Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
An efficient diagnosis-aware pattern generation procedure for transition faults

This paper presents an efficient transition-fault diagnosis pattern generation procedure to identify equivalent-fault pairs and generate diagnosis patterns for nonequivalent-fault pairs. Two major techniques are proposed. The first one is a fault-inactivation method that can quickly distinguish most fault pairs by inactivating one fault while detecting the other in each fault pair. The second one is a fault-transformation method that can transform the problem of distinguishing two transition faults into the problem of detecting a transition fault. Both methods involve only one copy of the original circuit and require only an ordinary ATPG tool for transition faults. Furthermore, both methods can deal with multiple fault pairs at the same time and thus not only the total CPU time can be significantly reduced but also the dynamic test compaction capability of the ATPG tool can be utilized. Experimental results on all possible transition-fault pairs of both ISCAS'89 and IWLS'05 benchmark circuits show that the fault-inactivation method can distinguish about 95.6% of distinguishable fault pairs quickly and the fault-transformation method can deal with almost all the remaining indistinguished fault pairs. The average ratio of the number of diagnosis patterns over that of original test patterns is only 0.41.
PLMLA: prediction of lysine methylation and lysine acetylation by combining multiple features.

Post-translational lysine methylation and acetylation are two major modifications of lysine residues. They play critical roles in various biological processes, especially in gene regulation. Identification of protein methylation and acetylation sites would be a foundation for understanding their modification dynamics and molecular mechanism. This work presents a method called PLMLA that incorporates protein sequence information, secondary structure and amino acid properties to predict methylation and acetylation of lysine residues in whole protein sequences. We apply an encoding scheme based on grouped weight and position weight amino acid composition to extract sequence information and physicochemical properties around lysine sites. The prediction accuracy for methyllysine and acetyllysine are 83.02% and 83.08%, respectively. Feature analysis reveals that methyllysine is likely to occur at the coil region and acetyllysine prefers to occur at the helix region of protein. The upstream residues away from the central site may be close to methylated lysine in three-dimensional structure and have a significant influence on methyllysine, while the positively charged residues may have a significant influence on acetyllysine. The online service is available at http://bioinfo.ncu. edu.cn/inquiries_PLMLA. aspx.
Birth Weight, Sex Hormones and Sexual Maturation in Girls

s (representative) 1) Ruder EH, Ledikwe JH, Mauger D, Martin K, Dawsey S, Bandera E, Murray T, Schaffer M, Spaccarotella K, Kronheim L, Camera L, Hartman TJ. Food, Nutrition, Physical Activity and Cancers of the Oral Cavity and Esophagus: Systematic Literature Review and Meta-analyses [poster]. American Institute of Cancer Research / World Cancer Research Fund Second Expert Report Launch Conference, Washington, DC, November 2007. 2) Ruder EH, Reindollar RH, Hartman TJ, Regan MM, Alper MM, Thorton KL, Neumann PJ, Goldman MB. Dietary Antioxidant Status in Couples with Unexplained Infertility: The Fast Track and Standard Treatment Trial (FASTT) [poster]. NIH National Graduate Student Research Festival, Bethesda, MD, October 2007.
Shedding light on a living lab: the CLEF NEWSREEL open recommendation platform

In the CLEF NEWSREEL lab, participants are invited to evaluate news recommendation techniques in real-time by providing news recommendations to actual users that visit commercial news portals to satisfy their information needs. A central role within this lab is the communication between participants and the users. This is enabled by The Open Recommendation Platform (ORP), a web-based platform which distributes users' impressions of news articles to the participants and returns their recommendations to the readers. In this demo, we illustrate the platform and show how requests are handled to provide relevant news articles in real-time.
Vaccination against GIP for the Treatment of Obesity

