Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
10 Anchoring effect

Suppose you are the judge in a legal case of rape. The prosecutor and the defender have given their final speeches and you have just closed the court for a lunch break. The next session will start right after lunch, so that you have roughly an hour to make up your mind about the sentence. All the information that is necessary to make this important decision is right in front of you. The protocols of witnesses' statements, the opinions of a series of experts, and the relevant passages from the penal code are spread over your desk. You go through the most important facts once again: The victim's account of what happened that night, the expert's assessment of how likely it is that the defendant will commit rape again, the prosecutor's and the defender's plea. Upon close inspection, the evidence seems mixed and you are uncertain about what to do, what sentence to give. In thinking about the core facts, the final words of the prosecutor echo in your mind ". therefore , your honour, I demand a sentence of 34 months ". You wonder, " 34 months of prison confinement, is this an appropriate sentence? " Will the prosecutor's demand influence your sentencing decision? If so, your decision may be biased by one of the most remarkable influences on human judgement, namely the anchoring effect (Tversky & Kahneman, 1974). Because the prosecutor's goal is to obtain a high sentence , being directly influenced by his demand may be against your intentions. At the same time, it would put you in good company. The results of a recent study of ours (Englich & Mussweiler, 2001) indicate that accomplished trial judges with an average of more than 15 years of experience were influenced by sentencing demands, even if the demands were made by non-experts. In fact, the magnitude of this influence proved to be dramatic. Judges who considered a high demand of 34 months gave final sentences that were almost 8 months longer than judges who considered a low demand of 12 months. A difference of 8 months in prison for the identical crime. Notably, this influence occurred although both demands were explicitly made by a non-expert: In our study they were given by a computer science student in the role of the prosecutor.
A New Framework for Estimation of Quantile Treatment Effects: Nonseparable Disturbance in the Presence of Covariates

This paper introduces a new framework for quantile estimation. Quantile regression techniques have proven to be extremely valuable in understanding the relationship between explanatory variables and the conditional distribution of the outcome variable. Quantile regression allows the effect of the explanatory variables to vary based on a nonseparable disturbance term, frequently interpreted as "unobserved proneness" for the outcome, and provides conditional quantile treatment effects. Researchers are typically interested in the impact of the treatment variables on the unconditional distribution of the outcome. Additional covariates may be necessary (or simply desirable) for identification but adding these variables alters the interpretation of the resulting estimates as some of the "unobserved proneness" becomes observed and the disturbance term is separated. The Generalized Quantile Regression (GQR) estimator provides unconditional quantile treatment effects - the impact of the treatment variables on the unconditional distribution of the outcome variables. The control variables are conditioned on for identification or variance reduction but without altering the interpretation of the estimates. This property parallels mean regression. An IV version (IV-GQR) is also introduced. The estimator is extremely straightforward to implement using standard statistical software. Quantile Regression and Instrumental Variables Quantile Regression are special cases of the introduced estimation technique, but the proposed technique provides additional flexibility in the estimation of quantile treatment effects.
Political Connections and the Allocation of Procurement Contracts

This paper analyzes whether political connections of public corporations in the United States affect the allocation of government procurement contracts. The paper classifies the political affiliation of S&P 500 companies using hand-collected data that detail the past political position of each of their board members. Using this classification, the study focuses on the change in control of both House and Senate following the 1994 midterm election and on the change in the Presidency following the 2000 election. An analysis of the change in the value of the procurement contracts awarded to these companies before and after 1994 and 2000, respectively, indicates that companies that are connected to the winning (losing) party are significantly more likely to experience an increase (decrease) in procurement contracts. The results remain significant after controlling for industry classifications as well as for several firm characteristics. In total, these findings suggest that the allocation of procurement contracts is influenced, at least in part, by political connections. Thus, our study provides one of the first pieces of evidence showing a direct avenue through which political connections add value to U.S. companies. The results suggest that, even within the confine of the strong legal system of the U.S., political connections have a significant impact on the allocation of government resources.
ECOLOGICAL SPECIATION IN GAMBUSIA FISHES

