Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
SemWiki: a RESTful distributed Wiki architecture

Current Wiki engines are mostly monolithic applications which intermingle parser, user interface and data management backend. In this paper we show how these three components can be realised as lightweight, REST-style web services. We explain why this separation is useful and how the wiki community benefits from such an approach. Additionally, the presented wiki allows semantic statements and queries over the model.
Robust Low-Rank Tensor Completion Based on Tensor Ring Rank via (cid:2) p,(cid:3) -Norm

—Tensor completion aims to recover missing entries given incomplete multi-dimensional data by making use of the prior low-rank information, and has various applications because many real-world data can be modeled as low-rank tensors. Most of the existing methods are designed for noiseless or Gaussian noise scenarios, and thus they are not robust to outliers. One popular approach to resist outliers is to employ (cid:2) p -norm. Yet nonsmoothness and nonconvexity of (cid:2) p -norm with 0 < p ≤ 1 bring challenges to optimization. In this paper, a new norm, named (cid:2) p,(cid:2) -norm, is devised where (cid:3) > 0 can adjust the convexity of (cid:2) p,(cid:2) -norm. Compared with (cid:2) p -norm, (cid:2) p,(cid:2) -norm is smooth and convex even for 0 < p ≤ 1 , which converts an intractable nonsmooth and nonconvex optimization problem into a much simpler convex and smooth one. Then, combining tensor ring rank and (cid:2) p,(cid:2) -norm, a robust tensor completion formulation is proposed, which achieves outstanding robustness. The resultant robust tensor completion problem is decomposed into a number of robust linear regression (RLR)subproblems,andtwoalgorithmsaredevisedtotackleRLR. Theﬁrstmethodadoptsgradientdescent,whichhasalowcom-putationalcomplexity.Whilethesecondoneemploysalternating directionmethodofmultiplierstoyieldafastconvergencerate.Numericalsimulationsshowthatthetwoproposedmethodshave betterperformancethanthosebasedonthe (cid:2) p -norm in RLR. Experimental results from applications of image inpainting, video restoration and target estimation demonstrate that our robust tensor completion approach outperforms state-of-the-art methods in terms of recovery accuracy.
The 4th February 1997 Bojnurd (Garmkhan) Earthquake in NE Iran: Field, Teleseismic, and Strong-Motion Evidence for Rupture Directivity Effects on a Strike-Slip Fault

The Bojnurd region of NE Iran experienced a Mw 6.4 earthquake on February 4, 1997. By combining results from teleseismic body-waveform analysis, field observations of structural damage, coseismic deformation, geomorphology, and analysis of the resulting strong ground-motions, we build a coherent picture of the faulting associated with this earthquake. The earthquake resulted from almost pure right-lateral strike-slip motion (0.5–1.0 m), which ruptured a ∼15 km long section of fault, striking ∼340° at its northern end, which changes to ∼320° at its southern end. This fault can be seen clearly on the geological map and satellite imagery. The village of Sheikh lies ∼10–15 km SE of the fault rupture, yet was severely damaged during the earthquake. Analysis of strong-motion records, recorded by the Building and Hazard Research Center of Iran, particularly their significant duration, the polarization of the fault-normal component, and the velocity pulse, indicates a probable directivity effect, in which the rupture propagated from north to south, towards the village of Sheikh.
The tensile strength of the lithosphere and the localization of extension

Summary Continents appear to rift in preference to oceans. Furthermore, some areas of continents appear to be more susceptible to rifting than others. Experimental rock mechanics data are used to estimate lithospheric strength for lithospheres of different structure, thereby to investigate the possible causes of rift localization. Using optimum creep parameters for silicic, mafic and ultramafic rocks, we find that lithospheric strength is inversely related to both crustal thickness and heat flow. By virtue of its thinner crust, oceanic lithosphere is inherently stronger than continental lithosphere. We find that oceanic lithosphere older than about 10 Ma should be able to withstand the lithospheric forces exerted on it by gravity sliding and plate interactions. Rifting or ridge-jumps are therefore only likely to occur in very young oceanic lithosphere. Low heat flow continental shields should also be able to withstand likely lithospheric forces without significant deformation. As the heat flow increases, however, the lithosphere is weakened dramatically. A smaller amount of weakening is associated with crustal thickening. Thus, unless rifting is localized by a strongly heterogeneous stress field, it will be by anomalously weak lithosphere. This lithosphere is likely to have anomalously high heat flow and/or crustal thickness prior to extension.
Microwave radiances from precipitating clouds containing aspherical ice, combined phase, and liquid hydrometeors

