Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Nitric oxide emissions from a southern African savanna

NO fluxes from soils of a periodically flooded tropical savanna in southern Africa were investigated and modeled. In the laboratory, NO production rates, NO consumption rate constants, NO mixing ratios, relationships between NO emissions and soil temperature and moisture were determined for nutrient-poor, nutrient-rich savanna soils and a floodplain soil. The NO production rate and consumption rate constants of the floodplain soil (1.96 ng N s−1 per kilogram of soil and 2.04×10−5 m3 s−1 per kilogram of soil, respectively) were significantly higher than those of the savanna soils (average of 1.28 ng N s−1 per kilogram of soil and 1.47×10−5 m3 s−1 per kilogram of soil, respectively), but there were no significant difference between the nutrient-rich and nutrient-poor soils. NO flux rates increased exponentially with soil temperature. NO flux rates increased with soil moisture reaching a maximum near the field capacity (7.5–10% and 31.2% gravimetric water content for savanna and floodplain soils, respectively), after which the NO flux rate declined. These laboratory data were used in a model to estimate field NO flux rates, which were compared with actual field NO emission measurements. The NO model was modified to incorporate NO “pulsing” after the first rains of the season. Correlation between the modeled and field NO fluxes from the nutrient-poor savanna, nutrient-rich savanna, and the floodplain soils showed r2 values of 0.91, 0.82, and 0.74, respectively. The NO model was linked with a soil moisture and temperature model to predict annual NO emission estimates from savannas. Annual NO flux from the nutrient-poor and nutrient-rich savannas was estimated to be 0.16×10−3 and 0.14×10−3 kg N m−2 yr−1, respectively, which agree well with estimates from other savanna studies.
Clinical Utility of Eeg in Attention-deficit/hyperactivity Disorder: a Research Update

Psychiatric research applications of electroencephalography (EEG), the earliest approach to imaging human cortical brain activity, are attracting increasing scientific and clinical interest. For over 40 years, EEG research has attempted to characterize and quantify the neurophysiology of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), most consistently associating it with increased frontocentral theta band activity and increased theta to beta (θ/β) power ratio during rest compared to non-ADHD controls. Recent reports suggest that while these EEG measures demonstrate strong discriminant validity for ADHD, significant EEG heterogeneity also exists across ADHD-diagnosed individuals. In particular, additional studies validating the use of the θ/β power ratio measure appear needed before it can be used for clinical diagnosis. In recent years, the number and the scientific quality of research reports on EEG-based neurofeedback (NF) for ADHD have grown considerably, though the studies reviewed here do not yet support NF training as a first-line, stand-alone treatment modality. In particular, more research is needed comparing NF to placebo-control and other effective treatments for ADHD. Currently, following a long period of relative stasis, the neurophysiological specificity of measures used in EEG research is rapidly increasing. It is likely, therefore, that new EEG studies of ADHD using higher-density recordings and new measures drawn from viewing EEG as a 3-D functional imaging modality, as well as intensive re-analyses of existing EEG study data, can better characterize neurophysiological differences between and within ADHD and non-ADHD subjects and lead to more precise diagnostic measures and effective neurofeedback approaches. Background. Electroencephalography (EEG) was the earliest measure used to systematically examine human brain cortical activity. Following a long period of decline in clinical interest occasioned by the development of brain imaging using magnetic resonance, EEG is now attracting increasing scientific and clinical interest. This resurgence is made possible by ongoing advances in signal processing and visualization that increase the spatial resolution of EEG imaging and exploit its ability to image quick transient cortical events and more precise regional changes in cortical tone; these advances are discussed later in the review.
Spectral behaviour of tropical soils and implications for the monitoring of vegetation.

