Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Cancer as a Complex Phenotype: Pattern of Cancer Distribution within and beyond the Nuclear Family

Background The contribution of low-penetrant susceptibility variants to cancer is not clear. With the aim of searching for genetic factors that contribute to cancer at one or more sites in the body, we have analyzed familial aggregation of cancer in extended families based on all cancer cases diagnosed in Iceland over almost half a century. Methods and Findings We have estimated risk ratios (RRs) of cancer for first- and up to fifth-degree relatives both within and between all types of cancers diagnosed in Iceland from 1955 to 2002 by linking patient information from the Icelandic Cancer Registry to an extensive genealogical database, containing all living Icelanders and most of their ancestors since the settlement of Iceland. We evaluated the significance of the familial clustering for each relationship separately, all relationships combined (first- to fifth-degree relatives) and for close (first- and second-degree) and distant (third- to fifth-degree) relatives. Most cancer sites demonstrate a significantly increased RR for the same cancer, beyond the nuclear family. Significantly increased familial clustering between different cancer sites is also documented in both close and distant relatives. Some of these associations have been suggested previously but others not. Conclusion We conclude that genetic factors are involved in the etiology of many cancers and that these factors are in some cases shared by different cancer sites. However, a significantly increased RR conferred upon mates of patients with cancer at some sites indicates that shared environment or nonrandom mating for certain risk factors also play a role in the familial clustering of cancer. Our results indicate that cancer is a complex, often non-site-specific disease for which increased risk extends beyond the nuclear family.
Television News Viewing, Governmental Scope, and Postmaterialist Spending: Assessing Mediation by Partisanship

This study uses 2000–2002 American National Election Study (ANES) panel data to assess the influence of national television news viewing on opinions concerning the need for federal involvement in social issues reflective of postmaterialist values. This relationship is analyzed in coordination with the testing of perceptions of the proper role of government in society as a potential mediator. In addition, political party identification (Democrat, Republican, and Independent) is assessed as a potential moderator. This study reveals 3 distinct processes of mediation (or the lack thereof) across the party identification groups, with the perceived role of government serving as a full mediator for Democrats, a simple mediator for Republicans, and not serving as a mediator for Independents.
Two Different Pathways for the Maintenance of Trabecular Bone in Adult Male Mice

Androgens may regulate the male skeleton either directly via activation of the androgen receptor (AR) or indirectly via aromatization of androgens into estrogen and, thereafter, via activation of estrogen receptors (ERs). There are two known estrogen receptors, ER‐α and ER‐β. The aim of this study was to investigate the relative roles of ER‐α, ER‐β, and AR in the maintenance of trabecular bone in male mice. Seven‐month‐old male mice, lacking ER‐α (ERKO), ER‐β (BERKO), or both receptors (DERKO), were orchidectomized (orx) and treated for 3 weeks with 0.7 μg/mouse per day of 17β‐estradiol or vehicle. No reduction in trabecular bone mineral density (BMD) was seen in ERKO, BERKO, or DERKO mice before orx, showing that neither ER‐α nor ER‐β is required for the maintenance of a normal trabecular BMD in male mice. After orx, there was a pronounced decrease in trabecular BMD, similar for all groups, resulting in equal levels of trabecular BMD in all genotypes. This reduction was reversed completely in wild‐type (WT) and BERKO mice treated with estrogen, and no significant effect of estrogen was found in ERKO or DERKO mice. In summary, the trabecular bone is preserved both by a testicular factor, presumably testosterone acting via AR and by an estrogen‐induced activation of ER‐α. These results indicate that AR and ER‐α are redundant in the maintenance of the trabecular bone in male mice. In contrast, ER‐β is of no importance for the regulation of trabecular bone in male mice.
Factored Temporal Sigmoid Belief Networks for Sequence Learning

