Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
A Connectionist Approach to Prepositional Phrase Attachment for Real World Texts

In this paper we describe a neural network-based approach to prepositional phrase attachment disambiguation for real world texts. Although the use of semantic classes in this task seems intuitively to be adequate, methods employed to date have not used them very effectively. Causes of their poor results are discussed. Our model, which uses only classes, scores appreciably better than the other class-based methods which have been tested on the Wall Street Journal corpus. To date, the best result obtained using only classes was a score of 79.1%; we obtained an accuracy score of 86.8%. This score is among the best reported in the literature using this corpus.
Exploration of agent of change’s role in biodiesel energy transition process using agent-based model

As the world’s largest Crude Palm Oil (CPO) producer, Indonesia uses CPO as raw material for biodiesel. A number of policies have been designed by the Indonesian government to support adoption of biodiesel. However, the role of energy alternatives faced complex problems. Agent-based modeling can be applied to predict the impact of policies on the actors in the business process to acquire a rich discernment of the behavior and decision making by the biodiesel industries. This study evaluates government policy by attending at the adoption of the biodiesel industry in the tender run by a government with the intervention of two policy options biodiesel energy utilization by developing an agent-based model. The simulation result show that the policy of adding the biodiesel plant installed capacity has a good impact in increasing the production capacity and vendor adoption in the tender. Even so, the government should consider the cost to be incurred and the profits for vendors, so the biodiesel production targets can be successfully fulfilled.
Applied Concepts in PBPK Modeling: How to Build a PBPK/PD Model

The aim of this tutorial is to introduce the fundamental concepts of physiologically based pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic (PBPK/PD) modeling with a special focus on their practical implementation in a typical PBPK model building workflow. To illustrate basic steps in PBPK model building, a PBPK model for ciprofloxacin will be constructed and coupled to a pharmacodynamic model to simulate the antibacterial activity of ciprofloxacin treatment.
Mars exploration rover surface operations: driving opportunity at Meridiani Planum

Since landing on the Meridiani Planum region of Mars in January 2004, the Mars exploration rover (MER) vehicle named Opportunity has been sending back pictures taken from several different craters that would provide evidence that the region did indeed have a watery past. This paper details the experience of driving Opportunity through this alien landscape during its first 400 days on Mars, from the point of view of the other rover planners, the people who tell the rover where to drive and how to use its robotic arm
Acute toxicity.

1. Inventory of methods currently available From the regulatory point of view, the main objective of acute toxicity testing is basically to classify chemicals according to their intrinsic toxicity as required by the EEC directive on classification, packaging, and labelling of dangerous substances (Council Directive 67/548/EEC and subsequent amendments). This requirement aims to protect public health by regulating exposure to potentially dangerous materials. Classification of chemicals is done on the basis of the medium lethal dose (LD50) value, defined as “the statistically derived single dose of a substance that can be expected to cause death in 50% of the animals in an experimental group”. The LD50 concept was first introduced in 1927 for establishing the toxic potency of biologically active compounds such as digoxin (1). Since the end of the 1970 ́s the LD50 test has been widely criticised for both scientific and animal welfare reasons (2, 3), and the test procedure has been modified in various ways to reduce the number of animals required, and to reduce the suffering caused to any animal used (4). This modification to the classical LD50 test includes the fixed-dose procedure, OECD TG 420 (5), the acute-toxic-class method, OECD TG 423 (6), and the up-and-down procedure, OECD TG 425 (7). In 2002 the original LD50 test, OECD 401 (8), has been deleted from the OECD guidelines.
A 60 GHz CMOS Full-Duplex Transceiver and Link with Polarization-Based Antenna and RF Cancellation

This paper presents a fully integrated 60 GHz directconversion transceiver in 45 nm SOI CMOS for same-channel full-duplex (FD) wireless communication. FD operation is enabled by a novel polarization-based wideband reconfigurable selfinterference cancellation (SIC) technique in the antenna domain. The antenna cancellation can be reconfigured from the IC to combat the variable SI scattering from the environment during in-field operation. A second RF cancellation path with> 30 dB gain control and> 360° phase control from the transmitter (TX) output to the LNA output further suppresses the residual SI to achieve the high levels of required SIC. With antenna and RF cancellation together, a total SI suppression of > 70 dB is achieved over a cancellation bandwidth of 1 GHz and can be maintained in the presence of nearby reflectors. In conjunction with digital SIC (DSIC) implemented in MATLAB, a FD link is demonstrated over 0.7 m with a signal-to-interference-noise-and-distortion ratio (SINDR) of 7.2 dB. To the best of our knowledge, this work achieves the highest integration level among FD transceivers irrespective of the operation frequency and demonstrates the first fully integrated mm-wave FD transceiver front-end and link.
Learning States and Rules for Time Series Anomaly Detection

