Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
A compact LED-based phase measuring deflectometry setup

A compact LED illumination based shape measurement system of glossy surfaces is presented. The system is based on Phase Measuring Deflectometry (PMD). In this system the sinusoidal fringe pattern is formed using photographic 35 mm film frame which is illuminated from behind using LED and diffuser. Beam splitter is used to combine x- and y-direction fringe patterns, which are needed by PMD. Phase shifting is generated manually using translational stages and micrometer actuators. Compared to digital fringes displayed on the screen, our LED based setup can provide higher power, completely diffuse light and produce smoother sinusoidal fringes with continuous intensity distribution. LED usage enables also pulsed illumination to freeze sample movement. The resolution of the method is submicron level. Due to the compact size this setup is promising in the small scale measurement field.
On Nonadiabatic Processes in Inhomogeneous Fields

The problem of calculating nonadiabatic transition probabilities is considered. It is shown that the general Guttinger equations are incorrect and lead to erroneous results in.any case other than that of the rotating magnetic field, which he considered. The corrected equations are applied in the calculation of the transition probabilities between the various magnetic states of a field precessing with constant angular velocity.
The AIMI Initiative: AI-Generated Annotations for Imaging Data Commons Collections

The Image Data Commons (IDC) contains publicly available cancer radiology datasets that could be pertinent to the research and development of advanced imaging tools and algorithms. However, the full extent of its research capabilities is limited by the fact that these datasets have few if any, annotations associated with them. Through this study with the Artificial Intelligence (AI) AI in Medical Imaging (AIMI) initiative, we produced high-quality, AI-generated imaging annotations of tissues, organs, and/or cancers for 11 distinct medical imaging collections from the IDC. These collections have a variety of image modalities, computed tomography (CT), magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), and positron emission tomography (PET) imaging modalities. Furthermore, the imaging collections cover various body parities, such as the chest, breast, kidneys, prostate, and liver. Both publicly available and novel AI algorithms were adopted and further developed using open-sourced data coupled with expert annotations to create the AI-generated annotations. A portion of the AI annotations were reviewed and corrected by a radiologist to assess the AI model's performance. Both the AI's and the radiologist's annotations conformed to DICOM standards for seamless integration into the IDC collections as third-party analyses. All the models and datasets (images and annotations) are publicly accessible.
Predictability Studies of the Intraseasonal Oscillation with the ECHAM5 GCM

Abstract Our ability to predict active and break periods of the Asian summer monsoon is intimately tied to our ability to predict the intraseasonal oscillation (ISO). The present study analyzes the upper limit of potential predictability of the northern summer ISO, as it is simulated by the ECHAM5 atmospheric general circulation model forced with climatological SSTs. The leading extended empirical orthogonal functions of precipitation, computed from a 10-yr control simulation, are used to define four different phases of the ISO. Fourteen-member ensembles of 90-day hindcasts are run for each phase of the three strongest ISO events identified in the 10-yr control run. Initial conditions for each ensemble are created from the control simulation using a breeding method. The signal-to-noise ratio is analyzed over a region that covers the core of the Asian summer monsoon activity. Over Southeast Asia, the upper limit for predictability of precipitation and 200-hPa zonal wind is about 27 and 33 days, respectivel.
Axisymmetric free vibrations of piezolectric finite cylindrical bone

Axisymmetric vibrations in a finite piezoelectric circular solid cylinder of class 6 or 6 mm is considered. A series solution is derived and the natural frequencies are found for the vibration of the solid cylinder with traction‐free and electric potential‐free surfaces. The series solution converges rapidly with few terms. The numerical results are carried out for the piezoelectric bone (class 6) and PZT4 (class 6 mm). The modes of vibrations are calculated for various half‐height to radius ratios and plotted graphically. The stresses and electric potential distribution over the entire cylinder are also presented graphically.
Two alternatives for solving hyperbolic boundary value problems of geophysical fluid dynamics

