Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Stochastic Modeling File Population in P2P Network

Files are important resource in file-sharing peer-to-peer networks and their population influences system performance surprisingly. But there is not good method to analysis files population in dynamic networks until now. This paper wants to establish a model of file population of P2P network based on stochastic process theories and then find the changing trend of files population. After theoretically analyzing and deducing, the dependent relation between peer random behaviors and stationary performances is revealed completely. The simulating results indicates that the stochastic model is useful and helpful for studying the dynamic and stochastic environment.
Stress, Inflammation and Reward Processing: Implications for Major Depressive Disorder

Author(s): Boyle, Chloe Cassandra | Advisor(s): Bower, Julienne E | Abstract: Anhedonia, or pervasive diminished interest or pleasure, is a core diagnostic symptom of depression that predicts poor treatment response and may also play a role in depression etiology. Anhedonia is increasingly recognized as multidimensional, reflecting decreased reward motivation, reward sensitivity, and/or reward-learning. The mechanisms that give rise to dysregulation in these dimensions of reward have yet to be characterized. Compelling evidence and theory suggest two processes may play a central role: stress and elevated inflammation. Both stress and inflammation induce anhedonic behavior, and Social Signal Transduction Theory posits that inflammation is a central mechanism linking stress to depression more broadly. However, studies have yet to test whether stress-induced inflammation alters specific dimensions of reward. Thus, the current study experimentally evaluated the effects of stress-induced inflammation on multiple dimensions of reward. Fifty-four female young adults were randomized to undergo an acute psychosocial laboratory stressor or a no-stress active control, and completed three behavioral tasks for assessment of reward motivation (Effort Expenditure for Rewards Task; EEfRT), learning (Probabilistic Reward Task; PRT) and sensitivity (positive faces on an emotional dot probe task, EEfRT, PRT). To test inflammation as a mediator of effects of stress on reward, the tasks were administered before and 90 minutes post stress to coincide with the peak of the inflammatory response to stress. Participants provided blood samples for assessment of the pro-inflammatory cytokine interleukin-6 at study entry and 90 and 120 minutes post stress. Consistent with hypotheses, stress-induced inflammation decreased sensitivity to social reward, operationalized as decreased attentional bias towards positive faces. Contrary to hypotheses, stress-induced inflammation increased sensitivity and motivation for monetary reward. These associations were not moderated by depressive symptoms or early life stress. Together, findings demonstrate that stress-induced inflammation does indeed alter multiple dimensions of reward, though effects were not always in the hypothesized direction. Most notably, stress-induced inflammation was associated with increases in reward motivation and sensitivity for monetary reward, but decreased sensitivity to social reward. This study contributes to a growing literature characterizing the relationship between inflammation and dimensions of reward processing, which will ultimately promote targeted and effective treatment for anhedonia and depression.
Ju n 19 98 Kirchhoff ’ s Rule for Quantum Wires

In this article we formulate and discuss one particle quantum scattering theory on an arbitrary finite graph with n open ends and where we define the Hamiltonian to be (minus) the Laplace operator with general boundary conditions at the vertices. This results in a scattering theory with n channels. The corresponding on-shell S-matrix formed by the reflection and transmission amplitudes for incoming plane waves of energy E > 0 is explicitly given in terms of the boundary conditions and the lengths of the internal lines. It is shown to be unitary, which may be viewed as the quantum version of Kirchhoff's law. We exhibit covariance and symmetry properties. It is symmetric if the boundary conditions are real. Also there is a duality transformation on the set of boundary conditions and the lengths of the internal lines such that the low energy behaviour of one theory gives the high energy behaviour of the transformed theory. Finally we provide a composition rule by which the on-shell S-matrix of a graph is factorizable in terms of the S-matrices of its subgraphs. All proofs only use known facts from the theory of self-adjoint extensions, standard linear algebra, complex function theory and elementary arguments from the theory of Hermitean symplectic forms.
Dipeptidyl Peptidase-4 Inhibitor Switching as an Alternative Add-on Therapy to Current Strategies Recommended by Guidelines: Analysis of a Retrospective Cohort of Type 2 Diabetic Patients

