Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Dissolved inorganic carbon pool dynamics in northern Gerlache Strait, Antarctica

The Research on Antarctic Coastal Ecosystem Rates (RACER) program was designed to study interactions between biological and physical processes in regions west of the Antarctic Peninsula. The field sampling effort was conducted from 1986 to 1992 and consisted of four cruises; three during separate austral spring-summer seasons (RACER I, II and III) and one austral winter cruise (RACER IV). Extensive phytoplankton blooms were documented at several stations in northern Gerlache Strait during the three austral spring-summer seasons. The growth and accumulation of photoautotrophic microorganisms resulted in the net removal of >100 μmol kg -1 of salinity normalized dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC). An upper estimate for net ecosystem production of 0.15 mol C m -2 d -1 was calculated from measured rates of DIC removal at one station (designated station A) that was occupied extensively during all four RACER cruises. Independent measurements of total ross microbial production, based on DNA synthesis rates, ranged from 0.3 to 1.0 mol C m -2 d -1 at the height of the bloom. The net accumulation of phytoplankton carbon and removal of DIC from the system resulted in an estimated mean air-to-sea flux of 6 mmol C m -2 d -1 , a negligible fraction of the net removal of carbon by organic matter production. A characteristic feature of each austral spring-summer cruise was the high degree of spatial and temporal heterogeneity in the inorganic carbon system parameters. The exact cause(s) of this variability is not known. As a result of spatial heterogeneity, carbon fluxes were not well constrained, and regional carbon budget closure was problematic.
The propagation of Love waves across nonhorizontally layered structures

A finite element technique is developed to study the propagation of Love waves across nonhorizontally-layered structures. A half-space is approximated by a rigid base at great depth. Previous results of other authors are confirmed. Detailed models of a continental boundary and of a structure including a slab of lithosphere dipping downard at an angle of 45° are analyzed. For incident fundamental Love-mode motion, at a period of 25 sec, on either side of the model of a continental boundary, the total energy in all of the reflected modes is found to be less than 0.1 percent of the incident energy, while the energy in the transmitted higher modes is 48 percent of the incident energy. These results are strikingly different from the results for previous models of a continental boundary. For incident fundamental Love-mode motion, at a period of 25 sec, on the “oceanic” side of the model including the dipping slab, the total energy in the reflected modes is found to be approximately 1 percent of the incident energy, and that in the transmitted higher modes, 36 per cent of the incident energy. For incident fundamental Love-mode motion, at a period of 25 sec, on the “shallow sea” side of the model including the dipping slab, the total energy in the reflected modes is found to be approximately 3 percent of the incident energy, and that in the transmitted higher modes, 34 percent of the incident energy.
The CYP24A1 Gene Variant rs2762943 Is Associated With Low Serum 1,25- Dihydroxyvitamin D Levels In Multiple Sclerosis Patients

Background: Vitamin D is considered to play a role in multiple sclerosis (MS) etiopathogenesis. We recently identified a polymorphism located in the cytochrome P450 family 24 subfamily A member 1 (CYP24A1) gene, rs2762943, that was found to be associated with an increased risk for MS. CYP24A1 codes for a protein that is involved in the catabolism of the active form of vitamin D. Here, we investigated the immunological effects of carrying the risk allele for the rs2762943 polymorphism, as well as its role as genetic modifier in MS patients. Methods: Serum levels of 25‐hydroxyvitamin D (25OHD) and 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D (1,25(OH)2D) were measured in a cohort of 167 MS patients. In a subgroup of these patients, expression levels of MHC class II and co-stimulatory molecules were determined by flow cytometry in blood cell populations, and the levels of proinflammatory (IFNG, GM-CSF, CXCL13) and anti-inflammatory (IL-10) cytokines and neurofilament light chain were measured by single-molecule array assays in serum samples. The effect of the rs2762943 polymorphism on disease activity and disability progression measures was evaluated in a cohort of 340 MS patients. Results: Compared to non-carriers, MS patients carrying the risk allele for rs2762943 were characterized by reduced levels of 1,25(OH)2D (p=0.0001), and elevated levels of IFNG (p=0.03) and GM-CSF (p=0.008), whereas no significant differences were observed between risk allele carriers and non-carriers groups for the other evaluated markers. The presence of the risk allele for rs2762943 had no significant impact on the annualized relapse rate, EDSS and MSSS measures during follow-up. However, risk allele carriers were younger at disease onset (p=0.04). Discussion: These findings suggest that the CYP24A1 rs2762943 gene variant plays a more important role on MS susceptibility than on disease prognosis, and is associated with lower 1,25(OH)2D levels and heightened pro-inflammatory environment in MS patients.
Effects of Reclaimed Wastewater Irrigation on Paddy Rice Yields and Fertilizer Reduction using the DSSAT Model

