Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
A hyperbolic divergence based nonparametric test for two‐sample multivariate distributions

Two‐sample hypothesis testing, as a fundamental problem in statistical inference, seeks to detect the difference between two probability measures and has numerous real‐world applications. Current test procedures for multivariate two‐sample problems typically rely on angles and lengths in a Euclidean space, or lengths in a unit hypersphere after representing data with the spherical model. This article introduces a hyperbolic divergence based on hyperbolic lengths in hyperbolic geometry, as well as a subsequent nonparametric approach to testing the multivariate two‐sample problem. We investigate the properties of our test procedure and discover that our hyperbolic divergence statistic is strongly consistent and consistent against all other alternatives; we also demonstrate that its limit distribution is an infinite mixture of χ2 distributions under the null hypothesis and a normal distribution under the alternative hypothesis. To calculate the P ‐value, we employ the permutation method. Furthermore, in numerical studies, we compare our method with several nonparametric procedures under various distributional assumptions and alternatives. We discover that our test procedure has some advantages when the distributions' complex correlation structures differ. Finally, we examine one real data set to show how our method can be used to test two‐sample heterogeneity.
Parametric amplification and frequency conversion in optical fibers

We find that the parametric four-photon gain for light pulses decreases for fibers longer than a characteristic length. This length is related to the common experimental observation that stimulated parametric emission is usually prominent only in short fibers while in long fibers stimulated Raman scattering dominates. Despite the fact that the actual process involves an intensity dependent bandwidth and broadening of the pump linewidth from self-phase modulation, it is possible to develop a simple expression for the characteristic length which requires only the initial pump linewidth and the low-power parametric bandwidth. This bandwidth can often be estimated from the pump wavelength and the measured frequency shift between the pump and the generated waves. Expressions for gain and amplification are derived from coupled wave equations and in the Appendixes it is shown that these are of the same form as the planewave equations, but modified by coupling coefficients called overlap integrals.
Parental Psychological Flexibility and Children’s Behavior Problems in Rural Areas in Northeast China: The Mediation of Children’s Emotion Regulation

Children’s behavior problems are not conducive to their sustainable development. Therefore, it is of great value to explore the mechanism of relevant influencing factors on the behavior problems of rural preschoolers. This study aimed to reveal the direct effect of parental psychological flexibility on children’s behavior problems and the mediating effect of children’s emotion regulation. Based on simple random sampling, 355 caregivers (male = 31.25 years, SD = 9.78; 74.08% females; 9.01% bachelor degree) were recruited from eight rural kindergartens in three provinces in northeast China. With questionnaires, caregivers reported their parental psychological flexibility and assessed their children’s emotion regulation and behavior problems. SPSS 25.0 software was used for statistical data analysis. The results support our hypotheses, suggesting that parental psychological flexibility, emotional stability, and emotional regulation negatively predicted children’s externalizing and internalizing behavior problems. Meanwhile, emotional stability and regulation partially mediated the relationship between parental psychological flexibility and children’s externalizing and internalizing behavior problems. These findings provide a new perspective for preventing and intervening in preschoolers’ behavior problems.
An Investigation of Acoustic Similarity on an Underwater Structure

An acoustic similarity due to two geometrically similar structures which are vibrating in heavy flow, such as in water, is investigated. The acoustic similarity states that for two geometrically similar structures, if a group of dimensionless similarity numbers are constant, the dimensionless acoustic pressure coefficient keep constant at the corresponding acoustic field points for the two flow–loaded vibrating structure systems. Numerical simulations and experiment results are presented to validate the acoustic similarity. This acoustic similarity may be useful when a small structure is employed to investigate the acoustic performance of large scale structure.
Design and Modeling of a Large-Range Modular XYZ Compliant Parallel Manipulator Using Identical Spatial Modules

A design methodology of XYZ compliant parallel manipulators (CPMs) is introduced at first. A spatial double four-beam module and a compliant P (prismatic) joint, composed of two spatial double four-beam modules, are then proposed. Starting from a 3-PPPR (R: revolute) translational parallel manipulator, a large-range modular XYZ CPM with identical spatial modules is constructed using the proposed design approach. Normalized analytical models for the large-range modular XYZ CPM are further presented. As a case study, a modular XYZ CPM with a motion range of 10mm×10mm×10mm is presented in detail, covering the geometrical parameter determination, performance characteristics analysis, buckling check, and actuation force check. The analytical models are compared with the finite element analysis (FEA) models. Finally, the dynamic issues, manufacturability and merits are discussed. It is shown that the proposed large-range modular XYZ CPM has the following main merits compared with existing designs: (1) large range of motion up to 10mm×10mm×10mm, and (2) reduced number of design parameters through the use of identical spatial modules, although the manufacturability is a challenging issue.
A Study of Relationships between Florida Thunderstorm Properties and Corresponding Anvil Cloud Characteristics

