Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
A qualitative study of the determinants of HIV guidelines implementation in two south-eastern districts of Tanzania

Abstract Current HIV policies in Tanzania have adopted the three long-term impact results of zero new infections, zero HIV deaths and zero stigma and discrimination. Strategies to reach these results include scaling-up HIV Testing and Counselling (HTC); Preventing Mother-To-Child Transmission (PMTCT); and strengthening Care and Treatment Clinic (CTC) services. Previous studies showed that HIV policy and guideline recommendations were not always implemented in rural South Tanzania. This study aims to identify the determinants of HIV guideline implementation. A qualitative study of 23 semi-structured interviews with facility in-charges; healthcare workers; district, regional and national HIV coordinators was conducted. Five health facilities were purposively selected by level, ownership and proximity to district headquarters. Interviews were analysed according to Fleuren’s five determinants of innovation uptake related to: strategies used in guideline development and dissemination; guideline characteristics; the guideline implementing organization; guideline users; and the socio-cultural and regulatory context. None of the facilities had the HTC national guideline document. Non-involvement of providers in revisions and weak planning for guideline dissemination impeded their implementation. Lengthy guidelines and those written in English were under-used, and activities perceived to be complicated, like WHO-staging, were avoided. Availability of staff and lack of supplies like test kits and medication impeded implementation. Collaboration between facilities enhanced implementation, as did peer-support among providers. Provider characteristics including education level, knowledge of, and commitment to the guideline influenced implementation. According to providers, determinants of clients’ service use included gender norms, stigma, trust and perceived benefits. The regulatory context prohibited private hospitals from buying HIV supplies. Being tools for bringing policies to practice, national guidelines are crucial in the efforts towards the three zeros. Strategies to improve providers’ adherence to guidelines should include development of clearer guideline dissemination plans, strengthening of the health system, and possibly addressing of provider-perceived patient-level barriers to utilizing HIV services.
Correlates of Sleep Disturbance in Chronic Distressing Tinnitus

Sleep disturbance was recorded for a 1 -week period prior to a follow-up assessment of 26 patients who had completed a study of psychological therapy reported elsewhere (Davies et al., 1995). The absence of reported sleep disturbance was associated with essentially normal hearing over the range 250 Hz to 2 kHz; hearing impairment was present in mild or severe sleep disturbance. Patients whose sleep was most disturbed rated significantly greater tinnitus annoyance in the evening. Measures of mood and emotional distress did not relate to degree of sleep disturbance.
Dynamic circuit generation for solving specific problem instances of Boolean satisfiability

Optimization and query problems provide the best clear opportunity for configurable computing systems to achieve a significant performance advantage over ASICs. Programmable hardware can be optimized to solve a specific problem instance that only needs to be solved once, and the circuit can be thrown away after its single execution. This paper investigates the applicability of this technology to solving a specific query problem, known as Boolean Satisfiability. We provide a system for capturing the complete execution cost of this approach, by accounting for CAD tool execution time. The key to this approach is to circumvent the standard CAD tools and directly generate circuits at runtime. A set of example circuits is presented as part of the system evaluation, and a complete implementation on the Xilinx XC6216 FPGA is presented.
The behavioural immune system and the psychology of human sociality

Because immunological defence against pathogens is costly and merely reactive, human anti-pathogen defence is also characterized by proactive behavioural mechanisms that inhibit contact with pathogens in the first place. This behavioural immune system comprises psychological processes that infer infection risk from perceptual cues, and that respond to these perceptual cues through the activation of aversive emotions, cognitions and behavioural impulses. These processes are engaged flexibly, producing context–contingent variation in the nature and magnitude of aversive responses. These processes have important implications for human social cognition and social behaviour—including implications for social gregariousness, person perception, intergroup prejudice, mate preferences, sexual behaviour and conformity. Empirical evidence bearing on these many implications is reviewed and discussed. This review also identifies important directions for future research on the human behavioural immune system—including the need for enquiry into underlying mechanisms, additional behavioural consequences and implications for human health and well-being.
Interactions of nifedipine with the renovascular effects of endothelin in humans.

