Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Jones-optimal partial evaluation by specialization-safe normalization

We present partial evaluation by specialization-safe normalization, a novel partial evaluation technique that is Jones-optimal, that can be self-applied to achieve the Futamura projections and that can be type-checked to ensure it always generates code with the correct type. Jones-optimality is the gold-standard for nontrivial partial evaluation and guarantees that a specializer can remove an entire layer of interpretation. We achieve Jones-optimality by using a novel affine-variable static analysis that directs specialization-safe normalization to always decrease a program’s runtime. We demonstrate the robustness of our approach by showing Jones-optimality in a variety of settings. We have formally proved that our partial evaluator is Jones-optimal for call-by-value reduction, and we have experimentally shown that it is Jones-optimal for call-by-value, normal-order, and memoized normal-order. Each of our experiments tests Jones-optimality with three different self-interpreters. We implemented our partial evaluator in Fωµ i, a recent language for typed self-applicable meta-programming. It is the first Jones-optimal and self-applicable partial evaluator whose type guarantees that it always generates type-correct code.
The SPI1 Gene, Encoding a Glycosylphosphatidylinositol-Anchored Cell Wall Protein, Plays a Prominent Role in the Development of Yeast Resistance to Lipophilic Weak-Acid Food Preservatives

ABSTRACT The Saccharomyces cerevisiae SPI1 gene encodes a member of the glycosylphosphatidylinositol-anchored cell wall protein family. In this work we show results indicating that SPI1 expression protects the yeast cell from damage caused by weak acids used as food preservatives. This is documented by a less extended period of adaptation to growth in their presence and by a less inhibited specific growth rate for a parental strain compared with a mutant with SPI1 deleted. Maximal protection exerted by Spi1p against equivalent concentrations of the various weak acids tested was registered for the more lipophilic acids (octanoic acid, followed by benzoic acid) and was minimal for acetic acid. Weak-acid adaptation was found to involve the rapid activation of SPI1 transcription, which is dependent on the presence of the Msn2p transcription factor. Activation of SPI1 transcription upon acetic acid stress also requires Haa1p, whereas this recently described transcription factor has a negligible role in the adaptive response to benzoic acid. The expression of SPI1 was found to play a prominent role in the development of yeast resistance to 1,3-β-glucanase in benzoic acid-stressed cells, while its involvement in acetic acid-induced resistance to the cell wall-lytic enzyme is slighter. The results are consistent with the notion that Spi1p expression upon weak-acid stress leads to cell wall remodeling, especially for the more lipophilic acids, decreasing cell wall porosity. Decreased cell wall porosity, in turn, reduces access to the plasma membrane, reducing membrane damage, intracellular acidification, and viability loss.
The development of sport policy and management in South Korea

This article provides an overview of the national sport policy in South Korea (Korea, hereafter). The article is organized into four sections. The first section briefly describes the government’s involvement in sport and various landmarks in the development of Korean sport policy. In the second section, the current administrative structure and funding is discussed, focusing on the machinery of government, the body responsible for sport. The third section studies the significance of the not-for-profit and commercial sectors and their involvement with public policy in sport. The final section identifies several emergent public policy priorities and funding trends, and discusses the importance of sport as a political issue.
Serotonergic modulation of persistent sodium currents and membrane excitability via cyclic AMP‐protein kinase A cascade in mesencephalic V neurons

