Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Endoplasmic reticulum–plasma membrane junctions: structure, function and dynamics

Endoplasmic reticulum (ER)–plasma membrane (PM) junctions are contact sites between the ER and the PM; the distance between the two organelles in the junctions is below 40 nm and the membranes are connected by protein tethers. A number of molecular tools and technical approaches have been recently developed to visualise, modify and characterise properties of ER–PM junctions. The junctions serve as the platforms for lipid exchange between the organelles and for cell signalling, notably Ca2+ and cAMP signalling. Vice versa, signalling events regulate the development and properties of the junctions. Two Ca2+‐dependent mechanisms of de novo formation of ER–PM junctions have been recently described and characterised. The junction‐forming proteins and lipids are currently the focus of vigorous investigation. Junctions can be relatively short‐lived and simple structures, forming and dissolving on the time scale of a few minutes. However, complex, sophisticated and multifunctional ER–PM junctions, capable of attracting numerous protein residents and other cellular organelles, have been described in some cell types. The road from simplicity to complexity, i.e. the transformation from simple ‘nascent’ ER–PM junctions to advanced stable multiorganellar complexes, is likely to become an attractive research avenue for current and future junctologists. Another area of considerable research interest is the downstream cellular processes that can be activated by specific local signalling events in the ER–PM junctions. Studies of the cell physiology and indeed pathophysiology of ER–PM junctions have already produced some surprising discoveries, likely to expand with advances in our understanding of these remarkable organellar contact sites.
Conditional Hamiltonian and reset operator in the quantum jump approach

For the time development of a single system in the quantum jump approach or for quantum trajectories one requires the conditional (reduced) Hamiltonian between jumps and the reset operator after a jump. Explicit expressions for them are derived for a general N-level system by employing the same assumptions as in the usual derivation of the Bloch equations. We discuss a possible minor problem with positivity for these expressions as well as for the corresponding Bloch equations.
A comparative benchmark of large objects in relational databases

Originally Binary Large Objects (BLOBs) in databases were conceived as a means to capture any large data (whatever large meant at the time of writing) which, for whatever reason, cannot or should not be modeled relationally. Today we find images, movies, XML, formatted documents, and many more data types stored in database BLOBs. A particular challenge obviously is moving such large units of data as fast as possible, hence performance benchmarks are of interest. However, while extensive evaluations have been undertaken for a variety of SQL workloads, BLOBs have not been the target of thorough benchmarking up to now. TPC and SPC-2 standards do not address BLOB benchmarking either. We present a comparative BLOB benchmark of the leading commercial and open-source systems available under Unix/Linux. Commercial DBMSs are anonymized, open-source DBMSs benchmarked are PostgreSQL and MySQL.
Simulation of the long-QT syndrome in a model of human myocardium

Regional heterogeneity of electrophysiological properties within the human ventricular wall is based on changes in ion channel kinetics and densities. This leads to a dispersion of repolarization, which causes the positive T wave in the ECG. Due to genetic defects, diseases, or drugs, which causes e.g. long-QT syndrome, the physiological heterogeneous properties get out of tune. The aim of this work is to investigate the long-QT syndrome in a realistic model of human ventricular anatomy and electrophysiology. An anisotropic, three-dimensional, heterogeneous model is constructed, which incorporates an electrophysiological model describing complex ionic processes and a bidomain excitation model. LQT1, LQT2, and LQT3 were integrated in this model. The results show that this type of model is capable not only to simulate the electrophysiology but also pathological cases. The features of the long-QT syndrome are mainly characterized correctly in the simulations.
Effect of speed on stride parameters in racehorses at gallop in field conditions

