Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
ABC of oral bioavailability: transporters as gatekeepers in the gut

MDR1 (ABCB1), MRP2 (ABCC2), and BCRP (ABCG2) are members of the family of ATP binding cassette (ABC) transporters. These are plasma membrane transporters that are expressed in various organs. The role of MDR1 and MRP2 in the hepatobiliary system is well defined; both contribute to bile formation by transport of drugs, toxins, and waste products across the canalicular membrane. As they transport exogenous and endogenous substances, they reduce the body load of potentially harmful compounds. The role of ABCG2, which is also expressed in the canalicular membrane of hepatocytes, has not yet been fully characterised. All three proteins are also expressed in the apical membrane of enterocytes where they probably control oral availability of many substances. This important "gatekeeper" function of ABC transporters has been recognised recently and is currently under further investigation. Expression and activity of these transporters in the gut may differ between individuals, due to genetic polymorphisms or pathological conditions. This will lead to individual differences in bioavailability of different drugs, toxins, and (food derived) carcinogens. Recent information on substrates, transport mechanisms, function, and regulation of expression of MDR1, MRP2, and BCRP in different species is summarised in this review.
Exploring Conceptual Change in Genetics Using a Multidimensional Interpretive Framework.

This article examines changes in Grade 10 students' conceptions of genes during a 10-week genetics course. Data collected by student worksheets given before and after the course, observations of lessons, videotape and audiotape recordings of classroom discourse, and detailed student interviews at the end of the course are interpreted using a multidimensional framework of conceptual change from epistemological, ontological, and social/affective perspectives. The results indicate that students' ontological conceptions of genes develop from the idea that a gene is a passive particle passed from parents to offspring, to being a more active particle that controls characteristics. From a social/affective perspective, it was evident that even though the students enjoyed the genetics course and participated in classroom activities, they often were uninterested in the microscopic explanatory mechanisms of genetics. The teaching approaches did not encourage a sophisticated conception of a gene in the minds of the majority of students. From an epistemological perspective, it was possible to classify the students' ontological conceptions as being intelligible, plausible, or fruitful. The article concludes that Grade 10 student learning about the concept of the gene is an evolutionary process that is more like weaker descriptions of conceptual change such as assimilation and conceptual capture than stronger forms such as accommodation and conceptual exchange. However, there is evidence to suggest that the conceptual change observed may be of a stronger form because students' conceptions changed to an ontological category that primarily relates to process. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Res Sci Teach 35: 1031–1055, 1998
Fixed-Time Connectivity-Preserving Distributed Average Tracking for Multiagent Systems

This brief studies the fixed-time average tracking problem for multiagent systems under communication constraints, in which each agent has a limited sensing range. A distributed nonlinear control protocol is proposed to make a team of agents track the average of multiple time-varying reference signals with bounded derivatives. Furthermore, the initial interaction patterns can be preserved under the designed protocol and the average tracking can be achieved within fixed time, where the bound of settling time is independent of the initial conditions. Thus, the fixed convergence time can be flexibly adjusted. Finally, some numerical examples are provided to illustrate the performance and effectiveness of the theoretical results.
Mastrovito Multiplier for General Irreducible Polynomials

We present a new formulation of the Mastrovito multiplication matrix for the field GF(2/sup m/) generated by an arbitrary irreducible polynomial. We study in detail several specific types of irreducible polynomials, e.g., trinomials, all-one-polynomials, and equally-spaced-polynomials, and obtain the time and space complexity of these designs. Particular examples illustrating the properties of the proposed architecture are also given. The complexity results established in this paper match the best complexity results known to date. The most important new result is the space complexity of the Mastrovito multiplier for an equally-spaced-polynomial, which is found as (m/sup 2/-/spl Delta/) XOR gates and m/sup 2/ AND gates, where /spl Delta/ is the spacing factor.
Linked Data

74 Published by the IEEE Computer Society 1089-7801/16/$33.00 © 2016 IEEE IEEE INTERNET COMPUTING O ne in three Web users looks for medical information on social networks (http://bit. ly/wiredarabspring), and more than 50 percent of users surveyed consume news on social networks (http://bit.ly/pewsnsnews). Twitter and Facebook were prominent platforms used for disseminating information and organizing protests during Arab Springs, Occupy Wall Street, and similar events.1 Social data also plays a critical role in helping with coordination during natural disasters. Social networks have therefore not only changed the landscape for communicating and sharing information — they have also become a major source for users consuming information. The popularity of social networks has led to an increase of user-generated content on the popular platforms. Facebook and Twitter together generate more than 5 billion microblogs per day. Because users consume information from these platforms, the overwhelming amount of content generated brings to mind Herbert Simon’s famous quote: “a wealth of information creates a poverty of attention. ”2 In turn, the growth in the volume of content has often drawn criticism of information overload from consumers. As users of the Web, it’s important for us to realize that our dependence on information from these platforms will continue to grow, and hence, so should our focus on working towards making our lives easier in accessing the collected intelligence on these platforms, particularly by addressing the problem of information overload. Researchers have addressed the challenge of information overload by developing information filtering systems that understand a group of users’ interests and deliver relevant content to them. Although these filtering techniques have been adopted for filtering spam in emails and delivering relevant news and articles to interested users, leveraging these techniques on social networks and building an efficient informationfiltering system presents distinct challenges, due to social networks’ unique characteristics. Here, we consider how to address those challenges, using a crowd-sourced platform such as Wikipedia.
Speaker Recognition using a Kind of Novel Phonotactic Information

