Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
The Human Immune System and Network Intrusion Detection

This paper reviews and assesses the analogy between the human immune system and network intrusion detection systems. The promising results from a growi ng number of proposed computer immune models for intrusion detection motivate this work. The paper begins by briefly introducing existing intrusion detection systems (IDS’s). A set of general requirements for network-based IDS’s and the esign goals to satisfy these requirements are identi f ed by a careful examination of the literature. An overview of t he human immune system is presented and its salient featur es that can contribute to the design of competent network-b ased IDS’s are analysed. The analysis shows that the coordinated actions of several sophisticated mechanisms of the human immune system satisfy all the identified design goals. Consequently, the paper concludes that the design of a ovel network-based IDS based on the human immune system is promising for future network-based IDS’s.
USE OF VENTRAL PLATES FOR CERVICAL ARTHRODESIS

OBJECTIVEVentral cervical plates are used to increase the immediate postoperative rigidity of the spine after decompressive and reconstructive procedures. The evidence supporting this practice is reviewed. METHODSA computerized literature search of the database of the National Library of Medicine was conducted using PubMed. All relevant articles were reviewed and a critique was performed to explore the utility of ventral cervical plating. RESULTSSeveral randomized controlled trials of ventral cervical discectomy versus ventral cervical discectomy and fusion were identified. Three randomized controlled trials that included a differentiation between anterior cervical decompression and fusion, with and without plating, were identified. Many retrospective series, technical reports, and topical reviews were also identified. CONCLUSIONThere is little support in the literature for the medical usefulness of ventral cervical plates after single-level cervical fusion. There may, however, be a cost-benefit advantage to the use of such devices. In multilevel procedures and in the setting of traumatic instability, there seems to be an advantage to the use of cervical plates.
Photosystem Ii Fluorescence: Slow Changes – Scaling from the Past

With the advent of photoelectric devices (photocells, photomultipliers) in the 1930s, fluorometry of chlorophyll (Chl) a in vivo emerged as a major method in the science of photosynthesis. Early researchers employed fluorometry primarily for two tasks: to elucidate the role in photosynthesis, if any, of other plant pigments, such as Chl b, Chl c, carotenoids and phycobilins; and to use it as a convenient inverse measure of photosynthetic activity. In pursuing the latter task, it became apparent that Chl a fluorescence emission is influenced (i) by redox active Chl a molecules in the reaction center of photosystem (PS) II (photochemical quenching); (ii) by an electrochemical imbalance across the thylakoid membrane (high energy quenching); and (iii) by the size of the peripheral antennae of weakly fluorescent PSI and strongly fluorescent PSII in response to changes in the ambient light (state transitions). In this perspective we trace the historical evolution of our awareness of these concepts, particularly of the so-called 'State Transitions'. ''Every so often someone manages to remove another stone from the wall through which we all want to see, and the crowds tend to flock around the new peep-hole'' (B. Kok and A. Jagendorf, 1963). 1. Introduction Chlorophyll a (Chl a) is the chosen molecule for oxygenic pho-tosynthesis, and is functionally the most versatile one [1]. Chls a are involved in photon harvesting, in the transfer of excitation energy (EE), in photochemical trapping, as well as in ground state electron transfers. Through its characteristic absorption and fluo-rescence properties in the 400–750 nm part of the electromagnetic spectrum, Chl a becomes ''visible'' in the protein complexes of Photosystem I (PSI) and of Photosystem II (PSII) as well as in its various functional roles. The present Historical Perspective focuses primarily on the fluo-rescence which Chl a in vivo emits and traces the historical evolution of our awareness of its role in the molecular mechanism of oxygenic photosynthesis, with emphasis up to about the late 1970s. As soon as a solution of Chl a, a plant leaf, an alga, or a cya-nobacterium is moved from darkness to light, they start emitting Chl a fluorescence. However, while the solution emits constant fluorescence under steady excitation, the intensity of fluorescence emitted by the photosynthetic organisms changes with time continuously (variable fluorescence), tracing characteristic time patterns that are typical of the major taxonomic groups of oxygenic photosynthesizers (e.g., cyanobacteria, green algae, red algae, vas-cular plants). These …
Experimental evidence that human impacts drive fire ant invasions and ecological change

Biological invasions are often closely associated with human impacts and it is difficult to determine whether either or both are responsible for the negative impacts on native communities. Here, we show that human activity, not biological invasion, is the primary driver of negative effects on native communities and of the process of invasion itself. In a large-scale experiment, we combined additions of the exotic fire ant, Solenopsis invicta, with 2 disturbance treatments, mowing and plowing, in a fully crossed factorial design. Results indicate that plowing, in the absence of fire ants, greatly diminished total native ant abundance and diversity, whereas fire ants, even in the absence of disturbance, diminished some, but not all, native ant abundance and diversity. Transplanted fire ant colonies were favored by disturbance. In the absence of disturbance and on their own, fire ants do not invade the forest habitats of native ants. Our results demonstrate that fire ants are “passengers” rather than “drivers” of ecological change. We propose that fire ants may be representative of other invasive species that would be better described as disturbance specialists. Current pest management and conservation strategies should be reassessed to better account for the central role of human impacts in the process of biological invasion.
The measurement of attribution of blame in the self-service technology context

