Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
The spectral adaptation applied to image color appearance model

The major aim of Color Appearance Model is trying to resolve the problem of high faithful color reproduction under different viewing conditions, which is one of the main mathematical methods fulfilling the cross-media color production. Currently used Color Appearance Model (CAM) based on von Kries chromatic adaptation transform, that is, CAM acts upon chromatic signals such as tristimulus values rather than spectral characteristics. The spectral adaptation model introduced by Fairchild in 2006 based on the spectral reflectance factor of stimulus and the spectral power distribution function of light source. The new way models the vision phenomenon with no requirement for the chromatic processing. Munsell color chips are used as basic data. Spectral adaptation model and CIELAB color space are employed to predict corresponding color appearance attributes. Then the comparison to CAT02 chromatic adaptation transform is also made. The result shows that spectral adaptation model has a high degree of accuracy in lightness performance, and the relative error is between 2 % and 5 %. But the accuracy of chroma is less than CAT02, and both models have good uniformity in hue performance. Taking the image color appearance model as the carrier, the spectral adaptation model is applied to the image reproduction. The methods are used to model the image with no requirements for the CAT02 chromatic adaptation processing and to use spectral adaptation as pretreatment, then to carry out the chromatic adaptation transformation. Discussion of the advantages and limitations of the model and the practical value in image rendering is also presented.
The Impact of Corporate Internal Factors on CSR Reports Disclosure Behavior in the Taiwanese Electronic Industry

Corporate social responsibility (CSR) has drawn much attention from society and has become an important issue in the market, such as corporate governance, employee protection, and environmental protection. However, firms are not asked to issue CSR reports compulsorily in Taiwan. Moreover, the electronics industry has played an important role in Taiwan’s industry. Therefore, this study employs the behavioral theory of the firm to examine what kinds of firms are willing to publish the CSR report. We use the listed firms in the electronic industry from 2005 to 2017 as our sample and build the logit and probit model to investigate the relation between five situations firms faced and the intention of CSR report disclosure. The results show that firms with higher performance gaps are more likely to issue CSR reports. When the performance exceeds the target, the firm is more willing to give a CSR report. Similarly, the firm is more inclined to issue a CSR report when there is a smaller gap between performance and target in a negative performance gap. The firm with more potential slack, higher survival distress, less competitive pressure, and lower bankruptcy threat is more willing to issue a CSR report.
Seeking Europa's Ocean

Abstract Galileo spacecraft data suggest that a global ocean exists beneath the frozen ice surface Jupiter's moon Europa. Since the early 1970s, planetary scientists have used theoretical and observational arguments to deliberate the existence of an ocean within Europa and other large icy satellites. Galileo magnetometry data indicates an induced magnetic field at Europa, implying a salt water ocean. A paucity of large craters argues for a surface on average only ~40-90 Myr old. Two multi-ring structures suggest that impacts punched through an ice shell ~20 km thick. Europa's ocean and surface are inherently linked through tidal deformation of the floating ice shell, and tidal flexing and nonsynchronous rotation generate stresses that fracture and deform the surface to create ridges and bands. Dark spots, domes, and chaos terrain are probably related to tidally driven ice convection along with partial melting within the ice shell. Europa's geological activity and probable mantle contact permit the chemical ingredients necessary for life to be present within the satellite's ocean. Astonishing geology and high astrobiological potential make Europa a top priority for future spacecraft exploration, with a primary goal of assessing its habitability.
The GIS book

Part 1 Defining GIS: an overview of the GIS industry and GIS software defining a GIS using a GIS why implement a GIS? GIS technology trends four leading GIS products in review. Part 2 Selecting and implementing a GIS: implementing a GIS the need for planning a GIS selecting a GIS keys to successful implementation the pitfalls of a GIS using a GIS consultant staffing a GIS financial justification of GIS base map accuracy getting CADD data into a GIS a case study in GIS implementation - Prince William County, Virginia. Appendices: resources for GIS information and training glossary of commonly-used GIS terms.
Assessment of a land-locked Atlantic salmon ( Salmo salar L . ) population as a potential genetic resource with a focus on long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acid biosynthesis

