Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Effect of tannic acid on rumen degradation and intestinal digestion of treated soya bean meals in sheep

The current experiment was conducted to study the effect of different doses of tannic acid, a hydrolysable tannin, on ruminal degradation and post-ruminal digestion of treated soya bean meals (SBM) in sheep. Samples of SBM were prepared by spraying 100 g SBM with 100 ml distilled water containing 0, 1, 5, 10, 15 or 25 g of commercial tannic acid (S0, STA1, STA2, STA3, STA4 and STA5, respectively). Three ruminally cannulated ewes, that had never consumed tannic acid previously, were used to determine in situ degradability of tannic acid-treated SBM. Intestinal digestibility of protein remaining after 16 h rumen incubation was estimated in vitro. Extent of rumen degradation of SBMs was significantly (P < 0·05) affected by the tannic acid treatment. All doses of tannic acid used in this experiment, even the lowest one (STA1), significantly decreased the extent of N degradation but only doses higher than that used to treat STA3 reduced the extent of DM degradation. This reduction in the extent of DM and N degradation was mainly due to a marked decrease in the immediately degradable fraction (a), which was observed in all treated SBM, and to a lower rate of degradation (c), observed in meals STA3, STA4 and STA5. Intestinal digestion of the non-degraded protein was decreased (P < 0·05) by treatment with the two highest doses of tannic acid (those used to treat meals STA4 and STA5). It was therefore concluded that tannic acid can exert a negative effect both on rumen degradation and on intestinal digestion of SBM, this effect being clearly dependent on the dose used to treat the SBM.
Competing Rationalities and the Politics of Interorganizational Regulation

This article reports results of an analysis of National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) regulatory activity from 1952 to 1986. Support is found for a synthesis of resource dependence and institutional theories of interorganizational regulation. Regulation maintains stable competitive relationships by tying competing orientations to resource exchange and the institutional norms that bind member organizations and legitimate their activities. A balance of tangible and symbolic resources, material interest, and belief, binds member organizations in a regulatory network. In the case of the NCAA, successful athletic schools are more likely to pursue instrumentally-rational athletic activity oriented toward winning and maximum profit, while academically selective schools pursue more value-rational athletic activity oriented toward the educational benefits of amateur athletic competition.
Localized airway anesthesia with lidocaine partially suppresses cardiovascular responses To lung inflation.

UNLABELLED Lung inflation causes cardiovascular suppression via an increase in intrathoracic pressure and neural mechanisms. To examine the mechanisms involved, we mea-sured the heart rate (HR) and arterial blood pressure (AP) responses to lung inflation before and after spraying the bronchi with lidocaine to suppress airway reflex. Thirty women participated in the study. One group (n = 20, Group BT) had their tracheas intubated by using double-lumen tubes. The other group (n = 10, Group TT) received an ordinary endotracheal tube. They were all studied under general anesthesia by using nitrous oxide, isoflurane, and muscle relaxation after a thiopental induction. In each patient, airway pressure was increased for 3 s, and changes in HR and AP were measured. Lung inflation was repeated after 5 mL of 4% lidocaine had been sprayed into the main bronchi unilaterally in Group BT or bilaterally in Group TT. There were no significant differences in cardiovascular responses between left and right lung inflation with the pressure at 20 and 30 cm H(2)O. Both lungs inflated at 20 cm H(2)O caused an increase in HR with a significantly greater decrease in AP than with unilateral inflation. Anesthesia of the bronchi abolished the HR increase, but not the AP decrease. Lung inflation at 30 cm H(2)O caused significant decreases in HR and AP which were not affected with topical anesthesia. These results indicate that the cardiovascular responses elicited by lung inflation in anesthetized humans are predominantly the direct effect of the increase in intrathoracic pressure, although sympathetic afferent activity induced via stimulation of mechanoreceptors in the airways contributes. IMPLICATIONS Localized airway anesthesia with lidocaine is unlikely to suppress the cardiovascular responses to lung inflation. This suggests that a limited number of neurogenic mechanisms are involved in the cardiovascular responses to lung inflation in anesthetized humans.
Degenerate T-cell Recognition of Peptides on MHC Molecules Creates Large Holes in the T-cell Repertoire

