Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Seamless interaction with scrolling contents on eyewear computers using optokinetic nystagmus eye movements

In this paper we investigate the utility of an eye-based interaction technique (EyeGrip) for seamless interaction with scrolling contents on eyewear computers. EyeGrip uses Optokinetic Nystagmus (OKN) eye movements to detect object of interest among a set of scrolling contents and automatically stops scrolling for the user. We empirically evaluated the usability of EyeGrip in two different applications for eyewear computers: 1) a menu scroll viewer and 2) a Facebook newsfeed reader. The results of our study showed that the EyeGrip technique performs as good as keyboard which has long been a well-known input device. Moreover, the accuracy of the EyeGrip method for menu item selection was higher while in the Facebook study participants found keyboard more accurate.
Learning composable models of parameterized skills

There has been a great deal of work on learning new robot skills, but very little consideration of how these newly acquired skills can be integrated into an overall intelligent system. A key aspect of such a system is compositionality: newly learned abilities have to be characterized in a form that will allow them to be flexibly combined with existing abilities, affording a (good! ) combinatorial explosion in the robot's abilities. In this paper, we focus on learning models of the preconditions and effects of new parameterized skills, in a form that allows those actions to be combined with existing abilities by a generative planning and execution system.
Medication errors and adverse drug events in pediatric inpatients.

CONTEXT Iatrogenic injuries, including medication errors, are an important problem in all hospitalized populations. However, few epidemiological data are available regarding medication errors in the pediatric inpatient setting. OBJECTIVES To assess the rates of medication errors, adverse drug events (ADEs), and potential ADEs; to compare pediatric rates with previously reported adult rates; to analyze the major types of errors; and to evaluate the potential impact of prevention strategies. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PATIENTS Prospective cohort study of 1120 patients admitted to 2 academic institutions during 6 weeks in April and May of 1999. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Medication errors, potential ADEs, and ADEs were identified by clinical staff reports and review of medication order sheets, medication administration records, and patient charts. RESULTS We reviewed 10 778 medication orders and found 616 medication errors (5.7%), 115 potential ADEs (1.1%), and 26 ADEs (0.24%). Of the 26 ADEs, 5 (19%) were preventable. While the preventable ADE rate was similar to that of a previous adult hospital study, the potential ADE rate was 3 times higher. The rate of potential ADEs was significantly higher in neonates in the neonatal intensive care unit. Most potential ADEs occurred at the stage of drug ordering (79%) and involved incorrect dosing (34%), anti-infective drugs (28%), and intravenous medications (54%). Physician reviewers judged that computerized physician order entry could potentially have prevented 93% and ward-based clinical pharmacists 94% of potential ADEs. CONCLUSIONS Medication errors are common in pediatric inpatient settings, and further efforts are needed to reduce them.
One of the Nine Doublet Microtubules of Eukaryotic Flagella Exhibits Unique and Partially Conserved Structures

The axonemal core of motile cilia and flagella consists of nine doublet microtubules surrounding two central single microtubules. Attached to the doublets are thousands of dynein motors that produce sliding between neighboring doublets, which in turn causes flagellar bending. Although many structural features of the axoneme have been described, structures that are unique to specific doublets remain largely uncharacterized. These doublet-specific structures introduce asymmetry into the axoneme and are likely important for the spatial control of local microtubule sliding. Here, we used cryo-electron tomography and doublet-specific averaging to determine the 3D structures of individual doublets in the flagella of two evolutionarily distant organisms, the protist Chlamydomonas and the sea urchin Strongylocentrotus. We demonstrate that, in both organisms, one of the nine doublets exhibits unique structural features. Some of these features are highly conserved, such as the inter-doublet link i-SUB5-6, which connects this doublet to its neighbor with a periodicity of 96 nm. We also show that the previously described inter-doublet links attached to this doublet, the o-SUB5-6 in Strongylocentrotus and the proximal 1–2 bridge in Chlamydomonas, are likely not homologous features. The presence of inter-doublet links and reduction of dynein arms indicate that inter-doublet sliding of this unique doublet against its neighbor is limited, providing a rigid plane perpendicular to the flagellar bending plane. These doublet-specific features and the non-sliding nature of these connected doublets suggest a structural basis for the asymmetric distribution of dynein activity and inter-doublet sliding, resulting in quasi-planar waveforms typical of 9+2 cilia and flagella.
Collaborative augmented reality environments: integrating VR, working materials, and distributed work spaces

In this work, we present a new method for displaying stereo scenes, which speeds up the rendering time of complex geometry. We first discuss a scene splitting strategy, allowing us to partition objects to the distant background or the near foreground. Furthermore, wededuce a computation rule for positioning a cutting plane in the scene.
What’s Really Hurting Our Kids?

