Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Application of Geophysical Method in Engineering and Environmental Problems

Geophysical surveys (2‐D resistivity imaging and seismic refraction) were conducted in Tanjung Tokong, Penang and Gunung Keriang, Kedah. Tanjung Tokong is a reclaimed area which is under construction for building 24 floors moderate apartment. Subsurface boulders and unknown materials in reclaimed layer have caused problems in construction of the structural foundation in the area. The objective of the study at Tanjung Tokong is to obtain subsurface information that include the depth to bedrock, boulders, composition of subsurface structures and to map the flow of subsurface water by using 2‐D resistivity imaging and seismic refraction method. Gunung Keriang is a limestone area with karst characteristics such as cavity and pinnacle. These features may be a threat to human’s life and could cause damage to properties. The objective of the study at Gunung Keriang is to detect cavities, pinnacles, fractures and void that may formed in limestone area by using 2‐D resistivity imaging method. In Tanjung Tokong, th.
Spin Polarization and Flat Bands in Eu-Doped Nanoporous and Twisted Bilayer Graphenes

Advanced two-dimensional spin-polarized heterostructures based on twisted (TBG) and nanoporous (NPBG) bilayer graphenes doped with Eu ions were theoretically proposed and studied using Periodic Boundary Conditions Density Functional theory electronic structure calculations. The significant polarization of the electronic states at the Fermi level was discovered for both Eu/NPBG(AA) and Eu/TBG lattices. Eu ions’ chemi- and physisorption to both graphenes may lead to structural deformations, drop of symmetry of low-dimensional lattices, interlayer fusion, and mutual slides of TBG graphene fragments. The frontier bands in the valence region at the vicinity of the Fermi level of both spin-polarized 2D Eu/NPBG(AA) and Eu/TBG lattices clearly demonstrate flat dispersion laws caused by localized electronic states formed by TBG Moiré patterns, which could lead to strong electron correlations and the formation of exotic quantum phases.
Novel use of radio-location for a ground investigation at Pen Park Hole, Bristol, UK

Pen Park Hole is currently the UK's only known hydrothermal cave system. Situated under a large housing estate in north Bristol, it contains one of Britain's largest natural underground cavities, the roof of which is only a few metres below the surface. Discovered in 1669, the cave has had a long history of investigation, including being the object of the world's first published cave survey in 1683. In 2006, a telecommunication company submitted a planning proposal to erect a transmitter close to the site. Given the sensitive nature of the cave and potential uncertainties in the accuracy of a more recent cave survey, Bristol City Council planners required a better fix on the location of the cave. The urban surroundings prevented traditional geophysical techniques being used, and a ground penetrating radar survey failed because of thick residual clay soils over the site. Instead, radio-location was employed to check on the accuracy of the existing cave survey, allowing it to be geo-rectified in relation to the surface. The confirmed reliability of the survey, coupled with an assessment of the cave geomorphology, has allowed the planners to assess the potential for the proposed mast works to intersect the cave or any associated undiscovered voids.
The Predictive Effect of Cognitive Flexibility and Probability Knowledge on Probability Category Learning

We investigated the predictive effects of learners’ cognitive flexibility and probability knowledge on probability category learning. A number-letter switch task was to measure cognitive flexibility, a self-designed probability knowledge questionnaire to estimate probability knowledge, and two probability category learning tasks (with cues: Coin searching task; no cue: Picture selection task) were analyzed. The regression analysis showed that in the coin searching task, cognitive flexibility alone can predict whether the rules had acquired in probability category learning. In the picture search task, both cognitive flexibility and probability knowledge factors predicted rule acquisition. It reveals that the predictive effect of cognitive flexibility on probability category learning is consistent across tasks, while the predictive effect of probability knowledge varies with specific task characteristics
Use of multi‐platform, multi‐temporal remote‐sensing data for calibration of a distributed hydrological model: an application in the Arno basin, Italy

Images from satellite platforms are a valid aid in order to obtain distributed information about hydrological surface states and parameters needed in calibration and validation of the water balance and flood forecasting. Remotely sensed data are easily available on large areas and with a frequency compatible with land cover changes. In this paper, remotely sensed images from different types of sensor have been utilized as a support to the calibration of the distributed hydrological model MOBIDIC, currently used in the experimental system of flood forecasting of the Arno River Basin Authority. Six radar images from ERS‐2 synthetic aperture radar (SAR) sensors (three for summer 2002 and three for spring–summer 2003) have been utilized and a relationship between soil saturation indexes and backscatter coefficient from SAR images has been investigated. Analysis has been performed only on pixels with meagre or no vegetation cover, in order to legitimize the assumption that water content of the soil is the main variable that influences the backscatter coefficient. Such pixels have been obtained by considering vegetation indexes (NDVI) and land cover maps produced by optical sensors (Landsat‐ETM). In order to calibrate the soil moisture model based on information provided by SAR images, an optimization algorithm has been utilized to minimize the regression error between saturation indexes from model and SAR data and error between measured and modelled discharge flows. Utilizing this procedure, model parameters that rule soil moisture fluxes have been calibrated, obtaining not only a good match with remotely sensed data, but also an enhancement of model performance in flow prediction with respect to a previous calibration with river discharge data only. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Information content of natural scenes: implications for neural coding of color and luminance

