Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Origin of E+A galaxies – I. Physical properties of E+A galaxies formed from galaxy merging and interaction

We investigate the structural, kinematical and spectrophotometric properties of ‘E+A’ galaxies – those with strong Balmer absorption lines but no significant [O ii] emission – using numerical simulations combined with stellar population synthesis codes. We particularly focus on the two-dimensional (2D) distributions of line-of-sight velocity, velocity dispersion, colour and line index in E+A galaxies formed via the interaction and merging of two gas-rich spirals. Our numerical simulations demonstrate that E+A elliptical galaxies formed by major galaxy merging have positive radial colour gradients and negative radial Hδ gradients by virtue of their central post-starburst populations. Furthermore, we show that the projected kinematical and spectroscopic properties of the simulated E+A galaxies can be remarkably different for different major merger models. For example, the simulated E+A ellipticals with kinematically decoupled cores clearly show regions of strong Hδ absorption which are very flattened, with differences in rotation and velocity dispersion between the old and young stars. E+A ellipticals are highly likely to show more rapid rotation and a smaller central velocity dispersion in young stars than in old ones. E+A galaxies formed from the strong tidal interaction between gas-rich spirals have discy morphologies with thick discs and are highly likely to be morphologically classified as barred S0 galaxies. We also provide specific predictions on the structural, kinematical and spectrophotometric properties of young globular cluster systems in E+A galaxies. Based on these results, we discuss the importance of spatially resolved, integral field unit spectroscopy on large (8–10 m) ground-based telescopes in confirming the formation of kinematically distinct cores in elliptical galaxies produced via dissipative merging and determining the most probable physical mechanism(s) for E+A formation with discy and spheroidal morphologies.
Solving Crossword Puzzles via the Google API

The Google API enables software agents to query and use search results from the large collections of data available via the ever-popular Google search engine. Web searches using Google are exposed to over 4 billion pages, many of which are cached within Google. While the Google API may be used to produce customized user interfaces to Google, the API also provides direct programmatic access to the subset of the Web covered by Google. In this paper, we present a fresh approach to solving crossword puzzles by making use of the Google API. Our system, the Google CruciVerbalist (GCV), reads XML-encodend crossword puzzles, derives answers to clues via the Google API, and uses a refined depth-first search algorithm to populate the crossword grid. GCV has successfully solved smaller puzzles, especially ones containing pop-culture and fill-in-the-blank types of clues. Based on this ongoing work, limitations of current search technologies are identified. To overcome these limitations, we look ahead to semantic queries via the emerging Semantic Web, including techniques using RDF that augment the Google search engine with semantic information, enabling semantically rich queries beyond the current capabilities of Google.
Weight structure on Kontsevich's noncommutative mixed motives

In this article we endow Kontsevich’s triangulated category KMMk of noncommutative mixed motives with a nondegenerate weight structure in the sense of Bondarko. As an application we obtain: (1) a convergent weight spectral sequence for every additive invariant (e.g., algebraic K-theory, cyclic homology, topological Hochschild homology, etc.); (2) a ring isomorphism between K0(KMMk) and the Grothendieck ring of the category of noncommutative Chow motives; (3) a precise relationship between Voevodsky’s (virtual) mixed motives and Kontsevich’s noncommutative (virtual) mixed motives.
Overexpression of neurotrophin 4 in skin enhances myelinated sensory endings but does not influence sensory neuron number

The growth factors neurotrophin 4 (NT4) and brain‐derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) are expressed in the developing skin, activate the trkB tyrosine kinase receptor, and influence the development and survival of specific types of sensory afferents. Whether each factor is capable of regulating the same or overlapping populations of cutaneous afferents during development is unknown. A previous study of mice overexpressing BDNF in the developing skin (BDNF‐OE mice) revealed that these animals exhibited increased hair follicle innervation, Meissner corpuscle size, and Merkel cell number in glabrous skin, although no change in the total number of sensory neurons was observed. To determine if NT4 affects cutaneous innervation in a manner similar to BDNF, transgenic mice overexpressing NT4 in skin, under the control of the keratin 14 gene promoter, were examined. Similar to BDNF‐OE mice, NT4‐OE mice had increased innervation to the skin but no increase in sensory neuron number in either the dorsal root ganglion or trigeminal ganglion. NT4 overexpression also enhanced hair follicle innervation and the size and density of innervation to Meissner corpuscles. Unlike BDNF overexpression, NT4 overexpression did not alter the number of Merkel cells in the glabrous skin, but it did enhance the number of myelinated axons in nerves projecting to skin. Thus, the same pattern of BDNF and NT4 overexpression within the skin produces phenotypes that are both similar and distinctive. J. Comp. Neurol. 498:455–465, 2006. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Microarray Data Analysis and Mining Tools

