Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Different Brains Process Numbers Differently: Structural Bases of Individual Differences in Spatial and Nonspatial Number Representations

A dominant hypothesis on how the brain processes numerical size proposes a spatial representation of numbers as positions on a “mental number line. ” An alternative hypothesis considers numbers as elements of a generalized representation of sensorimotor-related magnitude, which is not obligatorily spatial. Here we show that individuals' relative use of spatial and nonspatial representations has a cerebral counterpart in the structural organization of the posterior parietal cortex. Interindividual variability in the linkage between numbers and spatial responses (faster left responses to small numbers and right responses to large numbers; spatial–numerical association of response codes effect) correlated with variations in gray matter volume around the right precuneus. Conversely, differences in the disposition to link numbers to force production (faster soft responses to small numbers and hard responses to large numbers) were related to gray matter volume in the left angular gyrus. This finding suggests that numerical cognition relies on multiple mental representations of analogue magnitude using different neural implementations that are linked to individual traits.
The disposition of propranolol. VII. The effects of saturable hepatic tissue uptake on drug clearance by the perfused rat liver.

The relative contributions of tissue uptake and metabolism to the dose-dependent clearance of propranolol by the perfused rat liver have been investigated. When a small dose (1 mg) was added to a recycling system of 100 ml volume at a flow rate of 20 ml/min, the drug was cleared monoexponentially at a rate compatible with complete hepatic extraction (t½ = 3.5 min). With larger doses of 5 and 10 mg, drug concentrations declined biexponentially. The early rapid (α) decline gave a t½ of 3.2 min and later (β) elimination was more prolonged but remained first order (t½ = 14 min). The extraction of low doses and the α-phase of high doses was attributed to high-affinity tissue binding as it was unaffected when metabolism was inhibited by SKF 525-A (100 mg/kg ip 1 hr before perfusion). This high-affinity binding site became saturated when 3.8 mg had been removed from the reservoir, giving total liver drug concentrations of about 400 µg/g liver. Following a 10-mg bolus, steady state was maintained by an infusion calculated to replace only that drug lost during the β-phase. During the β-phase after single doses of 5 and 10 mg, hepatic tissue binding increased with time and, while hepatic removal rate was proportional to the inflow propranolol concentration, it was not a linear function of the drug concentration in the venous effluent. The effect of saturable tissue binding on the rate of metabolism was investigated by following the fate of unchanged propranolol bound in the liver during washout with drug-free perfusate. It was found that the rate of metabolism of the calculated free drug in the liver exhibited saturation at a time when metabolic rate was linear with respect to total liver concentration. Such binding-dependent, pseudo-first-order elimination is offered as an explanation of the exponential removal of drug from the reservoir during the β-phase of elimination of high doses. It is suggested that the nonlinear hepatic tissue binding is an important determinant of the unusual dose-dependent kinetics of elimination of propranolol.
Synthesis of High-Performance Parallel Programs for a Class of ab Initio Quantum Chemistry Models

This paper provides an overview of a program synthesis system for a class of quantum chemistry computations. These computations are expressible as a set of tensor contractions and arise in electronic structure modeling. The input to the system is a a high-level specification of the computation, from which the system can synthesize high-performance parallel code tailored to the characteristics of the target architecture. Several components of the synthesis system are described, focusing on performance optimization issues that they address.
Type grouping in rat skeletal muscle after crush injury.

