Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Efficacy and Safety of Apixaban Compared With Warfarin at Different Levels of Predicted International Normalized Ratio Control for Stroke Prevention in Atrial Fibrillation

Background— In the Apixaban for Reduction in Stroke and Other Thromboembolic Events in Atrial Fibrillation (ARISTOTLE) trial, apixaban compared with warfarin reduced stroke and systemic embolism, major bleeding, and mortality. We evaluated treatment effects in relation to 2 predictions of time in therapeutic range (TTR). Methods and Results— The trial randomized 18 201 patients with atrial fibrillation to apixaban 5 mg twice daily or warfarin for at least 12 months. For each patient, a center average TTR was estimated with the use of a linear mixed model on the basis of the real TTRs in its warfarin-treated patients, with a fixed effect for country and random effect for center. For each patient, an individual TTR was also predicted with the use of a linear mixed effects model including patient characteristics as well. Median center average TTR was 66% (interquartile limits, 61% and 71%). Rates of stroke or systemic embolism, major bleeding, and mortality were consistently lower with apixaban than with warfarin across center average TTR and individual TTR quartiles. In the lowest and highest center average TTR quartiles, hazard ratios for stroke or systemic embolism were 0.73 (95% confidence interval [CI], 0.53–1.00) and 0.88 (95% CI, 0.57–1.35) (Pinteraction=0.078), for mortality were 0.91 (95% CI, 0.74–1.13) and 0.91 (95% CI, 0.71–1.16) (Pinteraction=0.34), and for major bleeding were 0.50 (95% CI, 0.36–0.70) and 0.75 (95% CI, 0.58–0.97) (Pinteraction=0.095), respectively. Similar results were seen for quartiles of individual TTR. Conclusions— The benefits of apixaban compared with warfarin for stroke or systemic embolism, bleeding, and mortality appear similar across the range of centers’ and patients’ predicted quality of international normalized ratio control. Clinical Trial Registration— URL: http://www.clinicaltrials. gov. Unique identifier: NCT00412984.
Psychology for A-level

Introduction 1. An introduction to Psychology 2. Human memory 3. Attachments in development 4. Stress 5. Abnormality 6. Social influence 7. Research methods 8. Social cognition 9. Relationships 10. Pro- and anti-social behaviour 11. Brain and Behaviour 12. Biological rhythms, sleep and dreaming 13. Motivation and emotion 14. Attention and pattern recognition 15. Perceptual processes and development 16. Language and thought 17. Cognitive development 18. Social and personality development 19. Adulthood 20. Determinants of animal behaviour 21. Animal cognition 22. Evolutionary explanations of human behaviour 23. Issues in the classification and diagnosis of psychological abnormality 24. Psychopathology 25. Treating mental disorders 26. Issues and debates in psychology 27. Coursework issues References Index
Sex Differentiation in an All-Female (XX) Rainbow Trout Population with a Genetically Governed Masculinization Phenotype

Sex determination is known to be male heterogametic in the rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss; however, scattered observations that deviate from this rather strict genetic control have been reported. Here, we provide a detailed morphological and histological characterization of the gonadal differentiation and development (from 43 days postfertilization to 11 months of age) in an all-female (XX) population with a genetically governed masculinization phenotype. In comparison with control males and females, the gonadal differentiation in these animals was characterized by many perturbations, including significantly fewer germ cells. This decrease in germ cells was confirmed by the significantly decreased expression of 2 germ cell maker genes (vasa and sycp3) in the masculinized XX populations as compared with the control females and control males. Although only a proportion of the total adult population was partially or fully masculinized, this early differentiating phenotype affected nearly all the sampled animals. This suggests that the adult masculinization phenotype is the consequence of an early functional imbalance in ovarian differentiation in the entire population. We hypothesize that the lower number of germ cells that we observed in this population could be one cause of their masculinization.
Fabrication and release of SU-8 structures on soft substrate

A recent trend in biosensors and biomedical devices is the fabrication of compact, high aspect ratio and free-standing biocompatible structures with application as force sensors, micro-needle-based drug delivery systems, array of chemical sensors, etc. SU-8 photoresist is a promising candidate to fulfill such structure. Poly(Dimethylsiloxane) has been used as the sacrificial layer to successfully release the SU-8 structures without the use of any specialized equipment, like a dicing saw.
Hierarchical cache design for enhancing TCP over heterogeneous networks with wired and wireless links

