Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Refugees in higher education: boundaries of belonging and recognition, stigma and exclusion

For highly educated refugee professionals who flee to the UK, gaining a university qualification is one of the key strategies which can be used to re-establish a professional identity and find employment, and yet little is known about their experiences in higher education. This article utilises Bourdieu’s framework of field, capital and habitus to conceptualise what happens to this group of migrants as they move across social space, and as they enter and move through university. By juxtaposing four case studies it draws out the diversity and commonalities in experience, and how pre- and post-migratory experiences shape the encounter with higher education. The article serves as a reminder against over-generalising or universalising the needs of refugee students. It underlines the affective dimension of being a refugee and the material realities of global inequality and forced migration which shape and mark refugee habitus.
A Survey of the Nature and Extent of Bullying in Junior/Middle and Secondary Schools.

Summary As part of a survey service developed to assess bullying in schools, anonymous questionnaires were given to over 6,000 pupils in 17 junior/middle and seven secondary schools in the Sheffield LEA. The results are analysed in terms of frequencies of being bullied, and bullying others; year differences; gender differences; types of bullying; where bullying occurs; whether teachers and parents are informed; and attitudes to bullying. Rates of reported bullying are disturbingly high; they vary with year, gender and school location, partly as a result of opportunities for bullying. With the addition of data from six other schools, it was found that school size, class size and ethnic mix were not linked with bullying. Social disadvantage is linked with bullying to a small extent, and schools with high bullying rates also tend to have pupils who dislike, or are alone at, playtime. Implications for intervention against bullying are briefly discussed.
Kaposi Sarcoma-Associated Herpes Virus and Response to Antiretroviral Therapy: A Prospective Study of HIV-Infected Adults

Background: The possible impact of coinfection with the Kaposi sarcoma–associated herpes virus (KSHV) on the response to antiretroviral therapy (ART) is unknown. Prospective studies are rare, particularly in Africa. Methods: We enrolled a prospective cohort of HIV-infected adults initiating ART in Johannesburg, South Africa. The subjects were defined as seropositive to KSHV if they were reactive to either KSHV lytic K8.1 or latent Orf73 antigen or to both. The subjects were followed from ART initiation until 18 months of treatment. HIV viral load and CD4 counts were tested 6 monthly. Linear generalized estimating and log-binomial regression models were used to estimate the effect of KSHV infection on immunologic recovery and response and HIV viral load suppression within 18 months after ART initiation. Results: Three hundred eighty-five subjects initiating ART from November 2008 to March 2009 were considered to be eligible including 184 (48%) KSHV+. The KSHV+ group was similar to the KSHV− in terms of age, gender, initiating CD4 count, body mass index, tuberculosis, and hemoglobin levels. The KSHV+ group gained a similar number of cells at 6 [difference of 10 cells per cubic millimeter, 95% confidence interval (CI): −11 to 31], 12 (3 cells per cubic millimeter, 95% CI: −19 to 25), and 18 months (24 cells per cubic millimeter, 95% CI: −13 to 61) compared with that gained by the KSHV− group. Adjusted relative risk of failure to suppress viral load to <400 copies per milliliter (1.03; 95% CI: 0.90 to 1.17) were similar for KSHV+ and KSHV− by 6 months on treatment. Conclusions: In a population with a high KSHV prevalence, HIV-positive adults coinfected with KSHV achieved similar immunologic and virologic responses to ART early after treatment initiation compared with those with KSHV−.
A Planning Framework for Dynamic Configuration in Mobile Environments

Seamless service continuity means maintaining service execution whatever environment change. Before processing service adaptation for this new environment context, the optimal service configuration has to be computed. We propose an approach to automate the planning process that determines the optimal service configuration with environment context and user preference. This approach is based on component, resource and quality of service models and on selection criteria. It details two methods that find the optimal component configuration among a lot of combinations of components composition. The first method is a greedy method and the second one is based on a combinatorial optimization technique.
Redundant filterbank precoders and equalizers: unification and optimal designs

