Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
The active streams approach to adaptive distributed applications and services

The widespread deployment of inexpensive communication technologies, computational resources in the networking infrastructure, and network-capable end devices offers a rich design space for novel distributed applications and services. Exploration of this space has given rise, for instance, to the notions of grid and peer-to-peer computing. Both technologies promise to change the way we think about and use computing, by harvesting geographically distributed resources in order to create a universal source of pervasive computing power that will support new classes of applications. Despite the growing interest in these new environments and the increasing availability of the necessary hardware and network infrastructure, few actual applications are readily available and/or widely deployed. Such scarcity results from a number of technical challenges that must be addressed before the full potential of these technologies can be realized. Most of these applications, as well as the services they utilize, are expected to handle dynamically varying demand on resources and to run in large, heterogeneous, and dynamic environments, where the availability of resources cannot be guaranteed ‘a priori’—all of this while providing acceptable levels of performance. To support such requirements, we believe that new services need to be customizable, applications need to be dynamically extensible, and both applications and services need to be able to adapt to variations in resources, availability and demand. The Active Streams approach, advocated in this dissertation, aims to facilitate the task of building new distributed systems with these characteristics. To this end, the approach considers the contents of the information flowing across the application and its services, it adopts a component-based model to application/service programming, and it provides for dynamic adaptation at multiple levels and points in the underlying platform. In addition, due to the complexity of building such systems, it tries to ease the programmer's task by facilitating the needed infrastructure for resource monitoring, self-monitoring and adaptation. This dissertation explores the Active Streams approach and its supporting framework in the context of these new distributed applications and services.
Analyzing the Structure and Connectivity of Continent-Level Internet Topology

: The research and analysis of Internet topology is hot in the field of network measurement, which have important applications in network security, traffic scheduling and many other fields. Most of the existing works are focused on the AS-level and router-level topology, but few works are about the IP-level topology. In fact, obtaining the topology of each continent and knowing how the topologies of the continents are connected to each other can help us understanding the Internet around the world more thoroughly. In this paper, we obtained data sets from RIPE, constructed and analyzed network topologies of all the continents. By analyzing the topological connections between continents, we found out that most of the junctions of inter-continent traces are located in a few countries.
Visibility studies and orbit determination of space debris objects for a combined passive-optical and laser ranging station

At the Institute of Technical Physics at the German Aerospace Center (DLR-TP), a proposed concept combines two methods of well established orbital observations: First, optical observations using passive reflection of sunlight, which is in constant use for characterizing space debris in GEO regions. Second, an active satellite range laser ranging, which has been used for decades to measure distances to cooperative LEO and MEO objects at accuracies down to few millimeters. In the new approach, passive optical observations shall first detect space debris objects in LEO regions during twilights and following guide a laser to illuminate the object for a high accurate range measurement. In the scope of this thesis, first a general assessment of the accuracy of initial orbit determination with three different space debris observation techniques (radar, passiveoptical and combined laser ranging and tracking) have been performed, to point out general advantages of the laser ranging methods regarding accuracies. Following, using ESA’s PROOF-2009 (Program for Radar and Optical Observation Forecasting), different studies were performed to assess the general visibility of space debris in LEO regions. These studies have been undertaken both for the, currently under construction, DLR Space Debris Observatory in Stuttgart with the given hardware of this station as well as for more generalized hardware and locations. Results include both the characteristics of detected objects regarding their seizes, as well as variations of their amount over different viewing directions and seasons. Following, a FORTRAN tool has been written to further analyze these detected objects regarding their use for tracking and orbit determination. These final analyses have been performed for different PROOF runs. Results here show that from the total number of detectable objects only a fraction can be used for further determinations.
Practice-Based Interventions Addressing Concomitant Depression and Chronic Medical Conditions in the Primary Care Setting

