Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Increased REM sleep without atonia in Parkinson disease with freezing of gait

Objective: The objective of this cross-sectional study was to test the hypothesis that patients with Parkinson disease (PD) and freezing of gait (PD+FOG) would demonstrate sleep disturbances comparable to those seen in patients with REM sleep behavior disorder (RBD) and these changes would be significantly different from those in PD patients without FOG (PD-FOG) and age-matched controls. Methods: We conducted overnight polysomnography studies in 4 groups of subjects: RBD, PD-FOG, PD+FOG, and controls. Tonic and phasic muscle activity during REM sleep were quantified using EMG recordings from the chin, compared among study groups, and correlated with disease metrics. Results: There were no significant differences in measures of disease severity, duration, or dopaminergic medications between the PD+FOG and PD-FOG groups. Tonic muscle activity was increased significantly (p < 0.007) in the RBD and PD+FOG groups compared to the PD-FOG and control groups. There was no significant difference in tonic EMG between the PD+FOG and RBD group (p = 0.364), or in tonic or phasic EMG between the PD-FOG and control group (p = 0.107). Phasic muscle activity was significantly increased in the RBD group compared to all other groups (p = 0.029) and between the PD+FOG and control group (p = 0.001), but not between the PD+FOG and PD-FOG groups (p = 0.059). Conclusions: These findings provide evidence that increased muscle activity during REM sleep is a comorbid feature of patients with PD who exhibit FOG as a motor manifestation of their disease.
An optimal location update and searching algorithm for tracking mobile agent

Mobility management is necessary especially in case of highly dynamic and large scale of mobile agents working together. The lack of efficient location update schemes of mobile agent system made us propose a basic $dU-SSM$ scheme for tracking mobile agent. With it, a mobile agent Updates it location once every $d$ movements and is then searched by Sequential Searching Method. In this paper, we analyze the agent's mobility features and formulate its cost functions based on a single agent's itinerary. We solve the optimal $d$ functions by minimizing the total cost of location updating and searching. By applying the proposed algorithm we obtain very good numerical results. The algorithm is very simple, straightforward and flexible. A sample Aglets code of embedding the algorithm is given. Further on, some improvements on the basic model are discussed.
Teacher Retention and Attrition-in Special and General Education

The primary purpose of this paper is to review research findings related to teacher retention and attrition in special education. Major findings from general education retention studies are also reviewed to provide a context for understanding special educators' career decisions. Research findings are organized around a conceptual model of teachers' career decisions that includes three major factors: (a) external (e.g., societal, economic, and institutional), (b) employment (e.g., professional qualifications, work conditions and rewards, commitment, and employability), and (c) personal (e.g., demographics, family, and cognitive/ affective). Conceptual and methodological considerations related to attrition/retention research are also considered.
The Cardiac Vulnerable Period and Reentrant Arrhythmias: Targets of Anti‐ and Proarrhythmic Processes

Because sudden cardiac death is usually preceded by a reentrant arrhythmia, the precipitating arrhythmia must be multicellular in origin. Therefore clinicians seeking to reduce the incidence of reentrant arrhythmias in their patients with antiarrhythmic drugs that alter propagation may reasonably question the applicability of drug classification schemes (e.g. Sicilian Gambit) that are based on measurements in single cells. This raises a major question: are measures of a drug's anti‐and proarrhythmic potential in single cells predictive of its anti‐ and proarrhythmic properties in tissue? The problem is as follows. From single cell measurements, one expects Class I drugs to reduce excitability, thereby attenuating the occurrence of PVCs. Similarly, one expects Class III drugs to prolong refractoriness and reduce the occurrence of PVCs. We have found in simple models of cardiac tissue that sodium channel blockade (the target of Class I drugs) extends the vulnerable period of a propagating excitation wave, whereas potassium channel blockade (the target of Class III drugs) destabilizes the reentrant path in a manner that amplifies the likelihood of polymorphic tachyarrhythmias. Using analytical, numerical, and experimental studies, we determined that sodium channel blockade was proarrhythmic. In fact, we found that any intervention that slowed conduction was proarrhythmic because slowed conduction increases the vulnerable period and reduces the spatial requirements for sustained reentry. We also found that when obstacles were placed in the path of a propagating wave, reentry occurred when the conduction velocity was less than a critical value. Once reentry was established, we observed that the ECG displayed monomorphic QRS complexes when the reentrant path did not vary from cycle to cycle. Moreover, when the reentiy path did vary from cycle to cycle, the ECG displayed polymorphic QRS complexes. The cycle‐to‐cycle variation in QRS morphology was caused by the spatial variability of the reentry path. The variability of reentry paths (and hence the degree of polymorphic variation in QRS complexes) was amplified by Class III agents. The results presented here show that multicellular proarrhythmic effects are derived from the same mechanisms that exhibit antiarrhythmic properties in single cells.
Forecast Horizons for Production Planning with Stochastic Demand

