Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Buckling Down: Achieving and Underachieving in the First Year of University

Postsecondary institutions and their learning assistance professionals should care about not only whether students achieve but also whether they feel they have achieved. In addition, a student's concept of achievement may be crucial for academic success. How do 1st-year students who see themselves as underachieving define achievement? Eleven self-defined underachievers were interviewed. In keeping with phenomenographic methods, the concepts were classified into a typology. Grades most frequently defined achievement, but students held 13 definitions. Each student held more than 1 definition of achieving, some definitions in the forefront affecting actions, others in the background, mentioned but not influential. Each researcher responded to the typology personally, intending to have the contrast of their unique responses spark critical reflection in readers.
Why the brain talks to itself: sources of error in emotional prediction

People typically choose pleasure over pain. But how do they know which of these their choices will entail? The brain generates mental simulations (previews) of future events, which produce affective reactions (premotions), which are then used as a basis for forecasts (predictions) about the future event's emotional consequences. Research shows that this process leads to systematic errors of prediction. We review evidence indicating that these errors can be traced to five sources.
Optimal Tree Structures for Group Key Management with Batch Updates

We investigate the key management problem for broadcasting applications. Previous work showed that batch rekeying can be more cost-effective than individual rekeying. Under the assumption that every user has probability $p$ of being replaced by a new user during a batch rekeying period, we study the structure of the optimal key trees. Constant bounds on both the branching degree and the subtree size at any internal node are established for the optimal tree. These limits are then utilized to give an $O(n)$ dynamic programming algorithm for constructing the optimal tree for $n$ users and any fixed value of $p$. In particular, we show that when $p > 1 - 3^{-1/3} \thickapprox 0.307$, the optimal tree is an $n$-star, and when $p\leq 1 - 3^{-1/3}$, each nonroot internal node has a branching degree of at most 4. We also study the case when $p$ tends to $0$ and show that the optimal tree resembles a balanced ternary tree to varying degrees depending on certain number-theoretical properties of $n$.
The Social Construction of Market Value: Institutionalization and Learning Perspectives on Stock Market Reactions

This study advances a social constructionist view of financial market behavior. The paper suggests that the market's reaction to particular corporate practices, such as stock repurchase plans, are not, as financial economists contend, simply a function of the inherent efficiency of such practices. Rather, stock market reactions are also influenced by the prevailing institutional logic and the degree of institutionalization of the practice. The theory first predicts that the emergence of the agency perspective on corporate governance in the mid-1980s represented a powerful new institutional logic that would lead the market to reverse its prior aggregate reaction to stock repurchase plans in the United States. The paper then considers the potential for institutional decoupling of repurchase plans and develops competing hypotheses about how the market value of these policies might have changed as more firms formally adopted, but did not implement, the plans over time. In contrast to a financial economic perspective on market valuation, which suggests that markets should discount the value of a policy as evidence of non-implementation accumulates, this study posits that institutionalization processes might increase the market value of a policy as more firms adopt it, despite growing evidence of decoupling. Implications for institutional theory and theoretical perspectives on capital markets are discussed.
Maintenance Therapy With Fluoxetine in Posttraumatic Stress Disorder: A Placebo-Controlled Discontinuation Study

Abstract: The effect of fluoxetine (FLU) in posttraumatic stress disorder was studied in a one-year trial. Subjects received open-label treatment for 6 months, followed by double-blind randomized treatment with FLU or placebo (PBO) for 6 months. Rates of relapse were compared using the Clinical Global Impressions of Improvement. One hundred twenty-three subjects entered open-label treatment, of whom 114 returned at least once. Sixty-two subjects were randomized to receive FLU or PBO, of whom 57 returned at least once and were analyzed. The dose of FLU ranged from 10 to 60 mg/d; at randomization, mean doses were 48.6 and 42.1 mg for FLU and PBO groups. Rates of relapse were 22% for FLU versus 50% for PBO (P = 0.02), and time to relapse on FLU was longer than for PBO (P = 0.02, log-rank statistic). The odds ratio for relapse on PBO relative to FLU was 3.50. No significant differences were found on other measures. Fluoxetine was well tolerated during double-blind treatment.
Quotient space-based boundary condition for particle swarm optimization algorithm

To control particles flying inside the limited search space and deal with the problem of slow search speed and premature convergence, this paper applies the theory of topology, and proposes a novel quotient space-based boundary condition by using the properties of quotient space and homeomorphism. In this new method, named QsaBC, Search space-zoomed factor and Attractor are introduced to enhance the performance of PSO according to analyzing the dynamic behavior and stability of particles. QsaBC proposed in this paper not only reduces the subjective interference and enforces the capability of global search, but also enhance the power of local search and escaping from an inferior local optimum. Four CEC'2008 benchmark functions are selected to evaluate the performance of QsaBC. Comparative experiments show that QsaBC is more effective to do with the boundary condition, furthermore, can get the satisfactory solution with fast convergence speed, easy calculation and good robustness than other experienced methods.
Optimization and fully distributed analysis of traveling wave switches at millimeter wave frequency band

