Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
A new fault tolerant distributed algorithm for longest paths in a DAG

Self-stabilization is a relatively new approach in designing fault tolerant algorithms especially for distributed applications. The purpose of the paper is to propose a new fault tolerant (self-stabilizing) distributed algorithm for computing the longest distances for each node in a directed acyclic graph. The algorithm is simple; the technique used to prove the correctness of the algorithm is different from the existing technique of using a bounded function; it is hoped that this approach will prove to be useful in proving correctness of other self-stabilizing algorithms for graph theoretic applications.
Construction of shuttle plasmids which can be efficiently mobilized from Escherichia coli into the chromatically adapting cyanobacterium, Fremyella diplosiphon.

In some strains of cyanobacteria the composition of the light-harvesting antennae is determined by the color of available light. The mechanism of this chromatic adaptation involves the regulation of gene expression by red and green light and has been most studied in Fremyella diplosiphon (Calothrix sp. PCC 7601), a filamentous cyanobacterium for which there has been no reported means of genetic manipulation. We have constructed shuttle plasmids which can be efficiently mobilized by RP4 from Escherichia coli into F. diplosiphon and which can be recovered from transconjugant F. diplosiphon and returned to E. coli by transformation. The ability of these plasmids to replicate in F. diplosiphon is conferred by an 8.0-kb DNA fragment isolated from pFDA, a plasmid native to F. diplosiphon. To create these shuttle plasmids the 8.0-kb fragment was cloned into pJCF22, a mobilizable plasmid constructed from oriV and bom from pBR322, cat from pACYC184 and aphA from pACYC177.pJCF22 lacks sites for the restriction enzymes FdiI and II. Transconjugant F. diplosiphon containing shuttle plasmid pJCF62 are resistant to chloramphenicol and highly resistant to the aminoglycosides, G418 and neomycin. When aadA from the omega interposon was incorporated into a shuttle plasmid transconjugant F. diplosiphon could also be selected with streptomycin or spectinomycin. In F. diplosiphon shuttle plasmid pJCF62 replicates with a minimum copy number of seven. The oriV for replication in F. diplosiphon was localized to a 2.8-kb region within the cyanobacterial part of pJCF62. The presence on a shuttle plasmid of a single recognition site for FdiI reduced the efficiency of mobilization into F. diplosiphon by 5- to 10-fold. Restriction at this site was prevented when the E. coli donor strain in the mating contained the enzyme Eco47II methylase.
Financial Instability Under a Flexible Exchange Rate

Many governments in developing countries contemplate the possibility of increasing the flexibility of their exchange rates despite having accumulated substantial dollar-denominated debt. Using a model of corporate dollar debt in which the future exchange rate is uncertain, this paper studies the financial risks that might arise as a consequence of increased exchange rate flexibility. Since a firm may default on its debt either because its dollar income is too low or because investors refuse to roll over its debt, the measure of the overall risk of default should take into account both factors, as well as their interaction. Solving the model for the no-default rational expectations equilibrium, we find that a small risk of insolvency may bring about a substantial risk of illiquidity.
Short day lengths attenuate the symptoms of infection in Siberian hamsters

Symptoms of infection, such as fever, anorexia and lethargy, are ubiquitous among vertebrates. Rather than nonspecific manifestations of illness, these responses are organized, adaptive strategies that are often critical to host survival. During times of energetic shortage such as winter, however, it may be detrimental for individuals to prolong energetically demanding symptoms such as fever. Individuals may adjust their immune responses prior to winter by using day length to anticipate energetically–demanding conditions. If the expression of sickness behaviours is constrained by energy availability, then cytokine production, fever, and anorexia should be attenuated in infected Siberian hamsters housed under simulated winter photoperiods. We housed hamsters in either long (14 L : 10 D) or short (10 L : 14 D) day lengths and assessed cytokines, anorexia and fever following injections of lipopolysaccharide (LPS). Short days attenuated the response to lipopolysaccharide, by decreasing the production of interleukin (IL)–6 and IL–1β, and diminishing the duration of fever and anorexia. Short–day exposure in hamsters also decreased the ingestion of dietary iron, a nutrient vital to bacterial replication. Taken together, short day lengths attenuated the symptoms of infection, presumably to optimize energy expenditure and survival outcome.
The effect of school attendance and school dropout on incident HIV and HSV-2 among young women in rural South Africa enrolled in HPTN 068

