Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Program generalization for software reuse: from C to C++

We consider the problem of software generalization: Given a program component C, create a parameterized program component C&prime; such that C&prime; is usable in a wider variety of syntactic contexts than C. Furthermore, C&prime; should be a semantically meaningful generalization of C; namely, there must exist an instantiation of C&prime; that is equivalent in functionality to C.In this paper, we present an algorithm that generalizes C functions via type inference. The original functions operate on specific data types; the result of generalization is a collection of C++ function templates that operate on parameterized types. This version of the generalization problem is useful in the context of converting existing C programs to C++.
The Radiological Image of the Spread Gastric Cancer to the Nervous System in Patient with Presence of HER-2 Overexpression

Metastases to the brain and spinal cord meninges concern 4-15% of patients with solid tumors. The most frequently occur intracranial in the course of hematological malignancies, lung and breast cancers and predict poor prognosis. Leptomeningeal metastases (LM) are usually a late complication of malignancy occurring from six months to three years after diagnosis of primary tumor. The median survival time of patients with dissemination into meninges is approximately two months; that period is the longest in the patients with breast cancer (79 days).
Interplay of mitochondrial biogenesis and oxidative stress in heart failure.

The dawn of mitochondrially powered cells began 1 to 2 billion years ago when an amitochondriate host subsumed α-proteobacterium, a hydrogen-producing symbiont.1 Equipped to oxidize nutrients, eukaryotic cells acquired a boost to cellular energy, enabling the emergence of multicellular mammals, sustained by a nearly inexhaustible muscular pump: the heart. Article see p 1957 In this issue of Circulation , Ahuja et al2 examine the interplay of mitochondria biogenesis and oxidative stress in human cardiomyopathy. They reveal that disparate changes in mitochondrial biogenesis and mitochondrial oxidative stress distinguish between ICM and DCM. Using a complement of ultrastructural, biochemical, and genetic analyses, Ahuja et al convincingly show that mitochondrial content is increased in dilated cardiomyopathic (DCM) hearts (n=8) but not ischemic cardiomyopathic (ICM) hearts (n=8). Regardless of the type of heart failure, oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS) was severely impaired, a finding universally reported by others. Given that mitochondrial content was increased ≈2-fold in DCM hearts, these data may imply better maintenance of total cellular OXPHOS in DCM hearts compared with ICM hearts. Because mitochondrial mass is influenced by proliferation (mitochondrial biogenesis) and clearance (mitophagy), the authors investigated the mechanistic basis for increased mitochondrial content in DCM hearts. Notably, PGC-1α (PPARGC1α ), a potent regulator of mitochondrial biogenesis,3 and several target genes of PGC-1α were induced at the level of mRNA and protein in DCM hearts but not in ICM hearts. These genetic data replicate a previously reported study.4 Even so, this topic is not immune to controversy or the Proteus phenomenon; findings by others oppugn the conclusions of Ahuja et al. Using a mixed cohort, 1 study showed that PGC-1α, which promotes mitochondrial biogenesis, was reduced in both ICM and DCM hearts.5 Induction of adenine nucleotide translocator ( SLC25A4 ), a gene with an induction that signifies mitochondrial biogenesis, was reported …
[Serum ALT and HBV DNA levels in patients with HBeAg-negative chronic hepatitis B].

