Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Neuromodulatory Systems and Their Interactions: A Review of Models, Theories, and Experiments

Neuromodulatory systems, including the noradrenergic, serotonergic, dopaminergic, and cholinergic systems, track environmental signals, such as risks, rewards, novelty, effort, and social cooperation. These systems provide a foundation for cognitive function in higher organisms; attention, emotion, goal-directed behavior, and decision-making derive from the interaction between the neuromodulatory systems and brain areas, such as the amygdala, frontal cortex, hippocampus, and sensory cortices. Given their strong influence on behavior and cognition, these systems also play a key role in disease states and are the primary target of many current treatment strategies. The fact that these systems interact with each other either directly or indirectly, however, makes it difficult to understand how a failure in one or more systems can lead to a particular symptom or pathology. In this review, we explore experimental evidence, as well as focus on computational and theoretical models of neuromodulation. Better understanding of neuromodulatory systems may lead to the development of novel treatment strategies for a number of brain disorders.
Discriminant analysis with Gabor phase feature for robust face recognition

Abstract. An occlusion robust image representation method is presented and applied to face recognition. In our method, Gabor phase difference representation is used mainly to resist occlusion. Based on the good ability of Gabor filters to capture image structure and the robustness to image occlusion shown here, Gabor phase features are expected to be discriminative and robust for face representation in occlusion case. Furthermore, we find that different scales and orientations of Gabor phase features lead to quite varied performance and then we analyze it carefully and find the effective Gabor phase (EGP) features. Moreover, we adopt spectral regression–based discriminant analysis, along with the extracted EGP features, to find the most discriminant subspace for classification. Thereby, an occlusion robust face image discriminant subspace is derived. Five kinds of feature representation methods and two subspace learning methods are compared for our recognition problem. Extensive experiments with various occlusion cases show the efficacy of the proposed method.
Psychological management of traumatic brain injuries in children and adolescents

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Coherent Structures and Carrier Shocks in the Nonlinear Periodic Maxwell Equations

We consider the one-dimensional propagation of electromagnetic waves in a weakly nonlinear and low-contrast spatially inhomogeneous medium with no energy dissipation. We focus on the case of a periodic medium, in which dispersion enters only through the (Floquet-Bloch) spectral band dispersion associated with the periodic structure; chromatic dispersion (time-nonlocality of the polarization) is neglected. Numerical simulations show that for initial conditions of wave-packet type (a plane wave of fixed carrier frequency multiplied by a slow varying, spatially localized function) very long-lived spatially localized coherent soliton-like structures emerge, whose character is that of a slowly varying envelope of a train of shocks. We call this structure an envelope carrier-shock train. The structure of the solution violates the oft-assumed nearly monochromatic wave packet structure, whose envelope is governed by the nonlinear coupled mode equations (NLCME). The inconsistency and inaccuracy of NLCME lies in the neglect of all (infinitely many) resonances except for the principle resonance induced by the initial carrier frequency. We derive, via a nonlinear geometrical optics expansion, a system of nonlocal integro-differential equations governing the coupled evolution of backward and forward propagating waves. These equations incorporate effects of all resonances. In a periodic medium, these equations may be expressed as a system of infinitely many coupled mode equations, which we call the extended nonlinear coupled mode system (xNLCME). Truncating xNLCME to include only the principle resonances leads to the classical NLCME. Numerical simulations of xNLCME demonstrate that it captures both large scale features, related to third harmonic generation, and fine scale carrier shocks features of the nonlinear periodic Maxwell equations.
Optimal Broadcast Scheduling for an Energy Harvesting Rechargeable Transmitter with a Finite Capacity Battery

