Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Street Youth Labour Market Experiences and Crime

Dans le cadre de notre recherche, nous etudions la facon dont les experiences dans le marche du travail des jeunes sans-abri et l'inter-pretation qu'ils font du chomage sont liees a leur comportement criminel. A partir d'entretiens realises aupres d'un echantillon de 200 jeunes homines vivant dans la rue, les donnees recueillies indiquent que ces jeunes se sentent exclus du marche du travail du fait des experiences negatives qu'ils ont vecues. Ce phenomene est exacerbe par le chomage a long terme, qui detruit la motivation et conduit les jeunes a rechercher d'autres exutoires materiels. En outre, les jeunes en viennent a considerer le systeme social comme injuste et se sen-tent inaptes a l'emploi, ce qui augmente le risque qu'ils participent a des activites criminelles. Les jeunes qui restent lies a la societe tradi-tionnelle et continuent de croire a l'ideologie dominante du merite reagissent par la depression ou la culpabilite menant a une fuite passive et favorisant le comportement criminel. En revanche, les jeunes qui refusent l'ideologie font etant d'un affect negatif minimal et met-tent en valeur la superioritý materielle et sociale qu'ils accordent aux activites criminelles par rapport a l'emploi qu'ils ont pu occuper avant et qui leur etait offert. Les conclusions de cet article s'appuient sur les theories de la contrainte, du controle et de la sous-culture. The research explores how homeless street youths' labour market experiences and interpretations of unemployment are linked to criminal behavior. Using interviews with a sample of 200 male street youth, the data suggest that these youths become alienated from the labour market because of negative experiences in their jobs. This is exacerbated by long-term unemployment that destroys motivation and leaves the youths looking for other material opportunities. Further, the youths come to see the social system as unfair and themselves as unemployable, making it more likely they will become involved in criminal activities. Those youths who remain bonded to the conventional society and continue to believe in the dominant meritocratic ideology respond with depression and guilt, which lead to a passive withdrawal and inhibit criminal behavior. In contrast, those youth who dismiss the ideology display minimal negative affect and reveal that criminal activities are superior both materially and socially to previous and available employment. Findings are discussed in terms of strain, control and subcultural theories.
Fate of Listeria monocytogenes Inoculated onto Turkey Ham and Treated with Sodium Metasilicate

Sodium Metasilicate (SMS) is a USDA approved antimicrobial and has been shown to be inhibitory towards various foodborne pathogens in refrigerated raw poultry and beef trimmings. The objectives of this study were to determine the antimicrobial effects of SMS against Listeria monocytogenes in ready-to-ea t turkey ham and to ascertain effects of various treatments on pH. Ready-to-eat turkey ham slices were inoculated with L. monocytogenes , treated with either 0% SMS (only sterile de-ionized water) and no inoculum (negative control), 0% SMS (only sterile de-ionized water) and inoculum (positive control) and 6% SMS solution with final concentration of 300 ppm and 600 ppm of SMS in turkey ham samples plus inoculum. In each treatment, the turkey ham samples were vacuum-packaged and stored at 4±1°C. All samples were analyzed on day 0, 7, 14, 21 and 28 of storage for presence of L. monocytogenes and pH. The use of 6% SMS solution at 300 and 600 ppm concentrations was not effective in reducing L. monocytogenes populations (p>0.05) in turkey ham and pH values were similar (p>0.05) for all treatments from d 0 to d 28. The findings from this study suggested that SMS is ineffective in reducing L. monocytogenes in turkey ham, at the currently approved levels and higher concentrations of SMS may be needed to restrict growth of L. monocytogenes in ready-to-eat poultry products.
Vers une compréhension nationaliste de la naturalisation au Canada ? Analyse des changements récents en matière d’octroi de la citoyenneté dans le contexte canadien