BACKGROUND/AIMS HBeAg-negative chronic hepatitis B (CHB) has a poor long-term prognosis. Since no precise clinically relevant HBV thresholds are known in HBeAg-negative CHB, the decision to treat is difficult. The aim of this study was to evaluate the levels of serum HBV DNA and transaminase and to investigate the correlation of these values in patients with HBeAg-negative CHB. METHODS The study analyzed the sera from 82 patients with HBeAg-negative CHB, 61 men and 21 women. The mean age was 45 years. The patients were divided into two groups according to serum ALT levels: the patients with lower ALT level (n=52, UNL < ALT < 2 X UNL) and higher level (n=30, ALT >/= 2 X UNL). The level of serum HBV DNA was determined by the Cobas Amplicor HBV Monitor(TM) (Roche). RESULTS The median serum HBV DNA level was 2.7 X 10(5) copies/mL in patients with HBeAg-negative CHB. The median serum HBV DNA level of patients with a higher ALT level (1.0 X 10(6) copies/mL) was significantly higher than that of patients with a lower ALT level (5.6 X 10(4) copies/mL)(p<0.001). The serum ALT level was correlated with serum HBV DNA levels in patients with HBeAg-negative CHB (r=0.416, p<0.001). The serum level of HBV DNA in patients with cirrhosis (median 2.0 X 10(5) copies/mL) did not differ from patients without cirrhosis (median 4.7 X 10(5) copies/mL). CONCLUSIONS The level of serum HBV DNA was higher in patients with higher serum ALT level than it was in patients with lower serum ALT, and it was closely correlated with serum ALT levels in HBeAg-negative CHB.
Micronutrient supplementation adherence and influence on the prevalences of anemia and iron, zinc and vitamin A deficiencies in preemies with a corrected age of six months

OBJECTIVE: To analyze adherence to the recommended iron, zinc and multivitamin supplementation guidelines for preemies, the factors associated with this adherence, and the influence of adherence on the occurrence of anemia and iron, zinc and vitamin A deficiencies. METHODS: This prospective cohort study followed 58 preemies born in 2014 until they reached six months corrected age. The preemies were followed at a referral secondary health service and represented 63.7% of the preterm infants born that year. Outcomes of interest included high or low adherence to iron, zinc and multivitamin supplementation guidelines; prevalence of anemia; and prevalences of iron, zinc, and vitamin A deficiencies. The prevalence ratios were calculated by Poisson regression. RESULTS: Thirty-eight (65.5%) preemies presented high adherence to micronutrient supplementation guidelines. At six months of corrected age, no preemie had vitamin A deficiency. The prevalences of anemia, iron deficiency and zinc deficiency were higher in the low-adherence group but also concerning in the high-adherence group. Preemies with low adherence to micronutrient supplementation guidelines were 2.5 times more likely to develop anemia and 3.1 times more likely to develop zinc deficiency. Low maternal education level increased the likelihood of nonadherence to all three supplements by 2.2 times. CONCLUSIONS: Low maternal education level was independently associated with low adherence to iron, zinc and vitamin A supplementation guidelines in preemies, which impacted the prevalences of anemia and iron and zinc deficiencies at six months of corrected age.
Model Checking and Deduction for Verifying Innnite-state Systems

Two well-known approaches to the veriication of temporal properties of reactive systems are deductive veriication and model checking. In deductive veriication, the validity of temporal properties is reduced to rst-order veriication conditions. In model checking, the validity of the property is established by an exhaustive search of the state space for counterexamples. We review both techniques in the setting of fair transition systems and linear-time temporal logic properties , and then present deductive model checking, which combines the two approaches into a single procedure.
A Noise Robust Hearable Device with an Adaptive Noise Canceller and Its DSP Implementation

This paper presents a noise-robust hearable device with an adaptive noise canceller. The hearable device has an inner-ear and an outer-ear microphone to collect ear-canal speech signal and the outer-ear environmental signal, respectively. The environmental signal drives an adaptive filter to generate a noise replica which is subtracted from the inner-ear microphone signal to cancel the noise. Coefficients of the adaptive filter are updated by an NLMS (normalized least mean square) algorithm with an SNR-controlled stepsize for small speech distortion. The adaptive noise canceller is realized on a DSP (digital signal processor) chip with 39 McPS for 64 taps. Evaluation results in speech recognition demonstrates that a word recognition rate of 89% is achieved when the noise level is 80 dBA with 38% improvement over the inner-ear signal without adaptive noise cancellation.
PHARMACOKINETICS OF TACROLIMUS AND MYCOPHENOLIC ACID ARE ALTERED, BUT RECOVER AT DIFFERENT TIMES DURING HEPATIC REGENERATION IN RATS

