Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
A review of low‐cost space‐borne data for flood modelling: topography, flood extent and water level

During the last two decades, remote sensing data have led to tremendous progress in advancing flood inundation modelling. In particular, low‐cost space‐borne data can be invaluable for large‐scale flood studies in data‐scarce areas. Various satellite products yield valuable information such as land surface elevation, flood extent and water level, which could potentially contribute to various flood studies. An increasing number of research studies have been dedicated to exploring those low‐cost data towards building, calibration and evaluation, and remote‐sensed information assimilation into hydraulic models. This paper aims at reviewing these recent scientific efforts on the integration of low‐cost space‐borne remote sensing data with flood modelling. Potentials and limitations of those data in flood modelling are discussed. This paper also introduces the future satellite missions and anticipates their likely impacts in flood modelling. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
SEISMIC DISCONTINUITY AT THE TOP OF D : A WORLD-WIDE FEATURE ?

Considering the growing number of observations of a seismic discontinuity at the top of D″, some 300 km above the core-mantle boundary, we investigate the scenario of whether this feature could be global. We show that the mean first arrivals of P-waves, as used to build global models, can be fit by the two branches of a discontinuous model. We argue that the intermittence of the detection of the reflector is due to lateral variations of a global discontinuity. These observations put strong constraints on the type of chemical layering that could explain the discontinuity. We speculate that the properties of the D″ discontinuity are better explained in terms of a new phase transition.
WaterWorld: a self-parameterising, physically-based model for application in data-poor but problem-rich environments globally

This paper describes a spatially explicit, physically based global model for water balance. Its key innovations include the fact that it comes with all data required for application, is very high spatial resolution (1 km or 1-hectare resolution) and yet global in extent and is particularly well suited to heterogeneous environments with little or no available data. The model, WaterWorld, is capable of producing a hydrological baseline representing the mean water balance for 1950–2000 and allows users to apply ensemble scenarios for climate change or examine the impact of policy options for land cover change or land management interventions. WaterWorld is focused on policy support, especially in conservation hydrology and development applications and is delivered through a simple web interface, requiring little local capacity for use. The paper discusses the paucity of hydrological data and the urgency of hydrological problems in much of the less-developed world, which reinforce the need for tools like WaterWorld. We discuss the types of hydrological problems that models might contribute to managing and the requirements of models applied to such problems. By way of example, applications of WaterWorld to understanding large-scale patterns of water resources and uncertainty around adaptation to climate change are described.
An extreme value theory approach to correlated radar clutter

According to the extreme value theory, the tail distribution of virtually any statistical distribution can be uniquely modeled by the generalized Pareto distribution. Based on this property it is possible to approximate the tail of the radar clutter distribution and develop a distribution-independent CFAR detector. In the paper the multiplicative clutter model is considered. Correlated clutter intensity with exponential, G01 and KI distribution is simulated. The correlation is introduced by lowpass filtering of the clutter speckle component. It is showed using the chi-square goodness-of-fit test that the tail of the correlated clutter can be well approximated by the generalized Pareto distribution.
EMMIXcskew: an R Package for the Fitting of a Mixture of Canonical Fundamental Skew t-Distributions

This paper presents an R package EMMIXcskew for the fitting of the canonical fundamental skew t-distribution (CFUST) and finite mixtures of this distribution (FM-CFUST) via maximum likelihood (ML). The CFUST distribution provides a flexible family of models to handle non-normal data, with parameters for capturing skewness and heavy-tails in the data. It formally encompasses the normal, t, and skew-normal distributions as special and/or limiting cases. A few other versions of the skew t-distributions are also nested within the CFUST distribution. In this paper, an Expectation-Maximization (EM) algorithm is described for computing the ML estimates of the parameters of the FM-CFUST model, and different strategies for initializing the algorithm are discussed and illustrated. The methodology is implemented in the EMMIXcskew package, and examples are presented using two real datasets. The EMMIXcskew package contains functions to fit the FM-CFUST model, including procedures for generating different initial values. Additional features include random sample generation and contour visualization in 2D and 3D.
Analysis of Manning coefficient for small‐depth flows on vegetated beds

The limitations of Manning's formula are analysed when it is in extreme conditions, and more specifically with small‐depth flows on natural‐vegetation beds. A thorough analysis is made of research carried out on macro‐rough beds, placing particular emphasis on vegetated beds. Research carried out to date on the roughness of vegetated beds and macro‐roughness is commented on, including that carried out at the Laboratory of Hydraulics and Hydrology of the Forestry Engineering Faculty (Polytechnic University of Madrid). The work was done in two phases, the first in a laboratory channel with artificial vegetation and the second in natural beds. The results of the experimental research allow the development of a new approximate method of determining Manning coefficient according to the Froude number. This method may be applied in extreme conditions, both in small depths and steep slopes. It was proved that the Manning coefficient depends not only on roughness height, but also on depth and slope values; thus, it is advisable to choose the appropriate method for its calculation. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Rock properties in low-porosity/low-permeability sandstones

