Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Resilient multicast using overlays

We introduce Probabilistic Resilient Multicast (PRM): a multicast data recovery scheme that improves data delivery ratios while maintaining low end-to-end latencies. PRM has both a proactive and a reactive components; in this paper we describe how PRM can be used to improve the performance of application-layer multicast protocols especially when there are high packet losses and host failures. Through detailed analysis in this paper, we show that this loss recovery technique has efficient scaling properties-the overheads at each overlay node asymptotically decrease to zero with increasing group sizes. As a detailed case study, we show how PRM can be applied to the NICE application-layer multicast protocol. We present detailed simulations of the PRM-enhanced NICE protocol for 10 000 node Internet-like topologies. Simulations show that PRM achieves a high delivery ratio (>97%) with a low latency bound (600 ms) for environments with high end-to-end network losses (1%-5%) and high topology change rates (5 changes per second) while incurring very low overheads (<5%).
Constitutive Mixed Mode Behavior of Cracks in Concrete: Experimental Investigations of Material Modeling

Cracks are a natural part of concrete and concrete structures. The cracks influence the general structural behavior in terms of e.g. the stress distribution and the stiffness. A direct inclusion of the cracks in the design will result in a more precise description of the structural behavior and a better basis for the assessment of the service life of the structure. The constitutive relation between Mode I crack opening and the normal stresses across the crack is well described through the Fictitious Crack Model (FCM) and related models. However, after a crack in concrete is initiated, the crack may open in mixed mode, i.e. a combination of opening and sliding. To get a thorough description of the structural consequences it is important to include the stress transferring effects related to the mixed mode opening. The existing constitutive mixed mode models either have a rather extensive model formulation or are based on one or more model parameters which are difficult to conceive and give a mechanical interpretation. To some extent this may be explained by the sparse experimental basis for the mixed mode cracking in concrete. In this thesis a series of new mixed mode experiments are presented. An experimental basis for the interpretation of the mixed mode crack behavior is achieved through the experimental results. Based on an elasto-plastic model a constitutive mixed mode model is formulated. By a direct inclusion of the actual crack topography, the model gives a consistent and purely mechanical based interpretation of the crack behavior. A stiff biaxial test set-up is applied to the mixed mode measurements. The relative opening and sliding of the crack is used as the control signals in a new enhanced closed control loop. The opening and the sliding of the crack are measured by clip gauges using a pair of custom made orthogonal gauge rails mounted on the specimen. The precise orthogonal gauge rails entail a direct interpretation of the mixed mode crack opening process, ensuring that the achieved response over the ligament is equal to the prescribed mixed mode displacement. After a crack is initiated in a double notch specimen, the crack is exposed to mixed mode opening. The experiments may be used in a direct interpretation of the mixed mode behavior. The elliptic yield surface in the associated elasto-plastic material model is controlled by two hardening parameters, which represent the actual compressive and tensile strength of the concrete, respectively. The constitutive behavior is based on the relation between normal opening and normal traction. For an opening of the crack the material softens, for a closure the material hardens, and for a large closure the material crushes described as a softening. The crack surface is measured through an optical laser scan-
Twin-wire welding based additive manufacturing (TWAM): manufacture of functionally gradient objects

