Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Electromagnetic interference: a tutorial

The treatment of electromagnetic interference (EMI) problems is perceived by many engineers as a generally unscientific, hit or miss, procedure. The intent of this tutorial is to present a practical, understandable, and straightforward approach to solving interference problems. The paper will address the concepts of circuit-to-world mutual isolation and effective energy-blocking boundaries between equipment and environment, and will cover in some detail problem detection, problem analysis, and possible problem. The emphasis will be on electromagnetic compatibility between equipment and its environment, including neighboring equipment and EMI test specification limits, in a cost-effective manner with reasonable margins of safety. The need to analyze a problem before attempting to solve it will be stressed. Common fix methods will be discussed, including grounding, bonding, filtering, and shielding. Common mistakes will be discussed. Both "rules of thumb" and simple, but helpful, equations will be listed. The EMI implications of ever increasing digital computer clock speeds and lowered logic voltages on future emissions and susceptibility fix methods will be presented. The author has extensive professional experience in aerospace and military EMI control (since 1973), yet the concepts presented in the paper are equally applicable to medical, and industrial Specification limits, test methods, and allowed fixes in these diverse fields vary, but the physical laws involved are identical.
Tinea Capitis Due to Trichophyton rubrum in a Neonate

Abstract: Tinea capitis is a common infection of school‐aged children, but there have been only a few reports of tinea capitis in newborns. Furthermore, Trichophyton rubrum as a causative organism of tinea capitis is documented very rarely. We report herein a neonate in whom T. rubrum was the causative agent. This boy was successfully treated with three pulses of oral itraconazole solution.
Density and lithospheric thickness of the Tharsis Province from MEX MaRS and MRO gravity data

[1] Radio science tracking of Mars Express (MaRS experiment) and Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter produced high resolution Martian gravity data. Applying localized spectral analysis on the new gravity data sets, we study the surface density and lithospheric elastic thickness in the Tharsis province. The gravity signal is predicted with geophysical models either including bottom loading (top/bottom model) or taking into account the loading history (top/top model). Volcanic shields are mainly composed of high-density lava but their construction could have begun with lower density lava, with the exception of Ascraeus Mons which has a top of lower density. Buoyant bottom loading may have been present in the form of a mantle plume under Olympus Mons. The elastic thickness was much larger at Olympus Mons than at other volcanoes, suggesting large spatial variations of heat flux during the Hesperian. Alternatively, small elastic thicknesses could be artifacts reflecting the presence of very localized high-density crustal intrusions beneath the volcanoes. Thaumasia highlands were probably supported by a mantle plume at the time of formation. In Valles Marineris, top/bottom models predict low densities and large elastic thicknesses, in conflict with the basaltic rock composition and Hesperian age of the valley. Dense mafic dikes underlie the western part of the valley. The top/top model serves to test another scenario in which the trough is formed with sedimentary infilling removed much later by erosion, the elastic thickness increasing in between. At the large volcanoes, the relation between gravity and topography is anisotropic probably because of density variations.
Silica‐rich layering at Blanche Point, South Australia

The chemistry and mineralogy of much of the Late Eocene Blanche Point Formation of South Australia show that biogenic and volcanogenic products were the only significant contributor to the sedimentary record. Intermittent volcanic activity followed by dissolution of the resultant silicic ash and small scale migration of silicon with reprecipitation as the oxide, provides the simplest and most likely explanation for the repetitive nature of the silicification. Seemingly, this was controlled by local silica concentrations which in turn were apparently controlled by the biota. Changes in circulation patterns and/or water depth may have initiated the environmental variations recorded in the formation.
Herring (sild), killer whales (spekkhogger) and sonar : The 3S-2006 cruise report with preliminary results

