Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
A Novel Graph-based Compact Representation of Word Alignment

In this paper, we propose a novel compact representation called weighted bipartite hypergraph to exploit the fertility model, which plays a critical role in word alignment. However, estimating the probabilities of rules extracted from hypergraphs is an NP-complete problem, which is computationally infeasible. Therefore, we propose a divide-and-conquer strategy by decomposing a hypergraph into a set of independent subhypergraphs. The experiments show that our approach outperforms both 1-best and n-best alignments.
Dynamic bicultural brains: fMRI study of their flexible neural representation of self and significant others in response to culture primes

Where in the brain are the self and significant others (e.g. mother) represented? Neuroscientists have traced self-representation to the ventral medial prefrontal cortex for both Westerners and East Asians. However, significant others were represented alongside the self in the same brain area for East Asians but not for Westerners. In this experiment, Westernized bicultural Chinese were scanned using functional magnetic resonance imaging while performing trait judgments that referenced the self, mother, or a non-identified person (NIP) after Western or Chinese culture priming. Consistent with Western independent self-construals and Chinese interdependent self-construals, Western priming increased, whereas Chinese priming decreased the neural differentiation of mother and NIP from self.
Nutritional phases in Prader–Willi syndrome

Prader–Willi syndrome (PWS) is a complex neurobehavioral condition which has been classically described as having two nutritional stages: poor feeding, frequently with failure to thrive (FTT) in infancy (Stage 1), followed by hyperphagia leading to obesity in later childhood (Stage 2). We have longitudinally followed the feeding behaviors of individuals with PWS and found a much more gradual and complex progression of the nutritional phases than the traditional two stages described in the literature. Therefore, this study characterizes the growth, metabolic, and laboratory changes associated with the various nutritional phases of PWS in a large cohort of subjects. We have identified a total of seven different nutritional phases, with five main phases and sub‐phases in phases 1 and 2. Phase 0 occurs in utero, with decreased fetal movements and growth restriction compared to unaffected siblings. In phase 1 the infant is hypotonic and not obese, with sub‐phase 1a characterized by difficulty feeding with or without FTT (ages birth—15 months; median age at completion: 9 months). This phase is followed by sub‐phase 1b when the infant grows steadily along a growth curve and weight is increasing at a normal rate (median age of onset: 9 months; age quartiles 5–15 months). Phase 2 is associated with weight gain—in sub‐phase 2a the weight increases without a significant change in appetite or caloric intake (median age of onset 2.08 years; age quartiles 20–31 months;), while in sub‐phase 2b the weight gain is associated with a concomitant increased interest in food (median age of onset: 4.5 years; quartiles 3–5.25 years). Phase 3 is characterized by hyperphagia, typically accompanied by food‐seeking and lack of satiety (median age of onset: 8 years; quartiles 5–13 years). Some adults progress to phase 4 which is when an individual who was previously in phase 3 no longer has an insatiable appetite and is able to feel full. Therefore, the progression of the nutritional phases in PWS is much more complex than previously recognized. Awareness of the various phases will aid researchers in unraveling the pathophysiology of each phase and provide a foundation for developing rational therapies. Counseling parents of newly diagnosed infants with PWS as to what to expect with regard to these nutritional phases may help prevent or slow the early‐onset of obesity in this syndrome. © 2011 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Learning where to look: location learning in graphical user interfaces

A theoretical account is presented on how locations of interface objects are learned and how the mechanisms underlying location learning interact with the representativeness of object labels. The account is embodied in a computational cognitive model built within the ACT-R/PM cognitive architecture [1, 2] and is supported by point-of-gaze and performance data collected in empirical research. The model interacts with the same software under the same experimental task conditions as study participants and replicates both performance and the finer-grained point-of-gaze data. Drawing from the data and model, location learning is characterized as a process that occurs as a by-product of interaction such that, without specific intent to do so, users can gradually learn the locations of the interface objects to which they attend. Characteristics of the user interface shape this learning process, however, by constraining the set of possible strategies for interaction. Locations are learned more quickly when the least-effortful strategy available in the interface explicitly requires retrieval of location knowledge
Nonlinear subgrid embedded Element-Free Galerkin method for monotone CFD solutions

