Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Comportement hydro-thermique d'un écoulement de fluide dans une fracture rugueuse : modélisation et application à des massifs fracturés

Dans de nombreux reservoirs geothermiques profonds, l'echangeur thermique est un massif de roches chaudes fracturees. Comment la morphologie des fractures influence-t-elle le flux hydraulique et le champ de temperature lorsque de l'eau froide est injectee dans ce milieu ? Cette question est abordee a l'echelle de la fracture, de maniere numerique, a l'aide de deux methodes : par differences finies, en 2D, et par methode de Boltzmann sur reseau, en 3D. Les calculs en differences finies montrent qu'une ouverture auto-affine induit une variabilite spatiale du flux hydraulique et du champ de temperature. Dans certains cas, il se cree une chenalisation du fluide, qui reduit l'efficacite du transfert thermique entre la roche et le fluide. Ces caracteristiques hydro-thermiques sont essentiellement engendrees par les plus grandes longueurs d'ondes de ces ouvertures auto-affines. Une premiere application a grande echelle, dimensionnee suivant les caracteristiques du site geothermique de Soultz-sous-Forets (Alsace, France), est proposee. Une deuxieme application consiste a evaluer la permeabilite du sous-sol de Draix (Alpes, France). Pour cela, la geometrie de fractures presentes dans le sous-sol est caracterisee precisement a partir de carottes geologiques. La topographie des fractures, mesuree avec un laser, est utilisee pour reconstituer la morphologie de l'ouverture des fractures. Ces donnees sont utilisees pour quantifier la permeabilite, ici elevee -- de l'ordre de 10^-9-10^-8 m^2. A l'aide de methodes de Boltzmann sur reseau, la modelisation du comportement hydro-thermique dans des fractures presentant une topographie avec de fortes pentes est abordee. Au voisinage d'une asperite de forme simple, le comportement hydro-thermique modelise est tres different (recirculation) de celui dans le reste de la fracture. L'ensemble de ces modelisations suggere qu'il est necessaire de prendre en compte la morphologie des fractures pour estimer le comportement hydro-thermique en geothermie.
Avaliação do Algoritmo Evolutivo Mopso na Calibração Multiobjetivo do Modelo SMAP no Estado do Ceará

This paper presents an evaluation of a multiobjective optimization procedure for calibration of watershed models in the State of Ceara, Brazil. We employ the Multi-Objective Particle Swarm Optimization (MOPSO) algorithm to calibrate the conceptual rainfall-runoff model SMAP with two different pairs of objective functions. The paper investigates the role of the choice of objective functions in the definition of the parameter set and the ability of MOPSO to both find the optimum of each object function and represent the Pareto front properly.
Insecure attachment during infancy predicts greater amygdala volumes in early adulthood

Background The quality of the early environment is hypothesized to be an influence on morphological development in key neural areas related to affective responding, but direct evidence to support this possibility is limited. In a 22-year longitudinal study, we examined hippocampal and amygdala volumes in adulthood in relation to early infant attachment status, an important indicator of the quality of the early caregiving environment. Methods Participants (N = 59) were derived from a prospective longitudinal study of the impact of maternal postnatal depression on child development. Infant attachment status (24 Secure; 35 Insecure) was observed at 18 months of age, and MRI assessments were completed at 22 years. Results In line with hypotheses, insecure versus secure infant attachment status was associated with larger amygdala volumes in young adults, an effect that was not accounted for by maternal depression history. We did not find early infant attachment status to predict hippocampal volumes. Conclusions Common variations in the quality of early environment are associated with gross alterations in amygdala morphology in the adult brain. Further research is required to establish the neural changes that underpin the volumetric differences reported here, and any functional implications.
Explaining the Skewed Child Sex Ratio in Rural India: Revisiting the Landholding-Patriarchy Hypothesis

Examining the direct relevance of the landholding-patriarchy hypothesis to the dynamics of sex discrimination and family-building strategies in rural India, this paper presents evidence that indicates the child sex ratio varies greatly when stratified by size of household landholdings. The results suggest that this hypothesis can be effectively used to study the future implications of the process of demographic masculinisation in the country.
The minimum accuracy value as an index of classification accuracy

In a time division multiplexing transmission system for transmitting video signals and a plurality of channels of PCM-TDM audio signals alternately, the video and audio signals being divided into video and audio frames, each of which has an equal time duration of a predetermined unit frame period, and the video and audio signals being transmitted in a sequence of one video frame and subsequently first and second audio frames, two groups of audio signals are multiplexed in time division in the form of a PCM signal so as to form first and second signal series of PCM-TDM audio signals, each of which series contains a plurality of PCM frames having a PCM frame period equal to an integer ratio of a predetermined period of the horizontal synchronizing signal and including a plurality of PCM time slots to which the PCM-TDM audio signals are allotted in a predetermined PCM time slot sequence in which a real signal to be reproduced directly and a memory signal to be reproduced after temporary storage are gathered separately to one another, under control of a PCM synchronizing signal having a period equal to an integer ratio of the predetermined period, whereby the configuration of apparatus for regenerating synchronizing signals in a receiver can be simplified and also the receiver can be manufactured easily and cheaply.
Comparative Glacier Photographs from Northern Alaska

