Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
The neural networks of inhibitory control in posttraumatic stress disorder.

OBJECTIVE Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) involves deficits in information processing that may reflect hypervigilence and deficient inhibitory control. To date, however, no PTSD neuroimaging study has directly examined PTSD-related changes in executive inhibition. Our objective was to investigate the hypothesis that executive inhibitory control networks are compromised in PTSD. METHODS Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) was used during a Go/No-Go inhibition task completed by a sample of patients with PTSD (n = 23), a matched sample of healthy (i.e. without trauma exposure) control participants (n = 23) and a sample of control participants with trauma exposure who did not meet criteria for PTSD (n = 17). RESULTS Participants with PTSD showed more inhibition-related errors than did individuals without trauma exposure. During inhibition, control participants activated a right-lateralized cortical inhibitory network, whereas patients with PTSD activated only the left lateral frontal cortex. PTSD was associated with a reduction in right cortical activation and increased activation of striatal and somatosensory regions. CONCLUSION The increased inhibitory error and reduced right frontal cortical activation are consistent with compromised inhibitory control in PTSD, while the increased activation of brain regions associated with sensory processing and a greater demand on inhibitory control may reflect enhanced stimulus processing in PTSD, which may undermine cortical control mechanisms.
Multi-camera System Calibration with Built - in Relative Orientation Constraints (Part 1) Theoretical Principle

In recent years, multi-camera systems have been recognized as an affordable alternative for the collection of 3D spatial data from physical surfaces. The collected data can be applied for different mapping(e.g., mobile mapping and mapping inaccessible locations)or metrology applications (e.g., industrial, biomedical, and architectural). In order to fully exploit the potential accuracy of these systems and ensure successful manipulation of the involved cameras, a careful system calibration should be performed prior to the data collection procedure. The calibration of a multi-camera system is accomplished when the individual cameras are calibrated and the geometric relationships among the different system components are defined. In this paper, a new single-step approach is introduced for the calibration of a multi-camera system (i.e., individual camera calibration and estimation of the lever-arm and boresight angles among the system components). In this approach, one of the cameras is set as the reference camera and the system mounting parameters are defined relative to that reference camera. The proposed approach is easy to implement and computationally efficient. The major advantage of this method, when compared to available multi-camera system calibration approaches, is the flexibility of being applied for either directly or indirectly geo-referenced multi-camera systems. The feasibility of the proposed approach is verified through experimental results using real data collected by a newly-developed indirectly geo-referenced multi-camera system.
Confidence Interval Assessment to Estimate Dry and Wet Spells under Climate Change in Shahrekord Station, Iran

AbstractGlobal warming and its resulting climate change will affect different elements, such as water resources, in the future. One effect is that rainfall becomes very difficult to predict, as it is under the influence of several different elements. In this study, which considers Shahrekord synoptic station in Iran, various sources of uncertainty in rainfall prediction in the future and its effect on dry and wet spells are investigated. In the present research, CCSIRO, CGCM, ECHO-G, HADCM3, ECHAM, and PCM Atmospheric and Ocean General Circulation Model (AOGCM) models and A1, A2, B1, and B2 emission scenarios under three downscaling methods are examined. The results indicate a significant impact of the various downscaling methods on increasing the uncertainty band in rainfall estimation for the future. The AOGCM models in all of the scenarios except A2 are in agreement. The results of wet and dry spells estimation display a long-duration drought at the beginning of the upcoming 30-year period, followed by.
Sense: Sensitivity Encoding for Fast Mri Sensitivity Encoding with Cartesian Sampling of K-space General Theory of Sensitivity Encoding

