Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Teenage Violence Toward Parents as an Adaptation to Family Strain

Certain strain and social learning theorists contend that child-to-parent violence represents a functional response to family adversity (or strain). In particular, these theorists suggest that child-to-parent aggression can be understood partly as an attempt to cope with negative treatment by parents or other family members. Furthermore, violent responses may work for children, allowing them to terminate such treatment. In this study, longitudinal data from a national survey of male adolescents are analyzed to test the assumption that child aggression represents a functional response to family strain. Consistent with theoretical accounts, the results indicate a reciprocal relationship between parental and child aggression, characterized by countervailing effects. Although aggression by parents (slapping) tends to foster aggression on the part of the male adolescent child, aggression by the male adolescent child tends to deter the assaultive behavior of parents. Implications for criminological theory, research, and the control of violent behavior are discussed.
Treatment of Distal Femur Fractures Using the Less Invasive Stabilization System: Surgical Experience and Early Clinical Results in 103 Fractures

Objective: To summarize the complications and early clinical results of 123 distal femur fractures treated with the Less Invasive Stabilization System (LISS; Synthes, Paoli, PA). Design: Retrospective analysis of prospectively enrolled patients. Setting: Two academic level I trauma centers. Subjects and Participants: One hundred nineteen consecutive patients with 123 distal femur fractures (OTA type 33 and distal type 32 fractures) treated by 3 surgeons. One hundred three fractures (68 closed fractures and 35 open fractures) in 99 patients were followed up at least until union (mean follow-up = 14 months, range: 3–50 months). Intervention: Surgical reduction and fixation of distal femur fractures. Main Outcome Measurements: Perioperative complications, radiographic union, infection rate, loss of fixation, alignment, and range of motion. Results: Ninety-six (93%) of 103 fractures healed without bone grafting. All fractures eventually healed with secondary procedures, including bone grafting (1 of 68 closed fractures and 6 of 35 open fractures). There were 5 losses of proximal fixation, 2 nonunions, and 3 acute infections. No cases of varus collapse or screw loosening in the distal femoral fragment were observed. Malreductions of the femoral fracture were seen in 6 fractures (6%). The mean range of knee motion was 1° to 109°. Conclusions: Treatment of distal femur fractures with the LISS is associated with high union rates without autogenous bone grafting (93%), a low incidence of infection (3%), and maintenance of distal femoral fixation (100%). No loss of fixation in the distal femoral condyles was observed despite the treatment of 30 patients older than 65 years. The LISS is an acceptable surgical option for treatment of distal femoral fractures.
The evaluation and application of wide bandgap power devices

This paper presents an overview of wide bandgap (WBG) power devices. The development and challenges of silicon carbide (SiC) and gallium nitride (GaN) power devices are summerized. A comprehensive evaluation of the performance of different devices is conducted, including static characterization and dynamic switching related tests. The paper also demonstrates the application of WBG devices in power electronic circuits. The testing results are provided to show the performance of WBG devices in different aspects.
Large maternal weight loss from obesity surgery prevents transmission of obesity to children who were followed for 2 to 18 years.

OBJECTIVE Our aim was to compare the prevalence of obesity in 172 children who were aged 2 to 18 years and born to 113 obese mothers (BMI: 31 +/- 9 kg/m2) with substantial weight loss after biliopancreatic bypass surgery with 45 same-age siblings who were born before maternal surgery (mothers' BMI: 48 +/- 8 kg/m2) and with current population standards. METHODS In this case series, with >88% follow-up in a tertiary referral center, cross sectional office chart and telephone data on childhood and adolescent weights were transformed to z scores. RESULTS After maternal surgery, the prevalence of obesity in the offspring decreased by 52% and severe obesity by 45.1%, with no increase in the prevalence of underweight. The z score reduction in obesity was gender specific, with boys reducing from 1.4 +/- 1.3 before to 0.57 +/- 1.7 after maternal surgery, corrected for birth order. The difference was not significant in girls (0.8 +/- 1.3 vs 0.8 +/- 1.2). Among children of both genders who were aged 6 to 18 years of age and born after maternal surgery, the prevalence of overweight was reduced to population levels. CONCLUSIONS Contrary to outcomes after intrauterine under- and overnutrition, the prevalence of overweight and obesity in children of mothers with large voluntary postsurgical weight loss was similar to that in the general population, with no increase in underweight. The results demonstrate the importance of potentially modifiable epigenetic factors in the cause of obesity.
Targeted treatment of folate receptor-positive platinum-resistant ovarian cancer and companion diagnostics, with specific focus on vintafolide and etarfolatide

