Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
PHARMACOGENETIC VARIATION AT CYP 2 D 6 , CYP 2 C 9 , AND CYP 2 C 19 : Population Genetic and Forensic Aspects

8 REVIEW OF THE LITERATURE.10 1 Pharmacogenetics . 10 2 Drug-Metabolizing Enzymes.11 3 CYP Enzymes.12 3.1 General Characteristics . 12 3.2 CYP2D6. 14 3.3 CYP2C9.18 3.4 CYP2C19.20 4 Genetic Variation at CYP2D6, CYP2C9, and CYP2C19 in Human Populations.22 5 Factors Affecting the Genetic Diversity at CYP Genes.22 5.1 Evolution of the Gene Superfamily . 22 5.2 Neutral Evolution in Human Populations. 23 5.3 Selective Pressures. 24 6 Clinical Pharmacogenetics . 25 6.1 From Genotypes to Phenotypes . 25 6.2 Clinical Applications Involving CYP2D6, CYP2C9, and CYP2C19 . 28 6.2.1 Cancer Treatment . 28 6.2. 2 Oral Anticoagulation Therapy.28 6.2. 3 Proton Pump Inhibitor Therapy . 29 6.2. 4 Psychiatric Drug Therapy . 30 7 Postmortem Pharmacogenetics.33 AIMS OF THE STUDY.35 MATERIALS AND METHODS . 36 1 Samples.36 1.1 Population Genetic Studies (II, III). 36 1.2 Postmortem Cases (IV, V) . 36 2 Genotyping . 37 2.1 DNA Extraction (III-V) . 37
Independent sets, matchings, and occupancy fractions

We prove tight upper bounds on the logarithmic derivative of the independence and matching polynomials of d ‐regular graphs. For independent sets, this theorem is a strengthening of the results of Kahn, Galvin and Tetali, and Zhao showing that a union of copies of Kd,d maximizes the number of independent sets and the independence polynomial of a d ‐regular graph.
Robust Adaptive Neurocontrol of SISO Nonlinear Systems Preceded by Unknown Deadzone

In this study, the problem of controlling an unknown SISO nonlinear system in Brunovsky canonical form with unknown deadzone input in such a way that the system output follows a specified bounded reference trajectory is considered. Based on universal approximation property of the neural networks, two schemes are proposed to handle this problem. The first scheme utilizes a smooth adaptive inverse of the deadzone. By means of Lyapunov analyses, the exponential convergence of the tracking error to a bounded zone is proven. The second scheme considers the deadzone as a combination of a linear term and a disturbance-like term. Thus, the estimation of the deadzone inverse is not required. By using a Lyapunov-like analyses, the asymptotic converge of the tracking error to a bounded zone is demonstrated. Since this control strategy requires the knowledge of a bound for an uncertainty/disturbance term, a procedure to find such bound is provided. In both schemes, the boundedness of all closed-loop signals is guaranteed. A numerical experiment shows that a satisfactory performance can be obtained by using any of the two proposed controllers.
Epidemiology of allergic conjunctivitis.

PURPOSE OF REVIEW To describe currently available epidemiological data on the prevalence of allergic conjunctivitis. Allergic conjunctivitis is often underdiagnosed and consequently undertreated except when it is severe and the chief complaint of a consultation in a specialty clinic. Use of healthcare resources and reduced quality of life of affected individuals justify studies on the prevalence of allergic conjunctivitis. RECENT FINDINGS The association of allergic nasal and ocular symptoms (rhinoconjunctivitis) is common. Most children with allergic conjunctivitis have allergic rhinitis. Older population studies estimate a prevalence of 15-20% of allergic conjunctivitis, but more recent studies implicate rates as high as 40%. Ocular symptoms are common and contribute to the burden of allergic rhinitis and lower quality of life. Ocular allergies rank a very close second and at times may overcome the primary complaints of nasal congestion in rhinoconjunctivitis patients. SUMMARY Little focus has been set on the impact of allergic conjunctivitis as comorbidity to asthma and rhinitis in atopic patients. Conjunctivitis symptoms are at least as severe as rhinitis symptoms in patients with 'hay fever' and some have even generated the term of conjunctivorhinitis stressing the ocular symptoms. Prevalence studies should be specifically addressed to ocular allergy symptoms.
Efficient Computation of Hierarchical Trends

