Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Soil microbial respiration responses to changing temperature and substrate availability in fertile grassland

A relationship between soil respiration rate (Rs) and temperature (Ts), has been understood to be predicated on carbon (C) substrate availability. However, unlike Ts, C availability in soils is not a state variable that can be readily measured. The C in soils has come from plants, so the C supply rate can be affected by the weather and nutrient supply. We studied a fertile soil beneath pasture, measuring Rs across a temperate – climate range of Ts. Our objectives were to: (1) quantify the synchrony of diurnal changes in Ts and Rs beneath pasture under conditions favourable for plants, (2) quantify responses of microbial respiration (Rm) to the removal of plants and depletion of C supply over time at various Ts, and (3) determine if Rm was related to water-soluble (WSC, 20°C) and hot-water-soluble C (HWSC, 80°C) contents. At a grassland site, Rs increased with Ts as predicted by an Arrhenius type relationship. Sampled soil was incubated at 3°, 9°, and 24°C and Rm was measured over 14 days. In addition soil samples were pre-incubated at 3° or 9°C for both 5 and 14 days, then incubated at 24°C for 1 day and Rm was measured. On day 2, Rm was less than predicted at 24° and 9°C, respectively, suggesting a C availability limitation. The time courses of Rm, revealed that at 24°C, Rm utilised C that was not utilised at lower Ts, indicating that evidently recalcitrant C was available to microbes at a warmer temperature. The responses of Rm at 24°C after the pre-incubation treatments were identical for the 3°C and 9°C pre-incubation treatments, although significantly more C was respired during pre-incubation at 9°C. The WSC and HWSC contents were unaffected by Ts, so did not provide useful measures of the C substrate available for Rm.
Strategic flood management: ten ‘golden rules’ to guide a sound approach

ABSTRACT Over recent decades, remarkable progress in cultivating the concepts of flood risk management has taken place across countries as diverse as India, China, Australia, the UK and the USA. This change highlights a risk management paradigm as potentially more complex than a more traditional standard-based approach as it involves ‘whole systems’ and ‘whole-life’ thinking; yet this is also its main strength – paving the way for more integrated and informed decision-making. Strategic flood management (SFM) uses a portfolio of responses to manage flood risks and promote opportunities ecosystem services. It recognizes the interrelationships between the actions taken and the contribution flood management provides to integrated river basin and coastal zone planning. The paper results from an international collaborative effort for research and distils approaches to flood risk and water management in challenging large-scale and complex environments. The paper provides an overview of the emerging good practice in SFM, including (i) an analysis of the flood events that have shaped changes in approach, (ii) the purpose and characteristics of modern SFM, (iii) the goals, objectives and outcomes sought and (iv) the challenges associated with implementation (together with some of the common pitfalls and misconceptions). Our conclusions are encapsulated in a set of ‘golden rules’ that underpin sound SFM decision-making.
Seismological evidence for variable growth of crust along the Izu intraoceanic arc

[1] The processes that create continental crust in an intraoceanic arc setting are a matter of debate. To address this issue, we conducted an active source wide-angle seismic study to examine along-arc structural variations of the Izu intraoceanic arc. The data used were acquired over a 550-km-long profile along the volcanic front from Sagami Bay to Tori-shima. The obtained structural model showed the existence of felsic to intermediate composition middle crust with a P wave velocity (Vp) of 6.0-6.5 km s -1 in its upper part and 6.5-6.8 km s -1 in its lower part. The thickness of the middle crust varied markedly from 3 to 13 km. The underlying lower crust also consisted of two layers (Vp of 6.8-7.2 km s -1 in the upper part and Vp of 7.2-7.6 km s -1 in the lower part). The upper of these layers was interpreted to consist of plutonic gabbro, and the lower layer was interpreted to be mafic to ultramafic cumulates. Average crustal velocities calculated from our model showed remarkable lateral variation, which correlated well with arc volcanism. Low average crustal seismic velocities (∼6.7 km s -1 ), due to thick middle crust, were obtained beneath basaltic volcanoes (e.g., O-shima, Miyake-jima, Hachijo-jima, Aoga-shima), while higher average velocities (∼7.1 km s -1 ) were obtained beneath rhyolitic volcanoes (e.g., Nii-jima, Kurose, South Hachijo caldera, Myoji knoll, and South Sumisu caldera). We concluded from these observations that continental crust grows predominantly beneath the basaltic volcanoes of the Izu arc and that rhyolitic volcanism may be indicative of a more juvenile stage of crustal evolution, or remelting of preexisting continental crust, or both.
Adaptive particle filter for robust visual tracking

