Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Population pharmacokinetics of dapsone administered biweekly to human immunodeficiency virus-infected patients

The population pharmacokinetics of dapsone were examined in human immunodeficiency virus-infected patients receiving dapsone at a dosage of 100 mg twice weekly for the prevention of Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia. Nonlinear mixed-effect modeling was used to determine the best pharmacostatistical model for the data. A one-compartment open model with first-order absorption and elimination was used as the structural pharmacokinetic model. Several covariates were tested for their influence on pharmacokinetic parameters. Rifampin was found to increase the values of clearance/bioavailability (CL/F) and volume of distribution/ bioavailability (V/F) by approximately 70%. CL/F and V/F were 1.83 liters/h and 69.6 liters, respectively, for patients not taking rifampin. The effect of rifampin on the pharmacokinetic parameters of dapsone was appreciably less than expected on the basis of studies with healthy volunteers. Increased bilirubin levels were associated with a significant decrease in the absorption rate constant (Ka). However, this finding may be considered clinically irrelevant because the post hoc Bayesian estimates of Ka for patients with high bilirubin levels ( > 1.2 mg/dl) were at the lower bound of the values for patients with normal bilirubin levels. The value of Ka was 0.957 h-1 for a patient with a bilirubin level of 0.7 mg/dl. After inclusion of covariates in the model, the interpatient variability was 35% for CL/F, not significant for V/F, and 85% for Ka. Simulation of plasma concentration-versus-time curves indicated that the administration of 100 mg of dapsone biweekly is associated with sustained dapsone levels in the plasma of the majority of the patients. Dosage adjustments for patients concomitantly treated with rifampin may be necessary.
National Athletic Trainers' Association-accredited postprofessional athletic training education: attractors and career intentions.

CONTEXT Anecdotally, we know that students select graduate programs based on location, finances, and future career goals. Empirically, however, we lack information on what attracts a student to these programs. OBJECTIVE To gain an appreciation for the selection process of graduate study. DESIGN Qualitative study. SETTING Postprofessional programs in athletic training (PPATs) accredited by the National Athletic Trainers' Association. PATIENTS OR OTHER PARTICIPANTS A total of 19 first-year PPAT students participated, representing 13 of the 16 accredited PPAT programs. DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS All interviews were conducted via phone and transcribed verbatim. Analysis of the interview data followed the procedures as outlined by a grounded theory approach. Trustworthiness was secured by (1) participant checks, (2) participant verification, and (3) multiple analyst triangulations. RESULTS Athletic training students select PPAT programs for 4 major reasons: reputation of the program or faculty (or both), career intentions, professional socialization, and mentorship from undergraduate faculty or clinical instructors (or both). Participants discussed long-term professional goals as the driving force behind wanting an advanced degree in athletic training. Faculty and clinical instructor recommendations and the program's prestige helped guide the decisions. Participants also expressed the need to gain more experience, which promoted autonomy, and support while gaining that work experience. Final selection of the PPAT program was based on academic offerings, the assistantship offered (including financial support), advanced knowledge of athletic training concepts and principles, and apprenticeship opportunities. CONCLUSIONS Students who attend PPAT programs are attracted to advancing their entry-level knowledge, are committed to their professional development as athletic trainers, and view the profession of athletic training as a life-long career. The combination of balanced academics, clinical experiences, and additional professional socialization and mentorship from the PPAT program experience will help them to secure their desired career positions.
PLATELET AND PLASMA AMINE OXIDASE INHIBITION AND URINARY AMINE EXCRETION CHANGES DURING PHENELZINE TREATMENT

The treatment of depressed patients with the monoamine oxidase (MAO)-inhibiting antidepressant, phenelzine, was found to be accompanied by an 82 per cent reduction in platelet MAO activity and a 91 per cent reduction in plasma amine oxidase activity. Maximum reductions in enzyme activity occurred after 7 to 14 days of treatment; recovery of enzyme activity post-treatment required an average of 14 days for the platelet MAO and greater than 6 weeks for the plasma enzyme. Marked elevations in urinary tryptamine excretion occurred in conjunction with MAO inhibition during phenelzine treatment, but the magnitude of urinary tryptamine change in individual patients was not closely correlated with the magnitude of enzyme activity reduction. Changes in platelet serotonin content and in urinary catecholamine metabolites also occurred in response to phenelzine treatment.
Drivers of close supply chain collaboration: one size fits all?

