Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
A common neural system mediating two different forms of social judgement

Background A wide range of neuropsychiatric conditions, including schizophrenia and autistic spectrum disorder (ASD), are associated with impairments in social function. Previous studies have shown that individuals with schizophrenia and ASD have deficits in making a wide range of social judgements from faces, including decisions related to threat (such as judgements of approachability) and decisions not related to physical threat (such as judgements of intelligence). We have investigated healthy control participants to see whether there is a common neural system activated during such social decisions, on the basis that deficits in this system may contribute to the impairments seen in these disorders. Method We investigated the neural basis of social decision making during judgements of approachability and intelligence from faces in 24 healthy participants using functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI). We used conjunction analysis to identify common brain regions activated during both tasks. Results Activation of the amygdala, medial prefrontal cortex, inferior prefrontal cortex and cerebellum was seen during performance of both social tasks, compared to simple gender judgements from the same stimuli. Task-specific activations were present in the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex in the intelligence task and in the inferior and middle temporal cortex in the approachability task. Conclusions The present study identified a common network of brain regions activated during the performance of two different forms of social judgement from faces. Dysfunction of this network is likely to contribute to the broad-ranging deficits in social function seen in psychiatric disorders such as schizophrenia and ASD.
Vascular Complications of Central Venous Catheter Placement: Evidence-Based Methods for Prevention and Treatment

PRACTITIONERS, MANUFACTURERS, AND REGULATORY AGENCIES have long regarded central venous catheters (CVCs) as relatively dangerous, problem-prone devices. Recent attention has been focused primarily on reduction of infectious complications of CVCs. Application of strict aseptic precautions (the so-called ‘‘central-line bundle’’) when placing CVCs effectively has reduced the incidence of catheter-related infection, and Medicare no longer reimburses for costs related to these infections. However, mechanical complications of central venous cannulation remain a significant cause of morbidity and mortality. Data from the American Society of Anesthesiologists Closed Claims Project database have suggested that since 1990, the majority of mechanical complications associated with CVCs are vascular injuries, and ‘‘accidental puncture or laceration’’ is a reportable National Quality Measures Patient Safety Indicator. Fortunately, most vascular injuries from CVCs should be preventable The purpose of this review is to examine evidence-based methods for preventing vascular complications of CVC placement. The diligent application of preventive measures can reduce the incidence of CVC-related vascular injuries to nearly zero. However, the evidence for treating vascular complications also will be examined, since CVC complications, even if infrequent, can be life-threatening. The review will be organized along anatomic lines, because the implications for arterial and venous injuries usually are different and the implications for intrathoracic vascular injuries usually are different from injuries outside of the chest.
Theory of elastic constants of cubic transition metals and alloys.

We have from first principles calculated the elastic constants (${\mathit{C}}_{11}$, ${\mathit{C}}_{12}$, and ${\mathit{C}}_{44}$) of all nonmagnetic cubic d transition metals, and obtained good agreement with experimental data. We show that the trend exhibited by the tetragonal shear constant in the transition metals can be simply understood. In particular, we show that . ul4 the trend of the tetragonal shear constant, C', of cubic transition metals and alloys is determined by the energy difference between the fcc and bcc structures of a given system, which in turn is determined by band filling. This finding is in turn due to the result that these systems have a Bains path with similar shape, and our ``canonical'' Bains path illustrates this behavior. The trend of C' is further studied by including selected alloys (thereby obtaining a finer tuning of band-filling effects). The scaling of C' with the bcc-fcc energy difference is found to hold also for the studied alloys (roughly), and the calculated C' is found to agree well with available experimental data.
Fine-Grain Program Snippets Generator for Mobile Core Design