Hepatic regeneration is very critical to the success of living donor liver transplantation, which allows a reduced size liver to grow in size to accommodate the requirements of both the donor and the recipient. The objectives of this study were to evaluate 1) the hepatic metabolism of the two immunosuppressive drugs, tacrolimus and mycophenolic acid (MPA), and 2) the pharmacokinetics of tacrolimus and mycophenolic acid at various time points after initiation of hepatic regeneration by partial hepatectomy in rats. The hepatic intrinsic clearance of tacrolimus was decreased to 70% and 51% of the control level at the 24th h and the 6th day, respectively, but returned to normal level by day 14. The total body clearance of tacrolimus was reduced transiently but recovered completely by day 18. The hepatic intrinsic clearance of MPA was decreased to 52% and 51% of that in control rats at the 24th h and the 6th day, respectively, but recovered to normal level by day 14. The total body clearance of MPA was reduced at the 24th h but recovered by day 6. The magnitude of reduction in the clearance of tacrolimus and MPA was much smaller than what was predicted from in vitro data. The elimination clearance of MPA glucuronide was also impaired during hepatic regeneration but recovered to normal level with time. In conclusion, the pharmacokinetics of tacrolimus and mycophenolic acid were altered during hepatic regeneration but recovered completely at different rates over time. Caution must be exercised in extrapolating in vitro data to in vivo conditions during hepatic regeneration.
Longitudinal Evaluation of the Hdh (CAG)150 Knock-In Murine Model of Huntington's Disease

Several murine genetic models of Huntington's disease (HD) have been developed. Murine genetic models are crucial for identifying mechanisms of neurodegeneration in HD and for preclinical evaluation of possible therapies for HD. Longitudinal analysis of mutant phenotypes is necessary to validate models and to identify appropriate periods for analysis of early events in the pathogenesis of neurodegeneration. Here we report longitudinal characterization of the murine Hdh (CAG)150 knock-in model of HD. A series of behavioral tests at five different time points (20, 40, 50, 70, and 100 weeks) demonstrates an age-dependent, late-onset behavioral phenotype with significant motor abnormalities at 70 and 100 weeks of age. Pathological analysis demonstrated loss of striatal dopamine D1 and D2 receptor binding sites at 70 and 100 weeks of age, and stereological analysis showed significant loss of striatal neuron number at 100 weeks. Late-onset behavioral abnormalities, decrease in striatal dopamine receptors, and diminished striatal neuron number observed in this mouse model recapitulate key features of HD. The Hdh (CAG)150 knock-in mouse is a valid model to evaluate early events in the pathogenesis of neurodegeneration in HD.
Can Bispectral Index Monitoring Predict Recovery of Consciousness in Patients with Severe Brain Injury?

Background:The probability of recovering consciousness in acute brain-injured patients depends on central nervous system damage and complications acquired during their stay in the intensive care unit. The objective of this study was to establish a relation between the Bispectral Index (BIS) and other variables derived from the analysis of the electroencephalographic signal, with the probability of recovering consciousness in patients in a coma state due to severe cerebral damage. Methods:Twenty-five critically ill, unconscious brain-injured patients from whom sedative drugs were withdrawn at least 24 h before BIS recording were prospectively studied. BIS, 95% spectral edge frequency, burst suppression ratio, and frontal electromyography were recorded for 20 min. The neurologic condition of the patients was measured according to the Glasgow Coma Score (GCS). Patients were followed up for assessment of recovery of consciousness for 6 months after the injury. The studied variables were compared between the group of patients who recovered consciousness and those who did not recover. Their predictive ability was evaluated by means of the Pk statistic. Univariate and multivariate logistic regression was used to model the relation between variables and probability of recovery of consciousness. Cross-validation was used to validate the proposed model. Results:There were statistically significant differences between the group of patients who recovered consciousness and those who did not with respect to BISmax, BISmin, BISmean, and BISrange, frontal electromyography, signal quality index values, and GCSBIS. The Pk (SE) values were 0.99 (0.01) for electromyelography, 0.96 (0.05) for BISmax, 0.92 (0.05) for BISmean, 0.92 (0.06) for BISrange, and 0.82 (0.09) for GCSBIS. The odds ratio for BISmax in the logistic regression model was 1.17 (95% confidence interval, 1.1–1.35). Cross-validation results reported a high-accuracy median absolute cross-validation performance error of 3.06% (95% confidence interval, 1–22.15%) and a low-bias median cross-validation performance error of 0.84% (0.56–2.12%). Conclusions:The study of BIS and other electrophysiologic and clinical variables has enabled construction and cross-validation of a model relating BISmax to the probability of recovery of consciousness in patients in a coma state due to a severe brain injury, after sedation has been withdrawn.
Ascorbic acid supplementation down-regulates the alcohol induced oxidative stress, hepatic stellate cell activation, cytotoxicity and mRNA levels of selected fibrotic genes in guinea pigs

