Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
The Myth of the Average User: Improving Privacy and Security Systems through Individualization

While individual differences in decision-making have been examined within the social sciences for several decades, they have only recently begun to be applied by computer scientists to examine privacy and security attitudes (and ultimately behaviors). Specifically, several researchers have shown how different online privacy decisions are correlated with the "Big Five" personality traits. In this paper, we show that the five factor model is actually a weak predictor of privacy attitudes, and that other well-studied individual differences in the psychology literature are much stronger predictors. Based on this result, we introduce the new paradigm of psychographic targeting of privacy and security mitigations: we believe that the next frontier in privacy and security research will be to tailor mitigations to users' individual differences. We explore the extensive work on choice architecture and "nudges," and discuss the possible ways it could be leveraged to improve security outcomes by personalizing privacy and security mitigations to specific user traits.
A priori-defined dietary patterns and mortality: recent insights.

DOI:10.1097/MOL.0000000000000203 In the last decade, there has been considerable interest in the association of dietary patterns with chronic disease conditions [1,2] and mortality [3,4]. As opposed to analyzing individual foods or nutrients, the pattern approach overcomes collinearity and considers interactive effects of multiple foods and nutrients [5]. Dietary patterns can be derived empirically by a-posteriori approaches or hypothesis-based by a priori approaches [5]. Several different dietary patterns have been identified and related to mortality, including, e.g. the Mediterranean dietary pattern [6] or the Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension (DASH) pattern [7,8]. Dietary patterns become an increasingly important strategy to communicate dietary guidelines to the public [9]. In this perspective, the report of the American 2015 Dietary Guidelines Advisory Committee emphasizes the health benefits of dietary patterns characterized by a higher intake of vegetables, fruits, whole grains, low-fat or nonfat dairy, seafood, legumes and nuts; a moderate intake of alcoholic beverages; and a low intake of red and processed meat, sugar-sweetened foods or beverages and refined grains [10 && ]. Efforts to standardize dietary patterning methods and to assess the consistency of the relation of such patterns with health outcomes have resulted in the Dietary Patterns Methods Project [11]. Recently, three new articles have been published on the prospective association of four selected a priori-defined diet-quality indices with mortality, across three large established US cohorts [12,13 && ,14]. Specifically, the Healthy Eating Index, the Alternative Healthy Eating Index (AHEI), the alternate Mediterranean diet score and the DASH score were consistently inversely associated with the risk of mortality from all causes, from cardiovascular disease, and from cancer in the Multiethnic Cohort, the National Institutes of Health –American Association of Retired Persons Diet and Health Study, and the Women’s Health Initiative Observational Study [11,12,13 && ,14]. As the sole exception, the AHEI was not related to cancer mortality in the Women’s Health Initiative Observational Study [14]. Components included in at least three of the indices considered composed of vegetables, fruits, whole
Homicide and Suicide in Yorkshire and the Humber: 1975–1992 and 1993–2007

Homicide-suicide (HS) events in Yorkshire and the Humber have been documented previously by Milroy in a study of the period 1975 to 1992 (Milroy, Med Sci Law. 1993;33:167–171; Milroy 1994; Milroy, Forensic Sci Int. 1995;71:117–122; Milroy, Med Sci Law. 1995;35:213–217; and Milroy, J Clin Forensic Med. 1998;5:61–64). Reported here is an update of that study covering HS events in the same region from 1993 to 2007. Data from cohort 1 (1975–1992) and cohort 2 (1993–2007) are presented and compared, where data are available, with the findings of 2 previous studies in England and Wales (Barraclough and Harris, Psychol Med. 2002;32:577–584; and West 1965). Homicide followed by suicide is often defined in the literature as homicide(s) followed by the suicide of the perpetrator within 1 week of the homicide(s) (Barraclough and Harris, Psychol Med. 2002;32:577–584; Campanelli and Gilson, Am J Forensic Med Pathol. 2002;23:248–251; and Hannah et al, 1998;19:275–283). All the cases reported here fall within this definition. Findings are consonant with international literature, and suggest that HS is most likely to be carried out by an older, white, married, or cohabiting working man, who kills his female partner and/or their children and then himself. There are indications that restricting access to significant methods of killing can reduce the incidence of HS.
A Converse Lyapunov Theorem for Switched Linear Systems with Dwell Times

We study linear switching systems, where time-variations have to satisfy restrictions on the dwell time, that is on the minimum distance between discontinuities. The main objective of the paper is to construct parameter dependent Lyapunov functions, which characterize the exponential growth rate. This is possible in the generic irreducible case.
Adaptive optimization in the Jalapeño JVM

