Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Mitigating e-beam-induced hydrocarbon deposition on graphene for atomic-scale scanning transmission electron microscopy studies

Chemical vapor deposition (CVD) grown graphene used in (scanning) transmission electron microscopy [(S)TEM] studies must undergo a careful transfer of the one-atom-thick membrane from the growth surface (typically a Cu foil) to the TEM grid. During this transfer process, the graphene invariably becomes contaminated with foreign materials. This contamination proves to be very problematic in the (S)TEM because often >95% of the graphene is obscured, and imaging of the pristine areas results in e-beam-induced hydrocarbon deposition which further acts to obscure the desired imaging area. In this article, the authors examine two cleaning techniques for CVD grown graphene that mitigate both aspects of the contamination problem: visible contamination covering the graphene, and “invisible” contamination that deposits onto the graphene under e-beam irradiation. The visible contamination may be removed quickly by a rapid thermal annealing to 1200 °C in situ and the invisible e-beam-deposited contamination may be removed through an Ar/O2 annealing procedure prior to imaging in the (S)TEM.Chemical vapor deposition (CVD) grown graphene used in (scanning) transmission electron microscopy [(S)TEM] studies must undergo a careful transfer of the one-atom-thick membrane from the growth surface (typically a Cu foil) to the TEM grid. During this transfer process, the graphene invariably becomes contaminated with foreign materials. This contamination proves to be very problematic in the (S)TEM because often >95% of the graphene is obscured, and imaging of the pristine areas results in e-beam-induced hydrocarbon deposition which further acts to obscure the desired imaging area. In this article, the authors examine two cleaning techniques for CVD grown graphene that mitigate both aspects of the contamination problem: visible contamination covering the graphene, and “invisible” contamination that deposits onto the graphene under e-beam irradiation. The visible contamination may be removed quickly by a rapid thermal annealing to 1200 °C in situ and the invisible e-beam-deposited contamination may be re.
Exploring the Carbon Simmering Phase: Reaction Rates, Mixing, and the Convective Urca Process

The neutron excess at the time of explosion provides a powerful discriminant among models of Type Ia supernovae. Recent calculations of the carbon simmering phase in single degenerate progenitors have disagreed about the final neutron excess. We find that the treatment of mixing in convection zones likely contributes to the difference. We demonstrate that in Modules for Experiments in Stellar Astrophysics models, heating from exothermic weak reactions plays a significant role in raising the temperature of the white dwarf. This emphasizes the important role that the convective Urca process plays during simmering. We briefly summarize the shortcomings of current models during this phase. Ultimately, we do not pinpoint the difference between the results reported in the literature, but show that the results are consistent with different net energetics of the convective Urca process. This problem serves as an important motivation for the development of models of the convective Urca process suitable for incorporation into stellar evolution codes.
The Structure of the Distant Kuiper Belt in a Nice Model Scenario

This work explores the orbital distribution of minor bodies in the outer Solar System emplaced as a result of a Nice model migration from the simulations of Brasser and Morbidelli. This planetary migration scatters a planetesimal disk from between 29 and 34 au and emplaces a population of objects into the Kuiper Belt region. From the 2:1 Neptune resonance and outward, the test particles analyzed populate the outer resonances with orbital distributions consistent with trans-Neptunian object (TNO) detections in semimajor axis, inclination, and eccentricity, while capture into the closest resonances is too efficient. The relative populations of the simulated scattering objects and resonant objects in the 3:1 and 4:1 resonances are also consistent with observed populations based on debiased TNO surveys, but the 5:1 resonance is severely underpopulated compared to population estimates from survey results. Scattering emplacement results in the expected orbital distribution for the majority of the TNO populations; however, the origin of the large observed population in the 5:1 resonance remains unexplained.
Towards Resilient UAV Swarms—A Breakdown of Resiliency Requirements in UAV Swarms

