Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Functional Term Rewriting Systems

This paper proposes the theoretical foundations of a new formal tool for symbolic verification of finite systems. Some approaches reduce the problem of system verification to the reachability problem in term rewriting systems (TRSs). In our approach, states are encoded by terms in a BDD-like manner and the transition relation is represented by a new rewriting relation so called Functional Term Rewriting Systems (FTRSs). First, we show that FTRSs are as expressive as TRSs. Then, we focus on a subclass of FTRSs, so called Elementary Functional Term Rewriting Systems (EFTRSs), and we show that EFTRSs preserve the FTRSs expressiveness. The main advantage of EFTRSs is that they are well adapted for acceleration techniques usually used in saturation algorithms on BDD-like data structures. Our experiments show that for well-known protocols (e.g. Tree Arbiter, Percolate, Round Robin Mutex protocols,.) our tool is not only better than other rewriting tools such as Timbuk or Maude, but also competitive with other model-checkers such as SPIN, NuSMV or SMART. Moreover, it can also be applied to model-checking invariant properties which are a particular subclass of linear temporal logic formula (LTL).
On the inclusion of mass source terms in a single-relaxation-time lattice Boltzmann method

We present a lattice Boltzmann algorithm for incorporating a mass source in a fluid flow system. The proposed mass source/sink term, included in the lattice Boltzmann equation, maintains the Galilean invariance and the accuracy of the overall method, while introducing a mass source/sink term in the fluid dynamical equations. The method can, for instance, be used to inject or withdraw fluid from any preferred lattice node in a system. This suggests that injection and withdrawal of fluid does not have to be introduced through cumbersome, and sometimes less accurate, boundary conditions. The method also suggests that, through a chosen equation of state relating mass density to pressure, the proposed mass source term will render it possible to set a preferred pressure at any lattice node in a system. We demonstrate how this model handles injection and withdrawal of a fluid. And we show how it can be used to incorporate pressure boundaries. The accuracy of the algorithm is identified through a Chapman-Enskog e.
Numerical investigation of the upper part load vortex rope behaviour in a Francis turbine

The vortex rope in the draft tube is considered as the source of the upper part load pressure pulsations, which is one of some unstable phenomena in a Francis turbine. In this study, the pressure pulsations and the vortex rope in the draft tube of a Francis turbine at upper part load operation are investigated by a three dimensional unsteady numerical method. Firstly, the main frequencies of the pressure fluctuations in three planes, which are z=0.2m, 0.4m and 0.6m, in the draft tube are obtained, which are 0.38fn, 0.67fn,1.04fn,1.33fn and 1.71fn (fn is the runner rotation frequency). The simulated main frequencies show a good agreement with the results from model tests, which are 0.34fn and 1.72fn. To simplify the problem in this study, the isopressuresurface of p=-25000Pa is considered as a vortex rope. It is found that the shape of the three vortex rope sections is almost elliptical. Then the motions of the elliptical shaped sections, which are decomposed into two components that are the motion of geometric center and alteration of the major or minor axis of the ellipse, are analyzed. Obviously, the geometric center motion represents the precession movement, and the time evolution of the major or minor axis corresponds to the self-rotation of the vortex rope, respectively. The results show that the first dominant frequency of the geometric center motion fp1 is 0.38fn, and the second dominant one fp2 is 1.71fn. And the first dominant frequency of the major(minor) axis alteration fs1is 0.67fn, and the second one fs2is 1.33fn. That is, the pressure fluctuation frequencies in the draft tube are combinations of the rope precession motion frequencies and self-rotation frequencies, namely fp1, fs1, fp1+fs1,fp2, fs2, etc. Based on the analysis, the upper part load pressure pulsations may be induced by the behavior of the elliptical vortex rope in the draft tube.
OS PRINCIPAIS ASPECTOS RELACIONADOS AO CONDROSSARCOMA DE BAIXO GRAU, VISANDO ALTA ACURÁCIA DIAGNÓSTICA

