Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Similar Mechanisms of Movement Control in Target- and Effect-Directed Actions toward Spatial Goals?

Previous research has shown that actions conducted toward temporal targets and temporal effects are controlled in a similar way. To investigate whether these findings also apply to spatially restricted movements we analyzed movement kinematics of continuous reversal movements toward given spatial targets and toward self-produced spatial effects in two experiments. In Experiment 1 target- and effect-directed movements were investigated in three different goal constellations. A spatial target/effect was always presented/produced on one movement side, on the other side either (a) no target/effect, (b) the same target/effect, or (c) a more difficult target/effect was presented/produced. Results showed that both target-directed and effect-directed movements have a typical spatial kinematic pattern and that both can be equally well described by linear functions as suggested by Fitts’ Law. However, effect-directed movements have longer movement times. In Experiment 2 participants performed target-directed movements to the one side and effect-directed movements to the other side of a reversal movement. More pronounced spatial kinematics were observed in effect-directed than in target-directed movements. Together, the results suggest that actions conducted toward spatial targets and spatial effects are controlled in a similar manner. Gradual differences in the kinematic patterns may arise because effects are cognitively more demanding. They may therefore be represented less accurately than targets. However, there was no indication of qualitative differences in the cognitive representations of effects and targets. This strengthens our assumption that both targets and effects play a comparable role in action control: they can both be viewed as goals of an action. Thus, ideomotor theories of action control should incorporate action targets as goals similar to action effects.
Design and Analysis of a 60-GHz CMOS Doppler Micro-Radar System-in-Package for Vital-Sign and Vibration Detection

This paper presents the first flip-chip-packaged and fully integrated Doppler micro-radar in 90-nm CMOS for noncontact vital-sign and vibration detection. The use of a smaller wavelength compared with previous works achieves the highly compact system for portable devices, and the radar design considerations at 60 GHz are discussed from both system and circuits points of view. The compact 60-GHz core (0.73 $\hbox{mm}^{2}$ ) provides a 36-dB peak down-conversion gain and transmits a radar signal around 0 dBm at 55 GHz. Quadrature generation at the intermediate frequency stage of the heterodyne receiver gives a power- and area-efficient solution to the null detection point issue, ensuring robust detection. By using single-patch antennas and without a high-power amplifier, the system demonstrates the first-pass success of human vital-sign detection at 0.3 m. The small mechanical vibration with a displacement of 0.2 mm can be detected up to 2 m away. At 60 GHz, target displacement comparable to wavelength results in strong nonlinear phase modulation and increases detection difficulties. A signal-recovery algorithm is proposed to improve the accuracy of vital-sign detection.
The Effect of Attending Steiner Schools during Childhood on Health in Adulthood: A Multicentre Cross-Sectional Study

Background It is speculated that attending Steiner schools, whose pedagogical principles include an account for healthy psycho-physical development, may have long-term beneficial health effects. We examined whether the current health status differed between former attendees of German Steiner schools and adults from the general population. Furthermore, we examined factors that might explain those differences. Methods We included former Steiner school attendees from 4 schools in Berlin, Hanover, Nuremberg and Stuttgart and randomly selected population controls. Using a self-report questionnaire we assessed sociodemographics, current and childhood lifestyle and health status. Outcomes were self-reports on 16 diseases: atopic dermatitis, allergic rhinitis, bronchial asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), cardiac arrhythmia, cardiac insufficiency, angina pectoris, arteriosclerosis, hypertension, hypercholesterolemia, osteoarthritis, rheumatism, cancer, diabetes, depression and multiple sclerosis. Furthermore, participants rated the symptom burden resulting from back pain, cold symptoms, headache, insomnia, joint pain, gastrointestinal symptoms and imbalance. Unadjusted and adjusted odds ratios were calculated for each outcome. Results 1136 Steiner school attendees and 1746 controls were eligible for analysis. Both groups were comparable regarding sex, age and region, but differed in nationality and educational status. After adjusting for possible confounders, we found statistically significant effects of Steiner school attendance for osteoarthritis (OR 0.69 [0.49–0.97]) and allergic rhinitis (OR 0.77, [0.59–1.00]) as well as for symptom burden from back pain (OR 0.80, [0.64–1.00]), insomnia (OR 0.65, [0.50–0.84]), joint pain (OR 0.62, [0.48–0.82]), gastrointestinal symptoms (OR 0.76, [0.58–1.00]) and imbalance (OR 0.60, [0.38–0.93]). Conclusions The risk of most examined diseases did not differ between former Steiner school attendees and the general population after adjustment for sociodemographics, current and childhood lifestyle features, but symptom burden from some current health complaints was reported less by former Steiner school attendees. Results must be interpreted with caution since the analysis was exploratory.
Religious Socialization, Apostasy, and the Impact of Family Background

