Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
MTTF-balanced pipeline design

As CMOS technologies enter nanometer scales, microprocessors become more vulnerable to transistor aging mainly due to Bias Temperature Instability and Hot Carrier Injection. These phenomena lead to increasing device delays during the operational lifetime, which results in increasing pipeline stage delays. However, the aging rates of different stages are different. Hence, a previously delay-balanced pipeline becomes increasingly imbalanced resulting in a non-optimized design in terms of Mean Time to Failure (MTTF), frequency, area and power consumption. In this paper, we propose an MTTF-balanced pipeline design, in which the pipeline stage delays are balanced after the desired lifetime rather than at design time. This can lead to significant MTTF (lifetime) improvements as well as additional performance, area, and power benefits. Our experimental results show that MTTF of the FabScalar microprocessor can be improved by 2x (or frequency by 3 %) while achieving an additional 4% power, and 1% area optimization.
Diversity of the Pyruvate Dehydrogenase Kinase Gene Family in Humans *

Recent evidence from this laboratory indicates that at least two isoenzymic forms of pyruvate dehydrogenase kinase (PDK1 and PDK2) may be involved in the regulation of enzymatic activity of mammalian pyruvate dehydrogenase complex by phosphorylation (Popov, K. M., Kedishvili, N. Y., Zhao, Y., Gudi, R., and Harris, R. A.(1994) J. Biol. Chem. 269, 29720-29724). The present study was undertaken to further explore the diversity of the pyruvate dehydrogenase kinase gene family. Here we report the deduced amino acid sequences of three isoenzymic forms of PDK found in humans. In terms of their primary structures, two isoenzymes identified in humans correspond to rat PDK1 and PDK2, whereas a third gene (PDK3) encodes for a new isoenzyme that shares 68% and 67% of amino acid identities with PDK1 and PDK2, respectively. PDK3 cDNA expressed in Escherichia coli directs the synthesis of a polypeptide with a molecular mass of approximately 45,000 Da that possesses catalytic activity toward kinase-depleted pyruvate dehydrogenase. PDK3 appears to have the highest specific activity among the three isoenzymes tested as recombinant proteins. Tissue distribution of all three isoenzymes of human PDK was characterized by Northern blot analysis. The highest amount of PDK2 mRNA was found in heart and skeletal muscle, the lowest amount in placenta and lung. Brain, kidney, pancreas, and liver expressed an intermediate amount of PDK2 (brain > kidney = pancreas > liver). The tissue distribution of PDK1 mRNA differs markedly from PDK2. The message for PDK1 was expressed predominantly in heart with only modest levels of expression in other tissues (skeletal muscle > liver > pancreas > brain > placenta = lung > kidney). In contrast to PDK1 and PDK2, which are expressed in all tissues tested, the message for PDK3 was found almost exclusively in heart and skeletal muscle, indicating that PDK3 may serve specialized functions characteristic of muscle tissues. In all tissues tested thus far, the level of expression of PDK2 mRNA was essentially higher than that of PDK1 and PDK3, consistent with the idea that PDK2 is a major isoenzyme responsible for regulation of pyruvate dehydrogenase in human tissues.
Recurrent Cerebellar Loops Simplify Adaptive Control of Redundant and Nonlinear Motor Systems

We have described elsewhere an adaptive filter model of cerebellar learning in which the cerebellar microcircuit acts to decorrelate motor commands from their sensory consequences (Dean, Porrill, & Stone, 2002). Learning stability required the cerebellar microcircuit to be embedded in a recurrent loop, and this has been shown to lead to a simple and modular adaptive control architecture when applied to the linearized 3D vestibular ocular reflex (Porrill, Dean, & Stone, 2004). Here we investigate the properties of recurrent loop connectivity in the case of redundant and nonlinear motor systems and illustrate them using the example of kinematic control of a simulated two-joint robot arm. We demonstrate that (1) the learning rule does not require unavailable motor error signals or complex neural reference structures to estimate such signals (i.e., it solves the motor error problem) and (2) control of redundant systems is not subject to the nonconvexity problem in which incorrect average motor commands are learned for end-effector positions that can be accessed in more than one arm configuration. These properties suggest a central functional role for the closed cerebellar loops, which have been shown to be ubiquitous in motor systems (e.g., Kelly & Strick, 2003).
Growth Empirics in Panel Data Under Model Uncertainty and Weak Exogeneity

