Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
The MANGUA Project: A Population-Based HIV Cohort in Guatemala

Introduction. The MANGUA cohort is an ongoing multicenter, observational study of people living with HIV/AIDS in Guatemala. The cohort is based on the MANGUA application which is an electronic database to capture essential data from the medical records of HIV patients in care. Methods. The cohort enrolls HIV-positive adults ≥16 years of age. A predefined set of sociodemographic, behavioral, clinical, and laboratory data are registered at entry to the cohort study. Results. As of October 1st, 2012, 21 697 patients had been included in the MANGUA cohort (median age: 33 years, 40.3% female). At enrollment 74.1% had signs of advanced HIV infection and only 56.3% had baseline CD4 cell counts. In the first 12 months after starting antiretroviral treatment 26.9% (n = 3938) of the patients were lost to the program. Conclusions. The implementation of a cohort of HIV-positive patients in care in Guatemala is feasible and has provided national HIV indicators to monitor and evaluate the HIV epidemic. The identified percentages of late presenters and high rates of LTFU will help the Ministry to target their current efforts in improving access to diagnosis and care.
Heuristic Strategies in Finance – An Overview

This paper presents a survey on the application of heuristic optimization techniques in the broad field of finance. Heuristic algorithms have been extensively used to tackle complex financial problems, which traditional optimization techniques cannot efficiently solve. Heuristic optimization techniques are suitable for non-linear and non-convex multi-objective optimization problems. Due to their stochastic features and their ability to iteratively update candidate solutions, heuristics can explore the entire search space and reliably approximate the global optimum. This overview reviews the main heuristic strategies and their application to portfolio selection, model estimation, model selection and financial clustering.
Internal dynamics of the z ~ 0.8 cluster RX J0152.7-1357

We present the results from the dynamical analysis of the cluster of galaxies RX J0152.7-1357, which shows a complex structure in its X-ray emission, with two major clumps in the central region and a third clump in the Eastern region. Our analysis is based on redshift data for 187 galaxies. We find that RX J0152.7-1357 appears as a well isolated peak in the redshift space at $z=0.836$, which includes 95 galaxies recognized as cluster members. We compute the line-of-sight velocity dispersion of galaxies, $\sigma_{\rm V}=1322^{+74}_{-68}$ km s -1 , which is significantly larger than what is expected in the case of a relaxed cluster with an observed X-ray temperature of 5-6 keV. We find evidence that this cluster is far from dynamical equilibrium, as shown by the non Gaussianity of the velocity distribution, the presence of a velocity gradient and a significant substructure. Our analysis shows that the high value of $\sigma_{\rm V}$ is due to the complex structure of RX J0152.7-1357, i.e. to the presence of three galaxy clumps of different mean velocities. Using optical data we detect a low-velocity clump (with $\sigma_{\rm V}=300$–500 km s -1 ) in the central southwest region and a high-velocity clump (with $\sigma_{\rm V} \sim 700$ km s -1 ) in the Eastern region, corresponding well to the South–West and East peaks detected in the X-ray emission. The central North–East X-ray peak is associated to the main galaxy structure with a velocity which is intermediate between those of the other two clumps and $\sigma_{\rm V}\sim 900$ km s -1 . The mass of the whole system within 2 Mpc is estimated to lie in the range $(1.2{-}2.2)\times 10^{15}$ $M_{\odot}$, depending on the model adopted to describe the cluster dynamics. Such values are comparable to those of very massive clusters at lower redshifts. Analytic calculations based on the two-body model indicate that the system is most likely bound and currently undergoing merging. In particular, we suggest that the southwestern clump is not a small group, but rather the dense cluster-core of a massive cluster, most likely destined to survive tidal disruption during the merger.
Determinants of happiness in Thailand: The moderating role of religiousness

