Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Salt intakes around the world: implications for public health.

BACKGROUND High levels of dietary sodium (consumed as common salt, sodium chloride) are associated with raised blood pressure and adverse cardiovascular health. Despite this, public health efforts to reduce sodium consumption remain limited to a few countries. Comprehensive, contemporaneous sodium intake data from around the world are needed to inform national/international public health initiatives to reduce sodium consumption. METHODS Use of standardized 24-h sodium excretion estimates for adults from the international INTERSALT (1985-87) and INTERMAP (1996-99) studies, and recent dietary and urinary sodium data from observational or interventional studies--identified by a comprehensive search of peer-reviewed and 'grey' literature--presented separately for adults and children. Review of methods for the estimation of sodium intake/excretion. Main food sources of sodium are presented for several Asian, European and Northern American countries, including previously unpublished INTERMAP data. RESULTS Sodium intakes around the world are well in excess of physiological need (i.e. 10-20 mmol/day). Most adult populations have mean sodium intakes >100 mmol/day, and for many (particularly the Asian countries) mean intakes are >200 mmol/day. Possible exceptions include estimates from Cameroon, Ghana, Samoa, Spain, Taiwan, Tanzania, Uganda and Venezuela, though methodologies were sub-optimal and samples were not nationally representative. Sodium intakes were commonly >100 mmol/day in children over 5 years old, and increased with age. In European and Northern American countries, sodium intake is dominated by sodium added in manufactured foods ( approximately 75% of intake). Cereals and baked goods were the single largest contributor to dietary sodium intake in UK and US adults. In Japan and China, salt added at home (in cooking and at the table) and soy sauce were the largest sources. CONCLUSIONS Unfavourably high sodium intakes remain prevalent around the world. Sources of dietary sodium vary largely worldwide. If policies for salt reduction at the population level are to be effective, policy development and implementation needs to target the main source of dietary sodium in the various populations.
Is there any relationship between food habits in the last two decades and gastric cancer in North-Western Iran?

PURPOSE The aims of this case-control study were to assess the correlation between some food habits in the last two decades and gastric cancer in East Azerbaijan of Iran. MATERIALS AND METHODS In this hospital based case control study, 616 patients (212 gastric cancer patients, 404 cancer free patients) were recruited. Food habits of patients over the past two decades were assessed with a structured questionnaire. We used conditional logistic regression analysis for estimating crude and adjusted odds ratios (OR) and their respective 95% confidence intervals (95%CI). RESULTS In this study, over-eating, consumption of high fat milk and yogurt and especial types of cheese increased the risk of gastric cancer (All<0.05). Consumption of such especial cheeses such as Koze and Khiki increased the risk of gastric cancer by 12.6 fold (95% CI:1.99-79.36) and 7.36 fold (95% CI:1.33- 40.54), respectively. In addition, high fat food, moldy food, and pickled vegetables consumption as well as reuse of cooking oil for frying were significantly associated with gastric cancer risk. Furthermore, intake of Ghorme (deep fried meat) was positively correlated with gastric cancer risk (OR:1.31;95%CI: 0.91-1.87). CONCLUSIONS It can be confirmed that particular food habits which have been very common in East-Azerbaijan in the last two past decades increase risk of gastric cancer. According to our results and taking into account the long latency period of gastric cancer it can be concluded that nutrition education for a healthy diet should be performed from early childhood. However, further well designed cohort studies are needed to achieve more clear results.
Wavefront technology mapping

The wavefront technology mapping algorithm leads to a very simple and efficient implementation that elegantly decouples pattern matching and covering but circumvents that patterns have to be stored for the entire network simultaneously. This coupled with dynamic decomposition enables trade-off of many more alternatives than in conventional mapping algorithms. The wavefront algorithm maps optimally for minimal delay on directed acyclic graphs (DAGs) when a gain based delay model is used. It is optimal with respect to the arrival times on each path in the network. A special timing mode for multi-source nets allows minimization of other (non-delay) metrics as a secondary objective while maintaining delay optimality.
Effects of intramammary arterial infusion of non-essential amino acids and glucose in the lactating goat