The objectives of this study were to assess the rice yields and evaluate fertilizer reduction effect of reclaimed wastewater irrigation in paddy fields using the Decision Support System for Agrotechnology Transfer (DSSAT) v4.5 model. The experimental plots were designed, which was located near the Suwon wastewater treatment plant in Gyeonggi-do, Korea. The rice yield, irrigation amount, irrigation water quality and soil data were monitored and collected between 2006 and 2009. The DSSAT model was calibrated and validated with observed data. The methods that were used to evaluate this model were the root mean square error (RMSE), normalized root mean square error (nRMSE), and index of agreement (d). The values of RMSE, nRMSE, and d ranged from 145 to , 3.0 to 13.3 %, and 0.90 to 0.95 for the calibration period, respectively and represented from 91 to , 2.0 to 10.4 %, 0.94 to 0.98 for the validation period, respectively. Overall, this model showed good agreement with observed data of rice yields irrigated with reclaimed wastewater. The fertilizer reduction effect in paddy field of reclaimed wastewater irrigation was assessed about 60 % in 2008 and 40 % in 2009.
Revision of the Payette and Idaho Formations

The history of the Payette and Idaho formations and their place in the literature is reviewed. Previous to 1928 the formations were mapped as a unit and undifferentiated. Evidence is presented which shows that the true Payette formation is exposed only on the flanks of the down warp which comprises the great Snake River plains. Its characteristic occurrence is between two great lava extrusions. It has a characteristic lithology and a flora of Miocene age. The Idaho formation occupies the surface over much of the plains area and was formerly referred to as Payette and Idaho formations. It possesses a great thickness and overlies the Columbia River basalt and the Owyhee rhyolite. It has a characteristic lithology and a fauna and flora of Pliocene and later age. By the revision, new age relations, stratigraphic positions, and areal distribution are established but no confusion results because at the same time the originally assigned names and ages, which are now established in the literature, may be retained.
THE STEADY STATE THERMAL STRUCTURE OF ERODING OROGENIC BELTS AND ACCRETIONARY PRISMS

An analytical expression, derived in this paper, for the steady state thermal structure of thrust belts and subduction systems shows that surface erosion rate, basal accretion rate, and upper plate heat production are extremely important in controlling the temperature and metamorphic history of orogenic belts and accretionary prisms, especially where upper plate thickness (h) is large. For example, even at rapid erosion and accretion rates and with large upper plate heat productions, temperatures near the toe of a thrust wedge (e.g. at h=5 km) are nearly the same as those that would be present in the absence of erosion, accretion and upper plate heat production; in thicker parts of the same wedge (e.g. at h=30 km) the combined effects of erosion, accretion and upper plate heat production can be dramatic. For sufficiently large magnitudes of upper plate heat production or sufficiently rapid erosion rates inverted (negative) geothermal gradients are produced in the lower part of the upper plate and the upper part of the lower plate, although it is difficult to produce inverted geotherms where h≤20 km. The potential importance of erosion and accretion can be illustrated through two examples: (1) beneath the Himalayas, increasing the upper plate radiogenic heat production from 0 to 2.5 mW/m3 and increasing the rate of surface erosion from 0 to 1 mm/yr raises the computed steady state temperatures on the Main Central Thrust, at h= 30 km, from 265°C to 600°C, and produces a local temperature maximum of 635°C located 6 km above the fault; and (2) within the upper plate of the Peru trench, increasing the rate of surface erosion and basal accretion from 0 to 2.4 mm/yr (or increasing the upper plate radiogenic heat production from 0 to 1.3 mW/m3) increases the computed steady state surface heat flow at h=30 km from 10 to 33 mW/m3, but only increases temperatures at the fault surface from 125°C to 170°C. Shear heating along thrust faults or subduction boundaries is not necessary to produce the high metamorphic temperatures or surface heat flows observed in these two examples, and the generation of large amounts of heat by shear stresses on the faults (more than a few tens of bars) appears to be inconsistent with some of the observations made in these areas. This study indicates that many of the major discrepancies between existing thermal models of overthrust belts and observed temperatures, as inferred from field data, can be attributed to neglect of horizontal and vertical advection of heat caused by surface erosion and by accretion of material from lower plate to upper plate across the fault surface.
Neoliberalism in small town Alberta : a look at personhood, gender, race and poverty

