Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
A method for Word Sense Disambiguation combining contextual semantic features

Word Sense Disambiguation (WSD) methods based on supervised learning usually convert WSD to a classification problem. Traditional WSD methods based on supervised learning often only consider the word, position, part of speech and some other superficial morphological and syntactic features. However, for a certain kind of polysemous words, their different senses usually appear in characteristic contexts which imply different domain information. Traditional WSD methods based on supervised learning are problematic due to they lack the ability to find such semantic features. In this paper, we first develop a feature extraction algorithm to extract such semantic features. Then we try to integrate these semantic features to train the Maximum Entropy Classifier to disambiguate the specific kind of polysemous words. After making a set of contrast experiments, we find that the integration of these semantic features can significantly improve the disambiguation effect of such kind of polysemous words.
THE I STITUTIO AL DETERMI A TS OF THE SMOOT-HAWLEY TARIFF

This paper examines the causes of the Smoot-Hawley tariff. A large literature exists that debates whether the tariff law of 1930 was a result of interest-group politics or strict partisanship. We argue that neither explanation offers a satisfactory explanation because each fails to recognize that a multiplicity of decisions and institutions determined, first, how the tariff bill was shaped at each stage of the legislative process, then, why in passage it took the form it took. Econometric analysis shows that interest-group and party politics arguments each have validity to explain some stage of the process, but neither fully captures the process. A satisfactory explanation requires reference to the procedural rules at various stages of the decision-making process. The rules that mattered support the roles of gatekeeping and committee veto, as in Shepsle and Weingast (1987), and party organization as legislative cartel, as in Cox and McCubbins (1993). As we show, it is easy to find a plausible counterfactual in which, holding party membership and interests constant, but allowing different rules, the tariff bill might have taken a different shape at the time it was passed.
Mutual disambiguation of recognition errors in a multimodel architecture

As a new generation of multimodal/media systems begins to defineitself, researchers are attempting to learn how to combinedifferent modes into strategically integrated whole systems. Intheory, well designed multimodal systems should be able tointegrate complementary modalities in a manner that supports mutualdisambiguation (MD) of errors and leads to more robust performance.In this study, over 2,000 multimodal utterances by both native andaccented speakers of English were processed by a multimodal system,and then logged and analyzed. The results confirmed that multimodalsystems can indeed support significant levels of MD, and alsohigher levels of MD for the more challenging accented users. As aresult, although speech recognition as a stand-alone performed farmore poorly for accented speakers, their multimodal recognitionrates did not differ from those of native speakers. Implicationsare discussed for the development of future multimodalarchitectures that can perform in a more robust and stable mannerthan individual recognition technologies. Also discussed is thedesign of interfaces that support diversity in tangible ways, andthat function well under challenging real-world usageconditions,
Advanced Liquid-Free, Piezoresistive, SOI-Based Pressure Sensors for Measurements in Harsh Environments

In this paper we present and discuss two innovative liquid-free SOI sensors for pressure measurements in harsh environments. The sensors are capable of measuring pressures at high temperatures. In both concepts media separation is realized using a steel membrane. The two concepts represent two different strategies for packaging of devices for use in harsh environments and at high temperatures. The first one is a “one-sensor-one-packaging_technology” concept. The second one uses a standard flip-chip bonding technique. The first sensor is a “floating-concept”, capable of measuring pressures at temperatures up to 400 °C (constant load) with an accuracy of 0.25% Full Scale Output (FSO). A push rod (mounted onto the steel membrane) transfers the applied pressure directly to the center-boss membrane of the SOI-chip, which is placed on a ceramic carrier. The chip membrane is realized by Deep Reactive Ion Etching (DRIE or Bosch Process). A novel propertied chip housing employing a sliding sensor chip that is fixed during packaging by mechanical preloading via the push rod is used, thereby avoiding chip movement, and ensuring optimal push rod load transmission. The second sensor can be used up to 350 °C. The SOI chips consists of a beam with an integrated centre-boss with was realized using KOH structuring and DRIE. The SOI chip is not “floating” but bonded by using flip-chip technology. The fabricated SOI sensor chip has a bridge resistance of 3250 Ω. The realized sensor chip has a sensitivity of 18 mV/µm measured using a bridge current of 1 mA.
Isoflavones from soya foods are more bioavailable in children than adults

