Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Evaluation of cytotoxicity profile and intracellular localisation of doxorubicin-loaded 1 chitosan nanoparticles 2 3

26 27 In the emerging field of nanomedicine, targeted delivery of nanoparticle encapsulated active pharmaceutical 28 ingredients (API) is seen as a potential significant development, promising improved pharmacokinetics and 29 reduced side effects. In this context, understanding the cellular uptake of the nanoparticles and subsequent 30 subcellular distribution of the API is of critical importance. Doxorubicin (DOX) was encapsulated within 31 chitosan nanoparticles to investigate its intracellular delivery in A549 cells in vitro. Unloaded (CS-TPP) and 32 doxorubicin-loaded (DOX-CS-TPP) chitosan nanoparticles were characterised for size (473±41 nm), 33 polydispersity index (0.3±0.2), zeta potential (34±4 mV), drug content (76±7 μM) and encapsulation efficiency 34 (95±1%). The cytotoxic response to DOX-CS-TPP was substantially stronger than to CS-TPP, although weaker 35 than that of the equivalent free DOX. Fluorescence microscopy showed a dissimilar pattern of distribution of 36 DOX within the cell, being predominantly localised in the nucleus for free form and in cytoplasm for DOX-CS37 TPP. Confocal microscopy demonstrated endosomal localisation of DOX-CS-TPP. Numerical simulations, 38 based on a rate equation model to describe the uptake and distribution of the free DOX, nanoparticles and DOX 39 loaded nanoparticles within the cells, and the subsequent dose and time dependent cytotoxic responses, were 40 used to further elucidate the API distribution processes. The study demonstrates that encapsulation of the API in 41 nanoparticles results in a delayed release of the drug to the cell, resulting in a delayed cellular response. This 42 work further demonstrates the potential of mathematical modelling in combination with intracellular imaging 43 techniques to visualise and further understand the intracellular mechanisms of action of external agents, both 44 APIs and nanoparticles in cells. 45 46
Monitoring for Waste: Evidence from Medicare Audits

This paper examines the tradeoffs of monitoring for wasteful public spending. By penalizing unnecessary spending, monitoring improves the quality of public expenditure and incentivizes firms to invest in compliance technology. I study a large Medicare program that monitored for unnecessary health care spending and consider its effect on government savings, provider behavior, and patient health. Every dollar Medicare spent on monitoring generated ${\$}$24–29 in government savings. The majority of savings stem from the deterrence of future care, rather than reclaimed payments from prior care. I do not find evidence that the health of the marginal patient is harmed, indicating that monitoring primarily deters low-value care. Monitoring does increase provider administrative costs, but these costs are mostly incurred up-front and include investments in technology to assess the medical necessity of care.
Experimental Research and Numerical Simulation on Grouting Quality of Shield Tunnel Based on Impact Echo Method

To identify shield grouting quality based on impact echo method, an impact echo test of segment-grouting (SG) test piece was carried out to explore effect of acoustic impedance of grouting layers and grouting defects on impact echo law. A finite element numerical simulation on the impact echo process was implemented. Test results and simulation results were compared. Results demonstrated that, under some working conditions, finite element simulation results and test results both agree with theoretical values. The acoustic impedance ratio of SG material influenced the echo characteristics significantly. But thickness frequency could not be detected under some working conditions because the reflected energy is weak. Frequency feature under grouting defects was more complicated than that under no grouting defects.
Influence of salinity levels on nutrient content in leaf, stem and root of major date palm (Phoenix Dactylifera L) cultivars

Date Palm ( Phoenix Dactylifera L) is the most important fruit crop of the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia which produces nearly a million tons of dates annually. The Arabian Peninsula is characterized by high soil salinity impacting the growth and productivity of date palm. We studied the influence of salinity on nutrient (N, K + , Na + , K + /Na + , Ca 2+ , Mg 2 and Cl
Wound bed preparation