New theoretical and practical concepts are presented for considerably enhancing the performance of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) by means of arrays of multiple receiver coils. Sensitivity encoding (SENSE) is based on the fact that receiver sensitivity generally has an encoding effect complementary to Fourier preparation by linear field gradients. Thus, by using multiple receiver coils in parallel scan time in Fourier imaging can be considerably reduced. The problem of image reconstruction from sensitivity encoded data is formulated in a general fashion and solved for arbitrary coil configurations and k-space sampling patterns. Special attention is given to the currently most practical case, namely, sampling a common Cartesian grid with reduced density. For this case the feasibility of the proposed methods was verified both in vitro and in vivo. Scan time was reduced to one-half using a two-coil array in brain imaging. With an array of five coils double-oblique heart images were obtained in one-third of conventional scan time. Among today's many medical imaging techniques, MRI stands out by a rarely stated peculiarity: the size of the details resolved with MRI is much smaller than the wavelength of the radiation involved. The reason for this surprising ability is that the origin of a resonance signal is not determined by optical means such as focusing or collimation but by spectral analysis. The idea of Lauterbur (1) to encode object contrast in the resonance spectrum by a magnetic field gradient forms the exclusive basis of signal localization in Fourier imaging. However powerful, the gradient-encoding concept implies a fundamental restriction. Only one position in k-space can be sampled at a time, making k-space speed the crucial determinant of scan time. Accordingly, gradient performance has been greatly enhanced in the past, reducing minimum scan time drastically with respect to earlier stages of the technique. However , due to both physiological and technical concerns, inherent limits of k-space speed have almost been reached. An entirely different approach to sub-wavelength resolution in MRI is based on the fact that with a receiver placed near the object the contribution of a signal source to the induced voltage varies appreciably with its relative position. That is, knowledge of spatial receiver sensitivity implies information about the origin of detected MR signals , which may be utilized for image generation. Unlike position in k-space, sensitivity is a receiver property and does not refer to the state of the object under examination. Therefore, …
La cartographie morphologique souterraine : apports aux reconstitutions paléogéographiques et paléoenvironnementales. Application à la grotte Chauvet (Ardèche - France) / Subterranean géomorphologie cartography : interest for paleogeographic and paleoenvironmental reconstitutions : application to th

Cet article a pour objet de presenter la cartographie morphologique souterraine en tant que methode d'apprehension des fonctionnements passes et actuels d'une cavite. Ces fonctionnements interessent, d'une part les paleogeographes, les paleoenvironnementalistes qui utilisent les cavites comme des memoires des evenements geomorphologiques et climatiques, et d'autre part, les prehistoriens et paleontologues qui travaillent en grotte. ; Les differentes informations contenues dans la cartographie morphologique souterraine sont presentees avec leurs interets d'ordre karstique, environnemental, prehistorique, paleontologique. Cet outil qui a ete applique a la grotte Chauvet, dans le cadre des recherches pluridisciplinaires dirigees par J. Clottes, a permis de degager differentes etapes de fonctionnement de la cavite avant, durant et apres les occupations humaines et animales. Une reconstitution speleogenique et karstogenique de la grotte Chauvet est proposee dans cet article a partir des seuls elements cartographies et de l'etat actuel des recherches.
Calibrating climate-δ18O regression models for the interpretation of high-resolution speleothem δ18O time series

Providing estimates of past climate changes on interannual-millenial timescales requires suitable regression models between climate and climate proxies. Many proxies appear to show relationships with climate that are timescale dependent. Any proxy-climate model should be able to replicate the major patterns that are observed at multiple timescales. Here we develop a new climate-isotope regression model for speleothems from a middle latitude site. In the low to middle latitudes, daily variation in precipitation isotopes (within individual months) is largely negatively correlated with daily rainfall amount. On interdecadal timescales, though, this relationship appears to be nonstationary. These two points provide a theoretical basis for a new climate-isotope regression model in which the slope and the intercept of a δ 18 O day -P day line for a given month are modulated by organized patterns of climate variability, such as the extratropical zonal waves (including the annular modes). In constructing this new regression model, we show how daily precipitation-δ 18 O relationships can be estimated using only monthly δ 18 O data and daily rainfall amounts. The new regression model provides a consistent picture of 18 O variability over a range of timescales, and this has not been the case with any previous climate-isotope regression model.
Late-Glacial to Early Holocene Climate Changes from a Central Appalachian Pollen and Macrofossil Record

