Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Effects of the phorbol ester 4-O-methyl-12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate on mouse skin in vivo: evidence for its uselessness as a negative control compound in studies on the biological effects of phorbol ester tumor promoters.

Abstract Compared to 12- O -tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate (TPA), the phorbol ester 4- O -methyl-12- O -tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate (4-O-methyl-TPA) is only a weak skin irritant and tumor promoter. When topically applied to mouse skin, 400 nmol 4-O-methyl-TPA induce hyperproliferation of epidermis in vivo to approximately the same extent as do 10 nmol TPA. However, in contrast to TPA, 4-O-methyl-TPA-induced proliferation is not followed by sustained epidermal hyperplasia. In addition, the methyl ether of TPA does not cause early prostaglandin accumulation, and its hyperproliferative effect is insensitive to indomethacin inhibition. Contrary to the action of TPA, 4-O-methyl-TPA induces neither an early increase in the rate of phospholipid turnover nor an early increase in ornithine decarboxylase activity or polyamine accumulation in epidermis and does not desensitize epidermis to the effects of β-adrenergic agonists and epidermal G 1 chalone. Finally, 4-O-methyl-TPA is only a weak atimulator of epidermal cyclic adenosine 3′:5′-monophosphate phosphodiesterase activity. Consequently, it is concluded that the mechanism of action of 4-O-methyl-TPA as a skin mitogen is different from that of TPA. Whereas TPA evokes prostaglandin-dependent and chalone-insensitive hyperplastic development of epidermis (hyperplastic transformation), i.e. , probably a relapse to the neonatal state, 4-O-methyl-TPA apparently stimulates nothing but normal everyday tissue regeneration. In this respect, treatment with 4-O-methyl-TPA resembles a nondamaging stimulus of epidermal cell proliferation (observed, for example, with skin massage), whereas TPA evokes a response which is characteristic for epidermal injury. Considering these fundamental differences in biological action between TPA and its methyl ether, 4-O-methyl-TPA is concluded to be an unsuitable negative control compound for studies on the biological effects of phorbol ester tumor promoters.
Patterns of Intron Gain and Loss in Fungi

Little is known about the patterns of intron gain and loss or the relative contributions of these two processes to gene evolution. To investigate the dynamics of intron evolution, we analyzed orthologous genes from four filamentous fungal genomes and determined the pattern of intron conservation. We developed a probabilistic model to estimate the most likely rates of intron gain and loss giving rise to these observed conservation patterns. Our data reveal the surprising importance of intron gain. Between about 150 and 250 gains and between 150 and 350 losses were inferred in each lineage. We discuss one gene in particular (encoding 1-phosphoribosyl-5-pyrophosphate synthetase) that displays an unusually high rate of intron gain in multiple lineages. It has been recognized that introns are biased towards the 5′ ends of genes in intron-poor genomes but are evenly distributed in intron-rich genomes. Current models attribute this bias to 3′ intron loss through a poly-adenosine-primed reverse transcription mechanism. Contrary to standard models, we find no increased frequency of intron loss toward the 3′ ends of genes. Thus, recent intron dynamics do not support a model whereby 5′ intron positional bias is generated solely by 3′-biased intron loss.
Granular neural networks for numerical-linguistic data fusion and knowledge discovery

In this paper, we present a neural-networks-based knowledge discovery and data mining (KDDM) methodology based on granular computing, neural computing, fuzzy computing, linguistic computing, and pattern recognition. The major issues include 1) how to make neural networks process both numerical and linguistic data in a data base, 2) how to convert fuzzy linguistic data into related numerical features, 3) how to use neural networks to do numerical-linguistic data fusion, 4) how to use neural networks to discover granular knowledge from numerical-linguistic data bases, and 5) how to use discovered granular knowledge to predict missing data. In order to answer the above concerns, a granular neural network (GNN) is designed to deal with numerical-linguistic data fusion and granular knowledge discovery in numerical-linguistic databases. From a data granulation point of view, the GNN can process granular data in a database. From a data fusion point of view, the GNN makes decisions based on different kinds of granular data. From a KDDM point of view, the GNN is able to learn internal granular relations between numerical-linguistic inputs and outputs, and predict new relations in a database. The GNN is also capable of greatly compressing low-level granular data to high-level granular knowledge with some compression error and a data compression rate. To do KDDM in huge data bases, parallel GNN and distributed GNN will be investigated in the future.
Constellation: automated discovery of service and host dependencies in networked systems

