Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
21 Morphological Processing in Mono-and Cross-Lingual Information Retrieval

Text-based information retrieval (IR) matches text-based representations of information needs to text-based representations of documents. Since both representations deal with natural language and have different sources and characteristics, their match rarely is perfect. IR therefore has to deal with several difficult problems: First, the request representing the information need often is vague and short thereby providing little evidence for t he IR system about desired document features suggesting document relevance. Secondly, the request wording may be different from that of relevant documents due to many natural language features, e.g., synonymy and inflection. Thirdly, even useless documents may contain many request words. In this paper we shall focus on text-based representations of documents and requests, and their matching. Our specific focus will be morphological processing of documents and requests in order to derive representations that better support document request matching. This study is motivated by the morphological variability of natural languages. While much of IR research deals with English, English is morphologically fairly simple. Therefore findings in the English IR context do not necessarily apply IR in other languages with different morphological characteristics. We shall therefore contrast findings in English IR with findings in Finnish IR. Finnish is morphologically much more complex than English. For example, English nouns have singular and plural and two cases while Finnish nouns in principle may have over 2,000 different inflectional forms (Koskenniemi 1983).
Satellite cells , connective tissue fibroblasts and their interactions are crucial for muscle regeneration

INTRODUCTION Adult vertebrate muscle has a remarkable capacity for regeneration. Because myonuclei within muscle fibers are post-mitotic, regeneration must be mediated by myogenic progenitors or stem cells. To efficiently regenerate an appropriately sized muscle, these cells proliferate, differentiate into muscle, and also replenish themselves. How proliferation versus differentiation of stem cells is carefully balanced is poorly understood, but is known to involve extrinsic signals, including signals from non-muscle cells (Cornelison, 2008). Here, we examine in vivo the role of satellite cells, the cells proposed to be the primary stem cells of adult muscle; muscle connective tissue (MCT) fibroblasts, a cell population in abundance in regenerating muscle, the function of which is largely unexplored; and their interactions during muscle regeneration. Muscle satellite cells were first identified by their unique anatomical position between the sarcolemma and basement membrane of myofibers and were hypothesized to be the stem cell responsible for adult vertebrate muscle regeneration (Mauro, 1961). Subsequently, satellite cells were found to express the transcription
AProvBio: An architecture for data provenance in bioinformatics workflows using graph database

Many scientific experiments in Bioinformatics are executed as computational workflows. Frequently, it is necessary to re-run an experiment under the original circumstances in which it was run to recognize and validate it. Data provenance concerns the origin of data. Knowing the data source facilitates the understanding and analysis of the results, by detailing and documenting the history and the paths of the input data, from the beginning to the end of an experiment. Therefore, in this context, data provenance can be applied when experimenting traceability. This document presents AProvBio, an architecture that can perform the data provenance of scientific experiments in bioinformatics automatically, using the provenance data model PROV-DM and in a graph database. The architecture can perform the automatic provenance type prospectively, retrospectively and with user-defined data. Thus, the architecture stores and captures information obtained during the execution of the data generation processes with user-defined data information, such as features and versions of the programs used. A graph model, based on the PROV-DM model, was proposed for storing the data provenance. The PROV-DM can be represented by a graph, it allows for a more natural modelling, as well as expressing queries at a more natural level, and the implementation of efficient algorithms to perform specific operations.
A Systematic Comparison of Syntactic Representations of Dependency Parsing

We compare the performance of a transition-based parser in regards to different annotation schemes. We pro-pose to convert some speciﬁc syntactic constructions observed in the universal dependency treebanks into a so-called more standard representation and to evaluate parsing performances over all the languages of the project. We show that the “standard” constructions do not lead systematically to better parsing performance and that the scores vary considerably according to the languages.
Adaptive Zone Routing Protocol for Wireless Ad hoc Network by using Fuzzy Rule-Based

The challenge in creating a routing protocol for ad hoc networks is to design a single protocol that can adapt to the wide variety of conditions that can be present in any ad hoc network environment. The routing protocol must perform efficiently in environments in which it suffers from high nodes mobility and many wireless transmission constraints. Because it is often impossible to know in advance what environment the protocol will find itself in, and because the environment can change unpredictably, the routing protocol must be able to adapt automatically. In this paper, we survey fuzzy reasoning algorithm (FRA) as a highly adaptive algorithm used to achieve that goal. We present the various application of that algorithm to ad hoc routing protocols. In particular, the exposition includes a discussion of strength and weakness of these applications and how they can be improved.
Evaluation of visual analytics environments: The road to the Visual Analytics Science and Technology challenge evaluation methodology

