Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Genome-Wide Analysis of Copy Number Variations in Normal Population Identified by SNP Arrays

Gene copy number change is an essential characteristic of many types of cancer. However, it is important to distinguish copy number variation (CNV) in the human genome of normal individuals from bona fide abnormal copy number changes of genes specific to cancers. Based on Affymetrix 50K single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) array data, we identified genome-wide copy number variations among 104 normal subjects from three ethnic groups that were used in the HapMap project. Our analysis revealed 155 CNV regions, of which 37% were gains and 63% were losses. About 21% (30) of the CNV regions are concordant with earlier reports. These 155 CNV regions are located on more than 100 cyto- bands across all 23 chromosomes. The CNVs range from 68bp to 18 Mb in length, with a median length of 86 Kb. Eight CNV regions were selected for validation by quantitative PCR. Analysis of genomic sequences within and adjacent to CNVs suggests that repetitive sequences such as long interspersed nuclear elements (LINEs) and long terminal repeats (LTRs) may play a role in the origin of CNVs by facilitating non-allelic homologous recombination. Thirty-two percent of the CNVs identified in this study are associated with segmental duplications. CNVs were not preferentially enriched in gene-encoding regions. Among the 364 genes that are completely encompassed by these 155 CNVs, genes related to olfactory sensory, chemical stimulus, and other physiological responses are significantly enriched. A statistical analysis of CNVs by ethnic group revealed distinct patterns regarding the CNV location and gain-to-loss ratio. The CNVs reported here will help build a more comprehensive map of genomic variations in the human genome and facilitate the differentia- tion between copy number variation and somatic changes in cancers. The potential roles of certain repeat elements in CNV formation, as corroborated by other studies, shed light on the origin of CNVs and will improve our understanding of the mechanisms of genomic rearrangements in the human genome.
Consistency checking for multiple view software architectures

Consistency is a major issue that must be properly addressed when considering multiple view architectures. In this paper, we provide a formal definition of views expressed graphically using diagrams with multiplicities and propose a simple algorithm to check the consistency of diagrams. We also put forward a simple language of constraints to express more precise (intra-view and inter-view) consistency requirements. We sketch a complete decision procedure to decide whether diagrams satisfy a given constraint expressed in this language. Our framework is illustrated with excerpts of a case study: the specification of the architecture of a train control system.
Real-time Method Invocations in Distributed Environments

Current distributed computing environments, such as the Object Management Group's Common Object Request Broker Architecture (CORBA), do not support real-time requirements. This paper presents the syntax, semantics and support for one necessary feature in a real-time distributed computing environment: timed distributed method invocations. It presents the general concept and illustrates its application as an extension to CORBA.
Profibrillatory effects of intracoronary thrombus in acute regional ischemia of the in situ porcine heart.

BACKGROUND An intracoronary thrombus during regional ischemia is related to life-threatening arrhythmias. The electrophysiological consequences of a thrombus are unknown. METHODS AND RESULTS In open chest pigs, regional ischemia was induced by intracoronary injection of a thrombus (protocol 1). In protocol 2, coronary ligation was followed by injection of heparinized blood. Three consecutive episodes of ischemia (10 minutes) and reperfusion (20 minutes) were studied in protocols 3 and 4 (ligation). During the former, an intracoronary thrombus started the third period of ischemia. Multiple (78) local electrograms were recorded simultaneously, and activation patterns were determined. In a first period of ischemia, ventricular fibrillation (during the first 10 minutes) occurred more often after intracoronary thrombosis than during the other protocols (4/7 versus 2/19, P<.05) despite similar size of the ischemic tissue. The incidence of delayed arrhythmias (between 15 and 30 minutes) was not different. Epicardial activation delay was larger 2 to 4 minutes after intracoronary thrombosis compared with ligation. ST elevation was larger with than without a thrombus (2 minutes of ischemia, 12.9+/-4.1 versus 8.2+/-3.0 mV; +/-SD, P<.05). In protocols 3 and 4 the second period and third period of ischemia were similar irrespective of the presence of an intracoronary thrombus. CONCLUSIONS More conduction slowing underlies the profibrillatory effect of an intracoronary thrombus relative to coronary ligation. After preconditioning with ischemia, the profibrillatory effects are no longer detectable.
Cystine dimethylester loading promotes oxidative stress and a reduction in ATP independent of lysosomal cystine accumulation in a human proximal tubular epithelial cell line

