Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Pathology of Early Hepatocellular Carcinoma: Conventional and Molecular Diagnosis

Recently, an East–West consensus on the histopathologic criteria for the diagnosis of high-grade dysplastic nodules (HGDN) versus early hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) was reached. Next to classical morphologic criteria such as nucleocytoplasmic ratio, thickness of cell plates, mitotic index, and architectural disturbance like acinar structures, one of the most relevant criteria to diagnose early HCC is stromal invasion. Because a structured basement membrane is lacking along the hepatocytes in the liver, invasion cannot be deﬁned as tumor growth through the basement membrane as in other tissues. However, the number of portal tracts that are present in a nodule gradually decrease because the tumoral hepatocytes start to show a destructive invading growth pattern in the mesenchyma/stroma of these portal tracts. This feature of stromal invasion is however sometimes difﬁcult to recognize in needle biopsies because included portal tracts can be absent. Therefore, other diagnostic criteria are necessary. Based on molecular proﬁling, several additional markers for early malignant HCC have been found recently. Glypican-3, heat shock protein 70, and glutamine synthetase have been already validated and can be used as a panel of stains to conﬁrm the pathologist’s histopathologic diagnosis and to solve difﬁcult cases.
Laboratory Monitoring of Therapy in von Willebrand Disease: Efficacy of the PFA-100 and von Willebrand Factor:Collagen-Binding Activity as Coupled Strategies

Clinical management of von Willebrand disease (or von Willebrand disorder [vWD]) often involves factor replacement or desmopressin acetate (DDAVP) therapy to control (potential) bleeding. Laboratory monitoring involves testing patient samples prior to therapy and at discreet time points after therapy. Classical testing generally comprises assays for factor VIII:coagulant activity, von Willebrand factor (vWF):antigen and vWF:ristocetin cofactor activity. The PFA-100 (platelet function analyser) is a relatively new tool for the investigation of primary hemostasis, and studies have shown its potential utility in identifying both vWD and platelet disorders, and in monitoring DDAVP therapy in these patients. However, the PFA-100 has limited utility in monitoring factor replacement therapy. The collagen-binding activity (vWF:CB) assay is a relatively new functional vWF assay and studies have also shown its utility in identifying vWD, and in monitoring both DDAVP and factor replacement therapy in these patients. This review assesses the laboratory monitoring of therapy for vWD with a special focus on the combined potential utility of the PFA-100 and a vWF:CB assay sensitive for the presence or absence of large vWF multimers. This review should be of value to both hemostasis scientists and clinical specialists.
Recipient Selection

Since 1989, activity in lung transplantation in the Uni ted States has been increasing rapidly, bu t the d e m a n d has been rising even faster (Fig. 1). In contrast, the n u m b e r of cadaveric organ donors in the Uni ted States has been relatively constant, and the lungs are suitable for transplantation in only 20 to 25% of these because of the pulmonary problems that accompany brain death. Consequently, in 1992 the transplantation rate from the national waitlist was 30%, the death rate awaiting transplantation was 13%, and the median waiting time was 406 days. In the Uni ted States, cadaveric donor organs, including lungs, are distributed through regional organ procurement organizations in cooperation with the United Network for Organ Sharing (UNOS). Presently, the system for lung allocation is based only on the recipient's time on the waiting list; no priority is given for severity of illness or clinical status. Thus, lung transplantation is primarily a procedure for appropriately selected recipients who are stable enough to survive the lengthy waiting time; it is not an emergency operat ion to rescue patients with acute respiratory failure. The increasing d e m a n d and an expanding list of indications have placed new emphasis on the recipient selection process. In addition, the longer waiting period has stressed the importance of proper t iming for the evaluation and the relevance of pretransplantation management . This article will focus on these issues and present some illustrative results from our program.
Digital quantum simulation of lattice gauge theory

