Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Social and behavioural difficulties in children with language impairment

This paper examines the secondary social and behavioural difficulties of a large cohort of children attending language units in England. In stage 1 of the study, 242 children with language impairments were assessed on a measure of peer competence, a behavioural measure, a cognitive measure and also using teacher opinion of emotional/behavioural status in school year 2 (age 6-7). A year later, 214 of the children were followed up at age 7-8 years. The group is examined as a whole and in terms of subgroups according to type of language impairment. While the group pattern for behavioural difficulties showed that children in language units do not generally have clinical-level behavioural problems, the scores were significantly different by subgroup, with children exhibiting mainly expressive difficulties showing the least secondary behavioural problems and children with mixed expressive and receptive problems showing the greatest increase in behavioural scores from stage 1 to stage 2. Children with complex receptive and complex language impairments were the most likely to score over the clinical threshold when examined by frequency and these children were also rated as having more marked social difficulties with peers than the other subgroups. Agreement between questionnaire score and teacher opinion was high. Patterns of social and behavioural impairment showed no associations with gender or cognitive ability. The implications of the findings are discussed in relation to other studies on social or behavioural impairment in this population.
How Do Grandmothers Speak to Their Grandchildren? Fundamental Frequency and Temporal Modifications in the Speech of British Grandmothers to Their Grandchildren

Sixteen British grandmothers were audiotaped reading aloud to and conversing with their grandchildren aged 1-3 years and with an adult. Data concerning vocal pitch (indicated by fundamental frequency), and rate of speech were extracted from the audiotapes by means of a Visispeech pitch extraction system. It was found that grandmothers showed raised pitch for both reading and conversing when interacting with their grandchildren, with modifications greater for conversing relative to reading. The time taken to read a story to children was also found to be significantly greater than for adult-adult speech. W ide individual variation was evident in the extent of these prosodic modifications. Both similarities and differences were noted between British 'grandmotherese' speech and British 'motherese' speech.
LES FACTEURS EXPLICATIFS DU JUGEMENT ETHIQUE EN AUDIT: UN ETAT DE L'ART

Audit non-technical dimension has begun a well-documented topic in research - especially after the major scandals involving auditors. In this field researchers are interested in identifying firstly the determinants of auditors' judgment and secondly the factors that explain judgment. Thus, this work provides a review of literature which has explored individual characteristics and contextual factors influencing auditors' ethics judgment. This typological synthesis helps the understanding of previous works and highlights some insights for further research.
The Cyclic AMP Cascade Is Altered in the Fragile X Nervous System

Fragile X syndrome (FX), the most common heritable cause of mental retardation and autism, is a developmental disorder characterized by physical, cognitive, and behavioral deficits. FX results from a trinucleotide expansion mutation in the fmr1 gene that reduces levels of fragile X mental retardation protein (FMRP). Although research efforts have focused on FMRP's impact on mGluR signaling, how the loss of FMRP leads to the individual symptoms of FX is not known. Previous studies on human FX blood cells revealed alterations in the cyclic adenosine 3′, 5′-monophosphate (cAMP) cascade. We tested the hypothesis that cAMP signaling is altered in the FX nervous system using three different model systems. Induced levels of cAMP in platelets and in brains of fmr1 knockout mice are substantially reduced. Cyclic AMP induction is also significantly reduced in human FX neural cells. Furthermore, cAMP production is decreased in the heads of FX Drosophila and this defect can be rescued by reintroduction of the dfmr gene. Our results indicate that a robust defect in cAMP production in FX is conserved across species and suggest that cAMP metabolism may serve as a useful biomarker in the human disease population. Reduced cAMP induction has implications for the underlying causes of FX and autism spectrum disorders. Pharmacological agents known to modulate the cAMP cascade may be therapeutic in FX patients and can be tested in these models, thus supplementing current efforts centered on mGluR signaling.
British Colonialism and the Creation of Acholi Ethnic Identity in Uganda, 1894 to 1962