Tight gas sand reservoirs are formally defined by the Federal Energy Regulatory Commission (FERC) as reservoirs with less than 0.1 md permeability. Although this is a permeability-based definition, these reservoirs frequently also have very low porosities ( 15 000 ft (Oil and Gas Investor, 2005).
Aerodynamic entrainment thresholds and dislodgement rates on impervious and permeable beds

In the literature it has been suggested that on permeable, granular beds, both the threshold and rate of aerodynamic entrainment may be affected significantly by seepage flows into and out of the bed induced by fluctuating pressures in the overlying turbulent boundary layer. Using a range of grain sizes and flow conditions, the series of laboratory experiments reported here compares directly the aerodynamic entrainment of loose grains overlying fixed permeable sediment beds with that occuring over fixed impervious beds. For a given granular material, no significant differences in entrainment dynamics on the two types of bed were observed and in the range of flow conditions examined both the threshold shear velocity (U*T) and the aerodynamic entrainment coefficient (k) were found to be independent of bed permeability.
Spits and tombolos in the southwest archipelago of Finland

Approximately one-third of the 73,000 islands in coastal Finland comprise the southwest archipelago. This region of recent marine sedimentation and late-Pleistocene glacial deposition is superimposed upon a southwesterly-sloping, dissected Precambrian peneplain surface of the Fennoscandian Shield that is undergoing postglacial rebound of 4-5 mm/yr. Most of the islands are rocky; beaches are found mainly on those islands mantled by glaciofluvial deposits in the form of eskers or from end moraines. Coastal processes have reworked the beach sediment into spits and tombolos in accordance with the predominant wave and fetch regimes. Sites where 9 spits and 10 tombolos were found in the study area are at islands in the Rymattyla and Parainen parishes and along the Salpausselka III ridge.
A New Determination of the Extragalactic Diffuse Gamma-Ray Background from EGRET Data

We use the GALPROP model for cosmic-ray propagation to obtain a new estimate of the Galactic component of γ-rays and show that away from the Galactic plane it gives an accurate prediction of the observed EGRET intensities in the energy range 30 MeV to 50 GeV. On this basis we reevaluate the extragalactic γ-ray background. We find that for some energies previous work underestimated the Galactic contribution at high latitudes and hence overestimated the background. Our new background spectrum shows a positive curvature similar to that expected for models of the extragalactic emission based on the blazar population.
The geological travels of Sir Charles Lyell in Madeira and the Canary Islands, 1853–1854

Abstract Throughout his life, Lyell travelled extensively, always as a keen observer. He viewed the Earth's geological history as continuous with and subject to the same processes of change as at present. Leopold von Buch's theory of craters of elevation contradicted Lyell's view of Earth history. Thus Lyell travelled to Madeira and the Canary Islands in 1853 to see von Buch's evidence. Lyell found the islands formed by a long series of volcanic eruptions, not by the single explosive upheaval that von Buch had described. Nevertheless, Lyell still accepted Léonce Élie de Beaumont's claim that lava flows could not form compact rock on steep slopes. In 1855, Lyell learned from Eilhard Mitscherlich that on Stromboli contemporary steeply inclined lava flows were forming solid rock. In 1857, Lyell went to Sicily where unmistakable evidence contradicted Élie de Beaumont. In the walls of the Valle del Bove, steeply inclined layers of lava were intersected by dykes that pointed towards a former centre of eruption at Trifoglietto, later buried by volcanic rocks emitted from the present centre of eruption at the summit of Etna, proving that the Valle del Bove could not have originated as a crater of elevation.
Non-Marine Permian Biostratigraphy and Biochronology

During the Permian, the single supercontinent Pangaea stretched from pole to pole. Early Permian glacial deposits are found in southern Gondwana. Along the sutures of Pangaea, mountain ranges towered over vast tropical lowlands. Interior areas included dry deserts where dune sands accumulated. Gypsum and halite beds document the evaporation of hot, shallow seas that formed the most extensive salt deposits in the geological record. The Permian period (251 to 299 Ma) encompasses nine ages (stages) arranged into three epochs (series). Most of the Permian marine timescale has been defined by global stratotype sections and points for the stage boundaries. This volume presents new data regarding the biostratigraphy and biochronology of the non-marine Permian and provides a basis for temporally ordering Permian geological and biotic history on land, and correlating that history to events in the marine realm.
PRECISION ASTROMETRY WITH THE VERY LONG BASELINE ARRAY: PARALLAXES AND PROPER MOTIONS FOR 14 PULSARS

