Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Sea ice motion from satellite passive microwave imagery assessed with ERS SAR and buoy motions

Observing the motion of sea ice from space is analogous to observing wind stress over the wet oceans; both provide surface forcing for modeling ocean dynamics. Ice motion also directly provides the advective component of the equations governing the mass balance of the sea ice cover. Thus its routine observation from space would be of great value to understanding ice and ocean behavior. To demonstrate the feasibility of creating a global multidecadal ice motion record from satellite passive microwave imagery and to quantitatively assess the errors in the estimated ice motions, we have tracked ice every 3 days in the Arctic Ocean and daily in the Fram Strait and Baffin Bay during the 8 winter months from October 1992 to May 1993 and daily in the Weddell Sea during the 8 winter months from March to October 1992. The method, which has been well used previously, involves finding the spatial offset that maximizes the cross correlation of the brightness temperature fields over 100-km patches in two images separated in time by from 1 to 3 days. The resulting ice motions are compared with contemporaneous buoyand SAR-derived ice motions. The uncertainties in the displacement vectors, between 5 and 12 km, are better than the spatial resolution of the data. Both 85-GHz data with 12-km spatial resolution and 37-GHz data with 25-km resolution are tracked. These trials with the 37-GHz data are new and show quite surprisingly that the error is only about 1 km larger with these data than with the 12-km 85-GHz data. Errors are typically larger than average in areas of lower ice concentration; in the most dynamic regions, particularly near the ice edge in the Barents and Greenland Seas; and in zones of high shear. These passive microwave ice motions show a large increase in spatial detail over motion fields optimally interpolated from buoy and wind observations, especially where buoy data are virtually absent such as near coasts and in some passages between the Arctic Ocean and its peripheral seas. The feasibility of obtaining ice motion from the 37-GHz data in addition to the 85-GHz data should allow an important record of ice motion to be established for the duration of the scanning multichannel microwave radiometer (SMMR), special sensor microwave/imager (SSM/I), and future microwave sensors, that is, from 1978 into the next millenium.
Temporal Analysis of Small, Long-period Ground Deformations within Selected Mining Areas in South Poland

In the paper the results of temporal analysis of small, long period ground deformations are presented. The analysis concerns mining areas of two coal mines located in Southern Poland. The first one is still working “Kazimierz-Juliusz” coal mine and the second is “Grodziec” coal mine where the coal exploitation was conducted up to 1998. The analysis of small, long period ground deformations was performed for time period between years 1993 and 2000 based on the set of PSInSAR (Permanent Scatterer Interferometry Synthetic Aperture Radar) data. The analysis performed for these coal mines confirm hypothesis that these trend changes can be related to coal exploitation. In “Kazimierz-Juliusz” coal mine the increase of subsidence velocity is characteristic for all analysed time period. For areas located near exploitation field in “Grodziec” coal mine the increase of subsidence velocity was found for period 1994-1995. In the mentioned time period the coal exploitation was carried on in “Grodziec” coal mine. For time period between March 1999 and April 2000 when it had finished exploitation the decrease of subsidence velocity was characteristic. Such a situation may indicate that the coal exploitation can affect the values of small, long period ground deformations.
Robust synthesis of epoxy resin-filled microcapsules for application to self-healing materials

Mechanically and thermally robust microcapsules containing diglycidyl ether bisphenol A-based epoxy resin and a high-boiling-point organic solvent were synthesized in high yield using in situ polymerization of urea and formaldehyde in an oil-in-water emulsion. Microcapsules were characterized in terms of their size and size distribution, shell surface morphology and thermal resistance to the curing cycles of commercially used epoxy polymers. The size distribution of the capsules and characteristics such as shell thickness can be controlled by the specific parameters of microencapsulation, including concentrations of reagents, stirrer speed and sonication. Selected microcapsules, and separated core and shell materials, were analysed using thermogravimetric analysis and differential scanning calorimetry. It is demonstrated that capsules lose minimal 2.5 wt% at temperatures no higher than 120°C. These microcapsules can be applied to self-healing carbon fibre composite structural materials, with preliminary results showing promising performance.
Planktic foraminiferal response to changing SE Atlantic oceanography

