Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
A bag-of-visual-words model based framework for object-oriented land-cover classification

Land-cover composition and change are important factors that affect global ecosystem. As an effective means for Earth observation, remote sensing technique has been widely applied in extracting land-cover information and in monitoring land-use and land-cover change, among which image classification becomes a key issue. Most existing studies about object-oriented classification use traditional low-level feature extraction methods or statistics of low-level features to represent objects in an image, which, to a large extent, loses the information in remote sensing images. Therefore, in order to facilitate better description of these objects in object-oriented classification, this paper introduces a state-of-theart feature representation method called bag-of-visual-words (BOVW) to construct the middle-level representations instead of low-level features. Based on the idea of BOVW, this paper proposes a BOVW based framework for objectoriented land-cover classification. For a given remote sensing image, it first applies a pixel-level local feature extraction strategy to construct a visual vocabulary by K-means clustering with each cluster as a visual word. Then the image is segmented into objects and each object is represented as a histogram of visual word occurrences by mapping the local pixel-level features in this object to the learned visual words. Finally, the calculated histogram is considered as the final representation of an object which can be used for further classification tasks. Experimental results on a SPOT5 satellite image, acquired from the Changping County in Beijing, China, in 2002, show that the proposed method is superior to the traditional low-level feature based method in classification accuracy by about 2%.
Comparative Study of Lamina Cribrosa Thickness Between Primary Angle-Closure and Primary Open-Angle Glaucoma

Purpose To compare lamina cribrosa thickness (LCT) of primary angle-closure glaucoma (PACG) and primary open-angle glaucoma (POAG) using the enhanced depth-imaging mode of the Heidelberg Spectralis spectral-domain optical coherence tomography (EDI-OCT). Patients and Methods A comparative cross-sectional study was conducted. We enrolled 34 patients with PACG, 38 with POAG, and 62 controls, testing only one eye of each participant. Lamina cribrosa thickness was determined at the center of the optic nerve head using EDI-OCT. Nine points of LCT were measured, and LCT averages were analyzed. Results Mean age, number of glaucoma medications, current intraocular pressure (IOP), cup to disc ratio, and visual field indices, were not significantly different between PACG and POAG eyes. The maximum IOP (SD) was higher in PACG than in POAG, at 32.5 (10.46) vs 25.05 (6.42) mmHg (p = 0.001), and LCTs were significantly different among the PACG, POAG and control groups. Mean (SD) LCTs were 226.99 (31.08), 257.17 (19.46), and 290.75 (28.02) μm, respectively (p < 0.001). Lamina cribrosa thickness was correlated with mean deviation of the visual field (p = 0.001; correlation coefficient, rs = 0.347), while it was inversely correlated with maximum IOP (p < 0.001; correlation coefficient, rs = −0.592). Linear regression analysis revealed that LCT was inversely related to age (p = 0.008), female (p = 0.018), and maximum IOP (p = 0.002). LCT was marginally related to visual field MD (p = 0.053). Conclusion Glaucomatous eyes had thinner LCT than controls, and maximum IOP was inversely correlated to the LCT. PACG eyes had higher maximum IOP and thinner LCT than POAG ones. In living eye, EDI-OCT emphasizes the pressure-dependent mechanism of glaucoma on lamina cribrosa deformation and the higher IOP-loaded stress which leads to a greater lamina cribrosa strain.
Explicit and Implicit Hopelessness and Self- injury

Objective: This study examined the relationship between explicit and implicit measures of hopelessness and self- injurious behavior (defined here as self- harming or suicidal actions and thoughts). Method: A community sample of 267 participants completed explicit measures of hopelessness (Beck's Hopelessness Scale and a Feeling Thermometer), an implicit measure of hopelessness (Hopelessness Implicit Association Test), and a self- report measure of their history of self- injurious behavior. Results: The results showed that high levels of hopelessness, measured both explicitly or implicitly, were associated with a past and recent history of self- injury. However, there was also an interaction between the implicit and explicit measures such that explicit hopelessness was more strongly predictive of self- injury in people with high levels of implicit hopelessness. Conclusion: The findings show that the implicit measurement of hopelessness can help predict past and recent self- injury beyond what explicit measures of hopelessness currently achieve and could be used in the assessment of risk of both self- harming and suicidal behaviors.
Yield of fodder oat and balance sheet of nutrients influenced by tillage practices and nutrient management