Résumé Le Canada peut se vanter d’avoir un des taux de naturalisation les plus élevés au monde. Dans les derniers cinq ans, une série de modifications aux règles de la citoyenneté ont été instaurées, dont la majorité touche directement le processus de naturalisation. Adoptant une approche sociologique, nous proposons de répondre à la question suivante : La naturalisation au Canada au début du vingt-et-unième siècle, reste-elle aussi « libérale » qu’elle l’était dans les années 1990 ou, au contraire, tourne-t-elle, comme dans beaucoup de pays d’Europe, à la re-nationalisation ? Nos résultats suggèrent qu’il est difficile de conclure à un véritable changement de régime depuis l’arrivée du Parti conservateur au pouvoir, étant donné la portée réelle de la majorité de ces changements. Toutefois, la présence d’un discours de plus en plus identitaire et protecteur face à une façon spécifique d’être Canadien témoigne d’une nouvelle rhétorique autour de la citoyenneté canadienne, rhétorique qui se rapproche d’une conception « nationaliste » de la naturalisation. Abstract Canada can boast of having one of the highest rates of naturalization in the world. In the past five years, the government has introduced a series of amendments to citizenship rules, with the majority having a direct impact on the naturalization process. From a sociological viewpoint, we seek to answer the following question: Is naturalization as “liberal” in Canada in the early twenty-first century as it was in the 1990s, or are we seeing a trend toward re-nationalization, as is currently the case in many European countries? Our findings seem to indicate no substantive change in political regime since the arrival of the Conservative Party in power, given the actual scope of the majority of the amendments. However, a discourse increasingly centered on identity and the protection of a specific way of being Canadian reflects a new rhetoric about Canadian citizenship, one that is very close to the “nationalist” concept of naturalization.
Quality of life in Parkinson's disease: The relative importance of the symptoms

A body of literature now exists, which demonstrates that idiopathic Parkinson's disease (PD) has a major negative impact on quality of life (QoL), and that depression and cognitive impairment are among the main predictors of poor QoL in this disorder. Relatively little work has been done to assess the differential contribution of the specific symptoms of PD to QoL, which was the aim of this study. One hundred thirty patients with PD completed a booklet of questionnaires, which included the PDQ39 as a disease‐specific measure of QoL, a symptom checklist, a mobility checklist, as well as patient ratings of disease stage and disability. The results indicated that the contribution of physical, medication‐related, and cognitive/psychiatric symptoms to QoL can be significant. Sudden unpredictable on/off states, difficulty in dressing, difficulty in walking, falls, depression, and confusion were PD symptoms, which significantly influenced QoL scores. Among the mobility problems associated with PD, start hesitation, shuffling gait, freezing, festination, propulsion, and difficulty in turning had a significant effect on QoL scores. In addition to depression and anxiety, the major predictors of QoL were shuffling, difficulty turning, falls, difficulty in dressing, fatigue, confusion, autonomic disturbance particularly urinary incontinence, unpredictable on/off fluctuations, and sensory symptoms such as pain. The implications of these results for the medical management of PD are discussed. © 2007 Movement Disorder Society
Developmental defects in the teeth of three wild chimpanzees from the Taï forest.

OBJECTIVES Developmental defects in teeth (accentuated lines and hypoplasias) have played a critical role in studies of childhood disease, nutrition, weaning, environmental variation, and early mortality. While these enigmatic structures have been lauded for their potential insights into human evolution, few studies have examined defects in individuals of known histories. MATERIALS AND METHODS Here we document defects in the molars of three wild juvenile chimpanzees from the Taï forest (Pan troglodytes verus) and compare them with behavioral, epidemiological, and environmental records. RESULTS Accentuated lines of differing intensities were found throughout molar crown and root growth, and were most common in a juvenile who demonstrated slow skeletal growth and prolonged maternal dependence. These defects were observed in association with some but not all injuries and disease outbreaks in this community. A 10-year record of accentuated line frequency across individuals shows a significant negative correlation with rainfall, but does not correlate with fruit availability or reveal significant annual trends. Several hypoplasias formed between ∼0.6 and 5.8 years of age on molar crowns and roots of the three individuals, however, available behavioral and epidemiological records do not explain their causation. DISCUSSION While teeth may provide precise and accurate records of illness and trauma in some cases, inferring seasonal cycles, social stress, or weaning in living or fossil primate dentitions requires additional evidence beyond the presence, absence, or degree of expression of these defects. Studies that microsample bulk and trace elements may provide a more secure context for the interpretation of environmental, physiological, and dietary changes that impact dental tissue formation.
Biomarkers for the prediction of acute kidney injury: a narrative review on current status and future challenges

