Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Neuroanatomic Basis of Impaired Self‐awareness After Traumatic Brain Injury: Findings From Early Computed Tomography

BackgroundImpaired self-awareness (ISA) is common among patients with severe traumatic brain injury (TBI) and contributes to poorer functional outcome. There is keen interest in improving the understanding of this disorder as the neuroanatomic substrate of posttraumatic ISA is poorly understood. ObjectiveDetermine whether (1) greater number of brain lesions, (2) greater volume of right hemisphere lesions, or (3) greater volume of frontal lesions is associated with greater levels of ISA after TBI. DesignProspective, observational study. ParticipantsNinety-one TBI admissions to one of 2 National Institute on Disability and Rehabilitation Research TBI Model System (TBIMS) programs. Subjects met TBIMS inclusion criteria plus (1) resolution of posttraumatic amnesia (PTA) prior to rehabilitation discharge and (2) initial postinjury computerized tomography (CT) scan available as a hard copy and as an electronic file. MethodsCT scan lesions outlined by a board-certified neuroradiologist were measured using NIH Image, and resulting calculated lesion volumes/scan variables compared against demographic characteristics, TBI severity variables, and ISA variables measured by the Awareness Questionnaire (AQ) at the time of PTA resolution. ResultsMost subjects (78%) had at least 1 lesion on emergent CT, and contusion volumes varied in all regions of interest. Patients rated their functioning as more intact on the AQ than ratings of treating clinicians, consistent with ISA. Greater injury severity was associated with a greater degree of ISA. Multivariable linear regression revealed that, after adjustment for other predictors, the number of brain lesions was predictive of degree of ISA. Right hemisphere contusion or frontal lobe contusion volumes, however, were not predictive of degree of ISA. ConclusionsISA was significantly associated with the number, but not with location or volume of focal lesions early after TBI. Posttraumatic ISA may reflect disruption in the integrated operation of broadly distributed neural networks, with lesion burden in any specific region being less relevant than disruption across multiple regions. Further imaging research is warranted to confirm these findings and to provide insight into the distributed networks required for self-awareness.
Restructuring and Clitic Climbing in Romance: A Categorial Grammar Analysis

0. Introduction and Background This paper proposes a local treatment of restructuring (RS hereafter) and clitic climbing (CC hereafter) in Romance using the Generalized Categorical Grammar based on Lambek Calculus (Moortgat 1988), which includes a type-changing rule, Division, and polymorphic categories, and argues that it has empirical advantages over its comparable minimalist analysis proposed by Cinque (2000 and 2004/2006). This paper primarily deals with Spanish data; however, the analysis proposed here can easily be extended to other Romance languages that allow RS and CC. In most Romance languages certain verbs taking a non-finite clausal complement can optionally allow the pronominal clitic that is thematically associated with the embedded verb to appear phonologically attached to them, as shown in the examples from Spanish.
OPTION EXERCISE GAMES: THE INTERSECTION OF REAL OPTIONS AND GAME THEORY

While the real options approach has proven useful in providing an analytical framework for analyzing the timing of investment decisions, a notable failure of the approach has been an almost complete lack of strategic considerations. In standard real options models, invest‐ment (and exercise) strategies are for‐mulated in isolation, without considering the potential impact of other firms' exercise strategies. This paper illustrates how the intersection of real options and game theory provides powerful new insights into the behavior of economic agents under uncertainty. Introducing strategic considerations into the real options framework can lead to a rethinking of standard real option analysis. For example, one of‐ten cited conclusion of the real options literature is the overturning of the standard capital budgeting rule of in‐vesting immediately in any project with a positive NPV. Because the fu‐ture value of the asset is uncertain, there may be significant benefits to deferring the investment until condi‐tions prove even more favorable. But this result clearly depends on the lack of competitive access to the project. If firms fear preemption, then the option to wait becomes less valuable. For example, while the standard real op‐tions models suggest that a real estate developer should wait until the devel‐opment option is considerably “in the money,” competition and the fear of preemption will likely force develop‐ers to build much earlier.
Rights, goals and targets: how do those for education add up?