Achieving stable, accurate, monotone and efficient (SAME) discrete approximate solution is of tremendous interest for convection-dominated computational fluid dynamics (CFD) applications. Recently, a non-linear SubGrid eMbedded (SGM) finite element basis was developed for generating multidimensional SAME solutions via the weak statement (WS). The theory confirms that only the Navier-Stokes dissipative flux vector term is appropriate for implementing SGM, which thereafter employs element-level static condensation for efficiency and nodal-rank homogeneity. It is based on a genuinely non-linear, nonhierarchical, high-degree finite element basis for use in a discretized approximation of a WS algorithm. In this paper, the SGM methodology is extended to the Element Free Galerkin (EFG) method.
Ética profunda en la empresa como base de la sostenibilidad sistémica

This paper reasons a way in which firms can work to support the sustainability of the human system they belong to. We propound an Ecological Economics theoretical model for business management which is comprehensive enough to cope with the sustainability problem breadth. We also extend this model. Such extension is based on a sustainability definition, whose fundament is the “relational biologic ethic” concept (developed by the cognitive biologists Maturana and Varela (2002). We analyze the basis of this ethic to propose tools in order to develop the extended model with the aim to contribute to sustainability through management. These tools are dialogue propitiation, transformational collective leadership and an organisational context defined under these parameters
Lack of Macrolide Resistance in Chlamydia trachomatis after Mass Azithromycin Distributions for Trachoma

We investigated antimicrobial drug resistance in ocular Chlamydia trachomatis 18 months after 4 biannual communitywide distributions of antimicrobial drugs in a region of Ethiopia where ocular strains of C. trachomatis are highly endemic. We found no significant differences in susceptibilities to azithromycin and doxycycline in 6 posttreatment and 4 pretreatment samples.
The SOI As An Identification Tool for The Gifted: Windfall or Washout?

The proliferation of education programs for gifted students has not been without its growing pains. Major challenges include: (1) defensible procedures for identifying students, (2) program development, in both delivery and content, and (3) program evaluation. All three issues are critical and have not been satisfactorily resolved. The selection issue, for example, gives rise to several concerns. Most school districts have chosen to remove selected students from regular classrooms, which procedure inevitably raises such questions as who will benefit from such services and who can afford to be absent from the classroom while portions of the regular instructional program
Performance evaluating the evaluator

When evaluating the performance of a computer-based visual tracking system one often wishes to compare results with a standard human observer. It is a natural assumption that humans fully understand the relatively simple scenes we subject our computers to and because of this, two human observers would draw the same conclusions about object positions, tracks, size and even simple behaviour patterns. But is that actually the case? This paper provides a baseline for how computer-based tracking results can be compared to a standard human observer.
Developing a functional urinary bladder: a neuronal context

The development of organs occurs in parallel with the formation of their nerve supply. The innervation of pelvic organs (lower urinary tract, hindgut, and sexual organs) is complex and we know remarkably little about the mechanisms that form these neural pathways. The goal of this short review is to use the urinary bladder as an example to stimulate interest in this question. The bladder requires a healthy mature nervous system to store urine and release it at behaviorally appropriate times. Understanding the mechanisms underlying the construction of these neural circuits is not only relevant to defining the basis of developmental problems but may also suggest strategies to restore connectivity and function following injury or disease in adults. The bladder nerve supply comprises multiple classes of sensory, and parasympathetic or sympathetic autonomic effector (motor) neurons. First, we define the developmental endpoint by describing this circuitry in adult rodents. Next we discuss the innervation of the developing bladder, identifying challenges posed by this area of research. Last we provide examples of genetically modified mice with bladder dysfunction and suggest potential neural contributors to this state.
Vps34 regulates Rab7 and late endocytic trafficking through recruitment of the GTPase-activating protein Armus