Objetivo: Verificar por meio da literatura as principais características de condrossarcoma de baixo grau, a fim de discernir esse tumor das demais lesões condrais. Metodologia: Revisão integrativa da literatura realizada no mês de maio de 2023, a partir da pesquisa nas bases de dados da PUBMED e BVS, utilizando os descritores: “Chondrosarcoma Low Grade”, “Diagnostic Imaging” e “Radiology” cruzados pelo operador AND, encontrando 44 estudos. Foram incluídos artigos publicados no período de 2018 a 2023, na língua portuguesa e inglesa e excluídas teses, dissertações, cartas ao editor e textos incompletos, e selecionados 13 estudos para elaboração da presente revisão. Resultados: O condrossarcoma de baixo grau é agressivo no seu local de origem, possui um bom prognóstico e pertence ao grupo dos tumores malignos. Em relação à metástase, apesar de ser incomum nessa patologia, quando ocorre afeta principalmente os pulmões. Alguns estudos mostraram a baixa probabilidade de casos metastáticos serem desenvolvidos por meio do CS de grau 1. A distinção entre CS grau 1 e as demais lesões condrais é bastante complexa, principalmente em relação ao encondroma devido à semelhança histológica entre as duas patologias. É fundamental a assertividade desse diagnóstico para determinação do melhor tratamento, uma vez que essas doenças possuem condutas diferentes. A partir disso, os estudos avaliaram as lesões separadamente por meio de ressonância magnética (RM) e pela análise da textura (AT), a fim de diferenciar o tipo de alteração encontrada. Notou-se que os exames quando combinados entre si, proporcionam acurácia diagnóstica bastante significativa. Além disso, outros manuscritos tiveram como objetivo avaliar o resultado diagnóstico de tumores cartilaginosos em ossos longos, com respaldo na textura baseada em TC simples e em RM. A partir dos resultados, pode-se distinguir quais lesões eram provenientes de condrossarcoma de baixo grau e de alto grau. Por fim, também verificou-se a importância da sintomatologia de dor e da utilização da imagem ponderada em difusão (DWI), o que demonstrou não possuir relevância expressiva na distinção entre as lesões. Conclusão: A partir disso, torna-se evidente que o diagnóstico de condrossarcoma de baixo grau é difícil e precisa de melhores recursos para ser elaborado de maneira rápida e eficaz, a fim de distingui-lo das inúmeras lesões condrais, e assim conduzir o doente da maneira mais eficiente.
Interacting bumps model of item limits in working memory

Working memory (WM) is limited in its temporal length and capacity. Classic conceptions of WM capacity assume the system possesses a finite number of slots, but recent evidence suggests WM may be a continuous resource. Resource models typically assume there is no hard upper bound on the number of items that can be stored, but WM fidelity decreases with the number of items. We analyze a neural field model of multi-item WM that associates each item with the location of a bump in a finite spatial domain, considering items that span a one-dimensional continuous feature space. Our analysis relates the neural architecture of the network to accumulated errors and capacity limitations arising during the delay period of a multi-item WM task. Networks with stronger synapses support wider bumps that interact more, whereas networks with weaker synapses support narrower bumps that are more susceptible to noise perturbations. There is an optimal synaptic strength that both limits bump interaction events and the effects of noise perturbations. This optimum shifts to weaker synapses as the number of items stored in the network is increased. Our model not only provides a neural circuit explanation for WM capacity, but also speaks to how capacity relates to the arrangement of stored items in a feature space.
On the verification of strictly deterministic behaviour of Timed Finite State Machines