Linear internal waves in inviscid bounded fluids generally give a mathematically ill-posed problem since hyperbolic equations are combined with elliptic boundary conditions. Such problems are difficult to solve. Two new approaches are added to the existing methods: the first solves the two-dimensional spatial wave equation by iteratively adjusting Cauchy data such that boundary conditions are satisfied along a predefined boundary. After specifying the data in this way, solutions can be computed using the d'Alembert formula. The second new approach can numerically solve a wider class of two dimensional linear hyperbolic boundary value problems by using a ‘boundary collocation’ technique. This method gives solutions in the form of a partial sum of analytic functions that are, from a practical point of view, more easy to handle than solutions obtained from characteristics. Collocation points have to be prescribed along certain segments of the boundary but also in the so-called fundamental intervals, regions along the boundary where Cauchy data can be given arbitrarily without over-or under-determining the problem. Three prototypical hyperbolic boundary value problems are solved with this method: the Poincaré, the Telegraph, and the Tricomi boundary value problem. All solutions show boundary-detached internal shear layers, typical for hyperbolic boundary value problems. For the Tricomi problem it is found that the matrix that has to be inverted to find solutions from the collocation approach is ill-conditioned; thus solutions depend on the distribution of the collocation points and need to be regularized.
Simple Inflationary Models in Light of BICEP2: an Update

The BICEP2 (CMB polarimeter) experiment has recently announced the discovery of inflationary gravitational waves in the B-mode power spectrum, with the tensor to scalar ratio r = 0.20+0.07-0.05. If confirmed, this provides a tremendous boost for a class of inflationary models in which the energy scale during inflation is on the order of 10^16 GeV. Inspired by this discovery, we provide an update on five relatively well motivated inflationary models in which the inflaton is a Standard Model singlet scalar field. These include i) the textbook quadratic and quartic potential models but with additional couplings of the inflaton to fermions and bosons, which enable reheating and also modify the naive predictions for the scalar spectral index n_s and r, ii) models with Higgs and Coleman-Weinberg potentials, and finally iii) a quartic potential model with non-minimal coupling of the inflaton to gravity. For n_s values close to 0.96, as determined by the WMAP9 and Planck experiments, the all-important parameter r in these models is nicely compatible with the BICEP2 measurements. The running of the scalar spectral index, quantified by |dn_s/dlnk|, is predicted in these models to be of order 10^-4-10^-3.
Influence of Cloud-Top Height and Geometric Thickness on a MODIS Infrared-Based Ice Cloud Retrieval

Abstract The retrieval of ice cloud microphysical and optical properties from satellite-based infrared observation remains a challenging research topic, partly because of the sensitivity of observed infrared radiances to many surface and atmospheric parameters that vary on fine spatial and temporal scales. In this study, the sensitivity of an infrared-based ice cloud retrieval to effective cloud temperature is investigated, with a focus on the effects of cloud-top height and geometric thickness. To illustrate the sensitivity, the authors first simulate brightness temperatures at 8.5 and 11.0 μm using the discrete ordinates radiative transfer (DISORT) model for five cloud-top heights ranging from 8 to 16 km and for varying cloud geometric thicknesses of 1, 2, 3, and 5 km. The simulations are performed across a range of visible optical thicknesses from 0.1 to 10 and ice cloud effective diameters from 30 to 100 μm. Furthermore, the effective particle size and optical thickness of ice clouds are retrieved fro.
Microphone Array Wind Tunnel Measurements of Reynolds Number Effects in High-Speed Train Aeroacoustics