Forecast horizons, i.e long enough planning horizons that ensure agreement of first period optimal production decisions of finite and infinite horizon problems regardless of changes in future demand, are shown to exist in the context of production planning under stochastic demand. The monotonicity of first period optimal production decisions with respect to first order stochastic shifts in demand is the key to the results. Finally, a stopping rule that is ensured to detect the minimal forecast horizon is presented.
Combining phonetic attributes using conditional random fields

A Conditional Random Field is a mathematical model for sequences that is similar in many ways to a Hidden Markov Model, but is discriminative rather than generative in nature. In this paper, we explore the application of the CRF model to ASR processing of discriminative phonetic features by building a system that performs first-pass phonetic recognition using discriminatively trained phonetic features. With this system, we show that this CRF model achieves an accuracy level in a phone recognition task that is superior to a similarly trained HMM model. Index Terms: speech recognition, conditional random fields.
Peer influence, substance use and leisure: a cross-cultural comparison

Peer-Einfluss, Substanzkonsum und Freizeitverhalten: ein Kulturvergleich Fragestellung: Diese Studie untersucht den Zusammenhang zwischen Freizeitmotivation bzw. Peerdruck und Alkoholkonsum bei Jugendlichen aus drei Kulturen. Methodik: Sekundardaten aus Sud-Afrika, Deutschland und den USA wurden analysiert. Ergebnisse: Peer-Einfluss korreliert positiv mit Alkoholkonsum in allen drei Stichproben. In der deutschen Stichprobe steht Freizeitmotivation in einem positiven Zusammenhang mit Alkoholkonsum. Geringe intrinsische / identifizierte Motivation bei amerikanischen und geringe identifizierte Motivation bei sudafrikanischen Jugendlichen stehen in einen negativen Zusammenhang mit Substanzkonsum. Schlussfolgerungen: Peerdruck steht in den drei Stichproben mit Alkoholkonsum im Jugendalter in Beziehung, wogegen verschiedene Motivationsarten Alkoholkonsum in den drei Kulturen vorhersagen.
Heteroscedastic models to track relationships between management metrics

Modern software systems expose management metrics to help track their health. Recently, it was demonstrated that correlations among these metrics allow faults to be detected and their causes localized. In particular, linear regression models have been used to capture metric correlations. We show that for many pairs of correlated metrics in software systems, such as those based on Java Enterprise Edition (JavaEE), the variance of the predicted variable is not constant. This behaviour violates the assumptions of linear regression, and we show that these models may produce inaccurate results. In this paper, leveraging insight from the system behaviour, we employ an efficient variant of linear regression to capture the non-constant variance. We show that this variant captures metric correlations, while taking the changing residual variance into consideration. We explore potential causes underlying this behaviour, and we construct and validate our models using a realistic multi-tier enterprise application. Using a set of 50 fault-injection experiments, we show that we can detect all faults without any false alarm.
Examining Solid Electrolyte Interphase Formation on Crystalline Silicon Electrodes: Influence of Electrochemical Preparation and Ambient Exposure Conditions