The cellular immune system screens peptides presented by host cells on MHC molecules to assess if the cells are infected. In this study we examined whether the presented peptides contain enough information for a proper self/nonself assessment by comparing the presented human (self) and bacterial or viral (nonself) peptides on a large number of MHC molecules. For all MHC molecules tested, only a small fraction of the presented nonself peptides from 174 species of bacteria and 1000 viral proteomes (0.2%) is shown to be identical to a presented self peptide. Next, we use available data on T-cell receptor-peptide-MHC interactions to estimate how well T-cells distinguish between similar peptides. The recognition of a peptide-MHC by the T-cell receptor is flexible, and as a result, about one-third of the presented nonself peptides is expected to be indistinguishable (by T-cells) from presented self peptides. This suggests that T-cells are expected to remain tolerant for a large fraction of the presented nonself peptides, which provides an explanation for the “holes in the T-cell repertoire” that are found for a large fraction of foreign epitopes. Additionally, this overlap with self increases the need for efficient self tolerance, as many self-similar nonself peptides could initiate an autoimmune response. Degenerate recognition of peptide-MHC-I complexes by T-cells thus creates large and potentially dangerous overlaps between self and nonself.
Poster: Die Effektivität von schriftlichen und graphischen Warnhinweisen auf Zigarettenschachteln – Eine Überprüfung des revidierten Modells der Schutzmotivation.

This empirical study addressed the effectiveness of fear appeals on juvenile smokers. 336 smokers (mean age: 15 years) were exposed to written or graphic health warnings on cigarette packs (experimental conditions; n = 96, n = 119) or no health warnings (control condition; n = 94). Afterwards the factors of the revised model of protection motivation (Arthur & Quester, 2004) were assessed. Results support the prediction that the factors «probability of occurrence» and «severity of harm» affect the probability of smoking less or lighter cigarettes indirectly through the mediating variable fear. The experimental conditions, however, did not influence the probability of this behavior. The results also did not confirm the proposed moderating role of response efficacy or self-efficacy.
The relationship between fluid intelligence and learning potential: Is there an interaction with attentional control?

Abstract The main aim of the study was to explore the relationship between fluid intelligence (gf), attentional control (AC), and learning potential (LP), and to investigate the interaction effect between gf and AC on LP. The sample comprised 210 children attending the fourth grade of a standard elementary school. It was hypothesized that the extent of the association between gf and LP depends on the level of attentional control, so that a low level of AC would weaken or possibly break that link, while a high level of AC would facilitate the employment of fluid general ability in learning situations. The results show that there was a moderate relationship between the measures of gf and LP, while gf was not found to be related to AC. Regarding the hypothesized interaction effect, the data suggested that the relationship between learning potential and fluid intelligence is invariant regarding the level of attentional control in the sample. Possible reasons for the lack of a moderation effect are discussed.
Enseignements Dispenses Dans Le Systeme Educatif Ivoirien Et Les Theories D’apprentissage: Quelle Pertinence ?

This article is aimed at discussing the relevance of the education system face to learning theories. It will check in what ways our approaches are both relevant and logical. Then show that three steps methodology used here must at the same time combine quantiative accuracy, group survey and the interview. And also show that the results are congruent with the problematic. In general the Ivorian Education System partly meet operalization and complex cognitive proceedings developed by individuals. A lot has to be done to bring about change, for this to happen pedagogical renewal taking into account current learning theories is needed.
A Review of Critical Success Factors for ERP-Projects

