Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Edinburgh Research Explorer Comparison of four inverse modelling systems applied to the estimation of HFC-125, HFC-134a, and SF6 emissions over Europe

Hydroﬂuorocarbons (HFCs) are used in a range of industrial applications and have largely replaced previously used gases (CFCs and HCFCs). HFCs are not ozone-depleting but have large global warming potentials and are, therefore, reported to the United Nations Framework Con-vention on Climate Change (UNFCCC). Here, we use four independent inverse models to estimate European emissions of the two HFCs contributing the most to global warming (HFC-134a and HFC-125) and of SF 6 for the year 2011. Using an ensemble of inverse
Explorer Comparison between a Mandarin Chinese version of the Childhood Autism Spectrum Test and the Clancy Autism Behaviour Scale in mainland China

General rights Copyright for the publications made accessible via the Edinburgh Research Explorer is retained by the author(s) and / or other copyright owners and it is a condition of accessing these publications that users recognise and abide by the legal requirements associated with these rights. Take down policy The University of Edinburgh has made every reasonable effort to ensure that Edinburgh Research Explorer content complies with UK legislation. If you believe that the public display of this file breaches copyright please contact openaccess@ed.ac. uk providing details, and we will remove access to the work immediately and investigate your claim.
Using road patrol data to identify factors 1 associated with carnivore roadkill counts 2 3

3 Samual T. Williams 1, 2, 3, Wendy Collinson 4, Claire Patterson-Abrolat 4, David G. Marneweck 4, 4 5, Lourens H. Swanepoel 1 5 6 1 Department of Zoology, School of Mathematical & Natural Sciences, University of Venda, 7 Thohoyandou, South Africa 8 2 Department of Anthropology, Durham University, Durham, United Kingdom 9 3 Institute for Globally Distributed Open Research and Education (IGDORE) 10 4 Endangered Wildlife Trust, Ardeer Road, Johannesburg 1645, South Africa 11 5 Centre for Wildlife Management, University of Pretoria, South Street, Pretoria 0186, South 12 Africa 13 14 Corresponding authors: Samual T. Williams; Lourens H. Swanepoel 15 Email addresses: samual.t. williams@gmail.com; lourens.swanepoel. univen@gmail.com 16
High dose vs low dose irradiation of the subventricular zone in patients with glioblastoma — a systematic review and meta-analysis

Purpose: The published data indicate that the irradiation of the subventricular zone (SVZ) might play a role in the treatment of patients with glioblastoma (GBM). We aimed to determine whether radiation treatment doses (high vs low) applied to the SVZ can lead to an increase in progression free survival (PFS) and overall survival (OS). Patients and methods: We undertook a systematic review and meta-analysis according to the PICOS research criteria of patients with glioblastoma which received high doses compared to low doses in order to determine if they have a better survival in observational and experimental studies. Results: Our survey of the literature yielded 2573 unique records. After screening, 17 were assessed for eligibility, and in the end 8 were included in the qualitative and 4 in the quantitative analysis. Subjects who received higher doses of ipsilateral SVZ (iSVZ) irradiation had a statistically signi ﬁ cant better PFS than those receiving lower doses (HR 0.58 [95% CI 0.42 – 0.82], p =0.002). Subjects receiving higher doses of contralateral SVZ (cSVZ) irradiation did not have a statistically signi ﬁ cant better PFS than those receiving lower doses (HR =0.89 [95% CI 0.35 – 2.26], p =0.81). Also for OS the subjects receiving higher doses to the iSVZ did not have a statistically signi ﬁ cant better survival than those receiving lower doses (HR =0.75 [95% CI 0.51 – 1.11], p =0.15). Conclusion: The data indicate a possible involvement of the SVZ in the onset and progression of the GBM, as well as a possible role of the SVZ in radiation therapy.
Identification of immune-related genes up-regulated in response to pathogens and parasites using suppressive subtractive hybridization

