Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Assimilation of radar altimetry to a routing model of the Brahmaputra River

While satellite‐based remote sensing has provided hydrologists with valuable new data sets, integration of such data sets in operational modeling systems is usually not straightforward due to spatial or temporal resolution issues or because remote sensing does not directly measure the hydrological quantities of interest. This is the case for satellite‐based radar altimetry. River‐level variations can be tracked using radar altimetry at a temporal resolution between 10 and 35 days, depending on the satellite, but hydrologists are typically interested in river flows rather than levels and require predictions at daily or even subdaily temporal resolutions. One way to exploit satellite radar altimetry is therefore to combine the data with hydrological models in a data assimilation framework. In this study, radar altimetry data from six ENVISAT virtual stations were assimilated to a routing model of the main reach of the Brahmaputra River driven by the outputs of a calibrated rainfall runoff model. The extended Kalman filter was used to update the routed water volumes for the years 2008–2010. Model performance was improved with the Nash‐Sutcliffe model efficiency for daily discharge increasing from 0.78 to 0.84. The method uses very little in situ data and is easily implemented as an add‐on to hydrological models, and it therefore has the potential for large‐scale application to improve hydrological predictions in many river basins.
Only Yesterday in Jakarta::Property Boom and Consumptive Trends in the Late New Order Metropolitan City

The development of the property industry in and around Jakarta during the last decade was really consplcuous. Various skyscrapers, shopping malls, luxurious housing esrates, cendeminiums, hotchls and golf courses have signifieantly changed both the Qutlook and the spatial order of the metropolitan area. Behind the develepment was the government's policy of deregulation, which encouraged the active involvement of the private sector in urban clevelopment. 'lhe change was accompanied by various consumptive trends such as the golf and cafe boom, shopping in ger-geous shopping centers, and so on. The duminant values of ruling elites became extremely con-$umptive, and this had a pervasive influence on general society. In line with this change, the eTnergence of a middle class attracted the attention of many observers. The salient feature of this new "middle class" was their consumptive lifestyle that parallels that of middle class ns in developed eountrie$. Thus il was the varieus new eonsumer goods and services mentionecl above, and the new places of consumption that rnade their presence visible. After widespread land speculation and enormous oversupply of property products. {he property boom turned te bust, leaving massive non-performing loans. Although the booni was not sustainable ancl it largely alienated urban lower strata, the boom and resulting bust represented one of the most dynamie aspect of the latc New Order Indonesian society.
Flood water legacy as a persistent source for riparian vegetation during prolonged drought: an isotopic study of Arundo donax on the Rio Grande

Invasive riparian plants along arid and semi‐arid rivers are thought to accelerate stream flow recession rates during drought. However, the fraction of river water used directly by plants is unknown. Riparian water sources for plants may also include shallow groundwater, which may differ from the river itself, or water from the unsaturated zone originating from localized rain events or prior floods. Floods that saturate the soil may persist as a lasting legacy to sustain plants over longer time scales. In this study, we examined potential sources of water used by Giant Reed (Arundo donax L.) following a flood and subsequent prolonged drought using natural‐abundance stable isotopes of oxygen (δ18O) and hydrogen (δ2H). River and rain water, groundwater, soil, and rhizome samples were collected along four approximately 100‐m transects perpendicular to the Rio Grande River in southwest Texas. Our observations coincided with a major flood that saturated soils in July of 2010 followed by extreme drought through fall of 2011. Our results showed that the isotope ratio of rhizome water was consistent with prolonged utilization of flood water, which persisted within flood‐recharged surface soils throughout the following summer. Apparently, groundwater was not the dominant source for A. donax when soil moisture was sufficient for plant uptake following a flood. While hydrogeology of rivers vary, this finding highlights the potential for floodwater to sustain riparian vegetation for prolonged periods without rainfall and demonstrates that this may be an important alternative source of water that is not currently accounted for in hydrologic models. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Aerosol optical depth of MODIS imagery over bright coastal water: a regression technique.