The normal operation of a device can be characterized in different temporal states. To identify these states, we introduce a clustering algorithm called Gecko that can determine a reasonable number of clusters using our proposed L method. We then use the RIPPER classification algorithm to describe these states in logical rules. Finally, transitional logic between the states is added to create a finite state automaton. Our empirical results, on data obtained from the NASA shuttle program, indicate that the Gecko clustering algorithm is comparable to a human expert in identifying states and our overall system can track normal behavior and detect anomalies.
Ontology-engineered MSME Framework

Micro, Small and Medium scale Enterprises (MSMEs) hold an unfailing distinction of being pillars of equitable economic growth. Lack of proper business platforms and knowledge of marketing strategies render MSMEs vulnerable to middlemen exploitation. The Web has extended e-business platforms, ecommerce and micro financing solutions to assist MSMEs. These web-based solutions fail to obliterate intermediation. In view of the advancements and customers’ growth in the telecommunications field, we utilize the mobile platform to offer trading solutions to MSMEs. In this paper, we propose a mobile phonebased ontology engineered framework for MSMEs that can achieve disintermediation. The framework has been tested on mobile cloud akin to EC2 cloud environment and integrated with an android application that provides easy access anytime, anywhere. The envisioned framework will boost MSME margins, build healthy business-ties and transform MSMEs into self-sufficient establishments equipped with full-fledged trading systems that operate in mobile phone enabled environment.
Extracting facts from open source software

Open source software systems are becoming increasingly important these days. Many companies are investing in open source projects and lots of them are also using such software in their own work. But because open source software is often developed without proper management, the quality and reliability of the code may be uncertain. The quality of the code needs to be measured and this can be done only with the help of proper tools. We describe a framework called Columbus with which we calculate the object oriented metrics validated by Basili et al. for illustrating how fault-proneness detection from the open source Web and e-mail suite called Mozilla can be done. We also compare the metrics of several versions of Mozilla to see how the predicted fault-proneness of the software system changed during its development. The Columbus framework has been further developed recently with a compiler wrapping technology that now gives us the possibility of automatically analyzing and extracting information from software systems without modifying any of the source code or makefiles. We also introduce our fact extraction process here to show what logic drives the various tools of the Columbus framework and what steps need to be taken to obtain the desired facts.
The pathophysiology of HOX genes and their role in cancer

The HOM‐C clustered prototype homeobox genes of Drosophila, and their counterparts, the HOX genes in humans, are highly conserved at the genomic level. These master regulators of development continue to be expressed throughout adulthood in various tissues and organs. The physiological and patho‐physiological functions of this network of genes are being avidly pursued within the scientific community, but defined roles for them remain elusive. The order of expression of HOX genes within a cluster is co‐ordinated during development, so that the 3′ genes are expressed more anteriorly and earlier than the 5′ genes. Mutations in HOXA13 and HOXD13 are associated with disorders of limb formation such as hand–foot–genital syndrome (HFGS), synpolydactyly (SPD), and brachydactyly. Haematopoietic progenitors express HOX genes in a pattern characteristic of the lineage and stage of differentiation of the cells. In leukaemia, dysregulated HOX gene expression can occur due to chromosomal translocations involving upstream regulators such as the MLL gene, or the fusion of a HOX gene to another gene such as the nucleoporin, NUP98. Recent investigations of HOX gene expression in leukaemia are providing important insights into disease classification and prediction of clinical outcome. Whereas the oncogenic potential of certain HOX genes in leukaemia has already been defined, their role in other neoplasms is currently being studied. Progress has been hampered by the experimental approach used in many studies in which the expression of small subsets of HOX genes was analysed, and complicated by the functional redundancy implicit in the HOX gene system. Attempts to elucidate the function of HOX genes in malignant transformation will be enhanced by a better understanding of their upstream regulators and downstream target genes. Copyright © 2005 Pathological Society of Great Britain and Ireland. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Measuring Dietary Exposure in Nutritional Epidemiological Studies