UAVs have rapidly become prevalent in applications related to surveillance, military operations, and disaster relief. Their low cost, operational flexibility, and unmanned capabilities make them ideal for accomplishing tasks in areas deemed dangerous for humans to enter. They can also accomplish previous high-cost and labor-intensive tasks, such as land surveying, in a faster and cheaper manner. Researchers studying UAV applications have realized that a swarm of UAVs working collaboratively on tasks can achieve better results. The dynamic work environment of UAVs makes controlling the vehicles a challenge. This is magnified by using multiple agents in a swarm. Resiliency is a broad concept that effectively defines how well a system handles disruptions in its normal functioning. The task of building resilient swarms has been attempted by researchers for the past decade. However, research on current trends shows gaps in swarm designs that make evaluating the resiliency of such swarms less than ideal. The authors believe that a complete well-defined system built from the ground up is the solution. This survey evaluates existing literature on resilient multi-UAV systems and lays down the groundwork for how best to develop a truly resilient system.
PolyFax: a toolkit for characterizing multi-language software

Today’s software systems are mostly developed in multiple languages (i.e., multi-language software), yet tool support for understanding and assuring these systems is rare. To facilitate future research on multi-language software engineering, this paper presents PolyFax, a toolkit that offers automated means for dataset collection from GitHub and two analysis utilities--a vulnerability-fixing commit categorization tool (VCC) and a language interfacing mechanism identification/categorization tool (LIC). The VCC tool immediately assists with assessing the vulnerability proneness of a given multi-language project based on its version histories, while the LIC tool enables dissection of the most important aspect of the construction of multi-language systems. Application of PolyFax to 7,113 multi-language projects with 12.6 million commits showed its practical usefulness in terms of promising efficiency and accuracy for studying multi-language software.
Will Central Bank Digital Currency Disintermediate Banks?

We estimate a dynamic banking model to quantify the impact of a central bank digital currency (CBDC) on the banking system. Our counterfactuals show that a one-dollar introduction of CBDC replaces bank deposits by around 80 cents on the margin. Bank lending falls by one-fourth of the drop in deposits because banks partially replace lost deposits with wholesale funding. This substitution raises banks’ interest-rate risk exposure and lowers their resilience to negative equity shocks. If CBDC bears interest or is intermediated through banks, it captures a greater deposit market share, amplifying the impact on lending. The effect on lending is amplified for small banks, for which wholesale funding is more expensive. JEL Codes: E51, E52, G21, G28
Two-shot measurement of spatial coherence

We propose and demonstrate an interferometric scheme for measuring the two-dimensional two-point cross-spectral density function in a two-shot manner. Our scheme comprises a Michelson interferometer with a converging lens in one of the arms of the interferometer, and the cross-spectral density function of an input optical field gets encoded in the intensity distribution of the output interferograms. This scheme works for any cross-spectral density function that is real and that depends on the spatial coordinates only through their difference. Using this scheme, we report measurements of several lab-synthesized cross-spectral density functions with very good agreement with theory. Our measurement technique can be very important for applications that are based on utilizing the partial spatial coherence properties of optical fields.We propose and demonstrate an interferometric scheme for measuring the two-dimensional two-point cross-spectral density function in a two-shot manner. Our scheme comprises a Michelson interferometer with a converging lens in one of the arms of the interferometer, and the cross-spectral density function of an input optical field gets encoded in the intensity distribution of the output interferograms. This scheme works for any cross-spectral density function that is real and that depends on the spatial coordinates only through their difference. Using this scheme, we report measurements of several lab-synthesized cross-spectral density functions with very good agreement with theory. Our measurement technique can be very important for applications that are based on utilizing the partial spatial coherence properties of optical fields.
Robotic-assisted automated in situ bioprinting

In situ bioprinting has emerged as a promising technology for tissue and organ engineering based on the precise positioning of living cells, growth factors, and biomaterials. Rather than traditional in vitro reconstruction and recapitulation of tissue or organ models, the in situ technology can directly print on specific anatomical positions in living bodies. The requirements for biological activity, function, and mechanical property in an in vivo setting are more complex. By combining progressive innovations of biomaterials, tissue engineering, and digitalization, especially robotics, in situ bioprinting has gained significant interest from the academia and industry, demonstrating its prospect for clinical studies. This article reviews the progress of in situ bioprinting, with an emphasis on robotic-assisted studies. The main modalities for in situ three-dimensional bioprinting, which include extrusion-based printing, inkjet printing, laser-based printing, and their derivatives, are briefly introduced. These modalities have been integrated with various custom-tailored printers (i.e., end effectors) mounted on robotic arms for dexterous and precision biofabrication. The typical prototypes based on various robot configurations, including Cartesian, articulated, and parallel mechanisms, for in situ bioprinting are discussed and compared. The conventional and most recent applications of robotic-assisted methods for in situ fabrication of tissue and organ models, including cartilage, bone, and skin, are also elucidated, followed by a discussion on the existing challenges in this field with their corresponding suggestions.
Lagrangian perturbation theory for modified gravity

