Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
THE LEAST-LUMINOUS GALAXY: SPECTROSCOPY OF THE MILKY WAY SATELLITE SEGUE 1

We present Keck/DEIMOS spectroscopy of Segue 1, an ultra–low-luminosity (MV = −1.5+0.6−0.8) Milky Way satellite companion. While the combined size and luminosity of Segue 1 are consistent with either a globular cluster or a dwarf galaxy, we present spectroscopic evidence that this object is a dark matter-dominated dwarf galaxy. We identify 24 stars as members of Segue 1 with a mean heliocentric recession velocity of 206 ± 1.3 km s−1. Although Segue 1 spatially overlaps the leading arm of the Sagittarius stream, its velocity is 100 km s−1 different from that predicted for recent Sagittarius tidal debris at this position. We measure an internal velocity dispersion of 4.3 ± 1.2 km s−1. Under the assumption that these stars are gravitationally bound and in dynamical equilibrium, we infer a total mass of 4.5+4.7−2.5 × 105M☉ in the mass-follow-light case; using a two-component maximum-likelihood model, we determine a mass within 50 pc of 8.7+13−5.2 × 105 M☉. These imply mass-to-light (M/L) ratios of ln(M/LV) = 7.2+1.1−1.2 (M/LV = 1320+2680−940) and M/LV = 2440+1580−1775, respectively. The error distribution of the M/L is nearly lognormal, thus Segue 1 is dark matter-dominated at a high significance. Although we cannot rule out the possibility that Segue 1 has been tidally disrupted, we do not find kinematic evidence supporting tidal effects. Using spectral synthesis modeling, we derive a metallicity for the single red giant branch star in our sample of [Fe/H] = −3.3 ± 0.2 dex. Finally, we discuss the prospects for detecting gamma rays from annihilation of dark matter particles and show that Segue 1 is the most promising satellite for indirect dark matter detection. We conclude that Segue 1 is the least luminous of the ultra-faint galaxies recently discovered around the Milky Way, and is thus the least-luminous known galaxy.
Acute Bronchodilator Response Has Limited Value in Differentiating Bronchial Asthma from COPD

Background. Acute responsiveness to inhaled bronchodilators is often used to differentiate between bronchial asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). The response can be expressed in terms of a change in FEV1 and FVC in several ways—as absolute change, change as percent of baseline value, or as percent of predicted value with different thresholds for a positive test. A comprehensive evaluation of the diagnostic value of these different methods of expressing the acute bronchodilator response has not been carried out. Methodology. Response to inhaled salbutamol was measured by spirometry in 200 asthmatics and 154 patients with COPD. The sensitivity, specificity, and positive and negative predictive values of different methods of expressing responsiveness were calculated. Receiver operative characteristic curves were obtained. Results. None of the expressions of response gave a clear-cut separation between the two diseases. A ΔFEV1≥ 0.2 L gave the most satisfactory combination of sensitivity (73%) and specificity (80%) and the highest positive (82%) and negative predictive values (69%) for diagnosing asthma. These values were superior to those obtained for the ERS or the ATS criteria for reversibility (ΔFEV1%predicted ≥ 9% and ΔFEV1 of ≥ than 12% and 0.2 L over the baseline, respectively), which had almost similar diagnostic characteristics. This was confirmed by the area under curve of the ROC plots. Expressions of response in terms of changes in FVC were unsatisfactory in separating the two diseases. Conclusions. It was concluded that the test of acute bronchodilator responsiveness has limited diagnostic value in separating asthma and COPD.
THE IMPACT OF THE NATIONAL NUMERACY STRATEGY IN YEAR 4 (II): TEACHING

The Nuffield Year 4 project set out to examine selected aspects of the impact of the National Numeracy Strategy (NNS) in primary schools by using comparable data on Year 4 pupil attainment and teaching collected in 1997/98 and 2001/02, two years before and two years after the introduction of the Numeracy Strategy. In this second paper we address the following questions: • How and to what extent has numeracy teaching in Year 4 changed? • Why have these changes occurred? • How can we improve future implementation of reforms? • How can we inform continuing professional development?
Shifting the management development paradigm for women