ABSTRACT The class III phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K) Vps34 (also known as PIK3C3 in mammals) produces phosphatidylinositol 3-phosphate [PI(3)P] on both early and late endosome membranes to control membrane dynamics. We used Vps34-deficient cells to delineate whether Vps34 has additional roles in endocytic trafficking. In Vps34−/− mouse embryonic fibroblasts (MEFs), transferrin recycling and EEA1 membrane localization were unaffected despite elevated Rab5-GTP levels. Strikingly, a large increase in Rab7-GTP levels, an accumulation of enlarged late endosomes, and decreased EGFR degradation were observed in Vps34-deficient cells. The hyperactivation of Rab7 in Vps34-deficient cells stemmed from the failure to recruit the Rab7 GTPase-activating protein (GAP) Armus (also known as TBC1D2), which binds to PI(3)P, to late endosomes. Protein–lipid overlay and liposome-binding assays reveal that the putative pleckstrin homology (PH) domain in Armus can directly bind to PI(3)P. Elevated Rab7-GTP led to the failure of intraluminal vesicle (ILV) formation and lysosomal maturation. Rab7 silencing and Armus overexpression alleviated the vacuolization seen in Vps34-deficient cells. Taken together, these results demonstrate that Vps34 has a previously unknown role in regulating Rab7 activity and late endosomal trafficking. Summary: The class III PI3K Vps34 activates Armus (TBC1D2), a Rab7 GTPase-activating protein, to regulate endosomal trafficking.
The Future of an Ethics of Difference After Hardt and Negri’s Empire

In their landmark Empire, Michael Hardt and Antonio Negri call for a reconfiguration of the field of political theory, arguing that critics must go beyond a "politics of difference" that has been "outflanked by [new] strategies of power" (138). Singled out in their analysis are postcolonial and postmodern thinkers who engage in a demoded and dangerously ineffective form of critique by continuing to privilege fluidity and hybridity in their struggle against "the binaries and essentialism of modern sovereignty" (138). a While Hardt and Negri themselves have downplayed the radicality of their approach,2 their manifesto arguably makes the case for the urgency of theorizing globalization differently, as "Empire"; this renewed understanding, they contend, is the only means to come to terms with the complex and changing reality of the present and, subsequently, to find a more efficient mode of resisting the repressive, homogenizing elements of that reality: "In the face of the new forms of sovereignty, new strategies of contestation and new alternatives need to be invented" (Brown and Szeman 2002, 182). In this essay, I propose to scrutinize and supplement Hardt and Negri's understanding of difference through a reflection on the place of ethical theory in the conceptualization of new strategies of political resistance in a global era. Drawing on the works of Edouard Glissant and Jacques Derrida, I would
What is ‘on’ and ‘under’ for 15-, 18- and 24- month-olds? Typicality effects in early comprehension of spatial prepositions

Which spatial prepositions are the first to be comprehended by 15, 18 and 24-month-olds and how are they understood? To address these questions, early comprehension of prepositions was assessed using parental questionnaires and the preferential looking task. Children were shown stimuli depicting objects or animals either on or under a table in a typical (i.e. on or under the centre of the table) or atypical position (on or under the edge of the table). Existing research and parental assessments led to the prediction that children comprehend the prepositions 'on' and 'under' very early. It was also predicted that children's looking behaviour would show typicality effects. The results corroborate that 'on' and 'under' are among those spatial prepositions that are understood early and that children differentiate between typical and atypical 'on' and 'under' situations in their earliest comprehension of these prepositions. As with object words, at 15 months they associate spatial prepositions initially with typical situations. By 18 months they broaden the scope of the spatial prepositions to include atypical situations.
Comparing Simultaneous Prompting and Constant Time Delay to Teach Leisure Skills to Students with Moderate Intellectual Disability

We compared the effects of simultaneous prompting and constant time delay in teaching two solitaire card games to five high school students with moderate intellectual disability. An adapted alternating treatments within a multiple probe design was used to evaluate the effectiveness and efficiency of the procedures. Both procedures were effective with four of five students, while simultaneous prompting alone was effective with the remaining student. Simultaneous prompting was more efficient in sessions through criterion for three of four students, and constant time delay required fewer sessions for one student. Simultaneous prompting produced a lower percentage of training errors, and constant time delay produced a lower percentage of probe errors. Independent and dependent variable reliability, maintenance, and generalization measures showed no sub- stantial differences.
Gender Differences in Financial Literacy Among Hong Kong Workers

