Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Estimation of high-resolution dust column density maps - Comparison of modified black-body fits and radiative transfer modelling

Sub-millimetre dust emission is often used to derive the column density N of dense interstellar clouds. The observations consist of data at several wavelengths but of variable resolution. We examine two procedures that been proposed for the estimation of high resolution N maps. Method A uses a low-resolution temperature map combined with higher resolution intensity data while Method B combines N estimates from different wavelength ranges. Our aim is to determine the accuracy of the methods relative to the true column densities and the estimates obtainable with radiative transfer modelling. We use magnetohydrodynamical (MHD) simulations and radiative transfer calculations to simulate sub-millimetre observations at the wavelengths of the Herschel Space Observatory. The observations are analysed with the methods and the results compared to the true values and to the results from radiative transfer modelling of observations. Both methods A and B give relatively reliable column density estimates at the resolution of 250um data while also making use of the longer wavelengths. For high signal-to-noise data, the results of Method B are better correlated with the true column density, while Method A is less sensitive to noise. When the cloud has internal heating, results of Method B are consistent with those that would be obtained with high-resolution data. Because of line-of-sight temperature variations, these underestimate the true column density and, because of a favourable cancellation of errors, Method A can sometimes give more correct values. Radiative transfer modelling, even with very simple 3D cloud models, can provide better results. However, the complexity of the models required for improvements increases rapidly with the complexity and opacity of the clouds.
Topic Modeling as a Tool to Analyze Child Abuse from the Corpus of English Newspapers in Pakistan

Child maltreatment is a global issue deeply rooted in cultural, economic, and social practices. The present study investigates the representation of child abuse in the mainstream newspapers of Pakistan (i.e., Dawn and The News) from 2013 to 2020. This specific time frame is that these cases increased during these years. The data regarding the child abuse cases were accessed from the LexisNexis database. A computational technique of topic modeling (Latent Dirichlet Allocations) was applied to discover the hidden topics from the filtered data. The study underpinned Computational Grounded Theory as a theoretical frame for this study. The results reveal topics related to awareness of child abuse, the types of child abuse, and the law and procedural matters specific to child abuse cases in Pakistan. The study brings possible implications that child protection laws are to be improved to overcome the menace of child abuse in Pakistan.
Battery Lifetime Extension in a Stand-Alone Microgrid With Flexible Power Point Tracking of Photovoltaic System

In stand-alone dc microgrids (dcMGs), battery energy storage systems (BESSs) are conventionally used for regulating the dc-link voltage, causing a continuous battery operation. Though operating the photovoltaic (PV) system at its maximum power point (MPP) yields minimum battery discharge current, the opposite is true for battery charging current. Therefore, reducing the battery charging current based on its state-of-charge (SoC) and the amount of available PV surplus power (which can be treated as virtually stored energy) is an opportunity for improving the battery life. The main objective of the control strategy proposed in this article is to prolong the battery lifetime by reducing the charging current and keeping the battery SoC at lower values if the PV power is enough to supply the loads. Additionally, the PV system is used as the primary asset to regulate the microgrid voltage. The dynamic performance of the proposed control strategy is validated with experimental tests under various operating conditions. Furthermore, its effectiveness in prolonging the battery lifetime is evaluated using an aging model of a lithium-ion (Li-ion) battery (without loss of generality) by simulated case studies.
Detection of VHE Gamma Radiation from the Pulsar Wind Nebula MSH 15-52 with H.E.S.S

