Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Hemodynamic aspect of cerebral watershed infarction: assessment of perfusion reserve using iodine-123-iodoamphetamine SPECT.

UNLABELLED The mechanism whereby watershed (WS) infarcts develop remains controversial, although a hemodynamic cause is usually assumed. The aim of this study was to investigate the relationship between the site of WS infarcts and the hemodynamic status of the cerebral circulation. METHODS From among 96 consecutive patients with angiographically confirmed unilateral major cerebral artery obstruction (occlusion or > 70% stenosis), we investigated 29 patients with supratentorial WS infarcts on magnetic resonance imaging. The regional cerebral blood flow and perfusion reserve were quantified using the split-dose [123I]iodoamphetamine SPECT method, coupled with intravenous injection of 1 g of acetazolamide. Seven patients had a cortical WS infarct between the superficial branches of the anterior and middle cerebral arteries (MCAs) or between the middle and posterior cerebral arteries (Group C), and 22 had a deep WS infarct between the superficial branches and deep penetrating arteries of the MCA (Group D). Moreover, the patients in Group D were classified into two subgroups, i.e., Type A (n = 12), with lesions lying in the centrum semiovale above the level of the lateral ventricles, and Type B (n = 10), with lesions lying in the corona radiata adjacent to the lateral ventricles. RESULTS Comparison of the Type of WS infarct with the clinical course of onset showed that sudden onset was more frequent in Group C than in Group D (p < 0.05). The perfusion reserve in the affected MCA territory in Group D (20.1% +/- 15.6%) was significantly lower than that in Group C (43.8% +/- 10.8%; p < 0.01) and that in 20 hemispheres (10 control subjects) without a major arterial lesion (54.7% +/- 16.4%; p < 0.01). Among the Group D patients, the patients with Type A infarcts showed a significantly lower perfusion reserve compared with those with Type B infarcts (p < 0.05). CONCLUSION Patients with deep WS infarcts, especially Type A infarcts, showed severe hemodynamic impairment, whereas patients with cortical WS infarcts showed preserved perfusion reserve which appeared to be secondary to the embolism. The mechanism of development of WS infarcts is multifactorial, and distinguishing among these WS infarcts and from other types of infarct is important, because different pathogenic mechanisms require different therapeutic strategies.
The possible use of antiprogestins for contraception.

BACKGROUND A number of compounds, antiprogestins, e.g. mifepristone, onapristone and lilopristone, have been developed which compete with progesterone at the receptor level. One of these, mifepristone, is in combination with a prostaglandin analogue currently in use for termination of early pregnancy. The possibility to use these compounds for contraceptive purposes is presently under evaluation. METHODS The possible contraceptive effect of antiprogestins has been evaluated in both clinical and experimental studies. RESULTS Administration of antiprogestin during the follicular phase has an inhibitory effect on follicular development and ovulation, and on endometrial development and function if administered during the secretory phase of the menstrual cycle. A high dose of mifepristone, 200 mg, administered immediately following ovulation is highly effective in preventing implantation, most likely due to an effect on endometrial receptivity. It seems that the endometrium is more sensitive to antiprogestin than is the ovulatory process. Low weekly, 2.5 mg to 5 mg, and daily doses, 0.5 mg, of mifepristone did not inhibit ovulation, but a significant effect on endometrial development and especially endometrial function judged from measurement of the expression of a number of markers for endometrial receptivity could be demonstrated. CONCLUSION The effect of mifepristone on the endometrium may be sufficient to prevent implantation, and if so, an oral contraceptive method could be developed which has no effect on ovarian function.
Diaspora Networks and the International Migration of Skills: How Countries Can Draw on their Talent Abroad

Network diasporas are but the latest bridge connecting developing economy insiders, with their risk-mitigating knowledge and connections, to outsiders in command of technical know-how and investment capital. This book examines the interaction of expatriate talent with institutions in expatriates' countries of origin in an attempt to make the potential of diasporas and their knowledge a reality. The question of how to trigger and sustain such a virtuous cycle is a central concern of this book. The focus is on the "how to" details of how to design effective diaspora networks and transform brain drain into brain gain.
Obsolescence and the Process of Creative Reconstruction