This report summarises the outcome of an international research cruise in Norwegian waters (Vestfjorden) in November 2006. The objectives of the trial were to study impacts of military low frequency - (LFAS 1-2 kHz) and mid frequency - (MFAS 6-7 kHz) active sonars on killer whales and herring. In addition the capability of active and passive sonar systems for detection of marine mammals, in order to mitigate possible effects of sonars or seismic sources, were tested.
Estimating lithology from nonintrusive reflectance spectra : Leg 138

During Leg 138, we measured reflectance spectra in the visible and near-infrared bands (455-945 nm) every few centimeters on split core surfaces from eastern tropical Pacific Ocean sediments. Here, we evaluate predictions of the content of biogenic calcite, biogenic opal, and nonbiogenic sediments from the reflectance spectra. For Sites 844 through 847, which contain a significant nonbiogenic component, reflectance spectra yielded a useful proxy for the percentages of CaCO3 over a wide range of values from nearly 0% to 100%, with root-mean-square (RMS) errors of about 9%. Direct estimates of "nonbiogenic" sediment percentages, approximated by 100 - (CaCO 3 + opal), were reasonably successful (RMS error of 10%), however, were incorrect in some intervals. This suggests that mineralogy of the nonbiogenic material changes through time and that further subdivision of this component will be needed for useful estimation from reflectance. For percentages of biogenic opal, calibration equations appear to work well (RMS error of 6%) at concentrations of less than 30%, but for higher opal concentrations, reflectance equations often underestimate the true contents of opal. Improvements in multiparameter lithologic estimates from reflectance spectra may come from (1) expanding the wavelengths measured to better capture unique mineral reflectance bands, and (2) adding the ability to measure diffuse, rather than directional, reflectance to minimize the effects of surface roughness.
Comparison of tasselled cap transformations based on the selective bands of Landsat 8 OLI TOA reflectance images

Parameters for the tasselled cap transformation (TCT) have been derived for many sensors since 1976. There have been concerns about the comparability of TCT brightness (TCTB), greenness (TCTG), and wetness (TCTW) from different sensors because the number and bandwidth of spectral bands of the different sensors are not exactly the same and the derivation methods vary. In this research, comparisons between the TCT components derived from different combination images with a different number of spectral bands are considered. First, a new TCT based on a new data set from Landsat 8 Operational Land Imager top of atmosphere (OLI TOA) reflectance was developed. Then, a case study of the Yellow River Delta, China, demonstrated that TCT parameters derived from a Landsat 8 OLI TOA reference image from May 2013 were probably applicable to clear and nearly cloud-free images for spring, summer, and autumn over the Yellow River Delta. Finally, we compared the TCT components derived from selected bands of Landsat 8 OLI TOA reflectance images and those derived from images from other well-known moderate-resolution worldwide remote-sensing data by statistical characteristics, correlation coefficients, the optimum index factor (OIF), and classification with a support vector machine. The result supports our conclusion (a) that two new shortwave bands (Bands 1 and 9) of the Landsat 8 OLI have little effect on derivations of the TCT components and their ability to classify land cover type and (b) that Bands 4–7 in Landsat multispectral scanner, Bands 1–4 in Advanced Spaceborne Thermal Emission and Reflection Radiometer (ASTER), and Bands 1–4 in Systeme Probatoire d’Observation dela Tarre 5 are sufficient for deriving TCTB, TCTG, and TCTW components and mapping land cover.
Influence of Beam Broadening on the Accuracy of Radar Polarimetric Rainfall Estimation

AbstractThe quantitative estimation of rain rates using meteorological radar has been a major theme in radar meteorology and radar hydrology. The increase of interest in polarimetric radar is in part because polarization diversity can reduce the effect on radar precipitation estimates caused by raindrop size variability, which has allowed progress on radar rainfall estimation and on hydrometeorological applications. From an operational point of view, the promises regarding the improvement of radar rainfall accuracy have not yet been completely proven. The main reason behind these limits is the geometry of radar measurements combined with the variability of the spatial structure of the precipitation systems. To overcome these difficulties, a methodology has been developed to transform the estimated drop size distribution (DSD) provided by a vertically pointing micro rain radar to a profile given by a ground-based polarimetric radar. As a result, the rainfall rate at the ground is fixed at all ranges, where.
Spatial downscaling of European climate data