In the present work, a digital quantum simulation scheme is proposed for the construction of lattice gauge theories in 3+1 dimensions, including dynamical fermions. All interactions are obtained as a stroboscopic sequence of two-body interactions with an auxiliary system, therefore allowing implementations with ultracold atoms using atomic scattering as a resource for interactions. Compared to previous proposals, the four-body interactions arising in models with 2+1 dimensions and higher, are obtained without the use of perturbation theory, resulting in stronger interactions. The algorithm is applicable to generic gauge theories, with gauge groups being either compact Lie groups or finite groups. To back up the validity of this approach, bounds on the error due to the trotterized time evolution are presented. Furthermore, using ultracold atoms in optical lattices, an implementation of a lattice gauge theory with a non-abelian gauge group, the dihedral group D6, is described employing the aforementioned simulation scheme. We show how the different parts of the Hamiltonian of this lattice gauge theory can be mapped to a Hamiltonian accessible in ultracold atom experiments. This extends current quantum simulation proposals of non-abelian gauge theories with dynamical matter to more than 1+1 dimensions, thus, paving the way towards the quantum simulation of non-abelian gauge theories in regimes otherwise inaccessible to any numerical methods.
CoFe2O4 -BaTiO3 nanocomposites; role of ferrite phase on the structural, optical and magnetic properties

Abstract The structural, optical, and magnetic characteristics of the (CoFe2O4) x – (BaTiO3)100-x (x = 10, 20, 30, 40, 50) nanocomposites prepared using the sol-gel technique were examined. X-ray diffraction data confirm formation of the tetragonal phase for BTO and the spinel phase for CFO for all composites. The magnetic hysteresis loop measurements were performed using a vibrating sample magnetometer at room temperature. All of the composites had improved ferromagnetic characteristics, which are highly influenced by the amount of the CFO phase. The bandgap energy values decreased as the CFO concentration increased. The dielectric constant, loss function and conductivity for samples were measured.
Non‐affine fiber kinematics in arterial mechanics: a continuum micromechanical investigation

There is growing experimental evidence for non‐affine deformations occurring in different types of fibrous soft tissues; meaning that the fiber orientations do not follow the macroscopic deformation gradient. Suitable mathematical modeling of this phenomenon is an open challenge, which we here tackle in the framework of continuum micromechanics. From a rate‐based analogon of Eshelby's inhomogeneity problem, we derive strain and spin concentration tensors relating macroscopic strain rate tensors applied to the boundaries of a Representative Volume Element (RVE), to strain rates and spins within the tissue microstructure, in particular those associated with fiber rotations due to external mechanical loading. After presenting suitable algorithms for integrating the resulting rate‐type governing equations, a first relevance check of the novel modeling approach is undertaken, by comparison of model results to recent experiments performed on the adventitia layer of rabbit carotid tissue.
Radiological Imaging in Acute Lung Injury and Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome

Computed tomography (CT) has been utilized to study acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) since the middle 1980s, when it revealed the inhomogeneous pattern of the lung lesion. Its advantages rely on the strict correlation between CT density and the lung physical density, allowing a quantiﬁcation of lung compartments with different degrees of aeration. By CT scans, ARDS lung appeared to be ‘‘small’’ rather than ‘‘stiff,’’ leading to the ‘‘baby lung’’ concept. The regional analysis revealed that this appearance derives from an evenly distributed lung edema, which tends, because of gravitational forces, to lie predominantly in the most dependent regions, leading to alveolar collapse. New data suggest that such a ‘‘sponge lung’’ is made by a ‘‘core,’’ consolidated, lung portion, from which, through an inﬂammatory reaction, lung edema will spread, determining the collapsed and recruitable lung portion. The amount of recruitable lung varies among ARDS patients. This knowledge is necessary for a rational positive end-expiratory pressure (PEEP) setting because the amount of tissue maintained aerated by PEEP is closely associated with the amount of recruitable lung. CT scans may also help to diagnose ARDS because CT provides a good estimate of the high-permeability lung edema, the characteristic lesion of this syndrome.
Biochemical and Physiological MR Imaging of Skeletal Muscle at 7 Tesla and Above

