Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Evidence for Addiction-like Behavior in the Rat

Although the voluntary intake of drugs of abuse is a behavior largely preserved throughout phylogeny, it is currently unclear whether pathological drug use (“addiction”) can be observed in species other than humans. Here, we report that behaviors that resemble three of the essential diagnostic criteria for addiction appear over time in rats trained to self-administer cocaine. As in humans, this addiction-like behavior is present only in a small proportion of subjects using cocaine and is highly predictive of relapse after withdrawal. These findings provide a new basis for developing a true understanding and treatment of addiction.
Constraints on the search for visual information in sport

Abstract The ability to locate and identify relevant visual information is essential for skillful behavior in sport. Performers are required to move the eyes around the display in an efficient manner and to extract critical information using the fovea, parafovea, and/or visual periphery. According to traditional cognitive perspectives, the visual search patterns employed by performers are thought to be prescribed in an almost a‐priori manner by a symbolic code or knowledge map. In this article, we consider an alternative theoretical framework that views search behavior as being an emergent phenomenon based on the unique constraints that exist at any given moment. We present evidence to illustrate how visual search behaviors are shaped in a dynamic manner by the unique constraints imposed by the task, the environment, and the individual characteristics of the performer. Although empirical evidence is needed to clarify and support a constraints‐based explanation of visual search behavior, the ideas are intuitively appealing, and may have significant implications for theory and practice.
The Human Vertical Translational Vestibulo‐ocular Reflex

Geometric considerations indicate that the human translational vestibulo‐ocular reflex (tVOR) should have substantially different properties than the angular vestibulo‐ocular reflex (aVOR). Specifically, tVOR cannot simultaneously stabilize images of distant and near objects on the retina. Most studies make the tacit assumption that tVOR acts to stabilize foveal images even though, in humans, tVOR is reported to compensate for less than 60% of foveal image motion. We have determined that the compensation gain (eye rotational velocity/required eye rotational velocity to maintain foveal target fixation) of tVOR is held steady at ∼0.6 during viewing of either near or distant targets during vertical (bob) translations in ambient illumination. We postulate that tVOR evolved not to stabilize the image of the target on the fovea, but rather to minimize retinal image motion between objects lying in different depth planes, in order to optimize motion parallax information. Such behavior is optimized when binocular visual cues of both near and distant targets are available in ambient light. Patients with progressive supranuclear palsy or cerebellar ataxia show impaired ability to increase tVOR responses appropriately when they view near targets. In cerebellar patients, impaired ability to adjust tVOR responses to viewing conditions occurs despite intact ability to converge at near. Loss of the ability to adjust tVOR according to viewing conditions appears to represent a distinct disorder of vestibular function.
IKKβ programs to turn on the GADD45α–MKK4–JNK apoptotic cascade specifically via p50 NF-κB in arsenite response

Cross talk between NF-κB and c-Jun N-terminal kinases (JNKs) has been implicated in the cell life and death decision under various stresses. Functional suppression of JNK activation by NF-κB has recently been proposed as a key cellular survival mechanism and contributes to cancer cells escaping from apoptosis. We provide a novel scenario of the proapoptotic role of IκB kinase β (IKKβ)–NF-κB, which can act as the activator of the JNK pathway through the induction of GADD45α for triggering MKK4/JNK activation, in response to the stimulation of arsenite, a cancer therapeutic reagent. This effect of IKKβ–NF-κB is dependent on p50 but not the p65/relA NF-κB subunit, which can increase the stability of GADD45α protein through suppressing its ubiquitination and proteasome-dependent degradation. IKKβ–NF-κB can therefore either activate or suppress the JNK cascade and consequently mediate pro- or antiapoptotic effects, depending on the manner of its induction. Furthermore, the NF-κB p50 subunit can exert a novel regulatory function on protein modification independent of the classical NF-κB transcriptional activity.
Secondary structure of the ribosome binding site determines translational efficiency: a quantitative analysis.

We have quantitatively analyzed the relationship between translational efficiency and the mRNA secondary structure in the initiation region. The stability of a defined hairpin structure containing a ribosome binding site was varied over 12 kcal/mol (1 cal = 4.184 J) by site-directed mutagenesis and the effects on protein yields were analyzed in vivo. The results reveal a strict correlation between translational efficiency and the stability of the helix. An increase in its delta G0 of -1.4 kcal/mol (i.e., less than the difference between an A.U and a G.C pair) corresponds to the reduction by a factor of 10 in initiation rate. Accordingly, a single nucleotide substitution led to the decrease by a factor of 500 in expression because it turned a mismatch in the helix into a match. We find no evidence that exposure of only the Shine-Dalgarno region or the start codon preferentially favors recognition. Translational efficiency is strictly correlated with the fraction of mRNA molecules in which the ribosome binding site is unfolded, indicating that initiation is completely dependent on spontaneous unfolding of the entire initiation region. Ribosomes appear not to recognize nucleotides outside the Shine-Dalgarno region and the initiation codon.
Learning of Fuzzy Cognitive Maps for modelling Gene Regulatory Networks through Big Bang-Big Crunch algorithm