A huit cent trente-six etudiants en psychologie de l'Universite de New South Wales a Sydney, Australie, a ete remis un questionnaire de 15 pages portant principalement sur l'orientation religieuse et ses antecedents. Une analyse de facteurs proposee par Hunsberger (1980), en relation a l'apostasie, est substantiellement confirmee. Il semble qu'une orientation intellectuelle et l'importance donnee a la religion dans le foyer ou le jeune a ete eleve soient les meilleurs facteurs de previsibilite. Les reponses au questionnaire mettent en relief l'influence du foyer parental sur l'orientation religieuse.
On the Extreme Parallelism Inside Next-Generation Network Processors

Next-generation high-end network processors (NP) must address demands from both diversified applications and ever-increasing traffic pressure. One major challenge is to design an extraordinary scalable architecture. In this paper, it is argued that such an objective can only be sufficed by introducing highly paralleled structure, namely the paralleled processing-engine cluster (PPC). We demonstrate this point from the trade-off among aspects such as performance, programmability and flexibility. However, PPC natively suffers from several critical issues on load-balancing, intra-flow packet ordering and memory contention. After investigating several existing approaches, we present novel solutions for each issue according to the balance between performance and coast. Through intensive analysis and comprehensive simulations, it is shown that the shortest queue first scheduling with class-based prediction (SQF-C) performs nearly optimally, while the hardware based per-flow ordering mechanism resolves packet out-of-order independently with the load-balancing issue, inducting little throughput degradation. Implementing the unified solution, it is capable to design a PPC supporting up to OC-768c line rate. Real implementation is also carried out in our THNPU-1 prototype to verify the conclusions.
Running Head : Mental Toughness 1 2 3 The Concept of Mental Toughness : 4 Tests of Dimensionality , Nomological Network and Traitness 1 5 6

5 Land Operations Division, Defence Science and Technology Organization, South Australia 14 15 Authors’ Notes: This research was part funded by a University of Queensland Early 16 Career Researcher Grant and Postdoctoral Research Fellowship to Daniel Gucciardi. 17 Appreciation is extended to Jon Chan for his assistance with data collection for Study 2, and 18 to all those people and organizations that assisted with participant recruitment. 19 Corresponding Author: Daniel Gucciardi, School of Physiotherapy and Exercise 20 Science, Curtin University, GPO Box U1987, Perth, Australia, 6845. Phone: +61 8 9266 21 3653, Fax: +61 8 9266 3699, Email: daniel.f. gucciardi@gmail.com 22
Plasma endotoxin concentration in horses: a methods study.

BACKGROUND Accurate determination of plasma endotoxin concentration is critical for ex vivo and in vitro cellular and molecular studies of endotoxemia in horses. However, reports are conflicting with respect to anticoagulant, handling, and sample preparation. OBJECTIVE The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of blood sample fraction and handling time on measurement of endotoxin concentration in horses. METHODS Whole blood, anticoagulated with 3.8% (0.12 M) sodium citrate (9:1), was collected from 5 healthy horses. Whole blood (WB), platelet-rich plasma (PRP), and platelet-poor plasma (PPP) were spiked with endotoxin (2 EU/mL). Endotoxin-spiked WB samples were centrifuged immediately to generate PRP for measurement. Endotoxin concentration was subsequently measured by Limulus amebocyte assay at 0, 15, 30, 45, and 60 minutes. Assays were performed in triplicate and results were analyzed using Student's t-test, with significance set at P <. 05. RESULTS Mean endotoxin concentrations in 2 EU/mL-spiked WB were significantly different from those in PPP at all time points tested. Recovery of endotoxin in PRP generated from WB was significantly diminished after just 15 minutes. CONCLUSION PRP generated from WB is significantly more reliable than PPP in determining endotoxin concentration ex vivo. Measurement of endotoxin in PRP generated from WB was significantly diminished after 15 min, identifying a time frame within which to process blood samples for endotoxin analysis.
Model and Control of a Compact Long-Travel Accurate-Manipulation Platform

