Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Carbonate platforms in the Dolomites area of the Southern Alps – historic perspectives on progress in sedimentology

The area of the Dolomites in the Southern Alps exhibits some of the best outcrops of carbonate platforms and platform‐to‐basin transitions in the world. The region has attracted geologists since the early 19th Century and has been a centre of stratigraphic and sedimentological research ever since. The interpretation of the platforms in the Dolomites as coral reefs dates back to the 1850s and was inspired by the work on modern reefs in the Pacific and Indian Oceans at that time. Very soon, however, studies in the Dolomites triggered developments of their own. Fieldwork on these Triassic atolls led to a first understanding of the dramatic facies changes at the periphery of reefs and atolls, including the recognition of slope facies and basinward transport of platform material by gravity. In addition, the platforms were used to prove long‐term syndepositional subsidence on the scale of kilometres as early as 1860. After World War II, the study of modern reefs and platforms led to process‐based facies models and this, in turn, guided the sedimentological analysis of the Alpine–Mediterranean belt. Repeatedly, however, the roles became reversed and the Alpine–Mediterranean platforms contributed to the fundamental underpinnings of sedimentology. In the 1980s, mountain‐size outcrops in the Alps and the Apennines were recognized as models for the interpretation of shoal‐water carbonates in seismic data. Seismic models of outcrops in the Dolomites, for instance, gave rise to the concept of pseudo‐unconformities, i.e. rapid lateral facies changes that appear as unconformities in seismic images. In the 1990s, the Alpine–Mediterranean Mesozoic along with the North American and European Palaeozoic revealed the significance of microbially induced carbonate precipitation in constructing large limestone bodies. Studies of ancient rocks led this development because this particular carbonate factory is far less prominent now than it was at certain times in the past.
CENP‐C unwraps the human CENP‐A nucleosome through the H2A C‐terminal tail

Centromeres are defined epigenetically by nucleosomes containing the histone H3 variant CENP‐A, upon which the constitutive centromere‐associated network of proteins (CCAN) is built. CENP‐C is considered to be a central organizer of the CCAN. We provide new molecular insights into the structure of human CENP‐A nucleosomes, in isolation and in complex with the CENP‐C central region (CENP‐CCR), the main CENP‐A binding module of human CENP‐C. We establish that the short αN helix of CENP‐A promotes DNA flexibility at the nucleosome ends, independently of the sequence it wraps. Furthermore, we show that, in vitro, two regions of human CENP‐C (CENP‐CCR and CENP‐Cmotif) both bind exclusively to the CENP‐A nucleosome. We find CENP‐CCR to bind with high affinity due to an extended hydrophobic area made up of CENP‐AV532 and CENP‐AV533. Importantly, we identify two key conformational changes within the CENP‐A nucleosome upon CENP‐C binding. First, the loose DNA wrapping of CENP‐A nucleosomes is further exacerbated, through destabilization of the H2A C‐terminal tail. Second, CENP‐CCR rigidifies the N‐terminal tail of H4 in the conformation favoring H4K20 monomethylation, essential for a functional centromere.
Use of audit, feedback and education increased guideline implementation in a multidisciplinary stroke unit

Background The audit-feedback cycle is a behaviour change intervention used to reduce evidence-practice gaps. In this study, repeat audits, feedback, education and training were used to change practice and increase compliance with Australian guideline recommendations for stroke rehabilitation. Objective To increase the proportion of patients with stroke receiving best practice screening, assessment and treatment. Methods A before-and-after study design was used. Data were collected from medical records (n=15 files per audit). Four audits were conducted between 2009 and 2013. Consecutive files of patients with stroke admitted to the stroke unit were selected and audited retrospectively. Staff behaviour change interventions included four cycles of audit feedback, and education to assist staff with change. The primary outcome measure was the proportion of eligible patients receiving best practice against target behaviours, based on audit data. Results Between the first and fourth audit (2009 and 2013), 20 of the 27 areas targeted (74%) met or exceeded the minimum target of 10% change. Practice areas that showed the most change included sensation screening (+75%) and rehabilitation (+100%); neglect screening (+92%) and assessment (100%). Some target behaviours showed a drop in compliance such as anxiety and depression screening (−27%) or little or no overall improvement such as patient education about stroke (6% change). Conclusions Audit feedback and education increased the proportion of inpatients with stroke receiving best practice rehabilitation in some, but not all practice areas. An ongoing process of quality improvement is needed to help sustain these improvements.
EXAMINING THE BEHAVIOUR OF VISITOR ARRIVALS TO AUSTRALIA FROM TWENTY DIFFERENT COUNTRIES: AN APPLICATION OF PANEL UNIT ROOT TESTS

