Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
The present-day stress field along the Northwest Pacific Wadati-Benioff zone constrained by focal mechanisms of moderate earthquakes

The present-day stress field in the northwest Pacific Wadati-Benioff Zone (WBZ) has been investigated on the basis of earthquake focal mechanism catalog covering the period from 2012 to 2021. Our catalog contains 201 focal mechanism solutions (Mw 4.0–5.9) compiled from the F-net network along three profiles (southern Kurile trench, central Japan trench and northern Izu-Bonin trench). According to the spatial variations in the stress regimes, we outlined 12 subvolumes for three profiles. Our results present that the maximum compressive stress is, slab-normal in trench-outer rise regions and nearly strike-normal and sub-horizontal in the depth range 0–70 km. At intermediate depths, a two-planar stress pattern is observed (70–200 km) in southern Kurile and central Japan trench WBZ, with the maximum compressive stress closely parallel to the slab in upper plane and slab-normal in lower plane, respectively. However, the southern Kurile trench WBZ exposes an extension stress regime in 200–300 km depth range. At depths below 300 km, northern Izu-Bonin trench WBZ shows a stress regime of pure compression. We infer the dominant forces may be the slab blending in the shallow trench-outer rise regions, slab pull and ridge push at shallow depths, and the slab resistance provided by the mantle to the penetration of the slab at deep depths. Whereas the two-planar stress pattern may be caused by the unbending of the slab, and the unusual stress state along the junction of the trench WBZ at intermediate depths may be influenced by lateral deformation due to increasing slab’s dip.
WEARABLE E-TEXTILE INTEGRATED SENSORS FOR DETECTING HYPERKALEMIA AND HYPOKALEMIA

Recent evolutions in wearable and personalized healthcare devices have led to the emergence of real-time monitoring of the physiological and metabolic status of human beings. Detection of disorders related to potassium levels including hyperkalemia and hypokalemia is very much challenging in the current scenario. Potassium imbalance leads to massive change in electrical activity of the body especially disturbs the function of the brain, heart, nerves, bone and muscles in hospitalized patients. Potassium loss is a major concern in disorders such as hyperhidrosis and Cystic Fibrosis. Hence the real-time monitoring of potassium levels in the hospitalized patients may provide information related to latent cardiac problems and also assist in the diagnosis of apparent life-threatening diseases. Comprehensively, the real-time monitoring of potassium concentrations may shed light on the electrolyte loss, dehydration status and also the other associated diseases. In this study, the correlation between the electrocardiogram (ECG) signals and the potassium levels can diagnose the potassium imbalance in a non-invasive manner. The novelty of our work is to develop a wearable E-textile integrated sensor for the detection of hyperkalemia and hypokalemia through ECG signal. The main advantage of this product is wearable and portable, and also ensures the patient safety and user friendly particularly for elderly and disabled patients and also for children.
Effects of substrate orientation on the structural and electronic properties of epitaxial graphene on SiC(0001)

We investigate graphene transport and structural properties as a function of silicon carbide (SiC) wafer orientation. Terrace step edge density is found to increase with wafer misorientation from SiC(0001). This results in a monotonic increase in average graphene thickness, as well as a 30% increase in carrier density and 40% decrease in mobility up to 0.45° miscut toward (11¯00). Beyond 0.45°, average thickness and carrier density continues to increase; however, carrier mobility is similar to low-miscut angles, suggesting that the interaction between graphene and SiC(0001) may be fundamentally different that of graphene/SiC(11¯0n).
Coherence and connections in teachers’ mathematical discourses in instruction

In this article, we share our combination of analytical concepts drawn from the literature with a set of grounded framing questions for thinking about differences in the nature of coherence and connections in teachers’ mathematical discourses in instruction (MDI). The literature-based concepts that we use are drawn from writing focused on transformation activity as a fundamental feature of mathematical activity. Within this writing, the need for connections between stated problems and the representations introduced and subsequently produced through transformation steps are highlighted. Drawing from four empirical episodes located across primary and secondary mathematics teaching, we outline a set of framing questions that explore coherence and connections between these concepts, and the ways in which accompanying explanations work to establish these connections. This combination allows us to describe differences between the episodes in terms of the nature and degree of coherence and connection.
How information about inequality impacts support for school closure policies. Evidence from the pandemic