Future high-performance virtual machines will improve performance through sophisticated online feedback-directed optimizations. this paper presents the architecture of the Jalape&ntilde;o Adaptive Optimization System, a system to support leading-edge virtual machine technology and enable ongoing research on online feedback-directed optimizations. We describe the extensible system architecture, based on a federation of threads with asynchronous communication. We present an implementation of the general architecture that supports adaptive multi-level optimization based purely on statistical sampling. We empirically demonstrate that this profiling technique has low overhead and can improve startup and steady-state performance, even without the presence of online feedback-directed optimizations. The paper also describes and evaluates an online feedback-directed inlining optimization based on statistical edge sampling. The system is written completely in Java, applying the described techniques not only to application code and standard libraries, but also to the virtual machine itself.
Impact of Health Labels on Flavor Perception and Emotional Profiling: A Consumer Study on Cheese

The global increase of cardiovascular diseases is linked to the shift towards unbalanced diets with increasing salt and fat intake. This has led to a growing consumers’ interest in more balanced food products, which explains the growing number of health-related claims on food products (e.g., “low in salt” or “light”). Based on a within-subjects design, consumers (n = 129) evaluated the same cheese product with different labels. Participants rated liking, saltiness and fat flavor intensity before and after consuming four labeled cheeses. Even though the cheese products were identical, inclusion of health labels influenced consumer perceptions. Cheese with a “light” label had a lower overall expected and perceived liking compared to regular cheese. Although cheese with a “salt reduced” label had a lower expected liking compared to regular cheese, no lower liking was found when consumers actually consumed the labeled cheese. All labels also influenced the perceived intensities of the attributes related to these labels, e.g., for example salt intensity for reduced salt label. While emotional profiles of the labeled cheeses differed before tasting, little differences were found when actual tasting these cheeses. In conclusion, this study shows that health-related labels might influence the perceived flavor and emotional profiles of cheese products.
Association of Mammographic Density with the Pathology of Subsequent Breast Cancer among Postmenopausal Women

Background: Limited studies have examined the associations between mammographic density and subsequent breast tumor characteristics. Methods: Eligible women were part of a case-control study of postmenopausal breast cancer, were 40 years or older and had a routine mammogram 4 years or more before their diagnosis. Mammographic density (percent density, dense area, and nondense area) was estimated using a computer-assisted thresholding program. At the time of cancer diagnosis, cases were classified as asymptomatic or symptomatic based on medical record review and breast imaging workup. Pathologic review was done blinded to the density status. Linear regression models and tests for trend examined the association between pathologic characteristics of the breast tumor and the components of density for all participants, and stratified by symptom status at diagnosis. Results: Of the 286 eligible cases, 77% were 60 years or older and mean percent density was 29.5% (SD, 14.6%). Density was not significantly associated with tumor size (P = 0.22), histologic type (P = 0.77), estrogen receptor (P = 0.11) or progesterone receptor (P = 0.37) status, mitotic activity (P = 0.12), or nuclear pleomorphism (P = 0.09; P values for percent density). An inverse association was suggested between tumor grade and percent density (32.0%, 30.3%, 26.7% for grades 1-3; P = 0.06 for trend). The inverse association with tumor grade and its components (nuclear pleomorphism and tubular differentiation) was only evident among the 97 symptomatic women; positive associations of estrogen receptor (P = 0.009) and progesterone receptor (P = 0.04) were also seen with percent density only in this subgroup. Conclusions: The inverse association between tumor grade and percent density in the symptomatic population could inform the biology of the association between mammographic density and breast cancer risk. (Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2008;17(4):872–9)
A novel method for learning policies from constrained motion

Many everyday human skills can be framed in terms of performing some task subject to constraints imposed by the environment. Constraints are usually unobservable and frequently change between contexts. In this paper, we present a novel approach for learning (unconstrained) control policies from movement data, where observations come from movements under different constraints. As a key ingredient, we introduce a small but highly effective modification to the standard risk functional, allowing us to make a meaningful comparison between the estimated policy and constrained observations. We demonstrate our approach on systems of varying complexity, including kinematic data from the ASIMO humanoid robot with 27 degrees of freedom.
A fully-integrated self-calibrating transmitter/receiver IC for an ultrasound presence detector microsystem