Background According to the WHO, more than 1 billion people worldwide are overweight and at risk of developing chronic illnesses, including cardiovascular disease, type 2 diabetes, hypertension and stroke. Current therapies show limited efficacy and are often associated with unpleasant side-effect profiles, hence there is a medical need for new therapeutic interventions in the field of obesity. Gastric inhibitory peptide (GIP, also known as glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide) has recently been postulated to link over-nutrition with obesity. In fact GIP receptor-deficient mice (GIPR−/−) were shown to be completely protected from diet-induced obesity. Thus, disrupting GIP signaling represents a promising novel therapeutic strategy for the treatment of obesity. Methodology/Principal Findings In order to block GIP signaling we chose an active vaccination approach using GIP peptides covalently attached to virus-like particles (VLP-GIP). Vaccination of mice with VLP-GIP induced high titers of specific antibodies and efficiently reduced body weight gain in animals fed a high fat diet. The reduction in body weight gain could be attributed to reduced accumulation of fat. Moreover, increased weight loss was observed in obese mice vaccinated with VLP-GIP. Importantly, despite the incretin action of GIP, VLP-GIP-treated mice did not show signs of glucose intolerance. Conclusions/Significance This study shows that vaccination against GIP was safe and effective. Thus active vaccination may represent a novel, long-lasting treatment for obesity. However further preclinical safety/toxicology studies will be required before the therapeutic concept can be addressed in humans.
Effects of continuous positive airway pressure on obstructive sleep apnea and left ventricular afterload in patients with heart failure.

BACKGROUND The objectives of this study were to determine the effects of continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) on blood pressure (BP) and systolic left ventricular transmural pressure (LVPtm) during sleep in congestive heart failure (CHF) patients with obstructive sleep apnea (OSA). In CHF patients with OSA, chronic nightly CPAP treatment abolishes OSA and improves left ventricular (LV) ejection fraction. We hypothesized that one mechanism whereby CPAP improves cardiac function in CHF patients with OSA is by lowering LV afterload during sleep. METHODS AND RESULTS Eight pharmacologically treated CHF patients with OSA were studied during overnight polysomnography. BP and esophageal pressure (Pes) (ie, intrathoracic pressure) were recorded before the onset of sleep and during stage 2 non-rapid eye movement sleep before, during, and after CPAP application. OSA was associated with an increase in systolic BP (from 120.4+/-7.8 to 131.8+/-10.6 mm Hg, P<0.05) and systolic LVPtm (from 124.4+/-7.7 to 137.2+/-10.8 mm Hg, P<0.05) from wakefulness to stage 2 sleep. CPAP alleviated OSA, improved oxyhemoglobin saturation, and reduced systolic BP in stage 2 sleep to 115.4+/-8.5 mm Hg (P<0.01), systolic LVPtm to 117.4+/-8.5 mm Hg (P<0.01), heart rate, Pes amplitude, and respiratory rate. CONCLUSIONS In CHF patients with OSA, LV afterload increases from wakefulness to stage 2 sleep. By alleviating OSA, CPAP reduces LV afterload and heart rate, unloads inspiratory muscles, and improves arterial oxygenation during stage 2 sleep. CPAP is a nonpharmacological means of further reducing afterload and heart rate during sleep in pharmacologically treated CHF patients with OSA.
Lightweight User-Space Record And Replay

The ability to record and replay program executions with low overhead enables many applications, such as reverse-execution debugging, debugging of hard-to-reproduce test failures, and "black box" forensic analysis of failures in deployed systems. Existing record-and-replay approaches rely on recording an entire virtual machine (which is heavyweight), modifying the OS kernel (which adds deployment and maintenance costs), or pervasive code instrumentation (which imposes significant performance and complexity overhead). We investigated whether it is possible to build a practical record-and-replay system avoiding all these issues. The answer turns out to be yes --- if the CPU and operating system meet certain non-obvious constraints. Fortunately modern Intel CPUs, Linux kernels and user-space frameworks meet these constraints, although this has only become true recently. With some novel optimizations, our system RR records and replays real-world workloads with low overhead with an entirely user-space implementation running on stock hardware and operating systems. RR forms the basis of an open-source reverse-execution debugger seeing significant use in practice. We present the design and implementation of RR, describe its performance on a variety of workloads, and identify constraints on hardware and operating system design required to support our approach.
Atmospheric sulphuric acid and aerosol formation: implications from atmospheric measurements for nucleation and early growth mechanisms