The increase in inequalities during the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic has been the topic of intense scholarly and public debate. School closures are one of the containment measures that have been debated most critically in this regard. What drives support for school and daycare/kindergarten closures during a public health crisis such as the current COVID-19 pandemic? More specifically, do inequality concerns affect this support? To identify causal linkages between awareness of inequalities and support for school and daycare/kindergarten closures, we use a survey experiment with information treatment, in which we randomly assign information designed to prime the respondents to think about either education inequality, gender inequality, or both. Based on an original survey experiment involving more than 3,000 respondents, conducted in spring 2021 at the end of a long lockdown in Germany, our findings show that concerns about education inequality and gender inequality are equally important for decreasing support for preschool and primary school closures, while they do not seem to matter regarding secondary school closures.
Accretion processes in star formation

1. Overview 2. Initial conditions for protostellar collapse 3. Protostellar cloud collapse 4. Protostellar collapse: observations vs. theory 5. Disk accretion 6. The disks and envelopes of T Tauri stars 7. The FU Orionis objects 8. Disk winds and magnetospheric accretion 9. Disk accretion and early stellar evolution Appendix 1. Basic hydrodynamic and MHD equations Appendix 2. Jeans masses and fragmentation Appendix 3. Basic radiative transfer List of symbols References Index.
Book Review of Latent Variable and Latent Structure Models edited by George A. Marcoulides and Irini Moustaki

As pointed out in prior structural equation modeling (SEM) text reviews (Glaser, 2000, 2001, 2002), up to 1995, there was a paucity of SEM texts that were readily accessible to the fledgling SEM user. Many of us used Bollen (1989), Loehlin (1992), and Hayduk (1987) as our primary reference points, and they still stand as seminal readings in this domain. However, a flurry of introductory texts have been released since Schumacker and Lomax’s (1996) user-friendly text. With the surmounting increase in interest in SEM, has come an attendant rise in the level of sophistication of modeling efforts (concomitant with software capability), with various edited texts addressing either an array of topical areas (e.g., Hoyle, 1995; Bollen & Long, 1993) or focused areas such as interaction and nonlinear modeling (Schumacker & Marcoulides, 1998), latent growth curve modeling (Duncan, Duncan, Strycker, Li, & Alpert, 1999), multilevel applications (Moskowitz & Hershberger, 2002) or change analysis (e.g., Collins & Horn, 1991; Collins & Sayer, 2001). The reviewed text herein by Marcoulides and Moustaki (2002), titled Latent Variable and Latent Structure Models, further supplements the library of relatively advanced texts dedicated to the umbrella topic of latent variable analysis. As will become clear in the review, those who have accessed the two volumes on advanced topics in SEM (i.e., Marcoulides & Schumacker, 1996, 2001) will find that this text is a suitable literary companion. As detailed in the preface, the genesis of this edited text is “material presented at the 22nd biennial conference of the Society for Multivariate Analysis in the Behavioural Sciences (SMABS) held by the Department of Statistics at the London School of Economics and Political Science in July 2000” (Marcoulides & Moustaki, 2002, p. III). The overall theme was theoretical developments in latent variable modeling and SEM; thus, though each of the papers address modeling STRUCTURAL EQUATION MODELING, 10(1), 165–174 Copyright © 2003, Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Inc.
The RDF2vec family of knowledge graph embedding methods

