Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Presenting and Analyzing the Results of AI Experiments: Data Averaging and Data Snooping

Experimental results reported in the machine learning AI literature can be misleading. This paper investigates the common processes of data averaging (reporting results in terms of the mean and standard deviation of the results from multiple trials) and data snooping in the context of neural networks, one of the most popular AI machine learning models. Both of these processes can result in misleading results and inaccurate conclusions. We demonstrate how easily this can happen and propose techniques for avoiding these very important problems. For data averaging, common presentation assumes that the distribution of individual results is Gaussian. However, we investigate the distribution for common problems and find that it often does not approximate the Gaussian distribution, may not be symmetric, and may be multimodal. We show that assuming Gaussian distributions can significantly affect the interpretation of results, especially those of comparison studies. For a controlled task, we find that the distribution of performance is skewed towards better performance for smoother target functions and skewed towards worse performance for more complex target functions. We propose new guidelines for reporting performance which provide more information about the actual distribution (e.g. box-whiskers plots). For data snooping, we demonstrate that optimization of performance via experimentation with multiple parameters can lead to significance being assigned to results which are due to chance. We suggest that precise descriptions of experimental techniques can be very important to the evaluation of results, and that we need to be aware of potential data snooping biases when formulating these experimental techniques (e.g. selecting the test procedure). Additionally, it is important to only rely on appropriate statistical tests and to ensure that any assumptions made in the tests are valid (e.g. normality of the distribution).
Towards a semantic-aware location positioning for smart-phones

Location-aware services and applications have become quite popular in the daily life of mobile users. Global Positioning System (GPS) is available in almost all new smartphones as a mature and accurate positioning technique. GPS as a satellite-based navigation system, determines the current location of users by receiving signals from satellites. Satellite signals cannot propagate properly inside the buildings, which makes it unusable for indoor positioning. In addition, GPS consumes too much energy to be useful for many applications on mobile phones. There are many proposed alternatives for GPS but they are not as accurate. Combination of those alternatives can improve the accuracy, but varies widely depending on the user behavior and environment. This paper presents a novel architecture for semantic-aware positioning that chooses the best positioning method(s) by exploiting the semantic knowledge.
Effective gradient domain object editing on mobile devices

We present a gradient domain object editing approach and its implementation for mobile devices. It can be used for creating a new composite image by removing, adding, and moving objects in an image. The approach can be divided into two parts: creation and editing of a new gradient vector field, and recovery of a new composite image from the new gradient vector field. In the first part, a new gradient vector field is created from the gradients of the source image, and then updated by inserting the new object gradients, by removing object gradients and filling removed areas with the gradients of best-fit patches found in other parts of the source image, or by combining these two processes when moving objects. In the second part, a divergence vector field is computed from the gradient vector field and used for a guidance vector to construct a Poisson equation. The new composite image is recovered from the gradient vector field by solving the Poisson equation with boundary conditions. Our approach can merge all regions in the picture seamlessly with smooth color transition for the whole picture. It can be used for large object removal and for filling the background of the removed object. The final composite image is a globally optimal solution. The approach is implemented and runs with good performance on mobile camera phones.
Notos: efficient emulation of wireless sensor networks with binary-to-source translation

Developing for wireless sensor networks is a challenging task due to the severe resource constraints of the devices, the uncertainties of the environment, and the distributed nature of the system. Therefore, simulation is an essential tool for developing systems and for evaluating and comparing protocols at scale in a reproducible manner. Cycle-accurate emulation of sensor networks allows the execution of platform target code and provides deep insight into the behavior of the overall system including the important aspect of energy consumption. However, the required fidelity incurs a significant overhead and limits the size of the emulated networks considerably. We investigate the use of binary-to-source translation, where the machine code of an executable for the target platform is transformed to source code for the host platform and compiled as part of the emulator. Additionally, as part of this transformation we perform static analysis and optimize the generated code. We have implemented our approach based on the well-established emulator Avrora and show in our evaluation that this approach can lead to significantly higher simulation speeds.
Differential segmental strain during active lengthening in a large biarticular thigh muscle during running