Deep conditional generative models are developed to simultaneously learn the temporal dependencies of multiple sequences. The model is designed by introducing a three-way weight tensor to capture the multiplicative interactions between side information and sequences. The proposed model builds on the Temporal Sigmoid Belief Network (TSBN), a sequential stack of Sigmoid Belief Networks (SBNs). The transition matrices are further factored to reduce the number of parameters and improve generalization. When side information is not available, a general framework for semi-supervised learning based on the proposed model is constituted, allowing robust sequence classification. Experimental results show that the proposed approach achieves state-of-the-art predictive and classification performance on sequential data, and has the capacity to synthesize sequences, with controlled style transitioning and blending.
Lung Inflammatory Effects, Tumorigenesis, and Emphysema Development in a Long-Term Inhalation Study with Cigarette Mainstream Smoke in Mice

Cigarette smoking is the leading cause of lung cancer and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, yet there is little mechanistic information available in the literature. To improve this, laboratory models for cigarette mainstream smoke (MS) inhalation–induced chronic disease development are needed. The current study investigated the effects of exposing male A/J mice to MS (6h/day, 5 days/week at 150 and 300mg total particulate matter per cubic meter) for 2.5, 5, 10, and 18 months in selected combinations with postinhalation periods of 0, 4, 8, and 13 months. Histopathological examination of step-serial sections of the lungs revealed nodular hyperplasia of the alveolar epithelium and bronchioloalveolar adenoma and adenocarcinoma. At 18 months, lung tumors were found to be enhanced concentration dependently (up to threefold beyond sham exposure), irrespective of whether MS inhalation had been performed for the complete study duration or was interrupted after 5 or 10 months and followed by postinhalation periods. Morphometric analysis revealed an increase in the extent of emphysematous changes after 5 months of MS inhalation, which did not significantly change over the following 13 months of study duration, irrespective of whether MS exposure was continued or not. These changes were found to be accompanied by a complex pattern of transient and sustained pulmonary inflammatory changes that may contribute to the observed pathogeneses. Data from this study suggest that the A/J mouse model holds considerable promise as a relevant model for investigating smoking-related emphysema and adenocarcinoma development.
Youth Civic Engagement in the Twenty-First Century

We enter the 21st century contending with the end of the Cold War's legacy of political uncertainty, expecting youth to play a significant part in the search for new principles that will bring about stability in the world political order. In forging the future, youth will have to collaborate with adults, but on terms more fitting of the historical circumstances that lie ahead than those of the past. This was the framework adopted by a group of social scientists who held several discussions to reflect on the issues and opportunities that bear on youth's civic engagement and development in the century that has just opened. The present article describes the results of those conversations, starting with the issue of defining civic competence, and the finding that an expansive definition is needed to match the real-world circumstances that affect its development for youth internationally. Specific conditions, such as globalization, information – communication technology, and immigration, are emphasized as forces that affect youth and need to be taken into account by educators and policy makers. In this regard, responsibilities of schools, government, the commercial sector, and community organizations are outlined. Each is viewed as a potential constructive force for promoting engagement insofar as youth's strengths are recognized and focus is placed on building on youth's proven capacities. As always, it is youth’s task to make history in the future and society's obligation to provide youth with sufficient resources and an honest basis for hope in carrying out this task. The authors' policy recommendations are founded on this reciprocal relation that binds the youth generation with its elders in the common task of preserving, while transforming, society for the good of humanity.
Associations Between HIV Risk, Unmitigated Communion, and Relationship Power Among African American Women

Most new HIV infections among African American women are due to unprotected sex in heterosexual relationships. Women's scores on measures of relationship power and unmitigated communion (focus on others and exclusion of self) are associated with risky sexual behavior. We hypothesized African American women scoring low on relationship power and high on unmitigated communion would report greater risk for HIV infection. In a sample of 217 African American adult women, relationship power strongly correlated with HIV risk (p < .05), but unmitigated communion did not. Relationship power explained 40% of the variance in women's perceived HIV risk (β = −.631, p = .000). Compared to their high relationship power counterparts, African American women with low to moderate levels of relationship power were 5 to 40 times less likely to successfully negotiate condom use and only reduced their HIV risk by 5% to 20% (compared to 80% to 95% improvements in risk reduction by their high relationship power counterparts).
Exact random coding secrecy exponents for the wiretap channel

