Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Somatotopic localization in rhesus subthalamic nucleus.

In 1947, Mettler and Whittier 1 were able to produce abnormal bodily movements in monkeys by placing lesions in the subthalamic nucleus. These movements, occurring for the most part in the limbs, closely resembled those seen in ballism (flinging movements) or, more broadly, chorea ("dancing" movements). The method of producing them was to run a concentric electrode, carried in a stereotaxic apparatus, into the dorsofrontal part of the brain in such a way that it entered the subthalamic nucleus. After having traversed this for a variable distance, the uninsulated tip of the electrode came to rest at the spot where the desired lesion was produced by fulguration. Not all lesions were provocative of abnormal movements. If they were, the movements were more specifically like ballism when the lesions were squarely in the nucleus. The movements were of a more general variety (of choreoid type) when the lesions were located to
Similarity and Attraction: A Longitudinal Study

Although it is generally acknowledged that psychological similarity influences the development of same-sex friendship, empirical studies often fail to delineate the differential impact of attitude, personality, value, construct and structural similarity as predictors of attraction. The present naturalistic study examines the discriminability of these similarity subtypes, and notes the impact of each upon friendship formation over 8 weeks of assigned dyadic interaction. Factor analyses of the similarity subtypes reflected the emergent nature of relationship development, with greater subtype differentiation occurring over time. Regression analyses suggested that similarity subtypes may be hierarchically related, with some being more accessible than others for purposes of social comparison. More specifically, attitude similarity was a significant predictor of initial attraction across pairs, whereas only personality and cognitive-structural similarity predicted later attraction. With regard to overall relationship success, analyses of variance indicated that attitudinally similar dyads moved in the direction of greater attraction across time, whereas attitudinally dissimilar dyads tended to deteriorate in their level of mutual attraction. Results are broadly consistent with a filtering model of relationship development, which suggests a movement from relatively more superficial to relatively deeper levels of social comparison over the course of acquaintance.
Mobile application of interactive remote toys with augmented reality

Recently, because the rapid development of mobile devices, augmented reality has extended from personal computers to mobile devices. The highly interactive nature of augmented reality with its user has given rise to various augmented reality applications for mobile devices, ranging from mere interaction to marketing, games, navigation, and so on. As such, augmented reality has for years been one of the focuses in mobile devices application development. There are many physical toys with integrated electronic sensor chips or wireless communication mechanism, so that the toys are no longer boring and it produced new ways to interact. In this study, a human-computer interactive interface between physical toys and virtual objects was designed with the aim of incorporating augmented reality.
Worth the ‘EEfRT’? The Effort Expenditure for Rewards Task as an Objective Measure of Motivation and Anhedonia

Background Of the putative psychopathological endophenotypes in major depressive disorder (MDD), the anhedonic subtype is particularly well supported. Anhedonia is generally assumed to reflect aberrant motivation and reward responsivity. However, research has been limited by a lack of objective measures of reward motivation. We present the Effort-Expenditure for Rewards Task (EEfRT or “effort”), a novel behavioral paradigm as a means of exploring effort-based decision-making in humans. Using the EEfRT, we test the hypothesis that effort-based decision-making is related to trait anhedonia. Methods/Results 61 undergraduate students participated in the experiment. Subjects completed self-report measures of mood and trait anhedonia, and completed the EEfRT. Across multiple analyses, we found a significant inverse relationship between anhedonia and willingness to expend effort for rewards. Conclusions These findings suggest that anhedonia is specifically associated with decreased motivation for rewards, and provide initial validation for the EEfRT as a laboratory-based behavioral measure of reward motivation and effort-based decision-making in humans.
HDKV: supporting efficient high‐dimensional similarity search in key‐value stores

Key‐value stores are widely used on large‐scale data management in the cloud environment. However, they can only naturally support key‐based queries, and do not have efficient solutions for value‐based queries. Thus, dealing with high‐dimensional data in key‐value stores is still a big challenge. State‐of‐the‐art solutions apply value‐based tree‐structure indexes to solve this issue. These methods suffer from the curse of dimensionality and cannot achieve satisfactory performance. They also bring serious load unbalancing problem among servers, and result in dramatic system scalability degradation.
Towards Fully Automatic Annotation of Audio Books for TTS

Building speech corpora is a first and crucial step for every text-to-speech synthesis system. Nowadays, the use of statistical models implies the use of huge sized corpora that need to be recorded, transcribed, annotated and segmented to be usable. The variety of corpora necessary for recent applications (content, style, etc.) makes the use of existing digital audio resources very attractive. Among all available resources, audiobooks, considering their quality, are interesting. Considering this framework, we propose a complete acquisition, segmentation and annotation chain for audiobooks that tends to be fully automatic. The proposed process relies on a data structure, Roots, that establishes the relations between the different annotation levels represented as sequences of items. This methodology has been applied successfully on 11 hours of speech extracted from an audiobook. A manual check, on a part of the corpus, shows the efficiency of the process.
Monopoles, vortices, domain walls and D-branes: The Rules of interaction

