Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Three distinct morphological classes of receptors in fish olfactory organs

Three morphologically distinct classes of receptor‐neurons are proposed: (1) type I ciliar cells, (2) microvillar cells and (3) type II ciliar cells. Retrograde transport of horseradish peroxidase by axons in the olfactory nerve to the olfactory organs of goldfish (Carassius auratus) and channel catfish (Ictalurus punctatus) provided evidence that these axon‐bearing cells are present in the organs of both species. Goldfish olfactory organs were also studied with scanning electron microscopy, dissociated with papain for isolated cell preparations, and processed for ultrastructural localization of acid phosphatase activity. Type I ciliar cells are similar to ciliar olfactory receptors found in all vertebrate classes. Microvillar cells are present in the olfactory organs of most fishes and in the tetrapod vomeronasal organ. In goldfish and catfish, type I ciliar and microvillar cells are concentrated on the inner third of each lamella, nearest to the median raphe. Type II ciliar cells have often been described as respiratory‐type or ciliated nonsensory cells. They are structurally similar to respiratory epithelial cells in the nasal cavities of tetrapods and have motile cilia that beat synchronously, indicative of their role in mediating fluid flow over the olfactory epithelium. In goldfish they occur singly and in aggregates throughout the organ. In catfish they are segregated from type I ciliar and microvillar cells on the outer two‐thirds of each lamella. In goldfish and catfish they have axons that pass through the olfactory nerve to the olfactory bulb; hence, they are receptor‐neurons as well as analogous to respiratory epithelium.
A Collective Profile of the American Spectator i n tHe Summer Olympic Games in Montreal 1976

The purpose of this study was to determine if there were any specific and different profiles of the American men and women who participated as spectators in the Summer Olympic Games in Montreal, 1976. The subjects were 764 American spectators which were selected by a random sample method from the file of Olympic ticket buyers. The subjects answered questionnaires dur ing a period of two months before the Olympics through to the last day of the Games. The results of the questionnaire and the data were analyzed by a computer and were subjected to frequency analysis and chi-square tests by the author. The data accumulated from the questionnaire were analyzed based on four profiles. A. Profile of the subjects based on demographic variables; B. Profile of the subjects based on their personal involvement in sports; C. Profile of the subjects based on their attitudes towards the Olympic Games; D. Profile of subjects based on their motivation for going to the Olympic Games in Montreal. It was concluded that for most of the subjects, going to the Olympic Games was a fun adventure and individual sports as track and field, gymnastics, and swimming were the most popular events watched by both sexes. It was also concluded that the Olympic Games became a matter of interest to the American public two weeks before the Games, and that the majority of the spectators have little knowledge of international sporting events.
O processo de construção e reconstrução das identidades dos indivíduos nas organizações

The identities of the individuals in the organizations are constructed from the interaction human being, to if sharing objectives, rules, values, among others, exerting a considerable influence on the motivation of the workers, as well as its satisfaction and productivity. This article intends to analyze and to comment the process of construction of the identities of the individuals in the organizations. It is still intended, to verify as the process of reconstruction of these identities occurs, in environments of constant changes. A theoretical and interpretative approach will be used, arguing that the organizations tend to determine the way as the individuals perceive the set of excellent social relations for them.
Rat Heart NCX1.1 Stoichiometry Measured in a Transfected Cell System

Abstract: Expression of cDNA encoding the rat heart NCX1.1 protein in HEK‐293 cells provides a simple system in which properties of the expressed protein can be determined in the absence of contaminating ionic conductances or parallel transport pathways. Using this system, we have determined that NCX1.1 transports 4 Na+ in exchange for 1 Ca2+ and accompanied by the movement of 2 positive charges. The measured stoichiometry is constant over a range of different intracellular Na+ and Ca2+ concentrations, independent of the nature of the Ca2+ buffer used and not affected by the direction of the applied voltage ramp. We conclude that our measurements are unlikely to be confounded by poor control over ionic conditions close to the intracellular surface of the membrane. A stoichiometry of 4:1 for NCX1 has important implications for models of the role of NCX1 in cellular Ca2+ handling and suggests that in the heart the exchanger will be cardioprotective over a wider range of conditions and have a greater contribution to action potential shape than previously appreciated.
The Prevalence, Maintenance, and Relevance of G Protein–Coupled Receptor Oligomerization

Over the past decade, ideas and experimental support for the hypothesis that G protein–coupled receptors may exist as dimeric or oligomeric complexes moved initially from heresy to orthodoxy, to the current situation in which the capacity of such receptors to interact is generally accepted but the prevalence, maintenance, and relevance of such interactions to both pharmacology and function remain unclear. A vast body of data obtained following transfection of cultured cells is still to be translated to native systems and, even where this has been attempted, results often remain controversial and contradictory. This review will consider approaches that are currently being applied and why these might be challenging to interpret, and will suggest means to overcome these limitations.
Resonance of basis-conjugating automorphism groups

