Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
On minimizing flow monitoring costs in large‐scale software‐defined network networks

Recent years have witnessed the rise of novel network applications such as telesurgery, telepresence, and holoportation. As such applications have stringent performance requirements, timely and accurate traffic monitoring becomes of paramount importance to be able to react in a timely and efficient manner, and swiftly adjust the network configuration to achieve the sought‐after requirements. However, existing monitoring schemes are either incurring high cost (e.g., high bandwidth consumption) due to the large number of monitoring messages or inefficient when they incur high reporting delay (i.e., the time needed for a monitoring message to reach the controller) making the collected statistics obsolete. In this paper, we address this problem and propose monitoring mechanisms for software defined networks that minimize the monitoring cost while satisfying an upper bound on the reporting delay of the statistics. Our solutions allow to carefully select the switch that should report the statistics about each flow crossing the network taking into consideration the available bandwidth and the capacity of the switch (i.e., the maximum number of flows that it can monitor). In particular, we formulate the switch‐to‐flow selection problem as an integer linear program and propose two heuristic algorithms to cope with large‐scale instances of the problem. We consider the scenario where a single controller is collecting statistics and another where statistics are collected by multiple controllers. Simulation results show that the proposed algorithms provide near‐optimal solutions with minimal computation time and outperform existing monitoring strategies in terms of monitoring cost and reporting delay.
Multiphonon absorption coefficients in solids: a universal curve

A universal curve for the frequency dependence of the multiphoton absorption coefficient is proposed based on a 'non-perturbative' approach. Specific applications have been made to obtain two-, three-, four- and five-photon absorption coefficients in different materials. Proper scaling of the two-photon absorption coefficient and the use of the universal curve yields results for the higher-order absorption coefficients in good agreement with the experimental data.
Notes and Comments: Comments on “Contrast Coding in Least Squares Regression Analysis”

Kaufman and Sweet (1974) performed a service for educational researchers by bringing together in one article much of the more useful information pertaining to the regression analysis of unbalanced factorial designs. However, several errors in the presentation are potentially misleading. The purpose of this paper is to delineate and correct these difficulties. The first error is conceptual in nature. Kaufman and Sweet seem to feel that the criterion variance in an unbalanced factorial design can be decomposed and interpreted in the manner described by Pugh (1968). (Compare Pugh's Figure 1 with Kaufman and Sweet's Figures 1 and 2.) Thus Kaufman and Sweet state (p. 356) that "Figure 2 shows the amount of criterion variation which may be attributed to a particular source of variation independently of others in the model at each step in this analysis" (italics added). Indeed, this statement is even stronger than any made by Pugh, who carefully refrained from using terms such as "independent" in describing the manner in which he allocated criterion variance. But Creager (1969) has thoroughly criticized Pugh's rationale, showing among other things that criterion variation cannot be uniquely attributed in the manner described by Kaufman and Sweet. It is interesting to note that Kaufman and Sweet recognize the problems inherent in Pugh's approach and even state (pp. 365-66) "It should be noted that no attempt is made to partition accountable criterion variance in terms of part or partial correlations," the method used by Pugh. Yet it is well known (Kerlinger and Pedhazur, 1973) that the regression methods used by Kaufman and Sweet to partition the criterion variance are expressable as squared part correlation coefficients and are therefore equivalent to Pugh's method. Thus, all of the criticisms leveled by Creager (1969) at Pugh's work apply with equal force to the Kaufman and Sweet article. An interpretative difficulty inherent in Kaufman and Sweet's conceptualization can be developed as follows. R (A) (using Kaufman and Sweet's notation) is
Using measurement-induced disturbance to characterize correlations as classical or quantum

