Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
A New Set of Spatial-Interaction Models: The Theory of Competing Destinations †

Members of the family of spatial-interaction models commonly referred to as gravity models are shown to be misspecified. One result of this misspecification is the occurrence of an undesirable ‘spatial-structure effect’ in estimated distance-decay parameters and this effect is examined in detail. An alternative set of spatial-interaction models is formulated from which more accurate predictions of interactions and more accurate parameter estimates can be obtained. These new interaction models are termed competing destinations models, and estimated distance-decay parameters obtained in their calibration are shown to have a purely behavioural interpretation. The implications of gravity-model misspecification are discussed.
The production and use of human capital: Introduction

With the growing importance of knowledge, new research questions arise that require more explicit analyses of the way human capital is produced and how it is used in the labour market. In this introduction to this special issue we provide examples of such questions and argue that economics can play an important role in areas traditionally studied by educationalist solely. From this perspective we summarize the six contributions in this special issue.
Understanding and applying Deming’s primary concept of “profound knowledge”

Explores the prevailing system of management in the West, which has discouraged individual initiative. The results are decreased innovation and a reduction in applied technology. To restore motivation, innovation and joy in work and learning, a transformation of management is essential. This transformation requires application of a system of profound knowledge and an understanding of processes and statistics. Areas of understanding include: system optimization, blending statistical analysis with human empowerment, and the practical use of theoretical knowledge. Additionally, transformation requires that management must comprehend human behaviour, cultural forces, motivational techniques and the process of change. The transformation is based on the theory of Dr W. Edwards Deming.
Open Economy Schumpeterian Growth

This paper examines the Aghhion and Howitt [1992] “creative destruction” endogenous growth model in an open economy setting. We consider four alternative trade regimes. The first two regimes allow the monopoly producer of the intermediate good to attain worldwide monopoly rents. In the first of the two, the countries engage in trade of only the imperfectly produced intermediate good. In the second, the two countries trade in both the intermediate good as well as in ideas. The last two regimes consider two countries which are identical before and after trade opens such that pro-competitive gains from trade are achieved. We again consider when only intermediaries may be traded and thereafter when both intermediaries and ideas may be traded. We find that the effects of trade on growth and welfare depend critically on the assumptions one imposes.
Evidence on Macroeconomic Complementarities

This paper provides empirical evidence on macroeconomic complementarities, a restriction on the nature of interaction between individuals in a multi-agent setting. These models imply that activities across agents will be positively correlated, that discrete decisions will be synchronized and that disturbances will be magnified and propagated. The paper shows that these implications are consistent with aggregate observations as well as some microeconomic evidence. Further, looking at certain historical episodes, such as the NIRA, as well as seasonal fluctuations provides additional support for models with macroeconomic complementarities.
Determination of the velocity associated with VO2max.

PURPOSE The theoretical velocity associated with VO2max (vVO2max) defined by Daniels (1985) is extrapolated from the submaximal VO2-velocity relationship. VO2 is generally determined by assuming that the aerobic response reacts like a linear first-order system at the beginning of square-wave exercise with a steady-state reached by the 4th minute. However, at supra-ventilatory threshold work rates, the steady state in VO2 is delayed or not attained. METHODS The present study was carried out to compare three values for vVO2max determined with Daniels' method, but with VO2 either measured at the 4th minute (vVO2max4), the 6th minute (vVO2max6), or after the attainment of the true steady-state (vVO2maxSS). The metabolic response during square-wave exercise at each of the three vVO2max were also assessed. RESULTS These velocities were significantly different (P < 0.05), but vVOmaxSS and vVO2max6 were highly correlated (r = 0.98; P < 0.05). Blood lactate concentrations measured after exercise at velocities very close to the three vVO2max were similar and the end-exercise VO2 were not different from VO2max, but the time required to elicit 95% VO2max during these three square-wave tests were significantly different. CONCLUSION Therefore, when vVO2max is determined by extrapolation from the submaximal VO2-velocity relationships, submaximal VO2 should be measured beyond the 6th minute of square-wave exercise (at least if it takes 30 s to reach the desired velocity) to ensure that all vVO2max reported in future studies describe a similar quantitative index.
Essential Role of Urease in Germination of Nitrogen-Limited Arabidopsis thaliana Seeds

