Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
A REVERSE SHOCK IN GRB 130427A

We present extensive radio and millimeter observations of the unusually bright GRB 130427A at z = 0.340, spanning 0.67–12 days after the burst. We combine these data with detailed multi-band UV, optical, NIR, and Swift X-ray observations and find that the broadband afterglow emission is composed of distinct reverse shock and forward shock contributions. The reverse shock emission dominates in the radio/millimeter and at ≲ 0.1 days in the UV/optical/NIR, while the forward shock emission dominates in the X-rays and at ≳ 0.1 days in the UV/optical/NIR. We further find that the optical and X-ray data require a wind circumburst environment, pointing to a massive star progenitor. Using the combined forward and reverse shock emission, we find that the parameters of the burst include an isotropic kinetic energy of EK, iso ≈ 2 × 1053 erg, a mass loss rate of M☉ yr−1 (for a wind velocity of 1000 km s−1), and a Lorentz factor at the deceleration time of Γ(200 s) ≈ 130. Due to the low density and large isotropic energy, the absence of a jet break to ≈15 days places only a weak constraint on the opening angle, θj ≳ 2. °5, and therefore a total energy of Eγ + EK ≳ 1.2 × 1051 erg, similar to other gamma-ray bursts (GRBs). The reverse shock emission is detectable in this burst due to the low circumburst density, which leads to a slow cooling shock. We speculate that this property is required for the detectability of reverse shocks in radio and millimeter bands. Following on GRB 130427A as a benchmark event, observations of future GRBs with the exquisite sensitivity of the Very Large Array and ALMA, coupled with detailed modeling of the reverse and forward shock contributions, will test this hypothesis.
EXCESS ELLIPTICITY OF HOT AND COLD SPOTS IN THE WMAP DATA?

We investigate claims of excess ellipticity of hot and cold spots in the Wilkinson Microwave Anisotropy Probe (WMAP) data. Using the cosmic microwave background (CMB) data from 7 yr of observations by the WMAP satellite, we find, contrary to previous claims of a 10σ detection of excess ellipticity in the 3 yr data, that the ellipticity of hot and cold spots is perfectly consistent with simulated CMB maps based on the concordance cosmology. We further test for excess obliquity and excess skewness/kurtosis of ellipticity and obliquity and find the WMAP7 data consistent with Gaussian simulated maps.
Power Laws Behavior and Nonlinearity Mechanisms in Mesoscopic Elastic Materials

Nonlinear mesoscopic elastic (NME) materials present ananomalous nonlinear elastic behavior, which could not beexplained by classical theories. New physical mechanismsshould be individuated to explain NMEs response.Dislocations in damaged metals, fluids in rocks andadhesion (in composites) could be plausible. In this thesisI have searched for differences in the macroscopic elasticresponse of materials which could be ascribed to differentphysical processes. I have found that the nonlinearindicators follow a power law behavior as a function of theexcitation energy, with exponent ranging from 1 to 3 (thisis not completely new). This allowed to classify materialsinto well-defined classes, each characterized by a value ofthe exponent and specific microstructural properties. Tolink the measured power law exponent to plausiblephysical mechanisms, I have extended thePreisach-Mayergoyz formalism for hysteresis to multi-statemodels. Specific multi-state discrete models have beenderived from continuous microscopic physical processes,such as adhesion-clapping, adhesion-capillary forces,dislocations motion and hysteresis. In each model, themicroscopic behavior is described by a multistate equationof state, with parameters which are statisticallydistributed. Averaging over many microscopic elements theso-called mesoscopic equation of state is derived and, fromwave propagation simulations in a sample composed bymany mesoscopic elements, the experimental results couldbe reproduced. In the work of the thesis, I have shownthat model predictions of the exponent b ( the exponent bhas not been introduced before) are linked in a ‘a priori’predictable way to the number of states and the propertiesof the statistical distribution adopted. We have classifiedmodels into classes defined by a different exponent b andcomparing with experimental results we have suggestedplausible mechanisms for the nonlinearity generation.
Mesozoic–Cenozoic multistage tectonic evolution of the Pamir: Detrital fission‐track constraints from the Tajik Basin

