Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
A secure and efficient multicast protocol for enterprise collaboration systems

Enterprise collaboration systems are supposed to facilitate measurably more effective communication, coordination and collaboration. Enterprises require the collaboration systems offer a private and secure platform for employees to engage in seamless networking and communication, sharing of knowledge and leveraging the capabilities of business productive tools to achieve accelerated growth and increased productivity. However, designing secure and efficient multicast protocol for enterprise collaboration systems is difficult due to the members of a collaborative work might change frequently. This paper presents a group key management scheme with mutual authentication for enterprise collaboration systems. To provide a secure and high flexible mechanism to manage group keys, we extend the well-known ElGamal scheme to support dynamic group requirements. Then, we propose a multicast communication protocol to support flawless mutual authentication of participants and agreement of dynamic group keys. The proposed mechanism does not require modifying the software of clients; thus, it is highly flexibly. We believe the proposed mechanism is usable for collaborative applications.
Histological Effect of Basic Fibroblast Growth Factor on Chronic Vocal Fold Scarring in a Rat Model

Objectives Vocal fold scarring is one of the most challenging laryngeal disorders to treat and there are currently no consistently effective treatments available. Our previous studies have shown the therapeutic potential of basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF) for vocal fold scarring. However, the histological effects of bFGF on scarred vocal fold have not been elucidated. The aim of this study was to examine the histological effects of bFGF on chronic vocal fold scarring. Methods Sprague-Dawley rats were divided into phosphate buffered saline (sham) and bFGF groups. Unilateral vocal fold stripping was performed and the drug was injected into the scarred vocal fold for each group 2 months postoperatively. Injections were performed weekly for 4 weeks. Two months after the last injection, larynges were harvested and histologically analyzed. Results A significant increase of hyaluronic acid was observed in the vocal fold of the bFGF group compared with that of the sham group. However, there was no remarkable change in collagen expression nor in vocal fold contraction. Conclusion Significant increase of hyaluronic acid by local bFGF injection was thought to contribute to the therapeutic effects on chronic vocal fold scarring.
Multiresolution and Astronomical Image Processing 1. the Discrete Wavelet Transform 1.1. Mallat's Transform

We present several wavelet transform algorithms and their applications in astronomical image processing (restoration, object detection , compression, etc.). Extensive literature exists on the wavelet transform and its application (Chui 1992; Daubechies 1992; Meyer 1989). A discrete wavelet transform approach can be obtained from multiresolution analysis (Mallat 1989). Multiresolution analysis results from the embedded subsets generated by interpolations at different scales. A function f(x) is projected at each step j onto the subset V j. This projection is deened by the scalar product c j (k) of f(x) with the scaling function (x) which is dilated and translated: c j (k) =< f(x); 2 ? j (2 ? j x ? k) > : (1) (x) is a scaling function which has the property 1 2 x 2 = X n h(n)(x ? n): (2) Equation 2 permits the set c j+1 (k) to be computed directly from c j (k). If we start from the set c 0 (k), we compute all the sets c j (k), with j > 0, without directly computing any other scalar product: c j+1 (k) = X n h(n ? 2k)c j (n):
High‐resolution interseismic velocity data along the San Andreas Fault from GPS and InSAR

