Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Organizational level as a moderator of the relationship between justice perceptions and work-related reactions

Summary In this study, we examined the role of organizational level as a moderator of the relationships of procedural and distributive justice with seven employee attitudes and behaviors. Based on social identity and resource allocation theories, we suggested an allocational model of authority in organizations. We posited that lower rank encourages a more process-oriented perspective that emphasizes procedural concerns while higher rank imbues a more resultoriented perspective that emphasizes distributive outcomes. We considered the cultural context that characterized work relationships in our sample of respondents from a Chinese state-owned enterprise. Significant sets of interactions supported the predicted relationships of procedural justice with three outcomes at lower levels and distributive justice with four outcomes at higher levels. Implications and extensions of these findings are considered. Copyright # 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Covert Photo Classification by Fusing Image Features and Visual Attributes

In this paper, we study a novel problem of classifying covert photos, whose acquisition processes are intentionally concealed from the subjects being photographed. Covert photos are often privacy invasive and, if distributed over Internet, can cause serious consequences. Automatic identification of such photos, therefore, serves as an important initial step toward further privacy protection operations. The problem is, however, very challenging due to the large semantic similarity between covert and noncovert photos, the enormous diversity in the photographing process and environment of cover photos, and the difficulty to collect an effective data set for the study. Attacking these challenges, we make three consecutive contributions. First, we collect a large data set containing 2500 covert photos, each of them is verified rigorously and carefully. Second, we conduct a user study on how humans distinguish covert photos from noncovert ones. The user study not only provides an important evaluation baseline, but also suggests fusing heterogeneous information for an automatic solution. Our third contribution is a covert photo classification algorithm that fuses various image features and visual attributes in the multiple kernel learning framework. We evaluate the proposed approach on the collected data set in comparison with other modern image classifiers. The results show that our approach achieves an average classification rate (1-EER) of 0.8940, which significantly outperforms other competitors as well as human's performance.
Perception via the Deviated Eye in Strabismus

Misalignment of the eyes can lead to double vision and visual confusion. However, these sensations are rare when strabismus is acquired early in life, because the extra image is suppressed. To explore the mechanism of perceptual suppression in strabismus, the visual fields were mapped binocularly in 14 human subjects with exotropia. Subjects wore red/blue filter glasses to permit dichoptic stimulation while fixating a central target on a tangent screen. A purple stimulus was flashed at a peripheral location; its reported color (“red” or “blue”) revealed which eye's image was perceived at that locus. The maps showed a vertical border between the center of gaze for each eye, splitting the visual field into two separate regions. In each region, perception was mediated by only one eye, with suppression of the other eye. Unexpectedly, stimuli falling on the fovea of the deviated eye were seen in all subjects. However, they were perceived in a location shifted by the angle of ocular deviation. This plasticity in the coding of visual direction allows accurate localization of objects everywhere in the visual scene, despite the presence of strabismus.
A comparison between the discharges of human nociceptive nerve fibres and the subject's ratings of his sensations.

1. Impulses in cutaneous nerve fibres were recorded percutaneously with tungsten micro‐electrodes from the superficial radial nerve of adult human subjects. 2. Eight units studied had conduction velocities below 1.5 m/sec, and thus belong to the class of C fibres. On the basis of their responsiveness to mechanical and to thermal stimuli the units were classified as ‘polymodal nociceptors'. 3. Units were tested with 12 sec heat pulses starting from a base line temperature of 43.0‐43.5 degrees C. Heat stimuli reaching three different maximal levels were applied in randomized order, the subjects being blind with respect to stimulus size. Each of the eight units studied was tested with more tha 20 stimuli and with four of them were 80‐125 stimulus repetitions. 4. After each stimulus the subjects had to rate his sensations on a six‐point rating scale extending from ‘just noticeable’ to ‘very hot, painful'. 5. Discrimination between the three stimulus levels by the integtated spike discharges and by the ratings of the subject was compared using the P(A) measure of the Signal Detection Theory. It was found that both the neurophysiological and the psychophysical measurements provided about equal discrimination. 6. In addition it has been found that spike discharges and ratings share a common variance beyond their common dependence on the stimulus level. Among the factors contributing to this interdependence a ‘temporal position effect’ was the most significant. 7. In spite of this interdependence between discharge rates and subjective ratings, the latter gave a better estimation of the stimulus size than of the discharge rates of the individual C fibre under study. 8. It was concluded that the polymodal C‐nociceptors might be instrumental for the quantitative aspects of heat pain sensation. The hypothesis was derived from the present results that, under the conditions of cour experiments, the loss of information in the course of central processing might be about equal to the gain by the parallel processing in a population of nociceptors excited by a stimulus.
Establishing an online access panel for interactive information retrieval research

