Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Collocations in translation: Personal textbases to the rescue of dictionaries

Les problemes de collocation constituent facilement les problemes linguistiques les plus intraitables en traduction, compte tenu surtout de la non-homogeneite des langues naturelles. Si les dictionnaires modernes sont riches en collocations, ceux-ci ne sauront peut-etre jamais repondre entierement aux besoins d’une categorie d’usagers professionnels aussi avises que les traducteurs pour la simple raison que les collocations ne constituent pas une classe fermee (comme pourrait l’etre le lexique). Le present article propose une etude de la solution qui passe par la constitution par chaque traducteur de base de donnees textuelles a partir desquelles pourront facilement etre generees, selon le besoin, des concordances pour un mot ou un terme quelconque. Problems of collocation are easily the most daunting linguistic problems encountered in translation, in particular due to the non-homogeneity of natural languages. While most modern dictionaries are providing more and more collocational information, they are still no where near completely satisfying the needs of sophisticated professional users like translators, especially considering that collocations do not constitute a closed set – like the lexicon. This paper discusses how translators can rise to the challenge by setting up and maintaining personal textbases from which concordances for any word or term can easily be generated as the need arises.
Covering Congress: Media Effects on Evaluations of the Legislative Branch

Covering Congress: Media Effects on Evaluations of the Legislative Branch. (May 2009) Tyler Charles Johnson, B.A., Northwestern University Chair of Advisory Committee: Dr. Paul M. Kellstedt This project takes an in-depth look at the role that media coverage of both individual members of Congress and Congress as a whole plays in shaping approval of legislators and the legislative branch. I argue that by examining what the media choose to cover and how the media cover it, we can learn more about the standards by which judgments of political performance take place. As such, I also contend that differences between the tone and substance in which the media cover individual legislators compared to how they cover the legislative branch go a long way to explaining why Americans cast favor upon those they send to Congress and cast doubt on Congress itself. The essential dichotomy examined in the project, based on Thomas Patterson’s (1993) assessment of the changing nature of how the mass media cover campaigning, splits reporting on Congress into governing coverage and game coverage. Governing coverage deals more with substantive issues, policy problems, and signals that business is taking place. Game coverage, on the other hand, is more concerned with the parliamentary struggles between actors and parties to pass legislation and accrue power; it treats politicians as strategic actors always competing for advantages. Game coverage also focuses heavily on winning and losing. I argue that the over time focus on either game or governing aspects of legislating and representing will drive assessments of members of Congress and Congress itself. More specifically, I analyze how game frame coverage is likely to spur negative job approval, while governing
Flow Control in Communication Networks with Multiple Users andAction Delays : A Team-Theoretic Approach

Rate-based ow control has been chosen by the ATM Forum Technical Committee of Traac Management as the main approach for controlling the traac of the ABR (Available Bit Rate) transfer capacity. The behavior of the sources and destinations in ABR has been standardized, as well as the way in which information and control commands are conveyed by the ATM switches to the sources and destinations. Yet, the speciic control mechanism has not been speciied, and left to the designer. The purpose of this paper is to develop a methodology, based on control-theoretic tools, whereby optimal rate-based ow controllers can be obtained. An important issue that arises in this context is one of action delays: it takes time from the moment control information is sent to a source, until an action is taken by it, and until subsequently that action aaects the state of the switch that had initiated that information. We rst show that general control problems using diierent action delays can be transformed to equivalent team-control problems with diierent information delays. We then obtain an explicit solution to the ow control problem using decentralized LQG (Linear Quadratic Gaussian) team theory. Simulation examples illustrate the analytical results.
Analyzing Direct Non-Local Dependencies inAttribute

Describing the static semantics of programming languages with attribute grammars is eased when the formalism allows direct dependencies to be induced between rules for nodes arbitrarily far away in the tree. Such direct non-local dependencies cannot be analyzed using classical methods, which enable eecient evaluation. This paper presents a new technique for analyzing such dependencies. Attribute grammars are extended to permit references to objects with elds to be passed through the attribute system. Fields may be read and written through these references. The extension has a declarative semantics in the spirit of classical attribute grammars. This paper describes a technique for rendering the direct non-local dependencies in classical terms, after which well-known attribute grammar scheduling algorithms may be used. The generated classical dependencies use control attributes, attributes used only for scheduling and which involve no run-time computation. Thus the resulting implementations can be eecient: reading a eld can be implemented as a simple indirect load; writing a eld as an indirect store.
Alternate Test of RF Mixers by Current Signatures