ERP projects are complex purposes which influence main internal and external operations of companies. The success of the project directly influences the performance and the survival of the organisation. Recent research has me- thodically collected plausible data in the field of critical success factors (CSFs) within ERP projects. This article describes how the collected publications were used to identify the main CSFs and how they can be ranked according to the impor- tance of success or failure through a literature review. Because of the influence of CSFs to ERP-projects in general, the term "ERP project" is used in the further parts of this paper. The second part of this paper proposes how CSFs can be in- tegrated into classical ERP project phases. Past researches did nearly not investigate how CSFs which were mentioned in different publications can influence the ERP-project phases. At the end of the paper the trend of CSF in relation of the publication year and the origin of the author are shown.
Extracts from the history and medical properties of garlic

At the time when antibiotics and other pharmacy products did not exist, a bulb of garlic itself represented a whole pharmacy industry due to the broad spectrum of effects. Most different suppositions involving this herb are mentioned; some of them were so pointless that they disappeared in time, but some of them have remained until the present days. The garlic was given different names that are still in use such as ‘Russian penicillin’, ‘natural antibiotic’, ‘vegetable viagra’, ‘plant talisman’, ‘rustic's theriac’, ‘snake grass’ etc. Presentation of the development of ideas associated with garlic and the evolution of the notions increased the ability of the pharmacists and physicians to respond to the challenges of their professional services in facilitating human life.
Bam and Bgcn antagonize Nanos-dependent germ-line stem cell maintenance

The balance between germ-line stem cell (GSC) self-renewal and differentiation in Drosophila ovaries is mediated by the antagonistic relationship between the Nanos (Nos)-Pumilio translational repressor complex, which promotes GSC self-renewal, and expression of Bam, a key differentiation factor. Here, we find that Bam and Nos proteins are expressed in reciprocal patterns in young germ cells. Repression of Nos in Bam-expressing cells depends on sequences in the nos 3′-UTR, suggesting that Nos is regulated by translational repression. Ectopic Bam causes differentiation of GSCs, and this activity depends on the endogenous nos 3′-UTR sequence. Previous evidence showed that Bgcn is an obligate factor for the ability of Bam to drive differentiation, and we now report that Bam forms a complex with Bgcn, a protein related to the RNA-interacting DExH-box polypeptides. Together, these observations suggest that Bam-Bgcn act together to antagonize Nos expression; thus, derepressing cystoblast-promoting factors. These findings emphasize the importance of translational repression in balancing stem cell self-renewal and differentiation.
Brain activation for spontaneous and explicit false belief tasks overlaps: new fMRI evidence on belief processing and violation of expectation

Abstract There is extensive discussion on whether spontaneous and explicit forms of ToM are based on the same cognitive/neural mechanisms or rather reflect qualitatively different processes. For the first time, we analyzed the BOLD signal for false belief processing by directly comparing spontaneous and explicit ToM task versions. In both versions, participants watched videos of a scene including an agent who acquires a true or false belief about the location of an object (belief formation phase). At the end of the movies (outcome phase), participants had to react to the presence of the object. During the belief formation phase, greater activity was found for false vs true belief trials in the right posterior parietal cortex. The ROI analysis of the right temporo-parietal junction (TPJ), confirmed this observation. Moreover, the anterior medial prefrontal cortex (aMPFC) was active during the outcome phase, being sensitive to violation of both the participant’s and agent’s expectations about the location of the object. Activity in the TPJ and aMPFC was not modulated by the spontaneous/explicit task. Overall, these data show that neural mechanisms for spontaneous and explicit ToM overlap. Interestingly, a dissociation between TPJ and aMPFC for belief tracking and outcome evaluation, respectively, was also found.
Large network analysis for fisheries management using coevolutionary genetic algorithms

