Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
EXTERNAL APPROPRIATIONS AS A STRATEGY FOR PARTICIPATING IN INTERCULTURAL MULTI-PARTY CONVERSATIONS 1

The rapidly growing field of intercultural communication studies has provided many insights on how people interact when their cultural backgrounds are not completely shared or attuned. Thanks to it, we are now aware that linguistic understanding is not enough to ensure that interlocutors will achieve their interactional goals smoothly and satisfactorily. There are background assumptions, interpretation cues and interactional scripts that vary from culture to culture and that are likely to condition the ways in which speakers conduct and interpret interactions. A number of studies have pointed to the misunderstandings that may and do arise when such cultural backgrounds are not shared. These studies however, in order to isolate the 'cultural' factors responsible for the misunderstandings, were often based on encounters in which speakers had a good command of the language, which was thus ruled out as a possible problematic source (e.g. Gumperz 1982, 1992; Scollon & Scollon 1981; Tannen 1984). Work in the applied linguistic field, on the other hand, has stressed the consequences on interaction of the speakers' limited command of a second language. Thus a number of studies have been carried out that examined the conversational strategies employed by native and non native speakers for overcoming the difficulties posed by the learners' limited language proficiency; the learners' cultural background, however, has seldom been taken into consideration, as well as the general socio-cultural context in which learning and the observed interactions took place (e.g. Gass & Varonis 1985, 1989; Long 1981, 1983, 1996). What is needed is a convergence of the two fields, producing analyses sensitive to both the intercultural and the interlinguistic dimensions. This is in line with Gumperz's call to "abandon the existing view of communication which draws a basic distinction between cultural and social knowledge on the one hand and linguistic signaling processes on the other" (1982: 186). Furthermore, both the sociolinguistic/ethnographic and the applied linguistic approach have rarely taken into consideration the developmental dimension, that is how individuals gradually learn the linguistic and cultural means for achieving mutual understanding in interactions. From this developmental perspective too, linguistic and sociocultural knowledge must be seen as tightly intertwined, extending the "language socialization" approach of Schieffelin & Ochs (1986a, 1986b) to situations of second language and second culture acquisition. Studies of language socialization have stressed the culturally bound nature of language acquisition and use by children and their
Blood pressure response to CPAP treatment in subjects with obstructive sleep apnoea: the predictive value of 24-h ambulatory blood pressure monitoring

The reduction in blood pressure (BP) with continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) is modest and highly variable. In this study, we identified the variables that predict BP response to CPAP. 24-h ambulatory BP monitoring (ABPM), C-reactive protein (CRP), leptin, adiponectin and 24-h urinary catecholamine were measured before and after 6 months of CPAP in obstructive sleep apnoea (OSA) patients. Overall, 88 middle-aged, obese male patients with severe OSA (median apnoea–hypopnoea index 42 events·h−1) were included; 28.4% had hypertension. 62 patients finished the study, and 60 were analysed. The daytime diastolic BP (−2 mmHg) and norepinephrine (−109.5 nmol·day-1) were reduced after CPAP, but no changes in the 24-h BP, night-time BP, dopamine, epinephrine, CRP, leptin or adiponectin were detected. The nocturnal normotension was associated with an increased night-time-BP (+4 mmHg) after CPAP, whereas nocturnal hypertension was associated with a reduction of 24-h BP (−3 mmHg). A multivariate linear regression model showed differential night-time BP changes after CPAP. Specifically, low night-time heart rate (<68 bpm) and BP dipper profile were associated with increased night-time BP and new diagnosis of nocturnal hypertension. Our results suggest that nocturnal hypertension, circadian BP pattern and night-time heart rate could be clinical predictors of BP response to CPAP and support the usefulness of 24-h ABPM for OSA patients before treatment initiation. These results need to be confirmed in further studies. 24-h ambulatory blood pressure monitoring showed predictive value for the blood pressure response to CPAP treatment http://ow.ly/Wuf230dqP4T
Underfill and overflow revisited: mechanisms of nephrotic edema.

