Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
AEROSOL SIZE DISTRIBUTION PERFORMANCE BASED ON CHANGES TO PARTICLE EMISSIONS AND NUCLEATION

Epidemiological studies suggest that the health effects of air pollution are concentrated in the ultrafine particles, those having an aerodynamic diameter less than 100 nm (Oberdorster et al., 2005). Although some modelers have looked at performance for ultrafine particles (e.g., Zhang et al., 2006), most of our air quality modeling capabilities have focused on the current regulations for PM10 and PM2.5. This paper examines the entire size distributions from Community Multiscale Air Quality model (CMAQ) version 4.4 for the Pacific Northwest (Byun and Schere, 2006). It updates the model science for ultrafine particles and tests the updates against aircraft and surface measurements.
The Bowing Parameters of Ca χ Mg 1-χ O Ternary Alloys

On the basis of first principles calculations using density functional theory, we explore the structural and electronic properties of two binaries: CaO and MgO in rock salt structures. Structural properties of the semiconductor CaχMg1-χO alloys are derived from total-energy minimization within the General Gradient Approximation. The band gap bowing parameters dependence is very powerful Calcium composition. The results offer that an average bowing parameter of CaχMg1-χO alloys is b = ~0.583$ eV. We analyzed the volume deformation, charge transfer and structural relaxation effects of the CaχMg1-χO alloys.
Dynamic routing optimization with electric vehicles under stochastic battery depletion

ABSTRACT This paper addresses a dynamic traveling salesman problem with electric vehicles under stochastic battery depletion. In the problem, traffic density and battery consumption rate are not known precisely, and their probability distributions are subject to change during the transportation operations. The problem has been formulated and solved using the Dynamic Programming (DP) approach. We develop a DP-based heuristic, which combines Restricted DP and Prim’s algorithms, to solve larger instances. The provided algorithms can determine distribution plans that reduce energy consumption and range anxiety of electric vehicle drivers. The added values of the model and the solution approach have been shown based on a case study and 270 instance-setting pairs that involve relatively larger problems. The heuristic algorithm outperformed a benchmark heuristic by providing 6.87% lower calculated required energy on average. The provided decision support tools can be used to assure energy conservation and emission reduction for short-haul freight distribution systems.
The Origin of Diffuse X-Ray Emission from the Galactic Ridge. I. Energy Output of Particle Sources

We analyze processes for the hard X-ray emission from the Galactic disk, whose origin has remained enigmatic for many years. Up until now, no model has been able to explain the physical origin of this emission. Even the most plausible mechanism of bremsstrahlung radiation requires an energy output in emitting particles higher than the luminosity provided by known Galactic sources. We show that this energy enigma can be resolved if the emission comes directly from regions of particle acceleration. In this case, a broad quasi-thermal transition region of particle excess is formed between the thermal and nonthermal energy regions. The necessary energy output for production of electrons emitting 10 keV X-rays is of the order of 1041 ergs s-1, which can definitely be supplied by supernovae or other known Galactic sources of energy. The temperature of the accelerating region is restricted to a value of a few 100 eV, and plasmas with these temperatures are hydrostatically stable in the Galaxy. Since only background electrons are supposed to be accelerated, the acceleration process does not violate the state of hydrostatic equilibrium in the Galactic disk.
Further studies on output couplers for edge-lit backlight with emission angle control

We have studied designs of an edge-lit backlight that can switch its emission angle range between a narrow and a wide state. Here, we propose three types of output couplers for this type of backlight unit. These are quadratic prism, triangular prism and arc prism. The probability of extracting the light propagating inside a light-guide does not depend on its propagation angle for each of these output couplers. We conducted ray tracing analysis to compare these output coupler designs. The results show that approximately 65% illumination uniformity and 75% efficiency can be obtained with the quadratic prism. For each setting of the emission range, the width of the angular distribution is switched between 30 and 102 degrees (FWHM). Other two output couplers perform poorly in terms of these optical properties.
Education 3.0 Underpinned with the Heutagogical Approach for a Smooth Shift to Distance Learning in Higher Education

