Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Secondary and tertiary structures of hyaluronan in aqueous solution, investigated by rotary shadowing-electron microscopy and computer simulation. Hyaluronan is a very efficient network-forming polymer.

1. Hyaluronan from mesothelioma fluid, rooster comb and streptococci was examined by rotary shadowing and electron microscopy. All preparations showed extensive branched networks, but high-viscosity hyaluronan networks were essentially infinite, with no individual 'molecules' that were not integrated via multiple branched points into the meshwork. Low-viscosity hyaluronan, recovered after papain digestion of mesothelioma fluid, showed occasional single filaments that were independent of the main aggregates, some of which were themselves independent of other aggregates. 2. Hyaluronan is a polymer with a very marked capability to form meshworks at very low dilution (less than 1 microgram/ml). The longer the hyaluronan molecule, the more branching is potentially possible, and the more extensive and coherent is the network, with every hyaluronan molecule in contact with every other in the solution, via the network. This behaviour accounts for the mechanical properties of the soft tissues (e.g. vitreous humour) and fluids (e.g. synovial fluid) of which hyaluronan is a major component. 3. The hyaluronan twofold helix, previously demonstrated to be present in solution [Heatley & Scott (1988) Biochem. J. 254, 489-493] was shown by computer simulation and energy calculations to be sterically capable of extensive duplex formation, probably driven by interactions between the large hydrophobic patches on alternate sides of the tape-like polymer, forming stable aggregates at biological temperatures in water. This 'stickiness' is postulated to be the basis of the network-forming and laterally aggregating behaviour of hyaluronan. 4. The tertiary structures formed by hyaluronan may not be possible in the case of chondroitin 4-sulphate.
Radiotherapy for glioblastoma in the elderly.

BACKGROUND There is no community standard for the treatment of glioblastoma in patients 70 years of age or older. We conducted a randomized trial that compared radiotherapy and supportive care with supportive care alone in such patients. METHODS Patients 70 years of age or older with a newly diagnosed anaplastic astrocytoma or glioblastoma and a Karnofsky performance score of 70 or higher were randomly assigned to receive supportive care only or supportive care plus radiotherapy (focal radiation in daily fractions of 1.8 Gy given 5 days per week, for a total dose of 50 Gy). The primary end point was overall survival; secondary end points were progression-free survival, tolerance of radiotherapy, health-related quality of life, and cognition. RESULTS We randomly assigned 85 patients from 10 centers to receive either radiotherapy and supportive care or supportive care alone. The trial was discontinued at the first interim analysis, which showed that with a preset boundary of efficacy, radiotherapy and supportive care were superior to supportive care alone. A final analysis was carried out for the 81 patients with glioblastoma (median age, 73 years; range, 70 to 85). At a median follow-up of 21 weeks, the median survival for the 39 patients who received radiotherapy plus supportive care was 29.1 weeks, as compared with 16.9 weeks for the 42 patients who received supportive care alone. The hazard ratio for death in the radiotherapy group was 0.47 (95% confidence interval, 0.29 to 0.76; P=0.002). There were no severe adverse events related to radiotherapy. The results of quality-of-life and cognitive evaluations over time did not differ significantly between the treatment groups. CONCLUSIONS Radiotherapy results in a modest improvement in survival, without reducing the quality of life or cognition, in elderly patients with glioblastoma. (ClinicalTrials.gov number, NCT00430911 [ClinicalTrials.gov].).
Portfolio Selection Based on the Moment Analysis

This paper applies the method of moment analysis to study the effect of higher moments of risky asset return on portfolio selection under it's distribution is non-normality.At first,assuming risky asset return has finite moments,it expands the marginal utility function as a Taylor series to obtain the approximate solution of static portfolio selection;then,assuming jumps in the risky asset return process generate non-normality,it applies the method of stochastic control to obtain the analytical approximation of dynamic portfolio selection,and explains it with higher moments.Analyses show,the existing of extra kurtosis reduces the investment on risky asset,positive(negative)skewness increases(decreases)the investment on risky asset,the effects enhance with their increasing and that of risk aversion coefficient; predictability results in positive or negative hedging demand of portfolio,which depends on the sign of correlation coefficient and risk aversion coefficient;jump overall reduces the investment on risky asset; predictability and jump have interactive effect on dynamic portfolio selection.
International Collaboration and Spatial Dynamics of US Patenting in Central and Eastern Europe 1981-2010

