Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
AlGaN Deep-Ultraviolet Light-Emitting Diodes

We report on the development of AlGaN based deep ultraviolet (DUV) light-emitting diodes (LEDs) grown by migration-enhanced metalorganic chemical vapor deposition (MEMOCVD). Improved quality of AlGaN has allowed us to achieve milliwatt-power at wavelengths ranging from 365 to 265 nm. For 295 and 280 nm LEDs, record CW powers with wall-plug-efficiency approaching 1.0% were realized. The CW power reached 1.2 and 1.0 mW at 20 mA for 280 and 295 nm LEDs, respectively. A multiple-chip package (UV lamp) emitted CW power of 11 mW at the wavelength of 280 nm. Under pulse operation, the 280 nm UV lamp produced power as high as 56 mW. The CW power levels at 20 mA were 0.5, 0.25 and 0.15 mW for a single-chip 275, 270 and 265 nm LEDs, respectively. A 265 nm UV lamp exhibited a record high CW power exceeding 1.5 mW. The applications of these DUV LEDs in bio-agents detection have been demonstrated and the preliminary results will be presented.
The National Centers for Environmental Prediction: Operational Climate, Ocean, and Weather Prediction for the 21st Century

Abstract The National Meteorological Center is being restructured to serve a broader mission, which includes operational climate and ocean prediction as well as short-range weather prediction. Its successor organization is called the National Centers for Environmental Prediction and will consist of eight components: six service-oriented centers that will generate environmental prediction products and two central support activities to develop and operate the numerical models on which the predictions are based. This paper describes these components, together with their operation as an integrated organization.
The response time of a convective cloud ensemble to a change in forcing

In this paper, the timescale of the convective mass‐flux response to step‐function changes in external forcing conditions is measured directly using idealized cloud‐resolving model simulations of unorganized convection in radiative–convective equilibrium. Many parametrization schemes require an estimate of this response time in the form of a fixed adjustment timescale, but the physical mechanism which sets its value is currently unknown. These experiments confirm the existence of a unique timescale, for given initial forcing conditions, of the order of one hour. The hypothesized role of gravity waves in effecting the convective adjustment is tested by changing the mean cloud spacing of the initial state. This reveals a linear dependence of the response time on the cloud spacing, in agreement with the theory. Meanwhile, similar experiments to investigate the sensitivity of the timescale to changes in gravity‐wave speed reveal a remarkable robustness of the average wave speed over a range of stratifications and tropospheric depths. Copyright © 2004 Royal Meteorological Society.
Propagation of polarised light in bent hi-bi spun fibres

The evolution of polarisation states (PS's) of broadband light propagating through a bent optical fibre with a helical structure of its refractive index anisotropy (hi-bi spun fibre) has been studied theoretically and experimentally. It has been shown that there exists a coordinate system of PS's in which the differential Jones matrix can be replaced by a diagonal matrix, which allows the polarisation parameters of the output broadband light to be readily calculated with sufficient accuracy. We have derived a formula for evaluating the magneto-optical sensitivity of a bent spun fibre. An approach has been proposed for restoring the degree of polarisation of light in a bent hi-bi spun fibre and, as a consequence, the visibility (contrast) of the interferometer in a current sensor with a sensing element based on the fibre under consideration.
A versatile implementation of the psychrometer technique as a learning opportunity in atmospheric physics courses

Even today the psychrometer technique, if properly implemented, is used as a calibration standard for humidity measurements. In order to simplify the cumbersome use of the classical instrument, we recently proposed an original configuration characterized by the unattended operation and real-time readout of temperature sensors. More recently, we have upgraded that system by applying the online data acquisition controlled by a LabVIEW code which also displays the final observable of relative humidity. The program implements the psychrometer algorithm, usually available only in the form of tables, and also the data recording on disk. We describe here how to properly build the instrument and how to guarantee its intrinsic accuracy (typical uncertainty within a few per cent) as well as all the details of the formulae used. The psychrometer, proposed as a project work to university students following new courses on meteorological instrumentation, was found to be a powerful source of learning opportunities. Although at first, the working principle of the instrument looks easy and offers an intuitive interpretation of the concept of humidity, later students become aware of how difficult requirements have to be satisfied in order to realize a reference standard. As a final verification, they are asked to guarantee that this psychrometer implementation strictly conforms to the official recommendations of the World Meteorological Organization (WMO). We present here a few examples of their activities in planning autonomously a series of checks and measurements.
Recent progress in the homogeneous gold-catalysed cycloisomerisation reactions.