As the shift to distance learning was abrupt due to the COVID-19 pandemic, neither university students nor instructors were fully prepared. There was a real demand, therefore, for adopting principles that belong to Education 3.0 in higher education institutions as this pandemic might not be the last. This study aimed at evaluating to what extent the principles of Education 3.0 based on the heutagogical approach could be applied at universities. To achieve this target, a mixed approach was followed by utilizing two instruments; a questionnaire and semi-structured interviews. A total of (200) students and (10) instructors from Birzeit University (BZU) were the participants. Data that emerged from the questionnaire were statistically analyzed, whereas the interviewees’ responses were qualitatively content-analyzed and grouped into main themes. The findings revealed that some principles of Education 3.0 have not been fully applied yet at BZU, such as supporting the learners’ self-determination; the individualization of teaching methods and strategies; blending synchronous online teaching mode with the face-to-face; empowering and coaching students to build personal learning environments with using multiple tools of authentic and real-life evaluations. Accordingly, it was recommended that universities worldwide as well as other higher education institutions should adopt the principles of Education 3.0 to make the shift to distance learning smooth for both students and instructors, especially by using flexible curricula and open learning resources; empowering students to determine their needs, objectives and personal learning environments; individualizing the teaching methods; and avoiding “One-size fits all” strategies.
Nonlinear interaction of small‐scale Rossby waves with an intense large‐scale zonal flow

The system of Rossby waves is unstable with respect to modulations. This instability results in the generation of a large‐scale zonal flow with zero mean vorticity. It is shown that in both stable and unstable situations, a finite‐time singularity formation takes place in the system. Such a singularity has the form of peaks on the vorticity profile of the zonal flow. The situation is also considered when some zonal flow with nonzero mean vorticity is initially present. Solitary‐wave solutions appropriate for the description of nonlinear behavior of such systems are found. In the case of weak mean vorticity of the zonal flow, the solitons break and the singularities develop. If the mean vorticity is strong, then the evolution of the system can be considered as the dynamics of a soliton gas. Soliton dynamics possesses some interesting properties, such as formation of soliton pairs and annihilation of solitons during collision.
Numerical and Experimental Investigations on Flexible Multi-bearing Rotor Dynamics

An experimental test rig is built to verify the dynamics of a multi-bearing rotor It consists of two flexibly coupled shafts and is connected to a motor at one end via a flexible coupling. Each of the shafts is supported at the ends by two hydrodynamic bearings and is attached with two disks with equal and unequal masses, respectively. The mathematical model of the test rig is developed and is simulated numerically. The non-stationary dynamic responses of the system during speed-up with a constant angular acceleration are shown, respectively, by the non-stationary bifurcation diagrams, the selected time flows, and the spectrum cascades. Experiments are then carried out on the test rig. Generally, the numerical results are verified qualitatively by the experiments. Both results indicate that the non-synchronous whirls of the two shafts influence each other when flexibly coupled together. In particular, a new phenomenon is found for the four-bearing rotor system: the pre-existing non-synchronous whirl/whip resulted from the instability of one shaft can activate the onset of oil instability of another shaft. In the theoretical simulation, this phenomenon represents the rapid increase of the non-synchronous whirl orbit, whereas in the experiment, it represents the simultaneous existence of two whirl/ whip frequencies in the spectra.
Solid-state sensor incorporated in microfluidic chip and magnetic-bead enzyme immobilization approach for creatinine and glucose detection in serum

Solid-state sensors are stable and inexpensive electric transducers for biomedical measurement. This study proposes a microfluidic chip incorporated with a solid-state sensor for measuring glucose and creatinine in blood serum. Magnetic beads are employed to immobilize enzymes and deliver them in a micro-channel. Glucose and creatinine can be measured at 2–8 mM and 10−2 to 10 mM, respectively, which is a meaningful range in human blood. The immobilization approach also addresses the issue of the long-term preservation of enzymes in microfluidic devices. The proposed device is suitable for multi-target measurement in a point-of-care system.
Modeling Holocene coastal ecosystem availability and site distribution patterns for Borikén, Puerto Rico

