Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Radial Forearm Osteocutaneous Free Flap in Maxillofacial and Oromandibular Reconstructions

Objectives/Hypothesis: The radial forearm osteocutaneous free flap is an excellent reconstructive modality for oromandibular and maxillofacial reconstruction in certain well‐defined circumstances. The initial concern over donor site morbidity and the ability of the bone to reconstruct mandibular defects have led to only a few published series.
Response of the amphibian tadpole (Xenopus laevis) to atrazine during sexual differentiation of the testis

Xenopus laevis tadpoles were exposed for 48 h during sexual differentiation to atrazine at 21 μg/L under static laboratory conditions at 21 ± 0.5°C. After this exposure period, tadpoles were fixed and the kidney‐gonad complex was microdissected. Quantitative histological analysis of the gonad revealed a 57% reduction in testicular volume among atrazine‐exposed tadpoles. In addition, primary spermatogonial cell nests that represent germ cells for the life of the organism were reduced by 70%. Nursing cells, which provide nutritive support for the developing germ cells, had declined by 74%. Testicular resorption was observed among 70% and aplasia or failure of full development of the testis was recorded in 10% of the atrazine‐exposed tadpoles. Because cell nests represent the pool of primordial germ cells for the reproductive life of the organism, the combined reduction in spermatogonial cell nests and nursing cells suggest that a pulse exposure to 21 μg/L of atrazine during sexual differentiation could significantly reduce reproduction during the reproductive life of these animals.
Developing sustainable feedback practices

Feedback is central to the development of student learning, but within the constraints of modularized learning in higher education it is increasingly difficult to handle effectively. This article makes a case for sustainable feedback as a contribution to the reconceptualization of feedback processes. The data derive from the Student Assessment and Feedback Enhancement project, involving in‐depth semi‐structured interviews with a purposive sample of award‐winning teachers. The findings focus on those reported practices consistent with a framework for sustainable feedback, and particularly highlight the importance of student self‐regulation. The article concludes by setting out some possibilities and challenges for staff and student uptake of sustainable feedback.
A theory of efficient business cycles and unemployment

This paper introduces job-shifting costs and durable producer goods into a framework with consumer-producers, economies of specialized learning by doing and transaction costs, developed by Yang and Borland [1991] to explore the intimate relationship among the following three phenomena simultaneously: (1) Long-run endogenous, efficient, and regular business cycles, (2) Long-run endogenous, efficient and cyclical unemployment, and (3) Long-run and endogenous growth.
Improved AlGaN/GaN HEMTs grown on Si substrates by MOCVD

AlGaN/GaN high electron mobility transistors (HEMTs) were grown on Si substrates by MOCVD. In the HEMT structure, the 1 μm GaN buffer layer was partially doped with Mg in an attempt to increase the resistivity and minimize the buffer leakage current. Afterwards, an AlN spacer layer was inserted between the AlGaN barrier layer and the GaN channel layer to effectively reduce impurity scattering and improve the mobility and sheet carrier density of two-dimensional electron gas (2DEG). Devices of AlGaN/GaN HEMTs with 1 nm AlN spacer layer grown on undoped and partially Mg-doped GaN buffer layers were processed and characterized for comparison. For the DC characteristics, a low drain leakage current density of 55.8 nA/mm, a low gate leakage current density of 2.73 μA/mm, and a high off-state breakdown voltage of 104 V were achieved with device dimensions Lg/Wg/Lgs/Lgd = 1/10/1/1 μm, using the sample with partially Mg-doped GaN buffer layer. For the small signal RF characteristics, the device with partially Mg-doped has lower current gain cutoff frequency (fT) and lower power gain cutoff frequency (fmax) than that of the device without Mg-doped, indicating that doping Mg in GaN buffer layer should introduce the potential parasitic capacitance, which is not beneficial to RF performance of HEMT devices.
Architecture of the Human Lung

An attempt has been made to define quantitatively the architecture of airways and blood vessels of the human lung. For this purpose five normal lungs from individuals aged 8 to 74 years were subjected to a dimensional analysis by several methods of measurement based on statistical principles. The elements of the "respiratory zone" may be regarded as randomly distributed in the lung. There are essentially the same number of alveoli (300 million), alveolar ducts (14 million), and capillary segments (280 billion) in all lungs. The dimensions of these architectural elements are shown to depend mainly on the size of the lung. The effect on these dimensions of such functional variables as the degree of inflation of the lung or of the filling of capillaries with blood are discussed. The alveolar and alveolar-capillary surface areas, which are of importance in the analysis of gas exchange between air and blood, are found to increase with the size of the lung. In our material, both varied in the range of 40 to 80 square meters. The elements of the conductive zone of the lung show a polar orientation. The airways have, on the average, 23 generations of dichotomous branching; the pulmonary arteries reach the precapillaries after about 28 generations. The average diameters of the airway and blood-vessel elements at each generation appear to follow the laws of "best" dimensions. The functional significance of this finding is discussed. It is suggested that morphometric studies conducted according to this general model may be useful in the anatomical description of other organs (16).
The Effect of Conjugated Linoleic Acids (CLA) Supplementation on the Activity of Enzymes Participating in the Formation of Arachidonic Acid in Liver Microsomes of Rats—Probable Mechanism of CLA Anticancer Activity

