Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Cooperation between Epstein-Barr Virus Immune Evasion Proteins Spreads Protection from CD8+ T Cell Recognition across All Three Phases of the Lytic Cycle

CD8+ T cell responses to Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) lytic cycle expressed antigens display a hierarchy of immunodominance, in which responses to epitopes of immediate-early (IE) and some early (E) antigens are more frequently observed than responses to epitopes of late (L) expressed antigens. It has been proposed that this hierarchy, which correlates with the phase-specific efficiency of antigen presentation, may be due to the influence of viral immune-evasion genes. At least three EBV-encoded genes, BNLF2a, BGLF5 and BILF1, have the potential to inhibit processing and presentation of CD8+ T cell epitopes. Here we examined the relative contribution of these genes to modulation of CD8+ T cell recognition of EBV lytic antigens expressed at different phases of the replication cycle in EBV-transformed B-cells (LCLs) which spontaneously reactivate lytic cycle. Selective shRNA-mediated knockdown of BNLF2a expression led to more efficient recognition of immediate-early (IE)- and early (E)-derived epitopes by CD8+ T cells, while knock down of BILF1 increased recognition of epitopes from E and late (L)-expressed antigens. Contrary to what might have been predicted from previous ectopic expression studies in EBV-negative model cell lines, the shRNA-mediated inhibition of BGLF5 expression in LCLs showed only modest, if any, increase in recognition of epitopes expressed in any phase of lytic cycle. These data indicate that whilst BNLF2a interferes with antigen presentation with diminishing efficiency as lytic cycle progresses (IE>E>>L), interference by BILF1 increases with progression through lytic cycle (IE<E<<L). Moreover, double-knockdown experiments showed that BILF1 and BNLF2a co-operate to further inhibit antigen presentation of L epitopes. Together, these data firstly indicate which potential immune-evasion functions are actually relevant in the context of lytic virus replication, and secondly identify lytic-cycle phase-specific effects that provide mechanistic insight into the immunodominance pattern seen for CD8+ T cell responses to EBV lytic antigens.
The Wider Concept of Attachment in Cross-Cultural Research

A phylogenetic propensity of human infants is to become attached. During ontogenesis, different qualities of attachment relationships develop. Caretakers’ responsiveness to infants’ signals of insecurity seems to be the main determinant of secure versus avoidantly or ambivalently insecure infant behaviors to mothers or fathers at 1 year of age. An individual’s ‘inner working model’, resulting from differential dyadic attachment history, may determine how (inner) emotional conflicts are resolved. On the basis of existing longitudinal data, the following emotional response styles appear to be prevalent: Individuals with secure attachment histories pay attention to the full range of external causes for conflicting emotions, and they tolerate contradictory emotions. Individuals with insecure attachment histories, in contrast, pay attention only to selected fractions of their emotional reactions at any given time, and they tend to lose sight of the full range of external causes for potentially conflicting emotions. These developmental consequences appear to be universal. Cultural differences may exist in terms of frequency and difficulty of potentially conflicting challenges imposed on individuals. The wider view of attachment has to consider both aspects, the universal and the culture-specific, when testing the full potential of attachment theory from a life course perspective.
Exploring Mechanisms of Selective Directed Forgetting

While some studies have shown that providing a cue to selectively forget one subset of previously learned facts may cause specific forgetting of this information, little is known about the mechanisms underlying this memory phenomenon. In three experiments, we aimed to better understand the nature of the selective directed forgetting (SDF) effect. Participants studied a List 1 consisting of 18 sentences regarding two (or three) different characters and a List 2 consisting of sentences regarding an additional character. In Experiment 1, we explored the role of rehearsal as the mechanism producing SDF by examining the effect of articulatory suppression after List 1 and during List 2 presentation. In Experiments 2 and 3, we explored the role of attentional control mechanisms by introducing a concurrent updating task after List 1 and during List 2 (Experiment 2) and by manipulating the number of characters to be selectively forgotten (1 out of 3 vs. 2 out of 3). Results from the three experiments suggest that neither rehearsal nor context change seem to be the mechanisms underlying SDF, while the pattern of results is consistent with an inhibitory account. In addition, whatever the responsible mechanism is, SDF seems to rely on the available attentional resources and the demands of the task. Our results join other findings to show that SDF is a robust phenomenon and suggest boundary conditions for the effect to be observed.
BRIEF REPORT Time course of attentional bias for threat scenes: Testing the vigilance‐avoidance hypothesis