The contribution of sediment and bottom reflectance in the MODIS imagery over bright coastal water contaminate visible and near infrared channels. This contribution leads to the saturation in the ocean color channels and error in the MODIS derived product over that areas. The saturation in the ocean color channels lead to no aerosol optical depth (AOD) retrieved by MODIS algorithm over very turbid areas. The sediment contributions will increase the reflectance in the visible and near infrared channel that is used in the MODIS aerosol algorithm. This area is then masked using sediment masking algorithm. In this paper, a simple method to estimate the AOD over bright coastal water with high sediment and bottom reflectance contributions is proposed. The first seven MODIS solar channels centered at 0.47, 0.55, 0.66, 0.86, 1.24, 1.64 and 2.13 µm, originally designed for remote sensing over land and cloud properties have been utilized in this study. The algorithm is based on the excess reflectance at 0.55, 0.66 and 0.87 µm wavelength using the power law model that can be associated to the presence of sediment. The excess value of the reflectance is discarded, to obtain the atmospheric contribution in the data. Aerosol contribution over bright coastal water areas is then compared with AOD of 0.869 µm using regression technique. This study shows that the AOD and aerosol retrieved are in high correlation with R is greater than 0.90. The AOD map from the applications of the algorithm were constructed and extrapolated for the saturated channels areas. The sample result of AOD map from several MODIS datasets acquired over the Gulf of Martaban is presented.
Tillering in spring wheat: a 3D virtual plant-modelling study

Tillering in wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) is influenced by both light intensity and the ratio between the intensities of red and far-red light. The relationships between canopy architecture, light properties within the canopy, and tillering in spring-wheat plants were studied using a 3D virtual plantmodelling approach. The advantage of virtual plant models is that each element in the architecture of the canopy is given an explicit 3D representation, which enables simulation of processes at the level of individual organs. The model used, called ‘ADELwheat’, was calibrated for spring wheat. The model was validated for ground cover and leaf area index, using an independent dataset. Experimentally, it was shown that new tillers ceased to appear when the fraction of light intercepted by the canopy exceeded 0.4. That threshold was independent of plant population density, shading, developmental stage of the plants and rank number of the tiller. At the time tillering ceased, the red/far-red ratio (R:FR) was fairly similar across population densities. Cessation of tillering in ADELwheat was therefore made dependent on thresholds of light properties. A light model (‘nested radiosity’) was coupled to ADELwheat and was used to calculate both PAR interception and R:FR at the level of the individual organ while employing a series of different thresholds. The simulation results show that the virtual plant-modelling approach is useful to simulate global effects of local stimuli. The study demonstrates that the virtual plant-modelling approach can provide insight into the factors that determine the developmental plasticity of wheat in terms of tillering
Firms vs. Insiders as Traders of Last Resort

We explore the role of corporate insiders vs. firms as traders of last resort. We develop a simple model of insider trading in which insiders provide price support, as well as liquidity, in security markets. Consistent with the model predictions we find that in the US markets insiders’ trading activities have a clear impact on return distributions. Furthermore, we provide empirical evidence on insiders transactions and firm transactions affecting returns in a different manner. In particular, while insiders\' transactions (both purchases and sales) have a strong impact on skewness in the short run and to a lesser extent in short run volatility, company repurchases only have a clear impact on volatility, both in the short and the long run. We provide explanations for this asymmetry.
Arctic Freshwater Synthesis: Introduction

In response to a joint request from the World Climate Research Program's Climate and Cryosphere Project, the International Arctic Science Committee, and the Arctic Council's Arctic Monitoring and Assessment Program, an updated scientific assessment has been conducted of the Arctic Freshwater System, entitled the Arctic Freshwater Synthesis (AFS). The major reason for joint request was an increasing concern that changes to the Arctic Freshwater System have produced, and could produce even greater, changes to biogeophysical and socioeconomic systems of special importance to northern residents and also produce extra‐Arctic climatic effects that will have global consequences. Hence, the key objective of the AFS was to produce an updated, comprehensive, and integrated review of the structure and function of the entire Arctic Freshwater System. The AFS was organized around six key thematic areas: atmosphere, oceans, terrestrial hydrology, terrestrial ecology, resources and modeling, and the review of each coauthored by an international group of scientists and published as separate articles in this special section of Journal of Geophysical Research: Biogeosciences. This Introduction reviews the motivations for, and foci of, previous studies of the Arctic Freshwater System, discusses criteria used to define the domain of the Arctic Freshwater System, and details key characteristics of the definition adopted for the AFS.
Generalized autoregressive conditional heteroscedasticity modelling of hydrologic time series

The existence of time‐dependent variance or conditional variance, commonly called heteroscedasticity, in hydrologic time series has not been thoroughly investigated. This paper deals with modelling the heteroscedasticity in the residuals of the seasonal autoregressive integrated moving average (SARIMA) model using a generalized autoregressive conditional heteroscedasticity (GARCH) model. The model is applied to two monthly rainfall time series from humid and arid regions. The effect of Box–Cox transformation and seasonal differencing on the remaining seasonal heteroscedasticity in the residuals of the SARIMA model is also investigated. It is shown that the seasonal heteroscedasticity in the residuals of the SARIMA model can be removed using Box–Cox transformation along with seasonal differencing for the humid region rainfall. On the other hand, transformation and seasonal differencing could not remove heteroscedasticity from the residuals of the SARIMA model fitted to rainfall data in the arid region. Therefore, the GARCH modelling approach is necessary to capture the heteroscedasticity remaining in the residuals of a SARIMA model. However, the evaluation criteria do not necessarily show that the GARCH model improves the performance of the SARIMA model. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Origin of andesite in the deep crust and eruption rates in the Tancítaro–Nueva Italia region of the central Mexican arc

