Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Evaluation of bacterial and protozoal contamination of commercially available raw meat diets for dogs.

OBJECTIVE To evaluate bacterial and protozoal contamination of commercially available raw meat diets for dogs. DESIGN Prospective longitudinal study. SAMPLE POPULATION 240 samples from 20 raw meat diets for dogs (containing beef, lamb, chicken, or turkey), 24 samples from 2 dry dog foods, and 24 samples from 2 canned dog foods. PROCEDURE Each product was purchased commercially on 4 dates approximately 2 months apart. Three samples from each product at each sampling period were evaluated via bacterial culture for non-type-specific Escherichia coli (NTSEC), Salmonella enterica, and Campylobacter spp. Antimicrobial susceptibility testing was performed on selected isolates. Polymerase chain reaction assays were used to detect DNA from Cryptosporidium spp, Neospora spp, and Toxoplasma spp in samples obtained in the third and fourth sampling periods. RESULTS One hundred fifty-three of 288 (53%) samples were contaminated with NTSEC. Both raw and prepared foods contained NTSEC during at least 1 culture period. Salmonella enterica was recovered from 17 (5.9%) samples, all of which were raw meat products. Campylobacter spp was not isolated from any samples. In 91 of 288 (31.6%) samples, there was no gram-negative bacterial growth before enrichment and in 48 of 288 (16.7%) samples, there was no aerobic bacterial growth before enrichment. Susceptibility phenotypes were variable. Cryptosporidium spp DNA was detected in 3 samples. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE Bacterial contamination is common in commercially available raw meat diets, suggesting that there is a risk of foodborne illness in dogs fed these diets as well possible risk for humans associated with the dogs or their environments.
EDAB: energy-efficient diffusion algorithm for broadcast in wireless ad hoc networks

In wireless ad hoc networks, broadcasting is widely used by routing protocols to disseminate link/node state information or route discovery requests. However, broadcasting by blind flooding is highly energy-intensive and may involve serious redundancy, contention, and collision known as a broadcast storm problem. In this paper, two schemes are proposed to improve broadcasting performance and energy consumption called fair energy-efficient flooding and probabilistic energy-efficient flooding respectively. Both schemes periodically perform a fully localized average-based diffusion algorithm to estimate the average network energy (ANE). Scheme I utilizes ANE to decide whether to forward a broadcast message or not. Scheme II uses probabilistic rebroadcasting by referring to ANE. Our simulation results show different levels of improvement as compared with related approaches.
General Methods

General Methods All melting points are uncorrected. Infrared (IR) spectra were recorded as Nujol emulsions or neats. 1 H NMR spectra were recorded in CDCl3, CD2Cl2 or DMSO-d6 at 300 or 400 MHz. 13 C NMR spectra were recorded in CDCl3, CD2Cl2 or DMSO-d6 at 75 or 100 MHz. The chemical shifts are expressed in ppm, relative to Me4Si at δ = 0.00 ppm for 1 H, while the chemical shifts for 13 C are reported relative to the resonance of CDCl3 δ = 77.1 ppm, CD2Cl2 δ = 54.0 ppm or DMSO-d6 = 39.5 ppm. Mass spectra were recorded on a HPLC/MS TOF 6220 Agilent Technologies apparatus.
Development of Multi-Pixel Photon

M. Yokoyama, T. Nobuhara, M. Taguchi, and T. Nakaya Department of Physics, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8502 Japan T. Murakami, T. Nakadaira, and K. Yoshimura IPNS, High Energy Accelerator Research Organization (KEK), Tsukuba 305-0801 Japan K. Kawagoe and Y. Tamura Department of Physics, Kobe University, Kobe 657-8501 Japan T. Iijima and Y. Mazuka Department of Physics, Nagoya University, Nagoya 464-8601 Japan K. Miyabayashi Department of Physics, Nara Women’s University, Nara 630-8506 Japan S. Iba and H. Miyata Department of Physics, Niigata University, Niigata 950-2181 Japan T. Takeshita Department of Physics, Shinshu University, Matsumoto 390-8621 Japan (KEK Detector Technology Project / photon sensor group)
Sponsored search: an overview of the concept, history, and technology