In contrast to the seminal entanglement-separability paradigm widely used in quantum information theory, we introduce a quantum-classical dichotomy in order to classify and quantify statistical correlations in bipartite states. This is based on the idea that while in the classical description of nature measurements can be carried out without disturbance, in the quantum description, generic measurements often disturb the system and the disturbance can be exploited to quantify the quantumness of correlations therein. It turns out that certain separable states still possess correlations of a quantum nature and indicates that quantum correlations are more general than entanglement. The results are illustrated in the Werner states and the isotropic states, and are applied to quantify the quantum advantage of the model of quantum computation proposed by Knill and Laflamme [Phys. Rev. Lett. 81, 5672 (1998)].
Bifurcation analysis of stationary and oscillating domains in semiconductor superlattices with doping fluctuations

Institut f¨ur Theoretische Physik, Technische Universit¨at Berlin, Hardenbergstrase 36, 10623 Berlin, GermanyWe investigate the effects of frozen-in spatial ﬂuctuations of the doping density on the different forms ofspatio-temporal pattern formation found in weakly-coupled,n-doped superlattices as described by a simplemicroscopic model. For heavy doping, multistable ﬁeld domains are observed, while for lower doping spacecharge oscillations are found. The corresponding bifurcation scenarios are discussed. We demonstrate that thereoccurs a qualitative change once the degree of disorder exceeds a certain threshold. For the case of moderatedisorder and heavy doping, a direct correlation between the peak current of each branch of the current-voltagecharacteristic and the doping density in the corresponding quantum well is derived and applied to analyse ameasured characteristic.I. INTRODUCTION
Gaussian Based Classification with Application to the Iris Data Set

Abstract The paper describes a novel method to group data points into clusters. Our method is derived from the assumption of Gaussian distribution of the points. We apply the clustering method to the well-known Iris flower data set and we suggest a nonlinear discriminant analysis of the data for a more sophisticated classification. To the best knowledge of the authors this paper shows the best classification result for the Iris data so far.
Saliency detection using multiple region-based features

This paper proposes a novel saliency model using multiple region-based features. The original image is initially segmented into a set of regions using the mean shift algorithm, and region merging is performed to obtain a moderate segmentation result. Then, three types of regional saliency measures are calculated using region-based features including local/global color difference, orientation difference, and spatial distribution, and they are integrated into an overall regional saliency measure for each region. Finally, the pixel-wise saliency map is generated by combining regional saliency measures with the distance-weighted color similarity between each pixel and each region. Experimental results demonstrate that our saliency model achieves an overall better saliency detection performance than previous saliency models, and the saliency maps generated using our model are more suitable for content-based applications such as salient object detection, content-aware image retargeting, and object-based image retrieval.
Three-dimensional numerical solution of eddy currents in thin plates

Numerical methods of solving eddy-current problems are difficult to apply to 3-dimensional fields, because all the field quantities are vectors, with three components, and the electrostatic field generated by the conductor surfaces has to be taken into account in magnetic-vector-otential formulations. By treating the linked current and flux paths in network terms, it is shown that all linear and nonlinear 3-dimensional problems can be expressed in terms of two scalar functions, and that, when the currents are confined to thin conducting layers, this reduces to a magnetic-scalar-potential formulation. The network approach expresses this, simply and directly, in numerical terms. It can be readily extended to include eddy currents in iron surfaces, and to thicker conductors in which the magnitude and phase of the induced currents varies with depth. Circuits consisting of small-diameter wires can be treated in terms of an equivalent plate with a discontinuous conductivity. The calculated field distribution round a square copper plate, solved iteratively, has been found to converge rapidly and to give results in close agreement with values obtained experimentally. The method has been applied to transformer-legplate and core losses
Formation Mechanism of a Low-Level Jet during the Passage of Typhoon Ma-on (2004) over the Southern Kanto District

