Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Three-dimensional maturation reaction norms for North Sea plaice

Probabilistic maturation reaction norms (PMRNs) with up to 3 explanatory dimensions were estimated for female North Sea plaice Pleuronectes platessa. The 3-dimensional PMRNs reported here (1) are the first to be obtained for any organism, (2) reveal the differential capacity of alternative life-history state variables to predict the onset of reproduction, (3) document consistent temporal trends in maturation, and (4) help disentangle the contributions of genetic and plastic effects to these trends. We first show that PMRNs based on age and weight provide slightly more accurate approximations of maturation probabilities than PMRNs based on age and length. At the same time, weight-based PMRNs imply a much wider spread of maturation probabilities than lengthbased PMRNs. We then demonstrate that including condition as a third explanatory variable improves predictions of maturation probability. The resultant 3-dimensional PMRNs for age-lengthcondition or age-weight-condition not only show how, at given size and age, maturation probability increases with condition, but also expose how this impact of condition decreases with age and has changed over time. Our analysis reveals several interesting temporal trends. First, it is demonstrated that even after removing plastic effects on maturation captured by age, length, weight and condition, residual trends towards maturation at younger ages and smaller lengths remain. Second, we find that the width of both lengthand weight-based PMRNs decreased significantly over time. Third, age and condition are nowadays affecting maturation probabilities less than they did decades ago. We conclude that plaice are currently maturing at a very low age, size and body condition, and that the narrow and steep reaction norms do not allow a strong continuation of the observed trends. The findings obtained are in good agreement with predictions from life-history theory based on the hypothesis of evolutionary change caused by heavy exploitation.
When To Fire Customers? Customer Cost Based Pricing

The widespread adoption of activity based costing enables rms to allocate common service costs to each customer allowing for precise measurement of both the cost to serve a particular customer and the customer's pro tability. In this paper, we investigate how the use of such customer cost information a ects a rm's customer acquisition and retention strategies, and ultimately its pro t using a two period monopoly model with high and low cost customer segments. While past purchase and cost information help rms to increase pro ts through di ferential prices for good and bad customers in the second period ( price discrimination e ect ), it can hurt rms because strategic forward looking consumers may delay purchases to avoid higher future prices ( ratchet e ect ). We nd that when the customer cost heterogeneity is su ciently large, it is optimal for rms to re some of its high cost customers, and CCP is pro table. Interestingly, it is optimal to re even some pro table customers. This result is robust even when the cost to serve is endogenous and determined by the consumer's choice of service level. Our results also shed insight on retention-acquisition dynamics, on when rms can improve their pro tability by selectively ring known old bad customers, and replacing them with a mix of new good and bad customers.
Fluvial and tectonic geomorphology of orogenic plateaux

Geomorphology is an expression of processes acting upon an area. The links between driving processes and the resulting geomorphology are far from being fully understood. This thesis investigates controls on the dynamics and behaviour of fluvial systems from the interior of orogenic plateaux to the tectonically active plateaux margins. Orogenic plateaux provide a good study area by juxtaposing different tectonic and climatic settings that are served by the same sediment transport systems, allowing for observation of different variables on the same or similar fluvial systems. This is the first time that rivers draining orogenic plateaux have been extensively investigated. The Turkish-Iranian and Tibetan plateaux are the study areas. Forms of rivers draining from plateaux interiors, through the plateaux margins are analysed, along with alluvial fans within both the plateaux interior and plateaux margins. Plateau draining rivers act as the major route for material leaving the plateau region and a first-order control on erosive processes retarding plateau growth. Alluvial fans redistribute material within the plateau interior, enhancing the low relief topography diagnostic of a plateau. It is found that rivers draining plateaux show a sigmoidal form associated with the edge of the plateaux. High gradients and curvatures occur within the mountain ranges at the plateaux margins, while low values are present within the plateau interiors. Modelling work demonstrates that such forms to be likely responses for all plateau-draining rivers, but are most sensitive to the effects of precipitation upon a river’s ability to incise in-to the underlying sedimentary cover and bedrock lithologies. Alluvial fans in orogenic plateau regions are larger and with a lower surface gradient within the plateau interior than those nearer the active tectonic margins. It is theorised that this is due to the lack of lateral control on the accommodation space of alluvial fans within the plateau interior.
Defending Diversity: Affirmative Action at the University of Michigan