We consider the minimization of the transmission completion time with a battery limited energy harvesting transmitter in an M-user AWGN broadcast channel where the transmitter is able to harvest energy from the nature, using a finite storage capacity rechargeable battery. The harvested energy is modeled to arrive (be harvested) at the transmitter during the course of transmissions at arbitrary time instants. The transmitter has fixed number of packets for each receiver. Due to the finite battery capacity, energy may overflow without being utilized for data transmission. We derive the optimal offline transmission policy that minimizes the time by which all of the data packets are delivered to their respective destinations. We analyze the structural properties of the optimal transmission policy using a dual problem. We find the optimal total transmit power sequence by a directional water-filling algorithm. We prove that there exist M-1 cut-off power levels such that user i is allocated the power between the i-1st and the ith cut-off power levels subject to the availability of the allocated total power level. Based on these properties, we propose an algorithm that gives the globally optimal offline policy. The proposed algorithm uses directional water-filling repetitively. Finally, we illustrate the optimal policy and compare its performance with several suboptimal policies under different settings.
Relationship between engagement and level of functional status in older adults

Functional status is an important component of quality of life for older adults and for their caregivers. Factors associated with level of functional status include age, comorbidity, cognitive status, depression, social support, and activity. Of the types of activity linked with functional status, the strongest evidence is for physical exercise, with weaker evidence for social and productive activity. Engagement is a construct including motivation, commitment, and participation. Objective: The objective of this study was to determine whether or not engagement is associated with level of functional status after controlling for age, comorbidity, and depression among older adults. Methods: In all, 92 older adults were recruited from senior living centers and a university-based senior exercise group. The main independent variable was engagement. Other independent variables were age, comorbidity, and depression. The dependent variable was level of functional status. Two different measures of level of functional status were used: the Katz Activities of Daily Living Index and the Lawton–Brody Instrumental Activities of Daily Living Scale. Results: Engagement was a significant predictor of Lawton–Brody Instrumental Activities of Daily Living Scale level of function in the Lawton–Brody model (odds ratio: 1.147 (1.011–1.302)) and age was a significant negative predictor (odds ratio: 0.838 (0.769–0.914)). There were no significant predictors in the Katz model. Conclusion: Engagement is a significant predictor of perfect Lawton–Brody Instrumental Activities of Daily Living Scale score after controlling for age, comorbidity, and depression. Health-care professionals should consider including engagement in their assessment of older clients, whether using formal instruments such as the Engagement with Meaningful Activity Survey or assessing informally.
A Tourism Recommender System Based on Collaboration and Text Analysis

This work presents a recommender system that helps travel agents in discovering options for customers, especially those who do not know where to go and what to do. The system analyzes textual messages exchanged between a travel agent and a customer through a private Web chat. Text mining techniques help discover interesting areas in the messages. After that, the system searches a database and retrieves tourist options (like cities and attractions) classified in these interesting areas. The sys-tem makes use of a tourism ontology, containing themes and a controlled vocabulary, to identify themes in the textual messages. The system acts as a decision support system, because it does not make recommendations directly to the customer
Predicting Influential Users in Online Social Networks

Who are the influential people in an online social network? The answer to this question depends not only on the structure of the network, but also on details of the dynamic processes occurring on it. We classify these processes as conservative and non-conservative. A random walk on a network is an example of a conservative dynamic process, while information spread is non-conservative. The influence models used to rank network nodes can be similarly classified, depending on the dynamic process they implicitly emulate. We claim that in order to correctly rank network nodes, the influence model has to match the details of the dynamic process. We study a real-world network on the social news aggregator Digg, which allows users to post and vote for news stories. We empirically define influence as the number of in-network votes a user's post generates. This influence measure, and the resulting ranking, arises entirely from the dynamics of voting on Digg, which represents non-conservative information flow. We then compare predictions of different influence models with this empirical estimate of influence. The results show that non-conservative models are better able to predict influential users on Digg. We find that normalized alpha-centrality metric turns out to be one of the best predictors of influence. We also present a simple algorithm for computing this metric and the associated mathematical formulation and analytical proofs.
Interaction of noise with excitable dynamics