Infusion of endothelin-1 in humans to obtain pathophysiological plasma levels causes mild hypertension, strong sodium retention and renal vasoconstriction. Animal studies have shown that part of these effects depend upon activation of voltage-dependent calcium channels. However, it is unknown whether hemodynamic effects of endothelin-1 in humans, once established, can be reversed by calcium channel blockers. We therefore studied in healthy subjects whether coinfusion of nifedipine, after 60 min of endothelin-1 infusion, could reverse these effects. During endothelin-1 infusion alone, plasma endothelin increased from 2.9 +/- 0.2 to 8.0 +/- 0.6 pmol/l (P < .05). Blood pressure rose by approximately 6 mm Hg at the end of the endothelin-1 infusion (P < .05). Endothelin-1 caused a marked increase in renal vascular resistance by approximately 34% (P < .05) and in filtration fraction by approximately 25% (P < .05). Sodium excretion decreased from a base-line value of 144 +/- 25 to 81 +/- 15 mumol/min at the end of the endothelin infusion (P < .05). During coinfusion of nifedipine, plasma endothelin levels increased to similar values as found during endothelin-1 infusion alone. Blood pressure increase was prevented, whereas the increase in renal vascular resistance and antinatriuresis were reversed completely. However, nifedipine could not reverse the endothelin-induced increase of filtration fraction, indicating that the effects of endothelin-1 and nifedipine in the renal microcirculation do not overlap completely. Because calcium channel blockers have a preferentially preglomerular effect, this suggests that endothelin-1 maintained vasoconstriction of the efferent arteriole in the kidney during nifedipine. (ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Correlation between the onset age of Huntington's disease and length of the trinucleotide repeat in IT-15.

Huntington's disease (HD) is an autosomal dominant disorder with a variable age of onset that is influenced by the sex of the affected parent. The recent recognition that HD is caused by an expanded triplet repeat suggests the possibility that the onset age may be predicted by the length of the repeat. This hypothesis was tested by assaying the length of the repeat in 114 individuals who were clinically diagnosed with HD and had a known onset age. Every individual had an expanded allele. The range was from 36 to 82 repeats (mean = 48.4 +/- 9.51) and larger than the normal range (6 to 31). The size of the expanded allele was correlated with the age of onset (r = -0.65 p < .0001). Despite the highly significant correlation, the repeat size explains less than half of the variance in onset age. Furthermore, the age of onset cannot be predicted from the size of the triplet repeat, particularly if the number of repeats is in the smaller end of the expanded range. If the repeat is < or = 50 triplets, the amount of variation in the age of onset explained by the length of the triplet repeat is less than 10%. As an illustration, the onset age of individuals with 39 repeats ranges from 30 to 65 years old. The sex of the affected parent had no effect in our sample beyond the effect of the length of the repeat. Affected offspring of affected fathers had longer repeats and a larger variance in allele size than offspring of affected mothers, perhaps reflecting greater instability in paternal transmission.
Visuospatial updating of reaching targets in near and far space

&NA; The brain constructs multiple representations of near and far space but it is unclear which spatial mechanism guides reaching across eye movements in near space. Retinocentric reaching representations are known to exist in parietal cortex, but must be updated during eye movements, in order to remain accurate. In contrast, non‐retinal (e.g. muscle‐centered) reaching plans in motor cortex do not require updating, and so may provide a more stable encoding mechanism. To test between these, we employed a behavioral test. Subjects briefly foveated a target (located at various depths in near and far space) looked peripherally, then reached toward its remembered location. Surprisingly, subjects did not use the stable non‐retinal reaching plan (compared to controls without eye movements). Instead, the intervening eye movements induced a systematic pattern of reaching errors for targets at all depths consistent with updating in a retinal frame. We conclude that a common eye‐centered updating mechanism prevails in programming arm movements in both near and far space.
Food consumption patterns and their effect on water requirement in China

It is widely recognized that food consumption patterns significantly impact water requirements. The aim of this paper is to quantify how food consumption patterns influence water requirements in China. The findings show that per capita water requirement for food (CWRF) has increased from 255 m3 cap-1y? 1 in 1961 to 860 m3 cap-1 y? 1 in 2003, largely due to an increase in the consumption of animal products in recent decades. Although steadily increasing, the CWRF of China is still much lower than that of many developed countries. The total water requirement for food (TWRF) has been determined as 1127 km3 y-1 in 2003. Three scenarios are proposed to project future TWRF, representing low, medium, and high levels of modernization (S1, S2, and S3, respectively). Analysis of these three scenarios indicates that TWRF will likely continue to increase in the next three decades. An additional amount of water ranging between 407 and 515 km3 y-1 will be required in 2030 compared to the TWRF in 2003. This will undoubtedly put high pressure on China's already scarce water resources. We conclude that the effect of the food consumption patterns on China's water resources is substantial both in the recent past and in the near future. China will need to strengthen "green water" management and to take advantage of "virtual water" import to meet the additional TWRF
The barriers encountered by teachers implementing education for sustainable development: discipline bound differences and teaching traditions