The management of nephrotic edema continues to be a vexing problem for the clinician. Anasarca often becomes the nephrotic patient's most insistent complaint, and yet many such patients are resistant to conventional diuretic therapy, or develop further reduction in already compromised renal function as diuresis is attempted. The pathophysiology of nephrotic edema formation has traditionally been viewed as occurring through two separate pathways, which, conceptually at least, are mutually exclusive (1). These two pathways result in underfill or nephrotic edema, on the one hand, and overflow or nephritic edema on the other. This article will review the principle features of each, and present data suggesting that a common underlying mechanism could contribute to the abnormal sodium metabolism and renal sodium handling that occur in each form.
AN INVESTIGATION INTO THE MANAGEMENT OF SUPPLY CHAIN VULNERABILITY IN UK AEROSPACE MANUFACTURING

This paper reports on the findings of a single-in depth exploratory case study into the drivers of risk and the management of supply chain vulnerability in aerospace manufacturing. It examines the problem from a multiple-organisation perspective, using an assembler of military aircraft, the Prime Contractor, as its point of embarkation. The paper examines managers’ perceptions of supply chain risk, presented here with reference to the industry context. It goes on to provide a summary of supply chain risk management tools and mitigation techniques, identified by the managers concerned as currently in use plus others that were believed to be beneficial. Finally, it identifies the limitations of existing tools and techniques and puts forward suggestions for improved implementation.
Biologically Active Metabolites Produced by the Basidiomycete Quambalaria cyanescens

Four strains of the fungus Quambalaria cyanescens (Basidiomycota: Microstromatales), were used for the determination of secondary metabolites production and their antimicrobial and biological activities. A new naphthoquinone named quambalarine A, (S)-(+)-3-(5-ethyl-tetrahydrofuran-2-yliden)-5,7,8-trihydroxy-2-oxo-1,4-naphthoquinone (1), together with two known naphthoquinones, 3-hexanoyl-2,5,7,8-tetrahydroxy-1,4-naphthoquinone (named here as quambalarine B, 2) and mompain, 2,5,7,8-tetrahydroxy-1,4-naphthoquinone (3) were isolated. Their structures were determined by single-crystal X-ray diffraction crystallography, NMR and MS spectrometry. Quambalarine A (1) had a broad antifungal and antibacterial activity and is able inhibit growth of human pathogenic fungus Aspergillus fumigatus and fungi co-occurring with Q. cyanescens in bark beetle galleries including insect pathogenic species Beauveria bassiana. Quambalarine B (2) was active against several fungi and mompain mainly against bacteria. The biological activity against human-derived cell lines was selective towards mitochondria (2 and 3); after long-term incubation with 2, mitochondria were undetectable using a mitochondrial probe. A similar effect on mitochondria was observed also for environmental competitors of Q. cyanescens from the genus Geosmithia.
PERCEPTION OF MOTION AND CHANGING FORM: A study of visual perception from continuous transformations of a solid angle of light at the eye

It is shown how geometrically changing projections of objects which move and/or change their shape carry no specific information about form and three-dimensional motion. How, then, does the visual apparatus produce specific percepts from such non-specific changing stimuli? By applying an analogue computer technique, changing projections of artificial objects are generated on a CRT screen. These projections are fed into the eye by means of an optical device where they form a continuously changing solid angle of homogeneous light. The main conclusion is that it is a principle of perceptual three-dimensionality which gives specificity to the percepts. Preliminary statements of principles for prediction of perceived motion in depth from a given change in proximal stimulus are presented.
Epstein-Barr virus latent membrane protein (LMP1) and nuclear proteins 2 and 3C are effectors of phenotypic changes in B lymphocytes: EBNA-2 and LMP1 cooperatively induce CD23

