Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Systems analysis of adverse drug events. ADE Prevention Study Group.

OBJECTIVE To identify and evaluate the systems failures that underlie errors causing adverse drug events (ADEs) and potential ADEs. DESIGN Systems analysis of events from a prospective cohort study. PARTICIPANTS All admissions to 11 medical and surgical units in two tertiary care hospitals over a 6-month period. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Errors, proximal causes, and systems failures. METHODS Errors were detected by interviews of those involved. Errors were classified according to proximal cause and underlying systems failure by multidisciplinary teams of physicians, nurses, pharmacists, and systems analysts. RESULTS During this period, 334 errors were detected as the causes of 264 preventable ADEs and potential ADEs. Sixteen major systems failures were identified as the underlying causes of the errors. The most common systems failure was in the dissemination of drug knowledge, particularly to physicians, accounting for 29% of the 334 errors. Inadequate availability of patient information, such as the results of laboratory tests, was associated with 18% of errors. Seven systems failures accounted for 78% of the errors; all could be improved by better information systems. CONCLUSIONS Hospital personnel willingly participated in the detection and investigation of drug use errors and were able to identify underlying systems failures. The most common defects were in systems to disseminate knowledge about drugs and to make drug and patient information readily accessible at the time it is needed. Systems changes to improve dissemination and display of drug and patient data should make errors in the use of drugs less likely.
Hostile–Helpless states of mind mediate relations between childhood abuse severity and personality disorder features

Objective The present study assessed whether the often reported relation between childhood abuse and the extent of borderline personality disorder (BPD) and antisocial personality disorder (ASPD) features would be mediated by Hostile–Helpless (HH) and/or Unresolved (U) states of mind on the Adult Attachment Interview (AAI). Method One hundred and three young adults from low- to moderate-income families were assessed for HH and U states of mind on the AAI, psychopathology on the SCID I and II, and childhood abuse experiences on three validated measures of abuse. Results As expected, childhood abuse was related to extent of both BPD and ASPD features and to HH states of mind. In addition, BPD and ASPD features were significantly related to HH states of mind on the AAI, and those states of mind mediated the relations between severity of childhood abuse and later BPD and ASPD features. Contrary to predictions, scores for lack of resolution of loss or trauma on the AAI were not found to mediate the relations between childhood abuse and either BPD or ASPD. Conclusions Findings indicate that pervasively contradictory and unintegrated states of mind regarding attachment experiences play an important role in linking past abuse to current personality pathology.
Tracing Teachers’ Use of Technology in a Laptop Computer School: The Interplay of Teacher Beliefs, Social Dynamics, and Institutional Culture

Research on ubiquitous computing in schools has documented that teachers often change instructional practices over time when using technology with students and has further suggested that teachers’ use of technology may play a role in their shifting toward more constructivist pedagogy. Our two-year study takes an ethnographic perspective in examining how three middle school teachers learned to use technology in the context of a laptop computer program. The ways in which those teachers eventually integrated computers into classroom instruction were powerfully mediated by their interrelated belief systems about learners in their school, about what constituted “good teaching” in the context of the institutional culture, and about the role of technology in students’ lives. The condition of ubiquitous technology did not initiate teachers’ movement toward constructivist instruction. Rather, the laptops were a catalyst that enabled one participant, who had a pre-existing dissatisfaction with teacher-centered practices, to transform her classroom through collaborative student work and project-based learning.
Current Japanese Security Policy towards China and Neoclassical Realism: Testing IR Theories

This article examines various theoretical viewpoints, assessing their success in explaining Japan’s current security policy towards China. With a variety of theoretically salient factors in place, including a dynamic balance of power, extant regional institutions, economic interdependence and a highly publicized pacifist identity, Japan’s China policy presents a prime opportunity to test different international relations theories. We review four theories of interest, structural realism, neoliberal institutionalism, liberal interdependence and constructivism, finding limited support for structural realist and constructivist predictions. We then offer a neoclassical realist model, building from a realist foundation but accounting for the influence of state structure, strategic culture and parochial interests of governing elites.
Genetic analyses of photopigment biosynthesis in eubacteria: a guiding light for algae and plants