E‐OBS(European Observations) is a gridded climate data set which contains maximum temperature, minimum temperature, and precipitation on a daily time step. The data can be as fine as 0.25° in resolution and extends over the entire European continent and parts of Africa and Asia. However, for studying regional or local climatic effects, a finer resolution would be more appropriate. A continental data set with resolution would allow research that is large in scale and still locally relevant. Until now, a climate data set with high spatial and temporal resolution has not existed for Europe. To fulfil this need, we produced a downscaled version of E‐OBS, applying the delta method, which uses WorldClim climate surfaces to obtain a 0.008 3‾ ° (about 1 × 1 km) resolution climate data set on a daily time step covering the European Union. The new downscaled data set includes minimum and maximum temperature and precipitation for the years 1951–2012. It is analysed against weather station data from six countries: Norway, Germany, France, Italy, Austria, and Spain. Our analysis of the downscaled data set shows a reduction in the mean bias error of 3 °C for mean daily minimum temperature and of 4 °C for mean daily maximum temperature. Daily precipitation improved by 0.15 mm on average for all weather stations in the validation. The entire data set is freely and publically available at ftp://palantir.boku. ac.at/Public/ClimateData.
EXAMPLE-BASED SEARCH FOR TOURIST INFORMATION

Search tools are an important feature of a tourist information system. Traditionally search facilities have been based on keywords or limited database fields. Tourists may however often want to illustrate what they are interested in by giving an example. Hence, methods for example-based search would be a useful addition to such systems. This paper describes an example-based search facility developed for a Web-based booking system. The search facility is based on statistical methodology, and uses a concept-based method that assumes the existence of some underlying semantic structure in the tourist information data. The methods have proved useful for a number of applications and seem to be a useful addition to traditional methods also for a tourist information system.
Quantitative bedrock geology of the conterminous United States of America

We quantitatively analyze the area‐age distribution of bedrock based on data from the most recent geologic map of the conterminous United States of America [ King and Beikman, 1974a , 1974b ], made available in digital form by the United States Geologic Survey. The area‐age distribution agrees surprisingly well with older data [ Higgs, 1949 ] but provides much higher temporal resolution. The mean stratigraphic age of all sedimentary bedrock is ∼134 Myr; that of Tertiary‐Cambrian sediments is ∼104 Myr. The analysis also reveals area coverage of some minor lithologies, such as ultramafic rocks that cover ∼0.15% of the conterminous United States. Area coverage of 162 lithostratigraphic units is made available as an Excel data sheet.
Tree-ring evidence of the widespread effects of explosive volcanic eruptions

Tree-ring evidence from 97 sites over North America and Europe are used to develop a chronology of widespread cool summers since 1600. Averaging annual maximum-density information from the chronologies provides an index that correlates with Northern Hemisphere summer temperatures to 0.44 over 1851-1975. A number of the extreme low density years occur in both North America and Europe, suggesting a common response to high-frequency forcing. The analysis was repeated with ring-width information but the results are markedly less coherent. Of the five common extreme low density years (1601, 1641, 1669, 1699 and 1912) four are known to be coincident with the year or year following major volcanic eruptions. Other extreme low density indices in the continental series are also clear coincident with known volcanoes. The density indices clearly demonstrate great potential for quantifying the climate effectiveness and perhaps establishing precise calendar dates of large explosive volcanoes. 30 refs.
LIQUEFACTION OF SOILS INDUCED BY EARTHQUAKES