Even as lawsuits challenging its admissions policies made their way through the courts, the University of Michigan carried the torch for affirmative action in higher education.In June 2003, the Supreme Court vindicated UM's position on affirmative action when it ruled that race may be used as a factor for universities in their admissions programs, thus confirming what the UM had argued all along: diversity in the classroom translates to a beneficial and wide-ranging social value. With the green light given to the law school's admissions policies, Defending Diversity validates the positive benefits gained by students in a diverse educational setting.Written by prominent University of Michigan faculty, Defending Diversity is a timely response to the court's ruling. Providing factual background, historical setting, and the psychosocial implications of affirmative action, the book illuminates the many benefits of a diverse higher educational setting -- including preparing students to be full participants in a pluralistic democracy -- and demonstrates why affirmative action is necessary to achieve that diversity.Defending Diversity is a significant contribution to the ongoing discussion on affirmative action in higher education. Perhaps more important, it is a valuable record of the history, events, arguments, and issues surrounding the original lawsuits and the Supreme Court's subsequent ruling, and helps reclaim the debate from those forces opposed to affirmative action.Patricia Gurin is Professor Emerita, Department of Psychology, University of Michigan. Jeffrey S. Lehman, former Dean of the University of Michigan Law School, is President of Cornell University. Earl Lewis is Dean of Rackham Graduate School, University of Michigan.
Top quark pair production measurements in the single lepton channel using the ATLAS detector

Three measurements of top-quark pair production cross sections in protonproton collisions at √ s = 13 TeV using data collected by the ATLAS experiment are presented. The single-lepton final states are used, where one electron or muon, two b-jets and two other jets can be identified. The inclusive tt̄ production cross section is measured to be σtt̄ = 817 ± 13 (stat.) ± 103 (syst.) ± 88 (lum.) pb, which is in good agreement with predictions and with other measurements. Absolute and relative differential cross sections of tt̄ production are also measured, showing an overall good agreement with predictions, except for the top-quark transverse momentum distribution. As already reported in measurements at lower proton-proton collision energies, this distribution is shifted towards higher momenta in all predictions with respect to the observations. Total and differential fiducial cross sections of tt̄ production in association with heavy-flavour jets are also presented. All tested models are found to agree with data within the uncertainties of these measurements.
Comparison of Classification and Ranking Approaches to Pronominal Anaphora Resolution in Czech

In this paper we compare two Machine Learning approaches to the task of pronominal anaphora resolution: a conventional classification system based on C5.0 decision trees, and a novel perceptron-based ranker. We use coreference links annotated in the Prague Dependency Treebank 2.0 for training and evaluation purposes. The perceptron system achieves f-score 79.43% on recognizing coreference of personal and possessive pronouns, which clearly outperforms the classifier and which is the best result reported on this data set so far.
Génomique comparative et évolutive au sein du complexe d’espèces Leptosphaeria maculans-Leptosphaeria biglobosa

Leptosphaeria maculans ‘brassicae’ (Lmb) est un champignon filamenteux de la classe des Dothideomycetes faisant partie du complexe d’especes Leptosphaeria maculans-Leptosphaeria biglobosa compose d’agents pathogenes des cruciferes. Lmb est particulierement adapte au colza (Brassica napus) et provoque la maladie qui lui est la plus dommageable : la necrose du collet. Dans le but de mieux comprendre et controler cette maladie, l’equipe d’accueil a initie un projet de genomique visant a identifier de facon systematique les genes impliques dans le pouvoir pathogene. Les premieres donnees genomiques montraient deux aspects tres importants et potentiellement specifiques de Lmb : (i) tous les genes d'avirulence caracterises experimentalement etaient localises dans de grandes regions riches en bases AT et composees d'elements transposables (ET), (ii) ces regions riches en AT prefiguraient une structure genomique particuliere, qui, si elle se generalisait a l'ensemble du genome, aurait ete totalement inedite chez un micro-organisme eucaryote. La premiere partie de cette these presente la description du genome de Lmb en se focalisant sur sa structure en isochores, resultant d’une invasion du genome par des ET qui ont ensuite ete inactives par un mecanisme de defense specifique aux champignons ascomycetes, le RIP (Repeat-Induced Point mutation). Puis, l’impact potentiel de cette structure sur la diversification et l’evolution des proteines jouant un role cle lors de l’interaction agent pathogene-plante a ete evalue, mettant ainsi en avant l’existence d’un genome a « deux vitesses ». Afin de mieux comprendre le role potentiel joue par les ET au niveau des capacites d’adaptation de Lmb au colza, une etude de genomique comparative et evolutive de cinq membres du complexe d’especes a ete realisee. Ce travail montre que Lmb est la seule espece du complexe dont le genome a ete envahi par les ET, et que ces derniers sont impliques dans (i) des rearrangements intrachromosomiques potentiellement lies a la speciation entre Lmb et l’espece la plus proche, (ii) la presence de genes espece-specifiques et (iii) des deplacements dans des regions genomiques tres dynamiques de genes codant des effecteurs. Les travaux constituant cette these participent a la generalisation du concept selon lequel un lien fort existe chez les champignons filamenteux phytopathogenes entre ET et genes impliques dans la pathogenese ou l’adaptation a l’hote.
Vector Field Design on Surfaces