How did post-socialist transition and a parallel shift in international labor division restructure regional innovation systems in Central and Eastern Europe? This question is increasingly important, because current EU innovation policy is combined with regional development in Smart Specialization Strategies; however, spatial trends of innovation in Central and Eastern Europe are not fully understood which might lead to less than perfectly efficient policy. In this paper we describe the spatial dynamics of inventor activity in the Czech Republic, Hungary, Poland and Slovakia between 1981 and 2010 –a period that covers both the late socialist era and the post-socialist transition. Cleaning and analyzing the publicly available data from the United States Patent and Trademark Office we illustrate that Central and Eastern European patents made in international co-operations with partners outside the region receive more citations than those Central and Eastern European patents that lack international co-operation. Furthermore, the technological portfolio of the former patents has become increasingly independent from the technological portfolio of the latter class. A town-level analysis of the applicant-inventor ties reveals that inventors have started to work for foreign assignees in those towns where no innovation activity had been recorded before. However, the positive effect does not last long and patenting seems to be only periodic in the majority of these towns. Therefore, innovation policy in Central and Eastern European countries, as well as in other less developed regions, shall foster synergies between international and domestic collaborations in order to decrease regional disparities in patenting.
Viral Marketing via Social Networking Sites: Perceptions of Students in a University Environment

This chapter focuses on the role of social networking sites in viral marketing through a case study in a university environment. Over the last years, companies are using alternative channels including social networking sites to promote their products. The specific channel provides the opportunity to connect with customers and achieve marketing objectives. The study aims to gather the perspectives of students on social networking sites as a form of marketing and draw on their views to establish implications and practical recommendations for marketers. By using questionnaires and focus groups interviews, the study ascertained that companies which were active in social networking sites developed a positive effect on customer attitudes, particularly brand perception, but had little to no effect on the actual customer behaviour patterns. It is also concluded that social networking sites suggest an efficient alternative channel for marketing purposes.
SUCCESSFUL TRANSPLANTATION OF HAPLOIDENTICAL CD34 + SELECTED BONE MARROW CELLS FOR AN INFANTILE CASE OF SEVERE COMBINED IMMUNODEFICIENCY WITH ASPERGILLUS PNEUMONIA

A 5-month-old boy with X-linked severe combined immunodeficiency (SCID) and aspergillus pneumonia was successfully transplanted. Before and during transplantation, the patient received O 2 administration, systemic amphotericin B, and itraconazole. The transplant was performed with a conditioning regimen of busulfan/cyclophosphamide and 2.9 2 10 6 /kg of CD34 + selected bone marrow cells from his HLA haploidentical mother. Acute grade II graft-versus-host disease (GvHD) was well controlled. Neutrophil counts reached > 0.5 2 10 9 /L by day 15 and platelet counts reached > 50 2 10 9 /L by day 48. The T-cell subset (counts) in peripheral blood increased to 42.2% (0.31 2 10 9 /L) by day 46. The pneumonia improved by day 54. The patient has been doing well with limited chronic GvHD of the gut with a follow-up of longer than 40 months after BMT. Conquest of aspergillus pneumonia in SCID infants could be achieved by CD34 + bone marrow cell transplantation together with appropriate anti-fungal treatment.
Anomalies of subjective experience in schizophrenia and psychotic bipolar illness

Objective: Contemporary psychopathology, as a result of behaviourally dominated epistemological stance, downplays anomalies of the patient's subjectivity. This neglect has probably deleterious consequences for research in the causes and the boundaries of the schizophrenia spectrum conditions. The purpose of this study is to explore frequency of qualitative, not‐yet‐psychotic, anomalies of subjective experience in patients with residual schizophrenia and psychotic bipolar illness in remission.
The Glutathione Biotransformation System and Colorectal Cancer Risk in Humans