Purpose Twin-wire welding-based additive manufacturing (TWAM) is a unique process which uses gas metal arc welding (GMAW)-based twin-wire weld-deposition to create functionally gradient materials (FGMs). Presented study aims to focus on creating metallic objects with a hardness gradient using GMAW of twin-wire weld deposition setup. Design/methodology/approach By using dissimilar filler wires in twin-wire weld-deposition, it is possible to create metallic objects with varying hardness. This is made possible by individually controlling the proportion of each filler wire used. ER70S-6 and ER110S-G are the two filler wires used for the study; the former has lower hardness than the latter. In the current study, methodology and various experiments carried out to identify the suitable process parameters at a given location for a desired variation of hardness have been presented. A predictive model for obtaining the wire speed of the filler wires required for a desired value of hardness was also created. Subsequently, sample parts with gradient in various directions have been fabricated. Findings For dissimilar twin-wire weld-deposition used here, it is observed that the resultant hardness is in the volumetric proportion of the hardness of the individual filler wires. This aids the fabrication of FGMs using arc based weld-deposition with localized control of hardness, achieved through the control of the ratio of wire speeds of the individual filler wires. Four sample parts were fabricated to demonstrate the concept of realizing FGMs through TWAM. The fabricated parts showed good match with the desired hardness variation. Research limitations/implications This paper successfully presents the capability of TWAM for creating gradient metallic objects with varying hardness. Although developed using ER70S-6 and ER110S-G filler wire combination, the methodology can be extended for other filler wire combinations too for creating FGMs Originality/value GMAW-based twin-wire welding for additive manufacturing is a novel process which uses dissimilar filler wires for creating FGMs. This paper describes methodology of the same followed by illustration of parts created with bi-directional hardness gradient.
Antioxidant and Hepatoprotective Properties of Tofu (Curdle Soymilk) against Acetaminophen-Induced Liver Damage in Rats

The antioxidant and hepatoprotective properties of tofu using acetaminophen to induce liver damage in albino rats were evaluated. Tofus were prepared using calcium chloride, alum, and steep water as coagulants. The polyphenols of tofu were extracted and their antioxidant properties were determined. The weight gain and feed intake of the rats were measured. The analysis of serum alanine aminotransferase (ALT), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) activities and the concentrations of albumin, total protein, cholesterol, and bilirubin were analyzed. The result reveals that the antioxidant property of both soluble and bound polyphenolic extracts was significantly higher in all tofus, but the steep water coagulated tofu was recorded higher. Rats fed with various tofus and acetaminophen had their serum ALP, ALT, AST, and LDH activities; total cholesterol; and bilirubin levels significantly (P < 0.05) reduced, and total protein and albumin concentrations increased when compared with basal diet and acetaminophen administered group. Therefore, all tofus curdled with various coagulants could be used to prevent liver damage caused by oxidative stress.
Permafrost conditions in peatlands regulate magnitude, timing, and chemical composition of catchment dissolved organic carbon export

Permafrost thaw in peatlands has the potential to alter catchment export of dissolved organic carbon (DOC) and thus influence downstream aquatic C cycling. Subarctic peatlands are often mosaics of different peatland types, where permafrost conditions regulate the hydrological setting of each type. We show that hydrological setting is key to observed differences in magnitude, timing, and chemical composition of DOC export between permafrost and nonpermafrost peatland types, and that these differences influence the export of DOC of larger catchments even when peatlands are minor catchment components. In many aspects, DOC export from a studied peatland permafrost plateau was similar to that of a forested upland catchment. Similarities included low annual export (2–3 g C m−2) dominated by the snow melt period (~70%), and how substantial DOC export following storms required wet antecedent conditions. Conversely, nonpermafrost fens had higher DOC export (7 g C m−2), resulting from sustained hydrological connectivity during summer. Chemical composition of catchment DOC export arose from the mixing of highly aromatic DOC from organic soils from permafrost plateau soil water and upland forest surface horizons with nonaromatic DOC from mineral soil groundwater, but was further modulated by fens. Increasing aromaticity from fen inflow to outlet was substantial and depended on both water residence time and water temperature. The role of fens as catchment biogeochemical hotspots was further emphasized by their capacity for sulfate retention. As a result of fen characteristics, a 4% fen cover in a mixed catchment was responsible for 34% higher DOC export, 50% higher DOC concentrations and ~10% higher DOC aromaticity at the catchment outlet during summer compared to a nonpeatland upland catchment. Expansion of fens due to thaw thus has potential to influence landscape C cycling by increasing fen capacity to act as biogeochemical hotspots, amplifying aquatic C cycling, and increasing catchment DOC export.
Exploring features in a Bayesian framework for material recognition

