Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Intellectual developmental disorders: towards a new name, definition and framework for “mental retardation/intellectual disability” in ICD‐11

Although "intellectual disability" has widely replaced the term "mental retardation", the debate as to whether this entity should be conceptualized as a health condition or as a disability has intensified as the revision of the World Health Organization (WHO)'s International Classification of Diseases (ICD) advances. Defining intellectual disability as a health condition is central to retaining it in ICD, with significant implications for health policy and access to health services. This paper presents the consensus reached to date by the WHO ICD Working Group on the Classification of Intellectual Disabilities. Literature reviews were conducted and a mixed qualitative approach was followed in a series of meetings to produce consensus-based recommendations combining prior expert knowledge and available evidence. The Working Group proposes replacing mental retardation with intellectual developmental disorders, defined as "a group of developmental conditions characterized by significant impairment of cognitive functions, which are associated with limitations of learning, adaptive behaviour and skills". The Working Group further advises that intellectual developmental disorders be incorporated in the larger grouping (parent category) of neurodevelopmental disorders, that current subcategories based on clinical severity (i.e., mild, moderate, severe, profound) be continued, and that problem behaviours be removed from the core classification structure of intellectual developmental disorders and instead described as associated features.
Wave propagation in an hydrocarbon reservoir during exploitation : A a preliminary , integrated study

INTRODUCTION Problem of reservoir estimation. The optimal exploitation of hydrocarbon reservoirs requires the accurate estimation of the reservoir's characteristics. Placement of wells, injection of gas and water, and production rate of hydrocarbons depend on the correct assessment of the reservoir properties. Furthermore, the field's properties change over tim e as reservoir pore fluid is removed. I advocate to assess a reservoir's state by an integrated inversion of combine well test, well log, and seismic data. This paper is result of my exploratory reading and discusses the physics of reservoir flow and seismic wave propagation in porous rocks. The paper includes simple finite difference simulations for reservoir fluid flow and wave propagation. Overview over various sections. Inversion. The section on inversion considers when inversion problems should be integrated and when they should be separated. Reservoir flow simulator. The section on reservoir flow simulation canvasses the fundamental equations based on Darcy's law, mass conservation, and gas-oil-water mixtures (black oil model). Additionally, the section introduces a simple simulator for a single phase fluid that I implemented. Wave equation for porous rocks. The third section considers wave propagation in a porous rock medium. Central to the section is Gassmann's velocity expressions. Additionally , the section discusses Biot's derivation of frequency dependent wave equation for a saturated porous rock. The section discusses a simple implementation of an acoustic wave simulator. A first experiment. The final section simulates the fluid flow and seismic time-lapse experiments over a simple reservoir model. For lack of time, the example currently simplifies much of the theory discussed in the paper. The historic success of simple models in seismic analysis encourages such a simplified first attempt. Darcy-Gassmann-Elastic formulation Several competing physical models of porous rocks exist. The models usually vary in their assumptions and their mathematical sophistication. A scientist ought to choose the most parsimonious model for the experiment. The popular Darcy-Gassmann-Elastic formulation combines the feasible state of the art of all three fields into a single model. The formulation of the reservoir flow and Gassmann's elastic parameters are directly based on macroscopic models of porous rock. However, it is unclear 2 if the combination of the three formulations is computationally feasible or parsimonious. The formulation and implementation of the seismic and well simulation is my first step towards a future inversion of experimental field data. All simulators are implemented in Jest (Schwab and Schroeder, 1997), an inversion framework. The simulators …
Short Banana Fiber Reinforced Polyester Composites: Mechanical, Failure and Aging Characteristics

This paper describes the tensile, impact, flexural properties and aging behavior of short banana fiber reinforced polyester composites with special reference to the effect of fiber length and fiber content. Maximum tensile strength was observed at 30 mm fiber length while impact strength gave the maximum value for 40 mm fiber length. Incorporation of 40% untreated fibers gave a 20% increase in the tensile strength and a 341% increase in impact strength. On treatment with silane coupling agent, composites showed a 28% increase in tensile strength and a 13% increase in flexural strength. Aging studies showed a decrease in tensile strength of the composites. The experimental tensile strength values were compared with theoretical predictions according to Piggot equation. Scanning electron microscopy studies were carried out to understand the morphology of the fiber surface, fiber pullout and interface bonding. Water absorption studies showed an increase in water uptake with increase in fiber content. Finally, the properties of banana fiber reinforced polyester composites have been compared with other natural fiber reinforced composites.
JP-CoMP with antenna selection for multi-carrier C-RAN with finite backhaul capacity

