Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Power management of distributed web savers by controlling server power state and traffic prediction for QoS

In this paper, we propose a scheme based on server node state control, including stand-by/wake-up and processor power control, to achieve aggressive power education while satisfying Quality of Service (QoS). Decreasing power consumption on Web servers is currently a challenging new problem to be solved in a data center or warehouse. Although Web servers are configured to have maximum performance, the actual access rate to the servers can be small in a specific period, such as midnight, so it may be possible to reduce the power consumption of the servers while satisfying QoS with lower server performance. In order to reduce power consumption on the server nodes, we now have to consider the power consumption of the entire node rather than only processor power by Dynamic Voltage and Frequency Scaling (DVFS). We implemented the proposed scheme to the distributed Web server system using the power-profile of server nodes and considering load increment based on traffic prediction method and evaluated the proposed scheme with a Web server benchmark workload based on SPECWeb99. The result reveals that the proposed scheme achieved an energy saving of approximately 17% with sufficient QoS performance on the distributed Web server system.
What is the difference between controlling for mean versus median income in analyses of income inequality?

It is routine to control for “average” income when assessing the independent effect of income inequality on health, but authors have used different measures, for example, percentage poverty,1 per capita or mean income,2 and median income.3 4 However, as the distribution of income in a population is always positively skewed (that is, a long thin tail for the few with high incomes), the median income and percentage poverty are necessarily correlated with any measure of income inequality. For example, for a given total income of $1 billion in population of 100 000 people, the average income is the same ($10 000) regardless of how that income is distributed. Assume the distribution of income is log-normal (that is, the proportion of people at each income level (y axis) has a normal distribution plotted against the log of that income (x axis)). Figure 1plots the cumulative proportion of the population with up to the given income on the x axis, for three scenarios: low income inequality (SD log income = 0.4); medium income inequality (SD 0.6) and high income inequality (SD 0.8). As the total income is fixed (and hence the average income is fixed), the median income must differ under each scenario and is given by the intercept of each curve with the gridline for the 0.5 cumulative proportion: $8777, $7942, and $6904 for the …
MOTIVES FOR INTERNET USE AND THEIR RELATIONSHIPS WITH PERSONALITY TRAITS AND SOCIO-DEMOGRAPHIC FACTORS

The aim of this study was to identify the strongest predictors of individual differences in Internet use, taking into account personality traits, socio-demographic variables, and indicators of habitus and lifestyle. To this purpose, an empirically robust and theoretically easily interpretable classification of online activities and their underlying motives was developed. Representative survey data of the Estonian population (age range 15-74 years; N = 1,507) were used. Factor analysis of online activities revealed two underlying motives for Internet use: Social media and entertainment (SME), and Work and information (WI). General linear modelling analysis showed that SME was most significantly predicted by younger age, the frequency of Internet use at public place, at friends and at home, Openness to Experience, lower education level, and the ethnic minority status. WI was best predicted by the frequency of Internet use at work or school, higher education level, more active civic participation, and the ethnic majority status.
Efficacy of Stimulants in Adult ADHD

OBJECTIVE: To review the literature regarding the efficacy of stimulants to treat attention-deficit-hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) in adults. DATA SOURCES: The relevant pharmaceutical manufacturers were contacted, and searches of MEDLINE (1966–December 2002) and the reference sections of each article obtained were performed using the key search terms: adult ADHD, stimulants, methylphenidate, amphetamines, and pemoline. STUDY SELECTION AND DATA EXTRACTION: All English-language original studies identified from the data sources were evaluated and all information deemed relevant was included in the review. DATA SYNTHESIS: Studies involving methylphenidate, amphetamines, and pemoline were identified. There was evidence for the efficacy of amphetamines from 5 studies (4 controlled, 1 open). Methylphenidate data from 6 controlled trials were conflicting. Three studies indicated efficacy; 2 studies failed to show efficacy, possibly due to methodologic reasons; and the results from 1 study were conflicting. The limited data from 1 controlled and 1 open study indicated that pemoline may be less effective than methylphenidate and amphetamines. CONCLUSIONS: While the current limited data indicate that stimulants may be effective in adult ADHD, more data are required to confirm long-term efficacy.
A memory-based approach to meter induction

