Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Learning from Experience: An Assessment of the Retrospective Reviews of Agency Rules and the Evidence for Improving the Design and Implementation of Regulatory Policy

The Regulatory Policy Program at the Mossavar-Rahmani Center for Business and Government serves as a catalyst and clearinghouse for the study of regulation across Harvard University. The program's objectives are to cross-pollinate research, spark new lines of inquiry, and increase the connection between theory and practice. Through seminars and symposia, working papers, and new media, RPP explores themes that cut across regulation in its various domains: market failures and the public policy case for government regulation; the efficacy and efficiency of various regulatory instruments; and the most effective ways to foster transparent and participatory regulatory processes. The views expressed are those of the author and do not necessarily reflect those of the members of the Conference or its committees. In undertaking this research, I benefitted from the insights from many individuals with expertise in U.S. and participants at the August 2014 Council of Independent Regulatory Agencies meeting hosted by ACUS, participants at multiple meetings of the ACUS Regulation Committee, and participants at the Harvard Kennedy School Regulatory Policy Seminar. I did not provide a common set of questions in my conversations with these individuals. Reeve Bull provided very thoughtful comments and edits on several drafts that significantly improved this report. Lizzie Burns provided excellent research assistance. All omissions and commissions are the sole responsibility of the author. A well-functioning Federal regulatory program makes the American people better off by promoting innovation; encouraging competition; protecting the air we breathe, water we drink, and food we eat; and improving the safety of our workplaces and the goods we buy. Determining if we are getting the most out of our regulatory program requires rigorous analysis. Such analysis can address fundamental questions about regulatory policy: Do government regulations deliver on societal objectives (such as those established by Congress)? Do regulations maximize net social benefits? Are regulations enabling society to achieve our goals at the lowest possible cost? Despite a long track record of prospective analysis of proposed regulations that can address these questions, the Federal government has a mixed track record on retrospective review of existing rules. Every administration dating back to the Carter Administration in 1978 has implemented some form of regulatory look-back. In addition, agencies undertake retrospective review under their own statutory authorities and the Regulatory Flexibility Act. The ad hoc nature of the Presidential-mandated reviews, the apparent need for every administration to implement such a retrospective review, and the heterogeneity in …
The role of district leaders for organization social capital

Purpose Although it is assumed that school district governance by districts leaders can impact schools’ capacity to improvement and educational quality, there is little systematic evidence to support this claim. The purpose of this paper is to discuss how governance goals and interventions affect school districts’ social capital. Design/methodology/approach The empirical enquiry used quantitative data on district leaders enacting governance as perceived by their school principals. These data were collected among 399 school principals of 23 Dutch school districts in elementary education, using a survey. Social network data on social capital within school districts were collected using a social network survey among educational administrators (i.e. district leaders, central office administrators and school principals). Additionally, examples of the relation between school district social capital and governance at six school districts were described. Findings Results suggest that district leaders can promote the organizational social capital of their school districts through focusing on educational goals. In addition, the findings show that they can reinforce their impact by using interventions varying in coercion level, of which offering support to school principals appears to be “a golden button” to make organizational social capital thrive. Research limitations/implications Limitations to the study are the generalizability of the findings (they can be questioned because “convenience sampling” was used) and warrant a longitudinal design to examine how organization social capital develops over time. Originality/value The study is unique as it addresses the impact district leaders may have on their districts’ social capital by focusing on social network approach in the study of school district governance.
Differential and chaotic calcium signatures in the symbiosis signaling pathway of legumes

