Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Information leakage chaff: Feeding red herrings to side channel attackers

A prominent threat to embedded systems security is represented by side-channel attacks: they have proven effective in breaching confidentiality, violating trust guarantees and IP protection schemes. State-of-the-art countermeasures reduce the leaked information to prevent the attacker from retrieving the secret key of the cipher. We propose an alternate defense strategy augmenting the regular information leakage with false targets, quite like chaff countermeasures against radars, hiding the correct secret key among a volley of chaff targets. This in turn feeds the attacker with a large amount of invalid keys, which can be used to trigger an alarm whenever the attack attempts a content forgery using them, thus providing a reactive security measure. We realized a LLVM compiler pass able to automatically apply the proposed countermeasure to software implementations of block ciphers. We provide effectiveness and efficiency results on an AES implementation running on an ARM Cortex-M4 showing performance overheads comparable with state-of-the-art countermeasures.
Constraints on the anisotropic contributions to velocity discontinuities at ∼60 km depth beneath the Pacific

Strong, sharp, negative seismic discontinuities, velocity decreases with depth, are observed beneath the Pacific seafloor at ∼60 km depth. It has been suggested that these are caused by an increase in radial anisotropy with depth, which occurs in global surface wave models. Here we test this hypothesis in two ways. We evaluate whether an increase in surface wave radial anisotropy with depth is robust with synthetic resolution tests. We do this by fitting an example surface wave data set near the East Pacific Rise. We also estimate the apparent isotropic seismic velocity discontinuities that could be caused by changes in radial anisotropy in S‐to‐P and P‐to‐S receiver functions and SS precursors using synthetic seismograms. We test one model where radial anisotropy is caused by olivine alignment and one model where it is caused by compositional layering. The result of our surface wave inversion suggests strong shallow azimuthal anisotropy beneath 0–10 Ma seafloor, which would also have a radial anisotropy signature. An increase in radial anisotropy with depth at 60 km depth is not well‐resolved in surface wave models, and could be artificially observed. Shallow isotropy underlain by strong radial anisotropy could explain moderate apparent velocity drops (<6%) in SS precursor imaging, but not receiver functions. The effect is diminished if strong anisotropy also exists at 0–60 km depth as suggested by surface waves. Overall, an increase in radial anisotropy with depth may not exist at 60 km beneath the oceans and does not explain the scattered wave observations.
CAPITO - a web server-based analysis and plotting tool for circular dichroism data

MOTIVATION Circular dichroism (CD) spectroscopy is one of the most versatile tools to study protein folding and to validate the proper fold of purified proteins. Here, we aim to provide a readily accessible, user-friendly and platform-independent tool capable of analysing multiple CD datasets of virtually any format and returning results as high-quality graphical output to the user. RESULTS CAPITO (CD Anaylsis and Plotting Tool) is a novel web server-based tool for analysing and plotting CD data. It allows reliable estimation of secondary structure content utilizing different approaches. CAPITO accepts multiple CD datasets and, hence, is well suited for a wide application range such as the analysis of temperature or pH-dependent (un)folding and the comparison of mutants. AVAILABILITY http://capito.nmr. fli-leibniz.de. CONTACT cwiede@fli-leibniz.de or mago@fli-leibniz.de SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION Supplementary data are available at Bioinformatics online.
Remaining Capacity Measurement and Analysis of Alkaline Batteries for Wireless Sensor Nodes

In most applications, wireless sensor networks (WSNs) will deploy a large number of distributed sensor nodes in remote or inhospitable places, making batteries their main source of energy; thus, the stored energy is a key resource of a WSN. Sensor nodes should balance their limited resources to increase the lifetime of the network. The knowledge of the available amount of energy becomes an important requirement for the maintenance, implementation of self-management techniques, and viability of the WSN. Therefore, the research of the state-of-charge (SoC), or the remaining capacity estimation, is of key importance. This paper presents an energy-efficient battery-remaining capacity-estimation technique. The experiments were conducted using the MICA2 wireless sensor node platform, which shows that the voltage-only-based estimation presented an available 18% of the battery maximum capacity, although the battery had been fully discharged, and a current-based estimation technique is presented with minimal hardware intervention.
Metonymy and Language: A New Theory of Linguistic Processing

