Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Realizability of Interactions in Collaboration Diagrams

Specification, modeling and analysis of interactions among peers that communicate via messages are becoming increasingly important due to the emerging area of web services. Collaboration diagrams provide a convenient visual model for characterizing such interactions. An interaction can be characterized as a global sequence of messages exchanged among a set of peers, listed in the order they are sent. A collaboration diagram can be used to specify the set of allowable interactions among the peers participating to a composite web service. Specification of the interactions from such a global perspective leads to the realizability problem: Is it possible to construct a set of peers that generate exactly the specified interactions? In this paper we investigate the realizability of interactions specified by collaboration diagrams. We formalize the realizability problem by modeling peers as concurrently executing finite state machines. We give sufficient realizability conditions for different classes of collaboration diagrams. We generalize the collaboration diagrams to collaboration diagram graphs and show that collaboration diagram graphs are equivalent to conversation protocols. We show that the sufficient conditions for realizability of conversation protocols can be adopted to realizability of collaboration diagram graphs.
Overview of areal changes of the ice shelves on the Antarctic Peninsula over the past 50 years

In recent decades, seven out of twelve ice shelves around the Antarctic Peninsula (AP) have either retreated significantly or have been almost entirely lost. At least some of these retreats have been shown to be unusual within the context of the Holocene and have been widely attributed to recent atmospheric and oceanic changes. To date, measurements of the area of ice shelves on the AP have either been approximated, or calculated for individual shelves over dissimilar time intervals. Here we present a new dataset containing up-to-date and consistent area calculations for each of the twelve ice shelves on the AP over the past five decades. The results reveal an overall reduction in total ice-shelf area by over 28 000 km(2) since the beginning of the period. Individual ice shelves show different rates of retreat, ranging from slow but progressive retreat to abrupt collapse. We discuss the pertinent features of each ice shelf and also broad spatial and temporal patterns in the timing and rate of retreat. We believe that an understanding of this diversity and what it implies about the underlying dynamics and control will provide the best foundation for developing a reliable predictive skill for ice-shelf change.
The capacity of online (causal) q-ary error-erasure channels

In the q-ary online (causal) channel coding model, a sender wishes to communicate a message to a receiver by transmitting a codeword x = (x1, . . . , xn) ∈ {0, 1, . , q - 1}n symbol-by-symbol via a channel limited to at most p*n errors (symbol changes) and p*n erasures. The channel is "online" (i.e., "causal") in the sense that at the ith step of communication the channel decides whether to corrupt the ith symbol or not only based on its view of the symbols (x1, . . . , xi). This is in contrast to the classical adversarial channel in which the corruption is chosen with full knowledge of the sent codeword x. In this work we extend the results obtained in [1]-[4] (in which the capacities of binary online bit-flip-only channels, and separately binary online erasure-only channels were characterized). We here extend those prior results in two important ways. First, we obtain the capacity of q-ary online channels for general q (rather than just q = 2). Second, we analyze combined error-erasure corruption models (rather than studying them separately). Characterization of this much broader class of symmetric online channels gives a fuller understanding of the effects of causality on jamming adversaries. The extensions in this paper require novel approaches for both optimal code designs, and matching information-theoretic converse arguments.
Air chemistry during the 1995 SOS/Nashville intensive determined from level 2 network