Knowledge of the tectonic history of the Pamir contributes to our understanding of both the evolution of collisional orogenic belts as well as factors controlling Central Asian aridification. It is, however, not easy to decipher the Mesozoic–Cenozoic tectonics of the Pamir due to extensive Neogene deformation in an orogen that remains largely understudied. This study reports detrital apatite and zircon fission‐track (FT) ages from both the eastern Tajik Basin sedimentary rocks and Pamir modern river sands. These FT data, supported by vitrinite reflectance and zircon and apatite U–Pb double dating, suggest that the majority of the FT ages are unreset and record exhumation stages of the Pamir, which has served as the source terrane of the Tajik Basin since the Cretaceous. Furthermore, we combine the new data with a compilation of published detrital apatite and zircon FT data from both the Tajik Basin sedimentary rocks and Pamir modern river sands, to explore the Mesozoic–Cenozoic tectonic history of Pamir. Deconvolved FT Peak Ages document two major Mesozoic exhumation events associated with the Late Triassic–Early Jurassic Cimmerian orogeny that reflects accretion of the Pamir terranes, as well as the Early–early Late Cretaceous deformation associated with the northward subduction of the Neo‐Tethys Ocean beneath Pamir. The compiled data also show significant Late Eocene–Neogene exhumation associated with the ongoing formation of the Pamir, which peaks at ca. 36, 25, 14 and 7 Ma.
THE NATURE OF TRANSITION CIRCUMSTELLAR DISKS. I. THE OPHIUCHUS MOLECULAR CLOUD

We have obtained millimeter-wavelength photometry, high-resolution optical spectroscopy, and adaptive optics near-infrared imaging for a sample of 26 Spitzer-selected transition circumstellar disks. All of our targets are located in the Ophiuchus molecular cloud (d ∼ 125 pc) and have spectral energy distributions (SEDs) suggesting the presence of inner opacity holes. We use these ground-based data to estimate the disk mass, multiplicity, and accretion rate for each object in our sample in order to investigate the mechanisms potentially responsible for their inner holes. We find that transition disks are a heterogeneous group of objects, with disk masses ranging from <0.6 to 40 MJUP and accretion rates ranging from <10−11 to 10−7 M☉ yr−1, but most tend to have much lower masses and accretion rates than “full disks” (i.e., disks without opacity holes). Eight of our targets have stellar companions: six of them are binaries and the other two are triple systems. In four cases, the stellar companions are close enough to suspect they are responsible for the inferred inner holes. We find that nine of our 26 targets have low disk mass (<2.5 MJUP) and negligible accretion (<10−11 M☉ yr−1), and are thus consistent with photoevaporating (or photoevaporated) disks. Four of these nine non-accreting objects have fractional disk luminosities <10−3 and could already be in a debris disk stage. Seventeen of our transition disks are accreting. Thirteen of these accreting objects are consistent with grain growth. The remaining four accreting objects have SEDs suggesting the presence of sharp inner holes, and thus are excellent candidates for harboring giant planets.
Power-Spilt-Based Wireless Charging System With Communication-Free Coordination Control

In this article, a power-split-based wireless charging system (WCS) with communication-free coordination control is proposed to combat wide load and coupling variations. By using a magnetic integrated inductor, two power delivery channels are created from a single receiver coil. Large portion of received energy is directly delivered to the load. Small amount of energy is converted by using a low-voltage low-power dc–dc converter to regulate the output voltage or current achieving constant voltage (CV) or constant current (CC) charging operation. This proposal achieves higher power conversion efficiency than the traditional two-stage cascaded converter WCS. Since the dc–dc converter only processes partial power of the WCS system, this proposal reduces the voltage stress of the devices and design difficulty. A communication-free coordination control is applied, which is established by sensing the input current drop caused by the burst operation of the partial-power dc–dc converter. Thus, the CC-CV charging is realized by PWM control at the receiver (Rx) side, and the inverter is regulated with subharmonics control scheme to maintain nearly constant Rx coil current. Simulation results for both high-voltage high-power scenarios and low-voltage low-power (LVLP) scenarios are provided to investigate the operation of the proposed WCS. Finally, experimental results are captured from a 250 W/60–84 V LVLP prototype to validate the feasibility and practicability of proposed concept.
INDUCED TURBULENCE AND THE DENSITY STRUCTURE OF THE DUST LAYER IN A PROTOPLANETARY DISK

