Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Improving E-Mail Spam Classification using Ant Colony Optimization Algorithm

In recent days, Electronic mail system is a store and forward mechanism used for the purpose of exchanging documents across computer network through Internet. Spam is an unwanted mail which contains unsolicited and harmful data that are irrelevant to the specified users. In the proposed system, the spam classification is implemented using Naive Bayes classifier, which is a probabilistic classifier based on conditional probability applicable for more complex classification problems. Implementation of feature selection using hybrid Ant Colony Optimization serves to be more efficient which gives good results for the above system that has been proposed in this paper.
A systematic review of prevalence studies of depression in Parkinson's disease

Prevalence rates of depressive disorders in Parkinson's disease (PD) vary widely across studies, ranging from 2.7% to more than 90%. The aim of this systematic review was to calculate average prevalences of depressive disorders taking into account the different settings and different diagnostic approaches of studies. Using Medline on Pubmed, a systematic literature search was carried out for studies of depression in Parkinson's disease. A total of 104 articles were included and assessed for quality; 51 articles fulfilled the quality criteria. Multiple publications from the same database were not included in the meta‐analysis. In the remaining 36 articles, the weighted prevalence of major depressive disorder was 17% of PD patients, that of minor depression 22% and dysthymia 13%. Clinically significant depressive symptoms, irrespective of the presence of a DSM defined depressive disorder, were present in 35%. In studies using a (semi) structured interview to establish DSM criteria, the reported prevalence of major depressive disorder was 19%, while in studies using DSM criteria without a structured interview, the reported prevalence of major depressive disorder was 7%. Population studies report lower prevalence rates for both major depressive disorder and the clinically significant depressive symptoms than studies in other settings. This systematic review suggests that the average prevalence of major depressive disorder in PD is substantial, but lower than generally assumed. © 2007 Movement Disorder Society
A Survey on Reducing Routing Overhead in Mobile Ad Hoc Networks

Due to high mobility in MANETs, there exist frequent link breakages which lead to frequent path failures and route discoveries. The overhead of a route discovery cannot be neglected. Broadcasting is a fundamental and effective data dissemination problem. Broadcasting can cause broadcast storm problem. Traditional routing protocols in Mobile Ad hoc Network (MANET) send periodic messages to recognize the topology changes. Sending periodic messages cause overhead. Compared to proactive routing protocols, reactive routing protocols can cause less overhead. This paper presents a survey of various techniques related to broadcasting that can lead to routing protocol overhead.
Looking into space

A new challenge for young Europeans has been issued by the European Space Agency to coincide with its launch of the new x-ray space observatory, XMM. This X-ray Multi-Mirror will revolutionize cosmic x-ray astronomy by harvesting more x-rays per hour than any previous mission, enabling astronomers to analyse many strong sources of cosmic x-rays very quickly and also to discover and characterize many faint sources. In partnership with the unique education network `European Schoolnet', ESA has launched three competitions for schools in its member states, details of which can be found on the special competition website at sci.esa. int/xmm/competition The `Draw me a telescope! ' competition asked classes of 8 to 12 year-olds to provide an illustration of a telescope within a circle of 20 - 50 cm diameter. The 14 winning entries, one per member state, are to be included in a specially designed official XMM mission logo to be unveiled on the day in December when the observatory will be launched. A representative of each winning class will be invited to Kourou for the launch event. `What's new Mr Galileo? ' involved classes in writing an essay (in English) of no more than 500 words describing space-based astronomy and its benefits for humanity. Again the 14 winners from the member states would be invited to Kourou to witness the final XMM launch preparations. The final competition of the three was intended for final-year physics classes interested in making use of the XMM telescope. The class, assisted by the scientific community, had to submit an observation project; all 14 winning proposals would then be put into practice at a summer camp to be held during 2000. Further details would then be announced once XMM was in orbit. Further information about the competitions can be found from the ESA Science Programme Communication Service (tel: +31-71-565-4604) or ESA Public Relations Division (tel: +33(0)1.53. 69.7155), or by visiting the following websites: sci.esa. int www.esa. int www.eun. org
Persistent Organic Pollutant Exposure Leads to Insulin Resistance Syndrome

