Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
A statistical approach to fiber diameter distribution in human sural nerve

Fifty‐one normal sural nerve biopsies were obtained from 800 diagnostic biopsies. The external diameter distribution of myelinated fibers was described using the sum of two beta probability density functions, describing the thin as well as the thick fiber group. A cross‐sectional study using these distribution functions showed increasing values of the peak of the larger fiber group, the diameter of the thickest fibers, and the separation between the smaller and the larger groups until the beginning of adult life. The transition from a uni‐ into a bimodal histogram occurred gradually between 7 and 13 months. Total transverse fascicular area increased with age, whereas fiber density decreased significantly with age. The number of fibers remained stable over age. The relative proportion of the numbers of fibers in both groups described by one of the beta distributions remained constant over age. This occurred despite a marked decrease in the number of small fibers with a diameter less than, e.g., 6.5 μm. The results indicated an outgrowth of especially the larger myelinated fibers with age. This process continues with decreasing intensity into adult life. © 1993 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
The Effect of Massive Binaries on Stellar Populations and Supernova Progenitors

Abstract We have calculated a large set of detailed binary models and used them to test the observed stellar population ratios that compare the relative populations of blue supergiants, red supergiants and Wolf-Rayet stars at different metallicities. We have also used our models to estimate the relative rate of type Ib/c to type II supernovae. We find, with an interacting binary fraction of about two thirds, that we obtain better agreement between our models and observations than with single stars. We discuss the use of models in determining the nature of supernova progenitors and show the surprising result that many type Ib/c supernova progenitors are less luminous and less massive in our models than the observed population of Wolf-Rayet stars.
From Polynesian Healers to Health Food Stores: Changing Perspectives of Morinda citrifolia(Rubiaceae)

Morinda citrifolia L (noni) is one of the most important traditional Polynesian medicinal plants. Remedies from isolated Polynesian cultures, such as that of Rotuma, illustrate traditional indications that focus upon leaves, roots, bark, and green fruit, primarily for topical ailments. Anecdotally collected Hawaiian remedies that employ noni fruit illustrate changing usage patterns with shifts in recent times to preparation of juice made of ripe or decaying fruit. Ralph M. Heinicke promoted a wide range of claims about noni, and these seem to have fueled much of the current commercial interest in the plant. Recent studies of the proliferation of commercial products have shown that noni product manufacturers are promoting a range of therapeutic claims. These claims are based upon traditional Polynesian uses, Heinicke’s ideas, and fragments of recent scientific studies including the activity of noni in the treatment of cancer. A review is provided of recent studies of potential anticancer activity of noni fruit. While noni’s anticancer potential is still being explored, it continues to be widely used by Polynesians and non-Polynesians alike for both traditional and newly hypothesized indications.
A model of the translational apparatus based on a three-dimensional reconstruction of the Escherichia coli ribosome.

The morphology of the Escherichia coli ribosome, i.e., its shape at moderate to low (20-40 A (1 A = 0.1 nm)) resolution, provides important constraints in modeling both the folding of ribosomal RNA and the translational process. A new reconstruction, obtained by low-dose cryoelectron microscopy and image processing of single ribosomes, contains clues to the way in which the ribosome interacts with the key functional ligands: the mRNA and the A- and P-site tRNAs. It also suggests possible pathways of the nascent polypeptide chain. From an interpretation of these clues in the light of existing knowledge, a plausible model for the locations and interactions of key components of protein synthesis is suggested.
The Effects of Enhanced Sea Ice Export from the Ross Sea on Recent Cooling and Freshening of the Southeast Pacific

The top 2000 m of the Southern Ocean has freshened and warmed over recent decades. However, the high-latitude (south of 50°S) southeast Pacific was observed to be cooler and fresher in the years 2008–10 compared to 2005–07 over a wide depth range including surface, mode, and intermediate waters. The causes and impacts of this event are analyzed using the ocean–sea ice data-assimilating Southern Ocean State Estimate (SOSE) and observationally based products. In 2008–10, a strong positive southern annular mode coincided with a negative El Niño–Southern Oscillation and a deep Amundsen Sea low. Enhanced meridional winds drove strong sea ice export from the eastern Ross Sea, bringing large amounts of ice to the Amundsen Sea ice edge. In 2008, together with increased precipitation, this introduced a strong freshwater anomaly that was advected eastward by the Antarctic Circumpolar Current (ACC), mixing along the way. This anomaly entered the ocean interior not only as Antarctic Intermediate Water, but also as lighter Southeast Pacific Subantarctic Mode Water (SEPSAMW). A numerical particle release experiment carried out in SOSE showed that the Ross Sea sector was the dominant source of particles reaching the SEPSAMW formation region. This suggests that large-scale climate fluctuations can induce strong interannual variability of volume and properties of SEPSAMW. These fluctuations act at different time scales: instantaneously via direct forcing and also lagged over advective time scales of several years from upstream regions.
Lower bound on entanglement of formation for the qubit-qudit system

