Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
The Value of Money

I. § 1. Another formulation of the conditions governing the value of money, 38. — II. §2. The term "value of money," 39. — III. § 3. The demand for legal-tender money, 40. — § 4. The derived demand schedule for legal tender, 42. — § 5. The separate variables in the formula; total resources, 43. — § 6. The proportion of resources kept in legal-tender form, 44. — § 7. The proportion kept in pockets and tills, 48. — § 8. The proportion kept by bankers, 50. — §§ 9, 10. The relation of the present formula to that of the equation of exchange, 52. — IV. §§ 11–19. The supply of legal-tender money under various conditions: inconvertible paper fixed in amount; partial fixity of supply; free coinage; bimetallism; seigniorage; gold exchange standard, 54. — V. § 20. Demand and supply, 58. — § 21. Production and supply of gold, 58. — § 22. Common causes likely to affect the various factors, 59. — §23. The element of time, 61. — § 24. Possible interaction of demand and supply, 63. — VI. § 25. Conclusion, 65.
A portfolio approach to develop a theory of future management accounting systems

Purpose – The paper seeks to introduce a method based on the Markowitz mean‐variance portfolio approach to outline a theory of future firm, its environment, and management accounting systems (MASs). The approach is based on the target to choose propositions for the theory to maximise expected credibility.Design/methodology/approach – A conceptual approach with mathematical modelling is presented. It is illustrated by a set propositions extracted from a survey presented previously. The survey results are used to design a theory of future MASs by choosing an efficient sub‐set of propositions with the help of combinatory optimisation.Findings – When maximising the credibility of a theory of future MAS, the trade‐off between the mean and the variance of expert judgments should be considered. The resulting theory depends on the level for disagreement aversion by the theory builder. The approach is a useful tool to design a theory of future MASs.Research limitations/implications – How to select the level of tra.
Multiple same day cryolipolysis treatments for the reduction of subcutaneous fat are safe and do not affect serum lipid levels or liver function tests

Cryolipolysis is a safe and effective non‐surgical procedure for reducing subcutaneous fat. It spares adjacent structures, is associated with few adverse events, and is well‐tolerated by patients. Previous studies involving one or two simultaneous treatment sites have shown no effect on serum lipid levels or liver tests. The purpose of this study was to determine whether multiple same day treatments (abdomen plus both flanks) result in changes in these blood tests, and is safe.
The Ornithological Value of the Pantan: Status and Perspectives of Coastal Wetlands Management in Croatia

We investigated avian use of the Pantan habitats, a Mediterranean wetland on the Croatian coast of the Adriatic Sea, by comparing censuses from two periods. The Pantan was surveyed for breeding, resident, wintering, and passage birds in the periods from 1968-1972 and 1986-1991. Species richness declined from 67 to 54. Wintering/passage bird species was the most important group of birds but they also declined from 55 in the period 1968-1972 to 42 in the period 1986-1991. The value of the Pantan coastal area to birds was determined by 25 threatened species and 15 "Species of European Special Concern"(SPEC; Tucker & Heath, 1994). The Pantan wetland ecosystem has a floristical, ornithological, and aesthetic value at both the regional and international levels. The wetland ecosystem has been destroyed in part by the construction of artificial fishponds and by the regulation of the water course, and it is threatened by the dumping of garbage and rubble, the sedimentation of lead and nitrogen compounds, and the p.
Rationality of the Michigan Price Expectations Data: Note

The use of survey data as a source of information with regard to inflationary expectations has provided important insights into the inflationary process. Although Livingston's data set is apparently the most widely used, de Menil and Bhalla [1] have recently utilized data from the Survey Research Center (SRC) at the University of Michigan to construct a time series of expected inflation. We have uncovered a disturbing feature of this series. Over the most recent portion of the period covered by the time series, a subperiod for which direct observations of inflationary expectations exist, the expectations data are "rational. " However, over the earlier part of the period, de Menil and Bhalla had to construct expectations data from cruder survey information. When we test the entire expectations series, we find that the data are not rational, leading us to question the manner in which the early part of the expectations series was constructed. The SRC time series on inflationary expectations is based upon the following survey questions:
Political Economy of Government Spending for Trade Liberalization: Politics of Agriculture Related Government Spending for the Uruguay Round in Japan

This paper investigates the effect of political factors on the interregional allocation of the budget to assist farmers in coping with agricultural trade liberalization in Japan. We present a simple model to show the relationship between political factors and interregional budget allocation and empirically examine whether political factors played a key role in the interregional allocation of Japanese government spending for the Uruguay Round agricultural trade liberalization. Our findings show that this allocation was distorted due to political reasons, which was problematic from the standpoints of fairness and social efficiency.
Optimal Controller Design Algorithm For Non-Affine in Input Discrete-Time Nonlinear System

