Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
THE DEVELOPMENT OF LANGUAGE SKILLS IN P / ilV-II < PRODUCTION

Introduction We humans have long held great stock in our ability to use language to communicate with one another. Language is a powerful tool that allows us to coordinate behavior, discuss things remote in time and place, and write manuscripts such as this one. It has played a vital role in the success of our species and it is such an integral part of our individual lives that it is intimately tied to our very thought. Such being the case, language acquisition has received considerable attention from the psychological research community. Many measures of linguistic competency have been presented over the years, including examinations of lexicon growth (Dromi, 1987; Fenson et al., 1994), vocabulary content (Nelson, 1973; Bates et al., 1979) word combination and syntax development (Bates et al., 1988; Bloom, 1973, 1991), and pragmatic or contextual dimensions of word use (Bruner, 1983; Greenfield and Smith, 1976; McShane, 1980). ’ Although the specific patterns and timing of different children’s mastery of language vary among individuals (Nelson, 1973; Fenson et al., 1994), some rough generalizations are possible in reference to the classical model of ‘typical’ language acquisition. With regard to productive indices, a child begins to make prelinguistic vocalizations (‘babbling’) around 7 months of age (Stark, 1980). At the end of the first year, communicative intentionality develops (Bates et al., 1975) and gestures as well as word-like sounds or ‘protowords’ (Adamson, 1995) may provide a bridge between babbling and true word production. First words typically appear between 10 and 13 months (Bates et al., 1979), followed by a period of single-word use and vocabulary growth, often with a vocabulary ‘spurt’ at about 1; years of age when the child’s productive lexicon is around 50 words (Fenson et al., 1994; Nelson, 1973). As the vocabulary starts to increase rapidly, often at a rate of more than one word per day (Fenson et al., 1994), word combinations also start to appear during the second half of the child’s second year. After just a few e years of life, the child is well on its way to mastering the multiple aspects of human language. As an infant grows and acquires linguistic competency, he or she expresses three developmental processes outlined by Vygotsky and Luria (1993) many years ago but receiving renewed interest in recent years (Lerner, 1984; Parker, 1990): ontogeny, which guides the individual’s growth as he or she matures and interacts with others; cultural history, which allows the individual to benefit from knowledge and traditions accumulated over uncounted generations; and phylogeny, which has provided the human species with the
“All They Do Is See the Charge”: Reentry Barriers and Correctional Programming Needs of Women Returning to Society after Incarceration

ABSTRACT This study utilized a qualitative approach to examine formerly incarcerated women’s perceptions of their reentry process and to understand the role correctional programming may have to alleviate the difficulties for this population when transitioning back into society. In-depth interviews were conducted with halfway house residents (N = 26). It is necessary for correctional personnel and policy makers to understand the needs of these women so that gender-responsive programming may be implemented in prisons to better prepare women to deal with the challenges of reentry.
A COMPARATIVE STUDY OF COHERENCE, MUTUAL INFORMATION AND CROSS-INTENSITY MODELS

Coherence is a measure of the time invariant linear dependence of two processes at certain frequencies, and provides a measure of the degree of linear predictability of one process from another process. The coherence is inadequate as a measure of general association for it may be identically 0 when two series are in fact related. However, such behavior does not occur for the coe-cient of mutual information, which is a measure of the amount of information that one random variable contains about another random variable. The Lin-Lin model, which describes the in∞uence of an input on a point process output, can identify linear causal relationships between one sequence of events and another. This paper presents a comparative study of the three approaches using a case study of the relationship between groundwater level data from Tangshan Well and global earthquakes with minimum magnitude 5.8.
Polynomial Kernels for Dominating Set in Ki,j-free and d-degenerate Graphs

