Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Response properties of motoneurones in a slice preparation of the turtle spinal cord.

1. Motoneurones in transverse sections of the turtle spinal cord were investigated in vitro with intracellular recording techniques. 2. Turtle motoneurones had a resting membrane potential of ‐60 to ‐80 mV, spike height of 90‐110 mV and were able to maintain rhythmic firing during depolarization. In agreement with the size variation of the cells the input resistance and time constant ranged from 18 M omega and 12 ms to 55 M omega and 61 ms. 3. The active response properties of motoneurones included time‐dependent inward rectification in response to hyperpolarizing current pulses. The action potential had an initial segment (IS) and a soma‐dendritic (SD) component and was followed by a fast and a slow after‐hyperpolarization (AHP) with different sensitivity to membrane potential. 4. The relation between firing rate and injected current was sigmoid when determined for the first few interspike intervals during depolarizing current pulses. Adaptation was biphasic with an early phase lasting 0.5‐1 s and a late phase lasting 10‐20 s. 5. The ionic conductances responsible for the active membrane properties included a tetrodotoxin (TTX)‐sensitive Na+ conductance generating the action potential and a Ca2+ conductance transiently activated during the action potential. A tetraethylamonium (TEA)‐sensitive K+ conductance was responsible for spike repolarization and the fast AHP. A Ca2+‐dependent K+ conductance, blocked by Mn2+ and apamin, accounted for only part of the slow AHP. The time‐dependent inward rectification was selectively blocked by extracellular Cs+ at concentrations below 1 mM. 6. The results show that the response properties of spinal motoneurones of the turtle are closely similar to those known from mammals in vivo. The experiments confirm and extend the identification of the ionic conductances underlying the active response properties of spinal motoneurones.
Delays associated with elementary processes in nuclear reaction simulations.

Scatterings, particularly those involving resonances, and other elementary processes do not happen instantaneously. In the context of semiclassical nuclear reaction simulations, we consider delays associated with an interaction for incident quantum wave packets. As a consequence, we express delays associated with elementary processes in terms of elements of the scattering matrix and phase shifts for elastic scattering. We show that, within the second order in density, the simulation must account for delays in scattering consistently with the mean field in order to properly model thermodynamic properties such as pressure and free-energy density. Delays associated with nucleon-nucleon and pion-nucleon scattering in free space are analyzed with their nontrivial energy dependence. Finally, an example of {ital s}-channel scattering of massless partons is studied, and scattering schemes in nuclear reaction simulations are investigated in the context of scattering delays. {copyright} {ital 1996 The American Physical Society. }
An automatic image registration scheme based on the nonsubsampled contourlet transform

In this paper, a new feature points extraction method based on the nonsubsampled contourlet transform (NSCT) is proposed for image registration. The primary motivation of this work is to determine the effectiveness of the NSCT transform for feature points extraction for the use of image registration. The performance of the proposed NSCT-based registration algorithm is demonstrated and validated in a series of carefully designed synthetic experiments. The preliminary experimental results show the robustness and efficiency of the algorithm in the presence of noise and common image processing operations as well as rigid geometric transformations, and confirm the success of the proposed NSCT-based feature points extraction approach.
Lead Article Immigration, Acculturation, and Adaptation

La psychologie interculturelle a montrt qu’il existait des rapports ttroits entre le contexte culture1 et le dkveloppement comportemental de I’individu. Cette relation Ctablie, I’effort des recherches interculturelles a de plus en plus portt sur ce qu’il advenait des individus quand ils tentaient de refaire leur vie dans une culture diffirente de leur culture d’origine. Les consCquences psychologiques A long terme de ce processus d’acculturation sont tres variables, dependant de variables sociales et personnelles qui renvoient a la socittC de dCpart, i la sociite d’accueil et a des phCnomtnes qui existent avant, mais qui Cmergent pendant la periode d’acculturation. Cet article esquisse un schema conceptuel a partir duquel acculturation et adaptation peuvent Ctre Ctudites, puis presente quelques conclusions et resultats genCraux tires d’un Cchantillon de travaux empiriques. On envisage des applications possibles a la politique et aux programmes d’insertion en prenant en considthation les coih et les bCnCfices sociaux et psychologiques Cmanant de I’adoprion d’une orientation pluraliste et intkgrationniste. Cross-cultural psychology has demonstrated important links between cultural context and individual behavioural development. Given this relationship, cross-cultural research has increasingly investigated what happens to individuals who have developed in one cultural context when they attempt to re-establish their lives in another one. The long-term psychological consequences of this process of acculturation are highly variable, depending on social and personal variables that reside in the society of origin, the society of settlement. and phenomena that both exist prior to, and arise during, the course of acculturation. This article outlines a conceptual framework within which acculturation and adaptation can be investigated, and then presents some general findings and conclusions based on a sample of empirical studies.
A Dynamic View of Hepatitis C Virus Replication Complexes

