Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
What is "next" in event processing?

Event processing systems have wide applications ranging from managing events from RFID readers to monitoring RSS feeds. Consequently, there exists much work on them in the literature. The prevalent use of these systems is on-line recognition of patterns that are sequences of correlated events in event streams. Query semantics and implementation efficiency are inherently determined by the underlying temporal model: how events are sequenced (what is the "next" event), and how the time stamp of an event is represented. Many competing temporal models for event systems have been proposed, with no consensus on which approach is best. We take a foundational approach to this problem. We create a formal framework and present event system design choices as axioms. The axioms are grouped into standard axioms and desirable axioms. Standard axioms are common to the design of all event systems. Desirable axioms are not always satisfied, but are useful for achieving high performance. Given these axioms, we prove several important results. First, we show that there is a unique model up to isomorphism that satisfies the standard axioms and supports associativity, so our axioms are a sound and complete axiomatization of associative time stamps in eventsystems. This model requires time stamps with unbounded representations. We present a slightly weakened version of associativity that permits a temporal model with bounded representations. We show that adding the boundedness condition also results in a unique model, so again our axiomatization is sound and complete. We believe this model is ideally suited to be the standard temporal model for complex event processing.
Vascular targeting agents enhance chemotherapeutic agent activities in solid tumor therapy

The utility of combining the vascular targeting agents 5,6‐dimethyl‐xanthenone‐4 acetic acid (DMXAA) and combretastatin A‐4 disodium phosphate (CA4DP) with the anticancer drugs cisplatin and cyclophosphamide (CP) was evaluated in experimental rodent (KHT sarcoma), human breast (SKBR3) and ovarian (OW‐1) tumor models. Doses of the vascular targeting agents that led to rapid vascular shutdown and subsequent extensive central tumor necrosis were identified. Histologic evaluation showed morphologic damage of tumor cells within a few hours after treatment, followed by extensive hemorrhagic necrosis and dose‐dependent neoplastic cell death as a result of prolonged ischemia. Whereas these effects were induced by a range of CA4DP doses (10–150 mg/kg), the dose response to DMXAA was extremely steep; doses ≤ 15 mg/kg were ineffective and doses ≥ 20 mg/kg were toxic. DMXAA also enhanced the tumor cell killing of cisplatin, but doses > 15 mg/kg were required. In contrast, CA4DP increased cisplatin‐induced tumor cell killing at all doses studied. This enhancement of cisplatin efficacy was dependent on the sequence and interval between the agents. The greatest effects were achieved when the vascular targeting agents were administered 1–3 hr after cisplatin. When CA4DP (100 mg/kg) or DMXAA (17.5 mg/kg) were administered 1 hr after a range of doses of cisplatin or CP, the tumor cell kill was 10–500‐fold greater than that seen with chemotherapy alone. In addition, the inclusion of the antivascular agents did not increase bone marrow stem cell toxicity associated with these anticancer drugs, thus giving rise to a therapeutic gain. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Protein Kinase C δ Localizes to Secretory Lysosomes in CD8+ CTL and Directly Mediates TCR Signals Leading to Granule Exocytosis-Mediated Cytotoxicity1

Lytic granule exocytosis is the major effector function used by CD8+ CTL in response to intracellular pathogens and tumors. Despite recent progress in the field, two important aspects of this cytotoxic mechanism remain poorly understood. First, TCR-signaling pathway(s) that selectively induces granule exocytosis in CTL has not been defined to date. Second, it is unclear how Ag receptor-induced signals are converted into mobilization of lytic granules. We recently demonstrated that protein kinase C δ (PKC δ) selectively regulates TCR-induced lytic granule polarization in mouse CD8+ CTL. To better understand how PKC δ facilitates granule movement, here we studied dynamics of intracellular localization of PKC δ in living CD8+ CTL. Strikingly, we found that PKC δ localizes to the secretory lysosomes and polarizes toward immunological synapse during the process of target cell killing. Also, biochemical and structure-function studies demonstrated that upon TCR ligation, PKC δ becomes rapidly phosphorylated on the activation loop and regulates granule exocytosis in a kinase-dependent manner. Altogether, our current studies provide new insights concerning the regulation of TCR-induced lytic granule exocytosis by revealing novel intracellular localization of PKC δ, providing the first example of colocalization of a kinase with secretory lysosomes in CD8+ CTL and demonstrating that PKC δ directly transduces TCR signals leading to polarized granule secretion.
A High-Resolution Transcript Profile across the Wood-Forming Meristem of Poplar Identifies Potential Regulators of Cambial Stem Cell Identityw⃞

