Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Application of SEBAL for Western US Water Rights Regulation and Planning

Quantifying evapotranspiration (ET) from irrigated projects is important for water rights management, water resources planning and water regulation. Traditionally, ET from agricultural fields has been estimated by multiplying the weather-based reference ET by crop coefficients (K c ) determined according to the crop type and the crop growth stage. However, there is typically some question regarding whether the crops grown compare with the conditions represented by the K c values, especially in water short areas. In addition, it is difficult to predict the correct crop growth stage dates for large populations of crops and fields. Recent developments in satellite remote sensing ET models have enabled us to accurately estimate ET and K c for large populations of fields and water users and to quantify net ground-water pumpage in areas where water extraction from underground is not measured. SEBAL (Surface Energy Balance Algorithm for Land) is an image-processing model comprised of twenty-five submodels for calculating evapotranspiration (ET) as a residual of the surface energy balance. SEBAL was developed in the Netherlands by Bastiaanssen and was extended during Idaho applications for mountainous terrain and with tighter integration with ground-based reference evapotranspiration. SEBAL has been applied with Landsat images in southern Idaho to predict monthly and seasonal ET for water rights accounting and for operation of ground water models. ET “maps” (i.e., images) via SEBAL provide the means to quantify, in terms of both the amount and spatial distribution, the ET on a field by field basis. The ET images generated by SEBAL show a progression of ET during the year as well as distribution in space. ET from satellite images may ultimately replace current procedures used by state departments of Water Resources and other management entities and ministries that rely on ground-based ET equations and generalized crop coefficients that have substantial uncertainty. Initial application and testing of SEBAL indicates substantial promise as an efficient, accurate, and inexpensive procedure to predict the actual evaporation fluxes from irrigated lands throughout a growing season.
Analysis of Nutrient Distributions and Potential Eutrophication in Seawater of the Sanggou Bay

Based on 12 cruises of observed nutrient data in the Sanggou Bay during August 2003 to July 2004,the distribution characteristics and variabilities of nutrients in seawater of the sea area are analyzed,and the potential eutrophication conditions of water quality are assessed.It is shown from the analysis results that the annual mean concentration of dissolved inorganic nitrogen(DIN) was 10.15 μmol/dm3.NO3-N was the main component of DIN,amounted to 78.69% of annual mean DIN content,and the NO3-N content in autumn was the highest;NH3-N and NO2-N amounted to only 15.11% and 6.20% of annual mean DIN content,respectively.The annual mean concentration of active phosphate was 0.23 μmol/dm3,and the distribution characteristics of active phosphate concentration showed low in spring and high in autumn.The annual mean concentration of active silicate was 2.86 μmol/dm3,and the distribution characteristics of active silicate concentration showed low in winter and high in summer.The annual mean ratios of DIN∶P,Si∶DIN and Si∶P were 43.2,0.31 and 13.4,respectively,and phosphate and silicate were the limiting factors in the Sanggou Bay.It is shown from the comparison between the nutrient data observed in 1983 and 2003 that the concentration of DIN in 2003 is 10.7 times that in 1983,the concentration of active phosphate in 2003 was reduced by 43.9% compared with that in 1983,and the concentration of active silicate in 2003 was reduced by 34.1% compared with that in 1983.Generally speaking,the trophic level in the Sanggou Bay was still low,the seawater in the Sanggou Bay was in an oligotrophic level or medium trophic level state,and the seawater quality in the Sanggou Bay was good.
Initial Design of Automated Latex Cup Robot Collector on Rough Terrain

Despite the growing demand in rubber products, the world rubber production has declined in recent years. In this paper, a prototype of an automated latex cups collecting robot is constructed to assist the workers in the latex collection process. This robot is constructed on a mobile platform with a rear-wheel drive, double wishbone suspension, Ackermann’s steer transmission, motor-driven Four Degree of Freedom (DoF) manipulator arm and a latex storage tank. Ultrasonic sensors and camera are employed to locate the position of rubber trees and latex cups. The developed prototype robot has undergone the functional test to verify the control system, in which the robot can collecting the latex cup located at the height of 105 cm and 160 cm. In the mobility test, the robot can overcome obstacles of 15 mm height. While in the static test, the platform and the robotic arm can withstand the stress in the range of 107 N/m2. In the balance test, the topple angle is more than 40°, guaranteeing the stability of the robot platform. Those results showed that the prototype design is feasible to perform basic tasks automatically in the unstructured terrain of rubber plantation.
Groundwater-surface water interaction in the Waimakariri river, New Zealand, and groundwater outflow from the river bed

