Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
A linear grammar approach for the analysis of mathematical documents

Many approaches have been proposed for the recognition of mathematical formulae, traditionally using the results of optical character recognition over scanned documents. However, optical character recognition generally performs poorly when presented with mathematics, making it difficult to accurately parse formulae. Due to the rapidly increasing number of natively digital documents available, an alternative to optical character recognition is now available, that of analysing files directly instead of images. In this thesis, we explore such a method, analysing files in the ubiquitous Portable Document Format directly and combining it with image analysis, to produce the necessary information for the analysis of mathematical formulae and documents. We also revisit a method proposed in the 1960s for parsing handwritten mathematics. An extremely efficient, yet impractical approach due to a reliance of perfect input and precise character positioning. We heavily modify and extend this method, removing many of its restrictions and use it in conjunction with the perfect input from the PDF analysis, yielding high quality results which compare favourably with the leading scientific document analysis system.
Depressive symptomatology and associated factors in dementia in Europe: home care versus long-term care

ABSTRACT Background: This study forms part of a larger European programme investigating the transition from home care to long-term care (LTC) facility in people with dementia (PwD) at the margins of LTC. The aim of this study was to explore the factors associated with depressive symptomatology in PwD in different settings. Methods: A total of 1,538 PwD, of which 957 received home care and 581 lived in a LTC facility, and their carers were interviewed. The Cornell Scale for Depression in Dementia (CSDD) measured depressive symptomatology. PwD completed measures of cognition and quality of life (QoL), and informal or formal carers completed measures on the PwD’ QoL, neuropsychiatric behavior, activities of daily living, comorbidities, pain, and falls. Logistic regression was used to assess which factors contributed to depressive symptomatology in the two settings. Results: Those receiving home care, living in Germany, and with severe dementia, showed the highest prevalence of depressive symptomatology. In the home care group, high levels of pain, neuropsychiatric behavior, and comorbidity, as well as low self- and proxy-rated QoL were factors associated with depressive symptomatology. In the LTC group, low proxy-rated QoL, more severe neuropsychiatric behavior, being a male informal carer and living in Germany were associated with depressive symptomatology. Conclusions: Evidence highlights the need for targeting different aspects in the management of depression in dementia, including offering improved pain management for those living in the community. Further research needs to explore cultural variations and carer gender factors associated with higher levels of depressive symptomatology.
Fentanyl Buccal Tablet for Breakthrough Cancer Pain: Why Titrate?

Breakthrough cancer pain is a significant problem for many patients with cancer because of the fast onset and often unpredictable nature of the pain episodes. The rapid onset opioids therefore have a central role to play in the management of breakthrough cancer pain. The rapid onset opioid fentanyl buccal tablet provides a fast analgesic effect and is easy to administer. However, titration of the medication is essential in order to optimize the management of pain. This is because individual patient characteristics, comorbidities, and other treatments may influence the absorption, pharmacokinetics, and pharmacodynamics of drugs. It is therefore important to individualize treatment by determining the effective dose for each patient, which is the dose that provides adequate analgesia and minimizes undesirable adverse effects. Data from clinical studies of fentanyl buccal tablet show that patients' effective doses ranged from 100 to 800 µg per episode, highlighting the need for the titration process. Following successful dose titration, treatment with fentanyl buccal tablet can achieve significant pain relief as early as 10 minutes after administration, resulting in a high level of patient satisfaction.
Efficient Architecture for Soft-Input Soft-Output Sphere Detection With Perfect Node Enumeration

The application of the turbo principle allows to exploit the full potential of multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) communications at the cost of increasing the computational effort at the receiver. In the context of soft-input soft-output tree search detection, the computation of metric values and the optimal node order represents two of the most computationally demanding operations. Heuristic approaches may be applied to reduce the complexity, but their accuracy is compromised by the effect that the input soft information has on the node ordering. The design of adaptive, good-performing, and cost-effective tree search detectors for iterative receivers represents, hence, a challenging task. To alleviate these complexity and performance loss drawbacks, an efficient MIMO sphere detector realization is proposed in this paper. A novel smart-sorting enumeration approach offers a significant gain in terms of throughput (from 40% up to a factor 5) and energy efficiency (up to 80% energy saving in the low SNR regime) with regard to preceding implementations. Owing to the additional low delay and area cost reported, the proposed design represents a very promising candidate toward a fast, accurate, and efficient MIMO detector.
Vibration and shock reliability of MEMS: modeling and experimental validation