It is argued that attribution of blame (AoB) will differ in the Self-Service Technology (SST) context versus the interpersonal services context, due to the inherent elements of the SST environment, thereby making it a construct worthy of further research in the SST setting. This paper presents a first step in this pursuit by validating a multiple-item instrument of AoB in the SST context, which, to the researchers’ knowledge, has not been done previously. The paper comments on the surprising lack of valid, unidimensional instruments to measure each of the dimensions of AoB (locus, controllability and stability), even in the interpersonal services context. Preliminary results of a pre-test and pilot study support a three-dimensional measurement model of attribution of blame, in the SST setting.
Strategic bivalency in Latin and Spanish in early modern Spain

This article examines a genre of literary texts in early modern Spain written to be readable in both Latin and Spanish. These texts provide explicit evidence of a phenomenon called “strategic bivalency. ” They exemplify both the ideological erasure of language boundaries by experts and the purposeful mobilization of bivalent elements that belong simultaneously to two languages in contact. It is argued that by using such bivalency strategically, speakers and writers in contact zones create the effect of using two languages at once, and that this can be a political act. The texts examined here were composed to demonstrate the superiority of the Spanish language and thus to support Spanish political preeminence. The article addresses the import of the Latin-Spanish bivalent genre for language ideology and considers its implications for understanding of modern bivalent practices and of languages as discrete systems.An earlier version of this article was presented in March 2005 at the International Symposium on Bilingualism 5, in Barcelona. Woolard is grateful to the Ministerio de Educación y Ciencia of Spain and to Joan Argenter, principal investigator, for partial support (grant #BFF2003-02954) of that presentation, as part of a project on “Codeswitching and culture in historical communities: Studies in historical linguistic ethnography. ” Some of this material was also presented at the Joint XX Conference on Spanish in the U.S. and V Conference on Spanish in Contact with Other Languages, in Chicago, March 2005. Woolard thanks the organizers of these events for the opportunity to discuss these ideas. Archival and library research was supported in part by the New Del Amo Foundation through the University of California and the Universidad Complutense de Madrid, which we gratefully acknowledge. Vincent Barletta and Monica Seefeldt assisted with bibliographic work. We are especially indebted to Roger Wright for helpful comments and sources. Thanks also to José del Valle, Narcís Figueras, Ricardo Otheguy, Barbara Johnstone, two anonymous reviewers, and a number of other scholars who kindly responded to queries. We are responsible for any errors and misconceptions that persist despite all this generous assistance.
Computing with a full memory: catalytic space

We define the notion of a catalytic-space computation. This is a computation that has a small amount of clean space available and is equipped with additional auxiliary space, with the caveat that the additional space is initially in an arbitrary, possibly incompressible, state and must be returned to this state when the computation is finished. We show that the extra space can be used in a nontrivial way, to compute uniform TC1-circuits with just a logarithmic amount of clean space. The extra space thus works analogously to a catalyst in a chemical reaction. TC1-circuits can compute for example the determinant of a matrix, which is not known to be computable in logspace. In order to obtain our results we study an algebraic model of computation, a variant of straight-line programs. We employ register machines with input registers x1,. , xn and work registers r1,. , rm. The instructions available are of the form ri ← ri±u×v, with u, v registers (distinct from ri) or constants. We wish to compute a function f(x1,., xn) through a sequence of such instructions. The working registers have some arbitrary initial value ri = τi, and they may be altered throughout the computation, but by the end all registers must be returned to their initial value τi, except for, say, r1 which must hold τ1 + f(x1,., xn). We show that all of Valiant's class VP, and more, can be computed in this model. This significantly extends the framework and techniques of Ben-Or and Cleve [6]. Upper bounding the power of catalytic computation we show that catalytic logspace is contained in ZPP. We further construct an oracle world where catalytic logpace is equal to PSPACE, and show that under the exponential time hypothesis (ETH), SAT can not be computed in catalytic sub-linear space.
ADHD pharmacogenetics across the life cycle: New findings and perspectives

