Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Lifted Java: A Minimal Calculus for Translation Polymorphism

To support roles and similar notions involving multiple views on an object, languages like Object Teams and CaesarJ include mechanisms known as lifting and lowering. These mechanisms connect pairs of objects of otherwise unrelated types, and enables programmers to consider such a pair almost as a single object which has both types. In the terminology of Object Teams this is called translation polymorphism. In both Object Teams and CaesarJ the type system of the Java programming language has been extended to support this through the use of advanced language features. However, so far the soundness of translation polymorphism has not been proved. This paper presents a simple model that extends Featherweight Java with the core operations of translation polymorphism, provides a Coq proof that its type system is sound, and shows that the ambiguity problem associated with the so-called smart lifting mechanism can be eliminated by a very simple semantics for lifting.
Title: Testing the Fault-Tolerance of Networked Systems Authors:

This paper presents an extensible framework for testing the behavior of networked machines running the Linux operating system in the presence of faults. The framework allows injection of a variety of faults, such as faults in the computing core or peripheral devices of a machine or faults in the network connecting the machines. The system under test as well as the faultand workload run on this system are configurable. The framework is supported by a graphical user interface for experiment control. We have tested the framework with a set of different fault injection experiments. The framework has proven to be stable and work as expected.
Adenosine: a physiological modulator of superoxide anion generation by human neutrophils

The effects of adenosine were studied on human neutrophils with respect to their generation of superoxide anion, degranulation, and aggregation in response to soluble stimuli. Adenosine markedly inhibited superoxide anion generation by neutrophils stimulated with N-formyl methionyl leucyl phenylalanine (FMLP), concanavalin A (Con A), calcium ionophore A23187, and zymosan-treated serum; it inhibited this response to PMA to a far lesser extent. The effects of adenosine were evident at concentrations ranging from 1 to 1,000 microM with maximal inhibition at 100 microM. Cellular uptake of adenosine was not required for adenosine-induced inhibition since inhibition was maintained despite the addition of dipyridamole, which blocks nucleoside uptake. Nor was metabolism of adenosine required, since both deoxycoformycin (DCF) and erythro-9-(2-hydroxy-3-nonyl) adenine did not interfere with adenosine inhibition of superoxide anion generation. The finding that 2- chloroadenosine, which is not metabolized, resembled adenosine in its ability to inhibit superoxide anion generation added further evidence that adenosine metabolism was not required for inhibition of superoxide anion generation by neutrophils. Unexpectedly, endogenously generated adenosine was present in supernatants of neutrophil suspensions at 0.14- 0.28 microM. Removal of endogenous adenosine by incubation of neutrophils with exogenous adenosine deaminase (ADA) led to marked enhancement of superoxide anion generation in response to FMLP. Inactivation of ADA with DCF abrogated the enhancement of superoxide anion generation. Thus, the enhancement was not due to a nonspecific effect of added protein. Nor was the enhancement due to the generation of hypoxanthine or inosine by deamination of adenosine, since addition of these compounds did not affect neutrophil function. Adenosine did not significantly affect either aggregation or lysozyme release and only modestly affected beta-glucuronidase release by neutrophils stimulated with FMLP. These data indicate that adenosine (at concentrations that are present in plasma) acting via cell surface receptors is a specific modulator of superoxide anion generation by neutrophils.
High-sensitivity surface micromachined structures for internal stress and stress gradient evaluation

The internal stress and stress gradient of thick () and thin () polysilicon films were evaluated with surface micromachined test structures. The structure that measured internal stress consisted of actuator beams rotating an indicator through an angle corresponding to the stress. The indicator deflection was measured in an SEM. Finite element analysis (FEA) was used both to optimize the design and to calibrate the structure. A folded beam design was used to minimize the total area the structure occupied so that it could be incorporated in the wafer layout of other surface micromachined details, and used for online process diagnostics. The indicator was provided with a Vernier scale to facilitate quick evaluation in an optimal microscope. The stress gradient was measured from the deflection of long () cantilever beams. The deflection was measured in an optical microscope and the output was calibrated with FEA calculations.
Somatic cell counts in milk of dairy cows under practical conditions.

