Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
The place of argumentation in the pedagogy of school science

The research reported in this paper stemmed from our conviction that argument is a central dimension of both science and science education. Our specific intention was to determine whether secondary science teachers in England give pupils opportunities to develop and rehearse the skills of argumentation during their lessons. We found that classroom discourse was largely teacher dominated and tended not to foster the reflective discussion of scientific issues. Opportunities for the social construction of knowledge, that are afforded by the use of argument-based pedagogical techniques, were few and far between. After a discussion of teachers' responses to this finding, we highlighted two major explanations: firstly, limitations in teachers' pedagogical repertoires; secondly, external pressures imposed upon science teachers in England by the National Curriculum and its assessment system.
Some Explicitly Solvable SABR and Multiscale SABR Models: Option Pricing and Calibration

A multiscale SABR model that describes the dynamics of forward prices/rates is presented. New closed form formulae for the transition probability density functions of the normal and lognormal SABR and multiscale SABR models and for the prices of the corresponding European call and put options are deduced. The technique used to obtain these formulae is rather general and can be used to study other stochastic volatility models. A calibration problem for these models is formulated and solved. Numerical experiments with real data are presented.
Optimization of pressurized liquid extraction by response surface methodology of Goji berry (Lycium barbarum L.) phenolic bioactive compounds

Pressurized liquid extraction (PLE) has been used for the first time in this work to extract phenolic compounds from Goji berries according to a multilevel factorial design using response surface methodology. The global yield (% w/dw, weight/dry‐weight), total phenolic content (TPC), total flavonoid (TF) and antioxidant activity (determined via ABTS assay, expressed as TEAC value) were used as response variables to study the effects of temperature (50–180°C) and green solvent composition (mixtures of ethanol/water). Phenolic compounds characterization was performed by high performance liquid chromatography–diode array detector–tandem mass spectrometry (HPLC‐DAD‐MS/MS). The optimum PLE conditions predicted by the model were as follows: 180°C and 86% ethanol in water with a good desirability value of 0.815. The predicted conditions were confirmed experimentally and once the experimental design was validated for commercial fruit samples, the PLE extraction of phenolic compounds from three different varieties of fruit samples (Selvatico mongolo, Bigol, and Polonia) was performed. Nine phenolic compounds were tentatively identified in these extracts, including phenolic acids and their derivatives, and flavonols. The optimized PLE conditions were compared to a conventional solid‐liquid extraction, demonstrating that PLE is a useful alternative to extract phenolic compounds from Goji berry.
The human element as the key enabler of pervasiveness

The recent proliferation of sensor-equipped smartphones has brought sensor networking to the general public in the form of mobile phone sensing. By reaching out to mainstream users, mobile phone sensing has the potential of achieving the pervasive computing vision by putting the human element in the foreground. Because mobile phone sensing may require computationally intensive applications, it is impractical and inefficient to stick to local processing. On the other hand, the emerging trend of offloading expensive tasks to the mobile computing cloud has a significant energy footprint and suffers from the drawbacks of extreme centralization. Opportunistic computing provides an appealing alternative to the mobile computing cloud by allowing devices to join forces and leverage heterogeneous resources from other devices. Because this is only possible by leveraging human mobility, opportunistic computing adds even more prominence to the role of the human element, which is already central to mobile phone sensing and now becomes the key enabler of pervasiveness.
A High-Radix, Low-Latency Optical Switch for Data Centers

We demonstrate an optical switch design that can scale up to a thousand ports with high per-port bandwidth (25 Gbps+) and low switching latency (40 ns). Our design uses a broadcast and select architecture, based on a passive star coupler and fast tunable transceivers. In addition we employ time division multiplexing to achieve very low switching latency. Our demo shows the feasibility of the switch data plane using a small testbed, comprising two transmitters and a receiver, connected through a star coupler.
Alterations to the middle cerebral artery of the hypertensive-arthritic rat model potentiates intracerebral hemorrhage

