Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Changes in Autonomic Nervous System Activity in Children With Spina Bifida: A Case-Control Study

Purpose We compared heart rate variability parameters between patients with spina bifida and a control group during urodynamic studies, with the goal of evaluating the autonomic nervous system dysfunction present in spina bifida. Methods Continuous heart rate variability parameters were recorded during 3 successive periods (P0, the 2 minutes prior to the start of filling; P1, from the start of filling to the first desire to void; and P2, from P1 to the end of filling or the start of voiding). The control group consisted of children with vesicoureteral reflux who had undergone video-urodynamic studies. Our study included 11 patients with spina bifida and 9 control participants. Results At baseline, patients with spina bifida exhibited lower values for the root mean square of successive differences in NN intervals, the percentage of successive R-R interval differences exceeding 50 msec relative to the total number of intervals, and high frequency (HF). In contrast, the low frequency (LF)/HF ratio was elevated in these patients (5.04 ± 4.75 vs. 0.67 ± 0.42, P = 0.014). During bladder filling, LF/HF values increased in the control group (P0, 0.67 ± 0.42; P1, 0.89 ± 0.34; P2, 1.21 ± 0.64; P = 0.018), while they declined in patients with spina bifida (P0, 5.04 ± 4.75; P1, 3.96 ± 4.35; P2, 3.26 ± 4.03; P < 0.001). The HF values were significantly elevated in children with spina bifida during bladder filling (P = 0.002). In the time domain, the standard deviations of all NN intervals were elevated only in the control group during bladder filling. Parasympathetic activity domains were reduced in the children with spina bifida at the initial assessment. Conclusions During the bladder filling phase, parasympathetic activity increased along with fixed sympathetic activity in the spina bifida group. In contrast, the control group exhibited a shift towards a sympathetic preponderance at the conclusion of bladder filling. These observations may be associated with the pathophysiology of neurogenic bladder in spina bifida.
Mare basalt types on the front side of the moon - A summary of spectral reflectance data

A unit map of nearside basalt types has been prepared from all telescopic spectral reflectance data currently available for lunar soils. Four parameters were chosen (UV/VIS ratio, albedo, 1 micron band strength, 2 micron band strength) to distinguish and map each of 13 mare basalt types and three additional volcanic groups. Multispectral imagery and albedo maps were used to define unit boundaries while spectra were used to examine the 1 and 2 micron bands and calibrate and quantify the multispectral images. Although the volume of each basalt type is not known, it is clear from the unit map that only 1/3 to 1/2 of the surface basalt types are likely to be represented in the returned lunar samples. For mature lunar soils a single parameter alone does not provide chemical information, but when the four are used together, TiO2 and in some cases FeO can be estimated. Further study of the mineralogy of unsampled lunar basalts requires precise spectra to 2.5 microns with higher spectra and spatial resolution.
Observational evidence on the effects of clouds and aerosols on net ecosystem exchange and evapotranspiration

Clouds and aerosols control variations in the ratio of diffuse to total incident solar radiation (Rd/Rs) and so determine to a large extent variations in both Light‐Use Efficiency (LUE) and in the Evaporative Fraction (EF). Five years (2002–2007) of continuous ground measurements collected at twenty‐three sites in the U.S. were analyzed to quantify this effect. Our results show that LUE is 19.4% and 203% larger for patchy clouds, and thick clouds than those for clear skies while LUE is about −6% for aerosols or thin clouds than those for clear skies. EF is 15.4%, 17.9% and 23.2% larger for aerosols or thin clouds, patchy clouds, and thick clouds than those for the clear sky when Eddy Covariance (ECOR) data are used, respectively. The values are 9.0%, 11.3% and 23.3% when Energy Balance Bowen Ratio (EBBR) data are used. This is the first systematic observational study on effects of Rd/Rs on EF and further study is needed.
Relations between aerodynamic and surface roughness in a hyper‐arid cold desert: McMurdo Dry Valleys, Antarctica