In Arabidopsis thaliana, urease transcript levels increased sharply between 2 and 4 d after germination (DAG) and were maintained at maximal levels until at least 8 DAG. Seed urease specific activity declined upon germination but began to increase in seedlings 2 DAG, reaching approximately 75% of seed activity by 8 DAG. Urea levels showed a small transient increase 1 DAG and then approximately paralleled urease activity, reaching maximal levels at approximately 9 DAG. Urease inhibition with phenylphosphorodiamidate resulted in a 2- to 4-fold increase in urea levels throughout seedling development. Arginine pools (0–8 DAG) changed approximately in parallel with the urea pool. Consistent with arginine being a major source of urea, arginase activity increased 10-fold in the interval 0 to 6 DAG. Allopurinol, a xanthine dehydrogenase inhibitor, had no effect on urea levels up to 3 DAG but reduced the urea pool by 30 to 40% during the interval 5 to 8 DAG, suggesting that purine degradation contributed to the urea pool well after germination, if at all. In aged Arabidopsis seeds, there was a correlation between phenylphosphorodiamidate inactivation of urease and germination inhibition, the latter overcome by NH4NO3 or amino acids. Since urease activity, urea precursor, and urea increase in young seedlings, and since urease inactivation results in a nitrogen-reversible inhibition of germination, we propose that urease recycles urea-nitrogen in the seedling.
Differential contributions of plant Dicer-like proteins to antiviral defences against potato virus X in leaves and roots.

Members of the plant Dicer-like (DCL) protein family are the critical components of the RNA-silencing pathway that mediates innate antiviral defence. The distinct antiviral role of each individual DCL protein has been established with mostly based on observations of aerial parts of plants. Thus, although the roots are closely associated with the life cycle of many plant viruses, little is known about the antiviral activities of DCL proteins in roots. We observed that antiviral silencing strongly inhibits potato virus X (PVX) replication in roots of some susceptible Solanaceae species. Silencing of the DCL4 homolog in Nicotiana benthamiana partially elevated PVX replication levels in roots. In Arabidopsis thaliana, which was originally considered a non-host plant of PVX, high levels of PVX accumulation in inoculated leaves were achieved by inactivation of DCL4, while in the upper leaves and roots, it required the additional inactivation of DCL2. In transgenic A. thaliana carrying the PVX amplicon with a green fluorescent protein (GFP) gene insertion in the chromosome (AMP243 line), absence of DCL4 enabled high levels of PVX-GFP accumulation in various aerial organs but not in the roots, suggesting that DCL4 is critical for intracellular antiviral silencing in shoots but not in roots, where it can be functionally compensated by other DCL proteins. Together, the high level of functional redundancies among DCL proteins may contribute to the potent antiviral activities against PVX replication in roots.
GDNF slows loss of motoneurons but not axonal degeneration or premature death of pmn/pmn mice

Glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF), a member of the TG F-beta superfamily, has been shown to be a highly potent neurotrophic factor that enhances survival of various neuronal cell types including motoneurons. To assess its therapeutic potential in treating neurodegenerative diseases such as amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, we treated mutant mice displaying motoneuron degeneration (progressive motor neuropathy; pmn) with encapsulated GDNF-secreting cells. Effects of GDNF treatment on pmn/pmn mice were compared with previous results obtained with ciliary neurotrophic factor (CNTF) [Sagot Y, Tan SA, Baetge E, Schmalbruch H, Kato AC, Aebischer P (1995) Eur J Neurosci 7:1313–1322]. In contrast to CNTF, GDNF did not increase the lifespan of pmn/pmn mice. However, GDNF significantly reduced the loss of facial motoneurons by 50%, a value similar to what was observed when CNTF was administered to the pmn/pmn mice. Surprisingly, myelinated axon counts revealed that GDNF had no effect on nerve degeneration. Therefore, despite its potential in rescuing motoneuron cell bodies, the inability of GDNF to prevent nerve degeneration in pmn/pmn mice suggests that its usefulness in the treatment of motor neuron diseases may be restricted to cotreatment with other factors that act on the nerve process.
Servants of Globalization: Women, Migration, and Domestic Work

Introduction: migrant Filipina domestic workers in Rome and Los Angeles 1. The dislocations of migrant Filipina domestic workers 2. The Philippines and the outflow of labor 3. The international division of reproductive labor 4. The transnational family: a postindustrial household structure with preindustrial values 5. Intergenerational and gender relations in transnational families 6. Contradictory class mobility: the politics of domestic work in globalization 7. The dislocation of nonbelonging: domestic workers in the Filipina migrant communities of Rome and Los Angeles Conclusion: servants of globalization: different settings, parallel lives Appendix A. Characteristics of the samples Appendix B. Tables Notes bibliography Index.
Ignoring a Level in a Multilevel Model: Evidence from UK Census Data

Because of the inherent multilevel nature of census data, it is often appropriate to use multilevel models to investigate relationships between census variables. For a local population, the data available from the census allow a three-level nested model to be assumed, with an individual level (level 1), an enumeration district (ED) level (level 2), and a ward level (level 3). The consequences of ignoring one of the three levels in this model are assessed here theoretically. Empirical results, based on 1991 UK Census data, are also provided, comparing the variance components estimated from the three-level model with analyses based on models where the ED or ward level are ignored. The results show how the variation that occurs at the level not included in the models is redistributed to the other levels that the models do include.
Reduced p21WAF1/CIP1 via Alteration of p53-DDX3 Pathway Is Associated with Poor Relapse-Free Survival in Early-Stage Human Papillomavirus–Associated Lung Cancer

