Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Quantitative teased‐fiber and histologic studies of human sural nerve during postnatal development

Quantitative histologic and teased‐fiber measurements were made on specimens of sural nerves of man in the first two decades of life, thus providing normal data not previously availabel. As previously reported for nerves from adults, there was a linear relationship between diameter and length of internodes: large fibers had long internodes and small fibers had short internodes. The slopes of the regression lines calculated for this relationship for each of these nerves became steeper with increasing age. In the second decade the slope became similar to that of nerves of adults.
Dynamic organic lens using photosensitive semiconductor (P3HT:PCBM) for millimetre-wave applications

A WR-3 waveguide band dynamic organic lens has been designed and its performance analysed using the CST Studio Suite software. In order to determine the dynamic behaviour of the lens, the patterned distribution of the electron-hole pairs in the photo-active region of the organic lens was input to the software, as a change in the complex permittivity. The dielectric response of the organic polymer (P3HT:PCBM), both in the presence (active state) and absence (dark state) of illumination (60±5 mW/cm2), was estimated using a quasi-optic bench for the intended WR-3 frequency domain operation. The spatial-distribution of the phase of the electric field between dark and active states of the organic lens was determined as a proof-of-concept of the dynamic operation of the lens.
Vehicle active safety applications by fusing multiple-sensor for the Springrobot system

This paper presents the Springrobot system and its applications in vehicle active safety, and it is divided into three parts. Firstly, we describe in detail Springrobot intelligent vehicle's hardware structure, internal and external sensing systems, sensor fusion, and its control system. The second part is its vehicle active safety applications including lane departure warning system, forward collision avoidance assistance system, and onroad vehicle detection system using BGF. We describe not only the system structure and algorithm, but also the experimental results. The third part is that we conclude with related research field that we are currently pursuing and direction for future work in, for example, obstacle detection and classification using statistical learning methods, vehicular telematics.
Endothelial cell response to pulsed electromagnetic fields: Stimulation of growth rate and angiogenesis in vitro

The effects of pulsed electromagnetic fields on the repopulation rate of denuded regions of endothelial cell monolayers and on endothelial cell reorganization into complex vessellike structures was monitored in vitro by using human umbilical vein and bovine aortic endothelial cells. A small (20–40%) but statistically significant enhancement in growth rate of partially denuded endothelial cell monolayers as determined by tritiated thymidine incorporation was observed in the presence of pulsed electromagnetic fields. Morphologically, endothelial cells entering the denuded regions were observed to be elongated, often connecting end to end to form a mycelial or “sprouting” pattern when exposed to pulsed electromagnetic fields. This was in contrast to cells outside of the field which had a more cuboidal morphology. Complete disruption of the endothelial cell monolayer by passaging the cells with EDTA trypsin resulted in reorganization of some of the cells into three‐dimensional vessellike structures after as little as 5–8 hours in the presence of the pulsed electromagnetic field. This reorganization occurred in the presence of heparin, endothelial cell growth factor, and a competent fibronectin matrix. Vas‐cularization for comparable cultures outside of the field did not occur during the time‐course of the experiments. Discrete stages of neovascularization were observed in the presence of the field that were qualitatively similar to stages of angiogenesis observed in vivo.
Social Class and the Motivational Relevance of Other Human Beings

We theorize that people’s social class affects their appraisals of others’ motivational relevance—the degree to which others are seen as potentially rewarding, threatening, or otherwise worth attending to. Supporting this account, three studies indicate that social classes differ in the amount of attention their members direct toward other human beings. In Study 1, wearable technology was used to film the visual fields of pedestrians on city streets; higher-class participants looked less at other people than did lower-class participants. In Studies 2a and 2b, participants’ eye movements were tracked while they viewed street scenes; higher class was associated with reduced attention to people in the images. In Study 3, a change-detection procedure assessed the degree to which human faces spontaneously attract visual attention; faces proved less effective at drawing the attention of high-class than low-class participants, which implies that class affects spontaneous relevance appraisals. The measurement and conceptualization of social class are discussed.
Serotonin receptor 2C regulates neurite growth and is necessary for normal retinal processing of visual information

