Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Author ' s personal copy Cohesive traction e separation laws for tearing of ductile metal plates

The failure process ahead of a mode I crack advancing in a ductile thin metal plate or sheet produces plastic dissipation through a sequence of deformation steps that include necking well ahead of the crack tip and shear localization followed by a slant fracture in the necked region somewhat closer to the tip. The objective of this paper is to analyze this sequential process to characterize the tractioneseparation behavior and the associated effective cohesive fracture energy of the entire failure process. The emphasis is on what is often described as plane stress behavior taking place after the crack tip has advanced a distance of one or two plate thicknesses. Tractioneseparation laws are an essential component of finite element methods currently under development for analyzing fracture of large scale plate or shell structures. The present study resolves the sequence of failure details using the Gurson constitutive law based on the micromechanics of the ductile fracture process, including a recent extension that accounts for damage growth in shear. The fracture process in front of an advancing crack, subject to overall mode I loading, is approximated by a 2D plane strain finite element model, which allows for an intensive study of the parameters influencing local necking, shear localization and the final slant failure. The deformation history relevant to a cohesive zone for a large scale model is identified and the tractioneseparation relation is determined, including the dissipated energy. For ductile structural materials, the dissipation generated during necking prior to the onset of shear localization is the dominant contribution; it scales with the plate thickness and is mesh-independent in the present numerical model. The energy associated with the shear localization and fracture is secondary; it scales with the width of the shear band, and inherits the finite element mesh dependency of the Gurson model. The cohesive tractioneseparation laws have been characterized for various material conditions. 2011 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Inferring trust relationships in the social network: Evidence theory approach

The trust is one of the crucial and important factors for decision making in online social network. In this paper, we compute explicitly the level of trust, distrust and uncertainty between two users using social interactions. The study of social interactions is fundamental to understanding the dynamics of relationships between users and their behaviors in the social network. We use later this formulation to infer trust between a user and a stranger who has no direct interaction with this latter. Finally, we use the Dempster-Shafer theory to combine the different views of different users to infer trust between a user and a stranger who is connected through neighbors by introducing the friendship, family and professional relationship. The numerical study of the proposed model shows its acceptable performance.
Communication infrastructures in industrial automation: The case of 60 GHz millimeterWave communications

Wireless sensor networks for industrial automation applications must offer timely, reliable, and energy efficient communications at both low and high data rate. While traditional communication technologies between 2.4 GHz and 5 GHz are sometimes incapable to efficiently achieve the aforementioned goals, new communication strategies are emerging, such as millimeterWave communications. In this overview paper, the general requirements that factory and process automation impose on the network design are reviewed. Moreover, this paper presents and qualitatively evaluates the 60 GHz millimeterWave communication technology for automation. It is argued that the upcoming 60 GHz millimeterWave technology brings an enormous potential and can influence the design of the future communication infrastructures in factory and process automation.
Questioning Empowerment: Working with Women in Honduras

Empowerment is a term which is used by organisations as diverse as the World Bank and grassroots community groups. This book examines the various meanings given to the concept, and the many ways in which power can be expressed, in personal relationships and in wider social interactions. It focuses on two development projects in Honduras, comparing their different approaches and assessing the extent to which the women involved were empowered as a result of their experiences.
Markov Codes Make Gaussian Pulse Superior to a Raised Cosine Pulse

A Gaussian pulse has intersymbol-interference, which degrades signal to interference ratio (SIR). In asynchronous CDMA system, however, Markov codes with negative correlation recover the SIR of Gaussian pulses. The improvement over i.i. d. codes is 2.3 dB and Gaussian pulse achieves almost same SIR and bandwidth as a root raised cosine (RRC) pulse. The filter length of Gaussian pulse is only a quarter of the RRC one.
AOSE Methodologies and Comparison of Object Oriented and Agent Oriented Software Testing