Plant growth is the result of cell proliferation in meristems, which requires a careful balance between the formation of new tissue and the maintenance of a set of undifferentiated stem cells. Recent studies have provided important information on several genetic networks responsible for stem cell maintenance and regulation of cell differentiation in the apical meristems of shoots and roots. Nothing, however, is known about the regulatory networks in secondary meristems like the vascular cambium of trees. We have made use of the large size and highly regular layered organization of the cambial meristem to create a high-resolution transcriptional map covering 220 μm of the cambial region of aspen (Populus tremula). Clusters of differentially expressed genes revealed substantial differences in the transcriptomes of the six anatomically homogenous cell layers in the meristem zone. Based on transcriptional and anatomical data, we present a model for the position of the stem cells and the proliferating mother cells in the cambial zone. We also provide sets of marker genes for different stages of xylem and phloem differentiation and identify potential regulators of cambial meristem activity. Interestingly, analysis of known regulators of apical meristem development indicates substantial similarity in regulatory networks between primary and secondary meristems.
Poly(A) Binding Protein 1 Enhances Cap-Independent Translation Initiation of Neurovirulence Factor from Avian Herpesvirus

Poly(A) binding protein 1 (PABP1) plays a central role in mRNA translation and stability and is a target by many viruses in diverse manners. We report a novel viral translational control strategy involving the recruitment of PABP1 to the 5' leader internal ribosome entry site (5L IRES) of an immediate-early (IE) bicistronic mRNA that encodes the neurovirulence protein (pp14) from the avian herpesvirus Marek’s disease virus serotype 1 (MDV1). We provide evidence for the interaction between an internal poly(A) sequence within the 5L IRES and PABP1 which may occur concomitantly with the recruitment of PABP1 to the poly(A) tail. RNA interference and reverse genetic mutagenesis results show that a subset of virally encoded-microRNAs (miRNAs) targets the inhibitor of PABP1, known as paip2, and therefore plays an indirect role in PABP1 recruitment strategy by increasing the available pool of active PABP1. We propose a model that may offer a mechanistic explanation for the cap-independent enhancement of the activity of the 5L IRES by recruitment of a bona fide initiation protein to the 5' end of the message and that is, from the affinity binding data, still compatible with the formation of ‘closed loop’ structure of mRNA.
Contribution of non‐endothelium‐dependent substances to exercise hyperaemia: are they O2 dependent?

Abstract This review considers the contributions to exercise hyperaemia of substances released into the interstitial fluid, with emphasis on whether they are endothelium dependent or O2 dependent. The early phase of exercise hyperaemia is attributable to K+ released from contracting muscle fibres and acting extraluminally on arterioles. Hyperpolarization of vascular smooth muscle and endothelial cells induced by K+ may also facilitate the maintained phase, for example by facilitating conduction of dilator signals upstream. ATP is released into the interstitium from muscle fibres, at least in part through cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator‐associated channels, following the fall in intracellular H+. ATP is metabolized by ectonucleotidases to adenosine, which dilates arterioles via A2A receptors, in a nitric oxide‐independent manner. Evidence is presented that the rise in arterial achieved by breathing 40% O2 attenuates efflux of H+ and lactate, thereby decreasing the contribution that adenosine makes to exercise hyperaemia; efflux of inorganic phosphate and its contribution may likewise be attenuated. Prostaglandins (PGs), PGE2 and PGI2, also accumulate in the interstitium during exercise, and breathing 40% O2 abolished the contribution of PGs to exercise hyperaemia. This suggests that PGE2 released from muscle fibres and PGI2 released from capillaries and venular endothelium by a fall in their local act extraluminally to dilate arterioles. Although modest hyperoxia attenuates exercise hyperaemia by improving O2 supply, limiting the release of O2‐dependent adenosine and PGs, higher O2 concentrations may have adverse effects. Evidence is presented that breathing 100% O2 limits exercise hyperaemia by generating O2−, which inactivates nitric oxide and decreases PG synthesis.
Subjective Organization Calculator for Free Recall

The free recall measure has an advantage over other memory measures because the free recall measure can provide organization measures, which can reveal the strategies participants used to maximize recall. For instance, even when a study list does not show a clear organizational scheme, recall outputs are often far from random, evidenced by participants recalling the same two or more items together repeatedly across multiple test trials. Unfortunately, computing organizational measures is laborious. The present article introduces a calculator to compute subjective organization (SO) measures. The calculator is based on a popular platform accessible to most researchers and is designed to compute commonly used SO measures for each participant.
A Space-Time Tradeoff for Memory-Based Heuristics

A memory-based heuristic is a function, h(s), stored in the form of a lookup table (pattern database): h(s) is computed by mapping s to an index and then retrieving the appropriate entry in the table. (Korf 1997) conjectures for search using memory-based heuristics that m ? t is a constant, where m is the size of the heuristic's lookup table and t is search time. In this paper we present a method for automatically generating memorybased heuristics and use this to test Korf's conjecture in a large-scale experiment. Our results confirm that there is a direct relationship between m and t.
The Organization of the Living: A Theory of the Living Organization