We are interested in identifying the material category, e.g. glass, metal, fabric, plastic or wood, from a single image of a surface. Unlike other visual recognition tasks in computer vision, it is difficult to find good, reliable features that can tell material categories apart. Our strategy is to use a rich set of low and mid-level features that capture various aspects of material appearance. We propose an augmented Latent Dirichlet Allocation (aLDA) model to combine these features under a Bayesian generative framework and learn an optimal combination of features. Experimental results show that our system performs material recognition reasonably well on a challenging material database, outperforming state-of-the-art material/texture recognition systems.
Application of Real-time Polymerase Chain Reaction (RT-PCR)

The real-time polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR), also called quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (QRT-PCR) or kinetic polymerase chain reaction (kPCR), is a technique used to simultaneously quantify and amplify a DNA molecule. It is used to determine whether a specific DNA sequence is present in the sample; and if it is present, the number of copies in the sample. It is the real-time version of quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR), itself a modification of polymerase chain reaction (PCR). The procedure of RT-PCR follows the regular PCR procedure, but the DNA is quantified after each round of amplification. Two common methods of quantification are the use of fluorescent dyes that intercalate with double-strand DNA, and modified DNA oligonucleotide probes that fluoresce when hybridized with a complementary DNA. RT-PCR could be combined with reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction to quantify messenger RNA (mRNA) at a particular time for in a particular cell or tissue type. (The Journal of American Science. 2006;2(3):1-15).
Audio source separation with deep neural networks using the dropout algorithm

A method based on Deep Neural Networks (DNNs) and time-frequency masking has been recently developed for binaural audio source separation. In this method, the DNNs are used to predict the Direction Of Arrival (DOA) of the audio sources with respect to the listener which is then used to generate soft time-frequency masks for the recovery/estimation of the individual audio sources. In this paper, an algorithm called ‘dropout’ will be applied to the hidden layers, affecting the sparsity of hidden units activations: randomly selected neurons and their connections are dropped during the training phase, preventing feature co-adaptation. These methods are evaluated on binaural mixtures generated with Binaural Room Impulse Responses (BRIRs), accounting a certain level of room reverberation. The results show that the proposed DNNs system with randomly deleted neurons is able to achieve higher SDRs performances compared to the baseline method without the dropout algorithm.
An Algorithm for Site Selection in GIS based on Swarm Intelligence

Swarm intelligence is about design of distributed algorithms which use simple rules and indirect communication, but result in intelligent emergent behaviour. Geographical Information Systems are systems which are able to analyse, manipulate and store vast amounts of spatial data. In this paper we study the use of swarm intelligence based algorithms for use in GIS and this is demonstrated with an example of the problem of site selection, also called as location allocation. An agent algorithm inspired from the nest building behaviour of natural termites is discussed and some simulation results are also provided.
Correlation of Vernalization Loci VRN-H1 and VRN-H2 and Growth Habit in Barley Germplasm

Vernalization requirement is a key component in determining the overall fitness of developmental patterns of barley to its environment. We have used previously reported markers and spring-sown growth habit nursery to characterize the genotypes of barley germplasm in an applied barley breeding ground to establish a baseline of information required to understand the relationship between adaptation of autumn-sown barley germplasm in diverse regions with warm (W), moderate (M), or cold climates (C). This study revealed that twenty entries were detected with the presence of the vernalization critical region in VRN-H1 locus and complete presence of the three geneclusters ZCCT-Ha, -Hb, and -Hc in VRN-H2 locus represented as genotype vrn-H1/Vrn-H2 (V1w/V2w). Of these genotypes, 17 entries showed winter growth habit whereas the remaining three revealed facultative growth habit indicating reduced vernalization requirements possibly due to VRN-H3 and photoperiod sensitivity loci as compared to the landmark winter growth habit entries in this group. Twenty-four entries were detected with the lack of vernalization critical region in VRN-H1 locus but complete presence of the three geneclusters ZCCT-Ha, -Hb, and -Hc in VRN-H2 locus represented as genotype Vrn-H1/Vrn-H2 (V1s/V2w). However, only half of these germplasms were identified with spring growth habit in spring-sown nursery, and the rest of the germplasms in this group revealed facultative growth habits due to possible variation in the length of deletion in VRN-H1. Four germplasms showed vernalization insensitive phenotype due to the lack of a functional ZCCT-Ha and/or ZCCT-Hb alleles in VRN-H2 and the deletion in the vernalization critical region of VRN-H1. These germplasms revealed acomplete spring type growth habit. Only one entry showed reduced vernalization requirement solely due to the deletion in functional ZCCT-Hb allele in VRN-H2 and not due to the deletion in the vernalization critical region of VRN-H1.
Racial variation in end-of-life intensive care use: a race or hospital effect?

