Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
M3119 - BRUNI TEXT.indd

By a selfregarding actor we mean an individual who maximizes his own payoff in social interactions. A selfregarding actor thus cares about the behavior of and payoffs to the other individuals only insofar as these impact his own payoff. The term ‘selfregarding’ is more accurate than ‘selfinterested’ because an otherregarding individual is still acting to maximize utility and so can be described as selfinterested. For instance, if I get great pleasure from your consumption, my gift to you may be selfinterested, even though it is surely otherregarding. We can avoid confusion (and much pseudophilosophical discussion) by employing the selfregarding/otherregarding terminology. One major result of behavioral game theory is that when modeling market processes with wellspecified contracts, such as double auctions (supply and demand) and oligopoly, gametheoretic predictions assuming selfregarding actors are accurate under a wide variety of social settings (see Kachelmaier and Shehata, 1992; Davis and Holt, 1993). The fact that selfregarding behavior explains market dynamics lends credence to the practice in neoclassical economics of assuming that individuals are selfregarding. However, it by no means justifies ‘Homo economicus’ because many economic transactions do not involve anonymous exchange. This includes employeremployee, creditordebtor, and firmclient relationships. Nor does this result apply to the welfare implications of economic outcomes (e.g., people may care about the overall degree of economic inequality and/or their positions in the income and wealth distribution), to modeling the behavior of taxpayers (e.g., they may be more or less honest than a selfregarding individual, and they may prefer to transfer resources toward or away from other individuals even at an expense to themselves) or to important aspects of economic policy (e.g., dealing with corruption, fraud, and other breaches of fiduciary responsibility). Otherregarding preferences were virtually ignored until recently in both economics and biology, although they are standard fare in anthropology, sociology, and social psychology. In economics, the notion that enlightened selfinterest allows individuals to cooperate in large groups goes back to Bernard Mandeville’s ‘private vices, public virtues’ (1924 [1705]) and Adam Smith’s ‘invisible hand’ (2000[1759]). The great Francis Ysidro Edgeworth considered selfinterest ‘the first principle of pure economics’ (Edgeworth 1925, p. 173). In biology, the selfishness principle has been touted as a central implication of rigorous evolutionary modeling. In The Selfish Gene (1976), for instance, Richard Dawkins asserts ‘We are survival machines – robot vehicles blindly programmed to preserve the selfish molecules known as genes. Let us try to teach generosity and altruism, because we are born selfish. ’ Similarly, in The Biology of Moral Systems (1987, p. 3), R.D. Alexander asserts that ‘ethics, morality, human conduct, and the human psyche are to be understood only if societies are seen as collections of indi-
Understanding ‘fairness’ in student selection: are there differences and does it make a difference anyway?

Universities are required to adopt ‘fair’ student admission practices, yet understandings of fairness in student selection are contested. This paper uses an analysis of the admission policies of Australia's public universities to critically examine the use and application of notions of fairness. A further analysis of enrolment data is used to contextualise policy rhetoric against admission practice. Three broad themes of fairness emerge: merit based, procedural and normative. Discursively, merit-based fairness is the preferred understanding of fairness. The enrolment data, however, indicate no relationship between how fairness is explicated and whether or not a university is more accessible to disadvantaged students. In practice, therefore, normative conceptualisations of fairness are the most influential, when normative fairness is understood as a reproduction of wider social inequities.
Millimeter Wave Communications With Symmetric Uniform Circular Antenna Arrays

This letter is concerned with the singular value characterization of fixed point-to-point millimeter wave channels with symmetric uniform circular antenna arrays (UCAs) at both the transmitter and receiver. We model the channel as a line-of-sight (LoS) multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) one and derive an explicit expression for all channel singular values. The asymptotic analysis when the end-to-end distance or the number of antenna elements goes to infinity is then developed. Numerical examples are provided to verify the validity of our discussions. The results in this letter show that the achievable multiplex gain is limited under such a system setting, regardless of the numbers of antennas at the transmitter/receiver. This observation provides benchmarks for the practical performance of UCA-based gigabits wireless communications over millimeter wave channels.
Linking stakeholder salience with mobile services diffusion