Microwave radiances have been computed as a function of rainfall rates from precipitating clouds containing ice, combined phase, and water hydrometeors. The ice at the top of the precipitating cloud depresses the brightness temperatures by reflecting radiances that emerge from the liquid hydrometeors at lower altitudes. Because the density of ice hydrometeors is related to the rainfall rate at the surface, the brightness temperatures are sensitive to large rainfall rates. The solution of the transfer equation considers the vertically inhomogeneous structure of the precipitation as well as the polarized emissivity of the underlying surface. The altitudes from which radiances derive their energy are presented for several rainfall profiles and frequencies. It is shown that the lower-frequency radiances are sensitive to liquid precipitation at low altitudes while the higher-frequency radiances are more sensitive to the ice hydrometeors at the cloud tops. The extinction coefficients of aspherical hydrometeors are presented as a function of rainfall rates. Measurements at 37.0-GHz microwave radiances from Nimbus 7 suggest that the vertically polarized radiances are 12±2°K warmer than the horizontally polarized radiances at high rainfall rates. This difference diminishes at lower frequencies. The present model reveals that such effects can be traced to aspherical ice hydrometeors in the upper regions of precipitating clouds.
Meridional Structure of the Seasonally Varying Mixed Layer Temperature Balance in the Eastern Tropical Pacific

Abstract The eastern tropical Pacific Ocean is important climatically because of its influence on the El Nino–Southern Oscillation (ENSO) cycle and the American monsoon. Accurate prediction of these phenomena requires a better understanding of the background climatological conditions on which seasonal-to-interannual time-scale anomalies develop in the region. This study addresses the processes responsible for the seasonal cycle of sea surface temperature (SST) in the eastern tropical Pacific using 3 yr (April 2000–March 2003) of moored buoy and satellite data between 8°S and 12°N along 95°W. Results indicate that at all latitudes, surface heat fluxes are important in the mixed layer temperature balance. At 8°S, in a region of relatively deep mean thermocline and mixed layer, local storage of heat crossing the air–sea interface accounts for much of the seasonal cycle in SST. In the equatorial cold tongue and the intertropical convergence zone, where mean upwelling leads to relatively thin mixed layers, ver.
Quantification of vertical water fluxes in the vadose zone using particle‐size distribution and pedology‐based approaches to model soil heterogeneities

One‐dimensional flow simulations were conducted at four locations of the shallow alluvial aquifer of the upper Rhine River (at the Erstein polder) to quantify the time‐dependent moisture distribution, the water flux and the water volume infiltrated in the unsaturated zone as a function of soil heterogeneities during a five‐day‐long flooding event. Three methods of estimating the hydraulic parameters of soil in the vadose zone were tested. They are based on the following: (1) experimental data, (2) soil particle‐size distribution and (3) pedology information on soils. Water fluxes calculated from modelling approaches 2 and 3 were compared with those of the experiment‐based values and the effect of these differences on the arrival time and velocity of water at the water table were analysed. Major differences in water fluxes were found among the methods of estimating the hydrodynamic parameters. At the Terrace location, the groundwater recharge predicted using soil data from methods 1 and 2 are approximately 4500 and 2400 mm, respectively. Flow simulations using soil data and the experiment‐based method show the highest velocities of infiltrating water at the soil surface and largest volume of groundwater infiltration but result in the lowest centres of the moisture content mass. The results obtained using soil data based on the pedological method are similar to those calculated using soil parameters based on the particle‐size distribution of extracted soil samples. Water pressure profiles calculated on Terrace and Channel location, 3 and 7 days after the inundation event agreed reasonably well with those observed when using hydrodynamic parameters from the experiment‐based method. However, the flow model using the pedology‐based parameters largely underestimates the time needed to achieve hydrostatic conditions of the soil water profile once water flooding at the soil surface stops. This can be mainly attributed to the low values of estimated van Genuchten parameter α. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Dry and wet deposition of inorganic nitrogen compounds to a tropical pasture site ( Rondônia , Brazil )

