Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Visceral yolk sac-derived tumors.

Externalization of the visceral yolk sac, after fetectomy, induces the development of extra-embryonal fetal tumors in rodents. These tumors are either benign teratomas that appear 3 to 4 weeks after the displacement of the yolk sac or malignant tumors, i.e. yolk sac carcinomas. The latter appear 4 to 8 months after the surgery. If however, Mouse Sarcoma Virus (MSV) is injected in the placentas at the time of fetectomy (day 12 of pregnancy) the malignant tumors develop much earlier (2 to 3 months after surgery) and some display characteristics of embryonal carcinoma. Whether virus induced or not, the yolk sac carcinomas that develop from the displaced visceral yolk sac possess the same morphological and biological characteristics. They are composed of both parietal and visceral yolk sac structures and sometimes trophoblast. The tumors metastasize, grow in ascites form and kill their host. They are readily transplantable in syngeneic rats and grow in tissue culture as an epithelial-like sheet of cells. On the other hand, the benign teratomas are composed of various well differentiated adult tissues. In these tissues, derivatives of all three germ layers are observed. Numerous experiments prove that the stem cells for these various adult tissues are not germ cells. Instead the stem cells are multipotential cells that arise in the displaced yolk sac by a process of dedifferentiation. These poorly differentiated cells originate from the endoderm of the displaced visceral yolk sac. By redifferentiation they give rise to the various adult tissues characteristic for benign teratomas. The multipotential poorly differentiated cells are also likely to be the target cells for malignant transformation. Malignant transformation of these cells, whether induced by a virus or spontaneously occurring in the displaced yolk sac, leads not only to the development of yolk sac carcinomas and eventually embryonal carcinoma but also, although rarely, to choriocarcinoma. The latter tumor is transplantable in allogeneic hosts. It is hormonally active since it secretes lactogen and progesterone. The extra-embryonal fetal tumors and in particular the rat yolk sac carcinomas and choriocarcinoma proved to be a good source for the detection of oncofetal antigens. At least two different oncofetal endodermal antigens were detected with monoclonal antibodies (mab) made after immunization with yolk sac carcinoma. Another mab, made against choriocarcinoma, was found to react specifically with the cytotrophoblast both in the normal placenta and in the tumor. No other placental cells showed a positive reaction.
HitPredict: a database of quality assessed protein–protein interactions in nine species

Despite the availability of a large number of protein–protein interactions (PPIs) in several species, researchers are often limited to using very small subsets in a few organisms due to the high prevalence of spurious interactions. In spite of the importance of quality assessment of experimentally determined PPIs, a surprisingly small number of databases provide interactions with scores and confidence levels. We introduce HitPredict (http://hintdb.hgc.jp/htp/), a database with quality assessed PPIs in nine species. HitPredict assigns a confidence level to interactions based on a reliability score that is computed using evidence from sequence, structure and functional annotations of the interacting proteins. HitPredict was first released in 2005 and is updated annually. The current release contains 36 930 proteins with 176 983 non-redundant, physical interactions, of which 116 198 (66%) are predicted to be of high confidence.
'Designer drugs'. Treating the damage caused by basement chemists.

Use of "designer drugs" has created a new dilemma for physicians. Generally, it is possible to recognize symptoms and signs of intoxication that fit a specific class of substances, such as amphetamine-like effects for the phenylethylamines and opioid effects for the fentanyl analogues. Designer compounds have crossed these boundaries, and toxicology laboratories cannot readily identify them. For now, physicians must rely on clinical presentation and treat accordingly.
Algorithms, Probability, and Computing Solutions

(b) For this part (and also then Part (c)) of the exercise, it is crucial to make use of the special (increasing) order of the keys in which the nodes are inserted into the treap. The fact that the key of every current node i is strictly larger than all keys already in the treap implies that temporarily |at the start of its insertion| it must always end up as the right-most leaf of the current treap. This means that after the necessary rotations for its insertion are completed, our node must end up somewhere on the right spine of the treap. Furthermore, all rotations that will ever be performed in the whole process are
Long-term variation in influenza A virus prevalence and subtype diversity in migratory mallards in northern Europe

