Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
An approach for the design of Cylindrical Surrounding Double-Gate MOSFET

In this paper, we have explored the designing approach of Cylindrical Surrounding Double-Gate (CSDG) MOSFETs, for the wireless telecommunication systems to operate at the microwave frequency regime of the spectrum. This proposed CSDG MOSFET can be used as the RF switch for selecting the data streams from antennas for both the transmitting and receiving processes. We emphasize on the basics of the circuit elements as drain current, resistances at switch ON condition, capacitances, energy stored required for the integrated circuit of the radio frequency sub-system. Using this device we analyzed that the drain current is higher, ON-resistance is lower which shows that the isolation is better in CSDG MOSFET as compared to single-gate MOSFET and double-gate MOSFET.
Timing and Sequencing Issues in Trade Liberalisation

In the last two decades there has been a major shift in the trade policy emphasis of many developing countries away from the inward-oriented, importsubstituting policies that most of these countries had pursued since independence. We now see attempts to improve growth performance, raise export earnings and increase the efficiency of domestic industries by increasing their exposure to foreign competition. An important part of this process has been the adoption of programmes of trade liberalisation. Several reasons have been suggested for this change in approach (Whalley, I989). Undoubtedly it reflects dissatisfaction with the results of importsubstitution, and a desire to emulate the strong growth performance of the 'outwardly oriented' NICs. International donors and lenders (such as the IMF and the World Bank) now often make their assistance conditional on some programme of trade policy reform. Developed countries have also begun to take more notice of developing-country policies, particularly those of the more successful exporters, and have begun to press for reforms in industries or sectors of interest to developed-country exporters. Although this change in the direction of trade policy might be said to reflect a general dissatisfaction with past performance, many liberalisation programmes are triggered, directly or indirectly, by balance of payments crises. Such crises seem unavoidable given the policies adopted by many developing countries (Mussa, I 987). International transactions are subject to a wide range of restrictions including taxes, tariffs and quantitative restrictions on commodity trade, and exchange controls limiting access by domestic residents to foreign capital markets and foreign residents to the domestic capital market. Partly these restrictions reflect the basic import-substitution policy. But they also result from the government's inability to meet its expenditure targets without recourse to inflationary financing. In order to maintain a pegged exchange rate, governments impose ever tighter restrictions on international transactions, and the domestic currency rapidly becomes overvalued. The result is recurrent balance of payments crises, which are briefly alleviated by devaluations and the temporary loosening of controls, only to reappear as government deficits continue. An important element of this scenario is that the real exchange rate, defined as the relative price of non-traded goods in terms of traded goods, remains above its equilibrium level pushed there by the excess of domestic expenditure over income. Since import-competing industries
Stuxnet and the Future of Cyber War

The discovery in June 2010 that a cyber worm dubbed ‘Stuxnet’ had struck the Iranian nuclear facility at Natanz suggested that, for cyber war, the future is now. Yet more important is the political and strategic context in which new cyber threats are emerging, and the effects the worm has generated in this respect. Perhaps most striking is the confluence between cyber crime and state action. States are capitalising on technology whose development is driven by cyber crime, and perhaps outsourcing cyber attacks to non-attributable third parties, including criminal organisations. Cyber offers great potential for striking at enemies with less risk than using traditional military means. It is unclear how much the Stuxnet program cost, but it was almost certainly less than the cost of single fighter-bomber. Yet if damage from cyber attacks can be quickly repaired, careful strategic thought is required in comparing the cost and benefits of cyber versus traditional military attack. One important benefit of cyber attack may be its greater opportunity to achieve goals such as retarding the Iranian nuclear programme without causing the loss of life or injury to innocent civilians that air strikes would seem more likely to inflict. Nevertheless, cyber attacks do carry a risk of collateral damage, with a risk of political blowback if the attacking parties are identified. Difficulty in identifying a cyber attacker presents multiple headaches for responding. A key strategic risk in cyber attack, finally, lies in potential escalatory responses. Strategies for using cyber weapons like Stuxnet need to take into account that adversaries may attempt to turn them back against us.
Recurrent nocturnal asthma due to tolylene di‐isocyanate: a case report

In a carpenter with a history of nocturnal dyspnoea, a bronchial provocation test with a tolylene diisocyanate (TDI) activator elicited a non‐immediate asthmatic reaction, followed by recurrent nocturnal asthma for five subsequent nights. Subsequently, the study of the circadian rhythm of airflow, registered during work, confirmed the presence of recurrent nocturnal asthma of occupational origin.
Transient operation modeling of induction machine using standstill frequency response test

