Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Arc-Flash Hazard Calculations in LV and MV DC Systems Part—II: Analysis

Based on the results of the short-circuit calculations in Part I of this paper, the calculation of the arc-flash hazard in dc systems is demonstrated. Much like ac systems, the arcing currents are not the same as the short-circuit currents. The National Fire Protection Association 2012 methodology recommends that the arcing current be taken as 50% of the calculated dc short-circuit current and that the arc-flash hazard be calculated for a time duration of 2 s. Both these concepts are much flawed and will give inaccurate results. It is also imperative to appreciate the short-circuit protection in dc systems. Semiconductor devices have very little energy let-through withstand capability and are protected with fast-acting semiconductor fuses or dc circuit breakers that may arrest the prospective short-circuit current and limit the incident energy release to a small value. This paper calculates the arc-flash hazard in specimen cases to demonstrate the methodology of the calculations in low-voltage and medium-voltage dc systems.
Inference in Dynamic Discrete Choice Models With Serially orrelated Unobserved State Variables

This paper develops a method for inference in dynamic discrete choice models with serially correlated unobserved state variables. Estimation of these models involves computing high-dimensional integrals that are present in the solution to the dynamic program and in the likelihood function. First, the paper proposes a Bayesian Markov chain Monte Carlo estimation procedure that can handle the problem of multidimensional integration in the likelihood function. Second, the paper presents an efficient algorithm for solving the dynamic program suitable for use in conjunction with the proposed estimation procedure. Copyright 2009 The Econometric Society.
Simultaneous optimization of neural network weights and active nodes using metaheuristics

Optimization of neural network (NN) is significantly influenced by the transfer function used in its active nodes. It has been observed that the homogeneity in the activation nodes does not provide the best solution. Therefore, the customizable transfer functions whose underlying parameters are subjected to optimization were used to provide heterogeneity to NN. For experimental purposes, a meta-heuristic framework using a combined genotype representation of connection weights and transfer function parameter was used. The performance of adaptive Logistic, Tangent-hyperbolic, Gaussian and Beta functions were analyzed. Concise comparisons between different transfer function and between the NN optimization algorithms are presented. The comprehensive analysis of the results obtained over the benchmark dataset suggests that the Artificial Bee Colony with adaptive transfer function provides the best results in terms of classification accuracy over the particle swarm optimization and differential evolution algorithms.
Improvement on Secrecy Capacity of Wireless LAN Using Matched Filter

Wire-tap channel coding allows information-theoretically secure communication between legitimate sender and receiver in presence of an eavesdropper Eve, whose channel is subject to noise. A secrecy capacity for their communication is equal to capacity of the channel connecting them, minus capacity of Eve's channel, when the channels are assumed independent and affected by additive white Gaussian noise. In order to increase the secrecy capacity, we propose to employ a coding scheme using matched filter. The legitimate parties are assumed to share a pre-shared key of the matched filter, secretly from Eve. Hereby, the legitimate parties can use it to increase the capacity of their channel, while Eve cannot. We propose to apply this scheme to indoor wireless communication over IEEE 802.11 wireless LAN, analyze advantages of our construction and discuss an appropriate selection of coding scheme fitting the IEEE 802.11 protocol specification.
Geometric Computations on Indecisive and Uncertain Points

We study computing geometric problems on uncertain points. An uncertain point is a point that does not have a fixed location, but rather is described by a probability distribution. When these probability distributions are restricted to a finite number of locations, the points are called indecisive points. In particular, we focus on geometric shape-fitting problems and on building compact distributions to describe how the solutions to these problems vary with respect to the uncertainty in the points. Our main results are: (1) a simple and efficient randomized approximation algorithm for calculating the distribution of any statistic on uncertain data sets; (2) a polynomial, deterministic and exact algorithm for computing the distribution of answers for any LP-type problem on an indecisive point set; and (3) the development of shape inclusion probability (SIP) functions which captures the ambient distribution of shapes fit to uncertain or indecisive point sets and are admissible to the two algorithmic constructions.
Factors related to methamphetamine relapse risk among clients in the substance rehabilitation center of National Narcotics Board in West Java, Indonesia

