Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
A novel boundary-confined method for microlens arrays fabrication

We present a technique to improve microlens arrays (MLAs) uniformity after the thermal reflow process. Traditional photo resist thermal reflow processes cause micro lenses merge together easily due to an inexact reflow time and temperature distribution. This results in poor uniformity and low lens height. A new MLAs fabrication method, called the boundary-confined method, was proposed and demonstrated. By two tones of photoresist (PR), positive and negative, only one photo mask and two photolithography steps are needed in the process. After lithography processes, the positive PR is a slightly little smaller than the circular pattern on a photo mask and negative PR is slightly larger than it. Two tones of PR increase tolerance to mask alignment. Fill-factor is high because of high resolution on a thin boundary. All of flowing PR is stopped by the boundary; uniformity is improved without tight thermal dose constrains. Meanwhile, microlenses with a large height are achievable due to "no cling" effect. The method has advantages, not only for large area MLAs but also for a microlens that require precision diameter or positioning. Besides, we replicate MLAs with the optical polymer to verify some optical specifications. Both the fabrication and replication are straightforward and reliable. Our results show that the microlens is approximately a hemispherical profile. The gap between microlenses with 48 μm diameter in hexagonal arrangement is 2 μm and the height of microlens is 22 μm.
The metaverse, online communities, and (real) urban space

With the COVID-19 pandemic, technological advance-ments and investments accelerated to create an alternative to the real world that makes it possible for various activ-ities and experiences to be handled online. Among these developments, the metaverse comes to the fore because it makes possible real and virtual experiences simultane-ously, regardless of the time and space the user exists in, and it acts as a mediator and medium to bring these two environments together. This article discusses the possible impacts of advancements in the metaverse on (real) ur-ban space considering the socio-spatial dialectic through theory synthesis and adaptation. An overall evaluation of the socio-spatial impacts of this is also included and opened up for discussion. Based on a literature review, it is expected that technological developments like the metaverse will introduce a new organization to physical and virtual socio-spatial relations, and new socio-techno-logical groups will be created in them and by using them.
DGCddG: Deep Graph Convolution for Predicting Protein-Protein Binding Affinity Changes Upon Mutations

Effectively and accurately predicting the effects of interactions between proteins after amino acid mutations is a key issue for understanding the mechanism of protein function and drug design. In this study, we present a deep graph convolution (DGC) network-based framework, DGCddG, to predict the changes of protein-protein binding affinity after mutation. DGCddG incorporates multi-layer graph convolution to extract a deep, contextualized representation for each residue of the protein complex structure. The mined channels of the mutation sites by DGC is then fitted to the binding affinity with a multi-layer perceptron. Experiments with results on multiple datasets show that our model can achieve relatively good performance for both single and multi-point mutations. For blind tests on datasets related to angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 binding with the SARS-CoV-2 virus, our method shows better results in predicting ACE2 changes, may help in finding favorable antibodies. Code and data availability: https://github.com/lennylv/DGCddG.
Event-triggered adaptive sliding mode control for steer-by-wire systems with actuator fault

The event-triggered tracking control is studied for the steer-by-wire (SbW) system with actuator fault, inaccurate dynamic model, and external disturbance. First, an adaptive sliding mode control based on event-triggering mechanism is proposed. The lumped nonlinearity, including friction torque and self-aligning torque of SbW systems, is approximated by an adaptive robust radial basis function neural network (RBFNN). Robust terms of sliding mode control attenuate the negative effects of the actuator fault, modeling error, external disturbance, and event-triggering error on control performance. More importantly, the sliding-mode high-frequency switching control appears in the high-order derivative of sliding variable without increasing the input–output relative degree, thereby eliminating chattering. Furthermore, the designed method can achieve the practical finite-time stability. The proposed event-triggering mechanism can strictly exclude Zeno behavior and economize the communication resources. Finally, simulations and experiments show the effectiveness of the proposed algorithm.
Serious Games in Cultural Heritage: A Review of Practices and Considerations in the Design of Location-Based Games