We compared four interseismic velocity models of the San Andreas Fault based on GPS observations. The standard deviations of the predicted secular velocity from the four models are larger north of the San Francisco Bay area, near the creeping segment in Central California, and along the San Jacinto Fault and the East California Shear Zone in Southern California. A coherence spectrum analysis of the secular velocity fields indicates relatively high correlation among the four models at longer wavelengths (>15–40 km), with lower correlation at shorter wavelengths. To improve the short‐wavelength accuracy of the interseismic velocity model, we integrated interferometric synthetic aperture radar (InSAR) observations, initially from Advanced Land Observing Satellite (ALOS) ascending data (spanning from the middle of 2006 to the end of 2010, totaling more than 1100 interferograms), with GPS observations using a Sum/Remove/Filter/Restore approach. The final InSAR line of sight data match the point GPS observations with a mean absolute deviation of 1.5 mm/yr. We systematically evaluated the fault creep rates along major faults of the San Andreas Fault and compared them with creepmeters and alignment array data compiled in Uniform California Earthquake Rupture Forecast, Version 2 (UCERF2). Moreover, this InSAR line of sight dataset can constrain rapid velocity gradients near the faults, which are critical for understanding the along‐strike variations in stress accumulation rate and associated earthquake hazard.
QUADRATIC VARIATION IN OLD-FIELD SPECIES RICHNESS ALONG GRADIENTS OF DISTURBANCE AND NITROGEN

We followed species richness, colonizations, extirpations, and turnover for eight years in 16 combinations of disturbance and nitrogen addition applied to a 30-yr-old Minnesota field. Four levels each of disturbance and nitrogen were applied in a completely factorial design, producing 16 treatments. There were four replicates of most treatments and 14 replicates of the four extreme treatments (lowest and highest disturbance and ni- trogen). After 5-6 yr, species richness varied quadratically and significantly with disturbance in plots receiving no nitrogen or the lowest level of added nitrogen. Richness increased over time at intermediate disturbance as annuals colonized plots otherwise dominated by perennials. The number of growth forms also varied quadratically with richness, whereas the number of species belonging to each growth form did not, suggesting that high richness was due to coexistence of species with different life histories. The strongest quadratic variation in species richness was associated with significant quadratic variation in colo- nization with increasing disturbance, and no significant variation in extirpation, suggesting that increased richness at intermediate disturbance was attributable to colonization at the middle of the disturbance gradient, and not to extirpation at either end of the gradient. Richness decreased with increasing nitrogen at all levels of disturbance. Colonization also decreased and extirpation increased with increasing nitrogen availability, suggesting that decreases in richness with increasing nitrogen reflect accelerated extirpation, and not col- onization of nitrogen-poor soils. Simultaneous competition experiments showed coloni- zations in disturbed plots to be related to reduced root competition, and extirpations in fertilized plots to be related to increased shoot competition. Surprisingly, untreated control plots had higher rates of colonization, extirpation, and species turnover than disturbed or fertilized plots. Turnover in control plots was caused mostly by uncommon species, and control plots were always dominated by the perennial grass Schizachyrium scoparium.In contrast, the dominant species of the extreme environmental treatments varied over time in spite of their low levels of richness. The array of responses generated by our factorial experiment helps explain why richness varies with disturbance and fertility in different ways along different natural gradients: patterns and dynamics of richness clearly depend on location within the fertility-disturbance matrix.
Phenotypic and genetic variation in emergence and development time of a trimorphic damselfly

Although colour polymorphisms in adult organisms of many taxa are often adaptive in the context of sexual selection or predation, genetic correlations between colour and other phenotypic traits expressed early in ontogeny could also play an important role in polymorphic systems. We studied phenotypic and genetic variation in development time among female colour morphs in the polymorphic damselfly Ischnura elegans in the field and by raising larvae in a common laboratory environment. In the field, the three different female morphs emerged at different times. Among laboratory‐raised families, we found evidence of a significant correlation between maternal morph and larval development time in both sexes. This suggests that the phenotypic correlation between morph and emergence time in the field has a parallel in a genetic correlation between maternal colour and offspring development time. Maternal colour morph frequencies could thus potentially change as correlated responses to selection on larval emergence dates. The similar genetic correlation in male offspring suggests that sex‐limitation in this system is incomplete, which may lead to an ontogenetic sexual conflict between selection for early male emergence (protandry) and emergence times associated with maternal morph.
The Supergravity Duals of the BMN Matrix Model