This paper explores the concept of wound bed preparation and relates this to five key areas of care: bacterial balance, necrosis, exudate, cellular dysfunction and biochemical balance. Wound bed preparation is the inter-relationship of these elements to a global framework of care. In this article, the practical aspects of using this framework are discussed. What is wound bed preparation? The formation of a healthy wound bed is a prerequisite to the use of many of todays advanced wound care products. Unless this is achieved, even the most sophisticated and expensive materials are unlikely to function correctly [1]. The concept of wound bed preparation (WBP) as a treatment aim, represents a new direction in wound care thinking. The processes involved are, however, not new and have been part of good wound care practice for some time. What has changed is our realisation that wound management must focus on both the wound and the patient as a whole, and have a defined aim. This will frequently require a multidisciplinary and structured approach to care. These changes are underpinned by our ever-increasing knowledge of the biological microenvironment within a chronic wound and centre on the inter-relationship of functionally abnormal cells, bacterial balance, inappropriate biochemical messengers and dysfunctional wound matrix components. The patient’s physical and psychological status, as well as the wound itself, influence all these elements and will vary with time. The aim of WBP, put simply, is to create an optimal wound-healing environment by producing a well vascularised, stable wound bed with little or no exudate [1]. A framework for WBP has been presented by Falanga [2],Figure 1. Figure 1 Algorithm for wound bed preparation. Adapted from Falanga 2001[2] This paper focuses on the five main components of WBP: Restoration of bacterial balance Management of necrosis Management of exudate Correction of cellular dysfunction Restoration of biochemical balance Clearly, these components are inter-related although the relative importance of each in a particular wound will vary. Many therapeutic actions address several of these components, albeit with variable degrees of effectiveness; for example, iodine dressings may work towards restoring bacterial balance, aid wound debridement and absorb mild to moderate exudate. Wounds are dynamic and although a wound may gradually approach a healed state, it may also regress, for example, as a result of an infection or a change in the status of the patient’s underlying medical condition. Bacterial balance Assessment of the impact of bacterial load on a wound is often difficult. All chronic wounds harbour bacteria. However, whilst some wounds are contaminated, others are colonised and some are infected. What defines the level of bacterial burden is the presence of replicating microorganisms within a wound, the bacterial load, the virulence of the microorganism and the host reaction [3], [4]. This can be expressed as:
Latitude‐specific urbanization effects on life history traits in the damselfly Ischnura elegans

Many species are currently adapting to cities at different latitudes. Adaptation to urbanization may require eco‐evolutionary changes in response to temperature and invasive species that may differ between latitudes. Here, we studied single and combined effects of increased temperatures and an invasive alien predator on the phenotypic response of replicated urban and rural populations of the damselfly Ischnura elegans and contrasted these between central and high latitudes. Adult females were collected in rural and urban ponds at central and high latitudes. Their larvae were exposed to temperature treatments (current [20°C], mild warming [24°C], and heat wave [28°C; for high latitude only]) crossed with the presence or absence of chemical cues released by the spiny‐cheek crayfish (Faxonius limosus), only present at the central latitude. We measured treatment effects on larval development time, mass, and growth rate. Urbanization type affected all life history traits, yet these responses were often dependent on latitude, temperature, and sex. Mild warming decreased mass in rural and increased growth rate in urban populations. The effects of urbanization type on mass were latitude‐dependent, with central‐latitude populations having a greater phenotypic difference. Urbanization type effects were sex‐specific with urban males being lighter and having a lower growth rate than rural males. At the current temperature and mild warming, the predator cue reduced the growth rate, and this independently of urbanization type and latitude of origin. This pattern was reversed during a heat wave in high‐latitude damselflies. Our results highlight the context‐dependency of evolutionary and plastic responses to urbanization, and caution for generalizing how populations respond to cities based on populations at a single latitude.
The effect of scale in daily precipitation hazard assessment

