Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
A New Chinese Text Compression Scheme Combining Dictionary Coding and Adaptive Alphabet-Character Grouping

In this paper, a new scheme is proposed for Chinese text compression. The factors, compression rate and decompression speed, are specially considered in order to help such applications as full-text searching. Actually, our scheme is based on the LZ77 scheme. The modifications made include alphabet-augmenting to obtain better compression rate, and adaptive-grouping to have faster processing speed when facing large alphabet. Alphabet-augmenting is meant to place the 32 control characters defined here and about 6,000 frequently used Chinese characters into the alphabet while adaptive-grouping is meant to move a referenced alphabet-character dynamically to another character group that use less bits to encode it. The alphabet characters are divided into 8 groups initially. To implement adaptive-grouping, a new strategy is proposed and compared with the convention strategy of move-to-front. In this paper, different schemes compared are all programmed as ready-to-use software package, i.e. not in simulation. The experiments show that the proposed strategy for implementing adaptive-grouping can not only obtain significant compression rate improvements but also have much faster processing speed than the strategy, move-to-front. In addition, the compression rates obtained by our scheme are better, in 5.4% and 7.5%, than those obtained from the popular software package, ARJ, when two example files with text data from Chinese textbooks of primary school and editorials of newspaper are processed respectively.
Identification of specific vascular endothelial growth factor susceptible and protective haplotypes associated with recurrent spontaneous miscarriages.

BACKGROUND We investigated the association of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) gene polymorphism with recurrent spontaneous miscarriage (RSM). METHODS VEGF -2578C/A, -1154G/A, -634G/C, +936C/T single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) were assessed in 304 RSM patients, and 371 age-and body mass index-matched control subjects using real-time PCR. RESULTS Higher minor allele frequency of -1154G/A (P < 0.001) and +936C/T (P < 0.001), but not -2578C/A (P = 0.55) or -634G/C (P = 0.87) SNPs, were seen in patients. Significant differences in the distribution of -1154G/A (P = 0.006) and +936C/T (P = 0.015), but not -2578C/A (P = 0.473) or -634G/C (P = 1.000) genotypes, were seen in cases compared with control women. Of the possible 16 VEGF haplotypes, 9 were found to be common, and were included. A significantly lower frequency of C G C C (P = 0.008), and A G G C (P < 0.001) haplotypes, and a higher frequency C G C T (P = 0.020), and C G T (P = 0.004) haplotypes were seen in patients. CONCLUSIONS These results strongly support that VEGF polymorphisms, in particular-1154G/A and +936C/T, are significantly associated with RSM. Our results confirm, in the largest sample to date, previous works in other populations on VEGF polymorphism in RSM.
Protostar Formation in the Early Universe

The nature of the first generation of stars in the universe remains largely unknown. Observations imply the existence of massive primordial stars early in the history of the universe, and the standard theory for the growth of cosmic structure predicts that structures grow hierarchically through gravitational instability. We have developed an ab initio computer simulation of the formation of primordial stars that follows the relevant atomic and molecular processes in a primordial gas in an expanding universe. The results show that primeval density fluctuations left over from the Big Bang can drive the formation of a tiny protostar with a mass 1% that of the Sun. The protostar is a seed for the subsequent formation of a massive primordial star.
Frequency domain technique for reducing chromatic dispersion

In this paper the chromatic dispersion is reduced using frequency domain technique. Frist an analog signal of specific frequency is generated then signal is converted in digital domain. Digital signal is modulated with QAM scheme. Electrical to optical conversion is performed using intensity modulation. Then this optical signal is propagated in to the fiber channel using the Split step Fourier method which use Nonlinear Schrodinger Equation (NLSE). In this simulated optical channel the 15 Km distance is simulated. At the end of fiber link signal is converted in optical to electrical domain for demodulation. Then Frequency domain techniques FFT is applied to reduce the CD. Pulse shaping filter is used to improve the response signal. During the propagation of signal in the channel signal's phase is distorted to improve phase Kaiser Window is used. Pulse evaluation model is compared before and after chromatic dispersion reduction that illustrate that CD is reduced due to frequency domain technique.
IoT-based real time signature authentication and transfer from document to document with DNA encryption

The main idea of this paper is to suggest a way in which, by using the Internet of Things (IoT), a person can sign a document in a particular place, and have it reflect simultaneously on a similar document elsewhere, in real time. The primary user (authenticator) uses a digital pen to sign the paper document. The signature area of the document contains a particular dot pattern which helps the digital pen track the movements as the signature is created. While the paper is being signed, the digital pen also records the user's fingerprint for later verification. The obtained information is then converted to binary bits and is encoded using DNA encryption. This cipher data is transmitted to the secondary user (receiver) where the cipher is decoded and printed on the second copy of the document. Thus, the signature is securely transferred from one paper to the other.
A Low-Memory Management for Log-Based File Systems on Flash Memory

Flash memory has become a popular device due to its huge-capacity, low-power consumption, non-volatility, and shock-resistance. A flash-memory storage system has replaced a hard-disk drive in many applications, especially in embedded systems. Recently, the implementation of file systems on flash-memory storage systems has become an important research topic. How to efficiently manage files and handle file accesses becomes an important issue. In this paper, we will propose a low-memory management for log-based file systems on flash memory. The experimental results show that the proposed method can provide reasonable performance under a low-memory environment.
Death from ARDS and cardiovascular collapse following lidocaine administration.

