Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
The precipitation of keV energetic oxygen ions at Mars and their effects during the comet Siding Spring approach

Comet Siding Spring C/2013 A1 will pass Mars on 19 October 2014, entailing particle and dust precipitation in the Martian upper atmosphere and a potential dust hazard for orbiters. An estimate of the flux of energetic O+ ions picked up by the solar wind from the cometary coma is shown, with an increase of the O+ flux above 50 keV by 2 orders of magnitude. While the ionization of Mars' upper atmosphere by precipitating O+ ions is expected to be negligible compared to solar EUV‐XUV ionization, it is of the same order of magnitude at 110 km altitude during the cometary passage, leading to detectable increases in ionospheric densities. Cometary O+ pickup ion precipitation is expected to be the major nightside ionization source, creating a temporary ionosphere and a global airglow. These effects are dependent on the solar and cometary activities at the time of the encounter.
An internally consistent dataset with uncertainties and correlations: 3. Applications to geobarometry, worked examples and a computer program

Abstract This paper provides methods and a description of a Pascal computer program, thermocalc, for various thermodynamic calculations using the thermodynamic dataset presented in earlier papers in this series (Holland & Powell, 1985; Powell & Holland, 1985). The dataset involves uncertainties on the thermodynamic parameters and therefore allows uncertainties to be calculated on results, for example in geothermometry and geobarometry. Recommendations are made for the uncertainties on activities to be used in calculations on rocks, particular emphasis being placed on preventing underestimates of these uncertainties at small mole fractions. Apposite examples of phase diagram and rock calculations are presented with ouput from thermocalc, demonstrating the utility of the program. Of the rock calculations, the most valuable are considered to be those involving simultaneous combination ‘least squares’of calculated conditions for a set of reactions applicable to a rock. This set of reactions involves the independent reactions which can be written between the end-members in the minerals in a rock and in the thermodynamic dataset. In contrast to an approach based on specific geothermometers and geobarometers, this approach maximizes the benefit of having an internally consistent thermodynamic dataset. thermocalc is available in IBM PC and Mac versions, from Roger Powell for A$25 or Tim Holland for £10 per version.
Surface cooling due to forest fire smoke

In four different cases of extensive forest fire smoke the surface temperature effects were determined under the smoke cloud. In all cases, daytime cooling and no nighttime effects were found. The locations of smoke clouds from extensive forest fires in western Canada in 1981 and 1982, in northern China and Siberia in 1987, and in Yellowstone National Park in northwestern Wyoming in 1988 were determined from satellite imagery. As these smoke clouds passed over the midwestern United States for the Canadian and Yellow-stone fires and over Alaska for the Chinese/Siberian fires, surface air temperature effects were determined by comparing actual surface air temperatures with those forecast by model output statistics (MOS) of the United States National Weather Service. MOS error fields corresponding to the smoke cloud locations showed day-time cooling of 1.5° to 7°C under the smoke but no nighttime effects. These results correspond to theoretical estimates of the effects of smoke, and they serve as observational confirmation of a portion of the nuclear winter theory. This also implies that smoke from biomass burning can have a daytime cooling effect of a few degrees over seasonal time scales. In order to properly simulate the present climate with a numerical climate model in regions of regular burning it may be necessary to include this smoke effect.
Analysis of conventional and converted mode reflections at Putah sink, California using three-component data

In 1980 Chevron recorded a three‐component seismic line using vertical (V) and transverse (T) motion vibrators over the Putah sink gas field near Davis, California. The purpose was to record the total vector motion of the various reflection types excited by the two sources, with emphasis on converted P‐S reflections. Analysis of the conventional reflection data agreed with results from the Conoco Shear Wave Group Shoot of 1977–1978. For example, the P‐P wave section had gas‐sand bright spots which were absent in the S‐S wave section. Shot profiles from the V vibrators showed strong P‐S converted wave events on the horizontal radial component (R) as expected. To our surprise, shot records from the T vibrators showed S‐P converted wave events on the V component, with low amplitudes but high signal‐to‐noise (S/N) ratios. These S‐P events were likely products of split S‐waves generated in anisotropic subsurface media. Components of these downgoing waves in the plane of incidence were converted to P‐waves on r.
Options for co-management of an Indonesian coastal fishery