The success of sponsored search has radically affected how people interact with the information, websites, and services on the web. Sponsored search provides the necessary revenue streams to web search engines and is critical to the success of many online businesses. However, there has been limited academic examination of sponsored search, with the exception of online auctions. In this paper, we conceptualise the sponsored search process as an aspect of information searching. We provide a brief history of sponsored search and an extensive examination of the technology making sponsored search possible. We critique this technology, highlighting possible implications for the future of the sponsored search process.
Grasp moduli spaces and spherical harmonics

In this work, we present a novel representation which enables a robot to reason about, transfer and optimize grasps on various objects by representing objects and grasps on them jointly in a common space. In our approach, objects are parametrized using smooth differentiable functions which are obtained from point cloud data via a spectral analysis. We show how, starting with point cloud data of various objects, one can utilize this space consisting of grasps and smooth surfaces in order to continuously deform various surface/grasp configurations with the goal of synthesizing force closed grasps on novel objects. We illustrate the resulting shape space for a collection of real world objects using multidimensional scaling and show that our formulation naturally enables us to use gradient ascent approaches to optimize and simultaneously deform a grasp from a known object towards a novel object.
Temporal Structure Learning for Clustering Massive Data Streams in Real-Time

This paper describes one of the first attempts to model the temporal structure of massive data streams in real-time using data stream clustering. Recently, many data stream clustering algorithms have been developed which efficiently find a partition of the data points in a data stream. However, these algorithms disregard the information represented by the temporal order of the data points in the stream which for many applications is an important part of the data stream. In this paper we propose a new framework called Temporal Relationships Among Clusters for Data Streams (TRACDS) which allows us to learn the temporal structure while clustering a data stream. We identify, organize and describe the clustering operations which are used by state-of-the-art data stream clustering algorithms. Then we show that by defining a set of new operations to transform Markov Chains with states representing clusters dynamically, we can efficiently capture temporal ordering information. This framework allows us to preserve temporal relationships among clusters for any state-of-the-art data stream clustering algorithm with only minimal overhead. To investigate the usefulness of TRACDS, we evaluate the improvement of TRACDS over pure data stream clustering for anomaly detection using several synthetic and realworld data sets. The experiments show that TRACDS is able to considerably improve the results even if we introduce a high rate of incorrect time stamps which is typical for real-world data streams.
Treatment Algorithms for Patients with Metastatic Non-Small Cell, Non-Squamous Lung Cancer

A number of developments have altered the treatment paradigm for metastatic non-small cell, non-squamous lung cancer. These include increasing knowledge of molecular signal pathways, as well as the outcomes of several large-scale trials. As a result, treatments are becoming more efficacious and more personalized, and are changing the management and prognosis of non-small cell lung cancer patients. This is resulting in increased survival in select patient groups. In this paper, a simplified algorithm for treating patients with metastatic non-small cell, non-squamous lung cancer is presented.
Intermittent use of triple-combination therapy is predictive of mortality at baseline and after 1 year of follow-up

Objective To characterize the impact of intermittent use of triple drug antiretroviral therapy on survival. Design, setting and participants Population-based analysis of 1282 antiretroviral therapy naive HIV-positive individuals aged 18 years and older in British Columbia who started triple-combination therapy between August 1996 and December 1999. Therapy use was estimated by dividing the number of months of medications dispensed by the number of months of follow-up. Intermittent therapy was defined as the participant having obtained less than 75% of their medication in the first 12 months. Main outcome measure Cumulative all-cause mortality rates from the start of triple drug antiretroviral therapy to 30 September 2000. Results As of 30 September 2000, 106 subjects had died. Cumulative mortality was 3.9% (± 0.5%) at 12 months. In a multivariate model, after controlling for other variables that were significant in the univariate analyses each 100 cell decrement in baseline CD4 cell count and the intermittent use of antiretroviral drugs were associated with increased mortality with risk ratios of 1.31 [95% confidence interval (CI), 1.16–1.49;P < 0.001] and 2.90 (95% CI, 1.93–4.36;P < 0.001), respectively. In order to control for downward drift, intermittent use of therapy was measured over the first year whereas other factors were measured at the end of year 1. After adjusting for all other factors, those participants who used antiretroviral drugs intermittently were 2.97 times (95% CI, 1.33–6.62;P = 0.008) more likely to die. Conclusion Our study demonstrates that even after adjusting for other prognostic factors intermittent use of antiretroviral therapy was associated with increased mortality.
Photographs of Public Domain Paintings: How, If at All, Should We Protect Them?