ABSTRACT Hepatitis C virus (HCV) replicates its genome in a membrane-associated replication complex (RC). Specific membrane alterations, designated membranous webs, represent predominant sites of HCV RNA replication. The principles governing HCV RC and membranous web formation are poorly understood. Here, we used replicons harboring a green fluorescent protein (GFP) insertion in nonstructural protein 5A (NS5A) to study HCV RCs in live cells. Two distinct patterns of NS5A-GFP were observed. (i) Large structures, representing membranous webs, showed restricted motility, were stable over many hours, were partitioned among daughter cells during cell division, and displayed a static internal architecture without detectable exchange of NS5A-GFP. (ii) In contrast, small structures, presumably representing small RCs, showed fast, saltatory movements over long distances. Both populations were associated with endoplasmic reticulum (ER) tubules, but only small RCs showed ER-independent, microtubule (MT)-dependent transport. We suggest that this MT-dependent transport sustains two distinct RC populations, which are both required during the HCV life cycle.
Retrieval Expectations Affect False Recollection: Insights From a Criterial Recollection Task

People use retrieval expectations to guide the accuracy of recollection attempts. This retrieval monitoring process minimizes illusory or false recollection, especially when the to-be-remembered events are distinctive. Our work with a criterial recollection task reveals that this monitoring process primarily depends on qualitative features of recollected information, an aspect of memory that can be dissociated from traditional measures of recollection frequency and familiarity. Neuroimaging and brain damage studies further indicate that this monitoring process relies on prefrontal regions that coordinate memory retrieval. This research helps explain why older adults are sometimes more susceptible to false recollection. More generally, this research highlights the importance of different kinds of recollected events and corresponding retrieval expectations in determining memory accuracy.
High mortality and morbidity among adults with congenital heart disease and type 2 diabetes

Abstract> Objectives. With improving prognosis the prevalence of adult congenital heart disease (ACHD) is increasing. Patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) have a shorter life expectancy compared with the general population. We investigated, in a large national diabetes registry, the prevalence of ACHD in combination with T2DM to estimate the associated clinical risk, outcome and patient characteristics. Design. Data from the Swedish National Diabetes Register (NDR) were linked with the Swedish National Patient Register (NPR) and the Cause of Death Register. Results. 833 ACHD patients were matched with 5 controls each. ACHD patients had significantly lower body mass index or BMI, higher creatinine and were more sedentary as compared with patients with T2DM but without congenital heart disease. The overall mortality was 26.2% for ACHD patients as compared with 19.9% (P < 0.001) for the control group, and five-year mortality rates were 5.2 versus 3.4%, P = 0.014. Conclusions. Congenital heart disease and secondary risk factors for cardiovascular disease frequently coexist and the development of T2DM also in the ACHD population is not uncommon with an estimated prevalence of between 4 and 8%. Treatment of conventional cardiovascular risk factors in patients with congenital heart disease could be considered secondary prevention given the relatively high morbidity and high risk for mortality observed in patients with the combination of ACHD and T2DM.
Malicious wave: A survey on actively tampering using electromagnetic glitch

Physical attacks are a serious threat for secure embedded devices. Attacks based on analysis of electromagnetic emissions of such devices have proven to be particularly dangerous, more than power-based analyses, as they can target even small and specific portion of the chip. The electromagnetic waves can be used effectively also as an active mean of attack, by perturbing the secure computations. In this paper we report the main results in the area, focusing in particular on active electromagnetic attacks. We conclude the paper reporting the current works in the area of early estimation of EM vulnerabilities and in the area of countermeasures, as example of promising directions for future research.
Residents’ attitudes to tourism: a longitudinal study of 140 articles from 1984 to 2010

This paper is a longitudinal study of 140 articles on residents’ attitudes to tourism published in Annals of Tourism Research, Tourism Management, and Journal of Travel Research from 1984 to 2010. Content analysis was used to determine the nature of the articles and the research approaches used. Although most articles were atheoretical, over the survey period an increasing proportion of studies made use of a variety of theories drawn from other disciplines to investigate the topic. The majority of studies were quantitative in nature, while a few studies used qualitative and mixed-methods approaches. Based on the results, some implications for research design and possibilities for future research are discussed. The paper concludes that studies on the topic have evolved from being low on methodological sophistication and theoretical awareness to being high on both aspects. Research on this topic has reached a stage of active scholarship in theory development followed by empirical testing. The study's limitations are discussed, which readers should take into account when evaluating its findings.
How community context affects entrepreneurial process: A diagnostic framework