We report the identification of immune-related molecules from the fat body, and intestine of Rhodnius prolixus, an important vector of Chagas disease. Insects were challenged by introducing pathogens or Trypanosoma cruzi, the parasite that causes Chagas disease, into the hemocoel. RNA from intestines, or fat body were isolated 24 h after stimulation. We used suppressive subtractive hybridization to identify immune-related genes, generated three subtracted libraries, sequenced the clones and assembled the sequences. The functional annotation revealed expressed sequence tags (ESTs) generated in response to various stimuli in all tissues, and included pathogen recognition molecules, regulatory molecules, and effector molecules. r 2006 Published by Elsevier Ltd.
The stellate vascular smooth muscle cell phenotype is induced by IL-1 (cid:12) via the secretion of PGE2 and subsequent cAMP-dependent protein kinase A activation

of and subsequent cAMP-dependent kinase activation. Abstract Atherosclerosis development is associated with morphological changes to intimal cells, leading to a stellate cell phenotype. In this study, we aimed to determine whether and how key pro-atherogenic cytokines present in atherosclerotic plaques (IL-1  , TNF  and IFN  ) could induce this phenotype, as these molecules are known to trigger the transdifferentiation of vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs). We found that, IL-1  was the only major inflammatory mediator tested capable of inducing a stellate morphology in VSMCs. This finding was confirmed by staining for F-actin and vinculin at focal adhesions, as these two markers were disrupted only by IL-1  . We then investigated the possible association of this IL-1  -dependent change in morphology with an increase in intracellular cAMP concentration ([cAMP]), using the FRET-based biosensor for cAMP T Epac VV . Experiments in the presence of IL-1  or medium conditioned by IL-1  -treated VSMCs and pharmacological tools demonstrated that the long-term increase in intracellular cAMP concentration was induced by the secretion of an autocrine/paracrine mediator, prostaglandin E 2 (PGE 2 ), acting through the EP4 receptor . Finally, by kno cking down the expression of the regulatory subunit PKAR1α, thereby reproducing the effects of IL-1  and PGE 2 on VSMCs, we demonstrated the contribution We show here that IL-1  was the only inflammatory mediator of those tested (IL-1  , TNF  and IFN  , all of which are present in plaques) able to trigger the phenotypic transition from contractile to stellate cells in VSMCs. Early studies described an increase in cAMP concentration as the intracellular event leading VSMCs to adopt a stellate phenotype [ 17-20 ]. We therefore investigated the possible association of the IL-1  -dependent transdifferentiation of VSMCs with the increase in intracellular [cAMP], using a FRET-based biosensor for cAMP ( T Epac VV , [ 21 ]) . This technique can be used to monitor real-time changes in intracellular [cAMP] in living cells. These experiments showed that the increase in intracellular [cAMP] in response to IL-1  stimulation was due to the secretion of a unique autocrine/paracine mediator, PGE 2 . By interacting with the EP4 receptor, PGE 2 stimulates cAMP production, in turn activating PKA and destabilizing
Probing chemotaxis activity in Escherichia coli using fluorescent protein fusions