Abstract Although theory indicates that natural selection can facilitate speciation as a by-product, demonstrating ongoing speciation via this by-product mechanism in nature has proven difficult. We examined morphological, molecular, and behavioral data to investigate ecology's role in incipient speciation for a post-Pleistocene radiation of Bahamas mosquitofish (Gambusia hubbsi) inhabiting blue holes. We show that adaptation to divergent predator regimes is driving ecological speciation as a by-product. Divergence in body shape, coupled with assortative mating for body shape, produces reproductive isolation that is twice as strong between populations inhabiting different predator regimes than between populations that evolved in similar ecological environments. Gathering analogous data on reproductive isolation at the interspecific level in the genus, we find that this mechanism of speciation may have been historically prevalent in Gambusia. These results suggest that speciation in nature can result as a by-product of divergence in ecologically important traits, producing interspecific patterns that persist long after speciation events have completed.
Towards Security-Aware Mutation Testing

Mutation analysis forms a popular software analysis technique that has been demonstrated to be useful in supporting multiple software engineering activities. Yet, the use of mutation analysis in tackling security issues has received little attention. In view of this, we design security aware mutation operators to support mutation analysis. Using a known set of common security vulnerability patterns, we introduce 15 security-aware mutation operators for Java. We then implement them in the PIT mutation engine and evaluate them. Our preliminary results demonstrate that standard PIT operators are unlikely to introduce vulnerabilities similar to ours. We also show that our security-aware mutation operators are indeed applicable and prevalent on open source projects, providing evidence that mutation analysis can support security testing activities.
Facebook Use and Negative Behavioral and Mental Health Outcomes: A Literature Review

The purpose of this study was to review research that is associated with Facebook use and negative behavioral and mental health outcomes. Facebook was chosen over other social media due to its widespread use, significant influence on peoples’ lives, and increased research attention. A total of 22 articles met the inclusion criteria and were selected for this paper. Facebook use was associated with four mental health domains: Facebook addictionintrusion, depression, anxiety, and other mental health outcomes. This review emphasized the importance of improving measurement validity through the development of more consistent and complex Facebook use measure instruments.
What is Narrative Intelligence ?

What is Narrative Intelligence? 2 How to Use this Book . 2 Innocent Archetype . 3 Orphan Archetype . 6 Warrior Archetype . 9 Caregiver Archetype . 12 Seeker Archetype . 15 Lover Archetype . 18 Destroyer Archetype . 21 Creator Archetype . 24 Ruler Archetype . 27 Magician Archetype. 30 Sage Archetype . 33 Jester Archetype . 36 Your Archetype Analysis . 39 Your Dominant Archetypes . 39 Your Supporting Cast . 41 Your Silent Archetypes . 43 About the Authors . 44 About OKA . 44
Topological Entropy Dimension and Directional Entropy Dimension for ℤ2-Subshifts

The notion of topological entropy dimension for a Z -action has been introduced to measure the subexponential complexity of zero entropy systems. Given a Z 2 -action, along with a Z 2 -entropy dimension, we also consider a finer notion of directional entropy dimension arising from its subactions. The entropy dimension of a Z 2 -action and the directional entropy dimensions of its subactions satisfy certain inequalities. We present several constructions of strictly ergodic Z 2 -subshifts of positive entropy dimension with diverse properties of their subgroup actions. In particular, we show that there is a Z 2 -subshift of full dimension in which every direction has entropy 0.
Using neural networks to predict corporate failure