This article discusses the role of British colonialism in the rise and development of Acholi ethnic identity in Uganda. The authors used oral tradition and archival sources to determine when and how the Acholi ethnicity evolved. They conducted interviews with key informants including chiefs, elders and opinion leaders. Their main argument is that the Acholi as a distinct and collective identity are a British creation. Before British colonialism, the Acholi were a divided people living under different chiefdoms numbering up to about sixty. The name ‘Acholi’ was non-existent. The people who became Acholi were known by the names of their respective chiefdoms. The British abolished those chiefdoms and in their place created a single ethnic identity called Acholi.
Functional Imaging of the Human Brainstem during Somatosensory Input and Autonomic Output

Over the past half a century, many investigations in experimental animal have explored the functional roles of specific regions in the brainstem. Despite the accumulation of a considerable body of knowledge in, primarily, anesthetized preparations, relatively few studies have explored brainstem function in awake humans. It is important that human brainstem function is explored given that many neurological conditions, from obstructive sleep apnea, chronic pain, and hypertension, likely involve significant changes in the processing of information within the brainstem. Recent advances in the collection and processing of magnetic resonance images have resulted in the possibility of exploring brainstem activity changes in awake healthy individuals and in those with various clinical conditions. We and others have begun to explore changes in brainstem activity in humans during a number of challenges, including cutaneous and muscle pain, as well as during maneuvers that evoke increases in sympathetic nerve activity. More recently we have successfully recorded sympathetic nerve activity concurrently with functional magnetic resonance imaging of the brainstem, which will allow us, for the first time to explore brainstem sites directly responsible for conditions such as hypertension. Since many pathophysiological conditions no doubt involve changes in brainstem function and structure, defining these changes will likely result in a greater ability to develop more effective treatment regimens.
Surrogate modeling of microwave circuits using polynomial functional interpolants

A new formulation for developing surrogate models using polynomial-based functional interpolants is proposed in this work. Our formulation starts from a zero-order model that can be as simple as a fixed fine model response (for cases where a continuous coarse model is not available), or it can also be a simple linear input mapped coarse model. This zero-order model is enhanced by multidimensional polynomial interpolants around a central base point in the design space. The polynomial approximation is a low-order function of the design variables, and it is used to interpolate highly accurate electromagnetic responses in a region of interest around the selected central base point. Global optimal values for the surrogate model weighting factors are efficiently obtained in closed form, using compact formulas. Our technique is illustrated by a substrate integrated waveguide interconnect with CPW transitions.
Emergent Spaces of Reurbanisation: Exploring the Demographic Dimension of Inner-city Residential Change in a European Setting

European inner city areas are increasingly regaining their residential attractiveness after years of decline. Although the demographic dimensions of such residential shifts are gradually being acknowledged by urban scholars, they still remain under-researched, especially with regard to the role of household-driven processes in the stabilisation of inner-city neighbourhoods and the reshaping of residential perceptions, wants and needs. Given this background, our paper looks at the underlying dynamics of reurbanisation processes in different European cities. Reurbanisation is understood as a process of populating and diversifying the inner city with a variety of residential groups of different ages and socio-economic backgrounds. We discuss why and how reurbanisation is changing inner-city districts, while arguing that the demographic or household-related view can lead to an improved understanding of current urban change. We demonstrate that ? in contrast to a prevailing tendency to understand reurbanisation as an expression of a ? back-to-the-city? movement ? it relates more to city-mindedness as a housing preference rather than to the actual return of suburbanites to the city. A typology of reurbanisation processes (distinguishing between different driving forces, and respective impacts on inner-city area and housing markets) is provided, and the role of both social and demographic factors discussed. In particular, the paper examines overlaps and differences between reurbanisation and the concept of gentrification, arguing that, although they are partly driven by similar dynamics, the two processes are, in a qualitative sense, distinctive. Copyright ? 2009 John Wiley \& Sons, Ltd.
SEISMIC LABORATORY FOR IMAGING AND MODELING