An in-school feeding project. Kids In Need or KIN, was introduced in the fall of 2001 to a rural community located between two First Nation's Reserves, in southern Alberta. I analyze the KIN project and its ensuing controversy as the site of struggle over the meaning of parenting. Given the predominance of neoliberalism as a discursive practice, centered on individual responsibility, the controversy generated by the KIN project reflects the central question of how to implement a program devised to assist children living with adults presumably "responsible" for their well-being. Implicitly the debate centered on particular class-based, neoconservative constructions of families, which support a gendered division of labor and were deployed in this community to re­ engage long standing notions about the parental deficits of Natives. This thesis explores the possible dangers, then, of the KIN project's focus on child poverty, in relation to neoliberal constructions of personhood, gender and race.
The role of ecology, neutral processes and antagonistic coevolution in an apparent sexual 1 arms race 2

31 Some of the strongest examples of a sexual ‘arms race’ come from observations of 32 correlated evolution in sexually antagonistic traits among populations. However, it is unclear 33 whether these cases truly represent sexually antagonistic coevolution; alternatively, 34 ecological or neutral processes might also drive correlated evolution. To investigate these 35 alternatives, we evaluated the contributions of intersex genetic correlations, ecological 36 context, neutral genetic divergence, and sexual coevolution in the correlated evolution of 37 antagonistic traits among populations of Gerris incognitus water striders. We could not 38 detect intersex genetic correlations for these sexually antagonistic traits. Ecological variation 39 was related to population variation in the key female antagonistic trait (spine length, a 40 defense against males), as well as body size. Nevertheless, population covariation between 41 sexually antagonistic traits remained substantial and significant even after accounting for all 42 of these processes. Our results therefore provide strong evidence for a contemporary sexual 43 arms race. 44
Equation of state of antigorite, stability field of serpentines, and seismicity in subduction zones

Antigorite, the high‐pressure variety of serpentine, is a major water carrier in subduction zones. Its equation of state, which controls its stability field at high pressure, was determined at ambient temperature up to 10 GPa by in situ synchrotron X‐Ray diffraction in a diamond‐anvil cell. No amorphization, phase transition or hysteresis were detected during compression or decompression. Compression is anisotropic, with the c axis twice as compressible as the others. A fit to the second order Birch‐Murnaghan equation of state gave V0 = 2926.23(50) Å3 and K0 = 67.27(123) GPa. In antigorite the atomic assemblage is denser than in lizardite, which may influence phase stability. The antigorite K0 value obtained here is significantly higher than currently assumed in thermodynamic databases. Antigorite P‐T stability field is re‐evaluated, with major dehydration reaction (and associated potential earthquake) loci occurring at lower pressures, and is found to be consistent with the latest experimental results.
Structure in the Space of Value Functions

Solving in an efficient manner many different optimal control tasks within the same underlying environment requires decomposing the environment into its computationally elemental fragments. We suggest how to find fragmentations using unsupervised, mixture model, learning methods on data derived from optimal value functions for multiple tasks, and show that these fragmentations are in accord with observable structure in the environments. Further, we present evidence that such fragments can be of use in a practical reinforcement learning context, by facilitating online, actor-critic learning of multiple goals MDPs.
Combined seismic technology for mine planning ? a user's perspective