Perceptions of fisheries authorities and fishers on the status of the fisheries and fish stocks in Spermonde Archipelago, a coastal shelf off SW Sulawesi, Indonesia, seem to concur. However, constraints imposed by the administrative and physical environment and by the weak contrasts in fishery outcome within Spermonde cause these partners cannot find realistic arguments for a causal relation between catch and effort from their experiences. Therefore co-management for fisheries in this area is not yet viable. More informative use of fisheries data by standardising the unit of effort, accounting for the fast developments in motorization, and combining data on fisheries and ecological grounds rather than on administrative grounds will increase the management value of already available official data. Exchange of experiences between local fisheries authorities and fishers from districts or provinces with highly contrasting levels of fishing intensity will facilitate discussions on the need and benefits of effort regulations.
Elongated Uppermost Internode Encodes a Cytochrome P450 Monooxygenase That Epoxidizes Gibberellins in a Novel Deactivation Reaction in Rice

The recessive tall rice (Oryza sativa) mutant elongated uppermost internode (eui) is morphologically normal until its final internode elongates drastically at the heading stage. The stage-specific developmental effect of the eui mutation has been used in the breeding of hybrid rice to improve the performance of heading in male sterile cultivars. We found that the eui mutant accumulated exceptionally large amounts of biologically active gibberellins (GAs) in the uppermost internode. Map-based cloning revealed that the Eui gene encodes a previously uncharacterized cytochrome P450 monooxygenase, CYP714D1. Using heterologous expression in yeast, we found that EUI catalyzed 16a,17-epoxidation of non-13-hydroxyl-ated GAs. Consistent with the tall and dwarfed phenotypes of the eui mutant and Eui-overexpressing transgenic plants, respectively, 16a,17-epoxidation reduced the biological activity of GA 4 in rice, demonstrating that EUI functions as a GA-deactivating enzyme. Expression of Eui appeared tightly regulated during plant development, in agreement with the stage-specific eui phenotypes. These results indicate the existence of an unrecognized pathway for GA deactivation by EUI during the growth of wild-type internodes. The identification of Eui as a GA catabolism gene provides additional evidence that the GA metabolism pathway is a useful target for increasing the agronomic value of crops.
Wave structures of the plasma density and vertical E × B drift in low‐latitude F region

[1] We investigate the seasonal, longitudinal, local time (LT), and altitudinal variations of the F region morphology at low latitudes using data from the first Republic of China satellite (ROCSAT-1), Global Ultraviolet Imager (GUVI), on board the Thermosphere Ionosphere Mesosphere Energetics and Dynamics (TIMED) satellite, and the Defense Meteorological Satellite Program (DMSP) F13 and F15 satellites. Signatures of the longitudinally periodic plasma density structure emerge before 0900 LT. The wave structure is established before noon and further amplified in the afternoon. The amplitudes of the wave structure start to diminish in the evening. The wave-4 structure is clearly distinguishable during equinox and northern hemisphere summer. During northern hemisphere winter, the density structure can be characterized to either wave-4 or wave-3 structure owing to marginal separation of the two peaks in 180°–300°E. Observations of similar density structures from ROCSAT-1 (600 km) and DMSP (840 km) at 0930 and 1800 LT indicate the extension of the wave structure to altitudes greater than 840 km. The daytime wave structure persists into the night during the equinoxes but is significantly modified during the solstices. The modification is more significant at higher altitudes and is attributed to the effects of interhemispheric winds and the prereversal enhancement. The formation of the wavelike density structure in the morning and its temporal evolution in the afternoon show a close association with the vertical E × B drift. We conclude that the E × B drift during 0900–1200 LT determines the formation of the wavelike density structure.
Watershed Level BMP Evaluation with SWAT Model

