Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Efficient Simulations of Early Structure Formation and Reionization

Detailed theoretical studies of the high-redshift universe, and especially reionization, are generally forced to rely on time-consuming N-body codes and/or radiative transfer algorithms. We present a method to construct seminumerical "simulations," which can efficiently generate realizations of halo distributions and ionization maps at high redshifts. Our procedure combines an excursion-set approach with first-order Lagrangian perturbation theory and operates directly on the linear density and velocity fields. As such, the achievable dynamic range with our algorithm surpasses the current practical limit of N-body codes by orders of magnitude. This is particularly significant in studies of reionization, where the dynamic range is the principal limiting factor, because ionized regions reach scales of tens of comoving Mpc. We test our halo-finding and ionization-mapping algorithms separately against N-body simulations with radiative transfer and obtain excellent agreement. We compute the size distributions of ionized and neutral regions in our maps. We find even larger ionized bubbles than do purely analytic models at the same volume-weighted mean hydrogen neutral fraction, x̄H I, especially early in reionization. We also generate maps and power spectra of 21 cm brightness temperature fluctuations, which for the first time include corrections due to gas bulk velocities. We find that velocities widen the tails of the temperature distributions and increase small-scale power, although these effects quickly diminish as reionization progresses. We also include some preliminary results from a simulation run with the largest dynamic range to date: a 250 Mpc box that resolves halos with masses M ≥ 2.2 × 108 M☉. We show that accurately modeling the late stages of reionization, x̄H I ≲ 0.5, requires such large scales. The speed and dynamic range provided by our seminumerical approach will be extremely useful in the modeling of early structure formation and reionization.
Studies on stellar rotation. II. Gravity-darkening: the effects of the input physics and differential rotation. New results for very low mass stars

In the second paper of this series we present the calculations of the gravity-darkening exponent for low mass stars. Such calculations are based on a modified version of the method developed by us and published in an earlier paper. The corresponding apsidal motion constants for VLMS are also presented. The mass range for which both parameters are available is now extended from 0.08 up to 40 M . The derived β1 is compared with the results of the radiation hydrodynamics simulations. Although a systematic difference with decreasing effective temperature is detected, the interagreement can be considered as good (maximum discrepancy around 10%). The local maximum for log Teff ≈ 3.7 is not detected in the RHD formalism, although calculations for lower effective temperatures are needed to draw a more definitive conclusion. It is pointed out that the gravity-darkening phenomenon is related not only with atmospheric parameters but also with the internal stellar structure and with details of the rotation law. The influence of changing the input physics on the gravity-darkening exponent is investigated and it is found that they depend slightly on the chemical composition mainly in the zone of the radiative/convective phase transition. For deep convective envelopes, it is found no significant differences in β1’s computed for different mixing-length parameter. It is emphazised that at the actual level of light curve quality of eclipsing binaries it is not possible to discriminate effects of third order in the gravity-darkening exponents such as chemical composition, theory of convection, irradiation, etc. On the other hand, the role of the differential rotation is discussed in the light of its possible relation with moderately anomalous gravity-darkening exponents for some particular cases. Concerning the high values of the gravity-darkening exponent reported by some authors, this is not supported by very recent simultaneous uvby observations, at least in the case of VV Uma.
Executive Dysfunction and Processing Speed Predict Nonverbal Problem Solving Deficits in a Substance Use Disorder Population

C l i n M e d International Library Citation: Voelbel GT, Wu Z, Tortarolo C, Bates ME (2016) Executive Dysfunction and Processing Speed Predict Nonverbal Problem Solving Deficits in a Substance Use Disorder Population. Int J Brain Disord Treat 2:011 Received: March 11, 2016: Accepted: May 24, 2016: Published: May 26, 2016 Copyright: © 2016 Voelbel GT, et al. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited. Voelbel et al. Int J Brain Disord Treat 2016, 2:011
Adaptive LUM pre-filtering for affine invariant interest point detection

Interest point detection is required by several applications from fields such as computer vision, pattern recognition and content based image retrieval. The performance of the detectors is strictly dependent on the reliability and accuracy with which corresponding points are detected across a wide range of images that are the result of geometric and photometric transformations. This paper presents an adaptive LUM filter and suggests it as the basis of a pro-filtering stage for an affine interest point detection in order to improve the accuracy and reliability of the detector and to make it suitable for applications that do not require a matching operation
Clustering-Based Multiple Imputation via Gray Relational Analysis for Missing Data and Its Application to Aerospace Field

