Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Mate choice for body size leads to size assortative mating in the Ryukyu Scops Owl Otus elegans

Abstract Understanding evolutionary phenomena that involve size assortative mating requires elucidating the generating mechanisms on which assortment is based. Although various mechanisms have been suggested, their relative importance may differ across taxonomic groups. Males selecting for large, fecund females combined with the dominance of large males in the competition for females has been suggested as a major mechanism in specific groups. However, raptors do not appear to conform to this, because the selection for smallness among males (assumed in a theory of reversed sexual size dimorphism) and the selection for largeness among males (assumed in the theory of size assortative mating) are in opposite directions. We studied the assortative mating during a long‐term study of the Ryukyu Scops Owls Otus elegans interpositus. Significant assortative mating was found for culmen length (from the base to the tip of the bill) and wing length (from the bend of the wing to the tip of the longest primary). Statistical control of the spatial and temporal accessibility of potential mates did not affect the assortment. Males with short wings had slightly higher fitness components than those with long wings, and females settling early tended to have small wings. Considering that early‐settling females can preferentially choose their mates, these results suggest that smaller females have an advantage when choosing smaller males with good reproductive performance. Improved flying and hunting ability of smaller individuals may be the background of choosing smaller individuals. We propose that, not passive process like similarity between individuals and their potential mates, but active mate choice for small individuals is an explanation for the assortative mating in this owl.
Individuals with and without Visual Impairments Use a Force Feedback Device to Identify the Friction and Hardness of Haptic Surfaces

The general purpose of this study is to promote access to haptic virtual environments. Using a haptic device, people with and without visual impairments (VI) are able to feel different textures and compare these textures based on different surface properties, i.e., friction and hardness. The objectives of this study were to examine the following: (a) whether the variables of friction and hardness were identifiable through the Touch device (Phantom Omni) and could therefore function as 3D haptic variables; (b) if there were differences between people with VI and sighted individuals in terms of their performance; (c) the differences that should exist between the values of each variable so that the virtual surfaces could be identified as different to each other; and (d) if the individual characteristics of participants have an impact on their performance. The results showed that it is necessary to use surfaces which are differentiated based on the degree of friction and hardness because the haptic properties of a virtual object are then better perceived. Individuals with VI need more time and more effort to understand friction and hardness, respectively. With the motivation of increasing access to object perception for people with VI in a virtual environment, accessibility advisors and experts can extract useful information for the development of functional and efficient 3D objects for haptic perception.
Iterative analysis of finite-sized planar frequency selective surfaces with rectangular patches or perforations

Frequency selective surfaces (FSS) and other periodic gratings are often analyzed under the assumption that they are infinite in extent. Most existing methods for analyzing periodic structures are based on the use of a Floquet-type representation of the fields in a unit cell whose dimensions are typically comparable to the wavelength. In this work, a finite, truncated, version of an infinite periodic structure is dealt with directly, without the benefit of the assumption that the structure is periodic. This, in turn, requires the handling of a large number of unknowns and makes it difficult to solve the problem using conventional matrix methods. Two different iteration approaches to solving the finite FSS problem are discussed in the paper both of which employ the spectral domain formulation. The first of these employs the spectral iteration technique and the second one uses the conjugate gradient (CG) iteration algorithm. Convergence characteristics of both of these methods are investigated and the results are reported.
Quantum arrival and dwell times via idealized clocks

A number of approaches to the problem of defining arrival- and dwell-time probabilities in quantum theory makes use of idealized models of clocks. An interesting question is the extent to which the probabilities obtained in this way are related to standard semiclassical results. In this paper, we explore this question using a reasonably general clock model, solved using path-integral methods. We find that, in the weak-coupling regime, where the energy of the clock is much less than the energy of the particle it is measuring, the probability for the clock pointer can be expressed in terms of the probability current in the case of arrival times, and the dwell-time operator in the case of dwell times, the expected semiclassical results. In the regime of strong system-clock coupling, we find that the arrival-time probability is proportional to the kinetic-energy density, consistent with an earlier model involving a complex potential. We argue that, properly normalized, this may be the generically expected result in this regime. We show that these conclusions are largely independent of the form of the clock Hamiltonian.
Inferences for genotyping error rate in ancestry identification from simple sequence repeat marker profiles

