Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Phase instability and local dynamics in directional solidification.

Recently a general phase equation has been derived from the boundary integral equation, and preliminary results on the Eckhaus instability were given [K. Brattkus and C. Misbah, Phys. Rev. Lett. 64, 1935 (1990)]. The first focus of the present study is devoted to an extensive analysis of both the derivation of the phase equation and the computation of the Eckhaus boundaries from the low-velocity regime until the planar-front restabilization. We pay a special attention to the experiments on liquid crystals [J. M. Flesselles, A. J. Simon, and A. J. Libchaber, Adv. Phys. 40, 1 (1991)]. The special shape of the Eckhaus boundaries in the present situation provides a simple hint for experimental investigations. The second line of this paper is motivated by a strong wish to go further towards the understanding of the diverse variety of dynamical manifestations observed in experiments, such as oscillatory modes and ``chaotic'' motions. The study of these phenomena is greatly facilitated by focusing on the large-velocity regime where the front dynamics turns out to be described by a local equation. We outline here the derivation of that equation appropriate for liquid-crystal experiments. A full study on this equation, going from order to chaos, is presented elsewhere [K. Kassner, C. Misbah, and H. M\"uller-Krumbhaar, Phys. Rev. Lett. 67, 1551 (1991)]. Among other results presented here we show that the wavelength of the pattern \ensuremath{\lambda} scales with the growth velocity V and the thermal gradient as \ensuremath{\lambda}\ensuremath{\sim}${\mathit{V}}^{\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}1}$f(G/V). At the fold singularity for steady symmetric solutions, we find that \ensuremath{\lambda}\ensuremath{\sim}${\mathit{V}}^{\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}1}$, which is in agreement with experiments on liquid crystals. This scaling is to be contrasted to the one obtained in the small-P\'eclet-number limit \ensuremath{\lambda}\ensuremath{\sim}${\mathit{V}}^{\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}1/2}$f(G/V) [K. Kassner and C. Misbah, Phys. Rev. Lett. 66, 445 (1991)].
The Interplay between Topic Shift and Focus in the Dynamic Construction of Discourse Representations

Previous studies have suggested that focusing an element can enhance the activation of the focused element and bring about a number of processing benefits. However, whether and how this local prominence of information interacts with global discourse organization remains unclear. In the present study, we addressed this issue in two experiments. Readers were presented with four-sentence discourses. The first sentence of each discourse contained a critical word that was either focused or unfocused in relation to a wh-question preceding the discourse. The second sentence either maintained or shifted the topic of the first sentence. Participants were told to read for comprehension and for a probe recognition task in which the memory of the critical words was tested. In Experiment 1, when the probe words were tested immediately after the point of topic shift, we found shorter response times for the focused critical words than the unfocused ones regardless of topic manipulation. However, in Experiment 2, when the probe words were tested two sentences away from the point of topic shift, we found the facilitation effect of focus only in the topic-maintained discourses, but not in the topic-shifted discourses. This suggests that the facilitation effect of focus was not immediately suppressed at the point of topic shifting, but when additional information was added to the new topic. Our findings provide evidence for the dynamic interplay between global topic structure and local salience of information and have important implications on how activation of information fluctuates in mental representation.
P-Selectin (CD62P) Expression in Liver Tissue of Biliary Atresia: A New Perspective in Etiopathogenesis

