Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Interplay between lithospheric flexure and river transport in foreland basins

ABSTRACT Foreland basins form by lithospheric flexure under orogenic loading and are filled by surface transport of sediment. This work readdresses the interplay between these processes by integrating in a 3D numerical model: the mechanisms of thrust stacking, elastic flexural subsidence and sediment transport along the drainage network. The experiments show that both crustal tectonic deformation and vertical movements related to lithospheric flexure control and organise the basin‐scale drainage pattern, competing with the nonlinear, unpredictable intrinsic nature of river network evolution. Drainage pattern characteristics are predicted that match those observed in many foreland basins, such as the axial drainage, the distal location of the main river within the basin, and the formation of large, long‐lasting lacustrine systems. In areas where the river network is not well developed before the formation of the basin, these lithospheric flexural effects on drainage patterns may be enhanced by the role of the forebulge uplift as drainage divide. Inversely, fluvial transport modifies the flexural vertical movements differently than simpler transport models (e.g. diffusion): Rivers can drive erosion products far from a filled basin, amplifying the erosional rebound of both orogen and basin. The evolution of the sediment budget between orogen and basin is strongly dependent on this coupling between flexure and fluvial transport: Maximum sediment accumulations on the foreland are predicted for a narrow range of lithospheric elastic thickness between 15 and 40 km, coinciding with the Te values most commonly reported for foreland basins.
Using LM‐OSL of quartz to distinguish sediments derived from surface‐soil and channel erosion

This study describes the use of linearly modulated optically stimulated luminescence (LM‐OSL) to distinguish surface‐soil derived sediments from those derived from channel bank erosion. LM‐OSL signals from quartz extracted from 15 surface‐soil and five channel bank samples were analysed and compared to signals from samples collected from two downstream river sites. Discriminant analysis showed that the detrapping probabilities of fast, first slow and second slow components of the LM‐OSL signal can be used to differentiate between the samples collected from the channel bank and surface‐soil sources. We show that for each of these source end members these components are all normally distributed. These distributions are then used to estimate the relative contribution of surface‐soil derived and channel bank derived sediment to the river bed sediments. The results indicate that channel bank derived sediments dominate the sediment sources at both sites, with 90.1 ± 3% and 91.9 ± 1.9% contributions. These results are in agreement with a previous study which used measurements of 137Cs and 210Pbex fallout radionuclides to estimate the relative contribution from these two sources. This result shows that LM‐OSL may be a useful method, at least in the studied catchment, to estimate the relative contribution of surface soil and channel erosion to river sediments. However, further research in different settings is required to test the difference of OSL signals in distinguishing these sediment sources. And if generally acceptable, this technique may provide an alternative to the use of fallout radionuclides for source tracing. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Detachment faulting and the evolution of passive continental margins

Major detachment faults play a key role in the lithospheric extension process in the Basin and Range province and may also be important in other continental extension terranes. Such detachment faulting leads to an inherent asymmetry of extensional structure and of uplift/subsidence patterns. Detachment models developed for the formation of metamorphic core complexes can also be applied to the formation of passive continental margins. We therefore suggest the existence of upper-plate and lower-plate passive margins. These give rise to a complementary asymmetry of opposing margins after continental breakup. Transfer faults offset marginal features and allow margins to switch from upper-plate to lower-plate characteristics along strike.
CUDARE Working Papers

The combination of habits and a forward outlook suggests that consumers will be sensitive not just to prices but to price dynamics. In particular, rational habits models suggest 1. that price volatility and uncertainty will reduce demand for a habit-forming good and 2. that such volatility will dampen demand’s responsiveness to price. These two implications can be tested by augmenting a traditional partial-adjustment or error-correction model of demand. I apply this augmented model to data on gasoline consumption, as rational habits provide a succinct representation for the investment and behavioral decisions that determine gasoline usage. The trade-offs among 2SLS, system GMM, and pooled mean group (PMG) estimators are considered, and my preferred PMG estimator provides evidence for the two implications of rational habits in a panel of 29 countries for the years 1990-2009. The sensitivity of certain results to the choice of estimator offers a cautionary illustration of the cost of assumptions such as coeffi cient heterogeneity. Given the evidence uncovered in favor of rational gasoline habits, such habits may help to explain some of the cross-country variation in "total" price elasticity. These habits also imply that the effect of price volatility must be taken into account when projecting the impacts of potential policies on gasoline consumption.
Synthesis of Novel Diaziridinyl Quinone Isoxazole Hybrids and Evaluation of Their Anti-Cancer Activity as Potential Tubulin-Targeting Agents

