Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Recovery of campylobacter from human faeces stored at 4 °C

SUMMARY Six hundred and thirteen fresh diarrhoeal faeces were inoculated on Skirrow blood agar (SK), on Preston blood free agar (PBF), and in Campy-thioglycolate broth (CT). After 24 h of storage at 4 °C, specimens were again inoculated on SK and PBF, and in Campylobacter enrichment broth (CEB). CT tubes were placed overnight at 4 °C. Plates and CEB tubes were incubated at 43 °C in microaerophilic conditions. A total of 68 specimens was positive for campylobacter on direct plating. Sixty-four of them were also recovered after subculturing from CT, and only 51 from CEB. Delayed inoculation of plates after storage of samples at 4 °C yielded 57 isolates. The storage of faeces at 4 °C for 24 h significantly reduces the number of campylobacter isolates. When samples are not plated immediately we recommend inoculating a CT tube maintained at 4 °C overnight as a holding medium.
Kinase‐negative mutants of JAK1 can sustain interferon‐gamma‐inducible gene expression but not an antiviral state.

The receptor‐associated protein tyrosine kinases JAK1 and JAK2 are both required for the interferon (IFN)‐gamma response. The effects of expressing kinase‐negative JAK mutant proteins on signal transduction in response to IFN‐gamma in wild‐type cells and in mutant cells lacking either JAK1 or JAK2 have been analysed. In cells lacking endogenous JAK1 the expression of a transfected kinase‐negative JAK1 can sustain substantial IFN‐gamma‐inducible gene expression, consistent with a structural as well as an enzymic role for JAK1. Kinase‐negative JAK2, expressed in cells lacking endogenous JAK2, cannot sustain IFN‐gamma‐inducible gene expression, despite low level activation of STAT1 DNA binding activity. When expressed in wild‐type cells, kinase‐negative JAK2 acts as a dominant‐negative inhibitor of the IFN‐gamma response. Further analysis of the JAK/STAT pathway suggests a model for the IFN‐gamma response in which the initial phosphorylation of JAK1 and JAK2 is mediated by JAK2, whereas phosphorylation of the IFN‐gamma receptor is normally carried out by JAK1. The efficient phosphorylation of STAT 1 in the receptor‐JAK complex may again depend on JAK2. Interestingly, a JAK1‐dependent signal, in addition to STAT1 activation, appears to be required for the expression of the antiviral state.
A note on the deployment of kinematic agents by binary information

The problem of deploying continuous-time kinematic agents on a line is considered. To achieve the prescribed formation each agent uses a binary information, namely whether the distance of the agent from a neighbor is below or above the prescribed inter-agent distance. A simple control law which achieves and maintains the formation despite the coarse information available is designed.
Lexical Learning by Error Detection

The learning theory described here addresses the learning of lexical entries for certain predicational terms. Through characterizing input to the language learner in terms of conceptual structure-syntactic structure pairs, and evidence in terms of the technically defined construct detectable lexical error, the process outlined by the theory functions through error detection based on positive-only evidence. Learning is achieved when the learner has no occasion to reject newly formed lexical entries; this is the situation when lexical entries for all designated morphology (affixes and prepositions) are correctly acquired. The functioning of the theory is exemplified through a discussion of the learning schema, with particular attention to varying lexicalization patterns.
Investigating event-related oscillations in infancy

Two general approaches have been taken to the electrophysiological study of infant brain function: event-related and evoked potentials (see Chapters 2–8 of this volume) and resting EEG (see Chapters 8 and 9). In this chapter, we introduce a third (intermediate) approach that we term “event-related oscillations”. Briefly, event-related oscillations (EROs) are bursts of EEG at particular frequencies that are approximately time-locked to task or stimulus presentation events. For this reason, they are taken to reflect oscillatory activity in the brain related to specific task-relevant computations. While there is a growing literature on EROs in adults, particularly with respect to highfrequency (gamma-band) bursts, the approach has only just begun to be applied to infants. In the first section of this chapter we initially describe (1) how EROs can be analyzed from raw EEG data, (2) the potential pitfalls and sources of artefact with EROs, and (3) issues of experimental design. Following this, we review evidence from two areas where we have adopted the ERO approach to study infants’ perception and processing of objects. Finally, we discuss potential future avenues for research on infant cognition with EROs.
Peacocks and wallflowers: (in)visibility with digital jewellery

As a genre of Ubiquitous Computing, wearables inherited a paradigmatic ideal of disappearance and, until very recently, visibility was treated as a simplistic dichotomous issue of overt versus covert technology. In line with calls by theorists in New Media for oscillation between states of invisibility and reflection in the design of interfaces, this article presents findings from a networked jewellery project which reconceptualize this problem as both situated and dynamic, revealing that wearable artefacts segue between high states of visibility and disappearance just as they afford their wearers new ways of maintaining social presence.
The Strategic Impact of Vertical Application Service Providers: An SME Perspective