Background: Depression concomitant with chronic medical conditions is common and burdensome in primary care. Objective: To assess the effectiveness of practice-based interventions for improving depression and chronic medical outcomes. Data Sources: MEDLINE, Embase, the Cochrane Library, CINAHL, and PsycINFO from inception to June 11, 2012. Study Selection, Appraisal, and Synthesis: Two reviewers independently selected, extracted data from, and rated the quality of trials and systematic reviews. Strength of evidence (SOE) was graded using established criteria. Results: Twenty-four published articles reported data from 12 studies, all at least 6 months long. All studies compared a form of collaborative care with usual or enhanced usual care. Studies evaluated adults with arthritis, cancer, diabetes, heart disease, HIV, or multiple medical conditions. Meta-analyses found that intervention recipients achieved greater improvement than controls in depression symptoms, response, remission, and depression-free days (moderate SOE); satisfaction with care (moderate SOE); and quality of life (moderate SOE). Few data were available on outcomes for chronic medical conditions. Meta-analyses revealed that patients with diabetes receiving collaborative care exhibited no difference in diabetes control compared with control groups (change in HbA1c: weighted mean difference 0.13, 95% confidence interval = −0.22 to 0.48 at 6 months; 0.24, 95% confidence interval = −0.14 to 0.62 at 12 months; low SOE). The only study to use HbA1c as a predefined outcome measure and a “treat-to-target” intervention for diabetes as well as depression, TEAMcare, reported significant reductions in HbA1c (7.42 vs 7.87 at 6 months; 7.33 vs 7.81 at 12 months; overall P < .001). Limitations: Few relevant trials reported on medical outcomes. Conclusions: Collaborative care interventions improved outcomes for depression and quality of life in primary care patients with varying medical conditions. Few data were available on medical outcomes. Future studies of concomitant depression and chronic medical conditions should consider measures of medical outcomes as primary outcomes.
Structural basis of protein translocation by the Vps4-Vta1 AAA ATPase

Many important cellular membrane fission reactions are driven by ESCRT pathways, which culminate in disassembly of ESCRT-III polymers by the AAA ATPase Vps4. We report a 4.3 Å resolution cryo-EM structure of the active Vps4 hexamer with its cofactor Vta1, ADP·BeFx, and an ESCRT-III substrate peptide. Four Vps4 subunits form a helix whose interfaces are consistent with ATP binding, is stabilized by Vta1, and binds the substrate peptide. The fifth subunit approximately continues this helix but appears to be dissociating. The final Vps4 subunit completes a notched-washer configuration as if transitioning between the ends of the helix. We propose that ATP binding propagates growth at one end of the helix while hydrolysis promotes disassembly at the other end, so that Vps4 ‘walks’ along ESCRT-III until it encounters the ordered N-terminal domain to destabilize the ESCRT-III lattice. This model may be generally applicable to other protein-translocating AAA ATPases. DOI: http://dx.doi. org/10.7554/eLife.24487. 001
MDRIP: A Hybrid Approach to Parallelisation of Discrete Event Simulation

The research project reported in this thesis considers Multiple Distributed Replications in Parallel (MDRIP), a hybrid approach to parallelisation of quantitative stochastic discrete-event simulation. Parallel Discrete-Event Simulation (PDES) generally covers distributed simulation or simulation with replicated trials. Distributed simulation requires model partitioning and synchronisation among submodels. Simulation with replicated trials can be executed on-line by applying Multiple Replications in Parallel (MRIP). MDRIP has been proposed for overcoming problems related to the large size of simulated models and their complexity, as well as with the problem of controlling the accuracy of the final simulation results. A survey of PDES investigates several primary issues which are directly related to the parallelisation of DES. A secondary issue related to implementation efficiency is also covered. Statistical analysis as a supporting issue is described. The AKAROA2 package is an implementation of making such supporting issue effortless. Existing solutions proposed for PDES have exclusively focused on collecting of output data during simulation and conducting analysis of these data when simulation is finished. Such off-line statistical analysis of output data offers no control of statistical errors of the final estimates. On-line control of statistical errors during simulation has been successfully implemented in
Approaches and Methodologies in the Social Sciences: A Pluralist Perspective

Preface 1. Introduction Donatella della Porta and Michael Keating Part I. Epistemology and Philosophy of the Social Sciences: 2. How many approaches in the social sciences? An epistemological introduction Donatella della Porta and Michael Keating 3. Normative political theory and empirical research Rainer Baubock 4. Causal explanation Adrienne Heritier 5. Constructivism: what it is (not) and how it matters Friedrich Kratochwil 6. Culture and social science Michael Keating 7. Historical institutionalism Sven Steinmo 8. Game theory Christine Chwaszcza 9. Rationality and recognition Alessandro Pizzorno Part II. Research Design: 10. Concepts and concept formation Peter Mair 11. Comparative analysis: case-oriented versus variable-oriented research Donatella della Porta 12. Case studies and process tracing: theories and practices Pascal Vennesson 13. Quantitative analysis Mark Franklin 14. The design of social and political research Philippe Schmitter 15. Ethnographic approaches Zoe Bray 16. Comparing approaches, methodologies and methods. Some concluding remarks Donatella della Porta and Michael Keating References Glossary Index.
Approaching the Quantum Limit of a Nanomechanical Resonator

