Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Decision-making when data and inferences are not conclusive: risk-benefit and acceptable regret approach.

The absolute truth in research is unobtainable, as no evidence or research hypothesis is ever 100% conclusive. Therefore, all data and inferences can in principle be considered as "inconclusive. " Scientific inference and decision-making need to take into account errors, which are unavoidable in the research enterprise. The errors can occur at the level of conclusions that aim to discern the truthfulness of research hypothesis based on the accuracy of research evidence and hypothesis, and decisions, the goal of which is to enable optimal decision-making under present and specific circumstances. To optimize the chance of both correct conclusions and correct decisions, the synthesis of all major statistical approaches to clinical research is needed. The integration of these approaches (frequentist, Bayesian, and decision-analytic) can be accomplished through formal risk:benefit (R:B) analysis. This chapter illustrates the rational choice of a research hypothesis using R:B analysis based on decision-theoretic expected utility theory framework and the concept of "acceptable regret" to calculate the threshold probability of the "truth" above which the benefit of accepting a research hypothesis outweighs its risks.
Comprehensive mapping of HIV-1 escape from a broadly neutralizing antibody

Precisely defining how viral mutations affect HIV’s sensitivity to antibodies is vital to the development and evaluation of vaccines and antibody immunotherapeutics. But despite great effort, a full map of escape mutants has not yet been delineated for even a single anti-HIV antibody. Here we describe a massively parallel experimental approach to quantify how all single amino-acid mutations to Envelope (Env) affect HIV’s sensitivity to a neutralizing antibody. We applied this approach to PGT151 and identified novel sites of escape in addition to those previously defined by structural and functional studies, such as glycans at sites 611 and 637, residue 647, and sites in the fusion peptide. Evaluating the effect of each amino acid at each site lends insight into the biochemical basis of escape throughout the epitope. Thus, comprehensive mapping of HIV antibody escape gives a quantitative, mutation-level view of the ways that Env can evade neutralization.
Disability and legislation: The relationship between changing policy and changing practices

Governments at all levels are recognizing the necessity to legislate for the rights and needs of persons with a disability as a result of the failure to have those needs met in wider legislative provisions. Australian laws and regulations such as the Disability Services Act, the Disability Discrimination Act, and other potential legislation reflect the importance placed on ensuring that persons with a disability receive appropriate services. The problems of translating legislated services and rights into adequate practices can, however, be a source of frustration for all players in the field — persons with a disability, carers, advocates, service providers and governments. The role of lobby and pressure groups is an important one both in a reactive and practive sense in ensuring that the best services are provided to their constituents. The paper addresses the emergence of Australian government policy relating to intellectual disability and the resulting impact upon those who live with its consequence.
The Definition of Primary and Secondary Glioblastoma

Glioblastoma is the most frequent and malignant brain tumor. The vast majority of glioblastomas (∼90%) develop rapidly de novo in elderly patients, without clinical or histologic evidence of a less malignant precursor lesion (primary glioblastomas). Secondary glioblastomas progress from low-grade diffuse astrocytoma or anaplastic astrocytoma. They manifest in younger patients, have a lesser degree of necrosis, are preferentially located in the frontal lobe, and carry a significantly better prognosis. Histologically, primary and secondary glioblastomas are largely indistinguishable, but they differ in their genetic and epigenetic profiles. Decisive genetic signposts of secondary glioblastoma are IDH1 mutations, which are absent in primary glioblastomas and which are associated with a hypermethylation phenotype. IDH1 mutations are the earliest detectable genetic alteration in precursor low-grade diffuse astrocytomas and in oligodendrogliomas, indicating that these tumors are derived from neural precursor cells that differ from those of primary glioblastomas. In this review, we summarize epidemiologic, clinical, histopathologic, genetic, and expression features of primary and secondary glioblastomas and the biologic consequences of IDH1 mutations. We conclude that this genetic alteration is a definitive diagnostic molecular marker of secondary glioblastomas and more reliable and objective than clinical criteria. Despite a similar histologic appearance, primary and secondary glioblastomas are distinct tumor entities that originate from different precursor cells and may require different therapeutic approaches. Clin Cancer Res; 19(4); 764–72. ©2012 AACR.
Individualism-Collectivism