SUMMARY Stride duration, stance duration and protraction duration are key variables when describing the gaits of terrestrial animals. Together, they determine the duty factor (the fraction of the stride for which the limb maintains contact with the ground surface), from which the peak vertical force can be estimated. When an animal changes speed, these variables change at different proportions. Limited measurements of these variables and predictions of peak limb force have been undertaken for large mammals performing high-speed over-ground exercise. This study set out to make such measurements, employing a previously validated system consisting of limb-mounted accelerometers and a Global Positioning System data logger. Measurements were made on nine elite Thoroughbred racehorses during gallop locomotion over a range of speeds from 9 to 17 m s-1. No statistically significant differences were seen in any variables between the lead and non-lead limbs for either the fore or hind pairs of limbs. Mean stance durations of 131 and 77 ms in the forelimbs and 143 and 94 ms in the hindlimbs were recorded at speeds of 9 and 17 ms-1, respectively. Equivalent values for protraction duration were 364 and 342 (fore) and 355 and 326 ms (hind). Peak limb forces (from duty factor) at 17 ms-1 were 24.7 N kg-1 body weight (range 22.6 to 26.0 N kg-1 body weight) for the forelimbs and 15.3 N kg-1 (range 13.7-16.2 N kg-1 body weight) for the hindlimbs. The duration of the aerial phase of the stride (when no limbs are in contact with the ground) was independent of speed. Overlap time (when more than one leg is on the ground) dropped with speed and approached zero at maximum speed.
Aligned Reverse Frame Structure for Interference Mitigation in Dynamic TDD Systems

The dynamic time division duplex (TDD) system has been proposed as a way to meet today’s asymmetrically and dynamically changing traffic demand. However, this approach causes cross-link interference, because neighboring base stations and user elements transmit in opposite directions. In this paper, we investigate and analyze the characteristics of cross-link interference in dynamic TDD systems. Based on this observation, we propose an aligned reverse frame structure to utilize and cancel the cross-link interference. Mathematical analysis and numerical results verify that the proposed scheme achieves performance enhancement in terms of capacity compared with conventional dynamic TDD systems.
VegaFS: file sharing crossing multiple domains

We propose a file system prototype to solve the crossing domain problem, which is a great challenge for full sharing of file resources in grid environments. In our prototype, we adopted the public key in native file systems to detach file systems from administrative domains entirely. Our methods bring several benefits to the design of grid file systems such as cross-domain file access abilities, scalabilities, fine-grained dynamic access control mechanisms and better securities.
Ionic liquids in supercapacitors

Supercapacitors are nowadays considered to be one of the most important electrochemical storage devices. These devices display high power and extraordinary cycle life, and they are currently used in an increasing number of applications. However, in order to further increase the applications of supercapacitors, an increase in their energy capacity appears to be necessary. Moreover, the development of safe and environmentally friendly supercapacitors is also required. In this article, we illustrate the contributions ionic liquids (ILs) might play in the development of high energy and safe supercapacitors. First, the use of ILs as electrolytes in supercapacitors is considered, and the advantages as well as challenges related to the use of this kind of electrolyte are analyzed. Next, the interaction between ILs and electrode materials is taken into account, with particular attention paid to inactive components of supercapacitor electrodes. The introduction of natural cellulose as a binder is used as an example of the contribution ILs might provide to the development of environmentally friendly supercapacitors.
Mobile Agents based Reliable and Energy Efficient Routing Protocol for MANET

In this paper, we propose Mobile Agent based Energy Efficient Reliable routing protocol for MANET. At first the protocol uses a link cost metric such as Network Load in terms of node burthen degree and bandwidth usable degree, Minimum Drain Rate (MDR) for energy consumption and Link availability. The mobile agents are randomly organized and transfer hop by hop until the destination is reached. Hence, from each hop they traverse, they collect the information related to the above metrics and a combined list cost metric is estimated based on these metrics. Finally, after collecting information’s from agents multiple paths are established first and then the source selects the optimal path using the path cost metric, which is the summation of link cost metric along the path.
Oxidation of Hydrocarbons on the Surface of Tin Dioxide Chemical Sensors