Aims We have recently created an age-dependent hypertensive-mono-arthritic animal model from the stroke-resistant spontaneously hypertensive rat to model populations with autoimmune disease who are hypertensive and are prone to stroke. The model exhibits signs of hemorrhagic stroke (HS) subsequent to chronic inflammation and hypertension. HS is also associated with the inability of middle cerebral arteries to undergo pressure dependent constriction (PDC). We investigated alterations in the cerebrovasculature of our hypertensive mono-arthritic animals that develop stroke. Main Methods Animals were fed either a high salt diet (HSD) (4% NaCl) or Purina chow (0.58% NaCl) from weaning. Complete Freund’s Adjuvant (CFA) was injected into the left hind paw at 21–28 weeks; controls received saline and histological and functional studies were performed. Results Brain damage was more prominent with the high salt, with inflammation exacerbating the damage. High salt alone significantly decreased middle cerebral artery’s (MCA’s) ability to undergo PDC. Inflammation significantly decreased the ability of cerebrovasculature to respond to pressure step in the regular salt diet. The responses to vasoactive peptides were also significantly attenuated in both inflamed groups regardless of diet. Conclusion Induction of chronic systemic inflammation increases brain damage, and affect the MCA’s vasogenic function, decreasing its ability to respond to intraluminal pressure. HSD further exacerbates organ damage associated with chronic inflammation, further compromising cerebrovascular function, and likely increasing the incidence of intracerebral hemorrhage and injury.
If College Students Are Appointment Television Viewers ...

Whether television viewers are selective or passive has generally drawn its findings from two non-overlapping research traditions. Research showing little audience selectivity in aggregite audiences may stem from how the aggregate is defined-an idea pursued here with an examination ofcollege student viewing. Results from a week of viewing show evidence of both structural and individual determination of selection. These results suggest additional qualifications on use of student samples for communication research.
Protection in simian immunodeficiency virus-vaccinated monkeys correlates with anti-HLA class I antibody response

Our earlier reports demonstrated that Cynomolgus macaques vaccinated with either inactivated partially purified simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV), fixed SIV-infected C8166 (a human T lymphoblastoid cell line) cells, or fixed uninfected C8166 cells can be protected against a challenge infection with the 32H isolate of SIVmac 251 (grown in C8166) (Stott, E. J., W. L. Chan, K. H. G. Mills, M. Page, F. Taffs, M. Cranage, P. Greenway, and P. Kitchin. 1990. Lancet. 336:1538; Stott, E. J., P. A. Kitchin, M. Page, B. Flanagan, L. F. Taffs, W. L. Chan, K. H. G. Mills, P. Silvera, and A. Rodgers. 1991. Nature [Lond.]. 353:393). Protection is correlated with the levels of antibody response to cellular antigens in the human cells from which the virus immunogen was grown. However, the mechanism of protection is unclear. We report here the analysis of sera from these protected monkeys and demonstrate that there is positive correlation of protection with antibody response to the HLA class I molecule.
Relative Contribution of Bystander and Targeted Cell Killing to the Low-Dose Region of the Radiation Dose–Response Curve

Abstract Seymour, C. B. and Mothersill, C. Relative Contribution of Bystander and Targeted Cell Killing to the Low-Dose Region of the Radiation Dose–Response Curve. Human keratinocytes show a bystander effect when exposed to low doses of low-LET radiation. In this paper, data are presented showing a method of correcting the overall survival curve to enable analysis of the relative contributions of the bystander effect and the effect attributable to direct interaction of the radiation with the target cell. The technique used is to obtain a standard clonogenic survival curve using the assay of Puck and Marcus and, with a different set of flasks containing cloning densities of unirradiated cells, to assay the cell killing caused by medium harvested from 2 × 105 cells irradiated with the same doses. The data show that for this human epithelial cell line, doses of 0.01–0.5 Gy show clonogenic death by the bystander effect only, if maximum potential bystander killing is assumed. The magnitude of the effect is relatively constant, and it appears to saturate at doses in the range of 0.03–0.05 Gy. After doses greater than 0.5 Gy, the curves for clonogenic death are the result of a dose-dependent non-bystander effect and a dose-independent bystander effect. If these particular dose–response effects occur in epithelial cells in vivo, they may have important consequences for therapy and studies of low-dose risk.
Teachers' decision-making power and school conflict