Under tropical conditions, highly weathered soil types dominated by clay minerais and iron and aluminium oxides present speáral reflection characteristics that are unique or distinct from those observed in soils of temperate arcas. In this chapter, a review of the factors that affect the reflection and colour of tropical soils is presented. Results from previous studies with six tropical soil profiles and from a chemical washing experiment are used to demonstrate the influence of constituents such as organic matter, iron oxides, and clay fraction, is modifying soil reflectance. use of hyperspectral remate sensing for mineral identification is tropical soils is addressed. An example of an approach to derive chemical maps from the use of AVIRIS (Airborne Visible/InfraRed Imaging Spectromcter)-derived empirical relationships between pixel reflectance values and soil constituents is presented. Finally, the influence of soil composition and the effects of band positioning and bandwidth on the quality of the soil lises, the conceptual base for most of the vegetation indices such as the normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI), are demonstrated.
Moving Least-Squares Reconstruction of Large Models with GPUs

Modern laser range scanning campaigns produce extremely large point clouds, and reconstructing a triangulated surface thus requires both out-of-core techniques and significant computational power. We present a GPU-accelerated implementation of the moving least-squares (MLS) surface reconstruction technique. We believe this to be the first GPU-accelerated, out-of-core implementation of surface reconstruction that is suitable for laser range-scanned data. While several previous out-of-core approaches use a sweep-plane approach, we subdivide the space into cubic regions that are processed independently. This independence allows the algorithm to be parallelized using multiple GPUs, either in a single machine or a cluster. It also allows data sets with billions of point samples to be processed on a standard desktop PC. We show that our implementation is an order of magnitude faster than a CPU-based implementation when using a single GPU, and scales well to 8 GPUs.
Spectral variability among rocks in visible and near‐infrared multispectral Pancam data collected at Gusev crater: Examinations using spectral mixture analysis and related techniques

[1] Visible and near-infrared (VNIR) multispectral observations of rocks made by the Mars Exploration Rover Spirit's Panoramic camera (Pancam) have been analyzed using a spectral mixture analysis (SMA) methodology. Scenes have been examined from the Gusev crater plains into the Columbia Hills. Most scenes on the plains and in the Columbia Hills could be modeled as three end-member mixtures of a bright material, rock, and shade. Scenes of rocks disturbed by the rover's Rock Abrasion Tool (RAT) required additional end-members. In the Columbia Hills, there were a number of scenes in which additional rock end-members were required. The SMA methodology identified relatively dust-free areas on undisturbed rock surfaces as well as spectrally unique areas on RAT abraded rocks. Spectral parameters from these areas were examined, and six spectral classes were identified. These classes are named after a type rock or area and are Adirondack, Lower West Spur, Clovis, Wishstone, Peace, and Watchtower. These classes are discriminable based, primarily, on near-infrared (NIR) spectral parameters. Clovis and Watchtower class rocks appear more oxidized than Wishstone class rocks and Adirondack basalts based on their having higher 535 nm band depths. Comparison of the spectral parameters of these Gusev crater rocks to parameters of glass-dominated basaltic tuffs indicates correspondence between measurements of Clovis and Watchtower classes but divergence for the Wishstone class rocks, which appear to have a higher fraction of crystalline ferrous iron-bearing phases. Despite a high sulfur content, the rock Peace has NIR properties resembling plains basalts.
Optimizing the Guidance and Control Laws at the Space Optoelectronic Observation

Abstract Obtained in the space photos a ground resolution depends on a spacecraft (SC) spatial angular motion during optoelectronic survey. The paper examines case of optimal equalization of an image longitudinal velocity in the focal plane of telescope and tackles the problem of defining initial azimuth of the scanning survey under the condition of minimizing quadratic functional of image cross velocity values on the left and right edges of the CCD linear array. Results of a simulated survey of random surface object are presented, and the change of initial azimuth value for various survey angles within the swath is examined. The paper presents a brief description of developed software for designing the space telescope characteristics and gives recommendations for its application.
Measures, Integrals and Martingales: Frontmatter