Abstract Early photographs of a cirque glacier complex in the Arrigetch Peaks of the south-central Brooks Range date from 1911, and are the second oldest known set of glacier photographs from northern Alaska. Matching photographs and supplementary observations made in 1962 indicate that changes over the past 51 yr. in this area include general glacial recession and thinning, the emergence of pronounced trimlines and partial melting of ice cores beneath recent moraines. Renewed post-hypsithermal glacial activity in the Arrigetch Peaks area attained two maxima in the recent past. The younger moraines lie close to glacier positions shown in the 1911 photographs, contain ice cores which extend practically to their surfaces and were probably formed in the latter part of the nineteenth century. More weathered deposits, underlain by ice cores at relatively greater depths, were formed at some unknown earlier date. The moraines are correlated with the two-substage recent Fan Mountain advance of northern Alaska and may correspond to dated mid-eighteenth century and middle to late nineteenth century advances of alpine glaciers in the north Pacific coastal mountains of North America.
Geotechnical and Ecological Aspects of Locasing Snow Fields on the Urbanized Territory (Yuzhno-Sakhalinsk)

One of the difficult geological and environmental problems is the selection of the areas for the snow fields. At present, this problem is not solved satisfactorily. When storing a large amount of contaminated snow the formation of areas of permafrost is observed which are not characteristic of Southern Sakhalin. Snowmelt processes have a significant impact on the change in the composition and physical and chemical properties of soils of the landfill surface and the change in moisture and the degree of water saturation of soil strata reduces their strength properties. In addition, contaminated water from the landfill flows into nearby bodies of water, having a negative impact on the biota/
Beyond periodic compressions of random microstructures

The paper presents a concept/technique to compress and synthesize complex material morphologies that is based on Wang tilings. Specifically, a microstructure is stored in a set of Wang tiles and its reconstruction is performed by means of a stochastic tiling algorithm. A substantial part of the study is devoted to the setup of optimal parameters of the automatic tile design by means of parametric studies with statistical descriptors at heart. The performance of the method is demonstrated on four two-dimensional twophase target systems, monodisperse media with hard and soft discs, sandstone, and high porosity metallic foam.
VEGETATION MEASUREMENTS FROM DIGITAL ASTRONAUT PHOTOGRAPHY

Astronaut photography of cities collected during Apollo, Skylab, Shuttle, Mir, and International Space Station missions provides a useful dataset for urban analysis that complements the satellite data archive. Recent astronaut photography acquired with digital cameras is now approaching the ground resolutions of commercial satellites such as IKONOS (i.e. less than 6 m/pixel). Astronaut photographs are a relevant source of data for urban analyses, particularly for studies that do not have the resources to purchase commercial-quality data. The CCD image sensors in the cameras currently used for astronaut photography are sensitive to the infrared portion of the electromagnetic spectrum, but infrared signal is filtered out above 700 μm. As such, the digital camera data contain less information on actively synthesizing vegetation than they would with an infrared signal included. We present an analysis of aboveground biomass (i.e. actively photosynthesizing vegetation) derived from astronaut photography of the Paris, France metropolitan area acquired on April 24, 2002 using a Kodak DCS 760C electronic still camera aboard the International Space Station. The accuracy of biomass estimation obtained from the digital camera data is demonstrated by comparison with Advanced Spaceborne Thermal Emission and Reflection Radiometer visible to near infrared data for Paris acquired on April 8, 2002. Correlations of bands between the two instruments allow interpretation of the identified vegetation and soil classes. Collection of astronaut photography over global urban centers is ongoing and planned for future orbital missions, and will be a useful addition to ongoing studies of urban ecosystem change, sustainability, and resilience.
Compression and Localization in Reinforcement Learning for ATARI Games

Deep neural networks have become commonplace in the domain of reinforcement learning, but are often expensive in terms of the number of parameters needed. While compressing deep neural networks has of late assumed great importance to overcome this drawback, little work has been done to address this problem in the context of reinforcement learning agents. This work aims at making first steps towards model compression in an RL agent. In particular, we compress networks to drastically reduce the number of parameters in them (to sizes less than 3% of their original size), further facilitated by applying a global max pool after the final convolution layer, and propose using Actor-Mimic in the context of compression. Finally, we show that this global max-pool allows for weakly supervised object localization, improving the ability to identify the agent's points of focus.
Flow-level QoS guarantees in IEEE 802.11e EDCA-based WLANs