Ultra-high ﬁeld (UHF; (cid:1) 7 T) magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), with its greater signal-to-noise ratio, offers the potential for increased spatial resolution, faster scanning, and, above all, improved biochemical and physiological imaging of skeletal muscle. The increased spectral resolution and greater sensitivity to low-gamma nuclei available at UHF should allow techniques such as 1 H MR spectroscopy (MRS), 31 P MRS, and 23 Na MRI to be more easily implemented. Numerous technical challenges exist in the performance of UHF MRI, including changes in relaxation values, increased chemical shift and susceptibility artifact, radiofrequency (RF) coil design/B 1 þ ﬁeld inhomogeneity, and greater RF energy deposition. Nevertheless, the possibility of improved functional and metabolic imaging at UHF will likely drive research efforts in the near future to overcome these challenges and allow studies of human skeletal muscle physiology and pathophysiology to be possible at (cid:1) 7 T.
An explicit Hermite–Taylor method for the Schrödinger equation

An explicit spectrally accurate order-adaptive Hermite-Taylor method for the Schrödinger equation is developed. Numerical experiments illustrating the properties of the method are presented. The method, which is able to use very coarse grids while still retaining high accuracy, compares favorably to an existing exponential integrator – high order summation-by-parts finite difference method. AMS subject classifications: 65L20, 81V10
The Role of Structural and Functional Imaging in Parkinsonian States with a Description of PET Technology

In this article, after providing a description of the technique of brain positron emission tomography (PET), the review focuses on the application of PET and other recent advances of neuroimaging in understanding the structural, pathophysiological, and pharmacological changes associated with Parkinson’s disease (PD). In early cases of PD, demonstration of the presence of nigral structural abnormalities with transcranial sonography and striatal dopaminergic dysfunction with functional imaging provides a rationale for the use of dopaminergic medications. The presence of altered striatal signal with diffusion-weighted magnetic resonance imaging (DWI) or reduced lentiform nucleus glucose metabolism with ﬂuorodeoxyglucose PET suggests the presence of an atypical PD variant. Finally, the value of functional imaging as a biomarker for following the progression of PD and for understanding mechanisms of dementia when present is debated.
Variable Response to Clopidogrel in Patients with Coronary Artery Disease

Antiplatelet drug resistance is a multifactorial phenomenon that affects a large number of cardiovascular patients with symptomatic coronary artery disease. Although unique deﬁnitions for aspirin and clopidogrel resistance are missing, there is growing evidence for a clinical importance of response to antiplatelet therapy. The prevalence for aspirin and clopidogrel resistance has been reported to be between 5 and 30% in literature. Moreover, recent data suggest a high rate of dual antiplatelet drug resistance. Although there are convincing data about an association of aspirin resistance and clinical outcome, little is known about the clinical relevance of clopidogrel hyporesponsiveness. This article reviews the evidence for the clinical impact of antiplatelet drug resistance, with particular attention on the clinical outcome of clopidogrel low response according to current clinical data. Additional systematic studies are needed to evaluate the effects of alternative antiplatelet therapies in patients identiﬁed as low responders.
RECOVERING OLD DOCUMENT IMAGE BY USING HYBRID BINRAZATION TECHNIQUE.

Rana mohamed H. Zaki and Teaba Wala Aldeen Khairi. Computer Science Department, University of Technology/Baghdad. Manuscript Info Abstract . Manuscript History Received: 12 August 2018 Final Accepted: 14 September 2018 Published: October 2018
Evaluation and Management of Sleep Disturbance during the Menopause Transition

Sleep disturbances in midlife women are common and have been associated with the menopause transition itself, symptoms of hot ﬂashes, anxiety and depressive disorders, aging, primary sleep disorders (i.e., obstructive sleep apnea, periodic limb movement disorder), comorbid medical conditions and medications, as well as with psychosocial and behavioral factors. Because there are several common sources of sleep problems in midlife women, the cause of an individual woman’s sleep disturbance may be multifactorial. Effective behavioral and pharmacological therapies are available to treat sleep disturbances of different etiologies. This review provides an overview of different types of sleep disturbance occurring in midlife women and presents data supporting the use of hormone therapy, hypnotic agents, and behavioral strategies to treat sleep problems in this population. The review aims to equip clinicians evaluating menopause-age women with the knowledge and evaluation tools to diagnose, engage sleep experts where appropriate, and treat sleep disturbance in this population. Sleep disorders in midlife women should be treated because substantial improvements in quality of life and health outcomes are achievable.
Improving beta phase of spin coated PVDF thin films by doping with silver nanoparticles

