Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Quantifying the Completeness of the Observed Internet AS-level Structure

Despite signiﬁcant efforts to obtain an accurate picture of structure at the level of individual autonomous systems (ASes), much remains unknown in terms of the quality of the inferred AS maps that have been widely used by the research community. Building upon our recent results reported in [16], in this paper we take a ﬁrst step towards quantifying the (in)completeness of the observed AS-level connectivity as seen by the commonly-used vantage points of RouteViews and RIPE-RIS. Calling the current set of vantage points the “public view,” we developed a new heuristic to identify all the ASes whose AS-level connectivity is completely captured by the public view. Our results indicate that the public view is capable of revealing the full connectivity of only 4% of all the ASes, which accounts for 77% of all large ISPs and 34% of small ISPs, but only 0.5% of stub ASes. For the remaining 96% ASes, the public view captures their customer-provider links, but may miss most of their peer links. We also provide evidences that the bulk of the missing connectivity involves peer links below the line of sight of the public view, typically between stub ASes and small ISPs as well as among stub ASes. Our ﬁndings call for new ways of inferring AS-level connectivity that do not rely
SenseUtil : Utility vs . Incentives in Participatory Sensing

Nowadays, the number of smartphone users is growing rapidly. Recent smartphones equipped with several sensors are convenient tools for collecting information in participatory sensing environment. However, contributing sensing data require time and monetary cost which hinder may people from participation. To realize active and efficient sensing activities, incentive mechanism is indispensable. This paper proposes SenseUtil, utility-based incentive for participatory sensing. SenseUtil applies the concept of micro economics, where demand and supply decide the value of sensed data. The incentive dynamically changes along the time according to several factors such as sensing frequency, nearby sensing points and user preference. To validate the benefit of SenseUtil, we conducted simulation study. The results show that people actively participate in sensing tasks while keeping additional cost under 3% in comparison with non-incentive scenarios. Keyword Participatory sensing, incentive, utility, phone sensing, SenseUtil, simulation.
802 . 11 w Security : DoS Attacks and Vulnerability Controls

Wireless networks implementing the latest 802.11 standards continue to be victims of Denial of Service (DoS) attacks due to vulnerabilities found within the specification measures for protecting management frames. Even in the 802.11w-2009 amendment, the protected management frame scheme can be exploited, resulting in DoS for connected clients. Current research shows that 802.11w vulnerabilities allow forged management frames, and authentication protocol attacks to prevent clients from maintaining their connection. Furthermore, new vulnerabilities have been discovered risking threat of DoS attacks. This work surveys current research centered on specific vulnerabilities and attacks which cause DoS. The 802.11w specifications are discussed, along with vulnerabilities, attacks, and control measures for mitigating the threat of attacks.
Transmission network reconfiguration algorithm considering short-circuit curtailment and voltage stability index

In order to limit high short-circuit currents in the transmission system of the large cities, this paper proposes a network reconfiguration by bus splitting and line removal. Maximum value of fast voltage stability index (FVSI) [6] from all evaluated lines is used in order to indicate the voltage stability condition in the system after reconfiguring the network. The proposed method is tested on the modified IEEE 24-bus reliability test system. The numerical results evidently show its performance to limit short-circuit current of the system while the major system operating constraints are maintained in their limits.
Recent experience modulates forebrain gene–expression in response to mate–choice cues in European starlings

Mate–choice decisions can be experience dependent, but we know little about how the brain processes stimuli that release such decisions. Female European starlings (Sturnus vulgaris) prefer males with long–bout songs over males with short–bout songs, and show higher expression of the immediate early gene (IEG) ZENK in the auditory forebrain when exposed to long–bout songs than when exposed to short–bout songs. We exposed female starlings to a short–day photoperiod for one of three durations and then, on an increased photophase, exposed them to one week of long–bout or short–bout song experience. We then examined their IEG response to novel long–bout versus novel short–bout songs by quantifying ZENK protein in two song–processing areas: the caudo–medial hyperstriatum ventrale and the caudo–medial neostriatum. ZENK expression in both areas increased with tenure on short–day photoperiods, suggesting that short days sensitize females to song. The ZENK response bias toward long–bout songs was greater in females with long–bout experience than in females with short–bout experience, indicating that the forebrain response bias toward a preferred trait depends on recent experience with that category of trait. This surprising level of neuroplasticity is immediately relevant to the natural history and fitness of the organism, and may underlie a mechanism for optimizing mate–choice criteria amidst locally variable distributions of secondary sexual characteristics.
The Concept of Trust in Network Security the Concept of Trust in Network Security

