Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Estimation of frost occurrence and duration of frost for a short-grass surface

The estimation of frost duration (FD) was investigated using dielectric, infrared surface temperature and grass temperature subhourly measurements. Near real-time FD data and information displays and alerts were also made available via a web-based system. FD was estimated using a dielectric leaf wetness sensor (LWS) method, for which the sensor voltage was between 274 and 284 mV with a voltage rate of change less than 10 mV h−1 for a 4 min period, and two temperature methods for which infrared thermometer (IRT) and grass temperatures were compared with 0 °C. FD estimation using the LWS method ensured that most of the transitional dry-to-wet and wet-to-dry events were not included in the FD count. Generally, the IRT method yielded the largest estimate of FD, grass temperature method lower and LWS method lowest. Micrometeorological measurements showed consistent air temperature gradients of 2.25 °C m−1 for cloudless nocturnal frosted conditions with few air temperature measurements at 1 m and none above indicating frost occurrence. At the very least, automatic weather station systems should contain a grass thermometer or preferably an IRT for determination of FD with near real-time data and graphics displayed, including timeous alerts of frost occurrence and FD, using the Internet.
Ice nucleation properties of the most abundant mineral dust phases

[1] The ice nucleation properties of the nine most abundant minerals occurring in desert aerosols (quartz, albite, microcline, kaolinite, montmorillonite, illite, calcite, gypsum, and hematite) were investigated by environmental scanning electron microscopy (ESEM). In this instrument, the pure minerals are exposed to water vapor at variable pressures and temperatures. The crystallization of ice on the mineral particles is observed by secondary electron imaging, and the supersaturation for an activated particle fraction of 1–3% is determined as function of temperature. In all experiments, condensation of water prior to ice formation was not observed within detectable limits, even at water supersaturation. The highest temperatures for 1–3% activation vary between −10°C and −16°C for the nine minerals investigated, and the corresponding onset relative humidities relative to ice RHi between 107 and 117%. Supersaturation temperature curves for initial ice formation (1–3% activation) in the temperature range typical for mixed-phase clouds were measured for all nine minerals. The temperature dependence of the onset relative humidity is strongly dependent on mineralogy. Kaolinite, montmorillonite, and hematite show a strong increase in RHi with decreasing temperature, whereas RHi is almost constant for illite, albite, quartz, and calcite. The highly variable ice nucleation properties of the various mineral dust components should be considered for parameterization schemes. Illite and kaolinite are the most important minerals to consider, as they have high ice nucleation efficiency and are common components of desert aerosols.
Remote Sensing of the Atmosphere and Clouds II

Cosponsored by Gouvernement de la Nouvelle-Calédonie (New Caledonia) • IRD—Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (France) • SPC—Secretariat of the Pacific Community • ISRO—Indian Space Research Organization (India) • NASA—National Aeronautics and Space Administration (United States) • Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California, San Diego (United States) • Secretariat Permanent pour le Pacifique, République Française (France) • JAXA—Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (Japan) • NiCT—National Institute of Information and Communications Technology (Japan) NOAA—National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (United States)
The Surface Energy Balance System (SEBS) for estimation of turbulent heat fluxes

Abstract. A Surface Energy Balance System (SEBS) is proposed for the estimation of atmospheric turbulent fluxes and evaporative fraction using satellite earth observation data, in combination with meteorological information at proper scales. SEBS consists of: a set of tools for the determination of the land surface physical parameters, such as albedo, emissivity, temperature, vegetation coverage etc., from spectral reflectance and radiance measurements; a model for the determination of the roughness length for heat transfer; and a new formulation for the determination of the evaporative fraction on the basis of energy balance at limiting cases. Four experimental data sets are used to assess the reliabilities of SEBS. Based on these case studies, SEBS has proven to be capable to estimate turbulent heat fluxes and evaporative fraction at various scales with acceptable accuracy. The uncertainties in the estimated heat fluxes are comparable to in-situ measurement uncertainties. Keywords: Surface energy balance, turbulent heat flux, evaporation, remote sensing
Prediction of Beef Quality Attributes using Hyperspectral Scattering Imaging Technique

Hyperspectral scattering images was used to predict pH, cooking lose, tenderness (i.e. WBSF: Warner-Bratzler Shear Force) and color parameters. Thirty-three fresh strip loin cuts were collected from two days postmortem carcass. After imaging and pH value measurement, the samples were vacuum packaged and aging to seventh day, then the samples color parameters (L*, a*, b*), cooking lose (CL) and WBSF were collected as references. The optical scattering profiles were derived from the hyperspectral images and fitted to the Modified Lorentzian distribution (MLD) function. MLD parameters, such as the peak height, full scattering width at half maximum (FWHM) and the scattering asymptotic were determined at each wavelength. Stepwise regression was used to identify optimal combinations of wavelengths for individual parameters. The parameters were then used to establish multi-linear regression (MLR) models to predict the beef attributes. The models were able to predict beef WBSF with Rcv = 0.86, 2-day pH values with Rcv = 0.82 and color parameters (L*, a*, b*) with RCV of 0.93, 0.90 and 0.91, whereas the correlations between scattering parameters and CL were poor. This research provided available support for the development of multispectral system which could be implemented online to determine beef steaks color and tenderness.
Particle and Plutonium Mobilization in Macroporous Soils during Rainfall Simulations

