Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Low power CMOS sub-threshold circuits

Emerging new applications, such as wireless sensor nodes powered by energy harvesters, demand the change of the circuit design paradigm. Namely, for the past years, designers aimed at the minimum delay point in the energy-delay space, while the aforementioned applications require that the minimum energy point becomes the priority. One of the ways to achieve low energy consumption, while neglecting performance, is to operate the transistor in the sub-threshold (weak inversion) operation region. Since CMOS is the most widely accepted circuit design methodology, it would be the easiest and the most cost-effective to use it to design sub-threshold digital circuits. In this paper we provide an overview of sub-threshold CMOS digital logic circuits possibilities and limitations. We show that the same topology can be used, just as in strong inversion operation region. It is also shown that, comparing to the standard CMOS inverter, the speed and the temperature characteristic of the CMOS inverter with the dynamic threshold in the sub-threshold operation region is better.
Market Orientated Value Adding (MOVA) and Fisheries Management

This paper focus on motivation factors for market oriented value adding ( MOVA) in the fishing industry of the limited fish resources. Analytical the paper interpreter the market orientation concept into the Structure- Conduct- Performance model from industrial economics. It shows that most established fisheries management systems as Olympic style, licenses and transferable quotas and licenses systems reduce the motivation for market oriented value adding and by this waste resource rent. An improved management model is introduced which make it possible to motivate market- orientation and cost-efficiency together with sustainability and fair social allocation. This model combines Seasonal Quota Auction (SQA) and administrative allocation (AA) through licenses and community or fisher group quota. In contrast to a pure ITQ model, this model offer a solution to motivate fishers to: (i) Increase resource rent without privatizing the fish resources on few private hands (ii) Ease seasonal quotas instead of purchasing permanent quotas as in ITQ. (iii) Improve rent generating from the most market oriented and efficient fishers by leasing quotas on credit. The auction mechanism makes it possible to collect the resource rent for use through fisher's co-operatives or regions, ITQ owners, government or redistributed as bonus to all fishers. This model is expected to impose increased social costs for the less competitive in each fisher group, generate both less resource rent and less social costs in the long run compared with free market solutions working without other constraints than maintaining biological TAC.
Is Estradiol a Genotoxic Mutagenic Carcinogen ? *

The natural hormone 17b-estradiol (E2) induces tumors in various organs of rats, mice, and hamsters. In humans, slightly elevated circulating estrogen levels caused either by increased endogenous hormone production or by therapeutic doses of estrogen medications increase breast or uterine cancer risk. Several epigenetic mechanisms of tumor induction by this hormone have been proposed based on its lack of mutagenic activity in bacterial and mammalian cell test systems. More recent evidence supports a dual role of estrogen in carcinogenesis as a hormone stimulating cell proliferation and as a procarcinogen inducing genetic damage. Tumors may be initiated by metabolic conversion of E2 to 4-hydroxyestradiol catalyzed by a specific 4-hydroxylase (CYP1B1) and by further activation of this catechol to reactive semiquinone/quinone intermediates. Several types of direct and indirect free radical-mediated DNA damage are induced by E2, 4-hydroxyestradiol, or its corresponding quinone in cell-free systems, in cells in culture, and/or in vivo. E2 also induces various chromosomal and genetic lesions including aneuploidy, chromosomal aberrations, gene amplification, and microsatellite instability in cells in culture and/or in vivo and gene mutations in several cell test systems. These data suggest that E2 is a weak carcinogen and weak mutagen capable of inducing genetic lesions with low frequency. Tumors may develop by hormone receptor-mediated proliferation of such damaged cells. (Endocrine Reviews 21: 40 –54, 2000) I. Carcinogenicity of E2 A. Carcinogenicity of E2 in animals B. Carcinogenicity of E2 in humans C. Conclusion: carcinogenicity of E2 II. Hormonal Contributions of E2 to Carcinogenesis III. E2 as Epigenetic Carcinogen A. Uncontrolled cell proliferation by E2 B. Carcinogenesis by covalent modification of E2 receptors C. Estrogen-induced chromosomal abnormalities D. Epigenotoxic mechanism of estrogen carcinogene-
Neuroendocrine–Immune Systems Response to Environmental Stressors in the Cephalopod Octopus vulgaris