Geophysical inverse problems typically involve a trade off between data misfit and some prior. Pareto curves trace the optimal trade off between these two competing aims. These curves are commonly used in problems with two-norm priors where they are plotted on a log-log scale and are known as L-curves. For other priors, such as the sparsity-promoting one norm, Pareto curves remain relatively unexplored. We show how these curves lead to new insights in one-norm regularization. First, we confirm the theoretical properties of smoothness and convexity of these curves from a stylized and a geophysical example. Second, we exploit these crucial properties to approximate the Pareto curve for a large-scale problem. Third, we show how Pareto curves provide an objective criterion to gauge how different one-norm solvers advance towards the solution. INTRODUCTION Many geophysical inverse problems are ill posed (Parker, 1994)—their solutions are not unique or are acutely sensitive to changes in the data. To solve this kind of problem stably, additional information must be introduced. This technique is called regularization (see, e.g., Phillips, 1962; Tikhonov, 1963). Specifically, when the solution of an ill-posed problem is known to be (almost) sparse, Oldenburg et al. (1983) and others have observed that a good approximation to the solution can be obtained by using one-norm regularization to promote sparsity. More recently, results in information theory have breathed new life into the idea of promoting sparsity to regularize ill-posed inverse problems. These results establish that, under certain conditions, the sparsest solution of a (severely) underdetermined linear system can be exactly recovered by seeking the minimum one-norm solution (Candès et al., 2006; Donoho, 2006; Rauhut, 2007). This has led to tremendous activity in the newly established field of compressed sensing. Several new one-norm solvers have appeared in response (see, e.g., Daubechies et al., 2004; van den Berg and Friedlander, 2008, and references therein). In the context of geophysical applications, it is a challenge to evaluate and compare these solvers against more standard approaches such as iteratively reweighted least-squares (IRLS Gersztenkorn et al., 1986), which uses a quadratic approximation to the one-norm regularization function. In this letter, we propose an approach to understand the behavior of algorithms for solving one-norm regularized problems. The approach consists of tracking on a graph the Seismic Laboratory for Imaging and Modeling, Department of Earth and Ocean Sciences, The University of British Columbia, 6339 Stores Road, Vancouver, V6T 1Z4, BC, Canada Scientific Computing Laboratory, Department of Computer Science, The University of British Columbia, 2366 Main Mall, Vancouver, V6K 1Z4, BC, Canada
Lactic acidosis after cardiac surgery is associated with adverse outcome.

BACKGROUND The accurate identification of patients who have the potential to further deteriorate after cardiac surgery is difficult. Elevated serum lactate level after cardiac surgery is an indicator of systemic hypoperfusion and tissue hypoxia. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of increased serum lactate on outcome after on-pump coronary artery bypass grafting. METHODS Serum lactate level was measured in 776 patients within half an hour after surgery. Lactate level was less than or equal to 2 mmol/L in 534 patients (low lactate group) and more than 2 mmol/L in 242 patients (high lactate group). Continuous variables were analyzed with the Student t test. The chi 2 test and Fisher exact test were used to compare categorical variables. RESULTS Demographic characteristics and details of surgery were similar in both groups. Increased cross-clamp and cardiopulmonary bypass times and highly positive fluid balance at the end of surgery were associated with a significant rise in postoperative lactate levels, which leads to increased need for intraaortic balloon pump support (odds ration [OR], 5.9, P =.006), increased likelihood of >24 h intensive care unit stay (OR, 3.4, P =.0001), greater need for red blood cell transfusion (OR, 1.6, P =.002), increased length of hospital stay, and higher mortality rates (OR, 5.6, P =.04). CONCLUSIONS This study has demonstrated that elevated blood lactate level is associated with adverse outcome, and monitoring the blood lactate level during and after cardiac surgery is a valuable tool in identifying the patients who have the potential to deteriorate.
The Role of Colour and `Ethnic' Autobiography: Fanon, Capécia and Difference