We derived a set of equations, which allows to determine the depth of the productive zone and turnover time of planktic foraminifera as sampled in the field. It was applied to the combined results from plankton tows and sediment traps at a single site on the central Walvis Ridge (SE Atlantic). Turnover time, i.e. the time required for the complete replacement of the foraminiferal population by a new generation, was determined for the major planktic foraminiferal species in contrasting seasons (February and July). It is approached in two independent manners, one using the foraminiferal export flux (Jexp) as recorded by sediment traps close to the ocean floor and the other using the export concentration (Cexp) of dead specimens settling out from the upper ocean, recorded by plankton towing. Both approaches yield similar turnover patterns despite the time scale discrepancy between the two sets of samples (Cexp vs. Jexp) and the short-scale temporal changes in the population dynamics. Export concentrations are positively correlated with the standing stocks (SS) for the February samples (near steady state condition), and turnover times are approximately constant for most of the species. These results are interpreted as the average life span of the stable foraminiferal population. July samples however, show for some species offset in SS/Cexp ratio, which is interpreted as characteristic of rapid population change. A positive and negative offset from the steady state situation indicates a growing and decaying population, respectively. Our findings suggest that the complete refreshment of the planktic foraminiferal populations within the productive zone is a matter of days to weeks. The most consistent is the summer record of spinose, shallow-dwelling species Globigerinoides trilobus trilobus and Globigerinoides ruber with the average life spans of 14±2 and 14±6 days, respectively. The longest turnover times are recorded for the July populations of the non-spinose species Globorotalia menardii (32±11 days), dextral Globorotalia truncatulinoides (25±7 days), Globigerinita glutinata (21±5 days) and sinistral Globorotalia truncatulinoides (17±5 days). No evidence is found for the average foraminiferal life span longer than 6 weeks.
Activity in lateral visual areas contributes to surround 1 suppression in awake mouse V 1 2

1. Netherlands Institute for Neuroscience, an institute of the Royal Academy of Arts and Sciences, 6 Amsterdam, The Netherlands. 7 2. Present address: Department of Psychiatry & Neuropsychology, Division of Translational 8 Neuroscience, Maastricht University, The Netherlands. 9 3. Present address: Radboud University and Radboud University Medical Center, The Netherlands 10 4. Present address: Center for Neuroscience, Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences, Faculty of 11 Science, University of Amsterdam, The Netherlands 12 5. Department of Integrative Neurophysiology, Center for Neurogenomics and Cognitive Research, 13 VU University, Amsterdam, The Netherlands 14 6. Psychiatry department, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands 15 7. Senior author 16 8. Lead contact 17 Correspondence: p.roelfsema@nin.knaw. nl, m.self@nin.knaw. nl, heimel@nin.knaw. nl 18
Scn2a severe hypomorphic mutation decreases excitatory synaptic input and causes autism-associated behaviors

SCN2A, encoding the neuronal voltage-gated Na+ channel NaV1.2, is one of the most commonly affected loci linked to autism spectrum disorders (ASDs). Most ASD-associated mutations in SCN2A are loss-of-function mutations, but studies examining how such mutations affect neuronal function and whether Scn2a mutant mice display ASD endophenotypes have been inconsistent. We generated a protein truncation variant Scn2a mouse model (Scn2aΔ1898/+) by CRISPR that eliminates the NaV1.2 channel’s distal intracellular C-terminal domain, and we analyzed the molecular and cellular consequences of this variant in a heterologous expression system, in neuronal culture, in brain slices, and in vivo. We also analyzed multiple behaviors in WT and Scn2aΔ1898/+ mice and correlated behaviors with clinical data obtained in human subjects with SCN2A variants. Expression of the NaV1.2 mutant in a heterologous expression system revealed decreased NaV1.2 channel function, and cultured pyramidal neurons isolated from Scn2aΔ1898/+ forebrain showed correspondingly reduced voltage-gated Na+ channel currents without compensation from other CNS voltage-gated Na+ channels. Na+ currents in inhibitory neurons were unaffected. Consistent with loss of voltage-gated Na+ channel currents, Scn2aΔ1898/+ pyramidal neurons displayed reduced excitability in forebrain neuronal culture and reduced excitatory synaptic input onto the pyramidal neurons in brain slices. Scn2aΔ1898/+ mice displayed several behavioral abnormalities, including abnormal social interactions that reflect behavior observed in humans with ASD and with harboring loss-of-function SCN2A variants. This model and its cellular electrophysiological characterizations provide a framework for tracing how a SCN2A loss-of-function variant leads to cellular defects that result in ASD-associated behaviors.
Daily variability of lower tropospheric winds over the tropical western Pacific

