Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Assessing Errors in the Determination of Base Excess

We compared estimates for base excess of extracellular fluid (BEecf; mmol/L) obtained in five clinically used blood gas analyzers: AVL Compact 2 (Roche Diagnostics, Mannheim, Germany), Ciba-Corning 860 (Bayer Diagnostics, Fernwald, Germany), IL 1620 (Instrumentation Laboratories, Lexington, MA), Stat Profile Ultra (Nova Biomedical, Waltham, MA), and ABL 510 (Radiometer, Copenhagen, Denmark). A total of 134 measurements per analyzer were obtained in arterial and venous blood samples from 10 patients undergoing cardiac surgery and 65 measurements per analyzer in venous blood samples from 2 healthy volunteers. The blood samples were equilibrated in a tonometer with gases of known composition (37°C). Additional theoretical studies were performed to evaluate the relationship between pH and calculated BEecf value (with varied Pco2) using the formulas of the various analyzers. The standard deviations of repeated measurements were 0.24 mmol/L for ABL 510 and approximately 0.45 mmol/L for the other 4 analyzers. The maximal systematic difference between the average of all measurements of each analyzer was 3.7 mmol/L; this was primarily attributable to differences in measuring pH, and, to a lesser extent, to differences in calculation and determination of Pco2. Comparison of the results from samples with different oxygen saturation showed that the relative alkalinity of deoxygenated hemoglobin (Haldane effect) can also influence the determinations of BEecf.
Low-voltage memories for power-aware systems

This paper describes low-voltage RAM designs for stand-alone and embedded memories in terms of signal-to-noise-ratio designs of RAM cells and subthreshold-current reduction. First, structures and areas of current DRAM and SRAM cells are discussed. Next, low-voltage peripheral circuits that have been proposed so far are reviewed with focus on subthreshold-current reduction, speed variation, on-chip voltage conversion, and testing. Finally, based on the above discussion, a perspective is given with emphasis on needs for high-speed simple non-volatile RAMs, new devices/circuits for reducing active-mode leakage currents, and memory-rich SoC architectures.
Functional Characterization of Cysteine Residues in GlpT, the Glycerol 3-Phosphate Transporter of Escherichia coli

ABSTRACT In Escherichia coli, the GlpT transporter, a member of the major facilitator superfamily, moves external glycerol 3-phosphate (G3P) into the cytoplasm in exchange for cytoplasmic phosphate. Study of intact cells showed that both GlpT and HisGlpT, a variant with an N-terminal six-histidine tag, are inhibited (50% inhibitory concentration ≈ 35 μM) by the hydrophilic thiol-specific agent p-mercurichlorobenzosulfonate (PCMBS) in a substrate-protectable fashion; by contrast, two other thiol-directed probes, N-maleimidylpropionylbiocytin (MPB) and [2-(trimethylammonium)ethyl]methanethiosulfonate (MTSET), have no effect. Use of variants in which the HisGlpT native cysteines are replaced individually by serine or glycine implicates Cys-176, on transmembrane helix 5 (TM5), as the major target for PCMBS. The inhibitor sensitivity of purified and reconstituted HisGlpT or its cysteine substitution derivatives was found to be consistent with the findings with intact cells, except that a partial response to PCMBS was found for the C176G mutant, suggesting the presence of a mixed population of both right-side-out (RSO) (resistant) and inside-out (ISO) (sensitive) orientations after reconstitution. To clarify this issue, we studied a derivative (P290C) in which the RSO molecules can be blocked independently due to an MPB-responsive cysteine in an extracellular loop. In this derivative, comparisons of variants with (P290C) and without (P290C/C176G) Cys-176 indicated that this residue shows substrate-protectable inhibition by PCMBS in the ISO orientation in proteoliposomes. Since PCMBS gains access to Cys-176 from both periplasmic and cytoplasmic surfaces of the protein (in intact cells and in a reconstituted ISO orientation, respectively) and since access is unavailable when the substrate is present, we propose that Cys-176 is located on the transport pathway and that TM5 has a role in lining this pathway.
Analysis of Mitochondrial Dysfunction During Cell Death

Attempts to identify a common underlying step in the apoptotic program in response to various cytotoxic stimuli have focused on the role of mitochondria in this form of cell death. This unit contains a family of protocols that can be used to assess mitochondrial functions during apoptotic responses. Protocols are included for the collection and analysis of released proteins, for detection of the mitochondrial permeability transition, for measurement of mitochondrial membrane potential, and for preparation of mitochondria from different tissue sources.
Partially overlapping channel assignment for WLANs using SINR interference model

