Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Detecting NiTi two-way shape memory effect based on microstructural and macromechanical parameters

ABSTRACT The two-way shape memory effect in NiTi shape memory alloys is identified according to the evolution of the apparent modulus of the martensite during mechanical cycling. The microstrain and texture index of the NiTi samples are evaluated with synchrotron data to relate the evolution to the changes in the NiTi microstructure caused by mechanical cycling. The results show that a progressive decrease in the apparent modulus of the martensite during load, together with an increase in the apparent modulus of the reoriented martensite, are a sign that the NiTi sample is developing the two-way memory effect by mechanical cycling. When the two moduli show the same value, the two-way shape memory effect is fully developed in the NiTi alloy. This paper is part of a thematic issue on Titanium.
Role of clinical and paraclinical manifestations of methanol poisoning in outcome prediction

Background: Methanol poisoning is one of the most important poisoning due to drinking of illegal and non-standard alcoholic beverage in some countries. Relatively limited studies have been carried out to identify the prognostic factors in methanol poisoning. Materials and Methods: We performed a retrospective study on acute methanol-intoxicated patients, which were admitted on the Loghman Hakim Hospital Poison Center (Tehran, Iran) over a 24-month period. The demographic data, clinical manifestations and paraclinical findings, therapeutic interventions and outcome (survivors with or without complications and non-survivors) were extracted. Results: We evaluated 30 patients with methanol poisoning during 2 years. All of the patients were male; with the median age of 25.5 years. Visual disturbances, respiratory manifestations, and loss of consciousness were the most common clinical manifestations on admission time. The results of paraclinical manifestations on admission time were as following: The median of blood methanol level was 20 mg/dL. The median of pH, PaCO2 and HCO3 was 7.15, 22.35 mmHg and 7.2 mEq/L, respectively. Hyperglycemia was observed in 70% of the patients and the median of blood glucose was 184.5 mg/dL. In fourteen of the patients hemodialysis was performed. Median duration of hospitalization was 48 h. Nine of the patients died. There was a significant difference between survivors and non-survivors with regard to coma, blood methanol level, and PaCO2 and blood glucose. Furthermore, we did not observe a significant difference between these two groups regarding to pH, HCO3 level, and time interval between alcohol ingestion to hospital admission and beginning of hemodialysis. Conclusion: Regarding the results of this study, it can be suggested that coma, PaCO2 and hyperglycemia on admission time could be used as strong predictors of poor outcome.
Supplement to “ Magical Thinking : A Representation Result ” ( For Online Publication )

This supplement contains extended formal results for Daley and Sadowski (2015) (henceforth DS15). Specifically, §S.1 establishes that in Prisoners’ Dilemma (PD) games, the model of DS15 is logically distinct from three models that employ well-known forms of other-regarding preferences: altruism (Ledyard, 1995; Levine, 1998), inequity aversion (Fehr and Schmidt, 1999), and reciprocity (Rabin, 1993). §S.2 provides an axiomatic characterization of F—the perceived distribution of types in the model—being empirically valid when there are infinitely many players. §S.3 extends the axiomatic analysis to symmetric 2⇥2 games beyond PD games. All references to numbered sections/axioms/results/etc. are from DS15, unless otherwise indicated.
Activity of simian virus 40 late promoter elements in the absence of large T antigen: evidence for repression of late gene expression

We used chloramphenicol acetyltransferase transient expression to examine the activity of the promoter elements of the simian virus 40 late promoter in the absence of large T antigen. Since the experiments were done in permissive CV-1 cells, these conditions mimic the state which exists early in the viral lytic cycle before the onset of replication and T-antigen-mediated trans activation. Our data, using deletion analysis, indicate that removal of the 21-base-pair (bp) repeat region causes as much as a 10-fold increase in activity of the late promoter elements. This result suggests that the 21-bp repeat sequences may be involved in repression of the late promoter elements during the early phase of the lytic infection. This is supported by competition analysis which indicates that increasing amounts of competitor containing only the 21-bp repeat region results in increased activity of the intact promoter. A model for the activity of the late promoter through the course of lytic infection is presented.
Nonopioid pharmacological management of malignant bowel obstruction: a New Zealand-wide survey.