In a modern enterprise network of scale, dependencies between hosts and network services are surprisingly complex, typically undocumented, and rarely static. Even though network management and troubleshooting rely on this information, automated discovery and monitoring of these dependencies remains an unsolved problem. In the system we describe in this paper computers on the network cooperate to make this information available to all users of the network. Constellation uses machine learning techniques to infer a network-wide map of the complex relationships between hosts and services using little more than the timings of packet transmission and reception. Statistical hypothesis testing on the resulting models provides a guaranteed confidence level for the accuracy of the result. The system is demonstrated against a substantial packet trace from an enterprise network.
Arthroscopic surgery for degenerative knee: systematic review and meta-analysis of benefits and harms

Objective To determine benefits and harms of arthroscopic knee surgery involving partial meniscectomy, debridement, or both for middle aged or older patients with knee pain and degenerative knee disease. Design Systematic review and meta-analysis. Main outcome measures Pain and physical function. Data sources Systematic searches for benefits and harms were carried out in Medline, Embase, CINAHL, Web of Science, and the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (CENTRAL) up to August 2014. Only studies published in 2000 or later were included for harms. Eligibility criteria for selecting studies Randomised controlled trials assessing benefit of arthroscopic surgery involving partial meniscectomy, debridement, or both for patients with or without radiographic signs of osteoarthritis were included. For harms, cohort studies, register based studies, and case series were also allowed. Results The search identified nine trials assessing the benefits of knee arthroscopic surgery in middle aged and older patients with knee pain and degenerative knee disease. The main analysis, combining the primary endpoints of the individual trials from three to 24 months postoperatively, showed a small difference in favour of interventions including arthroscopic surgery compared with control treatments for pain (effect size 0.14, 95% confidence interval 0.03 to 0.26). This difference corresponds to a benefit of 2.4 (95% confidence interval 0.4 to 4.3) mm on a 0-100 mm visual analogue scale. When analysed over time of follow-up, interventions including arthroscopy showed a small benefit of 3-5 mm for pain at three and six months but not later up to 24 months. No significant benefit on physical function was found (effect size 0.09, −0.05 to 0.24). Nine studies reporting on harms were identified. Harms included symptomatic deep venous thrombosis (4.13 (95% confidence interval 1.78 to 9.60) events per 1000 procedures), pulmonary embolism, infection, and death. Conclusions The small inconsequential benefit seen from interventions that include arthroscopy for the degenerative knee is limited in time and absent at one to two years after surgery. Knee arthroscopy is associated with harms. Taken together, these findings do not support the practise of arthroscopic surgery for middle aged or older patients with knee pain with or without signs of osteoarthritis. Systematic review registration PROSPERO CRD42014009145.
Post-Error Slowing in Patients With ADHD

Objective: Post-error slowing (PES) is a cognitive mechanism for adaptive responses to reduce the probability of error in subsequent trials after error. To date, no meta-analytic summary of individual studies has been conducted to assess whether ADHD patients differ from controls in PES. Method: We identified 15 relevant publications, reporting 26 pairs of comparisons (ADHD, n = 1,053; healthy control, n = 614). Random-effect meta-analysis was used to determine the statistical effect size (ES) for PES. Results: PES was diminished in the ADHD group as compared with controls, with an ES in the medium range (Cohen’s d = 0.42). Significant group difference was observed in relation to the inter-stimulus interval (ISI): While healthy participants slowed down after an error during long (3,500 ms) compared with short ISIs (1,500 ms), ADHD participants sustained or even increased their speed. Conclusion: The pronounced group difference suggests that PES may be considered as a behavioral indicator for differentiating ADHD patients from healthy participants.
Performance footprints of heavy-users in 3G networks via empirical measurement

Cellular technology is widely used for Internet access, also because most operators are now offering Mbit/s data rates at affordable prices. Many studies analyzed the performance of these networks using analytical or simulation approaches. However, due to lack of data from operational environments, very little is known about the performance of real cellular networks. In this paper, we assess the performance of the 3G network of one of the major European telecom operators, using several recent traffic traces of TCP connections to port 80 and 8080. After presenting performance statistics related to all the network users, we focus on heavy users. To assess their performance and to uncover the related causes, we introduce an investigation approach easily repeatable in the very common situation where only data traces are available, with no other information such as mapping of users to cells, network capacity, or packet payload. Analyzing both “single long-lived connections” and “multiple long-lived connections”, we assess the performance of those users, providing insights on how and why performance can vary significantly over time and among different users.
Restoring Self in Community: Collective Approaches to Psychological Trauma after Genocide

Recovery from the profound negative psychological and spiritual effects of genocide is essential for individuals to live fulfilling lives, engage in reconciliation, and prevent future violence. This article discusses community approaches to trauma recovery that focus on individuals within their social context. It briefly identifies common psychological problems that follow genocide. It then presents constructivist self development theory (CSDT) as a foundation for understanding these effects and the RICH (Respect, Information, Connection, and Hope) framework, based in CSDT, for designing and assessing the effects of post-genocide psychosocial interventions. The article reviews three approaches to collective recovery: a multifamily group approach, a psychoeducational program focused on youth, and a public education program aimed to promote trauma recovery and prevent future violence. The RICH framework is applied to each approach.
SRI's Submissions to Chinese-English PatentMT NTCIR10 Evaluation

