Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
On Routing Disjoint Paths in Bounded Treewidth Graphs

We study the problem of routing on disjoint paths in bounded treewidth graphs with both edge and node capacities. The input consists of a capacitated graph $G$ and a collection of $k$ source-destination pairs $\mathcal{M} = \{(s_1, t_1), \dots, (s_k, t_k)\}$. The goal is to maximize the number of pairs that can be routed subject to the capacities in the graph. A routing of a subset $\mathcal{M}'$ of the pairs is a collection $\mathcal{P}$ of paths such that, for each pair $(s_i, t_i) \in \mathcal{M}'$, there is a path in $\mathcal{P}$ connecting $s_i$ to $t_i$. In the Maximum Edge Disjoint Paths (MaxEDP) problem, the graph $G$ has capacities $\mathrm{cap}(e)$ on the edges and a routing $\mathcal{P}$ is feasible if each edge $e$ is in at most $\mathrm{cap}(e)$ of the paths of $\mathcal{P}$. The Maximum Node Disjoint Paths (MaxNDP) problem is the node-capacitated counterpart of MaxEDP. In this paper we obtain an $O(r^3)$ approximation for MaxEDP on graphs of treewidth at most $r$ and a matching approximation for MaxNDP on graphs of pathwidth at most $r$. Our results build on and significantly improve the work by Chekuri et al. [ICALP 2013] who obtained an $O(r \cdot 3^r)$ approximation for MaxEDP.
Directly observed antidepressant medication treatment and HIV outcomes among homeless and marginally housed HIV-positive adults: a randomized controlled trial.

OBJECTIVES We assessed whether directly observed fluoxetine treatment reduced depression symptom severity and improved HIV outcomes among homeless and marginally housed HIV-positive adults in San Francisco, California, from 2002 to 2008. METHODS We conducted a nonblinded, randomized controlled trial of once-weekly fluoxetine, directly observed for 24 weeks, then self-administered for 12 weeks (n = 137 persons with major or minor depressive disorder or dysthymia). Hamilton Depression Rating Scale score was the primary outcome. Response was a 50% reduction from baseline and remission a score below 8. Secondary measures were Beck Depression Inventory-II (BDI-II) score, antiretroviral uptake, antiretroviral adherence (measured by unannounced pill count), and HIV-1 RNA viral suppression (< 50 copies/mL). RESULTS The intervention reduced depression symptom severity (b = -1.97; 95% confidence interval [CI] = -0.85, -3.08; P < .001) and increased response (adjusted odds ratio [AOR] = 2.40; 95% CI = 1.86, 3.10; P < .001) and remission (AOR = 2.97; 95% CI = 1.29, 3.87; P < .001). BDI-II results were similar. We observed no statistically significant differences in secondary HIV outcomes. CONCLUSIONS Directly observed fluoxetine may be an effective depression treatment strategy for HIV-positive homeless and marginally housed adults, a vulnerable population with multiple barriers to adherence.
Forest Pact Bypasses Computer Model

AUSTRALIAMELBOURNE, AUSTRALIA-- Conservation scientists are reeling from the outcome of a fight over one of Australia's richest regions of biodiversity. An innovative and internationally praised scheme for reconciling conflicts over natural resources that tapped a 3-year, $23 million biota survey proved no match this fall for old-fashioned political muscle. The result was a bill passed late last month by state legislators permitting extensive logging in diverse forest ecosystems in the northeast corner of the state of New South Wales.
A Strategy for Effective Local Updates of the Geological Structure in an Earth Model during Drilling

The increased amount of subsurface measurements available in real-time while drilling with wired pipe opens new possibilities for optimisation of well placement. The continuous stream of new information reduces uncertainty and allows revisions of the geological interpretations made prior to the drilling operation. When the most current and precise knowledge is required and the time available to update the earth model is limited, methods that support effective, local model modifications are essential. We demonstrate a strategy where grids are replaced by flexible geometrical transformations. It allows separate management of geological structure and spatial petrophysical properties. The transformations enable effective structural modifications in an earth model without compromising existing representations of petrophysical properties. Principles of the methodology are exemplified by demonstrating automatic insertion of new faults and pinch-in of new sedimentary layers. The modifications are based on information received during the drilling process, where geological markers interpreted during the operation constrain the alterations.
Does oxidative stress shorten telomeres in vivo? A review