A large number of scientific researches and industrial applications commonly suffer from missing data. Some inappropriate techniques of missing value treatment compromise data quality, which detrimentally influences the knowledge discovery. In this paper, we propose a missing data completion method named CBGMI. Firstly, it separates the nonmissing data instances into several clusters by excluding the missing-valued entries. Then, it utilizes the entropy of the proximal category for each incomplete instance in terms of the similarity metric based on gray relational analysis. Experiments on UCI datasets and aerospace datasets demonstrate that the superiority of our algorithm to other approaches on validity.
What is Law? A Coordination Account of the Characteristics of Legal Order

Legal philosophers have long debated the question, what is law? But few in social science have attempted to explain the phenomenon of legal order. In this paper we build a rational choice model of legal order in an environment that relies exclusively on decentralized enforcement, such as we nd in human societies prior to the emergence of the nation state and in many modern settings. We begin with a simple set of axioms about what counts as legal order. We then demonstrate that we can support an equilibrium in which wrongful behavior is e¤ectively deterred by exclusively decentralized enforcement, speci cally collective punishment. Equilibrium is achieved by an institution that supplies a common logic for classifying behavior as wrongful or not. We demonstrate that several features ordinarily associated with legal ordersuch as generality, impersonality, open process and stabilitycan be explained by the incentive and coordination problems facing collective punishment.
Consolidation of Memory After its Reactivation: Involvement of β Noradrenergic Receptors in the Late Phase

Evidence is growing that the cAMP pathway through the cAMP responsive element binding protein (CREB) transcription factor plays an important role in long-term memory formation (LTM). To study the role of β-noradrenergic receptors, positively linked to the cAMP secondmessenger system, in the dynamics of LTM processes, we used a memory-reactivation paradigm because recent studies in our laboratory confirmed that reactivated memory is labile and undergoes an extended reconsolidation process. In an eight-arm maze, rats were trained to choose the same three baited arms; 24 hr later, memory was reactivated and then the rats were injected intracerebroventricularly at 5 min, 30 min, 60 min, or 5 hr later with the β-antagonist timolol or with saline. The results showed that injection of timolol induced amnesia only at the 60 min post-reactivation interval, whereas all control groups and groups that were timolol-injected at other post-reactivation intervals displayed optimal retention. The delayed amnesic action of timoloi suggests that β noradrenergic receptors and the cAMP cascade are implicated in the late phase of reprocessing of a remembered event.
Dopamine and the Creative Mind: Individual Differences in Creativity Are Predicted by Interactions between Dopamine Genes DAT and COMT

The dopaminergic (DA) system may be involved in creativity, however results of past studies are mixed. We attempted to clarify this putative relation by considering the mediofrontal and the nigrostriatal DA pathways, uniquely and in combination, and their contribution to two different measures of creativity–an abbreviated version of the Torrance Test of Creative Thinking, assessing divergent thinking, and a real-world creative achievement index. We found that creativity can be predicted from interactions between genetic polymorphisms related to frontal (COMT) and striatal (DAT) DA pathways. Importantly, the Torrance test and the real-world creative achievement index related to different genetic patterns, suggesting that these two measures tap into different aspects of creativity, and depend on distinct, but interacting, DA sub-systems. Specifically, we report that successful performance on the Torrance test is linked with dopaminergic polymorphisms associated with good cognitive flexibility and medium top-down control, or with weak cognitive flexibility and strong top-down control. The latter is particularly true for the originality factor of divergent thinking. High real-world creative achievement, on the other hand, as assessed by the Creative Achievement Questionnaire, is linked with dopaminergic polymorphisms associated with weak cognitive flexibility and weak top-down control. Taken altogether, our findings support the idea that human creativity relies on dopamine, and on the interaction between frontal and striatal dopaminergic pathways in particular. This interaction may help clarify some apparent inconsistencies in the prior literature, especially if the genes and/or creativity measures were analyzed separately.
Learning qualitative relations in real world scenes

Learning from visual scenes is an innate ability of human beings yet an unresolved and highly complex task for machines and is being addressed in the area of cognitive vision systems. Most of the present developments in cognitive vision systems adopt quantitative or model base approaches. Quantitative approaches involve tedious calculations and yield black box type of learning while in model base approaches the structure of the model has to be known before hand, which is not practical in all situations. Therefore, this research work primarily adopts a qualitative approach in learning from visual scenes and inductive logic programming is used to learn rules of a visual scene from a pool of example scenes. The prototype system developed is capable of learning accurate rules, which in turn used for learning new models and the system is capable of learning beyond initial specifications.
Start-up grants and self-employment duration