The overwhelming growth and popularity of mobile devices and games have motivated initiatives to explore mobile and augmented reality to bring the physical and virtual together. While several domains have been the recipient of such focus, particular importance has been placed on the cultural heritage (CH) field, with examples demonstrating the promise of location-based games (LBGs) at enhancing the CH experience aimed at promoting awareness. Games like Pokémon GO have exacerbated the appeal of LBGs, showing that they can be as popular as blockbuster video games. However, as much potential as LBGs have in raising CH awareness, they can be challenging to build because, unlike their commercial counterparts, their primary aim is learning, emphasizing the cultural significance of the real-world location rather than augmented assets. With limited research that explicitly identifies elements in creating these games in CH contexts, this work aimed to identify design practices and considerations in the design of LBGs. This work is intended for educators, researchers, instructional designers, game developers, and those in the CH field interested in exploring creative ways to embody a deeper understanding of and appreciation for CH.
The discovery of orbital dips in the soft X-ray emission of U Gem during an outburst

A l'aide des satellites Exosat et IUE, l'observation du flux RX non emis par la nova naine U Gem a pu etre enregistree. Il comporte une modulation liee a la periode orbitale du systeme binaire. Cette modulation prend la forme d'une large depression profonde et sa morphologie change d'un cycle a l'autre. On pense expliquer le phenomene en considerant l'absorption photoelectrique par un materiau situe a une distance substantielle de la source RX et largement au-dessus du plan orbital
Synthesis and Characterization of Innovative Microgels Based on Polyacrylic Acid and Microalgae Cell Wall and Their Potential as Antigen Delivery Vehicles

In this study, hybrid polyacrylic acid and Schizochytrium sp. microalgae (PAA/Schizo) microgels were synthesized by inverse emulsion assisted by ultrasound using the cell wall fraction as crosslinker. Physicochemical characterization of PAA/Schizo microgels revealed polymeric spherical particles (288 ± 39 nm) and were deemed stable and negatively charged. The produced microgels are not inherently toxic as cell viability was sustained above 80% when mice splenocytes were exposed to concentrations ranging 10–900 µg/mL. PAA/Schizo microgels were evaluated as antigen delivery nanovehicle by adsorbing bovine serum albumin (BSA); with a loading efficiency of 72% and loading capacity of 362 µg/mg. Overall, intranasally-immunized BALB/c mice showed null IgG or IgA responses against PAA/Schizo microgel-BSA, whereas soluble BSA induced significant humoral responses in systemic and mucosal compartments. Splenocytes proliferation assay upon BSA stimulus revealed positive CD4+ T cells-proliferation response in PAA/Schizo microgels-BSA group. Thus, PAA/Schizo microgels constitute functional antigen delivery vehicles of simple and ecofriendly synthesis. Moreover, the use of cell wall fraction as cross-linker agent provides an alternative use for the generation of high-value products using residual algae biomass from the oil industry. Our data suggests that the PAA/Schizo microgels are potential antigen delivery vehicles for immunotherapy development.
Does Health Contribute to Economic Growth? An Evidence from Regional Levels in Indonesia

Health can lead economic development in many countries. The higher the quality of health, the more space for increasing economic growth and providing prosperity in the long-run. The current study attempts to estimate the effect of health on regional economic growth in Indonesia. Balanced panel data is set covering 34 provinces from 2015 to 2020. The panel data is estimated using system Generalized Method of Moments (GMM). The findings reveal that smoking level contributes significantly and positively on regional economic growth, while health service has no effect. The non-linear impact of smoking level on regional economic growth is U-shaped. It means that higher smoking level stimulates regional economic growth by the increasing of aggregate spending. The local governments should design health service program and control smoking level properly so that the health risk of cigarette consumption does not offset its benefit to the economy. The policy design will produce better human health and life in all provinces in Indonesia. Consequently, the regional economic growth can be achieved in the long-run.
Transverse vibration of a quarter of a circular plate with variable thickness