In the last two decades, interest in reactions catalysed by gold complexes has tremendously increased due to their ability to tolerate a variety of functional groups and their capability to activate various unsaturated groups. In this review, gold-catalysed cycloisomerisation reactions of ynamides, diynes and 1,n-enynes have been summarized. These gold-catalysed cycloisomerisation reactions open new opportunities for synthesising a range of new complex polycyclic chemical moieties in one step. Gold-catalysed cycloisomerisation is a valuable way for synthesising fused spiro carbocycles, BODIPY cores, bicyclo[3.2. 1]oct-2-ene, dihydro benzo[b]thiepine, disubstituted furans, spiroindolines, bridged [n.2. 1] skeletons, etc.
Acinar micromechanics in health and lung injury: what we have learned from quantitative morphology

Within the pulmonary acini ventilation and blood perfusion are brought together on a huge surface area separated by a very thin blood-gas barrier of tissue components to allow efficient gas exchange. During ventilation pulmonary acini are cyclically subjected to deformations which become manifest in changes of the dimensions of both alveolar and ductal airspaces as well as the interalveolar septa, composed of a dense capillary network and the delicate tissue layer forming the blood-gas barrier. These ventilation-related changes are referred to as micromechanics. In lung diseases, abnormalities in acinar micromechanics can be linked with injurious stresses and strains acting on the blood-gas barrier. The mechanisms by which interalveolar septa and the blood-gas barrier adapt to an increase in alveolar volume have been suggested to include unfolding, stretching, or changes in shape other than stretching and unfolding. Folding results in the formation of pleats in which alveolar epithelium is not exposed to air and parts of the blood-gas barrier are folded on each other. The opening of a collapsed alveolus (recruitment) can be considered as an extreme variant of septal wall unfolding. Alveolar recruitment can be detected with imaging techniques which achieve light microscopic resolution. Unfolding of pleats and stretching of the blood-gas barrier, however, require electron microscopic resolution to identify the basement membrane. While stretching results in an increase of the area of the basement membrane, unfolding of pleats and shape changes do not. Real time visualization of these processes, however, is currently not possible. In this review we provide an overview of septal wall micromechanics with focus on unfolding/folding as well as stretching. At the same time we provide a state-of-the-art design-based stereology methodology to quantify microarchitecture of alveoli and interalveolar septa based on different imaging techniques and design-based stereology.
Finding Feasible Tool-Approach Directions for Sculptured Surface Manufacture

Determining tool-approach directions is an important issue when an effort is made to transfer CAD data into manufacturing automatically. An algorithm is developed to determine whether a given part can be machined on a three-axis milling machine. In the algorithm, a sculptured surface is first approximated with smaller subpatches by an adaptive subdivision method. For the unit normal vector to each subpatch, a hemisphere is then defined. Any point on the hemisphere defines a feasible tool-approach direction for the corresponding subpatch. The intersection of the hemispheres for the sculptured surface is a polyhedron. A set of points on the polyhedron is the set of feasible tool-approach directions for the sculptured surface. If a set of feasible tool-approach directions exists for a sculptured surface, the NC tool paths and G-codes for machining the surface on a three-axis milling machine can be generated automatically by an NC tool-path generation algorithm. The algorithm can be used for orientation and f.
Linear programming and extensions