The purpose of the present study was to determine whether children experience a higher systemic exposure to isoflavonoids when consuming a body weight-adjusted dose of soya compared with adults. Forty study participants were recruited from a local Waldorf school, including twenty-one children and nineteen adults. Participants collected a baseline urine sample and ate immediately thereafter a body weight-adjusted dose of soya nuts (15 g/54·4 kg equivalent to 0·615 (sd 0·036) mg total isoflavones/kg) followed by a 12 h urine collection. Nineteen children and eighteen adults completed the protocol correctly (fourteen child–parent pairs). Children, compared with adults, showed a statistically significant (P < 0·05 by unpaired t test) higher urinary isoflavone excretion rate for daidzein (+39 %), genistein (+44 %), all non-metabolites (daidzein + genistein + glycitein; +41 %) and total isoflavonoids (+32 %). Isoflavones are more bioavailable in children v. adults. Urine is an excellent medium to determine systemic isoflavone exposure in children due to its non-invasiveness and high compliance, in particular when collected overnight; it also allows evaluation of completeness of specimen collection.
Delusional Boot : Securing Cloud Hypervisors without Massive Re-engineering

The set of virtual devices offered by a hypervisor to its guest VMs is a virtualization component ripe with security exploits – more than half of all vulnerabilities of today’s hypervisors are found in this codebase. This paper presents Min-V, a hypervisor that disables all virtual devices not critical to running VMs in the cloud. Of the remaining devices, Min-V takes a step further and eliminates all remaining functionality not needed for the cloud. To implement Min-V, we had to overcome an obstacle: the boot process of many commodity OSes depends on legacy virtual devices absent from our hypervisor. Min-V introduces delusional boot, a mechanism that allows guest VMs running commodity OSes to boot successfully without developers having to re-engineer the initialization code of these commodity OSes, as well as the BIOS and pre-OS (e.g., bootloader) code. We evaluate Min-V and demonstrate that our security improvements incur no performance overhead except for a small delay during reboot of a guest VM. Our reliability tests show that Min-V is able to run unmodified Linux and Windows OSes on top of this minimal virtualization in-
Structural and Functional Characterization of Gene Clusters Directing Nonribosomal Synthesis of Bioactive Cyclic Lipopeptides in Bacillus amyloliquefaciens Strain FZB42

ABSTRACT The environmental strain Bacillus amyloliquefaciens FZB42 promotes plant growth and suppresses plant pathogenic organisms present in the rhizosphere. We sampled sequenced the genome of FZB42 and identified 2,947 genes with >50% identity on the amino acid level to the corresponding genes of Bacillus subtilis 168. Six large gene clusters encoding nonribosomal peptide synthetases (NRPS) and polyketide synthases (PKS) occupied 7.5% of the whole genome. Two of the PKS and one of the NRPS encoding gene clusters were unique insertions in the FZB42 genome and are not present in B. subtilis 168. Matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization-time of flight mass spectrometry analysis revealed expression of the antibiotic lipopeptide products surfactin, fengycin, and bacillomycin D. The fengycin (fen) and the surfactin (srf) operons were organized and located as in B. subtilis 168. A large 37.2-kb antibiotic DNA island containing the bmy gene cluster was attributed to the biosynthesis of bacillomycin D. The bmy island was found inserted close to the fen operon. The responsibility of the bmy, fen, and srf gene clusters for the production of the corresponding secondary metabolites was demonstrated by cassette mutagenesis, which led to the loss of the ability to produce these peptides. Although these single mutants still largely retained their ability to control fungal spread, a double mutant lacking both bacillomycin D and fengycin was heavily impaired in its ability to inhibit growth of phytopathogenic fungi, suggesting that both lipopeptides act in a synergistic manner.
Reproductive knowledge, attitudes and behavior among adolescent males in Tehran, Iran.