OBJECT Accuracy of reinnervation is an important factor that determines outcome after nerve injury and repair. Type grouping--the clustering of muscle fibers of the same type after reinnervation--can be used to investigate the accuracy of reinnervation. In this study, the degree of type grouping after crush injury in rats was compared with the clustering of muscle fibers after autografting or single-lumen nerve grafting. METHODS Twelve weeks after sciatic nerve crush injury in rats, clustering of Type I muscle fibers was analyzed in the target muscle with adenosine 5'-triphosphatase staining. In addition, the number of regenerated axons was determined in the nerve distal to the crush injury. Results were compared with that of the authors' previous study. RESULTS Type grouping was more abundant after crush injury than after autograft or single-lumen nerve graft repair. CONCLUSIONS Crush injury leads to more clustered innervation of muscle fibers, probably because the Schwann cell basal lamina tubes are not interrupted as they are in autograft or artificial nerve graft repair. This finding adds to understanding the processes playing a role in nerve regeneration.
A iterative learning method for indoor robots visual perception based on multi-feature fusion

For improving the accurate and the real-time requirement of indoor robots in environmental visual perception, a new model of visual perception based on image multi-feature fusion with iterative learning control is proposed. The hierarchical match mode is used to match real-time collected images of indoor robot with various multi-directional and multi-state images in a database. After establishing a database of 1000 images, average accuracy, average recall ratio and average time are used to evaluate the algorithm. Experimental results show that the algorithm can accurately and efficiently apperceive target images. Relative to single feature visual perception, the algorithm can not only achieve higher matching accuracy, but also meet the real-time requirement of robots.
Full diversity under multiple carrier frequency offsets of a family of space-frequency codes

A cooperative system may have both timing errors and multiple carrier frequency offsets (CFOs). To combat timing errors, space-frequency (SF) coded OFDM systems have been recently proposed for cooperative communications to achieve both full cooperative and full multipath diversities without time synchronization requirement. In this paper, we study the effect of multiple CFOs from relay nodes on a family of rotation based SF codes. We find that they can still achieve full diversities under the condition that the absolute values of normalized CFOs are less than 0.5. We further show that this full diversity property still holds for a complexity-reduced two-stage zero forcing (ZF) aided maximum likelihood (ML) decoding method, for which a ZF method is used to equalize multiple CFOs before ML decoding.
Occupational health psychology: historical roots and future directions.

Occupational health psychology (OHP) is a term first coined by Jonathan Raymond in 1990, yet OHP has historical, international roots dating at least to the early decades of the twentieth century. It involves research and practice to create healthy workplaces. This article has 4 sections. The 1st section discusses psychology's long history of concern for occupational health in industrial organizations, beginning with Hugo Münsterberg's study of industrial accidents and human safety in the late 1800s. The 2nd section focuses on OHP's movement from the convergence of public health and preventive medicine with health and clinical psychology in an industrial/organizational context. The 3rd section addresses the central issues of organizational and individual health through the framework of preventive management. The article concludes with OHP case examples drawn from the Chaparral Steel Company, the U.S. Air Force, and Johnson & Johnson.
TRIROFF, an Adaptation of the Device-Independent TROFF for Formatting Tri-directional Text

SUMMARY This paper describes a system for formatting documents consisting of text written in languages printed in three different directions, left-to-right, right-to-left, and top-to-bottom. For example, this paper is such a document because it contains text written in English, Hebrew, Japanese, and Chinese. The system assumes that the input is in the order in which the text is read aloud, and it produces output in which each language is printed in its own correct direction, but for which a human cognizant of the reading conventions will reproduce the input order. The system consists of three major pieces of software: Ossana and Kernighan's ditroff for formatting text consisting of only left-to-right or unidirectional text, Buchman and Berry's ffortid for rearranging right-to-left language text occurring in ditroff output to be printed from right to left, and a new program bditroff for rearranging top-to- bottom text occurring in ditroff output to be printed from top to bottom. Below are translations of this English language abstract, except for this paragraph, into Hebrew, Japanese, and Chinese. The latter two are each printed twice, once in a modern left- to-right style, and once in a more traditional top-to-bottom style. The software described in this paper was used to format and typeset this paper.
Acoustic Modeling for the SRI Hub4 Partitioned Evaluation Continuous Speech Recognition System

