Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Graduated Driver Licensing Programs and Fatal Crashes of 16-Year-Old Drivers: A National Evaluation

CONTEXT. Implementation of graduated driver licensing programs is associated with reductions in crash rates of young drivers, but graduated driver licensing programs vary in their components. The impact of programs with different components is unknown. OBJECTIVE. The purpose of this work was to determine which graduated driver licensing programs are associated with the greatest reductions in fatal motor vehicle crashes involving 16-year-old drivers. METHODS. We conducted a retrospective study of all 16-year-old drivers involved in fatal crashes in the United States from 1994 through 2004 using data from the Fatality Analysis Reporting System and the US Census Bureau. We measured incidence rate ratios of fatal motor vehicle crashes involving 16-year-old drivers according to graduated driver licensing programs, adjusted for state and year. RESULTS. Compared with state quarters with no graduated driver licensing program components, reductions of 16% to 21% in fatal crash involvement rates of 16-year-old drivers occurred with programs that included ≥3-month mandatory waiting period, nighttime driving restriction, and either ≥30 hours of supervised driving or passenger restriction. Reductions of 18% to 21% occurred in state quarters with programs that included ≥5 of the 7 components examined. Drivers aged 20 to 24 or 25 to 29 years did not experience significant reductions. CONCLUSION. Comprehensive graduated driver licensing programs are associated with reductions of ∼20% in 16-year-old drivers’ fatal crash involvement rates. The greatest benefit seems to be associated with programs that include age requirements and ≥3 months of waiting before the intermediate stage, nighttime driving restriction, and either ≥30 hours of supervised driving or passenger restriction.
Design and implementation of educational game based on thematic curriculum using three layered thinking model (Case study: Applying number and social arithmetic in the real life)

Curriculum 2013 was designed as a multidisciplinary thematic curriculum with learning process more focus on student activity. But in fact, the implementation of curriculum is not fully implemented in accordance with the concept that has been made. The teachers feel a lot of obstacles in implementing the curriculum 2013 which are related to the learning approach, learning methods, the creation of learning tools, the use of instructional materials, implementation of assessment, and other aspects. In addition, the constraints stemming from the students is the lack of student motivation in implementing the learning process, especially mathematics. This causes the level of student understanding becomes not meet the standards expected. To overcome this problem, the authors design and develop learning activities that focus on student activity, can motivate students to learn math and give them gradual understanding in math and reduce the workload of the teacher. Learning activity consists of playing educational games that are integrated with field activities and daily activities at home. The design of game content is based on a theme that developed into a mission or objective games. Mathematics topic that became the case study is the connection between numbers and social arithmetic in everyday life. Games built using storyline, the challenge level and reward systems. The game is intended for 7th-grade junior high school students. The design of game using model Three Layered Thinking. This model integrates gaming goals into the curriculum goal and design game by reducing the complexity of design tasks and improving four factors: the ability (skill), challenge, concentration and pleasure. The conclusion from this research are (1) the use of educational games in the learning process does not have a significant impact toward the enhancement of student learning outcomes. (2) But, the student gives positive feedback about the use of the game to support their learning process in the school. (3) The design of learning activity which is using game integrated with field activity (outside classroom) and daily activities at home have a potential to improve the capacity of education, reduce student lesson hour in the school and teacher's work hours.
Biosynthesis of carbonic anhydrase in Chlamydomonas reinhardtii during adaptation to low CO(2).

The unicellular green alga Chlamydomonas reinhardtii synthesizes carbonic anhydrase in response to low levels of CO(2) (i.e., air levels of CO(2)). This enzyme, localized predominantly in the periplasmic space of the alga (or associated with the cell wall), is an important component of the machinery required for the active accumulation of inorganic carbon by C. reinhardtii and the saturation of ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase at low extracellular carbon concentrations. We have begun to examine the synthesis and compartmentalization of carbonic anhydrase in C. reinhardtii. The monomeric species associated with carbonic anhydrase activity is synthesized as a precursor on 80S cytoplasmic ribosomes. This precursor can be detected immunologically in the profiles of translation products when a reticulocyte lysate, cell-free system is primed with poly(A)-RNA from either air-grown C. reinhardtii or cells shifted from growth on 5% CO(2) to air for 12 hr. It is not synthesized when the in vitro system is primed with poly(A)-RNA from CO(2)-grown algae. Since translatable RNA for the polypeptide responsible for carbonic anhydrase activity was only present in cells that experienced low levels of CO(2), the adaptation process either involves the regulation of transcription of the carbonic anhydrase gene (and perhaps other genes involved in adaptation) or the post-transcriptional processing of the messenger RNA. Furthermore, the appearance of the mature polypeptide associated with carbonic anhydrase activity in the periplasmic space of C. reinhardtii is inhibited by tunicamycin, an antibiotic that prevents core glycosylation of polypeptides on the endoplasmic reticulum. Together, these results suggest that the biosynthesis of this extracellular algal enzyme involves the translation of mRNA for the carbonic anhydrase monomer on ribosomes bound to the endoplasmic reticulum, the cleavage of a signal sequence during transport of the nascent polypeptide into the lumen of the endoplasmic reticulum, and subsequent glycosylation events prior to export across the plasmalemma.
Leader emergence through interpersonal neural synchronization

