Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Tourism revenue sharing policy at Bwindi Impenetrable National Park, Uganda: a policy arrangements approach

Debates on how to deliver conservation benefits to communities living close to protected high-biodiversity areas have preoccupied conservationists for over 20 years. Tourism revenue sharing (TRS) has become a widespread policy intervention in Africa and elsewhere where charismatic populations of wildlife remain. This paper analyzes TRS policy at Bwindi Impenetrable National Park (BINP), Uganda, from a policy arrangements perspective. It is based on data collected at BINP and three surrounding parishes, using qualitative methods. It concludes that the governance capacity of the TRS policy arrangement at BINP is low due to the structural incongruence of the dimensions of the policy arrangement (analyzed in terms of actors, resources, rules of the game and discourses). Despite the participatory rhetoric of policy reforms, the Uganda Wildlife Authority remains the most powerful actor: it has control over resources and consequently determines the rules of the game. Local communities do not feel adequately compensated for conservation costs. This issue is exacerbated by weak communications with local people, problems of fair distribution locally and nationally, corruption claims and powerful local elites. To maximize TRS’ ability to contribute to conservation through development, inequities in the design of the TRS and dispersion of benefits need to be addressed.
Deterministic random walks on finite graphs

The rotor‐router model, also known as the Propp machine, is a deterministic process analogous to a random walk on a graph. Instead of distributing tokens to randomly chosen neighbors, the Propp machine deterministically serves the neighbors in a fixed order by associating to each vertex a “rotor‐router” pointing to one of its neighbors. This paper investigates the discrepancy at a single vertex between the number of tokens in the rotor‐router model and the expected number of tokens in a random walk, for finite graphs in general. We show that the discrepancy is bounded by O (mn) at any time for any initial configuration if the corresponding random walk is lazy and reversible, where n and m denote the numbers of nodes and edges, respectively. For a lower bound, we show examples of graphs and initial configurations for which the discrepancy at a single vertex is Ω(m) at any time (> 0). For some special graphs, namely hypercube skeletons and Johnson graphs, we give a polylogarithmic upper bound, in terms of the number of nodes, for the discrepancy. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Random Struct. Alg. , 46,739–761, 2015
Smoking cessation interventions in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and the role of the family: a systematic literature review.

AIM This paper is a report of a systematic review to assess the effectiveness of family-focused smoking cessation interventions for people with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and to determine what data on families are documented in studies of smoking cessation interventions. BACKGROUND Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease is a major public health problem and cigarette smoking is the most important factor contributing to its development and progression. However, smoking cessation rates are low and relapse is common. The role of families in smoking cessation efforts has received little attention. METHODS All studies were included in the review that (i) addressed an evaluation of a psycho-social/educational smoking cessation intervention for people with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, (ii) addressed some information on the family (i.e. living arrangements, marital status, smoking history of family members, support for quitting) and/or included the family as part of the intervention and (iii) were published between 1990 and 2006. Electronic data sources, existing systematic reviews of smoking cessation interventions and the grey literature were reviewed. RESULTS Seven studies were included. Six studies (11 papers) included data on marital status, smoking status of household members, support for quitting smoking and related variables. In two of the studies, the variable on the family was used to analyse smoking cessation outcomes. One additional study met the inclusion criterion of an evaluation of a smoking cessation intervention, which also included a family focus in the intervention. CONCLUSION No conclusions about the effectiveness of a family-focused smoking cessation intervention could be drawn from this review. Further research is needed to determine if a more family-focused intervention, in conjunction with pharmacological and counselling approaches, would lead to improved smoking cessation outcomes.
Interpersonal Constructs of Pregnant Married Women during Pregnancy and Postpartum Period as Perceptions of Family Members

Interpersonal constructs and their dynamics in pregnant women during the perinatal period were investigated using a symbol figure placement technique and a semantic differential test. 16 pregnant women represented their interpersonal perceptions of family members (husband, mother, father, mother-in-law, father-in-law, and child) at four different times (34 weeks of pregnancy, 37 weeks of pregnancy, and 3 days and 30 days after delivery). Two tests indicated positive perceptions of the pregnant women (cohesion, confidence, and dependence) of family members changed over the perinatal period and their interpersonal perceptions of self-husband and self-child were the most positive next to self-mother. Based upon these findings, the support system for pregnant women was discussed.
SPERM CHROMOSOME ANEUPLOIDY AS RELATED TO MALE FACTOR INFERTILITY AND SOME ULTRASTRUCTURE DEFECTS

