Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
The biosynthesis of 6-methylsalicylic acid. Crude enzyme systems from early and late producing strains of Penicillium patulum.

Abstract Two strains of Penicillium patulum have been isolated from cultures of NRRL 2159A. One produces 6-methylsalicyclic acid (MSA) very soon after transfer of mycelium from a germinating medium to Czapek-Dox medium and is designated an early MSA strain. In the other, 6-methylsalicyclic acid production begins only after 24 to 36 hours on Czapek-Dox medium, and it is designated a late MSA strain. Cell-free extracts of the early MSA strain incorporate about 3 mµmoles of 1,3-14C-malonylcoenzyme A per mg of protein into 6-methylsalicylic acid in a 10-min incubation. This activity is only a small fraction of the synthetic capacity in vivo of the mycelium but is about 7-fold higher than the maximum activity found in the late MSA strain extracts and is higher than activities reported for other crude preparations. Chemical degradation of the product after recrystallization with carrier shows that one-third of the radioactivity is in the carboxyl group, which is consistent with an acetyl polymalonyl biosynthetic mechanism.
Efficient implementation of real-time view-dependent multiresolution meshing

In this paper, we present an efficient (topology preserving) multiresolution meshing framework for interactive level-of-detail (LOD) generation and rendering of large triangle meshes. More specifically, the presented approach, called FastMesh, provides view-dependent LOD generation and real-time mesh simplification that minimizes visual artifacts. Multiresolution triangle mesh representations are an important tool for reducing triangle mesh complexity in interactive rendering environments. Ideally, for interactive visualization, a triangle mesh is simplified to the maximal tolerated visible error and, thus, mesh simplification is view-dependent. This paper introduces an efficient hierarchical multiresolution triangulation framework based on a half-edge triangle mesh data structure and presents optimized implementations of several view-dependent or visual mesh simplification heuristics within that framework. Despite being optimized for performance, these error heuristics provide conservative error bounds. The presented framework is highly efficient both in space and time cost and needs only a fraction of the time required for rendering to perform the error calculations and dynamic mesh updates.
Generalized Min-Max Kernel and Generalized Consistent Weighted Sampling

We propose the "generalized min-max" (GMM) kernel as a measure of data similarity, where data vectors can have both positive and negative entries. GMM is positive definite as there is an associate hashing method named "generalized consistent weighted sampling" (GCWS) which linearizes this (nonlinear) kernel. A natural competitor of GMM is the radial basis function (RBF) kernel, whose corresponding hashing method is known as the "random Fourier features" (RFF). An extensive experimental study on classifications of \textbf{50} publicly available datasets demonstrates that both the GMM and RBF kernels can often substantially improve over linear classifiers. Furthermore, the GCWS hashing method typically requires substantially fewer samples than RFF in order to achieve similar classification accuracies. To understand the property of random Fourier features (RFF), we derive the theoretical variance of RFF, which reveals that the variance of RFF has a term that does not vanish at any similarity. In comparison, the variance of GCWS approaches zero at certain similarities. Overall, the relative (to the expectation) variance of RFF is substantially larger than the relative variance of GCWS. This helps explain the superb empirical results of GCWS compared to RFF. We expect that GMM and GCWS will be adopted in practice for large-scale statistical machine learning applications and efficient near neighbor search (as GMM generates discrete hash values).
Cultural Transmission and Evolution