The paper presents the results of our investigation on the effect of the molecular structure of organic vapors on the characteristics of resistive chemical gas sensors. The sensors were based on tin dioxide and prepared by means of thick film technology. The electrical and catalytic examinations showed that the abstraction of two hydrogen atoms from the organic molecule and formation of a water in result of reaction with a chemisorbed oxygen ion, determine the rate of oxidation reactions, and thus the sensor performance. The rate of the process depends on the order of carbon atoms and Lewis acidity of the molecule. Therefore, any modification of the surface centers of a sensor material, modifies not only the sensor sensitivity, but also its selectivity.
Electrical detection of sandwich immunoassay on indium tin oxide interdigitated electrodes

Electrical detection of sandwich immunoassay using indium tin oxide (ITO) interdigitated electrodes on a biochip is developed. Gold nanoparticles are utilised as the indication of the antibody/antigen/antibody complex on the electrodes and the gold enhancement process is for signal amplification. The electrical detection of the concentration of target antigen in sandwich immunoassay has been demonstrated. ITO interdigitated electrodes were fabricated on a glass substrate and worked as the detection sites. The capture antibody was first immobilised on the detection sites. The target antigens of certain concentration and detection antibody were applied, respectively. Then, sandwich-like antibody/antigen/antibody complex was constructed on the detection sites. Gold nanoparticles were utilised to bind the sandwich complex through biotin-streptavidin linkage. Then, gold enhancement process was performed for enlarging the size of the gold nanoparticles physically. Therefore a conductive layer was formed across the electrodes. The presence and the concentration of the target antigen can be determined by the resistance value across the electrode measured by an ohmmeter directly. The resistance values showed from 1200 to 700 Ω when the target antigen was in the concentration from 20 to 160 ng/ml. The proposed electrical sandwich immunoassay is simplicity, low cost and miniaturisation; therefore it is possible to be integrated into a microfluidic system and potentially be developed a portable diagnostic device.
Grounded Symbols In The Brain, Computational Foundations For Perceptual Symbol System

We describe a mathematical models of grounded symbols in the brain. It also serves as a computational foundations for Perceptual Symbol System (PSS). This development requires new mathematical methods of dynamic logic (DL), which have overcome limitations of classical artificial intelligence and connectionist approaches. The paper discusses these past limitations, relates them to combinatorial complexity (exponential explosion) of algorithms in the past, and further to the static nature of classical logic. The new mathematical theory, DL, is a process-logic. A salient property of this process is evolution of vague representations into crisp. The paper first applies it to one aspect of PSS: situation learning from object perceptions. Then we relate DL to the essential PSS mechanisms of concepts, simulators, grounding, productivity, binding, recursion, and to the mechanisms relating grounded and amodal symbols. We discuss DL as a general theory describing the process of cognition on multiple levels of abstraction. We also discuss the implications of this theory for interactions between cognition and language, mechanisms of language grounding, and possible role of language in grounding abstract cognition. The developed theory makes experimental predictions, and will impact future theoretical developments in cognitive science, including knowledge representation, and perception-cognition interaction. Experimental neuroimaging evidence for DL and PSS in brain imaging is discussed as well as future research directions.
Optical anisotropy of carbon nano-fiber/silica composite films prepared under high magnetic field

Carbon/silica composite films were prepared from colloidal silica aqueous solution in which vapour grown carbon nano-fibers were dispersed. The orientation of nano-fibers was attempted by dip-coating substrates under high magnetic field up to 10 T. The fibers started to align along the direction of magnetic field below 1 T. The degree of orientation was saturated at about 6 T. The anisotropic susceptibility, Δχ = χ// − χb, was estimated to be (3.05 ± 1.10) × 10−7 cm3/mol from the fitting of numerical simulation. Optical anisotropy, the ratio between transmittances of light polarized perpendicular to and parallel to the direction of fiber orientation, increased immediately in the films prepared under applied fields below 1 T and almost saturated above 1 T. The optical anisotropy was in good agreement with the behaviour of magnetic orientation of fibers.
Market Structure and Monetary Non-neutrality