Object tracking plays a key role in the field of computer vision. Particle filter has been widely used for visual tracking under nonlinear and/or non-Gaussian circumstances. In particle filter, the state transition model for predicting the next location of tracked object assumes the object motion is invariable, which cannot well approximate the varying dynamics of the motion changes. In addition, the state estimate calculated by the mean of all the weighted particles is coarse or inaccurate due to various noise disturbances. Both these two factors may degrade tracking performance greatly. In this work, an adaptive particle filter (APF) with a velocity-updating based transition model (VTM) and an adaptive state estimate approach (ASEA) is proposed to improve object tracking. In APF, the motion velocity embedded into the state transition model is updated continuously by a recursive equation, and the state estimate is obtained adaptively according to the state posterior distribution. The experiment results show that the APF can increase the tracking accuracy and efficiency in complex environments.
"Japan LIVE Dashboard" for COVID-19: A Scalable Solution to Monitor Real-Time and Regional-Level Epidemic Case Data

Under pandemic conditions, it is important to communicate local infection risks to better enable the general population to adjust their behaviors accordingly. In Japan, our team operates a popular non-government and not-for-profit dashboard project - "Japan LIVE Dashboard" - which allows the public to easily grasp the evolution of the pandemic on the internet. We presented the Dashboard design concept with a generic framework integrating socio-technical theories, disease epidemiology and related contexts, and evidence-based approaches. Through synthesizing multiple types of reliable and real-time local data sources from all prefectures across the country, the Dashboard allows the public access to user-friendly and intuitive disease visualization in real time and has gained an extensive online followership. To date, it has attracted c.30 million visits (98% domestic access) testifying to the reputation it has acquired as a user-friendly portal for understanding the progression of the pandemic. Designed as an open-source solution, the Dashboard can also be adopted by other countries as well as made applicable for other emerging outbreaks in the future. Furthermore, the conceptual design framework may prove applicable into other ehealth scaled for global pandemics.
Estimating effective model parameters for heterogeneous unsaturated flow using error models for bias correction

Estimates of effective parameters for unsaturated flow models are typically based on observations taken on length scales smaller than the modeling scale. This complicates parameter estimation for heterogeneous soil structures. In this paper we attempt to account for soil structure not present in the flow model by using so‐called external error models, which correct for bias in the likelihood function of a parameter estimation algorithm. The performance of external error models are investigated using data from three virtual reality experiments and one real world experiment. All experiments are multistep outflow and inflow experiments in columns packed with two sand types with different structures. First, effective parameters for equivalent homogeneous models for the different columns were estimated using soil moisture measurements taken at a few locations. This resulted in parameters that had a low predictive power for the averaged states of the soil moisture if the measurements did not adequately capture a representative elementary volume of the heterogeneous soil column. Second, parameter estimation was performed using error models that attempted to correct for bias introduced by soil structure not taken into account in the first estimation. Three different error models that required different amounts of prior knowledge about the heterogeneous structure were considered. The results showed that the introduction of an error model can help to obtain effective parameters with more predictive power with respect to the average soil water content in the system. This was especially true when the dynamic behavior of the flow process was analyzed.
Imposing constraints on parameter values of a conceptual hydrological model using baseflow response