585 component(s) ofthe 'urea formaldehyde resin system, " rather than " urea formaldehyde " per se, might be implicated in the patho-genesis. asthma and asthmatic bronchitis deterined by simple chemicals. Administration To the Editor: We read with interest the selected report of ARDS following administration of lidocaine by Howard and associates 81:644-45). A similar experience occurred at our institution and merits description. A 19-year-old woman had fiberoptic bronchoscopy performed to evaluate new, bilateral interstitial infiltrates. A diagnosis of his-tiocytosis X was made three years earlier when a pathologic, long-bone fracture was noted. She had received cyclophosphamide and methotrexate in the past for this condition. At the time of broncho-scopy, she was receiving no chronic medications. The patient was pre-medicated with 1 mg ofhydromorphone and 0.5 mg of atropine intramuscularly. Less than 30 ml of 1% lidocaine solution was employed for topical anesthesia. Bronchoalveolar lavage ofthe right middle lobe and four transbronchial biopsies ofthe right middle and lower lobe were performed without incident. The patient tolerated the procedure well, and post bronchoscopy, the chest film was unchanged. Approximately 20 minutes after returning to her room, the patient was noted to develop hypotension and tachycardia and she became obtunded. An intravenous line was placed and saline solution and naloxone were administered without clear improvement. A respiratory arrest was observed, and she was promptly intubated. The vocal cords were widely patent and placement of an endotracheal tube yielded large amount offoamy pulmonary edema. She was placed on 100% oxygen with 5 cm PEEP and transferred to the Respiratory Intensive Care Unit. Corticosteroids, antihistamines and a vaso-pressor were started. Arterial blood gases on 100% oxygen with 5 cm PEEP revealed a PaO, of58 mm Hg. A chest roentgenogram demonstrated extensive bilateral alveolar infiltrates; the frothy pulmonary edema fluid continued to be suctioned out of the endotracheal tube. Hypoten-sion and refractory bradycardia occurred. The patient subsequently died five hours after bronchoscopy. Autopsy revealed pathology consistent with the adult respiratory distress syndrome and changes consistent with histiocytosis. We feel our patient developed an anaphylactic, or delayed anaphylactoid, reaction tolidocaine with cardiovascular collapse and the adult respiratory distress syndrome. Although this case was similar to that of Howard and associates, the pulmonary deterioration in our patient was refractory to all forms of therapy. Since lidocaine is so frequently used in bronchoscopic procedures, this reaction should be looked for and an extensive history for lidocaine allergy should be …
The Guided Bilateral Filter: When the Joint/Cross Bilateral Filter Becomes Robust

The bilateral filter and its variants, such as the joint/cross bilateral filter, are well-known edge-preserving image smoothing tools used in many applications. The reason of this success is its simple definition and the possibility of many adaptations. The bilateral filter is known to be related to robust estimation. This link is lost by the ad hoc introduction of the guide image in the joint/cross bilateral filter. We here propose a new way to derive the joint/cross bilateral filter as a particular case of a more generic filter, which we name the guided bilateral filter. This new filter is iterative, generic, inherits the robustness properties of the robust bilateral filter, and uses a guide image. The link with robust estimation allows us to relate the filter parameters with the statistics of input images. A scheme based on graduated nonconvexity is proposed, which allows converging to an interesting local minimum even when the cost function is nonconvex. With this scheme, the guided bilateral filter can handle non-Gaussian noise on the image to be filtered. A complementary scheme is also proposed to handle non-Gaussian noise on the guide image even if both are strongly correlated. This allows the guided bilateral filter to handle situations with more noise than the joint/cross bilateral filter can work with and leads to high peak signal-to-noise ratio values as shown experimentally.
Physiological changes during symptom recovery from moderate exacerbations of COPD