Convergence is proven of the value-iteration-based algorithm to find the optimal controller in the case of general non-affine in input nonlinear systems. That is, it is shown that algorithm converges to the optimal control and the optimal value function. It is assumed that at each iteration the value and action update equations can be exactly solved. Then two standard neural networks (NN) are used: a critic NN is used to approximate the value function while an action network is used to approximate the optimal control policy.
LipC (Rv0220) Is an Immunogenic Cell Surface Esterase of Mycobacterium tuberculosis

ABSTRACT We have reported previously the identification of novel proteins of Mycobacterium tuberculosis by the immunoscreening of an expression library of M. tuberculosis genomic DNA with sera obtained from M. tuberculosis-infected rabbits at 5 weeks postinfection. In this study, we report the further characterization of one of these antigens, LipC (Rv0220). LipC is annotated as a member of the Lip family based on the presence of the consensus motif “GXSXG” characteristic of esterases. Although predicted to be a cytoplasmic enzyme, we provide evidence that LipC is a cell surface protein that is present in both the cell wall and the capsule of M. tuberculosis. Consistent with this localization, LipC elicits strong humoral immune responses in both HIV-negative (HIV−) and HIV-positive (HIV+) tuberculosis (TB) patients. The absence of anti-LipC antibodies in sera from purified protein derivative-positive (PPD+) healthy subjects confirms its expression only during active M. tuberculosis infection. Epitope mapping of LipC identified 6 immunodominant epitopes, 5 of which map to the exposed surface of the modeled LipC protein. The recombinant LipC (rLipC) protein also elicits proinflammatory cytokine and chemokine responses from macrophages and pulmonary epithelial cells. rLipC can hydrolyze short-chain esters with the carbon chain containing 2 to 10 carbon atoms. Together, these studies demonstrate that LipC is a novel cell surface-associated esterase of M. tuberculosis that is highly immunogenic and elicits both antibodies and cytokines/chemokines.
Assessment of rectal afferent neuronal function and brain activity in patients with constipation and rectal hyposensitivity

Background Blunted rectal sensation (rectal hyposensitivity: RH) is present in almost one‐quarter of patients with chronic constipation. The mechanisms of its development are not fully understood, but in a proportion, afferent dysfunction is likely. To determine if, in patients with RH, alteration of rectal sensory pathways exists, rectal evoked potentials (EPs) and inverse modeling of cortical dipoles were examined.
A First Approach in Evolutionary Fuzzy Systems based on the lateral tuning of the linguistic labels for Big Data classification

The treatment and processing of Big Data problems imply an essential advantage for researchers and corporations. This is due to the huge quantity of knowledge that is hidden within the vast amount of information that is available nowadays. In order to be able to address with such volume of information in an efficient way, the scalability for Big Data applications is achieved by means of the MapReduce programming model. It is designed to divide the data into several chunks or groups that are processed in parallel, and whose result is “assembled” to provide a single solution. Focusing on classification tasks, Fuzzy Rule Based Classification Systems have shown interesting results with a MapReduce approach for Big Data. It is well known that the behaviour of these type of systems can be further improved in synergy with Evolutionary Algorithms, leading to Evolutionary Fuzzy Systems. However, to be best of our knowledge there are no developments in this field yet. In this work, we propose a first Evolutionary Fuzzy System for Big Data problems. It consists of an initial Knowledge Based build by means of the Chi-FRBCS-BigData algorithm, followed by a genetic tuning of the Data Base by means of the 2-tuples representation. This way, the fuzzy labels will be better contextualized within every subset of the problem, and the coverage of the Rule Base will be enhanced. Then, the Knowledge Bases from each Map process are joined to build a ensemble classifier. Experimental results show the improvement achieved by this model with respect to the standard Chi-FRBCS-BigData approach, and opens the way for promising future work on the topic.
Evaluation of attitude estimation algorithms using absolute magnetic reference data: Methodology and results

Location is a growing problem due, for instance, to the expansion of civil drones or intelligent vehicles. This expansion was made possible through the development of microelectromecanical systems (MEMS), cheap and miniaturized inertial sensors. In this context, this article is devoted to the development of a simulator which generates the sensor measurements, giving a specific trajectory, in order to validate and compare pose estimation algorithms. After validation of the simulator with real movements and measurements, four pose estimation algorithms from the literature are compared on different trajectories. All these algorithms use magnetic field sensors in addition of the classical inertial sensors. This comparison is led to select an algorithm for a future application with multiple IMUs.
Intellectual capital disclosure media in Portugal