Both oxidative stress and endotoxins mediated immunological reactions play a major role in the progression of alcoholic hepatic fibrosis. Ascorbic acid has been reported to reduce alcohol-induced toxicity and ascorbic acid levels are reduced in alcoholics. Hence, we investigated the hepatoprotective action of ascorbic acid in the reversal of alcohol-induced hepatic fibrosis in male guinea pigs (n = 36), and it was compared with the animals abstenting from alcohol treatment. In comparison with the alcohol abstention group, there was a reduction in the activities of toxicity markers and levels of lipid and protein peroxidation products, expression of α-SMA, caspase-3 activity and mRNA levels of CYP2E1, TGF-β1, TNF-α and α1(I) collagen in liver of the ascorbic acid-supplemented group. The ascorbic acid content in liver was significantly reduced in the alcohol-treated guinea pigs. But it was reversed to normal level in the ascorbic acid-supplemented group. The anti-fibrotic action of ascorbic acid in the rapid regression of alcoholic liver fibrosis may be attributed to decrease in the oxidative stress, hepatic stellate cells activation, cytotoxicity and mRNA expression of fibrotic genes CYP2E1, TGF-β1, TNF-α and α1 (I) collagen in hepatic tissues.
Interaction of liposomal and polycationic transfection complexes with pulmonary surfactant

The delivery of genes to the airways holds promise for the treatment of lung diseases such as cystic fibrosis and asthma. Current non‐viral gene delivery systems lack sufficient transfection efficiency. Pulmonary surfactant has been reported to be a barrier to gene transfer into the airways. Here we analyze the interaction of liposomal and polycationic transfection complexes with pulmonary surfactant.
Wheel-Running Modestly Promotes Functional Recovery after a Unilateral Cortical Lesion in Rats

Background: We aimed to determine whether early or delayed wheel-running (W) after a cortical lesion in rats influences functional recovery and protein expression involving synaptic plasticity. Methods: 57 rats were arranged in 4 groups: (1) Sham, (2) NMDA, (3) W-24 h or (4) W-72 h (W-24 h and W-72 h means wheel-running for 14 days starting day 1 or day 3 after NMDA lesion). NMDA produced a standardized lesion in the unilateral sensorimotor cortex and detectable behavioral deficits. Synaptogenesis was measured by immunohistochemistry. Results: Wheel-running starting after 24 h had no detectable effect, but it significantly speeded functional recovery when delayed to after 72 h. These results were in accordance with a marker linked to synaptogenesis. Conclusion: Wheel-running starting 3 days, but not 1 day, after an NMDA lesion is associated with improved functional recovery.
Grainyhead-like 2 downstream targets act to suppress epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition during neural tube closure

The transcription factor grainyhead-like 2 (GRHL2) is expressed in non-neural ectoderm (NNE) and Grhl2 loss results in fully penetrant cranial neural tube defects (NTDs) in mice. GRHL2 activates expression of several epithelial genes; however, additional molecular targets and functional processes regulated by GRHL2 in the NNE remain to be determined, as well as the underlying cause of the NTDs in Grhl2 mutants. Here, we find that Grhl2 loss results in abnormal mesenchymal phenotypes in the NNE, including aberrant vimentin expression and increased cellular dynamics that affects the NNE and neural crest cells. The resulting loss of NNE integrity contributes to an inability of the cranial neural folds to move toward the midline and results in NTD. Further, we identified Esrp1, Sostdc1, Fermt1, Tmprss2 and Lamc2 as novel NNE-expressed genes that are downregulated in Grhl2 mutants. Our in vitro assays show that they act as suppressors of the epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT). Thus, GRHL2 promotes the epithelial nature of the NNE during the dynamic events of neural tube formation by both activating key epithelial genes and actively suppressing EMT through novel downstream EMT suppressors. Summary: The transcription factor Grhl2 activates novel EMT suppressors along with epithelial junctional proteins to robustly promote epithelial integrity during neural tube closure in mice.
An attack-defense game based reliability analysis approach for wireless sensor networks