ABSTRACT This research investigates the influences of family satisfaction, health satisfaction, environmental livability, and neighbor relationship as determinants of happiness in Thailand. In this research, the moderating effects of religiousness in relation to the influences of different determinants of happiness are also investigated. The data were collected by telephone survey questionnaires developed by the Japan International Cooperation Agency. There were a total of 1,004 respondents. All research hypotheses were tested by means of hierarchical regression analysis, by which religiousness was tested as a moderating factor. The analysis results indicate that among all model variables, only family satisfaction, health satisfaction, and environmental livability positively affected happiness in Thailand. Additionally, the family satisfaction aspect played the most important role in predicting happiness. Moderator tests revealed that significant interaction effects existed only between religiousness and health satisfaction and between religiousness and environmental livability. Furthermore, in full regression analyses, only the moderating effect of religiousness on the relationship between environmental livability and happiness was negatively significant. Our results not only validate research findings in other countries but also verify the importance of family satisfaction, health satisfaction, environmental livability, and religiousness as important factors of happiness for public policy makers. Importantly, as an alternative explanation, our results suggest that religiousness can play an important role not only as a direct determinant of happiness but also as a moderator of determinants of happiness, especially in a Buddhist society such as Thailand.
Contrasting Genetic Structure and Diversity of Galaxias maculatus (Jenyns, 1848) Along the Chilean Coast: Stock Identification for Fishery Management.

Galaxias maculatus (Pisces: Galaxiidae) commonly known as "puye" has a disjunct distribution along the Southern Hemisphere including landlocked and migratory populations at latitudes over 30°S in South America, Australia, Tasmania, and New Zealand. Chilean artisanal fishery of G. maculatus has become less important as a resource due to multiple factors including overexploitation, pollution, introduction of predators, and competitors. At the same time, the current conservation status of the species in Chile is still uncertain. Here, we used mtDNA control region sequences (925 bp) to investigate main patterns of genetic diversity and structure in populations from 2 biogeographic areas along the Chilean coast. Extremely high levels of genetic diversity characterize the species, suggesting a low amount of influence of the last glacial cycle over its demography compared with other studies in freshwater and marine South American fishes. However, we recognized contrasting genetic patterns between the Intermediate Area (between 30°S and 42°S) and the Magellanic Province (between 42°S and 56°S). On the one hand, over a narrow geographical range (<200 km) each Intermediate Area estuarine population constitutes a different genetic unit. On the other hand, the Magellanic populations of the species exhibited low levels of differentiation in an area extending for more than 500 km. Such differences may be a consequence of different coastal configurations, oceanographic regimes, and Quaternary glacial histories. Finally, our results support the existence of different stock units for G. maculatus and this information should be integrated in future management strategies and aquaculture programs for this species.
Dependency-Based Hybrid Model of Syntactic Analysis for the Languages with a Rather Free Word Order

Although phrase structure grammars have turned out to be a more popular approach for analysis and representation of the natural language syntactic structures, dependency grammars are often considered as being more appropriate for free word order languages. While building a parser for Latvian, a language with a rather free word order, we found (similarly to TIGER project for German and Talbanken05 for Swedish) that none of these models alone is adequate. Instead, we are proposing an original hybrid formalism that is strongly built on top of the dependency model borrowing the concept of a constituent from the phrase structure approach for representing analytical (multiword) forms. The proposed model has been implemented in an experimental parser and is being successfully applied for description of a wide coverage grammar for Latvian.
Corpus-assisted expansion of manual MT knowledge:

Since the expansion of MT knowledge is currently being performed by humans, it is taking too long and is too expensive. This paper proposes a new procedure that expands MT knowledge efficiently by supporting human judgements with information automatically collected from any number of corpora. The new procedure uses the source knowledge present in an MT system as the key to retrieve source language information from corpora. It also uses the partial translations provided by the MT to acquire target language information. These two techniques can reduce time and labor costs. Experimental results confirm both benefits.
Dental Management of a Child with Dentinogenesis Imperfecta: A Case Report