The Rayleigh-Ritz method has been employed to find the first three frequencies of free flexural vibration of a plate in the form of a quadrant of a circle and of thickness varying quadratically with radial distance. The results for constant thickness and linearly varying thickness have been obtained as special cases. The three edges of the plate have been taken as clamped, simply supported or free. This gives rise to 18 different cases. Previous results are available only for a few simple cases of uniform thickness which agree well with our results. Graphs and tables are given to depict the effect of various parameters on the frequencies and mode shapes.
PERSONz: Person Misfit Detection Using the l z Statistic and Monte Carlo Simulations

The use of online panels in survey research has grown dramatically in recent years. Ensuring quality and integrity of online panel data is especially challenging because of respondent anonymity, selection bias, etc. Person fit statistics provide some potential to identify respondents whose response patterns deviate substantially from a hypothesized psychometric model. A measure of the discrepancy between the observed and expected response patterns under a certain item response theory (IRT) model is computed to evaluate the appropriateness of the observed response pattern for each respondent (Drasgow, Levine, & Williams, 1985; Tatsuoka, 1984; Wright & Stone, 1979). PERSONz is a function written in R (http://cran.r-project.org/) to compute the popular lz person fit statistic (Drasgow et al., 1985) for polytomous IRT models, specifically the graded response model (Samejima, 1969) and the generalized partial credit model (Muraki, 1992). The program identifies response patterns that are inconsistent and highly unlikely given the IRT parameter estimates. The empirical distributions of lz have been shown to differ from the assumed standard normal distribution for short tests (van Krimpen-Stoop & Meijer, 1999, 2002). As a result, the empirical Type I error rate can be smaller than the nominal rate, making the significance test more conservative than specified by the Type I error rate. In addition to the critical values based on the theoretical distribution of the lz statistic, PERSONz provides cutoff values based on Monte Carlo simulations.
The retention of information in virtual reality based engineering simulations

ABSTRACT The use of VR in engineering education provides a means for contextualising learning through authentic and engaging scenarios, e.g. the touring and operation of a chemical plant. This paper presents the design of an immersive VR simulation of an existing pilot plant in the School and its evaluation through a randomised non-inferiority trial to test student learning compared to a more traditional learning medium. Specifically, the study evaluates information retention (i.e. memory and understanding) when using the VR simulation and compares this to information retention when presented as a multimedia instructional video. Student self-efficacy in plant operation and design (e.g. equipment function and operation), as well as engagement in the learning activity, are also evaluated. The results indicate that both the VR and multimedia-based activities lead to comparable data retention and student self-efficacy. Moreover, students enjoyed the VR experience and welcomed the addition of the resource to their educational materials.
The Influence of the Selection at the Amino Acid Level on Synonymous Codon Usage from the Viewpoint of Alternative Genetic Codes

Synonymous codon usage can be influenced by mutations and/or selection, e.g., for speed of protein translation and correct folding. However, this codon bias can also be affected by a general selection at the amino acid level due to differences in the acceptance of the loss and generation of these codons. To assess the importance of this effect, we constructed a mutation–selection model model, in which we generated almost 90,000 stationary nucleotide distributions produced by mutational processes and applied a selection based on differences in physicochemical properties of amino acids. Under these conditions, we calculated the usage of fourfold degenerated (4FD) codons and compared it with the usage characteristic of the pure mutations. We considered both the standard genetic code (SGC) and alternative genetic codes (AGCs). The analyses showed that a majority of AGCs produced a greater 4FD codon bias than the SGC. The mutations producing more thymine or adenine than guanine and cytosine increased the differences in usage. On the other hand, the mutational pressures generating a lot of cytosine or guanine with a low content of adenine and thymine decreased this bias because the nucleotide content of most 4FD codons stayed in the compositional equilibrium with these pressures. The comparison of the theoretical results with those for real protein coding sequences showed that the influence of selection at the amino acid level on the synonymous codon usage cannot be neglected. The analyses indicate that the effect of amino acid selection cannot be disregarded and that it can interfere with other selection factors influencing codon usage, especially in AT-rich genomes, in which AGCs are usually used.
Pharmacokinetic parameters of ondansetron in rats after oral solution and transdermal invasomes gel: A comparison study