ABSTRACT Meter induction has been an important topic in thecomputational modeling of music cognition for quite sometime now. In this paper, an attempt is made to model howlisteners arrive at a metrical interpretation of a fragment ofmusic. A number of existing models are based on the Gestaltprinciples of perception, ‘simplicity’ or ease of encodingbeing a key aspect. An alternative to this approach aremodels based on the notion of ‘likelihood’, so-calledmemory-based models. We adapt and evaluate a number ofmemory-based models for parsing metrical structure. Morespecifically, we will use the models covered by the Data-Oriented Parsing (DOP) framework. This framework defines alarge class of probabilistic grammars that take sub-trees froman annotated corpus to form a general Probabilistic TreeGrammar. The models are tested on the National Anthemscollection, yielding encouraging results. 1. INTRODUCTION Even though the computational modeling of beat and meterinduction has been researched for some time now (Desain &Honing, 1994), the human assignment of metricalinformation still outperforms existing computational modelsand systems. Humans are not only very precise in findingstructural metrical information, they can also do it quicklyand are very flexible, i.e. they can easily adapt to meterchanges. There is a considerable amount of literature onmodeling the phenomenon of meter induction, using a largevariety of computational paradigms (cf. Desain & Honing,1999). One class of models is based on the Gestalt principlesof perception, ‘simplicity’ or ease of encoding being a keyaspect. An alternative approach, called memory-based, isbased on the notion of ‘likelihood’. Here, models try toexplain structural interpretations in terms of the mostprobable encoding. The probabilities are extracted frompreviously seen examples. Instead of generating the metricalstructure using a simple model, previously encounteredstructures drive the analysis of new data.In this paper, we explore a number of memory-basedapproaches to meter induction concentrating on models thatfit the Data-Oriented Parsing (DOP) framework (see Bod, Scha& Sima’an, 2003 for an overview). The models are tested onthe National Anthem Collection (Desain & Honing, 1999). We will show that (fragments of) previously seen examplesof metrical information can be used to assign structure to anunseen piece of music (see Figure 1). x . x . x .
The Aging Response of a Metastable β Ti Alloy, BTi-6554

In this study the effects of different aging heat treatments on the properties and microstructure of a high strength, high toughness metastable β Ti, BTi-6554 (Ti-6Cr-5Mo-5V-4Al), have been compared. An initial β phase solution treatment was followed by aging at moderate temperatures in the α/β dual phase zone by either step aging directly from the solution treatment temperature or by quenching to room temperature prior to the aging heat treatment. The differing heat treatment methods have significant effects on the microstructure and mechanical properties.
Molecular Imaging of Apoptosis: From Micro to Macro

Apoptosis, or programmed cell death, is involved in numerous human conditions including neurodegenerative diseases, ischemic damage, autoimmune disorders and many types of cancer, and is often confused with other types of cell death. Therefore strategies that enable visualized detection of apoptosis would be of enormous benefit in the clinic for diagnosis, patient management, and development of new therapies. In recent years, improved understanding of the apoptotic machinery and progress in imaging modalities have provided opportunities for researchers to formulate microscopic and macroscopic imaging strategies based on well-defined molecular markers and/or physiological features. Correspondingly, a large collection of apoptosis imaging probes and approaches have been documented in preclinical and clinical studies. In this review, we mainly discuss microscopic imaging assays and macroscopic imaging probes, ranging in complexity from simple attachments of reporter moieties to proteins that interact with apoptotic biomarkers, to rationally designed probes that target biochemical changes. Their clinical translation will also be our focus.
The Effect of Environment on Photovoltaic Module Efficiency

As a great potential renewable energy source, solar energy is going to become one of the most important energies in the world. Recently, there has been an enormous increase in the understanding of the operational principle of PV tools, which led to a sudden increase in the power conversion efficiencies of such tools. Solar modules vary under temperature changes and the change in temperature will affect the output power modules. In this paper a relation between efficiency, sun radiation and temperature is used and under cloudy climate is simulated so we can obtain desired efficiency by adjusting temperature around PV module.
A new visualization and conceptualization of categorical longitudinal development: measurement invariance and change