As mobile devices have come to dominate modern computing systems, improving mobile processors" performance and energy consumption has become an important topic for both industry and academia. Similar to desktop and server CPUs, the design of mobile processors relies on a combination of high-level micro-architectural and low-level RTL simulations for design exploration and optimization. Shrinking simulation times remains a critical design issue, as it directly impacts turnaround time and time-to-market. Many prior works have been proposed to generate smaller program snippets (simulation points) aimed at reducing the simulation times for the micro-architecture design process. However, as emerging mobile applications are divergent from traditional desktop/server workloads in terms of functionality, code length, and code composition, prior strategies may no longer be satisfactory. In this paper, we propose a novel approach to generate small and fine-grain application snippets of mobile benchmarks that can accurately represent the full application performance for both high-level microarchitectural and low-level RTL simulations. In contrast to prior work, the snippets produced by our generator reduce performance estimation error by 5.6% while saving 76% simulation time on average.
In situ distribution and activity of nitrifying bacteria in freshwater sediment.

Nitrification was investigated in a model freshwater sediment by the combined use of microsensors and fluorescence in situ hybridization with rRNA-targeted oligonucleotide probes. In situ nitrification activity was restricted mainly to the upper 2 mm of the sediment and coincided with the maximum abundance of nitrifying bacteria, i.e. 1.5 x 107 cells cm-3 for ammonia-oxidizing Beta-proteobacteria (AOB) and 8.6 x 107 cells cm-3 for Nitrospira-like nitrite-oxidizing bacteria (NOB). Cell numbers of AOB decreased more rapidly with depth than numbers of NOB. For the first time, Nitrospira-like bacteria could be quantified and correlated with in situ nitrite oxidation rates in a sediment. Estimated cell-specific nitrite oxidation rates were 1.2-2.7 fmol NO2- cell-1 h-1.
Clear Plaque Mutants of Lactococcal Phage TP901-1

We report a method for obtaining turbid plaques of the lactococcal bacteriophage TP901-1 and its derivative TP901-BC1034. We have further used the method to isolate clear plaque mutants of this phage. Analysis of 8 such mutants that were unable to lysogenize the host included whole genome resequencing. Four of the mutants had different mutations in structural genes with no relation to the genetic switch. However all 8 mutants had a mutation in the cI repressor gene region. Three of these were located in the promoter and Shine-Dalgarno sequences and five in the N-terminal part of the encoded CI protein involved in the DNA binding. The conclusion is that cI is the only gene involved in clear plaque formation i.e. the CI protein is the determining factor for the lysogenic pathway and its maintenance in the lactococcal phage TP901-1.
Pathogenesis of ascites tumor growth: vascular permeability factor, vascular hyperpermeability, and ascites fluid accumulation.

Previous studies have shown that accumulation of tumor ascites fluid results in large part from increased permeability of peritoneal lining vessels (Nagy et al., Cancer Res., 49: 5449-5458, 1989; Nagy et al., Cancer Res., 53: 2631-2643, 1993). However, the specific microvessels rendered hyperpermeable have not been identified nor has the basis of peritoneal vascular hyperpermeability been established. To address these questions, TA3/St and MOT carcinomas, well-characterized transplantable murine tumors that grow in both solid and ascites form, were studied as model systems. Ascites tumor cells of either type were injected i.p. into syngeneic A/Jax and C3Heb/FeJ mice, and ascites fluid and plasma were collected at intervals thereafter up to 8 and 28 days, respectively. Beginning several days after tumor cell injection, small blood vessels located in tissues lining the peritoneal cavity (mesentery, peritoneal wall, and diaphragm) became hyperpermeable to several macromolecular tracers (125I-human serum albumin, FITC-dextran, colloidal carbon, and Monastral Blue B). Increased microvascular permeability correlated with the appearance in ascites fluid of vascular permeability factor (VPF), a tumor cell-secreted mediator that potently enhances vascular permeability to circulating macromolecules. VPF was measured in peritoneal fluid by both a functional bioassay and a sensitive immunofluorometric assay. The VPF concentration, total peritoneal VPF, ascites fluid volume, tumor cell number, and hyperpermeability of peritoneal lining microvessels were found to increase in parallel over time. The close correlation of peritoneal fluid VPF concentration with the development of hyperpermeable peritoneal microvessels in these two well-defined ascites tumors suggests that VPF secretion by tumor cells is responsible, in whole or in part, for initiating and maintaining the ascites pattern of tumor growth.
A power-aware quad-voltage H.264 encoder chip for wireless panoramic endoscope applications