Serotonin (5HT) is present in a subpopulation of amacrine cells, which form synapses with retinal ganglion cells (RGCs), but little is known about the physiological role of retinal serotonergic circuitry. We found that the 5HT receptor 2C (5HTR2C) is upregulated in RGCs after birth. Amacrine cells generate 5HT and about half of RGCs respond to 5HTR2C agonism with calcium elevation. We found that there are on average 83 5HT+ amacrine cells randomly distributed across the adult mouse retina, all negative for choline acetyltransferase and 90% positive for tyrosine hydroxylase. We also investigated whether 5HTR2C and 5HTR5A affect RGC neurite growth. We found that both suppress neurite growth, and that RGCs from the 5HTR2C knockout (KO) mice grow longer neurites. Furthermore, 5HTR2C is subject to post‐transcriptional editing, and we found that only the edited isoform's suppressive effect on neurite growth could be reversed by a 5HTR2C inverse agonist. Next, we investigated the physiological role of 5HTR2C in the retina, and found that 5HTR2C KO mice showed increased amplitude on pattern electroretinogram. Finally, RGC transcriptional profiling and pathways analysis suggested partial developmental compensation for 5HTR2C absence. Taken together, our findings demonstrate that 5HTR2C regulates neurite growth and RGC activity and is necessary for normal amplitude of RGC response to physiologic stimuli, and raise the hypothesis that these functions are modulated by a subset of 5HT+/ChAT‐/TH+ amacrine cells as part of retinal serotonergic circuitry. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Develop Neurobiol 77: 419–437, 2017
Research of summer comfortable temperature in Air-conditioning Room in Chongqing, China

An experimental study on thermal comfort was conducted to explore summer comfortable temperature in Air-conditioning Room in August 2009. Records the different parts of the skin temperature data of 20 randomly selected subjects in a room temperatures ranging from neutral to warm during the two hours experiment, and simultaneously recording participants of the overall and partial thermal sensation and preferences by questionnaires. The results show that when the clothing thermal insulation is 0.3clo and the subjects is sedentary activity, the thermal neutral temperature is 25.9°C, and 29°C of the air temperature is the upper limit of human body accepted temperature. A higher tolerance of temperature was shown by the subjects in this sub-tropical climatic region of China. The results also show that the skin temperature of head, back, chest and other parts in the warm environment begin to solidify, but the vote of the thermal sensation is higher than other parts, which is the primary reasons caused thermal uncomfortable.
Conditional Representation: Presidential Rhetoric, Public Opinion, and the Representation of African American Interests

Conventional theories of presidential representation suggest that presidents avoid courting African Americans for fear of alienating white voters, leading to the underrepresentation of “black interests. ” We argue that presidential representation of black interests is conditional: when (1) African Americans prioritize issues other than economic redistribution and civil rights and (2) when these priorities overlap with those of whites, presidents should provide considerable representation of those interests. We test our theory using two new sources of data: a dataset of black and white perceptions of the US's most important problem between 1968 and 2012; and a quantitative content analysis of over 200 major presidential speeches from 1969-2012. We find that presidents provide substantial representation of black interests, but only when these interests center on non-racialized concerns and overlap with the priorities of whites. We also find that presidential priorities are often independent of the chief concerns of both African Americans and whites.
Sociodemographic predictors of pattern and volume of alcohol consumption across Hispanics, Blacks, and Whites: 10-year trend (1992-2002).