What difference does the amount of decision-making power exercised by teachers in schools make for how well schools function? This article reports on a study that used national data to examine the effects of two kinds of decision-making power that teachers wield in regard to core educational issues in high schools-the faculty's collective influence over school policy and the autonomy of individual teachers in the classroom-on the degree of conflict among teachers, students, and administrators. The results indicate that increases in both faculty influence and teachers' autonomy are significantly associated with decreases in school conflict, but that the strength of the relationship depends on the issues that are controlled. In particular, the results draw attention to the importance of teachers' power over activities concerned with the crucial, but often overlooked, sorting and socialization functions in schools,
Efficacy and Tolerability of the Fixed Combinations Latanoprost/Timolol versus Dorzolamide/Timolol in Patients with Elevated Intraocular Pressure: A Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials

Objective To evaluate the efficacy and tolerability of the fixed combination of Latanoprost/Timolol versus Dorzolamide/Timolol in the treatment of patients with elevated intraocular pressure (IOP). Methods A comprehensive literature meta-analysis was performed according to the Cochrane Collaboration methodology to identify randomized clinical trials comparing latanoprost/timolol FC (FCLT) with dorzolamide/timolol (FCDT) in patients with elevated IOP. The efficacy estimates were measured by the weight mean difference (WMD) for the IOP reduction (IOPR) from baseline to end point, including the diurnal mean IOPR, 8 AM IOPR, 12 PM IOPR, and 4 PM IOPR. The tolerability estimates were measured by RR for adverse events. All outcomes were reported with a 95% confidence interval (CI). The data were synthesized by Stata 12.0 SE for Windows. Results Eight studies involving 841 patients (841 eyes) were included in the meta-analysis. With a WMD of IOPR in the diurnal mean of 0.16 mmHg (95% CI, -0.31 to 0.63), the FCLT was as effective as FCDT in lowering IOP in patients with elevated IOP (P = 0.51). The WMDs of IOPR were 0.58 mmHg (95% CI: -0.002 to 1.17) at 8 AM, -0.07 mmHg (95% CI: -0.50 to 0.36) at 12 PM, and 0.41 mmHg (95% CI: -0.18 to 1.00) at 4 PM, and there were no signiﬁcant difference between FCLT and FCDT. FCLT was associated with a significantly lower incidence of eye pain, bitter taste, and irritation/stinging than FCDT, with pooled RRs of 0.34 (95% CI: 0.14 to 0.82), 0.06 (95% CI:0.008 to 0.42), and 0.35 (95% CI: 0.14 to 0.85), respectively. Conclusion FCLT was associated with equivalent efficacy in IOP lowering comparing with FCDT. However, FCLT was better tolerated than FCDT.
Using the Higher Order Singular Value Decomposition ( HOSVD ) for Video Denoising

We present an algorithm for denoising of videos corrupted by additive i.i. d. zero mean Gaussian noise with a fixed and known standard deviation. Our algorithm is patch-based. Given a patch from a frame in the video, the algorithm collects similar patches from the same and adjacent frames. All the patches in this group are denoised using a transform-based approach that involves hard thresholding of insignificant coefficients. In this paper, the transform chosen is the higher order singular value decomposition of the group of similar patches. This procedure is repeated across the entire video in sliding window fashion. We present results on a well-known database of eight video sequences. The results demonstrate the ability of our method to preserve fine textures. Moreover we demonstrate that our algorithm, which is entirely driven by patch-similarity, can produce mean-squared error results which are comparable to those produced by state of the art techniques such as [5], as also methods such as [11] that explicitly use motion estimation before denoising.
Media Studies and the Double Dialectic of Information