Stick-slip accurate manipulator (composed of piezo and slider) is widely applied in scanning electron microscope (SEM). However, for its positioning control in SEM, conventional displacement sensors are hard to be used because of their big physical dimensions or magnetic working principles. To solve these problems, this paper proposes to use strain gauge as the accurate manipulator's positioning sensor and develops a displacement-prediction method to achieve a long-travel accurate positioning (positioning error no more than 2% of the traveling range) in SEM. The slider's feedback displacement is obtained indirectly, which is calculated and predicted by the LS friction model and the piezo's motion statements obtained from the strain gauge. Meanwhile, the application of strain gauge can minimize the manipulator's geometric dimension guarantee a nonmagnetic working environment and avoid the thermal radiation caused by sensor in SEM. An LS friction model with the main friction characteristics is developed to provide the friction calculation between the slider and the piezo. Feedforward PID control method is employed to improve the system's dynamic characteristics. Experiments are carried out to validate the effectiveness of displacement-prediction control applying on the positioning platform.
Pathogenesis of intraventricular haemorrhage in newborn infants

The ventricular CSF of a group of preterm infants dying in the newborn period contained a large excess of protein which appeared to be a plasma filtrate. This excess was found whether or not an intraventricular haemorrhage (IVH) was also present. After consideration of the clinical features of the infants, their coagulation status, and the findings at necropsy, we suggest that increased cerebral venous and capillary pressure, usually caused by heart failure resulting from hypoxia and acidosis, was responsible both for the IVH, by rupturing the terminal veins, and for promoting the filtration of plasma proteins into the CSF. Abnormalities of haemostasis, though very common, did not seem to provide an adequate explanation for the initiation of intraventricular bleeding, though they may have exacerbated it.
Pharmacologic treatment of obsessive-compulsive disorder comorbidity

Introduction: Obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) is clearly a heterogeneous syndrome in which comorbidity is the rule rather than the exception and is often ‘phase-specific’. Comorbid conditions have a negative impact on OCD outcome and may clearly impact the disease trajectory. Nevertheless, in the current literature there is an impressive neglect of comorbidities in clinical trials and treatment approaches for these conditions are still not evidence-based. Areas covered: In this paper we summarized the available data on the treatment of the main OCD comorbidities (mood and anxiety disorders, ‘bipolar neurosis’, tics and OCD-related disorders, addictions and impulsive disorders, eating disorders, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, psychoses, and post-infective syndromes). Expert opinion: To achieve the goals of ‘precision medicine’ there is a critical need for deconstructing current diagnostic groups with biomarkers to predict and improve response to treatment. Despite the continuous efforts of several researchers in subtyping homogeneous samples of OCD patients (for example the comorbidity-based subclassification), current available treatments are still syndrome-based rather than network dysfunctions-based. Identifying the homogenous subgroup, subtyping patients according to comorbidity patterns, symptom dimensions, clinical course, neurocognitive and neurophysiological dysfunctions, could represent an essential first step in the direction of a ‘precision medicine’ approach.
Genetic Prediction of Future Type 2 Diabetes

