Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Classification of intention understanding using EEG-NIRS bimodal system

When people observe the actions of others, they always try to understand the intentions underlying the actions. The neural mechanism of this understanding is referred to as the mirror neuron system (MNS). Different actions may correspond to different intentions, and the activation of the MNS in the human brain may also be slightly different. The present study distinguishes these differences according to functional brain imaging signals analyzed with machine learning. Brain signals were detected when the participants observed two types of actions: (1) grasping a cup for drinking, and (2) no meaningful contact. A synchronous measurement method for EEG and NIRS was adopted to increase the information contained in the brain signals. In order to obtain better classification accuracies, the method of functional brain networks was used. This method can be used to examine the relationship between brain regions. First, phase synchronization and Pearson correlation were used to calculate correlations for EEG channels and NIRS channels, respectively. Next, correlation matrices were converted into binary matrices, and the local properties of the networks were obtained. Finally, the feature vectors for the classifier were selected by analysis of their significance. In addition, EEG data and NIRS data were combined at the feature level and better classification results were obtained.
The Expectation-Maximization and Alternating Minimization Algorithms

The Expectation-Maximization (EM) algorithm is a hill-climbing approach to finding a local maximum of a likelihood function [7, 8]. The EM algorithm alternates between finding a greatest lower bound to the likelihood function (the “E Step”), and then maximizing this bound (the “M Step”). The EM algorithm belongs to a broader class of alternating minimization algorithms [6], which includes the Arimoto-Blahut algorithm for calculating channel capacity and rate distortion functions [1, 3], and Cover’s portfolio algorithm to maximize expected log-investment [4].
RSS Feed Complex Event Detection

Traditionally users subscribe to RSS feeds of interest using an RSS feed reader. The RSS feed reader periodically polls the subscribed feeds for updates or items to be displayed to the user. Many RSS feeds usually pertain to a single news source or blog. Others may aggregate various feeds usually on some topic and produce a single RSS feed. Middleware publishsubscribe systems allow users to subscribe a list of keywords of topics. The middleware may crawl RSS feeds and filters relevant items matching the users’ subscription [1]. This architecture decouples the publisher from the subscriber. This type of system can be described as stateless [2].
Early Cost Estimation of Injection Molded Components

The purpose of this study is the establishment of techniques that will enable product designers to quickly estimate the piece price and mold cost of an injection molded component at the concept design stage, before engineering drawings are generated. In using these techniques, the designer is made aware of the comparative costs of alternative design concepts, thus improving the product's cost-effectiveness and increasing the designer's awareness of the injection molding process. The capabilities of injection molding will briefly be compared to the capabilities of other processes with the intent of demonstrating when injection molding, and therefore the techniques derived in this study, may be applicable. The methodology used to determine the three elements (material, processing, and tooling) of total manufactured cost concentrates heavily on input from molding and moldmaking professionals. This is particularly true in the investigation of tooling costs. The result of this research is a costing procedure that does not assume user knowledge of processing parameters
A Novel Method to Improve Individual Animal Identification Based on Camera-Trapping Data

ABSTRACT We present a novel method to improve individual identification of animals based on cameratrapping data. The method combines computer tools and human visual recognition to help multiple users to reach identification agreement. Application of this method to a bobcat (Lynx rufus) picture database from the Jasper Ridge Biological Preserve resulted in a progressive increase in identification agreement between 2 users, as measured by the adjusted Rand index (ARI). An initial ARI value of 0.28 increased to a final value of 0.84 (1 = maximum agreement). In contrast, comparisons involving random picture groupings consistently rendered low ARI values (≤0.05). The numbers of individuals named by the 2 users decreased from initial values of 46 and 43 to final values of 25 and 29, respectively. The tool presented here will help researchers and wildlife managers to identify individual mammals and monitor populations.
A branching random walk in the presence of a hard wall

We consider a branching random walk on a d-ary tree of height n ( $n \in \mathbb{N}$ ), in the presence of a hard wall which restricts each value to be positive, where d is a natural number satisfying $d\geqslant2$ . We consider the behaviour of Gaussian processes with long-range interactions, for example the discrete Gaussian free field, under the condition that it is positive on a large subset of vertices. We observe a relation with the expected maximum of the processes. We find the probability of the event that the branching random walk is positive at every vertex in the nth generation, and show that the conditional expectation of the Gaussian variable at a typical vertex, under positivity, is less than the expected maximum by order of $\log n$ .
Characterization and redox mechanism of asthma in the elderly