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to compare the internet and annual reports as media of intellectual capital disclosure (ICD) and analyse its determinants.Design/methodology/approach – The paper examines ICD on the internet in 2009 and compares the internet and 2008 annual reports as disclosure media using content analysis. Non‐parametric statistical methods are used to analyse some factors which influence disclosure.Findings – Portuguese companies attribute greater importance to the internet. The analysis showed that size is significant in explaining ICD only in the case of annual reports. The results also indicated that industrial affiliation is only partially a factor explaining ICD.Research limitations/implications – The sample is small. There may be content analysis issues associated with subjectivity in the coding process and the use of a limited content analysis method.Originality/value – The paper adds to the scarce research on ICD by Portuguese companies by providing new empirical data. Thi.
Further Results on the Constant Elasticity of Variance Call Option Pricing Model

The Black-Scholes [4] call option model is a member of the class of constant elasticity of variance call option models proposed by Cox [6]. While the Black-Scholes model assumes that the volatility or instantaneous variance of return is constant through time, the other members of the class allow the volatility to change with the stock price. This property is of interest because empirical evidence suggests that returns to common stock are heteroscedastic and also that volatilities, implied from the Black-Scholes model and market prices of call options, are not constant.
Emerging role of ILK and ELMO2 in the integration of adhesion and migration pathways

Integrins and their associated proteins are essential components of the cellular machinery that modulates adhesion and migration. In particular, integrin-linked kinase (ILK), which binds to the cytoplasmic tail of β1 integrins, is required for migration in a variety of cell types. We previously identified engulfment and motility 2 (ELMO2) as an ILK-binding protein in epidermal keratinocytes. Recently, we investigated the biological role of the ILK/ELMO2 complexes, and found that they exist in the cytoplasm. ILK/ELMO2 species are recruited by active RhoG to the plasma membrane, where they induce Rac1 activation and formation of lamellipodia at the leading edge of migrating cells. A large number of growth factors and cytokines induce keratinocyte migration. However, we found that formation of RhoG/ELMO2/ILK complexes occurs selectively upon stimulation by epidermal growth factor, but not by transforming growth factor-β1 or keratinocyte growth factor. Herein we discuss the relevance of these complexes to our understanding of the molecular mechanisms involved in cell migration, as well as their potential functions in morphogenesis and tissue regeneration following injury.
Interdigital microstrip filters as protection devices against ultrawideband pulses

Standard protection concepts against transients employing nonlinear elements like sparkgaps or Zener diodes cannot provide an optimal protection against interferences caused by ultrawideband (UWB) pulses. Therefore this paper discusses the use of linear filters as protection against UWB-pulses. Due to advantages in several areas for example cost-effective production and high voltage capability this study focuses an implementation of microstrip bandpass filters with very steep edges. To reduce the overall size of the filters, their realization as interdigital structures has been investigated. Finally, the filters are characterized in frequency domain and with UWB-stress in time domain.
Sentiment Issues in Stock Prices and Mutual Funds

Baker and Wurgler [2007] take a “top down” approach to behavioral finance and the stock market. Investor sentiment is taken to be exogenous, and the focus is on its empirical effects. Sentiment is measurable and its waves have clearly discernible, important, and regular effects on individual firms and the stock market as a whole. Stocks that are hardest to arbitrage or value are the ones most affected by sentiment. Other studies discussed in the article relate to aspects of investor sentiment and sentiment indexes, seeking to help with forecasting stock returns and trade volume and providing a rigorous analysis of the predictive power of investor sentiment.
PETTY BUREAUCRACY AND WOOLLYMINDED LIBERALISM? THE CHANGING ETHOS OF LOCAL GOVERNMENT OFFICERS

Most discussions of the public service ethos (pse) have offered polemical accounts of how recent reforms have eroded the distinguishing values of public servants without ever defining this ethos or considering its relationship to other aspects of the public sector. This article considers the deeper and more structural implications of the pse by characterizing it as a political institution that shares the features of‘new institutionalism’. It concentrates upon the pse as it manifests itself in local government and uses case studies of four authorities to analyse the extent to which external changes are altering the fundamental values of the ethos. In using the‘new institutionalist’perspective it argues that the pse, a vital institution of the UK polity, has been resistant to external pressures for change. Hence, to be successful, public sector reform must take into account the interdependent relationship between the pse and other political institutions.
Trends and Predictors of Participation in Cardiac Rehabilitation Following Acute Myocardial Infarction: Data From the Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System