Traditionally, a genetic algorithm is used to analyze networks by maximizing the modularity (Q) measure to create a favorable community. A coevolutionary algorithm is used here to not only find the appropriate community division for a network, but to find interesting networks containing substantial changes in data within a very large network space. The network is one of the largest, if not the largest, analyzed by evolutionary computation techniques to date and is created using a real world data set consisting of fisheries catch data in the north Atlantic Ocean off the coast of Canada. This work examines the quantitative performance of two types of coevolutionary algorithms against both a standard GA that uses a natural (but not necessarily optimal) division of the data set into communities, and simulated annealing. The goal for all search algorithms was to automatically find anomalies (differences in catch) within the data. To measure practical usefulness of the system, a fisheries expert analyzed the best networks located by the search algorithms using an existing visualization software prototype. The expert indicated that a refined version of coevolutionary GA known as PAMDGA was found to most reliably locate subnetworks containing catch differences of biological relevance.
El Fondo Común Municipal: ¿Cuál es su rol en la convergencia de ingresos locales?

Este artículo discute la relación entre el Fondo Común Municipal (FCM) y la convergencia de ingresos municipales en Chile entre 2001 y 2011. Utilizando cuasi experimentos y ecuaciones dinámicas, se demuestra que este instrumento no tiene un efecto significativo en la velocidad de convergencia. El débil desarrollo de la descentralización y los bajos incentivos de las municipalidades para obtener fuentes propias de financiamiento, podrían promover diversos comportamientos estratégicos que distorsionarían el efecto redistributivo del FCM en las municipalidades, disminuyendo su impacto en la reducción de las disparidades territoriales en Chile.
Content-based indexing and retrieval of audio data using wavelets

This paper proposes a content-based audio information retrieval and indexing technique based on wavelet transforms. The presented approach uses the multiresolution decomposition property of the discrete wavelet transform to analyze audio data. The wavelet decomposition of an audio signal resembles decomposition in sound octaves. A hierarchical indexing scheme is constructed using statistical properties of the wavelet coefficients such as zero-crossing rate, mean, and standard deviation at multiple scales. The performance of the proposed systems is experimentally evaluated using 418 different audio clips. The prototype system yields very high recall ratios (higher than 70%) for sample queries with diverse audio characteristics.
A New Measure for Extracting Semantically Related Words

The identification of semantically related terms for a given word is an important problem. A number of statistical approaches have been proposed to address this problem. Most approaches draw their statistics from a large general corpus. In this paper, we propose to use specialized corpora which focus strongly on the individual words of interest. We propose to collect such corpora through targeted queries to Internet search engines. Furthermore, we introduce a new statistical measure, Relative Frequency Ratio,tailored specifically for such specialized corpora. We evaluated our approach by using the extracted related terms to attack the target word selection problem in machine translation. This type of indirect evaluation is conducted because a direct evaluation on the set of related terms thus extracted relies heavily on direct human involvement and is not quantitatively comparable to others’ results. Our experimental results so far are very encouraging.
Distribution and regulation of telencephalic aromatase expression in the zebra finch revealed with a specific antibody

In songbirds, aromatase (estrogen synthase) activity and mRNA are readily detectable in the brain. This neural aromatization presumably provides estrogen to steroid‐sensitive targets via autocrine, paracrine, and synaptic mechanisms. The location of immunoreactive protein, however, has been difficult to describe completely, particularly in distal dendrites, axons, and terminals of the forebrain. Here we describe the neuroanatomical distribution of aromatase in the zebra finch by using a novel antibody raised specifically against zebra finch aromatase. The distribution of aromatase‐positive somata in the zebra finch brain is in excellent agreement with previous reports. Additionally, this antibody reveals elaborate, spinous dendritic arbors, fine‐beaded axons, and punctate terminals of telencephalic neurons that may synthesize estrogen. Some of these axon‐like fibers extend into the high vocal center (HVC) and the robust nucleus of the archistriatum (RA) in males and females, suggesting a role for presynaptic aromatization in cellular processes within these loci. Adult males have more aromatase‐positive fibers in the caudomedial neostriatum (NCM) and the preoptic area (POA) compared to females, despite the lack of detectable sex differences in the number of immunoreactive somata at these loci. Thus, the compartmentalization of aromatase in dendrites and axons may serve a sexually dimorphic function in the songbird. Finally, in adult males, aromatase expression is down‐regulated by circulating estradiol in the hippocampus, but not in the NCM or POA. The distribution of aromatase suggests a role for aromatization in the regulation of pre‐ and postsynaptic function in steroid sensitive areas of the songbird forebrain. J. Comp. Neurol. 423:619–630, 2000. © 2000 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Exploiting the Poor: Bureaucratic Corruption and Poverty in Africa