The aim of this study is to analyze the survival of the self-employed who have received start-up grants and compare them to non-grant recipients. The methods of duration analysis are used to investigate the survival of self-employment and its components. The results indicate that the duration of start-up supported firms is clearly longer than that of non-supported start-ups. Human capital from prior experience and assets strongly influenced the survival of supported start-ups, whereas social capital was less significant than for non-supported start-ups. The better survival of supported firms can be explained by the assessment process and the training prerequisite for grants rather than the relatively small and short financial support. However, the supported entrepreneurs ended up more likely to become unemployed after failure, whereas the others moved on to activities outside the labour force. JEL codes: L26, L53, C41, H81 * Contact information: School of Business and Economics, P.O. Box 35, FIN-40014 University of Jyväskylä, Finland. Email: anu.tokila@econ.jyu. fi. I wish to thank Professor Hannu Tervo, Professor Markus Jäntti and Dr. Mika Haapanen for their helpful comments and suggestions. This paper is a part of a Research Programme on Business Know-how (LIIKE 2, project no 112116) financed by the Academy of Finland. I gratefully acknowledge funding from the Yrjö Jahnsson Foundation (projects 5204 and 5597).
Ciprofloxacin has antifibrotic effects in scleroderma fibroblasts via downregulation of Dnmt1 and upregulation of Fli1

Systemic sclerosis (SSc) is characterized by fibrosis of the skin and internal organs. The present study was undertaken to examine the effects of ciprofloxacin, a fluoroquinolone antibiotic implicated in matrix remodeling, on dermal and lung fibroblasts obtained from SSc patients. Dermal and lung fibroblasts from SSc patients and healthy subjects were treated with ciprofloxacin. Western blotting was used to analyze protein levels and RT-PCR was used to measure mRNA expression. The pharmacologic inhibitor UO126 was used to block Erk1/2 signaling. SSc dermal fibroblasts demonstrated a significant decrease in collagen type I mRNA and protein levels after antibiotic treatment, while healthy dermal fibroblasts were less sensitive to ciprofloxacin, downregulating collagen only at the protein levels. Connective tissue growth factor (CCN2) gene expression was significantly reduced and matrix metalloproteinase 1 (MMP1) levels were enhanced after ciprofloxacin treatment to a similar extent in healthy and SSc fibroblasts. Ciprofloxacin induced Erk1/2 phosphorylation, and Erk1/2 blockade completely prevented MMP1 upregulation. However, Smad1 and Smad3 activation in response to TGFβ was not affected. The expression of friend leukemia integration factor 1 (Fli1), a transcriptional repressor of collagen, was increased after treatment with ciprofloxacin only in SSc fibroblasts, and this was accompanied by a decrease in the levels of DNA methyltransferase 1 (Dnmt1). Similar effects were observed in SSc-interstitial lung disease (ILD) lung fibroblasts. In summary, our study demonstrates that ciprofloxacin has antifibrotic actions in SSc dermal and lung fibroblasts via the downregulation of Dnmt1, the upregulation of Fli1 and induction of MMP1 gene expression via an Erk1/2-dependent mechanism. Thus, our data suggest that ciprofloxacin may be an attractive therapy for SSc skin and lung fibrosis.
Gypsy: A language for specification and implementation of verifiable programs

An introduction to the Gypsy programming and specification language is given. Gypsy is a high-level programming language with facilities for general programming and also for systems programming that is oriented toward communications processing. This includes facilities for concurrent processes and process synchronization. Gypsy also contains facilities for detecting and processing errors that are due to the actual running of the program in an imperfect environment. The specification facilities give a precise way of expressing the desired properties of the Gypsy programs. All of the features of Gypsy are fully verifiable, either by formal proof or by validation at run time. An overview of the language design and a detailed example program are given.
Establishing the potential for using routine data on Incapacity Benefit to assess the local impact of policy initiatives.

BACKGROUND Incapacity Benefit (IB) is the key contributory benefit for people who are incapable of work because of illness or disability. METHODS The aims were to establish the utility of routinely collected data for local evaluation and to provide a descriptive epidemiology of the IB population in Glasgow and Scotland for the period 2000-05 using data supplied by the Department for Work and Pensions. RESULTS Glasgow's IB population is large in absolute and relative terms but is now falling, mainly due to a decrease in on flow. Claimants, tend to be older, have a poor work history and suffer from mental health problems. The rate of decline has been greater in Glasgow than Scotland, although the rate of on flow is still higher. CONCLUSIONS Department for Work and Pensions (DWP) data can be used locally to provide important insights into the dynamics of the IB population. However, to be truly useful, more work needs to be undertaken to combine the DWP data with other information.
Backpropagation topologies for sequence generation

The problem of generating the correct spelling of an incorrectly spelled name was used to explore the effectiveness of various backpropagation network topologies for sequential generation. Two sequential architectures, a Jordan net and a counter net, learned much more slowly than a standard parallel net. Best results were obtained when the task was decoupled into two separate nets, one to generate unordered letters and another to reorder the letters. The first net was trained independently, and the second net was trained by recoupling the two nets so that the output of the first served as input to the second. <<ETX>>
The participation of IntermidiaLab at the ImageCLEF 2012 Photo Annotation Task