Predicting corporate failure or bankruptcy is one of the most important prob- lems facing business and government. The recent Savings and Loan crisis is one example, where bankruptcies cost the United States billions of dollars and became a national political issue. This paper provides a 'meta analysis' of the use of neural networks to predict corporate failure. Fifteen papers are reviewed and compared in order to investigate 'what works and what doesn't work'. The studies are compared for their formulations including aspects such as the impact of using different percentages of bankrupt firms, the software they used, the input variables, the nature of the hidden layer used, the number of nodes in the hidden layer, the output variables, training and testing and statistical analysis of results. Then the findings are compared across a number of dimensions, including, similarity of comparative solutions, number of correct classifications, impact of hidden layers, and the impact of the percentage of bankrupt firms. ≈ 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A high temperature comparator in CMOS SiC

This paper demonstrates the first reported high temperature voltage comparator in CMOS silicon carbide. The comparator was designed in a 1.2 μm CMOS SiC process and has been tested for a voltage supply of 12 V to 15 V. The rail to rail voltage comparator has been tested up to 450°C with rise and fall times of 31 ns and 22 ns respectively, and positive and negative propagation delays of 108 ns and 107 ns respectively.
akuTEK ROOM ACOUSTIC PARAMETERS AND THEIR DISTRIBUTION OVER CONCERT HALL SEATS

1 INTRODUCTION International consensus about room acoustic parameters in performance rooms is more or less established by a set of five physical quantities and their corresponding subjective aspects, namely reverberance, strength, clarity, apparent source width, and envelopment (Table 1) [1][4]. Table 1: The five physical quantities assumed to characterize acoustic quality in performance rooms Subjective listener aspect Acoustic quality Single number frequency averaging Just Noticeable Difference (JND) With five parameters there will be a set of five average values that is assumed to characterize the acoustics of the hall (or some sub-area of the hall). But what is the chance of finding a seat with this characteristic quality? Does the average seat exist? While it may be simple to find a seat with e.g. reverberance that is close to average, it may be worse to find a seat with all five parameters close to hall-average values. For example, in many seats in the front part of the hall one may find strength, clarity and envelopment higher than average, while apparent source width and reverberance is generally very different from average, see Figure 7 in Appendix. Several authors have pointed at the relation between average parameter values and preference of halls, e.g. Beranek [2], and preferred values have been suggested for some parameters. However, it is not evident that preference for one parameter can be set independent of the four others, e.g. even if both 1.8s and 2.0s are within preferred occupied EDT values, the preferred values of G, C80, LF and LG may be different if EDT=1.8s than if EDT=2.0s. One would expect that at a top reputation hall like Musikvereinsaal has a majority of seats where all five parameters are within established preferred values, assuming it takes a majority to maintain such a wide and long-lasting reputation. This expectation is not confirmed by this study. This paper demonstrates the probability of finding some set of five parameter values in the main seating area in three concert halls. The interrelation between the percentage of qualified seats and the qualifying criteria is demonstrated, revealing the uncertainty principle in concert hall acoustics. Methods for acoustic seat quality assessment are suggested and tested. It becomes evident that some halls have more variation in quality than others. This may in itself be a significant property for a concert hall.
Symptom extraction issue

This work focuses on signs and symptoms recognition in biomedical texts abstracts. First, this specific task is described from a linguistic point of view. Then a methodology combining pattern mining and language processing is proposed. In the absence of an authoritative annotated corpus , our approach has the advantage of being weakly-supervised. Preliminary experimental results are discussed and reveal promising avenues.
Behaviour Analysis in Smart Spaces

We are on a new era of interaction between persons, physical spaces. Users want that those spaces smartly adapt to their preferences in a transparent way. This paper describes the process of planning, reasoning, modeling of a Smart Environment with domestic, industrial application, taking advantage of emerging wearable devices on the market (smart watches, fitness trackers, etc.), newer wireless communication technologies (NFC, BLE, Wi-Fi Direct). Enabling in a noninvasive way for the user, optimize the efficiency, comfort,, safety at the environments. This approach can be applied in home automation, public spaces, also incorporated at industrial level, to help build smart, autonomous factories.
Genetic and environmental influences on blood pressure in elderly twins.