Canonical macroeconomic models of pricing under nominal rigidities assume markets consist of atomistic firms. Most US retail markets are dominated by a few large firms. To bridge this gap, I extend an equilibrium menu cost model to allow for a continuum of sectors with two large firms in each sector. Compared to a model with monopolistically competitive markets, and calibrated to the same good-level data on price adjustment, the duopoly model generates output responses to monetary shocks that are more than twice as large. Firm-level prices respond equally to idiosyncratic shocks, but less to aggregate shocks in the calibrated duopoly model. Under duopoly, the response of low priced firms to an increase in money is dampened: a falling real price at its competitor weakens both the incentive to increase prices, and price conditional on adjustment. The dynamic duopoly model also implies (i) large first order welfare losses from nominal rigidities, (ii) lower menu costs, (iii) a U-shaped relationship between market concentration and price flexibility, forwhich I find strong evidence in the data, (iv) a source of downward bias in markup estimates attained from inverting a static oligopoly model.
Duplicate-Insensitive Order Statistics Computation over Data Streams

Duplicates in data streams may often be observed by the projection on a subspace and/or multiple recordings of objects. Without the uniqueness assumption on observed data elements, many conventional aggregates computation problems need to be further investigated due to their duplication-sensitive nature. In this paper, we present novel, space-efficient, one-scan algorithms to continuously maintain duplicate-insensitive order sketches so that rank-based queries can be approximately processed with a relative rank error guarantee \epsilon in the presence of data duplicates. Besides the space efficiency, the proposed algorithms are time-efficient and highly accurate. Moreover, our techniques may be immediately applied to the heavy hitter problem against distinct elements and to the existing fault-tolerant distributed communication techniques. A comprehensive performance study demonstrates that our algorithms can support real-time computation against high-speed data streams.
Incremental Tabling in Support of Knowledge Representation and Reasoning

Abstract Resolution-based Knowledge Representation and Reasoning (KRR) systems, such as Flora-2, Silk or Ergo, can scale to tens or hundreds of millions of facts, while supporting reasoning that includes Hilog, inheritance, defeasibility theories, and equality theories. These systems handle the termination and complexity issues that arise from the use of these features by a heavy use of tabled resolution. In fact, such systems table by default all rules defined by users, unless they are simple facts. Performing dynamic updates within such systems is nearly impossible unless the tables themselves can be made to react to changes. Incremental tabling as first implemented in XSB (Saha 2006) partially addressed this problem, but the implementation was limited in scope and not always easy to use. In this paper, we introduce transparent incremental tabling which at the semantic level supports updates in the 3-valued well-founded semantics, while guaranteeing full consistency of all tabled queries. Transparent incremental tabling also has significant performance improvements over previous implementations, including lazy recomputation, and control over the dependency structures used to determine how tables are updated.
Apathy in Parkinson’s Disease: Diagnosis, Neuropsychological Correlates, Pathophysiology and Treatment

Apathy has been defined as lack of motivation. It has been traditionally considered as a symptom of psychiatric disorders, such as major depression and schizophrenia, but more recently it has been recognized as a specific neuropsychiatric syndrome associated with neurodegenerative such as Parkinson’s disease (PD). As a consequence the reported prevalence of apathy in PD ranges from 13.9% to 70%; the mean prevalence is 35%. Prevalence of “pure apathy” (i.e., of apathy without comorbid depression and dementia) seems to be substantially lower, from 3 to 47.9%. High levels of apathy in PD are associated with decreased daily function, specific cognitive deficits and increased stress for families. Although neuroimaging studies do not provide a unique anatomic pattern, several data suggest that the ventromedial prefrontal cortex and the basal ganglia connected through frontal-subcortical circuits, are particularly involved in the genesis of apathy. At present, there are no approved medications for the treatment of apathy in and no proof of efficacy exists for any drug in current use. Further studies and innovative pharmacologic approaches are thus needed to ameliorate our understanding and treatment of apathy in PD.
Tumour necrosis factor‐α in human adipose tissue – from signalling mechanisms to clinical implications