Using qualitative evidence from the Australian mobile telecommunications industry, this study employs social network theory to show how organisational stakeholders can use their salience to affect network interaction dynamics to influence mobile services diffusion. We found that carriers' definitive leverage brand loyalty to become influential stakeholders. Industry associations have ineffectively undertaken diverse mechanisms for achieving power for themselves and mobile end-users while the government regulator has successfully undertaken co-regulation to fulfil its end-user protection objectives. Our analysis explains, at least partially, the limited diffusion of mobile services in Australia.
Abnormal glucose metabolism and pancreatic cancer mortality.

CONTEXT Previous studies reported an increased risk of pancreatic cancer among persons with diabetes. Few data exist, however, on the association of postload plasma glucose concentration with pancreatic cancer, which could provide insight into the role of abnormal glucose metabolism in the etiology of pancreatic cancer. OBJECTIVE To determine the independent association between postload plasma glucose concentration and risk of pancreatic cancer mortality among persons without self-reported diabetes. DESIGN Prospective cohort study. SETTING AND PARTICIPANTS Employees of 84 Chicago-area organizations, with an average age of 40 years at baseline, were screened from 1963 to 1973 and followed up for an average of 25 years. A total of 96 men and 43 women died of pancreatic cancer among 20,475 men and 15,183 women, respectively. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Relationship of pancreatic cancer mortality with postload plasma glucose levels. RESULTS Compared with a postload plasma glucose level of 6.6 mmol/L (119 mg/dL) or less and after adjusting for age, race, cigarette smoking, and body mass index, the relative risks (95% confidence intervals) of pancreatic cancer mortality were 1.65 (1.05-2.60) for postload plasma glucose levels between 6.7 (120) and 8.8 (159) mmol/L (mg/dL); 1.60 (0.95-2.70) for levels between 8.9 (160) and 11.0 (199); and 2.15 (1.22-3.80) for levels of 11.1 (200) or more; P for trend=. 01. An association appeared to be stronger for men than women. Estimates were only slightly lower after excluding 11 men and 2 women who died of pancreatic cancer during the first 5 years of follow-up. In men only, higher body mass index and serum uric acid concentration also were independently associated with an elevated risk of pancreatic cancer mortality. CONCLUSION These results suggest that factors associated with abnormal glucose metabolism may play an important role in the etiology of pancreatic cancer. JAMA. 2000;283:2552-2558
Comprehension Testing in Informed Consent

Background: Incorporating comprehension testing into the informed consent process has been suggested as a method to verify that subjects understand the risks and requirements of research protocols. We analyzed our informed consent process and examined the utility of comprehension testing in a complex clinical study using subjective and objective measures. Methods: Healthy subjects taking part in a study of cholesterol absorption and metabolism were recruited for this sub-study and completed the informed consent process, which included a 20-item comprehension test evaluating study-specific risks and procedures. After completing the clinical study, they were reevaluated by a separate 47-item knowledge test that included general informed consent items, the identical 20-item comprehension test, and a self-assessment. Results: Twenty-five of 28 eligible subjects completed the study. All subjects scored well on the comprehension test (mean: 95.1%), and again when the same test was administered a year later (mean: 91.4%). Subjects scored lower on the separate knowledge test (75%), which indicated deficiencies in understanding certain risks of the study, compensation in the event of injury, the experimental nature of research, and certain study-specific concepts. Subjects rated face-to-face explanation of the study as most useful in helping them understand the study (96%), followed by reading the informed consent form (86%). Most subjects (24/25) thought comprehension testing was useful. Conclusions: Comprehension testing, when incorporated into the informed consent process, is a promising tool for verifying subject knowledge, particularly when complex clinical studies are involved. Further work to evaluate the process of administering informed consent and to improve participant knowledge of risk, compensation, and experimental nature of clinical research is warranted.
Belief Through Thick and Thin

We distinguish between two categories of belief—thin belief and thick belief—and provide evidence that they approximate genuinely distinct categories within folk psychology. We use the distinction to make informative predictions about how laypeople view the relationship between knowledge and belief. More specifically, we show that if the distinction is genuine, then we can make sense of otherwise extremely puzzling recent experimental findings on the entailment thesis (i.e. the widely held philosophical thesis that knowledge entails belief). We also suggest that the distinction can be applied to debates in the philosophy of mind and metaethics.
A Case for Procedural Justice Climate: Development and Test of a Multilevel Model.

