Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
The commonly used marker ELAV is transiently expressed in neuroblasts and glial cells in the Drosophila embryonic CNS

Glial cells in the Drosophila embryonic nervous system can be monitored with the marker Reversed‐polarity (Repo), whereas neurons lack Repo and express the RNA‐binding protein ELAV (Embryonic Lethal, Abnormal Vision). Since the first description of the ELAV protein distribution in 1991 (Robinow and White), it is believed that ELAV is an exclusive neuronal and postmitotic marker. Looking at ELAV expression, we unexpectedly observed that, in addition to neurons, ELAV is transiently expressed in embryonic glial cells. Furthermore, it is transiently present in the proliferating longitudinal glioblast, and it is transcribed in embryonic neuroblasts. Likewise, elav‐Gal4 lines, which are generally used as postmitotic neuronal driver lines, show expression in neural progenitor cells and nearly all embryonic glial cells. Thus, in the embryo, elav can no longer be considered an exclusive marker or driver for postmitotic neurons. elav loss‐of‐function mutants show no obvious effects on the number and pattern of embryonic glia. Developmental Dynamics 236:3562–3568, 2007. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Negative transcriptional regulatory element that functions in embryonal carcinoma cells

We have cloned the polyomavirus mutant fPyF9, which persists in an episomal state in F9 embryonal carcinoma cells (K. Ariizumi and H. Ariga, Mol. Cell. Biol. 6:3920-3927, 1986). fPyF9 carries three copies of exogenous sequences, the prototype of which is a 21-base-pair repeat (box DNA), in the region of the enhancer B domain of wild-type polyomavirus DNA. The consensus sequence, GCATTCCATTGTT, is 13 base pairs long. The box DNA inserted into fPyF9 appeared to come from a cellular sequence and was present in many kinds of DNAs, including F9 chromosomal DNA. The biological function of box DNA was analyzed by chloramphenicol acetyltransferase expression assays, using chimeric plasmids containing box DNA conjugated with simian virus 40 promoter elements. The results showed that box DNA repressed the activities both of the simian virus 40 promoter and enhancer only in transfected undifferentiated F9 cells and not in differentiated LTK- cells. Box DNA functioned independently of orientation and position with respect to the promoter in an enhancerlike manner, although the effect of box DNA was opposite that of the enhancer. The XhoI linker insertion into the consensus sequences of box DNA abolished the repression activity, and the protein(s) recognizing the consensus sequences was identified only in F9 cells, not in L cells. These analyses suggest that box DNA may be a negative regulatory element that functions in undifferentiated cells.
Tweet Sarcasm : Mechanism of Sarcasm Detection in Twitter

The www is growing at an alarming rate . Users have started participating actively on Internet by giving their opinions on products, services and blogs. Study and analysis of such opinions is known as Opinion Mining. But sometimes users prefer being sarcastic. Sarcasm is a linguistic phenomenon in which people state the opposite of what they actually mean. Sarcasm Detection is a challenging task, even for humans. It is a part of Opinion Mining which is studied so that different sentiments can be analyzed and worked upon. In this paper, the overall mechanism of sarcasm detection is seen, which is rooted on the data from Twitter, a popular micro blogging service.
A dynamic study of thoracolumbar burst fractures.