BACKGROUND There have been limited trend studies examining variations on the patterns of alcohol consumption among Whites, Blacks, and Hispanics in the United States. The current paper reports national trends in drinking patterns, volume of drinking (number of drinks per month), binge drinking, and drinking to intoxication among Blacks, Whites, and Hispanics over a period of 10 years and identifies sociodemographic predictors of these behaviors across the 3 ethnic groups. METHODS Data are from the 1991 to 1992 National Longitudinal Alcohol Epidemiologic Survey (NLAES; n = 42,862) and the 2001 to 2002 National Epidemiologic Study on Alcohol and Related Conditions (NESARC; n = 43,093). Both surveys used multistage cluster sample procedures to select respondents 18 years of age and older from the U.S. household population. RESULTS Trends varied across different dimensions of drinking and ethnic groups. There were no statistically significant differences in the mean number of drinks consumed per month among men and women in any of the 3 ethnic groups between 1992 and 2002, but there was a significant rise in the proportion of current drinkers in both genders and in all 3 ethnic groups. Multivariate analysis indicated that, compared to Whites in 1992, Blacks and Hispanics did not increase their volume of drinking, but Whites did. Drinking 5 or more drinks in day at all did not increase between 1992 and 2002, but drinking 5 or more drinks at least once a month was more likely for all groups in 2002 compared to Whites in 1992. Drinking to intoxication at all was more likely among Whites in 2002 than 1992, but drinking to intoxication at least once a month was more likely among Whites and Blacks in 2002 than 1992. CONCLUSION The only common trend between 1992 and 2002 across both genders and 3 ethnic groups was a rise in the proportion of drinkers. There was also a rise in drinking 5 or more drinks in a day (Whites, Blacks, and Hispanics) and drinking to intoxication (Whites and Blacks), but this was limited to those reporting such drinking at least once a month. The reasons for these changes are many and may involve complex sociodemographic changes in the population. It is important for the field to closely monitor these cross-ethnic trends in alcohol consumption.
Selective &agr;7-nicotinic acetylcholine receptor agonist GTS-21 improves survival in murine endotoxemia and severe sepsis*

Objective:Tumor necrosis factor and high mobility group box 1 are critical cytokine mediators of inflammation. The efferent vagus nerve inhibits cytokine release through &agr;7-nicotinic acetylcholine receptor-mediated cholinergic signaling. Here we studied whether GTS-21, a selective &agr;7-nicotinic acetylcholine receptor agonist, inhibits proinflammatory cytokines in vitro and in vivo and improves survival in murine endotoxemia and severe sepsis. Design:Randomized and controlled in vitro and in vivo study. Settings:Research laboratory and animal facility rooms. Subjects:RAW 264.7 cells and BALB/c mice treated with endotoxin or subjected to cecal ligation and puncture (CLP). Interventions:RAW 264.7 cells were exposed to endotoxin (4 ng/mL or 10 ng/mL) in the presence or absence of GTS-21 (1–100 &mgr;M), and tumor necrosis factor and high mobility group box 1 release and nuclear factor-&kgr;B activation were analyzed. Mice were treated with GTS-21 (0.4 mg/kg or 4 mg/kg, intraperitoneally) or saline 30 mins before endotoxin (6 mg/kg, intraperitoneally), and serum tumor necrosis factor was analyzed 1.5 hrs after the onset of endotoxemia. In survival experiments, mice were treated with GTS-21 (0.4 or 4.0 mg/kg, intraperitoneally) or saline 30 mins before and 6 hrs after endotoxin and then twice daily for 3 days. Severe sepsis was induced by CLP. Mice were treated with GTS-21 (4 mg/kg) or saline immediately and 6 hrs and 24 hrs after CLP, and serum high mobility group box 1 was analyzed 30 hrs after CLP. In survival experiments, GTS-21 (0.4 or 4 mg/kg) treatment was initiated 24 hrs after CLP and continued twice daily for 3 days. Measurements and Main Results:GTS-21 dose-dependently inhibited tumor necrosis factor and high mobility group box 1 release and nuclear factor-&kgr;B activation in vitro. GTS-21 (4 mg/kg) significantly inhibited serum tumor necrosis factor during endotoxemia and improved survival (p < .0001). GTS-21 (4 mg/kg) significantly inhibited serum high mobility group box 1 levels in CLP mice and improved survival (p < .0006). Conclusion:These findings are of interest for the development of &agr;7-nicotinic acetylcholine receptor agonists as a new class of anti-inflammatory therapeutics.
Secure localization algorithms for wireless sensor networks

