Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
KOMPSAT-2 Orbit Determination Status Report

Korea-MultiPurpose-SATellite-2 (KOMPSAT-2) has been successfully operated by Mission Control Element (MCE) since the launch of July 28, 2006. The spacecraft was built by Korea Aerospace Research Institute (KARI) and the MCE system was developed by Electronics and Telecommunications Research Institute (ETRI). This paper presents status of the operational and precise KOMPSAT-2 Orbit Determination (OD) in Mission Analysis and Planning System (MAPS), one of MCE subsystems. The KOMPSAT-2 is the first satellite to perform Precise Orbit Determination (POD) using single frequency GPS data to process high resolution image data obtained from Low Earth Orbiter (LEO) satellite in Korea. Operational Orbit Determination (OOD) using GPS navigation solution data should satisfy 10 m Root-Sum-Square (RSS) in one sigma and Precise Orbit Determination (POD) is required to fulfill 1 m RSS in one sigma. In order to demonstrate the accuracy of the KOMPSAT-2 OD, OOD was compared with POD and POD was tested using orbit overlapping solution. The orbit accuracy of OOD and POD results met the given requirement, within 5-6 m RSS to the reference data and 60-75 cm RSS in orbit overlapping solution, respectively.
A Linear Fractional Semidefinite Relaxation Approach to Maximum-likelihood Detection of Higher-order Qam Ostbc in Unknown Channels §

—This paper considers the blind maximum-likelihood (ML) detection problem for orthogonal space-time block codes (OSTBCs) in multiple-input multiple-output flat-fading channels. While the blind ML detection problem for general space-time codes is difficult to solve, it has been shown that for OSTBCs with constant modulus constellations, the blind ML detection problem can be formulated as a discrete quadratic program, and then handled by a powerful convex approximation technique known as semidefinite relaxation (SDR). In this paper, we turn our attention to the case of higher-order QAM OSTBCs. Due to the nonconstant modulus nature of higher-order QAM signals, the blind ML detection problem turns out to be a discrete Rayleigh quotient maximization problem, and as a result the current SDR technique is no longer directly applicable. We propose a linear fractional SDR (LFSDR) approach to this problem. This approach first relaxes the higher-order QAM blind ML detection problem into a quasiconvex problem, followed by a simple solution approximation procedure. In general, quasiconvex problems are computationally more complex to solve than convex problems, but we show that an optimum solution of our quasiconvex problem can be efficiently obtained by solving a convex semidefinite program. The approximation accuracy of the proposed approach relative to other possible relaxation approaches is also studied. Simulation results are presented to demonstrate that the proposed LFSDR-based blind ML detector outperforms some existing suboptimal detectors and can yield promising performance even with a small to moderate number of code blocks. However, permission to use this material for any other purposes must be obtained from the IEEE by sending a request to pubs-permissions@ieee.org.
Estimate Dip by Combining Gradient Structure Tensor and Multi-Window

Gradient structure tensor is extensively used in attributes extraction, such as dip, azimuth, and discontinuity detection. However, the existing faults and other discontinuous structures would affect the precision of dip/azimuth estimation. In this abstract, we propose to combine gradient structure and multi-window technology to estimate the dip and azimuth. The results of synthetic example and fielddata example show the correctness and validity of our method.
Why Is Fiscal Policy Often Procyclical? *

Fiscal policy is procyclical in many developing countries. We explain this policy failure with a political agency problem. Procyclicality is driven by voters who seek to " starve the Leviathan " to reduce political rents. Voters observe the state of the economy but not the rents appropriated by corrupt * We thank Jordi Gali and three anonymous referees for excellent comments. We are also grateful to Francesco Trebbi, Aleh Tsivinsky , and participants in a seminar at Harvard for useful suggestions , Ashoka Mody and Diego Saravia for help with part of the data collection, and Davide Cantoni for outstanding research assistantship and comments. We gratefully acknowledge financial support from NSF through a grant from NBER (Alesina) and CIFAR, MIUR and Bocconi University (Tabellini). 1 governments. When they observe a boom, voters optimally demand more public goods or lower taxes, and this induces a procyclical bias in fiscal policy. The empirical evidence is consistent with this explanation: procycli-cality of fiscal policy is more pronounced in more corrupt democracies.
Development of a Two Component Ac/Ds System for Targeted Gene Tagging in Barley