Summary Three experiments were carried out on 2 lactating goats, in which mammary arterial plasma amino-acid concentrations were elevated by the infusion of a solution of non-essential amino acids into a carotid artery supplying a transplanted mammary gland. In a fourth experiment a solution of glucose was similarly infused. In some cases the increased arterial concentrations of amino acids resulted in their increased mammary uptake, and in a depression of glucose uptake. However, infusions of neither amino acids nor glucose resulted in increased milk protein yield. Infusion of [U-14C]glutamic acid in one experiment demonstrated gluconeogenesis from glutamate carbon within the mammary gland. The results are discussed in relation to data obtained in another laboratory, from which it has been claimed that non-essential amino acid supply may limit milk protein synthesis. The present results provide no confirmation for the claim.
Knowledge discovery from text documents based on paragraph maps

In law, physics, business, and so on, there are lots of documents. The organisation of these documents is essential. The right way to organise the documents reveals quite a lot from the information contents of the document. It is common that text documents are characterised and classified by keywords. The authors usually define these keywords. Nowadays there exists a tremendous amount of uncharacterised text documents, due to the Internet and also to old paper based archives. It is important that the information can be managed and the knowledge can be retrieved. It would be desirable to retrieve the information without reading the document. We propose a new technology based on multilevel hierarchies. Here we concentrate only on the highest level. The technology is based on a hierarchy of self-organizing maps (SOM) and on smart encoding of words. Our experiment with a text document (an annual report) shows that it is possible to separate between different types of paragraphs. It is possible to separate between the original paragraph and the one containing the same words but in random order. It is also possible to categorise the paragraphs or for instance, to find all unauthorised citations of paragraphs within a long text document. The only requirement is that there be a considerable amount of text documents for the training process. Finally the text documents can be classified based on the trained types of paragraphs. This means that unknown documents can be categorised without reading them. This facility can be called knowledge discovery.
Long QT syndrome patients with mutations of the SCN5A and HERG genes have differential responses to Na+ channel blockade and to increases in heart rate. Implications for gene-specific therapy.

BACKGROUND The genes for the long QT syndrome (LQTS) linked to chromosomes 3 (LQT3) and 7 (LQT2) were identified as SCN5A, the cardiac Na+ channel gene, and as HERG, a K+ channel gene. These findings opened the possibility of attempting gene-specific control of ventricular repolarization. We tested the hypothesis that the QT interval would shorten more in LQT3 than in LQT2 patients in response to mexiletine and also in response to increases in heart rate. METHODS AND RESULTS Fifteen LQTS patients were studied. Six LQT3 and 7 LQT2 patients were treated with mexiletine, and its effects on QT and QTc were measured. Mexiletine significantly shortened the QT interval among LQT3 patients (QTc from 535 +/- 32 to 445 +/- 31 ms, P < .005) but not among LQT2 patients (QTc from 530 +/- 79 to 503 +/- 60 ms, P = NS). LQT3 patients (n = 7) shortened their QT interval in response to increases in heart rate much more than LQT2 patients (n = 4) and also more than 18 healthy control subjects (9.45 +/- 3.3 versus 3.95 +/- 1.97 and 2.83 +/- 1.33, P < .05; data expressed as percent reduction in QT per 100-ms shortening in RR). Among these patients, there is also a trend for LQT2 patients to have syncope or cardiac arrest under emotional or physical stress and for LQT3 patients to have cardiac events either at rest or during sleep. CONCLUSIONS This is the first study to demonstrate differential responses of LQTS patients to interventions targeted to their specific genetic defect. These findings also suggest that LQT3 patients may be more likely to benefit from Na+ channel blockers and from cardiac pacing because they would be at higher risk of arrhythmia at slow heart rates. Conversely, LQT2 patients may be at higher risk to develop syncope under stressful conditions because of the combined arrhythmogenic effect of catecholamines with the insufficient adaptation of their QT interval when heart rate increases.
Primary school children's health-enhancing physical activity patterns: the school as a significant environment?