The SRI team joined the subtask of Chinese-English Patent machine translation evaluation, and submitted the translation results using a combined output from two types of grammars supported in SRInterp [13], with two different word segmentations. We investigated the effect of adding sparse features, together with several optimization strategies. Also,for the PatentMT domain, we carried out preliminary experiments on adapting language models. Our results showed positive improvements using these approaches.
Modules of covariants in modular invariant theory

Let the finite group G act linearly on the vector space V over the field k of arbitrary characteristic, and let H < G be a subgroup. The extension of invariant rings k[V]G ⊂ k[V]H is studied using modules of covariants. An example of our results is the following. Let W be the subgroup of G generated by the reflections in G. A classical theorem due to Serre says that if k[V] is a free k[V]G‐module then G = W. We generalize this result as follows. If k[V]H is a free k[V]G‐module, then G is generated by H and W. Furthermore, the invariant ring k[V]H ∩ W is free over k[V]W and is generated as an algebra by H‐invariants and W‐invariants.
Local visual patch for 3d shape retrieval

We present a novel method for 3D-object retrieval using Bag of Feature (BoF) approaches [8]. The method starts by selecting and then describing a set of points from the 3D-object. The proposed descriptor is an indexed collection of closed curves in R3 on the 3D-surface. Such descriptor has the advantage of being invariant to different transformations that a shape can undergo. Based on vector quantization, we cluster those descriptors to form a shape vocabulary. Then, each point selected in the object is associated to a cluster (word) in that vocabulary. Finally, a BoF histogram counting the occurrences of every word is computed. In order to assess our method, we used shapes from the TOSCA and Sumner datasets. The results clearly demonstrate that the method is robust to many kind of transformations and produces higher precision compared with some state-of-the-art methods.
Efficacy and Safety of Different Dosages of Praziquantel for the Treatment of Schistosoma Japonicum: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

Background: Praziquantel, an antischistosomal compound, is used as first-line drug for chemotherapy of Schistosoma japonicum since 1984. In this article, we conducted a systematic review and mete-analysis to evaluate the efficacy and safety of different dosages of praziquantel (PZQ) for treatment of Schistosoma japonicum. Evidence Acquisition: A number of six articles published in peer-reviewed journals before December 2012 were selected for analysis after searching the following literature databases: PubMed/Medline, the Chinese WanFang Literature Database, China National Knowledge Infrastructure (1994-2012.12), and the Chinese Biomedical Literature (1978-2012.12). Results: The meta-analyses showed that there is no statistically significant difference of the negative rate on the egg using 40 mg/kg compared to 60 mg/kg PZQ for S. japonicum treatment (RR 0.79, 95% CI 0.46 1.35; P < 0.39). The meta-analysis showed that there is no statistically significant difference of the side effects using 30 mg/kg compared with 40 mg/kg (RR 0.97, 95% CI 0.68 1.38; P = 0.87), 40 mg/kg compared with 60 mg/kg (RR 0.79, 95% CI 0.46 1.35; P = 0.39) and 50 mg/kg compared with 60 mg/kg (RR 0.89, 95% CI 0.56 1.42; P = 0.63). Conclusions: According to the results, there is no statistically significant difference in different doses of PZQ for treating S. japonicum.
Tlk, a novel evolutionarily conserved murine serine threonine kinase, encodes multiple testis transcripts

Hypothesizing that genes important in meiotic processes in mammals might have evolutionarily conserved counterparts in lower organisms, we used the yeast IME2 meiotic gene (serine threonine kinase) as a probe for screening a mouse testis cDNA library. This screening resulted in identification of a novel putative serine threonine kinase. Although it did not exhibit significant homology to IME2, it did show significant sequence homology to the Tousled kinase in Arabidopsis. Tousled is associated with various differentiative processes including differentiation of the reproductive organs. The new murine gene was designated accordingly Tlk (Tousled like kinase). Tousled like kinase sequences have been reported to occur in C. elegans and in the human. Positive hybridization signals obtained in zooblot analysis suggest evolutionary conservation of Tlk throughout the phylogenetic ladder. Four distinct Tlk transcripts were detected in mouse testis, at least one of which is testis‐specific. Northern and in situ hybridization analyses revealed that in normal testis, Tlk is expressed predominantly in pachytene spermatocytes and in round spermatids. Transcripts differ from one another in their 3' untranslated region, resulting from use of different polyadenylation sites, and in the length of their 5' region. Within the coding region, three of the putative peptides share the kinase and C‐terminal domains but differ in their N‐terminal domain, suggesting that the latter may be involved in the regulation of Tlk's function. We conclude that although Tlk might have an essential role in all tissues, these kinases are likely to take part in the complex array of phosphorylations involved in regulating spermatogenesis. Mol. Reprod. Dev. 52:392–405, 1999. © 1999 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
The role of antibodies in inflammatory arthritis