Knowledge related to udder health in dairy practice is considerably limited. The aim of the experiment was to study the changes of somatic cell counts (SCC) in milk in relation to the month of year, stage of lactation and parity under the practical conditions. Also the frequency of incidence of high SCC during the year was observed. The effectiveness of dry therapy and calving process on SCC was evaluated as well. The experiment lasted from January 2011 till January 2012 involving 146 dairy cows. From each milked cow two milk samples per month were collected to measure SCC during experimental observation. in total 2306 samples were collected during the experimental period. The SCC significantly increased with advanced numbers of lactation. The months of the year (season) significantly influenced the SCC in dairy cows. There was a significant increase of SCC during the period from May till July as compared with winter months of the year. The lowest value of SCC was measured at second month and the highest at tenth month of lactation. also the first month of lactation was characterized by higher SCC as compared with second one. in conclusion, the high percentage of cows had SCC over 4.105ml-1 and considerable effect of season indicate insufficient preventive mastitis control programme in dairy farm and therefore the high risk for milk quality on farm.
Ketoglutarate Transport Protein KgtP Is Secreted through the Type III Secretion System and Contributes to Virulence in Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae

ABSTRACT The phytopathogenic prokaryote Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae is the causal agent of bacterial leaf blight (BB) of rice and utilizes a type III secretion system (T3SS) to deliver T3SS effectors into rice cells. In this report, we show that the ketoglutarate transport protein (KgtP) is secreted in an HpaB-independent manner through the T3SS of X. oryzae pv. oryzae PXO99A and localizes to the host cell membrane for α-ketoglutaric acid export. kgtP contained an imperfect PIP box (plant-inducible promoter) in the promoter region and was positively regulated by HrpX and HrpG. A kgtP deletion mutant was impaired in bacterial virulence and growth in planta; furthermore, the mutant showed reduced growth in minimal media containing α-ketoglutaric acid or sodium succinate as the sole carbon source. The reduced virulence and the deficiency in α-ketoglutaric acid utilization by the kgtP mutant were restored to wild-type levels by the presence of kgtP in trans. The expression of OsIDH, which is responsible for the synthesis of α-ketoglutaric acid in rice, was enhanced when KgtP was present in the pathogen. To our knowledge, this is the first report demonstrating that KgtP, which is regulated by HrpG and HrpX and secreted by the T3SS in Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae, transports α-ketoglutaric acid when the pathogen infects rice.
Two Forms of Hippocampal Long-Term Depression, the Counterpart of Long-Term Potentiation

In the hippocampus there are two distinct forms of long-term depression (LTD) of excitatory synaptic transmission. In the CA1 region, prolonged low-frequency stimulation induces LTD by activating postsynaptic NMDA receptors, which causes a moderate rise in Ca2+ concentrations. In mossy fiber synapses of the CA3 region, similar low-frequency stimulation also gives rise to LTD. However, this form of LTD (mossy fiber LTD) does not require activation of NMDA receptors, but is mediated by activation of presynaptic metabotropic glutamate receptors. Induction of mossy fiber LTD is not dependent on postsynaptic depolarization or activation of postsynaptic ionotropic glutamate receptors, thus it is likely to be mediated by purely presynaptic mechanisms. This conclusion is confirmed by the analysis of mutant mice lacking presynaptic mGluR2, in which mossy fiber LTD is almost absent. Since long-term potentiation at mossy fiber synapses is also induced presynaptically, the synaptic efficacy may be regulated through common mechanisms bidirectionally, which may contribute to neural information processing in the hippocampus.
Down syndrome—recent progress and future prospects