THE CONDITIONS UNDER WHICH LIQUEFACTION EFFECTS ARE KNOWN TO HAVE OCCURRED ARE REVIEWED AND THEIR GENERIC CAUSE IS DISCUSSED. SPECIAL ATTENTION IS GIVEN TO THE DELAY WITH WHICH LIQUEFACTION EFFECTS APPEAR ON SURFACE DEPOSITS ORIGINALLY STABLE. IT IS SUGGESTED THAT LITTLE DAMAGE TO STRUCTURES ON POOR SOIL CAN OCCUR AS THE DIRECT RESULT OF SEVERE EARTHQUAKE SHAKING AND THAT DAMAGE OBSERVED IS ALMOST ENTIRELY DUE TO FOUNDATION FAILURES, GROUND SETTLEMENTS, AND TILTING. FIELD EVIDENCE SUGGESTS THAT EARTHQUAKES ARE INCAPABLE OF DENSIFYING ORIGINALLY LOOSE DEPOSITS TO A STABLE MASS, AND THAT SUCH DEPOSITS NEITHER EXPERIENCE NOR TRANSMIT SEVERE SHAKING. /AUTHOR/
Habitat preference of mosasaurs indicated by rare earth element (REE) content of fossils from the Upper Cretaceous marine deposits of Alabama, New Jersey, and South Dakota (USA)

Abstract Knowledge of habitat segregation of mosasaurs has been based on lithology and faunal assemblages associated with fossil remains of mosasaurs and stable isotopes (δ13C). These approaches have sometimes provided equivocal or insufficient information and, therefore, the preference of habitat by different mosasaur taxa is still suboptimally constrained. The present study is focused on the analysis of rare earth element (REE) ratios of mosasaur fossils from the Upper Cretaceous formations of western Alabama, USA. Results of the REE analysis are used to infer the relative paleobathymetry associated with the mosasaur specimens and then to determine if certain taxonomic groups showed a preference for a particular water depth. Comparisons are then made with mosasaur specimens reported in the literature from other regions of North America from different depositional environments. Results indicate that Mosasaurus, Platecarpus and Plioplatecarpus may have preferred more restricted habitats based on water depth whereas Tylosaurus and Clidastes favoured a wider range of environments. Results also suggest that Plioplatecarpus lived in a shallower environment than its Platecarpus predecessor. Although the results of this study are encouraging, caution must be exercised before drawing any final conclusions due to the small sample size of most of the taxa analysed.
An experimental study of solute transport in a stony field soil

The transport of two conservative tracers, bromide and chloride, was studied in a stony field soil under natural soil, vegetative, and climatic conditions. Small tracer pulses were applied evenly over the 94-m2 plot area in April 1982 (bromide) and October 1982 (chloride). A 15-m-long, 3-m-deep transect through the plot area was extensively sampled in May 1983, approximately 400 days after the bromide and 200 days after the chloride was applied. Tracer concentrations were obtained from 842 samples taken at 61 locations along the transect. Two-dimensional contour plots of the data showed a relatively uniform displacement in the vertical direction, as well as a significant horizontal redistribution during the study period. The data were analyzed with the classical convection-dispersion equation (CDE) and with a regional stochastic model that assumes logarithmic distributions of the pore water velocity and the dispersion coefficient across the field. Both models successfully described momentary field-averaged concentration distributions but failed to predict observed concentration data in October 1984 when another, less intensive sampling was carried out. Pore water velocities could be estimated reasonably well with as few as five vertical sampling lines, whereas dispersion coefficients and solute loads required numerous additional samplings. A field scale dispersivity of about 8 cm was obtained for the CDE model. Between 75 and 130% of the applied tracers were recovered in 1982. The effects of sampling size (0.3 versus 3 kg dry soil weight) were found to be relatively small.
The dynamics of macrophytes in a lake in an agricultural landscape