Individualism and collectivism are terms used by both social scientists and the public, but there are few systematic studies of this dimension. A sample of psychologists and anthropologists from all parts of the world was asked to respond to a questionnaire the way they believe an individualist and a collectivist would respond. The questionnaire described 10 target persons in seven situations. The responses converged, suggesting that there is consensus about the meaning of the dimension. Accordingly, collectivism can be defined as (1) concern by a person about the effects of actions or decisions on others, (2) sharing of material benefits, (3) sharing of nonmaterial resources, (4) willingness of the person to accept the opinions and views of others, (5) concern about self-presentation and loss of face, (6) belief in the correspondence of own outcomes with the outcomes of others, and (7) feeling of involvement in and contribution to the lives of others. Individualists show less concern, sharing, and so on than collectivists. The approach can be used with other relatively unstudied constructs to establish whether there is consensus among researchers about the meaning of a construct.
On real-time and causal secure source coding

We investigate two source coding problems with secrecy constraints. In the first problem we consider real-time fully secure transmission of a memoryless source. We show that although classical variable-rate coding is not an option since the lengths of the codewords leak information on the source, the key rate can be as low as the average Huffman codeword length of the source. In the second problem we consider causal source coding with a fidelity criterion and side information at the decoder and the eavesdropper. We show that when the eavesdropper has degraded side information, it is optimal to first use a causal rate distortion code and then encrypt its output with a key.
Systematic bias in interstellar magnetic field estimates

Faraday rotation of the polarization plane in magnetized thermal plasma provides one of the most efficient methods to deduce regular magnetic fields from radio astronomical observations. Since the Faraday rotation measure RM is proportional to an integral, along the line of sight, of magnetic field weighted with thermal electron density, RM is believed to yield the regular magnetic field averaged over large volume. Here we show that this is not the case in a turbulent medium where fluctuations in magnetic field and electron density are not statistically independent, and so contribute to RM. For example, in the case of pressure equilibrium, magnetic field can be anticorrelated with plasma density to produce a negative contribution. As a result, the strength of the regular magnetic field obtained from RM can be underestimated if the fluctuations in electron density and magnetic field are neglected. The anticorrelation also reduces the standard deviation of RM. We further discuss the effect of the positive correlations where the standard treatment of RM leads to an overestimated magnetic field. Because of the anisotropy of the turbulent magnetic field, the regular magnetic fields strength, obtained from synchrotron emission using standard formulae, can be overestimated. A positive correlation between cosmic-ray number density and magnetic field leads to an overestimate of the strengths of the regular and total fields. These effects can explain the difference between the strengths of the regular Galactic magnetic field as indicated by RM and synchrotron emissivity data and reconcile the magnetic field strength in the Solar vicinity with typical strength of regular magnetic fields in external galaxies.
The Greater Complexity of Lived Race: An Extension of Harris and Sim*

Harris and Sim (2002) recently demonstrated the complexity of lived race by exploring patterns of racial self-identification. They raised important sociological questions about the role of context in racial self-identification, but offered an incomplete picture of ethnic fluidity by excluding Hispanics from their analyses. We address this limitation with data on Hispanics from the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health (Add Health). Copyright (c) 2006 by the Southwestern Social Science Association.
Abnormal motor behavior at 23 weeks in a fetus with Smith–Lemli–Opitz syndrome (SLOS)

Fetal akinesia deformation sequence (FADS) is a phenotype that is characterized by fetal akinesia/hypokinesia, joint contractures, facial anomalies and pulmonary hypoplasia. Hypokinetic movements in the fetus together with contractures in the extremities can be caused by a variable number of underlying disorders. Careful examination of the various structural and motor anomalies, and close collaboration with geneticists, neonatologists, and pathologists may limit the number of underlying disorders and facilitate more directed DNA or metabolic diagnostics. Here, we present a case in which the findings from postural and motor assessment together with structural assessment at 23weeks led to prenatal suspicion and postnatal DNA confirmation of Smith–Lemli–Opitz syndrome (SLOS) in the fetus and carrier ship in the parents and two siblings.
Early Detection of Hearing Loss: The Case for Listening to Mothers

Abstract This article is drawn from a larger doctoral study that explored hearing mothers' experiences of discovering that their babies had a permanent hearing loss in Australia in 2008. The particular focus for this paper is the period in time after a concern is flagged, either by a newborn hearing screener or the mother herself, until a hearing loss is confirmed. A questionnaire, designed to identify participants in the larger study, returned a cohort of twenty-two mothers with ‘well-babies’ who were screened at birth. The results showed that diagnosis occurred for thirteen babies with minimal delay within the first 2 months of life. Of these respondents, seven mothers elected to be interviewed and tell their stories about the discovery of their child's hearing loss before their decision to have a cochlear implant. Although three mothers had babies diagnosed in the first 2 months of life, overall their accounts revealed a broad range of experiences, including their understanding of the inclusion of hearing screening in predischarge assessment, vague hearing screening language use to describe results, and variable waiting periods for repeat screen tests, audiologic assessment, and diagnosis. For two mothers, their newborn babies returned a negative screen result, yet they were found later to be deaf, while for the remaining two mothers, hospital error was responsible for the late diagnosis of their babies. Importantly, when these four mothers raised their concern about hearing at a later date, professional responses were often slow and lacked the urgency that is implicit in and fundamental to current policy for the early detection of hearing loss. These results suggest that (1) despite the roll out of newborn hearing screening programmes, test results alone are not definitive in the detection of hearing loss; (2) professionals still need to be attentive to mothers who raise concern about hearing; and (3) the clinical conversation remains crucial to the early identification of hearing loss even if otitis media with effusion appears to a be a cause for speech and language delay.
The Link between Educational Expectations and Effort in the College-for-all Era