Some men have elevated levels of sperm chromosome aneuploidy. In this study, we have evaluated and summarized sperm aneuploidy rates in male infertility patients and control groups. The mean aneuploidy rate for five chromosomes (X, Y, 13, 18, 21) was 1.2 ± 0.1 for fertile controls, 1.4 ± 0.1 for a general population control group, and 5.8 ± 1.14 for the patients. When the patients were classified by the type of male factor infertility, the total aneuploidy rate was 2.6 ± 0.3 in men with moderately diminished semen quality (n = 7), 4.0 ± 0.3 patients with severe teratoasthenooligozoospermia, and 15.9 ± 3.8 for men with rare ultrastructure defects such as round head only syndrome or severe tail agenesis. Some infertility patients have a severely elevated level of sperm chromosome aneuploidy, which may contribute to infertility or diminish the likelihood of a successful outcome from IVF/ICSI. The severity of sperm chromosome aneuploidy appears to be proportional to the severity of abnormal semen quality: in particular, abnormal morphology. The high rates of aneuploidy in patients with severe ultrastructure defects suggest that caution should be employed in counseling those patients prior to IVF/ICSI.
Bovine lactoferrin ingestion protects against inflammation via IL-11 induction in the small intestine of mice with hepatitis.

Accumulating evidence suggests that orally ingested lactoferrin protects against inflammation. To assess the efficacy of orally administered bovine lactoferrin (bLF) against hepatitis and to identify the underlying mechanism, in the present study, we used four mouse models of hepatitis induced by d-galactosamine (GalN), carbon tetrachloride (CCl4), GalN plus lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and zymosan plus LPS. Intraperitoneal (i.p.) injection of GalN (500 mg/kg body weight) in mice treated with bovine serum albumin (BSA) for 14 d significantly increased serum aspartate aminotransferase (AST) concentrations compared with the untreated mice. However, orally administered bLF reduced AST concentrations compared with BSA treatment. In mice that received a single injection (0·4 ml/kg) and twice-weekly injections (0·08 ml/kg) of CCl4 for 24 weeks and pretreated with bLF for 14 d and 24 weeks, respectively, significantly suppressed alanine aminotransferase and AST concentrations were observed compared with the BSA-treated control. Oral administration of bLF for 14 d before i.p. injection of LPS (5 mg/kg) plus GalN (1 g/kg) significantly improved the survival rate. In mice that received intravenous injection of zymosan (25 mg/kg) and LPS (15 μg/kg) at 7 d intervals, bLF reduced the elevation of AST concentrations and enhanced the production of IL-11 and bone morphogenetic protein 2 in the small intestine compared with the BSA-treated control. To evaluate the effects of IL-11, we used IL-11 receptor α-null mice treated with GalN, CCl4 and zymosan plus LPS. In this group, the activity of bLF was not significantly different from that of BSA. These data indicate that orally ingested bLF enhances the expression of IL-11 in the small intestine and up-regulates protective activity in mice with hepatitis.
Design, Simulation, and Fabrication of an On-Chip Antenna Fabricated Using Silicon Micromachining for Broad-Band Millimeter-Wave Wireless Communications

Design, simulation, and fabrication of a broadband coplanar-waveguide (CPW)-fed on-chip antenna is presented. The antenna is of slot type and has the shape of a bow-tie with rounded truncation. The antenna is designed for unlicensed 60 GHz band, i.e., 58-64 GHz for millimeter-wave (mm-wave) communications. To maximize the radiation efficiency of the antenna, the authors have used bulk micromachining method for low-resistivity silicon. Simulation results of the antenna using 3D finite integral techniques are presented
What are Cities Really Committing to When They Build a Convention Center?

Abstract This paper looks at the eventual implications to cities when a convention center is built. The Delphi Technique was used to gain the expert opinions of a wide variety of knowledgeable experts in the field. Five questions pertaining to the ultimate financial consequences of building a convention center in a municipality were examined. There was great, general agreement that cities are putting themselves into a position where additional dollars will have to be spent in an attempt to make the initial investment, in this case a convention center, successful.
ANEMI: a new model for integrated assessment of global change

This paper describes a new model, ANEMI, for the integrated assessment of climate and global change. ANEMI reproduces the main characteristics of eight sectors of the society-biosphere-climate system – climate, carbon cycle, land use, population, surface water flow, water use, water quality, and the economy – and explores the manner in which interactions, or feedbacks, between these components determine the behaviour of the whole. The model's reference behaviour forms the basis of comparison for the set of experiments undertaken to date with the model; these experiments and their goals are summarised. A sample Monte Carlo simulation illustrates typical model behaviour, and shows how change in one model variable affects the others. Conclusions reiterate the value of integrated assessment modelling and describe future additions to the model.
Empowering communities to manage natural resources: case studies from Southern Africa