Abstract As noted elsewhere (Babe 2009, 161-73), information is inherently dialectical. Reflection upon the seminal work of physicist Carl Friedrich von Weizsäcker, however, reveals that information is doubly dialectical. The first part of this article explains and justifies this claim. The second part of the article catalogues various reductionist (non-dialectical) stances toward information, and draws out some of their implications. Confusions, and indeed grievous errors, result from such incompleteness. Finally, the communication theories of Harold Innis and Marshall McLuhan are reviewed briefly as exemplars in ways of forwarding information’s double dialectic.
The Emergence of Early Field Experiences.

Early field experiences encompass various situations ranging from passive observation of public school teaching to active participation in tutoring, grading papers, accompanying classes on trips, arranging children's art shows, participating in school science fairs and music festivals, and teaching in actual classrooms. Many persons believe that peer teaching, video-taping, modularization, simulations, and micro-teaching involve a degree of futility in attempting to duplicate actual teaching situations. One succinct definition of early-field experience is any situation where the preservice teacher has actual contact with pupils in a natural setting with a possibility of manipulating instructional variables. Ediger recommends experiences outside the public school setting; for example, with Boy Scouts, Girl Scouts, Cub Scouts and 4-H Clubs. Interaction with parents and other lay persons in the public school is important, he believes, as well as pupil contact. Students begin field experience by performing low-level jobs and working gradually into higher-level activities.
A review of levosimendan in the treatment of heart failure

Heart failure is a relatively important public health problem due to its increasing incidence, poor prognosis, and frequent need of re-hospitalization. Intravenous positive inotropic agents play an important role in treating acute decompensation of patients with heart failure due to left ventricular systolic dysfunction. Although frequently used, the inotropic agents β-adrenergic agonists and phosphodiesterase inhibitors seem effective for improving symptoms in the short term; it has been shown that they increase morbidity and mortality by elevating intracellular cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) and calcium levels. Levosimendan is a new positive inotropic agent having ATP-dependent potassium-channel-opening and calcium-sensitizing effects. In studies on its effects without increasing intracellular calcium concentrations and on its effects that depend on available intracellular calcium levels, it has been shown to have favorable characteristics different from those of current inotropic agents, which exert their effects by increasing calcium concentrations. This study aims to review other important studies about levosimendan by revealing the underlying mechanisms of its activity, efficiency, and safety.
Effect of thermal conductivity on tracking failure of Epoxy/BN composite under pulse strength

Epoxy (EX) is widely used as insulating materials in electric devices with its excellent insulating properties in spite of its weak ability of thermal conduction. One possible way to obtain high thermal conductivity for Epoxy is the use of an inorganic filling material. Tracking failure is a typical dielectric breakdown performance on polymer surface. Thermal conductivity is associated with the tracking failure performance. In this paper, it is attempted to clarify whether the addition of Boron Nitride (BN) particles can achieve the aim of improving resistance to tracking failure of Epoxy by the way of increasing its thermal conductivity. Prior to test, samples were prepared by dispersing BN particles into EX with shear force. Tracking failure tests were performed at room temperature. The thermal conductivity effects on the time to tracking failure, the discharge quantity of discharge current and the thermal photographs were discussed. Obtained results show that with increasing the concentration of BN particles, the maximum temperature and the discharge quantity decrease, but the time to tracking failure increases. The experimental results suggest that the concentration of BN particles plays a main role in the result of the tracking failure. The resistance to tracking is improved by the filler of BN particles, which is due to the improvement of thermal conductivity.
Prolonged Survival in Stage III Melanoma with Ipilimumab Adjuvant Therapy.