We provide a holographic description of the BMN matrix model and its 1/2 BPS vacua, e.g. the concentric fuzzy spheres, by dual IIA supergravity solutions. We apply the Polchinski-Strassler method to construct our solutions, due to the similarity of the vacuum structure of this model and the N = 1∗ theory. The dual solutions have brane configurations which are concentric shells of S-wrapped D2 branes with various radii proportional to their D0 charges, or alternatively, concentric NS5 branes with D0 charges, in different regimes of parameters. In our solutions, there are transverse R-R magnetic 6-form flux and NS-NS 3-form flux that polarize N D0 branes to various spherical D2 or NS5 branes carrying fractions of the total D0 charge N . In the region far from all branes, our solutions describe fluctuations around the near horizon geometry of N D0 branes, in terms of these additional R-R and NS-NS fluxes, which are dual to the deformation of the BFSS matrix model by adding mass terms and the Myers term. The solutions with these additional fluxes preserve 16 supersymmetries. We also propose the supergravity duals of matrix theories on less supersymmetric plane-wave backgrounds. ∗hailin@princeton.edu
Functional Specialisation in Human Premotor Cortex : VisuoSpatial Transformation in Pre-SMA During 2 D Image Transformation

Premotor cortex has traditionally been associated with the planning and control of visually guided movements. Here we report converging evidence from psychometric, functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) and eye tracking studies that provide further constraints on hypotheses about functional sub-divisions within the medial premotor area. A recognition memory paradigm was used to measure response times (RTs) to identify upright and misoriented novel objects from two stimulus sets. One stimulus set elicited a pattern of RTs consistent with the operation of an image transformation process during recognition. The other stimulus set showed an orientationinvariant RT pattern. A comparison of the patterns of cortical activation between conditions revealed a network of associated neural regions consistent with previous studies. This network included the left superior parietal (BA7) and dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (BA10/46), as well as bilateral superior parietal cortex (BA7) and fusiform gyri (BA19). The results also showed activation in the left anterior supplementary motor area (pre-SMA). These data suggest that pre-SMA also contributes to image transformation during recognition. It is proposed that the functional role of pre-SMA is to facilitate in the computation of vector transformations that can be used support different cognitive tasks including movement planning, visuo-motor control and image normalisation.
Context aware vertical handover decision making in heterogeneous wireless networks

Provisioning continuous services while moving through heterogeneous wireless networks is a main issue in the fourth generation wireless Networks. An efficient vertical handover decision making algorithm that takes into account services' requirements, considers users' preferences and guaranties seamless handover over heterogeneous technologies is required. In this paper, we propose an intelligent context-aware solution that considers both users and services requirements. It is based on advanced decision approaches like fuzzy logic and analytic hierarchy processes.
Synthetic evaluation on the performance of network coordinate systems

Network coordinate systems can improve the performance of large distributed applications on the Internet. However, the current methods for performance evaluation on network coordinate systems are based on static and individual indicators, which cannot fully show their performance. In this paper, we firstly study some evaluation indicators on network distance prediction, and point out their disadvantages. Then, a synthetic evaluation indicator is proposed to evaluate the performance of network coordinate systems. At last we give an example to show how the synthetic evaluation indicator works.
Effect of continuous and short burst binaural beats on EEG signals

Binaural beats are perceived when two slightly different frequencies of sound are presented to each of the ear. The difference between the two frequencies would be the frequency of the binaural beats. Binaural beats of different frequency ranges were found to influence the brain waves producing cortical entertainment and was reported to affect the subject behavior and cognitive functions. The continuous presentation of binaural beats for a prolonged time has been found not to cause any significant changes. Hence the aim of this paper was to find the effect of continuous and short burst presentation of binaural beats on EEG signal. Eighteen participants were divided into two groups and one group was initially exposed to 12 Hz short burst beat stimulus followed by continuous beat stimulus and the other group was exposed to 18 Hz short burst beat and continuous beat stimulus. Both the groups were exposed to white noise prior to the binaural beat stimulation and also between the short burst and continuous beat stimulations. The recorded EEG signals showed increase in cortical mean absolute power after short burst stimulation while continuous stimulation decreased mean absolute power. However, no significant difference or frequency following effect elicited by either continuous or short burst stimulation was observed.
Enhanced Virtual Password Authentication Scheme Resistant to Shoulder Surfing

