Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Software assistance for data caches

Hardware and software cache optimizations are active fields of research, that have yielded powerful but occasionally complex designs and algorithms. The purpose of this paper is to investigate the performance of combined though simple software and hardware optimizations. Because current caches provide little flexibility for exploiting temporal and spatial locality, two hardware modifications are proposed to support these two kinds of locality. Spatial locality is exploited by using large virtual cache lines which do not exhibit the performance flaws of large physical cache lines. Temporal locality is exploited by minimizing cache pollution with a bypass mechanism that still allows to exploit spatial locality. Subsequently, it is shown that simple software informations on the spatial/temporal locality of array references, as provided by current data locality optimizing algorithms, can be used to significantly increase cache performance. The performance and design trade-offs of the proposed mechanisms are discussed. Software assisted caches are further shown to provide a convenient support for hardware and software optimizations. <<ETX>>
High school athletes’ perspectives on character development through sport participation

Background: Results from empirical research on character development in sport remain mixed concerning the outcomes of sport participation, in part because character is a socially constructed concept that can be interpreted in a wide variety of manners. Furthermore, the majority of research in this field has been conducted employing quantitative methodologies and little is known concerning athletes’ experiences and perceptions of character development in sport. Taking into consideration this information, this study proposes to use qualitative methodologies to examine character development using A. Rudd's framework of character development in sport from 2005. Purpose: The purpose of this study is to document the perspectives of high school athletes on the development using Rudd's framework of character development in sport participation in a Canadian context. Participants and setting: Participants were recruited from a French-speaking high school of about 1000 students in the province of Quebec in Canada. Twenty student athletes (10 male, 10 female) from the four sports offered at this school (basketball, volleyball, soccer, and badminton) voluntarily agreed to take part in this study. Data collection: Interviews ranging from 30 to 63 minutes (M = 47) were conducted with each participant. Interviews were conducted in person at a mutually convenient time, either in a private room at school or at the participant's home. Data analysis: Interviews were transcribed verbatim and both researcher and a peer with experience in qualitative research read and reviewed transcripts to identify meaningful responses from athletes. The software NVivo was used to assist in the coding and management of the data. Athletes’ responses were categorized according to the social and moral values found in Rudd's framework. Findings: The majority of athletes appear to believe that social character best describes the development that occurs in sport and that gamesmanship is employed and legitimized as being part of the game. Conclusions: School administrators and coaches must be proactive and include character development initiatives in their programming in order to promote moral development and reduce incidences of gamesmanship in high school sports.
Different Manifestations of the Concept of Empowerment: The Politics of Urban Renewal in the United States and the United Kingdom

Over the course of the 1990s the concept of empowerment became firmly established within the vocabulary of urban politics in several different national contexts. This article analyzes the spread of this concept by looking at the politics of urban renewal in the United States and the United Kingdom. It shows that even if (and possibly because) the definition of empowerment remained vague, the turn to empowerment came out of and contributed to a shift in the nature of urban politics and to a reconfiguration of governmental methods, the role of the state and, consequently, to changes in civil society, all of which were associated with a rise to prominence of a neoliberal perspective.
Collective Fluctuations in models of adaptation

The dynamics of adaptation is difficult to predict because it is highly stochastic even in large populations. The uncertainty emerges from number fluctuations, called genetic drift, arising in the small number of particularly fit individuals of the population. Random genetic drift in this evolutionary vanguard also limits the speed of adaptation, which diverges in deterministic models that ignore these chance effects. Several approaches have been developed to analyze the crucial role of noise on the expected dynamics of adaptation, including the mean fitness of the entire population, or the fate of newly arising beneficial deleterious mutations. However, very little is known about how genetic drift causes fluctuations to emerge on the population level, including fitness distribution variations and speed variations. Yet, these phenomena control the replicability of experimental evolution experiments and are key to a truly predictive understanding of evolutionary processes. Here, we develop an exact approach to these emergent fluctuations by a combination of computational and analytical methods. We show, analytically, that the infinite hierarchy of moment equations can be closed at any arbitrary order by a suitable choice of a dynamical constraint. This constraint regulates (rather than fixes) the population size, accounting for resource limitations. The resulting linear equations, which can be accurately solved numerically, exhibit fluctuation-induced terms that amplify short-distance correlations and suppress long-distance ones. Importantly, by accounting for the dynamics of sub-populations, we provide a systematic route to key population genetic quantities, such as fixation probabilities and decay rates of the genetic diversity.
Granulocyte-macrophage progenitors as candidate leukemic stem cells in blast-crisis CML.