Significance Great leaders are often great communicators. However, little is known about the neural basis of leader–follower communication. Only recently have neuroscientists been able to examine interpersonal neural synchronization (INS) between leaders and followers during social interactions. Here, we show that INS is significantly higher between leaders and followers than between followers and followers, suggesting that leaders emerge by synchronizing their brain activity with that of the followers. Moreover, the quality rather than frequency of the leaders’ communications makes a significant contribution to the increase of INS. This result supports the “quality of communication” hypothesis in leader emergence. Finally, our results show that leadership can be predicted shortly after the onset of a task based on INS as well as communication behaviors. The neural mechanism of leader emergence is not well understood. This study investigated (i) whether interpersonal neural synchronization (INS) plays an important role in leader emergence, and (ii) whether INS and leader emergence are associated with the frequency or the quality of communications. Eleven three-member groups were asked to perform a leaderless group discussion (LGD) task, and their brain activities were recorded via functional near infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS)-based hyperscanning. Video recordings of the discussions were coded for leadership and communication. Results showed that the INS for the leader–follower (LF) pairs was higher than that for the follower–follower (FF) pairs in the left temporo-parietal junction (TPJ), an area important for social mentalizing. Although communication frequency was higher for the LF pairs than for the FF pairs, the frequency of leader-initiated and follower-initiated communication did not differ significantly. Moreover, INS for the LF pairs was significantly higher during leader-initiated communication than during follower-initiated communications. In addition, INS for the LF pairs during leader-initiated communication was significantly correlated with the leaders’ communication skills and competence, but not their communication frequency. Finally, leadership could be successfully predicted based on INS as well as communication frequency early during the LGD (before half a minute into the task). In sum, this study found that leader emergence was characterized by high-level neural synchronization between the leader and followers and that the quality, rather than the frequency, of communications was associated with synchronization. These results suggest that leaders emerge because they are able to say the right things at the right time.
Increased phosphorylation of AKAP by inhibition of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase enhances human sperm motility through tail recruitment of protein kinase A

Sperm motility is regulated by a complex balance between kinases and phosphatases. Among them, phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI 3-kinase) has been recently suggested to negatively regulate sperm motility (Luconi, M., Marra, F., Gandini, L., Lenzi, A., Filimberti, E., Forti, G. and Baldi, E. (2001). Hum. Reprod. 16, 1931-1937). We demonstrate the presence and activity of PI 3-kinase in human spermatozoa and have investigated the molecular mechanism(s) by which the PI 3-kinase inhibitor, LY294002, triggers an increase in sperm motility. PI 3-kinase inhibition results in an increase in intracellular cAMP levels and in tyrosine phosphorylation of the protein kinase A-anchoring protein AKAP3. These effects finally result in a stimulation of protein kinase A (PKA) binding to AKAP3 in sperm tails through the regulatory subunit RIIβ. The increased binding of RIIβ to AKAP3 induced by LY294002 is mainly due to tyrosine phosphorylation of AKAP3, since it is completely blocked by the tyrosine kinase inhibitor erbstatin, which also reverses the effects of LY294002 on motility and suppresses PKA-AKAP3 interaction. The requirement of PKA binding to AKAP3 for sperm motility is confirmed by the reduction of motility induced by an inhibitor of RIIβ-AKAP3 binding, Ht31, whose effects on sperm motility and PKA binding to AKAP3 are reversed by LY294002. These results demonstrate that PI 3-kinase negatively regulates sperm motility by interfering with AKAP3-PKA binding, providing the first evidence of a molecular mechanism by which PKA can be targeted to sperm tails by interaction with tyrosine phosphorylated form of AKAP3.
Massage as a Therapeutic Agent

d. nuary 31st. I found him, at the time of visit, sitting out in the sn. The next day previously to the "visit," he wilfully left Maloja for Italy, descending 3,800 feet in five hours. It was reported that he gained strength slowly, but made a good reenvery. This man, who was a plasterer, contracted his pneumonia from the effects of rapid and extreme variations of temperature, and irritant coke-fumes. Although he was a native of Italy, tainted with malaria, and not a robust subject, he made a good recovery in the dry air of the Engadine during the coldest part of winter. Externally, in a Stevensoil's screen, thermometers indicated the following temperatuires, during the man's illness: mean temperature, Flahr. , 18.6° (9 A.M.), 25.8' (noon), 27.7° (3 P.Ms.); maximntum, 38' Fahr. ; minimum, 4° Fahr. Thc "mean weight of moisture suspended in the air," calculated at noon by Apjohn's formula, was 11 grains per 10 cubic feet of atmosphere; (at Ke', the mean for the whole month of January equalled 25 grains per 10 cuibic feet). The mean "drying power of the air," or weight of vapour wbhich 10 cubic feet were still capable of absorbing, was 5.3 grains.
Neuromodulation impact on nonlinear firing behavior of a reduced model motoneuron with the active dendrite