CONTEXT Iran's culture and religion prohibit sexual contact prior to marriage. Due to the sensitivity of the topic, little is known about the sexual activity of unmarried adolescent males or about their knowledge of, and attitudes toward, sexuality and reproductive health. METHODS A population-based study of 1,385 males aged 15-18 in Tehran was conducted using a self-administered questionnaire. Participants were questioned about their beliefs and knowledge regarding reproductive health, and asked whether they had engaged in sexual activity. Bivariate and multivariate analyses were performed to identify factors associated with sexual knowledge, attitudes and behavior. RESULTS Twenty-eight percent of the sample reported having engaged in sexual activity. Sexual experience was associated with older age, access to satellite television, alcohol consumption and permissive attitudes toward sex. Substantial proportions of respondents held misconceptions regarding condoms, STIs and reproductive physiology. Attitudes toward premarital sex were more permissive among respondents who were older, were not in school, had work experience, had access to the Internet or satellite television, lived separately from their parents, or reported having used alcohol, cigarettes or drugs. CONCLUSION The relatively high prevalence of sexual activity and the lack of knowledge regarding STIs and contraceptives pose a significant threat to the sexual and reproductive health of adolescent males in Iran. Programs are needed to provide adolescents with the information and skills to make safe sexual decisions.
Personality Characteristics of Middle School Students with Internet Overuse Trend

Objective:To explore the personality characteristics of middle school students with internet overuse trend.Methods:This study surveyed 2620 middle school students with Diagnostic Questionnaire for Internet Addiction(YDQ),Adolescent Time Management Disposition Scale(TMDS)and Eysenck Personality Questionnaire(EPQ). Students with internet overuse trend were determined by their responses of 8 questions of YDQ(whose scores were at least 4 but not accord with the criteria of internet addiction). Results:The incidence of internet over use trend was 11.95%. Their scores of TMDS were significantly lower than that of normal students(such as total score:138.5±25.3/148.6±25.7,P0.05),their scores of psychoticism and neuroticism subscales of EPQ were significantly higher than that of normal students(49.4±10.5/45.0±9.7,55.7±11.2/47.2±12.0,P=0.000),but that of lie subscales was lower(41.7±9.9/47.4±8.9,P=0.000). Within the group of internet overuse trend,boys were assessed with higher score of lie subscales of EPQ than that of girls(42.5±10.5/39.7±8.0,P=0.02),and! girls had higher score of neuroticism subscales of EPQ than boys'(54.8±11.8/58.0±9.2,P=0.015). Conclusion:Poor time management,psychoticism,neuroticism and unsophisticated trend were the personality characteristic base of those middle school students with internet overuse trend,there are also gender differences in these aspects.
Movements of Wages Over the Business Cycle: An Intra-Firm View

This paper tests the hypothesis that firms adjust to the business cycle by altering employment through promotion and hiring and holding the salary structure and salaries assigned to jobs relatively constant. Two comprehensive firm-level panel datasets are used to examine salary setting and worker movement within firms. The salary structure is found to be rigid whereas promotion rates are cyclically sensitive. In contrast to the hypothesis, wage cyclicality in these two firms is driven by changes in salaries associated with jobs rather than by worker movement. An additional finding is that salaries in the two firms are countercyclical.
Trial Watch: Targeting ATM–CHK2 and ATR–CHK1 pathways for anticancer therapy

