Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Bifurcation structure and noise-assisted transitions in the Pleistocene glacial cycles

[1] The glacial cycles are attributed to the climatic response of the orbital changes in the irradiance to the Earth. These changes in the forcing are too small to explain the observed climate variations as simple linear responses. Nonlinear amplifications of the orbital forcing are necessary to account for the glacial cycles. Here an empirical model of the nonlinear response is presented. From the model it is possible to assess the role of stochastic noise in comparison to the deterministic orbital forcing of the ice ages. The model is based on the bifurcation structure derived from the climate history. It indicates the dynamical origin of the mid-Pleistocene transition from the ‘‘41 ka world’’ to the ‘‘100 ka world. ’’ The dominant forcing in the latter is still the 41 ka obliquity cycle, but the bifurcation structure of the climate system is changed. The model suggests that transitions between glacial and interglacial climate are assisted by internal stochastic noise in the period prior to the last five glacial cycles, while the last five cycles are deterministic responses to the orbital forcing.
Marine wind analysis from remotely sensed measurements

A primary objective of this study is to demonstrate a methodology that can potentially be used to generate high spatial resolution gridded vector wind fields for the northwest Atlantic on synoptic time scales. This task is accomplished using optimal interpolation (OI) to blend satellite wind data from European remote sensing (ERS-2) satellite scatterometers, National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) scatterometers (NSCAT), and TOPEX/Poseidon and ERS-2 altimeters with numerical weather prediction (NWP) model wind estimates. The NWP model wind fields are produced using the MC2 atmospheric model (Canadian mesoscale compressible community atmospheric model). The grid for these fields is 0.25°. OI correlation functions and variances are derived from remotely sensed data. A second objective of the study is to provide a methodology for validation of synthetic aperture radar (SAR) derived vector winds from RADARSAT-1 images collected during the 1997 Labrador Sea Deep Convection Experiment (LSDCE). These winds are derived from the observed radar cross section and a scatterometer wind retrieval model. The validation of the SAR-derived winds is based on the OI winds and in situ ship-based winds.
Natural attenuation of acid mine drainage by acidophilic and acidotolerant Fe(III)- and sulfate-reducing bacteria.

Natural attenuation of acid mine drainage (AMD) was investigated at Davis mine, a long-abandoned pyrite mine in Western Massachusetts. Studies at both flask and field scales included monitoring of groundwater hydrology and chemistry, microbial community analysis and flask microcosm studies. The results showed that mixing of contaminated groundwater with water from higher topographies and dissolution of silicate minerals restricts the contamination to a narrow region of the site. Microbial Fe(III) reduction appears to be widely distributed throughout the site, while sulfate reduction is observed in higher pH zones, peripheral to areas of highest contamination.
SST artifacts in coral proxy records produced by early marine diagenesis in a modern coral from Rabaul, Papua New Guinea

We investigated the effects of early marine diagenesis on the skeletal geochemistry of a Porites coral collected live offshore of Rabaul, Papua New Guinea. The lowermost 14 cm of the ∼1.9 m coral core contains physical evidence of alteration, which is clearly visible in X‐radiograph, SEM and petrography images. Abrupt and significant increases in coral δ18O and Sr/Ca, and decreases in coral Mg/Ca occur at the transition from unaltered to altered skeleton, all of which imply significant SST cooling, if the altered nature of the coral skeleton went unrecognized. Screening for the effects of early marine diagenesis should become a standard procedure in coral‐climate studies.
Evidence of near‐Earth breakup location

We report a detailed study of an isolated substorm onset with the FAST spacecraft crossing the equatorward = most auroral arc just when/where it starts to break up. Comprehensive ground (optical, riometer and magnetometer) data combined with the space borne field and particle high resolution observations allowed to infer the following properties of the breakup onset region in this well‐documented event: (1) The arc flux tube stays in the region of considerable plasma pressure gradient wherethe pressure values are close to ∼1–2 nPa. The arc was located (2) just 0.4° poleward of the proton isotropic (b2i) boundary (which roughly gives ∼40 nT estimate for the equatorial magnetic field) and (3) close to the peak of the diffuse electron precipitation. (4) Tsyganenko 96 model for these particular solar wind conditions (which correspond well to both the observed b2i boundary and estimated plasma pressure) maps the arc to the equatorial distance of ∼8RE.All these facts in mutual agreement evidence that the auroral breakup in this particular case was launched in the near‐Earth domain of the magnetotail at r ∼8RE.
A stochastic model for earthquake slip distribution of large events