BACKGROUND The progression of chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML) to blast crisis is supported by self-renewing leukemic stem cells. In normal mouse hematopoietic stem cells, the process of self-renewal involves the beta-catenin-signaling pathway. We investigated whether leukemic stem cells in CML also use the beta-catenin pathway for self-renewal. METHODS We used fluorescence-activated cell sorting to isolate hematopoietic stem cells, common myeloid progenitors, granulocyte-macrophage progenitors, and megakaryocyte-erythroid progenitors from marrow during several phases of CML and from normal marrow. BCR-ABL, beta-catenin, and LEF-1 transcripts were compared by means of a quantitative reverse-transcriptase-polymerase-chain-reaction assay in normal and CML hematopoietic stem cells and granulocyte-macrophage progenitors. Confocal fluorescence microscopy and a lymphoid enhancer factor/T-cell factor reporter assay were used to detect nuclear beta-catenin in these cells. In vitro replating assays were used to identify self-renewing cells as candidate leukemic stem cells, and the dependence of self-renewal on beta-catenin activation was tested by lentiviral transduction of hematopoietic progenitors with axin, an inhibitor of the beta-catenin pathway. RESULTS The granulocyte-macrophage progenitor pool from patients with CML in blast crisis and imatinib-resistant CML was expanded, expressed BCR-ABL, and had elevated levels of nuclear beta-catenin as compared with the levels in progenitors from normal marrow. Unlike normal granulocyte-macrophage progenitors, CML granulocyte-macrophage progenitors formed self-renewing, replatable myeloid colonies, and in vitro self-renewal capacity was reduced by enforced expression of axin. CONCLUSIONS Activation of beta-catenin in CML granulocyte-macrophage progenitors appears to enhance the self-renewal activity and leukemic potential of these cells.
Financial Aid, College Entry, and Affirmative Action

To the extent that financial aid policy seeks to affect college-entry patterns, its framers presume that underrepresented minority students respond more favorably to a given financial aid package than other students do. This piece of financial aid dogma has been difficult to prove, for various technical and sampling reasons. This research addresses these problems by analyzing black, Hispanic, and white subpopulations separately, exploiting the sampling design of the High School and Beyond surveys. Black students, the results suggest, do respond more positively than white students to financial aid, all else equal. But financial aid effects on Hispanic students are difficult to distinguish from background effects. These findings imply that financial aid operates both positively and perversely when it is used to equalize college entry across majority and minority populations, and especially that its effects distribute unevenly among minority populations. Uniform financial aid awards probably increase the representation of blacks in higher education; they may actually reduce the relative representation of Hispanics.
The Educational Benefits of Being Spaced Out: Sibship Density and Educational Progress.

Although sociologists have identifiedfactors associated with the timing of births, little is known about the consequences of the spacing of births. Several perspectives imply a negative effect of close spacing of siblings on educational attainment, but these perspectives differ in the mechanisms used to explain this effect. We use data from the High School and Beyond survey to investigate the effect of spacing on high school attrition and post-secondary school attendance. Our analysis confirms that close spacing increases the likelihood of dropping out of high school and decreases the odds of attending post-secondary school. The direct effect of close spacing on post-secondary school attendance persists net of ability and academic performance; the effect of spacing on dropping out of high school is mixed. Close spacing of siblings also constrains the allocation offamily resources, which in turn affects educational attainment. Alternative explanations of the relationship between sibship structure and educational outcomes are reinterpreted in light of these findings.
Dapagliflozin lowers blood pressure in hypertensive and non-hypertensive patients with type 2 diabetes

The effect of dapagliflozin on blood pressure was evaluated in non-hypertensive (<140 mm Hg) and hypertensive (⩾140 mm Hg) patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Data were pooled from 13 placebo-controlled studies. Patients received dapagliflozin 10 mg/day (n = 2360) or placebo (n = 2295) for up to 24 weeks. Dapagliflozin was associated with placebo-subtracted changes from baseline in systolic and diastolic blood pressures of −3.6 and −1.2 mm Hg, respectively, in hypertensive patients and −2.6 and −1.2 mm Hg, respectively, in non-hypertensive patients. At 24 weeks, a similar proportion of patients experienced measured orthostatic reactions with dapagliflozin versus placebo in hypertensive (6.1% and 6.6%, respectively) and non-hypertensive (4.0% and 4.2%) patients. No clinically relevant difference was observed between dapagliflozin and placebo in heart rate. In conclusion, dapagliflozin 10 mg induces a modest reduction in blood pressure compared with placebo in patients with diabetes with a low risk of orthostatic reactions, regardless of baseline blood pressure.
Alcoholic parentage, self-labeling, and endorsement of ACOA-codependent traits