A photograph of an original painting that reproduces it as faithfully as possible can make the painting’s image available to a much wider audience than can visiting the museum where the painting hangs. If the painting is in the public domain, then a photographer needs no copyright permission to photograph it, but the question arises whether copyright protects the resulting photograph. In 1998, the court in the Bridgeman Art Library case answered that question in the negative. That decision has been subject to some resistance from museums and art reproduction photographers. And because museums, even without any copyright protection, control access to the paintings themselves, the court’s ruling does not necessarily mean that making a photo of a public domain painting is significantly easier than before Bridgeman.This article considers anew what protection, if any, should be granted to art reproduction photographs of public domain paintings. It weighs the possible need for incentives to invest in producing such photographs, as well as the impediments that granting exclusive rights in them would present to using the underlying public domain work. Given the incentive and access concerns, it examines whether art reproduction photographs should perhaps receive some sui generis protection against copying, but not complete copyright protection.The article then explores whether Congress could enact a sui generis regime if it were desirable. If art reproduction photographs come within Congress’s Copyright Clause power, then Congress could likely exercise that power to adopt a sui generis regime. But doing so would likely run afoul of international copyright obligations, which could significantly constrain Congress’s ability to grant art reproduction photographs less generous protection than ordinary copyright law. If art reproduction photographs are not proper subjects for protection under the Copyright Clause, Congress would face the question of whether it can use some other constitutional power to grant exclusive rights in works that do not qualify for Copyright Clause protection. The law on that question remains quite unclear, but constitutional constraints, like international ones, might preclude the adoption of a sui generis regime for art reproduction photographs. In sum, international and constitutional constraints might limit Congress either to providing full copyright protection or no protection at all—possibly equally unattractive options for mediating the incentive and access interests at stake.
THE INFLUENCE FUNCTION OF STAHEL-DONOHO TYPE METHODS FOR ROBUST COVARIANCE ESTIMATION AND PCA

Principal component analysis (PCA) is a popular technique to reduce the dimension of the data at hand. Since PCA is based on the empirical variance-covariance matrix, the estimates can be severely damaged by outliers. To reduce these effects, several robust methods were developed, mostly by replacing the classical variance-covariance matrix by a robust version. In this paper we focus on Stahel-Donoho type covariance estimators and on ROBPCA, a recent method for robust PCA. In this paper we derive their influence functions. They give us some theoretical insight in the robustness of the estimators and they allow us to compute asymptotic efficiencies. As an application we also derive the influence function of a robust partial least squares regression method based on robust covariance estimators.
Social policy for users of information technology : young people and internet addiction in Korea

The Internet has conferred many benefits, but it also has negative effects including addiction patterns termed “Internet addiction”. Many studies have been inclined to focus on discovering psychological symptoms. However, they have not usually considered young people’s relationships, which can themselves lead to Internet addiction. This study gathers the life experiences of young people with an ‘Internet addiction pattern’ in order to understand better their relationships and circumstances. South Korea was chosen as the main focus of this study. From the Foucauldian perspective, the relationships produce power in new ways, wherever they meet and whenever they talk, with knowledge through their abilities, topics or information. This knowledge may categorise peers according to status and ability to use the Internet. These factors activate a ‘power network’ in ‘their own world’. As a result, Internet addiction situation is interpreted as a loss of balance in using the Internet and the research findings demonstrate how this process is influenced by the development of a set of power relations between young people within ‘their own world’. The recommendations are included, mainly ways to participate in the young people’s concerns and to relate to their lives so as to understand the real situation and reduce the problems.
Description to Fe-C Alloy Film Fiber Corrosion Sensors by Fractal Corrosion Images

