Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
The Remembrance of things Past and its Place in Organization Theory

nonservatism has developed a rather bad reputation in recent years. For example, \_a recent, lavishly funded study reported several meta-analyses of work on the causes of conservatism (Jost et al. 2003) It found that the research shows that conservatives are, among other things, afraid, aggressive, resistant to change, intolerant of ambiguity, tolerant of inequality, and integratively simple. Now, it came to these conclusions in some rather dubious ways, largely revolving around including in their "meta-analysis" those published items that fit their hypothesis and massively excluding those items that did not.l But I do not wish at this point to criticize their methodology. I want instead to point to their foreordained conclusion, which was that conservatism is "motivated cognition," which means that conservative ideas are an expression of moral and psychological pathology, and not to be taken seriously in their own terms. I cannot comment on Steven Feldman's pathology, but I can say that his ideas are conservative and should be taken seriously indeed. Feldman is conservative in the most unadulterated sense: he believes there is value in the past and in following the traditions that represent it within the present. These traditions contain within themselves the wisdom that previous generations gained through experience. They bring with them the reasons why we are who we are and in this way tie us into the historical and moral community of which we are a part. To deny the value of tradition is to deny everything that goes into our identity.
Trace conditioning in insects—keep the trace!

Trace conditioning is a form of associative learning that can be induced by presenting a conditioned stimulus (CS) and an unconditioned stimulus (US) following each other, but separated by a temporal gap. This gap distinguishes trace conditioning from classical delay conditioning, where the CS and US overlap. To bridge the temporal gap between both stimuli and to form an association between CS and US in trace conditioning, the brain must keep a neural representation of the CS after its termination—a stimulus trace. Behavioral and physiological studies on trace and delay conditioning revealed similarities between the two forms of learning, like similar memory decay and similar odor identity perception in invertebrates. On the other hand differences were reported also, like the requirement of distinct brain structures in vertebrates or disparities in molecular mechanisms in both vertebrates and invertebrates. For example, in commonly used vertebrate conditioning paradigms the hippocampus is necessary for trace but not for delay conditioning, and Drosophila delay conditioning requires the Rutabaga adenylyl cyclase (Rut-AC), which is dispensable in trace conditioning. It is still unknown how the brain encodes CS traces and how they are associated with a US in trace conditioning. Insects serve as powerful models to address the mechanisms underlying trace conditioning, due to their simple brain anatomy, behavioral accessibility and established methods of genetic interference. In this review we summarize the recent progress in insect trace conditioning on the behavioral and physiological level and emphasize similarities and differences compared to delay conditioning. Moreover, we examine proposed molecular and computational models and reassess different experimental approaches used for trace conditioning.
Essential synergy between Ca2+ and guanine nucleotides in exocytotic secretion from permeabilized rat mast cells

Rat mast cells, pretreated with metabolic inhibitors and permeabilized by streptolysin-O, secrete histamine when provided with Ca2+ (buffered in the micromolar range) and nucleoside triphosphates. We have surveyed the ability of various exogenous nucleotides to support or inhibit secretion. The preferred rank order in support of secretion is ITP greater than XTP greater than GTP much greater than ATP. Pyrimidine nucleotides (UTP and CTP) are without effect. Nucleoside diphosphates included alongside Ca2+ plus ITP inhibit secretion in the order 2'- deoxyGDP greater than GDP greater than o-GDP greater than ADP approximately equal to 2'deoxyADP approximately equal to IDP. Secretion from the metabolically inhibited and permeabilized cells can also be induced by stable analogues of GTP (GTP-gamma-S greater than GppNHp greater than GppCH2p) which synergize with Ca2+ to trigger secretion in the absence of phosphorylating nucleotides. ATP enhances the effective affinity for Ca2+ and GTP analogues in the exocytotic process but does not alter the maximum extent of secretion. The results suggest that the presence of Ca2+ combined with activation of events controlled by a GTP regulatory protein provide a sufficient stimulus to exocytotic secretion from mast cells.
Income inequality in Israel