In this paper, we present a new modeling approach for speaker recognition, which uses a kind of novel phonotactic information as the feature for S VM modeling. Gaussian mixture models (GMMs) have been proven extremely successful for text- independent speaker recognition. The GMM universal background model (UBM) is a speaker-independent model, each component of which can be considered to be modeling some underlying phonetic sounds. Thus, the UBM can be regarded to characterize a speaker-independent voice. We assume that the utterances from different speakers should get different average posterior probabilities on the same Gaussian component of the UBM, and the supervector composed of the average posterior probabilities on all components of the UBM for each utterance should be discriminative. We use these supervectors as the features for SVM based speaker recognition. Experiment results show that the proposed approach demonstrates comparable performance with the state-of-the-art systems on NIST 2006 SRE corpus. Fusion results are also presented.
Privatization and Citizen Preferences

Privatization has been championed as a means for improving accountability in the public sector. Yet, relatively little is known empirically about how citizens from different countries evaluate private versus public provision of services. Using a framework established by Durant and Legge (2001, 2002), the research here furthers their country-specific findings by employing an initial empirical model to examine the formation of citizen preferences in a multinational context. Citizens in developed market economies (DMEs) are examined by utilizing a heteroskedastic probit analysis to measure opinion direction, certainty, and indecision for conflicted respondents. The results suggest that both industry and national contexts are important in explaining the choice between private or public provision of services. In addition, individuals are influenced by utilitarian concerns, party preferences, and value orientations. In terms of political interest, respondents expressing greater levels are more certain in their policy choices, suggesting consistency behind their opinions about privatization.
Thought Beats: New Technology, Music Video and Media Education

This paper has as its focus two key strands that are significant to contemporary media education. The first is the increasing move towards creative production work as the central and dominant feature of media studies courses. In UK schools, this has largely been facilitated by the rapid expansion of digital technologies. Whilst this offers unprecedented opportunities for students to construct advanced and highly polished artefacts, it has also created new challenges for the media teacher in relation to pedagogy and classroom management. The second strand is the emergence of globalised, commercial media cultures and their relation to new media forms facilitated by digital technology. Here, this paper is interested in the relatively new media form of the music video which, in its dominant mode of distribution and exhibition, exists globally as part of satellite and digital packages. Music video as a form is ideal for use in Media Studies as an object of study and as a framework for facilitating creative work. Based on practitioner research methods, this paper teases out the tensions that exist between popular culture, media education and digital technology, incorporating the way a sense of community located beyond the school can create opportunities for student creative work.
Inhibition of superantigen-induced proinflammatory cytokine production and inflammatory arthritis in MRL-lpr/lpr mice by a transcriptional inhibitor of TNF-alpha.

We have used fas-defective MRL-lpr/lpr mice to study the effects of the staphylococcal enterotoxin superantigens on the development of autoimmune, inflammatory joint disease in animals that are susceptible to the development of rheumatoid arthritis-like disease. We show that systematic administration by a single i.p. injection of staphylococcal enterotoxin B (SEB; 10 micrograms/mouse) caused a mild, inflammatory arthritis +30 days postchallenge in the knee joints of young (< 2-mo-old) MRL-lpr/lpr mice, but not aged-matched MRL +/+ mice. In aged (> 8-mo-old) MRL-lpr/lpr mice, but not in aged MRL +/+ mice, SEB caused a severe, inflammatory arthritis, as assessed histologically, and systemic autoimmune disease, including glomerulonephritis and autoantibody production. Furthermore, in aged MRL-lpr/lpr mice, SEB but not heat-denatured SEB caused acute weight loss and elevated levels of serum proinflammatory cytokines. Compared with highly purified peritoneal macrophages obtained from either aged MRL +/+, young MRL-lpr/lpr, or young MRL +/+, peritoneal macrophages obtained from aged MRL-lpr/lpr mice constitutively expressed 2- to 10-fold greater levels of TNF-alpha, IL-1 beta, IL-6, and IL-10, and produced elevated amounts of these cytokines when treated in vitro with SEB. SEB-challenged aged MRL-lpr/lpr mice treated with anti-TNF mAb (100 micrograms/mouse; every other day), anti-V beta 8 TCR mAb (250 micrograms/mouse; every other day), or orally with the novel TNF-alpha inhibitor MDL 201,449A (9-[(1R, 3R)-trans-cyclopentan-3-ol] adenine; 25 mg/kg/day) exhibited reduced inflammatory arthritis, autoantibody formation, and serum TNF-alpha levels, but not IL-10 levels, after +30 days of treatment. These data suggest that SEB is an extremely potent macrophage-activating factor in vitro and in vivo, enhancing several aspects of autoimmune disease in MRL-lpr/lpr mice, and that anti-TNF therapies may have potential use in inflammatory arthritis.
Components of a Fanconi-Like Pathway Control Pso2-Independent DNA Interstrand Crosslink Repair in Yeast