We show that for any fixed i, j ≥ 1, the k-Dominating Set problem restricted to graphs that do not have Ki,j as a subgraph is fixed parameter tractable (FPT) and has a polynomial kernel. This result implies that this problem restricted to bounded-degenerate graphs has a polynomial kernel, solving an open problem posed by Alon and Gutner in [3]. Our result extends the class of graphs for which the k-Dominating Set problem is known to have (1) FPT algorithms and (2) polynomial kernels, to the class of Ki,j-free graphs.
Modeling Driver Response to Lead Vehicle Decelerating Wassim

This paper presents a driver performance map of braking and steering in response to three driving scenarios that lead to rear-end crashes. This map encompasses low risk, conflict, near-crash, and crash imminent driving states that correspond to advisory warning, crash imminent warning, and crash mitigation functionalities for intelligent vehicle rear-end crash countermeasures. Specifically, this paper models driver response to a lead vehicle decelerating by building upon prior research that estimated the state boundaries for driver response to lead vehicle stopped or moving at slower constant speed. In addition, this paper compares braking performance to steering performance in the lead vehicle-decelerating scenario using plots of range and range-rate that roughly quantify the boundaries between the driving conflict states. Driver performance is also discussed among the three rear-end crash scenarios.
Handoff Management Architecture for 4G Networks over MIPv6

Summary The future 4G networks will satisfy the user’s need of mobility, eternal information access and independence. Many organizations are now working towards realizing 4G Networks. 4G networks are known for their seamless connectivity between existing networks which include GSM, wireless LAN, Bluetooth etc. Such next generation 4G networks are represented by heterogeneous environment with different access network technologies that vary in bandwidth, latency and cost. Seamless Connectivity in such networks entirely depends on efficient handoff mechanisms. In this paper we present a Handoff Management Unit (HMU) based on Mobile IPv6 (MIPv6). The research discussed here, reflects seamless handoff across different types of networks over the MIPv6 core network.
How long is a hillslope?

Hillslope length is a fundamental attribute of landscapes, intrinsically linked to drainage density, landslide hazard, biogeochemical cycling and hillslope sediment transport. Existing methods to estimate catchment average hillslope lengths include inversion of drainage density or identification of a break in slope–area scaling, where the hillslope domain transitions into the fluvial domain. Here we implement a technique which models flow from point sources on hilltops across pixels in a digital elevation model (DEM), based on flow directions calculated using pixel aspect, until reaching the channel network, defined using recently developed channel extraction algorithms. Through comparisons between these measurement techniques, we show that estimating hillslope length from plots of topographic slope versus drainage area, or by inverting measures of drainage density, systematically underestimates hillslope length. In addition, hillslope lengths estimated by slope–area scaling breaks show large variations between catchments of similar morphology and area. We then use hillslope length–relief structure of landscapes to explore nature of sediment flux operating on a landscape. Distinct topographic forms are predicted for end‐member sediment flux laws which constrain sediment transport on hillslopes as being linearly or nonlinearly dependent on hillslope gradient. Because our method extracts hillslope profiles originating from every ridgetop pixel in a DEM, we show that the resulting population of hillslope length–relief measurements can be used to differentiate between linear and nonlinear sediment transport laws in soil mantled landscapes. We find that across a broad range of sites across the continental United States, topography is consistent with a sediment flux law in which transport is nonlinearly proportional to topographic gradient. © 2016 The Authors. Earth Surface Processes and Landforms published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd.
Image Edge Respecting Denoising with Edge Denoising by a Designer Nonisotropic Structure Tensor Method