The fundamental feature that characterizes living systems is autonomy, and any account of their organization as systems that can exist as individual unities must show what autonomy is as a phenomenon proper to them, and how it arises in their operation as such unities. Accordingly the following is proposed. (1) That autonomy in living systems is a feature of self-production (autopoiesis), and that a living system is properly characterized only as a network of processes of production of components that is continuously, and recursively, generated and realized as a concrete entity (unity) in the physical space, by the interactions of the same components that it produces as such a network. This organization 1 call the autopoietic organization, and any system that exhibits it is an autopoietic system in the space in which its components exist; in this sense living systems are autopoietic systems in the physical space. (2) That the basic consequence of the autopoietic organization is that everything that takes place in an autopoietic system is subordinated to the realization of its autopoiesis, otherwise it disintegrates. (3) That the fundamental feature that characterizes the nervous system is that it is a c10sed network of interacting neurons in which every state of neuronal activity generates other states of neuronal activity. Since the nervous system is a component subsystem in an autopoietic unity, it operates by generating states of relative neuronal activity that participate in the realization of the autopoiesis of the organism which it integrates. (4) That the autopoietic states that an organism adopts are determined by its structure (the structure of the nervous system included), and that the structure of the organism (including its nervous system) is at any instant the result of its evolutionary and ontogenic structural coupling with the medium in which it is autopoietic, obtained while the autopoiesis is realized. (5) That language arises as phenomenon proper to living systems from the reciprocal structural coupling of at least two organisms with nervous systems, and that self·consciousness arises as an individual phenomenon from the recursive structural coupling of an organism with language with its own structure through recursive self-description.
“Stop Photoshopping!”: A Visual Participatory Inquiry Into Students’ Responses to a Body Curriculum

In today’s school climate of accountability, researchers in Physical Education (PE) pedagogy have contested current fitness curricula that aim to manage, control, and normalize young people’s bodies. This participatory visual research incorporated a Body Curriculum into a fitness unit in a secondary school (a) to assist young people critically deal with the media narratives of perfect bodies they consume in their daily lives, and (b) to examine how participants responded to a Body Curriculum. It was found that while participants rejected media fabrications of the “ideal body” and the “unhealthy” ideals they circulate in society, they recognized the difficulty of not being “caught up” in media storytelling. Participants’ views of their own bodies, however, were not malleable, but rooted in narrow, fixed heteronormative white ideals of “looking a certain way” to “fit” society norms of physical appearance and attractiveness. The benefits and limitations of implementing a Body Curriculum are recognized.
Formulation and optimization of mucoadhesive buccal patches of losartan potassium by using response surface methodology

Background: This study was undertaken with an aim to systematically design a model of factors that would yield an optimized sustained release dosage form of an anti-hypertensive agent, losartan potassium, using response surface methodology (RSM) by employing 32 full factorial design. Materials and Methods: Mucoadhesive buccal patches were prepared using different grades of hydroxypropyl methylcellulose (HPMC) (K4M and K100M) and polyvinylpyrrolidone-K30 by solvent casting method. The amount of the release retardant polymers – HPMC K4M (X1) and HPMC K100M (X2) was taken as an independent variable. The dependent variables were the burst release in 30 min (Y1), cumulative percentage release of drug after 8 h (Y2) and swelling index (Y3) of the patches. In vitro release and swelling studies were carried out and the data were fitted to kinetic equations. Results: The physicochemical, bioadhesive, and swelling properties of patches were found to vary significantly depending on the viscosity of the polymers and their combination. Patches showed an initial burst release preceding a more gradual sustained release phase following a nonfickian diffusion process. Discussion: The results indicate that suitable bioadhesive buccal patches with desired permeability could be prepared, facilitated with the RSM.
Text entry for mobile devices and users with severe motor impairments: handiglyph, a primitive shapes based onscreen keyboard

In recent works, we have developed a text input method based on analogy with capital Latin characters and on the decomposition of characters into basic shapes. It has been designed to be universal and to allow for typing text with only one keystroke per character. In this paper we present a new implementation of this method for users with motor impairments. It uses the same principles in addition to some common techniques used in the Augmentative and Alternative Communication (AAC) domain. The new solution has been tested with a person with Locked-In Syndrome and the results are promising.
Characteristics of Exemplary Programs in Preparing Graduate Assistants to Teach Economics

