Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Textbook Explanations of Inflation in the 1970s

This survey of 23 macroeconomics textbooks shows that many contain an analysis of inflation during the 1970s that is potentially misleading. The survey indicates the predominant textbook explanation of inflation in the 1970s is that price increases of imported oil caused supply-side shocks that led to cost-push inflation. The textbook oil story of inflation is frequently based on casual empiricism, often fails to directly integrate monetary policy, and could have been presented using the price of any basic imported commodity. The contention in this article is that the oil story of inflation is included in the textbooks, even if it is flawed and misleading, because it is a low-cost, easily understood explanation that is consistent with a Keynesian view of inflation. The oil story, moreover, is included in textbooks because it is considered an accurate story of inflation by nearly all authors. Personal correspondence with the textbook authors offers support for this explanation for inclusion of the oil story in the textbooks.
Further evidence for the involvement of microtubules in the intra‐axonal movement of noradrenaline storage granules

1. Constricted cat hypogastric nerve/inferior mesenteric ganglion preparations maintained in vitro for 48 hr have been used to study the effects of different concentrations of colchicine on axonal microtubules and on the proximo‐distal movement of catecholamine containing dense‐cored vesicles in non‐myelinated axons.
HIV-associated malignancies in children

Purpose of review HIV-infected children are at an increased risk of developing cancer. Many of the cancers in HIV-infected children are linked to immunosuppression and oncogenic coinfections. Worldwide most HIV-infected children live in sub-Saharan Africa, but cancer data for this population are scarce. In this article, we review the current literature on the epidemiology and prevention of cancer in HIV-infected children. Recent findings Combined antiretroviral therapy (cART) reduces the risk of developing cancer in HIV-infected children. Cancer risk remains increased in children who start cART at older ages or more advanced immunosuppression as compared with children who start cART at younger age and with mild immunosuppression. Starting cART before severe immunosuppression develops is key to prevent cancer in HIV-infected children but most children in low-income countries start cART at severe immunosuppression levels. Vaccination against high-risk variants of human papillomavirus may protect again human papillomavirus-associated cancer later in life. However, tailoring of human papillomavirus vaccination guidelines for HIV-infected children and young women awaits answers to determine the best vaccination strategies. Summary Better data on the short-term and long-term risks of developing cancer and the effects of preventive measures in HIV-infected children from regions with high burden of HIV/AIDS are urgently needed.
Determinants of recurrent toxicity-driven switches of highly active antiretroviral therapy. The ATHENA Cohort

Background Toxicity is the most important reason for premature switching of highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART). In order to optimize the benefit–risk ratio of HAART, guidelines for toxicity management are needed. Objective An observational cohort study to estimate the incidence and identify determinants of toxicity-driven switches on second-line HAART after having switched first-line HAART despite successful viral suppression. Methods Patients were selected from those in the ATHENA cohort (n = 2470) who switched the initial HIV protease inhibitor (PI)-containing HAART while plasma HIV-1 RNA was ⩽ 500 copies/ml (n = 775). One-year cumulative incidences of subsequent toxicity-driven switches and adjusted relative risks (RR) for potential determinants were calculated. Results The 1-year cumulative incidence of toxicity-driven switches of the second regimen was 24% [95% confidence interval (CI), 21–28], mostly because of gastrointestinal toxicity and neuropathy. Those who had switched from first HAART because of toxicity were at an increased risk of a recurrent toxicity-driven switch (RR, 2.5; 95% CI, 1.7–3.5). Switching from PI to nevirapine while continuing the other antiretroviral drugs was more protective against a subsequent switch because of further toxicity than changing to another PI-containing regimen (RR, 0.2; 95% CI, 0.1–0.6). Conclusions As for first-line HAART, toxicity is responsible for the majority of switches during second-line HAART. Prior switching for toxicity increased the risk of having to switch the subsequent regimen for toxicity, but this risk is reduced when switching to nevirapine rather than to an alternative PI. The latter should be taken into account when designing toxicity-management guidelines.
A Case for Misaligned Currencies as Countervailable Subsidies

Artificially undervalued currencies are giving an unfair competitive advantage to some World Trade Organization (WTO) Members, nullifying the trade protections of other WTO Members and undermining the predictability and credibility of WTO rules. A threshold dividing legal and illegal devaluations, from the Agreement on Subsidies and Countervailing Measures (ASCM) standpoint, must be drawn to address this issue. This paper argues that such a threshold is exceeded when a WTO Member's measures undervalue its currency far below an equilibrium level and for more than the time needed to address economic imbalances. In this scenario, an artificially undervalued currency may amount to a countervailable subsidy actionable under the ASCM.
Water signal attenuation by D2O infusion as a novel contrast mechanism for 1H perfusion MRI