The study tested the vigilance‐avoidance hypothesis, which proposes that anxiety‐related attentional biases vary over time (i.e., initial vigilance for high threat cues, followed by avoidance). To investigate this, pictorial stimuli, which included scenes of injury, violence, and death, were presented in a visual probe task for two exposure durations: 500 ms and 1500 ms. Results showed that, in comparison with low trait anxious participants, high trait anxious individuals were more vigilant for high threat scenes at the shorter exposure duration (500 ms), and showed no attentional bias at the longer duration. However, the results also indicated significant avoidance of high threat scenes at the longer exposure duration in participants with high levels of blood‐injury fear. These findings are discussed in relation to recent research indicating that anxiety and fear may reflect two distinct aversive motivational systems, which may be characterised by different patterns of cognitive bias.
Mutagenesis Studies of the Phosphorylation Sites of Recombinant Human Pyruvate Dehydrogenase. SITE-SPECIFIC REGULATION (*)

Mammalian pyruvate dehydrogenase (α2β2) (E1) is regulated by phosphorylation-dephosphorylation, catalyzed by the E1-kinase and the phospho-E1-phosphatase. Using site-directed mutagenesis of the three phosphorylation sites (sites 1, 2, and 3) on E1α, several human E1 mutants were made with single, double, and triple mutations by changing Ser to Ala. Mutation at site 1 but not at sites 2 and/or 3 decreased E1 specific activity and also increased K values for thiamin pyrophosphate and pyruvate. Sites 1, 2, and 3 in the E1 mutants were phosphorylated either individually or in the presence of the other sites by the dihydrolipoamide acetyltransferase-protein X-E1 kinase indicating a site-independent mechanism of phosphorylation. Phosphorylation of each site resulted in complete inactivation of the E1. However, the rates of phosphorylation and inactivation were site-specific. Sites 1, 2, and 3 were dephosphorylated either individually or in the presence of the other sites by the phospho-E1-phosphatase resulting in complete reactivation of the E1. The rates of dephosphorylation and reactivation were similar for sites 1, 2, and 3, indicating a random dephosphorylation mechanism.
Immune recognition of Echinococcus granulosus. 1. Parasite‐activated, primary transformation by normal murine lymph node cells

Summary Culture of murine lymph node cells together with living protoscolices of Echinoccus granulosus is described. The presence of the parasite induced potent blastic transformation in lymphocytes of unimmunized mice as indicated by tritiated thymidine incorporation. The response was markedly reduced by killing the parasite immediately prior to culture. No blastogenic activity was detectable in supernatants from living parasites cultured alone. Protoscolices from artificially infected syngeneic mice were effective stimuli, as were protoscolices from naturally infected horse and sheep. Stimulation was not detectably reduced by maintenance of the parasite in vitro for 72 h at 37°C or for 46 days at 4°C prior to culture. It is concluded that unprimed lymphocytes are stimulated to transform by surface contact with a stimulator synthesized, but not secreted, by the parasite. The biological significance of the reaction and its possible contribution to immunosuppression are discussed.
The Effect of Body Weight Support Treadmill Training on Gait Recovery, Proximal Lower Limb Motor Pattern, and Balance in Patients with Subacute Stroke

Objective. Gait performance is an indicator of mobility impairment after stroke. This study evaluated changes in balance, lower extremity motor function, and spatiotemporal gait parameters after receiving body weight supported treadmill training (BWSTT) and conventional overground walking training (CT) in patients with subacute stroke using 3D motion analysis. Setting. Inpatient department of rehabilitation medicine at a university-affiliated hospital. Participants. 24 subjects with unilateral hemiplegia in the subacute stage were randomized to the BWSTT (n = 12) and CT (n = 12) groups. Parameters were compared between the two groups. Data from twelve age matched healthy subjects were recorded as reference. Interventions. Patients received gait training with BWSTT or CT for an average of 30 minutes/day, 5 days/week, for 3 weeks. Main Outcome Measures. Balance was measured by the Brunel balance assessment. Lower extremity motor function was evaluated by the Fugl-Meyer assessment scale. Kinematic data were collected and analyzed using a gait capture system before and after the interventions. Results. Both groups improved on balance and lower extremity motor function measures (P < 0.05), with no significant difference between the two groups after intervention. However, kinematic data were significantly improved (P < 0.05) after BWSTT but not after CT. Maximum hip extension and flexion angles were significantly improved (P < 0.05) for the BWSTT group during the stance and swing phases compared to baseline. Conclusion. In subacute patients with stroke, BWSTT can lead to improved gait quality when compared with conventional gait training. Both methods can improve balance and motor function.
More Universalism, Less Structural Mobility: The American Occupational Structure in the 1980s

The association between men's and women's socioeconomic origins and destinations decreased by one-third between 1972 and 1985. This trend is related to the rising proportion of workers who have college degrees. Origin status effects destination status among workers who do not have bachelor's degrees, but college graduation cancels the effect of background status. Therefore, the more college graduates in the work force, the weaker the association between origin status and destination status for the population as a whole. Overall mobility remains unchanged because a decline in structural mobility offsets the increased openness of the class structure. Upward mobility still exceeds downward mobility in the 1980s but by a smaller margin than it did in the 1960s and 1970s.
Taken on Faith? The Impact of Uncertainty, Knowledge Relatedness, and Richness of Information on Entrepreneurial Opportunity Exploitation