Air quality measurements from enhanced ground-based air monitoring stations, that were located at strategic urban, suburban, and rural (regional) locations, were used to determine the factors controlling excess ozone formation in the Nashville area. During the 6 week intensive study period, the daily maximum hourly O3 concentrations varied from daytime highs of less than 40 ppbv to values exceeding 120 ppbv. The higher O3 concentrations were observed at the urban and suburban locations, and the highest O3 value of 138 ppbv was observed at the downtown Nashville station. On 12 days, one or more of the urban and suburban stations exceeded midday 8-hour mean O3 concentrations of 80 ppbv in contrast to the single occurrence at the rural stations. The observations that the elevated O3 concentrations occurred more frequently at the urban and suburban stations during stagnating weather conditions suggest localized production of excess O3. The comparison of the O3/NOy ratios to model simulations suggest that the rural and suburban locations are in a NOx sensitive chemistry regime, while the urban location (downtown Nashville) is in a chemistry regime that is sensitive to both NOx and VOC concentrations. The O3 production efficiency, determined from the slope of the O3 versus NOz (NOy - NOx), was found to be similar between the Dickson and Youth suburban stations and the Giles rural/regional station. The segregation of the data by SO2 concentration showed lower O3 production efficiency for those measurement periods with SO2 concentrations greater than 2 ppbv. The slopes (upper limits of O3 production efficiency) ranged from 7.7 to 10.6 for the lower SO2 concentrations and from 4.4 to 4.6 for the higher SO2 concentrations.
High-dimensional regression problems with special structure

High-dimensional variable selection has received tremendous attention in the last decade. Sparse estimators like the Lasso (Tibshirani, 1996) have proven to be powerful for high-dimensional settings, both from a theoretical and a practical point of view. In this thesis we propose several extensions of the Lasso (and of variants thereof) when either additional structure is available in the data or when more flexibility with respect to sparsity or functional modeling is of interest. First, we consider the Group Lasso (Yuan and Lin, 2006). The Group Lasso is an extension of the Lasso to do variable selection on (predefined) groups of variables in linear regression models. The estimates have the attractive property of being invariant under groupwise orthogonal reparametrizations. We extend the Group Lasso to logistic regression models and present an efficient algorithm, especially suitable for high-dimensional problems, which can also be applied to generalized linear models to solve the corresponding convex optimization problem. The Group Lasso estimator for logistic regression is shown to be statistically consistent even if the number of predictors is much larger than sample size but with sparse true underlying structure. We further use a two-stage procedure which aims for sparser models than the Group Lasso, leading to improved prediction performance for some cases. Moreover, due to the two-stage nature, the estimates can be constructed to be hierarchical. The methods are used on simulated and real datasets about splice site detection in DNA sequences. When a series of (related) linear models has to be estimated it is often appropriate to combine the different data-sets to construct more efficient estimators. We use l1-penalized estimators like the Lasso or
A Novel Construction of Multi-Group Decodable Space-Time Block Codes

Complex Orthogonal Design (COD) codes are known to have the lowest detection complexity among Space-Time Block Codes (STBCs). However, the rate of square COD codes decreases exponentially with the number of transmit antennas. The Quasi-Orthogonal Design (QOD) codes emerged to provide a compromise between rate and complexity as they offer higher rates compared to COD codes at the expense of an increase of decoding complexity through partially relaxing the orthogonality conditions. The QOD codes were then generalized with the so called g-symbol and g-group decodable STBCs where the number of orthogonal groups of symbols is no longer restricted to two as in the QOD case. However, the adopted approach for the construction of such codes is based on sufficient but not necessary conditions which may limit the achievable rates for any number of orthogonal groups. In this paper, we limit ourselves to the case of Unitary Weight (UW)-g-group decodable STBCs for 2a transmit antennas where the weight matrices are required to be single thread matrices with non-zero entries ∈{± 1,± j} and address the problem of finding the highest achievable rate for any number of orthogonal groups. This special type of weight matrices guarantees full symbol-wise diversity and subsumes a wide range of existing codes in the literature. We show that in this case an exhaustive search can be applied to find the maximum achievable rates for UW-g-group decodable STBCs with g>;1. For this purpose, we extend our previously proposed approach for constructing UW-2-group decodable STBCs based on necessary and sufficient conditions to the case of UW-g-group decodable STBCs in a recursive manner.
Pliocene‐Quaternary history of Futuna Island, south Vanuatu, southwest Pacific

