Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Scaling behavior of three-dimensional dendrites

The scaling behavior of geometry parameters in three-dimensional dendritic growth is investigated through a detailed measurement of the morphology of pure succinonitrile dendrites grown on the first microgravity flight of the isothermal dendritic growth experiment @M. E. Glicksman, M. B. Koss, and E. A. Winsa, Phys. Rev. Lett. 73, 573 ~1993! #. Measurements are performed of the integral parameters of a sidebranching dendrite, such as the envelope shape, projection area, contour length, volume, surface area, and solid volume fraction. The evidence presented here reveals that unique scaling relations exist between these geometry parameters and the primary tip radius or speed in steady growth. These relations are valid far away from the tip, up to a normalized distance equal to about the inverse of the tip Péclet number. For the secondary arm envelope on the sidebranch plane, a self-similar scaling behavior given by X tip /R50.668(Z/R) 0.859 is found, where X tip is the envelope width ~or the secondary dendrite tip position! , Z is the distance away from the primary tip, and R is the primary tip radius. The normalized projection area F/R and the normalized contour length U/R demonstrate an identical time dependence after some initial transient, which indicates that the interfacial length concentration U/F is time independent and inversely proportional to the tip radius R . The volume V and the surface area A of a dendrite can also be scaled to the primary tip radius R . It is noted that the interfacial area concentration A/V has a similar behavior and the same order value as U/F . The experimental results are compared to analytical predictions @E. Brener and D. Temkin, Phys. Rev. E 51, 351 ~1995! # and generally found to be in good agreement. Finally, the internal solid volume fractions for various envelopes are deduced from the volume measurements and found to be in good agreement with a simple heat transfer model. @S1063-651X~98! 03403-5#
Early transcriptional profiles in huntingtin-inducible striatal cells by microarray analyses.

Gene expression studies conducted with mouse models of Huntington’s disease (HD) have revealed profound modifications in gene transcription. However, the complexity of in vivo tissue hampers definition of very early transcriptional modifications and does not allow discrimination between cell-autonomous changes and those resulting from intercellular activity processes. To identify early, cell-autonomous transcriptional changes, we compared gene expression profiles of clonal striata-derived cells expressing different N-terminal 548-amino-acid huntingtin fragments (with 26, 67, 105 or 118 glutamines) under the control of a doxycycline-regulated promoter. In these cells, mutant huntingtin did not form aggregates or cause cell death; therefore, the gene expression profiles report transcriptional changes reflecting early pathogenic events. We found that genes involved in cell signaling, transcription, lipid metabolism and vesicle trafficking were affected, in some cases, within 12 hours of mutant protein induction. Interestingly, this study revealed differential expression of a number of genes involved in cholesterol and fatty acid metabolism, suggesting that these metabolic pathways may play a role in HD pathogenesis.
Performance Analysis of Coherent Free-Space Optical Systems With Multiple Receivers

In this letter, we investigate the performance of a coherent free-space optical (FSO) communication system with multiple receive apertures over atmospheric turbulence fading channels. In particular, we derive the average error probability and the ergodic capacity of the coherent FSO system with multiple receive apertures in series representations. To mitigate the atmospheric turbulence-induced amplitude fluctuations and phase aberrations, we use, at the receive apertures, the modal compensation technique. Numerical results confirm the derived average error probability and ergodic capacity expressions.
Development of ASURA I: Harvestman-like hexapod walking robot — Approach for long-legged robot and leg mechanism design

In this paper, a harvestman-like hexapod walking robot named ASURA I is proposed and its leg mechanism design is discussed. Modeled on a harvestman in nature, the authors have introduced the concept of mobile form that has long legs and small body to ASURA I to enhance mobile performance on rough terrain. To develop long legs relative to body, special parallel link mechanism to drive leg joints powerfully and effectively is introduced to leg mechanism of ASURA I. First, we discuss design problems of leg mechanism in detail: leg length, DOF configuration, actuator selection and leg driving system. Then, analysis of kinematics, singularity and static characteristic of leg mechanism are reported. Finally, the prototype leg, which is 1.3 m in length and 3.2 kg in weight, has been developed and tested on some basic performance. The prototype successfully have demonstrated very basic motion.
Are Children’s Backpack Weight Limits Enough?: A Critical Review of the Relevant Literature