Purpose: DDX3 alteration has been shown to participate in hepatocellular tumorigenesis via p21WAF1/CIP1 (p21) deregulation. We observed that DDX3 and p21 expression in lung tumors was negatively associated with E6 expression. Therefore, the aim of this study was to clarify whether deregulation of p21 by DDX3 via an E6-inactivated p53 pathway would enhance tumor progression in HPV-associated lung cancers. Experimental Design: Real-time PCR, luciferase assays, immunoprecipitation, and chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) were performed to determine whether DDX3 was regulated by p53 to synergistically enhance p21 transcriptional activity. Cell proliferation was examined by cell counting and colony formation assays. DDX3 and p21 expression were evaluated in 138 lung tumors by real-time PCR and immunohistochemistry. The prognostic value of p21 expression on relapse-free survival (RFS) was analyzed by Kaplan–Meier analysis. Results: Real-time PCR, luciferase assays, and ChIP assays indicated that three putative p53 binding sites, located at −1,080/−1,070, −695/−685, and −283/−273 on the DDX3 promoter, were required for DDX3 transcription. DDX3 deregulation by the E6-inactivated p53 pathway could promote cell proliferation and the ability to form colonies via reduced Sp1 binding activity on the p21 promoter. Among tumors, p21 expression was positively associated with DDX3 expression and negatively related with E6 expression, particularly in early-stage (I + II) tumors. Interestingly, low p21 expression was associated with a poor RFS in early-stage lung cancer. Conclusion: The reduction of p21 by the alteration of the p53-DDX3 pathway plays an essential role in early-stage HPV-associated lung tumorigenesis and is correlated with poor RFS of lung cancer patients. Clin Cancer Res; 17(7); 1895–905. ©2011 AACR.
MEKK3 Directly Regulates MEK5 Activity as Part of the Big Mitogen-activated Protein Kinase 1 (BMK1) Signaling Pathway*

Big mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinase (BMK1), also known as ERK5, is a member of the MAP kinase family whose cellular activity is elevated in response to growth factors, oxidative stress, and hyperosmolar conditions. Previous studies have identified MEK5 as a cellular kinase directly regulating BMK1 activity; however, signaling molecules that directly regulate MEK5 activity have not yet been defined. Through utilization of a yeast two-hybrid screen, we have identified MEKK3 as a molecule that physically interacts with MEK5. This interaction appears to take place in mammalian cells as evidenced by the fact that cellular MEK5 and MEKK3 co-immunoprecipitate. In addition, we show that a dominant active form of MEKK3 stimulates BMK1 activity through MEK5. Moreover, we demonstrate that MEKK3 activity is required for growth factor mediated cellular activation of endogenous BMK1. Taken together, these results identify MEKK3 as a kinase that regulates the activity of MEK5 and BMK1 during growth factor-induced cellular stimulation.
The Influence of Goal Setting and SmartRoom Patient Education Videos on Readmission Rate, Length of Stay, and Patient Satisfaction in the Orthopedic Spine Population

The SmartRoom technology, a system now owned by TeleTracking Technologies, aims to transform the delivery of patient care in the inpatient environment. The purpose of this project was to use goal setting and SmartRoom patient education videos to examine whether the videos more effectively engaged patients and their families in their discharge plan and encouraged them to take a more active role in their care while hospitalized. This study used a descriptive design to analyze the effect of goal setting and patient education videos on patient satisfaction at discharge, hospital average length of stay, and 30-day readmission rate in the orthopedic spine surgical care setting. Comparisons were made among three patient groups. No statistically significant difference was found for average length of stay and 30-day readmission across these three groups. However, patient satisfaction with discharge, as measured by the Hospital Consumer Assessment of Health Providers and Systems, revealed an increase in five items regarding discharge with statistically significant differences on two of the five items.
Molecular imaging: The latest generation of contrast agents and tissue characterization techniques

Molecular Imaging technologies will have a profound impact on both basic research and clinical imaging in the near future. As the field covers many different specialties and scientific disciplines it is not possible to review all in a single article. In the current article we will turn our attention to those modalities that are either currently in use or in development for the medical imaging clinic. © 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Apprenticeship in the `Golden Age': Were Youth Transitions Really Smooth and Unproblematic Back Then?