The aim of the present research was to examine the effect of conjugated linoleic acids (CLA) supplementation on the activity of enzymes that take part in the synthesis of arachidonic acid (AA) and also to investigate the relation between their activity and the neoplastic process. The enzyme activities were established indirectly, because their measure was the amount of AA formed in vitro, being developed from linoleic acid as determined in liver microsomes of Spraque-Dawley rats. In addition, the indices of Δ6-desaturase (D6D) and Δ5-desaturase (D5D) were determined. To this aim, the method of high per-formance liquid chromatography with UV/VIS detection was used. Between the examined groups, statistically significant differences were observed in the activities of enzymes as well as D6D. The carcinogenic agent applied (DMBA) was found to significantly increase the activity of the examined enzymes. Negative correlation was found between the activities of desaturases and CLA supplementation, whereas the activity of those enzymes was a little higher in the group of rats with chemically induced cancer process. The neoplastic process has a stimulating effect on the activity of D6D. The decrease of D6D activity, resulting from the presence of CLA in the animals’ diet, may confirm the anticancer properties of these isomers.
Exploring the Value of Casual Infovis

Many untrained humans can efficiently and intuitively understand a visualization of data and publicly available casual information visualization tools provide a potentially powerful way to understand various questions and issues across disciplines, education levels, and possibly beyond the limits of literacy. The purpose of casual infovis could be non-analytic, artistic, qualitative instead of quantitative, reflective, social, entertainment, awareness raising, or more darkly it could spread negative knowledge or false influence. There are many attributes to consider when discussing the value of the wide variety of casual infovis. Casual infovis is good for the public because it provides opportunities for insight, innovation, storytelling, or aesthetics, and it’s good for traditional infovis because studying edge cases like casual infovis can provide insight into central problems and opportunities in infovis, help develop new vocabulary, and also complement the traditional infovis focus on expert analytic tasks [20].
Design of Behavior-Based Modular Decision-Making Control System for Autonomous Underwater Vehicle

Autonomous underwater vehicle (AUV) has been widely used in marine exploration and military applications in the past decade. No matter which areas AUV applies in, its control system is the key of successfully completing the various tasks. In this paper a modular decision-making control system based on behaviors is proposed for AUV. The entire system is composed of two kinds of modules: Rational Behavior Module and Perceptual Behavior Module. A simulation example for obstacle avoidance behavior is established based on SIMULINK Fuzzy toolbox, simulation experiments show that proposed design method is effective.
Volume regulation in liver: Further characterization by inhibitors and ionic substitutions

The present study has been performed to elucidate the mechanisms of volume regulation in isolated perfused liver. Reduction of extracellular osmolarity by 80 mOsm/L leads to a release of potassium and a sustained alkalinization of effluent. Reexposure to isotonic perfusate leads to reuptake of potassium by the liver and acidification of effluent. Part of the alkalinization could be due to release of bicarbonate parallel to potassium release. Carboanhydrase inhibition and replacement of bicarbonate/CO2 by HEPES buffer, however, do not significantly modify volume regulatory potassium release or reuptake. Reduction of perfusate chloride to 37 mmol/L by replacement of NaCI with raffinose leads to a decrease of liver weight indicative of shrinkage of liver cells. Subsequent omission of 180 mmol/L raffinose leads to potassium and chloride release and to alkalinization of effluent. Volume regulatory release of potassium is impaired in 1 mmol/L quinidine, 1 mmol/L SITS and 5 mmol/L barium. Volume regulatory reuptake of potassium is impaired by 1 mmol/L amiloride. Volume regulatory release of potassium is not appreciably affected by either; 1 mmol/L furosemide, 1 μmol/L verapamil, 1 mmol/L amiloride or 1 mmol/L barium and volume regulatory potassium reuptake proved insensitive to 1 mmol/L furosemide or 1 mmol/L barium. The data suggest that the cells release potassium and chloride during regulatory volume decrease by quinidine, SITS and weakly barium‐sensitive transport systems and that regulatory volume increase is accomplished by activation of Na/H exchange.
Impact of increasing prevalence of minimally invasive prostatectomy on open prostatectomy observed in the national inpatient sample and national surgical quality improvement program.