Motor vehicle crashes are the single most serious public health problem facing our teen population. Vehicle crashes kill more teenagers then drugs, alcohol, suicide, and homicides combined (Insurance Institute for Highway Safety [IIHS], 2009). Every year in the United States, 5,000 to 6,000 teenagers are killed and 400,000 are seriously injured or permanently disabled (U.S. Department of Transportation, 2004). If this current trend continues, it has been estimated that more than 100,000 16to 24-year-olds will die in vehicle crashes between 2003 and 2012 (National Research Council, Institute of Medicine, & Transportation Research Board, 2007). Driving involves many risks and part of driving safely is being able to recognize those risks. Per mile driven, teen drivers ages 16 to 19 are four times more likely than older drivers to crash (Williams, McCartt, & Geary, 2003). While it appears that our young drivers purposefully engage in risk taking behavior, the real problem is that they do not perceive the risks or recognize the dangers (McKnight & McKnight, 2003). Teenagers’ inability to detect high-risk situations is partly due to their underdeveloped visual scanning capabilities (Pradham et al., 2005). In addition, younger drivers are easily distracted (Stutts, Reinfurt, Staplin, & Rodgman, 2001), have less experience in hazard recognition, and have a sense of invulnerability (Williams, 2006). Certain driving situations place young, novice drivers at greater risk. These include driving at night (Lin & Fearn, 2003; Williams, 2003), driving with other teenage passengers, driving when unbelted (Ferguson, 2003), and driving when fatigued (Williams, 2006).
Lokiarchaea are close relatives of Euryarchaeota, not bridging the gap between prokaryotes and eukaryotes

The eocyte hypothesis, in which Eukarya emerged from within Archaea, has been boosted by the description of a new candidate archaeal phylum, “Lokiarchaeota”, from metagenomic data. Eukarya branch within Lokiarchaeota in a tree reconstructed from the concatenation of 36 universal proteins. However, individual phylogenies revealed that lokiarchaeal proteins sequences have different evolutionary histories. The individual markers phylogenies revealed at least two subsets of proteins, either supporting the Woese or the Eocyte tree of life. Strikingly, removal of a single protein, the elongation factor EF2, is sufficient to break the Eukaryotes-Lokiarchaea affiliation. Our analysis suggests that the three lokiarchaeal EF2 proteins have a chimeric organization that could be due to contamination and/or homologous recombination with patches of eukaryotic sequences. A robust phylogenetic analysis of RNA polymerases with a new dataset indicates that Lokiarchaeota and related phyla of the Asgard superphylum are sister group to Euryarchaeota, not to Eukarya, and supports the monophyly of Archaea with their rooting in the branch leading to Thaumarchaeota.
A limited positioning system for memory

The 2014 Nobel Prize for Physiology or Medicine is an enormous triumph for John O'Keefe and May‐Britt and Edvard Moser and an historic event for cognitive and behavioral neuroscience. Neuronal representations decoded from action potentials form a mechanistic bridge between brain and mind and demonstrate the continuity of psychology with biology and physical science. The cognitive map theory powered an ongoing, international research program inspired by Hebb ( The Organization of Behavior. New York, NY: Wiley) that showed the way toward linking specific patterns of neuronal activity to high level representation and processing. The prize celebrates a path that led from fundamental, philosophical questions about psychological space to enduring, scientific facts: place, head direction, grid, and boundary fields in the hippocampus, presubiculum, entorhinal cortex, and other brain circuits provide a cellular basis for spatial behavior, learning, and memory. By awarding this prize, the Nobel committee affirmed neuroethology and comparative psychology, marked the end of a chapter in one debate about the existence of animal cognition, and recognized cognitive neurophysiology. The “inner GPS” in the brain” demonstrates “a cellular basis for higher cognitive function. ” Animals represent, process, and use information defined by abstract relationships among items (O'Keefe and Conway, ) to guide flexible, goal‐directed actions. Beyond raising the ontological status of “animal mind,” the committee agreed that abstract mental representations can be investigated rigorously by recording single unit activity in the brain of behaving animals. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Online learning optimal control for decentralized stabilization of nonlinear interconnected systems