Astrometry can bring powerful constraints to bear on a variety of scientific questions about neutron stars, including their origins, astrophysics, evolution, and environments. Using phase-referenced observations at the Very Long Baseline Array (VLBA), in conjunction with pulsar gating and in-beam calibration, we have measured the parallaxes and proper motions for 14 pulsars. The smallest measured parallax in our sample is 0.13 ± 0.02 mas for PSR B1541+09, which has a most probable distance of 7.2+1.3−1.1 kpc. We detail our methods, including initial VLA surveys to select candidates and find in-beam calibrators, VLBA phase-referencing, pulsar gating, calibration, and data reduction. The use of the bootstrap method to estimate astrometric uncertainties in the presence of unmodeled systematic errors is also described. Based on our new model-independent estimates for distance and transverse velocity, we investigate the kinematics and birth sites of the pulsars and revisit models of the Galactic electron density distribution. We find that young pulsars are moving away from the Galactic plane, as expected, and that age estimates from kinematics and pulsar spindown are generally in agreement, with certain notable exceptions. Given its present trajectory, the pulsar B2045 − 16 was plausibly born in the open cluster NGC 6604. For several high-latitude pulsars, the NE2001 electron density model underestimates the parallax distances by a factor of 2, while in others the estimates agree with or are larger than the parallax distances, suggesting that the interstellar medium is irregular on relevant length scales. The VLBA astrometric results for the recycled pulsar J1713+0747 are consistent with two independent estimates from pulse timing, enabling a consistency check between the different reference frames.
Excavations at a Multi-period Site at Greenbogs, Aberdeenshire, Scotland and the Four-post Timber Architecture Tradition of Late Neolithic Britain and Ireland

This report outlines the unexpected discovery of a group of Late Neolithic structures at Greenbogs, Monymusk in Aberdeenshire, along with a series of later prehistoric features in the mid-1990s. Recent radiocarbon dating shows that two four-post timber structures found here date to the period 2890–2490 cal bc. These were found in association with a range of other features including an oval structure and diffuse areas of burning. The closest parallels for the four-post structures can be found in a slowly growing body of Late Neolithic timber structures, some being interpreted as roofed dwellings and others as roofed or unroofed monuments. This article places the Greenbogs structures in their wider context, identifies a number of unexcavated parallels in the aerial record and addresses the nature of the four-post structures found across Late Neolithic Britain and Ireland and suggests that four-post structures were a more common element of Late Neolithic architecture than previously identified. A common building type appears to have been shared across large areas of Britain and Ireland in a variety of contexts, from the seemingly mundane to the more ‘charged’, as part of elaborate monument complexes. The later prehistoric features identified at Greenbogs include a concentration of Middle Bronze Age features including graves containing cremated human bones, one with an upright urn, and a number of Iron Age pits and other features.
Effect of guided imagery relaxation on anxiety in cervical cancer: randomized clinical trial

ABSTRACT Objectives: to evaluate the effect of guided imagery relaxation through virtual reality on anxiety in women with cervical cancer undergoing radiochemotherapy. Methods: randomized, non-blinded, single-center clinical trial conducted at a cancer reference hospital. 52 women participated, with randomized allocation of 24 in the control group and 28 in the experimental group (12 sessions of guided imagery relaxation through virtual reality, applied three times a week). The outcome was evaluated using the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory and statistical analysis was performed using the Generalized Linear Mixed Model. Results: n the experimental group, women presented significant anxiety traits (p=0.010) before the intervention. Between the 4th and 12th week of follow-up, there was a reduction in anxiety levels, without statistical significance. Conclusions: guided imagery relaxation through virtual reality provided evidence of anxiety reduction in women with cervical cancer undergoing radiochemotherapy and may contribute to clinical practice. Brazilian Clinical Trial Registry: RBR-7ssvytb.
Stroke severity to determine musculoskeletal symptoms in family caregivers

Objective: the objective of this study is to examine the relationship between the musculoskeletal problems experienced by the family members who care for stroke patients, physical health and disability levels. Method: the subjects included in the study were patients and family caregivers admitted to the Kanuni Sultan Suleyman Training and Research Hospital Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation outpatient clinic with a stroke diagnosis between May 30 th, 2019, and May 30 th, 2021. The caregivers were assessed using the Extended Nordic Musculoskeletal Questionnaire. Validated scales were employed to evaluate stroke patients’ physical health and disability level. Results: a total of 104 stroke patients and 104 caregivers who met our inclusion criteria took part in this study. Low back complaints in the last month were associated with the patients’ Functional Ambulation Score (FAS), Functional Independence Measure (FIM), Stroke Impact Scale (SIS) and Brunnstrom scores. Neck pain was the second musculoskeletal complaint, but was not statistically associated with patient-related factors. Upper limb problems were associated with FAS, FIM, SIS, Brunnstrom and the Modified Ashworth Scale scores. Conclusion: according to our findings, the low back is the body area most affected by musculoskeletal complaints in family caregivers of stroke patients, closely related to the patients’ functional capacity and disability levels. Clinical trials number: NCT04901637
Ethical dilemmas and illicit acts in nursing: reflections on the legal (dis)order