Microarrays are one of the latest breakthroughs in experimental molecular biology that allow monitoring the expression levels of tens of thousands of genes simultaneously. Arrays have been applied to studies in gene expression, genome mapping, SNP discrimination, transcription factor activity, toxicity, pathogen identification and many other applications. In this paper we concentrate on discussing various bioinformatics tools used for microarray data mining tasks with its underlying algorithms, web resources and relevant reference. We emphasize this paper mainly for digital biologists to get an aware about the plethora of tools and programs available for microarray data analysis. First, we report the common data mining applications such as selecting differentially expressed genes, clustering, and classification. Next, we focused on gene expression based knowledge discovery studies such as transcription factor binding site analysis, pathway analysis, protein- protein interaction network analysis and gene enrichment analysis.
Applying tree kernel to Chinese syntactic parsing reranking

Chinese Syntactic Parsing is often divided into two stages, basic model to generate k-best candidate parsing trees and reranking stage to find the best one in these trees, and we focus on the second stage-reranking. Tree kernel has been used in Syntactic parsing in English(Collins 2002) which makes a good improvement in performance. This paper makes tree kernel method practical for Chinese Syntactic Parsing, and improves tree kernel from three points: the first is introducing rules weights rw to distinct different rules, the second is introducing similar rules converging, and the third is introducing a parameter λ to scale the relative importance of tree fragments with their size and solve the peak problem which is a common kernel. Experiments show that these three adjustments to tree kernel increase reranking performance a lot.
Streamers, sprites, leaders, lightning: from micro- to macroscales

‘Streamers, sprites, leaders, lightning: from micro- to macroscales’ was the theme of a workshop in October 2007 in Leiden, The Netherlands; it brought together researchers from plasma physics, electrical engineering and industry, geophysics and space physics, computational science and nonlinear dynamics around the common topic of generation, structure and products of streamer-like electric breakdown. The present cluster issue collects relevant papers within this area; most of them were presented during the workshop. We here briefly discuss the research questions and very shortly review the papers in the cluster issue, and we also refer to a few recent papers in this and other journals.
MULTI-ANTENNA TELEMETRY TRANSMISSION

The use of multiple antennas for air-to-ground telemetry transmission from air-vehicles and missiles is a common practice for overcoming signal obstruction created by vehicle maneuvering. Unfortunately, this practice also leads to self-interference nulls when multiple antennas have a clear path to the receiving station, resulting in dramatic degradation in the average signal integrity. This paper discusses application of orthogonal space-time codes such as the Alamouti transmit diversity scheme and unitary differential space-time codes to overcome the self-interference effect observed in such systems. The mathematical foundations of these techniques within the context of this application as well as computational performance gains associated with their implementation are provided. Issues such as the cost of channel estimation for trained techniques as well as the overall throughput performance of non-differential and differential schemes for realistic airvehicle motion are analyzed.
Universiteit Leiden Opleiding Informatica Plagiarism Detection

For certain courses in the bachelor program, students have to write C ++ programs to solve problems. Unfortunately it sometimes happens that students copy code from their fellow classmates, which is not allowed. Currently Moss2 is used to detect this plagiarism, but it does not ﬁnd all plagiarized ﬁles. Therefore we experiment with a few new methods to improve upon Moss2 . These methods are based upon transforming a ﬁle into a numerical array, which can be compared to other array’s of other ﬁles. Based upon these array’s, some of the new methods can express a distance between two ﬁles that could indicate plagiarism. The other methods can indicate what parts of these ﬁles might be plagiarized. To nullify certain plagiarism techniques, such as variable renaming, a preprocessing option is included that is able to edit ﬁles before they are divided into the numerical array’s.
BCG Vaccination Enhances the Immunogenicity of Subsequent Influenza Vaccination in Healthy Volunteers: A Randomized, Placebo-Controlled Pilot Study.