We used 289 pairs of Swedish twins reared apart or together to evaluate the importance of genetic and environmental influences on blood pressure. Unlike other twin and family studies, the adoption/twin design allows a distinction between estimates of the importance of shared rearing environments and genetic effects. Genetic factors were observed to play an important role for individual differences in blood pressure. Model-fitting analyses suggested upper limits of heritability for systolic and diastolic blood pressures in the entire sample of 0.44 and 0.34, respectively. More interestingly, substantial influences of shared family effects accounting for up to 27% of the variation were also revealed. Effects of correlated environment, which might reflect, for example, the intrauterine environment, existed to some extent later in life. The influence of genetic factors tended to decrease across age groups for systolic blood pressure (0.62 in individuals less than 65 years old; 0.12 in those 65 years and older) but not for diastolic blood pressure (0.22 for the middle-aged group; 0.26 for the older group). However, this declining trend for systolic blood pressure did not reach significance (chi 2 = 8.07, df = 4, P = .09).
Triad of Risk for Late Onset Alzheimer’s: Mitochondrial Haplotype, APOE Genotype and Chromosomal Sex

Brain is the most energetically demanding organ of the body, and is thus vulnerable to even modest decline in ATP generation. Multiple neurodegenerative diseases are associated with decline in mitochondrial function, e.g., Alzheimer’s, Parkinson’s, multiple sclerosis and multiple neuropathies. Genetic variances in the mitochondrial genome can modify bioenergetic and respiratory phenotypes, at both the cellular and system biology levels. Mitochondrial haplotype can be a key driver of mitochondrial efficiency. Herein, we focus on the association between mitochondrial haplotype and risk of late onset Alzheimer’s disease (LOAD). Evidence for the association of mitochondrial genetic variances/haplotypes and the risk of developing LOAD are explored and discussed. Further, we provide a conceptual framework that suggests an interaction between mitochondrial haplotypes and two demonstrated risk factors for Alzheimer’s disease (AD), apolipoprotein E (APOE) genotype and chromosomal sex. We posit herein that mitochondrial haplotype, and hence respiratory capacity, plays a key role in determining risk of LOAD and other age-associated neurodegenerative diseases. Further, therapeutic design and targeting that involve mitochondrial haplotype would advance precision medicine for AD and other age related neurodegenerative diseases.
Prognosis of patients with dementia: results from a prospective nationwide registry linkage study in the Netherlands

Objective To report mortality risks of dementia based on national hospital registry data, and to put these risks into perspective by comparing them with those in the general population and following cardiovascular diseases. Design Prospective cohort study from 1 January 2000 through 31 December 2010. Setting Hospital-based cohort. Participants A nationwide hospital-based cohort of 59 201 patients with clinical diagnosis of dementia (admitted to a hospital or visiting a day clinic) was constructed (38.7% men, 81.4 years (SD 7.0)). Main outcomes and measures 1-year and 5-year age-specific and sex-specific mortality risks were reported for patients with dementia visiting a day clinic compared with the general population; for patients hospitalised with dementia compared with patients hospitalised for acute myocardial infarction (AMI), heart failure or stroke, these were presented as absolute and relative risks (RRs). Results 1-year mortality was 38.3% in men and 30.5% in women. 5-year risk was 65.4% and 58.5%, respectively. Mortality risks were significantly higher in patients with dementia admitted to the hospital than in those visiting a day clinic (1-year RR 3.29, 95% CI 3.16 to 3.42; and 5-year RR 1.79, 95% CI 1.76 to 1.83). Compared with the general population, mortality risks were significantly higher among patients visiting a day clinic (1-year RR for women 2.99, 95% CI 2.84 to 3.14; and for men 3.94, 95% CI 3.74 to 4.16). 5-year RRs were somewhat lower, but still significant. Results were more pronounced at younger ages. Mortality risks among admitted patients were comparable or even exceeded those of cardiovascular diseases (1-year RR for women with dementia vs AMI 1.24, 95% CI 1.19 to 1.29; vs heart failure 1.05, 95% CI 1.02 to 1.08; vs stroke 1.07, 95% CI 1.04 to 1.10). 5-year RRs were comparable. For men, RRs were slightly higher. Conclusions Dementia has a poor prognosis as compared with other diseases and the general population. The risks among admitted patients even exceeded those following cardiovascular diseases.
Path Planning Algorithms For The Robot Operating System

