Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Creation of 7Li and Destruction of 3He, 9Be, 10B, and 11B in Low-Mass Red Giants, Due to Deep Circulation

It has been demonstrated that 7Li can be created in low-mass red giant stars via the Cameron-Fowler mechanism, due to extra deep mixing and the associated "cool bottom processing. " Under certain conditions, this 7Li creation can take the place of the 7Li destruction normally expected. Note that such extra mixing on the red giant branch (RGB) has previously been invoked to explain the observed 13C enhancement. This new 7Li production can account for the recent discovery of surprisingly high lithium abundances in some low-mass red giants (a few of which are superrich lithium stars, with abundances higher than that in the interstellar medium). The amount of 7Li produced can exceed log ε(7Li)~4, but depends critically on the details of the extra mixing mechanism (mixing speeds, geometry, episodicity). If the deep circulation is a relatively long-lived, continuous process, lithium-rich RGB stars should be completely devoid of beryllium and boron. Cool bottom processing leads to 3He destruction in low-mass stars; in contrast to the 7Li creation, the extent of 3He depletion is largely independent of the details of the extra mixing mechanism. The overall contribution from solar-metallicity stars (from 1 to 40 M☉) is expected to be a net destruction of 3He, with an overall 3He survival fraction g3≈0.9±0.2 (weighted average over all stellar masses); this is in contrast to the conclusion from standard dredge-up theory, which would predict that stars are net producers of 3He (with g~2.4±0.5). Population II stars experience even more severe 3He depletion, with 0.3≲g3≲0.7. Destruction of 3He in low-mass stars is consistent with the requirements of Galactic chemical evolution models; it would also result in some relaxation of the upper bound on the primordial (D+3He)/H abundance, thus relaxing the lower bound on the cosmic baryon density Ωb from big bang nucleosynthesis calculations. For reference, we also present the effects of standard first and second dredge-up on the helium, lithium, beryllium, and boron isotopes.
Modeling Cooperative Behavior Using Cooperation

Several objects exhibit cooperative behavior if they act together in answering a message they have received jointly. Cooperative behavior is deened by cooperation contracts which are established between several object classes and which declare a set of cooperative methods. A cooperative method is invoked by a cooperative message sent to a tuple of instances, one for each object class in the cooperation contract. This extends the traditional message passing paradigm which requires the receiver of a message to be a single object only. Cooperation contracts ooer several beneets for behavior modeling in object-oriented database design. Behavior provided by several object classes in concert needs not be dispersed and can be deened in a single place. Therefore, behavior designs become symmetric , better maintainable and better extensible. Cooperation contracts can easily be made available as beneecial modeling construct in existing object-oriented database management systems by adding a few classes. This paper presents such an extension based on the commercial object-oriented database management system GemStone.
Technology and Capital Adjustment Costs: Micro evidence of automobile electronics in the auto-parts suppliers

In order to make quantitative evaluations on the nature of capital adjustment costs, in the face of technological changes, we estimate capital adjustment cost functions, either convex, non-convex, or irreversible (Cooper and Haltiwanger, 2006). A simulated method of moments is applied to the Bellman equations at an establishment level of the Japanese auto parts suppliers (Census of Manufactures), where experiencing a technological change of automobile electronics, an application of general purpose technology (David, 1990; Jovanovic and Rousseau, 2005). Identifying when and where auto-electronics technologies have been embodied in the auto parts suppliers, we use patent acquisition data and plants' products items: electronically-controlled fuel injection; electric power steering; anti-lock brakes; airbags; navigation; wire harnesses; and lithium-ion batteries. For the overall auto parts suppliers, there are no adjustment costs in any form, neither convex, non-convex, nor irreversible. As for the sectoral plants with the automobile electronics embodied in the tangible capitals, we clearly detect a significant existence of the convex adjustment costs. Anomalously, auto-electronics also makes investment decisions reversible. Moreover, the fixed costs of plant restructuring, worker retraining, or organizational restructuring emerge, especially in a form of costs proportional to plant size rather than the opportunity cost of investment. The nature of adjustment costs implies economic policy measures to compensate for the output losses from the capital adjustment costs in the face of general purpose technologies.
Who Buys Reduced Fat?