Article history: Received 23 September 2015 Received in revised form 15 December 2015 Accepted 18 December 2015 Available online 28 December 2015 The natural food for Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) in freshwater has relatively lower levels of omega−3 (n−3) long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (LC-PUFA) than found in prey for post-smolt salmon in seawater. Landlocked salmon such as the Gullspång population feed exclusively on freshwater type lipids during its entire life cycle, a successful adaptation derived from divergent evolution. Studying land-locked populations may provide insights into the molecular and genetic control mechanisms that determine and regulate n−3 LC-PUFA biosynthesis and retention in Atlantic salmon. A two factorial study was performed comparing land-locked and farmed salmon parr fed diets formulated with fish or rapeseed oil for 8 weeks. The land-locked parr had higher capacity to synthesise n−3 LC-PUFA as indicated by higher expression and activity of desaturase and elongase enzymes. The data suggested that the land-locked salmonhad reduced sensitivity to dietary fatty acid composition and that dietary docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) did not appear to suppress expression of LC-PUFA biosynthetic genes or activity of the biosynthesis pathway, probably an evolutionary adaptation to a natural diet lower in DHA. Increased biosynthetic activity did not translate to enhanced n−3 LC-PUFA contents in the flesh and diet was the only factor affecting this parameter. Additionally, high lipogenic and glycolytic potentials were found in land-locked salmon, together with decreased lipolysis which in turn could indicate increased use of carbohydrates as an energy source and a sparing of lipid. © 2015 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
Chloroplast microsatellites : measures of genetic diversity and the effect of homoplasy 1

16 Chloroplast microsatellites have been widely used in population genetic studies of 17 conifers in recent years. However, their haplotype configurations suggest that they could 18 have high levels of homoplasy, thus limiting the power of these molecular markers. A 19 coalescent-based computer simulation was used to explore the influence of homoplasy on 20 measures of genetic diversity based on chloroplast microsatellites. The conditions of the 21 simulation were defined to fit isolated populations originating from the colonization of 22 one single haplotype into an area left available after a glacial retreat. Simulated data were 23 compared with empirical data available from the literature for a species of Pinus that has 24 expanded north after the last glacial maximum. In the evaluation of genetic diversity, 25 homoplasy was found to have little influence on Nei's unbiased haplotype diversity (H e) 26 while Goldstein's genetic distance estimates (D 2 sh) were much more affected. The effect 27 of the number of chloroplast microsatellite loci for evaluation of genetic diversity is also 28 discussed.
On the field‐to‐current conversion factors for large bipolar lightning discharge events in winter thunderstorms in Japan

In this paper we have simulated the far‐field waveform characteristic of large bipolar events (LBEs) occurred in winter thunderstorms in Japan and compared the field‐to‐current conversion factors (FCCFs) of LBEs with that of the lightning cloud‐to‐ground (CG) return stroke (RS) in summer thunderstorm. As for the physical process of LBEs, Wu et al. (2014) considered that LBEs may be very similar to the typical lightning RS (RS‐like process) or caused by an initial continuous current pulse (ICC‐like process) in upward lightning flashes. We assume that the lightning channel length of LBEs ranges from 500 m to 1000 m, and the height of tall object struck by LBEs is from 100 m to 300 m. By using the bouncing wave model, we found that only when the injected current waveform of LBEs is characterized with a symmetric Gaussian pulse, the simulated far‐field waveform of LBEs both for RS‐like process and ICC‐like process is similar to that observed by Wu et al. (2014). For striking tall objects with heights from 100 m and 300 m, the FCCFs of LBEs are positively correlated with its channel length and derivatives of injected current waveform, and the FCCF for RS‐like process is about similar to that for ICC‐like process. However, the FCCFs of LBEs are very different from lightning RS in summer thunderstorm; that is to say, the FCCFs developed for the well‐known lightning RS in summer thunderstorm are not suitable for LBEs.
A mutual climatic range method for reconstructing palaeoclimate from plant remains

The mutual climatic range (MCR) technique for reconstructing palaeoclimate relies on establishing the present-day climatic tolerance ranges of living species which are also found as fossils in Quaternary deposits. The palaeoclimate under which the species in a fossil assemblage co-existed can be inferred to lie within the intersection of the individual species' tolerance ranges. This paper describes a factor analysis of modern European climate data to determine two compound variables that describe the main features of the climate: 'summer warmth and dryness' and 'wetness and winter warmth'. Distribution maps of 80 plants from Atlas Florae Europaeae were combined with the climate data to determine each species' climatic range in factor space. MCRs were determined for two living plant assemblages from southeast England and found to give a reliable, although rather imprecise, reconstruction of the true thermal and precipitation climate. Reconstructions for two plant macro-fossil assemblages from Devensian gravels at Earith, Cambridgeshire, demonstrated palaeoclimates that were colder and more continental than the present, but with similar total amounts of precipitation. The study demonstrates the potential of the MCR method for use with Quaternary macrofossil plant remains, although there are methodological drawbacks in employing a climate-space defined by factor analysis.
Resilience of the rural employment sector to economic shocks in India