Abstract A late-glacial to early Holocene record of pollen, plant macrofossils, and charcoal has been obtained from two cores from Browns Pond in the central Appalachians of Virginia. An AMS radiocarbon chronology defines the timing of moist and cold excursions, superimposed on the overall warming trend from 14,200 to 750014C yr B.P. This site had cold, moist conditions from ca. 14,200 to 12,70014C yr B.P., with warming at 12,730, 11,280, and 10,05014C yr B.P. A decrease in deciduous broad-leaved tree taxa andPinus strobus(haploxylon) pollen, simultaneous with a reexpansion ofAbies,denotes a brief, cold reversal from 12,260 to 12,20014C yr B.P. A second cold reversal, inferred from increases in montane conifers, is centered at 750014C yr B.P. The cold reversals at Browns Pond may be synchronous with climate change in Greenland and northwestern Europe. Warming at 11,28014C yr B.P. shows the complexity of regional climate responses during the Younger Dryas chronozone.
Age Determination of Pearls: A New Approach for Pearl Testing and Identification

For this radiocarbon study, 7 saltwater pearls and 3 shells from pearl oysters have been analyzed. The declared ages of the samples range from the mid-19th century to very recent formations. The analyzed data show the potential of the bomb peak time marker to provide additional information when testing pearls. The analyzed pearls could be distinctly separated in pearls of pre- and post-bomb peak ages, in agreement with the distinction based on the declared ages. The analyzed data further reveals the potential of this method to provide supporting evidence for the historic provenience of a pearl or as an indication of a natural or cultured formation of a pearl.
The Past, Present, and Future of Macroeconomic Forecasting

he reports of the death of large-scale macroeconomic forecasting models are not exaggerated. But many observers interpret the failure of the early models as indicative of a bleak future for macroeconomic forecasting more generally. Such is not the case. Although the large-scale macroeconomic forecasting models didn’t live up to their original promise, they nevertheless left a useful legacy of lasting contributions from which macroeconomic forecasting will continue to beneﬁt: they spurred the development of powerful identiﬁcation and estimation theory, computational and simulation techniques, comprehensive machine-readable macroeconomic databases
Hypoxia up‐regulates expression of Eph receptors and ephrins in mouse skin

Eph receptor tyrosine kinases and their ligands (ephrins) are key players during the development of the embryonic vasculature; however, their role and regulation in adult angiogenesis remain to be defined. Both receptors and ligands have been shown to be up‐regulated in a variety of tumors. To address the hypothesis that hypoxia is an important regulator of Ephs/ephrins expression, we developed a mouse skin flap model of hypoxia. We demonstrate that our model truly represents segmental skin hypoxia by applying four independent methods: continuous measurement of partial cutaneous oxygen tension, monitoring of tissue lactate/pyruvate ratio, time course of hypoxia‐inducible factor‐1α (HLF‐1α) induction, and localization of stabilized HIF‐1α by immunofluorescence in the hypoxic skin flap. Our experiments indicate that hypoxia up‐regulates not only HIF‐1α and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) expression, but also Ephs and ephrins of both A and B subclasses in the skin. In addition, we show that in Hep3B and PC‐3 cells, the hypoxia‐induced up‐regulation of Ephs and ephrins is abrogated by small interfering RNA‐mediated down‐regulation of HIF‐1α. These novel findings shed light on the role of this versatile receptor/ligand family in adult angiogenesis. Furthermore, our model offers considerable potential for analyzing distinct mechanisms of neovascularization in gene‐targeted mice.
Implications of the carbon cycle steady state assumption for biogeochemical modeling performance and inverse parameter retrieval

