Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
MOVE ORDERING VS HEAVY PLAYOUTS : WHERE SHOULD HEURISTICS BE APPLIED IN MONTE CARLO GO ?

Writing programs to play the classical Asian game of Go is considered one of the grand challenges of artificial intelligence. Techniques used in a strong Go program would likely be applicable to other games and to non-game domains. Traditional game tree search methods have failed to conquer Go because the search space is so vast and because static evaluation of board positions is extremely difficult. There has been considerable progress recently in using Monte Carlo sampling to evaluate moves. Such programs can be strengthened further by adding domain-specific heuristics. This paper addresses the question of where such heuristics are most effectively applied: to modify the order in which moves are considered or to bias the sampling used to evaluate those moves. Experimental results are presented for three heuristics. We conclude that the sampling “playouts” are the most effective place to apply heuristics.
The Contribution of Segmental and Tonal Information in Mandarin Spoken Word Processing

Two priming experiments examined the separate contribution of lexical tone and segmental information in the processing of spoken words in Mandarin Chinese. Experiment 1 contrasted four types of prime–target pairs: tone-and-segment overlap (ru4-ru4), segment-only overlap (ru3-ru4), tone-only overlap (sha4-ru4) and unrelated (qin1-ru4) in an auditory lexical decision task with 48 native Mandarin listeners. Experiment 2 further investigated the minimal segmental overlap needed to trigger priming when tonal information is present. Four prime–target conditions were contrasted: tone-and-segment overlap (ru4-ru4), only onset segment overlap (re4-ru4), only rime overlap (pu4-ru4) and unrelated (qin1-ru4) in an auditory lexical decision task with 68 native Mandarin listeners. The results showed significant priming effects when both tonal and segmental information overlapped or, although to a lesser extent, when only segmental information overlapped, with no priming found when only tones matched. Moreover, any partial segmental overlap, even with matching tonal cues, resulted in significant inhibition. These data clearly indicate that lexical tones are processed differently from segments, with syllabic structure playing a critical role. These findings are discussed in terms of the overall architecture of the processing system that emerges in Mandarin lexical access.
Effects of dietary sodium and the DASH diet on the occurrence of headaches: results from randomised multicentre DASH-Sodium clinical trial

Objectives Headaches are a common medical problem, yet few studies, particularly trials, have evaluated therapies that might prevent or control headaches. We, thus, investigated the effects on the occurrence of headaches of three levels of dietary sodium intake and two diet patterns (the Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension (DASH) diet (rich in fruits, vegetables and low-fat dairy products with reduced saturated and total fat) and a control diet (typical of Western consumption patterns)). Design Randomised multicentre clinical trial. Setting Post hoc analyses of the DASH-Sodium trial in the USA. Participants In a multicentre feeding study with three 30 day periods, 390 participants were randomised to the DASH or control diet. On their assigned diet, participants ate food with high sodium during one period, intermediate sodium during another period and low sodium during another period, in random order. Outcome measures Occurrence and severity of headache were ascertained from self-administered questionnaires, completed at the end of each feeding period. Results The occurrence of headaches was similar in DASH versus control, at high (OR (95% CI)=0.65 (0.37 to 1.12); p=0.12), intermediate (0.57 (0.29 to 1.12); p=0.10) and low (0.64 (0.36 to 1.13); p=0.12) sodium levels. By contrast, there was a lower risk of headache on the low, compared with high, sodium level, both on the control (0.69 (0.49 to 0.99); p=0.05) and DASH (0.69 (0.49 to 0.98); p=0.04) diets. Conclusions A reduced sodium intake was associated with a significantly lower risk of headache, while dietary patterns had no effect on the risk of headaches in adults. Reduced dietary sodium intake offers a novel approach to prevent headaches. Trial registration number NCT00000608.
Application of Rao-Blackwellized particle filtering for estimating remaining useful life of gearbox

We tackle the remaining useful life (RUL) estimating of gearbox problem using conditionally Gaussian state space models and an efficient Monte Carlo method (MCM) known as Rao-Blackwellised particle filtering (RBPF). This paper addresses the problem of estimating the gearbox RUL from the observed degradation data. In this setting, the task of prognosis is to estimate the state probability of operation using the continuous measurements corrupted by Gaussian noise. Data from a full life test for a gearbox are used to validate the proposed methodology; the result fully shows the feasibility and effectiveness of the proposed method.
Who are the underinsured?

