Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
The Career of Metaphor The Career

A central question in metaphor research is how metaphors establish mappings between concepts from different domains . We propose an account of metaphoric mappings based on structure-mapping theory. We then describe an evolutionary path in figurative language comprehension the career of metaphor in which there is a shift in mode of mapping from comparison to categorization as metaphors are conventionalized . Across three experiments, we show that conventional figurative statements differ from novel figurative statements in two important ways. At the representational level, conventional figurative statements differ in that they have stored metaphorical abstractions as alternate representations . At the processing level, whereas novel figurative statements are processed as comparisons, conventional figuratives can be processed either as comparison or as categorizations . The career of metaphor hypothesis offers a unified theoretical framework that can resolvee the current debate between comparison and categorization models of metaphor. Our account further suggests that whether metaphors are processed directly or indirectly, and whether they operate at the level of individual concepts or entire conceptual domains, will depend both on their degree of conventionality and on their
T‐cell immunity in myocardial inflammation: pathogenic role and therapeutic manipulation

T‐cell‐mediated immunity has been linked not only to a variety of heart diseases, including classic inflammatory diseases such as myocarditis and post‐myocardial infarction (Dressler's) syndrome, but also to conditions without an obvious inflammatory component such as idiopathic dilated cardiomyopathy and hypertensive cardiomyopathy. It has been recently proposed that in all these conditions, the heart becomes the focus of T‐cell‐mediated autoimmune inflammation following ischaemic or infectious injury. For example, in acute myocarditis, an inflammatory disease of heart muscle, T‐cell responses are thought to arise as a consequence of a viral infection. In a number of patients, persistent T‐cell‐mediated responses in acute viral myocarditis can lead to autoimmunity and chronic cardiac inflammation resulting in dilated cardiomyopathy. In spite of the major progress made in understanding the mechanisms of pathogenic T‐cell responses, effective and safe therapeutic targeting of the immune system in chronic inflammatory diseases of the heart has not yet been developed due to the lack of specific diagnostic and prognostic biomarkers at an early stage. This has also prevented the identification of targets for patient‐tailored immunomodulatory therapies that are both disease‐ and organ‐selective. In this review, we discuss current knowledge of the development and functional characteristics of pathogenic T‐cell‐mediated immune responses in the heart, and, in particular, in myocarditis, as well as recent advances in experimental models which have the potential to translate into heart‐selective immunomodulation.
Resource Booms, Inequality, and Poverty: The Case of Gas in Bolivia

This paper addresses the question of whether the Bolivian gas boom of the 1990s has bypassed large parts of the poor population, thereby leading to increasing inequalities in an already unequal society. Using a Computable General Equilibrium model that is sequentially linked to a microsimulation model, we examine the transmission channels through which the large resource inflows related to the gas boom, both initial foreign investment in the sector and the subsequent export earnings, as well as large public transfer programs affect the distribution of income. Our focus is on labor market impacts, in particular on shifts between formal and informal employment and changes in relative factor prices. Our simulation results suggest that the gas boom induces a combination of unequalizing and equalizing forces, which tend to offset each other. As net distributional change is limited, growth generated by the boom reduces poverty despite increasing informality.
A computational and behavioural analysis of rationality in contextual preference reversals

