Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Impact of Extended-Duration Shifts on Medical Errors, Adverse Events, and Attentional Failures

Background A recent randomized controlled trial in critical-care units revealed that the elimination of extended-duration work shifts (≥24 h) reduces the rates of significant medical errors and polysomnographically recorded attentional failures. This raised the concern that the extended-duration shifts commonly worked by interns may contribute to the risk of medical errors being made, and perhaps to the risk of adverse events more generally. Our current study assessed whether extended-duration shifts worked by interns are associated with significant medical errors, adverse events, and attentional failures in a diverse population of interns across the United States. Methods and Findings We conducted a Web-based survey, across the United States, in which 2,737 residents in their first postgraduate year (interns) completed 17,003 monthly reports. The association between the number of extended-duration shifts worked in the month and the reporting of significant medical errors, preventable adverse events, and attentional failures was assessed using a case-crossover analysis in which each intern acted as his/her own control. Compared to months in which no extended-duration shifts were worked, during months in which between one and four extended-duration shifts and five or more extended-duration shifts were worked, the odds ratios of reporting at least one fatigue-related significant medical error were 3.5 (95% confidence interval [CI], 3.3–3.7) and 7.5 (95% CI, 7.2–7.8), respectively. The respective odds ratios for fatigue-related preventable adverse events, 8.7 (95% CI, 3.4–22) and 7.0 (95% CI, 4.3–11), were also increased. Interns working five or more extended-duration shifts per month reported more attentional failures during lectures, rounds, and clinical activities, including surgery and reported 300% more fatigue-related preventable adverse events resulting in a fatality. Conclusions In our survey, extended-duration work shifts were associated with an increased risk of significant medical errors, adverse events, and attentional failures in interns across the United States. These results have important public policy implications for postgraduate medical education.
Investigating Lexical Substitution Scoring for Subtitle Generation

This paper investigates an isolated setting of the lexical substitution task of replacing words with their synonyms. In particular, we examine this problem in the setting of subtitle generation and evaluate state of the art scoring methods that predict the validity of a given substitution. The paper evaluates two context independent models and two contextual models. The major findings suggest that distributional similarity provides a useful complementary estimate for the likelihood that two Wordnet synonyms are indeed substitutable, while proper modeling of contextual constraints is still a challenging task for future research.
Neonatal Hypoxia/Ischemia Is Associated With Decreased Inflammatory Mediators After Erythropoietin Administration

Background and Purpose— Erythropoietin (EPO), a hematopoietic growth factor, has been shown to be neuroprotective when administered as either a pretreatment or posttreatment. This study tested the hypothesis that one of the mechanisms of protection afforded by posttreatment with recombinant human EPO (rh-EPO) is an anti-inflammatory effect via inhibition of interleukin (IL)-1&bgr;. Methods— Seven-day-old rat pups were subjected to unilateral carotid artery ligation followed by 90 minutes of hypoxia (8% O2 at 37°C). Pups were divided into the following groups: control, hypoxia/ischemia, and hypoxia/ischemia plus rh-EPO. In the rh-EPO–treated pups, rh-EPO (5 U/g body weight IP) was administered starting 24 hours after the insult and then for 2 additional days. Samples were collected at 3, 7, 14, and 21 days after the insult. IL-1&bgr; mRNA and protein levels were determined by quantitative real-time reverse transcription–polymerase chain reaction and ELISA. Tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-&agr; mRNA levels were determined by colorimetric microplate assay. Results— rhEPO attenuated brain injury, as assessed by brain weight, and attenuated both the hypoxia/ischemia–induced increases in IL-1&bgr; mRNA and protein levels. TNF-&agr; mRNA levels did not increase at 3 to 14 days after the hypoxic/ischemic insult. Conclusions— Administration of exogenous rh-EPO starting 24 hours after a hypoxic/ischemic insult is neuroprotective in the neonatal rat. This neuroprotective activity prevented the secondary, delayed rise in IL-1&bgr; and attenuated the infiltration of leukocytes into the ipsilateral hemisphere.
Trends in the treatment for traumatic central cord syndrome without bone injury in the United States from 2000 to 2009

