Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Combining Seismic Data from Passive and Active Sources for understanding the terrane structure of the Eastern Goldfields, Western Australia

Summary A passive seismic survey to investigate variations in crustal structure across the Yilgarn craton has shown significant contrasts in seismic velocity models between neighbouring terranes/superterranes. The Eastern Goldfields showed a unique variability in crustal structure in agreement with a recent reinterpretation of terrane boundaries within the Yilgarn craton. We further investigated the Eastern Goldfields region using a 3-way approach which combined conventional passive seismic analysis with innovative seismic noise-correlation methods and constraints from active source data. Conventional passive seismic analysis enables the Receiver Function S-velocity structure, and hence composition, of the lower crust to be constrained. Noisecorrelation analysis allows seismic velocity models in the 5-15 km depth range to be determined and provides medium resolution coverage across regions not previously explored using active seismic methods. Where active source data have been acquired, shallow structure and deeper seismic velocity determinations are added, providing an unprecedented combination of seismic constraints on the structure of this complex and economically important region. We find that, although some individual terrane boundaries within the new Eastern Goldfields reinterpretation are open to question, the concept of the multi-terrane amalgamation is substantially justified by the exceptional variability of the lower crustal structure. Upper crustal structure is often characterised by seismic discontinuities which may represent detachment surfaces or layered structure that varies between terranes over a sub-100 km length scale. The accretionary history of the superterrane and associated regional tectonic setting of numerous formations of economic significance would now appear to be beyond question.
Introduction to special section: Southern Oxidants Study Nashville/Middle Tennessee Ozone Study

The 12 papers in this second Southern Oxidants Study (SOS) special section of the Journal of Geophysical Research-Atmospheres constitute a significant addition to earlier scientific contributions from the SOS: Fehsenfeld et al. [1993], Chameides and Cowling [1995], first special section “;Southern Oxidants Study” in the Journal of Geophysical Research, 103 (D17), 22, 209-22,669, 1998, and North Carolina State University [1999]. These 12 papers give special emphasis to advances in scientific understanding of chemical, meteorological, and biological factors that govern accumulation of ozone and other oxidants in the lower troposphere within the 11-state study area centered over Nashville, Tennessee. The aircraft and ground-based fieldwork portions of SOS' Nashville/Middle Tennessee Ozone Study were completed during the summers of 1994 and 1995. In-depth analysis and interpretation of measurements made during those two summers has continued, and will likely continue for some years in the future. Readers of this second SOS special section needing background information on the Nashville/Middle Tennessee Ozone Study should consult the four overview papers published in the first SOS special section [Cowling et al., 1998; Meagher et al., 1998; McNider et al., 1998; Hubler et al., 1998].
Effective—a database of predicted secreted bacterial proteins

Protein secretion is a key virulence mechanism of pathogenic and symbiotic bacteria, which makes the investigation of secreted proteins (‘effectors’) crucial for understanding the molecular bacterium–host interactions. Effective (http://effectors.org) is a database of predicted bacterial secreted proteins, implementing two complementary prediction strategies for protein secretion: the identification of eukaryotic-like protein domains and the recognition of signal peptides in amino acid sequences. The Effective web portal provides user-friendly tools for browsing and retrieving comprehensive precalculated predictions for whole bacterial genomes as well as for the interactive prediction of effectors in user-provided protein sequences.
Distinct Fluvial Patterns of a Headwater Stream Network Underlain by Discontinuous Permafrost