On 9 October 2004, Typhoon Ma-on hit the southern Kanto district in eastern Japan. Strong winds were observed in the left-rear quadrant of Ma-on near the typhoon center during its passage over the southern Kanto district in spite of the rapid translation speed of about 70 km h-1. Numerical simulations of Ma-on were performed using a nonhydrostatic model with a horizontal grid spacing of 2 km. The simulation results showed that the strong winds on the left-rear quadrant of Ma-on were low-level phenomena after landfall. The low-level jet (LLJ) associated with the observed strong winds formed over the Sagami bay just after the typhoon center had passed. The typhoon moved over the pre-existing low-level cold air in the Kanto region. When the typhoon center reached the Sagami bay, the northerly flow of the low-level cold air formed a narrowed channel between the typhoon center and the Kanto Mountains in the west of the Kanto plain. The LLJ corresponded to the outflow response from the narrowed channel to the Sagami bay. Trajectory analysis illustrated that the parcels which passed through the LLJ traveled southward parallel to the Kanto Mountains. When they passed near the Tanzawa Mountains at the southern tip of the Kanto Mountains, significant subsidence, spreading and acceleration occurred toward the Sagami bay. The horizontal momentum budget analysis and diagnostic evaluation of pressure gradient force (PGF) revealed that the LLJ was mainly supported by the large-scale southward PGF due to Ma-on. However, locally generated mesoscale forcing due to the decreasing depth of cold layer worked around the exit of the narrowed channel of the cold air. Thus, we conclude that the dynamics and structure of the LLJ were close to those of"gap wind". The sensitivity experiments showed that the low-level cold air as well as the relative position between the high mountainous topography and the typhoon was essential for the LLJ formation.
Photoluminescence and electroluminescence of ZnS:Cu nanocrystals in polymeric networks

ZnS:Cu nanocrystals were synthesized in polymeric networks. X-ray photoemission spectroscopy and atomic absorption data show that the Zn and Cu ion mass contents were about 8.2% and 0.12%, respectively. The particle size of ZnS:Cu nanocrystals was about 3.0 nm, measured by UV-vis spectrum. Due to the quantum size effects, the band gap energy of ZnS nanocrystals was about 4.2 eV. Compared with the photoluminescence of ZnS which peaks at 390 nm, the photoemission of ZnS:Cu/polymer thin films was peaking at 415 nm because of Cu acting as luminescent centers. The ZnS:Cu/polymer was also used to fabricate light-emitting diode (LED), as the emitting layer of LED, the blue light of electroluminescence was observed at room temperature, and its turn-on voltage was less than 4 V.
Magnetization switching in a mesoscopic NiFe ring with nanoconstrictions of wire

Magnetoresistance in a mesoscopic NiFe ring with nanoconstrictions of wire has been measured. For the applied field tilted from the perpendicular direction, it is shown that the applied current has an effect on the switching fields and finally the transition process due to the spin torque effect. The decrease or increase in the switching field from the vortex state to the onion state depends on the electron flow with respect to the direction of domain propagation. The magnetization in the ring exhibits only a double switching process at a low applied current. However, when the applied current is higher than the critical current density, the magnetization shows a combination of single and double switching processes. For the applied field direction perpendicular to the wire, an enhancement in magnetoresistance is obtained around zero fields at a low applied current, which is due to the domain wall trapped at nanoconstrictions. Furthermore, it is found that the magnetization in the ring goes via a single oni.
Calculation of the Huang–Rhys parameter in spherical quantum dots: the optical deformation potential effect

An accurate calculation of the exciton–phonon interaction matrix elements and Huang–Rhys parameter for nearly spherical nanocrystals (NCs) of polar semiconductor materials is presented. The theoretical approach is based on a continuum lattice dynamics model and the effective mass approximation for electronic states in the NCs. A strong confinement regime is considered for both excitons and optical phonons, taking into account both the Fröhlich-type and optical deformation potential (ODP) mechanisms of the exciton–phonon interaction. The effects of exchange electron–hole interaction and possible hexagonal crystal structure of the underlying material are also taken into account. The theory is applied to CdSe and InP quantum dots. It is shown that the ODP mechanism, almost unimportant for CdSe, dominates the exciton–phonon coupling in small InP dots. The effect of the non-diagonal interaction, not included in the Huang–Rhys parameter, is briefly discussed.
FOAM: the modular adaptive optics framework

