica showed a higher growth rate and photosynthetic efficiency. The neutral lipid content of engineered lines showed a significant increase by up to 31% compared to wild type. Gas chromatography–mass spectrometry analysis revealed that NoMCAT overexpression significantly altered the fatty acid composition. The composition of eicosapentaenoic acid (C20:5), which is a polyunsaturated fatty acid necessary for animal nutrition, increased by 8%. These results demonstrate the role of MCAT in enhancing fatty acid biosynthesis and growth in microalgae, and also provide an insight into metabolic engineering of microalgae with high industrial potential.
Maxillary Sinus Floor Elevation: Review of Anatomy and Two Techniques

A review of maxillary sinus floor elevation as an integral part of restoring the posterior maxilla is discussed. The related anatomy of the area and the current techniques available are reviewed. The classic lateral antrostomy pioneered by Tatum appears to be the most common sinus lift procedure. The more con- servative crestal approach, advocated by Summers, provides another effective way of allowing implant fixture placement in the atrophic maxilla.
Evaluation of the efficiency and fairness of British, French and Swedish property tax systems

This paper evaluates on a comparative basis three different property tax systems, British, French and Swedish. For this purpose an evaluation model, based on two criteria – namely efficiency and fairness – and on a number of sub‐criteria, is used. A comparison of the systems’ efficiency reveals that the French system is the least efficient while the Swedish system is the most efficient. A comparison of the systems’ fairness shows that, despite significant variations in the systems characteristics, all three systems can be evaluated as relatively fair.
AUDIT CHALLENGES: DILEMMAS FOR THE AUDITOR IN A GLOBAL ECONOMY

This paper is a market-informed analysis of the pressures that come to bear on the auditor of corporate accounts. It is argued that the integrity and independence of the auditor is a portion of the service quality which they bring to the exercise of providing an audit opinion. An economic model is then brought into play in order to illustrate how meeting public expectations, meeting the competitive environment, pleasing the client-company and fulfilling the appearance of independence with practice create pressures on the auditor to produce an 'opinion' that is less than independently-informed. The paper concludes with recommendations for action that may provide greater economic incentives for the auditor to conduct an ethical audit.
L'Analyse de la consommation touristique: Les methodes ex post

The topic of visitor consumption is of great interest to international organizations and scientific research because of its particular significance. The analysis of tourism activity's economic impact on the host country might be carried out by implementing ex post methods and approaches based mainly on the System of National Accounts. These methods refer to the tourism contribution to the national economy and the analysis of direct and indirect economic effects. The aim of this kind of tourism expenditure's analysis is to obtain the necessary information and to acquire the knowledge needed to formulate and implement the appropriate economic policy, as well as to elaborate the adequate planning and rational tourism management. Tourism activity has specific characteristics rendering its economic analysis a difficult task. In the present paper the main methods attempting to estimate the tourism's economic impact are reviewed, with emphasis on those allowed to obtain the most reliable results; tourism satellite accounts and input‐output analysis. This review is followed by a presentation of the evaluation criteria permitting to estimate their value. In the second section we summarise the scientific debate on tourism economic impact, which primarily focuses on two main issues — the theoretical approach and the adequate methodological instrument. The paper concludes by highlighting the actual state of art in this research field.
A Comparative Analysis of Political Email Lists

Utilising three similar, but slightly different Australian general political email discussion lists, this paper examines the degree to which these lists, as a new form of 'public sphere' (Dahlberg, 2001) can be seen to undertake, or fulfil, the 'traditional' functions of political associations (formal and informal), specifically: political socalisation, aggregation, and mobilisation. Using a combination of content analysis, observation, and network analysis to examine the content of messages travelling over these lists and the social community they embody, this paper concludes that these lists do fulfil important political socialisation functions, but do not provide the means by which political interlocutors can turn this social bonding and education into practical political expression. While each list had significant similarities, it appears that important "bracing" factors lead to the success or otherwise of lists as lively places for debate. In particular, the role of moderation and promotion is critical in the establishment of political discussion lists that develop enough 'critical mass' to sustain a community of interest large enough to appear self-replicating. The research points to the important relationship between online political forms of expression and extant political organisations, structures, and institutions for further research.
Making hotel brands work in a competitive environment

Despite the hotel industry looking to develop global brands, the industry must be careful that these global chains do not become price-based commodities. This paper explores the importance of an integrated approach to brand development in the hotel industry. It identifies that an integrated brand message can only come from companies being able to ‘say it, do it and confirm it’ with their markets and that they must also internalise such messages with their employees. Acquisition by corporate entities and the subsequent problem of de-branding of established brands is also examined. In order to develop a long-term sustainable advantage, this paper identifies that an integrated branding approach is a strategy that can work providing it clearly differentiates the chain from its competition.
Gender, family ties, and international mobility: Cultural distance matters