The present study focuses on the Reynolds number dependence of high-speed train aeroacoustic sound sources. To cover a wide range of Reynolds numbers the experimental investigations are carried out on a 1: 25 scale-model of the high-speed train Inter City Express 3 by conducting microphone array measurements in two wind tunnels. The latter are the Aeroacoustic Wind tunnel (AWB) of the German Aerospace Center (DLR) in Brunswick, providing nearly perfect acoustical conditions, and the Cryogenic wind tunnel (DNW-KKK) of the DNW (German -Dutch wind tunnels) in Cologne, allowing measurements at higher Reynolds numbers. Two types of sound sources with different characteristics at Reynolds numbers of up to Re = 0.46 × 106 have been identified by measurements in the AWB. It was found, that the aeroacoustic noise from the bogie section is dominant for frequencies f < 5 kHz and can be characterised by cavity mode excitation. Further, the pantograph is the dominant sound source above f = 5 kHz with an Aeolian tone characteristic. Additional aeroacoustic measurements have been conducted in the cryogenic wind tunnel DNW-KKK in order to analyse the Reynolds number dependence of the noise generated at the first bogie, for higher Reynolds numbers of up to Re = 3.70 × 106. The DNW-KKK admits varying the Mach and Reynolds numbers independently. These measurements reveal only a weak Reynolds number dependence of the noise source generated at the first bogie.
On the steady laminar flow of an incompressible viscous fluid in a curved pipe of elliptical cross-section

A literature survey (Berger, Talbot & Yao 1983) indicates that laminar viscous flow in curved pipes has been extensively investigated. Most of the existing analytical results deal with the case of circular cross-section. The important studies dealing with elliptical cross-sections are mainly due to Thomas & Walters (1965) and Srivastava (1980). The analysis of Thomas & Walters is based on Dean's (1927, 1928) approach in which the simplified forms of the momentum and continuity equations have been used. The analysis of Srivastava is essentially a seminumerical approach, in which no explicit expressions have been presented. In this paper, using elliptic coordinates and following the unsimplified formulation of Topakoglu (1967), the flow in a curved pipe of elliptical cross-section is analysed. Two different geometries have been considered: (i) with the major axis of the ellipse placed in the direction of the radius of curvature; and (ii) with the minor axis of the ellipse placed in the direction of the radius of curvature. For both cases explicit expressions for the first term of the expansion of the secondary-flow stream function as a function of the ellipticity ratio of the elliptic section have been obtained. After selecting a typical numerical value for the ellipticity ratio, the secondary-flow streamlines are plotted. The results are compared with that of Thomas & Walters. The remaining terms of the expansion of the flow field are not included, but they will be analysed in a future paper.
Photoacoustic spectroscopy of weakly absorbing media using nanosecond laser pulses

The anomalous behavior of the expansion coefficient of water near 4 °C was studied in a thin photoacoustic cell. We show that the thermal expansion of water vanishes at temperatures lower than 3 ºC when the optical path is shortened below 0.1 mm. We explain this behavior in terms of less favorable hydrogen bonding near the surface of water, which becomes relevant when the fraction of molecules near the surface contributes appreciable to the observed photoacoustic signal. The photoacoustic spectra of water and oleic acid in a thin photoacoustic cell matches the optical spectra from 720 nm to 2200 nm. The high sensitivity of the front-face photoacoustic cell allows for spectroscopy of weakly absorbing media but surface effects may have to be taken into account.
NONPARAMETRIC FRONTIER ESTIMATION: A CONDITIONAL QUANTILE-BASED APPROACH

In frontier analysis, most of the nonparametric approaches (free disposal hull [FDH], data envelopment analysis [DEA]) are based on envelopment ideas, and their statistical theory is now mostly available. However, by construction, they are very sensitive to outliers. Recently, a robust nonparametric estimator has been suggested by Cazals, Florens, and Simar (2002, Journal of Econometrics 1, 1–25). In place of estimating the full frontier, they propose rather to estimate an expected frontier of order m. Similarly, we construct a new nonparametric estimator of the efficient frontier. It is based on conditional quantiles of an appropriate distribution associated with the production process. We show how these quantiles are interesting in efficiency analysis. We provide the statistical theory of the obtained estimators. We illustrate with some simulated examples and a frontier analysis of French post offices, showing the advantage of our estimators compared with the estimators of the expected maximal output frontiers of order m.We thank J.P. Florens for helpful discussions and C. Cazals for providing the post office data set. We also are very grateful to the referees for useful suggestions.
Analysis and design of I/O based variable structure adaptive control