Best Management Practices (BMPs) were designated to protect the water quality. However, their effectiveness needs to be evaluated before implementation, especially for a mixed land use watershed. A continuous time and watershed scale model, SWAT, was applied to a small agricultural watershed with mixed land use in the Piedmont region of Maryland to evaluate its hydrologic/water quality responses under several BMPs. Nine years (1994-2002) of hydrologic and water quality data were used to calibrate and validate the model. Simulations were conducted for background conditions where conventional tillage with up and down hill planting was used for row crops. Other simulations were conducted for nonstructural BMPs that ranged from conservation tillage to no-till and with contour and strip cropping. Results indicate that each of these BMPs had significant effect in reducing sediment and nutrient losses compared to background scenario. Reductions in sediment ranged from 18.7% (9-year average) for contour planting with conventional tillage to 41.7% for contour-strip cropping with no-till operation. Similar reductions in nitrate-N (10.1% to 29.2%) and soluble P (23.2% to 34.4%) were also obtained. In addition, within the same BMP having winter crop resulted in significant load reductions. Finally, the effects of filter strip with varied strip widths (3m, 6m, and 12m) are found to be trivial. This study concluded that the most feasible scenario is the BMP combination of contour planting with no-till-winter crop-3m filter strip. Average simulated flow, sediment, and nutrient loads obtained under each BMP was also associated with model uncertainties due to input variability. Data indicated that one should be cautious in using simulation results for making policy decision.
Fear and Hope: Three Generations of the Holocaust

Author's Note Prologue Introduction 1. THE BELINSKYS: Out of the Camps With Tova Milo 2. THE LERMANS: Among the Partisans With Bosmat Dvir-Malka 3. THE ANISEVITCHES: Out of the Warsaw Ghetto With Noga Gil'ad 4. THE SEGALS: Out of Russian Asia With Bosmat Dvir-Malka 5. THE GUETTAS: Under Occupation in Libya With Noga Gil'ad Epilogue Appendix: Life Stories as Scientific Inquiry With Gabriele Rosenthal Notes References Index
Depth control GRIN lens array for integral photography

This paper describes a new means to control depth positions of 3-D images for integral photography. A GRIN lens array is set in front of a lens array for image capturing. The length of each elemental GRIN lens composing the array is a half of one period of the optical path. The GRIN lens array also avoids pseudoscopic effects with revised depth. The depth position of the 3-D images is controlled by adjusting the distance between the GRIN lens array and the capturing lens array, thus producing 3-D images without depth distortion.
Soil Bulk Density Analysis in Three Dimensions by Computed Tomographic Scanning

Current soil bulk densitometric techniques lack the precision to detect three-dimensional changes in density in a nondestructive manner. The x-ray transmission computed tomography (CT) scanner was evaluated as a tool to determine soil bulk density. This scanner is an advanced tool in diagnostic radiology used to obtain a nondestructive cross-sectional representation of the human body. Typical accuracy and precision for CT scanners are known for materials like human tissue with a linear attenuation coefficient near water. Machine response was evaluated near the upper limit of the measurement range where denser materials, such as soil, are located. Scanner analyses of soil and glass bead-air filled sphere samples that varied in bulk density from 0.14 to 1.64 g/cm³ revealed that a positive linear response occurred with increasing density. For the Metea sandy loam soil (Arenic Hapludalfs), this CT scanner was found to have precision in the order of 19 mg/cm³. Spatial resolution or the ability to distinguish between two objects in the scanning plane was found to range from 1.25 by 1.25 by 2 mm³ to 6.4 mm in diameter by 2 mm. The greater resolution was obtained when density within the sample varied greatly. Errors in data can occur as a result of certain machine artifacts; however, many of these can be avoided by relatively simple methods. It was concluded that the CT scanner can be used to determine soil bulk density with good three-dimensional spatial resolution. This is a potentially promising tool for research in the areas of compaction, soil management, and cultivation.
Effects of Axotomy and Intraocular Administration of Nt-4, Nt-3, and Brain-derived Neurotrophic Factor on the Survival of Adult Rat Retinal Ganglion Cells a Quantitative in Vivo Study