We consider a multi-carrier joint processing (JP) coordinated multi-point (CoMP) cellular system wherein the beamformers are designed by a centralized controller (CC). Those are subsequently fed back to the respective base stations (BSs) via finite capacity backhaul link. Hence, we design transmit beamformers at the CC that associate users to BSs depending on their backhaul capacity and users channel state to address this problem. Upon identifying the active links, user multiplexing and scheduling over spatial and frequency dimensions are performed in conjunction with the beamformer design for all BSs subject to the objective of minimizing the number of backlogged packets at the CC. Since the beamformers are notified to the respective BSs along with the data, the backhaul utilization must include the overhead incurred by the quantized beamformers, which has higher precision as it is used by all data symbols transmitted over a coherence block. In this paper, we assume fixed quantization levels for each complex entry in the beamformers. Therefore, we select a subset of entries for each beamformer to reduce the overhead incurred by the active antennas, which when removed has the minimal impact on the user rate. With the above mentioned constraints and requirements, the beamformer design becomes a nonconvex combinatorial problem. Therefore, we provide a solution for the proposed formulation by employing successive convex approximation technique to handle the nonconvexity and the combinatorial search involving binary variables are replaced by a linear bounds along with a sparsity inducing term in the objective. The proposed method is useful only when the backhaul usage due to the beamformers is significantly larger when compared to the overhead incurred by the active users data. Numerical results are provided to illustrate the performance.
Modeling of segmentation clock mechanism in presomitic mesoderm

Somite is sequentially generated in a head-to-tail order by segmentation of the mesenchymal tissue called presomitic mesoderm (PSM). The segmentation occurs periodically at the anterior end of the PSM, and this periodic segmentation has been suggested to be regulated by a molecular clock. In mouse PSM, the segmentation-related genes change their expression every 120 minutes, and this cyclic expression is essential for regular somite segmentation. In this study, a molecular mechanism of segmentation clock involving Wnt and Delta-Notch signaling pathways is modeled, and reality of the model structure is investigated through simulating biological findings. One dimensional array of the cellular clock models is constructed to simulate spatio-temporal dynamics of the gene-expressions in the PSM. The simulation result suggests that the Wnt gradient across the PSM is involved in the dynamics under concern.
Structural multi-mechanism model with anisotropic damage for cerebral arterial tissues and its finite element modeling

A structural multi-mechanism constitutive equation is proposed to describe the anisotropic and damage behavior of cerebral arterial tissue. The arterial tissue is modeled as a non-linear, incompressible and inelastic material. In this model, new deformation criteria are proposed for the recruitment of collagen fibers and degradation of internal elastic lamina (IEL), two important features of early stage aneurysm formation. This structural anisotropic model is formulated by modifying a previous multi-mechanism model to include the fibrous nature of collagen fibers and incorporates morphological information such as fiber orientation and dispersion. An anisotropic damage model is included to characterize tissue weakening and softening before failure of the IEL, ground matrix or collagen fibers. Two possible damage mechanisms are formulated in this model: mechanical damage dependent on material strains and enzymatic damage induced by hemodynamic stresses. The elastin/ground matrix and collagen fibers are treated as separate components of arteries. The elastin and ground matrix, which are represented by an isotropic response, bear loads at low strain level, and degrade gradually due to damage or disrupt due to eventual failure. The collagen fibers are recruited into load-bearing and subfailure damage at higher strain levels. Two approaches are considered for modeling their anisotropic behavior. In the first, they are characterized by the anisotropic behavior of N fibers. In the second, the collagen fibers are arranged in two helically oriented families with dispersion in their orientation. The fiber distribution is modeled by an orientation density function or distribution parameter. The fiber orientation and dispersion can be prescribed from arterial histology studies, or identified from stress-strain response as structural parameters. Pressure inflation test data for cerebral arteries are used to evaluate the constitutive model. It is found to fit the mechanical response of uniaxial test well. There is a need for additional experimental data to further evaluate and develop this model. The constitutive model is implemented in commercial finite element analysis package for numerical computation. The numerical implementation is validated by analytical solutions. The numerical model is used for the study of arterial microstructural behavior in complex biomechanical procedure of angioplasty surgery.
Net Clinical Benefit of Warfarin in Patients With Atrial Fibrillation: A Report From the Swedish Atrial Fibrillation Cohort Study