BACKGROUND Malignant bowel obstruction (MBO) is a common condition among palliative patients and has limited management options. There is a paucity of widely accepted national and international evidence-based guidelines to direct the management of MBO in palliative patients. OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to survey current practice in New Zealand of nonopioid pharmacological management of MBO and compare it with the available literature. METHODS The study utilized a survey consisting of three scenarios: probable incomplete malignant bowel obstruction (PIMBO), incomplete malignant bowel obstruction (IMBO), and complete malignant bowel obstruction (CMBO). An online survey was conducted over 2 months targeting palliative medicine practitioners working in a hospital, hospice inpatient unit, or community setting in New Zealand. RESULTS Forty-eight doctors responded. Of the respondents, 56.3% used guidelines to manage MBO; however, 88.9% of the guidelines used were locally generated at the doctor's institution. Metoclopramide was the drug of choice in treating PIMBO, whereas haloperidol and hyoscine butylbromide (HB) were the preferred drugs as the severity of bowel obstruction increased. Dexamethasone was accepted as standard practice for managing all severities of MBO. A variation in the preferred starting and maximum dose of all the drugs was seen. There was a decrease in the use of laxatives and enemas as the severity of MBO increased. CONCLUSION Variation in practice for managing MBO was evident among doctors in New Zealand. There is a need for national and international evidence-based guidelines to help define best management for the differing severities of this problematic condition.
Fiber Supercapacitors Based on Carbon Nanotube-PANI Composites

Flexible and wearable electronic devices are of a high academic and industrial interest. In order to power these devices, there is a need for compatible energy storage units that can exhibit similar mechanical flexibility. Fiber-based devices have thus become increasingly popular since their light-weight, and flexible structure can be easily integrated into textiles. Supercapacitors have garnered a lot of attention due to their excellent cycling durability, fast charge times and superior power density. The primary challenge, however, with electric double layer capacitors (EDLCs), which are part of the supercapacitor family, is that their energy densities are significantly lower compared to those of batteries. Pseudocapacitors, on the other hand, can be designed and created with large energy densities and other outstanding properties typical for supercapacitors. This chapter discusses the fabrication and testing of supercapacitors based on carbon nanotube-polyaniline (PANI) composite fibers. These flexible and light-weight devices are assembled using different electrolytes for comparison. The created in this work PANI-CNT composite devices attain an energy density of 6.16 Wh/kg at a power density of 630 W/kg and retained a capacitance of 88% over 1000 charge-discharge cycles.
Chromosome remodeling and differentiation of tetraploid embryos during preimplantation development

Although it is known that the tetraploid embryo contributes only to the placenta, the question of why tetraploid embryos differentiate into placenta remains unclear. To study the effect of electrofusion on the development of mouse tetraploid oocytes, mouse two‐cell embryos were fused and cultured in vitro in Chatot‐Ziomek‐Bavister medium. After electrofusion, two chromosome sets from the tetraploid blastomere were individually duplicated before nuclear fusion. At 8–10 hr after electrofusion, each chromosome set was condensing and the nuclear membrane was breaking down. Around 12–14 hr after electrofusion, the two chromosome sets had combined together and had reached the second mitotic metaphase, at this point with 8n sets of chromosomes. Interestingly, we discovered that expression of OCT4, an inner cell mass cells biomarker, is lost by the tetraploid expanded blastocysts, but that CDX2, a trophectoderm cells biomarker, is strongly expressed at this stage. This observation provides evidence clarifying why tetraploid embryos contribute only to trophectoderm. Developmental Dynamics 240:1660–1669, 2011. © 2011 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Generic stability, regularity, and quasi-minimality

We study the notions generic stability, regularity, homogeneous pregeometries, quasiminimality, and their mutual relations, in arbitrary first order theories. We prove that “infinite-dimensional homogeneous pregeometries” coincide with generically stable strongly regular types (p(x), x = x). We prove that in a theory without the strict order property, regular types are generically stable, and prove analogous results for quasiminimal structures. We prove that the “generic type” of a quasiminimal structure is “locally strongly regular”.
Electrocardiographic Diagnosis of Biventricular Pacing in Patients with Nonapical Right Ventricular Leads

Background: Assessment of left ventricular (LV) capture is of paramount importance in patients with biventricular (BiV) pacing. Our goal was to identify electrocardiographic features that differentiate between BiV and right ventricular (RV)‐only pacing in patients with nonapical RV leads.
Engineering Iodine-Containing 3D-Crosslinked Methacrylic Micro-spheres for Trans arterial Embolization. Evaluation of Fluoroscopic (X-ray) Visibility in a Hospital Setting

Transarterial chemo-embolization (TACE) provides a successful treatment mode for some benign or malignant tumors. The success of TACE is largely due to (i), development of excellent instruments and techniques for real-time X-ray imaging, and (ii), advanced catheters which allow for accurate intra-arterial navigation. Further improvements can –most probablybe achieved by enhancing the functionality of the embolic particles. For example, embolic particles can be made radiopaque, which means that they can be visualized in situ through X-ray fluoroscopy and computed tomography (CT). X-ray visibility of the radiopaque 3D-crosslinked methacrylic iodine-containing embolic microspheres of the new embolization product X-Spheres was evaluated. A rabbit cadaver model and stateof-the-art imaging equipment in a hospital setting were used. Clear visibility of the particles was found in CT images, especially if the plane of vision is chosen in such that overlap with bone structures is avoided. Therefore, the use of radiopaque embolic microspheres can provide important and otherwise inaccessible post-procedural information about the efficacy of the procedures.
CORR Insights: Deltoid-split or Deltopectoral Approaches for the Treatment of Displaced Proximal Humeral Fractures?