Background The incidence of the insulin resistance syndrome has increased at an alarming rate worldwide, creating a serious challenge to public health care in the 21st century. Recently, epidemiological studies have associated the prevalence of type 2 diabetes with elevated body burdens of persistent organic pollutants (POPs). However, experimental evidence demonstrating a causal link between POPs and the development of insulin resistance is lacking. Objective We investigated whether exposure to POPs contributes to insulin resistance and metabolic disorders. Methods Sprague-Dawley rats were exposed for 28 days to lipophilic POPs through the consumption of a high-fat diet containing either refined or crude fish oil obtained from farmed Atlantic salmon. In addition, differentiated adipocytes were exposed to several POP mixtures that mimicked the relative abundance of organic pollutants present in crude salmon oil. We measured body weight, whole-body insulin sensitivity, POP accumulation, lipid and glucose homeostasis, and gene expression and we performed microarray analysis. Results Adult male rats exposed to crude, but not refined, salmon oil developed insulin resistance, abdominal obesity, and hepatosteatosis. The contribution of POPs to insulin resistance was confirmed in cultured adipocytes where POPs, especially organochlorine pesticides, led to robust inhibition of insulin action. Moreover, POPs induced down-regulation of insulin-induced gene-1 (Insig-1) and Lpin1, two master regulators of lipid homeostasis. Conclusion Our findings provide evidence that exposure to POPs commonly present in food chains leads to insulin resistance and associated metabolic disorders.
Language Innovation and Change in On-line Social Networks

Language is fundamental to human communication - throughout the course of history language has constantly evolved. This can currently be seen in the changing forms of colloquial language in various on-line social networks (OSN's). These innovations in language are even appearing in every day life with the recent induction of `lol' and `rofl' into modern dictionaries. Changes and varying forms of language pose challenges to both academics and people in business when attempting to assess and communicate with different communities. In this Ph.D, we aim to forecast online language change through the use of predictive and descriptive methodologies. Through using data sets mined from a number of OSNs, we aim to develop generalizable models and theories for assessing and predicting such language changes. We philosophically frame this work by drawing on structuration theory which helps us structure our analysis of the dynamics of language (re)production - i.e. by the agent (user), the social structure and their interplay. We draw on state-of-the-art work and methods, including the development of neural nets to analyse language usage, along with network and community classification too uncover social structures within language. Preliminary results have identified statistically significant innovations usage across communities across a number of OSN's, this was done by operationalizing known linguistic models of innovation acceptance.
Therapeutic outcomes evaluation regarding myocardial infarction when using beta - Adrenergic receptor blockers

Cardiovascular diseases are one of the main reasons for morbidity and mortality in developed countries. In the paper simulation results are presented regarding the development of high blood pressure and its connection with the myocardial infarction. The goal of the work was to define the mathematical structure with which it would be possible to estimate the number of observed patients, healing costs and the efficacy of beta - adrenergic receptor blockers regarding mentioned diseases. The results are illustrated for Slovenia and Great Britain, but extrapolations are also suggested with which predictions are possible for the countries with similar demographic and economical situation.
Overexpression of matrix metalloproteinase‐8 and ‐9 in bronchiectatic airways in vivo

The progressive bronchial dilatation in bronchiectasis is likely to be the result of continued airway matrix destruction, although little is known about the role of neutrophil matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) in this process. Immunohistochemistry has been used to investigate the expression and cellular localisation of MMP‐8 and MMP‐9 in bronchiectatic airways in vivo. Endobronchial biopsies were taken from 25 bronchiectatic patients, and from the right lower lobe in 14 control subjects. MMP‐8, MMP‐9, neutrophils and macrophages were stained with monoclonal antibodies and quantified as positive cell·mm−2 of the lamina propria by using an image analysis system. There were significantly higher densities of MMP‐8 and MMP‐9 positive cells in the lamina propria of bronchiectatic than control airways. In bronchiectatic airways, the densities of MMP‐8 and MMP‐9 positive cells correlated with each other and with neutrophil density, but not with macrophage density. In control airways, a significant correlation was found between MMP‐8 with neutrophil and MMP‐9 with macrophage densities. An overexpression of neutrophil matrix metalloproteinases in bronchiectatic airways could help explain the continuation of airway destruction in bronchiectasis. In view of the clinical availability of matrix metalloproteinase antagonists, the results presented here could have a significant impact on the development of novel therapies of this untreatable disease.
A Domain Speci c Lexicon Acquisition Tool for Cross Language Information Retrieval