Vector field design on surfaces is necessary for many graphics applications: example-based texture synthesis, nonphotorealistic rendering, and fluid simulation. For these applications, singularities contained in the input vector field often cause visual artifacts. In this article, we present a vector field design system that allows the user to create a wide variety of vector fields with control over vector field topology, such as the number and location of singularities. Our system combines basis vector fields to make an initial vector field that meets user specifications. The initial vector field often contains unwanted singularities. Such singularities cannot always be eliminated due to the Poincaré-Hopf index theorem. To reduce the visual artifacts caused by these singularities, our system allows the user to move a singularity to a more favorable location or to cancel a pair of singularities. These operations offer topological guarantees for the vector field in that they only affect user-specified singularities. We develop efficient implementations of these operations based on Conley index theory. Our system also provides other editing operations so that the user may change the topological and geometric characteristics of the vector field. To create continuous vector fields on curved surfaces represented as meshes, we make use of the ideas of geodesic polar maps and parallel transport to interpolate vector values defined at the vertices of the mesh. We also use geodesic polar maps and parallel transport to create basis vector fields on surfaces that meet the user specifications. These techniques enable our vector field design system to work for both planar domains and curved surfaces. We demonstrate our vector field design system for several applications: example-based texture synthesis, painterly rendering of images, and pencil sketch illustrations of smooth surfaces.
Neural Meshes: Statistical Learning Methods in Surface Reconstruction

We propose a new surface reconstruction algorithm based on an incrementally expanding neural network known as Growing Cell Structure. The neural network learns a probability space, which represents the surface for reconstruction, through a competitive learning process. The topology is learned through statistics based operations which create boundaries and merge them to create handles. We study the algorithm theoretically, calculating its complexity, using probabilistic arguments to find relationships between the parameters, and finally, running statistical experiments to optimize the parameters.
Interconnect RL Extraction Based on Transfer Characteristics of Transmission-Line

This paper proposes a method to determine a single frequency for interconnect RL extraction. Resistance and inductance of interconnects depend on frequency, and hence the extraction frequency strongly affects the modeling accuracy of interconnects. The proposed method determines an extraction frequency based on the transfer characteristic of interconnects. By choosing the frequency where the transfer characteristic becomes maximum, the extracted RL values achieve the accurate modeling of the waveform. Experimental results show that the proposed method provides accurate transition waveforms over various interconnect topologies.
Linux Kernel Development

Linux Kernel Development details the design and implementation of the Linux kernel, presenting the content in a manner that is beneficial to those writing and developing kernel code, as well as to programmers seeking to better understand the operating system and become more efficient and productive in their coding. The book details the major subsystems and features of the Linux kernel, including its design, implementation, and interfaces. It covers the Linux kernel with both a practical and theoretical eye, which should appeal to readers with a variety of interests and needs. The author, a core kernel developer, shares valuable knowledge and experience on the 2.6 Linux kernel. Specific topics covered include process management, scheduling, time management and timers, the system call interface, memory addressing, memory management, the page cache, the VFS, kernel synchronization, portability concerns, and debugging techniques. This book covers the most interesting features of the Linux 2.6 kernel, including the CFS scheduler, preemptive kernel, block I/O layer, and I/O schedulers. The third edition of Linux Kernel Development includes new and updated material throughout the book: An all-new chapter on kernel data structures Details on interrupt handlers and bottom halves Extended coverage of virtual memory and memory allocation Tips on debugging the Linux kernel In-depth coverage of kernel synchronization and locking Useful insight into submitting kernel patches and working with the Linux kernel community
AIUM Practice Parameter for the Performance of Physiologic Evaluation of Extremity Arteries

T he American Institute of Ultrasound in Medicine (AIUM) is a multidisciplinary association dedicated to advancing the safe and effective use of ultrasound in medicine through professional and public education, research, development of clinical practice parameters, and accreditation of practices performing ultrasound examinations. The AIUM Practice Parameter for the Performance of Physiologic Evaluation of Extremity Arteries was revised by the American Institute of Ultrasound in Medicine (AIUM) in collaboration with other organizations whose members use ultrasound for performing this examination(s) (see “Acknowledgments”). Recommendations for personnel requirements, the request for the examination, documentation, quality assurance, and safety may vary among the organizations and may be addressed by each separately. This Practice Parameter is intended to provide the medical ultrasound community with recommendations for the performance and recording of high-quality ultrasound examinations. The parameters reflect what the AIUM considers the appropriate criteria for this type of ultrasound examination but is not intended to establish a legal standard of care. Examinations performed in this specialty area are expected to follow the Parameter with recognition that deviations may occur depending on the clinical situation. This practice parameter has been revised to assist physicians and allied health care professionals performing a noninvasive physiologic examination of the extremity arteries. Although it is not possible to detect every abnormality with physiologic testing, following this practice parameter will maximize the detection of abnormalities of arterial blood supply to the extremities.
Electronic Transport in the V-Shaped Edge Distorted Zigzag Graphene Nanoribbons with Substitutional Doping