Current conceptualizations of procedural justice focus largely on the individual level of analysis; no framework exists for examining procedural justice's social context. Empirical tests reported here offer some support for group-level and cross-level hypotheses. Work group perceptions of cohesion and supervisor visibility in demonstrating procedural justice were associated with the development of procedural justice climate. Procedural justice climate was positively associated with helping behaviors after the effects of individual procedural justice perceptions were controlled for.
Attributional Confidence, Perceived Similarity, and Network Involvement in Chinese and American Romantic Relationships.

The influence of stage of romantic relationship (i.e., “casual,” “serious,” and “engaged” romantic relationships) and culture on attributional confidence, perceived similarity, and network involvement was investigated using the dyad as the unit of analysis. Data were collected from 90 romantic couples in China and 77 romantic couples in the United States. Multivariate analysis of variance using both summation (i.e., average of partners’ scores) and dispersion (i.e., differences between partners' scores) scores revealed that stage of relationship influenced social networks. Culture influenced high‐context attributional confidence, perceived similarity, and social reaction.
Brain micro-inflammation at specific vessels dysregulates organ-homeostasis via the activation of a new neural circuit

Impact of stress on diseases including gastrointestinal failure is well-known, but molecular mechanism is not understood. Here we show underlying molecular mechanism using EAE mice. Under stress conditions, EAE caused severe gastrointestinal failure with high-mortality. Mechanistically, autoreactive-pathogenic CD4+ T cells accumulated at specific vessels of boundary area of third-ventricle, thalamus, and dentate-gyrus to establish brain micro-inflammation via stress-gateway reflex. Importantly, induction of brain micro-inflammation at specific vessels by cytokine injection was sufficient to establish fatal gastrointestinal failure. Resulting micro-inflammation activated new neural pathway including neurons in paraventricular-nucleus, dorsomedial-nucleus-of-hypothalamus, and also vagal neurons to cause fatal gastrointestinal failure. Suppression of the brain micro-inflammation or blockage of these neural pathways inhibited the gastrointestinal failure. These results demonstrate direct link between brain micro-inflammation and fatal gastrointestinal disease via establishment of a new neural pathway under stress. They further suggest that brain micro-inflammation around specific vessels could be switch to activate new neural pathway(s) to regulate organ homeostasis. DOI: http://dx.doi. org/10.7554/eLife.25517. 001
Allonursing in Tufted Capuchin Monkeys (Cebus nigritus): Milk or Pacifier?

Allonursing, the behaviour of females nursing offspring that are not their own, is relatively frequent in capuchin monkeys. Using focal-animal sampling and ad libitum observations we describe the pattern of allonursing in a wild group of tufted capuchins, Cebus nigritus (4 cohorts, 22 infants), at Iguazú National Park, north-eastern Argentina, and test several hypotheses on the adaptive value of allonursing. During 2,351 contact hours with the group (including 4,207 focal-animal samples totalizing 329 h focused on infants) we observed 39 allonursing bouts. Infants were not allonursed more frequently by close kin than by more distant allomothers. Offspring of dominant females were allonursed more frequently than those of low-ranking females. Nursing bouts were longer than allonursing bouts. Our results suggest that allonursing in tufted capuchins has a social function and is not mainly aimed at providing milk to infants.
Saliency-Based Defect Detection in Industrial Images by Using Phase Spectrum