Abstract Hydrology, permafrost, and vegetation will likely respond to warming of northern latitudes with concurrent shifts in channel form and network pattern. At present, data on channel structure and networks in most northern regions are sparse, thus restricting any comprehensive understanding of channel processes or predictions of change in response to warming. We conducted a survey in 2011 of stream hydraulic geometry and network pattern in an upland headwater catchment of the Yukon River basin that is underlain by discontinuous permafrost. We found atypical hydraulic geometry exponents for depth and velocity but not for width and slope. We also found the study catchment to have unusually low drainage density and bifurcation ratios. Our data support the hypothesis that snow and channel ice decrease geomorphic effectiveness during snowmelt, which ultimately constrains channel and network development. Additionally, qualitative data support the hypothesis that dense riparian vegetation promotes bank stabilization and leads to nearly vertical channel walls in small streams, thus leading to anomalous hydraulic geometry. Simple metrics such as the drainage density and hydraulic geometry relationships may prove to be useful metrics of boreal and subarctic warming and permafrost thaw, and this study may serve as an important baseline to evaluate future changes.
Dynamic Calibration with an Ensemble Kalman Filter Based Data Assimilation Approach for Root-Zone Moisture Predictions

Abstract In the presence of uncertain initial conditions and soil hydraulic properties, land surface model (LSM) performance can be significantly improved by the assimilation of periodic observations of certain state variables, such as the near-surface soil moisture (θg), as observed from a remote platform. In this paper the possibility of merging observations and the model optimally for providing robust predictions of root-zone soil moisture (θ2) is demonstrated. An assimilation approach that assimilates θg through the ensemble Kalman filter (EnKF) and provides a physics-based update of θ2 is developed. This approach, as with other common soil moisture assimilation approaches, may fail when a key LSM parameter, for example, the saturated hydraulic conductivity (ks), is estimated poorly. This leads to biased model errors producing a violation of a main assumption (model errors with zero mean) of the EnKF. For overcoming this model bias an innovative assimilation approach is developed that accepts this vio.
Estimating Surge-Based Flood Risk with the Coastal Louisiana Risk Assessment Model

ABSTRACT Johnson, D.R. ; Fischbach, J.R. , and Ortiz, D.S. , 2013. Estimating surge-based flood risk with the coastal Louisiana risk assessment model. The Coastal Louisiana Risk Assessment model (CLARA) was designed to facilitate comparisons of current and future flood risk under a variety of protection system configurations in a wide range of environmental, operational, and economic uncertainties. It builds on previous studies of coastal risk by incorporating system fragility and a larger number of future scenarios than previously analyzed. Flood depths and direct economic damage from a wide range of simulated storm events are aggregated to produce a statistical summary of coastal risk under different assumptions about future conditions. CLARA's estimates of project-level effects on flood risk reduction were used as one of the key decision drivers in selecting the risk reduction projects included in the Master Plan. Depending on the scenario, the final alternative is projected to reduce expected annual damage by approximately 60 to 80% during the next 50 years relative to a future without action and, at the same time, balance other decision criteria.
Magma and fluid migration at Yellowstone Caldera in the last three decades inferred from InSAR, leveling, and gravity measurements

We studied the Yellowstone caldera geological unrest between 1977 and 2010 by investigating temporal changes in differential Interferometric Synthetic Aperture Radar (InSAR), precise spirit leveling and gravity measurements. The analysis of the 1992–2010 displacement time series, retrieved by applying the SBAS InSAR technique, allowed the identification of three areas of deformation: (i) the Mallard Lake (ML) and Sour Creek (SC) resurgent domes, (ii) a region close to the Northern Caldera Rim (NCR), and (iii) the eastern Snake River Plain (SRP). While the eastern SRP shows a signal related to tectonic deformation, the other two regions are influenced by the caldera unrest. We removed the tectonic signal from the InSAR displacements, and we modeled the InSAR, leveling, and gravity measurements to retrieve the best fitting source parameters. Our findings confirmed the existence of different distinct sources, beneath the brittle‐ductile transition zone, which have been intermittently active during the last three decades. Moreover, we interpreted our results in the light of existing seismic tomography studies. Concerning the SC dome, we highlighted the role of hydrothermal fluids as the driving force behind the 1977–1983 uplift; since 1983–1993 the deformation source transformed into a deeper one with a higher magmatic component. Furthermore, our results support the magmatic nature of the deformation source beneath ML dome for the overall investigated period. Finally, the uplift at NCR is interpreted as magma accumulation, while its subsidence could either be the result of fluids migration outside the caldera or the gravitational adjustment of the source from a spherical to a sill‐like geometry.
Negotiating urban conflict: Conflicts as opportunity for urban democracy