Objective: To estimate the association between school attendance, school dropout, and risk of incident HIV and herpes simplex virus type 2 (HSV-2) infection among young women. Design: We used longitudinal data from a randomized controlled trial in rural Mpumalanga province, South Africa, to assess the association between school days attended, school dropout, and incident HIV and HSV-2 in young women aged 13–23 years. Methods: We examined inverse probability of exposure weighted survival curves and used them to calculate 1.5, 2.5, and 3.5-year risk differences and risk ratios for the effect of school attendance on incident HIV and HSV-2. A marginal structural Cox model was used to estimate hazard ratios for the effect of school attendance and school dropout on incident infection. Results: Risk of infection increased over time as young women aged, and was higher in young women with low school attendance (<80% school days) compared with high (≥80% school days). Young women with low attendance were more likely to acquire HIV [hazard ratio (HR): 2.97; 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.62, 5.45] and HSV-2 (HR: 2.47; 95% CI: 1.46, 4.17) over the follow-up period than young women with high attendance. Similarly, young women who dropped out of school had a higher weighted hazard of both HIV (HR 3.25 95% CI: 1.67, 6.32) and HSV-2 (HR 2.70; 95% CI 1.59, 4.59). Conclusion: Young women who attend more school days and stay in school have a lower risk of incident HIV and HSV-2 infection. Interventions to increase frequency of school attendance and prevent dropout should be promoted to reduce risk of infection.
Identification of the oriI-Binding Site of Poliovirus 3C Protein by Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy

ABSTRACT Replication of picornaviral genomes requires recognition of at least three cis-acting replication elements: oriL, oriI, and oriR. Although these elements lack an obvious consensus sequence or structure, they are all recognized by the virus-encoded 3C protein. We have studied the poliovirus 3C-oriI interaction in order to begin to decipher the code of RNA recognition by picornaviral 3C proteins. oriI is a stem-loop structure that serves as the template for uridylylation of the peptide primer VPg by the viral RNA-dependent RNA polymerase. In this report, we have used nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) techniques to study 3C alone and in complex with two single-stranded RNA oligonucleotides derived from the oriI stem. The 1H-15N spectra of 3C recorded in the presence of these RNAs revealed site-specific chemical shift perturbations. Residues that exhibit significant perturbations are primarily localized in the amino terminus and in a highly conserved loop between residues 81 and 89. In general, the RNA-binding site defined in this study is consistent with predictions based on biochemical and mutagenesis studies. Although some residues implicated in RNA binding by previous studies are perturbed in the 3C-RNA complex reported here, many are unique. These studies provide unique site-specific insight into residues of 3C that interact with RNA and set the stage for detailed structural investigation of the 3C-RNA complex by NMR. Interpretation of our results in the context of an intact oriI provides insight into the architecture of the picornavirus VPg uridylylation complex.
A Price Theory of Multi-Sided Platforms

I develop a general theory of monopoly pricing of networks. Platforms use insulating tariffs to avoid coordination failure, implementing any desired allocation. Profit-maximization distorts in the spirit of Spence (1975) by internalizing only network externalities to marginal users. Thus the empirical and prescriptive content of the popular Rochet and Tirole (2006) model of two-sided markets turns on the nature of user heterogeneity. I propose a more plausible, yet equally tractable, model of heterogeneity in which users differ in their income or scale. My approach provides a general measure of market power and helps predict the effects of price regulation and mergers.
Bronchodilator response following methacholine-induced bronchoconstriction predicts acute asthma exacerbations