We have investigated the formation and early growth of atmospheric secondary aerosol particles building on atmospheric measurements. The measurements were part of the QUEST 2 campaign which took place in spring 2003 in Hyytiala (Finland). During the campaign numerous aerosol particle formation events occurred of which 15 were accompanied by gaseous sulphuric acid measurements. Our detailed analysis of these 15 events is focussed on nucleation and early growth (to a diameter of 3 nm) of fresh particles. It revealed that new particle formation seems to be a function of the gaseous sulphuric acid concentration to the power from one to two when the time delay between the sulphuric acid and particle number concentration is taken into account. From the time delay the growth rates of freshly nucleated particles from 1 nm to 3 nm were determined. The mean growth rate was 1.2 nm/h and it was clearly correlated with the gaseous sulphuric acid concentration. We tested two nucleation mechanisms – recently proposed cluster activation and kinetic type nucleation – as possible candidates to explain the observed dependences, and determined experimental nucleation coefficients. We found that some events are dominated by the activation mechanism and some by the kinetic mechanism. Inferred coefficients for the two nucleation mechanisms are the same order of magnitude as chemical reaction coefficients in the gas phase and they correlate with the product of gaseous sulphuric acid and ammonia concentrations. This indicates that besides gaseous sulphuric acid also ammonia has a role in nucleation.
Correlation of cardiac MRI T2* with echocardiography in thalassemia major.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE Myocardial iron deposition and cardiac failure in thalassemia major (TM) is the most serious reason of morbidity and mortality. Cardiac magnetic resonance imaging (MRI T2*) can indirectly quantified myocardial iron content. Moreover echocardiographic left ventricular diastolic evaluation in comparison to systolic evaluation is more sensitive to detect early myocardial dysfunction secondary to iron overload. The aim was to determine some diastolic and tissue Doppler echo indices correlated with cardiac MRI T2* to predict iron load. PATIENTS AND METHODS Thirty three TM patients (17F/16M) with history of 15 years transfusion or more were selected. They did cardiac MRI (CMR) with measurement of relaxation time of T2* and also echocardiographic examination with systolic and diastolic evaluation and tissue Doppler imaging. RESULTS The mean value of cardiac T2* was 20.41 +/- 12.1 ms. Patients with abnormal T2* (< 20 ms) had abnormal ejection fraction (EF) in 10 (53.6%), and abnormal diastolic indices including deceleration time (DT), early (E) and late (A) transmitral peak flow velocity ratio (E/A), E/Em and Tei- index in 13 (72.2%), 12 (66.7%), 18 (100%) and 14 (77.8%) patients respectively. There was a good correlation between DT, Tei index and E/Em index with cardiac T2* values (p < 0.05, r = 0.70-0.81), poor correlation between E/A with T2* (p < 0.05, r = -0.44) and no significant correlation of liver T2* with cardiac T2* (p = 0.819). CONCLUSIONS In unequipped centres which CMR is not available because of good correlation between diastolic echocardiographic parameters and CMR T2*, the use of echocardiographic diastolic parameters for evaluation of cardiac state could be a replacing tool. In equipped centres we suggest doing CMR T2* as a first step examination in high risk patients, and then doing regular F/U with echocardiographic evaluation of diastolic and tissue Doppler echocardiographic parameters especially DT, E/Em and Tei index.
Neurological Imaging and the Evaluation of Competing Theories

In recent years, social scientists have begun exploring the neurological foundations of behavior in an attempt to gain a more complete understanding of decision-making in the realms of both politics and economics (see Cacioppo & Viser, 2003; Fowler & Schreiber, 2008; McDermott, 2009; Caplin & Schotter, 2008).
Enhancing security against hard AI problems in user authentication using CAPTCHA as graphical passwords

