Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Whose Fault is Default? A Study of the Impact of Student Characteristics and Institutional Practices on Guaranteed Student Loan Default Rates in California

Since its inception as part of the Higher Education Act of 1965, the Guaranteed Student Loan (GSL) program has become perhaps the leading federal initiative in helping to equalize educational and occupational opportunities. However, the GSL program has come under heavy criticism in recent years. High default rates, fueled by an all-time high loan volume, have generated public demands for increased accountability. In response, policymakers have cracked down on defaulters and their schools to protect a highly popular student aid program. However, little empirical evidence exists as to the correlates of student default rates, making the development of financial aid policy difficult in such stormy political conditions. This study, the first of its kind, examines default behavior among a large sample of students attending California proprietary schools and community colleges in 1982–83. It assesses the relative impact of student and institutional characteristics, and administrative practices thought to help curb loan defaults. Results indicate that, within the limits of the data, default rates stem chiefly from students' background characteristics, rather than characteristics or administrative practices of the institutions they attend. The paper concludes with a discussion of these findings and recommendations for policy and further research.
Response of brain metastases from breast cancer to systemic chemotherapy

In a prospective, nonrandomized study, the response of brain metastases (BM) from breast cancer to a standard systemic chemotherapy regimen was measured by clinical follow‐up and serial computed tomography (CT) scans. Treatment consisted of 4‐week courses of cyclophosphamide, methotrexate, and 5‐fluorouracil (CMF) in 20 patients or 3‐week courses of cyclophosphamide, doxorubicin, and 5‐fluorouracil (CAF) in 2 patients. Seven patients had previously received CMF or CAF as adjuvant treatment or for progressive systemic disease. Another seven patients had been previously treated for BM with the use of surgery and/or radiation therapy (RT). Based on the results of clinical follow‐up and CT scan, a response that lasted at least 6 weeks was seen in 13 patients (59%; 95% confidence interval, 37% to 80%), including 4 of the 7 patients with recurrent BM. Objective tumor regression occurred after two courses of chemotherapy in 76% of the patients who could be examined and after six courses in 47%. The median duration of neurologic remission in the 13 patients was 30 weeks (range, 15 to 66 weeks). The median overall survival time was 25 weeks (range, 2 to 83 weeks). The response rate of systemic disease paralleled the neurologic response. When compared with a matched group of historical control subjects treated with RT alone, chemotherapy induced a higher rate of neurologic response and led to a longer survival time. These results warrant further studies on the use of chemotherapy in BM from breast cancer. Cancer 1992; 69:972–980.
Estimating Consumption Responses to Income Shocks of Different Persistence Using Self‐Reported Income Measures

Models of intertemporal consumption choice posit that consumption reacts more strongly to income shocks with persistent effects than to shocks with temporary effects. This prediction is tested using data from the Estonian Household Budget Surveys for 2002–07. Questions in the survey make it possible to distinguish between two income components of different persistence, using the individual households’ subjective income classification. Estimations confirm that households distinguish income components of different persistence and react to these differently; the consumption response to income shocks with persistent effects is significantly higher than the response to shocks with only temporary effects. Further analysis reveals, however, that consumption also reacts to lagged shocks to temporary income even when the households are not liquidity constrained, suggesting that their behavior is not fully consistent with the standard forward‐looking unconstrained consumption models.
Radiation oncology outpatient perceptions of patient-centred care: a cross-sectional survey