Purpose This purpose of this paper is to describe methamphetamine relapse risk, examine the relationship between factors in the dynamic model of relapse and methamphetamine relapse risk. Design/methodology/approach A total of 165 clients from the Substance Rehabilitation Center of National Narcotics Board in West Java, Indonesia were recruited. The research instruments included a demographic characteristic questionnaire and eight different tests: Drug Taking Confidence Questionnaire; Stimulant Effect Expectancy Questionnaire; Stage of Change Readiness and Treatment Eagerness Scale version 8.0 for Drug; Coping Strategies Inventory Short Form; Positive Affect and Negative Affect Schedule; Desire for Speed Questionnaire; Social Support Questionnaire; and the Stimulant Relapse Risk Scale. Descriptive statistics were used to analyze the data. Pearson’s product moment correlation was used to test the relationship among variables. Findings Clients (63 percent) were at a moderate level of methamphetamine relapse risk (mean=56.33, SD=10.54). Outcome expectancy, positive emotional state, negative emotional state and craving were positive and had a significant correlation with relapse risk (r=0.261, r=0.380, r=0.370, r=0.509, p<0.01, respectively). Self-efficacy was negative and had a significant correlation with relapse risk (r=−0.316, p<0.01). Motivation, coping and social support had no correlation with relapse risk. Originality/value Two-thirds of the clients in a rehabilitation center have a tendency to relapse following treatment. Nursing intervention for early detection of methamphetamine relapse risk during treatment by using standardized instruments should be implemented.
Mechanisms of Dexamethasone-Mediated Inhibition of Toll-Like Receptor Signaling Induced by Neisseria meningitidis and Streptococcus pneumoniae

ABSTRACT Excessive inflammation contributes to the pathogenesis of bacterial meningitis, which remains a serious disease despite treatment with antibiotics. Therefore, anti-inflammatory drugs have important therapeutic potential, and clinical trials have revealed that early treatment with dexamethasone significantly reduces mortality and morbidity from bacterial meningitis. Here we investigate the molecular mechanisms behind the inhibitory effect of dexamethasone upon the inflammatory responses evoked by Neisseria meningitidis and Streptococcus pneumoniae, two of the major causes of bacterial meningitis. The inflammatory cytokine response was dependent on Toll-like receptor signaling and was strongly inhibited by dexamethasone. Activation of the NF-κB pathway was targeted at several levels, including inhibition of IκB phosphorylation and NF-κB DNA-binding activity as well as upregulation of IκBα synthesis. Our data also revealed that the timing of steroid treatment relative to infection was important for achieving strong inhibition, particularly in response to S. pneumoniae. Altogether, we describe important targets of dexamethasone in the inflammatory responses evoked by N. meningitidis and S. pneumoniae, which may contribute to our understanding of the clinical effect and the importance of timing with respect to corticosteroid treatment during bacterial meningitis.
OECD Programme on Educational Building International Seminar on Educational Infrastructure

Policy discussion about schooling needs to be informed by a serious appreciation of the nature of the lives of the young in today’s society, which too often is missing. It will mean a searching examination of the place of schools in the lives of the young, which "structurally" lie at the core of their activities but with other sources of interest and influence – TV, computer games, the peer group – seeming far more attractive and relevant for many. How can these two sides – what matters to society and what matters to young people themselves – be brought closer together? Will schools wither away because they are perceived by too many as irrelevant to 21 century life? These questions permeate the scenarios presented below.
An observing system simulation experiment for hydros radiometer-only soil moisture products