Under a continuous changing environment, animals are challenged with stresses and stimuli which demanding adaptation at behavioral and physiological levels. The adaptation strategies are finely regulated by animal nervous, endocrine, and immune systems. Although it's been established by now the usage of integrative approach to the study the endocrine and nervous systems (neuroendocrine), yet our understanding of how they cooperate with the immune system remains far from complete. The possible role that immune system plays as a component of the network has only been recognized recently. Octopus vulgaris is an important member of cephalopods and is considered as a model species, with considerable information about the neuroendocrine and immune systems. In the current review, we anticipate to shed light on the complexity and cross talk among the three systems and how they cooperate in setting physiological response to stresses-stimuli in O. vulgaris as a target species and primary example.
Yawning. A homeostatic reflex and its psychological significance.

Yawning is a common phenomenon that is an expression of certain physiological and psychological states, yet it bas received remarkably little attention in the medical literature. Dumpert (1921), Hauptmann (1920), and Lewy (1921) reached some conclusions regarding the nature of yawning in connection with observations of patients with encephalitis lethargica; however, after the 1920s the subject was again disregarded. On the basis of certain clinical and experimental observations which may have some psychiatric significance and which, to my knowledge, have not yet been described, a review of the matter of yawning appeared justified.
The Transcription Factor TFII-I Promotes DNA Translesion Synthesis and Genomic Stability

Translesion synthesis (TLS) enables DNA replication through damaged bases, increases cellular DNA damage tolerance, and maintains genomic stability. The sliding clamp PCNA and the adaptor polymerase Rev1 coordinate polymerase switching during TLS. The polymerases Pol η, ι, and κ insert nucleotides opposite damaged bases. Pol ζ, consisting of the catalytic subunit Rev3 and the regulatory subunit Rev7, then extends DNA synthesis past the lesion. Here, we show that Rev7 binds to the transcription factor TFII-I in human cells. TFII-I is required for TLS and DNA damage tolerance. The TLS function of TFII-I appears to be independent of its role in transcription, but requires homodimerization and binding to PCNA. We propose that TFII-I bridges PCNA and Pol ζ to promote TLS. Our findings extend the general principle of component sharing among divergent nuclear processes and implicate TLS deficiency as a possible contributing factor in Williams-Beuren syndrome.
Influence of host iron status on Plasmodium falciparum infection

Iron deficiency affects one quarter of the world's population and causes significant morbidity, including detrimental effects on immune function and cognitive development. Accordingly, the World Health Organization (WHO) recommends routine iron supplementation in children and adults in areas with a high prevalence of iron deficiency. However, a large body of clinical and epidemiological evidence has accumulated which clearly demonstrates that host iron deficiency is protective against falciparum malaria and that host iron supplementation may increase the risk of malaria. Although many effective antimalarial treatments and preventive measures are available, malaria remains a significant public health problem, in part because the mechanisms of malaria pathogenesis remain obscured by the complexity of the relationships that exist between parasite virulence factors, host susceptibility traits, and the immune responses that modulate disease. Here we review (i) the clinical and epidemiological data that describes the relationship between host iron status and malaria infection and (ii) the current understanding of the biological basis for these clinical and epidemiological observations.
Using virtual documents to move information retrieval and knowledge management closer together

While Information Retrieval approaches typically rely on a bag-of-word approach and are therefore fairly shallow, Knowledge Management is based on a deep semantic representation. Both allow users to sift through huge volumes of information and to identify the relevant document or answer for a particular information need. Obviously, these areas go beyond this simple information access scenario. Nevertheless, it is also a fact that these areas form fairly separate communities. We propose an idea of how to make use of techniques coming from both ends of the spectrum and combine them in methods that are more powerful than each of them individually. Our idea is based on turning structured information into virtual documents built to preserve the concepts and relations inherent in the semantically rich data before we apply Information Retrieval methods.
The Information Content of the Surprise in Duration between Trades

