Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
An Error Rate Comparison of Classification Methods with Continuous Explanatory Variables

In the fields of statistics and computer science a wide variety of methodologies exist for solving the traditional classification problem. This study will compare the error rates for various methods under a variety of conditions when the explanatory variables are continuous. The methods under considerations are neural networks, classical discriminant analysis, and two different approaches to decision trees. Training and testing sets are utilized to estimate the error rates of these methods for different numbers of sample sizes, number of explanatory variables, and the number of classes in the dependent variable. These error rates will be used to draw generalized conclusions about the relative efficiencies of the techniques.
A nearly unipolar CO outflow from the HH 46-47 system

We have made observations of CO in the molecular outflow centered on the HH 46-47 system, which is at the northern end of the dense Bok globule 210-6A. The molecular outflow is asymmetric, with the redshifted part of the flow being more extensive and massive than the blueshifted part, although the appearance of the HH objects suggests that the underlying flow is symmetric. Using the CO J=2-1 and J=3-2 lines we find that the total mass and momentum of the molecular outflow are 0.3 and 1.9 M ⊙ km s −1 , respectively, with the redshifted CO flow accounting for ∼80% of these values.
Theoretical and experimental investigations of a nanotube-mode-locked stretched-pulse fiber laser

We report the generation of stretched pulses in a passively mode-locked fiber laser based on a single-wall carbon nanotube saturable absorber. The spectral bandwidth and pulse duration of the single stretched pulse are ∼25 nm and ∼1.43 ps, respectively. By increasing the pump power and adjusting the polarization state, bound-state stretched pulses are delivered from the fiber laser. The pulse–pulse separation and wavelength spacing of the bound-state pulses are ∼7.8 ps and ∼1 nm, respectively. Numerical simulations reproduce the experimental results and agree well with the experimental observations.
ERRATUM: “VERTICAL STRUCTURE OF A SUPERNOVA-DRIVEN TURBULENT, MAGNETIZED INTERSTELLAR MEDIUM” (2012, ApJ, 750, 104)

Alex S. Hill1,7, M. Ryan Joung2,3, Mordecai-Mark Mac Low3, Robert A. Benjamin4, L. Matthew Haffner1, Christian Klingenberg5, and Knut Waagan6 1 Department of Astronomy, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA; alex.hill@csiro.au 2 Department of Astronomy, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA 3 Department of Astrophysics, American Museum of Natural History, New York, NY, USA 4 Department of Physics, University of Wisconsin-Whitewater, Whitewater, WI, USA 5 Department of Mathematics, Würzburg University, Emil Fischer Strasse 30, Würzburg, Germany 6 Department of Applied Mathematics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA Received 2012 November 2; published 2012 December 6
Two-Dimensional Plots for Interpreting Interactions in the Three-Factor Analysis of Variance Model

Abstract In the two-factor factorial fixed effects ANOVA, no interaction between factors may be demonstrated graphically by connecting population cell means to form a set of parallel piecewise linear curves. The three-factor case is considerably more complicated, because both three-factor and two-factor interactions may be present. However, if no three-factor interaction is assumed, or, in addition, if one or more of the two-factor interactions is also assumed to be zero, then the resulting constrained model may be characterized in a manner similar to the two-factor case. Details are presented for three such constrained models.
Comparison of plasma flow velocities determined by the ionosonde Doppler drift technique, SuperDARN radars, and patch motion

