Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
The Use of Immunohistochemistry in the Diagnosis of Metastatic Clear Cell Renal Cell Carcinoma: A Review of PAX-8, PAX-2, hKIM-1, RCCma, and CD10

The diagnosis of metastatic clear cell renal cell carcinoma may be difficult in some cases, particularly in the small image-guided biopsies that are becoming more common. As targeted therapies for renal cell carcinoma are now standard treatment, the recognition and diagnosis of renal cell carcinoma has become even more critical. Many adjunctive immunohistochemical markers of renal epithelial lineage such as CD10 and RCCma have been proposed as aids in the diagnosis of metastatic renal cell carcinoma, but low specificities often limit their utility. More recently described markers (PAX-2, PAX-8, human kidney injury molecule-1, hepatocyte nuclear factor-1-&bgr;, and carbonic anhydrase-IX) offer the potential for greater sensitivity and specificity in this diagnostic setting; however, knowledge of their expected staining in other neoplasms and tissues is critical for appropriate use. In this review, we discuss the most widely used immunohistochemical markers of renal lineage with an emphasis on their sensitivity and specificity for metastatic clear cell renal cell carcinoma. Subsequently, we present a variety of organ-specific differential diagnostic scenarios in which metastatic clear cell renal cell carcinoma might be considered and we propose immunopanels for use in each situation.
The Course of Intelligence of Pasture Fishery

In modern Russia, the cultivation of commercial fish in lakes for grazing (foraging) technology is transformed from an extensive form of production into an intensive one with elements of industrialization. Year after year, more and more large and small lake fish farms and farms are mastering new technologies for ameliorating the aquatic environment and modern biotechnologists for growing commercial fish. This occurs on the basis of understanding by users of reservoirs of the real benefits of modernization, which significantly improves the effectiveness of fish breeding hydronomy, combining the processes of agronomy and animal husbandry [1] on natural and artificial reservoirs. Thanks to the technological methods of melioration, lakes become the base for a multiple increase in catches of fish by methods of fish farming in the calculation of 1 hectare, since natural biological properties of water bodies are more efficiently used. On the territory of Russia, in the forest-steppe zone from the Ural Mountains to the Yenisey River, there are many different types of lakes, both in area and in terms of hydrobiological indicators.
Are Lumbar Spine Reoperation Rates Falling With Greater Use of Fusion Surgery and New Surgical Technology?

Study Design. A retrospective analysis of population-based hospital discharge registry from all nonfederal acute care hospitals in Washington State. Objective. We examined the cumulative incidence of second lumbar spine operation following an initial lumbar operation for degenerative conditions. We aimed to determine if the cumulative incidence of a second lumbar spine operation decreased in the 1990s following an increase in the rate of fusion surgery and the introduction of several newer fusion technologies. Summary of Background Data. Repeat lumbar spine operations are generally undesirable, implying persistent symptoms, progression of degenerative changes, or treatment complications. Improved technology is expected to improve alignment, healing, and instability, and to reduce repeat operations. Methods. Among the patients who had an inpatient lumbar decompression or lumbar fusion surgery for degenerative spine disorders in 1990 to 1993 (n = 24,882) or in 1997 to 2000 (n = 25,209), we examined rates of subsequent lumbar spine surgery during a 4-year follow-up. We performed a Cox proportional hazards regression to compare the probability of a reoperation between the 2 cohorts, adjusting for age, sex, primary diagnosis, type of insurance, and comorbidity. Results. Among patients who underwent surgery for lumbar degenerative disease, more than twice as many had a fusion procedure in the 1997 to 2000 cohort (19.1%) compared with the 1990 to 1993 cohort (9.4%). However, the 4-year cumulative incidence of reoperation was higher in the 1997 to 2000 cohort compared with the 1990 to 1993 cohort (14.0% vs. 12.4%; hazard ratio, 1.16; 95% confidence interval, 1.11–1.22, P < 0.001). Among fusion patients, those in the 1997 to 2000 cohort were approximately 40% more likely to undergo a reoperation within the first year when compared with fusion patients in the 1990 to 1993 cohort. There was no difference in reoperation probability beyond 1 year. Conclusion. A higher proportion of fusion procedures and the introduction of new spinal implants between 1993 and 1997 did not reduce reoperation rates. Patients who had lumbar surgery for degenerative disease in the late 1990s were more likely to undergo a repeat operation within 4 years than patients who had surgery in the early 1990s.
Five-Kilometer Time Trial Reliability of a Nonmotorized Treadmill and Comparison of Physiological and Perceptual Responses vs. a Motorized Treadmill