A field experiment was conducted during Rabi , 2011-12 to study the effect of tillage practices and nutrient management on growth, fodder yield and quality of oat ( Avena sativa L.). The treatments comprised of zero tillage, minimal tillage and conventional tillage in main plots and 75 per cent RDF, 75 per cent RDF + bio-fertilizers, 100 per cent RDF, 100 per cent RDF + bio-fertilizers in sub plots. Biofertilizers are Azotobacter and phosphorus solubilizing bacteria. Highest green and dry fodder yields were recorded in the plots treated with conventional tillage. Highest net available soil nutrients were recorded under plots treated with conventional tillage. In case of nutrient management highest green fodder and dry fodder yields and highest net available soil nutrients were recorded in the plots treated with 100 per cent RDF + biofertilizers ( Azotobacter and PSB).
Pulse-chase proteomics of the App Knock-In mouse models of Alzheimer’s disease reveals synaptic dysfunction originates in presynaptic terminals

Timothy J. Hark1, Nalini R. Rao1, Charlotte Castillon2, Tamara Basta3, Samuel Smukowski1, Huan Bao4,5, Arun Upadhyay1, Ewa Bomba-Warczak1, Toshihiro Nomura2, Eileen T. O’Toole3, Garry P. Morgan3, Laith Ali1, Takashi Saito6,7, Christelle Guillermier8, Takaomi C. Saido6, Matthew L. Steinhauser8,9, Michael H. B. Stowell3,10, Edwin R. Chapman4, Anis Contractor2,11, Jeffrey N. Savas1,12,* 1Department of Neurology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60611, USA.
Adjacent catchments with similar patterns of land use and climate have markedly different dissolved organic carbon concentration and runoff dynamics

Temporal patterns in specific runoff, dissolved organic carbon concentrations [DOC] and fluxes were examined during two periods: 1994–1997 (period 1) and 2007–2009 (period 2) in five adjacent tributary catchments of Lake Simcoe, the largest lake in southern Ontario, Canada. The catchments displayed similar patterns of land use change with increases in urbanization (5–16%) and forest cover (0.2–4%) and declines in agriculture (4–8%) between 1994 and 2008. Climate in the catchments was similar; temperature increased slightly, but no significant change in precipitation was observed. Despite similar pattern of climate and land use, runoff responses and tributary [DOC] were different across the catchments. Following a very dry year (i.e. 1999), runoff increased steadily until the end of record. We observed increased variability in tributary [DOC] and higher DOC exports in period 2. This led to ~10% increase in [DOC] and a 13% increase in flux between the two study periods. Between the two periods, [DOC] increased by 15% in spring and 25% in summer, whereas flux increased by 17% in spring and 48% in summer. [DOC] was consistently higher in the growing (summer + autumn) than the dormant (winter + spring, minus spring melt months) seasons, but no unique pattern or simple linear flow/concentrations relationships existed. This suggests complex spatial and temporal pattern to runoff controls on DOC and flow dynamics in adjacent catchments. We therefore caution against extrapolating from monitored to unmonitored catchments. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Variations in soil structure and reflectance during a controlled crusting experiment