We analyze the exact exponential decay rate of the expected amount of information leaked to the wiretapper in Wyner's wiretap channel setting using wiretap channel codes constructed from both i.i. d. and constant-composition random codes. Our analysis for those sampled from i.i. d. random coding ensemble shows that the previously-known achievable secrecy exponent using this ensemble is indeed the exact exponent for an average code in the ensemble. Furthermore, our analysis on wiretap channel codes constructed from the ensemble of constant-composition random codes leads to an exponent which, in addition to being the exact exponent for an average code, is larger than the achievable secrecy exponent that has been established so far in the literature for this ensemble (which in turn was known to be smaller than that achievable by wiretap channel codes sampled from i.i.d. random coding ensemble). We also show examples where the exact secrecy exponent for the wiretap channel codes constructed from random constant-composition codes is larger than that of those constructed from i.i. d. random codes.
Policy Tree: Adaptive Representation for Policy Gradient

Much of the focus on finding good representations in reinforcement learning has been on learning complex non-linear predictors of value. Policy gradient algorithms, which directly represent the policy, often need fewer parameters to learn good policies. However, they typically employ a fixed parametric representation that may not be sufficient for complex domains. This paper introduces the Policy Tree algorithm, which can learn an adaptive representation of policy in the form of a decision tree over different instantiations of a base policy. Policy gradient is used both to optimize the parameters and to grow the tree by choosing splits that enable the maximum local increase in the expected return of the policy. Experiments show that this algorithm can choose genuinely helpful splits and significantly improve upon the commonly used linear Gibbs softmax policy, which we choose as our base policy.
Top-gated graphene field-effect-transistors formed by decomposition of SiC

Top-gated, few-layer graphene field-effect transistors (FETs) fabricated on thermally decomposed semi-insulating 4H-SiC substrates are demonstrated. Physical vapor deposited SiO2 is used as the gate dielectric. A two-dimensional hexagonal arrangement of carbon atoms with the correct lattice vectors, observed by high-resolution scanning tunneling microscopy, confirms the formation of multiple graphene layers on top of the SiC substrates. The observation of n-type and p-type transition further verifies Dirac Fermions’ unique transport properties in graphene layers. The measured electron and hole mobilities on these fabricated graphene FETs are as high as 5400 and 4400cm2∕Vs, respectively, which are much larger than the corresponding values from conventional SiC or silicon.
The intensity of recent and distant life regrets: an integrated model and a large scale survey

The research considers three predictors of the intensity of life regrets: (a) whether the regretted behaviour is an action or a failure to act, (b) the severity of its consequences and (c) the extent to which the behaviour was justified. It is hypothesised that the intensity of recent and distant regrets will be predicted by different combinations of these predictors. Regression analyses on regrets reported by 957 French adults support this hypothesis. The intensity of recent regrets is predicted by the consequences of the behaviour, and especially so for actions. The intensity of distant regrets is predicted by the consequences of the behaviour and by its justification, the effect of justification being stronger for actions than for inactions. These results are discussed in relation to both laboratory and field studies of regret. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Oxygen Sensitivity of Anammox and Coupled N-Cycle Processes in Oxygen Minimum Zones

