Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Systematics in the Pb208-Th232, Pb207-U235,, and Pb206-U238 Systems

In a study of cogenetic zircons it was found that the measured Pb208/Th232 and Pb207/U235 ratios formed a linear array in the corresponding coupled Pb-U-Th evolution diagram, which has an upper intersection on the concordia curve at the same time point as that determined by the Pb206/U238, Pb207/U235 array. Although the U-Pb data lie in the accessible region for nonfractionating daughter loss, the Th-Pb results lie outside the corresponding region. The zircon concentrates analyzed were shown to be multiphase assemblages with variable U and Th contents and variable Th/U ratios, even within single crystals. The zircons contain local domains of high radioactivity which appear to be highly discordant. A relationship between discordance and the average concentration of U and Th in a sample is given. The degree of discordance increases with the concentration of U and Th and with the increasing Th/U ratio, causing preferential loss of Pb208 and the departure from the region accessible to a single phase without fractionation. The theoretical aspects of the () diagram from the viewpoint of single-phase and multiphase assemblages are discussed, and it is shown that the variability of the Th/U ratio is of fundamental importance in understanding the evolution of the Th-U-Pb system. The existence of these systematics in nature may provide an additional independent dating system and a further means of studying transport from natural systems.
Aftershock study and seismotectonic implications of the 8 March 2010 Kovancılar (Elazığ, Turkey) earthquake (MW = 6.1)

A destructive earthquake (Mw = 6.1) occurred on the northeast end of the Palu segment of the East Anatolian Fault System (EAFS, eastern Turkey) on 8 March 2010. The spatial distribution of aftershocks suggests that the Palu segment does not terminate to the east of Palu town but extends in the N50°E direction where it has produced a 30 km right stepover. Aftershock depths indicate a seismogenic brittle zone of about 15 km depth. The stress changes on the segments due to recorded events might have loaded more than 0.5 bars of stress on the NE end of the Palu segment and the SW end of the Göynük segment. Therefore, a future earthquake on both segments may occur sooner than was expected before the occurrence of the Mw 6.1 earthquake on 8 March 2010.
A comparison of three methods for the extraction of phytoliths from sediments

Abstract This paper compares three methods commonly used to extract fossil phytoliths from sediments. A basic procedure using heavy liquid flotation and oxidation is compared with two other procedures across a range of sediment types commonly encountered in archaeological studies. The three procedures are: (1) a heavy liquid flotation method (HLF); (2) a burning method (POW); and (3) another heavy liquid flotation method (HLFPol) similar to HLF, but adapted to allow the extraction of pollen and spores as well as phytoliths, within a single process. Comparisons of the resulting output using these three techniques for phytolith extraction show that different methods can produce different results, and therefore basic techniques should be modified according to the characteristics of the sediments for which they are used. While all the techniques showed similarities in assemblage results, there were problems associated with disaggregation and effective separation of light and heavy fractions, in particular with the POW procedure. The evidence suggests that morphotype selection occurred both within the physical sorting process and in the process of inverting slides to shed excess residue; in both cases it is difficult to suggest a solution to the problem. The results show clearly that the advantages gained by using the POW procedure are largely outweighed by the problems encountered with its use, and because of possible size/shape selection, it is not recommended for general extraction procedures. The heavy liquid flotation procedures, on the other hand, are shown to produce more concentrated residues with higher levels of clarity and less potential than the POW procedure for sample bias. The use of a non-toxic heavy liquid, sodium polytungstate, now allows the process to be used in relative safety. It is recommended that analysts use heavy liquid flotation procedures with chemical treatments specific to sediment requirements.
Structural Basis for the Inverted Repeat Preferences of mariner Transposases*

