Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
An equilibrium model for the coupled ocean-atmosphere boundary layer in the tropics

A coupled model is used to study the equilibrium state of the ocean-atmosphere boundary layer in the tropics. The atmospheric model is a one-dimensional thermodynamic model for a partially mixed, partly cloudy convective boundary layer (CBL), including the effects of cloud-top subsidence, surface momentum and heat (latent and sensible) fluxes, and realistic radiative transfer for both shortwaves and longwaves (Betts and Ridgway, 1988; 1989). The oceanic model is a thermodynamic model for a well-mixed layer, with a closure constraint based on a one-dimensional turbulent kinetic energy (TKE) equation following Kraus and Turner (1967). Results of several sets of experiments are reported in this paper. In the first two sets of experiments, with sea surface temperature (SST) specified, we solve the equilibrium state of the coupled system as a function of SST for a given surface wind (case 1) and as a function of surface wind for a given SST (case 2). In both cases the depth of the CBL and the ocean mixed layer (OML) increases and the upwelling below the OML decreases, corresponding to either increasing SST or increasing surface wind. The deepening of the equilibrium CBL is primarily linked to the increase of CBL moisture with increasing SST and surface wind. The increase of OML depth and decrease of upwelling are due to a decrease of net downward heat flux with increasing SST and the generation of TKE by increasing wind. In another two sets of experiments, we solve for the coupled ocean-atmosphere model iteratively as a function of surface wind for a fixed upwelling (case 3) and a fixed OML depth (case 4). SST falls with increasing wind in both cases, but the fall is steeper in case 4, because the OML depth is fixed, whereas in case 3 the depth is allowed to deepen and the cooling is spread over a larger mass of water. The decrease of evaporation with increasing wind in case 4 leads to a very dry and shallow CBL. Results of further experiments with surface wind and SST (upwelling) prescribed as a function of longitude similar to the observed values across the Pacific show that the model gives realistic gradients of mixed-layer depth and upwelling (SST). This work suggests that the equilibrium state of the coupled system is very sensitive to the coupling of the boundary layers. Special efforts are needed to incorporate physical processes in the CBL and OML in coupled models.
Persistence and Path Dependence in the Spatial Economy ∗

How much of the spatial distribution of economic activity today is determined by history rather than by geographic fundamentals? And if history matters for spatial allocations, does it also matter for overall eﬃciency? This paper develops a forward-looking dynamic framework for the theoretical and empirical study of such questions. We derive conditions on the strength of agglomeration externalities under which equilibria are unique and yet temporary historical shocks can have particularly persistent, or even permanent (i.e. path-dependent) consequences. When applied to the U.S. context we ﬁnd that small variations in temporary historical conditions (c. 1900) have substantial eﬀects on both the spatial distribution and the eﬃciency of U.S. economic activity today. Further, these shocks induce path-dependent consequences, typically with large eﬀects on long-run aggregate welfare, throughout much of the 95% conﬁdence interval of our parameter estimates. errors two-way clustered at county-year level allow data year)
Repeated load triaxial testing of a silty clay

Repeated load triaxial tests have been carried out on samples of Keuper marl reconstituted from a slurry. The stress history of each sample was controlled and overconsolidation ratios between 2 and 20 were used. The repeated load tests were carried out undrained and involved the application of cyclic deviator stresses at a frequency of 10 Hz and the work was done in the context of the pavement design problem though the results may well be relevant to other situations such as those occurring beneath off-shore gravity structures. Measurements were made of both permanent and resilient strain and the mean value of pore-pressure. It was shown that even after 106 cycles of stress, failure had not occurred in most of the samples although strains as high as 8% had developed in the more highly overconsolidated cases. Pore-pressures built up to constant positive values for lightly over-consolidated samples within about 104 cycles. For heavily overconsolidated samples, however, negative values were still building up.
The influence of non‐regularly decaying coda wave envelopes upon the estimation of coda Q