We analyze the impacts of the steady state assumption on inverse model parameter retrieval from biogeochemical models. An inverse model parameterization study using eddy covariance CO2 flux data was performed with the Carnegie Ames Stanford Approach (CASA) model under conditions of strict and relaxed carbon cycle steady state assumption (CCSSA) in order to evaluate both the robustness of the model's structure for the simulation of net ecosystem carbon fluxes and the assessment of the CCSSA effects on simulations and parameter estimation. Net ecosystem production (NEP) measurements from several eddy covariance sites were compared with NEP estimates from the CASA model driven by local weather station climate inputs as well as by remotely sensed fraction of photosynthetically active radiation absorbed by vegetation and leaf area index. The parameters considered for optimization are directly related to aboveground and belowground modeled responses to temperature and water availability, as well as a parameter (η) that relaxed the CCSSA in the model, allowing for site level simulations to be initialized either as net sinks or sources. A robust relationship was observed between NEP observations and predictions for most of the sites through the range of temporal scales considered (daily, weekly, biweekly, and monthly), supporting the conclusion that the model structure is able to capture the main processes explaining NEP variability. Overall, relaxing CCSSA increased model efficiency (21%) and decreased normalized average error (−92%). Intersite variability was a major source of variance in model performance differences between fixed (CCSSAf) and relaxed (CCSSAr) CCSSA conditions. These differences were correlated with mean annual NEP observations, where an average increase in modeling efficiency of 0.06 per 100 g C m−2 a−1 (where a is years) of NEP is observed (α < 0.003). The parameter η was found to be a key parameter in the optimization exercise, generating significant model efficiency losses when removed from the initial parameter set and parameter uncertainties were significantly lower under CCSSAr. Moreover, modeled soil carbon stocks were generally closer to observations once the steady state assumption was relaxed. Finally, we also show that estimates of individual parameters are affected by the steady state assumption. For example, estimates of radiation‐use efficiency were strongly affected by the CCSSAf indicating compensation effects for the inadequate steady state assumption, leading to effective and thus biased parameters. Overall, the importance of model structural evaluation in data assimilation approaches is thus emphasized.
Capillary-Trapping Capacity of Sandstones and Sandpacks

This paper (SPE 120960) was accepted for presentation at the EUROPEC/EAGE Conference and Exhibition, Amsterdam, 8–11 June 2009, and revised for publication. Original manuscript received for review 23 February 2009. Revised manuscript received for review 3 December 2010. Paper peer approved 15 April 2011. Summary We quantify the influence of the initial nonwetting-phase saturation and porosity on the residual nonwetting-phase saturation using data in the literature and our own experimental results on sandpacks and consolidated sandstones. These experiments were conducted at ambient or elevated pressure and temperature (ETP) conditions. The principal application of this work is for carbon capture and storage (CCS) where capillary trapping is a rapid and effective way to render the injected CO2 immobile, guaranteeing safe storage. We introduce the concept of capillary-trapping capacity (Ctrap) which is the product of residual saturation and porosity that represents the fraction of the rock volume that can be occupied by a trapped nonwetting phase. We show that the measured trapping capacity reaches a maximum of approximately 11% for porosities of 22%, which suggests an optimal porosity for CO2 storage.
Evidence for shear velocity anisotropy in the lowermost mantle beneath the Indian Ocean

Teleseismic recordings (Δ > 87°) of a deep earthquake beneath the Banda Sea at stations in Tanzania show a difference in the arrival time of the radial (SSV) and transverse component (SSH) S wave ranging from 1–3 s. Shear velocity anisotropy in the lowermost mantle beneath the Indian Ocean is the likely cause of this signal because recordings at the same stations of closer‐in events (Δ < 80°) in the same source region do not present a comparable differential travel time. For the Banda Sea event, the SSH signals are broader than SSV signals, suggesting that a discontinuity (or strong vertical gradient) in primarily VSH marks the sudden onset of transverse isotropy in D” (with a magnitude of 1.4–2.7%) about 350 km above the core‐mantle boundary. SKKS coda, S‐to‐p converted phases at the Moho, and upper mantle heterogeneity beneath the stations obscure the onset of SSV and complicate wave shapes. It is therefore difficult to evaluate whether general anisotropy needs to be invoked into a model of shear velocity anisotropy.
Title : Confirmation of Correct Tracheal Tube Placement in Newborn Infants