Abstract Tropical thunderstorms produce large amounts of cirrus anvil clouds, which have a large effect on the climate system. Modeling of the cirrus anvil is a very important factor in the driving processes in atmospheric, climate, and radiation budget models. The current research project is focused on determining the relationships between the thunderstorm intensity and cirrus anvil characteristics of storms during the Cirrus Regional Study of Tropical Anvils and Cirrus Layers–Florida Area Cirrus Experiment (CRYSTAL-FACE). During July 2002, 19 different storms were selected for analysis. A vertical profile of reflectivity was extracted for each cell in which the maximum reflectivity, and maximum 10- and 40-dBZ height were identified. A majority of the thunderstorms in this study were single cells or isolated multicell clusters initiated from outflow boundaries or sea-breeze interactions. The results show that a general thunderstorm life cycle characteristic time sequence was determined, finding that the .
Analysis of Attitudes towards the Environment in Students of Adiwiyata and Non-Adiwiyata Schools

Environmental protection and preservation are in the hands of citizens and students are the future of the nation, so it is very important to assess or measure the attitude towards the environment owned by students. The aims of this research are to: (1) analyze the attitude towards the environment in students of Adiwiyata and Non-Adiwiyata schools on EBSS (Environmental Behavior Sub Scale), EOSS (Environmental Opinion Sub Scale), and EESS (Environmental Emotion Sub Scale); and (2) analyze the attitude towards the environment in students of Adiwiyata and Non-Adiwiyata schools. The research method used is a mixed method with a sequential explanatory design. Data analysis used descriptive statistics and inferential statistics with independent samples t-test. The results showed that there were significant differences in attitudes towards the environment between Adiwiyata and Non-Adiwiyata school students on EBSS, EOSS, and EESS with the significance probability of 0.007, 0.000, and 0.025 respectively. The research results generally showed that there were significant differences in attitudes towards the environment between Adiwiyata and Non-Adiwiyata school students with a significant probability of 0.000. The conclusion of this research is significant differences in attitudes towards the environment between Adiwiyata and Non-Adiwiyata school students both in EBSS, EOSS, EESS, and overall.
Parallaxes of metal-poor main-sequence stars

Abstract Our team was awarded 108 orbits of Hubble Space Telescope time to obtain parallaxes and photometry of nine metal-poor stars with [Fe/H] < −1.5 dex. The parallaxes are obtained from observations with the Fine Guidance Sensor (FGS 1r; 11 orbits per star) and photometry was obtained with the Advanced Camera for Surveys (one orbit per star). The first data were obtained in October 2008, and the data collection is ongoing. It is anticipated that the observations will be complete in June 2013. Preliminary data reduction has been completed for five of our target stars. The parallax errors vary from 0.12 to 0.16 milli-arcseconds, and the parallaxes are at least an order of magnitude more accurate than existing Hipparcos parallaxes for these stars. The errors in the true distance modulus range from 0.02 to 0.03 mag. Ground-based high-resolution spectra have been analyzed to obtain accurate abundances for three stars. The properties of the two stars with accurate abundances and parallaxes are in excellent agreement with those predicted by stellar evolution models.
Nonlinear Analysis: Hybrid Systems

This paper investigates the stability of systems with fast-varying piecewise-continuous coefficients and non-small delays. Starting from a recent constructive time-delay approach to periodic averaging, that allowed finding upper bound on small parameter ϵ > 0 preserving the stability of the original delay-free systems, here we extend the method to systems with non-small delays and provide their input-to-state stability (ISS) analysis. The original time-delay system is transformed into a neutral type one embedding both initial non-small delay, whose upper bound is essentially larger than ϵ and does not vanish for ϵ → 0, and an additional induced delay due to transformation, whose length is proportional to ϵ . By exploiting Lyapunov–Krasovskii theory, we derive ISS conditions expressed as Linear Matrix Inequalities (LMIs), whose solution allows evaluating upper bounds both on small parameter ϵ and non-small delays preserving the ISS of the original time-delay system, as well as the resulting ultimate bound of its solutions. We further apply our results to stabilization of delayed affine systems by time-dependent switching. Three numerical examples illustrate the effectiveness of the approach.
A Fast, Low-Cost and Simple Method for Predicting Atomic/Inter-Atomic Properties by Combining a Low Dimensional Deep Learning Model with a Fragment Based Graph Convolutional Network

