Efficient means of Achieving Composability using Transactional Memory

The major focus of software transaction memory systems (STMs) has been to facilitate the multiprocessor programming and provide parallel programmers with an abstraction for fast development of the concurrent and parallel applications. Thus, STMs allow the parallel programmers to focus on the logic of parallel programs rather than worrying about synchronization. Heart of such applications is the underlying concurrent data-structure. The design of the underlying concurrent data-structure is the deciding factor whether the software application would be efficient, scalable and composable. However, achieving composition in concurrent data structures such that they are efficient as well as easy to program poses many consistency and design challenges. We say a concurrent data structure compose when multiple operations from same or different object instances of the concurrent data structure can be glued together such that the new operation also behaves atomically. For example, assume we have a linked-list as the concurrent data structure with lookup, insert and delete as the atomic operations. Now, we want to implement the new move operation, which would delete a node from one position of the list and would insert into the another or same list. Such a move operation may not be atomic(transactional) as it may result in an execution where another process may access the inconsistent state of the linked-list where the node is deleted but not yet inserted into the list. Thus, this inability of composition in the concurrent data structures may hinder their practical use. In this context, the property of compositionality provided by the transactions in STMs can be handy. STMs provide easy to program and compose transactional interface which can be used to develop concurrent data structures thus the parallel software applications. However, whether this can be achieved efficiently is a question we would try to answer in this thesis. Most of the STMs proposed in the literature are based on read/write primitive operations(or methods) on memory buffers and hence denoted RWSTMs. These lower level read/write primitive operations do not provide any other useful information except that a write operation always needs to be ordered with any other read or write. Thus limiting the number of possible concurrent executions. In this thesis, we consider Object-based STMs or OSTMs which operate on higher level objects rather than read/write operations on memory locations. The main advantage of considering OSTMs is that with the greater semantic information provided by the methods of the object, the conflicts among the transactions can be reduced and as a result, the number of aborts will also be less. This allows for larger number of permissive concurrent executions leading to more concurrency. Hence, OSTMs could be an efficient means of achieving composability of higher-level operations in the software applications using the concurrent data structures. This would allow parallel programmers to leverage underlying multi-core architecture. To design the OSTM, we have adopted the transactional tree model developed for databases. We extend the traditional notion of conflicts and legality to higher level operations in STMs which allows efficient composability. Using these notions we define the standard STM correctness notion of Conflict-Opacity. The OSTM model can be easily extended to implement concurrent lists, sets, queues or other concurrent data structures. We use the proposed theoretical OSTM model to design HT-OSTM an OSTM with underlying hash table object. We noticed that major concurrency hot-spot is the chaining data structure within the hash table. So, we have used Lazyskip-list approach which is time efficient compared to normal lists in terms of traversal overhead. At the transactional level, we use timestamp ordering protocol to ensure that the executions are conflict-opaque. We provide a detailed handcrafted proof of correctness starting from operational level to the transactional level. At the operational level we show that HT-OSTM generates legal sequential history. At