Evaluation of software can take many forms ranging from algorithm correctness and performance to evaluations that focus on the value to the end user. This article presents a discussion of the development of an evaluation methodology for visual analytics environments. The Visual Analytics Science and Technology Challenge was created as a community evaluation resource. This resource is available to researchers and developers of visual analytics environments and allows them to test out their designs and visualization and compare the results with the solution and the entries prepared by others. Sharing results allows the community to learn from each other and to hopefully advance more quickly. In this article, we discuss the original challenge and its evolution during the 7 years since its inception. While the Visual Analytics Science and Technology Challenge is the focus of this article, there are lessons for many involved in setting up a community evaluation program, including the need to understand the purpose of the evaluation, decide upon the right metrics to use, and the appropriate implementation of those metrics including datasets and evaluators. For ongoing evaluations, it is also necessary to track the evolution and to ensure that the evaluation methodologies are keeping pace with the science being evaluated. The discussions on the Visual Analytics Science and Technology Challenge on these topics should be pertinent to many interested in community evaluations.
Will the New Rich Waste More Food? Evidence from China

In the last decade, many developing countries have witnessed a tremendous increase in economic growth. Prior to this growth, food insecurity was generally systemic. With food security (new rich), from higher food purchasing power, came the new problem of food waste. Current literature indicates food consumption increases with economy growth, but limited or no literature focuses on the dynamic change of household food behavior. As a first attempt, empirical evidence is provided on the new-rich food-waste consumption behavior. Employing a probit-selection model, results indicate the new rich are associated with not consuming all their restaurant food (leftovers) and are less likely to take-home any leftovers. Further, results support evidence of the compensatory-consumption hypothesis, which sheds light on a new theory for explaining emerging developing countries’ increasing food waste.
Glucagonlike peptide 1-based therapies and risk of hospitalization for acute pancreatitis in type 2 diabetes mellitus: a population-based matched case-control study.

IMPORTANCE Acute pancreatitis has significant morbidity and mortality. Previous studies have raised the possibility that glucagonlike peptide 1 (GLP-1)-based therapies, including a GLP-1 mimetic (exenatide) and a dipeptidyl peptidase 4 inhibitor (sitagliptin phosphate), may increase the risk of acute pancreatitis. OBJECTIVE To test whether GLP-1-based therapies such as exenatide and sitagliptin are associated with an increased risk of acute pancreatitis. We used conditional logistic regression to analyze the data. DESIGN Population-based case-control study. SETTING A large administrative database in the United States from February 1, 2005, through December 31, 2008. PARTICIPANTS Adults with type 2 diabetes mellitus aged 18 to 64 years. We identified 1269 hospitalized cases with acute pancreatitis using a validated algorithm and 1269 control subjects matched for age category, sex, enrollment pattern, and diabetes complications. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE Hospitalization for acute pancreatitis. RESULTS The mean age of included individuals was 52 years, and 57.45% were male. Cases were significantly more likely than controls to have hypertriglyceridemia (12.92% vs 8.35%), alcohol use (3.23% vs 0.24%), gallstones (9.06% vs 1.34), tobacco abuse (16.39% vs 5.52%), obesity (19.62% vs 9.77%), biliary and pancreatic cancer (2.84% vs 0%), cystic fibrosis (0.79% vs 0%), and any neoplasm (29.94% vs 18.05%). After adjusting for available confounders and metformin hydrochloride use, current use of GLP-1-based therapies within 30 days (adjusted odds ratio, 2.24 [95% CI, 1.36-3.68]) and recent use past 30 days and less than 2 years (2.01 [1.37-3.18]) were associated with significantly increased odds of acute pancreatitis relative to the odds in nonusers. CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE In this administrative database study of US adults with type 2 diabetes mellitus, treatment with the GLP-1-based therapies sitagliptin and exenatide was associated with increased odds of hospitalization for acute pancreatitis.
Asking and evaluating natural language questions

The ability to ask questions during learning is a key aspect of human cognition. While recent research has suggested common principles underlying human and machine “active learning,” the existing literature has focused on relatively simple types of queries. In this paper, we study how humans construct rich and sophisticated natural language queries to search for information in a large yet computationally tractable hypothesis space. In Experiment 1, participants were allowed to ask any question they liked in natural language. In Experiment 2, participants were asked to evaluate questions that they did not generate themselves. While people rarely asked the most informative questions in Experiment 1, they strongly preferred more informative questions in Experiment 2, as predicted by an ideal Bayesian analysis. Our results show that rigorous informationbased accounts of human question asking are more widely applicable than previously studied, explaining preferences across a diverse set of natural language questions.
Potassium Management in Organic Cultivation of Scented Rice