Dentinogenesis imperfecta (DI) is a hereditary dentin defect caused by an autosomal dominant mutation in dentin sialophosphoprotein gene. Defective dentin development results in discolored teeth that are prone to wear and fracture. Early diagnosis and proper treatment are necessary to achieve better functional and esthetic results and minimize nutritional deficiencies and psychosocial distress. In order to prevent excessive loss of tooth structure, placement of stainless steel crowns (SSCs) on deciduous and young permanent posterior teeth is recommended as soon as such teeth erupt. This clinical report presents the clinical manifestations and management of a 3.5-year-old child diagnosed with DI type II.
Posturing after Macular Hole Surgery: A Review

Since the first reports on surgical repair of macular holes, postoperative face-down posturing (FDP) has been part of the management regime. However, prone positioning is unpleasant for patients, and has adverse effects. Over the last decade some vitreoretinal surgeons have reduced the duration of FDP, or even abandoned it altogether. There have been few non-randomised, and even fewer randomised trials addressing this controversy. With high success rates for macular hole surgery and multiple different surgical strategies such as internal limiting membrane peeling, combining macular hole and cataract surgery, and different durations of gas tamponade, analysing the effects of individual factors is difficult. This paper discusses the mechanisms of surgical repair as well as the role of postoperative FDP, and reviews the studies that have attempted to determine its effect on the success of macular hole surgery.
Applying change impact analysis and design metrcs in CBR based software design improvement

Applying change impact analysis and design metrics, this paper presents an automated design improvement approach to increase changeability of 00 systems. In this paper, a quantified change impact analysis model is presented to evaluate the changeability of software design. A set of design metrics is studied to characterize a given software design. The approach of design improvement using case based reasoning is provided. Through comparing the design segments and the designs stored in design repository, inflexible structures are identified and replaced by designs with high quality. Finally, a supporting system CBDITCD is designed to support our approach.
The Effect of Forage Level and Oil Supplement on Butyrivibrio fibrisolvens and Anaerovibrio lipolytica in Continuous Culture Fermenters

The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of forage level and oil supplement on selected strains of rumen bacteria believed to be involved in biohydrogenation (BH). A continuous culture system consisting of four fermenters was used in a 4×4 Latin square design with a factorial arrangement of treatments, with four 10 d consecutive periods. Treatment diets were: i) high forage diet (70:30 forage to concentrate (dry matter basis); HFC), ii) high forage plus oil supplement (HFO), iii) low forage diet (30:70 forage to concentrate; LFC), and iv) low forage plus oil supplement (LFO). The oil supplement was a blend of fish oil and soybean oil added at 1 and 2 g/100 g dry matter, respectively. Treatment diets were fed for 10 days and samples were collected from each fermenter on the last day of each period 3 h post morning feeding. The concentrations of vaccenic acid (t11C18:1; VA) and c9t11 conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) were greater with the high forage diet while the concentrations of t10 C18:1 and t10c12 CLA were greater with the low forage diet and addition of oil supplement increased their concentrations at both forage levels. The DNA abundance of Anaerovibrio lipolytica, and Butyrivibrio fibrisolvens vaccenic acid subgroup (Butyrivibrio VA) were lower with the low forage diets but not affected by oil supplement. The DNA abundance of Butyrivibrio fibrisolvens stearic acid producer subgroup (Butyrivibrio SA) was not affected by forage level or oil supplement. In conclusion, oil supplement had no effects on the tested rumen bacteria and forage level affected Anaerovibrio lipolytica and Butyrivibrio VA.
Accelerated Multiplicative Updates and Hierarchical ALS Algorithms for Nonnegative Matrix Factorization

Abstract Nonnegative matrix factorization (NMF) is a data analysis technique used in a great variety of applications such as text mining, image processing, hyperspectral data analysis, computational biology, and clustering. In this letter, we consider two well-known algorithms designed to solve NMF problems: the multiplicative updates of Lee and Seung and the hierarchical alternating least squares of Cichocki et al. We propose a simple way to significantly accelerate these schemes, based on a careful analysis of the computational cost needed at each iteration, while preserving their convergence properties. This acceleration technique can also be applied to other algorithms, which we illustrate on the projected gradient method of Lin. The efficiency of the accelerated algorithms is empirically demonstrated on image and text data sets and compares favorably with a state-of-the-art alternating nonnegative least squares algorithm.
WAVELET BASED DECOMPOSITION OF NATURAL IMAGES