BACKGROUND Treatment for traumatic central cord syndrome (TCCS) without bone injury is still controversial. The purpose of this study was to examine trends in the treatment for TCCS without bone injury in the United States. METHODS Clinical data were obtained from the US Nationwide Inpatient Sample from 2000 to 2009. Patients with TCCS without bone injury were identified and divided into those receiving surgical treatment and those receiving conservative treatment according to the International Classification of Diseases—9th Rev.—Clinical Modification codes. Patient and health care system–related demographic data were retrieved. Trends in the treatment and patient outcomes were analyzed. Multivariate logistic regression analysis was then performed to identify the predictors for surgical treatment. RESULTS The ratio of patients who underwent surgical treatment was 27.1%. This ratio increased from 14.8% in 2000 to 30.5% in 2009 (p = 0.008). A total of 47.2% of surgical procedures were performed between Days 0 and 2. Multivariate analysis revealed that larger hospital size was a significant predictor for surgical treatment and patients who received treatment in Northeastern region were less likely to undergo surgical treatment. Comparisons between patients receiving surgical and conservative treatment revealed that those receiving surgical treatment had significantly higher overall in-hospital complication rate (18.6% vs. 14.5%), lower pulmonary embolism rate (0.5% vs. 1.2%), lower in-hospital mortality rate (2.0% vs. 2.7%), longer hospital stays (11.2 days vs. 9.9 days), and increased total hospital costs ($93,940 vs. $50,701). CONCLUSION The ratio of patients who underwent surgical treatment for TCCS without bone injury increased from 2000 to 2009. Approximately half of surgical procedures were performed from Days 0 to 2. Patients who received treatment in a small hospital or the Northeastern region were less likely to undergo surgical treatment. Although the overall in-hospital complication rate was higher in patients with surgical treatment, pulmonary embolism and in-hospital mortality rates were higher in patients with conservative treatment than those in patients with surgical treatment. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE Prognostic and epidemiologic study, level III. Therapeutic study, level IV.
Self-evolving kernel recursive least squares algorithm for control and prediction

This paper presents a self-evolving kernel recursive least squares (KRLS) algorithm which implements the modelling of unknown nonlinear systems in reproducing kernel Hilbert spaces (RKHS). The prime motivation of this development is a reformulation of the well known KRLS algorithm which inevitably increases the computational complexity to the cases where data arrive sequentially. The self-evolving KRLS algorithm utilizes the measurement of kernel evaluation and adaptive approximation error to determine the learning system with a structure of a suitable size that involves recruiting and dimension reduction of the kernel vector during the adaptive learning phase without predefining them. This self-evolving procedure allows the algorithm to operate online, often in real time, reducing the computational time and improving the learning performance. This algorithm is finally utilized in the applications of online adaptive control and time series prediction where the system is described as a unknown function by Nonlinear AutoRegressive with Exogenous inputs model. Simulation results from an inverted pendulum system and Time Series Data Library demonstrate the satisfactory performance of the proposed self-evolving KRLS algorithm.
Generation of seal influenza virus variants pathogenic for chickens, because of hemagglutinin cleavage site changes

Influenza virus A/seal/Mass/1/80 (H7N7) was adapted to grow in MDCK cells and chicken embryo cells (CEC) in the absence of exogenous protease. The biological properties of the virus variants obtained coincided with intracellular activation of the hemagglutinin (HA) by posttranslational proteolytic cleavage and depended on the cell type used for adaptation. MDCK cell-adapted variants contained point mutations in regions of the HA more distant from the cleavage site. It is proposed that these mutations are probably responsible, through an unknown mechanism, for enhanced cleavability of HA in MDCK cells. Such virus variants were apathogenic in chickens. CEC-adapted variants, on the other hand, contained an insertion of basic amino acids at the HA cleavage site, in addition to scattered point mutations. The insertions converted the cleavage sites in the variant virus HAs so that they came to resemble the cleavage site found in highly pathogenic avian influenza viruses. CEC variants with such cleavage site modifications were highly pathogenic for chickens. The lethal outcome of the infection in chickens demonstrated for the first time that an influenza virus derived from a mammalian species can be modified during adaptation to a new cell type to such an extent that the resulting virus variant becomes pathogenic for an avian species.
Advanced imaging in head-mounted displays for patients with age-related macular degeneration