The moderate-to-vigorous physical activity (MVPA) of 70 children (age 8.6 years; 40 boys) was measured and gender and age differences were compared. Boys spent 28 minutes per day more than girls in MVPA (p=0.02, d=0.54), and younger children accumulated 24 minutes more MVPA than older peers (p=0.0001, d=0.91). Similar gender and age-related trends were apparent during segmented periods of the day. The majority of daily MVPA was accrued during school-related time (56.4±9.1%; p=0.0001, d=1.57). The findings reinforce the significance of schools as key environments for MVPA participation and promotion.
Transepithelial transport of a viral membrane glycoprotein implanted into the apical plasma membrane of Madin-Darby canine kidney cells. II. Immunological quantitation

The envelope of vesicular stomatitis virus was fused with the apical plasma membrane of Madin-Darby canine kidney cells by low pH treatment. The fate of the implanted G protein was then followed using a protein A- binding assay, which was designed to quantitate the amount of G protein in the apical and the basolateral membranes. The implanted G protein was rapidly internalized at 31 degrees C, whereas at 10 degrees C no uptake was observed. Already after 15 min at 31 degrees C, a fraction of the G protein could be detected at the basolateral membrane. After 60 min 25-48% of the G protein was basolateral as measured by the protein A-binding assay. At the same time, 25-33% of the implanted G protein was detected at the apical membrane. Internalization of G protein was not affected by 20 mM ammonium chloride or by 10 microM monensin. However, the endocytosed G protein accumulated in intracellular vacuoles and redistribution back to the plasma membrane was inhibited. We conclude that the implanted G protein was rapidly internalized from the apical surface of Madin-Darby canine kidney cells and a major fraction was routed to the basolateral domain.
Low Birth Weight and Retinal Vascular Caliber in Young Children

Statements appearing here are those of the writers and do not represent the official position of the American Academy of Pediatrics or its Committees. Comments on any topic, including the contents of PEDIATRICS, are invited from all members of the profession; those accepted for publicationwill not be subject tomajor editorial revision but generally must be no more than 400 words in length. The editors reserve the right to publish replies and may solicit responses from authors and others.
Supersonic propeller spindown of neutron stars in wind-fed mass-exchange close binaries

The supersonic propeller spindown of a neutron star moving in a strong stellar wind of its massive companion is discussed. I show that the supersonic propeller model presented by Davies & Pringle (1981}) is self-consistent if the strength of the stellar wind of the normal companion is \dot{M}_{\rm c} \la 2.2 10^{18} (M_{\rm ns}/M_{\sun}) V_8 g/s. Under these conditions the model can be used for the interpretation of the long-period pulsars in Be/X-ray transients. The spin history of the neutron star in the long period Be/X-ray transient A0535+26 is considered.
To read two pages, I need 5 minutes, but give me 5 minutes and I will read four: how to change productivity estimates by inverting the question

Past research has shown that people underestimate the time they need to complete large tasks, whereas completion times for smaller tasks are often overestimated, suggesting higher productivity estimates for larger than for smaller tasks. By replacing the traditional question about how much time a given work will take with a question about how much work can be completed within a given amount of time, we also found the opposite pattern. Both trends could reflect a general tendency to underestimate large amounts (of work as well as time) relatively to small ones. This ‘magnitude bias’ was explored in two studies where students estimated reading tasks, a third where IT-professionals estimated software projects, and a fourth where participants imagined a familiar walk, divided into time segments or part distances of varying lengths. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Non-Model-Based Multiple Impedance Control of Cooperating Robotic Manipulators