Entrust is a registered trademark of Entrust, Inc. in the United States and certain other countries. Entrust is a registered trademark of Entrust Limited in Canada. All other Entrust product names and service names are trademarks or registered trademarks of Entrust, Inc or Entrust Limited. All other company and product names are trademarks or registered trademarks of their respective owners.
Energy efficiency and optimal threshold for FFR schemes in OFDMA cellular networks

As large energy consumers, base stations need energy-efficient wireless access networks. An advanced energy efficiency measure was developed in this paper, considering throughput, the number of served users, and actual coverage area. The actual coverage area considered in the proposed measure is also in harmony with the measured network coverage area proposed by ETSI ES 203 228 V1.1. 1 standard [1] which has been published by 3GPP. It is emphasized by 3GPP that to evaluate the actual coverage area, coverage probability should be taken into account in relation to the quality of service (QoS) definitions. However, coverage probability is not considered in all of the existing measurement methods. Hence, the developed measure turns out to be more effective than them as shown from the analysis and simulation results. Based on the developed measure, energy efficiency of Round Robin (RR) and Maximum SINR (MSINR) scheduling strategies for fractional frequency reuse (FFR) Schemes in orthogonal frequency division multiple access (OFDMA) Cellular Networks was investigated through closed-form expressions. The optimal power threshold of a base station (BS) and the optimal distance threshold of a cell were obtained from the results and the optimal distance threshold of MSINR is higher than that of RR while the optimal power threshold is not affected by scheduling strategies. Simulation also demonstrates that energy efficiency increases and the optimal distance threshold decreases with the number of users. However, the number of users has little impact on the optimal power threshold.
Black Hole Entropy and Finite Geometry

It is shown that the ${E}_{6(6)}$ symmetric entropy formula describing black holes and black strings in $D=5$ is intimately tied to the geometry of the generalized quadrangle GQ(2, 4) with automorphism group the Weyl group $W({E}_{6})$. The 27 charges correspond to the points and the 45 terms in the entropy formula to the lines of GQ(2, 4). Different truncations with 15, 11 and 9 charges are represented by three distinguished subconfigurations of GQ(2, 4), well known to finite geometers; these are the ``doily'' [i.e. GQ(2, 2)] with 15, the ``perp set'' of a point with 11, and the ``grid'' [i.e. GQ(2, 1)] with nine points, respectively. In order to obtain the correct signs for the terms in the entropy formula, we use a noncommutative labeling for the points of GQ(2, 4). For the 40 different possible truncations with nine charges this labeling yields 120 Mermin squares---objects well known from studies concerning Bell-Kochen-Specker-like theorems. These results are connected to our previous ones obtained for the ${E}_{7(7)}$ symmetric entropy formula in $D=4$ by observing that the structure of GQ(2, 4) is linked to a particular kind of geometric hyperplane of the split Cayley hexagon of order 2, featuring 27 points located on nine pairwise disjoint lines (a distance-3-spread). We conjecture that the different possibilities of describing the $D=5$ entropy formula using Jordan algebras, qubits and/or qutrits correspond to employing different coordinates for an underlying noncommutative geometric structure based on GQ(2, 4).
An Advanced SOM Algorithm Applied to Handover Management Within LTE