Based on 1-km land surface model geophysical predictions within the United States Southern Great Plains (Red-Arkansas River basin), an observing system simulation experiment (OSSE) is carried out to assess the impact of land surface heterogeneity, instrument error, and parameter uncertainty on soil moisture products derived from the National Aeronautics and Space Administration Hydrosphere State (Hydros) mission. Simulated retrieved soil moisture products are created using three distinct retrieval algorithms based on the characteristics of passive microwave measurements expected from Hydros. The accuracy of retrieval products is evaluated through comparisons with benchmark soil moisture fields obtained from direct aggregation of the original simulated soil moisture fields. The analysis provides a quantitative description of how land surface heterogeneity, instrument error, and inversion parameter uncertainty impacts propagate through the measurement and retrieval process to degrade the accuracy of Hydros soil moisture products. Results demonstrate that the discrete set of error sources captured by the OSSE induce root mean squared errors of between 2.0% and 4.5% volumetric in soil moisture retrievals within the basin. Algorithm robustness is also evaluated for the case of artificially enhanced vegetation water content (W) values within the basin. For large W(>3 kg/spl middot/m/sup -2/), a distinct positive bias, attributable to the impact of sub- footprint-scale landcover heterogeneity, is identified in soil moisture retrievals. Prospects for the removal of this bias via a correction strategy for inland water and/or the implementation of an alternative aggregation strategy for surface vegetation and roughness parameters are discussed.
ISCHAEMIC HEART DISEASE AND RELATED RISK FACTORS IN MISSAN GOVERNORATE

In this cross-sectional study 344 patients with symptoms or signs suggestive of ischaemic heart disease were admitted to the coronary care unit in Al-sadder General Hospital in Al-Ammara city from August2000 to May 2001. The most frequent complaint was chest pain (77.6% of patients admitted). Out of the 344) patients admitted, 306 patients (89%) were found to have abnormal ECG changes of different, varieties and the remaining 38(11%) were found to have normal ECG. The aim of the study was to shed light on the incidence and nature of ischemic heart disease among patients admitted from emergency department to the coronary care unit with particular concentration in the risk factors associated
Local Axisymmetric Simulations of Magnetorotational Instability in Radiation-dominated Accretion Disks

We perform numerical simulations of magnetorotational instability in a local patch of accretion disk in which radiation pressure exceeds gas pressure. Such conditions may occur in the central regions of disks surrounding compact objects in active galactic nuclei and Galactic X-ray sources. We assume axisymmetry and neglect vertical stratification. The growth rates of the instability on initially uniform magnetic fields are consistent with the linear analysis of Blaes & Socrates (2001). As is the case when radiation effects are neglected, the nonlinear development of the instability leads to transitory turbulence when the initial magnetic field has no net vertical flux. During the turbulent phase, angular momentum is transported outward. The Maxwell stress is a few times the Reynolds stress, and their sum is about 4 times the mean pressure in the vertical component of the magnetic field. For magnetic pressure exceeding gas pressure, turbulent fluctuations in the field produce density contrasts about equal to the ratio of magnetic to gas pressure. These are many times larger than in the corresponding gas pressure-dominated situation and may have profound implications for the steady state vertical structure of radiation-dominated disks. Diffusion of radiation from compressed regions damps turbulent motions, converting kinetic energy into photon energy.
Optimized Light-Directed Synthesis of Aptamer Microarrays

Aptamer microarrays are a promising high-throughput method for ultrasensitive detection of multiple analytes, but although much is known about the optimal synthesis of oligonucleotide microarrays used in hybridization-based genomics applications, the bioaffinity interactions between aptamers and their targets is qualitatively different and requires significant changes to synthesis parameters. Focusing on streptavidin-binding DNA aptamers, we employed light-directed in situ synthesis of microarrays to analyze the effects of sequence fidelity, linker length, surface probe density, and substrate functionalization on detection sensitivity. Direct comparison with oligonucleotide hybridization experiments indicates that aptamer microarrays are significantly more sensitive to sequence fidelity and substrate functionalization and have different optimal linker length and surface probe density requirements. Whereas microarray hybridization probes generate maximum signal with multiple deletions, aptamer sequences with the same deletion rate result in a 3-fold binding signal reduction compared with the same sequences synthesized for maximized sequence fidelity. The highest hybridization signal was obtained with dT 5mer linkers, and the highest aptamer signal was obtained with dT 11mers, with shorter aptamer linkers significantly reducing the binding signal. The probe hybridization signal was found to be more sensitive to molecular crowding, whereas the aptamer probe signal does not appear to be constrained within the density of functional surface groups commonly used to synthesize microarrays.
On a Combinatorial Problem in Number Theory

