Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Patterns of Inter-Chromosomal Gene Conversion on the Male-Specific Region of the Human Y Chromosome

The male-specific region of the human Y chromosome (MSY) is characterized by the lack of meiotic recombination and it has long been considered an evolutionary independent region of the human genome. In recent years, however, the idea that human MSY did not have an independent evolutionary history begun to emerge with the discovery that inter-chromosomal gene conversion (ICGC) can modulate the genetic diversity of some portions of this genomic region. Despite the study of the dynamics of this molecular mechanism in humans is still in its infancy, some peculiar features and consequences of it can be summarized. The main effect of ICGC is to increase the allelic diversity of MSY by generating a significant excess of clustered single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) (defined as groups of two or more SNPs occurring in close proximity and on the same branch of the Y phylogeny). On the human MSY, 13 inter-chromosomal gene conversion hotspots (GCHs) have been identified so far, involving donor sequences mainly from the X-chromosome and, to a lesser extent, from autosomes. Most of the GCHs are evolutionary conserved and overlap with regions involved in aberrant X–Y crossing-over. This review mainly focuses on the dynamics and the current knowledge concerning the recombinational landscape of the human MSY in the form of ICGC, on how this molecular mechanism may influence the evolution of the MSY, and on how it could affect the information enclosed within a genomic region which, until recently, appeared to be an evolutionary independent unit.
Effect of Respiration on Pulmonary Capillary Blood Flow in Man

Pulmonary capillary blood flow was measured in man during slow breathing by a modification of the body plethysmograph technique for measuring N2O uptake. In seated subjects breathing slowly, flow was significantly higher during inhalation. In supine subjects whose legs were raised, the difference between inhalation and exhalation was not significant. Flow was usually greater during tidal inhalation than exhalation, but there was considerable variation. The changes in flow were not directly related to intrathoracic pressures or lung volumes. The results suggest that it is the amount and pressure of the venous blood available for aspiration into the thorax that influences pulmonary capillary blood flow during the course of a respiratory cycle.
Regulation of perfused capillary density in canine intestinal mucosa during endotoxemia.

When O2 delivery (blood flow X arterial O2 content) is reduced, many tissues respond by increasing perfused capillary density. This facilitates the increase in O2 extraction required to maintain tissue O2 consumption in the face of limited O2 supply. In a previous study of isolated canine small intestine (J. Appl. Physiol. 64: 2410-2419, 1988), endotoxin administration was associated with an impaired ability to increase O2 extraction in response to progressive reductions in O2 delivery. The aim of the present study was to determine whether reductions in perfused capillary density occur after endotoxin administration. Fourteen male dogs were anesthetized with chloralose (150 mg/kg iv) and urethan (750 mg/kg iv), and a segment of small intestine was exteriorized through a midline laparotomy. The segment was isolated vascularly, autoperfused, and maintained at body temperature. Escherichia coli endotoxin (5 mg/kg) or sham challenge was administered, and the animals were allowed to stabilize. Blood flow and arterial and gut venous blood O2 contents were measured after 3 h. Perfused vessels were then labeled by injecting colloidal carbon (less than 0.8 microns) through the arterial cannula and clamping the artery and vein as the bolus passed through the tissue. In some of the experiments a second gut segment was successfully obtained within 1 h of the first, yielding a total of 14 gut segments in nine endotoxin animals and nine segments in five control animals. Morphological analysis of capillary surface density in mucosal villi and crypts showed a significantly higher perfused capillary density in control tissue blocks (77.8 +/- 9.2%) than in blocks from endotoxin-treated animals (68.8 +/- 8.0%, P less than 0.04). (ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
In vivo and in vitro testing with rAni s 1 can facilitate diagnosis of Anisakis simplex allergy.