The length of telomeres, the protective caps of chromosomes, is increasingly used as a biomarker of individual health state because it has been shown to predict chances of survival in a range of endothermic species including humans. Oxidative stress is presumed to be a major cause of telomere shortening, but most evidence to date comes from in vitro cultured cells. The importance of oxidative stress as a determinant of telomere shortening in vivo remains less clear and has recently been questioned. We, therefore, reviewed correlative and experimental studies investigating the links between oxidative stress and telomere shortening in vivo. While correlative studies provide equivocal support for a connection between oxidative stress and telomere attrition (10 of 18 studies), most experimental studies published so far (seven of eight studies) partially or fully support this hypothesis. Yet, this link seems to be tissue-dependent in some cases, or restricted to particular categories of individual (e.g. sex-dependent) in other cases. More experimental studies, especially those decreasing antioxidant protection or increasing pro-oxidant generation, are required to further our understanding of the importance of oxidative stress in determining telomere length in vivo. Studies comparing growing versus adult individuals, or proliferative versus non-proliferative tissues would provide particularly important insights.
Bank Heterogeneity and Monetary Policy Transmission

The heterogeneity in the response of banks to a change in monetary policy is an important element in the transmission of this policy through banks. This paper examines the role of bank liquidity, capitalization and market power as internal factors influencing banks’ reaction in terms of lending and risk-taking to monetary policy impulses. The ultimate impact of a monetary policy change on bank performance is also considered. The empirical analysis, using large panel datasets for the United States and the euro area, elucidates the sources of differences in the response of banks to changes in policy interest rates by disaggregating down to the individual bank level. This is achieved by the use of a Local GMM technique that also enables us to quantify the degree of heterogeneity in the transmission mechanism. It is argued that the extensive heterogeneity in banks’ response identifies overlooked consequences of bank behavior and highlights potential monetary sources of the current financial distress.
A Novel Approach for Prioritization of Failure modes in FMEA using MCDM

Failure Mode Effect Analysis (FMEA) is one of user friendly and handy tool available in the hands of the process industries to identifying and eliminating the potential failures in systems, processes and designing. In this FMEA method prioritization of the failure modes are based on Risk Priority Number (RPN). This RPN can be calculated by multiplying the scores of various risk factors and categorized as Severity(S), Occurrence (O) and Detection (D). This RPN method has been criticized for its several limitations. So this paper aims to eliminate the limitations present in the RPN based prioritization by integrating with the Techniques of Multi Criteria Decision Making(MCDM) Model by fusing Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP) with Preference Ranking Organization Method for Enrichment Evaluation (PROMETHEE). This hybridization of MCDM methods will enhance the precision of prioritizing failure modes by eliminating the limitations of traditional FMEA. The technique AHP is used to determine the weights for each risk factor and PROMETHEE is used to prioritize the failure mode based on the weights of risk factors.
How valid are wearable physical activity trackers for measuring steps?

Abstract Wearable activity trackers have become popular for tracking individual’s daily physical activity, but little information is available to substantiate the validity of these devices in step counts. Thirty-five healthy individuals completed three conditions of activity tracker measurement: walking/jogging on a treadmill, walking over-ground on an indoor track, and a 24-hour free-living condition. Participants wore 10 activity trackers at the same time for both treadmill and over-ground protocol. Of these 10 activity trackers three were randomly given for 24-hour free-living condition. Correlations of steps measured to steps observed were r = 0.84 and r = 0.67 on a treadmill and over-ground protocol, respectively. The mean MAPE (mean absolute percentage error) score for all devices and speeds on a treadmill was 8.2% against manually counted steps. The MAPE value was higher for over-ground walking (9.9%) and even higher for the 24-hour free-living period (18.48%) on step counts. Equivalence testing for step count measurement resulted in a significant level within ±5% for the Fitbit Zip, Withings Pulse, and Jawbone UP24 and within ±10% for the Basis B1 band, Garmin VivoFit, and SenseWear Armband Mini. The results show that the Fitbit Zip and Withings Pulse provided the most accurate measures of step count under all three different conditions (i.e. treadmill, over-ground, and 24-hour condition), and considerable variability in accuracy across monitors and also by speeds and conditions.
The Nature of Secondary Natural Magnetizations in Some Igneous and Baked Rocks

