Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
When social support fails: The homeless

The social support networks of residents of a temporary shelter for the homeless were examined. Participants (N = 125) were interviewed to obtain detailed information concerning resources of support, specific types of support, and subjective appraisals of support. Seven meaningful subgroups of homeless persons were identified using a cluster analysis technique. These groups varied along the dimensions of transiency, psychiatric history, criminal victimization, and criminal activity. As expected, this population had relatively small social networks, although most clearly had some sources of support, particularly from family members. Few differences on social support variables were revealed between subgroups. The differences between the homeless and other nonclinical populations are discussed, and implications for interventions are addressed.
Morality, Mind, and Humanness

As a card-carrying antiessentialist about all things social, I am inclined to doubt that morality has an essence. To reference the target article’s Figure 1, I suspect the idea is a load of bull. Nevertheless, the authors of this impressive synthesis make a strong case for having discovered some factors in moral judgment that are highly important, even if not essential. Their elegant model combines a powerful account of mind perception with an all-too-rare recognition that moral judgment is relational, not merely a matter of atomized individuals (cf. Rai & Fiske, 2011). Although Gray, Young, and Waytz’s model of morality is very promising, I also think it has some limitations and points where further clarification is needed. I am not convinced that the mind perception dimensions can bear quite as much theoretical weight as the authors load onto them. The evidence base on which the model relies, especially with regard to the psychopathologies and neural bases of moral judgment, is also weak in places. My comments are intended to stimulate further development of the authors’ model in a constructive spirit, rather than to propose an alternative account.
A comparative study on the results of agonist and antagonist protocols based on serum AMH levels in patients undergoing intracytoplasmic sperm injection

Background: Serum concentrations of antimullerian hormone (AMH) correlate with ovarian response during assisted reproduction treatment (ART) cycles. Objective: This retrospective study attempted to evaluate the selection of ovarian stimulation protocols based on serum AMH levels in patients and its impact on the results of ART. Materials and Methods: Based on AMH levels, the patients with tubal factor infertility were divided in three groups of normal, low and high AMH levels. Oocyte, good embryo number and pregnancy rate in each group were analyzed. Results: Using agonist and antagonist protocols, an increase in serum AMH led to higher number of oocytes and better quality embryos. At all low, normal and high AMH levels, the agonist protocol led to a more significant increase in the number of oocytes than the antagonist protocol (p<0.05). The number of high quality embryos significantly increased by the agonist protocol than antagonist protocol in women with normal AMH levels of 1.3-2.6 ng/ml (p=0.00). Moreover, the results for the number of high quality embryos at AMH ˃2.6 ng/ml was in favor of the antagonist protocol (p=0.00). The results showed the lowest pregnancy rate at AMH ˂1.3 ng/ml. At AMH ˃2.6 ng/ml, there was a significant increase in pregnancy rate through the antagonist protocol (p=0.04). Conclusion: Findings of this study suggested that the ART results are predictable, taking into account the AMH levels. The protocol specific to each patient can be used given the AMH level in each individual. This is because the results of each protocol depend on individual conditions.
Anxiety, depression, and comorbid anxiety and depression: risk factors and outcome over two years

ABSTRACT Background: This study aimed to determine: (1) the prevalence of depression, anxiety, and depression associated with anxiety (DA); (2) the risk factor profile of depression, anxiety, and DA; (3) the course of depression, anxiety, and DA over 24 months. Methods: Two-year longitudinal study of 20,036 adults aged 60+ years. We used the Patient Health Questionnaire and the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale anxiety subscale to establish the presence of depression and anxiety, and standard procedures to collect demographic, lifestyle, psychosocial, and clinical data. Results: The prevalence of anxiety, depression, and DA was 4.7%, 1.4%, and 1.8%. About 57% of depression cases showed evidence of comorbid anxiety, while only 28% of those with clinically significant anxiety had concurrent depression. There was not only an overlap in the distribution of risk factors in these diagnostic groups but also differences. We found that 31%, 23%, and 35% of older adults with anxiety, depression, and DA showed persistence of symptoms after two years. Repeated anxiety was more common in women and repeated depression in men. Socioeconomic stressors were common in repeated DA. Conclusions: Clinically significant anxiety and depression are distinct conditions that frequently coexist in later life; when they appear together, older adults endure a more chronic course of illness.
The Relationship Between Personality Traits and Military Enlistment: An Exploratory Study

The present study was conducted to determine whether three groups of participants differ in sensation-seeking, impulsive, and individuating behaviors. The three groups included Reserve Officers’ Training Corps (ROTC) students, students with relatives in the military, and students with no relatives in the military. We hypothesized that ROTC participants would be more sensation seeking and impulsive, and less individuated, than non-ROTC participants. The results indicated that ROTC participants were more sensation seeking than non-ROTC participants. In addition, ROTC participants were more impulsive than participants who did not have relatives in the military and were more individuated than non-ROTC participants. The implications of these results are discussed.
Entailment, assertion, and textual coherence: the case of almost and barely