Studies of boundary‐layer winds and surface roughness characteristics of unvegetated rocky desert surfaces provide new insights into the relations between aerodynamic roughness and surface roughness, as described by the roughness density (λ). The description of non‐erodible roughness by the roughness density (λ) is shown to be valid for rocky surfaces as well as sparsely vegetated surfaces and simulated surfaces in a wind tunnel. There is a good relation (r2 = 0·71) between aerodynamic roughness and roughness density (λ), allowing use of the threshold friction velocity ratio to predict sediment transport rates on these surfaces. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Validation of artificial neural network techniques in the estimation of nitrogen concentration in rape using canopy hyperspectral reflectance data

A systematic comparison of two types of method for estimating the nitrogen concentration of rape is presented: the traditional statistical method based on linear regression and the emerging computationally powerful technique based on artificial neural networks (ANN). Five optimum bands were selected using stepwise regression. Comparison between the two methods was based primarily on analysis of the statistic parameters. The rms. error for the back-propagation network (BPN) was significantly lower than that for the stepwise regression method, and the T-value was higher for BPN. In particular, for the first-difference of inverse-log spectra (log 1/R)′, T-values performed with a 127.71% success rate using BPN. The results show that the neural network is more robust to training and estimating rape nitrogen concentrations using canopy hyperspectral reflectance data.
Databases and simplified geology for mineralized areas, claims, mines and prospects in Colorado

This report is preliminary and has not been reviewed for conformity with U.S. Geological Survey editorial standards. Any use of trade names is for descriptive purposes only and does not imply endorsement by the U.S. Government. Although these data have been used by the USGS and have been successfully imported into a number of database and spreadsheet programs, no warranty, expressed or implied, is made by the USGS as to how successfully or accurately the data can be imported into any specific application software running on any specific hardware platform. The fact of distribution shall not constitute any such warranty, and no responsibility is assumed by the USGS in connection therewith.
The Spectral Image Processing System (SIPS) - Interactive visualization and analysis of imaging spectrometer data

The Center for the Study of Earth from Space (CSES) at the University of Colorado, Boulder, has developed a prototype interactive software system called the ‘‘Spectral Image Processing System (SIPS)’’ using ‘‘IDL’’ (the Interactive Data Language) on UNIX‐based workstations. SIPS is designed to take advantage of the combination of high spectral resolution and spatial data presentation unique to imaging spectrometers. It streamlines analysis of these data by allowing scientists to interact with entire datasets in real‐time. SIPS provides visualization tools for rapid exploratory analysis and numerical tools for quantitative modeling. The user interface is X‐windows‐based, user friendly, and provides ‘‘point and click’’ operation. SIPS is being used for multidisciplinary research concentrating on the use of physically‐based analysis methods to enhance scientific results from imging spectrometer data. The objective of this continuing effort is to develop operational techniques for quantitative analysis of imaging spectrometer data and to make them available to the scientific community prior to the launch of imaging spectrometer satellite systems such as the Earth Observing System (EOS) High Resolution Imaging Spectrometer (HIRIS).
Solar wind driving of dayside field‐aligned currents

[1] Variations in the dayside field-aligned current (FAC) density (J//), field-aligned parallel potential drop (Δϕ//), peak precipitating electron energy (peak Ee), and precipitating electron energy flux (ɛ) as functions of solar wind (SW) and interplanetary magnetic field (IMF) are investigated with Defense Meteorological Satellite Program observations and a quasi-stationary low-latitude boundary layer (LLBL)–FAC coupling model. Region 1 (R1) J// responses to variations in SW velocity (Vsw) and density (nsw) at 8–16 magnetic local time (MLT) suggest that R1 at these local times is frequently open while R1 at 6–08 and 17–18 MLT is frequently closed. R2 is located mostly on closed field lines. In the afternoon open R1 at 12–16 MLT, an increase in nsw increases J//, decreases maximum peak Ee (proxy for Δϕ//), but has little effect on maximum ɛ. In the same R1 region, an increase in Vsw increases J//, maximum peak Ee, and maximum ɛ. The dependencies of J//, maximum peak Ee, and maximum ɛ are consistent with the Knight relation and the voltage generator at the magnetopause boundary in the afternoon open R1. In the midmorning and midafternoon, the response of J// to Vsw is higher for southward than for northward IMF. This can be attributed to the higher-velocity shear at the magnetopause boundary due to higher sunward convection in the LLBL inside the magnetopause. R1 in the closed-field lines near dawn and dusk appears to be more sensitive to merging rate (dΦ/dt = Vsw4/3BT2/3 sin8/3(θc/2)) than to SW dynamic pressure.
Indigenous ways with literacies: transgenerational, multimodal, placed, and collective