Abstract Two series of diaziridinyl quinone isoxazole derivatives were prepared and evaluated for their cytotoxic activity against MCF7, HeLa, BT549, A549 and HEK293 cell lines and interaction with tubulin. Compounds (6a–m ) showed promising activity against all the 5 human cancer cell lines. Compounds 6a, 6e and 6 m were potent [IC50 ranging between 2.21 µg to 2.87 µg] on ER-positive MCF7 cell line similar to the commercially available drug molecule Doxorubicin. The results from docking models are in consistent with the experimental values which demonstrated the favourable binding modes of compounds 6a–m to the interface of α- and β-tubulin dimer.
Overview of the magnetic properties experiments on the Mars Exploration Rovers

[1] The Mars Exploration Rovers have accumulated airborne dust on different types of permanent magnets. Images of these magnets document the dynamics of dust capture and removal over time. The strongly magnetic subset of airborne dust appears dark brown to black in Panoramic Camera (Pancam) images, while the weakly magnetic one is bright red. Images returned by the Microscopic Imager reveal the formation of magnetic chains diagnostic of magnetite-rich grains with substantial magnetization (>8 Am2 kg−1). On the basis of Mossbauer spectra the dust contains magnetite, olivine, pyroxene, and nanophase oxides in varying proportions, depending on wind regime and landing site. The dust contains a larger amount of ferric iron (Fe3+/Fetot ∼ 0.6) than rocks in the Gusev plains (∼0.1–0.2) or average Gusev soil (∼0.3). Alpha Particle X-Ray Spectrometer data of the dust show that some of the iron in magnetite is substituted by titanium and chromium. The good correlation of the amount of calcium and sulfur in the dust may be caused by the presence of a calcium sulfate related phase. The overall mineralogical composition points to a basaltic origin of the airborne dust, although some alteration has taken place as indicated by the large degree of oxidation.
Statistical modeling of plasmaspheric hiss amplitude using solar wind measurements and geomagnetic indices

Plasmaspheric hiss plays a major role in the scattering and loss of electrons from the Earth's radiation belts, thereby contributing to the maintenance of the slot region between the inner and outer electron belt. As such, models of radiation belt dynamics require accurate estimates of hiss amplitudes. We present a straightforward empirical model, based on THEMIS data from June 2008 through December 2010, which uses multiple regression to predict observed equatorial hiss amplitudes on the three magnetospheric THEMIS probes as a function of L and MLT. The model utilizes solar wind measurements (e.g., dynamic pressure and IMF) and geomagnetic indices (e.g., AE and SYM‐H) as model inputs. This model explains on average 26% of the variance of hiss amplitude observed on THEMIS. We present example output of the model for a minor geomagnetic storm that reveals, for the first time, the evolution of plasmaspheric hiss amplitude as a function of storm phase.
Formaldehyde in rainwater at Trombay, Mumbai: a coastal site in India

Formaldehyde was measured in rainwater samples collected at a residential area of Trombay, Mumbai (a coastal site in India). A mean concentration of 2.1 µmo1/1 and a range of 0.4-11.0 µmol/l were observed. The mean formaldehyde concentration in rainwater has increased from 1.2 µmol/l in 1979 by a factor of about two at this site.
Characterization of the slope-destabilizing effects of gas-charged sediment via seismic surveys

Finneidfjord, Norway has a history of submarine slope failure and hosts areas of buried, gas-charged sediment. Using shipboard seismic survey data from Finneidfjord, we illustrate how novel seismic data processing techniques can yield estimates of geotechnical properties of this gas-charged sediment. This data processing involves two steps: 1) estimate the amount of seismic attenuation that a gas-bearing layer creates, and 2) fit a wave attenuation model to the observed attenuation. We accomplish the first step using a wavelet-based spectral ratio approach, and find the seismic quality factor (inversely related to attenuation) from the change in amplitude spectra across the gas layer. The novelty of this paper really comes in the second step, where we create a Bayesian hierarchical model that combines a wave attenuation model with a spatial random (Gaussian) process model. The advantage of this combination is that our estimates of the gas properties not only must conform to the observations of attenuation (quality factor), but must also smoothly vary over space, as one would expect of any natural process. Ultimately, we end up with posterior distributions of gas properties at points throughout our gas-bearing layer. We use these posterior distributions to probabilistically evaluate the role that gas plays in slope failures in Finneidfjord. This method has other applications in natural gas resource exploration and carbon sequestration.
Survival regression by data fusion