Traits reputed to characterize adult children of alcoholics (ACOAs) and codependent individuals were assessed among psychology undergraduates (n = 281). Students self-reporting alcoholic parentage were no different from controls on these traits or on self-reported drinking. Null effects are attributed to sample characteristics and to systematic inattention to discriminant validity concerns in the original trait formulations. Alcoholic parentage did affect willingness to self-label as ACOA and codependent. Also, regardless of parentage, participants who self-labeled as codependent scored higher on the signature traits than participants who did not self-label as codependent. This result is discussed with respect to recruitment pressures and self-fulfilling-prophecy effects engendered by the widespread dissemination of the ACOA and codependency concepts.
On the Emotion of Users in App Reviews

App store analysis has become an important discipline in recent software engineering research. It empirically studies apps using information mined from their distribution platforms. Information provided by users, such as app reviews, are of high interest to developers. Commercial providers such as App Annie analyzing this information became an important source for companies developing and marketing mobile apps. In this paper, we perform an exploratory study, which analyzes over seven million reviews from the Apple AppStore regarding their emotional sentiment. Since recent research in this field used sentiments to detail and refine their results, we aim to gain deeper insights into the nature of sentiments in user reviews. In this study we try to evaluate whether or not the emotional sentiment can be an informative feature for software engineers, as well as pitfalls of its usage. We present our initial results and discuss how they can be interpreted from the software engineering perspective.
“I Hated Her Guts!”: Emerging Adults’ Recollections of the Formation, Maintenance, and Termination of Antipathetic Relationships During High School

Antipathetic relationships have received little empirical attention. This study examines these relationships by eliciting college students’ descriptions of the formation, patterns of interpersonal behaviors, and termination of antipathetic relationships during high school. Factors that differentiate inimical from other antipathetic relationships are also investigated. The Interview of Friendship and Antipathetic Experiences, a semistructured retrospective interview of high school relationships, was administered to 80 college undergraduate students (69% female, M age = 19.1 years). Quantitative analyses, supplemented by illustrative quotes, indicate that antipathetic relationships, relative to friendships or interactions with neutral peers, were marked by conflict during formation and aggression and avoidance during the relationship. Inimical relationships were differentiated from other antipathetic relationships by greater conflict in their formation, open expression of dislike, and aggression.
Resource-Based Perspectives on Unit-Level Human Capital

Scholarly interest in leveraging resource-based theory to explore the unit-level human capital resource (HCR) is undergoing a paradigmatic shift in the strategy and strategic human resource management (HRM) literatures. As they undertake this next generation of research, scholars will be informed by a rigorous examination of prior unit-level HCR research. To this end, we present a systematic and multidisciplinary review of scholarship that invokes resource-based theorizing in examining the unit’s HCR. We reviewed 156 articles published in the strategy and strategic HRM literatures that conceptualize HC as a unit-level resource. This review suggests that a multidimensional typology of the unit-level HCR has emerged. In particular, research has examined the HCR’s type, context, and antecedents. We build on our review of this multidimensional typology to propose a multilevel conceptual integration of current and future unit-level HCR research in the strategy and strategic HRM domains. Current scholarly work in these two areas suggests that these two literatures are converging, and the multidimensional HCR typology suggested by our review informs this convergence. We conclude with a discussion of future research domains that will advance the multilevel theoretical integration we propose.
What Kind of Citizen? The Politics of Educating for Democracy

Educators and policymakers increasingly pursue programs that aim to strengthen democracy through civic education, service learning, and other pedagogies. Their underlying beliefs, however, differ. This article calls attention to the spectrum of ideas about what good citizenship is and what good citizens do that are embodied in democratic education programs. It offers analyses of a 2-year study of educational programs in the United States that aimed to promote democracy. Drawing on democratic theory and on findings from their study, the authors detail three conceptions of the “good” citizen—personally responsible, participatory, and justice oriented—that underscore political implications of education for democracy. The article demonstrates that the narrow and often ideologically conservative conception of citizenship embedded in many current efforts at teaching for democracy reflects not arbitrary choices but, rather, political choices with political consequences.
The development of virtual reality therapy (VRT) system for the treatment of acrophobia and therapeutic case

Virtual reality therapy (VRT), based on this sophisticated technology, has been used in the treatment of subjects diagnosed with acrophobia, a disorder that is characterized by marked anxiety upon exposure to heights and avoidance of heights. Conventional VR systems for the treatment of acrophobia have limitations, over-costly devices or somewhat unrealistic graphic scenes. The goal of this study was to develop an inexpensive and more realistic virtual environment (VE) in which to perform exposure therapy for acrophobia. It is based on a personal computer, and a virtual scene of a bunge-jump tower in the middle of a large city. The virtual scenario includes an open lift surrounded by props beside a tower, which allows the patient to feel a sense of heights. The effectiveness of the VE was evaluated through the clinical treatment of a subject who was suffering from the fear of heights. As a result, it was proved that this VR environment was effective and realistic at overcoming acrophobia according not only to the comparison results of a variety of questionnaires before and after treatment but also to the subject's comments that the VE seemed to evoke more fearful feelings than the real situation.
Learning Feature Weights from User Behavior in Content-Based Image Retrieval

