Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Methodological Issues in Conversation Analysis1

Questions methodologiques en analyse de conversations. L'Analyse de Conversations (AC), une branche de recherche issue de l'ethnomethodologie. possede des traits methodologiques uniques. Elle etudie l'organisation sociale de 'conversations', ou 'interactions-parlees', par l'examen detaille des enregistrements et transcription faits a partir de ces enregistrements. Dans cet article, l'auteur decrit quelques uns de ces aspects en analysant leur bien-fonde. En faisant ainsi, il discute des problemes et des dilemmes que des analystes de conversations rencontrent quotidiennement dans leur pratique de recherche, utilisant pour ce faire la litterature scientifique et ses propres experiences. Il presente la strategie AC de recherche comme une solution aux problemes d'ethnomethodologie de l'invisibilite du sens commun et decrit cette strategie dans une forme formalisee a sept etapes. L'auteur discute aussi quelques unes des critiques majeures portees contre l'AC et presente certains developpements recents, L'Analy.
Large optical field enhancement for nanotips with large opening angles

We theoretically investigate the dependence of the enhancement of optical near-fields at nanometric tips on the shape, size, and material of the tip. We confirm the strong dependence of the field enhancement factor on the radius of curvature. In addition, we find a surprisingly strong increase of field enhancement with increasing opening angle of the nanotips. For gold and tungsten nanotips in the experimentally relevant parameter range (radius of curvature ≥ 5 nm ? > at 800 nm ? > laser wavelength), we obtain field enhancement factors of up to ∼ 35 ? > for Au and ∼ 12 ? > for W for large opening angles. We confirm this strong dependence on the opening angle for many other materials featuring a wide variety in their dielectric response. For dielectrics, the opening angle dependence is traced back to the electrostatic force of the induced surface charge at the tip shank. For metals, the plasmonic response strongly increases the field enhancement and shifts the maximum field enhancement to smaller opening angles.
Intra- or Interaction

The four very disparate papers presented here include a study of group communication process among college students, a developmental analysis of social interaction, an analysis of environmental impacts on interaction, and a methodological discussion of ways of studying interaction. Interaction, as in the title of this Symposium, is the shared topic, and some methods-particularly Bales’s (1950; 1970) approach to the coding of interaction data-are partially shared. Beyond these matters, it is hard to find common themes. One could, of course, discuss the papers one by one and bypass the problems of an attempt at integration. To forego this easier route it is necessary to turn to a commonality in submerged issues-in those issues which lie under the surface, too big to be tackled in a single paper. These are the nightmare issues that put to question our assumptions about the research we do and about its relevance to our real lives with others. Whether they are solely my own preoccupations, projected onto these papers, I leave to the authors. Human interaction is an exciting field. It is also a dangerously mind-boggling one. For a number of years I have
Quantitative Microscopy of Hepatic Changes Induced by Phenethyl Isothiocyanate in Fischer-344 Rats Fed Either a Cereal-Based Diet or a Purified Diet

Hepatic changes induced by phenethyl isothiocyanate (PEITC) in the liver of rats were determined by quantitative microscopy. Groups of male Fischer-344 rats were fed either a standard, cereal-based diet (Wayne rodent meal) or a purified diet (AIN-76A) containing PEITC at concentrations of 0.75 and 6.0 mmol/kg for 13 wk. Severe hepatic lipidosis was observed in control rats fed the purified diet. Addition of PEITC to the purified diet significantly reduced lipid content in hepatocytes. In contrast, lipid content in the liver of the rats fed the cereal-based diet containing PEITC was greater than in control rats maintained on the same diet. In addition, dose-related reductions in hepatocyte, lipid droplet, peroxisome, and mitochondrial volumes were observed in PEITC-treated rats fed the cereal-based diet. These results indicate that PEITC exerts differential effects on the liver of rats fed either the cereal-based or purified diet.
The Influence of Baryons on the Clustering of Matter and Weak-Lensing Surveys