Wootters [Phys. Rev. Lett. 80, 2245 (1998)] has derived a closed formula for the entanglement of formation (EOF) of an arbitrary mixed state in a system of two qubits. There is no known closed-form expression for the EOF of an arbitrary mixed state in any system more complicated than two qubits. This paper, via a relatively straightforward generalization of Wootters' original derivation, obtains a closed-form lower bound on the EOF of an arbitary mixed state of a system composed of a qubit and a qudit (a d-level quantum system, with d{>=}3). The derivation of the lower bound is detailed for a system composed of a qubit and a qutrit (d=3); the generalization to d>3 then follows readily.
Modeling Inflection and Word-Formation in SMT

The current state-of-the-art in statistical machine translation (SMT) suffers from issues of sparsity and inadequate modeling power when translating into morphologically rich languages. We model both inflection and word-formation for the task of translating into German. We translate from English words to an underspecified German representation and then use linear-chain CRFs to predict the fully specified German representation. We show that improved modeling of inflection and wordformation leads to improved SMT.
Language and Tourism in Austria with a Focus on Tyrol

Zusammenfassung: Dieser Beitrag beschreibt zunächst die Besonderheiten der Urlaubsdestination Österreich und damit den Kontext, in dem Sprachkontakt zwischen Gästen und GastgeberInnen stattfindet. Nach einem Exkurs über die sprachlichen Anforderungen, die der Tourismus für die GastgeberInnen mit sich bringt, sowie über den Fremdsprachenerwerb im österreichischen Bildungssystem wird ein Überblick über die bisherige linguistische Forschung zu Tourismus in Österreich gegeben. In der zweiten Hälfte des Beitrags werden schließlich erste Ergebnisse hinsichtlich der Rolle von regionalen Varietäten und Fremdsprachen im Tourismus am Beispiel des Bundeslandes Tirol präsentiert, das zu den wichtigsten touristischen Hotspots der Alpen zählt.
Detection of Concept Drift for Learning from Stream Data

In data processing under dynamic environment such as stream, the time is one of the most significant facts not only because the size of data is dramatically increased but also because the context of data could be varied over time. To learn effectively from dynamic data evolving over time, it is required to detect the drift of the concept of data. We present a method to detect it by utilizing the correlation information of value distribution and apply our method to a learning task on a multi-stream data model. The result of experiments on a synthetic data set shows that our approach could provide a reasonable threshold to detect the change between windowed batches of stream data.
Defining the decision factors for managing defects: A technical debt perspective

Making a decision about whether to fix or defer fixing a defect is important to software projects. Deferring defects accumulates a technical debt that burdens the software team and customer with a less than optimal solution. The decision to defer fixing a defect is made by Software Change Control Boards (CCBs) based on a set of decision factors. In this paper, we evaluated the set of decision factors used by two CCBs at ABB in the context of technical debt management The aim was to determine how a model of cost and benefits of incurring technical debt could be part of the CCB decision process. We identified the cost categories and decision factors for fixing and deferring defects as a result of interviews with CCB members. We found that the decision factors could incorporate the financial aspects when using the technical debt metaphor. We identify opportunities for further research to integrate technical debt concepts with the decision factors towards better long term outcomes.
Therapeutic and prophylactic DNA vaccines for HIV-1

Introduction: DNA vaccines have moved into clinical trials in several fields and their success will be important for licensure of this vaccine modality. An effective vaccine for HIV-1 remains elusive and the development of one is troubled by safety and efficacy issues. Additionally, the ability for an HIV-1 vaccine to induce both the cellular and humoral arms of the immune system is needed. DNA vaccines not only offer a safe approach for the development of an HIV-1 vaccine but they have also been shown to elicit both arms of the immune system. Areas covered: This review explores how DNA vaccine design including the regimen, genetic adjuvants used, targeting, and mode of delivery continues to undergo improvements, thereby providing a potential option for an immunogenic vaccine for HIV-1. Expert opinion: Continued improvements in delivery technology, in particular electroporation, and the use of prime-boost vaccine strategies will aid in boosting the immunogenicity of DNA vaccines. Basic immunology research will also help discover new potential adjuvant targets that can be combined with DNA vaccination, such as inhibitors of inhibitory receptors.
Roles of CD4+ T-Cell-Independent and -Dependent Antibody Responses in the Control of Influenza Virus Infection: Evidence for Noncognate CD4+ T-Cell Activities That Enhance the Therapeutic Activity of Antiviral Antibodies