In today's world, the complexities in developing software is growing faster. So, the software is failed to produce flexibility, robustness, efficiency and reliability. To satisfy these demands, agent oriented technique is evolved in the software engineering field. The agent oriented model is an alternative for object oriented model because the object orientation is not capable of solving these problems. The agent oriented technology is adapted because it solves the problems related to the social and organization which is not possible by the traditional model. It also provides solutions for real world problems. This is successful by introducing a new paradigm called agent. An agent is autonomous, proactive, responsiveness and sociality. So, it can act individually or it can interact with other agents in MAS (Multi-Agent System) to solve the problems. It can handle complex tasks and also has the ability to perform flexible action in an unpredictable environment. Hence, we need a methodology to implement the agent oriented technology for developing a system. Therefore, the Agent Oriented Software Engineering (AOSE) methodologies are evolved. Even though the AOSE methodologies has many advantages, they are not complete. The Software Development Life Cycle (SDLC) includes phases such as analysis, design, implementation and testing. A methodology is said to be complete only when it covers all the phases of the SDLC. The AOSE methodology does not include the testing phase and so it is not complete. Testing is defined as the process of detecting the errors. As testing is essential, it should be included in the AOSE methodologies. The Object Oriented Software Testing (OOST) is used in the object oriented methodologies, but it cannot be incorporated in the agent oriented methodologies. This is because the object and the agent differs in some categories like agent properties which cannot be adapted by an object. Hence, a new testing technique was introduced to test the agent oriented systems is called as Agent Oriented Software Testing (AOST). It is the extension of OOST in which the objects are replaced by the agents. The individual agent, the communication between the agents and the communication between agent and environment are tested using AOST technique.
TRANSFER OF OVINE EXPERIMENTAL ALLERGIC GLOMERULONEPHRITIS (EAG) WITH SERUM

Serum globulin from donor sheep made nephritic by immunization with glomerular basement membrane and subsequently nephrectomized contained specific kidney-fixing antibody and was capable of inducing an immediate, although transient, glomerulonephritis when injected into unilaterally nephrectomized lambs. This nephritis was characterized by immediate proteinuria, PMN infiltration into the glomerulus, and localization of γG- and β1C-globulins in a linear fashion along the recipients' glomerular capillary walls. The nephritogenic property of the serum could be absorbed in vitro with isolated sheep glomerular basement membranes.
The effects of minimum wage on a labour market with high temporary employment

We use propensity score matching and a difference-in-differences estimator to analyse the impact of minimum wage hikes on the Polish labour market in 2002-2013. We find an increase in wages and better working time standards among workers who retained their jobs, but also more separations and larger flows from permanent to temporary jobs. After 2008, the number of separations due to the minimum wage hikes reached 1% of the total employment of people aged 15-54. Women with temporary jobs suffered most.
The Effect of Inbreeding on Competitive Male-Mating Ability in DROSOPHILA MELANOGASTER.

The effect of full-sib inbreeding on competitive male-mating ability (CImale symbol) in Drosophila melanogaster was investigated in two experiments. In the first, five inbred lines (with reserves) were assessed up to 18 generations. Linear inbreeding depression, of 5.9% per 10% increase in homozygosity, was observed. In a second experiment, 21 inbred lines were tested after three generations of full-sib mating (without reserves), and the decline with inbreeding was more severe, the male competitive index (CImale symbol) decreasing by 10.7% per 10% increase in F. The difference between these results is attributed to natural selection acting on variation within the inbred lines in extent of homozygosity, which can arise because of the peculiarly strong influence of linkage in Drosophila. Furthermore, differentiation between the lines may have reflected this variation rather than the various effects of different alleles fixed. -These results imply that the genetic variation in male-mating ability is largely due to dominance (no epistasis was detected) and are consonant with the proposition that intermale sexual selection is a very important component of fitness in D. melanogaster . There was no evidence of a positive correlation between male body size and competitive mating ability.
Response of basal epithelial cell surface and Cytoskeleton to solubilized extracellular matrix molecules