Testing for the behaviour of visitor arrivals has important implications for policy, for if visitor arrivals are stationary processes then it implies that shocks to visitor arrivals are transitory. However, if visitor arrivals are found to be characterised by a unit root then this implies that shocks to visitor arrivals are permanent. In this paper we provide the first evidence on the unit root hypothesis for visitor arrivals to Australia using a suite of recently developed panel unit root tests. Our main finding is that visitor arrivals to Australia from twenty tourist source markets and from the G7 markets are mean reverting, implying that any shocks will have only a transitory effect. However, visitor arrivals from eight Asian countries are characterised by a unit root, implying that shocks will have a permanent effect on this market.
Br Ief Definitive Repor T Res Ults and Dis Cussi on Identification of Phenotypically Similar Mouse Models of T(8;21) Integrative Genetic Analysis of Mouse and Human Aml Identifies Cooperating Disease Alleles

4–12% of acute myeloid leukemia (AML) patients present with a translocation between chromosomes 8 and 21 (Müller et al., 2008). However, transgenic mice expressing AML1-ETO only develop AML after treatment with muta-genic agents, suggesting a requirement for cooperating events (Higuchi et al., 2002). Two mouse models of AML1-ETO– driven AML have been generated that may depend on the acquisition of such events for leukemogenesis. Expression of AML1-ETO in Cdkn1a-null cells or expression of AML1-ETO9a, a splice variant of AML1-ETO, in WT cells can induce fully penetrant AML after a prolonged latency (Yan et al., 2006; Peterson et al., 2007b). CDKN1A has never been found to be disrupted in t(8;21) + AML (Shiohara et al., 1997), suggesting that its loss does not functionally cooperate with AML1-ETO. Instead, it is thought that loss of CDKN1A in vivo prevents the repair of damaged DNA and allows for the accumulation of mutations and cooperating alleles in AML1-ETO + hematopoietic progenitors (McDonald et al., 1996). Studies of AML1-ETO9a–driven leukemia have found dysregulated expression of DNA repair genes (Alcalay et al., 2003), which might facilitate a similar acquisition of cooperating secondary events. We hypothesized that we could identify and credential disease alleles in t(8;21) + AML through integrative genomic studies of human AML and the mouse AMLs that arise from these models. + AML We first expressed AML1-ETO or AML1-ETO9a in fetal liver cells isolated from WT or Cdkn1a −/− mice. All transplant recipients of AML1-ETO–expressing Cdkn1a −/− cells developed lethal AML with a median latency of 201 d. Expression of AML1-ETO9a in WT or Cdkn1a −/− cells resulted in a fully penetrant, lethal leukemia after a median latency of 175 and 196 d, respectively (Fig. 1 A). At euthanasia, leukemic mice had anemia, thrombocytopenia, and elevated white blood cell counts (Fig. 1 B). We observed blast cell accumulation in the bone marrow, liver, and spleen, resulting in splenomegaly t(8;21) is one of the most frequent chromosomal abnormalities observed in acute myeloid leukemia (AML). However, expression of AML1-ETO is not sufficient to induce transformation in vivo. Consistent with this observation, patients with this translocation harbor additional genetic abnormalities, suggesting a requirement for cooperating mutations. To better define the genetic landscape in AML and distinguish driver from passenger mutations, we compared the mutational profiles of AML1-ETO–driven mouse models of leukemia with the mutational profiles of human AML patients. We identified TET2 and PTPN11 mutations in both mouse …
Prejudicial beliefs and COVID-19 disruptions among sexual minority men living with and not living with HIV in a high SARS-CoV-2 prevalence area