In this paper, a fully distributed model for a traveling wave switch is introduced and important parameters of the switch such as insertion loss, isolation, and return loss are presented. The results of fully distributed model are compared with the results of the semi-distributed model. These results have good agreement with semi-distributed results. By using the fully distributed model and adjusting the switch length and operating frequency, various switch parameters are calculated. The optimum switch length and operating frequency are calculated versus the switch parameters especially the isolation and the return loss in off and on conditions.
Lack of sex‐specific movement patterns in an alien species at its invasion front – consequences for invasion speed

Summary Efficient targeting of actions to reduce the spread of invasive alien species relies on understanding the spatial, temporal, and individual variation of movement, in particular related to dispersal. Such patterns may differ between individuals at the invasion front compared to individuals in established and dense populations due to differences in environmental and ecological conditions such as abundance of conspecifics or sex‐specific dispersal affecting the encounter rate of potential mates. We assessed seasonal and diurnal variation in movement pattern (step length and turning angle) of adult male and female raccoon dog at their invasion front in northern Sweden using data from Global Positioning System (GPS)‐marked adult individuals and assessed whether male and female raccoon dog differed in their movement behavior. There were few consistent sex differences in movement. The rate of dispersal was rather similar over the months, suggesting that both male and female raccoon dog disperse during most of the year, but with higher speed during spring and summer. There were diurnal movement patterns in both sexes with more directional and faster movement during the dark hours. However, the short summer nights may limit such movement patterns, and long‐distance displacement was best explained by fine‐scale movement patterns from 18:00 to 05:00, rather than by movement patterns only from twilight and night. Simulation of dispersing raccoon dogs suggested a higher frequency of male–female encounters that were further away from the source population for the empirical data compared to a scenario with sex differences in movement pattern. The lack of sex differences in movement pattern at the invasion front results in an increased likelihood for reproductive events far from the source population. Animals outside the source population should be considered potential reproducing individuals, and a high effort to capture such individuals is needed throughout the year to prevent further spread.
The cerebrospinal fluid in multiple sclerosis: far beyond the bands

ABSTRACT The cerebrospinal fluid analysis has been employed for supporting multiple sclerosis diagnosis and ruling out the differential diagnoses. The most classical findings reflect the inflammatory nature of the disease, including mild pleocytosis, mild protein increase, intrathecal synthesis of immunoglobulin G, and, most typically, the presence of oligoclonal bands. In recent years, new biomarkers have emerged in the context of multiple sclerosis. The search for new biomarkers reflect the need of a better evaluation of disease activity, disease progression, and treatment efficiency. A more refined evaluation of disease and therapy status can contribute to better therapeutic choices, particularly in escalation of therapies. This is very relevant taking into account the availability of a greater number of drugs for multiple sclerosis treatment in recent years. In this review, we critically evaluate the current literature regarding the most important cerebrospinal fluid biomarkers in multiple sclerosis. The determination of biomarkers levels, such as chemokine ligand 13, fetuin A, and mainly light neurofilament has shown promising results in the evaluation of this disease, providing information that along with clinical and neuroimaging data may contribute to better therapeutic decisions.
MOLECULAR EVIDENCE FOR SELECTION ON FEMALE COLOR POLYMORPHISM IN THE DAMSELFLY ISCHNURA GRAELLSII

Abstract The significance of female color polymorphism in Odonata remains controversial despite many field studies. The importance of random factors (founder effects, genetic drift and migration) versus selective forces for the maintenance of this polymorphism is still discussed. In this study, we specifically test whether the female color polymorphism of Ischnura graellsii (Odonata, Coenagrionidae) is under selection in the wild. We compared the degree of genetic differentiation based on RAPD markers (assumed to be neutral) with the degree of differentiation based on color alleles. Weir and Cockerham's θ values showed a significant degree of population differentiation for both sets of loci (RAPD and color alleles) but the estimated degree of population differentiation (θ) was significantly greater for the set of RAPD loci. This result shows that some sort of selection contributes to the maintenance of similar color morph frequencies across the studied populations. Our results combined with those of previous field studies suggest that at least in some I. graellsii populations, density-dependent mechanisms might help to prevent the loss of this polymorphism but cannot explain the similarity in morph frequencies among populations. Editor: K. Ross
The Role of Whitecapping in Thickening the Ocean Surface Boundary Layer