This paper presents a stochastic model to simulate spatial distribution of slip on the rupture plane for large earthquakes (Mw >7). A total of 45 slip models coming from the past 33 large events are examined to develop the model. The model has been developed in two stages. In the first stage, effective rupture dimensions are derived from the data. Empirical relations to predict the rupture dimensions, mean and standard deviation of the slip, the size of asperities and their location from the hypocentre from the seismic moment are developed. In the second stage, the slip is modelled as a homogeneous random field. Important properties of the slip field such as correlation length have been estimated for the slip models. The developed model can be used to simulate ground motion for large events.
Foreign exchange hedging using regime-switching models: the case of pound sterling

We develop a four‐state regime‐switching model for optimal foreign exchange (FX) hedging using forward contracts. The states correspond to four distinct market conditions, each defined by the direction and magnitude of deviation of the prevailing FX spot rate from its long‐term trends. The model's performance is evaluated for five currencies against the pound sterling for various horizons. Our examination compares the hedging outcomes of the proposed model to those of other commonly employed hedging methods. The empirical results suggest that our model demonstrates the highest level of risk reduction for the US dollar, euro, Japanese yen and Turkish lira and the second‐best performance for the Indian rupee. The risk reduction is significantly higher for lira compared with the other approaches, implying that the proposed model might be able to provide much more effective hedging for highly volatile currencies. The improved performance of the model can be attributed to the adjustability of the estimation horizon for the optimal hedge ratio based on the prevailing market conditions. This, in turn, allows it to better capture fat‐tail properties that are frequently observed in FX returns. Our findings suggest that FX investors tend to use short‐term memory during low market conditions (relative to trend) and long‐term memory in high ones. The results would be also useful to build a better understanding of how investor behaviour depends on market conditions and mitigate the adverse behavioural implications of short‐term memory, such as panic.
Fc-Engineered Therapeutic Antibodies: Recent Advances and Future Directions

Monoclonal therapeutic antibodies have revolutionized the treatment of cancer and other diseases. Fc engineering aims to enhance the effector functions or half-life of therapeutic antibodies by modifying their Fc regions. Recent advances in the Fc engineering of modern therapeutic antibodies can be considered the next generation of antibody therapy. Various strategies are employed, including altering glycosylation patterns via glycoengineering and introducing mutations to the Fc region, thereby enhancing Fc receptor or complement interactions. Further, Fc engineering strategies enable the generation of bispecific IgG-based heterodimeric antibodies. As Fc engineering techniques continue to evolve, an expanding portfolio of Fc-engineered antibodies is advancing through clinical development, with several already approved for medical use. Despite the plethora of Fc-based mutations that have been analyzed in in vitro and in vivo models, we focus here in this review on the relevant Fc engineering strategies of approved therapeutic antibodies to finetune effector functions, to modify half-life and to stabilize asymmetric bispecific IgGs.
Late hydrothermal events at LÅngban – how many and how alkaline?

The Långban mines in south-central Sweden contain numerous mineral associations, many of them formed late at low temperatures and pressures Sjögren. (1910) speculated that these veins originated at widely different times, whereas Magnusson (1930) considered the whole ore deposition and subsequent mineralisations as a continuous event, except possibly for a late sulfide injection. In a discussion of the similar Franklin deposit, Frondel and Baum (1974) considered this sulfide emplacement to be a syngenetic process, largely being an analogue of how the Red Sea hot brine deposits formed (Bischoff 1969). Only a few of these problems can be touched on here, namely how many late hydrothermal events we may recognize in Långban and what pH-conditions controlled them. By tradition some of these veins have been referred to as ”late, reduced veins”. This is not an altogether ideal nomenclature, as shown below, but for convenience this praxis will be kept here. Aminoff (1918) was probably the first to make a more systematic identification of late mineral parageneses at Långban. He described four major associations, namely the:
REGULAMENTOS DE USO DO SOLO E IMPACTOS AMBIENTAIS: AVALIAÇÃO CRÍTICA DO PLANO DIRETOR PARTICIPATIVO DO MUNICÍPIO DE SÃO CARLOS, SP