Down syndrome (DS) is caused by trisomy of chromosome 21 (Hsa21) and is associated with a number of deleterious phenotypes, including learning disability, heart defects, early-onset Alzheimer's disease and childhood leukaemia. Individuals with DS are affected by these phenotypes to a variable extent; understanding the cause of this variation is a key challenge. Here, we review recent research progress in DS, both in patients and relevant animal models. In particular, we highlight exciting advances in therapy to improve cognitive function in people with DS and the significant developments in understanding the gene content of Hsa21. Moreover, we discuss future research directions in light of new technologies. In particular, the use of chromosome engineering to generate new trisomic mouse models and large-scale studies of genotype–phenotype relationships in patients are likely to significantly contribute to the future understanding of DS.
Vancomycin Tolerance in Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus: Influence of Vancomycin, Daptomycin, and Telavancin on Differential Resistance Gene Expression

ABSTRACT Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) isolates that are susceptible to vancomycin but are tolerant to its killing effect may present a potential challenge for effective treatment. This study compared the microbiologic characteristics of clinical vancomycin-tolerant (VT-MRSA) and vancomycin-susceptible (VS-MRSA) strains using phenotypic and gene regulation studies. MRSA isolates collected from vancomycin-treated patients with bacteremia over a 5-year period were analyzed for vancomycin, daptomycin, and telavancin susceptibility, as well as accessory gene regulator (agr) group and function. Vancomycin tolerance was defined by a minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC)/minimum inhibitor concentration (MIC) ratio of ≥32 mg/liter. VT-MRSA isolates were compared to VS-MRSA isolates for differences in antimicrobial susceptibility, time-kill activity, and gene expression of key cell envelope response genes vraSR, dltA, and mprF. All 115 isolates evaluated were susceptible to vancomycin, daptomycin, and telavancin. Seven isolates (6%) were VT-MRSA. agr group II was more prevalent in isolates with vancomycin MBC/MIC ratios of ≥8. In time-kill analyses, VT-MRSA had reduced vancomycin killing, but daptomycin and telavancin activities were maintained. Significantly greater gene expression was observed in VT-MRSA after 72 h of subinhibitory antibiotic exposures. Vancomycin most notably increased vraSR expression (P = 0.002 versus VS-MRSA strains). Daptomycin and telavancin increased expression of all genes studied, most significantly mprF expression (P < 0.001). Longer durations of antibiotic exposure (72 h versus 24 h) resulted in substantial increases in gene expression in VT-MRSA. Although the clinical impact of VT-MRSA is not fully recognized, these data suggest that VT-MRSA strains, while still susceptible, have altered gene regulation to adapt to the antimicrobial effects of glyco- and lipopeptides that may emerge during prolonged durations of exposure.
Quantum Algorithm for the Choice for the Site of the Public Transport Station Problem in Cloud Computing Environment

In this paper, according to the characteristics and influence factors of the site of the public transport station problem, a mathematical model of the urban public transport station problem was established. Cloud computing and Quantum Algorithm was used to solve the model, with Hezuo city of Gansu Province as example, the algorithm was experimented and the experimental results show that the algorithm can acquire the optimal solution that is accord with the practice, moreover, the algorithm has much more practical.
A Survey of Confidence Level and Education of Peripheral Nerve Blocks in Graduating Anesthesia Residents

Background and Objectives: The need for education on peripheral nerve blocks has increased significantly during the past decade. This survey assessed the level of exposure and confidence that graduating residents have with selected peripheral nerve blocks. Methods: All program directors of ACGME accredited anesthesiology programs were asked to distribute an on-line survey to their graduating residents. Information was gathered on the number and types of nerve blocks performed, technique(s) utilized, perceived comfort level in performing nerve blocks, perceived quality of regional anesthesia teaching during residency, and suggested areas for improvement. Results: 107 residents completed the survey. The majority completed greater than 60 nerve blocks. Femoral and interscalene blocks were the most frequently performed blocks, with 59% and 41% of residents performing more than 20 each, respectively. The least performed block was the lumber plexus block, with 9% performing 20 or more blocks. Most residents reported being “very ” to “somewhat” comfortable performing the blocks surveyed, with the exception of the lumber plexus block, where 64% were “not comfortable”. Overall, 78% of residents were "mostly-" to "very satisfied” with the quality of education received during residency. Conclusions: Many of the residents fulfilled the ACGME requirement, and expressed satisfaction with the education received during residency. However, the ACGME requirement for 40 nerve blocks may not be adequate for residents to feel comfortable in performing a full range of blocks upon graduation. Many residents felt that curriculums incorporating simulator training and didactic lectures would be helpful to improve the quality of resident education of peripheral nerve blocks.
A Geometry of Specialisation