This report consists of a series of individual country papers prepared for a study on devolution, community empowerment and power relations in community-based natural resource management (CBNRM) in the SADC region. Case studies were undertaken during 1999 in eight southeastern/eastern African countries; Botswana, Lesotho, Malawi, Namibia, Zambia, Zimbabwe, South Africa (two separate studies) and Tanzania. These studies drew mainly on existing literature and the direct experiences of authors in CBNRM initiatives in their own countries. Each paper was structured under a common framework using standardised headings. Limited fieldwork was carried out in some countries. The study attempted to address the key questions. Are the approaches to CBNRM in the selected southern African countries truly community-based in that decision-making and regulation resides with local resource users or rights holders, and the benefits of resource management accrue back to the local community? If not, where does control lie, and what are the institutional arrangements and other factors which have contributed to this imbalance in power and blocked the achievement of devolution to a local level? What are the lessons learnt from the different case studies in terms of shifting the balance of power to ensure more equitable CBNRM? Within this context, each country paper investigated devolution and power relations' issues within selected CBNRM case studies. The papers examined: the extent to which policy and legislation devolves significant control over decision-making and benefits flows directly to communities and community institutions; the relationships between the community institutions and external institutions such as local authority structures, NGOs, donor agencies and the private sector; the power and legitimacy of these different structures; and the relationships between different groups and individuals within the community and the conflict that has emerged over CBNRM issues.
Preterm Infants Exhibit Greater Variability in Cerebrovascular Control than Term Infants.

STUDY OBJECTIVES Sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS) remains an important cause of infant death, particularly among infants born preterm. Prone sleeping is the major risk factor for SIDS and this has recently been shown to alter cerebrovascular control in term infants. As preterm infants are at greater risk for SIDS than those born at term, we hypothesized that their cerebrovascular control in the prone position would be reduced compared to term infants. PATIENTS OR PARTICIPANTS There were 35 preterm (mean gestation 31.2 ± 0.4 w) and 17 term (mean gestation 40.1 ± 0.3 w) infants. DESIGN Infants underwent daytime polysomnography at 2-4 w, 2-3 mo, and 5-6 mo postterm age. Infants slept both prone and supine and were presented with cardiovascular challenges in the form of 15° head-up tilts (HUT). MEASUREMENTS AND RESULTS Cerebral tissue oxygenation index (TOI) was recorded using near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRO-200 spectrophotometer, Hamamatsu Photonics KK, Japan) and mean arterial pressure (MAP) was recorded using a Finometer cuff (Finapres Medical Systems, Amsterdam, The Netherlands). In the prone position TOI increased following the HUT (P < 0.05), whereas no change was seen in the supine position. The overall pattern of response was similar in both groups, but more variable in preterm than term infants (P < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS Cerebrovascular control differs between the prone and supine positions in preterm infants. Although overall the responses to head-up tilts were similar between term and preterm infants, greater variability of responses in preterm infants suggests persisting immaturity of their cerebrovascular control in the first year of life, which may contribute to their increased risk of sudden infant death syndrome.
Households' Age-Wealth Profiles and the Composite 'Life Cycle-Precautionary Saving' Motive

Our purpose is to point out that two classical saving motives (the 'Life Cycle' and the 'Precautionary saving' motives) can partially be associated in a meaningful saving motive: the motive to 'Covering an income risk concerning the retirement period'. If this composite motive turns out to explain the increased savings of French households observed since the middle of the 1980s, it might also enable us to characterize well the global saving behaviour over the life cycle of French households. We calculate different age-wealth profiles according to different measures of the composite saving motive, we have identified. Households, which have taken precautionary measures against long-term income risk concerning retirement, may have a stronger propensity to accumulate than other households may (We consider their gross total wealth). We control for cohort effects, observed heterogeneity among households, as well as supply effects, which may affect the financial products specialized in saving for retirement.
Total Rewards for New and Old Economy Companies

Traditionally, old and new economy companies have offered different types of pay solutions. Providing stock options, for example, has been a prominent feature of new economy companies, whereas old economy organizations focused on base pay and liberal benefits. However, the Internet has facilitated the blending of the old and new, and each finds the other increasingly attractive as a business partner. As a result, the differences between the two have begun to blur, and each, which had their "tried and true" reward strategies, must now realize that people work for more than just pay and evaluate "total rewards" for success. A total-rewards solution encompasses combinations of base pay, variable pay, recognition and benefits to create a win-win situation for the workforce and the organization.
The market efficiency of the soccer fixed odds internet betting market

The strong form of market efficiency requirement states that expected returns are equal across wagering prospects, and weak form efficiency requirement states that there is an absence of profit opportunities, meaning that all historical information relevant to the assessment of the match outcome probabilities are reflected in the odds quoted. This article empirically tests the market efficiency of the European soccer fixed odds Internet-betting market, and also presents simple betting strategy that appear to be profitable.
Tariff valuation bases and trade among developing countries: do developing countries discriminate against their own trade?

