Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Quantitative studies of blood and bone marrow neutrophils in normal mice.

CHERVENICK, P. A. , D. R. BOGGS, J. C. MARSH, G. E. CARTWRIGHT, AND M. M. WINTROBE. Quantitatize studz’iz of blood and bone marrw neutrophils in normal mice. Am. J. Physiol. 215(2) : 353-360. 1968. -A method for determining the total number of nucleated cells in the marrow cavity of the humerus of a motise is described. This technic proved to be reasonably accurate. The humerus contained an average of 7.15 X 106 nucleated cells which constituted 2.8 y0 of the total cells in the entire marrow as judged by distribution of radioactive iron in the skeleton. This technic, when coupled with a determination of the percentage of cells which stain for peroxidase, provides a fairly rapid and simple means of determining total marrow neutrophils. No difference was observed in leukocyte concentration in venous blood samples obtained from the orbital sinus, vena cava, or tail when properly controlled comparisons were made. However, leukocyte concentration in bIood samples from the aorta was less than one-half that in venous samples. AII of the following factors were found to influence the leukocyte concentration in venous blood samples: repeated sampling, ether or pentobarbital anesthesia, heparin administration, time of day, and heating the tail.
The IDE portability problem and its solution in Monto

Modern IDEs support multiple programming languages via plug-ins, but developing a high-quality language plug-in is a huge development effort and individual plug-ins are not reusable in other IDEs. We call this the IDE portability problem. In this paper, we present a solution to the IDE portability problem based on a language-independent and IDE-independent intermediate representation (IR) for editor-service products. This IR enables IDE-independent language services to provide editor services for arbitrary IDEs, using language-independent IDE plug-ins. We combine the IR with a service-oriented architecture to facilitate the modular addition of language services, the decomposition of language services into smaller interdependent services, and the use of arbitrary implementation languages for services. To evaluate the feasibility of our design, we have implemented the IR and architecture in a framework called Monto. We demonstrate the generality of our design by constructing language services for Java, JavaScript, Python, and Haskell and show that they are reusable in the Eclipse IDE and in a web-based IDE. We also evaluate the performance of Monto and show that Monto is responsive and has admissible performance overhead.
A Chandra X-Ray Survey of Ultraluminous Infrared Galaxies

We present results from Chandra observations of 14 ultraluminous infrared galaxies [ULIRGs; log ≥ 12] with redshifts between 0.04 and 0.16. The goals of the observations were to investigate any correlation between infrared color or luminosity and the properties of the X-ray emission and to attempt to determine whether these objects are powered by starbursts or active galactic nuclei (AGNs). The sample contains approximately the same number of high- and low-luminosity objects and "warm" and "cool" ULIRGs. All 14 galaxies were detected by Chandra. Our analysis shows that the X-ray emission of the two Seyfert 1 galaxies in our sample is dominated by an AGN. The remaining 12 sources are too faint for conventional spectral fitting to be applicable. Hardness ratios were used to estimate the spectral properties of these faint sources. The photon indices, Γ-values, for our sample plus the Chandra-observed 2003 sample from Ptak et al. peak in the range 1.0-1.5, consistent with expectations for X-ray binaries in a starburst, an absorbed AGN, or hot bremsstrahlung from a starburst or AGN. The values of Γ for the objects in our sample classified as Seyferts (type 1 or 2) are larger than 2, while those classified as H II regions or LINERs tend to be less than 2. The hard X-ray to far-infrared ratios for the 12 weak sources are similar to those of starbursts, but we cannot rule out the possibility of absorbed, possibly Compton-thick, AGNs in some of these objects. Two of these faint sources were found to have X-ray counterparts to their double optical and infrared nuclei.
Search system requirements of patent analysts

Patent search tasks are difficult and challenging, often requiring expert patent analysts to spend hours, even days, sourcing relevant information. To aid them in this process, analysts use Information Retrieval systems and tools to cope with their retrieval tasks. With the growing interest in patent search, it is important to determine their requirements and expectations of the tools and systems that they employ. In this poster, we report a subset of the findings of a survey of patent analysts conducted to elicit their search requirements.
On Vassiliev Invariants not Coming from Semisimple Lie Algebras

We prove a refinement of Vogel's statement that the Vassiliev invariants of knots coming from semisimple Lie algebras do not generate all Vassiliev invariants. This refinement takes into account the second grading on Vassiliev invariants induced by cabling of knots. As an application we get an amelioration of the actually known lower bounds for the dimensions of the space of Vassiliev invariants.
The importance of the ortho:para H2 ratio for the deuteration of molecules during pre-protostellar collapse

