Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
American journal of botany--past, present and future.

Change comes at regular intervals to the American Journal of Botany (AJB). It comes when a term ends for an Editor-inChief. It comes when the paradigms of our discipline shift and with the relentless advance of scientific techniques and technologies. The first type of change is more readily observable, and with this issue, we officially bid farewell, and say thank you, to Karl J. Niklas, for his 10 outstanding years of diligent service as Editor-in-Chief of the American Journal of Botany. Karl and his team (Caroline Spellman, Office Manager; Elizabeth Lawson, Production Editor; Beth E. Hazen, Production Editor and lead Copy Editor; and Ellen Cotter, Copy Editor; and others over the years) have guided the AJB through some important innovations: institution of the online version of AJB, adoption of electronic manuscript submission and handling, compilation of all issues and volumes of AJB by JSTOR, and, most recently (October, 2004), production of a special 90th anniversary issue of AJB devoted to the plant tree of life. Their efforts, along with authors, reviewers and special editors, have made possible the publication of a timely, attractive, and informative journal, and the botanical community is indebted to them for this. I also extend my personal thanks for the gracious assistance Karl and his staff have provided during the transition to the new editorial team. Successful scientific journals also change with the science, and the current and historical tables of contents for AJB manifest a breadth and scope that might surprise current readers. The very first paper published in the AJB, volume 1, number 1 (January, 1914), was entitled ‘‘The development of Agaricus arvensis and A. comtulus. ’’ It was followed by a paper on floral morphology and genetics in Nicotiana (does this sound familiar to anyone? ), another mycological paper, and an article on abscission of branches in Impatiens. The first systematics paper appeared in number 5 (May, 1914), and number 7 (July, 1914) began a series of papers entitled ‘‘Investigations on the phylogeny of the angiosperms’’ (some things never change! ). Since then, AJB has contained papers marking the passage of botany through the ‘‘golden ages’’ of cytogenetics, plant hormone physiology, tissue culture, morphogenesis/experimental morphology, ultrastructure, isozyme analysis, population ecology, reproductive biology, DNA sequence analysis, cladistics, and other topics. Some disciplines, such as plant pathology, plant physiology, mycology and phycology have shifted largely to specialty journals, while others, such as paleobotany, run
Les inhibiteurs de l'excitation dans la genèse du fonctionnement psychique : de la décharge à la liaison

Les inhibiteurs de l’excitation dans la genese du Moi, pour les transformations dans le fonctionnement psychique : de la decharge a la liaison. Reprenant la genese du Moi, l’auteur fait l’hypothese d’une organisation visant, de plusieurs facons, a freiner les excitations tant exogenes qu’endogenes. Vont contribuer a ce complexe inhibiteur : les traces mnemoniques et l’hallucination, l’objet et le cadre de la cure, l’attention dans le Moi. L’inhibition, dont rendent compte ces divers mecanismes, vise a une transformation du fonctionnement psychique, par une liaison favorisant le passage des processus primaires en processus secondaires. Des vignettes cliniques viendront illustrer ces hypotheses. Pour tenir compte des defaillances du fonctionnement psychique des patients, l’auteur utilise la psychotherapie psychanalytique corporelle (dite aussi psychotherapie psychanalytique de relaxation Ajuriaguerrra) comme amenagement du cadre. Cela lui permet de montrer les transformations rendues possibles a partir du travail sur les expressions du langage corporel.
Inference Graphs: A Computational Structure Supporting Generation of Customizable and Correct Analysis Components

Amalia is a generator framework for constructing analyzers for operationally defined formal notations. These generated analyzers are components that are designed for customization and integration into a larger environment. The customizability, and efficiency of Amalia analyzers owe to a computational structure called an inference graph. This paper describes this structure, how inference graphs enable Amalia to generate analyzers for operational specifications, and how we build in assurance. On another level, this paper illustrates how to balance the need for assurance, which typically implies a formal proof obligation, against other design concerns, whose solutions leverage design techniques that are not (yet) accompanied by mature proof methods. We require Amalia-generated designs to be transparent with respect to the formal semantic models upon which they are based. Inference graphs are complex structures that incorporate many design optimizations. While not formally verifiable, their fidelity with respect to a formal operational semantics can be discharged by inspection.
A New Paradigm of Technology-Enabled ‘Vital Signs' for Early Detection of Health Change for Older Adults