Chemotaxis is based on ligand-receptor interactions that are transmitted via protein-protein interactions to the flagellar motors. Ligand-receptor interactions in chemotaxis can be deployed for the development of rapid biosensor assays, but there is no consensus as to what the best readout of such assays would have to be. Here we explore two potential fluorescent readouts of chemotactically active Escherichia coli cells. In the first, we probed interactions between the chemotaxis signaling proteins CheY and CheZ by fusing them individually with non-fluorescent parts of a ‘split’-Green Fluorescent Protein. Wild-type chemotactic cells but not mutants lacking the CheA kinase produced distinguishable fluorescence foci, two-thirds of which localize at the cell poles with the chemoreceptors and one-third at motor complexes. Cells expressing fusion proteins only were attracted to serine sources, demonstrating measurable functional interactions between CheY~P and CheZ. Fluorescent foci based on stable split-eGFP displayed small fluctuations in cells exposed to attractant or repellent, but those based on an unstable ASV-tagged eGFP showed a higher dynamic behaviour both in the foci intensity changes and the number of foci per cell. For the second readout, we expressed the pH-sensitive fluorophore pHluorin in the cyto- and periplasm of chemotactically active E. coli. Calibrations of pHluorin fluorescence as a function of pH demonstrated that cells accumulating near a chemo-attractant temporally increase cytoplasmic pH while decreasing periplasmic pH. Both readouts thus show promise as proxies for chemotaxis activity, but will have to be further optimized in order to deliver practical biosensor assays. IMPORTANCE Bacterial chemotaxis may be deployed for future biosensing purposes with the advantages of its chemoreceptor ligand-specificity and its minute-scale response time. On the downside, chemotaxis is ephemeral and more difficult to quantitatively read out than, e.g., reporter gene expression. It is thus important to investigate different alternative ways to interrogate chemotactic response of cells. Here we gauge the possibilities to measure dynamic response in the Escherichia coli chemotaxis pathway resulting from phosphorylated CheY-CheZ interactions by using (unstable) split-fluorescent proteins. We further test whether pH differences between cyto- and periplasm as a result of chemotactic activity can be measured with help of pH-sensitive fluorescent proteins. Our results show that both approaches conceptually function, but will need further improvement in terms of detection and assay types to be practical for biosensing.
SwINe CONfINemeNT bUIlDINgS : effeCTS Of aIRbORNe paRTICleS aND SeTTleD DUST ON aIRway SmOOTh mUSCleS

Swine confinement workers are exposed to various contaminants. These agents can cause airway inflammation and bronchoconstriction. This study was undertaken to evaluate if the bronchoconstrictive effects of swine barn air and settled dust are mediated by endotoxin, and if these effects are directly mediated on airway smooth muscles. Mouse tracheas where isolated and mounted isometrically in organ baths. Tracheas, with or without epithelium, were attached to a force transducer and tension was recorded. Concentrated swine building air at 68 EU/ml or settled dust extract at 0.01 g/ml were added for 20 minutes and tracheal smooth muscle contraction was measured. Direct role of LPS was assessed by removing it from air concentrates with an endotoxin affinity resin. Swine barn air and settled dust extract caused contraction of tracheal smooth muscle by 26 and 20%, respectively, of the maximal induced by methacholine. Removal of epithelium did not affect the contractile effects. LPS alone and LPS with peptidoglycans did not induce contraction. However, when endotoxin was removed from swine barn air concentrates, it lost 24% of its contractile effect. Concentrated swine barn air and settled dust have direct effects on airway smooth muscles. This effect is partially due to LPS but a synergy with other components of the environment of swine confinement buildings is required. address for correspondence: Yvon Cormier MD, Institut Universitaire de Cardiologie et de Pneumologie de Québec, 2725, chemin Sainte-Foy, Québec, Qc, Canada G1V 4G5. E-mail: yvon.cormier@med.ulaval. ca
Bmc Microbiology Cytokine Responses in Primary Chicken Embryo Intestinal Cells Infected with Campylobacter Jejuni Strains of Human and Chicken Origin and the Expression of Bacterial Virulence-associated Genes

Background: Campylobacter jejuni is a major cause of inflammatory diarrhoea in humans and is considered a commensal of the gastroenteric tract of the avian host. However, little is known about the interaction between C. jejuni and the avian host including the cytokine responses and the expression of the bacterial genes. We have investigated the invasiveness of primary chicken embryo intestinal cells (CEICs) by C. jejuni strains of human and chicken origins and the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines as well as the expression of the bacterial virulence-associated genes during co-cultivation.
THE LIGHT AT THE END OF THE TUNNEL : THE IMPACT OF POLICY ON THE GLOBAL DIFFUSION OF FLUORESCENT LAMPS

The objective of this paper is to evaluate the effectiveness of different policies in facilitating the diffusion of green innovations through trade. Focusing on developing countries, this paper develop analyses the effectiveness of policies such as information, subsidies, and banning the use of the incumbent technology in encouraging the use of a clean technology. The empirical model uses a novel dataset of a sample of 72 low and middle-income countries, spanning the period 1993-2013 to evaluate the effectiveness of these policies, and analyse the determinants of policy choice. Results suggest that domestic policies pay a pivotal role in facilitating the transfer of CFL, especially subsidies; however, simultaneous implementation of policies need not necessarily be effective. Moreover, countries learn from the experiences of other countries in deciding whether to implement a particular policy. Results also suggest a role for trade policy instruments, such as trade agreements with top exporters, to facilitate clean technology diffusion.
Lipid Interactions of a Ciliary Membrane TRP Channel: Simulation and Structural Studies of Polycystin-2 (PC2)