To test the effects of infiltration velocity, soil type, and soil structure on the mobilization of particles in the unsaturated zone, we monitored particle concentrations and plutonium activities in water moving through macroporous soils during rainfall simulations at the Rocky Flats Plant in Colorado. Rainfall simulations were conducted in three soil pits at the same intensity and in one soil pit at three intensities. The rapid arrival of water at zero-tension samplers located at depths from 15 to 70 cm indicated that macropore flow dominated infiltration. Most of the particle mobilization occurred during the initially slow infiltration of the first small volumes of rainfall to pass through the soil, resulting in a lack of correlation between particle concentration and the discharge rate (Darcy velocity) of the infiltrating water. Particle size distributions (1−50 μm) were steady during the simulations and displayed greater mass in the larger size ranges. The amount of particle mobilization was not relat.
THE REFLECTION SEISMOGRAPH: ITS INVENTION AND USE IN THE DISCOVERY OF OIL AND GAS FIELDS

On Easter Sunday April 15, 1894, I was born the son of Leo and Mary Karcher at Dale, a small village in southern Indiana, of German‐French ancestry. At the age of five, my family moved to a farming community in northern Oklahoma near Hennessey about 50 miles northwest of Oklahoma City. My father bought for $700 a homestead which had been staked by the owner in the first race for homesteads in what was then Oklahoma Territory.
Relationship between macrophyte stand variables and radar backscatter at L and C band, Tucuruí reservoir, Brazil

Information on macrophyte distribution in space and time is very important for tropical reservoir management. Macrophyte stands are major sinks/sources of methane and the knowledge of their spatial and temporal variation in biomass is useful for improving the assessment of the role of reservoirs in the carbon cycle. Moreover, macrophyte stands are a driving force in insect-induced diseases such as malaria. In this paper we examine the relationship between macrophyte stand variables such as above-ground biomass, stand average height and moisture, and radar backscatter at C and L bands. The study was carried out in Tucuruí reservoir, where ground data were available concurrently to JERS-1 and RADARSAT overpasses. The results showed that C band is much more sensitive to macrophyte leaf shape than L band. However, L band proved to be more sensitive to above-ground biomass and stand height. Results support the integration of L and C band images to discriminate among the three main genera found in Tucuruí: Typha, Ciperacea and Eicchornia .
Increased carbon sequestration by a boreal deciduous forest in years with a warm spring

A boreal deciduous forest in Saskatchewan, Canada, sequestered 144±65, 80±60, 116±35 and 290±50 g C m−2 y−1 in 1994, 1996, 1997 and 1998, respectively. The increased carbon sequestration was the result of a warmer spring and earlier leaf emergence, which significantly increased ecosystem photosynthesis, but had little effect on respiration. The high carbon sequestration in 1998 was coincident with one of the strongest El Niño events of this century, and is considered a significant and unexpected benefit.
Mapping global land surface albedo from NOAA AVHRR

A set of algorithms is combined for a simple derivation of land surface albedo from measurements of reflected visible and near-infrared radiation made by the advanced very high resolution radiometer (AVHRR) onboard the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) polar orbiting satellites. The system consists of a narrowband-to-broadband conversion and bidirectional correction at the top of the atmosphere and an atmospheric correction. We demonstrate the results with 1 month worth of data from the NOAA National Environmental Satellite, Data, and Information Service (NESDIS) global vegetation index (GVI) weekly data set and the NOAA/NASA Pathfinder Atmosphere (PATMOS) project daily data. Error analysis of the methodology indicates that the surface albedo can be retrieved with 10–15% relative accuracy. Monthly albedo maps derived from September 1989 GVI and PATMOS data agree well except for small discrepancies attributed mainly to different preprocessing and residual atmospheric effects. A 5-year mean September map derived from the GVI multiannual time series is consistent with that derived from low-resolution Earth Radiation Budget Experiment data as well as with a September map compiled from ground observations and used in many numerical weather and climate models. Instantaneous GVI-derived albedos were found to be consistent with surface albedo measurements over various surface types. The discrepancies found can be attributed to differences in areal coverage and representativeness of the satellite and ground data. The present pilot study is a prototype for a routine real-time production of high-resolution global surface albedo maps from NOAA AVHRR Global Area Coverage (GAC) data.
Comparisons of CLOVAR windprofiler horizontal winds with radiosondes and CMC regional analyses