Non-abelian gauge theories in the Higgs phase admit a startling variety of BPS solitons. These include domain walls, vortex strings, confined monopoles threaded on vortex strings, vortex strings ending on domain walls, monopoles threaded on strings ending on domain walls, and more. After presenting a self-contained review of these objects, including several new results on the dynamics of domain walls, we go on to examine the possible interactions of solitons of various types. We point out the existence of a classical binding energy when the string ends on the domain wall which can be thought of as a BPS boojum with negative mass. We present an index theorem for domain walls in non-abelian gauge theories. We also answer questions such as: Which strings can end on which walls? What happens when monopoles pass through domain walls? What happens when domain walls pass through each other?
A novel approach for generalising walking gaits across embodiments and behaviours

Our goal is to introduce a more appropriate method of generalising walking gaits across different subjects and behaviours. Walking gaits are a result of complex factors that include variations resulting from embodiments and tasks, making techniques that use average template frameworks suboptimal for systematic analysis. The proposed work aims to devise methodologies for being able to represent gaits and gait transitions such that optimal policies may be recovered. The problem is formalised using a walking phase model, and the nullspace learning method is used to generalise a consistent policy. This policy can serve as reference guideline to quantify and identify pathological gaits. We have demonstrated robustness of our method with motion-capture data with induced gait abnormality. Future work will extend this to kinetic features and higher dimensional features.
Minority Proximity to Whites in Suburbs: An Individual-Level Analysis of Segregation

A novel method for location analysis at the individual level is used to analyze the determinants of proximity to non-Hispanic whites separately for Asians, blacks, Hispanics, and for non-Hispanic whites themselves. The resulting regression analyses, for which the percentage of non-Hispanic whites in a community serves as the dependent variable, reveal how the familiar P* segregation measure is generated through locational patterns that map racial/ethnic-group members with specific personal and household characteristics into communities with specific mojority-group proportions. The analyses are developed from two complementary theoretical models- spatial assimilation and place stratification-and applied to the suburban communities of the nation's largest metropolitan region, surrounding New York City, as of 1980. Consistent with the place-stratification model, proximity to non-Hispanic whites is very different for members of the white and black groups and little affected by their individual characteristics other than race. By contrast, Asians and Hispanics appear more consistent with the spatial-assimilation model.
The ILGDB database of realistic pen-based gestural commands

In this paper, we introduce the Intuidoc-Loustic Gestures DataBase (ILGDB), a new publicly available database of realistic pen-based gestures for evaluation of recognition systems in pen-enabled interfaces. IL-GDB was collected in a real world context and in an immersive environment. As it contains a large number of unconstrained user-defined gestures, ILGDB offers a unique diversity of content that is likely to serve as a precious tool for benchmarking of gesture recognition systems. We report first baseline experimental results on the task of Writer-Dependent gesture recognition.
A Novel power allocation algorithm in multi-MRN aided multiuser systems

It is of interest for future mobile communication systems that mobile relay nodes (MRNs), i.e., relays mounted on top of transportation vehicles, are deployed in order to improve the system performance. A multi-MRN aided multiuser system is considered in this paper. The performance of the direct transmission mode and the MRN assisted transmission mode under different vehicle penetration loss (VPL) are compared. The users are separated into two categories in which the direct transmission mode and the MRN assisted transmission mode are selected to employ, respectively. A novel power allocation algorithm is proposed to improve the average system capacity under the constraint of total transmit power. The different power allocation schemes are applied for users in two categories to improve the system performance. It is demonstrated by simulation results that the proposed algorithm outperforms the average power allocation algorithm.
A Critical Assessment of Feature Selection Methods for Biomarker Discovery in Clinical Proteomics*

In this paper, we compare the performance of six different feature selection methods for LC-MS-based proteomics and metabolomics biomarker discovery—t test, the Mann–Whitney–Wilcoxon test (mww test), nearest shrunken centroid (NSC), linear support vector machine–recursive features elimination (SVM-RFE), principal component discriminant analysis (PCDA), and partial least squares discriminant analysis (PLSDA)—using human urine and porcine cerebrospinal fluid samples that were spiked with a range of peptides at different concentration levels. The ideal feature selection method should select the complete list of discriminating features that are related to the spiked peptides without selecting unrelated features. Whereas many studies have to rely on classification error to judge the reliability of the selected biomarker candidates, we assessed the accuracy of selection directly from the list of spiked peptides. The feature selection methods were applied to data sets with different sample sizes and extents of sample class separation determined by the concentration level of spiked compounds. For each feature selection method and data set, the performance for selecting a set of features related to spiked compounds was assessed using the harmonic mean of the recall and the precision (f-score) and the geometric mean of the recall and the true negative rate (g-score). We conclude that the univariate t test and the mww test with multiple testing corrections are not applicable to data sets with small sample sizes (n = 6), but their performance improves markedly with increasing sample size up to a point (n > 12) at which they outperform the other methods. PCDA and PLSDA select small feature sets with high precision but miss many true positive features related to the spiked peptides. NSC strikes a reasonable compromise between recall and precision for all data sets independent of spiking level and number of samples. Linear SVM-RFE performs poorly for selecting features related to the spiked compounds, even though the classification error is relatively low.
[Risk factors for acute respiratory disease hospitalization in children under one year of age].