Transmitter redundancy introduced using filterbank precoders generalizes existing modulations including OFDM, DMT, TDMA, and CDMA schemes encountered with single- and multi-user communications. Sufficient conditions are derived to guarantee that, with FIR filterbank preceders, FIR channels are equalized perfectly in the absence of noise by FIR zero-forcing equalizer filterbanks, irrespective of the channel zero locations. Multicarrier transmissions through frequency-selective channels can thus be recovered even when deep fades are present. Jointly optimal transmitter-receiver filterbank designs are also developed based on maximum output SNR and minimum mean-square error criteria under zero-forcing and fixed transmitted power constraints. Analytical performance results are presented for the zero-forcing filterbanks and are compared with mean-square error and ideal designs using simulations.
CD1d-mediated Recognition of an α-Galactosylceramide by Natural Killer T Cells Is Highly Conserved through Mammalian Evolution

Natural killer (NK) T cells are a lymphocyte subset with a distinct surface phenotype, an invariant T cell receptor (TCR), and reactivity to CD1. Here we show that mouse NK T cells can recognize human CD1d as well as mouse CD1, and human NK T cells also recognize both CD1 homologues. The unprecedented degree of conservation of this T cell recognition system suggests that it is fundamentally important. Mouse or human CD1 molecules can present the glycolipid α-galactosylceramide (α-GalCer) to NK T cells from either species. Human T cells, preselected for invariant Vα24 TCR expression, uniformly recognize α-GalCer presented by either human CD1d or mouse CD1. In addition, culture of human peripheral blood cells with α-GalCer led to the dramatic expansion of NK T cells with an invariant (Vα24+) TCR and the release of large amounts of cytokines. Because invariant Vα14+ and Vα24+ NK T cells have been implicated both in the control of autoimmune disease and the response to tumors, our data suggest that α-GalCer could be a useful agent for modulating human immune responses by activation of the highly conserved NK T cell subset.
Maternal anxiety: course and antecedents during the early postpartum period

The early course and antecedents of postpartum anxiety are unknown. This study sought to determine the course and antecedents of maternal anxiety during the first month postpartum and to develop a model to predict 1‐month anxiety using information obtainable before perinatal hospital discharge. Two hundred and ninety‐six mothers were screened before discharge with the State (SS) and Trait (TS) Scales of the State Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI). Demographic characteristics were assessed by questionnaire and medical record review, and psychiatric history, measures of perinatal stress, and resilient factors were determined by focused questions and formal instruments. At 1‐month postpartum, the SS was repeated. Scores on the SS were significantly higher at 1 month than immediately postpartum (35.30±0.68 versus 33.38±0.60, mean±standard error, P=.004), but only 58.6% of mothers with high pre‐discharge anxiety had high anxiety at 1 month. One‐month anxiety correlated with pre‐discharge SS and TS scores, a history of psychiatric problems including depressed mood, medical and negative social life events, lack of pregnancy planning and prenatal class attendance, perceived peripartum stress, and duration of postpartum hospital stay. Inverse correlations were observed with education, household income, and resiliency factors. In multivariate modeling, anxiety trait, education, history ≥2 years of depression, and perception of peripartum stress accounted for 50% of the variance in the 1‐month SS score. Maternal anxiety increases during the first postpartum month. Women with high trait anxiety, low education, a history of depressed mood, and a perception of high peripartum stress are at risk for experiencing anxiety at this time. Depression and Anxiety. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
The Stringent Response of Staphylococcus aureus and Its Impact on Survival after Phagocytosis through the Induction of Intracellular PSMs Expression