We present a spatial frequency analysis of the luminance and chrominance images derived from 20 scenes representative of natural terrain. Our results weakly support the claim that the human visual system has access to spatial frequencies of luminance and chrominance in relative proportion to their occurrence in natural scenes. The weak effect that we found may be due to the limited gamut of colors present in the scenes.
Interdecadal Modulation of the Impact of ENSO on Precipitation and Temperature over the United States

Abstract Data from observations and the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) twentieth-century climate change model [phase 3 of the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project (CMIP3)] simulations were analyzed to examine the decadal changes of the impact of ENSO on air temperature Tair and precipitation P over the United States. The comparison of composites for the early period (1915–60) and the recent period (1962–2006) indicates that cooling (warming) over the south and warming (cooling) over the north during ENSO warm (cold) winters have been weakening. The ENSO influence on winter P over the Southwest is strengthening, while the impact on P over the Ohio Valley is weakening for the recent decades. These differences are not due to the long-term trends in Tair or P; they are attributed to the occurrence of the central Pacific (CPAC) ENSO events in the recent years. The CPAC ENSO differs from the canonical eastern Pacific (EPAC) ENSO. The EPAC ENSO has a sea surface temperature anomaly (SSTA) maxi.
Climate Dynamics �2001) 18: 189±202 Ó Springer-Verlag 2001

A nonlinear impulse response model of the coupled carbon cycle-climate system (NICCS) Abstract Impulse-response-function (IRF) models are designed for applications requiring a large number of climate change simulations, such as multi-scenario climate impact studies or cost-bene®t integrated-assessment studies. The models apply linear response theory to reproduce the characteristics of the climate response to external forcing computed with sophisticated state-of-the-art climate models like general circulation models of the physical ocean-atmosphere system and three-dimensional oceanic-plus-terrestrial carbon cycle models. Although highly computer ecient, IRF models are nonetheless capable of reproducing the full set of climate-change information generated by the complex models against which they are calibrated. While limited in principle to the linear response regime (less than about 3 C global-mean temperature change), the applicability of the IRF model presented has been extended into the nonlinear domain through explicit treatment of the climate system's dominant nonlinearities: CO 2 chemistry in ocean water, CO 2 fertilization of land biota, and sublinear radiative forcing. The resultant nonlinear impulse-response model of the coupled carbon cycle-climate system (NICCS) computes the temporal evolution of spatial patterns of climate change for four climate variables of particular relevance for climate impact studies: near-surface temperature, cloud cover, precipitation, and sea level. The space-time response characteristics of the model are derived from an EOF analysis of a transient 850-year greenhouse warming simulation with the Hamburg atmosphere-ocean general circulation model ECHAM3-LSG and a similar response experiment with the Hamburg carbon cycle model HAMOCC. The model is applied to two long-term CO 2 emission scenarios , demonstrating that the use of all currently estimated fossil fuel resources would carry the Earth's climate far beyond the range of climate change for which reliable quantitative predictions are possible today , and that even a freezing of emissions to present-day levels would cause a major global warming in the long term.
On water availability in saline soils

We present a formulation for the effect of the osmotic pressure of the soil solution on the availability of soil water for plant uptake in the extreme case that the reflection coefficient of root-cell walls is always unity. We also present a new equation to fit the water retention curve, which allows for an inflection point and is solidly anchored at both the wet end (saturated water content) and the dry end (water content at 150 m head, the permanent wilting point). By differentiating the fitting-equation one finds the differential water capacity, which is subsequently multiplied by a weighting function to account for the impediment caused by soluble salts. The weighted differential water capacity is then integrated over the entire range of the matric head from zero to infinity. This produces the integral water capacity and constitutes the total amount of water the soil can hold and release to a hypothetical plant that behaves like a perfect osmometer. We illustrate the approach using data found in the literature for a wide range of soil textures. In this paper the lower boundary of water availability in the presence of soluble salts is defined and calculated as would be registered by a perfect osmometer (reflection coefficient of unity). The upper boundary of water availability is found by setting the weighting coefficient at unity at all times, which implies a reflection coefficient of zero, and in turn that the salts in the soil solution have no influence on the availability of water (as would be registered by a tensiometer). The upper and the lower boundaries constitute the envelope within which the actual availability of water to real plants occurs, and implies a variable reflection coefficient plus the occurrence of active plant osmo-regulation. This establishes a framework within which water availability to real plants experiencing real osmo-matric conditions can be evaluated.
Particle flux in the Western Black Sea in the present and over the last 5,000 years : temporal variability, sources, transport mechanisms