Context. We have studied the evolution of molecular gas during the early stages of protostellar collapse, when the freeze-out of “heavy” species on to grains occurs. Aims. In addition to studying the freeze-out of “heavy” species on to grains, we wished to compute the variation of the population densities of the different nuclear spin states of `tracer' molecular ions, such as H 2 D + and D 2 H + , which are currently observed only in their ortho and para forms, respectively. Methods. Chemical processes which determine the relative populations of the nuclear spin states of molecules and molecular ions were included explicitly. Nuclear spin-changing reactions have received much less attention in the literature than those leading to deuteration; but, in fact, the former processes are as significant as the latter and often involve the same reactants. A “free-fall” model of gravitational collapse was adopted. Results. We found that the ortho:para ratios of some species, e.g. H 2 D + , vary considerably as the density increases. Because the dynamical timescale is much shorter than some of the chemical timescales, there can be large departures of the predictions of the free-fall model from the steady-state solution at the same density and temperature. In the case of H 2 , it seems unlikely that the steady state value of the ortho:para ratio is attained before protostellar collapse from the progenitor molecular cloud commences. Values of the ortho:para H 2 ratio much higher than in steady state, which would prevail in “young” molecular clouds, are found to be inconsistent with high levels of deuteration of the gas. The internal energy of ortho-H 2 acts as a reservoir of chemical energy which inhibits the deuteration of H$_3^+$ and hence of other species, such as N 2 H + and NH 3 . Conclusions. The principal conclusion is that the degree of deuteration of molecular ions and molecules is sensitive to the ortho:para H 2 ratio and hence to the chemical and thermal history of the precursor molecular cloud.
Genes Underlying Reproductive Division of Labor in Termites, with Comparisons to Social Hymenoptera

All social insects are characterized by a reproductive division of labor. Within a colony only a few individuals reproduce (queens and in termites, also a king) while the large majority (workers and soldiers) forgo reproduction, at least temporarily. The evolution of such reproductive altruism can ultimately be explained by inclusive fitness theory. Here, I will review the proximate genetic mechanisms underlying this altruism in termites. As social cockroaches they evolved eusociality independently from the social Hymenoptera, which makes them interesting test cases to look for common underlying mechanisms of eusociality and lineage specific idiosyncrasies. First, I will provide a summary of the genes and their function that have been identified to underlie reproductive division of labor - so called 'queen genes,' - in the drywood termite Cryptotermes secundus, an emerging model to study termite social evolution. Second, I outline how widespread these queen genes are across the termite phylogeny, using also evidence from recent genome analyses. I will provide hypotheses about the evolutionary origin of these queen genes, aiming to link proximate mechanisms with ultimate functions. Finally, I will draw comparisons to social Hymenoptera to indicate potential common underpinnings that warrant further testing.
Distributed Control of Robotic Networks

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The Framing and Evaluation of Multiple Hypotheses

This study provides exploratory evidence on auditors' framing and evaluation of hypotheses, identifies implications for improving audit decision-making and facilitates the interpretation of prior research. Prior studies usually assume hypotheses to be framed as mutually exclusive and exhaustive. However, both verbal protocol evidence and probability assessments reveal that in a realistic case most auditors frame the hypotheses as a non-mutually exclusive and exhaustive set of causes. Further, auditor probability assessments tend to reflect multiple causes. Finally, exploratory analyses indicate auditors have difficulty in updating assessments consistent with the perceived interrelationships between hypotheses.
Parking Navigation for Alleviating Congestion in Multilevel Parking Facility

Finding a vacant parking space in a large crowded parking facility takes long time. In this paper, we propose a navigation method that minimizes the parking time based on collected real-time positional information of cars. In the proposed method, a central server in the parking facility collects the information and estimates the occupancy of each parking zone. Then, the server broadcasts the occupancy data to the cars in the parking facility. Each car then computes a parking route with the shortest expected parking waiting time and shows it to the driver. We conducted simulation-based evaluations of the proposed method using a realistic model based on trace data taken from a real parking facility. We confirmed that the proposed method reduced parking waiting time by 20%-70% even with low system penetration.
Host–pathogen interactions and immune evasion strategies in Francisella tularensis pathogenicity

Francisella tularensis is an intracellular Gram-negative bacterium that causes life-threatening tularemia. Although the prevalence of natural infection is low, F. tularensis remains a tier I priority pathogen due to its extreme virulence and ease of aerosol dissemination. F. tularensis can infect a host through multiple routes, including the intradermal and respiratory routes. Respiratory infection can result from a very small inoculum (ten organisms or fewer) and is the most lethal form of infection. Following infection, F. tularensis employs strategies for immune evasion that delay the immune response, permitting systemic distribution and induction of sepsis. In this review we summarize the current knowledge of F. tularensis in an immunological context, with emphasis on the host response and bacterial evasion of that response.
International Journal of Advances in Electrical and Electronics Engineering Attribute Selection by Dimensionality Reduction in Medical Data Mining to Improve Accuracy