INHOUDSOPGAVE:##Introduction -- Modelling the linguistic mind -- The ability to metaphorize -- The vital role of metonymy in conceptualization and communication -- Metonymy in culture and recreation -- Metonymy and metaphor in discourse and text -- Metonymy and language learners -- Metonymy and translation -- Metonymics.
Long-term estimation of human spatial interactions through multiple laser ranging sensors

For robots to be able to naturally co-habitate human spaces, as well as to interact with single humans or groups of humans, they should be able to navigate in ways that are human-friendly, and appropriate to human spatial interaction social norms, such as keeping personal spaces. For that purpose, we are developing a special theory which extends path planning, which we call social path plan, which allows humans or groups as obstacles or goals. In order to provide tuning for our simulation results, we are acquiring a natural human interaction dataset, through measurements from multiple laser ranging sensors positioned at a cross-roads indoor space. We thus describe our system consisting of spatial and temporal alignment algorithms for multiple laser sensors, as well as foreground detection, sensor data fusion, segmentation, tracking, two-legged position and pose estimation, and event detection. The method presented can be easily extended to larger spaces and applied for many other application domains beyond our main goal of learning optimal spatial interaction behaviours for human-robot interaction.
Industrial ecology.

Industrial ecology addresses issues that will impact future production, use, and disposal technologies; proper use of the concept should reduce significantly the resources devoted to potential remediation in the future. This cradle-to-reincarnation production philosophy includes industrial processes that are environmentally sound and products that are environmentally safe during use and economically recyclable after use without adverse impact on the environment or on the net cost to society. This will require an industry-university-government round table to set the strategy and agenda for progress.
Optimization-Based Wearable Tactile Rendering

Novel wearable tactile interfaces offer the possibility to simulate tactile interactions with virtual environments directly on our skin. But, unlike kinesthetic interfaces, for which haptic rendering is a well explored problem, they pose new questions about the formulation of the rendering problem. In this work, we propose a formulation of tactile rendering as an optimization problem, which is general for a large family of tactile interfaces. Based on an accurate simulation of contact between a finger model and the virtual environment, we pose tactile rendering as the optimization of the device configuration, such that the contact surface between the device and the actual finger matches as close as possible the contact surface in the virtual environment. We describe the optimization formulation in general terms, and we also demonstrate its implementation on a thimble-like wearable device. We validate the tactile rendering formulation by analyzing its force error, and we show that it outperforms other approaches.
The significance of pain in knee joint loading during walking

PREFACE The present thesis is based on three papers listed below (referred to by roman numerals in the text). The original papers are attached. The studies have all been carried out at The Parker Institute Impulse-forces during walking are not increased in patients with knee osteoarthritis. Increased joint loads during walking – A consequence of pain relief in knee osteoarthritis.
Social and Cognitive Development in the Context of Individual, Social, and Cultural Processes

Introduction Part 1: Context of Developments 1. Interaction and Development Accounting for Emergence Jaan Valsiner 2. Patterns of Culturally Meaningful Activity: Linking Parents' Ideas and Parent-Child Interactions Catherine Raeff 3. Environmental Chaos, Development, and Parenting Across Cultures Theodore D. Wachs and Feyza Corapci 4. Play as a Context for the Socialization of Interpersonal Relationships M. Christina Ramirez 5. Context and the Dynamic Construal of Meaning in Early Childhood Nancy Budwig 6. The Multiple Agendas of Intersubjectivity in Children's Group Writing Activity Chikako Toma and James V. Wertsch Part 2: Developing Through Culturally Shaped Social Interactions 7. Object Manipulation in Context Jeffery J. Lockman 8. The Social and Cultural Context of the Development of Future Orientation Janette B. Benson, Ayelet Talmi, and Marshall M. Haith 9. Level this, Level that: That Place of Culture in the Construction of the Self Michael J. Chandler and Bryan W. Sokol Part 3: Final Thoughts: Infancy as the Foundation for Intersecting individual, Social, and Cultural Processes 10.Lessons form our Infancy: Relationships to Self, Other, and Nature Alan Fogel
VeriTrust: Verification for hardware trust