What is built and where it is built is largely determined by the activities and perceptions of global investment capital. Comparatively limited work has been undertaken into the property markets of regional cities as well as into the process of building obsolescence, refurbishment and valorisation. This paper explores the dynamics of the property development process in relation to land rent theory in marginal development locations. It argues that the debate over land rent theory, between academics who want to retain the canonical dogma and those who focus on landownership, is misplaced. What is required is a combination of these approaches. Increasingly, what is built and where it is built reflects the varied nature of property interests, as well as the actions of the local and national state. The argument is supported by a case study of Nottingham's office market.
Conditional Heteroskedasticity and Global Stock Return Distributions

This paper investigates conditional return distribution characteristics for seven developed markets (DMS) and eight emerging markets (EMs). With the exception of Germany and Japan, the behavior of monthly returns of DM sample countries is similar to that of the U.S. In contrast, EM returns exhibit a substantially greater degree of serial correlation and a higher incidence of autoregressive conditional heteroskedasticity (ARCH) in monthly data. Aggregation of returns into two- and three-month holding periods decreases the significance of the ARCH effects. However, there are cross-sectional differences in the rate at which ARCH effects become insignificant. The findings of ARCH in monthly returns sample data is attributed to differences in the rate at which information arrives and is transmitted into prices in each market. Coauthors are Kedreth Hogan, Jr., Omesh Kini, and Prasad Padmanabhan. Copyright 1994 by MIT Press.
Effects of exercise, hypoxia and feeding on the gastrointestinal blood flow in the Atlantic cod Gadus morhua.

Cardiac output, ventral and dorsal aortic blood pressure, heart rate, and coeliac and mesenteric artery blood flow were recorded simultaneously in the Atlantic cod, Gadus morhua L. , at rest, during exercise, during hypoxia and after feeding. In the resting unfed animals, coeliac artery blood flow was 4.1 +/- 0.8 ml min-1 kg-1 and mesenteric artery blood flow was 3.5 +/- 1.1 ml min-1 kg-1 (mean +/- S.E.M., N = 10); together, these flows represent approximately 40% of the cardiac output. Exercise or exposure to hypoxia resulted in increased visceral vascular resistance, leading to reductions in the coeliac and mesenteric artery blood flows. Coeliac and mesenteric blood flows were increased 24 h after feeding and the coeliac and systemic vascular resistances decreased in comparison with the prefeeding values. Phentolamine did not affect the gastrointestinal artery blood flow, but produced a significant decrease in the mesenteric and systemic vascular resistance. Treatment with bretylium and phentolamine revealed differences between the coeliac and the mesenteric vasculature regarding the control mechanisms during hypoxia and during exercise and feeding. During hypoxia, an adrenergic control of the gastrointestinal vasculature with both nervous and humoral components was found, whereas during exercise and after feeding an additional non-adrenergic mechanism controlling gut blood flow was demonstrated.
Control Strategy for Frequency Control in Autonomous Microgrids

Due to the deployment of distributed generation, future grids will show reduced inertia resulting in higher dynamics and reduced frequency stability. This is especially true in microgrids (MGs). In this sense, the virtual synchronous generator (VSG) concept has been proposed as a promising solution. In this paper, the benefits of this concept are further explored studying the frequency stability improvement under simulation of different cases regarding the MG operation. Here, the analysis is carried out looking at the impact of the control parameters on the rate-of-change-of-frequency and on the average frequency deviation. The VSG concept shows a great potential to reduce both parameters improving the frequency stability.
Organizational barriers to transparency