BACKGROUND The degree of canal stenosis following a thoracolumbar burst fracture is sometimes used as an indication for decompressive surgery. This study was performed to test the hypothesis that the final resting positions of the bone fragments seen on computed tomography imaging are not representative of the dynamic canal occlusion and associated neurological damage that occurs during the fracture event. METHODS A drop-weight method was used to create burst fractures in bovine spinal segments devoid of a spinal cord. During impact, dynamic measurements were made with use of transducers to measure pressure in a synthetic spinal cord material, and a high-speed video camera filmed the inside of the spinal canal. A corresponding finite element model was created to determine the effect of the spinal cord on the dynamics of the bone fragment. RESULTS The high-speed video clearly showed the fragments of bone being projected from the vertebral body into the spinal canal before being recoiled, by the action of the posterior longitudinal ligament and intervertebral disc attachments, to their final resting position. The pressure measurements in the synthetic spinal cord showed a peak in canal pressure during impact. There was poor concordance between the extent of postimpact occlusion of the canal as seen on the computed tomography images and the maximum amount of occlusion that occurred at the moment of impact. The finite element model showed that the presence of the cord would reduce the maximum dynamic level of canal occlusion at high fragment velocities. The cord would also provide an additional mechanism by which the fragment would be recoiled back toward the vertebral body. CONCLUSIONS A burst fracture is a dynamic event, with the maximum canal occlusion and maximum cord compression occurring at the moment of impact. These transient occurrences are poorly related to the final level of occlusion as demonstrated on computed tomography scans.
Glycan-Controlled Epitopes of Prion Protein Include a Major Determinant of Susceptibility to Sheep Scrapie

ABSTRACT A key feature of prion encephalopathies is the accumulation of a misfolded form of the host glycoprotein PrP. Cell-free and cell culture studies have shown that the efficiency of conversion of PrP into the disease-associated form is influenced by its amino acid sequence and also by its carbohydrate moiety. Here, we characterize four novel glycoform-dependent monoclonal antibodies raised against prokaryotic recombinant sheep PrP. We demonstrate that these antibodies discriminate the PrP monoglycosylated species, since two of them recognize molecules that have the first Asn glycosylation site occupied (mono1) while the other two recognize molecules glycosylated at the second site (mono2). Remarkably, the recognition of PrP by the anti-mono2 antibodies was strongly influenced by the amino acid present at position 171, i.e., either Gln or Arg. This polymorphism is known to be the main determinant of susceptibility and resistance to scrapie in sheep. Altogether, our findings lead us to propose that each glycan chain controls the accessibility of PrP determinants located close upstream from their attachment site. The monoglycoform-assigned and the allotype-restricted antibodies described here, the first to date, should provide further opportunities to investigate the involvement of each glycan chain in PrP conversion in relation to prion strain diversity and the basis of the resistance conferred by the Arg-171 amino acid.
Energetics of Stress Production 1 in Isolated Cardiac Trabeculae from Rat 2 3 4

23 24 The heat liberated upon stress production in isolated cardiac muscle provides insight into the 25 complex thermodynamic processes underlying mechanical contraction. To that end, we measured 26 simultaneously the heat and stress (force per cross-sectional area) production of cardiac trabeculae 27 from rat using a flow-through micromechanocalorimeter. In a flowing stream of oxygen28 equilibrated Tyrode’s solution (~22C), stress and heat production of actively contracting trabeculae 29 were varied by: (i) altering stimulus frequency (0.2 Hz 4 Hz) at optimal muscle length (Lo), 30 (ii) reducing muscle length below Lo at 0.2 Hz and 2 Hz, and (iii) changing extracellular calcium 31 concentrations ([Ca]o): 1 mM and 2 mM. Linear regression lines were adequate to fit the active 32 heat-stress data. The active heat-stress relationships were independent of stimulus frequency and 33 muscle length, but were dependent on [Ca]o, having greater intercepts at 2 mM than at 1 mM 34 [Ca]o: (3.5 kJ m twitch and 2.0 kJ m twitch, respectively). The slopes among the heat-stress 35 relationships did not differ. At the highest experimental stimulus frequency, pronounced elevation 36 of diastolic Ca resulted in incomplete twitch relaxation. The resulting increase of diastolic stress, 37 which occurred with negligible metabolic energy expenditure, subsequently diminished due to time38 dependent loss of myofilament Ca-sensitivity. 39 40
A Novel Subblock Linear Combination Scheme for Peak-to-Average Power Ratio Reduction in OFDM Systems