Nutrient measurements indicate that 30–50% of the total nitrogen (N) loss in the ocean occurs in oxygen minimum zones (OMZs). This pelagic N-removal takes place within only ∼0.1% of the ocean volume, hence moderate variations in the extent of OMZs due to global warming may have a large impact on the global N-cycle. We examined the effect of oxygen (O2) on anammox, NH3 oxidation and NO3 − reduction in 15N-labeling experiments with varying O2 concentrations (0–25 µmol L−1) in the Namibian and Peruvian OMZs. Our results show that O2 is a major controlling factor for anammox activity in OMZ waters. Based on our O2 assays we estimate the upper limit for anammox to be ∼20 µmol L−1. In contrast, NH3 oxidation to NO2 − and NO3 − reduction to NO2 − as the main NH4 + and NO2 − sources for anammox were only moderately affected by changing O2 concentrations. Intriguingly, aerobic NH3 oxidation was active at non-detectable concentrations of O2, while anaerobic NO3 − reduction was fully active up to at least 25 µmol L−1 O2. Hence, aerobic and anaerobic N-cycle pathways in OMZs can co-occur over a larger range of O2 concentrations than previously assumed. The zone where N-loss can occur is primarily controlled by the O2-sensitivity of anammox itself, and not by any effects of O2 on the tightly coupled pathways of aerobic NH3 oxidation and NO3 − reduction. With anammox bacteria in the marine environment being active at O2 levels ∼20 times higher than those known to inhibit their cultured counterparts, the oceanic volume potentially acting as a N-sink increases tenfold. The predicted expansion of OMZs may enlarge this volume even further. Our study provides the first robust estimates of O2 sensitivities for processes directly and indirectly connected with N-loss. These are essential to assess the effects of ocean de-oxygenation on oceanic N-cycling.
PROCESSING LOAD AND MEMORY FOR STEREOTYPE-BASED INFORMATION

The present research considered the effects of stereotypes on judgmental and memorial processes. In particular, we investigated the heuristic utility of stereotype application in difficult or demanding information-processing contexts. Our results supported the prediction that stereotypical effects on memory are contingent upon the characteristics of the task environment. Whereas perceivers displayed preferential recall for stereotype-inconsistent information under low processing loads, this switched to a preference for consistent information as task demands increased. Likewise, target-based judgments were most stereotypic under high processing loads. Judgment-recall correlations supported the contention that, under high-loads, these inferences are related to the relative memorability of stereotypic information. We consider these findings in the wider context of stereotype-based effects on social cognition.
Measurement-based interference modeling using channel occupancy in wireless mesh networks

We introduce a linear measurement-based method for interference estimation in wireless mesh networks. The approach is based on measuring the channel occupancy and requires only O(n) measurements for a network with n nodes, thus making it suitable for large network deployments. We show, how we utilize the carrier sensing mechanism of commodity IEEE 802.11 hardware to measure the channel occupancy. Based on the measurements, we develop the Channel Occupancy Interference Model (COIM). The model is validated in the DES-Testbed, a wireless mesh network with 128 multi-radio network nodes at the Freie Universität Berlin. The validation shows, that the model is capable of predicting interfering nodes in the communication and also in the interference range. Additionally, our evaluation shows that the often used 2-hop interference model is too pessimistic for indoor network deployments, about 60% of the 2-hop neighbors are not interferers in our set-up.
Tsotsil Phonemes with Special Reference to Allophones of B

2 It is interesting to note that in certain related dialects (for example, the Cakchiquel of Guatemala), the parallel phoneme is an implosive bilabial stop. ceded by a glottal stop; with syllable division between, as indicated by a lowered dot) 6ibuk [6i? buk] just two; ta balamil [ta? ba.la. mil] in the world. Preceded by a stop: [. b] (voiced bilabial stop without glottal influence) makbil [mak.bil] covered; ? amak be [? a.mak be] you covered the road. Preceded by other consonants: [. b] (voiced bilabial stop with glottal influence) pasbil [pas. bil] made; ? apas be [? a.pas ? be] you made a road. Followed by a consonant: [? m] (voiced bilabial nasal preceded by weak glottal stop, plus nasalization and glottalization of the preceding vowel) 6obtik [6Q? m.tik] cornfield; ? ilub ta ? ora [? i.hq? m ta ? o.ra] he tired immediately. Utterance final.3 [? M] (voiceless bilabial nasal preceded by a weak glottal stop, plus nasalization and glottalization of the preceding vowel) 6ib [6i ? M] two. The morphological evidence tends to give strong support to the conclusions arrived at by the phonological procedures of observing the mutually exclusive positions of the submembers of this phoneme. Additional evidence is especially welcome at this point because of the marked phonetic difference between the submembers of the phoneme. In languages in general one rarely finds as submembers of one phoneme items as sharply diverse as [b] and [? m]. Nevertheless the phonological pressure of the mutually exclusive phonetic environments in which they occur leaves no other alternative.
Specifying the relationships between objects, gaze, and descriptions for scene understanding