Abstract. We determine the structure of the ﬁrst resonance variety of the coho-mology ring of the group of automorphisms of a ﬁnitely generated free group whichact by conjugation on a given basis. 1. Resonance of PΣ n Let F n be the free group generated by x 1 ,. ,x n . The basis-conjugating auto-morphism group, or pure symmetric automorphism group, is the group PΣ n of allautomorphisms of F n which send each generator x i to a conjugate of itself. Results ofDahm [4] and Goldsmith [6] imply that this group may also be realized as the “groupof loops,” the group of motions of a collection of nunknotted, unlinked oriented cir-cles in 3-space, where each circle returns to its original position. McCool [8] found thefollowing presentation for the basis-conjugating automorphism group:(1) PΣ n = hβ i,j ,1 ≤ i6= j≤ n| [β i,j ,β k,l ],[β i,k ,β j,k ],[β i,j ,(β i,k · β j,k )]i,where [u,v] = uvu −1 v −1 denotes the commutator, the indices in the relations aredistinct, and the generators β i,j are the automorphisms of F
The 1960s – long hair, flowers and morality mash: ethical appraisal of the clash that helped shape today’s Western society

The 1960s will be remembered as a major clash that helped shape today’s Western society. Young people were breaking out of the moulds that had been cast by their parents’ post-war era. The conflict brought about significant social change all over Western society. Western man searched frantically for a new world, willing to risk the hardship of revolution. In a world full of confusing and conflicting approaches in terms of how to view man, the Bible has the clear answer: man is created in the image of God, and is, in this capacity, God’s vice- regent and image-bearer. However, the Christian church is by- and-large remarkably indecisive as the social conscience of Western society. The main thrust of the sixties was anti-status quo, anti-esta- blishment, anti-materialist. In the process of man’s self-deter- mination on either side of the conflict, great erosion of man’s greatest gift occurred: ethical distinction. The spiritual vacuum created by anti-establishment forces led to confusion and self- destruction.
GPU based video stylization

In this paper, we present a GPU based video stylization framework that can artistically stylize video stream in real time. In this framework, firstly, we use a separable implementation of bilateral filter as an adaptive and iterative smoothing operation that selectively simplifies image color, leading to an abstracted look. Secondly, we perform a soft color quantization step on the abstracted video. A significant advantage of the soft color quantization implementation is preserving temporal coherence and reducing computation time as well. Successively, some optional approaches are designed to generate different artistic styles. We evaluate the effectiveness of our stylization framework with the experiment results.
The Differential Correlates of Sexual Coercion and Rape

Typically, sexual coercion has been viewed as a less serious form of sexual aggression than attempted rape or rape. However, sexual coercion may be better understood as a qualitatively different type of sexual aggression experience. We examined the correlates of sexual coercion and rape/attempted rape experiences separately among a sample of young women who were at increased risk of sexual victimization as a result of their high levels of sexual activity and alcohol consumption. We hypothesized that personality variables would be associated with sexual coercion but not rape experiences. We found that low self-esteem, low assertiveness, and high sexrelated alcohol expectancies were associated with sexual coercion experiences but not with rape or attempted rape. Higher levels of casual sexual activity and alcohol consumption were associated with both types of experiences. Findings suggest that sexual coercion may be prevented by improving sexual assertiveness and weakening alcohol expectancies to emphasize personal control.
Functional imaging in living plants—cell biology meets physiology

The last quarter of a century has brought major developments in the acquisition of images from plants through improvements in microscopy equipment, software and technique. Likewise, step changes in image analysis tools and the utilization and iterative redesign of fluorescent protein based markers and probes has revolutionized the ability of researchers to ask fundamental questions in cell biology and physiology. This research topic gives a snapshot of the current shape of the field in the plant sciences.
A retrospective study of the clinical burden of hospitalized all-cause and pneumococcal pneumonia in Canada.

Background. Routine vaccination against Streptococcus pneumoniae is recommended in Canada for infants, the elderly, and individuals with chronic comorbidity. National incidence and burden of all-cause and pneumococcal pneumonia in Canada (excluding Quebec) were assessed. Methods. Incidence, length of stay, and case-fatality rates of hospitalized all-cause and pneumococcal pneumonia were determined for 2004–2010 using ICD-10 discharge data from the Canadian Institutes for Health Information Discharge Abstract Database. Population-at-risk data were obtained from the Statistics Canada census. Temporal changes in pneumococcal and all-cause pneumonia rates in adults ≥65 years were analyzed by logistic regression. Results. Hospitalization for all-cause pneumonia was highest in children <5 years and in adults >70 years and declined significantly from 1766/100,000 to 1537/100,000 per year in individuals aged ≥65 years (P < 0.001). Overall hospitalization for pneumococcal pneumonia also declined from 6.40/100,000 to 5.08/100,000 per year. Case-fatality rates were stable (11.6% to 12.3%). Elderly individuals had longer length of stay and higher case-fatality rates than younger groups. Conclusions. All-cause and pneumococcal pneumonia hospitalization rates declined between 2004 and 2010 in Canada (excluding Quebec). Direct and indirect effects from pediatric pneumococcal immunization may partly explain some of this decline. Nevertheless, the burden of disease from pneumonia remains high.
MANA - Multi scale adaptive normalized averaging

