Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
An Efficient and Accurate Method for Computing the Wet-Bulb Temperature along Pseudoadiabats

Abstract A new technique for computing the wet-bulb potential temperature of a parcel and its temperature after pseudoadiabatic ascent or descent to a new pressure level is presented. It is based on inverting Bolton’s most accurate formula for equivalent potential temperature θE to obtain the adiabatic wet-bulb temperature Tw on a given pseudoadiabat at a given pressure by an iterative technique. It is found that Tw is a linear function of equivalent temperature raised to the −1/κd (i.e., −3.504) power, where κd is the Poisson constant for dry air, in a significant region of a thermodynamic diagram. Consequently, Bolton’s formula is raised to the −1/κd power prior to the solving. A good “initial-guess” formula for Tw is devised. In the pressure range 100 ≤ p ≤ 1050 mb, this guess is within 0.34 K of the converged solution for wet-bulb potential temperatures θw ≤ 40°C. Just one iteration reduces this relative error to less than 0.002 K for −20° ≤ θw ≤ 40°C. The upper bound on the overall error in the compu.
Flux‐gradient relationships in the constant flux layer

An analysis is made of the Monin-Obukhov function ΦM in the familiar wind profile equation, using data from two recent expeditions to Gurley (New South Wales) and Hay (New South Wales). In one, the friction velocity u* is determined directly by the eddy correlation method, and in the other, conducted during mid-winter when small heat-fluxes were experienced, by the use of a friction coefficient applied to a low-level wind. By collating with a similar earlier analysis for heat and water vapour transfer, the variations of ΦM, ΦH and ΦW with stability are presented in tabular form in the z/L range − 0.01 to − 1.0. Within this range the empirical relationships ΦM = (1 − 16 z/L)−1/4 and ΦH, W = (1 − 16 z/L)−1/2, and the implied equality between Ri and z/L, are found to approximate the data to within a few per cent.
Quality Meshing of Polyhedra with Small Angles

We present an algorithm to compute a Delaunay mesh conforming to a polyhedron possibly with small input angles. The radius-edge ratio of most output tetrahedra are bounded by a constant, except possibly those that are provably close to small angles. Furthermore, the mesh is not unnecessarily dense in the sense that the edge lengths are at least a constant fraction of the local feature sizes at the edge endpoints. This algorithm is simple to implement as it eliminates most of the computation of local feature sizes and explicit protective zones. Our experimental results validate that few skinny tetrahedra remain and they lie close to small acute input angles.
The Mediating and Moderating Effects of Knowledge Management in the Relationship between Technological Leadership Behaviors of School Principals and Data-Driven Decision-Making

The objective of this study is to contribute to the increasing database regarding the effects of school leadership on teachers’ data usage by investigating the relationship between the technological leadership behaviors of school principals and data-driven decision-making at their schools based on the mediating and moderating effects of the knowledge management variable. 408 teachers from 14 provinces of Turkey in the 2020-2021 academic year were included in the study. The School Principal Technological Leadership Competency Scale, the Knowledge Management Scale, and the Data-Driven Decision-Making in Schools Scale were used as data collection tools in this cross-sectional quantitative study. Descriptive statistics, correlation, and structural equation modeling (SEM) were used in data analysis. The study results demonstrate the school principals' practices of technological leadership, knowledge management at schools, and data-driven decision-making to be high. It has been found out in the study that knowledge management implementations play a mediating role in data-driven decision-making at schools by increasing the technological leadership competency levels of school principals, while not having a moderating effect on the relationship between technological leadership and data-driven decision-making. In addition, technological leadership and knowledge management have been identified to be significant and positive predictors of data-driven decision-making. Based on the study results, suggestions have been made to improve the technological leadership behaviors and knowledge management implementations of school principals at schools.
Designing and calibrating an agent‐based platform to evaluate the effect of climate variables on residential water demand

Many Iranian metropolises, including Shiraz, are situated in arid and semi‐arid regions, lacking sufficient renewable water resources. In recent years, climate changes, including drought and rising temperatures, have led to changes in water supply and demand. Given the necessity and importance of urban water supply, this study investigates the impact of different climate scenarios on residential water demand. Many studies, in their models, do not consider the social interactions between household water consumers and the change in their consumption behaviour, which serves as a fundamental drawback. Thus, the present research attempts to propose an agent‐based framework by modelling social interactions via the diffusion process to investigate water consumption behaviour efficiently. The model is calibrated and applied to Shiraz City in Iran, according to the data from 2006 to 2019, and it is used to simulate each scenario for the following years until 2032. The findings show that temperature has a positive and significant effect on residential water consumption; yet, rainfall negatively affects water consumption. The simulation results of these scenarios for temperature increase or decrease and rainfall changes are estimated. In addition, the developed agent‐based platform can be easily calibrated and adjusted based on the data of any other city to simulate water demand estimation under different climatic and even economic scenarios. Urban water managers can benefit from such estimates to plan future infrastructure development and proactive management of seasonal water resources under the growing pressure of potential climate change because construing the sensitivity of seasonal water consumption to climate conditions is essential to respond to variations in demand.
Physics-based animation of primate locomotion