Objectives: The etiology of biliary atresia (BA) is still elusive. Inflammation plays a key role in bile duct and liver injury. The recruitment and accumulation of inflammatory cells is largely dependent on adhesion molecules. We aimed to investigate P-selectin (CD62P) expression in liver tissue in patients with BA compared with other neonatal cholestatic disorders. Methods: The study included 63 infants with neonatal cholestasis in 2 groups: BA group (n = 32) and non-BA group (n = 31) with non-BA cholestatic disorders as controls. Demographic, clinical, laboratory, ultrasonographic, and histopathological parameters were collected. P-selectin immunostaining was performed. Immunostaining in bile duct epithelium, cellular infiltrate, and vascular endothelial cells were scored as positive or negative. Results: The frequency of P-selectin–positive endothelium, platelets, and bile duct epithelium was significantly higher in the BA group (72%, 72%, and 63%, respectively) than in the non-BA group (32%, 16%, and 13%, respectively) with P of 0.002, <0.0001, and <0.0001, respectively. Few mononuclear cellular infiltrates in portal tract expressed P-selectin and were comparable in both groups (P = 0.932). Of interest, the platelet count was significantly higher in the BA group (532 ± 172) than in the non-BA group (406 ± 158), and 68.8% of the BA group had thrombocytosis versus 25% in the controls (P = 0.001 for both). Conclusions: The significant expression of P-selectin in endothelium, platelets, and bile duct epithelium in patients with BA suggests a potential role for this adhesion molecule in the pathogenesis of this devastating neonatal hepatic disorder. It further suggests that platelets in BA are activated and may have a role in the inflammatory process in BA.
AUTHORS' RESPONSE: The Implicit Prejudice Exchange: Islands of Consensus in a Sea of Controversy

Some commentators dismiss Arkes and Tetlock (this issue) on two grounds that we regard as specious, namely that we are either (a) political apologists for covert bigotry-the soft-on-racism charge raised by Sears (this issue) or (b) psychological na�fs who cling to obsolete definitions of attitudes and prejudice-the scientific incompetence charge raised by both Banaji, Nosek, and Greenwald (this issue) and Wittenbrink (this issue). To move the debate beyond such caricatures, the scholarly community must eventually confront the specific empirical objections that Arkes and Tetlock raised about how construct-validational work is done (whether researchers are giving fair weight to ideologically dissonant alternative explanations) and the specific logical objections that Arkes and Tetlock raise about the blurring of fact-value distinctions (whether psychological theory is advanced by researchers' opining on the political defensibility of their research participants' opinions).
Generation of functional human T-cell subsets with HLA-restricted immune responses in HLA class I expressing NOD/SCID/IL2rγnull humanized mice

Whereas humanized mouse models have contributed significantly to human immunology research, human T cells developing in mouse thymic environment fail to demonstrate HLA-restricted function. To achieve HLA-restricted human immune response, we created an immune-compromised non-obese diabetic/SCID/IL2rgnull strain (NSG) with homozygous expression of HLA class I heavy chain and light chain (NSG-HLA-A2/HHD). Transplantation of purified Lin−CD34+CD38− human hematopoietic stem cells into NSG-HLA-A2/HHD newborns resulted in the development of human CD4+ and CD8+ TCRαβ+ T cells and CD4−CD8− and CD8+ TCRγδ+ cells in recipient bone marrow and spleen. Human cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs) become functionally mature, as evidenced by the production of granzyme corresponding to phenotypic transition from naïve to effector memory CTLs. In these recipients, human Th17 cells developed along with Th1 and Th2 cells. Epstein–Barr virus (EBV) infection in the humanized NSG-HLA-A2/HHD recipients resulted in the formation of lymphoproliferative lesions consisting mainly of human B cells with scattered human T cells. Human CTLs developing in the recipients recognized EBV-derived peptides in an HLA-restricted manner and exerted HLA-restricted cytotoxicity against EBV-infected human B cells. The HLA-expressing humanized mouse with functional HLA-restricted T cells and consistent representation of rare T-cell subsets overcomes a major constraint in human immunology, and serves as a useful model for investigation of human immune responses against pathogens and for the development of therapeutic strategies against human diseases.
Shape band: A deformable object detection approach

In this paper, we focus on the problem of detecting/matching a query object in a given image. We propose a new algorithm, shape band, which models an object within a bandwidth of its sketch/contour. The features associated with each point on the sketch are the gradients within the bandwidth. In the detection stage, the algorithm simply scans an input image at various locations and scales for good candidates. We then perform fine scale shape matching to locate the precise object boundaries, also by taking advantage of the information from the shape band. The overall algorithm is very easy to implement, and our experimental results show that it can outperform stat-of-the-art contour based object detection algorithms.
Animating non-humanoid characters with human motion data