The attraction effect reveals that people do not compare alternatives independently of one another. Instead, they make comparisons, such that preferences between two alternatives can be reversed by adding or removing otherwise irrelevant alternatives. This behaviour is particularly difficult for rational models of decision making to explain since such models require the independent evaluation of alternatives. As such these models describe preference reversal behaviour as irrational. This thesis examines what rational decision making should look like once a person's cognitive bounds have been taken into account. The key finding is that contextual preference reversals like the attraction effect, far from being irrational, actually result from people making better decisions than they would if they assessed alternatives independently of one another.The research was grouped into three objectives concerning the attraction effect and the rationality of human cognition. The first of these was to identify under what conditions people exhibit the attraction effect, and what consequences the behaviour has for the outcomes they experience. Two experiments revealed that the effect is only exhibited in choice sets where alternatives are approximately equal in value and therefore hard to tell apart. This finding also means that the potential negative consequences of exhibiting the attraction effect are very small, because it only occurs when alternatives are similar in value.The second objective was to develop a computationally rational model of the attraction effect. Computational rationality is an approach that identifies what the optimal behaviour is given the constraints imposed by cognition, and the environment. Our model reveals why people exhibit the attraction effect. With the assumption that people cannot calculate expected value perfectly accurately, the model shows that in choices between prospects, the attraction effect actually results in decisions with a higher expected value. This is because noisy expected value estimates can be improved by taking into account the contextual information provided by the other alternatives in a choice set. The final objective was to provide evidence for our model, and the computational rationality approach, by making a novel prediction. We conducted an experiment to test the model's prediction that the attraction effect should be much reduced in the loss domain. We replicated existing attraction effect studies and extended them to the loss domain. The results replicated previous results in the gain domain and simultaneously revealed the novel finding that people did not exhibit the effect in the loss domain.People exhibit the attraction effect as a result of making the best decision possible given the cognitive resources they have. Understanding decision making as computationally rational can provide deep insights into existing phenomena. The method allows us to ascertain the causal link between cognitive mechanisms, a person's goal, and their decision making.
Spin-1 Gravitational Waves from Cosmic Strings and Γ-ray Bursts

Non-vacuum exact gravitational waves invariant for a non Abelian two-dimensional Lie algebra generated by two Killing fields whose commutator is of light type, are described. The polarization of these waves, already known from previous works, is related to the sources. Non vacuum exact gravitational waves admitting only one Killing field of light type are also discussed. Because of experimental efforts devoted to the detection of gravitational waves, there is a growing theoretical interest in describing the emission of detectable gravitational waves from astrophysical sources. All experimental devices , laser interferometers or resonant antennas, need very precise theoretical predictions, and usually they are calibrated according to results of linearized theory. In fact, it is commonly believed that, since the sources are very far from the earth, the wave's amplitude is so small at the earth surface that the use of the linearized theory is lawful. However, in some cases this assumption is misleading. Indeed, as shown by Christodoulou [3] the nonlinearity of the Ein-stein equations manifests itself in a permanent displacement of the test masses of a laser interferometer which, in many physically interesting cases (e.g. for a binary coalescence), cannot be neglected. Moreover, the nonlinearity of the Einstein theory is one of its most characteristic feature, and it is likely that some crucial properties of the gravitational field are encoded in the nonlinear terms. Thus, a detailed analysis of exact gravitational waves, besides to help the calibration of the experimental devices, could disclose new phenomena hidden by the approximations. In recent papers exact solutions [14] of vacuum Einstein field equations, representing spin-1 gravitational waves [4, 5], have been discussed. They are 1
Lower Bounds for Kernelizations

Among others, refining the methods of [5] we improve a result of this pap er and show for any parameterized problem with a “linear weak OR” and with NP-hard underlying classical problem that there is no polynomial reduction from the problem to itself that assigns to every instance x with parameter k an instance y with |y| = k O(1) · |x| 1 " unless the polynomial hierarchy collapses to its third level (here " is any given real number greater than zero).
Tropical cyclone cooling combats region‐wide coral bleaching