There are a variety of applications in industrial automation where ultrasound can be used to detect the presence of (count) transparent or light sensitive objects (or liquid), such as ampoules or photographic films. Dusty or smoking surroundings are also places where ultrasound is used for presence detection instead of light. In applications where detection must take place in a small enclosure, such as counting drops of medicine in a drip, a miniaturized sensor is desirable. In such applications a fully-integrated ultrasound microsystem in a IC-compatible technology has an advantage in both size and cost. This fully-integrated IC, is configurable either as a transmitter or as a receiver, to bind two micromachined ultrasound membranes into a general purpose barrier-detecting microsystem. Miniaturized microsystems today are usually designed to take full advantage of the rapid progress of both the integrated sensor and integrated circuit technologies. A trend in such systems is to integrate sensors, in this case the ultrasound transducer, using the same technology as the integrated circuits. The advantage of realizing sensors and circuits on the same chip is to tap the strong manufacturing base of the IC technologies perfected in low-cost mass production. The ultrasound transducer with which this circuit forms a microsystem is a silicon membrane that can be micromachined out of a BiCMOS technology using one simple post-processing step. The complete system is in 3 /spl mu/m BiCMOS and has a maximum range of 10 cm.
Design, Simulation and Fabrication of Dual-Band Polarized Microstrip Patch Antenna

A new design of a simple dual-band and dualpolarised microstrip patch antenna is presented with a single feeding. Paper present two designs to make antenna compact without much alteration results. The proposed antennas are designed, simulated and fabricated and tested to be used in dual frequency bands which are GSM900 and 1800 bands. The Design I can be operated at frequency ranges from 924MHz to 1790MHz for simulation and real measurement from 938MHz to 1837MHz. Meanwhile, the operating frequency ranges for Design II from 900MHz to 1760MHz for simulation and real measurement between 904MHz to 1775MHz. The results show the simulated and measured result are in good agreement.
Termination of translation in eukaryotes is governed by two interacting polypeptide chain release factors, eRF1 and eRF3.

Termination of translation in higher organisms is a GTP‐dependent process. However, in the structure of the single polypeptide chain release factor known so far (eRF1) there are no GTP binding motifs. Moreover, in prokaryotes, a GTP binding protein, RF3, stimulates translation termination. From these observations we proposed that a second eRF should exist, conferring GTP dependence for translation termination. Here, we have shown that the newly sequenced GTP binding Sup35‐like protein from Xenopus laevis, termed eRF3, exhibits in vitro three important functional properties: (i) although being inactive as an eRF on its own, it greatly stimulates eRF1 activity in the presence of GTP and low concentrations of stop codons, resembling the properties of prokaryotic RF3; (ii) it binds and probably hydrolyses GTP; and (iii) it binds to eRF1. The structure of the C‐domain of the X.laevis eRF3 protein is highly conserved with other Sup35‐like proteins, as was also shown earlier for the eRF1 protein family. From these and our previous data, we propose that yeast Sup45 and Sup35 proteins belonging to eRF1 and eRF3 protein families respectively are also yeast termination factors. The absence of structural resemblance of eRF1 and eRF3 to prokaryotic RF1/2 and RF3 respectively, may point to the different evolutionary origin of the translation termination machinery in eukaryotes and prokaryotes. It is proposed that a quaternary complex composed of eRF1, eRF3, GTP and a stop codon of the mRNA is involved in termination of polypeptide synthesis in ribosomes.
Architecture and CAD for FPGA Clock Networks

Scaling of process technologies and innovations in FPGA architecture and CAD are allowing increasingly more sophisticated applications to be implemented on FPGAs. These applications include system-level designs consisting of many subcomponents that use separate clocks. To support a wide range of applications with different clocking schemes, commercial devices have incorporated high-speed, low-skew clock networks that supply multiple clock signals to logic, memory, and arithmetic elements in the FPGA. The design of these programmable clock networks and of the CAD tools that support them is of utmost importance. Not only does the clock network itself dissipate a significant amount of power, since it connects to every latch on the FPGA and toggles every cycle. But, the design of clock network also affects how efficiently the rest of the circuit can be implemented, since it imposed constraints on the CAD tools that map applications onto the FPGA.
Active contours based on weighted gradient vector flow and balloon forces for medical image segmentation

Active contours, or snakes, have been widely used for image segmentation purposes. However, high noise sensitivity and poor performance over weak edges are the most acute issues that hinder the segmentation accuracy of these curves, particularly in medical images. In order to overcome these issues, we propose a novel external force that integrates gradient vector flow (GVF) field forces and balloon forces based on a weighting factor computed according to local image features. The proposed external force reduces noise sensitivity, improves performance over weak edges and allows initialization with a single manually selected point. We evaluate the proposed external force for segmentation of various regions on real MRI and CT slices. Evaluation results show that the proposed approach leads to more accurate segmentation than snakes using traditional external forces.
Working Memory and Executive Function Decline across Normal Aging, Mild Cognitive Impairment, and Alzheimer's Disease

Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disease marked by deficits in episodic memory, working memory (WM), and executive function. Examples of executive dysfunction in AD include poor selective and divided attention, failed inhibition of interfering stimuli, and poor manipulation skills. Although episodic deficits during disease progression have been widely studied and are the benchmark of a probable AD diagnosis, more recent research has investigated WM and executive function decline during mild cognitive impairment (MCI), also referred to as the preclinical stage of AD. MCI is a critical period during which cognitive restructuring and neuroplasticity such as compensation still occur; therefore, cognitive therapies could have a beneficial effect on decreasing the likelihood of AD progression during MCI. Monitoring performance on working memory and executive function tasks to track cognitive function may signal progression from normal cognition to MCI to AD. The present review tracks WM decline through normal aging, MCI, and AD to highlight the behavioral and neurological differences that distinguish these three stages in an effort to guide future research on MCI diagnosis, cognitive therapy, and AD prevention.
Geometry of particle physics

We explain how to construct a large class of new quiver gauge theories from branes at singularities by orientifolding and Higgsing old examples. The new models include the MSSM, decoupled from gravity, as well as some classic models of dynamical SUSY breaking. We also discuss topological criteria for unification.
Body image, attitudes to weight, and misperceptions of figure preferences of the opposite sex: a comparison of men and women in two generations.

This study explores some possible causes of the recent increase in dieting and eating disorders among American women. Measures on body image, attitudes to eating and weight, and eating behaviors were collected from male (sons) and female (daughters) college students and their biological parents. All groups but the sons considered their current body shape to be heavier than their ideal. Mothers and daughters believed that men (of their own generation) prefer much thinner women than these men actually prefer. Mothers and daughters both showed great concern about weight and eating. Although fathers resembled mothers and daughters in their perception of being overweight, they were more similar to their sons in being relatively unconcerned about weight and eating. Hence, the major factor in concern about weight is sex rather than generation or discrepancy between perception of current and ideal body shape.
An Extended Synthesis for Evolutionary Biology

Evolutionary theory is undergoing an intense period of discussion and reevaluation. This, contrary to the misleading claims of creationists and other pseudoscientists, is no harbinger of a crisis but rather the opposite: the field is expanding dramatically in terms of both empirical discoveries and new ideas. In this essay I briefly trace the conceptual history of evolutionary theory from Darwinism to neo‐Darwinism, and from the Modern Synthesis to what I refer to as the Extended Synthesis, a more inclusive conceptual framework containing among others evo–devo, an expanded theory of heredity, elements of complexity theory, ideas about evolvability, and a reevaluation of levels of selection. I argue that evolutionary biology has never seen a paradigm shift, in the philosophical sense of the term, except when it moved from natural theology to empirical science in the middle of the 19th century. The Extended Synthesis, accordingly, is an expansion of the Modern Synthesis of the 1930s and 1940s, and one that—like its predecessor—will probably take decades to complete.
Emerging Endoscopic and Photodynamic Techniques for Bladder Cancer Detection and Surveillance

This review provides an overview of emerging techniques, namely, photodynamic diagnosis (PDD), narrow band imaging (NBI), Raman spectroscopy, optical coherence tomography, virtual cystoscopy, and endoscopic microscopy for its use in the diagnosis and surveillance of bladder cancer. The technology, clinical evidence and future applications of these approaches are discussed with particular emphasis on PDD and NBI. These approaches show promise to optimise cystoscopy and transurethral resection of bladder tumours.
Changes of microstructure and diffusivity in blended cement pastes exposed to natural carbonation

This study compares the phase assemblage and pore structure variation of Portland cement and blended cements, containing limestone and burnt oil shale, during carbonation. Hardened cement paste was exposed to natural carbonation (400 ppm of CO2) at a relative humidity of 70 % for one year. Samples were prepared and cured at 95 % RH for 28 days. Reference mixes were exposed to CO2-free atmosphere to decouple the effect of ongoing hydration and drying from that of carbonation. The phase assemblage was investigated using XRD-Rietveld refinement and thermogravimetric analyses. The porosity and pore structure was assessed based on the results from mercury intrusion porosimetry. Additionally preliminary results of gas diffusion experiment of carbonated and non-carbonated samples are presented.
Discussion on Piezoelectric Power Generation System

Coal, petroleum and natural gas will still be the basis of economic development for a long time. However, with a rapider consumption speed, these fossil fuels will be exhausted in the near future. In addition, the usage of these fossil fuels can also cause environmental pollution and greenhouse effect. To deal with energy security and environmental crisis, it is wise to work towards three directions: energy saving and emission reduction, energy recovery, exploration of new renewable energy. Currently, the electricity generation technology using piezoelectric material to recover the compressional or vibrational energy begins to draw attention. However, most of the researches are devoted to designing small self-powered devices. This paper presents an overview of the feasibility of piezoelectric power generation system for electric power system, in which the fundamentals of piezoelectric power generation and the feasible structure of the system are discussed. Keywords—piezoelectric power generation; renewable energy; electricity generation