Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Memory strategy instruction is made of this: Metamemory and durable strategy use.

Although the use of task‐appropriate strategies facilitate memory, newly acquired strategies often have two negative characteristics: They are neither durable nor generalizable. The present article considers an alternative approach to strategy instructions that leads to skills that are more general and better maintained after instruction has ceased. This approach focuses on the role of knowledge about strategies (metamemory) as a precursor of effective strategy deployment. Three perspectives on the role of metamemory in improving strategy use are considered: (a) occasions when metamemory develops simply as a function of using a strategy (the Laissez‐Faire approach); (b) situations in which Explicit Provision of metamemorial information increases strategy use; and (c) the production of higher‐level strategies that operate on other strategies, thus enhancing metamemorial knowledge about them (Metamemory Acquisition Procedures). Future research directions and educational implications associated with each app.
Evidence and evidence gaps in the treatment of Eustachian tube dysfunction and otitis media

Evidence-based medicine is an approach to medical treatment intended to optimize patient-oriented decision-making on the basis of empirically proven effectiveness. For this purpose, a classification system has been established to categorize studies – and hence therapy options – in respect of associated evidence according to defined criteria. The Eustachian tube connects the nasopharynx with the middle ear cavity. Its key function is to ensure middle ear ventilation. Compromised ventilation results in inflammatory middle ear disorders. Numerous evidence-based therapy options are available for the treatment of impaired middle ear ventilation and otitis media, the main therapeutic approach being antibiotic treatment. More recent procedures such as balloon dilation of the Eustachian tube have also shown initial success but must undergo further evaluation with regard to evidence. There is, as yet, no evidence for some of the other long-established procedures. Owing to the multitude of variables, the classification of evidence levels for various treatment approaches calls for highly diversified assessment. Numerous evidence-based studies are therefore necessary in order to evaluate the evidence pertaining to existing and future therapy solutions for impaired middle ear ventilation and otitis media. If this need is addressed, a wealth of implications can be expected for therapeutic approaches in the years to come.
The effects of exposure to crisis on well-being of journalists: a study of crisis-related factors predicting psychological health in a sample of Finnish journalists

Effects of work-related and personal exposure to potentially traumatic events on PTSD (posttraumatic stress disorder), depression, compassion fatigue and burnout were examined in 503 Finnish news journalists (238 men, 265 women) by using a web-based survey. Stepwise linear multiple regression analyses showed that two variables significantly predicted all four outcome factors, i.e. PTSD, depression, compassion fatigue and burnout: the variables were personal exposure to traumatic events, including reactions caused by the event and the magnitude of the worst crisis-related assignment experienced as a journalist.An interaction effect was also found: respondents with high scores on both traumatic experiences in their personal life and a high amount of professional crisis-related assignments had a significantly higher level of PTSD symptoms than others.
Area-efficient embedded RRAM macros with sub-5ns random-read-access-time using logic-process parasitic-BJT-switch (0T1R) Cell and read-disturb-free temperature-aware current-mode read scheme

Resistive RAM (RRAM) faces two major design challenges: 1) cell area versus write current requirements; 2) cell current (ICELL) versus read disturbance. An RRAM using logic-process-based vertical parasitic-BJT (VPBJT) switches and correspondent cell array (VPBJT-CA) can achieve 4.5+x smaller macro area. To overcome temperature-dependent fluctuation in the base-emitter voltage difference (VBE) of BJT, this work proposes a thermal-aware bitline (BL) voltage bias (VBL-R) scheme (TABB) for current-mode read with 4.7x larger ICELL, and a 1.6x faster read speed. Fabricated 0.18um 1Mb and 65nm 2Mb VPBJT RRAM macros confirm the efficacy of the temperature-aware VBL-R, resulting in the fastest (sub-5ns) random read speed among reported Mb-scaled NVM macros.
Low serum testosterone and estradiol predict mortality in elderly men.