Ethnic inequality in Israel has long been a subject of great interest and ideological debate. There are two main divisions of income that have generally been the focus of attention: Jewish-Arab differences in income and wealth, and differences across Jewish immigrant groups and ethnic subgroupings. The former has been of interest because it is thought to relate to the more general issues of the Middle East conflict. The latter has drawn great attention from those seeking evidence regarding the extent of egalitarianism in Israel's 'socialist' society and those investigating patterns of inequality in Israel's multicultural 'melting pot'. Gender differences in earnings in Israel are also of interest, especially given the reputation of Israel as being more egalitarian than most societies. Also, patterns of income inequality have been used as ideological ammunition by those who wish either to praise or condemn Israeli society and Zionist ideology. Charges of 'discrimination' in Israel against Arabs or against certain Jewish sub-groups generally focus on one of two sets of issues: labour market discrimination and alleged discrimination in allocation of budgetary funding by the public sector. Our concern here is restricted to an examination of the first issue. On an analytic level, there has been relatively little formal statistical or econometric study of the factors causing income disparities in Israel. In particular, analysis of 'disparities' across ethnic groups in Israel has often gone no further than documenting their existence. In general, it makes a great difference which factors produce income disparities across ethnic (or gender) groups. In some cases they may be nothing more than
Modeling Drug- and System-Related Changes in Body Temperature: Application to Clomethiazole-Induced Hypothermia, Long-Lasting Tolerance Development, and Circadian Rhythm in Rats

The aim of the present investigation was to develop a pharmacokinetic-pharmacodynamic model for the characterization of clomethiazole (CMZ)-induced hypothermia and the rapid development of long-lasting tolerance in rats while taking into account circadian rhythm in baseline and the influence of handling. CMZ-induced hypothermia and tolerance was measured using body temperature telemetry in male Sprague-Dawley rats, which were given s.c. bolus injections of 0, 15, 150, 300, and 600 μmol kg–1 and 24-h s.c. continuous infusions of 0, 20, and 40 μmol kg–1 h–1 using osmotic pumps. The duration of tolerance was studied by repeated injections of 300 μmol kg–1 at 3- to 32-day intervals. Plasma exposure to CMZ was obtained in satellite groups of catheterized rats. Fitted population concentration-time profiles served as input for the pharmacodynamic analysis. The asymmetric circadian rhythm in baseline body temperature was successfully described by a novel negative feedback model incorporating external light-dark conditions. An empirical function characterized the transient increase in temperature upon handling of the animal. A feedback model for temperature regulation and tolerance development allowed estimation of CMZ potency at 30 ± 1 μM. The delay in onset of tolerance was estimated via a series of four transit compartments at 7.6 ± 2 h. The long-lasting tolerance was assumed to be caused by inactivation of a mediator with an estimated turnover time of 46 ± 3 days. This multicomponent turnover model was able to quantify the CMZ-induced hypothermia, circadian rhythm in baseline, and rapid onset of a long-lasting tolerance to CMZ in rats.
High School Students Presenting Science: An Interactional Sociolinguistic Analysis.

Presenting science is an authentic activity of practicing scientists. Thus, effective communication of science is an important skill to nurture in high school students who are learning science. This study examines strategies employed by high school students as they make science presentations; it assesses students' conceptual understandings of particular science topics through their presentations and investigates gender differences. Data are derived from science presentation given by eight high school students, three females and five males who attended a summer science program. Data sources included videotaped presentations, ethnographic fieldnotes, interviews with presenters and members of the audience, and presenter notes and overheads. Presentations were transcribed and submitted to discourse analysis from an interactional sociolinguistic perspective. This article focuses on the methodology employed and how it helps inform the above research questions. The author argues that use of this methodology leads to findings that inform important social-communicative issues in the learning of science. Practical advice for teaching students to present science, implications for use of presentations to assess conceptual learning, and indications of some possible gender differences are discussed.
Job Satisfaction Among Early School Leavers Working in the Trades and the Influence of Vocational Education in Schools

While we know that many youths do not hold an optimistic anticipation of a working life and occupational environments, we do not know a great deal about the early career experiences of young workers, particularly those regarded as high risk such as the early school exits, and young males in particular. Evidence regarding the implications of early school exit suggests ongoing barriers that would work against youth making an easy transition or experiencing an extended period of job satisfaction. Moreover, the negative myths concerning contemporary youth suggest that the work ethic and the notion of job satisfaction are not widespread among this generation. Findings of a high level of job satisfaction among a group of Western Australian early school exit youths primarily in building and construction trade-oriented jobs are reported here. It is suggested that the very high levels of satisfaction among this particular cohort at this stage of their post-school employment and training may be related to the industry-specific vocational education and training programme that each youth undertook during Year 11.
PRDM1 Is Required for Mantle Cell Lymphoma Response to Bortezomib