Neuromodulatory inputs from brainstem systems modulate the normal function of spinal motoneurons by altering the activation properties of persistent inward currents (PICs) in their dendrites. However, the effect of the PIC on firing outputs also depends on its location in the dendritic tree. To investigate the interaction between PIC neuromodulation and PIC location dependence, we used a two-compartment model that was biologically realistic in that it retains directional and frequency-dependent electrical coupling between the soma and the dendrites, as seen in multi-compartment models based on full anatomical reconstructions of motoneurons. Our two-compartment approach allowed us to systematically vary the coupling parameters between the soma and the dendrite to accurately reproduce the effect of location of the dendritic PIC on the generation of nonlinear (hysteretic) motoneuron firing patterns. Our results show that as a single parameter value for PIC activation was either increased or decreased by 20% from its default value, the solution space of the coupling parameter values for nonlinear firing outputs was drastically reduced by approximately 80%. As a result, the model tended to fire only in a linear mode at the majority of dendritic PIC sites. The same results were obtained when all parameters for the PIC activation simultaneously changed only by approximately ±10%. Our results suggest the democratization effect of neuromodulation: the neuromodulation by the brainstem systems may play a role in switching the motoneurons with PICs at different dendritic locations to a similar mode of firing by reducing the effect of the dendritic location of PICs on the firing behavior.
High assurance programming in Cryptol

Cryptol is a domain specific language tailored for cryptographic algorithms (www.cryptol.net). Explicit support for program verification is an indispensable part of the Cryptol toolset, due to the inherent high-assurance requirements of the application domain. To this end, Cryptol comes with a suite of formal-methods based tools, allowing users to perform various program verification tasks.
Thoracic transplantation

University of Colorado, Denver, CO University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA Organ Procurement and Transplantation Network (OPTN)/United Network for Organ Sharing (UNOS), Richmond, VA University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI University of Maryland Medical Center, Baltimore, MD University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA Scientific Registry of Transplant Recipients (SRTR)/University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI *Corresponding author: Susan Murray, skmurray@ umich.edu
Comparison of four SNR estimators for QPSK modulations

Four signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) estimators for quaternary phase-shift keying (QPSK)-like signaling are proposed and examined. Two are based on receiver statistics directly related to the SNR while two others are based on receiver statistics inversely related to the SNR. The results show that the estimators based on the inverse of the SNR perform better than the estimators based on the SNR.
Zmp: a Review of Some Basic Misunderstandings

One of basic characteristics of the regular bipedal walk of humanoid robots is the maintenance of their dynamic balance during the walk, whereby a decisive role is played by the unpowered degrees of freedom arising at the foot–ground contact. Hence, the role of the Zero-Moment Point (ZMP) as an indicator of dynamic balance is indispensable. This paper gives a detailed discussion of some basic theoretical assumptions related to the ZMP in the light of imprecise, and even incorrect, interpretations that have recently appeared, and which have led to some erroneous conclusions. Examples are given to show some erroneous basic attitudes and the genesis of some of them is indicated. It is also pointed out that in the domain of bipedal walk there are still notions that are not clearly defined and their meanings differentiated in some related branches of science and engineering. One of the examples is dynamic balance and stability, which are often used interchangeably.
Computer-Controlled Variable Structure Systems: The State-of-the-Art

Variable Structure Systems (VSSs) have been studied extensively for over 60 years and widely used in practical applications. A particular interest in VSS is the so-called Sliding-Mode Control (SMC), which is simple in control design and robust in parameter variations and disturbances. Modern control systems nowadays are implemented through computers. This presents challenges for SMC based VSS because the digital nature of computer-control weakens the essential assumption of SMC, that is, the switching frequency should be unlimited in order to deliver effective disruptive control actions. Extensive research activities have been since undertaken in computer-controlled VSS over the last thirty years. This survey provides a comprehensive account of the key developments in this field and examines the key technical research challenges for the future developments.
CD3- Leukocytes Present in the Human Uterus During Early Placentation: Phenotypic and Morphologic Characterization of the CD56++ Population