Hardware Trojans (HTs) implemented by adversaries serve as backdoors to subvert or augment the normal operation of infected devices, which may lead to functionality changes, sensitive information leakages, or Denial of Service attacks. To tackle such threats, this paper proposes a novel verification technique for hardware trust, namely VeriTrust, which facilitates to detect HTs inserted at design stage. Based on the observation that HTs are usually activated by dedicated trigger inputs that are not sensitized with verification test cases, VeriTrust automatically identifies such potential HT trigger inputs by examining verification corners. The key difference between VeriTrust and existing HT detection techniques is that VeriTrust is insensitive to the implementation style of HTs. Experimental results show that VeriTrust is able to detect all HTs evaluated in this paper (constructed based on various HT design methodologies shown in the literature) at the cost of moderate extra verification time, which is not possible with existing solutions.
Automatic Synthesis of Pipeline Structures with Variable Data Initiation Intervals

In this paper, we propose a novel algorithm for synthesizing the pipeline structures with variable data initiation intervals (DIIs). Compared to previous researches where the pipeline synthesis is confined to those with fixed DIIs, the proposed algorithm tries to optimize the pipeline latency by fully utilizing hardware resources to which abstract operations in high-level design descriptions are assigned. Determining time-overlapping of pipeline stages, the proposed algorithm performs scheduling and module allocation using the time-overlapping information for the proper control of pipelines with variable DIIs. Experimental results on benchmarks show that significant improvement can be achieved both in speed and in area.
Evaluation of nine distance-based measures of functional diversity applied to forest communities.

Several methods for the estimation of functional diversity are em- ployed in plant communities. However, it is hard to select the most suitable measures in practice. This work presents comparisons of nine distance-based measures applied to functional diversity analysis in forest communities (36 plots) along an elevational gradient in the Pangquangou Reserve, China. The employed indices and methods were: functional attribute diversity (FAD ), Rao's functional diversity (Rao's index), single linkage (SL), com- plete linkage (CL), Unweighted Pair Group Method with Arithmetic Mean (UPGMA), Unweighted Pair-Group Method using Centroids (UPGMC), Median linkage (Median), fuzzy equivalence diversity (Fuzzy index) and minimum spanning tree index (MST). The results showed that all the nine measures successfully quantified the functional diversity in plant communi- ties and described the changes along environmental gradient. It was con- cluded that all the employed indices and methods were equally effective and significantly correlated. Comparatively, fuzzy index, MST, UPGMC, UPGMA and Median were more suitable and should have priority over the other four measures in functional diversity analysis. A combination of a few measures of functional diversity within the same study was recommended. Functional diversity indices were significantly decreasing with elevation and correlated with species richness in the studied forest communities. Keywords elevation gradient, functional traits, Larix principis-rupprechtii communities, linear mixed models, performance ranking, slope, species richness.
A Review of the Literature

Based on the available literature, this review article investigates the issue of resilience in relation to trauma and posttraumatic stress disorder. Resilient coping to extreme stress and trauma is a multifaceted phenomena characterized as a complex repertoire of behavioral tendencies. An integrative Person Situation model is developed based on the literature that specifies the nature of interactions among five classes of variables: (a) personality, (b) affect regulation, (c) coping, (d) ego defenses, and (e) the utilization and mobilization of protective factors and resources to aid coping.
RNA binding in an Sm core domain: X‐ray structure and functional analysis of an archaeal Sm protein complex

