Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
An introduction to Multiway Methods for Multi-Subject fMRI experiment

Model free exploratory methods available for functional MRI analysis of one subject such as Principal Component Analysis (PCA) and Independent Component Analysis (ICA) are investigated for generalisations when analysing more than one subject. Introducing the subject dimension makes a three-way data: brain, time, subject, and multiway methods are proposed either to optimise the variance (PCA) or the Negentropy (ICA). Results of folded methods and purely multiway ones are described on a 12 subjects verbal study.
Working frequency in wireless power transfer for implantable biomedical sensors

This paper presents a method to regulate the power, which transferred through an electromagnetic coupling link by adjusting the resonant operating frequency of its primary side. By receiving a feedback signal from the secondary side the needed power will be found and accordingly the resonance frequency will be adjusted. This is particularly useful when the wireless system is used to provide the needed power for implanted medical devices, where changing in distances between primary and secondary inductors is expected. The operating frequency is changed dynamically by changing the effective tuning capacitance in the primary side, based on the demanded power from feedback signals. A complete analysis of the proposed system has been undertaken, and experimental results have verified this method.
Advancing the Science of Patient Safety

Despite a decade's worth of effort, patient safety has improved slowly, in part because of the limited evidence base for the development and widespread dissemination of successful patient safety practices. The Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality sponsored an international group of experts in patient safety and evaluation methods to develop criteria to improve the design, evaluation, and reporting of practice research in patient safety. This article reports the findings and recommendations of this group, which include greater use of theory and logic models, more detailed descriptions of interventions and their implementation, enhanced explanation of desired and unintended outcomes, and better description and measurement of context and of how context influences interventions. Using these criteria and measuring and reporting contexts will improve the science of patient safety.
Listeners' Perception of Harshness for Vowels of the Vowel Quadrilateral

Psychological ratings of harshness were available for both normal and hyperfunctional productions of the vowels of the vowel quadrilateral /a/, /i/, /æ/, and /u/. A consistent pattern was observed across the two conditions. The vowel /u/ was perceived least harsh and /æ/ most harsh, with /a/ and /i/ being perceived about equally harsh. The perceptual concomitant of “harsh” applied to vowels seems independent of muscular adjustments associated with “tense” vowel production and requires another explanation.
P 50 gating in de fi cit and nonde fi cit schizophrenia

a Department of Psychiatry, Hospital Virgen de la Luz, Cuenca, Spain b Department of Psychiatry, Hospital Universitario de Guadalajara, Guadalajara, Spain c Neurophysiology Unit, Hospital Virgen de La Luz, Cuenca, Spain d Department of Epidemiology, Health and Psychosocial Research Center, Universidad de Castilla La Mancha, Cuenca, Spain e Unidad de Adolescentes, Department of Psychiatry, Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Marañón, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Salud Mental, CIBERSAM, Madrid, Spain
Toxicity of long chain fatty acids towards acetate conversion by Methanosaeta concilii and Methanosarcina mazei

Long‐chain fatty acids (LCFA) can inhibit methane production by methanogenic archaea. The effect of oleate and palmitate on pure cultures of Methanosaeta concilii and Methanosarcina mazei was assessed by comparing methane production rates from acetate before and after LCFA addition. For both methanogens, a sharp decrease in methane production (> 50%) was observed at 0.5 mmol L−1 oleate, and no methane was formed at concentrations higher than 2 mmol L−1 oleate. Palmitate was less inhibitory than oleate, and M. concilii was more tolerant to palmitate than M. mazei, with 2 mmol L−1 palmitate causing 11% and 64% methanogenic inhibition respectively. This study indicates that M. concilii and M. mazei tolerate LCFA concentrations similar to those previously described for hydrogenotrophic methanogens. In particular, the robustness of M. concilii might contribute to the observed prevalence of Methanosaeta species in anaerobic bioreactors used to treat LCFA‐rich wastewater.
Characteristics of Responses of Golgi Cells and Mossy Fibers to Eye Saccades and Saccadic Adaptation Recorded from the Posterior Vermis of the Cerebellum