Abstract Given a growing demand of peanut-based products in the developed countries, investing in peanuts production and marketing may provide a way to address the needs for both food and foreign exchange in the developing countries. It is, however, important to consider ever changing preferences and tastes for food products among the consumers in the developed countries while designing such marketing program. This paper examined the attitudes toward reduced fat peanut butter among consumers in the United States for peanut butter. The results showed that consumers' attitudes toward reduced fat peanut butter differed across gender, race, and income groups. Female respondents were more likely to favor reduced fat peanut butter than their male counterpart. Perceptions about peanut butter regarding its nutrition content played a role in formulating consumer attitude. Those who considered peanut butter as a “nutritious” food were less likely to favor reduced fat peanut butter. Single adults and married couples trying to develop a healthy lifestyle with regular exercise habit were likely to be the prime target group for reduced fat peanut butter.
Exact Minimization of Free BDDs and Its Application to Pass-Transistor Logic Optimization (Special Section on VLSI Design and CAD Algorithms)

In several design methods for Pass-transistor Logic (PTL) circuits, Boolean functions are expressed as OBDDs in decomposed form and then the component OBDDs are directly mapped to PTL cells. The total size of OBDDs (number of nodes) corresponds to the circuit size. In this paper, we investigate a method for PTL synthesis based on exact minimization of Free BDDs (FBDDs). FBDDs are well-studied extension of OBDDs with free variable ordering on each path. We present statistics showing that more than 56% of 616126 NPN-equivalence classes of 5-variable Boolean functions have minimum FBDDs with less size than their OBDDs. This result can be used for PTL synthesis as libraries. We also applied the exact minimization algorithm of FBDDs to the minimization of subcircuits in the synthesis for MCNC benchmarks and found up to 5% size reduction. key words: Free BDD, Pass-Transistor Logic, Boolean function, logic minimization
GPR17 gene disruption does not alter food intake or glucose homeostasis in mice

Significance Hypothalamic agouti-related peptide (AGRP) neurons control food intake and body weight. G protein-coupled receptor 17 (GPR17) was recently shown to be expressed in these neurons and controls their activity, thereby reducing body weight and food intake in mice. In the current study, we demonstrate that Gpr17-deficient mice have normal hypothalamic and circulating AGRP levels. Body weight, food intake, and glucose homeostasis appear normal in the GPR17-deficient mice. The current data do not validate GPR17 as a therapeutic target for obesity or type 2 diabetes. G protein-coupled receptor 17 (GPR17) was recently reported to be a Foxo1 target in agouti-related peptide (AGRP) neurons. Intracerebroventricular injection of GPR17 agonists induced food intake, whereas administration of an antagonist to the receptor reduced feeding. These data lead to the conclusion that pharmacological modulation of GPR17 has therapeutic potential to treat obesity. Here we report that mice deficient in Gpr17 (Gpr17−/−) have similar food intake and body weight compared with their wild-type littermates. Gpr17−/− mice have normal hypothalamic Agrp mRNA expression, AGRP plasma levels, and metabolic rate. GPR17 deficiency in mice did not affect glucose homeostasis or prevent fat-induced insulin resistance. These data do not support a role for GPR17 in the control of food intake, body weight, or glycemic control.
Performance Characterization of Hadoop and Data MPI Based on Amdahl's Second Law

Amdahl's second law has been seen as a useful guideline for designing and evaluating balanced computer systems for decades. This law has been mainly used for hardware systems and peak capacities. This paper utilizes Amdahl's second law from a new angle, i.e., Evaluating the influence on systems performance and balance of the application framework software, a key component of big data systems. We compare two big data application framework software systems, Apache Hadoop and Data MPI, with three representative application benchmarks and various data sizes. System monitors and hardware performance counters are used to record the resource utilization, characteristics of instructions execution, memory accesses, and I/O rates. These numbers are used to reveal the three runtime metrics of Amdahl's second law: CPU speed (GIPS), memory capacity (GB), and I/O rate (Gbps). The experiment and evaluation results show that a Data MPI-based big data system has better performance and is more balanced than a Hadoop-based system.
Numerical Inversion of SRNF Maps for Elastic Shape Analysis of Genus-Zero Surfaces

Recent developments in elastic shape analysis (ESA) are motivated by the fact that it provides a comprehensive framework for simultaneous registration, deformation, and comparison of shapes. These methods achieve computational efficiency using certain square-root representations that transform invariant elastic metrics into euclidean metrics, allowing for the application of standard algorithms and statistical tools. For analyzing shapes of embeddings of <inline-formula><tex-math notation="LaTeX">$\mathbf {S}^2$</tex-math><alternatives> <inline-graphic xlink:href="laga-ieq1-2647596.gif"/></alternatives></inline-formula> in <inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$\mathbb {R}^3$</tex-math><alternatives><inline-graphic xlink:href="laga-ieq2-2647596.gif"/> </alternatives></inline-formula>, Jermyn et al. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref1">[1]</xref> introduced square-root normal fields (SRNFs), which transform an elastic metric, with desirable invariant properties, into the <inline-formula><tex-math notation="LaTeX">$\mathbb {L}^2$</tex-math><alternatives> <inline-graphic xlink:href="laga-ieq3-2647596.gif"/></alternatives></inline-formula> metric. These SRNFs are essentially surface normals scaled by square-roots of infinitesimal area elements. A critical need in shape analysis is a method for inverting solutions (deformations, averages, modes of variations, etc.) computed in SRNF space, back to the original surface space for visualizations and inferences. Due to the lack of theory for understanding SRNF maps and their inverses, we take a numerical approach, and derive an efficient multiresolution algorithm, based on solving an optimization problem in the surface space, that estimates surfaces corresponding to given SRNFs. This solution is found to be effective even for complex shapes that undergo significant deformations including bending and stretching, e.g., human bodies and animals. We use this inversion for computing elastic shape deformations, transferring deformations, summarizing shapes, and for finding modes of variability in a given collection, while simultaneously registering the surfaces. We demonstrate the proposed algorithms using a statistical analysis of human body shapes, classification of generic surfaces, and analysis of brain structures.
How the cerebellum may monitor sensory information for spatial representation