The multiple impedance control (MIC) is a model-based algorithm that enforces a designated impedance on all cooperating manipulators, and the manipulated object itself. Although the MIC has appeared as an efficient algorithm, but to apply model-based control laws the system dynamics has to be modeled. Furthermore, computation of the system dynamics even if perfectly known, may require considerable process time at each step for implementing the control law. In this paper, the MIC law is modified to be implemented without using system dynamics, and so is called non-model-based multiple impedance control (NMIC). Consequently, this new MIC law is a quick and more realistic algorithm for implementation in cooperating robotic systems. Developing the NMIC law, a vigorous stability analysis, based on the Lyapunov direct Method, besides error analysis, shows that under the NMIC law all participating manipulators, and the manipulated object exhibit the same designated impedance behavior. Next, the proposed NMIC law is applied on an object manipulation task with two cooperating manipulators while one of them is equipped with a Remote Compliant Centre. The results show good tracking performance even in the presence of impacts due to contact with an obstacle, and also system flexibility. Obtained results reveal the merits of NMIC law as a non-model-based algorithm for object manipulation tasks, which can be implemented with reasonable uncomplicated online computations
Subscription-driven self-organization in content-based publish/subscribe

In this paper, we outline an approach for enhancing content-based routing performance in publish/subscribe systems composed by an application-level network of event brokers. We present an algorithm which aim is to logically place close (in terms of TCP hops) brokers that manage subscribers with similar interests. We show how this algorithm allows the content-based routing algorithm to work in a favorable scenario, thus increasing its global performance.
Integrating Client Religious Beliefs in Counseling: Evolving Theory, Research, Education, and Practice

Historically, counseling theory, research, education, and practice have only peripherally included religious considerations of clients. Although there was a predominantly science-based approach to the profession, recent decades and changing cultural perspectives have brought new insight to the importance of integrating religion and spirituality in counseling. In this article, the authors discuss changes in counseling theory, research, education, and practice that have expanded to include religious and spiritual beliefs, practices, and faith communities of clients.
mvn2vec: Preservation and Collaboration in Multi-View Network Embedding

Multi-view networks are ubiquitous in real-world applications. In order to extract knowledge or business value, it is of interest to transform such networks into representations that are easily machine-actionable. Meanwhile, network embedding has emerged as an effective approach to generate distributed network representations. Therefore, we are motivated to study the problem of multi-view network embedding, with a focus on the characteristics that are specific and important in embedding this type of networks. In our practice of embedding real-world multi-view networks, we identify two such characteristics, which we refer to as preservation and collaboration. We then explore the feasibility of achieving better embedding quality by simultaneously modeling preservation and collaboration, and propose the mvn2vec algorithms. With experiments on a series of synthetic datasets, an internal Snapchat dataset, and two public datasets, we further confirm the presence and importance of preservation and collaboration. These experiments also demonstrate that better embedding can be obtained by simultaneously modeling the two characteristics, while not over-complicating the model or requiring additional supervision.
Power and the Emergence of Commitment Behavior in Negotiated Exchange

Dans cet article, les AA. examinent l'impact du pouvoir sur le developpement de l'engagement affectif dans les relations entre deux personnes. Lorsque l'engagement se developpe, les acteurs tendent a rester en relation en depit des alternatives et a utiliser les benefices necessaires au maintien de la relation.
Answering Questions: Methodology for Determining Cognitive and Communicative Processes in Survey Research