Dry and wet deposition of inorganic nitrogen compounds to a tropical pasture site (Rondônia, Brazil) I. Trebs, L. L. Lara, L. M. M. Zeri, L. V. Gatti, P. Artaxo, R. Dlugi, J. Slanina, M. O. Andreae, and F. X. Meixner Max Planck Institute for Chemistry, Biogeochemistry Department, Mainz, Germany Centro de Energia Nuclear na Agricultura (CENA), Laboratorio de Ecologia Isotópica, Universidade de São Paulo, Piracicaba, São Paulo, SP, Brazil Max Planck Institute for Biogeochemistry, Jena, Germany Instituto de Pesquisas Energéticas e Nucleares, CQMA, Atmospheric Chemistry Laboratory, Cidade Universitaria, São Paulo, SP, Brazil Instituto de Fı́sica, Universidade de São Paulo (USP), São Paulo, SP, Brazil Working Group Atmospheric Processes (WAP), Munich, Germany University of Wageningen, Department of Environmental Sciences, Wageningen, AP, The Netherlands
Evaluating Swiftpoint as a Mobile Device for Direct Manipulation Input

This paper presents a promising new computer pointing device, called Swiftpoint, that is designed primarily for mobile computer (for example, laptop) users in constrained space. Swiftpoint has many advantages over current pointing devices: it is small, ergonomic, has a digital ink mode, and can be used over a flat keyboard. We present the results of a formal evaluation conducted to compare Swiftpoint to two of the most common pointing devices with today's mobile computers: the mouse, and touchpad. Two laws commonly used in evaluating pointing devices, Fitts' Law and the Steering Law, were used to evaluate Swift-point. Results showed that Swiftpoint was faster and more accurate than the touchpad. The performance of the mouse was however, superior to both the touchpad and Swiftpoint.
Reply to comment by S. A. Shapiro on “Role of seepage forces on seismicity triggering”

ismore appropriate, because a linear diffusion is a dominanttriggering-front mechanism [Shapiro, 2012]. In this reply Idemonstrate that as long as Coulomb stress transfer is thevalid triggering mechanism [King et al., 1994; Stein, 1999;Freed, 2005; Steacy et al., 2005] and diffusion is linearin heterogeneous rock [Shapiro, 2012], then the seismicitytriggering front should be scaled as t
Peatland initiation and carbon dynamics in northeast China: links to Holocene climate variability

Throughout northeast China, the widely distributed peatlands have formed a large carbon (C) pool. However, the relationship between peatland initiation and climate controls is still poorly documented and understood. Understanding the responses of these C‐rich ecosystems to past climate change will provide useful insights into projecting the fate of peatland C in the future. In this study, we present a detailed historical reconstruction of peatland development in northeast China based on 312 basal peat dates, and examine the relationship between Holocene peatland dynamics and climate sensitivity. Our results indicate that peatland initiation started in the early Holocene, and that the majority of peatlands were initiated by and developed during the late Holocene. After the most intensive initiation period of 4.2–0.8 ka, the rate of peatland development slowed, which was concomitant with decreasing insolation and monsoon intensity. The widespread peatland initiation in the late Holocene might have been caused by the cool and moist climate patterns. The optimum timing of the peatland development was not uniform across northeast China, and these spatio‐temporal differences indicate the influences of regional climate and terrain on peatland initiation. Peat‐core data show variations in the long‐term apparent rate of C accumulation (LORCA) during the Holocene, with an average rate of 37.2 g C m−2 a−1. The peak LORCA occurred during 10.5–9.0 ka, probably in response to higher temperatures and stronger East Asia summer monsoon intensities. Both temperature and humidity are important factors influencing the peatland initiation and C dynamics in this region.
Modeling OH, HO2, and RO2 radicals in the marine boundary layer: 2. Mechanism reduction and uncertainty analysis