C O N T E N T S I N T R O D U C T I O N . E P I D E M I O L O G I C A L P R I N C I P L E S RELEVANT T O D I E T A R Y S T U D I E S . D E F I N I N G EXPOSURE A N D O U T C O M E . G E N E R A L ISSUES T O BE C O N S I D E R E D W H E N ASSESSING D I E T A R Y E X P O S U R E S . COMPLEXITY OF DIETARY EXPOSURE. D 0 SE-R E S P 0 N S E RE L A T I 0 N S H I P . PH Y SI OLOG I c A L/M ETA BOL I c R EQU I REMEN TS . MULTIPLE F U N C T I O N S . INTERACTION . BIOAVAILABILITY . BIOEQUIVALENCE . C R I T I C A L TIME PERIODS . BIOLOGICAL MARKERS . THE RELEVANT EXPOSURE . E P I D E M I O L O G I C A L APPROACHES T O M E A S U R I N G EX P 0 S U R E-0 U T C 0 M E R E L A T I 0 N S H I PS . SUMMARY OF OBSERVATIONAL I N D I V I D U A L BASED STUDY DESIGNS . Cohort studies . Case-control studies . Cross-sectional studies . D I E T A R Y MEASURES I N E P I D E M I O L O G I C A L S T U D I E S . EXPERIMENTAL STUDIES . COHORT STUDIES . CASE-CONTROL STUDIES . CROSS-SECTIONAL STUDIES . V A L I D I T Y . CALIBRATION OF MEASURES. REPEATABILITY . EXAMPLES O F QUESTIONS A N D APPROACHES W H I C H MAY BE
Magmatic processes leading to compositional diversity in igneous rocks: Bowen (1928) revisited

Here we present a perspective on the evolution of thought on the origin of compositional diversity in igneous rocks, starting with the pioneer Norman Levi Bowen. In pursing this question of diversity, which was first clearly identified by Daly (1914), Bowen established the utility of experimentally determined phase equilibria as an aid to understanding geologic processes. His work ultimately led him to attribute igneous rock diversity to a singular path of fractional crystallization. We summarize the evolution of understanding acquired by petrologists during and after Bowen's time. Experimentalists beyond Bowen were crucial in furthering the understanding of the origin of the diversity of igneous rocks by discovering that more than one fractional crystallization path can occur in nature: at a minimum, differentiation can either be dry (tholeiitic) or hydrous (calc-alkaline). We also reassess the five alternative igneous processes that may give rise to compositional diversity that Bowen considered, but found to be wanting. These are magma mixing, liquid immiscibility, Soret diffusion, compositional gradients in liquids, and contamination of magma by foreign material (assimilation). These processes play important roles in igneous petrogenesis, that is, roles larger than Bowen envisioned, yet fractional crystallization remains fundamentally important.
Meshless modeling for electrical-thermal co-simulation of IR-drop analysis

In this paper, an electrical-thermal co-simulation technique based on a meshless method is proposed to perform efficient IR-drop analysis. Governing equations to be solved are the steady-state equations of potential distribution and heat conduction. These equations interact with each other through temperature-dependent material property and dissipated power leading to Joule heating. Although solving such equations generally becomes a non-linear problem, our iterative co-simulation approach can avoid a conventional non-linear solver. We adopt the radial point interpolation method as one of the meshless method for spatial modeling of the electrical-thermal governing equations. Since the meshless-based modeling technique has flexibility for representing curved and/or multiscale structures due to its nodal placement of variables, it can be more efficient than mesh-based methods, e.g., the finite element method and the finite volume method. Numerical results of an example structure show the validity of the proposed method in terms of the accuracy and CPU time.
Viral and Cellular Determinants of Hepatitis C Virus RNA Replication in Cell Culture

ABSTRACT Studies on the replication of hepatitis C virus (HCV) have been facilitated by the development of selectable subgenomic replicons replicating in the human hepatoma cell line Huh-7 at a surprisingly high level. Analysis of the replicon population in selected cells revealed the occurrence of cell culture-adaptive mutations that enhance RNA replication substantially. To gain a better understanding of HCV cell culture adaptation, we characterized conserved mutations identified by sequence analysis of 26 independent replicon cell clones for their effect on RNA replication. Mutations enhancing replication were found in nearly every nonstructural (NS) protein, and they could be subdivided into at least two groups by their effect on replication efficiency and cooperativity: (i) mutations in NS3 with a low impact on replication but that enhanced replication cooperatively when combined with highly adaptive mutations and (ii) mutations in NS4B, -5A, and -5B, causing a strong increase in replication but being incompatible with each other. In addition to adaptive mutations, we found that the host cell plays an equally important role for efficient RNA replication. We tested several passages of the same Huh-7 cell line and found up to 100-fold differences in their ability to support replicon amplification. These differences were not due to variations in internal ribosome entry site-dependent translation or RNA degradation. In a search for cellular factor(s) that might be responsible for the different levels of permissiveness of Huh-7 cells, we found that replication efficiency decreased with increasing amounts of transfected replicon RNA, indicating that viral RNA or proteins are cytopathic or that host cell factors in Huh-7 cells limit RNA amplification. In summary, these data show that the efficiency of HCV replication in cell culture is determined both by adaptation of the viral sequence and by the host cell itself.
Breast-feeding and maternal mental well-being among Bangladeshi and Pakistani women in north-east England