Evidence for a protective role of the glutathione biotransformation system in carcinogenesis is growing. However, most data on this system in relation to colorectal cancer originate from animal studies. Here we review the human data. In humans, a significant association was found between glutathione S-transferase (GST) activity in the mucosa along the gastrointestinal tract and the corresponding tumour incidence. Low activity was correlated with high tumour incidence and vice versa. Also, in normal colonic mucosa, GST activity is lower in patients at risk of colon cancer than in healthy controls and therefore interventions which increase the glutathione detoxification capacity may reduce cancer incidence. Consumption of vegetables and fruit is associated with a lower risk of colorectal cancer. Human intervention studies showed that (components from) vegetables induced colonic glutathione detoxification capacity. Such an effect could contribute to a lower colon cancer risk, but further data are needed. The human GSTs consist of four main classes—alpha (A), mu (M), pi (P) and theta (T)—each of which is divided into one or more isoforms. Functional polymorphisms are known for the GST genes M1, P1 and T1 and they all lead to less active enzymes compared to the wild-type gene products. However, studies that compared these GST polymorphisms in relation to colon cancer risk were not conclusive with respect to an increased or decreased risk of a particular genotype. Diet or medication can also influence the expression levels of specific isoenzymes and the effect of such interventions on cancer risk deserves more attention.
Estimating historical exposures of workers in a beryllium manufacturing plant.

BACKGROUND Beryllium is known to be toxic to the lungs, causing beryllium lung disease and associated with increased lung cancer risk. Airborne beryllium exposures have been monitored since the 1940s. This study describes methods used to measure airborne beryllium concentrations and how historical measurements from a beryllium manufacturing plant were used to estimate workers' exposures in a lung cancer case-control study. METHODS Airborne beryllium concentrations had been measured using all-glass impingers, high-volume air filters, and personal respirable and total dust samplers. To provide consistency in exposure estimates over time, measurements collected by the other monitoring methods were converted to approximate the most frequently used high-volume, time-weighted average measurements. Because industrial hygiene measurements were not collected in every year for all jobs throughout the duration of the case-control study, exposure estimates had to be extrapolated from the existing measurements over time and across jobs. RESULTS Over 7,000 historical measurements were available to estimate beryllium exposures of workers over time. Average exposures between jobs varied considerably and exposures for all jobs decreased dramatically between the 1940s and 1970s due to major plant production changes. CONCLUSIONS Although error in the exposure metrics for the cases and controls likely occurred due to limitations of the exposure assessment data, the exposure estimates for each job over time provided a reasonable, objective mechanism for categorizing workers by the relative exposures they were likely to have encountered during their tenure. Published 2001 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Adult Human Hepatocytes Promote CD4+ T-Cell Hyporesponsiveness Via Interleukin-10-Producing Allogeneic Dendritic Cells

The success of liver cell therapy remains closely dependent on how well the infused cells can be accepted after transplantation and is directly related to their degree of immunogenicity. In this study, we investigated the in vitro immunogenic properties of isolated human hepatocytes (hHeps) and adult-derived human liver progenitor cells (ADHLPCs), an alternative cell candidate for liver cell transplantation (LCT). The constitutive expression of immune markers was first analyzed on these liver-derived cells by flow cytometry. Human liver-derived cells were then cocultured with allogeneic human adult peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs), and the resulting activation and proliferation of PBMCs was evaluated, as well as the cytokine levels in the coculture supernatant. The effect of liver-derived cells on monocyte-derived dendritic cell (MoDC) properties was further analyzed in a secondary coculture with naive CD4+ T-cells. We report that hHeps and ADHLPCs expressed human leukocyte antigen (HLA) class I and Fas but did not express HLA-DR, Fas ligand, and costimulatory molecules. hHeps and ADHLPCs did not induce T-cell activation or proliferation. Moreover, hHeps induced a cell contact-dependent production of interleukin (IL)-10 that was not observed with ADHLPCs. The IL-10 was produced by a myeloid DC subset characterized by an incomplete mature state. Furthermore, hHep-primed MoDCs induced an antigen-independent hyporesponsiveness of naive CD4+ T lymphocytes that was partially reversed by blocking IL-10, whereas nonprimed MoDCs (i.e., those cultured alone) did not. hHeps and ADHLPCs present a low immunogenic phenotype in vitro. Allogeneic hHeps, but not ADHLPCs, promote a cell contact-dependent production of IL-10 by myeloid DCs, which induces naive CD4+ T-cells antigen-independent hyporesponsiveness.
Disruption of URA7 and GAL6 improves the ethanol tolerance and fermentation capacity of Saccharomyces cerevisiae