Fanconi anemia (FA) is a devastating genetic disease, associated with genomic instability and defects in DNA interstrand cross-link (ICL) repair. The FA repair pathway is not thought to be conserved in budding yeast, and although the yeast Mph1 helicase is a putative homolog of human FANCM, yeast cells disrupted for MPH1 are not sensitive to ICLs. Here, we reveal a key role for Mph1 in ICL repair when the Pso2 exonuclease is inactivated. We find that the yeast FANCM ortholog Mph1 physically and functionally interacts with Mgm101, a protein previously implicated in mitochondrial DNA repair, and the MutSα mismatch repair factor (Msh2-Msh6). Co-disruption of MPH1, MGM101, MSH6, or MSH2 with PSO2 produces a lesion-specific increase in ICL sensitivity, the elevation of ICL-induced chromosomal rearrangements, and persistence of ICL-associated DNA double-strand breaks. We find that Mph1-Mgm101-MutSα directs the ICL-induced recruitment of Exo1 to chromatin, and we propose that Exo1 is an alternative 5′-3′ exonuclease utilised for ICL repair in the absence of Pso2. Moreover, ICL-induced Rad51 chromatin loading is delayed when both Pso2 and components of the Mph1-Mgm101-MutSα and Exo1 pathway are inactivated, demonstrating that the homologous recombination stages of ICL repair are inhibited. Finally, the FANCJ- and FANCP-related factors Chl1 and Slx4, respectively, are also components of the genetic pathway controlled by Mph1-Mgm101-MutSα. Together this suggests that a prototypical FA–related ICL repair pathway operates in budding yeast, which acts redundantly with the pathway controlled by Pso2, and is required for the targeting of Exo1 to chromatin to execute ICL repair.
Lidar aerosol backscatter measurements: systematic, modeling, and calibration error considerations.

Sources of systematic, modeling, and calibration errors that affect the interpretation and calibration of lidar aerosol backscatter data are discussed. The treatment pertains primarily to ground-based pulsed CO2 lidars that probe the troposphere and are calibrated using hard calibration targets. However, a large part of the analysis is relevant to other types of lidar system such as lidars operating at other wavelengths; cw focused lidars; airborne or earth-orbiting lidars; lidars measuring other regions of the atmosphere; lidars measuring nonaerosol elastic or inelastic backscatter; and lidars employing other calibration techniques.
Postoperative hypoxaemia: mechanisms and time course

Postoperative hypoxaemia results predominantly from two mechanisms. Gas exchange is impaired during anaesthesia as a result of reduced tone in the muscles of the chest wall and probably alterations in bronchomotor and vascular tone, and the resulting changes persist into the postoperative period. In addition, there is an abnormality of control of breathing, which results in episodic obstructive apnoea. These episodes continue for several days after operation and are related to sleep pattern and analgesic administration, although the precise effects of different analgesic regimens have not been evaluated. Oxygen administration is effect in reducing the degree of hypoxaemia.
Role of Alix in miRNA packaging during extracellular vesicle biogenesis

Evidence indicates that Alix, an accessory protein of the endosomal sorting complex required for transport (ESCRT), is involved in the biogenesis of extracellular vesicles (EVs). EVs contain selected patterns of microRNAs (miRNAs or miRs); however, little is known about the mechanisms of miRNA enrichment in EVs. The aim of the present study was to evaluate whether Alix is involved in the packaging of miRNAs within EVs released by human liver stem-like cells (HLSCs). EVs released from HLSCs were enriched with miRNAs and expressed Alix and several RNA-binding proteins, including Argonaute 2 (Ago2), a member of the Argonaute family known to be involved in the transport and the processing of miRNAs. Co-immunoprecipitation experiments revealed an association between Alix and Ago2. The results from RT-qPCR indicated that in the Alix/Ago2 immunoprecipitates, miRNAs were detectable. EVs were instrumental in transferring selected miRNAs from HLSCs to human endothelial cells absent in the latter cells. Alix knockdown did not influence the number of EVs released by HLSCs, but it significantly decreased miRNA expression levels in the EVs and consequently their transfer to the endothelium. Our findings indicate that Alix binds to Ago2 and miRNAs, suggesting that it plays a key role in miRNA enrichment during EV biogenesis. These results may represent a novel function of Alix, demonstrating its involvement in the EV-mediated transfer of miRNAs.
Implicit Motives of Elite Athletes, Sport Students, and Non-Sport Students: Power, Affiliation, and Achievement