CONTEXT Age-related reduction of serum testosterone may contribute to the signs and symptoms of aging, but previous studies report conflicting evidence about testosterone levels and male mortality. No large prospective cohort study has determined a possible association between serum estradiol and mortality in men. OBJECTIVE The main objective was to examine the association between serum testosterone and estradiol and all-cause mortality in elderly men. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS We used specific gas chromatography-mass spectrometry to analyze serum sex steroids at baseline in older men who participated in the prospective population-based MrOS Sweden cohort (n = 3014; mean age, 75 yr; range, 69-80 yr). MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE All-cause mortality by serum testosterone and estradiol levels. RESULTS During a mean follow-up period of 4.5 yr, 383 deaths occurred. In multivariate hazards regression models, low levels (within quartile 1 vs. quartiles 2-4) of both testosterone [hazard ratio (HR), 1.65; 95% confidence interval (CI), 1.29-2.12] and estradiol (HR, 1.54; 95% CI, 1.22-1.95) associated with mortality. A model including both hormones showed that both low testosterone (HR, 1.46; 95% CI, 1.11-1.92) and estradiol (HR, 1.33; 95% CI, 1.02-1.73) predicted mortality. Risk of death nearly doubled (HR, 1.96; 95% CI, 1.46-2.62) in subjects with low levels of both testosterone and estradiol compared with subjects within quartiles 2-4 of both hormones. CONCLUSIONS Elderly men with low serum testosterone and estradiol have increased risk of mortality, and subjects with low values of both testosterone and estradiol have the highest risk of mortality.
The History of the Discovery of Vitamin D and Its Daughter Steroid Hormone

It is largely through historical accident in the interval of 1920–1940 that vitamin D3 became classified as a vitamin rather than as a steroid hormone. The formal definition of a vitamin is that it is a trace dietary constituent required to produce the normal function of a physiological process or processes. The emphasis here is on trace and the fact that the vitamin must be supplied regularly in the diet; this implies that the body is unable to metabolically synthesize the vitamin in question. However, the ultraviolet exposure of 7-dehydrocholesterol present in the skin results in the photochemical production of vitamin D3. Thus, vitamin D3 becomes a true vitamin only when the animal or human does not have regular access to sunlight or ultraviolet light. Under normal physiological circumstances, all mammals, including humans, can generate, via ultraviolet exposure of 7-dehydrocholesterol present in the skin, adequate quantities of vitamin D3 to meet their nutritionally defined requirements. There is a vibrant historical record beginning in 1650 and culminating in 1963 concerned with the determination of the chemical structures of vitamin D3 and vitamin D2. A surprising aspect concerning vitamin D3 is that it is itself biologically inert. There are no known essential biological actions or contributions that rely specifically on the molecule vitamin D3. While chemists had certainly appreciated the strong structural similarity between the vitamins D and other steroids, this correlation was never widely acknowledged in the biological, clinical, or nutritional sciences until 1965–1970. The biological role of vitamin D3 is to serve as a substrate for the liver 25-hydroxylase which produces 25-hydroxyvitamin D3 [25(OH)D3]. 25(OH)D3 in turn serves as the substrate for the kidney proximal tubule 25(OH)D3-1α-hydroxylase enzyme which produces the steroid hormone 1α,25(OH)2-vitamin D3 [1α,25(OH)2D3].
Experimental study of a 1.5-MW, 110-GHz gyrotron oscillator