Abstract Waldman, HS, Heatherly, AJ, Waddell, AF, Krings, BM, and O'Neal, EK. Five-kilometer time trial reliability of a nonmotorized treadmill and comparison of physiological and perceptual responses vs. a motorized treadmill. J Strength Cond Res 32(5): 1455–1461, 2018—This study examined the reliability of running performance across 3 nonmotorized treadmill (NMT) 5-km time trials (TTs) and physiological, gait, and perceptual differences at a 5-km pace for both NMT and motorized treadmills (MTs). Ten male runners experienced in road racing who had never run on an NMT completed 3 TT to establish personal best 5-km pace. In a later session, participants ran at this pace for 5 minutes on the NMT while metabolic, gait, and perceptual measures were recorded and then ran at outdoor 5-km personal best pace on an MT at 1% grade (counter-balanced crossover design). Intraclass correlation (ICC = 0.95) between the TT1 and TT2 was strong but improved between TT2 and TT3 (ICC = 0.99) with considerable reduction in variability. Nonmotorized treadmill resulted in a 24% slower pace (10.6 ± 1.5 vs. 13.9 ± 2.6 km·h−1; p < 0.001), shorter stride length (1.02 ± 0.10 vs. 1.27 ± 0.18 m; p < 0.001), and decreased cadence (175 ± 12 vs. 181 ± 13 steps per·minute; p = 0.01). However, V[Combining Dot Above]O2, respiratory exchange ratio (RER), lactate concentration, and heart rate did not differ between modalities (NMT = 3.4 ± 0.4 L·min−1, 0.96 ± 0.04, 6.9 ± 3.7 mmol, 172 ± 10 b·min−1; MT = 3.4 ± 0.5 L·min−1, 0.96 ± 0.04, 5.7 ± 3.4 mmol, 170 ± 10 b·min−1). rate of perceived exertion (RPE) for legs, breathing, and overall did not differ between treadmill types. A familiarization session should be included for TT using NMT. Other than gait and pace characteristics similar responses were elicited by both treadmills when running at 5-km pace. However, with these considerations, NMT TT of 4-km might be more appropriate in matching MT 5-km TT duration without altering physiological responses significantly.
Smart Sensing Systems for Surgical Tool-points

In this paper, sensing techniques are described to determine the state of interaction between tissues and tool-points with the aim to control 'Smart' tool points and mechanisms for surgery. By adopting this approach there is the potential to control the position of tool-points precisely in tissues that are moving or deflecting under tool forces and to discriminate different conditions or states in the process. Tactile systems are described for discriminating contact over a tissue surface or interface and for penetrating a deflecting tissue. One device has been deployed in surgery as a fully autonomous system. Future systems could combine a series of these approaches for sensing and the control of tool points.
Optimization of iron dosage for microalgal biomass production as a feedstock for biofuel

Summary Biomass and metabolite production of three marine (Tetraselmis sp., Nannochloropsis sp., Chlorocystis sp.) and three freshwater microalgae (Scenedesmus sp., Chlorella sp., Monoraphidium sp.) were studied under different iron concentrations. The biomass concentration in control cultures (i.e., no iron added) was in the range of 291.5 – 707.5 mg/L, suggesting that these microalgae could use dissolved iron in the source water and also the carried over iron from the inoculum. In terms of biomass production, 0.05 mg/L or less Fe3+ supplementation was optimum for all the marine microalgae, however addition of iron did not have any significant effect on the biomass yield of freshwater microalgae (P < 0.05). Different iron supplementations, however, resulted in mixed trends in metabolites contents among these strains. Nevertheless, iron uptake by these microalgae was low while extra iron could remain in the culture media or precipitate. The biomass concentrations of Nannochloropsis sp. and Scenedesmus sp. cultures, when grown in outdoor 1000 L raceway tanks without iron supplementation, were 721.5 mg/L and 530 mg/L, respectively. From the indoor and outdoor experiments, it can be concluded that some microalgae have a very low iron requirement.
Biogenic membranes of the chloroplast in Chlamydomonas reinhardtii