Abstract This article contributes to the study of approximative adverbs almost and barely by providing psycholinguistic evidence for the asymmetry of their meaning components. The experiments reported are discussed against the background of a set of tests targeting the theoretical status of the meaning components. The first experiment addresses the role played by each meaning component in textual coherence, whereas the second experiment addresses the interpretation in isolation of a sentence containing an approximative adverb. The results argue for a pragmatic difference in the role of the meaning components, along the lines of Horn's (Assertoric inertia and NPI licensing: 55–82, 2002) proposal, pertaining to the way in which the implications of approximative adverbs contribute to context update.
Anthropology's Role in Stimulating Responsible Tourism

As anthropologists, many of us are employed in training students and the reproduction of our discipline. However, relatively few of our undergraduates go into graduate programs and become anthropologists. In exposing thousands of students to an anthropological curriculum filled with exotic places and peoples, we stimulate many to continue their studies informally—as tourists. Furthermore, for a growing number of anthropologically trained individuals, employment as tourism workers in a rapidly diversifying industry offers a lifetime of exotic experiences. Thus, anthropologists, as educators and producers of ideology, play an increasingly central role in structuring and reproducing a tourism industry. The following are some thoughts on the nature and potential of the anthropology-tourism relationship and on how, in educating tourists and tourism workers, anthropologists can influence notions of social responsibility in that industry.
Dependence analysis of software component

Dependence analysis among software components is still a challenging issue for practitioners and researchers. We propose the representation of dependence among software components as a Component Interaction Graph (CIG). We make use of a well known data structure consisting of "two linear arrays" to represent the CIG. Based on this representation, we derived some dependency relationships. We evaluate the relationships by Weyukers' properties. We also have demonstrated with a possible CIG for a CBS to show the quantitative characteristics of the derived relationships. This work starts a discussion and calls for more extensive research oriented studies by professionals and academicians for perfection of the approach.
Neutrophils recruited to the site of Mycobacterium bovis BCG infection undergo apoptosis and modulate lipid body biogenesis and prostaglandin E2 production by macrophages

Neutrophil influx to sites of mycobacterial infections is one of the first events of tuberculosis pathogenesis. However, the role of early neutrophil recruitment in mycobacterial infection is not completely understood. We investigated the rate of neutrophil apoptosis and the role of macrophage uptake of apoptotic neutrophils in a pleural tuberculosis model induced by BCG. Recruited neutrophils were shown to phagocyte BCG and a large number of neutrophils undergo apoptosis within 24 h. Notably, the great majority of apoptotic neutrophils were infected by BCG. Increased lipid body (lipid droplets) formation, accompanied by prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) and TGF‐β1 synthesis, occurred in parallel to macrophage uptake of apoptotic cells. Lipid body and PGE2 formation was observed after macrophage exposure to apoptotic, but not necrotic or live neutrophils. Blockage of BCG‐induced lipid body formation significantly inhibited PGE2 synthesis. Pre‐treatment with the pan‐caspase inhibitor zVAD inhibited BCG‐induced neutrophil apoptosis and lipid body formation, indicating a role for apoptotic neutrophils in macrophage lipid body biogenesis in infected mice. In conclusion, BCG infection induced activation and apoptosis of infected neutrophils at the inflammatory site. The uptake of apoptotic neutrophils by macrophages leads to TGF‐β1 generation and PGE2‐derived lipid body formation, and may have modulator roles in mycobacterial pathogenesis.
Universal coding for correlated sources with complementary delivery

This report deals with a universal coding problem for a certain kind of multiterminal source coding system that we call the complementary delivery coding system. Both fixed-to- fixed length and fixed-to-variable length lossless coding schemes are considered. Explicit constructions of universal codes and the bounds of the error probabilities are clarified via type-theoretical and graph-theoretical analyses.
Fractionation of Whey Protein Isolate with Supercritical Carbon Dioxide—Process Modeling and Cost Estimation