Information and computer security are supported by the passwords, as passwords play a vital role in authentication process. The traditional authentication method uses text- based passwords, which is also called as alphanumeric passwords, is not reliable in data security, and to overcome these drawbacks, graphical password scheme is introduced as an alternative to text-based passwords. But graphical password scheme is vulnerable to shoulder surfing attacks, spyware attacks. To overcome this vulnerability of graphical passwords, an emerging technique CAPTCHA, as a challenge response test is generated to distinguish humans from bots in authentication. To ensure security on hard AI problems, CAPTCHA as graphical Password (CaRP) scheme is introduced as an alternative method to textual CAPTCHA’s. As CaRP scheme has scope of refinements in cyber security a two-way authentication method is proposed in one of the CaRP techniques of Recognition-based scheme.
Reinforcement Learning for Soccer Multi-agents System

Recently the reinforcement learning method is actively used in multi-agent systems. Because of this method played a significant role by handling the inherent complexity of such systems. Robotic soccer is a multi-agent system in which agents play in real-time, dynamic, complex and unknown environment. Since the main purpose of a soccer game is to score goals, it is important for a robotic soccer agent to have a clear policy about whether it should attempt to score in a given situation. Therefore we use reinforcement learning for optimizing policy. In the proposed method, the state spaces include two important parameters for shooting toward the goal; the distance between the ball and the goalkeeper and the probability which is obtained from the research of the UvA team. Of course, we select these parameters for effective features of scoring. Because they are more effective learning algorithm in real-time simulated soccer agent [1]. Experimental results have shown that policy achieved from reinforcement learning lead to more effective shoots toward the goal in simulated soccer agent.
Background Subtraction : Various Methods for Different Inputs

With computer vision the problem of speed comes up quite a bit. Images typically only contain a small amount of relevant information which needs to be processed. To help limit the information to be processed a method of pulling out the relevant information is needed. Background subtraction is an often used method to limit the information to be processed, since the background does not contain any "new" information; however, deciding whether an object is in the foreground or background remains a problem. Several methods have been proposed, but there does not exist a perfect method as of yet. Some require extra hardware, require extensive preprocessing, or only perform in certain cases. Two methods of background subtraction looked at in depth include the Gordon, et al. and Wallflower methods. The value of the method is determined not only for its ability to handle the typical problems of background subtraction, but also whether extra hardware is required.
Facilitating the Validation of Novel Protein Biomarkers for Dementia: An Optimal Workflow for the Development of Sandwich Immunoassays

Different neurodegenerative disorders, such as Alzheimer’s disease (AD) and frontotemporal dementia (FTD), lead to dementia syndromes. Dementia will pose a huge impact on society and thus it is essential to develop novel tools that are able to detect the earliest, most sensitive, discriminative, and dynamic biomarkers for each of the disorders. To date, the most common assays used in large-scale protein biomarker analysis are enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISA), such as the sandwich immunoassays, which are sensitive, practical, and easily implemented. However, due to the novelty of many candidate biomarkers identified during proteomics screening, such assays or the antibodies that specifically recognize the desired marker are often not available. The development and optimization of a new ELISA should be carried out with considerable caution since a poor planning can be costly, ineffective, time consuming, and it may lead to a misinterpretation of the findings. Previous guidelines described either the overall biomarker development in more general terms (i.e., the process from biomarker discovery to validation) or the specific steps of performing an ELISA procedure. However, a workflow describing and guiding the main issues in the development of a novel ELISA is missing. Here, we describe a specific and detailed workflow to develop and validate new ELISA for a successful and reliable validation of novel dementia biomarkers. The proposed workflow highlights the main issues in the development of an ELISA and covers several critical aspects, including production, screening, and selection of specific antibodies until optimal fine-tuning of the assay. Although these recommendations are designed to analyze novel biomarkers for dementia in cerebrospinal fluid, they are generally applicable for the development of immunoassays for biomarkers in other human body fluids or tissues. This workflow is designed to maximize the quality of the developed ELISA using a time- and cost-efficient strategy. This will facilitate the validation of the dementia biomarker candidates ultimately allowing accurate diagnostic conclusions.
Examining interpersonal trust as a facilitator and uncertainty as an inhibitor of intra‐organisational knowledge sharing