Latent Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) infection and growth transformation of B lymphocytes is characterized by EBV nuclear and membrane protein expression (EBV nuclear antigen [EBNA] and latent membrane protein [LMP], respectively). LMP1 is known to be an oncogene in rodent fibroblasts and to induce B-lymphocyte activation and cellular adhesion molecules in the EBV-negative Burkitt's lymphoma cell line Louckes. EBNA-2 is required for EBV-induced growth transformation; it lowers rodent fibroblast serum dependence and specifically induces the B-lymphocyte activation antigen CD23 in Louckes cells. These initial observations are now extended through an expanded study of EBNA- and LMP1-induced phenotypic effects in a different EBV-negative B-lymphoma cell line, BJAB. LMP1 effects were also evaluated in the EBV-negative B-lymphoma cell line BL41 and the EBV-positive Burkitt's lymphoma cell line, Daudi (Daudi is deleted for EBNA-2 and does not express LMP). Previously described EBNA-2- and LMP1-transfected Louckes cells were studied in parallel. EBNA-2, from EBV-1 strains but not EBV-2, induced CD23 and CD21 expression in transfected BJAB cells. In contrast, EBNA-3C induced CD21 but not CD23, while no changes were evident in vector control-, EBNA-1-, or EBNA-LP-transfected clones. EBNAs did not affect CD10, CD30, CD39, CD40, CD44, or cellular adhesion molecules. LMP1 expression in all cell lines induced growth in large clumps and expression of the cellular adhesion molecules ICAM-1, LFA-1, and LFA-3 in those cell lines which constitutively express low levels. LMP1 expression induced marked homotypic adhesion in the BJAB cell line, despite the fact that there was no significant increase in the high constitutive BJAB LFA-1 and ICAM-1 levels, suggesting that LMP1 also induces an associated functional change in these molecules. LMP1 induction of these cellular adhesion molecules was also associated with increased heterotypic adhesion to T lymphocytes. The Burkitt's lymphoma marker, CALLA (CD10), was uniformly down regulated by LMP1 in all cell lines. In contrast, LMP1 induced unique profiles of B-lymphocyte activation antigens in the various cell lines. LMP1 induced CD23 and CD39 in BJAB; CD23 in Louckes; CD39 and CD40 in BL41; and CD21, CD40, and CD44 in Daudi. In BJAB, CD23 surface and mRNA expression were markedly increased by EBNA-2 and LMP1 coexpression, compared with EBNA-2 or LMP1 alone. This cooperative effect was CD23 specific, since no such effect was observed on another marker, CD21. (ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
Characterization of a Novel Pyranopyridine Inhibitor of the AcrAB Efflux Pump of Escherichia coli

ABSTRACT Members of the resistance-nodulation-division (RND) family of efflux pumps, such as AcrAB-TolC of Escherichia coli, play major roles in multidrug resistance (MDR) in Gram-negative bacteria. A strategy for combating MDR is to develop efflux pump inhibitors (EPIs) for use in combination with an antibacterial agent. Here, we describe MBX2319, a novel pyranopyridine EPI with potent activity against RND efflux pumps of the Enterobacteriaceae. MBX2319 decreased the MICs of ciprofloxacin (CIP), levofloxacin, and piperacillin versus E. coli AB1157 by 2-, 4-, and 8-fold, respectively, but did not exhibit antibacterial activity alone and was not active against AcrAB-TolC-deficient strains. MBX2319 (3.13 μM) in combination with 0.016 μg/ml CIP (minimally bactericidal) decreased the viability (CFU/ml) of E. coli AB1157 by 10,000-fold after 4 h of exposure, in comparison with 0.016 μg/ml CIP alone. In contrast, phenyl-arginine-β-naphthylamide (PAβN), a known EPI, did not increase the bactericidal activity of 0.016 μg/ml CIP at concentrations as high as 100 μM. MBX2319 increased intracellular accumulation of the fluorescent dye Hoechst 33342 in wild-type but not AcrAB-TolC-deficient strains and did not perturb the transmembrane proton gradient. MBX2319 was broadly active against Enterobacteriaceae species and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. MBX2319 is a potent EPI with possible utility as an adjunctive therapeutic agent for the treatment of infections caused by Gram-negative pathogens.
Professional Development: Untangling the Influence of Work Context on Teacher Learning