To model a large database containing selling prices for houses, in which local trends, general trends, and specific characteristics play a role, we derived a new procedure to implement a state-space model for repeated measurements. The original model is decomposed into two parts, which are treated differently. The first part is ordinary least squares on data in deviation from means. This step provides a prior for coefficients to be used in the second step, which is a Kalman filter, providing estimates of the trends and the parameters. The procedure exploits and illustrates the Bayesian interpretation of a Kalman filter.
The Industrial Organization of Congress; or, Why Legislatures, Like Firms, Are Not Organized as Markets

This paper provides a theory of legislative institutions that parallels the theory of the firm and the theory of contractual institutions. Like market institutions, legislative institutions reflect two key components: the goals or preferences of individuals (here, representatives seeking reelection) and the relevant transactions costs. We present three conclusions. First, we show how the legislative institutions enforce bargains among legislators. Second, we explain why, given the peculiar form of bargaining problems found in legislatures, specific forms of nonmarket exchange prove superior to market exchange. Third, our approach shows how the committee system limits the types of coalitions that may form on a particular issue.
Does homogeneity exist within industrial districts? A social capital‐based approach

Industrial districts are made up of enterprises and organisations that are closely related, both physically and cognitively. From the social capital perspective, the district has been defined as a social network with a high degree of internal homogeneity. Nevertheless, good reasons can be found to justify a certain degree of heterogeneity among the member firms and at least two sub-clusters of firms, the 'core network' and 'periphery network', can be distinguished. Taking this idea as our starting point, we analyse the case of the Castellon ceramic tile industrial district in order to gain a greater understanding of these two groups of enterprises and their differences. Copyright (c) 2008 the author(s). Journal compilation (c) 2008 RSAI.
Paravertebral injection of botulinum toxin‐A reduces lumbar vertebral bone quality

Aging has been associated with decreases in muscle strength and bone quality. In older patients, paravertebral muscle atrophy tends to coincide with vertebral osteoporosis. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of a paravertebral injection of botulinum toxin‐A (BTX) on paravertebral muscle atrophy and lumbar vertebral bone quality. Forty 16‐week‐old female SD rats were randomly divided into four groups: (1) a control group (CNT); (2) a resection of erector spinae muscles group (RESM); (3) a botulinum toxin‐A group (BTX), treated with 5U BTX by local injection into the paravertebral muscles bilaterally; and (4) a positive control group (OVX), treated by bilateral ovariectomy. Rats were sacrificed at 12 weeks post‐surgery, and the lumbar vertebrae (L3–L6) were collected. Micro‐CT scans showed that rats in the three experimental groups—particularly the OVX rats—had fewer trabeculae and trabecular connections than rats in the CNT group. BMD was significantly lower in rats in the OVX, RESM, and BTX groups than in the CNT group (p < 0.01). Vertebral compression testing revealed significantly lower maximum load, energy absorption, maximum stress, and elastic modulus values in the three experimental groups compared with the CNT group (p < 0.01); these parameters were lowest in the OVX group (p < 0.05). Our results demonstrate that local BTX injection causes sufficient muscle atrophy and dysfunction to result in local lumbar vertebral bone loss and quality deterioration in a model of paravertebral muscle atrophy. Clinical Significance: The muscular tissues surrounding the lumbar vertebrae should be preserved during clinical surgery to avoid loss of bone quality and mass in the adjacent bone. Maintaining paravertebral muscle strength is an important consideration for patients with early osteoporosis. © 2018 Orthopaedic Research Society. Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Orthop Res 36:2664–2670, 2018.
The Effect of the New Minimum Wage Law in a Low-Wage Labor Market

After nearly a decade without change, legislation that affected the Federal minimum wage in two significant ways took effect on April 1, 1990: (1) the hourly minimum wage was increased from $3.35 to $3.80; and (2) employers were enabled to pay a subminimum wage to teenage workers for up to six months. This paper examines the effect of these changes in the minimum wage law in a low-wage labor market using data from a survey of 167 fast food restaurants in Texas. We draw three main conclusions. First, our survey results indicate that less than 2 percent of fast food restaurants have taken advantage of the youth subminimum, even though 73 percent of the sampled restaurants paid a starting wage of less than $3.80 before the new minimum wage took effect. Second, we find that a sizeable minority of fast food restaurants increased wages for workers by an amount exceeding that necessary to comply with the higher minimum wage. Third, the majority of fast food restaurants in Texas that were directly affected by the minimum wage increase did not report that they attempted to offset their mandated wage increase by cutting fringe benefits or reducing employment.
Increased seed survival and seedling emergence in a polyploid plant invader.