In rat mesencephalic trigeminal (Mes V) neurons, persistent sodium currents in conjunction with low‐threshold potassium currents are critical for generation of subthreshold membrane oscillations and onset of burst behavior. Here we demonstrate that the cAMP/protein kinase A (PKA) signaling pathway modulates persistent sodium currents. In particular, we show that elevation of cAMP suppresses a low‐threshold INaP via a PKA intracellular pathway. Bath application of forskolin (20 μM), a stimulant for the production of cAMP, reduced the peak INaP. 1,9‐Dideoxy‐forskolin (20 μM), an inactive form of forskolin, produced minimal effects on INaP, and the membrane‐permeable cAMP analogue 8‐bromo‐cAMP (500 μM) mimicked the effect of forskolin. Additionally, preapplication of H89 (2 μM), a specific PKA inhibitor, suppressed the effect of forskolin, suggesting the involvement of the cAMP/PKA intracellular signaling pathway in this modulation. 5‐HT receptor stimulation (20 μM) also mimicked the modulation of INaP by forskolin via the cAMP/PKA‐dependent signaling pathway. Current clamp analysis demonstrated that voltage‐dependent membrane resonance in response to a ZAP input current at depolarized holding potentials (approximately –50 mV) was specifically suppressed by forskolin or 5‐HT. Moreover, drug application enhanced frequency adaptation in response to a 1‐sec current pulse. These results indicate that modulation of persistent sodium currents by a cAMP/PKA pathway can significantly alter the membrane excitability and discharge characteristics of Mes V neurons. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Earning from Risks

Fischer Black and the Revolutionary Idea of Finance. By Perry Mehrling. Wiley, Hoboken, NJ, 2005. 392 pp. $29.95, C$38.99, £19.99. ISBN 0-471-45732-9. This biography weaves together an informative portrait of an eccentric theorist and his work on the pricing of risk that played a crucial role in the development of derivatives markets.
Active Portfolio Management Grounded in Evolutionary Biology - an Approach Set to Sharpen the Edge of Behavioural Finance?

From an investment practitioner's point of view any behavioural finance based investment approach suffers from its unreliability, i.e. even a well-researched 'assumption' about the price behaviour of specific stocks, classes of stocks, etc. repeatedly demonstrates that it sometimes refuses to obey to the 'rules' once filtered out by intensive research. This fact is responsible for the oftentimes unconvincing investment returns when compared to those from investing in indices. This paper is targeting this 'problem' by introducing a new theory broadening and complementing the theoretical basis of the behavioural finance camp currently built around two heuristics of human behaviour. This 'new' theory sheds light on a unique human capability honed by human biological evolution. This unique capability is responsible for the specific kind of human (economic) behaviour and all its far-reaching repercussions. As a less surprising outcome the very basic underlying assumption of the 'efficient market camp' turns out to be hypothetical, at best. However, the new theory also provides an explanation for the confined degree of reliability of any currently applied active behavioural assumptions' based investment approach. This puzzle can only be resolved by drawing on evolutionary biology again which, by means of its conclusion, should make investors to selectively direct their investments along a very clear-cut pattern to be derived in that paper. Following this pattern should provide for an improved perfomance of behavioural finance based active investment approaches.
The Mixed Success of Nodes as a Smart Growth Planning Policy

At a time of rising concern over urban sprawl and its adverse financial, quality-of-life, and environmental consequences, nodes assume growing importance within urban (and especially metropolitan) planning strategies. Nodes are defined as high-density multifunctional developments featuring a pedestrian-conducive environment and good public-transit accessibility. The article draws from the Toronto experience to explore reasons for the popularity of nodes among planning agencies, their limited capacity over recent years to attract new office and retail development, and difficulties in launching new nodes. It also investigates their problems in meeting walking and public-transit-patronage objectives. The article proposes four means of enhancing the smart growth performance of nodes: (1) improved planning coordination; (2) reliance on both incentives and coercion; (3) investment in public transit systems; (4) merging nodal and corridor approaches.
Riemannian Preconditioning

The paper exploits a basic connection between sequential quadratic programming and Riemannian gradient optimization to address the general question of selecting a metric in Riemannian optimization, in particular when the Riemannian structure is sought on a quotient manifold. The proposed method is shown to be particularly insightful and efficient in quadratic optimization with orthogonality and/or rank constraints, which covers most current applications of Riemannian optimization in matrix manifolds.
Worker Flows and Job Flows in Danish Manufacturing, 1980-91