Background Type 2 diabetes (T2D) is a multifactorial disease in which environmental triggers interact with genetic variants in the predisposition to the disease. A number of common variants have been associated with T2D but our knowledge of their ability to predict T2D prospectively is limited. Methods and Findings By using a Cox proportional hazard model, common variants in the PPARG (P12A), CAPN10 (SNP43 and 44), KCNJ11 (E23K), UCP2 (−866G>A), and IRS1 (G972R) genes were studied for their ability to predict T2D in 2,293 individuals participating in the Botnia study in Finland. After a median follow-up of 6 y, 132 (6%) persons developed T2D. The hazard ratio for risk of developing T2D was 1.7 (95% confidence interval [CI] 1.1–2.7) for the PPARG PP genotype, 1.5 (95% CI 1.0–2.2) for the CAPN10 SNP44 TT genotype, and 2.6 (95% CI 1.5–4.5) for the combination of PPARG and CAPN10 risk genotypes. In individuals with fasting plasma glucose ≥ 5.6 mmol/l and body mass index ≥ 30 kg/m2, the hazard ratio increased to 21.2 (95% CI 8.7–51.4) for the combination of the PPARG PP and CAPN10 SNP43/44 GG/TT genotypes as compared to those with the low-risk genotypes with normal fasting plasma glucose and body mass index < 30 kg/m2. Conclusion We demonstrate in a large prospective study that variants in the PPARG and CAPN10 genes predict future T2D. Genetic testing might become a future approach to identify individuals at risk of developing T2D.
Modeling of the near Electrode Physics for Simulation of Arc

This paper presents a numerical model of physical phenomena taking place between the contacts of a switchgear device during fault. Particularly the regions adjacent to cathode and anode are modeled in MATLAB. The effect of system impedance on arc current has been considered. A numerical model of near electrode physics is solved to predict the arc behavior with the design parameters like electrode materials, pressure, impedance etc. With this model we can identify the interface behavior of plasma and electrode; this is done by identifying the layers like sheath and ionization based on the temperature distribution. This model solves the equations of cathode region (cathode surface, sheath and ionization zone) and anode region (Anode surface, sheath and ionization zone) to evaluate their effect on the total arc voltage in a 2-D simulation (z, t) in MATLAB. The same can be extended to 4-D simulation (x,y,z,t) with CFD tools for which work is in progress.
Translational Control of the Antibiotic Inducibility of the PA5471 Gene Required for mexXY Multidrug Efflux Gene Expression in Pseudomonas aeruginosa

ABSTRACT The PA5471 gene required for induction of the MexXY multidrug efflux system in response to ribosome-targeting antimicrobials was itself shown to be inducible by ribosome-targeting antimicrobials (Y. Morita, M. L. Sobel, and K. Poole, J. Bacteriol. 188:1847-1855, 2006). Using a lacZ transcriptional reporter, drug inducibility of PA5471 was shown to require the entirety of the 367-bp PA5472-PA5471 intergenic region. A constitutive promoter activity was, however, localized to the first 75 bp of this region, within which a single PA5471 transcription initiation site was mapped. That 3′ sequences of the intergenic region blocked PA5471 expression and made it antibiotic dependent was suggestive of an attenuation mechanism of control. A 13-amino-acid leader peptide (LP)-encoding open reading frame preceded by a Shine-Dalgarno sequence was identified ca. 250 bp upstream of the PA5471 coding sequence, and its expression and translation were confirmed using a lacZ translational reporter. Alteration of the initiation codon (M1T) or introduction of translational stop signals at codons 3 (Q3Am) and 8 (C8Op) of this LP sequence (PA5471.1) yielded high-level constitutive expression of PA5471, suggesting that interference with LP translation was linked to PA5471 gene expression. Consistent with this, a Q3K mutation in the LP sequence maintained the drug inducibility of PA5471 expression. Introduction of the LP Q3Am mutation into the chromosome of Pseudomonas aeruginosa yielded stronger expression of PA5471 than did antibiotic (chloramphenicol) exposure of wild-type P. aeruginosa, in agreement with lacZ transcriptional fusion data. Still, the Q3Am mutation yielded modest expression of mexXY, less than that seen for antibiotic-treated wild-type P. aeruginosa. These data suggest that PA5471 is not sufficient for MexXY recruitment in response to antibiotic exposure and that additional antibiotic-dependent effects are needed.
Direct Observation of Enzymes Replicating DNA Using a Single-molecule DNA Stretching Assay

