Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Assessment of Anxiety and Depression in Young Children: Support for Two Separate Constructs

Validated the interrelatedness of depression and anxiety in young children by testing four latent factor models: dual construct, unrelated; dual construct, correlated; single construct; and second-order or higher order analysis to test that depression and anxiety are primary constructs under the higher order factor of general affective distress. Children (N = 86) were ages 6 to 11, with mothers who were HIV-symptomatic or diagnosed with AIDS. Depression and anxiety measures included the Children's Depression Inventory (Kovacs, 1992), selected items from the Dominic-R (Valla, Bergeron, Berube, Gaudet, & St-Georges, 1994), and the Revised Children's Manifest Anxiety Scale (Reynolds & Richmond, 1985). Structural equation modeling was used to test the models. Model 2 (dual construct, correlated) fit the data better than did Models 1 and 3; results for the higher order model were identical to Model 2, suggesting the higher order model is equivalent to the dual-construct model.
Exposure to holoendemic malaria results in suppression of Epstein-Barr virus-specific T cell immunosurveillance in Kenyan children.

BACKGROUND Malaria and Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) infection are cofactors in the pathogenesis of endemic Burkitt lymphoma (eBL). The mechanisms by which these pathogens predispose to eBL are not known. METHODS Healthy Kenyan children with divergent malaria exposure were measured for responses to EBV latent and lytic antigens by interferon (IFN)- gamma enzyme-linked immunospot (ELISPOT) assay and interleukin (IL)-10 ELISA. Phytohemagglutinin (PHA), purified protein derivative (PPD), and T cell epitope peptides derived from merozoite surface protein (MSP)-1, a malaria blood-stage antigen, were also evaluated. RESULTS Children 5-9 years old living in an area holoendemic for malaria had significantly fewer EBV-specific IFN- gamma responses than did children of the same age living in an area with unstable malaria transmission. This effect was not observed for children <5 years old or those >9 years old. In contrast, IFN- gamma responses to PHA, PPD, and Plasmodium falciparum MSP-1 peptides did not significantly differ by age. IL-10 responses to EBV lytic antigens, PPD, and PHA correlated inversely with malaria exposure regardless of age. CONCLUSIONS Children living in malaria-holoendemic areas have diminished EBV-specific T cell immunosurveillance between the ages of 5 and 9 years, which coincides with the peak age incidence of eBL.
Smartphone app to investigate the relationship between social connectivity and mental health

Interpersonal relationships are necessary for successful daily functioning and wellbeing. Numerous studies have demonstrated the importance of social connectivity for mental health, both through direct peer-to-peer influence and by the location of individuals within their social network. Passive monitoring using smartphones provides an advanced tool to map social networks based on the proximity between individuals. This study investigates the feasibility of using a smartphone app to measure and assess the relationship between social network metrics and mental health. The app collected Bluetooth and mental health data in 63 participants. Social networks of proximity were estimated from Bluetooth data and 95% of the edges were scanned at least every 30 minutes. The majority of participants found this method of data collection acceptable and reported that they would be likely to participate in future studies using this app. These findings demonstrate the feasibility of using a smartphone app that participants can install on their own phone to investigate the relationship between social connectivity and mental health.
A biosynthetic regulated secretory pathway in constitutive secretory cells

It has frequently been proposed that while the constitutive secretory pathway is present in all cells, the regulated secretory pathway is found only in specialized cells such as neuronal, endocrine, or exocrine types. In this study we provide evidence that suggests that this distinction is not as restrictive as proposed. We have identified a population of post-Golgi storage vesicles in several constitutive secretory cells using [35S]SO4-labeled glycosaminoglycan (GAG) chains as a marker. A fraction of this pool of vesicles can undergo exocytosis in response to stimuli such as cytoplasmic Ca2+ and phorbol esters. The effect of Ca2+ was demonstrated both in intact cells in the presence of the ionophore A23187 and in streptolysin-O-permeabilized semi-intact cells. N-ethylmaleiimide, under conditions known to block regulated and constitutive secretion, inhibited the stimulated secretion from these cells, suggesting that the observed release of labeled GAG chains was not due to a leakage artefact. Subcellular fractionation revealed that the stored GAG chains were in low-density membrane granules (d approximately 1.12 g/ml), whose size was greater than that of synaptic- like vesicles found in PC12 cells. In addition, in CHO cells that express epitope-tagged rab 3D, the labeled GAG chains were found to cofractionate with the exogenous rab protein. When expressed in the regulated cell line AtT-20, this tagged rab protein was found to colocalize with ACTH-containing dense-core granules by indirect immunofluorescence. Taken together, these results provide evidence for the presence of a cryptic regulated secretory pathway in "constitutive" cells and suggest that the regulated secretory pathway is more widespread amongst different cell types than previously believed.
Transcriptional Activators Differ in Their Abilities to Control Alternative Splicing*