Understanding how the cell uses a limited set of proteins to transduce very different signals into specific cellular responses is a central goal of cell biology and signal transduction disciplines. Although multifunctionality in signal transduction is widespread, the mechanisms that allow differential modes of signaling in multifunctional signaling pathways are not well defined. In legume plants, a common symbiosis signaling pathway composed of at least seven proteins mediates infection by both mycorrhizal fungi and rhizobial bacteria. Here we show that the symbiosis signaling pathway in legumes differentially transduces both bacterial and fungal signals (inputs) to generate alternative calcium responses (outputs). We show that these differential calcium responses are dependent on the same proteins, DMI1 and DMI2, for their activation, indicating an inherent flexibility in this signaling pathway. By using Lyapunov and other mathematical analyses, we discovered that both bacterial-induced and fungal-induced calcium responses are chaotic in nature. Chaotic systems require minimal energy to produce a wide spectrum of outputs in response to marginally different inputs. The flexibility provided by chaotic systems is consistent with the need to transduce two different signals, one from rhizobial bacteria and one from mycorrhizal fungi, by using common components of a single signaling pathway.
Genomic Integration of High-Risk HPV Alters Gene Expression in Oropharyngeal Squamous Cell Carcinoma

High-risk HPV (hrHPV) is the leading etiologic factor in oropharyngeal cancer. HPV-positive oropharyngeal tumors generally respond well to therapy, with complete recovery in approximately 80% of patients. However, it remains unclear why some patients are nonresponsive to treatment, with 20% of patients recurring within 5 years. In this study, viral factors were examined for possible clues to differences in tumor behavior. Oropharynx tumors that responded well to therapy were compared with those that persisted and recurred. Viral oncogene alternate transcripts were assessed, and cellular sites of viral integration were mapped and sequenced. Effects of integration on gene expression were assessed by transcript analysis at the integration sites. All of the tumors demonstrated active viral oncogenesis, indicated by expression of HPV E6 and E7 oncogenes and alternate E6 splicing. In the responsive tumors, HPV integration occurred exclusively in intergenic chromosome regions, except for one tumor with viral integration into TP63. Each recurrent tumor exhibited complex HPV integration patterns into cancer-associated genes, including TNFRSF13B, SCN2A, SH2B1, UBE2V2, SMOC1, NFIA, and SEMA6D. Disrupted cellular transcripts were identified in the region of integration in four of the seven affected genes. Implications: Integration of transcriptionally active hrHPV into cellular intergenic regions associates with tumor behavior by altering gene expression. Mol Cancer Res; 14(10); 941–52. ©2016 AACR.
Agile Commitments: Dealing with Business Expectations Risks in Agile Development

: Agile methods have been proposed to increase customer satisfaction and deliver business value early, yet usually don’t focus on progress visibility other than software deliverables. However, many customers demand risk visibility over the main aspects that define their expectations: functionality (scope), budget, time-to-market, and product quality. This article proposes an agile commitment framework based on structured definition and follow-up of commitments among customers and developers. The framework uses commitment management to improving risk management by enhancing visibility of business expectation risks, by providing a negotiation baseline among customers and developers, and by allowing mitigating action when appropriate. Finally, we summarize several case studies run to evaluate the proposed framework in academic and industrial settings.
Diagnosis and management of preeclampsia

Preeclampsia is a pregnancy-specific condition that affects up to 8% of the gravid population. The syndrome is a leading cause of maternal and perinatal morbidity and mortality worldwide. Despite its relatively high prevalence, the etiology of preeclampsia remains elusive and the only definitive treatment is delivery. For pregnancies outside of term, the management of preeclampsia is a balance between promoting fetal maturity and preserving the life and well-being of both the mother and fetus.
Elevated Pressure Changes the Purinergic System of Microglial Cells

