Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Emergence of Diseases From Wildlife Reservoirs

Interest in the epidemiology of emerging diseases of humans and livestock as they relate to wildlife has increased greatly over the past several decades. Many factors, most anthropogenic, have facilitated the emergence of diseases from wildlife. Some livestock diseases have “spilled over” to wildlife and then “spilled back” to livestock. When a population is exposed to an infectious agent, depending on an interaction of factors involving the host, agent, and environment, the population may be resistant to infection or may become a dead-end host, a spillover host, or a maintenance host. Each exposure is unique; the same species of host and agent may respond differently in different situations. Management actions that affect the environment and behavior of a potential host animal may allow the emergence of a new or as yet undetected disease. There are many barriers in preventing, detecting, monitoring and managing wildlife diseases. These may include political and legal hurdles, lack of knowledge about many diseases of wildlife, the absence of basic data on wildlife populations, difficulties with surveillance, and logistical constraints. Increasing interaction between wildlife and humans or domestic animals may lead to disease emergence and require innovative methods and strategies for disease surveillance and management in wildlife.
Adolescent health literacy: the importance of credible sources for online health information.

BACKGROUND Little research has examined adolescent health literacy and its relationship with online health information sources. The purpose of this study is to explore health literacy among a predominantly Hispanic adolescent population and to investigate whether exposure to a credible source of online health information, MedlinePlus(®), is associated with higher levels of health literacy. METHODS An online survey was administered to a cross-sectional random sample of high school students in South Texas. Self-reported sociodemographic characteristics and data on health-information-seeking behavior and exposure to MedlinePlus(®) were collected. Health literacy was assessed by eHEALS and the Newest Vital Sign (NVS). Linear and binary logistic regressions were completed. RESULTS Of the 261 students who completed the survey, 56% had heard of MedlinePlus(®), 52% had adequate levels of health literacy as measured by NVS, and the mean eHEALS score was 30.6 (possible range 8-40). Health literacy was positively associated with self-efficacy and seeking health information online. Exposure to MedlinePlus(®) was associated with higher eHealth literacy scores (p < .001) and increased the likelihood of having adequate health literacy (odds ratio: 2.1; 95% CI: 1.1, 4.1). CONCLUSION Exposure to a credible source of online health information is associated with higher levels of health literacy. The incorporation of a credible online health information resource into school health education curricula is a promising approach for promoting health literacy.
L’union libre et le mariage : un bilan des travaux en démographie

Begun in the middle of the 19th century the demographic transition will have soon reached almost all of the world s countries. Such transition also involves social and economic changes. Now during a second wave of transformation the Western world is going through a sort of revolution of its familial system linked to changes in the systems of reproduction. Marriage long considered to be a permanent union is increasingly threatened as couples declare the failure of their unions. During the mid-1970s one began to see a greater degree of cohabitation outside of marriage while legal marriage diminished in importance. These events challenged the definition of family after which there was an increase in the number of free unions of varying duration and either fecund or not. Marriage coresidence of the couple then childbearing became less common. Rather that pattern is often replaced by unions other than marriage where partners progress through unions with new and different partners and where certain individuals go through rather long periods of single parenthood. The authors note works undertaken on marriage and free union. After exploring the theoretical explanations proposed by demographers the authors review studies on the progression from free union the dynamics of free union creation and dissolution the role of conception or child birth in the establishment of an union or its evolution into marriage and the links between cohabitation with marriage and fertility.
Irradiation up‐regulates CD80 expression through induction of tumour necrosis factor‐α and CD40 ligand expression on B lymphoma cells

Previously, we reported that 100 Gy X‐ray irradiation followed by 24 hr incubation up‐regulates CD80 expression in murine B lymphoma cells, A20‐2J. In the present study, we analysed the underlying mechanisms of such up‐regulation using A20‐HL cells derived from A20‐2J cells. Irradiation of A20‐HL cells with 100 Gy enhanced CD80 expression. Incubation of untreated A20‐HL cells with those 100 Gy irradiated induced up‐regulation of CD80 expression. Irradiation of A20‐HL cells also up‐regulated the expression of tumour necrosis factor‐α (TNF‐α) and CD40 ligand (CD40L), and the amount of immunoprecipitable TNF‐α and CD40L in cell lysates. The addition of anti‐TNF‐α or anti‐CD40L monoclonal antibody (mAb) to the incubation of irradiated A20‐HL cells partially inhibited up‐regulation of CD80 expression, and the addition of both antibodies together almost completely inhibited the up‐regulation, suggesting that irradiation up‐regulated the CD80 expression through the induction of TNF‐α and CD40L expression. Irradiation also increased the accumulation of CD80, TNF‐α and CD40L mRNA. n‐tosyl‐l‐phenylalanine chloromethyl ketone (TPCK), a nuclear factor (NF)‐κB inhibitor, markedly decreased irradiation‐induced accumulation of CD80 mRNA and CD80 expression. FK506, a calcineurin inhibitor, and nifedipine, a calcium channel inhibitor, inhibited not only the expression of TNF‐α and CD40L, but also the up‐regulation of CD80 on irradiated A20‐HL cells. These results strongly suggested that irradiation induced TNF‐α and CD40L expression, which then up‐regulated CD80 mRNA and CD80 expression through activation of NF‐κB transcription factor in A20‐HL cells.
Learning from others at work: communities of practice and informal learning