Promoter and enhancer elements can influence alternative splicing, but the basis for this phenomenon is not well understood. Here we investigated how different transcriptional activators affect the decision between inclusion and exclusion (skipping) of the fibronectin EDI exon. A mutant of the acidic VP16 activation domain called SW6 that preferentially inhibits polymerase II (pol II) elongation caused a reduction in EDI exon skipping. Exon skipping was fully restored in the presence of the SW6 mutant by either the SV40 enhancer in cis or the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) Tat in trans, both of which specifically stimulate pol II elongation. HIV Tat also cooperated with the Sp1 and CTF activation domains to enhance transcript elongation and EDI skipping. The extent of exon skipping correlated with the efficiency with which pol II transcripts reach the 3′ end of the gene but not with the overall fold increase in transcript levels caused by different activators. The ability of activators to enhance elongation by RNA polymerase II therefore correlates with their ability to enhance exon skipping. Consistent with this observation, the elongation inhibitor dichlororibofuranosylbenzimidazole (DRB) enhanced EDI inclusion. Conversely, the histone deacetylase inhibitor trichostatin A that is thought to stimulate elongation caused a modest inhibition of EDI inclusion. Together our results support a kinetic coupling model in which the rate of transcript elongation determines the outcome of two competing splicing reactions that occur co-transcriptionally. Rapid, highly processive transcription favors EDI exon skipping, whereas slower, less processive transcription favors inclusion.
Exclusive Breastfeeding up to Six Months is Very Rare in Tanzania: A Cohort Study of Infant Feeding Practices in Kilimanjaro Area

Background: Exclusive breastfeeding (EBF) is recommended the first six months after birth as one of cost effective interventions in saving children's lives. Objective: To determine the prevalence of exclusive breastfeeding and describe the common foods introduced to infants before 6months. Design: A prospective cohort study. Setting: Poor community of Moshi urban, Kilimanjaro region, Tanzania. Subjects: Women in their third trimester and were followed to 18 months after delivery. A questionnaire was used to collect information on maternal socio-demographics, delivery status and infant feeding practices at each visit. Maternal HIV status was checked at enrolment. Results: Out of 2231 women, with a live birth, 70% (1535) came back at least once after delivery and information on infant feeding were collected. 94% of the women were living below the poverty line. The prevalence of EBF at 1, 3 and up to 6 months was 48.8%, 22.0% and 0.2% respectively. Two percent of the infants were given semi-solids at 1 month, 35% at 3 months and 95% at 5 months. Water and cow’s milk were the most common liquids introduced to infants by one month, while porridge, cow’s milk and mtori were commonly introduced at 3 months. Conclusions: EBF up to 6 month is very rare in Kilimanjaro. There is an urgent need to strengthen community and health facility based EBF interventions so as to reach the 90% recommended coverage by the WHO. This will help in improving child survival and in attaining the Millennium Development Goal 4.
Mise en oeuvre d'une tâche virtuelle, écologique et paramétrable dans le contexte des fonctions exécutives