Knowledge graph embeddings represent a group of machine learning techniques which project entities and relations of a knowledge graph to continuous vector spaces. RDF2vec is a scalable embedding approach rooted in the combination of random walks with a language model. It has been successfully used in various applications. Recently, multiple variants to the RDF2vec approach have been proposed, introducing variations both on the walk generation and on the language modeling side. The combination of those different approaches has lead to an increasing family of RDF2vec variants. In this paper, we evaluate a total of twelve RDF2vec variants on a comprehensive set of benchmark models, and compare them to seven existing knowledge graph embedding methods from the family of link prediction approaches. Besides the established GEval benchmark introducing various downstream machine learning tasks on the DBpedia knowledge graph, we also use the new DLCC (Description Logic Class Constructors) benchmark consisting of two gold standards, one based on DBpedia, and one based on synthetically generated graphs. The latter allows for analyzing which ontological patterns in a knowledge graph can actually be learned by different embedding. With this evaluation, we observe that certain tailored RDF2vec variants can lead to improved performance on different downstream tasks, given the nature of the underlying problem, and that they, in particular, have a different behavior in modeling similarity and relatedness. The findings can be used to provide guidance in selecting a particular RDF2vec method for a given task.
COMPARISON OF VARIOUS CONJUGATE GRADIENT METHODS FOR INVERSE HEAT TRANSFER PROBLEMS

Abstract Many inverse heat transfer problems can be solved efficiently through the minimization of a performance function utilizing the conjugate gradient method. The gradient of the performance function needed in the minimization procedure of the conjugate gradient method is obtained by employing either the adjoint variable method or the direct differentiation method. In the present study we consider an inverse problem of estimating time-varying strength of a heat source in a two-dimensional heat conduction system, and compare the adjoint variable method and the direct differentiation method in terms of accuracy and computational efficiency, and finally suggest a new method that exploits the advantageous aspects of both methods while avoiding the shortcomings of them.
Rapid star locating method for CCD image based on cross projection and differential extremum algorithm

Development of the CCD sensor calls for a rapid star image processing speed and the basic work is to extract star points correctly. The typical histogram of a star image has a two-peak value structure and majority of the pixels belong to the background. In this paper, the noise of the image is removed with the adaptive Wiener filter. The background and the star points are distinguished using a window transform on the pixel gray value, all pixels whose gray value below the threshold are set to zero, where the threshold is determined with the optimal iterative algorithm or the Otsu algorithm. We locate the star points with an improved cross projection algorithm. Firstly, preprocess the star image into a binary image with the threshold determined above. Then calculate the horizontal and vertical projections of the binary image. In each projection direction, extract the domain bound of the star points with the proposed binarization differential extremum method which is different from the traditional marker method. Finally, the precise positions of the star points are calculated with the weighted centroid algorithm. Experiments on simulated and real star images show that the improved algorithm has a high processing speed (~300ms) and good centroid locating accuracy.
Magnetic properties of Fe thin films on Ag submicrometer islands

Face-centered-cubic Ag(100) submicrometer islands on an RCA-cleaned Si(100) substrate were fabricated by molecular beam epitaxy; a 500 A Fe thin film was then grown onto Ag films at 100 °C. We experimentally demonstrate that the magnetic behavior of Fe films is strongly dependent on the thickness and morphology of the Ag underlayer. The Ag film, in order to reduce the surface free energy, forms isolated three-dimensional square islands with {111} sidewall on the Si(100) substrate. The average height, grain size and surface roughness of these Ag islands were tuned by varying the deposition thickness of the Ag film. The in-plane easy axis of the Fe film was rotated 45° while the thickness of the Ag underlayer reaches 100 A and the Ag rough surface provides a source of domain wall pinning.
A System for Managing the Quality of Official Statistics

Abstract This article describes a general framework for improving the quality of statistical programs in organizations that provide a continual flow of statistical products to users and stakeholders. The work stems from a 2011 mandate to Statistics Sweden issued by the Swedish Ministry of Finance to develop a system of quality indicators for tracking developments and changes in product quality and for achieving continual improvements in survey quality across a diverse set of key statistical products. We describe this system, apply it to a number of products at Statistics Sweden, and summarize key results and lessons learned. The implications of this work for monitoring and evaluating product quality in other statistical organizations are also discussed.
Multiconnected neural network models