The polypeptide subunits of the photosynthetic electron transport complexes in plants and algae are encoded by two genomes. Nuclear genome-encoded subunits are synthesized in the cytoplasm by 80S ribosomes, imported across the chloroplast envelope, and assembled with the subunits that are encoded by the plastid genome. Plastid genome-encoded subunits are synthesized by 70S chloroplast ribosomes directly into membranes that are widely believed to belong to the photosynthetic thylakoid vesicles. However, in situ evidence suggested that subunits of photosystem II are synthesized in specific regions within the chloroplast and cytoplasm of Chlamydomonas. Our results provide biochemical and in situ evidence of biogenic membranes that are localized to these translation zones. A “chloroplast translation membrane” is bound by the translation machinery and appears to be privileged for the synthesis of polypeptides encoded by the plastid genome. Membrane domains of the chloroplast envelope are located adjacent to the cytoplasmic translation zone and enriched in the translocons of the outer and inner chloroplast envelope membranes protein import complexes, suggesting a coordination of protein synthesis and import. Our findings contribute to a current realization that biogenic processes are compartmentalized within organelles and bacteria.
Chern-Simons field theory of two-dimensional electrons in the lowest Landau level.

We propose a fermion Chern-Simons field theory describing two-dimensional electrons in the lowest Landau level. This theory is constructed with a complete set of states, and the lowest-Landau-level constraint is enforced through a {delta} functional described by an auxiliary field {lambda}. Unlike the field theory constructed directly with the states in the lowest Landau level, this theory allows one, utilizing the physical picture of {open_quote}{open_quote}composite fermion,{close_quote}{close_quote} to study the fractional quantum Hall states by mapping them onto certain integer quantum Hall states; but, unlike its application in the unconstrained theory, such a mapping is sensible only when interactions between electrons are present. An {open_quote}{open_quote}effective mass,{close_quote}{close_quote} which characterizes the scale of low energy excitations in the fractional quantum Hall systems, emerges naturally from our theory. We study a Gaussian effective theory and interpret physically the dressed stationary point equation for {lambda} as an equation for the {open_quote}{open_quote}mass renormalization{close_quote}{close_quote} of composite fermions. {copyright} {ital 1996 The American Physical Society. }
VMFDF: A Virtualization-based Multi-Level Fault Detection Framework for High Availability Computing

Virtualization has been widely adopted by lots of business companies. It is now becoming an effective way to manage massive hardware resources in flexible scales. While power and hardware cost can be significantly saved through virtualization, the fault detection of system becomes more difficult due to the increasing scalability and complexity in a virtualized environment. In this paper, a fault detection framework for virtualized environments is proposed, multiple levels, including application server (AS), operating system (OS) and virtual machine monitor (VMM), are considered in a holistic manner. The framework has been evaluated through a benchmark, Bench4Q. Results show the effectiveness of our framework. And the overhead of our framework is less than 10%.
Importance of early nutritional screening in patients with gastric cancer