Abstract This research deals with the effect of process parameters of spin coating such as spinning speed, weight composition of silver nanoparticles (AgNP), and annealing duration on the phase change of polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) thin films. FTIR spectroscopy along with XRD confirmed the transformation of α to β-phase in the PVDF thin films. The spin coated films exhibited higher β-fraction than that of the pristine PVDF. The β-fraction in the thin films was mainly influenced by the addition of AgNP. The DSC results showed decrease in crystallinity from 63.74 to 53.21% with increase in spinning speed from 1000 to 3000 rpm due to the over-stretching of crystalline lamellae.
Bronchoalveolar Lavage in Idiopathic Interstitial Lung Diseases

Bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) is useful for diagnosing various interstitial lung diseases (ILDs) and monitoring ILD during treatment. The ability to detect speciﬁc agents or substances by using BAL is especially helpful in determining whether idiopathic ILD has a background causality. BAL in combination with other intensive examinations may enable the deﬁnitive diagnosis of an idiopathic ILD. Among the idiopathic ILDs of concern, this article focuses on idiopathic interstitial pneumonia (IIP) and cryptogenic organizing pneumonia (COP). IIP and COP are classiﬁed together as idiopathic interstitial pneumonia (IIP), an integrated clinicoradiographic pathological disease entity. BAL has identiﬁed two points important for differentiating the disease entity: a paucity of lymphocytes appears in the BAL ﬂuid of patients with idiopathic pulmonary ﬁbrosis (IPF), and lymphocytosis with a decreased CD4:CD8 ratio appears in patients with COP. These ﬁndings can be useful, in combination with high-resolution computed tomographic (HRCT) data, for selecting a favorable treatment option. On the other hand, these rules cannot be applied to IP associated with collagen vascular disease (CVD). Furthermore, some IIP patients may manifest features of CVD during the clinical course after the detection of IP (interstitial pneumonia). Thus the deﬁnite role of BAL cell proﬁles remains to be determined.
Pathogenesis

There are many hypotheses concerning the pathogenesis of endometriosis, though no single theory can explain all cases. It is likely that several mechanisms are involved. Early studies concentrated on the histogenesis of the endometriotic lesion. Recent evidence has implicated components of the immune system in the pathogenesis of endometriosis. This review considers the evidence for different theories of the histogenesis of endometriosis and discusses possible immune factors that may be involved in the pathophysiology of the disease.
Molecular Diagnosis of Chronic Liver Disease and Hepatocellular Carcinoma: The Potential of Gene Expression Profiling

Gene expression proﬁle analysis through DNA microarrays and other high-throughput technologies permit simultaneous investigation of all genes within a biologic sample, providing a snapshot of the transcriptional state of healthy or diseased tissue. Although most of the current applications are still geared toward research (study of disease mechanisms/signaling pathways involved, identiﬁcation of novel oncogenes/tumor suppressor genes), clinical diagnostic applications of this approach are beginning to enter more routine molecular usage. There are clear examples where a group of genes, or ‘‘signature,’’ can provide clinically useful information (e.g., cancer prognosis and response to treatment). Importantly, the identiﬁcation of genes that are up-regulated during tumorigenesis is heralding a new era of targeted molecular therapies in oncology. In addition, the high capacity of the technologies available allow for the identiﬁcation of new biomarkers for early diagnosis. In the future, gene expression proﬁling (‘‘disease ﬁngerprinting’’) is likely to complement liver biopsy in the molecular differential diagnosis of chronic liver diseases and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). There has already been some success in the identiﬁcation of subtypes of HCC based on derived sets of signature gene clusters. Data recently reported have been able to provide the ﬁrst molecular classiﬁcation of HCC, although more comprehensive studies are required to conﬁrm these results and translate them into the clinical practice. In fact, variations in gene expression in normal and diseased livers, as well technical factors, are obstacles to the routine use of microarray-based methods in the liver clinic. Continued progress is anticipated in the practical application of gene array methods to reﬁne diagnosis and therapy of HCC.
Platelet Transcriptome: The Application of Microarray Analysis to Platelets