Abstract We consider image denoising as the problem of removing spurious oscillations due to noise while preserving edges in the images. We will suggest here how to directly make infinitesimal adjustment to standard variational methods of image denoising, to enhance desirable target assumption of the noiseless image. The standard regularization method is used to define a suitable energy functional to penalize the data fidelity and the smoothness of the solution. This energy functional is tailored so that the region with small gradient is isotropically smoothed whereas in a neighborhood of an edge presented by a large gradient smoothing is allowed only along the edge contour. The regularized solution that arises in this fashion is then the solution of a variational principle. To this end the associated Euler — Lagrange equation needs to be solved numerically and the half-quadratic minimization is generally used to linearize the equation and to derive an iterative scheme. We describe here a method to modify Euler — Largrange equation from commonly used energy functionals, in a way to enhance certain desirable preconceived assumptions of the image, such as edge preservation. From an algorithmic point of view, we may deem this algorithm as a smoothing by a local average with an adaptive gradient-based weight. However, this algorithm may result in noisy edges although the edge is preserved and noise is suppressed in the low-gradient regions of the image. The main focus here is to present an edge-preserving regularization in the aforementioned view point, and to provide an alternative and simple way to modify the existing algorithm to mitigate the phenomena of noisy edges without explicitly defining step where we specify an energy functional to be minimized.
Anonymized Data: Generation, models, usage

Data anonymization techniques enable publication of detailed information, which permits ad hoc queries and analyses, while guaranteeing the privacy of sensitive information in the data against a variety of attacks. In this tutorial, we aim to present a unified framework of data anonymization techniques, viewed through the lens of data uncertainty. Essentially, anonymized data describes a set of possible worlds that include the original data. We show that anonymization approaches generate different working models of uncertain data, and that the privacy guarantees offered by k-anonymization and l-diversity can be naturally understood in terms of the sets of possible worlds that correspond to the anonymized data. Work in query evaluation over uncertain databases can hence be used for answering ad hoc queries over anonymized data. We identify new research problems for both the Data Anonymization and the Uncertain Data communities.
Applications of vibrotactile display of body tilt for rehabilitation

Body-mounted motion sensors have been shown to decrease subject sway when a tilt estimate is fed back to the user by means of an array of tactile vibrators which display estimated tilt magnitude and direction. Vestibulopathic subjects who are tested using computerized dynamic posturography show significantly reduced sway in both the sensory motor and the motor control portions of that test. This result suggests potential application as an assistive balance aid. Another potential application of vibrotactile tilt feedback is in rehabilitation. Two lines of research have yielded promising, albeit very preliminary, supporting results. The first of these is the response of subjects to a toes-up pitch maneuver. At critical pitch velocities, vestibulopathic subjects are unable to maintain stability during or after a perturbation without tilt feedback, but are able to stand when feedback is provided. The second line of research involves perturbations during locomotion. Vibrotactile tilt feedback again reduces subjects sway. Preliminary results of both of these on-going experiments indicate that this increase in performance may be retained.
Kinematic Model of a New Staircase Climbing Wheelchair and its Experimental Validation

This paper describes the mechanical devices, the movements and the associated kinematic models of a novel wheelchair prototype capable of climbing staircases. The key feature of the mechanical design is the use of two decoupled mechanisms in each axle, one used to negotiate steps, and the other to position the axle with respect to the chair to accommodate the overall slope. This decoupling makes possible many different climbing strategies, the overall mechanism being extraordinarily versatile from a control point of view. Kinematic models have been developed for the different mechanical configurations that appear during all the ascend/descend processes. These models are required to control the actuators of the wheelchair in such a way that its centre of mass is able to follow arbitrary spatial trajectories. This is very important as one has to design very smooth spatial trajectories, keeping a near null inclination of the seat all the time in order to guarantee the comfort of the passenger, usually a handicapped or injured person. A real prototype is presented, and experimental results are reported that show the efficiency of the mechanism and the accuracy of the kinematic models developed.
Superfluous Role of Mammalian Septins 3 and 5 in Neuronal Development and Synaptic Transmission