The open-source Robot Operating System (ROS) is a heterogeneous and scalable P2P networkbased robotics framework. We present path-planning algorithms over a P2P network for collision-free autonomous ground-robot navigation under uncertainty constraints. We then describe a practical application of this navigation facility to a natural stone processing plant factory floor.
A new index prices the market

For one group of power marketers, municipal utilities, federal power agencies, and investor owned utilities in California, Oregon, and Nevada, the answer to price transparency comes through the development and distribution of a market price index. These market participants who collaborated on the index represent one-third of the generation in the region. The index will enable electricity to be traded like a commodity, as are coal, oil, and natural gas. This effort should result in a more efficient market and better use of generation resources as well as the development of risk-management tools. The index will be based on the prices and quantities contained in actual transactions and will be published by Dow Jones beginning in March 1995.
Error bounds for extremely ill-conditioned problems

We discuss methods to compute error bounds for extremely ill-conditioned problems. As a model problem we treat matrix inversion. We demonstrate that additive corrections to improve an approximate inverse are useful for ill-conditioned problems, but hardly usable for extremely ill-conditioned problems. Here multiplicative corrections can be used, including the possibility to compute guaranteed error bounds.
The correlation function of radio sources

We investigate the large-scale clustering of radio sources in the Green Bank and Parkes-MIT-NRAO 4.85-GHz surveys by measuring the angular two-point correlation function w (theta). Excluding contaminated areas, the two surveys together cover 70 per cent of the whole sky. We find both surveys to be reasonably complete above 50 mJy. On the basis of previous studies, the radio sources are galaxies and radio-loud quasars lying at redshifts up to z similar to 4, with a median redshift z similar to 1. This provides the opportunity to probe large-scale structures in a volume far larger than that within the reach of present optical and infrared surveys. We detect a clustering signal w (theta)approximate to 0.01 for theta = 1 degrees. By assuming an evolving power-law spatial correlation function in comoving coordinates xi(r(c), z)=(r(c)/r(0))(-gamma) (1+z)(gamma-(3+epsilon)), where gamma=1.8, and the redshift distribution N(z) of the radio galaxies, we constrain the r(0)-epsilon parameter space. For 'stable clustering' (epsilon=0). We find the correlation length r(0) approximate to 18 h(-1) Mpc, larger than the value for nearby normal galaxies and comparable to the cluster-cluster correlation length.
An Analysis of the Structure and Dynamics of the Philippine Macroeconomy: Results from a DSGE-Based Estimation

I use Bayesian methods to estimate a medium-scale closed economy dynamic stochastic general equilibrium (DSGE) model for the Philippine economy. Bayesian model selection techniques indicate that among the frictions introduced in the model, the investment adjustment costs, habit formation, and the price and wage rigidity features are important in capturing the dynamics of the data, while the variable capital utilization, fixed costs, and the price and wage indexation features are not important. I find that the Philippine macroeconomy is characterized by more instability than the U.S. economy. An analysis of the several subperiods in Philippine economic history also reveals some quantitative evidence that risk aversion increases during crisis periods. Also, I find that the inflation targeting (IT) era is associated with a more stable economy: the standard deviations of the technology shock, the risk-premium shock, and the investment-specific technology shock have significantly lower variability than the pre-IT era. Shock decomposition analysis also reveals that BSP’s conduct of monetary policy appears to be more procyclical than countercyclical, for example, during the recent global financial and economic crisis.