We examine the intra-day relation between the time between trades and bid-ask spreads and depths. We use the unexpected portion of duration rather than realized duration to proxy for new information, and find that unexpected short duration increases the quoted spread and the adverse-selection component of the spread and that unexpected duration of buyer-initiated trades has a larger impact on the quoted spread than that of seller-initiated trades. These results are consistent with information uncertainty in Easley and O'Hara (1992) and the effect of short-sales constraints in Diamond and Verrecchia (1987). Moreover, we find some weak evidence that unexpected short duration increases quoted depths, suggesting that the overall liquidity impact is more complicated than previously thought.
Costimulation Blockade in Kidney Transplantation: An Update

Abstract In the setting of solid-organ transplantation, calcineurin inhibitor (CNI)-based therapy remains the cornerstone of immunosuppression. However, long-term use of CNIs is associated with some degree of nephrotoxicity. This has led to exploring the blockade of some costimulation pathways as an efficient immunosuppressive tool instead of using CNIs. The only agent already in clinical use and approved by the health authorities for kidney transplant patients is belatacept (Nulojix), a fusion protein that interferes with cytotoxic T lymphocyte-associated protein 4. Belatacept has been demonstrated to be as efficient as cyclosporine-based immunosuppression and is associated with significantly better renal function, that is, no nephrotoxicity. However, in the immediate posttransplant period, significantly more mild/moderate episodes of acute rejection have been reported, favored by the fact that cytotoxic T lymphocyte-associated protein pathway has an inhibitory effect on the alloimmune response; thereby its inhibition is detrimental in this regard. This has led to the development of antibodies that target CD28. The most advanced is FR104, it has shown promise in nonhuman primate models of autoimmune diseases and allotransplantation. In addition, research into blocking the CD40-CD154 pathway is underway. A phase II study testing ASK1240, that is, anti-CD40 antibody has been completed, and the results are pending.
1 Overlap , Recursion , and Ternary Constructions

A number of advantages have been claimed in the recent literature for theories that allow recursive, or internally layered, feet (Bennett 2012, Kager 2012, Martínez-Paricio 2013). The claimed advantages lie in the ability of recursive feet to capture phenomena associated with ternary stress configurations, whether the patterns involve repeating ternary configurations, ternary configurations embedded in otherwise binary patterns, or the ternary configurations found in trisyllabic accent windows. For the most part, proponents of recursive feet have acknowledged the ability of overlapping feet (Hyde 2001, 2002, 2016) to capture the same types of phenomena. For example, Martínez-Paricio (2013) acknowledges the ability of overlapping feet to account for lengthening affects in Wargamay (Dixon 1981) and Yidiny (Dixon 1977a, b), as first demonstrated in Hyde (2002), and to account for patterns of Dutch vowel produce all known examples of trisyllabic accent windows. The claimed empirical advantages of recursive feet, then, are not really advantages at all. At least, they are not advantages over overlapping feet. Overlapping feet can cover the same empirical territory as that covered by recursive feet. As we shall see below, however, the reverse is not true. A number of phenomena that can be captured with overlapping feet cannot be captured with recursive feet. The two phenomena examined here are quantity-insensitive binary stress patterns and trisyllabic accent windows. As we shall see in Section 3, recursive feet cannot be employed to produce a reasonably accurate typology of quantity-insensitive binary stress patterns because they do not offer a way to address the Odd-Parity Input Problem (Hyde 2012b, 2016). As we shall see in Section 4, recursive feet cannot form the basis for a general account of accent windows, since they cannot account for accent windows where a secondary stress accompanies the accent within the window. The reason that overlapping feet can provide successful analyses in these situations, where recursive feet cannot, is that overlapping feet are able to represent a key class of ternary configurations that cannot be represented with recursive feet. Recursive feet cannot effectively account for quantity-insensitive binary stress patterns and trisyllabic accent windows simply because they cannot be used to represent the necessary ternary configurations. The paper proceeds as follows. Section 1 presents the six different ternary configurations that must be produced by any approach to metrical stress theory, and it illustrates some of the contexts in which these configurations can arise in the stress and accent patterns …
Plan-then-compile architectures