Corneal epithelium removed from underlying extracellular matrix (ECM) extends numerous cytoplasmic processes (blebs) from the formerly smooth basal surface. If blebbing epithelia are grown on collagen gels or lens capsules in vitro, the basal surface flattens and takes on the smooth contour typical of epithelium in contact with basal lamina in situ. This study examines the effect of soluble extracellular matrix components on the basal surface. Corneal epithelia from 9- to 11-d-old chick embryos were isolated with trypsin-collagenase or ethylenediamine tetraacetic acid, then placed on Millipore filters (Millipore Corp., Bedford, Mass.), and cultured at the medium-air interface. Media were prepared with no serum, with 10% of calf serum, or with serum from which plasma fibronectin was removed. Epithelia grown on filters in this medium continue to bleb for the duration of the experiments (12-14 h). If soluble collagen, laminin, or fibronectin is added to the medium, however, blebs are withdrawn and by 2-6 h the basal surface is flat. Epithelia grown on filters in the presence of albumin, IgG, or glycosaminoglycans continue to bleb. Epithelia cultured on solid substrata, such as glass, also continue to bleb if ECM is absent from the medium. The basal cell cortex in situ contains a compact cortical mat of filaments that decorate with S-1 myosin subfragments; some, if not all, of these filaments point away from the plasmalemma. The actin filaments disperse into the cytoplasmic processes during blebbing and now many appear to point toward the plasmalemma. In isolated epithelia that flatten in response to soluble collagens, laminin, and fibronectin, the actin filaments reform the basal cortical mat typical or epithelial in situ. Thus, extracellular macromolecules influence and organize not only the basal cell surface but also the actin-rich basal cell cortex of epithelial cells.
Biomedical resources for text mining Terminologies and ontologies in biomedicine: Can text mining help?

Biomedical knowledge is growing at an astounding pa ce. Text mining helps researchers to discover useful knowledge from vast amounts of documents. Thi s knowledge is often organised around a set of concepts / terms and relationships between them. The se can be derived from texts but are also found in existing ontologies. The aim of this workshop is to examine the interaction and integration of text mining techniques and existing ontologies in biomed icine. The workshop will be divided into two parts: a) how ontologies benefit from text mining t echniques and b) how ontologies support text mining applications. Examples include automatic term manage ment (term recognition, clustering and classification), question-answering, information ex traction etc.
miR-195 and miR-483-5p Identified as Predictors of Poor Prognosis in Adrenocortical Cancer

Purpose: Adrenocortical adenomas are common, whereas adrenocortical carcinomas are rare. Discriminating between benign and malignant adrenocortical tumors using conventional histology can be difficult. In addition, adrenocortical carcinomas generally have poor prognosis and limited treatment options. MicroRNAs are short noncoding RNAs that are involved in regulation of gene transcription. Experimental Design: To identify microRNAs involved in the pathogenesis of adrenocortical tumors, expression profiling of microRNAs was done on a cohort of 22 adrenocortical carcinomas, 27 adrenocortical adenomas, and 6 normal adrenal cortices. Results: Twenty-three microRNAs were found to be significantly differentially expressed between adrenocortical carcinomas and adrenocortical adenomas. miR-335 and miR-195 were significantly downregulated in adrenocortical carcinomas compared with adrenocortical adenomas. This result was further validated in an external cohort of six adrenocortical carcinomas and four adrenocortical adenomas. Using Kaplan-Meier analysis, downregulation of miR-195 and upregulation of miR-483-5p in adrenocortical carcinomas were significantly associated with poorer disease-specific survival. Conclusions: These findings indicate that deregulation of microRNAs is a recurring event in human adrenocortical carcinomas and that aberrant expression of miR-195 and miR-483-5p identifies a subset of poorer prognosis adrenocortical carcinomas. (Clin Cancer Res 2009;15(24):7684–92)
The Evolution Of Variable Learning Rates

Neural plasticity in humans is well known to be age dependent, with 'critical periods' for the learning of many tasks. It is reasonable to hypothesise that this has some intrinsic advantage over constant plasticity, and that it has arisen as the result of evolution by natural selection. If this is true, then it may also prove useful for building more efficient artificial systems that are required to learn how to perform appropriately. In this paper I explore these ideas with a series of explicit evolutionary simulations of some simplified control systems.
Left ventricular diastolic filling and systolic function of young and older trained and untrained men.