The stringent response is initiated by rapid (p)ppGpp synthesis, which leads to a profound reprogramming of gene expression in most bacteria. The stringent phenotype seems to be species specific and may be mediated by fundamentally different molecular mechanisms. In Staphylococcus aureus, (p)ppGpp synthesis upon amino acid deprivation is achieved through the synthase domain of the bifunctional enzyme RSH (RelA/SpoT homolog). In several firmicutes, a direct link between stringent response and the CodY regulon was proposed. Wild-type strain HG001, rshSyn, codY and rshSyn, codY double mutants were analyzed by transcriptome analysis to delineate different consequences of RSH-dependent (p)ppGpp synthesis after induction of the stringent response by amino-acid deprivation. Under these conditions genes coding for major components of the protein synthesis machinery and nucleotide metabolism were down-regulated only in rsh positive strains. Genes which became activated upon (p)ppGpp induction are mostly regulated indirectly via de-repression of the GTP-responsive repressor CodY. Only seven genes, including those coding for the cytotoxic phenol-soluble modulins (PSMs), were found to be up-regulated via RSH independently of CodY. qtRT-PCR analyses of hallmark genes of the stringent response indicate that an RSH activating stringent condition is induced after uptake of S. aureus in human polymorphonuclear neutrophils (PMNs). The RSH activity in turn is crucial for intracellular expression of psms. Accordingly, rshSyn and rshSyn, codY mutants were less able to survive after phagocytosis similar to psm mutants. Intraphagosomal induction of psmα1-4 and/or psmβ1,2 could complement the survival of the rshSyn mutant. Thus, an active RSH synthase is required for intracellular psm expression which contributes to survival after phagocytosis.
Genomic Footprinting of Mig1p in the MAL62 Promoter

Mig1p inhibits gene expression in glucose by binding the Cyc8p (Ssn6p)-Tup1p repressor to the promoter of glucose-repressible genes. While the binding properties of Mig1p have been studied in vitro and the ability of Mig1p-Cyc8p (Ssn6p)-Tup1p to repress has been studied in vivo, no experiments have measured the effect of a carbon source on the in vivo binding of Mig1p or the effect of bound MIg1p on activator occupancy of the upstream activation sequence (UAS). To obtain this information, we used genomic footprinting to investigate glucose repression of MAL62, a gene that is also regulated by the Mal63p activator. These experiments show that two interrelated mechanisms are involved in the glucose repression of MAL62: 1) competition between the Mal63p activator and Mig1p for DNA binding and 2) modulation of Mig1p binding by the carbon source. Mig1p affects basal MAL62 expression in the absence of Mal63p by binding to a site in the MAL62 promoter and affects Mal63p-dependent synthesis by also inhibiting the access of Mal63p to site 1 in the UASMAL. The binding of Mig1p is increased in glucose and decreased in nonrepressing sugars, but the increased binding in glucose is not due to an increase in the levels of Mig1p.
“Does Race Really Matter?” Secondary Students' Constructions of Racial Dialogue in the Social Studies

Abstract The examination of race and racism has been largely absent from much of social studies research and theory. Despite the growing racial and ethnic diversity in the nation's schools, many social studies teachers lack a theoretical framework to help students learn about, analyze, and discuss the role that race and racism have played historically in the United States. Using a critical race theoretical framework, this study documents the findings from a study in a middle school U.S. history classroom that was centered on students' interpretations of race relations in the United States. The findings from this qualitative study indicated that students viewed this particular class as helpful in understanding race, and subsequently race relations. However, they felt their previous social studies classes had not been useful in helping them develop greater racial awareness. The primary themes that were identified from the students' data were the invisibility of race, the role of the social studies in creating dialogue about race, and the improvement of intergroup relations. The author concludes with a call to action in terms of how social studies theory and practice can play a vital role in initiating and sustaining a dialogue about the importance of race.
Sex Differences in Psychiatric Comorbidity and Plasma Biomarkers for Cocaine Addiction in Abstinent Cocaine-Addicted Subjects in Outpatient Settings