The use of multiple channels in 802.11 wireless local area networks can improve network performance. Many efforts have been done to better exploit multiple non‐overlapped channels. However, the number of orthogonal channels in the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers 802.11 standards is very much limited. Recent studies indicate that we can improve the full‐range channel utilization and the network throughput by properly utilizing the partially overlapping channels. However, little work was focused on channel assignment for partially overlapping channels. In this paper, we investigate the problem of partially overlapping channel assignment to improve the performance of 802.11 wireless networks based on the Signal to Interference–Noise Ratio interference model. Using the Signal to Interference–Noise Ratio model, we deduce a direct relationship between maximizing system throughput and minimizing total interference when partially overlapping channels are employed. After that, we propose a greedy method to minimize the total interference for throughput maximization. We evaluate our algorithm through extensive simulations and compare its performances with those of the state‐of‐the‐art. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A Hybrid Constituency-Dependency Parser for Swedish

We present a data-driven parser that derives both constituent structures and dependency structures, alone or in combination, in one and the same process. When trained and tested on data from the Swedish treebank Talbanken05, the parser achieves a labeled dependency accuracy of 82% and a labeled bracketing F-score of 75%.
Effect of color in bank environments when being in high risk or low risk situations

In the presented studies it has been tried to investigate the influence of risk and color in a bank environment. Colors can have an unconscious influence on the behavior of a person in a service environment, there are warm colors which are more arousing and especially red is a signal of danger on the other hand there are cool colors which are more relaxing and calming, especially blue is a signal of safety. Risk can be divided into high risk and low risk, high risk is characterized by high price, high involvement and more request for information about the problem while low risk is characterized by a low price, lower involvement and less eagerness to obtain information. Color and risk can trigger the processing style used. Two processing styles can be distinguished, global processing style is seeing the environment as a whole and local processing style is seeing mainly the details in an environment. It was hypothesized that in high risk situations, the main color in the environment needs to be blue in order to induce a global processing style which leads to approach behavior. In low risk situations, the main color in the environment needs to be blue in order to induce a local processing style which leads to approach behavior. Also it was hypothesized that the color blue had a positive influence on pleasure and dominance and arousal was expected to be higher in the red environment. Furthermore it was expected that the cool color blue had a positive influence on trust. Perceived control, satisfaction, trust and perceived credibility were expected to be higher when being in a low risk situation. The constructs were measured during two studies, the first study was an online study and the second study was an actual simulated bank environment. The results of the first study show that dominance was higher in a blue bank environment compared to a red bank environment. The second study was more fruitful, the results from this second study show that pleasure was significantly higher in low risk situations in combination with a red bank environment. Furthermore arousal and dominance were higher in low risk situations. Perceived control, satisfaction, perceived credibility and trust were significantly higher in blue bank environments.
Content-based Text Categorization using Wikitology

A major computational burden, while performing document clustering, is the calculation of similarity measure between a pair of documents. Similarity measure is a function that assign a real number between 0 and 1 to a pair of documents, depending upon the degree of similarity between them. A value of zero means that the documents are completely dissimilar whereas a value of one indicates that the documents are practically identical. Traditionally, vector-based models have been used for computing the document similarity. The vector-based models represent several features present in documents. These approaches to similarity measures, in general, cannot account for the semantics of the document. Documents written in human languages contain contexts and the words used to describe these contexts are generally semantically related. Motivated by this fact, many researchers have proposed semantic-based similarity measures by utilizing text annotation through external thesauruses like WordNet (a lexical database). In this paper, we define a semantic similarity measure based on documents represented in topic maps. Topic maps are rapidly becoming an industrial standard for knowledge representation with a focus for later search and extraction. The documents are transformed into a topic map based coded knowledge and the similarity between a pair of documents is represented as a correlation between the common patterns. The experimental studies on the text mining datasets reveal that this new similarity measure is more effective as compared to commonly used similarity measures in text clustering.
The Roles of Formal and Informal Institutions in Small Tourism Business Development in Rural Areas of South China

Taking a livelihood perspective to study tourism has become popular in recent years, but as an essential part of livelihood analysis, institutional processes have not yet received enough attention. This study focuses on the influences of formal and informal institutions on small tourism businesses in rural areas. A case study was conducted in Hong Kong, and the entitlements framework was adopted as an analytical tool. Based on qualitative data generated from field study, this paper describes how different groups of residents rely on institutions at multiple levels to gain assets and make legitimate effective use of them through operating small tourism businesses. Results indicate that the interaction between formal and informal institutions is mediated by a variety of organisations, particularly implementation authorities at the frontline, and determines residents’ access to assets and the tourism market and subsequently, affects their start-up and operation of small tourism businesses. Informal institutions play a vital role in creating a favourable situation for local residents. However, this role may not satisfy small business owners who are non-local residents.
Literature Retrieval and Mining in Bioinformatics: State of the Art and Challenges