Any knowledge discovery could in principal benefit from the fusion of directly or even indirectly related data sources. In this paper we explore whether data fusion by simultaneous matrix factorization could be adapted for survival regression. We propose a new method that jointly infers latent data factors from a number of heterogeneous data sets and estimates regression coefficients of a survival model. We have applied the method to CAMDA 2014 large-scale Cancer Genomes Challenge and modeled survival time as a function of gene, protein and miRNA expression data, and data on methylated and mutated regions. We find that both joint inference of data factors and regression coefficients and data fusion procedure are crucial for performance. Our approach is substantially more accurate than the baseline Aalen's additive model. Latent factors inferred by our approach could be mined further; for CAMDA challenge, we found that the most informative factors are related to known cancer processes.
Isotopic dating of the Newer Volcanics of Victoria, Australia, and geomagnetic polarity epochs

The Newer Volcanics of Victoria crop out over nearly 25,000 km2. K-Ar dating, using the whole-rock technique on 20 samples from 12 widely scattered localities, indicates that activity commenced at least 4.5 m.y. ago and that the main period of eruption was in the Late Pliocene and in the Pleistocene. Some of the basalts contain an appreciable amount of glass or finely crystallized material; from consistency of the data it appears that little or no loss of radiogenic Ar has occurred. The specimens dated were mainly obtained from the same localities that Irving and Green had previously sampled for paleomagnetic measurements. Hence the age data provide additional information on geomagnetic polarity epochs and reversals of the earth's magnetic field. Together with previously published results, the new K-Ar dates strongly suggest that a change from normal to reversed polarity occurred 0.75±0.07 m.y. ago. This polarity change may be the boundary between the Brunhes normal and the Matuyama reversed epochs; alternatively this change may record a short period of reversed polarity (i.e., an event) about 0.81 m.y. ago in an otherwise normal polarity epoch. The results indicate that the age of the boundary between the Matuyama reversed and Gauss normal epochs is poorly controlled at 2.35±0.15 m.y.
A stochastic appraisal of the annual carbon budget of a large circumboreal peatland, Rapid River Watershed, northern Minnesota

The probable limits of the carbon budget of the Rapid River Watershed, within the greater Glacial Lake Agassiz Peatland in northern Minnesota, were evaluated using a Monte Carlo simulation approach. Carbon enters the peatlands in groundwater, precipitation, and primary productivity. Carbon leaves the peatlands by groundwater and surface water outflow and by the outgassing of methane. Results of the simulations of the carbon budget show that the peatland is now probably a sink for carbon, supported by field data showing peat is, in fact, accumulating at the rate of about 1 mm yr−1 [Glaser et al., 1997]. Excluding extreme values, Monte Carlo simulation results indicate that the Rapid River Peatland stores between −28.98 g C m−2 yr−1 (release) and 50.38 g C m−2 yr−1 (storage) with a mean accumulation of 12.74 g C m−2 yr−1 over the 1,506,200 m2 watershed. The peatland appears to be delicately poised with respect to net gain or loss of carbon.
The no-slip condition and separation of western boundary currents

Abstract The implementation of the no-slip boundary condition in numerical models of the oceans is discussed in this note. The physical issue here is to adequately represent the dynamical effect of the viscous boundary layer through the production of adverse vorticity at the coast. It is shown that the accuracy in the numerical evaluation of the boundary vorticity may influence the separation latitude of western boundary currents. Several numerical schemes for the no-slip boundary condition are investigated, including one specifically derived from simple boundary-layer theory. This simple analytical model can actually be seen as a tentative subgrid-scale parameterization of the boundary layer near the wall. Two types of applications are presented using a quasigeostrophic model. The first one applies to an academic ocean box model forced by a sinusoidal wind. It is indeed found that the numerical scheme for the no-slip boundary condition has some influence on the western boundary current separation. The an.
Regional provenance from southwestern Colombia fore‐arc and intra‐arc basins: implications for Middle to Late Miocene orogeny in the Northern Andes

Andean orogenic processes controlled the spatial and temporal distribution of the magmatic and sedimentary record. This contribution integrates new U/Pb zircon ages, heavy mineral analyses and biostratigraphic constraints from the Neogene sedimentary record of the fore‐arc and intra‐arc basins and volcano‐plutonic rocks of southwestern Colombia, to reconstruct these orogenic processes. The results reveal continuous arc magmatism since the Late Oligocene, with a major post‐Middle Miocene magmatic peak and exhumation. When integrated with other geological constraints, the tectonic evolution of the margin includes Eocene‐Oligocene oblique convergence with limited magmatic activity, followed by the initiation of a Late Oligocene‐Early Miocene arc that migrated to the east in the Middle Miocene, when it experienced a major increase in magmatic activity, crustal deformation, exhumation and thickening. This orogenic evolution is related to the shallowing of the slab dip due to the subduction of the Neogene Nazca Plate.
Rainfall estimation from infrared data using an improved version of the Auto-Estimator Technique