In this paper, we propose a novel subblock linear combination (SLC), which is based on the cyclic projections algorithm, scheme to reduce the PAPR of OFDM signals. Moreover, an improved SLC method with a relaxation factor, named as the R-SLC scheme, is also proposed to accelerate the convergence rate of the SLC scheme in this paper. The key idea of the two novel methods is to divide an OFDM block into several subblocks, and iteratively generate the linear combination of these subblocks with low PAPR. Compared with the traditional partial transmit sequence (PTS) scheme, the coefficients of the linear combination with the proposed schemes are obtained by iterative calculation with the cyclic projections algorithm, instead of by exhaustive searching and selecting in the preset discrete set. Therefore, one big advantage of the proposed schemes is that the computational complexity is much lower than that of the traditional PTS scheme. Theoretical analysis and simulation results show that the proposed schemes could offer good performances of the PAPR reduction and bit-error-rate with low computational complexity.
Characterization of the ligand-binding specificities of integrin alpha3beta1 and alpha6beta1 using a panel of purified laminin isoforms containing distinct alpha chains.

Integrins alpha3beta1 and alpha6beta1 are two major laminin receptors expressed on the surface of mammalian cells. Interactions of cells with laminins through these integrins play important roles in cell adhesion, differentiation, motility, and matrix assembly. To determine the binding specificity and affinity of these integrins toward various types of laminins at the level of direct protein-protein interactions, we purified integrins alpha3beta1 and alpha6beta1 from human placenta, and examined their binding to a panel of laminin isoforms, each containing distinct alpha chains (i.e., laminin-1, laminin-2/4, laminin-5, laminin-8, and laminin-10/11). Integrin alpha3beta1 showed clear specificity for laminin-5 and laminin-10/11, with no significant binding to laminin-1, laminin-2/4, and laminin-8. In contrast, integrin alpha6beta1 showed a broad spectrum of specificity, with apparent binding affinity in the following order: laminin-10/11 > laminin-5 > laminin-1 > laminin-2/4 congruent with laminin-8. Integrin titration assays demonstrated that laminin-10/11 was the most preferred ligand among the five distinct laminin isoforms for both alpha3beta1 and alpha6beta1 integrins. Given that laminin-10/11 is the major basement membrane component of many adult tissues, the interaction of laminin-10/11 with these integrins should play a central role in the adhesive interactions of epithelial cells with underlying basement membranes.
PSEUDO-LIKELIHOOD ESTIMATION FOR INCOMPLETE DATA

In statistical practice, incomplete measurement sequences are the rule rather than the exception. Fortunately, in a large variety of settings, the stochas- tic mechanism governing the incompleteness can be ignored without hampering inferences about the measurement process. While ignorability only requires the relatively general missing at random assumption for likelihood and Bayesian in- ferences, this result cannot be invoked when non-likelihood methods are used. A direct consequence of this is that a popular non-likelihood-based method, such as generalized estimating equations, needs to be adapted towards a weighted version or doubly-robust version when a missing at random process operates. So far, no such modification has been devised for pseudo-likelihood based strategies. We pro- pose a suite of corrections to the standard form of pseudo-likelihood to ensure its validity under missingness at random. Our corrections follow both single and dou- ble robustness ideas, and is relatively simple to apply. When missingness is in the form of dropout in longitudinal data or incomplete clusters, such a structure can be exploited toward further corrections. The proposed method is applied to data from a clinical trial in onychomycosis and a developmental toxicity study.
Problem based learning with technological support in an AI subject: description and evaluation