A username and password based login mechanism is commonly used for authenticating a user in online environments. It is a popular scheme because it helps to balance the usability and security traits of the system. However, online environments and pervasive computing may bring many risks through adversaries. Shoulder-surfing attack is one of the risks where attacker observes the authentication process and captures the password of victims. This paper proposes a hybrid-based authentication scheme termed "Enhanced Virtual Password Authentication (EVPA)". EVPA is designed to implement a virtual password mechanism to resist the shoulder surfing attacks. The virtual password mechanism requires a string part of password and a mathematical functional value to secure user passwords. The mathematical functional value keeps changing for each login session. This method uses a system generated random value and secret mathematical operation against the pre-selected secret number to obtain a mathematical functional value. Several experiments were conducted and the results demonstrate that systems are resilient to password attacks and usable for day to day purposes.
Low-complexity initialization of adaptive equalizers using approximate channel inverse

In this paper, a low-complexity approximate channel inverse initialization scheme for blind equalization is proposed. The underlying idea is that the inverse of minimum phase finite impulse response (FIR) channels can be well approximated by inverting the most significant paths of the estimated channel impulse response (CIR). The parameters of the inverse of the truncated channel can be expressed in closed-form expressions in terms of the original CIR and can be used to initialize adaptive equalizers. By applying time-reversal method, the proposed initialization scheme can also be applied for equalization of maximum phase channels. Through extensive computer simulations, we show that channels that cannot be equalized by blind equalizers with the conventional single-spike initialization can now be well equalized with the proposed initialization
X-Ray Destruction of Dust along the Line of Sight to γ-Ray Bursts

We show that if all γ-ray bursts emit X-rays in a way similar to those observed by BeppoSAX, much of the extinction along the line of sight in the host galaxy of the burst can be destroyed. Two mechanisms are principally responsible for dust destruction: grain heating and grain charging. The latter, which can lead to electrostatic stresses greater than the tensile strength of the grains, is often the more important. Grains may regularly be destroyed at distances as large as ~100 pc. This dust destruction can permit us to see the UV/optical afterglow even when the burst is embedded deep within a highly obscured region. Because the destruction rate depends on grain composition and size, it may be possible to observe the amount and wavelength dependence of extinction change during the course of the burst and first few minutes of the afterglow. It may also be possible to detect interstellar absorption lines in the afterglow spectrum that would not exist but for the return of heavy elements to the gas phase.
Setting Compatibility Standards: Cooperation or Collusion?

This paper describes the process by which firms cooperate to establish product compatibility and interface standards, and studies the impact such standards have on market competition. Special emphasis is given to the treatment of intellectual property rights in the standard-setting context. Based on this economic analysis, the paper offers some general suggestions for the proper antitrust treatment of cooperation to set standards, including the use of cross-licenses and patent pools to promote new product standards. By and large, U.S. antitrust law has not stood in the way of beneficial standard setting or cross-licensing.
Optimization and evaluation of database queries including embedded interpolation procedures

Within this paper the incorporation of interpolation procedures into a database management systcm is described. The interpolation functions are used to calculate intermediate values of sequences of measurements. The consequences of this class of embedded procedures for query evaluation and optimization are described. Starting with a user-fricndl y syntax, the interpolation procedures are decomposed into more refined operations on database objects. The impact of these operations and their prcdcfincd sequence on query evaluation and optimization is discussed. Promising evaluation strategies are emphasized.
Primary tumor PET/CT [18F]FDG uptake is an independent predictive factor for regional lymph node metastasis in patients with non-small cell lung cancer