Against a background of the low engagement of small to medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) in e-business this paper investigates the strategic impact of e-aggregation applications, provided by emerging vertical application service providers (VSP), and defined as ‘an e-business application, promoted by a trusted third party, which engages a significant number of SMEs by addressing an important shared business concern within an aggregation’. By conducting quantitative surveys of four aggregations of SMEs using these applications (users) and comparing these results with similar enterprises who are not (non-users) the research shows that such applications can facilitate the e-business engagement by SMEs.
Implicit Versus Explicit Origins of the Self

One of the most difficult challenges in all of psychology is to operationalize the notion of self. It is thus not surprising that progress in studying the early development of the self has been somewhat elusive. The target article by Butterworth is an important step in establishing a theoretical foundation for the study of this developmental process. Its principal contribution is to challenge the conventional position that the self emerges solely as a function of cognitive changes and social interaction. Surely these two factors contribute, but their importance should not obscure the intriguing possibility that the origins of the self are embedded within the organization of the neonate. Butterworth does an admirable job of summarizing some of the relevant information, but I suspect that many skeptics will not be satisfied. In particular, his analysis falls short on demonstrating whether or not any of the perceptual information specifying the self is actually used by the infant. Moreover, little is suggested as to what processes are responsible for developmental changes in selfperception. The purpose of this commentary is twofold. First, I introduce a distinction between implicit and explicit perceptual information specifying the self. It is argued that it is only when the information about the self is accessed explicitly that inferences concerning self-perception are valid. Second, I speculate on one of the mechanisms responsible for the development of the self. In particular, I argue that self-initiated actions provide the infant with an opportunity to learn about the self as a causal agent that is distinguished from other agents in the environment.
The Authority of Cultural Tools in a Sociocultural Approach to Mediated Agency

Over the past two decades, investigators in developmental psychology and related disciplines have carried out numerous studies on the social origins and social nature of human mental functioning (e.g., Resnick, Levine, & Teasley, 1991). This research has examined issues such as how cognition is situated in everyday social contexts (Rogoff & Lave, 1984), how cognitive processes may be socially distributed (Hutchins, 1991) or socially shared (Resnick et al., 1991), and how certain forms of social interaction may be internalized to form individual mental processes (Bruner, 1990; Rogoff, 1990). Investigators have drawn on a variety of theoretical frameworks to formulate their research on these topics. One such framework that has been particularly important for many researchers was outlined by L. S. Vygotsky (1978, 1929/1981a, 1960/1981b, 1930/1981c, 1934/1987). The beginning point in Vygotsky's analysis of human mental functioning was his claim that "the social dimension of consciousness is primary in time and in fact. The individual dimension of consciousness is derivative and secondary" (1979, p. 30). He developed the implications of this claim in a variety of ways. It motivated his analyses of the internalization of speech (1934/1987; see also Wertsch, 1985), of the "zone of proximal development" (Vygotsky, 1978; see also Rogoff & Wertsch, 1984), and of the development of scientific concepts (Vygotsky, 1934/1987). Indeed, it is in evidence in every line of research he pursued. Perhaps the most useful general formulation of this claim is in his general genetic law of cultural development.
Modeling the Energy Efficiency of Heterogeneous Clusters

Traditional datacenter systems advocate the use of high-performance hardware, resulting in increased power consumption and cooling costs. With increasing availability of systems having diverse performance-to-power ratios, we analyze the energy efficiency of mixing high-performance and low-power nodes in a cluster. Using a model-driven analysis, we predict the heterogeneous mix of nodes that is the most energy-efficient while maintaining a given deadline. Considering service demands of the workloads on cores, memory and I/O devices, we derive Pareto-optimal configurations by matching the execution rate of different nodes. Our mix and match approach determines heterogeneous configurations that exhibit a "sweet region", where energy usage reduces linearly as the deadline is relaxed. Our analysis shows that mixing high-performance and low-power nodes is more energy-efficient than homogeneous datacenter clusters.
Gender asymmetries and the manager stereotype among management students