Study Design. Literature review. Objective. To examine the epidemiologic, physiologic, and biomechanical literature that has contributed to the suggested weight limit of 10 to 15% body weight for children’s backpacks. Summary of Background Data. The majority of children use a backpack to transport their belongings to and from school on a daily basis; however, controversy exists over the safety of backpack use and backpack loads. Methods. A thorough review of the literature was completed to examine the appropriateness of the suggested weight limits and to determine future areas of research needed to increase the safety of children’s backpacks. Results. Epidemiologic, physiologic, and biomechanical data support the suggested weight limit of 10% to 15% body weight. Conclusions. Based on the current literature, the value of 10% to 15% body weight is a justified weight limit; however, further research is required to determine the association between backpack use and injury and how the factors of load, backpack design, and personal characteristics, such as physical fitness, interact and influence the adaptations required when carrying a backpack.
Precipitation of Radiation Belt Electrons by EMIC Waves With Conjugated Observations of NOAA and Van Allen Satellites

In this letter, we present unique conjugated satellite observations of MeV relativistic electron precipitation caused by electromagnetic ion cyclotron (EMIC) waves. On the outer boundary of the plasmasphere, the Van Allen probe observed EMIC waves. At ionospheric altitudes, the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) 16 satellite at the footprint of Van Allen probe simultaneously detected obvious flux enhancements for precipitating >MeV radiation belt electrons but not for precipitating MeV radiation belt electrons. Our result provides a direct magnetic conjugated observational link between in situ inner magnetospheric EMIC waves and precipitation of MeV relativistic electrons at ionospheric altitudes so as to reveal that EMIC waves can solely scatter MeV radiation belt electrons into the loss cone so as to precipitate into the atmosphere.
TIMBER: Time borrowing and error relaying for online timing error resilience

Increasing dynamic variability with technology scaling has made it essential to incorporate large design-time timing margins to ensure yield and reliable operation. Online techniques for timing error resilience help recover timing margins, improving performance and/or power consumption. This paper presents TIMBER, a technique for online timing error resilience that masks timing errors by borrowing time from successive pipeline stages. TIMBER-based error masking can recover timing margins without instruction replay or roll-back support. Two sequential circuit elements—TIMBER flip-flop and TIMBER latch—that implement error masking based on time-borrowing are described. Both circuit elements are validated using corner-case circuit simulations, and the overhead and trade-offs of TIMBER-based error masking are evaluated on an industrial processor.
Changing Allocations of Operating Room Time From a System Based on Historical Utilization to One Where the Aim is to Schedule as Many Surgical Cases as Possible

Many facilities allocate operating room (OR) time based on historical utilization of OR time. This assumes that there is a fixed amount of regularly scheduled OR time, called “block time”. This “Fixed Hours” system does not apply to many surgical suites in the US. Most facilities make OR time available for all its surgeons’ patients, even if cases are expected to finish after the end of block time. In this setting, OR time should be allocated to maximize OR efficiency, not historical utilization. Then, cases are scheduled either on “Any Workday” (i.e., date chosen by patient and surgeon) or within a reasonable time (e.g., “Four Weeks”). In this study, we used anesthesia billing data from two facilities to study statistical challenges in converting from a Fixed Hours to an Any Workday or Four Weeks patient scheduling system. We report relationships among the number of staffed ORs (i.e., first case of the day starts), length of the regularly scheduled OR workday, OR efficiency, OR staffing cost, and changes in services’ OR allocations. These relationships determine the expected changes in each service’s OR allocation, when a facility using Fixed Hours considers converting to the Any Workday or Four Weeks systems.
A partition function algorithm for nucleic acid secondary structure including pseudoknots

Nucleic acid secondary structure models usually exclude pseudoknots due to the difficulty of treating these nonnested structures efficiently in structure prediction and partition function algorithms. Here, the standard secondary structure energy model is extended to include the most physically relevant pseudoknots. We describe an O(N5) dynamic programming algorithm, where N is the length of the strand, for computing the partition function and minimum energy structure over this class of secondary structures. Hence, it is possible to determine the probability of sampling the lowest energy structure, or any other structure of particular interest. This capability motivates the use of the partition function for the design of DNA or RNA molecules for bioengineering applications. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Comput Chem 24: 1664–1677, 2003
Expression of the CD 34 Gene in Vascular Endothelial Cells

All seven of a set of CD34 monoclonal antibodies that recognize epitopes on an 1110 Kd glycoprotein on human hemopoietic progenitor cells also bind to vascular endothelium. Capillaries of most tissues are CD34 positive, as are umbilical artery and, t o a lesser extent, vein, but the endothelium of most large vessels and the endothelium of placental sinuses are not. Angioblastoma cells and parafollicular mesenchymal cells in fetal skin are also CD34 positive, as are some stromal elements. An ~ 1 1 0 Kd protein can be identified by Western blot analysis with CD34 antibodies in detergent extracts of freshly isolated umbilical vessel endothelial cells, and CD34 mRNA is present in cultured umbilical vein cells as well as other tissues rich in vascular endothelium (breast, placenta). These data indicate that the binding of CD34 antibodies to vascular endothelium is to the CD34 gene product, and not
Antipsychotic medication in schizophrenia: a review.