Summary: Inflammatory arthritis presents in a variety of diseases, from rheumatoid arthritis to hepatitis. Antibodies to autoantigens or to microbial constituents are commonly associated with these conditions. In some cases, the antibodies have diagnostic and prognostic relevance. It cannot as yet be determined definitively that any of them mediate joint damage, although the evidence from animal models indicates that this mechanism is likely. The purpose of this article is to give an overview of the spectrum of antibodies found in a variety of inflammatory arthritides. The relevant animal models are also discussed.
Imagination for Crime Prevention: Essays in Honour of Ken Pease

Preface - Nick Ross: Just Say Pease Graham Farrell, Kate Bowers, Shane Johnson, Michael Townsley. Editors' Introduction: Ken Pease (1943 -), A Prospective Obituary Gloria Laycock and Nick Tilley: From Crime Prevention to Crime Science Paul Ekblom: Making Offenders Richer P-O Wikstrom: Doing without Knowing: Common Pitfalls in Crime Prevention Rachel Armitage: Sustainability versus Safety: Confusion, Conflict and Contradiction in Designing Out Crime Steve Everson and Pete Woodhouse: Designing Out Crime: Has Section 17 of the UK's Crime And Disorder Act 1998 Been Effective? Kate Moss and Jenny Ardley: The Nottingham Burglary Risk Index (BRIx) Sylvia Chenery and Mandy Shaw: Kings and Castles, Cavemen and Caves: The Impact of Crime on Male Victims Andromachi Tseloni: Fear of Crime, Perceived Disorders and Property Crime: A Multivariate Analysis at the Area Level David P. Farrington, Trevor H. Bennett and Brandon C. Welsh: The Cambridge Evaluation of the Effects of CCTV on Crime Shane Johnson and Kate Bowers: Burglary Prediction: The Roles of Theory, Flow and Friction John Eck, Ronald V. Clarke and Rob Guerette: Risky Facilities: Crime Concentration in Homogeneous Sets of Establishments and Facilities Michael Townsley and Graham Farrell: Repeat Victimization in Prison.
Rank, Stock, Order And Epidemic Effects In The Diffusion Of New Process Technologies : An Empirical Model

In this paper we set up a general duration model of technology adoption which incorporates the main factors discussed in the different demand side theories of diffusion of new process technologies. The model is applied to the data on diffusion of CNC in the UK engineering industry. It is found that while there is strong evidence for the rank and endogenous learning effects, there seems to be little evidence in support of the stock and order effects, as characterized by the game theoretic models.
Multiscale modeling of macromolecular biosystems

In this article, we review the recent progress in multiresolution modeling of structure and dynamics of protein, RNA and their complexes. Many approaches using both physics-based and knowledge-based potentials have been developed at multiple granularities to model both protein and RNA. Coarse graining can be achieved not only in the length, but also in the time domain using discrete time and discrete state kinetic network models. Models with different resolutions can be combined either in a sequential or parallel fashion. Similarly, the modeling of assemblies is also often achieved using multiple granularities. The progress shows that a multiresolution approach has considerable potential to continue extending the length and time scales of macromolecular modeling.
Design and Implementation of a Fast Crossbar Scheduler

We would like to thank Adisak Mekkittikul for help and numerous discussions about the scheduler design, particularly with the pipelining technique described on page 2. 11 References [1] http://tiny-tera.stanford. edu/tiny-tera [2] N.McKeown, " Scheduling Cells in an input-queued switch, " PhD Thesis,
CARIAL: Cost-Aware Software Reliability Improvement with Active Learning

In the context of field testing (operational testing) of software, we address the problem of balancing the potential reduction in failure risk that developers may achieve by reviewing captured test executions to identify failures (and by successfully debugging their causes) against the cost of reviewing the tests. To achieve a desirable balance, we propose a cost-sensitive active learning strategy. Our approach guides developers in selecting a sample of test executions to review and label, and it calls for them to profile execution dynamics and characterize the symptoms and relative severity levels of failures. Profiles, labels, failure symptoms, and severity levels are used by the active learner to construct and refine a mapping between examined and unexamined tests, on one hand, and possible defects, on the other hand. This mapping is used together with estimates of test review costs to guide the selection of additional tests. We evaluate our approach on three subject programs and show that it (1) produces reasonable predictions of risk reduction and (2) significantly improves severity-weighted reliability for each subject program, with relatively low developer effort.