Deuterium oxide (D2O), which is commercially available and nonradioactive, was proposed as a perfusion tracer before the clinical usage of conventional gadolinium‐based MRI contrast agents. However, the sensitivity of direct deuterium detection is the major challenge for its application. In this study, we propose a contrast‐enhanced strategy to indirectly trace administered D2O by monitoring the signal attenuation of 1H MRI. Experiments on D2O concentration phantoms and in vivo rat brains were conducted to prove the concept of the proposed contrast mechanism. An average maximum signal drop ratio of 5.25 ± 0.91% was detected on 1H MR images of rat brains with 2 mL of D2O administered per 100 g of body weight. As a diffusible tracer for perfusion, D2O infusion is a practicable method for the assessment of tissue perfusion and has the potential to provide different information from gadolinium‐based contrast agents, which have limited permeability for blood vessels. Furthermore, the observed negative relaxivities of D2O reveal the 1H–D exchange effect. Therefore, applications of perfusion MRI with D2O as a contrast agent are worthy of further investigation. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Exchange Rate Dynamics under Financial Market Frictions

This paper extends Dornbusch's overshooting model by proposing a generalized interest parity condition (GIP), which captures a sluggish adjustment on the asset market. The exchange rate model under the GIP is able to reproduce the delayed overshooting and the hump-shaped response to monetary shocks of both nominal and real exchange rates. Furthermore, we present empirical results for OECD member countries which fit the theoretical predictions.
EX ANTE EVALUATION OF INDEX-BASED CROP INSURANCE EFFECTIVENESS

The paper evaluates the effectiveness of several index-based crop insurance schemes by comparing results from two alternative evaluation approaches. We apply the common ex post approach from the literature by specifying and evaluating insurance contracts by means of the data for the same historical period. We introduce an ex ante evaluation approach by distinguishing between two consecutive periods in the available time series: the first period is used for determining insurance parameters and optimal number of farmer’s insurance contracts; and the subsequent one is considered for the evaluation of the risk reduction due to the insurance contract defined as in the first period. Our empirical results based on the data for 40 grain producers in Kazakhstan indicate that the common ex post approach overestimates the risk reduction substantially for most index insurance schemes. Additionally, the ex post approach seems to cause the overestimation of index-based insurance effectiveness primarily due to differences in the estimates of the optimal insurance contracts’ number rather than due to differences in the insurance contract parameters’ estimates.
Accuracy of Ultrasound-guided Nerve Blocks of the Cervical Zygapophysial Joints

Background: Cervical zygapophysial joint nerve blocks typically are performed with fluoroscopic needle guidance. Descriptions of ultrasound-guided block of these nerves are available, but only one small study compared ultrasound with fluoroscopy, and only for the third occipital nerve. To evaluate the potential usefulness of ultrasound-guidance in clinical practice, studies that determine the accuracy of this technique using a validated control are essential. The aim of this study was to determine the accuracy of ultrasound-guided nerve blocks of the cervical zygapophysial joints using fluoroscopy as control. Methods: Sixty volunteers were studied. Ultrasound-imaging was used to place the needle to the bony target of cervical zygapophysial joint nerve blocks. The levels of needle placement were determined randomly (three levels per volunteer). After ultrasound-guided needle placement and application of 0.2 ml contrast dye, fluoroscopic imaging was performed for later evaluation by a blinded pain physician and considered as gold standard. Raw agreement, chance-corrected agreement &kgr;, and chance-independent agreement &PHgr; between the ultrasound-guided placement and the assessment using fluoroscopy were calculated to quantify accuracy. Results: One hundred eighty needles were placed in 60 volunteers. Raw agreement was 87% (95% CI 81–91%), &kgr; was 0.74 (0.64–0.83), and &PHgr; 0.99 (0.99–0.99). Accuracy varied significantly between the different cervical nerves: it was low for the C7 medial branch, whereas all other levels showed very good accuracy. Conclusions: Ultrasound-imaging is an accurate technique for performing cervical zygapophysial joint nerve blocks in volunteers, except for the medial branch blocks of C7.
Shoots of revisionist 1 education policy or just slow readjustment? The Finnish case of educational reconstruction

Decentralization, goal steering, accountability, managerialism, evaluation, choice, competition and privatization are key terms in the international rhetoric of educational policy. However, in the historical traditions and cultural-social framework of various nations, this ‘new’ policy perspective takes a specific form and shape. In the Nordic countries, with their welfare state tradition which stresses equality in education as well as in other fields of life, radical changes are taking place. This article examines the change in educational policy and governance in Finland during the past decade. The examination is based on many sources and materials including documents, statistics and interviews with educational politicians, administrators and teachers, and a survey of students collected during two comparative research projects during 1998–2001.
Australian Trade Unions' Responses to Human Resource Management Initiatives in a Globalized Era