In the military and emergency preparedness class of applications, wireless sensor networks have a number of desirable characteristics, such as being autonomous systems that can be deployed in a remote - possibly hostile - environment and can perform tasks like battlefield surveillance or enemy tracking, as well as monitor the security of military facilities. One of the main challenges in this kind of application is security. Due to their key role in WSNs and also their fragility, localization systems can be the target of an attack that could compromise the entire functioning of a WSN and lead to incorrect military plans and decision making, among other problems. In this article we show how current localization systems are vulnerable to these security attacks, and how existing techniques can be used to prevent or impede these attacks in WSNs.
Experimental stromal herpes simplex keratitis in rabbits.

An attempt was made in rabbits to assess the role of systemic hypersensitivity in the production of stromal lesions in herpes simplex keratitis. Suppression of the immune response by total body x-radiation, with the eyes shielded, did not diminish the stromal lesions. It would thus seem improbable that hypersensitivity plays the major role in their production. Endothelial changes were observed that seemed to correlate with the time of appearance and the severity of the deep stromal edema. Although the endothelial damage was nonspecific morphologically, the fact that it was not affected by suppression of the immune response and that virus could be cultivated regularly from the endothelium suggested that the damage is probably due to the presence of virus within the endothelial cells. These findings support the concept, previously proposed by others, that at least with some strains of Herpesvirus hominis direct endothelial damage by living virus is more important than immune mechanisms in producing the stromal edema of "disciform" herpes simplex keratitis.
How do I effectively use electronic continuing medical education?

A 20-year-old man presents to a community hospital emergency department (ED) with a spontaneous pneumothorax. The treating emergency physician (EP) inserts a chest tube and admits him to the hospital. The same physician, who follows the Twitter feed of a local emergency medicine residency program, receives a tweet later that day announcing an upcoming live webcast on Heimlich flutter valve insertion for pneumothorax. She receives an e-mail that confirms the time and Internet location of the live event. It also includes a brief pretest regarding the indications, contraindications, techniques, and complications of this procedure.
Risk Factors for Moderate to Severe Anemia among Children in Benin and Mali: Insights from a Multilevel Analysis

Background Anemia currently affects 2 billion people throughout the world. Although the immediate causes of anemia among children are known (including malnutrition and infections), the importance of contextual determinants and their relationships with individual effects have rarely been explored. Objective To identify anemia risk factors at the individual, household, and community levels among Beninese and Malian children, using simple and multilevel regression methods. Methods An analysis was undertaken of nationally representative data collected in 2001 in Benin (n = 2,284) and Mali (n = 2,826) by the Demographic and Health Surveys. Sixteen potential risk factors for anemia were considered at the individual, household, and community levels. Comparative analyses were carried out using simple and multilevel logistic regression models. Results Simple and multilevel logistic regression analyses yielded broadly similar results. Risk factors for moderate to severe anemia included incomplete immunization, stunted growth, recent infection, absence of bednet, low household living standard, rural residency (Mali), low maternal education, and low community development index (Benin). In addition, multilevel analysis indicated a clustering level of anemia in communities (intraclass correlation) of 14% and 19% in Benin and Mali, respectively. Conclusions Risk factors for child anemia appeared at all three levels (individual, household and community). Community-level clustering seemed to be low. Therefore, interventions to address anemia need not be village- or region-specific. Identifying a successful and replicable program is now a priority in child survival endeavors. It is likely that such a program would include a focus on improving immunization coverage, increased bednet usage, and reduced protein–energy malnutrition.
State estimation for high-speed multifrequency atomic force microscopy