1. Introduction One of the problems mentioned injl] (on p. 187) concerns the estimation of the magnitude of the largest number g(N) such that, from every sequence of N distinct natural numbers, one can always select a subsequence of g{N) integers with the property that no sum of two distinct integers of this subsequence belongs to the original sequence. It should be mentioned that the function <p(N) in [1] was defined in terms of sequences of real numbers, not natural numbers; however, we shall establish in §6 that <p(N) = g(N). It is known (see [1]) that g(N) satisfies clogN<g(N)<(l + e)N, (1) the left-hand inequality being due to Klarner, and the right-hand one to Selfridge; and in [1] Erdos conjectured that g(N) = o{N). In this paper we shall prove this conjecture. In fact we prove considerably more; we shall show that g{N) <t N*+* (2) for every e > 0 and N ^ N x (e). A very simple construction (see proof of Theorem 1 in §2) already shows that g(N) <^ iV* (SO that Theorem 1 alone suffices to establish Erdos' conjecture). The refinement (2) is obtained as a consequence of Theorem 3 below and the underlying idea in the construction in Theorem 1. However, we have included Theorem 2 as well, though the corresponding application of this theorem and the construction in Theorem 1 yields an estimate inferior to (2). This is because we think that Theorem 2 is, like Theorem 3, probably of independent interest. Concerning the function f(n) in Theorem 2, one may conjecture that/(w) = O(n
Physics of thick polymers

We present the results of analytical calculations and numerical simulations of the behavior of a new class of chain molecules that we call thick polymers. The concept of the thickness of such a polymer, viewed as a tube, is encapsulated by a special three-body interaction and impacts on the behavior both locally and nonlocally. When thick polymers undergo compaction because of an attractive self-interaction, we find a new type of phase transition between a compact phase and a swollen phase at zero temperature with increasing thickness. In the vicinity of this transition, short tubes form space-filling helices and sheets as observed in protein native-state structures. With increasing chain length, or with an increasing number of chains, we numerically find a crossover from secondary-structure motifs to a quite distinct class of structures akin to the semicrystalline phases of polymers or amyloid fibers in polypeptides.
Tree Amplitudes in Gauge Theory as Scalar MHV Diagrams

It was proposed in [2] that all tree amplitudes in pure Yang-Mills theory can be constructed from known MHV amplitudes. We apply this approach for calculating tree amplitudes of gauge fields and fermions and find agreement with known results. The formalism amounts to an effective scalar perturbation theory which offers a much simpler alternative to the usual Feynman diagrams in gauge theory and can be used for deriving new simple expressions for tree amplitudes. At tree level the formalism works in a generic gauge theory, with or without supersymmetry, and for a finite number of colours.
Reliability Analysis of Task Model in Real-Time Fault-Tolerant Systems

One notable advantage of Model-Driven Architecture(MDA) method is that software developers could do sufficient analysis and tests on software models in the design phase, which helps construct high confidence on the expected software performance and behaviors. In this paper, we present a general reliability model, based on the relationship between real-time requirements and time costs of fault tolerance, to analyze reliability of the task execution model in real-time software design phase when using MDA method. This reliability model defines arrival rates of faults and fault-tolerant mechanisms to model non-permanent faults and the corresponding fault handling costs. By analyzing the probability of tasks being schedulable in the worst-case execution scenario, reliability and schedulability are combined into an unified analysis framework, and an algorithm for reliability analysis is also given under static priority scheduling. When no assumptions of fault occurrences made on the task model, this reliability model regresses to a generic schedulability model.
The statistical mechanics of the three-dimensional euclidean black hole