We have generated a large number of transgenic barley plants carrying the maize transposons Activator (Ac) and Dissociation (Ds) by Agrobacterium-mediated transformation. The average efficiency of transformation was more than 20%. Approximately 50% of the transgenic lines contain a single copy of the Ds element. The single-copy Ds lines have been used as launch pads to develop a population for targeted gene tagging in barley. In order to define Ds launch pads for targeted insertional mutagenesis, 16 T-DNA insertion site and 38 secondary insertion sites of transposed Ds elements were genetically mapped by a sequence-based SSCP (single strand conformation polymorphism) analysis approach and RFLP analysis. The mapping results showed that Ds elements preferentially transposed into genetically linked sites. Single-copy Ds containing plants lines were crossed with lines expressing the Actransposase gene to activate the Ds element. F2 plants resulting from these crosses showed an average Ds excision frequency of 52% with a variation between 33% and 75% depending on the Ds starter lines used. A detailed molecular analysis of T-DNA integration sites in barley genome was carried out using single-copy transgenic lines. Sequence analysis of T-DNA flanking regions showed a non-random distribution of T-DNA integration sites in the genome. Approximately 50% of the T-DNA insertions are found to be in gene-coding regions and 26 % of the T-DNA insertions are in repetitive regions of the barley genome. Likewise, the sequence analysis of isolated Ds flanking DNA showed that Ds preferentially inserted into coding region in the barley genome and is underrepresented in repetitive or non-coding regions. Therefore, the combination of Agrobacterium-mediated transformation and the Ac/Ds transposon system takes advantage of the insertion characteristics of the T-DNA and the Ds elements. The T-DNA positions the Ds element preferentially in a gene-rich region from where Ds elements can be activated to transpose into closely linked sites resulting in high gene tagging frequencies. An Ac/Ds-based gene tagging system has been developed which has potential to be an efficient tool for high-throughput insertional mutagenesis in barley. Due to the synteny between the genomes of Triticeae species, the development of such a system promises to provide a useful tool for functional genomics in other Triticeae species as well.
Patterns and drivers of change in organic carbon burial across a diverse landscape: Insights from 116 Minnesota lakes

Lakes may store globally significant quantities of organic carbon (OC) in their sediments, but the extent to which burial rates vary across space and time is not well described. Using 210Pb‐dated sediment cores, we explored patterns of OC burial in 116 lakes spanning several ecoregions and land use regimes in Minnesota, USA during the past 150–200 years. Rates for individual lakes (across all time periods) range from 3 to 204 g C m−2 yr−1 (median 33 g C m−2 yr−1) and show strong geographic separation in accordance with the degree of catchment disturbance and nutrient enrichment. Climate and basin morphometry exercise subordinate control over OC burial patterns, and diagenetic gradients introduce little bias to estimated temporal trends. Median burial rates in agricultural lakes exceed urban lakes and have increased fourfold since Euro‐American settlement. The greatest increase in OC burial occurred prior to the widespread adoption of industrial fertilizers, during an era of land clearance and farmland expansion. Northern boreal lakes, impacted by historical logging and limited cottage development yet comparatively undisturbed by human activity, bury OC at rates 3X lower than agricultural lakes and exhibit much smaller increases in OC burial. Scaling up modern OC burial estimates to the entire state, we find that Minnesota lakes annually store 0.40 Tg C in their sediments, equal to 1.5% of annual statewide CO2 emissions from fossil fuel combustion. During the period of Euro‐American settlement (circa 1860–2000), cumulative OC burial amounted to 36 Tg C, 40% of which can be attributed to anthropogenic enhancement.
East Antarctica ( 1972-2013 ) 2 3

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Environmental influences during development and their later consequences for health and disease: implications for the interpretation of empirical studies

Early experience has a particularly great effect on most organisms. Normal development may be disrupted by early environmental influences; individuals that survive have to cope with the damaging consequences. Additionally, the responses required to cope with environmental challenges in early life may have long-term effects on the adult organism. A further set of processes, those of developmental plasticity, may induce a phenotype that is adapted to the adult environment predicted by the conditions of early life. A mismatch between prediction and subsequent reality can cause severe health problems in those human societies where economic circumstances and nutrition are rapidly improving. Understanding the underlying mechanisms of plasticity is, therefore, clinically important. However, to conduct research in this area, developmental plasticity must be disentangled from disruption and the adverse long-term effects of coping. The paper reviews these concepts and explores ways in which such distinctions may be made in practice.
Genetic Control of Experience-dependent Plasticity in the Visual Cortex

