Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
A Dna Computing Algorithm for Directed Hamiltonian Paths 1 Molecular Computing Becomes Fea- Sible: Directed Hamiltonian Path 2 the Held-karp Algorithm

An algorithm for an NP-complete problem is presented, namely the existence of a Directed Hamiltonian Path in a directed graph. The main advantage of this algorithm is that it uses exponentially less DNA than original approach of Adleman. It is an implementation of a classic result in a 1964 paper of R. Held and R.M. Karp. For a graph with n ver-tices, On time steps are used, each requiring up to n simultaneous laboratory operations. Morimoto, Arita, and Suyama have proposed another algorithm which would also conserve DNA (it can be shown to implement the Held-Karp algorithm). It also uses On time steps. However, each time step involves a sequence of laboratory operations, rather than n simpler simultaneous operations. In November 1994, Leonard Adleman reported (Adleman 1994) a laboratory experiment in which he used fabricated strands of DNA to solve the directed Hamiltonian path (DHP) problem for a very small instance. For DHP, we are given a set of cities along with available one-way flights connecting them. The objective of DHP is to find whether or not a travel itinerary exists connecting two given cities. The itinerary must also satisfy one other important criterion: it must visit all cites exactly once. DHP is a particularly interesting problem because it is known to be in the problem class NP-complete. The worst instances of such problems are considered to be very hard to solve when they are large. If it were ever discovered how to solve even one NP-complete problem easily, all of the 2,000 or so (considered very hard) NP-complete problems would automatically also have easy solutions. This is because transforming any other NP-complete problem into DHP (or any other NP-complete problem, for that matter) is in principle an " easy " problem (having polynomial complexity). However, using this equivalence is not always natural or practical. The objective of DHP is to find a travel itinerary, if it exists, from an initial city to a final city that includes exactly one visit to each intermediate city in a preassigned set. Not all pairs of cities necessarily have connecting flights. This section presents a implementation of an algorithm that avoids incorporating duplicate cities as it constructs travel itineraries of exactly the right length, if there are any. Its greatest virtue is that is more suited to scaling up than are the present methods. This DHP algorithm uses dynamic programming. It is essentially …
Small Molecule R1498 as a Well-Tolerated and Orally Active Kinase Inhibitor for Hepatocellular Carcinoma and Gastric Cancer Treatment via Targeting Angiogenesis and Mitosis Pathways

Protein kinases play important roles in tumor development and progression. Lots of kinase inhibitors have entered into market and show promising clinical benefits. Here we report the discovery of a novel small molecule, well-tolerated, orally active kinase inhibitor, R1498, majorly targeting both angiogenic and mitotic pathways for the treatment of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) and gastric cancer (GC). A series of biochemical and cell-based assays indicated that the target kinase cluster of R1498 included Aurora kinases and VEGFR2 et al. R1498 showed moderate in vitro growth inhibition on a panel of tumor cells with IC50 of micromole range. The in vivo anti-tumor efficacy of R1498 was evaluated on a panel of GC and HCC xenografts in a parallel comparison with another multikinase inhibitor sorafenib. R1498 demonstrated superior efficacy and toxicity profile over sorafenib in all test models with >80% tumor growth inhibition and tumor regression in some xenogratfts. The therapeutic potential of R1498 was also highlighted by its efficacy on three human GC primary tumor derived xenograft models with 10–30% tumor regression rate. R1498 was shown to actively inhibit the Aurora A activity in vivo, and decrease the vascularization in tumors. Furthermore, R1498 presented good in vivo exposure and therapeutic window in the pharmacokinetic and dose range finding studies. Theses evidences indicate that R1498 is a potent, well-tolerated, orally active multitarget kinase inhibitor with a unique antiangiogenic and antiproliferative profile, and provide strong confidence for further development for HCC and GC therapy.
The Moderating Influence of HR Operational Autonomy on the Entrepreneurial Orientation-Performance Link in Franchise Systems

This study investigates the concept of HR Operational Autonomy, i.e., the freedom a franchisor offers to franchisees throughout the system with regards to their creation of HR practices. It is shown to have a significant positive moderating effect on the EO-performance link among UK franchise systems, explaining over 20 percent of the variance in performance outcomes. Implications and future research directions are discussed.
Revisiting Black-scholes Equation Typeset Using Revt E X 1

In common finance literature, Black-Scholes partial differential equation of option pricing is usually derived with no-arbitrage principle. Considering an asset market, Merton applied the Hamilton-Jacobi-Bellman techniques of his continuous-time consumption-portfolio problem, deriving general equilibrium relationships among the securities in the asset market. In special case where the interest rate is constant, he rederived the Black-Scholes partial differential equation from the general equilibrium asset market. In this work, I follow Cox-Ingersoll-Ross formulation to consider an economy which includes (1) uncertain production processes, and (2) the random technology change. Assuming a random production stochastic process of constant drift and variance, and assuming a random technology change to follow a log normal process, the equilibrium point of this economy will lead to the Black-Scholes partial differential equation for option pricing. PACS number: Typeset using REVTEX 1
Reasoning about Web Applications: An Operational Semantics for HOP