Background: Transposases orchestrate movement of DNA transposons around and between genomes. Results: Structural and biochemical approaches are combined to dissect the DNA preferences of two mariner transposases in each step of transposition. Conclusion: Two active mariner transposases preferentially associate with and process one of their transposon ends. Significance: The efficiency of mariner DNA transposition can be improved by optimizing transposon end sequences. The inverted repeat (IR) sequences delimiting the left and right ends of many naturally active mariner DNA transposons are non-identical and have different affinities for their transposase. We have compared the preferences of two active mariner transposases, Mos1 and Mboumar-9, for their imperfect transposon IRs in each step of transposition: DNA binding, DNA cleavage, and DNA strand transfer. A 3.1 Å resolution crystal structure of the Mos1 paired-end complex containing the pre-cleaved left IR sequences reveals the molecular basis for the reduced affinity of the Mos1 transposase DNA-binding domain for the left IR as compared with the right IR. For both Mos1 and Mboumar-9, in vitro DNA transposition is most efficient when the preferred IR sequence is present at both transposon ends. We find that this is due to the higher efficiency of cleavage and strand transfer of the preferred transposon end. We show that the efficiency of Mboumar-9 transposition is improved almost 4-fold by changing the 3′ base of the preferred Mboumar-9 IR from guanine to adenine. This preference for adenine at the reactive 3′ end for both Mos1 and Mboumar-9 may be a general feature of mariner transposition.
The sensitivity of a catchment model to soil hydraulic properties obtained by using different measurement techniques

Most studies on the use of physically based hydrological models have identified saturated hydraulic conductivity (Ksat) as one of the most sensitive input parameters. However, Ksat is also one of the most difficult landscape properties to measure accurately, casting doubt on the ability of modellers to estimate this parameter a priori for catchment simulations. Several studies have shown that Ksat estimates are greatly influenced by the measurement method used, primarily because of scale effects. In this paper, we evaluate the effect of Ksat measurement method on catchment simulations aimed at predicting water yield from forested catchments. A series of simulations are conducted using the Topog_Dynamic catchment model, with Ksat estimated by means of the constant head well permeameter, small core (6·3 cm×7·3 cm) and large core (22·3 cm×30 cm) methods. These were applied in a deep, permeable forest soil in which macropore flow has been noted to occur. The three measurement methods yielded very different Ksat estimates and these had a large effect on model results. The model predictions based on small core and well permeameter measurements were extremely poor, as these methods did not adequately account for preferential flow through the soil. The large core estimates of Ksat , which were one to three orders of magnitude higher than the values obtained by the other two techniques, produced good predictions of catchment discharge and known spatial patterns of water table depth. Our results highlight the need for caution when applying soil hydraulic measurements to catchment-scale models. Copyright © 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Approaches to dynamic equilibrium in theoretical simulations of slope development

The model SLOP3D is used to identify characteristic aspects of slope development under different conditions. A series of slopes along the Kall valley in the northern Eifel is reproduced by a developmental sequence of model slopes. The spatial and temporal variations of the components of slope development systems (relief, slope form, weathering rates, denudation rates) are discussed by means of mass movement and wash denudation models. The negative feedbacks between system components create a tendency towards the establishment of a dynamic equilibrium which is reached, however, only if the endogenic and exogenic conditions remain constant for the required relaxation time. The latter is shown to be a function of slope length, of the rate of uplift, of the denudational process type, and of the intensity of exogenic inputs (e.g. precipitation). Varying rock resistance leads to the development of shield inselbergs only if the rate of denudation becomes higher than the maximum possible weathering rate of the resistant bedrock.
Geology and paleoecology of a Middle Wisconsin fossil occurrence in Zorra Township, southwestern Ontario, Canada