This article develops a theoretical model that suggests that differential levels of uncertainty, knowledge relatedness, and richness of information will have a substantial impact on the decision to engage in entrepreneurship. Effects of the individual differences fear of failure and general self-efficacy are also considered. Using a metric conjoint methodology, respondents are asked to evaluate a series of profiles with different levels of each attribute and then indicate their willingness to invest in an entrepreneurial opportunity. This approach allows for the calculation of main and interaction effects as well as the importance of each factor in the investment decision. Results indicated that all three factors and their interactions play a significant role in the decision to engage in entrepreneurial action. The degree of opportunity-related uncertainty was found to be the most important factor in the decision-making process.
ORE9, an F-Box Protein That Regulates Leaf Senescence in Arabidopsis

Senescence is a sequence of biochemical and physiological events that constitute the final stage of development. The identification of genes that alter senescence has practical value and is helpful in revealing pathways that influence senescence. However, the genetic mechanisms of senescence are largely unknown. The leaf of the oresara9 (ore9) mutant of Arabidopsis exhibits increased longevity during age-dependent natural senescence by delaying the onset of various senescence symptoms. It also displays delayed senescence symptoms during hormone-modulated senescence. Map-based cloning of ORE9 identified a 693–amino acid polypeptide containing an F-box motif and 18 leucine-rich repeats. The F-box motif of ORE9 interacts with ASK1 (Arabidopsis Skp1-like 1), a component of the plant SCF complex. These results suggest that ORE9 functions to limit leaf longevity by removing, through ubiquitin-dependent proteolysis, target proteins that are required to delay the leaf senescence program in Arabidopsis.
Evaluating user influence based on Web2.0 UGC

With the development of Social Networking Services, users can publish and receive information expediently. Social marketing emerged at this circumstance with an important need to study the influence of marketing activities in network. Based on the research of user influence, choosing the most influential users can improve marketing effectiveness greatly. With the appearance of Facebook, Twitter, and other social networks, more and more scholars began to study user influence in such complex and huge network. In this paper, we make a quantitative analysis to evaluate user influence and classify users into different categories. We synthetically consider various user attributes, including the static social relationships and dynamic social activities. We add new components to improve PageRank algorithm and propose a behavior-based ranking(BBR) algorithm. Experiments show that the improved BBR algorithm has a satisfied performance.
Sex and Organizational Analysis

The focus of the paper is on the process of organizational desexualization which has taken place over a long historical period and upon the resistance which this process has engendered amongst organizational subordinates. The eradication of the high level of sexual activity which took place in pre-industrial organizations was sought by those in positions of authority and the paper considers the variety of mechanisms which were developed to attain this expulsion. These mechanisms are well entrenched in contemporary organizations, yet have met with considerable resistance from lower-order organizational members. The paper considers certain forms of resistance in this light in an attempt to suggest a dialectical approach to sexuality. It is concluded that the issue of sex is one which organizational analysis has avoided for too long.
Control of an autonomous underwater vehicle platoon with a switched communication network

We examine the stability and behavior of a platoon of autonomous vehicles which operate in a decentralized manner and communicate to achieve formation control objectives. We are interested in communication networks that are time-varying, with each vehicle interacting with different sets of vehicles as the system evolves. We are particularly interested in networks which are disconnected, and in which basic control objectives such as stability cannot be achieved, in a frozen-time sense. Graph theoretical concepts are used to help model the platoon and provide a framework for stability analysis. Periodic fast switching, a tool from the held of switching theory, is adopted to assess stability of systems with time-varying communication networks. We show that if switching is sufficiently fast, then a platoon of autonomous vehicles can be stabilized even when the communication network is disconnected in frozen time.
Fuzzy Knnmodel Applied to Predictive Toxicology Data Mining

A robust method, fuzzy kNNModel, for toxicity prediction of chemical compounds is proposed. The method is based on a supervised clustering method, called kNNModel, which employs fuzzy partitioning instead of crisp partitioning to group clusters. The merits of fuzzy kNNModel are two-fold: (1) it overcomes the problems of choosing the parameter e — allowed error rate in a cluster and the parameter N — minimal number of instances covered by a cluster, for each data set; (2) it better captures the characteristics of boundary data by assigning them with different degrees of membership between 0 and 1 to different clusters. The experimental results of fuzzy kNNModel conducted on thirteen public data sets from UCI machine learning repository and seven toxicity data sets from real-world applications, are compared with the results of fuzzy c-means clustering, k-means clustering, kNN, fuzzy kNN, and kNNModel in terms of classification performance. This application shows that fuzzy kNNModel is a promising method for the toxicity prediction of chemical compounds.
Molecular communications: channel model and physical layer techniques