Genotyping errors can cause difficulties in a variety of scientific analyses including enetic mapping of diseases, ancestry identification, and gene environment interaction etection. This work develops maximum likelihood approaches to estimating genotyping rror rates in the context of calculating ancestry probabilities from simple sequence epeat (SSR) marker profiles. The likelihood function is based on the probabilities for bserved alleles at each marker locus given ancestral genetic profiles. Simulations are sed to demonstrate and evaluate the likelihood approach to inferences. Simulation results ndicate that the quality of inferences is impacted by the relationship (parents or randparents) of the closest ancestors. We apply the methods to a data set of maize SR marker profiles provided by Pioneer Hi-Bred International, Inc. where the results ndicate a low error rate.
Far Field Noise Prediction for Subsonic Hot and Cold Jets Using Large-Eddy Simulation

Large eddy simulations are performed for hot and cold single stream jets with an acoustic Mach number of (Ma = Vj/a∞ = 0.875). The temperature ratio (Tj/T∞) for the hot jet is 2.7 and for the cold jet it is 1.0. Grids with 34 million points are used. The simulation results for the flow field are in encouraging agreement with the mean velocity and Reynolds stress measurements. The Ffowcs Williams-Hawkings (FW-H) equation is used to predict the far-field noise. In this study four cylindrical FW-H surfaces around the jet at various radial distances from the centreline are used. The FW-H surfaces are closed at the downstream end with multiple endplates. These endplates are at x = 25.0D – 30.0D with Δ = 0.5D apart. It is shown that surfaces close to jet get affected with pseudo sound. To avoid pseudo sound, surfaces must be placed in the irrotational region. To account for all the acoustic signals end plates are necessary. However, a simple averaging process to cancel pseudo sound at the end plates is not sufficient.Copyright © 2014 by ASME
Properties of a class of block-iterative methods

We study a class of block-iterative (BI) methods proposed in image reconstruction for solving linear systems. A subclass, symmetric block-iteration (SBI), is derived such that for this subclass both semi-convergence analysis and stopping-rules developed for fully simultaneous iteration apply. Also results on asymptotic convergence are given, e.g., BI exhibit cyclic convergence irrespective of the consistency of the linear system. Further it is shown that the limit points of SBI satisfy a weighted least-squares problem. We also present numerical results obtained using a trained stopping rule on SBI.
Peak Pool Boiling Heat-Flux Measurements on Finite Horizontal Flat Plates

Boiling and Phose Change Laboratory, Mechanical Engineering Department, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Ky. Experimental data obtained at both earth-normal and elevated gravity, in a variety of organic liquids and water, are used to verify the hydrodynamic theory for the peak pool boiling heat flux on flat plates. A modification of Zuber' s formula, which gives a 14 percent higher peak heat flux, is verified as long as the flat plate is more than three Taylor wavelengths across. For smaller heaters, the hydrodynamic theory requires a wide variation in heat flux owing to discontinuities in the number of escaping jets. Data for smaller plates bear out this predicted variation with heat fluxes that range between 40 percent and 235 percent of Zuber' s predicted value. Finally, a method is suggested for augmenting the peak heat flux on large heaters, and shown experimentally to be viable.
Estimating Extremal Eigenvalues and Condition Numbers of Matrices

The paper describes “probabilistic” algorithms which may be used to make rough estimates of the largest and smallest eigenvalues of a positive definite matrix and the condition number of a nonsingular matrix in the 2-norm. Given $\varepsilon > 0$ and a prescribed relative error, the algorithms compute estimates which, with probability at least $1 - \varepsilon $, have relative errors less than that prescribed. In particular, the method gives a reliable way to estimate the condition number of a matrix of large degree.
Acceptance and commitment therapy for autistic adults: A randomized controlled pilot study in a psychiatric outpatient setting