From its initial implication in the development of cachexia in the early 1980s, it is now almost 15 years ago that tumour necrosis factor‐alpha (TNF‐α) was first shown to be involved in the development of insulin resistance in obesity. Since the original findings in mice, a wealth of data has been obtained in a variety of settings and species. This intensive research has demonstrated both similarities and differences between rodents and humans regarding the molecular mechanisms and metabolic consequences of TNF‐α overexpression. This review will focus on the role of TNF‐α in human white adipose tissue with particular emphasis on its regulation of lipolysis – an important pathway in adipocytes which is linked to insulin‐resistant phenotypes in obesity and the metabolic syndrome.
Online support vector machine based on linear independent

In this paper a novel online learning algorithm for support vector machine is proposed. In this algorithm support vector are extracted based on the property of linear independent. Error estimation can be quickly got by using least square support vector machine. Then learning scheme is executed or not depended on the classification error. In the learning scheme support vectors are re-selected and re-training according to linear independent and WLS-SVM. Experimental results reveal that our algorithm outperforms IncrSVM and LIBSVM on the time complexity and classification rate.
Novel Constructions of Improved Square Complex Orthogonal Designs for Eight Transmit Antennas

Constructions of square, maximum rate complex orthogonal space-time block codes (CO STBCs) are well known, however codes constructed via the known methods include numerous zeros, which impede their practical implementation. By modifying the Williamson and Wallis-Whiteman arrays to apply to complex matrices, we propose two methods of construction of square, order-4n CO STBCs from square, order-n codes which satisfy certain properties. Applying the proposed methods, we construct square, maximum rate, order-8 CO STBCs with no zeros, such that the transmitted symbols are equally dispersed through transmit antennas. Those codes, referred to as the improved square CO STBCs, have the advantages that the power is equally transmitted via each transmit antenna during every symbol time slot and that a lower peak-to-average power ratio (PAPR) is required to achieve the same bit error rates as the conventional CO STBCs with zeros.
Mitigating the Effects of Organics in Stabilized Soils: Technical Report

The Texas Department of Transportation has reported difficulty stabilizing soils bearing high and low concentrations of organic matter with lime. Problems include: the stabilizer disappearing over time, difficulty measuring organic matter (ignition oven), and rough pavement due to poor subgrade support. The researchers wanted to identify a good test to measure organic matter in soils and identify the problematic fraction of organic matter that causes problems with lime stabilization. Secondly, they wanted to determine what mechanism or mechanisms were responsible for organic matter interfering with lime stabilization. They developed a simple technique to measure the humic acid content of organic matter using a UV-Vis spectrophotometer. They also constructed hundreds of manufactured soils consisting of a humic acid standard mixed with different clay mineral standards, lime, and quartz sand. These soils were used to measure changes in engineering properties as well as monitor chemical changes to elucidate factors controlling reaction mechanisms. From the manufactured soils, the researchers determined that humic acid does interfere with lime stabilization by inhibiting the formation of Calcium Silicate Hydrate reaction products between the lime and clay minerals. This results in reduced unconfined compressive strength values for stabilized cores. The concentration of humic acid that inhibits the formation of pozzolanic reaction products is around 1 percent. Calcareous soils containing organic matter appear to respond better to lime stabilization than acid soils. This study was the first to provide direct evidence of the effects of organic matter on soil stabilization.
Words with Simple Burrows-Wheeler Transforms

Mantaci et al have shown that if a word $x$ on the alphabet $\{a,b\}$ has a Burrows-Wheeler Transform of the form $b^ia^j$ then $x$ is a conjugate or a power of a conjugate of a standard word. We give an alternative proof of this result and describe words on the alphabet $\{a,b,c\}$ whose transforms have the form $c^ib^ja^k$. These words have some common properties with standard words. We also present some results about words on larger alphabets having similar properties.