Polycystin-2 (PC2) is a member of the TRPP subfamily of TRP channels and is present in ciliary membranes of the kidney. PC2 can be either homo-tetrameric, or heterotetrameric with PC1. PC2 shares a common transmembrane fold with other TRP channels, in addition to having a novel extracellular domain. Several TRP channels have been suggested to be regulated by lipids, including phosphatidylinositol phosphates (PIPs). We have combined molecular dynamics simulations with cryoelectron microscopy to explore possible lipid interactions sites on PC2. We propose that PC2 has a PIP-binding site close to the equivalent vanilloid/lipid-binding site in the TRPV1 channel. A 3.0 Å cryoelectron microscopy map reveals a binding site for cholesterol on PC2. Cholesterol interactions with the channel at this site are further characterized by MD simulations. These results help to position PC2 within an emerging model of the complex roles of lipids in the regulation and organization of ciliary membranes.
Cytotoxic and antiproliferative effects of Streblus asper from northeastern Thailand on A549 lung cancer cells

Thailand's second-leading cause of death is lung cancer. Thai indigenous herbal plants are sought after as an alternative treatment against lung cancer. This work aimed to examine cytotoxic, antiproliferative and antimigratory capacities of different parts of Streblus asper (SA) from northeastern Thailand on A549 lung cancer cells. Plant leaves, twigs, bark and wood were used for ethanolic extraction by maceration. The highest cytotoxicity of 85.46% was found in twig extract (IC50 57.46 µg/mL) assessed by an MTT assay. The lowest IC50 (18.42 µg/mL) was also found in twig extract using a clonogenic assay indicating its most antiproliferative activity in a long-term therapy. In addition, all SA extracts displayed antimigratory activity against A549 cells in a dose-dependent fashion, especially twig extract. Apoptotic characteristics were noticeable in SA extract treated cells. The maximum DPPH-scavenging activity, FRAP value, total phenolic and flavonoid content were found in twig extract. GC-MS analysis revealed that twig extract contained four prominent components namely ethyl-α-D-glucopyranoside, hexadecanoic acid, ethyl ester, lupeol and γ-sitosterol. Real-time PCR results showed that genes (Bcl-2, Bax, p21, and cytochrome c) linked to apoptosis were significantly affected by all SA extracts. The various SA components' ethanolic extracts exhibited moderate-to-high cytotoxic action towards A549 cells. This work will significantly advance the utilization of the plant as an alternative source of medicine for rural Thais, and it paves the way for future research to determine the active compound(s) and anticipate new drug candidates.
ImmunoChip Study Implicates Antigen Presentation to T Cells in Narcolepsy

for narcolepsy/hypocretin (orexin) deficiency. We genotyped loci associated with other autoimmune and inflammatory diseases in 1,886 individuals with hypocretin-deficient narcolepsy and 10,421 controls, all of European ancestry, using a custom genotyping array (ImmunoChip). Three loci located outside the Human Leukocyte Antigen (HLA) region on chromosome 6 were significantly associated with disease risk. In addition to a strong signal in the T cell receptor alpha (TRA@), variants in two additional narcolepsy loci, Cathepsin H (CTSH) and Tumor necrosis factor (ligand) superfamily member 4 (TNFSF4, also called OX40L), attained genome-wide significance. These findings underline the importance of antigen presentation by HLA Class II to T cells in the pathophysiology of this autoimmune disease.
CRYOSNOW - An approach for mapping and simulation of mountain permafrost distribution based on the spatial analyses of perennial snow patches