Coasts are dynamic environments prone to the physical and social impacts of climate change. Examining the archaeological and environmental records of coastal areas can deepen our understanding of how humans respond to changing environmental conditions. In this article we consider how sea-level rise impacted coastal environments through time, and how these changes could pose opportunities or challenges to local indigenous populations. We present new findings of coastal zone transformations and past settlement patterns for Borikén, the largest island of the Puerto Rican archipelago, during the Holocene. We use paleogeographic modeling to reconstruct ecosystem availability for six discernible coastlines at 1000-year resolutions that accounts for past relative sea-level (RSL) heights and paleotidal ranges. We then compared ecosystem availability trends with the spatiotemporal distributions of available archaeological data to demonstrate the localized impacts of climate-related RSL rise across the island’s coastal ecosystems and suggest a consideration of habitat availability in past decision-making strategies. We observe a strong presence of Archaic Period sites in the island’s southwest coast where high coastal ecosystem availability and stability were present during this period. We also observe a significant expansion of intertidal ecosystems beginning at 3 kya for the north-central, north-eastern, south-central, and south-eastern coastlines that correspond to the appearance of materials associated with Early and Late Ceramic Periods cultures in these areas. This comparison of differential coastal transformations and site distributions conveys a deeper understanding of factors involved in past decision-making strategies and contributes to the emerging picture of human adaptations amidst changing environmental conditions.
MULTIFRACTALITY OF ITERATED PULSE PROCESSES WITH PULSE AMPLITUDES GENERATED BY A RANDOM CASCADE

A previous paper1 has introduced a class of random functions in Rn called iterated random pulse (IRP) processes. IRP processes are sums of pulses whose locations form an iterated clustered point process and whose deterministic shapes, sizes and amplitudes satisfy affine scaling relations. In the simplest case, at each finer scale the pulse support is isotropically contracted by a factor r>1 and the amplitude is multiplied by r-γ, where γ>-n is a given constant and n is the space dimension. We consider extensions in which the pulse amplitudes are random variables with a multiplicative cascade structure. This means that, if a parent pulse at a certain level has amplitude A, its offspring pulses at the next level have amplitudes Ai=Ar-γ ηi, where the ηi are positive iid variables with mean value 1. Interest is in the generalized field X(h)=limj→∞Xj(h) where h(t) is a test function, Xj(h)=∫ h(t)Xj(t)dt, and Xj(t) is the pulse field at resolution level j. We show that X(h) is multifractal at small scales. We also derive its scaling properties and the fractal dimension of the support. In the case of non=isotropic contraction of the pulse support from level j to level j+1, X(h) has a more general form of multifractality known as generalized scale invariance (gsi). This seems to be the first known construction of gsi random fields.
Consistency of LS estimators in the EV regression model with martingale difference errors

In this paper, we consider the following simple linear errors in variables model where θ, β, x1, x2, … are unknown constants (parameters) and ξi, ηi, i=1, 2, … are observable. The consistency of the least square estimators for the unknown parameters β and θ is established, while the errors { ϵi}, {δi} are sequences of martingale difference. In order to obtain our results, some limit theorems for weighted sums of martingale differences are proved.
Reduction of rotavirus as a cause of nosocomial diarrhoea in northern Stockholm after introducing the rotavirus vaccine