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to investigate the antecedents of close supply chain collaboration and to develop a multi‐variable conceptual model of factors that drive the need for close supply chain collaboration.Design/methodology/approach – A multi‐variable conceptual model is developed based on literature and on a series of dyadic mini‐cases in the electronics, fashion and consumer‐packaged goods industry.Findings – This paper confirms that close supply chain collaboration is influenced by a multitude of factors. It reveals a need to integrate findings from analytical and empirical disciplines that study supply chain collaboration. The results suggest that collaborative initiatives are predominantly initiated with suppliers and not with customers, and that close supply chain collaboration may lead to inertia in business relations.Research limitations/implications – This paper is based on dyadic case studies in three different make‐to‐stock industries; future research may include a large‐scale.
(Sub)national Principals, Legislative Agents

To what extent do external actors control the careers of national legislators in federal systems? Although previous research has demonstrated that multiple principals shape legislative behavior in federal systems, prior studies have been much less successful at demonstrating the relative power of each of these actors over the careers of federal legislators. Using an original data set on the career paths of Mexican federal legislators, this study seeks to determine the relative importance of governors, presidents, and other party elites in shaping the future career choices of national legislators in federal systems. I find that legislators who share partisanship with the president or their governor are more likely to obtain patronage positions, while party leaders predominantly control access to the ballot. The findings also suggest that while governors and presidents can influence a subset of legislators, the large majority of legislators pursue future positions over which party leaders control access.
Rethinking organisational learning in local government

The article outlines the results of research undertaken with 146 local authorities in England and Wales. There are two aims to this paper. First, to identify some of the ways in which local government understands and puts into practice the notion of organisational learning. Second, to encourage a broader understanding and practice than exists at present. Our research suggests that local authorities have created a self‐limiting notion of organisational learning particularly based on performance management and management development imperatives orientated towards the individual employee. We suggest various ways in which authorities might shift the focus from individual to organisational learning.
A FRAMEWORK FOR MACROPRUDENTIAL BANKING REGULATION 1

We offer a framework for macroprudential banking regulation, with a particular emphasis on Latin American countries. Building on previous theoretical work (Rochet 2004) we argue that the main reason behind the high frequency and large magnitude of banking crises in the last two decades of the XX th century may be the lack of independence of banking supervisors from political powers. We examine how such an independence could be organized, and in particular how banking authorities should manage the banking crises of the future.
Inovação Disruptiva: Reflexões sobre as suas características e implicações no mercado [Disruptive innovation: Reflexions about features and market implications]

The study aims at discussing the challenges companies face a highly competitive market, emphasizing the implications of disruptive innovations mainly for companies established in the market. In order to understand the origin of the concept of disruptive innovation, the study also presents the results of network analysis carried out considering the following information: journals in which articles were published, the country of affiliation of the authors, keywords and year of publication. The reflections presented in the study lead us to various conclusions, among them the perception that organizations need more attention to the anticipation of new trends and scenarios in order to fend off the effects of a disruptive innovation introduced.
M2-Polarized Tumor-Associated Macrophage Infiltration of Regional Lymph Nodes Is Associated With Nodal Lymphangiogenesis and Occult Nodal Involvement in pN0 Pancreatic Cancer