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Laparoscopic and especially robot-assisted minimally invasive prostatectomy (MIP) has increased in popularity over the past decade. We analyzed how the increasing prevalence of MIP has affected the outcomes of MIP and open radical prostatectomy (RRP). METHODS In the Nationwide Inpatient Sample, 23,473 patients undergoing MIP and 118,266 undergoing RRP between 2002 and 2008 are reported. We analyzed length of stay (LOS), hospital charges (THC), complication rates (CR), and socioeconomic characteristics. We used the American College of Surgeons National Surgical Quality Improvement Program (NSQIP) to identify complication rates (RRP n=666, and MIP n=2205). RESULTS The proportion of MIP increased from 1.4% in 2002 to 29.5% in 2008. Mean LOS decreased for MIP (2.4 days in 2002, 1.6 days in 2008) and RRP (3.1 days in 2002, 2.1 days in 2008). Mean THC for MIP decreased ($46k in 2002, $34k in 2008) and increased for RRP ($18k in 2002, $32k in 2008). After 2005, overall CRs of MIP were lower than for RRP. High-volume centers reported lower CRs for both procedures. MIP was associated with fewer transfusions and wound complications. Men living in ZIP codes with the top quartile of yearly mean household income were more likely to undergo MIP than RRP (P<0.001). Although there were more white patients receiving MIP and black or Hispanic patients more frequently underwent RRP, there was no statistically significant difference. CONCLUSIONS Increasing use of MIP led to decreased hospital stay for all patients, increase charges for RRP, and decreased CRs for both MIP and RRP. In recent years, MIP was associated with fewer complications. Charges for RRP have increased over time to approach those for MIP, and patients with increased socio-economic status were more likely to undergo MIP.
Using Performance Bonds as an Environment Management Tool: The Great Barrier Reef Marine Park Authority's Experience

To ensure adequate resources are available for environmental rehabilitation, the Resource Assessment Commission (RAC) Coastal Zone Inquiry in 1993 recommended that “the use of performance bonds can be extended to all new development projects in the coastal zone, unless equally effective alternative enforcement measures can be demonstrated to exist”. Performance bonds are, however, not always likely to ensure adequate funds are available for rehabilitation works to be carried out to restore the environment to a prespecified condition, while ensuring resources are used efficiently and equitably. In this article, the use of performance bonds is assessed in terms of efficiency, cost effectiveness of the system and the distribution effect of performance bonds. The types of performance bond that encourage developers to meet the cost of rehabilitation without affecting efficiency while minimising distribution effects are discussed. The advantages and limitations of using a performance bond as an economic instrum.
External anogenital lesions in organ transplant recipients. A clinicopathologic and virologic assessment.

BACKGROUND AND DESIGN In a series of patients treated at a university department of dermatology, we assessed the clinicopathologic features of external anogenital lesions in organ transplant recipients. For 6 years, 1002 recipients with various dermatologic problems underwent assessment for the presence of proliferative external anogenital lesions; these lesions were examined histologically and virologically for the presence of human papillomaviruses (HPV). RESULTS Twenty-three patients (2.3%) presented with anogenital lesions, women being more often involved. Clinicopathologic examination revealed 18 anogenital warts, 3 cases of bowenoid papulosis, 1 giant condyloma, and 1 in situ carcinoma. Other viral coinfections were frequent. The lesions were extensive and refractory to treatment in 13 patients, but lesions in 7 were cured alter the immunosuppressive treatment was tapered of discontinued. Dysplastic changes were frequent on histologic examination. Twenty-one lesions contained HPV; 6 of 13 patients with HPV DNA in their lesions harbored oncogenic types that predominated in dysplastic lesions. In some patients, the same HPV types were detected within cutaneous and anogenital lesions, suggesting self-contamination. CONCLUSIONS External anogenital lesions are more rare than cutaneous lesions in organ transplant recipients. These lesions may represent a marker of immunosuppression, especially when they are extensive. Their clinical aspect is often misleading; furthermore, because of the presence of dysplastic histologic aspects and oncogenic HPV types, they could be susceptible to malignant transformation, necessitating regular surveillance.
Biosynthesis and Function of the Modified DNA Base β-d-Glucosyl-Hydroxymethyluracil inTrypanosoma brucei

ABSTRACT β-d-Glucosyl-hydroxymethyluracil, also called J, is a modified DNA base conserved among kinetoplastid flagellates. InTrypanosoma brucei, the majority of J is present in repetitive DNA but the partial replacement of thymine by J also correlates with transcriptional repression of the variant surface glycoprotein (VSG) genes in the telomeric VSG gene expression sites. To gain a better understanding of the function of J, we studied its biosynthesis in T. brucei and found that it is made in two steps. In the first step, thymine in DNA is converted into hydroxymethyluracil by an enzyme that recognizes specific DNA sequences and/or structures. In the second step, hydroxymethyluracil is glucosylated by an enzyme that shows no obvious sequence specificity. We identified analogs of thymidine that affect the J content of theT. brucei genome upon incorporation into DNA. These analogs were used to study the function of J in the control of VSG gene expression sites. We found that incorporation of bromodeoxyuridine resulted in a 12-fold decrease in J content and caused a partial derepression of silent VSG gene expression site promoters, suggesting that J might strengthen transcriptional repression. Incorporation of hydroxymethyldeoxyuridine, resulting in a 15-fold increase in the J content, caused a reduction in the occurrence of chromosome breakage events sometimes associated with transcriptional switching between VSG gene expression sites in vitro. We speculate that these effects are mediated by the packaging of J-containing DNA into a condensed chromatin structure.
COPING WITH TRAGEDIES OF THE COMMONS

