Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
An objective analysis of process errors in trauma resuscitations.

OBJECTIVE A computer-based system to apply trauma resuscitation protocols to patients with penetrating thoracoabdominal trauma was previously validated for 97 consecutive patients at a Level 1 trauma center by a panel of the trauma attendings and further refined by a panel of national trauma experts. The purpose of this article is to describe how this system is now used to objectively critique the actual care given to those patients for process errors in reasoning, independent of outcome. METHODS A chronological narrative of the care of each patient was presented to the computer program. The actual care was compared with the validated computer protocols at each decision point and differences were classified by a predetermined scoring system from 0 to 100, based on the potential impact on outcome, as critical/noncritical/no errors of commission, omission, or procedure selection. RESULTS Errors in reasoning occurred in 100% of the 97 cases studied, averaging 11.9/case. Errors of omission were more prevalent than errors of commission (2. 4 errors/case vs 1.2) and were of greater severity (19.4/error vs 5. 1). The largest number of errors involved the failure to record, and perhaps observe, beside information relevant to the reasoning process, an average of 7.4 missing items/patient. Only 2 of the 10 adverse outcomes were judged to be potentially related to errors of reasoning. CONCLUSIONS Process errors in reasoning were ubiquitous, occurring in every case, although they were infrequently judged to be potentially related to an adverse outcome. Errors of omission were assessed to be more severe. The most common error was failure to consider, or document, available relevant information in the selection of appropriate care.
Chronic WOUNDS Wound biofilms : what makes them stick ?

Bacteria usually exist in one of two states: planktonic, existing as free moving cell in the environment, or sessile, attached to a surface. Bacteria in the environment tend to form aggregates or colonies attached to the surface of non-living or living substrates. These aggregated cells secrete a glue-like substance primarily made of exopolysaccharide and proteins, called extracellular polymeric substance (EPS). The EPS completely encases them, offering protection from the external environment and forms a biofilm. The sessile bacterial cells within the matrix of the biofilm are characterised by their lack of movement (Costerton, 1999), whereas the planktonic cells are dispersed from the biofilm and colonise other areas.
On bilateral agreements: just a matter of matching

This paper aims at assessing the importance of the initial technological endowments when firms decide to establish a technological agreement. We propose a Bertrand duopoly model where firms evaluate the advantages they can get from the agreement according to its length. Allowing them to exploit a learning process, we depict a strict connection between the starting point and the final result. Moreover, as far as learning is evaluated as an iterative process, the set of initial conditions that lead to successful ventures switches from a continuum of values to a Cantor set.
Unable to Stimulate an Effective T-Cell Response Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia Is Severely Defective and The Circulating Dendritic Cell Compartment in Patients with Updated

Chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL), the most frequent leukemia in the Western world, is characterized by a profound dysregulation of the host immune system that has a marked impact on the clinical course of the disease. To date, the competence of the circulating dendritic cell (DC) compartment in CLL patients has not been investigated. To address this issue, we sorted DC precursors from the peripheral blood of CLL patients and found a profoundly altered compartment as compared with normal donors. CLL DCs proved a morphologically and phenotypically immature population, lacking the maturation antigen CD83 and the costimulatory molecule CD80, unable to induce a significant proliferative response in allo-mixed lymphocyte reaction, with a reduced ability to release interleukin 12 and to drive a type 1 T-cell response. To investigate whether these defects could be ascribed to inhibiting soluble factors released by the leukemic clone, DCs were generated in vitro from normal monocytes in the presence of allogeneic CLL cells. The addition of CLL cells induced similar markers of abnormal maturation and functional impairment with an inhibition in the expression of costimulatory molecules and a reduction of their allo-stimulatory ability. The blocking of interleukin 6 activity was able to revert the inhibition in a proportion of patients. Taken together, these findings indicate that mechanisms of tumor-induced DC inhibition are operational in CLL patients, resulting in both maturative and functional defects in the circulating DC compartment, with a potential functional impact in the regulation of in vivo T-cell immune responses.
Influencing Consumer Judgments Using Autobiographical Memories: A Self-Referencing Perspective

The authors investigate the affective nature of autobiographical memories and the conditions and mechanisms leading to transfer of this affect to ad and brand judgments. They find that when ads encourage the retrieval of autobiographical memories there is a higher level of felt affect and reduced processing of product attributes. Furthermore, this generally positive affect is readily transferred to the ad, thus enhancing ad evaluations. However, the extent of transfer of autobiographical affect to the brand depends on forging a link in the ad between the brand and the personal memory, as Study 1 demonstrates. Study 2 shows that when autobiographical memories are encouraged, brand evaluations are no different given strong versus weak product arguments, further evidence that brand evaluations are not based on an analysis of product claims when such memories are evoked. Study 2 also provides evidence for the dominance of affective inputs into brand judgments when both autobiographical affect and product arguments are relatively accessible from memory.
Searching for Outcomes of Leadership: A 25-Year Review