INTRODUCTION Antipsychotic medications are mainstays in the treatment of schizophrenia and a range of other psychotic disorders. SOURCES OF DATA Recent meta-analyses of antipsychotic efficacy and tolerability have been included in this review, along with key papers on antipsychotic use in schizophrenia and other psychotic illnesses. AREAS OF AGREEMENT The heterogeneity in terms of individuals' response to antipsychotic treatment and the current inability to predict response leads to a trial-and-error strategy with treatment choice. Clozapine is the only effective medication for treatment-resistant schizophrenia. AREAS OF CONTROVERSY There are a significant number of side effects associated with antipsychotic use. With a reduction in the frequency of extrapyramidal side effects with the use of second-generation antipsychotics, there has been a significant shift in the side effect burden, with an increase in the risk of cardiometabolic dysfunction. GROWING POINTS There exist small and robust efficacy differences between medications (other than clozapine), and response and tolerability to each antipsychotic drug vary, with there being no first-line antipsychotic drug that is suitable for all patients. AREAS TIMELY FOR DEVELOPING RESEARCH A focus on the different symptom domains of schizophrenia may lead to endophenotypic markers being identified, e.g. for negative symptoms and cognitive deficits (as well as for positive symptoms) that can promote the development of novel therapeutics, which will rationally target cellular and molecular targets, rather than just the dopamine 2 receptor. Future developments will target additional processes, including glutamatergic, cholinergic and cannabinoid receptor targets and will utilize personalized medicine techniques, such as pharmacogenetic variants and biomarkers allowing for a tailored and safer use of antipsychotics.
Developing an instrument to assess the impact of attitude and social norms on user selection of an interface design: a repertory grid approach

This paper presents a questionnaire instrument to evaluate designs of a mobile phone and a multimedia player. The study adopted a bottom up approach by interviewing 20 participants using Kelly's Repertory Grid Technique. This resulted in two sets of 200 personal constructs participants considered relevant when evaluating a set of 15 designs for each device. Two initial questionnaire instruments were developed and their validity was examined in a survey among 156 university students. In the interview, data was also collected about participants' attitude, social norm and their intention to select a design. This data was used to develop two statistical models. These models suggest that beliefs about the preference of participants social reference group, such as peers, had a small, but significant impact on the users' selection on the more publicly noticeable mobile phone, but failed to have a significant impact on the selection of designs for the more private multimedia player.
An automatic emotion recognizer using MFCCs and Hidden Markov Models

In this paper, the proficiency of continuous Hidden Markov Models to recognize emotions from speech signals has been investigated. Unlike the existing work which considers prosodic features for automatic emotion recognition, this work proposes the effectiveness of the phonetic features of speech particularly, Mel-Frequency Cepstral Coefficients which improves the accuracy with reduced feature set. The continuous speech emotional utterances used in this work have been taken from the SAVEE emotional corpus. The Hidden Markov Model Toolkit (HTK) version 3.4. 1 was utilized for extraction of the acoustic features as well as generation of the models. Optimizing the acoustic and pre-processing parameters along with the number of states and transition probabilities of the Markov Models, the trials give us an average accuracy of 78% and highest accuracy of 91.25% for four emotions sadness, surprise, fear and disgust.
TESLA: A Transparent, Extensible Session-Layer Architecture for End-to-end Network Services

Session-layer services for enhancing functionality and improving network performance are gaining in importance in the Internet. Examples of such services include connection multiplexing, congestion state sharing, application-level routing, mobility/migration support, and encryption. This paper describes TESLA, a transparent and extensible framework allowing session-layer services to be developed using a high-level flow-based abstraction. TESLA services can be deployed transparently using dynamic library interposition and can be composed by chaining event handlers in a graph structure. We show how TESLA can be used to implement several session-layer services including encryption, SOCKS, application-controlled routing, flow migration, and traffic rate shaping, all with acceptably low performance degradation.
Referring Expression Generation through Attribute-Based Heuristics

In this paper, we explore a corpus of human-produced referring expressions to see to what extent we can learn the referential behaviour the corpus represents. Despite a wide variation in the way subjects refer across a set of ten stimuli, we demonstrate that component elements of the referring expression generation process appear to generalise across participants to a significant degree. This leads us to propose an alternative way of thinking of referring expression generation, where each attribute in a description is provided by a separate heuristic.
Effects of Chronic Endothelin ETA Receptor Blockade on Blood Pressure and Vascular Formation of Cyclic Guanosine-3’,5’-monophosphate in Spontaneously Hypertensive Rats