Objectives We aimed to describe the proportion and characteristics of cancer patients who perceived that better care would have greatly improved their well-being in (1) specific and (2) multiple domains of patient-centred care. Design Cross-sectional touchscreen computer survey. Setting Four Australian radiation therapy departments located within major urban public hospitals. Participants Radiation therapy outpatients were invited to participate in a touchscreen computer survey. Eligible patients were at least 18 years old, diagnosed with cancer and had sufficient English to complete the survey. Primary outcome measure Participants were asked whether their well-being could have been greatly improved if better care had been provided across eight domains of patient-centred care. Characteristics of those respondents who identified (1) specific and (2) multiple domains where it was perceived that better care would have greatly improved their well-being were examined. Results Of 508 eligible radiation therapy patients, 344 (68%) completed the survey. Patients most frequently perceived that better care in the following domains could have improved their well-being: information and communication about their cancer (22%; 95% CI 18% to 27%); emotional and spiritual support (22%; 95% CI 18% to 27%); management of physical symptoms (21%; 95% CI 17% to 26%) and involvement of friends and family (21%; 95% CI 17% to 26%). Just under one-third of respondents (31%; 95% CI 26% to 36%) indicated that their well-being could have been improved by better care across two or more domains of care. Patients in younger age groups and migrants to Australia had higher odds of endorsing multiple domains where better care would have improved their well-being. Conclusions Further investigation of patients’ perceptions of how their perceived quality of care might be improved is warranted, particularly among patients in younger age groups and migrants to Australia.
Overlapping Regionalism, No Integration: Conceptual Issues and the Latin American Experiences

After 20 years of its foundation, MERCOSUR has failed to meet its declared goals. Far from being a common market and not yet a customs union, it has neither deepened nor (legally) enlarged. All other regionalist projects in Latin America fare even worse, albeit they have arguably fostered domestic democracy, economic reforms and more peaceful regional relations. This paper introduces a conceptual toolkit for comparing regional integration, and then apply it to explain the sprawling goals and declining performance of the Latin American experiences. The aim is to show how the strengthening of national sovereignty – as opposed to its pooling or delegation – is at the heart of most contemporary regionalist strategies.
A new three-dimensional chaotic system without equilibrium points, its dynamical analyses and electronic circuit application

Original scientific paper In this paper, a new three-dimensional chaotic system without equilibrium points is introduced and analysed. Basic dynamical analysis of this new chaotic system without equilibrium points is carried out by means of system equilibria, phase portraits, sensitivity to initial conditions, fractal dimension and chaotic behaviours. In addition, in this paper Lyapunov exponents spectrum and bifurcation analysis of the proposed chaotic system have been executed by means of selected parameters. The chaotic system without equilibrium points has been executed by detailed theoretical analysis as well as simulations with designed electronical circuit. A chaotic system without equilibrium points is also known as chaotic system with hidden attractor and there are very few researches in the literature. Since they cannot have homoclinic and heteroclinic orbits, Shilnikov method cannot be applied to find whether the system is chaotic or not. Therefore, it can be useful in many engineering applications, especially in chaos based cryptology and coding information. Furthermore, introduced chaotic system without equilibrium points in this paper can have many unknown dynamical behaviours. These behaviours of the strange chaotic attractors deserve further investigation.
Expiration-Day Effects: What Has Changed?

In June 1987, the Chicago Mercantile Exchange, the New York Stock Exchange and the New York Futures Exchange changed the settlement of their S&P 500 and NYSE index futures and option contracts from the close of trading to the open in an attempt to mitigate concern about occasional abnormal stock price movements at "triple witching hours. " This study analyzes volatility and volume effects on quarterly and monthly (non-quarterly) expiration days in the two and one-half year period before and the two and one-half year period after June 1987. At quarterly expirations, both trading activity and price volatility in S&P 500 and NYSE contracts were smaller at the close in the post-June 1987 period than in the pre-June 1987 period. At the open, however, trading volume and price reversals increased significantly between the pre-June 1987 period and the post-June 1987 period. The price effect observed at the open on quarterly expirations since June 1987 has been somewhat smaller than the price effect observed at the close in the period before June 1987. This may reflect the new settlement procedures or the fact that expiration-day trading is now split between open and close. At monthly (non-quarterly) expirations, index stocks behave like non-index stocks on expiration days and like index stocks on non-expiration days. Trading activity and price reversals do not appear to have changed, in a statistical sense, since June 1987, nor are they large in an absolute sense.
Extended Gene Map Reveals Tripartite Motif, C-Type Lectin, and Ig Superfamily Type Genes within a Subregion of the Chicken MHC-B Affecting Infectious Disease12