This research describes some of the salient features of Indigenous ways of working with multimodal literacies in digital contexts of use that emerged within an Indigenous school community with the oversight of Aboriginal Elders. This is significant because the use of multimodal literacy practices among a growing number of Indigenous school community groups has not been an emphasis of multimodal literacy research to date. Furthermore, authentic examples of Indigenous multimodal texts are often difficult to locate within Euro-centric educational systems of postcolonial countries. The research was conducted over a full year with students from middle and upper primary (aged 8.5–12.5 years) in an Indigenous Independent school in South-East Queensland, Australia. The project applied participatory research methods in which the research agenda was negotiated with the cultural community. Indigenous ways of multimodal literacy practices emerged as transgenerational, multimodal, placed, and collective. The findings have implications for teachers and researchers to re-envisage Indigenous ways of multimodal literacy practices in the digital age.
Primality Tests on Commutator Curves

3 2 ln(n) 2 durchgeführt werden muss. Die drei Appendizes haben den folgenden Inhalt: (1) Appendix A gibt eine obere Schranke für die kleinsten quadratischen Nichtreste an. Dies findet in Kapitel 6 Verwendung. (2) Appendix B enthält Tabellen, die als Basis für Beobachtungen und Vermutungen in dieser Arbeit allgemein dienen. (3) Appendix C bietet fünf unterschiedliche Implementierungen und Laufzeitver-gleiche meines Hypothetical Commutator Curve Primality Test an.
Locally Range-Separated Local Hybrid Functionals – The Next Level on the Hybrid Functional Ladder

In this work, the new class of locally range-separated local hybrid (LRSLH) functionals is presented. LRSLH functionals combine the concepts of a local exact-exchange admixture as in local hybrids with a locally range-separated exact-exchange admixture as in locally range-separated hybrid functionals. The satisﬁability of important theoretical constraints on hybrid functionals by the LRSLH approach is discussed in comparison to existing hybrid functional classes by proposing a new categorization scheme for hybrid functionals, labeled as hybrid functional ladder. In particular, this concerns the iso-orbital and asymptotic potential limits as well as the high-density limit with respect to uniform coordinate scaling and the gradient expansion of the exchange energy density, which in contrast to existing hybrid schemes can be simultaneously satisﬁed by LRSLH functionals. Furthermore, this work provides a ﬁrst ex-plorative study regarding the performance of the new LRSLH approach. Despite featuring only up to two empirical parameters, the optimized LRSLH functionals exhibit a similar performance for atomization energies and transition barrier heights as some of the more recent hybrid functionals. In particular, this highlights the great potential of the new LRSLH approach.
Water resources management in a homogenizing world: Averting the Growth and Underinvestment trajectory

Biotic homogenization, a de facto symptom of a global biodiversity crisis, underscores the urgency of reforming water resources management to focus on the health and viability of ecosystems. Global population and economic growth, coupled with inadequate investment in maintenance of ecological systems, threaten to degrade environmental integrity and ecosystem services that support the global socioeconomic system, indicative of a system governed by the Growth and Underinvestment (G&U) archetype. Water resources management is linked to biotic homogenization and degradation of system integrity through alteration of water systems, ecosystem dynamics, and composition of the biota. Consistent with the G&U archetype, water resources planning primarily treats ecological considerations as exogenous constraints rather than integral, dynamic, and responsive parts of the system. It is essential that the ecological considerations be made objectives of water resources development plans to facilitate the analysis of feedbacks and potential trade‐offs between socioeconomic gains and ecological losses. We call for expediting a shift to ecosystem‐based management of water resources, which requires a better understanding of the dynamics and links between water resources management actions, ecological side‐effects, and associated long‐term ramifications for sustainability. To address existing knowledge gaps, models that include dynamics and estimated thresholds for regime shifts or ecosystem degradation need to be developed. Policy levers for implementation of ecosystem‐based water resources management include shifting away from growth‐oriented supply management, better demand management, increased public awareness, and institutional reform that promotes adaptive and transdisciplinary management approaches.
HLA-linked genetic control of the specicity of human cytotoxic T-cell responses to influenza virus