This study empirically tests a model of associations between family-domain variables and willingness to accept an international assignment, and applies the general model to sub-samples of men and women to examine gender differences in the pattern of relationships. We further explore these patterns in culturally similar and culturally distant country destinations. Analyses conducted with a sample of 148 men and 79 women employed MBA graduates from dual-earner couples revealed that perceived spouse willingness to relocate, beliefs regarding spouse and couple mobility, relative income, and the presence of children are associated with willingness to accept an international assignment. Moreover, consistent with social role theory, significant gender differences in willingness were found across low and high cultural distance country destinations.
Inclusive Networks for Building BOP Markets

The idea that business can play a role in alleviating poverty has caught the imagination of academics and practitioners alike. An emerging consensus points to the critical importance of partnerships in market initiatives addressed to the base of the pyramid (BOP). But despite the calls for cross sector partnerships in BOP initiatives, our collective understanding of how these actually work has not advanced proportionally. This study attempts to address this issue by examining the dynamics at play in nine networks that integrated the BOP with mainstream markets in nine developing nations of North, Central, and South America. Our field-based analysis generated a number of tentative propositions structured around three broad issue-areas: alliance formation (drivers that compelled companies to engage in strategic partnerships), alliance implementation (choice of governance mechanisms, resources for enhancing trust and reciprocity between partners, and conflict-resolution mechanisms), and performance outcome (the extent to which an organization’s commitment to an alliance impacted its performance and its societal context).
The Inequality Effects of a Dual Income Tax System

Abstract A dual income tax system, combining progressive taxation of labor income with proportional taxation of income from capital, may or may not be unambiguously inequality reducing. Examples show that the degree of correlation between the distributions of wage and capital income, the degree of tax rate differentiation in the DIT, and reranking of tax-payers can be expected to complicate a clear-cut analysis. We trace out what can be said definitively, obtaining sufficient conditions for unambiguous inequality reduction in certain cases, and more generally identifying the nature of the implicit redistribution between labor and capital income components which is sufficient to ensure overall inequality reduction.
Rational Expectations Business Cycle Models: A Survey

Development of rational expectations models of the business cycle has been the central issue in macroeconomics over the last 15 years. The postulate that expectations are rational imposes considerable discipline on business cycle analysis. In this essay we review the current literature on rational expectations models of business cycles with specific attention focused on the extent to which the rational expectations perspective has generated a new understanding of economic fluctuations.
A user-centered design methodology for students' data-focused InfoVis

Actualization of user-centered information system with tasks and functionalities that duly addresses users' needs had been a motivating force for researches in user-centered design (UCD) generally. In designing Information Visualization (InfoVis), UCD models and methodologies have been adapted to address the peculiarity and diverse domain specifics of InfoVis. This UCD models' adaptation has been done in geovisualization, spatiotemporal InfoVis, biological data visualization, among others, with none on students' data focused InfoVis, despite the domain users' peculiarities. Furthermore, our study on actualization of higher education institutions (HEIs) students' data-focused InfoVis observes the incompatibility of the existing InfoVis UCD models of past related studies with the actualization of HEI domain-specific InfoVis. This incompatibility is arguably traceable to the peculiarity of the domain InfoVis users-data administrators, data analysts, the policy administrators and decision makers. Due to our work field experience, and objective argument from literatures reviewed, we employed a comparative content analysis and in-depth critique methods to modify the existing InfoVis UCD methodologies so as to feature additional stages to comply with our domain specificity. This study therefore presents a modified InfoVis UCD methodology that attends to the observed limitations of the previous works, and finally, our work in progress is presented.
A novel dual mode capacitor biosensor for real-time, label-free DNA detection

A novel biosensor working in both MOS capacitor and electric double-layer capacitor mode for real-time, label-free DNA detection is presented. The former mode measures density and polarity of charged biomolecules to be monitored, while the latter mode appears to reveal more of surface-molecule interactions and offers high sensitivity and easiness for diagnosis. A combined mode-utilization yields optimal complementary information of significance
Volatility estimators based on daily price ranges versus the realized range