ABSTRACT The septin family of GTPases, first identified for their roles in cell division, are also expressed in postmitotic tissues. SEPT3 (G-septin) and SEPT5 (CDCrel-1) are highly expressed in neurons, enriched in presynaptic terminals, and associated with synaptic vesicles. These characteristics suggest that SEPT3 or SEPT5 might be important for synapse formation, maturation, or synaptic vesicle traffic. Since Sept5−/− mice do not show any overt neurological phenotypes, we generated Sept3−/− and Sept3−/−Sept5−/− mice and found that SEPT3 and SEPT5 are not essential for development, fertility, or viability. Changes in the expression of septins were noted in the absence of SEPT3, SEPT5, and both septins. SEPT5 association with other septins in brain tissue was unaffected by the removal of SEPT3. No abnormalities were observed in the gross morphology and synapses of the hippocampus. Similarly, axon development and synapse formation were unaffected in vitro. In cultured hippocampal neurons, the size of the recycling synaptic vesicle pool was unaltered in the absence of SEPT3. Furthermore, synaptic transmission at two different central synapses was not significantly affected in Sept3−/−Sept5−/− mice. These results indicate that SEPT3 and SEPT5 are dispensable for neuronal development as well as for synaptic vesicle fusion and recycling.
Approximate time functional simulation of resource-aware programming concepts for heterogeneous MPSoCs

The design and the programming of heterogeneous future MPSoCs including thousands of processor cores is a hard challenge. Means are necessary to program and simulate the dynamic behavior of such systems in order to dimension the hardware design and to verify the software functionality as well as performance goals. Cycle-accurate simulation of multiple parallel applications simultaneously running on different cores of the architecture would be much too slow and is not the desired level of detail. In this paper, we therefore present a novel high-level simulation approach which tackles the complexity and the heterogeneity of such systems and enables the investigation of a new computing paradigm called invasive computing. Here, the workload and its distribution are not known at compile-time but are highly dynamic and have to be adapted to the status (load, temperature, etc.) of the underlying architecture at run-time. We propose an approach for the modeling of tiled MPSoC architectures and the simulation of resource-aware programming concepts on these. This approach delivers important timing information about the parallel execution and also is taking into account the computational properties of possibly different types of cores.
Macroscopic models for networks of coupled biological oscillators

We describe a low-dimensional relation and demonstrate its use in reducing model complexity for coupled oscillator systems. The study of synchronization of coupled biological oscillators is fundamental to many areas of biology including neuroscience, cardiac dynamics, and circadian rhythms. Mathematical models of these systems may involve hundreds of variables in thousands of individual cells resulting in an extremely high-dimensional description of the system. This often contrasts with the low-dimensional dynamics exhibited on the collective or macroscopic scale for these systems. We introduce a macroscopic reduction for networks of coupled oscillators motivated by an elegant structure we find in experimental measurements of circadian protein expression and several mathematical models for coupled biological oscillators. The observed structure in the collective amplitude of the oscillator population differs from the well-known Ott-Antonsen ansatz, but its emergence can be characterized through a simple argument depending only on general phase-locking behavior in coupled oscillator systems. We further demonstrate its emergence in networks of noisy heterogeneous oscillators with complex network connectivity. Applying this structure, we derive low-dimensional macroscopic models for oscillator population activity. This approach allows for the incorporation of cellular-level experimental data into the macroscopic model whose parameters and variables can then be directly associated with tissue- or organism-level properties, thereby elucidating the core properties driving the collective behavior of the system.
The Perception of American English Vowels by Salento Italian Adult Listeners: Longitudinal Development in the Classroom Context

The present study investigates whether phonetic lessons enable improvement of adult L2 perception and whether 2) L2 perceptual learning in the classroom setting can be explained by the Second Language Linguistic Perception (L2LP) model (Escudero, 2005). Salento Italian (SI) listeners’ initial state of perception of American English (AE) vowels was examined. SI listeners performed cross‐ language assimilation and discrimination tasks on AE vowels before attending a phonetic course (pre‐test), at the end of the phonetic course and three months later (post‐tests). Their perceptual assimilation of AE phonemes did not change across the test sessions, while their discrimination of the same AE vowels improved for two of the nine contrasts in both post‐test sessions, approximating native discrimination, but worsened for two other contrasts. It is argued that both results can be explained in terms of the L2LP model.
Smoothed Aggregation Multigrid for Markov Chains