The cerebellum has already been shown to participate in the navigation function. We propose here that this structure is involved in maintaining a sense of direction and location during self-motion by monitoring sensory information and interacting with navigation circuits to update the mental representation of space. To better understand the processing performed by the cerebellum in the navigation function, we have reviewed: the anatomical pathways that convey self-motion information to the cerebellum; the computational algorithm(s) thought to be performed by the cerebellum from these multi-source inputs; the cerebellar outputs directed toward navigation circuits and the influence of self-motion information on space-modulated cells receiving cerebellar outputs. This review highlights that the cerebellum is adequately wired to combine the diversity of sensory signals to be monitored during self-motion and fuel the navigation circuits. The direct anatomical projections of the cerebellum toward the head-direction cell system and the parietal cortex make those structures possible relays of the cerebellum influence on the hippocampal spatial map. We describe computational models of the cerebellar function showing that the cerebellum can filter out the components of the sensory signals that are predictable, and provides a novelty output. We finally speculate that this novelty output is taken into account by the navigation structures, which implement an update over time of position and stabilize perception during navigation.
Neurosteroids and GABAA Receptor Interactions: A Focus on Stress

Since the pioneering discovery of the rapid CNS depressant actions of steroids by the “father of stress,” Hans Seyle 70 years ago, brain-derived “neurosteroids” have emerged as powerful endogenous modulators of neuronal excitability. The majority of the intervening research has focused on a class of naturally occurring steroids that are metabolites of progesterone and deoxycorticosterone, which act in a non-genomic manner to selectively augment signals mediated by the main inhibitory receptor in the CNS, the GABAA receptor. Abnormal levels of such neurosteroids associate with a variety of neurological and psychiatric disorders, suggesting that they serve important physiological and pathophysiological roles. A compelling case can be made to implicate neurosteroids in stress-related disturbances. Here we will critically appraise how brain-derived neurosteroids may impact on the stress response to acute and chronic challenges, both pre- and postnatally through to adulthood. The pathological implications of such actions in the development of psychiatric disturbances will be discussed, with an emphasis on the therapeutic potential of neurosteroids for the treatment of stress-associated disorders.
The European Union after the Lisbon Treaty: Revisions of Democracy and Identity

The European Union (EU) is not a nation, and it would thus be a mistake to expect the EU's path to democratic legitimacy to resemble a nation's path toward such a goal. But what sort of democratic identity does the EU possess, exactly? In this paper, I will offer a tentative theory of the nature of European democracy after the Treaty of Lisbon and how the question of democratic deficit can be addressed. Additionally, I will suggest a few ways in which this peculiar post-Lisbon European identity may serve to enhance and augment the democratic legitimacy of its member states, without impairing their cherished individual national identities. Document Type Thesis Distinguished Thesis yes Degree Name Bachelor of Arts (BA) Department or Program Politics Second Department or Program Philosophy First Advisor Chad McCracken Second Advisor Evan Oxman Third Advisor Carol Gayle
Performance Analysis of Rough Reduct Algorithms in Mammogram

An insulated window insert or cover apparatus for use in motor vehicles having at least one window in the top or roof thereof which can be removed, tilted open, repositioned and the like to let in air. The insert apparatus includes a generally rectangular sheet of support material for blocking out the light from the sun which enters the roof window and insulation for absorbing the heat which enters the window to prevent the motor vehicle interior from becoming too hot and rendering the air conditioner inefficient and costly to run. The sheet and insulation are covered with a material whose interior-facing portion substantially matches the color, texture and fabric thereof for esthetic purposes. In particular cases, a resilient sheet of material may be used and the sheet may be eliminated and a relatively rigid sheet of plastic-foam material substituted in its place to serve a dual function. Insulation may be placed above or below the sheet or both and a fastener can be provided on the cover for removing the cover for cleaning purposes or for adding or removing insulation, as desired. Another embodiment, includes placing fastening means on the ceiling of the car and on the top of the window insert apparatus and removeably securing the apparatus from the inside of the car without leaving the vehicle, opening the window or the like.
Architecture Centric Modeling of Automotive Control Software