A novel approach to handover management for Long-Term Evolution (LTE) femtocells is presented. Within LTE, the use of self-organizing networks (SONs) is included as standard, and handover management is one of its use cases. Base stations can autonomously decide whether handover should take place and assign the values of relevant parameters. Due to the limited range of femtocells, handover requires more delicate attention in an indoor scenario to allow for efficient and seamless handover from indoor femtocells to outdoor macrocells. As a result of the complexity of the indoor radio environment, frequent ping-pong handovers between the femtocell and macrocell layers can occur. A novel approach requiring a small amount of additional processing using neural networks is presented. A modified self-organizing map (SOM) is used to allow a femtocell to learn the locations of the indoor environment from where handover requests have occurred and, based on previous experience, decide whether to permit or prohibit these handovers. Once the regions that coincide with unnecessary handovers have been detected, the algorithm can reduce the total number of handovers that occur by up to 70% while still permitting any necessary handover requests to proceed. By reducing the number of handovers, the overall efficiency of the system will improve as the consequence of a reduction in associated but unnecessary signaling. Using machine learning for this task complies with the plug-and-play functionality required from SONs in LTE systems.
Dopamine Enhances Fast Excitatory Synaptic Transmission in the Extended Amygdala by a CRF-R1-Dependent Process

A common feature of drugs of abuse is their ability to increase extracellular dopamine levels in key brain circuits. The actions of dopamine within these circuits are thought to be important in reward and addiction-related behaviors. Current theories of addiction also posit a central role for corticotrophin-releasing factor (CRF) and an interaction between CRF and monoaminergic signaling. One region where drugs of abuse promote robust rises in extracellular dopamine levels is the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis (BNST), a CRF-rich component of the extended amygdala. We find that dopamine rapidly enhances glutamatergic transmission in the BNST through activation of a combination of D1- and D2-like receptors. This enhancement is activity-dependent and requires the downstream action of CRF receptor 1 (CRF-R1), suggesting that dopamine induces CRF release through a local network mechanism. Furthermore, we found that both in vivo and ex vivo cocaine induced a dopamine receptor and CRF-R1-dependent enhancement of a form of NMDA receptor-dependent short-term potentiation in the BNST. These data highlight a direct and rapid interaction between dopamine and CRF systems that regulates excitatory transmission and plasticity in a brain region key to reinforcement and reinstatement. Because a rise in extracellular dopamine levels in the BNST is a shared consequence of multiple classes of drugs of abuse, this suggests that the CRF-R1-dependent enhancement of glutamatergic transmission in this region may be a common key feature of substances of abuse.
THE SOLAR NEIGHBORHOOD. XXXIII. PARALLAX RESULTS FROM THE CTIOPI 0.9 m PROGRAM: TRIGONOMETRIC PARALLAXES OF NEARBY LOW-MASS ACTIVE AND YOUNG SYSTEMS

We present basic observational data and association membership analysis for 45 young and active low-mass stellar systems from the ongoing Research Consortium On Nearby Stars photometry and astrometry program at the Cerro Tololo Inter-American Observatory. Most of these systems have saturated X-ray emission (log (LX/Lbol) > −3.5) based on X-ray fluxes from the ROSAT All-Sky Survey, and many are significantly more luminous than main-sequence stars of comparable color. We present parallaxes and proper motions, Johnson–Kron–Cousins VRI photometry, and multiplicity observations from the CTIOPI program on the CTIO 0.9 m telescope. To this we add low-resolution optical spectroscopy and line measurements from the CTIO 1.5 m telescope, and interferometric binary measurements from the Hubble Space Telescope Fine Guidance Sensors. We also incorporate data from published sources: JHKS photometry from the Two Micron All Sky Survey point source catalog, X-ray data from the ROSAT All-Sky Survey, and radial velocities from literature sources. Within the sample of 45 systems, we identify 21 candidate low-mass pre-main-sequence members of nearby associations, including members of β Pictoris, TW Hydrae, Argus, AB Doradus, two ambiguous ≈30 Myr old systems, and one object that may be a member of the Ursa Major moving group. Of the 21 candidate young systems, 14 are newly identified as a result of this work, and six of those are within 25 pc of the Sun.
Violence among the Youth in Turkey: An Assessment of General Strain Theory