Proposes that women will not make significant advances in American businesses unless the focus shifts from a preoccupation on gender awareness to one of multicultural awareness. Discusses the whitewash dilemma and dominant assumptions about women in management to help explain the current management development paradigm that fails to recognize diversity among women. Makes a case for increasing organizational education about racial and gender similarities and differences which are crucial for establishing a successful multicultural organization where a new, all‐inclusive paradigm can prevail and the voices of all women can be heard. An analysis and critique of the women in management field precedes by an emerging model of individual and organizational stages of awareness. Finally proposes recommendations for interventions to shift existing management development practices towards the new paradigm.
Numerical Experiments on the Interaction Between the Large- and Small-Scale Motions of the Navier-Stokes Equations

We consider solutions to the unforced incompressible Navier-Stokes equations in a $2\pi$-periodic box. We split the solution into two parts representing the large-scale and small-scale motions. We define the large scale as the sum of the first kc Fourier modes in each direction and the small scale as the sum of the remaining modes. We attempt to reconstruct the small scale by incorporating the large-scale solution as known forcing into the equations governing the evolution of the small scale. We want to find the smallest value of kc for which the time evolution of the large scale sets up the dissipative structures so that the small scale is determined to a significant degree. Existing theory based on energy estimates gives a pessimistic estimate for kc that is inversely proportional to the smallest length scale of the flow. At this value of kc the energy in the small scale is exponentially small. In contrast, numerical calculations indicate that kc can often be chosen remarkably small. We attempt to expla.
Sport, Parental Autonomy, and Children’s Right to an Open Future

Participation in sport is such a ubiquitous feature of life for children in North America that the moral issues to which it gives rise can easily escape our attention. For example, most people rarely pause to consider the possibility that playing highly competitive sport might have harmful effects on children’s health, moral character, and development in areas other than sport. Whether the long-term consequences for children are positive overall is an important issue that has been addressed by other papers in the conference at which this article was presented and elsewhere in the philosophy of sport literature. My concern in this essay is the related but different question of whether parents are acting within the bounds of legitimate parental authority when they put their children into sporting activities. It is not so much a question of children’s well-being as a matter of allowing them to have control over the kind of life that they will live as children and adults. Although children typically play sport willingly and happily, the decision to start doing so is made long before they are mature enough to make fully autonomous decisions. They are too young to assess the practical consequences, both good and bad, of doing so, and they are not capable of reflecting on sport’s moral desirability. It is typically at the encouragement of their parents that they join T-ball, soccer, baseball, and football leagues. Sport starts to play an increasingly central role in the lives of children who are good at it. Involvement in community-based leagues often leads to participation in middle school and high school varsity athletics. As children get older, sport becomes increasingly competitive and elite and requires increasing expenditures of time and energy into games and practice. The risk of injuries becomes greater, and children have less time to devote to other worthwhile activities and to simply being children. Any harmful effects will therefore extend well beyond their initial participation as young children. Are parents justified in setting their children on a path that will have such far-reaching effects?
A benchmark study of numerical schemes for one‐dimensional arterial blood flow modelling

Hæmodynamical simulations using one‐dimensional (1D) computational models exhibit many of the features of the systemic circulation under normal and diseased conditions. Recent interest in verifying 1D numerical schemes has led to the development of alternative experimental setups and the use of three‐dimensional numerical models to acquire data not easily measured in vivo. In most studies to date, only one particular 1D scheme is tested. In this paper, we present a systematic comparison of six commonly used numerical schemes for 1D blood flow modelling: discontinuous Galerkin, locally conservative Galerkin, Galerkin least‐squares finite element method, finite volume method, finite difference MacCormack method and a simplified trapezium rule method. Comparisons are made in a series of six benchmark test cases with an increasing degree of complexity. The accuracy of the numerical schemes is assessed by comparison with theoretical results, three‐dimensional numerical data in compatible domains with distensible walls or experimental data in a network of silicone tubes. Results show a good agreement among all numerical schemes and their ability to capture the main features of pressure, flow and area waveforms in large arteries. All the information used in this study, including the input data for all benchmark cases, experimental data where available and numerical solutions for each scheme, is made publicly available online, providing a comprehensive reference data set to support the development of 1D models and numerical schemes. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Higher-order functional reactive programming in bounded space