This assessment of the interaction between groundwater and surface water in the braided Waimakariri River, New Zealand, between Waimakariri Gorge and Old State Highway Bridge identifies five reaches of the river bed that lose groundwater to the surrounding Holocene-age Springston Formation gravel aquifer. Steady-state groundwater outflow from the river bed in the reaches between Courtenay and Old State Highway Bridge totals 12.9 m3/s, providing the major source of groundwater for the Christchurch City area. Groundwater use in the Christchurch City area averages 1.7 m3/s and baseflow in spring-fed rivers and streams is an estimated 10.9 m3/s.
Sources of the Equatorial Undercurrent in the Atlantic in a High-Resolution Ocean Model

Abstract The ventilation of the Equatorial Undercurrent (EUC) in the Atlantic is investigated using data from a high-resolution ocean model. Overturning streamfunctions, subduction patterns, and pathways are determined from Eulerian and Lagrangian mean transports. The role of high-frequency variability is highlighted. The meridional overturning circulation shows that the EUC is mainly ventilated from the south. This is seen because transports induced by high-frequency variability compensate for tropical cells that are associated with downwelling at 5° poleward of the equator and upwelling at the equator. The impact of high-frequency variability is large, especially to the north of the equator. Lagrangian trajectory analysis shows that the main subduction sites that ventilate the EUC are located along the South Equatorial Current: one region in the southwest and one in the central subtropical South Atlantic. From these sites water masses transfer toward the western boundary. Following the boundary they fin.
Seismic Imaging of the Westward Transition From Yakutat to Pacific Subduction in Southern Alaska

Alaska is located at the northernmost point of the interface between the Pacific plate and the North American continent. The subduction of the Pacific plate generates arc volcanoes along the Aleutian trench, which stops to the east at the Denali Volcanic Gap. This volcanic gap has been linked to the underthrusting of the Yakutat terrane, which might alter the thermal state of the mantle wedge and prevent melt formation. This implies that the limits of the volcanic activity should mirror the extent of the Yakutat subduction. However, the transition from the Pacific slab to the Yakutat terrane at depth is not fully understood. To investigate this issue, we processed a new composite seismic data set from six arrays deployed in the region from 2000 to 2018. We apply a multi‐mode 3D Kirchhoff migration to obtain high‐resolution 3D scattering images of the region. Our results highlight a sharp lateral boundary in the slab structure, with a 10 km Moho step, just offshore Anchorage, and a more gradual slab transition beneath the southern part of the Kenai peninsula. Our images from the Yakutat slab plunge down to 150 km depth are consistent with previous estimates of the Yakutat slab extent below the Alaska Range. Although the steeply dipping boundaries of the subducting Pacific lithospheres are not fully recovered, deep coherent signals from the Pacific slab are observed down to 150 km depth. These observations suggest that the crust is still partially uneclogitized at these depths in both slabs.
Application of Image Style Transfer Based on Normalized Residual Network in Art Design

—With the development of computer vision technology, image style transfer technology based on deep learning has achieved vigorous development. It has been widely applied in fields such as art design, painting creation, and film and television effect production. However, existing image style transfer methods still have shortcomings, including low efficiency and weak quality of style transfer, which cannot better meet the actual needs of various art and design activities. Therefore, a residual network structure is introduced to construct an image style transfer model based on the convolutional neural networks. Meanwhile, a normalization layer is added to the residual network results to optimize the image style transfer technology. An image style transfer model based on the normalized residual network is constructed. The experimental results show that the accuracy, recall, and F1 values of the improved image style transfer model proposed in the study are 97.35%, 96.49%, and 97.52%, respectively, which can complete high-quality image style transfer. This indicates that the image style transfer model proposed in the study has good performance, which can effectively improve the efficiency and quality of image style transfer, providing effective support for various art and design activities.
Toward the Production of Spatiotemporally Consistent Annual Land Cover Maps Using Sentinel-2 Time Series

Land cover (LC) maps generated by the classification of remote-sensing (RS) data allow for monitoring Earth processes and the dynamics of objects and phenomena. For accurate LC variability quantification in environmental monitoring, maps need to be spatiotemporally consistent, continually updated, and indicate permanent changes. However, producing frequent and spatiotemporally consistent LC maps is challenging because it involves balancing the need for temporal consistency with the risk of missing real changes. In this work, we propose a scalable and semiautomatic method for generating annual LC maps with labels that are consistently applied from one year to the next. It uses a Transformer deep-learning (DL) model as a classifier, which is trained on satellite time series (TS) of images using high performance computing (HPC). The trained model can generate stable maps by shifting the prediction window along the temporal direction. The effectiveness of the proposed approach is tested qualitatively and quantitatively on a multiannual Sentinel-2 dataset acquired over a three-year period in a study area located in the southern Italian Alps.
Periodic trajectories in planar discontinuous piecewise linear systems with only centers and with a nonregular switching line