We study the turbulence induced in the dust layer of a protoplanetary disk based on the energetics of dust accretion due to gas drag. We estimate turbulence strength from the energy supplied by dust accretion, using the radial drift velocity of the dust particles in a laminar disk. Our estimate of the turbulence strength agrees with previous analytical and numerical research on the turbulence induced by Kelvin–Helmholtz and/or streaming instabilities for particles with stopping time less than the Keplerian time. For such small particles, the strongest turbulence is expected to occur when the dust-to-gas ratio of the disk is ∼C1/2eff(hg/r) ∼ 10−2, where Ceff ≈ 0.2 represents the energy supply efficiency to turbulence and hg/r ∼ 5 × 10−2 is the aspect ratio of the gas disk. The maximum viscosity parameter is αmax ∼ CeffTs(hg/r)2 ∼ 10−4Ts, where Ts(< 1) is the non-dimensional stopping time of the dust particles. Modification to the dust-to-gas ratio from the standard value, 10−2, by any process, results in weaker turbulence and a thinner dust layer, and consequently may accelerate the growth process of the dust particles.
A Simple Redistribution Vortex Method (with Accurate Body Forces)

A circulation redistribution scheme for viscous flow is presented. Unlike other redistribution methods, it operates by transferring the circulation to a set of fixed nodes rather than neighbouring vortex elements. A new distribution of vortex elements can then be constructed from the circulation on the nodes. The solution to the redistribution problem can be written explicitly as a set of algebraic formulae, producing a method which is simple and efficient. The scheme works with the circulation contained in the vortex elements only, and does not require overlap of vortex cores. With a body fitted redistribution mesh, smooth and accurate estimates of the pointwise surface forces can be obtained. The ability of the scheme to produce high resolution solution is demonstrated using a series of test problems
Using crowdsourced photographic records to explore geographical variation in colour polymorphism

In wide‐ranging taxa occupying broad climate gradients, alternative colour pattern variants (i.e. morphs) may emerge as an adaptive response to local climatic regimes. We explore the patterns of geographical segregation among colour morphs of the Lace monitor and determine whether morphs occupy divergent climatic niches along a mesic–arid gradient.
Intelligent Sensing Analysis Using Mel-Time-Frequency-Imaging and Deep Learning for Distributed Fiber-Optic Vibration Detection

In fiber-optic vibration-sensing applications, intelligent sensing analysis is an important task for reducing costs and improving the overall quality of monitoring. Most existing methods show a low accuracy because their feature extractions significantly relied on the prior knowledge and the ability of the classifier designer. To deal with the challenges, an effective and scalable feature engineering method that uses vibration time-frequency imaging and deep learning has been proposed in this study. In order to improve the effectiveness and scalability, a Mel time-frequency-based vibration imaging approach is developed. This transforms the original time-domain data into a high-dimensional feature space and incorporates more feature information from data with various scales. Moreover, since the vibration-sensing recognition network is designed based on the deep-learning model, more discriminative features from the vibration image can be extracted automatically. The whole sensing recognition procedure includes four key steps: 1) original signal preprocessing of segmentation and denoising; 2) Mel time-frequency image generation; 3) representative feature extraction; and 4) vibration pattern-sensing classifier design. To verify the effectiveness and superiority of the proposed approach, eight datasets are collected, and three comparison schemes are investigated, using a distributed optical fiber interferometer-based vibration-sensing system. Our results demonstrate that the proposed intelligent sensing detection approach can provide higher accuracy and efficiency than other reported schemes.
Interferometric Measurement of the Current-Phase Relationship of a Superfluid Weak Link