Human blood platelets are intimately involved in the regulation of thrombosis, inﬂammation, and wound repair. These cells retain megakaryocyte-derived cytoplasmic mRNA and functionally intact protein translational capabilities, although very little is known about normal or pathological mRNA proﬁles. Microarray analysis has demonstrated a clear and reproducible molecular signature unique to platelets. There is a relative paucity of expressed transcripts compared with those found in other eukaryotic cells, most likely related to mRNA decay in these anucleate cells. In contrast, a complementary methodology for transcript proﬁling (serial analysis of gene expression [SAGE]) demonstrates that 89% of tags represent mitochondrial (mt) transcripts (enriched in 16S and 12S ribosomal RNAs), presumably related to persistent mt-transcription in the absence of nuclear-derived transcripts. The abundance of nonmitochondrial SAGE tags parallels relative expression for the most abundant transcripts as determined by microarray analysis, establishing the concordance of both techniques for platelet proﬁling. These observations establish the validity of transcript analysis as a tool for identifying novel platelet genes that may regulate normal and pathologic platelet (and/or megakaryocyte) functions. The potential application of platelet-speciﬁc microarrays in scientiﬁc and clinical settings related to platelet production, cardiovascular, and cerebrovascular diseases is reviewed.
Influenza: Epidemiology, Clinical Features, Therapy, and Prevention

Inﬂuenza A and B are important causes of respiratory illness in all age groups. Inﬂuenza causes seasonal outbreaks globally and, less commonly, pandemics. In the United States, seasonal inﬂuenza epidemics account for > 200,000 hospitalizations and > 30,000 deaths annually. More than 90% of deaths occur in the elderly population. Interestingly, in the novel 2009 H1N1 inﬂuenza pandemic, attack rates were highest among children and young adults. Fewer than 10% of cases occurred in adults > 60 years old, likely because preexisting antibodies against other H1N1 viruses afforded protection. Despite concerns about a high lethality rate with the novel 2009 H1N1 strain, most illnesses caused by the 2009 H1N1 viruses were mild (overall case fatality rate < 0.5%). Clinical features of inﬂuenza infection overlap with other respiratory pathogens (particularly viruses). The diagnosis is often delayed due to low suspicion and the limited use of speciﬁc diagnostic tests. Rapid diagnostic tests are widely available and allow detection of inﬂuenza antigen in respiratory secretions within 1 hour; however, sensitivity ranges from 50 to 90%. Neuraminidase inhibitors (NAIs) (eg, oseltamivir and zanamivir) are effective for treating inﬂuenza A or B and for prophylaxis in selected adults and children. Resistance to NAIs is rare, but inﬂuenza strains resistant to oseltamivir have been detected. Vaccines are the cornerstone of inﬂuenza control. Currently, trivalent inactivated vaccine (TIV) and live attenuated inﬂuenza vaccine (LAIV) are available. These agents reduce mortality and morbidity in high-risk patients (ie, the elderly or patients with comorbidities), and expanding the use of vaccines to healthy children and adults reduces the incidence of inﬂuenza, pneumonia, and hospitalizations due to respiratory illnesses in the community.
Algebraic Dynamic Multilevel Method for Single-phase Flow in Heterogeneous Geothermal Reservoirs

Accurate numerical simulation of coupled fluid flow and heat transfer in heterogeneous geothermal reservoirs demand for high resolution computational grids. The resulting fine-scale discrete systems--though crucial for accurate predictions--are typically upscaled to lower resolution systems due to computational efficiency concerns. Therefore, advanced scalable methods which are efficient and accurate for real-field applications are more than ever on demand. To address this need, we present an algebraic dynamic multilevel method for flow and heat transfer in heterogeneous formations, which allows for different temperature values for fluid and rock. The fine-scale fully-implicit discrete system is mapped to a dynamic multilevel grid, the solution at which are connected through local basis functions. These dynamic grid cells are imposed such that the sub-domain of sharp gradients are resolved at fine-scale, while the rest of the domain remains at lower (coarser) resolutions. In order to guarantee the quality of the local (heat front) components, advanced multiscale basis functions are employed for global (fluid pressure and rock temperature) unknowns at coarser grids. Numerical test cases are presented for homogeneous and heterogeneous domains, where ADM employs only a small fraction of the finescale grids to find accurate complex nonlinear thermal flow solutions. As such, it develops a promising scalable framework for field-scale geothermal simulations.