This study developed a theoretical model to explore the antecedents of interpersonal trust and the impact of interpersonal trust and uncertainty on intra‐organisational knowledge sharing in highly information‐technology‐mediated work environments. The proposed model was tested empirically using survey data collected from five telecommunication companies. The findings reveal that interpersonal trust has a positive effect on knowledge sharing, while uncertainty has a negative effect upon knowledge sharing. The results also show that social interaction ties and shared knowledge‐sharing vision are the antecedent factors of interpersonal trust, and that uncertainty regarding knowledge sharing is increased by seeker absorptive capability concerns, reciprocity concerns and fear of losing knowledge power. Some important implications for theory and practice as well as directions for future study are discussed.
Effects of short‐term exposure to inhalable particulate matter on DNA methylation of tandem repeats

There is compelling evidence that particulate matter (PM) increases lung cancer risk by triggering systemic inflammation, and leukocyte DNA hypomethylation. However, previous investigations focused on repeated element sequences from LINE‐1 and Alu families. Tandem repeats, which display a greater propensity to mutate, and are often hypomethylated in cancer patients, have never been investigated in individuals exposed to PM. We measured methylation of three tandem repeats (SATα, NBL2, and D4Z4) by polymerase chain reaction–pyrosequencing on blood samples from truck drivers and office workers (60 per group) in Beijing, China. We used lightweight monitors to measure personal PM2.5 (PM with aerodynamic diameter ≤2.5 µm) and elemental carbon (a tracer of PM from vehicular traffic). Ambient PM10 data were obtained from air quality measuring stations. Overall, an interquartile increase in personal PM2.5 and ambient PM10 levels was associated with a significant covariate‐adjusted decrease in SATα methylation (−1.35% 5‐methyl cytosine [5mC], P = 0.01; and −1.33%5mC; P = 0.01, respectively). Effects from personal PM2.5 and ambient PM10 on SATα methylation were stronger in truck drivers (−2.34%5mC, P = 0.02; −1.44%5mC, P = 0.06) than office workers (−0.95%5mC, P = 0.26; −1.25%5mC, P = 0.12, respectively). Ambient PM10 was negatively correlated with NBL2 methylation in truck drivers (−1.38%5mC, P = 0.03) but not in office workers (1.04%5mC, P = 0.13). Our result suggests that PM exposure is associated with hypomethylation of selected tandem repeats. Measuring tandem‐repeat hypomethylation in easy‐to‐obtain blood specimens might identify individuals with biological effects and potential cancer risk from PM exposure. Environ. Mol. Mutagen. 55:322–335, 2014. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
How different are the visual representations used for object recognition in middle childhood and adulthood

Recent experimental studies have shown that development towards adult performance levels in configural processing in object recognition is delayed through middle childhood. Whilst partchanges to animal and artefact stimuli are processed with similar to adult levels of accuracy from 7 years of age, relative size changes to stimuli result in a significant decrease in relative performance for participants aged between 7 and 10. Two sets of computational experiments were run using the JIM3 artificial neural network with adult and 'immature' versions to simulate these results. One set progressively decreased the number of neurons involved in the representation of view-independent metric relations within multi-geon objects. A second set of computational experiments involved decreasing the number of neurons that represent view-dependent (nonrelational) object attributes in JIM3's Surface Map. The simulation results which show the best qualitative match to empirical data occurred when artificial neurons representing metric-precision relations were entirely eliminated. These results therefore provide further evidence for the late development of relational processing in object recognition and suggest that children in middle childhood may recognise objects without forming structural description representations.
Effect of temperature on membrane potential and ionic fluxes in intact and dialysed barnacle muscle fibres

1. The temperature‐dependent component of the resting potential in intact, cannulated and dialysed fibres from the muscle of the barnacle Balanus nubilus was studied under a variety of different experimental conditions. A decrease in temperature from 22 to 12° C produced a mean depolarization of 10 mV.