SUMMARY The iliotibialis lateralis pars postacetabularis (ILPO) is the largest muscle in the hindlimb of the guinea fowl and is thought to play an important role during the stance phase of running, both absorbing and producing work. Using sonomicrometry and electromyography, we examined whether the ILPO experiences differential strain between proximal, central and distal portions of the posterior fascicles. When the ILPO is being lengthened while active, the distal portion was found to lengthen significantly more than either the proximal or central portions of the muscle. Our data support the hypothesis that the distal segment lengthened farther and faster because it began activity at shorter sarcomere lengths on the ascending limb of the length–tension curve. Probably because of the self-stabilizing effects of operating on the ascending limb of the length–tension curve, all segments reached the end of lengthening and started shortening at the same sarcomere length. During shortening, this similarity in sarcomere length among the segments was maintained, as predicted from force–velocity effects, and shortening strain was similar in all segments. The differential active strain during active lengthening is thus ultimately determined by differences in strain during the passive portion of the cycle. The sarcomere lengths of all segments of the fascicles were similar at the end of active shortening, but after the passive portion of the cycle the distal segment was shorter. Differential strain in the segments during the passive portion of the cycle may be caused by differential joint excursions at the knee and hip acting on the ends of the muscle and being transmitted differentially by the passive visco-elastic properties of the muscle. Alternatively, the differential passive strain could be due to the action of active or passive muscles in the thigh that transmit force to the IPLO in shear. Based on basic sarcomere dynamics we predict that differential strain is more likely to occur in muscles undergoing active lengthening at the beginning of contraction than those undergoing only shortening.
The next 700 syntactical models of type theory

A family of syntactic models for the calculus of construction with universes (CCω) is described, all of them preserving conversion of the calculus definitionally, and thus giving rise directly to a program transformation of CCω into itself. Those models are based on the remark that negative type constructors (e.g. dependent product, coinductive types or universes) are underspecified in type theory-which leaves some freedom on extra intensional specifications. The model construction can be seen as a compilation phase from a complex type theory into a simpler type theory. Such models can be used to derive (the negative part of) independence results with respect to CCω, such as functional extensionality, propositional extensionality, univalence or the fact that bisimulation on a coinductive type may not coincide with equality. They can also be used to add new principles to the theory, which we illustrate by defining a version of CCω with ad-hoc polymorphism that shows in particular that parametricity is not an implicit requirement of type theory. The correctness of some of the models/program transformations have been checked in the Coq proof assistant and have been instrumented as a Coq plugin.
The GPU Enters Computing's Mainstream

The Siggraph/Eurographics Graphics Hardware 2003 workshop, held in San Diego, will likely be remembered as a turning point in modern computing. In one of those rare moments when a new paradigm visibly begins changing general-purpose computing's course, what has traditionally been a graphics-centric workshop shifted its attention to the nongraphics applications of the graphics processing unit. GPUs, made by Nvidia (www.nvidia.com) and ATI (www.ati.com), function as components in graphics subsystems that power everything from Microsoft's Xbox to high-end visualization systems from Hewlett-Packard and SGI. The GPUs act as coprocessors to CPUs such as Intel's Pentium, using a fast bus such as Intel's Advanced Graphics Port. AGP8x has a peak bandwidth of 2.1 gigabytes per second - speed it needs to avoid inflicting bus starvation on data-hungry GPU coprocessors.
Model-driven Engineering for Early QoS Validation of Component-based Software Systems

Model-driven engineering (MDE) techniques are increasingly being used to address many of the development and operational lifecycle concerns of large-scale component-based systems. One such concern that is growing in importance, but lacking significant research is the validation of quality-of-service (QoS) properties of component-based systems throughout their development lifecycle. In the current state of the art, large-scale component-based systems have to wait until system integration time to perform in-depth QoS testing, which can be too late and detrimental to project schedules and costs. This paper describes our novel MDE-based solution to address this challenge. At the core of our solution approach are (1) a set of domainspecific modeling languages that allow us to mimic component “business logic,” and (2) a generative programming framework that synthesizes configuration files for system simulation. A particular thrust of this paper is describing the syntax and semantics of the component behavior modeling language, which are based on the Input/Output automaton formalism. Our experience shows that our techniques enable developers of large-scale component-based systems to perform early QoS evaluation from development time to production time. Moreover, our experience shows we are able to provide an environment where developers can rapidly test ideas and methodologies largely alleviating the need to expend effort, money, and time implementing them.
An Efficient Approach Towards IP Network Topology Discovery for Large Multi-Subnet Networks

Knowledge of the up-to-date network topology (i.e. Layer 2 & Layer 3) is crucial for efficient network management. Issues like congestion avoidance, resource management, resource discovery, root-cause analysis and event correlation require accurate information of the topology map. Due to dynamic nature of today’s IP networks, keeping track of topology information manually is a daunting task. Thus efficient algorithms for automatically discovering physical network topology are necessary. The earlier work has typically concentrated on discovering topology either using completely SNMP-MIB or ICMP echo request/reply, DNS, Trace route, etc. Our proposed algorithm does not rely totally on SNMP-MIB information as it is not usually supported by all devices in the network. Instead we propose an approach where SNMP agent should only be enabled on the routers and managed switches. Rest of the network computers/hosts need not have SNMP agent enabled. We propose an efficient algorithm not only to find available computers/hosts but also to find appropriate timeouts and delays in the network. The experimental results validate our approach, demonstrating that our algorithm discovers accurate physical topology.
The Epidemiology of Injuries in Mixed Martial Arts