Autistic adults are at risk of stress-related psychiatric disorders and reduced life quality due to social, cognitive, and perceptual challenges. Mental health interventions adapted to autistic adults are scarce. Acceptance and commitment therapy has preliminarily indicated health benefits in autistic adults, although it has not been robustly evaluated. Overall, 39 adults (21 males; 21–72 years) with autism spectrum disorder and normal intellectual ability (IQ M = 108.5; SD = 13.5) were randomized to 14 weeks of adapted acceptance and commitment therapy group treatment (NeuroACT) or treatment as usual. The intervention was feasible. Perceived stress and quality of life (primary outcomes), alongside psychological inflexibility, cognitive fusion, cognitive and behavioral avoidance, and autistic mannerism were statistically significantly improved in NeuroACT compared with treatment as usual (d = 0.70–0.90). Clinically significant changes in perceived stress and quality of life were in favor of NeuroACT. Between-group altered depression, anxiety, sleep problems, one quality of life measure, functional impairment, social aspects of autism, and executive difficulties were statistically non-significant. Dropout was slightly higher in NeuroACT. NeuroACT may be a promising treatment for autistic adults with co-existing stress and reduced quality of life. More extensive studies are warranted to evaluate NeuroACT further. Lay abstract Autistic adults are often stressed and feel depressed or anxious. However, mental health programs that are suited for autistic adults are few. Acceptance and commitment therapy is a psychotherapy method that seems to help people feel better, although not thoroughly evaluated in autistic individuals. In this study, 20 autistic adults had 14 weeks of acceptance and commitment therapy group treatment suited for autism (NeuroACT), while 19 autistic adults had ordinary care. The acceptance and commitment therapy group treatment program seemed logical and reasonable to the participants. Also, when comparing the participants in the NeuroACT group with those in the ordinary care group, the NeuroACT participants reported less stress and higher quality of life. Compared to the ordinary care group, they could also manage distressing thoughts better, perceived themselves as more flexible, and did not avoid stressful situations as much as before. However, there was no significant difference between the groups in depression, anxiety, sleep problems, social aspects of autism, everyday functioning, or executive challenges. Slightly more NeuroACT participants did not finish the treatment than ordinary care participants. In conclusion, the NeuroACT program may be a treatment for autistic adults who feel stressed and have reduced quality of life. More studies are needed to see how helpful the NeuroACT program is for autistic adults.
Children’s Sensitivity to Difficulty and Reward Probability When Deciding to Take on a Task

ABSTRACT Sometimes we should persist to succeed. But other times it might be wiser to give up on the task at hand and focus our energy on something new. Knowing whether a task is worth the effort potentially requires multiple capacities, including sensitivity to one’s own likelihood to succeed on the current problem, the associated costs with continuing to pursue it, and evaluation of opportunities for reward from the success. But these capacities may be particularly challenging for young children. Here we ask how young children are sensitive to cognitive cost (one’s capacity and the opportunity cost of persisting) and reward probability (how likely they are to receive a reward when succeeding) when making decisions. Using a simple counting task, we showed that 4- to 5-year-old children in the US (N = 40, pre-registered) chose to give up more when the task was more difficult (and therefore cognitively more costly), especially when the probability of reward was low. These results extend previous findings and suggest the ability to consider and evaluate cognitive cost and reward probability may be in place by 4 years of age.
The Superiority of Multi-GNSS L5/E5a/B2a Frequency Signals in Smartphones: Stochastic Modeling, Ambiguity Resolution, and RTK Positioning