Most tests of criminological theories have been carried out in the western world, especially the United States. Agnew developed a General Strain Theory and claimed that it could account for deviance/crime in the developing countries. However, the support for the theory was generally mixed at best. The goal of this study is to examine the major theses of general strain theory in relation to youth violence in Nigde, a small city in central part of Turkey. The data came from a random sample of 974 students drawn from the lists of the university students at Nigde University (N= 12,514). Data were analyzed by using logistic regression analysis. The present study focused on three important research questions: Is the influence of strain on violence positive, Is the impact of strain on violence is mediated by anger, and Is the effect of strain on violence moderated by some criminal and non-criminal copings? The results indicated that few strain variables had direct positive impacts on violence. Anger had positive effect on the dependent variable. Few interactions between the strain and coping variables were observed. In short, the overall results gave a limited support for the three major arguments of general strain theory.
Isa Object Partof Data Modeling?

We believe that the OO model is a useful heuris-tic view for large networks of interdependent attributes. The mistake of the OO modeling world is to assume that this view should be actual architecture of the software. We will argue that the OO model needs to import numerous concepts from the data modeling literature. Once incorporated, the OO model would become a view of some underlying network of attribute dependencies.
Ovarian Follicular Dynamics, Ovarian Follicular Growth, Oocyte Yield, In vitro Embryo Production and Repeated Oocyte Pick Up in Thai Native Heifers Undergoing Superstimulation

The objective of this study was to compare the effectiveness of the protocols for superstimulation of follicular growth in Thai native heifers. Heifers (n = 20) were randomly divided into four groups of five heifers/group. Heifers were given a single dose by i.m. administration of 100 mg Follicle Stimulating Hormone dissolved in polyvinylpyrrolidone (FSHp) at 24 h. Ovum pick up (OPU) occurred at 72 h (F24O72 protocol; Group 1) or 96 h (F24O96 protocol; Group 2), and at 36 h and OPU at 72 h (F36O72 protocol; Group 3) or 96 h (F36O96 protocol; Group 4) after follicular ablation. The dynamics of ovarian follicular growth were monitored by twice-daily ultrasonographic examinations. Blood sample collections were performed every 12 h after initiation of treatment for assessment of FSH, E2 and P4 profiles. All heifers were subjected to eight repeated sequential sessions of OPU. The follicular deviation commenced 24±5.32 h after follicular ablation in all groups. The circulatory FSH surged quickly from 24 to 36 h (>0.8 ng/ml) after follicular ablation and circulatory estrogen levels steadily increased from 36 h until OPU in all groups. At the end of the OPU sessions, the mean number of aspirated follicles/heifer/session in F36O72 protocol (Group 3) and F36O96 protocol (Group 4) were higher than in the two other groups (p<0.05). The number of cumulus-oocyte complexes (COCs), cleaved and day 8 blastocysts rates in the F36O72 protocol (Group 3) were higher than in the other groups (p<0.05). It can be concluded that a single dose i.m. administration of 100 mg FSHp at 36 h and OPU at 72 h after follicular ablation (F36O72 protocol; Group 3) was the most effective protocol for superstimulation of follicular growth for repeated OPU and subsequent in vitro embryo production in Thai native heifers.
How Sensitive are Sales Prices to Online Price Estimates in the Real Estate Market ?

