Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Silurian K‐bentonites of the Dnestr Basin, Podolia, Ukraine

The Dnestr Basin of Podolia, Ukraine, is an epicratonic basin consisting of neritic carbonate and calcareous mudstone facies including a nearly complete Silurian sequence ranging from late Llandovery to late Pridolí in age. The Silurian section has served as a standard for regional and interregional studies as a consequence of its well‐documented macro‐ and microfaunal assemblages. Approximately 24 mid‐ to Late Silurian K‐bentonites are present in this succession, and their lateral persistence has aided in establishing regional correlations. The K‐bentonites range from 1 to 40 cm in thickness and occur in the Bagovitsa (late Wenlock), Malinovtsy (Ludlow) and Skala (Prídoli) Formations. Discrimination diagrams based on immobile trace elements together with rare earth element data suggest the K‐bentonites had a volcanic origin in a collision margin setting related to subduction. Thickness and stratigraphic distribution considerations are consistent with a source area in the Rheic Ocean.
Water Surplus Variability Index as an Indicator of Drought

AbstractDrought assessment requires considering not only precipitation but also the other meteorological parameters such as an evapotranspiration. This paper presents the water surplus variability index (WSVI) as an indicator of drought. The calculation procedure incorporates both precipitation and reference evapotranspiration through the estimation of water surplus at different timescales. The WSVI is compared with the standardized precipitation index (SPI) and the reconnaissance drought index (RDI) based on 1-month, 3-month, 6-month, and 12-month timescales using data from four weather stations located in humid and subhumid climate. To approve the proposed procedure, the graphical and statistical tools such as the scatter plots, the linear trend, the coefficient of determination R2, the index of agreement d, and the Pearson correlation coefficient r were applied. The WSVI was highly correlated with both the RDI and the SPI whereas r>0.9. Moreover, d is greater than 0.93 which indicates near perfect agre.
A unified framework for geneset network analysis

Gene and protein interaction experiments provide unique opportunities to study their wiring in a cell. Integrating this information with high-throughput functional genomics data can help identifying networks associated with complex diseases and phenotypes. Here we propose a unified statistical framework to test network properties of single and multiple genesets. We focused on testing whether a geneset exhibits network properties and if two genesets are strongly interacting with each other. We then assessed power and false discovery rate of the proposed tests, showing that tests based on a probabilistic model of gene and protein interaction are the most robust. We implemented our tests in an open-source framework, called Python Geneset Network Analysis (PyGNA), which provides an integrated environment for network studies. While most available tools are designed as web applications, we designed PyGNA to be easily integrated into existing high-performance data analysis pipelines. Our software is available on GitHub (http://github.com/stracquadaniolab/pygna) and can be easily installed from PyPi or anaconda.
Online gas and aerosol measurement of water soluble carboxylic acids in Zurich

[1] We discuss the diurnal and seasonal variability of low molecular weight organic acids in Zurich city on the basis of online quasi-continuous measurement in the gas and aerosol phase using a wet effluent diffusion denuder/aerosol collector (WEDD/AC) coupled to ion chromatography. The measurements were performed during August–September 2002 and March 2003. Acetic acid exhibited the highest concentration in the gas phase during all the measurement periods, followed by formic acid. Oxalic acid was predominantly found in the aerosol phase and often below the detection limit in the gas phase. In addition, filter samples were analyzed using ion chromatography–mass spectrometry (IC-MS) to provide more information on organic acids in the aerosol phase. From the offline IC-MS measurements, 20 monocarboxylic, dicarboxylic, and tricarboxylic acids were determined. In addition, more than 20 different masses were detected with the MS; however, identification of the organic acids was not possible. The sum of the carboxylic acids contributed on average 2% to the water soluble organic carbon (WSOC). The fraction of dicarboxylic acids to the WSOC was higher in summer compared to winter suggesting that dicarboxylic acids are mainly a result of photochemical reactions in summer whereas in winter they mainly result from primary sources.
Principles of Asynchronous Circuit Design: A Systems Perspective

Principles of Asynchronous Circuit Design - A Systems Perspective addresses the need for an introductory text on asynchronous circuit design. Part I is an 8-chapter tutorial which addresses the most important issues for the beginner, including how to think about asynchronous systems. Part II is a 4-chapter introduction to Balsa, a freely-available synthesis system for asynchronous circuits which will enable the reader to get hands-on experience of designing high-level asynchronous systems. Part III offers a number of examples of state-of-the-art asynchronous systems to illustrate what can be built using asynchronous techniques. The examples range from a complete commercial smart card chip to complex microprocessors. The objective in writing this book has been to enable industrial designers with a background in conventional (clocked) design to be able to understand asynchronous design sufficiently to assess what it has to offer and whether it might be advantageous in their next design task.
Is exploratory search different? A comparison of information search behavior for exploratory and lookup tasks