Asthma is a chronic disease characterized by reversible airflow limitation, coughing, bronchial constriction, and an inflammatory immune response. While asthma has frequently been categorized as emerging in childhood, evidence has begun to reveal that the elderly population is certainly susceptible to late-onset, or even long-standing asthma. Non-atopic asthma, most commonly found in elderly patients is associated with elevated levels of serum and sputum neutrophils and may be more detrimental than atopic asthma. The mortality of asthma is high in the elderly since these patients often possess more severe symptoms than younger populations. The redox mechanisms that mediate inflammatory reactions during asthma have not been thoroughly interpreted in the context of aging. Thus, we review the asthmatic symptoms related to reactive oxygen species (ROS) and reactive nitrogen species (RNS) in seniors. Moreover, immune status in the elderly is weakened in part by immunosenescence, which is broadly defined as the decline in functionality of the immune system that corresponds with increasing age. The effects of immunosenescence on the expression of biomarkers potentially utilized in the clinical diagnosis of asthma remain unclear. It has also been shown that existing asthma treatments are less effective in the elderly. Thus, it is necessary that clinicians approach the diagnosis and treatment of asthmatic senior patients using innovative methods. Asthma in the elderly demands more intentional diagnostic and therapeutic research since it is potentially one of the few causes of mortality and morbidity in the elderly that is largely reversible.
Traffic signs text recognition and error correction

In this paper, we present a system to recognize text in traffic signs, along with its context based recognition result corrections that we developed. This system detects text in traffic signs region using contour detection and using KNN Classifier to recognize letters in it. The result of the recognitions that may contain errors will be corrected using Forward Reverse Dictionary that has Contextual Database. This testing is done for recognition system without correction and recognition system with correction on a sample sign. This implementation increases the accuracy rate of word recognition by 10% at 10% noise on a 100% area which is quite good.
Glucosinolate metabolism, functionality and breeding for the improvement of Brassicaceae vegetables

Unique secondary metabolites, glucosinolates (S-glucopyranosyl thiohydroximates), are naturally occurring S-linked glucosides found mainly in Brassicaceae plants. They are enzymatically hydrolyzed to produce sulfate ions, D-glucose, and characteristic degradation products such as isothiocyanates. The functions of glucosinolates in the plants remain unclear, but isothiocyanates possessing a pungent or irritating taste and odor might be associated with plant defense from microbes. Isothiocyanates have been studied extensively in experimental in vitro and in vivo carcinogenesis models for their cancer chemopreventive properties. The beneficial isothiocyanates, glucosinolates that are functional for supporting human health, have received attention from many scientists studying plant breeding, plant physiology, plant genetics, and food functionality. This review presents a summary of recent topics related with glucosinolates in the Brassica family, along with a summary of the chemicals, metabolism, and genes of glucosinolates in Brassicaceae. The bioavailabilities of isothiocyanates from certain functional glucosinolates and the importance of breeding will be described with emphasis on glucosinolates.
Soft-UCT: An algorithm for probabilistic planning based on a generalized mean operator

We propose a variant of the Upper Confidence bounds applied to Trees (UCT) algorithm as an alternative for time-constrained domain-independent probabilistic planning. The original UCT builds progressively the decision tree that represents a MDP and propagates averaged rewards through the tree. As a result, high but singular rewards in a large lookahead search can be "hidden out" in the partial tree generated by UCT. Our adaptation, called Soft-UCT, uses a "soft" generalized mean operator, starting the execution updating the expected reward with a weighted mean and, as the algorithm progresses and the search tree gets more similar to a complete search, the operator changes progressively until getting replaced by the maximum operator. We show how Soft-UCT performs in domain-independent probabilistic planning, with better results than UCT especially in domains that require a longer lookahead to get higher rewards.
Neurocognitive effects of antipsychotic medications in patients with chronic schizophrenia in the CATIE Trial.