The ataxia telangiectasia mutated serine/threonine kinase (ATM)/checkpoint kinase 2 (CHEK2, best known as CHK2) and the ATM and Rad3-related serine/threonine kinase (ATR)/CHEK1 (best known as CHK1) cascades are the 2 major signaling pathways driving the DNA damage response (DDR), a network of processes crucial for the preservation of genomic stability that act as a barrier against tumorigenesis and tumor progression. Mutations and/or deletions of ATM and/or CHK2 are frequently found in tumors and predispose to cancer development. In contrast, the ATR–CHK1 pathway is often upregulated in neoplasms and is believed to promote tumor growth, although some evidence indicates that ATR and CHK1 may also behave as haploinsufficient oncosuppressors, at least in a specific genetic background. Inactivation of the ATM–CHK2 and ATR–CHK1 pathways efficiently sensitizes malignant cells to radiotherapy and chemotherapy. Moreover, ATR and CHK1 inhibitors selectively kill tumor cells that present high levels of replication stress, have a deficiency in p53 (or other DDR players), or upregulate the ATR–CHK1 module. Despite promising preclinical results, the clinical activity of ATM, ATR, CHK1, and CHK2 inhibitors, alone or in combination with other therapeutics, has not yet been fully demonstrated. In this Trial Watch, we give an overview of the roles of the ATM-CHK2 and ATR-CHK1 pathways in cancer initiation and progression, and summarize the results of clinical studies aimed at assessing the safety and therapeutic profile of regimens based on inhibitors of ATR and CHK1, the only 2 classes of compounds that have so far entered clinics.
Social Media, Sentiment and Public Opinions: Evidence from #Brexit and #Uselection

This paper studies information diffusion in social media and the role of information dissemination in shaping public opinions. Using Twitter data on the 2016 EU Referendum and the 2016 US Presidential Election, we find that information about these two events is spread quickly on Twitter, most likely within 1-2 hours. There are also interactions among different types of Twitter agents in spreading information with a considerable spillover from bot to human tweeting activities. However, the degree of influence depends on whether bots provide consistent information with humans' priors. This finding lends support to the "echo chambers" effect on Twitter that Twitter users are more likely to expose to information supporting their own views while ignore the opposite information. Further examination shows that sentiment matters in information acquiring and sharing. Overall, our results suggest that the aggressive use of Twitter bots, coupled by the fragmentation of social media and the role of sentiment, increases the polarization of public opinions about the EU Referendum and the US Election.
Small-form Spatially Augmented Reality on the Jetson TX 1

This paper demonstrates a small-form projector-camera system built from the Intel RealSense SR300 Camera, the Texas Instruments DLP3000, and the NVIDIA Jetson TX1. The components are integrated into a Spatially Augmented Reality (SAR) system, and three separate demonstrations are shown to work. The system is compared to existing projector-camera techniques, and shown to be comparable in performance while taking advantage of advances in technology to reduce the required size of the entire system.
Sporadic Cerebral Amyloid Angiopathy: Pathophysiology, Neuroimaging Features, and Clinical Implications

Abstract Sporadic cerebral amyloid angiopathy is a small vessel disorder defined pathologically by progressive amyloid deposition in the walls of cortical and leptomeningeal vessels resulting from disruption of a complex balance between production, circulation, and clearance of amyloid-β peptide (Aβ) in the brain. Cerebral amyloid angiopathy is a major cause of lobar symptomatic intracerebral hemorrhage, transient focal neurologic episodes, and a key contributor to vascular cognitive impairment. The mechanisms and consequences of amyloid-β deposition at the pathological level and its neuroimaging manifestations, clinical consequences, and implications for patient care are addressed in this review.
Numerical determination of optimal non-holonomic paths in the presence of obstacles

The problem of numerically finding an optimal path for a robot with nonholonomic constraints is addressed. A carlike robot whose tuning radius is lower bounded is considered as an example, where the arc length and the change in steering angle are optimized. The carlike robot is kinematically constrained and is modeled as a 2-D object translating and rotating in the horizontal plane in the midst of well-defined static obstacles. Given the initial and final configurations of the car and a complete description of the obstacles, the procedure directly generates a nonholonomic path as a function of the control variables in an environment of reasonable obstacle clutter. Nonholonomic paths in the midst of more complex obstacle clutter have been generated by identifying grid points on a geometric road map and by applying the procedure between successive grid points. <<ETX>>
Continuous penalty forces

We present a simple algorithm to compute continuous penalty forces to determine collision response between rigid and deformable models bounded by triangle meshes. Our algorithm computes a well-behaved solution in contrast to the traditional stability and robustness problems of penalty methods, induced by force discontinuities. We trace contact features along their deforming trajectories and accumulate penalty forces along the penetration time intervals between the overlapping feature pairs. Moreover, we present a closed-form expression to compute the continuous and smooth collision response. Our method has very small additional overhead compared to previous penalty methods, and can significantly improve the stability and robustness. We highlight its benefits on several benchmarks.
Midlife Serum Cholesterol and Increased Risk of Alzheimer’s and Vascular Dementia Three Decades Later

