Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
American Joint Committee on Cancer staging for resected perihilar cholangiocarcinoma: a comparison of the 6th and 7th editions.

OBJECTIVES This study was conducted to evaluate the prognostic value of, respectively, the 6th and 7th editions of the American Joint Committee on Cancer (AJCC) staging system for patients with resected perihilar cholangiocarcinoma (PHC). METHODS Patients who underwent resection of PHC between 1991 and 2012 were identified from prospective databases at two centres. Overall survival was estimated using the Kaplan-Meier method and compared across stage groups with the log-rank test. The concordance index and Brier score were used to compare the prognostic accuracy of the staging systems. RESULTS Data for a total of 306 patients were analysed. Staging according to the 7th edition upstaged 63% of patients in comparison with staging by the 6th edition. The log-rank P-value for both staging systems was highly statistically significant (P < 0.001). Staging according to the 6th edition categorized 93% of patients as having stage I or II disease, whereas staging according to the 7th edition distributed patients more equally across stages. Prognostic accuracy was similar between the staging systems: the concordance index was 0.59 and the Brier score 0.17 for both the 6th and 7th editions. The same prognostic accuracy was achieved using an alternative tumour-node-metastasis (TNM) stage grouping simplified to four rather than six stage groups. CONCLUSIONS The 6th and 7th editions of the AJCC staging system for PHC have similar prognostic accuracy. Other prognostic factors can potentially improve individual patient prognostication.
Heat transfer downstream of a 3D confined square cylinder under flow pulsation

Abstract This 3D study deals with the effect that a low Reynolds number (Re) pulsating water flow has on both the heat transfer to the walls of a square section channel in which a square section prism was located, and the associated pumping power. The prism blockage ratio was 2.5/1. Re, based on the prism cross-section height, varied from 100 up to 200. The inflow velocity profile was sinusoidal. Taking St0 as the Strouhal number of the vortex shedding downstream of the prism at Re 100, the inflow Strouhal of the pulsating cases varied between 0.125 St0 and 4 St0. The results show that, for this particular geometry and parametric space, flow pulsation generally enhances heat transfer although its extent depends on Re and pulsation frequency. In the most favorable case, heat transfer doubles as compared to the clean channel case at the expense of tripling the pumping power.
Labor-tying and poverty in a rural economy:evidence from bangladesh

I show that labor-tying (being in a labor contract where the employer also acts as an insurance-provider) is an important channel through which the poor in rural Bangladesh insure themselves against risks. Using a theoretical framework adapted from Bardhan (1983), I analyze the effects of an exogenous increase in the outside options of poor women (through an improvement in their self-employment opportunities) on their and their spouses' participation in tied labor, as well as the general equilibrium effects of the treatment on the terms of the labor contracts in the village. I find that treated women and their spouses are less likely to be in tied-labor contracts. Their wages increase through two channels: (a) due to the switch from tied to casual labor contracts (b) through the general equilibrium effects in the village labor market. Furthermore, I find that the treated households form reciprocal transfer links with wealthier households in the village. These findings imply that poor households may be involved in second-best labor contracts to insure themselves against risks. When their self-employment opportunities improve, they break these ties and move to greater reliance on reciprocal transfer arrangements. Keywords: tied labor, poverty, rural labor market. JEL Classification: J43; O12; I32.
Sharp phase variations from the plasmon mode causing the Rabi-analogue splitting

Abstract The Rabi-analogue splitting in nanostructures resulting from the strong coupling of different resonant modes is of importance for lasing, sensing, switching, modulating, and quantum information processes. To give a clearer physical picture, the phase analysis instead of the strong coupling is provided to explain the Rabi-analogue splitting in the Fabry-Pérot (FP) cavity, of which one end mirror is a metallic nanohole array and the other is a thin metal film. The phase analysis is based on an analytic model of the FP cavity, in which the reflectance and the reflection phase of the end mirrors are dependent on the wavelength. It is found that the Rabi-analogue splitting originates from the sharp phase variation brought by the plasmon mode in the FP cavity. In the experiment, the Rabi-analogue splitting is realized in the plasmonic-photonic coupling system, and this splitting can be continually tuned by changing the length of the FP cavity. These experimental results agree well with the analytic and simulation data, strongly verifying the phase analysis based on the analytic model. The phase analysis presents a clear picture to understand the working mechanism of the Rabi-analogue splitting; thus, it may facilitate the design of the plasmonic-photonic and plasmonic-plasmonic coupling systems.
Pathology and prognosis of carcinoma of the stomach