CONTEXT Neurocognitive impairment in schizophrenia is severe and is an important predictor of functional outcome. The relative effect of the second-generation (atypical) antipsychotic drugs and older agents on neurocognition has not been comprehensively determined. OBJECTIVE To compare the neurocognitive effects of several second-generation antipsychotics and a first-generation antipsychotic, perphenazine. DESIGN Randomized, double-blind study of patients with schizophrenia assigned to receive treatment with olanzapine, perphenazine, quetiapine fumarate, or risperidone for up to 18 months as reported previously by Lieberman et al. Ziprasidone hydrochloride was included after its approval by the Food and Drug Administration. SETTING Fifty-seven sites participated, including academic sites and treatment mental health facilities representative of the community. PATIENTS From a cohort of 1460 patients in the treatment study, 817 completed neurocognitive testing immediately prior to randomization and then after 2 months of treatment. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES The primary outcome was change in a neurocognitive composite score after 2 months of treatment. Secondary outcomes included neurocognitive composite score change at 6 months and 18 months after continued treatment and changes in neurocognitive domains. RESULTS At 2 months, treatment resulted in small neurocognitive improvements of z = 0.13 for olanzapine (P<.002), 0.25 for perphenazine (P<.001), 0.18 for quetiapine (P<.001), 0.26 for risperidone (P<.001), and 0.12 for ziprasidone (P<.06), with no significant differences between groups. Results at 6 months were similar. After 18 months of treatment, neurocognitive improvement was greater in the perphenazine group than in the olanzapine and risperidone groups. Neurocognitive improvement predicted longer time to treatment discontinuation, independently from symptom improvement, in patients treated with quetiapine or ziprasidone. CONCLUSIONS After 2 months of antipsychotic treatment, all groups had a small but significant improvement in neurocognition. There were no differences between any pair of agents, including the typical drug perphenazine. These results differ from the majority of previous studies, and the possible reasons are discussed.
Antecedents and Outcome of Information Sharing in Supply Chain

Information sharing is an important factor in supply chain management. Based on literature review and theoretical arguments, we propose a framework including antecedents and outcomes of information sharing. We develop hypotheses relating to the effects of supply uncertainty and information technology linkage on information sharing content and information sharing quality. We also hypothesize the direct impact of supply uncertainty and information technology linkage on two operational performances: efficiency performance and responsiveness performance. In the end, we link information sharing content and information sharing quality to two operational performances.
Adjuvant arthritis in the rat. Effect of intraperitoneal injections of either whole dead mycobacteria or tuberculin.

The total immune response made by an organism on encountering an antigen is conditioned by previous exposure to that antigen and, to a lesser extent, by exposure to other antigens. Conventional immune reactions may thus be augmented (in the secondary response), reduced (by immune tolerance or immune competition), or selectively modified (by immune deviation). The experimental arthritis of adjuvant disease in the rat is probably immunologically determined, being a cell-mediated response to the same antigenic component of the tubercle bacillus (TBC) which endows this organism with its conventional adjuvant properties. The predominantly articular distribution of the lesions is presumably due to local joint conditions in some way favouring the settling out there of minute fragments of mycobacteria absorbed from the injection site. As with other immune reactions, adjuvant arthritis can be modified by previous exposure to the responsible antigen. It is prevented by the administration of TBC either in the neonatal period (Houssay and Frangione, 1961), or during the period immediately before the sensitizing injection (Gery and Waksman, 1967); and it can be reduced by immune competition (Pear'son and Wood, 1962). Most interest in the modification of immune responses by the administration of antigen has centred on experiments in which the modifying dose is given before the definitive antigenic challenge. However, consideration of the possibility that this type of immune manipulation may offer an approach to the treatment of immunologically determined disease raises the question of the extent to which it is possible to modify reactions already under way. This principle is already applied in the treatment of atopic disorders by 'desensitizing' injections, which stimulate the production of blocking antibody. The question therefore arises whether other types of immunopathological processes may be inhibited by using antigenic stimulation to modify the immune status of the subject. To explore this possibility in an experimental disease model, an attempt has been made to modify the course of adjuvant arthritis in the rat by injection of either whole TBC or tuberculin (protein purified derivative-PPD) given during the incubation period of the disease. In the event, whole TBC protected the animals from the disease, while PPD tended to aggravate the lesions.
Combatting Software Piracy by Encryption and Key Management

Software piracy is best defined as the unauthorized use of a commercial software product. It encompasses any product for which the software developer is not justly compensated, and is understandably a major concern in the mini and mainframe computer marketplace, as well as in the microcomputer area. While the threat of legal action is effective against potential corporate pirates, it is ineffective against the numerous individuals who pirate microcomputer software. The microcomputer market is characterized by relatively expensive software products distributed on floppy diskettes. They can be duplicated cheaply, so it is common for users to get software by copying a diskette rather than purchasing it from the software developer. Combatting piracy of microprocessor software has traditionally involved making the diskettes uncopyable. This has several disadvantages. For one thing, it forces legitimate users to execute the software from the distribution disk and lose the convenience of combining the software on a diskette with other related programs. Furthermore , it prevents them from making bonafide backup copies. A more convenient solution is to make each instance of a software product executable in only one specific hardware system. Copies derived from an original would run on the same system, but they would be useless to anyone trying to move them to another system. A variation of this solution would be to restrict execution to only those systems owned by a particular user. Restricting software to a specific system usually involves a software test for some distinguishing feature of the system, such as a serial number. If that feature is not found, the software does not run. However, a determined piratc can analyze the software to locate the tests and circumvent them. Tools for performing such program analysis are widely available. Admittedly, this piracy requires more skill than simply copying a diskette, so many would-be pirates can be thwarted. Foolproof protection would make each instance of a distributed software product undecipherable without a particular piece of information called a key. Then special decrypting processors can execute the encrypted software when given the key. Combatting software piracy is then reduced to key management, which we detail in this article. * Our solution to piracy is presented in terms of software distribution on diskettes, but the techniques are independent of the distribution medium and would work equally well with magentic tapes, ROMs, punch cards, or distribution over a telecommunications network. Furthermore, it can be used …
A family of image watermarking schemes based on lossy compression