It is possible to correct intensity inhomogeneity in fat-water Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) by estimating a bias field based on the observed intensities of voxels classified as the pure adipose tissue [1]. The same procedure can also be used to quantify fat volume and its distribution [2] which opens up for new medical applications. The bias field estimation method has to be robust since pure fat voxels are irregularly located and the density varies greatly within and between image volumes. This paper introduces Multi scale Adaptive Normalized Average (MANA) that solves this problem by basing the estimate on a scale space of weighted averages. By using the local certainty of the data MANA preserves details where the local data certainty is high and provides realistic values in sparse areas.
Maintenance of stereocilia and apical junctional complexes by Cdc42 in cochlear hair cells

ABSTRACT Cdc42 is a key regulator of dynamic actin organization. However, little is known about how Cdc42-dependent actin regulation influences steady-state actin structures in differentiated epithelia. We employed inner ear hair-cell-specific conditional knockout to analyze the role of Cdc42 in hair cells possessing highly elaborate stable actin protrusions (stereocilia). Hair cells of Atoh1–Cre;Cdc42flox/flox mice developed normally but progressively degenerated after maturation, resulting in progressive hearing loss particularly at high frequencies. Cochlear hair cell degeneration was more robust in inner hair cells than in outer hair cells, and began as stereocilia fusion and depletion, accompanied by a thinning and waving circumferential actin belt at apical junctional complexes (AJCs). Adenovirus-encoded GFP–Cdc42 expression in hair cells and fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET) imaging of hair cells from transgenic mice expressing a Cdc42-FRET biosensor indicated Cdc42 presence and activation at stereociliary membranes and AJCs in cochlear hair cells. Cdc42-knockdown in MDCK cells produced phenotypes similar to those of Cdc42-deleted hair cells, including abnormal microvilli and disrupted AJCs, and downregulated actin turnover represented by enhanced levels of phosphorylated cofilin. Thus, Cdc42 influenced the maintenance of stable actin structures through elaborate tuning of actin turnover, and maintained function and viability of cochlear hair cells.
Joint attention, developmental level, and symptom presentation in autism

Abstract Recent data suggest that a disturbance in the development of joint attention skills is a specific characteristic of young autistic children. This observation may have both theoretical and clinical significance. However, many pertinent issues remain to be addressed with regard to the parameters of joint attention disturbance in children with autism. This study attempted to address several of these issues. The study examines the effects of mental age and IQ on the joint attention skills of children with autism, mental retardation, and normal development. The study also examined the relation of joint attention behaviors to the parent's report of symptoms presented by children with autism. The results suggested that, differences in IQ and mental age may be related to differences in the type of joint attention skill deficits displayed by children with autism. The results also suggested that joint attention disturbance is associated with a circumscribed, but social cluster of symptoms observed among young autistic children by their parents. The implications of these findings for developmental models of autism are discussed.
Single words, multiple words, and the functions of language

Wilkins & Wakefield assign importance to motor systems but skip from anatomy to cognitive structure with little attention to behavior. Organisms, no matter how sophisticated, that do not behave in accord with what they know will fall by the evolutionary wayside. Facts about behavior can supplement the authors' theory, whose hierarchical structures can accommodate an evolutionary scenario in which a million years or more of functionally varied utterances mainly limited to single words is followed by an explosion of linguistic diversity with the development in the last 50,000 years or so of syntactically organized multiple word utterances.
Sequence of GDF 8 (Myostatin) Gene in Bubalus Bubalis

The sequence of myostatin gene (growth differentiation factor 8 [GDF 8]) in Indian riverine buffalo (Bubalus bubalis) is reported. The genomic DNA as well as mRNA were sequenced. The sequence is conserved across all the livestock species. Five nonsynonymous changes as compared to cattle were found in this study and were also confirmed by mRNA sequence. Two intronic single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) were identified in buffalo.
Bcl11b heterozygosity promotes clonal expansion and differentiation arrest of thymocytes in γ‐irradiated mice