ABSTRACT Previous studies have indicated that B cells make a significant contribution to the resolution of influenza virus infection. To determine how B cells participate in the control of the infection, we transferred intact, major histocompatibility complex class II (MHC-II)-negative or B-cell receptor (BCR)-transgenic spleen cells into B-cell-deficient and CD8+ T-cell-depleted μMT mice, termed μMT(−8), and tested them for ability to recover from infection. μMT(−8) mice that received no spleen cells invariably succumbed to the infection within 20 days, indicating that CD4+ T-cell activities had no significant therapeutic activity on their own; in fact, they were harmful and decreased survival time. Interestingly, however, they became beneficial in the presence of antiviral antibody (Ab). Injection of MHC-II(−/−) spleen cells, which can provide CD4+ T-cell-independent (TI) but not T-cell-dependent (TD) activities, delayed mortality but only rarely resulted in clearance of the infection. By contrast, 80% of μMT(−8) mice injected with normal spleen cells survived and resolved the infection. Transfer of BCR-transgenic spleen cells, which contained ∼10 times fewer virus-specific precursor B cells than normal spleen cells, had no significant impact on the course of the infection. Taken together, the results suggest that B cells contribute to the control of the infection mainly through production of virus-specific Abs and that the TD Ab response is therapeutically more effective than the TI response. In addition, CD4+ T cells appear to contribute, apart from promoting the TD Ab response, by improving the therapeutic activity of Ab-mediated effector mechanisms.
The Effects of Network Diversity and Social Norms on Social Structuring: Empirical Evidence from Online Social Networks

Behavior in social groups follows social norms defining what is acceptable and what is not. Prior research has found strong tendencies toward informational isomorphism in online social networks, as social peers seem to establish a shared understanding of what behavior is acceptable. Due to the additive nature of these social norms, individual' s social context gets more restrictive as network diversity increases. As a consequence, individuals organize their contacts into groups, which is referred to as social structuring behavior, to create a less restrictive environment and to avoid violating social norms. While drawing on diversity literature, this study examines the relationship between age, social embeddedness, and nationality diversity on social structuring behavior. For that, a matched dataset from Facebook is used. Findings support the important role social norms play in OSN, and that increases in social embeddedness lead to increases in structuring behavior. Implications for IS theory are discussed.
A European Respiratory Society technical standard: exhaled biomarkers in lung disease

Breath tests cover the fraction of nitric oxide in expired gas (FENO), volatile organic compounds (VOCs), variables in exhaled breath condensate (EBC) and other measurements. For EBC and for FENO, official recommendations for standardised procedures are more than 10 years old and there is none for exhaled VOCs and particles. The aim of this document is to provide technical standards and recommendations for sample collection and analytic approaches and to highlight future research priorities in the field. For EBC and FENO, new developments and advances in technology have been evaluated in the current document. This report is not intended to provide clinical guidance on disease diagnosis and management. Clinicians and researchers with expertise in exhaled biomarkers were invited to participate. Published studies regarding methodology of breath tests were selected, discussed and evaluated in a consensus-based manner by the Task Force members. Recommendations for standardisation of sampling, analysing and reporting of data and suggestions for research to cover gaps in the evidence have been created and summarised. Application of breath biomarker measurement in a standardised manner will provide comparable results, thereby facilitating the potential use of these biomarkers in clinical practice. ERS technical standard: exhaled biomarkers in lung disease http://ow.ly/mAjr309DBOP
Union rewritings for XPath fragments

In this paper, we study the problem of finding an equivalent rewriting of an XPath query using multiple views, and we show that the union operator may be required in order to find such a rewriting. In particular, focusing on the fragment of XPath containing both descendant edges and wildcard labels, we propose an algorithm that outputs a union of single-view rewritings (if there exists any) which equivalently rewrites a given query. For the same fragment of XPath, we give necessary and sufficient conditions for query containment and equivalence of unions of queries.
Supporting Online Material Materials and Methods Tables S1 to S5 References Orbital Identification of Carbonate-bearing Rocks on Mars