We describe the developmentof the SRI systemevaluated in the 1996 DARPA continuous speech recogn ition (CSR) Hub4 partitioned evaluation (PE). The task for the Hub4 evaluation was to recognize speech from broadcast television and radio shows. Recognizingsuch speech by machines poses many challenges. First, the segments to be recognized could be very long. This introduces a problem in training and recognition b ecauseof the consequentincreased system memory requirement. A simple segmentation technique is used to break long segments into shorter, more manageable lengths. The speech from broadcast news sources exhibits a variety of difficult acoustic conditions, such as spontaneous speech, band-limited speech, and speech in the presence of noise, music, or background speakers. Such background conditions lead to significant degradation in performance. We describe techniques, based on acoustic adaptation, that adapt recognition models to the different acoustic backgr ound conditions, so as to improve recognition performance. We also present a novel algorithm that clusters the test data segments so that the resulting clusters are homogeneous with respect to speakers. This is followed by acoustic adaptation to the individual clusters, resulting in a significant performance improvement. Finally, we briefly describe our studies in language modeling for the Hub4 evaluation which is detailed further in another paper in these proceedings.
The Advantage of Standing Up to Fight and the Evolution of Habitual Bipedalism in Hominins

Background Many quadrupedal species stand bipedally on their hindlimbs to fight. This posture may provide a performance advantage by allowing the forelimbs to strike an opponent with the range of motion that is intrinsic to high-speed running, jumping, rapid braking and turning; the range of motion over which peak force and power can be produced. Methodology/Principal Findings To test the hypothesis that bipedal (i.e., orthograde) posture provides a performance advantage when striking with the forelimbs, I measured the force and energy produced when human subjects struck from “quadrupedal” (i.e., pronograde) and bipedal postures. Downward and upward directed striking energy was measured with a custom designed pendulum transducer. Side and forward strikes were measured with a punching bag instrumented with an accelerometer. When subjects struck downward from a bipedal posture the work was 43.70±12.59% (mean ± S.E.) greater than when they struck from a quadrupedal posture. Similarly, 47.49±17.95% more work was produced when subjects struck upward from a bipedal stance compared to a quadrupedal stance. Importantly, subjects did 229.69±44.19% more work in downward than upward directed strikes. During side and forward strikes the force impulses were 30.12±3.68 and 43.04±9.00% greater from a bipedal posture than a quadrupedal posture, respectively. Conclusions/Significance These results indicate that bipedal posture does provide a performance advantage for striking with the forelimbs. The mating systems of great apes are characterized by intense male-male competition in which conflict is resolved through force or the threat of force. Great apes often fight from bipedal posture, striking with both the fore- and hindlimbs. These observations, plus the findings of this study, suggest that sexual selection contributed to the evolution of habitual bipedalism in hominins.
History of the discovery and clinical introduction of chlorpromazine.

BACKGROUND The historical process of discovery and clinical introduction of chlorpromazine, one of the greatest advances of 20th century medicine and history of psychiatry, is analyzed. METHODS In this review, we have studied the original works of pioneers in the discovery and clinical use of chlorpromazine, as well as the contributions of prestigious researchers (historians, pharmacologists, psychiatrists, etc.) about this topic. RESULTS The discovery of phenothiazines, the first family of antipsychotic agents has its origin in the development of German dye industry, at the end of the 19th century (Graebe, Liebermann, Bernthsen). Up to 1940 they were employed as antiseptics, antihelminthics and antimalarials (Ehrlich, Schulemann, Gilman). Finally, in the context of research on antihistaminic substances in France after World War II (Bovet, Halpern, Ducrot) the chlorpromazine was synthesized at Rhône-Poulenc Laboratories (Charpentier, Courvoisier, Koetschet) in December 1950. Its introduction in anaesthesiology, in the antishock area (lytic cocktails) and "artificial hibernation" techniques, is reviewed (Laborit), and its further psychiatric clinical introduction in 1952, with initial discrepancies between the Parisian Val-de-Grâce (Laborit, Hamon, Paraire) and Sainte-Anne (Delay, Deniker) hospital groups. The first North-American publications on chlorpromazine took place in 1954 (Lehmann, Winkelman, Bower). The introduction of chlorpromazine in the USA (SKF) was more difficult due to their strong psychoanalytic tradition. The consolidation of the neuroleptic therapy took place in 1955, thanks to a series of scientific events, which confirmed the antipsychotic efficacy of the chlorpromazine. CONCLUSIONS The discovery of the antipsychotic properties of chlorpromazine in the 1950s was a fundamental event for the practice of psychiatry and for the genesis of the so-called "psychopharmacological revolution. "
eF-seek: prediction of the functional sites of proteins by searching for similar electrostatic potential and molecular surface shape