We compare measurements of polar cap ionospheric plasma flow over Resolute Bay, Canada, made by a digital ionosonde using the Doppler drift technique with simultaneous measurements at the same location made by the first operational pair of SuperDARN HF radars. During the 3-hour comparison interval the flow varied widely in direction and from 100 to 600 m/s in speed. The two measurement techniques show very good agreement for both the speed and direction of flow for nearly all of the samples in the interval. The difference between the velocities determined by the two techniques has a scatter of about ±35° in direction and ±30% in speed, with no systematic difference above the level of the scatter. The few samples which strongly disagreed were usually associated with strong spatial structure in the flow pattern measured by SuperDARN in the vicinity of the comparison point. The drift speed measured by the ionosonde was independently verified by observing the time taken for polar cap F layer ionization patches to drift between ionosondes sited at Eureka and Resolute Bay. These results confirm that the speed and direction of the polar cap ionospheric convection can be reliably monitored by the ionosonde Doppler drift technique.
Effect of educational intervention on promoting self-care in hemodialysis patients: Applying the self-efficacy theory

BACKGROUND: Hemodialysis patients experience many issues in self-care behavior. Patients require to control of manage the issue to improve the self-care. Educational intervention to behavior change can be effective on self-care behavior. This study was conducted to investigate the effect of an educational intervention, based on the self-Efficacy theory on promoting self-care in hemodialysis patients. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Seventy hemodialysis patients recruited in this study and divided randomly into intervention group (n = 35) and control group (n = 35) with convenience sampling in 2016 from Qom city, Iran. Data were collected before and 3 months after education using demographic questionnaire, self-efficacy, a valid researcher-made questionnaire regarding to awareness and self-care. The educational intervention was performed for the intervention group in 4 1-h sessions over 2 months. The data were analyzed through Paired t-test, Independent t-test, Chi-square, and Mann–Whitney at the significant level of 0.05. RESULTS: While variables in two groups did not show significant difference before education (P > 0.05), a significant increase was observed in variables of self-efficacy (P < 0.001), awareness (P < 0.001), and self-care dimensions (P < 0.05) between two groups after 3 months education. CONCLUSION: The results of this research suggested that employing educational programs based on the self-efficacy theory can lead to the improvement of the self-care behaviors in hemodialysis patients.
The isoscattering points in X-ray or neutron scattering curves of one- and two-dimensional systems measured by the contrast-variation method

The conditions for appearance of the isoscattering points of one- and two-dimensional systems have been theoretically derived using the ideal models of oriented membranes and fibers. The position s* of the isoscattering point of a one-dimensional system is given by s* = n/(2R0), where n is a positive integer and 2R0 is the thickness of the membrane. For a two-dimensional system, the position s* is given by J1(2πs*R0) = 0, where J1 is the first-order Bessel function and R0 is the radius of the fiber.
Deep Transient Slow Slip Detected by Survey GPS in the Region of Atacama, Chile

We detected a long‐term transient deformation signal between 2014 and 2016 in the Atacama region (Chile) using survey Global Positioning System (GPS) observations. Over an ∼150 km along‐strike region, survey GPS measurements in 2014 and 2016 deviate significantly from the interseismic trend estimated using previous observations. This deviation from steady state deformation is spatially coherent and reveals a horizontal westward diverging motion of several centimeters, along with a significant uplift. It is confirmed by continuous measurements of recently installed GPS stations. We discard instrumental, hydrological, oceanic, or atmospheric loading effects and show that the transient is likely due to deep slow slip in the transition zone of the subduction interface (∼40‐ to 60‐km depth). In addition, daily observations recorded by a continuous GPS station operating between 2002 and 2015 highlight similar transient signals in 2005 and 2009, suggesting a recurrent pattern.
Bias corrected estimates in multivariate student t regression models

The t distribution has proved to be a useful alternative to the normal distribution especially When robust estimation is desired. We consider the multivariate nonlinear Student-t regression model and show that the biased of the estimates of the regression coefficients can be computed from an auxiliary generalized linear regression. We give a formula for the biases of the estimates of the parameters in the scale matrix, which also can be computed by means of a generalized linear regression. We briefly discuss some important special cases and present simulation results which indicate that our bias-corrected estimates outperform the uncorrected ones in small samples.
Liquid metal stretchable unbalanced loop antenna