Recent research by Walstad and Becker (2010) and McCoy and Milkman (2010) indicate that the vast majority of economics graduate programs perform an inadequate job of training their Ph.D. students to teach. In this paper we report survey data from nine schools often identified as having exemplary programs in preparing graduate students to teach economics. The first part of the survey asked general questions concerning the forms of teacher training and preparation for doctoral economics students; specifically, what are they doing and how are they doing it? The second set of the questions asked whether or not certain topics are addressed during the training, whether there is direct supervision and/or evaluation of doctoral student teaching, and if there is an evaluation of the effectiveness of their teacher training programs. After summarizing the responses to the queries, we note that while successful programs do not adhere to a standard instructional format there is widespread agreement about the content the programs should provide.
24th International Conference on Computational Linguistics Proceedings of the Workshop on Question Answering for Complex Domains

Preface Significant progress has been made in building Question Answering systems that are focussed on providing precise answers to specific questions in one shot. In many real world situations, however, the information need may be specified vaguely and some sort of interaction may be required for a complete specification of the problem. Further, the correct answer of the question may be a procedure or passage rather than a factoid. For example, someone having trouble with battery life for her smartphone may express a query as 'battery dying too soon for my XYZ phone'. The intent of the user here, obviously, is to seek a resolution to her problem. The resolution in question may be a procedure consisting of a sequence of steps. In order to recommend the correct resolution, a system may first have to engage in a dialog with the user to ascertain all the symptoms and match the correct resolution ('answer'). In this workshop, we are looking to explore such advanced QA systems that seek to resolve more general user problems in an interactive manner. We are specifically interested in the problem of rapidly bootstrapping such QA systems with limited data annotation. We invited researchers to submit papers discussing techniques for rapid annotation of Q/A pairs, information extraction, machine learning and interactive dialog for building such systems. The workshop topics include but are not limited to:
Confidence measure based unsupervised target model adaptation for speaker verification

This paper proposes a new method for updating online the client models of a speaker recognition system using the test data. This problem is called unsupervised adaptation. The main idea of the proposed approach is to adapt the client model using the complete set of data gathered from the successive test, without deciding if the test data belongs to the client or to an impostor. The adaptation process includes a weighting scheme of the test data, based on the a posteriori probability that a test belongs to the targeted client model. The proposed approach is evaluated within the framework of the NIST 2005 and 2006 Speaker Recognition Evaluations. The links between the adaptation method and channel mismatch factors is also explored, using both Feature Mapping and Latent Factor Analysis (LFA) methods. The proposed unsupervised adaptation outperforms the baseline system, with a relative DCF improvement of 27% (37% for EER). When the LFA channel compensation technique is used, the proposed approach achieves a reduction in DCF of 20% (12.5% for EER). Index Terms: speaker verification, unsupervised adaptation.
What about the music? Music therapists’ perspectives on the role of music in the therapeutic songwriting process

Outcomes-oriented studies and lyric analyses have been extensively used to understand the effects of therapeutic songwriting. There is a notable absence of investigations that focus on the role of the music and the music creation process within the therapeutic songwriting process. This study contributes to this gap by investigating 45 music therapists’ perceptions of the role of music in the therapeutic songwriting process. Modified grounded theory methods led to the construction of three themes with 18 subthemes: 1) music conveys messages and emotions, 2) music has clinical purpose, and 3) music enhances self-expression. A key outcome of the findings is that analysing music alongside the lyrics ensures that the song’s meaning and the inner world of the songwriter are accurately interpreted.
When teaching gets tough – Professional community inhibitors of teacher-targeted bullying and turnover intentions

Bullying in school has become an international concern in recent decades. Yet, we know surprisingly little about inhibitors of teacher-targeted bullying. The study focused on exploring the interrelation between the teacher–working environment fit, bullying, experienced exhaustion and turnover intentions. Altogether 2310 comprehensive school teachers completed the professional agency survey. The analysis was carried out using structural equation modelling (SEM). The results confirmed that the teacher–working environment fit, that is, receiving collegial support and acknowledgement, combined with a positive professional climate and ability to solve problems constructively, can function as inhibitors of both teacher-targeted bullying and exhaustion. Also, a modest reciprocal relationship between bullying and experienced exhaustion was detected. The study further showed exhaustion and bullying to be significant determinants of teacher turnover.
From standardized modeling formats to modeling languages and back — An exploration based on SBML and ML-Rules

Standardized model exchange formats give practitioners the freedom to choose the most suitable tool and facilitate both cross-validation and reproduction of simulation results. On the other hand, standardization necessarily implies a compromise between the capabilities of individual modeling languages and a common ground of concepts and underlying assumptions of the given application domain. This compromise often leads to a mismatch of expressiveness between modeling language and exchange format, which should be resolved automatically, e.g., by offering a transformation. We explore the challenges of such an approach for the Systems Biology Markup Language (SBML), a well-established model format in systems biology, and ML-Rules, a rule-based modeling language for describing cell biological systems at multiple interrelated levels. Our transformation approach can be extended both in terms of the heuristics it employs and in terms of the modeling formalisms it supports.