The great majority of countries in the world have ratified international treaties which enshrine the right to education and to gender equality. As a result, they are legally obliged to meet these provisions and to follow a reporting procedure assessing the extent to which they are implemented. The record on reporting is patchy. At the same time, several UN conferences over the past fifteen years have produced declarations that reaffirm the right to education. They have been signed by a majority of countries and thus carry political weight. This paper focuses more specifically on the Dakar goals adopted at the World Education Forum in 2000 and on the two Millennium Development Goals relating to education and gender equality, adopted the same year. It argues that these instruments reinforce and go beyond the human rights treaties, both in substance and by setting time-bound targets. It goes on to discuss their meaning and the difficulties of measuring progress. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Variations in the Probability and Magnitude of Loss: Their Impact on Risk

There are many economic situations in which the agents have to choose between variations in self-insurance and self-protection. In this paper we analyse the changes of risk associated with these variations by separating their 'change of risk' effects from their other effects. We show that risk averse individuals always prefer an increase in self-insurance to an equivalent increase in self-protection and always prefer an increase in self-insurance to an equivalent increase in market insurance when the probability of loss is a function of the individual's actions and is observable without cost. Les variations dans la probabilite et la taille de la perte: impact sur le risque encouru. Il existe plusieurs situations economiques pour lesquelles les agents ont a choisir entre des variations de l'autoassurance et de l'autoprotection. Dans cet article, nous analysons les changements de risque associes 'a ces variations en les isolant des autres effets du choix entre ces variations. Nous demontrons qu'un individu ayant de l'aversion au risque prefere toujours une hausse de l'autoassurance a une hausse equivalente de l'autoprotection et prefere toujours l'autoassurance a l'assurance de marche equivalente lorsque la probabilite d'accident est fonction des activites de l'individu et est observable sans co'ut. There are many economic situations in which the agents have to choose between shifting the probability or changing the magnitude of loss. As examples, individuals have to decide whether to use self-protection or self-insurance activities, with and without market insurance, in order to protect themselves against economic losses associated with accident or illness. The governments have to establish the magnitude and probability of fines in order to motivate individuals to reduce those activities that impose social costs, for example, stealing, double parking, speeding, misleading advertising. Moreover, considering events such as inflation and war, governments have to decide on activities, unavailable on an individual basis, in order to reduce the probability of occurrence and the welfare losses associated with the occurrence of those undesirable events. We thank Leonard Dudley, Reuven Brenner, and two anonymous referees for their helpful comments and the Regie de l'Assurance Automobile du Quebec for financial support. We remain, of course, solely responsible for the content of this article. Dionne's research was done in part while he visited the Universite des Sciences Sociales de Toulouse. Canadian Journal of Economics / Revue canadienne d'Economique, XVI, no. 3 August / ao0t 1983. Printed in Canada / Imprime au Canada 0008-4085 / 83 / 0000-0411 $01.50
Satisfaction and Behavioural Intentions of Cruise Passengers Visiting the Azores

This paper evaluates the satisfaction of cruise passengers visiting the Atlantic islands of the Azores Archipelago. It investigates the relationship between their satisfaction with the Azores and their behavioural intentions, not only with regard to repurchasing the cruise but also to the likelihood of their recommending it and the Azores to friends and relatives. A structural equation model is used to analyse the factors that make the Azores attractive as cruise ports of call. The data were obtained from a survey distributed between March and December 2004 among the passengers of cruises docking at Azores ports. The findings reveal that, besides value for money, the two main factors driving the behavioural intentions are linked, first, to the city, its attractions in general and the individual's level of satisfaction with the overall visit and, second, and of lesser importance, to the perceptions of hospitality, safety, services and cleanliness of the environment in the Azores.
Action Sloping as a Way for Users to Notice a Robot's Function