We propose an online access panel to support the evaluation process of Interactive Information Retrieval (IIR) systems - called IIRpanel. By maintaining an online access panel with users of IIR systems we assume that the recurring effort to recruit participants for web-based as well as for lab studies can be minimized. We target on using the online access panel not only for our own development processes but to open it for other interested researchers in the field of IIR. In this paper we present the concept of IIRpanel as well as first implementation details.
TCR contact residue hydrophobicity is a hallmark of immunogenic CD8+ T cell epitopes

Significance The design of effective T-cell vaccines against pathogens and tumor antigens is challenged by the highly inefficient identification of the subset of peptides from a given antigen that effectively stimulate an immune response. Here we report that the relative hydrophobicity of T-cell receptor contact residues is markedly enriched in immunogenic major histocompatibility complex class I epitopes in both human and murine MHCs, and in both self and pathogen-derived immunogenic epitopes. Incorporating hydrophobicity into T-cell epitope prediction models increases the efficiency of epitope identification, which will manifest in the time and cost of T-cell vaccine development. Amino acid hydrophobicity may represent a biochemical basis by which T cells discriminate immunogenic epitopes within the background of self peptides. Despite the availability of major histocompatibility complex (MHC)-binding peptide prediction algorithms, the development of T-cell vaccines against pathogen and tumor antigens remains challenged by inefficient identification of immunogenic epitopes. CD8+ T cells must distinguish immunogenic epitopes from nonimmunogenic self peptides to respond effectively against an antigen without endangering the viability of the host. Because this discrimination is fundamental to our understanding of immune recognition and critical for rational vaccine design, we interrogated the biochemical properties of 9,888 MHC class I peptides. We identified a strong bias toward hydrophobic amino acids at T-cell receptor contact residues within immunogenic epitopes of MHC allomorphs, which permitted us to develop and train a hydrophobicity-based artificial neural network (ANN-Hydro) to predict immunogenic epitopes. The immunogenicity model was validated in a blinded in vivo overlapping epitope discovery study of 364 peptides from three HIV-1 Gag protein variants. Applying the ANN-Hydro model on existing peptide-MHC algorithms consistently reduced the number of candidate peptides across multiple antigens and may provide a correlate with immunodominance. Hydrophobicity of TCR contact residues is a hallmark of immunogenic epitopes and marks a step toward eliminating the need for empirical epitope testing for vaccine development.
Stages in the Development of Religious Thinking

Summary In four articles published in 1977‐78, Roger Murphy surveyed the present state of study into children's religious development and made severe criticisms of Goldman‐type investigations. A critique is made of Murphy's position and it is argued that future research must build upon the positive achievement of the pioneers in this field.
The TUM+TUT+KUL Approach to the 2nd CHiME Challenge: Multi-Stream ASR Exploiting BLSTM Networks and Sparse NMF

We present our joint contribution to the 2nd CHiME Speech Separation and Recognition Challenge. Our system combines speech enhancement by supervised sparse non-negative matrix factorisation (NMF) with a multi-stream speech recognition system. In addition to a conventional MFCC HMM recogniser, predictions by a bidirectional Long Short-Term Memory recurrent neural network (BLSTM-RNN) and from non-negative sparse classification (NSC) are integrated into a triple-stream recogniser. Experiments are carried out on the small vocabulary and the medium vocabulary recognition tasks of the Challenge. Consistent improvements over the Challenge baselines demonstrate the efficacy of the proposed system, resulting in an average word accuracy of 92.8% in the small vocabulary task and an average word error rate of 41.42% in the medium vocabulary task.
Population of sensory neurons essential for asthmatic hyperreactivity of inflamed airways

Significance Asthma is an inflammatory airway disease characterized by acute attacks in which airway constriction impedes breathing. The variable success of anti-inflammatory treatments in managing asthma attacks suggests that additional mechanisms contribute to this symptom. Here, we used a mouse model of acute asthma to show that a subset of sensory neurons mediates the hyperreactive airway responses. These findings define a cellular substrate outside the immune system that may serve as an important target in the management of asthmatic airway hyperreactivity. Asthma is a common debilitating inflammatory lung disease affecting over 200 million people worldwide. Here, we investigated neurogenic components involved in asthmatic-like attacks using the ovalbumin-sensitized murine model of the disease, and identified a specific population of neurons that are required for airway hyperreactivity. We show that ablating or genetically silencing these neurons abolished the hyperreactive broncho-constrictions, even in the presence of a fully developed lung inflammatory immune response. These neurons are found in the vagal ganglia and are characterized by the expression of the transient receptor potential vanilloid 1 (TRPV1) ion channel. However, the TRPV1 channel itself is not required for the asthmatic-like hyperreactive airway response. We also demonstrate that optogenetic stimulation of this population of TRP-expressing cells with channelrhodopsin dramatically exacerbates airway hyperreactivity of inflamed airways. Notably, these cells express the sphingosine-1-phosphate receptor 3 (S1PR3), and stimulation with a S1PR3 agonist efficiently induced broncho-constrictions, even in the absence of ovalbumin sensitization and inflammation. Our results show that the airway hyperreactivity phenotype can be physiologically dissociated from the immune component, and provide a platform for devising therapeutic approaches to asthma that target these pathways separately.
Predicting and Preventing Suicide: Do We Know Enough to Do Either?