The diversity of students’ backgrounds has caused a number of problems with an introductory Artificial Intelligence subject. In this paper we describe our experiences using a problem-based learning approach to teaching this material. This involved the students forming themselves into groups in order to tackle a series of related problems, each of which dealt with a specific area of the course. An integral part of this project is the technological support, which was used not only to monitor the progress of students through the course, but also to provide the necessary contextualisation of course PermIssion to make digital/hard copy of all or part of this work for personal or classroom use is granted without fee provided that apies are not made or diibuted for prom or commercial advantage, the copynght notice, the tile of the publication and its date appear, and notice is given that copying is by permission of ACM, Inc. To copy otherwise, to republish, to post on servers or to redistribute to lists, requires prior spa&c permission and/or a fee ACSE’S7. Melbourne, Australia@ lSS7ACM &E9791-95&O/97/0007 . $3.50 material. We describe our methodology, as well as the two WWW-based support tools, the CourseWeb, which functions (roughly speaking) as an automated textbook, and the ProblemWeb, which specifies the problems to be solved and keeps track of the group’s progress in solving them. We report on our experiences in teaching a summer version of this subject and on our evaluations of the process.
Formal and semi-formal verification of a web voting system

Purpose – This paper aims to present the verification process conducted to assess the functional correctness of the voting system. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Cientificas y Tecnicas (CONICET) is the most important research institution in Argentina. It depends directly from Argentina’s President but its internal authorities are elected by around 8,000 research across the country. During 2011, the CONICET developed a Web voting system to replace the traditional mail-based process. In 2012 and 2014, CONICET conducted two Web election with no complaints from candidates and voters. Before moving the system into production, CONICET asked the authors to conduct a functional and security assessment of it. Design/methodology/approach – This process is the result of integrating formal, semi-formal and informal verification activities from formal proof to code inspection and model-based testing. Findings – Given the resources and time available, a reasonable level of confidence on the correctness of the appl.
Sidewall oxidation of polycrystalline-silicon gate

Evidence is presented demonstrating that sidewall oxidation, a processing step needed for device reliability, can lead to gate oxide thickening in short-channel devices. This increase in thickness is the result of encroachment of bird's beaks from the edges of the gate structure into the channel region. The encroachment can be reduced by increasing oxidation temperature and/or using a dry ambient. With a judicious choice of polysilicon sidewall oxidation conditions, minimum gate-to-drain overlap capacitance and adequate device reliability can be achieved. <<ETX>>
Geometry and Adhesion of Extracellular Domains of DC-SIGNR Neck Length Variants Analyzed by Force–Distance Measurements

Force–distance measurements have been used to examine differences in the interaction of the dendritic cell glycan-binding receptor DC-SIGN and the closely related endothelial cell receptor DC-SIGNR (L-SIGN) with membranes bearing glycan ligands. The results demonstrate that upon binding to membrane-anchored ligand, DC-SIGNR undergoes a conformational change similar to that previously observed for DC-SIGN. The results also validate a model for the extracellular domain of DC-SIGNR derived from crystallographic studies. Force measurements were performed with DC-SIGNR variants that differ in the length of the neck that result from genetic polymorphisms, which encode different numbers of the 23-amino acid repeat sequences that constitute the neck. The findings are consistent with an elongated, relatively rigid structure of the neck repeat observed in crystals. In addition, differences in the lengths of DC-SIGN and DC-SIGNR extracellular domains with equivalent numbers of neck repeats support a model in which the different dispositions of the carbohydrate-recognition domains in DC-SIGN and DC-SIGNR result from variations in the sequences of the necks.
Low-voltage, low-power and low phase noise 2.4 GHz VCO for medical wireless telemetry

The design and simulation results of low-voltage, and low-power LC VCO is presented. The oscillator is used for portable wireless telemetry devices that operate under unusual supply voltage and power requirements. The VCO is designed to operate in the 2.4 GHz industrial scientific and medical (ISM) band. The novelty of this design is the low supply voltage which is equal to 0.4 V, about 100 mV below the threshold voltage of the MOSFETs used, and hence, the MOSFETs used are biased to operate in the sub-threshold region. The effect of the common-source inductor is also emphasized from the power consumption point of view. The VCO was simulated using CMOS 0.18 /spl mu/m process. The simulated performance characteristics are: power consumption of 41 /spl mu/W; phase noise of -123 dBc/Hz, -129.5 dBc/Hz and -133.1 dBc/Hz at offsets of 1 MHz, 2 MHz and 3 MHz, respectively; frequency tuning range of 18%.
Psychological distress following crime victimization: An exploratory study from an agency perspective

