Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Music Piracy and Diminishing Revenues: How Compulsory Licensing for Interactive Webcasters Can Lead the Recording Industry Back to Prominence

INTRODUCTION 2102 I. THE MUSIC PIRACY EPIDEMIC 2106 A. Failed Efforts to Combat Piracy 2107 B. New and Innovative Ways to Combat Piracy 2109 II. THE MODERNIZATION OF MUSIC 2111 A. The Rise of Streaming Technology 2112 B. The Current Potential of Streaming Services 2115 III. THE HISTORY OF THE SOUND RECORDING PUBLIC PERFORMANCE RIGHT 2116 A. Early History of Sound Recording Rights 2118 B. Digital Performance Right in Sound Recordings Act 2118 C. DMCA Amendments 2120 1. Effects of the DMCA 2122 2. The Uncertainty and Dangers Facing Webcasters 2125 IV. THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE NONINTERACTIVE WEBCASTING ROYALTY RATE 2126 A. Copyright Arbitration Royalty Panel Proceedings 2127
Trusted Block as a Service: Towards Sensitive Applications on the Cloud

Cloud computing grows rapidly as today's advanced information technology. However, by allowing outsourcing computation on the Cloud, users risk of disclosing privacy and obtaining forged results. These potential threats block sensitive applications to join the Cloud. In this paper, we characterize sensitive applications on the Cloud (SAND) problem and define two critical security requirements: confidentiality and verifiability. The former refers to the protection of sensitive programs/data from disclosing to other users or even the Cloud administrators. The latter concerns with user's capability to verify whether computing results are faithfully calculated. To address SAND, we propose a new Cloud model, Trusted Block as a Service (TBaaS), to provide a confidential and verifiable environment for each sensitive application. TBaaS limits Cloud provider's access of sensitive applications while granting user the ability to verify whether the computation is faithfully carried out. Moreover, it offers high flexibility and low performance overhead.
Rewiring of Genetic Networks in Response to DNA Damage

DNA Damage Pathways Revealed Despite the dynamic nature of cellular responses, the genetic networks that govern these responses have been mapped primarily as static snapshots. Bandyopadhyay et al. (p. 1385; see the Perspective by Friedman and Schuldiner) report a comparison of large genetic interactomes measured among all yeast kinases, phosphatases, and transcription factors, as the cell responded to DNA damage. The interactomes revealed were highly dynamic structures that changed dramatically with changing conditions. These dynamic interactions reveal genetic relationships that can be more effective than classical “static” interactions (for example, synthetic lethals and epistasis maps) in identifying pathways of interest. A network comparison of genetic interactions mapped at two conditions reveals genetic responses to DNA damage in yeast. Although cellular behaviors are dynamic, the networks that govern these behaviors have been mapped primarily as static snapshots. Using an approach called differential epistasis mapping, we have discovered widespread changes in genetic interaction among yeast kinases, phosphatases, and transcription factors as the cell responds to DNA damage. Differential interactions uncover many gene functions that go undetected in static conditions. They are very effective at identifying DNA repair pathways, highlighting new damage-dependent roles for the Slt2 kinase, Pph3 phosphatase, and histone variant Htz1. The data also reveal that protein complexes are generally stable in response to perturbation, but the functional relations between these complexes are substantially reorganized. Differential networks chart a new type of genetic landscape that is invaluable for mapping cellular responses to stimuli.
BASED MUTATION IN GENETIC PROGRAMMING : THE CASE FOR REAL-VALUED SYMBOLIC REGRESSION

In this paper we propose two new methods for implementing the mutation operator in Genetic Programming called Semantic Aware Mutation (SAM) and Semantic Similarity based M utation (SSM). SAM is inspired by our previous work on a semantics based crossover called Semantic Aware Crossove r (SAC) [19] and SSM is an extension of SAM by adding more control on the change of semantics of the subtrees invol ved in mutation operation. We apply these two new mutation operators to a class of real-valued symbolic regression pro blems and compare them with the Standard Mutation (SM) of Koza [13]. The results from the experiments show that while S AM does not help to improve the performance of Genetic Programming, SSM helps to significantly enhance Genetic Pro gramming performance on the problems tried. The experiment results also show that the change of the semantics (fitne ss) in SSM is smoother than ones of both SAM and SM. This, we argue that is the main reason to the significant performanc e improvement of SSM over SAM and SC.
Survival in incident and prevalent cohorts of patients with pulmonary arterial hypertension

Pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) is a progressive, fatal disease. We studied 674 consecutive adult patients who were prospectively enrolled in the French PAH registry (121 incident and 553 prevalent cases). Two survival analyses were performed. First, the cohort of 674 patients was followed for 3 yrs after study entry and survival rates described. Then, we focused on the subset with incident idiopathic, familial and anorexigen-associated PAH (n = 56) combined with prevalent patients who were diagnosed <3 yrs prior to study entry (n = 134). In the cohort of 674 patients, 1-, 2-, and 3-yr survival rates were 87% (95% CI 84–90), 76% (95% CI 73–80), and 67% (95% CI 63–71), respectively. In prevalent idiopathic, familial and anorexigen-associated PAH, 1-, 2-, and 3-yr survival rates were higher than in incident patients (p = 0.037). In the combined cohort of patients with idiopathic, familial and anorexigen-associated PAH, multivariable analysis showed that survival could be estimated by means of a novel risk-prediction equation using patient sex, 6-min walk distance, and cardiac output at diagnosis. This study highlights survivor bias in prevalent cohorts of PAH patients. Survival of idiopathic, familial and anorexigen-associated PAH can be characterised by means of a novel risk-prediction equation using patients' characteristics at diagnosis.
The smoking prevalence and the determinants of smoking behaviour among students in Cukurova University, Southern Turkey.

OBJECTIVES To determine the smoking prevalence and its determinants in students at Cukurova University, Southern Turkey. DESIGN The sample was selected from the first and final year students of all faculties in Cukurova University. The students who were present on the day of the survey were all included in the study. The students filled in an anonymous questionnaire detailing their sociodemographic characteristics and smoking behaviour A random sample of 2200 students in Cukurova University was enrolled in the study representing a total of 8309 students for this random cross-sectional study. The response rate was 90.9% (n = 2131). A self-administered questionnaire was completed by all students. Outcome measures were smoking prevalence, family and peer smoking, grade, gender and place of living that may be related to smoking. Logistic regression was used to examine the determinants of smoking behaviour RESULTS Smoking increased between the ages of 13 and 17 years (26.6% and 43.7%, respectively). The smoking behaviour of best friends was the most powerful determinant of smoking, and this was consistent across the age groups. Best friends' attitudes towards smoking and family members' smoking behaviour were also important determinants of smoking. CONCLUSIONS Smoking prevalence among students in Cukurova University, in Southern Turkey, is high. Effective smoking prevention programmes should take into account the dominant influence of peers on the onset and maintenance of smoking behaviour School-related items had a less important role in predicting smoking behaviour than expected.
Replication for bio-inspired delivery in unstructured peer-to-peer networks

Many of the current bio-inspired delivery networks set their focus on search, e.g., by using artificial ants. If the network size and, therefore, the search space gets too large, the users experience high delays until the requested content can be consumed. In this paper we propose replication strategies to reduce this delay. Typical mechanisms, applied in unstructured P2P networks, such as replication at the target (owner replication) and replication on the travel path of content (path replication) are either inefficient or the user experience suffers because of the long distance between content and requester. Based on an previously introduced self-organizing hormone-based delivery algorithm, we compare seven existing and proposed replication mechanisms.We show by simulation that the exploitation of local knowledge about the desire for the requested content performs best in scale-free and random networks. These results are expected to provide a guide towards designing future self-organizing bio-inspired networks.
Maximizing α-Lifetime for Wireless Sensor Networks

In energy constrained wireless sensor networks, it is very important to conserve energy and prolong network lifetime while ensuring proper operations of the network. In this paper, we investigate how to maximize the α-lifetime of wireless sensor networks, where α-lifetime is defined as the time duration during which at least α portion of the surveillance region is covered. We first present, given node locations, two upper bounds of the α-lifetime. We then design, based on the derived upper bound, an algorithm that suboptimally schedules node activities to maximize the α-lifetime of a sensor network. We carry out simulations to validate the derived results and evaluate the designed algorithm. Simulation results show that the proposed algorithm achieves around 90% of the derived upper bound. This implies that the derived upper bounds are rather tight and the proposed algorithm is close to optimal. Finally, we draw from our study several useful conclusions on sensor network deployment and design.
Parent-Implemented Social Intervention for Toddlers With Autism: An RCT

