Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Antioxidant Properties of the Edible Basidiomycete Armillaria mellea in Submerged Cultures

Antioxidant components, ascorbic acid, total flavonoids and total phenols are produced effectively by Armillaria mellea submerged cultures. Dried mycelia and mycelia-free broths obtained by A. mellea submerged cultures are extracted with methanol and hot water and investigated for antioxidant properties. Methanolic extracts from dried mycelia (MEM) and mycelia-free broth (MEB) and hot water extracts from dried mycelia (HWEM) by A. mellea submerged cultures show good antioxidant properties as evidenced by low EC50 values (<10 mg/mL). Total flavonoid is mainly found in hot water extracts; however, total phenol is rich in methanol and hot water extracts from mycelia. Ascorbic acid and total phenol contents are well correlated with the reducing power and the scavenging effect on superoxide anions. Total flavonoid content is dependent on the antioxidant activity and the chelating effect on ferrous ions. Total antioxidant component contents are closely related to the antioxidant activity and the scavenging superoxide anion ability. Results confirm that extracts with good antioxidant properties from fermenting products by A. mellea are potential good substitutes for synthetic antioxidants and can be applied to antioxidant-related functional food and pharmaceutical industries.
Structure in online social networks: Bridging the micro-macro gap

In the past few years researchers have started examining macro structural properties of friendship and messaging relations in online social networks. However, research efforts seemed to disregard an important question: what micro processes create that structure? In this paper two modeling methods for examining micro forces that give rise to macro network patterns in online social networks are suggested: ERGM, exponential random graph models, and SIENA, an agent-based modeling approach for network dynamics. Applicability of the suggested approaches is evaluated, their limitations analyzed, and potential improvements of these models for the analysis of online social networks are suggested.
Bone Formation and Inflammation in Cardiac Valves

BackgroundFor nearly a century, the mechanical failure of calcified heart valves was attributed to a passive degenerative process. Recently, several case reports described bone formation in surgically excised heart valves and suggested an unexpected process of tissue repair. Methods and ResultsWe studied the prevalence and pathology of heterotopic ossification in 347 surgically excised heart valves (256 aortic, 91 mitral) in 324 consecutive patients (182 men, 142 women; mean age 68 years) who underwent cardiac valve replacement surgery between 1994 and 1998. The valves were examined microscopically to determine the prevalence and features of bone formation and remodeling. Two hundred eighty-eight valves (83%) had dystrophic calcification. Mature lamellar bone with hematopoietic elements and active bone remodeling were present in 36 valves (13%) with dystrophic calcification. Endochondral bone formation, similar to that seen in normal fracture repair, was identified in 4 valves. Microfractures were present in 92% of all valves with ossification. Neoangiogenesis was found in all valves with ossification. Bone morphogenetic proteins 2 and 4 (BMP 2/4), potent osteogenic morphogens, were expressed by myofibroblasts and preosteoblasts in areas adjacent to B- and T-lymphocyte infiltration in valves where ossification was identified. Mast cells were present in calcified and ossified valves and were especially prominent in atheromatous regions. ConclusionsHeterotopic ossification consisting of mature lamellar bone formation and active bone remodeling is a relatively common and unexpected finding in end-stage valvular heart disease and may be associated with repair of pathological microfractures in calcified cardiac valves.
3D printed biocompatible polylactide-hydroxyapatite based material for bone implants

ABSTRACT In many medical applications, there is a strong demand for biocompatible bone implants with complex shape. This demand can be satisfied by considering the opportunity of using additive manufacturing for printing bone implants from material based on polylactide and hydroxyapatite (HAP). Such composites with HAP mass ratio of 5–10% are known to possess very promising characteristics. In present work, the composite mixtures with HAP mass ration varying from 5% to 30% are successfully produced for the first time, and the parameters of filament extrusion and implant printing are determined for each obtained compound. The experimental investigation of the mechanical properties of the printed samples shows their high quality with strength values being on the level of the human sponge bones. At last, the considered material demonstrates a good wettability by body liquids and, thus, is potentially suitable for utilization in bone implants.
Essential functions of primate frontopolar cortex in cognition