This paper describes a methodology for obtaining watermarking schemes using different compression algorithms in the mark embedding process. The compression methods enclose both spatial and transformed domains and both scalar and vector quantization. The result is a family of watermarking algorithms which are robust against different lossy image compression, filtering, cropping and row/column removal attacks, for a reasonable range of image qualities. In addition, the experiments show that the JPEG2000 standard is a promising tool for creating new watermarking schemes.
The comparative study between different performance indices of a Permanent Magnet Synchronous Motor drive on variable sensor angle

In this paper the development of a model for self-controlled Permanent Magnet Synchronous Motor drive (PMSM) fed from a three phase voltage source bridge inverter which operates under self-control mode with the rotor position information is presented. The rotor position is monitored online via an absolute position encoder and this information is passed on to the inverter controller block for generating switching signals. It is found that with some settings of the position sensor, near-sinusoidal armature phase currents result, which therefore give rise to less torque ripple. The different performance indices of the system like electrical speed, electromagnetic torque, phase voltage, phase current and rotor position are modelled and subsequently simulated for different sensor angle with varying load. Results obtained through such process are compared and analyzed for optimization of sensor angle.
Growth and development of continuous structures

The artificial cell introduced here represents an extendedthree-dimensional linear hexahedral finite element. Each cell can sense two types of quantities which control growth and development of the structure, one refers to mechanical stress and the otherrefers to the morphogen diffusion level. These two qualities have proven to have crucial effects on the growth oforganisms~\cite{Lars2007,dickinson1999}\@. The stresses refer to the point inside the cell with the maximum principal stress. The three principal stresses are normalized by the yield stress of the material, and are identified in the genome with the letters\emph{a}, \emph{b}, \emph{c}\@. Their corresponding principaldirections are identified in the genome with the letters \emph{d},\emph{e}, \emph{f}\@. There are two kinds of morphogens, one is amorphogen corresponding to a point load in space that is to be supported; the other is a morphogen corresponding to the ground. Each morphogen diffuses through space through the cell walls with acorresponding direction and intensity (gradient)\@. These two quantities are identified in the genome with the letters \emph{h}and \emph{i} respectively. Rules (or words) are composed of genes.The model contains three kinds of genes.allThe first areconditional genes \emph{V}, \emph{W} which suppress gene activity.The second and the third are operation or transformation genes. Operation genes correspond to geometrical operations which change the shape of the cell (\emph{C},\emph{B},\emph{S}), and cell-typeoperations which divide or kill cells (\emph{D},\emph{K})\@. Transformation genes change the mechanical properties of the cell(\emph{F})\@.
The automorphism group of the Drinfeld half-plane

Soit k un corps local non archimedien. Nous prouvons que le groupe des automorphismes analytiques du demi-plan de Drinfeld de dimension d - 1 sur k coincide avec PGL d (k). Cela est applique pour prouver la conjecture de rigidite de Mustafin qui affirme que, si Γ 1 et Γ 2 sont des sous-groupes discrets sans torsion de PGL d (k), alors les espaces quotients Γ 1 (Ω d et Γ 2 (Ω d sont isomorphes si et seulement si les sous-groupes Γ 1 et Γ 2 sont conjugues.
Basic Income and Social Value

This article suggests that the justification of basic income should take account of the evidence of a divergence between growing incomes and stagnating subjective well-being (SWB) in the affluent countries. It argues that this implies taking the debate outside the orthodox model of economic development and the strict methodological individualism adopted by Van Parijs and others. This demands more attention to social relations and an analysis in terms of the production of social value rather than utility and culture rather than contract.
Haldane : Capital discipline Remarks by Mr

The views are not necessarily those of the Bank of England or the interim Financial Policy Committee. I would like to thank Tamiko Bayliss, Paul Bedford, Samuel Knott, Priya Kothari, Salina Ladha, Vasileios Madouros, Clare Rogowski, Victoria Saporta, Rhiannon Sowerbutts, Marco Spaltro, George Speight, Belinda Tracey, Paul Tucker, Matthew Willison and Peter Zimmerman for comments and contributions.