According to the World Health Organization, age-related macular degeneration is one of the leading causes of blindness and low vision worldwide. It is a major cause of central vision loss for elderly people, which is increasing considerably without a suitable medical solution. Nevertheless, enhancement of people’s vision by means of adaptive technology and modern techniques in the field of mediated reality is conceivable. This thesis proposes advanced imaging implemented on a head-mounted display based system for improving vision of patients with agerelated macular degeneration. Central vision loss and distorted vision are the main symptoms of interest for the present research. A head-mounted hybrid magnification system is developed, in order to enhance visual perception acquired with peripheral vision of low level visual resolution. A hybrid magnification technique is adjusted and implemented on a head-mounted display. The performance is evaluated by simulating central vision loss on normal sight volunteers. Furthermore, a system for modeling and correcting distorted vision is proposed. The system obtains an inverted deformation model, termed correction model, of distorted vision in a patient by means of a deformable Amsler grid. The interactively deformable grid is based on cubic B-splines. To evaluate the modeling system, a method for simulating distorted vision is applied. By superimposing the model on Optical Coherence Tomography images of the macula, it is suitable to identify macular features, which could help on the development of an automatic method to model distorted vision. This work presents a step toward implementing mediated-reality solutions in low vision rehabilitation to improve vision and quality of life of patients with agerelated macular degeneration in the near future.
[Proteomic analysis of gastric mucosa in chronic gastritis rats of Pi-Wei damp-heat syndrome treated by sanren decoction: an experimental study].

OBJECTIVE To study the expressions of gastric mucosal proteins in chronic gastritis (CG) rats of Pi-Wei damp-heat syndrome (PWDHS), to investigate the pathogenesis correlated to CG rats of PWDHS, to observe the differential expressions of gastric mucosal proteins in CG rats of PWDHS, and to investigate the mechanisms of Sanren Decoction (SD) for treating CG rats of PWDHS. METHODS Totally 36 male SD rats were adaptable fed for 3 days and randomly divided into 3 groups, i.e., the normal control group, the CG of PWDHS rat model group (abbreviated as the model group), and the SD treatment group, 12 in each group. The CG of PWDHS rat model was prepared by composite factors. The gastric mucosal protein was separated using two-dimensional gel electrophoresis technique, and stained by Coomassie brilliant blue. The protein spots expressed differently were analyzed by PDquest 8.0 software. The protein spots expressed differently was identified by MALDI-TOF/TOF-MS. RESULTS The protein spots were 1 025 +/- 3 9, 994 +/- 51, 1 087 +/- 33 in the normal control group, the model group, and the SD treatment group respectively detected from two-dimensional gel electrophoresis profiles. Compared with the normal control group, there were 74 protein spots differentially expressed in the model group, 30 spots up-regulated and 44 spots down-regulated. Compared with the model group, there were 75 protein spots differentially expressed in the SD treatment group, 49 spots up-regulated and 26 spots down-regulated. Five protein spots differentially expressed were successfully identified, i.e., heat shock protein 72 (HSP72), heat shock protein 60 (HSP60), protein disulfide-isomerase (PDI), malate dehydrogenase (MDH), and unnamed protein. CONCLUSIONS The pathogenesis of CG of PWDHS may be correlated to energy metabolism disturbance and stress. The mechanisms of SD for treating it may possibly adjust differential expressions of gastric mucosal proteins.
The Generalized Upper Model