The mathematical models of the induction machine (IM) developed on the basis of the experimental frequency-response characteristics at standstill condition (SSFR) are proposed in this paper. At zero speed the transfer function of (IM) is used to obtain an exact linear parametric model. The latter ones are recommended for investigating the transient processes occurring at connections of (IM) to the electrical system. The identication of the equivalent circuit and its validation are carried out experimentally for a 0.25-kW (IM).
The hydatidiform mole

ABSTRACT The hydatidiform mole (HM) is a placental pathology of androgenetic origin. Placental villi have an abnormal hyperproliferation event and hydropic degeneration. Three situations can be envisaged at its origin: 1. The destruction/expulsion of the female pronucleus at the time of fertilization by 1 or 2 spermatozoa with the former being followed by an endoreplication of the male pronucleus leading to a complete hydatidiform mole (CHM) 2. A triploid zygote (fertilization by 2 spermatozoa) leading to a partial hydatidiform mole (PHM) but can also lead to haploid and diploid clones. The diploid clone may produce a normal fetus while the haploid clone after endoreplication generates a CHM 3. A nutritional defect during the differentiation of the oocytes or the deterioration of the limited oxygen pressure during the first trimester of gestation may lead to the formation of a HM. In countries with poor medical health care system, moles (mainly the CHM) can become invasive or, in rare cases, lead to gestational choriocarcinomas.
Carbon sequestration in Taiwan harvested wood products

This study, with FAOSTAT and Taiwan data sources, estimates Taiwan carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions in harvested wood products (HWP) by applying the three accounting methods suggested by the 2006 IPCC Guidelines. The investigation also explores impulse responses of CO2 emissions to economic factors. Results from FAOSTAT and Taiwan data demonstrate an inconsistent production approach (PA) in the signs of the estimated CO2 emissions. Average contributions of HWP from 1990 to 2008 for the stock change approach (SCA), PA and atmospheric flow approach (AFA) in Taiwan are −3.195 Tg, 0.412 Tg and 10.632 Tg CO2 emissions, respectively. SCA has determined the Taiwan HWP as a carbon reservoir; in contrast, PA and AFA have determined Taiwan HWP as a CO2 emission. The net forest products imports into Taiwan induce the inconsistent signs of HWP carbon sequestration among SCA, PA and AFA. The vector autoregressive model (VAR) results also indicate that real GDP per capita is crucial for SCA CO2 emissions, followed by exchange rate.
The ‘Rise of the South’: Global Convergence at Last?

This article offers a political economy review of the literatures and the empirical evidence concerning the ‘Rise of the South’. The study focuses on global convergence (in the long-term, in the last 30 years, and in the aftermath of the 2008 global crisis), economic decoupling between developing and advanced economies, and the economic strategies which may help catching-up, especially the ‘flying geese’ paradigm and industrial policies supporting manufacturing sector growth. It shows that the mainstream literature suffers from significant weaknesses; that empirical claims concerning convergence and decoupling have been exaggerated, and that flying geese-type strategies are severely limited. Examination of the drivers of growth in the South and the policies implemented in key converging countries support the claim that political economy approaches can offer valuable policy insights to countries grappling with the challenges of long-term growth and development.
The case for a right to housing

Abstract America has the resources to guarantee everyone a right to decent, affordable housing, making real the now 50‐year‐old congressionally promulgated National Housing Goal. The issue is one of values—constantly expanding notions of social, civil, and economic rights—and can only be won through political struggle, as has been true historically of all rights expansions. The costs of not attaining this right, to those suffering from substandard housing conditions and unaffordable costs as well as to society as a whole, should be acknowledged and offset against the increased government outlays required to attain this goal. Ways in which some housing rights now exist are identified as a basis for wider expansion to a true right to decent, affordable housing.
First Language

In the absence of scaffolding provided by adults or a play situation, what topics will preschoolers raise in attempting to begin conversations with each other? This study provides a first in-depth examination of preschoolers’ peer-to-peer conversational initiations. The snack-time conversations of a class of 25 preschool children were videotaped bi-weekly for 21 weeks; 507 conversational initiations were identified and classified according to a detailed coding scheme that included utterance type (e.g., comment, question), person or object referent, person referenced (e.g., self, listener), and, of particular interest, reference to mental states. Of all initiations, 77.5% referenced persons (41.2% listener) and almost 30% referenced mental states, suggesting preschoolers are using their developing understanding of mind in finding common ground with peers.
Molecular Characterization of the Complete 23F Capsular Polysaccharide Locus of Streptococcus pneumoniae