Combined seismic techniques have been used to provide complementary information to exploration drilling for underground coal mine planning and development. These techniques include two and three dimensional surface reflection seismic, in-seam seismic, cross-hole tomography, vertical seismic profiling (VSP), exploration VSP and guided wave VSP. The purpose of the surveys is to verify that the coal seam is free of significant geological disturbances, such as faults, dykes and highly jointed zones. In the relatively shallow Australian coal deposit environment, a combined use of surface and borehole related seismic surveys offers a cost-effective means of delineating seam structures. The field procedures of these surveys are straight forward and, with dedicated portable data acquisition systems and processing software, the turn around time is quick. These techniques have now been accepted and integrated as routine mine planning practices.
The Frequency and Self‐perceived Impact on Daily Life of Motor and Non‐motor Symptoms in Cervical Dystonia

Evidence suggests that non‐motor symptoms (NMS) are the most important predictors of decreased health‐related quality of life (HR‐QoL) in patients with cervical dystonia (CD). In this study, we evaluate an NMS screening list and examine the influence of motor symptoms and NMS on HR‐QoL.
Long‐duration geomagnetic storm effects on the D region of the ionosphere: Some case studies using VLF signal

The present work investigates the effects of long‐duration geomagnetic storms on VLF signal during ionospheric sunrise time, commonly known as D Layer Preparation Time (DLPT) depth. The VLF signal at 19.8 kHz transmitted from Northwest Cape, Australia, and received at a low‐latitude station, Tripura, India, is used for the present analysis. The data for the analysis are selected from November 2008 to October 2011. In the active period of the geomagnetic storms, the average DLPT depth is found to have a negative correlation coefficient of 0.91 with geomagnetic Ap index. It is also found that with each 10 unit increase of Ap index, the DLPT depth (the day and night asymmetry level) changes by 1.25 dB. The results are supported with modeled International Reference Ionosphere (IRI) electron density data and DLPT depth at 71 km height for the three positions, namely, receiver position, signal hop position, and the transmitter position along the total Great Circle Path. It is found that the receiver position electron density is the main controlling factor for DLPT depth. The correlation between IRI electron density and DLPT depth increases from −0.13 at transmitter position to −0.33 at the first hop position, to −0.46 at the receiver position, respectively. The percentage change of post storm electron density, at 71 km height, is found to increase by more than 100% at the receiver position. The results are discussed on the basis of the electron density changes over the signal propagation path, mainly caused by the geomagnetic storms.
Hadronic production of top-quark pairs in association with a pair of leptons in the powheg box framework

We present an implementation of $t\bar t \ell^+\ell^-$ ($\ell=e,\mu$) hadronic production at next-to-leading order in QCD matched to parton-shower event generators in the POWHEG BOX framework. The program we developed includes all leading-order contributions of order $\alpha_s^2\alpha^2$ for the specified final state, as well as the corresponding first-order QCD corrections. Decays of the top quarks have been simulated retaining spin-correlations in all tree-level matrix elements. We consider the case of the Large Hadron Collider at $\sqrt{s}=13$ TeV and compare results for $t\bar t \ell^+\ell^-$ production in the fiducial volume where the invariant mass of the lepton pairs is centered around the $Z$-boson mass to corresponding predictions for $t\bar{t}Z$ on-shell production with $Z\rightarrow \ell^+\ell^-$. We find that off-shell effects in $t\bar t \ell^+\ell^-$ are in general small at the level of the total cross section, but can decrease the tail of the leptons' transverse momentum distributions by 10-20% and, in these regions, they are visible beyond the scale uncertainty due to renormalization and factorization scale variation. Moreover, we find that accounting for top-quark decays in the narrow-width approximation with tree-level spin correlations also gives origin to 10-20% effects in specific regions of the kinematic distributions of the $t\bar t \ell^+\ell^-$ decayed final state.
Sedimentation Rate in Fringing Reefs of Honda Bay, Puerto Princesa City, Palawan, Philippines with Reference to Coral Reef Condition