Calibration of conceptual hydrological models is frequently limited by a lack of data about the area that is being studied. The result is that a broad range of parameter values can be identified that will give an equally good calibration to the available observations, usually of stream flow. The use of total stream flow can bias analyses towards interpretation of rapid runoff, whereas water quality issues are more frequently associated with low flow condition. This paper demonstrates how model distinctions between surface an sub-surface runoff can be used to define a likelihood measure based on the sub-surface (or baseflow) response. This helps to provide more information about the model behaviour, constrain the acceptable parameter sets and reduce uncertainty in streamflow prediction. A conceptual model, DIY, is applied to two contrasting catchments in Scotland, the Ythan and the Carron Valley. Parameter ranges and envelopes of prediction are identified using criteria based on total flow efficiency, baseflow efficiency and combined efficiencies. The individual parameter ranges derived using the combined efficiency measures still cover relatively wide bands, but are better constrained for the Carron than the Ythan. This reflects the fact that hydrological behaviour in the Carron is dominated by a much flashier surface response than in the Ythan. Hence, the total flow efficiency is more strongly controlled by surface runoff in the Carron and there is a greater contrast with the baseflow efficiency. Comparisons of the predictions using different efficiency measures for the Ythan also suggest that there is a danger of confusing parameter uncertainties with data and model error, if inadequate likelihood measures are defined.
Effects of an intravaginal GnRH analogue administration on rabbit reproductive parameters 1 and welfare

11 On commercial farms, rabbit does are subjected to a reproductive rhythm that does not account for 12 their welfare or physiology, leading to reduced longevity and consequently high annual replacement. 13 The European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) recommends limited and infrequent use of hormone 14 treatments, and suggests replacement with alternative methods that do not threaten animal welfare 15 when possible. In the present study, we aimed to determine whether the GnRH analogue lecirelin 16 acetate could be administered by inclusion in the seminal dose during insemination. Twenty 9-month17 old does (Grigio del Monferrato, autochthonous Italian breed),each having two previous deliveries, 18 were individually housed and divided into two groups at artificial insemination. The control group 19 received 0.2 mL of intramuscular lecirelin (Dalmarelin, Fatro®, Italy) prior to insemination. The 20 intravaginal group was inseminated with a seminal dose that included 0.3 mL Dalmarelin. The 21 experiment was performed for six consecutive reproductive cycles at 42-day intervals, and included 22 a total of 120 inseminations. Prior to each insemination, the heterospermic pooled semen samples 23
The Development of Users' Interesting Points Analyses Method and POI Recommendation System for Indoor Location Based Services

Recently, as location-determination of indoor users is available with the development of variety of localization techniques for indoor location-based service, diverse indoor location based services are proposed. Accordingly, it is necessary to develop individualized POI recommendation service for recommending most interested points of large-scale commercial spaces such as shopping malls and departments. For POI recommendation, it is necessary to study the method for exploring location which users are interested in location with considering user`s mobility in large-scale commercial spaces. In this paper, we proposed POI recommendation system with the definition of users` as `Stay point` in order to consider users` various interest locations. By using the proposed algorithm, we analysis users` Stay points, then mining the users` visiting pattern to finished the proposed. POI Recommendation System. The proposed system decreased data more dramatically than that of using user`s entire mobility data and usage of memory.
Slab tears and intermediate‐depth seismicity

Active tectonic regions where plate boundaries transition from subduction to strike slip can take several forms, such as triple junctions, acute, and obtuse corners. Well‐documented slab tears that are associated with high rates of intermediate‐depth seismicity are considered here: Gibraltar arc, the southern and northern ends of the Lesser Antilles arc, and the northern end of Tonga trench. Seismicity at each of these locations occurs, at times, in the form of swarms or clusters, and various authors have proposed that each marks an active locus of tear propagation. The swarms and clusters start at the top of the slab below the asthenospheric wedge and extend 30–60 km vertically downward within the slab. We propose that these swarms and clusters are generated by fluid‐related embrittlement of mantle rocks. Focal mechanisms of these swarms generally fit the shear motion that is thought to be associated with the tearing process.
Measurement of horizontal electric fields associated with distant cloud-to-ground strokes