OBJECTIVES: To compare the effects of two 9-month parent-implemented interventions within the Early Social Interaction (ESI) Project. Both individual-ESI, offered 2 or 3 times per week at home or in the community, and group-ESI, offered once per week in a clinic, taught parents how to embed strategies to support social communication throughout everyday activities. METHODS: Participants in the randomized controlled trial included 82 children diagnosed with autism spectrum disorder at 16 to 20 months. Children were matched on pretreatment nonverbal developmental level and pairs were randomly assigned to treatment condition. Child outcomes included measures of social communication, autism symptoms, adaptive behavior, and developmental level. Child outcomes are reported from baseline to the end of the 9-month interventions. RESULTS: Children in individual-ESI showed differential change on a standardized examiner-administered observational measure of social communication, as they improved at a faster rate than children in group-ESI. Individual-ESI also showed differential efficacy on a parent report measure of communication, daily living, and social skills, as they showed improvement or stability, whereas group-ESI led to worsening or no significant change on these skills. Finally, individual-ESI showed differential change on examiner-administered measures of receptive language skills, as children in individual-ESI improved significantly, whereas group-ESI showed no change. CONCLUSIONS: These findings support the efficacy of individual-ESI compared with group-ESI on child outcomes, suggesting the importance of individualized parent coaching in natural environments. The efficacy of a parent-implemented intervention using little professional time has potential for community viability, which is particularly important in light of the lack of main effects on child outcomes of most other parent-implemented interventions.
Biodegradable Polymeric Nanoparticles-Based Vaccine Adjuvants for Lymph Nodes Targeting

Vaccines have successfully eradicated a large number of diseases. However, some infectious diseases (such as HIV, Chlamydia trachomatis or Bacillus anthracis) keep spreading since there is no vaccine to prevent them. One way to overcome this issue is the development of new adjuvant formulations which are able to induce the appropriate immune response without sacrificing safety. Lymph nodes are the site of lymphocyte priming by antigen-presenting cells and subsequent adaptive immune response, and are a promising target for vaccine formulations. In this review, we describe the properties of different polymer-based (e.g., poly lactic-co-glycolic acid, poly lactic acid …) particulate adjuvants as innovative systems, capable of co-delivering immunopotentiators and antigens. We point out how these nanoparticles enhance the delivery of antigens, and how their physicochemical properties modify their uptake by antigen-presenting cells and their migration into lymph nodes. We describe why polymeric nanoparticles increase the persistence into lymph nodes and promote a mature immune response. We also emphasize how nanodelivery directs the response to a specific antigen and allows the induction of a cytotoxic immune response, essential for the fight against intracellular pathogens or cancer. Finally, we highlight the interest of the association between polymer-based vaccines and immunopotentiators, which can potentiate the effect of the molecule by directing it to the appropriate compartment and reducing its toxicity.
IS THERE A CASE FOR FOREIGN INVESTMENT BY THE EASTERN CARIBBEAN CURRENCY UNION'S (ECCU) SOCIAL SECURITY SCHEMES?1

sector development. The main argument as regards exchange rate stability is that withdrawal of sizeable financial resources in favour of the SSS depletes the foreign asset pool, threatening the sustainability of the exchange rate peg. Moreover, it is usually argued that such withdrawals would impact the stability and liquidity of the financial system. This sets up the potential for generalised macro-instability in the real sector as domestic credit dries up. Thirdly, the Bank has launched a programme of institutional strengthening and market creation in an effort to integrate the fragmented financial space of the ECCU. The resources of the SSS are paramount to the success of these initiatives and ultimately that of the regional economies. The SSS are prime fiscal institutions mobilising substantial financial resour ces in member countries of the ECCU. These resources must be invested in a manner which provides positive and adequate yields to satisfy their primary objective - sustainable payment of future pension obligations. However, given the shallowness of domestic financial markets, with limited instruments, opportuni 1 The membership of the ECCU is a follows: Anguilla (ANG), Antigua and Babuda (ANT), Dominica (DOM), Grenada (GRN), Monserrat (MON). St. Kitts and Nevis (SKB), St. Lucia (SLU), And St. Vincent and The Grenadines (SVG). Monetary and exchange rate policy is coordinated at the currency union level by the Eastern Carribbean Center Bank (ECCB). The totel population of the ECCU is approximately five hundred and fifty thousand with a combined nominal GDP at market prices of $ 2.6 billion US in 1998.
Quantification of Sequential Consistency in Actor-like Systems: An Exploratory Study