Goal • Conduct combined behavioral and computer vision experiments to better understand the relationships between: Ø the objects that are detected in an image, Ø the eye movements that people make while viewing that image, Ø and the words that they produce when asked to describe it. Contribution • Comprehension of how humans view and interpret visual imagery. • Demonstrate prototype applications for gaze-enabled detection and annotation by integrating gaze cues with the outputs of current visual recognition systems
Does Sharing Become Increasingly "Rational" in the Second Year of Life?.

Forty-eight 1- and 48 2-year-olds were observed in groups of 3, with either a female or a male majority, on 2 consecutive days, 1 day with scarce resources and the other day with ample resources in counterbalanced order. Particular toys were available in duplicate for half the groups on both days. All the experimental variables together influenced spontaneous sharing, but sharing under pressure from peers was affected by age (1-year-olds sharing more often than 2-year-olds) and the relative loss of gain of resources across days
Little Jiffy, Mark Iv

IN this paper three changes and one new development for the method of exploratory factor analysis (a second generation Little Jiffy) developed by Kaiser (1970) are described. Following this short description a step-by-step computer algorithm of the revised method-dubbed Little Jiffy, Mark IV-is presented. Extensive empirical experience with &dquo;a second generation Little Jiffy&dquo; (Kaiser, 1970) indicates that the method, for large matrices, consistently mildly underfactors. A revision is called for. Thus, the writers adopt as the answer for the crucially important question of the &dquo;number of factors&dquo; Guttman’s (1954) classic weaker lower bound, the index of the covariance matrix (with zeros in the diagonal) under consideration. This answer is the same as that given by Kaiser’s (1956, 1960, 1970) extensively used &dquo;eigenvalues greater than one of R. &dquo;
Confusion Between Depression and Autism in a High Functioning Child

Autism is a diagnosis characterized by social and communication impairments. Onset of autism occurs before the age of 3. However, there can be delays in identification, diagnosis, and treatment. A number of symptoms of autism overlap with other childhood mental health disorders, often accounting for a delay in correct diagnosis. The following case highlights how a high-functioning female child with autism was misdiagnosed as having depression at a relatively late age. Clinicians with high-functioning child clients, who appear to have a flat affect and social isolation, are advised to be aware of the possibility of autism in such presentations. Issues around differentiating the diagnosis between depression and autism in children will be discussed, along with assessment and treatment of this particular case.
Co-stimulatory molecules in and beyond co-stimulation – tipping the balance in atherosclerosis?

Summary A plethora of basic laboratory and clinical studies has uncovered the chronic inflammatory nature of atherosclerosis. The adaptive immune system with its front-runner, the T cell, drives the atherogenic process at all stages. T cell function is dependent on and controlled by a variety of either co-stimulatory or co-inhibitory signals. In addition, many of these proteins enfold T cell-independent pro-atherogenic functions on a variety of cell types. Accordingly they represent potential targets for immune- modulatory and/or anti-inflammatory therapy of atherosclerosis. This review focuses on the diverse role of co-stimulatory molecules of the B7 and tumour necrosis factor (TNF)-superfamily and their downstream signalling effectors in atherosclerosis. In particular, the contribution of CD28/CD80/CD86/CTLA4, ICOS/ICOSL, PD-1/PDL-1/2, TRAF, CD40/CD154, OX40/OX40L, CD137/CD137L, CD70/CD27, GITR/GITRL, and LIGHT to arterial disease is reviewed. Finally, the potential for a therapeutic exploitation of these molecules in the treatment of atherosclerosis is discussed.