Methacholine bronchial provocation test provides the concentration of methacholine causing a 20% decrease in forced expiratory volume in 1 s (FEV1) from baseline (PC20). The dose–response slope (DRS), and other continuous indices of responsiveness (CIR; the percentage decline from the post-diluent baseline FEV1 after the last dose of methacholine), and per cent recovery index (PRI; the percentage increase from the maximally reduced FEV1 after bronchodilator inhalation) are alternative measures. The clinical relevance of these indices in predicting acute asthma exacerbations has not been fully evaluated. In two prospective cohorts of childhood and elderly asthmatics, baseline PC20, DRS, CIR and PRI were measured and evaluated as predictors of acute asthma exacerbations. We found that PRI was significantly related to the presence of asthma exacerbations during the first year of follow-up in both cohorts of childhood (p=0.025) and elderly asthmatics (p=0.003). In addition, PRI showed a significant association with the total number of steroid bursts during 4.3 years of follow-up in the cohort of childhood asthmatics (p=0.04). We demonstrated that PRI, an index of reversibility following methacholine-induced bronchoconstriction, was a good clinical predictor of acute exacerbations of asthma in both childhood and elderly asthmatics. Bronchodilator response following methacholine-induced bronchoconstriction may predict acute asthma exacerbations http://ow.ly/ZguI2
Being professional and being human: one nurse's relationship with a psychiatric patient.

BACKGROUND The theoretical foundations and professional ideals of psychiatric nursing contain built-in contradictions. One central ideal is that nurses should use themselves as therapeutic instruments. The expectation that nurses should have both a professional and a human function is examined in this study. PURPOSE The purpose of this study was to find out how nurses experience and interpret the contradictory demands of being both fellow human being and health professional in their work with patients. METHODS An ethnographic research design including participant observation and narrative interviews with nurses working on an acute ward of a psychiatric hospital was used. The case of one nurse is analysed and discussed. FINDINGS The study shows that when nurses themselves are 'therapeutic instruments', tensions are created. Contradictory demands produce difficult role conflicts. Nurses vary in the ways in which they interact with patients. The study shows how the nurse's own vulnerability can be a constructive element in patient care. It also shows that although the nurse is aware of this, she is also critical of her performance, feeling that it falls short of accepted professional standards. Her colleagues reinforce these standards. CONCLUSION The ideal that psychiatric nursing should be a balancing act between intimacy and distance, between human and professional ways of acting, appears to be too harmonious and narrow a one. The study suggests that there is potential for professional development if nurses are able to recognize their own vulnerability. Critical examination and discussion of conventionally accepted ideals can help develop our knowledge of the profession.
Corporate irresponsibility and corporate social responsibility: competing realities

Purpose - Building on the work of Carroll this article attempts to unravel, explore and explain corporate social responsibility (CSR) as a theoretical construct that has implications and consequences for corporate governance in particular, and more generally for the economy, business and society. It aims to extend Carroll's work on definitional constructs by re-examining some of the theoretical frameworks that underpin, inform and guide CSR. Design/methodology/approach - Carroll identified different levels, or a pyramid, of CSR and these are outlined and the advantages and disadvantages of a pyramid, levels-based approach discussed. The main contributions of this article lies is in its exploration of corporate social irresponsibility (CSI) as a concept in contrast to CSR. Bowd, Jones and Tench's CSI-CSR model is described, explained, analysed and used as a conceptual tool to make the theoretical move from a pyramid or level-based approach to a more dynamic framework of analysis. Findings - The proposition that CSI is better suited to a shareholder business model and CSR sits more comfortably with a stakeholder business model is examined. It is contested that people often wrongly equate CSR with irresponsible corporate actions. The CSI-CSR model establishes a theoretical framework around which grounded empirical research can be undertaken, applied and on which it can be reported. Research limitations/implications - This is a new area of research that addresses a gap in the literature and puts forward innovative theoretical models. Discussing the concept of irresponsibility makes for an interesting theoretical move. It questions the idea that corporations and business per se are always or necessarily socially responsible. Originality/value - In looking at and developing existing theoretical models, concepts and frameworks and exploring their merits, shortcomings and limitations, the article will be of interest and relevance to the business and academic communities. If there is such a thing as CSR then the implication is that there is such a thing as CSI and it is on this issue that this article seeks to promote and stimulate discussion.
Percutaneous Radiofrequency Ablation of Lung Tumors: Evaluation of the Literature Using Evidence-based Techniques