Objective Tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs) are reportedly involved in lymphangiogenesis in primary tumors, playing a crucial role in lymphatic metastasis. Furthermore, nodal lymphangiogenesis precedes and promotes regional lymph node (RLN) metastasis. We investigated the relationship of M2-polarized TAM infiltration of the RLNs, nodal lymphangiogenesis, and occult nodal involvement in pN0 pancreatic cancer. Methods Hematoxylin-eosin–stained primary tumor and regional LN specimens from 40 patients diagnosed with pN0 pancreatic cancer according to the pathological TNM classification were assessed. To evaluate lymphangiogenesis, lymphatic vessel density was measured by using D2-40 antibody. CD163 and cytokeratin AE1/AE3 antibodies were used to detect M2-polarized TAMs and isolated tumor cells in the RLNs, respectively. Results The nodal lymphatic vessel density had a strong association with the M2-polarized TAM density in the RLNs (P < 0.0001). Most of these TAMs expressed vascular endothelial growth factor C. Furthermore, in the RLNs, the M2-polarized TAM density was significantly associated with the incidence of isolated tumor cells (P = 0.0477). Conclusions M2-polarized TAM infiltration of RLNs is significantly associated with nodal lymphangiogenesis and occult nodal involvement in pN0 pancreatic cancer. Node-infiltrating M2-polarized TAMs may facilitate nodal lymphangiogenesis via the production of vascular endothelial growth factor C and thus promote RLN metastasis.
Privacy Protection for Personal Health Device Communication and Healthcare Building Applications

This paper proposes a new method for protecting patient privacy when communicating with a gateway which collects bioinformation through using personal health devices, a type of biosensor for telemedicine, at home and in other buildings. As the suggested method is designed to conform with ISO/IEEE 11073-20601, which is the international standard, interoperability with various health devices was considered. We believe it will be a highly valuable resource for dealing with basic data because it suggests an additional standard for security with the Continua Health Alliance or related international groups in the future.
Mild traumatic brain injury does not predict acute postconcussion syndrome

Background: The aetiology of postconcussion syndrome (PCS) following mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI) remains controversial. Identifying acute PCS (within the first 14 days after injury) may optimise initial recovery and rehabilitation, identify those at risk and increase understanding of PCS. Objective: To examine predictors of acute outcome by investigating the relationship between preinjury psychiatric disorder, demographic factors, injury related characteristics, neuropsychological and psychological variables and acute PCS. Methods: Prospective study of consecutive trauma admissions to a level 1 trauma hospital. The final sample comprised 90 patients with mTBI and 85 non-brain injured trauma controls. Individuals were administered a PCS checklist, and neuropsychological and psychological measures. Multiple imputation of missing data in multivariable logistic regression and bivariate logistic regressions were used to predict acute PCS at a mean of 4.90 days after injury. Results: Diagnosis of acute PCS was not specific to mTBI (mTBI 43.3%; controls 43.5%). Pain was associated with acute PCS in mTBI. The strongest effect for acute PCS was a previous affective or anxiety disorder (OR 5.76, 95% CI 2.19 to 15.0). Females were 3.33 times more likely than males to have acute PCS (95% CI 1.20 to 9.21). The effect of acute post-traumatic stress and neuropsychological function on acute PCS was relatively small. Higher IQ was associated with acute PCS. Conclusions: There is a high rate of acute PCS in both mTBI and non-brain injured trauma patients. PCS was not found to be specific to mTBI. The use of the term PCS may be misleading as it incorrectly suggests that the basis of PCS is a brain injury.
Governmental Accounting in Spain and the European Monetary Union: A Critical Perspective

During the last twenty-five years, the changes in Spanish accounting have been radical and significant, especially since 1986 when Spain joined the European Union. Those changes were first introduced in business accounting, following the patterns of the Fourth Directive, but governmental accounting has also been affected by structural reforms that have modified the financial reporting system, the accounting standards and the accounting principles to be applied. However, the governmental accounting system needs further improvement, particularly given the EMU framework and the relationship between governmental accounting and national accounting.
The Effects of Beta, Bid-Ask Spread, Residual Risk, and Size on Stock Returns