Future weak-lensing measurements of cosmic shear will reach such high accuracy that second-order effects in weak-lensing modeling, such as the influence of baryons on structure formation, become important. We use a controlled set of high-resolution cosmological simulations to quantify this effect by comparing pure N-body dark matter runs with corresponding hydrodynamic simulations, carried out both in nonradiative form and in dissipative form with cooling and star formation. In both hydrodynamic simulations, the clustering of the gas is suppressed while that of dark matter is boosted at scales k > 1 h Mpc-1. Despite this counterbalance between dark matter and gas, the clustering of the total matter is suppressed by up to 1% at 1 h Mpc-1 ≲ k ≲ 10 h Mpc-1, while for k ≈ 20 h Mpc-1 it is boosted, up to 2% in the nonradiative run and 10% in the run with star formation. The stellar mass formed in the latter is highly biased relative to the dark matter in the pure N-body simulation. Using our power spectrum measurements to predict the effect of baryons on the weak-lensing signal at scales corresponding to multipole moments 100 < l < 10,000, we find that baryons may change the lensing power spectrum by less than 0.5% at l < 1000, but by 1% to 10% at 1000 < l < 10,000. The size of the effect exceeds the predicted accuracy of future lensing power spectrum measurements and will likely be detected. Precise determinations of cosmological parameters with weak lensing, and studies of small-scale fluctuations and clustering, therefore rely on properly including baryonic physics.
Fearing fatness: a cross-national comparison of Indian and European American university students

Although studies suggest that anti-fat attitudes and fear of fatness exist among Indian women, few researchers have examined the cross-cultural applicability of their measures prior to assessing Indian samples. In the present study, we evaluated the measurement equivalence of two related measures, the Anti-Fat Attitudes Questionnaire (AFA) and the Goldfarb Fear of Fat Scale (GFFS), and tested for differences in means among college women in India (n = 226) and European American college women in the USA (n = 211). For both measures, there was good evidence for measurement equivalence across samples. Mean comparisons suggested that the Indian and European American participants differed significantly in some but not other dimensions of attitudes toward fatness. Whereas Indian women reported greater dislike of overweight others, European American women reported greater fear of gaining weight and beliefs that they may gain weight. However, overall differences in GFFS fear of fatness were not statistically significant. Although these results are interpreted cautiously, they offer preliminary evidence regarding the attitudes toward fatness among Indian and European American college women. Further examination of these constructs would serve to facilitate a better understanding of the potential mechanisms underlying body image concerns and eating psychopathology across diverse cultural groups.
Receptive prosodic processing in aphasia

The aim of this study was to systematically investigate the capacity of aphasic patients in the comprehension of emotional, conversational, and linguistic prosody in relation to the degree of severity of aphasia. In order to make a contribution to an ongoing discussion about the role of the two cerebral hemispheres in prosodic processing, we compared the results of the left-hemisphere-damaged aphasic group with those of a group of right-hemisphere-damaged patients. We found deficits in both patient groups, but with different profiles across tasks: The processing of emphatic stress was significantly impaired in the aphasic group, but relatively spared in the patients with lesions to the right hemisphere. On the other hand, relatively good performance by the aphasic patients and significantly inferior results from the right hemisphere damaged patients were found in the processing of emotional and conversational prosodic information. The disturbances found in the left hemisphere group were independent of the severity of aphasic impairment.
Drawing as a Visual Medium