ABSTRACT The complete DNA sequence of the capsular locus 23F ofStreptococcus pneumoniae is presented. The 18.6-kbcps23f locus is composed of 18 open reading frames flanked at the 5′ and 3′ ends by the genes dexB andaliA, an arrangement similar to those of some of the other identified cps loci.
Ecological and Genetic Divergences with Gene Flow of Two Sister Species (Leucomeris decora and Nouelia insignis) Driving by Climatic Transition in Southwest China

Understanding of the processes of divergence and speciation is a major task for biodiversity researches and may offer clearer insight into mechanisms generating biological diversity. Here, we employ an integrative approach to explore genetic and ecological differentiation of Leucomeris decora and Nouelia insignis distributed allopatrically along the two sides of the biogeographic boundary ‘Tanaka Line’ in Southwest China. We addressed these questions using ten low-copy nuclear genes and nine plastid DNA regions sequenced among individuals sampled from 28 populations across their geographic ranges in China. Phylogenetic, coalescent-based population genetic analyses, approximate Bayesian computation (ABC) framework and ecological niche models (ENMs) were conducted. We identified a closer phylogenetic relationship in maternal lineage of L. decora with N. insignis than that between L. decora and congeneric Leucomeris spectabilis. A deep divergence between the two species was observed and occurred at the boundary between later Pliocene and early Pleistocene. However, the evidence of significant chloroplast DNA gene flow was also detected between the marginal populations of L. decora and N. insignis. Niche models and statistical analyses showed significant ecological differentiation, and two nuclear loci among the ten nuclear genes may be under divergent selection. These integrative results imply that the role of climatic shift from Pliocene to Pleistocene may be the prominent factor for the divergence of L. decora and N. insignis, and population expansion after divergence may have given rise to chloroplast DNA introgression. The divergence was maintained by differential selection despite in the face of gene flow.
Domain modeling for reuse

The paper presents a theory for reuse of domain knowledge during requirements engineering. The theory includes a set of formal and reusable domain abstractions, a computational analogical reasoning mechanism for their retrieval and tool support to enable both effective requirements modeling and critiquing and guided fact capture prior to retrieval. It was developed as part of the ESPRIT 6353 'Nature' basic research action. The paper argues that the theory has implications for domain modeling as well as domain knowledge reuse during requirements engineering. <<ETX>>
Outsourcing information services

Subcontracting of information systems services to third parties ‐ outsourcing ‐ is increasing. There are many reasons why managements might ask why we should not outsource IT activitities. Conversely, theoretical analysis suggests that such a policy change should be entertained with caution. Drawing on information systems research evidence, the author proposes a policy framework for analysis. This can be used in private and public sector organizations and warns against universal prescriptions both within and across organizations.
Giving urban policy its 'medical': assessing the place of health in area-based regeneration

How does regeneration affect health and how have successive urban policy evaluations sought to measure such impacts? This article draws on a systematic review of national-level evaluation documentation relating to government-funded, area-based regeneration initiatives in the UK since 1980. The review examined whether health impacts had been intended and, if so, how they had been measured. The process and difficulties of conducting the review raise significant questions about policy formulation and evaluation. Is evidence-based policy possible where evaluations are not stored centrally? In short, a model policy development as 'enlightened' or incremental is hard to sustain where a lack of systematic storage of data means that researchers, policy makers and practitioners may struggle to produce clear answers to important policy questions.
Policy transfer, regeneration legacy and the summer Olympic Games: lessons for London 2012 and beyond

The hosting of major sporting events, often linked to elite sports development systems, has become a key determinant of urban and state promotion as well as related policy objectives, notably around enhancing levels of physical activity, and stimulating the social, economic and environmental regeneration of host cities – commonly now referred to as ‘legacy’. What is noticeable about such major event bidding documents and subsequent market analysis and government rhetoric regarding the rationale for, and likely successes of, hosting major sporting events is the adoption of a set of uncritical but standardized justifications regarding the benefits that such events will bring to the host community and nation. Commonly, it is argued that such legacy will ensue simply because it has been evident at prior events around the globe. Within this context and with specific reference to the summer Olympiad to be held in London in 2012, this article unpacks some of the difficulties that occur when mega-event policy is transferred, often uncritically from city to city and nation to nation. After situating this article within the context of ongoing political science debates regarding the efficiency and efficacy of ‘policy transfer’, especially within recent and contemporary UK sports policy context, this article focuses upon how a number of paradoxes have emerged through attempts to deliver Olympic legacy that highlights a number of shortcomings, especially with regard to financial and democratic accountability, and the likelihood of regeneration legacies that benefit local people.
RNA Transcriptional Biosignature Analysis for Identifying Febrile Infants With Serious Bacterial Infections in the Emergency Department: A Feasibility Study