A wide variety of macrocyclic tetrapyrrole compounds are synthesized by cells for use in diverse cellular processes. As shown in Fig. 1, this pathway includes the synthesis of closed tetrapyrrole compounds that contain metals, such as cobalt-containing cobalamin (vitamin B12), nickel-containing methanogenesis coenzyme F430, copper-containing pigment turacin, iron-containing heme and siroheme, and magnesium-containing chlorophylls and bacteriochlorophylls. Also synthesized by this pathway are a variety of open macrocyclic compounds such as the family of bilins that are used as a source of light-harvesting pigments in cyanobacteria, red algae, and cryptophytes as well as the chromophore that is covalently attached to phytochrome apoproteins in plants. Several comprehensive reviews which focus on the biochemistry and enzymology of the various branches of the tetrapyrrole biosynthetic pathway have recently been published (6, 22, 51). Genetic analysis of the tetrapyrrole biosynthesis pathway is an active area of study in a number of laboratories. Over the past decade, there has been significant progress in obtaining molecular genetic information on loci involved in the early part of the pathway leading from 5-aminolevulinic acid to heme (33). Loci involved in vitamin B12 synthesis have also been characterized at the molecular genetic level (33). Molecular genetic information on loci involved in the Mg-tetrapyrrole branch of the biosynthesis pathway has, however, only recently been obtained. It is this latter area that this minireview will cover, particularly the recent use of bacterial sequence information to aid in defining the roles and evolutionary relationships of similar loci from plant and algal systems.
Antimicrobial Properties of Bacteria Associated with the Boulder Star Coral , Montastrea faveolata and a Plague-like disease outbreak in 2005

Overview Corals have been shown to harbor unique microbial communities associated with their surface mucopolysaccharide layer, which is hypothesized to play an important role in defense against invading pathogens (Ritchie and Smith, 2004). In this study, bacterial associates of Montastraea faveolata surface mucus were compared between the healthy, disease-free reefs of the Flower Garden Banks National Marine Sanctuary and the disease-prone reefs of the Florida Keys National Marine Sanctuary. Bacteria isolated from the surface mucus of healthy M. faveolata colonies from both locations were subcultured to purification and screened for antibacterial activity against a range of human pathogens. Twelve bacterial isolates from the Flower Gardens West Bank displayed varying degrees of antibacterial activity against Bacillus subtilis. Genetic identification of antibiotic-producing bacteria places five of these isolates within the genus Vibrio. A Pseudoalteromonas sp. isolated from a M. faveolata colony located in the Flower Gardens East Bank displayed antibacterial activity against all strains tested, providing a potentially novel source for the identification of broad-spectrum antibiotics. No antibacterial activity was detected from bacterial associates of M. faveolata colonies in the Florida Keys, suggesting that M. faveolata may harbor a higher percentage of beneficial bacterial associates in healthy reef systems. Eleven of the twelve isolates from the Flower Gardens West Bank displaying antibacterial activity were isolated from subcultures grown on mucus-treated growth media. This result implicates a bacterial contribution to antibiotic production in coral mucus and suggests a novel symbiotic mechanism between corals and bacteria.
Telomeres and longevity: testing an evolutionary hypothesis.

Identifying mechanisms that underlie variation in adult survivorship provide insight into the evolution of life history strategies and phenotypic variation in longevity. There is accumulating evidence that shortening telomeres, the protective caps at the ends of chromosomes, play an important role in individual variation in longevity. Given that telomeres generally shorten with age, it was surprising to find that in a population of a long-lived seabird, Leach's storm petrel, telomeres appear to lengthen with age. This unique finding suggested that the longest lived individuals are able to elongate telomeres, an interpretation we call the "elongation hypothesis. " Alternatively, the "selection hypothesis" states that the longest lived individuals start with the longest telomeres and variation in telomere length decreases with age due to the selective disappearance of individuals with short telomeres. In the same population in which evidence supporting both hypotheses was uncovered, we tested mutually exclusive predictions from the elongation and selection hypotheses by measuring telomere length with the telomere restriction fragment assay in hatchling and old, adult storm petrels. As previously found, adult birds had longer telomeres on average compared with hatchlings. We also found that 3 hatchlings had mean telomere lengths exceeding that of the most extreme old bird, old birds on average had longer initial telomere lengths than hatchlings, and the variance in mean telomere length was significantly greater for hatchlings than for old birds, all predicted by the selection hypothesis. Perhaps more surprisingly, the oldest adults also show little or no accumulation of short telomeres over time, a pattern unknown in other species. Long telomeres are thought to provide a buffer against cellular senescence and be generally indicative of genome stability and overall cell health. In storm petrels, because the progressive accumulation of short telomeres appears negligible, variation in telomere length at birth may be linked to individual variation in longevity.
Regulation of Type 1 Inositol 1,4,5-Trisphosphate–gated Calcium Channels by InsP3 and Calcium