BACKGROUND On the basis of data from a phase 2 trial that compared the checkpoint inhibitor ipilimumab at doses of 0.3 mg, 3 mg, and 10 mg per kilogram of body weight in patients with advanced melanoma, this phase 3 trial evaluated ipilimumab at a dose of 10 mg per kilogram in patients who had undergone complete resection of stage III melanoma. METHODS After patients had undergone complete resection of stage III cutaneous melanoma, we randomly assigned them to receive ipilimumab at a dose of 10 mg per kilogram (475 patients) or placebo (476) every 3 weeks for four doses, then every 3 months for up to 3 years or until disease recurrence or an unacceptable level of toxic effects occurred. Recurrence-free survival was the primary end point. Secondary end points included overall survival, distant metastasis-free survival, and safety. RESULTS At a median follow-up of 5.3 years, the 5-year rate of recurrence-free survival was 40.8% in the ipilimumab group, as compared with 30.3% in the placebo group (hazard ratio for recurrence or death, 0.76; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.64 to 0.89; P<0.001). The rate of overall survival at 5 years was 65.4% in the ipilimumab group, as compared with 54.4% in the placebo group (hazard ratio for death, 0.72; 95.1% CI, 0.58 to 0.88; P=0.001). The rate of distant metastasis-free survival at 5 years was 48.3% in the ipilimumab group, as compared with 38.9% in the placebo group (hazard ratio for death or distant metastasis, 0.76; 95.8% CI, 0.64 to 0.92; P=0.002). Adverse events of grade 3 or 4 occurred in 54.1% of the patients in the ipilimumab group and in 26.2% of those in the placebo group. Immune-related adverse events of grade 3 or 4 occurred in 41.6% of the patients in the ipilimumab group and in 2.7% of those in the placebo group. In the ipilimumab group, 5 patients (1.1%) died owing to immune-related adverse events. CONCLUSIONS As adjuvant therapy for high-risk stage III melanoma, ipilimumab at a dose of 10 mg per kilogram resulted in significantly higher rates of recurrence-free survival, overall survival, and distant metastasis-free survival than placebo. There were more immune-related adverse events with ipilimumab than with placebo. (Funded by Bristol-Myers Squibb; ClinicalTrials.gov number, NCT00636168 , and EudraCT number, 2007-001974-10 .).
War and peace: negotiating meaning in Islam

This paper provides a framework for negotiating meaning in Islam on questions of war and peace. It begins by presenting some representative and contrasting understandings of Islam, particularly with regards to militant Islam, and then suggests some ways in which negotiations of meaning can take place in this context. It argues that the varied experiences of those who act in the name of Islam and justify their actions according to the life of Mohammed and devotion to Allah requires a new and radical interpretive framework, a framework that prioritises diversity and a decentralised ethic of understanding over homogenisation and hegemonisation and avoids post-colonial constructions of inevitable inferiority and weakness. Such a framework has the advantage of being more methodologically satisfying because it can better account for and deal with the diverse perspectives and complexities in the debate and better appreciate the political implications and undertones inherent in the practice of interpretation.
Self-Similarity of Graphs

An old problem raised independently by Jacobson and Schonheim seeks to determine the maximum $s$ for which every graph with $m$ edges contains a pair of edge-disjoint isomorphic subgraphs with $s$ edges. In this paper we determine this maximum up to a constant factor. We show that every $m$-edge graph contains a pair of edge-disjoint isomorphic subgraphs with at least $c (m\log m)^{2/3}$ edges for some absolute constant $c$, and find graphs where this estimate is off only by a multiplicative constant. Our results improve bounds of Erdos, Pach, and Pyber from 1987.
THE GENERALIZED HOMOLOGY OF PRODUCTS

Abstract. We construct a spectral sequence that computes the generalized homology E*(∏ Xα) of a product of spectra. The E2-term of this spectral sequence consists of the right derived functors of product in the category of E*E-comodules, and the spectral sequence always converges when E is the Johnson-Wilson theory E(n) and the Xα are Ln-local. We are able to prove some results about the E2-term of this spectral sequence; in particular, we show that the E(n)-homology of a product of E(n)-module spectra Xα is just the comodule product of the E(n)*Xα. This spectral sequence is relevant to the chromatic splitting conjecture.