This paper addresses the question of who is involved in learning in workplaces and the ways in which members of workgroups learn as part of their normal work. It draws on qualitative data from a study of multiple worksites with differentiated work within a large organisation. It examines the value of the notion of communities of practice in conceptualising such workplace learning and suggests that other forms of conceptualisation are also needed.
Effects of Malaria in Pregnancy (MiP) on Pregnancy Development and its Outcome; a Critical Review -

Article history: Received on: 29/05/2016 Accepted on: 28/07/2016 Available online: 20/03/2017 Malaria is the most important tropical parasitic infection in humans all over the world, and very common in developing countries especially in the tropical zones. The protozoan parasites Plasmodium falciparum, P. vivax, P. malariae and P. ovaleare transmitted through the bite of sporozoite-infected female Anopheles mosquitoes to cause malaria in humans. Malaria in pregnancy (MiP) is a clinical situation in which a pregnant woman is infected with Plasmodium parasite resulting in malaria. MiP is detrimental to both the pregnant woman and her fetus, and it remains as one of the major causes of infant mortality in malaria endemic regions especially in Sub-Saharan Africa. It causes several histopathological changes within the placenta and umbilical cord which manifest in several clinical symptoms. It is one of the key contributors to preterm delivery, low birth weight, intrauterine growth retardation (IUGR), miscarriage, intrauterine death, poor neurodevelopment and immunosuppression in infants. Most distinct systemic proinflammatory responses in pregnancy are characteristics of severe malaria, and excessive activation of the immune system is central to the pathophysiology of placental malaria. There is extensive research on VAR2CSA and its contribution to placental sequestration. Currently, VAR2CSA protein is being made into pregnancy malaria specific vaccines for non-immune mothers to reduce placental malaria infection. This review summarizes the evidences, currently known clinically significant manifestations and the ultimate effect of MiP on pregnancy development.
Smartwatches vs. smartphones: a preliminary report of driver behavior and perceived risk while responding to notifications

This study examines driver engagement with smartwatches and smartphones while driving. Twelve participants (7 novice and 5 experienced smartwatch users) drove in a high-fidelity simulator while receiving notifications from either a smartwatch (Pebble) or a smartphone (LG Nexus 5). It was found that participants had more glances, on average, per notification while using the smartwatch compared to the smartphone. Further, their brake response times were longer when they received notifications prior to a lead vehicle braking event on the smartwatch compared to when they did not receive any notifications and when they received notifications on the smartphone. Contrary to these glance and driving performance findings, participants perceived similar levels of risk for the two devices, and they largely reported that smartwatch use while driving should receive penalties equal to or less than smartphone use with respect to distracted driving legislation. Thus, there appears to be a disconnection between drivers' actual performance while using smartwatches and their perceptions.
Sexual and social stimuli elicit rapid and contrasting genomic responses

Sensory physiology has been shown to influence female mate choice, yet little is known about the mechanisms within the brain that regulate this critical behaviour. Here we examine preference behaviour of 58 female swordtails, Xiphophorus nigrensis, in four different social environments (attractive and unattractive males, females only, non-attractive males only and asocial conditions) followed by neural gene expression profiling. We used a brain-specific cDNA microarray to identify patterns of genomic response and candidate genes, followed by quantitative PCR (qPCR) examination of gene expression with variation in behaviour. Our microarray results revealed patterns of genomic response differing more between classes of social stimuli than between presence versus absence of stimuli. We identified suites of genes showing diametrically opposed patterns of expression: genes that are turned ‘on’ while females interact with attractive males are turned ‘off’ when interacting with other females, and vice versa. Our qPCR results identified significant predictive relationships between five candidate genes and specific mate choice behaviours (preference and receptivity) across females exposed to males, with no significant patterns identified in female or asocial conditions or with overall locomotor activity. The identification of stimulus- and behaviour-specific responses opens an exciting window into the molecular pathways associated with social behaviour and mechanisms that underlie sexual selection.
The entropic barrier: a simple and optimal universal self-concordant barrier