Research on performance and participation in (elite) sports has predominantly focused on variables relating to the achievement motive. However, some authors describe that athletes in interactive sports (e.g. tennis) are assumed to exhibit a strong power motive in order to win competitive matches, usually resulting in the demonstration of dominance or the experience of inferiority. The affiliation motive, by contrast, is not functional in elite sports due to their competitive rather than social character. In the present chapter we discuss how the three basic implicit motives of power, affiliation, and achievement relate to the sports field and describe how they can affect athletes’ performance. We present empirical evidence for the existence of different strengths of the three basic motives in three studies with elite athletes (Study 1), non-elite athletes (sport students, Study 2), and non-sport students infrequently involved in sports (Study 3). Our results suggest that elite athletes show higher levels of the implicit power motive compared to sport students, who in turn have higher power motives than non-sport students. Surprisingly, elite athletes do not differ from non-sport students regarding their implicit achievement motive. Moreover, non-sport students exhibit higher implicit affiliation motive scores than sport students and elite athletes. We propose that research on motivational processes of highly competitive athletes should – in addition to the achievement motive – focus more on motive themes like the implicit motives of power and affiliation.
Exploring the adaptive experiences of children with parents of myocardial infarction: A Qualitative Study

Background Cardiovascular diseases are the world’s leading cause of mortality. These diseases are rooted in an unhealthy lifestyle. In order to confront this subject, it is essential to identify several risk factors that contribute to heart disease (HD) in people with different attitudes, values, beliefs, expectations and motivations. This study was therefore an attempt to explain the adaptive experiences of children whose parents were involved in myocardial infarction since they were more likely subjected to get the so-called disease. Objective To identify the risk factors and to clear ambiguity using a qualitative research method from the experiences of people at risk of the above mentioned disease. Methods This qualitative study was a directed content analysis. Eighteen children (above 18 years old) of parents with a history of myocardial infarction participated, and were chosen with purposive sampling and the highest diversity. Data were collected through deep and semi structure interviews based on Protection Motivation Theory (PMT) from March to November 2015, and were analyzed along with their data collection and with usage of Lundman and Graneheim method. Interviews were conducted in non-stressful conditions with a place and time agreement. Results During content analysis process, 220 codes were extracted. After reviewing several times and summarizing, the codes were categorized based on similarity and proportion, and finally 12 subcategories and three categories were elicited including efforts to perform self-care in order to prevent HD, poor life style as a factor not to do preventive HD and health continuation with positive changes in life style. Conclusions Most participants, despite intending to do self-care behaviors to prevent HD, due to factors such as time constraint, high costs, laziness, impatience and prioritizing other life affairs, did not pay attention to their health. Therefore, providing the training programs with an emphasis on life skills can play an important role in reducing perceived response cost and promoting health.
Attention, Dyslexia, and the Line-Motion Illusion

Dyslexic readers have been found to have a reduced line-motion illusion. This has been interpreted as evidence for an attention deficit of magnocellular origin. We show that this interpretation has severe problems: 1) to link reduced line-motion illusion to attention overlooks other factors, 2) to link the line-motion illusion specifically to the magnocellular system is problematic because the illusion can be obtained with isoluminant stimuli, 3) reduced illusory motion in dyslexic individuals may reflect sensory deficits, and 4) to link dyslexia specifically to the magnocellular system is in general problematic.
Deadspace-aware Power/Ground TSV planning in 3D floorplanning

The reliable Power Delivery Network (PDN) design is a challenging aspect in Three-Dimensional-Integrated-Circuits (3D-ICs). In order to ensure the robustness of the 3D PDN, the number and the locations of the Power/Ground (P/G) Through-Silicon-Vias (TSVs) should be carefully planned. Non-regular P/G TSV placement has superior performance compared to the regular one in terms of TSV count. However, the corresponding deadspace optimization is necessary, which complicates the traditional 3D floorplanning. In this work, we propose an efficient deadspace-aware P/G TSV planning combined with the 3D floorplanning to simultaneously place the 2D blocks and P/G TSVs to minimize the total wirelength and the number of inserted TSVs under IR-drop and fixed-outline constraints.