We propose a small-step operational semantics to support reasoning about Web applications written in the multitier language HOP. The semantics covers both server side and client side computations, as well as their interactions, and includes creation of Web services, distributed client-server communications, concurrent evaluation of service requests at server side, elaboration of HTML documents, DOM operations, evaluation of script nodes in HTML documents and actions from HTML pages at client side. We also model the browser same origin policy (SOP) in the semantics. We propose a safety property by which programs do not get stuck due to a violation of the SOP and a type system to enforce it.
ESCHERICHIA COLI STRAIN DIVERSITY IN HUMANS: EFFECTS OF SAMPLING EFFORT AND METHODOLOGY

Studies investigating Escherichia coli strain diversity and demographics in human hosts are frequently inconsistent regarding sampling effort and methodology while current strain typing methods are often expensive or laborious. To rectify these inconsistencies, sampling effort was investigated by comparing the diversity of 15-isolate collections to 100-isolate collections from 3 human subjects. Temporal variation in E. coli strain diversity was also studied by collecting 15 isolates once every 6 months. Additionally, strain identification and diversity collected by different sampling methods (fecal swabs vs. anal swabs collected at different times around defecation) were compared to identify any inherent biases in sampling method. This study employed pyroprinting, a new inexpensive and simple strain typing method using pyrosequencing, to generate DNA fingerprints (or pyroprints) based on the Intergenic Transcribed Spacer sequences in the ribosomal RNA operon to differentiate E. coli strains. Differences in strain diversity were apparent when comparing sampling efforts. The sampling effort investigation suggested that certain subjects hosted very large and highly diverse E. coli strain populations such that even 100 isolates may not fully represent E. coli strain populations in human hosts. Instead, the sampling effort required to accurately represent strain demographics may depend on strain richness and evenness within each host. The temporal investigation yielded similar or greater strain abundance and diversity compared to other typing methods in the literature suggesting pyroprinting is a similarly discriminating tool. When agglomerated over time or by subject, no significant differences in diversity were observed between subjects or between sampling methods despite visible differences in strain richness and evenness. v ACKNOWLEDGMENTS For Arley: I will always love you. The success and completion of this Master's thesis belongs truly to the faithfulness and continued sustenance provided by my Lord and God, Jesus Christ, to whom is owed all my praise. Many thanks to my always encouraging family and supportive friends, but most of all to my husband. Joel, your unconditional love and continued selfless support through this uphill climb gave me strength to endure. Dr. Black and Dr. Kitts, you pushed and challenged me to grow and think in new ways. I am ever grateful for your belief in me. Thank you for all your support and backing.
The intergroup foundations of climate change justice

Climate change is a global problem that is caused by humans and must be solved by humans, and while differences exist, many theories and research on prejudice and discrimination have direct connections to the psychological processes involved in climate change. Climate change is not only a geophysical issue, but an intergroup issue with justice implications. It impacts people who are most vulnerable to environmental degradation as well as social injustices. Arguably it not only violates human rights but also the rights of animals and nature. Thus, the study of group processes and intergroup relations is critical to understanding the myriad of barriers to addressing this large-scale problem. We explore influences on cognitive steps in perceiving climate change as a justice issue, using social psychology to understand minimization of harms and responsibilities for addressing climate change, and draw from the prejudice and discrimination literature to find ways of moving forward.
Cadherin-11 expression is upregulated in invasive human breast cancer

Loss of expression of cadherin-11 protein is correlated with a loss of epithelial phenotype and a gain in tumor cell proliferation and invasion. It has been hypothesized that cadherin-11 may be a molecular marker for a more aggressive subtype of breast cancer. The present study examined the expression of the mesenchymal gene/protein cadherin-11 in malignant, benign and healthy breast cancer samples. A paraffin-embedded tissue microarray of both malignant and benign/healthy breast tumor was used. Clinicopathological parameters, including age, grading, tumor size, hormone receptors and HER2 receptors status were obtained from patient medical records. Expression of cadherin-11 was analyzed using the monoclonal mouse anti cadherin-11 IgG2B clone. Total RNA was extracted from each breast cancer sample and subjected to semi-quantitative RT-PCR analysis for cadherin-11. Cadherin-11 was detected in 80/82 malignant breast cancer samples and in 33/70 non-malignant tissue samples. Cadherin-11 expression was observed to be predominantly localized to the membrane of tumor cells. When compared to healthy breast tissue biopsies, both cadherin-11 mRNA and protein were demonstrated to be significantly overexpressed in breast carcinoma (P=0.040 and P<0.0001, respectively). Within malignant tumors, however, protein expression was not identified to be associated with other clinicopathological parameters. Our results indicate that cadherin-11 expression is upregulated in malignant human breast cancer.
Mas‐allatotropin in the developing antennal lobe of the sphinx moth Manduca sexta: Distribution, time course, developmental regulation, and colocalization with other neuropeptides