Calculations with high accuracy for atomic and inter-atomic properties, such as nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy and bond dissociation energies (BDEs) are valuable for pharmaceutical molecule structural analysis, drug exploration, and screening. It is important that these calculations should include relativistic effects, which are computationally expensive to treat. Non-relativistic calculations are less expensive but their results are less accurate. In this study, we present a computational framework for predicting atomic and inter-atomic properties by using machine-learning in a non-relativistic but accurate and computationally inexpensive framework. The accurate atomic and inter-atomic properties are obtained with a low dimensional deep neural network (DNN) embedded in a fragment-based graph convolutional neural network (F-GCN). The F-GCN acts as an atomic fingerprint generator that converts the atomistic local environments into data for the DNN, which improves the learning ability, resulting in accurate results as compared to experiments. Using this framework, the 13C/1H NMR chemical shifts of Nevirapine and phenol O–H BDEs are predicted to be in good agreement with experimental measurement.
Homogenization of a Transmission Problem in Solid Mechanics

Abstract In this paper we study a simplified model of the behavior of a 3-D solid made from two elastic homogeneous materials separated by a rapidly oscillating interface. We study the asymptotic behavior of the solution of such model using homogenization tools and a compactness result. We obtain the homogenized equation, and by studying its coefficients, we find some properties of the limiting material.
Analysis of LIMS Data by Potential vorticity Inversion

Abstract The invertibility of potential vorticity is used to investigate how flows in the middle atmosphere are determined. The distribution of potential vorticity associated with an observed flow is computed. The inversion problem, calculating the flow from the potential vorticity, is solved repeatedly, including and excluding different portions of the potential vorticity. This procedure reveals which bits of potential vorticity are important in determining the flow at a time and location of interest. We consider the minor warming of January 1979, using data obtained by the Limb Infrared Monitor of the Stratosphere (LIMS). The results indicate that the middle stratospheric flow is dominated by potential vorticity that is local both in height and latitude during this period, while flows in both the lower stratosphere and mesosphere are less locally dominated. That portion of the flow responsible for wave-mean flow interactions in the middle stratosphere is also induced by potential vorticity that is nearl.
The potential of soil amendment with insect exuviae and frass to control the cabbage root fly

Reliable options to control the cabbage root fly, Delia radicum L. , are lacking in many countries as restrictions on insecticide use have tightened due to environmental concerns. Although microbial control agents are often considered as a sustainable alternative, their application in agriculture is constrained by inconsistent efficacy owing to low field persistence. To stimulate naturally occurring beneficial microbes, soil amendment with the residual streams of insect production has been suggested as an alternative to synthetic fertilization and a new approach to microbial crop protection. In a set of greenhouse experiments, exuviae and frass of black soldier fly larvae, Hermetia illucens L. , house crickets, Acheta domesticus L. and exuviae of mealworms, Tenebrio molitor L. , were added to soil from an organically managed field. Exuviae and frass treatments were compared to treatments with synthetic fertilizer. Brussels sprouts, Brassica oleracea L. , plants were grown in amended soil for 5 weeks before being infested with cabbage root fly larvae. Insect and plant performance were assessed by recording cabbage root fly survival, biomass and eclosion time and seed germination and plant biomass, respectively. Whereas soil amendment with black soldier fly frass or exuviae reduced cabbage root fly survival and biomass, respectively, amendment with house cricket or mealworm residual streams did not negatively affect root fly performance. Furthermore, seed germination was reduced in soil amended with house cricket exuviae, while amendment with either residual stream derived from black soldier fly larvae or house crickets resulted in lower plant shoot biomass compared with the synthetic fertilizer treatment. Amending soil with black soldier fly residual streams could become a novel and low‐cost tool to be integrated in cabbage root fly management programmes, especially where methods currently available are insufficient. Therefore, the mechanisms underlying the effects of insect‐derived soil amendments described here should be the focus of future research.
Effect of W Addition on Fe-P-C-B Soft-Magnetic Amorphous Alloy

In this work, the thermal behavior, soft magnetic properties, and structure of Fe86−xP11C2B1Wx (x = 0, 0.1, 0.2, 0.4, 0.6, 0.8, 1, 2, and 4) amorphous alloys were researched by several experimental methods and ab initio molecular dynamics. The addition of W improved the thermal stability of the alloy system when the first onset crystallization temperature (Tx1) increased from 655 K to 711 K, significantly reduced the coercivity Hc, and decreased the saturation magnetization Bs. The Fe85.6P11C2B1W0.4 alloy showed optimal soft magnetic performance, with low Hc of 1.4 A/m and relatively good Bs of 1.52 T. The simulation results suggested that W atoms increased the distance of the neighboring Fe-Fe pair, reduced the coordination number, narrowed the gap between the spin-up and spin-down electrons of each atom, and decreased the average magnetic moment of the Fe atoms. This work demonstrates a micro-alloying strategy to greatly reduce Hc while maintaining high Bs.
Fitting time series models to nonstationary processes