An economical and environmentally friendly whey protein fractionation process was developed using supercritical carbon dioxide (sCO2) as an acid to produce enriched fractions of α-lactalbumin (α-LA) and β-lactoglobulin (β-LG) from a commercial whey protein isolate (WPI) containing 20% α-LA and 55% β-LG, through selective precipitation of α-LA. Pilot-scale experiments were performed around the optimal parameter range (T = 60 to 65 °C, P = 8 to 31 MPa, C = 5 to 15% (w/w) WPI) to quantify the recovery rates of the individual proteins and the compositions of both fractions as a function of processing conditions. Mass balances were calculated in a process flow-sheet to design a large-scale, semi-continuous process model using SuperproDesigner® software. Total startup and production costs were estimated as a function of processing parameters, product yield and purity. Temperature, T, pressure, P, and concentration, C, showed conflicting effects on equipment costs and the individual precipitation rates of the two proteins, affecting the quantity, quality, and production cost of the fractions considerably. The highest α-LA purity, 61%, with 80% α-LA recovery in the solid fraction, was obtained at T = 60 °C, C = 5% WPI, P = 8.3 MPa, with a production cost of $8.65 per kilogram of WPI treated. The most profitable conditions resulted in 57%-pure α-LA, with 71% α-LA recovery in the solid fraction and 89% β-LG recovery in the soluble fraction, and production cost of $5.43 per kilogram of WPI treated at T = 62 °C, C = 10% WPI and P = 5.5 MPa. The two fractions are ready-to-use, new food ingredients with a pH of 6.7 and contain no residual acid or chemical contaminants.
Using Context to Improve Predictive Modeling of Customers in Personalization Applications

The idea that context is important when predicting customer behavior has been maintained by scholars in marketing and data mining. However, no systematic study measuring how much the contextual information really matters in building customer models in personalization applications has been done before. In this paper, we study how important the contextual information is when predicting customer behavior and how to use it when building customer models. It is done by conducting an empirical study across a wide range of experimental conditions. The experimental results show that context does matter when modeling the behavior of individual customers and that it is possible to infer the context from the existing data with reasonable accuracy in certain cases. It is also shown that significant performance improvements can be achieved if the context is "cleverly" modeled, as described in this paper. These findings have significant implications for data miners and marketers. They show that contextual information does matter in personalization and companies have different opportunities to both make context valuable for improving predictive performance of customers' behavior and decreasing the costs of gathering contextual information.
Social Dilemmas: Perspectives on Individuals and Groups

Preface An Introduction to Social Dilemmas by David A. Schroeder Reward Structure and Cooperation in the N-Person Prisoners' Dilemma by S. S. Komorita and Alan L. Ellis Norms in Social Dilemmas by Norbert L. Kerr Helping the Group or Helping Yourself? Social Motives and Group Identity in Resource Dilemmas by Roderick M. Kramer and Lisa Goldman Social Contracts and the Provision of Public Goods by Sanford L. Braver Social Dilemmas and Perceptions: Experiments on Framing and Inconsequentiality by Peregrine Schwartz-Shea and Randy T. Simmons Cooperation under Laissez Faire and Majority Decision Rules in Group-Level Social Dilemmas by John Orbell, Robyn Dawes, and Alphons van de Kragt Collective Hedonism: A Social Loafing Analysis of Social Dilemmas by Kipling Williams, Jeffrey M. Jackson, and Steven J. Karau When Do People Want to Change the Rules for Allocating Shared Resources? by Charles Samuelson and David Messick How to Stop Throwing Good Money after Bad: Using Theory to Guide Practice by Joel Brockner A Framework for Understanding Decisions in Social Dilemmas by David A. Schroeder, Mark E. Sibicky, and Mary Elizabeth Irwin References Index
Urban remote sensing How can earth observation support the sustainable development of urban environments

Cities are centres of economy, policy, society and culture and more than half of the world’s population already lives in metropolitan areas. In the last decades the world has faced a constantly accelerating growth of urban areas - a development which is closely related to a tremendous increase of the urban population. In 2007 the amount of urban residents has outnumbered the rural population for the first time in history and by the year 2030 already two-thirds of the world’s population is expected to live in cities (UNPP, 2008). Hence, urban and peri-urban environments show one of the highest dynamics in the context of global land use transformations. The constant urbanization and the rapid changes in urban environments involve considerable challenges with respect to the observation, analysis and understanding of the complex processes affecting and forming metropolitan areas. As a consequence, effective and sustainable urban management increasingly demands innovative concepts and techniques to obtain up-to-date and area-wide information on the characteristics and development of the urban system – regionally as well as globally. Currently, most of this information is collected by means of statistics, surveys and mapping or digitizing from aerial imagery. However, in consideration of stastistical information these approaches often show a comparably coarse spatial and temporal resolution while surveying and mapping is time consuming and cost-intensive - properties which significantly restrict periodic updates and regional, national or even global analyses. Space- and airborne earth observation (EO) has become a promising tool to provide updated geoinformation on various aspects of built-up areas in manifold spatio-temporal dimensions (Bauer et al., 2004; Heiden et al. (2003); Henderson & Xia, 1998; Herold et al., 2003; Ji et al., 2006; Masek et al., 2000). Remotely sensed images represent an independent data source from which various layers of information can be derived area-wide, with a flexible repetition rate and in various scales ranging from spatially detailed analysis on single-building or building block level to global studies on continental scale. In combination with widely automated methods of data processing and image analysis, urban remote sensing provides multiple options to support decision makers such as resource managers, planners, environmentalists, economists, ecologists and politicians with accurate and up-to-date geoinformation. This paper introduces selected geo-information products derived from multisensoral remote sensing data. The products and the underlying remote sensing techniques were developed in the context of a joint research co-operation for urban applications between the German Remote Sensing Data Center (DFD) of the German Aerospace Center (DLR) and the Department of Remote Sensing at the University of
Head Start Teachers’ Vocabulary Instruction and Language Complexity During Storybook Reading: Predicting Vocabulary Outcomes of Students in Linguistically Diverse Classrooms