We prove that the Cramer transform of the uniform measure on a convex body in $\mathbb{R}^n$ is a $(1+o(1)) n$-self-concordant barrier, improving a seminal result of Nesterov and Nemirovski. This gives the first explicit construction of a universal barrier for convex bodies with optimal self-concordance parameter. The proof is based on basic geometry of log-concave distributions, and elementary duality in exponential families.
Mental Links to Enhanced Healing: An Exploratory Study

The purpose of this exploratory study was to determine whether athletes who healed very rapidly demonstrated greater evidence than did slower healing athletes of psychosocial factors thought to be related to enhanced healing. A survey format was used to measure the following factors—positive attitude, outlook, stress and stress control, social support, goal setting, positive selftalk, and mental imagery—as well as related items about beliefs and recommendations for enhanced healing. Thirty-two former sports medicine clinic patients with either knee or ankle injuries participated in the study. Some 19% of these athletes had exceptionally fast recoveries. These subjects evidenced high scores on all variables tested, while those in the slowest healing group evidenced low scores. The most significant results were found in the more action related factors of goal setting, positive self-talk, and the use of healing imagery. This is particularly encouraging for those working in an applied setting, as these factor.
PAST INSIGHTS, FUTURE PROMISES

Over one hundred years ago, W. E. B. Du Bois (1899) documented large, pervasive, and persistent racial inequities in health. While the current demography of racial groups in the United States is radically different compared to the times when Du Bois first discussed issues of race and health, many of the significant developments in research on racial differences in health in the last century can be traced to his seminal work (Williams and Sternthal, 2010). Du Bois recognized that the limited access to economic resources and the social marginalization of some racial groups could have dire social, physical, and psychological consequences for them. Current research studies continue to document that racial groups with a long history characterized by economic exploitation and geographic marginalization—Blacks or African Americans, American Indians, and Native Hawaiians and other Pacific Islanders—have markedly poor health outcomes compared to the dominant White population. Immigrant Asians and Hispanics tend to have better health than the U.S. average, but their health tends to worsen over time and across subsequent generations. Despite Du Bois's prescience and the advances made by contemporary researchers, there are many substantive theoretical and methodological challenges confronting scholars who study the health of diverse racial and ethnic groups. This special issue of the Du Bois Review provides a state-of-the-art overview of some of these unanswered questions and critical research directions for the study of racial inequality in health.
The Effect of Speaking Rate on Evidence for Utterance-Final Lengthening

Abstract The effect of differences in speaking rate on the duration of key words in phrase-final and sentence-final positions was investigated in order to reexamine the absence of utterance-final lengthening in Hebrew. Two native speakers of Hebrew read the original sentences at a relatively slow rate of speaking and at a relatively fast speaking rate. Whereas at the faster rate of speaking, key words in sentence-final position were longer than those in phrase-final position, no evidence for utterance-final lengthening surfaced at the slower rate of speaking. Lengthening in phrase-final position at the slower speaking rate was more than twice that in sentence-final position and occurred independently of pausing. The masking of utterance-final lengthening by phrase-final lengthening at the slower rate of speaking accounts for the original finding of cross-language differences in final lengthening. A relatively small number of pauses were produced following the phrase-final key word at the slower speaking rate, and phrase-final lengthening as a function of a slower tempo was independent of pausing. No differences were found between the magnitude of utterance-final lengthening and lengthening at a slower rate of speaking, indicating that the two processes exert a similar effect on duration.
Goals and learning in microworlds

We explored the consequences for learning through interaction with an educational microworld called Electric Field Hockey (EFH). Like many microworlds, EFH is intended to help students develop a qualitative understanding of the target domain, in this case, the physics of electrical interactions. Through the development and use of a computer model that learns to play EFH, we analyzed the knowledge the model acquired as it applied the game-oriented strategies we observed physics students using. Through learning-by-doing on the standard sequence of tasks, the model substantially improved its EFH playing ability; however, it did so without acquiring any new qualitative physics knowledge. This surprising result led to an experiment that compared students’ use of EFH with standard-goal tasks against two alternative instructional conditions, specific-path and no-goal, each justified from a different learning theory. Students in the standard-goal condition learned less qualitative physics than did those in the two alternative conditions, which was consistent with the model. The implication for instructional practice is that careful selection and analysis of the tasks that frame microworld use is essential if these programs are to lead to the learning outcomes imagined for them. Theoretically, these results suggest a new interpretation for numerous empirical findings on the effectiveness of no-goal instructional tasks. The standing ‘‘reduced cognitive load’’ interpretation is contradicted by the success of the specific-path condition, and we offer an alternative knowledge-dependent interpretation.
Time scales in cognitive neuroscience