A broadband sensor for the horizontal component of the electric field associated with lightning discharges was developed. The vertical electric field component contaminating the output of this sensor was, on the average, only about 0.5% of the output. Simultaneous measurement of both vertical and horizontal electric field components, associated with lightning striking at more than 16 km away, confirms that the horizontal electric field is accurately evaluated from the measured vertical electric field with the help of the wave tilt formula, irrespective of the propagation path or the polarity of the cloud-to-ground stroke. From this simultaneous measurement, it is possible to estimate the effective conductivity and permittivity of the ground in the vicinity of the measuring site. These local electrical parameters are independent of those of the ground beneath the propagation path, which are estimated by comparing the attenuated electromagnetic waves propagated over land with relatively unattenuated electromagnetic waves propagated over seawater. The estimation becomes easier by measuring the horizontal electric field, as it is more sensitive to the attenuation.
Real-time centroid moment tensor determination for large earthquakes from local and regional displacement records

SUMMARY We present an algorithm to rapidly determine the moment tensor and centroid location for large earthquakes employing local and regional real-time high-rate displacement records from GPS. The algorithm extracts the coseismic offset from the displacement waveforms and uses the information to invert for the moment tensor. The Green's functions for a layered earth are obtained numerically from open source code EDGRN. To determine the centroid, multiple inversions are simultaneously performed within a grid of inversion nodes, and the node with the smallest misfit is then assigned the centroid location. We show results for two large earthquakes replayed in simulated real-time mode using recorded 1 Hz GPS displacements: the 2003 Mw 8.3 Tokachi-oki and the 2010 Mw 7.2 El Mayor-Cucapah earthquakes. We demonstrate that it is feasible to obtain accurate CMT solutions within the first 2–3 min after rupture initiation without any prior assumptions on fault characteristics, demonstrating an order of magnitude improvement in latency compared to existing seismic methods for the two earthquakes studied. This methodology is useful for rapid earthquake response, tsunami prediction and as a starting point for rapid finite fault modelling.
A variable source area model of the rainfall‐runoff process based on the Watershed Stream Network

A model of the dynamic contributing area during a storm is formulated in terms of the history of precipitation in excess of B horizon permeability. The spatial dynamic contributing area along the main stream is obtained under the assumptions that the velocity of flow along the stream network is uniform, the drainage density is a constant within a given watershed, and the first-order streams are uniformly distributed in the basin. The runoff from the dynamic contributing area is then routed through the synthesized stream network to obtain the direct runoff at the basin outlet by making use of a method based on the linearized Saint Venant equations. The model has been tested in several watersheds in the central United States.
The 20 April 2002 Mw 5.0 Earthquake near Au Sable Forks, Adirondacks, New York: A First Glance at a New Sequence

At 6:50 am EST 20 April 2002 an earthquake caused moderate (MMI VII) to light (MMI VI) damage in an area of the northeastern Adirondack Mountains centered near the town of Au Sable Forks, New York (the early unofficial designation “Plattsburgh earthquake” was potentially confusing and was abandoned because the damage area did not include the town of Plattsburgh). The felt radius is several hundred kilometers and is consistent with the low attenuation typical of the region. Moment-tensor inversion and spectral analysis of regional mainshock waveforms and early aftershock hypocenters from local stations delineate a source about 7 km north of this town, at 44.50°N 73.68°W, and a depth of 10–13 km. The mainshock rupture strikes north-south and has an intermediate dip to the west, a reverse slip, a moment M = 3.5 × 1016 Nm ( Mw 5.0), and a rupture radius of 1.2–1.4 km. Most of the aftershocks are within a 1 ×2 × 3 km zone inferred to illuminate the mainshock rupture; the others are significantly shallower and to the east, possibly illuminating the causative fault up-dip from the rupture. This is the seventh damaging earthquake in the area of the northeastern U.S. west of New England (New York, Pennsylvania, New Jersey, Maryland, Delaware, Ohio) and the third one in the Adirondacks during the last 60 years. Three decades of epicenters from a regional seismic network confirm that Adirondack seismicity is relatively high (Figure 1). This seismicity is concentrated in well defined zones but was not particularly high near the Au Sable Forks source. No prior known earthquake is likely to have been generated by the source of the ongoing sequence. Damaging earthquakes provide critical information for investigating tectonic processes and for assessing hazard from future earthquakes. In the eastern U.S. and other stable continental …
Sedimentary, volcanic, and tectonic processes of the central Mariana Arc: Mariana Trough back‐arc basin formation and the West Mariana Ridge