Acute exacerbations of chronic obstructive disease (AECOPD) are characterised by worsening dyspnoea that is variably prolonged. In this study, physiological changes during moderate AECOPD were examined and the factors associated with dyspnoea resolution over time were determined. In total, 20 patients experiencing an AECOPD were evaluated within 72 h of initial worsening of symptoms (day 0) with pulmonary function testing, metabolic testing and symptom assessment using the dyspnoea domain of the Chronic Respiratory Disease Questionnaire (CRQ). Treatment was optimised and testing was repeated after 7, 14, 30 and 60 days. At day 0, patients were very short of breath (CRQ-dyspnoea mean±sem 2.4±0.3) and showed significant airflow obstruction (forced expiratory volume in one second (FEV1) 41±3% predicted) and lung hyperinflation (forced residual capacity (FRC) 164±7% pred). By day 60 CRQ-dyspnoea improved to 4.6±0.5 (some shortness of breath); FRC and residual volume decreased by 5 and 11%, respectively; inspiratory capacity (IC) and slow vital capacity increased by 18 and 17%, respectively; and FEV1 increased by 18% with no change in FEV1/FVC. Total lung capacity did not change during AECOPD, and thus, changes in IC reliably reflected changes in end-expiratory lung volume. In conclusion, moderate acute exacerbation of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease is characterised by worsening airflow obstruction and lung hyperinflation. Improvement of dyspnoea following acute exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease was associated with reduction in lung hyperinflation and consequent increase in expiratory flow rates.
Reallocation of Resources Across Age in a Comparative European Setting

We investigate the reallocation of resources across age and gender in a comparative European setting. Our analysis is based on concepts and data from the National Transfer Accounts (NTA) project, as well as on data from income and time use surveys. We introduce the aggregate NTA life cycle deficit as a concept of an economic dependency ratio. This dependency measure allows for flexible age limits and age-specific levels of economic dependency. We then move beyond the current NTA methodology and study gender differences in the generation of income and extend our analysis by unpaid household work. We find large cross-country differences in the age- and gender-specific levels and type of production activities and consequently in the organisation of the resource reallocation across age. Our results clearly indicate that a reform of the welfare system needs to take into account not only public transfers but also private transfers, in particular the services produced within the households for own consumption (e.g. childcare, cooking, cleaning.).
User Implications for Cloud Based Public Information Systems: A Survey of Swedish Municipalities

The emergence of cloud computing has implications for digital service provision in the private and public sector. These implications can introduce opportunities and challenges for user organizations. Evaluation of implications by prioritization and reduction of variables aids in procurement and adoption of cloud based public information systems. However, so far little research is available to evaluate implications of cloud computing in the public sector. The evaluation of implications is carried out through a survey of Swedish municipalities. Quantitatively summarizing the collected data a list of prioritized implications were obtained. In addition to this through a statistical analysis technique called exploratory factor analysis the number of implications are reduced by grouping them into factors. The result shows that the most significant implications for cloud based public information systems are remote access from anywhere at any time, access to and flexibility to choose between state of the art technologies as well as large dependency on vendor and less customization possibilities. A prioritized list of implications is presented from the perspective of users of cloud based public information systems. Through factor analysis we are able to reduce the number of opportunities to six and challenges to four. For future research we suggest to evaluate implications of cloud based public information systems from suppliers' perspective.
Credible alertness revisited

In my remarks today, I will discuss three topical issues facing central banks, in particular in light of recent events: the relationship between asset prices and monetary policy; the effectiveness of our standard interest rate instrument; and the design of non-standard monetary policy measures such as the European Central Bank’s (ECB) enhanced credit support. The ongoing financial crisis has highlighted the importance of old issues and raised some new questions, for which I will try to offer an ECB perspective. Exactly four years ago, here in Jackson Hole, I spoke about “credible alertness” in monetary policy. Today it seems opportune to revisit this concept in light of recent events.
The beginnings of civilization

Each “Weekly Exam” is opened for you on Thursday at 6:00 a.m. You must take it before Sunday 5:00 p.m. (so you can finish by 6:00). However, as soon as you open the test, the clock begins ticking. You have total of 50 minutes to finish both parts (10 multiple choices + one essay). Don’t wait till the last day if possible. You need to be well prepared before the exam. The essay questions will be given ahead of time (look at the end of each Module). You can work on them and write them before the exam. You can even copy-and-paste them on the exam, BUT they should be in your own words, and about 150 words. Participation points are given at the end of the semester based on your overall performance. There is No make-up exam since you have 3 1⁄2 days to choose your convenient time. Use reliable internet connection. Interruption during the exam will end your exam and you cannot take it again. (Better use more reliable connection at home than one in a coffee shop! ). Please remember, each student gets a different set of questions.
Urban Development and Civil Society: The Role of Communities in Sustainable Cities