The anatomical organization of the granular layer of the cerebellum suggests an important function for Golgi cells (GC) in the pathway conveying mossy fiber (MF) afferents to Purkinje cells. Based on such anatomic observations, early proposals have attributed a role in “gain control” for GCs, a function disputed by recent investigations, which assert that GCs instead contribute to oscillatory mechanisms. However, conclusive physiological evidence based on studies of cerebellum-dependent behavior supporting/dismissing the gain control proposition has been lacking as of yet. We addressed the possible function of this interneuron by recording the activity of a large number of both MFs and GCs during saccadic eye movements from the same cortical area of the monkey cerebellum, namely the oculomotor vermis (OMV). Our cellular identification conformed to previously established criteria, mainly to juxtacellular labeling studies correlating physiological parameters with cell morphology. Response patterns of both MFs and GCs were highly heterogeneous. MF discharges correlated linearly with eye saccade metrics and timing, showing directional preference and precise direction tuning. In contrast, GC discharges did not correlate strongly with the metrics or direction of movement. Their discharge properties were also unaffected by motor learning during saccadic adaptation. The OMV therefore receives a barrage of information about eye movements from different oculomotor areas over the MF pathway, which is not reflected in GCs. The unspecificity of GCs has important implications for the intricacies of neuronal processing in the granular layer, clearly discrediting their involvement in gain control and instead suggesting a more secluded role for these interneurons.
Radiologist-initiated double reading of abdominal CT: retrospective analysis of the clinical importance of changes to radiology reports

Background Misinterpretation of radiological examinations is an important contributing factor to diagnostic errors. Consultant radiologists in Norwegian hospitals frequently request second reads by colleagues in real time. Our objective was to estimate the frequency of clinically important changes to radiology reports produced by these prospectively obtained double readings. Methods We retrospectively compared the preliminary and final reports from 1071 consecutive double-read abdominal CT examinations of surgical patients at five public hospitals in Norway. Experienced gastrointestinal surgeons rated the clinical importance of changes from the preliminary to final report. The severity of the radiological findings in clinically important changes was classified as increased, unchanged or decreased. Results Changes were classified as clinically important in 146 of 1071 reports (14%). Changes to 3 reports (0.3%) were critical (demanding immediate action), 35 (3%) were major (implying a change in treatment) and 108 (10%) were intermediate (requiring further investigations). The severity of the radiological findings was increased in 118 (81%) of the clinically important changes. Important changes were made less frequently when abdominal radiologists were first readers, more frequently when they were second readers, and more frequently to urgent examinations. Conclusion A 14% rate of clinically important changes made during double reading may justify quality assurance of radiological interpretation. Using expert second readers and a targeted selection of urgent cases and radiologists reading outside their specialty may increase the yield of discrepant cases.
Maximal independent sets in multichannel radio networks

We present new upper bounds for fundamental problems in multichannel wireless networks. These bounds address the benefits of dynamic spectrum access, i.e., to what extent multiple communication channels can be used to improve performance. In more detail, we study a multichannel generalization of the standard graph-based wireless model without collision detection, and assume the network topology satisfies polynomially bounded independence. Our core technical result is an algorithm that constructs a maximal independent set (MIS) in <i>O</i>(<sup>log2 <i>n</i></sup>/<i>F</i>)+ Õ(log<i>n</i>) rounds, in networks of size <i>n</i> with <i>F</i> channels, where the Õ-notation hides polynomial factors in log log <i>n</i>. Moreover, we use this MIS algorithm as a subroutine to build a constant-degree connected dominating set in the same asymptotic time. Leveraging this structure, we are able to solve global broadcast and leader election within <i>O</i>(<i>D</i> + <sup>log2 <i>n</i></sup>/<i>F</i> + Õ(log<i>n</i>) rounds, where <i>D</i> is the diameter of the graph, and <i>k</i>-message multi-message broadcast in <i>O</i>(<i>D</i> + <i>k</i> + <sup>log2 <i>n</i></sup>/<i>F</i>}\big)+Õ(log<i>n</i>) rounds for unrestricted message size (with a slow down of only a log factor on the <i>k</i> term under the assumption of restricted message size). In all five cases above, we prove: (a) our results hold with high probability (i.e., at least 1--1/<i>n</i>); (b) our results are within polyloglog factors of the relevant lower bounds for multichannel networks; and (c) our results beat the relevant lower bounds for single channel networks. These new (near) optimal algorithms significantly expand the number of problems now known to be solvable faster in multichannel versus single channel wireless networks.
An analysis of Pascal programs in compiler writing