This paper argues that in many recent life narratives a new openness about the part played by colour undermines what have historically been the fixed essentialisms of race. In particular, memoirs that acknowledge difference and division amongst people ‘of colour’ (such as the fierce criticism by Frantz Fanon of Mayotte Capécia’s autobiography) highlight the complexities of racialized categories, and problematize the nexus between ‘race’ and ‘ethnicity’. Analysis of the genre of ‘ethnic’ autobiography has until recently been largely dominated by American scholars, whose understanding of black–white positions has been premised on homogenous racial identities, which have taken for granted that ‘ethnicity’ implies ‘minority’ or coloured status, neglecting discussion of white as a colour. As ‘inbetween’ and alternative colour positions make their voices heard, and those for whom colour/race is in some sense at odds with culture/ethnicity, it is necessary to rethink the role of ‘ethnic’ autobiography, to reconceptualize the role of colour within it, and perhaps to reject its usefulness as a category altogether.
Transport across the nuclear envelope: Enigmas and explanations

The transport of molecules across the nuclear envelope plays a central role in the metabolism of the cell. Significant advances hi three major areas highlight the limits of our current knowledge and point to the prospect of exciting future developments. Firstly, findings that ions and small proteins do not diffuse freely into the nucleus call into question the current views of nuclear envelope permeability. Secondly, indications that nuclear protein import can be regulated in conjunction with the cell cycle and development have been confirmed by the clear demonstration of regulated nuclear entry of specific transcription factors and morphogens. Thirdly, identification and characterisation of candidate receptor proteins indicates that the recognition of the nuclear targeting sequence occurs in the cytoplasm, suggesting that a different recognition event occurs at the nuclear pore.
Diversity in a Polymicrobial Community Revealed by Analysis of Viromes, Endolysins and CRISPR Spacers

The polymicrobial biofilm communities in Mushroom and Octopus Spring in Yellowstone National Park (YNP) are well characterized, yet little is known about the phage populations. Dominant species, Synechococcus sp. JA-2-3B'a(2–13), Synechococcus sp. JA-3-3Ab, Chloroflexus sp. Y-400-fl, and Roseiflexus sp. RS-1, contain multiple CRISPR-Cas arrays, suggesting complex interactions with phage predators. To analyze phage populations from Octopus Spring biofilms, we sequenced a viral enriched fraction. To assemble and analyze phage metagenomic data, we developed a custom module, VIRITAS, implemented within the MetAMOS framework. This module bins contigs into groups based on tetranucleotide frequencies and CRISPR spacer-protospacer matching and ORF calling. Using this pipeline we were able to assemble phage sequences into contigs and bin them into three clusters that corroborated with their potential host range. The virome contained 52,348 predicted ORFs; some were clearly phage-like; 9319 ORFs had a recognizable Pfam domain while the rest were hypothetical. Of the recognized domains with CRISPR spacer matches, was the phage endolysin used by lytic phage to disrupt cells. Analysis of the endolysins present in the thermophilic cyanophage contigs revealed a subset of characterized endolysins as well as a Glyco_hydro_108 (PF05838) domain not previously associated with sequenced cyanophages. A search for CRISPR spacer matches to all identified phage endolysins demonstrated that a majority of endolysin domains were targets. This strategy provides a general way to link host and phage as endolysins are known to be widely distributed in bacteriophage. Endolysins can also provide information about host cell wall composition and have the additional potential to be used as targets for novel therapeutics.
Quasi-cyclic generalized ldpc codes with low error floors