Inadequate insurance, whether private or public, can impose ruinous private hardship and unexpected public burdens. "Who are the underinsured? " is both a definitional and an empirical question. Data from the National Medical Care Expenditure Survey, applied under various concepts of risk and expense, reveal that over a quarter of the nonelderly population is inadequately protected against the possibility of large medical bills. The private burdens of the underinsured are widely distributed across the population.
Reward Prediction Error Signaling in Posterior Dorsomedial Striatum Is Action Specific

Neural correlates of reward prediction errors (RPEs) have been found in dorsal striatum. Such signals may be important for updating associative action representations within striatum. In order that the appropriate representations can be updated, it might be important for the RPE signal to be specific for the action that led to that error. However, RPEs signaled by midbrain dopamine neurons, which project heavily to striatum, are not action-specific. Here we tested whether RPE-like activity in dorsal striatum is action-specific; we recorded single-unit activity in posterior dorsomedial and dorsolateral striatum as rats performed a task in which the reward predictions associated with two different actions were repeatedly violated, thereby eliciting RPEs. We separately analyzed fast firing neurons (FFNs) and phasically firing neurons (total n = 1076). Only among FFNs recorded in posterior dorsomedial striatum did we find a population with RPE-like characteristics (19 of all 196 FFNs, 10%). This population showed a phasic increase in activity during unexpected rewards, a phasic decrease in activity during unexpected omission of rewards, and a phasic increase in activity during cues when they predicted high-value reward. However, unlike a classical RPE signal, this signal was linked to the action that elicited the prediction error, in that neurons tended to signal RPEs only after their anti-preferred action. This action-specific RPE-like signal could provide a mechanism for updating specific associative action representations in posterior dorsomedial striatum.
The analysis based on BP and GARCH combination model in volatility of the securities market

In order to fully exploit the volatility inherent principle in the return of the securities market, describing asymmetry volatility and heteroscedasticity of the securities market by GARCH method, and combining nonlinear approximating and generalization capability of the neural network, respectively set up GARCH(1,1) and GARCH-BP models for empirical analysis return rate of Shanghai stock index. The results demonstrate that, two models have significant fitting capability, but the latter is more accurate.
Ketorolac, an injectable nonnarcotic analgesic.

Clinical studies of the injectable nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory agent (NSAIA) ketorolac tromethamine are reviewed, and the chemistry, pharmacology, pharmacokinetics, drug interactions, and adverse effects of ketorolac are described. Ketorolac exhibits anti-inflammatory, analgesic, and antipyretic activity. Although the exact mechanisms of action have not been determined, its effects appear to be associated principally with the inhibition of prostaglandin synthesis. After oral, i.m. , or i.v. administration, ketorolac and its metabolites are excreted mainly in urine. Ketorolac tromethamine has been used for the symptomatic relief of moderate to severe postoperative pain, including that associated with abdominal, gynecologic, oral, orthopedic, or urologic surgery. Ketorolac has also been used for the relief of acute renal colic, pain associated with trauma, and visceral pain associated with cancer. When administered i.m. , ketorolac produced analgesia comparable to that of i.m. doses of meperidine, pentazocine, or morphine. The most common adverse effects associated with short-term administration are nervous system and gastrointestinal effects; these are usually mild and occur in about 39% of patients. Unlike opiate analgesics, ketorolac does not appear to cause tolerance or physical dependence in patients receiving long-term therapy. Ketorolac tromethamine has been administered concomitantly with morphine or meperidine without apparent adverse interaction. For short-term pain management, an initial i.m. ketorolac tromethamine loading dose of 30 or 60 mg is recommended. Ketorolac tromethamine appears to be as effective as morphine or meperidine for short-term management of moderate to severe postoperative pain. It lacks the respiratory depressant effects of opiate analgesics but shares the toxic potentials of other NSAIAs.
The Relationship Between Sleep Regimen and Performance in United States Navy Recruits