Attention‐deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a complex and heterogeneous disorder, affecting individuals across the life cycle. Although its etiology is not yet completely understood, genetics plays a substantial role. Pharmacological treatment is considered effective and safe for children and adults, but there is considerable inter‐individual variability among patients regarding response to medication, required doses, and adverse events. We present here a systematic review of the literature on ADHD pharmacogenetics to provide a critical discussion of the existent findings, new approaches, limitations, and recommendations for future research. Our main findings are: first, the number of studies continues to grow, making ADHD one of the mental health areas with more pharmacogenetic studies. Second, there has been a focus shift on ADHD pharmacogenetic studies in the last years. There is an increasing number of studies assessing gene–gene and gene–environment interactions, using genome‐wide association approaches, neuroimaging, and assessing pharmacokinetic properties. Third and most importantly, the heterogeneity in methodological strategies employed by different studies remains impressive. The question whether pharmacogenetics studies of ADHD will improve clinical management by shifting from trial‐and‐error approach to a pharmacological regimen that takes into account the individual variability remains unanswered. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
MIR in ENP - Rule-based Music Information Retrieval from Symbolic Music Notation

Symbolic music information retrieval is one of the most underrepresented areas in the field of MIR. Here, symbolic music means common practice music notation‐the musician readable format. In this paper we introduce a novel rule-based symbolic music retrieval mechanism. The Scripting system‐ENP-Script‐is augmented with MIR functionality. It allows us to perform sophisticated retri eval operations on symbolic musical scores prepared with the help of the music notation system ENP. We will also give a special attention to visualization of the query results. All the statistical queries, such as histograms, are visualized with the help of common music notation where appropriate. N-grams and more complex queries‐the ones dealing with voice leading, for example‐ are visualized directly in the score. Our aim is to demonstrate the power and expressivity of the combination of common music notation and a rulebased scripting language through several challenging examples.
Contrasting Food Web Factor and Body Size Relationships with Hg and Se Concentrations in Marine Biota

Marine fish and shellfish are primary sources of human exposure to mercury, a potentially toxic metal, and selenium, an essential element that may protect against mercury bioaccumulation and toxicity. Yet we lack a thorough understanding of Hg and Se patterns in common marine taxa, particularly those that are commercially important, and how food web and body size factors differ in their influence on Hg and Se patterns. We compared Hg and Se content among marine fish and invertebrate taxa collected from Long Island, NY, and examined associations between Hg, Se, body length, trophic level (measured by δ15N) and degree of pelagic feeding (measured by δ13C). Finfish, particularly shark, had high Hg content whereas bivalves generally had high Se content. Both taxonomic differences and variability were larger for Hg than Se, and Hg content explained most of the variation in Hg:Se molar ratios among taxa. Finally, Hg was more strongly associated with length and trophic level across taxa than Se, consistent with a greater degree of Hg bioaccumulation in the body over time, and biomagnification through the food web, respectively. Overall, our findings indicate distinct taxonomic and ecological Hg and Se patterns in commercially important marine biota, and these patterns have nutritional and toxicological implications for seafood-consuming wildlife and humans.
Formal Dysphagia Screening Protocols Prevent Pneumonia

Background— Pneumonia is an important complication of ischemic stroke and increases mortality 3-fold. Five guidelines recommend a dysphagia screen before oral intake. What constitutes an adequate dysphagia screen and which patients should receive it remain unclear. Methods— Fifteen acute care institutions prospectively collected data on all admitted patients with acute ischemic stroke. Sites were required to collect data on demographics and 4 quality indicators. Optional data included stroke severity and complications. We measured adherence to a screen for dysphagia, the type of screen, and development of in-hospital pneumonia. Results— Between December 2001 and January 2003, 2532 cases were collected. In-hospital complications were recorded on 2329 (92%) of cases. Stroke severity was captured on 1361 (54%). Adherence to a dysphagia screen was 61%. Six sites had a formal dysphagia screen, and their adherence rate was 78% compared with 57% at sites with no formal screen. The pneumonia rate at sites with a formal dysphagia screen was 2.4% versus 5.4% (P=0.0016) at sites with no formal screen. There was no difference in median stroke severity (5 versus 4; P=0.84) between the sites with and without a formal screen. A formal dysphagia screen prevented pneumonia even after adjusting for stroke severity. Conclusions— A formal dysphagia screen is associated with a higher adherence rate to dysphagia screens and a significantly decreased risk of pneumonia. A formal screening protocol should be offered to all stroke patients, regardless of stroke severity.
Entwicklung eines Fragebogens zur subjektiven Einschätzung der geistigen Leistungsfähigkeit (FLei) bei Patienten mit psychischen Störungen