U‐series ages from thermal ionisation mass spectrometry are reported here for the raised coral reefs of Futuna Island, which lies adjacent to the eastern margin of the backarc Futuna Trough in south Vanuatu, southwest Pacific. U‐series ages from coral from the lowest raised reef indicate that its upper part is most likely to be ca 210 ka, whereas the most elevated raised reef has a likely age of ca 520 ka (range 600–440 ka). The inferred Pliocene‐Quaternary history for Futuna Island and the adjacent Futuna Trough is: (i) formation of the Pliocene—Early Quaternary basaltic‐andesite cone in a southeast part of the Vanuatu Island Arc; (ii) inception of the Futuna Trough (adjacent to the west margin of Futuna Island) since 1.8 Ma; (iii) subsequent uplift of the volcanic cone above sea‐level caused ∼500 m of its upper part to be removed by marine erosion; (iv) the island then subsided and at least 160 m of limestone was deposited on the truncated cone; and (v) during the period 520 ka to ca 210 ka seven fringing reefs formed at the margin of the cone as the island was uplifted. Since ca 210 ka Futuna further subsided and, as a result, the post ca 210 ka history of the island is obscure.
Targeted In Vivo Extracellular Matrix Formation Promotes Neovascularization in a Rodent Model of Myocardial Infarction

Background The extracellular matrix plays an important role in tissue regeneration. We investigated whether extracellular matrix protein fragments could be targeted with antibodies to ischemically injured myocardium to promote angiogenesis and myocardial repair. Methodology/Principal Findings Four peptides, 2 derived from fibronectin and 2 derived from Type IV Collagen, were assessed for in vitro and in vivo tendencies for angiogenesis. Three of the four peptides—Hep I, Hep III, RGD—were identified and shown to increase endothelial cell attachment, proliferation, migration and cell activation in vitro. By chemically conjugating these peptides to an anti-myosin heavy chain antibody, the peptides could be administered intravenously and specifically targeted to the site of the myocardial infarction. When administered into Sprague-Dawley rats that underwent ischemia-reperfusion myocardial infarction, these peptides produced statistically significantly higher levels of angiogenesis and arteriogenesis 6 weeks post treatment. Conclusions/Significance We demonstrated that antibody-targeted ECM-derived peptides alone can be used to sufficiently alter the extracellular matrix microenvironment to induce a dramatic angiogenic response in the myocardial infarct area. Our results indicate a potentially new non-invasive strategy for repairing damaged tissue, as well as a novel tool for investigating in vivo cell biology.
Essential requirements for the detection and degradation of invaders by the Haloferax volcanii CRISPR/Cas system I-B

To fend off foreign genetic elements, prokaryotes have developed several defense systems. The most recently discovered defense system, CRISPR/Cas, is sequence-specific, adaptive and heritable. The two central components of this system are the Cas proteins and the CRISPR RNA. The latter consists of repeat sequences that are interspersed with spacer sequences. The CRISPR locus is transcribed into a precursor RNA that is subsequently processed into short crRNAs. CRISPR/Cas systems have been identified in bacteria and archaea, and data show that many variations of this system exist. We analyzed the requirements for a successful defense reaction in the halophilic archaeon Haloferax volcanii. Haloferax encodes a CRISPR/Cas system of the I-B subtype, about which very little is known. Analysis of the mature crRNAs revealed that they contain a spacer as their central element, which is preceded by an eight-nucleotide-long 5′ handle that originates from the upstream repeat. The repeat sequences have the potential to fold into a minimal stem loop. Sequencing of the crRNA population indicated that not all of the spacers that are encoded by the three CRISPR loci are present in the same abundance. By challenging Haloferax with an invader plasmid, we demonstrated that the interaction of the crRNA with the invader DNA requires a 10-nucleotide-long seed sequence. In addition, we found that not all of the crRNAs from the three CRISPR loci are effective at triggering the degradation of invader plasmids. The interference does not seem to be influenced by the copy number of the invader plasmid.
Frontiers in Integrative Neuroscience Integrative Neuroscience