Aging is associated with impaired early diastolic filling; however, the effect of endurance training on resting diastolic function in older subjects is unclear. Heart rate and ventricular loading conditions affect mitral inflow velocities measured by Doppler echocardiography; therefore, tissue Doppler imaging of mitral annular velocity, which is relatively preload independent, was combined with mitral inflow velocity and maximal oxygen consumption (V(o2 max)) in young (20-35 yr) and older (60-80 yr) trained and untrained men to determine whether endurance training is associated with an attenuation of age-associated changes in diastolic filling. As expected, V(o2 max) was higher in trained men (P < 0.01) and lower in older men (P < 0.01). Peak early mitral inflow velocity (E) and early-to-late mitral inflow velocity ratios were lower in older vs. young men (P < 0.01); however, there was no training effect (P > 0.05). Peak early mitral annular velocity (E') was higher and peak late mitral annular velocity (A') was lower in young vs. older men (P < 0.01). A significant interaction effect was found for A', E'/A', and peak systolic mitral annular velocity (S'). Training was associated with lower A' in young and higher A' in older men. S' was greater in trained vs. untrained older men (P < 0.05), but it was similar in trained and untrained young men. These findings suggest that early diastolic filling is not affected by training in older men, and the effect of training on A' and S' is different in young and older men.
LINEAR FUNCTIONS AND A TRIPLE INFLUENCE OF TEACHING ON THE DEVELOPMENT OF STUDENTS' ALGEBRAIC EXPECTATION

The study of linear functions is important as it provides students with their first experience of identifying and interpreting the relationship between two dependent variables. This paper, which builds on previous research, reports a study undertaken with 64, year 9 students from two Australian schools. Linear functions were introduced to these students through a graphics calculator supported, functional approach to modelling contextual problems. The teaching was generally successful. Scrutiny of pre- and post-tests highlights the triple influence of the teaching on their progress in each element of Algebraic Expectation relevant to this stage. Linear functions provide many students with their first experience of working with two related variables and so this is a significant point of transition in their mathematical development. The typical approach to this topic in Australian text books is to provide an abstract graphical introduction to a general rule, perhaps in the form y= ax+b, with attention given to the effect of each parameter on the graph of the function. In an earlier paper (Bardini, Pierce & Stacey, 2004) the researchers describe the mathematical development of a class of students at this point whose initial teaching followed a functional-modelling approach using context problems common to the students’ everyday world, supported by the use of graphics calculators. Those students’ ability to write and apply this level of algebra was closely monitored and examination of the data revealed that three features of the program exerted a ‘triple influence’ on students’ use and understanding of algebraic symbols. Students’ concern to express features of the context was evident in some responses, as was the influence of particular contexts selected. Use of graphics calculators affected some students’ choice of letters. The functional approach was evident in the meanings ascribed to letters and rules” (Bardini et al, in press). This paper reports a further implementation of this teaching program, this time with three year 9 classes (15 year olds) at two different schools. The pre- and post-test results for these students are scrutinised for evidence of this ‘triple influence’ and its impact on students developing Algebraic Expectation (Pierce & Stacey, 2001, 2002).
Modular veri cation of Argos