This thesis reports the design, construction and testing of a 1.5 MW, 110 GHz gyrotron oscillator. This high power microwave tube has been proposed as the next evolutionary step for gyrotrons used to provide electron cyclotron heating required in fusion devices. A short pulse gyrotron based on the industrial tube design was built at MIT for experimental studies. The experiments are the first demonstration of such high powers at 110 GHz. Using a 96 kV, 40 A electron beam, over 1.4 MW was axially extracted in the design (TE 22,6) mode in 3 us pulses, corresponding to a microwave efficiency of 37 %. The beam alpha, the ratio of transverse to axial velocity in the electron beam, was measured with a probe. At the high efficiency operating point the beam alpha was measured as 1.33. This value of alpha is less than the design value of 1.4, possibly accounting for the slightly reduced experimental efficiency. The output power and efficiency, as a function of magnetic field, beam voltage, and beam current, are in good agreement with nonlinear theory and simulations with the MAGY code. In another phase of the experiment, a second tube was built and tested. This tube used the same gun and cavity but also incorporated an internal mode converter to transform the generated waveguide mode into a free-space propagating beam. The gun was tested to full power and current in the experiment. Preliminary results were obtained. A mode map was generated to locate the region of operating parameters for the design mode, as well as for neighboring modes. Scans of the output microwave beam were also taken using a power-detecting diode. Future work will focus on generating high power, as well as operating the collector at a depressed voltage for even higher efficiency. A study is also presented of the 96 kV, 40 A magnetron injection gun. A critical parameter for the successful application of this electron gun is the uniformity of electron emission. The current-voltage response, at a series of temperatures, is measured for two separate cathodes. Analysis indicates that the work function of the first emitter is 1.76 eV with a (total) spread of 0.04 eV. The second emitter has a spread of 0.03 eV, centered around 1.88 eV. Measurement of the azimuthal emission uniformity with
Flow experience and team performance: The role of team goal commitment and information exchange

While a number of studies show that the flow experience is related to different outcomes at the individual level, the role of flow in work teams remains unclear. This study contributes to the advancement of knowledge on flow by testing the relationships between this psychological state, team goal commitment and team performance. Data were gathered from 85 teams comprised of graduate and undergraduate students who participated in a project management simulation. The results show that the flow experience is positively related to team performance. This relationship is mediated by team goal commitment and moderated by the level of information exchange between team members. In practical terms, the results of this study show that managers should implement interventions fostering the flow experience in their teams, while at the same time encouraging information exchange between members.
Heterogeneity of violence in schizophrenia and implications for long‐term treatment

Aims: Most patients with schizophrenia are not violent. However, persistent violent behaviour in a minority of patients presents a therapeutic challenge. Published treatment guidelines and most pharmacological and epidemiological literature on violence in schizophrenia treat overt physical aggression as a homogeneous phenomenon. The aim of this review is to address the subtyping of violent behaviour in schizophrenia, and to relate the subtypes to treatment.
Consciousness and the origins of thought

Preface Introduction Part I. Phenomena: 1. The senses 2. Phenomena 3. Pains 4. Phenomena reconsidered Part II. Consciousness: 5. Consciousness: preliminaries 6. Consciousness: a theory 7. Consciousness: an appendix Part III. Apperception: 8. Apperception 9. Selves 10. Things 11. Will Concluding remarks Bibliography Index.
Successes and lessons learned after more than a decade of upper extremity and face transplantation

Purpose of reviewThis review aims to present the most recent updates on face and upper-extremity allotransplantation. Recent findingsTo date, 27 face and more than 89 upper-extremity allotransplantations have been performed. Both the face and hand transplants restored form, function and patients’ social integration. The complications were comparable with solid organs; however, face transplantation, as well as the combination of face and double hand transplantation, presented with significant morbidity and mortality. Evidence of chronic rejection was confirmed in hand transplants, but it has not been reported yet for facial transplantation. Novel immunosuppressive protocols have allowed a decrease in the number and dosages of traditional immunosuppressants. With increased awareness that following face and hand transplantation, the return of function is more important than anatomical restoration of the missing parts, there has been an important shift in the ethical debate weighing the risks and benefits of face and hand allotransplantation. SummaryEarly results after face and upper extremity transplantation are promising, with 5-year survival rates greater than in solid organ transplants. However, these procedures still need to be closely monitored and the outcome data should be rigorously reported to the central patient registry database to allow continuous surveillance.
A RNA-Seq Analysis of the Response of Photosynthetic System to Low Nitrogen Supply in Maize Leaf