We present a formalism to compute Lagrangian displacement fields for a wide range of cosmologies in the context of perturbation theory up to third order. We emphasize the case of theories with scale dependent gravitational strengths, such as chameleons, but our formalism can be accommodated to other modified gravity theories. In the non-linear regime two qualitative features arise. One, as is well known, is that nonlinearities lead to a screening of the force mediated by the scalar field. The second is a consequence of the transformation of the Klein-Gordon equation from Eulerian to Lagrangian coordinates, producing frame-lagging terms that are important especially at large scales, and if not considered, the theory does not reduce to the $\Lambda$CDM model in that limit. We apply our formalism to compute the 1-loop power spectrum and the correlation function in $f(R)$ gravity by using different resummation schemes. We further discuss the IR divergences of these formalisms.
Strong-coupling corrections to ground-state properties of a superfluid Fermi gas

We theoretically present an economical and convenient way to study ground-state properties of a strongly interacting superfluid Fermi gas. Our strategy is that complicated strong-coupling calculations are used only to evaluate quantum fluctuation corrections to the chemical potential $\mu$. Then, without any further strong-coupling calculations, we calculate the compressibility, sound velocity, internal energy, pressure, and Tan's contact, from the calculated $\mu$ without loss of accuracy, by using exact thermodynamic identities. Using a recent precise measurement of $\mu$ in a superfluid $^6$Li Fermi gas, we show that an extended $T$-matrix approximation (ETMA) is suitable for our purpose, especially in the BCS-unitary regime, where our results indicate that many-body corrections are dominated by superfluid fluctuations. Since precise determinations of physical quantities are not always easy in cold Fermi gas physics, our approach would greatly reduce experimental and theoretical efforts toward the understanding of ground-state properties of this strongly interacting Fermi system.
Effect of Slope, Rainfall Intensity and Mulch on Erosion and Infiltration under Simulated Rain on Purple Soil of South-Western Sichuan Province, China

Purple soil is widely distributed in the hilly areas of the Sichuan basin, southwest China, and is highly susceptible to water erosion. The triggering of this process is related to slope, rainfall intensity and surface cover. Therefore, this study assesses the effects of different simulated rainfall intensities with different slopes on hydrological and erosional processes in un-mulched and mulched purple soils. Results show that the sediment and water losses increased with an increase of rainfall intensity and slope steepness. Generally, the slope contribution (Sc) on water and sediment losses decreased with increasing rainfall intensity and slope steepness under both un-mulched and mulched soil. In un-mulched conditions, water losses were independent of slope steepness (Sc 50%, except during the increase in slope steepness from 15° to 25° under the highest rainfall intensity (120 mm·h−1). The effectiveness of mulch was more pronounced in reducing sediment losses (81%–100%) compared with water losses (14%–100%). The conservation effectiveness of mulch both decreased and increased with slope steepness for water and sediment losses, respectively, under higher rainfall intensities. Water infiltration and recharge coefficient (RC) decreased with an increase of slope steepness, while with an increase in rainfall intensity, the water infiltration and RC were increased and decreased, respectively, in both un-mulched and mulched soil. On the other hand, mulched soil maintained a significantly (α = 0.05) higher infiltration capacity and RC compared to that of the un-mulched soil.
The ESO UVES Advanced Data Products Quasar Sample – IV. On the deficiency of argon in DLA systems