In this paper, the decentralized stabilization of a class of nonlinear interconnected systems is investigated using online learning optimal control approach. By introducing cost functions that reflect the bounds of interconnections, the optimal controllers of the isolated subsystems can be designed first. Then, it is proved that the decentralized control strategy of the overall system can be developed based on the optimal control policies. Next, the online policy iteration algorithm is presented to solve the Hamilton-Jacobi-Bellman equations. The cost functions and control policies are obtained approximately by employing neural networks. In addition, a simulation example is provided to verify the effectiveness of the present decentralized control strategy.
SERTRALINE IS METABOLIZED BY MULTIPLE CYTOCHROME P450 ENZYMES, MONOAMINE OXIDASES, AND GLUCURONYL TRANSFERASES IN HUMAN: AN IN VITRO STUDY

The oxidative and conjugative metabolism of sertraline was examined in vitro to identify the enzymes involved in the generation of N-desmethyl, deaminated, and N-carbamoyl-glucuronidated metabolites in humans. In human liver microsomes, sertraline was N-demethylated and deaminated by cytochrome P450 (P450) enzymes with overall Km values of 98 and 114 μM, respectively, but the intrinsic clearance for N-demethylation was approximately 20-fold greater than for deamination. Using P450 isoform-selective inhibitors and recombinant heterologously expressed enzymes, it was demonstrated that several P450 enzymes catalyzed sertraline N-demethylation, with CYP2B6 contributing the greatest extent, and lesser contributions from CYP2C19, CYP2C9, CYP3A4, and CYP2D6. For deamination, data supported a role for CYP3A4 and CYP2C19. Purified human monoamine oxidases A and B also catalyzed sertraline deamination with comparable Km values (230-270 μM). Monoamine oxidase B catalyzed the reaction approximately 3-fold faster than did monoamine oxidase A. Sertraline N-carbamoyl glucuronidation was measured in human liver microsomes in bicarbonate buffer and under a CO2 atmosphere (Km = 50 μM) and was catalyzed at the fastest rate by recombinant human UGT2B7. The observation that multiple enzymes appear to be involved in sertraline metabolism suggests that there should be no single agent that could substantially alter the pharmacokinetics of sertraline, nor should there be any single drug-metabolizing enzyme genetic polymorphism (e.g., CYP2D6, CYP2C19, CYP2C9, UGT1A1) that could profoundly impact the pharmacokinetics of sertraline.
Optimizing service replication in clouds

The load on today's service-oriented systems is strongly varying in time. It is advantageous to conserve energy by adapting the number of replicas according to the recent load. Over-provisioning of service replicas is to be avoided, since it increases the operating costs. Under-provisioning of service replicas leads to serious performance degradation and violates service-level agreements. To reduce energy consumption and maintain appropriate performance, we study two service replication strategies: (1) arrival rate based and (2) response time based policy. By simulation, we show that the average number of service replicas and response time can be reduced especially when combining our proposed replication strategies and load balancing schemes.
Evaluating Methods for Intersectoral Comparison of Quality of Care