Professional development has become the panacea of 1990s reform efforts. However, our understanding of the breadth, depth, and nature of teacher learning experiences remains limited. Using an embedded case study design, this article examines the factors that motivate teachers to engage in development activities, the ways they experience professional learning, and most important, how work context influences their learning experiences. The author suggests that a complex nesting of work contexts limits the types of learning activities, and hence knowledge, available to teachers. Finally, steps that school leaders and education policy makers can take to broaden and enhance professional learning opportunities are discussed.
Instrumented Ankle–Foot Orthosis: Toward a Clinical Assessment Tool for Patient-Specific Optimization of Orthotic Ankle Stiffness

In this paper, we detail the design and operation of the instrumented ankle–foot orthosis (i AFO), a clinical assessment tool that can be used to quantify the functional consequences of selectively modifying orthotic ankle joint stiffness, particularly for individuals with locomotor deficits such as foot drop. We discuss the sensing capabilities of the system, which include ankle joint kinematics and kinetics, electromyography, and orthosis interface pressures. We further describe the mechanical design of the device, which allows for user-defined manipulation of orthotic stiffness through an interchangeable extension spring mechanism. Finally, we demonstrate a validation of the iAFO's capabilities by presenting results both of benchtop testing and of a preliminary human-subject study. Future work will include in-depth signal analyses of gait parameters and algorithmic development for patient-specific orthosis optimization.
Simulation and experimental research on micro-channel for detecting cell status in bio-artificial liver.

BACKGROUND Bioartificial liver support system (BALSS) based on culturing hepatocytes is an important research field for the treatment of acute liver failure. It is necessary to monitor the state of liver cell functions during the treatment of BALSS in order to guide clinical treatment. OBJECTIVE To design a micro-channel chip to achieve flash mixing for timely detection of liver cell status in bioreactors and improving liver cells growth environment to ensure the efficacy of the bio-artificial liver support system. METHODS Alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and Urea are chosen as detection indicators to reflect the degree of liver cell injury and the detoxification function. A diamond tandem structure micro-channel is designed and optimized to achieve the efficient mixing of serum and ALT or Urea reagent. RESULTS The simulation and experimental results show that the diamond tandem structure micro-channel can significantly improve the mixing efficiency and meet the online detecting requirements. CONCLUSION The easily controllable diamond tandem structure micro-channel combines the advantages of active and passive mixer and can effectively mix the serum and ALT or Urea reagent. It lays the foundation for online monitoring of liver cells and will help to improve the viability of liver cell in the bioreactor.
Precision interface electronics for a CMOS smart temperature sensor

This paper describes the interface electronics of a CMOS smart temperature sensor that is accurate to plusmn0.1degC over the full military temperature range. The sensor is fabricated in a standard CMOS process. Substrate bipolar transistors are used as temperature-sensitive devices. Precision interface electronics are used to make the most of their temperature characteristics. While the sensor is trimmed at one temperature, its accuracy over the full temperature range depends on the initial accuracy of the electronics. Dynamic offset cancellation and dynamic element matching are used to eliminate offset and gain errors. These techniques are combined with a sigma-delta ADC to obtain a readily usable digital temperature reading
Migration and School wellbeingStudying influences of parent and peer support, ethnic density and receiving country context.

This study explored the relationship between immigrant status and school wellbeing. Data was used from the 2009-2010 Health Behaviour in School-aged Children (HBSC) study. A total of 52,120 adolescents living in 10 different countries, Denmark, Germany, Greece, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, the Netherlands, Spain, USA and Wales, were included in the study. Results indicated that immigrant status did not significantly impact school wellbeing when controlling for age, gender and family affluence. Support from one’s best friend did not change this relation. Parent support was found to be a moderator. Only when support from father was low, there was an impact of migration on school wellbeing. When support from father was high and when support from mother was low and high, no significant relation was found between immigration and school wellbeing. Ethnic density also moderated the association between immigrant status and school wellbeing and suggested that the impact of migration on school wellbeing may be stronger when ethnic density is low. Finally, the results indicated that the receiving country in which adolescents live significantly influenced whether there is a significant relation between migration and school wellbeing. Future research should elaborate on these findings by looking into the relationships for different immigrant groups.
Tetrabromobisphenol A Is an Efficient Stabilizer of the Transthyretin Tetramer