This paper describes an alternate test methodology for radio-frequency mixers. The methodology is based on current signatures obtained by sampling the filtered supply current when the circuit-under-test is stimulated by a single tone sinusoidal. Sampling of supply current instead of voltage eliminates the parasitics and loading due to test circuitry on the signal path, hence provides a non-invasive built-in-self-test methodology. Furthermore, the experiments show that specification prediction accuracy is not significantly degraded by decreasing the stimulus power. The goal of the paper is to examine the advantages and disadvantages of current-based alternate tests and provide feasibility analysis for future directions. Index Terms — Built-in testing, current measurement, integrated circuit testing, mixers, testing.
Moving from Mobile Devices to Mobile Networks

As users collect multiple small computing devices, the amount of communication resources available to the user increases and so the demand for coordination of resources between these devices increases. The efficient use of these resources is enabled through the forming of a network of these MObile grouPEd Devices (MOPEDs) to support an individual. The support of MOPEDs in the Internet presents a shift from mobility support for an individual device with a single network interface to a network of devices with multiple network interfaces. This paper discusses the challenges involved in providing effective resource management for MOPEDs, focusing on managing bandwidth and energy. We discuss four major challenges: channel discovery, resource monitoring, resource allocation and mobility management.
Max-Min Energy-Efficiency Optimization in Wireless Powered Communication Network with Harvest-Then-Transmit Protocol

In this paper, we propose an energy-efficient transmission scheme for wireless powered communication networks with harvest-then-transmit protocol. Specifically, considering fairness among users, we present time resource allocation scheme to maximize the individual energy efficiency(EE) of each user, defined as a ratio of the user throughput to its harvested energy,based on the max-min criterion. EE optimization problem is highly non-convex and difficult to directly tackle. To solve this difficulty, we initially convert two EE problem into its equivalent parameterized subtractive form and, then, the corresponding optimal solution is determined via efficient two-layer iterative algorithm. The simulation results show that the proposed scheme provides better EE performances than those of the conventional schemes and the fairness-based algorithm considerably outperforms the other schemes in terms of the minimum user EE.
Comparison of SVM classification method and semantic similarity method for sentiment classification

With the growth of the Internet and electronic commerce, there is more and more review data on the Internet. Quite a lot of Internet users refer to related comments of a product before they make a decision, which can teach them about the quality and reputation of the product and help them decide whether to buy it. A system that can automatically classify the polarity of a given text would be a great help to users. This paper is divided into two parts. The first part is about SVM classification method. We adopts a variety of feature extraction methods, such as TF-IDF (Term Frequency-Inverse Document Frequency), MI (Mutual Information), CHI. First, we calculate the weight of terms. And then, we adopt the Support Vector Machines (SVM) model for emotion classification. In the second part, we present a new method of semantic similarity computation for sentiment analysis. Our approach achieves the accuracy of 91% and 82% with the two methods.
Caenorhabditis elegans Aurora A kinase AIR‐1 is required for postembryonic cell divisions and germline development

Summary: Many kinases are required for progression through the eukaryotic cell cycle. The Aurora kinases comprise a highly conserved family of serine/threonine kinases that have been implicated in chromosome segregation and cytokinesis in several organisms. We have isolated a sterile Caenorhabditis elegans mutant in which the majority of the locus encoding the Aurora A kinase air‐1 has been deleted. Complementation tests with previously isolated sterile mutations in the air‐1 genetic interval demonstrate that the air‐1 and let‐412 loci are identical. Previous analysis of AIR‐1 function by RNA‐mediated interference (RNAi) has shown that AIR‐1 is required for embryonic survival. The characterization of the three sterile air‐1 mutant alleles described here extends these studies by revealing an allelic series that differentially affects postembryonic cell divisions and germline development. genesis 34:244–250, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Part-of-Speech Tagger for Swedish

A Part-of-Speech (POS) tagger is a tool that automatically resolves the ambiguities that would occur if a text was tagged with the help of a dictionary. Automatic tagging of texts is used in many applications (grammar checkers, etc.), and quite high accuracy can be achieved. This document describes a stochastic POS tagger that uses a unigram version of the Viterbi algorithm. The overall idea behind the stochastic POS tagger and the Viterbi algorithm is also described. The unigram tagger is evaluated using a small corpus of just below 100 000 words, and the results indicate that a larger corpus would have yielded greatly improved accuracy.
On Information Extraction Principles for Hyperspectral Data