In this paper periodic trajectories of dynamical systems presenting discontinuities are studied. The considered model consists of two distinct linear differential systems, each one containing a single equilibrium point of centre type. Each system is defined on disjoint regions of the plane, the separation line is a union of two half-straight lines contained on the coordinate axes. The obtained differential system is non-smooth, so we apply Filippov’s theory to study the transitions from one dynamical system to another. The combination of the two linear plus the Filippov system acting on the separation line generates a nonlinear regime observed by the presence of limit cycles, sliding and tangential periodic trajectories as well as the coexistence of such objects. In theorem we establish the location, stability and hyperbolicity of limit cycles for certain classes of the considered model. In theorem we perform the global analysis of a representative model through bifurcation theory to analyse the birth of limit cycles, sliding periodic trajectories and tangential ones. We also provide some results addressing the coexistence of periodic trajectories and two potential physical interpretations of the model considered in the paper, one addressing nonlinear oscillations and the other considering slow-fast systems of neuron models. The main techniques employed to obtain the results are first integrals, Poincaré half return maps, and elements of bifurcation theory.
Moment Magnitude Estimation of Large Earthquakes Based on Long-Period Ground Motion Prediction Equations and Preassumed Fault Models

We proposed a simple method of moment magnitude estimation based on long-period (5–30s) ground motion prediction equations (GMPEs). We constructed empirical fault models for different trial magnitudes. The source-to-site distance from the preassumed fault models to seismic stations was estimated. The best magnitude estimate was determined with reference to the minimum residual between the magnitude estimated from the GMPEs and the trial magnitude used to define the fault model. Using this method, the moment magnitudes of six large interplate earthquakes that occurred around the Japan Islands were estimated. The estimated magnitudes obtained in this study are in good agreement with those calculated from the global centroid moment tensor project. The method has potential to be used for rapid moment magnitude estimation of large earthquakes.
Relationships between ecosystem functions vary among years and plots and are driven by plant species richness

Ecosystem management aims at providing many ecosystem services simultaneously. Such ecosystem service multifunctionality can be limited by tradeoffs and increased by synergies among the underlying ecosystem functions (EF), which need to be understood to develop targeted management. Previous studies found differences in the correlation between EFs. We hypothesised that correlations between EFs are variable even under the controlled conditions of a field experiment and that seasonal and annual variation, plant species richness, and plot identity (identity effects of plots, such as the presence and proportion of functional groups) are drivers of these correlations. We used data on 31 EFs related to plants, consumers, and physical soil properties that were measured over 5 to 19 years, up to three times per year, in a temperate grassland experiment with 80 different plots, constituting six sown plant species richness levels (1, 2, 4, 8, 16, 60 species). We found that correlations between pairs of EFs were variable, and correlations between two particular EFs could range from weak to strong or negative to positive correlations among the repeated measurements. To determine the drivers of pairwise EF correlations, the covariance between EFs was partitioned into contributions from species richness, plot identity, and time (including years and seasons). We found that most of the covariance for synergies was explained by species richness (26.5%), whereas for tradeoffs, most covariance was explained by plot identity (29.5%). Additionally, some EF pairs were more affected by differences among years and seasons, showing a higher temporal variation. Therefore, correlations between two EFs from single measurements are insufficient to draw conclusions on tradeoffs and synergies. Consequently, pairs of EFs need to be measured repeatedly under different conditions to describe their relationships with more certainty and be able to derive recommendations for the management of grasslands.
Multi-Domain Screening: Identification of Patient’s Risk Profile Prior to Head-and-Neck Cancer Treatment