In this paper, the interaction of noise with excitable dynamics of a three-electrode electrochemical cell is examined. Different scenarios involving both external and internal noise sources are considered. In the case of external noise, aperiodic stochastic resonance and regulation of the noise-induced spiking behaviour are investigated. In the case of internal noise, the interaction of intrinsic electrochemical noise with autonomous nonlinear dynamics is studied. The amplitude of this internal noise, determined by the concentration of chloride ions, is monotonically increased and the provoked dynamics are analysed. Our results indicate that internal noise, similar to its external counterpart, is able to induce regularity in the system response.
A fully integrated 5.9GHz RF frontend in 0.25um GaN-on-SiC for vehicle-to-vehicle applications

This paper presents the design of a high-efficiency and high-power RF frontend for the 802.11p standard, leveraging an embedded Tx/Rx switching scheme and a dual-bias power amplifier (PA) linearization technique. The fully integrated RF frontend is fabricated in 0.25um GaN-on-SiC technology and occupies 2mm × 1.2mm. In the Tx mode, the PA+Tx switch achieves 48.5% drain efficiency at 33.9dBm Psat with 28V supply. With OFDM-modulated signals, it achieves 30% average efficiency at 27.8dBm output power while meeting the -25dB EVM limit without predistortion. In the Rx mode, the LNA+Rx switch achieves +22dBm OIP3 with 8dB power gain at 12V supply. The fully integrated high-efficiency and linear RF frontend is demonstrated at high output power for vehicular communications for the first time.
Is there evidence of a mirror system from birth?

© 2007 The Authors. Journal compilation © 2007 Blackwell Publishing Ltd. James, W. (1890). Principles of psychology . New York: Holt. Jeannerod, M. (1994). The representing brain – neural correlates of motor intention and imagery. Behavioral and Brain Sciences , 17 , 187–202. Kilner, J.M. , Friston, K.J., & Frith, C.D. (2007). The mirror-neuron system: a Bayesian perspective. NeuroReport , 18 (6), 619–623. Lepage, J.-F. , & Theoret, H. (2006). EEG evidence for the presence of an action observation–execution matching system in children. European Journal of Neuroscience , 23 (9), 2505–2510. Lepage, J.-F. , & Theoret, H. (2007). The mirror neuron system: grasping others’ actions from birth? Developmental Science , DOI: 10.1111/j.1467-7687.2007. 00631.x Ohnishi, T. , Moriguchi, Y. , Matsuda, H. , Mori, T. , Hirakata, M. , Imabayashi, E. , Hirao, K. , Nemoto, K. , Kaga, M. , Inagaki, M. , Yamada, M. , & Uno, A. (2004). The neural network for the mirror system and mentalizing in normally developed children: an fMRI study. NeuroReport , 15 (9), 1483–1487. Prinz, W. (1997). Perception and action planning. European Journal of Cognitive Psychology , 9 , 129–154. Williams, J.H. , Waiter, G.D. , Gilchrist, A. , Perrett, D.I. , Murray, A.D., & Whiten, A. (2006). Neural mechanisms of imitation and ‘mirror neuron’ functioning in autistic spectrum disorder. Neuropsychologia , 44 (4), 610–621.
Expression of HuR and Cyclooxygenase-2 in Nodular Fasciitis and Low-Grade Sarcoma: An Immunohistochemical Study