Glaucoma is the second cause of blindness worldwide and is characterized by the degeneration of retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) and optic nerve atrophy. Increased microglia reactivity is an early event in glaucoma that may precede the loss of RGCs, suggesting that microglia and neuroinflammation are involved in the pathophysiology of this disease. Although global changes of the purinergic system have been reported in experimental and human glaucoma, it is not known if this is due to alterations of the purinergic system of microglial cells, the resident immune cells of the central nervous system. We now studied if elevated hydrostatic pressure (EHP), mimicking ocular hypertension, changed the extracellular levels of ATP and adenosine and the expression, density and activity of enzymes, transporters and receptors defining the purinergic system. The exposure of the murine microglial BV-2 cell line to EHP increased the extracellular levels of ATP and adenosine, increased the density of ecto-nucleoside triphosphate diphosphohydrolase 1 (E-NTPDase1, CD39) and decreased the density of the equilibrative nucleotide transporter 2 as well as the activity of adenosine deaminase. The expression of adenosine A1 receptor also decreased, but the adenosine A3 receptor was not affected. Notably, ATP and adenosine selectively control migration rather than phagocytosis, both bolstered by EHP. The results show that the purinergic system is altered in microglia in conditions of elevated pressure. Understanding the impact of elevated pressure on the purinergic system will help to unravel the mechanisms underlying inflammation and neurodegeneration associated with glaucoma.
Detection of Dientamoeba fragilis in Portuguese children with acute gastroenteritis between 2011 and 2013

SUMMARY Dientamoeba fragilis is an inhabitant of human gastrointestinal tract with a worldwide distribution. The first description considered this protozoan a rare and harmless commensal, since then it has struggled to gain recognition as a pathogen. Commercial multiplex real-time PCR was used to detect D. fragilis in fecal samples from hospitalized children (⩽18 years) with acute gastrointestinal disease, admitted to two hospitals of Lisbon area, with different demographic characteristics. A total of 176 children were studied, 103 (58·5%) male, 144 (81·8%) children between 0 and 5 years and 32 (18·2%) above 6 years old. The overall protozoa frequency considering the four tested microorganisms were 8·5% (15/176), and the most frequently found protozoan was D. fragilis, 6·3% (11/176). Dientamoeba fragilis frequency was higher among older children (21·9%), than younger children (2·8%), and greater in boys (6·8%) than in girls (5·5%). All positive children presented with diarrhoea associated with vomiting, fever and abdominal pain. Infection was associated with the age of children (P < 0·001), school attendance (P = 0·002) and consumption of certain foods (P = 0·014), e.g. cakes with crème and ham. The frequency of diantamoebiasis found in a cohort of hospitalized Portuguese children, with acute gastrointestinal disease, could be considered a very high value when compared with the protozoan frequency normally associated with this pathology.
Evidências de retornos anormais nos processos de IPO na Bovespa

The objective of this research was to detect anomalies in the pricing of shares in IPOs in the Brazilian capital market. The methodology of the event study for the measurement of possible abnormal stock returns resulting from temporal periods (daily, monthly, semi-annual and annual) for a total of 91 IPOs conducted from 2007 to 2013 was applied. The empirical results presented evidence about recovery in stock prices resulting from the first day of trading, it was found an abnormal return of the 2.82% above the Bovespa index on average, which indicates the Underpricing. The cumulative average abnormal returns, excluding the return on day 1, were not observed for the survey period, it is suggested that, after the first day of trading, shares tend to maintain a consistent behavior with the Bovespa. These figures show significant gains in the value of stocks analyzed within one day's supply, provided that the investor perform the first day of trading on the stock market, both in purely economic terms and in their own level of statistical significance. Moreover, it is not characterized by robustness, statistically relevant, the phenomenon of underperformance in the period.
FOXO4 and FOXD3 are predictive of prognosis in gastric carcinoma patients

