Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Is Neither Necessary nor Sufficient a TNF-Nervous System Inflammatory Response: Permeability Changes during a Central Responsible for Blood-Brain Barrier A Peroxynitrite-Dependent Pathway Is

Elevated blood-brain barrier (BBB) permeability is associated with both the protective and pathological invasion of immune and inﬂammatory cells into CNS tissues. Although a variety of processes have been implicated in the changes at the BBB that result in the loss of integrity, there has been no consensus as to their induction. TNF- (cid:1) has often been proposed to be responsible for increased BBB permeability but there is accumulating evidence that peroxynitrite (ONOO (cid:2) )-dependent radicals may be the direct trigger. We demonstrate here that enhanced BBB permeability in mice, whether associated with rabies virus (RV) clearance or CNS autoimmunity, is unaltered in the absence of TNF- (cid:1) . Moreover, the induction of TNF- (cid:1) expression in CNS tissues by RV infection has no impact on BBB integrity in the absence of T cells. CD4 T cells are required to enhance BBB permeability in response to the CNS infection whereas CD8 T cells and B cells are not. Like CNS autoimmunity, elevated BBB permeability in response to RV infection is evidently mediated by ONOO (cid:2) . However, as opposed to the invading cells producing ONOO (cid:2) that have been implicated in the pathogenesis of CNS inﬂammation, during virus clearance ONOO (cid:2) is produced without pathological sequelae by IFN- (cid:3) -stimulated neurovascular endothelial cells. The Journal of Immunology, 2007, 178: 7334–7343. he blood-brain barrier (BBB), 3 a specialization of the vasculature in the CNS that renders it less permeable than the vasculature of the periphery, regulates the exchange of soluble factors and
Non-convex Optimization in Internet Routing : Protocol , Formulation , and Computation

Network operators control the flow of traffic through their networks by adapting the configuration of the underlying routing protocols. For example, they tune the integer link weights that routing protocols like OSPF use to do distributed forwarding of packets. The resulting optimization problem by the operator—to find the best link weights for a given topology and traffic matrix—is well-known to be computationally intractable even for the simplest objective functions, forcing the use of local-search techniques. This is a difficult optimization in part because these protocols split traffic evenly along shortest paths and in part because of the specific representation of the optimization problem. In this paper, we propose a readily implementable routing protocol called Distributed Exponentially-weighted Flow SpliTting (DEFT), where the routers can direct traffic on non-shortest paths, with an exponential penalty on longer paths. It leads to a cost function for the operator that is provably not worse than OSPF, and verified to be almost optimal in experiments based on various network topologies. One of the innovations in solving link weight optimization for DEFT is on problem representation: both link weights and traffic flows are integrated as optimization variables, and another is the computational method of two-stage iterative relaxation, which is much more efficient than state-of-the-art local search heuristics. DEFT retains the simplicity of having routers compute paths based on configurable link weights, while approaching the performance of more complex routing protocols that can split traffic arbitrarily over any paths.
Overdiagnosis in publicly organised mammography screening programmes: systematic review of incidence trends

Objective To estimate the extent of overdiagnosis (the detection of cancers that will not cause death or symptoms) in publicly organised screening programmes. Design Systematic review of published trends in incidence of breast cancer before and after the introduction of mammography screening. Data sources PubMed (April 2007), reference lists, and authors. Review methods One author extracted data on incidence of breast cancer (including carcinoma in situ), population size, screening uptake, time periods, and age groups, which were checked independently by the other author. Linear regression was used to estimate trends in incidence before and after the introduction of screening and in older, previously screened women. Meta-analysis was used to estimate the extent of overdiagnosis. Results Incidence data covering at least seven years before screening and seven years after screening had been fully implemented, and including both screened and non-screened age groups, were available from the United Kingdom; Manitoba, Canada; New South Wales, Australia; Sweden; and parts of Norway. The implementation phase with its prevalence peak was excluded and adjustment made for changing background incidence and compensatory drops in incidence among older, previously screened women. Overdiagnosis was estimated at 52% (95% confidence interval 46% to 58%). Data from three countries showed a drop in incidence as the women exceeded the age limit for screening, but the reduction was small and the estimate of overdiagnosis was compensated for in this review. Conclusions The increase in incidence of breast cancer was closely related to the introduction of screening and little of this increase was compensated for by a drop in incidence of breast cancer in previously screened women. One in three breast cancers detected in a population offered organised screening is overdiagnosed.
Serum magnesium level in patients with liver cirrhosis