Abstract Background: Vaccination against rotavirus was offered in Stockholm to children born on 1 March 2014 and onwards with 85% coverage after two years. We investigated changes in nosocomial diarrhoea 2010—2018 in children admitted to Astrid Lindgren Children’s Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden. Methods: We retrospectively identified cases from diagnostic and virology department registers. Complications and chronic medical conditions were retrieved from the case records. Children <18 years of age who developed diarrhoea ≥48 h after admission for another diagnosis and had a faecal sample submitted to the virology department were included. Results: There were 474 episodes of nosocomial diarrhoea. Of these, 401 (85%) occurred in children with chronic medical conditions. In children <5 years the rates of nosocomial rotavirus gastroenteritis, with 95% confidence intervals, significantly decreased from 0.34 (0.25—0.45) per 100 admissions prevaccination to 0.09 (0.04—0.17) postvaccination and from 0,66 (0.48—0.88) to 0.16 (0.07—0.30) cases per 1000 hospital days. Postvaccination norovirus became the most frequent pathogen. Virus-positive cases were more common in young children and in winter months. Conclusions: Before the initiation of rotavirus vaccination, norovirus and rotavirus were equally common causes of nosocomial diarrhoea. Postvaccination, rotavirus was reduced by approximately 75% while the frequency of other viruses did not change.
Interpretation of 1D Vector Controlled-Source Audio-Magnetotelluric (CSAMT) Data Using Full Solution Modeling

In conventional controlled-source audio-magnetotelluric (CSAMT) prospecting, scalar CSAMT measurement is usually performed because of its simplicity and low operational cost. Since the structure of earth’s conductivity is complex, the scalar CSAMT method can lead to a less accurate interpretation. The complex conditions need more sophisticated measurements, such as vector or tensor CSAMT, to interpret the data. This paper presents 1D vector CSAMT interpretation. A full solution 1D CSAMT forward modeling has been developed and used to interpret both vector and scalar CSAMT data. Occam’s smoothness constrained inversion was used to test the vector and scalar CSAMT interpretations. The results indicate the importance of vector CSAMT to interpret CSAMT data in complex geological system.
Mobile Game Addiction and Social Interaction Anxiety of Malaysian Youth

With individuals of all ages confined to their homes for extended periods of time, the pandemic laid the groundwork for an upsurge in online mobile gaming addiction and risky internet usage. According to research, those who are hooked to online gaming are more likely to experience social interaction anxiety. This research is an additional attempt to confirm prior findings in the context of Malaysian youth. The data was acquired via an online questionnaire as part of the survey research procedure. The respondents were reached through convenient sampling, and the 377 replies provided more evidence on the association between gaming addiction and social interaction anxiety. Keywords: Mobile addiction, social anxiety, youth eISSN: 2398-4287 © 2022. The Authors. Published for AMER ABRA cE-Bs by E-International Publishing House, Ltd., UK. This is an open-access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/). Peer-review under the responsibility of AMER (Association of Malaysian Environment-Behavior Researchers), ABRA (Association of Behavioral Researchers on Asians), and cE-Bs (Centre for Environment-Behavior Studies), Faculty of Architecture, Planning & Surveying, Universiti Teknologi MARA, Malaysia.
Green’s Function Approach to Solution of Transient Temperature for Thermal Stresses of Functionally Graded Material

The transient temperature solution for a functionally graded material (FGM) is formulated by Green’s function based on the Galerkin method. An approximate solution that satisfies the homogeneous boundary condition is substituted into the governing equation to yield an eigenvalue problem. To solve the eigenvalue problem, the eigenfunctions are approximated by a series of polynomials satisfying the homogeneous boundary condition. The Galerkin method is used to determine the coefficients of eigenfunctions. The transient temperature solution for a general heat conduction equation with a source and nonhomogeneous boundary conditions is obtained by using Green’s function, which is expressed by eigenvalues and corresponding eigenfunctions. Transient thermal stresses in a FGM plate and a FGM hollow circular cylinder are discussed.
A COMMENT ON IMAGE DETECTION AND THE DEFINITION OF LIMITING MAGNITUDE

A useful operating definition for limiting magnitude in CCD photometry is the level at which the completeness of detection drops to 50 percent. If the detection threshold is defined as Q times the standard deviation of the sky noise, then it can be shown that the Q value needed to reach a given limiting magnitude, or signal-to-noise ratio (SNR), varies inversely with the scale of the detector. In addition, the highest achievable threshold Q (lim) for any image scale is numerically equal to the SNR of the stars just at the 50 percent completeness limit.
Quality of life and loneliness post-bereavement: Results from a nationwide survey of bereaved older adults