Coral bleaching has become more frequent and widespread as a result of rising sea surface temperature (SST). During a regional scale SST anomaly, reef exposure to thermal stress is patchy in part due to physical factors that reduce SST to provide thermal refuge. Tropical cyclones (TCs – hurricanes, typhoons) can induce temperature drops at spatial scales comparable to that of the SST anomaly itself. Such cyclone cooling can mitigate bleaching across broad areas when well‐timed and appropriately located, yet the spatial and temporal prevalence of this phenomenon has not been quantified. Here, satellite SST and historical TC data are used to reconstruct cool wakes (n=46) across the Caribbean during two active TC seasons (2005 and 2010) where high thermal stress was widespread. Upon comparison of these datasets with thermal stress data from Coral Reef Watch and published accounts of bleaching, it is evident that TC cooling reduced thermal stress at a region‐wide scale. The results show that during a mass bleaching event, TC cooling reduced thermal stress below critical levels to potentially mitigate bleaching at some reefs, and interrupted natural warming cycles to slow the build‐up of thermal stress at others. Furthermore, reconstructed TC wave damage zones suggest that it was rare for more reef area to be damaged by waves than was cooled (only 12% of TCs). Extending the time series back to 1985 (n = 314), we estimate that for the recent period of enhanced TC activity (1995–2010), the annual probability that cooling and thermal stress co‐occur is as high as 31% at some reefs. Quantifying such probabilities across the other tropical regions where both coral reefs and TCs exist is vital for improving our understanding of how reef exposure to rising SSTs may vary, and contributes to a basis for targeting reef conservation.
Eliminating human tuberculosis in the twenty-first century

Recognizing that tuberculosis (TB) is still the leading cause of human death from a curable infection, the international health community has set ambitious targets for disease control. One target is to eliminate TB by 2050; that is, to cut the annual incidence of new cases to less than 1 per million population. National TB control programmes are working to eliminate TB mainly by intensifying efforts to find and cure patients with active disease. Here, we use mathematical modelling to show that, while most TB patients can be cured with present drug regimens, the 2050 target is far more likely to be achieved with a combination of diagnostics, drugs and vaccines that can detect and treat both latent infection and active disease. We find that the coupling of control methods is particularly effective because treatments for latent infection and active disease act in synergy. This synergistic effect offers new perspectives on the cost-effectiveness of treating latent TB infection and the impact of possible new TB vaccines. Our results should be a stimulus to those who develop, manufacture and implement new technology for TB control, and to their financial donors.
Entrepreneurship in Context

1. Introduction to 'Entrepreneurship in Context'. Marco van Gelderen, Karen Verduyn & Enno Masurel 2. Some Reflections Concerning the Ethos and Ethics of Entrepreneurship. Frits Schipper 3. Rhythmanalyzing the emergence of The Republic of Tea. Karen Verduyn 4. Individualizing Entrepreneurship Education: Putting Each Student into Context. Marco van Gelderen 5. Contextualizing Entreprenurship in Administered Markets: New Entrants' Stakeholder Mobilization and Legitimacy Generation in Dutch Healthcare. Eveline Stam-Hulsink & Wim Hulsink 6. Entrepreneurship for Environmentally Sustainable Design. Bart Bossink 7. Reducing Food Waste: An Opportunity for the Innovative Catering Entrepreneur. Gerry Kouwenhoven, Sergej Bulterman & Vijayender Reddy 8. Muslim Businesswomen Doing Boundary Work: The Negotiation of Islam, Gender and Ethnicity within Entrepreneurial Contexts. Caroline Essers & Yvonne Benschop 9. Social capital as Networks of Networks: The Case of a Chinese Entrepreneur. Peter Peverelli & Lynda Jiwen Song 10. Regions, Families, Religion: Continuity and Change in Social Contexts of Entrepreneurship Between 1800 and 2000. Karel Davids 11. Contextualizing Chinese Indonesian Entrepreneurship. Juliette Koning 12. Entrepreneurship, Reverse Migration and Social Change in a Comparative Perspective. Heidi Dahles 13. Mennonite Community-Based Entrepreneurship in Belize, Central America. Carel Roessingh 14. Entrepreneurship and Culture. Roy Thurik & Marcus Dejardin 15. The New Dutch Economy: 'New and Colorful Entrepreneurship'. Karima Kourtit & Peter Nijkamp 16. Entrepreneurial Competences in the Creative Sector: Empirical Evidence from Dutch Dance Teachers. Enno Masurel & Sentini Grunberg 17. Entrepreneurship and Science-Based Venturing: The Case of Vaccine Development. Esther Pronker, Ab Osterhaus, Eric Claassen & Wim Hulsink
Opening up : the healing power of expressing emotions