Data on long-term circulation of pathogens in wildlife populations are seldom collected, and hence understanding of spatial–temporal variation in prevalence and genotypes is limited. Here, we analysed a long-term surveillance series on influenza A virus (IAV) in mallards collected at an important migratory stopover site from 2002 to 2010, and characterized seasonal dynamics in virus prevalence and subtype diversity. Prevalence dynamics were influenced by year, but retained a common pattern for all years whereby prevalence was low in spring and summer, but increased in early autumn with a first peak in August, and a second more pronounced peak during October–November. A total of 74 haemagglutinin (HA)/neuraminidase (NA) combinations were isolated, including all NA and most HA (H1–H12) subtypes. The most common subtype combinations were H4N6, H1N1, H2N3, H5N2, H6N2 and H11N9, and showed a clear linkage between specific HA and NA subtypes. Furthermore, there was a temporal structuring of subtypes within seasons based on HA phylogenetic relatedness. Dissimilar HA subtypes tended to have different temporal occurrence within seasons, where the subtypes that dominated in early autumn were rare in late autumn, and vice versa. This suggests that build-up of herd immunity affected IAV dynamics in this system.
The iFlow design factory: evolving chip design from an art to a process, through adaptive resource management, and qualified data exchange

With advancing semiconductor technology, growing design complexities, companies have turned to a global design team to build their system on a chip (SoC). The major challenge is the capacity to scale infrastructure and methodology, along with ASIC design. Silicon Access Networks recently shipped for revenue from first silicon, a family of four high performance SoC products. These high-end networking products were designed in state-of-the-art 0.13 /spl mu/m process and collectively had about 750-million transistors and a variety of analog, digital and memory functional blocks to provide the industry's highest performance OC-192 Data Plane Processing solution. This paper describes some of the key aspects of Silicon Access Networks' design methodology that enabled to accomplish repeatable "first pass silicon" successes. We gained predictability in our chip design cycle through real-time visibility of the processes. Quality enhancing strategies were applied to the chip design cycles. Adaptive resource management, and qualified data exchange were the two main techniques. Multi site design teams working in different time zones may be a pitfall, or may allow for true 24/7 operation, depending on whether the right data and resources are available. Building such large designs in parallel requires efficient management of resources - machines, tools and users - in a transparent but truly global environment.
Optimal quantizer design for noisy channels: An approach to combined source - channel coding

We present an analysis of the zero-memory quantization of memoryless sources when the quantizer output is to be encoded and transmitted across a noisy channel. Necessary conditions for the joint optimization of the quantizer and the encoder/decoder pair are presented, and an iterative algorithm for obtaining a locally optimum system is developed. The performance of this locally optimal system, obtained for the class of generalized Gaussian distributions and the binary symmetric channel, is compared against the optimum performance theoretically attainable (using rate-distortion theoretic arguments), as well as against the performance of Lloyd-Max quantizers encoded using the natural binary code and the folded binary code. It is shown that this optimal design could result in substantial performance improvements. The performance improvements are more noticeable at high bit rates and for broad-tailed densities.
Resource management for two-tier femtocell networks using interference alignment

In this paper, we propose a novel interference management solution for a two-tier femtocell network by using the interference alignment (IA) technique. The developed solution aims to maximize the total throughput for femtocells and support required minimum signal to interference plus noise ratios (SINRs) for macro user equipments (MUEs). The framework requires only limited cooperation between MUEs and femto BSs (FBSs) where we manage to formulate and transform the IA-based cross-tier interference control problem into a nice convex form. This problem can determine the precoding and decoding vectors for MUEs and the macro BS (MBS) so that the cross-tier interference that MUEs create for the femto tier is confined in the minimum number of subspaces. Then, we devise two noniterative algorithms to determine the precoding and decoding vectors for femto user equipments (FUEs) and FBSs. Since these two algorithms only work efficiently in different regimes where the cross-tier interference from MUEs to the femto tier is large or small, respectively, we develop an adaptive algorithm performing well in both regimes. Finally, we present numerical results to demonstrate the efficacy of our proposed algorithms in comparison with existing IA solutions in the literature.
Integration trends in monolithic power ICs: Application and technology challenges

This paper highlights the general trend towards further monolithic integration in power applications by enabling power management and interfacing solutions in advanced CMOS nodes. The need to combine high-density digital circuits, power-management circuits and robust interfaces in a single technology platform requires the development of additional process options on top of baseline CMOS. Examples include high-voltage devices, devices to enable area-efficient ESD protection and integrated capacitors and inductors with high quality factors. The use of bipolar devices in these technologies for protection and control purposes in power applications is also addressed.
EVELIN: Exploration of Event and Entity Links in Implicit Networks

Implicit networks that describe latent entity relations have been demonstrated to be valuable tools in information retrieval, knowledge extraction, and search in document collections. While such implicit relations offer less insight into the types of connection between entities than traditional knowledge bases, they are much easier to extract from unstructured textual sources. Furthermore, they allow the derivation of relationship strength between entities that can be used to identify and leverage important co-mentions, based on which complex constructs of semantically related entities can be assembled with ease. One example of such implicit networks are LOAD graphs, which encode the textual proximity of location-, organization-, actor-, and date-mentions in document collections for the exploration, identification and summarization of events and entity relations. Here, we present EVELIN as a graphical, web-based interface for the exploration of such implicit networks of entities on the example of a large-scale network constructed from the English Wikipedia. The interface is available for online use at http://evelin.ifi. uni-heidelberg.de/.
Neurocognitive function in pediatric bipolar disorder: 3-year follow-up shows cognitive development lagging behind healthy youths.