Background : According to the Swedish curriculum teachers in all subjects have a responsibility to integrate a holistic perspective of sustainable development (SD) and teach according to an education for sustainable development (ESD) approach. However previous research has shown that teachers from different subjects perceive SD differently. Purpose : The study aimed at investigating if and how teachers’ subject area influences their ability to implement a holistic perspective of ESD; we investigated both the impact of teaching traditions and the barriers that teachers experienced. Sample : A stratified sample of 224 Swedish upper secondary schools participated. An online questionnaire was sent and answered by a total of 3229 teachers at these schools. In total, there were 669 science teachers, 373 social science teachers, 483 language teachers, 713 vocational and esthetical–practical teachers, and 739 teachers from other disciplines who participated in the survey. Design and methods : The questionnaire consisted of questions requiring Likert-scale responses and multiple-choice questions. The data from the questionnaire were analyzed using Pearson’s Chi-square test and one-way ANOVA. The significance level accepted was p < 0.05. Results : Teachers were influenced by their own subject traditions. Science teachers in our study were grounded in the fact-based tradition and lectures were the most common teaching method used. The teaching tradition of the social science teachers seemed to be most in line to an ESD approach. Many language teachers (41%) stated they did not include SD issues in their teaching at all. Among the barriers identified, the most common obstacles were that the teachers lacked inspiring examples of how to include SD in their teaching and that they lacked the necessary expertise about SD. Conclusion : This study highlights the need for the management within schools to create opportunities for teachers to work collaboratively when teaching ESD. It is also important to provide further training that is adjusted to the needs of different disciplines.
Weultrb of Immigrant and Nutive-Born Amm'cuns'

components are primarily stratified by national origin and race-ethnicity rather than by nativity. Second, when immigrants’ adult years in the United States are taken into account, the life cycle pattern of wealth of the post-1965 immigrants catches up with that of natives within 22 years of arrival and then overtakes natives. Third, the process of wealth accumulation is similar for immigrants and natives in all but two respects for immigrants, education is discounted and adult years in the United States matter. Lastly, spatial segregation has a uniform negative effect on wealth for both immigrants and natives. major findings. First, levels of net worth, li P e cycle patterns, and wealth
Vertex Operators for the Supermembrane

We derive the vertex operators that are expected to govern the emission of the massless d = 11 supermultiplet from the supermembrane in the light cone gauge. We demonstrate that they form a representation of the supersymmetry algebra and reduce to the type IIA superstring vertex operators under double dimensional reduction, as well as to the vertices of the d = 11 superparticle in the point-particle limit. As a byproduct, our results can be used to derive the corresponding vertex operators for matrix theory and to describe its linear coupling to an arbitrary d = 11 supergravity background. Possible applications are discussed.
Towards an Application of Graph Structure Analysis to a MAS-based Model of Proxemic Distances in Pedestrian Systems

This paper proposes the use of methods for network analysis in order to study the properties of a dynamic graph that model the interaction among agents in an agent-based model. This model is based on Multi Agent System definition and simulates a multicultural crowd in which proxemics theory and distance perception are taking into account. After a discussion about complex network analysis and crowd research context, an agent-based model based on SCA*PED (Situated Cellular Agents for PEdestrian Dynamics) approach is presented, based on two separated yet interconnected layers representing different aspects of the overall system dynamics. Then, an analysis of network derived from agent interactions in the Proxemic layer is proposed, identifying characteristic structures and their meaning in the crowd analysis. At the end an analysis related to the identification of those characteristic structures in some real examples is proposed.
Towards a sociology of child health

This paper argues that children, as an important social group, repay study in connection with the sociology of health and illness. The paper outlines the neglect of children within medical sociology and goes on to open up a discussion towards a sociology of child health. The paper makes three main points. First, consideration of the case of health and illness helps understanding of children’s social positioning as a minority group. Secondly, children present a clear case for considering people as embodied health care actors. Thirdly, taking account of children in the sociology of health requires rethinking the division of labour and inter-generational relationships within it.
Cyclin E in human cancers

Regulators of the cell cycle such as cyclin E play an important part in neoplasia. The cyclin E protein forms a partnership with a specific protein kinase. This complex phosphorylates key substrates to initiate DNA synthesis. Cyclin‐dependent kinase inhibitors (CKIs) are able to suppress the activity of cyclin E. Various substances (including proteins produced by oncogenic viruses) affect cyclin E directly or indirectly through an interaction with CKIs. These interactions are important in elucidating the mechanisms of neoplasia. They may also provide prognostic information in a wide range of common cancers. Cyclin E may even be a target for treatment of cancers in the future. —Donnellan, R. , Chetty, R. Cyclin E in human cancers. FASEB J. 13, 773–780 (1999)
Academic pedagogies, quality logics and performative universities: evaluating teaching and what students want