Abstract The Canadian (London, Ontario) VHF Atmospheric Radar (CLOVAR) windprofiler radar near London, Ontario is a relatively new tool for atmospheric wind measurements (Hocking, 1994, 1997a). In order to verify its proper performance, vertical profiles of horizontal winds were compared with other wind estimates available during the period January 1996 to November 1997. Comparisons with co‐located radiosonde flights (a series of 29 flights in May–June 1996, and another of 8 flights in May–July 1997) showed excellent agreement between the two techniques. In addition, comparisons with horizontal winds measured by routine radiosonde balloons launched some 180 km south‐west of London, at White Lake (Detroit), and some 210 km east of London at Buffalo Airport, showed good agreement, considering the meteorological differences which would be expected at these ranges. A further comparison between winds measured with the radar, and winds extracted for London from Canadian Meteorological Centre (CMC) regional analyses, showed very good agreement. These favourable intercomparisons have verified that the CLOVAR is a reliable tool for observing horizontal winds, and have provided interesting insight into the CMC model.
Mobilization and Transport of Soil Particles during Infiltration Experiments in an Agricultural Field, Shenandoah Valley, Virginia

Evidence that fine particles mobilized and transported in soils and aquifers can have a profound influence on contaminant migration has spawned much interest recently in understanding colloid transport in natural materials. Repeated infiltration experiments on an initially dry field soil were conducted to evaluate rates of mobilization of fine particles over time and to investigate the importance of transient-flow events on particle transport. Water flow was measured in zero-tension lysimeters at 25 cm depth. For repeated infiltration events and for all plots, water flow sharply increased shortly after initial ponding of water at the soil surface, maintained a relatively steady level during the period of ponding, and decreased gradually thereafter. Particle concentrations measured in the pan lysimeters ranged from 7 mg L-1 to 265 mg L-1 and were typically on the order of 10 to 100 mg L-1. Greatest particle mass flux was observed during the initial infiltration experiment on each plot. During four subseque.
’ s “ You project management

0 7 4 0 7 4 5 9 / 0 5 / $ 2 0 . 0 0 © 2 0 0 5 I E E E can neither predict nor control what you cannot measure. ”3 Despite metrics’ theoretical potential, effectively applying them appears to be far from mainstream in practice. For example, a recent case study of more than 600 software professionals revealed that only 27 percent viewed metrics as “very” or “extremely” important to their software project decision-making process.4 The study also revealed that most respondents attempted to use metrics only for cost and schedule estimation. Practitioners face various barriers in applying metrics (see the sidebar “Explaining the Gap between Software Metrics Theory and Practice”). It’s no wonder that many practitioners find it daunting to apply best practices to their own situation. Indeed, the agile community generally argues against model-based metrics applications, promoting softer metrics for decision making.5 Fortunately, creating predictive models based on historical project data isn’t the only possible way to apply software metrics to project management. Our team at the Collaborative Software Development Laboratory has developed a new telemetry-based approach.
Application of modern analog technique to marine Antarctic diatoms: Reconstruction of maximum sea-ice extent at the Last Glacial Maximum

Modern analog technique (MAT) applied to Antarctic diatoms is a new approach for quantitative sea-ice paleoreconstructions in the Southern Ocean. In a first step we show that MAT is a better approach than the Imbrie and Kipp Method to reconstruct the modern sea-ice pattern. We then use this approach to reconstruct sea-ice presence in number of months per year during the last glacial maximum (LGM). At this time, sea-ice presence was greater than today, leading to a shorter diatom growing season. The maximum sea-ice extent, inferred from quantitative values of sea-ice presence, was located 5–8° north of its actual position, leading to double the surface of modern winter sea ice. This greater sea-ice extent may have played a significant role on atmospheric and surface oceanic circulations and therefore on southern mid-latitude and high-latitude climates. It may also have reduced the amount of heat, moisture, and CO2 from the ocean to the atmosphere, thus participating in the lowering of atmospheric CO2 during the LGM.
Prediction of plume migration in heterogeneous media using artificial neural networks

Because of the many uncertainties associated with most flow and transport parameters, studies often implement the numerical simulations within a Monte Carlo frame of work. The large numbers of realizations needed to achieve convergence for the statistics of concern make the Monte Carlo approach computationally demanding. In this study we attempt to develop an empirical‐numerical approach to generate Lagrangian particle trajectories in two‐dimensional domain given a certain input heterogeneity model without repeatedly solving the flow equation for each realization, with the purpose of evaluating ensemble plume statistics. Artificial neural networks are used to map the relationship between the particle trajectories and the physical properties of the formation. This is achieved by training the neural network through a set of sufficient examples derived from a few realizations using an exponential log‐K covariance. The trained network is then used to predict particle trajectories in heterogeneity characterized by an exponential, a Gaussian, a hole‐type, or a fractal covariance model. The network that is trained using the exponential model successfully predicts transport results for other models with high accuracy and low computational effort. Accuracy of prediction of the trajectory (percent of explained variance) reaches 94% in the direction of mean flow and 91% normal to it. For the cases studied here, the speed of calculation is ∼7.8 times faster than the traditional approach for 1000 realizations. As the number of realizations increases, the speed factor approaches 12.8. Solute mass flux (mean and standard deviation) and mean‐plume concentrations predicted by the trained network agree very closely with the target result obtained via traditional Monte Carlo simulations.
An empirical analysis