This paper presents a method for generating animations of non-humanoid characters from human motion capture data. Characters considered in this work have proportion and/or topology significantly different from humans, but are expected to convey expressions and emotions through body language that are understandable to human viewers. Keyframing is most commonly used to animate such characters. Our method provides an alternative for animating non-humanoid characters that leverages motion data from a human subject performing in the style of the target character. The method consists of a statistical mapping function learned from a small set of corresponding key poses, and a physics-based optimization process to improve the physical realism. We demonstrate our approach on three characters and a variety of motions with emotional expressions.
Why we teach

Why teach? Listen to the voices of both veteran and new teachers as they share their most heartfelt and thoughtful replies to this simple but important question. Sonia Nieto, a distinguished teacher in her own right, has gathered the insights and inspirations of K-12 classroom teachers as they examine how and why they find purpose and value in the work they do. The teachers in this book, like so many across the country, do the kind of work that may not grab headlines but is far more important than even the highest test score: These teachers listen closely to their students. They share in their students' struggles and successes. They create a classroom climate that encourages growth, direction, and purpose. They help students develop into thoughtful, engaged citizens. The teachers in this book show us the kinds of learning that really matter, and the kinds of lessons that students can take with them for their entire lives. This inspirational book focuses on the quintessential values of teaching, challenges current notions that focus on only accountability, testing, and standardization, and provide a compelling message of hope for public education.
Information Security in Value Chains: A Governance Perspective

As supply chains become more complex and global, organizations increasingly rely on advanced information technology systems to coordinate and support value chain activities. These interorganizational systems while integral to supply chain management also introduce an additional point of vulnerability. Although a matter of increasing concern, who and how the responsibility for securing these systems is governed is not well understood. We propose a conceptual framework for how these security decisions can be made in different types of value chains by combining value chain governance archetypes with the information security governance decisions that need to be made for different contexts.
IL-10 Is Significantly Involved in HSP70-Regulation of Experimental Subretinal Fibrosis

Subretinal fibrosis is directly related to severe visual loss, especially if occurs in the macula, and is frequently observed in advanced age-related macular degeneration and other refractory eye disorders such as diabetic retinopathy and uveitis. In this study, we analyzed the immunosuppressive mechanism of subretinal fibrosis using the novel animal model recently demonstrated. Both TLR2 and TLR4 deficient mice showed significant enlargement of subretinal fibrotic area as compared with wild-type mice. A single intraocular administration of heat shock protein 70 (HSP70), which is an endogenous ligand for TLR2 and TLR4, inhibited subretinal fibrosis in wild-type mice but not in TLR2 and TLR4-deficient mice. Additionally, HSP70 induced IL-10 production in eyes from wild-type mice but was impaired in both TLR2- and TLR4-deficient mice, indicating that HSP70-TLR2/TLR4 axis plays an immunomodulatory role in subretinal fibrosis. Thus, these results suggest that HSP70-TLR2/TLR4 axis is a new therapeutic target for subretinal fibrosis due to prognostic CNV.
The Unintended Effects of Television Advertising

The aim of this parent-child survey is to investigate how television advertising is related to children's purchase requests, materialism, disappointment, life dissatisfaction, and family conflict. In a first step, a conceptual model based on existing hypotheses was developed, and in a second step, this model was tested using a sample of 360 parent-child (8- to 12-year-olds) dyads. Using structural equation modeling, the findings show that advertising is positively and directly related to children's purchase requests and materialism. It is also positively, though indirectly (mediated by advertising-induced purchase requests), related to family conflict, disappointment, and life dissatisfaction. Parent-child consumer communication and parental mediation of advertising are important moderators of the effects of advertising on children's purchase requests and materialism.
Geriatrics Curricula for Internal and Family Medicine Residents: Assessing Study Quality and Learning Outcomes.