The results of an experiment to show variations in the directional reflectance factor of a Luvisol during a controlled crusting experiment are described. Soil sampled in the field after tillage was sieved into free‐draining trays, and exposed to artificial rainfall for differing periods of time, ranging from 5 to 60 min. The resulting samples demonstrated different stages in the development of the soil's structural crust. The topography of each dried sample was characterized over a 5×5 cm area using a laser profilometer, and digital surface models (DSMs) were subsequently analysed using variogram models. DSMs were also used to generate statistical measures of random roughness. Directional reflectance factors of each sample were characterized in the solar principal plane under clean skies using an ASD FieldSpec Pro spectroradiometer, using an 8° foreoptic attached to an A‐frame device. Directional reflectance factors were analysed in relation to spatial statistical measures obtained from the laser profilometer data. The results demonstrate that changes in the sill variance of soil samples following crusting, and hence changes in soil structure, were best described by backscattered radiation measured at +30° in the visible and near‐infrared (e.g. R 2 = 0.947 (658 nm)), and at +15° in the short‐wave infrared (e.g. R 2 = 0.992 (1700 nm)). View zeniths are expressed from the nadir, and were relative to the solar zenith angle, which ranged from 80.76° to 74.55° during the measurement sequences. The results from these tests show great promise for broader‐scale monitoring of soil condition, particularly when considered in the context of the new pointable remote sensing systems in operation, coupled with new‐generation sensors with in‐built directional capabilities.
Solution of the linear shallow water equations by the fourth-order leapfrog scheme

Numerical schemes of the first and second order of approximation introduce numerical distortion when the wave propagation over a long distance is investigated. To alleviate this problem, the fourth-order leapfrog scheme is constructed. The standard leapfrog method is based on the truncated Taylor series expansion which depicts an error proportional to the second-order terms. In the proposed method the numerical solution is corrected for these terms. The space and time corrections work well in diminishing numerical dispersion and dissipation.
Critical Analysis

This study compared changes in psychology and philosophy classes in two distinct components of critical thinking (CT): general skills and personal beliefs. Participants were 128 undergraduates enrolled in CT in psychology, other psychology courses, or philosophy courses. CT and philosophy students significantly reduced beliefs in paranormal phenomena at the end of the semester compared to other psychology students. Only philosophy students improved on the Watson–Glaser Critical Thinking Appraisal. The Watson–Glaser may not fully measure CT emphasized in psychology, but psychology instructors can still effectively teach students to examine their own beliefs and think differently in their daily lives. Differentiated assessment of CT is important as instructors evaluate student learning against specific goals.
Participatory of Local Operators in Ecotourism Services Delivery: The Nature-based Tourism Development in Pahang National Park, Malaysia

This article offers a look at the participation of local operators in delivery of ecotourism services, concentrating on the development of nature-based tourism at Pahang National Park and Taman Negara National Park in Malaysia. According to the author, the development of nature-based tourism depends on the managing agency and conditions by various endogenous and exogenous factors of stakeholders, including local communities. In the case of Malaysia, Taman Negara is administered by the Department of Wildlife and National Parks and consists of three separately managed state parks.
Cementless rectangular stems yield satisfactory results in osteoporotic bones

BACKGROUND: The present study aims to investigate the effects sof osteoporosis on prosthesis survival by comparing the femoral stem survival rates of patients with poor and relatively good bone quality. METHODS: We retrospectively investigated 61 patients with collum femoris fractures who were treated with cementless rectangular stems between 2011 and 2015 in the Orthopaedics and Traumatology Clinic of Taksim Training and Research Hospital. The preoperative pelvic anterior-posterior radiographs of the patients were evaluated. The patients were evaluated according to the Dorr classification, and no case with a type A femur was found. The patients were divided into two groups as advanced osteoporotic type C and moderate osteoporotic type B. Thirty patients were type B according to the Dorr classification and 31 were osteoporotic type C. RESULTS: The femoral component survival was evaluated using the Engh and ARA criteria. The relationship of the ARA score with type B and type C groups was evaluated. The median ARA score was five (min 3-max 6) for both types. These two groups were also statistically compared concerning the ARA scores using the Mann-Whitney U test, which revealed no statistically significant difference (p=0.24 >0.05). The Engh values, another criterion for the survival of femoral components, were also compared. The median Engh values were 16.5 (min 9-max 24) for the Dorr type B group and 14 (min 9-max 24) for the type C group. According to the Mann-Whitney U test, there was no significant difference between the Engh values of the two groups (p=0.061 >0.05). Lastly, no statistically significant difference was found in the ARA or Engh loosening scores between the type C advanced osteoporotic group and the type B moderate osteoporotic group. CONCLUSION: Our study supports the conclusion that cementless hip arthroplasty can be applied even in advanced elderly and osteoporotic patients without additional intraoperative or postoperative risks.
Metamorphic phase relations in orthopyroxene‐bearing granitoids: implication for high‐pressure metamorphism and prograde melting in the continental crust

