Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Types of Families: An Analysis of Census Data

B Y CLASSIFYING families into types on the basis of characteristics of the family head, some valuable family data from the I930 Census were tabulated, but only a small amount of these statistics were published in the form of rotoprinted releases. ' Plans for the report on i940 family data include the publication of families by type. This paper presents an analysis of selected census data on family types, in order to illustrate the research opportunities that these materials afford.2 These statistics show families classified into three significant classes or types, according to the sex and marital status of the head of the family. (The head of the family is usually the chief earner, although in some cases his headship is more sociological than economic.) The three types are (I) "normal" families, that is, families with the head and his wife residing together, with or without other persons; (2) other families with a man as head of the family, including broken families with a widowed, divorced, or separated man as head, together with families having a single man as head; and (3) all families with a woman as head of the family. (For both (2) and (3), unpublished I930 data are available by detailed marital status; for (I), (2), and (3), there are data for subclasses based on children under 2i years old. ) Size and Type of Family by Color-Nativity. In Table I and Figure I are shown the median size of family in I930 for each type classified by color of
Antenna array pattern synthesis via convex optimization

We show that a variety of antenna array pattern synthesis problems can be expressed as convex optimization problems, which can be (numerically) solved with great efficiency by recently developed interior-point methods. The synthesis problems involve arrays with arbitrary geometry and element directivity, constraints on far- and near-field patterns over narrow or broad frequency bandwidth, and some important robustness constraints. We show several numerical simulations for the particular problem of constraining the beampattern level of a simple array for adaptive and broadband arrays.
Biomechanics and Mechanotransduction in Cells and Tissues Mechanical signal transduction in skeletal muscle growth and adaptation

Tidball, James G. Mechanical signal transduction in skeletal muscle growth and adaptation. J Appl Physiol 98: 1900 –1908, 2005; doi:10.1152/japplphysiol. 01178.2004. —The adaptability of skeletal muscle to changes in the mechanical environment has been well characterized at the tissue and system levels, but the mechanisms through which mechanical signals are transduced to chemical signals that influence muscle growth and metabolism remain largely unidentified. However, several findings have suggested that mechanical signal transduction in muscle may occur through signaling pathways that are shared with insulin-like growth factor (IGF)-I. The involvement of IGF-I-mediated signaling for mechanical signal transduction in muscle was originally suggested by the observations that muscle releases IGF-I on mechanical stimulation, that IGF-I is a potent agent for promoting muscle growth and affecting phenotype, and that IGF-I can function as an autocrine hormone in muscle. Accumulating evidence shows that at least two signaling pathways downstream of IGF-I binding can influence muscle growth and adaptation. Signaling via the calcineurin/nuclear factor of activated T-cell pathway has been shown to have a powerful influence on promoting the slow/type I phenotype in muscle but can also increase muscle mass. Neural stimulation of muscle can activate this pathway, although whether neural activation of the pathway can occur independent of mechanical activation or independent of IGF-I-mediated signaling remains to be explored. Signaling via the Akt/mammalian target of rapamycin pathway can also increase muscle growth, and recent findings show that activation of this pathway can occur as a response to mechanical stimulation applied directly to muscle cells, independent of signals derived from other cells. In addition, mechanical activation of mammalian target of rapamycin, Akt, and other downstream signals is apparently independent of autocrine factors, which suggests that activation of the mechanical pathway occurs independent of muscle-mediated IGF-I release.
Early and Presenting Symptoms of Dementia with Lewy Bodies

Background/Aims: To explore the presenting and early symptoms of dementia with Lewy bodies (DLB). Method: Patients with mild dementia fulfilling diagnostic criteria for DLB (n = 61) and Alzheimer’s disease (AD) (n = 109) were recruited from outpatient dementia clinics in western Norway. At diagnosis, caregivers were asked which symptom had been the presenting symptom of dementia. Results: Caregivers reported that memory impairment was the most common presenting symptom in DLB (57%), followed by visual hallucinations (44%), depression (34%), problem solving difficulties (33%), gait problems (28%), and tremor/stiffness (25%). In contrast, 99% of AD carers reported impaired memory as a presenting symptom, whereas visual hallucinations were a presenting symptom in 3% of the AD cases. Conclusion: DLB should be suspected in predementia cases with visual hallucinations.
Hazard of Recurrence among Women after Primary Breast Cancer Treatment—A 10-Year Follow-up Using Data from SEER-Medicare