Within the automotive industry model-based specification techniques are the basis for the definition of seamless design processes allowing the complete, the consistent, and the unambiguous specification of software and hardware parts of car specific networks of control units. For a successful application, those modeling approaches have to give methodical support for adequately capturing the architecture in the targeted system class. In our opinion most standard modeling languages leave room for improvement exactly at this point. Therefore we develop a modeling language characterized by the following features: (1) architecture centric modeling, (2) domain-specificity, and (3) close relation to standard modeling languages. Within this article we introduce the Automotive Modeling Language (AML) by illustrating a case study which comprises parts of the body car electronics within a car. Architecture related modeling concepts are discussed in detail by showing the correlation between their UML representation and their ASCET-SD representation.
Superficial fungal infections: clinical and epidemiological study in adolescents from marginal districts of Lima and Callao, Peru.

BACKGROUND Since limited data on superficial fungal infections in teenagers exist in our setting, this study provides the first description of the clinical and epidemiological characteristics of these infections among teenagers in Lima and Callao, Peru. METHODOLOGY The study involved 1,387 adolescents in five public schools from June to November 2006. Participants were examined for superficial fungal lesions. Samples of skin scrapings for microbiological investigations were obtained from suspicious lesions. RESULTS A total of 257 subjects were identified with suspected superficial fungal infections. Microbiological assessment was positive for 166 of 257 (64.59%). The average prevalence was 12.61% with variation between different districts. Males were more affected (64%) than females (36%) (p = 0.001). Pet ownership, use of public baths, and wearing sneakers were identified as important risk factors. The majority (61.5%) of the subjects presented with itching although 38.5% were asymptomatic. Tinea pedis was observed in 62.6%, onychomycosis in 24% and pityriasis versicolor in 10.8%. Dermatophytes were isolated in 105 cases with T. rubrum being identified in 86 cases (59.7%), T. mentagrophytes in 14 (9.7%) and yeast in 39 (23.4%). Malassezia spp. was found by direct examination in 18 cases (12.5%), C. kruseii in 8 cases (5.6%), and C. albicans in 2 cases (1.4%). Mixed infections were found in 22 cases. CONCLUSIONS Superficial fungal infection manifesting as tinea pedis, onychomycosysis and tinea versicolor is prevalent in our setting. As many infections remain asymptomatic, regular examination of this population is advocated. The associated risk factors for these infections also need to be addressed.
Climate change: helping nature survive the human response

Climate change poses profound, direct, and well‐documented threats to biodiversity. A significant fraction of Earth's species is at risk of extinction due to changing precipitation and temperature regimes, rising and acidifying oceans, and other factors. There is also growing awareness of the diversity and magnitude of responses, both proactive and reactive, that people will undertake as lives and livelihoods are affected by climate change. Yet to date few studies have examined the relationship between these two powerful forces. The natural systems upon which people depend, already under direct assault from climate change, are further threatened by how we respond to climate change. Human history and recent studies suggest that our actions to cope with climate change (adaptation) or lessen its rate and magnitude (mitigation) could have impacts that match—and even exceed—the direct effects of climate change on ecosystems. If we are to successfully conserve biodiversity and maintain ecosystem services in a warming world, considerable effort is needed to predict and reduce the indirect risks created by climate change.
Impact of selfish packet forwarding on energy-efficient topology control

Wireless topology control attempts to harness the programmability of radios to build efficient network structures. This paper addresses energy minimization in an ad hoc network of selfish nodes by jointly considering packet forwarding and packet sourcing-two main sources of energy consumption in multi-hop networks. Specifically, we examine how energy-efficient topologies can be established through non-cooperative power control taking into account the possibility of selective and partial packet forwarding in the network. The topology control game, where each node is attempting to minimize its energy consumption while maintaining network connectivity, is shown to be a potential game. This establishes the existence of a Nash Equilibrium (NE). Additionally, the NE is shown to be unique and globally energy-efficient-the nodes transmit at just enough power necessary to maintain all the minimum energy routes in the network. From simulations we observe that when nodes forward a small percentage of packets directed through them, the resulting NE topologies that minimize energy are more densely connected and consume more energy than the topologies that emerge when nodes forward a large portion of incoming packets. From the energy viewpoint, this result is particularly interesting as it quantifies the energy efficiency gains obtained by cooperation and corroborates the need for encouraging nodes to forward packets in a decentralized network.