This paper focuses on the problem that will arise in the near future from multi-function robots. Users will have to read thick operation manuals to use them. If users can use these robots without reading difficult manuals, it will improve user efficiency. We then proposed action sloping as a way for users to naturally recognize a robot's function. It provides the robots with gradual feedback signals when the user performs given actions. By changing the intensity of the feedback signal according to his/her action, it encourages him/her to perform an action that will trigger the robot's function. In our experiments, we made three kinds of feedback behaviors according to Action Sloping and one non-feedback behavior as the control condition. The participants of the experiment tried to find a robot's function and the latencies to first finding the triggered action were measured. An analysis of the latencies show ed the difference between the sound feedback group by action sloping and the control group. This result showed that the effectiveness of action sloping was partially supported.
EQUIVALÊNCIA RICARDIANA E OS EFEITOS DA POLÍTICA FISCAL NA ECONOMIA BRASILEIRA

The paper investigates the effects of fiscal policy in Brazilian economy during the 1995-2009 period. For that, presents the ricardian equivalence hypothesis and discuss theoretical objections. From the vector autoregressive (VAR) approach, the paper analyzes the reaction of the variables national saving/GDP and private consumption/GDP to impulses in the variables of fiscal policy tax burden and government consumption/GDP. The results indicate that the effects of shocks in the tax burden are not ricardians in the Brazilian case.
Can Sustainability Enhance Business District Attractiveness? A Survey of Corporate Property Decisions in France

This paper analyses the rising importance of sustainable principles in property decisions and its impact on attractiveness for business districts in France. A behavioural survey of a large sample of corporate property managers and a multiple correspondence analysis highlight key factors indicating the influence of sustainable principles alongside more traditional determinants of territorial attractiveness. This approach enables the drawing up of a typology of companies according to the influence of sustainability issues, showing the rise in importance placed on sustainability in location decisions made by listed companies, companies that own their head offices and companies located in the main business districts of the Paris metropolitan area.
So why haven't you taken a cruise lately? An exploration of constraints to cruising.

Cruise travel attracted 9.5 million tourists in 2003. Yet, only 5–6% of the US population has cruised. Why are there not more cruisers? The primary purpose of this study was to document the factors associated with the decision not to take a cruise vacation. A secondary purpose was to explore how the concept of constraints negotiation may provide insight into the cruise travel decision-making process. Using qualitative interviews conducted with individuals who travel regularly for pleasure but who have either not cruised or have not cruised recently, we explored individual’s travel histories. We focused on adaptive strategies used to negotiate intrapersonal, interpersonal, and structural constraints involved in pleasure travel in general and cruising in particular. Highlighting themes that emerged from the interviews, we drew attention to some of the limitations of the hierarchical constraints model. Finally, we suggested how travel agencies and cruise lines might increase the number of cruisers and provided directions for future study.
Microsatellite DNA Analysis of Giant Freshwater Prawn (Macrobrachium rosenbergii) from India

Giant freshwater prawn (Macrobrachium rosenbergii), a commercially important crustacean species, is widely distributed across the Indo-Pacific region. Genetic diversity of this species from five different rivers (Krishna, Mahanadi, Hooghly, Narmada and Kalu) of India was investigated using 5 polymorphic microsatellite loci. The number of alleles across loci varied from 4 to 9. The mean expected and observed heterozygosity at all loci was 0.8359 and 0.5747 respectively. Most of the loci deviated significantly from HardyWeinberg expectations across all the populations. Pairwise FST estimates (0.0420 to 0.0841) revealed a significant genetic structure among M. rosenbergii populations of Indian rivers. The highest (0.5140) genetic distance was observed between Krishna and Kalu populations. All five wild populations exhibited significant variation across all five microsatellite loci. The results revealed in the study will be useful for breeding programs and conservation management of this species.
Roles of leukocytosis and cysteinyl leukotriene in polymorphonuclear leukocyte‐dependent plasma extravasation

