Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Faster Algorithms for All Pairs Non-decreasing Paths Problem

In this paper, we present an improved algorithm for the All Pairs Non-decreasing Paths (APNP) problem on weighted simple digraphs, which has running time $\tilde{O}(n^{\frac{3 + \omega}{2}}) = \tilde{O}(n^{2.686})$. Here $n$ is the number of vertices, and $\omega < 2.373$ is the exponent of time complexity of fast matrix multiplication [Williams 2012, Le Gall 2014]. This matches the current best upper bound for $(\max, \min)$-matrix product [Duan, Pettie 2009] which is reducible to APNP. Thus, further improvement for APNP will imply a faster algorithm for $(\max, \min)$-matrix product. The previous best upper bound for APNP on weighted digraphs was $\tilde{O}(n^{\frac{1}{2}(3 + \frac{3 - \omega}{\omega + 1} + \omega)}) = \tilde{O}(n^{2.78})$ [Duan, Gu, Zhang 2018]. We also show an $\tilde{O}(n^2)$ time algorithm for APNP in undirected graphs which also reaches optimal within logarithmic factors.
Seconds-scale coherence in a tweezer-array optical clock

Optical clocks based on atoms and ions achieve exceptional precision and accuracy [1–6], with applications to relativistic geodesy [7], tests of relativity [8], and searches for dark matter [9]. Achieving such performance requires balancing competing desirable features, including a high particle number, isolation of atoms from collisions, insensitivity to motional effects, and high duty-cycle operation [10, 11]. Here we demonstrate a new platform based on arrays of ultracold strontium atoms confined within optical tweezers that realizes a novel combination of these features by providing a scalable platform for isolated atoms that can be interrogated multiple times. With this tweezer-array clock, we achieve greater than 3 second coherence times and record duty cycles up to 96%, as well as stability commensurate with leading platforms. By using optical tweezer arrays — a proven platform for the controlled creation of entanglement through microscopic control [12–15] — this work further promises a new path toward combining entanglement enhanced sensitivities with the most precise optical clock transitions [16]. Current leading platforms for optical frequency metrology — clocks based on single ions and ensembles of neutral atoms confined within optical lattices — take distinct approaches in the pursuit of precision and accuracy. Clocks based on single ions utilize single-particle control and detection to enable high duty-cycle interrogation of an isolated atom [6, 17]. Optical-lattice clocks, on the other hand, typically interrogate thousands of atoms in parallel to reach exceptionally low atom shot noise, enabling frequency measurements with precision below the part-per-10 level within one hour [2]. Working with large atom numbers creates challenges associated with laser frequency noise aliasing and interatomic collisions, which can be difficult to address simultaneously. Frequency noise aliasing through the so-called Dick effect arises from dead time between subsequent interrogations of the atoms [18]. Because optical lattice clocks typically use relatively shallow trapping potentials and destructive imaging techniques, it is necessary to prepare a new ensemble of atoms between interrogations, exacerbating noise from this effect. As this noise can be a dominant limitation to the precision of opticallattice clocks, methods have been developed to overcome dead-time effects by interleaving interrogation of two independent clock ensembles in separate chambers [2, 19],
Review of Face Recognition Techniques

There is a crucial need for high security while accumulating data and information in abundantly manner. Biometrics is a technique in which individuals can be recognised automatically by using their metrics. Use of Biometrics and extensive acceptability for individual’s verification has prompted numerous techniques. By employing biometrics, the authorization of person’s individuality based on “who he/she is,” rather than by “what he/she holds is possible. Face recognition has been a fast developing, interesting and rousing zone in real time applications. A huge number of recognition algorithms have been established in recent epochs. In this paper an effort is made to review an extensive range of present methodologies of face recognition techniques, algorithms and certain perceptions into the studies of machine recognition of faces have been presented. A number of distinctive appearance based, feature based and hybrid based approaches are discussed in this paper. Additionally, some efforts have been put to summarise the purpose for using face recognition, applications and certain difficulties, disturbing current techniques. Keywords—Artificial Neural Networks (ANN), Biometric system, Elastic Bunch Graph Matching (EBGM), Face Recognition, Hidden Markov Model (HMM), Independent Component Analysis (ICA), Local binary pattern(LBP), Linear Discriminant Analysis (LDA), Local phase quantisation(LPQ), Nearest Feature Space (NFS), Principal Component Analysis (PCA), Phase-Only Correlation (POC).
S2-LBI: Stochastic Split Linearized Bregman Iterations for Parsimonious Deep Learning