While extant research has focused on the causes and consequences of corruption at the macro-level, less effort has been devoted to understanding the micro-foundation of corruption. We argue that poor people are more likely to be victims of corrupt behavior by street-level bureaucrats as the poor often rely heavily on services provided by governments. We test this proposition using micro-level survey data from the Afrobarometer. Multilevel regressions across 18 countries show that poor people are much more prone to experience having to pay bribes to government officials.
Reply to “A Comment on a New Measure of Predictor Variable Importance in Multiple Regression”

In lieu of Abstract, here is the first paragraph:Jackson provides a clear statement of a basic (and noncontroversial) limitation of all "importance" measures in multiple regression-namely, there is no unambiguous measure of importance in the case of correlated predictor variables. Darlington (1968) presented this same caveat more than a decade ago and some of our own publications have emphasized it as well (Green and Tull, 1978; Green with Carroll, 1978). Amemiya (1976) came to this same conclusion in his econometric investigation of regressor selection.
[Determination of total, soluble and insoluble dietary fiber in foods].

OBJECTIVE To determinate the total, soluble and insoluble dietary fiber in different kinds of food so as to provide the references for guiding the diet for control and prevention of chronic diseases. METHODS The contents of total, soluble and insoluble dietary fiber in 33 food samples were determined by enzymatic-gravimetric method. RESULTS The average total dietary fiber(TDF, g/100 g edible part) in dry beans, flesh beans and whole grains were 36%, 14%, 16% respectively, and that of refine grains, vegetables and fruits were lower than 10%. The contents of soluble dietary fiber in beans were highest, and the contents of insoluble dietary fiber in dry beans and other grains were higher. CONCLUSION The repeatability of the analysis method was good, the contents and pattern of dietary fiber in different kinds of food were largely varied.
The Luscher Color Test: A Validity Study

Concurrent validity of the Luschet Color Test was studied by correlating these scores and those on the Taylor-Johnson Temperament Analysis for 50 male and 48 female undergraduates. Specific relationships between the two tests were not found although general ones were. There was 81% agreement between the two tests as to the presence or absence of emotional problems for the 98 college students. The possibility of using the test to screen quickly is suggested.
The role of extracorporeal mechanical assists (ECLS et al.)

Extracorporeal mechanical assist earlier named extracorporeal circulation (ECC)) has evolved markedly over recent years. ECLS (extra corporeal life support) is employed for the management of life threatening heart or heart and lung failure, when no other treatment option is likely to be successful. Mostly it is instituted in an emergency or urgent situation after failure of other treatment modalities. ECLS is used as temporary support, usually awaiting the recovery of organs. It can also be used as a bridge to a more permanent supporting device or cardiac transplantation (bridge-to-decision-patient). ECLS is implanted in a veno-arterial configuration (either peripheral or central cannulation) for the treatment of heart failure. This is usually seen post-cardiotomy, post-heart transplant and in severe cardiac failure due to almost any other cause (e.g. cardiomyopathy, myocarditis, acute coronary syndrome with cardiogenic shock). In contrast ECMO (extracorporeal membrane oxygenation) is used for respiratory failure and usually involves peripheral cannulation using the femoral veins +/- internal jugular vein if required. The indications for ECMO are respiratory failure, most commonly due to adult respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), as a consequence of pneumonia, trauma or primary graft failure following lung transplantation. ECLS is also used for neonatal and paediatric cardiac and respiratory support. In this review, the technical aspects of ECLS and ECMO cannulation and the different pump systems are outlined. In addition, indications, complication rates and outcomes are discussed.