The study explores the effect of recent economic shocks due to policy changes and the COVID-19 pandemic on rural employment in India. The study uses three cases;(i) demonetization, (ii) Goods and Service Tax (GST) implementation, and the recent (iii) COVID-19 pandemic to explore the resilience of employment in the rural regions of India. The study used state-level data estimates on rural employment in India provided by CMIE, employment data from NSSO, and migration data from the population census. A modified version of interrupted time series analysis within the beta regression framework was used to quantify the effect of shocks. The study shows that the rural unemployment rates increased after economic shocks as per expectations. The effects were smaller in the case of demonetization but were significantly higher in the case of GST. Early trends suggest a significant short-term effect due to COVID-19-induced shock on unemployment. The study shows that the urban sector is more resilient than the rural sector. The study highlights the need for employment guarantee programmes and direct assistance during the shocks to increase the resilience of the rural economy.
Extended DNA threading through a dual-engine motor module in the activating signal co-integrator complex

Activating signal co-integrator complex (ASCC) supports diverse genome maintenance and gene expression processes. Its ASCC3 subunit is an unconventional nucleic acid helicase, harboring tandem Ski2-like NTPase/helicase cassettes crucial for ASCC functions. Presently, the molecular mechanisms underlying ASCC3 helicase activity and regulation remain unresolved. Here, we present cryogenic electron microscopy, DNA-protein cross-linking/mass spectrometry as well as in vitro and cellular functional analyses of the ASCC3-ASC1/TRIP4 sub-module of ASCC. Unlike the related spliceosomal SNRNP200 RNA helicase, ASCC3 can thread substrates through both helicase cassettes. ASC1 docks on ASCC3 via a zinc �nger domain and stimulates the helicase by positioning a C-terminal ASC1-homology domain next to the C-terminal helicase cassette of ASCC3, likely assisting the DNA exit. ASC1 binds ASCC3 mutually exclusively with the DNA/RNA dealkylase, ALKBH3, directing ASCC for speci�c processes. Our �ndings de�ne ASCC3-ASC1/TRIP4 as a tunable motor module of ASCC that encompasses two cooperating ATPase/helicase units functionally expanded by ASC1/TRIP4.
Geo-spatial distribution of radio refractivity and the influence of fade depth on microwave propagation signals over Nigeria

The need for more bandwidth for a broad range of purposes necessitates research into how radio refractivity, multipath fading, and geoclimatic variables affect terrestrial and satellite propagation links. In this study, a geographical distribution approach to radio refractivity and fade depth over five locations in Nigeria—Akure, Enugu, Jos, Minna, and Sokoto based on five-year (2017–2021) measured data of atmospheric pressure, relative humidity, and temperature—at two levels (ground surface and 100 m heights). The results demonstrated the percentage occurrence of the dry terms dominating the radio refractivity constituent at the surface level, with a minimum and maximum contributions of about 78 and 92%, while at heights of 100 m, the percentage occurrence of the dry terms dominated the radio respectively refractivity constituent, contributing a minimum of about 79% and a maximum of about 92%. The spatial distribution reveals that, regardless of height, the tropical rainforest (TRF) and freshwater swampy mangrove (FWSM) regions reported the highest values of radio refractivity. The statistical estimate shows that fading values can differ by as much as 1.5 dB, especially near the TRF and FWSM coastlines, even during clear air conditions. The current findings will be helpful for budgeting Earth-space microwave links, particularly for the rollout 5G and future-generation microcellular networks in Nigeria.
Autonomous MicroED data collection enables compositional analysis

MicroED is an effective method for analyzing the structural properties of sub-micron crystals, which are frequently found in small-molecule powders. By developing and using an autonomous and high throughput approach to MicroED, we demonstrate the expansion of capabilities and the possibility of performing complete compositional analysis of complex samples. With the use of SerialEM for data collection of thousands of datasets from thousands of crystals and an automated processing pipeline, compositional analysis of complex mixtures of organic and inorganic compounds can be accurately executed. Quantitative analysis suitable for compounds having similar chemical properties can be made on the fly. These compounds can be distinguished by their crystal structure properties prior to structure solution. Additionally, with sufficient statistics from the autonomous approach, even small amounts of compounds in mixtures can be reliably detected. Finally, atomic structures can be determined from the thousands of data sets.
A logical approach to the design storm concept

Flood estimation using isolated event simulation models requires selection of a suitable combination of design storm and antecedent conditions. Current practice in storm drainage design is to adopt arbitrarily a storm duration, profile, and catchment wetness and to assume that the return periods of rainfall depth and flood peak are equal. This paper describes how sensitivity analysis may be used to examine the relationship between rainfall and flood return periods and, thereby, to determine systematically a suitable set of design inputs which give a peak runoff of the required return period. This process permits this particular model to be used with confidence in design as well as in simulation.
Critical Scenario Identi�cation for Realistic Testing of Autonomous Driving Systems