Daily variability in lower tropospheric winds over the tropical western Pacific is examined using data from a network of wind-profiling radars deployed during the Tropical Ocean-Global Atmosphere Coupled Ocean-Atmosphere Response Experiment (TOGA COARE). The amplitude of the diurnal cycle in both u and v at the the westernmost sites, located just to the east of the large island of New Guinea, is of the order of 0.5 ms−1, significantly larger than the diurnal cycle observed east of the dateline in previous studies. The larger diurnal variability is attributed to the pronounced nocturnal maximum in deep convection over the island of New Guinea; the influence of this diurnal circulation extends (with smaller amplitude) to the more distant profiler sites 10°–15° E of New Guinea. The semidiurnal cycle of the zonal wind is smaller in amplitude but coherent in phase at all sites; the meridional wind exhibits a negligible semidiurnal cycle. These results are consistent with the solar semidiurnal tidal oscillation in pressure and entirely consistent with previous studies of eastern tropical Pacific winds. Two of the profilers were deployed on ships rather than islands, and we find no systematic differences between the ship data and the small island data attributable to the complete absence of land at the ship sites.
Passaic River Tunnel Diversion Model Study. Report 5. Water Quality Modeling.

Abstract : The Passaic River and Newark Bay form part of the complex New York-New Jersey harbor system. A diversion tunnel has been proposed to alleviate flooding in the upper portion of the Passaic River basin. The tunnel will divert flow from the headwaters of the Passaic directly to the upper end of Newark Bay. The objective of the study is to provide information required to evaluate the effect of the diversion tunnel on living resources in the vicinity of the tunnel outlet. Three living resource parameters were selected for examination: salinity, water temperature, and dissolved oxygen concentration. Impacts were examined through use of the CE-QUAL-ICM water quality model. State variables in the model included salinity, temperature, dissolved oxygen, ultimate biochemical oxygen demand, and chemical oxygen demand. The model was calibrated to field data collected from July to September 1994. Hydrodynamics for the water quality model were supplied by the CH3D hydrodynamic model. A matrix of scenarios was constructed to examine the impact of tunnel discharge on receiving waters. Base scenarios specified future conditions without the tunnel. Wet-tunnel scenarios examined future conditions with tunnel in operation and with floodwater remaining in the tunnel between flood events. Dry-tunnel scenarios examined future conditions with the tunnel in operation and with the tunnel pumped dry between flood events. Three flood conditions were considered: 2-year storm, 25-year storm, and lOO-year storm. Scenarios were designed to illustrate the worst-case impact of the discharge tunnel on salinity, temperature, and dissolved oxygen. Under worst-case conditions, impact of the tunnel on dissolved oxygen and temperature was minimal in magnitude, short-lived, and of limited spatial extent. Impact of the tunnel on salinity was indiscernible.
Development of a land use regression model for daily NO 2 and NO x concentrations in the 1 Brisbane metropolitan area, Australia 2

