Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Constraining the composition and thermal state of the mantle beneath Europe from inversion of long‐period electromagnetic sounding data

[1] We reexamine the problem of inverting C responses, covering periods between 1 month and 1 year collected from 42 European observatories, to constrain the internal structure of the Earth. Earlier studies used the C responses, which connect the magnetic vertical component and the horizontal gradient of the horizontal components of electromagnetic variations, to obtain the conductivity profile of the Earth's mantle. Here, we go beyond this approach by inverting directly for chemical composition and thermal state of the Earth, rather than subsurface electrical conductivity structure. The primary inversion parameters are the composition of the Earth's mantle within the system CaO-FeO-MgO-Al2O3-SiO2 and geotherm. Given these parameters, we calculate mineral modes at the prevailing physical conditions and combine these with laboratory-based models for the conductivity of individual minerals to estimate the bulk Earth electrical conductivity structure from which C responses are calculated. To further constrain the radial density profile, we also invert for mass and moment of inertia. The results agree with earlier geophysically derived conductivity and seismic velocity models and confirm that inversion of geophysical data for compositional parameters, planetary composition, and thermal state is feasible. The inversion indicates most probable lower mantle geothermal gradients of ∼0.58 K/km, core mantle boundary temperatures of ∼2900°C, bulk Earth molar Mg/Si ratios of ∼1.1, intermediate between the chondrite and pyrolite models, and no significant change in mantle composition across the 670-km seismic discontinuity.
Returning, Remitting, Reshaping: Non-Resident Indians and the Transformation of Society and Space in Punjab, India

This paper examines the ways in which Indo-Canadian immigrants link communities across Canada and India through fundraising for village development in their countries of birth. Attachment to the land of birth – the power of place – is a central aspect of Punjabi identity, and I support this assertion through a range of empirical material in order to argue that this connectivity, and the related transformations it encourages, will continue to mature. I argue that it is important for academics and policy makers to acknowledge the influence of transnational linkages upon immigration flows and issues of economic and social development in both India and Canada.
Botrytis cinerea induces local hypoxia in Arabidopsis leaves

Summary Low oxygen availability often is associated with soil waterlogging or submergence, but may occur also as hypoxic niches in otherwise aerobic tissues. Experimental evidence assigns a role in Botrytis cinerea resistance to a group of oxygen‐unstable Ethylene Response Factors (ERF‐VII). Given that infection by B. cinerea often occurs in aerobic organs such as leaves, where ERF‐VII stability should be compromised, we explored the possibility of local leaf hypoxia at the site of infection. We analyzed the expression of hypoxia‐responsive genes in infected leaves. Confocal microscopy was utilized to verify the localization of the ERF‐VII protein RAP2.12. Oxygen concentration was measured to evaluate the availability of oxygen (O2). We discovered that infection by B. cinerea induces increased respiration, leading to a drastic drop in the O2 concentration in an otherwise fully aerobic leaf. The establishment of a local hypoxic area results in stabilization and nuclear relocalization of RAP2.12. The possible roles of defence elicitors, ABA and ethylene were evaluated. Local hypoxia at the site of B. cinerea infection allows the stabilization of ERF‐VII proteins. Hypoxia at the site of pathogen infection generates a nearly O2‐free environment that may affect the stability of other N‐degron‐regulated proteins as well as the metabolism of elicitors.
Severance of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungal mycelial networks in restoration grasslands enhances seedling biomass

Summary Establishment and growth of grassland plant species is generally promoted by arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) when grown in isolation. However, in grassland communities AMF form networks that may connect individual plants of different ages within and between species. Here, we use an ingrowth core approach to examine how mycorrhizal networks influences performance of seedlings in grasslands. We selected four grass and four forb species with known negative or neutral‐positive plant–soil feedback and grew them individually in steel mesh cores filled with living field soil. Cores were placed in six restored grasslands, three grasslands were of relatively young and three were of older successional age. Ingrowing mycorrhizal fungal hyphae were severed twice a week in half of all cores, which resulted into reduced AMF colonization and increased seedling biomass, irrespective of the fields' succession stage, and the plants' grass/forb group, or plant–soil feedback type. In the control cores, root colonization by AMF was negatively correlated to seedling biomass, whereas there was no such relationships in the cores that had been lifted. We conclude that connections to arbuscular mycorrhizal networks of surrounding plants had a negative impact on biomass of establishing forb and grass seedlings.
Idiosyncratic perception: a link between acuity, perceived position and apparent size