A method and results of static and dynamic analysis of Pascal programs are described. In order to investigate characteristics of large systems programs developed by the stepwise refinement programming approach and written in Pascal, several Pascal compilers written in Pascal were analysed from both static and dynamic points of view. As a main conclusion, procedures play an important role in the stepwise refinement approach and implementors of a compiler and designers of high level language machines for Pascal‐like languages should pay careful attention to this point. The set data structure is one of the characteristics of the Pascal language and statistics of set operations are also described.
Information retrieval from large data sets via multiple-winners-take-all

Recently, a continuous-time k-winners-take-all (kWTA) network with a single state variable and a hard-limiting activation function and its discrete-time counterpart were developed. These kWTA networks have proven properties of finite-time global convergence and simple architectures. In this paper, the kWTA networks are applied for information retrieval, such as web search. The weights or scores of pages in two real-world data sets are calculated with the PageRank algorithm, based on which experimental results of kWTA networks are provided. The results show that the kWTA networks converge faster as the size of the problem grows, which renders them as a promising approach to large-scale data set information retrieval problems.
On Learning Conditional Random Fields for Stereo Exploring Model Structures and Approximate Inference

Until recently, the lack of ground truth data has hindered the application of discriminative structured prediction techniques to the stereo problem. In this paper we use ground truth data sets that we have recently constructed to explore different model structures and parameter learning techniques. To estimate parameters in Markov random fields (MRFs) via maximum likelihood one usually needs to perform approximate probabilistic inference. Conditional random fields (CRFs) are discriminative versions of traditional MRFs. We explore a number of novel CRF model structures including a CRF for stereo matching with an explicit occlusion model. CRFs require expensive inference steps for each iteration of optimization and inference is particularly slow when there are many discrete states. We explore belief propagation, variational message passing and graph cuts as This research was supported in part by: a Google Research award, Microsoft Research through awards under the eScience and Memex funding programs, a gift from Kodak Research and an NSERC discovery award to C.P. Support was also provided in part by NSF grant 0413169 to D.S. C.J. Pal ( ) École Polytechnique de Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada e-mail: christopher.pal@polymtl.ca J.J. Weinman Dept. of Computer Science, Grinnell College, Grinnell, IA, USA e-mail: weinman@grinnell.edu L.C. Tran Dept. of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of California San Diego, San Diego, CA, USA e-mail: lat003@ucsd.edu D. Scharstein Middlebury College, Middlebury, VT, USA e-mail: schar@middlebury.edu inference methods during learning and compare with learning via pseudolikelihood. To accelerate approximate inference we have developed a new method called sparse variational message passing which can reduce inference time by an order of magnitude with negligible loss in quality. Learning using sparse variational message passing improves upon previous approaches using graph cuts and allows efficient learning over large data sets when energy functions violate the constraints imposed by graph cuts.
Production of interleukin 2 and interleukin 4 by immune CD4−CD8+ and their role in the generation of antigen‐specific cytotoxic T cells