Secondary natural magnetizations have been examined by thermally demagnetizing a variety of rock types of mainly Tertiary age from Britain, India and Iceland. The conclusion is that the secondary magnetizations are most likely to be viscous magnetizations slowly acquired isothermally in the earth's magnetic field. A theory is developed which predicts an upper limit of temperature needed to erase thermally in the laboratory any viscous magnetization acquired by a rock at or near room temperature. This upper limit is near to 300°C, and is observed to be correct for all except four of the 123 specimens investigated.It also appears that if, during laboratory heating, the Curie point of a specimen rises due to oxidation before complete demagnetization of the NRM, then the NRM direction may be retained by the specimen unchanged, and only disappears at the new, higher, Curie point.
Early Proterozoic Assembly of Tectonostratigraphic Terranes in Southwestern North America

A 500 km wide early Proterozoic orogenic belt in Arizona and adjacent areas is divided into lithotectonic blocks by northeast- and north-trending shear zones. Structural and U-Pb zircon studies suggest that these blocks may have experienced different tectonic histories prior to their juxtaposition by thrust and strike-slip movements on shear zones. A northwestern province, here called the Yavapai Province, is composed of at least five tectonic blocks and was assembled at about 1700 Ma. A southeastern province, here called the Mazatzal Province, is composed of at least three blocks and was assembled and juxtaposed with the northwestern province during the Mazatzal orogeny, between 1695 and 1630 Ma. The diversity of seemingly incompatible 1700 Ma tectonic regimes now in close proximity to each other, and the absence of systematic cross-strike changes in age and character of deformation, plutonism, and metamorphism, suggest a model whereby the orogenic belt developed, and North America grew, by assembly of diverse tectonostrati-graphic terranes. Such a model provides an alternate working hypothesis to previous models of progressive southward growth of North America. This model provides a better explanation for the rapid development of the orogenic belt (1700-1630), the accretion of large volumes of juvenile crust, and the complexity in timing and styles of Early Proterozoic tectonism in southwestern North America.
Thermal evolution models for the Earth

Thermal evolution models for the earth which are based on a parameterization of the convective heat transport are critically reexamined. Traditionally, it has been assumed that the temperature dependence of the mantle viscosity implies that internal temperature and convective heat loss are strongly coupled. Recent numerical work on the heat transport by variable viscosity convection demonstrates that the dependence of the heat flow on the mantle temperature may in fact be much weaker than expected. I compare thermal evolution models with strong and weak dependence of the heat loss on the temperature. With the weaker dependence, plate velocities and heat flow in the Archean were not more than 50% higher than today, while with the strong dependence, much larger differences are predicted. In the former case the Archaean mantle temperatures are somewhat higher, and the present-day ratio of radioactive heat production over heat loss (Urey ratio) is 50% or slightly less. The Urey ratios in the traditional parameterized evolution models are >70%. The predictions of both kinds of models are compared with the independent geological, geochemical, and palaeomagnetic evidence. Although this evidence is subject to some uncertainties, it favors in every case the evolution models based on a weak coupling of heat loss to the interior temperature.
HIV-1 Genetic Variability and Clinical Implications