• What is the central question of this study? Are the molecular and cellular consequences of cystine dimethylester loading different from an alternative and more specific model of the cystinotic kidney proximal tubule epithelial cell, obtained by CTNS gene silencing. • What is the main finding and its importance? Using a human‐derived kidney proximal tubular cell line, HK‐2, we demonstrated that cystine dimethylester loading induces detrimental effects independent of lysosomal cystine accumulation. CTNS gene silencing, which resulted in comparable levels of cystine accumulation, evidence of oxidative stress and reduced ATP concentration but unaltered ATP generation capacity, represents a more useful model for investigating biochemical alterations in cystinosis.
Memory-based pedestrian detection through sequence learning

Human recognize an object through eyes scanning in a certain order. We think that the proper order is helpful for capturing useful characteristics, which makes our recognition process rapidly and accurately. Therefore, we propose a memory-based sequence learning model to simulate the human recognition process. Firstly, we divide the image without overlapping to generate the sequence. Then, a convolutional neural network is used for feature extraction. Next, the sequence is re-sorted by order of importance. Finally, a long short-term memory successively receives the sequence to memorize the sequential patterns and predict the sequence label. In addition, we propose a joint learning method to make our model efficiently learn both of the sequence order and the sequence patterns. Our model is applied in the region-based detection framework for pedestrian detection. Compared with the state-of-the-art methods on two pedestrian datasets, our method achieves the comparable performance in term of accuracy and speed.
Platelets Generated in Vitro from Proplatelet-displaying Human Megakaryocytes Are Functional Isolation of Cd34+ Progenitor Cells from Peripheral Blood

An in vitro culture system demonstrating the transitions from megakaryocyte progenitors to functional platelets is described. CD3Cselected cells from normal human peripheral blood are cultured under conditions that promote mega-karyocyte formation. After 8 to 11 days, enriched populations of mature megakaryocytes are replated under conditions that favor the development of proplatelets. Pro-platelets express the platelet-specific proteins, glycopro-teins Ib and Ilb (GPlb and GPllb), and fibrinogen and also contain microtubule coils equal in size to those found in plasma-derived platelets. In addition, proplatelets have ul-trastructural features in common with plasma-derived plate-lets. Platelet-sized particles from the proplatelet culture su-P LATELETS ORIGINATE from megakaryocytes during However, the precise mechanism by which platelets are shed from megakaryocytes is not fully understood. Studies of this process are hampered by the low frequency of megakaryo-cytes in bone marrow as well as by a lack of in vitro systems in which platelet shedding reproducibly occurs. Theoretic models of platelet shedding have been developed from observations of fixed cells. Megakaryocytes displaying membra-nous structures outlining platelet-fields form the basis of the demarcation membrane model of platelet shedding. '. ' Observations of long cytoplasmic processes emanating from megakaryocyte cell bodies have led to the proplatelet con-cept? "' Proplatelets, dependent on microtubules for stability ,l2-I5 display constrictions along their lengths that define platelet-sized area^. ",^^"^ The areas between the attenuation points contain platelet-specific organelles and pro-t e i n ~. ' " ' ' ~ ~ ~ ~ , ~ ~. ~ ~ Micrographs of bone marrow fixed in situ show proplatelets projecting through the endothelial cell layer of marrow venous sinusoids into the c i r ~ u l a t i o n. ~ ~ " ~ ' ~ ~ ' ~ It has been postulated that the circulatory shear force within the m a r r ~ w '. ~ ~. ~ ~ or possibly the aids in the fragmentation of proplatelets into platelets. The study of proplatelet development has been advanced through the use of tissue culture systems that permit this differentiation process to occur in vitro.L4~15'1',1y,23-30 Although these culture systems have been useful for the study of pro-platelet development, they have been of limited value for the study of platelet fragmentation as observations of plate-let-like particles in these cultures are reported as rare of the particles been established. Furthermore, culture sys-the terminal differentiation phase of The publication costs of this article were defrayed in part by page charge payment. This …
Ultrasonic imaging: safety considerations