This study investigates the relative performance of alternative extreme-value volatility estimators based on daily and intraday ranges of the German index DAX 30. As a benchmark, the two-scales realized volatility is used. Intraday data from 6 years and 4 months are divided into two periods of different liquidity and volatility levels. The empirical results show that all range-based estimators are superior compared to the classical estimator but are negatively biased due to the discreteness of the price process. The estimation accuracy of all volatility proxies depends on the drift of the price process. The performance of the estimators based on daily price ranges is furthermore very sensitive to the level of volatility. The realized range, an estimator obtained from intraday ranges is more efficient and less biased than the daily ranges. The main determinant of its properties appears to be the liquidity level. The adjustments according to Christensen and Podolskij (2007) and Martens and van Dijk (2007) perform significantly better than the Parkinson estimator and thus provide conclusive support for the relative advantage of the realized range for measuring equity index volatility.
Cloning and functional analysis of rat cyclin D2 promoter: multiple prolactin‐responsive elements

Structure and function of the promoter region of rat cyclin D2 gene were investigated by cloning, sequence analysis and DNA mobility shift assay using nuclear extracts of prolactin‐stimulated Nb2 cells. The results show that the expression of rat cyclin D2 gene is not dependent on the TATA‐box but is stimulated by multiple transcription factors induced by prolactin at an immediate‐early stage of the cell cycle.
Structural and functional neuropathology in transgenic mice with CNS expression of IFN-alpha.

Cytokines belonging to the type I interferon (e.g. interferon-alpha) family are important in the host response to infection and may have complex and broad ranging actions in the central nervous system (CNS) that may be beneficial or harmful. To better understand the impact of the CNS expression of the type I interferons (IFN), transgenic mice were developed that produce IFN-alpha(1) chronically from astrocytes. In two independent transgenic lines with moderate and low levels of astrocyte IFN-alpha mRNA expression respectively, a spectrum of transgene dose- and age-dependent structural and functional neurological alterations are induced. Structural changes include neurodegeneration with loss of cholinergic neurons, gliosis, angiopathy with mononuclear cell cuffing, progressive calcification affecting basal ganglia and cerebellum and the up-regulation of a number of IFN-alpha-regulated genes. At a functional level, in vivo and in vitro electrophysiological studies revealed impaired neuronal function and disturbed synaptic plasticity with pronounced hippocampal hyperexcitability. Severe behavioral alterations were also evident in higher expressor GFAP-IFNalpha mice which developed fatal seizures around 13 weeks of age precluding their further behavioral assessment. Modest impairments in discrimination learning were measured in lower expressor GFAP-IFNalpha mice at various ages (7-42 weeks). The behavioral and electrophysiological findings suggest regional changes in hippocampal excitability which may be linked to abnormal calcium metabolism and loss of cholinergic neurons in the GIFN mice. Thus, these transgenic mice provide a novel animal model in which to further evaluate the mechanisms that underlie the diverse actions of type I interferons in the intact CNS and to link specific structural changes with functional impairments.
-Melanocyte–Stimulating Hormone Peptide Analog in Murine and Human Melanoma-Bearing Mouse Models

The purpose of this study was to examine the therapeutic efficacy of 188Re-(Arg11)[Cys3,4,10,D-Phe7] -melanocyte–stimulating hormone3–13 (CCMSH) in the B16/F1 murine melanomaand TXM13 human melanoma-bearing mouse models. Methods: (Arg11)CCMSH was synthesized and labeled with 188Re to form 188Re-(Arg11)CCMSH. B16/F1 melanoma-bearing mice were administrated 7.4 MBq, 22.2 MBq, and 2 14.8 MBq of 188Re(Arg11)CCMSH via the tail vein. TXM13 melanoma-bearing mice were separately injected with 22.2 MBq, 2 14.8 MBq, and 37.0 MBq of 188Re-(Arg11)CCMSH through the tail vein. Two groups of 10 mice bearing either B16/F1 or TXM13 tumors were injected with saline as untreated controls. Results: In contrast to the untreated control group, 188Re-(Arg11)CCMSH yielded rapid and lasting therapeutic effects in the treatment groups with either B16/F1 or TXM13 tumors. The tumor growth rate was reduced and the survival rate was prolonged in the treatment groups. Treatment with 2 14.8 MBq of 188Re-(Arg11)CCMSH significantly extended the mean life of B16/F1 tumor mice (P 0.05), whereas the mean life of TXM13 tumor mice was significantly prolonged after treatment with 22.2-MBq and 37.0MBq doses of 188Re-(Arg11)CCMSH (P 0.05). High-dose 188Re-(Arg11)CCMSH produced no observed normal tissue toxicity. Conclusion: The therapy study results revealed that 188Re-(Arg11)CCMSH yielded significant therapeutic effects in both B16/F1 murine melanomaand TXM13 human melanomabearing mouse models. 188Re-(Arg11)CCMSH appears to be a promising radiolabeled peptide for targeted radionuclide therapy of melanoma.