In this paper, we propose a two-layer hierarchical cache architecture for enhancing TCP performance over heterogeneous networks with both wired and wireless links. A new network-layer protocol, called New Snoop, is designed. The main idea is to cache the unacknowledged packets at both the mobile switch center (MSG) and base station (BS), thus forming a two-layer cache hierarchy. If a packet is lost due to transmission errors in the wireless link, the BS takes the responsibility to recover the loss. When a handoff occurs during a TCP connection session, the packets cached in MSC can help to minimize the latency of retransmissions due to temporal disconnection. Simulation results show that using New Snoop is significantly more robust in dealing with unreliable wireless inks and handoffs as compared with the Snoop scheme (Balakrishnan et al. 1995) as well as other existing TCP enhancements.
Attachment processes in couple and family therapy

Part I: Relevance of Attachment Theory for Clinical Practice. Johnson, Introduction to Attachment: A Therapist's Guide to Primary Relationships and their Renewal. Schachner, Shaver, Mikulincer, Adult Attachment Theory, Psychodynamics, and Couple Relationships: An Overview. Hazan, The Essential Nature of Couple Relationships. Scharfe, Stability and Change of Attachment Representations from Cradle to Grave. Carlson, Harwood, Alternate Pathways to Competence: Culture and Early Attachment Relationships. Part II: Models of Clinical Intervention. Johnson, Attachment Theory: A Guide for Couple Therapy. Davila, Attachment Processes in Couple Therapy: Informing Behavioral Models. Kobak, Mandelbaum, Caring for the Caregiver: An Attachment Approach to Assessment and Treatment of Child Problems. Levy, Orlans, Creating and Repairing Attachments in Biological, Foster, and Adoptive Families. Diamond, Stern, Attachment-Based Family Therapy for Depressed Adolescents: Repairing Attachment Failures. Part III: Using an Attachment Perspective in Interventions with Particular Populations. Cohen, Muir, Lojkasek, The First Couple: Using Watch, Wait, and Wonder to Change Troubled Infant-Mother Relationships. Moretti, Holland, The Journey of Adolescence: Transitions in Self Within the Context of Attachment Relationships. Cobb, Bradbury, Implications of Adult Attachment for Preventing Adverse Marital Outcomes. Bradley, Palmer, Attachment in Later Life: Implications for Intervention with Older Adults. Josephson, Using Attachment-Based Intervention with Same-Sex Couples. Part IV: Specific Attachment Interventions for Particular Problems. Whiffen, Looking Outward Together: Adult Attachment and Childbearing Depression. Alexander, Understanding the Effects of Child Sexual Abuse History on Current Couple Relationships: An Attachment Perspective. Mikail, Attachment and the Experience of Chronic Pain: A Couples Perspective. Part V: Conclusion. Whiffen, What Attachment Theory Can Offer Marital and Family Therapists.
Préserver la distinctivité pour améliorer les relations intergroupes par la recatégorisation : d’un Common Ingroup à un Common Outgroup

Partant du constat que la categorisation des individus en un « Nous » et un « Eux » peut suffire a provoquer un traitement inegal des membres de ces groupes, certaines strategies ont propose d’attenuer la frontiere ainsi creee en recategorisant l’ensemble des membres des deux groupes au sein d’un ensemble supraordonne. Cependant, cette strategie peut s’averer inefficace, voire contreproductive, precisement quand elle menace les fonctions remplies par les identites initiales. Parmi ces fonctions, la possibilite de se definir comme differents des autres (ie. la distinctivite) est particulierement concernee. La presente recherche a pour objet de tester, a travers 5 etudes : 1) si la recategorisation provoque effectivement une menace sur la distinctivite 2) ses consequences sur les biais intergroupes 3) la pertinence d’une strategie de preservation de la distinctivite par l’ajout de categories sociales.Les resultats ont montre, sur des groupes minimaux, mais aussi nationaux, que de la recategorisation emanait une menace qui s’exprime tant sur des mesures implicites qu’explicites du biais intergroupe meme si des processus propositionnels semblent moderer l’impact de la menace sur ces derniers. De plus, proposer des categorisations supplementaires a permis de reduire cette menace et le biais intergroupe associe, sans faire emerger d’effet deletere mesurable.Ces resultats soulignent l’apport de croiser les approches fonctionnelles et sociocognitives des categorisations sociales et incitent a reconsiderer ces dernieres non pas necessairement comme des problemes, mais egalement comme ressources dans les strategies visant a l’harmonisation sociale.
Is Unequal Error Protection useful?