Abstract : Fatigue due to sleep deprivation is a major factor in both mental and physical performance. Failure of Recruits to receive the proper quality and quantity of sleep can be detrimental to a Recruit's safety and can diminish the amount of information learned during training. During the 1980s, the sleep regimen was decreased to 6 hours of sleep per night. In 2002, a decision was made to give U.S. Navy Recruits an additional two hours of sleep per night. This modification was selected to coincide with the acknowledged adolescent/young adult circadian rhythms. The purpose of this study was to determine the impact of the new eight-hour sleep regimen using standardized test scores as a performance measure. One year of data with the eight-hour sleep regimen was compared to two separate years when only six hours of sleep was allowed. There is a significant difference, F(2, 33) = 29.82, p < . 0001, between the test scores of Recruits receiving 6 hours of sleep and 8 hours of sleep. On average test scores rose by 11 percent with the additional sleep. The odds of observing such a difference is less than one in ten million.
Multi-feature fusion in advanced robotics applications

This paper describes a feature extraction technique from human face image sequences using model based approach. We study two different models with our proposed approach towards multifeature extraction. These features are efficiently used for human face information extraction for different applications. The approach follows in fitting a model to face image using robust objective function and extracting textural and temporal features for three major applications naming 1) face recognition, 2) facial expressions recognition and 3) gender classification. For experimentation and comparative study of our multi-features over two models, we use same set of features with two different classifiers generating promising results to explain that extracted features are strong enough to be used for face image analysis. Features goodness has been investigated on Cohn Kanade Facial Expressions Database (CKFED). The proposed multi-features approach is automatic and real time.
Dynamic spatiotemporal expression of LIM genes and cofactors in the embryonic and postnatal cerebral cortex

LIM‐Homeodomain (LIM‐HD) genes encode a family of transcription factors known to be involved in development and patterning in several systems. Previously, we have shown that LIM‐HD gene Lhx2 is required for the formation of a crucial boundary in the dorsal telencephalon (Bulchand et al. [2001] Mech Dev 100:165–175). To further explore the role of LIM‐HD genes as well as the broader LIM gene family in dorsal telencephalic development, we examined the expression pattern of the members of this gene family and their cofactors in the developing mouse cerebral cortex. Transcription factor activity of the LIM‐HD proteins requires the formation of a tetrameric complex consisting of two LIM‐HD molecules linked by a dimer of cofactor (Clim) molecules. LIM‐only (Lmo) proteins can interfere with this process by competing for the cofactors. LIM‐HD protein function, thus, can be modulated by the presence of the appropriate Clim or Lmo molecules. At least 13 LIM‐HD, 4 Lmo, and 2 Clim genes have been identified in the mouse. Several of these genes exhibit complex spatiotemporal patterns spanning different stages of cortical development, from embryonic to postnatal ages. Noteworthy features of the expression patterns include delineation of boundaries within the developing cortex, up‐ or down‐regulation during formation of selected cortical layers, and a striking complementarity of expression of several members consistent with specific functions in cortical development. Significantly, in some cases, Lmo or Clim gene expression is robust where no LIM‐HD gene expression is detectable. These results suggest multiple and distinct roles for LIM‐HD, Lmo, and Clim genes in cortical development, and also support a LIM‐HD–independent role for some Lmo and Clim members. Development Dynamics, 2003. © 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Sentiment Strength Detection for the Social Web 1