Abstract : The particle flux in the present and over the last 5,000 years was investigated in the western Black Sea in a comparative study with samples from time-series sediment traps and laminated core sediments. The particle flux varies considerably seasonally and regionally. Dominant particle sources are biogenic and terrigenous matter. The relative importance in the particle supply varies seasonally and can be grouped into three phases: Phase I (June-October; coccolithophorid production); Phase II (November-January; resuspension of shelf deposits); and Phase III (February-May; river input of terrigenous matter and diatom production). Keywords: Hemipelagic sedimentation.
Regolith development and evolution on asteroids and the moon

Early descriptions of regoliths on small bodies were devised to account for observations of asteroids (Chapman 1971, 1976) and the gas-rich meteorites (Anders 1975). Lack of agreement between these approaches prompted Housen et al. (1978, 1979) to examine the problem in detail. The resulting model predicted that moderate-sized (100-300 km) asteroids should evolve regoliths up to a few kilometers deep which could be source regions of gas-rich meteorites. Smaller objects should have regoliths ranging from dust coatings to meters-thick layers depending on the strength of the object. The earlier model could not treat asteroids larger than 300 km in diameter. The model, now modified to treat larger-sized objects, predicts regolith depths, on asteroids larger than 300 km, which decrease with increasing size. A regolith depth of 7 m is predicted for the lunar maria in reasonable agreement with the observed depths of 5 m.
Irreversible thermodynamics and air‐sea exchange

Recent theoretical work has suggested that the air-sea exchange of trace gases such as CO 2 can be modified by irreversible thermodynamic coupling phenomena and that the commonly used gas exchange relationships can incorrectly predict the magnitude and, under certain circumstances, the sign of air-sea trace gas fluxes. The physical basis for irreversible thermodynamic effects during airsea exchange is developed for both the liquid-gas interface and the molecular boundary layers or sublayers adjacent to the interface. The impact of irreversible thermodynamics is shown to differ qualitatively from that predicted by an earlier analysis due to the explicit inclusion in this work of the molecular kinetic layer at the air-water interface. For insoluble trace gases such as CO 2 the temperature contrast across the limiting region for air-sea exchange, the aqueous mass sublayer, is not great enough to have a measurable impact on the trace gas distributions, and irreversible effects do not need to be included in empirical air-sea gas exchange relationships
A Novel Method for Banknote Recognition Using a Combined Histogram of Oriented Gradients and Scale-Invariant Feature Transform

: Automated banknote recognition systems are essential for people with visual impairments who face challenges distinguishing between different currency denominations. This study presents a novel method aimed at helping blind people identify banknotes from three different countries (Egypt, Saudi Arabia, and the United States of America) by using a proposed feature detection algorithm. Our proposed system has two main stages: the proposed algorithm uses the Speeded-UP Robust Features (SURF) algorithm for key point detection, as it is fast and robust to variations in geometry and lighting. Then, it extracts features using the scale-invariant feature transform (SIFT) and histogram of oriented gradients (HOG) algorithms, which are scale invariant. This algorithm aims to overcome the limitations of both the SURF and SIFT algorithms and reduce the average response time and computational cost of the SIFT and HOG algorithms. We developed a banknote dataset with 12 classes for three countries. The accuracy of the banknote recognition was 99.2%. The performance of the proposed dataset was compared with that of the global Kaggle Egyptian dataset, resulting in 98.9% accuracy.
Anxiety and Yalues: Anxiety as Caused by the Frustration of a Major Value: Religion

Two theories of the cause of anxiety, thefrustration of values theory and the cognitive assimilation theory, were empirically tested with positive results for both theories under a state anxiety model. Ninety-eight religious subjects were frustrated, via vignettes, according to the values expressed in the Intrinsic-Extrinsic Religious Orientotion Scqle and assessed in terms of cognitive assimilotion based upon the vqlubs expressed in this scale os well. Values frustration did predict anxiety in this study, and a tack of cognitive assimilo-tion predicated anxiety for "secondary values. " Hence state onxiety can be influenced directly without the necessity of using trait anxiety. This is consistent with trait onxiety being a perceptual oggregate of states of anxiety.
Surface fluxes and boundary layer scaling : models and applications