Abstract The COVID-19 pandemic has had profound health and social impacts. COVID-19 also affords opportunities to study the emergence of prejudice as a factor in taking protective actions. This study investigated the association of COVID-19 concerns, prejudicial beliefs, and personal actions that involve life disruptions among people not living with and people living with HIV. 338 Black/African American men not living with HIV who reported male sex partners and 148 Black/African American men living with HIV who reported male sex partners completed a confidential survey that measured COVID-19 concern, COVID-19 prejudice, and personal action and institutionally imposed COVID-19 disruptions. Participants reported having experienced multiple social and healthcare disruptions stemming from COVID-19, including reductions in social contacts, canceling medical appointments, and inability to access medications. Mediation analyses demonstrated that COVID-19 concerns and COVID-19 prejudice were associated with personal action disruptions, indicating that these social processes are important for understanding how individuals modified their lives in response to COVID-19. It is imperative that public health efforts combat COVID-19 prejudice as these beliefs undermine investments in developing healthcare infrastructure to address COVID-19 prevention.
DEVELOPMENT OF DISTRIBUTED CONCEPTUAL HYDROLOGICAL MODEL FOR FOREST WATERSHED IN NORTHERN THAILAND: A DOWNWARD APPROACH

This paper reports promising use of the downward approach in the construction of the distributed conceptual hydrological models for a forest watershed in Chiang Mai Province, northern Thailand, at monthly and daily time scales with 30-m spatial resolution. It was found that the built models have exhibited impressive capability in the simulation of actual runoff yield with R2 and the Nash-Sutcliffe efficiency index (E) of 0.94 and 0.88 (for the optimal monthly model), and 0.96 and 0.94 (for the optimal daily model), respectively. The applied water balance system with three main hydrological processes; surface runoff, subsurface runoff, and evapotranspiration (ET), was proved to be sufficient in explaining general runoff characteristics of the area at both studied scales, especially during strong monsoon months from August to October. Obtained results from the monthly cases indicate that rainfall variation plays more important role than the soil depth heterogeneity in producing more realistic pattern of the runoff product and integration of subsurface runoff process was found vital in the development of successful model. In addition, sole use of the evaporation component of ET was found sufficient in building the successful monthly model but in case of the daily model, the transpiration part was also necessary.
Measurements of weak snowpack layer friction

An essential stage in the release of an avalanche is the propagation of a fracture through a weak snowpack layer. As the fracture propagates, the slab looses its support and comes into contact with the bed surface. In the area of contact, the sliding motion of the slab is constrained by frictional forces. This particular friction process has received little experimental attention until today. Studies on sliding friction have mainly been performed on snow samples composed of small rounded grains in direct contact. In the present study we determine the friction coefficient of weak layers by analysing video records of snow samples sliding down-slope after a weak layer had fractured. The slab and the bed surface are then in indirect contact as the interface consists of the collapsed weak layer. The experiments were carried out in the mountains of British Columbia, Canada, and in the mountains around Davos, Switzerland , between 2002 and 2009. Assuming Coulomb-type friction the initial acceleration of the snow sample is used to determine the friction coefficients. The measurements show an initial friction coefficient on the order of 0.6 and the tendency to decrease thereafter. This is accompanied by the gradual erosion of the interface between the slab and the bed surface.
Affective and enjoyment responses in high intensity interval training and continuous training: A systematic review and meta-analysis

Previous studies investigating the effects of high intensity interval training (HIIT) and moderate intensity continuous training (MICT) showed controversial results. The aim of the present study was to systematically review the literature on the effects of HIIT and MICT on affective and enjoyment responses. The PRISMA Statement and the Cochrane recommendation were used to perform this systematic review and the database search was performed using PubMed, Scopus, ISI Web of Knowledge, PsycINFO, and SPORTDiscus. Eight studies investigating the acute affective and enjoyment responses on HIIT and MICT were included in the present systematic review. The standardized mean difference (SMD) was calculated for Feeling Scale (FS), Physical Activity Enjoyment Scale (PACES) and Exercise Enjoyment Scale (EES). The MICT was used as the reference condition. The overall results showed similar beneficial effects of HIIT on PACES and EES responses compared to MICT with SMDs classified as small (PACES–SMD = 0.49, I2 = 69.3%, p = 0.001; EES–SMD = 0.48, I2 = 24.1%, p = 0.245) while for FS, the overall result showed a trivial effect (FS–SMD = 0.19, I2 = 78.9%, p<0.001). Most of the comparisons performed presented positive effects for HIIT. For the FS, six of 12 comparisons showed beneficial effects for HIIT involving normal weight and overweight-to-obese populations. For PACES, six of 10 comparisons showed beneficial effects for HIIT involving normal weight and overweight-to-obese populations. For EES, six of seven comparisons showed beneficial effects for HIIT also involving normal weight and overweight-to-obese populations. Based on the results of the present study, it is possible to conclude that HIIT exercise may be a viable strategy for obtaining positive psychological responses. Although HIIT exercise may be recommended for obtaining positive psychological responses, chronic studies should clarify the applicability of HIIT for exercise adherence.
Rationale and design of REDUCE‐IT: Reduction of Cardiovascular Events with Icosapent Ethyl–Intervention Trial