Voltage scaling is an efficient way to reduce dynamic power consumption for digital circuits. In this paper, a hierarchical multiple voltage (HMulti-Vdd) technology is proposed to design a power-aware H.264 intra-frame encoder for wireless panoramic endoscope applications. The proposed design adopts quad supply voltages to reduce power consumption without performance degradation. A progressive voltage difference technique is adopted in the proposed design for preventing from the penalty from using level shifters on performance and power consumption. The quad-voltage test chip has been successfully validated and has shown a 40% average reduction of power consumption, as compared to the same design using a single supply voltage.
An Output Buffer for 3.3-V Applications in a 0.13-$\mu\hbox{m}$ 1/2.5-V CMOS Process

With a 3.3-V interface, such as PCI-X application, high-voltage overstress on the gate oxide is a serious reliability problem in designing I/O circuits by using only 1/2.5-V low-voltage devices in a 0.13-mum CMOS process. Thus, a new output buffer realized with low-voltage (1- and 2.5-V) devices to drive high-voltage signals for 3.3-V applications is proposed in this paper. The proposed output buffer has been fabricated in a 0.13-mum 1/2.5-V 1P8M CMOS process with Cu interconnects. The experimental results have confirmed that the proposed output buffer can be successfully operated at 133 MHz without suffering high-voltage gate-oxide overstress in the 3.3-V interface. In addition, a new level converter that is realized with only 1- and 2.5-V devices that can convert 0/1-V voltage swing to 1/3.3-V voltage swing is also presented in this paper. The experimental results have also confirmed that the proposed level converter can be operated correctly
Investigating the attentional demands of recognition memory: Manipulating depth of encoding at study and level of attention at test

Two experiments investigated the effects of divided attention at test after manipulating levels of processing at study. In Experiment 1 items were studied either intact or as anagrams. In Experiment 2 items were studied with either full or divided attention (DA). In both experiments participants carried out a recognition test with either full or divided attention. Analysis of remember and know responses revealed that DA at test had no effect on remember responses to anagrams or to items studied with full attention. In contrast, Know responses decreased with DA at test, and this occurred for items studied in both deep and shallow encoding conditions. The present study confirms recent findings (Knott & Dewhurst, 2007a) that knowing can rely on more controlled retrieval processes, whereas remembering can rely on more automatic retrieval processes. Differences in the controlled processes associated with recollection and familiarity and remember and know responses are discussed.
More evidence that empathy is a source of altruistic motivation.

Additional evidence is provided that empathic emotion can evoke altruistic motivation to help. To provide this evidence, we employed Stotland's (1969) technique for manipulating empathy; subjects were exposed to a person in distress and instructed either to observe the victim's reactions (low empathy) or to imagine the victim's feelings (high empathy). As in previous research testing the empathy-altruism hypothesis, this empathy manipulation was crossed with a manipulation of ease of escape without helping (easy vs. difficult) to form a 2X2 design. Results patterned as predicted by the empathy-altruism hypothesis. Subjects in the low-empathy condition helped less when escape was easy than when it was difficult. This pattern suggested that their helping was directed toward the egoistic goal of reducing their own distress. Subjects in the highempathy condition, however, displayed a high rate of helping, even when escape was easy. This pattern suggested that their helping was directed toward the altruistic goal of reducing the distress of the person in need. Finally, analyses of subjects' self-reported emotional response provided additional support for the hypothesis that feeling a predominance of empathy rather than distress on witnessing someone in need can evoke altruistic motivation. Evidence for the empathy-altruism hypothesis continues to mount, Is the motivation to help ever, in any degree, truly altruistic? That is, is a helper's ultimate goal ever to increase the victim's welfare, or is the motivation underlying helping always egoistic, designed to increase the helper's own welfare? This question, carrying as it does implications for one's view of human nature (Hoffman, 1981), was a central question for many 18th and 19th century
Lexical Semantic Techniques for Corpus Analysis