Depriving one eye of visual experience during a sensitive period of development results in a shift in ocular dominance (OD) in the primary visual cortex (V1). To assess the heritability of this form of cortical plasticity and identify the responsible gene loci, we studied the influence of monocular deprivation on OD in a large number of recombinant inbred mouse strains derived from mixed C57BL/6J and DBA/2J backgrounds (BXD). The strength of imaged intrinsic signal responses in V1 to visual stimuli was strongly heritable as were various elements of OD plasticity. This has important implications for the use of mice of mixed genetic backgrounds for studying OD plasticity. C57BL/6J showed the most significant shift in OD, while some BXD strains did not show any shift at all. Interestingly, the increase in undeprived ipsilateral eye responses was not correlated to the decrease in deprived contralateral eye responses, suggesting that the size of these components of OD plasticity are not genetically controlled by only a single mechanism. We identified a quantitative trait locus regulating the change in response to the deprived eye. The locus encompasses 13 genes, two of which – Stch and Nrip1 – contain missense polymorphisms. The expression levels of Stch and to a lesser extent Nrip1 in whole brain correlate with the trait identifying them as novel candidate plasticity genes. Visual experience during postnatal development has a major impact on how neurons in the primary visual cortex respond to visual stimuli later in life. Especially during a sensitive period of development, monocular deprivation (MD) can cause a severe loss of acuity and shift the ocular dominance (OD) toward the undeprived eye. In the last decade, the use of mice has advanced the study of the molecular mechanisms that underlie OD plasticity, greatly improving our understanding of cortical plasticity. Mutant mice with known deficits in other forms of synaptic plasticity or neuronal function have been analyzed for changes in OD plasticity leading to the identification of various important molecular and cellular mechanisms involved. This method of logical induction has been successful, but more systematic approaches are necessary to identify the remaining crucial molecular players. One such approach is a survey of differential genes expression using subtractive libraries or microarrays. Studies of temporal gene expression differences during the critical et al. 2006) have led to the identification of unsuspected pathways involved in experience-dependent plasticity. Some genes that play important roles in cortical …
Design and analysis of efficacy evaluation trials

This standard is intended to provide general background information on the design and analysis of efficacy evaluation trials. The EPPO Standards for the efficacy evaluation of plant protection products provide more detailed instructions on such trials for individual host/pest combinations. The set-up of a trial is first considered (experimental design, plot size and layout, role and location of untreated controls). The nature of observations to be made is then reviewed (types of variables, modes of observation). Finally, suggestions are made on the statistical analysis of the results of a trial and of a trial series (estimates of effects, choice of the statistical test, transformation of variables). Appendix 1 gives examples of scales used in the EPPO standards. What follows is intended to give an outline of good statistical practice in the analysis of data. It is not, and cannot be, a prescription for all analyses, and cannot cover all situations. Practitioners should never underestimate the need for professional statistical advice. It is important for practitioners to understand the advice they receive. It is often better for them to perform a simple analysis that they can report and defend with confidence, than to accept advice that leads to an analysis that they may understand only partially. The bibliography at the end of these standards may be helpful. It gives several good texts that attempt to reveal the principles of good statistical practice, rather than to provide a series of statistical recipes to be followed blindly. 1. Experimental design
Scaling mount concurrency : scalability and progress in concurrent algorithms

As processor speeds plateau, chip manufacturers are turning to multi-processor and multi-core designs to increase performance. As the number of simultaneous threads grows, Amdahl’s Law [6] means the performance of programs becomes limited by the cost that does not scale: communication, via the memory subsystem. Algorithm design is critical in minimizing these costs. In this dissertation, I first show that existing instruction set architectures must be extended to allow general scalable algorithms to be built. Since it is impractical to entirely abandon existing hardware, I then present a reasonably scalable implementation of a map built on the widely-available compare-and-swap primitive, which outperforms existing algorithms for a range of usages. Thirdly, I introduce a new primitive operation, and show that it provides efficient and scalable solutions to several problems before proving that it satisfies strong theoretical properties. Finally, I outline possible hardware implementations of the primitive with different properties and costs, and present results from a hardware evaluation, demonstrating that the new primitive can provide good practical performance.
Ultrasensitive TES Bolometers for Space-Based FIR Astronomy

Results of study optical performance of single pixel transition edge sensor (TES) bolometer presented at wavelength band 30-60 μm are presented. FIR radiation is coupled into a multimode horn with entrance aperture of 450 μm, length 4.5 mm and exit aperture of 45 μm , which feeds a metal integrating cavity containing the detector. The radiation band is defined by a pair of lowpass and highpass mesh filters in front of the horn. Here we present measurements of optical noise equivalent power (NEP), optical efficiency, dynamic range and time constant. The results show that measured TES detectors are close to meeting the requirement of the “Band S” of SAFARI FTS imaging instrument on the SPICA mission.
THE USE OF HYPERSPECTRAL DATA IN COASTAL ZONE VEGETATION MONITORING

Vegetation monitoring is an important tool in the evaluation of nature management in the coastal zone of The Netherlands. Remote sensing images are valuable in order to investigate spatiotemporal changes in the vegetation. A classification method has been developed based on airborne hyperspectral data, which were acquired using the GER EPS-A scanner. A supervised classification method has been used applying the Spectral Angle Mapper, in combination with an expert system. The SAM algorithm determines the similarity between spectra of different vegetation types. The expert system adds extra information about environmental conditions to the classification in order to improve the discrimination of vegetation types, which are otherwise spectrally difficult to identify. In our case, this method gives the opportunity for rapid classification with an overall accuracy of 60-70%.
Initial Assessment on Large and Medium Sized Terrestrial Mammal Assemblage Using Camera Trapping in Nangunhe Nature Reserve in Yunnan, China