The study was conducted to determine and compare the rate of sedimentation in two fringing reefs in Honda Bay during two seasons, to discuss sedimentation rate in relation to selected environmental parameters, to determine the coral cover in the two stations, to compare it with data from 2000 and to explain eventual changes in coral cover in relation to the selected environmental parameters, especially sedimentation. The study was conducted from March 1, 2003 to November 30, 2003. Two stations, Bush and Meara Islands, in Honda Bay were established. Each station was mounted with three sets of 3-replicated sediment traps that were collected one week after installation. Each station was further assessed in terms of coral cover. The average sedimentation rates in Honda Bay during dry and wet season were 3.50 and 10.00 mg/cm 2 /day, respectively. The sedimentation rates in the two islands did not show significant difference at 5% level of significance. Benthic cover of both Bush and Meara was higher in 2003 than in 2000. The fact that coral cover is able to recover despite sedimentation seems to indicate that sedimentation has not yet reached critical levels in Honda Bay.
Medical Complications

E1. Dysphagia. 2 E2. Dysphagia Case Study.14 E3. Dysphagia Case Study.24 E4. Dysphagia in a Nursing Home Stroke Patient. 31 E5. Nutritional Issues Following Stroke. 35 E6. Deep Venous Thromboembolism. 42 E7. Venous Thromboembolism Case Study. 57 E8. Post-Stroke Seizure Disorders. 62 E9. Central Pain State. 73 E10. Urinary Incontinence. 81
Watershed models for decision support in the Yakima River basin, Washington

Abstract : A Decision Support System (DSS) is being developed by the U.S. Geological Survey and the Bureau of Reclamation as part of a long-term project, the Watershed and River Systems Management Program. The goal of the program is to apply the DSS to U.S. Bureau of Reclamation projects in the western United States. The DSS was applied to the Reclamations's Yakima Project in the Yakima River Basin in eastern Washington. An important component of the DSS is the physical hydrology modeling. For the application to the Yakima River Basin, the physical hydrology component consisted of constructing four watershed models using the U.S. Geological Survey's Precipitation-Runoff Modeling System within the Modular Modeling System. The implementation of these models is described. To facilitate calibration of the models, mean annual streamflow also was estimated for ungaged subbasins. The models were calibrated for water years 1950-94 and tested for water years 1995-98. The integration of the models in the DSS for realtime water-management operations using an interface termed the Object User Interface is also described. The models were incorporated in the DSS for use in long-term to short-term planning and have been used in a real-time operational mode since water year 1999.
The Old Woman, California, IIAB iron meteorite

Abstract– The Old Woman meteorite, discovered in March 1976 by two prospectors searching for a fabled lost Spanish gold mine in mountains ∼270 km east of Los Angeles, has achieved the status of a legend among meteorite hunters and collectors. The question of the ownership of the 2753 kg group IIAB meteorite, the second largest ever found in the United States (34°28′N, 115°14′W), gave rise to disputes involving the finders, the Bureau of Land Management, the Secretary of the Department of the Interior, the State of California, the California members of the U.S. Congress, various museums in California, the Smithsonian Institution, and the Department of Justice. Ultimately, ownership of the meteorite was transferred to the Smithsonian under the powers of the 1906 Antiquities Act, a ruling upheld in a U.S. District Court and a U.S. Court of Appeals. After additional debate, the Smithsonian removed a large cut for study and curation, and for disbursement of specimens to qualified researchers. The main mass was then returned to California on long‐term loan to the Bureau of Land Management’s Desert Discovery Center in Barstow. The Old Woman meteorite litigation served as an important test case for the ownership and control of meteorites found on federal lands. The Old Woman meteorite appears to be structurally unique in containing both hexahedral and coarsest octahedral structures in the same mass, unique oriented schreibersites within hexahedral areas, and polycrystalline parent austenite crystals. These structures suggest that different portions of the meteorite may have transformed via different mechanisms upon subsolidus cooling, making the large slices of Old Woman promising targets for future research.