The pathology and prognosis of 205 patients treated by total or partial gastrectomy for carcinoma of the stomach during the years 1951‐5 have been evaluated. One hundred and sixteen patients (61 per cent) had a partial gastrectomy and 74 (39 per cent) had a total gastrectomy. The overall postoperative mortality was 25 per cent and this was greater for total than for partial gastrectomy. The crude survival rate was 19.4 per cent at 5 years and 11.4 per cent at 10 years. Carcinoma of the cardia had a worse prognosis than tumours at other sites. There were no 5‐year survivors among patients with the linitis plastica type of carcinoma of the stomach. Tumours classified as poorly differentiated or anaplastic carcinoma had a poorer prognosis than well‐differentiated adenocarcinomas. The amount of lymphocytic and plasma‐cell infiltration of the tumour has a very significant effect on prognosis. Five out of the 7 patients with a heavy infiltrate of such cells survived over 5 years. Lymph‐node involvement is the feature having the greatest influence on prognosis. There was a 40 per cent 5‐year survival rate in the absence of node involvement and an 11 per cent 5‐year survival rate with involved nodes. Patients with involved nodes surviving over 5 years had, on the average, fewer positive glands than those with involved nodes who survived for less than 5 years. No benefit follows from total rather than partial gastrectomy provided the cancer and regional lymph‐nodes can be removed with the simpler procedure. Four case reports are presented to illustrate the difficulties in assessing the prognosis of gastric cancer.
The Weak Galerkin Method for Linear Hyperbolic Equation

The linear hyperbolic equation is of great interest in many branches of physics and industry. In this paper, we use the weak Galerkin method to solve the linear hyperbolic equation. Since the weak Galerkin finite element space consists of discontinuous polynomials, the discontinuous feature of the equation can be maintained. The optimal error estimates are proved. Some numerical experiments are provided to verify the efficiency of the method. AMS subject classifications: 65N30, 65N15, 65N25, 35B45, 35J50, 35J35
The Inclusive Glossary: An Embedded, Interactive Approach to Accessible and Inclusive Learning

To assist students in engineering and related STEM disciplines, we report on the motivation, design, implementation, and evaluation of the Inclusive Glossary , a novel embedded interactive educational tool. The Glossary explains technical terms when the student encounters new terms in video and written content. The Glossary was motivated by two equally-important factors. Firstly, to add American Sign Language (ASL) signing of technical terms as a first-class, inclusive educational outcome, and within the normal learning environment of university students. Secondly, to help mitigate the on-going readiness-to-learn effects due to the lowered learning outcomes from the 2020-22 COVID-19 pandemic and inequity in students’ prior high school education experiences. The Glossary takes a strong inclusive design stance; for all students there are valuable context-specific just-in-time learning opportunities to address “Knowledge-Gaps” that create barriers to learning the current topic of study. It also enables ASL signers to learn the growing and evolving corpus of engineering, physics and computer science signs. The Glossary’s design and implementation is introduced from three perspectives: ASL, Universal Design for Learning (UDL), and Active Learning. ASL – a complete natural language with its own unique grammar and terms – is the first and primary language of some students who are Deaf or Hard of Hearing (DHH). The principles of UDL promote a user-configurable design that provides multiple forms of modality, engagement and interactivity. Scholastic research into Active Learning suggests student-initiated knowledge-seeking actions, when embedded into video-based and text-based learning experiences, improve learning outcomes and reduce the difficulty or perceived difficulty of a course. The Glossary is implemented as a web application that uses an automated workflow to efficiently find, download, and index domain-specific terms, definitions, and explanations in two primary languages, English and ASL, in text and video form. The automated workflow extracts domain terms from both the audio transcription and visual text from video content. Definitions and explanations of the glossary terms in English and ASL are automatically curated from open web-sources with zero or minimal instructor time required. Explanations in different lengths are provided for students with different
High yield of ethyl valerate from the esterification of renewable valeric acid catalyzed by amino acid ionic liquids