In the present study, we evaluated the relationship between nutritional status, disease stage and quality of life (QoL) in 100 patients recently diagnosed with gastric carcinoma. The patients' nutritional status was investigated with anthropometric, biochemical, inflammatory and functional variables; and we also evaluated the nutritional risk with the Nutritional Risk Screening 2002. Oncological staging was standard. QoL was evaluated using the Functional Assessment of Anorexia/Cachexia Therapy questionnaire. The statistical correlation between nutritional risk score (NRS) and oncological characteristics or QoL was evaluated using both univariable and multivariable analyses. Weight loss and reduction of food intake were the most frequent pathological nutritional indicators, while biochemical, inflammatory and functional variables were in the normal range. According to NRS, thirty-six patients were malnourished or at risk for malnutrition. Patients with NRS ≥ 3 presented a significantly greater percentage of stage IV gastric cancer and pathological values of C-reactive protein, while no correlation was found with the site of tumour. NRS was negatively associated with QoL (P < 0·001) and this relation was independent from oncological and inflammatory variables as confirmed by multivariable analysis. In the present study, we found that in patients with gastric cancer malnutrition is frequent at diagnosis and this is likely due to reduction in food intake. Moreover, NRS is directly correlated with tumour stage and inversely correlated with QoL, which makes it a useful tool to identify patients in need of an early nutritional intervention during oncological treatments.
All‐atom and coarse‐grained simulations of the forced unfolding pathways of the SNARE complex

The SNARE complex, consisting of three proteins (VAMP2, syntaxin, and SNAP‐25), is thought to drive membrane fusion by assembling into a four‐helix bundle through a zippering process. In support of the above zippering model, a recent single‐molecule optical tweezers experiment by Gao et al. revealed a sequential unzipping of SNARE along VAMP2 in the order of the linker domain → the C‐terminal domain → the N‐terminal domain. To offer detailed structural insights to this unzipping process, we have performed all‐atom and coarse‐grained steered molecular dynamics (sMD) simulations of the forced unfolding pathways of SNARE using different models and force fields. Our findings are summarized as follows: First, the sMD simulations based on either an all‐atom force field (with an implicit solvent model) or a coarse‐grained Go model were unable to capture the forced unfolding pathway of SNARE as observed by Gao et al., which may be attributed to insufficient simulation time and inaccurate force fields. Second, the sMD simulations based on a reparameterized coarse‐grained model (i.e., modified elastic network model) were able to predict a sequential unzipping of SNARE in good agreement with the findings by Gao et al. The key to this success is to reparameterize the intrahelix and interhelix nonbonded force constants against the pair‐wise residue–residue distance fluctuations collected from all‐atom MD simulations of SNARE. Therefore, our finding supports the importance of accurately describing the inherent dynamics/flexibility of SNARE (in the absence of force), in order to correctly simulate its unfolding behaviors under force. This study has established a useful computational framework for future studies of the zippering function of SNARE and its perturbations by point mutations with amino‐acid level of details, and more generally the forced unfolding pathways of other helix bundle proteins. Proteins 2014; 82:1376–1386. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Automatic singer identification based on auditory features

The paper describes a method of identifying singers' voice from the monophonic music including sounds of various musical instruments based on auditory features. In this system, there are four problems to solve, vocal segment detection, feature extraction, modeling of the singing voice and identification. For a song to be identified, the vocal/nonvocal segment is detected via a new classifier—Sparse Representation-based Classification (SRC). The feature extraction is of the most importance. Human ear can distinguish among different types of sounds, so auditory features to describe the singer's voice are important. To describe the auditory features, we calculate features of each frame including Mel-frequency Cepstral Coefficient (MFCC), Liner Prediction Mel-frequency Cepstral Coefficient (LPMCC) and Gammatone Cepstral Coefficient (GTCC). Finally, we introduce the Gaussian Mixture Model (GMM) to model the singers' voice. This system is demonstrated to improve the performance of an automatic singer identification system in Music Information Retrieval (MIR).
Intestinal Epithelial Cell Function IL-13-Induced Alterations in Murine Role of STAT6 and Mast Cells in IL-4- and