Residual cardiovascular risk persists despite statins, yet outcome studies of lipid‐targeted therapies beyond low‐density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL‐C) have not demonstrated added benefit. Triglyceride elevation is an independent risk factor for cardiovascular events. High‐dose eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) reduces triglyceride‐rich lipoproteins without raising LDL‐C. Omega‐3s have postulated pleiotropic cardioprotective benefits beyond triglyceride‐lowering. To date, no large, multinational, randomized clinical trial has proved that lowering triglycerides on top of statin therapy improves cardiovascular outcomes. The Reduction of Cardiovascular Events with Icosapent Ethyl–Intervention Trial (REDUCE‐IT; NCT01492361) is a phase 3b randomized, double‐blinded, placebo‐controlled trial of icosapent ethyl, a highly purified ethyl ester of EPA, vs placebo. The main objective is to evaluate whether treatment with icosapent ethyl reduces ischemic events in statin‐treated patients with high triglycerides at elevated cardiovascular risk. REDUCE‐IT enrolled men or women age ≥45 years with established cardiovascular disease or age ≥50 years with diabetes mellitus and 1 additional risk factor. Randomization required fasting triglycerides ≥150 mg/dL and <500 mg/dL and LDL‐C >40 mg/dL and ≤100 mg/dL with stable statin (± ezetimibe) ≥4 weeks prior to qualifying measurements. The primary endpoint is a composite of cardiovascular death, nonfatal myocardial infarction, nonfatal stroke, coronary revascularization, or unstable angina. The key secondary endpoint is the composite of cardiovascular death, nonfatal myocardial infarction, or nonfatal stroke. Several secondary, tertiary, and exploratory endpoints will be assessed. Approximately 8000 patients have been randomized at approximately 470 centers worldwide. Follow‐up will continue in this event‐driven trial until approximately 1612 adjudicated primary‐efficacy endpoint events have occurred.
Disease and Predation: Sorting out Causes of a Bighorn Sheep (Ovis canadensis) Decline

Estimating survival and documenting causes and timing of mortality events in neonate bighorn sheep (Ovis canadensis) improves understanding of population ecology and factors influencing recruitment. During 2010–2012, we captured and radiocollared 74 neonates in the Black Hills, South Dakota, of which 95% (70) died before 52 weeks of age. Pneumonia (36%) was the leading cause of mortality followed by predation (30%). We used known fate analysis in Program MARK to estimate weekly survival rates and investigate the influence of intrinsic variables on 52-week survival. Model {S1 wk, 2–8 wks, >8 wks} had the lowest AICc (Akaike’s Information Criterion corrected for small sample size) value, indicating that age (3-stage age-interval: 1 week, 2–8 weeks, and >8 weeks) best explained survival. Weekly survival estimates for 1 week, 2–8 weeks, and >8 weeks were 0.81 (95% CI = 0.70–0.88), 0.86 (95% CI = 0.81–0.90), and 0.94 (95% CI = 0.91–0.96), respectively. Overall probability of surviving 52 weeks was 0.02 (95% CI = 0.01–0.07). Of 70 documented mortalities, 21% occurred during the first week, 55% during weeks 2–8, and 23% occurred >8 weeks of age. We found pneumonia and predation were temporally heterogeneous with lambs most susceptible to predation during the first 2–3 weeks of life, while the greatest risk from pneumonia occurred from weeks 4–8. Our results indicated pneumonia was the major factor limiting recruitment followed by predation. Mortality from predation may have been partly compensatory to pneumonia and its effects were less pronounced as alternative prey became available. Given the high rates of pneumonia-caused mortality we observed, and the apparent lack of pneumonia-causing pathogens in bighorn populations in the western Black Hills, management activities should be geared towards eliminating contact between diseased and healthy populations.
A geochemical transport model for thermo‐hydro‐chemical (THC) coupled processes with saline water