This work reports on the discovery of HESS J1514-591, a VHE gamma-ray source found at the pulsar wind nebula (PWN) MSH 15-52 and its associated pulsar PSR B1509-58. The discovery was made with the High Energy Stereoscopic System (H.E.S.S.), which currently provides the most sensitive measurement in the energy range of about 0.2-100 TeV. This analysis is the first to include all H.E. S.S. data from observations dedicated to MSH 15-52. The corresponding flux above 1 TeV is (4.4+/-0.2stat+/-1.0syst) x 10^{-12}cm^{-2}s^{-1}. The energy spectrum obeys a power-law with a differential flux at 1 TeV of (5.8+/-0.2stat+/-1.3syst) x 10^{-12}cm^{-2}s^{-1}TeV^{-1} and a photon index of 2.32+/-0.04stat+/-0.10syst. The gamma-ray emission extends along the pulsar jet, previously resolved in X-rays. This becomes more apparent after image deconvolution. The emission region along the jet axis decreases with increasing energy. An upper limit for the pulsed gamma-ray flux from PSR B1509-58 was calculated. Additional discussions include: the system of MSH 15-52 and PSR B1509-58, theory and methods of VHE gamma-ray astronomy and H.E. S.S. , the first (Richardson-Lucy) deconvolution of VHE gamma-ray maps, search for pulsed emission from pulsars. The results are discussed within the framework of PWNs and are explained by inverse Compton scattering of leptons. A hadronic component is not excluded, but its gamma-ray emission would not be significant. Moreover, it is concluded that advection is the dominant transport mechanism over diffusion in the magnetized flow of the pulsar wind from PSR B1509-58. A correlation analysis with the Chandra X-ray data suggests that gamma radiation is emitted from the region of PSR B1509-58, but not from the neighboring optical nebula RCW 89.
Text Analysis: Microstructural Dimension of the Inside Out Animated Movie 2015

This research is presented to discuss the script of “Inside Out” animated movie as the source of the data, which describes the narrative of a child who must adapt to her new environment and involves a lot of emotions. This study aims to reveal how the psychological message is conveyed in this movie script using the theory of van Dijk Design in Critical Discourse Analysis in Microstructural Text Level Analysis. Descriptive qualitative research method is used to explore and understand the central phenomenon, as well as content analysis techniques, which are used to interpret the messages contained in the movie script and the main ideas of the research topic. The result revealed: this movie is easily understood by children since the script writers use the basic phrases; humans have a very well-developed memory at the age of a child's golden age which can shape the child's personality and enter the subconscious memory, the human brain can also produce a thought or idea, including imagination. Based on the results, it can be concluded that human brain is able to record all memories that have occurred during human life and the human head can produce various kinds of emotions that appear according to the feelings or circumstances that are being experienced.
Dawn/Dusk Auroras and Geomagnetic Fluctuations: Ionospheric Effects of Intense Solar Wind Ram Pressure

A dawn/dusk auroral event has been studied using multiple observations from the Wind and Polar spacecraft, Antarctic all-sky images, and Greenland magnetometers. The aurora was caused by a gradual (T ≃ 90 min), intense (maximum of Pram ≃ 11 nPa) solar wind ram pressure pulse that occurred on June 27, 1997. The aurora occurred with both diffuse and discrete forms. The energy deposition flux into the discrete auroral structures is calculated to have increased by a factor of ∼5 when the ram pressure increased by a factor of ∼2 during the event. Ionospheric propagating convection disturbances were also detected within the auroral region. The geomagnetic disturbance propagated antisunward in the ionosphere at a speed of ∼11 km s -1 which mapped into the dawnside magnetopause at a speed of 405 km s -1 . This value is in good agreement with the magnetosheath flow speed. Mechanisms of the ionospheric responses are speculated to be magnetopause perturbations, some form of viscous interaction that occurs on the magnetopause boundary layer (such as the Kelvin-Helmholtz instability), adiabatic compression, or magnetic field shearing.
Dependence of star formation activity on stellar mass and environment from the Redshift One LDSS-3 Emission line Survey