Quadrupedal animals commonly appear in films and video games, and their locomotion is of interests to several research and industrial communities. Because of the difficulty of handling and motion capturing these animals, physics-based animation is a promising method for synthesizing quadrupedal locomotion. In this thesis, we investigate control strategies for animating a gorilla model, as an example of primate quadrupeds. We review the state of the art in quadrupedal animation and robotics, and in particular a control framework designed for a simulated dog. We investigate the essential control strategy modifications as necessitated by the unique characteristics of gorilla morphology and locomotion style. We generate controllers for physically realistic walking and trotting gaits for a 3D gorilla model. We also rig a 3D mesh model of a gorilla with Maya, a commercial animation software. Gorilla gait motions are synthesized in our simulation using the rigged skeleton, and synthesized gaits are exported though a motion data pipeline back to Maya for rendering.
Signal degradation in multiple-scattering medium: implication for single focus vs multifoci two-photon microscopy

High-speed two-photon imaging based on multi-foci excitation requires the use of spatially resolved detectors, such as charge coupled device (CCD) cameras, instead of single channel photomultiplier tube (PMT). The performance of systems based on both a PMT and a CCD in turbid medium was evaluated by measuring the image point spread function (PSF) and the image contrast as a function of depth and scattering coefficient with single point scanning. We found no significant change in the full-width at half maximum of the point spread function (PSF) for depth up to 100 μm. However, the CCD lost contrast significantly faster as a function of depth and increase scattering. This discrepancy is resolved by measuring a low amplitude but broad tail in the PSF distribution. The tail of the PSF distribution can be up to 200 μm in diameter. We further evaluate scattering effects in the imaging of GFP neurons in a mouse brain slice.
Reprogramming Effects of Postbiotic Butyrate and Propionate on Maternal High-Fructose Diet-Induced Offspring Hypertension

Maternal nutrition has a key role in the developmental programming of adult disease. Excessive maternal fructose intake contributes to offspring hypertension. Newly discovered evidence supports the idea that early-life gut microbiota are connected to hypertension later in life. Short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs), butyrate, and propionate are microbiota-derived metabolites, also known as postbiotics. The present study aimed to determine whether maternal butyrate or propionate supplementation can protect offspring from hypertension using a maternal high-fructose (HF) diet rat model. Female Sprague Dawley rats were allocated during pregnancy and lactation to (1) regular chow (ND); (2) 60% high-fructose diet (HF); (3) HF diet plus butyrate (HFB, 400 mg/kg/day); and (4) HF diet plus propionate (HFP, 200 mmol/L). Male offspring were sacrificed at 12 weeks of age. The maternal HF diet impaired the offspring’s BP, which was prevented by perinatal butyrate or propionate supplementation. Both butyrate and propionate treatments similarly increased plasma concentrations of propionic acid, isobutyric acid, and valeric acid in adult offspring. Butyrate supplementation had a more profound impact on trimethylamine N-oxide metabolism and nitric oxide parameters. Whilst propionate treatment mainly influenced gut microbiota composition, it directly altered the abundance of genera Anaerovorax, Lactobacillus, Macellibacteroides, and Rothia. Our results shed new light on targeting gut microbiota through the use of postbiotics to prevent maternal HF intake-primed hypertension, a finding worthy of clinical translation.
Resampling Imbalanced Network Intrusion Datasets to Identify Rare Attacks

This study, focusing on identifying rare attacks in imbalanced network intrusion datasets, explored the effect of using different ratios of oversampled to undersampled data for binary classification. Two designs were compared: random undersampling before splitting the training and testing data and random undersampling after splitting the training and testing data. This study also examines how oversampling/undersampling ratios affect random forest classification rates in datasets with minority dataor rare attacks. The results suggest that random undersampling before splitting gives better classification rates; however, random undersampling after oversampling with BSMOTE allows for the use of lower ratios of oversampled data.
Quasigeostrophic potential vorticity in isentropic coordinates

Abstract An isentropic coordinate form of quasigeostrophic potential vorticity is derived. Compared with well-known height and pressure coordinate versions, this isentropic form is more clearly related to Ertel's potential vorticity and the derivation from it is much simpler. A derivation from quasigeostrophic approximations to the governing equations is also given and the boundary conditions to be applied on isentropic surface are discussed. Analogous developments using isopycnal coordinates are given assuming an incompressible fluid model.
Instability of cracks under impulse loads