A fundamental component in the z-axis feedback loop of an atomic force microscope (AFM) operated in dynamic mode is the lock-in amplifier to obtain amplitude and phase of the high-frequency cantilever deflection signal. While this narrowband demodulation technique is capable of filtering noise far away from the carrier and modulation frequency, its performance is ultimately bounded by the bandwidth of its low-pass filter which is employed to suppress the frequency component at twice the carrier frequency. Moreover, multiple eigenmodes and higher harmonics are used for imaging in modern multifrequency AFMs, which necessitates multiple lock-in amplifiers to recover the respective amplitude and phase information. We propose to estimate amplitude and phase of multiple frequency components with a linear time-varying Kalman filter which allows for an efficient implementation on a Field Programmable Gate Array (FPGA). While experimental results for the single mode case have already proven to increase the imaging bandwidth in tapping-mode AFM, multifrequency simulations promise further improvement in imaging flexibility.
Antibodies to tumor necrosis factor alfa attenuate hepatic necrosis and inflammation caused by chronic exposure to ethanol in the rat

Tumor necrosis factor (TNF)α, a pivotal cytokine involved in inflammation, is produced primarily by Kupffer cells in the liver. It has been shown that inactivation of Kupffer cells prevents alcohol‐induced liver injury; therefore, the purpose of this study was to determine if neutralizing anti‐TNF‐α antibody is also effective. Male Wistar rats were exposed to ethanol (11 to 12 g · kg‐1 · d‐1) continuously for up to 4 weeks via intragastric feeding using an enteral feeding model. Before ethanol exposure, polyclonal anti‐mouse TNF‐α rabbit serum was injected (2.0 mg/kg intravenously). There were no significant differences in body weight, mean ethanol concentration, or cyclic patterns of ethanol in urine when ethanol‐and ethanol plus antibody‐treated groups were compared. Expression of TNF‐ α and macrophage inflammatory protein 2 (MIP‐2) messenger RNA (mRNA), determined using reverse transcription‐polymerase chain reaction, was three‐ to four‐fold higher in livers of ethanol‐treated rats than in those of rats fed an ethanol‐free, high‐fat control diet. In addition, MIP‐2 levels were also elevated when detected by Northern blot analysis. Anti‐TNF‐α antibody did not affect expression of mRNA for interleukin (IL) 1α, IL‐6, transforming growth factor β1, or TNF‐α. However, MIP‐2 mRNA expression, which is regulated by TNF‐α, was decreased significantly by anti‐TNF‐α antibody treatment. Serum aspartate transaminase levels were elevated in ethanol‐treated rats to 136 ± 12 IU/L after 4 weeks but only reached 90 ± 5 IU/L (P < .05) in rats treated with anti‐TNF‐α antibody. The hepatic inflammation and necrosis observed in ethanol‐fed rats were attenuated significantly by antibody treatment, and steatosis was not. These results support the hypothesis that TNF‐α plays an important role in inflammation and necrosis in alcohol‐induced liver injury and that treatment with anti‐TNF‐α antibody may be therapeutically useful in this disease.
Adolescents' access to care: teenagers' self-reported use of services and perceived access to confidential care.

BACKGROUND Most surveys on adolescents' use of health services rely on parental report, and this may underestimate adolescents' use of confidential services. OBJECTIVE To investigate adolescents' report of their own use of health services, access to care, and knowledge and use of confidential services. METHOD A random digit-dialed survey of 14- to 19-year-old adolescents was conducted in Monroe County, New York. We screened 11 800 numbers and identified 4449 households (40%) of which 393 families (8.8%) had eligible adolescents. Of these, 259 (66%) consented and completed an interviewer-administered survey. RESULTS Almost all adolescents (92%) rated their health as excellent or good and 90% had visited a health care provider within the year. Most (88%) identified a source of primary care. As many as 27% of adolescents had used more than one source of care. Many youth identify school personnel as important resources for health and counseling needs. Only 8.4% of respondents have used services confidentially, but nearly half of all youth did not know where they could obtain confidential care if they needed to. Adolescents were least likely to know where to obtain mental health or substance abuse and reproductive services. CONCLUSIONS While most youth have used primary care, a substantial minority have not. Many teenagers depend on multiple sources of care, and they rely on school personnel as important sources of health information. Many do not know where they could go to review confidential services or for other services that they may need. Managed care insurance and public health policies should recognize adolescents' access needs to meet them appropriately.