The single isotropic scattering model proposed for the origin of seismic coda predicts a regularly decaying coda wave envelope. In real data however, this regular decay is often interrupted by non-random arrivals (e.g. reflections) coming later in the coda. This additional energy may be due to clustered scatterers and represents a departure from the inherent assumption in the theory that the scatterers are uniformly randomly distributed. We have simulated the effect of clustered scatterers in synthetic seismograms in order to investigate their influence upon the measured coda Q (Qc). We show that the position and amplitude of such arrivals within the otherwise regularly decaying coda give rise to elevated Qc estimates. Often this additional energy in the coda is difficult to detect on a single isolated seismogram as evidenced by an example from the 1994 Northridge California earthquake. We therefore recommended that where possible, the use of seismic arrays (commonly reserved for P-wave coda studies) be extended to S-wave coda studies to aid in the detection of clustered scatterers, prior to the calculation of Qc.
Effects of specifying bottom boundary conditions in an ensemble of atmospheric GCM simulations

Interannual variability in an ensemble of six 47-year climate simulations with specified time-varying sea surface temperature (SST) and sea ice extent is analyzed. Variability is compared with that in a 250-year control simulation with climatological SST and sea ice extent. The simulations were performed with the Canadian Climate Centre second generation General Circulation Model. An analysis of variance approach was combined with rotated Empirical Orthogonal Function analysis to assess the influence of the prescribed boundary conditions on the simulated atmospheric circulation structure and variability and to identify potentially predictable spatially coherent modes of variation. The quantities analyzed are seasonal mean 500 hPa geopotential (Z500) and mean sea level pressure (Pmsl). The prescribed boundary conditions increase the variability of the simulated atmosphere and modulate its large-scale circulation structure. The effects on Z500 are found to be strongest in DJF and MAM and weakest in SON. The prescribed boundary conditions have a significant effect over the extratropical land areas, especially over northern North America, in El Nino-Southern Oscillation (ENSO) years, but have little influence in non-ENSO years. The variability of several of the leading spatial modes is significantly affected by the prescribed boundary conditions. In contrast with some previous studies, we find that the simulated North Atlantic Oscillation is not affected by the prescribed boundary forcing.
Holocene lake-level fluctuations in Jura and the northern subalpine ranges

Holocene lake-level fluctuations in Jurassian and French subalpine lakes are reconstructed using sedimentological analysis, and a regional pattern of palaeohydrological changes is put forward. Major transgressive phases culminated at about 8500 BP, 6500 BP, 4800 BP, 3500–2300 BP and 450 BP. (1) The synchroncity of Holocene lake-level changes demonstrated for a large number of lakes, (2) close correlations attested between certain lakes and (3) the coincidence between rises in lake-levels in Jura and French subalpine ranges, and glacier advances in Swiss and Austrian Alps argue for a climatic control of these Holocene lake-level fluctuations.
Interaction and influence of a flow field and particleboard particles in an airflow forming machine with a coupled Euler-DPM model

Particleboards are widely used in the artificial board market, which can be constructed from a variety of raw materials and require small amounts of energy to be produced. In the particleboard production process, forming machines play an important role as the key equipment for achieving continuous production. In recent years, airflow forming machines have received increasing attention in particleboard production lines because of their strong separation ability and low price. However, the internal flow field is complex and difficult to control, which affects the surface quality and strength of the particleboard. The most pressing technical difficulty is controlling the flow field characteristics of the airflow paver. At present, the research on this subject is conducted primarily through repeated experiments, which entail long research periods and high processing costs. To reduce human and financial costs, in this study, Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) is employed to investigate the flow field and the gas-solid two-phase flow field coupled with particle movement of an airflow forming machine. The accuracy of the calculation model is verified by comparing characteristic point velocities obtained from experimental analysis and a simulation. The simulation results show that in practical production, the frequency of a negative pressure fan should be greater than 27 Hz. It is necessary to set the shoulder properly, and the slab smoothness can be improved by moving the shoulder back on the premise of meeting the strength requirements of the box. The distance between the shoulders of the box body should be less than 2570 mm, and particles with uniform diameter should be added to the paving box to reduce the turbulence effect, improve the quality of particle forming and provide actual particleboard production with a solid theoretical foundation.
Three+two Raman lidar system configuration for space-borne active remote sensing system validation over Athens, Greece, in the frame of the EARLINET-ASOS and ESA-CALIPSO projects