Finite State Machines (FSMs) are widely used as formal models for solving numerous tasks in software engineering, VLSI design, development of telecommunication systems, etc. To describe the behavior of a real-time system one could supply FSM model with clocks — a continuous time parameters with real values. In a Timed FSM (TFSM) inputs and outputs have timestamps, and each transition is equipped with a timed guard and an output delay to indicate time interval when the transition is active and how much time does it take to produce an output. A variety of algorithms for equivalence checking, minimization and test generation were developed for TFSMs in many papers. A distinguishing feature of TFSMs studied in these papers is that the order in which output letters occur in an output timed word does not depend on their timestamps. We think that such behavior of a TFSM is not realistic from the point of view of an outside observer. In this paper we consider a more advanced and adequate TFSM functioning; in our model the order in which outputs become visible to an outsider is determined not only by the order of inputs, but also by de lays required for their processing. When the same sequence of transitions is performed by a TFSM modified in a such way, the same outputs may follow in different order depending on the time when corresponding inputs become available to the machine. A TFSM is called strictly deterministic if every input timed word activates no more than one sequence of transitions (trace) and for any input timed word which activates this trace the letters in the output words always follows in the same order (but, maybe, with different timestamps). We studied the problem of checking whether a behavior of an improved model of TFSM is strictly deterministic. To this end we showed how to verify whether an arbitrary given trace in a TFSM is steady, i.e. preserves the same order of output letters for every input timed word which activates this trace. Further, having the criterion of trace steadiness, we developed an exhaustive algorithm for checking the property of strict determinacy of TFSMs. Exhaustive search in this case can hardly be avoided: we proved that determinacy checking problem for our model of TFSM is co-NP-hard.
Dynamic Analysis of Fluid – Structure Interaction of Axial Fan System

Fluid-structure interaction method is performed to predict the dynamic characteristics of axial fan system. A fluid-structure interface physical environment method (monolithic method) is used to couple the fluid flow solver with the structural solver. The integration of the three-dimensional Navier-Stokes equations is performed in the time Doman, simultaneously to the integration of the three dimensional structural model. The aerodynamic loads are transfer from the flow to structure and the coupling step is repeated within each time step, until the flow solution and the structural solution have converged to yield a coupled solution of the aeroelastic set of equations. Finite element method is applied to solve numerically the Navier-Stockes equations coupled with the structural equations The first ten eigenvalue (natural frequency), the first ten eigenvector (mode shape) and effective stress for each part of a rotor system and complete system assembly are predicted. The validity of the predicted dynamic characteristics of duct fan system was confirmed experimentally by investigating geometrically similar fan system test rig. Good agreement of dynamic characteristics is observed between experimental and numerical results.
K Banhatti and K hyper Banhatti indices of circulant graphs

A topological index is a numerical number associated with a graph that describes its topology. History traces a long path on the study of topological indices. A circulant graph is one of the most comprehensive families, as its specializations give some important families like complete graphs, crown graphs, rook graphs, complete bipartite graphs, cocktail party graphs, empty graphs, etc. The aim of this report is to compute the first and second K Banhatti indices of circulant graph. We also compute the first and second K hyper Banhatti indices of this family of graph. Moreover, we plot our results to see the dependences of the first and second K Banhatti indices and the first and second K hyper Banhatti indices on the involved parameters.
The current state and future of T-cell exhaustion research

Abstract ‘Exhaustion’ is a term used to describe a state of native and redirected T-cell hypo-responsiveness resulting from persistent antigen exposure during chronic viral infections or cancer. Although a well-established phenotype across mice and humans, exhaustion at the molecular level remains poorly defined and inconsistent across the literature. This is, in part, due to an overreliance on surface receptors to define these cells and explain exhaustive behaviours, an incomplete understanding of how exhaustion arises, and a lack of clarity over whether exhaustion is the same across contexts, e.g. chronic viral infections versus cancer. With the development of systems-based genetic approaches such as single-cell RNA-seq and CRISPR screens applied to in vivo data, we are moving closer to a consensus view of exhaustion, although understanding how it arises remains challenging given the difficulty in manipulating the in vivo setting. Accordingly, producing and studying exhausted T-cells ex vivo are burgeoning, allowing experiments to be conducted at scale up and with high throughput. Here, we first review what is currently known about T-cell exhaustion and how it’s being studied. We then discuss how improvements in their method of isolation/production and examining the impact of different microenvironmental signals and cell interactions have now become an active area of research. Finally, we discuss what the future holds for the analysis of this physiological condition and, given the diversity of ways in which exhausted cells are now being generated, propose the adoption of a unified approach to clearly defining exhaustion using a set of metabolic-, epigenetic-, transcriptional-, and activation-based phenotypic markers, that we call ‘M.E. T.A’.
Additive invariants of logarithmic schemes