Purpose The aim of this study was to evaluate the literature for articles assessing radiofrequency ablation (RFA) for pulmonary malignancy. Materials and Methods The “bottom-up” approach to evidence-based practice was applied by 2 reviewers to the retrieval and appraisal of original research articles published on pulmonary RFA between 2002 and 2009. Primary lung cancer and pulmonary metastases data were analyzed separately. The relationship between the percentage of local recurrence rate and lesion size, patient age, follow-up duration, and time to local recurrence was assessed using Spearman's rank correlation. Discrete time series were used to evaluate time trends. Results Secondary evidence yielded 1 review of 26 observational studies. Primary evidence yielded 46 studies that seemed suitable for detailed appraisal. A total of 2905 ablations were performed in 1584 patients. Eight studies evaluated primary lung cancers alone, 11 evaluated pulmonary metastases alone, 25 evaluated both, and 2 did not specify the histology. Results revealed trends toward increasing use of conscious sedation over general anesthesia, increasing use of multitined probes, decreasing size of nodule selection, and use of positron emission tomography/computed tomography as the optimal follow-up tool. Mean morbidity was 24.6%. The most prevalent side effects included pneumothorax (28.3%), pleural effusions (14.8%), and pain (14.1%). Procedure-related mortality ranged from 0 to 5.6, with an overall procedure-related mortality rate of 0.21%. There were 282 (12.2%) local recurrences occurring at a mean of 13 months. The mean overall survival rate was 59.4%, and the cancer-specific survival rate was 82.6%. Conclusions This evidence-based practice review of pulmonary RFA shows it to be a promising treatment for pulmonary malignancy in carefully selected patient populations. Studies with higher levels of evidence, including case-control, prospective nonrandomized and randomized trials, that compare RFA with alternative contemporary local treatments are urgently needed.
2.4 GHz continuously variable ferroelectric phase shifters using all-pass networks

Continuously variable ferroelectric (BST on sapphire) phase shifters based on all-pass networks are presented. An all-pass network phase shifter consists of only lumped LC elements, and thus the total size of the phase shifter is kept to less than 2.2 mm /spl times/ 2.6 mm at 2.4 GHz. The tunability (C/sub max//C/sub min/) of a BST interdigital capacitor is over 2.9 with a bias voltage of 140 V. The phase shifter provides more than 121/spl deg/ phase shift with the maximum insertion loss of 1.8 dB and the worst case return loss of 12.5 dB from 2.4 GHz to 2.5 GHz. By cascading two identical phase shifters, more than 255/spl deg/ phase shift is obtained with the maximum insertion loss of 3.75 dB. The loss figure-of-merit of both the single- and double-section phase shifters is over 65/spl deg//dB from 2.4 GHz to 2.5 GHz.
Development of a repair-enrichment broth for resuscitation of heat-injured Listeria monocytogenes and Listeria innocua

The ability of the divalent cations magnesium, iron, calcium and manganese; yeast extract; pyruvate; catalase; and the carbohydrates glucose, lactose, sucrose, esculin, fructose, galactose, maltose, and mannose to facilitate repair of heat-injured Listeria monocytogenes and Listeria innocua was evaluated. Listeria populations were injured by heating at 56 degrees C for 50 min. To determine the effects on repair, Trypticase soy broth (TSB) was supplemented with each medium component to be evaluated. Repair occurred to various degrees within 5 h in TSB supplemented with glucose, lactose, sucrose, yeast extract, pyruvate, or catalase. Chelex-exchanged TSB was supplemented with divalent cations; magnesium and iron cations were found to have a role in repair. Listeria repair broth (LRB) was formulated by utilizing the components that had the greatest impact upon repair. When incubated in LRB, heat-injured Listeria cells completed repair in 5 h. After the repair, acriflavin, nalidixic acid, and cycloheximide were added to LRB to yield final concentrations identical to those of the selective enrichment broths used in the procedures of the Food and Drug Administration and the U.S. Department of Agriculture. The efficacy of LRB in promoting repair and enrichment of heat-injured Listeria cells was compared with that of existing selective enrichment broths. Repair was not observed in the Food and Drug Administration enrichment broth, Listeria enrichment broth, or University of Vermont enrichment broth. The final Listeria populations after 24 h of incubation in selective enrichment media were 1.7 x 10(8) to 9.1 x 10(8) CFU/ml; populations in LRB consistently averaged 2.5 x 10(11) to 8.2 x 10(11) CFU/ml.
Principles and Practice of Resource Rent Taxation