This article analyzes the relationship between capital allocation and local development in four municipalities of the region east of Guatemala. The four municipalities analyzed share the characteristic of having experienced a significant reduction in poverty levels. The da-products used come from surveys of living conditions conducted in the four municipalities of the region, as well as surveys of living conditions nationwide. In that sense do you compare the allocation of capital, in various forms, of the four municipalities to the national average. This comparison shows that the four municipalities have to raise additional capital which favored its local development. The main conclusion to be drawn is that the local development depends on having a large endowment of capital in its various forms.
Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV) operated spectral camera system for forest and agriculture applications

VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland has developed a Fabry-Perot Interferometer (FPI) based hyperspectral imager compatible with the light weight UAV platforms. The concept of the hyperspectral imager has been published in the SPIE Proc. 7474 and 7668. In forest and agriculture applications the recording of multispectral images at a few wavelength bands is in most cases adequate. The possibility to calculate a digital elevation model of the forest area and crop fields provides means to estimate the biomass and perform forest inventory. The full UAS multispectral imaging system will consist of a high resolution false color imager and a FPI based hyperspectral imager which can be used at resolutions from VGA (480 x 640 pixels) up to 5 Mpix at wavelength range 500 - 900 nm at user selectable spectral resolutions in the range 10.40 nm @ FWHM. The resolution is determined by the order at which the Fabry- Perot interferometer is used. The overlap between successive images of the false color camera is 70.80% which makes it possible to calculate the digital elevation model of the target area. The field of view of the false color camera is typically 80 degrees and the ground pixel size at 150 m flying altitude is around 5 cm. The field of view of the hyperspectral imager is presently is 26 x 36 degrees and ground pixel size at 150 m flying altitude is around 3.5 cm. The UAS system has been tried in summer 2011 in Southern Finland for the forest and agricultural areas. During the first test campaigns the false color camera and hyperspectral imager were flown over the target areas at separate flights. The design and calibration of the hyperspectral imager will be shortly explained. The test flight campaigns on forest and crop fields and their preliminary results are also presented in this paper.
Variación anual de la composición química del aceite esencial de Lippia Alba (Verbenaceae) cultivada en Costa Rica

Se estudio la variacion anual de la composicion quimica del aceite esencial de las hojas de Lippia alba (Verbenaceae), forma dulce, que crece en la region tropical humeda de Costa Rica, utilizando cromatografia de gases capilar (CG) y espectrometria de masas (EM). Los constituyentes mayoritarios del aceite son carvona (62,44 - 67,55%) y limoneno (20,77 - 24,95%).
Logistic regression modelling of multitemporal Thematic Mapper data for burned area mapping

This study focused on the development of a logistic regression model for burned area mapping using two Landsat-5 Thematic Mapper (TM) images. Logistic regression models were structured using the spectral channels of the two images as explanatory variables. The overall accuracy of the results and other statistical indications denote that logisticregression modelling can be usedsuccessfully for burned area mapping. The model that consisted of the spectral channels TM4, TM7 and TM1 and had an overall accuracy of 97.62%, proved to be the most suitable. Moreover, the study concluded that the spectral channel TM4 was the most sensitive to alterations of the spectral response of the burned category pixels, followed by TM7.
Tidal Cycles in Stratification and Shear and Their Relationship to Gradient Richardson Number and Eddy Viscosity Variations in Estuaries

AbstractTidal cycles in stratification and shear lead to tidal variations in mixing in many estuaries. This study 1) defines readily observable dimensionless parameters for establishing the sense and magnitude of gradient Richardson number Ri and eddy viscosity K changes from maximum to minimum stratification during a tidal cycle and 2) calculates where representative estuaries fit in this parameter space. The dimensionless parameters are Ri calculated with tidal-averaged stratification and shear, scaled stratification amplitude, and a scaled shear parameter. The scaled stratification amplitude is approximately the tidal amplitude of stratification divided by the tidal-averaged stratification. The scaled shear parameter depends on the scaled tidal amplitude of shear and the phase difference between the tidal cycles of stratification and shear. Over most of the parameter space, Ri is larger at maximum stratification. If the scaled stratification amplitude falls below a threshold value defined in terms of t.