Preface. Confession and Inhibition: The Beginnings of an Approach. Inhibition as a Health Threat. Becoming Healthier Through Writing. Confession in the Laboratory. The Battle to Inhibit Our Thoughts. On Speeding Up Coping. Understanding the Value of Writing. The Social Price of Disclosure: Whom to Tell and How to Listen. Love, Passion, and Thrills. The Inhibited Personality. Inhibited Cities. Confession in Context: Therapy, Religion, and Brainwashing. Beyond Traumas: Writing and Well-Being.
Network as a Service: The New Vista of Opportunities

The networking industry, compared to the compute industry, has been slow in evolving from a closed ecosystem with limited abstractions to a more open ecosystem with well-defined sophisticated high level abstractions. This has resulted in an ossified Internet architecture that inhibits innovation and is unnecessarily complex. Fortunately, there has been an exciting flux of rapid developments in networking in recent times with prominent trends emerging that have brought us to the cusp of a major paradigm shift. In particular, the emergence of technologies such as cloud computing, software defined networking (SDN), and network virtualization are driving a new vision of `networking as a service' (NaaS) in which networks are managed flexibly and efficiently cloud computing style. These technologies promise to both facilitate architectural and technological innovation while also simplifying commissioning, orchestration, and composition of network services. In this article, we introduce our readers to these technologies. In the coming few years, the trends of cloud computing, SDN, and network virtualization will further strengthen each other's value proposition symbiotically and NaaS will increasingly become the dominant mode of commissioning new networks.
A BFGS-SQP method for nonsmooth, nonconvex, constrained optimization and its evaluation using relative minimization profiles

We propose an algorithm for solving nonsmooth, nonconvex, constrained optimization problems as well as a new set of visualization tools for comparing the performance of optimization algorithms. Our algorithm is a sequential quadratic optimization method that employs Broyden-Fletcher-Goldfarb-Shanno (BFGS) quasi-Newton Hessian approximations and an exact penalty function whose parameter is controlled using a steering strategy. While our method has no convergence guarantees, we have found it to perform very well in practice on challenging test problems in controller design involving both locally Lipschitz and non-locally-Lipschitz objective and constraint functions with constraints that are typically active at local minimizers. In order to empirically validate and compare our method with available alternatives—on a new test set of 200 problems of varying sizes—we employ new visualization tools which we call relative minimization profiles. Such profiles are designed to simultaneously assess the relative performance of several algorithms with respect to objective quality, feasibility, and speed of progress, highlighting the trade-offs between these measures when comparing algorithm performance.
Extending Content-Based Recommendation: The Case of Indian Classical Music

We describe a series of experiments that attempt to create a content-based similarity model suitable for making recommendations about North Indian classical music (NICM). We introduce a dataset (nicm2008) consisting of 897 tracks of NICM along with substantial ground-truth annotations, including artist, predominant instrument, tonic pitch, raag, and parent scale (thaat). Using a timbre-based similarity model derived from short-time MFCCs we find that artist R-precision is 32.69% and that the predominant instrument is correctly classified 90.30% of the time. Consistent with previous work, we find that certain tracks (“hubs”) appear falsely similar to many other tracks. We find that this problem can be attenuated by model homogenization. We also introduce the use of pitch-class distribution (PCD) features to measure melodic similarity. Its effectiveness is evaluated by raag R-precision (16.97%), thaat classification accuracy (75.83%), and comparison to reference similarity metrics. We propose that a hybrid timbral-melodic similarity model may be effective for Indian classical music recommendation. Further, this work suggests that “hubs” are a general features of such similarity modeling that may be partially alleviated by model homogenization
Human Memory: Exploration and Application