Functional reactive programming (FRP) is an elegant and successful approach to programming reactive systems declaratively. The high levels of abstraction and expressivity that make FRP attractive as a programming model do, however, often lead to programs whose resource usage is excessive and hard to predict. In this paper, we address the problem of space leaks in discrete-time functional reactive programs. We present a functional reactive programming language that statically bounds the size of the dataflow graph a reactive program creates, while still permitting use of higher-order functions and higher-type streams such as streams of streams. We achieve this with a novel linear type theory that both controls allocation and ensures that all recursive definitions are well-founded. We also give a denotational semantics for our language by combining recent work on metric spaces for the interpretation of higher-order causal functions with length-space models of space-bounded computation. The resulting category is doubly closed and hence forms a model of the logic of bunched implications.
Werner Protein Protects Nonproliferating Cells from Oxidative DNA Damage

ABSTRACT Werner syndrome, caused by mutations of the WRN gene, mimics many changes of normal aging. Although roles for WRN protein in DNA replication, recombination, and telomere maintenance have been suggested, the pathology of rapidly dividing cells is not a feature of Werner syndrome. To identify cellular events that are specifically vulnerable to WRN deficiency, we used RNA interference (RNAi) to knockdown WRN or BLM (the RecQ helicase mutated in Bloom syndrome) expression in primary human fibroblasts. Withdrawal of WRN or BLM produced accelerated cellular senescence phenotype and DNA damage response in normal fibroblasts, as evidenced by induction of γH2AX and 53BP1 nuclear foci. After WRN depletion, the induction of these foci was seen most prominently in nondividing cells. Growth in physiological (3%) oxygen or in the presence of an antioxidant prevented the development of the DNA damage foci in WRN-depleted cells, whereas acute oxidative stress led to inefficient repair of the lesions. Furthermore, WRN RNAi-induced DNA damage was suppressed by overexpression of the telomere-binding protein TRF2. These conditions, however, did not prevent the DNA damage response in BLM-ablated cells, suggesting a distinct role for WRN in DNA homeostasis in vivo. Thus, manifestations of Werner syndrome may reflect an impaired ability of slowly dividing cells to limit oxidative DNA damage.
Diffusion Tensors for Processing Sheared and Rotated Rectangles

Image restoration and simplification methods that respect important features such as edges play a fundamental role in digital image processing. However, known edge-preserving methods like common nonlinear diffusion methods tend to round vertices for large diffusion times. In this paper, we adapt the diffusion tensor for anisotropic diffusion to avoid this effects in images containing rotated and sheared rectangles, respectively. In this context, we propose a new method for estimating rotation angles and shear parameters based on the so-called structure tensor. Further, we show how the knowledge of appropriate diffusion tensors can be used in variational models. Numerical examples including orientation estimation, denoising and segmentation demonstrate the good performance of our methods.
Wenn Antipsychotika nicht helfen

Zusammenfassung Mehr als 20% aller Patienten mit einer schizophrenen Störung weisen trotz optimierter Pharmakotherapie und Compliance mehr oder weniger ausgeprägte chronische Positivsymptomatik auf. Kognitive Verhaltenstherapie liefert problemspezifische und gut evaluierte, weiterentwickelte einzel- und gruppentherapeutische Ansätze, die der Hälfte der Patienten helfen können, im Alltag besser zurecht zu kommen. In der Praxis haben sie immer noch eine viel zu geringe Verbreitung gefunden, obwohl Institutsambulanzen und Polikliniken sowohl verhaltenstherapeutisch ausgebildete Ärzte und Psychologen aufweisen und Mitarbeiter aus der Pflege entsprechend trainiert werden können.
Neuropathology of Rett syndrome.