OBJECTIVE To determine if racial and ethnic variations exist in intensive care (ICU) use during terminal hospitalizations, and, if variations do exist, to determine whether they can be explained by systematic differences in hospital utilization by race/ethnicity. DATA SOURCE 1999 hospital discharge data from all nonfederal hospitals in Florida, Massachusetts, New Jersey, New York, and Virginia. DESIGN We identified all terminal admissions (N = 192,705) among adults. We calculated crude rates of ICU use among non-Hispanic whites, blacks, Hispanics, and those with "other" race/ethnicity. We performed multivariable logistic regression on ICU use, with and without adjustment for clustering of patients within hospitals, to calculate adjusted differences in ICU use and by race/ethnicity. We explored both a random-effects (RE) and fixed-effect (FE) specification to adjust for hospital-level clustering. DATA COLLECTION The data were collected by each state. PRINCIPAL FINDINGS ICU use during the terminal hospitalization was highest among nonwhites, varying from 64.4 percent among Hispanics to 57.5 percent among whites. Compared to white women, the risk-adjusted odds of ICU use was higher for white men and for nonwhites of both sexes (odds ratios [ORs] and 95 percent confidence intervals: white men = 1.16 (1.14-1.19), black men = 1.35 (1.17-1.56), Hispanic men = 1.52 (1.27-1.82), black women = 1.31 (1.25-1.37), Hispanic women =1.53 (1.43-1.63)). Additional adjustment for within-hospital clustering of patients using the RE model did not change the estimate for white men, but markedly attenuated observed differences for blacks (OR for men =1.12 (0.96-1.31), women = 1.10 (1.03-1.17)) and Hispanics (OR for men =1.19 (1.00-1.42), women = 1.18 (1.09-1.27)). Results from the FE model were similar to the RE model (OR for black men = 1.10 (0.95-1.28), black women = 1.07 (1.02-1.13) Hispanic men = 1.17 (0.96-1.42), and Hispanic women = 1.14 (1.06-1.24)) CONCLUSIONS The majority of observed differences in terminal ICU use among blacks and Hispanics were attributable to their use of hospitals with higher ICU use rather than to racial differences in ICU use within the same hospital.
Type-based safe resource deallocation for shared-memory concurrency

We propose a type system to guarantee safe resource deallocation for shared-memory concurrent programs by extending the previous type system based on fractional ownerships. Here, safe resource deallocation means that memory cells, locks, or threads are not left allocated when a program terminates. Our framework supports (1) fork/join parallelism, (2) synchronization with locks, and (3) dynamically allocated memory cells and locks. The type system is proved to be sound. We also provide a type inference algorithm for the type system and a prototype implementation of the algorithm.
H3K4 demethylase activities repress proliferative and postmitotic aging

Homeostasis of postmitotic and proliferating cells is maintained by pathways that repress stress. We found that the Caenorhabditis elegans histone 3 lysine 4 (H3K4) demethylases RBR‐2 and SPR‐5 promoted postmitotic longevity of stress‐resistant daf‐2 adults, altered pools of methylated H3K4, and promoted silencing of some daf‐2 target genes. In addition, RBR‐2 and SPR‐5 were required for germ cell immortality at a high temperature. Transgenerational proliferative aging was enhanced for spr‐5; rbr‐2 double mutants, suggesting that these histone demethylases may function sequentially to promote germ cell immortality by targeting distinct H3K4 methyl marks. RBR‐2 did not play a comparable role in the maintenance of quiescent germ cells in dauer larvae, implying that it represses stress that occurs as a consequence of germ cell proliferation, rather than stress that accumulates in nondividing cells. We propose that H3K4 demethylase activities promote the maintenance of chromatin states during stressful growth conditions, thereby repressing postmitotic aging of somatic cells as well as proliferative aging of germ cells.
Tooth formation age estimated on a few selected teeth. A simple method for clinical use.