Cultural transmission in our species is a cumulative inheritance system that leads to a cultural evolution process with a great adaptive value. Our genes have promoted a social learning system very effective for the transmission of learned behaviours. The ability to accumulate knowledge based on an efficient transmission process is what distinguishes human culture from other kinds of social learning present in nonhuman primates. Human behaviour is a product of two different and interacting processes: genetic evolution and cultural evolution. Much variation in human behaviour cannot be understood without accounting for beliefs, values and other socially acquired determinants of behaviour. Thus, culture is crucial for understanding human behaviour and coevolves with biology. On the one hand, the psychobiological capacities guiding cultural processes are the product of evolution. On the other hand, culture modifies the environment in which we live and therefore determine future action of natural selection. Key Concepts: Human culture is a system of inheritance, in which people acquire skills, techniques, beliefs, values, norms, desires and so on, by imitation and teaching. Cultural transmission arises from genetically evolved psychological adaptations for acquiring cultural traits from other individuals by observation and inference. Cultural transmission differs from nonhuman primate social learning in that it is cumulative. Cumulative cultural transmission led to a cultural evolution process with a great adaptive value. Evolved psychobiological mechanisms guide the preference among different cultural variants. Culture created social environments, in which specific adaptations were selected for by natural selection. Keywords: culture; cultural evolution; dual inheritance theory; sociobiology; meme; evolutionary psychology; assessor hominids; social learning
Amorphous graphene: a realization of Zachariasen’s glass

Amorphous graphene is a realization of a two-dimensional Zachariasen glass as first proposed 80 years ago. Planar continuous random networks of this archetypal two-dimensional network are generated by two complementary simulation methods. In the first, a Monte Carlo bond switching algorithm is employed to systematically amorphize a crystalline graphene sheet. In the second, molecular dynamics simulations are utilized to quench from the high temperature liquid state. The two approaches lead to similar results as detailed here, through the pair distribution function and the associated diffraction pattern. Details of the structure, including ring statistics and angular distortions, are shown to be sensitive to preparation conditions, and await experimental confirmation.
The role of IFNγ nuclear localization sequence in intracellular function

Intracellularly expressed interferon γ (IFNγ) has been reported to possess biological activity similar to that of IFNγ added to cells. This study addresses the mechanisms for such similar biological effects. Adenoviral vectors were used to express a non-secreted form of human IFNγ or a non-secreted mutant form in which a previously demonstrated nuclear localization sequence (NLS), 128KTGKRKR134, was replaced with alanines at K and R positions. With the vector expressing non-secreted wild-type IFNγ, biological responses normally associated with extracellular IFNγ, such as antiviral activity and MHC class I upregulation, were observed, although the mutant IFNγ did not possess biological activity. Intracellular human IFNγ possessed biological activity in mouse L cells, which do not recognize extracellularly added human IFNγ. Thus, the biological activity was not due to leakage of IFNγ to the surroundings and subsequent interaction with the receptor on the cell surface. Biological function was associated with activation of STAT1α and nuclear translocation of IFNγ, IFNGR1 and STAT1α. Immunoprecipitation of cellular extracts with antibody to the nuclear transporter NPI-1 showed the formation of a complex with IFNγ-IFNGR1-STAT1α. To provide the physiological basis for these effects we show that extracellularly added IFNγ possesses intracellular signaling activity that is NLS dependent, as suggested by our previous studies, and that this activity occurs via the receptor-mediated endocytosis of IFNγ. The data are consistent with previous observations that the NLS of extracellularly added IFNγ plays a role in IFNγ signaling.
Virus-specific CD8+ T cells accumulate near sensory nerve endings in genital skin during subclinical HSV-2 reactivation

Cytotoxic CD8+ T cells play a critical role in controlling herpes simplex virus (HSV) infection and reactivation. However, little is known about the spatiotemporal dynamics of CD8+ T cells during HSV lesion evolution or about their involvement in immune surveillance after lesion resolution. Using quantum dot–conjugated peptide–major histocompatibility complex multimers, we investigated the in vivo localization of HSV-2–specific CD8+ T cells in sequential biopsies of human genital skin during acute, resolving, and healed stages of HSV-2 reactivation. Our studies revealed that functionally active CD8+ T cells selectively infiltrated to the site of viral reactivation. After lesion healing in concert with complete reepithelialization and loss of HSV DNA from skin biopsies, HSV-2–specific CD8+ T cells persisted for more than two months at the dermal–epidermal junction, adjacent to peripheral nerve endings. In two out of the six sequentially studied individuals, HSV-2 DNA reappeared in clinically and histologically normal–appearing skin. Detection of viral DNA was accompanied by increased numbers of both HSV-specific and total CD8+ T cells in the dermis. These findings indicate that the frequency and clinical course of HSV-2 reactivation in humans is influenced by virus-specific CD8+ T cells that persist in peripheral mucosa and genital skin after resolution of herpes lesions.
Oakland Crimespotting