PREMISE OF THE STUDY Because seeds have essential functions in the life cycle of plants, even subtle changes in their characteristics may have important demographic consequences. In this study, we examined whether potential changes in seed characteristics as a result of polyploidy or postintroduction evolution may have contributed to the invasion of Centaurea stoebe (Asteraceae). This plant occurs as diploid and tetraploid cytotypes in its native range in Europe, whereas only tetraploids have been found and become invasive in North America. Specific comparisons among these three "geo-cytotypes" allow us to explore hypotheses of preadaptation resulting from polyploidy (European diploids vs. European tetraploids) and postintroduction evolution (European tetraploids vs. North American tetraploids). METHODS Using seeds collected from plants of each geo-cytotype grown in a common maternal environment, we compared seed mass, morphology (achene and pappus size), dispersal potential (falling velocity, seed roughness), survival, germination, and seedling emergence in a combination of laboratory, greenhouse and field experiments. KEY RESULTS We found increased seed mass in North American tetraploids compared with European tetraploids. Seed morphology and dispersal potential were largely similar in all geo-cytotypes. Seed survival under field conditions was higher in native and invasive tetraploids compared with diploids. Germination in the laboratory was similar among all geo-cytotypes, but seedling emergence under field conditions was higher in invasive tetraploids than in the other geo-cytotypes. CONCLUSIONS Our findings suggest that a combination of preadaptation due to polyploidy (increased seed survival) and further postintroduction evolution in North American tetraploids (increased seed mass and seedling emergence) may have contributed to their invasion.
The Legislative Design of Judicial Review

Judicial review of agency decisions clearly affects policy outcomes, both because the courts can overrule an agency's decision and because the threat of judicial review can affect the agency's choice of policy. At the same time, however, judicial review does not simply `exist', but rather is a political variable that a legislature can use to affect policy outcomes. This paper explores how a legislature can use judicial review to influence policy outcomes and examines how review can affect the utility received by each actor. The game-theoretic analysis demonstrates that (1) legislatures can use judicial review strategically in order to obtain more-preferred outcomes, (2) a legislature's ability to improve policy outcomes through the strategic employment of judicial review is not wholly dependent on its ability to respond to the judiciary's actions (i.e. on having the last move in the policy game), and (3) the judiciary's type (i.e. the extent to which it acts restrained) influences outcomes and the actions of the legislature. Finally, I examine the design of judicial review in environmental policy to illustrate and support the theory.
Selective Estrogen Receptor Modulators and Phytoestrogens

Scientific achievements in the last two decades have revolutionized the treatment and prevention of breast cancer. This is mainly because of targeted therapies and a better understanding of the relationship between estrogen, its receptor, and breast cancer. One of these discoveries is the use of synthetic selective estrogen modulators (SERMs) such as tamoxifen in the treatment strategy for estrogen receptor (ER)-positive breast cancer. Hundreds of thousands of lives have been saved because of this advance. Not only is tamoxifen used in the treatment strategy for patients who have breast cancer, but also for prevention in high-risk premenopausal women. Another synthetic SERM, raloxifene, which was initially used to prevent osteoporosis, is also as effective as tamoxifen for prevention in high-risk postmenopausal women. In certain regions of the world, particularly in Asia, a low incidence of breast cancer has been observed. These women have diets that are high in soy and low in fat, unlike the Western diet. Interest in the protective effects of soy derivatives has led to the research of phytoestrogens and metabolites of soy that are described by some as natural SERMs. As a result, many clinical questions have been raised as to whether phytoestrogens, which are also found in other natural foods, can protect against breast cancer. This article reviews the development and role of the more common SERMs, tamoxifen and raloxifene. In addition, this paper will also highlight the emerging studies on phytoestrogens and their similarity and dissimilarity to SERMs.
Identification of QTL Associated with Nitrogen Uptake and Nitrogen Use Efficiency Using High Throughput Genotyped CSSLs in Rice (Oryza sativa L.)