Modern ultrasound imaging for diagnostic purposes has a wide range of applications. It is used in obstetrics to monitor the progress of pregnancy, in oncology to visualize tumours and their response to treatment, and, in cardiology, contrast-enhanced studies are used to investigate heart function and physiology. An increasing use of diagnostic ultrasound is to provide the first photograph for baby's album—in the form of a souvenir or keepsake scan that might be taken as part of a routine investigation, or during a visit to an independent high-street ‘boutique’. It is therefore important to ensure that any benefit accrued from these applications outweighs any accompanying risk, and to evaluate the existing ultrasound bio-effect and epidemiology literature with this in mind. This review considers the existing laboratory and epidemiological evidence about the safety of diagnostic ultrasound and puts it in the context of current clinical usage.
‘Acceptable rebellion’: marketing hipster aesthetics to sell Camel cigarettes in the US

Objective The aim of the present work was to understand why and how RJ Reynolds and other tobacco companies have marketed tobacco products to young adult social trendsetting consumers (termed ‘hipsters’) to recruit trendsetters and average consumers to smoke. Methods Analysis of tobacco industry documents and industry marketing materials. Results Since 1995, RJ Reynolds developed its marketing campaigns to better suit the lifestyle, image identity and attitudes of hip trendsetters (so-called ‘hipsters’), and Camel's brand identity actively shifted to more closely convey the hipster persona. Camel emphasised in-venue events such as promotional music tours to link the brand and smoking to activities and symbols appealing to hipsters and their emulating masses. Conclusions To reach this targeted and socially valuable trend-setting population, public health advocates must tap into hipster psychology and expose to the targeted community the tobacco company's efforts to infiltrate the hipster community to turn hipsters into tobacco-using role models.
Establishment of embryonic shoot–root axis is involved in auxin and cytokinin response during Arabidopsis somatic embryogenesis

Auxin and cytokinin signaling participates in regulating a large spectrum of developmental and physiological processes in plants. The shoots and roots of plants have specific and sometimes even contrary responses to these hormones. Recent studies have clearly shown that establishing the spatiotemporal distribution of auxin and cytokinin response signals is central for the control of shoot apical meristem (SAM) induction in cultured tissues. However, little is known about the role of these hormones in root apical meristem (RAM) initiation. Here, we found that the expression patterns of several regulatory genes critical for RAM formation were correlated with the establishment of the embryonic root meristem during somatic embryogenesis in Arabidopsis. Interestingly, the early expression of the WUS-RELATED HOMEOBOX 5 (WOX5) and WUSCHEL genes was induced and was nearly overlapped within the embryonic callus when somatic embryos (SEs) could not be identified morphologically. Their correct expression was essential for RAM and SAM initiation and embryonic shoot–root axis establishment. Furthermore, we analyzed the auxin and cytokinin response during SE initiation. Notably, cytokinin response signals were detected in specific regions that were correlated with induced WOX5 expression and subsequent SE formation. Overexpression of the ARABIDOPSIS RESPONSE REGULATOR genes ARR7 and ARR15 (feedback repressors of cytokinin signaling), disturbed RAM initiation and SE induction. These results provide new information on auxin and cytokinin-regulated apical–basal polarity formation of shoot–root axis during somatic embryogenesis.
Cell Surface-Associated Proteins in the Filamentous Cyanobacterium Anabaena sp. strain PCC 7120