Objectives To develop the infrastructure and demonstrate the feasibility of conducting microarray-based RNA transcriptional profile analyses for the diagnosis of serious bacterial infections in febrile infants 60 days and younger in a multicenter pediatric emergency research network. Methods We designed a prospective multicenter cohort study with the aim of enrolling more than 4000 febrile infants 60 days and younger. To ensure success of conducting complex genomic studies in emergency department (ED) settings, we established an infrastructure within the Pediatric Emergency Care Applied Research Network, including 21 sites, to evaluate RNA transcriptional profiles in young febrile infants. We developed a comprehensive manual of operations and trained site investigators to obtain and process blood samples for RNA extraction and genomic analyses. We created standard operating procedures for blood sample collection, processing, storage, shipping, and analyses. We planned to prospectively identify, enroll, and collect 1 mL blood samples for genomic analyses from eligible patients to identify logistical issues with study procedures. Finally, we planned to batch blood samples and determined RNA quantity and quality at the central microarray laboratory and organized data analysis with the Pediatric Emergency Care Applied Research Network data coordinating center. Below we report on establishment of the infrastructure and the feasibility success in the first year based on the enrollment of a limited number of patients. Results We successfully established the infrastructure at 21 EDs. Over the first 5 months we enrolled 79% (74 of 94) of eligible febrile infants. We were able to obtain and ship 1 mL of blood from 74% (55 of 74) of enrolled participants, with at least 1 sample per participating ED. The 55 samples were shipped and evaluated at the microarray laboratory, and 95% (52 of 55) of blood samples were of adequate quality and contained sufficient RNA for expression analysis. Conclusions It is possible to create a robust infrastructure to conduct genomic studies in young febrile infants in the context of a multicenter pediatric ED research setting. The sufficient quantity and high quality of RNA obtained suggests that whole blood transcriptional profile analysis for the diagnostic evaluation of young febrile infants can be successfully performed in this setting.
Variability of the blood/breath alcohol ratio in drinking drivers.

The ratio of blood-alcohol concentration (BAC) to breath-alcohol concentration (BrAC) was determined for 799 individuals apprehended for driving under the influence of alcohol (DUI) in Sweden. The BrAC was determined with an infrared analyzer (Intoxilyzer 5000S) and venous BAC was measured by headspace gas chromatography. The blood samples were always taken after the breath tests were made and the average time delay was 30 +/- 12 min (+/- SD), spanning from 6 to 60 min. The blood/breath ratios of alcohol decreased as the time between sampling blood and breath increased (F = 15.4, p < 0.001), being 2337 +/- 183 (6 to 15 min), 2302 +/- 202 (16 to 30 min), 2226 +/- 229 (31 to 45 min), and 2170 +/- 225 (46 to 60 min). When the BAC was corrected for the metabolism of alcohol at a rate of 0.019 g%/h, the mean blood/breath ratios were 2395 +/- 193 (6 to 15 min), 2416 +/- 211 (16 to 30 min), 2406 +/- 223 (31 to 45 min), and 2407 +/- 210 (45 to 60 min); no significant differences (F = 0.197, p > 0.05). The overall mean time-adjusted blood/breath ratio (+/- SD) was 2407 +/- 213 and the 95% limits of agreement (LOA) were 1981 and 2833. During 1992, 1993, and 1994, the mean blood/breath ratios of alcohol were remarkably constant, being 2409 +/- 288, 2407 +/- 206, and 2421 +/- 235, respectively, and the values were not significantly influenced by the person's age, gender, or blood-alcohol content. In 34 individuals (4.3%), the blood/breath ratio was less than 2100 after compensating for metabolism of alcohol between the times of sampling blood and breath. This compares with 156 individuals (19.6%) having a blood/breath ratio less than 2100:1 without making any correction for the metabolism of alcohol.
Role of (p)ppGpp in Biofilm Formation by Enterococcus faecalis

ABSTRACT Enterococcus faecalis strain OG1RF and its (p)ppGpp-deficient ΔrelA, ΔrelQ, and ΔrelA ΔrelQ mutants were grown in biofilms and evaluated for growth profiles, biofilm morphology, cell viability, and proteolytic activity. E. faecalis lacking (p)ppGpp had a diminished capacity to sustain biofilm formation over an extended period of time and expressed abundant proteolytic activity.