We have developed a method to predict ligand-binding sites in a new protein structure by searching for similar binding sites in the Protein Data Bank (PDB). The similarities are measured according to the shapes of the molecular surfaces and their electrostatic potentials. A new web server, eF-seek, provides an interface to our search method. It simply requires a coordinate file in the PDB format, and generates a prediction result as a virtual complex structure, with the putative ligands in a PDB format file as the output. In addition, the predicted interacting interface is displayed to facilitate the examination of the virtual complex structure on our own applet viewer with the web browser (URL: http://eF-site.hgc.jp/eF-seek).
Lipoprotein Lipase S447X: A Naturally Occurring Gain-of-Function Mutation

Lipoprotein lipase (LPL) hydrolyzes triglycerides in the circulation and promotes the hepatic uptake of remnant lipoproteins. Since the gene was cloned in 1989, more than 100 LPL gene mutations have been identified, the majority of which cause loss of enzymatic function. In contrast to this, the naturally occurring LPLS447X variant is associated with increased lipolytic function and an anti-atherogenic lipid profile and can therefore be regarded as a gain-of-function mutation. This notion combined with the facts that 20% of the general population carries this prematurely truncated LPL and that it may protect against cardiovascular disease has led to extensive clinical and basic research into this frequent LPL mutant. It is only until recently that we begin to understand the molecular mechanisms that underlie the beneficial effects associated with LPLS447X. This review summarizes the current literature on this interesting LPL variant.
ADAPTIVE GOSSIP BASED PROTOCOL FOR ENERGY EFFICIENT MOBILE

In Gossip Sleep Protocol, network performance is enhanced based on energy resource. But energy conservation is achieved with the reduced throughput. In this paper, it has been proposed a new Protocol for Mobile Ad hoc Network to achieve reliability with energy conservation. Based on the probability (p) values, the value of sleep nodes is fixed initially. The probability value can be adaptively adjusted by Remote Activated Switch during the transmission process. The adaptiveness of gossiping probability is determined by the Packet Delivery Ratio. For performance comparison, we have taken Routing overhead, Packet Delivery Ratio, Number of dropped packets and Energy consumption with the increasing number of forwarding nodes. We used UDP based traffic models to analyze the performance of this protocol. We analyzed TCP based traffic models for average end to end delay. We have used the NS-2 simulator.
A toward Framework for Generic Uncertainty Management

The need for an automatic inference process able to deal with information coming from unreliable sources is becoming a relevant issue both on corporate networks and on the open Web. Mathematical theories to reason with uncertain information have been successfully applied in several situations, but each one of these models is tailored to deal with a specific semantics of uncertainty. In this paper, we put forward the idea of using explicit representations of the different types of uncertainty for partitioning the inference pro- cess into parts. By coordinating multiple independent reasoning pro- cesses, we are sometimes able to apply a specific model to each type of uncertain information, and recombine the final results via a suit- able reconciliation process. We validated our approach applying it to the classic schema matching problem, and using the Ontology Alignment Evaluation Initiative, (OAEI) tests to assess the results.
Assessment of Apparent Diffusion Coefficient Values as Predictor of Aggressiveness in Peripheral Zone Prostate Cancer: Comparison with Gleason Score