Density-functional theory (DFT) in combination with the nonequilibrium Green’s function formalism is used to study the effect of substitutional doping on the electronic transport properties of V-shaped edge distorted zigzag graphene nanoribbons (DZGNRs), in which DZGNRs with the various widths of four-, six-, and eight-zigzag chains are passivated by H atoms. In this work, Si atoms are used to substitute carbon atoms located at the center of the samples. Our calculated results have determined that Si can change the material type by the number of dopants. We found that the transmission spectrum strongly depends on the various widths. The width of eight-zigzag chains exhibits the largest transmission among four- and six-zigzag chains, and the single Si substitution presents larger transmission than the double case. The obtained results are explained in terms of electron localization in the system due to the presence of distortion at edge and impurities. The relationships between the transmission spectrum, the device density of states, and the I-V curves indicate that DZGNRs are the highly potential material for electronic nanodevices.
Modeling the Relative GHG Emissions of Conventional and Shale Gas Production

Recent reports show growing reserves of unconventional gas are available and that there is an appetite from policy makers, industry, and others to better understand the GHG impact of exploiting reserves such as shale gas. There is little publicly available data comparing unconventional and conventional gas production. Existing studies rely on national inventories, but it is not generally possible to separate emissions from unconventional and conventional sources within these totals. Even if unconventional and conventional sites had been listed separately, it would not be possible to eliminate site-specific factors to compare gas production methods on an equal footing. To address this difficulty, the emissions of gas production have instead been modeled. In this way, parameters common to both methods of production can be held constant, while allowing those parameters which differentiate unconventional gas and conventional gas production to vary. The results are placed into the context of power generation, to give a ″well-to-wire″ (WtW) intensity. It was estimated that shale gas typically has a WtW emissions intensity about 1.8–2.4% higher than conventional gas, arising mainly from higher methane releases in well completion. Even using extreme assumptions, it was found that WtW emissions from shale gas need be no more than 15% higher than conventional gas if flaring or recovery measures are used. In all cases considered, the WtW emissions of shale gas powergen are significantly lower than those of coal.
Population dynamics and orientation of the central Andean cushion Azorella compacta

12 Azorella compacta ( llareta ; Apiaceae), a large woody cushion plant, is a remarkable 13 species forming dense cushions and characterizing the high elevation rocky slopes of the central 14 Andean Altiplano. Field studies of an elevational gradient of A. compacta within Lauca National 15 Park in northern Chile found a reverse J-shape distribution of size classes of individuals with 16 abundant small plants at all elevations. A new elevational limit for A. compacta was found at 17 5250 m. A series of cushions marked 14 years earlier showed either slight shrinkage or small 18 degrees of growth up to 2.2 cm yr -1 . Despite their irregularity in growth, cushions of A. compacta 19 show a strong orientation, centered on a north-facing aspect and angle of about 20 o from 20 horizontal. This exposure to maximize solar irradiance closely matches previous observations of 21 a population favoring north-facing slopes at a similar angle. Populations of A. compacta appear 22 to be stable, or even expanding, with young plants abundant and recolonization of disturbed 23 habitats.
Spurious Complexity and Common Standards in Markets for Consumer Goods

Behavioural and industrial economists have argued that, because of cognitive limitations, consumers are liable to make sub-optimal choices in complex decision problems. Firms can exploit these limitations by introducing spurious complexity into tariff structures, weakening price competition. This paper models a countervailing force. Consumers' choice problems are simplified if competing firms follow common conventions about tariff structures. Because such a 'common standard' promotes price competition, a firm's use of it signals that its products offer value for money. If consumers recognize this effect, there can be a stable equilibrium in which firms use common standards and set competitive prices.
Cycles of conditional cooperation in a real-time voluntary contribution mechanism

This paper provides a new way to identify conditional cooperation in a real-time version of the standard voluntary contribution mechanism. Our approach avoids most drawbacks of the traditional procedures because it relies on endogenous cycle lengths, which are defined by the number of contributors a player waits before committing to a further contribution. Based on hypothetical distributions of randomly generated contribution sequences, we provide strong evidence for conditionally cooperative behavior. Moreover, notwithstanding a decline in contributions, conditional cooperation is found to be stable over time.