Nonglacial deposits of Middle Wisconsin age are being discovered with increased frequency across a broad region of southern Ontario, Canada, and provide strong evidence for a time of significant ice withdrawal from the lower Great Lakes region. With each new discovery, a refined understanding of regional climatic and paleoecological environments is emerging. In this paper, we present the results of a sedimentological and paleoecological study of a subtill organic deposit in Zorra Township, southwestern Ontario. The organic deposit, which lies beneath Nissouri Phase Catfish Creek Till (Late Wisconsin), has been dated by accelerator mass spectrometry at between 50.5 and 42.9 14C ka BP. The organic remains are contained within slack water pond deposits infilling a channel incised into till either of Early Wisconsin or Illinoian age. The fossil assemblage appears to be strongly influenced by taphonomic processes, including degradation due to oxidation, bacterial and fungal decay, and glacial overriding. Rewor.
Sensitivity of surface climate to land surface parameters: A case study using the simple biosphere model SiB2

[1] Significant uncertainties may result from numerical models if fed with inappropriate input data. Biosphere-atmosphere transfer models are sensitive to input vegetation parameters, and the degree to which parameter estimates rely on the definition of the land cover type varies with models. In this study we use the simple biosphere model (SiB2) to evaluate uncertainties associated with misclassification of the land cover type and how they propagate to surface climate variables. We estimate that in regions with heterogeneous landscapes, the aggregation of land cover types from 1 x 1 km to 100 x 100 km horizontal resolution overestimates the area of the dominant type by up to 70%. The largest uncertainties associated with land cover misclassification are found in leaf area index and roughness length both of which have significant impact on the fluxes of carbon, water and energy at the earth surface. Other important uncertainties occur when the misclassification confuses plants with different carbon pathways. An assessment of the uncertainties is obtained comparing outcomes resulting from a choice of a dominant type in a 100 x 100 km area to those obtained using a mosaic of land cover composition weighted by its fractional cover. The difference shows the choice of the dominant type to be cooler by 0.6°C than the average of the mosaic at local noon, while at night it is warmer by 1.7°C. Our results indicate that the diurnal temperature range (dtr) varies from 13°C for the dominant type to 15°C for the weighted average. The difference in the dtr is due to higher minimum temperature simulated with the dominant type. The choice of a dominant type also results in a daily carbon assimilation loss of 28,000 gC compared to the average.
Ice shelf grounding zone structure from ICESat laser altimetry

We present a technique for investigating the grounding zone (GZ) of Antarctic ice shelves using laser altimetry from the Ice, Cloud and land Elevation Satellite (ICESat). Most surface height variability in the GZ is easily resolved by the ICESat laser's ∼65 m footprint and ∼172 m along‐track spacing. Comparisons of repeated tracks sampled at different phases of the ocean tide identify the landward and seaward limits of tide‐forced ice flexure, providing GZ location and width information for each track. Using ICESat data in the Institute Ice Stream region of southern Ronne Ice Shelf, we demonstrate that the location of the GZ based on feature identification in satellite imagery or digital elevation models may be in error by several km. Our results show that ICESat will contribute significantly to improving knowledge of GZ structure and to studies requiring accurate GZ locations, e.g., ice mass balance calculations and ice‐sheet/ocean modeling.
Thermal infrared survey of Aberdeen City: data processing, analysis and interpretation

Abstract The survey procedure and subsequent development of a microcomputer processing and analysis system adopted for a thermal survey of Aberdeen City is described. Thermal shadows on the imagery are shown to reflect air-mixing patterns at ground level and the sheltering effects of natural windbreaks, whereas canopy temperatures are related to vertical air-temperature profiles, thus enabling identification of frost hollows. Determination of heal loss from buildings was found to be problematical. The technique allows pollution sources and water-mixing patterns in river estuaries and nearshore zones to be identified.
The EXERRT Trial: "EXErcise to Regadenoson in Recovery Trial": a Phase 3b, Open-label, Parallel Group, Randomized, Multicenter Study to Assess Regadenoson Administration Following an Inadequate Exercise Stress Test as Compared to Regadenoson Without Exerc

