Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Iatrogenic radial nerve palsy after operative management of humeral shaft fractures.

BACKGROUND It is generally agreed that a period of observation is appropriate for primary radial nerve palsy associated with humeral shaft fractures. There is no consensus, however, with regard to secondary radial nerve palsy, particularly when it is iatrogenic. Most texts state that surgical exploration is indicated for nerve palsy that occurs after fracture manipulation, but our experience suggests that it is not necessary for radial nerve palsy developing after operative management of humeral shaft fractures. METHODS A total of 707 humerus shaft fractures were treated operatively at our two hospitals over a 10-year period. Of these, 30 patients sustained iatrogenic radial nerve palsy. Another 16 cases were referred to us with adequate documentation from other institutions. No recognized intraoperative injuries to the radial nerve were recorded in any case. RESULTS Of the 46 patients, 21 were female and 25 were male. The median age was 40 years (range, 19-75 years). A total of 39 patients had been treated with dynamic compression plates, 3 with a rigid interlocking intramedullary nail, and 4 with Ender nails. All fractures were diaphyseal, at the middle or distal third level. At the discretion of the surgeon, five cases were surgically explored. In all five cases the radial nerve was in continuity and no macroscopic lesions were noted. All cases eventually recovered grade 4 of 5 muscle strength or better. The median time to the beginning of clinical recovery was 16 weeks (range, 5-30 weeks). CONCLUSIONS The timing and pattern of radial nerve recovery in this situation was similar to that seen in primary radial nerve palsy. There appears to be no advantage to early exploration of the radial nerve. In the absence of obviously misplaced instrumentation or fracture displacement, we treat it like a primary palsy and recommend observation for a minimum of 4 months before exploration.
Experimentally driven quality of experience‐aware multimedia content delivery in modern wireless networks

In this paper, a holistic approach for supporting Quality of Experience (QoE)‐aware multimedia content delivery to modern wireless networks is described. The introduced Dynamic User Experience framework, founded on network utility maximization theory, allows mobile users to express their preference with respect to the instantaneous experience of their service performance, through the dynamic adaptation of their service‐aware utility functions. By developing and exploiting an Android‐based mobile multimedia application prototype capable of capturing users' quality perception with respect to multiple psychological and networking factors, an efficient correlation of users' QoE and service performance characteristics is derived. Based on real user data obtained through experimentation, we are able to quantify appropriately defined QoE‐aware utility functions that can be used throughout the overall radio resource management process. Extensive numerical results verify our analytical claims on the efficacy and applicability of the proposed framework in a heterogeneous wireless environment, significantly optimizing mobile Internet experience. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Egg-size evolution in aquatic environments: does oxygen availability constrain size?

Selection against large eggs has been proposed for aquatic environments, putatively because large eggs should have more difficulty obtaining the required oxygen. Here, we use brown trout (Salmo trutta) eggs to provide an experimental test of this hypothesis. At high levels of dissolved oxygen (14 mg l−1), egg survival was high and independent of egg size. At low oxygen levels (2.3 mg l−1), survival decreased overall, and was higher for large–egged than small–egged siblings. Thus, contrary to conventional expectation, low oxygen levels selected for large rather than small eggs. A second experiment using Atlantic salmon (S. salar) eggs indicated that oxygen consumption increases relatively slowly with increasing egg mass (allometric constant = 0.44). The failure of the conventional ‘bigger is worse during incubation’ hypothesis may thus be due to the erroneous assumption that oxygen consumption increases at a greater rate with increasing egg mass than does the egg surface area that is available for oxygen diffusion. We also demonstrate, using data from Atlantic salmon, that nest–specific oxygen consumption decreases with increasing egg size, but that this effect is more pronounced for large than for small females. This may help to explain the positive correlation between adult body size and egg size observed in fishes that cluster their eggs.
POVERTY AND EQUITY: MEASUREMENT, POLICY AND ESTIMATION WITH DAD

This series will publish volumes that go beyond the traditional concepts of consumption, income or wealth and will offer a broad, inclusive view of inequality and well-being. Specific areas of interest will include Capabilities and Inequalities, Discrimination and Segregation in the Labor Market, Equality of Opportunities, Globalization and Inequality, Human Development and the Quality of Life, Income and Social Mobility, Inequality and Development, Inequality and Happiness, Inequality and Malnutrition, Income and Social Mobility, Inequality in Consumption and Time Use, Inequalities in Health and Education, Multidimensional Inequality and Poverty Measurement, Polarization among Children and Elderly People, Social Policy and the Welfare State, and Wealth Distribution.
The Influence of Western Concepts on Russian Marketing Theory