This study reports a multi-faceted search to discover and articulate, in the form of a manageable framework, a diagnostic system for assessing the influence that community factors will have upon the conduct and outcome of any proposed entrepreneurial process. A methodological approach based on investigation of a rich empirical database supported by a wide examination of extant theory in several literatures, resulted in the production of a diagnostic system whose diagrammatic depiction employs a ‘bridge’ analogy. It depicts the culmination of the diagnostic procedure as the ability of different travellers (entrepreneurial actors and community members affected by their actions) to proceed via multiple pathways from an origin to a destination. The origin is a deep understanding of the community as an intermediate environment containing factors both conducive and hostile to any proposed entrepreneurial process. This deep understanding is founded upon intense local examination of the nature and interrelationship of three generic institutional components of any community: physical resources, human resources and property rights, and three generic human factors: human resources, social networks and the ability to span boundaries. The destination thus becomes a contextualised understanding and re-articulation of any proposed entrepreneurial process under consideration. Validation of the efficacy of the framework is being undertaken internationally as a key component of seven substantial projects, which simultaneously involve research and practice. Implications for research and practice are discussed.
Through a Looking Glass or a Hall of Mirrors? Self-ratings and Teacher-ratings of Academic Competence over Development

To determine the properties, functions, and developmental validities of self-ratings and teacher-ratings, evaluations of academic competence (i.e. ratings of spelling and math) were obtained in two longitudinal cohorts [i.e. 4th-12th grade (N = 220) across 9 annual test waves; 7th-12th grade (N = 475) across 6 annual test waves]. Logistic regressions and path analyses indicated that teacher-ratings consistently yielded more robust predictions of subsequent academic attainment than self-ratings. Moreover, there was an apparent self-enhancement, with mean self-ratings significantly higher than mean teacher-ratings at most age levels. Correlations between teacher-ratings of spelling and math were robust, whereas the correlations between self-ratings in these domains were small and unreliable. These findings—replicated across cohorts, gender, academic domains, and grades—were interpreted in terms of the functions served by self- and teacher-ratings.
Significance of Peritubular Capillary, Glomerular, and Arteriolar C4d Staining Patterns in Paraffin Sections of Early Kidney Transplant Biopsies

Background. Although diffuse linear C4d deposition in peritubular capillaries (PTCs) is a well-established criterion of alloantibody-mediated kidney transplant rejection, the actual relevance of focal or granular C4d deposits or staining outside PTC (glomeruli and arterioles) has yet to be established. Methods. This study was designed to evaluate the diagnostic significance of such nontypical C4d staining patterns. A total of 539 early indication biopsies (329 kidney transplants) were analyzed by immunohistochemistry using a polyclonal anti-C4d antibody. Results. We found a close interrelationship between diffuse or focal linear C4d deposition in PTC, linear endothelial deposition in glomeruli, and arteriolar C4d. These specific patterns were also related to transplant glomerulitis and recipient presensitization. No such associations, however, were observed for other patterns, such as granular C4d in PTC. Detection of diffuse but not focal linear C4d in PTC was found to be associated with adverse allograft survival (5-year death-censored graft survival: 48% vs. 82%, 89%, or 84% in patients with focal, minimal, or no C4d, respectively; P<0.0001). Univariate analysis also revealed inferior graft survival in recipients with linear C4d in glomeruli (P=0.02). Applying multivariate Cox regression analysis, however, only diffuse linear PTC staining was found to be predictive of graft loss (hazard ratio 3.95 [95% confidence interval 1.62–9.60]; P=0.002). Conclusion. There might be a relationship between humoral alloimmunity and distinct less established staining patterns, such as focal linear C4d in PTC, endothelial C4d in glomeruli, or arteriolar C4d. Nevertheless, our results reemphasize the prognostic value of diffuse linear PTC staining.
Tunes in Free Variation and Sequentially Determined Pitch Alignment: Evidence from Interactional Organisation

Results arising from a study of the prosodic organisation of everyday talk in Greek suggest that 'falling' and 'rising' tunes might occur in free variation in certain interactional contexts. They also show that, at least for Greek, pitch alignment of rising tunes might be interactionally driven. I explore these possibilities by examining the organisation of two interactional sequences: a) response-to-summons turns (i.e. the first utterance by the recipient of a call) at the openings of Greek telephone calls, b) sequences involving the Greek continuer ne . Analysis of the first data set of response-to-summons turns suggests that the choice of falling or rising tune does not appear to have consequences for the design or subsequent development of the talk. Nor is there evidence in the interactional behaviour of the participants that the choice conveys a difference in pragmatic nuance. Analysis of the second data set shows that pitch alignment of rising tunes might be dependent on the interactional function and/or lexical design of the turn they occur in. I argue that choice of tune-type in this interactional context is related to particular lexical selections and that pitch alignment is related to interactional structure and composition of the turn.
Applying the lessons of high risk industries to health care