Division of labour models have become a standard analytical tool, along with competitive general equilibrium models (Ricardian, HOS, Ricardo--Viner), in public finance, trade, growth, development and macroeconomics. Yet unlike the earlier models, these models lack a canonical graphical representation. This is because they are both new and complex, characterised by multiple equilibria, instability and emergent structural properties under parameter transformation. We develop a general framework for such models, illustrating results from current research on specialisation models, and explaining why one sub--class of these models is particularly difficult to illustrate. Copyright 2002 Royal Economic Society
Prevention of C3 deposition by capsular polysaccharide is a virulence mechanism of type III group B streptococci

Strains of type III group B streptococci isolated from patients with neonatal sepsis are generally resistant to complement-mediated phagocytic killing in the absence of specific antibody. It has been suggested that the resistance of type III group B streptococci to phagocytosis results from inhibition of alternative-complement-pathway activation by sialic acid residues of the type III polysaccharide. To better define the relationship between structural features of the type III capsule and resistance of type III group B streptococci to complement-mediated phagocytic killing, we measured deposition of human C3 on group B streptococcal strains with altered capsule phenotypes. C3 binding was quantified by incubating bacteria with purified human 125I-C3 in 10% serum. Wild-type group B Streptococcus sp. strain COH1 bound eightfold fewer C3 molecules than did either of two isogenic mutant strains, one expressing a sialic acid-deficient capsule and the other lacking capsule completely. Similar results were obtained when the incubation with 125I-C3 was performed in serum chelated with Mg-ethylene glycol-bis(beta-aminoethyl ether)-N,N,N',N'- tetraacetic acid (MgEGTA), suggesting that the majority of C3 deposition occurred via the alternative pathway. In contrast to the wild-type strain, which was relatively resistant, both mutant strains were killed by human leukocytes in 10% serum with or without MgEGTA. We also measured C3 binding to 14 wild-type strains of type III group B streptococci expressing various amounts of capsule. Comparison of degree of encapsulation with C3 binding revealed a significant inverse correlation (r = -0.72; P less than 0.01). C3 fragments released by methylamine treatment of wild-type strain COH1 were predominantly in the form of C3bi, while those released from the acapsular mutant were predominantly C3b and those from the asialo mutant represented approximately equal amounts of C3b and C3bi. We conclude from these studies that the sialylated type III capsular polysaccharide inhibits alternative-pathway activation, prevents C3 deposition on group B streptococci, and protects the organisms from phagocytic killing.
Jonathan: an open distributed processing environment in Java

This paper describes a minimal and modular Object Request Broker (ORB) framework from which it is possible to build highly flexible ORBs supporting the introduction of arbitrary binding mechanisms between interacting objects. We show that such a framework consists essentially of extending the Java notion of object reference to make it distributed. Jonathan is a Java implementation of such a framework, featuring a CORBA 2.0 `personality' and several different binding factories. It could be easily extended with new binding factories and personalities (e.g. a RMI personality) or scaled down to fit particular needs.
Optimal frame synchronization for DVB-S2