In establishing the value of imports for tariff assessment, most countries apply duties either to the cost-insurance-freight (c.i.f.) or the free-on-board (f.o.b.) value of the traded good. One effect of using the far more common c.i. f. base is to place a disproportinate burden on countries that have higher freight and insurance costs. Distant countries often not only pay higher transport costs, but are further penalized by disproportionate tariff costs that worsen their competitive disadvantage. The f.o. b. valuation procedure does not penalize exporters for their location, but applies a nominal tariff rate directly to the export costs of each country. Using cost information for six Latin American countries, this paper examines the influence of the two procedures on the level and incidence of tariff protection. It concludes that transport and insurance costs generally put developing countries at a disadvantage (compared to developed countries) on interregional trade and that the relatively high Latin American tariffs on c.i. f. prices further worsen their competitive position. To correct the bias against trade between developing countries, it is recommended that f.o. b. valuation procedures used by developed countries be adopted. This change would also reduce tariff barriers considerably.
Empirical analysis of closed-loop duopoly advertising strategies

Closed-loop (perfect) equilibria in a Lanchester duopoly differential game of advertising competition are used as the basis for empirical investigation. Two systems of simultaneous nonlinear equations are formed, one from a general Lanchester model and one from a constrained model. Two empirical applications are conducted. In one involving Coca-Cola and Pepsi-Cola, a formal statistical testing procedure is used to detect whether closed-loop equilibrium advertising strategies are used by the competitors rather than open-loop strategies. In the second application, involving Anheuser-Busch and Miller, the general model is estimated. Results indicate that closed-loop equilibria better explain dynamic advertising competition than do open-loop equilibria. Also, closed-loop equilibrium advertising strategies implied by model estimates show that competitive advertising levels may or may not be monotonic in market share.
City Type, City Size, Trade Patterns, and Interurban Transport Costs in a Spatial Economy

In this paper, the effect of interurban transport costs, incorporating agglomeration economies, on the formation of city structure is examined. It is shown that the city type and the city size will be determined by the effects of interurban transport costs of goods and the advantage (or disadvantage) of agglomeration economies depending on which effect is dominant. It is also shown that the trade patterns in the same type of city will be decided by the interurban transport costs and the transport costs from the world market.
Binding and Transcytosis of Botulinum Neurotoxin by Polarized Human Colon Carcinoma Cells*

T-84 and Caco-2 human colon carcinoma cells and Madin-Darby canine kidney (MDCK) cells were used to study binding and transcytosis of iodinated Clostridium botulinum neurotoxin serotypes A, B, and C, as well as tetanus toxin. Specific binding and transcytosis were demonstrated for serotypes A and B in intestinal cells. Using serotype A as an example, the rate of transcytosis by T-84 cells was determined in both apical to basolateral (11.34 fmol/h/cm2) as well as basolateral to apical (8.98 fmol/h/cm2) directions, and by Caco-2 cells in the apical to basolateral (8.42 fmol/h/cm2) direction. Serotype A retained intact di-chain structure during transit through T-84 or Caco-2 cells, and when released on the basolateral side was toxicin vivo to mice and in vitro on mouse phrenic nerve-hemidiaphragm preparations. Serotype C and tetanus toxin did not bind effectively to T-84 cells, nor were they efficiently transcytosed (8–10% of serotype A). MDCK cells did not bind or efficiently transcytose (0.32 fmol/h/cm2) botulinum toxin. Further characterization demonstrated that the rate of transcytosis for serotype A in T-84 cells was increased 66% when vesicle sorting was disrupted by 5 μm brefeldin A, decreased 42% when microtubules were disrupted by 10 μm nocodazole, and decreased 74% at 18 °C. Drugs that antagonize toxin action at the nerve terminal, such as bafilomycin A1 (which prevents acidification of endosomes) and methylamine HCl (which neutralizes acidification of endosomes), produced only a modest inhibitory effect on the rate of transcytosis (17–22%). These results may provide an explanation for the mechanism by which botulinum toxin escapes the human gastrointestinal tract, and they may also explain why specific serotypes cause human disease and others do not.
Cournot Competition In A Two-Dimensional Circular City

In this paper we develop a Cournot competition model between two firms located in a two-dimensional circular city. This city consists of a circumference and all the points in its interior for which movement between any two points can be made in a straight line. Firms have zero costs and market demand is symmetrically linear. We show that there exists a single state of equilibrium in which the firms agglomerate in the centre of the circle.