We map turnover of workers and jobs in Danish manufacturing over the 1980 to 1991 period, using information about all individual manufacturing plants. We examine the relation between worker flows and job flows and we study separations from and hires to existing jobs (‘replacement hiring’) in detail. Our results reveal large heterogeneity among workers as well as plants, even adjusting for the level of job flows. The cyclical properties of worker reallocation point to worker flow dynamics being driven by workers quitting in upturns to find better jobs, rather than by plants upgrading the labour force in recessions.
Utility of Adjunctive Digital Subtraction Venography for the Treatment of Saphenous Vein Insufficiency

Purpose: To report the use of adjunctive venography for the treatment of superficial venous reflux. Methods: Two hundred consecutive patients (mean age 60.9 years, range 33–86; 128 women) with chronic venous disease underwent saphenous or perforator vein ablation in 268 limbs (305 venous trunks) guided by adjunctive venography and fluoroscopy in addition to ultrasound between October 2010 and May 2016. Intraprocedural venograms were independently evaluated by 2 vascular specialists to identify the presence of venous anomalies and the need for fluoroscopy-guided maneuvers to successfully complete venous ablation. Intraprocedural venography results were compared with preoperative venous duplex scan reports to ascertain if the duplex study could be of value in identifying preoperatively any anatomical variants that may pose a technical challenge to the operator. Results: In this cohort, 542 venograms (2.0/limb) were performed with a mean duration of 4.9±9.1 minutes (range 1–48). Two thirds of patients (132, 66%) had anomalies or abnormalities within the target vein; more than a third (88, 44%) required an endovascular maneuver to successfully complete the ablation and 17% (34) of cases were impossible to complete without adjunctive fluoroscopic guidance. Per-patient comparison of intraprocedural venography with preoperative venous duplex reports identified 21 (11%) patients with abnormalities detected on ultrasound (23 anomalies) compared with 123 (64%) on venography (193 anomalies). This gave ultrasound a 17.1% sensitivity, 100% specificity and positive predictive value, and 40.7% negative predictive value. Conclusion: Venography is a valuable addition to ultrasound to facilitate complete ablation of insufficient saphenous veins in selected patients with complex anatomy.
Effects of cyclosporine at the hypothalamic-pituitary axis in pituitary-grafted young female rats.

This work was designed to investigate the effects of cyclosporine on prolactin secretion by an ectopically grafted heterologous pituitary gland, and on the hypothalamic content of norepinephrine, dopamine and serotonin. The administration of cyclosporine prevented the augmentation in plasma prolactin levels which occurred following an ectopic graft of a litter-mate pituitary gland. In contrast, in sham-operated rats, cyclosporine increased prolactin levels on day 8 of treatment. Both pituitary grafting and cyclosporine treatment in sham-operated rats decreased hypothalamic norepinephrine content. In grafted rats, cyclosporine returned hypothalamic norepinephrine to normal. Hypothalamic serotonin content decreased 8 days after pituitary grafting but increased to the values of control animals after cyclosporine administration. Cyclosporine treatment for 2 and 8 days increased serotonin content in sham-operated animals. As expected, the hypothalamic dihydroxphenylacetic acid/dopamine index increased after pituitary grafting and administration of cyclosporine for 8 days resulted in a further increase. Cyclosporine administration for 2 days, however, decreased this index to the values observed in control animals while drug treatment of control rats for 8 days decreased the dihydroxyphenylacetic acid/dopamine index. In vitro release of prolactin from the ectopic gland was markedly decreased in animals treated with cyclosporine for 2 days and this effect was less evident in 8-day treated rats. (ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Establishing a Market-orientated Urban Planning System after State Socialism: The Case of Tallinn

