Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
The δ18O record along the Greenland Ice Core Project deep ice core and the problem of possible Eemian climatic instability

Over 70,000 samples from the 3029-m-long Greenland Ice Core Project (GRIP) ice core drilled on the top of the Greenland Ice Sheet (Summit) have been analyzed for δ8O. A highly detailed and continuous δ8O profile has thus been obtained and is discussed in terms of past temperatures in Greenland. We also discuss a three-core stacked annual δ8O profile for the past 917 years. The short-term (<50 years) variability of the annual δ8O signal is found to be 1‰ in the Holocene, and estimates for the coldest parts of the last glacial are 3‰ or higher. These data also provide insights into possible disturbances of the stratigraphic layering in the core which seems to be sound down to the onset of the Eemian. Spectral analysis of highly detailed sequences of the profile helps determine the smoothing of the δ8O signal, which for the Holocene ice is found to be considerably stronger than expected. We suggest this is due to a process involving diffusion of water molecules along crystal boundaries in the recrystallizing ice matrix. Deconvolution techniques were employed for restoring with great confidence the highly attenuated annual δ8O signal in the Holocene. We confirm earlier findings of dramatic temperature changes in Greenland during the last glacial cycle. Abrupt and strong climatic shifts are also found within the Eem/Sangamon Interglaciation, which is normally recorded as a period of warm and stable climate in lower latitudes. The stratigraphic continuity of the Eemian layers is consequently discussed in section 3 of this paper in terms of all pertinent data which we are not able to reconcile.
Salt Tolerance

Abstract Studying salt stress is an important means to the understanding of plant ion homeostasis and osmo-balance. Salt stress research also benefits agriculture because soil salinity significantly limits plant productivity on agricultural lands. Decades of physiological and molecular studies have generated a large body of literature regarding potential salt tolerance determinants. Recent advances in applying molecular genetic analysis and genomics tools in the model plant Arabidopsis thaliana are shading light on the molecular nature of salt tolerance effectors and regulatory pathways.
The transcription factor Otx2 regulates choroid plexus development and function

The choroid plexuses (ChPs) are the main regulators of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) composition and thereby also control the composition of a principal source of signaling molecules that is in direct contact with neural stem cells in the developing brain. The regulators of ChP development mediating the acquisition of a fate that differs from the neighboring neuroepithelial cells are poorly understood. Here, we demonstrate in mice a crucial role for the transcription factor Otx2 in the development and maintenance of ChP cells. Deletion of Otx2 by the Otx2-CreERT2 driver line at E9 resulted in a lack of all ChPs, whereas deletion by the Gdf7-Cre driver line affected predominately the hindbrain ChP, which was reduced in size, primarily owing to an increase in apoptosis upon Otx2 deletion. Strikingly, Otx2 was still required for the maintenance of hindbrain ChP cells at later stages when Otx2 deletion was induced at E15, demonstrating a central role of Otx2 in ChP development and maintenance. Moreover, the predominant defects in the hindbrain ChP mediated by Gdf7-Cre deletion of Otx2 revealed its key role in regulating early CSF composition, which was altered in protein content, including the levels of Wnt4 and the Wnt modulator Tgm2. Accordingly, proliferation and Wnt signaling levels were increased in the distant cerebral cortex, suggesting a role of the hindbrain ChP in regulating CSF composition, including key signaling molecules. Thus, Otx2 acts as a master regulator of ChP development, thereby influencing one of the principal sources of signaling in the developing brain, the CSF.
Artificial Neural Networks to Estimate Soil Water Retention from Easily Measurable Data

Indirect estimation of soil water retention from easily measurable data of soil surveys is needed to extend the applicability of hydrological models. Artificial neural networks (ANN) are becoming a common tool for modeling complex input-output dependencies. The objective of this work was to compare the accuracy of ANN and statistical regressions for water retention estimation from texture and bulk density. We used data on water contents at eight matric potentials for 130 Haplustoll and 100 Aquic Ustoll soil samples. Although the differences were not always statistically significant, ANN predicted water contents at selected matric potentials better than regression. The performances of ANN and regressions were comparable when van Genuchten's equation was fitted to data for each sample, and parameters of this equation were estimated from texture and bulk density. The precision of parameter estimations was lower than the precision of estimating water contents at a given soil water potential with both ANN and regressions. Grouping samples by horizons improved the precision of the estimates, especially in subsoil. Because they can mimic natural many inputs-many outputs relationships, ANN may be useful in the estimation of soil hydraulic properties from easily measurable soil data.
Asia's Next Giant: South Korea and Late Industrialization