Prelude Dependence chart Prologue 1. The pleasures of counting 2. sigma-algebras 3. Measures 4. Uniqueness of measures 5. Existance of measures 6. Measurable mappings 7. Measurable functions 8. Integration of positive functions 9. Integrals of measurable functions and null sets 10. Convergence theroems and their applications 11. The function spaces 12. Product measures and Fubini's theorem 13. Integrals with respect to image measures 14. Integrals of images and Jacobi's transformation rule 15. Uniform integrability and Vitali's convergence theorem 16. Martingales 17. Martingale convergence theorems 18. The Radon-Nikodym theorem and other applications of martingales 19. Inner product spaces 20. Hilbert space 21. Conditional expectations in L2 22. Conditional expectations in Lp 23. Orthonormal systems and their convergence behaviour Appendix A. Lim inf and lim supp Appendix B. Some facts from point-set topology Appendix C. The volume of a parallelepiped Appendix D. Non-measurable sets Appendix E. A summary of the Riemann integral Further reading Bibliography Notation index Name and subject index.
Influence of water on rheology and strain localization in the lower continental crust

We investigated deformation processes within a lower crustal shear zone exposed in gabbros from Arnøya, Norway. Over a distance of ∼1 m, the gabbro progresses from nominally undeformed to highly sheared where it is adjacent to a hydrous pegmatite. With increasing proximity to the pegmatite, there is a significant increase in the abundance of amphibole and zoisite (which form at the expense of pyroxene and calcic plagioclase) and a slight increase in the strength of plagioclase lattice‐preferred orientation, but there is little change in recrystallized plagioclase grain size. Phase diagrams, the presence of hydrous reaction products, and deformation mechanism maps all indicate that the water activity (aH2O) during deformation must have been high (∼1) in the sheared gabbro compared with the nonhydrated, surrounding host gabbro. These observations indicate that fluid intrusion into mafic lower crust initiates syn‐deformational, water‐consuming reactions, creating a rheological contrast between wet and dry lithologies that promote strain localization. Thus, deformation of lower continental crust can be accommodated in highly localized zones of enhanced fluid infiltration. These results provide an example of how fluid weakens lower continental crust lithologies at high pressures and temperatures.
Flint economy in the Pyrenees: A general view of siliceous raw material sources and their use in the Pyrenean Gravettian

The aim of this article is to present a very general view of siliceous raw material sources in the central Pyrenees, with support from recent bibliographic references. To illustrate the use of these materials in the Upper Paleolithic, we chose the example of the Gravettian occupation of Gargas Cave (Hautes-Pyrenees, France). Finally, we describe a few economic characteristics of the Pyrenean region, which are distinct from the Perigordian context in several ways.
Desarrollo participativo de híbridos sintéticos de maíz y producción de semilla por agricultores

Un grupo de agricultores de la region productora de maiz del municipio de Santa Maria del Oro, Nayarit, Mexico, aplico el modelo productor-experimentador (P-E) para desarrollar semilla hibrida de maiz para auto abasto y reducir costos de produccion. El modelo P-E es un proceso participativo entre productor e investigador, en el que se realiza investigacion, transferencia de tecnologia y adopcion. Las actividades se llevaron a cabo de 1996-2000 en la comunidad de Buckingham y otras aledanas. En 1996 los productores sembraron diez hibridos comerciales de maiz para compararlos con dos hibridos sinteticos obtenidos de cruzas entre hibridos comerciales F1. Las caracteristicas agronomicas superiores de los hibridos sinteticos y su alto rendimiento motivo a los agricultores a producir ocho nuevos hibridos sinteticos a partir de cruzamientos entre los hibridos comerciales: HV-313, D-880, C-385 en F2, P-3028, A-7573, D-867 y Ciclon. Los productores seleccionaron un nuevo hibrido al que denominaron B-2002, cuyo rendimiento fue similar al de los hibridos comerciales cultivados en la region: P-3028, A-7573 y H-359; por lo que la semilla del B-2002 tuvo una creciente demanda. En 1998, 1999 y 2000 se sembraron 1000, 1500 y 3500 ha, respectivamente. La aplicacion del modelo productor-experimentador demostro que, con asesoria del investigador, los productores estan aptos para desarrollar hibridos sinteticos de maiz a partir de hibridos comerciales y producir su propia semilla a un menor costo en comparacion con la de hibridos comerciales.
Patterns in the yearly trajectory of standard deviation of NDVI over 25 years for forest, grasslands and croplands across ecological gradients in Alberta, Canada