This paper considers panel growth regressions in the presence of model uncertainty and reverse causality concerns. For this purpose, my econometric framework combines Bayesian Model Averaging with a suitable likelihood function for dynamic panel models with weakly exogenous regressors and fixed effects. An application of this econometric methodology to a panel of countries over the 1960-2000 period indicates that there is no robust determinant of economic growth and that the rate of conditional convergence is indistinguishable from zero.
Mortality and Incidence of Malignancy in Korean Patients with Rheumatoid Arthritis

Objective. To determine the standardized mortality ratio (SMR) and standardized incidence ratio (SIR) for malignancy in Korean patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA). Methods. We enrolled 1534 patients with RA who fulfilled the American College of Rheumatology criteria, from October 2001 to December 2007. Baseline assessment included sociodemographic variables, laboratory findings including rheumatoid factor, anticitrullinated protein antibody, functional class, radiological stage, medication, and the Korean version of the Health Assessment Questionnaire. We used the national mortality rate from 2001 to 2007 from the Korean National Statistical Office (KNSO) and the incidence rate from the Korean Central Cancer Registry (KCCR) from 2001 to 2007 as comparison data for estimates of SMR and SIR. Confidence intervals were calculated based on the Poisson distribution. Results. There were 57 deaths in 6683 person-years of followup. The number of expected deaths (derived from the KNSO) was 42.33 and the SMR for patients with RA was 1.35 (95% CI 1.02–1.74). The main causes of death were malignancy, cardiovascular disease, and respiratory disease. In the cause-specific SMR, deaths from respiratory disease, especially from interstitial lung disease (ILD) and pneumonia, were significantly higher than expected: 4.66 (95% CI 2.13–8.85) for all respiratory disease, 18.18 (95% CI 2.20–65.64) for ILD, and 10.26 (95% CI 2.79–26.26) for pneumonia. Thirty malignancies had occurred in 1501 patients. The number of expected malignancies derived from the KCCR was 34.91, yielding a SIR for cancer of 0.86 (95% CI 0.58–1.23). Conclusion. Our study demonstrates that the SMR was slightly higher in patients with RA, but the incidence rates of malignancies were not significantly different from the general population. But deaths from respiratory diseases were significantly higher.
Heuristiques et biais décisionnels en marketing

La théorie économique classique offre une perspective principalement normative de la prise de décision. La psychologie cognitive et sociale en offre une perspective essentiellement descriptive. Cet article présente une synthèse structurée d'un troisième courant de recherches, situé au croisement des deux courants précédents, et connu sous le nom de ‘ Théorie du comportement décisionnel ’. (Behavioral Decision Theory). Ces recherches montrent que les preneurs de décisions s'écartent souvent des normes prescrites par la théorie économique. Cet article en explique les raisons et explore ce que ces recherches impliquent pour la prise de décision en marketing.
Dynamics and distribution of natural and human-caused hypoxia