For computer vision-based inspection of electronic chips or dies in semiconductor production lines, we propose a new method to effectively and efficiently detect defects in images. Different from the traditional methods that compare the image of each test chip or die with the template image one by one, which are sensitive to misalignment between the test and template images, a collection of multiple test images are used as the input image for processing simultaneously in our method with two steps. The first step is to obtain salient regions of the whole collection of test images, and the second step is to evaluate local discrepancy between salient regions in test images and the corresponding regions in the defect-free template image. To be more specific, in the first step of our method, phase-only Fourier transform (POFT), which is computationally efficient for online applications in industry, is used for saliency detection. We provide the theoretical justification for POFT to be effective to attenuate the normal regions and amplify the defects in multiple test images, which are usually arranged in a matrix format in industrial practice. By comparing with four other popular methods, the proposed algorithm can efficiently accommodate small variations (inevitable in practice) in test chips or dies, such as the spatial misalignments and product variations. Experimental results on a large-scale database including 1073 images, 94 of which are defective, show that our method performs much better than the other methods in terms of precision, recall, and F-measure.
S6 kinase 2 deficiency enhances ketone body production and increases peroxisome proliferator‐activated receptor alpha activity in the liver

Nutrient homeostasis is tightly regulated by the balance between energy production and utilization. During fasting, production of ketone bodies as an alternative energy source is critical to maintain nutrient homeostasis. An important component in the nutrient‐sensitive signaling pathway is S6 kinase 2 (S6K2), a downstream effector of mammalian target of rapamycin. Here, we show that mice lacking S6K2 exhibit elevated levels of ketone bodies and enhanced peroxisome proliferator‐activated receptor alpha (PPARα) activity upon nutrient availability. Consistent with this, knockdown of S6K2 increases the transcriptional activity of PPARα. S6K2 suppresses PPARα by associating with its corepressor, nuclear receptor corepressor 1 (NCoR1), and by inducing the recruitment of NCoR1 to the nucleus. Moreover, ob/ob mice, a genetic model of obesity, have markedly elevated S6K2 activity, and S6K2 was strongly associated with NCoR1 in the nucleus of liver cells. Conclusion: Our findings suggest that S6K2 regulates hepatic energy homeostasis by repressing PPARα activity and point to its potential relevance for therapeutic strategies designed to modulate S6K2 activity as a treatment for deregulated ketone body production. (HEPATOLOGY 2012;55:1727–1737)
Beneath the glass ceiling: Explaining gendered role segmentation in call centres

Although the call centre is much researched, the literature on gender remains surprisingly undeveloped given the importance of this setting for women’s employment. This study of role segmentation in four call centres demonstrates women’s disproportionate representation in more routinized mass production roles, as opposed to higher status or managerial grades. It also analyses three explanations – human capital, domestic status and supervisor career support. The evidence shows that women face a ‘glass ceiling’, first, on entry to the call centre in terms of human capital disadvantage and levels of domestic constraint and, second, within the call centre in their ability to secure supervisor support for career opportunities. We argue that even for women with similar career aspiration and human capital to men, domestic responsibilities create obstacles before they reach the glass ceiling, especially for managerial roles, and contribute thereafter to reinforcing their concentration in more intensive, lower status work.
Problems in convex geometry

We deal with five different problems from convex geometry, each on its own chapter of this Thesis. These problems are the following. Random copies of a convex body: We study the probability that a random copy of a convex body intersects the integer lattice in a certain way. A conjecture by Erdos: We study the statement by Erdos "On every convex curve there exists a point P such that every circle with centre P intersects the curve in at most 2 points. " A Yao-Yao type theorem: Given a nice measure in R^d, we show that there is a partition P of R^d into 3*2^(d/2) convex pieces of equal measure such that every hyperplane avoids at least 2 elements of P. Line transversals: Given a family F of balls in R^d such that every three have a transversal line, we bound the blow-up factor l needed so that lF has a line transversal. Longest lattice convex chains: Given a triangle with two specified vertices v_1, v_2 in Z^2, we bound the size of the largest lattice convex chain from v_1 to v_2. The techniques used to tackle these problems are very diverse and include results from analysis, combinatorics, number theory and topology, as well as the use of computers.
Suicide and other causes of death in a five‐year follow‐up of patients treated for self‐poisoning in Oslo