Summary Objectives: To compare the quality of care regarding the use of elective percutaneous coronary interventions (PCIs) in the inpatient and outpatient setting and to evaluate different methods of confounder control in this context. Methods: Based on data of three statutory health insurances including more than nine million insurance members, a retrospective cohort study between 2005 and 2009 was conducted. The occurrence of myocardial infarction, stroke, further coronary intervention and death was ascertained following the first PCI in the study period, which was preceded by a one-year period without a PCI. A Cox proportional hazard model was used to assess the influence of the setting of the elective PCI on the risk for complications after the PCI for each outcome separately. Age, sex, the number of diseases of the Elixhauser comorbidity measure, past acute coronary syndrome, coronary artery disease, dyslipidemia, past stroke, past coronary artery bypass surgery and the year of the PCI were included as covariables. The analyses were repeated in a propensity score matched cohort as well as in inverse probability of treatment weighted analyses. Results: The cohort comprised 4,269 patients with an outpatient PCI and 26,044 patients with an inpatient PCI. The majority of the analyses revealed no statistically significant effect of the setting of the PCI on the risk of myocardial infarction, stroke and further coronary interventions, whereas a reduced mortality risk was observed for out-patient PCIs. Similar results were obtained in the propensity score analyses. Conclusions: The analysis revealed that the adjusted risk for complications following an elective PCI is similar between the inpatient and the outpatient setting. For mortality the risk differed but this might be explained by residual or unmeasured confounding. The different methods applied in this study revealed mostly similar results. Since our study only covered one aspect of quality of care in the field of PCI and did not consider drug treatment in hospital or in the outpatient setting, further studies are needed which include these aspects.
Tug-of-War in Motor Protein Ensembles Revealed with a Programmable DNA Origami Scaffold

Push Me, Release, Pull You In eukaryotic cells, nearly all long-distance transport of cargos is carried out by the microtubule-based motors kinesin and dynein. These opposite-polarity motors move cargos bidirectionally so that they reach their cellular destinations with spatial and temporal specificity. To understand transport by motor ensembles, Derr et al. (p. 662, published online 11 October; see the Persective by Diehl) used a DNA scaffold for building an artificial cargo that could be programmed to bind different numbers and types of molecular motors with defined geometry. A cargo with multiple copies of the same motor was transported with minimal interference, suggesting that similar-polarity motors can coordinate without the need for additional cellular factors. However, ensembles of opposite-polarity motors frequently engaged in a sort of “tug of war,” which could only be resolved by releasing one motor from the microtubule track. Thus, within the cell, it is likely that regulation is required for bidirectional transport. Two microtubule motors attached to the same cargo cooperate or compete, depending on relative directionality. Cytoplasmic dynein and kinesin-1 are microtubule-based motors with opposite polarity that transport a wide variety of cargo in eukaryotic cells. Many cellular cargos demonstrate bidirectional movement due to the presence of ensembles of dynein and kinesin, but are ultimately sorted with spatial and temporal precision. To investigate the mechanisms that coordinate motor ensemble behavior, we built a programmable synthetic cargo using three-dimensional DNA origami to which varying numbers of DNA oligonucleotide-linked motors could be attached, allowing for control of motor type, number, spacing, and orientation in vitro. In ensembles of one to seven identical-polarity motors, motor number had minimal affect on directional velocity, whereas ensembles of opposite-polarity motors engaged in a tug-of-war resolvable by disengaging one motor species.
Real-time Panoramic Mosaics and Augmented Reality

This paper investigates estimating exact imaging transformations accurately, reliably and efficiently. It is shown that in certain common computer vision situations the transformation required can be defined by a small number of parameters. Search is only required over these parameters, and consequently the search algorithms to estimate the transformation can be run at frame rate, without sacrificing robustness or accuracy. Performance is superior to often used approximations to these transformations. Two examples are illustrated: planar panoramic mosaicing, and augmented reality. Both applications run at frame rate on standard desktop machines, such as an SGI Indy or a PC.
Full-Duplex Relay Based on Distributed Beamforming in Multiuser MIMO Systems

In this paper, we propose a distributed beamforming scheme to realize a full-duplex relay (FDR) in multiuser multiple-input–multiple-output (MIMO) relaying systems. In the proposed scheme, each mobile and relay station performs distributed transmit beamforming and receive combining, whereas the base station performs ordinary multiuser MIMO transmission. Using the channel reciprocity, the proposed FDR scheme can be realized in an iterative way with no cooperation among nodes. Numerical results show that the proposed scheme provides substantial performance improvement compared with the half-duplex relay.
Fermentation of purple Jerusalem artichoke extract to improve the α-glucosidase inhibitory effect in vitro and ameliorate blood glucose in db/db mice

BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES Jerusalem artichoke has inhibitory activity against α-glucosidase and decreases fasting serum glucose levels, which may be related to its fructan content. The biological activity of fructan can be influenced by the degree of polymerization. Thus, in this study, the inhibitory effects of original and fermented purple Jerusalem artichoke (PJA) on α-glucosidase were compared in vitro. Additionally, the anti-diabetes effect of Lactobacillus plantarum-fermented PJA (LJA) was studied in a non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus animal model (C57BIKsJ db/db). MATERIALS/METHODS The water extract of PJA was fermented by L. plantarum, and two strains of Bacillus subtilis to compare their anti-α-glucosidase activities in vitro by α-glucosidase assays. The anti-diabetes effect of LJA was studied in a non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus animal model (C57BIKsJ db/db) for seven weeks. During the experiment, food intake, body weight, and fasting blood glucose were measured every week. At the end of the treatment period, several diabetic parameters and the intestinal α-glucosidase activity were measured. RESULTS The LJA showed the highest α-glucosidase inhibitory activity in vitro. In the in vivo study, it resulted in a significantly lower blood glucose concentration than the control. Serum insulin and HDL cholesterol levels were significantly higher and the concentrations of triglycerides, non-esterified fatty acids, and total cholesterol were significant lower in mice treated with LJA after seven weeks. In addition, the intestinal α-glucosidase activity was partially inhibited. CONCLUSIONS These results suggested that LJA regulates blood glucose and has potential use as a dietary supplement.
Nonconvex Penalization Using Laplace Exponents and Concave Conjugates

In this paper we study sparsity-inducing nonconvex penalty functions using Levy processes. We define such a penalty as the Laplace exponent of a subordinator. Accordingly, we propose a novel approach for the construction of sparsity-inducing nonconvex penalties. Particularly, we show that the nonconvex logarithmic (LOG) and exponential (EXP) penalty functions are the Laplace exponents of Gamma and compound Poisson subordinators, respectively. Additionally, we explore the concave conjugate of nonconvex penalties. We find that the LOG and EXP penalties are the concave conjugates of negative Kullback-Leiber (KL) distance functions. Furthermore, the relationship between these two penalties is due to asymmetricity of the KL distance.
Energy Psychology in Disaster Relief

Energy psychology utilizes cognitive operations such as imaginal exposure to traumatic memories or visualization of optimal performance scenarios—combined with physical interventions derived from acupuncture, yoga, and related systems—for inducing psychological change. While a controversial approach, this combination purportedly brings about, with unusual speed and precision, therapeutic shifts in affective, cognitive, and behavioral patterns that underlie a range of psychological concerns. Energy psychology has been applied in the wake of natural and human-made disasters in the Congo, Guatemala, Indonesia, Kenya, Kosovo, Kuwait, Mexico, Moldavia, Nairobi, Rwanda, South Africa, Tanzania, Thailand, and the U.S. At least three international humanitarian relief organizations have adapted energy psychology as a treatment in their post-disaster missions. Four tiers of energy psychology interventions include 1) immediate relief/stabilization, 2) extinguishing conditioned responses, 3) overcoming complex psychological problems, and 4) promoting optimal functioning. The first tier is most pertinent in psychological first aid immediately following a disaster, with the subsequent tiers progressively being introduced over time with complex stress reactions and chronic disorders. This paper reviews the approach, considers its viability, and offers a framework for applying energy psychology in treating disaster survivors.
Voting by Adaptive Agents in Multi-Candidate Elections

Here we investigate how strategic adaptation changes our understanding and predictions of voting systems. We model populations of agents voting in multiple elections over time that revise their voting strategies based on electoral outcomes. Using this framework we examine the dynamic formation of electoral outcomes. Allowing agents to adapt their strategies refines the predictions of rational choice models and allows for a more realistic basis for understanding elections. We find that Approval and Plurality voting rules generate similar, relatively intuitive behavior, while Borda Count results in less intuitive, and often miscoordinated, outcomes.