BACKGROUND Traditional diagnostic tests such as skin prick tests (SPT) and specific IgE (slgE) against whole Anisakis simplex extract have low specificity. Consequently, allergy to A simplex is overdiagnosed. OBJECTIVE Our aim was to compare tests used in component-resolved diagnosis. METHODS We evaluated 34 patients with allergy to A simplex, 15 patients with acute urticaria who were sensitized to A simplex but had no clinical history of allergy to A simplex, and 10 patients allergic to seafood. SPT, slgE (ELISA and ISAC-I 12), and the basophil activation test (BAT) were performed with A simplex whole extract and the molecular components rAni s 1, rAni s 3, and nPen m 1. Sensitivity and specificity were calculated and compared with different cutoffs. RESULTS With the A simplex whole extract, SPT, slgE, and BAT yielded specificity values of 72%, 68%, and 70%, respectively, with a cutoff (wheal size) of 11.2 mm, an slgE value of 7.9 kUAIL, and a stimulation index of 1.9. Specificity increased to 100% using the molecular component rAni s 1 with SPT, slgE by ELISA, and ISAC-112. Neither rAni s 3 sensitization nor cross-reactivity with Pen m 1 was observed in patients sensitized to A simplex. CONCLUSION rAni s 1 is recognized by 100% of our patients and is able to distinguish between patients allergic to A simplex and patients with acute urticaria who are sensitized to A simplex but have no clinical history of allergy to this parasite.
Structural and molecular insights into novel surface‐exposed mucus adhesins from Lactobacillus reuteri human strains

The mucus layer covering the gastrointestinal tract is the first point of contact of the intestinal microbiota with the host. Cell surface macromolecules are critical for adherence of commensal bacteria to mucus but structural information is scarce. Here we report the first molecular and structural characterization of a novel cell‐surface protein, Lar_0958 from Lactobacillus reuteri JCM 1112T, mediating adhesion of L. reuteri human strains to mucus. Lar_0958 is a modular protein of 133 kDa containing six repeat domains, an N‐terminal signal sequence and a C‐terminal anchoring motif (LPXTG). Lar_0958 homologues are expressed on the cell‐surface of L. reuteri human strains, as shown by flow‐cytometry and immunogold microscopy. Adhesion of human L. reuteri strains to mucus in vitro was significantly reduced in the presence of an anti‐Lar_0958 antibody and Lar_0958 contribution to adhesion was further confirmed using a L. reuteri ATCC PTA 6475 lar_0958 KO mutant (6475‐KO). The X‐ray crystal structure of a single Lar_0958 repeat, determined at 1.5 Å resolution, revealed a divergent immunoglobulin (Ig)‐like β‐sandwich fold, sharing structural homology with the Ig‐like inter‐repeat domain of internalins of the food borne pathogen Listeria monocytogenes. These findings provide unique structural insights into cell‐surface protein repeats involved in adhesion of Gram‐positive bacteria to the intestine.
Assimilation and the Earnings of Young Internal Migrants

This paper investigates if young internal migrants in the United States experience economic assimilation as they adapt to their new residential location. Using data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth, the authors examine how the hourly earnings of interstate migrants are affected by the number of years they have spent in their destination state. Their study indicates that internal migrants initially earn less than natives but that this wage differential disappears within a few years. Moreover, the initial wage disadvantage of internal migrants depends upon the distance moved and economic conditions in the destination labor market. Copyright 1992 by MIT Press.
The application of marketing to British politics

This article looks at some very basic questions concerning Marketing's application to British politics. Firstly it identifies the degree of influence which marketing has in this area. Secondly it discusses the efficacy of marketing activity in politics to date and in the future. Next it links voting behaviour with buyer behaviour and market segmentation to highlight areas where gaps exist and marketing expertise could be usefully transferred. A practical example is then provided as Cluster Analysis is used on relevant attitudinal data to produce a novel way of segmenting the electorate. From this some of the implications for political parties are discussed and the future research possibilities considered.
German Real Estate Funds: Changes in Return Distributions and Portfolio Favourability