Environmentally embedded (nonwearable) sensor technology is in continuous use in elder housing to monitor a new set of ‘vital signs' that continuously measure the functional status of older adults, detect potential changes in health or functional status, and alert healthcare providers for early recognition and treatment of those changes. Older adult participants' respiration, pulse, and restlessness are monitored as they sleep. Gait speed, stride length, and stride time are calculated daily, and automatically assess for increasing fall risk. Activity levels are summarized and graphically displayed for easy interpretation. Falls are detected when they occur and alerts are sent immediately to healthcare providers, so time to rescue may be reduced. Automated health alerts are sent to healthcare staff, based on continuously running algorithms applied to the sensor data, days and weeks before typical signs or symptoms are detected by the person, family members, or healthcare providers. Discovering these new functional status ‘vital signs', developing automated methods for interpreting them, and alerting others when changes occur have the potential to transform chronic illness management and facilitate aging in place through the end of life. Key findings of research in progress at the University of Missouri are discussed in this viewpoint article, as well as obstacles to widespread adoption.
Perceptions of Professional Counselors: Survey of College Student Views

Numerous sources of information influence how individuals perceive professional counselors. The stressors associated with entering college, developmental differences, and factors associated with service fees may further impact how college students view mental health professionals and may ultimately influence when, for what issues, and with whom they seek support. Individual perceptions of professional counselors furthermore impress upon the overall identity of the counseling profession. Two hundred and sixty-one undergraduate students were surveyed regarding their perceptions of professional counselors’ effectiveness and sources of information from which information was learned about counselors. Overall, counselors were viewed positively on the dimensions measured. The sources that most influenced perceptions were word of mouth, common knowledge, movies, school and education, friends, books, and television.
Child Strengths and the Level of Care for Children with Emotional and Behavioral Disorders

Child strengths have been recognized as an important variable in clinical decision making. In the present study, data were gathered on 270 children to determine how psychiatric symptoms, functioning, risk behaviors, and child strengths contributed to decisions about placement and intensity of services. Symptoms, functioning, and risk were found to be significantly related to child strengths, and children in home-like settings were found to possess significantly higher levels of strengths than children in nonhomelike settings. A series of logistic regression models demonstrated that child strengths were significantly associated with child placement, even after accounting for the effects of age, race, and level of risk.The data reveal an orderly relationship between child strengths and placement at varied levels of symptoms and risk.
HELMHOLTZ ON PERCEPTION: ITS PHYSIOLOGY AND DEVELOPMENT.

Marco Mumenthaler, Director der Neurologischen Universitatsklinik Inselspital, Bern. Price, $2.45 (DM 9,80). Pp 383. Georg Thieme Verlag, Stuttgart, Germany. A veritable flood of neurology texts continues to appear and one has difficulty in distinguishing one from another. This soft covered book on neurology by Dr. Mumenthaler is, however, a welcome exception to the usual dreary lot. It is easily carried in a pocket and so can be consulted when needed. The first part has a most excellent review of clinical methods and of the localizing value of abnormal neurological signs. Superb diagrams, tables, and line drawings of common neurological abnormalities encountered at the bedside make this section unique among pocket-sized neurology texts. The diagrams of normal and pathological roentgenographic and electromyographic findings, and of other special tests, are far superior to the often encountered unintelligible photographs. In the second part, neurologic diseases are adequately described, and judiciously selected references are given for those who might want further information, but this should not be necessary for undergraduates. The understanding of neurological disease is again facilitated by drawings and tables, some of which should be of use
Reorganisation of the Salivary Mucin Network by Dietary Components: Insights from Green Tea Polyphenols

The salivary mucins that include MUC5B (gel-forming) and MUC7 (non-gel-forming) are major contributors to the protective mucus barrier in the oral cavity, and it is possible that dietary components may influence barrier properties. We show how one dietary compound, the green tea polyphenol epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG), can substantially alter the properties of both the polymeric MUC5B network and monomeric MUC7. Using rate-zonal centrifugation, MUC5B in human whole saliva and MUC5B purified from saliva sedimented faster in the presence of EGCG. The faster sedimentation by EGCG was shown to be greater with increasing MUC5B concentration. Particle tracking microrheology was employed to determine the viscosity of purified MUC5B solutions and showed that for MUC5B solutions of 200–1600 µg/mL, EGCG caused a significant increase in mucin viscosity, which was greater at higher MUC5B concentrations. Visualisation of the changes to the MUC5B network by EGCG was performed using atomic force microscopy, which demonstrated increased aggregation of MUC5B in a heterogeneous manner by EGCG. Using trypsin-resistant, high-molecular weight oligosaccharide-rich regions of MUC5B and recombinant N-terminal and C-terminal MUC5B proteins, we showed that EGCG causes aggregation at the protein domains of MUC5B, but not at the oligosaccharide-rich regions of the mucin. We also demonstrated that EGCG caused the majority of MUC7 in human whole saliva to aggregate. Furthermore, purified MUC7 also underwent a large increase in sedimentation rate in the presence of EGCG. In contrast, the green tea polyphenol epicatechin caused no change in the sedimentation rate of either MUC5B or MUC7 in human whole saliva. These findings have demonstrated how the properties of the mucin barrier can be influenced by dietary components. In the case of EGCG, these interactions may alter the function of MUC5B as a lubricant, contributing to the astringency (dry puckering sensation) of green tea.
It's not black or white—on the range of vision and echolocation in echolocating bats