This paper presents the results of our concept annotation tool in the ImageCLEF 2012 Photo Annotation Task. Our approach is based only on textual features, in particular collaborative user tags. It faces some of the challenges of using user-generated terms, such as noise and incompleteness. The first one is supported by a multi-phase filtering procedure that amends misspelled tags and considers only those semanti- cally related to the actual context of the image. The second one, in turn, is reduced with a tag enrichment activity which aggregates related terms to the actual list of tags in order to make annotation more effective.
A hypergraph-based image database clustering framework

This paper describes a new approach to image database clustering. The method requires no a priori information. It works free of context and previous knowledge: in a first stage, the image features are formed automatically, and modeled by a p-Nearest Neighbor Hypergraph (p-NNH) representation. Then images are clustered to form categories using a multilevel p-NNH partitioning approach. The partitioning approach operates on Coarsening-Paritioning-UnCoarsening scheme (CPUC). Categories are visualized by displaying the most typical image(s) of the categories as thumbnails. The main benefit of the approach is that it deals with a large volume image database and with a representation structure (hypergraph) that is close to the human visual grouping system. To judge results, an evaluation scheme which is adequate for the task of categorization is proposed.
Comparative Study of RKC and GCM Mode of Operation

In the race of designing an efficient ‘Authenticated Encryption (AE) mode of operation’ several efforts have been done over past few years. In practical, when we have to send any data, we also need integrity and authentication along with the encrypted message. These requirements in real world prioritize Authenticated Encryption, in spite of using encryption and authentication schemes separately. In an AE scheme the parts responsible for authentication and privacy are tightly coupled so that they can work efficiently. The other reason for using AE scheme is that an AE scheme is less likely to be used incorrectly than the combination of two different schemes. In this paper comparative study of two prominent Authenticated Encryption modes (RKC and GCM) is done that are free from any intellectual property claims. General Terms Security, Authenticated Encryption modes.
Practical value of adequate marketing management theory

This is a critical discourse on marketing management textbooks and their presentations of general marketing theory. These books claim to be general, complete and up‐to‐date, although the base of “textbook theory” is consumer goods mass marketing, a minority of all marketing if compared to services and B‐to‐B marketing. Seminal developments over the past decades in services marketing, quality management, relationship marketing and CRM are treated as special cases although they intervene in all types of marketing. The article claims that marketing management has become stereotyped on a derelict foundation in commodity‐like textbooks. It ends with guidelines on how research in marketing could reinvent itself to the benefit of both academics and practitioners.
Application of cycle variable pitch propeller to morphing unmanned aerial vehicles

Most of morphing aircrafts control the flight attitude by the deformation of aircraft wing, however morphing UAV is not limited to the deformation of the wing. This paper studies cyclic variable pitch propeller system which can generate control torque. According to mathematical model of cyclic variable pitch propeller based on propeller blade element theory, the study analyzes the principle and researches the way of attitude control. Simulation based on model of flight dynamics shows control torque produced by the system is effective on maneuverability of the morphing UAV. And experimental measurement has been done with six-axis force/torque transducer, results show the force and moment generated by CVPP system as the change of pitch angle conforms with the mathematical model and CVPP system have the ability to replace conventional control surfaces.
In Vivo Modulation of Sensory Input to the Olfactory Bulb by Tonic and Activity-Dependent Presynaptic Inhibition of Receptor Neurons

The first reorganization of odor representations in the nervous system occurs at the synapse between olfactory receptor neurons and second-order neurons in olfactory bulb glomeruli. Signal transmission at this synapse is modulated presynaptically by several mechanisms, a major one being mediated by GABAB receptors, which suppress presynaptic calcium influx and subsequent transmitter release from the receptor neuron terminal. Here, we imaged stimulus-evoked calcium influx into the receptor neuron terminal in anesthetized mice and used odorant and electrical stimulation combined with in vivo pharmacology to characterize the functional determinants of GABAB-mediated presynaptic inhibition and to test hypotheses on the role of this inhibition in olfactory processing. As expected from previous studies, blocking presynaptic GABAB receptors in vivo increased odorant-evoked presynaptic calcium signals, confirming that GABAB-mediated inhibition modulates the strength of receptor inputs. Surprisingly, we found that the strength of this inhibition was affected little by the nature of the input, being independent of the spatial distribution of activated glomeruli, independent of the sniff frequency used to sample the odorant, and similar for weak and strong odorant-evoked inputs. Instead, we found that tonic inhibition was a major determinant of receptor input strength; this tonic inhibition in turn was dependent on glutamatergic transmission from second-order neurons in the glomerular layer. Thus, rather than adaptively shaping odor representations in an activity-dependent manner, a primary role of presynaptic inhibition in vivo may be to modulate the magnitude of sensory input to the brain as a function of behavioral state.