This study argues that episodes of urban conflict can serve as a lens into the challenges that society presents to citizens and to those responsible for governance. Struggles around representation, inequality, belonging, and governance are negotiated among citizens, professionals, and policy practitioners at the street-level of urban neighborhoods. Therefore, the interactions between stakeholders in situations of conflict can function as laboratories to understand how citizenship is performed through informal and unconventional street-level practices. My study is the result of four years of ethnographic case study research in which I immersed myself into the dramas of people who inhabit, govern, or practice in the urban environment. The study reveals if, when, how, and where episodes of urban conflict can be understood as moments of opportunity for ‘negotiated democracy’.
A comparison of supervised maximum likelihood and decision tree classification for crop cover estimation from multitemporal LANDSAT MSS data

Abstract Supervised maximum likelihood classification was compared with a supervised binary decision tree for crop classification from multitemporal LANDSAT MSS data. Similar levels of classification accuracy were obtained using both algorithms, but the ease of training and computational simplicity of the binary decision tree suggest that this algorithm may be a viable alternative to the maximum likelihood for the analysis of data sets with high dimensionality such as multitemporal LANDSAT MSS data.
Some observations on the scale dependence of permeability by pumping tests

The dependence of scale in estimates of permeability or transmissivity in pumping tests is addressed in terms of internal architecture. The need for using geologic models that go beyond treating heterogeneity as a multinormal logarithmic field is noted. By using stratification as a vehicle and simulating flow, the role of the internal architecture of the aquifer is demonstrated. Specifically, transient data generated with the help of a stratified model are evaluated without consideration of internal architecture or geological imprint, and the consequences on estimates of aquifer properties are examined particularly in terms of scale. Evidence of scale effects should suggest the need for evaluating pumping tests with models that incorporate geologic considerations.
Artificial Construction of Dunes in the South of Portugal

Abstract The Cacela Peninsula on the south coast of Portugal was, previous to nourishment operations, extremely vulnerable to overwash events. During the 1995–96 winter, extensive overwashing led to the opening of a new inlet. Simultaneously, the lagoon channel in the backbarrier was silting up with the overwash deposits, inlet flood delta sands, and accretion of fine sediments. Between October 1996 and February 1997 the channel was dredged, and the sediments were deposited on the western 2,000 meters of the Cacela Peninsula, forming an artificial dune ridge. The sediment characteristics of the dredge spoils were in contrast with the natural dune sand. The spoils had higher silt and clay content, lower mean grain size, and poorer sorting. In January 1998, three washover breaches were infilled, with sand removed from the foreshore, on the eastern part of the Cacela Peninsula. These sands were coarser and more poorly sorted than the original dune sediments. A 2-year monitoring program, consisting of beach/dune profiling, topographic surveys in specific areas, and sediment analysis, was established to observe the morphological evolution of these areas. The total eroded volume recorded for the dune nourishment project after 2 years was about 106,500 cubic meters, corresponding to 33% of the total 325,000 cubic meters of sediment that was deposited. The washover infilling showed little or no variation. However, the downdrift beaches and foredunes experienced severe erosion. Both protective measures accomplished their purposes in terms of preventing erosion; however, a natural landscape was only created where dune development by aeolian processes was possible.
Clay Minerals as Records of Temperature Conditions and Duration of Thermal Anomalies in the Paris Basin, France