Control software for adaptive optics systems is mostly custom built and very specific in nature. We have developed FOAM, a modular adaptive optics framework for controlling and simulating adaptive optics systems in various environments. Portability is provided both for different control hardware and adaptive optics setups. To achieve this, FOAM is written in C++ and runs on standard CPUs. Furthermore we use standard Unix libraries and compilation procedures and implemented a hardware abstraction layer in FOAM. We have successfully implemented FOAM on the adaptive optics system of ExPo - a high-contrast imaging polarimeter developed at our institute - in the lab and will test it on-sky late June 2012. We also plan to implement FOAM on adaptive optics systems for microscopy and solar adaptive optics. FOAM is available* under the GNU GPL license and is free to be used by anyone.
9. Structural Equation Modeling with Robust Covariances

Existing methods for structural equation modeling involve fitting the ordinary sample covariance matrix by a proposed structural model. Since a sample covariance is easily influenced by a few outlying cases, the standard practice of modeling sample covariances can lead to inefficient estimates as well as inflated fit indices. By giving a proper weight to each individual case, a robust covariance will have a bounded influence function as well as a nonzero breakdown point. These robust properties of the covariance estimators will be carried over to the parameter estimators in the structural model if a technically appropriate procedure is used. We study such a procedure in which robust covariances replace ordinary sample covariances in the context of the Wishart likelihood function. This procedure is easy to implement in practice. Statistical properties of this procedure are investigated. A fit index is given based on sampling from an elliptical distribution. An estimating equation approach is used to develop a variety of robust covariances, and consistent covariances of these robust estimators, needed for standard errors and test statistics, follow from this approach. Examples illustrate the inflated statistics and distorted parameter estimates obtained by using sample covariances when compared with those obtained by using robust covariances. The merits of each method and its relevance to specific types of data are discussed.
Photometry and taxonomy of trans-Neptunian objects and Centaurs in support of a Herschel key program

Context. The investigation of Centaurs and trans-Neptunian objects (TNOs) provides essential information about the early conditions and evolution of the outer solar system. The radiometric technique combines measurements in the visible and thermal infrared; with these one can estimate the size and albedo of Centaurs and TNOs. Aims. Our aim is to obtain visible photometry of a sample of Centaurs and TNOs, a subset of the targets of the “TNOs are cool” key program at the Herschel Space Observatory. Methods. We carried out visible photometry of Centaurs and TNOs, making use of the DOLORES instrument at the Telescopio Nazionale Galileo (TNG, La Palma, Spain). Results. We report photometric observations of 20 objects and present the computed absolute magnitudes. We derive the taxonomy of our targets (nine are classified for the first time, the results for five objects agree with the literature, the other targets are tentatively classified based on incomplete datasets) and combine the results with the literature, searching for correlations between taxonomy and dynamics. We look for comet-like activity in our Centaur sample, including (248835) 2006 SX368, which was previously described as active. Conclusions. We provide an accurate determination of the absolute magnitude and of the relative error for each of our targets. These values can be readily used in combination with thermal infrared data. The surface of TNO (65489) Ceto seems to be heterogeneous. Our results seem to support an evolutionary origin for the color dichotomy of Centaurs, and the occurrence of a strong mixing after the TNO formation. No evident cometary activity is detected around the five Centaurs in our sample; assuming that an unresolved coma is present around (248835) 2006 SX368, we use the “photometric model” to derive the possible dust production rate, finding that Qdust is in the range 1–31 kg/s.
Non-relativistic non-dipole two-photon bremsstrahlung in a Coulomb field

We present analytical and numerical results on the cross section of the two-photon bremsstrahlung (2BrS) of a non-relativistic projectile scattered in a point Coulomb field. The effect of the radiation retardation is taken into account. The exact analytic evaluation of the point Coulomb two-photon non-dipole free - free matrix element, which characterizes the amplitude of the 2BrS process, is carried out following a method of momentum space integration developed by Gavrila. The obtained formulae are the generalization of the expressions derived earlier by several workers within the framework of the non-relativistic dipole approximation. Results of numerical calculations are compared with predictions of other theoretical approaches and with the experimental data on 2BrS.
The Use of Worked Examples as a Substitute for Problem Solving in Learning Algebra