In “Explaining ‘I can’t draw’ ” Neil Cohn [this issue] ably revisits some of the exciting territory that energized Goodman’s founding of Harvard’s Project Zero in the early 1970s. The increasing popularity of comics and their elevation to the status of literature in the form of graphic novels that either stand alone as narratives told in sequences of pictures (e.g., Shaun Tan’s The Arrival ) or rely on words to support a pictorial narrative (e.g., Art Spiegelman’s Maus ) renders these earlier themes all the more relevant in our contemporary context. Cohn proposes that, like language, drawing functions as a ‘means of graphically expressing concepts’ (albeit the conceptual referents are largely iconic), is structured similarly to language with syntactical and grammatical requirements, and has an analogous developmental course including a critical or sensitive developmental period for exposure and practice in order to fully acquire the conventional system. The existence of distinct cultural styles and the systematic patterns in drawing style evidenced by adult artists further suggests to Cohn that, “like language, drawings are highly conventionalized,” with a lexicon of schemas that the artist can employ to create “innumerable novel images. ” In this short piece, I cannot hope to address all of these bold proposals put forth by Cohn in his highly stimulating and provocative article. Instead, I contribute a broader context to the article by reviewing some of the research on children’s drawing that has specifically entertained the language-like properties of drawing. I focus more specifically on John Willats’s (2005) well-researched theory as additional background to inform Cohn’s use of Willats’s research. Earlier approaches to the visual arts and to its developmental unfolding in children have used language as an apt metaphor for the visual arts, focusing on the visual vocabulary and grammar to be mastered by both artist and child. Such a system was laid out by Kepes [1949] for the artist in Language of Vision , where he noted that, in mastering the language of vision, “a playful manipulation of each element: points,
Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorders

The adverse effects of prenatal alcohol consumption have long been known; however, a formal description and clinical diagnosis of these effects was not introduced until 1973. Since then, the distinction of the wide range of effects that can be induced by prenatal alcohol exposure, and, consequently, the terminology to describe these effects has continued to evolve. Although much progress has been made in understanding the consequences of prenatal alcohol exposure, challenges still remain in properly identifying all affected individuals as well as their individual patterns of alcohol-induced deficits. Also, as the large numbers of women who continue to drink during pregnancy indicate, prevention efforts still require further refinement to enhance their effectiveness. In addition, the mechanisms underlying alcohol-induced damage have not yet been fully elucidated; as knowledge of the mechanisms underlying alcohol-induced deficits continues to grow, the possibility of minimizing potential harm by intervening during prenatal alcohol exposure is enhanced. Finally, researchers are exploring additional ways to improve or fully restore behavioral and cognitive functions disrupted by prenatal alcohol exposure by treating the individuals with fetal alcohol spectrum disorders, thereby reducing the heavy burden for affected individuals and their families.
Establishing Friendships in Early Childhood Inclusive Settings

Adult support of 12 specific friendship dyads involving 3- to 5-year-old children with and without developmental delays was investigated through semi-structured interviews with the children’s parents and teachers. Most respondents described these friendships as harmonious and important for the emotional benefits that these relationships provided children. Parents and teachers reported supporting the friendships through a variety of strategies, ranging from setting up the social environment to helping friends interact with each other and engaging in home-school communication on the topic of friendship. Findings also indicated that some of these strategies may have been implemented incidentally, rather than being intentionally focused on friendship support. Teachers reported giving information and being asked about or provided with information but did not report asking parents for information relating to specific friendships.
Accelerating Universe from Gravitational Leakage into Extra Dimensions: Testing with Type Ia Supernovae

There is mounting observational evidence that the expansion of our universe is undergoing an acceleration. A dark energy component has usually been invoked as the most feasible mechanism for the acceleration. However, it is desirable to explore alternative possibilities motivated by particle physics before adopting such an untested entity. In this work, we focus our attention on an acceleration mechanism arising from gravitational leakage into extra dimensions. We test this scenario with high-z Type Ia supernovae compiled by Tonry and coworkers and recent measurements of the X-ray gas mass fractions in clusters of galaxies published by Allen and coworkers. A combination of the two databases gives, at a 99% confidence level, Ωm = 0.29, Ω = 0.21 ± 0.08, and Ωk = -0.36, indicating a closed universe. We then constrain the model using the test of the turnaround redshift, zq=0, at which the universe switches from deceleration to acceleration. We show that, in order to explain that acceleration happened earlier than zq=0 = 0.6 within the framework of gravitational leakage into extra dimensions, a low matter density, Ωm < 0.27, or a closed universe is necessary.
LA RESPONSABILIDAD SOCIAL DE LAS UNIVERSIDADES EN LA SOCIALIZACIÓN POLÍTICA DEL ESTUDIANTE COMO COMPONENTE CENTRAL DE LA FORMACIÓN INTEGRAL