Background— Known risk factors for bleeding during anticoagulant treatment are largely the same as those predicting thromboembolic events in patients with atrial fibrillation (AF). Our objective was to investigate how to maximize the likelihood of avoiding both stroke and bleeding. Methods and Results— All 182 678 subjects with atrial fibrillation in the Swedish Hospital Discharge Register were studied for an average of 1.5 years (260 000 patient-years at risk). Patients were stratified according to risk scores with the use of historic International Classification of Disease diagnostic codes in the register. Information about medication was obtained from the Swedish Drug Registry. Our primary end point was net benefit defined as number of avoided ischemic strokes with anticoagulation minus the number of excess intracranial bleedings with a weight of 1.5 to compensate for the generally more severe outcome with intracranial bleedings. The adjusted net clinical benefit favored anticoagulation for almost all atrial fibrillation patients. The exceptions were patients at very low risk of ischemic stroke with a CHA2DS2-VASc score of 0 and moderately elevated bleeding risk (−1.7%/y). The results were broadly similar with CHADS2, except for patients with very low embolic risk; the CHA2DS2-VASc was able to identify those patients (n=6205, 3.9% of all patients) who had no net clinical benefit or even some disadvantage from anticoagulant treatment. Conclusions— In almost all patients with atrial fibrillation, the risk of ischemic stroke without anticoagulant treatment is higher than the risk of intracranial bleeding with anticoagulant treatment. Analysis of the net benefit indicates that more patients may benefit from anticoagulant treatment.
Graphical object recognition using statistical language models

This paper describes a proposed system for the recognition and labeling of graphical objects within architectural and engineering documents that integrates statistical language models (SLMs) with traditional classifiers. SLMs are techniques used with success in natural language processing (NLP) for use in such tasks as speech recognition and information retrieval. This research proposes the adaptation of SLMs for use with graphical notation i.e. statistical graphical language model (SGLMs). Reasoning of the similarities between natural language and technical graphics is presented and the proposed use of SGLM for graphical object recognition is described.
A Task-Oriented Approach to Information Retrieval Evaluation

As retrieval systems become more oriented towards end‐users, there is an increasing need for improved methods to evaluate their effectiveness. We performed a task‐oriented assessment of two MEDLINE searching systems, one which promotes traditional Boolean searching on human‐indexed thesaurus terms and the other natural language searching on words in the title, abstract, and indexing terms. Medical students were randomized to one of the two systems and given clinical questions to answer. The students were able to use each system successfully, with no significant differences in questions correctly answered, time taken, relevant articles retrieved, or user satisfaction between the systems. This approach to evaluation was successful in measuring effectiveness of system use and demonstrates that both types of systems can be used equally well with minimal training. © 1996 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Efficient Sensing of Infected Cells in Absence of Virus Particles by Blasmacytoid Dendritic Cells Is Blocked by the Viral Ribonuclease Erns

Plasmacytoid dendritic cells (pDC) have been shown to efficiently sense HCV- or HIV-infected cells, using a virion-free pathway. Here, we demonstrate for classical swine fever virus, a member of the Flaviviridae, that this process is much more efficient in terms of interferon-alpha induction when compared to direct stimulation by virus particles. By employment of virus replicon particles or infectious RNA which can replicate but not form de novo virions, we exclude a transfer of virus from the donor cell to the pDC. pDC activation by infected cells was mediated by a contact-dependent RNA transfer to pDC, which was sensitive to a TLR7 inhibitor. This was inhibited by drugs affecting the cytoskeleton and membrane cholesterol. We further demonstrate that a unique viral protein with ribonuclease activity, the viral Erns protein of pestiviruses, efficiently prevented this process. This required intact ribonuclease function in intracellular compartments. We propose that this pathway of activation could be of particular importance for viruses which tend to be mostly cell-associated, cause persistent infection, and are non-cytopathogenic.
Missing fundamentals: a problem of auditory or mental processing?

Subjects were presented with signal pairs with different musical intervals. Signals were sine tones, complex tones with a fundamental, and complex tones without a fundamental. Subjects had to decide, which signal pairs form a specific musical interval. Reaction times indicate that the perception of the ‘missing fundamental’ is a sort of musical processing and not necessarily a part of normal auditory processing in pitch perception.
Synthesis of novel 3-benzyl-2-phenyl-4(5H)-(substituted phenylhydrazino)-1, 3-oxazolidines and their antihyperglycemic activity

A number of 3-benzyl-2-phenyl-4(5H)-(substituted phenylhydrazino)-1, 3-oxazolidines 6a-f derivatives were synthesized and their antihyperglycemic activity was evaluated by streptozotocin (STZ) and sucrose-loaded model. Many of oxazolidine derivatives as well as their corresponding substituted phenylhydrazine showed significant reduction in blood glucose level in STZ and sucrose-loaded rat models.
Capacity-Achieving Sparse Superposition Codes via Approximate Message Passing Decoding