In this paper, the fractal dimensions are proposed for characterizing the optical fiber corrosion sensors, which is applied to measure the steel corrosion based on Fe-C alloy film. Because corrosion was a complex random phenomenon and the corrosion surface of Fe-C alloy film of the optical fiber corrosion sensor possessed fractal characteristics, the image fractal dimensions is as a quantitative index of the sensor corrosion degree. The experimental results showed that the complexity level of the sensor surface morphology increased and the optical output power increased along with the increase of fractal dimensions. And the sensing law of the thicker Fe-C alloy film is better than that of the thinner film. Therefore, it is feasible that the fractal dimension is used to characterize the Fe-C alloy film optical fiber corrosion sensors and it is also optimistic to the future prospect of the Fe-C alloy film optical fiber corrosion sensors.
Diabetes Disease Diagnosis Using Multivariate Adaptive Regression Splines

Diabetes mellitus is a chronic disease, also associated with an increased risk for heart disease and is emerging as a serious health challenge in India. It requires continuing medical care and patient self-management education to prevent severe problems and to reduce the risk of long-term problems. Healthcare industry stores a large amount of data which is not properly used to discover the hidden patterns and relationships. Disease diagnosis is one of the applications where data mining algorithms are proving successful results. In recent years, several researches have been conducted to develop intelligent clinical decision support system to help the physician in diagnosing the diabetes. This paper provides an introduction to the theory and highlights the importance of Multivariate Adaptive Regression Splines (MARS) in the disease diagnosis through the collected data for diabetes to develop an intelligent decision support system to help the physicians. MARS model obtained better accuracy with minimum number of predictors and outperformed by handling nonlinearities, missing data and interactions among predictors compared to other methods. The proposed approach is easily understandable, provides a better and faster model for diagnosing of diabetes patients.
The Local Topography of Uruk Sulcus and Galileo Regio Obtained from Stereo Images

High resolution (<100 m/pixel) stereo images obtained by the Galileo SSI camera are analyzed using photogrammetric techniques to derive local Digital Terrain Models (DTMs) of Ganymede's surface. The models cover areas of 22 × 56 km in Uruk Sulcus and 63 × 102 km in Galileo Regio and have spatial resolutions of 500 m/pixel and 1000 m/pixel, respectively. For Uruk Sulcus, the DTM features a wave-like topography with wavelengths of 2–6 km and amplitudes of up to 500 m. Individual topographic highs show asymmetric shapes with slopes of up to 20° and terracing. The terrain model in Galileo Regio has isolated knobs, furrows of up to 10 km in width, and ridges of up to 1 km in height. Surface roughness in Galileo Regio at DTM scales is markedly higher than in Uruk Sulcus. Bowl-shaped craters are identified in the models with depth to diameter ratios of about 1:12 (Uruk Sulcus) and 1:9 (Galileo Regio). This is in approximate agreement with data for simple craters measured in Voyager images. The large complex 20-km crater Ea is found to have a central dome 300 m above the crater floor, reaching more than half of the crater rim's height. These unique topographic data, at far higher resolution than what could be derived from Voyager images, will provide new insights into the formation of Ganymede's surface.
The effectiveness of exercise as an intervention in the management of depression: systematic review and meta-regression analysis of randomised controlled trials