Purpose. To investigate in vivo the survival of retinal ganglion cells (RGC) 4 to 14 days after optic nerve (ON) transection alone or in combination with a single intraocular injection of neurotrophin-4 (NT-4), neurotrophin-3 (NT-3), or brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF). Methods. In adult rats, RGCs were labeled with fluorogold (FG) applied to their main targets in the brain. Seven days later, the left ON was intraorbitally transected, and, in several groups of animals, the left eye received a sham injection or was injected with 5 /Ltl of 1% bovine serum albumin-phosphate-buffered saline alone or containing 5 /ig of NT-4, NT-3, or BDNF. Four, 5, 7, 9, 12, and 14 days after ON transection, the retinas were examined under fluores-cence microscopy to estimate RGC survival. Results. In control retinas, the mean densities (cells/mm 2 ± SEM) of FG-labeled RGCs were 2421 ± 55 (n = 20). Four days after axotomy, the densities of RGCs were similar to those observed in control retinas, but 5 and 7 days after axotomy, the mean densities had decreased to 2028 ± 63 (n = 6) and 1568 ± 50 (n — 6), respectively. In the group of retinas with sham injection, with vehicle alone or with NT-3, RGC densities also decreased by 7 days to 1261 ± 71 (n = 5), 1506 ± 98 (n = 10), and 1474 ± 125 (n = 4), respectively. However, similar densities to those observed in control retinas were observed 7 days after ON transection in the groups of retinas treated with NT-4 (2505 ± 91; n = 7) or BDNF (2380 ± 74; n = 7). Fourteen days after axotomy, RGC densities decreased to 521 ± 39 (n = 10). Comparable densities were found in the groups that underwent axotomy and either sham injection (533 ± 51; n = 5), injection of vehicle (588 ± 19; n = 10), or NT-3 treatment (634 ± 62; n = 6). However, at this time, higher densities were observed in the groups treated with NT-4 839 ± 39 (n = 8) or BDNF 1321 ± 120 (n = 7). Conclusions. Axotomy-induced RGC death first appears by day 5 and reaches 80% of the original RGC population by day 12. NT-4 and BDNF administered intraocularly at the time of axotomy exert a neuroprotective effect on axotomy-induced RGC death, thus increasing the population of surviving RGCs and delaying the onset of axotomy-induced RGC …
Event sedimentation in low‐latitude deep‐water carbonate basins, Anegada passage, northeast Caribbean

The Virgin Islands and Whiting basins in the Northeast Caribbean are deep, structurally controlled depocentres partially bound by shallow‐water carbonate platforms. Closed basins such as these are thought to document earthquake and hurricane events through the accumulation of event layers such as debris flow and turbidity current deposits and the internal deformation of deposited material. Event layers in the Virgin Islands and Whiting basins are predominantly thin and discontinuous, containing varying amounts of reef‐ and slope‐derived material. Three turbidites/sandy intervals in the upper 2 m of sediment in the eastern Virgin Islands Basin were deposited between ca. 2000 and 13 600 years ago, but do not extend across the basin. In the central and western Virgin Islands Basin, a structureless clay‐rich interval is interpreted to be a unifite. Within the Whiting Basin, several discontinuous turbidites and other sand‐rich intervals are primarily deposited in base of slope fans. The youngest of these turbidites is ca. 2600 years old. Sediment accumulation in these basins is low (<0.1 mm year−1) for basin adjacent to carbonate platform, possibly due to limited sediment input during highstand sea‐level conditions, sediment trapping and/or cohesive basin walls. We find no evidence of recent sediment transport (turbidites or debris flows) or sediment deformation that can be attributed to the ca. M7.2 1867 Virgin Islands earthquake whose epicentre was located on the north wall of the Virgin Islands Basin or to recent hurricanes that have impacted the region. The lack of significant appreciable pebble or greater size carbonate material in any of the available cores suggests that submarine landslide and basin‐wide blocky debris flows have not been a significant mechanism of basin margin modification in the last several thousand years. Thus, basins such as those described here may be poor recorders of past natural hazards, but may provide a long‐term record of past oceanographic conditions in ocean passages.
A Comparative Study on the Dynamics of the Pacific-Japan (PJ) Teleconnection Pattern Based on Reanalysis Datasets