This article challenges the taken-for-granted orthodoxy of contemporary youth studies that young people's transitions from school to work have become extended and fragmented in comparison to those of people who left school in the period 1945-75. It is argued that the characterization of the earlier period as a `golden age' of smooth, unproblematic, one-step transitions from school into the labour market misrepresents the experiences of people in that period and in particular, fails to understand the specificity of the apprenticeship model of transition which was experienced by around 35 percent of the male school-leaving age cohort. The discussion examines the experience of people in the period 1945-75 by reference to 30 interviews undertaken by the author with people who did apprenticeships in a variety of trades.
Influences of the Organizational Citizenship Behaviors and Organizational Commitments on the Effects of Organizational Learning in Taiwan

The purposes of the study were to examine the relationship between organizational citizenship behaviors, organizational commitments and organizational learning effects. We distributed 200 questionnaires to 12 companies; the final response rate was 52.5% (105/200). The study used SEM to test three hypotheses about organizational citizenship behaviors, organizational commitments and organizational learning effects. The results of the research were that organizational citizenship behaviors and organizational commitments could influence organizational learning effects positively, and organizational citizenship behaviors can be influenced positively by organizational commitments. Keywords-component; organizational citizenship behaviors,;organizational commitments; organizational learning
Pediatric Patients With Untreated Ulcerative Colitis May Present Initially With Unusual Morphologic Findings

Background: Anecdotal observations by the authors of this study, together with the results of a few previous smaller studies, suggest that children with new-onset (previously untreated) ulcerative colitis (UC) may occasionally present with discontinuous disease, relative or absolute rectal sparing, and may lack histologic features of chronicity. Therefore, the objectives of this study were to determine the clinical and pathologic features of new-onset UC in children and to compare the initial presentation of UC in this group with a control group of adults. Design: Routinely processed rectal and colonic mucosal biopsies from 73 pediatric (male/female ratio 33/40, mean age 11.5 years, range 2.5–18 years) and 38 adult patients (male/female ratio 15/23, mean age 41.5 years, range 27–64 years) who presented with new-onset UC were evaluated for a variety of clinical and pathologic features, including duration of symptoms prior to presentation, crypt architectural (e.g., atrophy, branching) and nonarchitectural (e.g., basal plasmacytosis, Paneth cell metaplasia) features of chronicity, degree of active inflammation, and distribution and extent of disease. Results: A significant proportion of children with new-onset UC had patchiness of microscopic features of chronicity (21% of patients), relative (23%), or absolute (3%), rectal sparing, and had little or no crypt architectural distortion in their rectal biopsies (8%). These features were not observed in adult patients with UC. In addition, a higher proportion of children with UC initially presented with subtotal or with pancolitis compared with the adults (42% vs. 11%; P < 0.002). Conclusions: A significant proportion of children with new-onset UC may show unusual patterns of disease. Pathologists should be aware of these findings since they have significant implications for the differential diagnosis of pediatric inflammatory bowel disease.
Cascaded metasurface structures

Metasurfaces are well known as a single-layer subwavelength structure with superior capability in wavefront shaping, and cascaded metasurfaces with multi-layer structures resulting in compact optical devices will further improve the performance and also bring in new functionalities, such as image correction, optical transformation and processing. However, in order to realize such cascaded metasurfaces, a key issue is to achieve high precision alignment of the structures in each layer usually with large distance in between. Here we propose and experimentally confirm two schemes based on optical alignment and electron-beam alignment respectively to align the frontside and backside of a wafer in order to realize cascaded metasurfaces on these two sides. Except for cascaded metasurface structures, these approaches may also have a wide range of applications in need of other cascaded structures for specific functionality.
SPATIAL PRICE COMPETITION WITH CONSUIMERS ON A PLANE, AT INTERSECTIONS, AND ALONG MAIN ROADWAYS*

This paper examines two-dimensional price competition on a plane, with a block metric and a square grid of main roadways. One store is located at each intersection of main roadways. Consumer locations include a uniform distribution over the plane, linear concentrations along main roadways, and point concentrations at intersections. Bertrand-Nash mill price competition is examined first. The equilibrium price depends on the relative numbers of consumers in the three types of locations (and on travel costs per mile and the spacing between stores). If too many consumers are in each point concentration, then the price equilibrium is undermined by a high-price strategy or by mill-price undercutting. Spatial competition with price discrimination is examined, and compared to Bertrand-Nash mill price competition.
Livelihoods and poverty: The role of migration ‐ a critical review of the migration literature

This review of the literature concludes that development studies have paid insufficient attention to labour migration, and makes a plea to integrate analyses of migration within those of agricultural and rural development. It emphasises that population mobility is much more common than is often assumed, and that this has been so throughout human history. In fact, available material suggests that it is as likely that population mobility has decreased as that it has increased. A review of empirical studies shows that it may not be possible to generalise about the characteristics of migrants, or about the effects of migration on broader development, inequality or poverty. The review concludes that, given the importance of migration for the rural livelihoods of many people, policies should be supportive of population mobility, and possibilities should be explored to enhance the positive effects of migration.