Oakland Crimespotting is a research project of Stamen Design developed as a response to the existing Oakland, California Police Department crime-reporting application, CrimeWatch. It is an instance of the now-familiar "mashup", an online application derived from multiple input data sources. Many works in this genre stop at placing colored pins on a map, but we looked at ways to expand the typical functionality of the ubiquitous crime map to make it more useful for local citizens. As with many projects, Crimespotting didn't start with a concrete goal in mind; it was born out of frustration, matured through basic technical research, and finally made public after a traumatic crime in Oakland focused national attention on the city.
Unsupervised cross-lingual speaker adaptation for HMM-based speech synthesis using two-pass decision tree construction

This paper demonstrates how unsupervised cross-lingual adaptation of HMM-based speech synthesis models may be performed without explicit knowledge of the adaptation data language. A two-pass decision tree construction technique is deployed for this purpose. Using parallel translated datasets, cross-lingual and intralingual adaptation are compared in a controlled manner. Listener evaluations reveal that the proposed method delivers performance approaching that of unsupervised intralingual adaptation.
Early versus delayed rehabilitation treatment in hemiplegic patients with ischemic stroke: proprioceptive or cognitive approach?

BACKGROUND Early/intensive mobilization may improve functional recovery after stroke but it is not clear which kind of "mobilization" is more effective. Proprioceptive neuromuscular facilitation (PNF) and cognitive therapeutic exercise (CTE) are widespread applied in post-stroke rehabilitation but their efficacy and safety have not been systematically investigated. AIM To compare PNF and CTE methods in a two different time setting (early versus standard approach) in order to evaluate different role of time and techniques in functional recovery after acute ischemic stroke. DESIGN We designed a prospectical multicenter blinded interventional study of early versus standard approach with two different methods by means of both PNF and CTE. SETTING A discrete stroke-dedicated area for out-of-thrombolysis patients, connected with two different comprehensive stroke centres in two different catchment areas. POPULATION Three hundred and forty consecutive stroke patient with first ever sub-cortical ischemic stroke in the mean cerebral artery (MCA) territory and contralateral hemiplegia admitted within 6 and 24 hours from symptoms onset. METHODS All patients were randomly assigned by means of a computer generated randomization sequence in blocks of 4 to one to the 4 interventional groups: early versus delayed rehabilitation programs with Kabat's schemes or Perfetti's technique. Patients in both delayed group underwent to a standard protocol in the acute phase. PRIMARY OUTCOME disability at 3-12 months. Disability measures: modified Rankin Score and Barthel Index. Safety outcome: immobility-related adverse events. SECONDARY OUTCOME MEASURES Six-Minute Walking Test, Motricity Index, Mini-Mental State Examination, Beck Depression Inventory. RESULTS Disability was not different between groups at 3 months but Barthel Index significantly changed between early versus delayed groups at 12 months (P=0.01). Six-Minute Walking Test (P=0.01) and Motricity Index in both upper (P=0.01) and lower limbs (P=0.001) increased in early versus delayed groups regardless rehabilitation schedule. CONCLUSIONS A time-dependent effect of rehabilitation on post stroke motor recovery was observed, particularly in lower limb improvement. According to our results, rehabilitation technique seems not to affect long term motor recovery. CLINICAL REHABILITATION IMPACT These results show a significant effect of time but not of technique that may impact the decision making in the acute phase of care.
The Tail at Store: A Revelation from Millions of Hours of Disk and SSD Deployments