9 Land use regression models are an established method for estimating spatial variability in gaseous 10 pollutant levels across urban areas. Existing LUR models have been developed to predict annual 11 average concentrations of airborne pollutants. None of those models have been developed to 12 predict daily average concentrations, which are useful in health studies focused on the acute 13 impacts of air pollution. In this study, we developed LUR models to predict daily NO 2 and NO x 14 concentrations during 2009 − 2012 in the Brisbane Metropolitan Area (BMA), Australia’s third ‐ largest 15 city. The final models explained 64% and 70% of spatial variability in NO 2 and NO x , respectively, with 16 leave ‐ one ‐ out ‐ cross ‐ validation R 2 of 3 − 49% and 2 − 51%. Distance to major road and industrial area 17 were the common predictor variables for both NO 2 and NO x , suggesting an important role for road 18 traffic and industrial emissions. The novel modeling approach adopted here can be applied in other 19 urban locations in epidemiological studies.
Taking out the Trash: An Empirical Investigation of Strategic Timing of News Releases

Are political actors more likely to release bad news when it is least likely to be noticed? Former government and administration spokespersons claim they chose when to release information harmful to their cause when they were on the job (see Norris 2005); there are numerous anecdotes of negative news stories being released late on Friday (see Theimer 2009); and an episode of The West Wing suggests that the politicians try to release lots of bad news together on Friday, an act the fictional White House deputy chief of staff calls “taking out the trash. ” Despite these popular accounts, there has been little systematic investigation of strategically timed news dumps. In this paper we look at the empirical record of Take out the Trash Day. We begin by outlining and building on the reasons that political actors would strategically release information, taking into account the mediating role that technology may play (Lee 2005). We then correlate the positivity and negativity of more than 12,500 Department of Defense news releases from October 1994 through September 2012 to their release days. We find mixed evidence for the hypothesis.
PPAR (cid:1) and C/EBP factors orchestrate adipocyte biology via adjacent binding on a genome-wide scale

Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (cid:1) (PPAR (cid:1) ), a nuclear receptor and the target of anti-diabetic thiazolinedione drugs, is known as the master regulator of adipocyte biology. Although it regulates hundreds of adipocyte genes, PPAR (cid:1) binding to endogenous genes has rarely been demonstrated. Here, utilizing chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) coupled with whole genome tiling arrays, we identified 5299 genomic regions of PPAR (cid:1) binding in mouse 3T3-L1 adipocytes. The consensus PPAR (cid:1) /RXR (cid:2) “DR-1”-binding motif was found at most of the sites, and ChIP for RXR (cid:2) showed colocalization at nearly all locations tested. Bioinformatics analysis also revealed CCAAT/enhancer-binding protein (C/EBP)-binding motifs in the vicinity of most PPAR (cid:1) -binding sites, and genome-wide analysis of C/EBP (cid:2) binding demonstrated that it localized to 3350 of the locations bound by PPAR (cid:1) . Importantly, most genes induced in adipogenesis were bound by both PPAR (cid:1) and C/EBP (cid:2) , while very few were PPAR (cid:1) -specific. C/EBP (cid:3) also plays a role at many of these genes, such that both C/EBP (cid:2) and (cid:3) are required along with PPAR (cid:1) for robust adipocyte-specific gene expression. Thus, PPAR (cid:1) and C/EBP factors cooperatively orchestrate adipocyte biology by adjacent binding on an unanticipated scale.
Heterogeneity in Panel Data: are There Stable Production Functions?

We estimate separate productions functions for approximately 450 manufacturing firms each in France and the United States and for 850 manufacturing firms in Japan, covering the 13 year period 1967-1979, and focus on the wide dispersion in the estimated slope coefficients in all three countries. The main question asked Is: "Is this dispersion real? " Could it be just a reflection of sampling variability or is it an indication of real heterogeneity? We estimate the "true" dispersion using three different approaches: Maximum Likelihood, regressions of squares and cross-products of residuals, and Swamy's "residual" method, and try to interpret the somewhat different answers which emerge. In particular, we investigate the "reality" of the estimated heterogeneity by looking at its stability over time and by relating it to differences in capital shares and the industrial structure. We conclude that the observed heterogeneity is not "real. " It is caused by some non-stable misspecification of our simple model, implying that we are unlikely to discern different but stable individual production relations in samples of this size which contain only a limited number of the economically relevant variables.
Numerical modeling of 2‐D granular step collapse on erodible and nonerodible surface