As database size is growing day by day, data sets for analysis may contain hundreds of attributes, most of which irrelevant to the mining task. Since the added volume of irrelevant or redundant attributes can slow down the mining process, dimensionality reduction reduces the data set size by removing such attributes (or dimensions) from it. Here we employ a wrapper approach which leads to greater accuracy since it optimizes the evaluation measure of the algorithm while removing attributes. The best and the worst attributes are typically determined using tests of statistical significance, which assumes that the attributes are independent of one another. Data Mining algorithms search for meaningful patterns in raw data sets. The Data Mining process requires high computational cost when dealing with large data sets. Reducing dimensionality (the number of attributed or the number of records) can effectively cut this cost. This work explains how it is often possible to reduce dimensionality with minimum loss of information. Hereby we present a method for dimension reduction applied to visual data mining in order to reduce the user cognitive load due to the density of data to be visualized and mined.
Anisotropic X-ray emission in active galactic nucleus accretion discs

Straightforward models of X-ray reflection in the inner region of accretion discs predict that the primary X-ray flux and the flux reflected off the surface of the disc should vary together, albeit with a short light traveltime delay. Most of the observations, however, show that the X-ray flux can vary while the reflected features remain constant. Here we propose a simple explanation for this. In all likelihood, the emission of a moderately optically thick magnetic flare atop an accretion disc is anisotropic. A constant energy release rate in a flare will appear to produce a variable X-ray flux as the flare rotates with the accretion disc anchoring the magnetic tube. The reflector, on the other hand, receives a constant X-ray flux from the flare. Since the reflected emission is azimuthally symmetric, the observer will see a roughly constant reflected flux (neglecting relativistic effects). The model does not produce quasi-periodic oscillations if magnetic flux tubes are sheared out faster than they complete one orbit.
Recognition of Semantically Related Articles in Wikipedia

Wikipedia has become the most used encyclopaedia in the world. The English edition itself has around 4 million articles and there are together more than 280 language editions of Wikipedia. However there are big differences in their scope and detail. This difference is an opportunity to improve the content of the less detailed Wikipedias by information extracted from the big ones. In this paper we propose a method for recognition of semantically related articles based on connections between Wikipedia editions. We evaluate an implementation of this method using a MapReduce programming model and a HBase database system.
Efficient global optimization for exponential family PCA and low-rank matrix factorization

We present an efficient global optimization algorithm for exponential family principal component analysis (PCA) and associated low-rank matrix factorization problems. Exponential family PCA has been shown to improve the results of standard PCA on non-Gaussian data. Unfortunately, the widespread use of exponential family PCA has been hampered by the existence of only local optimization procedures. The prevailing assumption has been that the non-convexity of the problem prevents an efficient global optimization approach from being developed. Fortunately, this pessimism is unfounded. We present a reformulation of the underlying optimization problem that preserves the identity of the global solution while admitting an efficient optimization procedure. The algorithm we develop involves only a sub-gradient optimization of a convex objective plus associated eigenvector computations. (No general purpose semidefinite programming solver is required.) The low-rank constraint is exactly preserved, while the method can be kernelized through a consistent approximation to admit a fixed non-linearity. We demonstrate improved solution quality with the global solver, and also add to the evidence that exponential family PCA produces superior results to standard PCA on non-Gaussian data.
Final Coalgebras from Corecursive Algebras

We give a technique to construct a final coalgebra in which each element is a set of formulas of modal logic. The technique works for both the finite and the countable powerset functors. Starting with an injectively structured, corecursive algebra, we coinductively obtain a suitable subalgebra called the "co-founded part". We see—first with an example, and then in the general setting of modal logic on a dual adjunction—that modal theories form an injectively structured, corecursive algebra, so that this construction may be applied. We also obtain an initial algebra in a similar way. We generalize the framework beyond Set to categories equipped with a suitable factorization system, and look at the examples of Poset and Set-op .
METABOLIC REGULATORY CIRCUITS AND CARCINOGENESIS.