There are sex differences in the progression of drug addiction, relapse, and response to therapies. Because biological factors participate in these differences, they should be considered when using biomarkers for addiction. In the current study, we evaluated the sex differences in psychiatric comorbidity and the concentrations of plasma mediators that have been reported to be affected by cocaine. Fifty-five abstinent cocaine-addicted subjects diagnosed with lifetime cocaine use disorders (40 men and 15 women) and 73 healthy controls (48 men and 25 women) were clinically assessed with the diagnostic interview “Psychiatric Research Interview for Substance and Mental Disorders. ” Plasma concentrations of chemokines, cytokines, N-acyl-ethanolamines, and 2-acyl-glycerols were analyzed according to history of cocaine addiction and sex, controlling for covariates age and body mass index (BMI). Relationships between these concentrations and variables related to cocaine addiction were also analyzed in addicted subjects. The results showed that the concentrations of chemokine (C-C motif) ligand 2/monocyte chemotactic protein-1 (CCL2/MCP-1) and chemokine (C-X-C motif) ligand 12/stromal cell-derived factor-1 (CXCL12/SDF-1) were only affected by history of cocaine addiction. The plasma concentrations of interleukin 1-beta (IL-1β), IL-6, IL-10, and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNFα) were affected by history of cocaine addiction and sex. In fact, whereas cytokine concentrations were higher in control women relative to men, these concentrations were reduced in cocaine-addicted women without changes in addicted men. Regarding fatty acid derivatives, history of cocaine addiction had a main effect on the concentration of each acyl derivative, whereas N-acyl-ethanolamines were increased overall in the cocaine group, 2-acyl-glycerols were decreased. Interestingly, N-palmitoleoyl-ethanolamine (POEA) was only increased in cocaine-addicted women. The covariate BMI had a significant effect on POEA and N-arachidonoyl-ethanolamine concentrations. Regarding psychiatric comorbidity in the cocaine group, women had lower incidence rates of comorbid substance use disorders than did men. For example, alcohol use disorders were found in 80% of men and 40% of women. In contrast, the addicted women had increased prevalences of comorbid psychiatric disorders (i.e., mood, anxiety, and psychosis disorders). Additionally, cocaine-addicted subjects showed a relationship between the concentrations of N-stearoyl-ethanolamine and 2-linoleoyl-glycerol and diagnosis of psychiatric comorbidity. These results demonstrate the existence of a sex influence on plasma biomarkers for cocaine addiction and on the presence of comorbid psychopathologies for clinical purposes.
Timeliness of breast cancer diagnosis and initiation of treatment in the National Breast and Cervical Cancer Early Detection Program, 1996-2005.

OBJECTIVES To determine the effects of program policy changes, we examined service delivery benchmarks for breast cancer screening in the National Breast and Cervical Cancer Early Detection Program (NBCCEDP). METHODS We analyzed NBCCEDP data for women with abnormal mammogram or clinical breast examination (n=382 416) from which 23 701 cancers were diagnosed. We examined time to diagnosis and treatment for 2 time periods: 1996 to 2000 and 2001 to 2005. We compared median time for diagnostic, treatment initiation, and total intervals with the Kruskal-Wallis test. We calculated adjusted proportions (predicted marginals) with logistic regression to examine diagnosis and treatment within program benchmarks (<or=60 days) and time from screening to treatment (<or=120 days). RESULTS Median diagnostic intervals decreased by 2 days (25 vs 23; P<.001). Median treatment initiation intervals increased by 2 days (12 vs 14; P<.001). Total intervals decreased by 3 days (43 vs 40; P<.001). Women meeting the 60-day benchmark for diagnosis improved the most for women with normal mammograms and abnormal clinical breast examinations from 77% to 82%. CONCLUSIONS Women screened by the NBCCEDP received diagnostic follow-up and initiated treatment within preestablished program guidelines.
A prospective study of outcome in bulimia nervosa and the long-term effects of three psychological treatments.