Within the development of a human resource (HR) philosophy, the HR function has been elevated to take an active role in business strategic planning processes. It should be co-ordinated and integrated to support the notion of human resources as a source of competitive advantage, and these changes should be accompanied by greater involvement in HR matters by all managers and employees as part of their everyday work. This research focuses on the role of trade unions and their strategies in maintaining a pro-active position within workplaces that embrace a HR framework. If the goal of a unified workforce, committed to common goals, is to be realized it is critical that industrial relations reflect this philosophy. Employee commitment becomes a pivotal precondition for success. This view raises questions about whether dual commitment to both the organization and union is possible, or indeed whether such an approach precludes the need for unions. Greenfield sites, relatively free from past negative stereotypes, have been identified for the research because they offer an untarnished opportunity for the practice of effective HR principles and the observation of union responses.
Human Resources Practices as Predictors of Work‐Family Outcomes and Employee Turnover

Drawing on a nonrandom sample of 557 dual-earner white-collar employees, this article explores the relationship between human resources practices and three outcomes of interest to firms and employees: work-family conflict, employees’ control over managing work and family demands, and employees’ turnover intentions. We analyze three types of human resources practices: work-family policies, human resources incentives designed to induce attachment to the firm, and the design of work. In a series of hierarchical regression equations, we find that work design characteristics explain the most variance in employees’ control over managing work and family demands, whereas human resources incentives explain the most variance in work-family conflict and turnover intentions. We also find significant gender differences in each of the three models. Our results suggest that the most effective organizational responses to work-family conflict and to turnover are those that combine work-family policies with other human resources practices, including work redesign and commitment-enhancing incentives.
The Suitability of the Divisia Index for the Measurement of Economic Aggregates

This paper considers the properties of the Divisia, or chain‐link, index, as they relate to the argument that this is the most appropriate index for use in studying the sources of economic growth. The great advantage of the Divisia index is alleged to be its “accuracy”, that is, its capacity to combine time series of prices and quantities to give a true reflection of the height of a utility or production function over time. The paper shows that there are circumstances where the confidence in the accuracy of the Divisia index is justified, but that the conditions required are very restrictive and typically do not obtain in the contexts where the Divisia index is used. Misplaced confidence in the Divisia index has led to errors of interpretation that might otherwise have been avoided, and has given rise to a distorted view of the process of economic growth.
Notice of RetractionVisualization and Analysis of Integrin Signaling Network

Integrins are bidirectional signaling and adhesion receptors that not only act as both antennas and receptors but also influence fundamental cell biological processes ranging from development to disease. Their ability to convert mechanical and chemical information from inside and outside the cell rests on the function of the complex signaling network. Here, the integrin signaling network is constructed and visualized, in which 156 components are linked by 690 interactions with an average node degree of 8.66, cluster coefficient of 0.24 and path length of 2.6. Several functional modules are involved in switching on or off many of the molecular interactions within the network, consequently affecting cell adhesion, migration and cytoskeletal organization. Screening and examination of the adhesome network motifs reveals a relatively small number of key motifs, dominated by 3-nodes (three-component complexes). The results will be of potentials for specific targeting, which are desirable in cell, disease diagnosis and therapy, and drug discovery.
Data-Driven Predictive Gearshift Control for Dual-Clutch Transmissions and FPGA Implementation

During the gearshift management process, the shift time and the shift shock affect the shift quality (smoothness and efficiency) greatly. In this paper, a gearshift controller is designed using a data-driven predictive control technique to improve the shift quality of vehicles with a dual-clutch transmission (DCT). It is directly obtained from the input-output data of a DCT model constructed by the commercial software AMESim. In order to obtain an offset-free control for the reference input, a predictor equation is gained with the incremental input and outputs. The conflicting control requirements of a short shift time and a small shift shock are taken into account in the optimal objective function by smoothly tracking a selected proper reference trajectory and limiting the change rate of the actuator. Moreover, due to physical characteristics, the constraints of the actuator are explicitly considered in the problem formulation. Finally, the effectiveness of the proposed data-driven predictive controller is tested in the AMESim simulation model of a DCT vehicle. Aiming to pursue a real-time improvement of the hardware computing speed for the data-driven predictive controller, a novel scheme for implementing the designed controller based on a field-programmable gate array (FPGA) is proposed. Moreover, a rapid prototyping platform based on an FPGA and dSPACE is introduced for testing and verifying the computational performance of the proposed controller. The experimental results show that the designed gearshift control algorithm for gearshift has better performance in real time, and the control performance can be guaranteed in a real-time environment.
Foreword to Supplement 1: research on a polar species—the Arctic fox

ABSTRACT The Arctic fox has a circumpolar distribution and is intensively studied because it is adapted to extreme environments and influences the ecology of many other species. We introduce here a collection of 12 articles on Arctic fox biology and management. After summarizing the main biological features of the species, we explore the peer-reviewed literature dealing with the Arctic fox through a bibliometric network analysis which identifies clusters of papers sharing a high similarity of cited literature. We visualize with a word cloud analysis 10 clusters comprising 97% of 755 articles published by 1742 authors from 1996–2015. Behavioural and ecological questions, including conservation science, dominate this recent literature. The collection of papers published in the supplement offers an excellent representation of current research dealing with Arctic fox biology and management.
p-Cresyl sulfate serum concentrations in haemodialysis patients are reduced by the prebiotic oligofructose-enriched inulin.