In this report we investigated the production and role of interleukin (IL)2 and IL4 in the generation of antigen‐specific cytotoxic T cells (CTL). We used as our model the ultraviolet‐light‐induced epithelial tumor 1591, a highly immunogenic regressor tumor which evokes a strong cell‐mediated immune response leading to rejection. We show that IL2 and IL4 are differentially required for the development of optimal cytolytic activity to the 1591 tumor in primary and secondary in vitro splenic cultures. First, anti‐IL2 receptor monoclonal antibody (mAb) significantly decreased specific cytotoxicity in both primary and secondary splenic mixed lymphocyte‐tumor cell culture (MLTC) cultures, but anti‐IL4 mAb inhibited the cytotoxic responses only secondary and not primary cultures. Second, when supernatants from MLTC were tested for lymphokine activity, primary cultures produced only IL2 while secondary cultures produced both IL2 and IL4. Splenic cells were then depleted of CD4+ cells by negative selection, or enriched for CD8+ cells by positive selection, and tested for lymphokine production and requirements. CD8+ cells could not generate significant CTL activity in primary cultures, but could in secondary MLTC. The addition of mAb to either IL2 or IL4 significantly inhibited the generation of CTL by CD8+ cells in these secondary MLTC. CD8+ cells were also found to produce both IL2 and IL4 in secondary MLTC by functional and Northern blot analysis. The production of IL2 and IL4 by CD8+ cells occurs during different phases of culture, with IL2 being produced early (days 1 and 2) and IL4 late (days 3‐5). In addition, the requirement of CD8+ cells for both IL2 and IL4 is unique for that lymphokine. These results suggest that both IL2 and IL4 are both produced and required by CD8+ cells during secondary MLTC, and suggest an additional cellular source of IL4 production besides CD4+ T cells during antigen‐specific CTL responses.
Self‐fertilization and inbreeding limit the scope for sexually antagonistic polymorphism

Sexual antagonism occurs when there is a positive intersexual genetic correlation in trait expression but opposite fitness effects of the trait(s) in males and females. As such, it constrains the evolution of sexual dimorphism and may therefore have implications for adaptive evolution. There is currently considerable evidence for the existence of sexually antagonistic genetic variation in laboratory and natural populations, but how sexual antagonism interacts with other evolutionary phenomena is still poorly understood in many cases. Here, we explore how self‐fertilization and inbreeding affect the maintenance of polymorphism for sexually antagonistic loci. We expected a priori that selfing should reduce the region of polymorphism, as inbreeding reduces the frequency of heterozygotes and speeds fixation. This expectation was supported, but although previous results suggest that the more an allele that is deleterious to one sex is dominant in that sex, the smaller the region of parameter space that will admit polymorphism, we found that this effect is weakened by self‐fertilization. However, the effect of inbreeding is not strong enough to completely cancel out the effect of dominance: For a given frequency of inbreeding, it will still be the case that the more dominant the alleles are in their deleterious context, the smaller the region of parameter space in which they can exist at polymorphism.
Emergency Department Visits Related to Inflammatory Bowel Disease: Results From Nationwide Emergency Department Sample

ABSTRACT We analyzed a national US database to study the presentation of children with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) to the emergency department (ED). Our results indicate that from 2006 to 2010, there was a significant increase in the number of ED visits related to children with IBD accompanied by a contemporaneous decline in the rate of hospitalization that followed these ED visits. Earlier published results have highlighted an increased overall rate of hospitalizations in the United States related to children with IBD. In this context, our results support the evidence for an increased prevalence of pediatric IBD in the United States in recent years.
Chapter 1 Storing and Indexing Massive RDF Data Sets

In this chapter we present a general survey of the current state of the art in RDF storage and indexing. In the flurry of research on RDF data management in the last decade, we can identify three different perspectives on RDF: (1) a relational perspective; (2) an entity perspective; and (3) a graph-based perspective. Each of these three perspectives has drawn from ideas and results in three distinct research communities to propose solutions for managing RDF data: relational databases (for the relational perspective); information retrieval (for the entity perspective); and graph theory and graph databases (for the graph-based perspective). Our goal in this chapter is to give an up-to-date overview of represpentative solutions within each perspective. 1.
Visuomotor Tracking Tasks With Delayed Pursuit and Escape