Purpose. To determine association between apparent diffusion coefficient value on diffusion-weighted imaging and Gleason score in patients with prostate cancer. Methods. This retrospective case series was conducted at Radiology Department of Aga Khan University between June 2009 and June 2011. 28 patients with biopsy-proven prostate cancer were included who underwent ultrasound guided sextant prostate biopsy and MRI. MRI images were analyzed on diagnostic console and regions of interest were drawn. Data were entered and analyzed on SPSS 20.0. ADC values were compared with Gleason score using one-way ANOVA test. Results. In 28 patients, 168 quadrants were biopsied and 106 quadrants were positive for malignancy. 89 lesions with proven malignancy showed diffusion restriction. The mean ADC value for disease with a Gleason score of 6 was 935 mm2/s (SD = 248.4 mm2/s); Gleason score of 7 was 837 mm2/s (SD = 208.5 mm2/s); Gleason score of 8 was 614 mm2/s (SD = 108 mm2/s); and Gleason score of 9 was 571 mm2/s (SD = 82 mm2/s). Inverse relationship was observed between Gleason score and mean ADC values. Conclusion. DWI and specifically quantitative ADC values may help differentiate between low-risk (Gleason score, 6), intermediate-risk (Gleason score, 7), and high-risk (Gleason score 8 and 9) prostate cancers, indirectly determining the aggressiveness of the disease.
Electromagnetic localization of defects in carbon epoxy composite materials

When an imperfectly conductive structure is illuminated by an electromagnetic wave, its response, on the magnetic component, is comparable to a first order integrator, if the skin effect is negligible at the wave frequency. Using this model, we have developed a method and a magnetic prove allowing to build 'electric images' of the defects present in carbon epoxy composite materials, by measurement of magnetic field transmission in these materials. After a presentation of the theory of electromagnetic scattering in a non perfectly conductive materials from M.A. Bethe and K.F. Casey, we demonstrate that it is not necessary to perform the magnetic field attenuation measurement by transmission; we can proceed on one face of the sample, by reflection, obtaining the same result. We present the experimental set up and the magnetic probe developed, we show several images achieved on samples having induced defects and we compare these image with the images achieved by a classical ultrasonic method on the same specimens. Furthermore we present images produced by integration in a structure of a 'sensor-network' based on the principle used by the probe.
Do Phylogenetic Tree Viewers correctly display Support Values?

—Phylogenetic trees are routinely visualized to present and interpret the evolutionary relationships of the species that are being studied. Virtually all empirical evolu- tionary data studies contain a visualization of the inferred tree with support values using one of the popular and highly cited (e.g., TreeView, Dendroscope, FigTree, Archaeopteryx, etc.) tree viewing tools. As a consequence, programming errors or ambiguous semantics in tree ﬁle formats can lead to erroneous tree visualizations and consequently incorrect interpretations of phylogenetic analyses. Here, we discuss the problems that can and do arise when displaying branch support values on trees. Presumably for historical reasons, branch support values (e.g., bootstrap support or Bayesian posterior probabilities) are typically stored as node labels in the widely-used Newick tree format. However, support values are attributes of branches (bipartitions) in unrooted phylogenetic trees. Therefore, storing support values as node labels can potentially lead to incorrect support-value-to-bipartition mappings when re-rooting trees in tree viewers. This depends on the mostly implicit semantics of tree viewers for interpreting node labels. To assess the potential impact of these ambiguous and predominantly implicit semantics of support values, we analyzed 10 distinct tree viewers. We ﬁnd that, most of them exhibit some sort of incorrect or unexpected behavior when re-rooting trees with support values. We ﬁnd that Dendroscope interprets Newick node labels as simply that, node labels in Newick trees. However, if they are meant to represent branch support values, the support value to branch mapping is incorrect when re-rooting trees with Dendroscope. We illustrate such an incorrect mapping by example of an empirical phylogenetic study. As a solution, we that (i) branch support val- ues should exclusively be stored as meta-data associated to branches (and not nodes), and (ii) if this is not feasible, tree viewers should include a user dialogue if node labels shall be interpreted as node or branch labels, prior to tree visualization.