Using the sample from the Redshift One LDSS-3 Emission line Survey (ROLES), we probe the dependence of star formation rate (SFR) and specific star formation rate (sSFR) as a function of stellar mass M * and environment as defined by local galaxy density, in the Chandra Deep Field South field. Our spectroscopic sample consists of 312 galaxies with K AB 8.5, and with [O II] derived SFR > 0.3 M ⊙ yr -1 , at 0.889 ≤ z ≤ 1.149. The results have been compared directly with the Sloan Digital Sky Survey Stripe 82 sample at 0.032 ≤ z ≤ 0.05. For star-forming galaxies, we confirm that there is little correlation between SFR and density at z ∼ 0. However, for the lowest mass galaxies in our z ∼ 1 sample, those with log(M * /M ⊙ ) < 10, we find that both the median SFR and sSFR increase significantly with increasing local density. The 'downsizing' trend for low-mass galaxies to be quenched progressively later in time appears to be more pronounced in moderately overdense environments. Overall we find that the evolution of star formation in galaxies is most strongly driven by their stellar mass, with local galaxy density playing a role that becomes increasingly important for lower mass galaxies.
ON THE SENSITIVITY OF THE GOES FLARE CLASSIFICATION TO PROPERTIES OF THE ELECTRON BEAM IN THE THICK-TARGET MODEL

The collisional thick-target model, wherein a large number of electrons are accelerated down a flaring loop, can be used to explain many observed properties of solar flares. In this study, we focus on the sensitivity of (GOES) flare classification to the properties of the thick-target model. Using a hydrodynamic model with RHESSI-derived electron beam parameters, we explore the effects of the beam energy flux (or total non-thermal energy), the cut-off energy, and the spectral index of the electron distribution on the soft X-rays observed by GOES. We conclude that (1) the GOES class is proportional to the non-thermal energy Eα for α ≈ 1.7 in the low-energy passband (1–8 Å) and ≈1.6 in the high-energy passband (0.5–4 Å); (2) the GOES class is only weakly dependent on the spectral index in both passbands; (3) increases in the cut-off will increase the flux in the 0.5–4 Å passband but decrease the flux in the 1–8 Å passband, while decreases in the cut-off will cause a decrease in the 0.5–4 Å passband and a slight increase in the 1–8 Å passband.
Study of direct CP in charmed B decays and measurement of the CKM angle gamma at Belle

The Belle experiment, running at the KEKB e+e− asymmetric energy collider during the first decade of the century, has recorded 770 fb−1 of data at the Υ(4S) resonance. A combination of recent Belle results obtained with this sample is used to perform a measurement of the CKM angle γ. We use B → DK and B → DK decays where the D meson (D0 or D 0 ) decays into K0 Sππ, Kπ, KK, ππ, K0 Sπ 0 and K0 Sη final states and D ∗ decays into Dπ0 and Dγ. Belle obtains the most precise γ measurement to date, γ = (68 −14) . Proceedings of CKM 2012, the 7th International Workshop on the CKM Unitarity Triangle, University of Cincinnati, USA, 28 September 2 October 2012
Does Public Financing Motivate Electoral Challengers?

Abstract Do attempts to level the financial playing field lead more candidates to run for office? In theory, public financing should increase competition, presumably because additional funding from taxpayers motivates more challengers to run for office. I provide a novel test of this logic with data on all candidates running for state legislature across all US states between 1976 and 2018. The results suggest that public financing exerts a generally positive effect on the total number of candidates running for state legislative office and specifically increases the number of candidates running in elections for every additional year after the passage of public financing. This effect is amplified in states that offer greater amounts of public funds. I conclude that the availability of public financing can be an equalizing force in elections, and that state legislative elections continue to experience increased competition in the years after the introduction of public financing.
The impact of galaxy harassment on the globular cluster systems of early-type cluster dwarf galaxies

The dynamics of globular cluster systems (GCSs) around galaxies are often used to assess the total enclosed mass, and even to constrain the dark matter distribution. The globular cluster system of a galaxy is typically assumed to be in dynamical equilibrium within the potential of the host galaxy. However cluster galaxies are subjected to a rapidly evolving and, at times, violently destructive tidal field. We investigate the impact of the harassment on the dynamics of GCs surrounding early type cluster dwarfs, using numerical simulations. We find that the dynamical behaviour of the GCS is strongly influenced by the fraction of bound dark matter f_{DM} remaining in the galaxy. Only when f_{DM} falls to ~15%, do stars and GCs begin to be stripped. Still the observed GC velocity dispersion can be used to measure the true enclosed mass to within a factor of 2, even when f_{DM} falls as low as ~3%. This is possible partly because unbound GCs quickly separate from the galaxy body. However even the distribution of {\it{bound}} GCs may spatially expand by a factor of 2-3. Once f_{DM} falls into the <3% regime, the galaxy is close to complete disruption, and GCS dynamics can no longer be used to reliably estimate the enclosed mass. In this regime, the remaining bound GCS may spatially expand by a factor of 4 to 8. It may be possible to test if a galaxy is in this regime by measuring the dynamics of the stellar disk. We demonstrate that if a stellar disk is rotationally supported, it is likely that a galaxy has sufficient dark matter, that the dynamics of the GCS can be used to reliably estimate the enclosed mass.
Phenolic compounds from Gomphrena globosa L.: phytochemical analysis, antioxidant, antimicrobial, and enzyme inhibitory activities in vitro