Cytosolic calcium acts as both a coagonist and an inhibitor of the type 1 inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate (InsP3)–gated Ca channel, resulting in a bell-shaped Ca dependence of channel activity (Bezprozvanny, I., J. Watras, and B.E. Ehrlich. 1991. Nature. 351:751–754; Finch, E.A., T.J. Turner, and S.M. Goldin. 1991. Science. 252: 443–446; Iino, M. 1990. J. Gen. Physiol. 95:1103–1122). The ability of Ca to inhibit channel activity, however, varies dramatically depending on InsP3 concentration (Combettes, L., Z. Hannaert-Merah, J.F. Coquil, C. Rousseau, M. Claret, S. Swillens, and P. Champeil. 1994. J. Biol. Chem. 269:17561–17571; Kaftan, E.J., B.E. Ehrlich, and J. Watras. 1997. J. Gen. Physiol. 110:529–538). In the present report, we have extended the characterization of the effect of cytosolic Ca on both InsP3 binding and InsP3-gated channel kinetics, and incorporated these data into a mathematical model capable of simulating channel kinetics. We found that cytosolic Ca increased the K d of InsP3 binding ∼3.5-fold, but did not influence the maximal number of binding sites. The ability of Ca to decrease InsP3 binding is consistent with the rightward shift in the bell-shaped Ca dependence of InsP3-gated Ca channel activity. High InsP3 concentrations are able to overcome the Ca-dependent inhibition of channel activity, apparently due to a low affinity InsP3 binding site (Kaftan, E.J., B.E. Ehrlich, and J. Watras. 1997. J. Gen. Physiol. 110:529–538). Constants from binding analyses and channel activity determinations were used to develop a mathematical model that fits the complex Ca-dependent regulation of the type 1 InsP3-gated Ca channel. This model accurately simulated both steady state data (channel open probability and InsP3 binding) and kinetic data (channel activity and open time distributions), and yielded testable predictions with regard to the regulation of this intracellular Ca channel. Information gained from these analyses, and our current molecular model of this Ca channel, will be important for understanding the basis and regulation of intracellular Ca waves and oscillations in intact cells.
Sustaining care: cultivating mindful practice in early years professional development

The practitioner’s own self is a resource in early childhood education and care (ECEC). It is proposed that an experiential training focusing on the ‘professional self’ helps to raise awareness of how psychological dispositions may impair or enhance quality of provision. A key concept in such training is emotional labour, explored with students through examples of ‘relational pedagogy’ and ‘attunement’ to the needs of children. The argument of this paper, underlying the training, is that the expectation of attunement encapsulates both the best and worst aspects of such labour. The research focuses on the introduction of mindfulness exercises into the training in order to sustain this attunement. It seeks the students’ responses to them and to the experience of the training overall. The paper concludes by recommending that such practices be incorporated into professional development whilst acknowledging that such interventions can only succeed where working conditions reflect a compassionate culture.
PAR-CliP - A Method to Identify Transcriptome-wide the Binding Sites of RNA Binding Proteins

RNA transcripts are subjected to post-transcriptional gene regulation by interacting with hundreds of RNA-binding proteins (RBPs) and microRNA-containing ribonucleoprotein complexes (miRNPs) that are often expressed in a cell-type dependently. To understand how the interplay of these RNA-binding factors affects the regulation of individual transcripts, high resolution maps of in vivo protein-RNA interactions are necessary1. A combination of genetic, biochemical and computational approaches are typically applied to identify RNA-RBP or RNA-RNP interactions. Microarray profiling of RNAs associated with immunopurified RBPs (RIP-Chip)2 defines targets at a transcriptome level, but its application is limited to the characterization of kinetically stable interactions and only in rare cases3,4 allows to identify the RBP recognition element (RRE) within the long target RNA. More direct RBP target site information is obtained by combining in vivo UV crosslinking5,6 with immunoprecipitation7-9 followed by the isolation of crosslinked RNA segments and cDNA sequencing (CLIP)10. CLIP was used to identify targets of a number of RBPs11-17. However, CLIP is limited by the low efficiency of UV 254 nm RNA-protein crosslinking, and the location of the crosslink is not readily identifiable within the sequenced crosslinked fragments, making it difficult to separate UV-crosslinked target RNA segments from background non-crosslinked RNA fragments also present in the sample. We developed a powerful cell-based crosslinking approach to determine at high resolution and transcriptome-wide the binding sites of cellular RBPs and miRNPs that we term PAR-CliP (Photoactivatable-Ribonucleoside-Enhanced Crosslinking and Immunoprecipitation) (see Fig. 1A for an outline of the method). The method relies on the incorporation of photoreactive ribonucleoside analogs, such as 4-thiouridine (4-SU) and 6-thioguanosine (6-SG) into nascent RNA transcripts by living cells. Irradiation of the cells by UV light of 365 nm induces efficient crosslinking of photoreactive nucleoside-labeled cellular RNAs to interacting RBPs. Immunoprecipitation of the RBP of interest is followed by isolation of the crosslinked and coimmunoprecipitated RNA. The isolated RNA is converted into a cDNA library and deep sequenced using Solexa technology. One characteristic feature of cDNA libraries prepared by PAR-CliP is that the precise position of crosslinking can be identified by mutations residing in the sequenced cDNA. When using 4-SU, crosslinked sequences thymidine to cytidine transition, whereas using 6-SG results in guanosine to adenosine mutations. The presence of the mutations in crosslinked sequences makes it possible to separate them from the background of sequences derived from abundant cellular RNAs. Application of the method to a number of diverse RNA binding proteins was reported in Hafner et al.18
DOES STIMULUS COMPLEXITY AFFECT CENTRAL MECHANISMS? 1