MHC haplotypes have a remarkable influence on whether tumors form following infection of chickens with oncogenic Marek’s disease herpesvirus. Although resistance to tumor formation has been mapped to a subregion of the chicken MHC-B region, the gene or genes responsible have not been identified. A full gene map of the subregion has been lacking. We have expanded the MHC-B region gene map beyond the 92-kb core previously reported for another haplotype revealing the presence of 46 genes within 242 kb in the Red Jungle Fowl haplotype. Even though MHC-B is structured differently, many of the newly revealed genes are related to loci typical of the MHC in other species. Other MHC-B loci are homologs of genes found within MHC paralogous regions (regions thought to be derived from ancient duplications of a primordial immune defense complex where genes have undergone differential silencing over evolutionary time) on other chromosomes. Still others are similar to genes that define the NK complex in mammals. Many of the newly mapped genes display allelic variability and fall within the MHC-B subregion previously shown to affect the formation of Marek’s disease tumors and hence are candidates for genes conferring resistance.
Measurement and correlates of verbosity in elderly people.

Two studies were conducted to develop measures of verbosity in elderly people and to determine the social and psychological correlates of verbose speech. In the first study, 346 elderly people were classified into three categories of verbosity on the basis of their verbal behavior during an interview and questionnaire session. Personality variables, stress in daily living, and age differentiated extremely verbose individuals from others. In the second study, frequency and extent of off-target speech were rated quantitatively for the verbal behavior of 203 older men, with a second rater independently making the same ratings for 98 of the men. Classification into the three categories of verbosity was made for 179 of the men. Interrater reliability was established at . 76 and . 70 for the two measures of verbosity. There was significant agreement between the qualitative classification and the quantitative rating assessments of verbosity. In addition to the previously found associations between verbosity and personality and social variables, higher nonverbal intellectual performance scores obtained in the early adult years combined with poorer current nonverbal scores predicted verbosity in late life.
Urban Tourism: Perspectives on Sustainability

Sustainable tourism represents a challenge within urban environments just as it does within wilderness and rural environments. This paper considers the concept of sustainable urban tourism from four general perspectives. First, the essence of urban tourism is characterised, including the nature of scholarly activity in this area. Second, the relevance of the concept of sustainability in relation to the tourism function of the city is argued. Thirdly, sustainability is examined in the context of the built, natural, and cultural dimensions of the urban environment. Finally, a framework is presented that identifies four basic organisational approaches to sustainable urban tourism, including (1) open market, (2) public control, (3) industry leadership,and (4) regulatory partnership.
Deliberative Democracy in Australia: The Changing Place of Parliament

Part I. Framework of Analysis: 1. Deliberative democracy in theory Part II. Parliament in Political Theory: 2. Theories of parliamentary power 3. Doctrines of responsible government 4. Devices of deliberative democracy Part III. Parliament in Australian Practice: 5. The ends of representation 6. The means of legislation 7. Accountability: parliamentary principles 8. Accountability: parliamentary practices Part IV. Combining Theory and Practice: 9. Deliberative democracy in Australian practice.
Type I receptors specify growth-inhibitory and transcriptional responses to transforming growth factor beta and activin