Rett Syndrome is unlike any other pediatric neurologic disease, and its clinical-pathologic correlation can not be defined with standard histology techniques. Based on hypotheses suggested by careful clinical observations, the nervous system of the Rett child has been explored utilizing morphometry, golgi preparations, computerized tomography, magnetic resonance imaging, chemistry, immunocytochemistry, autoradiography, and molecular biologic techniques. From these many perspectives we conclude that Rett syndrome is not a typical degenerative disorder, storage disorder, nor the result of gross malformation, infectious or neoplastic processes. There remain regions of the brain that have not been studied in detail but the available data suggest that the neuropathology of Rett syndrome can be summarized as follows: the Rett brain is small for the age and the height of the patient; it does not become progressively smaller over three to four decades; it has small dendritic trees in pyramidal neurons of layers III and V in selected lobes (frontal, motor, and temporal); it has small neurons with an increased neuronal packing density; it has an immature expression of microtubular protein-2 and cyclooxygenase; it exhibits a changing pattern of neurotransmitter receptors with an apparent reduction in many neurotransmitters, possibly contributing to some symptomatology. A mutation in Mecp2 causes this unique disorder of brain development. Neuronal mosaicism for normal and mutated Mecp2 produces a consistent phenotype in the classic female patient and a small brain with some preserved islands of function, but with an inability to support hand use and speech. This paper summarizes our current observations about neuropathology of Rett syndrome. MRDD Research Reviews 2002;8:72-76.
The alcoholic hepatitis histologic score: structured prognostic biopsy evaluation comes to alcoholic hepatitis.

lcoholic liver disease includes a spectrum of liver Adisease ranging from reversible fatty liver to alcoholic hepatitis (AH), and cirrhosis. Histologically, AH has a pattern of liver injury similar to nonalcoholic steatohepatitis, and these 2 entities may be indistinguishable on biopsy. However, AH may also have features rarely seen in nonalcoholic steatohepatitis, including cholestasis, numerous well-formed Mallory-Denk bodies, neutrophilic satellitosis, and sclerosing hyaline necrosis. AH presents as an acute hepatic injury associated with significant morbidity and mortality among a subset of patients who consume excessive amounts of alcohol. In mild cases, patients may improve and have a favorable outcome with conservative management and alcohol abstinence. Those with severe disease have 30%-40% mortality at 1 month. Furthermore, there is significant health care utilization and cost associated with patients with AH who are hospitalized. The AH syndrome is characterized by fever, jaundice, hepatomegaly, and signs of decompensated liver disease (eg, ascites and hepatic encephalopathy) that develops in patients with chronic alcohol abuse. At present, there are several scoring systems that predict patients with AH who are at high risk for mortality. The Maddrey discriminant function is used widely as a clinical tool to predict 30-day mortality and identify a subset of patients who may benefit from treatment with corticosteroids. The Model for Endstage Liver Disease (MELD) score is a survival model based on a composite of 3 laboratory variables: Serum creatinine, serum bilirubin, and International Normalized Ratio for prothrombin time. Recent studies have shown that MELD score can accurately predict 30and 90-day mortality in patients with AH. The recently developed Lille model includes evolution of the bilirubin level in addition to 3 baseline variables—creatinine, albumin, and prothrombin time—to predict mortality in AH. A Lille score of >0.45 after 1 week of corticosteroid therapy is associated with 75% mortality at 6 months. In clinical practice, discriminant function 32 and MELD 20 are used to guide the initiation of steroid therapy, and the Lille score is used to inform decisions concerning the discontinuation of steroids. Aside from the laboratory-derived models, physical evidence of encephalopathy and ascites are also useful as quick bedside tools to predict mortality. Hospitalized AH patients that lack these 2 physical signs tend to have better clinical outcome and survival at 90-day follow-up. Liver biopsy has long been used to confirm the diagnosis and assess the severity of chronic liver diseases, such as
Hepatitis B virus mutants associated with 3TC and famciclovir administration are replication defective