We study storage performance in over 450,000 disks and 4,000 SSDs over 87 days for an overall total of 857 million (disk) and 7 million (SSD) drive hours. We find that storage performance instability is not uncommon: 0.2% of the time, a disk is more than 2x slower than its peer drives in the same RAID group (and 0.6% for SSD). As a consequence, disk and SSD-based RAIDs experience at least one slow drive (i.e., storage tail) 1.5% and 2.2% of the time. To understand the root causes, we correlate slowdowns with other metrics (workload I/O rate and size, drive event, age, and model). Overall, we find that the primary cause of slowdowns are the internal characteristics and idiosyncrasies of modern disk and SSD drives. We observe that storage tails can adversely impact RAID performance, motivating the design of tail-tolerant RAID. To the best of our knowledge, this work is the most extensive documentation of storage performance instability in the field.
Relativistic verifiable delegation of quantum computation

The importance of being able to verify quantum computation delegated to remote servers increases with recent development of quantum technologies. In some of the proposed protocols for this task, a client delegates her quantum computation to non-communicating servers. The fact that the servers do not communicate is not physically justified and it is essential for the proof of security of such protocols. For the best of our knowledge, we present in this work the first verifiable delegation scheme where a classical client delegates her quantum computation to two entangled servers that are allowed to communicate, but respecting the plausible assumption that information cannot be propagated faster than speed of light. We achieve this result by proposing the first one-round two-prover game for the Local Hamiltonian problem where provers only need polynomial time quantum computation and access to copies of the groundstate of the Hamiltonian.
Semantic and Agent Technologies for Cloud Vendor Agnostic Resource Brokering

The selection of Cloud providers, whose offers best fit the requirements of a particular application, is a complex issue due to the heterogeneity of the Cloud services, resources, technology and service levels offered by the several providers. In order to support this selection and requirements specification, we have developed, in the context of the mOSAIC project, a Knowledge Base, representing resources and domain concepts and rules by means of Semantic Web Ontologies and inference rules, a support tool, the Semantic Engine, that helps the user to abstract the requirements in vendor independent way starting from application requirements or from specific vendor resources, a Cloud Agency, that compares the different offers of providers with the user proposal and retrieves the best offer. In this paper, we illustrate how the two components, the Semantic Engine and the Cloud Agency, interoperate in order to support the Cloud Application Developer to express the requirements and services/resources in vendor agnostic way, to translate automatically these requirements into a neutral format in order to compare it with providers' offers and to broker the best one according to defined policies.
Handbook of depression in children and adolescents

Part I: Introduction and Epidemiology of Depression. Abela, Hankin, Depression in Children and Adolescents: Causes, Treatment, and Prevention. Avenevoli, Knight, Kessler, Merikangas, Epidemiology of Depression in Children and Adolescents. Part II: Etiology of Depression. Abela, Hankin, Cognitive Vulnerability to Depression in Children and Adolescents: A Developmental Psychopathology Perspective. Rudolph, Flynn, Abaied, A Developmental Perspective on Interpersonal Theories of Youth Depression. Nantel-Vivier, Pihl, Biological Vulnerability to Depression. Lau, Eley, New Behavioral Genetic Approaches to Depression in Childhood and Adolescence. Durbin, Shafir, Emotion Regulation and Risk for Depression. Part III: Treatment of Depression. Reinecke Ginsburg, Cognitive-Behavioral Treatment of Depression During Childhood and Adolescence. Fombonne, Zinck, Psychopharmacological Treatment of Depression in Children and Adolescents. Stark, Hargrave, Hersh, Greenberg, Herren, Fisher, Treatment of Childhood Depression: The ACTION Treatment Program. Rashid, Anjum, Positive Psychotherapy for Young Adults and Children. Young, Mufson, Interpersonal Psychotherapy for Treatment and Prevention of Adolescent Depression. Part IV: Prevention of Depression. Gillham, Brunwasser, Freres, Preventing Depression in Early Adolescence: The Penn Resiliency Program. Spence, Integrating Individual and Whole-school Change Approaches in the Prevention of Depression in Adolescents. McWhinnie, Abela, Hilmy, Ferrer, Positive Youth Development Programs: An Alternative Approach to the Prevention of Depression in Children and Adolescents. Part V: Special Populations. Hankin, Wetter, Cheely, Sex Differences in Child and Adolescent Depression: A Developmental Psychopathological Approach. Goodman, Tully, Children of Depressed Mothers: Implications for the Etiology, Treatment, and Prevention of Depression in Children and Adolescents. Van Orden, Witte, Selby, Bender, Joiner, Jr., Suicidal Behavior in Youth. Harkness, Lumley, Child Abuse and Neglect and the Development of Depression in Children and Adolescents.
Multilingualism: A Critical Perspective