Weak connections between superconductors or superfluids can differ from classical links due to quantum coherence, which allows flow without resistance. Transport properties through such weak links can be described with a single function, the current-phase relationship, which serves as the quantum analog of the current-voltage relationship. Here, we present a technique for inteferometrically measuring the current-phase relationship of superfluid weak links. We interferometrically measure the phase gradient around a ring-shaped superfluid Bose-Einstein condensate (BEC) containing a rotating weak link, allowing us to identify the current flowing around the ring. While our BEC weak link operates in the hydrodynamic regime, this technique can be extended to all types of weak links (including tunnel junctions) in any phase-coherent quantum gas. Moreover, it can also measure the current-phase relationships of excitations. Such measurements may open new avenues of research in quantum transport.
POLYNOMIAL AUTOMORPHISMS OVER FINITE FIELDS

It is shown that the invertible polynomial maps over a finite field Fq, if looked at as bijections F n −→ F n, give all possible bijections in the case q = 2, or q = p r where p > 2. In the case q = 2 r where r > 1 it is shown that the tame subgroup of the invertible polynomial maps gives only the even bijections, i.e. only half the bijections. As a consequence it is shown that a set S ⊂ F n can be a zero set of a coordinate if and only if #S = q n 1 .
Universal parity effects in the entanglement entropy of XX chains with open boundary conditions

We consider the Rényi entanglement entropies in the one-dimensional XX spin-chains with open boundary conditions in the presence of a magnetic field. In the case of a semi-infinite system and a block starting from the boundary, we derive rigorously the asymptotic behavior for large block sizes on the basis of a recent mathematical theorem for the determinant of Toeplitz plus Hankel matrices. We conjecture a generalized Fisher–Hartwig form for the corrections to the asymptotic behavior of this determinant that allows the exact characterization of the corrections to the scaling at order for any n. By combining these results with conformal field theory arguments, we derive exact expressions also in finite chains with open boundary conditions and in the case when the block is detached from the boundary.
Experiments in Ecology: Their Logical Design and Interpretation Using Analysis of Variance

Ecological theories and hypotheses are usually complex because of natural variability in space and time, which often makes the design of experiments difficult. The statistical tests we use require data to be collected carefully and with proper regard to the needs of these tests. This book, first published in 1996, describes how to design ecological experiments from a statistical basis using analysis of variance, so that we can draw reliable conclusions. The logical procedures that lead to a need for experiments are described, followed by an introduction to simple statistical tests. This leads to a detailed account of analysis of variance, looking at procedures, assumptions and problems. One-factor analysis is extended to nested (hierarchical) designs and factorial analysis. Finally, some regression methods for examining relationships between variables are covered. Examples of ecological experiments are used throughout to illustrate the procedures and examine problems. This book will be invaluable to practising ecologists as well as advanced students involved in experimental design.
Intrinsic Uncertainty-Aware Calibration Metric

Deep learning models have made great strides 001 in recent years. Subsequently, model calibra-002 tion and measurements of the quantity have 003 gained much attention, with the degree being 004 an indication of reliability of a model. In this 005 study, we explore the limitations of the existing 006 calibration metrics, and propose a simple cal-007 ibration metric that caters to natural language 008 generation (NLG) tasks. Unlike existing cal-009 ibration metrics, our metric is not confined 010 to/not sorely based on a single prediction; it 011 considers a distribution mapped by a model. In 012 this regard, the proposed metric takes intrinsic 013 uncertainty present in a natural language into 014 account when quantifying the calibration de-015 gree. The metric has been tested on machine 016 translation datasets, a popular NLG task with 017 intrinsic uncertainty. A thorough analysis il-018 lustrates that the proposed metric possesses the 019 ability to handle intrinsic uncertainty and hence 020 is more suitable measure under NLG tasks. 021
Theory of pseudogap and superconductivity in doped Mott insulators