The emerging Internet of Things (IoT) applications, such as intelligent transportation based on vehicular-lane accurate positioning, have a growing demand for precise and reliable positioning with global navigation satellite systems (GNSSs). It is desirable to use GNSS modules in smartphones to achieve high-precision positioning. The GNSS modules in some brands of smartphones thus far are able to track the new L5 signals of GPS and QZSS, E5a signals of Galileo, and B2a signals of BeiDou-3. The L5/E5a/B2a signals have higher quality due to their signal structure, which provides an important potential for high-precision positioning in smartphones. In this article, we will study the quality of L5/E5a/B2a signals, and their superiorities in integer ambiguity resolution (IAR) and precise positioning with respect to the L1/E1/B1 signals from GPS, QZSS, Galileo, and Beidou-2/3 satellites. The signal quality is evaluated in terms of observation precision, multipath, double-differenced ambiguity fractions, and ambiguity dilution of precision (ADOP). In addition, we propose a new weighting model that takes into account the variation range of carrier-to-noise density ratio ( $C / N $ textsubscript 0). The results indicate that the Beidou-3 B2a signal has comparable quality to L5/E5a signals of other systems, and all of them are better than the L1/E1/B1 signals. However, the ambiguity fractions of B2a signals diverge abruptly in some periods, resulting in the unsuccessful ambiguity fixing. The L5/E5a/B2a signals can generally obtain higher IAR fix-rate and positioning accuracies than the L1/E1/B1 signals. The new weighting model can capture the smartphone noise characteristics better than the traditional weighting model, thus improving the positioning accuracy.
The relationship between computed tomography‐derived sarcopenia, cardiopulmonary exercise testing performance, systemic inflammation, and survival in good performance status patients with oesophago‐gastric cancer undergoing neoadjuvant treatment

Thought to capture the nutritional and functional reserve of the cancer patient, whether the computed tomography (CT)‐derived sarcopenia score (CT‐SS) has complimentary prognostic value to commonly utilized pre‐treatment host assessments in patients with oesophago‐gastric (OG) cancer is unknown. The aim of the present study was to examine if the CT‐SS can stratify survival in OG cancer patients with good performance status [Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group Performance Status (ECOG‐PS) 0/1]. Furthermore, if the CT‐SS had complimentary prognostic value to cardiopulmonary exercise testing (CPET) performance and systemic inflammation.
A review on technological aspects of different PWM techniques and its comparison based on different performance parameters

Use of Pulse Width Modulation (PWM) techniques has enabled the converters to be used in low‐frequency high‐power applications. The main objectives of PWM are to reduce the line current harmonic, switching energy loss, and torque pulsation and motor acoustic noise (for motor drive applications). This paper mainly deals with selective harmonic elimination PWM (SHEPWM), Hysteresis current controlled PWM (HCPWM), space vector PWM (SVPWM), bus‐clamping PWM (BCPWM), and the most advanced wavelet PWM technique (WPWM). Different conventional as well as advanced soft computing techniques have been discussed for SHEPWM in order to solve the complex non‐linear transcendental equations and obtain the optimized switching angles. The paper also deals with different conventional and advanced bus clamping sequences that have shown superior result in mitigating the switching loss. In order to judge the true performance of SHEPWM and CSVPWM in terms of accuracy of obtaining the switching angles, convergence rate, THD, torque ripple, switching energy loss, etc., a common experimental test bench consisting of three‐phase, two‐level, six switch inverter coupled with a 2 hp, 50 Hz, three‐phase induction machine has been formed. The selected BIA‐based SHEPWM and CSVPWM have been implemented in the MATLAB simulation software, and the same has also been applied to the experimental test bench through dSPACE 1104 DAC card. Performance of HCPWM and different BC‐PWM sequences has also been verified using the same experimental test bench. This manuscript will help the researches and practitioners working in this field, to gain a clear idea about the type of PWM to be used for their specific application in order to achieve superior performance.
Effects of Acceptance and Commitment Training on Treatment Integrity Amongst Behavioral Technicians