Exploratory search is an increasingly important activity yet challenging for users. Although there exists an ample amount of research into understanding exploration, most of the major information retrieval (IR) systems do not provide tailored and adaptive support for such tasks. One reason is the lack of empirical knowledge on how to distinguish exploratory and lookup search behaviors in IR systems. The goal of this article is to investigate how to separate the 2 types of tasks in an IR system using easily measurable behaviors. In this article, we first review characteristics of exploratory search behavior. We then report on a controlled study of 6 search tasks with 3 exploratory—comparison, knowledge acquisition, planning—and 3 lookup tasks—fact‐finding, navigational, question answering. The results are encouraging, showing that IR systems can distinguish the 2 search categories in the course of a search session. The most distinctive indicators that characterize exploratory search behaviors are query length, maximum scroll depth, and task completion time. However, 2 tasks are borderline and exhibit mixed characteristics. We assess the applicability of this finding by reporting on several classification experiments. Our results have valuable implications for designing tailored and adaptive IR systems.
Enabling Open Innovation: Lessons from Haier

Open innovation has become a dominant innovation paradigm. However, the actual adoption of open innovation organizational designs and practices remains elusive, and ongoing examples of large companies practicing open innovation in mature industries or beyond R&D activities are rare. Despite the continuing interest in open innovation and the surging research on the topic, not much is documented about how, in particular, large companies interpret and implement open innovation or develop and sustain an innovation‐enabling culture. This paper reports on a study of Haier’s adoption of six radical innovations as it implements an open innovation organization over a period of seven years. The study is unique in that the cases reveal how open innovation is enabled by the socially enabling mechanisms developed under Chairman Ruimin Zhang’s leadership. These varied enabling mechanisms open the organization to serendipity at every level, from the bottom up to suppliers. Most importantly, the mechanisms imprint and sustain an open innovation culture recognized as important—yet often left unarticulated in terms of how it is practiced—in the prior literature. The paper contributes to and highlights the centrality of socially enabling mechanisms underlying an organization’s innovation absorptive capacity.
Photoacoustic and filter measurements related to aerosol light absorption during the Northern Front Range Air Quality Study (Colorado 1996/1997)

A new photoacoustic instrument for the measurement of aerosol light absorption was collocated with conventional aerosol instrumentation during the 1996-1997 winter intensive monitoring period of the Northern Front Range Air Quality Study. Measurements of the light absorption efficiency for black carbon were 5 m 2 /g at 685 nm and 10 m 2 /g at 532 nm, and for elemental carbon, they were 3.6 m 2 /g at 685 nm. We show that these values together with previous photoacoustic measurements of aerosol light absorption shed some light on the wavelength dependence of absorption efficiency for carbonaceous aerosol in the visible and near-visible region. Integrating plate type filter measurements of aerosol light absorption result in far larger values than those measured with the photoacoustic instrument. We demonstrate that a recently published correction technique [Horvath. 1997] can yield improved agreement.
Policing for whom? Officer-involved shootings and police legitimacy in Chicago

This paper explores the effects of officer-involved shootings (OIS) on perceptions of police legitimacy and how those perceptions shape civilian action and behavior. I focus on Chicago, leveraging a rich dataset containing the universe of officer firearm discharge, and examine the effects of OIS on civilian reported crime. To identify the effects of OIS on civilian reported crime, I exploit the randomness of subjects’ injury status from firearm discharges after adjusting for a broad set of officer, subject, and incident characteristics. I provide evidence that after accounting for these factors, whether or not a subject is injured is as good as random because police are trained to shoot to incapacitate the subject rather than to wound, disarm, or deter. Comparing districts with OIS where subjects are injured and districts with OIS where subjects are not injured, I find that reported crime falls by 2.8% following OIS resulting in injury. I find no differential effects for Black subjects, Black districts, White-Black officer-subject pairs, or fatally injured subjects. Instead I find even larger reductions when subjects are unarmed. I argue that these results are consistent with a model in which concerns about procedural justice are the primary determinants of citizens’ perceptions of police legitimacy.
STATUS OF A MONITOR DESIGN FOR SINGLE-SHOT ELECTRO-OPTICAL BUNCH PROFILE MEASUREMENTS AT FCC-ee