Nitrogen is a major limiting factor for crop productivity. The relationship between photosynthesis and nitrogen nutrition has been widely studied. However, the molecular response of leaf photosynthesis to low nitrogen supply in crops is less clear. In this study, RNA sequencing technology (RNA-Seq) was used to investigate the gene expressions related to photosynthesis in maize in response to low nitrogen supply. It was found that low nitrogen supply down-regulated the expression of genes involved in photosystem I (PSI) and photosystem II (PSII). Thus, low nitrogen supply down-regulated the expression of genes related to the antenna system, reduced light absorption, light transport, and electron transport. Correspondingly, the parameters related to chlorophyll fluorescence were very sensitive to nitrogen deficiency. Under low nitrogen supply, leaf chlorophyll content, actual quantum yield of PSII photochemistry, photochemical quenching, and electron transport rate, were reduced. However, the thermal diffusion and chlorophyll fluorescence were increased. RNA-Seq was used to analyze the genes involved in the response of leaf photosynthesis to low nitrogen supply in maize. These results highlight the possibility of utilizing chlorophyll fluorescence parameters, and the related genes, as indicators for plant nitrogen nutrition. This could lead to the development of new tools to make precise nitrogen fertilizer recommendations and select nitrogen-efficient genotypes.
Heme Cytotoxicity and the Pathogenesis of Immune-Mediated Inflammatory Diseases

Heme, iron (Fe) protoporphyrin IX, functions as a prosthetic group in a range of hemoproteins essential to support life under aerobic conditions. The Fe contained within the prosthetic heme groups of these hemoproteins can catalyze the production of reactive oxygen species. Presumably for this reason, heme must be sequestered within those hemoproteins, thereby shielding the reactivity of its Fe-heme. However, under pathologic conditions associated with oxidative stress, some hemoproteins can release their prosthetic heme groups. While this heme is not necessarily damaging per se, it becomes highly cytotoxic in the presence of a range of inflammatory mediators such as tumor necrosis factor. This can lead to tissue damage and, as such, exacerbate the pathologic outcome of several immune-mediated inflammatory conditions. Presumably, targeting “free heme” may be used as a therapeutic intervention against these diseases.
Exposure to flour dust and sensitization among bakery employees.

BACKGROUND The National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health conducted a study to determine prevalences of sensitization to bakery-associated antigens (BAAs) and work-related respiratory symptoms at a large commercial bakery. METHODS The following measurements were carried out: personal breathing zone (PBZ) and general area (GA) monitoring for inhalable flour dust, α-amylase and wheat, a questionnaire, and blood tests for IgE specific to flour dust, wheat, α-amylase, and common aeroallergens. RESULTS Of 186 bakery employees present during our site visit, 161 completed the questionnaire and 96 allowed their blood to be drawn. The geometric mean PBZ and GA inhalable flour dust concentrations for the lower-exposure group was 0.235 mg/m(3), and for the higher-exposure group was 3.01 mg/m(3). Employees in the higher-exposure group had significantly higher prevalences of work-related wheezing, runny nose, stuffy nose, and frequent sneezing than the lower-exposure group. The prevalence of IgE specific to wheat was significantly higher among employees who ever had a job in the higher-exposure group or in production at another bakery at both the ≥ 0.10 kU/L and the ≥ 0.35 kU/L cutoffs, and to flour dust and α-amylase at the ≥ 0.10 kU/L cutoff, compared to the lower-exposure group. CONCLUSIONS Despite knowledge of the risks of exposure to flour being available for centuries, U.S. employees are still at risk of sensitization and respiratory symptoms from exposure to high levels of BAA.
Lumbar Cerebrospinal Fluid Drainage for Thoracoabdominal Aortic Surgery: Rationale and Practical Considerations for Management