Background: Few studies have used SEER-Medicare data to describe recurrence of breast cancer after primary treatment for U.S. women. Methods: We used SEER-Medicare data to estimate the annual hazard rate (HR) of recurrence for women with breast cancer between 1991 and 1997 with 10 years of follow-up. The Kaplan–Meier method was used to derive the HR. Multivariate Cox proportional hazards model was used to estimate the relative hazard of the recurrence-associated prognostic factors. Results: Of 20,027 women, 36.8% had recurrence within 10 years, with most of these recurrences (81.9%) occurring within 5 years after diagnosis. Women with stage III cancer showed the highest HR peak and largest magnitude than women with stage I or II disease (both P < 0.01) within the first 5 years. Women with negative tumor hormone receptor status had a higher peak hazard of developing recurrence within the first 5 years (P < 0.01), but the hazards were remarkably lower beyond 5 years of follow-up than in women with positive or unknown hormone receptor status (P > 0.05). Women with poorly differentiated histologic grade tumors showed higher HR in the first 5 years than women with other grades after primary treatment (both P < 0.01). The increased risk of recurrence of breast cancer was associated with advanced stage, moderate and poorly differently grades, and negative hormone receptor status (all P < 0.01). Conclusion: The HRs of the recurrence are dynamic over 10 years and are markedly determined by prognostic factors at diagnosis. Impact: Our study suggests that the optimal follow-up may differ among women. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev; 21(5); 800–9. ©2012 AACR.
Hippocampal volumes and neuron numbers increase along a gradient of environmental harshness: a large-scale comparison

Environmental conditions may provide specific demands for memory, which in turn may affect specific brain regions responsible for memory function. For food-caching animals, in particular, spatial memory appears to be important because it may have a direct effect on fitness via the accuracy of cache retrieval. Animals living in more harsh environments should rely more on cached food, and thus theoretically should have better memory to support cache retrieval, which may be crucial for survival. Consequently, animals in harsh environments may benefit from more neurons within a larger hippocampus (Hp), a part of the brain involved in spatial memory. Here, we present the first large-scale test of the hypothesis that Hp structure is related to the severity of the environment within a single food-caching species (the black-capped chickadee, Poecile atricapillus) with a large range encompassing a great diversity of climatic conditions. Hp size in birds collected at five locations along a gradient of environmental harshness from Alaska to Kansas ranked perfectly with climatic severity. Birds from more harsh northern climates (defined by lower ambient temperature, shorter day length and more snow cover) had significantly larger Hp volumes and more Hp neurons (both relative to telencephalon volume) than those from more mild southern latitudes. Environmental pressures therefore seem capable of influencing specific brain regions independently, which may result in enhanced memory, and hence survival, in harsh climates.
A Genetic Algorithm for Inverse Problems of Flaw DetectionFang

This paper describes a methodology based on genetic algorithms for the solution of inverse problems pertaining to the identiication of aw shapes and the reconstruction of boundary conditions in a continua. Such problems often arise in scientiic research or engineering practice. By using a genetic algorithm we avoid the weakness of the traditional gradient based analytical search methods which can get trapped or oscillate between local minimum points and thus fail to produce solutions. Numerical experiments for the detection of internal structure aws for simple prototype problems suggest that good predictions of the aw sizes and locations are possible. The experiments indicate that the proposed method has the potential to solve a wide range of inverse structural identiication problems in a systematic and robust way.
Circulating CD4+CD161+ T Lymphocytes Are Increased in Seropositive Arthralgia Patients but Decreased in Patients with Newly Diagnosed Rheumatoid Arthritis

Improved understanding of the immune events discriminating between seropositive arthralgia and clinical synovitis is of key importance in rheumatology research. Ample evidence suggests a role for Th17 cells in rheumatoid arthritis. We hypothesized that CD4+CD161+ cells representing Th17 lineage cells may be modulated prior to or after development of clinical synovitis. Therefore, in a cross-sectional study, we investigated the occurrence of CD4+CD161+ T-cells in seropositive arthralgia patients who are at risk for developing rheumatoid arthritis and in newly diagnosed rheumatoid arthritis patients. In a prospective study, we evaluated the effect of methotrexate treatment on circulating CD4+CD161+ T-cells. Next, we assessed if these cells can be detected at the level of the RA joints. Precursor Th17 lineage cells bearing CD161 were found to be increased in seropositive arthralgia patients. In contrast, circulating CD4+CD161+T-cells were decreased in newly diagnosed rheumatoid arthritis patients. The decrease in CD4+CD161+ T-cells correlated inversely with C-reactive protein and with the 66 swollen joint count. Methotrexate treatment led to normalization of CD4+CD161+ T-cells and reduced disease activity. CD4+CD161+ T cells were readily detected in synovial tissues from both early and late-stage rheumatoid arthritis. In addition, synovial fluid from late-stage disease was found to be enriched for CD4+CD161+ T-cells. Notably, synovial fluid accumulated CD4+CD161+T-cells showed skewing towards the Th1 phenotype as evidenced by increased interferon-γ expression. The changes in peripheral numbers of CD4+CD161+ T-cells in seropositive arthralgia and early rheumatoid arthritis and the enrichment of these cells at the level of the joint predict a role for CD4+CD161+ T-cells in the early immune events leading to clinical synovitis. Our findings may add to the development of RA prediction models and provide opportunities for early intervention.
Coreference Resolution Using Semantic Relatedness Information from Automatically Discovered Patterns