Aims: To investigate midlife cholesterol in relation to Alzheimer’s disease (AD) and vascular dementia (VaD) in a large multiethnic cohort of women and men. Methods: The Kaiser Permanente Northern California Medical Group (healthcare delivery organization) formed the database for this study. The 9,844 participants underwent detailed health evaluations during 1964–1973 at ages 40–45 years; they were still members of the health plan in 1994. AD and VaD were ascertained by medical records between 1 January 1994 and 1 June 2007. Cox proportional hazards models – adjusted for age, education, race/ethnic group, sex, midlife diabetes, hypertension, BMI and late-life stroke – were conducted. Results: In total, 469 participants had AD and 127 had VaD. With desirable cholesterol levels (<200 mg/dl) as a reference, hazard ratios (HR) and 95% CI for AD were 1.23 (0.97–1.55) and 1.57 (1.23–2.01) for borderline (200–239 mg/dl) and high cholesterol (≥240 mg/dl), respectively. HR and 95% CI for VaD were 1.50 (1.01–2.23) for borderline and 1.26 (0.82–1.96) for high cholesterol. Further analyses for AD (cholesterol quartiles, 1st quartile reference) indicated that cholesterol levels >220 mg/dl were a significant risk factor: HR were 1.31 (1.01–1.71; 3rd quartile, 221–248 mg/dl) and 1.58 (1.22–2.06; 4th quartile, 249–500 mg/dl). Conclusion: Midlife serum total cholesterol was associated with an increased risk of AD and VaD. Even moderately elevated cholesterol increased dementia risk. Dementia risk factors need to be addressed as early as midlife, before underlying disease(s) or symptoms appear.
Temperature Estimation in Inverter Fed Machines Using High Frequency Carrier Signal Injection

Temperature monitoring using the injection of a high frequency, carrier signal voltage is proposed in this paper. The carrier signal voltage is used to estimate the transient impedance of the system, which is a function of the stator transient resistance, and therefore, the windings' temperature. The variation of the stator transient impedance's phase angle is used to track the temperature of the stator windings. The method can be implemented in standard, inverter-fed drives with no additional hardware, minimal computational requirements, and practically no interference with the regular operation of the drive.
Lipids in Health and Disease

Background: This study assessed the gender-specific influence of the cholesteryl ester transfer protein (TaqIB, I405V) and lipoprotein lipase (S447X) polymorphisms on the response to an oral fat tolerance test in heterozygotes for familial hypercholesterolaemia. Methods: We selected and genotyped 80 men and postmenopausal women heterozygous for familial hypercholesterolaemia (main group) as well as 11 healthy control subjects. Patients were subgrouped based on their response to oral fat tolerance test. The oral fat tolerance test was defined as pathological when postprandial triglyceride concentration was higher than the highest triglyceride concentration observed in healthy subjects (220 mg/dl) at any time (2, 4, 6 or 8 h). Results: In the pathological subgroup, men had significantly higher incremental area under the curve after oral fat tolerance test than postmenopausal women. Furthermore, multivariate analysis revealed a gender association of TaqIB and I405V influence on postprandial lipaemia in this subgroup. Conclusion: In conclusion, it seems that gender and TaqIB polymorphism of the cholesteryl ester transfer protein gene were both associated with the distribution of triglyceride values after oral fat tolerance test, only in subjects with a pathological response to oral fat tolerance test. Specifically, men carrying the B2 allele of the TaqIB polymorphism showed a higher postprandial triglyceride peak and a delayed return to basal values compared with women carrying B2. However, further investigations in larger populations are required to replicate and confirm these findings. Published: 26 June 2009 Lipids in Health and Disease 2009, 8:24 doi:10.1186/1476-511X-8-24 Received: 23 March 2009 Accepted: 26 June 2009 This article is available from: http://www.lipidworld. com/content/8/1/24 © 2009 Anagnostopoulou et al; licensee BioMed Central Ltd. This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.