Merton's recent extension of the capital asset pricing model proposed that asset returns are an increasing function of their beta risk, residual risk, and size, and a decreasing function of the public availability of information about them. Associating the latter with asset liquidity and following Yokov Amihud and Haim Mendelson's proposition that asset returns increase with their illiquidity (measured by the bid-ask spread), the authors jointly estimate the effects of these four factors on stock returns. Copyright 1989 by American Finance Association.
The Systematic Risk of Idiosyncratic Volatility

We show that the pricing of idiosyncratic volatility (IV) is due to unaccounted systematic risk, which affects a large number of asset pricing anomalies. A single common IV component explains one third of variation in IV. Mispricing arises when sorting stocks by the part of IV predicted by exposure to the common IV component, but not when sorting by residual IV. We propose the return difference between stocks with high and low predicted IV, PIV, as a proxy for the missing risk factor. PIV is significantly related to the common components of the returns of several important anomaly-based trading strategies. Controlling for PIV helps explain the earnings surprise, net stock issues, profitability, as well as illiquidity anomalies, and completely explains the financial distress anomaly. Overall our results suggest that the IV puzzle reflects systematic risk related to the average stock volatility and credit risk.
Measuring salience in EU legislative politics

To describe and explain legislative politics in the European Union and to assess its democratic quality we need to measure the political importance (salience) of legislative proposals. The existing literature uses several indicators to measure salience. This article compares measures of salience based on three types of data source (expert interviews, text analysis and media coverage) using a large number of legislative proposals that cover a variety of policy fields and types of proposal. Different measures of salience often do not yield similar values.
Platform Competition Under Asymmetric Information

In the context of platform competition in a two-sided market, we study how ex-ante uncertainty and ex-post asymmetric information concerning the value of a new technology affects the strategies of the platforms and the market outcome. We find that the incumbent dominates the market by setting the welfare-maximizing quantity when the difference in the degree of asymmetric information between buyers and sellers is significant. However, if this difference is below a certain threshold, then even the incumbent platform will distort its quantity downward. Since a monopoly incumbent would set the welfare-maximizing quantity, this result indicates that platform competition may lead to a market failure: Competition results in a lower quantity and lower welfare than a monopoly. We consider two applications of the model. First, we consider multi-homing. We find that multi-homing solves the market failure resulting from asymmetric information. However, if platforms can impose exclusive dealing, then they will do so, which result in market inefficiency. Second, the model provides a new argument for why it is usually entrants, not incumbents, that bring major technological innovations to the market.
Prognostic Significance of Variability in Ambulatory and Home Blood Pressure from the Ohasama Study

Ambulatory and home blood pressure (BP) can be measured over an extended period, thus generating information about BP variability. We have monitored a Japanese general population (Ohasama) for 20 years with respect to morbidity and mortality based on ambulatory and home BP, and have demonstrated the unique prognostic significance of variability in these values. A disturbed nocturnal decline in BP is associated with cerebral infarction and heart diseases, whereas a large morning pressor surge and a large nocturnal decline in BP, which are analogous to a large diurnal increase in BP, are both associated with cerebral hemorrhage. A high BP at various times of the day is associated with different subtypes of cerebrovascular and cardiovascular disease risk. Home BP in the morning and in the evening provide equally useful information for stroke risk, whereas morning hypertension, which is that specifically observed only in the morning, might be a good predictor of stroke, particularly among individuals using anti-hypertensive medication. The BP and heart rate variabilities estimated as standard deviation measured every 30 minutes by ambulatory monitoring are independent predictors. That is, a higher short-term BP variability with a lower short-term heart rate variability leads to a worse cardiovascular prognosis. These variations in BP also bias the diagnosis and treatment of hypertension, which can be managed effectively by considering the phasic, as well as the tonic, component of BP.
Is Airport Body-Scan Radiation A Health Risk?