EEcient coding of natural scenes requires the use of a proper lter to reduce their redundancy. In this work we show that nongaussian statistical properties of natural scenes uniquely deene a wavelet lter that decomposes the image in a set of statistically independent resolution levels. The spatial statistical dependences still present at a xed scale are extremely short-ranged.
Long Term Electric Load Forecasting using Neural Networks and Support Vector Machines

Electric load forecasting is an important aspect in electrical power industry. It is important to determine the future demand for power as far in advance as possible. According to the foreseen load, the company makes investments and decisions on buying energy from the generating companies, and planning for maintenance and expansion. It is therefore absolutely necessary to have some knowledge of future power consumption. Electric power distributors require a tool that allows them to predict the load in order to support its management and make more efficient its planning formulation. Accurate prediction of electric load is difficult. A large number of the classical prediction models are inappropriate for this modeling because of their requirement of linearity and seasonality. This paper presents an application of Artificial Neural Networks (ANN) and Support Vector Machines (SVM) to predict electric load. The results obtained using both the techniques are compared and the performance of SVM is found to be consistently better.
A combination of YM-155, a small molecule survivin inhibitor, and IL-2 potently suppresses renal cell carcinoma in murine model

YM155, a small molecule inhibitor of the antiapoptotic protein survivin, has been developed as a potential anti-cancer drug. We investigated a combination therapy of YM155 and interleukin-2 (IL-2) in a mouse model of renal cell carcinoma (RCC). YM155 caused cell cycle arrest and apoptosis in renal cancer (RENCA) cells. Next, luciferase-expressing RENCA cells were implanted in the left kidney and the lung of BALB/c mice to develop RCC metastatic model. In this orthotopic renal and metastatic lung tumors models, YM155 and IL-2 additively decreased tumor weight, lung metastasis, and luciferin-stained tumor images. Also, the combination significantly suppressed regulatory T cells and myeloid-derived suppressor cells compared with single agent treatment. We suggest that a combination of YM155 and IL-2 can be tested as a potential therapeutic modality in patients with RCC.
Tropel: Crowdsourcing Detectors with Minimal Training

This paper introduces the Tropel system which enables non-technical users to create arbitrary visual detectors without first annotating a training set. Our primary contribution is a crowd active learning pipeline that is seeded with only a single positive example and an unlabeled set of training images. We examine the crowd's ability to train visual detectors given severely limited training themselves. This paper presents a series of experiments that reveal the relationship between worker training, worker consensus and the average precision of detectors trained by crowd-in-the-loop active learning. In order to verify the efficacy of our system, we train detectors for bird species that work nearly as well as those trained on the exhaustively labeled CUB 200 dataset at significantly lower cost and with little effort from the end user. To further illustrate the usefulness of our pipeline, we demonstrate qualitative results on unlabeled datasets containing fashion images and street-level photographs of Paris.
Visualising software in virtual reality

Software visualisations of one form or another appear in numerous software maintenance tools. Visualisation is arguably one of the most profitable means of communicating information to a user. As software systems become larger and more complex we find ourselves in greater need for techniques to visualise such large information structures. This paper concentrates on visualising software systems using 3D graphics and VR technology. The main concepts of 3D software visualisation are introduced as well as a set of desirable properties which act as both guidelines for designing a visualisation and also as a framework for evaluating existing visualisations. A prototype visualisation, FileVis, is described and evaluated against these desirable properties.
Chapter 26 Tail Inequalities