The paired antennal lobes (ALs) of the sphinx moth Manduca sexta serve as a well‐established model for studying development of the primary integration centers for odor information in the brain. To further reveal the role of neuropeptides during AL development, we have analyzed cellular distribution, developmental time course, and regulation of the neuropeptide M. sexta allatotropin (Mas‐AT). On the basis of morphology and appearance during AL formation, seven major types of Mas‐AT‐immunoreactive (ir) cells could be distinguished. Mas‐AT‐ir cells are identified as local, projection, and centrifugal neurons, which are either persisting larval or newly added adult‐specific neurons. Complementary immunostaining with antisera against two other neuropeptide families (A‐type allatostatins, RFamides) revealed colocalization within three of the Mas‐AT‐ir cell types. On the basis of this neurochemistry, the most prominent type of Mas‐AT‐ir neurons, the local AT neurons (LATn), could be divided in three subpopulations. The appearance of the Mas‐AT‐ir cell types occurring during metamorphosis parallels the rising titer of the developmental hormone 20‐hydroxyecdysone (20E). Artificially shifting the 20E titer to an earlier developmental time point resulted in the precocious occurrence of Mas‐AT immunostaining. This result supports the hypothesis that the pupal rise of 20E is causative for Mas‐AT expression during AL development. Comparing localization and developmental time course of Mas‐AT and other neuropeptides with the time course of AL formation suggests various functions for these neuropeptides during development, including an involvement in the formation of the olfactory glomeruli. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Develop Neurobiol, 2008
Protein Kinase C, Focal Adhesions and the Regulation of Cell Migration

Cell adhesion to extracellular matrix is a complex process involving protrusive activity driven by the actin cytoskeleton, engagement of specific receptors, followed by signaling and cytoskeletal organization. Thereafter, contractile and endocytic/recycling activities may facilitate migration and adhesion turnover. Focal adhesions, or focal contacts, are widespread organelles at the cell-matrix interface. They arise as a result of receptor interactions with matrix ligands, together with clustering. Recent analysis shows that focal adhesions contain a very large number of protein components in their intracellular compartment. Among these are tyrosine kinases, which have received a great deal of attention, whereas the serine/threonine kinase protein kinase C has received much less. Here the status of protein kinase C in focal adhesions and cell migration is reviewed, together with discussion of its roles and potential substrates.
Bacterial Community Dynamics and Hydrocarbon Degradation during a Field-Scale Evaluation of Bioremediation on a Mudflat Beach Contaminated with Buried Oil

ABSTRACT A field-scale experiment with a complete randomized block design was performed to study the degradation of buried oil on a shoreline over a period of almost 1 year. The following four treatments were examined in three replicate blocks: two levels of fertilizer treatment of oil-treated plots, one receiving a weekly application of liquid fertilizer and the other treated with a slow-release fertilizer; and two controls, one not treated with oil and the other treated with oil but not with fertilizer. Oil degradation was monitored by measuring carbon dioxide evolution and by chemical analysis of the oil. Buried oil was degraded to a significantly greater extent in fertilized plots, but no differences in oil chemistry were observed between the two different fertilizer treatments, although carbon dioxide production was significantly higher in the oil-treated plots that were treated with slow-release fertilizer during the first 14 days of the experiment. Bacterial communities present in the beach sediments were profiled by denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE) analysis of PCR-amplified 16S rRNA gene fragments and 16S rRNA amplified by reverse transcriptase PCR. Similarities between the DGGE profiles were calculated, and similarity matrices were subjected to statistical analysis. These analyses showed that although significant hydrocarbon degradation occurred both in plots treated with oil alone and in the plots treated with oil and liquid fertilizer, the bacterial community structure in these plots was, in general, not significantly different from that in the control plots that were not treated with oil and did not change over time. In contrast, the bacterial community structure in the plots treated with oil and slow-release fertilizer changed rapidly, and there were significant differences over time, as well as between blocks and even within plots. The differences were probably related to the higher concentrations of nutrients measured in interstitial water from the plots treated with slow-release fertilizer. Bacteria with 16S rRNA sequences closely related (>99.7% identity) to Alcanivorax borkumensis and Pseudomonas stutzeri sequences dominated during the initial phase of oil degradation in the plots treated with slow-release fertilizer. Field data were compared to the results of previous laboratory microcosm experiments, which revealed significant differences.
A topology simplification method for 2D vector fields