We present a 2.4 GHz unbalanced loop antenna that can be stretched along multiple dimensions simultaneously. It was realized by incorporating room temperature liquid metal alloy into microstructured channels in an elastic material. The demonstrated prototype exhibits a stretchability of up to 40% along two orthogonal orientations as well as foldability and twistability. Port impedance and radiation characteristics of the nonstretched and stretched antenna were studied numerically and experimentally. Measured results indicate a radiation efficiency of more than 80%.
The problem of sulfur abundance determination in gaseous nebulae

The problem of the ionization equilibrium and the abundance determination of sulfur is discussed. It is found that the commonly used ionization-correction-factor procedure can overestimate the S/sup +3/ abundance by a factor of about 10 for most planetary nebulae and usually more than 3 for H II regions.
Bootstrap Autoregressive Order Selection

In this paper we deal with the problem of fitting an autoregression of order p to given data coming from a stationary autoregressive process with infinite order. The paper is mainly concerned with the selection of an appropriate order of the autoregressive model. Based on the so–called final prediction error (FPE) a bootstrap order selection can be proposed, because it turns out that one relevant expression occurring in the FPE is ready for the application of the bootstrap principle. Some asymptotic properties of the bootstrap order selection are proved. To carry through the bootstrap procedure an autoregression with increasing but non–stochastic order is fitted to the given data. The paper is concluded by some simulations.
Pose determination of cylinders, cones, and spheres from perspective projections

This paper addresses the computation of spheres, right-circular cylinders, and right-circular cones from a single view. Geometric information about these objects are known a priori, as this would be the case for model-based vision applications. The 3-D poses of these objects can be computed using elliptical projection from the sphere or elliptical projections from the circular surfaces of a cylinder or cone. For the cylinder and cone, their poses can also be computed form their linear extremal contours. This paper employs simple analytic geometric techniques that address uniqueness of the solutions as well as the geometric interpretations of the non-unique solutions. For the sphere, its pose can be uniquely determined by its elliptical projection. Using a planar circular surface from either the cone or the cylinder, two solutions to the position and orientation of the circle are possible. From the linear extremal contours of a cylinder, its pose can be computed uniquely if the junctions are visible in the image, otherwise the position has one degree of freedom along the cylinder axis. From the linear contours of a cone, its pose can also be solved uniquely unless the junctions are occluded. In that case there are two possible solutions for the orientation but the position has one degree of freedom along the line joining the projection center to the image apex position.
Graph Regularized Nonnegative Matrix Factorization with Sparse Coding

In this paper, we propose a sparseness constraint NMF method, named graph regularized matrix factorization with sparse coding (GRNMF_SC). By combining manifold learning and sparse coding techniques together, GRNMF_SC can efficiently extract the basic vectors from the data space, which preserves the intrinsic manifold structure and also the local features of original data. The target function of our method is easy to propose, while the solving procedures are really nontrivial; in the paper we gave the detailed derivation of solving the target function and also a strict proof of its convergence, which is a key contribution of the paper. Compared with sparseness constrained NMF and GNMF algorithms, GRNMF_SC can learn much sparser representation of the data and can also preserve the geometrical structure of the data, which endow it with powerful discriminating ability. Furthermore, the GRNMF_SC is generalized as supervised and unsupervised models to meet different demands. Experimental results demonstrate encouraging results of GRNMF_SC on image recognition and clustering when comparing with the other state-of-the-art NMF methods.
Temperature stability for silicon-based photonic band-gap structures

A method for minimizing thermal effects on silicon-based photonic band-gap (PBG) structures is demonstrated. The reflectance resonance positions of as-anodized one-dimensional porous silicon (PSi) PBG microcavities exhibit 3 nm redshifts when heated up to 100 °C, which significantly alters the light propagation properties of the structures. By carefully controlling the oxidation conditions of the PSi microcavities, it is possible to reduce the shift to less than 0.5 nm. High-resolution x-ray diffraction experiments directly link variations of the silicon strain during heating to shifts of the reflectance resonance. The pressure change induced by the proper oxidation level can compensate for the effect of the temperature change and, thus, stabilize the resonance position.
Modeling and optimal estimation of mixtures; a simulation study