A methodology to predict shock and vibration levels that could lead to the failure of MEMS devices is reported as a function of vibration frequency and shock pulse duration. A combined experimental–analytical approach is developed, maintaining the simplicity and insightfulness of analytical methods without compromising on the accuracy characteristic of experimental methods. The minimum frequency-dependent acceleration that will lead to surfaces coming into contact, for vibration or shock inputs, is determined based on measured mode shapes, damping, resonant frequencies, and an analysis of failure modes, thus defining a safe operating region, without requiring shock or vibration testing. This critical acceleration for failure is a strong function of the drive voltage, and the safe operating region is predicted for transport (unbiased) and operation (biased condition). The model was experimentally validated for over-damped and under-damped modes of a comb-drive-driven silicon-on-insulator-based tunable grating. In-plane and out-of-plane vibration (up to 65 g) and shock (up to 6000 g) tests were performed for biased and unbiased conditions, and very good agreement was found between predicted and observed critical accelerations.
Evidence for east‐west crustal extension in the Eastern Alps: Implications for the unroofing history of the Tauern window

The contact between the western border of the Tauern Window and the overlying Austroalpine nappes (Austria and Italy) is marked by a structural, petrologic, and geochronologic discontinuity that developed in the early stages of unroofing of the window. Within the window, pressure-temperature-time paths (J. Selverstone, 1985) indicate that significant ductile thinning occurred shortly after the cessation of thrusting (Paleocene - Eocene). Sense-of-shear indicators (rotated porphyroblasts, asymmetric augen and pressure shadows, S-C fabrics) associated with a west plunging stretching lineation indicate that this thinning occurred in response to top-to-the-west low-angle normal shear during metamorphism. The same sense of normal shear is present in the Mesozoic members of the Austroalpine sequence west of the window. In these rocks, however, west directed shear occurred at low temperatures (<300°C) after the thermal peak of metamorphism. Structural data and the regional geometry imply that the western end of the Tauern Window is a low-angle normal fault (Brenner Line) that juxtaposed brittlely deformed rocks of the Austroalpine nappes against more ductilely deformed rocks from the window. Biotite K/Ar and Rb/Sr data suggest a Miocene age for final movement on the Brenner Line. These data indicate a prolonged history of east-west extension in the Eastern Alps that affected all crustal levels (early ductile thinning of lower crust followed by mid-to-upper-crustal low-angle normal faulting). A model is presented that relates the young east-west extension to displacement transfer from dextral movement on the Periadriatic Lineament. In this model, the Brenner Line and, by analogy, the Simplon Line can be thought of as detachment faults that tectonically unroofed the Tauern Window and Lepontine thermal highs, respectively.
A Web-Based Interactive Computer Aided Translation Tool

We developed caitra, a novel tool that aids human translators by (a) making suggestions for sentence completion in an interactive machine translation setting, (b) providing alternative word and phrase translations, and (c) allowing them to post-edit machine translation output. The tool uses the Moses decoder, is implemented in Ruby on Rails and C++ and delivered over the web.
Substrate-embedded millimeter wave SiGe VCO chip

A 77 GHz SiGe voltage controlled oscillator (VCO) chip is completely buried inside a printed circuit board (PCB) and connected to a high frequency laminate on top of the PCB using microvias. Several modules each containing a buried VCO chip are fabricated. The performance of these buried VCO chips regarding tuning range and output power is comparable with the measured performance of a classically connected VCO chip using wire bond technology. The successful operation of active monolithic microwave integrated circuits (MMICs) buried inside PCBs shows the potential of the novel technology used here.
The impact of distribution of a patient-education pamphlet in a multidisciplinary breast clinic.

STUDY GOAL To determine the impact of the distribution of patient-education pamphlets to women with benign breast conditions in a large urban multidisciplinary breast clinic. METHODS It is clinic policy to administer such materials at the first patient visit for these conditions. A standardized telephone interview was conducted with a random sample of 50 such patients at a mean of five months after that visit (range 1-12 months). RESULTS While only 29 of the 50 women interviewed reported receiving such materials, 27 of these 29 women reported reading them. The patient's level of education and whether the patient had friends/relatives with breast cancer were not different between the women who had read the pamphlets and the women who had not (p = NS). The women who had received and read the material scored significantly better than did women who had not on a brief breast cancer screening questionnaire (p = 0.027). Of the former, all but three found the information of use; three-fourths of such women rated the materials 8 or higher on an increasing-usefulness scale of 1-10. The most frequently reported benefit gained from the materials was the proper conduct of breast self-examination. Overall patient satisfaction with the pamphlets was 91%. Half of the women receiving such materials shared them with other women. CONCLUSIONS Patient-education pamphlets distributed at a multidisciplinary breast clinic result in high patient satisfaction and better patient knowledge of breast health. However, these materials were received and read by patients less often than was expected by staff. Because 82% of all women interviewed reported that the clinic staff, the distributed pamphlets, and other reading materials were their best sources of information, it is further concluded that the distribution of such materials is an important function of a multidisciplinary breast clinic.
Structural Roles for Human Translation Factor eIF3 in Initiation of Protein Synthesis