In real-world problems related to finance, business, and management, mathematicians and economists frequently encounter optimization problems. In this classic book, George Dantzig looks at a wealth of examples and develops linear programming methods for their solutions. He begins by introducing the basic theory of linear inequalities and describes the powerful simplex method used to solve them. Treatments of the price concept, the transportation problem, and matrix methods are also given, and key mathematical concepts such as the properties of convex sets and linear vector spaces are covered. "The author of this book was the main force in establishing a new mathematical discipline, and he has contributed to its further development at every stage and from every angle. This volume . is a treasure trove for those who work in this field--teachers, students, and users alike. Its encyclopaedic coverage, due in part to collaboration with other experts, makes it an absolute must. "--S. Vajda, Zentralblatt fYr Mathematik und ihre Grenzgebiete
Deduction of the air omega value in a therapeutic proton beam

Utilization of air-filled ionization chambers with 60Co-based reference calibrations in proton dosimetry requires application of water to air stopping power ratios and the mean energy required to produce an ion pair (W or omega ). Accepted uncertainties in current omega values for protons leads to a dosimetric uncertainty of 4 per cent when ionization chambers are employed to measure absorbed dose. For this reason, proton dosimetry protocols recommend the use of calorimetry as the absorbed dose standard. The authors used calorimetry in conjunction with an ionization chamber with 60Co reference calibrations to deduce the proton omega value in the entrance region of a 250 MeV proton beam: 34.2+or-0.5 eV. Application of this omega value, with its 1.5 per cent uncertainty, allows determination of dose in therapeutic proton beams, with uncertainties comparable to photon and electron values.
Three-dimensional turbulent boundary layers in external flows: a report on Euromech 60

Euromech 60 is the third in a series of European Mechanics Colloquia dealing primarily with three-dimensional turbulent boundary layers. The Colloquium was held in Trondheim at the Technical University (NTH) from 14–16 April 1975 with forty-two participants from ten different countries, and was organized by L. N. Persen and T. K. Fanneløp. A total of 23 papers were presented, dealing with both experiments on and predictions of turbulent boundary-layer flows and related topics. Those concerned with the development of prediction methods were challenged by a set of boundary-layer flow problems defined well in advance in order to be calculated prior to the Colloquium. The results show close agreement for some calculated variables and surprisingly large discrepancies in others. A brief account of this exercise is included and it will also be the subject of a special report.
Control of ablation anisotropy in fluoride crystal by a linearly polarized femtosecond laser

We experimentally showed that the π/2-period oscillation of femtosecond laser ablation threshold with laser polarization orientation can be observed in calcium fluoride (CaF2). While the lowest single pulse ablation threshold, 5.3 J/cm2, was observed when laser polarization is along the 010-crystal axis, the highest one, 5.8±0.1 J/cm2, was found when angle between polarization and the 010-crystal axis were π/4 or 3π/4. The π/2-period oscillation of ablation threshold tends to be eliminated (yet still detectable) at high pulse fluence. The anisotropic ablation is possibly resulted from the different rate of avalanche ionization in different crystal axes.
A Comparative Study on G-to-S ESD Robustness of the Ohmic-Gate and Schottky-Gate p-GaN HEMTs