or alcohol craving in drinkers (Sayette et al., 1994) can disrupt performance of an unrelated reaction time task that requires cog-nitive processing. The current study approached this hypothesis from an animal learning perspective. As with humans, rats can select actions in a voluntary, goal-directed manner. Their tendency to perform an action, like pressing a lever, depends on the current incentive value of the reward that would normally be produced by that action (cf. Balleine and Ostlund, 2007; Balleine et al., 2009 for recent reviews). We assessed whether the presence of contextual cues that signaled alcohol intoxication would disrupt rats' capacity for goal-directed action selection. Rats were first given differential context conditioning such that one context was paired with ethanol injections and a second, distinctive context was paired with saline injections. All rats were then trained in a third, neutral context to press one lever for grain pellets and different lever for sucrose pellets. They were then administered a pair of choice tests, conducted in extinction, to evaluate the rats' ability to adjust their performance of the two actions in response to a reduction in the value of one of the two food outcomes. One test was conducted in the alcohol-paired context and the other was conducted in the control (saline-paired) context. If drug-paired cues interfere with goal-directed decision-making, then rats should be capable of selecting actions based on the value of their anticipated outcomes when tested in the control context but should be impaired in doing so when tested in the ethanol-paired
Perception of the pitch and naturalness of popular music by cochlear implant users

Abstract Objectives To assess the perceived pitch and naturalness of popular music by cochlear implant (CI) users. Methods Eleven experienced post-lingually deafened adult CI users rated the pitch, naturalness, and clarity of a popular song with 10 frequency allocation settings, including the default. The alternative settings all had logarithmic frequency spacing and frequency shifts of less than one octave compared with the default map. For maps which were perceived as having incorrect pitch, participants adjusted the pitch of the song in real time using a slider, in order to normalize it, and the amount of adjustment was recorded. Results The default map was rated as having close to correct pitch. Naturalness rating was negatively correlated with basal shift from a baseline logarithmic map, which was the same as the default map for basal electrodes (R2 = 0.77). Ratings of the clarity of the lyrics were adversely affected by basal shift. The majority of participants were able to rate and adjust pitch appropriately. The frequency shift in the map was highly correlated with participants’ adjustments of the pitch slider (R2 = 0.94), but the adjustments were less than expected for the majority of participants. Discussion The pitch ratings for the default allocation suggest that participants have acclimatized to their processors’ frequency allocations. Adjustment of the pitch of the song was possible for the majority and suggested that all but one participant was experiencing frequency compression. Expansion of the frequency allocation might help to alleviate this. Conclusion Adjustment of the pitch of a popular song could be helpful for tuning CIs.
Flow sampling under hard resource constraints

Many network management applications use as their data traffic volumes differentiated by attributes such as IP address or port number. IP flow records are commonly collected for this purpose: these enable determination of fine-grained usage of network resources. However, the increasingly large volumes of flow statistics incur concomitant costs in the resources of the measurement infrastructure. This motivates sampling of flow records.This paper addresses sampling strategy for flow records. Recent work has shown that non-uniform sampling is necessary in order to control estimation variance arising from the observed heavy-tailed distribution of flow lengths. However, while this approach controls estimator variance, it does not place hard limits on the number of flows sampled. Such limits are often required during arbitrary downstream sampling, resampling and aggregation operations employed in analysis of the data.This paper proposes a correlated sampling strategy that is able to select an arbitrarily small number of the "best" representatives of a set of flows. We show that usage estimates arising from such selection are unbiased, and show how to estimate their variance, both offline for modeling purposes, and online during the sampling itself. The selection algorithm can be implemented in a queue-like data structure in which memory usage is uniformly bounded during measurement. Finally, we compare the complexity and performance of our scheme with other potential approaches.
THE NEW ERA OF MEDICAL IMAGING : CLOUD