&NA; In population studies, many risk factors are associated with suicide completion. Yet we cannot accurately predict whether any individual patient will die by suicide. Completers are a distinct population from attempters and do not necessarily present for treatment by mental health professionals. Research on suicide prevention has yielded some promising findings but has not shown that interventions produce definitive results. The strongest evidence for successful prevention derives from reducing access to means. A population‐based strategy may be more effective than a high‐risk strategy focusing on patients with suicidal ideas or attempts. Much more research is needed before developing effective suicide prevention programs.
Integrated Design of Symbolic Controllers for Nonlinear Systems

Symbolic models of continuous and hybrid systems have been studied for a long time, because they provide a formal approach to solve control problems where software and hardware interact with the physical world. While being powerful, this approach often encounters some limitations in concrete applications, because of the large size of the symbolic models needed to be constructed. Inspired by on-the-fly techniques for verification and control of finite state machines, in this note we propose an algorithm that integrates the construction of the symbolic models with the design of the symbolic controllers. Computational complexity of the proposed algorithm is discussed and an illustrative example is included.
Set-shifting among adolescents with anorexia nervosa.

OBJECTIVE Set-shifting difficulties are documented for adults with anorexia nervosa (AN). However, AN typically onsets in adolescents and it is unclear if set-shifting difficulties are a result of chronic AN or present earlier in its course. This study examined whether adolescents with short duration AN demonstrated set-shifting difficulties compared to healthy controls (HC). METHOD Data on set-shifting collected from the Delis-Kaplan executive functioning system and Wisconsin card sort task (WCST) as well as eating psychopathology were collected from 32 adolescent inpatients with AN and compared with those from 22 HCs. RESULTS There were no differences in set-shifting in adolescents with AN compared to HCs on most measures. DISCUSSION The findings suggest that set-shifting difficulties in AN may be a consequence of AN. Future studies should explore set-shifting difficulties in a larger sample of adolescents with the AN to determine if there is sub-set of adolescents with these difficulties and determine any relationship of set-shifting to the development of a chronic from of AN.
Potential and current distribution in an ideal Hall bar.

The local potential and current distributions in a confined ideal two-dimensional electron gas with perpendicular magnetic field are calculated. The nondissipative current-carrying state of the system is described by a generalized equilibrium density operator appropriate for the boundary conditions. The Coulomb interaction of the electrons is taken into account in Hartree approximation. The results obtained by numerical computation allow the interpretation of seemingly contradictory experimental data
Early and sustained dual oral antiplatelet therapy following percutaneous coronary intervention: a randomized controlled trial.

CONTEXT Following percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI), short-term clopidogrel therapy in addition to aspirin leads to greater protection from thrombotic complications than aspirin alone. However, the optimal duration of combination oral antiplatelet therapy is unknown. Also, although current clinical data suggest a benefit for beginning therapy with a clopidogrel loading dose prior to PCI, the practical application of this therapy has not been prospectively studied. OBJECTIVES To evaluate the benefit of long-term (12-month) treatment with clopidogrel after PCI and to determine the benefit of initiating clopidogrel with a preprocedure loading dose, both in addition to aspirin therapy. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS The Clopidogrel for the Reduction of Events During Observation (CREDO) trial, a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial conducted among 2116 patients who were to undergo elective PCI or were deemed at high likelihood of undergoing PCI, enrolled at 99 centers in North America from June 1999 through April 2001. INTERVENTIONS Patients were randomly assigned to receive a 300-mg clopidogrel loading dose (n = 1053) or placebo (n = 1063) 3 to 24 hours before PCI. Thereafter, all patients received clopidogrel, 75 mg/d, through day 28. From day 29 through 12 months, patients in the loading-dose group received clopidogrel, 75 mg/d, and those in the control group received placebo. Both groups received aspirin throughout the study. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES One-year incidence of the composite of death, myocardial infarction (MI), or stroke in the intent-to-treat population; 28-day incidence of the composite of death, MI, or urgent target vessel revascularization in the per-protocol population. RESULTS At 1 year, long-term clopidogrel therapy was associated with a 26.9% relative reduction in the combined risk of death, MI, or stroke (95% confidence interval [CI], 3.9%-44.4%; P =.02; absolute reduction, 3%). Clopidogrel pretreatment did not significantly reduce the combined risk of death, MI, or urgent target vessel revascularization at 28 days (reduction, 18.5%; 95% CI, -14.2% to 41.8%; P =.23). However, in a prespecified subgroup analysis, patients who received clopidogrel at least 6 hours before PCI experienced a relative risk reduction of 38.6% (95% CI, -1.6% to 62.9%; P =.051) for this end point compared with no reduction with treatment less than 6 hours before PCI. Risk of major bleeding at 1 year increased, but not significantly (8.8% with clopidogrel vs 6.7% with placebo; P =.07). CONCLUSIONS Following PCI, long-term (1-year) clopidogrel therapy significantly reduced the risk of adverse ischemic events. A loading dose of clopidogrel given at least 3 hours before the procedure did not reduce events at 28 days, but subgroup analyses suggest that longer intervals between the loading dose and PCI may reduce events.
Comparison of psychiatrists and psychologists in clinical practice.