Interannual variability of vegetation represented by the temporal standard deviation (STD) of Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI), temporal STD, was calculated using a 25-year semi-monthly sequence of 8 km resolution NDVI images (Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer (AVHRR)-Global Inventory Modeling and Mapping Studies (GIMMS) data). The seasonal trajectory of temporal STD versus date was graphed to identify land-cover (LC) and location-related patterns. AVHRR-derived LC data and ecosystem mapping represented by Natural Subregions (NSRs) provided geographical stratification for data extraction. Finer subdivision came from separately considering >80% of pure LC areas within each NSR. The research was carried out over the Province of Alberta, Canada, which spans 11° of latitude and includes non-coinciding gradients in day length, temperature, precipitation and elevation. Two patterns occur. The ‘spring-variable’ pattern shows higher temporal STD in mid-spring and early autumn, with decreased values in summer. Slightly elevated temporal STD in early April and late October is interpreted to be due to snowmelt and snowfall. Spring-variability is typical of forested LCs and of cooler and wetter areas, primarily related to vegetation response to temperature variability at a given date from one year to the next. The ‘summer-variable’ pattern shows a single midsummer temporal STD peak. This pattern is typical of dry areas where grassland and cropland LCs predominate. Where these two LCs occur in cooler areas, their temporal STD approaches the spring-variable pattern. Summer-variability typifies moisture-dependent ecosystems. The temporal resolution is sufficient to demonstrate that forests in the extreme cool and wet areas of the province have a later spring temporal STD peak. Alberta has already warmed over the 1960–1990 period; because of the dates involved, warming before the 1980s is unrecoverable from satellite data. The data used here provide a baseline of variability over a period as long as that used for calculating climate normals. It is the longest available spatially complete satellite record to date. In future, with longer image time series, it will be possible to observe any changes in the degree and pattern of variability for the same location/LC. This will allow testing if interannual variability of vegetation changes in its temporal pattern or increases in magnitude for a given place.
Overview of dynamic contrast-enhanced MRI in prostate cancer diagnosis and management.

OBJECTIVE This article is a primer on the technical aspects of performing a high-quality dynamic contrast-enhanced MRI (DCE-MRI) examination of the prostate gland. CONCLUSION DCE-MRI is emerging as a useful clinical technique as part of a multi-parametric approach for evaluating the extent of primary and recurrent prostate cancer. Performing a high-quality DCE-MRI examination requires a good understanding of the technical aspects and limitations of image acquisition and postprocessing techniques.
The response of the middle atmosphere to long‐term and short‐term solar variability: A two‐dimensional model

A two-dimensional chemical-dynamical-radiative model of the middle atmosphere is used to investigate the potential changes of temperature, ozone, and other chemical constituents in response to variations in the solar ultraviolet flux, associated with the solar rotation (27 days) and the solar cycle (11 years). The model reproduces satisfactorily the response (amplitude and phase) to the 27-day forcing of ozone and temperature in the stratosphere but does not properly explain the ozone and temperature responses of opposite sign observed near 70 km altitude. The change in the ozone column abundance associated with the 27-day solar forcing is estimated to be less than 0.5%. Variations in middle and upper atmospheric ozone concentrations and temperatures induced by solar variations on the 11-year time scale are not negligible compared to changes produced as a result of human activities over the same period of time. The calculated change in the ozone column abundance from solar minimum to solar maximum conditions is of the order of 1.1–1.3% in the tropics and increases with latitude, especially in winter, to reach up to 1.5–1.7% in the polar regions. There are large unexplained differences between the calculated and observed stratospheric responses. For example, in the photochemically controlled region of the upper stratosphere, the model seems to underestimate the ozone response by more than a factor 2. In addition, the negative temperature and ozone responses observed in the lower stratosphere cannot be reproduced by the model. Potential dynamical feedbacks exist, but reliable data sets covering a period longer than one solar cycle have to become available before this problem can adequately be addressed.
Modelling Potential Socio‐economic Determinants of Building Fires in South East Queensland