The cell surface senses environmental changes first and transfers signals into the cell. To understand the response to environmental changes, it is necessary to analyze cell surface components, particularly cell surface-associated proteins. We therefore investigated cell surface-associated proteins from the filamentous cyanobacterium Anabaena sp. strain PCC 7120. The cell surface-associated proteins extracted by an acidic buffer were resolved by SDS-PAGE. Eighteen proteins were identified from resolved bands by amino-terminal sequencing. Analysis of cell surface-associated proteins indicated that several proteins among them were involved in nucleic acid binding, protein synthesis, proteolytic activity and electron transfer, and other proteins were involved in the stress response.
The Routledge companion to International Entrepreneurship

Introduction (Stephanie Fernhaber, Shameen Prashanthem) Part I: The Emergence of International Entrepreneurship 1. International Entrepreneurship: A Review and Future Directions (Alex Rialp, Josep Rialp, Gary A. Knight) 2. "Where To" International Entrepreneurship? An Exploration of Seminal Articles (Pavlos Dimitratos, Nicolas Li) Part II: The International Entrepreneur 3. Cognition in International Entrepreneurship (Hana Milanov, Benedikt Maissenhalter) 4. The International Entrepreneur - From Experience to Action (Svante Andersson) 5. The International Social Entrepreneur (R. Scott Marshall, Jude Lieberman, Michelle Pages) 6. Inside the Transnational Entrepreneur (Dave Crick, Shiv Chaudhry) Part III: Strategic Issues for Entrepreneurial Internationalization 7. An Internationalizing Entrepreneurial Firm's Network is their Networth (Sylvie Chetty, Cecilia Pahlberg) 8. Is There More to Learn? Knowledge and Learning in New Venture Internationalization Research (Harry J. Sapienza, Dirk De Clercq, Liman Zhao) 9. The Role of Capabilities in International Entrepreneurship (Christiane Prange) 10. Understanding eINVs Through the Lens of Prior Research in Entrepreneurship, International Business and International Entrepreneurship (A. Rebecca Reuber, Eileen Fischer, Anna Morgan-Thomas) 11. Venture Capital and International Entrepreneurship (Joseph A. LiPuma) 12. International Entrepreneurship (IE) in a World of Broad Triad Regions: An International Business (IB) Perspective (Alan Rugman, In Hyeock (Ian) Lee, Siri Terjesen) Part IV: Implications of Entrepreneurial Internationalization and Future Research 13. International Entrepreneurship: Performance and Survival Implications (Per Servais and Erik S. Rasmussen) 14. Policy Implications of International Entrepreneurship (Rod B. McNaughton, Juan Pellegrino) 15. Future Agenda for Research Design in International Entrepreneurship (Niina Nummela)
How Much Urban Traffic is Searching for Parking?

In this paper we explore city-level traffic and parking data to determine how much cruising for curbside parking contributes to overall traffic congestion. To this end, we describe a new kind of queueing network and present a data-informed model based on this new queuing network. We leverage the data-informed model in developing and validating a simulation tool. In addition, we utilize curbside parking and arterial traffic volume data to produce an estimate of the proportion of traffic searching for parking along high occupancy arterials. Somewhat surprisingly, we find that while percentage increase in travel time to through traffic vehicles depends on time of day, it does not appear to depend on high volumes of through traffic. Moreover, we show that the probability of a block-face being full is a much more viable metric for directly controlling congestion than average occupancy rate, typically used by municipalities.
Fast and Accurate Face Recognition Using Support Vector Machines

The challenge of face recognition software is the rapid and accurate identification or classification of a query image, or set of query images, based on a set of known target images. Although Support Vector Machines (SVMs) are known to be accurate for the classification problem they are limited in this application by the time required for training which is dependent on the length of the feature vector. In this paper we present a novel method of feature reduction that greatly reduces computational time with minimal reductions in accuracy. It is shown that for Experiments 1, 2 and 4 of the the Face Recognition Grand Challenge Version 1, the feature reduction can make SVMs competitive with principal component analysis.
Using Administrative Data to Measure Ambulatory Mental Health Service Provision in Primary Care