Preface * Part 1 Introduction: the Challenge of a Sustainable Urban Future - The Role of Institutions - Top-down and Bottom-up: the Challenge of Cities in the New Century * The State, the Market and Community: an Analytical Framework for Community and Self-development * Part 2 Case Studies: Lessons from International Experience in Key Urban Development Issues - The Role of Civil Society in Shelter at the Periphery: the Experience of Peri-urban Communities in Maputo, Mozambique * The State, Business and the Community: Abating Industrial Nuisance in Lahore, Pakistan * Urban Public Transport: The Development of a Regulatory Role for NGOs in Pakistan * Informal Development in the Market Socialist City: the Case of the Floating Population of Beijing * Urban Management and Community Development in Metro Manila * When Community Development Becomes a Political Bargaining Tool: the Case for Structural Change in Low Income Housing Provision in Costa Rica * Community-based Organizations and the Struggle for Land and Housing in South Africa: Urban Social Movements in Transition * Renegotiations Places: the Experience of Low-demand in Salford, England * Part 3 Analysis and Conclusions: Strengthening the Changing Role of Civil Society - Relationships Between the State and Civil Society and Their Importance for Sustainable Development * Civil Society and New Social Movements * Notes * References * Index
An Eccentric Circumbinary Accretion Disk and the Detection of Binary Massive Black Holes

We present a two-dimensional grid-based hydrodynamic simulation of a thin, viscous, locally isothermal corotating disk orbiting an equal-mass Newtonian binary point mass on a fixed circular orbit. We study the structure of the disk after multiple viscous times. The binary maintains a central hole in the viscously relaxed disk with radius equal to about twice the binary semimajor axis. Disk surface density within the hole is reduced by orders of magnitude relative to the density in the disk bulk. The inner truncation of the disk resembles the clearing of a gap in a protoplanetary disk. An initially circular disk becomes elliptical and then eccentric. Disturbances in the disk contain a component that is stationary in the rotating frame in which the binary is at rest; this component is a two-armed spiral density wave. We measure the distribution of the binary torque in the disk and find that the strongest positive torque is exerted inside the central low-density hole. We make connection with the linear theory of disk forcing at outer Lindblad resonances (OLRs) and find that the measured torque density distribution is consistent with forcing at the 3:2 (m = 2) OLR, well within the central hole. We also measure the time dependence of the rate at which gas accretes across the hole and find quasi-periodic structure. We discuss implications for variability and detection of active galactic nuclei containing a binary massive black hole.
The Managerial School: Post-welfarism and Social Justice in Education

Introduction Part One: Post-Welfarism and the Reconstruction of English Schooling 1. The Emergence of the Managerial School 2. Shifting Discourses of School Headship 3. Values and Ethics in the Managerial School 4. The Reconstruction of Teachers' Work 5. Can All Schools be Successful? An Exploration of the Determinants of School 'Success' Part Two: Social Justice and the Rise of New Labour 6. Conceptualising Social Justice in an Age of Difference 7. Post-Welfareist Schooling: A Social Justice Audit 8. New Labour's 'Third Way' and the Politics of Justice in Education: The Case of 'Action Zones'
On Combining Neuro-Fuzzy Architectures with the Rough Set Theory to Solve Classification Problems with Incomplete Data

This paper presents a new approach to fuzzy classification in the case of missing features. The rough set theory is incorporated into neuro-fuzzy structures and the rough-neuro-fuzzy classifier is derived. The architecture of the classifier is determined by the modified indexed center of gravity (MICOG) defuzzification method. The structure of the classifier is presented in a general form, which includes both the Mamdani approach and the logical approach-based on the genuine fuzzy implications. A theorem, which allows the determination of the structures of rough-neuro-fuzzy classifiers based on the MICOG defuzzification, is given and proven. Specific rough-neuro-fuzzy structures based on the Larsen rule, the Reichenbach, and the Kleene-Dienes implications are given in details. In the experiments, it is shown that the classifier with the Dubois-Prade fuzzy implication is characterized by the best performance in the case of missing features.
Problems in Replica Server Placement (RSP) over Content Delivery Networks (CDN)

Massive traffic generated by a huge number of requests is the major concern in today's web based world. Content Delivery Network (CDN) was evolved to cope up with this issue which is a popular research area in recent years. In CDN all the content are stored in a server which is known as the origin server. The major challenge in CDN is to place a number of mirror images i.e. replicas of the origin server at the edge of the Internet. In this paper a comparative analysis is performed on replica placement algorithms like Tree-based, Greedy, Random, HotSpot, HotZone as well as some recently evolved strategies like GeoIP, Flow Count, NetClust. In this paper we have formulated a problem and a comparative analysis on the above mentioned replica placement algorithms are performed based on complexity, optimization factors and their applicability. The comparison reveals that Greedy provides placement solution which is almost optimal but its complexity is a hindrance to its implementation. HotSpot becomes very popular from implementation point of view. Because of the reduced cross bandwidth traffic the Flow Count strategy attracts the video generating companies. NetClust proves its performance to be the best as its complexity, deployment cost and delay are lower than all other approaches discussed in this paper. The analysis indicates that though different approaches are having their own merits and demerits, but their use is application specific. Selection of replica placement approaches depends on the designer and the types of applications.