This paper presents an optimal estimation method for mixture models to describe the mechanical behaviour of (biological) materials. The a priori knowledge of the non-linear behaviour is taken as a starting point. The method determines estimates of unknown model parameters and of the displacements of a number of points in the system. The method is applied to a numerical simulation of the confined compression test. The unknown parameters relate to stiffness and permeability. In the simulation model the permeability is deformation dependent whereas in some of the identification models this dependency is neglected. It is shown that this method makes it possible to detect a structural model error with respect to the permeability.
Electronic analog of the electro‐optic modulator

We propose an electron wave analog of the electro‐optic light modulator. The current modulation in the proposed structure arises from spin precession due to the spin‐orbit coupling in narrow‐gap semiconductors, while magnetized contacts are used to preferentially inject and detect specific spin orientations. This structure may exhibit significant current modulation despite multiple modes, elevated temperatures, or a large applied bias.
Hydrogen isotope separation experience at the Savannah River Site

Savannah River has designed and safely operated numerous tritium processes and facilities. One of the key unit operations at the Site is the separation of hydrogen isotopes. Processes used are thermal diffusion, batch cryogenic distillation, and batch chromatography. Recently, a new isotope separation process was developed at Savannah River: the Thermal Cycling Absorption Process (TCAP) which is a continuous chromatographic separation technique using metal hydrides as packing materials. TCAP has been chosen as the hydrogen isotope separation process for a new tritium handling facility at Savannah River, the Replacement Tritium Facility. 1 ref. , 1 fig.
Two-dimensional turbulence of electrostatic Vlasov plasmas

The long time asymptotic state of a two dimensional electrostatic ion-electron Vlasov plasma is investigated. It is found that the spectrum is given by mod Ek mod 2 alpha ( beta +ak2)-1, where beta and alpha are determined by the initial conditions. A negative value of beta is possible and corresponds to negative energy states. These results are equal to those found for guiding center plasmas. Contrary to the guiding center plasma the net charge density varies, however. The magnetic field does not appear in the partition function of the canonical ensemble explicitly. Therefore, these results hold also for unmagnetized two dimensional plasmas.
Parametric excitation and wavelet transform analysis of a ground vehicle propeller shaft

This paper proposes a numerical model for analyzing torsional vibration of a ground vehicle propeller shaft system. By considering the elasticity and energy of the propeller system, a Lagrangian approach has been used to derive the equation of motion, yielding a highly nonlinear three degree-of-freedom system with five coupled inertias. The model takes into account the dynamics of a Hooke’s joint, a crack-induced parametric excitation, tractive torque at the driving wheels and transient vibration of a rear drive ground vehicle transmission. The forces exciting the vibrations of the propeller shaft system are evaluated by quantifying the tractive forces at the road wheels, Hooke’s joint force, the crack force and the forces emanating from the engine through the clutch and gear box. Subsequently, the forces are projected onto the propeller shaft by either direct coupling or by gearing. Consequently, the nonstationary response of the system in various scenarios has been determined and evaluated by a wavelet transform. By analysis, it is demonstrated that the model is useful for investigating nonlinear vibration of a typical propeller shaft system used in light ground vehicles.
Information gain within nonextensive thermostatistics

We discuss the information theoretical foundations of the Kullback information gain, recently generalized within a nonextensive thermostatistical formalism. General properties are studied and, in particular, a consistent test for measuring the degree of correlation between random variables is proposed. In addition, minimum entropy distributions are discussed and the H-theorem is proved within the generalized context.
Fiber‐optical interferometer