espanolLa Universidad es una institucion de socializacion secundaria, inserta en un contexto cultural particular, pero que no por ello conoce las particularidades de sus estudiantes que de manera continua estan inmersos en procesos de socializacion. Las universidades dan como sobreentendido que el estudiante que transita sus claustros solo requiere una formacion en normas y reglas eticas de las profesiones desconociendo el compromiso con la formacion politica del joven y con la propia gestion etica de sus modelos administrativos. El sistema educativo tiene una labor protagonica en la etica de la responsabilidad por los efectos que su propia accion genera al ocuparse de la formacion de los profesionales y de las acciones de investigacion, extension y proyeccion sociales. El proposito de este trabajo es presentar algunas ideas sobre el problema de la socializacion politica del joven en la universidad y de la gestion administrativa como un problema etico de las instituciones ya que mas alla del propio interes corporativo, las universidades son actores participes del desarrollo social y de la solucion de los agudos problemas de la comunidad pues tienen una Responsabilidad Social, que unida al tema de formacion, constituyen un fertil campo para la socializacion politica, como componente fundamental de la denominada formacion integral, de la promocion de los valores de la cultura y de la ciudadania en busqueda de condiciones formativas que incidan positivamente en el desarrollo social. EnglishThe University is an institution of secondary socialization, inserts in particular a cultural context, but that for that reason does not know the particularitities its students who of continuous way are immersed in socialization processes. The universities give like understood that the student who journeys his claustros single requires a formation in norms and ethical rules of the professions not knowing the commitment with the political formation of the young person and with the own ethical management of his administrative models. The educative system has a protagonica work in the ethics of the responsibility by the effects that its own action generates when taking care of the formation of the professionals and the actions of investigation, social extension and projection. The intention of this work is to present/display some ideas on the problem of the political socialization of the young person in the university and the administrative management like an ethical problem of the institutions since beyond the own corporative interest, the universities are contributor actors of the social development and the solution of the acute problems of the community because they have a Social Responsibility, that together with the formation subject, constitutes a fertile field for the political socialization, like fundamental component of the denominated integral formation, of the promotion of the values of the culture and the citizenship in search of formativas conditions that affect the social development positively.
Hybridization to surface-bound oligonucleotide probes: Influence of point defects

Microarray-based genotyping is based on the high discrimination capability of oligonucleotide probes. For detection of Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms (SNPs) single-base discrimination is required. We investigate how various point-mutations, comprising single base mismatches (MMs), insertions and deletions, affect hybridization of DNA-DNA oligonucleotide duplexes. Employing light-directed in situ synthesis we fabricate DNA microarrays with comprehensive sets of cognate point-mutated probes, allowing us to systematically investigate the influence of defect type, position and nearest neighbor effects. Defect position has been identified as the dominating influential factor. This positional effect which is almost identical for the different point-mutation types, is biased from the local sequence environment. The impact of the MM type is largely determined by the type of base pair (either AT or CG) affected by the mismatch. We observe that single base insertions next to like-bases result in considerably larger hybridization signals than insertions next to nonidentical bases. The latter as well as the distinct position dependence could be explained by a kinetic zipper model in which point defects represent a barrier for the rapid closure of the DNA duplex.
Phosphorylation of Cbl following Stimulation with Interleukin-3 and Its Association with Grb2, Fyn, and Phosphatidylinositol 3-Kinase*