The Pacific-Japan (PJ) teleconnection pattern is one of the dominant summertime anomaly patterns of the atmospheric circulation that influence summertime weather conditions over the Far East. It is associated with anomalous cumulus convection over the tropical Northwestern Pacific. The present study compares the structure and energetics of the pattern based on four atmospheric reanalysis datasets currently available. PJ-associated vorticity anomalies are found similar among the four datasets, and so are its conversions of kinetic and available potential energy from the climatological-mean flow, confirming its characteristics as a dynamical mode of variability. In contrast, spatial distribution and strength of anomalous cumulus convection differ considerably among those datasets, and distribution of temperature anomalies also exhibits some discrepancies around the anomalous convection. Those discrepancies cause substantial differences in available potential energy generation due to anomalous cumulus convection, suggesting the potential that the diabatic heating can be as equally important in maintaining the PJ pattern as the dry processes.
Board Games: How CEOs Adapt to Increases in Structural Board Independence from Management

Recent research on corporate boards has focused largely on the overall relationship between board structure and various organizational outcomes. This literature has generally not considered the behavioral processes that might mediate this relationship, such as how CEOs actually respond to the loss of structural sources of power in their relationships to boards, and whether such behaviors could affect the overall consequences of board structure. The present study suggests that models incorporating such behavioral process factors can challenge conventional wisdom about how boards affect organizational outcomes. Hypotheses are tested with a comprehensive data set combining archival information on corporate strategy, CEO compensation, board structure and demographics, together with data from an original, large- sample survey of both CEOs and outside directors from 221 large- and medium-sized U.S. corporations. The findings indicate that (1) changes in board structure that increase the board's independence from management are associated with higher levels of CEO ingratiation and persuasion toward board members, and (2) such influence behaviors, in turn, serve to offset the effect of structural board independence on corporate strategy and CEO compensation policy. Implications for theory and research on CEO/board power and effectiveness are discussed.
Implications of Peat Accumulation at Point Escuminac, New Brunswick

Abstract The world's peatlands contain about 450 GT of readily decomposeable organic carbon. Peat-forming systems have two main layers, of which the lowest is the thickest and includes the peat proper. The upper layer fixes carbon by photosynthesis, loses it by selective decay, and passes on about 15% to the lower zone; here decay continues, although very slowly. One consequence is that as for Point Escuminac, New Brunswick, the relation of age to depth may be concave. Although the surface of the peatland is as productive as ever, the true rate of carbon accumulation is decreasing; after 10,000 yr it is only 33% as efficient at sequestering carbon as it was when the peatland began to grow. Peatlands are usually thought to represent sinks for carbon, but a warming climate could make some peatlands carbon sources rather than sinks, thus initiating positive feedback.
Remotely sensed change detection using multiresolution analysis and motion estimation

Detection of changes in remotely sensed geographic images is required for a variety of applications including natural disasters. Change detection is an important process utilized for updating the geographic information system (GIS) data, monitoring natural resources and urban developments. It provides quantitative analysis of the spatial distribution of the area of interest. Different types of change detection techniques include: Multi-date visual composite (multitemporal composite), image differencing, post-classification, etc. In this work, we propose a change detection algorithm based on multiresolution analysis and motion estimation. We use multispectral satellite imagery and apply the dual tree complex wavelet transform to get images ensembles. We have also compared our proposed algorithm with some of the efficient methods reported in the literature. Experimental results are given using the IRS images of the Bam city before and after the earthquake.