Means for optimally analyzing hyperspectral data has been a topic of study for some years. Our work has specifically focused on this topic since 19861. The point of departure for our study has been that of signal theory and the signal processing principles that have grown primarily from the communication sciences area over the last half century. The basic approach has been to seek a more fundamental understanding of high dimensional signal spaces in the context of multispectral remote sensing, and then to use this knowledge to extend the methods of conventional multispectral analysis to the hyperspectral domain in an optimal or near optimal fashion. The purpose of this paper is to outline what has been learned so far in this effort. The introduction of hyperspectral sensors that produce much more detailed spectral data than those previously, provide much enhanced abilities to extract useful information from the data stream that they produce. In theory, it is possible to discriminate successfully between any specified set of classes of data by increasing the dimensionality of the data far enough. In fact, current hyperspectral data, which may have from a few 10’s to several hundred of bands, essentially make this possible. However, it is also the case that this more detailed data requires more sophisticated data analysis procedures if their full potential is to be achieved. Much of what has been learned about the necessary procedures is not particularly intuitive, and indeed, in many cases is counter-intuitive. In this paper, we shall attempt not only to illuminate some of these counter-intuitive aspects, but to point the direction for practical methods to make optimal analysis procedures possible.
Human-centered wheelchairs: Bimanual gliding interface with heart rate monitoring

This paper presents a new wheelchair manipulation interface which is developed with bimanual gliding control interfaces. An important feature of the bimanual gliding control interface is performing intuitive manipulations when compared to conventional unilateral joystick interface. At the mean time, the bimanual gliding control interface also realizes the measurement of closed-line biopotential currents that flow in the thoracic volume conductor via a pair of surface electrodes placed on two gliding sensor modules. Therefore, the new designed bimanual gliding control interface does not only provide a feasible wheelchair manipulation interface, but also measure the user's heart rate. Finally, a bimanual gliding (BG) wheelchair prototype is produced in this paper for performance evaluations.
Protocol Composition Logic

Protocol Composition Logic (PCL) is a logic for proving authentication and secrecy properties of network protocols. This chapter presents the central concepts of PCL, including a protocol programming language, the semantics of protocol execution in the presence of a network attacker, the syntax and semantics of PCL assertions, and axioms and proof rules for proving authentication properties. The presentation draws on a logical framework enhanced with subtyping, setting the stage for mechanizing PCL proofs. and gives a new presentation of PCL semantics involving honest and unconstrained principals. Other papers on PCL provide additional axioms, proof rules, and case studies of standardized protocols in
Active Learning with Expert Advice

Conventional learning with expert advice methods assume a learner is always receiving the outcome (e.g., class labels) of every incoming training instance at the end of each trial. In real applications, acquiring the outcome from oracle can be costly or time consuming. In this paper, we address a new problem of active learning with expert advice, where the outcome of an instance is disclosed only when it is requested by the online learner. Our goal is to learn an accurate prediction model by asking the oracle the number of questions as small as possible. To address this challenge, we propose a framework of active forecasters for online active learning with expert advice, which attempts to extend two regular forecasters, i.e., Exponentially Weighted Average Forecaster and Greedy Forecaster, to tackle the task of active learning with expert advice. We prove that the proposed algorithms satisfy the Hannan consistency under some proper assumptions, and validate the efficacy of our technique by an extensive set of experiments.
Improving Education within Existing Resources: The Instructionally Effective Schools' Approach.

achievement can be changed by manipulating within school variables within existing resources, through the Instructionally Effective Schools' approach.1 While more money is desirable, the analysis indicates that there are substantial improvements which can be made within existing resources. In the past, the political circumstances of the public schools permitted us to promise better achievement once we got more money. Things have changed and more support now depends on better performance. Omitting to make improvements that are already within our grasp until the public becomes more fiscally generous has the unfortunate consequence of holding another generation of children hostage to a more forgiving climate of public opinion. This article explores the five factors found to be common among instructionally effective schools (IES), explains how the IES might be generally defined as a production function, and emphasizes policy implications.
Secured data destruction in cloud based multi-tenant database architecture

Cloud computing falls into two general categories. Applications being delivered as service and hardware and data centers that provides those services [1]. Cloud storage evolves from just a storage model to a new service model where data is being managed, maintained, and stored in multiple remote severs for back-up reasons. Cloud platform server clusters are running in network environment and it may contain multiple users' data and the data may be scattered in different virtual data centers. In a multi-user shared cloud computing platform users are only logically isolated, but data of different users may be stored in same physical equipment. These equipments can be rapidly provisioned, implemented, scaled up or down and decommissioned. Current cloud providers do not provide the control or at least the knowledge over the provided resources to their customers. The data in cloud is encrypted during rest, transit and back-up in multi tenant storage. The encryption keys are managed per customer. There are different stages of data life cycle Create, Store, Use, Share, Archive and Destruct. The final stage is overlooked [2], which is the complex stage of data in cloud. Data retention assurance may be easier for the cloud provider to demonstrate while the data destruction is extremely difficult. When the SLA between the customer and the cloud provider ends, today in no way it is assured that the particular customers' data is completely destroyed or destructed from the cloud provider's storage. The proposed method identifies way to track individual customers' data and their encryption keys and provides solution to completely delete the data from the cloud provider's multi-tenant storage architecture. It also ensures deletion of data copies as there are always possibilities of more than one copy of data being maintained for back-up purposes. The data destruction proof shall also be provided to customer making sure that the owner's data is completely removed.
Career Patterns of American Superintendents