Since the potential for alloying lithium with silicon is outside the window of stability of common commercial electrolytes, silicon surfaces form an amorphous solid electrolyte interphase (SEI) under applied potential, which hampers silicon's performance as a lithium-ion battery anode. We have investigated the composition, distribution, and ambient stability of the SEI formed on undoped silicon (001) wafers configured as model electrodes in three different electrochemical conditions using a reduced oxidation interface for transporting air-sensitive samples from a glovebox to an ultra-high-vacuum chamber for X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) analysis. Variable potential cycling and step experiments included linear sweep voltammetry (LSV), cyclic voltammetry (CV), and chronoamperometry (CA). CV and LSV experiments on silicon electrodes scanned from open-circuit voltage to lithiation (3–0.01 V vs Li/Li+) showed a suppression of carbonate-containing species relative to CA experiments (potential step for .
Evidence for Immune Responses to a Self-Antigen in Lung Transplantation: Role of Type V Collagen-Specific T Cells in the Pathogenesis of Lung Allograft Rejection1

We have reported that lung allograft rejection involves an immune response to a native protein in the lung, type V collagen (col(V)), and that col(V)-induced oral tolerance prevented acute and chronic rejection. In support of these findings col(V) fragments were detected in allografts during rejection, but not in normal lungs. The purpose of the current study was to isolate and characterize col(V)-specific allograft-infiltrating T cells and to determine their contribution to the rejection response in vivo. Two col(V)-specific T cell lines, LT1 and LT3, were isolated from F344 (RT1lv1) rat lung allografts during rejection that occurred after transplantation into WKY (RT1l) recipients. Both cell lines, but not normal lung lymphocytes, proliferated in response to col(V). Neither LT1 nor LT3 proliferated in response to alloantigens. LT1 and LT3 were CD4+CD25− and produced IFN-γ in response to col(V). Compared with normal CD4+ T cells, both cell lines expressed a limited V-β TCR repertoire. Each cell strongly expressed V-β 9 and 16, but differed in expression of other V-βs. Adoptive transfer of each cell line did not induce pathology in lungs of normal WKY rats. In contrast, adoptive transfer of LT1, but not LT3, caused marked peribronchiolar and perivascular inflammation in isograft (WKY) lungs and abrogated col(V)-induced oral tolerance to allograft (F344) lungs. Collectively, these data show that lung allograft rejection involves both allo- and autoimmune responses, and graft destruction that occurs during the rejection response may expose allograft-infiltrating T cells to potentially antigenic epitopes in col(V).
Expression of Axin2 indicates a role for canonical Wnt signaling in development of the crown and root during pre‐ and postnatal tooth development

Previously two reporter mice, TOPgal and BATgal, have been used to uncover the spatial patterns of canonical Wnt activity up to the bell stage of tooth development. To further understand the function of this pathway, not only at the early developmental stages of odontogenesis but also in postnatal teeth, we have used Axin2‐lacZ mice a direct reporter of canonical Wnt activity. As tooth development progresses, Axin2 expression becomes localized to the primary and secondary enamel knots, and the underlying mesenchyme. In postnatal teeth, Axin2 expression is observed in developing odontoblasts, in the dental pulp and concentrated around the developing roots. Expression is excluded from the ameloblasts and associated with the enamel‐free zones at the tip of the molar cusps. This expression identifies new roles for Wnt signaling in defining the regions where enamel will form, and controlling root development at late stages of tooth development. Developmental Dynamics 239:160–167, 2010. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Continuity in Social Policy Behaviours: The Case of Voluntary Blood Donorship

ABSTRACT Using voluntary blood donation as a case example, the study on which this article is based explored not only the extent, or breadth, of community involvement in social policy behaviours, but also the continuity, or depth, of this commitment. Demographic and motivational data were collected through a postal questionnaire returned by 1,784 persons who had voluntarily donated blood at least once in metropolitan Toronto between 1974 and 1978. An empirical distinction was also drawn between the ‘active’ and the ‘lapsed’ donor. The study found that while certain sectors of society were probably disproportionately represented among those who chose to undertake voluntary social behaviours, the continuity of these actions could not be statistically associated with demographic or socio-economic variables. However, it did find that donors initially motivated by ‘external’ considerations such as convenience of location were more likely to lapse, while those for whom moral considerations and a sense of community were most important were more likely to continue as active donors. The general conclusion suggests that manipulating the context may be useful to broaden the initial participatory base in voluntary actions, but to produce continuity in this involvement the challenge must be phrased in moral language.
Reducing Alcohol and Other Drug Use by Strengthening Community, Family, and Youth Resiliency