Abstract The article examines the development of the urban planning system in Tallinn from 1991, when Estonia re-established its independence from the Soviet Union, until 2004. The planning laws and planning documents are analysed from the point of view of what kind of tools they provide for the public authority to intervene in urban development. It is argued that a liberal ad hoc urban planning that was established in the early 1990s is currently gradually being replaced by a more regulatory system where the rights of landowners are increasingly yet not always comprehensively defined in advance. Nonetheless, despite the recent revival of planning, the market still primarily dictates Tallinn's urban development.
20.5 1.4THz, −13dBm-EIRP frequency multiplier chain using symmetric- and asymmetric-CV varactors in 65nm CMOS

THz region of electromagnetic spectrum has unique features making it attractive in spectroscopic studies, material inspection, tera-bit/sec communication, and biological- and non-biological-imaging applications. Owing to challenges in producing sufficiently strong signals, this region of spectrum has been exclusively served by III-V electronics or bulky cryogenic-temperature technologies such as QCLs [1]. Recently, advanced half-THz SiGe technologies and multi-element spatial power-combining techniques to increase the output power were successfully used to generate 0dBm of power at 0.53THz and -17dBm peak EIRP at 0.82THz [2-4]. Both solutions, however, suffer from low realized bandwidths (3%), limiting their utility in a slew of imaging and communication applications. Alternatively, high-quality accumulation-mode symmetric MOS varactors (SVARs) [5] in standard CMOS have been demonstrated as efficient odd-harmonic generators in broadband tripler and quintupler operating around 0.4THz [6] and 0.7THz [7], respectively. In this work, a 1.4THz multiplier chain of 10th order using MOS VARs in a 65nm standard CMOS process is demonstrated. The multiplier incorporates a new asymmetric VAR (ASVAR) for multiplication by 2 in addition to an SVAR for frequency quintupling. The circuit produces -13dBm peak EIRP at 1.33THz and operates over a setup-limited bandwidth of more than 11%. The fully integrated multiplier chain does not require any silicon lens or substrate thinning making it a compact and affordable solution for emerging THz applications.
Transforming minutiae for protecting fingerprint data

Fingerprint is one of popular biometric identifiers for authenticating users. Its permanence characteristic has made it reliable to use. Therefore, fingerprint data should be protected and not be disclosed to unauthorized parties. Neverthelless, its instability scanning result has made conventional cryptographic algorithms do not work. In this paper, we propose an algorithm for protecting fingerprint data by transforming it before being stored in a database. Once it has been transformed, it is hard to reconstruct its original data. In the authentication process, the fingerprint is also transformed in the same way as its registration. So, the original data have never been revealed. The experimental result, which is done by using a public database, shows that the error rate caused by the transformation is relatively low.
The relationship between symptoms and patient characteristics among psoriasis patients.

BACKGROUND Pruritus is a common symptom of many dermatological and systemic diseases. It is a common complaint among patients with psoriasis of the chronic plaque type. Patients with pruritus suffer from more severe psoriasis although some authors did not find a significant relationship between pruritus intensity and psoriasis severity. AIMS In this study, we aimed to investigate the relationship between clinical features and symptoms among psoriasis patients. And also we aimed to evaluate whether the severity of disease, depression and quality of life scores could effect these symptoms or not. METHODS Eighty seven patients with psoriasis were enrolled in this study. Epidemiological data of patients were noted. Clinical symptoms, such as pruritus, pain, burning, exudation, bleeding, weakness, etc. were interrogated. The answers to these questions were classified as 'never', 'rare', 'sometimes', 'often' and 'all the time'. Psoriasis Area and Severity Index (PASI), Dermatology Life Quality Index (DLQI), Hamilton Anxiety-Depression Scale (HAD) were calculated for each patient. PASI and DLQI scores were classified as > or = and < 10. RESULTS We found that the most frequent symptom was pruritus (96.6%). Other frequent symptoms were burning (56.3%), exudation (56.3%) and bleeding (49.4%). Hurting, sensitiveness and bothering were more frequent in women. Percentages of hurting, pain, exudation and weakness symptoms had been increasing with age. Frequency of weakness was significantly high in PASI > or = 10 patients. CONCLUSION Pruritus is a very common symptom in psoriasis. Burning, exudation and bleeding are also common symptoms seen in psoriasis. New scoring systems including symptoms of psoriasis patients may be developed for evaluating the severity of the disease.
Effectiveness of Rituximab in Patients with Rheumatoid Arthritis: Observational Study from the British Society for Rheumatology Biologics Register