ABSTRACT In the present study, phenolic compounds from Gomphrena globosa L. (GGLPCs) including total phenols, flavonoids, flavonols, flavanols, and phenolic acids were measured by spectrophotometric method. The antioxidant activities of GGLPCs were assessed by radical scavengings of 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and 2,2′-azinobis-(3-ethylbenzothiazoline -6-sulfonic acid)-diammonium salt (ABTS) cation, oxygen radical absorbance capacity (ORAC), phosphomolybdenum antioxidative power (PAP), ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP), and cupric ion reducing antioxidant capacity (CUPRAC) assays. Antimicrobial and enzyme inhibitory activities of GGLPCs in vitro were investigated using micro-plate dilution method and colorimetry, respectively. The results showed that GGLPCs containing abundant phenolic compounds, had obvious antioxidant and antimicrobial activities (especially against Escherichia coli and Listeria monocytogenes), and significant inhibitory effects on lipase, α-amylase, α-glucosidase, and trypsin in vitro. Thus, the results showed that GGLPC may be used as a natural antioxidant and antibacterial agent, as well as drugs for the treatment of hyperlipidemia, diabetes, and inflammation-related diseases.
Higgs amplitude mode in the vicinity of a (2 + 1)-dimensional quantum critical point

We study the “Higgs” amplitude mode in the relativistic quantum O(N ) model in two space dimensions. Using the nonperturbative renormalization group we compute the O(N )-invariant scalar susceptibility in the vicinity of the zero-temperature quantum critical point. In the zero-temperature ordered phase, we find a well-defined Higgs resonance for N = 2 with universal properties in agreement with quantum Monte Carlo simulations. The resonance persists at finite temperature below the Berezinskii-Kosterlitz-Thouless transition temperature. In the zero-temperature disordered phase, we find a maximum in the spectral function which is, however, not related to a putative Higgs resonance. Furthermore we show that the resonance is strongly suppressed for N 3.
A search for dormant binaries with degenerate components in ω Centauri and NGC 6397

Aims. We report on the first spectroscopic search for quiescent degenerate binaries in globular clusters. Methods. Our survey is based on a sample of short-period optical variables that are likely optical counterparts of the quiescent X-ray sources in ω Centauri (NGC 5139) and NGC 6397. Results. The studied candidates have nearly sinusoidal light curves with amplitudes of 0.05-0.12 mag in V (0.35 mag in one case) and periods of 0.1-1.3 days. This type of variability, most probably from the ellipsoidal effect, has been observed in X-ray novae when they settled into quiescence after an outburst. Conclusions. We find that two of the surveyed systems harbor dim components with masses in excess of 1 M ⊙ , making them attractive targets for future investigations. We also suggest that there are two subpopulations of blue stragglers in ω Centauri, differing in either mass-transfer history or helium content, or even in both at once.
USING THE BULLET CLUSTER AS A GRAVITATIONAL TELESCOPE TO STUDY z ≳ 7 LYMAN BREAK GALAXIES