Forkhead box (FOX) transcription factor family plays an important role in cancer growth and metastasis. This study aimed to determine the predictive ability of FOX genes in gastric carcinoma. A total of 360 patients with gastric from The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) cohorts were collected in this study. The expression profile of FOX family were obtained from the TCGA RNAseq database. Clinicopathological characteristics, including age, gender, tumor node metastasis (TNM), tumor grade, and overall survival were collected. Univariate and multivariate Cox proportional hazards model were used to assess the risk factors for survival, and the results were further validated in in-house cohort. In the TCGA cohort, FOXO4 (HR = 0.613, 95%CI 0.452–0.832) and FOXD3 (HR = 1.704, 95%CI 1.212–2.397) were shown independently predictive of overall survival in gastric cancer after Cox proportional hazards analysis. The finding was validated in our in-house cohort, which demonstrated that both FOXO4 and FOXD3 were independent predictors for overall survival (FOXO4 high, HR: 0.445, 95%CI 0.277–0.715, P = 0.001, FOXD3 high, HR: 1.927, 95%CI 1.212–3.063, P = 0.006) and disease free survival (FOXO4 high, HR: 0.628, 95%CI 0.420–0.935, P = 0.022, FOXD3 high, HR: 1.698, 95%CI 1.136–2.540, P = 0.010). Collectively, FOX family paly critical roles in gastric cancer, and FOXO4 and FOXD3 were identified as independent prognostic factors for survival outcomes of gastric cancer. Further functional study is needed to understand more about FOX family in gastric cancer.
[Intraarticular pathology of atraumatic shoulder dislocations. An arthroscopic study].

AIM OF THE STUDY According to the literature, atraumatic shoulder dislocations occur without or only minor trauma,self-reduction and no or little pain. Little is known about intraarticular pathology in this entity. It was the purpose of our study to evaluate such findings. METHODS During a 2-year period,226 patients had surgery for shoulder dislocation.28 patients met the criteria for atraumatic dislocation as above (group A). Patients with bony pathology or recurrent microtrauma were excluded. All had been treated with a rehabilitation program without success.28 consecutive patients with surgery after posttraumatic dislocation served as a control group (group B). At the beginning of the surgery,arthroscopy was performed in all patients and the intraarticular findings were recorded. For the capsulo-labral pathology,we determined 3 types: type I had capsular elongation or scarring and included so called "non-Bankart-lesions"; type II had classic "Bankart"-lesions and type III more complex capsulo-labral lesions like e.g. "ALSPA"-lesions. RESULTS The mean age in group A was 27.6 y and 26.2 y in group B.12 patients in group A and 5 in group B were female. The average no.of dislocations was 10 (1-30) or 9 (1-28), respectively. In group A we saw type I lesions in 11 patients (39.3%), type II lesions in 9 (32.1%) and type III lesions in 8 (28.6%) patients. In group B we found type I lesions in 8 (28.6%), type II lesions in 4 (14.3%) and type III lesions in 16 (57.1%) patients.Hill-Sachs lesions were found in 22 (78.6%) and 23 (82.1%) of the patients, respectively.Also, we saw chondral glenoid damage, cuff lesions and SLAP-lesions in both groups. CONCLUSION The above mentioned criteria for atraumatic shoulder dislocation do not exclude intraarticular pathology comparable to posttraumatic cases, at least for patients, who do not respond to a conservative treatment. Besides the etiology, the given pathology must be considered for therapy.
Hearing the Voice of Developers in Mobile Software Ecosystems

In a Mobile Software Ecosystem (MSECO), there is no direct communication between the organizations that maintain mobile platforms (e.g. Apple, Google, and Microsoft) and developers to solve technical questions. Thus, Q&A repositories can serve as a mechanism to understand and define strategies to support developers. In this paper, we mined 13,515,636 posts from Stack Overflow by identifying 1,568,377 questions related to Android, iOS, and Windows Phone platforms. Next, we performed comparisons among those three MSECOs regarding: (i) developers' activity intensity, (ii) hot-topics (using Latent Dirichlet allocation algorithm) in all and more commented/viewed questions, and (iii) relationship among questions and official developer events. From the results, we identified four key insights: recruiting, educating, and monitoring strategies; barrier reduction; management of technology insertion; and fostering of relationships.
Oral intake of ginger for chemotherapy-induced nausea and vomiting among women with breast cancer.