Among the gynecological malignancies, ovarian cancer is the leading cause of mortality in developed countries. Treatment of ovarian cancer is based on surgery integrated with chemotherapy. Platinum-based drugs (cisplatin and carboplatin) comprise the core of first-line chemotherapy for patients with advanced ovarian cancer. Platinum-resistant ovarian cancer can be treated with cytotoxic chemotherapeutics such as paclitaxel, topotecan, PEGylated liposomal doxorubicin, or gemcitabine, but many patients eventually relapse on treatment. Targeted therapies based on agents specifically directed to overexpressed receptors, or to selected molecular targets, may be the future of clinical treatment. In this regard, overexpression of folate receptor-α on the surface of almost all epithelial ovarian cancers makes this receptor an excellent “tumor-associated antigen”. With appropriate use of spacers/linkers, folate-targeted drugs can be distributed within the body, where they preferentially bind to ovarian cancer cells and are released inside their target cells. Here they can exert their desired cytotoxic function. Based on this strategy, 12 years after it was first described, a folate-targeted vinblastine derivative has now reached Phase III clinical trials in ovarian cancer. This review examines the importance of folate targeting, the state of the art of a vinblastine folate-targeted agent (vintafolide) for treating platinum-resistant ovarian cancer, and its diagnostic companion (etarfolatide) as a prognostic agent. Etarfolatide is a valuable noninvasive diagnostic imaging agent with which to select ovarian cancer patient populations that may benefit from this specific targeted therapy.
Preoperative chemotherapy for women with operable breast cancer.

BACKGROUND Currently, preoperative chemotherapy is the standard of care in locally advanced breast cancer to achieve local tumour downsizing in order to make surgery possible. Since the early 1980s, the role of preoperative chemotherapy in early stage (or operable) breast cancer has been the subject of study. Potential advantages are early introduction of systemic therapy, determination of chemosensitivity, reduction of tumour volume and downstaging of surgical requirement. Concerns exist about local control after downsized surgery and the delay of local treatment in patients with tumours resistant to chemotherapy. OBJECTIVES To assess the effectiveness of preoperative chemotherapy in women with operable breast cancer when compared to postoperative chemotherapy. SEARCH STRATEGY The Specialised Register maintained by the Editorial Base of the Cochrane Breast Cancer Group was searched on 4th of August 2005. SELECTION CRITERIA Randomised trials comparing preoperative chemotherapy with postoperative in women with operable breast cancer. DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS Studies were assessed for eligibility and quality, and data were extracted by two independent review authors. Hazard ratios were derived for time-to-event outcomes directly or indirectly using the methods described by Parmar. Relative risks were derived for dichotomous outcomes. Meta-analyses were performed using fixed effect model. MAIN RESULTS We identified 14 eligible studies which randomised a total of 5,500 women. Median follow-up ranged from 18 to 124 months. Eight studies described a satisfactory method of randomisation.Data, based on 1139 estimated deaths in 4620 women available for analysis, show equivalent overall survival rates with a HR of 0.98 (95% CI, 0.87 to 1.09; p, 0.67; no heterogeneity). Preoperative chemotherapy increases breast conservation rates, yet at the associated cost of increased loco regional recurrence rates. However, this rate was not increased as long as surgery remains part of the treatment even after complete tumour regression (HR, 1.12; 95% CI, 0.92 to 1.37; p, 0.25; no heterogeneity. Preoperative chemotherapy was associated with fewer adverse effects. Pathological complete response is associated with better survival than residual disease (HR, 0.48; 95% CI, 0.33 to 0.69; p, < 10-4). AUTHORS' CONCLUSIONS This review suggests safe application of preoperative chemotherapy in the treatment of women with early stage breast cancer in order to down-stage surgical requirement, to evaluate chemosensitivity and to facilitate translational research.
The Impact of Debt Financing on Firm Investment Behavior: Evidence from China