BACKGROUND Little is known about the longer-term outcome of bulimia nervosa and the distal effects of treatment. METHODS Prospective follow-up of subjects from two randomized controlled trials, involving a comparison of cognitive behavior therapy, behavior therapy, and focal interpersonal therapy. RESULTS Ninety percent (89/99) underwent reassessment by interview (mean [+/- SD] length of follow-up, 5.8 +/- 2.0 years). Almost half (46%) had a DSM-IV eating disorder; 19%, bulimia nervosa; 3%, anorexia nervosa; and 24%, eating disorder not otherwise specified. There was a low rate of other psychiatric disorders. Premorbid and paternal obesity predicted a poor outcome. While the three treatments did not differ with respect to the proportion of subjects with anorexia nervosa or bulimia nervosa at follow-up, they did differ once all forms of DSM-IV eating disorder were considered together. Those who had received cognitive behavior therapy or focal interpersonal therapy were doing markedly better than those who had received behavior therapy. CONCLUSIONS The longer-term outcome of bulimia nervosa depends on the nature of the treatment received. Patients who receive a treatment such as behavior therapy, which only has a short-lived effect, tend to do badly, whereas those who receive treatments such as cognitive behavior therapy or focal interpersonal therapy have a better prognosis.
Testing a Typology of Police Performance Measures: An Empirical Study of Police Services

This research tests a typology used to classify performance measures used in local police departments. This typology classifies performance measures into three categories or domains: objective output measures, objective outcome measures, and subjective outcome measures. Using survey data, the authors test the hypothesis that public officials' preferences of police performance measures can be measured by this three-domain typology and that their preferences can be grouped as output oriented, objective outcome oriented, or subjective outcome oriented. The results indicate that local officials' preferences for police performance measures can be represented with this three-part typology.
Astrophysical significance of the detection of coalescing binaries with gravitational waves

We use the StarTrack stellar population synthesis code to analyze properties of double compact object binaries as sources of gravitational waves. Since the distribution of lifetimes of these objects extends up to the Hubble time we conclude that a proper calculation of the expected rate must include a full cosmological model. We present such model, calculate the expected coalescence rates, and analyze the intrinsic sensitivity of these rates to the model assumptions. We find that the rate alone is a very poor estimator of the underlying stellar evolution model. However we show that the distribution of observed chirp masses is very sensitive to the underlying stellar evolution model, while it is very insensitive to the underlying cosmology, star formation rate history and variation of detector sensitivity.
Classification of gapped symmetric phases in one-dimensional spin systems

Quantum many-body systems divide into a variety of phases with very different physical properties. The questions of what kinds of phases exist and how to identify them seem hard, especially for strongly interacting systems. Here we make an attempt to answer these questions for gapped interacting quantum spin systems whose ground states are short-range correlated. Based on the local unitary equivalence relation between short-range-correlated states in the same phase, we classify possible quantum phases for one-dimensional (1D) matrix product states, which represent well the class of 1D gapped ground states. We find that in the absence of any symmetry all states are equivalent to trivial product states, which means that there is no topological order in 1D. However, if a certain symmetry is required, many phases exist with different symmetry-protected topological orders. The symmetric local unitary equivalence relation also allows us to obtain some simple results for quantum phases in higher dimensions when some symmetries are present.
Concurrent and discriminant validity of the Kansas Marital Satisfaction Scale.

The Kansas Marital Satisfaction (KMS) Scale is found to correlate substantially with both Spanier's (1976) Dyadic Adjustment Scale (DAS) and Norton's (1983) Quality Marriage Index (QMI), but not to correlate significantly more than those two scales with a variety of other satisfaction items designed to assess the discriminant validity of the KMS scale. Other characteristics of the KMS scale are similar to those reported in previous research and compare favorably with those of the DAS and the QMI, even though the latter scales contain more items than the KMS scale. It is concluded that the KMS scale may serve as a useful brief measure of marital satisfaction in future research with married couples.
Feature-based Encoding and Querying Language Resources with Character Semantics

In this paper we discuss the explicit representation of character features pertaining to written language resources, which we argue are critically necessary in the long term of archiving language data. Much focus on the creation of language resources and their associated preservation is at the level of the corpus itself; however it is generally accepted that long term interpretation of these language resources requires more than a best practice data format. In particular, where language resources are created in linguistic fieldwork, and especially for minority languages, the need for preservation not only of the resource itself, but of additional metadata which allows for the resource to be accurately interpreted in the future is becoming a topic of research in itself. In this paper we extend earlier work on semantically based character decomposition to include representation of character properties in a variety of models, and a mechanism for exploiting these properties through queries.