BACKGROUND Chemotherapy-induced nausea and vomiting (CINV) is among the most common and distressing symptoms experienced by patients receiving cancer treatment. Nurses play a substantial role in the prevention and management of CINV. Ginger (Zingiber officinale Roscoe) is often advocated as beneficial for nausea and vomiting. Whether the herb is truly efficacious for this condition is, however, still a matter of debate. OBJECTIVES This experimental randomized, controlled trial was done to assess the effect of ginger on chemotherapy-related nausea and vomiting. METHODS All patients in the study (N = 60) received standard antiemetic drugs. The patients in the study group (n = 30) also received oral ginger for the first three days of the chemotherapy cycle. No intervention was performed in the control group (n = 30) except for the routine antiemetic treatment. Nausea severity and the number of vomiting and retching episodes were measured four times each day for the first five days of the chemotherapy cycle in the patient diary. Nausea severity was evaluated using a numeric scale ranging from 0 (no nausea) to 10 (very severe nausea). FINDINGS The researchers analyzed the five-day mean score of nausea severity and the number of vomiting and retching episodes. Based on this comparison, nausea severity and the number of vomiting episodes were significantly lower in the intervention group than in the control group (p > 0.05). However, the change in the number of retching episodes between the intervention and control groups was not statistically significant (p > 0.05).
Pathology of lymphoma in HIV

Purpose of review HIV-infected individuals have a greatly increased risk of developing malignancies, even when HIV infection is successfully controlled with antiretrovirals. Non-Hodgkin's lymphoma is considered an AIDS-defining entity, and this disease is currently the most common type of cancer in HIV-infected individuals in the USA and Europe. Here, we describe the different types of lymphomas occurring in individuals with AIDS, and the most relevant pathologic features helpful for histologic and immunohistochemical diagnosis. Recent findings The incidence of some AIDS-related lymphoma subtypes has changed since the introduction of combined antiretroviral therapy, and some of the diagnostic methodologies have evolved. New biomarkers of disease have been identified, which may be useful for diagnosis. Summary Better pathological classification strategies and deeper molecular understanding of the different lymphoma subtypes that occur in people with AIDS will begin to allow the transition to more precise diagnosis and targeted treatments.
A critical evaluation of enzyme immunoassays for detection of antinuclear autoantibodies of defined specificities. I. Precision, sensitivity, and specificity.

OBJECTIVE To determine the performance characteristics of enzyme-based immunoassay (EIA) kits for the detection of antinuclear and other autoantibodies of defined specificities. METHODS Nine manufacturers of EIA kits to detect antibodies of defined specificities participated in a study in which they received coded sera from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. These coded sera contained different dilutions of antibody of one specificity mixed with sera containing antibodies of other specificities. The manufacturers were asked to use their standard technology to determine antibody content and send the data to a committee of the International Union of Immunological Societies for analysis. The data were analyzed for sensitivity and specificity in the detection of anti-double-stranded DNA (anti-dsDNA), anti-single-stranded DNA, antihistone, anti-Sm, anti-U1 RNP, anti-SSA/Ro, anti-SSB/La, anti-Scl-70 (DNA topoisomerase I), anticentromere, and anti-Jo-1 antibodies. In addition, replicate samples were included in the coded sera to evaluate the precision of each EIA method. RESULTS Lack of sensitivity and specificity was most evident in the anti-dsDNA and anti-Sm kits, although 2 kits for anti-dsDNA achieved acceptable sensitivity and specificity. Generally, anti-SSA/Ro, anti-SSB/La, anti-Scl-70, anticentromere, and anti-Jo-1 kits performed well. Many false-positive results were obtained with a multiple myeloma serum containing cryoprecipitates, but multiple myeloma sera without cryoprecipitates presented no problem in the EIA system. Precision, based on evaluation of replicate samples, varied from very good to poor. CONCLUSION No single manufacturer was clearly superior to others in terms of their products' overall sensitivity, specificity, and precision. Areas that needed improvement were in kits for the detection of antibodies to dsDNA and to Sm antigen. Some EIA kits achieved good sensitivity and specificity. Individual manufacturers were informed of the performance of their respective kits so they could take measures to correct perceived deficiencies and thus improve the reliability of a group of important diagnostic assays used in the evaluation of systemic rheumatic diseases.