This paper proposes a novel Stochastic Split Linearized Bregman Iteration ($S^{2}$-LBI) algorithm to efficiently train the deep network. The $S^{2}$-LBI introduces an iterative regularization path with structural sparsity. Our $S^{2}$-LBI combines the computational efficiency of the LBI, and model selection consistency in learning the structural sparsity. The computed solution path intrinsically enables us to enlarge or simplify a network, which theoretically, is benefited from the dynamics property of our $S^{2}$-LBI algorithm. The experimental results validate our $S^{2}$-LBI on MNIST and CIFAR-10 dataset. For example, in MNIST, we can either boost a network with only 1.5K parameters (1 convolutional layer of 5 filters, and 1 FC layer), achieves 98.40\% recognition accuracy; or we simplify $82.5\%$ of parameters in LeNet-5 network, and still achieves the 98.47\% recognition accuracy. In addition, we also have the learning results on ImageNet, which will be added in the next version of our report.
An examination of children's eating behaviours as mediators of the relationship between parents' feeding practices and early childhood body mass index z‐scores

Parent's use of restrictive feeding practices is associated with child weight. Similarly, the literature shows that children's eating behaviours are also associated with child weight. Given this interrelationship between children's eating behaviours, restrictive feeding practices and child weight, examination of possible mediator relationships is warranted. This study aimed to examine the relationships between overt restriction and covert restriction with child body mass index z‐scores (BMIz) and determine if children's eating behaviours (satiety responsiveness and food responsiveness) act as mediators.
End-to-End Spoken Language Translation

In this paper, we address the task of spoken language understanding. We present a method for translating spoken sentences from one language into spoken sentences in another language. Given spectrogram-spectrogram pairs, our model can be trained completely from scratch to translate unseen sentences. Our method consists of a pyramidal-bidirectional recurrent network combined with a convolutional network to output sentence-level spectrograms in the target language. Empirically, our model achieves competitive performance with state-of-the-art methods on multiple languages and can generalize to unseen speakers.
Prediction bounds for higher order total variation regularized least squares

We establish adaptive results for trend filtering: least squares estimation with a penalty on the total variation of $(k-1)^{\rm th}$ order differences. Our approach is based on combining a general oracle inequality for the $\ell_1$-penalized least squares estimator with "interpolating vectors" to upper-bound the "effective sparsity". This allows one to show that the $\ell_1$-penalty on the $k^{\text{th}}$ order differences leads to an estimator that can adapt to the number of jumps in the $(k-1)^{\text{th}}$ order differences of the underlying signal or an approximation thereof. We show the result for $k \in \{1,2,3,4\}$ and indicate how it could be derived for general $k\in \mathbb{N}$.
Energy-Efficient Mobile-Edge Computation Offloading over Multiple Fading Blocks

By allowing a mobile device to offload computation- intensive tasks to a base station, mobile edge computing (MEC) is a promising solution for saving the mobile device's energy. In real applications, the offloading may span multiple fading blocks. In this paper, we investigate energy-efficient offloading over multiple fading blocks with random channel gains. An optimization problem is formulated, to find out how much data should be offloaded such that the mobile device's energy consumption is minimal. Although the formulated optimization problem is non-convex, we prove that the objective function of the problem is piecewise convex, and accordingly develop an optimal solution for the problem. Numerical results verify the correctness of our findings and the effectiveness of our proposed method.
The Format of the IJOPCM, first submission

Conventional pulse width modulation (PWM) techniques for voltage source inverter (VSI) generate high amount of harmonics at and around harmonics of switching frequencies. These causes acoustic noise and electron magnetic interference to the nearby electronic systems. In this paper different random PWM techniques were proposed for two-level VSI. The implementations of these PWM techniques were presented based on carrier comparison approach and digital space vector approach. Moreover correlations between these two methods were also presented. Constant Switching Frequency; Carrier Comparison Approach; Pulse Width Modulation (PWM); Space Vector Approach; Random PWM; Variable Switching Frequency.
Periodontal Disease Is Associated With Increased Risk of Hypertension: A Cross-Sectional Study

Objective: Published evidence showed that periodontal disease is associated with hypertension. However, relevant findings remain controversial, with few evidences focusing on Chinese population. Therefore, the aim of this study was to investigate the association between periodontal disease and hypertension in Chinese population. Methods: A total of 4,930 participants from an available health examination that was carried out in 2017 were selected for this retrospective study. The correlations between periodontal disease and hypertension were investigated using univariate and multiple logistic regression analyses and propensity score adjusted analysis. Interaction and subgroup analyses were also used to detect variable factors. Results: Finally, a total of 3,952 participants aged 30–68 years were eligible for this study. The results showed that hypertension risk was statistically significant associated with periodontal disease either in unadjusted (OR = 1.28, 95%CI = 1.14–1.47) or in adjusted (OR = 1.34, 95%CI = 1.14–1.58) model. Result from propensity score adjusted analysis also demonstrated a similar association (OR = 1.23, 95%CI = 1.06–1.42). Conclusion: Periodontal disease is significantly and positively correlated with increased risk of hypertension in Chinese population, and exact mechanisms of this association should be explored in future.
Multidimensional Bargaining and Inventory Risk in Supply Chains: An Experimental Study