When transmitting source-encoded data, not all information bits are equally important, due to the different sensitivity of the source decoder to errors. Unequal Error Protection (UEP) consists of allocating coding redundancy depending on the importance of the information bits. We consider progressive transmission of source-encoded data under three different packet formats where either number of source bits per packet is fixed (fixed-k approach), or packet block length is fixed (fixed-n approach) or both parameters allowed to vary for each block (variable-(n, k) approach). Most existing results are based on some chosen family of channel codes and consider a single-user setting. Thanks to the recent finite length error probability results by Polyanskiy et al., in this work we investigate the UEP concept using the new finite-length random coding bounds. In the single-user case, we show that when codes meeting Polyanskiy achievability bounds are used, UEP does not obtain significant advantages over Equal-Error Protection (EEP) (advantages disappear for the variable-(n, k) case). Based on these results, a low complexity optimization algorithm is proposed for the multiuser (multicast) scenario.
Was für ein Problem ist der hermeneutische Zirkel?

Abstract The hermeneutic circle serves as a standard argument for all those who raise a claim to the autonomy of the human sciences. The proponents of an alternative methodology for the human sciences present the hermeneutic circle either as an ontological problem or as a specific methodological problem in the social sciences and the humanities. In this paper I would like to check the soundness of this argument. I will start with listing and shortly sketching out three variations of the problem. I will then critically discuss these and appeal to alternative solutions and I will close with a short conclusion.
[Frequency of Escherichia coli serotypes in urinary infections].

Among the large O-groups of E.coli isolated from urinary-tract infections, a few groups appear more frequent. The AA report about this frequency in the district of L'Aquilla. Of 147 stocks of E.coli, the most frequent O-groups are the O6 (28,5%), the O75 (20,4%), the O2 (10,2%), the O18 (6,1%), the O5 (4,1%), the O39 (2%).
A Fully Dynamic Approach to the Reverse Engineering of UML Sequence Diagrams

The reverse engineering of behavioral models consists in extracting high-level models that help understand the behavior of existing software systems. In the context of reverse engineering of sequence diagrams, most approaches strongly depend on the static analysis and instrumentation of the source code to produce correct diagrams that take into account control flow structures such as alternative blocks ("if"s) and repeated blocks ("loop"s). This approach is not possible with systems for which no source code is available anymore (e.g. some legacy systems). In this paper, we propose an approach for the reverse engineering of sequence diagrams from the analysis of execution traces produced dynamically by an object-oriented application. Our approach is fully based on dynamic analysis and reuses the k-tail merging algorithm to produce a Labeled Transition System (LTS) that merges the collected traces. This LTS is then translated into a sequence diagram which contains alternatives and loops. A prototype of this approach has been tested with a real world application that has been developed independently from the present work. Our results show that this approach can produce sequence diagrams in reasonable time and suggest that these diagrams are helpful in understanding the behavior of the underlying application.
The roles of eighteen baculovirus late expression factor genes in transcription and DNA replication

A set of 18 plasmid subclones of the Autographa californica nuclear polyhedrosis virus genome supports expression from a late viral promoter in transient expression assays (J. W. Todd, A. L. Passarelli, and L. K. Miller, J. Virol. 69:968-974, 1995). Using this set of plasmids, we have assigned a role for each of the 18 genes required for optimal late gene expression with respect to its involvement at the levels of transcription, translation, and/or DNA replication. RNase protection analyses demonstrated that all of the known late expression factor genes (lefs) affected the steady-state level of reporter gene RNA. Thus, none of the lefs appeared to be specifically involved in translation. A subset of the lefs supported plasmid replication; ie-1, lef-1, lef-2, lef-3, p143, and p35 were essential for plasmid replication, while ie-n, lef-7, and dnapol had stimulatory effects. The predicted sequence of lef-7 suggests that it is a homolog of herpesvirus single-stranded DNA-binding protein (UL29). The role of p35 in plasmid replication appears to be suppression of apoptosis, because p35 could be functionally replaced in the replication assay by either Cp-iap or Op-iap, two heterologous baculovirus genes which suppress apoptosis by a mechanism which appears to differ from that of p35. Thus, one or more of the replication-related lefs or the process of plasmid replication appears to induce cellular apoptosis. Our results indicate that the remaining lefs, lefs 4 through 11, p47, and 39K (pp31), function either at the level of transcription or at that of mRNA stabilization.
Regulating the Shuttling of Eukaryotic RNA Polymerase II