This article examines recent research in molecular communications from a telecommunications system design perspective. In particular, it focuses on channel models and state-of-the-art physical layer techniques. The goal is to provide a foundation for higher layer research and motivation for research and development of functional prototypes. In the first part of the article, we focus on the channel and noise model, comparing molecular and radio-wave pathloss formulae. In the second part, the article examines, equipped with the appropriate channel knowledge, the design of appropriate modulation and error correction coding schemes. The third reviews transmitter and receiver side signal processing methods that suppress inter-symbol interference. Taken together, the three parts present a series of physical layer techniques that are necessary to produce reliable and practical molecular communications.
National Athletic Trainers' Association Position Statement: Exertional Heat Illnesses.

OBJECTIVE To present best-practice recommendations for the prevention, recognition, and treatment of exertional heat illnesses (EHIs) and to describe the relevant physiology of thermoregulation. BACKGROUND Certified athletic trainers recognize and treat athletes with EHIs, often in high-risk environments. Although the proper recognition and successful treatment strategies are well documented, EHIs continue to plague athletes, and exertional heat stroke remains one of the leading causes of sudden death during sport. The recommendations presented in this document provide athletic trainers and allied health providers with an integrated scientific and clinically applicable approach to the prevention, recognition, treatment, and return-to-activity guidelines for EHIs. These recommendations are given so that proper recognition and treatment can be accomplished in order to maximize the safety and performance of athletes. RECOMMENDATIONS Athletic trainers and other allied health care professionals should use these recommendations to establish onsite emergency action plans for their venues and athletes. The primary goal of athlete safety is addressed through the appropriate prevention strategies, proper recognition tactics, and effective treatment plans for EHIs. Athletic trainers and other allied health care professionals must be properly educated and prepared to respond in an expedient manner to alleviate symptoms and minimize the morbidity and mortality associated with these illnesses.
Skin injuries from fluoroscopically guided procedures: part 2, review of 73 cases and recommendations for minimizing dose delivered to patient.

13 he benefits of fluoroscopically guided interventional procedures are reflected in the increasing number of interventions that are performed each year. In 1996, more than 700,000 interventional procedures were performed in the United States [1, 2]. However, these procedures can deliver a high radiation dose to a patient’s skin. Unfortunately, some patients have been injured by the radiation [3–28]. In this report we review 73 cases of radiation-induced skin injury directly related to interventional work [3–28]. Most cases (67) were reported within the last 5 years (1996–2000). Seven cases originate from Wolff D (1999, personal communication), and nine cases originate from our own observations [21, 25] (Table 1). More are known; however, data are presently unavailable because of legal proceedings. Twenty of 26 cases reported to the United States Food and Drug Administration between 1992 and 1995 [6] were not included in our review because no details about procedures and skin damage were mentioned. In part 1 of this two-part series [29], we reviewed the biology and progression of skin injuries with examples from our database of 73 patients. In this report, we examine the same 73 patients for common features that may explain the causes of these injuries and identify ways to reduce the radiation dose to the skin. Case Reports The site of the skin injury depends on the type of procedure and corresponds in all cases to the beam entrance site. The site of injury is on the back when the tube is in a posteroanterior projection (e.g., transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt (TIPS) placements or some coronary procedures), over the scapula when the beam is oriented in a left or right anterior oblique plane (e.g., coronary interventions), or in the axilla when the tube is positioned laterally (e.g., radiofrequency ablation and some coronary interventions).
COSN: A collaborative opportunistic sensor networking framework for people-centric applications

People-centric participatory sensing empowers people to collect and share sensor data using mobile devices across many applications. These people-centric services utilize a client-server architecture to provide meaningful information to different participating people. In this paper we present the COSN framework that provides people-centric services without relying on an infrastructure and dedicated server support. COSN framework utilizes the opportunistic sensing paradigm to effectively exchange information by taking advantage of the mobility of portable devices like smart phones.
Preferences and Heterogeneous Treatment Effects in a Public School Choice Lottery

This paper combines a model of parental school choice with randomized school lotteries in order to understand the effects of being assigned to a first-choice school on academic outcomes. We outline a simple framework in which those who place the highest weight on academics when choosing a school benefit the most academically when admitted. Although the average student does not improve academically when winning a school lottery, this average impact conceals a range of impacts for identifiable subgroups of students. Children of parents whose choices revealed a strong preference for academic quality experienced significant gains in test scores as a result of attending their chosen school, while children whose parents weighted academic characteristics less heavily experienced academic losses. This differential effect is largest for children of parents who forfeit the most in terms of utility gains from proximity and racial match to choose a school with stronger academics. Depending on one's own race and neighborhood, a preference for academic quality can either conflict with or be reinforced by other objectives, such as a desire for proximity and same-race peers.