By coupling a single-electron transistor to a high–quality factor, 19.7-megahertz nanomechanical resonator, we demonstrate position detection approaching that set by the Heisenberg uncertainty principle limit. At millikelvin temperatures, position resolution a factor of 4.3 above the quantum limit is achieved and demonstrates the near-ideal performance of the single-electron transistor as a linear amplifier. We have observed the resonator's thermal motion at temperatures as low as 56 millikelvin, with quantum occupation factors of NTH = 58. The implications of this experiment reach from the ultimate limits of force microscopy to qubit readout for quantum information devices.
Inferential Structure Determination

Macromolecular structures calculated from nuclear magnetic resonance data are not fully determined by experimental data but depend on subjective choices in data treatment and parameter settings. This makes it difficult to objectively judge the precision of the structures. We used Bayesian inference to derive a probability distribution that represents the unknown structure and its precision. This probability distribution also determines additional unknowns, such as theory parameters, that previously had to be chosen empirically. We implemented this approach by using Markov chain Monte Carlo techniques. Our method provides an objective figure of merit and improves structural quality.
Fully conservative spectral Galerkin–Petrov method for the inhomogeneous Boltzmann equation

In this paper, we present an application of a Galerkin-Petrov method to the spatially one-dimensional Boltzmann equation. The three-dimensional velocity space is discretised by a spectral method. The space of the test functions is spanned by polynomials, which includes the collision invariants. This automatically insures the exact conservation of mass, momentum and energy. The resulting system of hyperbolic PDEs is solved with a finite volume method. We illustrate our method with two standard tests, namely the Fourier and the Sod shock tube problems. Our results are validated with the help of a stochastic particle method.
Southern Ocean phytoplankton under multiple stressors: The modulation of Ocean Acidification effects by iron and light

The growing field of ocean acidification research is concerned with the investigation of organism responses to increasing pCO2 values. One important approach in this context is culture work using seawater with adjusted CO2 levels. As aqueous pCO2 is difficult to measure directly in smallscale experiments, it is generally calculated from two other measured parameters of the carbonate system (often AT , CT or pH). Unfortunately, the overall uncertainties of measured and subsequently calculated values are often unknown. Especially under high pCO2, this can become a severe problem with respect to the interpretation of physiological and ecological data. In the few datasets from ocean acidification research where all three of these parameters were measured, pCO2 values calculated from AT and CT are typically about 30 % lower (i.e. ∼300 μatm at a target pCO2 of 1000 μatm) than those calculated from AT and pH or CT and pH. This study presents and discusses these discrepancies as well as likely consequences for the ocean acidification community. Until this problem is solved, one has to consider that calculated parameters of the carbonate system (e.g. pCO2, calcite saturation state) may not be comparable between studies, and that this may have important implications for the interpretation of CO2 perturbation experiments.
Revised annual post-market environmental monitoring (PMEM) report on the cultivation of genetically modified maize MON 810 in 2013 from Monsanto Europe S.A. EFSA Panel on Genetically Modified Organisms (GMO)

Following a request from the European Commission, the Panel on Genetically Modified Organisms of the European Food Safety Authority (EFSA GMO Panel) assessed the results of the general surveillance activities contained in the revised annual post-market environmental monitoring (PMEM) report for the 2013 growing season of maize MON 810 provided by Monsanto Europe S.A. The supplied data do not indicate any unanticipated adverse effects on human and animal health or the environment arising from the cultivation of maize MON 810 cultivation in 2013. Similar methodological shortcomings to those observed in previous annual PMEM reports were identified in the analysis of farmer questionnaires and the conduct of the literature review. The EFSA GMO Panel therefore strongly reiterates its previous recommendations to improve the methodology of future annual PMEM reports on maize MON 810. The EFSA GMO Panel urges the applicant to consider how to make best use of the information recorded in national registers in order to optimise sampling for farmer questionnaires, reiterates its previous recommendations on insect resistance monitoring and continued screening, and requests to continue reviewing and discussing relevant scientific publications on possible adverse effects of maize MON 810 on rove beetles. Also, the EFSA GMO Panel encourages relevant parties to continue developing a methodological framework to use existing networks in the broader context of environmental monitoring.
The influence of anatomy (normal versus scoliosis) on the free-hand placement of pedicle screws: Is misplacement more frequent in patients with anatomical deformity?