In this work, we have comprehensively studied the forward/reverse G-to-S electrostatic discharge (ESD) robustness for Ohmic-gate p-GaN HEMT. It is found that Ohmic-gate p-GaN HEMT exhibits superior G-to-S ESD robustness than Schottky-gate p-GaN HEMT with similar current capacity. First, Ohmic-gate p-GaN HEMT possesses a high forward/reverse second breakdown current (<inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">${I}_{\text {SF}}/I_{\text {SR}}$ </tex-math></inline-formula>) of 9.3/2.7 A, while the value is 2.0/0.1 A for Schottky-gate p-GaN HEMT. Correspondingly, the equivalent forward/reverse human body model (HBM) failure voltages (<inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">${V}_{\text {HBM-F}}/{V}_{\text {HBM-R}} = {1500} \Omega \times {I}_{\text {SF}}/{I}_{\text {SR}}$ </tex-math></inline-formula>) are 14/4.05 kV and 3/0.15 kV for Ohmic-gate and Schottky-gate p-GaN HEMTs, respectively. In addition, Schottky-gate p-GaN HEMT exhibits obvious changes in its ON-state current (<inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$\Delta {I}_{ \mathrm{\scriptscriptstyle ON}}$ </tex-math></inline-formula> = 0.8/0.7 A), threshold voltage (<inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$\Delta {V}_{\text {TH}}$ </tex-math></inline-formula> = 0.23/0.35 V), G-to-S leakage after the forward/reverse repetitive G-to-S ESD stress. While there is no obvious change (<inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$\Delta {I}_{ \mathrm{ON}}$ </tex-math></inline-formula> = 0 A and <inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$\Delta {V}_{\text {TH}}$ </tex-math></inline-formula> = 0 V) in Ohmic-gate p-GaN HEMT, which may be attributed to that there are numerous holes to recombine the electrons trapped at the recombination center. But for Schottky-gate p-GaN HEMT, there is no enough holes to recombine the electrons trapped at the recombination center, due to the Schottky barrier at gate region.
Fourier contour embedding deep learning for arbitrary-shaped target detection

Target detection of arbitrary shape is widely used in remote sensing image processing, the case segmentation method based on contour regression is very similar to the target detection method. At present, many scholars have studied case segmentation using deep learning framework, case segmentation based on contour regression can be regarded as a simple extension of object detection, it is a more accurate target detection. In this paper, the contour regression method based on Fourier operator is used for accurate target detection, the Fourier feature vectors in a group of frequencies are predicted at each position of the feature map, and then the target contour point sequence is reconstructed in the image space domain through inverse Fourier transform, The simulation results show that the detection accuracy of the proposed method is more than 10% higher than that of the classical method.
Population structure analysis and genome-wide association study of a hexaploid oat landrace and cultivar collection

Introduction Oat (Avena sativa L.) is an important cereal crop grown worldwide for grain and forage, owing to its high adaptability to diverse environments. However, the genetic and genomics research of oat is lagging behind that of other staple cereal crops. Methods In this study, a collection of 288 oat lines originating worldwide was evaluated using 2,213 single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) markers obtained from an oat iSelect 6K-beadchip array to study its genetic diversity, population structure, and linkage disequilibrium (LD) as well as the genotype–phenotype association for hullessness and lemma color. Results The average gene diversity and polymorphic information content (PIC) were 0.324 and 0.262, respectively. The first three principal components (PCs) accounted for 30.33% of the genetic variation, indicating that the population structure of this panel of oat lines was stronger than that reported in most previous studies. In addition, accessions could be classified into two subpopulations using a Bayesian clustering approach, and the clustering pattern of accessions was closely associated with their region of origin. Additionally, evaluation of LD decay using 2,143 mapped markers revealed that the intrachromosomal whole-genome LD decayed rapidly to a critical r2 value of 0.156 for marker pairs separated by a genetic distance of 1.41 cM. Genome-wide association study (GWAS) detected six significant associations with the hullessness trait. Four of these six markers were located on the Mrg21 linkage group between 194.0 and 205.7 cM, while the other two significant markers mapped to Mrg05 and Mrg09. Three significant SNPs, showing strong association with lemma color, were located on linkage groups Mrg17, Mrg18, and Mrg20. Discussion Our results discerned relevant patterns of genetic diversity, population structure, and LD among members of a worldwide collection of oat landraces and cultivars proposed to be ‘typical’ of the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau. These results have important implications for further studies on association mapping and practical breeding in high-altitude oat.
First principles investigation of structural and magnetic properties of Ni–Co–Mn–In Heusler alloys