The USA is under attack by an ideologically-driven enemy who cleverly exploits vulnerabilities in America’s free society to inflict national suffering and fear. One such area is the enormous volume of airline travel. It is still an easy target, in spite of the elaborate procedures and the advanced technologies that have been employed over the years to detect highjackers and suicide bombers at the many congested airports. Luggage has been x-rayed for decades, and now passengers. Passengers who complained about long delays and objected to careful body searches are now challenged by their fear of receiving a very mild dose of x-rays. Even medical practitioners and scientists who should know better are expressing concerns about risks of cancers and congenital malformations and about harm to a fetus. X-rays were discovered 115 years ago by Wilhelm Roentgen and have been applied ever since on humans and a very wide variety of other biological organisms in countless research studies, diagnostic procedures and medical treatments. The doses and dose rates have ranged from the lowest possible to highly lethal levels. All organisms, since the beginning of life on Earth, have been exposed to the ubiquitous sea of natural radioactivity and cosmic radiation. As a result of our extensive studies and experience, we know more about the effects of ionizing radiation on health than any other perturbing agent or substance. Many radiobiologists understand how a low dose or a low chronic dose rate can stimulate protective processes in cells, tissues, and organs leading to improved health and that a high dose delivered at a high dose rate can inhibit natural defenses leading to morbidity and loss of life (UNSCEAR 1994; Edwards and Lloyd 1996; Tubiana et al. 2005).
DJ-1 mutations are a rare cause of recessively inherited early onset parkinsonism mediated by loss of protein function

Parkinson’s disease (PD; OMIM #168600) is a common neurodegenerative disorder characterised by bradykinesia, resting tremor, muscle rigidity, and postural instability. The pathological features include loss of dopaminergic neurones, in particular within the substantia nigra pars compacta, and eosinophilic, cytoplasmic inclusions termed Lewy bodies.1 Although rare, familial forms of parkinsonism provide a powerful tool to determine the molecular pathways perturbed in idiopathic PD.2,3 Three loci have been associated with autosomal recessive early onset parkinsonism (EO-PD): parkin ( PARK2 ),4 the as yet unidentified PARK6 ,5 and DJ-1 ( PARK7 ). 6 Loss of Parkin function is the predominant genetic cause of EO-PD in Japanese, Northern European, North American, and North African populations. Homozygous and compound heterozygous parkin mutations account for approximately 49% of familial and 19% of sporadic EO-PD (with onset prior to 45 years). 7–13 Although the gene has yet to be identified, linkage analysis of chromosome 1p36 interval suggests that PARK6 mutations may also account for numerous families with EO-PD across Europe.14 Most recently, mutations in DJ-1 ( PARK7 ) were identified in consanguineous Dutch and Italian kindreds affected with EO-PD. In the Dutch kindred, a 14 kb genomic deletion removed the promoter region and the first five exons (Δ1−5). In the Italian kindred, a highly conserved amino acid (leucine) was altered to proline (497 bp T→C; L166P). This substitution was predicted to disrupt protein folding and was demonstrated to affect cellular localisation.6 Both mutations showed complete segregation with disease in homozygous individuals, while heterozygous carriers were unaffected, suggesting that loss of function of DJ-1 is pathogenic. To date, DJ-1 Δ1–5 and 497 bp T→C (L166P) mutations have only been reported in the original Dutch and Italian families and in ethnically matched control individuals.6 There have been no reports on the frequency of DJ-1 …
Selection of School Counselor Candidates: Future Directions at Two Universities

A new vision of school counseling asserts that counselors must address all children and must orient counseling services toward the primary mission of schools: to educate young people and to support their healthy development. Two universities that are working to prepare new vision school counselors have changed their recruitment and selection procedures to attract increased numbers of candidates who can be optimally trained to fulfill the requirements of this vision. The authors describe criteria and procedures used to select graduate students who have the greatest promise of becoming leaders, advocates, and change agents in schools to promote student learning and achievement.