Objective. To assess the effectiveness of rituximab (RTX) in patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) in routine clinical practice, and to identify predictors of 6-month response to RTX in patients for whom at least 1 anti-tumor necrosis factor-α (anti-TNF) therapy has failed. Method. The analysis involved 646 patients with RA registered with the British Society for Rheumatology Biologics Register (BSRBR) who were starting RTX and were followed for at least 6 months. Change in the 28-joint Disease Activity Score (DAS28), European League Against Rheumatism (EULAR) response, and proportions of patients achieving disease remission were used to assess the clinical response 6 months after starting RTX. Regression analyses were used to identify factors associated with the response in the patients for whom anti-TNF therapy had not worked. The models included baseline demographics, disease characteristics, baseline Health Assessment Questionnaire (HAQ), and drug history including biologic history. Results. The mean DAS28 at baseline was 6.2 (95% CI 6.1, 6.3), which decreased significantly to 4.8 (95% CI 4.7, 4.9) at the 6-month followup. Seventeen percent of the patients were EULAR good responders and 43% were moderate responders. Eight percent of the patients achieved disease remission. Subjects with higher baseline DAS28 score and those with positive rheumatoid factor (RF) status were significantly associated with a decrease in their DAS28 score (improvement), while women and patients with higher baseline HAQ score were less likely to improve. Conclusion. RTX has proven to be effective in routine clinical practice. When anti-TNF therapy fails, response to RTX was influenced by baseline DAS28 score, RF status, baseline HAQ score, and sex.
Expression of epidermal growth factor family gene members in early mouse development

Transcription of four members of the epidermal growth factor (EGF) family, EGF, TGF‐α, Amphiregulin, and Cripto, was investigated in the ovulated unfertilized egg and preimplantation embryo using cDNA libraries. EGF was present as a maternal message only, TGF‐α was present at low levels in each library, Amphiregulin was not detected, and Cripto transcripts were first detected in the blastocyst cDNA library. In situ hybridization studies of the implanting embryo revealed Cripto expression localized to the entire ectoderm and then to the rapidly growing ectoplacental cone. At gastrulation, Cripto was detected in the primitive streak and developing mesoderm. During organogenesis, Cripto localized to the developing heart. Two Cripto transcripts were detected: one is confined to the early embryo and teratocarcinoma cells, and the other, first found in the fetus, is the major form detected in adult organs. © 1994 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Better Safe Than Sorry

This article aims to clarify the potential impact of cross-sector partnerships on nonprofit organizational legitimacy and to provide nonprofit organizations (NPOs) with strategic direction on how to approach cross-sector partnerships to avoid running into a legitimacy crisis. Five theoretical propositions are developed based on existing theory on cross-sector partnerships, organizational legitimacy, and identity and are matched with empirical data consisting of 257 survey responses and seven in-depth interviews in a single case study of a Finnish social welfare organization. Results suggest that engagement with companies may threaten NPO legitimacy by challenging core values and identity traits. Due to power asymmetries in favor of the company, the legitimacy risk is particularly serious for integrative partnerships compared with philanthropic and transactional partnerships. This condition is paradoxical, because integrative partnerships are praised for their greater societal impact and ability to generate joint innovations. Safer options include short-term, project-based partnerships managed and controlled by the NPO, except for brand licensing, which is a high-risk option. Regarding partner selection NPOs should select companies with similar values.