Anhydrous MgSO4 is considered as a potential sealing material for the isolation of high‐level‐waste repositories in salt rock. When an aqueous solution, usually a brine type, penetrates the sealing, different MgSO4 hydrates along with other mineral phases form, removing free water from the solution. The uptake of water leads to an overall increase of solid phase volume. If deformation is constrained, the pore volume decreases and permeability is reduced. In order to simulate such processes, especially for conditions without free water, a coupling between OpenGeoSys and thermodynamic equilibrium calculations were implemented on the basis of the commercially available thermodynamic simulator ChemApp and the object‐oriented programming finite‐element method simulator OpenGeoSys. ChemApp uses the Gibbs energy minimization approach for the geochemical reaction simulation. Based on this method, the thermodynamic equilibrium of geochemical reactions can be calculated by giving the amount of each system component and the molar Gibbs energy of formation for all the possible phases and phase constituents. Activity coefficients in high‐saline solutions were calculated using the Pitzer formalism. This model has the potential to handle 1‐D, 2‐D, and 3‐D saturated and nonsaturated thermo‐hydro‐chemical coupled processes even with highly saline solutions under complex conditions. The model was verified by numerical comparison with other simulators and applied for the modeling of SVV experimental data.
Holocene paleoceanography and paleoenvironments of the Skagerrak‐Kattegat, Scandinavia

Paleoceanographic and paleoenvironmental interpretations based on foraminifera, sedimentary data, radiocarbon dates, and stable isotope measurements were derived from two sections in the Skagerrak: a 115-m-thick Holocene marine section drilled onshore at Skagen near the northernmost tip of Jutland, Denmark, and a 9-m piston core from the Skagerrak, north of Skagen. The foraminiferal data show that arctic-subarctic environments in the deep Skagerrak-Kattegat area were succeeded by boreal conditions at 9.6 ka. This was a result of northward migration of the Atlantic polar front and inflow of warm Atlantic water into the area through the Norwegian Channel. A gradual warming of the water masses after 9.6 ka is indicated by the data. Rare foraminifera and high sedimentation rates are found between approximately 8.6 ka and 7.6 ka at both core locations. The modern foraminiferal assemblages of the area were fully established at 7.6 ka indicating that the modern circulation pattern in the Skagerrak-Kattegat after the opening of the English Channel and the Danish Straits was not established before this date. At 5.5 ka a sudden change to coarser sediments (higher-energy environments) and the appearance of the foraminifer Eoeponidella laesoeensis is recorded in the Skagen core. This indicates a rapid change in the hydrography reflecting altered meteorological and hydrographic conditions in the Skagerrak-Kattegat, including a strengthening of the Jutland Current and increased inflow of North Sea water into the Kattegat. The event is interpreted as a response to cooling at the end of the Holocene climatic optimum in late Atlantic time and possibly reflects a rapid cooling event of North Atlantic surface water masses.
Mimicry and law: Experiments in a natural setting of a law company

This paper joins an effort to build a relational approach to law practice by testing mimicry as a vehicle for building trust in a legal context. Mimicry research indicates that this phenomenon leads to benefits, like greater trust, willingness to help, and satisfaction from interactions, which shows a potential for practical applications in, for example, a legal context. In two experiments conducted in the natural setting of a legal company, the tendency to trust the mimicker on a yet unresearched and deep level, namely putting one’s legal future and security in the hands of an attorney, was measured. Both experiments consistently showed a greater tendency to give legal representation to an attorney when she verbally (Experiment #1) as well as both verbally and nonverbally (Experiment #2) mimicked the client. This paper explores the potential of applying mimicry in a legal service environment, focusing on fostering cooperation in professional conversations. Furthermore, the study contributes to the existing literature on mimicry by examining its effect on trust. Possible dangers, future studies and limitations are also discussed.