Les xarxes WLANs possibiliten un acces de banda ampla a Internet des d'un terminal mobil, essent una possible solucio alternativa a les xarxes cel·lulars. Tanmateix, aquest tipus de tecnologia presenta certes limitacions, com es la dificil coexistencia entre fluxos de trafic rigids (VoIP) i fluxos de trafic elastic (TCP), degut al propi protocol d'acces al medi. En aquesta tesi es proposa la utilitzacio d'un nou mecanisme de control d'admissio que utilitzant el nou estandard de qualitat de servei en xarxes WLAN (EDCA). La utilitzacio del mecanisme de control d'admissio millora notablement les prestacions que es poden obtenir de la xarxa, solucionant les diferents limitacions de la tecnologia. Per a l'avaluacio i optimitzacio del mecanisme de control d'admissio s'ha desenvolupat un conjunt d'eines matematiques que permeten capturar tant la dinamica del protocol d'acces com el comportament dels diferents fluxos de trafic multimedia que s'han consideren (VoIP i trafic elastic, TCP).
Analysis of Some Optimization Techniques for Regularization of Inverse Problems.

The main objective in inverse problems is to approximate some unknown parameters or attributes of interest, given some measurements that are only indirectly related to these parameters. This type of problem appears in many areas of science, engineering and industry. Examples can be found in medical computerized tomography, groundwater flow modeling, etc. In the process of solving these problems often appears an instability phenomenon known as ill-posedness which requires regularization. Ill-posedness is related to the fact that the presence of even a small amount of noise in the data can lead to enormous errors in the approximated solution. Different regularization techniques have been proposed in the literature. In this thesis our focus is put on Total Variation regularization. We study the total variation regularization for both image denoising and image deblurring problems. Three algorithms for total variation regularization will be analysed, namely the split Bregman algorithms, the Alternating Direction Method of Multipliers and the Rudin Osher Fatemi denoising model on the graph. We experiment these algorithms for different implementation examples and compare their performance for denoising problems. Our observation is that these algorithms are comparable in many cases, often times the Split Bregman algorithm is faster in the sense that it achieves a given number of iterations in a shorter running time, but at the same time even though the ROF model on the graph seems slower, it achieves a desired or a prescribed precision with fewer number of iterations.
The weather and climate of Australia at the Last Glacial Maximum

The global climate has experienced four glacial cycles in the last 420,000 years, with each cycle characterised by a prolonged period of cooling culminating in maximal glaciation followed by a brief warm period. The most recent period of maximal glaciation is termed the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM) and occurred about 21,000 years ago. We currently live in one of the warm periods. The global climate is changing, and it is becoming more important to understand the extremes of the climate system and how well our modelling capability can capture those extremes. There has been a modelling intercomparison project established to examine how global general circulation models compare in simulating past climates, including the LGM. Analysis and comparison of these model results has been presented for many parts of the globe, but there has not been a comparison of the different model results over the Australian region. This thesis aims to fill that gap and explore the simulated LGM weather and climate of Australia and its drivers in more detail. Comparison with proxy evidence is also undertaken, and inconsistencies seen in the literature addressed. The Australian climate at the LGM was believed to be generally cooler, drier and possibly windier from proxy evidence in the literature. In the comparison done here the mean temperature and precipitation fields from most models show cooler and drier conditions, with some seasonal variability, but there are some strong outliers. It was found that the differences were not dependent on model resolution, but that the surface parameterisation were highly important for these fields. The shifts in the circulation were examined both in the model results and with a study of the non-linear link between the wind, surface moisture and dunes, which are a proxy for past winds. All the models simulate a southward shift in the westerlies in the Australian region. This is strongly driven by the prescribed sea-surface temperatures. Australia’s current wind regime is
Predicting dependences using domain‐based coupling

Software dependences play a vital role in programme comprehension, change impact analysis and other software maintenance activities. Traditionally, these activities are supported by source code analysis; however, the source code is sometimes inaccessible or difficult to analyse, as in hybrid systems composed of source code in multiple languages using various paradigms (e.g. object‐oriented programming and relational databases). Moreover, not all stakeholders have adequate knowledge to perform such analyses. For example, non‐technical domain experts and consultants raise most maintenance requests; however, they cannot predict the cost and impact of the requested changes without the support of the developers. We propose a novel approach to predicting software dependences by exploiting the coupling present in domain‐level information. Our approach is independent of the software implementation; hence, it can be used to approximate architectural dependences without access to the source code or the database. As such, it can be applied to hybrid systems with heterogeneous source code or legacy systems with missing source code. In addition, this approach is based solely on information visible and understandable to domain users; therefore, it can be efficiently used by domain experts without the support of software developers. We evaluate our approach with a case study on a large‐scale enterprise system, in which we demonstrate how up to 65% of the source code dependences and 77% of the database dependences are predicted solely based on domain information. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Modelling space–time varying ENSO teleconnections to droughts in North America