A significant question in management research is, “What criteria should be used to evaluate the effects of leadership? ” In this review, the authors systematically summarize various ways the field of leadership has (and has not) sought to answer questions about whether, when, and how leadership affects outcomes. A total of 1,161 empirical studies over 25 years, spanning micro- and macro-oriented perspectives, were content coded to answer six basic questions that set the scope of leadership science. The authors first descriptively summarize these criterion issues in the empirical literature and draw comparisons across areas (e.g., To what extent have leader-member exchange, transformational, and strategic leadership research differentially examined various outcomes? ). Second, the authors explore the implications of criterion selection issues for the further advancement of leadership theory and offer concrete recommendations for future leadership research.
Topically effective ocular hypotensive acetazolamide and ethoxyzolamide formulations in rabbits

Abstract— The effect of topically active 2‐hydroxypropyl‐β‐cyclodextrin (HP‐β‐CyD) eye‐drop formulations containing solutions of acetazolamide, ethoxyzolamide or timolol on the intra‐ocular pressure (IOP) was investigated in normotensive conscious rabbits. Both acetazolamide and ethoxyzolamide were active but their IOP‐lowering effect was less than that of timolol. The IOP‐lowering effects of acetazolamide and ethoxyzolamide and that of timolol appeared to be to some extent additive. Combination of acetazolamide and timolol or ethoxyzolamide and timolol in one HP‐β‐CyD formulation resulted in a significant increase in the duration of activity compared with HP‐β‐CyD formulations containing only acetazolamide, ethoxyzolamide or timolol. Also, it was possible to increase the IOP‐lowering effect of acetazolamide by formulating the drug as a suspension in an aqueous HP‐β‐CyD vehicle.
Effects of bFGF on the Modulation of Apoptosis in Gingival Fibroblasts with Different Host Ages

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF) treatment on the proliferation and apoptosis of cultured gingival fibroblasts (GFs). Human GFs were isolated from the palatal gingival tissues of 16 healthy volunteers ranging in the age from 9 to 35 years old. Cultured GFs were subjected to the analyses for cell proliferation by ELISA assay, gene expression by RT-PCR analysis, and apoptosis potency by caspase-3 assay. The cell proliferation activity and gene expression of type-I collagen and caspase-3 activity were enhanced significantly by the treatment with bFGF in cultured GFs. Furthermore, the activity of caspase-3 in cultured GFs from young subjects was significantly higher than that in GFs from adults. It is shown that bFGF significantly enhances the gene expression of type-I collagen in cultured fibroblasts from human gingival tissues. It also demonstrated that bFGF modulates the apoptosis of periodontal fibroblasts, and the effect is higher in young subjects, indicating a significant role of bFGF in the prevention of scar formation during wound healing.
Accounts of HIV Seroconversion Among Substance-Using Gay and Bisexual Men

Statistical associations between substance use and seroconversion among gay and bisexual men abound. However, these associations often ignore men’s own interpretations of their seroconversion. Using in-depth interviews with gay and bisexual men who reported using drugs or alcohol at the time of their seroconversion, we identify how these men explain the events that led to HIV transmission. Whereas a small minority of respondents reported substance use to explain their seroconversion, the majority reported three competing explanations. These participants claimed that they lacked sufficient knowledge about the behavioral risks that led to their seroconversion; that their decision to engage in unsafe sex was because of negative personal affect; and that they “trusted the wrong person. ” We link these findings to prevention and suggest that gay and bisexual men who use substances for recreational purposes will benefit from prevention efforts designed to address issues of gay and bisexual men rather than substance-using men.
BL-WoLF: A Framework For Loss-Bounded Learnability In Zero-Sum Games

We present BL-WoLF, a framework for learnability in repeated zero-sum games where the cost of learning is measured by the losses the learning agent accrues (rather than the number of rounds). The game is adversarially chosen from some family that the learner knows. The opponent knows the game and the learner's learning strategy. The learner tries to either not accrue losses, or to quickly learn about the game so as to avoid future losses (this is consistent with the Win or Learn Fast (WoLF) principle; BL stands for "bounded loss"). Our framework allows for both probabilistic and approximate learning. The resultant notion of BL-WoLF-learnability can be applied to any class of games, and allows us to measure the inherent disadvantage to a player that does not know which game in the class it is in. We present guaranteed BL-WoLF-learnability results for families of games with deterministic payoffs and families of games with stochastic payoffs. We demonstrate that these families are guaranteed approximately BL-WoLF-learnable with lower cost. We then demonstrate families of games (both stochastic and deterministic) that are not guaranteed BL-WoLF-learnable. We show that those families, nevertheless, are BL-WoLF-learnable . To prove these results, we use a key lemma which we derive.
Predicting Academic Emotion based on Brainwaves Signals and Mouse Click Behavior