The world has widely changed in terms of communicating, acquiring, and storing information. Hundreds of millions of people are involved in information retrieval tasks on a daily basis, in particular while using a Web search engine or searching their e-mail, making such field the dominant form of information access, overtaking traditional database-style searching. How to handle this huge amount of information has now become a challenging issue. In this paper, after recalling the main topics concerning information retrieval, we present a survey on the main works on literature retrieval and mining in bioinformatics. While claiming that information retrieval approaches are useful in bioinformatics tasks, we discuss some challenges aimed at showing the effectiveness of these approaches applied therein.
Effectiveness of Minimum-Variance Hedging The impact of electronic trading and exchange-traded funds

THE JOURNAL OF PORTFOLIO MANAGEMENT 1 T he debate on econometric models for estimating the minimum-variance futures hedge ratio has run for many years. Hedging commodities is an interesting econometric problem because carrying costs are difficult to predict, and the basis can be high and variable, but stock indexes generally have much lower basis risk.Nevertheless econometric models for minimum-variance (MV) hedging of stock indexes continue to be the focus of a huge amount of empirical research. We show that minimum variance hedging only provides an out-of-sample hedging performance that is superior to that of the naïve futures hedge in less developed markets,which have no active trading of ETFs or advanced electronic communications networks. Moreover, even when minimum variance hedging does out perform a naïve hedge we find no evidence that complex econometric models, including time varying conditional covariances and error correction, can improve on the simple ordinary least squares hedge ratio. A recent strand of the literature on market microstructure that relates to the impact of electronic trading on bid-ask spreads. Electronic trading reduces both human errors and, as smaller lot sizes become economically feasible, market impact.Also, given the discipline required to commit trading rules to execution algorithms, it increases objectivity.Moreover,electronic trading increases liquidity because transaction costs are reduced. A recurrent proxy for transaction costs is the bid-ask spread, and several writers have tested the impact of electronic trading on reducing this spread. Early studies in New Zealand (Blennerhasset and Bowman [1998]) and Germany (Frino, McInish, and Toner [1998]), and on the cross-listing of Bund contracts in Germany and England (Pirrong [1996]), report lower bid-ask spreads in Effectiveness of Minimum-Variance Hedging
Emergent Literacy in New Zealand: An Examination of Promotion and Practices in Early Childhood Centres.

This paper examines the prevailing theoretical orientation of the "free play" curriculum in New Zealand child care centers. It also introduces an alternative way of understanding how children learn and discusses a literacy-centered curriculum that uses aspects of the free play and alternative curricula. Child care centers in New Zealand typically use a free play curriculum based on Piaget's theory that child development consists of passage through predetermined stages. Social experience and interpersonal behavior play a secondary role. An alternative curriculum is based on the work of other theorists, such as Vygotsky. The elements of an alternative curriculum are: (1) scaffolding, or the practice of an adult helping a child acquire knowledge or a skill that the child could not acquire alone; (2) access, or the provision of appropriate written materials in the home and school; and (3) mediation of the child's learning by adults. A curriculum centered around literacy would combine attributes of a free play and an alternative curriculum. Ways of promoting literacy development include access to a library, provision of a print-rich environment, a curriculum that integrates literacy into theme learning, and a classroom design that encourages multimedia construction. A list of 29 references is provided. (BC) *********************************************************************** Reproductions supplied by EDRS are the best that can be made from the orIginal document. ********************************************************************** U.S. DEPARTMENT OF EDUCATION Office &Educational Resean.h and Improvement EDUCA RONAL RESOURCES INFORMATION CENTER (ERIC) Xinis document has been reproduced as received Imre the person or cnanization onginatmg it 17] Minor changes have been made k Improve reproduction quality PointS of view or opinions staled in this dccu men? do not necesaanly represent official OF RI position or policy Emergent literacy in New Zealand: An examination of promotion and practices in early childhood centres. Claire McLachlan-Smith Department of Education
The intraruminal papillation gradient in wild ruminants of different feeding types: Implications for rumen physiology

Browsing and grazing ruminants are thought to differ in the degree their rumen contents are stratified—which may be due to different characteristics of their respective forages, to particular adaptations of the animals, or both. However, this stratification is difficult to measure in live animals. The papillation of the rumen has been suggested as an anatomical proxy for stratification—with even papillation indicating homogenous contents, and uneven papillation (with few and small dorsal and ventral papillae, and prominent papillae in the atrium ruminis) stratified contents. Using the surface enlargement factor (SEF, indicating how basal mucosa surface is increased by papillae) of over 55 ruminant species, we demonstrate that differences between the SEFdorsal or SEFventral and the SEFatrium are significantly related to the percentage of grass in the natural diet. The more a species is adapted to grass, the more distinct this difference, with extreme grazers having unpapillated dorsal and ventral mucosa. The relative SEFdorsal as anatomical proxy for stratification, and the difference in particle and fluid retention in the rumen as physiological proxy for stratification, are highly correlated in species (n = 9) for which both kind of data are available. The results support the concept that the stratification of rumen contents varies among ruminants, with more homogenous contents in the more browsing and more stratified contents in the more grazing species. J. Morphol. , 2009. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
circulation of bluetongue and epizootic haemorrhagic disease viruses cattle in Reunion Island