Routine lidar measurements of the aerosol vertical distribution have been performed over Athens, Greece using a multi-wavelength (355-387-407-532-607-1064 nm) Raman lidar system, since 2006 in the frame of the EARLINET-ASOS (2006-2011) project. Additionally, since June 2006, correlative measurements for CALIOP space-borne lidar are performed. The aim of these measurements is to provide validation profiles for the CALIOP instrument in the lower and middle troposphere (0.5-8 km) in terms of the aerosol backscatter coefficients at 532 nm and 1064 nm, the color ratio (532/1064 nm) and the depolarization ratio at 532 nm, but mainly to provide information about the aerosol extinction profiles and the corresponding lidar ratios at 532 nm. From the available correlative CALIOP level-2 and multi-wavelength Raman lidar aerosol data over Athens, we selected to present cases that have been identified as Saharan dust outbreaks and large biomass burning events, using air mass backward trajectories in order to characterize the source of the aerosols. We found that the vertical profiles of the aerosol optical properties between CALIOP and NTUA lidars were not always in a good agreement during the exact time of the satellite overpass, especially for daytime measurements, when the distance between the two instruments was greater than 40 km. An improvement was noticed when ground-based lidar measurements where performed previously or later than the CALIPSO overpass time. For the nighttime intercomparison the agreement between the two instruments was better during the CALIPSO overpass time. This was attributed mainly to the closer nighttime satellite track over the Athens lidar station.
SWAT2000: current capabilities and research opportunities in applied watershed modelling

SWAT (Soil and Water Assessment Tool) is a conceptual, continuous time model that was developed in the early 1990s to assist water resource managers in assessing the impact of management and climate on water supplies and non‐point source pollution in watersheds and large river basins. SWAT is the continuation of over 30 years of model development within the US Department of Agriculture's Agricultural Research Service and was developed to ‘scale up’ past field‐scale models to large river basins. Model components include weather, hydrology, erosion/sedimentation, plant growth, nutrients, pesticides, agricultural management, stream routing and pond/reservoir routing. The latest version, SWAT2000, has several significant enhancements that include: bacteria transport routines; urban routines; Green and Ampt infiltration equation; improved weather generator; ability to read in daily solar radiation, relative humidity, wind speed and potential ET; Muskingum channel routing; and modified dormancy calculations for tropical areas. A complete set of model documentation for equations and algorithms, a user manual describing model inputs and outputs, and an ArcView interface manual are now complete for SWAT2000. The model has been recoded into Fortran 90 with a complete data dictionary, dynamic allocation of arrays and modular subroutines. Current research is focusing on bacteria, riparian zones, pothole topography, forest growth, channel downcutting and widening, and input uncertainty analysis.
Rate of wind abrasion on Mars