Transparency in the activities of government and public service agencies has become a democratic sine qua non, legislated by access to information laws in many countries. While these laws have increased the amount of information available to the public, it is evident that numerous public organizations still try to conceal information, although no public or private interest of any importance justifies such behaviour. This article will develop a typology of these forms of behaviour which will allow for a better understanding of the origins of such dynamics and pave the way for a better evaluation of the point of equilibrium between administrative privilege and transparency.
Loss of nucleus basalis neurons containing trkA immunoreactivity in individuals with mild cognitive impairment and early Alzheimer's disease

Recent studies indicate that there is a marked reduction in trkA–containing nucleus basalis neurons in end–stage Alzheimer's disease (AD). We used unbiased stereological counting procedures to determine whether these changes extend to individuals with mild cognitive impairment (MCI) without dementia from a cohort of people enrolled in the Religious Orders Study. Thirty people (average age 84.7 years) came to autopsy. All individuals were cognitively tested within 12 months of death (average MMSE 24.2). Clinically, 9 had no cognitive impairment (NCI), 12 were categorized with MCI, and 9 had probable AD The average number of trkA–immunoreactive neurons in persons with NCI was 196, 632 ± 12,093 (n = 9), for those with MCI it was 106,110 ± 14,565, and for those with AD it was 86,978 ± 12,141. Multiple comparisons showed that both those with MCI and those with AD had significant loss in the number of trkA–containing neurons compared to those with NCI (46% decrease for MCI, 56% for AD). An analysis of variance revealed that the total number of neurons containing trkA immunoreactivity was related to diagnostic classification (P < 0.001), with a significant reduction in AD and MCI compared to NCI but without a significant difference between MCI and AD. Cell density was similarly related to diagnostic classification (P < 0.001). There was a significant correlation with the Boston Naming Test and with a global score measure of cognitive function. The number of trkA–immunoreactive neurons was not correlated with MMSE, age at death, education, apolipoprotein E allele status, gender, or Braak score. These data indicate that alterations in the number of nucleus basalis neurons containing trkA immunoreactivity occurs early and are not accelerated from the transition from MCI to mild AD. J. Comp. Neurol. 427:19–30, 2000. © 2000 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
p75, a Member of the Heat Shock Protein Family, Undergoes Tyrosine Phosphorylation in Response to Oxidative Stress*

The combination of H2O2 and vanadate generates aqueous peroxovanadium (pV) species, which are effective cell-permeable oxidants, and potent inhibitors of protein-tyrosine phosphatases. As a result, treatment of intact cells with pV compounds significantly enhances protein Tyr phosphorylation. Here we demonstrate that treatment of intact rat hepatoma Fao cells with pV markedly enhances Tyr phosphorylation of a 75-kDa protein, termed pp75. Amino-terminal sequencing of pp75 revealed that this protein is a member of the 70-75-kDa heat shock protein family, which includes PBP-74, glucose-related protein (GRP)-75, and mortalin. Tyr phosphorylation of pp75 is selective, because other proteins that belong to the heat shock protein 70 family, such as GRP-72, Bip (GRP-78), and HSC-70 fail to undergo Tyr phosphorylation when cells are treated with pV. Our findings suggest that heat shock proteins such as pp75 may undergo tyrosine phosphorylation when intact cells are subjected to oxidative stress induced by pV compounds.
Cardiac Autonomic and Blood Pressure Responses to an Acute Bout of Kettlebell Exercise.