Transforming growth factor beta (TGF-beta) and activin bind to receptor complexes that contain two distantly related transmembrane serine/threonine kinases known as receptor types I and II. The type II receptors determine ligand binding specificity, and each interacts with a distinct repertoire of type I receptors. Here we identify a new type I receptor for activin, ActR-IB, whose kinase domain is nearly identical to that of the recently cloned TGF-beta type I receptor, T beta R-I. ActR-IB has the structural and binding properties of a type I receptor: it binds activin only in the presence of an activin type II receptor and forms a heteromeric noncovalent complex with activin type II receptors. In Mv1Lu lung epithelial cells, ActR-IB and T beta R-I signal a common set of growth-inhibitory and transcriptional responses in association with their corresponding ligands and type II receptors. The transcriptional responses include elevated expression of fibronectin and plasminogen activator inhibitor 1. Although T beta R-I and ActR-IB are nearly identical in their kinase domains (90% amino acid sequence identity), their corresponding type II receptor kinase domains are very different from each other (42% amino acid sequence identity). Therefore, signaling of a specific set of responses by TGF-beta and activin correlates with the presence of similar type I kinases in their complex. Indeed, other TGF-beta and activin type I receptors (TSR-I and ActR-I) whose kinase domains significantly diverge from those of T beta R-I and ActR-IB do not substitute as mediators of these growth-inhibitory and extracellular matrix transcriptional responses. Hence, we conclude that the type I receptor subunits are primary specifiers of signals sent by TGF-beta and activin receptor complexes.
An integrative and dynamic analysis of business bankruptcy in Australia

This thesis proposes an integrative and dynamic approach for assessing the effects of linkages across industries, industry-specific conditions, aggregate domestic economic conditions and intemational economic conditions on the rates of bankruptcy in six of Australia's major industries: primary production, mining and quarrying, manufacturing, building and constmction, transport, storage and communication and finance and property. The effects of these factors are estimated within a dynamic and simultaneous-equation system with pooled cross-state time-series observations for the period 1978 to 1992. In addition, preliminary tests of cointegration and causality are conducted vyith nation-wide time-series data for the period 1973 to 1992 in order to explore the possible linkages among industries' bankruptcy rates. The estimation results of the preliminary analyses and the dynamic and simultaneous equation system have both suggested inter-industry linkages among bankruptcy rates. Moreover, the estimation results of the simultaneous-equation systera have lent support to the survival of the fittest hypothesis for all industries studied. A number of other economic variables have also been found to be significantly associated with business bankruptcy rates, which include industry- specific variables such as the number of industrial disputes, housing prices and raanufacturing wage rate; domestic economic variables such as state per-capita income, federal government spending, personal income tax rate, interest rate and money supply; as well as intemational economic factors such as exchange rate, world prices and Japan's GDP. Among these variables, government policy instruments have been foimd to have relatively larger effects on the rates of bankruptcy. The estimation results of these analyses might help policy-makers design a comprehensive stabilisation policy for the Ausfralian business sector.
In-migrant entrepreneurship in rural England: beyond local embeddedness

It is now broadly accepted in the literature that in-migrants make a disproportionately positive contribution in the creation of new ventures in rural England. However, to date, there have been precious few advances in our understanding of either the characteristics or, more importantly, the degree of embeddedness of in-migrant entrepreneurs. This paper aspires to address this gap in the literature, drawing upon the findings of an extensive fieldwork investigation in rural Cumbria.1 It is argued that the attributes of entrepreneurial individuals who are not born locally enable them to follow distinct routes to starting and/or running a business, working in contexts that allow them to break away from the confines of rurality. They appear to rely less upon the local setting for the supply of materials and capital, as well as a market for their products/services and to have closer relationships with national and international sources of information than their locally-born counterparts. Thus, in-migrant entrepreneurs emerge as a key instrument in enhancing the integration of rural economies in the national and global markets as well as diminishing the strength of local ties. Weak local ties also mean that growing in-migrant entrepreneurship may be linked with the demise of rural localities as integrated entities.
Time course of neuroprotection induced by normobaric hyperoxia in focal cerebral ischemia