Each chapter begins with "Introduction" and ends with "Conclusion. " 1. Introduction. Thinking about Memory. Investigating Memory. Memory in the Context of Cognition. Preview. 2.The Pioneers of Memory Research From Ebbinghaus to Lashley. Experimental Study of Memory. Neuropsychological and Psychodynamic Views of Memory. Learning and Memory in Animals. 3.Memory and Brain. Research Methods in Neuroscience. Plasticity in the Brain. Where Are Memories Located? The Hippocampus. Frontal Lobes. 4.Memory for Facts. Episodic Memory. Semantic Memory. 5.Memory for Skills. Implicit Memory. Learning and Remembering Cognitive Skills. 6.Working Memory. The Two-Store Model of Memory and Its Critics. Activity in Working Memory. The Multiple-Components Model of Working Memory. 7.Models of Memory. The SAM Model. Neural Network Models. Anderson' ACT Framework. 8.Memory from Infancy to Old Age: Developmental Changes. Memory Development during Childhood. Memory Changes during Older Adulthood. 9.Autobiographical and Emotional Memories. Autobiographical Memory. Remembering Emotional Events. The Memory Wars. 10.Memory Impairments. The Amnesic Disorders. Impairment of Specialized Memory Functions. Alzheimer's Disease. 11.Issues in Memory Research. How Many Memories? Memory: What Are the Important Questions? 12.Memory in Everyday Life. Remembering and Forgetting in Everyday Life. Education. Memory and the Law. Coping with Memory Impairments.
Liver-stage malaria parasites vulnerable to diverse chemical scaffolds

Human malaria infection begins with a one-time asymptomatic liver stage followed by a cyclic symptomatic blood stage. All high-throughput malaria drug discovery efforts have focused on the cyclic blood stage, which has limited potential for the prophylaxis, transmission blocking, and eradication efforts that will be needed in the future. To address these unmet needs, a high-throughput phenotypic liver-stage Plasmodium parasite screen was developed to systematically identify molecules with liver-stage efficacy. The screen recapitulates liver-stage infection by isolating luciferase-expressing Plasmodium berghei parasites directly from the salivary glands of infected mosquitoes, adding them to confluent human liver cells in 384-well plates, and measuring luciferase activity after a suitable incubation period. Screening 5,375 known bioactive compounds identified 37 liver-stage malaria inhibitors with diverse modes of action, as shown by inhibition time course experiments. Further analysis of the hits in the Food and Drug Administration-approved drug subset revealed compounds that seem to act specifically on the liver stage of infection, suggesting that this phase of the parasite’s life cycle presents a promising area for new drug discovery. Notably, many active compounds in this screen have molecular structures and putative targets distinctly different from those of known antimalarial agents.
Quasi-Cubic Magnetite/Silica Core-Shell Nanoparticles as Enhanced MRI Contrast Agents for Cancer Imaging

Development of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) contrast agents that can be readily applied for imaging of biological tissues under clinical settings is a challenging task. This is predominantly due to the expectation of an ideal MR agent being able to be synthesized in large quantities, possessing longer shelf life, reasonable biocompatibility, tolerance against its aggregation in biological fluids, and high relaxivity, resulting in better contrast during biological imaging. Although a repertoire of reports address various aforementioned issues, the previously reported results are far from optimal, which necessitates further efforts in this area. In this study, we demonstrate facile large-scale synthesis of sub-100 nm quasi-cubic magnetite and magnetite/silica core-shell (Mag@SiO2) nanoparticles and their applicability as a biocompatible T2 contrast agent for MRI of biological tissues. Our study suggests that silica-coated magnetite nanoparticles reported in this study can potentially act as improved MR contrast agents by addressing a number of aforementioned issues, including longer shelf life and stability in biological fluids. Additionally, our in vitro and in vivo studies clearly demonstrate the importance of silica coating towards improved applicability of T2 contrast agents for cancer imaging.