Mantle cell lymphoma (MCL) is an aggressive form of B-cell lymphoma with a poor disease-free survival rate. The proteasome inhibitor bortezomib is approved for the treatment of relapsed and refractory MCL and has efficacy in about 30% of patients. However, the precise mechanism of action of bortezomib is not well understood. This report establishes a requirement for the transcription repressor PR domain zinc finger protein 1 (PRDM1, Blimp1) in the response to bortezomib. Bortezomib rapidly induces transcription of PRDM1 as part of the apoptotic response in both cell lines and primary MCL tumor cells. Knockdown of PRDM1 blocks activation of NOXA and inhibits apoptosis, whereas ectopic expression of PRDM1 alone leads to apoptosis in MCL. Two novel direct targets of PRDM1 were identified in MCL cells: MKI67 (Ki67) and proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA). Both MKI67 and PCNA are required for proliferation and survival. Chromatin immunoprecipitation and knockdown studies reveal that specific repression of MKI67 and PCNA is mediated by PRDM1 in response to bortezomib. Furthermore, promoter studies and mutation/deletion analysis show that PRDM1 functions through specific sites in the PCNA proximal promoter and an MKI67 distal upstream repression domain. Together, these findings establish PRDM1 as a key mediator of bortezomib activity in MCL. Mol Cancer Res; 8(6); 907–18. ©2010 AACR.
Assisting Learners to Dynamically Adjust Learning Processes through Software Agents

To make online learning more productive, software agent technology has been applied to provide services for learners in order to assist them to construct knowledge in constructivist ways. This paper is focused on the application of software agents in assisting learners to dynamically adjust learning processes. Unlike pedagogical agents, the agents in this application do not hold domain knowledge but simply assist learners to get through learning processes by a variety of supportive services. They assist learners to develop personalized preferred learning plans and to guide them to dynamically adjust learning toward their goals. In this article, the online learning process is first investigated, and an approach to assisting learners to dynamically adjust learning is outlined. Then, the structure of the UOL (unit of learning) database that provides links between a practical learning scenario and the required services is explored. A multi-agent architecture for realizing the services is configured, and the roles of the involved agents are described. After that, the related agent algorithms for guiding learners to dynamically adjust learning are described.
Reconstructing the dynamics of ancient human populations from radiocarbon dates: 10 000 years of population growth in Australia

Measuring trends in the size of prehistoric populations is fundamental to our understanding of the demography of ancient people and their responses to environmental change. Archaeologists commonly use the temporal distribution of radiocarbon dates to reconstruct population trends, but this can give a false picture of population growth because of the loss of evidence from older sites. We demonstrate a method for quantifying this bias, and we use it to test for population growth through the Holocene of Australia. We used model simulations to show how turnover of site occupation across an archaeological landscape, interacting with erasure of evidence at abandoned sites, can create an increase in apparent site occupation towards the present when occupation density is actually constant. By estimating the probabilities of abandonment and erasure from archaeological data, we then used the model to show that this effect does not account for the observed increase in occupation through the Holocene in Australia. This is best explained by population growth, which was low for the first part of the Holocene but accelerated about 5000 years ago. Our results provide new evidence for the dynamism of non-agricultural populations through the Holocene.
How literacy in its fundamental sense is central to scientific literacy

This paper draws upon a distinction between fundamental and derived senses of literacy to show that conceptions of scientific literacy attend to the derived sense but tend to neglect the fundamental sense. In doing so, they fail to address a central component of scientific literacy. A notion of literacy in its fundamental sense is elaborated and contrasted to a simple view of reading and writing that still has much influence on literacy instruction in schools and, we believe, is widely assumed in science education. We make suggestions about how scientific literacy would be viewed differently if the fundamental sense of literacy were taken seriously and explore some educational implications of attending to literacy in its fundamental sense when teaching science. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Sci Ed87:224–240, 2003; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/sce.10066
# 2008-04 Evolvability and Acceleration in Evolutionary Computation

Biological and artificial evolutionary systems can possess varying degrees of evolvability and different rates of evolution. Such quantities can be affected by various factors. Here, we review some evolutionary mechanisms and discuss new developments in biology that may improve evolvability or accelerate evolution in artificial systems. Biological notions are discussed to the degree they correspond to notions in evolutionary computation. We hope the findings put forward here can be used to design computational models of evolution that exhibit significant gains in evolvability and evolutionary speed.
Mechanical crack propagation drives millisecond daughter cell separation in Staphylococcus aureus

Pop goes the coccus Daughter cell separation in Staphylococcus aureus proceeds much like the cracking of an egg. So say Zhou et al., who examined dividing cells with millisecond precision using high-speed videomicroscopy. Rather than proceeding gradually, tiny imperfections in the mother cell wall were seen to crack open, leaving two daughter cells linked by a hinge. Science, this issue p. 574 Daughter cell separation in Staphylococcus aureus proceeds much like the cracking of an egg. When Staphylococcus aureus undergoes cytokinesis, it builds a septum, generating two hemispherical daughters whose cell walls are only connected via a narrow peripheral ring. We found that resolution of this ring occurred within milliseconds (“popping”), without detectable changes in cell volume. The likelihood of popping depended on cell-wall stress, and the separating cells split open asymmetrically, leaving the daughters connected by a hinge. An elastostatic model of the wall indicated high circumferential stress in the peripheral ring before popping. Last, we observed small perforations in the peripheral ring that are likely initial points of mechanical failure. Thus, the ultrafast daughter cell separation in S. aureus appears to be driven by accumulation of stress in the peripheral ring and exhibits hallmarks of mechanical crack propagation.
Reliability and Validity of Scores on the Disruptive Behavior Rating Scale-Teacher Version (DBRS-T)