Abstract Objective: To determine the effectiveness of exercise as an intervention in the management of depression. Design: Systematic review and meta-regression analysis of randomised controlled trials obtained from five electronic databases (Medline, Embase, Sports Discus, PsycLIT, Cochrane Library) and through contact with experts in the field, bibliographic searches, and hand searches of recent copies of relevant journals. Main outcome measures: Standardised mean difference in effect size and weighted mean difference in Beck depression inventory score between exercise and no treatment and between exercise and cognitive therapy. Results: All of the 14 studies analysed had important methodological weaknesses; randomisation was adequately concealed in only three studies, intention to treat analysis was undertaken in only two, and assessment of outcome was blinded in only one. The participants in most studies were community volunteers, and diagnosis was determined by their score on the Beck depression inventory. When compared with no treatment, exercise reduced symptoms of depression (standardised mean difference in effect size −1.1 (95% confidence interval −1.5 to −0.6); weighted mean difference in Beck depression inventory −7.3 (−10.0 to −4.6)). The effect size was significantly greater in those trials with shorter follow up and in two trials reported only as conference abstracts. The effect of exercise was similar to that of cognitive therapy (standardised mean difference −0.3 (95% confidence interval −0.7 to 0.1)). Conclusions: The effectiveness of exercise in reducing symptoms of depression cannot be determined because of a lack of good quality research on clinical populations with adequate follow up. What is already known on this topic Depression is common Management is often inadequate and many patients do not comply with antidepressant medication The effect of exercise on depression has been a subject of interest for many years What this study adds Most studies of the effect of exercise on depression are of poor quality, have brief follow up, and are undertaken on non-clinical volunteers Exercise may be efficacious in reducing symptoms of depression in the short term but its effectiveness in clinical populations is unknown A well designed, randomised controlled trial with long term follow up is needed
Epiligrin, a component of epithelial basement membranes, is an adhesive ligand for alpha 3 beta 1 positive T lymphocytes

The cutaneous T cell lymphomas (CTCL), typified by mycosis fungoides, and several chronic T cell mediated dermatoses are characterized by the migration of T lymphocytes into the epidermis (epidermotropism). Alternatively, other types of cutaneous inflammation (malignant cutaneous B cell lymphoma, CBCL, or lymphocytoma cutis, non-malignant T or B cell type) do not show evidence of epidermotropism. This suggests that certain T lymphocyte subpopulations are able to interact with and penetrate the epidermal basement membrane. We show here that T lymphocytes derived from patients with CTCL (HUT 78 or HUT 102 cells), adhere to the detergent-insoluble extracellular matrix prepared from cultured basal keratinocytes (HFK ECM). HUT cell adhesion to HFK ECM was inhibitable with monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) directed to the alpha 3 (P1B5) or beta 1 (P4C10) integrin receptors, and could be up- regulated by an activating anti-beta 1 mAb (P4G11). An inhibitory mAb, P3H9-2, raised against keratinocytes identified epiligrin as the ligand for alpha 3 beta 1 positive T cells in HFK ECM. Interestingly, two lymphocyte populations could be clearly distinguished relative to expression of alpha 3 beta 1 by flow cytometry analysis. Lymphokine activated killer cells, alloreactive cytotoxic T cells and T cells derived from patients with CTCL expressed high levels of alpha 3 beta 1 (alpha 3 beta 1high). Non-adherent peripheral blood mononuclear cells, acute T or B lymphocytic leukemias, or non-cutaneous T or B lymphocyte cell lines expressed low levels of alpha 3 beta 1 (alpha 3 beta 1low). Resting PBL or alpha 3 beta 1low T or B cell lines did not adhere to HFK ECM or purified epiligrin. However, adhesion to epiligrin could be up-regulated by mAbs which activate the beta 1 subunit indicating that alpha 3 beta 1 activity is a function of expression and affinity. In skin derived from patients with graft-vs.-host (GVH) disease, experimentally induced delayed hypersensitivity reactions, and CTCL, the infiltrating T cells could be stained with mAbs to alpha 3 or beta 1 and were localized in close proximity to the epiligrin-containing basement membrane. Infiltrating lymphocytes in malignant cutaneous B disease (CBCL) did not express alpha 3 beta 1 by immunohistochemical techniques and did not associate with the epidermal basement membrane. The present findings clearly define a function for alpha 3 beta 1 in T cells and strongly suggest that alpha 3 beta 1 interaction with epiligrin may be involved in the pathogenesis of cutaneous inflammation.