HAAVIKKO, K. : Tooth Formation Age Estimated on a Few Selected Teeth. A Simple Method for Clinical Use. Proc. Finn. dent. Soc. 70: 15-19, 1974. The aim of the study was to investigate whether it is possible to make reliable estimates of the tooth formation age using only a few selected teeth. The material consisted of data on 885 children in the age range from 2 to 13 years. The teeth to be selected were those that showed the least variability, and whose formation stage was easily estimated on roentgenograms. iT enion s so paid to the age at which they became fully formed. The variability was calculated as the mean range of the age distributions of the tooth formation stages. Altogether nine teeth were selected. With these nine teeth six differ•°nt groups were formed. The correlation between the group age and mean formation age (the mean of the formation ages of all the teeth) was computed for every child. The correlation coefficients were highly significant, being 0.88-0.93 for the three groups in the age period 2.5 to 9 years and 0.82-0.88 for the three groups in the age period 10 to 13 years. The teeth recommended for use in estimating the formation age: teeth 47, 46, (16), 44, 41 from birth to nine years of age and teeth 47, 44, 13, 43 from 10 year nwards. Lp.1-, . RtA uR3, Lt t41~,
Design and Implementation of Vehicular Network Simulator for Data Forwarding Scheme Evaluation

Simulation is a common method used to examine the models and protocols before they are implemented in real systems. Vehicular networks present different characteristics which render most of their simulations inapplicable to real-world Vehicular Ad Hoc Networks. In these days, the important advancement has been made toward the realistic simulators. OMNeT++, SUMO, and Veins provide a decent way for vehicular network researchers. This paper introduces the design and implementation of data forwarding schemes in vehicular networks. We discuss the implementation of two data forwarding schemes, such as Vehicle-Assisted Data Delivery and Trajectory-Based Data Forwarding. Both are the forwarding schemes that rely on Expected Delivery Delay implementation of data forwarding schemes in vehicular networks. We discuss the implementation of two data forwarding schemes, such as Vehicle-Assisted Data Delivery and Trajectory-Based Data Forwarding. Both are the forwarding schemes that rely on Expected Delivery Delay.
TAR DNA-Binding Protein 43 Accumulation in Protein Aggregate Myopathies

Protein aggregate myopathies, including myofibrillar myopathies and sporadic inclusion body myositis (sIBM), are characterized by abnormal protein aggregates composed of various muscular and ectopic proteins. Previous studies have shown the crucial role ofdysregulated transcription factors such as neuron-restrictive silencerfactor in the expression of aberrant proteins in myotilinopathies. Here, we assessed possible aberrant expression of TAR DNA-bindingprotein 43 (TDP-43), another factor involved in transcription regulation. TDP-43-immunoreactive intracytoplasmic inclusions were seen in all cases examined of myotilinopathy, desminopathy, and sIBM, and in 1 case of inclusion body myositis with Paget disease of bone and frontotemporal degeneration (IBMPFD). TAR DNA-binding protein 43 colocalized with myotilin and valosin in myotilinopathies and IBMPFD, respectively, but only occasionally colocalized with ubiquitin in myotilinopathies, desminopathies, sIBM, and IBMPFD; this indicates that accumulated TDP-43 is largely not ubiquitinated. Moreover, phosphorylated TDP-43 at Ser403/404 and Ser409/410 accumulated in the cytoplasm of vulnerable fibers but did not always colocalize with nonphosphorylated TDP-43. Cytoplasmic deposition was accompanied by decreased TDP-43 localization in the nuclei of affected fibers. These findings indicate that TDP-43 not only is another protein accumulated in myofibrillar myopathies, sIBM, and IBMPFD but also likely has a role through altered microRNA processing in the abnormal protein production, modification, and accumulation in protein aggregate myopathies.