The eukaryotic RNA polymerase II (RNAPII) transcribes most protein-coding RNAs (mRNAs) and the capped noncoding RNAs (ncRNAs), including microRNAs (miRNAs), small nuclear RNAs (snRNAs), and small nucleolar RNAs (snoRNAs) (10). In the past 3 decades, our knowledge about the functional role of RNAPII during gene transcription has dramatically advanced (8). However, there are still several open questions regarding the regulatory mechanisms involved in the steps before and after transcription. In particular, how RNAPII is imported into the nucleus remains elusive. In this issue, Carre ´ and Shiekhattar (3) report that the evolutionarily conserved GTPases GPN1 and GPN3 stably associate with and regulate the nuclear import of the human RNAPII. These exciting results now make it possible to begin to dissect the regulatory pathways of the intracellular localization and nuclear import of RNAPII. Recently, the structures and subunit compositions of the three RNA polymerases (Table 1) have been characterized (4). RNAPII is a highly conserved enzyme composed of 12 subunits, 10 of which form the central core. The other two subunits (Rpb4 and Rpb7) form a peripheral heterodimer that protrudes out from the core enzyme structure. This stabilizes the RNAPII complex in clamp-closed conformation, favoring efficient transcription initiation. Rpb10 and Rpb12 are common subunits for all of the eukaryotic RNA polymerases and are implicated in the interaction with the basal transcription factors, such as the TATA box-binding protein (TBP). These interactions lead to the formation of the preinitiation complex (PIC), which contains RNAPII as well as the general transcription factors TFIIA, TFIIB, TFIID, TFIIE, TFIIF, and TFIIH. In the past years, numerous coactivators that both facilitate the access of PIC to its target promoters and increase the stability of the complex have been functionally characterized. Recent data (1) indicate that the RNAPII assembly pathway occurs in the cytoplasm and that assembly is coordinated by the consecutive actions of the cochaperone hSpagh and the chaperone Hsp90. The two largest subunits, Rpb1 and Rpb2, are initially preassembled into two separated subcomplexes, together with several other subunits that are either common to all three
Menstrual hygiene management among adolescent girls in India: a systematic review and meta-analysis

Objectives To assess the status of menstrual hygiene management (MHM) among adolescent girls in India to determine unmet needs. Design Systematic review and meta-analysis. We searched PubMed, The Global Health Database, Google Scholar and references for studies published from 2000 to September 2015 on girls’ MHM. Setting India. Participants Adolescent girls. Outcome measures Information on menarche awareness, type of absorbent used, disposal, hygiene, restrictions and school absenteeism was extracted from eligible materials; a quality score was applied. Meta-analysis was used to estimate pooled prevalence (PP), and meta-regression to examine the effect of setting, region and time. Results Data from 138 studies involving 193 subpopulations and 97 070 girls were extracted. In 88 studies, half of the girls reported being informed prior to menarche (PP 48%, 95% CI 43% to 53%, I2 98.6%). Commercial pad use was more common among urban (PP 67%, 57% to 76%, I2 99.3%, n=38) than rural girls (PP 32%, 25% to 38%, I2 98.6%, n=56, p<0.0001), with use increasing over time (p<0.0001). Inappropriate disposal was common (PP 23%, 16% to 31%, I2 99.0%, n=34). Menstruating girls experienced many restrictions, especially for religious activities (PP 0.77, 0.71 to 0.83, I2 99.1%, n=67). A quarter (PP 24%, 19% to 30%, I2 98.5%, n=64) reported missing school during periods. A lower prevalence of absenteeism was associated with higher commercial pad use in univariate (p=0.023) but not in multivariate analysis when adjusted for region (p=0.232, n=53). Approximately a third of girls changed their absorbents in school facilities (PP 37%, 29% to 46%, I2 97.8%, n=17). Half of the girls’ homes had a toilet (PP 51%, 36% to 67%, I2 99.4%, n=21). The quality of studies imposed limitations on analyses and the interpretation of results (mean score 3 on a scale of 0–7). Conclusions Strengthening of MHM programmes in India is needed. Education on awareness, access to hygienic absorbents and disposal of MHM items need to be addressed. Trial registration number CRD42015019197.
Rationale for stopping cervical screening in women over 50.