Using the psychological refractory period (PRP) paradigm, we examined whether visual stimulus encoding is subject to central capacity-limited mechanisms. There is consistent empirical evidence suggesting that the stage of response selection requires central mechanisms (e.g. Pashler, 1994, Pashler & Johnston, 1989, McCann & Johnston, 1992). It is controversially discussed whether visual stimulus encoding is subject to those central capacity-limitations. We conducted an experiment in which second task difficulty was manipulated by varying the stimulus intensity and the stimulus complexity. The first task was a speeded 2 AD task consisting of pure tones. The second task was a same-different matching task consisting of patterns of different stimulus complexity and intensity. Both tasks were performed temporally overlapping at varying stimulus onset asynchronies (SOAs). Main effects for SOA, intensity and complexity, but no interaction between these factors were found. From the intensity effect it is concluded that visual stimulus encoding does require central mechanisms. Furthermore, mechanisms sensible to stimulus complexity are interpreted as to use limited capacity as well. However, it still remains unclear, whether these mechanisms belong to the encoding stage. People’s ability to perform two tasks at the same time is limited. When two stimuli are presented in rapid succession at varying stimulus onset asynchrony (SOA), with each stimulus requiring a fast and discrete response, the typical finding is a slowdown of second task performance. This slowdown is the bigger the smaller the SOA is. After a certain SOA the slowdown-effect disappears completely. According to Welford (1952) a so-called Psychological Refractory Period (PRP) in second task performance is responsible for this effect. As proposed by Pashler and co-workers (Pashler, 1984, 1994; Pashler & Johnston, 1989), this PRP- effect is attributed to capacity-limited central mechanisms. It is assumed that some of the processing stages involved in task performance are subject to central mechanisms. These mechanisms are assumed to be limited in capacity. Therefore, only one central capacity requiring processing stage can be performed at a time. Consequently, if in a dual task situation where processing stages of both tasks require central capacity at the same
2B or Not 2B Plurilingual? Navigating Languages Literacies, and Plurilingual Competence in Postsecondary Education in Canada

In this article, the researchers employ the framework of plurilingualism and plurilingual competence in a field that has traditionally been dominated by reified conceptualizations of multilingualism that view bi/multilingualism as balanced and complete competence in discrete codes. They present data from a qualitative, longitudinal study of the interplays between the social, cultural, and linguistic in the multiple languages and literacy practices of transnational students at a university in Vancouver, Canada. Their findings question the role of academic English as the sole conduit to success for participants in higher education. They suggest that this relates back to how plurilingualism is defined and integrates the key idea that learning skills, multilingual literacies, (inter)cultural experiences, and different forms of knowledge are transferable and thus constitute assets and tools for better learning (Castellotti & Moore, 2010; Coste, Moore, & Zarate, 1997). Participants revealed a considerable degree of fluidity in their languages and literacy practices as well as shifts in perceptions and practice that change according to context. They proved to be highly plurilingual, reflexively and knowledgeably (Giddens, 1984) moving from contexts in which they mixed different languages and scripts freely to contexts in which they adhered to more normative senses of discrete monolingual practices in English and community languages.
A Rolling Stone Gathers Momentum: Generational Units, Collective Memory, and Entrepreneurship

We draw on the historiographical concepts of “generational units” and “collective memories” as a framework for understanding the emergence of entrepreneurially oriented cohesive groups within regions. Generational units are localized subgroups within generations that have a self-referential, reflexive quality by virtue of the members’ sense of their own connections to each other and the events that define them. Collective memories are shared accounts of the past shaped by historical events that mold individuals’ perceptions. The two concepts provide a valuable point of departure for incorporating historical concepts into the study of entrepreneurial dynamics and offer a framework for understanding how entrepreneurs’ historically situated experiences affect them. Our framework breaks new theoretical ground in several ways. First, we synthesize disparate bodies of literature on generational units, collective memory, and organizational imprinting. Second, we specify mechanisms through which imprinting occurs.
Planning system and landscape: a Dutch example

The relationship between landscape and planning system in the Netherlands is discussed, using the Green Heart as an example. The Green Heart is the relatively open, agricultural area in the heart of the most densely populated urban area of the country, widely known as the Randstad Holland. Its preservation has always been a key objective in the national planning system. Since changes to this system are imminent, changes to the Green Heart policy are inevitable.