Paraplegia remains one of the most devastating complications of thoracoabdominal aortic surgery and is associated with a significant increase in both morbidity and mortality. Modern aortic repair techniques use many modalities aimed at reducing the risk of spinal cord ischemia inherent with surgical management. One of these modalities that acts via optimizing spinal cord blood flow is lumbar cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) drainage. Either alone or in combination with other interventions, CSF drainage remains one of the most frequently used spinal cord protection techniques. Despite no definitive proof of efficacy for reducing spinal cord injury, there are compelling data supporting its use. However, the potential benefit of CSF drainage must be balanced against the risks associated with its use, including nerve injury during insertion, compressive neuraxial hematoma formation, intracranial hemorrhage due to excessive drainage, and infection. The optimal benefit to risk ratio can be achieved by understanding the rationale for its use and following practical management guidelines.
Algorithmic Aspects of Combinatorics , Geometry and Number Theory

One of the most spectacular successes in combinatorics in the last decades has been the development of combinatorial optimization. The discovery of computational complexity classes (most notably the classes P and NP) has provided the right framework for this rapid growth ; discrete mathematical models from operation research supplied the field with problems of practical interest; and previously "pure" fields of combinatorics, such as graph theory or matroid theory, provided ideas and tools for mathematically non-trivial results. The influence of ideas from computational complexity, however, goes beyond combinatorics and invades such fields of classical mathematics as number theory, group theory or geometry. Algorithmic aspects have shed new light on ancient mathematical problems : for example, the problem of factoring an integer into primes, when viewed as an algorithmic problem, is far from being solved. The study and classification of finite simple groups has led to the development of efficient group-theoretical algorithms. But even in fields concentrating on algorithms, such as continuous optimization or numerical analysis, the ideas of computational complexity theory may bring new evaluation criteria and may lead to new algorithms. Much of the excitement and misunderstanding surrounding the ellipsoid method (which became well known after Khachiyan [6] applied it to linear programming, but which may be viewed in fact as a more general method of minimization of convex functions over convex domains) is due to this new concept of efficiency of algorithms. Another implication of this method is the algorithmic equivalence of the "optimization" and "separation" problems for convex bodies. It is clear that these two problems are logically equivalent: if we know the maximum value of any linear objective function over a convex body K9
Penalties in long-haul optical amplifier systems due to polarization dependent loss and gain

The impact of polarization dependent gain (PDG) and polarization dependent loss (PDL) in long-haul optical amplifier systems is studied by means of a power analysis accounting for PDG, PDL and polarization mode dispersion (PMD) in the saturation regime of the erbium-doped fiber amplifiers (EDFAs). System penalties are characterized in terms of mean values and standard deviations. Mean penalties on the bit-error-ratio (BER) are directly related to PDG. BER fluctuations are found to be greatly enhanced when PDG and PDL are combined. The impact of PMD is dependent on the values for PDG and PDL. <<ETX>>
“Caring for insiderness”: Phenomenologically informed insights that can guide practice

Understanding the “insider” perspective has been a pivotal strength of qualitative research. Further than this, within the more applied fields in which the human activity of “caring” takes place, such understanding of “what it is like” for people from within their lifeworlds has also been acknowledged as the foundational starting point in order for “care” to be caring. But we believe that more attention needs to be paid to this foundational generic phenomenon: what it means to understand the “insiderness” of another, but more importantly, how to act on this in caring ways. We call this human phenomenon “caring for insiderness. ” Drawing on existing phenomenological studies of marginal caring situations at the limits of caring capability, and through a process of phenomenologically oriented reflection, we interrogated some existential themes implicit in these publications that could lead to deeper insights for both theoretical and applied purposes. The paper provides direction for practices of caring by highlighting some dangers as well as some remedies along this path.
Communication and Synchronization Using Bounded Channels in SUAVE

This paper described improvements to the abstract interprocess communication features added to VHDL as part of the SUAVE language design. Channel type declarations are extended to allow specification of bounded message buffers. This allows the designer to choose between asynchronous or synchronous message passing semantics. The latter makes models more amenable to formal verification based on state-space exploration. The language is also extended to allow specification of timeout intervals in select statements. This change makes the language more widely applicable, including for description of telecommunication protocols.