Amyloid formation of the human plasma protein transthyretin (TTR) is associated with several human disorders, including familial amyloidotic polyneuropathy (FAP) and senile systemic amyloidosis. Dissociation of TTR’s native tetrameric assembly is the rate-limiting step in the conversion into amyloid, and this feature presents an avenue for intervention because binding of an appropriate ligand to the thyroxin hormone binding sites of TTR stabilizes the native tetrameric assembly and impairs conversion into amyloid. The desired features for an effective TTR stabilizer include high affinity for TTR, high selectivity in the presence of other proteins, no adverse side effects at the effective concentrations, and a long half-life in the body. In this study we show that the commonly used flame retardant tetrabromobisphenol A (TBBPA) efficiently stabilizes the tetrameric structure of TTR. The X-ray crystal structure shows TBBPA binding in the thyroxine binding pocket with bromines occupying two of the three halogen binding sites. Interestingly, TBBPA binds TTR with an extremely high selectivity in human plasma, and the effect is equal to the recently approved drug tafamidis and better than diflunisal, both of which have shown therapeutic effects against FAP. TBBPA consequently present an interesting scaffold for drug design. Its absorption, metabolism, and potential side-effects are discussed.
A new model for infrared and submillimetre counts

A new model for source counts from 8 to 1100 μm is presented, which agrees well with source-count data and the observed background spectrum. The model assumes different evolution for each of the four infrared template types used. The evolution is modified in two ways compared to my 2001 model: (i) the exponential factor is modified so that it tends to a constant value at late times and (ii) the power-law factor is modified so that it tends to zero at redshift zf, rather than zero as assumed previously. I find strong evidence from the 850 and 1100 μm counts, and from the infrared background, that zf= 4–5, with some preference for a value at the low end of the range, implying that star-forming galaxies at z > 5 are not significant infrared emitters, presumably due to a low opacity in dust at these early epochs. The model involves zero or even negative evolution for starbursts and active galactic nuclei at low redshifts (<0.2), suggesting that the era of major mergers and strong galaxy–galaxy interactions is over.
Use of Excised Human Skin to Assess the Bioequivalence of Topical Products

Background: Establishing the bioequivalence of topical drug products is a costly and time-consuming process since, with few exceptions, clinical efficacy trials are required. Objective: To develop a surrogate for clinical bioequivalence testing through evaluation of the kinetics of drug absorption in vitro through excised human skin. Methods: The percutaneous absorption of seven approved generic topical drug products was compared with their corresponding reference products during preclinical development using the Franz diffusion cell. Thereafter, following the conduct of bioequivalence trials and regulatory approval of these products in the United States, clinical data became available to which the in vitro data were compared. Results: In six of the seven cases the in vitro test:reference ratio for total absorption was close to one and indicated that the products were equivalent, in agreement with the clinical data. Results from the seventh case, in which the test:reference ratio was only 0.63, indicated that the in vitro model actually had greater sensitivity than the clinical method to detect small differences between products. Conclusion: These data demonstrate the relevance and predictive power of the in vitro human skin model and strongly support its use as a surrogate for in vivo bioequivalence studies.
Assessing the psycholinguistic abilities of young children

This report concerns three tools in an attempt to provide an objective and flexible means of screening speech and language between the ages of three and four years;1) a composite and standardized neuropsycho linguistic battery; 2) a psycholinguistic assessment in a conversational play session (a bath situation);3) a questionnaire addressed to parents.
Design and analysis of a novel vernier reluctance fully superconducting synchronous generator with LTS windings for wind power generation

In this paper, a novel vernier reluctance fully superconducting synchronous generator (FSCSG) with low temperature superconductors (LTS) for wind power application is proposed. The feature of this superconducting generator is an external rotor structure, and both the superconducting armature windings and DC field windings are in the inner stationary stator. Thus, compared with the existing FSCSFGs, the cryostat and related refrigerate system of the proposed generator is greatly simplified. Besides, the results shows that the torque density is about 37% higher and the torque ripple is as low as 6.9% without any optimization and skewed.