This study examines the impacts of debt financing on the firms’ investment decisions by employing the method of the multiple linear regression on the data from 2006-2008 of 60 Chinese real estate listed companies. We obtain three major findings. First, there is a negative relation between debt financing and investment behavior in both firms with low-growth opportunities and high-growth opportunities and that this negative effect is significantly stronger for firms with low-growth opportunities than those with high-growth opportunities. Second, there is a positive relation between debt financing and investment behavior in firms with mid growth opportunities and operating performance. Third, for the state-owned holding companies, there is a positive relation between the scale of investment and debt financing; while a negative relation between investment and debt financing exists in non-state-owned holding companies. The results provide support to agency theories of corporate leverage, and especially the theory that leverage has a disciplining role for firms with low-growth opportunities.
The Use of Meditation in Corrections

I was pleased to see that the International Journal of Offender Therapy and Comparative Criminology published a review of the effects of different meditation practices in corrections settings (Himelstein, 2010). Several key findings on meditation in corrections were not included in the review, which I would like to summarize here. Studies not reviewed. The review covered only 6 of the 17 studies on the Transcen-dental Meditation (TM) technique in corrections (35% of the evidence; Hawkins, Orme-Johnson, & Durchholz, 2005). Among the omissions were four randomized longitudinal studies with a total of 226 subjects and 25 studies on substance use. The four randomized trials ranged in length from 2 weeks to 10 months and found significant decreases in TM subjects compared to controls on self-report psychological measures of depression, neuroticism, sleep disturbance, suspicion, hostility, aggression, and assault (Hawkins et al., 2005). Noteworthy is that the randomized studies also found significant improvements on " hard " archival behavioral measures, such as reduced prison rule infractions and increased participation in educational and recreational programs during 10 months of practicing the TM technique, as well as reduced neuro-chemical stress markers after 4½ months. Himelstein did review the three studies showing that TM practice reduces recidivism by up to 43.5% fewer new convictions 15 years after release from prison compared to matched controls. Neuroendocrine mechanism. Also missing from the review was mention of a semi-nal paper by Walton and Levitsky (2003) on neuroendocrine mechanisms. Briefly, whereas reduced serotonin levels have been associated with impulsive (unpremedi-tated) aggression and attempted suicide, TM practice has been shown to increase sero-tonin metabolites. A wide range of evidence indicates that regular practice of the TM technique balances the autonomic nervous system, reducing chronic baseline activation levels of the sympathetic nervous system and improving reactivity to stress. States or behaviors associated with aggression, such as hostility and alcohol consumption, have also been correlated with elevated cortisol secretion, and TM practice has acute and long-term effects of reducing cortisol and increasing the ratio of dehydroepi-androsterone sulfate (DHEA-S) to cortisol, a sensitive measure of balance in the system. Psychological mechanism. Another important area of meditation research missed by the review includes studies testing the hypothesis that offenders are as if " frozen " in an immature state of ego development and that practice of the TM technique unfreezes development (Alexander & Orme-Johnson, 2003). To test this hypothesis, 271 maximum-security prisoners were studied over …
Can education be equalized? : the Swedish case in comparative perspective