Malgre la frequence de l'alteration des fonctions executives apres lesion cerebrale, les approches evaluatives et reeducatives de ces troubles restent limitees. Cette alteration est tres invalidante car elle perturbe les Activites de Vie Quotidienne (AVQ) (ex. preparation des repas) et empeche le retour des personnes a leur vie sociale et professionnelle. Or il s'avere que les technologies de la realite virtuelle ont montre leurs potentiels dans la proposition de strategies d'intervention therapeutique innovantes. Elles necessitent la modelisation de tâches virtuelles ecologiques (proches des AVQ), le suivi et l'evaluation de l'activite du patient dans ces tâches et enfin l'evaluation des erreurs commises par le patient. La conception de ces tâches repose sur la pratique traditionnelle dans les centres de reeducation comme le centre de Kerpape. Les modalites d'interaction dans ces tâches doivent tenir compte de contraintes liees aux patients, comme leurs capacites residuelles. Dans ces contextes, notre travail de these nous a permis de concevoir un outil permettant aux therapeutes de configurer une tâche virtuelle, ecologique et parametrable pour l'evaluation et la reeducation des patients cerebroleses. Dans la cuisine virtuelle (TVK = Therapeutic Virtual Kitchen) qui est une representation fidele de la cuisine therapeutique de Kerpape, nous avons concu des tâches ecologiques primitives et complexes dont la graduation permet d'une part de s'adapter aux capacites du patient et d'autre part d'evaluer son dysfonctionnement executif. Dans l'objectif d'evaluer la performance du patient dans la tâche complexe choisie (Preparation d'un cafe), nous avons partiellement virtualise la grille d'evaluation des erreurs d'actions et des erreurs comportementales, utilisee dans la tâche reelle a Kerpape. L'outil TVK permet la sauvegarde en temps reel des donnees relatives a l'activite du patient ainsi que l'interpretation et l'enregistrement des erreurs. Les experimentations menees nous ont permis de valider l'usage de l'outil TVK aupres de sujets sains et de patients cerebroleses et d'apporter de l'objectivite dans l'evaluation de la performance des patients dans une AVQ. Nos travaux mettent en evidence la difficulte d'evaluer simplement les erreurs comportementales. Nous avons propose une approche fondee sur la realite virtuelle pour l'evaluation de l'activite du patient cerebrolese dans une tâche ecologique. Cette approche met en evidence les apports de la realite virtuelle dans la prise en charge de troubles cognitifs et les perspectives en reeducation cognitive.
Long‐term quality of life of donors after living donor liver transplantation

The aims of this study were to investigate the long‐term effects of living donor liver transplantation (LDLT) on the health‐related quality of life (HRQOL) of donors with the Short Form 36 health survey and to determine the risk factors for poor outcomes. Between June 1990 and June 2004, LDLT was performed 1000 times at Kyoto University Hospital. In July 2005, 997 of the 1000 donors were contacted by mail so that data on their HRQOL could be collected. In all, 578 donors responded (ie, there was a 58.0% response rate). The norm‐based HRQOL scores for donors were better than the scores for Japanese norms across all time periods. All scores were similar for left lobe donors (n = 367) and right lobe donors (n = 211). For all donors, a multivariate logistic regression analysis revealed that age, the number of months until recovery to the preoperative health status, hospital visits due to donation‐related symptoms, rest from work related to donation in the past month, and the existence of 2 or more comorbidities were significantly associated with decreased HRQOL scores. Postoperative complications and recipient mortality were not predictors of poor HRQOL. In conclusion, HRQOL was better for both right lobe donors and left lobe donors versus the Japanese norm population in the long term (mean postdonation period = 6.8 years). However, the prolongation of symptoms or sequelae related to donation lowered mental health or social functioning. The emergence of comorbidities after donation also significantly affected HRQOL in the long term. Careful follow‐up and sustained counseling are required for donors with risk factors for lower HRQOL. Liver Transpl 18:1343–1352, 2012. © 2012 AASLD.
Gas exchange in penguins during simulated dives to 30 and 68 m.

KOOYMAN& L. ,J. P. SCHROEDER, D. G. GREENE, AND V. A. SMITH. Gas exchange in penguins during simulated dives to 30 and 68 m. Am: J. Physiol. 225(6): 1467-1471. 1973. -Adelie and gentoo penguins were submerged and compressed in a chamber to depth equivalents up to 68 m. Lung and air sac volume upon compression averaged 165 ml/kg for Adelie and I60 ml/kg for gentoo penguins. Arterial Nz tensions increased to 3.5 ATA during 30-m dives and to 4.8 ATA during 68-m dives. Paool before the dive was 31 mm Hg, it rose abruptly to 50 mm Hg after submersion and compression, and after decompressing but before surfacing Paoo, fell to 35 mm Hg. Oxygen content of the thoracic air sac fell from 13.2 to 2 y0 during a compression dive; Paor rose upon compression and then fell rapidly during the remainder of the dive. After ventilation on 100% 02 , PaOz exceeded 800 mm Hg during compression dives. These results show that gas exchange between the air sacs, lungs, and blood continues during deep dives. The main protection of these two species of penguin to the adverse affects of inert gas absorption appears to be an incapacity for prolonged dives and therefore prolonged exposure.
PATHWAY FOR THE DISSIMILATION OF ITACONIC AND MESACONIC ACIDS