An observationally constrained box model has been constructed to investigate radical chemistry at the Mace Head Atmospheric Observatory, a remote marine location on the west coast of Ireland. The primary aim of the model has been to model concentrations of the hydroxyl (OH), hydroperoxy (HO2), and the sum of peroxy ∑([HO2]+[RO2]) radicals measured by in situ instruments at this location. The model used in these studies consists of about 1670 reactions and 500 species, and model predictions of radical concentrations have been evaluated against field data. In order to further understand the chemistry, the model has been reduced using sensitivity analysis on both a clean and a semipolluted day. For reduced mechanisms that predict the concentrations of OH and HO2 to within 5% of the full mechanism, the semipolluted day can be represented using 279 species and 986 reactions, and the clean day using 249 species and 894 reactions. A further reduction has been applied whereby the reduced mechanisms predict concentrations of OH and HO2 to within 20% of the full mechanism for the daytime hours. In this way, the OH and HO2 concentrations on the semipolluted day can be represented by 42 species and 64 reactions, and the clean day by 17 species and 25 reactions. We show that these reduced mechanisms are generally applicable for this location under broadly similar conditions. Simple steady state expressions have also been derived to represent the chemistry at this location, allowing the concentrations of OH and HO2 to be deduced analytically. The expressions are based on the reduced mechanisms and on a further analysis of the reaction rates. Finally, an uncertainty analysis has been carried out to quantify the effects of propagation of uncertainties in the rate parameters and constrained concentrations through to the calculated radical concentrations in the model. For model concentrations of OH, HO2 and ∑([HO2]+[RO2]) radicals, the 2σ uncertainties are 31, 21, and 25%, respectively for clean air, and 42, 25, and 27% for semipolluted air.
Effects of historical land use on sediment yield from a lacustrine watershed in central Chile

Sediment yield in the San Pedro Lake watershed, inferred from sedimentation in the lake, can be related to land use changes shown on aerial photographs taken during the period 1943–1994. In this watershed, which covers 4·5 km2 of mountainous terrain in San Pedro County, central Chile, the area of native forest species decreased from 70 per cent in 1943 to 13 per cent in 1994. During this same period, the area of pine plantations increased from 4 to 46 per cent. To study effects of these changes, we took a core from the centre of the lake and estimated sedimentation rates by 210Pb dating, which we checked with 137Cs and pine pollen. The results show that sedimentation rate ranged from 5 mg cm−2 a−1 in the late 1800s to 60 mg cm−2 a−1 in the late 1960s. These rates, together with assumptions about the production and delivery of the sediment, give corresponding figures for sediment yields with maximum values close to 1 t ha−1 a−1. Sediment yield between 1955 and 1994 closely tracks the total land use change that can be detected, irrespective of land use type, on sets of aerial photographs taken four to 18 years apart. However, this measure of land use change, while convenient and successful as a predictor of historical erosion, may be unreliable because it probably excludes many changes that occurred in long intervals between successive photographs. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The Influence of Tropical Deforestation on the Northern Hemisphere Climate by Atmospheric Teleconnections

Abstract Numerous studies have identified the regional-scale climate response to tropical deforestation through changes to water, energy, and momentum fluxes between the land surface and the atmosphere. There has been little research, however, on the role of tropical deforestation on the global climate. Previous studies have focused on the climate response in the extratropics with little analysis of the mechanisms responsible for propagating the signal out of the tropics. A climate modeling study is presented of the physical processes that are important in transmitting a deforestation signal out of the tropics to the Northern Hemisphere extratropics in boreal winter. Using the Community Climate System Model, version 3 Integrated Biosphere Simulator (CCM3–IBIS) climate model and by imposing an exaggerated land surface forcing of complete tropical forest removal, the thermodynamic and dynamical atmospheric response is evaluated regionally within the tropics, globally as the climate signal propagates to the .
Approaches for reducing uncertainties in regional forest carbon balance