Abstract Objectives To explore the relationship between infant feeding and maternal mental well-being among women of Bangladeshi and Pakistani ethnicity; and to explore the sources of advice, information and support available to women before and after childbirth. Design A cross-sectional survey of infant feeding and maternal well-being via structured interviews conducted in the home. Setting Home visits within two inner-city wards of Newcastle upon Tyne. Subjects Eighty-six women of South Asian ethnicity. Results Enjoyment of everyday activities was higher among women who breast-fed only (P = 0.028); whereas feeling sad or crying during pregnancy was lower among breast-feeding women (P = 0.005), as was not sleeping well (P = 0.003) and feeling that everything was too much (P = 0.039), compared with women who used formula or mixed feeding. Women who breast-fed only had better mean mood scores than those who formula-fed or those who both breast-fed and formula-fed (P < 0.001). Mean mood responses were also significantly associated with the mother’s level of understanding of English and number of years in education (P = 0.005 and P = 0.003, respectively). The association between method of feeding and maternal mood remained strong after controlling for the effects of English language and maternal education. Conclusions The study suggests that breast-feeding may be an important mediator of maternal mental well-being after childbirth. Community-based programmes tailored to the needs of Bangladeshi and Pakistani women which support breast-feeding and encourage exclusive breast-feeding may be of benefit.
Epidemiology of chlamydial infection: are we losing ground?

Screening programmes to identify and treat young women with chlamydial infection have been developed in several countries. The goals of these screening programmes are, for the individual, to reduce a woman’s likelihood of experiencing important reproductive health complications, and, for the population, to reduce the incidence and prevalence of chlamydial infection in the population at risk. The primary objective of this commentary is to address whether we are losing ground in our efforts to prevent chlamydial infection and its complications.
A Program for Research on Social and Economic Dimensions of an Aging Population Modelling the Age Dynamics of Chronic Health Conditions: Life-table-consistent Transition Probabilities and Their Application Modelling the Age Dynamics of Chronic Health Conditions: Life-table-consistent Transition Prob

The Program for Research on Social and Economic Dimensions of an Aging Population (SEDAP) is an interdisciplinary research program centred at McMaster University with co-investigators at seventeen other universities in Canada and abroad. The SEDAP Research Paper series provides a vehicle for distributing the results of studies undertaken by those associated with the program. Authors take full responsibility for all expressions of opinion. Abstract We derive transition probability matrices for chronic health conditions using survey prevalence data. Matrices are constructed for successive age groups and the sequence represents the " age dynamics " of the health conditions for a stationary population – the probabilities of acquiring the conditions, of moving from one chronic conditions state to another, and of dying. One can simulate the life path of a cohort under the initial probabilities, and again under altered probabilities to explore the effects of eliminating a particular condition or reducing its mortality probabilities. We report the results of such simulations and note the general applicability of the methods. RJsumJ Nous calculons les matrices de probabilités de transition associées aux problèmes de santé chroniques à partir de données d'enquête de prévalence. Les matrices sont construites pour tous les groupes d'âge successifs et la séquence représente l'évolution de l'état de santé en fonction de l'âge d'une population stationnaire ‐ la probabilité d'acquérir une maladie, de passer d'une maladie chronique à l'autre, et de mourir. On peut ainsi simuler le chemin de vie d'une cohorte en tenant compte des probabilités d'occurrence initiales, et aussi en considérant des probabilités modifiées pour explorer les effets de l'élimination d'une condition particulière ou la réduction de son taux de mortalité. Nous rapportons les résultats de ces simulations et l'applicabilité générale de nos methods.
A Simple Stabilization Method of Reduced Albumin in Blood and Plasma for the Reduced/Oxidized Albumin Ratio Measurement

Albumin (Alb) is mixture of reduced and oxidized forms. It is physiologically significant to determine Alb(red)%, which is the proportion of reduced Alb in the sum of Alb. However, reduced Alb in both blood and plasma samples is easily converted to oxidized Alb. Accordingly, the stabilization of Alb in samples is necessary to determine precise Alb(red)% values. Alb stabilization in blood or plasma was achieved by pH control and buffer dilution. At least a 50-fold dilution with 50 mmol/l phosphate buffer (pH 6.0) was required for human plasma. For human blood, a 10-fold dilution with 0.5 mol/l sodium citrate buffer (pH 4.3) was required. To measure Alb(red)%, treated samples were applied to HPLC or LC-ESI-TOFMS. We also developed a “pre-incubation method”, to accelerate the oxidative reaction in plasma by heating at 37°C. Alb(red)% values were maintained around the initial value for 48 h after stabilizing human plasma and 72 h after stabilizing human blood. Accelerating the oxidative reaction in plasma produced large differences in the Alb(red)% values between normal and model disease samples. Precise Alb(red)% values were routinely obtained under the stabilization control. Additionally, pre-incubation of the plasma before measurement is useful to enhance the difference between normal and disease samples.