Abstract Upper Triassic sandy horizons in the Paris Basin were sampled at depths ranging from outcrop in the northeast to 2,700 m in the centre of the basin. The smallest clay sub-fractions (<0.2 μm) from the deepest central samples consist mainly of illite and chlorite whose K-Ar age is ~190 Ma. These minerals formed at a relatively high temperature of 220-250°C, as determined from the oxygen isotope fractionation between authigenic illite and associated quartz overgrowths, but at a burial depth of only 500 m. In a nearby drillhole that crosscuts a fault zone reactivated during the 190 Ma event, illite is less well-crystallized and has a higher δ18O value suggesting different physical and chemical conditions of formation during the same hydrothermal episode. Two other generations of illite-smectite mixed-layer clays formed in the same Triassic horizon: one at ~150 Ma and the other at ~80 Ma. These younger clays have higher δ18O values and thus may have formed at somewhat lower temperatures. The δ18O values of the fluids from which the different illite-smectite mixed-layer minerals form range from +9 to +13.5 per mil (SMOW). An Ar diffusion code was used to estimate, on the basis of the Ar loss of the clay-type material, the duration of these events. The results suggest that the duration of the hydrothermal events at 190 Ma and 150 Ma were rather short, <1 Ma, whereas the youngest event was protracted over a much longer period of ~37 Ma. Comparison between K-Ar ages of the different mixed-layer minerals and sedimentation rates of the sediments since the Palaeozoic shows significant accelerations of the rates at ~190-200 Ma and 150 Ma, and a less important one at ~80 Ma. These observations provide additional evidence that the first two events were promoted by basementrelated tectono-thermal activities. The third event is considered to be of diagenetic origin.
MTF-tailored Multiscale Fusion of High-resolution MS and Pan Imagery

This work presents a multiresolution framework for merging a multispectral image having an arbitrary number of bands with a higher-resolution panchromatic observation. The fusion method relies on the generalized Laplacian pyramid (GLP), which is a multiscale, oversampled structure. The goal is to selectively perform injection of spatial frequencies from an image to another with the constraint of thoroughly retaining the spectral information of the coarser data. The novel idea is that a model of the modulation transfer functions (MTF) of the multispectral scanner is exploited to design the GLP reduction filter. Thus, the interband structure model (IBSM), which is calculated at the coarser scale, where both MS and PAN data are available, can be extended to the finer scale, without the drawback of the poor enhancement occurring when MTFs are assumed to be ideal filters. Experiments carried out on QuickBird data demonstrate that a superior spatial enhancement, besides the spectral quality typical of injection methods, is achieved by means of the MTF-adjusted fusion.
An approach for in-harbor ship detection in complex background

Aiming at the problem of in-harbor ship detection in forward-looking infrared image, this paper proposes a method for ship segmentation and false alarm suppressing based on k-means clustering segmentation. We obtain the simulated model images from visible satellite images and perspective relations. And the harbor area is determined by matching with HOG features. Then we segment the ship out of the harbor area. In order to suppress the false alarm, we apply k-means clustering segmentation to get the ship and the sea area simultaneously. By calculating the external convex polygon, we get rid of the false alarm targets. Experimental results suggest that our method has high detection accuracies and low false alarm rate.
A Three-Year Climatology of Cloud-Top Phase over the Southern Ocean and North Pacific

AbstractModerate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) Level 2 observations from the Terra satellite are used to create a 3-yr climatology of cloud-top phase over a section of the Southern Ocean (south of Australia) and the North Pacific Ocean. The intent is to highlight the extensive presence of supercooled liquid water over the Southern Ocean region, particularly during summer. The phase of such clouds directly affects the absorbed shortwave radiation, which has recently been found to be “poorly simulated in both state-of-the-art reanalysis and coupled global climate models” (Trenberth and Fasullo). The climatology finds that supercooled liquid water is present year-round in the low-altitude clouds across this section of the Southern Ocean. Further, the MODIS cloud phase algorithm identifies very few glaciated cloud tops at temperatures above −20°C, rather inferring a large portion of “uncertain” cloud tops. Between 50° and 60°S during the summer, the albedo effect is compounded by a seasonal redu.
ReviewSystematic review of the health benefits of physical activity and fitness in school-aged children and youth