OBJECTIVE To evaluate risk factors for acute respiratory disease hospitalizations in children under one year of age. METHODS A case-control study was conducted in the city of Pelotas, Southern Brazil. Cases were children under one year of age who were hospitalized due to acute respiratory diseases from August 1997 to July 1998. Controls were same-age community children randomly selected without previous respiratory disease hospitalization. A questionnaire about risk factors exposure was applied to the mothers of cases and controls. Univariate, bivariate and multivariate analyses through logistic regression were carried out to evaluate risk factors for the outcome of interest. RESULTS There were studied 777 children; 625 cases and 152 controls. In the crude analysis, the risk factors associated with the outcome were: being male, children under six months of age, household crowding, maternal education, family income, inadequate housing conditions, lack of breastfeeding, maternal smoking, use of pacifiers, and a previous history of hospitalization and respiratory symptoms. Maternal working was a protection factor associated with acute respiratory disease hospitalizations. In the multivariate analysis the following risk factors remained associated: maternal education (OR=12.5), previous history of wheezing (OR=7.7), lack of breastfeeding (OR=2.3), use of pacifiers (OR=1.9), maternal smoking (OR=1.7), children under six months of age (OR=1.7), and being male (OR=1.5). CONCLUSIONS The study results show the importance of the family's social and behavioural aspects as well as previous respiratory disease as risk factors for acute respiratory disease hospitalizations in children under one year of age.
Cognitive Responses to AIDS Information

In a within-subjects design (n = 30), a sampling of rational and emotional public service announcements related to acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS) was tested for memorability. Subjects' cognitive involvement with the issue of AIDS was measured with a four-item scale (alpha = .86). Analysis of variance indicated a significant main effect of appeal (p < .05), emotional messages being more memorable, and a significant Appeal x Involvement interaction (p <.05). Subjects with low involvement remembered emotional messages better than they remembered rational messages. However, highly involved subjects exhibited no appeal-related memory differences. Emotional messages were also significantly more effective in stimulating a desire to learn more about AIDS (p < .01). These results extend and lend partial support to the elaboration likelihood model and illustrate the importance of issue involvement as a audience segmentation characteristic.
A Profession in Transition? — Lawyers, The Market and Significant Others

There is an ever increasing literature on the changing nature of the professions' and middle class work.2 Accompanying this, is a growing interest amongst academics about the future of professionalism within law.3 This paper seeks to address certain aspects of these debates by concentrating on the emergence of two relatively independent sets of firms. It will analyse the possible transformation of the legal profession into two spheres within the area of commercial law and, by implication, the profession more generally. The paper suggests that this transformation is important as it threatens the striking degree of homogeneity which was found in the profession for much of the fifty years after 1930.4 In the past where fragmentation existed it was largely based around spatial location.5 However, it will be argued that today's transition and, possibly fragmentation, is not solely based on spatial location (although this is obviously an element within this change) but on three inter-related factors:
Mid2p stabilizes septin rings during cytokinesis in fission yeast

Septins are filament-forming proteins with a conserved role in cytokinesis. In the fission yeast Schizosaccharomyces pombe, septin rings appear to be involved primarily in cell–cell separation, a late stage in cytokinesis. Here, we identified a protein Mid2p on the basis of its sequence similarity to S. pombe Mid1p, Saccharomyces cerevisiae Bud4p, and Candida albicans Int1p. Like septin mutants, mid2Δ mutants had delays in cell–cell separation. mid2Δ mutants were defective in septin organization but not contractile ring closure or septum formation. In wild-type cells, septins assembled first during mitosis in a single ring and during septation developed into double rings that did not contract. In mid2Δ cells, septins initially assembled in a single ring but during septation appeared in the cleavage furrow, forming a washer or disc structure. FRAP studies showed that septins are stable in wild-type cells but exchange 30-fold more rapidly in mid2Δ cells. Mid2p colocalized with septins and required septins for its localization. A COOH-terminal pleckstrin homology domain of Mid2p was required for its localization and function. No genetic interactions were found between mid2 and the related gene mid1. Thus, these studies identify a new factor responsible for the proper stability and function of septins during cytokinesis.
REVIEW: PART OF A SPECIAL ISSUE ON THE PLANT CELL CYCLE Auxin, cytokinin and the control of shoot branching