While much attention has been focused on Japan's meteoric rise as an economic power, South Korea has been quietly emerging as the next industrial giant to penetrate the world market. South Korea is one of a series of countries (ranging from Taiwan, India, Brazil, and Turkey, to Mexico, and including Japan) to have succeeded through borrowing foreign technology rather than by generating new products or processes. Describing such countries as `late-industrializers,' Amsden demonstrates why South Korea has become the most successful of this group. Available in OSO: http://www.oxfordscholarship. com/oso/public/content/economicsfinance/0195076036/toc.html
Geological framework and fission track dating of pseudotachylyte of the Atotsugawa Fault, Magawa area, central Japan

This paper describes newly discovered pseudotachylyte along the Atotsugawa Fault at the Magawa outcrop, where this fault divides Quaternary deposits in the SW from Triassic Hida granitic rocks to the NE. Within several meters of the fault surface, pseudotachylyte veins are found with a thickness of less than 10 cm, but are displaced by fault brecciation. Zircon fission track dating of pseudotachylyte samples yields ages of 48.6–50.2 Ma (sample AT‐A), 55.1 Ma (AT‐A'‐1) and 60.9 Ma (AT‐D‐1); the latter is similar to the fission track ages of 56.1–60.1 Ma for granitic protoliths. The results of fission track length analyses in zircon suggest that pseudotachylytes (AT‐A and AT‐D‐1) and protolith granite are mostly annealed. Consequently, the pseudotachylyte (AT‐A) reached the highest temperature during 48.6–50.2 Ma, thereby resetting the fission track system totally in zircon during faulting. Another pseudotachylyte (AT‐A'‐1) and its wall rock granite contain shortened tracks within zircon grains suggesting partial annealing. The age distribution pattern of the former also contains decomposed age after the normality test (Shapiro–Wilk test) in which the major age yields 52.5 Ma. Accordingly, these pseudotachylytes yield a peak age of about 50 Ma, whereas the peak ages of one pseudotachylyte (AT‐D‐1) and the protolith Hida granitic rocks are about 60 Ma, representing the thermal effects not caused by frictional heating but by intrusions of Late Cretaceous to Paleogene granitoids that are probably concealed below the exposed Triassic Hida granitic rocks. Such thermal effects did not affect the K–Ar muscovite age (149 Ma) for the protolith granite because of the higher closure temperature of this system. Using the new geochronological data, we can elucidate the cooling history of the Hida granitic rocks, and constrain the timing of the main pulse of pseudotachylyte generation along the Atotsugawa Fault at about 50 Ma.
Three‐dimensional measurements of traveling ionospheric disturbances with the Poker Flat Incoherent Scatter Radar

In this paper, we present results from the Advanced Modular Incoherent Scatter Radar (AMISR) installed at the Poker Flat Research Range near Fairbanks, Alaska, the Poker Flat Incoherent Scatter Radar (PFISR), that focus on the ability of the system to make three‐dimensional, simultaneous measurements of ionospheric parameters. We present observations from PFISR where we were able to resolve the three components of the k vector of a traveling ionospheric disturbance (TID), as well as the period. These measurements give insight into the atmospheric gravity wave (AGW)‐TID relationship, allowing us to apply a recently developed dispersion relation for AGWs that includes the role of kinematic viscosity and thermal diffusivity, important effects in the upper atmosphere, without assumptions about horizontal wavelengths. The analysis indicates that for this particular case, the wave must have been propagating against a background wind of ∼125 m/s. PFISR will be a powerful tool for studying the sources and propagation of waves in the upper atmosphere.
Efficient Mr Image Reconstruction for Compressed Mr Imaging