Abstract Macrophytes are a group of aquatic organisms affected by constant changes. One of the main factors influencing the rate and direction of these changes is the way of basin management. The aim of this study was to determine the effect of changes in the management of a lake catchment area in an agricultural landscape on the qualitative and quantitative structure of macrophytes and assessment of the ecological status of the lake in question. The study was conducted in the years 1996, 1999 and 2011 in Lake Głębokie Uścimowskie. This lake is small (20.8 ha surface) and shallow (about 6 m depth). In the 1990s in Lake Głębokie Uścimowskie from 14 to 15 plant communities occurred, which occupied 2.9 ha of the lake. This represented only 14.1% of the lake. In 2011 there was a slight growth in the number of phytocenoses (16), and significant increase in the area of phytolittoral - 5.98 ha. In the 1990s the range of ESMI index values, allowed the lake to be categorized as one with poor ecological status, but already in 2011 after a similar analysis, the lake was ranked in the upper limits of moderate ecological status of lakes. One of the main reasons for the rise in the ecological status of Lake Głębokie Uścimowskie, determined on the basis of the macrophyte index, as well as for the slight decline in trophy, was probably a sewerage system built in 2006 in Głębokie village.
Financial Integration and Growth - Is Emerging Europe Different?

Using industry-level data, this paper shows that the European transition region benefited much more strongly from financial integration in terms of economic growth than other developing countries in the years preceding the current crisis. We analyze several factors that may explain this finding: financial development, institutional quality, trade integration, political integration, and financial integration itself. The explanation that stands out is political integration. Within the group of transition countries, the effect of financial integration is strongest for countries that are politically closest to the EU. This suggests that political and financial integration are complementary and that political integration can considerably increase the benefits of financial integration.
Urban geographic information systems : the city of Berkeley Pilot GIS

Of all information gathered and maintained by a small municipality, in this case the city of Berkeley, California, the percentage that is somehow geographically related is usually very high. The key to an efficient land management and analysis system is to link information gathered by a municipality's administration to its actual geographic locations; locations that together form the complexity of a municipality. The purpose of this project was to create a low-budget, but still robust small municipality Geographic Information System (GIS) to be used as a decision support system within the City of Berkeley. A well-developed GIS can build a strong base for a Spatial Decision Support System as it is an interactive, computer-based system designed to support a user or group of users in achieving a higher effectiveness. Building a low-cost GIS for the City of Berkeley was made possible due to the utilization of existing data together with spatial theory and algorithms to improve existing data, and create completely new datasets. The methods involved are categorized into data transformation, data creation and data standardization. A new method, involving graph theory and the concept of a-skeletons, to automatically generate street centerlines from double-edged road casings was developed. The method was found to produce good results with minimal user interaction. The centerline dataset was added great information value through the transfer of attribute data from a "attribute rich" data set. The existing and incomplete city parcel map was referenced to highly accurate reference points and corrected to improve its geo-positional accuracy. The link between the spatial entities in this map was substantially enhanced. Ancillary data; environmental and socioeconomic, from various sources, was transformed and standardized to enable easy integration into a GIS. The existing data provides great potential for a large amount of GIS applications, and with further efforts to gather and integrate additional data the system can become very powerful. This stage has been reached in a short amount of time and to a relatively low cost. The project has built a solid base for improved mapping and analysis tools within the city and has shown that even small municipalities with limited resources, can get involved in, and use, GIS.
Orion True 3D DCIP - Why does it give such high definition?

True 3D IP is defined to mean acquisition where the current flow is sampled in multiple directions up to and including orthogonal from a single injection point. To achieve this, orthogonal receiver electrodes must also be used to prevent losing coverage where electrodes might otherwise be null coupled. Using this configuration, Quantec Geoscience’s Orion system has demonstrated far greater geological definition than any conventional configuration including offset IP or multiple 2D lines inverted as a 3D dataset. The reasons for the greater definition lie in several key aspects of the Orion layout including not only the large number of data points recorded but also that these data points are recorded in a true omnidirectional fashion. All receivers on the grid record the response for each current injection. This results in multiple intersecting current paths over the entire survey area. 3D inversions can use the multiple intersecting current paths to create a more geologically realistic inversion model with no acquisition directional bias Results from actual field surveys show this increased definition through a high correlation with drill results.