With the recent enormous increase of information dissemination via the web as in centive there is a growing interest in supporting tools for cross language retrieval In this paper we describe a disclosure and retrieval approach that ful lls the needs of both information providers and users by o ering fast and cheap access to a large amounts of documents from various language domains Relevant information can be retrieved irre spective of the language used for the speci cation of a query In order to realize this type of multilingual functionality the availability of several translation tools is needed both of a generic and a domain speci c nature Domain speci c tools are often not available or only against large costs In this paper we will therefore focus on a way to reduce these costs namely the automatic derivation of multilingual resources from so called parallel text corpora The bene ts of this approach will be illustrated for an example system i e the demonstrator developed within the project Twenty One which is tuned to information from the area of sustainable development
A method for solving the cold start problem in recommendation systems

Recommendation systems become essential in web applications that provide mass services, and aim to suggest automatic items (services) of interest to users. The most popular used technique in such systems is the collaborative filtering (CF) technique, which suffer from some problems such as the cold-start problem, the privacy problem, the user identification problem, the scalability problem, etc. In this paper, we address the cold-start problem by giving recommendations to any new users who have no stored preferences, or recommending items that no user of the community has seen yet. While there have been lots of studies to solve the cold start problem, but it solved only item-cold start, or user-cold start, also provided solutions still suffer from the privacy problem. Therefore, we developed a privacy protected model to solve the cold start problem (in both cases user and item cold start). We suggested two types of recommendation (node recommendation and batch recommendation), and we compared the suggested method with three other alternative methods (Triadic Aspect Method, Naïve Filterbots Method, and MediaScout Stereotype Method), and we used dataset collected from online web news to generate recommendations based on our method and based on the other alternative three methods. We calculated level of novelty, coverage, and precision. We found that our method achieved higher level of novelty in the batch recommendation whilst it achieved higher levels of coverage and precision in the node recommendations technique comparing to these three methods.
Using models of dynamics for large displacement estimation on noisy acquisitions

The paper discusses the issue of motion estimation on noisy images displaying large displacements, due to high velocity values. ``Noisy'' means that the data contain either missing acquisitions on isolated points, regions, frames or noisy measures. Assuming the dynamics is partially accessible from heuristics and modeled, the objective is to include this knowledge in the computation of the solution even if large displacements occur from one frame to the next one and if the data are noisy. This is performed by Data Assimilation techniques which simultaneously solve an evolution equation and an observation equation. The evolution equation includes the partial knowledge on the dynamics. The observation equation describes the transport of image brightness and is written in a non-linear form in order to better characterize large displacements. The assimilation method is a weak 4D-Var algorithm, in which each component of the Data Assimilation system is associated to an error. We prove that the observation covariance matrix can be used to discard the noisy data during the computation of the solution letting the evolution equation estimate motion from adjacent frames on these pixels. The method is quantified on synthetic data and illustrated on oceanographic satellite images.
Theory of Rational Futures-Style Option Pricing

Options on futures traded in Europe, Australia and South Africa are subject to futures-style premium posting (FSPP): the premium is not paid up front but marked to market, and the last settlement premium paid upon exercise. The previous literature has derived pricing models for such options. Only after that derivation, and using the resulting model or its assumptions, has it deducted pricing constraints like a put-call parity or the positivity of time value. Following Merton (1973), we do the reverse. First, we show the full generality of all properties found by Lieu (1990) and many other rational option-pricing constraints. In the second part of the article, we derive a binomial model not found in the literature, and give another derivation of Lieu (1990)’s model. In these derivations, we emphasize, first, the possibility of pricing an option by replicating its mark-to-market cash flows (MTM CF) rather than a final payoff and, second, the irrelevance of the interest rate process, which holds even though futures-style options generate a continuous stream of MTM CF. The irrelevance of interest rates is also true for rational option-pricing constraints.
Approximation of the Node-Pair Reliability of Data Communication Networks

Data communication networks are often analyzed for the estimation of their dependability and one of the most requirements is to calculate the reliability of the nodes. Since the time complexity of the reliability calculation algorithms is O(n2), this paper proposes a linear-time approximation technique to identify lower reliable node-pairs without calculation of the actual reliability of nodes. Since the reliability of a node-pair is directly and indirectly proportional to the total number of paths and the number of hops/path respectively, the proposed technique considers these two parameters for the approximation of the reliability. As an illustration and verification, the proposed technique has been applied to a network of 11 nodes and 19 links, and satisfactory results have been obtained.
Some advances on Bayesian record linkage and inference for linked data

In this paper we review some recent advances on Bayesian methodology for performing Record Linkage and for making inference using the resulting matched units. In particular we frame the record linkage issue into a formal inferential problem and we adapt standard model selection techniques to this context. Although the methodology is quite general, we will focus on the simple multiple regression set-up for expository convenience.
B. Ultraviolet radiation effects on amphibians, coral, humans, and oceanic primary productivity Prepared by:

Ultraviolet radiation (UVR) is a naturally occurring stressor to most forms of life. The sole relevant source of this stressor is the sun. The earth’s stratospheric ozone layer reduces the amount of UVR that reaches the earth’s surface. The potential for depletion of this ozone layer due to human activities and the subsequent increase in UVR at the earth’s surface is a global environmental concern for both humans and ecosystems. An integrated risk assessment provides efficiency in data gathering, analysis and reporting by enabling risk assessors to use the combined knowledge from many disciplines to evaluate overall risk. This report describes the steps and example information that could be used for an integrated risk assessment but is not an actual risk assessment with all its associated calculations and conclusions. It is intended to be used as an example to stimulate discussion on the applicability of an integrated risk assessment process to a non-chemical stressor.
An Integrative Architecture for a Sensor-Supported Trust Management System

Trust plays a key role not only in e-worlds and emerging pervasive computing environments, but also already for millennia in human societies. Trust management solutions that have being around now for some fifteen years were primarily developed for the above mentioned cyber environments and they are typically focused on artificial agents, sensors, etc. However, this paper presents extensions of a new methodology together with architecture for trust management support that is focused on humans and human-like agents. With this methodology and architecture sensors play a crucial role. The architecture presents an already deployable tool for multi and interdisciplinary research in various areas where humans are involved. It provides new ways to obtain an insight into dynamics and evolution of such structures, not only in pervasive computing environments, but also in other important areas like management and decision making support.
Improving SQL query performance on embedded devices using pre-compilation

Embedded devices are increasingly being used for data collection and on-device data analysis for applications in environmental and infrastructure monitoring, health and wearable computing, and sensor and mobile systems. Processing data on the device rather than transmitting it over a network for analysis reduces energy consumption, network bandwidth usage, and results in more robust and longer functioning devices. A key challenge is enabling efficient data management on devices that may only have a few KBs of memory and limited code space. Previous work has demonstrated that using relational databases is possible on embedded devices with restrictions on the queries that can be processed. In this work, we eliminate one of the key barriers to using relational technology on embedded devices, which is the massive overhead involved in SQL parsing and translation that can take up to 50% of the code and memory resources on the device. Our approach allows developers to continue to use relational APIs and SQL during development which are then pre-compiled when deployed on the device. This produces all of the benefits of relational systems without the on-device overhead and limitations. Experimental results demonstrate that query pre-compiling can reduce query parse times by up to 90% and on-device execution times by up to 50%. The technique is applicable to a wide range of embedded systems and databases.
Optimal Binary (5, 3) Projective Space Codes from Maximal Partial Spreads

Recently a construction of optimal non-constant dimension subspace codes, also termed projective space codes, has been reported in a paper of Honold-Kiermaier-Kurz. Restricted to binary codes in a 5-dimensional ambient space with minimum subspace distance 3, these optimal codes were interpreted in terms of maximal partial spreads of 2-dimensional subspaces. In a parallel development, an optimal binary (5,3) code was obtained by a minimal change strategy on a nearly optimal example of Etzion and Vardy. In this article, we report several examples of optimal binary (5,3) codes obtained by the application of this strategy combined with changes to the spread structure of existing codes. We also establish that, based on the types of constituent spreads, our examples lie outside the framework of the existing construction.
Introduction to Monetary Policy

The key aim of monetary policy for most central banks is to keep inflation low and steady. However in a market-oriented economy, central banks cannot control inflation directly. They have to use instruments such as interest rates, the effects of which on the economy are uncertain. And they have to rely on incomplete information about the economy and its prospects. Some central banks use money growth or the exchange rate as intermediate targets to guide policy decisions. Others take a more eclectic approach and consider a range of factors. Monetary policy has occupied much time of the world’s most distinguished economists over the years. This Handbook provides an introductory overview to the subject. Following the introduction in Section 1, Section 2 describes the main costs of inflation. The next section provides an overview of the various routes by which monetary policy transmits through the economy. And Section 4 describes the alternative targets which central banks can use to guide policy. Some conclusions are provided in Section 5. The purpose of this Handbook is to assist monetary policy practitioners - those in central banks and governments who are advising and taking decisions on monetary policy. Those new to the subject may, it is hoped, find this a useful starting point for further reading and research. This handbook is also available in Russian and Spanish.