BACKGROUND Prior reviews of geriatrics curricula for internal medicine (IM) and family medicine (FM) residents have not evaluated study quality or assessed learning objectives or specific IM or FM competencies. OBJECTIVE This review of geriatrics curricula for IM and FM residents seeks to answer 3 questions: (1) What types of learning outcomes were measured? (2) How were learning outcomes measured? and (3) What was the quality of the studies? METHODS We evaluated geriatrics curricula that reported learning objectives or competencies, teaching methods, and learning outcomes, and those that used a comparative design. We searched PubMed and 4 other data sets from 2003-2015, and assessed learning outcomes, outcome measures, and the quality of studies using the Medical Education Research Study Quality Instrument (MERSQI) and Best Evidence Medical Education (BEME) methods. RESULTS Fourteen studies met inclusion criteria. Most curricula were intended for IM residents in the inpatient setting; only 1 was solely dedicated to FM residents. Median duration was 1 month, and minimum geriatrics competencies covered were 4. Learning outcomes ranged from Kirkpatrick levels 1 to 3. Studies that reported effect size showed a considerable impact on attitudes and knowledge, mainly via pretests and posttests. The mean MERSQI score was 10.5 (range, 8.5-13) on a scale of 5 (lowest quality) to 18 (highest quality). CONCLUSIONS Few geriatrics curricula for IM and FM residents that included learning outcome assessments were published recently. Overall, changes in attitudes and knowledge were sizeable, but reporting was limited to low to moderate Kirkpatrick levels. Study quality was moderate.
Macrophage colony-stimulating factor expression and macrophage accumulation in renal allograft rejection.

BACKGROUND Studies of infiltrating cells from acutely rejecting renal allografts show that a high proportion of these cells are macrophages, and early macrophage infiltration is a poor prognostic sign for transplant survival. Macrophage colony-stimulating factor (M-CSF), produced by tubular and mesangial cells, has been associated with macrophage infiltration and proliferation in experimental and human kidney diseases. We investigated the expression of M-CSF in a model of acute rejection. METHODS Lewis rats underwent bilateral nephrectomies and received an orthotopic Dark Agouti allograft or Lewis isograft. Animals received cyclosporine (10 mg/kg/day) from day 0 to day 3 and were killed at days 4, 8, or 14 after transplantation. Macrophages (ED1+) and T cells (W3-13+) were identified by immunohistochemistry, and M-CSF expression was identified by Northern blotting and in situ hybridization. RESULTS Isografts had normal renal function without histological evidence of rejection. Allografts exhibited a moderate infiltrate at day 4 but progressed to severe rejection at day 14, with elevated serum creatinine level and severe tubulointerstitial damage. Macrophages and T cells were present in equal proportion in the infiltrate at day 4. At day 14, the number of macrophages increased fivefold (2580/mm2), although T cells were unchanged (380/mm2). Proliferating macrophages (ED1+, BrdU+) increased from day 4 (4%) to day 14 (10%). M-CSF mRNA expression was strongly up-regulated in allografts compared with isografts and normal rat. In situ hybridization demonstrated M-CSF expression by resident and infiltrating cells. Renal tubular expression was minimally increased at day 4 but strongly up-regulated at day 14 (more than 50% of tubules positive), particularly in areas of tubular damage. Tubular M-CSF expression colocalized with areas of intense macrophage infiltration and proliferation. Serial sections with double labeling demonstrated that T cells were the dominant source of M-CSF at day 4, yet later in the rejection (day 14) the predominant sites of production were both renal tubular cells and interstitial macrophages. CONCLUSIONS Renal production of M-CSF by graft-infiltrating (macrophages and T lymphocytes) and resident (tubular) cells was up-regulated during acute rejection. M-CSF promotes macrophage recruitment and proliferation and may thereby play a pathogenic role in acute rejection. The kinetics of M-CSF production during acute rejection suggest that local macrophage proliferation may be initiated by T cells and perpetuated by both renal tubular and autocrine release.
3D Trajectory Reconstruction of Dynamic Objects Using Planarity Constraints