Eukaryotic Sm and Sm‐like proteins associate with RNA to form the core domain of ribonucleoprotein particles involved in pre‐mRNA splicing and other processes. Recently, putative Sm proteins of unknown function have been identified in Archaea. We show by immunoprecipitation experiments that the two Sm proteins present in Archaeoglobus fulgidus (AF‐Sm1 and AF‐Sm2) associate with RNase P RNA in vivo, suggesting a role in tRNA processing. The AF‐Sm1 protein also interacts specifically with oligouridylate in vitro. We have solved the crystal structures of this protein and a complex with RNA. AF‐Sm1 forms a seven‐membered ring, with the RNA interacting inside the central cavity on one face of the doughnut‐shaped complex. The bases are bound via stacking and specific hydrogen bonding contacts in pockets lined by residues highly conserved in archaeal and eukaryotic Sm proteins, while the phosphates remain solvent accessible. A comparison with the structures of human Sm protein dimers reveals closely related monomer folds and intersubunit contacts, indicating that the architecture of the Sm core domain and RNA binding have been conserved during evolution.
Neurochemical afferents controlling the activity of serotonergic neurons in the dorsal raphe nucleus: microiontophoretic studies in the awake cat

Serotonergic (5-HT) neurons of the brainstem dorsal raphe nucleus (DRN) have been implicated in a diversity of physiological and behavioral processes in vertebrates. However, despite extensive information about the intrinsic properties and the efferent projections of this neurochemical system, little information is available regarding the afferents that control its activity. This study investigated the neurotransmitters that regulate the activity of DRN-5-HT neurons under physiologically relevant conditions, by utilizing microiontophoresis in combination with single-unit recordings in the awake, head-restrained cat. This made it possible to examine the direct effects of neurotransmitters on DRN-5-HT neuronal activity, and, through the use of specific antagonists, to study the roles of these neurotransmitter inputs during physiological conditions that influence DRN-5-HT neuronal activity. The results indicate that (1) iontophoretic application of the GABA antagonist bicuculline reversed the typical suppression of neuronal activity seen during slow wave sleep, but had no effect on maintained activity during wakefulness. The suppression of neuronal activity during REM sleep was generally unaffected by application of bicuculline. This suggests a role for a GABAergic input to DRN-5-HT neurons in controlling some aspects of their state-dependent activity. (2) Iontophoretic application of the excitatory amino acid (EAA) antagonist kynurenic acid reduced the magnitude of the neuronal response evoked by phasic auditory stimuli, but had no effect on the spontaneous activity of these neurons, suggesting a role for an EAA input to the DRN in mediating the response to phasic sensory stimuli. (ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Multimodal Computer-Assisted transcription of Text Images at Character-Level Interaction

Currently, automatic handwriting recognition systems are ineffectual in unconstrained handwriting documents. Therefore, to obtain perfect transcriptions, heavy human intervention is required to validate and correct the results of such systems. Given that this post-editing process is inefficient and uncomfortable, a multimodal interactive approach has been proposed in previous works, which aims at obtaining correct transcriptions with the minimum human effort. In this approach, the user interacts with the system by means of an e-pen and/or more traditional methods such as keyboard or mouse. This user's feedback allows to improve system accuracy and multimodality increases system ergonomics and user acceptability. Until now, multimodal interaction has been considered only at whole-word level. In this work, multimodal interaction at character-level is studied, that may lead to more effective interactivity, since it is faster and easier to write only one character rather than a whole word. Here we study this kind of fine-grained multimodal interaction and present developments that allow taking advantage of interaction-derived context to significantly improve feedback decoding accuracy. Empirical tests on three cursive handwritten tasks suggest that, despite losing the deterministic accuracy of traditional peripherals, this approach can save significant amounts of user effort with respect to fully manual transcription as well as to noninteractive post-editing correction.
An interface circuit prototype for a vibration-based electromagnetic energy harvester