The Overlapping Waves Model (OWM) is a metaphor introduced by Siegler (1996) to illustrate a typical sequence of increasing and decreasing use of strategies during development. Going beyond metaphor, a new model synthesized from Latent Growth Modeling (LGM) and Item Response Theory (IRT) will be presented to analyze such categorical longitudinal data. Use of strategies can be scored as a variable with only a few ordinal categories. IRT provides the means to relate the usage of strategies to position on an underlying developmental dimension. LGM allows to model movement of individuals along this dimension, acknowledging individual differences both in starting point and in speed of progress. Measuring and modeling such strategy development requires that at each time point the same categories are used, in the sense that item difficulties must remain invariant over time. Whether, discrimination can be relaxed is still an issue. The problem that had to be solved was disentangling the between-person-individual differences from real intra-individual developmental differences. Figures with polytomous or multi-category Item Characteristic Curves (ICC's) resemble the OWM in many respects. However, such figures are usually taken to represent inter-individual differences, whereas the OWM usually represents development (so intra-individual differences), and we cannot have both at the same time. The solution came from creating a framework with ability differences on one axis and the effect of time on another axis, resulting in a 3-D model. These (orthogonal) dimensions make it possible to adequately conceptualize measurement invariance in this complex context. As the result is difficult to conceptualize without extensive visualization, special 3-D figures will be used to illustrate and a dynamic (rotatable and scalable) version will be made available as Computable Document Format object (Mathematica). The model was successfully applied in several microgenetic studies.
Towards Biochemical Filter with Sigmoidal Response to pH Changes: Buffered Biocatalytic Signal Transduction

We realize a biochemical filtering process by introducing a buffer in a biocatalytic signal-transduction logic system based on the function of an enzyme, esterase. The input, ethyl butyrate, is converted into butyric acid--the output signal, which in turn is measured by the drop in the pH value. The developed approach offers a versatile "network element" for increasing the complexity of biochemical information processing systems. Evaluation of an optimal regime for quality filtering is accomplished in the framework of a kinetic rate-equation model.
SimpleFlow: A Non‐iterative, Sublinear Optical Flow Algorithm

Optical flow is a critical component of video editing applications, e.g. for tasks such as object tracking, segmentation, and selection. In this paper, we propose an optical flow algorithm called SimpleFlow whose running times increase sublinearly in the number of pixels. Central to our approach is a probabilistic representation of the motion flow that is computed using only local evidence and without resorting to global optimization. To estimate the flow in image regions where the motion is smooth, we use a sparse set of samples only, thereby avoiding the expensive computation inherent in traditional dense algorithms. We show that our results can be used as is for a variety of video editing tasks. For applications where accuracy is paramount, we use our result to bootstrap a global optimization. This significantly reduces the running times of such methods without sacrificing accuracy. We also demonstrate that the SimpleFlow algorithm can process HD and 4K footage in reasonable times.
Oxygen activation by cytochrome P-450.

PERSPECfIVES AND SUMMARY . STRUCTURE OF CYTOCHROME P-450 AT THE HEME LOCUS . CATALYTIC CYCLE FOR CYTOCHROME P-450-DEPENDENT HYDROXYLATION REACfIONS . MECHANISM OF OXYGEN-SUPPORTED HYDROXYLATION REACfIONS . Substrate Binding . First-Electron Transfer .
[The relationship between selected biochemical parameters, clinical factors and bone mineral density in postmenopausal women with osteoporosis].

UNLABELLED Bone loss in women occurs mainly due to postmenopausal estrogen deficiency and impaired balance between bone resorption by osteoclasts and bone formation by osteoblasts. OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to determine the relationship between selected biochemical parameters, bone turnover markers, clinical parameters and bone mineral density (BMD) in postmenopausal women with osteoporosis. MATERIAL AND METHODS The study group consisted of 85 women treated at the Menopause and Osteoporosis Clinic of the Obstetrics and Gynecological Hospital in Poznań. The average age of the women was 59.9 +/- 5.20 years. Quantitative assessment of bone mass at the lumber spine and proximal femoral epiphysis was performed using DEXA technique. The study included women with BMD expressed as T-score < or = (-2.5) SD. A multifactorial regression analysis was used to determine the correlation between selected biochemical parameters, clinical factors and BMD. RESULTS As far as biochemical parameters were concerned, the concentration of estradiol correlated with BMD. The assessed bone turnover markers did not show a correlation with BMD. The following clinical parameters correlated with BMD: age, body mass index - BMI, family history of fractures, bisphosphonates treatment, transdermal hormone replacement therapy use, and intensity of physical activity CONCLUSION It is important to identify risk factors for osteoporosis in women, especially when planning prevention of bone loss in postmenopausal women.
Hypotensive action of DuP 753, an angiotensin II antagonist, in spontaneously hypertensive rats. Nonpeptide angiotensin II receptor antagonists: X.