Estimation of the rate of aeolian abrasion of rocks on Mars requires knowledge of (1) particle flux, (2) susceptibilities to abrasion of various rocks, and (3) wind frequencies on Mars. Fluxes and susceptibilities for a wide range of conditions were obtained in the laboratory and combined with wind data from the Viking meteorology experiment. Assuming an abundant supply of sand-sized particles, estimated rates range up to 2.1×10−2 cm of abrasion per year in the vicinity of Viking Lander 1. This rate is orders of magnitude too great to be in agreement with the inferred age of the surface based on models of impact crater flux. The discrepancy in the estimated rate of abrasion and the presumed old age of the surface cannot be explained easily by changes in climate or exhumation of ancient surfaces.We consider the primary reason to be related to the agents of abrasion. Either windblown grains are in very short supply, or the grains are ineffective as agents of abrasion. At least some sand-sized (∼100 μm) grains appear to be present, as inferred from both lander and orbiter observations. High rates of abrasion occur for all experimental cases involving sands of quartz, basalt, or ash. However, previous studies have shown that sand is quickly comminuted to silt- and clay-sized grains in the martian aeolian regime. Experiments also show that these fine grains are electrostatically charged and bond together as sand-sized aggregates. Laboratory simulations of wind abrasion involving aggregates show that at impact velocities capable of destroying sand, aggregates form a protective veneer on the target surface and can give rise to extremely low abrasion rates.
On martingale approximations

Consider additive functionals of a Markov chain $W_k$, with stationary (marginal) distribution and transition function denoted by $\pi$ and $Q$, say $S_n=g(W_1)+. +g(W_n)$, where $g$ is square integrable and has mean 0 with respect to $\pi$. If $S_n$ has the form $S_n=M_n+R_n$, where $M_n$ is a square integrable martingale with stationary increments and $E(R_n^2)=o(n)$, then $g$ is said to admit a martingale approximation. Necessary and sufficient conditions for such an approximation are developed. Two obvious necessary conditions are $E[E(S_n|W_1)^2]=o(n)$ and $\lim_{n\to \infty}E(S_n^2)/n<\infty$. Assuming the first of these, let $\Vert g\Vert^2_+=\limsup_{n\to \infty}E(S_n^2)/n$; then $\Vert\cdot\Vert_+$ defines a pseudo norm on the subspace of $L^2(\pi)$ where it is finite. In one main result, a simple necessary and sufficient condition for a martingale approximation is developed in terms of $\Vert\cdot\Vert_+$. Let $Q^*$ denote the adjoint operator to $Q$, regarded as a linear operator from $L^2(\pi)$ into itself, and consider co-isometries ($QQ^*=I$), an important special case that includes shift processes. In another main result a convenient orthonormal basis for $L_0^2(\pi)$ is identified along with a simple necessary and sufficient condition for the existence of a martingale approximation in terms of the coefficients of the expansion of $g$ with respect to this basis.
Erosion Rate of a Younger Dryas Cirque Glacier at Kråkenes, Western Norway

An erosion rate of 0.5 to 0.6 mm a−1 is deduced for a Younger Dryas cirque glacier. The erosion period of 700 a was determined from the laminated glaciolacustrine sediments in a small lake just outside the end moraine of the cirque and radiocarbon dates obtained below and above these sediments. The volume of eroded bedrock was calculated from measurements of the deposited sediments, of which the end moraine, the glaciofluvial delta, and the glaciolacustrine sediments are most important. With a constant erosion rate, the cirque could have formed in 83 to 125 000 a.
Cardiolipin in Pathology: Implications in Atherosclerosis

: Mitochondria are cell organelles whose main role is to generate the energy needed for cell biochemical reactions via oxidative phosphorylation. Cardiolipin is a phospholipid that is present in the inner mitochondrial membrane and other energy-transducing membranes. Mitochondrial structure largely depends on cardiolipin, as it is involved in the biogenesis of mitochondrial cristae, folds in the inner mitochondrial membrane designed to increase the surface area, as well as in protein-lipid interactions, oxidative phosphorylation, and other essential processes. Cardiolipin is also substantial for mitochondrial supercomplexes' inner mitochondrial membrane and outer mitochondrial membrane architecture. Changes in cardiolipin profile are able to greatly affect mitochondrial function, leading to its impairment and eventually the development of multiple disorders, such as sterile inflammation, atherosclerosis, metabolic disorders, and neurodegenerative disorders. The role of cardiolipin in the proper functioning of mitochondria ought to be investigated in order to find ways to avert the development of many serious disorders. The aim of this review was to examine available data on the causal connection between cardiolipin alterations and the progression of various pathological conditions, as well as possible ways of preventing these adverse conditions. According to existing literature, alterations in cardiolipin are the potential cause of mitochondrial dysfunction, which stimulates the development of various related disorders. Several therapeutic agents (e.g., elamipretide) have shown promising results in preventing adverse effects of cardiolipin alterations.
RECENTLY IDENTIFIED EGYPTIAN PIGMENTS