The PMN‐dependent plasma extravasation is a major mechanism of permeability enhancement in acute inflammation. To reveal the pathophysiological significance of the PMN‐dependent plasma extravasation, we prepared a systemic leukocytotic guinea pig model by a daily injection of recombinant human (rh)G‐CSF. The extent of the PMN‐dependent plasma extravasation, regarded as the late‐phase permeability induced by an intradermal injection of zymosan‐activated guinea pig plasma (ZAP) or of rhC5a, clearly correlated to the circulating PMN number. The augmentation of local response following the systemic response seemed to be the characteristic feature of the PMN‐dependent plasma extravasation. We then revealed the molecular mechanism of the PMN‐dependent plasma extravasation. Neither the antihistaminic agent diphenhydramine, nor the bradykinin B2 receptor antagonist, HOE140, affected the ZAP‐induced, late‐phase extravasation. In contrast to this, pretreatment with an antagonist of cysteinyl leukotriene (cys‐LT) 1 receptor, pranlukast, significantly reduced the late‐phase extravasation. Similarly, it was reduced by pretreatment with a 5‐lipoxygenase inhibitor, MK‐886, indicating the participation of cys‐LTs in the PMN‐dependent plasma extravasation. Histologically, pretreatment with pranlukast or MK‐886 did not affect the ZAP‐induced PMN infiltration. Consistently, a combined treatment with pranlukast and diphenhydramine completely suppressed the early‐phase extravasation. As pranlukast pretreatment did not affect plasma extravasation induced by mast cell degranulation, and depletion of platelets did not influence the pranlukast‐inhibitable plasma extravasation induced by rhC5a injection, cys‐LTs are most likely produced by transcellular biosynthesis involving PMNs and vascular wall cells.
Three‐Dimensional Imaging Provides Valuable Clinical Data to Aid in Unilateral Tissue Expander‐Implant Breast Reconstruction

Abstract: The current approach to breast reconstruction remains largely subjective and is based on physical examination and visual‐estimates of breast size. Thus, the overall success of breast reconstruction is limited by the inability of plastic surgeons to objectively assess breast volume and shape, which may result in suboptimal outcomes. A potential solution to this obstacle may be three‐dimensional (3D) imaging, which can provide unique clinical data that was previously unattainable to plastic surgeons. The following study represents a prospective analysis of patient volunteers undergoing unilateral tissue expander (TE)‐implant reconstruction by one of the two senior authors (MC, NSK). All patients underwent unilateral mastectomy with immediate or delayed insertion of a TE, followed by an exchange for a permanent silicone or saline implant. 3D scans were obtained during routine pre‐ and postoperative office visits. The 3D breast‐volume calculations served as a guide for surgical management. Twelve patients have completed 3D‐assisted unilateral breast reconstruction to date. These patients represent a wide range of body habitus and breast size/shape; 3D volume range from 136 to 518 cm3. The mean baseline breast asymmetry in this group was 12.0 ± 10.8%. Contralateral symmetry procedures were performed in eleven patients, consisting of the following: mastopexy (n = 6), augmentation (n = 1), mastopexy/augmentation (n = 2), and reduction mammoplasty (n = 2). Reconstruction was completed in a total number of 2 (n = 10) or 3 (n = 2) operations. Overall breast symmetry improved at the completion of reconstruction in the majority of patients, with an average postoperative symmetry of 95.1 ± 4.4% (relative to 88% preoperatively). 3D imaging serves a valuable adjunct to TE‐implant breast reconstruction. This technology provides volumetric data that can help guide breast reconstruction, such as in choosing the initial TE size, total volume of expansion, and final implant size/shape. 3D imaging technology also provides benefit as a method for assessing tissue expansion, the need for symmetry or revision procedures, and critically analyzing the final reconstructive outcome.
A Steady-State Analysis Method for a Modular Multilevel Converter