We have investigated elements of the genetic control of human in vitro cytotoxic T-cell responses to influenza virus-infected autologous cells by studies of a large family. The pattern of virus-immune cytotoxicity among siblings demonstrated T-cell recognition of influenza virus predominantly (greater than 90%) in association with determinants which are coded by genes linked to HLA (P less than 0.0002). Many family members consistently generated cytotoxic activity against influenza predominantly in association with antigens coded by genes of only one of their HLA haplotypes. Such haplotype preferences were consistent among HLA-identical siblings, indicating that the specificity of the T- cell response to influenza virus in association with HLA-A and -B antigens is controlled by genes linked to HLA.
Quantitative description of induced seismic activity before and after the 2011 Tohoku‐Oki earthquake by nonstationary ETAS models

The epidemic‐type aftershock sequence (ETAS) model is extended for application to nonstationary seismic activity, including transient swarm activity or seismicity anomalies, in a seismogenic region. The time‐dependent rates of both background seismicity and aftershock productivity in the ETAS model are optimally estimated from hypocenter data. These rates can provide quantitative evidence for abrupt or gradual changes in shear stress and/or fault strength due to aseismic transient causes such as triggering by remote earthquakes, slow slips, or fluid intrusions within the region. This extended model is applied to data sets from several seismic events including swarms that were induced by the M9.0 Tohoku‐Oki earthquake of 2011.
Urban Transport Policy Transfer in Central and Eastern Europe

Abstract European Territorial Cooperation is one important context in which partners from across the whole of Europe meet and learn from each other. Naturally, the involvement of partners from Central and Eastern European (CEE) countries in this process is increasing as a consequence of the expansion of Europe, particularly the accession of ten new EU member states in 2004, and two more in 2007. Various examples can be found where CEE countries are seeking to catch up politically and economically by drawing lessons from policies in more developed countries. The uncertainties of policy-making in some of these countries have made policy transfer a particularly attractive option, as politicians see it as the quickest solution to many problems without having to reinvent the wheel. This paper focuses on international policy-transfer and lesson-drawing, looking specifically at how urban transport concepts and ideas have been transferred from Western Europe to two CEE countries. In these cases, the social and economic situations in the “borrowing” and “lending” countries are very different. So too, are the institutional frameworks. As a consequence, successful policy transfer is much more complex than mere copying or emulation. The paper argues that large-scale institutional transformations are neither feasible nor desirable to produce results that benefit cities in CEE countries. Small initiatives with straightforward, comparatively short-term outcomes and moderate budgets often work better and keep momentum going for further steps towards more sustainable urban transport policies and programs.
Testing for wildfire feedbacks in forests of the US Northern Rockies

Understanding the complex responses of forested landscapes to changing fire regimes is critical for predicting land-cover patterns under a warming climate. Using decades of existing NASA satellite imagery and extensive field-calibration data on burn severity I tested whether successive forest fires in the Northern Rocky Mountains interact through feedbacks, and identified factors that are more likely to lead to two successive high-severity (stand- replacing) fires. Feedbacks among wildfires depended on forest type and interval between the first and second fire. Feedbacks in wildfire severity shifted from negative to positive with increasing elevation and with interval between two fires. Areas characterized by two successive stand-replacing fires were in subalpine forests at higher elevations, shallower slopes, and northeasterly aspects where the interval between fires was longer. Further analyses are underway, and results will identify when and where fire-catalyzed shifts in vegetation are occurring or are likely to occur with continued climate change and altered fire regimes.
Treatment Effects With Unobserved Heterogeneity: A Set Identification Approach