Abstract. Water masses can become undersaturated with oxygen when natural processes alone or in combination with anthropogenic processes produce enough organic carbon that is aerobically decomposed faster than the rate of oxygen re-aeration. The dominant natural processes usually involved are photosynthetic carbon production and microbial respiration. The re-supply rate is indirectly related to its isolation from the surface layer. Hypoxic water masses ( Hypoxia development and continuation in many areas of the world's coastal ocean is accelerated by human activities, especially where nutrient loading increased in the Anthropocene. This higher loading set in motion a cascading set of events related to eutrophication. The formation of hypoxic areas has been exacerbated by any combination of interactions that increase primary production and accumulation of organic carbon leading to increased respiratory demand for oxygen below a seasonal or permanent pycnocline. Nutrient loading is likely to increase further as population growth and resource intensification rises, especially with increased dependency on crops using fertilizers, burning of fossil fuels, urbanization, and waste water generation. It is likely that the occurrence and persistence of hypoxia will be even more widespread and have more impacts than presently observed. Global climate change will further complicate the causative factors in both natural and human-caused hypoxia. The likelihood of strengthened stratification alone, from increased surface water temperature as the global climate warms, is sufficient to worsen hypoxia where it currently exists and facilitate its formation in additional waters. Increased precipitation that increases freshwater discharge and flux of nutrients will result in increased primary production in the receiving waters up to a point. The interplay of increased nutrients and stratification where they occur will aggravate and accelerate hypoxia. Changes in wind fields may expand oxygen minimum zones onto more continental shelf areas. On the other hand, not all regions will experience increased precipitation, some oceanic water temperatures may decrease as currents shift, and frequency and severity of tropical storms may increase and temporarily disrupt hypoxia more often. The consequences of global warming and climate change are effectively uncontrollable at least in the near term. On the other hand, the consequences of eutrophication-induced hypoxia can be reversed if long-term, broad-scale, and persistent efforts to reduce substantial nutrient loads are developed and implemented. In the face of globally expanding hypoxia, there is a need for water and resource managers to act now to reduce nutrient loads to maintain, at least, the current status.
Dream interpretation sessions: Who volunteers, who benefits, and what volunteer clients view as most and least helpful.

Undergraduate students (N = 336) completed measures of personality, cognitive functioning, and attitudes toward dreams; reported average hours of sleep and estimated dream recall; and kept a 2-week dream diary. A subset of 109 students volunteered to participate in, and 65 students actually participated in, a dream interpretation session. The students who volunteered for dream interpretation had more positive attitudes toward dreams, recalled dreams more frequently, were more open, were higher in absorption (capacity for restructuring one's phenomenal field), and were more often female than nonvolunteers. The volunteer clients who gained the most from dream interpretation reported fewer dreams in a 2-week dream diary. Clients reported that the most helpful aspects of dream interpretation were insight, links to waking life, and receiving another person's input.
Philosophy Disrobed: Lakoff and Johnson's Call for Empirically Responsible Philosophy

In answer to a friend's query about my current pursuits, I hoisted Lakoff and Johnson's six-hundred-page magnum opus into his hands. "Reviewing this. " Thoughtfully weighing the imposing book in one palm, he pronounced: "Philosophy in the Flesh? It needs to go on a diet! " I laughingly agreed, then in good philosopher's form analyzed his joke. He had conceived the book metaphorically as a person, as when we speak of books "inspiring" us or being "great company" and even as being "fat" or "thin. " His cleverness lay in perceiving a novel entailment of this metaphor: just as an overweight person may need to diet, a long book may need to be shortened. In addition, he used a con ventional metaphor in which means (to ends) are conceived as paths (to destinations), thus one may "go on" a diet for the purpose of losing weight as one goes on a path toward a destination. All in the spirit of Lakoff and Johnson. "The question is clear," they say. "Do you choose empirical responsibility or a priori philosophical assumptions? Most of what you believe about philosophy and much of what you believe about life will depend on your answer" (551). Choosing the path of empirical responsibility, we are primed to accept three central findings about the mind and language that have emerged
They shouldn't post that! Student perception of inappropriate posts on Facebook regarding alcohol consumption and the implications for peer socialization

Many students believe that drinking alcohol is part of the collegiate experience and showing that one consumes alcohol is an important part of establishing that one fits into this atmosphere. Facebook is one means in which college students present the appearance of social conformity in order to gain peer approval; yet, in accordance with Privacy Calculus Theory, students also need to weigh the potential cons of non-peer disapproval for drinking disclosures. However, for the process of Privacy Calculus theory to work with regards to peer acceptance, students need to obtain feedback from their peers in order to accurately assess the pros and cons of different levels of disclosure. Seven separate focus groups involving a total of 46 students at a small, private college in Pennsylvania were conducted to explore whether college students perceive limitations in appropriateness for Facebook drinking posts and, subsequently if they do anything to peers to express disapproval if this line is crossed. FINDINGS suggest that college students consider Facebook posts about underage drunken behavior and about drunken vomiting inappropriate because non-peer Facebook friends, such as family, may see the posts; and, additionally, in the case of vomiting, because sharing such behavior is deemed unnecessary and excessive. However, findings also suggest that students ignore these inappropriate posts without offering any sanctioning comments to their peers and in many instances actually find these posts 'entertaining' even though these students form negative opinions of the discloser. This questions how well Facebook works towards helping late adolescents understand the approved behaviors of their cohort and, in accordance with Privacy Calculus Theory, how accurately peers can evaluate the pros and cons of disclosure.
Decreasing the Adverse Effects of Endotracheal Suctioning During Mechanical Ventilation by Changing Practice