Perceiving the positions of objects is a prerequisite for most other visual and visuomotor functions, but human perception of object position varies from one individual to the next. The source of these individual differences in perceived position and their perceptual consequences are unknown. Here, we tested whether idiosyncratic biases in the underlying representation of visual space propagate across different levels of visual processing. In Experiment 1, using a position matching task, we found stable, observer-specific compressions and expansions within local regions throughout the visual field. We then measured Vernier acuity (Experiment 2) and perceived size of objects (Experiment 3) across the visual field and found that individualized spatial distortions were closely associated with variations in both visual acuity and apparent object size. Our results reveal idiosyncratic biases in perceived position and size, originating from a heterogeneous spatial resolution that carries across the visual hierarchy.
Generation tools for visualization of database content in three dimensions by Cyril Morcrette

New technologies for the three-dimensional scene description, such as VRML97, open new possibilities to visualize large amounts of information in a new way. These technologies used through the Internet should make the access to the information independent of the platform and of the location. To reach these goals, we explore a fusion of the VRML, Java, and Database technologies to design applications for the visualization of information stored in databases in threedimension. The research is focused on design tools that allow a multimodal display of any kind of information in a three-dimension scene described in VRML97. The architecture associated with this design should allow interaction and dynamic refresh of these worlds. The technology is essentially client-server based with ambition to make the tools as modular as possible to have the ability to apply them visualization on different kind of databases, and to use different representations on the same database. The design should also abstract as far as possible the data from the different components of the project and store the maximum in the database to make easier to create of new applications. Thesis supervisor: Steven R. Lerman Title: Professor of Civil and Environmental Engineering
Incidence of androgen receptor and androgen receptor variant 7 coexpression in prostate cancer

Prostate cancer (PRCA) is an androgen‐driven disease, where androgens act through the androgen receptor (AR) to induce proliferation and survival of tumor cells. Recently, AR splice variant 7 (ARv7) has been implicated in advanced stages of PRCA and clinical recurrence. With the widespread use of AR‐targeted therapies, there has been a rising interest in the expression of full‐length AR and ARv7 in PRCA progression and how these receptors, both independently and together, contribute to adverse clinicopathologic outcomes.
q 31 . 2 and in ZNF 365 are associated with breast cancer risk for BRCA 1 and / or BRCA 2 mutation carriers

Introduction: Several common alleles have been shown to be associated with breast and/or ovarian cancer risk for BRCA1 and BRCA2 mutation carriers. Recent genome-wide association studies of breast cancer have identified eight additional breast cancer susceptibility loci: rs1011970 (9p21, CDKN2A/B), rs10995190 (ZNF365), rs704010 (ZMIZ1), rs2380205 (10p15), rs614367 (11q13), rs1292011 (12q24), rs10771399 (12p11 near PTHLH) and rs865686 (9q31.2). Methods: To evaluate whether these single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) are associated with breast cancer risk for BRCA1 and BRCA2 carriers, we genotyped these SNPs in 12,599 BRCA1 and 7,132 BRCA2 mutation carriers and analysed the associations with breast cancer risk within a retrospective likelihood framework. Results: Only SNP rs10771399 near PTHLH was associated with breast cancer risk for BRCA1 mutation carriers (per-allele hazard ratio (HR) = 0.87, 95% CI: 0.81 to 0.94, P-trend = 3 × 10). The association was restricted to mutations proven or predicted to lead to absence of protein expression (HR = 0.82, 95% CI: 0.74 to 0.90, P-trend = 3.1 × 10, P-difference = 0.03). Four SNPs were associated with the risk of breast cancer for BRCA2 mutation carriers: rs10995190, P-trend = 0.015; rs1011970, P-trend = 0.048; rs865686, 2df-P = 0.007; rs1292011 2df-P = 0.03. rs10771399 (PTHLH) was predominantly associated with estrogen receptor (ER)-negative breast cancer for BRCA1 mutation carriers (HR = 0.81, 95% CI: 0.74 to 0.90, P-trend = 4 × 10) and there was marginal evidence of association with ER-negative breast cancer for BRCA2 mutation carriers (HR = 0.78, 95% CI: 0.62 to 1.00, P-trend = 0.049). Conclusions: The present findings, in combination with previously identified modifiers of risk, will ultimately lead to more accurate risk prediction and an improved understanding of the disease etiology in BRCA1 and BRCA2 mutation carriers.
High Dynamic Range Image ( HDRI ) Rendering A Technique for Architectural Pre-Visualisation