We present a method to reconstruct the three-dimensional trajectory of a moving instance of a known object category in monocular video data. We track the two-dimensional shape of objects on pixel level exploiting instance-aware semantic segmentation techniques and optical flow cues. We apply Structure from Motion techniques to object and background images to determine for each frame camera poses relative to object instances and background structures. By combining object and background camera pose information, we restrict the object trajectory to a one-parameter family of possible solutions. We compute a ground representation by fusing background structures and corresponding semantic segmentations. This allows us to determine an object trajectory consistent to image observations and reconstructed environment model. Our method is robust to occlusion and handles temporarily stationary objects. We show qualitative results using drone imagery. Due to the lack of suitable benchmark datasets we present a new dataset to evaluate the quality of reconstructed three-dimensional object trajectories. The video sequences contain vehicles in urban areas and are rendered using the path-tracing render engine Cycles to achieve realistic results. We perform a quantitative evaluation of the presented approach using this dataset. Our algorithm achieves an average reconstruction-to-ground-truth distance of 0.31 meter.
Advances in the discovery and development of heat-shock protein 90 inhibitors for cancer treatment

Introduction: Over the last 15 – 20 years, targeted anticancer strategies have focused on therapies aimed at abrogating a single malignant protein. Agents that are directed towards the inhibition of a single oncoprotein have resulted in a number of useful drugs in the treatment of cancers (i.e., Gleevec, BCR-ABL; Tarceva and Iressa, EGFR). However, such a strategy relies on the notion that a cancer cell is dependent on a single signaling pathway for its survival. The possibility that a cancer cell may mutate or switch its dependence to another signaling pathway can result in the ineffectiveness of such agents. Recent advances in the biology of heat-shock protein 90 (Hsp90) have revealed intimate details into the complexity of the chaperoning process that Hsp90 is engaged in and, at the same time, have offered those involved in drug discovery several unique ways to interfere in this process. Areas covered: This review provides the current understanding of the chaperone cycle of Hsp90 and presents the multifaceted approaches used by researchers in the discovery of potential Hsp90 drugs. It discusses the phenotypic outcomes in cancer cells on Hsp90 inhibition by these several approaches and also addresses several distinctions observed among direct Hsp90 ATP-pocket competitors providing commentary on the potential biological outcomes as well as the clinical relevance of such features. Expert opinion: The significantly different phenotypic outcomes observed from Hsp90 inhibition by the many inhibitors developed suggest that the clinical development of Hsp90 inhibitors would be better served by careful consideration of the pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic properties of individual candidates rather than a generic approach directed towards the target.
Antipsychotic-Associated Mental Side Effects and Their Relationship to Dopamine D2 Receptor Occupancy in Striatal Subdivisions: A High-Resolution PET Study With [11C]Raclopride

We examined the relationship between antipsychotic-associated mental side effects and dopamine D2 receptor occupancy in striatal subdivisions using high-resolution positron emission tomography with [11C]raclopride to better characterize the neurochemical mechanism underlying these adverse effects. Twenty-one patients with schizophrenia receiving stable doses of antipsychotics and 24 age- and sex-matched healthy controls completed 3-Tesla magnetic resonance imaging and high-resolution positron emission tomography scans with [11C]raclopride to measure D2 receptor binding potential (BPND) in the striatum. The D2 receptor BPND was obtained using a Logan plot, and receptor occupancy was calculated as the percentage reduction of receptor BPND with drug treatment relative to baseline. The data obtained from age- and sex-matched healthy controls were used as an estimate of the patients' baseline, as previously proposed. Antipsychotic-associated mental side effects were measured with the Liverpool University Neuroleptic Side Effect Rating Scale. The whole striatal D2 receptor occupancy ranged from 54% to 95%. The analysis revealed that the Liverpool University Neuroleptic Side Effect Rating Scale score had significant positive associations with D2 occupancy in the precommissural dorsal caudate, postcommissural caudate, and ventral striatum. The results suggest that mental side effects of antipsychotics are associated with D2 receptor blockade in the associative and limbic subdivisions of the striatum, which are considered to play a crucial role in cognition and reward motivation.