Hepatitis B virus (HBV) variant strains may develop during therapy for chronic infection with the nucleoside analog 2′,3′‐dideoxy‐3′‐thiacytidine (3TC). HBV mutants result from isoleucine (I) or valine (V) substitutions in the methionine (M) of the YMDD motif in the viral reverse‐transcriptase catalytic domain. In addition, other mutations in the reverse‐transcriptase “B domain” involving either a phenylalanine (F)‐to‐leucine (L) at amino acid 501 (F501L) or an L‐to‐M substitution at amino acid 515 (L515M) have been observed during 3TC and Famciclovir therapy as well. To determine the biologic consequences of these mutations on viral replication, variant viral genomes were constructed and transiently transfected into hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) and HEK 293 human embryo kidney‐derived cell lines. In transiently transfected HCC cells, the viruses bearing the YI/VDD or F501L mutations had greatly impaired replication as compared to wild‐type virus, whereas the virus carrying the L515M substitution showed the least defect. Double mutants with the L515M substitution showed intermediate defect between the YI/VDD or F501L and the L515M single‐mutant strains. In contrast, when transfected into HEK 293 cells, the viruses bearing the YI/VDD or L515M mutation replicated as wild‐type. However, under conditions of deoxynucleotide depletion produced by hydroxyurea treatment of HEK 293 cells, all mutants but not the wild‐type virus exhibited a reduced replication phenotype similar to that observed in HCC cells. In both HCC and HEK 293 cells, the mutant viruses carrying the F501L substitution showed a decreased pregenomic RNA encapsidation level, suggesting that the defect in HBV DNA synthesis occurs at the RNA packaging level. These findings show that 3TC and Famciclovir selected mutations alter the properties of the HBV reverse transcriptase, resulting in impaired viral replication within the cell.
Detecting malware's failover C&C strategies with squeeze

The ability to remote-control infected PCs is a fundamental component of modern malware campaigns. At the same time, the command and control (C&C) infrastructure that provides this capability is an attractive target for mitigation. In recent years, more or less successful takedown operations have been conducted against botnets employing both client-server and peer-to-peer C&C architectures. To improve their robustness against such disruptions of their illegal business, botnet operators routinely deploy redundant C&C infrastructure and implement failover C&C strategies. In this paper, we propose techniques based on multi-path exploration [1] to discover how malware behaves when faced with the simulated take-down of some of the network endpoints it communicates with. We implement these techniques in a tool called Squeeze, and show that it allows us to detect backup C&C servers, increasing the coverage of an automatically generated C&C blacklist by 19.7%, and can trigger domain generation algorithms that malware implements for disaster-recovery.
The Response of Brain Surface Pressure to Hypercapnic Hypoxia and Hyperventilation

Intracranial pressures (cisternal cerebrospinal fluid and brain surface pressures) were measured in nine anesthetized dogs during and after experimental hypercapnic hypoxia. Both pressures increased significantly after 20 minutes of hypoventilation with the hypoxic mixture (PaO2 20 ± 7.3 torr; PaCO2 87 ± 7.9 torr). When the dogs were subsequently hyperventilated with oxygen, the cerebrospinal fluid pressure rapidly declined, but pressure at the brain surface remained twice the control value. This pressure dissociation was even more striking when the dogs were then given an infusion of distilled water intraveously. These findings suggest that swelling of the brain occurs during hypercapnic hypoxia and is not reversed by an hour of hyperventilation. The lack of correlation between cisternal CSF and brain surface pressures suggests that CSF was displaced from the cranium while brain volume expanded. CSF pressure did not, therefore, reflect the actual pressure of the brain.
Sustentabilidad en la gestión ecoeficiente de los residuos urbanos (GERU): caso de municipios españoles

Este articulo analiza los factores exogenos que influencianla Gestion Ecoeficiente de Residuos Urbanos (GERU) desde una perspectiva cualitativa, a traves de entrevistas en profundidad a responsables politicos y personal administrativo sobre temas de desarrollo sostenible, ecoeficiencia y sustentabilidad. Las entrevistas se realizaron en el municipio de Sant Cugat, en Espana. La razon de elegir el municipio senalado, es porque presenta un alto grado de ecoeficiencia segun una muestra analizada a 143 municipios espanoles (DIAZ, 2009). Se logra ver que la educacion y el turismo son dos factores exogenos que influencian en la GERU. La combinacion de factores socioeconomicos y de gestion, nos ofrece una perspectiva positiva del desarrollo regional que pueden tener los municipios espanoles.