Bcl11b encodes a zinc‐finger transcription factor and functions as a haploinsufficient tumor suppressor gene. Bcl11bKO/KO mice exhibit differentiation arrest of thymocytes during β‐selection as has been observed with other mouse models involving knockouts of genes in the Wnt/β‐catenin signaling pathway. Recurrent chromosomal rearrangement at the BCL11B locus occurs in human T‐cell leukemias, but it is not clear how such rearrangement would contribute to lymphomagenesis. To address this issue, we studied clonal cell growth, cell number, and differentiation of thymocytes in Bcl11bKO/+ mice at different time points following γ‐irradiation. Analysis of D‐J rearrangement at the T cell receptor β‐chain (TCRβ) locus and cell surface markers by flow cytometry revealed two distinct populations of clonally growing thymocytes. In one population, thymocytes share a common D‐J rearrangement but retain the capacity to differentiate. In contrast, thymocytes in the second population have lost their ability to differentiate. Since the capacity to self renew and differentiate into multiple cell lineages are fundamental properties of adult stem cells, the differentiation competent population of thymocytes that we have isolated could potentially function as cancer stem cells. We also demonstrate increased expression of β‐catenin, a well‐known oncogenic protein, in Bcl11bKO/+ thymocytes. Collectively, the Bcl11bKO/+ genotype contributes to clonal expansion and differentiation arrest in part through an increase in the level of β‐catenin. (Cancer Sci 2010)
Confidentiality Based File Attributes and Data Classification Using TsF-KNN

Machine Leaning (ML) plays an important role in the electronic data management. It is always costly and difficult to manage the data manually without adopting ML or with ML using metadata. Many ML algorithms have been proposed to solve different data management issues, but the prediction of the confidential data and non- confidential data in a data file is still a challenging research gap. A file cannot be categorized into a single category/class because the data in one simply file may fall into different categories/classes. The main objective of this study is to predict the confidential and non-confidential data of a file using K-NN algorithm. We also proposed a method called Training dataset Filtration Key Nearest Neighbour (TsF-KNN) classifier which classifies the data of file based on the confidentiality level of the schema of a file (file attributes). The proposed algorithm, TsF-KNN, is efficient in the context of time and has a higher accuracy as compared to the traditional K-NN algorithms.
Program Performance and Multiple Constituency Theory

This article seeks to deepen our understanding of performance measurement in the nonprofit human services sector by investigating issues related to funder and provider motivations for collecting and analyzing program-level performance information. Using survey and interview data from nonprofit human service organizations and their funders (nonprofit and local government), we analyze this study’s research questions through the lens of multiple constituency theory. Consistent with multiple constituency theory, the study found similarities and differences in funder and provider motivations for collecting performance information. The study also indicates that other key constituents (such as service beneficiaries, donors to nonprofit organizations, and other levels of government that provide resources to local governments) play a role in defining program performance. The article suggests that multiple constituency theory applies to program-level performance and that understanding program performance requires considering the perspectives of multiple stakeholders.
Relation of General Deviance to Academic Dishonesty

This study investigated the relations of cheating on an exam and using a false excuse to avoid taking an exam as scheduled to various forms of minor deviance. College students completed measures of cheating, false excuse making, and minor deviance. A factor analysis identified clusters of deviance behaviors. Cheaters scored higher than noncheaters on measures of unreliability and risky driving behaviors, and false excuse makers scored higher than other students on measures of substance use, risky driving, illegal behaviors, and personal unreliability. In addition, men scored higher than women on substance abuse and illegal behaviors factors. Results are interpreted in terms of personological theories of honesty and reliability.
Managing Switching Costs in Multiperiod Procurements with Strategic Buyers

This article examines the use of switching costs by long-lived strategic buyers to manage dynamic competition between rival suppliers. The analysis reveals how buyers may employ switching costs to their advantage. We show that when switching costs are high, a buyer may induce suppliers to price more competitively by credibly threatening to replace the incumbent supplier with his rivals. The implications of this finding for adoption of technology and firm organization are explored in settings in which the buyer is integrated with the suppliers and where the buyer is an outsourcer.
The body behind music: precedents and prospects

The involvement of the body in musical experiences is a phenomenon that has been noted since ancient times, and many authors have cited the organic rhythms of the body as providing the experiential basis for musical rhythm. The input of our bodily experiences to the comprehension of music has recently been investigated by various researchers in music theory. A similar interest in the bodily basis of music is also seen in studies of expressive music performance. Systematic – and experimental – research on the bodily dimension of musical experiences can be traced back to the 19th century. The rise of scientific psychology from within the experimental physiology of the period gave 19th century theories concerning the workings of the human mind a decisively embodiedcharacter. Hence, recent research on expressive performance is rooted in 19th century theories of music performance that employed bodily phenomena as models. This article provides a survey of these early performance studies in the light of 19th century psychology, and discusses rhythmic structure as the basis of a theory of expressive performance.1