Protein synthesis in mammalian cells requires initiation factor eIF3, a ∼750-kilodalton complex that controls assembly of 40S ribosomal subunits on messenger RNAs (mRNAs) bearing either a 5′-cap or an internal ribosome entry site (IRES). Cryo–electron microscopy reconstructions show that eIF3, a five-lobed particle, interacts with the hepatitis C virus (HCV) IRES RNA and the 5′-cap binding complex eIF4F via the same domain. Detailed modeling of eIF3 and eIF4F onto the 40S ribosomal subunit reveals that eIF3 uses eIF4F or the HCV IRES in structurally similar ways to position the mRNA strand near the exit site of 40S, promoting initiation complex assembly.
A 460W Class-D output stage with adaptive gate drive

Class-D amplifiers have largely replaced conventional Class-AB amplifiers in many consumer applications such as television and home-theatre systems. The high efficiency of Class-D amplifiers allows for providing a very high output power with a modest heat sinking. The audio amplifier market has a tendency towards ever higher output power [1–3]. Consequently, Class-D output stages are required to operate at ever higher voltage and current levels.
Late-career work disengagement: the role of proximity to retirement and career experiences.

OBJECTIVES Even though in retirement and career theories reference is made to a preretirement work disengagement process among older workers, quantitative empirical knowledge about this process is limited. The aim of this study is to improve our understanding of work disengagement in the preretirement period, by examining the impact of proximity to planned retirement (anticipated future) and work, educational, and health experiences (lived past) on changes of work disengagement during late careers. METHOD Using two-wave panel data collected in 2001 and 2006-2007 among Dutch older workers (N = 596), a scale was developed to measure work investments, activities, and motivation during late careers. We estimated conditional change models to examine changes of these scale scores (i.e., disengagement or re-engagement) over the studied period. RESULTS In line with the preretirement work disengagement process hypothesis, this study shows that many older employees disengage more from work when getting closer to their planned retirement age. Making promotion slows down the disengagement process. Declining health, in contrast, accelerates the process. DISCUSSION For achieving a comprehensive understanding of the retirement process, not only the lived past but also the anticipated future (i.e., expected time-left in the current state) should be taken into account.
Sleep Loss Reduces Diurnal Rhythm Amplitude of Leptin in Healthy Men

The aim of the current study was to investigate the effects of sleep loss on the diurnal rhythm of circulating leptin levels. An indwelling forearm catheter was used to sample blood at 90‐min intervals for a total of 120 h, which included 88 h of sustained sleeplessness, in 10 healthy men. The diurnal amplitude of leptin was reduced during total sleep deprivation and returned toward normal during the period of recovery sleep. This finding provides evidence that sleep influences the nocturnal leptin profile, and may have implications for the understanding of the role of sleep in metabolic regulation and the aetiologies of obesity and the night eating syndrome.
Application-layer mobility support for streaming real-time media

This paper presents an UDP-based socket extension called the resilient mobile socket (RMS), which provides application-layer mobility support by encapsulating other sockets into a new aggregated socket abstraction. Encapsulated sockets can then be added or removed without disturbing running applications. RMS also provides a method for soft handovers where several encapsulated sockets are used simultaneously during a handover. As a proof of concept, a working prototype has been built by integrating RMS with Marratech Pro, a commercially available e-meeting application. This prototype has been used to evaluate RMS and to investigate how GSM audio quality is affected by handovers. The result from the investigation shows that soft handovers can be executed without loosing packets or causing extra latency, while a hard handover in average took around 200 ms to complete. This indicates that proactive handovers and redundancy are important, but that more work must he done to predict disconnections.
GABAB receptor‐mediated inhibition of spontaneous inhibitory synaptic currents in rat midbrain culture.

1. Tight‐seal, whole‐cell recording was used to study GABAB receptor‐mediated inhibition of spontaneous inhibitory synaptic currents in cultured rat midbrain neurones. 2. Spontaneous miniature inhibitory postsynaptic currents (mIPSCs) were recorded in tetrodotoxin (TTX), Cd2+ and Ba2+. (R)‐(‐)‐baclofen reduced the frequency of mIPSCs through a presynaptic mechanism. The EC50 for this effect was 7 microM. It was antagonized by the GABAB receptor antagonist CGP55845A (0.5 microM). 3. In pertussis toxin (PTX)‐treated cultures, some GABAB receptor‐mediated reduction of the frequency of mIPSCs persisted. In contrast, PTX treatment totally abolished inhibition of miniature excitatory postsynaptic currents (mEPSCs). 4. In PTX‐treated cultures, a saturating concentration of (R)‐(‐)‐baclofen inhibited action potential‐generated IPSCs but no EPSCs. 5. PTX treatment abolished the (R)‐(‐)‐baclofen‐mediated inhibition of high voltage‐activated somatic Ca2+ currents and of spontaneous IPSCs depending on presynaptic Ca2+ entry. 6. We conclude that cellular mechanisms underlying GABAB receptor‐mediated inhibition of mIPSCs contribute to auto‐inhibition of GABA release.
Predicting downslope travel of granitic sediments from forest roads in Idaho