Abstract Background: The purpose of this study was to determine if normobaric hyperoxia (HO) preconditioning offers durable neuroprotection against cerebral ischemia and the role of reactive oxygen species in the ischemic tolerance mechanism. Materials and methods: Rats were divided into four experimental main groups. First main group which was comprised four subgroups, were exposed to 90% HO for 6 days, 4 hours per day and subjected to 60 minutes of right middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) after 2, 5, 10, and 15 days. Second group acted as control, was exposed to 21% oxygen (RA; room air) in the same chamber, and subjected to 60 minutes of right MCAO. Third main group comprised two subgroups, were exposed to 90% HO for 6 days, 4 hours per day, received normal saline (NS; 2HO+NS) and dimethylthiourea (DT) just before inhaling 90% HO (2HO+DT). Forth main group was exposed to 21% oxygen (2RA) in the same chamber and received normal saline (2RA+NS) and DT just before inhaling 21% oxygen (2RA+DT). Last two main groups were subjected to 60 minutes of right MCAO after 2 days. After 24-hour reperfusion, neurological deficit score (NDS), infarct volume, brain water content, and Evans blue extravasations were assessed in all animals. Results: First main group compared with the RA group, NDS, infarct volume, Brain water content, and Evans blue extravasations were reduced in 2, 5, and 10 days significantly, whereas there was no difference among groups 2HO+DT, 2RA+DT, and 2RA+NS. Conclusions: In the model of transient focal cerebral ischemia, hyperoxia preconditioning induced effective but transient neuroprotective effects.
Effect of Reduced Maternal Inspired Oxygen on Hepatic Glucose Metabolism in the Rat Fetus

Perturbations in glucose metabolism in the fetus and in the neonate are a consistent finding in several different animal models of intrauterine growth retardation (IUGR) as well as in humans. Studies in rats who have undergone IUGR have shown decreased hepatic glycogen stores in the fetus and delayed induction of cytosolic phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase (PEPCK-C) at birth. Hepatic transcription factors CCAAT enhancer binding protein (C/EBP)α and C/EBPβ and the increase in cyclic AMP at birth have been implicated in the initial appearance of PEPCK-C. We have examined the effect of IUGR induced by reduced maternal inspired oxygen (fractional inspired oxygen concentration 0.14) on a) the expression of genes for hepatic C/EBPα, C/EBPβ, PEPCK-C and glycogen synthase; and b) transcription of the genes for C/EBPβ and PEPCK-C by dibutyryl cyclic AMP in the fetus. Three days (d 18-21) of decrease in maternal inspired oxygen resulted in lower maternal arterial PO2 and a lower birth weight of the pups (p < 0.01). Fetuses that underwent IUGR had significantly lower concentrations of plasma glucose, hepatic glycogen, and glycogen synthase mRNA and a higher hepatic lactate:pyruvate ratio. They also had lower levels of hepatic PEPCK-C mRNA at birth. The concentration of hepatic mRNA for C/EBPα and C/EBPβ as well as the transcription factors themselves were not affected by the decreased maternal inspired oxygen. Fetal injection of dibutyryl cyclic AMP after 24 h of decreased maternal inspired oxygen (d 18-19) had no effect on the expression of C/EBPβ. However, it resulted in an attenuated induction of PEPCK-C in the fetuses with IUGR. We speculate that a decrease in maternal inspired oxygen induced certain mediators, either in the mother or in the placenta, that caused lower fetal glucose concentration and affected the transcription of genes involved in fetal hepatic glucose metabolism. IUGR, as a result of decreased fractional inspired oxygen concentration may also be the consequence of pH-mediated changes in uterine blood flow. However, these remain to be examined in this experimental model.
The need for business skills in veterinary education: Perceptions versus evidence

This chapter presents a comprehensive review of both perceptions and evidence for the importance of business skills to the success of veterinary graduates. The veterinary literature yields ample evidence supporting the importance of business skills: notably, they are acutely perceived as a major deficiency in new graduates, and are positively correlated with successful graduate outcomes including income and employer satisfaction. However, in a paradox which perhaps reveals more about perceptions than reality, business skills are almost universally rated of relatively lower importance in surveys where Likert scale methodology is used.