For sequentially-trained programmers, sequential consistency, i.e. program operations run in the same order as they appear in code, is the most intuitive consistency model to understand their programs. Recently variations of the actor model have been added to programming languages and libraries as a concurrency mechanism. Actor models, in general, do not guarantee sequential consistency. A surprising observation, studied in detail here using a large (130 KLOC) set of benchmarks, is that: the variation of the actor model supported by a language or library causes sequential inconsistencies exhibited by programs to vary greatly. Knowing the impact of these variations on sequential inconsistencies is important for focusing testing and verification efforts: for instance, if the variation supports in-order messaging then programs have 53% less sequential inconsistencies; or support for data isolation allows triggering of 75% of sequential inconsistencies by only controlling interleavings of 2 actors and 2 messages.
Discrete time block control for a double fed induction generator in presence of short circuits

In this paper, the authors propose an algorithm to react to fault in the grid, this is based in block control scheme using sliding modes, for a double fed induction generator. In normal operation the electric torque and reactive power be controlled; when a fault occurs the electric torque and the stator current is controlled. The applicability of the proposed scheme is tested via simulations.
AUTOMATIC EXTRACTION OF HYDROGRAPHIC OBJECTS IN DIGITAL ORTHOPHOTO IMAGES

This paper presents a new approach to extracting hydrographic objects such as rivers, lakes, and other water bodies from digital orthophoto images. A family of directional-sensitive operators is derived and applied to suppress the noise while preserving the desired features. The unique property of this operator family is that boundaries and junctions are preserved with high accuracy while noise within each object is greatly suppressed. A region-based grouping technique, which was derived from locally excitatory globally inhibitory network (LEGION) dynamics, is then applied to extract desired objects, the seeds of which are selected separately. To find hydrographic objects, seed points are automatically identified from the original image, based on the assumption that water bodies are homogenous. This approach is general and can be used to find other objects when appropriate seed selections are incorporated. Computationally, this approach is parallel and local in nature and can be efficiently implemented using a neural network. Experimental results using real images are provided.
Does Socio-Technical Congruence Have an Effect on Software Build Success? A Study of Coordination in a Software Project

Socio-technical congruence is an approach that measures coordination by examining the alignment between the technical dependencies and the social coordination in the project. We conduct a case study of coordination in the IBM Rational Team Concert project, which consists of 151 developers over seven geographically distributed sites, and expect that high congruence leads to a high probability of successful builds. We examine this relationship by applying two congruence measurements: an unweighted congruence measure from previous literature, and a weighted measure that overcomes limitations of the existing measure. We discover that there is a relationship between socio-technical congruence and build success probability, but only for certain build types, and observe that in some situations, higher congruence actually leads to lower build success rates. We also observe that a large proportion of zero-congruence builds are successful, and that socio-technical gaps in successful builds are larger than gaps in failed builds. Analysis of the social and technical aspects in IBM Rational Team Concert allows us to discuss the effects of congruence on build success. Our findings provide implications with respect to the limits of applicability of socio-technical congruence and suggest further improvements of socio-technical congruence to study coordination.
Analysis and Evaluation of Software Artifact Reuse Environments

Software reuse enables the development of software that is of better quality and at lower cost. Software reuse environments are sought to enhance the reuse of software artifacts especially when done at early-stage of the software life cycle. A number of software reuse environments have been proposed, however, there is no framework that helps in analyzing and evaluating such environments. In this paper the authors provide an attribute-based framework to analyze, evaluate, classify and compare the reuse environments in order to aid practitioners and researchers to select the appropriate reuse environments for their use. The authors first present a survey of existing reuse environments for systematic reuse of software artifacts. Then, they use the framework to analyze those reuse environments. The evaluation of existing environments provides an understanding of current reuse approaches and identifies gaps for future research.
The cultural and political economy of Hajj-going from late modern Britain: glocal pilgrim markets and their governance

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Moral Hazard and Renegotiation of Multi-Signal Contracts

We study the costs and benefits of additional information in agency contracts, when there is the possibility of renegotiation. The literature to date assumes that contractual simplicity, i.e. the omission of informative contractual contingencies, can only arise in multi-period environments, and only in a specific manner in which it is interim information that is excluded. In contrast, we show that in certain circumstances, it is also efficient to restrict the set of contingencies in a standard one period contract, where all information arrives at once. Although increasing the number of contingencies will always decrease the agency cost, it can have the adverse effect of weakening the principal's commitment not to renegotiate, thus undermining ex ante incentives to exert effort. Applications to several real world phenomena are briefly explored.