Mike Thelwall, Kevan Buckley, Georgios Paltoglou Statistical Cybermetrics Research Group, School of Technology, University of Wolverhampton, Wulfruna Street, Wolverhampton WV1 1SB, UK. E-mail: m.thelwall@wlv.ac. uk, K.A. Buckley@wlv.ac. uk , G.Paltoglou@wlv.ac. uk Tel: +44 1902 321470 Fax: +44 1902 321478 Sentiment analysis is concerned with the automatic extraction of sentiment-related information from text. Although most sentiment analysis addresses commercial tasks, such as extracting opinions from product reviews, there is increasing interest in the affective dimension of the social web, and Twitter in particular. Most sentiment analysis algorithms are not ideally suited for this task because they exploit indirect indicators of sentiment that can reflect genre or topic instead. Hence, such algorithms used to process social web texts can identify spurious sentiment patterns caused by topics rather than affective phenomena. This article assesses an improved version of the algorithm SentiStrength for sentiment strength detection across the social web that primarily uses direct indications of sentiment. The results from six diverse social web data sets (MySpace, Twitter, YouTube, Digg, Runners World, BBC Forums) indicate that SentiStrength 2 is successful in the sense of performing better than a baseline approach for all data sets in both supervised and unsupervised cases. SentiStrength is not always better than machine learning approaches that exploit indirect indicators of sentiment, however, and is particularly weaker for positive sentiment in news-related discussions. Overall, the results suggest that, even unsupervised, SentiStrength is robust enough to be applied to a wide variety of different social web contexts.
Internal standard-based analysis of microarray data. Part 1: analysis of differential gene expressions

Genome-scale microarray experiments for comparative analysis of gene expressions produce massive amounts of information. Traditional statistical approaches fail to achieve the required accuracy in sensitivity and specificity of the analysis. Since the problem can be resolved neither by increasing the number of replicates nor by manipulating thresholds, one needs a novel approach to the analysis. This article describes methods to improve the power of microarray analyses by defining internal standards to characterize features of the biological system being studied and the technological processes underlying the microarray experiments. Applying these methods, internal standards are identified and then the obtained parameters are used to define (i) genes that are distinct in their expression from background; (ii) genes that are differentially expressed; and finally (iii) genes that have similar dynamical behavior.
Receiving of emotional signal of pain from conspecifics in laboratory rats

Though recent studies have shown that rodents express emotions with their face, whether emotional expression in rodents has a communicative function between conspecifics is still unclear. Here, we demonstrate the ability of visual recognition of emotional expressions in laboratory rats. We found that Long-Evans rats avoid images of pain expressions of conspecifics but not those of neutral expressions. The results indicate that rats use visual emotional signals from conspecifics to adjust their behaviour in an environment to avoid a potentially dangerous place. Therefore, emotional expression in rodents, rather than just a mere ‘expression’ of emotional states, might have a communicative function.
Cyber Security, a Threat to Cyber Banking in South Africa: An Approach to Network and Application Security

This paper looks at cyber security threats to cyber banking in South Africa. Cyber-attacks on information systems, especially financial systems have been a common phenomenon in recent times. This phenomenon has spurred financial institutions in South Africa to look at risk management as a crucial entity in their business model. Continuous investment in up-to-date security measures and technologies helps to prevent heavy financial and information loses that may be caused by cyber-attacks. The growth of cyber-crimes is becoming a serious economic issue to South African organizations in particular and the country as a whole. This paper begins by analyzing the various cyber threats involved in cyber banking. Secondly, it proposes a cyber-banking security architecture, with the boundary and application security. The boundary security architecture comprises of four components and the application security proposes strategies to avoid vulnerabilities. Lastly this paper proposes a cyber-banking security framework to be adopted by financial institutions.
Efficient Broadband Current-Mode Adder- Quantizer Design for Continuous-Time Sigma–Delta Modulators