The Tancitaro–Nueva Italia region (∼4400 km 2 ) is located within the west-central Mexican volcanic belt and spans ∼80 km of arc length along the volcanic front. On the basis of 65 40 Ar/ 39 Ar ages, it is shown that a total volume of ∼326 ± 57 km 3 of magma has erupted from >200 vents since 1.2 Ma. Nearly a third of this volume (103 ± 5 km 3 ) was erupted as crystal-rich andesite from a large stratovolcano, Volcan Tancitaro, whereas the remaining two-thirds (∼223 ± 52 km 3 ) span the complete range from 51 to 63 wt% SiO 2 , are relatively crystal-poor, and were erupted from peripheral vents. The total proportions of erupted lava types are ∼6%–7% basalt, ∼18% basaltic andesite, and ∼74%–76% andesite; there is no rhyolite and only a trace of dacite. There is no evidence that any significant magma differentiation occurred in the upper crust along this arc segment. Based on phenocryst abundances and modes, major- and trace-element data, as well as phase-equilibrium experiments from the literature, the following mechanisms for formation of andesite in this region can be ruled out: (1) crystal fractionation of basalt/basaltic andesite in the upper crust, (2) magma mixing of basalt/basaltic andesite with dacite/rhyolite, and (3) assimilation of granitoid by basalt/basaltic andesite. Instead, the same body of evidence indicates that the andesites were formed primarily in the deep crust through partial melting (>20%) of hornblende-rich (∼40%) gabbronorite. The basaltic andesites are required, owing to their elevated Ni concentrations, to be hybrids of the andesitic partial melts with basaltic residual liquids that have undergone variable two-pyroxene fractionation in the deep crust.
Enclosing surface drains: What's the story?

The enclosure of small surface watercourses in agricultural landscapes is a practice that has not received much scientific assessment. Typically, water quality concerns and issues regarding fishery resources are realized in larger rivers and lakes. There is a tendency to overlook the smaller tributaries that contribute to these larger systems. Yet it is these smaller systems that comprise the greatest portion of the river network. Meyer et al. (2003) remind us that 50 to 80 percent of the river network is comprised of first and second order systems. These headwater systems have relatively more water in contact with the channel and therefore, have important ecosystem functions. Headwater systems perform three functions that are broadly categorized as hydrologic, habitat/food web and physico-chemical. In an urbanizing watershed, Dunne and Leopold (1978) found that headwater streams provided the watershed with an ability to hold and store water. As the impervious area increased and small channels were replaced with storm sewers, there was an increase in both the frequency and intensity of flooding events downstream. In temperate forested ecosystems, the slower moving headwater systems have the potential to accumulate woody debris which in turn traps excess sediment (Bilby, 1981) and autumnshed leaves (Bilby …
Statistica Sinica Preprint

: Multiple imputation is widely used to handle missing data. Although Rubin’s combining rule is simple, it is not clear whether the standard multiple imputation inference is consistent when coupled with the commonly used full-sample estimators. Here, we establish a uniﬁed martingale representation of multiple imputation for a wide class of asymptotically linear full-sample estimators. This representation invokes the wild bootstrap inference to provide a consistent variance estimation under a correct speciﬁcation of the imputation models. As a motivating application, we use the proposed method to estimate the average causal eﬀect (ACE) with partially observed confounders in a causal inference. Our framework applies to asymptotically linear ACE estimators, including the regression imputation, weighting, and matching estimators. Lastly, we extend the proposed method to include scenarios in which both the outcome and the confounders are subject to missingness, and when the data are missing not at random.
Attitudes and current practice in alcohol screening, brief intervention, and referral for treatment among staff working in urgent and emergency settings: An open, cross-sectional international survey