We present new multichannel seismic profiles and bathymetric data from the central Marianas that image the West Mariana Ridge (WMR) remnant arc, both margins of the Mariana Trough back‐arc basin, the modern arc, and Eocene frontal‐arc high. These data reveal structure and stratigraphy related to three periods of arc volcanism and two periods of arc rifting. We interpret the boundary between accreted back‐arc basin and rifted arc crust along the Mariana Trough and support these findings with drilling results and recent seismic refraction and gravity studies. We show that with the exception of a few volcanoes behind the volcanic front that straddle the boundary between crustal types, the modern Mariana Arc is built entirely on rifted arc crust between 14 and 19°N. Our data indicate that there is more accreted back‐arc seafloor to the west of the Mariana Trough spreading axis than to the east, confirming previous evidence for an asymmetric basin. The rifted margin of the WMR remnant arc forms a stepped pattern along the western boundary of the Mariana Trough, between 15°30′ and 19°N. In this region, linear volcanic cross chains behind the WMR are aligned with the trend of Mariana Trough spreading segments, and the WMR ridges extend into the back‐arc basin along the same strike. These ridges are magmatic accommodation zones which, to the north along the Izu‐Bonin Arc, punctuate tectonic extension. For the WMR we hypothesize that rift basins are more commonly the sites where spreading segment offsets nucleate, whereas magmatic centers of spreading segments are sites where magmatism continues from arc volcanism, through rifting to back‐arc spreading. The Mariana Trough is opening nonrigidly and is characterized by two predominant abyssal hill trends, NNW–SSE in the north and N–S in the south. Between the only two basin‐crossing fracture zones at ∼15.5 and 17.5°, N–S axes propagated north at the expense of NNW axes.
An Agroclimatological Characterization of the Indo-Gangetic Plains

Summary The climate of the Indo-Gangetic Plains (IGP) is dominated by the Asian summer monsoon. The cool, dry winter is followed by a warming trend with daytime temperatures reaching as high as 45°C in June or July. The temperature rise is broken by the onset of the monsoon rains, when the daytime maximum temperature will immediately drop 5°C or more with the first rains. Summer temperatures are generally higher in the northwest part of the IGP, corresponding to later onset of the rainy season. In most of the IGP proper, winter temperatures is mild allowing production of wheat, potatoes and other cool season crops where irrigation is possible. Annual precipitation varies from less than 400 mm in western Pakistan to over 1600 mm in eastern India and in Bangladesh. Based on a critical value of 0.5 for the ratio of precipitation to potential evapotran-spiration, most of the IGP have abundant water for summer rainfed crops. This is reflected in the widespread cultivation of lowland rice. Variation in rainfall over years heavily influences risk in agricultural production in the IGP. Over a 90-year period, the mean annual rainfall at Ludhiana, India was 710 mm, but in 1899, it received only 240 mm as compared to over 1400 mm in 1988. Failures of the monsoon rains cause crop failures and in the past have contributed to famines. Flooding due to excess rain can also be destructive, particularly in the eastern IGP. Attempts to predict the time of onset and amount of monsoon rains based on the El Niño-Southern Oscillation (ENSO) process and other information show promise but are not yet reliable enough for routine use in guiding agricultural management.