As part of modernizing their economy, the Russians appear interested in learning about and adopting western business techniques. Attesting to this concern has been the recent publication of quite a few western- and Russian-authored marketing books in the Russian language. Western and Russian concepts of marketing are compared, and the content of western marketing books in Russian translation is examined. It is explained how discrepancies between the original-language and Russian-language texts due to editing, and also distortions in translation, sometimes mar the proper understanding of western marketing concepts. In a review of current Russian marketing theory, it is suggested that the legacy of the Soviet period, current Russian conditions and the inexperience of Russian managers in western marketing techniques have combined to maintain a pronounced product (rather than a market) orientation in Russian concepts of marketing. All the same, there is evidence that at least some Russian business people, either through western training or intuitively, have applied western marketing concepts to their businesses.
An obesogenic diet during mouse pregnancy modifies maternal nutrient partitioning and the fetal growth trajectory

In developed societies, high‐sugar and high‐fat (HSHF) diets are now the norm and are increasing the rates of maternal obesity during pregnancy. In pregnant rodents, these diets lead to cardiovascular and metabolic dysfunction in their adult offspring, but the intrauterine mechanisms involved remain unknown. This study shows that, relative to standard chow, HSHF feeding throughout mouse pregnancy increases maternal adiposity (+30%, P<0.05) and reduces fetoplacental growth at d 16 (–10%, P<0.001). At d 19, however, HSHF diet group pup weight had normalized, despite the HSHF diet group placenta remaining small and morphologically compromised. This altered fetal growth trajectory was associated with enhanced placental glucose and amino acid transfer (+35%, P<0.001) and expression of their transporters (+40%, P<0.024). HSHF feeding also up‐regulated placental expression of fatty acid transporter protein, metabolic signaling pathways (phosphoinositol 3‐kinase and mitogen‐activated protein kinase), and several growth regulatory imprinted genes (Igf2, Dlk1, Snrpn, Grb10, and H19) independently of changes in DNA methylation. Obesogenic diets during pregnancy, therefore, alter maternal nutrient partitioning, partly through changes in the placental phenotype, which helps to meet fetal nutrient demands for growth near term. However, by altering provision of specific nutrients, dietary‐induced placental adaptations have important roles in programming development with health implications for the offspring in later life. —Sferruzzi‐Perri, A N. , Vaughan, O. R. , Haro, M. , Cooper, W. N. , Musial, B. , Charalambous, M. , Pestana, D. , Ayyar, S. , Ferguson‐Smith, A C. , Burton, G. J., Con‐stancia, M. , Fowden, A. L. , An obesogenic diet during mouse pregnancy modifies maternal nutrient partitioning and the fetal growth trajectory. FASEB J. 27, 3928–3937 (2013). www.fasebj. org
Property, Common Stock, and Property Shares

In this article the authors examine the relationship between private property, the securitized property share market, and the common stock market in the United States and the United Kingdom during the period 1986 to 2002. They find that the correlations between property share returns and common stock returns are show a similar decreasing trend for both countries, indicating increased mixed-asset diversification potential for property shares. After applying standard unsmoothing and hedging techniques, in order to abstract from the underlying market structures, the authors discover increased similarities between the securitized and unsecuritized property performances in both countries. Combining the performance characteristics of both property investment vehicles results in new insights regarding the position of real estate in mixed-asset portfolios.
Max Schultze (1865), G. Bizzozero (1882) and the discovery of the platelet

Max Schultze published the first accurate and convincing description of platelets as part of a study devoted mainly to the white blood cells in 1865. He recognised them as a normal constituent of the blood and ‘enthusiastically recommended’ them as an object for further study by ‘those concerned with the in‐depth study of the blood of humans’. In 1882, Bizzozero demonstrated the value of this recommendation in his much more comprehensive study. He observed them microscopically in the circulating blood of living animals and in the blood removed from the blood vessels. In well‐planned experiments, he showed that they were the first component of the blood to adhere to damaged blood vessel walls in vivo and, in vitro, that they were the first components of the blood to adhere to threads that subsequently became covered with fibrin.
Optimum Allocations to Health Care Flexible Spending Accounts

Abstract Models used to derive optimal contributions to health care flexible spending accounts (FSAs) typically assume an employee’s household annual out-of-pocket health care expenses are an absolutely continuously random variable. This assumption, however, ignores the fact that some employees may be able to accurately predict a portion of their household annual out-of-pocket health care expenses and often actually incur only those expenses during the plan year, implying that a mixed random variable may be more appropriate. In addition, data have shown that employees are setting contributions at lower levels than existing absolutely continuous models would suggest is optimal. Using a mixed model of household annual out-of-pocket health care expenses we prove that it is often optimal for employees to contribute an amount equal to their household annual predictable out-of-pocket expenses, thus avoiding the risk of forfeiture. We also propose a practical rule of thumb that employees may use for setting their FSA contributions. Overall, we recommend that employees use their FSAs to cover only their highly predictable out-of-pocket health care expenses rather than use their FSAs as a contingency fund to pay for unlikely or unexpected outof-pocket health care expenses.
Interfirm Segregation and the Black/White Wage Gap