Research Findings: Vocabulary instruction strategies used by Head Start teachers during storybook reading were examined to quantify the level of language complexity found in these storybook reading interactions. The study also examined the relationship between vocabulary instruction strategies and complexity of language during storybook reading and outcomes in student vocabulary while considering whether teachers’ strategies and language complexity affect children differently based on children's initial vocabulary level or dual language learner status. Participants were 23 Head Start teachers and 210 children (ages 36–59 months, 42.9% dual language learners). Hierarchical linear regression showed that teachers’ use of uncommon words had a different relationship to student outcomes based on students’ prior vocabulary knowledge. In addition, a student's status as a dual language learner, the teacher's ratio of vocabulary instruction strategies to words instructed, and the amount of code switching by the teacher were all negatively and significantly related to students’ vocabulary outcomes as measured by the Peabody Picture Vocabulary Test–III. Practice or Policy: This study suggests that there is a link between teachers’ vocabulary instruction strategies and complexity of language during storybook reading and outcomes in student vocabulary. Moreover, the influence of these teacher practices on student outcomes may differ based on students’ initial level of vocabulary knowledge.
Coping with HIV/AIDS in Durban's commercial sex industry

This paper describes coping mechanisms used by commercial sex workers (CSWs) and their partners in confronting the threat of HIV. Data are part of a study exploring sexuality and HIV-related issues among members of the Durban commercial sex industry. Participants were 100 female CSWs, 25 male trucker driver clients and ten male personal partners. Data were collected using semi-structured questionnaires, focus group discussions and in-depth interviews. Analysis revealed high HIV-awareness and high prevalence of risky sexual behaviour. While they were acutely aware of the sex industry's potential role in HIV spread, study participants chose to remain sexually involved and engage in high risk sexual practices with both professional and personal partners. Men and women adopted several strategies to cope with the possibility of HIV infection: (1) denial of risk, (2) fatalism, (3) economic rationalization, (4) partner categorization through selective condom use, (5) purposeful ignorance of HIV status, and (6) abnegation of responsibility for practising safe sex. Among the most significant findings is the difference in study participants' handling of HIV risk and employing coping mechanisms in personal versus professional sexual situations. The implications of these coping strategies for HIV education, message development and intervention in the commercial sex industry and in general are discussed.
White’s Residential Preferences

In the United States Black citizens are more residentially segregated from Whites than other racial and/or ethnic group. Prior studies have found that these patterns of segregation result in part from feelings of resentment and racial stereotypes that Whites hold toward Blacks. In this study, we further explore this idea by assessing the relevance of criminal and economic stereotypes, along with an extensive set of community and individual-level controls in understanding White citizens preferences for segregation. Utilizing a sample of 1,222 White citizens we explore factors that shape their residential preferences. Our results demonstrate that Whites who view Black citizens as criminal and economic liabilities are less willing to desire them as neighbors. The results also suggest that the growth of the Black population further erodes White’s willingness to reside in communities with Black residents.
Building arguments with argumentation: the role of illocutionary force in computational models of argument

This paper builds upon the proposed dialogical extensions to the AIF, termed AIF+, by making explicit the representation of the role of illocutionary force in the connection between argument structures and dialogical structures. Illocutionary force is realised in the form of Illocutionary Application (YA-) nodes that provide an explicit linkage between the locutions uttered during a dialogue and the underlying arguments expressed by the content of those locutions. This linkage is explored in the context of two contrasting dialogue games from the literature, demonstrating how the approach can support the development of computational models in which the speech-act function of communicative moves can be accounted for.
Geospatial Data Integration with Linked Data and Provenance Tracking

We report on our experiences with integrating geospatial datasets using Linked Data technologies. We describe NeoGeo, an integration vocabulary, and an integration scenario involving two geospatial datasets: the GADM database of Global Administrative Areas and NUTS, the Nomenclature of Territorial Units for Statistics. We identify the need for provenance to be able to correctly interpret query results over the integrated dataset.