We lift the decomposition theorems in logarithmic algebraic K-theory obtained by Hagihara and Nizio{\l} to a semi-orthogonal decomposition of the category of perfect complexes over the Kummer flat topos. As a byproduct, we extend Hagihara and Nizio{\l}'s results to a much wider class of log schemes and stacks. Further, we obtain uniform structure theorems which apply, in addition to algebraic K-theory, to all additive invariants of log schemes.
The pattern and out come of lung contusion post bomb blast attack

Introduction: Bombo explosion-blast injuries are likely to be increasingly encountered as terrorist activity increases and pre-hospital medical care improve. Understanding the consequences and supportive therapies available to treat primary blast lung injury are important for anaesthetists and intensivist. Thus, we reviewed the epidemiology, clinical management, and outcomes of blast-exposed victims admitted to the critical care unit of New Najran General Hospital, KSA During the period from 2019 to 2021. Materials and Methods: This study is a retrospective review of clinical, and outcome characteristics of blast-exposed casualties admitted to the critical care unit of New Najran General Hospital, KSA, between 2019 and 2021. Results: A total of 24 patients survived blast exposure and were discharged from intensive care. Five cases (20.8%) of moderate disease was managed with non invasive bilevel positive pressure ventilation PBLI. Invasive mechanical ventilation was used for eight patients,. According to the analysis of their outcomes, their median length of stay in the ICU was 4 days (3.25-29.25). A conventional mechanical ventilation regimen of 4.5 days was required for severe cases of primary blast lung injury. Conclusions : The primary blast lung injury (PBLI) was likely caused by the high-pressure wave created by the blast, which damaged the tissue of the lungs. This type of injury was not as severe as non- traumatic forms of acute lung injury, and the victims typically recovered with a short duration of conventional mechanical ventilation.
Surface potential stability of large-area Teflon PTFE electret dosimeters of different thicknesses

The effects of charge polarity and thickness on the surface charge potential stability responses of large-area Teflon polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) discs electrostatically charged by a new “modified single point-to-plane corona poling rotating system” were studied. Large-area Teflon discs (6 cm diameter) with 0.2, 0.5 and 1 mm thicknesses were used to produce both negatively or positively charged Teflon discs, at the same charging conditions. The deposited charge potential stability of the Teflon discs of different thicknesses monitored by a non-contacting electrostatic voltmeter for an extended time were monitored up to 77 days. Some inter-related parameters such as surface charge potential and external electrostatic field, internal electrostatic field, surface charge density, and the storage duration were also studied. The thick large-area Teflon disc electrets produced provided a steady-state charge stability on either negative (0.2, 0.5 and 1 mm thick) or positive (1 mm thick) surface charge potentials for the long period studied. The Teflon electret discs produced demonstrated having the highest charge potential stability in thicker electrets (1 mm), either negative or positive polarity, with provision of high potential for different applications in general and radiation protection dosimetry in particular.
An Analysis of Signals De-noising by Using CEEMDAN

Dynamical properties of mechanical systems can be obtained with the vibration signals from the systems. However, noises makes it difficult to accurately acquire the features of systems. Therefore, de-noising operation is significant step for analysis of vibration signal in the practical engineering. In order to resolve this problem, the Complementary Ensemble Empirical Mode Decomposition (CEEMDAN) method is introduced to try to eliminate noises from the analyzed signal. At first, we illustrate the theory of the method. On this base, the signal, which contains several harmonic components with white noise, is constructed, and processed by CEEMDAN. As the result shown, the method can effectively remove noise; moreover, the harmonic components can be accurately separated. And these indicate that the CEEMDAN is an effective method for the de-noising.
Evolution of Burgers' turbulence in the presence of external forces