Several architectures have recently been developed which integrate planning, reacting, and knowledge compilation learning, in order to improve system reactivity while retaining system flexibility. This paper assesses strengths and weaknesses of such Plan-Then-Compile architectures, by analyzing one such architecture, Theo-Agent [Mitchell 90]. We describe capabilities and limitations of the Theo-Agent, and use these to try to understand the generic capabilities and limits of Plan-Then-Compile architectures more generally.
Smoking prevalence of female nurses in the national hospitals of Japan

OBJECTIVE To estimate the prevalence of smoking and the attitudes towards the restriction of smoking at work among female nurses in the national hospitals in Japan. DESIGN Questionnaires mailed to 14 randomly selected national hospitals and sanitariums in Japan in 1993. SUBJECTS 2207 female nurses. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Smoking status and history, and attitudes towards the restriction of smoking at work. RESULTS The prevalence of smoking among female nurses was 18.6%, which was higher than the age-adjusted prevalence of the general female population using this study’s subjects as a standardised population. Banning smoking in the hospital in which they worked was supported by 15.0%, whereas 81.6% supported the restriction of smoking. CONCLUSIONS The results showed that smoking is more common among female nurses than among the general female adult population. The survey suggested that nurses favour restriction, but not banning, of smoking.
Policies and Programs That Affect Transfer.

A study was conducted to examine the transfer rates of 395 community colleges participating in the 1993 Transfer Assembly to determine on the underlying causes behind different transfer rates. Of the states supplying information for the 1989 cohort, for example, seven had at least one college reporting a high (above 25%) and a low (below 151) transfer rate. Site visits were arranged for 14 high and low colleges in California, Illinois, New York, Texas, and Washington. Three instruments were developed for the project: a General Interview Form, Faculty Survey; and Student Survey. Data gathered from these instruments and site visits re,ealed: (1) more students transfer when college administrators and faculty actively endorse and encourage it; (2) transfer is facilitated by clear articulation agreements, universities accepting feeder college courses more readily, and counseling; (3) articulation agreements are helpful but probably affect transfer rates only marginally; (4) common course numbering helps guarantee proper credit will be given for feeder college courses; (5) key personnel at high transfer rate institutions are more likely to assign transfer priority; (6) universities make transfer more difficult by not accepting specific courses, not allowing admissions to some degree programs, and not perceiving transfer students as adequately prepared; and (7) students who come from high schools with sufficient reading and math skills are more likely to transfer than those who require developmental courses. (Survey instruments are appended.) (KP)
Tenascin-R Inhibits the Growth of Optic Fibers In Vitro But Is Rapidly Eliminated during Nerve Regeneration in the Salamander Pleurodeles waltl