A generalisation of the Hopfield model which includes interactions between p()2) Ising spins is considered. The exact storage capacity behaves as Np-1/2(p-1)! ln N when the number of nodes, N, is large. In the limit p to infinity , the thermodynamics of the model can be solved exactly without using the replica method; at zero temperature, a solution which is completely correlated with the input pattern exists for alpha < alpha c where alpha c to infinity as p to infinity and this solution has lower energy than the spin-glass solution if alpha < alpha 1=1/4 ln 2 where the number of patterns n=(2 alpha /p! )Np-1. For finite values of p, the correlation with the input pattern is not complete; for p=3 and 4, approximate values of alpha c and alpha 1 are obtained and for p to infinity the replica symmetric approximation gives alpha c approximately p/4 ln p.
Cosmic‐ray propagation processes: 2. The energetic storm‐particle event

Seven examples of the observation of intense fluxes of ≈10-Mev charged particles associated with disturbances in the interplanetary medium during 1966 are discussed, and detailed data from four of them are presented. It is shown that there is an approximately one-to-one correspondence between such events and the onset of Forbush decreases initiated by solar flares. The particle fluxes exhibit characteristic time profiles, with a typical time scale of 6 hours. The particle fluxes are strongly anisotropic, and the direction of the anisotropy shows drastic temporal variations during the onset of the Forbush decrease. The fluxes of particles of energy ≈10 Mev are frequently considerably greater, while the energy spectra are usually noticeably softer than those observed during the preceding flare effect. A bidirectional anisotropy is commonly observed following the decreasing intensity phase of a Forbush decrease, the two directions of maximum flux being aligned parallel and antiparallel to the interplanetary magnetic field vector. It is shown that the energetic storm particles do not suffer any significant trapping in the magnetic regime associated with the onset of the Forbush decrease. It is shown that the various facts are consistent with the Parker ‘blast wave’ model for the interplanetary magnetic field associated with the Forbush decrease, while the Gold ‘magnetic bottle’ model is unable to explain the observed temporal variations in the anisotropic character of the particle fluxes. Studies of the net particle flux moving radially away from the sun suggest that the energetic storm particles are suffering acceleration within the magnetic field (i.e. within the shock front) associated with the onset of the Forbush decrease. It is suggested that the recurrent low-energy cosmic-ray events observed by other workers might consist of energetic storm particles associated with recurrent Forbush decrease events.
KINETIC SIMULATION OF DT IGNITION AND BURN IN ICF TARGETS

Ignition and burn of deuterium-tritium (DT) fuel is investigated for inertial confine- ment fusion (ICF). Collisional kinetic equations describing the interaction of the high energy products of the fusion reactions with the plasma are solved by the particle-in-cell (PIC) method. Results are compared with simpler models, such as local alpha deposition and one-group alpha particle diffusion. Significant differences are found in temperature and density distributions as they evolve during burn. The total fraction of burned fuel is similar for the different models as long as (pR) >> 1 g/cm2 and T 2 10 keV; for (pR) 5 1 g/cm2 and T < 10 keV, however, the kinetic simulation gives considerably lower burn. Uniform as well as spark ignition configurations are simulated for initial temperatures and (pR) values of practical interest and for fuel masses between 0.1 and 10 mg. In addition, optically thick configurations igniting at temperatures below 5 keV are considered.
Photoelectron Spectra of Core Electrons in Metals with an Incomplete Shell

Analytic investigations of the photoelectron spectra of core electrons and numerical calculations of their overall line shapes are made with the model proposed in our previous paper. In the final state of the photoemission, an electronic level of the incomplete shell of the excited atom, initially located well above the Fermi energy e F , is assumed to be lowered down to e d due to the core hole left behind. When e d e F , a singular photoemission edge appears at \(\tilde{\varepsilon}_{\text{F}}\), with a weak spectral hump around \(\tilde{\varepsilon}_{d}\). The results are compared qualitatively with experimental data. Finally, some remarks are made on the relationship between the analytic features of the photoelectron and optical absorption spectra.
Numerical modeling of improvement in slope sensitivity of InGaN-based ring laser rotation sensor