Objective: This retrospective cohort study aimed to investigate the significance of dipeptidyl peptidase-4 (DPP- 4) inhibitor switch therapy, which is currently not recommended by major diabetes guidelines. Methods: The subjects were 238 outpatients with type 2 diabetes who had been prescribed sitagliptin 50 mg daily, which was subsequently changed in one of three ways. Patients whose sitagliptin was switched to vildagliptin 50 mg twice daily were defined as the switched group. Patients whose sitagliptin was increased to 100 mg once daily were defined as the increased group. Patients who received an additional alfa-glucosidase inhibitor (α-GI) three times daily prior to meals and sitagliptin 50 mg once daily were defined as the added group. The primary endpoint was the glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c) value at 6 months after the medication change. Patients whose oral hypoglycemic agents were changed within 6 months after switching to vildagliptin, increasing sitagliptin, or adding α-GI were excluded from the full analysis set and the remaining patients were included in the per protocol analysis. Results: The per protocol analysis revealed that the HbA1c level decreased significantly in the switched group (n=71) and the added group (n=18) but did not change significantly in the increased group (n=69). Analysis of the full set showed that the HbA1c level decreased significantly in all three groups (switched [n=92], increased [n=88], and added [n=25]). Conclusion: Switching DPP-4 inhibitors can adequately reduce HbA1c compared with increasing original DPP- 4 inhibitor dose or adding an α-GI. When the original DPP-4 inhibitor did not significantly improve glycemic control, making a DPP-4 inhibitor switch, which is not recommended by major diabetes guidelines, can be an alternative strategy.
JAK/STAT Signaling Is Associated With Cardiac Dysfunction During Ischemia and Reperfusion

Background—Activation of the heart renin-angiotensin system (RAS) under pathophysiological conditions has been correlated with the development of ischemic injury. The binding of angiotensin II to its receptors triggers induction of several, perhaps multifunctional, intracellular signaling pathways, notable among them the Janus kinase/signal transducer and activator of transcription (JAK/STAT) pathway. In this study, we investigated whether the JAK/STAT signaling is involved in the ischemia/reperfusion injury in adult rat myocardium. Methods and Results—We report here that 2 components of the JAK/STAT signaling pathway, namely STAT 5A and STAT 6, are selectively activated in the rat heart subjected to ischemia/reperfusion. The activated STATs bind to a conserved nucleotide sequence (St domain) in the promoter of the angiotensinogen (ANG) gene and consequently upregulate the level of ANG mRNA. Treatment of the hearts with losartan (4.5 &mgr;mol/L), an AT1 blocker, or with tyrphostin AG490 (5 &mgr;mol/L), an inhibitor of JAK 2 phosphorylation, results in loss of the STAT/ANG promoter binding activity and an upregulated level of ANG mRNA. Hearts treated with the JAK 2 inhibitor tyrphostin AG490 showed a reduction in myocardial infarct size and in number of cardiomyocytes undergoing apoptosis. The treated hearts also showed a recovery in functional hemodynamics of the myocardium. Conclusions—These findings suggest that activation of the JAK/STAT signaling pathway is a significant contributing factor to the pathogenesis of myocardial ischemia and that interference in activation of the pathway potentiates recovery in cardiac function.
Interactive movie system with multi-person participation and anytime interaction capabilities

1. ABSTRACT Interactive movies, in which interaction capabilities are introduced into movies, is considered to be a new type of media that integrates various media, including telecommunications, movies, and video games. In interactive movies, people enter cyberspace and enjoy the development of a story there by interacting with the characters in the story. In this paper, we first explain the concept of interactive movies using examples of movies developed on a prototype system, then describe techniques for improving the interactivity. The current system incorporates two significant improvements for multimedia interactivity: the introduction of interaction at any time and two-person participation through the use of network communications. The software and hardware configurations of the system are briefly summarized. The paper concludes with an example of an interactive
Dynamics and stability of dark solitons in exciton-polariton condensates

We present a comprehensive analytical theory of localized nonlinear excitations—dark solitons—supported by an incoherently pumped, spatially homogeneous exciton-polariton condensate. We show that, in contrast to dark solitons in conservative systems, these nonlinear excitations “relax” by blending with the background at a finite time, which critically depends on the parameters of the condensate. Our analytical results for trajectory and lifetime are in excellent agreement with direct numerical simulations of the open-dissipative mean-field model. In addition, we show that transverse instability of quasi-one-dimensional dark stripes in a two-dimensional open-dissipative condensate demonstrates features that are entirely absent in conservative systems, as creation of vortex-antivortex pairs competes with the soliton relaxation process.
Thermodynamic Analysis for the Refining Ability of Salt Flux for Aluminum Recycling

The removability of impurities during the aluminum remelting process by oxidation was previously investigated by our research group. In the present work, alternative impurity removal with chlorination has been evaluated by thermodynamic analysis. For 43 different elements, equilibrium distribution ratios among metal, chloride flux and oxide slag phases in the aluminum remelting process were calculated by assuming the binary systems of aluminum and an impurity element. It was found that the removability of impurities isn’t significantly affected by process parameters such as chloride partial pressure, temperature and flux composition. It was shown that Ho, Dy, Li, La, Mg, Gd, Ce, Yb, Ca and Sr can be potentially eliminated into flux by chlorination from the remelted aluminum. Chlorination and oxidation are not effective to remove other impurities from the melting aluminum, due to the limited parameters which can be controlled during the remelting process. It follows that a proper management of aluminum scrap such as sorting based on the composition of the products is important for sustainable aluminum recycling.
Import Demand of Crude Oil and Economic Growth in China: Evidence from the ARDL Model