Background: The purpose was to: 1) perform a systematic review of studies examining the relation between physical activity, fitness, and health in school-aged children and youth, and 2) make recommendations based on the findings. Methods: The systematic review was limited to 7 health indicators: high blood cholesterol, high blood pressure, the metabolic syndrome, obesity, low bone density, depression, and injuries. Literature searches were conducted using predefined keywords in 6 key databases. A total of 11,088 potential papers were identified. The abstracts and full-text articles of potentially relevant papers were screened to determine eligibility. Data was abstracted for 113 outcomes from the 86 eligible papers. The evidence was graded for each health outcome using established criteria based on the quantity and quality of studies and strength of effect. The volume, intensity, and type of physical activity were
STREAMFLOW DEPLETION: MODELING OF REDUCED BASEFLOW ANI INDUCED STREAM INFILTRATION FROM SEASONALLY PUMPED WELLS 1

ABSTRACT: Numerical modeling techniques are used to analyze streamflow depletion for stream‐aquifer systems with baseflow. The analyses calculated two flow components generated by a pumping well located at a given distance from a river that is hydraulically connected to an unconfined aquifer. The two components are induced stream infiltration and reduced baseflow; both contribute to total streamflow depletion. Simulation results suggest that the induced infiltration, the volume of water discharged from the stream to the aquifer, has a shorter term impact on streamflow, while the reduced baseflow curves show a longer term effect. The peak impacts of the two hydrologic processes on streamflow occur separately. The separate analysis helps in understanding the hydrologic interactions between stream and aquifer. Practically, it provides useful information about contaminant transport from stream to aquifer when water quality is a concern, and for areas where water quantity is an issue, the separate analysis offers additional information to the development of water resource management plan.
itc . it Supporting the Requirements Prioritization Process . A Machine Learning approach

Requirements prioritization plays a key role in the requirements engineering process, in particular with respect to critical tasks such as requirements negotiation and software release planning. This paper presents a novel framework which is based on a requirements prioritization process that interleaves human and machine activities, enabling for an accurate prioritization of requirements. Similarly to the Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) method, our framework adopts an elicitation process based on the acquisition of pairwise preferences. Differently from AHP, where scalability is a big issue, the framework enables a prioritization process even over a large set of requirements, thanks to the exploitation of machine learning techniques that induce requirements ranking approximations at run time, and to the use of a boolean metrics. Moreover the new approach allows to reduce the bias of a dominance hierarchy, a strategy introduced by AHP to deal with the scalability issue. The paper describes also a methodology for the experimental evaluation of the framework and discusses the results of a first set of experiments designed on a real casestudy which shows that an high accuracy in the final ranking can be obtained within a limited elicitation effort.
EVALUACION DE PERDIDA DE BIOMASA OCASIONADA POR MELANOPLUS LAKlNUS (SCUDDER) (ORTHOPTERA: ACRIDIDAE) EN PASTIZALES DE DURANGO, MEXICO

RESUMEN Se analiza la perdida de biomasa causada por chapulines de la especie Melanoplus lakinus (Scudder) habitantes de un pastizal mediano arbosufrutescente, conformado por los pastes Chloris virgata Sw. y Rynchelytrum repens (Willd.) C.E. Hubb. asociados con Bouteloua gracilis (Willd. ex Kunth) Lag. ex Griffiths y B. curtipendula (Michx.) Torr. entre otros, en Castillo Najera, Durango, Mexico. Se evaluo la perdida de biomasa a tres densidades de chapulines (7, 14 Y28 insectos/m'); estes fueron confinados en jaulas tipo Sara" de 6 x 6 x I rn en campo . El consumo de biomasa por M. lakinus fue 3037% en relacion con el testigo, y su dieta estuvo conformada por 55 % de hierbas y 45% de pastos, con una preferencia pOI' B. curtipendula.