Since 2008, the German open-ended real estate fund (GOEREF) industry has experienced a critical phase of suspensions of redemption of fund shares, announced fund terminations and, eventually, introduction of a new regulation. With assets under management of over EUR 80 billion, GOEREFs are the dominant indirect real estate investment vehicle in Germany. Thus, it is extremely important to study the effects of this crisis on the risk and return characteristics of the respective funds. Both net asset values (NAVs) and potential secondary market prices of the shares of funds with suspended redemptions are used. The resulting total return patterns are analysed on an index basis for fund groups that best represent the most important investor groups for GOEREFs. Groups that comprised a higher number of funds with suspended redemptions were considerably worse off and less attractive in an asset allocation context than the others given the often much lower secondary market prices. However, changes in return and risk must also be considered in terms of NAVs. The fund group comprising co-operative savings banks’ funds was virtually unaffected by the liquidity crisis and continued to be deliver stable and non-volatile returns, while the other fund groups exhibited a clear shift in their respective return profiles.
Comprehensive Social Contribution Oriented Resources Optimization Model for Higher Education

In light of the shortage of the higher education resource, the optimal allocation of higher education resources is investigated in this paper. The optimization model of higher education resources is designed based on the comprehensive contribution of higher education in such aspects as economy, science and technology, and society. The solution of the model can be achieved by our proposed resources allocation algorithm based on particle swarm. By optimizing the allocation of higher education resources, the capability of social contribution of higher education is improved, and a reference scheme is provided to make efficient and reasonable use of limited resources of higher education. Key words: Higher education; Social contribution; Resources allocation; Particle swarm
A 2–10 GHz ultra-wideband common-gate low noise amplifier using body bias technique in 0.18 μm CMOS

This In this paper a 2–10 GHz Common-Gate (CG) cascoded LNA with body bias technique is presented. The proposed 2-stage LNA is designed using 0.18 μm CMOS process. The first stage is a Common Gate used in cascade with the cascoded second stage. The input impedance of the CG stage is matched with the antenna impedance i.e. 50 Ω in the frequency range of interest. The 2-stage configuration has high supply voltage requirements due to stacking of transistors. Body bias technique is used to lower the required supply voltage which leads to reduced power consumption and low noise figure at higher frequencies. The cascode amplifier in first and second stage enhances the gain and provides better reverse isolation. The proposed LNA shows the simulation results of less than −13 dB input return loss (S11), maximum power gain (S21) of 12.2 dB at 3 GHz and a noise figure of 3.7–6.2 dB over the full frequency band while consuming only 48 mW from a 1.8 V supply voltage. The linearity analysis shows a 1 dB compression point of −10 dBm, IIP3 and OIP3 of −4.4 dBm and 6.18 dBm respectively.
How Corporate Governance Affects Investment Decisions of Major Shareholders in UK Listed Companies

We develop a corporate governance (CG) index based on the requirements of the combined code to examine the effect of CG on major shareholdings of listed non-financial firms in the United Kingdom from 2005 to 2009. We also investigate whether this relationship has changed during the recent financial crisis. In particular, we test the effect of both the level and changes in CG on both the level and changes in total and alternative types of major shareholdings. The results from panel data regressions show that, for the whole studied period, there is a significant positive relationship between CG and total major shareholdings. However, there is no evidence to suggest that changes in CG affect changes in major shareholdings. We also find that “board composition and independence” is the only CG sub-index that affects total major shareholdings. Interestingly, we find that different sub-indices of CG appear to affect different types of major shareholdings. Our results also provide evidence that the relationship between CG and major shareholdings changes from insignificant before the financial crisis to significant during the financial crisis, suggesting that major shareholders believe that CG was particularly important during times of financial trouble.
Enhanced Terahertz Emission From ZnSe Nano-Grain Surface