This study aimed to attain a comparison in pharmacokinetic parameters of ondansetron after transdermal (as invasomes gel) and oral (as solution) routes. Ondansetron is a 5 ‐ hydroxytryptamine receptor antagonist used for chemotherapy and radiotherapy ‐ induced nausea and emesis. The study was performed using Wistar albino rats weighing 200 ±20 g divided into two groups (6 of each). A dose of 0.28 mg of ondansetron, equivalent to 140 µl, was administered as an oral solution for the first group. Ondansetron-loaded invasomes gel was prepared, optimized, and applied on rat skin at a dose of 0.1652 mg of ondansetron, equivalent to 41 mg weight of invasomes gel for the second group. In addition, ondansetron was determined in rat plasma using HPLC apparatus and applying a modified HPLC method after validation. A comparison of primary pharmacokinetic parameters for both routes was performed. Results showed that C max , T max , AUC 0-24, and AUC 0-∞ were 58±3.4 ng/ml, 2±0.2 h. , 246.25±47.6 ng.h. /ml, and 259.4±57.7, respectively, for oral solution and 36±2.9 ng/ml, 5±0.5 h. , 390.5±5.2 ng.h. /ml and 442.8±66.1 ng.h. /ml. , respectively for transdermal invasomes gel. Results showed that the time and concentration needed to achieve the maximum effect (C max and T max ) were significantly different between oral and transdermal routes ( p <0.05). The relative bioavailability for the transdermal route was 2.9 times that of the oral route after a single dose administered for 24 h. In conclusion, the prepared invasomes gel enhanced the bioavailability of ondansetron, and transdermal delivery could be considered a vital delivery system for ondansetron.
Scattering of energetic trapped electrons by very‐low‐frequency waves

The role of VLF waves in precipitating fast electrons is studied. It is found that, by Doppler-shifting whistler frequencies (1–10 kc/s) up to the local Larmor frequency, a resonant interaction of the type proposed by Dragt and Wentzel (for interaction of protons with hydromagnetic waves) can cause the mirror points of the electrons to move randomly. The conditions for resonance lead to a very characteristic dependence on L of the regions of the magnetosphere where VLF waves can effectively precipitate electrons. In general, one expects to see, in a plot of flux versus L, two peaks separated by a broad minimum, the first peak near L ≃ 1.2 and the second near L ≃ 2. Such peaks have been seen by several experimenters. In certain regions of space it may be that whistlers can dominate the lifetimes of trapped electrons, especially for L ≳ 2.
The Molecular Universe

Abstract Over the last 20 years, we have discovered that we live in a molecular Universe: A Universe with a rich and varied organic inventory; A Universe where molecules are abundant and widespread; A Universe where molecules play a central role in key processes that dominate the structure and evolution of galaxies; A Universe where molecules provide convenient thermometers and barometers to probe local physical conditions; A Universe where molecules can work together to form such complex species as you and me. Understanding the origin and evolution of interstellar and circumstellar molecules is thus key to understanding the Universe around us and our place in it and has become a fundamental goal of modern astrophysics. This review focuses on the organic inventory and the chemical processes that may play a role in stablishing molecular complexity in regions of planet formation.
Near-Infrared Long-Slit Spectra of NGC 1068

Long-slit spectra at 2.30 and 2.16 μm at a spectral resolution of 1200 are presented for the nucleus and inner disk of the Seyfert 2 galaxy NGC 1068, in order to study the stellar population and the ionized and molecular gas at wavelengths where the extinction is greatly reduced. At 6″-12″ from the nucleus, the CO (ν = 0-2) band head is seen in absorption at a level consistent with that seen in late K or nearly M giants. It is shallower than that of M82, a prototype of starburst galaxies, by ∼ 30%. Closer to the nucleus, the band head appears progressively weaker. This may be due to scattered nuclear light.
Linear Optical Realization of Qubit Purification with Quantum Amplitude Damping Channel