Semantic relatedness is a very important factor for the coreference resolution task. To obtain this semantic information, corpusbased approaches commonly leverage patterns that can express a specific semantic relation. The patterns, however, are designed manually and thus are not necessarily the most effective ones in terms of accuracy and breadth. To deal with this problem, in this paper we propose an approach that can automatically find the effective patterns for coreference resolution. We explore how to automatically discover and evaluate patterns, and how to exploit the patterns to obtain the semantic relatedness information. The evaluation on ACE data set shows that the pattern based semantic information is helpful for coreference resolution.
Audio Indexing

Introduction The enormous amount of unstructured audio data available nowadays and the spread of its use as a data source in many applications are introducing new challenges to researchers in information and signal processing. The continuously growing size of digital audio information increases the difficulty of its access and management, thus hampering its practical usefulness. As a consequence, the need for content-based audio data parsing, indexing and retrieval techniques to make the digital information more readily available to the user is becoming ever more critical. The lack of proper indexing and retrieval systems is making de facto useless significant portions of existing audio information (and obviously audiovisual information in general). In fact, if generating digital content is easy and cheap, managing and structuring it to produce effective services is clearly not. This applies to the whole range of content providers and broadcasters which can amount to terabytes of audio and audiovisual data. It also applies to the audio content gathered in private collection of digital movies or music files stored in the hard disks of conventional personal computers. In summary, the goal of an audio indexing system will then be to automatically extract high-level information from the digital raw audio in order to provide new means to navigate and search in large audio databases. Since it is not possible to cover all applications of audio indexing, the basic concepts described in this chapter will be mainly illustrated on the specific problem of musical instrument recognition.
A survey of Stemming Algorithms for Information Retrieval

: Now a day’s text documents is advancing over internet, e-mails and web pages. As the use of internet is exponentially growing, the need of massive data storage is increasing. Normally many of the documents contain morphological variables, so stemming which is a preprocessing technique gives a mapping of different morphological variants of words into their base word called the stem. Stemming process is used in information retrieval as a way to improve retrieval performance based on the assumption that terms with the same stem usually have similar meaning. To do stemming operation on large data, we require normally more computation time and power, to cope up with the need to search for a particular word in the data. In this paper, various stemming algorithms are analyzed with the benefits and limitation of the recent stemming technique.
Design of a substrate integrated waveguide aperture antenna with Electromagnetic Band Gap structure

In this paper, a novel antenna with vertical polarization and low profile in vertical direction was designed base on substrate integrated waveguide (SIW) and Electromagnetic Band Gap (EBG) structure. The radiation performance and the standing-wave ratio (SWR) were optimized via stepped transition structure. The gain and the front-to-back ratio were increased via the Electromagnetic Band Gap structure. This antenna with wide bandwidth and wide radiation lobe was base on Printed Circuit Board(PCB), and it was easy to be produced and easy for integration.
Social Viewing, Bullet Screen, and User Experience: A First Look

This paper examines the viewing experience of a new social experiment that combines videos with text messaging technology called Bullet Screen. Our results show that this technology provides a more engaging viewing experience than a traditional online video. Our results also show that bullet screen can increase viewers' attention to content. These results have important implications for social media websites, advertisers, and companies that use video ads to promote their products and services.
An improved approximation algorithm for combinatorial auctions with submodular bidders

We explore the allocation problem in combinatorial auctions with submodular bidders. We provide an e/e-1 approximation algorithm for this problem. Moreover, our algorithm applies to the more general class of XOS bidders. By presenting a matching unconditional lower bound in the communication model, we prove that the upper bound is tight for the XOS class.Our algorithm improves upon the previously known 2-approximation algorithm. In fact, we also exhibit another algorithm which obtains an approximation ratio better than 2 for submodular bidders, even in the value queries model.Throughout the paper we highlight interesting connections between combinatorial auctions with XOS and submodular bidders and various other combinatorial optimization problems. In particular, we discuss coverage problems and online problems.
The collaborative communication model for patient handover at the interface between high-acuity and low-acuity care