ABSTRACT: The length and volume of granitic sediment deposits were measured annually over a 4.5-year period below 6.6 km of forest roads constructed on headwater watersheds in the mountains of Idaho. Sediment deposits were identified by source of runoff, location of the deposit terminus, and various site factors including descriptors of hillside sediment storage capacity. Prediction equations were developed using linear regression for travel distance of sediment originating from fill slopes, rock drains, and culverts, with r2 values ranging from 0.70 for fill slopes to 0.91 for culverts. Cumulative volume of erosion and length of obstructions on the hillside were statistically significant variables in the equation for fills and rock drains; hillside gradient and runoff source area also appeared in the equation for culverts. Sensitivity analysis showed that the volume of erosion was the most sensitive variable in all cases. A dimensionless relationship relating the volume of sediment storage on slopes to sediment travel distance was also developed. This study makes it possible for land managers to assess the risk of sediment delivery to channels from alternative road designs, locations, and erosion control practices and provides a means to evaluate the cumulative effects of past road construction on sedimentation.
Estimation of three-dimensional stress distribution and elastic moduli in rock mass of the Tono area

In mining and civil engineering, it is essential to understand an in situ stress state when dealing with underground excavations. An in situ stress state can be complicated due to rock mass heterogeneities, geological structures, topography, tectonic movements, etc. Several in situ stress measurement techniques have been developed to provide more reliable data for the design of underground openings. The results obtained from field measurement, however, often only represent a local stress state in a rock mass where the measurement was taken. This study presents a back analysis based on three-dimensional finite element analysis in order to estimate regional stress fields and the elastic moduli of a rock mass simultaneously from in situ measurements. In order to improve the accuracy of the estimation of a three-dimensional stress field, heterogeneities in a rock mass consisting of geological layers with different elastic properties were considered. Back analysis was applied to determine the regional stresses for a broad field study that includes the Tono Mine, the Shobasama Site and the Mizunami Underground Research Laboratory (MIU) Construction Site.
Reliability of silver nanowire transparent electrode under atmospheric environment

Silver nanowires (AgNWs) transparent electrodes have attracted considerable attention owing to their high electrical and thermal conductivity, optical transparency, flexibility on many polymer substrates, and simple solution process. Many reports only focused on improving the performance of AgNWs electrodes while ignored the application lifetime considering that silver nanomaterials are susceptive to be oxidized or sulfurized under natural environment. In this work, the effect of various environment factors on long-term reliability of AgNWs electrodes was investigated. The electrical resistance and transmittance evolution of these AgNWs electrodes with storage time closely depended on light illumination, humidity and temperature. Exposure to light accelerated the degradation of nanowires and destroyed the conductivity of electrodes. High humidity environment increased the failure of AgNWs electrodes. Combining with high temperature, the failure rate was drastically intensified. At last, some over-coating layers were selected to protect AgNWs electrodes from these environment factors.
Quantifying load imbalance on virtualized enterprise servers

Virtualization has been shown to be an attractive path to increase overall system resource utilization. The use of live virtual machine (VM) migration has enabled more effective sharing of system resources across multiple physical servers, resulting in an increase in overall performance. Live VM migration can be used to load balance virtualized clusters. To drive live migration, we need to be able to measure the current load imbalance. Further, we also need to accurately predict the resulting load imbalance produced by any migration. In this paper we present a new metric that captures the load of the physical servers and is a function of the resident VMs. This metric will be used to measure load imbalance and construct a load-balancing VM migration framework. The algorithm for balancing the load of virtualized enterprise servers follows a greedy approach, inductively predicting which VM migration will yield the greatest improvement of the imbalance metric in a particular step. We compare our algorithm to the leading commercially available load balancing solution - VMware's Distributed Resource Scheduler (DRS). Our results show that when we are able to accurately measure system imbalance, we can also predict future system state. We find that we can outperform DRS and improve performance up to 5%. Our results show that our approach does not impose additional performance impact and is comparable to the virtual machine monitor overhead.