Significance The frontopolar cortex (FPC) is a large region occupying the anterior portion of the brain’s frontal lobe, and has been suggested to play a role in complex, higher order behavior. However, the specific contributions of this area toward this type of behavior are still unclear. Using an animal model, we show that localized lesions to the FPC of nonhuman primates selectively impair the ability of the animal to learn rapidly about novel objects and rules, although sparing its ability to draw upon previously established knowledge about objects and rules. These findings suggest that the FPC makes a crucial contribution to the exploration and rapid acquisition of novel behavioral options, which is, in turn, an essential aspect of complex, higher order behavior. Brodmann’s area 10 is one of the largest cytoarchitecturally defined regions in the human cerebral cortex, occupying the most anterior part of the prefrontal cortex [frontopolar cortex (FPC)], and is believed to sit atop a prefrontal hierarchy. The crucial contributions that the FPC makes to cognition are unknown. Rodents do not possess such a FPC, but primates do, and we report here the behavioral effects of circumscribed FPC lesions in nonhuman primates. FPC lesions selectively impaired rapid one-trial learning about unfamiliar objects and unfamiliar objects-in-scenes, and also impaired rapid learning about novel abstract rules. Object recognition memory, shifting between established abstract behavioral rules, and the simultaneous application of two distinct rules were unaffected by the FPC lesion. The distinctive pattern of impaired and spared performance across these seven behavioral tasks reveals that the FPC mediates exploration and rapid learning about the relative value of novel behavioral options, and shows that the crucial contributions made by the FPC to cognition differ markedly from the contributions of other primate prefrontal regions.
Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics Atmospheric Hydrogen Peroxide and Organic Hydroperoxides during Pride-prd'06, China: Their Concentration, Formation Mechanism and Contribution to Secondary Aerosols

Atmospheric hydrogen peroxide (H 2 O 2) and organic hydroperoxides were measured from 18 to 30 July in 2006 during the PRIDE-PRD'06 campaign at Backgarden, a rural site located 48 km north of Guangzhou, a mega-city in southern China. A ground-based instrument was used as a scrubbing coil collector to sample ambient air, followed by on-site analysis by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) coupled with post-column derivatization and fluorescence detection. The H 2 O 2 mixing ratio over the 13 days ranged from below the detection limit to a maximum of 4.6 ppbv, with a mean (and standard deviation) of (1.26±1.24) ppbv during the daytime (08:00–20:00 LT). Methyl hydroperoxide (MHP), with a maximum of 0.8 ppbv and a mean (and standard deviation) of (0.28±0.10) ppbv during the daytime, was the dominant organic hydroperox-ide. Other organic peroxides, including bis-hydroxymethyl hydroperoxide (BHMP), peroxyacetic acid (PAA), hydrox-ymethyl hydroperoxide (HMHP), 1-hydroxy-ethyl hydroper-oxide (1-HEHP) and ethyl hydroperoxide (EHP), were detected occasionally. The concentration of H 2 O 2 exhibited a pronounced diurnal variation on sunny days, with a peak mixing ratio in the afternoon (12:00–18:00 LT), but lacked an explicit diurnal cycle on cloudy days. Sometimes a second peak mixing ratio of H 2 O 2 was observed during the evening, suggesting that H 2 O 2 was produced by the ozonolysis of alkenes. The diurnal variation profile of MHP was, in general , consistent with that of H 2 O 2. The estimation indicated that in the morning the H 2 O 2 detected was formed mostly through local photochemical activity, with the rest probably attributable to vertical transport. It is notable that relatively high levels of H 2 O 2 and MHP were found in polluted air. The unexpectedly high level of HO 2 radicals detected in this region can account for the production of hydroperoxides, while the moderate level of NO x suppressed the formation of hydroperoxides. High concentrations of hydroperoxides were detected in samples of rainwater collected in a heavy shower on 25 July when a typhoon passed through, indicating that a considerable mixing ratio of hydroperoxides, particularly MHP, resided above the boundary layer, which might be transported on a regional scale and further influence the redistribution of HO x and RO x radicals. It was found that hydroperoxides, in particular H 2 O 2 , play an important role in the formation of secondary sulfate in the aerosol phase, where the …
Travel-associated Antimicrobial Drug–Resistant Nontyphoidal Salmonellae, 2004–2009

To evaluate trends in and risk factors for acquisition of antimicrobial-drug resistant nontyphoidal Salmonella infections, we searched Oregon surveillance data for 2004–2009 for all culture-confirmed cases of salmonellosis. We defined clinically important resistance (CIR) as decreased susceptibility to ampicillin, ceftriaxone, ciprofloxacin, gentamicin, or trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole. Of 2,153 cases, 2,127 (99%) nontyphoidal Salmonella isolates were obtained from a specific source (e.g., feces, urine, blood, or other normally sterile tissue) and had been tested for drug susceptibility. Among these, 347 (16%) isolates had CIR. The odds of acquiring CIR infection significantly increased each year. Hospitalization was more likely for patients with than without CIR infections. Among patients with isolates that had been tested, we analyzed data from 1,813 (84%) who were interviewed. Travel to eastern or Southeast Asia was associated with increased CIR. Isolates associated with outbreaks were less likely to have CIR. Future surveillance activities should evaluate resistance with respect to international travel.
A Network Fabric for Scalable Multiprocessor Systems