In this paper, we propose an efficient algorithm for MR image reconstruction. The algorithm minimizes a linear combination of three terms corresponding to a least square data fitting, total variation (TV) and L1 norm regularization. This has been shown to be very powerful for the MR image reconstruction. First, we decompose the original problem into L1 and TV norm regularization subproblems respectively. Then, these two subproblems are efficiently solved by existing techniques. Finally, the reconstructed image is obtained from the weighted average of solutions from two subproblems in an iterative framework. We compare the proposed algorithm with previous methods in term of the reconstruction accuracy and computation complexity. Numerous experiments demonstrate the superior performance of the proposed algorithm for compressed MR image reconstruction. Magnetic Resonance (MR) imaging has been widely used in medical diagnosis because of its non-invasive manner and excellent depiction of soft tissue changes. Recent developments in com-pressive sensing theory (Candes et al., 2006; Donoho, 2006) show that it is possible to accurately reconstruct the Magnetic Resonance (MR) images from highly undersampled K-space data and therefore significantly reduce the scanning duration. Suppose x is a MR image and R is a partial Fourier transform, the sampling measurement b of x in K-space is defined as b = Rx. The compressed MR image reconstruction problem is to reconstruct x given the measurement b and the sampling matrix R. Motivated by the compressive sensing theory, Lustig et al. (Lustig et al., 2007) proposed their pioneering work for the MR image reconstruction. Their method can effectively reconstruct MR images with only 20% sampling. The improved results were obtained by having both a wavelet transform and a discrete gradient in the objective, which is formulated as follows: ^ x ¼ arg min x 1 2 kRx À bk 2 þ akxk TV þ bkUxk 1 ð1Þ where a and b are two positive parameters, b is the undersampled measurements of K-space data, R is a partial Fourier transform and U is a wavelet transform. It is based on the fact that the piecewise smooth MR images of organs can be sparsely represented by the wavelet basis and should have small total variations. The TV was defined discretely as kxk TV ¼ P i P j ððr 1 x ij Þ 2 þ ðr 2 x ij Þ 2 Þ where r 1 and r 2 denote the forward finite difference operators on …
Grain orientation and depositional ramps as flow direction indicators of a large-scale pyroclastic flow deposit in Japan

Flow lineation was measured using the orientation of the elongated crystals and lithic fragments in the large-scale welded Ata pyroclastic flow deposit in southwestern Japan in order to analyze the effect of preflow topographic relief. Three different types of lineations were obtained. Flow lineations radially away from the source were obtained only for samples collected from the surface of the pyroclastic flow plateau. Samples collected along the floor of narrow valleys have lineations parallel to the axis of valley. Samples collected from valley walls tend to be parallel to the slope of the valley. This evidence suggests the following process. Earlier flow material moves along the valley axis in the narrow valley bottom. When the flow is trapped within a valley, it moves toward the bottom of the valley just prior to the final settlement. When the basement relief is filled up with the earlier flow units, the flow maintains its original radial movement until final settlement. Asymmetrical depositional ramps on the original surface of the pyroclastic flow provide an independent indicator of the flow direction.
Vitamins E and C in the Prevention of Prostate and Total Cancer in Men

IN SOME OBSERVATIONAL STUDIES, INtake or blood levels of vitamins E and C have been associated with reduced risk of certain cancers. Basic research has provided plausible mechanisms by which antioxidant micronutrients such as vitamin E and vitamin C may delay various steps in carcinogenesis. However, definitive proof that vitamins E and C can reduce the risk of overall or site-specific cancers must rely on large-scale randomized trials. A number of trials have addressed the potential role of vitamins in the prevention of cancer; however, the results from these trials have not been consistent. Some but not all have supported a role for various antioxidants in the prevention of total or sitespecific cancers. The most compelling data supporting a role of vitamin E in the prevention of prostate cancer have come from the Finnish ATBC ( Tocopherol, Beta Carotene) Cancer Prevention Trial. This trial was designed Author Affiliations: Divisions of Preventive Medicine (Drs Gaziano, Glynn, Christen, Kurth, Bubes, Manson, Sesso, and Buring and Mss Belanger and MacFadyen), Aging (Drs Gaziano, Kurth, Sesso, and Buring), and Cardiovascular Disease (Dr Gaziano), Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts; Massachusetts Veterans Epidemiology Research and Information Center, VA Boston Healthcare System (Dr Gaziano), Boston; Department of Ambulatory Care and Prevention (Dr Buring), Harvard Medical School, Boston; and Departments of Epidemiology and Biostatistics (Drs Glynn, Kurth, Manson, and Sesso), Harvard School of Public Health, Boston. Corresponding Author: J. Michael Gaziano, MD, MPH, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, 1620 Tremont St, Boston, MA 02120 (jmgaziano@partners.org). Context Many individuals take vitamins in the hopes of preventing chronic diseases such as cancer, and vitamins E and C are among the most common individual supplements. A large-scale randomized trial suggested that vitamin E may reduce risk of prostate cancer; however, few trials have been powered to address this relationship. No previous trial in men at usual risk has examined vitamin C alone in the prevention of cancer.
Analysis of data from pumping wells near a river