Nitrogen (N) availability is a major factor limiting crop growth and development. Identification of quantitative trait loci (QTL) for N uptake (NUP) and N use efficiency (NUE) can provide useful information regarding the genetic basis of these traits and their associated effects on yield production. In this study, a set of high throughput genotyped chromosome segment substitution lines (CSSLs) derived from a cross between recipient 9311 and donor Nipponbare were used to identify QTL for rice NUP and NUE. Using high throughput sequencing, each CSSL were genotyped and an ultra-high-quality physical map was constructed. A total of 13 QTL, seven for NUP and six for NUE, were identified in plants under hydroponic culture with all nutrients supplied in sufficient quantities. The proportion of phenotypic variation explained by these QTL for NUP and NUE ranged from 3.16–13.99% and 3.76–12.34%, respectively. We also identified several QTL for biomass yield (BY) and grain yield (GY), which were responsible for 3.21–45.54% and 6.28–7.31%, respectively, of observed phenotypic variation. GY were significantly positively correlated with NUP and NUE, with NUP more closely correlated than NUE. Our results contribute information to NUP and NUE improvement in rice.
Monetary Policy Without Interest Rates: Evidence from France 's Golden Age (1948-1973) Using a Narrative Approach

Central banking in France from 1948 to 1973 was a paradigmatic example of an unconventional policy relying on quantities rather than on interest rates. Usual SVAR find no effect of policy shocks and support the common view that monetary policy was ineffective over this period. I argue that only a narrative approach is able to account for the peculiarity and complexity of quantitative controls on money and credit. Using archival evidence, I measure monetary policy stance with a dummy variable denoting restrictive episodes. Impulse response functions then show standard patterns; monetary policy shocks have a strong and long lasting effect. These results offer a revisionist account of postwar monetary policy under Bretton Woods and before the Great Inflation. They also suggest that quantities of money and credit can play a greater role than their prices in the adjustment process of the economy.
New York City's Informal Economy

A central question for theory and policy is whether the formation and expansion of informal sectors in advanced industrialized countries is the result of conditions created by advanced capitalism. Rather than assume that Third World immigration is causing informalization, we need a critical examination of the role it may or may not play in this process. Immigrants, in so far as they tend to form communities, may be in a favorable position to seize the opportunities represented by informalization. But the opportunities are not necessarily created by immigrants. They may well be a structured outcome of current trends in the advanced industrialized economies. Similarly, what are perceived as backward sectors of the economy may or may not be remnants from an earlier phase of industrialization; they may well represent a downgrading of work involving growing sectors of the economy. This type of inquiry requires an analytical differentiation of immigration, informalization and characteristics of the current phase of advanced industrialized economies. That should allow us to establish the differential impact of (a) immigration and (b) conditions in the economy at large on the formation and expansion of informal sectors. The research on the informal sector in New York City seeks to contribute information on these various questions. The working hypothesis is that the current phase of the advanced industrialization contains conditions that induce the formation of an informal sector in large cities. There are two distinct methodological components to the study. One is concerned with identifying conditions in the major growth sectors that may induce informalization. This analysis has been completed (Sassen-Koob 1981; 1984a). The other is concerned with identifying the characteristics of the informal sector itself. This paper reports on this part of the study and the findings for New York.
Variations in the levels of the JAK/STAT and ShcA proteins in human brain tumors.