AbstractThe effects of wind-driven whitecapping on the evolution of the ocean surface boundary layer are examined using an idealized one-dimensional Reynolds-averaged Navier–Stokes numerical model. Whitecapping is parameterized as a flux of turbulent kinetic energy through the sea surface and through an adjustment of the turbulent length scale. Simulations begin with a two-layer configuration and use a wind that ramps to a steady stress. This study finds that the boundary layer begins to thicken sooner in simulations with whitecapping than without because whitecapping introduces energy to the base of the boundary layer sooner than shear production does. Even in the presence of whitecapping, shear production becomes important for several hours, but then inertial oscillations cause shear production and whitecapping to alternate as the dominant energy sources for mixing. Details of these results are sensitive to initial and forcing conditions, particularly to the turbulent length scale imposed by breaking wa.
Preventing Substance Abuse in Hispanic Immigrant Adolescents: An Ecodevelopmental, Parent-Centered Approach

This article discusses the challenges that Hispanic immigrant families face and reviews the potential negative consequences of these challenges for Hispanic adolescents. The article outlines the theoretical background, goals, and intervention components of Familias Unidas, a substance-abuse-prevention program for poor immigrant Hispanic adolescents and their parents. Familias Unidas is an ecodevelopmentally based, parent-centered intervention delivered by way of parent participatory-learning groups, parent-adolescent discussion circles, and periodic home visits. Through participation in Familias Unidas, parents acquire skills for communicating with and supporting their adolescents, managing adolescent behavior problems, and becoming actively involved in their adolescents' social and academic lives, all of which are protective against substance abuse. This article delineates the key intervention principles of Familias Unidas that increase parental involvement and collaboration within the adolescents' family, school, and peer worlds and, as a result, improve adolescents' functioning in these areas.
Undergraduate plagiarism: a pedagogical perspective

Student plagiarism is a pervasive and increasing problem at all levels of study in tertiary institutions. This study attempted explicitly and implicitly to address issues of plagiarism within the broad context of an academic writing framework in tutorials in a first‐year module at the University of KwaZulu‐Natal in South Africa. Despite these interventions, a quarter of the students were judged to have plagiarised in an essay assignment. The study revealed little deliberate intention to deceive but instead poor understanding of both technical matters such as correct referencing norms that had been addressed in the module and higher‐order issues such as writing as process, knowledge as constructed and the establishment of authorial voice through language and referencing. Lack of real engagement with plagiarism and referencing issues was also a problem, with certain groups of students being more at risk in terms of committing plagiarism than others. It is argued that, particularly in a demographically diverse society, acquiring values, attitudes, norms, beliefs and practices that help prevent plagiarism should be viewed as a long‐term and iterative process.
Chloroplast Genome Sequence of Pigeonpea (Cajanus cajan (L.) Millspaugh) and Cajanus scarabaeoides (L.) Thouars: Genome Organization and Comparison with Other Legumes

Pigeonpea (Cajanus cajan (L.) Millspaugh), a diploid (2n = 22) legume crop with a genome size of 852 Mbp, serves as an important source of human dietary protein especially in South East Asian and African regions. In this study, the draft chloroplast genomes of Cajanus cajan and Cajanus scarabaeoides (L.) Thouars were generated. Cajanus scarabaeoides is an important species of the Cajanus gene pool and has also been used for developing promising CMS system by different groups. A male sterile genotype harboring the C. scarabaeoides cytoplasm was used for sequencing the plastid genome. The cp genome of C. cajan is 152,242bp long, having a quadripartite structure with LSC of 83,455 bp and SSC of 17,871 bp separated by IRs of 25,398 bp. Similarly, the cp genome of C. scarabaeoides is 152,201bp long, having a quadripartite structure in which IRs of 25,402 bp length separates 83,423 bp of LSC and 17,854 bp of SSC. The pigeonpea cp genome contains 116 unique genes, including 30 tRNA, 4 rRNA, 78 predicted protein coding genes and 5 pseudogenes. A 50 kb inversion was observed in the LSC region of pigeonpea cp genome, consistent with other legumes. Comparison of cp genome with other legumes revealed the contraction of IR boundaries due to the absence of rps19 gene in the IR region. Chloroplast SSRs were mined and a total of 280 and 292 cpSSRs were identified in C. scarabaeoides and C. cajan respectively. RNA editing was observed at 37 sites in both C. scarabaeoides and C. cajan, with maximum occurrence in the ndh genes. The pigeonpea cp genome sequence would be beneficial in providing informative molecular markers which can be utilized for genetic diversity analysis and aid in understanding the plant systematics studies among major grain legumes.
Experimental evaluation and improvements to linear scan register allocation

We report our experience from implementing and experimentally evaluating the performance of various register allocation schemes, focusing on the recently proposed linear scan register allocator. In particular, we describe in detail our implementation of linear scan and report on its behavior both on register‐rich and on register‐poor computer architectures. We also extensively investigate how different options to the basic algorithm and to the compilation process as a whole affect compilation times and quality of the produced code.
The Hiroshima/Nagasaki Survivor Studies: Discrepancies Between Results and General Perception