Acknowledgements 1. Introduction Part One: Interactional Analysis 2. Using Behavioral Coding to Indentify Cognitive Problems with Survey Questions(Floyd Jackson Fowler Hr., and Charles F. Cannell) 3. Questionnaire Pretesting: Computer-Assisted Coding of Concurrent Protocols(Ruth N. Bolton and Tima M, Bronkhorst) 4. From Paradigm to Prototype and Back Again: Interactive Aspects of Cognitive Processing in Standardized Survey Interviews(Nora Cate Schaffer and Douglas W. Maynard) Part Two: Verbal Protocols 5. The Validity and Consequnces of Verbal Reports About Attitudes (Timothy D. Wilson, Suzanne J. LaFleur, and D. Eric Amderson) 6. Expanding and Enhancing the Use of Verbal Protocols in Survey Research(Barbara Bickart and E. Marla Felcher) 7. Integrating Questionnaire Design with a Cognitive Computational Model of Human Question Answering(Arthur C. Graesser. Sailaja Bommareddy, Shane Swamer, and Jonathon M. Golding) Part Three: Other Methods for Determining Cognitive Processes 8. Cognitive Interviewing Techniques: In the Lab and in the Field(Theresa J. DeMaio and Jennifer M. Rothgeb) 9. Cognitve Techniques in Interviewing Older People(Jared B. Jobe, Donald M. Kellerm, and Albert F. Smith) 10. An Individual Differences Perspective in Assessing Cognitive Processes(Richard E. Petty and W. Blair G. Jarvis) 11. A Coding System for Appraising Questionnaires(Judith T, Lessler and Barbara H. Forsyth) 12. Exemplar Generation: Assessing How Respondents Give Meaning to Rating Scales(Thomas M. Ostrom and Katherine M. Gannon) 13. The How and Why of Response Latency Measurement in Telephone Surveys(John N. Bassili) 14. Implicit Memory and Survey Measurement(Mahzarin R. Banji, Irene V. Blair, and Norbert Schwarz) 15. Use of Sorting Tasks to Assess Cognitive Structures(Marilynn B. Brewer and Layton N. Lui) Part Four: Conclusion 16. How Do We Know What We Think They Think Is Really What They Think? (Robert M. Groves).
Comparison of Scores of Application Methods of the Epworth Sleepiness Scale: Self Administered or Nurse Administered

Purpose of the Study: The aim of this study was to investigate the impact of two different application methods (self or nurse administered) on Epworth Sleepiness Scale (ESS) scores and compare the scores according to their correlations between polysomnographic findings. Procedures: 114 patients agreed to participate by completing the Turkish version of the ESS with 2 different methods of application, but the complete results of polysomnography (PSG) were available for 101 patients. Results: The scores of the nurse-administered ESS were clinically significantly correlated with the apnea-hypoapnea index. Scores of the self-administered ESS were not correlated with any of the demographic and PSG parameters. In the reliability analysis, the scores of the self-administered and the nurse-administered ESS were quite consistent. Conclusion and Message: We considered that to complete the ESS with the method of nurse administration could change the reliability and sensitivity. In conclusion, the ESS may be a more reliable tool for measuring the severity of excessive daytime sleepiness or obstructive sleep apnea by a change in the administration method.
An Effective Storage Mechanism for High Performance Computing (HPC)

All over the process of treating data on HPC Systems, parallel file systems play a significant role. With more and more applications, the need for high performance Input-Output is rising. Different possibilities exist: General Parallel File System, cluster file systems and virtual parallel file system (PVFS) are the most important ones. However, these parallel file systems use pattern and model access less effective such as POSIX semantics (A family of technical standards emerged from a project to standardize programming interfaces software designed to operate on variant UNIX operating system.), which forces the MPI-IO implementations to use inefficient techniques based on locks. To avoid this synchronization in these techniques, we ensure that the use of a versioning-based file system is much more effective.
Adaptable Visualization Service: through Uniformity towardsSustainability

This paper presents a design of Adaptable Visualization Service which supports automatic generation of visualizations and GUIs. Adaptable Visualization Service is able to perform a wide range of visualization tasks. The advantage of presented service lays in its ability to combine various visualization methods and easiness of adding new ones. When adding a new visualization method the degree of changes made in Adaptable Visualization Service itself needs to be minimized. We assert that the desired minimization of changes can be reached thanks to uniformity of the proposed solution, adoption and extension of Model- View-Controller pattern, language independency of solution and division of service into three separate layers: language layer, visualization methods layer and transformation layer. Then the necessary changes can be limited to a small and isolated part of the visualization methods layer. We state that current solutions dealing with automatic GUI generation are difficult and costly to extend.