Brightman, Vernon (The University of Chicago, Chicago), and William R. Martin. Pathway for the dissimilation of itaconic and mesaconic acids. J. Bacteriol. 82:376–382. 1961. —Studies on the oxidation of itaconic and mesaconic acids by a Pseudomonas sp. , adapted to utilize either of these acids as a sole carbon source, have provided evidence for a pathway converting both itaconate and mesaconate to succinate. A metabolic interconversion of itaconate, mesaconate, and citramalate has also been demonstrated by whole cell and cell-free enzyme studies. Succinate derived from methylene-labeled itaconate was found to be labeled in the inside carbon atoms, a fact which indicates that the branched chain compound was converted into a straight chain molecule by a shift of the methylene carbon (C-5) from the side chain of itaconate to a position between C-2 and C-3 in an, as yet, unknown straight chain intermediate prior to its conversion to succinate.
Inferring node dates from tip dates in fossil Canidae: the importance of tree priors

Tip-dating methods are becoming popular alternatives to traditional node calibration approaches for building time-scaled phylogenetic trees, but questions remain about their application to empirical datasets. We compared the performance of the most popular methods against a dated tree of fossil Canidae derived from previously published monographs. Using a canid morphology dataset, we performed tip-dating using Beast 2.1. 3 and MrBayes 3.2. 5. We find that for key nodes (Canis, ~3.2 Ma, Caninae ~11.7 Ma) a non-mechanistic model using a uniform tree prior produces estimates that are unrealistically old (27.5, 38.9 Ma). Mechanistic models (incorporating lineage birth, death, and sampling rates) estimate ages that are closely in line with prior research. We provide a discussion of these two families of models (mechanistic vs. non-mechanistic) and their applicability to fossil datasets.
WLAN new technologies in IEEE 802.11

Wireless Local Area Network (WLAN) technology has evolved very quickly in recent years. This paper introduces several new trends in the development of WLAN technology. Activities and progress in the standardization organization of WLAN, e.g. IEEE 802.11, are introduced. Next generation WLAN technology, a key enabling technology to make WLAN easy to use, together with low power and extended radio coverage are analyzed in this paper.
Rodent models for Alzheimer’s disease drug discovery

Introduction: Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is a neurodegenerative disorder characterized by memory loss and personality changes, leading to dementia. Histopathological hallmarks are represented by aggregates of beta-amyloid peptide (Aβ) in senile plaques and deposition of hyperphosphorylated tau protein in neurofibrillary tangles in the brain. Rare forms of early onset familial Alzheimer’s disease are due to gene mutations. This has prompted researchers to develop genetically modified animals that could recapitulate the main features of the disease. The use of these models is complemented by non-genetically modified animals. Areas covered: This review summarizes the characteristics of the most used transgenic (Tg) and non-Tg models of AD. The authors have focused on models mainly used in their laboratories including amyloid precursor protein (APP) Tg2576, APP/presenilin 1, 3xAD, single h-Tau, non-Tg mice treated with acute injections of Aβ or tau, and models of physiological aging. Expert opinion: Animal models of disease might be very useful for studying the pathophysiology of the disease and for testing new therapeutics in preclinical studies but they do not reproduce the entire clinical features of human AD. When selecting a model, researchers should consider the various factors that might influence the phenotype. They should also consider the timing of testing/treating animals since the age at which each model develops certain aspects of the AD pathology varies.
Increased risk of severe protamine reactions in NPH insulin-dependent diabetics undergoing cardiac catheterization.