Methods are outlined for determining the hydrologic characteristics of an aquifer draining or drained by a stream; specifically, for determining the transmissibility and storage coefficient of the acquifer and also the effective distance from a pumped well to a line in the stream bed where the water is entering or leaving the aquifer. The procedure is based on the theory of nonsteady flow toward a well steadily discharging from an infinite acquifer hydraulically connected to a fairly straight and long stretch of a stream bed. Application of these methods is illustrated by treating data from the Ingalls area in Kansas.
Forecasting Value at Risk and Expected Shortfall Using a Semiparametric Approach Based on the Asymmetric Laplace Distribution

A. INTRODUCTION In this supplement, we describe a bootstrapping approach for obtaining the parameter standard errors for the joint models of conditional VaR and ES that we present in our paper. We bootstrap the model’s residuals, making sure to account for the autoregressive features in the joint model, as well as the heteroskedasticity in the data. In Section B, we describe the bootstrapping approach. Section C presents a Monte Carlo study to investigate its accuracy.
Modeling Tillage-Induced Redistribution of Soil Mass and Its Constituents within Different Landscapes

Tillage is a driving force of soil movement in cultivated fields. Soil constituents, together with the mass of soil, are redistributed across landscapes by tillage. The pattern of tillage-induced soil constituent redistribution is determined by the pattern of tillage erosion (tillage-induced soil mass loss or gain) and the dispersivity of translocation. In this study, we used a convoluting procedure and developed a Tillage Translocation Model (TillTM) to simulate the tillage translocation process and to demonstrate tillage-induced soil mass and soil organic carbon (OC) (as an example of soil constituents) redistributions across four hypothetical landscapes subjected to different tillage patterns (directions) and over different lengths of tillage period. We determined that the local tillage-erosion rate is mainly dependent on topography and that the effects of tillage pattern and the length of tillage period are relatively minor. The redistribution of OC content in the till layer is mainly determined by the number, location, and size of soil loss positions in the landscape, as well as the soil loss rates at these positions. Net loss of OC content occurs in the till layer and this loss increases with time. In contrast, an increase of OC content in the sublayer occurs at soil accumulation positions. The model was validated against field data collected at a site near Cyrus, MN. The patterns of OC and inorganic C redistribution can be adequately estimated by TillTM. There are discrepancies, however, between the model-estimated values and the field measurements due to the limitations and uncertainties associated with the model. The results clearly showed that tillage translocation causes the vertical redistribution of soil constituents across the landscape, which implies that tillage translocation is one of the driving forces behind the spatial variability of soil properties and properties that impact biophysical processes.
A Modified Geotechnical Simulation model for the Areal Prediction of Landslide Motion

本研究は佐々(1988)より提案された地すべり運動予測モデルにリングせん断試験結果より推定される定常状態せん断強度(ｒss)と運動中土塊の厚さの変化より提案される運動中の摩擦係数変化モデルを導入し、1997年秋田県澄川地すべりを例として、流動性地すべりの運動範囲の予測を行った。 運動土塊の拡散に伴う摩擦係数の増大が的確に表現できるようになり、流動性地すべりの運動範囲のより正確な予測が可能になると思われる.
Assignment of homology to genome sequences using a library of hidden Markov models that represent all proteins of known structure.