Much of high performance technical computing has moved from shared memory architectures to message based cluster systems. The development and wide adoption of the MPI parallel programming model has hastened this transition. Parallel scaling, however, is frequently limited by the inefficient communication hardware commonly found in commodity based clusters. This paper describes a new communication network (the SiCortex fabric) employed in the SiCortex SC5832 integrated cluster system. The fabric switch and communications controller are integrated with a single-chip multiprocessor node and provides three point-to-point links per node chip. The resulting design provide slow latency, high bandwidth, reliable communication between the 972 nodes of the SiCortex system.
Engineering of baculovirus vectors for the manufacture of virion‐free biopharmaceuticals

A novel baculovirus‐based protein expression strategy was developed to produce recombinant proteins in insect cells without contaminating baculovirus virions. This novel strategy greatly simplifies the downstream processing of biopharmaceuticals produced in insect cells. The formation of these virions is prevented by deletion of a baculovirus gene essential for virion formation. The deletion is trans‐complemented in a transgenic insect cell line in which the baculovirus seed stock is produced. The Autographa californica multicapsid nucleopolyhedrovirus vp80 gene was selected for this purpose, as absence of VP80 prevented the formation of budded virus as well as occlusion‐derived virus, while foreign gene expression was not affected. Sf9 insect cells were engineered to functionally complement the vp80 deletion in the expression vector virus during seed stock production. The trans‐complemented vp80‐deletion baculovirus seed produced an amount of recombinant protein similar to that produced with conventional baculovirus vectors but without contaminating virions. This novel expression method obviates the need to purify the virions away from the biopharmaceuticals. Bioeng. 2011; 108:1056–1067. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
A Concise Representation of Geometry Suitable for Mesh Generation

We describe a new geometric representation scheme suitable for finite element mesh generation. The representation is by boundaries (i.e., brep) and relations between boundaries are stored as a directed acyclic graph. The geometry itself is based on NURBS curves and surfaces. The new geometry proposal has been been adopted by the CornellMississippi State joint ITR project. We describe why the geometric representation scheme is well-suited for mesh generation and engineering analysis.
Updating control modes based on terrain classification

The need for terrain-dependent control systems on AGVs is evident when considering the variety of outdoor terrains many AGVs encounter. Although the idea of using terrain classification algorithms to identify the terrain and then update the control modes is well-established, the problem of how to intelligently update the control modes based on classifications has been left relatively unaddressed. This paper presents a simplistic rule, called the update rule, which decides when to change control modes based on past and present terrain classifications and is tuned using empirical data. Using experimental data from the eXperimental Unmanned Vehicle (XUV) mobile robot, this update rule is shown here to be both robust to misclassifications as well as sensitive to terrain transitions. This paper also develops and implements a sliding horizon approach to reaction-based terrain classification for improved sensitivity to terrain transitions. The update rule structure presented here is applicable to reaction- and vision-based terrain classification of individual terrains.
Annotating Table Headers Based on Semantic Web Resources

—Tables offer an often used way to represent information for the human reader. But as long as those tables are not annotated with semantic information they are meaningless to machines. In this work a methodology is proposed to annotate the headers of table columns with semantic types by creating a ranking of possible column headers based on the column cells. In the performed experiments on 10 independent columns a mean average precision value of about 0.7 was achieved. Moreover experiments showed that on average only 15 cells have to be considered to gain good results. Therefore performance does not depend on the number of rows of the table.
A Theoretical Basis for Run-time Monitoring of Contracts ⋆

Electronic inter-organizational relationships are gover ned by contracts regulating their interaction. It is necessary to run-time m onitor the contracts, as to guarantee their fulfillment as well as the enforcement of p enalties in case of violations. The present work shows how to obtain a run-time mon itor for contracts written in CL, a specification language that allows writing conditional o b igations, permissions and prohibitions over actions. We first g ive a trace semantics for CL which formalizes the notion of a trace fulfills a contract . We show how to obtain, for a given contract, a linear-size alternating Büc hi automaton accepting exactly the traces which fulfill the contract. This automato n is the basis for obtaining a finite state machine which acts as a run-time monito r for CL contracts.
Nanotechnology: Future of Oncotherapy

Recent advances in nanotechnology have established its importance in several areas including medicine. The myriad of applications in oncology range from detection and diagnosis to drug delivery and treatment. Although nanotechnology has attracted a lot of attention, the practical application of nanotechnology to clinical cancer care is still in its infancy. This review summarizes the role that nanotechnology has played in improving cancer therapy, its potential for affecting all aspects of cancer care, and the challenges that must be overcome to realize its full promise. Clin Cancer Res; 21(14); 3121–30. ©2015 AACR.
On the Performance of Maximum Likelihood Inverse Reinforcement Learning