OBJECTIVE Longitudinal follow-up of neurocognitive functioning in people with pediatric bipolar disorder (PBD) was conducted to characterize the developmental trajectory of cognitive disabilities in this disorder. METHOD Patients with PBD (n = 26) and controls (HC; n = 17; mean age 11.66 +/- 2.70 years) completed cognitive testing at baseline and then again at a 3-year follow-up. Groups were matched at baseline on age, sex, race, parental socioeconomic status, general intelligence, and single-word reading ability. The PBD group received treatment guided by a standardized medication algorithm during the 3-year period. A battery of neuropsychological tests was administered to assess attention, executive function, working memory, verbal memory, visual memory, and visuospatial perception at baseline and follow-up. RESULTS At baseline and follow-up, the patients showed deficits in all of the examined domains. At 3-year follow-up, developmental progress in executive functions and verbal memory was significantly less in the patients with PBD than in the HC. Improvement on attention, working memory, visual memory, and visuospatial perception tasks in the patients with PBD was comparable to that of the HC, but the patients with PBD remained impaired in all domains relative to the HC. CONCLUSIONS The developmental delay in some neurocognitive functioning in PBD suggests that the illness disrupts cognitive development with potential lifelong implications for reduced functional ability. Treating bipolar symptoms does not seem to prevent the lag in cognitive development. This dysmaturation may be a direct effect of the illness on brain function, or it may represent indirect consequences of psychopathology or medications on cognitive development.
Attention to facial emotion expressions in children with autism

High-functioning children in the autism spectrum are frequently noted for their impaired attention to facial expressions of emotions. In this study, we examined whether attention to emotion cues in others could be enhanced in children with autism, by varying the relevance of children’s attention to emotion expressions. Twenty-eight high-functioning boys with autism and 31 boys from a control group were asked to sort photos depicting smiling or frowning faces of adults. As found in earlier studies, in neutral conditions children with autism were less attentive to emotion expressions than children from a control group. This difference disappeared when children were explicitly asked to make a socially relevant decision. These findings suggest that the attention of children with autism to emotion expressions in others is influenced by situational factors. Theoretical implications of these findings are discussed.
Mobile Peer-to-Peer Collaborative Framework and Applications

This chapter presents the Peer2Me mobile peer-to-peer framework, Peer2Me applications, and discusses the experiences from using the Peer2Me framework. Peer2Me supports mobile collaboration utilizing Bluetooth and Java ME. The framework runs on standard Java ME-enabled mobile phones, thus enabling rapid development of various kinds of collaborative peer-to-peer applications. In this chapter, the author describes some of the developed applications and his experiences from implementing these applications, which include: a file-sharing application, a chat application, a quiz game, a face-to-face meeting scheduler, a real-time game, an automatic business exchange application, and a find the right person application. All of these applications were analyzed for their potential usefulness, and investigated to discover the limitations of the framework, and the underlying technologies. Finally, the author summarizes his analysis to provide a complete picture of the potential and limitations of Bluetooth and Java ME for implementing mobile peer-to-peer applications.
Three-dimensional hindlimb kinematics of water running in the plumed basilisk lizard (Basiliscus plumifrons)

SUMMARY Much of what is known about tetrapod locomotion is based upon movement over solid surfaces. Yet in the wild, animals are forced to move over substrates with widely varying properties. Basilisk lizards are unique in their ability to run across water from the time they hatch to adulthood. Previous studies have developed mechanical models or presented theoretical analyses of running across water, but no detailed kinematic descriptions of limb motion are currently available. The present study reports the first three-dimensional kinematic descriptions of plumed basilisk lizards (Basiliscus plumifrons) running across water, from hatchling (2.8 g) to adult (78 g) size range. Basilisks ran on a 4.6 m-long water track and were filmed with two synchronized high-speed cameras at 250 frames s–1 and 1/1250 s shutter speed. All coordinates were transformed into three dimensions using direct linear transformation. Seventy-six kinematic variables and six morphological variables were measured or calculated to describe the motion of the hindlimb, but only 32 variables most relevant to kinematic motion are presented here. Kinematic variation among individuals was primarily related to size differences rather than sprint speed. Although basilisk lizards applied some of the same strategies to increase running velocity across water as other tetrapods do on land, their overall kinematics differ dramatically. The feet exhibit much greater medio-lateral excursions while running through water than do those of other lizards while running on land. Also, whereas the hindlimb kinematics of other lizards on land are typically symmetrical (i.e. limb excursions anterior to the hip are of similar magnitude to the limb excursions aft of the hip), basilisks running through water exhibit much greater excursions aft than they do anterior to the hip. Finally, ankle and knee flexion in early stance is a defining feature of a tetrapod step during terrestrial locomotion; yet this characteristic is missing in aquatic basilisk running. This may indicate that the basilisk limb acts primarily as a force producer – as opposed to a spring element – when locomoting on a highly damping surface such as water.
Disclosing the Trauma of Child Sexual Abuse: A Gender Analysis