Tenascin-R is a multidomain molecule of the extracellular matrix in the CNS with neurite outgrowth inhibitory functions. Despite the fact that in amphibians spontaneous axonal regeneration of the optic nerve occurs, we show here that the molecule appears concomitantly with myelination during metamorphosis and is present in the adult optic nerve of the salamander Pleurodeles waltl by immunoblots and immunohistochemistry. In vitro, adult retinal ganglion cell axons were not able to grow from retinal explants on a tenascin-R substrate or to cross a sharp substrate border of tenascin-R in the presence of laminin, indicating that tenascin-R inhibits regrowth of retinal ganglion cell axons. After an optic nerve crush, immunoreactivity for tenascin-R was reduced to undetectable levels within 8 d. Immunoreactivity for the myelin-associated glycoprotein (MAG) was also diminished by that time. Myelin was removed by phagocytosing cells at 8–14 d after the lesion, as demonstrated by electron microscopy. Tenascin-R immunoreactivity was again detectable at 6 months after the lesion, correlated with remyelination as indicated by MAG immunohistochemistry. Regenerating axons began to repopulate the distal lesioned nerve at 9 d after a crush and grew in close contact with putative astrocytic processes in the periphery of the nerve, close to the pia, as demonstrated by anterograde tracing. Thus, the onset of axonal regrowth over the lesion site was correlated with the removal of inhibitory molecules in the optic nerve, which may be necessary for successful axonal regeneration in the CNS of amphibians.
Case for a World Currency: Is an ANZAC Dollar a Logical Step?

Discussion of an ANZAC dollar, and other potential currency arrangements, should be considered within the larger context of global currency developments. This paper extends the discussion of Grimes, Holmes and Bowden (2000) to consider currency arrangements internationally. The history of currencies is examined to show that there is no necessary economic rationale for independent countries to maintain independent currencies. Insights of modern search theories of money, which have been chiefly applied to optimal currency arrangements within a specific country, are applied to international currency arrangements, indicating that multiple currency arrangements are sub-optimal. Trade theory and microeconomic approaches are also discussed, casting doubt on the logic for maintaining separate national currencies. Once the
A Database for the Analysis of Program Change Patterns

Software repositories contain an enormous amount of information regarding the evolution of any large software system. In our experiments we choose the dataset of the freely available Mozilla CVS repository. We downloaded 9552 program files (C++), extracted the CVS log data, and extracted the Mozilla bugs information from the Bugzilla database. From these sources we extracted the program file change data and used a database for storing the extracted data. We further used this database for the analysis of program file changes in order to find change patterns. We apply an approach on the database that allows us to identify the different types of change transactions like bug fixing, clean, bug introducing and bug fix-introducing transactions. We further use the database to find the program file change distribution. Furthermore we use the probability of bug introducing and bug fix-introducing changes to identify the source file as being risky or not for further changes. Such information is not only useful for developers but also for software managers in order to assign resources, e.g., for testing.
A passive formulation of force control for kinematically constrained manipulators

In this article, the problem of force feedback control of kinematically constrained manipulators (KCMs) is considered. For these robots, we show that the force component selection approach is not appropriate in general to solve the force control problem. Moreover, by formulating the problem in the joint space, we show how to properly design a stable force controller for KCMs subject to arbitrary external forces applied to their end-effector. Experimental results with a kinematically constrained laparoscopic comanipulator illustrate these propositions
A diversity channel model using multiple tapped-delay lines characterized by lag-delay correlations

A channel model is proposed for the purpose of Monte-Carlo simulation of the frequency-selective (wideband) vector channel between a subscriber and an array-enhanced base station. The model is defined in the baseband equivalent, discrete-time domain and can therefore be represented as multiple tapped-delay lines (one per diversity branch). It is based on the wide-sense stationary, uncorrelated scattering (WSSUS) assumption and includes not only the radio channel itself but also the transmitting and receiving fixed filters. Each tap coefficient corresponds to a complex gaussian variate which is correlated with other taps at different branches and different delays. The ensemble of tap coefficients constitutes a complex multivariate gaussian process whose statistics can be entirely defined with an analytically-derived lag-delay correlation function (where the term lag denotes spatial separation between two elements).
Continuous fingerprint image quality estimation based on neural network

Fingerprint image quality estimation is crucial in eliminating poor fingerprint images, which will affect the performance of the automatic fingerprint identification system. In this paper, we present an image quality estimation method based on neural network. Unlike other methods, which are also based on neural network, we directly take the gray value of fingerprints as inputs into the network. This algorithm is tested for a large number of fingerprint images with the varied quality, and is found to be effective and fast. The results of segmentation of fingerprint images using our method proposed here are presented.