Using a phone survey conducted in 2012, we examined whether there is a gender difference in financial literacy among Hong Kong workers; and if such a difference exists, whether it can be explained by gender differences in sociodemographic variables, social or psychological factors, and/or the outcomes of retirement planning. Results show a gender gap in financial literacy as well as age, spousal support for retirement savings, risk tolerance, computational ability, and perceived financial knowledge. Multivariate data analyses show that a proportion of the gender difference in financial literacy could be explained by gender differences in risk tolerance, computational ability, and self-reported financial knowledge; but the difference remained after adjusting for variables found to be associated with gender. Our findings suggest that it may be important to develop programs targeted specifically to women.
Chronic Hyperinsulinemia Does Not Increase the Production Rate of High-Density Lipoprotein Apolipoprotein AI: Evidence From a Kinetic Study in Patients With Insulinoma

Objective—In vitro studies showed that insulin stimulates the production of apolipoprotein AI (apoAI). Thus, we hypothesized that chronic hyperinsulinemia could contribute to the increase in the production of high-density lipoprotein apoAI that is observed in metabolic syndrome. Approach and Results—We performed an in vivo kinetic study with stable isotope in 7 patients with insulinoma who showed hyperinsulinemia but no insulin resistance, 8 patients with insulin resistance, and 16 controls. Insulinemia was 3.1× (P<0.01) higher in patients with insulinoma or insulin resistance than in controls in the fasting state and, respectively, 3.5× and 2.6× (P<0.05) higher in the fed state. The high-density lipoprotein apoAI pool size was smaller in patients with insulin resistance than in controls (49.3±5.4 versus 59.6±7.7 mg·kg−1; P<0.01), whereas both the high-density lipoprotein apoAI fractional catabolic rate and the high-density lipoprotein apoAI production rate were higher (0.30±0.07 versus 0.20±0.04 pool·d−1; P<0.0001 and 14.6±1.5 versus 11.5±1.9 mg·kg−1·d−1; P<0.01, respectively). In contrast, no significant difference was observed for these parameters between patients with insulinoma and controls. In patients with insulinoma, the apoAI pool size tended to be greater than in patients with insulin resistance (56.3±8.6 versus 49.3±5.4 mg·kg−1; P=0.078), whereas both the apoAI fractional catabolic rate and the production rate were lower (0.20±0.06 versus 0.30±0.07 pool·d−1; P<0.01 and 11.1±1.6 versus 14.6±1.5 mg·kg−1·d−1; P<0.01, respectively). The apoAI fractional catabolic rate was the only variable associated with the apoAI production rate in multivariate analysis and explained 80% of its variance. Conclusions—Chronic endogenous hyperinsulinemia does not induce any increase in the apoAI production rate, which seems to be more dependent on the apoAI fractional catabolic rate.
Automatic Server to Circuit Mapping with The Red Pills

As fine grained power monitoring becomes crucial in data centers, a challenge raises on how to correctly map server identities to power circuits. Power provisioning, power capping, and power tracking all depend on accurately accounting which server consumes power from which circuit. Manual survey is cumbersome and error prone. We describe a solution, called Red Pill, that can systematically and automatically identify the mapping. The idea is to generate a power consumption pattern (a.k.a. a signature) by controlling CPU utilization, and to reliably detect it from circuit-level power measurements. We describe our implementation of the Red Pill system and evaluate it with real data traces.
Concordância parental sobre problemas de comportamento infantil através do CBCL