Deficits in recognition of suffering play a significant role in the etiology of psychological distress in crime victims. However, given the preliminary status of the literature, it seems necessary to take other factors into account as well. Starting from an agency perspective, this study explored three such factors: negative self-attributions, peritraumatic distress, and early posttraumatic emotions. More specifically, this study explored whether the association between recognition deficits and posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptoms observed in other studies could be replicated and, if so, whether this association was mediated by negative self-attributions and would decrease in strength when taking into account the adverse roles of peritraumatic distress and early posttraumatic emotions. To address these questions, we used prospective data from 201 victims who had reported a crime to the Dutch police. Recognition deficits, negative self-attributions, peritraumatic distress, and early posttraumatic emotions were assessed within 1 month after the crime report and PTSD symptoms 1 month later. Results indicated that the association between recognition deficits and PTSD symptoms was partly mediated by negative self-attributions and that the strength of this association decreased when controlling for peritraumatic distress and early posttraumatic emotions.
Accurate DC Current Ratio Measurements for Primary Currents up to 600 A

A setup based on a direct current (dc) comparator, typically employed in high-current low-resistance calibrations, has been developed for the accurate calibration of dc current ratios for dc currents up to 600 A. For primary currents above 100 A, multiple turns of the primary conductor are made through the device under test. A full uncertainty analysis reveals that the 1 part in 106 total expanded uncertainty (k = 2) in a calibration of a zero-flux device is limited by the behavior of the device, in particular the instability and sensitivity to the position of the primary current conductor.
Test Structure for Characterization of Low-Frequency Noise in CMOS Technologies

This paper describes an alternative way of driving the complementary metal-oxide-semiconductor (CMOS) device into different drain-current levels for low-frequency-noise (LFN) characterization. A floating-gate (FG) test structure that constructs the characterized MOSFET with an extra control gate is proposed. A metal-insulator-metal (MIM) capacitor is used to construct this control gate. Instead of applying different input-dc-bias supplies for the gate terminals of the MOSFETs, the device is directly programmed to the drain-current levels of interest by CHARGE/DISCHARGE operations. In this case, no gate bias is required in the drain-current noise measurement, so that any potential disadvantages from gate-bias supply networks that would prevent accurate noise measurements are totally excluded. The LFN measurement results demonstrating the feasibility of the proposed test structure are also reported.
Macrophages and residual HIV infection

Purpose of reviewThis review provides recent information relating to how monocytes and macrophages contribute to persistence of HIV-1 in individuals with highly active antiretroviral therapy-induced viral suppression. Recent findingsThe restriction factor APOBEC-3G after entry is present in an active form in monocytes but not macrophages, providing an explanation for why monocytes are less susceptible to HIV-1 infection than macrophages. A subset of monocytes is, however, more susceptible to HIV-1 infection than the majority of blood monocytes. New techniques allow distinction between stably integrated and unintegrated forms of HIV DNA, resulting in demonstration that rebounding HIV-1 is genetically distinct to virus in the T-cell latent reservoir. Controversy has ended by showing that extrachromosomal 2-LTR circles are stable in terminally differentiated monocytes/macrophages but represent ongoing viral replication in proliferating cells. Infectious virions are present in cytoplasmic compartments for prolonged periods of time, thus supporting the role of these cells as a source of viral persistence. Whilst the intestinal macrophage is not likely to provide a source of viral persistence, residual infection can be detected in the genital tract and brain macrophages in individuals on highly active antiretroviral therapy. Antiretroviral drug resistance may emerge more slowly in monocytes/macrophages than in T cells, as recently demonstrated for lamivudine. SummaryAlthough many questions are still unanswered, there is increasing recognition that latent T-cell reservoirs cannot fully explain the failure of highly active antiretroviral therapy to eradicate HIV-1 and that monocytes/macrophages play a critical role as a source of residual infection.