Ethyl valerate (EV) as a promising fuel additive was produced by esterification of valeric acid with ethanol over Bronsted acidic amino acid ionic liquids. Hammett method and density functional theory (DFT) calculations were preformed to evaluate the acidities of the catalysts. The composition of catalyst, reaction temperature, reaction time, molar ratio of reactants, amount of catalyst, and recycling ability of the catalyst were investigated. Proline bisulfate (ProHSO4) ionic liquid has the highest catalytic activity and the best recyclability under the optimized esterification conditions. A high conversion of valeric acid (>99.9%) was obtained for 7 h at 80 °C, with 100% selectivity of EV. The density, viscosity, melting point, boiling point, elemental analysis and heat of combustion of the EV product were measured. The density of EV is 0.896 g cm−3. The viscosity of EV was 1.7 cP at room temperature. The heating values of EV are 4158.1 kJ mol−1 and 31.9 kJ g−1. EV obtained from esterification has higher energy density than methanol, ethanol, γ-valerolactone, and valeric acid, which illustrates that EV is a promising biofuel candidate.
Tansley review A meta-analysis of responses of C 3 plants to atmospheric CO 2 : dose – response curves for 85 traits ranging from the molecular to the whole-plant level

Generalised dose–response curves are essential to understand how plants acclimate to atmospheric CO2. We carried out a meta-analysis of 630 experiments in which C3 plants were experimentally grown at different [CO2] under relatively benign conditions, and derived dose–response curves for 85 phenotypic traits. These curveswere characterised by form, plasticity, consistency and reliability. Considered over a range of 200–1200 μmolmol 1 CO2, some traits more than doubled (e.g. areabased photosynthesis; intrinsicwater-use efficiency),whereas othersmore than halved (area-based transpiration). At current atmospheric [CO2], 64%of the total stimulation in biomass over the 200– 1200 μmol mol 1 range has already been realised.We alsomapped the trait responses of plants to [CO2] against those we have quantified before for light intensity. For most traits, CO2 and light responses were of similar direction. However, some traits (such as reproductive effort) only responded to light, others (such as plant height) only to [CO2], and some traits (such as area-based transpiration) responded in opposite directions. This synthesis provides a comprehensive picture of plant responses to [CO2] at different integration levels and offers the quantitative dose–response curves that can be used to improve global change simulation models.
The Acute Effects of Interval-Type Exercise on Glycemic Control in Type 2 Diabetes Subjects: Importance of Interval Length. A Controlled, Counterbalanced, Crossover Study

Interval-type exercise is effective for improving glycemic control, but the optimal approach is unknown. The purpose of this study was to determine the importance of the interval length on changes in postprandial glycemic control following a single exercise bout. Twelve subjects with type 2 diabetes completed a cross-over study with three 1-hour interventions performed in a non-randomized but counter-balanced order: 1) Interval walking consisting of repeated cycles of 3 min slow (aiming for 54% of Peak oxygen consumption rate [VO2peak]) and 3 min fast (aiming for 89% of VO2peak) walking (IW3); 2) Interval walking consisting of repeated cycles of 1 min slow and 1 min fast walking (IW1) and 3) No walking (CON). The exercise interventions were matched with regards to walking speed, and VO2 and heart rate was assessed throughout all interventions. A 4-hour liquid mixed meal tolerance test commenced 30 min after each intervention, with blood samples taken regularly. IW3 and IW1 resulted in comparable mean VO2 and heart rates. Overall mean postprandial blood glucose levels were lower after IW3 compared to CON (10.3±3.0 vs. 11.1±3.3 mmol/L; P < 0.05), with no significant differences between IW1 (10.5±2.8 mmol/L) and CON or IW3 and IW1 (P > 0.05 for both). Conversely blood glucose levels at specific time points during the MMTT differed significantly following both IW3 and IW1 as compared to CON. Our findings support the previously found blood glucose lowering effect of IW3 and suggest that reducing the interval length, while keeping the walking speed and time spend on fast and slow walking constant, does not result in additional improvements. Trial Registration ClinicalTrials.gov NCT02257190
Crouzon Syndrome: Relationship of Eye Movements to Pattern Strabismus.