The Swedish context - educational reform and change in educational equality during the 20th century, Robert Erikson and Jan O. Jonsson can we explain the change in educational inequality? , Robert Erikson stratification in the post-industrial society - how do the importance of educational qualifications change? , Jan O. Jonsson class inequalities in educational outcomes - Sweden in a comparative perspective, Walter Mueller educational systems and social stratification - vocational education and educational diversion in Sweden, Germany and Great Britain, Jan O. Jonsson et al two paths to educational opportunity - social class and educational selection in Sweden and the Untied States, Michael Hout and Daniel P. Dohan equalizing educational opportunity - do gender and class compete? , Yossi Shavit and Hans-Peter Blossfeld problems of "meritocracy", John H. Goldthorpe.
Social identity, group processes, and helping in emergencies

Using insights from a review of recent research on social identity approaches to helping, the Chapter sets out four key elements of a social identity approach to helping in emergencies: the salience of social identity, the boundaries of social identity, the contents of social identity, and the strategic interests of social identity. Evidence that illustrates the impact of social identity processes on group size and helping, which has traditionally focused on the inhibition of helping in the presence of others, is then reviewed. Finally, recent developments in the literature on intergroup emotions are considered, and their impact on a social identity approach to helping in emergencies is explored, highlighting the relatively neglected social identity relationship between bystanders and perpetrators. The review concludes by considering the current state of knowledge of a social identity approach to helping in emergencies, and identifies important questions that remain to be addressed.
Artificial Companions: Empathy and Vulnerability Mirroring in Human-Robot Relations

Under what conditions can robots become companions and what are the ethical issues that might arise in human-robot companionship relations? I argue that the possibility and future of robots as companions depends (among other things) on the robots capacity to be a recipient of human empathy, and that one necessary condition for this to happen is that the robot mirrors human vulnerabilities. For the purpose of these arguments, I make a distinction between empathy-as-cognition and empathy-as-feeling, connecting the latter to the moral sentiment tradition and its concept of fellow feeling.  Furthermore, I sympathise with the intuition that vulnerability mirroring raises the ethical issue of deception. However, given the importance of appearance in social relations, problems with the concept of deception, and contemporary technologies that question the artificial-natural distinction, we cannot easily justify the underlying assumptions of the deception objection. If we want to hold on to them, we need convincing answers to these problems.
Why Are There So Many Species of Herbivorous Insects in Tropical Rainforests?

Despite recent progress in understanding mechanisms of tree species coexistence in tropical forests, a simple explanation for the even more extensive diversity of insects feeding on these plants has been missing. We compared folivorous insects from temperate and tropical trees to test the hypothesis that herbivore species coexistence in more diverse communities could reflect narrow host specificity relative to less diverse communities. Temperate and tropical tree species of comparable phylogenetic distribution supported similar numbers of folivorous insect species, 29.0 ± 2.2 and 23.5 ± 1.8 per 100 square meters of foliage, respectively. Host specificity did not differ significantly between community samples, indicating that food resources are not more finely partitioned among folivorous insects in tropical than in temperate forests. These findings suggest that the latitudinal gradient in insect species richness could be a direct function of plant diversity, which increased sevenfold from our temperate to tropical study sites.
Developing pedagogically effective tutorial dialogue tactics: experiments and a testbed

Although effective tutorial dialogue strategies are well understood, tutorial tactics that govern brief episodes of tutoring, such as a single step, are not. Because better tactics seem to be crucial for further improving pedagogical effectiveness, we have begun investigating the effects of varying tutorial tactics. In this paper we describe two planned experiments and the testbed we have created to support this experimentation.
What good are educational administration certification programmes?