ZnSe(111) nano-grain surface is fabricated by the femtosecond laser ablation technology and is applied for terahertz (THz) generation. Compared with bare ZnSe surface, this nano-grain surface can improve THz emission properties. The power of THz radiation from ZnSe nano-grain surface is about twice as large as that from bare surface at optical rectification range. This enhancement can be attributed to the local field enhancement of the ZnSe nano-grain surface. The primary field enhancement mechanism is the macroscopic local-field enhancement which includes both of the lightning-rod effect and the local-plasmon effect.
The performance of rated microfinance institutions in South Asia

Apart from a few exceptions, many South Asian MFIs have doubtful performance records. Responding to the requirements of development banks and commercial lenders, the Indian organization M-CRIL has carried out a total of 110 creditworthiness ratings on MFIs. This article categorizes the operations of these MFIs as: Grameen Bank-type, individual banking programmes, and MFIs promoting self-help groups. The article then describes what the assessments reveal about the performance of these different programmes, and compares them with averages from the MicroBanking Bulletin. Although operating costs are relatively low for MFIs in the region, portfolio yields are even lower, and few of the MFIs have yet reached operational self-sufficiency.
The Migration of Young Adults from Non‐Metropolitan Counties

This article examines young adult migration from non-metropolitan counties to either different non-metropolitan counties or to metropolitan areas. The results show that expected gains in initial earnings provide young entrants to the labor force with a marked incentive to migrate from their non-metropolitan counties of origin. Initial earnings gains stem, in part, from higher returns to schooling in both metropolitan areas and other non-metropolitan counties. The propensity to migrate is also sensitive to the costs of migration, which, in turn, are correlated with paternal education and the local presence of extended family. Copyright 2001, Oxford University Press.
Economic Integration and Endogenous Growth Revisited: Pro-Competitive Gains from Trade in Goods and the Long Run Benefits to the Exchange of Ideas

This paper re-examines the Romer [1990] Â“knowledge drivenÂ” endogenous growth model in an open economy setting. As an alternative to Rivera-Batiz and Romer [1991], we consider trade between two absolutely identical countries that are characterized by imperfect competition in one of the trade goods. Contrary to Rivera- Batiz and Romer [1991], we find that trade in goods without trade in ideas is detrimental to long run growth while trade in goods in conjunction with trade in ideas is good for long run growth. We further demonstrate that the pro-competitive gains from trade in goods is analogous to the analysis of imperfect competition by standard international trade theory.
Tax and Expenditure Limitations and Economic Growth

The United States was built on a tax revolt, the Boston Tea Party,' and the early Republic was framed around such tax revolts as Shays' Rebellion of 1786, the Whisky Rebellion of 1791, and Fries Rebellion of 1798-1799. ' Indeed, the beginning of the Civil War was triggered by agricultural tariffs.3 Tax limitations on local governments have a long history, the oldest being an 1875 limit on the growth in property tax rates in Missouri.4 Today tax revolts take the form of tax and expenditure limitations ("TEL"). 5 The beginning of the recent tax limitation movement is attributed to Howard Jarvis and the "People's Initiative to Limit Property Taxation," or Proposition 13 in California. This initiative was closely followed by Massachusetts' Proposition 2/2, Michigan's Headlee Amendment, and others.7 Today, forty-six states
Modélisation de Ressources Termino-Ontologiques en OWL

Dans le cadre de recherches menees sur l'indexation semantique, nous avons ete conduits a nous interroger sur l'efficacite generale des modeles actuels de representation des terminologies au sein des ontologies. Apres avoir evoque leurs limites actuelles, nous proposons un nouveau modele pour manipuler une ressource termino-ontologique en OWL et nous en decrivons son implementation prochaine au sein de l'environnement Protege.
The existence of office submarkets in cities