This study deals with applied modelling of some Atmospheric Boundary Layer (ABL) features. We use scaling techniques for the description of the turbulent structure in the ABL. A review is given on the different properties of the scaling techniques in stable and unstable conditions. The essential role of the surface fluxes of heat and momentum for the structure in the ABL is discussed. Schemes are proposed for the estimation of the surface fluxes from routine weather data over land. Both for day- and nighttime, hourly values of the surface fluxes are modelled with the aid of the surface radiation and energy balance. Models and parameterizations for the individual components of these balances are compared with observations. During nighttime also the temperature profile up to 80 m is simulated with the modelled surface fluxes. The output of the surface flux schemes can be used for stability determination of the ABL. Subsequently, diabatic wind profiles along the 200 m Cabauw tower are analysed in terms of surface layer similarity. For stable conditions an extension of the profile functions to strong stability is evaluated. Besides, the turning of wind with height up to 200 m is analysed. Together with the flux schemes, the wind speed profile can be estimated from near surface weather data only. It is shown that the agreement between estimates and observations is very good up to at least -100 m in generally level terrain. The methods are applied to simulate the wind frequency distribution and the reversed diurnal variation of the wind at 80 m. Finally, a method for calculating the dispersion of non-buoyant plumes in the ABL is presented. The method is based on the scaling techniques of the ABL. Models are suggested for ground level concentrations of pollutants dispersed from continuous point sources. These models are evaluated with independent tracer experiments over land. The overall agreement between observations and predictions is very good and shown to be better than the skill of the traditional Gaussian plume model. The proposed models and methods are intended for applications in meteorology and hydrology, for wind energy assessment methods and for air pollution dispersion studies.
The Impact of COVID-19 Prevention Policy on Stock Market Return of China

In the wake of the COVID-19 outbreak, China implemented emergency epidemic prevention and control measures, which played a positive role in economic and social development as well as the containment of the epidemic. Based on stock trading data from February 2020 to December 2022, this paper examines the impact of these measures on the stock returns of A-share listed companies. The findings of the study indicate that social distancing and health measures generally increase stock market returns, despite the varying magnitude of their effects. In addition, the analysis of two aspects, namely the listed sectors and the industry response analysis, further corroborates the main conclusion that social distancing policies have a more pronounced effect on the stock market. The study helps investors understand how the stock market responds to government announcements and enables policymakers to further explore the impact of policy responses during major public health events and their influence on economic and social welfare.
Gravity Anomalies in East Nepal and their Implications to the Crustal Structure of the Himalayas

Summary Gravity measurements were carried out at 145 points in eastern Nepal as a part of the scientific programme of the Japanese Mount Everest Expedition 1970. As the position and elevation of the gravity stations were determined by maps with the aid of an aneroid altimeter, they have standard errors of about 400 m and 33 my respectively. Correspondingly, the gravity anomalies presented in this paper have errors of 5-15 mgal. Free-air, Bouguer, Pratt-Hayford and Airy-Heiskanen anomalies were obtained from these data. A terrain correction of Hayford zones F-0 was applied in the calculation of the latter three anomalies. The terrain correction amounts to more than 40 mgal at many stations. The gravity data were divided into three groups according to geological-morphological zones of east Nepal; (a) Higher Himalayas, (b) Lower Himalayas, and (c) Foothills. Different anomaly-elevation relations were indicated by free-air and Bouguer anomalies of different zones. Especially, Bouguer anomalies in individual zones show almost no correlation with the heights, suggesting that isostasy does not prevail in the wavelength of less than 100 km. Pratt-Hayford and Airy-Heiskanen isostatic anomalies show a weak positive correlation with the elevation. In this case the trend is not significantly different among the subdivided zones. It was observed that Bouguer anomalies projected on a line perpendicular to the structural trend of the Himalayas in this region show a remarkable linear relation with the distance measured along this line. Although the topography in this area is quite rugged because of the erosion due to the north-south running rivers, the surface of the substratum seems to be quite smooth and Bouguer anomalies are caused by almost two-dimensional structure of the Himalayas. The crust under the Himalayas is much thinner than that expected from isostatic equilibrium. Thus the Himalayas seem to be isostatically not in equilibrium in longer as well as shorter wave lengths. The lack of isostatic equilibrium and the existence of very smooth, inclined substratum suggest that the Himalayas are currently under the influence of large scale tectonic forces, probably due to collision of the Indian plate against the Asian plate.