In the past century developed technology has an essential role in healthcare industry. Cloud computing is a hot topic todays, that is applied not only to many industries but research areas. There are too many advantages of cloud computing such as, easy access, configurable resource with low costs. Researchers are interested in cloud computing with these advantages. Especially, cloud is a good way for medical image databases which are growing day by day. Because management of medical image databases on cloud is easy to store, process, exchange and search with detailed queries. This study shows the advantages, disadvantages and risks about medical imaging on cloud. Consequently, although cloud computing technology has some risks or disadvantages, it is inevitable and inexcusable for healthcare industry. KeywordsCloud Computing, E-health,Medical Imaging, Medicine, Internet, Healthcare.
A representation of an instantaneous unit hydrograph from geomorphology

The channel network and the overland flow regions in a river basin satisfy Horton's empirical geo-morphologic laws when ordered according to the Strahler ordering scheme. This setting is presently employed in a kinetic theoretic framework for obtaining an explicit mathematical representation for the instantaneous unit hydrograph (iuh) at the basin outlet. Two examples are developed which lead to explicit formulae for the iuh. These examples are formally analogous to the solutions that would result if a basin is represented in terms of linear reservoirs and channels, respectively, in series and in parallel. However, this analogy is only formal, and it does not carry through physically. All but one of the parameters appearing in the iuh formulae are obtained in terms of Horton's bifurcation ratio, stream length ratio, and stream area ratio. The one unknown parameter is obtained through specifying the basin mean lag time independently. Three basins from Illinois are selected to check the theoretical results with the observed direct surface runoff hydrographs. The theory provided excellent agreement for two basins with areas of the order of 1100 mi2 (1770 km2) but underestimates the peak flow for the smaller basin with 300-mi2 (483-km2) area. This relative lack of agreement for the smaller basin may be used to question the validity of the linearity assumption in the rainfall runoff transformation which is embedded in the above development.
Prosthetic Breast Reconstruction with Acellular Dermal Matrix

Over the years, implant technology and surgical techniques have evolved, resulting in the improved outcomes in breast reconstruction. National trends have moved away from total submuscular coverage toward “dual-plane” positioning of implants. Dual-plane placement provides multiple advantages including decreased chest wall morbidity and increased patient comfort. However, limitations of dual-plane positioning include lack secure coverage of the inferior pole of the implant, less control over the position of the inframammary fold (IMF), and a tendency towards superior migration of the pectoralis major muscle and expander during expansion. [2]-[4] Additional limitations of traditional tissue expander reconstruction remains the time required to reach maximal expansion and difficulty in inferior pole expansion. [5]
Attenuation of genetic hypertension after short-term vasopressin V1A receptor antagonism.

Abnormalities of the vasopressin system are found in genetic hypertension. This study compares the delayed effects of a brief period of vasopressin V1A receptor blockade and angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibition in young female and male spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR) on the development of hypertension in adult life. In a separate study, the role of vasopressin in the maintenance of blood pressure in adult SHR was assessed. Young SHR received either the nonpeptide vasopressin V1A receptor antagonist OPC-21268, the angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor ramipril, or vehicle from 6 to 10 weeks of age. During the treatment period, OPC-21268 and ramipril reduced systolic blood pressure compared with control SHR (P < .001). Blood pressure in male SHR 7 weeks after treatment withdrawal was 178 +/- 1 mm Hg in ramipril-treated, 184 +/- 1 mm Hg in OPC-21268-treated, and 200 +/- 2 mm Hg in control SHR (P < .001). Similar results were seen in female SHR, although both OPC-21268 and ramipril were less effective antihypertensive agents in female compared with male SHR. The sustained attenuation in blood pressure was not associated with significant cardiovascular structural changes (left ventricular-to-body weight ratio, renal weight-to-body weight ratio, mesenteric resistance artery media-to-lumen ratio). Results of vasopressin V1A receptor binding kinetics and plasma renin or aldosterone concentrations did not suggest a lasting effect of OPC-21268 on the vasopressin system or of ramipril on the renin-angiotensin system following treatment withdrawal. (ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)