Bluetongue virus (BTV) and epizootic haemorrhagic disease virus (EHDV) in deer have already been isolated in Reunion Island and have caused more or less severe clinical signs in cattle (EHDV) or in sheep (BTV), as observed in 2003. In January 2009, cattle in Reunion Island showed clinical signs suggesting infection by one or the other of these arboviral diseases. A study was set up to determine the etiology of the disease. Analysis by reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) performed on blood samples from 116 cattle from different districts of the island detected the presence of the EHDV genome in 106 samples and, in 5 of them, the simultaneous occurrence of BTV and EHDV. One strain of EHDV (7 isolates) and one of BTV were isolated in embryonated eggs and a BHK-21 cell culture. Group and subgroup primer-pairs were designed on the segment 2 sequences available in GenBank to identify and type the EHDV strains. Phylogenetic analysis of the genomic segment 2 (encoding the VP2 serotype-specific protein) of the isolates confirmed the serotypes of these two orbiviruses as BTV-2 and EHDV-6 and allowed them to be compared with previously isolated strains. 2011 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. Corresponding author. Tel. : +33 149772707; fax: +33 143689762. E-mail address: corinne.sailleau@anses.fr (C. Sailleau).
Use of Animal Models to Investigate Major Allergens Associated with Food Allergy

Food allergy is an emerging epidemic that affects all age groups, with the highest prevalence rates being reported amongst Western countries such as the United States (US), United Kingdom (UK), and Australia. The development of animal models to test various food allergies has been beneficial in allowing more rapid and extensive investigations into the mechanisms involved in the allergic pathway, such as predicting possible triggers as well as the testing of novel treatments for food allergy. Traditionally, small animal models have been used to characterise immunological pathways, providing the foundation for the development of numerous allergy models. Larger animals also merit consideration as models for food allergy as they are thought to more closely reflect the human allergic state due to their physiology and outbred nature. This paper will discuss the use of animal models for the investigation of the major food allergens; cow's milk, hen's egg, and peanut/other tree nuts, highlight the distinguishing features of each of these models, and provide an overview of how the results from these trials have improved our understanding of these specific allergens and food allergy in general.
An Analysis of various routing metrics to enhance an efficient routing phenomenon in Wireless Mesh Networks

Today internet has become an central part of our lives. It has a great increasing user community in many fields from transactions in the banking to the online entertainments. There are many wireless technologies which are used for the communication process over the internet. But Wireless Mesh Networks(WMNs) have been proved much promising and it has been widely used as it combines advantages of both Mobile Adhoc Networks(MANETs) and traditional networks. Routing in this WMNs is complex task so routing metrics which have a vital role in the routing process has become an interesting research concept from the last few years. In this paper we present the various routing metrics under active probing based approach with their performance and disadvantages and a idea towards future work.
Symptoms of Dependence, Multiple Substance Use, and Labor Market Outcomes*

The prevalence and costs of alcohol and drug disorders pose a serious social concern for policymakers. In this paper, we use data from the National Household Surveys on Drug Abuse (NHSDA) to estimate simple descriptive statistics and analysis of variance (ANOVA) models of the relationship between symptoms of dependence and labor market outcomes for alcohol, cigarettes, marijuana, and other illicit drugs. For men, we find that substance use with symptoms of dependence is associated with both lower employment rates and fewer hours of work. For women, we find that substance use with symptoms of dependence is associated with lower employment rates, but we find no consistent evidence of a relationship between symptoms of dependence and the number of hours worked. Finally, all of our point estimates are smaller in magnitude when we control for multiple substance use, suggesting that comorbidities play a critical role in the relationship between substance use and labor market outcomes. Our results suggest that policymakers and researchers should consider the full spectrum of substance use and dependence rather than focusing on the simple use of a single substance.
Conjunctive Categorial Grammars

Basic categorial grammars are enriched with a conjunction operation, and it is proved that the formalism obtained in this way has the same expressive power as conjunctive grammars, that is, context-free grammars enhanced with conjunction. It is also shown that categorial grammars with conjunction can be naturally embedded into the Lambek calculus with conjunction and disjunction operations. This further implies that a certain NP-complete set can be deﬁned in the Lambek calculus with conjunction.