Acute kidney injury (AKI) is strongly associated with increased morbidity and mortality in critically ill patients. Efforts to change its clinical course have failed because clinically available therapeutic measures are currently lacking, and early detection is impossible with serum creatinine (SCr). The demand for earlier markers has prompted the discovery of several candidates to serve this purpose. In this paper, we review available biomarker studies on the early predictive performance in developing AKI in adult critically ill patients. We make an effort to present the results from the perspective of possible clinical utility.
Dissemination of Carbapenemase-Producing Enterobacteriaceae and Pseudomonas aeruginosa in Romania

ABSTRACT Fifteen carbapenemase-producing Enterobacteriaceae isolates and 12 carbapenemase-producing Pseudomonas aeruginosa isolates were recovered from patients hospitalized between August 2011 and March 2013 at the Hospital of Infectious Disease, Cluj-Napoca, Romania. One KPC-, nine NDM-1-, four OXA-48-, and one VIM-4-producing Enterobacteriaceae isolates along with 11 VIM-2-producing and one IMP-13-producing P. aeruginosa isolates were recovered from clinical samples. All carbapenemase genes were located on self-conjugative plasmids and were associated with other resistance determinants, including extended-spectrum β-lactamases and RmtC methylases.
Pseudoinefficacy: negative feelings from children who cannot be helped reduce warm glow for children who can be helped

In a great many situations where we are asked to aid persons whose lives are endangered, we are not able to help everyone. What are the emotional and motivational consequences of “not helping all”? In a series of experiments, we demonstrate that negative affect arising from children that could not be helped decreases the warm glow of positive feeling associated with aiding the children who can be helped. This demotivation from the children outside of our reach may be a form of “pseudoinefficacy” that is non-rational. We should not be deterred from helping whomever we can because there are others we are not able to help.
Excretion of host immunoglobulin in tick saliva and detection of IgG-binding proteins in tick haemolymph and salivary glands

SUMMARY Host immunoglobulin G (IgG) crossed the gut wall into the haemocoel of adult Rhipicephalus appendiculatus female ticks when they fed on guinea-pigs. Guinea-pig IgG was also found in saliva of the feeding ticks. The concentration and antibody activity of IgG in haemolymph, salivary gland extract (SGE) and saliva at different stages of tick feeding were detected by enzyme-linked immunoassay. Specific activity of the IgG in tick samples was determined by feeding ticks on guinea-pigs which were immunized with killed Escherichia coli: 35–42% of the antibody activity in guinea-pig immune serum remained in the tick samples. The high relative concentration of IgG in tick saliva at later stages of feeding suggests that the tick may have a mechanism for getting rid of foreign proteins via the salivary gland. Such a mechanism could involve lgG binding proteins (1GBPs) which were found in both haemolymph and SGE of female ticks at day 6 of feeding using a guinea-pig IgG–agarose affinity column. In female ticks, the Mr of 1GBPs in SGE (23 and 57 kDa) were less than those in haemolymph (78 and > 100 kDa). The existence of 1GBPs in both the tick salivary gland and haemolymph indicate that haemolymph and salivary gland cooperate to remove foreign proteins, e.g. host immunoglobulin, from the body during feeding. This mechanism may be a part of the tick self-defence system.
South Asian Canadian Women: A Contemporary Portrait