We describe a method for observing real time replication of individual DNA molecules mediated by proteins of the bacteriophage replication system. Linearized λ DNA is modified to have a biotin on the end of one strand, and a digoxigenin moiety on the other end of the same strand. The biotinylated end is attached to a functionalized glass coverslip and the digoxigeninated end to a small bead. The assembly of these DNA-bead tethers on the surface of a flow cell allows a laminar flow to be applied to exert a drag force on the bead. As a result, the DNA is stretched close to and parallel to the surface of the coverslip at a force that is determined by the flow rate (Figure 1). The length of the DNA is measured by monitoring the position of the bead. Length differences between single- and double-stranded DNA are utilized to obtain real-time information on the activity of the replication proteins at the fork. Measuring the position of the bead allows precise determination of the rates and processivities of DNA unwinding and polymerization (Figure 2).
All Digital Low Power DLL Based Frequency Multiplier Design by using 0 . 35-μ m Process CMOS Technology

 Abstract—This paper shows the chip level implementation of an all digital low power DLL (Delay Locked Loop) based frequency multiplier. Due to all digital components it consumes very low power. To incorporate the digital configuration the charge pump was replaced by a counter. The total system consists of a phase detector, an up/down counter, the delay line, clock divider, and the frequency multiplier. In this paper the frequency multiplying technique is performed by using an edge combiner based clock synthesis system, which is implemented by C2MOS logic. The whole system was initially verified by simulation and later on was sent for fabrication on a chip. The fabricated chip has been tested, measured and compared with the simulated results. The reference clock frequency is 250 MHz and the output is a multiplied clock frequency of 1 GHz and multiplication factor is 4. The measured power consumption of the chip was 219 mW.
Cholera, Vibrio cholerae O1 and O139, and Other Pathogenic Vibrios

Cholera is a potentially epidemic and life-threatening secretory diarrhea characterized by numerous, voluminous watery stools, often accompanied by vomiting, and resulting in hypovolemic shock and acidosis. It is caused by certain members of the species Vibrio cholerae which can also cause mild or inapparent infections. Other members of the species may occasionally cause isolated outbreaks of milder diarrhea whereas othersthe vast majorityare free-living and not associated with disease.
Smoking Behavior and Exposure to Tobacco Toxicants during 6 Months of Smoking Progressively Reduced Nicotine Content Cigarettes

Background: Recent federal legislation gives the U.S. Food and Drug Administration authority to regulate the nicotine content of cigarettes. A nationwide strategy for progressive reduction of the nicotine content of cigarettes is a potential way to reduce the addictiveness of cigarettes, to prevent new smokers from becoming addicted, and to facilitate quitting in established smokers. We conducted a trial of progressive nicotine content tapering over 6 months to determine the effects on smoking behaviors and biomarkers of tobacco smoke exposure and cardiovascular effects. Methods: One hundred and thirty-five healthy smokers were randomly assigned to one of two groups. A research group smoked their usual brand of cigarettes followed by five types of research cigarettes with progressively lower nicotine content, each smoked for one month. A control group smoked their own brand of cigarettes for the same period of time. Results: Nicotine intake, as indicated by plasma cotinine concentration, declined progressively as the nicotine content of cigarettes was reduced. Cigarette consumption and markers of exposure to carbon monoxide and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, as well as cardiovascular biomarkers remained stable, whereas urinary 4-(methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanol (NNAL) excretion decreased. No significant changes in biomarkers of exposure or cardiovascular effects were observed in controls. Conclusions: Our data support the proposition that the intake of nicotine from cigarettes of smokers can be substantially lowered without increasing exposure to other tobacco smoke toxins. Impact: These findings support the feasibility and safety of gradual reduction of the nicotine content in cigarettes. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev; 21(5); 761–9. ©2012 AACR.
The Social Distribution of Femicide in Urban Canada, 1921-1988

How well do conventional perspectives on homicide account for the social distribution of femicide, or the killing of females? An analysis of 670 cases of femicide in Toronto and Vancouver from 1921 to 1988 provides stronger support for an alternative perspective that acknowledges both the intimate, domestic character of femicide and the historically contingent nature of opportunities and motivations for femicide. Rather than coming to resemble male homicide, femicide remains as concentrated in private, domestic locations and relationships as it was seventy years ago. However, the relationships between femicide and some social statuses, such as women's employment, have changed over time.