This article studies interfirm racial segregation in two newly developed firm‐level databases. We find that the interfirm distribution of black and white workers is close to what would be implied by random assignment. We also find that black workers are clustered in employers where managers, owners, and customers are also black. These findings may be reconciled by the facts that (a) there are not enough black employers to generate much segregation and that (b) other forces may systematically integrate black and white workers. Finally, we find that the black/white wage gap is primarily a within‐firm phenomenon.
The Impact of Gender on Career Paths and Management Capability in the Hotel Industry in Canada

This research was designed to explore the career path differences in hotel management between men and women and to analyze the impact of gender in the hotel industry in Canada. It also explored management capabilities and how they are influenced by gender, career choices, and type of property. Number of moves, number of positions, and type of property as defined by star ratings and size, were the independent variables. The findings indicate there are very specific differences in career paths between men and women and hotel organizations can become more competitive by enhancing their human resource practices to encourage more women to ladder into hotel executive positions.
The Effect of Statutory Minimum Wage Increases on Teen-Age Employment

The effect of increases in statutory minimum wage rates on employment appears to be an unsettled question. Economic theory tells us that there are two possibilities. If labor markets for skills affected by minimum wage changes are competitive, the number of jobs decreases with an effective rise in the minimum which is not nullified by inflation. If, on the other hand, the labor markets for the affected categories are monopsonistic, no unemployment necessarily occurs. Employment may increase, provided that the rise in the minimum is not too drastic. '
Allowing for Weather Risk in Assessing Harvest Machinery Capacity

To take account of the effect of weather on the cereal harvest, a simulation model is outlined in which rates of combine work, harvest weather, and diurnal grain-moisture content are regarded as probabilistic, with known distributions based on empirical data. On the basis of this data, the interaction of the variables is assessed over a thousand "years" of synthetic harvesting experience, in which the timeliness of the harvesting operation is assessed in terms of increased grain drying costs, and which is repeated to assess various policies which might be adopted by farmers. The results are presented as normative average total cost curves for various harvesting systems, based on the certainty equivalence of the decision under risk.
Democratization of Coastal Zone Decision Making for Indigenous Australians: Insights from Stakeholder Analysis

Community participation has become something of an orthodoxy within natural resource management. In the absence of an explicit strategy for democratization and capacity-building the notion of community participation is potentially meaningless and its application likely to mask decisions made in the interests of elite groups. This article examines the shortcomings of participatory processes in coastal resource management and seeks to identify and overcome constraints to democratization and capacity-building for Indigenous Australians. Using two coastal catchments in Central Queensland as a case study, we explore relations of power among stakeholders using Stakeholder Analysis to provide a platform for more effective deliberative participation by this group of stakeholders. Discussion of the specific barriers to participation identified by Aboriginal stakeholders will demonstrate the need to adopt notions of capacity-building that focus not only on the attributes of the individual stakeholder that might facilitate their participation, but on the characteristics also of the decision-making environment.
The Analysis of Country-to-Country CDM Permit Trading using the Gravity Model in International Trade

The fairness and effectiveness of the Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) in reducing greenhouse gas emissions (GHG) and promoting economic development is a matter of substantial concern for the international community as it works towards another GHG reduction agreement in Copenhagen. Among other reasons, the CDM has been criticized as favoring some countries and disfavoring others, resulting in an imbalance in the distribution of development projects, thus undermining one of the original purposes of this institutional arrangement. In this paper, we evaluate CDM projects using econometric models based on international trade theory. We conclude that while the CDM suffers from such imbalance, the primary determinant of CDM projects is the total GHG emissions from host and credit countries. GHG emissions in each were positively and consistently related to the CDM projects. The degree to which a country engages in international trade (“openness”), the extent of its infrastructure (such as road, rail lines, telephone and internet connections) and whether a former colonial relationship exists between the host and credit country were each important determinants when we considered all CDM projects, but not significant when we analyzed only accepted projects. We calculate that if the degree of openness increased from 25 to 75 percent, the host country could attract 73% more CDM projects, while a similar increase in infrastructure, would result in 4% more projects. Our paper indicates that while the geographic distribution of CDM projects is skewed toward large counties, it appears to be a response to current environmental, economic and domestic policy considerations. We conclude by discussing these results in the context of policy-based action that might limit or otherwise affect CDM implementation after the Copenhagen.
The industrial equilibrium exchange rate in Brazil: an estimation

This paper presents a methodology for calculating the industrial equilibrium exchange rate, which is defined as the one enabling exporters of state-of-the-art manufactured goods to be competitive abroad. The first section highlights the causes and problems of overvalued exchange rates, particularly the Dutch disease issue, which is neutralized when the exchange rate strikes the industrial equilibrium level. This level is defined by the ratio between the unit labor cost in the country under consideration and in competing countries. Finally, the evolution of this exchange rate in the Brazilian economy is estimated.
Circular minidefensins and posttranslational generation of molecular diversity