This paper suggests a method known as High Dynamic Range Image (HDRI) to pre-visualise architectural elements in three-dimensional (3D) environment used by Computer Graphic Imaging (CGI) fi lm-makers to integrate 3D models and characters into live action background (special effect). This Intensifi cation Research Priority Area (IRPA) grant project was developed to suggest ways to achieve effective rendering solution and composition of the fi nal output. It will focus on experimental modelling of local cultural elements that provides solutions for radiosity-type effects and dirt shadings. A set of data from an established site (i.e. environment) was captured and represented in High Dynamic Range (HDR) fi le. This data is integrated with architectural elements (e.g. 3D objects) and then pre-rendered to get the 3D visualisation of the actual environment. Several different exposures were also captured and tested to establish the correct rendering and lighting condition. This earlier result shows that HDRI method provides accurate visualisation and drastically reduces the rendering time without compromising the data (images) with accurate lighting. This paper will demonstrate the process of HDRI, compare the visual impact with ‘radiosity’ technique and other related rendering solutions and present the results, which are useful for architectural animation, simulation and other modelling developments.
Socioeconomic impacts of flooding in South-Eastern Nigeria: Causes, coping strategies, and flood control measures

The occurrence of floods in Nigeria, particularly in the South-Eastern zones, has resulted in significant socioeconomic losses and continues to be a recurring hazard. This study aims to investigate the socioeconomic impacts of flooding in the region, identify causes and coping strategies, suggest measures for flood control, and evaluate the role of the government in flood management. The study collected data through a questionnaire distributed to 200 respondents and analyzed it using simple percentages, frequency distribution tables, and bar charts. The findings reveal that the incidence of flooding has a significant impact on the socioeconomic activity of the affected communities. To address this issue, proactive and reliable measures are necessary, such as reviewing urban plans and policies, establishing state response desks and relief centers in flood-prone areas, etc. These steps can provide long-term results and promote socio-economic growth in the region. Overall, the study highlights the need for effective flood management strategies to minimize the negative effects on communities and foster sustainable development in Nigeria. JEL Classification J10; J18; J19
THE EFFECT OF TEMPERATURE AND RELATIVE HUMIDITY ON SURVIVAL OF UNFED HYALOMMA IMPELTATUM ( Acarina : Ixodidae ) By