In this work, we study argon abundances in the interstellar medium of high-redshift galaxies (2.0 6 zabs 6 4.2) detected as Damped Lyα absorbers (DLA) in the spectra of background quasars. We use high-resolution quasar spectra obtained from the ESOUVES advanced data products (EUADP) database. We present 3 new measurements and 5 upper limits of Ar i. We further compiled DLAs/sub-DLA data from the literature with measurements available of argon and α-capture elements (S or Si), making up a total of 37 systems, i.e. the largest DLA argon sample investigated so far. We confirm that argon is generally deficient in DLAs, with a mean value [Ar/α] ≃ −0.4±0.06dex (standard error of the mean). The [Ar/α] ratios show a weak, positive trend with increasing H i column density and increasing absorption redshift, and a weak, negative trend with dust-free metallicity, [S/H]. Detailed analysis of the abundance ratios indicates that Ar i ionisation, rather than dust depletion or nucleosynthetic evolution, is responsible for the argon deficiency. Altogether, the observational evidence is consistent with a scenario of argon ionisation dominated by quasar metagalactic radiation modulated by local H i self-shielding inside the DLA host galaxies. Our measurements and limits of argon abundances suggest that the cosmic reionisation of He ii is completed above z ∼ 3, but more measurements at zabs > 3.5 are required to probe the final stages of this process of cosmic reionisation.
Unveiling the nature of an X-ray flare from 3XMM J014528.9+610729: a candidate spiral galaxy

We report an X-ray flare from 3XMM J014528.9+610729, serendipitously detected during the observation of the open star cluster NGC 663. The colour-colour space technique using optical and infrared data reveals the X-ray source as a candidate spiral galaxy. The flare shows fast rise and exponential decay shape with a ratio of the peak and the quiescent count rates of $\sim$60 and duration of $\sim$5.4 ks. The spectrum during the flaring state is well fitted with a combination of thermal ({\sc Apec}) model with a plasma temperature of $\rm{1.3\pm0.1}$ keV and non-thermal ({\sc Power-law}) model with power-law index of $\rm{1.9\pm0.2}$. However, no firm conclusion can be made for the spectrum during the quiescent state. The temporal behavior, plasma temperature and spectral evolution during flare suggest that the flare from 3XMM J014528.9+610729 can not be associated with tidal disruption events.
Surveillance of ADHD Among Children in the United States: Validity and Reliability of Parent Report of Provider Diagnosis

Objective: To evaluate the appropriateness of parent-reported diagnosis of ADHD as a surveillance tool. Method: We assessed agreement over time and concordance of parent-reported diagnosis against Diagnostic and Statistical Manual (DSM)-based criteria. We compared concordance of diagnosis and DSM-based criteria by child characteristics, including treatment. Results: Among parents who reported their child had ADHD, 95.7% reported it again 2 years later. Comparing diagnosis with DSM-based criteria, specificity and negative predictive value were high, sensitivity was moderate, and positive predictive value was low. Most children with an ADHD diagnosis who did not meet DSM-based criteria met sub-threshold criteria or took medication for ADHD. Concordance differed by child characteristics and treatment. Conclusion: Parent-reported diagnosed ADHD is reliable over time. Although differences in parent-reported diagnosis and DSM-based criteria were noted, these may reflect children with milder symptoms or treated ADHD. Parent-report of child ADHD ever diagnosis may be a good single-item indicator for prevalence.
A Far-ultraviolet Fluorescent Molecular Hydrogen Emission Map of the Milky Way Galaxy

We present the far-ultraviolet (FUV) fluorescent molecular hydrogen (H2) emission map of the Milky Way Galaxy obtained with FIMS/SPEAR covering ∼76% of the sky. The extinction-corrected intensity of the fluorescent H2 emission has a strong linear correlation with the well-known tracers of the cold interstellar medium (ISM), including color excess E(B–V), neutral hydrogen column density N(H i), and Hα emission. The all-sky H2 column density map was also obtained using a simple photodissociation region model and interstellar radiation fields derived from UV star catalogs. We estimated the fraction of H2 (fH2) and the gas-to-dust ratio (GDR) of the diffuse ISM. The fH2 gradually increases from <1% at optically thin regions where E(B–V) < 0.1 to ∼50% for E(B–V) = 3. The estimated GDR is ∼5.1 × 1021 atoms cm−2 mag−1, in agreement with the standard value of 5.8 × 1021 atoms cm−2 mag−1.
GASP. IV. A Muse View of Extreme Ram-pressure-stripping in the Plane of the Sky: The Case of Jellyfish Galaxy JO204