In this paper, a novel methodology for designing structured generalized LDPC (G-LDPC) codes is presented. The proposed design results in quasi-cyclic G-LDPC codes for which efficient encoding is feasible through shift-register-based circuits. The structure imposed on the bipartite graphs, together with the choice of simple component codes, leads to a class of codes suitable for fast iterative decoding. A pragmatic approach to the construction of G-LDPC codes is proposed. The approach is based on the substitution of check nodes in the protograph of a low-density parity-check code with stronger nodes based, for instance, on Hamming codes. Such a design approach, which we call LDPC code doping, leads to low-rate quasi-cyclic G-LDPC codes with excellent performance in both the error floor and waterfall regions on the additive white Gaussian noise channel.
Screening post-stroke depression in Chinese older adults using the hospital anxiety and depression scale

Little is known about the performance of the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS) in screening post-stroke depression (PSD) in Chinese older adult patients. One hundred Chinese geriatric patients with first-ever stroke, consecutively admitted to a rehabilitation facility, were assessed by occupational therapists using the depression subscale of the HADS. Psychiatric diagnoses, which served as the benchmark for judging the usefulness of HADS in screening PSD, were made using the Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-III-R (SCID-DSM-III-R) supplemented by all available clinical information. The optimal cut-off point of HADS was 6/7. The sensitivity, specificity, positive and negative predictive value of the HADS, and the area under the receiver operating characteristic curve, were 88%, 53%, 0.28, 0.96 and 0.75, respectively. The HADS does not appear to be a useful tool in screening for PSD in Chinese older adults.
Physically Based Video Editing

Convincing manipulation of objects in live action videos is a difficult and often tedious task. Skilled video editors achieve this with the help of modern professional tools, but complex motions might still lack physical realism since existing tools do not consider the laws of physics. On the other hand, physically based simulation promises a high degree of realism, but typically creates a virtual 3D scene animation rather than returning an edited version of an input live action video. We propose a framework that combines video editing and physics‐based simulation. Our tool assists unskilled users in editing an input image or video while respecting the laws of physics and also leveraging the image content. We first fit a physically based simulation that approximates the object's motion in the input video. We then allow the user to edit the physical parameters of the object, generating a new physical behavior for it. The core of our work is the formulation of an image‐aware constraint within physics simulations. This constraint manifests as external control forces to guide the object in a way that encourages proper texturing at every frame, yet producing physically plausible motions. We demonstrate the generality of our method on a variety of physical interactions: rigid motion, multi‐body collisions, clothes and elastic bodies.
A Novel Small Molecule Inhibitor of Influenza A Viruses that Targets Polymerase Function and Indirectly Induces Interferon

Influenza viruses continue to pose a major public health threat worldwide and options for antiviral therapy are limited by the emergence of drug-resistant virus strains. The antiviral cytokine, interferon (IFN) is an essential mediator of the innate immune response and influenza viruses, like many viruses, have evolved strategies to evade this response, resulting in increased replication and enhanced pathogenicity. A cell-based assay that monitors IFN production was developed and applied in a high-throughput compound screen to identify molecules that restore the IFN response to influenza virus infected cells. We report the identification of compound ASN2, which induces IFN only in the presence of influenza virus infection. ASN2 preferentially inhibits the growth of influenza A viruses, including the 1918 H1N1, 1968 H3N2 and 2009 H1N1 pandemic strains and avian H5N1 virus. In vivo, ASN2 partially protects mice challenged with a lethal dose of influenza A virus. Surprisingly, we found that the antiviral activity of ASN2 is not dependent on IFN production and signaling. Rather, its IFN-inducing property appears to be an indirect effect resulting from ASN2-mediated inhibition of viral polymerase function, and subsequent loss of the expression of the viral IFN antagonist, NS1. Moreover, we identified a single amino acid mutation at position 499 of the influenza virus PB1 protein that confers resistance to ASN2, suggesting that PB1 is the direct target. This two-pronged antiviral mechanism, consisting of direct inhibition of virus replication and simultaneous activation of the host innate immune response, is a unique property not previously described for any single antiviral molecule.