The slope sensitivity of an active ring laser gyro can be improved by decreasing the group index and the wavelength without having to increase the size of the ring. The nonlinear interaction between a strong driving wave and a probe wave (which is in the spectral vicinity of the driving wave) results in modification of group index of the probe wave. The reduced group index can be used to improve slope sensitivity (scale factor) of a ring laser gyro. By using an InGaN-based multiple quantum well (MQW) semiconductor laser the sensitivity can be further improved, because the lasing wavelength is shorter and the nonlinear interactions between the modes in this material system are also stronger when compared with GaAs-, InGaAs-, and InGaAsP-based laser systems. The finite element method is used to model a realistic InGaN/GaN quantum well waveguide structure. The induced dispersion is calculated and variation of the group index is obtained by the numerical modeling. The spectral position of the critically anomalous dispersion point is shown in wide range of driving wave intensity.
Bayes and empirical Bayes procedures for comparing parameters

Abstract The number of successes out of the total number of trials is observed for each of a set of N independent binomial experiment's and the associated success probabilities are compared. Ranking procedures for comparing these success probabilities are constructed under circumstances where the number of trials for each of the experiments may differ by a large amount. A loss function is constructed that represents an appropriate measure of distance between a given ranking of the success probabilities and their true ranking. Bayes and empirical Bayes procedures based on this loss function are proposed and compared with “adapted ranking procedures” that arise through Bayes, empirical Bayes, or maximum likelihood estimation of the success probabilities. Bayes and empirical Bayes ranking procedures are shown to be transitive. Empirical Bayes ranking procedures are shown to arise from maximizing a function of the prior parameters that measures the amount of confidence enjoyed by various Bayes procedures. The.
Semiparametric methods for survival analysis of case‐control data subject to dependent censoring

Case‐control sampling can be an efficient and cost‐saving study design, wherein subjects are selected into the study based on the outcome of interest. It was established long ago that proportional hazards regression can be applied to case‐control data. However, each of the various estimation techniques available assumes that failure times are independently censored. Since independent censoring is often violated in observational studies, we propose methods for Cox regression analysis of survival data obtained through case‐control sampling, but subject to dependent censoring. The proposed methods are based on weighted estimating equations, with separate inverse weights used to account for the case‐control sampling and to correct for dependent censoring. The proposed estimators are shown to be consistent and asymptotically normal, and consistent estimators of the asymptotic covariance matrices are derived. Finite‐sample properties of the proposed estimators are examined through simulation studies. The methods are illustrated through an analysis of pre‐transplant mortality among end‐stage liver disease patients obtained from a national organ failure registry. The Canadian Journal of Statistics 42: 365–383; 2014 © 2014 Statistical Society of Canada
Airbag accelerometer with a simple switched-capacitor readout ASIC

A bulk micromachined capacitive accelerometer for airbag applications based on (110) silicon anisotropic KOH etching is presented. The sensor is a two-chip accelerometer that consists of a glass-silicon-glass stacked sense element and an interface ASIC containing an impedance converter for capacitance detection, an EPROM and DACs for digital trimming, and a self-test feature for diagnosis. A simple switched-capacitor readout circuit with DC offset error cancellation scheme is proposed as the impedance converter. The dependence of narrow gap etching, surface roughness, and uniformity of the groove depth on the KOH concentration are also investigated for the fabrication of the device, and it is shown that the etch rate of the plane intrinsically controls the depth of the narrow gap with a KOH concentration of over 30 wt. percent, and smooth surface and uniformity of groove depth are obtained at 40 wt. percent KOH. The nonlinearity of the output is about 1.5 percent FS. The temperature coefficient of sensitivity and the off-axis sensitivity are 150 ppm/degree C and 2 percent respectively. The dimensions of the sensor are 10.3 X 10.3 X 3 mm.