Kettlebell (KB) training has become an extremely popular exercise program for improving both muscle strength and aerobic fitness. However, the cardiac autonomic modulation and blood pressure (BP) responses induced by an acute KB exercise session are currently unknown. Understanding the impact of this exercise modality on the post-exercise autonomic modulation and BP would facilitate appropriate exercise prescription in susceptible populations. The present study evaluated the effects of an acute session of KB exercise on heart rate variability (HRV) and BP responses in healthy individuals. Seventeen (M=10, F=7) healthy subjects completed either a KB or non-exercise control trial in randomized order. HRV and BP measurements were collected at baseline, 3, 10 and 30 min after each trial. There were significant increases (P < 0.01) in heart rate, markers of sympathetic activity (nLF) and sympathovagal balance (nLF/nHF) for 30 min after the trial KB trial, while no changes from baseline were observed after the control trial. There were also significant decreases (P < 0.01) in markers of vagal tone (RMMSD, nHF) for 30 min as well as (P < 0.01) systolic BP and diastolic BP at 10 and 30 min after the trial KB trial while no changes from baseline were observed after the control trial. Our findings indicate that KB exercise increases sympathovagal balance for 30 min post-intervention which is concurrent with an important hypotensive effect. Further research is warranted to evaluate the potential clinical application of KB training in populations that might benefit from post-exercise hypotension, such as hypertensives.
BGLF4 Kinase Modulates the Structure and Transport Preference of the Nuclear Pore Complex To Facilitate Nuclear Import of Epstein-Barr Virus Lytic Proteins

ABSTRACT BGLF4 kinase, the only Ser/Thr protein kinase encoded by the Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) genome, phosphorylates multiple viral and cellular substrates to optimize the cellular environment for viral DNA replication and the nuclear egress of nucleocapsids. Previously, we found that nuclear targeting of BGLF4 is through direct interaction with the FG repeat-containing nucleoporins (FG-Nups) Nup62 and Nup153 independently of cytosolic transport factors. Here, we investigated the regulatory effects of BGLF4 on the structure and biological functions of the nuclear pore complex (NPC). In EBV-positive NA cells, the distribution of FG-Nups was modified during EBV reactivation. In transfected cells, BGLF4 changed the staining pattern of Nup62 and Nup153 in a kinase activity-dependent manner. Detection with anti-phospho-Ser/Thr-Pro MPM-2 antibody demonstrated that BGLF4 induced the phosphorylation of Nup62 and Nup153. The nuclear targeting of importin β was attenuated in the presence of BGLF4, leading to inhibition of canonical nuclear localization signal (NLS)-mediated nuclear import. An in vitro nuclear import assay revealed that BGLF4 induced the nuclear import of larger molecules. Notably, we found that BGLF4 promoted the nuclear import of several non-NLS-containing EBV proteins, including the viral DNA-replicating enzymes BSLF1, BBLF2/3, and BBLF4 and the major capsid protein (VCA), in cotransfected cells. The data presented here suggest that BGLF4 interferes with the normal functions of Nup62 and Nup153 and preferentially helps the nuclear import of viral proteins for viral DNA replication and assembly. In addition, the nuclear import-promoting activity was found in cells expressing the BGLF4 homologs of another two gammaherpesviruses but not those from alpha- and betaherpesviruses. IMPORTANCE During lytic replication, many EBV genome-encoded proteins need to be transported into the nucleus, not only for viral DNA replication but also for the assembly of nucleocapsids. Because nuclear pore complexes are effective gateways that control nucleocytoplasmic traffic, most EBV proteins without canonical NLSs are retained in the cytoplasm until they form complexes with their NLS-containing partners for nuclear targeting. In this study, we found that EBV BGLF4 protein kinase interacts with the Nup62 and Nup153 and induces the redistribution of FG-Nups. BGLF4 modulates the function of the NPC to inhibit the nuclear import of host NLS-containing proteins. Simultaneously, the nuclear import of non-NLS-containing EBV lytic proteins was enhanced, possibly through phosphorylation of Nup62 and Nup153, nuclear pore dilation, or microtubule reorganization. Overall, our data suggest that BGLF4-induced modification of nuclear pore transport may block nuclear targeting of cellular proteins and increase the import of viral proteins to promote viral lytic replication.
The Persistence of Brand Value at Country, Industry, and Firm Levels