The number of proximal humeral fractures is increasing steadily along with the incidence of osteoporosis, and these fractures now represent the third most common fracture in the elderly [3]. Although 80% of these fractures can be adequately managed nonoperatively, displaced fractures require some type of reduction and fixation [5]. Surgical management is challenging due to both biologic and biomechanical factors. Several tendons attach to the proximal humerus, and their unopposed pull on individual fracture fragments leads to displacement that often defies closed management. The proximal humerus has a rich but vulnerable blood supply, which must be carefully protected during open reduction. Avascular necrosis of the humeral head represents a complication due to vascular damage either from the fracture itself or surgery to fix it. Osteoporosis often limits the success of devices to gain fixation in the proximal fragment in this region. Although there are a myriad of fixation devices available, recent studies have demonstrated good results with locking plates [1, 7, 9, 14], locking rods [17], various percutaneous pin techniques [10, 12], and even suture fixation [6]. The variety of hardware options and techniques suggests there is no single best approach for many proximal humerus fractures, and that we still have much to learn about how to manage patients with these injuries.
Environment Analysis of Higher-Order Languages

Any analysis of higher-order languages must grapple with the tri-facetted nature of λ. In one construct, the fundamental control, environment and data structures of a language meet and intertwine. With the control facet tamed nearly two decades ago, this work brings the environment facet to heel, defining the environment problem and developing its solution: environment analysis. Environment analysis allows a compiler to reason about the equivalence of environments, i.e., name-to-value mappings, that arise during a program's execution. In this dissertation, two different techniques—abstract counting and abstract frame strings—make this possible. A third technique, abstract garbage collection, makes both of these techniques more precise and, counter to intuition, often faster as well. An array of optimizations and even deeper analyses which depend upon environment analysis provide motivation for this work. In an abstract interpretation, a single abstract entity represents a set of concrete entities. When the entities under scrutiny are bindings—single name-to-value mappings, the atoms of environment—then determining when the equality of two abstract bindings infers the equality of their concrete counterparts is the crux of environment analysis. Abstract counting does this by tracking the size of represented sets, looking for singletons, in order to apply the following principle:If {x} = { y}, then x = y. Abstract frame strings enable environmental reasoning by statically tracking the possible stack change between the births of two environments; when this change is effectively empty, the environments are equivalent. Abstract garbage collection improves precision by intermittently removing unreachable environment structure during abstract interpretation.
Increased Residual Disability Among Poststroke Survivors and the Repercussions for the Lives of Informal Caregivers

Abstract Purpose: To analyze the associations between increased residual disability among poststroke survivors and the repercussions for their informal caregivers’ lives, taking into account the latter’s gender and education level. Methods: 215 stroke survivors (64.5 years; 55.8% men) were recruited by one neurologist from each of the 22 French regions. Katz Index of Independence in Activities of Daily Living (Katz ADL) was mean 9.3, and 54% still had impairments in “more than two of the six neurological domains” of the American Heart Association Stroke Outcome Classification (AHA.SOC): motor, sensory, vision, affect, cognition, and language. The 215 caregivers (57.8 years; 72.1% women) completed a face-to-face questionnaire concerning their social (8 items), material (4 items), and emotional (8 items) repercussions. Results: Katz ADL and AHA.SOC were significantly related to social repercussions for caregivers. Lack of autonomy among stroke survivors (low Katz ADL) was associated with the material difficulties of most concern to caregivers: “I needed to move house” (odds ratio [OR] 1.16; 95% CI, 1.07-1.27) and “I cannot go out anymore” (OR 1.29; 95% CI, 1.16-1.44). Being a male caregiver was strongly associated with a feeling of injustice (OR 2.53; 95% CI, 1.07-6.00). A low educational level was linked to an increased feeling of fear (OR 2.61; 95% CI, 1.05-6.51) and a greater feeling of isolation (OR 6.49; 95% CI, 1.20-35.02). Conclusion: Increased dependency post stroke leads to impoverishment in the caregiver’s social relationships. Evaluating the emotional repercussions, particularly for men, is an important aspect of enabling survivors to continue to live at home. Innovative accompaniment and counseling services should be considered.
Overview of research on the educational use of video games

This paper overviews research on the educational use of video games by examining the viability of the different learning theories in the field, namely behaviorism, cognitivism, constructionism and the socio-cultural approach. In addition, five key tensions that emerge from the current research are examined: 1) Learning vs. playing, 2) freedom vs. control, 3) drill-and-practice games vs. microworlds, 4) transmission vs. construction, 5) teacher intervention vs. no teacher intervention.
Learning About Autism