Academic emotions such as confidence, excitement, frustration and interest may be predicted based on brainwaves signals. It is shown that the prediction rate can be improved further when the data from brainwaves signals are complemented by data based on mouse click behavior. Twenty-five (25) undergraduate students were asked to use a math tutoring software while an EEG sensor was attached to their head to capture their brainwaves signals throughout the learning session. At the same time, mouse-click features such as the number of clicks, the duration of each click and the distance traveled by the mouse were automatically captured. Using a Multi-Layered Perceptron classifier, classification using brainwaves data alone had accuracy rates of 54 to 88%. Prediction rates based purely on mouse features had accuracy rates of only 32 to 48%. When the two input modalities are combined, accuracy rates increased to up to 92%. Furthermore, the experiments confirmed that the predication accuracy rate increases as the number of feature values that deviate significantly from the mean increases. In particular, the prediction rates exceed 80% when at least 33% of the features have values that deviate from the mean by more than 1 standard deviation.
Knowledge Representation Learning with Entities, Attributes and Relations

Distributed knowledge representation (KR) encodes both entities and relations in a low-dimensional semantic space, which has significantly promoted the performance of relation extraction and knowledge reasoning. In many knowledge graphs (KG), some relations indicate attributes of entities (attributes) and others indicate relations between entities (relations). Existing KR models regard all relations equally, and usually suffer from poor accuracies when modeling one-to-many and many-to-one relations, mostly composed of attribute. In this paper, we distinguish existing KG-relations into attributes and relations, and propose a new KR model with entities, attributes and relations (KR-EAR). The experiment results show that, by special modeling of attribute, KR-EAR can significantly outperform state-of-the-art KR models in prediction of entities, attributes and relations. The source code of this paper can be obtained from https://github.com/thunlp/KR-EAR.
Shortwave Memory Power Amplifier Linearization Based on Tanh Neural Network Predistorter

Shortwave power amplifiers (PAs) are usually considered as memoryless devices in most existing predistortion techniques. Nevertheless, in shortwave communication systems, PA memory effects can no longer be ignored and memoryless predistortion cannot linearize PAs effectively. By analyzing the characteristics of the power amplifier, an improved predistortion method for memory power amplifier is presented. The Tanh neural network predistorter is used, and its parameters have been adjusted adaptively using an indirect learning architecture. Simulation results show that intermodulation component suppression and compensation for memory effect of power amplifiers have been improved
Quantitative assessment of somatosensory function

Conventional clinical tests for neurological deficits can only detect gross changes in sensation. This article describes more sensitive methods that can be used to quantitatively assess eight sensory thresholds. Normative data for each threshold are provided which may be used to indicate neurological abnormality. These methods can also provide insights into the mechanisms of some neurological disorders and may suggest improved methods of therapy.
The English City Riots of 2011, ‘Broken Britain’ and the Retreat into the Present

The responses to the English city riots of 2011 bear a remarkable resemblance to those of historical urban disorders in terms of the way in which they are framed by concerns over “moral decline”, “social malaise” and a “lack of self-restraint” among certain sections of the population. In this paper we draw on the work of Norbert Elias and take a long-term perspective in exploring historical precedents and parallels relating to urban disorder and anti-social behaviour. We reject the notion of “Broken Britain” and argue that a more “detached” perspective is necessary in order to appreciate that perceived crises of civilisation are ubiquitous to the urban condition. Through this historical analysis, framed by Elias’ theory of involvement and detachment, we present three key arguments. Firstly, that a ‘retreat into the present’ is evident among both policy discourse and social science in responding to contemporary urban disorder, giving rise to ahistorical accounts and the romanticisation of previous eras; secondly, that particular moral panics have always arisen, specifically focused upon young and working class populations and urban disorder; and, thirdly, that previous techniques of governance to control these populations were often far more similar to contemporary mechanisms than many commentaries suggest. We conclude by advocating a long-term, detached perspective in discerning historical precedents and their direct linkages to the present; and in identifying what is particular about today's concerns and responses relating to urban disorder.
Kinetics of protein–ligand unbinding: Predicting pathways, rates, and rate-limiting steps