This article describes an algorithm for obtaining knowledge about the importance of features from analyzing user log files of a content-based image retrieval system (CBIRS). The user log files from the usage of the Viper web demonstration system are analyzed over a period of four months. Within this period about 3500 accesses to the system were made with almost 800 multiple image queries. All the actions of the users were logged in a file. The analysis only includes multiple image queries of the system with positive and/or negative input images, because only multiple image queries contain enough information for the method described. Features frequently present in images marked together positively in the same query step get a higher weighting, whereas features present in one image marked positively and another image marked negatively in the same step get a lower weighting. The Viper system offers a very large number of simple features. This allows the creation of flexible feature weightings with high values for important and low values for less important features. These weightings for features can of course differ between collections and as well between users. The results are evaluated with an experiment using the relevance judgments of real users on a database containing 2500 images. The results of the system with learned weights are compared to the system without the learned feature weights.
Cloud susceptibility and the first aerosol indirect forcing: Sensitivity to black carbon and aerosol concentrations

[1] Present-day global anthropogenic emissions contribute more than half of the mass in submicron particles primarily due to sulfate and carbonaceous aerosol components derived from fossil fuel combustion and biomass burning. These anthropogenic aerosols increase cloud drop number concentration and cloud albedo. Here, we use an improved version of the fully coupled climate/chemistry models to investigate cloud susceptibility and the first indirect effect of anthropogenic aerosols (the Twomey effect). We examine the correspondence between the model simulation of cloud susceptibility and that inferred from satellite measurements to test whether our simulated aerosol concentrations and aerosol/cloud interactions give a faithful representation of these features. This comparison provides an overall measure of the adequacy of cloud cover and drop concentrations. We also address the impact of black carbon absorption in clouds on the first indirect forcing and examine the sensitivity of the forcing to different representations of natural aerosols. We find that including this absorption does not change the global forcing by more than 0.07 W m � 2 , but that locally it could decrease the forcing by as much as 0.7 W m � 2 in regions where black carbon emissions are pronounced. Because of the nonlinear relationship between cloud drop number and aerosol number concentrations, the total forcing does not equal the sum of the forcing from each individual source. Our estimated total first indirect forcing is � 1.85 W m � 2 , with � 0.30 W m � 2 associated with anthropogenic sulfate, � 1.16 W m � 2 associated with carbonaceous aerosols from biomass burning, and � 0.52 W m � 2 associated with carbonaceous aerosols from fossil fuel combustion. Estimates of forcing by sulfate and total carbonaceous aerosols increase to � 0.31 and � 1.67 W m � 2 , respectively, if natural emissions of organic aerosols are only 8.4 Tg yr � 1 , but decrease to � 0.26 and � 1.27 W m � 2 if they are as large as 42 Tg yr � 1 . Even larger estimates of forcing are derived if dust and sea-salt emissions are not included. The effect of aerosol abundance on cloud life cycle may be important but is not treated in this study. INDEX TERMS: 0305 Atmospheric Composition and Structure: Aerosols and particles (0345, 4801); 0320 Atmospheric Composition and Structure: Cloud physics and chemistry; 1610 Global Change: Atmosphere (0315, 0325)
A Proposal to Mobile Payment Implementing 2AF

— Merchants are competing to offer the use of mobile payment to encourage shopping. many mobile payment systems were made available in various locations worldwide; however, they have various drawbacks. This paper proposes a new mobile payment system that discusses the main drawbacks of these systems, namely security and speed of transaction. The proposal is featured by being simple to use by customers and merchants. Furthermore, the proposed system depends on a new authentication factor that is introduced in this paper and called by Two-Factors Authentication Plus, (2FA+).
Reading, learning and enacting: interpretation at visitor sites in the Wet Tropics rainforest of Australia

The northern Wet Tropics rainforest of Australia was declared a world heritage site in 1988 and now supports an extensive tourism industry that attracts an estimated 2.5 million local and international visits annually. As part of the visitor experience, many sites include both environmental and cultural interpretation experiences, which range from static displays to one‐on‐one guided tours. This paper identifies visitor demand and level of satisfaction with the static signage and displays used at rainforest sites throughout the Wet Tropics. The research involves visitor surveys conducted in 2007 and 2008 and observations at a number of rainforest sites. The results indicate that visitors consider the level of interpretation to be adequate, but appear to use it poorly. While higher at commercial sites, visitor interest in reading the interpretation is very low at public sites. Overall, this article seeks to address whether the aims of nature‐based interpretation, including education and the influencing of attitudes and site behaviour, are being achieved.