Around 1000 species of bats in the world use echolocation to navigate, orient, and detect insect prey. Many of these bats emerge from their roost at dusk and start foraging when there is still light available. It is however unclear in what way and to which extent navigation, or even prey detection in these bats is aided by vision. Here we compare the echolocation and visual detection ranges of two such species of bats which rely on different foraging strategies (Rhinopoma microphyllum and Pipistrellus kuhlii). We find that echolocation is better than vision for detecting small insects even in intermediate light levels (1–10 lux), while vision is advantageous for monitoring far-away landscape elements in both species. We thus hypothesize that, bats constantly integrate information acquired by the two sensory modalities. We suggest that during evolution, echolocation was refined to detect increasingly small targets in conjunction with using vision. To do so, the ability to hear ultrasonic sound is a prerequisite which was readily available in small mammals, but absent in many other animal groups. The ability to exploit ultrasound to detect very small targets, such as insects, has opened up a large nocturnal niche to bats and may have spurred diversification in both echolocation and foraging tactics.
Chronic Wasting Disease of Elk: Transmissibility to Humans Examined by Transgenic Mouse Models

Chronic wasting disease (CWD), a prion disease affecting free-ranging and captive cervids (deer and elk), is widespread in the United States and parts of Canada. The large cervid population, the popularity of venison consumption, and the apparent spread of the CWD epidemic are likely resulting in increased human exposure to CWD in the United States. Whether CWD is transmissible to humans, as has been shown for bovine spongiform encephalopathy (the prion disease of cattle), is unknown. We generated transgenic mice expressing the elk or human prion protein (PrP) in a PrP-null background. After intracerebral inoculation with elk CWD prion, two lines of “humanized” transgenic mice that are susceptible to human prions failed to develop the hallmarks of prion diseases after >657 and >756 d, respectively, whereas the “cervidized” transgenic mice became infected after 118–142 d. These data indicate that there is a substantial species barrier for transmission of elk CWD to humans.
The effect of hypoxia upon the partial pressure of gases in the blood and water afferent and efferent to the gills of rainbow trout.

1. The rate of oxygen uptake by rainbow trout does not alter during progressive deoxygenation of the environment. Blood lactate, however, shows a significant increase, indicating an increase in anaerobic metabolism during hypoxia. 2. The percentage utilization of oxygen from the water decreased from 55% to approximately 20% during hypoxia and was associated with a 13-fold increase in ventilation volume. 3. The arterial blood of a trout resting in aerated water was 95-100% saturated: the P o 2 was 122 mm. Hg and the P co 2 was 1-1.5 mm. Hg. 4. The venous blood of a resting trout was 70% saturated, had a P o 2 of 35 mm. Hg and a P co 2 , of 2.5 mm. Hg. 5. During hypoxia the percentage saturation of the arterial blood decreased to 37% and that of the venous blood to 3%. The P o 2 in the arterial blood was 10 mm. Hg; in the venous blood, 6 mm. Hg. The P co 2 in the arterial blood was 3.5-4 mm. Hg; in the venous blood, 4.5-5.00 mm. Hg respectively. 6. The ability of the fish to withstand hypoxia was related to the oxygen capacity of the blood, which was on average 9 vol.%. The red blood cells swelled during hypoxia, the hematocrit increased, but the red cell count did not alter. 7. Blood pH was 7.7, falling to 7.4 during hypoxia. 8. Cardiac output did not change during progressive hypoxia in the water, stroke volume increased to offset the decrease in heart rate.
Efficient tiling patterns for reconfigurable gate arrays

In this paper we present a few potentially efficient tiling patterns for gate-array realizations. We start with a brief recapitulation of tiling patterns, and fundamental limits of placement/routing in a two-dimensional plane. We state the first principles (i.e. Rent's Rule, Donath's result, equivalence of wire flux and wire length) and we proceed to define a method to mathematically evaluate tiling patterns basedon these principles. With this method we analyze a few regular tiling patterns and present a layout scheme for hexagonal and octagonal FPGAs. We briefly discuss the hierarchical gate array and we conclude with emphasis on the necessity of evolution of tiling patterns with the technology.
Postoperative Intravenous Morphine Consumption, Pain Scores, and Side Effects with Perioperative Oral Controlled-Release Oxycodone After Lumbar Discectomy