A general minimum distance estimation procedure is presented for nonstationary time series models that have an evolutionary spectral representation. The asymptotic properties of the estimate are derived under the assumption of possible model misspecification. For autoregressive processes with time varying coefficients, the estimate is compared to the least squares estimate. Furthermore, the behavior of estimates is explained when a stationary model is fitted to a nonstationary process.
A spectral line survey of IRC +10216 at millimeter and submillimeter wavelengths

The James Clerk Maxwell Telescope has been used to carry out a spectral line survey of IRC + 10216. The frequency coverage spans the interval from 339.6 to 364.6 GHz plus a range of 14.2 GHz distributed noncontiguously between 222.4 and 267.9 GHz. A total of 46 spectral lines were detected from 11 different identified molecules and isotopomers, and an additional eight weak features are unidentified. The integrated line flux density within the 850 μ atmospheric window exceeds that due to broad-band dust emission in the source
Robust Heading Measurement Based on Improved Berry Model for Bionic Polarization Navigation

With the advantages of anti-interference and no accumulated error, bionic polarization heading measurement has important military significance and research value for autonomous navigation. However, the heading robustness is seriously affected by the accuracy of the skylight polarization model and the existing methods all use the Rayleigh scattering model without considering atmospheric depolarization. Therefore, this article proposed an innovative method of polarization heading measurement based on the Berry model to consider the influence of depolarization neutral points. And this model is improved by controlling the neutral points with correction coefficients to realize high-robustness heading measurement. On this basis, the improved Berry model is further used to calibrate the sensor parameters outdoors, which separates the skylight polarization model error from the sensor error without expensive instruments and complicated processes and improves the heading measurement accuracy. In the experiments with changing solar altitude, the average heading error STD after field calibration is 20.86% lower than that of the Berry model and 92.85% lower than that of the Rayleigh model, which shows great advancement in actual measurements.
One-dimensional dynamics of nearly unstable axisymmetric liquid bridges

A general one-dimensional model is considered that describes the dynamics of slender, axisymmetric, noncylindrical liquid bridges between two equal disks. Such model depends on two adjustable parameters and includes as particular cases the standard Lee and Cosserat models. For slender liquid bridges, the model provides sufficiently accurate results and involves much easier and faster calculations than the full three-dimensional model. In particular, viscous effects are easily accounted for. The one-dimensional model is used to derive a simple weakly nonlinear description of the dynamics near the instability limit. Small perturbations of marginal instability conditions are also considered that account for volume perturbations, nonequality of the supporting disks, and axial gravity. The analysis shows that the dynamics breaks the reflection symmetry on the midplane between the supporting disks. The weakly nonlinear evolution of the amplitude of the perturbation is given by a Duffing equation, whose coefficients are calculated in terms of the slenderness as a part of the analysis and exhibit a weak dependence on the adjustable parameters of the one-dimensional model. The amplitude equation is used to make quantitative predictions of both the (first stage of) breakage for unstable configurations and the (slow) dynamics for stable configurations.
Spatial Differentiation of Digital Rural Development and Influencing Factors in the Yellow River Basin, China

The new development mode represented by the digital economy has provided new ideas for sustainable rural development. To comprehensively understand the status of digital rural development and propose scientific measures of rural revitalization in the Yellow River Basin (YRB), this study used counties as the research unit and data from 2020 to analyze the spatial differentiation characteristics and influencing factors by employing the Theil index, spatial autocorrelation analysis, and a geodetector model. The results showed that the digital rural development index in the YRB is slightly higher than it is in China overall, but the sub-index for the digital economy is lagging. The levels of digital rural development in the different reaches were lower reaches > middle reaches > upper reaches. Additionally, municipal districts and county-level cities have higher statuses than t general counties. Moreover, the decomposition of the Theil index shows that the intra-group differences in the upper reaches and general counties are the most important cause of the total differences. Moreover, the levels of digital rural development demonstrate spatial differences, with high and low levels in the east and west, respectively. An obvious reliable spatial correlation exists, and the spatial agglomeration featured with a similar level is significant. Finally, the influencing factors of spatial heterogeneity of digital rural development in the YRB and different reaches were different, with government expenditure being the main leading factor in the YRB and its upper reaches, while educational attainment and industrial structure are the leading factors in the middle reaches and lower reaches, respectively. The explanatory power of the interactions between the factors far exceeds that of a single factor, as shown through double-factor and nonlinear enhancement. This study provides a scientific reference for facilitating more targeted policy measures to achieving the goal of digital China and rural revitalization.