Despite advances in antiretroviral therapy that have revolutionized HIV disease management, effective control of the HIV infection pandemic remains elusive. Beyond the classic non-B endemic areas, HIV-1 non-B subtype infections are sharply increasing in previous subtype B homogeneous areas such as Europe and North America. As already known, several studies have shown that, among non-B subtypes, subtypes C and D were found to be more aggressive in terms of disease progression. Luckily, the response to antiretrovirals against HIV-1 seems to be similar among different subtypes, but these results are mainly based on small or poorly designed studies. On the other hand, differences in rates of acquisition of resistance among non-B subtypes are already being observed. This different propensity, beyond the type of treatment regimens used, as well as access to viral load testing in non-B endemic areas seems to be due to HIV-1 clade specific peculiarities. Indeed, some non-B subtypes are proved to be more prone to develop resistance compared to B subtype. This phenomenon can be related to the presence of subtype-specific polymorphisms, different codon usage, and/or subtype-specific RNA templates. This review aims to provide a complete picture of HIV-1 genetic diversity and its implications for HIV-1 disease spread, effectiveness of therapies, and drug resistance development.
An Incremental Clustering Algorithm Based on Subcluster Feature

For very large databases, such as spatial database and multimedia database, the traditional clustering algorithms are of limitations in validity and scalability. According to the notion of clustering feature of BIRCH, an incremental clustering algorithm is designed and implemented, which solves the problems of effectiveness, space and time complexities of clustering algorithms for very large spatial databases. Theoretic analysis and experimental results demonstrate that the incremental clustering algorithm cannot only handle very large spatial databases, but also has good performance.
Subunit-Selective Allosteric Inhibition of Glycine Binding to NMDA Receptors

NMDA receptors are ligand-gated ion channels that mediate excitatory neurotransmission in the brain and are involved in numerous neuropathological conditions. NMDA receptors are activated upon simultaneous binding of coagonists glycine and glutamate to the GluN1 and GluN2 subunits, respectively. Subunit-selective modulation of NMDA receptor function by ligand binding to modulatory sites distinct from the agonist binding sites could allow pharmacological intervention with therapeutically beneficial mechanisms. Here, we show the mechanism of action for 3-chloro-4-fluoro-N-[(4-[(2-(phenylcarbonyl)hydrazino)carbonyl]phenyl)methyl]-benzenesulfonamide (TCN-201), a new GluN1/GluN2A-selective NMDA receptor antagonist whose inhibition can be surmounted by glycine. Electrophysiological recordings from chimeric and mutant rat NMDA receptors suggest that TCN-201 binds to a novel allosteric site located at the dimer interface between the GluN1 and GluN2 agonist binding domains. Furthermore, we demonstrate that occupancy of this site by TCN-201 inhibits NMDA receptor function by reducing glycine potency. TCN-201 is therefore a negative allosteric modulator of glycine binding.
What Strikes the Strings of Your Heart?: Multi-Label Dimensionality Reduction for Music Emotion Analysis

Music can convey and evoke powerful emotions. This amazing ability has fascinated the general public and also attracted the researchers from different fields to discover the relationship between music and emotion. Psychologists have indicated that some specific characters of rhythm, harmony, melody, and also their combinations can evoke certain kinds of emotions. Their hypotheses are based on real life experience and proved by psychological paradigms on human beings. Aiming at the same target, this paper intends to design a systematic and quantitative framework, and answer three widely interested questions: 1) what are the intrinsic features embedded in music signal that essentially evoke human emotions; 2) to what extent these features influence human emotions; and 3) whether the findings from computational models are consistent with the existing research results from psychological experiments. We formulate the problem as a multi-label dimensionality reduction problem and provide the optimal solution. The proposed multi-emotion similarity preserving embedding technique not only shows better performance in two standard music emotion datasets but also demonstrates some interesting observations for further research in this interdisciplinary topic.
On the effective friction law of a heterogeneous fault