Abstract Older people experience bereavements more often than any other age group. National survey data collected across Australia from 633 bereaved adults aged 65+ years showed that 21% met the criteria for prolonged grief. Their quality of life was significantly lower and loneliness significantly higher compared to older people in the general population. Risk factors for the low quality of life and high loneliness post-bereavement included being female, experiencing the death of a partner, and being the full-time carer of the deceased. Time since bereavement, expectedness, and cause of death were not significantly associated with quality of life and loneliness.
Study on Graphene Field Effect Tube Photoelectric Sensor

: As a special device that converts the measured physical quantity into electrical signal or other signal output according to specific rules, the sensor becomes the nerve ending connecting the natural world and the electronic world. Photoelectric sensors, as an important branch of sensors, play a central role in applications such as optical communication, imaging and detection, as electronic systems perceive external eyes. At present, the main sensor products in the market have defects such as limited detection wavelength, low responsivity and complex structure. In view of these problems and practical needs, combined with the advantages of graphene with wide detection wavelength range, high influence and high electron mobility, this paper proposes a graphene field effect tube photoelectric sensor with silicon nitride protective layer, and its preparation process, environmental stability test and photoelectric response characteristics are studied and analyzed. The results have potential application value. Graphene field effect transistor photoelectric sensor has many excellent characteristics, such as wide detection band, high response, good environmental stability and easy preparation and integration. It provides a new research idea for MEMS photoelectric sensor and has a very broad application prospect.
Pairwise and Uniformly Hidden Markov Fields

In Hidden Markov Fields (HMF) models there are two random fields: the hidden Markov field X and the observed field Y. In Pairwise Markov Fields (PMF) models one directly assumes the Markovianity of the couple (X, Y). PMF are more general than HMF; in fact, in PMF X is not necessarily Markovian. The aim of the paper is to provide some necessary and sufficient conditions under which PMF are HMF. We introduce the notion of “uniformly” HMF (UHMF) and we provide a general condition under which a PMF is an UHMF. Some interest of the presented results in the frame of Triplet Markov Fields (TMF) models, in which a third auxiliary random field is added and one considers the Markovianity of (X, U, Y), is also briefly discussed.
A Pliocene Precipitation Isotope Proxy‐Model Comparison Assessing the Hydrological Fingerprints of Sea Surface Temperature Gradients

The Pliocene offers insights into future climate, with near‐modern atmospheric pCO2 and global mean surface temperature estimated to be 3–4°C above pre‐industrial. However, the hydrological response differs between future global warming and early Pliocene climate model simulations. This discrepancy results from the use of reduced meridional and zonal sea surface temperature (SST) gradients, based on foraminiferal Mg/Ca and Alkenone proxy evidence, to force the early Pliocene simulation. Subsequent, SST reconstructions based on the organic proxy TEX86, have found warmer temperatures in the warm pool, bringing the magnitude of the gradient reductions into dispute. We design an independent test of Pliocene SST scenarios and their hydrological cycle “fingerprints. ” We use an isotope‐enabled General Circulation Model, iCAM5, to model the distribution of water isotopes in precipitation in response to four climatological SST and sea‐ice fields representing modern, abrupt 4 × CO2, late Pliocene and early Pliocene climates. We conduct a proxy‐model comparison with all the available precipitation isotope proxy data, and we identify target regions that carry precipitation isotopic fingerprints of SST gradients as priorities for additional proxy reconstructions. We identify two regions with distinct precipitation isotope (D/H) fingerprints resulting from reduced SST gradients: the Maritime Continent (D‐enriched due to reduced convective rainfall) and the Sahel (wetter, more deep convection, D‐depleted). The proxy‐model comparison using available plant wax reconstructions, mostly from Africa, is promising but inconclusive. Additional proxy reconstructions are needed in both target regions and in much of the world for significant tests of SST scenarios and dynamical linkages to the hydrological cycle.