†Background It has been known for many decades that auxin inhibits the activation of axillary buds, and hence shoot branching, while cytokinin has the opposite effect. However, the modes of action of these two hormones in branching control is still a matter of debate, and their mechanisms of interaction are equally unresolved. †Scope Here we review the evidence for various hypotheses that have been put forward to explain how auxin and cytokinin influence axillary bud activity. In particular we discuss the roles of auxin and cytokinin in regulating each other’s synthesis, the cell cycle, meristem function and auxin transport, each of which could affect branching. These different mechanisms have implications for the main site of hormone action, ranging from systemic action throughout the plant, to local action at the node or in the bud meristem or leaves. The alternative models have specific predictions, and our increasing understanding of the molecular basis for hormone transport and signalling, cell cycle control and meristem biology is providing new tools to enable these predictions to be tested.
ALDH2 is associated to alcohol dependence and is the major genetic determinant of “daily maximum drinks” in a GWAS study of an isolated rural chinese sample

Alcohol dependence (AD) is a moderately heritable phenotype with a small number of known risk genes mapped via linkage or candidate gene studies. We considered 313 males from among 595 members of documented, extended pedigrees in which AD segregates collected in Northern Hunan Province, China. A joint analysis of both males and females could not be performed as the difference in alcohol consumption variance was too large. Genome‐wide association analyses were performed for approximately 300,000 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs). Significant associations found in the ALDH2 region for AD (minimum P = 4.73 × 10−8) and two AD‐related phenotypes: flushing response (minimum P = 4.75 × 10−26) and maximum drinks in a 24‐hr period (minimum P = 1.54 × 10−16). Association of previous candidate SNP, rs10774610 in CCDC63, was confirmed but resulted from linkage disequilibrium with ALDH2. ALDH2 is strongly associated with flushing response, AD, and maximum drinks in males, with nonsynonymous SNP rs671 explaining 29.2%, 7.9%, and 22.9% of phenotypic variation, respectively, in this sample. When rs671 was considered as a candidate SNP in females, it explained 23.6% of the variation in flushing response, but alcohol consumption rates were too low among females—despite familial enrichment for AD—for an adequate test of association for either AD or maximum drinks. These results support a mediating effect of aldehyde dehydrogenase deficiency on alcohol consumption in males and a secondary, culturally mediated limitation on alcohol consumption by females that should be appropriately modeled in future studies of alcohol consumption in populations where this may be a factor. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
2 A Framework for Computational Anatomy

The rapid collection of brain images from healthy and diseased subjects has stimulated the development of powerful mathematical algorithms to compare, pool and average brain data across whole populations. Brain structure is so complex and variable that new approaches in computer vision, partial differential equations, and statistical field theory are being formulated to detect and visualize disease-specific patterns. We present some novel mathematical strategies for computational anatomy, focusing on the creation of population-based brain atlases. These atlases describe how the brain varies with age, gender, genetics, and over time. We review applications in Alzheimer’s disease, schizophrenia and brain development, outlining some current challenges in the field. 1. Diversity of Brain Maps Recent developments in brain imaging have greatly empowered medicine and neuroscience. The ability to image the structure and function of the living brain has also accelerated the collection and databasing of brain maps. These maps store information on anatomy and physiology, from whole-brain to molecular scales, some capturing dynamic changes that occur over milliseconds or even over entire lifetimes (see e.g. Toga and Mazziotta, 1996; Frackowiak et al., 1997, for recent reviews). Since the development of computerized tomography (CT; Hounsfield, 1973) and magnetic resonance imaging techniques (Lauterbur, 1973), maps of brain structure have typically been based upon 3D tomographic images (Damasio, 1995). Angiographic or spiral CT techniques can also visualize vascular anatomy (Fishman, 1997), while diffusion tensor images can even reveal fiber topography in vivo (Turner et al., 1991; Mori et al., 2001; Jacobs and Fraser, 1994). These brain maps can be supplemented with high-resolution information from anatomic specimens (Talairach and Tournoux, 1988; Ono et al., 1990; Duvernoy, 1991) and a variety of histologic preparations which reveal regional cytoarchitecture (Brodmann, 1909) and regional molecular content such as myelination patterns (Smith, 1907; Mai et al., 1997), receptor binding sites (Geyer et al., 1997), protein densities and mRNA distributions. Other brain maps have concentrated on function, quantified by positron emission tomography (PET; Minoshima et al., 1994), functional MRI (Le Bihan, 1996), electrophysiology (Avoli et al., 1991; Palovcik et al., 1992) or optical imaging (Cannestra et al., 1996). Additional maps have been developed to represent neuronal connectivity