In this work, the factors controlling the formation and preservation of high‐pressure mineral assemblages in the metamorphosed orthopyroxene‐bearing metagranitoids of the Sandmata Complex, Aravalli‐Delhi Mobile Belt (ADMB), northwestern India have been modelled. The rocks range in composition from farsundite through quartz mangerite to opdalite, and with varying K2O, Ca/(Ca + Na)rock and FeOtot + MgO contents. A two stage metamorphic evolution has been recorded in these rocks.
Evaluation and extension of the two-site, two-step model for binding and activation of the chemokine receptor CCR1

Interactions between secreted immune proteins called chemokines and their cognate G protein– coupled receptors regulate the trafficking of leukocytes in inflammatory responses. The two-site, two-step model describes these interactions. It involves initial binding of the chemokine N-loop/  3 region to the receptor’s N-terminal region and subsequent insertion of the chemokine N-terminal region into the transmembrane helical bundle of the receptor concurrent with receptor activation. Here we test aspects of this model with CC motif chemokine receptor 1 (CCR1) and several chemokine ligands.
OFFSET SOURCE VSP SURVEYS AND THEIR IMAGE RECONSTRUCTION

Zero-offset-source VSP surveys provide information about the subsurface only within the Fresnel zone centered at the well. Offsetting the source location moves the reflection zones away from the well thus providing lateral cover. Conventional processing of this type of data gives rise to a distorted image of the subsurface. Using a simple ray-tracing scheme, this image may be reconstructed into the more familiar coordinate system of the surface seismic section. This simple data-independent mapping is based on the assumption of horizontal layering and requires a vertical velocity profile. The technique of placing the source away from the borehole was first applied to the single-offset-source VSP survey. However, data from any survey geometry (such as deviated well with rig source, walkaway VSP, etc.) can be mapped to the coordinate system defined by the appropriate seismic section. To obtain the best results from this type of survey the target area must be defined and simple modeling techniques used to optimize the source location(s). These pre-survey modeling methods may also be used to anticipate—and hence avoid a number of problem areas which experience has highlighted. The data from any VSP survey is the result of a realizable experiment and as such obeys the wave equation. This implies that the wave equation may be used to migrate the data to its true subsurface location. Theoretically, such a process is more secure than ray-tracing techniques, although its practice presents many difficulties.
Stem-based versus Word-based Morphological Configurations: The Case of Modern Greek Preverbs

0. Introduction Preverbs constitute an interesting phenomenon in the grammar of Modern Greek (hereafter Greek). The basic properties of these elements can be summarized as follows. First, there are preverbs that are always bound forms, while others behave like free non-inflected words, and share properties with prepositions, conjunctions, and/or adverbs. Second, some preverbs bring only external specifications to the meaning of the verb base, while there are preverbs that cause a radical change of the root meaning. Third, the combination of a preverb with a verb may be subject to structural and phonological irregularities. In this paper, I argue that the analysis of Greek preverbs is of particular interest to morphology since their combination with a verbal base leads to word complexes that have the typical characteristics of morphological formations, that is, form irregularity and non-compositionality. I propose that preverbs are mainly distinguished into two structural categories, prefixes and words, depending on how close to the base they are (phonologically and structurally), the property to have a lexical content, and their ability to be used as bound or free elements. Generally, prefixal preverbs participate in derivational structures whereas word preverbs are parts of compounds. Crucially, however, this prefix/word classification accounts only partially for the characteristics of preverbs, in that they display properties that cut across the word-formation processes of prefixation and compounding. In what follows, I assume that word formation is represented configurationally, involving the combination of a head and a non-head, and categories such as stem, affix and word, are the basic structural nodes of word-internal representations. Following van Marle (2003), I believe that the notion of stem is essential in that it captures the way the morphological base manifests itself in morphologically-complex words. Stems are concrete basic units differing from lexemes, in that the latter are abstract notions, not related to specific forms. In this sense, a particular stem and the corresponding word are forms of the same lexeme. However, as pointed out by Aronoff (1994), languages may differ in the ways stems and their associated words relate to each other. In fact, in a highly inflected language, like Greek, a stem is the element that generally constitutes the base for the morphological operation of inflection, while derivation and compounding may be based on stems or words, depending on the case. 1 Within this
Distribution of organic carbon and nitrogen in soil aggregates of aspen (Populus simonii Carr.) woodlands in the semi-arid Loess Plateau of China