Of the sequence comparison methods, profile-based methods perform with greater selectively than those that use pairwise comparisons. Of the profile methods, hidden Markov models (HMMs) are apparently the best. The first part of this paper describes calculations that (i) improve the performance of HMMs and (ii) determine a good procedure for creating HMMs for sequences of proteins of known structure. For a family of related proteins, more homologues are detected using multiple models built from diverse single seed sequences than from one model built from a good alignment of those sequences. A new procedure is described for detecting and correcting those errors that arise at the model-building stage of the procedure. These two improvements greatly increase selectivity and coverage. The second part of the paper describes the construction of a library of HMMs, called SUPERFAMILY, that represent essentially all proteins of known structure. The sequences of the domains in proteins of known structure, that have identities less than 95 %, are used as seeds to build the models. Using the current data, this gives a library with 4894 models. The third part of the paper describes the use of the SUPERFAMILY model library to annotate the sequences of over 50 genomes. The models match twice as many target sequences as are matched by pairwise sequence comparison methods. For each genome, close to half of the sequences are matched in all or in part and, overall, the matches cover 35 % of eukaryotic genomes and 45 % of bacterial genomes. On average roughly 15% of genome sequences are labelled as being hypothetical yet homologous to proteins of known structure. The annotations derived from these matches are available from a public web server at: http://stash.mrc-lmb.cam. ac.uk/SUPERFAMILY. This server also enables users to match their own sequences against the SUPERFAMILY model library.
Quantum electrodynamics of chiral waveguide arrays

We consider the quantum electrodynamics of a binary array of chiral waveguides, each containing many atoms. We show that the one-photon amplitude of a single-excitation state obeys a two-dimensional Dirac equation. Using this result, we develop the scattering theory for the Dirac equation in this setting and illustrate our results with numerical simulations.
Association Between Decreased Srpk3 Expression And An Increase In Substantia Nigra Alpha-Synuclein Levels In An MPTP-Induced Parkinson’s Disease Mouse Model

Parkinson’s disease (PD) is known as the second most common neurodegenerative disease, which is caused by destruction of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra (SN) of the brain; however, the reason for the death of dopaminergic neurons remains unclear. An increase in α-synuclein (α-syn) is considered an important factor in the pathogenesis of PD. In the current study, we investigated the association between PD and serine/arginine-rich protein specific kinase 3 (Srpk3) in MPTP-induced parkinsonism mice model and in SH-SY5Y cells treated with MPP+. Srpk3 expression was significantly downregulated, while tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) decreased and α-synuclein (α-syn) increased after 4 weeks of MPTP intoxication treatment. Dopaminergic cell reduction and α-syn increase were demonstrated by inhibiting Srpk3 expression by siRNA in SH-SY5Y cells. Moreover, a decrease in Srpk3 expression upon siRNA treatment promoted dopaminergic cell reduction and α-syn increase in SH-SY5Y cells treated with MPP+. These results suggest that the decrease in Srpk3 expression due to Srpk3 siRNA caused both a decrease in TH and an increase in α-syn. This raises new possibilities for studying how Srpk3 controls dopaminergic cells and α-syn expression, which may be related to the pathogenesis of PD. Our results provide an avenue for understanding the role of Srpk3 during dopaminergic cell loss and α-syn increase in the SN. Furthermore, this study could support a therapeutic possibility for PD in that the maintenance of Srpk3 expression inhibited dopaminergic cell reduction.
An analysis of nonpayment of water services in Nuevo Laredo, Mexico

In many developing and developed cities, nonpayment for water services undermines the financial health of water utilities; in poorer areas, it also hinders the water utilities' ability to serve poor households. However, nonpayment has not received much attention in the literature so far. In this paper, we analyze nonpayment for a unique data set of households from Nuevo Laredo, Mexico. Our fieldwork and basic statistics indicate that nonpayment is very common and affects both poor and affluent households, so ability to pay may only partly explain nonpayment. Using panel data models to control for unobserved household characteristics (to avoid omitted variable bias) and after accounting for monthly effects, we find that long‐term delinquent households consume ∼3% more water than do other families; this number is larger for households who are retired and affluent, which further compounds the adverse consequences of nonpayment.