Protamine is widely used for reversing systemic heparinization after cardiac catheterization. Although rare, major reactions to protamine that simulate anaphylaxis occasionally occur and have previously been associated only with an allergic reaction to fish. Because neutral protamine Hagedorn (NPH) insulin includes protamine, it might be anticipated that NPH insulin-dependent diabetic patients would develop sensitivity to protamine. Of 866 consecutive patients undergoing cardiac catheterization over a 20 month period, 651 received protamine for reversal of heparinization. Of these, 8.5% (56/651) were diabetics and 2.3% (15/651) were NPH insulin-dependent diabetics. During this period seven patients were observed immediately after administration of protamine to have major adverse reactions that required the administration of catecholamines. One death ensued. Of the seven major reactions, four occurred in NPH insulin-dependent diabetics and one occurred in a patient with an allergy to fish. The incidence of major protamine reactions was 27% (4/15) in the NPH insulin-dependent diabetics vs 0.5% (3/636) in those with no history of NPH insulin use (p less than .001). This represents a 50-fold increased risk of a major reaction to protamine if the patient was receiving NPH insulin. Accordingly, we recommend that diabetics on NPH insulin and patients with allergies to fish undergo cardiac catheterization without the use of protamine or, when necessary, that protamine be administered cautiously in anticipation of a major adverse reaction.
Not ‘Taking the Easy Way Out’: Reframing Bariatric Surgery from Low-effort Weight Loss to Hard Work

ABSTRACT Cultural notions equating greater morality and virtue with hard work and productive output are deeply embedded in American value systems. This is exemplified in how people understand and execute personal body projects, including efforts to become slim. Bariatric surgery is commonly viewed as a ‘low-effort’ means of losing weight, and individuals who opt for this surgery are often perceived to be ‘cheating. ’ This extended ethnographic study within one bariatric program in the Southwestern United States shows how patients conscientiously perform this productivity. By prioritizing discourses that focus on their own hard work and the inherent value and necessity of their surgery, patients and practitioners alike contest the dominant public views of surgically-induced weight loss.
THE NONLINEAR SCHRÖDINGER EQUATION FOR THE DELTA-COMB POTENTIAL: QUASI-CLASSICAL CHAOS AND BIFURCATIONS OF PERIODIC STATIONARY SOLUTIONS

The nonlinear Schrödinger equation is studied for a periodic sequence of delta-potentials (a delta-comb) or narrow Gaussian potentials. For the delta-comb the time-independent nonlinear Schrödinger equation can be solved analytically in terms of Jacobi elliptic functions and thus provides useful insight into the features of nonlinear stationary states of periodic potentials. Phenomena well-known from classical chaos are found, such as a bifurcation of periodic stationary states and a transition to spatial chaos. The relation to new features of nonlinear Bloch bands, such as looped and period doubled bands, are analyzed in detail. An analytic expression for the critical nonlinearity for the emergence of looped bands is derived. The results for the delta-comb are generalized to a more realistic potential consisting of a periodic sequence of narrow Gaussian peaks and the dynamical stability of periodic solutions in a Gaussian comb is discussed.
Inhibition of Dengue Virus through Suppression of Host Pyrimidine Biosynthesis

ABSTRACT Viral replication relies on the host to supply nucleosides. Host enzymes involved in nucleoside biosynthesis are potential targets for antiviral development. Ribavirin (a known antiviral drug) is such an inhibitor that suppresses guanine biosynthesis; depletion of the intracellular GTP pool was shown to be the major mechanism to inhibit flavivirus. Along similar lines, inhibitors of the pyrimidine biosynthesis pathway could be targeted for potential antiviral development. Here we report on a novel antiviral compound (NITD-982) that inhibits host dihydroorotate dehydrogenase (DHODH), an enzyme required for pyrimidine biosynthesis. The inhibitor was identified through screening 1.8 million compounds using a dengue virus (DENV) infection assay. The compound contains an isoxazole-pyrazole core structure, and it inhibited DENV with a 50% effective concentration (EC50) of 2.4 nM and a 50% cytotoxic concentration (CC50) of >5 μM. NITD-982 has a broad antiviral spectrum, inhibiting both flaviviruses and nonflaviviruses with nanomolar EC90s. We also show that (i) the compound inhibited the enzymatic activity of recombinant DHODH, (ii) an NITD-982 analogue directly bound to the DHODH protein, (iii) supplementing the culture medium with uridine reversed the compound-mediated antiviral activity, and (iv) DENV type 2 (DENV-2) variants resistant to brequinar (a known DHODH inhibitor) were cross resistant to NITD-982. Collectively, the results demonstrate that the compound inhibits DENV through depleting the intracellular pyrimidine pool. In contrast to the in vitro potency, the compound did not show any efficacy in the DENV-AG129 mouse model. The lack of in vivo efficacy is likely due to the exogenous uptake of pyrimidine from the diet or to a high plasma protein-binding activity of the current compound.