From the Wisconsin status attainment model to rational choice, classical sociological, social-psychological, and economic theories of student educational transitions have assumed that students’ expectations are positively related to their ultimate attainment. However, the growth of the college-for-all ethos raises questions about that assumption. Noting that American students’ educational expectations rapidly outpaced their educational attainments, Rosenbaum (2001) argues that increasingly unrealistic expectations have perverse negative effects on the school engagement of American high school students. In this article, the authors test the relationship between student expectations and effort using data from a unique longitudinal study of student motivation and three national cohort studies. Contrary to the college-for-all critique, the authors find that educational expectations continue to have robust positive effects on student perceptions regarding the future utility of high school academics and student effort in high school. The relationship between expectations and effort is somewhat attenuated for very low-achieving students and it is weaker today than it was in 1980. Nonetheless, the authors’ analyses indicate that the expansion of college expectations has had a net positive effect on American high school students’ effort.
A heuristic approach to the verification of isomorphic graphs

A heuristic approach to the verification of isomorphic graphs is described in this work. The approach is a sequential verification of the graph characteristics which are invariants. The results of computational experiments are described. The aim of experiments is to determine which of the comparative sequences (for graph invariants values) are more efficient for graph isomorphism verification.
About this Business of Metadata

A brief discussion presents some of the opportunities and challenges involved with creating metadata-centric businesses that bring Music Information Retrieval technologies to the marketplace. In particular, two related difficulties -that of the difficulty of proving incremental value for new metadata systems, and that of the relative influidity of the marketplace for MIR -are highlighted. Potential directions for resolving these issues are also discussed.
Sociological Aspects of Attribution

Attribution theory, the study of the causal interpretations that persons give to events in their environment, has recently been a major emphasis in psychological social psychology. This paper explores the utility of the classic theoretical statements in attribution for sociological problems, and reviews the efforts of sociologists to apply attribution concepts in their research. The theory has been criticized regarding its limited applicability to attribution occurring in interaction or in natural contexts. These criticisms are reviewed, as well as arguments for synthesizing attribution theory with symbolic interactionism, and efforts to apply such a synthesis in the areas of labeling, impression management, and accounts. Future research and conceptualization agendas are suggested, along with a research strategy for accomplishing these.
Odometry Correction Using Visual Slip Angle Estimation for Planetary Exploration Rovers

This paper introduces a novel method for slip angle estimation based on visually observing the traces produced by the wheels of a robot on soft, deformable terrain. The proposed algorithm uses a robust Hough transform enhanced by fuzzy reasoning to estimate the angle of inclination of the wheel trace with respect to the vehicle reference frame. Any deviation of the wheel track from the planned path of the robot suggests occurrence of sideslip that can be detected and, more interestingly, measured. In turn, the knowledge of the slip angle allows encoder readings affected by wheel slip to be adjusted and the accuracy of the position estimation system to be improved, based on an integrated longitudinal and lateral wheel–terrain slip model. The description of the visual algorithm and the odometry correction method is presented, and a comprehensive set of experimental results is included to validate this approach.
Phase II Study of Paclitaxel and Irinotecan Chemotherapy in Patients With Advanced Nonsmall Cell Lung Cancer

Objectives:We conducted a phase II study of combination chemotherapy with paclitaxel (Pac) and irinotrecan (CPT) to determine the qualitative and quantitative toxicities and efficacy of the combination against advanced nonsmall cell lung cancer (NSCLC). Patients and Methods:Patients with stage IIIB or IV NSCLC were treated with CPT at 60 mg/m2 and Pac at 160 mg/m2 every 2 weeks. Results:Between May 2002 and July 2004, 39 of registered 46 patients received 4 to 6 cycles of chemotherapy, and 7 patients discontinued treatment because of disease progression in 5 patients and grade 2 pneumonitis in 2 patients. Grade 3 anemia, leukopenia, neutropenia, and elevation of bilirubin occurred in 4.0%, 0.5%, 1.0%, and 0.5%, respectively. Twenty-one patients responded, and the overall response rate was 45.6%. The median survival time was 355 days and the 1-year survival rate was 47.8%. Conclusion:Pac plus CPT was efficacious and safe in NSCLC.
Extracting Exact Answers using a Meta Question Answering System