The structural and magnetic properties of Co-doped Ni–Mn–In Heusler alloys are investigated in the framework of density functional theory and the Monte-Carlo method. The first principles calculations of the equilibrium properties (crystalline structure and magnetic ordering) indicate that the ferromagnetic state is favorable in the austenite structure, whereas the ferrimagnetic order is stable in the martensite structure. The strong competition of ferro- and antiferromagnetic exchange interactions arise from the austenite-martensite crossover. The temperature dependences of total magnetization are calculated by means of the proposed Hamiltonian model with the ab initio magnetic exchange couplings and magnetostructural interrelation. The calculated properties are in good agreement with the experimental ones.
Scattering analysis of multi-layered dielectric bodies of revolution-iterative method

For the EM problem of multi-layered dielectric bodies, the amounts of computer storage and computation time, which are required for moment method solution, is prohibitive. However, when the scatterer is rotationally symmetric, the amounts of computer storage and computation time can be considerably reduced. The EM scattering from a BOR (body of revolution) has been extensively studied by many researchers. Also, the exact solutions for the EM scattering problem of multi-layered dielectric spheres have been developed. On the other hand, the fictitious current model (FCM) has been applied to various EM scattering problems. Also this model has been successfully applied to the scattering problem of a conducting BOR (Hyung-Gi Na and Hyo-Tae Kim). Since in this method, both current sources and boundary condition testing are of point-form, the numerical procedure is simple and fast. In the present paper, the method of Hyung-Gi Na and Hyo-Tae Kim is extended to the EM scattering problem of multi-layered dielectric BORs. The boundary of each layer is assumed to be symmetric about its axis of rotation. However, the whole scatterer is not necessarily axisymmetric since the axes of rotation may be different from each other. Thus, in order to take advantage of the symmetry of each layer, the EM scattering of each layer is solved separately. After the EM problem is solved in the p-th boundary, the effects of the scattered field are added to neighboring boundaries. This procedure is repeated for every layer until the desired degree of accuracy is obtained.
Estimating the Material Intensity of Wooden Residential Houses in Finland

Improving resource efficiency in the building sector is a significant challenge, largely due to a lack of knowledge about material usage in buildings. Material intensity (MI) quantifies materials used in buildings, normalized by floor area or volume. MIs serve as indices for material stock and flow models and as an inventory approach for assessing the environmental impact of the built environment. Therefore, this study aimed to determine MIs of Finnish wooden residential houses built between 1940 and 2010 due to the dominance of them in residential building stock and their demolition rates. Factors influencing MI and cross-country comparisons were also explored because they had not been explored enough in the literature. Results showed construction method, time cohort, floor area, design choices and footprint shape impacted MI. Accounting for variability of MI was recommended, particularly when using it for material stock and flow analysis. Data and method disparities restrict cross-country comparison of MI.
Radiocarbon Constraints on Carbon Release From the Antarctic Ice Sheet Into the Amundsen Sea Embayment

The Amundsen Sea Embayment in West Antarctica is experiencing rapid ice mass loss, resulting in biogeochemical changes via altered nutrient and organic matter supply. However, organic carbon released from melting ice has not yet been accurately quantified. In this paper, we have integrated new dissolved organic carbon (DOC) data obtained close to the melting Dotson Ice Shelf (DIS) with published radiocarbon (Δ14C) data on sinking and suspended particulate organic carbon (POC), sedimentary OC, DOC and dissolved inorganic carbon to quantify the effect of ice melt to the carbon cycle. Elevated DOC concentrations in deep water near the DIS indicate the transport of carbon sources from the ice shelf to the water column at a rate of 4.6 ± 2.0 × 1010 g C yr−1. Furthermore, Δ14C‐DOC measurements suggest there is a possible dark chemoautotrophic production under the influence of meltwater input. The vertical profile of Δ14C in the sedimentary OC from the Sea Ice Zone and the edge of the DIS demonstrates the presence of aged organic carbon sources during warm episodes at ∼11.5 and 15.9 ka BP. Our study indicates that deep water is not only affected by OC discharge from meltwater but also by biological processes due to altered nutrient inputs. Limited data hampers a precise assessment of the influence of meltwater on the carbon cycle. Further sampling in front of the DIS will be beneficial to enhance our understanding of the role of Antarctic Ice Sheet melting in the downstream ecosystem.