High risk industries such as commercial aviation and the oil and gas industry have achieved exemplary safety performance. This paper reviews how they have managed to do that. The primary reasons are the positive attitudes towards safety and the operation of effective formal safety management systems. The safety culture provides an important explanation of why such organisations perform well. An evolutionary model of safety culture is provided in which there is a range of cultures from the pathological through the reactive to the calculative. Later, the proactive culture can evolve towards the generative organisation, an alternative description of the high reliability organisation. The current status of health care is reviewed, arguing that it has a much higher level of accidents and has a reactive culture, lagging behind both high risk industries studied in both attitude and systematic management of patient risks.
Gauss-seidel correction algorithm

A Gauss-Seidel correction (GSC) routing algorithm for wireless sensor networks is presented in which packets are transmitted with additional information which can be exchanged among nodes to correct the current routing paths and achieve load balancing. The problem considered here is single-class routing to one/multiple sinks with lifetime maximization as the objective. The formulation to correct the routing paths is not heuristic and takes its theoretical basis from a macroscopic model, that is, based on a set of partial differential equations iteratively solved by the Gauss-Seidel method. We then theoretically investigate the convergence of GSC. Furthermore, an initial value estimation algorithm is presented to alleviate the long-path problem during the delivery of the first several packets, thus accelerating the convergence of GSC. Simulation results show that GSC effectively achieves load balancing, particularly for regions of interest with holes.
Queue-Aware Subchannel and Power Allocation for Downlink OFDM-Based Cognitive Radio Networks

We investigate downlink resource allocation for OFDM-based cognitive radio networks. It is assumed that secondary users are allowed to transmit on all subchannels as long as the interference they create for primary users remains below a critical threshold. We consider a practical setting where secondary users have finite queue backlogs and a total power constraint at the base station and we perform resource allocation either over one or multiple time slots. Specifically, secondary users with small queue backlogs are only allocated sufficient rates to support their traffic demands and the remaining radio resources are shared among highly backlogged users. Under this setting, we formulate the joint subchannel and power problem with max-min fairness for highly backlogged users. Then, we propose an iterative procedure to find an optimal resource allocation solution using an integer program solver. For online implementation, we develop several heuristics of increasing complexity and performance. Numerical results show that the proposed heuristics achieve very good performance compared to the optimal solutions and that taking queue backlogs into account does not make the heuristics much slower while making the system more responsive to users' need.
Persistent Inequality: Changing Educational Attainment in Thirteen Countries

Changes in educational stratification in Taiwan who gains and who loses in a socialist redistribution: educational attainment in Czechoslovakia? changes in educational stratification in Japan inequalities in post-war Poland educational attainment in a changing British educational system the 1968 reforms and the changing effects of family on educational attainment in the Netherlands changes in the educational stratification of the Federal Republic of Germany family and school continuation decisions in the Netherlands making the Grade: educational transition rates in the US 1925-1985 do school reforms matter? social background and educational attainment in Israel cohort and gender in the changing educational attainment process in Hungary.
Involving American Indians and medically underserved rural populations in cancer clinical trials

Purpose To assess cancer clinical trial recruitment and reasons for nonaccrual among a rural, medically underserved population served by a community-based cancer care center. Methods We prospectively tracked clinical trial enrollment incidence among all new patients presenting at the Rapid City Regional Cancer Care Institute. Evaluating physicians completed questionnaires for each patient regarding clinical trial enrollment status and primary reasons for nonenrollment. Patients who identified as American Indian were referred to a program where patients were assisted in navigating the medical system by trained, culturally competent staff. Results Between September 2006 and January 2008, 891 new cancer patients were evaluated. Seventy-eight patients (9%; 95% confidence intervals, 7—11%) were enrolled on a clinical treatment trial. For 73% (95% confidence intervals, 69—75%) of patients (646 of 891) lack of relevant protocol availability or protocol inclusion criteria restrictiveness was the reason for nonenrollment. Only 45 (5%; 95% confidence intervals, 4—7%) patients refused enrollment on a trial. Of the 78 enrolled on a trial, 6 (8%; 95% confidence intervals, 3—16%) were American Indian. Three additional American Indian patients were enrolled under a nontreatment cancer control trial, bringing the total percentage enrolled of the 94 American Indians who presented to the clinic to 10% (95% confidence intervals, 5—17%). Limitations Eligibility rates were unable to be calculated and cross validation of the number in the cohort via registries or ICD-9 codes was not performed. Conclusion Clinical trial participation in this medically underserved population was low overall, but approximately 3-fold higher than reported national accrual rates. Lack of availability of protocols for common cancer sites as well as stringent protocol inclusion criteria were the primary obstacles to clinical trial enrollment. Targeted interventions using a Patient Navigation program were used to engage AI patients and may have resulted in higher clinical trial enrollment among this racial/ethnic group. Clinical Trials 2009; 6: 610—617. http://ctj.sagepub. com