In spite of the progress made in the last decades, women still face difficulties in being accepted and recognised as managers. The manager’s role has been perceived as masculine, and the gender stereotypes are therefore, a barrier to women’s access to management. With the aim to explore the relationship between gender stereotypes and management characteristics and discuss its implications for the discrimination of women in management a study was conducted among Portuguese undergraduate management students. The findings indicate that students of both sexes tend to perceive the “manager” category as closer to the masculine stereotype than to the feminine stereotype. Additionally, for male students the “man manager” and “manager” are more similar to each other than the “woman manager” and “manager” categories. However, the image of “woman manager” appears not to distance itself considerably from the “manager” stereotype as a result of her masculinisation. This paper discusses the implications of this asymmetric gender social representation that ultimately hinders the acceptance of women as a social group in the management context.
Chromatin versus pathogens: the function of epigenetics in plant immunity

To defend against pathogens, plants have developed a sophisticated innate immunity that includes effector recognition, signal transduction, and rapid defense responses. Recent evidence has demonstrated that plants utilize the epigenetic control of gene expression to fine-tune their defense when challenged by pathogens. In this review, we highlight the current understanding of the molecular mechanisms of histone modifications (i.e., methylation, acetylation, and ubiquitination) and chromatin remodeling that contribute to plant immunity against pathogens. Functions of key histone-modifying and chromatin remodeling enzymes are discussed.
Lightweight lexical source model extraction

Software engineers maintaining an existing software system often depend on the mechanized extraction of information from system artifacts. Some useful kinds of information—source models—are well known: call graphs, file dependences, etc. Predicting every kind of source model that a software engineer may need is impossible. We have developed a lightweight approach for generating flexible and tolerant source model extractors from lexical specifications. The approach is lightweight in that the specifications are relatively small and easy to write. It is flexible in that there are few constraints on the kinds of artifacts from which source models are extracted (e.g., we can extract from source code, structured data files, documentation, etc.). It is tolerant in that there are few constraints on the condition of the artifacts. For example, we can extract from source that cannot necessarily be compiled. Our approach extended the kinds of source models that can be easily produced from lexical information while avoiding the constraints and brittleness of most parser-based approaches. We have developed tools to support this approach and applied the tools to the extraction of a number of different source models (file dependences, event interactions, call graphs) from a variety of system artifacts (C, C++, CLOS, Eiffel. TCL, structured data). We discuss our approach and describe its application to extract source models not available using existing systems; for example, we compute the implicitly-invokes relation over Field tools. We compare and contrast our approach to the conventional lexical and syntactic approaches of generating source models.
Failure Resilience for Device Drivers

Studies have shown that device drivers and extensions contain 3-7 times more bugs than other operating system code and thus are more likely to fail. Therefore, we present a failure-resilient operating system design that can recover from dead drivers and other critical components - primarily through monitoring and replacing malfunctioning components on the fly - transparent to applications and without user intervention. This paper focuses on the post-mortem recovery procedure. We explain the working of our defect detection mechanism, the policy-driven recovery procedure, and post-restart reintegration of the components. Furthermore, we discuss the concrete steps taken to recover from network, block device, and character device driver failures. Finally, we evaluate our design using performance measurements, software fault-injection experiments, and an analysis of the reengineering effort.
Spatial Perception and Mental Rotation Produce Gender Differences in Cerebral Hemovelocity

Abstract We sought to determine if gender differences in cerebral blood flow velocity emerge while persons performed cognitive tasks known to favor men, e.g., tests of spatial abilities. Bilateral measures were obtained simultaneously from the middle cerebral artery (VMCA) by transcranial Doppler sonography while men and women college students performed 31-s thinking tasks. Tests of spatial ability included (1) three spatial visualizing tasks (finding words among sets of letters, locating pictures hidden within a complex scene, and finding embedded geometric patterns), and (2) a mental rotation task. Two nonspatial visualizing control tasks were looking at (1) a list of words and (2) a set of pictures. Women had significantly faster global VMCAs than men during all tasks except looking at pictures. Two tasks (looking at pictures, mental rotation) produced hemispheric asymmetry (right > left) in women only. Gender differences in the number of correct responses occurred for finding words (women > men) and m.
Anergy and exhaustion are independent mechanisms of peripheral T cell tolerance

We studied the interactions of male-specific T cell receptor (TCR)- alpha/beta-transgenic (TG) cells with different concentrations of male antigen in vivo. We constructed mouse chimeras expressing different amounts of male antigen by injecting thymectomized, lethally irradiated mice with various ratios of male (immunoglobulin [Ig] Ha) and female (IgHb) bone marrow. These chimeras were injected with male-specific TCR- alpha/beta-trangenic cells. These experiments allowed us to monitor antigen persistence and characterize antigen-specific T cells in terms of their frequency, reactivity, and effector functions (as tested by elimination of male B cells in vivo). In the absence of antigen, virgin TG cells persisted but did not expand. Transient exposure to antigen resulted in cell expansion, followed by the persistence of increased numbers of antigen-reactive T cells. In contrast, antigen persistence was followed by two independent mechanisms of tolerance induction: anergy (at high antigen concentrations), where T cells did not differentiate into effector functions but persisted in vivo as unresponsive T cells, and exhaustion (at lower antigen concentrations), where differentiation into effector functions (B cell elimination) occurred but was followed by the disappearance of antigen-specific T cells.
SGK1-Sensitive Regulation of Cyclin-Dependent Kinase Inhibitor 1B (p27) in Cardiomyocyte Hypertrophy