This study aimed to verify the agreement level between answers of fathers and mothers related to the behavioral problems of their children through the Child Behavior Checklist 6/18 [CBCL-6/18]. The sampled consisted of 146 couples with non-clinical children aged six to ten years old, students of an elementary school in Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil. Questionnaires were sent to parents of all children in this age range. The parents' answers to the CBCL classify children as Clinical or Non-Clinical in the following scales: Social Competence, Internalizing Problem Behavior, Externalizing Problem Behavior and Total Behavior Problems. Agreement between fathers and mothers answers was moderate for Internalizing and Externalizing problems (K=0.464; K=0.572) and low for Social Competence and Total Behavior Problems (K=0.327; K=0.347). These results confirm findings in the literature, which report little agreement between fathers and mothers reports regarding their children's behavioral problems.
Inter-regional Contribution of Enhanced Activity of the Primary Somatosensory Cortex to the Anterior Cingulate Cortex Accelerates Chronic Pain Behavior

Multiple cortical areas are involved in pain processing, including the primary somatosensory cortex (S1) and the anterior cingulate cortex (ACC). Although accumulations of evidence suggest that the S1 activity increases under chronic pain conditions, whether plastic change occurs or not within the S1, and whether and how the plastic change contributes to chronic pain behavior, is unknown. Here, we provide the first evidence that intra-regional remodeling within the mouse S1 accelerates chronic pain behavior by modulating neuronal activity in the ACC, one of the important cortical areas for chronic pain. Using two-photon Ca2+ imaging, we found that the spontaneous activity of layer 2/3 neurons in the S1 and then response to sensory and layer 4 stimulations increased under chronic pain conditions. In addition, pharmacological attenuation and facilitation of S1 activity attenuated and facilitated the chronic pain behavior, respectively. Furthermore, electrical response of the ACC to peripheral stimulation successfully correlated with S1 neuronal activity, and inhibition of ACC activity alleviated the mechanical allodynia. The present results will provide development of efficient therapeutic strategies against chronic pain by focusing on the S1 and ACC.
A Bilevel Optimization Approach for Parameter Learning in Variational Models

In this work we consider the problem of parameter learning for variational image denoising models. The learning problem is formulated as a bilevel optimization problem, where the lower-level problem is given by the variational model and the higher-level problem is expressed by means of a loss function that penalizes errors between the solution of the lower-level problem and the ground truth data. We consider a class of image denoising models incorporating $\ell_p$-norm--based analysis priors using a fixed set of linear operators. We devise semismooth Newton methods for solving the resulting nonsmooth bilevel optimization problems and show that the optimized image denoising models can achieve state-of-the-art performance.
Oxygen Glucose Deprivation Switches the Transport of tPA Across the Blood–Brain Barrier From an LRP-Dependent to an Increased LRP-Independent Process

Background and Purpose— Despite uncontroversial benefit from its thrombolytic activity, the documented neurotoxic effect of tissue plasminogen activator (tPA) raises an important issue: the current emergency stroke treatment might not be optimum if exogenous tPA can enter the brain and thus add to the deleterious effects of endogenous tPA within the cerebral parenchyma. Here, we aimed at determining whether vascular tPA crosses the blood–brain barrier (BBB) during cerebral ischemia, and if so, by which mechanism. Methods— First, BBB permeability was assessed in vivo by measuring Evans Blue extravasation following intravenous injection at 0 or 3 hours after middle cerebral artery electrocoagulation in mice. Second, the passage of vascular tPA was investigated in an in vitro model of BBB, subjected or not to oxygen and glucose deprivation (OGD). Results— We first demonstrated that after focal permanent ischemia in mice, the BBB remains impermeable to Evans Blue in the early phase (relative to the therapeutic window of tPA), whereas at later time points massive Evans Blue extravasation occurs. Then, the passage of tPA during these 2 phases, was investigated in vitro and we show that in control conditions, tPA crosses the intact BBB by a low-density lipoprotein (LDL) receptor-related protein (LRP)-dependent transcytosis, whereas OGD leads to an exacerbation of tPA passage, which switches to a LRP-independent process. Conclusion— We evidence 2 different mechanisms through which vascular tPA can reach the brain parenchyma, depending on the state of the BBB. As discussed, these data show the importance of taking the side effects of blood-derived tPA into account and offer a basis to improve the current thrombolytic strategy.