Background: Mixed martial arts (MMA) has experienced a surge in popularity since emerging in the 1990s, but the sport has also faced concomitant criticism from public, political, and medical holds. Notwithstanding the polarized discourse concerning the sport, no systematic review of the injury problems in MMA has been published to date. Purpose: To systematically review the epidemiologic data on injuries in MMA and to quantitatively estimate injury incidence and risk factor effect sizes. Study Design: Systematic review and meta-analysis; Level of evidence, 4. Methods: Electronic searching of PubMed, Scopus, CINAHL, EMBASE, AMED, and SPORTDiscus databases to identify studies reporting on the epidemiology of injuries in MMA. Random-effects models were used to obtain pooled summary estimates of the injury incidence rate per 1000 athlete-exposures (IIRAE) and rate ratios with 95% confidence intervals (CIs). Heterogeneity was evaluated with the I 2 statistic. Results: A total of 6 studies were eligible for inclusion in this review. The IIRAE summary estimate was found to be 228.7 (95% CI, 110.4-473.5). No studies reported injury severity. The most commonly injured anatomic region was the head (range, 66.8%-78.0%) followed by the wrist/hand (range, 6.0%-12.0%), while the most frequent injury types were laceration (range, 36.7%-59.4%), fracture (range, 7.4%-43.3%), and concussion (range, 3.8%-20.4%). The most notable risk factors pertained to the outcome of bouts. Losers incurred 3 times as many injuries as winners, and fighters in bouts ending with knockout or technical knockout incurred more than 2 times as many injuries as fighters in bouts ending with submission. Conclusion: Notwithstanding the paucity of data, the injury incidence in MMA appears to be greater than in most, if not all, other popular and commonly practiced combat sports. In general, the injury pattern in MMA is very similar to that in professional boxing but unlike that found in other combat sports such as judo and taekwondo. More epidemiologic research is urgently needed to improve the accuracy of the injury incidence estimate, to determine the injury severity, and to identify more risk factors for injury in MMA.
Psychophysics, applied aspects and general interpretations

E. Psychophysics. - I Psychophysics of Vestibular Sensation. - II Optic-Vestibular Orientation to the Vertical. - F. Applied Aspects. - I Nystagmus and Related Phenomena in Man: An Outline of Otoneurology. - II Measurement of Otolith Function in Man. - III Measurement of Vestibulo-Spinal Responses in Man. - IV Modification of the Response to Angular Accelerations by Linear Accelerations. - V Vestibular Ataxia and its Measurement in Man. - VI Arousal and Vestibular Habituation. - VII Habituation of Vestibular Responses with and without Visual Stimulation. - VIII Motion Sickness. Part 1. Aetiology and Autonomic Effects. - 2. Some Sensory Aspects. - IX Pathology of Vestibular Sensation. - X Characteristics of Vestibular Neurons after Acute and Chronic Labyrinthine Destruction. - XI Compensation of Vestibular Lesions. - G. General Interpretations. - I A Systems Concept of the Vestibular Organs. - II The Vestibular System and the General Motor System. - Author Index.
Stacksplorer: understanding dynamic program behavior

To thoroughly comprehend application behavior, programmers need to understand the interactions of objects at runtime. Today, these interactions are often poorly visualized in common IDEs except during debugging. Stacksplorer allows visualizing and traversing potential call stacks in an application even when it is not running by showing callers and called methods in two columns next to the code editor. The relevant information is gathered from the source code automatically.
Antitrust Holdup Source, Cross-National Institutional Variation, and Corporate Political Strategy Implications for Domestic Mergers in a Global Context

Managers are increasingly uncertain over the source (home-nation or foreign-nation) of antitrust holdup for domestic mergers with significant international implications. I propose a conceptual framework that predicts the source of antitrust holdup for domestic mergers. Under idealized institutional assumptions, I find an industry's global competitiveness to be the primary driver behind holdup source: a contention supported by empirical tests based on the merger policies of 27 antitrust jurisdictions over the 1992-2000 period. I also relax the idealized institutional conditions to yield more precise propositions tailored to the cross-national environment for antitrust policy. Finally, I generate prescriptive propositions that yield implications for effective political strategies.
Hypertesting : The Case for Automated Testing of Hyperproperties