We study the impact of multidimensional bargaining and the location of inventory risk on the performance of a two-stage supply chain. We conduct a controlled human subjects experiment where a retailer and supplier either interact through ultimatum offers or dynamically bargain over contract terms, including a wholesale price and, potentially, an order quantity. We also manipulate whether the risk associated with unsold inventory lies with the retailer or the supplier or is endogenously determined in the bargaining process. One key insight is that supply chain efficiency is significantly higher when the order quantity is included in the negotiation and that, contrary to the normative theory, this leads to a Pareto improvement whereby both the supplier and retailer earn higher profits. A second important result, also counter to the normative theory, is that the party incurring the cost of unsold inventory always earns a lower profit than its counterpart, regardless of the bargaining environment or inventory.
Earth’s Energy Balance for Clear, Cloudy and All-Sky Conditions

The researchers have published several studies on the radiation fluxes based on measurement data banks and radiative transfer models. The author has used available flux values and different methods to obtain the total of Earth’s energy balances for clear, cloudy and all-skies. The calculation methods include balance equations, spectral calculations and the cloudiness factor in combining energy fluxes of three sky conditions. A new idea has been introduced that the surface albedo flux is partially absorbed in cloudy conditions, as with incoming shortwave radiation. The atmospheric albedo fluxes have been calculated separately for cloud reflection and air particles. Also the atmospheric absorption has been divided into cloud and clear air absorption fluxes.
The Baltic Sea—A Model Ocean to Study Interrelations of Geosphere, Ecosphere, and Anthroposphere in the Coastal Zone

Abstract Differential glacio-isostatic movement and climatically controlled eustatic change has caused transgression and regression in the Baltic Sea during its Holocene development. In the southern Baltic, glacio-isostatic subsidence superimposed with eustatic rise has provoked a continuously retreating coastline since the beginning of the Littorina transgression, 8000 BP. On the contrary, at the same time, uplift of the Fennoscandian Shield has caused permanent regression along the Scandinavian coast. An especially developed numerical space/time model displays the transgression and regression processes. Along the southern sinking coast, the entire ecosystem, including the conditions for human settlements, is influenced by the sea transgression. The complex processes require interdisciplinary research teams consisting of geoscientists (geologists, geomorphologists, geodesists), biologists (paleobotanists, paleozoologists), climate researchers, and archaeologists to study the complex processes affected by retreating coastlines and their socioeconomic implications. Such a team has investigated, since September 2002 along the southern Baltic Sea coast, the cause and effect relation between driving forces (climatic and geological processes) and the response of the natural and social environment in the coastal areas of a transgressive sea. Since 1999, underwater archaeological studies have discovered Mesolithic and Neolithic settlements along drowned coastlines of the Mecklenburgian Bight. Dated artifacts helped to describe the relative sea level change in the western Baltic Sea. On the basis of these data, methods of backstripping have been developed to describe, at a high resolution, the process of coastal development along a sinking coast of a tideless sea. Greenhouse gas emission scenarios provided by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change and their effects on sea level change have been coupled with predictions of isostatic vertical crustal movement, resulting in scenarios of future coastline development. Those scenarios help to elaborate protection strategies in the frame of long-term planning in coastal zone management.
Relationships between foraminiferal assemblages and depositional sequences in Jahrum Formation, Ardal area (Zagros Basin, SW Iran)

The Jahrum Formation was deposited in the foreland basin in southwest Iran (Zagros Basin). The Zagros mountain belt of Iran, a part of the Alpine–Himalayan system, extends from the NW Iranian border through to SW Iran, up to the strait of Hormuz. The various facies of the Jahrum Formation were deposited in four main genetically related depositional environments, including: tidal flat, lagoon, shoal and open marine. These are represented by 14 microfacies. The Jahrum Formation represents sedimentation on a carbonate ramp. Tidal flat facies are represented by fenestral fabric, stromatolitic boundstone and thin-bedded planes. Carbonate deposition in a shallow marine lagoon was characterised by wacke–packstone, dominated by various taxa of imperforate foraminifer. The shoals are made up of medium- to coarse-grained skeletal and peloidal grainstone. This facies was deposited predominantly in an active high energy wave and current regime, and grades basinward into middle ramps facies are represented by wackestones–packstones with a diverse assemblage of echinoderm and large benthic foraminifers with perforate wall. Outer ramp facies consist of alternating marl and limestones rich in pelagic foraminifera. There is no evidence for resedimentation processes in this facies belt. The sequence stratigraphy study has led to recognition of three third-order depositional sequences.
Effects of Land Surface Schemes on WRF-Simulated Geopotential Heights over China in Summer 2003*