Much of the population of medium-sized Brazilian cities is concentrated in densely populated urban areas. This fact points out the use of remote sensing coupled with Geographical Information Systems for the monitoring of urban sprawl. These tools are of great value for territorial planning of the city, allows the diagnosis and characterization of the areas that have suffered the consequences of land use for urban and helps in proposing alternatives to minimize future impacts generated. In this paper, orbital images of the satellite ALOS sensor AVNIR-2 were used to diagnose the urban area of Sao Carlos-SP in 2006 and compare with what is laid down in Master Plan prepared in 2005. This analysis has drawn criticism and prepositions of future alternatives. One approach is also of interest refers to the advancement of urban sprawl on the surface watershed of the river Feijao and the river Monjolinho. Today these sources are responsible for half the water used for public supply of the city of Sao Carlos-SP, therefore, should be maintained to serve as future water reserves.
Managing the Global Commons: The Economics of Climate Change

Part 1 Modelling the economics of climate change: the structure and derivation of the DICE model macrogeophysics - derivation oof the climate and carbon-cycle equations geoeconomics - energy, emissions and the economic impact of climate change. Part 2 Model results: analysis of policies to slow global warming. Part 3 Risk and uncertainty in policy toward climate change: sensitivity analysis of the DICE model formal sensitivity analysis - estimation of uncertainty in climate change decision analysis and the value of information.
Realising Capabilities for Street Young People in Harare, Zimbabwe: A New Approach to Social Protection

Livinginsocialcontextscharacterisedbypovertyandinequality,streetyoungpeoplehavelimitedaccesstohealthcare,water sanitationandhygieneservices;exacerbatinge ﬀ ects of ill health, infections, lack of nutrition and substance abuse that undermine their wellbeing. In Harare, Zimbabwe, they are also excluded from Social Protection Programmes (SPPs) which potentially assist other impoverished Zimbabweans, two-thirds of whom live below the poverty line (WFP 2019. Zimbabwe Annual Country Report 2019. World Food Programme). In this paper, we propose a reassessment of SPPs, in particular the Assisted Medical Treatment Order (AMTO), identifying barriers to access, and bene ﬁ ts for extending access to street young people . Drawing on secondary analysis of data from Growing up on the Streets, this paper re-conceptualises Ingrid Robeyns ’ (2005. “ The Capability Approach: A Theoretical Survey. ” Journal of Human Development 6 (1): 93 – 117.
Paleotectonics and sedimentation in the Rocky Mountain Region, United States

The main basins and uplifts of the Rocky Mountain region are outlined by a generalized thickness map of the total Phanerozoic sedimentary cover. Twelve maps showing thickness, generalized sedimentary facies, and probable emergent terrigenous clastic source areas are presented, covering the late Precambrian, Cambrian, Ordovician, Silurian, Devonian, Mississippian, Pennsylvanian, Permian, Triassic, Jurassic, Cretaceous, and Cenozoic.
The interpretation of culture in nature: Landscape transformation and vegetation change during two centuries at Hystad, SW Norway

In Norway, on-site biological surveys precede the designation of nature reserves. Although many nature conservation areas have been affected by past human use (e.g. cattle grazing, timber harvesting), a typical biological survey may fail to portray the extent of human influence on biodiversity and vegetation dynamics. In 1984, Hystad forest (western Norway) was made a nature reserve after botanists interpreted the ecosystem 'close to untouched'. It was thought best to leave the forest alone, so no management plan was developed. It was later realized that the vegetation was changing, but the reason was not obvious. I gathered and analyzed further biological data plus information on land-use history from varied sources (e.g. cadastral maps, archive material and oral histories). The area has undergone a series of transformations since the 17th century. The present forest is no more than 100 years old, and extensive parts are much younger. The initial survey underestimated the extent of cultural impact and failed to predict vegetation change subsequent to reserve establishment, whereas a historical-geographical approach reveals that the vegetation is in a state of transition, driven primarily by a change from active farming to farm abandonment. Planning for conservation must recognize past as well as present human use of the landscape to anticipate consequent land cover responses.
First-Cycle Quartz Arenites in the Orinoco River Basin, Venezuela and Colombia