The distribution and turnover of organic carbon (OC) and nitrogen (N) associated with aggregates in soils is critical for understanding the behaviour of C and N in soils. We collected soil samples from aspen (Populus simonii Carr.) woodland in the semi-arid Loess Plateau of China to investigate the distribution of aggregate-associated OC and N. The distribution of aggregates and aggregate-associated OC and N were measured, and OC and N stocks in each aggregate fraction were calculated. Across the sites and soil depths, microaggregates and the silt + clay fraction dominated the distribution of soil aggregates, which varied with site. Organic C and N accumulated mainly in the macro- and micro-aggregate fractions in loamy soils but in the silt + clay fractions in sandy soils. The OC and N stocks in the bulk soil of aspen woodland were determined by the OC and N stocks associated with silt + clay fraction. The results of this study indicate that soil texture may play an important role in assessing the distributions of soil OC and N in both bulk soils and aggregate size fractions in aspen woodland, especially in semi-arid regions. Furthermore, the establishment of aspen woodland would result in greater accumulation of OC and N in loam soils than in sandy soils.
Reconnaissance survey for Palaeolithic sites in the Debed River Valley, northern Armenia

Abstract The southern Caucasus is a critical region for those interested in Palaeolithic research because of its varied topography and location at the crossroads of Europe, Africa, and Asia. Modern Armenia sits at the heart of this area, but has until now played a small role in broader debates, largely because of its paucity of well-excavated and well-dated sites. To improve this situation, a survey was conducted for Palaeolithic sites along the valley of the Debed River (Lori Depression, northeastern Armenia). Twenty-three open-air sites, spanning the Lower through the Upper Palaeolithic periods, were identified. Most of the lithic material is of Middle Palaeolithic manufacture. Upper Palaeolithic material is also well represented, but only a handful of Lower Palaeolithic artifacts have been identified. Test excavations at several sites suggest that they preserve in situ deposits that may help us to understand the role of the southern Caucasus in the Palaeolithic occupation of Eurasia.
A stratospheric ozone trends data set for global modeling studies

A global stratospheric ozone trends data set is described, providing monthly profile trend estimates derived for the period 1979–1997. SAGE I/II profile trends are used above 20 km outside of polar regions, and results between the tropopause and 20 km are derived by differencing SAGE and TOMS column ozone trends. In polar regions trends are derived from ozone sonde data up to 27 km, using the near‐complete profile records at Syowa (69°S) and Resolute (75°N). While these polar ozonesonde trends agree well with TOMS outside of polar night, the Arctic data furthermore indicate significant ozone losses beginning in midwinter (January) that are not observable in TOMS data.
Genome analysis CAFE: a computational tool for the study of gene family evolution

Summary:We present CAFE (Computational Analysis of gene Family Evolution), a tool for the statistical analysis of the evolution of the size of gene families. It uses a stochastic birth and death process to model the evolution of gene family sizes over a phylogeny. For a specified phylogenetic tree, and given the gene family sizes in the extant species, CAFE can estimate the global birth and death rate of gene families, infer the most likely gene family size at all internal nodes, identify gene families that have accelerated rates of gain and loss (quantified by a p-value) and identify which branches cause the p-value to be small for significant families. Availability: Software is available from http://www.bio. indiana.edu/ ~hahnlab/Software.html Contact: mwh@indiana.edu