AbstractTo quantify and explain effects of different land surface schemes (LSSs) on simulated geopotential height (GPH) fields, we performed simulations over China for the summer of 2003 using 12-member ensembles with the Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) Model, version 3. The results show that while the model can generally simulate the seasonal and monthly mean GPH patterns, the effects of the LSS choice on simulated GPH fields are substantial, with the LSS-induced differences exceeding 10 gpm over a large area (especially the northwest) of China, which is very large compared with climate anomalies and forecast errors. In terms of the assessment measures for the four LSS ensembles [namely, the five-layer thermal diffusion scheme (SLAB), the Noah LSS (NOAH), the Rapid Update Cycle LSS (RUC), and the Pleim–Xiu LSS (PLEX)] in the WRF, the PLEX ensemble is the best, followed by the NOAH, RUC, and SLAB ensembles. The sensitivity of the simulated 850-hPa GPH is more significant than that of the 500-hPa GP.
Alaska marine mammal stock assessments, 2015

STOCK DEFINITION AND GEOGRAPHIC RANGE Harbor seals inhabit coastal and estuarine waters off Baja California, north along the western coasts of the United States, British Columbia, and Southeast Alaska, west through the Gulf of Alaska and Aleutian Islands, and in the Bering Sea north to Cape Newenham and the Pribilof Islands. They haul out on rocks, reefs, beaches, and drifting glacial ice and feed in marine, estuarine, and occasionally fresh waters. Harbor seals generally are non-migratory, with local movements associated with such factors as tides, weather, season, food availability, and reproduction (Scheffer and Slipp 1944; Fisher 1952; Bigg 1969, 1981; Hastings et al. 2004). The results of past and recent satellitetagging studies in Southeast Alaska, Prince William Sound, Kodiak Island, and Cook Inlet are also consistent with the conclusion that harbor seals are non-migratory (Swain et al. 1996, Lowry et al. 2001, Small et al. 2003, Boveng et al. 2012). However, some long-distance movements of tagged animals in Alaska have been recorded (Pitcher and McAllister 1981, Lowry et al. 2001, Small et al. 2003, Womble 2012, Womble and Gende 2013). Strong fidelity of individuals for haul-out sites during the breeding season has been documented in several populations (Härkönen and Harding 2001), including some harbor seal stocks in Alaska such as South Kodiak Island, Prince William Sound, Glacier Bay/Icy Strait, and Cook Inlet (Pitcher and McAllister 1981, Small et al. 2005, Boveng et al. 2012, Womble 2012, Womble and Gende 2013). Local or regional trends in harbor seal numbers have been monitored at various time intervals since the 1970s, revealing diverse spatial patterns in apparent population trends. Where declines have been observed, they seem Figure 1. Approximate distribution of harbor seals in Alaska waters (shaded coastline area).
Towards equity in Indigenous co-management of protected areas: cultural planning by Miriuwung-Gajerrong people in the Kimberley, Western Australia

Delivery of the potential mutual benefits for biodiversity conservation and Indigenous peoples through protected area co-management remains challenging, with partnership arrangements frequently delivering inequitable outcomes that marginalise Indigenous interests. In the Kimberley region of Western Australia, Miriuwung-Gajerrong people initiated a Cultural Planning Framework to help achieve greater equity in planning for co-management of the first Indigenous-owned protected areas managed with the state. Analysis of the negotiation and delivery of this Indigenous-controlled planning initiative concluded it made a key contribution in shaping an equitable intercultural space for ongoing negotiation of co-management. A practitioners' model of related design concepts drawn from the analysis identified three factors of significance: a foundation platform of recognition of rights and interests; a set of effective organisations to support the roles of the key actors; and effective mechanisms for working together. The model proved robust when evaluated against international standards for best practice, suggesting it may be a useful tool for guiding better uptake of those standards. Interrogation of the two major theories underpinning these standards – common pool resource (CPR) and governance – demonstrated the theories are synergistic and inform different parts of the model. Both theories highlight the significance of Indigenous-controlled planning. Attention to relational theory for interrogation of the intercultural space may help illuminate their relative importance. Further investigation of the potential of Indigenous-controlled planning to build theory and practice in Indigenous co-management of protected areas is recommended.