Significance A crucial factor for drug efficacy is not just the binding affinity, but also the mean residence time in the binding pocket, usually quantified by its inverse, koff. This is an important parameter that regulates the time during which the drug is active. Whereas the calculation of the binding affinity is by now routine, the calculation of koff has proven more challenging because the timescales involved far exceed the limits of standard molecular dynamics simulation. We propose a metadynamics-based strategy that allows reaching timescales of seconds, and estimate koff along with unbinding pathways and associated dynamical bottlenecks. The protocol is exemplified for trypsin–benzamidine unbinding. This work is a step towards a more effective computer-based drug design. The ability to predict the mechanisms and the associated rate constants of protein–ligand unbinding is of great practical importance in drug design. In this work we demonstrate how a recently introduced metadynamics-based approach allows exploration of the unbinding pathways, estimation of the rates, and determination of the rate-limiting steps in the paradigmatic case of the trypsin–benzamidine system. Protein, ligand, and solvent are described with full atomic resolution. Using metadynamics, multiple unbinding trajectories that start with the ligand in the crystallographic binding pose and end with the ligand in the fully solvated state are generated. The unbinding rate koff is computed from the mean residence time of the ligand. Using our previously computed binding affinity we also obtain the binding rate kon. Both rates are in agreement with reported experimental values. We uncover the complex pathways of unbinding trajectories and describe the critical rate-limiting steps with unprecedented detail. Our findings illuminate the role played by the coupling between subtle protein backbone fluctuations and the solvation by water molecules that enter the binding pocket and assist in the breaking of the shielded hydrogen bonds. We expect our approach to be useful in calculating rates for general protein–ligand systems and a valid support for drug design.
Two-Dimensional Crystallization Procedure, from Protein Expression to Sample Preparation

Membrane proteins play important roles for living cells. Structural studies of membrane proteins provide deeper understanding of their mechanisms and further aid in drug design. As compared to other methods, electron microscopy is uniquely suitable for analysis of a broad range of specimens, from small proteins to large complexes. Of various electron microscopic methods, electron crystallography is particularly well-suited to study membrane proteins which are reconstituted into two-dimensional crystals in lipid environments. In this review, we discuss the steps and parameters for obtaining large and well-ordered two-dimensional crystals. A general description of the principle in each step is provided since this information can also be applied to other biochemical and biophysical methods. The examples are taken from our own studies and published results with related proteins. Our purpose is to give readers a more general idea of electron crystallography and to share our experiences in obtaining suitable crystals for data collection.
LoopSmart: Smart Visual SLAM Through Surface Loop Closure

We present a visual simultaneous localization and mapping (SLAM) framework of closing surface loops. It combines both sparse feature matching and dense surface alignment. Sparse feature matching is used for visual odometry and globally camera pose fine-tuning when dense loops are detected, while dense surface alignment is the way of closing large loops and solving surface mismatching problem. To achieve smart dense surface loop closure, a highly efficient CUDA-based global point cloud registration method and a map content dependent loop verification method are proposed. We run extensive experiments on different datasets, our method outperforms state-of-the-art ones in terms of both camera trajectory and surface reconstruction accuracy.
A Batteryless 19  $\mu$W MICS/ISM-Band Energy Harvesting Body Sensor Node SoC for ExG Applications

This paper presents an ultra-low power batteryless energy harvesting body sensor node (BSN) SoC fabricated in a commercial 130 nm CMOS technology capable of acquiring, processing, and transmitting electrocardiogram (ECG), electromyogram (EMG), and electroencephalogram (EEG) data. This SoC utilizes recent advances in energy harvesting, dynamic power management, low voltage boost circuits, bio-signal front-ends, subthreshold processing, and RF transmitter circuit topologies. The SoC is designed so the integration and interaction of circuit blocks accomplish an integrated, flexible, and reconfigurable wireless BSN SoC capable of autonomous power management and operation from harvested power, thus prolonging the node lifetime indefinitely. The chip performs ECG heart rate extraction and atrial fibrillation detection while only consuming 19 μW, running solely on harvested energy. This chip is the first wireless BSN powered solely from a thermoelectric harvester and/or RF power and has lower power, lower minimum supply voltage (30 mV), and more complete system integration than previously reported wireless BSN SoCs.
Examining students' views on the nature of science: Results from Korean 6th, 8th, and 10th graders

In this study, students' views on the nature of science (NOS) were investigated with the use of a large-scale survey. An empirically derived multiple-choice format questionnaire was administered to 1702 Korean 6th, 8th, and 10th graders. The questionnaire consisted of five items that respectively examined students' views on five constructs concerning the NOS: purpose of science, definition of scientific theory, nature of models, tentativeness of scientific theory, and origin of scientific theory. Students were also asked to respond to an accompanying open-ended section for each item in order to collect information about the rationale(s) for their choices. The results indicated that the majority of Korean students possessed an absolutist/empiricist perspective about the NOS. It was also found that, on the whole, there were no clear differences in the distributions of 6th, 8th, and 10th graders' views on the NOS. In some questions, distinct differences between Korean students and those of Western countries were found. Educational implications are discussed. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Sci Ed, 89:314–334, 2005