Inferring Gene Regulatory Networks (GRNs) from expression data is one of the most challenging topic in computational biology. Indeed, the reasoning about GRN behaviours is a crucial biological task useful to provide an significant support for the identification of genetic diseases and the estimation of the effects of medications. Over years, several approaches have been applied to infer GRNs, most of them are based on deterministic and crisp-based algorithms. However, the intrinsic imprecise nature of the gene regulation makes these approaches as inefficient and characterized by a low accuracy. Starting from this consideration, in this work, we propose to use Fuzzy Cognitive Maps to model the complex behaviour of GRNs and to learn FCMs models of GRNs by means of an innovative evolutionary algorithm: the Big Bang-Big Crunch algorithm. As shown through a statistical comparison, the proposed approach outperforms other evolutionary learning methods in inferring GRNs representing, as a consequence, a breakthrough approach in this fascinating and challenging domain.
Bluetooth Low Energy: Wireless Connectivity for Medical Monitoring

Electronic wireless sensors could cut medical costs by enabling physicians to remotely monitor vital signs such as blood pressure, blood glucose, and blood oxygenation while patients remain at home. According to the IDC report “Worldwide Bluetooth Semiconductor 2008–2012 Forecast,” published November 2008, a forthcoming radio frequency communication (“wireless connectivity”) standard, Bluetooth low energy, will link wireless sensors via radio signals to the 70% of cell phones and computers likely to be fitted with the next generation of Bluetooth wireless technology, leveraging a ready-built infrastructure for data transmission. Analysis of trends indicated by this data can help physicians better manage diseases such as diabetes. The technology also addresses the concerns of cost, compatibility, and interoperability that have previously stalled widespread adoption of wireless technology in medical applications.
Philosophy, Religion and Education American Style: A Literature Review

This literature review presents an overview of Christian higher education in the United States with particular attention to philosophical trends and their influence on institutions of Christian origin. This literature review is situated in the context of the discussion of the need, or lack thereof, for helping students integrate their faith with the learning they acquire in colleges and universities.
The Exploration on the Development of Channel Coding Technology under the Wireless Channel

This article at first introduces the development of the channel coding technology driven by the Shannon’s theory, and the tendency that the coding and modulation will be combined. Then it elaborates on the channel coding problems under the wireless channel. At last it discusses the development direction of the coding technology, that is, when considering the specific wireless communication environment, because of the nonlinear time-varying characteristics of wireless channel, it is made even more challenging to search an encoding scheme that is closer to the Shannon theoretical limit. The combination of MIMO and OFDM is very promising, not only can improve spectrum utilization, improve system capacity, but also eliminate ISI. And the concatenated channel coding of excellent performance can make MIMO/OFDM system performance further improved, such as turbo code, LDPC code and adaptive code.
Troping the Primitive: The Rhetoric of Socialization in Novels of Education and Educational Theory

In Reading for the Plot, literary critic Peter Brooks (1992) notes that our desire for the text is traditionally ‘‘the desire for the end, but desire for the end reached only through the at least minimally complicated detour, the intentional deviance in tension, which is the plot of narrative’’ (104). This desire for finality is a desire for knowledge. It is the desire to know the significance of the tensions we grapple with in life, which will supposedly be revealed in their conciliation. Strife is a fulcrum that determines our meaningfulness; we may often narrate our emergence out of hardship and our separateness from it in order to vindicate our wise maturity. When narrating this strife in literature, writers as pervasive as Homer and Shakespeare often make tension manifest at one crucial juncture that may either swing a beloved main character who deals with it properly into a meaningful life or swivel the character who does not into an era of futility and failure. The proliferation of this narrative structure is deeply imbricated in how we think about human development; the momentous ‘‘complicated detour’’ from an otherwise ‘‘normal’’ pattern of growth is ardently ascribed to adolescence. This period is affected by the tendency to reify certain ‘‘cleavages, denials or simply desires’’ in the form of someone who has not grown up (Kristeva 1990, 8)—in the tautly wound part of the storyline that has yet to reach a good denouement. Adolescence serves, then, as a protean concentrate for all our unresolved tensions and concerns with our selves and our society, and its significance is emptied and re-inscribed as these concerns shift and change. Our attentiveness to these compacted tensions places adolescents in a glaring light that complicates their own realities. One narrative form that has significantly shaped the Western profile of adolescence is the novel of education, or traditional bildungsroman. The very notion that adolescence is punctuated with ‘‘storm and stress’’ is culled from G. Stanley Hall’s close reading of Goethe’s (1774) bildungsroman, The Sorrows of Young The Review of Education, Pedagogy, and Cultural Studies, 34:282–295, 2012 Copyright # Taylor & Francis Group, LLC ISSN: 1071-4413 print=1556-3022 online DOI: 10.1080/10714413.2012. 724296
Prenatal ethanol exposure alters the cytoskeleton and induces glycoprotein microheterogeneity in rat newborn hepatocytes.