The Henry Review placed the taxation of rents from mines back on the national policy agenda. Mineral rent is potentially a source of neutral taxation. However, the various means of taxing resource rents in practice either fall short of the ideal of neutrality or collect for the revenue only a small proportion of the mineral rent. This article discusses the six principle instruments for taxing resource projects. It evaluates these forms of taxation in relation to stability, neutrality and government revenue maximisation. It suggests a combination of instruments that is likely to establish a good balance among objectives.
Beyond European Welfare Regimes: Comparative Perspectives on East Asian Welfare Systems

This article examines three comparative perspectives on East Asian welfare systems with special reference to Japan and Korea. First, an expenditure approach shows that the levels of government spending in Japan and Korea are lower than in UK and Sweden, but it necessarily underestimates the welfare expenditure publicly spent in Japan and Korea, due to the regulator type of policy intervention in financing welfare programmes. Second, the standard analysis of cross-sectional redistribution shows that social and fiscal policies have made only a small impact on income distribution, but the profiles of policy intervention reveal the distinctive characteristics of social security systems in these two countries. Lastly, this article examines the welfare systems in Japan and Korea in the light of Esping-Andersen's conservative welfare regime type. It argues that the welfare systems in these two countries do not fit into the type of the conservative welfare state and suggests that there is a case for an ‘East Asian welfare model’, at least regarding Japan and Korea.
A Ligand for the Murine NK Activation Receptor Ly-49D: Activation of Tolerized NK Cells from β2-Microglobulin- Deficient Mice1

Mouse NK cells express inhibitory NK receptors that recognize target cell MHC class I molecules and activation receptors that are less well defined. The Ly-49D activation receptor on C57BL/6 NK cells recognizes Chinese hamster ovary cells and triggers natural killing. In this study, we demonstrate that a Chinese hamster classical MHC class I molecule is the ligand for Ly-49D in a reporter gene assay system as well as in NK cell killing assays. Ly-49D recognizes the Chinese hamster class I molecule better when it is expressed with Chinese hamster β2-microglobulin (β2m) than murine β2m. However, it is still controversial that Ly-49D recognizes H-2Dd, as we were unable to demonstrate the specificity previously reported. Using this one ligand-one receptor recognition system, function of an NK activation receptor was, for the first time, investigated in NK cells that are tolerized in β2m-deficient mice. Surprisingly, Ly-49D-killing activity against ligand-expressing targets was observed with β2m-deficient mouse NK cells, albeit reduced, even though “tolerized” function of Ly-49D was expected. These results indicate that Ly-49D specifically recognizes the Chinese hamster MHC class I molecule associated with Chinese hamster β2m, and indicate that the Ly-49D NK cell activation receptor is not tolerized in β2m deficiency.
Precarious Transitions and Labour Market Disadvantage: Using Longitudinal Data to Explain the Nature of Work–Welfare Cycling

McCollum D. Precarious transitions and labour market disadvantage: using longitudinal data to explain the nature of work–welfare cycling, Regional Studies. Transitions from welfare into work are often regarded as a remedy to labour market exclusion. However, these transitions often do not lead to sustained employment, with many people persistently cycling between work and welfare. This paper uses longitudinal datasets to investigate the nature of this form of labour market disadvantage in the United Kingdom. Key findings are that most work–welfare cycling involves moves between unemployment and jobs at the bottom end of the occupational hierarchy, and that cycling is associated with buoyant labour market conditions and insecure forms of employment.