Abstract Aim: To investigate the correlation between [18F]fluorodeoxyglucose (FDG) uptake in a primary tumor and pathologic N stages, and to further analyze the possible risk factors contributing to the regional lymph node metastasis. Patients and methods: Eighty patients with non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) who underwent positron emission tomography/computed tomography were enrolled in the study. The FDG uptake in the primary tumor was compared for the different N staging groups and further correlation was performed. The degree of FDG uptake in the primary tumor and other possible variables related to the incidence of lymph node metastasis were examined by univariate and logistic multivariate analysis. FDG uptake was quantitated using the maximum standardized uptake value (SUVmax). Results: Statistically significant differences were found in the SUVmax of the primary tumors among different N staging groups (F = 4.124, P = 0.023), and the correlation between them was also statistically significant (r = 0.438, P = 0.000). Univariate analysis showed that blood tumor markers, primary tumor size, histologic grade, and SUVmax of the primary tumor were significantly associated with lymph node involvement. Logistic multivariate analysis showed that blood tumor makers and SUVmax of primary tumor might be considered as significant predictive factors for lymph node metastasis in patients with NSCLC. Conclusion: Our results show that there is a significant relationship between the SUVmax of the primary tumor and the pathologic N stage of NSCLC. FDG uptake by the primary tumor may be an independent predictor of regional lymph node metastasis in patients with NSCLC.
Why Would the Rise of Social Media Increase the Influence of Traditional Media on Collective Judgments? A Response to Blevins and Ragozzino

In our original article (Etter, Ravasi & Colleoni, 2018), we argued that the rise of social media is changing how evaluations are made public and impact the formation of organizational reputation. In their counterpoint, [authors] argue in favour of a separation between the construct of media reputation and social media reputation. They further argue that the rise of social media is actually strengthening the impact of traditional media on the evaluations of key stakeholders. Finally, they urge scholars to take a cautious approach to the assumption that social media are introducing more dynamism in the formation of (media) reputation. We agree that, in some circumstances, a conceptual distinction between (traditional) media reputation and social media reputation might be useful to advance future research and theorization of reputational dynamics. In fact, in our original article we highlighted the importance to acknowledge the potential existence of different and separate “reputational arenas” (Aula & Mantere, 2013; see also Bromberg & Fine, 2002). We are less persuaded, however, by the other objections that [authors] raise.
SPATIAL MEMORY AND CHANGES IN EXPRESSION OF GENES OF NEUROTROPHIC FACTORS IN ADULT RAT BRAIN AFTER FRACTIONATED WHOLE BRAIN IRRADIATION

Background: Ionizing radia on causes cogni ve impairment in adult brain. However, the effects of various irradia on protocols with frac onated fixed total dose on hippocampal func on have not yet been studied. Materials and Methods: Frac onated whole brain irradia on with a total dose of 36 Gy was performed according to the following protocols: 2Gy-18 frac ons (2Gy*18), 4Gy-9 frac on (4Gy*9) and 6Gy-6 frac ons (6Gy*6). Changes in spa al memory were studied in Morris water maze tests at 12 th and 17 th day a1er irradia on with a hidden pla2orm and at 38 th day a1er irradia on without a pla2orm. Levels of expression of brain derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) genes were evaluated using qPCR. Results: Expression of genes of neurotrophic factors (BDNF and VEGF) was decreased at 4 th and 8 th week a1er irradia on, the decrease depended on frac ona on. The Morris water maze test with a hidden pla2orm showed improvement in long-term spa al memory at 12 th and 17 th day a1er irradia on. In the Morris water maze test without pla2orm cogni ve deficit was detected only in 6Gy*6 group at 4th week a1er irradia on. Conclusion: Our study shows that different frac ona on protocols affect hippocampal func ons differently, and that the greatest nega ve impact has the protocol with the maximum single dose. In addi on, decrease in expression of genes of neurotrophic factors might play an important role in cogni ve impairment.