Autonomous driving has become an important research area for road traﬃc, whereas testing of autonomous driving systems to ensure a safe and reliable operation remains an open challenge. Substantial real-world testing or massive driving data collection does not scale since the potential test scenarios in real-world traﬃc are inﬁnite, and covering large shares of them in the test is impractical. Thus, critical ones have to be prioritized. We have developed for critical test scenario identiﬁcation and in this study, we implement the approach and validate it on two real autonomous driving systems from industry by integrating it into their tool-chain. Our main contribution in this work is the demonstration and validation of our approach for critical scenario identiﬁcation for testing real autonomous driving systems.
Behavioral / Systems / Cognitive Reinforcement Learning Signals Predict Future Decisions

Optimal behavior in a competitive world requires the flexibility to adapt decision strategies based on recent outcomes. In the present study, we tested the hypothesis that this flexibility emerges through a reinforcement learning process, in which reward prediction errors are used dynamically to adjust representations of decision options. We recorded event-related brain potentials (ERPs) while subjects played a strategic economic game against a computer opponent to evaluate how neural responses to outcomes related to subsequent decision-making. Analyses of ERP data focused on the feedback-related negativity (FRN), an outcome-locked potential thought to reflect a neural prediction error signal. Consistent with predictions of a computational reinforcement learning model, we found that the magnitude of ERPs after losing to the computer opponent predicted whether subjects would change decision behavior on the subsequent trial. Furthermore, FRNs to decision outcomes were disproportionately larger over the motor cortex contralateral to the response hand that was used to make the decision. These findings provide novel evidence that humans engage a reinforcement learning process to adjust representations of competing decision options.
On potential-based shape derivatives of the electromagnetic transmission problem

Domain derivatives are an important tool to characterize and compute shape derivatives. If some quantity of interest depends on the shape of an object such as the obstacle in a scattering problem, shape derivatives are used to describe the eﬀect of variations of the shape on that quantity. We here consider the scattering of time-harmonic electromagnetic waves by a pene-trable obstacle. As an alternative to the formulation using the Maxwell system, the problem may be posed as a coupled system of Helmholtz equations with complicated transmission conditions. We prove equivalence of the two formulations and then proceed to characterize the domain derivatives of the scattered ﬁelds in the potential formulation. Our main result is the equivalence of the characterizations of such derivatives in the Maxwell and in the potential based problem formulation
Covid-19 MLIA Information Extraction Task Round 1 Presentation and Main Findings

In this paper, we present the information extraction task proposed in the ﬁrst round of the Covid-19 MLIA @ Eval Initiative. During this ﬁrst round, we proposed to identify six categories of information potentially relevant for the Covid-19 issue (sign or symptom and disease, medical test, drug and treatment, legal rules, everyday life actions, and ﬁndings), on texts available in seven languages (English, French, German, Greek, Italian, Spanish, and Swedish). Since no gold standard annotations were given, the participants reused their existing tools and ressources. Four teams participated in this task.
Is There a Need for Neo-Cartography?

These days more and more maps are being produced and used by more people than ever before. This seems to be a very positive development for those who are in favor of maps. The increase can be witnessed both in a professional environment (e.g., geoscientists) and the public environment (individuals). For both groups, the tools to collect, process and visualize data are affordable, easily accessible, and usable. The geoscientist has professional software available, but also makes use of the solutions offered to the general public, such as Google maps. The public also uses map products that through mash-up technology are often disguised in Web 2.0 applications. These are part of the new social media that stimulate people to share all kind of information like photographs, videos, and texts. This information has been collected by location-enabled mobile phones and cameras, and can be put on a map. Are these developments also favorable for the cartographic discipline? As most of us have learned, maps are effective because they present a selection from reality via a well-designed symbolization. Good maps are relatively empty and have a clear visual hierarchy to emphasize the important. The nature of the new maps is quite different. It seems they always show data complexity or chaos. Both geoscientists and the public tend to put everything they have on the map. Expectations have also changed, as Clark (2008) observed: ”We no longer look at the map to see where we are, on the contrary, we tell the map where we are, and the map shapes itself around us”. The cartographic discipline cannot ignore these trends that seem to happen on two sides of mainstream cartography: in the advanced scientific domain (geovisual analytics) and in the public domain (neogeography). Both domains will be briefly described in the next sections. Communication about maps and cartography is no longer through professional publications only. The new media like blogs, Facebook and Twitter have a wide influence. One might find challenging Is There a Need for Neo-Cartography?