Topology analysis of plane, turbulent vector fields results in visual clutter caused by critical points indicating vortices of finer and finer scales. A simplification can be achieved by merging critical points within a prescribed radius into higher order critical points. After building clusters containing the singularities to merge, the method generates a piecewise linear representation of the vector field in each cluster containing only one (higher order) singularity. Any visualization method can be applied to the result after this process. Using different maximal distances for the critical points to be merged results in a hierarchy of simplified vector fields that can be used for analysis on different scales.
Emergence of Hierarchy in Fluid Construction Grammar

One of the key properties of (natural) languages is that they are hierarchical. Phrases combine into larger phrases eventually covering complete sentences. The semantics of each phrase combine to form the complex meaning of the whole. A key question in explaining the origins and evolution of language is therefore how such hierarchical structures may originate and spread in a population. This paper reports on breakthrough experiments in which unbounded hierarchical structure can emerge as a side-eﬀect of repair strategies in a population of agents
Playing it real: magic lens and static peephole interfaces for games in a public space

Magic lens and static peephole interfaces are used in numerous consumer mobile phone applications such as Augmented Reality browsers, games or digital map applications in a variety of contexts including public spaces. Interface performance has been evaluated for various interaction tasks involving spatial relationships in a scene. However, interface usage outside laboratory conditions has not been considered in depth in the evaluation of these interfaces. We present findings about the usage of magic lens and static peephole interfaces for playing a find-and-select game in a public space and report on the reactions of the public audience to participants' interactions. Contrary to our expectations participants favored the magic lens over a static peephole interface despite tracking errors, fatigue and potentially conspicuous gestures. Most passersby did not pay attention to the participants and vice versa. A comparative laboratory experiment revealed only few differences in system usage.
A compact manufacturable 76-77-GHz radar module for commercial ACC applications

The design and measured results of a single-substrate transceiver module suitable for 76-77-GHz pulsed-Doppler radar applications are presented. Emphasis on ease of manufacture and cost reduction of commercial millimeter-wave systems is employed throughout as a design parameter. The importance of using predictive modeling techniques in understanding the robustness of the circuit design is stressed. Manufacturing techniques that conform to standard high-volume assembly constraints have been used. The packaged transceiver module, including three waveguide ports and intermediate-frequency output, measures 20 mm/spl times/22 mm/spl times/8 mm. The circuit is implemented using discrete GaAs/AlGaAs pseudomorphic high electron mobility transistors (pHEMTs), GaAs Schottky diodes, and varactor diodes, as well as GaAs p-i-n and pHEMT monolithic microwave integrated circuits mounted on a low-cost 127-/spl mu/m-thick glass substrate. A novel microstrip-to-waveguide transition is described to transform the planar microstrip signal into the waveguide launch. The module is integrated with a quasi-optical antenna. The measured performance of both the component parts and the complete radar transceiver module is described.
Utility-Based End-to-End Flow Control for Services with Time-Varying Rate

In this paper, we study a utility based flow control problem for a communication network. In most previous works on utility based flow control, the utility function of each user, which represents its satisfaction to the allocated data rate, is assumed to be fixed. This implies that the degree of the rate requirement of each user is assumed to be fixed over the entire duration of its session. However, in the communication network, many services are variable rate services, i.e., the degree of their rate requirement varies over time. Hence, in this paper, we allow the degree of the rate requirement of each user to change over time and model it by using a stochastic utility function that varies stochastically according to the variation of the degree of its rate requirement. We formulate a stochastic optimization problem with stochastic utility functions that aims at maximizing the average network utility while satisfying the constraint on the link capacity. By solving the stochastic optimization problem, we develop a distributed flow control algorithm that converges to the optimal rate allocation.
The two dimensional Mazo limit

Faster than Nyquist (FTN) signaling is extended. We send FTN pulse trains that overlap in both time and frequency; this is called two dimensional Mazo signaling. The minimum time and frequency separation that achieves dmin 2 = 2 for root raised cosine pulses is found. Two dimensional signaling is more bandwidth efficient than one dimensional. A simple decoder is tested and it verifies the distance results
Clustering Microtext Streams for Event Identification

The popularity of microblogging systems has resulted in a new form of Web data – microtext – which is very different from conventional well-written text. Microtext often has the characteristics of informality, brevity, and varied grammar, which poses new challenges in applying traditional clustering algorithms to analyze microtext. In this paper, we propose a novel two-phase approach for clustering streaming microtext, in particular Twitter messages, into event-based clusters. In the online phase, an incremental process is applied to discover base clusters and maintain detailed summary statistics. Upon demand for any user-specified time horizons, an offline phase is triggered to merge related clusters together. We demonstrate that our proposed approach can achieve better clustering accuracy than state-ofthe-art methods.