Background Cross-unit handovers transfer responsibility for the patient among healthcare teams in different clinical units, with missed information, potentially placing patients at risk for adverse events. Objectives We analysed the communications between high-acuity and low-acuity units, their content and social context, and we explored whether common conceptual ground reduced potential threats to patient safety posed by current handover practices. Methods We monitored the communication of five content items using handover probes for 22 patient transitions of care between high-acuity ‘sender units’ and low-acuity ‘recipient units’. Data were analysed and discussed in focus groups with healthcare professionals to acquire insights into the characteristics of the common conceptual ground. Results High-acuity and low-acuity units agreed about the presence of alert signs in the discharge form in 40% of the cases. The focus groups identified prehandover practices, particularly for anticipatory guidance that relied extensively on verbal phone interactions that commonly did not involve all members of the healthcare team, particularly nursing. Accessibility of information in the medical records reported by the recipient units was significantly lower than reported by sender units. Common ground to enable interpretation of the complete handover content items existed only among selected members of the healthcare team. Conclusions The limited common ground reduced the likelihood of correct interpretation of important handover information, which may contribute to adverse events. Collaborative design and use of a shared set of handover content items may assist in creating common ground to enable clinical teams to communicate effectively to help increase the reliability and safety of cross-unit handovers.
Design a power inverter and transformer for piezoelectric actuator

This paper present the design and optimization of power converter for the control piezoelectric actuator (PEA). In this concept, the modeling and sizing its components concerning power electronic converter, have been proposed to optimize their operational performance of PEA such as speed, torque, power, and efficiency. The study deals the mathematical model of all parts constituting the PEA and its control. The electrical characteristics are deduced and presented by analytical model and simulation. Finally, the results of dynamic behaviour of converter and PEA lead to sizing and realization of test bench for aeronautic applications in the future works.
A 6-bit 800-MS/s Pipelined A/D Converter With Open-Loop Amplifiers

A 6-bit 800-MS/s pipelined A/D converter (ADC) achieves SNDR and SFDR of 33.7 dB and 47.5 dB, respectively. Employing voltage-mode open-loop amplifiers in gain stages, global gain control techniques, and two-bank-interleaved architecture, the proposed pipelined A/D converter relaxes stringent design tradeoffs between speed and power. Fabricated in a 0.18-mum CMOS technology, the ADC consumes 105 mW from a 1.8-V power supply while the active area is only 0.5 mm2
Glia-Pinealocyte Network: The Paracrine Modulation of Melatonin Synthesis by Tumor Necrosis Factor (TNF)

The pineal gland, a circumventricular organ, plays an integrative role in defense responses. The injury-induced suppression of the pineal gland hormone, melatonin, which is triggered by darkness, allows the mounting of innate immune responses. We have previously shown that cultured pineal glands, which express toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) and tumor necrosis factor receptor 1 (TNFR1), produce TNF when challenged with lipopolysaccharide (LPS). Here our aim was to evaluate which cells present in the pineal gland, astrocytes, microglia or pinealocytes produced TNF, in order to understand the interaction between pineal activity, melatonin production and immune function. Cultured pineal glands or pinealocytes were stimulated with LPS. TNF content was measured using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. TLR4 and TNFR1 expression were analyzed by confocal microscopy. Microglial morphology was analyzed by immunohistochemistry. In the present study, we show that although the main cell types of the pineal gland (pinealocytes, astrocytes and microglia) express TLR4, the production of TNF induced by LPS is mediated by microglia. This effect is due to activation of the nuclear factor kappa B (NF-kB) pathway. In addition, we observed that LPS activates microglia and modulates the expression of TNFR1 in pinealocytes. As TNF has been shown to amplify and prolong inflammatory responses, its production by pineal microglia suggests a glia-pinealocyte network that regulates melatonin output. The current study demonstrates the molecular and cellular basis for understanding how melatonin synthesis is regulated during an innate immune response, thus our results reinforce the role of the pineal gland as sensor of immune status.
Prenatal Secondhand Smoke Exposure and Infant Birth Weight in China

Epidemiologic evidence provides some support for a causal association between maternal secondhand smoke (SHS) exposure during pregnancy and reduction in infant birth weight. The purpose of this cross-sectional study is to examine the magnitude of this association in China, where both prevalence and dose of SHS exposure are thought to be higher than in U.S. populations. Women who gave birth in Beijing and Changchun September 2000–November 2001 were interviewed to quantify self-reported prenatal SHS exposure. Their medical records were reviewed for data on pregnancy complications and birth outcomes. Non-smoking women who delivered term babies (≥37 weeks gestation) were included in the study (N = 2,770). Nearly a quarter of the women (24%) reported daily SHS exposure, 47% reported no prenatal exposure, and 75% denied any SHS exposure from the husband smoking at home. Overall, no deficit in mean birth weight was observed with exposure from all sources of SHS combined (+11 grams, 95% CI: +2, +21). Infants had higher mean birth weights among the exposed than the unexposed for all measures of SHS exposure. Future studies on SHS exposure and infant birth weight in China should emphasize more objective measures of exposure to quantify and account for any exposure misclassification.