Abstract: During surveys for wild felids in Nangunhe Nature Reserve, Yunnan province, China, we conducted a wider mammal survey of the core nature reserve area, using camera trapping techniques. Forty motion-triggered digital camera traps had been set in oldest forest tract of protected area to conduct a species inventory. The total camera trapping effort of 2460 camera trap nights yielded 232 digital photographs of mammals represented by 17 species in five orders. The species photographed include rare and elusive species and those that are of high conservation value, such as IUCN endangered species Asiatic elephant (Elephas maximus ), and Phayre's leaf monkey (Trachypit hecus phayrei ). In addition, IUCN vulnerable species including Asiatic black bear (Ursus thibetanus ), sambar (Rusa unicolor ), northern pig-tailed macaque (Macaca leonine ), and marbled cat (Pardofelis marmorata ), and more common species were found. All mammals were also listed as key protected wild animals by the State Forestry Administration of China. Of particular importance were the carnivores, with 7 different species recorded. Ungulates and other taxa forming a prey base for these predators,such as rhesus macaque (Macaca mulatta ), red muntjac (Muntiacus muntjac ), sambar, wild boar (Sus scrofa ), and Chinese serow (Capricornis milneedwardsii ), were found to be the most frequently photographed and most widespread species. Opportunities for local people to develop standardized monitoring designs for targeted species were identified by these initial assessment results. Local nature reserve staff lacked technical ability to produce standardized survey designs, yet a by product of this type of non-standardized data collection can be very informative and produce inventory information that gives a species richness analysis, as well as initial estimates for occupancy and detection probability for abundant species to drive future standardized survey designs and efforts.
Spinup of a Submesoscale Eddy in the TOGA COARE Intensive Flux Array during the Spindown of an Intense Eastward Jet

Abstract During the TOGA COARE Intensive Observing Period, an energetic, surface-intensified, submesoscale cyclonic eddy was observed in the near-equatorial western Pacific warm pool. The eddy appeared to have been generated as part of the spindown of a strong eastward surface jet forced by the December 1992 westerly wind burst. Because of its potential impacts on the long-term heat, salt, and momentum budgets of the warm pool, the authors provide a thorough description of the evolution of the surface jet and the development of the eddy in the present study. Both the isopycnal surface fit and the zeroth-order dynamic balance confirm the existence of the eddy. Surface layer convergence and northward inertial motion are suggested to be the main causes of the negative eddy vorticity, and it is likely that the eddy drew its energy from the decaying surface jet. This study indicates that in the near-equatorial region the inertial motion has a decreasing meridional spatial scale with time, (βt)−1, due to the β .
EFFECT OF GAMMA RADIATION ON ONION SEED VIABILITY, GERMINATION POTENTIAL, SEEDLING GROWTH AND MORPHOLOGY

Seed of onion (Allium cepa L.) cv. Ailsa Craig were exposed to various doses of gamma radiation, i.e. 10,20.40. 80. and 100 krad. Irradiation doses have no significant effect on seed viability, except the highest dose (100 krad) which resulted in reduced viabi lity. However, electrical conductivities of the leachates of seeds exposed to gamma radiation were higher than that of un irradiated seeds (control). Seed germination percentage was improved at lower doses of irradiation ( 10 and 20 krad) and was unaffected at higher doses. Number of abnormal seedlings increased with increasing irradiation dose. However. types of abnormalities could not be linked with a particular irradiation dose. Seedling growth was reduced severely with an increase in irradiation dose up to 40 krad. Root growth was more sensitive to gamma radiation than shoot growth.
Matching Output Queueing with a Combined Input and Output Queued Switch

— The Internet is facing two problems simultaneously: we need a faster switching/routing infrastructure, and we need to introduce guaranteed qualities of service (QoS). As a community, we have solutions to each: we can make the routers faster by using input-queued crossbars, instead of shared memory systems; and we can introduce QoS using WFQ-based packet scheduling. But we don't know how to do both at the same time. Until now, the two solutions have been mutually exclusive — all of the work on WFQ-based scheduling algorithms has required that switches/routers use output-queueing, or centralized shared memory. We demonstrate that a Combined Input Output Queueing (CIOQ) switch running twice as fast as an input-queued switch can provide precise emulation of a broad class of packet scheduling algorithms, including WFQ and strict priorities. More precisely, we show that a " speedup " of is both necessary and sufficient for this precise emulation. We introduce a variety of algorithms that configure the crossbar so that emulation is achieved with a speedup of two, and consider their running time and implementation complexity. We believe that, in the future, these results will make possible the support of QoS in very high bandwidth routers.