Wireless sensor networks play an important role in daily life and have been applied in diverse fields. In practice, malware tries to infect sensor nodes, while wireless sensor network prevents from attacking. This article establishes a new attack–defense game based on Stackelberg game. In this game, malware selects its strategy of attacking first, and then wireless sensor network makes decision after observing the action of malware. This game considers the situation in which malware is more dominant than wireless sensor network. Then this game is solved and an equilibrium solution is calculated, which is the best strategy for malware and wireless sensor network to maximize their payoffs. With infection probability and defense probability, mean time to failure of a sensor node is computed and is used to analyze the reliability of wireless sensor network. The experiments show the influence of true-positive rate and false-positive rate on the equilibrium solution of game and the reliability of wireless sensor network. Finally, the proposed method is compared with the existing method based on a simultaneous game.
School enrollment--social and economic characteristics of students: October 1985 and 1984.

This report presents data on US school enrollment from the October supplements to the Current Population Survey, collected in 1984 and 1985. The statistical tables present data for students attending nursery school through college by age, race, Spanish origin, sex, marital status, household relationship, residence, and family income. The tables are limited to enrollment of the civilian noninstitutional population in regular schools, and thus exclude enrollments in vocational schools, adult education classes, and special schools. Elementary and high school enrollment was 40.8 million in 1985, down from 46.1 million in 1975. Enrollment rates of 6- to 15-year-olds remained essentially the same, with changes in enrollments mirroring changes in the size of the school-age population. The enrollment rate of 16- and 17-year-olds grew slightly. There were 12.5 million college students in 1985, 15% above enrollment a decade earlier. The college enrollment rate of Black 18- to 21-year-olds did not change from 1975 to 1985; it remained at 25%, while the proportion of the age group who were high school drop-outs declined by 10% to 17%. Preprimary enrollment of 3- to 5-year-olds was 5.9 million in 1985, an 18% increase over the number enrolled a decade earlier, due to an increase in the population of 3- to 5-year-olds and a rise in their enrollment rate. In 1985, 38% of kindergarten students attended full-day, up from 14% in 1970. In 1985, 34% of nursery school students attended full-day, compared with 27% in 1970.
A smooth muscle inhibitory material from the bovine retractor penis and rat anococcygeus muscles.

1. A material that powerfully inhibits the bovine retractor penis and rat anococcygeus muscles has been extracted from these muscles. The inhibitory activity is unaffected by atropine 10(‐6) M, phentolamine 5 x 10(‐6) M or propranolol 5 x 10(‐6) M. 2. This inhibitory material exists in two forms, a stable but inactive form and an unstable inhibitory form. As isolated the material is in the stable, inactive form and is converted into the active form by a brief exposure to acid. The optimum for conversion is pH 2.0 and the active form, after neutralization, reverts with time to the inactive but can be reactivated by a further exposure to acid. The reversion to the inactive form is temperature sensitive, and is rapid at 37 degrees C. 3. The inhibitory material, both active and inactive, is irreversibly destroyed by 2 min in a boiling water bath or by exposure to U.V. irradiation. 4. The inhibitory material is not confined to tissues known to possess a non‐adrenergic non‐cholinergic innervation. Similar activity has been detected in extracts os skeletal and cardiac muscle and of the liver. The poorly innervated rat uterus and the non‐innervated human umbilical artery, however, gave only small and variable amounts. The possible relationship of this material to non‐adrenergic non‐cholinergic nerves is discussed.