A rectangular optical waveguide of homogeneous refractive index (dimensions 0.10×0.14×100 mm3) is designed to provide double self‐imaging of either end face upon the opposite one. We show how to use this guide as a fiber‐optical beamsplitter and, with the addition of a mirror, as a two‐beam interferometer. The operation of the interferometer demonstrates the mutual coherence of the split images. Applications are possible for in‐line fiber‐optical interferometric devices.
MOLECULAR LINE OBSERVATIONS OF MCLD 123.5+24.9 IN THE POLARIS CIRRUS

In this paper, we present results of millimeter-wave observations with various molecular lines made toward MCLD 123.5+24.9 in the Polaris cirrus using the 45 m telescope at Nobeyama Radio Observatory. MCLD 123.5+24.9 is one of the rare dense cores forming in diffuse cirrus clouds where star formation may rarely take place. In order to investigate the structure, dynamics, the evolutionary stage of MCLD 123.5+24.9, we observed this core in 17 emission lines from 13 different molecular species. Emission lines of CS, CCS, and HC3N are strongly detected all over the core, while those of SO and N2H+ are weak or remain undetected, indicating that MCLD 123.5+24.9 is in an early stage of core evolution in terms of chemical composition. Based on comparison of the fractional abundances of CCS and HC3N, which are considered indicators of chemical age, with those of other cores with and without star formation as well as with model calculations in the literature, we suggest that MCLD 123.5+24.9 is in a phase prior to star formation. From the C18O data obtained, we derived the total molecular mass of MCLD 123.5+24.9 to be ∼3 M☉ at an assumed distance of 150 pc. There are three subcores in MCLD 123.5+24.9, called CS-A, CS-B, and CS-C. We derived their masses to be 0.2–0.6 M☉. We also investigated the dynamical stability of MCLD 123.5+24.9 and the subcores by applying the virial theorem to find that MCLD 123.5+24.9 is not gravitationally bound as a whole, while the individual subcores are in the virial equilibrium and can collapse with a small increase of external pressure imposed on their surfaces.
Nonlocal closures for plasma fluid simulations

The application of fluid models in studies of transport and macroscopic stability of magnetized, nearly collisionless plasmas requires closure relations that are inherently nonlocal. Such closures address the fact that particles are capable of carrying information over macroscopic parallel scale lengths. In this work, generalized closures that embody Landau, collisional and particle-trapping physics are derived and discussed. A gyro/bounce-averaged drift kinetic equation is solved via an expansion in eigenfunctions of the pitch-angle scattering operator and the resulting system of algebraic equations is solved by integrating along characteristics. The desired closure moments take the form of integral equations involving perturbations in the flow and temperature along magnetic field lines. Implementation of the closures in massively parallel plasma fluid simulation codes is also discussed. This implementation includes the use of a semi-implicit time advance of the fluid equations to stabilize the dominant .
Theoretical analysis of photon noise limiting axial depth resolution for three-dimensional microscopy by incoherent structured illumination

Abstract. The influence of photon noise to the signal evaluation of digital microscopy using a sinusoidal fringe pattern illumination with incoherent light is shown. The signal is evaluated by calculating the contrast for every charge coupled device (CCD) pixel when the object is defocused and the fringe pattern illumination shifted by a defined phase over the sample for every z-position. Every CCD pixel gets a certain number of irradiance values for every z-position which allows calculating the contrast. The result is the focal depth response (FDR) for every pixel. The FDR is Gaussian shaped and contains the height information of the specimen in the maximum. To accelerate the signal evaluation it is common to compute a fit curve to detect the maximum of the FDR. Due to the statistical photon noise, every measured irradiance value and every computed contrast value contains an error and thus also the maximum of the three-point-Gauss-curve-fit. The error of the maximum of the three-point-Gauss-curve-fit is the uncertainty of the measured height information. A general and a simplified analytical closed form solution are derived to calculate this uncertainty. An easily manageable equation allows calculating the optimal spatial frequency for an incoherent sinusoidal fringe pattern illumination and the corresponding sampling distance.