139 words 25 Word count: 3821 words 26 Appendix: 1 27 Figures: 1 28 Tables: 2 29 30 Short title: Challenges of Endotracheal intubation in Newborns 31 32 Conflict of interest: None 33 34 No reprints requested 35 36
Two Stable Equilibria of a Coupled Ocean-Atmosphere Model

Abstract Two stable equilibria have been obtained from a global model of the coupled ocean-atmosphere system developed at the Geophysical Fluid Dynamics Laboratory of NOAA. The model used for this study consists of general circulation models of the atmosphere and the world oceans and a simple model of land surface. Starting from two different initial conditions, “asynchronous” time integrations of the coupled model, under identical boundary conditions, lead to two stable equilibria. In one equilibrium, the North Atlantic Oman has a vigorous thermohaline circulation and relatively saline and warm surface water. In the other equilibrium, there is no thermohaline circulation, and an intense halocline exists in the surface layer at high latitudes. In both integration the, air-sea exchange of water is adjusted to remove a systematic bias of the model that surpresses the thermohaline circulation in the North Atlantic. Nevertheless these results raise the intriguing possibility that the coupled system may have a.
Relevance of ERA40 dynamical downscaling for modeling deep convection in the Mediterranean Sea

A strong open‐ocean convection event was observed in the Northwestern Mediterranean sea during the 1986–87 winter. This period was used as a case study to evaluate the impact of the spatial resolution of atmospheric forcing on deep convection modeling. Twin numerical experiments were performed with an oceanic model forced by atmospheric forcing sets with different resolutions. A low resolution atmospheric forcing extracted from the ERA40 reanalysis was compared with a high resolution forcing produced by a dynamical downscaling of ERA40. A high resolution climate model spectrally driven by ERA40 fields for the large scales provided the dynamical downscaling dataset covering the 1958–2001 period. The oceanic simulation performed under low resolution meteorological forcing did not reproduce the observed convection. The simulation performed under high resolution forcing correctly reproduced the convection event. This was principally due to the enhancement of spatial and temporal meteorological extremes under the high resolution forcing.
Thermal anomalies associated with faults: a case study of the Jinhua–Quzhou basin of Zhejiang Province, China

Faults provide the path for geothermal natural convection and partially influence the ground surface thermal environment. The land surface temperatures (LSTs) near a fault are higher than in other areas and can indicate the strike trend of an underground fault. However, these anomalies of higher LSTs are not located accurately in the fault centre but near it with some offset, and these LST data may include other thermal information that needs to be eliminated prior to analysis. In this study, LSTs were retrieved from Landsat Thematic Mapper (TM) and Enhanced Thematic Mapper Plus (ETM+) thermal infrared (TIR) images and enhanced with land cover classification and elimination. The spatial patterns of the enhanced images were compared with geophysical prospecting tectonic profiles and with regional geological tectonic maps, revealing the spatial correspondence between the thermal anomalies and the faults. The results indicated that the thermal anomalies are located near the faults and are consistent with the faults' dip planes.
Plutonic ages and tectonic setting of the Algonquin and Muskoka allochthons, Central Gneiss Belt, Grenville Province, Ontario

The Central Gneiss Belt comprises parautochthonous gneisses overlain by northwest-transported allochthonous terranes originating from the pre-Grenvillian Laurentian margin or from farther outboard as inferred for the Parry Sound allochthon. In the Huntsville region, orthogneisses of the Algonquin allochthon yielded U-Pb zircon igneous crystallization ages at 1444 +12-8, 1442 +9-8, and 1432 +54-98 Ma. In absence of direct evidence for older intrusions, the association of these plutonic rocks with gneisses giving Nd crustal residence ages of ca. 1.7 Ga sets the Algonquin allochthon apart from the underlying parautochthon, and from the overlying Muskoka allochthon. Orthogneisses from the latter also give zircon igneous ages at 1453 ± 6 Ma and 1427 +16-13 Ma, with no older memory. These ages closely correspond to the Nd model ages of associated gneisses, testifying to the juvenile nature of this terrane. Plutonic ages from the Algonquin and Muskoka allochthons are older than those of the Parry Sound allochtho.