Stemming from a nationwide survey of superintendents (Glass, Björk, & Brunner, 2000), this article dispels the myth that there is a crisis facing the American school superintendency. Though we note a slight increase in the median age of superintendents, most chief school executives are satisfied in their current positions and tend to stay longer and retire later than they did a decade ago. Further evidence suggests that career patterns and characteristics of women and people of color in the superintendency tend to differ from those of their White, male counterparts and that the underrepresentation of these populations within the field continues to be of concern. Recommendations for policy development, based upon empirically identified challenges in the field, rather than unfounded myths of crisis, are included.
A New Method for Controlling and Maintaining Topology in Wireless Sensor Networks

Topology Control is an essential technique in a wireless sensor network to extend the operational time of the sensor nodes. The goal of this technique is to maintain network connectivity and optimize performance metrics such as network lifetime and throughput. In this paper we presented a new method for controlling and maintaining topology in wireless sensor networks that show some improvement over the state of art methods. The results are analyzed based on objective criteria.
Characterization of Natural Killer Cell Phenotype and Function during Recurrent Human HSV-2 Infection

Human natural killer (NK) cell differentiation, characterized by a loss of NKG2A in parallel with the acquisition of NKG2C, KIRs, and CD57 is stimulated by a number of virus infections, including infection with human cytomegalovirus (CMV), hantavirus, chikungunya virus, and HIV-1. Here, we addressed if HSV-2 infection in a similar way drives NK cell differentiation towards an NKG2A-NKG2C+KIR+CD57+ phenotype. In contrast to infection with CMV, hantavirus, chikungunya virus, and HIV-1, recurrent HSV-2 infection did not yield an accumulation of highly differentiated NK cells in human peripheral blood. This outcome indicates that human HSV-2 infection has no significant imprinting effect on the human NK cell repertoire.
Finite representation of infinite query answers

We define here a formal notion of finite representation of infinite query answers in logic programs. We apply this notion to DatalognS programs may be infinite and consequently queries may have infinite answers. We present a method to finitely represent infinite least Herbrand models of DatalognS program (and its underlying computational engine) can be forgotten. Given a query to be evaluated, it is easy to obtain from the relational specification finitely many answer substitutions that represent infinitely many answer substitutions to the query. The method involved is a combination of a simple, unificationless, computational mechanism (graph traversal, congruence closure, or term rewriting) and standard relational query evaluation methods. Second, a relational specification is effectively computable and its computation is no harder, in the sense of the complexity class, than answering yes-no queries. Our method is applicable to every range-restricted DatalognS program. We also show that for some very simple non-DatalognS logic programs, finite representations of query answers do not exist.
The Murine Bladder Supports a Population of Stromal Sca-1+/CD34+/lin- Mesenchymal Stem Cells

Bladder fibrosis is an undesired end point of injury of obstruction and often renders the smooth muscle layer noncompliant. In many cases, the long-term effect of bladder fibrosis is renal failure. Despite our understanding of the progression of this disease, little is known about the cellular mechanisms that lead to a remodeled bladder wall. Resident stem (progenitor) cells have been identified in various organs such as the brain, heart and lung. These cells function normally during organ homeostasis, but become dysregulated after organ injury. Here, we aimed to characterize a mesenchymal progenitor cell population as a first step in understanding its role in bladder fibrosis. Using fluorescence activated cell sorting (FACS), we identified a Sca-1+/ CD34+/ lin- (PECAM-: CD45-: Ter119-) population in the adult murine bladder. These cells were localized to the stromal layer of the adult bladder and appeared by postnatal day 1. Cultured Sca-1+/ CD34+/ lin- bladder cells self-renewed, formed colonies and spontaneously differentiated into cells expressing smooth muscle genes. These cells differentiated into other mesenchymal lineages (chondrocytes, adipocytes and osteocytes) upon culture in induction medium. Both acute and partial obstruction of the bladder reduced expression of CD34 and changed localization of Sca-1 to the urothelium. Partial obstruction resulted in upregulation of fibrosis genes within the Sca-1+/CD34+/lin- population. Our data indicate a resident, mesenchymal stem cell population in the bladder that is altered by bladder obstruction. These findings provide new information about the cellular changes in the bladder that may be associated with bladder fibrosis.