Inverse reinforcement learning (IRL) addresses the problem of recovering a task description given a demonstration of the optimal policy used to solve such a task. The optimal policy is usually provided by an expert or teacher, making IRL specially suitable for the problem of apprenticeship learning. The task description is encoded in the form of a reward function of a Markov decision process (MDP). Several algorithms have been proposed to find the reward function corresponding to a set of demonstrations. One of the algorithms that has provided best results in different applications is a gradient method to optimize a policy squared error criterion. On a parallel line of research, other authors have presented recently a gradient approximation of the maximum likelihood estimate of the reward signal. In general, both approaches approximate the gradient estimate and the criteria at different stages to make the algorithm tractable and efficient. In this work, we provide a detailed description of the different methods to highlight differences in terms of reward estimation, policy similarity and computational costs. We also provide experimental results to evaluate the differences in performance of the methods.
DDCT: detecting density differences using a novel clustering technique

Data clustering plays an important role in various fields. Data clustering approaches have been presented in recent decades. Identifying clusters with widely differing shapes, sizes and densities in the presence of noise and outliers is challenging. Many density-based clustering algorithms, such as DBSCAN, can locate arbitrary shapes, sizes and filter noise, but cannot identify clusters based on differences in densities. Although the DD-DBSCAN algorithm can detect clusters with different densities, its time cost is considerable. This work presents a novel clustering method called DDCT (Density Difference by Clustering Technique), which is an extension of the existing DD-DBSCAN approach. The simulation reveals that the proposed approach derives clusters widely differing shapes, sizes and noise. Moreover, the proposed method can locate clusters with different densities rapidly. DDCT outperforms DD-DBSCAN.
Activation of Intracellular Metabotropic Glutamate Receptor 5 in Striatal Neurons Leads to Up-regulation of Genes Associated with Sustained Synaptic Transmission Including Arc/Arg3.1 Protein*

Background: Many GPCRs including mGluR5 are expressed on cell surface and intracellular membranes although their intracellular functions are unknown. Results: Activation of intracellular mGluR5 in neurons up-regulates many genes associated with synaptic plasticity like Arc. Conclusion: Intracellular mGluR5 is critical for synaptic plasticity. Significance: Learning how intracellular mGluR5 signals is crucial for understanding neurodevelopmental disorders with disrupted synaptic plasticity like fragile X and autism. The G-protein coupled receptor, metabotropic glutamate receptor 5 (mGluR5), is expressed on both cell surface and intracellular membranes in striatal neurons. Using pharmacological tools to differentiate membrane responses, we previously demonstrated that cell surface mGluR5 triggers rapid, transient cytoplasmic Ca2+ rises, resulting in c-Jun N-terminal kinase, Ca2+/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase, and cyclic adenosine 3′,5′-monophosphate-responsive element-binding protein (CREB) phosphorylation, whereas stimulation of intracellular mGluR5 induces long, sustained Ca2+ responses leading to the phosphorylation of extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK1/2) and Elk-1 (Jong, Y. J., Kumar, V., and O'Malley, K. L. (2009) J. Biol. Chem. 284, 35827–35838). Using pharmacological, genetic, and bioinformatics approaches, the current findings show that both receptor populations up-regulate many immediate early genes involved in growth and differentiation. Activation of intracellular mGluR5 also up-regulates genes involved in synaptic plasticity including activity-regulated cytoskeletal-associated protein (Arc/Arg3.1). Mechanistically, intracellular mGluR5-mediated Arc induction is dependent upon extracellular and intracellular Ca2+ and ERK1/2 as well as calmodulin-dependent kinases as known chelators, inhibitors, and a dominant negative Ca2+/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II construct block Arc increases. Moreover, intracellular mGluR5-induced Arc expression requires the serum response transcription factor (SRF) as wild type but not SRF-deficient neurons show this response. Finally, increased Arc levels due to high K+ depolarization is significantly reduced in response to a permeable but not an impermeable mGluR5 antagonist. Taken together, these data highlight the importance of intracellular mGluR5 in the cascade of events associated with sustained synaptic transmission.
A Dimension‐reduced Pressure Solver for Liquid Simulations

This work presents a method for efficiently simplifying the pressure projection step in a liquid simulation. We first devise a straightforward dimension reduction technique that dramatically reduces the cost of solving the pressure projection. Next, we introduce a novel change of basis that satisfies free‐surface boundary conditions exactly, regardless of the accuracy of the pressure solve. When combined, these ideas greatly reduce the computational complexity of the pressure solve without compromising free surface boundary conditions at the highest level of detail. Our techniques are easy to parallelize, and they effectively eliminate the computational bottleneck for large liquid simulations.