This paper describes the interface electronics for a vibration based Electromagnetic (EM) energy harvester, which works on the mechanical frequency-up-conversion principle. The interface electronics is used to step up and rectify the harvested AC signal of the energy harvester through a two-stage charge-pump circuit. Output voltage of 4.5 V with 2.5% ripple has been demonstrated at a load current of 5μA. The maximum power efficiency is 35% with an output voltage and current range of 2–2.5V and 15–20 μA respectively. Furthermore, a synchronous rectifier was powered by the energy harvester to verify usage under active loading conditions.
Global change and remote sensing of CDOM in Arctic coastal waters

The amount of CDOM in arctic waters plays an important role both from global carbon cycle point of view and from radiative heating point of view of surface waters. The first part of this paper summarizes the current situation in remote sensing mapping of CDOM concentration in Arctic Ocean. Radiative heating calculations were carried out with Hydrolight 5.0 model in order to estimate the impact of variable amount of CDOM on heating of Arctic surface waters. Also the total area where the Arctic Ocean waters differ from the clear oceanic waters was estimated using MODIS Kd(490) product.
What Does The Crowd Say About You? Evaluating Aggregation-based Location Privacy

Abstract Information about people’s movements and the locations they visit enables an increasing number of mobility analytics applications, e.g., in the context of urban and transportation planning, In this setting, rather than collecting or sharing raw data, entities often use aggregation as a privacy protection mechanism, aiming to hide individual users’ location traces. Furthermore, to bound information leakage from the aggregates, they can perturb the input of the aggregation or its output to ensure that these are differentially private. In this paper, we set to evaluate the impact of releasing aggregate location time-series on the privacy of individuals contributing to the aggregation. We introduce a framework allowing us to reason about privacy against an adversary attempting to predict users’ locations or recover their mobility patterns. We formalize these attacks as inference problems, and discuss a few strategies to model the adversary’s prior knowledge based on the information she may have access to. We then use the framework to quantify the privacy loss stemming from aggregate location data, with and without the protection of differential privacy, using two real-world mobility datasets. We find that aggregates do leak information about individuals’ punctual locations and mobility profiles. The density of the observations, as well as timing, play important roles, e.g., regular patterns during peak hours are better protected than sporadic movements. Finally, our evaluation shows that both output and input perturbation offer little additional protection, unless they introduce large amounts of noise ultimately destroying the utility of the data.
Time and again : theoretical perspectives on formal linguistics : in honor of D. Terence Langendoen

1. Acknowledgements 2. Introduction (by Lewis, William D.) 3. Part I. Syntax and semantics 4. 1. Inverse reflexives (by Postal, Paul M.) 5. 2. On the nature of the approximative expression NUM-odd (by Dooley, Sheila Ann) 6. 3. Skating along the syntactic verge: Experimental pragmatics and understood elements of content (by Garrett, Merrill) 7. 4. Current challenges to the Lexicalist Hypothesis: An overview and a critique (by Newmeyer, Frederick J.) 8. Part II. Psycholinguistics 9. 5. On the homogeneity of syntax: How similar do coordinates and subordinates look to the comprehension system? (by Cowart, Wayne) 10. 6. The effect of case marking on subject-verb agreement errors in English (by Nicol, Janet) 11. 7. First language acquisition of coordination: The mud-puddle study and beyond (by Lust, Barbara) 12. 8. Frequency effects in children's syntactic and morphological development (by McKee, Cecile) 13. 9. Abstract linguistic representations and innateness: The development of determiners (by Valian, Virginia) 14. Part III. Language as a Formal System 15. 10. One-level finite-state phonology (by Hammond, Michael) 16. 11. Biolinguistics today and Platonism yesterday (by Bever, Thomas G.) 17. Part IV. Standards 18. 12. Linguistics as a community activity: The paradox of freedom through standards (by Simons, Gary F.) 19. 13. Sherwin Cody's school of English (by Battistella, Edwin) 20. Index