Das Ziel dieser Untersuchung besteht in einer ersten Uberprufung der testtheoretischen Kennwerte des neu entwickelten «Fragebogens zur geistigen Leistungsfahigkeit (FLei)» bei Patienten mit psychischen Storungen. An der Untersuchung nahmen insgesamt 259 Personen teil, 68 Schizophreniepatienten, 94 depressive Patienten und 97 Kontrollpersonen. Die ursprungliche Version des Fragebogens umfasste 88 Items der Bereiche Aufmerksamkeit, Gedachtnis und Exekutivfunktionen sowie Fragen zum visuellen Neglekt. Der Fragebogen konnte auf 35 Items reduziert werden. Items verschiedener Funktionsbereiche waren hoch miteinander korreliert. Itemkennwerte, interne Konsistenz und Split-Half Reliabilitat sind durchgangig als gut zu bezeichnen. Depressive Patienten berichteten die deutlichsten Defizite. Eine funktionsspezifische Auswertung ist aufgrund der hohen Interkorrelationen zwischen den Funktionsbereichen nur bedingt zu empfehlen. In weiteren Untersuchungen sollten die Ergebnisse an einer unabhangigen Stichprobe bestatig.
Phenomenological and Quantitative Analyses of Absorption in Literary Passages

The phenomenology of reader absorption was investigated using quantitative and qualitative measures. The 12 male and 12 female participants ranged in age between 19 and 53. There were two parts to the study that were counterbalanced across participants. In one part, they read two excerpted literary passages contrasting emotional and descriptive styles of writing and rated them on an 11-item questionnaire. In another part, they were interviewed regarding the general experience of being absorbed in a book and about a specific absorbing text of their choice. Phenomenological analysis of interview data revealed experiential properties (corporeality, sensory perceptions, spatiality, temporality, and agency) and underlying processes (e.g., reader's perspective, attention, familiarity with situation) that shaped the reading activity. Factor analyses of the verbal rating scales and of the frequency tables for properties and processes both contrasted empathetic and sympathetic reading modes. These were also revealed in close (i.e., spontaneous and experiential) and far (i.e., purposeful and inferential) reader orientations which appear to have reflected individual differences in reading styles. The pedagogical implications of the findings are also discussed.
Predictors of Sexual Offence Recidivism in Offenders with Intellectual Disabilities.

Background The extensive research on prediction of risk in offenders has developed a number of reliable static risk predictors. There is also a developing body of work on proximal, dynamic risk factors and their importance in predicting violent and sexual offending. Although this work has not been done specifically on offenders with intellectual disabilities, there is some preliminary evidence that it is equally relevant in this field. The current study extends this work. Method Fifty-two sexual offenders and abusers were included as participants and 18 of them had re-offended or were strongly suspected of having re-offended. A checklist of static and dynamic factors were derived from the literature and clinical experience and a retrospective, correlational method was employed. Two respondents provided information on the presence or absence of each variable and this information was checked through extensive case records. These variables were correlated with re-offending and suspicion of re-offending. Results Several variables correlated significantly with the two dependent variables and a standard multiple regression investigated the predictive quality of each independent variable. Significant variables were allowances made by staff, antisocial attitude, poor relationship with mother, denial of crime, sexual abuse in childhood, erratic attendance and poor response to treatment. Certain variables, found significant in earlier studies, did not emerge in the current analysis. These predictors accounted for around 53% of the variance for evidence of re-offending and around 74% of the variance for suspicion of re-offending. Conclusions The variables which emerge are similar to those found in the mainstream offender literature. Some hypotheses are presented on why certain variables did not emerge. Like other similar studies, the results should be treated with caution because of retrospective bias.
Novel space alters theta and gamma synchrony across the longitudinal axis of the hippocampus

Hippocampal theta (6–10 Hz) and gamma (25–50 Hz and 65–100 Hz) local field potentials (LFPs) reflect the dynamic synchronization evoked by inputs impinging upon hippocampal neurons. Novel experience is known to engage hippocampal physiology and promote successful encoding. Does novelty synchronize or desynchronize theta and/or gamma frequency inputs across the septotemporal (long) axis of the hippocampus (HPC)? The present study tested the hypothesis that a novel spatial environment would alter theta power and coherence across the long axis. We compared theta and gamma LFP signals at individual (power) and millimeter distant electrode pairs (coherence) within the dentate gyrus (DG) and CA1 region while rats navigated a runway (1) in a familiar environment, (2) with a modified path in the same environment and (3) in a novel space. Locomotion in novel space was related to increases in theta and gamma power at most CA1 and DG sites. The increase in theta and gamma power was concurrent with an increase in theta and gamma coherence across the long axis of CA1; however, there was a significant decrease in theta coherence across the long axis of the DG. These findings illustrate significant shifts in the synchrony of entorhinal, CA3 and/or neuromodulatory afferents conveying novel spatial information to the dendritic fields of CA1 and DG targets across the long axis of the HPC. This shift suggests that the entire theta/gamma-related input to the CA1 network, and likely output, receives and conveys a more coherent message in response to novel sensory experience. Such may contribute to the successful encoding of novel sensory experience.