speci cations of process type relations and con gurations of partici pants and circumstances e g nondirected action addressee oriented verbal process actor senser recipient spatio temporal causal relation generalized means CHAPTER INTRODUCTION TO THE GENERALIZED UPPERMODEL WHAT WHY ANDWH abstract speci cations of object types for e g semantic selection restrictions e g decomposable object abstraction person spatial temporal abstract speci cations of quality types and the types of entities which they may relate e g behavioral quality sense and measure quality status quality abstract speci cations of combinations of events e g disjunction exempli fication restatementspeci cations of combinations of events e g disjunction exempli fication restatement The metafunctional factorization thus permits the upper model to specify experiential meanings that are invariant with respect to the linguistic alternations driven by the other metafunctions That is a speci cation in upper model terms is consistent with a set of linguistic realizations that may be regarded as experiential paraphrases the speci cation expresses the semantic content that is shared across those para phrases and often provides just the level of linguistically decommitted representation required for nonlinguistically oriented applications Generation of any unique sur face realization is achieved by additionally respecting the functional constraints that the other metafunctions bring to bear particular surface forms are only speci able when a complete set of constraints from each of the four metafunctions are combined The application of these constraints is directly represented in the penman gram mar which provides for the perspicuous and modular integration of many disparate sources of information The interdependencies between these constraints and their conditions of applicability are also directly represented in the grammar This orga nization of the grammar allows us to construct a rather abstract upper model while still preserving the necessary mapping to linguistic form The value of achieving the abstract speci cation of meaning supported by the upper model is then that it per mits a genuinely form independent but nevertheless form constraining conceptual representation that can be used both as a statement of the semantic contents of an utterance and as an abstract speci cation of content for application domains that require linguistic output Furthermore given its detail and consistency the organi zation appears appropriate for enforcing ontological consistency in general domain modelling
Investigation of the Involvement of P-Glycoprotein and Multidrug Resistance-Associated Protein 2 in the Efflux of Ximelagatran and Its Metabolites by Using Short Hairpin RNA Knockdown in Caco-2 Cells

Liver and bile secretion can be an important first-pass and clearance route for drug compounds and also the site of several drug-drug interactions. In the clinical program for ximelagatran development, an unexpected effect of erythromycin on the pharmacokinetics of the direct thrombin inhibitor ximelagatran and its metabolites was detected. This interaction was believed to be mediated by inhibition of drug transporters, which normally extrude the drug into the bile. Previous Caco-2 cell experiments indicated the involvement of an active efflux mechanism for ximelagatran, hydroxy-melagatran, and melagatran possibly mediated by P-glycoprotein (P-gp). However, the inhibitors used may not have been specific enough and the possibility that transporters other than P-gp were important in the Caco-2 cell assay cannot be excluded. In this study we used RNA interference, a post-transcriptional gene silencing mechanism in which mRNA is degraded in a sequence-specific manner, to specifically knock down P-gp or multidrug resistance-associated protein 2 (MRP2) transporters in Caco-2 cells. The data obtained from bidirectional transport studies in these cells indicate a clear involvement of P-gp but not of MRP2 in the transport of ximelagatran, hydroxy-melagatran, and melagatran across the apical cell membrane. The present study shows that short hairpin RNA Caco-2 cells are a valuable tool to investigate the contribution of specific transporters in the transcellular transport of drug molecules and to predict potential sites of pharmacokinetic interactions. The results also suggest that inhibition of hepatic P-gp is involved in the erythromycin-ximelagatran interaction seen in clinical studies.
Towards a Silent Mobile Sensing Framework for Smart Cities