The identification of mountain permafrost phenomena and their spatial distribution as well as the monitoring of environmental changes in permafrost areas is essential for an assessment of natural hazards in high mountain regions. For a large scale detection of permafrost areas remote sensing techniques are practicable. However, the thermal ground regime is not directly observable by remote sensing sensors, thus the mapping of permafrost rely on surface indicators. The present approach of an identification of mountain permafrost is based upon the spatial distribution of perennial snow patches which can be easily detected by remote sensing techniques. At the end of the late summer widespread remnants of snow cover suggest low or negative ground temperatures underneath. Hence, the frequent occurrence of perennial snow patches may imply the existence of permafrost in the immediate vicinity. In the present study the spatial distribution of perennial snow patches during different years was checked and mapped by the application of air photographs. Using a statistically approach based on parameters as topography, terrain orientation and altitudeit was analysed, to what extend the spatial density of perennial snow patches is appropriate to forecast the spatial distribution of permafrost. The quality of the simulation was tested in regard to characteristics of geomorphologic,hydrological, and physical permafrost indicators as rock glaciers, ice cored debris and moraines, surface temperatures and bottom temperatures of the snow cover (BTS) as well as temperatures and electrical conductivity of melt water. First results document that the simulation approach produces a significant approximation to determine the lower limit of discontinuous permafrost areas.ReferencesDamm, B. and Langer, M. , 2006. Kartierung und Regionalisierung von Permafrostindikatoren im Rieserfernergebiet (Sudtirol/Osttirol). Mitt. der Osterr. Geogr. Ges. 148, 295-314.Haeberli, W. , 1975. Untersuchungen zur Verbreitung von Permafrost zwischen Fluelapass und Piz Grialetsch (Graubunden). Diss. Univ. Basel, Zurich, 195 Seiten.Hoelzle, M. , Mittaz, C. , Etzelmuller, B. and Haeberli, W. (2001): Surface energyfluxes and distribution models of permafrost in European Mountain areas: Anoverview of current developments. Permafrost and Periglacial Processes 12(1), 53-68
Deep geometry of subduction below the Andeanbelt of Colombia as revealed by seismictomography

In this study new tomographic models of Colombia were calculated. I used the seismicity recorded by the Colombian seismic network during the period 2006-2009. In this time period, the improvement of the seismic network yields more stable hypocentral results with respect to older data set and allows to compute new 3D Vp and Vp/Vs models. The final dataset consists of 10813 P- and 8614 S-arrival times associated to 1405 earthquakes. Tests with synthetic data and resolution analysis indicate that velocity models are well constrained in central, western and southwestern Colombia to a depth of 160 km; the resolution is poor in the northern Colombia and close to Venezuela due to a lack of seismic stations and seismicity. The tomographic models and the relocated seismicity indicate the existence of E-SE subducting Nazca lithosphere beneath central and southern Colombia. The North-South changes in Wadati-Benioff zone, Vp & Vp/Vs pattern and volcanism, show that the downgoing plate is segmented by slab tears E-W directed, suggesting the presence of three sectors. Earthquakes in the northernmost sector represent most of the Colombian seimicity and concentrated on 100-170 km depth interval, beneath the Eastern Cordillera. Here a massive dehydration is inferred, resulting from a delay in the eclogitization of a thickened oceanic crust in a flat-subduction geometry. In this sector a cluster of intermediate-depth seismicity (Bucaramanga Nest) is present beneath the elbow of the Eastern Cordillera, interpreted as the result of massive and highly localized dehydration phenomenon caused by a hyper-hydrous oceanic crust. The central and southern sectors, although different in Vp pattern show, conversely, a continuous, steep and more homogeneous Wadati-Benioff zone with overlying volcanic areas. Here a "normalthickened" oceanic crust is inferred, allowing for a gradual and continuous metamorphic reactions to take place with depth, enabling the fluid migration towards the mantle wedge.
The Hidden Curriculum: Practical Solutions for Understanding Unstated Rules in Social Situations

This book offers practical suggestions and advice for how to teach and learn those subtle messages that most people seem to pick up almost automatically but that have to be directly taught to individuals with social-cognitive challenges. Given the serious consequences that can befall a person who violates a social rule, the strategies and detailed lists of curriculum items make The Hidden Curriculum a much-needed resource.