We purified two new minidefensins (RTD‐2 and RTD‐3) from the bone marrow of rhesus monkeys. Both were circular octadecapeptides that contained three intramolecular disulfide bonds and were homologous to RTD‐1, a circular (θ) defensin previously described by Tang et al. (Science, 286, 498–502, 1999). However, whereas the 18 residues of RTD‐1 represent spliced nonapeptide fragments derived from two different demidefensin precursors, RTD‐2 and ‐3 comprise tandem nonapeptide repeats derived from only one of the RTD‐1 precursors. Thus, circular minidefensins are products of a novel posttranslational system that generates effector molecule diversity without commensurate genome expansion. A system wherein two demidefensin genes can produce three circular minidefensins might allow n such genes to produce (n/2)(n+1) peptides.
Co-Scheduling in a Task-Based Programming Model

The rising on-node concurrency, combined with limited resources, makes it increasingly hard for a single application to exploit the computational power of a node. Co-Scheduling, i.e., the concurrent use of a single node by two or more complementary applications, can help mitigate this situation and achieve higher efficiency. In this paper, we propose an extension to HALadapt, a library for task-based programming, which leverages its dynamic profiling approach to provide concurrency throttling and combines it with its ability to coordinate execution across multiple runtime instances. Using a real-world example application, MLEM, co-scheduled with a compute-intensive synthetic workload stressgen, we show that the runtime system of HALadapt can efficiently coordinate multiple independent instances on a single node, leading to a performance improvement of up to 43% in the best case.
Bacteremia Detected by a Peripheral Blood Smear in a Pediatric Surgical Patient with Thrombocytopenia

Microscopic examination of peripheral blood smear (PBS) for detection of microorganisms is simple method that can be used for doctors to confirm the septicemia more swiftly and to select more specific therapy. But it is unusual to find microorganisms in PBS. We report a case of gram negative bacteremia diagnosed by PBS in a severe thrombocytopenic pediatric surgical patient. A 6-month and 2 week old baby with cyanosis was diagnosed congenital heart diseases such as transposition of great arteries, atrial septal defect, and patent ductus arteriosus. The infant underwent surgical operations and the postoperative platelet count progressively decreased in spite of transfusion of multiple platelet concentrates. We performed routine examination of a PBS for evaluation of severe thrombocytopenia. The PBS revealed severe thrombocytopenia, leukopenia with left shifted and some extracellular bacilli. Toxic granulations, toxic vacuoles and some bacilli were observed in the neutrophils. The bacilli were identified as Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Serratia marcescens in blood culture. To our knowledge, this is the second case of bacteremia diagnosed by PBS before the positive blood culture in Korea. We suggest that a PBS is useful for the rapid detection of organisms in cases of septicemia with severe thrombocytopenic pediatric surgical patient. (Korean J Clin Microbiol 2010;13:182-186)
Introduction to Environmental Economics

Understanding why environmental problems occur and what best to do about them is much facilitated by an understanding of economics. This book provides an introduction to the subject of environmental economics which does not assume an in-depth prior understanding of economics. Part one explains the fundamental economic concepts, using environmental examples, including markets, environmental evaluation, risk, and trade. Part two then sets these concepts to work in understanding and developing policy responses to some of the major environmental issues of our time. Examples are drawn from all over the world and include such vital global issues as climate change, water pollution, and the loss of biodiversity. An Introduction to Environmental Economics examines both a wide range of environmental case studies and also assesses a variety of economic theories and their approach to environmental issues. Clearly written, global in approach, and theoretically broad-minded, this new text is an ideal introduction both to the study of environmental economics and to the question of how economics can provide tools for improving our global environment.
Intratendinous septic abscess of the Achilles tendon after local steroid injection.

UNLABELLED In the treatment of pathological processes of the skeletal system, local injection of corticosteroid has become a common form of treatment. Although rare, pyogenic abscess can develop secondary to local corticosteroid injection. In this article, we describe the case of a patient who presented with pain, swelling, and hyperemia following local infiltration of corticosteroid about the Achilles tendon. Magnetic resonance image scanning of the Achilles tendon revealed a smoothly shaped intratendinous mass 3 x 1 cm in diameter, extending to the posterosuperior aspect of the calcaneus. A needle aspiration of the suspected abscess revealed S aureus, and subsequent surgical drainage and debridement revealed chronic inflammation secondary to infection at the site of previous local corticosteroid injection. Antibiotic therapy was used following incision and drainage, and recurrence of infection was not detected throughout the duration of follow-up. LEVEL OF CLINICAL EVIDENCE 4.