Statistical properties of multidimensional Burgers' turbulence evolving in the presence of a force field with random potential, which is delta-correlated in time and smooth in space, are studied in the inviscid limit and at the physical level of rigorousness. The solution algorithm reduces to finding multistream fields describing the motion of an auxiliary gas of interacting particles in a force field. Consequently, the statistical description of forced Burgers' turbulence is obtained by finding the largest possible value of the least action for the auxiliary gas. The exponential growth of the number of streams is found to be a necessary condition for the existence of stationary regimes.
Mobilizing to support those most in need: the importance of diasporic social capital during the COVID-19 pandemic

ABSTRACT Diasporic communities, and in particular ethnic-specific associations, are known for offering invaluable support to immigrants. This support may range from the practical (connecting people with jobs and housing), to the emotional (helping people to adapt to their new environment) to the spiritual (providing people with opportunities to practice their faith). While much is known about the role and importance of diasporic communities in assisting immigrants under ordinary circumstances, less is known about the capacity of these communities to mobilise during times of crisis. This paper examines how diasporic communities provided care for South Asian immigrants and international students during the COVID-19 pandemic. Through an analysis of interviews with key stakeholders representing South Asian-focused associations, different levels of government, as well as non-governmental organizations in Ontario, Canada, the paper contributes a deeper understanding of the role of diasporic social capital and the value of this capital during times of acute need.
Compact Broadband End-Fire Antenna with Metamaterial Transmission Line

A broadband end-fire antenna loaded with magneto-electro-dielectric metamaterial (MEDMTM) is presented in this paper. Based on a planar printed structure, many periodic structures are investigated in antenna design. The metal patch is embedded with a C-shaped complementary split-ring resonator (CSRR) array, and many cross slots are etched on the ground plane. The zerothorder resonance (ZOR) and first-order resonance (FOR) can be excited. As a result of electromagnetic coupling effect, the C-shaped patch and ground plane compose metamaterial transmission line (MTL). For potential applications, the broadband and end-fire antenna can work with a 53.5% (3.81–6.59 GHz) impedance bandwidth. The proposed antenna achieves size reduction, gain improvement and bandwidth enhancement.
Medical Authority's Trust as Mediator of Risk Perception on Haze Mitigation Efforts

Haze is a seasonal disaster that continues to recur in several parts of Indonesia. Mitigation as an effort to reduce risk needs to be done to anticipate more losses. Individual risk perceptions in assessing the impact of haze are considered as factors that influence mitigation efforts, however, mitigation is also related to external situations related to individual dependence on the authority that is more authorized in disaster situations, in this case, the medical authority. Trust in medical authorities is considered to mediate the relationship between risk perception and smoke haze mitigation. This study aims to look at the role of trust in medical authorities in helping individuals to perceive risk and seek mitigation. The research sample was 234 affected people, using purposive random sampling. Data were collected on three scales, mitigation scale, risk perception and trust of medical authorities. Research shows that the trust of medical authorities is not able to mediate the relationship between perceived risk and mitigation haze, but risk perception and trust in medical authorities simultaneously contribute to efforts to mitigate the smoke haze in Riau.
Local Culture and Environmental Conservation: A Study on the Symbols’ Meaning Used in Barong Wae Ceremony in Manggarai, Flores, Indonesia

Forest and water are of benefit for human. However, the forest and water condition in Indonesia is getting worse. Therefore, there should be a wise action to save them. One of the efforts is to see the existence of the local wisdom. This study aims at examining the meaning, and values contained in the Manggarain barong wae cultural ceremony in the context of forest conservation. To reach the objectives in question, interview, observation, and documentation were used to collect data which were subsequently interpreted following symbolic interaction theory. Findings revealed that aside from as a pillar of conservation, barong wae also functioned as a pillar of spiritual life (gratitude and request), a forum for togetherness, a behavior controller, and as a means of self-recovery /repentance. Meanwhile, based on the meaning given, in addition to ecological value, barong wae also has religious and social values. To sum up, barong wae deals with eco-socio- telogy Manggaraian conception toward the existence of nature.