[1] The study of the collapse of a granular step is of great interest for understanding transient dense granular flow conditions and for modeling geophysical flows in granular materials. We present the results of a series of finite elements simulations considering variable column aspect ratios and properties for an elastoplastic material with a Mohr-Coulomb yield rule and nonassociate flow rule. The adopted approach does not suffer limitations of typical shallow water equation methods, being able to consider strong vertical motion components. Transition from initial instability to complete flow development is simulated for columns with different aspect ratios (a ≤ 20). Simulation results are compared to original tests and available well-documented experimental data, in terms of flow development, duration, profile geometry, velocity distribution, erosion and deposition, and evolution of the interface between static and moving material. Tests involving a thick erodible layer have been performed and numerical simulation results are compared also with a real case study. Numerical results support both those of qualitative and theoretical models and the proposed general scaling laws and clarify the dependence on frictional properties. Power laws describe the normalized runout versus aspect ratio (a > 4) relationship with constants of proportionality dependent on internal friction angle and exponents ranging between 0.68 and 0.77, in good agreement with experimental results. Total duration and evolution in three successive phases agree with observations. Time for the flow front to cease motion with respect to aspect ratio is best represented by the 3.68a0. 448 relationships for a 30° internal friction angle material.
A Longitudinal Comparison of Bipolar Disorder and Schizophrenia From India

Background: Attitudes toward medication treatment are thought to significantly influence adherence in bipolar disorder (BD) and schizophrenia. However, the actual impact of patients' treatment attitudes on adherence and determinants of attitudes is still uncertain. Methods:A longitudinal examination of treatment attitudes and their correlates was conducted among patients with BD and their caregivers compared with those with schizophrenia. Structured assessments of symptom severity, functioning, insight, medication side effects, knowledge of illness, medication adherence, treatment attitudes, and treatment satisfaction were performed among 176 selected patients (106 with BD and 70 with schizophrenia) and their caregivers. Participants were reassessed on these parameters at 3 and 6 months. Results: Rates of nonadherence at baseline varied widely between selfreports, clinician ratings, and serum levels. Though symptoms and functioning improved with treatment, overall rates of nonadherence increased in the first 3 months because of early dropouts and remained stable thereafter. However, treatment attitudes and treatment satisfaction remained largely unchanged among patients and caregivers. Both positive and negative attitudes were commonly held and patients' attitudes did not differ between BD and schizophrenia. Patients' attitudes were significantly associated with adherence, insight, knowledge about illness, treatment satisfaction, symptom severity, social disadvantage, and side effects together with caregivers' knowledge, attitudes, and satisfaction. Caregivers of patients with schizophrenia were more knowledgeable and had more positive attitudes than patients. Conclusions: Patients' attitudes to medication treatment are associated with adherence over time. They are relatively enduring and mainly associated with insight, knowledge of illness, and treatment satisfaction among patients and their caregivers. These findings could inform psychosocial interventions aiming to improve treatment attitudes and adherence in BD and schizophrenia.
Title: Neurological and psychiatric adverse effects of long-term methylphenidate treatment in ADHD: A map of the current evidence

Methylphenidate (MPH), the most common medication for children with Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) in many countries, is often prescribed for long periods of time. Any long-term psychotropic treatment in childhood raises concerns about possible adverse neurological and psychiatric outcomes.We aimed to map current evidence regarding neurological and psychiatric outcomes, adverse or beneficial, of long-term MPH (> 1year) treatment in ADHD. We coded studies using a “traffic light” system: Green: safe/favours MPH; Amber: warrants caution; Red: not safe/not well-tolerated. Un-categorisable study findings were coded as “Unclear”. Although some evidence suggests an elevated risk of psychosis and tics, case reports describe remission on discontinuation. Several studies suggest that long-term MPH may reduce depression and suicide in ADHD. Evidence suggests caution in specific groups including pre-school children, those with tics, and adolescents at risk for substance misuse.We identified a need for more studies that make use of large longitudinal databases, focus on specific neuropsychiatric outcomes, and compare outcomes from long-term MPH treatment with outcomes following shorter or no pharmacological intervention.