The explosion of atom bombs over the cities of Hiroshima and Nagasaki in August 1945 resulted in very high casualties, both immediate and delayed but also left a large number of survivors who had been exposed to radiation, at levels that could be fairly precisely ascertained. Extensive follow-up of a large cohort of survivors (120,000) and of their offspring (77,000) was initiated in 1947 and continues to this day. In essence, survivors having received 1 Gy irradiation (∼1000 mSV) have a significantly elevated rate of cancer (42% increase) but a limited decrease of longevity (∼1 year), while their offspring show no increased frequency of abnormalities and, so far, no detectable elevation of the mutation rate. Current acceptable exposure levels for the general population and for workers in the nuclear industry have largely been derived from these studies, which have been reported in more than 100 publications. Yet the general public, and indeed most scientists, are unaware of these data: it is widely believed that irradiated survivors suffered a very high cancer burden and dramatically shortened life span, and that their progeny were affected by elevated mutation rates and frequent abnormalities. In this article, I summarize the results and discuss possible reasons for this very striking discrepancy between the facts and general beliefs about this situation.
Capturing Accurate Snapshots of the Gnutella Network

A common approach for measurement-based characterization of peer-to-peer (P2P) systems is to capture overlay snapshots using a crawler. The accuracy of captured snapshots by P2P crawlers directly depends on both the crawling speed and the fraction of unreachable peers. This in turn affects the accuracy of the conducted characterization based on these captured snapshots. Prior studies frequently rely on crawling the network over an hour or more, during which time the overlay may change substantially. Moreover, none of the previous measurement-based studies on P2P systems have examined the accuracy of their captured snapshots or the impact on conducted characterization.
Predicted seminal astacin-like protease is required for processing of reproductive proteins in Drosophila melanogaster

During mating, males provide females with seminal fluids that include proteins affecting female physiology and, in some cases, reproductive behavior. In several species these male-derived modulators of reproduction are processed upon transfer to the female, suggesting molecular interaction between the sexes. Males could increase their reproductive success by contributing to regulation of this processing; consistent with this hypothesis, seminal fluids are rich in proteolysis regulators. However, whether these molecules carry out processing of male-derived reproductive modulators is unknown. We tested for this role using RNAi to knock down individually 11 Drosophila seminal fluid proteases and protease inhibitors. We found that CG11864, a predicted astacin-type metalloprotease in seminal fluid, is necessary to process two other seminal proteins: the ovulation hormone ovulin (Acp26Aa) and the sperm storage protein Acp36DE. This processing occurs only after all three proteins have entered the female. Moreover, CG11864 itself is processed inside males while en route to the female and before its action in processing ovulin and Acp36DE. Thus, processing of seminal proteins is stepwise in Drosophila, beginning in the male after the proteins leave their site of synthesis and continuing within another organism, the mated female, and the male-donated protease CG11864 is an agent of this latter processing.
Sulfate-Reducing Microorganisms in Wetlands – Fameless Actors in Carbon Cycling and Climate Change

Freshwater wetlands are a major source of the greenhouse gas methane but at the same time can function as carbon sink. Their response to global warming and environmental pollution is one of the largest unknowns in the upcoming decades to centuries. In this review, we highlight the role of sulfate-reducing microorganisms (SRM) in the intertwined element cycles of wetlands. Although regarded primarily as methanogenic environments, biogeochemical studies have revealed a previously hidden sulfur cycle in wetlands that can sustain rapid renewal of the small standing pools of sulfate. Thus, dissimilatory sulfate reduction, which frequently occurs at rates comparable to marine surface sediments, can contribute up to 36–50% to anaerobic carbon mineralization in these ecosystems. Since sulfate reduction is thermodynamically favored relative to fermentative processes and methanogenesis, it effectively decreases gross methane production thereby mitigating the flux of methane to the atmosphere. However, very little is known about wetland SRM. Molecular analyses using dsrAB [encoding subunit A and B of the dissimilatory (bi)sulfite reductase] as marker genes demonstrated that members of novel phylogenetic lineages, which are unrelated to recognized SRM, dominate dsrAB richness and, if tested, are also abundant among the dsrAB-containing wetland microbiota. These discoveries point toward the existence of so far unknown SRM that are an important part of the autochthonous wetland microbiota. In addition to these numerically dominant microorganisms, a recent stable isotope probing study of SRM in a German peatland indicated that rare biosphere members might be highly active in situ and have a considerable stake in wetland sulfate reduction. The hidden sulfur cycle in wetlands and the fact that wetland SRM are not well represented by described SRM species explains their so far neglected role as important actors in carbon cycling and climate change.