Aim: The purpose of this study was to detect magnesium levels in serum in liver disorder like cirrhosis of liver and to compare them with the serum magnesium levels of controls. Methods: The present study was undertaken in 100 subjects, 50 diagnostic cases of alcohol induced liver cirrhosis (group I) and 50 normal control group (group II). Serum magnesium levels were measured spectrophotometrically at 530 nm. (Wavelength range: 500-550 nm) in both the selected groups. Results: The study showed that serum magnesium levels were decreased in all cases of liver cirrhosis. The results were correlated with degree of normal control group from the levels of serum magnesium. Serum magnesium levels in groups I were found to be significantly lowered (p < .0001) than in group II. Conclusions: These results showed that serum magnesium could be used as a sensitive indicator of liver cirrhosis.
Boosted Multiple Kernel Learning for Scene Category Recognition

Scene images typically include diverse and distinctive properties. It is reasonable to consider different features in establishing a scene category recognition system with a promising performance. We propose an adaptive model to represent various features in a unified domain, i.e., a set of kernels, and transform the discriminant information contained in each kernel into a set of weak learners, called dyadic hyper cuts. Based on this model, we present a novel approach to carrying out incremental multiple kernel learning for feature fusion by applying AdaBoost to the union of the sets of weak learners. We further evaluate the performance of this approach by a benchmark dataset for scene category recognition. Experimental results show a significantly improved performance in both accuracy and efficiency.
Adaptability vs complexity: on the efficiency of educational and technological choices

European labour markets have known three major changes over the past three decades : the complexification of the technological environment, the growth of general education across the workforce, and rising unemployment. Taken together, do these facts reflect the inefficiency of schooling and technological decisions ? Our answer takes place in a matching model of unemployment in which firms choose technological complexity, and workers educate to improve their adaptability. We show economic policy should focus on the labour market and the education system rather than on firms’ technological choices.
THE ROLE OF STRUCTURE IN THE PHYSICAL HABITAT OF ANADROMOUS SALMONIDS

A fundamental difference between a canal and a natural stream is structure. Structure includes all the typical anomalies of natural streams that deflect the general downstream flow, such as bends, bars, bedrock knobs, boulders, landslide deposits, and large woody debris. This results in the storage of watershed products in the channel, and in a great heterogeneity in depth, velocity, stream gradient, and substrate conditions. In this paper, I will discuss these functions of structure in salmon habitat and some implications for restoration of habitat.
Exit times for integrated random walks

We consider a centered random walk with finite variance and investigate the asymptotic behaviour of the probability that the area under this walk remains positive up to a large time n. Assuming that the moment of order 2 + δ is finite, we show that the exact asymptotics for this probability are n−1/4. To show these asymptotics we develop a discrete potential theory for integrated random walks.
Being Tough Versus Tender: The Impact of Country‐Level and Individual Masculinity Orientations as Moderators of the Relationship Between Job Insecurity and Job Attitudes

Having a job constitutes one of the most potent means of attaining ‘masculine’ goals such as status, success, and material rewards. In the present research, we examine whether masculinity, both as a country‐level value and an individual orientation, moderates the relationship between job insecurity and job attitudes. In Study 1, we draw on cross‐cultural data of 20,988 employees from 17 countries. We find that job insecure individuals from countries with higher masculinity values show stronger decrements in job satisfaction (but not commitment). Shedding light on the underlying mechanism, we show that the moderating effect of masculinity is transmitted through two social job characteristics, perceived supervisor interpersonal justice and coworker support. We then constructively replicate the moderating effect of masculinity in Study 2. In a one‐country sample of 319 employees, individual masculinity orientations likewise strengthen the negative relationship between job insecurity and job satisfaction. Our research highlights that country‐level and individual masculinity orientations yield comparable effects in the job insecurity appraisal process, and provides insight into how cultural values can be enacted at the individual level.
Tracing the Self-Regulatory Bases of Moral Emotions

In this article we explore a self-regulatory perspective on the self-evaluative moral emotions, shame and guilt. Broadly conceived, self-regulation distinguishes between two types of motivation: approach/activation and avoidance/inhibition. We use this distinction to conceptually understand the socialization dimensions (parental restrictiveness versus nurturance), associated emotions (anxiety versus empathy), and forms of morality (proscriptive versus prescriptive) that serve as precursors to each self-evaluative moral emotion. We then examine the components of shame and guilt experiences in greater detail and conclude with more general implications of a self-regulatory perspective on moral emotions.
Effect of High-Carbohydrate Diet on Plasma Metabolome in Mice with Mitochondrial Respiratory Chain Complex III Deficiency