This 5‐year follow‐up study includes all patients (n= 934; 50% females) treated for self‐poisoning in Oslo during 1 year. Seventeen percent were considered suicide attempts upon admission, 25% among the nonabusers and 8% among the abusers. At follow‐up, 122 patients were dead (61% males). The mortality rate was highest among the abusers. The mortality rate was similar (13%) among those who were considered to be suicidal on admittance and those who were not. The causes of death were suicide (28%), opiate abuse (16%), heart disease (14%), accidents or wounds (11%), alcoholism (9%) and others (22%). The standard mortality rate was highly increased in all groups (8 times on average), highest among the female opiate abusers, whose rate was 63 times higher than expected. The increased suicide rates (87 times for females, 27 times for males), however, may be a more relevant measure of mental morbidity than the standard mortality rate. Logistic regression analysis demonstrated that male sex, age above 50 years and the lowest social group were factors on admission associated with death in the follow‐up period. Age above 50 years and suicidal attempt on admission were associated with subsequent suicide. The study strongly supports the idea of self‐destructiveness and slow suicide in substance abuse.
A Framework of Principles and Best Practice for Managing Student Behaviour in the Australian Education Context

Public opinion over the past 30 years consistently rates lack of discipline in public schools in the USA to be the biggest problem communities have to contend with (Charles, 1999). Similar concerns are apparent in Australia. The issue of student behaviour was raised at the Ministerial Council on Education, Employment, Training and Youth Affairs (MCEETYA) in 2002. The Council recognized that behavioural problems were both ongoing and growing and were of major concern nationally. Consequently, the Student Behaviour Management Project was established. This article briefly describes the aim, research process and outcome of this project. It reports on the core principles and key characteristics of best practice that were identified and the predominant models and approaches of student behaviour management that appear to inform best practice across Australia. Of what relevance is this project to school psychology? The effective management of student behaviour is arguably the business of school psychology practic.
the LEP Electroweak Working Group, 2 the SLD Electroweak and Heavy Flavour Groups Accepted for publication in Physics Reports 1

We report on the final electroweak measurements performed with data taken at the Z resonance by the experiments operating at the electron-positron colliders SLC and LEP. The data consist of 17 million Z decays accumulated by the ALEPH, DELPHI, L3 and OPAL experiments at LEP, and 600 thousand Z decays by the SLD experiment using a polarised beam at SLC. The measurements include cross-sections, forward-backward asymmetries and polarised asymmetries. The mass and width of the Z boson, mZ and ΓZ, and its couplings to fermions, for example the ρ parameter and the effective electroweak mixing angle for leptons, are precisely measured: mZ = 91.1875 ± 0.0021 GeV ΓZ = 2.4952 ± 0.0023 GeV ρl = 1.0050 ± 0.0010 sin θ eff = 0.23153 ± 0.00016 . The number of light neutrino species is determined to be 2.9840 ± 0.0082, in agreement with the three observed generations of fundamental fermions. The results are compared to the predictions of the Standard Model. At the Z-pole, electroweak radiative corrections beyond the running of the QED and QCD coupling constants are observed with a significance of five standard deviations, and in agreement with the Standard Model. Of the many Z-pole measurements, the forward-backward asymmetry in b-quark production shows the largest difference with respect to its Standard Model expectation, at the level of 2.8 standard deviations. Through radiative corrections evaluated in the framework of the Standard Model, the Z-pole data are also used to predict the mass of the top quark, mt = 173 +13 −10 GeV, and the mass of the W boson, mW = 80.363 ± 0.032 GeV. These indirect constraints are compared to the direct measurements, providing a stringent test of the Standard Model. Using in addition the direct measurements of mt and mW, the mass of the as yet unobserved Standard Model Higgs boson is predicted with a relative uncertainty of about 50% and found to be less than 285 GeV at 95% confidence level.