This paper investigates the relationships between areas of building fire incidence, levels of socio-economic disadvantage and the underlying socio-economic characteristics in the South East Queensland (SEQ) region, Australia. Disaggregated fire incident data was acquired from the Queensland Fire and Rescue Service (QFRS) and then aggregated to the Statistical Local Area (SLA) level. The Australian Bureau of Statistics (ABS) defined index of socio-economic disadvantage (called ‘SEIFA’) has been used as the basis to identify relationships between socio-economic disadvantage and building fires. A regression model was then developed to predict the incidence of building fires using a range of socio-economic variables. Five significant predictors were identified that include: i) percentage of unemployed, ii) proportion of Indigenous population, iii) families living in separate dwellings, iv) one parent, and v) parent families with children less than fifteen years of age. Results also show that the distribution of building fires varies markedly across the SEQ region, with some of the Brisbane inner suburbs, areas of high socio-economic disadvantage, and parts of inland SEQ associated with relatively high fire rates.
Underwater bottom topography in coastal areas from TerraSAR-X data

In this article, wave refraction and shoaling in coastal areas were investigated and used to derive the bathymetry. With its high spatial resolution, which can achieve up to 1 m in SpotLight mode, and its low cut-off wavelength, the TerraSAR-X satellite provides images that are particularly suitable for the observation of wave behaviour in transient and shallow waters. By computing the two-dimensional (2D) spectra, shoaling waves were tracked from the open sea to the shoreline. The observed wave refraction and shoaling were compared with wave refraction laws and first-order wave theory (Airy theory). The retrieved bathymetry was compared against depth data from other sources such as ETOPO1, the US Coastal Relief Model and sea charts from the British Admiralty. A further aim of this article was the investigation of breaking waves showing up as near-shore image patterns. A theory is presented of how to derive the height of breaking waves by use of this pattern. Synthetic aperture radar (SAR) images with azimuth as well as range travelling waves were investigated. As test sites, we chose the entrance of Port Phillip near Melbourne (Australia) and the Duck Research Pier in North Carolina (USA).
Seismic hazard assessment of Kashmir and Kangra valley region, Western Himalaya, India

A complete earthquake catalogue of the Western Himalaya (latitudes 30°N–36°N and longitudes 72°E–78°E) for the period of 1501–2010 has been compiled with earthquake magnitude computed in moment magnitude (Mw) scale. Pre- and early twentieth century records of earthquake damage have been documented from rare and out of print publications. Seismotectonics and seismic hazard for Kohistan arc, Kashmir–Hazara Syntaxis, Nanga-Parbat (Western Syntaxis), Karakoram and Himachal Himalaya are discussed with special reference to 1905 Kangra and 2005 Muzaffarabad earthquakes. Analyses of spatio-temporal variation in b-value from the region indicate significant precursor prior to the 2005 Muzaffarabad earthquake; progressive rise of background b-value observed and the main shock locates close to relative high b-value domains. Regions surrounding the location of the 1905 Kangra earthquake also display such high b-value for the period of 2005–2010 that calls for closer scrutiny. Temporal analysis of b-value from the epicentral block of Muzaffarabad earthquake clearly showed a high–low b-value couplet of 1.45–0.72, which may be treated as a typical precursor before an imminent large earthquake. Gumbel extreme value statistics indicate probability of occurrence of an event of Mw > 7.0 within 50 years in the region.
Multicenter International Cohort Validation of a Modified Sequential Organ Failure Assessment Score Using the Richmond dation Scale Agitation-se

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