In its formulation as a Chern-Simons theory, three-dimensional general relativity induces a Wess-Zumino-Witten (WZW) action on spatial boundaries. Treating the horizon of the three-dimensional Euclidean black hole as a boundary, I count the states of the resulting WZW model, and show that when analytically continued back to Lorentzian signature, they yield the correct Bekenstein-Hawking entropy. The relevant states can be understood as {open_quotes}would-be gauge{close_quotes} degrees of freedom that become dynamical at the horizon. {copyright} {ital 1997} {ital The American Physical Society}
An Exploration of Softmax Alternatives Belonging to the Spherical Loss Family

In a multi-class classification problem, it is standard to model the output of a neural network as a categorical distribution conditioned on the inputs. The output must therefore be positive and sum to one, which is traditionally enforced by a softmax. This probabilistic mapping allows to use the maximum likelihood principle, which leads to the well-known log-softmax loss. However the choice of the softmax function seems somehow arbitrary as there are many other possible normalizing functions. It is thus unclear why the log-softmax loss would perform better than other loss alternatives. In particular Vincent et al. (2015) recently introduced a class of loss functions, called the spherical family, for which there exists an efficient algorithm to compute the updates of the output weights irrespective of the output size. In this paper, we explore several loss functions from this family as possible alternatives to the traditional log-softmax. In particular, we focus our investigation on spherical bounds of the log-softmax loss and on two spherical log-likelihood losses, namely the log-Spherical Softmax suggested by Vincent et al. (2015) and the log-Taylor Softmax that we introduce. Although these alternatives do not yield as good results as the log-softmax loss on two language modeling tasks, they surprisingly outperform it in our experiments on MNIST and CIFAR-10, suggesting that they might be relevant in a broad range of applications.
miRNA-223 Promotes Gastric Cancer Invasion and Metastasis by Targeting Tumor Suppressor EPB41L3

Traditional research modes aim to find cancer-specific single therapeutic target. Recently, emerging evidence suggested that some micro-RNAs (miRNA) can function as oncogenes or tumor suppressors. miRNAs are single-stranded, small noncoding RNA genes that can regulate hundreds of downstream target genes. In this study, we evaluated the miRNA expression patterns in gastric carcinoma and the specific role of miR-223 in gastric cancer metastasis. miRNA expression signature was first analyzed by real-time PCR on 10 paired gastric carcinomas and confirmed in another 20 paired gastric carcinoma tissues. With the 2-fold expression difference as a cutoff level, we identified 22 differential expressed mature miRNAs. Sixteen miRNAs were upregulated in gastric carcinoma, including miR-223, miR-21, miR-23b, miR-222, miR-25, miR-23a, miR-221, miR-107, miR-103, miR-99a, miR-100, miR-125b, miR-92, miR-146a, miR-214 and miR-191, and six miRNAs were downregulated in gastric carcinoma, including let-7a, miR-126, miR-210, miR-181b, miR-197, and miR-30aa-5p. After examining these miRNAs in several human gastric originated cell lines, we found that miR-223 is overexpressed only in metastatic gastric cancer cells and stimulated nonmetastatic gastric cancer cells migration and invasion. Mechanistically, miR-223, induced by the transcription factor Twist, posttranscriptionally downregulates EPB41L3 expression by directly targeting its 3′-untranslated regions. Significantly, overexpression of miR-223 in primary gastric carcinomas is associated with poor metastasis-free survival. These findings indicate a new regulatory mode, namely, specific miRNA, which is activated by its upstream transcription factor, could suppress its direct targets and lead to tumor invasion and metastasis. Mol Cancer Res; 9(7); 824–33. ©2011 AACR.
Improving the performance of evolutionary algorithms for decision rule learning

Evolutionary algorithms appear as an interesting alternative to achieve minimal error rates and low numbers of rules in supervised learning tasks. In spite of the computational cost of this approach, some proposals can be applied to make the algorithm faster and more efficient. This paper describes some of these proposals, which are integrated in the evolutionary tool HIDER*. Specifically, we developed a new genetic encoding for the individuals of the evolutionary population and a novel data structure for the evaluation process. These approaches allow the evolutionary algorithms to reduce the high computational cost and to obtain high quality solutions.