Organic agriculture offers the most sustainable solution for developing the agriculture sector and provides food security with least negative impact on the environment. Organic farming offers solution for sound rural development. It provides healthy food, maintains and creates jobs. High quality organic foods fetch premium price in both national and international markets. The traditional practices and an inclination towards organic agriculture in North-East is a boon in disguise. The potential can be harnessed to improve the ecology and economy of the region. Organic scented rice is the most preferred category of rice having both domestic and international demand. The productivity of organic rice is generally low. It is therefore, important to provide balance nutrition preferably with organic inputs for higher productivity as well as grain quality. Therefore, much emphasis has been put globally on large scale production of rice using organic manures. Acute shortage of conventional organic manures like compost, FYM etc. necessitates the search for alternate organic inputs like vermicompost, enriched compost, biofertilizer, azolla etc. Application of compost/manure and biofertilizers are two major components of organic farming, which offers an economically International Journal of Current Microbiology and Applied Sciences ISSN: 2319-7706 Volume 7 Number 06 (2018) Journal homepage: http://www.ijcmas. com
A two-steps next-best-view algorithm for autonomous 3D object modeling by a humanoid robot

A novel approach is presented which aims at building autonomously visual models of unknown objects, using a humanoid robot. Previous methods have been proposed for the specific problem of the next-best-view during the modeling and the recognition process. However our approach differs as it takes advantage of humanoid specificities in terms of embedded vision sensor and redundant motion capabilities. In a previous work, another approach to this specific problem was presented which relies on a derivable formulation of the visual evaluation in order to integrate it with our posture generation method. However to get rid of some limitations we propose a new method, formulated using two steps: (i) an optimization algorithm without derivatives is used to find a camera pose which maximizes the amount of unknown data visible, and (ii) a whole robot posture is generated by using a different optimization method where the computed camera pose is set as a constraint on the robot head.
Randomness and Recursive Enumerability

One recursively enumerable real $\alpha$ dominates another one $\beta$ if there are nondecreasing recursive sequences of rational numbers $(a[n]:n\in\omega)$ approximating $\alpha$ and $(b[n]:n\in\omega)$ approximating $\beta$ and a positive constant C such that for all n, $C(\alpha-a[n])\geq(\beta-b[n])$. See [R. M. Solovay, Draft of a Paper (or Series of Papers) on Chaitin's Work, manuscript, IBM Thomas J. Watson Research Center, Yorktown Heights, NY, 1974, p. 215] and [G. J. Chaitin, IBM J. Res. Develop. , 21 (1977), pp. 350--359]. We show that every recursively enumerable random real dominates all other recursively enumerable reals. We conclude that the recursively enumerable random reals are exactly the $\Omega$-numbers [G. J. Chaitin, IBM J. Res. Develop. , 21 (1977), pp. 350--359]. Second, we show that the sets in a universal Martin-Lof test for randomness have random measure, and every recursively enumerable random number is the sum of the measures represented in a universal Martin-Lof test.
Intergenerational Mobility in the 19th Century: Micro-Level Evidence from the City of Zurich

We analyze social mobility of decennial citizenry cohorts of Zurich born between 1780 and 1870. We categorize individuals according to their occupations and use different measures to show the level, change, and components of intergenerational mobility. Mobility was imperfect and weakly decreasing over time. Both level and change are driven by intergenerational persistence of occupations with a low socioeconomic position and low transition between low and high socioeconomic position.
Age differences in eyewitness memory for a realistic event.

OBJECTIVES To better understand the effects of misinformation on eyewitnesses of different ages, older and younger adults experienced an event under intentional and incidental learning conditions in a naturalistic experiment using multiple memory tests. METHOD Following exposure to the event, which was a brief interruption of a group testing session, participants completed several memory tests. For half of the participants, misinformation was embedded in the first cued recall test. On subsequent free recall and cued recall tests, basic scores and misinformation-based memory errors were examined. RESULTS As expected, younger adults had higher recall scores than older adults. Older and younger adults made the same number of misinformation errors in free recall and in cued recall with intentional learning. However, in the incidental condition, younger adults made more misinformation errors likely due to the information processing strategies they employed after incidental learning. DISCUSSION Misinformation effects were quite strong, even with a realistic scene and intentional learning. Older adult suggestibility was no worse than that of younger adults. When misinformation was combined with incidental learning, younger adults may have used strategic processing to encode misinformation to their detriment.
Exploring Context-Sensitivity in Spatial Intention Recognition

In its most general form, the problem of inferring the intentions of a mobile user from his or her spatial behavior is equivalent to the plan recognition problem which is known to be intractable. Tractable special cases of the problem are therefore of great practical interest. Using formal grammars, intention recognition problems can be stated as parsing problems in a way that makes the connection between expressiveness and complexity explicit. We argue that context free grammars are not sufficiently expressive to handle important use cases. Furthermore, we identify three types of constraints on the grammar’s productions that may arise in spatial intention recognition: rule-at-location constraints, rule-rule-constraints, and complex rule-location-constraints. Finally we show that Tree Adjoining Grammars can be used to handle rule-ruleconstraints.
Multi-unit auctions: beyond roberts