Educators who enter administrator/leadership preparation programmes undergo an interesting transformation. They enter as teachers, thinking as teachers do, and they graduate as future administrators, thinking as administrators do. This enhanced, school‐wide perspective provides a number of benefits to the teachers themselves, to their administrators, and even to the students within the school’s classrooms. This article looks at the types of individuals who enter these programmes and what motivates them. It also discusses this paradigm shift that occurs as they progress through the course work. It provides some testimony from students about their enhanced ‘administrative eye’ and concludes with some opinions on some current trends in policy requirements that could negatively impact successful recruiting of future administrators into these programmes.
MOLECULAR PHYSIOLOGY OF MEMBRANE GUANYLYL CYCLASE RECEPTORS

L Kuhn M. Molecular Physiology of Membrane Guanylyl Cyclase Receptors. Physiol Rev 96: 751–804, 2016. Published March 23, 2016; doi:10.1152/physrev.00022. 2015. — cGMP controls many cellular functions ranging from growth, viability, and differentiation to contractility, secretion, and ion transport. The mammalian genome encodes seven transmembrane guanylyl cyclases (GCs), GC-A to GC-G, which mainly modulate submembrane cGMP microdomains. These GCs share a unique topology comprising an extracellular domain, a short transmembrane region, and an intracellular COOH-terminal catalytic (cGMP synthesizing) region. GC-A mediates the endocrine effects of atrial and B-type natriuretic peptides regulating arterial blood pressure/volume and energy balance. GC-B is activated by C-type natriuretic peptide, stimulating endochondral ossification in autocrine way. GC-C mediates the paracrine effects of guanylins on intestinal ion transport and epithelial turnover. GC-E and GC-F are expressed in photoreceptor cells of the retina, and their activation by intracellular Ca -regulated proteins is essential for vision. Finally, in the rodent system two olfactorial GCs, GC-D and GC-G, are activated by low concentrations of CO2 and by peptidergic (guanylins) and nonpeptidergic odorants as well as by coolness, which has implications for social behaviors. In the past years advances in human and mouse genetics as well as the development of sensitive biosensors monitoring the spatiotemporal dynamics of cGMP in living cells have provided novel relevant information about this receptor family. This increased our understanding of the mechanisms of signal transduction, regulation, and (dys)function of the membrane GCs, clarified their relevance for genetic and acquired diseases and, importantly, has revealed novel targets for therapies. The present review aims to illustrate these different features of membrane GCs and the main open questions in this field.
The “HEADS AT” Training Tool for Residents

It is estimated that 13% of the pediatric population comprises children who meet the Maternal Child Health Bureau definition of special health care needs, accounting for 70% of pediatric health care expenditures. A subset of this population, children with medical complexity (CMC), is identified by high service need, medical condition associated with medical complexity, functional limitations, and high health care use. This subset is estimated to comprise almost 1% of the pediatric population and 33% of the cost of pediatric health care. Given the high cost and complexity of this target population, innovations are required in the Affordable Care Act for better health, better outcome, and lower cost for these superutilizers. The American Academy of Pediatrics advocates that all children be provided with a medical home based on the partnership between physicians, families, and the community to provide coordinated, continuous, familycentered care. In fact, several studies have shown that family-centered, coordinated care and an effective medical home improve outcomes for CMC. The care of CMC can span across multiple specialties, institutions, and geographical areas, creating challenges for primary care providers, specialists, and family members. Often, poorly defined roles and responsibilities result in gaps in health information, causing avoidable morbidity and excessive health care use. Strategies to address this problem include enhancement of primary care practices with specialized personnel to assist with care coordination and the creation of outpatient clinical programs dedicated to CMC. A key component of any ideal service delivery model for CMC is having at least one provider who comprehensively understands and is capable of addressing all of a child’s health problems, issues, and needs. It is essential that physicians in training have adequate exposure to CMC and experience effective and comprehensive care coordination. Residents in training who frequently care for this group of children are challenged by their inability to coordinate the high level of health care needs, specialty care services, and home and community services required by CMC. In fact, a recent report found that pediatric residents in Massachusetts would benefit from additional tools and skills relevant to caring for CMC, especially in the outpatient setting, in order to become more comfortable in collaborating with families, community agencies, and schools and in identifying community resources.