Recommended Citation Thomas, G. , Cullom, S. , Kitt, T. , Feaheny, K. , Ananthasubramaniam, K. , Gropler, R. , Jain, D. , & Thompson, R. (2017). The EXERRT Trial: "EXErcise to Regadenoson in Recovery Trial": a Phase 3b, Open-label, Parallel Group, Randomized, Multicenter Study to Assess Regadenoson Administration Following an Inadequate Exercise Stress Test as Compared to Regadenoson Without Exercise for Myocardial Perfusion Imaging Using a SPECT Protocol. Journal of Nuclear Cardiology, 24 (3), 788-802. https://doi.org/10.1007/ s12350-017-0813-3
On the Coal found by Dr. Livingstone at Tete, on the Zambesi, South Africa

Mr. Thornton states that this coal, which was dug by the natives from an outcropping seam on the bank of the River Muntizi, is free- burning; showing no tendency to cake; containing very little of either sulphur or iron, a large proportion of ash, but only a little gaseous matter. The result of the trial (made in the steam-launch) of this coal, and its appearances, favour, in the author's opinion, the idea that the coal, when taken from a deeper digging (that which Dr. Livingstone had sent was collected at the surface of the ground, will probably contain less ash and a little more gaseous matter.
Measurement of seismic attenuation from high-resolution crosshole data

High-resolution crosshole seismic data have been acquired at the Imperial College borehole test site in Northumberland, England. Raypaths between source and receiver were horizontal and parallel to plane layered beds of sandstone, mudstone, and limestone. Shots were fired at 25 cm intervals between the depths of 50 and 72 m. Estimates of the total attenuation using the spectral ratio and centroid frequency shift methods show Q values that correlate well with the frequency content of the first arrivals. Synthetic modeling studies with and without intrinsic attenuation show that the contribution of scattering attenuation is significant and must be accounted for to recover the intrinsic Q values used in the modeling. At some depths, there appears to be an increase in the frequency content of the compressional wave with distance, implying a negative scattering Q. Snapshots of the wave as it travels across the velocity structure at this depth show that the high frequencies are preserved in the wavefield and the low frequencies are scattered to other depths. Intrinsic Q values of less than 20 were obtained at all depths. Within experimental error, there is no evidence to suggest any significant variation of attenuation with lithology. This is consistent with estimates of attenuation from core samples. However, there is a significant difference in the median of Q estimates from the crosshole and core data.
Description and ecology of a new Middle Ordovician (Llanvirn) odontopleurid trilobite from the Builth Inlier of Mid-Wales, with a review of the genus Meadowtownella

Abstract A new odontopleurid trilobite, Meadowtownella serrata, is described from a new Llanvirnian (Darriwilian; Didymograptus murchisoni Biozone) locality in the Builth Inlier, Mid-Wales. This unusually spinose species displays a remarkable array of pygidial spines and extends the stratigraphic range of the genus back into the Abereiddian. Benthic faunas are rare in the predominantly ‘anoxic’ D. murchisoni Biozone of the Welsh Basin, and these beds are an unusual habitat for odontopleurids. Environmental analyses (framboidal pyrite and associated total organic carbon) in this study, together with the distribution of benthic faunas (described and figured) in the section, indicate a likely oxic water column and episodically oxic bottom waters. A new diagnosis for Meadowtownella is presented with a review of the genus, as a clarification of previous work. The greater spinosity of earlier members of the lineage may reflect either changing environmental preferences, or the derivation of Meadowtownella from an original more spinose lineage.
Molecular Typing and Antimicrobial Susceptibility of Staphylococcus aureus Strains Isolated from Raw Milk, Cheese, Minced Meat, and Chicken Meat Samples