Analysis of local office markets to date has normally assumed a unitary market which implies that the prices of office attributes remain spatially constant across the entire market. This paper challenges that basic presumption, and its objective is to test for the existence of office market segmentation. It draws on the housing literature on submarkets, and discusses the potential reasons for their occurrence in the office market. An empirical study to test for submarkets is undertaken for Glasgow city centre as a typical UK provincial city. Submarkets are defined and tested using both a priori and statistical methods. The empirical analysis applies established statistical tests, based on hedonic regression models derived from housing research, to rental and characteristics data for individual offices let over two years. It is concluded from this study that the Glasgow office market consists of a set of submarkets. A priori submarket definitions based upon real estate agents' views of the office market provide the best segmentation scheme. It seems likely that similar submarkets exist within other major cities. This analysis also provides a potential method for defining property submarket areas, thereby enabling more meaningful local property market analysis to be undertaken.
A Critique of Capital Budgeting Questionnaires

Rosenblatt and Jucker, in a paper published in this Journal [Rosenblatt, M. J., J. V. Jucker. 1979. Capital expenditure decision-making: Some tools and trends. Interfaces9 2. ], report an “encouraging” and “unmistakable” trend of increased adoption of discounting techniques that is regarded as “significant” and “in the right direction. ” The basis for their conclusion is a review of 13 studies and surveys published from 1966 through 1975. Unfortunately, a number of the studies mentioned have serious design deficiencies which result in overstating the proportion of firms using discounting techniques and the relative importance in the capital budgeting process. To illustrate the kinds of problems that abound throughout published capital budgeting surveys, four of the surveys cited by Rosenblatt and Jucker were examined. Five surveys, not cited by Rosenblatt and Jucker, were examined with generally the same consistent pattern of deficiencies as those jointly on their list of citations and covered in this note.
The reign of al-Hakim Bi Amr Allah, 386/996-411/1021 : a political study

The present thesis is a political study of the reign of al-Hakim Bi Amr Allah the sixth Fatimid Imam-Caliph who ruled between 386-411/996-1021. It consists of a note on the sources and seven chapters. The first chapter is a biographical review of al-Hakim's person. It introduces a history of his birth, childhood, succession to the Caliphate, his education and private life and it examines the contradiction in the sources concerning his character. Chapter II discusses the problems which al-Hakim inherited from the previous rule and examines their impact on the political life of his State. Chapter III introduces the administration of the internal affairs of the State. It examines the struggle for power between the Imam-Caliph and his Wasita and its results on the internal policies of the Imam-Caliph. It also discusses the economic, social, legal and architectural reforms which he introduced throughout his reign. The progress of the Ismaili Daiwa and the problem of Ahl al-Dhimma are also examined in this chapter. Chapter IV is devoted to the external policy of al-Hakim. It studies his policies concerning the maintenance of his suzerainty over the provinces of Damascus, Hijaz and Tripoli and his endeavour to extend it over Aleppo and other parts of the Muslim world. His policy towards the Byzantine and Abbasid Empires is also discussed in this chapter. Chapter V examines the rebellions and uprisings which al-Hakim faced and discusses his methods in dealing with them. Chapter VI introduces the split in the Ismaili Daiwa which resulted in the creation of the Druz Sect. It also examines the causes behind such an important event. Chapter VII is concerned with the death or "disappearance" of al-Hakim and discusses the stories and myths surrounding it.
Cancer of the bladder and prostate.

Cancers of the urinary bladder and prostate are the commonest tumors encountered in urologic practice. In an unreasonably large number of cases the tumors are far advanced at the time that treatment is commenced because of needless procrastination on the part of the physician or the patient. Evidently the patient is apt to minimize the symptoms of hematuria and vesical discomfort, and the family physician often provides palliative treatment before instituting a diagnosis. This apathy is unfortunate, because distinct progress has been made in the last decade in the clinical therapy of these lesions and the urologist has much to offer in special diagnosis and treatment. The vesical and prostatic tumors are quite different. Generally speaking the tumors of the bladder infiltrate and prostatic cancers metastasize, the reason for the difference not being apparent at present. CANCER OF THE BLADDER The present discussion is based largely on two groups. each