A plate impact method was used to produce internal penny‐shaped cracks in polycarbonate and to study the response of these cracks to short tensile pulse loads. The observed crack instability behavior could not be explained by classical static fracture mechanics. A short‐pulse fracture mechanics was developed from static fracture mechanics concepts. The instability criterion was obtained from considerations of the early time stress intensity histories experienced by cracks struck by short‐pulse loads. This criterion, which requires that the dynamic stress intensity exceed the dynamic fracture toughness for a certain minimum time, gave results in accord with the experimental data. Short‐pulse fracture mechanics defines the conditions for which simple static expressions can be used to determine dynamic fracture toughness. The dynamic fracture toughness of polycarbonate at a stress intensification rate of 107 MN m−3/2 sec−1 was measured to be 2.2±0.2 MN m−3/2, about 60% of the quasistatic value. This result s.
Psychological Distress in the Republic of Serbia, the Association of Social Characteristics and Substance Use on a National Representative Sample of Serbia

This study examined the association between social characteristics, substance use, and psychological distress in a national representative sample of adults in Serbia. It was a secondary analysis of the National Survey on Lifestyles in Serbia: Substance Abuse and Gambling 2018. The study included a total of 2000 participants aged 18 to 65 from the general population in Serbia. Psychological distress was examined using the Kessler 6 questionnaire. There were a total of 945 male participants (47.3%) and 1055 (52.8%) female participants. The average age was 37.83 ± 13.61 years. The prevalence of a high risk of psychological distress was 5.2% (103/2000), while the prevalence of moderate risk of psychological distress was 15.2% (303/2000). Multivariate logistic regression analysis showed that being male, having poor self-rated health, having poor subjective financial status, binge drinking in the past year, and lifetime use of any illicit drug were associated with a higher likelihood of having a high risk of psychological distress. One in six adults in Serbia has a high risk of psychological distress, while one in twenty has a moderate risk. The findings of this study urge targeted actions to protect and improve the health of people in psychological distress and drug and alcohol users.
The Mass of the Black Hole in GS 2000+25

We measured the I-band orbital light curve of the soft X-ray transient GS 2000+25 in 1992 August, and the R- and I-band light curves between 1998 September and 2000 August. The light curves are dominated by the ellipsoidal variations of the secondary star in the system. The light curves also showed transient distortions that persisted through individual observing runs, but were diluted and nearly absent in the mean light curve. A small, residual distortion in the mean light curve is consistent with extra flux from a bright spot where the stream of material from the secondary star interacts with the accretion disk around the compact star. The light curve does not show eclipses. The best fits to the mean light curve were achieved with a model that included ellipsoidal variations of the secondary star plus a bright spot on the edge of the accretion disk. The flux from the accretion disk is not well constrained but must be less than 32% of the total R-band flux. Combining our data with previously published spectroscopy of GS 2000+25, we find that the mass of the compact star lies in the range 5.5 ≲ M1/M⊙ ≲ 8.8, and therefore it is a black hole. The derived mass of the secondary star depends sensitively on the mass ratio, which is measured from the rotational broadening of the absorption lines in the secondary's spectrum. We find 0.16 ≲ M2/M⊙ ≲ 0.47, but we deem this result less secure than the mass for M1. The radius and spectral type (K5) of the secondary are not consistent with those of main-sequence stars with masses in this range but are consistent with an evolved star that has been stripped of mass.
Behavioural equivalences for continuous-time Markov processes

Bisimulation is a concept that captures behavioural equivalence of states in a variety of types of transition systems. It has been widely studied in a discrete-time setting. The core of this work is to generalise the discrete-time picture to continuous time by providing a notion of behavioural equivalence for continuous-time Markov processes. In Chen et al. [(2019). Electronic Notes in Theoretical Computer Science347 45–63. ], we proposed two equivalent definitions of bisimulation for continuous-time stochastic processes where the evolution is a flow through time: the first one as an equivalence relation and the second one as a cospan of morphisms. In Chen et al. [(2020). Electronic Notes in Theoretical Computer Science. ], we developed the theory further: we introduced different concepts that correspond to different behavioural equivalences and compared them to bisimulation. In particular, we studied the relation between bisimulation and symmetry groups of the dynamics. We also provided a game interpretation for two of the behavioural equivalences. The present work unifies the cited conference presentations and gives detailed proofs.
On the linear stability of spiral flow between rotating cylinders