This work concerns a question answering tool that uses multiple Web search engines and Web question answering systems to retrieve snippets of text that may contain an exact answer for a natural language question. The method described here treats each Web information retrieval system in a unique manner in order to extract the best results they can provide. The results obtained suggest that our method is comparable with some of today’s state-of-the-art systems.
Managing in-vehicle distractions: evidence from the psychological refractory period paradigm

Driver distraction by in-vehicle tasks has a negative impact on driving performance and crash risk. This paper describes a study investigating the effect of interacting with a surrogate in-vehicle system task -- requiring a two-choice speeded response -- in close temporal proximity to a subsequent lead vehicle braking event. The purpose of the study was to determine the 'task-free' interval required before a braking event to ensure safe braking performance. Drivers (N = 48) were split into six groups and randomly assigned an in-vehicle task defined by stimulus (three levels) and response modality (two levels). Four blocks of intermixed single- and dual-task trials were presented. The time interval between the two tasks was varied on dual-task trials. Slower braking responses on dual-task trials relative to single-task trials indicated dual-task interference. Driver braking performance demonstrated the psychological refractory period effect -- an increase in reaction time with decreasing temporal separation of the two tasks. The impact of in-vehicle task stimulus and response modality on performance is discussed in relation to predictions based on Multiple Resource Theory. This study demonstrates a fundamental human performance limitation in the real-world driving context and has implications for driver response speeds when distracted. Specifically, the presentation of an in-vehicle task in the 350 milliseconds before a braking event could have severe safety consequences. The use of the findings to manage in-vehicle stimulus presentation is discussed. Problems with implementation of the results are reported.
Measuring The Institutional/Occupational Change Thesis

Moskos' hypothesis of change in military organization and orientation from an institutional to an occupational model has stimulated a great deal of policy concern and research. Its major components, however, have not been effectively measured, nor its assumption of linear change over time tested. This paper places Moskos' concerns in the context of broader theories of social change and reviews the attempts that have been made at theoretical specification and measurement. Based upon the existing research, it recommends an alternate formulation"pragmatic professionalism"that subsumes both the institutional and occupational dimensions. A research agenda that uses several kinds of data is suggested to monitor changing military organization and values.
A Psychometric Study of Three Coping Measures

This article examines the psychometric properties of three coping inventories: the Coping Inventory for Stressful Situations, the COPE, and the Coping Strategies Inventory. First, the stability of the factor structure for each inventory was examined using confirmatory factor analysis. Second, confirmatory and exploratory factor analyses were used to ascertain the common constructs underlying these coping scales. The results indicate preference for particular factor structures for each coping measure, although none of the factor structures examined provided a strong fit with data in this study. Three general factors were found across the three instruments: Problem Engagement, Avoidance, and Social/Emotional. These results suggest more complex conceptualizations of coping.
Invasion Genes Are Not Required for Salmonella enterica Serovar Typhimurium To Breach the Intestinal Epithelium: Evidence That Salmonella Pathogenicity Island 1 Has Alternative Functions during Infection

ABSTRACT Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium invasion genes are necessary for bacterial invasion of intestinal epithelial cells and are thought to allow salmonellae to enter and cross the intestinal epithelium during infection. Many invasion genes are encoded on Salmonella pathogenicity island 1 (SPI1), and their expression is activated by HilA, a transcription factor also encoded on SPI1. We have studied the role ofSalmonella invasion genes during infection of mice following intragastric inoculation. We have found that strains containing a mutation in hilA orinvG were recovered from the intestinal contents, intestinal tissues, and systemic tissues at a lower frequency than their parental wild-type strain. In contrast, a strain in which SPI1 is deleted was recovered from infected mice at a frequency similar to that of its parental wild-type strain. The ΔSPI1 phenotype indicates that S. enterica does not require invasion genes to cross the intestinal epithelium and infect systemic tissues. This result has forced us to reconsider the long-held belief that invasion genes directly mediate bacterial infection of the intestinal mucosa and traversion of the intestinal barrier during infection. Instead, our results suggest that hilA is required for bacterial colonization of the host intestine. The seemingly contradictory phenotype of the ΔSPI1 mutant suggests that deletion of another gene(s) encoded on SPI1 suppresses thehilA mutant defect. We propose a model for S. enterica pathogenesis in which hilA and invasion genes are required for salmonellae to overcome a host clearance response elicited by another SPI1 gene product(s).