We exhibit incentive compatible multi-unit auctions that are not affine maximizers (i.e., are not of the VCG family) and yet approximate the social welfare to within a factor of 1+ε. For the case of two-item two-bidder auctions we show that these auctions, termed Triage auctions, are the only scalable ones that give an approximation factor better than 2. "Scalable" means that the allocation does not depend on the units in which the valuations are measured. We deduce from this that any scalable computationally-efficient incentive-compatible auction for m items and n ≥ 2 bidders cannot approximate the social welfare to within a factor better than 2. This is in contrast to arbitrarily good approximations that can be reached under computational constraints alone, and in contrast to the existence of incentive-compatible mechanisms that achieve the optimal allocation.
Predicting Attitudes toward Press- and Speech Freedom across the U.S.A.: A Test of Climato-Economic, Parasite Stress, and Life History Theories

National surveys reveal notable individual differences in U.S. citizens’ attitudes toward freedom of expression, including freedom of the press and speech. Recent theoretical developments and empirical findings suggest that ecological factors impact censorship attitudes in addition to individual difference variables (e.g., education, conservatism), but no research has compared the explanatory power of prominent ecological theories. This study tested climato-economic, parasite stress, and life history theories using four measures of attitudes toward censoring the press and offensive speech obtained from two national surveys in the U.S.A. Neither climate demands nor its interaction with state wealth—two key variables for climato-economic theory—predicted any of the four outcome measures. Interstate parasite stress significantly predicted two, with a marginally significant effect on the third, but the effects became non-significant when the analyses were stratified for race (as a control for extrinsic risks). Teenage birth rates (a proxy of human life history) significantly predicted attitudes toward press freedom during wartime, but the effect was the opposite of what life history theory predicted. While none of the three theories provided a fully successful explanation of individual differences in attitudes toward freedom of expression, parasite stress and life history theories do show potentials. Future research should continue examining the impact of these ecological factors on human psychology by further specifying the mechanisms and developing better measures for those theories.
Evidence that the Essential Response Regulator YycF in Streptococcus pneumoniae Modulates Expression of Fatty Acid Biosynthesis Genes and Alters Membrane Composition

ABSTRACT The YycFG two-component system, originally identified in Bacillus subtilis, is highly conserved among gram-positive bacteria with low G+C contents. In Streptococcus pneumoniae, the YycF response regulator has been reported to be essential for cell growth, but the signal to which it responds and the gene members of the regulon remain unclear. In order to investigate the role of YycFG in S. pneumoniae, we increased the expression of yycF by using a maltose-inducible vector and analyzed the genome-wide effects on transcription and protein expression during the course of yycF expression. The induction of yycF expression increased histidine kinase yycG transcript levels, suggesting an autoregulation of the yycFG operon. Evidence from both proteomic and microarray transcriptome studies as well as analyses of membrane fatty acid composition indicated that YycFG is involved in the regulation of fatty acid biosynthesis pathways and in determining fatty acid chain lengths in membrane lipids. In agreement with recent transcriptome data on pneumococcal cells depleted of YycFG, we also identified several other potential members of the YycFG regulon that are required for virulence and cell wall biosynthesis and metabolism.
NikR Mediates Nickel-Responsive Transcriptional Induction of Urease Expression in Helicobacter pylori

ABSTRACT The important human pathogen Helicobacter pylori requires the abundant expression and activity of its urease enzyme for colonization of the gastric mucosa. The transcription, expression, and activity of H. pylori urease were previously demonstrated to be induced by nickel supplementation of growth media. Here it is demonstrated that the HP1338 protein, an ortholog of the Escherichia coli nickel regulatory protein NikR, mediates nickel-responsive induction of urease expression in H. pylori. Mutation of the HP1338 gene (nikR) of H. pylori strain 26695 resulted in significant growth inhibition of the nikR mutant in the presence of supplementation with NiCl2 at ≥100 μM, whereas the wild-type strain tolerated more than 10-fold-higher levels of NiCl2. Mutation of nikR did not affect urease subunit expression or urease enzyme activity in unsupplemented growth media. However, the nickel-induced increase in urease subunit expression and urease enzyme activity observed in wild-type H. pylori was absent in the H. pylori nikR mutant. A similar lack of nickel responsiveness was observed upon removal of a 19-bp palindromic sequence in the ureA promoter, as demonstrated by using a genomic ureA::lacZ reporter gene fusion. In conclusion, the H. pylori NikR protein and a 19-bp operator sequence in the ureA promoter are both essential for nickel-responsive induction of urease expression in H. pylori.