Virtual stick balancing (VSB) is a manual visuomotor tracking task that involves interplay between a human and a computer in which the movements are programmed to resemble those of balancing a stick at the fingertip. Since time delays and random perturbations (“noise”) are intrinsic properties of this task, we modeled VSB as a delayed pursuit-escape process: the target movements are described by a simple random walk and those movements controlled by the computer mouse by a delayed random walk biased towards the target. As subjects become more skilled, a stereotyped and recurring pursuit‐escape pattern develops in which the mouse pursues the target until it overtakes it, causing the target to move in a different direction, followed, after a lag, by the pursing mouse. The delayed pursuit-escape random walk model captured the qualitative nature of this tracking task and provided insights into why this tracking task always fails at some point in time, even for the most expert subjects.
Genetics of novel therapeutic targets in schizophrenia

For many years, following the introduction of chlorpromazine in the 1950s, little progress was made in the discovery of new drugs for schizophrenia (Reynolds, 1992). Dopamine D2 receptor blockade was recognised as the only therapeutic target for antipsychotics (Creese et al, 1976) and the inevitable consequences of striatal blockade remained problematic. However, the strategies and stimuli for discovery of new drugs changed with the introduction of new, atypical antipsychotics in the 1990s. These include clozapine, remoxipride (now withdrawn), olanzapine, risperidone and sertindole (Kerwin & Taylor, 1996). The goal of antipsychotic drug development has always been to widen the therapeutic ratio between efficacy and adverse effects. These new drugs have in the main achieved this. However, which therapeutic targets these drugs employ remains a mystery, and this information is clearly important for future research into more selectively targeted agents.
Classroom Organization and the Perception of Ability

Rosenholtz, Susan J. and B. Wilson 1980 "The effects of classroom structure on shared perceptions of ability. " American Educational Research Journal 17:75-82. Schmuck, Richard 1962 "Sociometric status and utilization of academic abilities. " Merrill-Palmer Quarterly 8:165-72. 1963 "Some relationships of peer liking patterns in the classroom to pupil attitudes and achievement. " School Review 71:337-59. Simmel, Georg 1950 The Sociology of Georg Simmel. New York: The Free Press. Wheeler, Stanton 1966 "The structure of formally organized socialization settings. " Pp. 51-116 in 0. Brim and S; Wheeler (eds.), Socialization After Childhood: Two Essays. New York: John Wiley.
Few Epistemic Considerations on Pre-School Education. Book review: The Actual Problems of the Theory and Practice of Modern Pre-school Education in Poland, Romania and Ukraine, coord. Otilia CLIPA, Maria OLINEK, Malgorzata STAWIAK-OSOSINSK. London, UK: Lumen Media Publishing

Reading the volume “The Actual Problems of the Theory and Practice of Modern Pre-school Education in Poland, Romania and Ukraine” coordinated by Otilia CLIPA, Maria OLINEK and Malgorzata STAWIAK-OSOSINSK brought to my mind the issue of multidimensional education and the correlation between the shifts of paradigm which take place in the space of communicative processes, but also the need for a new educational approach that would be sensitive to the transmodern values of integrity and interdependence. This transmodern perspective is considered as benchmark in the development of the volume (Clipa, Olinek-Chernevitsi, 2014), who are questioning, in the introduction, the globalization and the crisis of the systems of volumes, showing the need for correlating educational systems with the social realities of the contemporary world. The education of pre-schoolers represents such a multidimensional topic which combines the new educational landmarks with the action research.
New glasses and their characterization for Raman gain

There are two current methods for estimating the Raman gain properties of materials - measuring the spontaneous Raman spectrum and comparing it to that of fused silica, and fabricating a fiber and measuring the gain directly. We have developed a new apparatus for measuring directly the absolute value of the Raman gain spectrum in bulk materials whose thicknesses is only a few millimeters. This apparatus will be described and has proven valuable for rapid evaluation of materials. A table of Raman gain will be given for different glass families including tellurites, post-transitional heavy metals, and mixed cation glasses.