Objective:We sought to determine the accuracy of administrative data for identifying mental health service provision in primary care. Study Design:This was a chart abstraction study measuring agreement between billing data and clinical data on the binary variable “mental health visit. ” Data were collected from the charts and billing records of 5 academic family practice clinics in Toronto, Ontario (1999 to 2000). Billing claims (n = 952) were selected from the billings for all visits by a stratified random sampling technique. A blinded data abstractor reviewed the clinical charts and assigned diagnostic codes for each patient visit associated with the selected claims. Any visit with at least 1 abstracted mental health diagnostic code was defined as a mental health visit. The test characteristics of 4 administrative measures of mental health service provision, based on different combinations of billing codes, were calculated. Results:The accuracy of the administrative data was 86.8% when compared with clinical data. The sensitivity of the 4 administrative measures ranged from 22.3% to 80.7%. The specificity ranged from 97.0% to 99.5%. Conclusions:This is the first study to establish the performance of administrative data in measuring mental health service provision in a primary care setting. In our setting, broadly defined administrative measures of mental health have excellent specificity and adequate sensitivity for exploring and understanding mental health service utilization.
Vision In and Out of Vehicles: Integrated Driver and Road Scene Monitoring

One of the more startling effects of road related accidents is the economic and social burden that they cause. In OECD countries (the 23 leading economically developed countries of the world) over 150,000 people are killed every year (44,000+ in the USA, 38,000+ in Europe and 11,000+ in Japan) at an estimated cost of US$ 500 billion. One way of combating this problem is to develop intelligent vehicles that are self-aware and act to increase the safety of the transportation system. In this paper we present preliminary results of an Intelligent Transport System project that has fused visual lane tracking and driver monitoring technologies in the first step towards closing the loop between vision inside and outside the vehicle. Experimental results of a novel 15 Hz visual lane tracking system will be discussed, focusing on the particle filter and cue fusion technology used. The results from the integration of the lane tracker and the driver monitoring system are presented with an analysis of the driver’s visual behavior in several different scenarios.
Measuring the eccentricity of items

The long-tail phenomenon tells us that there are many items in the tail. However, not all tail items are the same. Each item acquires different kinds of users. Some items are loved by the general public, while some items are consumed by eccentric fans. In this paper, we propose a novel metric, item eccentricity, to incorporate this difference between consumers of the items. Eccentric items are defined as items that are consumed by eccentric users. We used this metric to analyze two real-world datasets of music and movies and observed the characteristics of items in terms of eccentricity. The results showed that our defined eccentricity of an item does not change much over time, and classified eccentric and noneccentric items present significantly distinct characteristics. The proposed metric effectively separates the eccentric and noneccentric items mixed in the tail, which could not be done with the previous measures, which only consider the popularity of items.
Online Detection and Prevention of Phishing Attacks

Phishing is a new type of network attack where the attacker creates a replica of an existing Web page to fool users (e.g., by using specially designed e-mails or instant messages) into submitting personal, financial, or password data to what they think is their service providers' Web site. In this paper, we propose a new end-host based anti-phishing algorithm, which we call LinkGuard, by utilizing the generic characteristics of the hyperlinks in phishing attacks. These characteristics are derived by analyzing the phishing data archive provided by the anti-phishing working group (APWG). Because it is based on the generic characteristics of phishing attacks, LinkGuard can detect not only known but also unknown phishing attacks. We have implemented LinkGuard in Windows XP. Our experiments verified that LinkGuard is effective to detect and prevent both known and unknown phishing attacks with minimal false negatives. LinkGuard successfully detects 195 out of the 203 phishing attacks. Our experiments also showed that LinkGuard is lightweighted and can detect and prevent phishing attacks in real-time.