In the context of the GAs Stripping Phenomena in galaxies with Muse (GASP) survey, we present the characterization of JO204, a jellyfish galaxy in A957, a relatively low-mass cluster with M = 4.4 × 10 14 M ⊙ . This galaxy shows a tail of ionized gas that extends up to 30 kpc from the main body in the opposite direction of the cluster center. No gas emission is detected in the galaxy outer disk, suggesting that gas-stripping is proceeding outside-in. The stellar component is distributed as a regular disk galaxy; the stellar kinematics shows a symmetric rotation curve with a maximum radial velocity of 200 km s−1 out to 20 kpc from the galaxy center. The radial velocity of the gas component in the central part of the disk follows the distribution of the stellar component; the gas kinematics in the tail retains the rotation of the galaxy disk, indicating that JO204 is moving at high speed in the intracluster medium. Both the emission and radial-velocity maps of the gas and stellar components indicate ram-pressure as the most likely primary mechanism for gas-stripping, as expected given that JO204 is close to the cluster center and it is likely at the first infall in the cluster. The spatially resolved star formation history of JO204 provides evidence that the onset of ram-pressure-stripping occurred in the last 500 Myr, quenching the star formation activity in the outer disk, where the gas has been already completely stripped. Our conclusions are supported by a set of hydrodynamic simulations.
Evidence of the true Higgs boson HT at the LHC Run 2

The aim of this paper is to compare the recent LHC data at [Formula: see text] =13 TeV with our previous theoretical proposal that the true Higgs boson HT should be a broad heavy resonance with mass around 750 GeV. We focus on the so-called golden channel HT[Formula: see text]ZZ where the pair of Z bosons decay leptonically to [Formula: see text], [Formula: see text] being either an electron or a muon. We use the data collected by the ATLAS and CMS collaborations at [Formula: see text] = 13 TeV with an integrated luminosity of 36.1 and 77.4 fb[Formula: see text] respectively. We find that the experimental data from both the LHC collaborations do display in the golden channel a rather broad resonance structure around 700 GeV with a sizeable statistical significance. Our theoretical expectations seem to be in fair good agreement with the experimental observations. Combining the data from both the ATLAS and CMS collaborations we obtain an evidence of the heavy Higgs boson in this channel with an estimated statistical significance of more than five standard deviations.
Chiral symmetry breaking corrections to the pseudoscalar pole contribution of the Hadronic Light-by-Light piece of $a_\mu$

We have studied the $P\to\gamma^\star\gamma^\star$ form factor in Resonance Chiral Theory, with $P = \pi^0\eta\eta'$, to compute the contribution of the pseudoscalar pole to the hadronic light-by-light piece of the anomalous magnetic moment of the muon. In this work we allow the leading $U(3)$ chiral symmetry breaking terms, obtaining the most general expression for the form factor up to $\mathcal{O}(m_P^2)$. The parameters of the Effective Field Theory are obtained by means of short distance constraints on the form factor and matching with the expected behavior from QCD. Those parameters that cannot be fixed in this way are fitted to experimental determinations of the form factor within the spacelike region. Chiral symmetry relations among the transition form factors for $\pi^0,\eta$ and $\eta'$ allow for a simultaneous fit to experimental data for the three mesons. This shows an inconsistency between the BaBar $\pi^0$ data and the rest of the experimental inputs. Thus, we find a total pseudoscalar pole contribution of $a_\mu^{P,HLbL}=(8.47\pm 0.16)\cdot 10^{-10}$ for our best fit (that neglecting the BaBar $\pi^0$ data). Also, a preliminary rough estimate of the impact of NLO in $1/N_C$ corrections and higher vector multiplets (asym) enlarges the uncertainty up to $a_\mu^{P,HLbL}=(8.47\pm 0.16_{\rm stat}\pm 0.09_{N_C}{}^{+0.5}_{-0.0_{\rm asym}})10^{-10}$.