BACKGROUND Recent demonstrations that the JAK/STAT and ShcA signalling proteins are abundant in the developing CNS at the stage of maximal cell proliferation prompted us to determine whether these proteins were expressed in various human brain tumors. MATERIALS AND METHODS Using Western blot assay, we analyzed specimens from control peritumoral brain tissue, medulloblastomas, ependimomas, astrocytomas, anaplastic astrocytomas and glioblastomas. RESULTS Our analyses revealed that Jak1 and Stat3 were consistently more elevated in low grade gliomas (LG) (tumors characterized by a more pronounced glial phenotype) as compared to high grade gliomas (HG) (less differentiated glial tumors). The other STAT proteins were equally expressed, while Stat1 was slightly higher in LG gliomas. Among the other tumors analyzed, medulloblastoma contained the highest level of Jak1 and Stat3, while ependymoma showed elevated levels of ShcA proteins. CONCLUSIONS These differences may reflect differences in the biological characteristics of the various tumors and may provide insight for further mechanistic studies to investigate the importance of particular signal transduction pathways in CNS tumors.
Mycophenolate Mofetil Can Be Used as Monotherapy Late After Liver Transplantation

We report our experience with calcineurin inhibitor (CNI) withdrawal and MMF monotherapy in 50 adult liver transplant (OLT) recipients with CNI‐related toxicity. Thirty‐four patients had chronic renal dysfunction (CRD) associated with arterial hypertension, 11 had only CRD and other five patients had hypertension. The mean time between OLT and introduction of MMF was 81 months. After the introduction of MMF, CNI was progressively reduced and withdrawn if possible. At the end of the follow up (mean time: 18 months) CNI was withdrawn in 39 patients (78%), and there was a significant decrease from baseline in serum creatinine (1.81–1.49 mg/dL; p < 0.0001), BUN (76.6–52.8 mg/dL; p < 0.0001) and uric acid (9–7.5 mg/dL; p < 0.0001) levels, and an increase in creatinine clearance (44.7–55.1 mL/min; p < 0.0001). Excluding patients who developed graft rejection and two patients who died, CRD improved in 32 of 40 patients (80%), and arterial hypertension improved in 22 of 29 patients (76%). Five patients (10%) developed acute rejection, and one patient (2%) chronic rejection. Twenty‐six patients (52%) experienced side‐effects, with asthenia, herpes virus infection, and diarrhea being the most common. Only eight patients (16%) required MMF dose reduction. In conclusion, MMF monotherapy late after OLT improves CRD and hypertension in most patients, is safe and well tolerated.
Effective strategic action: Exploring synergy sources of European and Asian management systems

The article deals with an effective strategic action within a company in the 21st century - the ability to cope with changing demands without losing focus and anticipating changes before they arise. It aims to create a dynamic performance framework based on the utilization of synergy effects of selected European and Asian management systems (Bata Management System, Japanese Management System and Amoeba Management System). The framework integrates basic elements that enable every aspect of the company (people, processes and systems, innovations, finance, social responsibility and ecology) to be monitored. Special emphasis is put on customers and innovations as a fundamental basis of competitiveness for firms while continually improving the quality of processes and products. Mutual synergy effects of these elements shall ensure fast communication, build lasting value not only for the company, but also for customers and employees and improve corporate performance and efficiency. All perspectives are fully integrated with each other and create a framework that is periodical, dynamic and competitive and that is able to withstand irrelevant disturbances and that is at the same time responsive to relevant changes.
Real-time, in vivo intracellular recordings of caterpillar-induced depolarization waves in sieve elements using aphid electrodes.

Plants propagate electrical signals in response to artificial wounding. However, little is known about the electrophysiological responses of the phloem to wounding, and whether natural damaging stimuli induce propagating electrical signals in this tissue. Here, we used living aphids and the direct current (DC) version of the electrical penetration graph (EPG) to detect changes in the membrane potential of Arabidopsis sieve elements (SEs) during caterpillar wounding. Feeding wounds in the lamina induced fast depolarization waves in the affected leaf, rising to maximum amplitude (c. 60 mV) within 2 s. Major damage to the midvein induced fast and slow depolarization waves in unwounded neighbor leaves, but only slow depolarization waves in non-neighbor leaves. The slow depolarization waves rose to maximum amplitude (c. 30 mV) within 14 s. Expression of a jasmonate-responsive gene was detected in leaves in which SEs displayed fast depolarization waves. No electrical signals were detected in SEs of unwounded neighbor leaves of plants with suppressed expression of GLR3.3 and GLR3.6. EPG applied as a novel approach to plant electrophysiology allows cell-specific, robust, real-time monitoring of early electrophysiological responses in plant cells to damage, and is potentially applicable to a broad range of plant-herbivore interactions.