Underdoped Mott insulators provide us with a challenge of many‐body physics. Recent renewed understanding is discussed in terms of the evolution of pole and zero structure of the single‐particle Green's function. Pseudogap as well as Fermi arc/pocket structure in the underdoped cuprates is well reproduced from the recent cluster extension of the dynamical mean‐field theory. Emergent coexisting zeros and poles set the underdoped Mott insulator apart from the Fermi liquid, separated by topological transitions. The cofermion proposed as a generalization of exciton in the slave‐boson framework accounts for the origin of the zero surface formation. The cofermion‐quasiparticle hybridization gap offers a natural understanding of the pseudogap and various unusual Mottness. Furthermore the cofermion offers a novel pairing mechanism, where the cofermion has two roles: It reinforces the Cooper pair as a pair partner of the quasiparticle and acts as a glue as well. It provides a strong insight for solving the puzzle found in the dichotomy of the gap structure.
Generalized Boolean Descriptors for Biological Macromolecules

A novel Boolean algebraic approach is proposed allowing numerical and graph‐theoretical characterization of the primary structures for natural length macromolecules. The proposed method is based on some canonical analytical representations of binary n‐cube subsets, called as Iterative Canonical Normal Forms (or ICF) of Boolean Functions. It is shown that separational properties of binary n‐cube subsets are important prerequisites for their application to identification and classification in different fields.
A New Beamline Apparatus for Polarimetry and Ellipsometry using Soft X‐ray Multilayers

For polarimetry of SR and ellipsometry of polarizing elements, we have constructed a new beamline apparatus equipped with mechanisms for full use of polarization characteristics of soft X‐ray multilayers. The apparatus includes two goniometric positions to hold multilayer polarizing elements, i.e., a phase shifter followed by a reflection polarizer to analyze polarization. The phase shifter can be either in a transmission geometry with a free‐standing multilayer or in a reflection geometry with a standard mirror multilayer. The angle of incidence and the azimuthal angle of each element can be independently varied under UHV environment to realize the best polarization performance. The apparatus thus developed was successfully used to evaluate a phase shifter of Sc/Cr multilayer at a photon energy of 398.6 eV.
A scaling relation of the evolving tidal fields in a ΛCDM cosmology

We report the finding of a scaling relation among the cosmic-web anisotropy parameter A, the linear density rms fluctuation σ(r) and the linear growth factor D(z). Using the tidal field derived from the Millennium Simulation on 5123 grids at z = 0,2,5 and 127, we calculate the largest eigenvalues λ of the local tidal tensor at each grid resolution and measure its distance-averaged two-point correlation function, ξλ, as a function of the cosines of polar angles cos θ in the local principal axis frame. We show that ξλ is quite anisotropic, increasing toward the directions of minimal matter compression, and that the anisotropy of ξλ increases as the redshift z decreases and as the upper distance cutoff rc decreases. Fitting the numerical results to an analytic fitting model ξλ(cos θ)∝(1+Acos nθ)−1, it is found that the best fit value of A, dubbed the cosmic-web anisotropy parameter, varies systematically with σ(rc) and D(z), allowing us to determine the simple empiral scaling relation A(rc,z) = 0.8 D0.76(z) σ(rc).
The field white dwarf mass distribution

We revisit the properties and astrophysical implications of the field white dwarf mass distribution in preparation of Gaia applications. Our study is based on the two samples with the best established completeness and most precise atmospheric parameters, the volume-complete survey within 20 pc and the Sloan Digital Sky Survey (SDSS) magnitude-limited sample. We explore the modelling of the observed mass distributions with Monte Carlo simulations, but find that it is difficult to constrain independently the initial mass function (IMF), the initial-to-final-mass relation (IFMR), the stellar formation history (SFH), the variation of the Galactic disc vertical scale height as a function of stellar age, and binary evolution. Each of these input ingredients has a moderate effect on the predicted mass distributions, and we must also take into account biases owing to unidentified faint objects (20 pc sample), as well as unknown masses for magnetic white dwarfs and spectroscopic calibration issues (SDSS sample). Nevertheless, we find that fixed standard assumptions for the above parameters result in predicted mean masses that are in good qualitative agreement with the observed values. It suggests that derived masses for both studied samples are consistent with our current knowledge of stellar and Galactic evolution. Our simulations overpredict by 40–50 per cent the number of massive white dwarfs (M > 0.75 M⊙) for both surveys, although we can not exclude a Salpeter IMF when we account for all biases. Furthermore, we find no evidence of a population of double white dwarf mergers in the observed mass distributions.