Modern first-cycle quartz arenites are forming in the Orinoco drainage basin by at least two distinct mechanisms. Common to both mechanisms is an environment of intense chemical weathering and extended time over which weathering can occur. In the Llanos (Andean foreland basin), extended time is provided by temporary storage of orogenically derived sediments on extensive alluvial plains. In lowland portions of the Guayana Shield, long soil mineral residence times are produced by very low erosion and transport rates, resulting from low relief and tectonic quiescence. Both weathering intensity and the duration of weathering are important in the modification of sand composition. First-cycle quartz arenites are produced in diverse tectonic settings and cannot be used by themselves to infer paleotectonic settings of ancient sequences. Furthermore, although tectonic setting is of great importance in determining sand composition, modifications during transport and deposition can overprint the effects of the tectonic regime. In extreme cases, such as first-cycle quartz arenites, the tectonic signal may be virtually obliterated. Many criteria used in the past to discriminate between first-and multi-cycle quartz arenites are invalid when applied to the quartz arenites of the Orinoco drainage basin. At present, the only unambiguous criterion is that the presence of sedimentary lithic fragments and syntaxial quartz overgrowths is clearly indicative of a multi-cycle origin for at least one component of a sand.
Tectonomagmatic evolution of the Early Ordovician suprasubduction-zone ophiolites of the Trondheim Region, Mid-Norwegian Caledonides

Abstract The Trondheim Region ophiolites in the Mid-Norwegian Caledonides represent variably tectonized ophiolite fragments. We present high-precision thermal-ionization mass spectrometry and secondary-ion mass spectrometry (SIMS) U–Pb zircon dates, whole-rock geochemical and Sm–Nd data and Lu–Hf zircon analyses that permit the timing and nature of various stages in the evolution of the ophiolite to be elucidated. Plagiogranite intrusions dated at 487 and 480 Ma have relatively juvenile Nd and Hf isotopic compositions (ϵNd(t)=6.3, ϵHf(t)=8.2–12.4). Geochemical data indicate a subduction-zone influence, suggesting formation in an oceanic back-arc setting. At 481 Ma, a granitoid body with a relatively strong unradiogenic Nd and Hf isotopic composition (ϵNd(t)=−2.6 to −4.0, ϵHf(t)=3.8–6.4) and subduction-zone geochemical signature intruded the ophiolite. We interpret this stage to reflect the formation or migration of an oceanic arc above a subduction zone influenced by continentally derived sediments. At c. 475–465 Ma, a greenstone-dominated conglomerate and volcaniclastic sequence was deposited on the eroded ophiolite, indicating obduction between about 480 and 475 Ma. At c. 468–467 Ma, the deformed ophiolite and its sedimentary cover was intruded by trondhjemite dykes and shoshonitic volcanic rocks with intermediate Nd and Hf isotopic compositions (ϵNd(t)=3.0–3.9, ϵHf(t)=4.4–10.2). We interpret this magmatism to reflect subduction-polarity reversal and establishment of a magmatic arc at the continental margin shortly after obduction. Supplementary material: Whole-rock geochemistry, Sm–Nd isotopic data, SHRIMP U–Pb zircon, TIMS U–Pb zircon and Lu–Hf isotopic data are available at http://www.geolsoc. org.uk/SUP18689.
Investigating uncertainties in empirical Green's function analysis of earthquake source parameters