In this study, the CD3- LGL/NK cells present in the pregnant human uterus have been characterized. Phenotypic and morphologic analyses of decidual LGL revealed many similarities to the minor CD56bright+, CD16- subset in peripheral blood, but there were some important differences. The relative surface density of CD56+ is greatly increased on decidual LGL to 22 x that found on the majority of CD56 peripheral blood NK cells. The CD56bright cells in decidua show LGL morphology, whereas in peripheral blood, they are . mainly agranular. Proliferation of CD56+ cells occurs predominantly during the nonpregnant secretory (luteal) phase, indicating these CD56+ uterine LGL do not migrate as terminally differentiated cells. The appearance of CD56 cells was examined at the ultrastructural level using immunoelectron microscopy. Cells with phenotypic characteristics of decidual LGL occur in a higher percentage (1.11%) in the peripheral blood of women of reproductive age than in men (0.66%). On the basis of these results, it is proposed that the CD56bright+ uterine leukocytes represent a distinctive, hormonally regulated subset possibly adapted to control human placentation.
Remote control flying RC helicopter through natural user interface

The interaction between humans and various technological devices has always been limited by the communication between the user and the machine, this primarily because the machines do not possess the ability to interpret the natural movements of a person. In the case of remote interaction with unmanned vehicles (UAV) as cars, helicopters, airplanes, many researchers have resorted to the use of different types of hardware, including gloves, remote controls or video cameras are counted, however remote interaction suggests still a challenge. That's why in this paper the development of a natural user interface (NUI) for remote control of a RC (radio control) unmanned helicopter (UAV or drone) using the Kinect sensor, we propose and through a series of action commands defined by the natural movements of a person. To develop the system, initially proceeded with the conceptual design of the remote control, as well as the selection of sensors that allow the interaction of a person with a UAV. Then the action commands for control were specified to finally conduct a series of performance tests focused on evaluating the performance of the system against the commands executed by a user to control the selected UAV. The results showed a very efficient generic interface to control remote UAV, thereby generating a valuable alternative in the control of any type of unmanned vehicle through the use of the natural movements of a person.
Effectiveness of a National Media Campaign to Promote Parent–Child Communication About Sex

Background. Although there is debate on the effectiveness of youth-focused abstinence education programs, research confirms that parents can influence their children’s decisions about sexual behavior. To leverage parent-based approaches to adolescent sexual health, the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services launched the Parents Speak Up National Campaign (PSUNC) to encourage parent–child communication about sex. Previous experimental studies have found the campaign to be efficacious in increasing parent–child communication. But to date, the actual reach of the campaign and its real-world effectiveness in promoting parent–child communication has not been established. The present study addresses this gap. Method. The authors surveyed 1,804 parents of 10- to14-year-old children from the nationally representative Knowledge Networks online panel. The survey included questions about parents’ awareness of PSUNC ads and parent–child communication behaviors. The authors also analyzed market-level data on campaign gross rating points, a measure of market-level intensity of PSUNC advertising in the United States. Multivariate regressions were used to examine the association between PSUNC exposure and a three-item scale for parent–child communication. Results. Overall, 59.4% of parents in the sample reported awareness of PSUNC. The authors found that higher market-level PSUNC gross rating points were associated with increased parent–child communication. Similar relationships were observed between self-reported awareness of PSUNC and increased frequency of communication and recommendations to wait. These associations were particularly strong among mothers. Conclusions. This study provides the first field-based data on the real-world reach and effectiveness of PSUNC among parents. The data support earlier experimental trials of PSUNC, showing that the campaign is associated with greater parent–child communication, primarily among mothers. Further research may be needed to develop additional messages for fathers.
Moving-Target Search: A Real-Time Search for Changing Goals

Considers the case of heuristic search where the goal may change during the course of the search. For example, the goal may be a target that actively avoids the problem solver. The authors present a moving-target search algorithm (MTS) to solve this problem. The authors prove that if the average speed of the target is slower than that of the problem solver, then the problem solver is guaranteed to eventually reach the target in a connected problem space. The original MTS algorithm was constructed with the minimum operations necessary to guarantee its completeness, and hence is not very efficient. To improve its efficiency, the authors introduce ideas from the area of resource-bounded planning into MTS, including 1) commitment to goals, and 2) deliberation for selecting plans. Experimental results demonstrate that the improved MTS is 10 to 20 times more efficient than the original MTS in uncertain situations. >
Threat-induced cortical processing and startle potentiation

This paper presents cortical responses as reflected in event- related potentials (ERP) in an instructed fear paradigm. Safe cues and threat cues that predict shock were presented at an unprecedented fast rate (mean SOA of 2.1 s). Startle and subjective measures confirmed that threat relative to safe cues elicited fear. Several ERP correlates of fear processing were predicted and confirmed: modulation of exogenous sensory components, frontal selection positivity, and increase of P3. Furthermore, a frontal negative slow wave was observed. These results are discussed in relation to attentional selection models and emotional processing.