BACKGROUND Influenza-related morbidity and mortality remain high. Seasonal vaccination is the backbone of influenza management but does not always result in protective antibody titers. Nonspecific effects of BCG vaccination related to enhanced function of myeloid antigen-presenting cells have been reported. We hypothesized that BCG vaccination could also enhance immune responses to influenza vaccination. METHODS Healthy volunteers received either live attenuated BCG vaccine (n = 20) or placebo (n = 20) in a randomized fashion, followed by intramuscular injection of trivalent influenza vaccine 14 days later. Hemagglutination-inhibiting (HI) antibodies and cellular immunity measured by ex vivo leukocyte responses were assessed. RESULTS In BCG-vaccinated subjects, HI antibody responses against the 2009 pandemic influenza A(H1N1) vaccine strain were significantly enhanced, compared with the placebo group, and there was a trend toward more-rapid seroconversion. Additionally, apart from enhanced proinflammatory leukocyte responses following BCG vaccination, nonspecific effects of influenza vaccination were also observed, with modulation of cytokine responses against unrelated pathogens. CONCLUSIONS BCG vaccination prior to influenza vaccination results in a more pronounced increase and accelerated induction of functional antibody responses against the 2009 pandemic influenza A(H1N1) vaccine strain. These results may have implications for the design of vaccination strategies and could lead to improvement of vaccination efficacy.
Efficient model training for HMM-based person identification by gait

In gait-based person identification, statistical methods such as hidden Markov models (HMMs) have been proved to be effective. Their performance often degrades, however, when the amount of training data for each walker is insufficient. In this paper, we propose walker adaptation and walker adaptive training, where the data from the other walkers are effectively utilized in the model training. In walker adaptation, maximum likelihood linear regression (MLLR) is used to transform the parameters of the walker-independent model to those of the target walker model. In walker adaptive training, we effectively exclude the inter-walker variability from the walker-independent model. In our evaluation, our methods improved the identification performance even when the amount of data was extremely small.
Lkb1 Loss Promotes Tumor Progression of BRAFV600E-Induced Lung Adenomas

Aberrant activation of MAP kinase signaling pathway and loss of tumor suppressor LKB1 have been implicated in lung cancer development and progression. Although oncogenic KRAS mutations are frequent, BRAF mutations (BRAFV600E) are found in 3% of human non-small cell lung cancers. Contrary to KRAS mutant tumors, BRAFV600E-induced tumors are benign adenomas that fail to progess. Interestingly, loss of tumor supressor LKB1 coexists with KRAS oncogenic mutations and synergizes in tumor formation and progression, however, its cooperation with BRAFV600E oncogene is unknown. Our results describe a lung cell population in neonates mice where expression of BRAFV600E leads to lung adenoma development. Importantly, expression of BRAFV600E concomitant with the loss of only a single-copy of Lkb1, overcomes senencence–like features of BRAFV600E-mutant adenomas leading malignization to carcinomas. These results posit LKB1 haploinsufficiency as a risk factor for tumor progression of BRAFV600E mutated lung adenomas in human cancer patients.
Production Economics and Optimal Stock Size in a North Atlantic Fishery

This paper contains an analysis of a fishery production function and an empir ical analysis of the North Sea herring fishery. An intertemporal prof it function is defined by introducing stock dynamics and the concept of a sole resource manager. Some new results with respect to the rela tionship between the optimal stock level and production technology ar e derived. Estimates of the optimal stock level for herring are also presented. Copyright 1987 by The editors of the Scandinavian Journal of Economics.
Intelligent Coordinate Control of Pneumatic Pressure Signal Generator of Airplane Engine Inlet Test System Based on Fuzzy Neural Network

This paper presents an intelligent coordinate control method and its application. An intelligent coordinate controller was designed based on the combination of expert intelligent coordinator, expert controller and fuzzy neural network controller. The expert intelligent coordinator assigns the expert controller and fuzzy neural network controller to control the plant independently or coordinately. The controller was applied to the pneumatic pressure signal generator with delay, nonlinear and time-variable characteristics, established to generate pneumatic pressure signals for test system of airplane engine inlet. The experiments proved that the controller has the property of less overshoot, quick response and high tracking precision, compared with conventional PID controller. This control method improved the dynamic response and steady state accuracy of the generator. This provides the beneficial reference for improving the control performance of such system.
STUDIES ON BLOOD CAPILLARIES II . Transport of Ferritin Molecules across the Wall of Muscle Capillaries ROMAINE