Background/Aims: The serum- and glucocorticoid-inducible kinase SGK1 participates in the orchestration of cardiac hypertrophy and remodeling. Signaling linking SGK1 activity to cardiac remodeling is, however, incompletely understood. SGK1 phosphorylation targets include cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor 1B (p27), a protein which suppresses cardiac hypertrophy. The present study explored how effects of SGK1 on nuclear p27 localization might modulate the hypertrophic response in cardiomyocytes. Methods: Experiments were performed in HL-1 cardiomyocytes and in SGK1-deficient (sgk1-/-) and corresponding wild-type (sgk1+/+) mice following pressure overload by transverse aortic constriction (TAC). Transcript levels were quantified by RT-PCR, protein abundance by Western blotting and protein localization by confocal microscopy. Results: In HL-1 cardiomyocytes, overexpression of constitutively active SGK1 (SGK1S422D) but not of inactive SGK1 (SGK1K127N) increased significantly the cell size and transcript levels encoding Acta1, a molecular marker of hypertrophy. Those effects were paralleled by almost complete relocation of p27 in the cytoplasm. Treatment of HL-1 cardiomyocytes with isoproterenol was followed by up-regulation of SGK1 expression. Moreover, isoproterenol treatment stimulated the hypertrophic response and was followed by disappearance of p27 from the nuclei, effects prevented by the SGK1 inhibitor EMD638683. The effect of SGK1S422D overexpression on Acta1 mRNA levels was disrupted by overexpression of p27 and of the p27T197A mutant lacking the SGK1 phosphorylation site, but not of the phosphomimetic p27T197D mutant. In sgk1+/+ mice, TAC increased significantly SGK1 and Acta1 mRNA levels and decreased the nuclear to cytoplasmic protein ratio of p27 in cardiac tissue, effects blunted in the sgk1-/- mice. Conclusion: SGK1-induced hypertrophy of cardiomyocytes involves p27 phosphorylation at T197, which fosters cytoplasmic p27 localization.
A Follow‐up of Deinstitutionalized Men with Intellectual Disabilities and Histories of Antisocial Behaviour

Background There is frequently great concern about the dangerousness of deinstitutionalized men with intellectual disabilities who have been institutionalized because they are considered to be at high risk for the commission of serious antisocial acts or sexual offending. Unfortunately, there is little information on whether changes in the behaviour of these men can be used to adjust supervision so as to manage risk. Methods An appraisal of men with intellectual disabilities and histories of serious antisocial behaviours who were residing in institutions about to be closed led to a 16 month follow-up of 58 of these clients who had been transferred to community settings. Results A total of 67% exhibited antisocial behaviour of some kind and 47% exhibited ‘hands-on’ violent or sexual misbehaviours directed toward other clients or staff. The Violent Risk Appraisal Guide was the best predictor of new violent or sexual incidents and a variety of other pre-release predictors were related to the likelihood of antisocial incidents of any kind. Overall predictive accuracy was moderate. A field trial showed that monthly staff ratings of client characteristics were related to antisocial incidents. Conclusions These preliminary data indicate that measures of dynamic risk involving staff ratings are worth developing and evaluating.
The Use of Technology in the Study , Diagnosis and Treatment of Autism

Man is a technological creature. Technology constitutes the very foundations our survival relies on and is all-pervasive in modern-day human life. The invention, use, and continual improvement of tools and utilities sets man apart from other species. In its most basic definition, technology is nothing more than the practical application of knowledge to a particular area, a core human ability. We use technology to augment our physical capabilities, developing methods to accomplish tasks, such as flight and prolonged submersion in water, that would have taken millions of years to result through evolution. In a similar manner, man has used technology to extend his communicative abilities (writing, telephones, computers), to regulate his environment (heat, electricity, buildings) and to improve the process of gathering food (farming, agriculture), among many others. Perhaps most interesting, however, is our use of technology in order to treat ailments, illness and disability. We constantly seek and explore new ways of improving the health of sick individuals and try to enable those with disabilities to lead as close to a normal life as possible. From the use of wooden sticks to support and mend broken bones to the analysis of the human genome, technology is at the very core of every aspect of medicine.