BACKGROUND: Oral opioid formulations contribute to postoperative analgesia. In this study, we evaluated the perioperative application of oral controlled-release oxycodone to reduce postoperative IV morphine consumption and opioid side effects after lumbar discectomy. METHODS: Forty patients scheduled for elective lumbar discectomy over 1 or 2 levels were included in this prospective, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study. Every 12 h patients received either 20 mg oral controlled-release oxycodone or placebo, from the evening before surgery until the second postoperative morning. All patients received IV morphine via a morphine patient-controlled analgesia device for postoperative analgesia. Acetaminophen 1 g was administered to all patients every 6 h. Postoperative IV morphine consumption was assessed separately for T0–T24 and T24–T48. Postoperative assessments were conducted every 6 h for the first 48 h after surgery. Postoperative analgesia assessments included pain at rest, during coughing, and with motion, using a visual analog scale. Nausea, vomiting, pruritus, sedation, and bowel function were also assessed every 6 h. Patients rated their satisfaction with postoperative analgesia 72 h postoperatively. RESULTS: Postoperative IV morphine consumption was significantly reduced during T0–T24 (26 ± 10 mg vs 52 ± 29 mg) and T24–T48 (13 ± 8 mg vs 33 ± 18 mg) in the controlled-release oxycodone group compared with that in the placebo group. Pain scores at rest, during coughing, and with motion were significantly lower during the first 48 postoperative hours in the controlled-release oxycodone group. Postoperative nausea and vomiting were significantly reduced during the first 24 h in the controlled-release oxycodone group. Lastly, the controlled-release oxycodone group also experienced significantly earlier recovery of bowel function and had higher patient satisfaction with pain therapy. CONCLUSIONS: Perioperative oral controlled-release oxycodone reduces postoperative IV morphine consumption after lumbar discectomy while providing good analgesia with fewer side effects compared with placebo.
Microarray Meta-Analysis and Cross-Platform Normalization: Integrative Genomics for Robust Biomarker Discovery

The diagnostic and prognostic potential of the vast quantity of publicly-available microarray data has driven the development of methods for integrating the data from different microarray platforms. Cross-platform integration, when appropriately implemented, has been shown to improve reproducibility and robustness of gene signature biomarkers. Microarray platform integration can be conceptually divided into approaches that perform early stage integration (cross-platform normalization) versus late stage data integration (meta-analysis). A growing number of statistical methods and associated software for platform integration are available to the user, however an understanding of their comparative performance and potential pitfalls is critical for best implementation. In this review we provide evidence-based, practical guidance to researchers performing cross-platform integration, particularly with an objective to discover biomarkers.
Successful treatment of refractory bleeding with recombinant factor VIIa after redo coronary artery bypass graft surgery.

POSTOPERATIVE BLEEDING complications in cardiac surgery occur in 3% to 5% of cases.1 Complex hemostatic alterations caused by hemodilution of the priming volume, loss of coagulation factors, fibrinolysis, and platelet function defects are the main reasons for increased postoperative blood loss.2 The growing number of patients scheduled for repeated coronary revascularization are a challenge to successful surgical hemostasis. Mortality in patients with bleeding complications after cardiac surgery is 2 to 3 times higher compared with nonbleeding patients.3,4 Recombinant factor VIIa (rFVIIa) has proved its clinical effectiveness in hemophiliacs, in patients with thrombocytopenia, and in patients with congenital platelet defects.5 In cardiac surgery, rFVIIa has been used successfully in patients with massive hemorrhages after operations for congenital heart defects and heart valve replacement in whom conventional hemostatic treatment did not stop the bleeding.6,7 The mechanism of action of rFVIIa is not yet fully understood. To the authors’ knowledge, this is the first report of a patient in whom severe oozing refractory to conventional hemostatic therapy occurred after third-time coronary artery bypass graft (CABG) surgery was successfully treated by a repeated infusion of rFVIIa.
Data Center TCP (DCTCP): TCP Congestion Control for Data Centers

This Informational RFC describes Data Center TCP (DCTCP): a TCP congestion control scheme for data-center traffic. DCTCP extends the Explicit Congestion Notification (ECN) processing to estimate the fraction of bytes that encounter congestion rather than simply detecting that some congestion has occurred. DCTCP then scales the TCP congestion window based on this estimate. This method achieves high- burst tolerance, low latency, and high throughput with shallow- buffered switches. This memo also discusses deployment issues related to the coexistence of DCTCP and conventional TCP, discusses the lack of a negotiating mechanism between sender and receiver, and presents some possible mitigations. This memo documents DCTCP as currently implemented by several major operating systems. DCTCP, as described in this specification, is applicable to deployments in controlled environments like data centers, but it must not be deployed over the public Internet without additional measures.