Sparse superposition codes were recently introduced by Barron and Joseph for reliable communication over the additive white Gaussian noise (AWGN) channel at rates approaching the channel capacity. The codebook is defined in terms of a Gaussian design matrix, and codewords are sparse linear combinations of columns of the matrix. In this paper, we propose an approximate message passing decoder for sparse superposition codes, whose decoding complexity scales linearly with the size of the design matrix. The performance of the decoder is rigorously analyzed and it is shown to asymptotically achieve the AWGN capacity with an appropriate power allocation. Simulation results are provided to demonstrate the performance of the decoder at finite blocklengths. We introduce a power allocation scheme to improve the empirical performance, and demonstrate how the decoding complexity can be significantly reduced by using Hadamard design matrices.
Looking ahead: query preview in exploratory search

Exploratory search is a complex, iterative information seeking activity that involves running multiple queries and finding and examining many documents. We designed a query preview control that visualizes the distribution of newly-retrieved and re-retrieved documents prior to running the query. When evaluating the preview control with a control condition, we found effects on both people's information seeking behavior and improved retrieval performance. People spent more time formulating a query and were more likely to explore search results more deeply, retrieved a more diverse set of documents, and found more different relevant documents when using the preview.
OUTPUT GROUPING-BASED DECOMPOSITION OF LOGIC FUNCTIONS

We present a method allowing us to determine the grouping of the outputs of the multi-output Boolean logic function for a single-level partitioni ng and minimization. Some kind of decomposition is often needed during the synthesis of logic circuits and the subsequent mapping onto technology. Sometimes a circuit has to be divided into several stand-alone parts, among i ts outputs, or possibly its inputs. It could be a case of a design targeted into PLAs, GALs, or any other monolithic components having a limited number of inputs and/or outputs. We propose a methodology to determine the way how the original circuit has to be partitioned into several parts of an arbitrary size, in order to reduce the complexity of the individual parts. The method is bas ed on our FC-Min minimizer, even when no Boolean minimization has to be involved here. The efficiency of the method is demonstrated on the standard MC NC benchmarks.
Mesenchymal Migration as a Therapeutic Target in Glioblastoma

Extensive infiltration of the surrounding healthy brain tissue is a cardinal feature of glioblastomas, highly lethal brain tumors. Deep infiltration by the glioblastoma cells renders complete surgical excision difficult and contemporary adjuvant therapies have had little impact on long-term survival. Thus, deep infiltration and resistance to irradiation and chemotherapy remain a major cause of patient mortality. Modern therapies specifically targeted to this unique aspect of glioblastoma cell biology hold significant promise to substantially improve survival rates for glioblastoma patients. In the present paper, we focus on the role of adhesion signaling molecules and the actin cytoskeleton in the mesenchymal mode of motility that characterizes invading glioblastoma cells. We then review current approaches to targeting these elements of the glioblastoma cell migration machinery and discuss other aspects of cell migration that may improve the treatment of infiltrating glioblastoma.
Predictors of bone disease in Egyptian prepubertal children with β-thalassaemia major

Introduction Thalassaemic osteopathy is a multifactorial disorder and limited information exists about bone accrual and bone mineral density (BMD) in prepubertal thalassaemic children. The study aimed to investigate some potential genetic and biochemical bone markers as possible early predictors of BMD variations in children with β-thalassaemia major (TM) before puberty. Material and methods Thirt-one prepubertal children with β-TM, and 43 matched controls were subjected to BMD assessment by dual energy X-ray absorptiometry (DEXA). Vitamin D receptor (VDR) gene polymorphisms (Bsm1, Fok1) and the biochemical bone markers serum osteocalcin and propeptide I procollagen (CPIP) and urinary deoxypyridinoline (DPD) excretion were assessed. Results Bone mineral density was reduced in 25% of thalassaemics at the spine and 15.4% at the hip region. Significantly higher levels of urinary DPD and lower serum osteocalcin and CPIP levels were found in the studied thalassaemic children compared to controls (p < 0.001). A significant negative correlation was present between BMD in spine and hip and the patients’ age (r = −0.6367, p = 0.0002 and r = −0.616, p = 0.00079, respectively). There was a significant reduction in BMD in males compared to females. Reduced BMD was more frequent in male patients with genotypes bb and Ff but not in females. Bone mineral density was not related to the studied biochemical bone markers, mean pre-transfusion haemoglobin or serum ferritin. Conclusions Routine BMD screening with DEXA is proposed to be a sensitive predictor for early bone changes, particularly at the lumbar spine. DR gene polymorphisms of Bsm1 and Fok1 polymorphisms may be determinants of BMD in Egyptian prepubertal male thalassemics