Background Nodular fasciitis is the most common reactive mesenchymal lesion to be misidentified as a type of sarcoma. HuR is an mRNA-binding protein that can stabilize cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) mRNA leading to COX-2 overexpression. The aim of this study is a comparison of the expressions of COX-2 and HuR and the relationships between their expressions and the clinicopathological parameters in nodular fasciitis and low-grade sarcoma. Methods We measured the expression of HuR and COX-2 in 21 cases of nodular fasciitis and 37 cases of low-grade sarcoma using immunohistochemistry. Results The frequency of cytoplasmic immunoreactivity for HuR was 5 of 21 cases of nodular fasciitis (23.8%) and 23 of 37 cases of low-grade sarcoma (62.1%) (p=.013). COX-2 expression was moderate or strong in nodular fasciitis (12/21, 57.1%) and in low-grade sarcoma (29/37, 78.4%) (p=.034). In addition, a significant difference existed between these two entities in terms of the relationship between moderate or strong COX-2 expression and HuR cytoplasmic immunoreactivity (p=.009). Moderate or strong COX-2 immunoreactivity correlated with nuclear (p=.016) or cytoplasmic HuR (p=.024) expression in low-grade sarcoma but not in nodular fasciitis. Conclusions This study suggests that HuR and COX-2 expression may be useful to differentiate nodular fasciitis from low-grade sarcoma.
What do high school students say when they talk to their friends about substance use? Exploring the content of substance-use-specific communication with friends

ABSTRACT In this study, we examined the content of adolescents’ conversations with their friends about substance use, adolescents’ reactions to such conversations, and reasons why some adolescents did not engage in such conversations. Based on 25 semistructured interviews with high school students, we identified three themes: informational, persuasive, and relational messages. Informational messages included discussing how many peers use substances and clarifying rumors about a friend’s substance use. Persuasive messages involved direct anti-substance-use messages (e.g., warning), direct pro-substance-use messages (e.g., legalizing marijuana), indirect anti-substance-use messages (e.g., disliking their substance-use experience), and indirect pro-substance-use messages (e.g., intentions to use substances). Relational messages included joking about substance use and establishing code words for use. Adolescents reacted to their conversations in several ways, such as shock and increased relational closeness. When adolescents did not talk about substance use with their friend, they offered several reasons, including low response efficacy and fear of ruining the friendship.
CONVERGENCE OF LINEAR AND NONLINEAR PADE APPROXIMANTS

Analogues of the Nuttall-Pommerenke theorem and Wallin-type theorems for classical Pade approximants, are proved for linear and nonlinear Pade approximants formed from series of orthogonal polynomials, corresponding to a distribution da(x) with at most finitely many sign changes.
The effect of emotional valance on recollective experience and confidence judgments

The study investigated the effect of positive and negative emotional valence (I.A.P.S pictures) on recollective experience, using the remember-know paradigm (Tulving, 1985), and confidence judgements. The negative valenced pictures were hypothesised elicit the recollective experience to a larger extent and to entail a higher degree of confidence in the correctness of memory responses than positive valenced pictures. In the acquisition phase of all three experiments four pictures were presented simultaneously, one valenced picture (either positive or negative) and three neutral pictures. Next, in the test phase a recognition test of the valenced pictures followed. Depending on the experiment, the participants made new/old responses and either remember/know judgements of old responses or confidence judgements of the correctness of their new/old responses. The results of Experiment 1 and 2 showed that, compared with ”know” responses, the frequency of ”remember” responses was significantly higher for negative than for positive pictures. No differences in recognition memory performance were found between negative and positive pictures. The results of Experiment 3 showed that negative pictures was associated with slightly higher accuracy and significantly higher confidence judgements than positive pictures, and that realism in confidence judgements did not differ between the valence types. These results suggest that the emotional valence of witnessed events affect the phenomenological quality and degree of confidence of memorial testimony. (Less)
Recombinant luminescent bacteria for measuring bioavailable arsenite and antimonite