A key opportunity to be exploited in the coming decade is the utilization of the universal penetration of mobile connectivity to make life better for inhabitants of urban cities. There exist a wide range of possibilities to deploy smart mobile solutions for vertical sectors and markets that span health, transportation, environment, safety, entertainment, buildings, education, business, agriculture, and industry. In this paper, we consider the development of a mobile sensing framework that utilizes the embedded sensors in smartphones to seamlessly capture context information in urban environments. We present an overview of a design architecture that facilitates silent mobile sensing in addition to centralized context data visualization and analytics. Moreover, we discuss potential application scenarios that can use the presented framework to develop mobile solutions for smart cities. Finally, we present preliminary results for a case study that aims at creating public WiFi coverage maps for the campus of the American University of Beirut.
Lymphogenous and hematogenous metastasis of Lewis lung carcinoma in the mouse

Quantitative and temporal comparisons were made between lymphogenous and hematogenous metastasis in the non‐immunogenic model system of mice bearing transplanted 3LL tumors in their hind feet. The experimental evidence indicates that cancer cells disseminate from clinically detectable primary cancers by non‐exclusive routes in the bloodstream and in the lymphatics. Following a delay of approximately 2 weeks after injection of 3LL cancer cells into the foot, local lymph‐node micrometastases occur, together with the first appearance of overt hematogenous metastases in the lungs. The anatomic extent of lymph‐node involvement, determined by bioassays of orthotopic grafts, of ipsilateral popliteal, inguinal and lumbar nodes, provides an accurate indicator of hematogenous metastasis, even though lymphogenous and hematogenous metastasis are operationally independent in this tumor/host system.
Ontologies for Knowledge Graphs?

Modern knowledge representation (KR), and description logics (DL) in particular, promises many advantages for information management, based on an unambiguous, implementation-independent semantics for which a range of reasoning services is available. These strengths align well with the needs of an ever growing information industry. Today, giants like Google, Facebook, and Wikimedia consciously deploy ontological models, and store information in graph-like data structures that are more similar to DL ABoxes than to traditional relational databases. Many smaller organisations follow, and “knowledge graphs” appear in numerous places. Clearly, logic-based KR can make significant contributions to this development, yet there is often very little adoption in typical knowledge graph applications. Focusing on Wikidata as a particular use case, this invited contribution asks which technical issues might limit the impact of symbolic KR in this area, and summarises some recent developments towards addressing them in various logics.
Establishment of a quiescent herpes simplex virus type 1 infection in neurally-differentiated PC12 cells.

Rat pheochromocytoma (PC12) cells differentiated with nerve growth factor (Nd-PC12) were used to investigate the establishment of a non-productive herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) infection that is reversible. The results of this work are as follows: (i) Nd-PC12 cultures could be maintained as long term (>7 weeks) non-dividing cultures only when plated on collagen-coated dishes in the absence of serum; (ii) Infection of Nd-PC12 with HSV-1 strains KOS and 17 in the transient presence of acycloguanosine (ACV) resulted in all cultures free of detectable levels of infectious virus at the time of ACV removal and ACV was not needed to maintain the non-productive quiescent state in the subsequent 8 weeks; (iii) These persistently infected and quiescent (QIF)-PC12 cultures demonstrated both spontaneous and forskolin-inducible virus production, at low (5%) and high frequencies (92-100%), respectively during the first 2 weeks post-ACV withdrawal. (iv) In contrast to other in vitro models, HSV-1 failed to reactivate following removal of nerve growth factor. (v) A high percentage of QIF-PC12 cultures (50-100%) produced virus in response to forskolin treatment as long as 7 weeks post-ACV withdrawal. (vi) Expression of HSV-1 productive genes (i.e. alpha0, alpha4, alpha27, UL30 and UL18) dropped precipitously in the presence of ACV and remained undetectable or continued to decline following its removal, whereas the levels of LAT and the host gene G3PDH remained relatively constant throughout the 31 day study period as measured by RT-PCR. These results indicate that QIF-PC12 cells offer a novel, neuronal cell culture system that may enhance our ability to study HSV-1 reactivation from a cryptic, latent-like, non-productive state in the absence of replication inhibitors.