AIMS Prenatal ethanol exposure (PEA) increases both liver weight and total protein content in the Golgi complex and alters its morphological and functional properties. As PEA-induced protein retention could be the synergetic consequence of alterations in the cytoskeleton and in the glycan biosynthesis, and there are no data that in liver PEA perturbs the cytoskeleton, we examined in hepatocytes whether PEA affects the main cytoskeleton elements. We also analysed whether ethanol induces glycoprotein microheterogeneity by altering the sugar composition of glycoproteins. METHODS Livers from 0-day newborn control and PEA rats were used. The carbohydrate moiety of glycoproteins was determined by lectin blotting. The content and intracellular distribution of cytoskeleton proteins was analysed using immunoblotting, immunofluorescence and immunogold. RESULTS PEA delayed the post-Golgi transport of albumin but not of transferrin. PEA also increased the levels of cytokeratin and tubulin, but it decreased the amount of tubulin capable of assembling into functional microtubules. PEA perturbed the distribution of cytokeratin and tubulin and induced microheterogeneity in several glycoproteins. CONCLUSIONS PEA-induced retention of proteins in fetal hepatocytes could be the result of an alteration of glycoprotein biosynthesis and cytoskeleton-mediated transport.
Effects of memory latencies on non-blocking processor/cache architectures

In this paper, we introduce a simple hardware mechanism supporting non-blocking loads in conjunction with lockup-free caches to hide memory latencies in high-performance processors. The cache and processor cooperate on load misses so that the overall complexity of the non-blocking mechanisms in the cache and in the processor is greatly reduced. We use detailed simulations to evaluate the effectiveness of the architecture and of a simple compiler transformation at hiding miss latencies of up to 200 processor cycles. For a given program we identify a critical latency. For latencies lower than this critical latency, the non-blocking processor/cache architecture achieves perfect memory latency tolerance by overlapping misses with processor execution. For higher latencies, significant improvements in processor efficiency are still obtained by overlapping multiple misses together. A simple model is used to illustrate this effect and improvements are proposed based on the results.
Robust and Fast Similarity Search for Fingerprint Calibrations-Free Indoor Localization

Location-based services have become of great importance to a wide range of applications in the era of mobile computing. Various wireless indoor localization techniques are emerging. Due to the wide deployment and availability of WiFi infrastructure, WiFi fingerprint-based indoor localization has become one of the most attractive localization techniques. Site survey to build WiFi fingerprint library and fingerprint matching-based real-time positioning are based on WiFi indoor localization method two basic stages. Equipment heterogeneity and environmental dynamics are two main factors affecting indoor localization accuracy. In order to solve these problems, an algorithm based on Hierarchical Edit Distance(HED) function is proposed to realize calibrations-free fingerprint comparison of heterogeneous devices. RSSI information collected by different mobile devices is transformed into AP sequence. The hierarchical energy level of each AP is calculated according to the difference of the RSSI values. Then the distance between the WiFi fingerprints is calculated by edit distance. In order to locate WiFi fingerprint RSSI information, we use HED to obtain K neighbors, and use the WKNN algorithm to predict position. In order to verify robustness and effectiveness of the algorithm, five different mobile devices were used to collect WiFi RSSI information in three different types of indoor environments. The average localization accuracy was 1.5m.
In Search of a Public Sphere: Mainstreaming Religious Networks into the African Renaissance Agenda1