We have demonstrated that a 120-kDa protein, identified as Cbl, becomes rapidly phosphorylated on tyrosine residues following stimulation of factor-dependent cells with interleukin-3 (IL-3). Little or no phosphorylation of Cbl was observed in the absence of IL-3 stimulation and phosphorylation is maximal by 20-30 min after IL-3 stimulation. Association of Cbl with Grb2 was noted in unstimulated cells, and the amount of Cbl associated with Grb2 increased following IL-3 stimulation. The p85 subunit of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase was constitutively associated with Cbl. Approximately 10% of the PI kinase activity present in anti-phosphotyrosine immunoprecipitates was present in anti-Cbl immunoprecipitates of IL-3-stimulated cells. The constitutive association of Cbl with Fyn was also observed. Cbl was observed to bind to bacterial fusion proteins encoding the unique, SH3, and SH2 domains of Fyn, Hck, and Lyn. The SH2 domain of Fyn alone was able to bind Cbl to nearly the same extent as did the fusion protein encoding the unique, SH3, and SH2 domains. This was not the case for the SH2 domain of Hck, however, as binding of the Hck fusion protein to Cbl appeared to require multiple domains. The binding of the fusion proteins to Cbl occurred regardless of whether Cbl was tyrosine-phosphorylated or not, and the binding could not be disrupted by the addition of 30 mM free phosphotyrosine. These data suggest the unexpected conclusion that the Fyn SH2 domain may bind to Cbl in a phosphotyrosine-independent manner.
Children's Unusual Responses to Observed Movement

Summary Olum discovered that seven-year-old children give unusual responses to observed movement, presented on a Michotte apparatus, in contrast to that of adults. We made the following changes in Olum's procedures: (a) stimuli were presented without repetition, (b) neutral instructions were used, (c) different and more complicated stimuli were used, (d) 20 seven-year-old and 20 ten-year-old children were used. The unusual responses remained. They cannot be explained as an effect of repetition, particular stimuli, or procedure. The younger children's responses were less accurate and more variable. This accords with Piaget's perceptual theory, as it relates to stages of cognitive development.
Feature-Based Mapping Using Incremental Gaussian Mixture Models

This paper proposes a new algorithm for feature-based environment mapping where the environment is represented using multivariate Gaussian mixture models. This algorithm, which can be used either with sonar or laser range data, is able to create and maintain environment maps in real time using few memory requirements. Moreover, it does not assume that the environment is composed by linear structures and allows computing the occupancy probabilities of any map position very fast and without introducing discretization errors. The experiments performed with the proposed model prototype show that it is able to build accurate environment representations using real data provided by a mobile robot.
Improvement of Liquid Fructose-Induced Adipose Tissue Insulin Resistance by Ginger Treatment in Rats Is Associated with Suppression of Adipose Macrophage-Related Proinflammatory Cytokines

Adipose tissue insulin resistance (Adipo-IR) results in excessive release of free fatty acids from adipose tissue, which plays a key role in the development of “lipotoxicity. ” Therefore, amelioration of Adipo-IR may benefit the treatment of other metabolic abnormalities. Here we found that treatment with the alcoholic extract of ginger (50 mg/kg/day, by oral gavage) for five weeks attenuated liquid fructose-induced hyperinsulinemia and an increase in the homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) index in rats. More importantly, ginger reversed the increases in the Adipo-IR index and plasma nonesterified fatty acid concentrations during the oral glucose tolerance test assessment. Adipose gene/protein expression profiles revealed that ginger treatment suppressed CD68 and F4/80, two important macrophage accumulation markers. Consistently, the macrophage-associated cytokines tissue necrosis factor alpha and interleukin-6 were also downregulated. In contrast, insulin receptor substrate (IRS)-1, but not IRS-2, was upregulated. Moreover, monocyte chemotactic protein (MCP)-1 and its receptor chemokine (C-C motif) receptor-2 were also suppressed. Thus these results suggest that amelioration of fructose-induced Adipo-IR by ginger treatment in rats is associated with suppression of adipose macrophage-related proinflammatory cytokines.