This work investigates survival of unfed Hyalomma impeltatum in which 8089 larvae, 3946 nymphs, 2058 males and 2304 females held at different combinations of temperature (21, 25, 29 and 34°C) and relative humidity (RH) (32, 52, 75 and 97%) levels. Survival was significantly improved with rise in RH and fall in temperature in all stages. The magnitude of the effect of RH and temperature on survival varied significantly between stages. Changes in RH and temperature had a stronger impact on survival in larvae than in nymphs and adults; and nymphs were the most tolerant to changes in temperature. Using 97% RH as a base-line level, the temperature-adjusted relative death rate (RDR) at 32% RH levels was 417.0 in larvae, 13.9 in nymphs and 8.1 in adults. The RH-adjusted RDR at 34°C relative to 21°C in these stages was 13.3, 4.6 and 7.3, respectively. Males fared significantly better than females, with age-, RHand temperature-adjusted RDR for females relative to males being 1. 7. The survival difference between males and females was largely post-median. No significant interaction was found between the effects on adult survival of (a) RH and temperature and (b) RH and sex. The difference in tolerance to RH and temperature changes were discussed in relation to differences in the cuticle properties and adaptability of the difference stages.
Vision-based Sensor System for Vibration Measurement

An on-line vision based vibration measurement system has been developed. Conventional methods of data acquisition for vibration measurements involve employing physical sensors such as accelerometers or other contact-based sensors on the vibrating target. The measurements resulting from physical sensors provide localized reading. Moreover, installation is sometimes difficult and there is an added disadvantage of degrading the accuracy of measurements by employment of an additional mass. However, the advent of latest image processing techniques allow for minimizing these drawbacks, by providing intuitionist exhibition of the actual vibration. In this study, a camera acquires video of vibrating target continuously at desired frame rate. Since the vibration in the target results in transitional shift of target from one image to next image, it is shown here that the shift between them can be used to extract the amplitude and frequency of vibration. Study carried out on various systems is presented here and results show that with sub-pixel level estimation, vibrations of smaller amplitude can also be detected effectively. Results using different interpolation on images are discussed in the end of the article.
Law and Development Review

Previous studies on financial development have shown that differences in the legal origin explain differences in financial development. Using historical comparisons and cross-country regressions for 40 countries observed for the period from 2005 to 2018, our research assesses how different legal origins have affected the development of Islamic finance worldwide. More particularly, our research assesses empirically why and how the adoption of Shari’a, wholly or partially (combined with common or civil law), could explain the level of development of Islamic finance in different jurisdictions. Our primary results show that countries adopting a Shari’a legal system have a very well-developed Islamic financial system. Moreover, countries adopting a mixed legal system based on common lawand Shari’a lawhave sufficient flexibilitywithin their legal systems to make changes to their laws in response to the changing socioeconomic conditions, and this has helped the development of the Islamic financial industry. However, countries adopting a mixed legal system based on both civil law and Shari’a law appear less flexible in making changes to their old laws and this thwarted the development of the Islamic financial industry in these countries. Furthermore, we have found that the concentration of a Muslim population (the percentage of Muslim population) along with the level of income have both had a positive effect on the development of Islamic banking assets and on the development of Islamic banking as a whole.
Social Prescribing: Creating Pathways Towards Better Health and Wellness

Health systems in Western countries are increasingly looking to patient-centered care (intensive and integrated whole-population approaches to empowering people to have greater choice and control over their health and care) and integrated care, in which “teams of organizations in defined areas take collective responsibility for managing resources, delivering standards, and improving the health of the population they serve,” to deliver health and systems improvements. An important component of this patientcentered integration is the effort to address social determinants of health (DOH) by strengthening relationships between health and social care systems. Social prescribing creates an evaluable and trackable pathway by which clinicians can connect people with a range of nonclinical support services in their communities (eg, gardening groups and walking clubs), as well as social services aimed at addressing structural harms (eg, under housing, poverty, and food insecurity). The process is built on the recognition that 80% or more of our health and well-being are determined by modifiable social and environmental factors that occur outside mainstream biomedical health systems and can be improved at both individual and population levels. Social prescribing meets the goal of patient-centered health systems integration through three main mechanisms. First, a link worker in every team or network within an integrated care system performs patient-centered care coordination between health and community systems through deep and sustained codesign with patients and caregivers. Second, health systems provide support to develop and sustain highquality nonclinical community and social services offered in social prescriptions, to address the DOH. Finally, shared electronic medical records and other tools are employed to monitor and evaluate health and health services outcomes and to clarify and improve clinical pathways in the service of the quadruple aim: enriched patient experience, better population health, reduced costs, and improved care team well-being. In this article, we draw on the health evidence, including our own evaluation of a social prescribing pilot project in Ontario, Canada, to build social prescribing into the architecture of the health system as Western health systems are reopened for transformation (eg, the United Kingdom’s move to Integrated Care Systems and now Ontario, Canada’s, Ontario Health Teams).
ARCHAEOLOGICAL INVESTIGATIONS AT THE SALDANHA SKULL SITE IN SOUTH AFRICA