In order to quantify the demand elasticity of China's imported crude oil, a long-run stable relationship is estimated among the crude oil import, income and crude oil prices by the autoregressive distributed lag (ARDL) bound testing approach over the period 1999-2009. Empirical results show that the short and long-run price elasticities of imported crude oil are positive and inelastic, and the long-run income elasticity is near unity. Moreover, a stable equilibrium is established between the imported crude oil and its determinants by adding a break point into the model and providing evidence of the liability of the obtained elasticities. Finally, the corresponding reasons for the conclusions are presented.
Photosynthesis and light utilization in the Caribbean coral Montastraea faveolata recovering from a bleaching event

Coral bleaching—the loss of symbiotic dinoflagellates—is initiated when corals are exposed to sea surface temperatures above the regional summer average and has been responsible for massive coral mortality episodes. The ability of symbionts to recolonize the host after bleaching may be critical in determining if a colony will recover or experience mortality. Here, following the serendipitous bleaching of specimens of Montastraea faveolata of known photosynthetic, spectroscopic, and genetic characteristics, we describe changes in photosynthesis and light utilization during the recovery process. Fully recovered M. faveolata had minimum quantum requirements (1/Θmax) that are very close to the theoretical minimum, indicating that symbiotic corals are not only one of the most efficient light collectors in nature, but also use this energy with maximum efficiency. Analyses of the photosynthetic responses of M. faveolata throughout the recovery process indicate that during the early stages, the symbiont population exhibited characteristics consistent with acclimation to higher irradiance relative to fully recovered corals. The absorption spectra of bleached samples showed contributions of chlorophyll b (Chl b) associated with a biomass increase of the endolithic algae. The propagation of endolithic algae after bleaching may provide partial protection to the surviving symbionts from excessive radiation by reducing the reflectivity of the skeleton. Changes in the relative abundances of different symbiotic algae between recovered and unbleached colonies did not result in significant variations in photosynthetic and light utilization characteristics.
Using image warping for time-lapse image domain wavefield tomography

ABSTRACTTime-lapse seismic data are widely used for monitoring subsurface changes. A quantitative assessment of how reservoir properties have changed allows for better interpretation of fluid substitution and fluid migration during processes such as oil and gas production and carbon sequestration. Full-waveform inversion (FWI) has been proposed as a way to retrieve quantitative estimates of subsurface properties through seismic waveform fitting. However, for some monitoring systems, the offset range versus depth of interest is not large enough to provide information about the low-wavenumber component of the velocity model. We evaluated an image domain wavefield tomography (IDWT) method using the local warping between baseline and monitor images as the cost function. This cost function is sensitive to volumetric velocity anomalies, and it is capable of handling large velocity changes with very limited acquisition apertures, where traditional FWI fails. We described the theory and workflow of our method. La.
Foundations of Cognitive Grammar: Volume I: Theoretical Prerequisites

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Intraoperative brain shift prediction using a 3D inhomogeneous patient-specific finite element model.

OBJECT The aims of this study were to develop a three-dimensional patient-specific finite element (FE) brain model with detailed anatomical structures and appropriate material properties to predict intraoperative brain shift during neurosurgery and to update preoperative magnetic resonance (MR) images using FE modeling for presurgical planning. METHODS A template-based algorithm was developed to build a 3D patient-specific FE brain model. The template model is a 50th percentile male FE brain model with gray and white matter, ventricles, pia mater, dura mater, falx, tentorium, brainstem, and cerebellum. Gravity-induced brain shift after opening of the dura was simulated based on one clinical case of computer-assisted neurosurgery for model validation. Preoperative MR images were updated using an FE model and displayed as intraoperative MR images easily recognizable by surgeons. To demonstrate the potential of FE modeling in presurgical planning, intraoperative brain shift was predicted for two additional head orientations. Two patient-specific FE models were constructed. The mesh quality of the resulting models was as high as that of the template model. One of the two FE models was selected to validate model-predicted brain shift against data acquired on intraoperative MR imaging. The brain shift predicted using the model was greater than that observed intraoperatively but was considered surgically acceptable. CONCLUSIONS A set of algorithms for developing 3D patient-specific FE brain models is presented. Gravity-induced brain shift can be predicted using this model and displayed on high-resolution MR images. This strategy can be used not only for updating intraoperative MR imaging, but also for presurgical planning.
Risk Factors for Ischemic Stroke Subtypes: The Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities Study