Theorem 26.1. 2 (Chebychev inequality) Let X be a random variable with μx = E[X] and σx be the standard deviation of X. That is σX = E [ (X − μx) ] . Then, Pr [|X − μX | ≥ tσX] ≤ 1 t2 . Proof: Note that Pr [|X − μX | ≥ tσX] = Pr[(X − μX) ≥ t2σ2X] . Set Y = (X − μX). Clearly, E [ Y ] = σX. Now, apply Markov inequality to Y . This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial 3.0 License. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/ or send a letter to Creative Commons, 171 Second Street, Suite 300, San Francisco, California, 94105, USA.
Consistent Nonparametric Tests for Granger Causality 1

Since the pioneering work by Granger (1969), many authors have proposed tests of causality between economic time series. Most of them are concerned only with ”linear causality in mean”, or if a series linearly affects the (conditional) mean of the other series. It is no doubt of a primary interest, but dependence between series may be nonlinear, and/or not only through the conditional mean. Indeed conditional heteroskedastic models are widely studied recently. The purpose of this paper is to propose nonparametric tests for possibly nonlinear causality up to K-th conditional moment. A desirable property of the tests is that they have nontrivial power against T 1/2-local alternatives, where T is sample size. Their null asymptotic distributions are not normal, but we can easily calculate the critical regions by simulation. Monte Carlo experiments showed that the proposed tests have good power properties, and much better than the competitors.
Review of Biohydrometallurgical Metals Extraction from Polymetallic Mineral Resources

This review has as its underlying premise the need to become proficient in delivering a suite of element or metal products from polymetallic ores to avoid the predicted exhaustion of key metals in demand in technological societies. Many technologies, proven or still to be developed, will assist in meeting the demands of the next generation for trace and rare metals, potentially including the broader application of biohydrometallurgy for the extraction of multiple metals from low-grade and complex ores. Developed biotechnologies that could be applied are briefly reviewed and some of the difficulties to be overcome highlighted. Examples of the bioleaching of polymetallic mineral resources using different combinations of those technologies are described for polymetallic sulfide concentrates, low-grade sulfide and oxidised ores. Three areas for further research are: (i) the development of sophisticated continuous vat bioreactors with additional controls; (ii) in situ and in stope bioleaching and the need to solve problems associated with microbial activity in that scenario; and (iii) the exploitation of sulfur-oxidising microorganisms that, under specific anaerobic leaching conditions, reduce and solubilise refractory iron(III) or manganese(IV) compounds containing multiple elements. Finally, with the successful applications of stirred tank bioleaching to a polymetallic tailings dump and heap bioleaching to a polymetallic black schist ore, there is no reason why those proven technologies should not be more widely applied.
Making sense of donors and donor siblings: A comparison of the perceptions of donor-conceived offspring in lesbian-parent and heterosexual-parent families ☆ The first two authors contributed equally to this chapter.

Abstract Donor-conceived (DC) offspring raised in lesbian-parent and heterosexual-parent families have different historical chronologies, which are clusters of events that provide frameworks for shaping contemporary views of sperm donors and donor siblings. Using surveys collected by the Donor Sibling Registry (DSR), the largest U.S. web-based registry, we found that DC offspring from different family forms have somewhat different views about meeting both the donor and donor siblings. In general, all offspring are curious about the donor. All offspring want to know what the donor looks like and they believe that even minimal contact will help them understand themselves better. However, when compared to offspring from heterosexual-parent families, offspring from lesbian-parent families are less likely to want to have contact with the donor. For offspring from lesbian-parent families, donor conception is considered a normal and accepted part of family life and the donor is deemed irrelevant to the family’s construction. Especially among those who live with two heterosexual parents (where both parents are often assumed to be genetic relatives), offspring want to know the donor because they believe he holds the key to important information that the legal (or social) father cannot provide. Most DC offspring want to meet donor siblings although the interest is somewhat weaker among the offspring in lesbian-parent families. Offspring regard donor siblings as special relations who will not disrupt the natal family and who might even become part of a new kind of “extended family” network.