▪ Abstract Contemporary policy analysis of the governance of common-pool resources is based on three core assumptions: (a) resource users are norm-free maximizers of immediate gains, who will not cooperate to overcome the commons dilemmas they face; (b) designing rules to change incentives of participants is a relatively simple analytical task; and (c) organization itself requires central direction. The chapter shows that these assumptions are a poor foundation for policy analysis. Findings from carefully controlled laboratory experiments that challenge the first assumption are summarized. A different assumption that humans are fallible, boundedly rational, and norm-using is adopted. The complexity of using rules as tools to change the structure of commons dilemmas is then discussed, drawing on extensive research on rules in field settings. Viewing all policies as experiments with a probability of failure, recent research on a different form of general organization—that of complex adaptive systems—is appl.
Washington State Student Achievement Initiative Policy Study: Final Report.

In 2007, the Washington State Board for Community and Technical Colleges (SBCTC) launched a performance reporting and funding policy called the Student Achievement Initiative (SAI) both to improve public accountability by more accurately describing what students achieve from enrolling in community colleges and to provide incentives to colleges through financial rewards for increasing student success. This report presents findings from a three-year evaluation of the initiative that was designed to assess how and to what extent the SAI model of performance funding encourages colleges to track trends in student achievement and improve student outcomes. The quantitative component of the evaluation was an analysis of “achievement point” accumulation by colleges over the period 2007 to 2011. The qualitative component was based on a synthesis of approximately 250 interviews with faculty, staff, and administrators at 20 of Washington State’s 34 community and technical colleges that took place in spring 2012. Key broad findings include: • The SAI is viewed as one force among others pushing the colleges to improve student success. The funding is not a significant factor motivating the colleges, largely because the amount (less than one percent of the system’s total operating budget) is too small to have much impact. • On average, the colleges increased their point total by 31 percent between 2007 and 2011, with the relative positions of the colleges remaining stable. Although there was evidence of some gains in momentum (i.e., forward progress) for students who were already accumulating credits and making progress, overall student momentum does not seem to have changed much during the period in which the SAI has been in effect, even as aggregate achievement points have increased. • While larger colleges earn more awards than smaller colleges, there is little evidence that colleges serving more at-risk, low-income students are penalized by the SAI awards method. Consistent with the SAI’s goals, the basic skills metric appears to have encouraged enrollment from traditionally underserved groups. • The intermediate milestone framework is viewed as a helpful way to focus collective efforts on student progression and publicly account for college performance. In order to understand the impact of strategies for improving student outcomes, however, colleges have found they need to use longitudinal cohort data in conjunction with the cross-sectional SAI metrics. The funding mechanism has proved problematic and unpopular, as SAI funding has come from reallocated base funds rather than as additional funds as originally intended.
Introduction: Towards the Study of Network Control

Networks have become extremely important coordination mechanisms for accomplishing individual and collective goals in the public, private, and nonprofit sectors. Networks, consisting of three or more organizations that consciously agree to coordinate and collaborate with one another, deliver goods and services, address problems and opportunities, transmit information, innovate and acquire needed resources. Since the early 1970s, the study of networks has increased exponentially (see e.g., Bradach and Eccles 1989; Powell 1990; Borgatti and Foster 2003; SmithDoerr and Powell 2005). Despite this increased attention to networks in the organizational literature, one of the topics that is conspicuously absent is the control of networks. The collective outcomes of networks are of special relevance in public management, where networks consisting of public, private and non-profit organizations produce public goods and services like health care (Milward and Provan 2000) or environmental protection (Schneider, Scholz, Lubell, Midruta, Edwardsen 2003). The same applies to what most of us would consider less desirable network outcomes such as the terror attacks on the United States on September 11, 2001, Spain on March 11, 2004, and Britain on July 7, 2005. Thus attention is also drawn to the fact that many countries around the world have increasingly had to face transnational criminal networks with a global reach in terrorism, weapons, drug smuggling, human trafficking, and nuclear proliferation (Naı́m 2003). The ‘‘bright’’ and ‘‘dark’’ networks (Raab and Milward 2003) mentioned above point toward directing attention to the control of networks, control being generally International Public Management Journal