1. Opening up multilingual spaces 2. Multilingualism, ideology and practice 3. Ethnography of multilingualism 4. A multilingual research team 5. Multilingualism in local and global spaces 6. Inventing and disinventing the national 7. Contesting 'language' as 'heritage' 8. Multilingual literacies across space and time 9. Official and carnival lives in the classroom 10. Flexible bilingualism in practice 11: Multilingualism: Future trajectories Index.
An Event-related fMRI Study of Artificial Grammar Learning in a Balanced Chunk Strength Design

Artificial grammar learning (Reber, 1967) is a form of implicit learning in which cognitive, rather than motor, implicit learning has been found. After viewing a series of letter strings formed according to a finite state rule system, people are able to classify new letter strings as to whether or not they are formed according to these grammatical rules despite little conscious insight into the rule structure. Previous research has shown that these classification judgments are based on knowledge of abstract rules as well as superficial similarity (chunk strength) to training strings. Here we used event-related fMRI to identify neural regions involved in using both sources of information as test stimuli were designed to unconfound chunk strength from rule use. Using functional connectivity analyses, the extent to which the sources of information are complementary or competitive was also assessed. Activation in the right caudate was associated with rule adherence, whereas medial temporal lobe activations were associated with chunk strength. Additionally, functional connectivity analyses revealed caudate and medial temporal lobe activations to be strongly negatively correlated (r = 88) with one another during the performance of this task.
Post-Secondary Retention of the Non-Traditional Student at the Davenport College Career Center

In order to increase understanding regarding the factors contributing to student attrition a t the Davenport College Career Center, a survey w as undertaken to determine how those elements over which the school h as control impacted its students' decisions to discontinue pursuing their educational goals. T he survey of 600 non-retuming students asked questions on the following attributes of the college: admissions, advising, academ ics, support services, and facilities. Survey recipients w ere divided into two categories: th o se students who had intended to take a full program of study and those studen ts who had com e to college to update their skills with only a few c la sses . This distinction w as m ade to se e if students' educational objectives had a significant impact on their decision to persist in school. The purpose of this study w as to review the C areer Center's current retention effort and to gather direct da ta conceming the school’s role in its students' decisions to stay or to leave college in order to m ake recom m endations for improvement based on current research in those a reas where student survey responses suggested the C areer C enter w as weak.
Analyzing the performance of a self organizing framework for wireless sensor-actuator networks

Wireless sensor-actuator networks (WSANs) refer to a group of sensors and actuators linked by a wireless medium to perform distributed sensing and acting tasks. In order to provide effective sensing and acting, coordination mechanisms are required among sensors and actuators. We have presented the architectural design of a self organizing coordination framework in [3]. The framework organizes the two-tiered heterogeneous network into clusters. The coordination framework is a three-level coordination protocol and the three levels belong to the three types of coordination required for WSANs: sensor-sensor coordination, sensoractuator coordination and actuator-actuator coordination. In WSANs (or WSNs), the routing protocol is highly influenced by the operating application with delay and energy consumption constraints. Therefore, we propose to decouple the application dependent coordination dynamics from the essentials provided by the routing protocol. In this paper, we present the performance analysis of our proposal called ADP (Actuator Discovery Protocol) for static and mobile WSANs. Using ns-2 simulation results we have shown to eliminate redundancy at each coordination level to make routing effective and fault-tolerant.