On several bowls from Nubia (1600 b.c.) and on one canopic jar (New Kingdom) huntite, a calciummagnesium-carbonate CaCO3. 3MgCO3 was identified by means of X-ray diffraction and infra-red absorption techniques. Vases from the Amarna period (1370 b.c.) are decorated with a blue paint, which proved to be cobalt-blue. Copper chloride atacamite was used on limestone reliefs from Thebes-West but the green frit chrysocolla occurs more frequently on Egyptian objects as is mentioned in literature.
Effect of Erosion and Landscape Position on the Productivity of Piedmont Soils

The objective of this study was to. determine the effect of past accelerated erosion in the North Carolina Piedmont on soil physical and chemical properties and soil productivity, and to determine the relationship between soil productivity, soil erosion, and landscape position. Data from five Piedmont fields were collected over a 2-yr period. Within each field, plots were located on all erosion classes and landscape positions present. Definite relationships between erosion class and soil physical and chemical properties were observed. Clay content increased approximately 10% for each erosion class change from slight to moderate to severe. Organic matter content tended to be higher on the more eroded sites. Differences in topsoil depth among erosion classes in a given field ranged from 2.4 to 8.7 cm and the severely eroded areas were always significantly shallower. Available water-holding capacity of the A horizon (g g) always was slightly higher on the more eroded sites. Available P decreased sharply with erosion severity but all sites had levels 17 g P m 3 which is considered adequate. The highest corn grain yields were usually obtained on the moderately eroded sites as compared to the slightly and severely eroded areas. This was particularly true in 1981 which was a dry year. In a more favorable year (1982) with regard to amount and distribution of growing season rainfall, the yield differences among erosion classes were less. The differences in corn grain yield among landscape positions were much more consistent than yield differences among erosion classes. Those landscape positions that received water from higher elevations produced the highest yields. Because landscape position and erosion severity are not mutually exclusive, we believe that much of the published data dealing with the effects of erosion on soil productivity are confounded by the effect of landscape positions on soil erosion. Additional Index Words: Ap Munsell Hue, clay content, Ap depth. View complete article To view this complete article, insert Disc 4 then click button8
Multicomponent Processing of Channel Waves For Anisotropy

Combining information derived from mode polarization and dispersion may help to limit inherent non-uniquenesses when interpreting channel wave data in anisotropic waveguides. However, estimates of these attributes require careful processing and cannot be fully understood by direct inspection of the time-series. A multicomponent analysis method is developed to separate these frequency-dependent attributes when data containing no more than a few overlapping modes is excited by several source directions. The method, a complex similarity transformation,may be viewed as the channel wave equivalent of real rotation algorithms currently employed for use with body waves. The analysis is illustrated by application to field data from an in-seam seismic survey in the U.K. displaying a dominant second generalized mode (Love-type motion). A favorable comparison is made between the observed and synthetic eigenmode dispersion, and the polarization ellipticity, sense of rotation and orientation.
Brandeis University

Introduction (including review of literature, rationale, and hypotheses), Proposed Methods (including Participants, Measures, Design and Procedures with a detailed description of the app or intervention), Planned Data Analysis, Summary of the Expected Results, a Figure showing your expected findings, Summary and Conclusions, and References. Option B: Research proposal using MIDUS. Review the literature on a topic, and propose how you would use MIDUS data to address your question. Students can check the University of Wisconsin MIDUS website (www.midus.wisc.edu) to review the