A medical essay written in 1923 pointed out the fallacy of blaming a chronic illness on the name of a disease. The focus of treatment should be the individual, not the disease. With a focus on options based on the individuality of each patient, I ask a simple two-part question: Does my patient need to avoid or be rid of substances and/or to be provided with substances that would favor nature's impulse toward healing? In my academic training as a physician, I learned that a clinically effective stance favored an optimistic intent combined with the objective application of my skills—refined though the practice of listening, prescribing, and observing outcome. My understanding of autism has rested on a foundation of the individuality of every living thing, the rhythmicity of life, and the balance that characterizes healthy systems. The first autistic child I examined struck me with a nonverbal message: “I am in here; see me. ” The recognition of the role of bacterial toxins amplified my notion that a general disorder of the microbiome underlies the loss of immune tolerance that accompanies the global state of sensitivity found in individuals in the autism spectrum. Depletion of organisms that have populated the human gut since before the dawn of our species arises as the most recent elevation of my learning curve.
Research: Acceptability, Feasibility, and Cost of Using Video to Evaluate Alarm Fatigue.

Mimi Zander, BA, is a research assistant at the Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia and a medical student at Touro College of Osteopathic Medicine in New York City. Email: mimizander@gmail.com The factors that contribute to nurses’ response time to physiologic monitor alarms are poorly understood. Nurses caring for hospitalized patients typically experience high rates of nonactionable alarms, which are thought to contribute to alarm fatigue. Proving the existence of alarm fatigue in the hospital and understanding the interplay among the numerous other factors contributing to alarm response time are complex challenges. Video is a powerful tool to evaluate the quality of care delivered. In 2014, members of our research group published an article describing the methods developed to use video to begin disentangling the wide range of factors thought to contribute to alarm response time. Those methods have resulted in two projects. The first was a pilot project during which we recorded 210 hours of patient care and captured 5,070 alarms and responses. In that pilot, we demonstrated an association between higher numbers of nonactionable alarms in the preceding 2 hours—a proxy for acute alarm fatigue—and slower response time to subsequent alarms. In the second (current) project, we recorded 551 hours of patient care and captured 11,745 alarms and responses. This article describes the acceptability, feasibility, and costs of the second project. Our research group is frequently asked by clinicians, technicians, and alarm experts to describe the acceptability, feasibility, and cost associated with videobased projects. Video offers the ability to gather a tremendous amount of insight into alarms and staff responses, but analyzing video can be expensive and time consuming. In this article, we report the metrics used to describe the acceptability, feasibility, and cost of using video to evaluate physiologic monitor alarm characteristics and responses in our most recent study, which generated 100 video recordings averaging 5.5 hours each.
Predictors of Mammographic Density: Insights Gained from a Novel Regression Analysis of a Twin Study

Understanding which factors influence mammographically dense and nondense areas is important because percent mammographic density adjusted for age is a strong, continuously distributed risk factor for breast cancer, especially when adjusted for weight or body mass index. Using computer-assisted methods, we measured mammographically dense areas for 571 monozygotic and 380 dizygotic Australian and North American twin pairs ages 40 to 70 years. We used a novel regression modeling approach in which each twin's measure of dense and nondense area was regressed against one or both of the twin's and co-twin's covariates. The nature of changes to regression estimates with the inclusion of the twin and/or co-twin's covariates can be evaluated for consistency with causal and/or other models. By causal, we mean that if it were possible to vary a covariate experimentally then the expected value of the outcome measure would change. After adjusting for the individual's weight, the co-twin associations with weight were attenuated, consistent with a causal effect of weight on mammographic measures, which in absolute log cm2/kg was thrice stronger for nondense than dense area. After adjusting for weight, later age at menarche, and greater height were associated with greater dense and lesser nondense areas in a manner inconsistent with causality. The associations of dense and nondense areas with parity are consistent with a causal effect and/or within-person confounding. The associations between mammographic density measures and height are consistent with shared early life environmental factors that predispose to both height and percent mammographic density and possibly breast cancer risk. (Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2008;17(12):3474–81)
Desperately Seeking Solutions: Rationing Health Care

David J Hunter Addison Wesley Longman, $14.99, pp 176 ISBN 0 582 28923 8 Rating: ! [Graphic][1] Healthcare rationing, according to Professor Hunter's summary of the rationing debate, is inevitable and, since the case of “Child B,” which exploded the myth that the NHS would pay for any treatment, we all know that it is inevitable. However, rationing is difficult to justify, he says, because society is not yet ready for clear rules about when to deny medical … [1]: /embed/inline-graphic-1.gif