Background Participation in cardiac rehabilitation (CR) after acute myocardial infarction has been proven to significantly reduce morbidity and mortality. Historically, participation rates have been low, and although recent efforts have increased referral rates, current data on CR participation are limited. Methods and Results Utilizing data from the Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System conducted by Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, we performed a population‐based, cross‐sectional analysis of CR post‐acute myocardial infarction. Unadjusted participation from 2005 to 2015 was evaluated by univariable logistic regression. Multivariable logistic regression was performed with patient characteristic variables to determine adjusted trends and associations with participation in CR in more recent years from 2011 to 2015. Among the 32 792 survey respondents between 2005 and 2015, participation ranged from 35% in 2005 to 39% in 2009 (P=0.005) and from 38% in 2011 to 32% in 2015 (P=0.066). Between 2011 and 2015, participants were less likely to be female (odds ratio [OR] 0.763, 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.646‐0.903), black (OR 0.700, 95% CI 0.526‐0.931), uninsured (OR 0.528, 95% CI 0.372‐0.751), less educated (OR 0.471, 95% CI 0.367‐0.605), current smokers (OR 0.758, 95% CI 0.576‐0.999), and were more likely to be retired or self‐employed (OR 1.393, 95% CI 1.124‐1.726). Conclusions Only one third of patients participate in CR following acute myocardial infarction despite the known health benefits. Participants are less likely to be female, black, and uneducated. Future studies should focus on methods to maximize the proportion of CR referrals converted into CR participation.
Sensory reweighting as a method of balance training for labyrinthine loss.

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Instability is a significant risk factor for falls in individuals with a bilateral labyrinthine deficit. The purpose of this case report is to describe an intervention that we found to improve balance in a patient with bilateral labyrinthine deficit using a training paradigm based on the sensory reweighting hypothesis. CASE DESCRIPTION The participant was a female and 10 years post-onset of bilateral labyrinthine deficit. The participant was instructed to focus on the motion of her hips and knees while standing on a dynamic platform that was either stationary or matched to the excursion of her center of mass (COM) but in the opposite direction and with gradually increasing amplitude. She was tested for her ability to maintain her balance under conditions of sensory conflict both before the training and on two periods after training. OUTCOMES Decreases in anteroposterior and mediolateral motion of the COM were observed between the pretest and both posttests with a stationary and a moving platform when in the dark and under conditions of sensory conflict. Using the method of approximate entropy, we found that the complexity of the center of pressure (COP) response increased in both the anteroposterior and medolateral directions from the pretest to both posttests when on the platform matched to the COM motion. SUMMARY Results indicated that training on a dynamic platform diminished the destabilizing effect of conflicting sensory signals. Additionally, a relationship was observed between decreased COM motion and increased complexity in COP, which represents a more self-organized system. This finding suggests that improved stability may be associated with an increased complexity in the COP trajectory.
Determinants of Depositor Demand for the Texas Local Government Investment Pool

Local government investment pools (LGIP's) provide the political subdivisions of a state with a cost‐effective option for investing their daily cash balances in an income‐producing fund. LGIP's have grown into a $250 billion dollar industry in 44 states. This study reports on the factors that affect demand by depositors using time series data from TexPool. The results show that the yield spread of LGIP's has a nonlinear relationship with demand, the pool's liquidity was inversely related to demand, and TexPool's average monthly yield levels had no effect on demand. This study supports the normative values expected of local government investors — priority on safety and liquidity of principal. Outsourcing of the fund's management and aligning the pool's average maturity to the purpose of the pool brought a high level of confidence in the fund as seen by the substantial growth in both the average balance of investments and the number of depositors.
The power of legislative hot air: Informal rules and the enlargement debate in the European parliament

Integration theorists disagree over the extent to which the European Parliament can substantially influence policy‐making processes in the absence of formal agenda‐setting power. This article discusses the impact the European Parliament had on the current enlargement negotiations. Although the legislature does not yet possess the means to alter the stance of the European Council, it has tried to reverse the status quo through the use of its informal bargaining power. We argue based on a principal‐agent framework of analysis that the effectiveness of this strategy is largely a consequence of the ability to speak with one voice. The article evaluates various mechanisms to help the European Parliament build a unified position. It refutes socialisation and specialisation theories, showing that party group pressure towards a unified position overrode national concerns and constituted a necessary precondition in the development of an integrationist attitude. A statistical analysis of the pre‐bargaining positions inside the Foreign Affairs and Security Committee largely confirms the insights from qualitative interviews with participants and observers.
Estimating Urban Agglomeration Economies for India: A New Economic Geography Perspective

The main objective of this paper is to provide answer to an important question: Are Indian firms or industries in urban areas operating under decreasing returns to scale or increasing returns to scale? Scale economies are one of the main assumptions of new economic geography models that posit the formation of agglomeration economies. For this purpose, we use Kanemoto et al. (1996) model for estimation of aggregate production function and to derive the nature and magnitude of agglomeration economies on firm level production in organized manufacturing sector. Using firm level data in 2004-05 from the Annual Survey of Industry, we find that urban firms in Indian industry operate under decreasing returns to scale. Therefore, in case of India, we find the evidence that urbanization is associated with negative external economies of scale that do not enhance productivity and do not drive urban growth and development. In addition, we provide explanation behind this phenomenon and policy options to promote agglomeration economies which will make Indian cities as engine of rapid economic growth.