Behavioral technicians (BT) within the field of applied behavior analysis may be at greater risk for experiencing burnout and stress due to the nature of their clients, job demands, and work environments. Burnout and stress may negatively impact BT’s work performances, more specifically, their treatment integrity. Acceptance and Commitment Training (ACT) may be a useful tool to address the private events as well as the covert and overt behaviors associated with burnout and stress. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of an ACT intervention on improving treatment integrity and reducing work-related burnout and stress amongst BTs. Four BTs participated in an ACT workshop, and their treatment integrity as well as their burnout and stress levels were measured prior to and following the ACT workshop. Treatment integrity increased for all participants, suggesting that ACT-based interventions may be an effective approach to improving work performance (i.e., treatment integrity) amongst BTs who may experience workplace burnout and stress.
Modelling mood updating: a proof of principle study

Background Recent developments in computational psychiatry have led to the hypothesis that mood represents an expectation (prior belief) on the likely interoceptive consequences of action (i.e. emotion). This stems from ideas about how the brain navigates its external world by minimising an upper bound on surprisal (free energy) of sensory information and echoes developments in other perceptual domains. Aims In this paper we aim to present a simple partial observable Markov decision process that models mood updating in response to stressful or non-stressful environmental fluctuations while seeking to minimise surprisal in relation to prior beliefs about the likely interoceptive signals experienced with specific actions (attenuating or amplifying stress and pleasure signals). Method We examine how, by altering these prior beliefs we can model mood updating in depression, mania and anxiety. Results We discuss how these models provide a computational account of mood and its related psychopathology and relate it to previous research in reward processing. Conclusions Models such as this can provide hypotheses for experimental work and also open up the potential modelling of predicted disease trajectories in individual patients.
Broad area lasers with folded-resonator geometry for integrated transverse mode selection

AlGaInAsSb-based broad area lasers (BALs) with a monolithically integrated Fourier-optical 4f set-up in a folded-resonator geometry are realized. The two resonator branches - each one d = 0.825 mm long - are connected through a dry-etched cylindrical total-internal-reflection (TIR) mirror acting as a Fourier-transform element. Transverse mode selection (TMS) is achieved by monolithically integrated spatial-frequency filters positioned in the back focal plane of the mirror (i.e. in the Fourier-transform plane). The whole resonator is gain section (active medium) as well as part of the TMS 4f set-up at the same time. The integration of TMS within the active BAL chip is shown to be successful. All employed BAL/TMS type-II heterostructure lasers are MBE-grown on GaSb substrates, designed for an emission wavelength in the mid-infrared around 2 μm. Different laser samples without any filter elements (no-TMS) and with filters for the selection of the fundamental transverse mode (#0; TMS0) are prepared and characterized. Just for a proof of principle also samples for the selection of higher order transverse modes, here exemplarily mode #6 (TMS6) and #8 (TMS8), have been processed and investigated. The free spectral range between the longitudinal modes is found to be around 0.33 nm corresponding to the BAL's total-resonator length 2d = 1.65 mm (with an effective refractive index neff ≈ 3.8). This result strongly emphasizes that both resonator branches act together as one entity.
Broken rotor bar impact on sensorless control of induction machine

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is analysis of the sensorless control system of induction machine with broken rotor for diagnostic purposes. Increasing popularity of sensorless controlled variable speed drives requires research in area of reliability, range of stable operation, fault symptoms and application of diagnosis methods.Design/methodology/approach – T transformation used for conversion of instantaneous rotor currents electrical circuit representation to space vector components is investigated to apply with closed‐loop modeling algorithm. Evaluation of the algorithm is based on analysis of asymmetry influence to the orthogonal and zero components of space vector representation. Multiscalar model of the machine and selected structures of state observers are used for sensorless control system synthesis. Proposed method of frequency characteristics calculation is used for state observers analysis in open‐loop operation.Findings – New algorithm of applying the T transformation allows for closed‐lo.