Screening of the homozygous diploid yeast deletion pool of 4741 non‐essential genes identified two null mutants (Δura7 and Δgal6) that grew faster than the wild‐type strain in medium containing 8% v/v ethanol. The survival rate of the gal6 disruptant in 10% ethanol was higher than that of the wild‐type strain. On the other hand, the glucose consumption rate of the ura7 disruptant was better than that of the wild‐type strain in buffer containing ethanol. Both disruptants were more resistant to zymolyase, a yeast lytic enzyme containing mainly β‐1,3‐glucanase, indicating that the integrity of the cell wall became more resistance to ethanol stress. The gal6 disruptant was also more resistant to Calcofluor white, but the ura7 disruptant was more sensitive to Calcofluor white than the wild‐type strain. Furthermore, the mutant strains had a higher content of oleic acid (C18 : 1) in the presence of ethanol compared to the wild‐type strain, suggesting that the disruptants cope with ethanol stress not only by modifying the cell wall integrity but also the membrane fluidity. When the cells were grown in medium containing 5% ethanol at 15 °C, the gal6 and ura7 disruptants showed 40% and 14% increases in the glucose consumption rate, respectively. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Management and outcome of mechanically ventilated neurologic patients*

Objective: To describe and compare characteristics, ventilatory practices, and associated outcomes among mechanically ventilated patients with different types of brain injury and between neurologic and nonneurologic patients. Design: Secondary analysis of a prospective, observational, and multicenter study on mechanical ventilation. Setting: Three hundred forty-nine intensive care units from 23 countries. Patients: We included 552 mechanically ventilated neurologic patients (362 patients with stroke and 190 patients with brain trauma). For comparison we used a control group of 4,030 mixed patients who were ventilated for nonneurologic reasons. Interventions: None. Measurements and Main Results: We collected demographics, ventilatory settings, organ failures, and complications arising during ventilation and outcomes. Multivariate logistic regression analysis was performed with intensive care unit mortality as the dependent variable. At admission, a Glasgow Coma Scale score ≤8 was observed in 68% of the stroke, 77% of the brain trauma, and 29% of the nonneurologic patients. Modes of ventilation and use of a lung-protective strategy within the first week of mechanical ventilation were similar between groups. In comparison with nonneurologic patients, patients with neurologic disease developed fewer complications over the course of mechanical ventilation with the exception of a higher rate of ventilator-associated pneumonia in the brain trauma cohort. Neurologic patients showed higher rates of tracheotomy and longer duration of mechanical ventilation. Mortality in the intensive care unit was significantly (p < .001) higher in patients with stroke (45%) than in brain trauma (29%) and nonneurologic disease (30%). Factors associated with mortality were: stroke (in comparison to brain trauma), Glasgow Coma Scale score on day 1, and severity at admission in the intensive care unit. Conclusions: In our study, one of every five mechanically ventilated patients received this therapy as a result of a neurologic disease. This cohort of patients showed a higher mortality rate than nonneurologic patients despite a lower incidence of extracerebral organ dysfunction.
The Impact of Pancreas Transplantation on Kidney Allograft Survival