ABSTRACT Objectives: to reflect on aspects of the legal system that involve situations of ethical dilemmas and illegal acts applied in legal proceedings related to nursing professionals. Methods: theoretical-reflective essay anchored in conceptions issued by a Brazilian nursing class body, based on technical opinions, in articulation with examples extracted from judges of the Superior Court of Justice. Results: the legal sources demonstrated the need to support nursing practices through a due and clear understanding of the notions addressed. Indeed, ethical dilemmas linked to professional practice usually refer to the psychological impact of having to act differently from what feels morally, ethically, or professionally appropriate. Final Considerations: the reflection was guided by conceptual and legal issues involving nursing practice, pointing to the need to monitor the effects of legal disorder caused by current legislation, which may have implications for the legal security of professionals.
Linear programming based computational technique for leukemia classification using gene expression profile

Cancer is a serious public health concern worldwide and is the leading cause of death. Blood cancer is one of the most dangerous types of cancer. Leukemia is a type of cancer that affects the blood cell and bone marrow. Acute leukemia is a chronic condition that is fatal if left untreated. A timely, reliable, and accurate diagnosis of leukemia at an early stage is critical to treating and preserving patients’ lives. There are four types of leukemia, namely acute lymphocytic leukemia, acute myelogenous leukemia, chronic lymphocytic in extracting, and chronic myelogenous leukemia. Recognizing these cancerous development cells is often done via manual analysis of microscopic images. This requires an extraordinarily skilled pathologist. Leukemia symptoms might include lethargy, a lack of energy, a pale complexion, recurrent infections, and easy bleeding or bruising. One of the challenges in this area is identifying subtypes of leukemia for specialized treatment. This Study is carried out to increase the precision of diagnosis to assist in the development of personalized plans for treatment, and improve general leukemia-related healthcare practises. In this research, we used leukemia gene expression data from Curated Microarray Database (CuMiDa). Microarrays are ideal for studying cancer, however, categorizing the expression pattern of microarray information can be challenging. This proposed study uses feature selection methods and machine learning techniques to predict and classify subtypes of leukemia in gene expression data CuMiDa (GSE9476). This research work utilized linear programming (LP) as a machine-learning technique for classification. Linear programming model classifies and predicts the subtypes of leukemia Bone_Marrow_CD34, Bone Marrow, AML, PB, and PBSC CD34. Before using the LP model, we selected 25 features from the given dataset of 22283 features. These 25 significant features were the most distinguishing for classification. The classification accuracy of this work is 98.44%.
Hydroxyurea does not reverse functional alterations of the nitric oxide-cGMP pathway associated with priapism phenotype in corpus cavernosum from sickle cell mouse

Sickle cell disease (SCD) is a genetic disorder that has been associated with priapism. The role of hydroxyurea, a common SCD therapy, in influencing the nitric oxide (NO)-cGMP pathway and its effect on priapism is unclear. To investigate the effect of hydroxyurea treatment on smooth muscle relaxation of corpus cavernosum induced by stimulation of the NO-cGMP pathway in SCD transgenic mice and endothelial NO synthase gene-deficient (eNOS-/-) mice, which are used as model of priapism associated with the low bioavailability of endothelial NO. Four-month-old wild-type (WT, C57BL/6), SCD transgenic, and eNOS-/- male mice were treated with hydroxyurea (100 mg/Kg/day) or its vehicle (saline) daily for three weeks via intraperitoneal injections. Concentration-response curves for acetylcholine (ACh), sodium nitroprusside (SNP), and electrical field stimulation (EFS) were generated using strips of mice corpus cavernosum. The SCD mice demonstrated an amplified CC relaxation response triggered by ACh, EFS, and SNP. The corpus cavernosum relaxation responses to SNP and EFS were found to be heightened in the eNOS-/- group. However, the hydroxyurea treatment did not alter these escalated relaxation responses to ACh, EFS, and SNP in the corpus cavernosum of the SCD group, nor the relaxation responses to EFS and SNP in the eNOS-/- group. In conclusion, hydroxyurea is not effective in treating priapism associated with SCD. It is likely that excess plasma hemoglobin and reactive oxygen species, which are reported in SCD, are reacting with NO before it binds to GCs in the smooth muscle of the corpus cavernosum, thus preventing the restoration of baseline NO/cGMP levels. Furthermore, the downregulation of eNOS in the penis may impair the pharmacological action of hydroxyurea at the endothelial level in SCD mice. This study emphasize the urgency for exploring alternative therapeutic avenues for priapism in SCD that are not hindered by high plasma hemoglobin and ROS levels.