OBJECTIVE The authors compared data from psychiatrists and psychologists in California to determine whether long-standing differences in clinical practice remain after the introduction of managed care and other changes in mental service delivery. METHODS Responses from practicing clinicians in California who participated in the 1998 National Survey of Psychiatric Practice and the 2000 California Survey of Psychological Practice were compared on items related to patient caseload, practice profile, and insurance or reimbursement arrangements. RESULTS Data from 97 psychiatrists and 395 psychologists were available for the study. Psychiatrists reported spending more hours on most aspects of practice and working more total hours per week than psychologists. The weekly caseloads reported by psychiatrists included a greater percentage of persons treated for psychotic conditions than did the caseloads of psychologists. Psychologists reported that their weekly caseloads included a greater percentage of persons treated for anxiety disorders, personality disorders, and other disorders. Psychiatrists reported receiving a greater average payment for services from public insurance, and psychologists reported treating a greater average percentage of patients who did not have insurance coverage. Significant differences in income sources and fee arrangements were observed, and the net reported income of psychiatrists was nearly 80 percent greater than that of psychologists. CONCLUSIONS Long-standing differences in clinical practice patterns remain between psychiatrists and psychologists despite managed care staffing arrangements and treatment strategies that streamline the practices of both provider groups. The significant income and wage differences between psychiatrists and psychologists may be partly due to supply dynamics of the mental health workforce that adversely affect psychologists.
Research of balanced network measurement based on Vector Network Analyzer

Balanced device is becoming more and more common in communication system. The characteristic of a balanced network is described by mixed-mode S parameters. Traditional two-port Vector Network Analyzer (VNA) is used to measure S parameters which describe single ended network. So how to measure the mixed-mode S parameters is of great challenge to engineers. With the coming up of new four-port VNA and new test method, getting mixed-mode S parameters becomes much easier. In this paper, the balanced network and the definition of mixed-mode S parameters were introduced at first, and two ways of measuring mixed-mode S parameters were presented. Then the method of transmitting single ended S parameters to mixed-mode S parameters was researched. Finally, the true mode stimulation measurement was analyzed. Finally an example was given to demonstrate the measurement process.
A Reconstruction of Constructivism in International Relations

In order to avoid both theoretically eclectic and redundant approaches to constructivism, this article proposes one possible and coherent reconstruction of constructivism understood as a reflexive meta-theory. This reconstruction starts by taking seriously the double sociological and interpretivist turn of the social sciences. Based on `double hermeneutics', constructivism is perhaps best understood by distinguishing its position on the level of observation, the level of action proper, and the relationship between these two levels. On the basis of this distinction, the article argues that constructivism is epistemologically about the social construction of knowledge and ontologically about the construction of social reality. It furthermore asks us to combine a social theory of knowledge with an intersubjective, not an individualist, theory of action. Finally, the analysis of power is central to understanding the reflexive link between the two levels of observation and action. The argument is embedded in a contextualization where constructivism is seen as inspired by `reflexive modernity', as well as more directly by the end of the Cold War.
Modelling and describing human judgement processes: The multiattribute evaluation case

In this article we describe research methods that are used for the study of individual multiattribute evaluation processes. First we explain that a multiattribute evaluation problem involves the evaluation of a set of alternatives, described by their values on a number of alternatives. We discuss a number of evaluation strategies that may be applied to arrive at a conclusion about the attractiveness or suitability of the alternatives, and next introduce two main research paradigms in this area, structural modelling and process tracing. We argue that the techniques developed within these paradigms all have their advantages and disadvantages, and conclude that the most promising technique to detect the true nature of the evaluation strategy used by a judge seems to be the analysis of verbal protocols. At the same time we think it is wise not to rely on just one technique, but to use a multimethod approach to the study of multiattribute evaluation processes whenever that is possible.