This paper presents an overview of a technique for the design of variable structure model reference adaptive control (VS-MRAC) systems, using only input-output data. The main ideas underlying the design and the analysis, as well as the main properties of the controller, are described having as point of departure a well known parameter adaptive MRAC scheme. Then, asymptotic properties of the VS-MRAC system are established taking into account the effect of the averaging filters necessary to implement some equivalent control signals. In particular, global exponential stability of the associated error system with respect to a small residual set is demonstrated. The effect of linear zones in the relay functions is assessed showing that they can alleviate the chattering phenomena. This is related with the fact that the VS-MRAC has a high-gain stability property. A procedure for noise sensitivity reduction is also proposed. Simulations illustrate the very satisfactory performance of the VS-MRAC in adverse operating conditions. >
Forced Waves in a Baroclinic Shear Flow. Part I: Undamped Evolution near the Baroclinic Instability Threshold

Abstract The properties of forced waves in a two-layer baroclinic fluid are considered. The mean shear is taken to be just smaller than the critical value required for baroclinic instability. A nonlinear evolution equation is derived for the response of the system to weak forcing at a frequency close to resonance. A steady solution exists but under certain circumstances is unstable, in which case the wave undergoes a vacillation cycle, exchanging energy periodically with the mean flow. In general, the wave performs either a small-amplitude vacillation about the steady solution or a larger vacillation akin to that arising from the instability. Which type of solution is chosen depends on forcing amplitude, frequency and initial conditions.
A new epoch of quantum manipulation

The behavior of individual microscopic particles, such as an atom (or a photon), predicted using quantum mechanics, is dramatically different from the behavior of classical particles, such as a planet, determined using classical mechanics. How can the counter-intuitive behavior of the microscopic particle be verified and manipulated experimentally? David Wineland and Serge Haroche, who were awarded the Nobel Prize in physics in 2012, developed a set of methods to isolate the ions and photons from their environment to create a genuine quantum system. Furthermore, they also developed methods to measure and manipulate these quantum systems, which open a path not only to explore the fundamental principles of quantum mechanics, but also to develop a much faster computer: a quantum computer.
Symmetry analysis of electronic states for crystals with spiral magnetic order. I. General properties

This paper is devoted to the systematic study of questions concerning the use of spin-space groups (SSG) in calculation and qualitative analysis of the electronic states for crystals with spiral magnetic order. The types of operators that may enter into the symmetry group of a spiral are investigated. Introduction of the wavevector of an electronic state on the basis of the generalized Bloch theorem is discussed, and it is shown that the possibility of the choice of the wavevector is not unique. The condition imposed on the symmetry operations belonging to the group of a given Bloch vector and the formula describing the symmetry of eigenvalues in reciprocal space are obtained and appear to be substantially different from counterparts used in traditional cases of collinear and non-magnetic crystals. It is shown that, contrary to the traditional cases, there are spiral structures whose spectral symmetry is described by non-symmorphic space groups. The irreducible domain of reciprocal space is found for a number of concrete spiral structures. Methods of construction of the SSG double-valued irreducible representations and also of their basis functions are suggested. Special attention is devoted to the possibility of using the corresponding tables of ordinary space groups. In particular, it is shown that for spirals with hexagonal close-packed crystal structure the traditional tables may be used after minor corrections. The peculiarities of allowance for the operation of time inversion are discussed.
Surface Properties of a Ferromagnet Near the Critical Temperature: Molecular-Field Approximation