Synchronous languages have been proposed to specify reac-tive Real-Time systems. Since such systems are used in safety critical areas , their formal veriication is crucial. For machine and human eeciency, modular veriication is advisable. For the synchronous language Argos, a Statechart variant, modular veriication means having a method compatible with parallel composition and reenement. We present a translation of Argos programs into Boolean Automata. This translation enlightens the relation between reenement and parallel composition. We deduce modular veriication results for properties expressed as 8CTL formulas. 1 Introduction Synchronous languages have been proposed to specify reactive Real-Time systems 2]. A reactive system interacts constantly with its environment. In the synchronous approach, the environment produces input signals and the system reacts with output signals quickly enough so that inputs and outputs appear to be synchronous, which is known as synchrony hypothesis 2]. Such a reaction constitutes the basic time unit called instant. Signals are broadcasted. Because reactive systems are used in areas where safety is a critical issue, their formal veriication is crucial 2, 1]. Automatic veriication methods have been put forward to formally verify systems where control is prevalent, which is quite often the case for, at least, a core part of a reactive system. A well-known automatic veriication method is model checking 4]. Modular veriication is advantageous because it allows to consider simpler properties on smaller systems. The modules and the properties should be chosen in such a way that what has been proved for a module can be inherited by the whole system. This paper presents results on modular veriication considering model checking of Argos programs and the logic 8CTL. The language Argos is a synchronous variant of Statecharts without inter-level transitions 6, 8]. In State-charts the two main operators to compose modules are parallel composition and reenement 6]. Our work relies on a translation scheme common to synchronous languages, the Boolean Automata 11, 7], BA for short. We rst show how to cast Argos programs into BA. This casting clariies the relation existing between reenement and parallel composition, which is not obvious in Statecharts.
The polarization of T(h)1/T(h)2 balance is dependent on the intracellular thiol redox status of macrophages due to the distinctive cytokine production.

We have been proposing the functional discrimination of two classes of macrophages (Mp), i.e. reductive macrophages (RMp) with a high intracellular content of glutathione and oxidative macrophages (OMp) with a reduced content. In this paper we will present the evidence that the T(h)1/T(h)2 balance is regulated by the balance between RMp and OMp due to the disparate production of IL-12 versus IL-6 and IL-10. RMp were induced by in vivo application of N-acetyl-L-cysteine or glutathione monoethylester and OMp by L-cystine derivatives, diethyl maleate or L-buthionine-[S,R]-sulfoximine. The Mp arbitrarily called OMp showed elevated IL-6 and IL-10 production, and reduced NO and IL-12 production. The RMp elicited a reciprocal response, i.e. elevated IL-12 and NO production, and reduced IL-6 and IL-10 production. The cytokine propensities of OMp or RMp were inter-converted to each other. The results were also confirmed by using auto-MACS purified F4/80(+) Mp without adherence. Interestingly, IFN-gamma induced RMp and augmented NO generation with decreased production of IL-6, whilst IL-4 induced OMp and augmented IL-6 production. CD4(+)CD44(-) naive T(h)0 cells were differentiated preferentially either to T(h)l or T(h)2 cells, depending on the presence of RMp or OMp during the initial 24 h of culture, from ovalbumin-specific TCR-transgenic mouse spleen cells in the presence of IL-2. Taken together, RMp induction may generate the amplification loop of a RMp/T(h)1 circuit and OMp that of OMp/T(h)2. The findings implicate that the alteration in Mp functions because altered intracellular glutathione may play a relevant role in the pathological progression of inflammation.
Direct In Vivo Visualization of Intravascular Destruction of Microbubbles by Ultrasound and Its Local Effects on Tissue.

BACKGROUND Our aim was to observe ultrasound-induced intravascular microbubble destruction in vivo and to characterize any resultant bioeffects. METHODS AND RESULTS Intravital microscopy was used to visualize the spinotrapezius muscle in 15 rats during ultrasound delivery. Microbubble destruction during ultrasound exposure caused rupture of < or = 7-microm microvessels (mostly capillaries) and the production of nonviable cells in adjacent tissue. The number of microvessels ruptured and cells damaged correlated linearly (P<0.001) with the amount of ultrasound energy delivered. CONCLUSIONS Microbubbles can be destroyed by ultrasound, resulting in a bioeffect that could be used for local drug delivery, angiogenesis, and vascular remodeling, or for tumor destruction.