In order to apply a suitable procedure for now-casting application in the case of heavy precipitation events, we discuss possible improvements to the Auto-Estimator Technique (AET). The AET rain estimation technique identifies precipitating clouds by comparing two successive infrared satellite images. If the pixel in the second image is colder, then upward motion is assumed and the convective system is considered to be a precipitating cloud. If the pixel in the second image is warmer, then the convective system is likely to be in a weakening phase and no precipitation is assigned. In the case of horizontal movement of the convective system, for instance approaching and weakening, the pixel in the second image can be colder without any upward motion or rain. We propose an improvement of AET (IAET) that determines the cloud top temperature variation and the corresponding rain rate estimation, taking into account the effect of horizontal motion of clouds, obtained by optical flow techniques. Precipitation events over Sardinia during November 1999, May 2000 and June 2000 were analysed. Three-hour cumulated precipitation on one pixel size area were determined by infrared Meteosat data, using both AET and IAET. A comparison between satellite estimation and 49 corresponding ground data stations was made. Contingency tables and relative statistical indices (Bias, False Alarm Ratio, Probability of Detection, Hit Rate, Critical Success Index), and errors on 3 h precipitation (mean absolute error (MAE) and Bias) were computed. When no horizontal motion of the convective system is present, AET and IAET have the same performances. In the events of May 2000, with fast movement of the precipitation system, AET significantly overestimates the rain rate while IAET gives much better performances.
Water level dynamics of Amazon wetlands at the watershed scale by satellite altimetry

In this study we used satellite altimetry to characterize the time and space variations in water stored in or circulating through rivers, floodplains, wetlands and lakes in the major sub-basins of the Amazon basin. Using a specific methodology to rigorously select original three-dimensional (3D) data from an Environmental Satellite (ENVISAT) mission, water level time series were calculated at the crossing path of the satellite tracks with the water bodies. We took advantage of the continuous sampling of the water level along the satellite track segments that cross the watershed to analyse both spatial and temporal relationships between: (i) the river and its floodplain and (ii) different basins. This work evidences in particular the existence of water leaking between the Negro and Solimões basins at the high water stage. It highlights that the phenomenon of a secondary flood peak occurring in the water level series in the Solimões basin at rising water, known as repiquete, is caused by the rain equatorial regime of the northern upstream tributaries of the Solimões River, but is disconnected from the same phenomenon occurring within the Rio Negro basin.
Monte Carlo estimation and resolution analysis of seismic background velocities

The complete solution to an inverse problem, including information on accuracy and resolution, is given by the a posteriori probability density in the model space. By running a modified simulated annealing, samples from the model space can be drawn in such a way that their frequencies of occurrence approximate their a posteriori likelihoods. Using this method, maximum likelihood estimation and uncertainty analysis of seismic background velocity models are performed on multioffset seismic data. The misfit between observed and synthetic waveforms within the time windows along computed multioffset travel times, is used as an objective function for the simulated annealing approach. The real medium is modeled as a series of layers separated by curved interfaces. Lateral velocity variations within the layers are determined by interpolation from specified values at a number of sampling points. The input data consists of multioffset seismic data. Additionally, zero-offset times are used to migrate the reflectors in time to the depth domain. The multioffset times are calculated by an efficient ray-tracing algorithm which allows inversion of a large number of seismograms. The a posteriori probability density for this problem is highly multidimensional and highly multimodal. Therefore, the information contained in this distribution cannot be adequately represented by standard deviations and covariances. However, by sequentially displaying a large number of images, computed from the a posteriori background velocity samples and the data, it is possible to convey to the spectator a better understanding of what information we really have on the subsurface.
An evaluation of the uranium‐thorium‐helium method for dating young basalts

Comparison of K-Ar and ages based on U-Th-He on young basalts from the San Francisco Volcanic Field near Flagstaff, Arizona, shows that approximately one fifth of the He is retained and thus U-Th-He ages are too young. Leaching with weak acid produces large losses of U in only a few minutes, which suggests that He is lost from surficial positions on minerals from radiation damage sites and from interconnecting crystal defects. One sample of large plagioclase phenocrysts showed excess He. It seems unlikely that the U-Th-He method can be used to obtain reliable ages on young basalts. (auth)