In this paper we outline a research program for computational linguistics, making extensive use of text corpora. We demonstrate how a semantic framework for lexical knowledge can suggest richer relationships among words in text beyond that of simple co-occurrence. The work suggests how linguistic phenomena such as metonymy and polysemy might be exploitable for semantic tagging of lexical items. Unlike with purely statistical collocational analyses, the framework of a semantic theory allows the automatic construction of predictions about deeper semantic relationships among words appearing in collocational systems. We illustrate the approach for the acquisition of lexical information for several classes of nominals, and how such techniques can fine-tune the lexical structures acquired from an initial seeding of a machine-readable dictionary. In addition to conventional lexical semantic relations, we show how information concerning lexical presuppositions and preference relations can also be acquired from corpora, when analyzed with the appropriate semantic tools. Finally, we discuss the potential that corpus studies have for enriching the data set for theoretical linguistic research, as well as helping to confirm or disconfirm linguistic hypotheses.
EEG Correlates of Cumulative Expectancy and Subjective Estimates of Alertness in a Vigilance-type Task

Occipital EEG was monitored during a slow presentation rate vigilance task. EEG samples were taken for each of 400 task events. The EEG is correlated with increases and decreases in “expectancy” built into the task. Post-trial subjective estimates of alertness parallel the EEG changes. Reaction time to “wanted signals” does not correlate with measures of pre-signal EEG.
Health Behavior Change Challenge: Understanding Stages of Change

Objectives: After completing their own health behavior change challenge (HBCC) activity, students will be able to understand better, first hand, the complexities of implementing health behavior change. More specifically, students will increase their understanding of the barriers target audiences’ face by participating in their own personal challenge. They will also be able to identify and apply stages of change (Transtheoretical Stages of Change model) and other health communication models (Health Belief Model), theories, and concepts. At the same time, students will come to develop a deep appreciation of their own barriers, competitions, and motivations for positive health change. Courses: Health Communication, Health Communication Campaigns, Communication Theory
Leukaemia in young children living in the vicinity of German nuclear power plants

A case control study was conducted where cases were children younger than 5 years (diseased between 1980 and 2003) registered at the german childhood cancer registry (GCCR). Population‐based matched controls (1:3) were selected from the corresponding registrar's office. Residential proximity to the nearest nuclear power plant was determined for each subject individually (with a precision of about 25 m). The report is focused on leukaemia and mainly on cases in the inner 5‐km zone around the plants. The study includes 593 leukaemia cases and 1,766 matched controls. All leukaemia combined show a statistically significant trend for 1/distance with a positive regression coefficient of 1.75 [lower 95%‐confidence limit (CL): 0.65]; for acute lymphoid leukaemia 1.63 (lower 95%‐CL: 0.39), for acute nonlymphocytic leukaemia 1.99 (lower 95%‐CL: −0.41). This indicates a negative trend for distance. Cases live closer to nuclear power plants than the randomly selected controls. A categorical analysis shows a statistically significant odds ratio of 2.19 (lower 95%‐CL: 1.51) for residential proximity within 5 km compared to residence outside this area. This result is largely attributed to cases in previous studies of the GCCR (especially in the inner zone) as there is clearly some overlap between those studies. The result was not to be expected under current radiation‐epidemiological knowledge. Considering that there is no evidence of relevant accidents and that possible confounders could not be identified, the observed positive distance trend remains unexplained. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Understanding Resistance to Change: The Jefferson Company Exercise