A 3-bit current-mode flash quantizer with current summing stage in a commercial 90-nm CMOS technology is presented. The topology is intended for low-power feed-forward continuous-time sigma-delta modulators. Current summation is realized using a common-gate structure. Replicas of the input signal current are compared with the reference currents through high-impedance nodes that ease the signal quantization. The comparison stage employs reset switches to enable fast comparisons. The proposed approach involves zero crossing comparators, and it employs current references instead of voltage references that demand a power-hungry resistive ladder. Results show that the proposed current-mode approach is faster than the conventional voltage-mode flash approach, and it requires a smaller input capacitance while consuming 53% less power. A 3-bit prototype design has a measured effective number of bits over 2.6 bits up to 2-GHz clock frequency with 10-MHz full-scale input signal. At 1.48-GHz clock frequency, the static differential nonlinearity (DNL) and integral nonlinearity (INL) errors are within -0.206 least significant bit (LSB) and 0.206 LSB, respectively. The proposed current-mode flash analog-to-digital converter (ADC) core dissipates 3.34-mW analog power from a 1.2 V supply while operating at 1.48 GHz. The core area of the ADC including the biasing circuitry is 0.0276 mm2.
Update on Endocrine Disturbances in Anorexia Nervosa

The marked endocrine changes that occur in anorexia nervosa have aroused a great deal of interest, and over the last decade much research has been conducted in this field. The endocrine disturbances are not specific to this disorder, as they also occur in starvation states secondary to other causes, and they return to normal upon weight restoration. However, emaciation may have profound effects on psychological processes, establishing an intricate circular interaction whereby somatic and psychological manifestations of starvation may continue to act. The purpose of this paper is to provide an overview of the large body of literature concerning endocrine aspects of anorexia nervosa with the main focus on the latest results, which provide leads for potential etiological theories.
Implantable porous gelatin microspheres sustained release of bFGF and improved its neuroprotective effect on rats after spinal cord injury

In this study, porous gelatin microspheres (GMSs) were constructed to improve the neuroprotective effect of basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF) on spinal cord injury. GMSs were prepared by a W/O emulsion template, followed by cross-linking, washing and drying. The particle sizes and surface porosity of the blank GMSs were carefully characterized by scan electronic microscopy. The blank GMSs have a mean particle size of 35μm and theirs surface was coarse and porous. bFGF was easily encapsulated inside the bulk GMSs through diffusion along the porous channel. 200μg of bFGF was completely encapsulated in 100mg of GMSs. The bFGF-loaded GMSs displayed a continuous drug release pattern without an obvious burst release over two weeks in vitro. Moreover, the therapeutic effects of bFGF-loaded GMSs were also evaluated in spinal cord injury rat model. After implantation of bFGF-loaded GMSs, the recovery of the motor function of SCI rats were evaluated by behavioral score and foot print experiment. The motor function of SCI rats treated with bFGF-loaded GMSs was more obvious than that treated with free bFGF solution (P<0.05). At the 28th days after treatment, rats were sacrificed and the injured spinal were removed for histopathological and apoptosis examination. Compared with treatment with free bFGF solution, treatment with bFGF-loaded GMSs resulted in a less necrosis, less infiltration of leukocytes, and a reduced the cavity ratio and less apoptotic cells in injured spinal(P<0.01), indicating its better therapeutic effect. Implantable porous GMSs may be a potential carrier to deliver bFGF for therapy of spinal cord injury.
Fuzzy guided BPSO method for haplotype tag SNP selection

In the current researches of disease-gene association, Single Nucleotide Polymorphism (SNP) is the most interested topic. However, genotyping all existing SNPs for a large number of samples is still challenging even though SNP arrays have been developed to facilitate the task. Therefore, it is essential to select only informative SNPs (tag SNP) representing the rest SNPs for genome-wide association studies. Accordingly, the cost of genotyping is expected to be largely reduced. In this study, the fuzzy guided binary particle swarm optimization (FBPSO) based approach make it possible to select tag SNPs with higher accuracy. The fuzzy logic is employed to tuning the inertia weight (w) of BPSO. Three publicly data sets from the literature have been used for testing the performance of FBPSO. The experimental results indicated that the fuzzy logic will reinforce the search capability of BPSO, which is more accurate than the state-of-the-art methods. On the average of testing results, it also outperforms SVM/STSA method about 3.7%.