Universities have focused on teaching and learning at a time when quality has become the marker of distinction in international higher education markets. Education markets have meant pedagogical relations have become contractualised with a focus on student satisfaction, exemplified in consumer‐oriented generic evaluations of teaching. This article argues, by analysing one example, that generic evaluations are more about accountability and marketing than about improvement of teaching and learning. Furthermore, what students want is not the only criterion for judging teaching. Rather, professionals require, as do academics, a capacity for critical judgement about what constitutes valued knowledge in the pedagogical relationship between teacher and student.
Examining the relationship between perfectionism and trait anger in competitive sport

Abstract The purpose of this study was to examine the relationship between athletes’ perfectionist orientations and their dispositional tendencies to experience anger in sport. A sample of 138 male teenage high‐performance Canadian Football players (M age = 18.27 years, SD = .71) completed multidimensional domain‐specific measures of perfectionism and anger in sport. Canonical correlation (R C) results revealed a profile of maladaptive perfectionism (i.e., high personal standards combined with high concern over mistakes and high perceived coach pressure) that was significantly correlated with competitive trait anger (R C = .56) and the tendency to experience anger when playing poorly (R C = .47). That is, as athletes’ levels on three perfectionism dimensions increased (i.e., personal standards, concern over mistakes, and perceived coach pressure), so did their dispositional tendencies to experience anger in sport. The benefits of conceptualizing perfectionism as a domain‐specific construct, and the importance of considering all dimensions of perfectionism simultaneously when examining the functional nature of the construct in sport are discussed
Nuclear, Chloroplast, and Mitochondrial Genome Sequences of the Prospective Microalgal Biofuel Strain Picochlorum soloecismus

ABSTRACT Picochlorum soloecismus is a halotolerant, fast-growing, and moderate-lipid-producing microalga that is being evaluated as a renewable feedstock for biofuel production. Herein, we report on an improved high-quality draft assembly and annotation for the nuclear, chloroplast, and mitochondrial genomes of P. soloecismus DOE 101.
Exploring SNS as a consumer tool for retail therapy: explicating semantic networks of “shopping makes me happy (unhappy)” as a new product development method

Marketing and advertising researchers are turning attention to the impact of social network services such as Twitter. Researchers are calling for more useful gathering and interpretation of massive amounts of SNS data. This study applies semantic network analysis to examine the effects of shopping on mood alleviation via tweets – effects known as retail therapy. To conduct a semantic network analysis, the study analyzes 152 messages containing shopping-related keywords in naturally occurring tweets and finds the 24 most frequently used nodes (keywords). Centrality analysis reveals that nodes most frequently connecting keywords of mood, stress, depression, happiness, clothes, consumption and shoes have higher degrees of centrality. Moods associate with 22 keywords and highly co-occur with the keywords change, clothes, stress, consumption and depression. The results indicate that tweets about sentiments expressed before and after fashion item purchases show that retail therapy is occurring. By analyzing SNS messages, this study enhances the theory–method diversification of consumer studies and provides practical guidelines for further study of shopping behaviors and future new product development initiatives.
LPS-evoked IL-18 expression in mesangial cells plays a role in accelerating lupus nephritis.

OBJECTIVES Systemic lupus erythematosus is occasionally accompanied with bacterial infection. Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) from bacteria can accelerate and exacerbate lupus nephritis (LN) in animal models, but some mechanisms underlying the LPS-induced acceleration are still unclear. First, it is not known whether LPS can stimulate mesangial cells (MCs) to secrete the pro-inflammatory cytokine, interleukin (IL)-18. Second, it is also unclear whether LPS and/or IL-18 can induce MC apoptosis. Here, we attempted to clarify the cause-and-effect relationships between LPS stimulation, IL-18 production and MC apoptosis to address the above questions. METHODS LPS was used to induce accelerated LN in LN-prone mice. LPS and IL-18 were also used to treat cultured MCs isolated from the mice. IL-18 expression and MC apoptosis were investigated by in situ hybridization, the TUNEL method, reverse transcription- polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR), western blotting, DNA electrophoresis and flow cytometry. NFkappaB was detected by immunofluorescent staining. RESULTS In the LPS-accelerated LN mice, we observed co-existence of IL-18 expression, hyperplasia, apoptosis, and activated apoptotic signal transduction in MCs, as well as marked neutrophil infiltration in the glomerulus, especially around the mesangial region. In cultured MCs, LPS greatly enhanced IL-18 expression, but did not induce apoptosis, while mouse IL-18 did not induce apoptosis or activate apoptotic signal transduction in MCs. CONCLUSIONS We conclude that LPS can evoke IL-18 production in MCs, but neither LPS nor IL-18 directly induces apoptosis or activates apoptotic signal transduction in the cells. We infer that LPS-induced IL-18 production by MCs could be a mediator by which LPS accelerates and exacerbates LN.