The debate about the role of religion in public life has intensified in the last decade against the backdrop of ascendant religiosity that has challenged the secularisation and modernisation theses. Hitherto discarded or marginally treated as purely tenacious and atavistic in social science research, religion has become an important motif in the scholarly analyses of contemporary issues that shape interpersonal, social, national, and international relations. In the post-modern era, the motivation for most social science research on religion has stemmed from the reality of ascendant religiosity, which refers to the increasing recourse to faith or spirituality by a growing number of persons. Within this milieu, religious networks have emerged as important actors in civil society and as powerful forces for social mobilisation, albeit for both constructive and destructive ends. Given the enormous influence that religious networks wield over a great number of citizens in Africa, state actors have tended in recent times to co-opt faith-based organisations into policy implementation processes (such as HIV/AIDS advocacy) with a view to ensure that such activities effectively resonate amongst the people. Moreover, governments often mobilise the religious constituency in the implementation of different national development and transformation agendas. At the continental level, the logic of extricating Africa from its multifaceted problematique has been conceptualised as African Renaissance, a concept that has been robustly analysed in contemporary African scholarship. This paper amplifies the discourse on African Renaissance by examining critically the raison d'etre, possibilities, and plausible pitfalls of the integration of religious networks into the African Renaissance agenda.
Proportion, Risk Factors and Outcome of Lacunar Infarction: A Hospital-Based Study in a Chinese Population

Background: There is scant information on the proportion, risk factors and outcome of lacunar infarction in China. Methods: Prospective registry data entered within 1 month after a first-ever stroke between March 2002 and March 2007 were used from 4 Chinese hospitals. Data regarding stroke risk factors and baseline characteristics were examined in a long-term follow-up. Case fatality, death and dependency, and stroke recurrence were assessed at 30, 90, 180 days and 1 year. Predictive factors for death at 1 year in patients with lacunar infarction were tested by logistic regression analysis. We constructed Kaplan-Meier survival curves and compared groups with lacunar infarction and nonlacunar infarction by means of log rank tests for significant difference. Results: A total of 3,905 patients with first-ever cerebral infarction were included, of whom 1,650 (42.3%) had a lacunar infarction and 2,255 (57.7%) a nonlacunar infarction. Case fatality was lower in patients with lacunar infarction at all 4 time points (5.3, 6.4, 7.8 and 17.4%, respectively), as compared to patients with nonlacunar infarction (9.5, 14.3, 16.5 and 20.1%, respectively). Age, diabetes, smoking and NIHSS score at admission were the independent predictors for 1-year case fatality in patients with lacunar infarction. Death and dependency rates were also lower in patients with lacunar infarction than in those with nonlacunar infarction. Recurrent stroke was an important cause of death for lacunar infarction patients. Conclusions: The proportion of lacunar infarction in China is much higher than that in Western countries. The long-term prognosis of lacunar infarction is not benign.
Psychological and Social Predictors of Suicidal Ideation among Young Adolescents

Although there is an enormous amount of literature demonstrating socio-psychological determinants of suicide and self-injurious behaviour among adults or clinical samples of children and adolescents, there is a scarcity of studies focussing on non-clinical adolescent samples. The current study examined associations between self-reported data on self-image, physical and psychological health and suicidal cognitions, self-injurious behaviour and suicidal intent in a large representative sample of German high-school students. Almost 1000 German adolescents (aged 14-18 years) were administered a comprehensive series of questionnaires aimed at assessing anxiety-depression, trait addiction, smoking and drinking behaviour, physical ill-health reports and self-perception of self-image, parental acceptance and educational attainment. Several statements were incorporated to assess self-injury and suicidal ideation. An attempt was made to identify risk and offer preventative factors of adolescent suicide. Suicidal ideation is significantly more endorsed among female than male adolescents: twice as many female adolescents tend to have wishes about being dead or have contemplated suicide than males. Girls also tended to have implemented significantly more self-destructive behaviour than boys. Over one-third of the variance observed in subjective reported suicidal ideation was explained by the socio-psychological variables. The common general significant predictor was anxiety-depression, and for males the specific somatic factor was general colds. In contrast, females displayed several specific significant determinants of suicidal ideation, including educational threat and the somatic variable, circulatory ailments. Conversely, tiredness, social problems and maternal rejection were statistically significant predictors of suicidal ideation but again the direction of impact was opposite to what was anticipated.
A Two‐Level Model for Evidence Evaluation

ABSTRACT: A random effects model using two levels of hierarchical nesting has been applied to the calculation of a likelihood ratio as a solution to the problem of comparison between two sets of replicated multivariate continuous observations where it is unknown whether the sets of measurements shared a common origin. Replicate measurements from a population of such measurements allow the calculation of both within‐group and between‐group variances/covariances. The within‐group distribution has been modelled assuming a Normal distribution, and the between‐group distribution has been modelled using a kernel density estimation procedure. A graphical method of estimating the dependency structure among the variables has been used to reduce this highly multivariate problem to several problems of lower dimension. The approach was tested using a database comprising measurements of eight major elements from each of four fragments from each of 200 glass objects and found to perform well compared with previous approaches, achieving a 15.2% false‐positive rate, and a 5.5% false‐negative rate. The modelling was then applied to two examples of casework in which glass found at the scene of the criminal activity has been compared with that found in association with a suspect.