A smoothed aggregation multigrid method is presented for the numerical calculation of the stationary probability vector of an irreducible sparse Markov chain. It is shown how smoothing the interpolation and restriction operators can dramatically increase the efficiency of aggregation multigrid methods for Markov chains that have been proposed in the literature. The proposed smoothing approach is inspired by smoothed aggregation multigrid for linear systems, supplemented with a new lumping technique that assures well-posedness of the coarse-level problems: the coarse-level operators are singular M-matrices on all levels, resulting in strictly positive coarse-level corrections on all levels. Numerical results show how these methods lead to nearly optimal multigrid efficiency for an extensive set of test problems, both when geometric and algebraic aggregation strategies are used.
Correlation of In Vivo Versus In Vitro Benchmark Doses (BMDs) Derived From Micronucleus Test Data: A Proof of Concept Study

In this study, we explored the applicability of using in vitro micronucleus (MN) data from human lymphoblastoid TK6 cells to derive in vivo genotoxicity potency information. Nineteen chemicals covering a broad spectrum of genotoxic modes of action were tested in an in vitro MN test using TK6 cells using the same study protocol. Several of these chemicals were considered to need metabolic activation, and these were administered in the presence of S9. The Benchmark dose (BMD) approach was applied using the dose-response modeling program PROAST to estimate the genotoxic potency from the in vitro data. The resulting in vitro BMDs were compared with previously derived BMDs from in vivo MN and carcinogenicity studies. A proportional correlation was observed between the BMDs from the in vitro MN and the BMDs from the in vivo MN assays. Further, a clear correlation was found between the BMDs from in vitro MN and the associated BMDs for malignant tumors. Although these results are based on only 19 compounds, they show that genotoxicity potencies estimated from in vitro tests may result in useful information regarding in vivo genotoxic potency, as well as expected cancer potency. Extension of the number of compounds and further investigation of metabolic activation (S9) and of other toxicokinetic factors would be needed to validate our initial conclusions. However, this initial work suggests that this approach could be used for in vitro to in vivo extrapolations which would support the reduction of animals used in research (3Rs: replacement, reduction, and refinement).
A Projected Gradient Method for a High-order Model in Image Restoration Problems

Based on the augmented Lagrangian strategy, we propose a projected gradient method for solving the high-order model in image restoration problems. Based on the Bermand Moreno (BM) algorithm, the convergence of the proposed method is proved. We also give the relationship that the semi-implicit gradient descent method can be deduced from the projected gradient method. Some numerical experiments are arranged to demonstrate the efficiency of the proposed method for restoring the gray-level and color images.
Refined Analysis of Brain Energy Metabolism Using In Vivo Dynamic Enrichment of 13C Multiplets

Carbon-13 nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy in combination with the infusion of 13C-labeled precursors is a unique approach to study in vivo brain energy metabolism. Incorporating the maximum information available from in vivo localized 13C spectra is of importance to get broader knowledge on cerebral metabolic pathways. Metabolic rates can be quantitatively determined from the rate of 13C incorporation into amino acid neurotransmitters such as glutamate and glutamine using suitable mathematical models. The time course of multiplets arising from 13C-13C coupling between adjacent carbon atoms was expected to provide additional information for metabolic modeling leading to potential improvements in the estimation of metabolic parameters. The aim of the present study was to extend two-compartment neuronal/glial modeling to include dynamics of 13C isotopomers available from fine structure multiplets in 13C spectra of glutamate and glutamine measured in vivo in rats brain at 14.1 T, termed bonded cumomer approach. Incorporating the labeling time courses of 13C multiplets of glutamate and glutamine resulted in elevated precision of the estimated fluxes in rat brain as well as reduced correlations between them.