To successfully implement an organizational change effort, the counterforces to the change must be managed effectively. This four-character role-play exercise, which is based on a real-life situation, is designed to show how both employee and management resistance to change can hinder the implementation of a change effort. The Jefferson Company is an old-line printing company with new partners that needs to change its technology, its equipment, and its operating procedures. The company is also confronting a challenging competitive situation, a precarious debt position, and an existing union contract. This role-play exercise can also be used to illustrate group dynamics and power issues.
Underlining Can Make a Difference—Sometimes

AbstractIn a review of the literature on the effectiveness of experimenter-provided and learner-generated underlining, the investigators discovered (i) that few studies, if any, provide clear-cut support for the effectiveness of underlining; (ii) that a limited number of methods of testing recall have been used; (iii) that little is known of how children benefit (or don’t benefit) from underlining; and (iv) that long-term recall has been overlooked. A study is subsequently described in which sixth grade children were presented with experimenter-underlined or normal text, and recall was tested by the cloze procedure. It was found that the underlined words were recalled, both immediately and in the long term (seven days later), significantly better by children who had studied the underlined text, and that this result was not obtained at the expense of other items of information in the text.
Evaluating Crucial Performance Issues of Protocol Configuration in Da CaPo

overhead of the modularization is marginal compared to performance benefit of saving a data handling operation. Only the connection establishment delay might be unsufficient for short transaction like connections. However, a comparison of the performance of Da CaPo protocols with traditional protocols is not done yet. The Da CaPo layer C covers several layers of the OSI Reference Model, e.g., in a MAN it may cover layer 3 up to layer 7. Consequently, such an evaluation has to compare the application-to-application performance offered by a protocol stack that includes layer 3, 4, 5, 6, and 7 protocols with that of a Da CaPo protocol of the same functionality. Furthermore, the performance of the protocol stack has to be compared with various Da CaPo protocol configuration realizing the same service with different QoS that might be requested from applications. Acknowledgements We would like to thank all the Da CaPo team, namely Walter, and all students that made contributions to Da CaPo.
Expression of indoleamine 2, 3‐dioxygenase and the recruitment of Foxp3‐expressing regulatory T cells in the development and progression of uterine cervical cancer

Foxp3+ CD4+CD25+ regulatory T (Treg) cells and immunoregulatory enzyme indoleamine 2,3‐dioxygenase (IDO) play an important role in immunoregulation. Accumulating evidence shows that IDO and Treg cells have potent regulatory properties for immune escape in cancer. To evaluate the expression of IDO and the localization of Foxp3+ Treg cells in the development and progression of uterine cervical cancer, IDO expression and Foxp3+ Treg cells in the primary and metastatic lesions were studied using immunohistochemistry. IDO expression in tumor cells appeared in cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN)‐3 of the uterine cervix and marked expression in microinvasive cancer cells was observed. Interestingly, IDO expression in invasive cancer was confined to the cancer cells at the invasive front. Moreover, antigen‐presenting cells (APC) at the invasive front in primary and metastatic lesions were also expressing IDO. Stromal Foxp3+ Treg cells appeared in CIN‐3 and increased in microinvasive and invasive cancer. Intraepithelial Foxp3+ Treg cells were restricted within microinvasive and invasive cancer. No significant differences in the proportion of Foxp3+/CD4+ in the stroma or epithelium, or between non‐metastatic and metastatic invasive cancers, were observed in primary lesions of cervical cancer, while there was a significant increase (P < 0.005) in the proportion of Foxp3+/CD4+ in metastatic lymph nodes compared with non‐metastatic lymph nodes. Some of the Foxp3+ Treg cells in metastatic lymph nodes contacted the IDO+ APC. IDO expression at the invasive front of cancer cells and APC, and the localization of Foxp3+ Treg cells in front of cancer tissues, may create a network between IDO and Treg for the induction of immune escape. (Cancer Sci 2007; 98: 874–881)