Modular multilevel converters (MMC) are considered a top converter alternative for voltage-source converter (VSC) high-voltage, direct current (HVDC) applications. Main circuit design and converter performance evaluation are always important issues to consider before installing a VSC-HVDC system. Investigation into a steady-state analysis method for an MMC-based VSC-HVDC system is necessary. This paper finds a circular interaction among the electrical quantities in an MMC. Through this circular interaction, a key equation can be established to solve the unknown circulating current. A new steady-state model is developed to simply and accurately describe the explicit analytical expressions for various voltage and current quantities in an MMC. The accuracy of the expressions is improved by the consideration of the circulating current when deriving all the analytical expressions. The model's simplicity is demonstrated by having only one key equation to solve. Based on the analytical expressions for the arm voltages, the equivalent circuits for MMC are proposed to improve the current understanding of the operation of MMC. The feasibility and accuracy of the proposed method are verified by comparing its results with the simulation and experimental results.
The Essential Sternberg: Essays on Intelligence, Psychology, and Education

Sternberg's experiment has generated a significant amount of buzz in the college admissions world and has been the subject of recent newspaper articles in "The Guardian" (UK), "The Boston Globe" and "Inside Higher Education". Dr. Robert J. Sternberg is one of the most vocal critics of "the intelligence testing industry" which defines intelligence rather narrowly (i.e., a high score on a paper and pencil intelligence test). For nearly 30 years, Dr. Robert J. Sternberg has been recognized as one of world's leading authorities on human intelligence and intelligence testing. This is a handy compendium of many of Sternberg's most important and influential articles from his thirty-year career.It will provide an introduction and overview of his theories on intelligence and education, and highlight some of his most important articles from a large and disparate output. Beyond it's inherent interest to psychologists, the book will be a useful summary for those people outside of academia who want an overview of Sternberg's views, including politicians, policy makers, teachers, and administrators.
Osteopontin deficiency impairs wear debris-induced osteolysis via regulation of cytokine secretion from murine macrophages.

OBJECTIVE To investigate the molecular mechanisms underlying particle-induced osteolysis, we focused on osteopontin (OPN), a cytokine and cell-attachment protein that is associated with macrophage chemoattractant and osteoclast activation. METHODS We compared OPN protein levels in human periprosthetic osteolysis tissues with those in osteoarthritis (OA) synovial tissues. To investigate the functions of OPN during particle-induced osteolysis in vivo, titanium particles were implanted onto the calvaria of OPN-deficient mice and their wild-type (WT) littermates. Mice were killed on day 10 and evaluated immunohistologically. The effects of OPN deficiency on the secretion of inflammatory cytokines were examined using cultured bone marrow-derived macrophages (BMMs). BMMs from OPN-deficient and WT mice were cultured with titanium particles for 12 hours, and the concentrations of inflammatory cytokines in the conditioned media were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. RESULTS Expression of OPN protein was enhanced in human periprosthetic osteolysis tissues as compared with OA synovial tissues. In the particle-induced model of osteolysis of the calvaria, bone resorption was significantly suppressed by OPN deficiency via inhibition of osteoclastogenesis, whereas an inflammatory reaction was observed regardless of the genotype. Results of immunostaining indicated that OPN protein was highly expressed in the membrane and bone surface at the area of bone resorption in WT mice. When BMMs were exposed to titanium particles, the concentration of proinflammatory cytokines, such as tumor necrosis factor alpha, interleukin-1alpha (IL-1alpha), IL-1beta, and IL-6, as well as chemotactic factors, such as monocyte chemoattractant protein 1 and macrophage inflammatory protein 1alpha, in the conditioned medium were significantly reduced by OPN deficiency. Whereas phagocytic activity of BMMs was not attenuated by OPN deficiency, phagocytosis-mediated NF-kappaB activation was impaired in OPN-deficient BMMs. These data indicated that OPN was implicated in the development of particle-induced osteolysis via the orchestration of pro-/antiinflammatory cytokines secreted from macrophages. CONCLUSION OPN plays critical roles in wear debris-induced osteolysis, suggesting that OPN is a candidate therapeutic target for periprosthetic osteolysis.