Mitochondrial disorders cause energy failure and metabolic derangements. Metabolome profiling in patients and animal models may identify affected metabolic pathways and reveal new biomarkers of disease progression. Using liver metabolomics we have shown a starvation-like condition in a knock-in (Bcs1lc.232A>G) mouse model of GRACILE syndrome, a neonatal lethal respiratory chain complex III dysfunction with hepatopathy. Here, we hypothesized that a high-carbohydrate diet (HCD, 60% dextrose) will alleviate the hypoglycemia and promote survival of the sick mice. However, when fed HCD the homozygotes had shorter survival (mean ± SD, 29 ± 2.5 days, n = 21) than those on standard diet (33 ± 3.8 days, n = 30), and no improvement in hypoglycemia or liver glycogen depletion. We investigated the plasma metabolome of the HCD- and control diet-fed mice and found that several amino acids and urea cycle intermediates were increased, and arginine, carnitines, succinate, and purine catabolites decreased in the homozygotes. Despite reduced survival the increase in aromatic amino acids, an indicator of liver mitochondrial dysfunction, was normalized on HCD. Quantitative enrichment analysis revealed that glycine, serine and threonine metabolism, phenylalanine and tyrosine metabolism, and urea cycle were also partly normalized on HCD. This dietary intervention revealed an unexpected adverse effect of high-glucose diet in complex III deficiency, and suggests that plasma metabolomics is a valuable tool in evaluation of therapies in mitochondrial disorders.
Optimal Sequence of Irinotecan and Oxaliplatin-Based Regimens in Metastatic Colorectal Cancer: A Population-Based Observational Study

The optimal sequence of irinotecan and oxaliplatin-based regimens for metastatic colorectal cancer remains unclear. We conducted a population-based observational study by retrospectively reviewing records from Taiwan’s National Health Insurance Research Database to explore this issue. Patients aged ≥20 years with metastatic colorectal cancer newly diagnosed between 2004 and 2008 (n = 9490) were enrolled in current study. Among these 9490 patients, 3895 patients (41.04%) did not receive any chemotherapy within the first three months after catastrophic illness registration. Patients who received best supportive care were older and had higher Charlson comorbidity indexes and incidences of comorbidities than those who received irinotecan-based regimens, oxaliplatin-based regimens, and 5-fluorouracil/capecitabine alone. Patients who received irinotecan followed by oxaliplatin-based regimens and those who received the reverse sequence were further stratified into arm A (n = 542) and arm B (n = 1156), respectively. The median first time to next treatment was not significantly different between arm A and arm B (210 days vs. 196 days; p = 0.17). However, the median second time to next treatment was longer in arm A than in arm B (155 days vs. 123 days; p = 0.006), which translated into a better overall survival (487 days vs. 454 days; p = 0.02). The crossover rate was higher in arm A than in arm B (47.84% vs. 41.61%; p<0.001). Multivariate Cox regression analyses showed that overall survival was comparable between the two chemotherapy sequences (p = 0.27). Our study suggested that irinotecan followed by oxaliplatin-based regimens might be a better chemotherapy treatment option for metastatic colorectal cancer than the reverse sequence given the higher crossover rate and potential overall survival benefit.
Analyzing the impact of edonkey traffic on internet access links

Many measurement studies are showing that peer-to-peer (P2P) file sharing applications have evolved to become a major traffic source in the Internet. The ability to quantify their impact on the network is fundamental for network managers, who have to guarantee a satisfactory service level to their customers. We present here a scalable simulation model, which aims at providing useful criteria in the capacity planning of Internet access links for enterprise networks, by considering the important effects of P2P file sharing traffic. Results are reported, along with a measurement study of real traffic traces, which confirms the validity of the model and its findings.
Methods For Vegetation Mapping in the Cascade / Sierra Nevada Foothills : A Case Study of Big Chico Creek Watershed , Chico , California . Project By Erec DeVost Committee Members Dr

Vegetation mapping has become a mainstay of ecological research. Current regional vegetation maps (i.e. USGS GAP maps) lack either the grain or extent needed to conduct landscape level studies. Currently, efforts are being made to map fine-scale vegetation from remotely sensed images over a larger geographic area. One such project is being conducted by Dr. Todd Keeler-Wolf of the California Fish and Game, vegetation mapping laboratory and the California Native Plant Society (CNPS). This project will map the vegetation complexity of the Cascade/Sierra Foothills at the vegetation association level covering an elevation band of 60-625 meters between Shasta and Kern counties. In order for such studies to be feasible methods for mapping vegetation rapidly and accurately must be derived. This project is a pilot study for creating alliance level vegetation datasets from remotely sensed imagery using a geographic information system (GIS). A grant from the Bidwell Environmental Institute (BEI) financed the creation of this pilot study. The project site, located within the Big Chico Creek watershed in Chico, CA, represents a transition zone between granitic Sierran land forms to the south and the volcanic Cascadian land forms to the north. This transverse canyon, which encompasses over 4,507 continuous hectares, represents an environmental gradient (Whittiker 1965) from the Sacramento River Valley to the southern Cascade foothills. The project areas utility is furthered by its accessibility from city and state owned lands and highly variable vegetation distribution. Although studies like this have been done in the past (Throne et al 2004) none have been done to fine-scale vegetation detail in the Northern Californian Cascades. Another focus of this pilot study was to utilize data that could either be obtained at nominal or no cost. This was accomplished by interpolating vegetation cover from a 2005 National Agriculture Imagery Program (NAIP) 1 meter resolution air photos which are available under public domain. ESRI's ArcGIS software and a Waicom Digitizing monitor were used to derive vegetation polygons in a heads-up-digitizing process 1 similar to that of Throne (et al. 2004), by having the aerial photo be a screen backdrop to which other ancillary datasets could be overlaid to provide interpretation assistance. The air photo interpretation process was supplemented by using side looking radar in the form of a 5 meter resolution Digital Terrain Model (DTM) and a Digital Surface Model (DSM) radar data sets from Intermap Inc. to produce a vegetation height model (Xu, et …
Teaching English as a Glocalized Communication (TEGCOM): Some Empirical Examples