INTRODUCTION Protein-bound uraemic retention solutes, including p-cresyl sulfate and indoxyl sulfate, contribute substantially to the uraemic syndrome. These and several other uraemic retention solutes originate from intestinal bacterial protein fermentation. We investigated whether the prebiotic oligofructose-enriched inulin reduced serum concentration of p-cresyl sulfate and indoxyl sulfate, through interference with intestinal generation. METHODS We performed a single centre, non-randomized, open-label phase I/II study in maintenance HD patients with a 4-week, escalating dose regimen of oligofructose-enriched inulin (ORAFTI Synergy 1, Tienen, Belgium) (www.clinicaltrials.gov NCT00695513). Changes in p-cresyl sulfate and indoxyl sulfate serum concentrations as well as changes in p-cresyl sulfate and indoxyl sulfate generation rates were analysed. RESULTS Compliance with therapy was excellent. p-Cresyl sulfate serum concentrations at 4 weeks were significantly reduced by 20% (intention to treat, P = 0.01; per protocol, P = 0.03). Also p-cresyl sulfate generation rates were reduced (P = 0.007). In contrast, neither indoxyl sulfate generation rates (P = 0.9) nor serum concentrations (P = 0.4) were significantly changed. CONCLUSION The prebiotic oligofructose-inulin significantly reduced p-cresyl sulfate generation rates and serum concentrations in haemodialysis patients. Whether reduction of p-cresyl sulfate serum concentrations, an independent predictor of cardiovascular disease in HD patients, will result in improved cardiovascular outcomes remains to be proven.
Virulence factors of Bordetella bronchiseptica associated with the production of infectious atrophic rhinitis and pneumonia in experimentally infected neonatal swine

Four strains of Bordetella bronchiseptica (CSU-P-1, 64-C-0406, 1120-A-83-013, and B205BT) with defined virulence for neonatal swine were examined, and an attempt was made to correlate the presence of certain in vitro phenotypic characteristics with the ability of a particular B. bronchiseptica strain to produce turbinate and lung lesions in piglets. All of the strains except CSU-P-1 colonized the nasal passages of the pigs heavily, and strains 1120-A-83-013 and B205BT produced moderate to severe nasal and lung lesions in experimentally infected piglets. All of the strains attached equally well to porcine tracheal ring explant cultures, and all of the strains except CSU-P-1 produced smooth, hemolytic colonies on Bordet-Gengou medium, agglutinated porcine erythrocytes, and possessed adenylate cyclase activity. Strains 1120-A-83-013 and B205BT produced considerably higher levels of dermonecrotic toxin activity than did strains CSU-P-1 and 64-C-0406. These results indicate that production of nasal and lung lesions in neonatal piglets by the B. bronchiseptica strains tested can be directly correlated with their level of dermonecrotic toxin production.
Excision Margins for Melanoma In Situ on the Head and Neck

BACKGROUND Complete surgical excision of melanoma in situ (MIS) is curative. A 5-mm margin is often taken as the standard primary excision margin despite increasing evidence that this is frequently inadequate for tumor clearance. OBJECTIVE To calculate the proportion of patients requiring >5 mm margin for clearance and to investigate any patient/lesion characteristics necessitating larger margins. MATERIALS AND METHODS Three hundred forty-three primary MIS cases on the head and neck treated in the authors' department by Mohs micrographic surgery (MMS) over a 65-month period were retrospectively analyzed. Records were made of patient and lesion characteristics, and the total surgical margin for clearance calculated. RESULTS Sixty-five percent were cleared by a 5-mm margin; for a 97% clearance rate, 15 mm was necessary. The increased clearance with additional margin was significant (p < .0001). Patient age, lesion site, and preoperative size did not predict margin. CONCLUSION These results verify that MIS on the head and neck can spread significantly beyond the clinical margin and demonstrate the importance of confirming clearance histologically before closure procedures. Mohs micrographic surgery has the advantage of total margin evaluation and where available it may be reasonable to start with a 5-mm margin. Where MMS is not a treatment option, the authors would advocate larger excision margins of ≥10 mm.