PURPOSE To characterize conjugate eye movements in Crouzon syndrome (CS) patients with and without strabismus. METHODS Smooth pursuit, saccades, horizontal optokinetic nystagmus (OKN), and horizontal vestibulo-ocular reflex (VOR) were recorded using binocular video-oculography (VOG) in 10 children with CS (5 orthotropic, 5 strabismic) and 12 age-matched controls. Hess-Lancaster plots were generated from Orbit 1.8 using rectus muscle pulley locations from computed tomography imaging. Two-dimensional eye scan paths from VOG recordings were compared with the Hess-Lancaster plots. RESULTS Targeted saccades were normometric on average but variable, and followed the main sequence in both CS groups. Smooth pursuit gains were normal for both CS groups; however, SP gains of the fixating eye in subjects with strabismus were significantly lower. Optokinetic nystagmus gains were reduced in both CS groups (P < 0.02) but were lower in subjects with strabismus. Shifting misalignments of binocular eye position in primary and eccentric gazes were associated with reduction in OKN gain in both CS groups. Vestibulo-ocular reflex gains for both CS groups were largely normal despite the presence of an off-axis vertical component. CONCLUSIONS Normal gains for saccades and smooth pursuit in CS patients with strabismus are consistent with accurate execution of both movements despite extorsion of the globe. Vestibulo-ocular reflex in CS patients with strabismus had an off-axis vertical component consistent with extorted muscle pulleys. Optokinetic nystagmus is reduced in CS without strabismus owing to binocular position disparities and in CS with strabismus is likely due to cortical suppression associated with cross-axis orientation and exotropia.
Enhancing the Quality of Data on the Measurement of Income and Wealth

Over the last decade or so, a substantial effort has gone into the design of a series of methodological investigations aimed at enhancing the quality of survey data on income and wealth. These investigations have largely been conducted at the Survey Research Center at the University of Michigan, and have mainly involved two longitudinal surveys: the Health and Retirement Study (HRS), with a first wave beginning in 1992 and continued thereafter every other year through 2004; and the Assets and Health Dynamics Among the Oldest Old (AHEAD) Study, begun in 1993 and continued in 1995 and 1998, then in every other year through 2006. This paper provides an overview of the main studies and summarizes what has been learned so far. The studies include; a paper by Juster and Smith (Improving the Quality of Economic Data: Lessons from the HRS and AHEAD, JASA, 1997); a paper by Juster, Cao, Perry and Couper (The Effect of Unfolding Brackets on the Quality of Wealth Data in HRS, MRRC Working Paper, WP 2006-113, January 2006); a paper by Hurd, Juster and Smith (Enhancing the Quality of Data on Income: Recent Innovations from the HRS, Journal of Human Resources, Summer 2003); a paper by Juster, Lupton and Cao (Ensuring Time-Series Consistency in Estimates of Income and Wealth, MRRC Working Paper, WP 2002-030, July 2002); a paper by Cao and Juster (Correcting Second-Home Equity in HRS/AHEAD: MRRC Working Paper WP 2004-081, June 2004); and a paper by Rohwedder, Haider and Hurd (RAND Working Paper, 2004).
Sensitization of neonatal rat lumbar motoneuron by the inflammatory pain mediator bradykinin

Bradykinin (Bk) is a potent inflammatory mediator that causes hyperalgesia. The action of Bk on the sensory system is well documented but its effects on motoneurons, the final pathway of the motor system, are unknown. By a combination of patch-clamp recordings and two-photon calcium imaging, we found that Bk strongly sensitizes spinal motoneurons. Sensitization was characterized by an increased ability to generate self-sustained spiking in response to excitatory inputs. Our pharmacological study described a dual ionic mechanism to sensitize motoneurons, including inhibition of a barium-sensitive resting K+ conductance and activation of a nonselective cationic conductance primarily mediated by Na+. Examination of the upstream signaling pathways provided evidence for postsynaptic activation of B2 receptors, G protein activation of phospholipase C, InsP3 synthesis, and calmodulin activation. This study questions the influence of motoneurons in the assessment of hyperalgesia since the withdrawal motor reflex is commonly used as a surrogate pain model. DOI: http://dx.doi. org/10.7554/eLife.06195. 001
Single Frequency Seismic Attribute Based on Short Time Fourier Transform , Continuous Wavelet Transform , and S Transform