The purpose of this article is to discuss my own auto ethnographical reflection of teaching experiences obtained during a 6 month Discourse Analysis course back in 2013. I will discuss my teaching experiences in relation to the TEGCOM and its related literatures. I then showcase what and how my teaching experience matches with the pedagogy. I use the following TEGCOM (Lin, Wang, Akamatsu & Riazi (2002; 2005) reference to contextualize the Western materials to students’ cultural contexts. In this paper, I use auto-ethnography (Cauley, 2008; Ellis, Adam,Bochner, 2011) in elaborating my experience of teaching Discourse Analysis course, an empowering methodology which allows the personal story through the use of pronoun “I” (Dyson, 2007).
Sensitivity Analysis of Risk Measures for Discrete Distributions

We consider the computation of quantiles and spectral risk measures for discrete distributions. This accounts for the empirical distributions of portfolio returns or outcomes of Monte Carlo simulations. We study the di¤erentiability of quantiles with respect to portfolio allocation. We show that quantiles and spectral risk measures are piecewise linear with respect to portfolio allocation. We also provide di¤erentiability conditions for a given allocation and relate the gradient to conditional expectations. Eventually, we extend our results to spectral or distortion risk measures. The theory of risk measures is expanding quite quickly with contributions coming for the actuarial community, . nancial mathematicians and specialists of optimisation. For example, Artzner et al [1999], Delbaen [2000] introduce the concept of coherent measures of risk, which Acerbi [2002] further specializes to spectral measures of risk. On the insurance side Denneberg [1990], Wang et al [1997] introduce the closely related concept of distortion risk measures based on earlier work by Yaari [1987], Schmeidler [1986, 1989]. Amongst popular risk measures being considered by the . nancial community, one may quote the expected shortfall (see Pflug [2000], Acerbi et al [2001], Acerbi & Tasche [2001, 2002], Rockafellar & Uryasev [2000, 2002]). Chateauneuf et al [1996], Hodges [1998], Frittelli [2000], Föllmer & Schied [2002], have related such non linear approaches to pricing rules in markets with frictions. Amongst the actuarial community, the same kind of approaches have been applied to study the PH transform of Wang [1995], or other risk measures such as the absolute deviation of Denneberg [1990]. Wang & Young [1998], 1ISFA Actuarial School, University of Lyon & BNP Paribas laurent.jeanpaul@free.fr, http://laurent.jeanpaul. free.fr JEL Classi.cation: G 13
Hip Muscle Activity during Isometric Contraction of Hip Abduction

[Purpose] This study aimed to determine the effect of varying hip flexion angle on hip muscle activity during isometric contraction in abduction. [Subjects] Twenty-seven healthy men (mean age=21.5 years, SD=1.2) participated in this study. [Methods] Surface electromyography (EMG) was recorded of the upper portion of the gluteus maximus (UGM), lower portion of the gluteus maximus (LGM), tensor fasciae latae (TFL), and gluteus medius (GMed) during isometric contraction under two measurement conditions: hip flexion angle (0, 20, 40, 60, and 80 degrees) and abduction of the hip joint at 20, 40, 60, and 80% maximum strength. Integrated EMG (IEMG) were calculated and normalized to the value of maximum voluntary contraction (MVC). [Results] Results indicated that the IEMG of both the UGM and LGM increased significantly with increases in hip flexion angle, whereas the IEMG of the TFL decreased significantly. The maximum activities of the UGM and the LGM were 85.7 ± 80.8%MVC and 38.2 ± 32.9%MVC at 80 degrees of hip flexion, respectively, and that of the TFL was 71.0 ± 39.0%MVC at 40 degrees of hip flexion. [Conclusion] The IEMG of the GMed did not change with increases in hip flexion angle. Hip flexion angle affected the activity of the GM and TFL during isometric contraction in abduction.
Sustained Impact of Unhealthy Food Advertising on Children’s Dietary Intake

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