Reliability and construct and criterion-related validity of scores on the Disruptive Behavior Rating Scale-Teacher Version were studied. Factor analysis confirmed a four-factor structure underlying the scale. Internal consistency of the Distractible, Oppositional, and Impulsive-Hyperactive factors was excellent, whereas the Antisocial Conduct factor was moderately high. Evidence of strong convergent validity also is presented.
Separate and Unequal: Occupation-Establishment Sex Segregation and the Gender Wage Gap

The authors report the first large-scale empirical investigation of within-job wage differences between men and women in the same occupation and establishment, using data first on blue-collar and clerical employees from 16 U.S. industries in 1974-83 and second on employees in 10 professional and administrative occupations. The authors report three findings. First, wage differences at the occupation-establishment level were small even without controls for individual-level characteristics. Hence, within-job wage discrimination was much less important than occupation-establishment segregation for observed wage differences. Second, establishment segregation was an important cause, although not as important as occupational segregation, of wage differences. Third, establishment segregation was extensive, as was occupational segregation.
Asymmetric Partisan Biases in Perceptions of Political Parties

This paper investigates whether there is partisan bias in the way that individuals see the parties’ positions on issues and whether that bias can be accounted for by differences in information or the way in which citizens deal with information shortfalls. Using data from the 2004 NES survey, I find that there are significant differences in perception between different groups of partisan identifiers and that while much of the bias can be accounted for, some remains. The remaining biases also reveal interesting asymmetries between Democratic and Republican partisans and across issues.
Stimulation targeting higher motor areas in stroke rehabilitation: A proof-of-concept, randomized, double-blinded placebo-controlled study of effectiveness and underlying mechanisms.

PURPOSE To demonstrate, in a proof-of-concept study, whether potentiating ipsilesional higher motor areas (premotor cortex and supplementary motor area) augments and accelerates recovery associated with constraint induced movement. METHODS In a randomized, double-blinded pilot clinical study, 12 patients with chronic stroke were assigned to receive anodal transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) (n = 6) or sham (n = 6) to the ipsilesional higher motor areas during constraint-induced movement therapy. We assessed functional and neurophysiologic outcomes before and after 5 weeks of therapy. RESULTS Only patients receiving tDCS demonstrated gains in function and dexterity. Gains were accompanied by an increase in excitability of the contralesional rather than the ipsilesional hemisphere. CONCLUSIONS Our proof-of-concept study provides early evidence that stimulating higher motor areas can help recruit the contralesional hemisphere in an adaptive role in cases of greater ipsilesional injury. Whether this early evidence of promise translates to remarkable gains in functional recovery compared to existing approaches of stimulation remains to be confirmed in large-scale clinical studies that can reasonably dissociate stimulation of higher motor areas from that of the traditional primary motor cortices.
Driving Under the Influence of Cannabis, Reckless Driving and Accident Involvement

Driving under the influence of cannabis (DUIC) is a growing concern. Studies investigating the impact of DUIC on traffic safety show evidence that in the acute period of intoxication, cannabis reduces specific driving faculties and is associated with an elevated risk of collision. However, DUIC drivers seem to exhibit a general reckless driving style that may contribute to an overestimation of DUIC-related collisions among this group. In this particular study, we investigated DUIC drivers with respect to self-reported reckless driving habits, reckless driving observed in a driving simulator, psychological traits and accident involvement. Results suggest that DUIC is associated with on-road risk-taking and negative emotions while driving. Furthermore, DUIC was associated with an increased risk of being involved in a car accident after controlling for reckless driving habits and socio-demographic variables. Finally, we found that sensation seeking and impulsivity were predictors of DUIC.
Systolic Sorting on a Mesh-Connected Network

A parallel algorithm for sorting n data items in O(n) steps is presented. Its simple structure and the fact that it needs local communication only make it suitable for an implementation in VLSI technology. The algorithm is based on a merge algorithm that merges four subfiles stored in a mesh-connected processor array. This merge algorithm is composed of the perfect shuffle and odd-even-transposition sort. For the VLSI implementation a systolic version of the algorithm is presented. The area and time complexities for a bit-serial and a bit-parallel version of this implementation are analyzed.