In conscious 18-21-week-old spontaneously hypertensive rats, DuP 753, a nonpeptide angiotensin II receptor antagonist, given orally at 3 and 10 mg/kg or intravenously at 3, 10, and 30 mg/kg, reduced blood pressure dose dependently. It did not alter heart rate at these doses. At 10 mg/kg i.v. , DuP 753 decreased blood pressure significantly for at least 24 hours, suggesting a long duration of the antihypertensive effect. Unlike saralasin, DuP 753 did not cause a transient increase in blood pressure. The acute antihypertensive efficacy of DuP 753 was greater than that of captopril. Our data indicate that, for captopril to reduce blood pressure to a similar extent as that of DuP 753, it would need to be supplemented by a diuretic. DuP 753 did not have an acute diuretic effect. Bilateral nephrectomy, but not inhibition of prostaglandin synthesis, abolished the antihypertensive effect of DuP 753, suggesting that the antihypertensive effect of DuP 753 is dependent on an active renin-angiotensin system. Furthermore, DuP 753 inhibited the pressor response to angiotensin II but not the responses to norepinephrine, vasopressin, and Bay K 8644 (a calcium agonist). As neither DuP 753 nor captopril decreased blood pressure acutely in Wistar-Kyoto normotensive rats, our results suggest that the renin-angiotensin system plays a significant role in the control of blood pressure in spontaneously hypertensive rats.
Reducing Latency via Redundant Requests

Recent computer systems research has proposed using redundant requests to reduce latency. The idea is to run a request on multiple servers and wait for the first completion (discarding all remaining copies of the request). However there is no exact analysis of systems with redundancy. This paper presents the first exact analysis of systems with redundancy. We allow for any number of classes of redundant requests, any number of classes of non-redundant requests, any degree of redundancy, and any number of heterogeneous servers. In all cases we derive the limiting distribution on the state of the system. In small (two or three server) systems, we derive simple forms for the distribution of response time of both the redundant classes and non-redundant classes, and we quantify the "gain" to redundant classes and "pain" to non-redundant classes caused by redundancy. We find some surprising results. First, the response time of a fully redundant class follows a simple Exponential distribution and that of the non-redundant class follows a Generalized Hyperexponential. Second, fully redundant classes are "immune" to any pain caused by other classes becoming redundant. We also compare redundancy with other approaches for reducing latency, such as optimal probabilistic splitting of a class among servers (Opt-Split) and Join-the-Shortest-Queue (JSQ) routing of a class. We find that, in many cases, redundancy outperforms JSQ and Opt-Split with respect to overall response time, making it an attractive solution.
Flow synthesis of phenylserine using threonine aldolase immobilized on Eupergit support

Threonine aldolase (TA) from Thermotoga maritima was immobilized on an Eupergit support by both a direct and an indirect method. The incubation time for the direct immobilization method was optimized for the highest amount of enzyme on the support. By introducing the immobilized TA in a packed-bed microreactor, a flow synthesis of phenylserine was developed, and the effects of temperature and residence time were studied in particular. Calculations of the Damköhler number revealed that no mass transfer limitations are given in the micro-interstices of the packed bed. The yield does not exceed 40% and can be rationalized by the natural equilibrium as well as product inhibition which was experimentally proven. The flow synthesis with the immobilized enzyme was compared with the corresponding transformation conducted with the free enzyme. The product yield was further improved by operating under slug flow conditions which is related to the very short residence time distribution. In all cases 20% diastereomeric excess (de) and 99% enantiomeric excess (ee) were observed. A continuous run of the reactant solution was carried out for 10 hours in order to check enzyme stability at higher temperature. Stable operation was achieved at 20 minute residence time. Finally, the productivity of the reactor was calculated, extrapolated to parallel run units, and compared with data collected previously.
Toward improved models for predicting bioconcentration of well‐metabolized compounds by rainbow trout using measured rates of in vitro intrinsic clearance

Models were developed to predict the bioconcentration of well‐metabolized chemicals by rainbow trout. The models employ intrinsic clearance data from in vitro studies with liver S9 fractions or isolated hepatocytes to estimate a liver clearance rate, which is extrapolated to a whole‐body biotransformation rate constant (kMET). Estimated kMET values are then used as inputs to a mass‐balance bioconcentration prediction model. An updated algorithm based on measured binding values in trout is used to predict unbound chemical fractions in blood, while other model parameters are designed to be representative of small fish typically used in whole‐animal bioconcentration testing efforts. Overall model behavior was shown to be strongly dependent on the relative hydrophobicity of the test compound and assumed rate of in vitro activity. The results of a restricted sensitivity analysis highlight critical research needs and provide guidance on the use of in vitro biotransformation data in a tiered approach to bioaccumulation assessment. Environ Toxicol Chem 2013;32:1611–1622. © 2013 SETAC