Daily precipitation is recorded as the total amount of water collected by a rain-gauge in 24 h. Events are modelled as a Poisson process and the 24 h precipitation by a Generalised Pareto Distribution (GPD) of excesses. Hazard assessment is complete when estimates of the Poisson rate and the distribution parameters, together with a measure of their uncertainty, are obtained. The shape parameter of the GPD determines the support of the variable: Weibull domain of attraction (DA) corresponds to finite support variables as should be for natural phenomena. However, Frechet DA has been reported for daily precipitation, which implies an infinite support and a heavy-tailed distribution. Bayesian techniques are used to estimate the parameters. The approach is illustrated with precipitation data from the Eastern coast of the Iberian Peninsula affected by severe convective precipitation. The estimated GPD is mainly in the Frechet DA, something incompatible with the common sense assumption of that precipitation is a bounded phenomenon. The bounded character of precipitation is then taken as a priori hypothesis. Consistency of this hypothesis with the data is checked in two cases: using the raw-data (in mm) and using log-transformed data. As expected, a Bayesian model checking clearly rejects the model in the raw-data case. However, log-transformed data seem to be consistent with the model. This fact may be due to the adequacy of the log-scale to represent positive measurements for which differences are better relative than absolute.
Revisiting prostate segmentation in magnetic resonance imaging (MRI): On model transferability, degradation and PI-RADS adherence

Purpose: To investigate the effect of scanner and prostate MRI acquisition characteristics when compared to PI-RADSv2.1 technical standards in the performance of a deep learning prostate segmentation model trained with data from one center (INST1), longitudinally evaluated at the same institution and when transferred to other institutions. Materials and Methods: In this retrospective study, a nn-UNet for prostate MRI segmentation was trained with data from 204 patients from one institution (INST1) (0.50mm2 in-plane, 3.6mm thickness and 16cm field of view [FOV]). Post-deployment performance at INST1 was tested with 30 patients acquired with a different protocol and in a different period of time (0.60mm2 in-plane, 4.0mm thickness and 19cm FOV). Transferability was tested on 248 patient sequences from five institutions (INST2, INST3, INST4, INST5 and INST6) acquired with different scanners and with heterogeneous degrees of PI-RADS v2.1 technical adherence. Performance was assessed using Dice Score Coefficient, Hausdorff Distance, Absolute Boundary Distance and Relative Volume Difference. Results: The model presented a significant degradation for the whole gland (WG) in the presence of a change of acquisition protocol at INST1 (DSC:99.46+0.12% and 91.24+3.32%,P<.001; RVD:-0.006+0.127% and 8.10+8.16%, P<.001). The model had a significantly higher performance in centers adhering to PI-RADS v2.1 when compared to those that did not (DSC: 86.24+9.67% and 74.83+15.45%, P <.001; RVD: -6.50+18.46% and 1.64+29.12%, P=.003). Conclusions: Adherence to PI-RADSv2.1 technical standards benefits inter-institutional transferability of a deep learning prostate segmentation model. Post-deployment evaluations are critical to ensure model performance is maintained over time in the presence of protocol acquisition modifications.
A hybrid and poly-polish workflow for the complete and accurate assembly of phage genomes: a case study of ten przondoviruses