Background and Purpose— To evaluate risk factors for ischemic stroke by its subtypes may contribute to more effective prevention of ischemic stroke, but few prospective studies have characterized risk factors for specific subtypes of ischemic stroke. Methods— Between 1987 and 1989, 14 448 men and women aged 45 to 64 years and free of clinical stroke took part in the first examination of the Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities study. The incidence of stroke was ascertained from hospital surveillance records. Results— During an average follow-up of 13.4-years, 531 incident ischemic strokes occurred (105 lacunar, 326 nonlacunar, and 100 cardioembolic). Blacks had a 3-fold higher multivariate-adjusted risk ratio of lacunar stroke compared with whites. No racial difference in nonlacunar or cardioembolic strokes was found after adjusting for prevalent risk factors. In addition to traditional risk factors, nontraditional risk factors, such as waist-to-hip ratio, history of coronary heart disease, left ventricular hypertrophy, lipoprotein(a), and von Willebrand factor, were associated with increased risk for nonlacunar stroke, whereas lacunar stroke was related to only 1 nontraditional risk factor, white blood cell count. The population-attributable fraction (PAF) for hypertension was ≈35% for all ischemic stroke subtypes. The respective PAFs for diabetes and current smoking were 26.3% and 22.0% for lacunar versus 11.3% and 11.4% for nonlacunar stroke. The PAF for elevated von Willebrand factor was greater than that for current smoking for cardioembolic stroke. Conclusions— The impact of traditional and nontraditional risk factors other than hypertension on the incidence of ischemic stroke varied according to its subtype.
Exploring A Root-Cause Methodology to Prevent Emerging Internet Threat

A “botnet” consists of a network of compromised computers controlled by an attacker often ca lled botmaster. Recently, botnets have become the root cause of man y I ternet attacks. To be well-prepared for future attacks, it is not only study how to detect and defend against the botnets hat have appeared in the past. More importantly, we should study advanced botnet designs that could be developed by otmasters in the near future. In this project, I construct an advanced hybrid peer to peer botnet. Attacks such as spaming, File replication attack distributed denial of service and phishing have become common place on the Internet. As a ttackers develop new methods to attack from dist ributed locations as well as avoid being detected, there is a ne ed to develop efficient methods to detect and miti gate this epidemic of infection of hosts on the network. My aim is to analyze fil e replication attack in a peer to peer network. Honeypot techniques have been used to disassemble the binary and to identify the techniques that the botnet binary uses to spre ad it and to make its detection difficult by current scanners. And a framework have been designed for malware analysis, det ection and shut down botnets.
Chapter 1 Privacy-Preserving Data Analysis on Graphs and Social Networks

While literature within the field of privacy-preserving data mining (PPDM) has been around for many years, attention has mostly been given to the perturbation and anonymization of tabular data; understanding the role of privacy over graphs and networks is still very much in its infancy. In this chapter, we survey a very recent body of research on privacy-preserving data analysis over graphs and networks in an effort to allow the reader to observe common themes and future directions.
Ecological Niche Dimensionality and the Evolutionary Diversification of Stick Insects

The degree of phenotypic divergence and reproductive isolation between taxon pairs can vary quantitatively, and often increases as evolutionary divergence proceeds through various stages, from polymorphism to population differentiation, ecotype and race formation, speciation, and post-speciational divergence. Although divergent natural selection promotes divergence, it does not always result in strong differentiation. For example, divergent selection can fail to complete speciation, and distinct species pairs sometimes collapse (‘speciation in reverse’). Widely-discussed explanations for this variability concern genetic architecture, and the geographic arrangement of populations. A less-explored possibility is that the degree of phenotypic and reproductive divergence between taxon pairs is positively related to the number of ecological niche dimensions (i.e., traits) subject to divergent selection. Some data supporting this idea stem from laboratory experimental evolution studies using Drosophila, but tests from nature are lacking. Here we report results from manipulative field experiments in natural populations of herbivorous Timema stick insects that are consistent with this ‘niche dimensionality’ hypothesis. In such insects, divergent selection between host plants might occur for cryptic colouration (camouflage to evade visual predation), physiology (to detoxify plant chemicals), or both of these niche dimensions. We show that divergent selection on the single niche dimension of cryptic colouration can result in ecotype formation and intermediate levels of phenotypic and reproductive divergence between populations feeding on different hosts. However, greater divergence between a species pair involved divergent selection on both niche dimensions. Although further replication of the trends reported here is required, the results suggest that dimensionality of selection may complement genetic and geographic explanations for the degree of diversification in nature.