Luminescent bacterial strains for the measurement of bioavailable arsenite and antimony were constructed. The expression of firefly luciferase was controlled by the regulatory unit of the ars operon of Staphylococcus aureus plasmid pI258 in recombinant plasmid pTOO21, with S. aureus RN4220, Bacillus subtilis BR151, and Escherichia coli MC1061 as host strains. Strain RN4220(pTOO21) was found to be the most sensitive for metal detection responding to arsenite, antimonite, and cadmium, the lowest detectable concentrations being 100, 33, and 330 nM, respectively. Strains BR151(pTOO21) and MC1061(pTOO21) responded to arsenite, arsenate, antimonite, and cadmium, the lowest detectable concentrations being 3.3 and 330 microM and 330 and 330 nM with BR151(pTOO21), respectively, and 3.3, 33, 3.3, and 33 microM with MC1061(pTOO21), respectively. In the absence of the mentioned ions, the expression of luciferase was repressed and only a small amount of background light was emitted. Other ions did not notably interfere with the measurement in any of the strains tested. Freeze-drying of the cells did not decrease the sensitivity of the detection of arsenite; however, the induction coefficients were somewhat lower.
What type of page is this?: genre as web descriptor

Summary form only given. Many have suggested the use of genres to ameliorate the problem of Web search. A central issue in the implementation of this idea is the choice of genres to be used as Web page descriptors. Several studies have explored user terminology for and recognition of several types of digital documents, e.g., various types of office documents, personal home pages, and pages returned by user Web searches. This article reports on a series of three user studies with the purpose of developing a genre "palette" for use in Web retrieval
Phenolic compounds in olives

Introduction Structure of plant phenolics or more hydroxy substituents Role of phenolics in olives Properties and function Phenolics as antioxidants Phenolics and fruit quality Factors affecting the phenolic profile of olives Varietal influences Other factors Olive development and maturation Processing and storage Oil production Table olives Analysis Sample preparation Quantification Chromatographic methods Liquid chromatography Detection
Ligand‐Targeted Delivery of Small Interfering RNAs to Malignant Cells and Tissues

Potential clinical applications of small interfering RNA (siRNA) are hampered primarily by delivery issues. We have successfully addressed the delivery problems associated with off‐site targeting of highly toxic chemotherapeutic agents by attaching the drugs to tumor‐specific ligands that will carry the attached cargo into the desired cancer cell. Indeed, several such tumor‐targeted drugs are currently undergoing human clinical trials. We now show that efficient targeting of siRNA to malignant cells and tissues can be achieved by covalent conjugation of small‐molecular‐weight, high‐affinity ligands, such as folic acid and DUPA (2‐[3‐(1, 3‐dicarboxy propyl)‐ureido] pentanedioic acid), to siRNA. The former ligand binds a folate receptor that is overexpressed on a variety of cancers, whereas the latter ligand binds to prostate‐specific membrane antigen that is overexpressed specifically on prostate cancers and the neovasculature of all solid tumors. Using these ligands, we show remarkable receptor‐mediated targeting of siRNA to cancer tissues in vitro and in vivo.
Decoupling algorithms from schedules for easy optimization of image processing pipelines

Using existing programming tools, writing high-performance image processing code requires sacrificing readability, portability, and modularity. We argue that this is a consequence of conflating what computations define the algorithm, with decisions about storage and the order of computation. We refer to these latter two concerns as the schedule, including choices of tiling, fusion, recomputation vs. storage, vectorization, and parallelism. We propose a representation for feed-forward imaging pipelines that separates the algorithm from its schedule, enabling high-performance without sacrificing code clarity. This decoupling simplifies the algorithm specification: images and intermediate buffers become functions over an infinite integer domain, with no explicit storage or boundary conditions. Imaging pipelines are compositions of functions. Programmers separately specify scheduling strategies for the various functions composing the algorithm, which allows them to efficiently explore different optimizations without changing the algorithmic code. We demonstrate the power of this representation by expressing a range of recent image processing applications in an embedded domain specific language called Halide, and compiling them for ARM, x86, and GPUs. Our compiler targets SIMD units, multiple cores, and complex memory hierarchies. We demonstrate that it can handle algorithms such as a camera raw pipeline, the bilateral grid, fast local Laplacian filtering, and image segmentation. The algorithms expressed in our language are both shorter and faster than state-of-the-art implementations.