We provide an experimental scheme which includes the realization of quantum amplitude damping channel and the optimal two-qubit purification. Moreover, we discuss the purification of arbitrary input qubits and arbitrary N qubits. Our scheme only uses linear optical elements and the proposal may be useful in transmission of photons in fibres. This scheme is feasible in the laboratory with the current experimental technology.
Numerical Solutions for Time‐Dependent Flow Past an Impulsively Started Sphere

A numerical method is given for determining the transient flow past a sphere which is impulsively started from rest with constant velocity in a viscous fluid. One of the features of the method is that the calculation of the flow at early times is performed using boundary‐layer variables, which leads to very accurate solutions. The problem is formulated in terms of the stream function and the vorticity. The method used is the semi‐analytical one of series truncation in which the stream function and vorticity are expanded in a series of Legendre functions with argument z = cosθ, where θ is the polar angle. The governing equations are thus reduced to sets of time‐dependent differential equations in the radial variable. In theory the number of these equations is infinite but in practice only a finite number can be solved to give an approximation to the flow. They are solved numerically by the Crank‐Nicolson procedure. Numerical solutions are given for the cases R = 20, 40, 100, 200, 500, 1000, and ∞, where R .
Experimental study of fundamental mechanisms in inductive heating of ferromagnetic nanoparticles suspension (Fe3O4 Iron Oxide Ferrofluid)

An experimental investigation of the initial heating rate of 50 nm ferromagnetic nanoparticles (Fe3O4) suspended in water and incorporated in an agar gel was conducted to study the thermal heating effects resulting from Brownian motion and hysteresis losses. Particles were placed in an alternating current magnetic field with intensities of 28.6, 35.8, 38.9, and 43.0 kA m−1, at frequencies ranging from 161 to 284 kHz. The specific absorption rate based on the heating rate was calculated and the contributions from the Brownian motion and hysteresis losses are compared and analyzed.
Network Delay and Cache Overflow: A Parameter Estimation Method for Time Window Based Hopping Network

A basic understanding of delayed packet loss is key to successfully applying it to multi-node hopping networks. Given the problem of delayed data loss due to network delay in a hop network environment, we review early time windowing approaches, for which most contributions focus on end-to-end hopping networks. However, they do not apply to the general hopping network environment, where data transmission from the sending host to the receiving host usually requires forwarding at multiple intermediate nodes due to network latency and network cache overflow, which may result in delayed packet loss. To overcome this challenge, we propose a delay time window and a method for estimating the delay time window. By examining the network delays of different data tasks, we obtain network delay estimates for these data tasks, use them as estimates of the delay time window, and validate the estimated results to verify that the results satisfy the delay distribution law. In addition, simulation tests and a discussion of the results were conducted to demonstrate how to maximize the reception of delay groupings. The analysis shows that the method is more general and applicable to multi-node hopping networks than existing time windowing methods.
Fabrication of InGaAs Wires by Preferential Molecular Beam Epitaxy Growth on Corrugated InP Substrate

Fabrication technology of InGaAs wire structures by preferential molecular beam epitaxy growth on corrugated InP substrate was successfully developed for the first time. Growth was made on the substrates having V-grooves with (211)A or (111)A facets and wires were made in nonquantum regime. The effects of the growth conditions on the cross-sectional structure and photoluminescence (PL) properties were clarified. Wires grown on (111)A facets showed better structural and PL properties than those on (211)A facets. Insertion of an InGaAs low-temperature (LT) buffer layer was found to greatly improve the band-edge PL intensity. Under optimum conditions, the wire exhibited an intense PL emission with a narrow peak width at an energy position of InGaAs lattice-matched to InP. A defect-related emission is also observed and discussed.