Whether pancreas after kidney transplantation (PAK) compromises kidney allograft survival, and what pre‐PAK glomerular filtration rate (GFR) should be used to select patients for PAK is unclear. We analyzed all (n = 2776) PAK recipients in the United States between 1989 and 2007 and compared their risk of kidney failure to a comparator group of n = 13 635 young adult diabetic kidney only transplant recipients during the same time after accounting for selection bias by the use of a propensity score for PAK in a multivariate time to event analysis. In a secondary analysis, we determined the association of pre‐PAK GFR with subsequent kidney allograft survival. Despite an increased risk of death early after pancreas transplantation, PAK recipients had a decreased long‐term risk of kidney allograft failure compared to diabetic kidney only transplant recipients HR = 0.89; 95% CI: [0.78–1.00]; p = 0.05. An association of pre‐PAK GFR with kidney survival was not evident until 3 years after pancreas transplantation, and patients with a pre‐PAK GFR of 30–39 mL/min still attained 10‐year post‐PAK kidney survival of 69%. We conclude that PAK is associated with improved kidney allograft survival, and pre‐PAK GFR 30–39 mL/min should not preclude PAK. Expanded use of PAK is warranted.
Cross Site Scripting: Detection Approaches in Web Application

Web applications have become one of the standard platforms for service releases and representing information and data over the World Wide Web. Thus, security vulnerabilities headed to various type of attacks in web applications. Amongst those is Cross Site Scripting also known as XSS. XSS can be considered as one of the most popular type of threat in web security application. XSS occurs by injecting the malicious scripts into web application, and it can lead to significant violations at the site or for the user. This paper highlights the issues (i.e. security and vulnerability) in web application specifically in regards to XSS. In addition, the future direction of research within this domain is highlighted.
Intact Cross-Modality Text-Specific Repetition Priming in Patients With Alzheimers Disease

This study was aimed at investigating the basic mechanisms of the normal repetition priming evoked by text re-reading procedures in Alzheimers disease (AD) patients (Monti, Gabrieli, Wilson, Reminger, 1994; Monti et al., 1997). For this purpose, we contrasted the reading facilitation elicited by previous reading or listening to a text in a sample of AD patients and a group of age-matched normal controls. Consistent with previous evidence in normal undergraduates (Levy Kirsner, 1989), previous listening to a text decreased the successive reading time of the same text (cross-modality priming). However, the reading facilitation elicited by previous reading of the same text (within-modality priming) was significantly larger than the facilitation evoked by previous listening. Compared to normal controls, AD patients showed intact cross-modality and within-modality priming. These data are discussed in the light of alternative hypotheses regarding the basic mechanisms of impaired and spared repetition priming in degenerative demented patients.
Characterization of zinc-binding sites in human stromelysin-1: stoichiometry of the catalytic domain and identification of a cysteine ligand in the proenzyme.

A determination of the zinc stoichiometry of the catalytic domain of the human matrix metalloproteinase stromelysin-1 has been carried out using enzyme purified from recombinant Escherichia coli that express C-terminally truncated protein. Atomic absorption spectrometry revealed that both the proenzyme (prostrom255) and the mature active form (strom255) contained nearly 2 mol of Zn/mol of protein. Full-length prostromelysin purified from a mammalian cell culture line also contained zinc in excess of 1 equiv. While zinc in prostrom255 could not be removed by dialysis against o-phenanthroline, similar treatment of mature strom255 resulted in the loss of one-half of the original zinc content. The peptidase activity of the zinc-depleted protein was reduced by greater than 85% but could be restored upon addition of Zn2+ or Co2+. Addition of a thiol-containing inhibitor to a CoZn hybrid enzyme resulted in marked spectral changes in both the visible and ultraviolet regions characteristic of sulfur ligation to Co2+. This direct evidence for an integral role in catalysis and inhibitor binding confirms the location of the exchangeable metal at the active site. To examine the environment of zinc in the proenzyme, a fully cobalt-substituted proenzyme was prepared by in vivo metal replacement. The absorbance features of dicobalt prostrom255 were consistent with metal coordination by the single cysteine present in the propeptide, although the data do not allow assignment to a particular zinc site. (ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)