Gastrointestinal nematode infections generally invoke a type 2 cytokine response, characterized by the production of IL-4, IL-5, IL-9, and IL-13. Among these cytokines, IL-4 and IL-13 exhibit a functional overlap that can be explained by the sharing of a common receptor or receptor component (IL-4R (cid:1) ). Binding of IL-4 by either the type 1 or 2 IL-4R, or of IL-13 by the type 2 IL-4R, initiates Jak-dependent tyrosine phosphorylation of the IL-4R (cid:1) -chain and the transcription factor, STAT6. In the present study, we investigated: 1) whether IL-13 has effects on intestinal epithelial cells similar to those observed with IL-4, and 2) whether the effects of IL-4 and IL-13 depend on STAT6 signaling and/or mast cells. BALB/c, STAT6 (cid:2) / (cid:2) , and mast cell-deﬁcient W/W v mice or their (cid:3) / (cid:3) littermates were treated with a long-lasting formulation of recombinant mouse IL-4 (IL-4C) or with IL-13 for seven days. Segments of jejunum were mounted in Ussing chambers to measure mucosal permeability; chloride secretion in response to PGE 2 , histamine, 5-hydroxytryptamine, or acetylcholine; and Na (cid:3) -linked glucose absorption. IL-4C and IL-13 increased mucosal permeability, decreased glucose absorption, and decreased chloride secretion in response to 5-hydroxytryptamine. These effects were dependent on STAT6 signaling. Responses to PGE 2 and histamine, which were dependent on mast cells and STAT6, were enhanced by IL-4C, but not by IL-13. The effects of IL-4 and IL-13 on intestinal epithelial cell function may play a critical role in host protection against gastrointestinal nematodes. The Journal of Immunology, 2002, 169: 4417–4422. he proﬁle of cytokines elicited by an infectious agent or-chestrates the host response to the offending pathogen.
Na+ competes with K+ in bumetanide-sensitive transport by Malpighian tubules of Rhodnius prolixus

SUMMARY We examined the effects of bathing saline Na+/K+ ratio, bumetanide and hydrochlorothiazide on fluid and ion transport by serotonin-stimulated Malpighian tubules of Rhodnius prolixus. Previous pharmacological and electrophysiological studies indicate that a bumetanide-sensitive Na+/K+/2Cl– cotransporter is the primary route for basolateral ion entry into the cell during fluid secretion. The goal of this study was to resolve the apparent conflict between relatively high secretion rates by tubules bathed in K+-free saline and the evidence that Na+/K+/2Cl– cotransporters described in other systems have an absolute requirement for all three ions for translocation. Our measurements of fluid secretion rate, ion fluxes and electrophysiological responses to serotonin show that fluid secretion in K+-free saline is bumetanide sensitive and hydrochlorothiazide insensitive. Dose–response curves of secretion rate versus bumetanide concentration were identical for tubules bathed in K+-free and control saline with IC50 values of 2.6×10–6 mmol l–1 and 2.9×10–6 mmol l–1, respectively. Double-reciprocal plots of K+ flux versus bathing saline K+ concentration showed that increasing Na+ concentration in the bathing fluid increased Kt but had no effect on Jmax, consistent with competitive inhibition of K+ transport by Na+. We propose that the competition between Na+ and K+ for transport by the bumetanide-sensitive transporter is part of an autonomous mechanism by which Malpighian tubules regulate haemolymph K+ concentration.
South Central Andean Area. Social Interaction, Relationship and Genetic Divergence in the Atacama Desert

Social relations and their impact on genetic divergence are analyzed between localities in a key path linking the Argentine Northwest with the Northern Arid of Chile. The study was carried out with 1168 individuals from the sites of Puna de Jujuy, San Pedro de Atacama, Calama, Pisagua and 29 craniometric variables. Discriminant Analysis methods were used for the evaluation of differences between sites and sexes and the reclassification of individuals in another site than the original one. The Fst statistic was calculated to determine the genetic structure and the kinship relationships within and between populations. The Fst value between localities is Fst=0.0825 ± 0.0030. Considering the sexes by site, the observed genotypic variance (Fst=0.1195 ± 0.0037) increased by 45%, compared to the expected variance. The Puna de Jujuy sample showed a greater contribution of outside the region variability, including both sexes, in relation to the remaining sites. The migratory effect between localities depended mainly on the circulation of men and by a smaller proportion, the women. Migration rates estimated between localities vary between 1.8 and 2.8 individuals per generation. Evidence of extinction of kinship by distance between localities is presented. There is also evidence of patterns of matrilocal residence.