Themes emerging from a comprehensive review of empirical studies of South Asian immi grant women in Canada are identified. These reflect on the dynamics of the women's cultural adaptation and evaluation of self-image, placed within the perspective of Canada's historic attitudes toward South Asian immigration and recent demographics. The four sources of change in the women's self-image include their new dualistic world-view, described by psych ologist Josephine Naidoo, involving both traditional values in family life and western values of personal development. Naidoo's conceptualisation parallels Harry Triandis' collectivist- individualist "balance" and John Berry's integrative acculturation. For sociologist Helen Ralston, the trauma of migration increases the saliency of religion in "sacralising" the women's identity. Intergenerational conflict arises from a preference for arranged over romantic marriages in South Asian cultures. The emotional strain on immigrant brides and their parents impacts on the self perceptions of both. Similarly, gender oppression, sex exploitation, classism and racism rooted in ancestral-host cultures also impact on the women's self perceptions. The article suggests drawing on indigenous concepts in studying South Asian cultures. It asserts that Canada's historic accommodation of diversity assures a promising future for South Asian Canadian women.
Emerging HIV-1 drug resistance after roll-out of antiretroviral therapy in sub-Saharan Africa

Purpose of reviewThis review provides an update of recent data on the development of HIV-1 drug resistance during treatment and its transmission in sub-Saharan Africa after the scale-up of antiretroviral therapy (ART). Recent findingsEvidence is accumulating of a rising prevalence of transmitted HIV drug resistance (TDR), predominantly associated with nonnucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NNRTIs), in east and southern Africa. Pretherapy resistance is associated with first-line therapy failure. Accumulation of resistance mutations during first-line failure can be prevented by early detection and timely switching to second-line ART. Important gaps in service delivery and programme performance, associated with resistance development, affect a considerable proportion of ART programmes, particularly with respect to inadequate supply systems and patient retention. The reduction in new HIV infections associated with earlier use of ART is predicted to outweigh the risk of increasing TDR. Future levels of TDR are estimated to be diminished by improving switching practices to second-line regimens. SummaryTDR is on the rise after the recent scale-up of ART in Africa. To prevent the development and spread of drug resistance and sustain the effectiveness of ART programmes, there is a need to improve drug supply systems, patient retention and access to routine viral load monitoring. Enhanced resistance monitoring is warranted in Africa.
Cognition and Wealth: The Importance of Probabilistic Thinking

This paper utilizes a large set of subjective probability questions from the Health and Retirement Survey to construct an index measuring the precision of probabilistic beliefs (PPB) and relates this index to household choices about the riskiness of their portfolios and the rate of growth of their net worth. A theory of uncertainty aversion based on repeated sampling is proposed that resolves the Ellsberg Paradox within a conventional expected utility model. In this theory, uncertainty aversion is implied by risk aversion. This theory is then used to propose a link between an individual’s degree of uncertainty and his propensity to give “focal” answers of “0”, “50_50” or “100” or “exact” answers to survey questions and the validity of this interpretation is tested empirically. Finally, an index of the precision of probabilistic thinking is constructed by calculating the fraction of probability questions to which each HRS respondent gives a non-focal answer. This index is shown to have a statistically and economically significant positive effect on the fraction of risky assets in household portfolios and on the rate of growth of these assets longitudinally. These results suggest that there is systematic variation in the competence of individuals to manage investment accounts that should be considered in designing policies to create individual retirement accounts in the Social Security system.
Serum free testosterone, leptin and soluble leptin receptor changes in a 6-week strength-training programme

Strength training is usually associated with a reduction in fat mass and with muscle hypertrophy. The aim of the present study was to examine whether the serum free leptin index (FLI), measured by the molar excess of soluble leptin receptor (sOB-R) over leptin, is increased by 6 weeks of strength training. Eighteen male, physical education students were randomly assigned to two groups: a strength-training (n 12) and a control group (n 6). Body composition (lean body mass and body fat) determined by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA), muscle performance and leptin, sOB-R, total testosterone and free testosterone concentrations were determined before and after training. Fat mass was reduced by 1 kg with strength training (P < 0·05). Lean body mass of trained extremities was increased by 3 % (P < 0·05), while the concentration of free testosterone in serum was reduced by 17 % (P < 0·05) after training. However, despite the reduction in fat mass and free testosterone, serum leptin concentration was not significantly affected by strength training, even after accounting for the differences in body fat. By contrast, for a given fat mass, the sOB-R was increased by 13 % (P < 0·05) at the end of the strength-training programme, although the molar excess of sOB-R over leptin remained unchanged. Therefore, the quantity of free leptin available to bind to the target tissues was not significantly affected by the short strength-training programme, which elicited a 7 % reduction in fat mass.
Sexual Intercourse and Pregnancy Among African American Girls in High-Poverty Neighborhoods: The Role of Family and Perceived Community Environment