Background The aim of the study was to ascertain the views and experiences of those working in urgent and emergency care (UEC) settings towards screening, brief intervention, and referral to treatment (SBIRT) for alcohol, to inform future practice. Objectives To explore i) views towards health promotion, ii) views towards and practice of SBIRT, iii) facilitators and barriers to delivering SBIRT, iv) training needs to support future SBIRT practice, and v) comparisons in views and attitudes between demographic characteristics, geographical regions, setting and occupational groups. Methods This was an open cross-sectional international survey, using an online self-administered questionnaire with closed and open-ended responses. Participants were ≥18 years of age, from any occupational group, working in urgent and emergency care (UEC) settings in any country or region. Results There were 362 respondents (aged 21–65 years, 87.8% shift workers) from 7 occupational groups including physicians (48.6%), nurses (22.4%) and advanced clinical practitioners (18.5%). Most believed that health promotion is part of their role, and that SBIRT for alcohol prevention is needed and appropriate in UEC settings. SBIRT was seen to be acceptable to patients. 66% currently provide brief alcohol advice, but fewer screen for alcohol problems or make alcohol-related referrals. The most common barriers were high workload and lack of funding for prevention, lack of knowledge and training on SBIRT, lack of access to high-quality resources, lack of timely referral pathways, and concerns about patient resistance to advice. Some views and attitudes varied according to demographic characteristics, occupation, setting or region. Conclusions UEC workers are willing to engage in SBIRT for alcohol prevention but there are challenges to implementation in UEC environments and concerns about workload impacts on already-burdened staff, particularly in the context of global workforce shortages. UEC workers advocate for clear guidelines and policies, increased staff capacity and/or dedicated health promotion teams onsite, SBIRT education/training/resources, appropriate physical spaces for SBIRT conversations and improved alcohol referral pathways to better funded services. Implementation of SBIRT could contribute to improving population health and reducing service demand, but it requires significant and sustained commitment of time and resources for prevention across healthcare organisations.
Scale-Selective Ridge Regression for Multimodel Forecasting

AbstractThis paper proposes a new approach to linearly combining multimodel forecasts, called scale-selective ridge regression, which ensures that the weighting coefficients satisfy certain smoothness constraints. The smoothness constraint reflects the “prior assumption” that seasonally predictable patterns tend to be large scale. In the absence of a smoothness constraint, regression methods typically produce noisy weights and hence noisy predictions. Constraining the weights to be smooth ensures that the multimodel combination is no less smooth than the individual model forecasts. The proposed method is equivalent to minimizing a cost function comprising the familiar mean square error plus a “penalty function” that penalizes weights with large spatial gradients. The method reduces to pointwise ridge regression for a suitable choice of constraint. The method is tested using the Ensemble-Based Predictions of Climate Changes and Their Impacts (ENSEMBLES) hindcast dataset during 1960–2005. The cross-validate.
Olive Husk Compost Improves the Quality of Intensively Cultivated Agricultural Soils

Organic amendments improve the quality of degraded cultivated agricultural soils. In this work, we examined the impact of an olive husk compost (OHC) on quality‐related physical, chemical and biochemical properties of intensively managed greenhouse soil. To this end, a completely randomized block experiment involving a single factor and two treatments (viz., annual application of OHC at 30 Mg ha−1 or no application) with three replications was used for 5 years. The effect of the compost was studied at two soil depths (0–10 and 10–25 cm) and two positions relative to crop rows (viz., on rows and between rows). Application of OHC increased soil organic matter (SOM) content, which is consistent with the low degradation rate of the compost in soil and confirms its usefulness as a source of organic C for soil. Increased SOM content resulted in decreased bulk density, and also in increased porosity and available water in the soil. The amendment was also an effective source of nutrients, particularly N, P, K and Ca, the last of which contributed to decrease exchangeable Na levels in the soil surface layer. The compost increased the activity of all enzymes studied except urease. This result can be ascribed to increased microbial activity, the presence of enzymes in the compost and their stabilization by organic matter and clay in the soil. Dehydrogenase and phosphatase were the individual enzyme activities in the soil, which were correlated with the largest number of soil properties favourably affected by OHC. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Petroleum assessment of the Mesozoic succession in the Höllviken Graben and on the Skurup Platform, southern Sweden

Abstract Investigations of the subsurface Mesozoic succession of SW Skåne, southern Sweden, have from the 1940s and onwards yielded a substantial amount of data and drill cores, but no hydrocarbons. Herein, previous data are compiled and new analyses and interpretations have been added, to explain the deficiency. This is essential as speculative exploration with little geological basis tends to recur in Skåne. The subsurface of SW Skåne comprises Rhaetian to Cenomanian sandstone units with acceptable reservoir qualities, as well as potential seals. Unpublished analyses from the 1970s also indicate promising source rock conditions. Conversely, our study shows that potential Mesozoic source rocks are few, thin, low in kerogen, and primarily gas prone. Furthermore, the kerogen is thermally immature to marginally mature, due to moderate burial. Heat flux, due to Middle Jurassic tectonic and volcanic activity, is discussed as a possibility for enhanced hydrocarbon maturation in the study area, whereas external hydrocarbon influx is considered unlikely because of the structural development of the Tornquist Zone, and the pre-Mesozoic postmature state of the Palaeozoic organicrich sediments in Skåne.