OBJECTIVE--To investigate whether the currently recommended age at which to stop cervical screening (64) can be lowered and what criteria should be used for safely doing so. DESIGN--Retrospective case analysis study. SETTING--Dundee and Angus districts of Scotland. SUBJECTS--Women diagnosed as having cervical intraepithelial neoplasia and microinvasive or invasive cancer of the cervix in 1989 and 1990 (798 cases). MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE--History of cervical cytology results according to age (age groups of five years) and screening interval (three years and five years). RESULTS--Cervical intraepithelial neoplasia was most common in women under 45 (711 cases in women of 45 and under v 38 cases in those of 46 and over). Cervical intraepithelial neoplasia occurring de novo was not seen in women over 50 who had been screened every three years. Microinvasive or invasive cancer of the cervix was diagnosed in 26 women over 50. None of these women had participated adequately in the cervical screening programme. CONCLUSION--Cervical intraepithelial neoplasia typically occurs in younger women. All women over 50 with an adequate history of negative results on smear testing every three years may be safely discharged from further screening if these findings are confirmed in other populations.
Current State of the Science: Health Effects and Indoor Environmental Quality

Our understanding of the relationship between human health and the indoor environment continues to evolve. Previous research on health and indoor environments has tended to concentrate on discrete pollutant sources and exposures and on specific disease processes. Recently, efforts have been made to characterize more fully the complex interactions between the health of occupants and the interior spaces they inhabit. In this article we review recent advances in source characterization, exposure assessment, health effects associated with indoor exposures, and intervention research related to indoor environments. Advances in source characterization include a better understanding of how chemicals are transported and processed within spaces and the role that other factors such as lighting and building design may play in determining health. Efforts are under way to improve our ability to measure exposures, but this remains a challenge, particularly for biological agents. Researchers are also examining the effects of multiple exposures as well as the effects of exposures on vulnerable populations such as children and the elderly. In addition, a number of investigators are also studying the effects of modifying building design, materials, and operations on occupant health. Identification of research priorities should include input from building designers, operators, and the public health community.
Induction of dog sperm capacitation by oviductal fluid.

Four estrous beagles were inseminated with 1 x 10(8) sperm into both the right and left uterine horns, and the uterine horn and oviduct on one side were removed under anesthesia after 7 hr and 24 hr, respectively. The lumen of the uterine horns and oviducts was flushed with canine capacitation medium (CCM), and movement of the sperm in CCM was assessed by phase-contrast microscopy. In a second experiment, ejaculated sperm obtained from 5 normal beagles was incubated in CCM supplemented with oviductal flush fluid (OF-CCM) at 38 degrees C with 5% CO2 in air. Motility of sperm, and percentages of hyperactivated sperm (%HA) and acrosome-reacted sperm (%AR) among freely swimming (FS) sperm were investigated until 24 hr after the start of incubation. After 7 hr of incubation the sperm was coincubated with canine oocytes in OF-CCM for 2 hr, and the number of zona pellucida-binding (zona-binding) sperm was then counted. The %HA among the sperm in the oviductal flush fluid both 7 hr (mean +/- S.E.; 15.0 +/- 2.4%) and 24 hr (77.5 +/- 5.2%) after intrauterine insemination were significantly higher than in the uterine flush fluid (P < 0.05, 0.01, respectively). The motility and %HA among FS-sperm in OF-CCM were higher than in the control medium without oviductal fluid. However, there was no difference in the %AR between OF-CCM and control medium. The number of zona-binding sperm in OF-CCM (8 +/- 1) was significantly greater than in control medium (5 +/- 1) (P < 0.05). These results suggest that oviductal fluid in the estrous bitch maintains sperm motility and induces sperm capacitation.