Proof systems give absolute guarantees but are notoriously difficult to use for non-experts. Bug-finding tools make no completeness guarantees but offer a high degree of automation and are relatively easy to use for developers. For safety properties, the effectiveness of automatic test generation and bug finding is well established. For security properties like non-interference, which cannot be expressed as properties of a single program execution (i.e., hyperproperties), methods for testing and bug finding are in their infancy. In general, violations of hyperproperties cannot be expressed with a single test case like safety properties, so existing bug finding methods do not apply. This paper takes the position that we should fill this gap in the arsenal of verification technology and outlines concepts and tools for the next generation of bug finding systems. In particular, we aim to establish a generalized concept for the generation of “hypertests”, sets of tests that either provide some level of confidence in the system or give counterexamples to hyperproperties. As concrete instances of hypertesting, we foresee automated testing for violations of secure information flow and of numeric and cryptographic properties of programs.
Computers Meet Classroom: Classroom Wins

The question often generates swift objections. What about the $19.6 million Quince Orchard High School in Montgomery County (Maryland), where there are 288 computers for 1,100 students? Or the Juan Linn School in Victoria (Texas), where a computerized integrated learning system (ILS) provides instruction to 500 students and records daily their work? What about the thousands of elementary and secondary school teachers who have students work together on computers to write, tally figures, draw, and think? Are there not many experiments under way such as Apple's Classroom of Tomorrow, micro-computer laboratories, and exciting software that tutors students in academic subjects and skills? The answer to all of these questions is that such instances do exist but they are scattered and atypical among the 80,000-plus public schools across the nation, where over 2 million teachers teach over 40 million students. (n1)
The use of conversational repairs by African American preschoolers.

PURPOSE This study aimed to describe the types and frequency of conversational repairs used by African American (AA) children in relationship to their geographic locations and levels of performance on commonly used speech-language measures. METHOD The strategies used to initiate repairs and respond to repair requests were identified in audiovisual records of spontaneous speech sampled from 120 Head Start students in Michigan (n = 69) and Louisiana (n = 51) at 3 years of age. The 30-40-min samples were elicited with common stimuli and activities while the children interacted with an adult examiner. RESULTS All participants initiated repairs and responded to examiner requests for conversational repairs. Some repair strategies were observed more often than others. The frequency, but not the types, of some of the strategies used varied significantly with participant location and level of speech-language performance. CONCLUSION AA children used the same types of conversational repair strategies that have been observed among young speakers of Standard English varieties. CLINICAL IMPLICATION Use of conversational repairs should be included among the pragmatic behaviors expected for 3-year-old AA children.
The systematic improvement of fault tolerance in the Rio file cache

Fault injection is typically used to characterize failures and to validate and compare fault-tolerant mechanisms. However fault injection is rarely used for all these purposes to guide the design and implementation of a fault tolerant system. We present a systematic and quantitative approach for using software-implemented fault injection to guide the design and implementation of a fault-tolerant system. Our system design goal is to build a write-back file cache on Intel PCs that is as reliable as a write-through file cache. We follow an iterative approach to improve robustness in the presence of operating system errors. In each iteration, we measure the reliability of the system, analyze the fault symptoms that lead to data con option, and apply fault-tolerant mechanisms that address the fault symptoms. Our initial system is 13 times less reliable than a write-through file cache. The result of several iterations is a design that is both more reliable (1.9% vs. 3.1% corruption rate) and 5-9 times as fast as a write-through file cache.
Information Extraction Using Link Grammar

In the last few years, Information Extraction (IE) has become a rapidly expanding field as the machine-readable documents keep growing exponentially. IE is the perfect solution to transform factual knowledge from publications into database entries. Many efforts have been made to automatically extract and mine scientific texts ranging from biochemical to terrorism attacks reports. This study is looking into the opportunity to extract important facts from the PETRONAS Health Safety and Environment (HSE) reports for database construction and analysis purpose. The reports are currently managed by PETRONAS Group HSE in Malaysia which contain the information on incidents and accidents occurred during the design, construction, operation and maintenance by all the PETRONAS Operating Units locally and worldwide. The effort to automate PETRONAS HSE reports will greatly benefit the PETRONAS Group HSE to automatically populate the database entries in which traditionally the task is arduous and time consuming. Many algorithms have been reported for IE ranging from simple statistical methods to advanced Natural language Processing (NLP) methods. This study investigates one of the NLP approach known as Link Grammar (LG) for extracting relevant information. LG appears within limited literature search to be the most suitable candidate algorithm. However, an exhaustive literature search will reveal the algorithm best suited to this application work.