Study design: Retrospective prognostic study. Objective: To evaluate whether patients with anatomical deformity due to scoliosis have a higher frequency of inaccurate pedicle screw insertion and related complications using the free-hand technique compared with those whose normal anatomy had been impacted by trauma. Methods: Consecutively treated trauma patients with otherwise normal anatomy (48 patients instrumented with 291 screws, group A) and scoliosis patients (24 patients instrumented with 287 screws, group B) were evaluated. Screw position on CT was evaluated using the classification by Gertzbein and Robbins with modification by Karagoz Guzey. (See web appendix at www.aospine.org/ebsj for complete classification description.) Images were examined by two fellows and one junior staff member none of whom participated in patient management. Screw position was determined by consensus. Results: In group A, five (1.7%) out of 289 screws were severely misplaced and 26 (9%) screws caused either medial (3.8%) or lateral (5.2%) cortical breeches. The other 258 (89.3%) screws were fully contained within the cortical boundaries of the pedicle. In group B, seven (2.8%) out of 256 screws were severely misplaced. Thirty-three (13%) screws caused cortical breeches, either medial (9%), lateral (2%), or anterior (2%), and 216 (84.3%) screws were fully contained within the cortical boundaries of the pedicle and the vertebra. Neurological complications were reported in one patient with scoliosis. No vascular complications were reported in either group. Conclusions: The percentage of incorrectly placed screws was similar in both groups, trauma and deformity patients. The presence of vertebral anatomical changes related to adult scoliosis was not associated with an increase in the screw-related neurological or vascular complications. Methods evaluation and class of evidence (CoE) Methodological principle: Study design: Prospective cohort Retrospective cohort • Case control Case series Methods Patients at similar point in course of treatment Follow-up ≥85% • Similarity of treatment protocols for patient groups • Patients followed for long enough for outcomes to occur • Control for extraneous risk factors Evidence class: III The definiton of the different classes of evidence is available on page 73.
Modeling the ecological consequences of visitor behavior in off-trail areas of dispersed recreation use

A variety of social and ecological factors influence the level and extent of ecological change that occurs in a park or protected area. Understanding these factors and how they are interrelated can help managers prevent undesirable ecological impacts especially in off-trail areas. This study examines the relationship between levels of visitor use and patterns of visitor behavior at a variety of recreation destinations. Current recreation ecology literature and simulation modeling efforts assume that visitor behavior either does not change with use level or that visitors disperse at high levels of visitor use. Using visitor counts and GPS-tracks of visitor behavior in locations where visitors could disperse off-trail, we found that visitor behavior does vary with visitor use level in some recreation settings. The patterns of visitor behavior observed in this study are contrary to current thinking. In most cases, when visitor behavior varies with use level, visitors are dispersing more in off-trail areas at low levels of visitor use. Overall, these findings suggest that the amount of visitor use at a recreation destination is a less important driver of ecological change than visitor behavior.
Pollinating bees crucial to farming wildflower seed for U.S. habitat restoration

Native plant communities and ecosystems of the western United States are increasingly besieged by invasive weeds and grasses ofEurasian origins. Federal land managers oversee 40 millionhain the GreatBasinregion of the western United States. Its valleys are cold desert steppe vegetated by grassy shrub lands; these are interrupted by forested mountains. The Great Basin and Columbia Plateau ecoregions (figure 4.1) together include about one-half of North America's remaining 43 million ha of sagebrush (Artemesia spp.) plant communities (Wisdom et al., 2005). The health and extent of these communities are fast diminishing, with dire consequences for many plant and animal inhabitants. The most charismatic of these is the sage grouse, but 206 other species warrant conservation concern (Wisdom et al., 2005). Cheatgrass (smooth brome, Bromlls tectorwn), a flammable aunual grass from the Mediterranean, has invaded 11 million ha of the Great Basin northward into the Columbia Plateau, an area equivalent to that of Cuba, Hungary, or Virginia. Cheatgrass is quite literally fueling a dramatic incre.ase in the frequency and extent of wildfire across the region, degrading native plant communities and presumably their dependent native bee faunas. In Nevada alone, 1,000 wildfires burned 200,000 ha of rangeland from 2000 to 2002, half ofit sagebrush communities (Wisdom et al., 2005). Besides direct fire suppression efforts, land managers have also sought to break: this intensified fire cycle by rehabilitating native plant communities, primarily through direct seeding following wildfire (Monsen & Shaw, 2001). This reseeding strategy to restore native plant communities on western public rangelands, if successful, may be comparable to fire suppression in cost but will have more enduring habitat value.
Search for temporal changes in the velocity of Ice Stream B, West Antarctica

Abstract The position of the UpB camp on Ice Stream B, West Antarctica, has been measured 14 times during three field seasons. TRANSIT (doppler) satellite receivers were used. At the resolution of our measurements (2 m), no significant velocity variation was detected over time intervals ranging from 1 d to 2 years.