Simple Summary Oropharyngeal dysphagia (OD), malnutrition, sarcopenia, and frailty often co-occur with head-and-neck cancer (HNC) and may affect treatment outcomes, but the presence, severity, and consequences of these phenomena vary from patient to patient. It is a challenge to predict which patients have a higher risk of these phenomena, and early identification using a ‘quick and easy’ multi-domain screening may allow us to obtain a more holistic view of the patient’s risk profile, enabling the prevention of complications and prehabilitation before the start of cancer treatment. The aim of our study was to identify the prevalence of the risk of OD, malnutrition, sarcopenia, and frailty and their co-occurrence in all newly diagnosed HNC patients. More than three quarters of the 128 patients were at risk for OD, malnutrition, sarcopenia, and/or frailty. The advanced cancer stage was related to an increased risk of OD and higher levels of distress. Abstract Background: Head-and-neck cancer (HNC) can give rise to oropharyngeal dysphagia (OD), malnutrition, sarcopenia, and frailty. Early identification of these phenomena in newly diagnosed HNC patients is important to reduce the risk of complications and to improve treatment outcomes. The aim of this study was (1) to determine the prevalence of the risk of OD, malnutrition, sarcopenia, and frailty; and (2) to investigate the relation between these phenomena and patients’ age, performance status, and cancer group staging. Methods: Patients (N = 128) underwent multi-domain screening consisting of the Eating Assessment Tool-10 for OD, Short Nutritional Assessment Questionnaire and BMI for malnutrition, Short Physical Performance Battery and Hand Grip Strength for sarcopenia, and Distress Thermometer and Maastricht Frailty Screening Tool for frailty. Results: 26.2%, 31.0%, 73.0%, and 46.4% of the patients were at risk for OD, malnutrition, sarcopenia, or frailty, respectively. Patients with an advanced cancer stage had a significantly higher risk of OD and high levels of distress prior to cancer treatment. Conclusions: This study identified the risk profile of newly diagnosed HNC patients using a standardized ‘quick and easy’ multi-domain screening prior to cancer treatment.
Using a sand–mud model to hindcast the morphology near Waarde, the Netherlands

Due to the construction of two cross-shore groynes near Waarde in the Western Scheldt estuary, the Netherlands, morphological changes in the area have occurred. A mud flat has developed between the groynes and at the tip of the groynes scour has occurred which has contributed to channel migration. Both the sand and mud fraction have contributed to this change. In this paper a process-based morphological model is presented that can reproduce most morphological changes thanks to the fact that both fractions are taken into account, as well as the interaction between sand and mud. Using the model, 5 years of morphological changes were simulated from the construction of the groynes onwards. The Brier-skill score of the erosion/sedimentation pattern is 0·35, which means that the model has significant skill and can be classified as reasonable. A regression coefficient of 0·66 is found for the observed and modelled mud content in the bed after 5 years, which means that the model can reproduce the mud content reas.
Radio frequency calibration methods and sequence optimisation with application to ultra high field MR-PET neuroimaging

Ultra-High Field (UHF) Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) has flourished during the last 20 years. With field strengths up to 9.4 T, a roughly threefold increase to high end clinical systems, new opportunities and challenges manifest for imaging of the human brain. This thesis addresses several of those challenges with a focus on the radiofrequency chain problems. Following a theoretical introduction into MRI an overview of the characteristics of UHF MRI is given. A detailed description of the available measurement setup, a 9.4 T scanner with an 8-channel parallel transmit (pTX) system and positron-emission-tomography (PET) insert, is presented. Based on state-of-the-art methodology a dedicated 3D calibration procedure for mapping of the radiofrequency and static magnetic field during in vivo measurements is developed. Characterisation of all 8 channels covering a head-sized volume is achieved in 5 minutes. For the acquisition of T1 weighted images an MP2RAGE sequence is combined with e cient hyperbolic secant N (HSN) inversion pulses. The increased power e ciency of the HSN pulses provides improved imaging results compared to conventional HS pulses while conforming with SAR limits. Further processing can be utilised to combine several acquisitions to further improve the resultant image and mitigate residual inhomogeneity related artefacts to yield high quality images of the human brain. A novel multi-mode travelling wave antenna, which utilises the TE11 and TM01 mode of the scanner waveguide, is investigated using B1 mapping methodology and simulated EM field data. Good agreement is found between measurements and simulation. RF shimming is performed to exploit the individual field patterns of the antenna to optimise the homogeneity for a phantom experiment. The in vivo application is simulated here RF shimming is capable of a distinct steering of the transmit field. Finally, the e ects of gradient switching and RF irradiation are investigated on a PET insert within a 3 T system. It is found that dedicated gradient intensive synthetic MR sequences can have severe impact on the apparent PET count rate. The origin are distortions picked up by the PET detector electronics. A similar e ect is observed with real MR protocols though smaller in magnitude (up to 3% drop). This e ect should be considered in the design of combined MR-PET studies.