The thermodynamic properties associated with the surface layer of a Heisenberg ferromagnet on the semi-infinite simple cubic lattice are examined systematically in the molecular-field approximation. The surface critical temperature and the critical exponents are determined for various ratios of the surface exchange constant Js=(1+ Delta )J to the bulk exchange constant J. It is found that the surface critical temperature Tcs is higher than the bulk transition temperature Tcb for 4 Delta >1. In this case the surface critical exponents are identical with the bulk exponents. On the other hand, for 4 Delta <1, it is found that the surface and the bulk phase transitions occur at the same temperature, but with different critical exponents.
Exploring the Universality of Sonoluminescence

Author(s): Bataller, Alexander William | Advisor(s): Putterman, Seth J | Abstract: Sonoluminescence is the phenomenon whereby acoustic energy is converted into light through the violent collapse of gas bubbles in a liquid. A salient feature of sonoluminescence is the emission of a blackbody spectrum. Recent experiments have shown that the flashes of light from sonoluminescence are generated from a dense plasma characterized by an unusually high electron density. Furthermore, this plasma is a new state of matter whose properties are derived from a thermodynamic equation of state and is independent of how it was generated. In this dissertation, the universality of sonoluminescence is tested and its plasma properties are explored. Highly-ionized dense plasmas are confirmed in two different sonoluminescence systems using new experimental techniques. Plasmas are generated in high-pressure gases for two different systems whose properties are remarkably similar to sonoluminescence in temperature and ionization. Taken together, these experiments show that the plasma of sonoluminescence is not unique to itself and is consistent with a newly-discovered phase of matter.
Ultrahigh-resolution FDOCT system for dermatology

We developed an ultra high resolution Fourier-Domain-OCT (FD-OCT) system for the use in dermatology. An axial resolution of less than 3 μm within the tissue was achieved by superimposing two broadband SLDs. FDOCT systems offer new possibilities for the design of the interferometer and the application system. Since no phase modulator is needed, the reference plane can be realized within the application system. This leads to a substantial improvement in the sensitivity against polarisation mode dispersion (PMD). It furthermore makes an elaborate chromatic dispersion matching obsolete. Two different applicaton system were compared. In the first system the reference wave was created by a plane plate just a few 100 μm above the probe. In the second approach an extra beam splitter and a mirror to generate the reference wave was used.
Empirical model of proton fluxes in the equatorial inner magnetosphere: 2. Properties and applications

[1] The most probable magnetospheric condition during solar minimum is investigated by using the empirical model of the equatorial proton fluxes presented by Milillo et al. [2001]. The model consists of several segments that reproduce the effects of different physical processes. Those segments describing particle injection and diffusion in the equatorial magnetosphere are considered. The model provides an overall picture of the magnetosphere plasma distributions, thus allowing estimates of the major physical parameters. From this statistical distribution we reconstruct the pattern of the electric field equipotential lines on the equatorial plane. We compute drift paths of test particles at different initial energies and positions, and we focus on both open and closed trajectories and examine through energy-time spectrograms typical features, like dawn-dusk asymmetries of particle transport or flux depletions at specific energies (ion spectral gaps). Some selected parameters of the model are properly varied in order to investigate its possible capability to reproduce different magnetospheric conditions.
Long pulse acceleration of MeV class high power density negative H− ion beam for ITER

R&D of high power density negative ion beam acceleration has been carried out at MeV test facility in JAEA to realize ITER neutral beam accelerator. The main target is H− ion beam acceleration up to 1 MeV with 200 A/m2 for 60 s whose pulse length is the present facility limit. For long pulse acceleration at high power density, new extraction grid (EXG) has been developed with high cooling capability, which electron suppression magnet is placed under cooling channel similar to ITER. In addition, aperture size of electron suppression grid (ESG) is enlarged from 14 mm to 16 mm to reduce direct interception on the ESG and emission of secondary electron which leads to high heat load on the upstream acceleration grid. By enlarging ESG aperture, beam current increased 10 % at high current beam and total acceleration grid heat load reduced from 13 % to 10 % of input power at long pulse beam. In addition, heat load by back stream positive ion into the EXG is measured for the first time and is estimated as 0.3 % of.