Bacteriophages (phages) within the Przondovirus genus are T7-like podoviruses belonging to the Studiervirinae subfamily, within the Autographiviridae family and have a highly conserved genome organisation. The genome size of these phages ranges from 37 kb to 42 kb, encode 50-60 genes and are characterised by the presence of direct terminal repeats (DTRs) flanking the linear chromosome. These DTRs are often deleted during short-read-only and hybrid assemblies. Moreover, long-read-only assemblies are often littered with sequencing and/or assembly errors and require additional curation. Here, we present the isolation and characterisation of ten novel przondoviruses targeting Klebsiella spp. We describe HYPPA – a HYbrid and Poly-polish Phage Assembly workflow, which utilises long-read assemblies in combination with short-read sequencing to resolve phage DTRs and correcting errors, negating the need for laborious primer walking and Sanger sequencing validation. Our data demonstrate the importance of careful curation of phage assemblies before publication, and prior to using them for comparative genomics. IMPACT STATEMENT The current workflows employed for phage genome assembly are often error-prone and can lead to many incomplete phage genomes being deposited within databases. This can create challenges when performing comparative genomics, and may also lead to incorrect taxonomic assignment. To overcome these challenges we proposed HYPPA, a workflow that can produce complete and high-quality phage genomes without the need for laborious lab-based validation. DATA SUMMARY Phage raw reads are available from the National Centre for Biotechnology Information Sequence Read Archive (NCBI-SRA) under the BioProject number PRJNA914245. Phage annotated genomes have been deposited at GenBank under the accessions OQ579023-OQ579032 (Table 1). Bacterial WGS data for clinical preterm infant samples have been deposited at GenBank under BioProject accession PRJNA471164 (Table S1). Bacterial raw reads for food samples are available from NCBI-SRA with individual accessions (SAMN33593347-SAMN33593351), and can be found under the BioProject number PRJNA941224 (Table S1). Strain-specific details for bacteria and publicly-available phages used in these analyses, along with accessions for the latter can be found in Table S1 and Table S6, respectively. The CL1-CL8 clinical Klebsiella strains (Table S1) were under a Materials Transfer Agreement, for which sequencing data and strain information is not available.
Ubiquitous lognormal distribution of neuron densities across mammalian cerebral cortex

Numbers of neurons and their spatial variation are fundamental organizational fea-tures of the brain. Despite the large corpus of data available in the literature, the statistical distributions of neuron densities within and across brain areas remain largely uncharacterized. Here, we show that neuron densities are compatible with a lognormal distribution across cortical areas in several mammalian species. We find that this also holds true for uniformly sampled regions across cortex as well as within cortical areas. Our findings uncover a new organizational principle of cortical cytoarchitecture. The ubiquitous lognormal distribution of neuron densities adds to a long list of lognormal variables in the brain. to the model with the highest likelihood. B Spatial distribution of relative likelihood for the three best statistical models. C The three best statistical models fitted to the neuron density histograms in each area of marmoset cortex; the three models produce visually nearly indistinguishable fits.
Management of priming fluids in cardiopulmonary bypass for adult cardiac surgery: network meta-analysis

Abstract Background Cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) is frequently employed for cardiac surgery, and selecting a suitable priming fluid is a prerequisite for CPB. Currently, the commonly used priming fluids in clinics are classified as crystalloids and colloids, including balanced crystalloids, albumin, dextran, gelatin and hydroxyethyl starch (HES). This network meta-analysis compared the effects of eight fluids used during CPB in adults to determine optimal priming fluid during CPB surgery. Methods Randomised controlled trials assessing priming fluids for CPB in adult cardiac surgery published before 13 April 2023 were searched across Ovid MEDLINE(R) ALL, OVID EMbase, and Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials. Various priming fluids were classified into eight categories, including balanced crystalloids, 0.9% NaCl, iso-oncotic human albumin, hyperoncotic human albumin, HES with molecular weight 130k, HES with molecular weight 200k, gelatin and dextran. Results The NMA of platelet counts revealed no significant differences in any result. In direct comparison results, only the comparison of HES with molecular weight 130k vs. gelatin (standard mean difference = −0.40, 95% confidence interval [95%CI: −0.63, −0.16) revealed a significant difference. According to the SUCRA, balanced crystalloids had the highest platelet count, followed by gelatin, and HES with a molecular weight of 130k had the lowest platelet, followed by HES with a molecular weight of 200k. Conclusion Patients using dextran have a low mortality rate and a short mean CPB time, the use of balanced crystalloids is beneficial in terms of platelet count, and HES with molecular weight 130k is beneficial for postoperative urine volume at 24h. However, all priming fluids have pros and cons quite, and the optimal choice of priming fluids remains unsupported by current evidences. When performing CPB surgery, the type of priming fluid should be selected according to the actual situation in CPB for adult cardiac surgery.
The recovery of crustacean zooplankton from acidification depends on lake type