A numerical study is made of the effects of both axisymmetric and non-axisymmetric disturbances on the stability of spiral flow between rotating cylinders. If we let Ω1 and Ω2 be the angular speeds of the inner and outer cylinders, and R1 and R2 be their respective radii, then for fixed values of η = R1 / R2 and μ = Ω2 / Ω1, the onset of instability depends on both the Taylor number T and the axial Reynolds number R. Here R is based on the gap width between the cylinders and the average axial velocity of the basic flow, while T is based on the average angular speeds of the cylinders. Using the compound matrix method, we have computed the complete stability boundary in the R, T-plane for axisymmetric disturbances with η = 0.95 and μ = 0. We find that, for sufficiently high Reynolds numbers, there are two distinct axisymmetric modes corresponding to the usual shear and rotational instabilities. We have also obtained the stability boundaries for non-axisymmetric disturbances for R ≼ 6000 for η = 0.95 and 0.77 with μ = 0. These last results are found to be in substantial agreement with the experimental observations of Snyder (1962, 1965), Nagib (1972) and Mavec (1973) in the low and moderate axial Reynolds number régimes.
Nutritional Status of Patients with Facioscapulohumeral Muscular Dystrophy

In patients with facioscapulohumeral muscular dystrophy (FSHD), a rare genetic neuromuscular disease, reduced physical performance is associated with lower blood levels of vitamin C, zinc, selenium, and increased oxidative stress markers. Supplementation of vitamin C, vitamin E, zinc, and selenium improves the quadriceps’ physical performance. Here, we compared the nutritional status of 74 women and 85 men with FSHD. Calorie intake was lower in women with FSHD than in men. Moreover, we assessed vitamin C, vitamin E, zinc, copper, and selenium intakes in diet and their concentrations in the plasma. Vitamin E, copper, and zinc intake were lower in women with FSHD than in men, whereas plasma vitamin C, copper levels, and copper/zinc ratio were higher in women with FSHD than in men. The dietary intake and plasma concentrations of the studied vitamins and minerals were not correlated in both sexes. A well-balanced and varied diet might not be enough in patients with FSHD to correct the observed vitamin/mineral deficiencies. A low energy intake is a risk factor for suboptimal intake of proteins, vitamins, and minerals that are important for protein synthesis and other metabolic pathways and that might contribute to progressive muscle mass loss. Antioxidant supplementation and higher protein intake seem necessary to confer protection against oxidative stress and skeletal muscle mass loss.
Multiscale Interactions in an Idealized Walker Cell: Analysis with Isentropic Streamfunctions

AbstractA new approach for analyzing multiscale properties of the atmospheric flow is proposed in this study. For that, the recently introduced isentropic streamfunctions are employed here for scale decomposition with Haar wavelets. This method is applied subsequently to a cloud-resolving simulation of a planetary Walker cell characterized by pronounced multiscale flow. The resulting set of isentropic streamfunctions—obtained at the convective, meso-, synoptic, and planetary scales—capture many important features of the across-scale interactions within an idealized Walker circulation. The convective scale is associated with the shallow, congestus, and deep clouds, which jointly dominate the upward mass flux in the lower troposphere. The synoptic and planetary scales play important roles in extending mass transport to the upper troposphere, where the corresponding streamfunctions mainly capture the first baroclinic mode associated with large-scale overturning circulation. The intermediate-scale features of.
Ab Initio Calculations of the Atomic and Electronic Structure of SrZrO3 (111) Surfaces

The paper presents and discusses the results of calculations of surface relaxations and energetics for the polar (111) surface of SrZrO3 using a hybrid B3LYP description of exchange and correlation. On the (111) surface, I consider both Zr- and SrO3-terminations. For both Zr and SrO3-terminated SrZrO3 (111) surfaces upper layer atoms relax inwards. The second layer atoms, with the sole exception of Zr-terminated SrZrO3 (111) surface Sr atom, relax outwards. The calculated surface relaxation energy for Zr-terminated SrZrO3 (111) surface is almost sixteen times larger, than the surface relaxation energy for SrO3-terminated SrZrO3 (111) surface. The surface energy for Zr-terminated SrZrO3 (111) surface (7.98 eV) is smaller, than the surface energy for SrO3-terminated SrZrO3 (111) surface (9.45 eV).
Modelling heterogeneous space–time occurrences of earthquakes and its residual analysis

Summary. Earthquake intensities are modelled as a function of previous activity whose specific form is based on established empirical laws in seismology, but whose parameter values can vary from place to place. This model is used for characterizing regional features of seismic activities in and around Japan, and also for exploring regions where the actual seismicity rate systematically deviates from that of the modelled rate.
Convex Hulls Of Simple Space Curves

The convex hull of an arbitrary set M in real Euclidean n-space is known to consist of all the points within the r-simplexes with r + 1 vertices from M, r ≤ n. This note shows that if M is specialized to be a curve An of real order n, then its convex hull consists of all the points within the r-simplexes with r + 1 vertices on An , n = 2r + 1 or n = 2r.