At the KIT electron storage ring KARA (Karlsruhe Research Accelerator) an electro-optical (EO) near-field monitor is in operation performing single-shot, turn-by-turn measurements of the longitudinal bunch profile using electro-optical spectral decoding (EOSD). In context of the Future Circular Collider Innovation Study (FCCIS), a similar setup is investigated with the aim to monitor the longitudinal bunch profile of each bunch for dedicated top-up injection at the future electron-positron collider FCC-ee. This contribution presents the status of a monitor design adapted to cope with the high-current and high-energy lepton beams foreseen at FCC-ee.
CELL TRANSPLANTATION

Treatment of central nervous system (CNS) malignancies typically involves radiotherapy to forestall tumor growth and recurrence following surgical resection. Despite the many benefits of cranial radiotherapy, survivors often suffer from a wide range of debilitating and progressive cognitive deficits. Thus, while patients afflicted with primary and secondary malignancies of the CNS now experience longer local regional control and progression-free survival, there remains no clinical recourse for the unintended neurocognitive sequelae associated with their cancer treatments. Multiple mechanisms contribute to disrupted cognition following irradiation, including the depletion of radiosensitive populations of stem and progenitor cells in the hippocampus. We have explored the potential of using intrahippocampal transplantation of human stem cells to ameliorate radiation-induced cognitive dysfunction. Past studies demonstrated the capability of cranially transplanted human embryonic (hESCs) and neural (hNSCs) stem cells to functionally restore cognition in rats 1 and 4 months after cranial irradiation. The present study employed an FDA-approved fetal-derived hNSC line capable of large scale-up under good manufacturing practice (GMP). Animals receiving cranial transplantation of these cells 1 month following irradiation showed improved hippocampal spatial memory and contextual fear conditioning performance compared to irradiated, sham surgery controls. Significant newly born (doublecortin positive) neurons and a smaller frac-tion of glial subtypes were observed within and nearby the transplantation core. Engrafted cells migrated and differentiated into neuronal and glial subtypes throughout the CA1 and CA3 subfields of the host hippocampus. These studies expand our prior findings to demonstrate that transplantation of fetal-derived hNSCs improves cognitive deficits in irradiated animals, as assessed by two separate cognitive tasks.
Spatial distribution of air‐sea CO2 fluxes and the interhemispheric transport of carbon by the oceans

The dominant processes controlling the magnitude and spatial distribution of the preindustrial air‐sea flux of CO2 are atmosphere‐ocean heat exchange and the biological pump, coupled with the direct influence of ocean circulation resulting from the slow time‐scale of air‐sea CO2 gas exchange equilibration. The influence of the biological pump is greatest in surface outcrops of deep water, where the excess deep ocean carbon resulting from net remineralization can escape to the atmosphere. In a steady state other regions compensate for this loss by taking up CO2 to give a global net air‐sea CO2 flux of zero. The predominant outcrop region is the Southern Ocean, where the loss to the atmosphere of biological pump CO2 is large enough to cancel the gain of CO2 due to cooling. The influence of the biological pump on uptake of anthropogenic CO2 is small: a model including biology takes up 4.9% less than a model without it. Our model does not predict the large southward interhemispheric transport of CO2 that has been suggested by atmospheric carbon transport constraints.
Satellite image scene classification using spatial information

In order to enhance the local feature’s describing capacity and improve the classification performance of high-resolution (HR) satellite images, we present an HR satellite image scene classification method that make use of spatial information of local feature. First, the spatial pyramid matching model (SPMM) is adopted to encode spatial information of local feature. Then, images are represented by the local feature descriptors and encoding information. Finally, the support vector machine (SVM) classifier is employed to classify image scenes. The experiment results on a real satellite image dataset show that our method can classify the scene classes with an 82.6% accuracy, which indicates that the method can work well on describing HR satellite images and classifying different scenes.
Universality of Avalanche Exponents in Plastic Deformation of Disordered Solids

Plastic yield of amorphous solids occurs by power law distributed slip avalanches whose universality is still debated. Determination of the power law exponents from experiments and molecular dynamics simulations is hampered by limited statistical sampling. On the other hand, while existing elasto-plastic depinning models give precise exponent values, these models to date have been limited to a scalar approximation of plasticity which is difficult to reconcile with the statistical isotropy of amorphous materials. Here we introduce for the first time a fully tensorial mesoscale model for the elasto-plasticity of disordered media that can not only reproduce a wide variety of shear band patterns observed experimentally for different deformation modes, but also captures the avalanche dynamics of plastic flow in disordered materials. Slip avalanches are characterized by universal distributions which are quantitatively different from mean field predictions, both regarding the exponents and regarding the form of the scaling functions, and which are independent of system dimensionality (2D vs 3D), boundary and loading conditions, and uni-or biaxiality of the stress state. We also measure average avalanche shapes, which are equally universal and inconsistent with mean field predictions. Our results provide strong evidence that the universality class of plastic yield in amorphous materials is distinct from that of mean field depinning.
At what depth is the Eemian layer expected to be found at NEEM?