In this paper, we present an optimal frame synchronization scheme for DVB-S2 system. The scheme is based on differential detection and non-threshold peak search algorithm to achieve frame synchronization. By further analyzing the structure of the Physical Layer Header (PLHEADER) that consists of Start of Frame (SOF) and Physical Layer Signalling Code (PLSC), we find some useful properties that can enhance the frame synchronization and reduce the complexity of its implementation. We also introduce some optimizations into the algorithm. Especially, the modifications made on the peak search algorithm improve the overall performance of the frame synchronization. The experimental results show that the optimal frame synchronization can be achieved under large carrier frequency offset (as large as 5 MHz at 25 MSps) and low SNR threshold of - 2.3 dB. Compared with previously proposed approaches, the scheme described in this paper takes less time to acquire frame synchronization and seems to be more robust.
A Face Annotation Framework with Partial Clustering and Interactive Labeling

Face annotation technology is important for a photo management system. In this paper, we propose a novel interactive face annotation framework combining unsupervised and interactive learning. There are two main contributions in our framework. In the unsupervised stage, a partial clustering algorithm is proposed to find the most evident clusters instead of grouping all instances into clusters, which leads to a good initial labeling for later user interaction. In the interactive stage, an efficient labeling procedure based on minimization of both global system uncertainty and estimated number of user operations is proposed to reduce user interaction as much as possible. Experimental results show that the proposed annotation framework can significantly reduce the face annotation workload and is superior to existing solutions in the literature.
Learning Understandable Neural Networks With Nonnegative Weight Constraints

People can understand complex structures if they relate to more isolated yet understandable concepts. Despite this fact, popular pattern recognition tools, such as decision tree or production rule learners, produce only flat models which do not build intermediate data representations. On the other hand, neural networks typically learn hierarchical but opaque models. We show how constraining neurons' weights to be nonnegative improves the interpretability of a network's operation. We analyze the proposed method on large data sets: the MNIST digit recognition data and the Reuters text categorization data. The patterns learned by traditional and constrained network are contrasted to those learned with principal component analysis and nonnegative matrix factorization.
Reduced placental 11beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 2 mRNA levels in human pregnancies complicated by intrauterine growth restriction: an analysis of possible mechanisms.

11beta-Hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 2 (11beta-HSD2) inactivates cortisol to cortisone. In the placenta 11beta-HSD2 activity is thought to protect the fetus from the deleterious effects of maternal glucocorticoids. Patients with apparent mineralocorticoid excess owing to mutations in the 11beta-HSD2 gene invariably have reduced birth weight, and we have recently shown reduced placental 11beta-HSD2 activity in pregnancies complicated by intrauterine growth restriction. This is reflected in the literature by evidence of hypercortisolemia in the fetal circulation of small babies. In this study we have determined the levels of placental 11beta-HSD2 mRNA expression across normal gestation (n = 86 placentae) and in pregnancies complicated by intrauterine growth restriction (n = 19) and evaluated the underlying mechanism for any aberrant 11beta-HSD2 mRNA expression in intrauterine growth restriction. 11beta-HSD2 mRNA expression increased more than 50-fold across gestation, peaking at term. Placental 11beta-HSD2 mRNA levels were significantly decreased in intrauterine growth restriction pregnancies when compared with gestationally matched, appropriately grown placentae [e.g. at term DeltaCt (11beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 2/18S) 12.8 +/- 0.8 (mean +/- SE) vs. 10.2 +/- 0.2, respectively, P < 0.001]. These differences were not attributable to changes in trophoblast mass in intrauterine growth restriction placentae, as assessed by parallel analyses of cytokeratin-8 mRNA expression. No mutations were found in the 11beta-HSD2 gene in the intrauterine growth restriction cohort, and imprinting analysis revealed that the 11beta-HSD2 gene was not imprinted. Although the underlying cause is unknown, 11beta-HSD2 gene expression is reduced in intrauterine growth restriction pregnancies. These data highlight the important role of 11beta-HSD2 in regulating fetal growth, a known factor in determining fetal morbidity but also the subsequent development of cardiovascular disease in adulthood.