I use a well‐recorded earthquake sequence to investigate the uncertainties of earthquake stress drops calculated using an empirical Green's function (EGF) approach. The earthquakes in the largest (M ~ 2.1) repeating sequence targeted by the San Andreas Observatory at Depth (SAFOD), Parkfield, California, are recorded by multiple borehole stations and have simple sources, well‐constrained stress drops, and abundant smaller earthquakes to use as EGFs. I perform three tests to estimate quantitatively the likely uncertainties to arise in less optimal settings. I use EGF earthquakes with a range of cross‐correlation values and separation distances from the main earthquakes. The stress drop measurements decrease by a factor of 3 as the quality of the EGF assumption decreases; a good EGF must be located within approximately one source dimension of the large earthquake, with high cross correlation. I subsample the large number of measurements for the main earthquakes to investigate the expected stress drop uncertainties in studies where fewer stations or EGFs are available. If only one measurement is available, the uncertainties are likely to be at least 50%. The uncertainties decrease to <20% with five or more measurements; using multiple EGFs is a good alternative to multiple stations. To investigate the effects of limited frequency bandwidth, I recalculate the corner frequencies after progressively decimating the sample rate. Decreasing the high‐frequency limit of the bandwidth decreases the estimate of the corner frequency (and stress drop). The corner frequency may be underestimated if it is within a factor of 3 of the maximum frequency of the signal.
Människor i utmark

The aim of this study is to illuminate the complex and varied uses of the forested outlands, from the Iron Age, through the Middle Ages, to Early Modern times. Material evidence from the landscape of Varmland, in Western Sweden, will be examined, focusing on the local societies of Dalby and Gunnarskog. Evidence for the reconstruction of outland activities comes from a range of sites, including pitfalls for elk, bloomery furnaces, shielings, localities with outland haymaking and agriculture, tar production sites, and soapstone quarries. Results from the excavation of two settlement sites connected with outland use are also presented. A multi-disciplinary approach has been adopted where the evidence is available. Outland use functioned within the "permanent field and meadow system", although some outland activites predate the introduction of this system, during the Middle Iron Age in the forests of central Sweden, and some continued to function after its breakdown in the pre-industrial period. Outland use developed from a dialogue between the natural environment, pre-existing practices within the outland, patterns of land division introduced by the "permanent field and meadow system", the structure of society and general human strategies. The people involved in outland use were the forest farmers, a wealthy element of society, due to the marketable value of the products of outland use, and the risk-management capacity of outland use. The strategies adopted by the forest farmers to the surrounding environment, both natural and social, is studied through the two main arenas for social practices and daily actions; the household and associated work co-operatives, and the local society. The forest farmers of the two local societies of Dalby and Gunnarskog adopted quite different strategies toward outland use. In Gunnarskog the forest farmers appear to have practised a form of labour division, where different households speciliased in different outland activities. In Dalby the various households were engaged in most forms of outland production and appear to have been competing against one another to produce goods for an external market during the Viking Age and the Early Medieval period. When this external market collapsed during the High Middle Ages the forest farmers of Dalby appear to have responded by establishing systems for co-operation. By the Early Modern period the forest farmers of both Gunnarskog and Dalby were engaged in cattle breeding for the lucrative market of the Swedish mining districts.
Palaeoenvironmental implications of evaporative gaylussite crystals from Lonar Lake, central India

We have undertaken petrographic, mineralogical, geochemical and isotopic investigations on carbonate minerals found within a 10‐m‐long core from Lonar Lake, central India, with the aim of evaluating their potential as palaeoenvironmental proxies. The core encompasses the entire Holocene and is the first well‐dated high‐resolution record from central India. While calcite and/or aragonite were found throughout the core, the mineral gaylussite was found only in two specific intervals (4630–3890 and 2040–560 cal a BP). Hydrochemical and isotope data from inflowing streams and lake waters indicate that evaporitic processes play a dominant role in the precipitation of carbonates within this lake. Isotopic (δ18O and δ13C) studies on the evaporative gaylussite crystals and residual bulk carbonates (calcite) from the long core show that evaporation is the major control on δ18O enrichment in both the minerals. However, in case of δ13C additional mechanisms, for example methanogenesis (gaylussite) and phytoplankton productivity (calcium carbonate), play an additional important role in some intervals. We also discuss the relevance of our investigation for palaeoclimate reconstruction and late Holocene monsoon variability. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.