Acidification has harmed freshwater ecosystems in Northern Europe since the early 1900s. Stricter regulations aimed at decreasing acidic emissions have improved surface‐water chemistry since the late 1980s but the recovery of biotic communities has not been consistent. Generally, the recovery of flora and fauna has been documented only for a few lakes or regions and large‐scale assessments of long‐term dynamics of biotic communities due to improved water quality are still lacking. This study investigates a large biomonitoring dataset of pelagic and littoral crustacean zooplankton (Cladocera and Copepoda) from 142 acid‐sensitive lakes in Norway spanning 24 years (1997–2020). The aims were to assess the changes in zooplankton communities through time, compare patterns of changes across lake types (defined based on calcium and humic content), and identify correlations between abiotic and biological variables. Our results indicate chemical and biological recovery after acidification, as shown by a general increase in pH, acid neutralizing capacity, changes in community composition and increases in the total number of species, number of acid‐sensitive species and functional richness through time. However, the zooplankton responses differ across lake types. This indicates that the concentration of calcium (or alkalinity) and total organic carbon (or humic substances) are important factors for the recovery. Therefore, assessment methods and management tools should be adapted to the diverse lake types. Long‐term monitoring of freshwater ecosystems is needed to fully comprehend the recovery dynamics of biotic communities from acidification.
A Mobile Health Information Behavior Model: Theoretical Development and Mixed-Method Testing in the Context of Mobile Apps on Child Poisoning Prevention

While several studies have explored the use of mobile health applications, few have observed determinants of mobile health information behavior. To develop a model explaining parents’ mobile information behavior on child poisoning prevention, we first explored relevant theories to suggest a theoretical model. In that, we combine existing models on risk and health information seeking, such as the Planned Risk Information Seeking Model, with models on the acceptance of mobile technologies, such as the Unified Theory of Acceptance and Use of Technologies. Thereafter, we employed a sequential mixed-method design with an initial qualitative study (four online focus groups with n = 25 parents in total) and a standardized online survey of n = 1,013 parents to evaluate our research model. Results confirm that both, determinants of information seeking and determinants of technology acceptance, contribute to the explanation of mobile information behavior. App use intention was mainly related to the performance expectancy of app use, the subjective information norm, and social influence on app use. To increase the usage of prevention apps and contribute to the reduction of child injuries, communication on poisoning apps should address subdimensions of the performance expectancy, such as their utility and peoples’ trust in app providers. Moreover, physicians are important multipliers for these messages.
Intratendinous pressure of the Achilles tendon during exercise is related to the degree of tendon torsion

Torsion of the Achilles tendon (AT) enhances tensile strength, but a high degree of torsion might also be a risk factor for Achilles tendinopathy, due to greater internal compression exerted during tensile loading. However, evidence supporting the grounds for this assumption is lacking. Hence, we aimed to investigate the impact of AT torsion type on intratendinous pressure. Eighteen human fresh frozen cadaveric legs were mounted in a testing rig and a miniature pressure catheter was placed through ultrasound‐guided insertion in the midportion region of the AT. Intratendinous pressure was measured during a simulated straight‐knee calf stretch and eccentric heel drop. The AT was then carefully dissected and classified into Type I (least), Type II (moderate), and Type III (extreme) torsion. Of the ATs examined, nine were found to have Type I torsion (50%), nine Type II (50%), and none Type III. It was found that the intratendinous pressure of the AT increased exponentially with ankle dorsiflexion during both exercises (p < 0.001) and that this increase was greater in ATs with Type II torsion than Type I torsion (p < 0.05). This study provides the first biomechanical data to support the hypothesis that in athletes with a high degree of torsion in the AT, the midportion area will experience more internal compression during exercise, for example, calf stretching and eccentric heel drops. Whether this phenomenon is also associated with an elevated risk for Achilles tendinopathy needs further prospective investigation.