We use imaging obtained with the Hubble Space Telescope Wide Field Camera 3 to search for z850 dropouts at z ∼ 7 and J110 dropouts at z ∼ 9 lensed by the Bullet Cluster. In total we find 10 z850 dropouts in our 8.27 arcmin2 field. Using magnification maps from a combined weak- and strong-lensing mass reconstruction of the Bullet Cluster and correcting for estimated completeness levels, we calculate the surface density and luminosity function of our z850 dropouts as a function of intrinsic (accounting for magnification) magnitude. We find results consistent with published blank field surveys, despite using much shallower data, and demonstrate the effectiveness of cluster surveys in the search for z ∼ 7 galaxies.
Dp71 Point Mutations Induce Protein Aggregation, Loss of Nuclear Lamina Integrity and Impaired Braf35 and Ibraf Function in Neuronal Cells

Dystrophin Dp71 is the most abundant product of the Duchenne muscular dystrophy gene in the nervous system, and mutations impairing its function have been associated with the neurodevelopmental symptoms present in a third of DMD patients. Dp71 is required for the clustering of neurotransmitter receptors and the neuronal differentiation of cultured cells; nonetheless, its precise role in neuronal cells remains to be poorly understood. In this study, we analyzed the effect of two pathogenic DMD gene point mutations on the Dp71 function in neurons. We engineered C272Y and E299del mutations to express GFP-tagged Dp71 protein variants in N1E-115 and SH-SY5Y neuronal cells. Unexpectedly, the ectopic expression of Dp71 mutants resulted in protein aggregation, which may be mechanistically caused by the effect of the mutations on Dp71 structure, as predicted by protein modeling and molecular dynamics simulations. Interestingly, Dp71 mutant variants acquired a dominant negative function that, in turn, dramatically impaired the distribution of different Dp71 protein partners, including β-dystroglycan, nuclear lamins A/C and B1, the high-mobility group (HMG)-containing protein (BRAF35) and the BRAF35-family-member inhibitor of BRAF35 (iBRAF). Further analysis of Dp71 mutants provided evidence showing a role for Dp71 in modulating both heterochromatin marker H3K9me2 organization and the neuronal genes’ expression, via its interaction with iBRAF and BRAF5.
How an improved implementation of H2 self-shielding influences the formation of massive stars and black holes

High redshift quasars at z>6 have masses up to ~$10^9$ M$_\odot$. One of the pathways to their formation includes direct collapse of gas, forming a supermassive star, precursor of the black hole seed. The conditions for direct collapse are more easily achievable in metal-free haloes, where atomic hydrogen cooling operates and molecular hydrogen (H2) formation is inhibited by a strong external UV flux. Above a certain value of UV flux (J_crit), the gas in a halo collapses isothermally at ~$10^4$ K and provides the conditions for supermassive star formation. However, H2 can self-shield, reducing the effect of photodissociation. So far, most numerical studies used the local Jeans length to calculate the column densities for self-shielding. We implement an improved method for the determination of column densities in 3D simulations and analyse its effect on the value of J_crit. This new method captures the gas geometry and velocity field and enables us to properly determine the direction-dependent self-shielding factor of H2 against photodissociating radiation. We find a value of J_crit that is a factor of two smaller than with the Jeans approach (~2000 J_21 vs. ~4000 J_21). The main reason for this difference is the strong directional dependence of the H2 column density. With this lower value of J_crit, the number of haloes exposed to a flux >J_crit is larger by more than an order of magnitude compared to previous studies. This may translate into a similar enhancement in the predicted number density of black hole seeds.
Integrated Evaluation of Financial Risk in Coal Industry Restructuring: A Model of Linear Regression and PCA

Aiming at the integrated evaluation problem of financial risk in coal industry restructuring, a model of linear regression and PCA is put forward. This paper studies the univariate correlation and multivariable mixed correlation between the main business income and the book value of fixed assets and nonfixed assets in the statements of coal listed companies and gives the correlation function between the variables by using a variety of univariate linear, univariate nonlinear, and binary linear regression methods. It also points out that the coal enterprises in China are basically in the stage of increasing scale income at the present stage and can continue to achieve rapid increase in profits through mergers and acquisitions and other expansion methods. At the same time, it is also concluded that nonfixed assets, namely, intangible assets and human capital, contribute more to the main business income of coal enterprises in China, which objectively proves the correctness of our thinking of developing knowledge economy.