BACKGROUND: Little is known about the incidence of and risk factors for adverse effects from endotracheal suctioning. We studied the incidence and risk factors, and evaluated the effect of suctioning practice guidelines. METHODS: During a 3-month period, in 79 mechanically ventilated subjects, we recorded the adverse effects in 4,506 suctioning procedures. Then practice guidelines were implemented, and 1 year later, during another 3-month period, in 68 subjects, we recorded the adverse effects in 4,994 suctioning procedures. RESULTS: In the first period, adverse effects occurred frequently: oxygen desaturation in 46.8% of subjects and 6.5% of suctionings, hemorrhagic secretions in 31.6% of subjects and 4% of suctionings, blood pressure change in 24.1% of subjects and 1.6% of suctionings, and heart rate change in 10.1% of subjects and 1.1% of suctionings. After guidelines implementation, all complications, both separately and all together, were reduced. The incidence of all complications together decreased from 59.5% to 42.6% of subjects, and from 12.4% to 4.9% of procedures (both P < .05). PEEP > 5 cm H2O was an independent risk factor for oxygen desaturation. Receiving > 6 suctionings per day was a risk factor for desaturation and hemorrhagic secretions. The use of guidelines was independently associated with fewer complications. CONCLUSIONS: Endotracheal suctioning frequently induces adverse effects. Technique, suctioning frequency, and higher PEEP are risk factors for complications. Their incidence can be reduced by the implementation of suctioning guidelines.
Collaborating to Compete—The Governance Implications of Stakeholder Agendas at Mount Pulag National Park, the Philippines

Regional planning has long sought to manage places that extend across political boundaries. The international trend to decentralize governance and promote co-management of protected areas is consistent with emerging collaborative spatial planning theory (Healey, 1997, 1999, 2006), which suggests that through dialogue, parties assert multiple cultural perspectives, share knowledge, and forge shared landscape values as the basis of decisions. As a form of collaborative spatial planning, co-management specifies shared resource management power between national government and one or more local or indigenous communities. Both approaches assume decentralized governance systems. Although critics fault collaborative planning for glossing over historical and cultural contexts, and for ignoring power in decision making, few case studies ask why partners participate or how specific decentralized governance institutions affect plan implementation. This paper draws from a study of co-management at Mount Pulag National Park, the Philippines—a shared indigenous cultural landscape that was to be managed by a board representing multiple local, indigenous, and national jurisdictions. Tracing road decisions by two municipal partners, the paper summarizes how and why major stakeholders adopted and then circumvented protective policies by building duplicative road projects across fragile forests. In this context of changing indigenous rights, the same decentralization laws that enabled co-management also rewarded competition and strategic behavior that weakened the collaborative and fragmented the shared landscape. The case demonstrates the need to interrogate, rather than assume the benefits of decentralized governance and to study why stakeholders participate before relying on voluntary collaboration to manage regional landscapes. The initial version of this paper was presented to the 2006 annual meetings of the Association of Collegiate Schools of Planning, Fort Worth, Texas.
Pedicle Screws Adjacent to the Great Vessels or Viscera: A Study of 2132 Pedicle Screws in Pediatric Spine Deformity