ABSTRACT This study qualitatively explored dynamics that impede or promote disclosure of child sexual abuse. Findings on the impact of gender on disclosure are reported based on data from 30 in-depth interviews of adult survivors. While there were strong similarities, noteworthy differences connected to gender and disclosure emerged. The overall trend was toward delaying disclosure, and for those who tried to disclose in childhood, attempts were often made in behavioral or indirect verbal ways. However, males reported difficulty disclosing because they feared being viewed as homosexual and as victims. Women's difficulties centered on feeling conflicted about responsibility, and they more strongly anticipated being blamed or not believed. Findings are linked to therapeutic work with traumatic loss.
Earnings, Education and Training in China: The Migrant Worker Experience

We utilise a new household survey to examine the impact of education and job training on labour income for migrant workers in China. Quantile regression is employed to account for selection bias. The evidence has as follows: (a) the returns to education and work experience are considerable but non-linear; (b) job training is valuable; (c) the Hukou system of residence is a severe constraint on gains to work experience; and (d) women earn more than men due to endowment effects. This evidence calls for new policy initiatives in China to raise the skills of migrant workers and abolish discriminatory policies.
The Speed of Smell: Odor-Object Segregation within Milliseconds

Segregating objects from background, and determining which of many concurrent stimuli belong to the same object, remains one of the most challenging unsolved problems both in neuroscience and in technical applications. While this phenomenon has been investigated in depth in vision and audition it has hardly been investigated in olfaction. We found that for honeybees a 6-ms temporal difference in stimulus coherence is sufficient for odor-object segregation, showing that the temporal resolution of the olfactory system is much faster than previously thought.
Innovations, Prices and Employment: A Theoretical Model and an Empirical Application for West German Manufacturing Firms

In this paper, a theoretical model of the impact of product and process innovations on output, capacity utilization, employment, and prices is developed. The model is estimated with a unique set of microdata from West German manufacturing firms. The empirical results reveal that innovative firms are more successful. They show a higher utilization and more output and employment growth than noninnovative firms. Innovations also change market behavior. In sectors with a large share of product innovators, firms more often change employment and less often change prices, i.e., product innovations reduce price competition. Copyright 1998 by Blackwell Publishing Ltd
Architectural Stratification and Woody Species Diversity of a Subtropical Forest Grown in a Limestone Habitat in Okinawa Island, Japan

The forest stand consisted of four layers. The species composition between the third and the bottom layers was almost similar, whereas it was almost exclusive between the top and the lower three layers. The values of Shannon’s index H ′ and Pielou’s index J ′ tended to increase from the bottom layer upward, except for H ′ -value of the top layer. The values of H ′ and J ′ were 4.21 bit and 0.73, respectively, for the total stand. High woody species diversity of the forest depended on large trees in the upper layers, which trend was different from a subtropical evergreen broadleaf forest grown in silicate habitat in the northern part of Okinawa Island. The spatial distribution of trees was overlapped between the third and the bottom layers, whereas it was independent or slightly exclusive between the top and the lower three layers. Mean tree weight of each layer decreased from the top toward the bottom layer, whereas the corresponding tree density increased from the top downward. This relationship was analogous to the process of self-thinning plant populations. Keywords—Canopy multi-layering, limestone habitat, mean tree weight-density relationship, species diversity, subtropical forest.
Efficient simulated evolution based rerouting and congestion-relaxed layer assignment on 3-D global routing

The increasing complexity of interconnection designs has enhanced the importance of research into global routing when seeking high-routability (low overflow) results or rapid search paths that report wire-length estimations to a placer. This work presents two routing techniques, namely adaptive pseudorandom net-ordering routing and evolution-based rip-up and reroute using a two-stage cost function in a high-performance congestion-driven 2-D global router. We also propose two efficient via-minimization methods, namely congestion relaxation by layer shifting and rip-up and re-assignment, for a dynamic programming-based layer assignment. Experimental results demonstrate that our router achieves performance similar to the first two winning routers in ISPD 2008 Routing Contest in terms of both routability and wire length at a 1.42X and 25.84X faster routing speed. Besides, our layer assignment yields 3.5% to 5.6% fewer vias, 2.2% to 3.3% shorter wirelength and 13% to 27% less runtime than COLA.