The pathway by which intravenously injected ferritin molecules move from the blood plasma across the capillary wall has been investigated in the muscle of the rat diaphragm. At 2 min after administration, the ferritin molecules are evenly distributed in high concentration in the blood plasma of capillaries and occur within vesicles along the blood front of the endothelium. At the 10-min time point, a small number of molecules appear in the adventitia, and by 60 min they are relatively numerous in the adventitia and in phagocytic vesicles and vacuoles of adventitial macrophages. Thereafter, the amount of ferritin in the adventitia and pericapillary regions gradually increases so that at 1 day the concentration in the extracellular spaces approaches that in the blood plasma. Macrophages and, to a lesser extent, fibroblasts contain large amounts of ferritin. 4 days after administration, ferritin appears to be cleared from the blood and from the capillary walls, but it still persists in the adventitial macrophages and fibroblasts. At all time points examined, ferritin molecules within the endothelial tunic were restricted to vesicles or to occasional multivesicular or dense bodies; they were not found in intercellular junctions or within the cytoplasmic matrix. Ferritin molecules did not accumulate within or against the basement membranes. Over the time period studied, the concentration of ferritin in the blood decreased, first rapidly, then slowly, in two apparently exponential phases. Liver and spleen removed large amounts of ferritin from the blocd. Diaphragms fixed at time points from 10 min to 1 day, stained for iron by the Prussian Blue method, and prepared as cleared whole mounts, showed a progressive and even accumulation of ferritin in adventitial macrophages along the entire capillary network. These findings indicate: (1) that endothelial cell vesicles are the structural equivalent of the large pore system postulated in the pore theory of capillary permeability; (2) that the basement membrane is not a structural restraint in the movement of ferritin molecules across the capillary wall; (3) that transport of ferritin occurs uniformly along the entire length of the capillary; and (4) that the adventitial macrophages monitor the capillary filtrate and partially clear it of the tracer.
Design and performance analysis of a space-time block coding scheme for single band UWB

Ultra wide-band (UWB) systems have recently attracted much research interest owing to their appealing features in short-range mobile communications. These features include high data rates, low power consumption, multiple access communications, and precise positioning capabilities. Space-time coding techniques, such as the block coding scheme or the trellis coding scheme, are known to be simple and practical ways to increase both the spectral efficiency and the capacity in wireless communications. So far, few contributions have looked over multiple-inputs-multiple-outputs UWB systems. In the paper, a method to adapt the space-time block coding technique to single band UWB signalling is proposed. A space-time block codec, based on orthogonal pulses to achieve spatial diversity and collect the multipath diversity is developed. A theoretical analysis is conducted to enlighten the performance enhancements provided by the proposed scheme compared to the classic single link scheme. Simulations support analysis, for various numbers of transmit and receive antennas, several types of channel scenarios, and different detection techniques. In a typical studied UWB environment, the results revealed that the proposed scheme improves the bit error rate performances compared to those of a single link scheme and it provides a strong immunity against timing jitter.
Energy Efficiency Optimization for MIMO Distributed Antenna Systems

In this paper, we propose a transmit covariance optimization method to maximize the energy efficiency (EE) for the single-user distributed antenna system, where both the distributed antenna (DA) ports and the user are equipped with multiple antennas. Unlike previous related works, both the rate requirement and DA port selection are taken into consideration. Given this setup, we first propose an optimal transmit covariance optimization method to solve the EE optimization problem under fixed set of active DA ports and then the active DA port selection algorithm. For the transmit covariance optimization method, we split this problem into three subproblems, i.e., rate maximization problem, EE maximization problem without rate constraints, and power minimization problem. Then, a novel distance-based DA port selection method is proposed to determine the optimal set of active DA ports. Simulation results show that the performance of the proposed DA port selection is almost identical to the optimal exhaustive search method with significantly reduced computational complexity, and significantly outperforms the existing EE optimization methods.
The Effect of Query Characteristics on Retrieval Results in the TREC Retrieval Tests

There have been three Text Retrieval Conferences (TREC) organized by the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) over the last three years which have compared retrieval results on fairly large databases (at least 1 gigabyte). The queries (called topics), relevance judgements and databases were all provided by NIST. The main goal of the tests was to compare various retrieval algorithms using various measures of retrieval effectiveness. When Tague-Sutcliffe (in press) performed an analysis of variance on the average precision there is a large group of systems at the top of the ranking which are not significantly different. In addition the queries contribute more to the mean square than the systems. To gather further insight into the results, this research investigates the variation in query properties as a partial explanation for the variation in retrieval scores. For each topic statement for the queries, the length (number of content words), length of various parts and total number of relevant documents are correlated with the average precision.
A review of static and dynamic models of labour supply and labour market transitions

This paper aims to review the techniques and methods which have been developed by researchers to study labour supply and employment, unemployment and inactivity in the labour market. Progress in labour supply modelling in the last thirty years or so has been considerable. Firstly, the theory of labour supply has become much more sophisiticated; simple static-period models of the budget constraint and the hours decision have been augmented with new developments such as intertemporal optimisation, explicit treatment of the participation decision as distinct from the hours decision, and search theory. Secondly, the econometric techniques available to estimate these more advanced models on the data have expanded massively, along with increases in the amount and quality of data available and huge improvements in computing power. In this report we aim to provide a comprehensive survey of the state of the art in the field of labour supply estimation.