The objectives of this study were: i) to detect the presence of Staphylococcus aureus and methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA) in raw milk, cheese, beef minced meat, and chicken meat samples; ii) to evaluate the antimicrobial susceptibility of the isolates; and iii) to determine clonal relation among the isolates by using pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) method. Therefore, a total of 160 food samples were randomly collected between August 2014 and May 2015 in Hatay province, located in the southern Turkey. Twenty (12.5%) of the samples were found to be contaminated with S. aureus. A total of 40 isolates from the 20 positive samples were confirmed to be S. aureus by multiplex PCR based on 16S rRNA and nuc gene. The mec A gene was not detected in any of the S. aureus strains. In the present study, 39 out of 40 (97.5%) isolates were found to be resistant to one or more antibiotics. All of isolates were susceptible to gentamicin, oxacillin, and vancomycin. The highest resistance rate was detected in penicillin (95%) and ampicillin (92.5%), followed by tetracycline (30%), erythromycin (20%), ciprofloxacin (12.5%). Nine major patterns were determined by PFGE. In 6 of these patterns, thirty-six strains (90%) had identical PFGE profiles.
Iron limitation of the postbloom phytoplankton communities in the Iceland Basin

Measurements performed on a cruise within the central Iceland Basin in the high‐latitude (>55°N) North Atlantic Ocean during late July to early September 2007 indicated that the concentration of dissolved iron (dFe) in surface waters was very low, with an average of 0.093 (<0.010–0.218, n = 43) nM, while nitrate concentrations ranged from 2 to 5 μM and in situ chlorophyll concentrations ranged from 0.2 to 0.4 mg m−3. In vitro iron addition experiments demonstrated increased photosynthetic efficiencies (Fv/Fm) and enhanced chlorophyll accumulation in treatments amended with iron when compared to controls. Enhanced net growth rates for a number of phytoplankton taxa including the coccolithophore Emiliania huxleyi were also observed following iron addition. These results provide strong evidence that iron limitation within the postspring bloom phytoplankton community contributes to the observed residual macronutrient pool during summer. Low atmospheric iron supply and suboptimal Fe:N ratios in winter overturned deep water are suggested to result in the formation of this seasonal high‐nutrient, low‐chlorophyll (HNLC) condition, representing an inefficiency of the biological (soft tissue) carbon pump in the region.
Mechanical bone strength decreases considerably after microwave ablation–Ex-vivo and in-vivo analysis in sheep long bones

Background Bone metastases are on the rise due to longer survival of cancer patients. Local tumor control is required for pain relief. Microwave ablation (MWA) is a technique for minimally invasive local tumor treatment. Tumor tissue is destroyed by application of local hyperthermia to induce necrosis. Given the most common setting of palliative care, it is generally considered beneficial for patients to start mobilizing directly following treatment. No data on mechanical strength in long bones after MWA have been published so far. Materials and methods In- and ex-vivo experiments on sheep tibias were performed with MWA in various combinations of settings for time and power. During the in-vivo part sheep were sacrificed one or six weeks after ablation. Mechanical strength was examined with a three-point bending test for ablations in the diaphysis and with an indentation test for ablations in the metaphysis. Results MWA does not decrease mechanical strength in the diaphysis. In the metaphysis strength decreased up to 50% six weeks after ablation, which was not seen directly after ablation. Conclusion MWA appears to decrease mechanical strength in long bone metaphysis up to 50% after six weeks, however strength remains sufficient for direct mobilization. The time before normal strength is regained after the remodeling phase is not known.
Generalized external synchronization of networks based on clustered pandemic systems—The approach of Covid-19 towards influenza

Real-world models, like those used in social studies, epidemiology, energy transport, engineering, and finance, are often called “multi-layer networks. ” In this work, we have described a controller that connects the paths of synchronized models that are grouped together in clusters. We did this using Lyapunov theory and a variety of coupled matrices to look into the link between the groups of chaotic systems based on influenza and covid-19. Our work also includes the use of external synchrony in biological systems. For example, we have explained in detail how the pandemic disease covid-19 will get weaker over time and become more like influenza. The analytical way to get these answers is to prove a theorem, and the numerical way is to use MATLAB to run numerical simulations.