Cognitive neuroscience boils down to describing the ways in which cognitive function results from brain activity. In turn, brain activity shows complex fluctuations, with structure at many spatio-temporal scales. Exactly how cognitive function inherits the physical dimensions of neural activity, though, is highly non-trivial, and so are generally the corresponding dimensions of cognitive phenomena. As for any physical phenomenon, when studying cognitive function, the first conceptual step should be that of establishing its dimensions. Here, we provide a systematic presentation of the temporal aspects of task-related brain activity, from the smallest scale of the brain imaging technique's resolution, to the observation time of a given experiment, through the characteristic time scales of the process under study. We first review some standard assumptions on the temporal scales of cognitive function. In spite of their general use, these assumptions hold true to a high degree of approximation for many cognitive (viz. fast perceptual) processes, but have their limitations for other ones (e.g., thinking or reasoning). We define in a rigorous way the temporal quantifiers of cognition at all scales, and illustrate how they qualitatively vary as a function of the properties of the cognitive process under study. We propose that each phenomenon should be approached with its own set of theoretical, methodological and analytical tools. In particular, we show that when treating cognitive processes such as thinking or reasoning, complex properties of ongoing brain activity, which can be drastically simplified when considering fast (e.g., perceptual) processes, start playing a major role, and not only characterize the temporal properties of task-related brain activity, but also determine the conditions for proper observation of the phenomena. Finally, some implications on the design of experiments, data analyses, and the choice of recording parameters are discussed.
Networking: a valuable career intervention for women expatriates?

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to report on female expatriates' views on the potential importance of a formalised “women's network” launched by management as a diversity intervention to aid women's career development in an oil, gas and minerals extractive industries firm.Design/methodology/approach – The approach takes the form of a triangulated research comprising analysis of company policy, interviews with Human Resources staff, a census survey of women expatriates, followed by in‐depth, semi‐structured female expatriate interviews.Findings – Women value networking to prepare for expatriation and in working and living abroad. Informal networks are also used by more experienced women expatriates to learn of potential vacancies and gain career development on expatriation and repatriation. A formalised women's network is envisaged as being helpful to supplement these links. In a male‐dominated environment, the value of a network for women is appreciated, although concerns are raised that this might.
“Are We There Yet?”: Challenging Notions of Age and Aging Through Intergenerational Performance

This article discusses “Are We There Yet? ”, the culminating performance in a 14-week intergenerational workshop exploring issues of age, aging, and the so-called “generation gap. ” Participants in the project revised previously-held stereotypes associated with age and aging, coming to view themselves less as “two generations” (under 25 and over 60) and more as both unique individuals and as a unified whole. Problematically, revised stereotypes of old age may have been replaced with unrealistically positive views of aging for the young people involved. Ultimately, the performance served as a reminder to live life fully and in the present.
Similarities and Differences in Implicit Personality Concepts across Ethnocultural Groups in South Africa

Using a combined emic–etic approach, the present study investigates similarities and differences in the indigenous personality concepts of ethnocultural groups in South Africa. Semistructured interviews asking for self- and other-descriptions were conducted with 1,027 Blacks, 58 Indians, and 105 Whites, speakers of the country’s 11 official languages. A model with 9 broad personality clusters subsuming the Big Five—Conscientiousness, Emotional Stability, Extraversion, Facilitating, Integrity, Intellect, Openness, Relationship Harmony, and Soft-Heartedness (Nel et al., 2012)—was examined. The 9 clusters were found in all groups, yet the groups differed in their use of the model’s components: Blacks referred more to social-relational descriptions, specific trait manifestations, and social norms, whereas Whites referred more to personal-growth descriptions and abstract concepts, and Indians had an intermediate pattern. The results suggest that a broad spectrum of personality concepts should be included in the development of common personality models and measurement tools for diverse cultural groups.
An unexpected effect in the use of models for teaching the visualization of rotation in molecular structures

The purpose of the investigation was to evaluate the use of models as a way of improving the effectiveness of an instructional programme intended to teach 15‐year old students how to visualize the effects of rotations on three‐dimensional structures portrayed as diagrams. The experimental programme involved students manually rotating the models, and comparing the changing profiles of the models with the profiles of line diagrams representing the same rotation of the same structure on a television screen. The results showed that the programme brought about no significant short‐term learning. In contrast, the same programme used without the models was found to be effective.