Accurate estimation of regional terrestrial ecosystem carbon (C) balance is critical in formulating national and global adaptation and mitigation strategies in response to global changes. Since the regional C balance cannot be measured directly, it has been estimated using various models. In such studies, errors often exceeded the magnitude of the estimated C balance due to two types of uncertainties: noninclusion of some important factors in the C cycle and the fact that the C balance is a small difference between several large fluxes that can each be determined with only a limited accuracy. In this study, we propose new approaches to reduce these uncertainties and implement them in an Integrated Terrestrial Ecosystem C‐budget model (InTEC). To minimize the first type of uncertainties, InTEC considers all the major factors presently known to affect C balance (including climate, atmospheric CO2 concentration, N deposition, and disturbances). To reduce the second type of uncertainties, InTEC estimates the C balance from historical changes in these factors, relative to the preindustrial period. InTEC is built on the basis of widely tested Century C cycling model, Farquhar's leaf photosynthesis model, and age‐NPP relationships, and is constrained by N cycling. As a general regional‐scale terrestrial ecosystem C budget model, InTEC has so far been applied to Canada's forests [Chen et al., this issue]. The sensitivity analysis showed that these two new approaches reduce the uncertainty in the C balance of Canada's forests substantially.
From experimental plots to experimental landscapes: topography, erosion and deposition in sub‐humid badlands from Structure‐from‐Motion photogrammetry

In the last decade advances in surveying technology have opened up the possibility of representing topography and monitoring surface changes over experimental plots (<10 m2) in high resolution (~103 points m‐1). Yet the representativeness of these small plots is limited. With ‘Structure‐from‐Motion’ (SfM) and ‘Multi‐View Stereo’ (MVS) techniques now becoming part of the geomorphologist's toolkit, there is potential to expand further the scale at which we characterise topography and monitor geomorphic change morphometrically. Moving beyond previous plot‐scale work using Terrestrial Laser Scanning (TLS) surveys, this paper validates robustly a number of SfM‐MVS surveys against total station and extensive TLS data at three nested scales: plots (<30 m2) within a small catchment (4710 m2) within an eroding marl badland landscape (~1 km2). SfM surveys from a number of platforms are evaluated based on: (i) topography; (ii) sub‐grid roughness; and (iii) change‐detection capabilities at an annual scale. Oblique ground‐based images can provide a high‐quality surface equivalent to TLS at the plot scale, but become unreliable over larger areas of complex terrain. Degradation of surface quality with range is observed clearly for SfM models derived from aerial imagery. Recently modelled ‘doming’ effects from the use of vertical imagery are proven empirically as a piloted gyrocopter survey at 50m altitude with convergent off‐nadir imagery provided higher quality data than an Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV) flying at the same height and collecting vertical imagery. For soil erosion monitoring, SfM can provide data comparable with TLS only from small survey ranges (~5 m) and is best limited to survey ranges ~10–20 m. Synthesis of these results with existing validation studies shows a clear degradation of root‐mean squared error (RMSE) with survey range, with a median ratio between RMSE and survey range of 1:639, and highlights the effect of the validation method (e.g. point‐cloud or raster‐based) on the estimated quality. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
On the Dark Target Approach to Atmospheric Correction of Remotely Sensed Data

RESUMELe present article donne un apercu de la methode de correction atmospherique fondee sur des cibles sombres pour l'estimation de l'epaisseur optique des aerosols. Cette methode fait intervenir des calculs relativement nombreux sur les parametres atmospheriques, contrairement a la methode plus repandue de correction atmospherique qui procede par soustraction des cibles sombres et qui par nature est plus approximative et ne requiert pas de renseignements supplementaires sur les conditions atmospheriques. Les elements descriptifs d'un algorithme utilisant des cibles sombres applicable aux donnees obtenues a partir du capteur thematique de Landsat sont presentes en fonction de trois operations principales liees au flux de donnees: extraction de la valeur numerique des cibles sombres, conversion en valeurs de reflectance et determination de l'epaisseur optique des aerosols. Les incertitudes cles entourant cette methode resident dans les valeurs de reflectance supposees de la surface des cibles sombres dan.
A Speaker Adaptation Technique for MRHSMM-Based Style Control of Synthetic Speech

This paper describes a speaker adaptation technique for style control based on multiple regression hidden semi-Markov model (MRHSMM), In the MRHSMM-based style control technique, when available training data is very small, the resultant model would produce unnatural sounding speech. To overcome this problem, we propose a model adaptation technique for MRHSMM, which is similar to the MLLR adaptation technique used in speech recognition and speech synthesis. We formulate the model adaptation problem for MRHSMM based on a linear transformation framework and derive re-estimation formulas for transformation matrices in ML sense. We also describe the results of subjective evaluation tests.