Summary Endothelin (ET) mediates vasoconstriction in intact arterial blood vessels with functional endothelium via stimulation of ETA receptors, while ETB receptor stimulation leads to vasodilation via nitric oxide (NO) release and formation of cyclic guanosine-3’,5’-monophosphate (cGMP). In spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR) the cGMP-forming NO-receptor guanylyl cyclase (sGC) is downregul-ated. It is unclear whether ET contributes to the hypertensive phenotype of SHR, and whether this involves the disturbed cGMP signaling. The selective ETA receptor antagonist darusentan (CAS 171714-84-4), given orally via drinking water (10 mg kg−1 d−1) for 12 weeks, significantly lowered systolic blood pressure of SHR as determined by radiotelemetry. Neither impaired endothelium-dependent relaxation to acetylcholine was restored nor sGC expression and activity affected when compared to control SHR. While these findings show a role for ETA receptors in blood pressure regulation in genetically elevated blood pressure, downregulation of sGC expression and cGMP-mediated vasorelaxant response in SHR were shown to be independent of ETA receptors. The findings suggest distinct mechanisms of gene expression affecting ET and cGMP mediated vasomotor functions.
Overthrowing the Tyranny of Alphabetical Ordering in Documentation Systems

Software developers are often unsure of the exact name of the API method they need to use to invoke the desired behavior. Most state-of-the-art documentation browsers present API artefacts in alphabetical order. Albeit easy to implement, alphabetical order does not help much: if the developer knew the name of the required method, he could have just searched for it in the first place. In a context where multiple projects use the same API, and their source code is available, we can improve the API presentation by organizing the elements in the order in which they are more likely to be used by the developer. Usage frequency data for methods is gathered by analyzing other projects from the same ecosystem and this data is used then to improve tools. We present a preliminary study on the potential of this approach to improve the API presentation by reducing the time it takes to find the method that implements a given feature. We also briefly present our experience with two proof-of-concept tools implemented for Smalltalk and Java.
An Inexpensive, Accurate, and Precise Wet-Mount Method for Enumerating Aquatic Viruses

ABSTRACT Viruses affect biogeochemical cycling, microbial mortality, gene flow, and metabolic functions in diverse environments through infection and lysis of microorganisms. Fundamental to quantitatively investigating these roles is the determination of viral abundance in both field and laboratory samples. One current, widely used method to accomplish this with aquatic samples is the “filter mount” method, in which samples are filtered onto costly 0.02-μm-pore-size ceramic filters for enumeration of viruses by epifluorescence microscopy. Here we describe a cost-effective (ca. 500-fold-lower materials cost) alternative virus enumeration method in which fluorescently stained samples are wet mounted directly onto slides, after optional chemical flocculation of viruses in samples with viral concentrations of <5 × 107 viruses ml−1. The concentration of viruses in the sample is then determined from the ratio of viruses to a known concentration of added microsphere beads via epifluorescence microscopy. Virus concentrations obtained by using this wet-mount method, with and without chemical flocculation, were significantly correlated with, and had precision equivalent to, those obtained by the filter mount method across concentrations ranging from 2.17 × 106 to 1.37 × 108 viruses ml−1 when tested by using cultivated viral isolates and natural samples from marine and freshwater environments. In summary, the wet-mount method is significantly less expensive than the filter mount method and is appropriate for rapid, precise, and accurate enumeration of aquatic viruses over a wide range of viral concentrations (≥1 × 106 viruses ml−1) encountered in field and laboratory samples.
Real estate ads in Emei music frog vocalizations: female preference for calls emanating from burrows

During female mate choice, both the male's phenotype and resources (e.g. his nest) contribute to the chooser's fitness. Animals other than humans are not known to advertise resource characteristics to potential mates through vocal communication; although in some species of anurans and birds, females do evaluate male qualities through vocal communication. Here, we demonstrate that calls of the male Emei music frog (Babina dauchina), vocalizing from male-built nests, reflect nest structure information that can be recognized by females. Inside-nest calls consisted of notes with energy concentrated at lower frequency ranges and longer note durations when compared with outside-nest calls. Centre frequencies and note durations of the inside calls positively correlate with the area of the burrow entrance and the depth of the burrow, respectively. When given a choice between outside and inside calls played back alternately, more than 70 per cent of the females (33/47) chose inside calls. These results demonstrate that males of this species faithfully advertise whether or not they possess a nest to potential mates by vocal communication, which probably facilitates optimal mate selection by females. These results revealed a novel function of advertisement calls, which is consistent with the wide variation in both call complexity and social behaviour within amphibians.