clutch volume–adult body mass ratios do not occur in dinosaurs more distantly related to birds, such as allosauroids (26). Troodontids and oviraptorids further differ from other more basal dinosaurs in featuring relatively larger eggs, mo-noautochronic ovulation, and brooding (5, 6, 23). Consequently, two factors may have contributed to the evolution of paternal care: (i) increased energy demands of larger, sequentially ovulated eggs, necessitating females to focus strictly on their own feeding and egg laying (24, 27), and (ii) greater thermal incubation needs of embryos, requiring an attendant brooding adult (28). Because maternal and biparental care systems occur within extant crocodilians, the nature of parental care within more basal theropods and dinosaurs in general remains ambiguous. Paternal care in both troodontids and ovi-raptorids (Fig. 2E) implies that this reproductive system originated before the origin of flight and was primitive for Aves. Biparental care of Neognathes would then represent a derived condition. Although paternal care has previously been suggested as the ancestral condition for extant birds (3, 24, 27, 29), it has largely been envisioned as evolving within primitive birds, potentially in conjunction with superprecocial chicks (24, 27). In extant birds, the three parental care strategies correspond to statistically distinct clutch volume–adult body mass relationships (table S2), with paternal care associated with the largest clutches, maternal care with intermediate-size clutches, and biparental care with the smallest clutches for most adult sizes. This suggests a trade-off in parental investment between overall clutch mass and total parental care. Geochemical models for Mars predict carbonate formation during aqueous alteration. Carbonate-bearing rocks had not previously been detected on Mars' surface, but Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter mapping reveals a regional rock layer with near-infrared spectral characteristics that are consistent with the presence of magnesium carbonate in the Nili Fossae region. The carbonate is closely associated with both phyllosilicate-bearing and olivine-rich rock units and probably formed during the Noachian or early Hesperian era from the alteration of olivine by either hydrothermal fluids or near-surface water. The presence of carbonate as well as accompanying clays suggests that waters were neutral to alkaline at the time of its formation and that acidic weathering, proposed to be characteristic of Hesperian Mars, did not destroy these carbonates and thus did not dominate all aqueous environments. A lthough telescopic measurements hinted at the presence of carbonate on Mars (1–3), subsequent orbiting and landed instruments found no large-scale or massive carbonate-bearing rocks (4, 5). Carbonate …
Integration of Neural Networks and Expert Systems for Process Fault Diagnosis

The main thrust of this research is the development of an artificial intelligence (AI) system to be used as an operators' aid in the diagnosis of faults in large-scale chemical process plants. The operator advisory system involves the integration of two fundamentally different AI techniques: expert systems and neural networks. A diagnostic strategy based on the hierarchical use of neural networks is used as a first level filter to diagnose faults commonly encountered in chemical process plants. Once the faults are localized within the process by the neural networks, the deep knowledge expert system analyzes the results, and either confirms the diagnosis or offers alternative solutions. The model-based expert system contains information of the plant's structure and function within its object-oriented knowledge base. The diagnostic strategy can handle novel or previously unencountered faults, noisy process sensor measurements, and multiple faults. The operator advisory system is demonstrated using a multi-column distillation plant as a case study.
Temperature variation and sex determination in reptiles

In many species of reptiles, sex is determined at fertilization by zygotic sex chromosome composition. In other species, including all crocodilians, most turtles and some lizards, sex is determined by temperature during the earlier stages of gonadal differentiation. The effects of exogenous estrogens, antiestrogens and aromatase inhibitors at different temperatures have unambiguously demonstrated the involvement of estrogens in sexual differentiation of the gonads. Aromatase is the enzyme that converts androgens to estrogens. Gonadal aromatase activity is well correlated with gonadal structure. It increases exponentially in differentiating ovaries, whereas it remains low in differentiating testes. Moreover, there is a high correlation between the thermosensitive periods for both ovary differentiation and increase in aromatase activity. We suggest that a thermosensitive factor intervenes, directly or indirectly, in the transcriptional regulation of the aromatase gene in reptiles with temperature‐dependent sex determination.
Comparison of an interferon-gamma release assay with tuberculin skin testing in HIV-infected individuals.

RATIONALE Although interferon (IFN)-gamma release assays are approved for the diagnosis of latent tuberculosis infection (LTBI), limited data exist regarding their performance in HIV infection. OBJECTIVES To compare tuberculin skin test (TST) results to the commercial IFN-gamma release assay QuantiFERON-TB Gold In-Tube (QFT) for the diagnosis of LTBI in HIV-infected adults. METHODS A total of 294 HIV-infected subjects sampled from two San Francisco cohorts underwent TST, using 5 TU of purified protein derivative, and QFT, measuring IFN-gamma response to Mycobacterium tuberculosis-specific RD-1 antigens. MAIN RESULTS Of 294 participants, 205 (70%) returned for an evaluable TST. Concordance between QFT and TST was 89.3% (kappa=0.37, p=0.007). However, in subjects with positive test results by either TST or QFT, only 28% (8/29) had positive test results by both modalities. TST-positive/QFT-negative discordant results were found in 5.1% of subjects and TST-negative/QFT-positive discordance in 5.6%. Indeterminate QFT results occurred in 5.1%, all due to a failure to respond to the phytohemagglutinin-positive control. Subjects with a CD4(+) count of less than 100 cells/mm(3) had a relative risk of an indeterminate result of 4.24 (95% confidence interval, 1.55-11.61; p=0.003) compared with those with a CD4(+) count of 100 or more. CONCLUSIONS Overall concordance between QFT and TST in HIV infection was high, but agreement among subjects with positive tests by either modality was low.