ABSTRACT Identifying the sources of a brand's added value to improve the efficiency of marketing activities has long been of central interest to international marketing and consumer behavior researchers since the 1990s. Meanwhile, studies of persistence have advanced our understanding of the antecedents of firm profitability. However, a study dedicated to persistent analysis on the determinants of long-term brand value has not yet been proffered. This study uses brand value as an economic performance measure to estimate relative persistence rates and test hypotheses on incremental country, industry, and firm effects in the context of Interbrand's brand valuation formula. A persistence partitioning model is fitted to a new data set, and findings indicate that each effect is able to generate positive incremental benefits on brand value. Our results also show that each incremental firm, industry, and country effect has an equal persistent impact on brand value. This study concludes with a discussion of the results and offers some implications to international marketing strategy.
LOCAL ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT AS AN IMPLICATION OF UNIVERSITY EXISTENCE Case Study: University of Brawijaya Neighborhood

Brawijaya University is one of the best universities in Malang City. The existence of Brawijaya University is believed to be able to improve the prosperity of local community by creating the work opportunity and increasing the people's income. The local community of the university provides the primary need of college students (clothes, foods, and services) in order to get more income. This research used the qualitative method with in-depth interview approach on the informant. The research took 75 informants; they were 25 owners of boarding houses, 25 owners of restaurants, 25 service providers (photo copy, laundry, etc.). From these 75 informants, only 25 of them were interviewed in depth. The research shows the result that the existence of Brawijaya University brings the multiplier effect. The existence of Brawijaya University causes new activities around it and it is perceived positive by the local community. It is proven by the responses from all informants who agree that the existence of Brawijaya University improves their prosperity and income and absorbs the labors around it. Keywords: University, Prosperity, Local Economic Development, Multiplier Effect
The effects of unions and strikes on the rate of growth of total factor productivity in Canada

There is a substantial amount of literature regarding the effects or potential effects of trade unions on various measures of productivity (Brown and Medoff, 1978; Clark, 1980) but less information is available on the effects on the rate of growth of productivity measures, Mansfield (1980) and Kendrick (1973). Except for tangential references, no sources were noted which discussed the effects of strike activity on productivity growth. This paper is concerned with the latter two issues. There are four main sections: I. a discussion of the theoretical issues involved, II. a discussion of measurement options and problems, III. presentation of empirical results and discussion of estimation problems, and IV. intepretation of the empirical results.
Differential Properties of Cytomegalovirus pUL97 Kinase Isoforms Affect Viral Replication and Maribavir Susceptibility

ABSTRACT The human cytomegalovirus (HCMV)-encoded kinase pUL97 is required for efficient viral replication. Previous studies described two isoforms of pUL97, the full-length isoform (M1) and a smaller isoform likely resulting from translation initiation at codon 74 (M74). Here, we report the detection of a third pUL97 isoform during viral infection resulting from translation initiation at codon 157 (isoform M157). The consistent expression of isoform M157 as a minor component of pUL97 during infection with clinical and laboratory-adapted HCMV strains was suppressed when codon 157 was mutagenized. Viral mutants expressing specific isoforms were generated to compare their growth and drug susceptibility phenotypes, as well as pUL97 intracellular localization patterns and kinase activities. The exclusive expression of isoform M157 resulted in substantially reduced viral growth and resistance to the pUL97 inhibitor maribavir while retaining susceptibility to ganciclovir. Confocal imaging demonstrated reduced nuclear import of amino-terminal deletion isoforms compared to isoform M1. Isoform M157 showed reduced efficiency of various substrate protein interactions and autophosphorylation, whereas Rb phosphorylation was preserved. These results reveal differential properties of pUL97 isoforms that affect viral replication, with implications for the antiviral efficacy of maribavir. IMPORTANCE The HCMV UL97 kinase performs important functions in viral replication that are targeted by the antiviral drug maribavir. Here, we describe a naturally occurring short isoform of the kinase that when expressed by itself in a recombinant virus results in altered intracellular localization, impaired growth, and high-level resistance to maribavir compared to those of the predominant full-length counterpart. This is another factor to consider in explaining why maribavir appears to have variable antiviral activity in cell culture and in vivo.