Abstract No continuous record from Greenland of the Eemian interglacial period (130–115 ka BP) currently exists. However, a new ice-core drill site has been suggested at 77.449 ˚ N, 51.056 ˚ Win north-west Greenland (North Eemian or NEEM). Radio-echo sounding images and flow model investigations indicate that an undisturbed Eemian record may be obtained at NEEM. In this work, a two-dimensional ice flow model with time-dependent accumulation rate and ice thickness is used to estimate the location of the Eemian layer at the new drill site. The model is used to simulate the ice flow along the ice ridge leading to the drill site. Unknown flow parameters are found through a Monte Carlo analysis of the flow model constrained by observed isochrones in the ice. The results indicate that the Eemian layer is approximately 60m thick and that its base is located approximately 100m above bedrock.
Predicting rainfall erosion losses : a guide to conservation planning

The Universal Soil Loss Equation (USLE) enables planners to predict the average rate of soil erosion for each feasible alternative combination of crop system and management practices in association with a specified soil type, rainfall pattern, and topography. When these predicted losses are compared with given soil loss tolerances, they provide specific guidelines for effecting erosion control within specified limits. The equation groups the numerous interrelated physical and management parameters that influence erosion rate under six major factors whose site-specific values can be expressed numerically. A half century of erosion research in many states has supplied information from which at least approximate values of the USLE factors can be obtained for specified farm fields or other small erosion prone areas throughout the United States. Tables and charts presented in this handbook make this information available for field use. Significant limitations in the data are identified. The USLE is an erosion model designed to compute longtime average soil losses from sheet and rill erosion under specified conditions. It is also useful for construction sites and other non-agricultural conditons, but it does not predict deposition and does not compute sediment yields from gully, streambank, and streambed erosion
Scaling properties of heavy rainfall at short duration: A regional analysis

The aim of this paper is to assess the scaling properties of heavy point rainfall with respect to duration. In the region of interest, the probability distribution tails of hourly to daily rainfall display log‐log linearity. The log‐log linearity of tails is a feature of fat‐tailed distributions. The conservation of this property throughout the scales will be investigated in the framework of scale‐invariant analysis. Evidence of the scaling of heavy rainfall is shown for one particularly long rainfall series through the conservation of the survival probability shape at durations in the range 1–24 h. An objective method is implemented to estimate the hyperbolic‐tail parameters of rainfall distributions. This method is automatized and detects the lower bound above which the distributions exhibit power law tails and determines the power law exponent α using a maximum likelihood estimator. The application of unbiased estimation methods and scale‐invariant properties for the estimation of the power law exponent provides a significant reduction of the intergage power law variability. This achievement is essential for a correct use of geostatistical approaches to interpolate the power law parameters at ungaged sites. The method is then applied to the rain gage network in the Cévennes‐Vivarais region, a Mediterranean mountainous region located in southern France. The maps show thicker rainfall distribution tails in the flat area between the seashore and the foothill. It is shown that in a flat region closer to the Mediterranean Sea the rainfall distribution tails are hyperbolic and the power law exponent is quasi‐constant with duration, whereas, over the mountain, the power law behavior is less defined. The physical reasons for such results and the consequences for the statistical modeling of heavy rainfall are then discussed, providing an innovative point of view for the comprehension of the rainfall extremes behavior at different temporal scales.
A new generic method for semi-automatic extraction of river and road networks in low- and mid-resolution satellite images

This paper addresses the problem of semi-automatic extraction of road or hydrographic networks in satellite images. For that purpose, we propose an approach combining concepts arising from mathematical morphology and hydrology. The method exploits both geometrical and topological characteristics of rivers/roads and their tributaries in order to reconstruct the complete networks. It assumes that the images satisfy the following two general assumptions, which are the minimum conditions for a road/river network to be identifiable and are usually verified in low- to mid-resolution satellite images: (i) visual constraint: most pixels composing the network have similar spectral signature that is distinguishable from most of the surrounding areas; (ii) geometric constraint: a line is a region that is relatively long and narrow, compared with other objects in the image. While this approach fully exploits local (roads/rivers are modeled as elongated regions with a smooth spectral signature in the image and a maximum width) and global (they are structured like a tree) characteristics of the networks, further directional information about the image structures is incorporated. Namely, an appropriate anisotropic metric is designed by using both the characteristic features of the target network and the eigen-decomposition of the gradient structure tensor of the image. Following, the geodesic propagation from a given network seed with this metric is combined with hydrological operators for overland flow simulation to extract the paths which contain most line evidence and identify them with the target network.