Do online price estimates directly impact sales prices in the real estate market, and if so, how large is that impact? We develop an estimation model that uses the di↵erence between list prices and online price estimates to proxy for house specific unobservables. To account for neighborhood specific unobservables, we use neighborhood first di↵erencing. Using house price estimates, list prices and sales prices collected from Zillow.com, we find the elasticity of sales prices with respect to Zillow estimates to be one, controlling for the aforementioned unobservables as well as observed house attributes. The relation seems causal. The change in Zillow estimates impacts how sales prices adjust from the list prices a month before sales. Furthermore, we find that the elasticity estimate increases with the density of realtors and the accuracy of Zillow estimates across MSAs. Our results imply that online price estimates can have a direct and large impact on real estate price dynamics.
Empirically Defined Patterns of Executive Function Deficits in Schizophrenia and Their Relation to Everyday Functioning: A Person-Centered Approach

Executive function (EF) deficits in schizophrenia (SZ) are well documented, although much less is known about patterns of EF deficits and their association to differential impairments in everyday functioning. The present study empirically defined SZ groups based on measures of various EF abilities and then compared these EF groups on everyday action errors. Participants (n = 45) completed various subtests from the Delis–Kaplan Executive Function System (D-KEFS) and the Naturalistic Action Test (NAT), a performance-based measure of everyday action that yields scores reflecting total errors and a range of different error types (e.g., omission, perseveration). Results of a latent class analysis revealed three distinct EF groups, characterized by (a) multiple EF deficits, (b) relatively spared EF, and (c) perseverative responding. Follow-up analyses revealed that the classes differed significantly on NAT total errors, total commission errors, and total perseveration errors; the two classes with EF impairment performed comparably on the NAT but performed worse than the class with relatively spared EF. In sum, people with SZ demonstrate variable patterns of EF deficits, and distinct aspects of these EF deficit patterns (i.e., poor mental control abilities) may be associated with everyday functioning capabilities.
Predisposition, Insult/Infection, Response and Organ Dysfunction (PIRO): A Pilot Clinical Staging System for Hospital Mortality in Patients with Infection

Purpose To develop a clinical staging system based on the PIRO concept (Predisposition, Infection, Response and Organ dysfunction) for hospitalized patients with infection. Methods One year prospective cohort study of all hospitalized patients with infection (n = 1035), admitted into a large tertiary care, university hospital. Variables associated with hospital mortality were selected using logistic regressions. Based on the regression coefficients, a score for each PIRO component was developed and a classification tree was used to stratify patients into four stages of increased risk of hospital mortality. The final clinical staging system was then validated using an independent cohort (n = 186). Results Factors significantly associated with hospital mortality were • for Predisposition: age, sex, previous antibiotic therapy, chronic hepatic disease, chronic hematologic disease, cancer, atherosclerosis and a Karnofsky index<70; • for Insult/Infection: type of infection • for Response: abnormal temperature, tachypnea, hyperglycemia and severity of infection and • for Organ dysfunction: hypotension and SOFA score≥1. The area under the ROC curve (CI95%) for the combined PIRO model as a predictor for mortality was 0.85 (0.82–0.88). Based on the scores for each of the PIRO components and on the cut-offs estimated from the classification tree, patients were stratified into four stages of increased mortality rates: stage I: ≤5%, stage II: 6–20%, stage III: 21–50% and stage IV: >50%. Finally, this new clinical staging system was studied in a validation cohort, which provided similar results (0%, 9%, 31% and 67%, in each stage, respectively). Conclusions Based on the PIRO concept, a new clinical staging system was developed for hospitalized patients with infection, allowing stratification into four stages of increased mortality, using the different scores obtained in Predisposition, Response, Infection and Organ dysfunction. The proposed system will likely help to define inclusion criteria in clinical trials as well as tailoring individual management plans for patients with infection.
PriCal: context-adaptive privacy in ambient calendar displays

PriCal is an ambient calendar display that shows a user's schedule similar to a paper wall calendar. PriCal provides context-adaptive privacy to users by detecting present persons and adapting event visibility according to the user's privacy preferences. We present a detailed privacy impact assessment of our system, which provides insights on how to leverage context to enhance privacy without being intrusive. PriCal is based on a decentralized architecture and supports the detection of registered users as well as unknown persons. In a three-week deployment study with seven displays, ten participants used PriCal in their real work environment with their own digital calendars. Our results provide qualitative insights on the implications, acceptance, and utility of context-adaptive privacy in the context of a calendar display system, indicating that it is a viable approach to mitigate privacy implications in ubicomp applications.