Numerical simulation of the rupture process is usually performed under an assumption of scale invariance of the friction process although heterogeneous fault properties are shown by both direct observations of surface crack geometry and slip inversion results. We investigate if it is possible to define an effective friction law for a finite fault with a small-scale heterogeneity, that is, with a distribution of narrow segments with a resistance to rupture higher than the rest of the fault. We consider a model where the local boundary condition corresponds to a linear slip-dependent friction law. We define the effective slip-dependent friction law by analogy with the theoretical spectral solution for the initiation phase in the case of a homogeneous infinite fault. We use finite difference simulations to test the validity of this approach. The results show a surprisingly good agreement between the calculations for the complete heterogeneous fault model and for a homogeneous fault with an effective friction law. The time of initiation and the average of the slip velocity on the fault are well predicted by the effective model. The effective friction law exhibits a nonlinear slip dependence with an initial weakening rate different from the one of the local laws. This initial weakening rate is related to the geometry of the heterogeneity and can be obtained by an eigenvalue analysis. The effective law shows a kink at a slip that corresponds to the average slip on the fault for which the stress concentration of the strong segments is sufficient to trigger their rupture. While based on a rather simple model of a fault, these results indicate that an effective friction can be defined and used for practical purposes. The heterogeneity of a fault tends to decrease the initial weakening rate of the local weak patches. Since the initial weakening rate controls the initiation duration, this last point indicates that the duration of initiation expected from actual heterogeneous faults is much larger than the one deduced from small-scale laboratory measurements. The actual fracture energy is not conservative in the rescaling of the friction law.
Anatomic basis of transcortical motor aphasia

Analysis of language profiles and CT anatomy in transcortical motor aphasia (TCMA) suggests that the essential lesion is disruption of connections at sites between the supplementary motor area and the frontal perisylvian speech zone. If the lesion is extended, there may also be poor articulation (lesion deep to motor strip for face), impaired auditory comprehension (lesion in anterior head of caudate, anterior limb internal capsule, anterior putamen, and anterior portion of external capsule, claustrum, extreme capsule, and insula), or stuttering (lesion in pars opercularis and lower third of premotor region). This concept unifies disparate anatomic and psychophysiologic observations about three syndromes: classical TCMA, aphasia after left medial frontal infarction, and TCMA during recovery from Broca's aphasia.
Polar fohn winds and warming over the Larsen C Ice Shelf, Antarctica

Recent hypotheses that the foehn effect is partly responsible for warming to the east of the Antarctic Peninsula (AP) and enhanced melt rates on the Larsen C Ice Shelf are supported in a study combining the analysis of observational and high resolution model data. Leeside warming and drying during foehn events is observed in new aircraft, radiosonde and automatic weather station data and simulated by the UK Met Office Unified Model at ~1.5 km grid spacing (MetUM 1.5 km). Three contrasting cases are investigated. In Case A relatively weak southwesterly flow induces a nonlinear foehn event. Strongly accelerated flow above and a hydraulic jump immediately downwind of the lee slopes lead to high amplitude warming in the immediate lee of the AP, downwind of which the warming effect diminishes rapidly due to the upward ‘rebound’ of the foehn flow. Case C defines a relatively linear case associated with strong northwesterly winds. The lack of a hydraulic jump enables foehn flow to flood across the entire ice shelf at low levels. Melt rates are high due to a combination of large radiative heat flux, due to dry, clear leeside conditions, and sensible heat flux downward from the warm, well-mixed foehn flow. Climatological work suggests that such strong northwesterly cases are often responsible for high Larsen C melt rates. Case B describes a weak, relatively non-linear foehn event associated with insignificant daytime melt rates. Previously unknown jets – named polar foehn jets – emanating from the mouths of leeside inlets are identified as a type of gap flow. They are cool and moist relative to adjacent calmer regions, due to lower-altitude upwind source regions, and are characterised by larger turbulent heat fluxes both within the air column and at the surface. The relative importance of the three mechanisms deemed to induce leeside foehn warming (isentropic drawdown, latent heating and sensible heating) are quantified using a novel method analysing back trajectories and MetUM 1.5 km model output. It is shown that, depending on the linearity of the flow regime and the humidity of the air mass, each mechanism can dominate. This implies that there is no dominant foehn warming mechanism, contrary to the conclusions of previous work.