The Creating Lasting Connections 5-year demonstration project was designed to delay onset and reduce frequency of alcohol and other drug use among high-risk 12-through 14-year-old youth by positively impacting resiliency factors in three domains: church community, family, and individual (youth). Major program components included church community mobilization, parent/guardian training, youth training, early intervention services, and follow-up case management services. The program was implemented in multiple church communities in rural, suburban, and inner-city settings. The evaluation employed a true experimental design with three repeated measures over a I-yearperiod. Results showed that the program successfully engaged church communities in substance abuse prevention activities and produced positive direct effects on family and youth resiliency, as well as moderating effects on onset and frequency of alcohol and other drug use. Findings that are consistent with the program message and significant learnings are highlighted.
What makes music emotionally significant? Exploring the underlying mechanisms

A common approach to study emotional reactions to music is to attempt to obtain direct links between musical surface features such as tempo and a listener’s response. However, such an analysis ultimately fails to explain why emotions are aroused in the listener. In this article, we propose an alternative approach, which seeks to explain musical emotions in terms of a set of underlying mechanisms that are activated by different types of information in musical events. We illustrate this approach by reporting a listening experiment, which manipulated a piece of music to activate four mechanisms: brain stem reflex; emotional contagion; episodic memory; and musical expectancy. The musical excerpts were played to 20 listeners, who were asked to rate their felt emotions on 12 scales. Pulse rate, skin conductance, and facial expressions were also measured. Results indicated that target mechanisms were activated and aroused emotions largely as predicted by a multi-mechanism framework.
Modulation of retinoic acid sensitivity in lung cancer cells through dynamic balance of orphan receptors nur77 and COUP‐TF and their heterodimerization

The diverse function of retinoic acid (RA) is mediated by its nuclear receptors, the retinoic acid receptors (RARs) and retinoid X receptors (RXRs). However, the RA response is often lost in cancer cells that express the receptors. Previously, it was demonstrated that the RA response is regulated by the COUP‐TF orphan receptors. Here, we present evidence that nur77, another orphan receptor whose expression is highly induced by phorbol esters and growth factors, is involved in modulation of the RA response. Expression of nur77 enhances ligand‐independent transactivation of RA response elements (RAREs) and desensitizes their RA responsiveness. Conversely, expression of COUP‐TF sensitizes RA responsiveness of RAREs by repressing their basal transactivation activity. Unlike the effect of COUP‐TFs, the function of nur77 does not require direct binding of nur77 to the RAREs, but is through interaction between nur77 and COUP‐TFs. The interaction occurs in solution and results in inhibition of COUP‐TF RARE binding and transcriptional activity. Unlike other nuclear receptors, a large portion of the carboxy‐terminal end of nur77 is not required for its interaction with COUP‐TF. In human lung cancer cell lines, COUP‐TF is highly expressed in RA‐sensitive cell lines while nur77 expression is associated with RA resistance. Stable expression of COUP‐TF in nur77‐positive, RA‐resistant lung cancer cells enhances the inducibility of RARβ gene expression and growth inhibition by RA. These observations demonstrate that a dynamic equilibrium between orphan receptors nur77 and COUP‐TF, through their heterodimerization that regulates COUP‐TF RARE binding, is critical for RA responsiveness of human lung cancer cells.
Safety and efficacy of preoperative administration of meloxicam, compared with that of ketoprofen and butorphanol in dogs undergoing abdominal surgery.