'Elandsfontein' farm is situated on the extensive Sandveld which lies on part of the coastal plain north of Darling and extends as far as Saldanha Bay. It is in the district of Hopefield, 60 miles NNW. of Cape Town in the Cape Province of South Africa. The low annual rainfall of the Sandveld, about 13 inches a year, encourages little more than sparse grazing for sheep and goats, as well as for cattle in the wet winter season. 'Elandsfontein' is particularly impoverished as some two square miles of the farm have been transformed by erosion into a sandy desert; once the thin bush is removed the sand is subject to the full force of the strong winds which frequently blow over this part of the Cape. Series of barchan dunes have formed, some to a height of 50 feet and more, roughly at right angles to the prevailing south-east (summer) and north-west (winter) winds (PI. 1). The stronger summer winds have caused the sands to advance in a generally northward direction. Through the planting of conifer wind-breaks, the vegetation is regaining a grip, particularly around the southern edge of the site, but the local soil conservation authorities watch the area with anxiety. Between the dunes are scoured areas of the original Sandveld, eroded to two distinct deflation levels ('plains') because of the presence in the subsoil of an upper ferruginous formation and a lower one of calcareous concretions. It is on the latter that most of the thousands of mineralized Middle to Upper Pleistocene animal bones, for which the site is famous Plate 1. Part of the dune area at 'Elandsfontein'. In the foreground can be seen two deflation surfaces: the upper darker one, in process of excavation, forms a plain covered by small, sintery pellets of ferricrete and produces very few artefacts and fossil bones, although Middle Stone Age Still Bay points are said to have come from it. The figure stands on the lower plain of sandy, calcareous concretions, the Jevel at which the great majority of the discoveries at 'Elandsfontein' have been made. In the background is a major dune front. 63 S. Afr. Archaeol. Bull. 25: 63-74.
Urban water interventions and livelihoods in low-income neighbourhoods in Kisumu, Kenya

Three informal settlements in the city of Kisumu (Kenya) are compared in terms of water provision and livelihood. In two of the areas (Wandiege and Katuoro), a major water intervention has taken place, whereby in the one (Wandiege) the community has taken things completely in their own hands (culminating in their own, officially registered water company), while in the other (Katuoro) the community and KIWASCO (Kisumu's major water provider) have joined hands (the delegated management model). In the third area (Bandani) nothing of the sort has happened. Survey results show that, despite all kinds of challenges and problems, the interventions in Wandiege and Katuoro did have a substantial positive impact on several livelihood aspects of the households - measured as well as perceived by the respondents - leading to the conclusion that both types of interventions deserve to be replicated elsewhere.
RADIO AS A PUBLIC SERVICE ANNOUNCEMENT MEDIA

This study aims to analyze the role of radio as public service announcement media with a local cultural approach. This study used a qualitative approach. The population of this study was LPPRRI Palu City or Public Broadcasting Institution-Radio Republik Indonesia (a national radio station). This study involved the head of LPP-RRI, the head of public broadcasting institutions, the head of program planning and evaluation, heads of Programa 4 sections, and broadcasters as samples determined using a purposive sampling technique. Data were collected from observation, interviews, and documentation. Data were analyzed using interactive analysis covering data reduction, data presentation, and drawing conclusions. The results of the study showed that radio or in this case the LPP-RRI Palu City had implemented local culture, particularly in public broadcasting service. The public service announcement was oriented to the local language and used the local language to maintain or preserve their existence.