Summary Recent studies on the control of enzyme synthesis and activity in microorganisms which have been carried out largely in the laboratory of Jacob and Monod in Paris have led to the formulation of a model which in its general form agrees with much of the known experimental data. Basically, the genetic apparatus for enzyme synthesis is thought to consist of regulator genes which produce cytoplasmic products known as repressors and an operon consisting of an operator and structural genes. The product of the regulator gene together with small molecular weight, usually exogenous, regulators interacts with the operator gene to control the expression of the entire operon. This basic circuit may be modified in a number of ways to produce an equally varied number of phenotypes. Several of these phenotypes may be perpetuated by a short exposure of the regulator, here thought of as a carcinogen, to the system. Such a picture fits the known concepts of chemical carcinogenesis and shows in a theoretical manner how a malignant cell may be produced in the absence of a genetic (DNA) change. If malignancy is not the result of a direct gene (DNA) mutation, a reversion from the malignant to the nonmalignant state is well within reason.
Processing Language Input in the CIRCSIM-Tutor Intelligent Tutoring System

We have replaced the input understanding component of CIRCSIM-Tutor, an intelligent tutoring system that engages the student in Socratic dialogue. Students type free-text answers to the computer’s questions. Even though the questions can be answered very simply, the variety of student responses prompted us to make the understanding component more robust. The new software also enables the tutor to recognize and classify a greater number of unexpected responses. In this paper we report on the motivation and design of the new software and our results in using it.
Endogenous Entry in Markets with Adverse Selection

Since Akerlof's (1970) seminal paper the existence of adverse selection due to asymmetric information about quality is well-understood. Yet two questions remain. First, given the negative implications for trading and welfare, how do such markets come into existence? And second, why have many studies failed to find direct or indirect evidence of adverse selection? In addressing the first question directly we shed some light on the second. We consider a market in which firms make an observable investment that generates products of a quality that becomes known only to the firm. Entry has the tendency to lower prices, which may lead to adverse selection. The implied price collapse limits the amount of entry so that high prices are supported in the market equilibrium, which results in above normal profits. While contributing to our understanding of markets with asymmetric information and adverse selection, the model also provides insight into the question of why markets with adverse selection are empirically hard to identify. The analysis suggests that rather than observing the canonical market collapse, such markets are instead characterized by less entry than would be empirically predicted and above normal profts even in markets with low measures of concentration.
Design of highly birefringent photonic crystal fiber with low dispersion at communication wavelength

A novel design of Photonic Crystal Fibers (PCFs) have been studied. The designed fiber has been simulated using OptiFDTD software. The structure has hexagonal lattice and consists of air holes of circular geometry. However with an intention to achieve high birefringence, the symmetry of the core has been broken. Two elliptical air holes with four and half times larger than circular air holes has been introduced. The simulated results shows that designed fiber reports very high birefringence. Moreover at all the four optical windows it reports birefringence of the order of 10-2. Similarly dispersion observed is very low, which assures the fiber to transmit data at higher rate. Besides these we also studied the other propagation characteristics like normalized frequency, confinement loss and mode field distribution.
Online Course Student Collaboration Literature: A Review and Critique

University online course enrollment continues to rise at a rate higher than that of traditional, face-to-face university education, and several benefits exist to creating a collaborative online course environment. Therefore, a need exists to critically consider existing research about small group work in online courses. The present article provides a meta-synthesis of 41 articles related to this topic. This meta-synthesis includes a review of literature followed by a discussion of critiques and directions for future research about online course student collaboration. Findings from this meta-synthesis include a lack of consistent definitions within literature about student collaboration online, methodological issues in existing empirical studies, and the lack of interdisciplinary contribution to online course small group literature.
Large-Scale MIMO Detection for 3GPP LTE: Algorithms and FPGA Implementations

Large-scale (or massive) multiple-input multiple-out put (MIMO) is expected to be one of the key technologies in next-generation multi-user cellular systems based on the upcoming 3GPP LTE Release 12 standard, for example. In this work, we propose-to the best of our knowledge-the first VLSI design enabling high-throughput data detection in single-carrier frequency-division multiple access (SC-FDMA)-based large-scale MIMO systems. We propose a new approximate matrix inversion algorithm relying on a Neumann series expansion, which substantially reduces the complexity of linear data detection. We analyze the associated error, and we compare its performance and complexity to those of an exact linear detector. We present corresponding VLSI architectures, which perform exact and approximate soft-output detection for large-scale MIMO systems with various antenna/user configurations. Reference implementation results for a Xilinx Virtex-7 XC7VX980T FPGA show that our designs are able to achieve more than 600 Mb/s for a 128 antenna, 8 user 3GPP LTE-based large-scale MIMO system. We finally provide a performance/complexity trade-off comparison using the presented FPGA designs, which reveals that the detector circuit of choice is determined by the ratio between BS antennas and users, as well as the desired error-rate performance.
Path drawing for 3D walkthrough

This paper presents an interaction technique for walkthrough in virtual 3D spaces, where the user draws the intended path directly on the scene, and the avatar automatically moves along the path. The system calculates the path by projecting the stroke drawn on the screen to the walking surface in the 3D world. Using this technique, the user can specify not only the goal position, but also the route to take and the camera direction at the goal with a single stroke. A prototype system is tested using a displayintegrated tablet, and experimental results suggest that the technique can enhance existing walkthrough techniques.