Study Design: A retrospective study. Objective: To determine the incidence of pedicle screws close to vital structures and to identify patient or curve characteristics that increase the risk of screw misplacement. Summary and Background: Most pedicle screw misplacements are asymptomatic, thus they are frequently undetected. This study identifies the rate of screw placement in proximity to vital structures using postoperative computed tomography scans. Methods: A total of 2132 screws in 101 patients, who underwent posterior spinal fusion for spinal deformity, were reviewed. Screws adjacent to great vessels and viscera were identified and evaluated. Patients with screws at risk (group B) were compared with patients without screws at risk (group A). Patient and curve characteristics were analyzed to determine whether a correlation with screw misplacement exists. Results: A total of 40 at risk screws (∼2%) were identified in 25 patients (∼25%). These 40 screws were in proximity to the aorta (31), left subclavian artery (1), esophagus (3), trachea (3), pleura (1), and diaphragm (1). Of the 31 screws close to the aorta, 10 screws in 6 patients were impinging or distorting the aortic wall. One hundred percent of misplaced screws were in the thoracic spine, 50% were misplaced laterally, 50% were 35 mm long, 57.5% were in pedicles with normal morphology, and 75% were in curves between 40 and 70 degrees. Median screw misplacement rate was 10% in group A and 13% in group B. Adjusted for age and preoperative Cobb angle, patients with a higher misplacement rate were more likely to have screws adjacent to vital organs [adjusted odds ratio: 1.06 (95% confidence interval, 1.01–1.13), P=0.033]. Conclusions: Although only a small number of screws were at risk, they occurred in a large percentage of patients (25%). A single at-risk screw causes a significant complication for the patient. Postoperative imaging beyond routine x-rays may be needed to detect at-risk screws in asymptomatic patients.
A CHANDRA SURVEY OF SUPERMASSIVE BLACK HOLES WITH DYNAMICAL MASS MEASUREMENTS

We present Chandra observations of 12 galaxies that contain supermassive black holes (SMBHs) with dynamical mass measurements. Each galaxy was observed for 30 ks and resulted in a total of 68 point-source detections in the target galaxies including SMBH sources, ultraluminous X-ray sources (ULXs), and extragalactic X-ray binaries. Based on our fits of the X-ray spectra, we report fluxes, luminosities, Eddington ratios, and slope of the power-law spectrum. Normalized to the Eddington luminosity, the 2–10 keV band X-ray luminosities of the SMBH sources range from 10−8 to 10−6, and the power-law slopes are centered at ∼2 with a slight trend toward steeper (softer) slopes at smaller Eddington fractions, implying a change in the physical processes responsible for their emission at low accretion rates. We find 20 ULX candidates, of which 6 are likely (>90% chance) to be true ULXs. The most promising ULX candidate has an isotropic luminosity in the 0.3–10 keV band of 1.0+0.6 − 0.3 × 1040 erg s−1.
Replication: Determinants of parental guidance of children's television viewing: A Dutch replication study

This study replicates the Bybee, Robinson, and Turow (1982) investigation invoking parental guidance of television viewing. Using a representative sample of parents from the general Dutch population, the results were in marked agreement with the previous study on major points. Three distinct dimensions of parental guidance were found: restrictive, evaluative, and unfocused guidance. A factor analysis portrayed parents’ views of television's positive and negative effects as forming two independent perspectives. In addition to a number of demographic variables, parental beliefs about the effects of television on children proved fruitful in predicting guidance.
Adventure Tourism as a Research Tool in Non-Tourism Disciplines

Abstract Tourism research can gain broader academic recognition if findings from tourism research become relevant to, and cited within, other academic disciplines. Adventure tourism can provide opportunities for ground breaking research on wide-ranging issues such as: motivations for human mobility; individual economic valuation of high-rarity, low-probability experiences; volunteer assumption of physical personal risk, and its legal consequences; positive and negative effects of tourism on conservation; psychological models of human emotions; the anthropology of interactions between highly disparate human cultures; the use of autoethnography as a research tool; construction of social capital and cohesion; altruistic or competitive behaviour under severe stress; the design of communications systems; establishment and operation of human relationships involving extreme personality types; the physiology of acute stress; and human perceptions of risk and emotion, the passage of time, and the purpose of life. From an academic perspective, adventure tourism is much more than simply a substantial subsector of the mass tourism industry. It is an opportunity to conduct more widely relevant and recognized research, publishable in tourism journals yet also citeable in other disciplines.