Spectral decomposition is an important signal analysis tool for seismic data. The overall frequency content of a signal can be obtained from Fourier transform. However, for a non-stationary signal, such as seismic signal, whose frequency content varies with time, 1D transformation in frequency is not sufficient. Traditionally, 2D representation in time and frequency space for a 1D signal is achieved by taking the Fourier transform over a short-time window. This method is commonly known as short-time Fourier transform (STFT). Time-frequency resolution in STFT is limited by the choice of a window length. The windowing problem in time-frequency analysis is absent in continuous wavelet transform (CWT) method. S transform is a phase corrected form of CWT that yield a good result in analysis of seismic signals.
Supervillin Is a Component of the Hair Cell’s Cuticular Plate and the Head Plates of Organ of Corti Supporting Cells

The organ of Corti has evolved a panoply of cells with extraordinary morphological specializations to harness, direct, and transduce mechanical energy into electrical signals. Among the cells with prominent apical specializations are hair cells and nearby supporting cells. At the apical surface of each hair cell is a mechanosensitive hair bundle of filamentous actin (F-actin)-based stereocilia, which insert rootlets into the F-actin meshwork of the underlying cuticular plate, a rigid organelle considered to hold the stereocilia in place. Little is known about the protein composition and development of the cuticular plate or the apicolateral specializations of organ of Corti supporting cells. We show that supervillin, an F-actin cross-linking protein, localizes to cuticular plates in hair cells of the mouse cochlea and vestibule and zebrafish sensory epithelia. Moreover, supervillin localizes near the apicolateral margins within the head plates of Deiters’ cells and outer pillar cells, and proximal to the apicolateral margins of inner phalangeal cells, adjacent to the junctions with neighboring hair cells. Overall, supervillin localization suggests this protein may shape the surface structure of the organ of Corti.
Post-dispersal seed fates in a Western Oregon native prairie

Knowledge of post-dispersal seed fates and other regeneration characteristics is crucial for predicting abundances and distributions of populations and ultimately, community species composition and diversity. Though crucial, seed fate studies are rare primarily due to the difficulty of determining seed fates and causes of mortality. This thesis investigated post-dispersal seed fates for four species common to western Oregon native prairies: Bromus carinatus Hook and Arn. var. carinatus, Cynosurus echinatus L. , Daucus carota L, and Prunella vulgaris var. lanceolata (Barton) Fern. The general approach was to sow seeds of these species into experimentally manipulated field plots for each of two years, and to recover these seeds from the soil one year later to determine their fates. The effect of mowing on seedling establishment was also addressed. Additional studies focused on the effects of a single mortality factor, fungal disease, on seeds and seedlings. The fate of most seeds was death (44%-80%). Mowing did not significantly increase seedling establishment . Only Daucus carota formed a persistent seed bank. Fungal disease generally caused less than ten percent mortality. The additional studies investigating fungal disease corroborated these results. Vertebrate predation significantly reduced seed numbers for only Bromus carinatus (21%). The largest cause of death for all species for both years was the combined group of other mortality causes (invertebrate predation, interference, and abiotic factors) (52%-73%). The components of this combined group, however, differed among species. The most likely components for Bromus carinatus and Cynosurus echinatus were interference (competition plus allelopathy) and abiotic factors, although invertebrate predation cannot be ruled out for Bromus carinatus. Seedling death due to abiotic factors was most likely the largest component for Daucus carota. The most probable components for Prunella vulgaris were invertebrate predation and abiotic factors. Implications of these seed fates and mortality factors for population patterns and for conservation of native prairies are discussed.