Teleconnection in atmospheric science refers to a significant correlation between climate anomalies in widely separated regions (typically thousands of kilometres), and it is often considered to be responsible for extreme weather conditions occurring simultaneously over large distances. In this paper, we study the influence of El Niño‐Southern Oscillation teleconnection on meteorological droughts represented by the Palmer severity drought index across North America from 1870 to 1990. We develop a flexible statistical framework based on spatial random effects to model the covariance (teleconnection) between winter (October–March) sea surface temperature in the tropical Pacific and summer (June–August) droughts in North America. Our model allows us to analyse the dynamic pattern of teleconnection over space and time, and results indicate that the influence of El Niño‐Southern Oscillation teleconnections on droughts varies spatially and temporally across North America. We further provide the time‐varying teleconnection estimates with their uncertainties for 12 subregions in North America. Copyright ©2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
On Learning Non-Convergent Short-Run MCMC Toward Energy-Based Model

This paper studies a curious phenomenon in learning energy-based model (EBM) using MCMC. In each learning iteration, we generate synthesized examples by running a non-convergent, non-mixing, and non-persistent short-run MCMC toward the current model, always starting from the same initial distribution such as uniform noise distribution, and always running a fixed number of MCMC steps. After generating synthesized examples, we then update the model parameters according to the maximum likelihood learning gradient, as if the synthesized examples are fair samples from the current model. We treat this non-convergent short-run MCMC as a learned generator model or a flow model, with the initial image serving as the latent variables, and discard the learned EBM. We provide arguments for treating the learned non-convergent short-run MCMC as a valid model. We show that the learned short-run MCMC is capable of generating realistic images. Moreover, unlike traditional EBM or MCMC, the learned short-run MCMC is also capable of reconstructing observed images and interpolating different images, like generator model or flow model. The code can be found in the Appendix.
A Comparative Assessment of the Impact of Various Norms on Wasserstein Generative Adversarial Networks

A Comparative Assessment of the Impact of Various Norms on Wasserstein Generative Adversarial Networks Chandini Ramesh, M.S. Rochester Institute of Technology, 2019 Supervisor: Dr. Reynold Bailey Generative Adversarial Networks (GANs) provide a fascinating new paradigm in machine learning and artificial intelligence, especially in the context of unsupervised learning. GANs are quickly becoming a state of the art tool, used in various applications such as image generation, image super resolutions, text generation, text to image synthesis to name a few. However, GANs potential is restricted due to the various training difficulties. To overcome the training difficulties of GANs, the use of a more powerful measure of dissimilarity via the use of the Wasserstein distance was proposed. Thereby giving birth to the GAN extension known as Wasserstein Generative Adversarial Networks (WGANs).
Mathematical Markup Language (MathML) Version 3.0

This specification defines the Mathematical Markup Language, or MathML. MathML is a markup language for describing mathematical notation and capturing both its structure and content. The goal of MathML is to enable mathematics to be served, received, and processed on the World Wide Web, just as HTML has enabled this functionality for text. This specification of the markup language MathML is intended primarily for a readership consisting of those who will be developing or implementing renderers or editors using it, or software that will communicate using MathML as a protocol for input or output. It is not a User’s Guide but rather a reference document. MathML can be used to encode both mathematical notation and mathematical content. About thirtyeight of the MathML tags describe abstract notational structures, while another about one hundred and seventy provide a way of unambiguously specifying the intended meaning of an expression. Additional chapters discuss how the MathML content and presentation elements interact, and how MathML renderers might be implemented and should interact with browsers. Finally, this document addresses the issue of special characters used for mathematics, their handling in MathML, their presence in Unicode, and their relation to fonts.
Exact Solutions to the Focusing Nonlinear Schr¨odinger Equation Ima Preprint Series # 2157 Exact Solutions to the Focusing Nonlinear Schr¨odinger Equation

A method is presented to construct certain explicit solutions to the focusing cubic nonlinear Schrödinger equation on the line. Such solutions involve algebraic combinations of polynomials, trigonometric functions, and exponential functions of x and t. In a particular case, the analytic extensions of such solutions to the entire xt-plane yield soliton solutions where the number of solitons, the multiplicity of poles, and the norming constants are easily specified. In the general case, such solutions are well behaved in those regions in the xt-plane where a key determinant function is nonzero. The compact form of such solutions via matrix exponentials makes their symbolic and numerical evaluations easy.