We propose the sharp identifiable bounds of the potential outcome distributions using panel data. We allow for the possibility that statistical randomization of treatment assignments is not achieved until unobserved heterogeneity is properly controlled for. We use certain stationarity assumptions to obtain the sharp bounds. Our approach allows for dynamic treatment decisions, where the current treatment decisions may depend on the past treatments or the past observed outcomes. As an empirical illustration, we study the effect of smoking during pregnancy on infant birthweight. We find that for the group of switchers the infant birthweight of a smoking mother is first-order stochastically dominated by that of a nonsmoking mother.
Estudio biosistemático del género Hypericum L. (Guttiferae) en la Península Ibérica e Islas Baleares. I. Caracteres seminales.

En este trabajo se estudian los caracteres de las semillas de 30 taxones de Hypericum de la Peninsula Iberica e Islas Baleares, mediante microscopio optico y electronico de barrido. Se hace una nueva combinacion, Hypericum hircinum L. var. cambessedesii y se describe un hibrido nuevo, Hypericum x reinosae.
Evaluation of Efficiency Selected Secondary Sampling Methods in Soil Studies

Abstract: The purpose of the work was to compare effectiveness of common secondary sampling methods for assessing the distribution of soil pollution. The study case is based on an example of assessing the spatial distribution of soil contamination with lead in Slawkow area (Upper Silesian Industrial Region). This comparison was made in regard to both precision of the spatial estimation and minimization the cost of measuring campaign. The special attention was given to the often applied secondary sampling designs such as threshold radial (also known as adaptive cluster sampling) and adaptive fill sampling. These two methods were tested in typical municipal and suburban environment in Slawkow area. The work contains also detailed statistical and geostatistical analysis of above-mentioned contamination, and elaboration of series of its spatial distributions using numerous alternative sampling designs. The determined sampling plans make it possible to find compromise between ecological and financial aspects. A combination of the obtained results with the legal regulations in force concerning concentrations of heavy metals in soils are the basis for reliably estimation the ecological hazard arising from the soil contamination with lead in the Slawkow area. The results of performed analyses show that better efficiency in terms of cost and precision of measuring campaign gives rather coarser preliminary sampling design followed by appropriate secondary sampling then use the one-stage very dense measuring grid. However, the effectiveness of both threshold radial and adaptive fill secondary sampling designs is much worse than secondary sampling designs based on geostatistical methods using eg minimization of maximum or mean kriging variance criterion. However, it was also found that the effectiveness of both threshold radial and adaptive fill secondary sampling designs is significantly worse than secondary sampling designs based on geostatistical methods. Therefore, when a larger environmental research is envisaged the collaboration with experienced geostatisticians is always the right choice.
Long‐range persistence in global Aerosol Index dynamics

Detrended fluctuation analysis (DFA) was applied to zonal mean daily Aerosol Index (AI) values derived from satellite observations during 1979–2003 to search for self‐similarity properties. The results show that the detrended and deseasonalized AI fluctuations in both hemispheres and globally obey persistent long‐range power‐law correlations for time scales longer than about 4 days and shorter than about 2 years. This suggests that the AI fluctuations in small time intervals are related to the AI fluctuations in longer time intervals in a power‐law fashion (when the time intervals vary from about 4 days to about 2 years). In other words, an anomaly in AI in one time frame continues into the next, exhibiting a power‐law evolution. The influence of the annual and semiannual cycles on the scaling behaviour of the AI time series in both hemispheres is discussed. A plausible mechanism for the time scale of about 2 years in AI time series could be the modulation of the Brewer–Dobson cell by the quasi‐biennial oscillation at the equatorial stratosphere in the zonal wind. The synoptic‐scale meteorological systems probably give rise to the time scale of about 4 days. These findings could prove useful in testing the results of existing models, which should be examined to determine if they demonstrate the scaling behaviour mentioned above.