Data are used from a random sample of African-American families living in poor urban communities to address three questions: 1) How well do socialization, supervision, and marital transition hypotheses explain the relationship between family structure and the probability of sexual debut and pregnancy for black adolescents in disadvantaged neighborhoods? 2) How does the quality of the parent-child relationship relate to the probability of initiating sex and experiencing a pregnancy for girls in these neighborhoods? And 3) given a context of structural disadvantage, to what extent is an individual's ability to participate in the more socially organized aspects of her community correlated with delayed sexual activity? There is limited support for socialization, supervision, and marital transition hypotheses as explanations for the probability of sexual debut and pregnancy. Stronger parent-child relationships are associated with delayed sexual onset, but are not related to pregnancy experience. Adolescents' perceptions of social support and cohesion among neighborhood adults are correlated with a decreased probability of pregnancy, while the odds of pregnancy are higher for teenagers with no working adults in their social networks.
IL-1RAcPb signaling regulates adaptive mechanisms in neurons that promote their long-term survival following excitotoxic insults

Excitotoxicity is a major component of neurodegenerative diseases and is typically accompanied by an inflammatory response. Cytokines IL-1alpha and IL-1beta are key regulators of this inflammatory response and modulate the activity of numerous cell types, including neurons. IL-1RAcPb is an isoform of IL-1RAcP expressed specifically in neurons and promotes their survival during acute inflammation. Here, we investigated in vivo whether IL-1RAcPb also promotes neuronal survival in a model of excitotoxicity. Intrastriatal injection of kainic acid (KA) in mice caused a strong induction of IL-1 cytokines mRNA in the brain. The stress response of cortical neurons at 12 h post-injection, as measured by expression of Atf3, FoxO3a, and Bdnf mRNAs, was similar in WT and AcPb-deficient mice. Importantly however, a delayed upregulation in the transcription of calpastatin was significantly higher in WT than in AcPb-deficient mice. Finally, although absence of AcPb signaling had no effect on damage to neurons in the cortex at early time points, it significantly impaired their long-term survival. These data suggest that in a context of excitotoxicity, stimulation of IL-1RAcPb signaling may promote the activity of a key neuroprotective mechanism.
The effectiveness of one in-service education of teachers course for influencing teachers' practice

Abstract A 4-day Drama in Education In-service Education of Teachers (INSET) course, conducted at the University of Ostrava, Czech Republic, is evaluated in the context of indicators identified by various authors, but particularly in relation to the typology of INSET outcomes developed by Harland and Kinder. Data were collected by means of three, staged questionnaires and selective interviews conducted 18 months after the course ended. It is argued that the data reveal evidence that, in meeting six of Harland and Kinder's items, the course succeeded in creating the right conditions for the work undertaken to impact positively on the teachers' practice
The black/white disability gap: persistent inequality in later life?

OBJECTIVES Previous research on differences between Black and White older adults has produced inconsistent results on whether a gap in disability exists and whether it persists over time. The present research identifies several reasons for the inconsistent results to date and examines Black/White differences in disability trajectories over 6 years. METHODS Data from the North Carolina Established Populations for the Epidemiologic Studies of the Elderly (1986-1992) are used to estimate the disability gap and trajectory over time for both Black and White older adults. RESULTS Results indicate that a disability gap between Black and White adults exists, but after socioeconomic resources, social integration, and other health indicators are adjusted for, the trajectories of disability by race are not significantly different. Controlling for incident morbidity over time accounts for the significant difference in level of disability between the two groups. DISCUSSION This research supports the "persistent inequality" interpretation, indicating that Black adults have higher morbidity and disability earlier in life compared with White adults, and that the gap neither converges nor diverges over time.