OBJECTIVE To compare the safety and efficacy of preoperative administration of meloxicam with that of ketoprofen and butorphanol in dogs undergoing abdominal surgery. ANIMALS 36 dogs undergoing laparotomy, splenectomy, or cystotomy. PROCEDURE Dogs were randomly assigned to 1 of 3 groups. In the first part of the study, dogs were given a single dose of meloxicam, ketoprofen, or a placebo, and buccal mucosal bleeding times were measured. In the second part of the study, dogs were given meloxicam, ketoprofen, or butorphanol prior to surgery. Dogs in the butorphanol group received a second dose immediately after surgery. Pain scores (1 to 10) were assigned hourly for 20 hours after surgery and used to determine an overall efficacy score for each dog. Dogs with a pain score > or =3 were given oxymorphone for pain. Dogs were euthanatized 8 days after surgery, and gross and histologic examinations of the liver, kidneys, and gastrointestinal tract were conducted. RESULTS Overall efficacy was rated as good or excellent in 9 of the 12 dogs that received meloxicam, compared with 9 of the 12 dogs that received ketoprofen and only 1 of the 12 dogs that received butorphanol. No clinically important hematologic, biochemical, or pathologic abnormalities were detected. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE Results suggest that preoperative administration of meloxicam is a safe and effective method of controlling postoperative pain for 20 hours in dogs undergoing abdominal surgery; the analgesic effects of meloxicam were comparable to those of ketoprofen and superior to those of butorphanol.
INVISIBLE ACTIVE S 1 S 2 S 3 S 4 Extraction Deactivation Local redetection Rejection

Significant effort has been devoted within the visual tracking community to rapid learning of object properties on the fly. However, state-of-the-art approaches still often fail in cases such as rapid out-of-plane rotation, when the appearance changes suddenly. One of the major contributions of this work is a radical rethinking of the traditional wisdom of modelling 3D motion as appearance change during tracking. Instead, 3D motion is modelled as 3D motion. This intuitive but previously unexplored approach provides new possibilities in visual tracking research. Firstly, 3D tracking is more general, as large out-of-plane motion is often fatal for 2D trackers, but helps 3D trackers to build better models. Secondly, the tracker’s internal model of the object can be used in many different applications and it could even become the main motivation, with tracking supporting reconstruction rather than vice versa. This effectively bridges the gap between visual tracking and Structure from Motion. A new benchmark dataset of sequences with extreme out-ofplane rotation is presented and an online leader-board offered to stimulate new research in the relatively underdeveloped area of 3D tracking. The proposed method, provided as a baseline, is capable of successfully tracking these sequences, all of which pose a considerable challenge to 2D trackers (error reduced by 46 %).
Zeolite Encapsulation Decreases TiO2-photosensitized ROS Generation in Cultured Human Skin Fibroblasts†

Abstract Sunscreens protect skin against sunburn. However, studies have demonstrated that UV-irradiated sunscreen components such as titanium dioxide (TiO2) promote the photogeneration of reactive oxygen species (ROS). Because encapsulation of TiO2 within zeolites alters its photocatalytic activity, supramolecular composites based on NaY zeolite hosts containing TiO2 guests were prepared, and the effects on ROS formation in cells under UVA-irradiation evaluated. DCFH-DA (2′,7′-dichlorofluorescein diacetate) was used as a profluorescent probe to monitor intracellular ROS. The detection of intracellular 2′,7′-dichlorofluorescein (DCF) fluorescence by confocal microscopy revealed that DCFH-DA was taken up, hydrolyzed and oxidized by yeast cells and cultured human skin fibroblasts within 20 and 6 min, respectively. Higher DCF fluorescence was observed in fibroblasts following UVA irradiation in the absence but not in the presence of the radical nitroxide, TEMPOL (4-hydroxy-2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperydine-1-oxyl), which exhibits superoxide dismutase-mimetic and catalase-mimetic activity. UVA-induced fluorescence increased by ∼50% in the presence of 32-nm anatase TiO2 particles and decreased by essentially an equal amount in the presence of TiO2 encapsulated within NaY zeolites (TiO2@NaY). Addition of the uncomplexed NaY host also decreased (by ∼30%) the amount of UVA-induced fluorescence but, unexpectedly, the combination of the free guest and host (TiO2+NaY) caused a doubling of the fluorescence. Protection of cells against TiO2-induced intracellular ROS by encapsulation suggests that supramolecular species may be beneficial in photoprotection of the skin. In contrast, the potentiation of TiO2-induced ROS by uncomplexed NaY points to a critical role for formulation when free TiO2 is used as a sun screen ingredient.