The knowledge required to solve algebra manipulation problems and procedures designed to hasten knowledge acquisition were studied in a series of five experiments. It was hypothesized that, as occurs in other domains, algebra problem-solving skill requires a large number of schemas and that schema acquisition is retarded by conventional problem-solving search techniques. Experiment 1, using Year 9, Year 11, and university mathematics students, found that the more experienced students had a better cognitive representation of algebraic equations than less experienced students as measured by their ability to (a) recall equations, and (b) distinguish between perceptually similar equations on the basis of solution mode. Experiments 2 through 5 studied the use of worked examples as a means of facilitating the acquisition of knowledge needed for effective problem solving. It was found that not only did worked examples, as expected, require considerably less time to process than conventional problems, but that su.
Sparse pseudo-random graphs are Hamiltonian

In this article we study Hamilton cycles in sparse pseudo-random graphs. We prove that if the second largest absolute value λ of an eigenvalue of a d-regular graph G on n vertices satisfies $$\lambda \leq{{(\log \, \log \, n)^2}\over {1000\, \log \, n \, (\log \, \log \, \log \, n)}}d$$ and n is large enough, then G is Hamiltonian. We also show how our main result can be used to prove that for every c >0 and large enough n a Cayley graph X (G,S), formed by choosing a set S of c log5 n random generators in a group G of order n, is almost surely Hamiltonian. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Graph Theory 42: 17–33, 2003
Local structure of uncapped and Si-capped Ge/Si(100) self-assembled quantum dots

Local structure of uncapped and Si-capped Ge quantum dots on Si(100) has been probed by extended x-ray absorption fine structure and x-ray absorption near-edge structure spectroscopy. It is found that the uncapped Ge dots are partially oxidized and partially alloyed with Si. The amount of Ge present in the Ge phase is found to be about 20–30%. In the Si-capped sample, Ge is found to be dissolved in silicon, the fraction of Ge atoms existing as a Ge phase being less than 10%.
In Situ Optical Monitoring of Two-Dimensional Crystal Growth in Layer-by-Layer Chemical Vapor Deposition of YBa2Cu3Ox

We have applied an in situ optical growth monitoring method to layer-by-layer chemical vapor deposition of YBaCuO thin films and observed a staircaselike change in reflectance. One step corresponds to one cycle of source gas supply combination and growth of one unit cell of the YBa2Cu3Ox structure. This step is completed when Cu is supplied for the third time and the final layer consisting of a unit cell is applied. This result suggests that two-dimensional crystal growth of YBa2Cu3Ox occurs. The calculation of reflectance change is consistent with the hypothesis that the reflectance change is due to layer-by-layer growth of YBaCuO.
Navier-Stokes Computation of a Rapidly Deploying Spoiler

Transient aerodynamic response of an airfoil to a rapidly deploying spoiler is numerically investigated using a two-dimensional turbulent compressible Navier ‐Stokes e ow model. The spoiler moving relative to a stationary airfoil is treated by an overset grid bounded by a dynamic domain-dividing line, the concept of which is developed e rst in this paper. The e uid-dynamic mechanism of the adverse lift because of the rapidly deploying spoiler is analyzed.Also theeffectofspoilerdeploying rateon theinitialbehavioroftheaerodynamicresponseisexpounded, which is of interest in view of active control technology and controller design for the spoiler. The results of present computation about the stationary as well as moving spoilers are relatively in good agreement with the existing experimental data.
An inverse problem for the acoustic wave equation with finite sets of boundary data

We study the global stability in determination of multiple coefficients of terms of highest order in an acoustic equation with Dirichlet boundary data. Under regular initial data, we prove the uniqueness and a Hölder stability estimate in the inverse problem with some observations on a suitable subboundary satisfying an appropriate geometrical condition. The key is a Carleman estimate for a hyperbolic operator with variables coefficients.