Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Trends in the Incidence of Spontaneous Subarachnoid Hemorrhages in the United States, 2007–2017

Background and Objective To test the hypothesis that age-specific, sex-specific, and race-specific and ethnicity-specific incidence of nontraumatic subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) increased in the United States over the last decade. Methods In this retrospective cohort study, validated International Classification of Diseases codes were used to identify all new cases of SAH (n = 39,475) in the State Inpatients Databases of New York and Florida (2007–2017). SAH counts were combined with Census data to calculate incidence. Joinpoint regression was used to compute the annual percentage change (APC) in incidence and to compare trends over time between demographic subgroups. Results Across the study period, the average annual age-standardized/sex-standardized incidence of SAH in cases per 100,000 population was 11.4, but incidence was significantly higher in women (13.1) compared with that in men (9.6), p < 0.001. Incidence also increased with age in both sexes (men aged 20–44 years: 3.6; men aged 65 years or older: 22.0). Age-standardized and sex-standardized incidence was greater in Black patients (15.4) compared with that in non-Hispanic White (NHW) patients (9.9) and other races and ethnicities, p < 0.001. On joinpoint regression, incidence increased over time (APC 0.7%, p < 0.001), but most of this increase occurred in men aged 45–64 years (APC 1.1%, p = 0.006), men aged 65 years or older (APC 2.3%, p < 0.001), and women aged 65 years or older (APC 0.7%, p = 0.009). Incidence in women aged 20–44 years declined (APC −0.7%, p = 0.017), while those in other age/sex groups remained unchanged over time. Incidence increased in Black patients (APC 1.8%, p = 0.014), whereas that in Asian, Hispanic, and NHW patients did not change significantly over time. Discussion Nontraumatic SAH incidence in the United States increased over the last decade predominantly in middle-aged men and elderly men and women. Incidence is disproportionately higher and increasing in Black patients, whereas that in other races and ethnicities did not change significantly over time.
Assessment of aflatoxin M1 exposure and associated determinants in children from Lahore, Pakistan

Abstract Aflatoxins are potent carcinogenic and immunomodulatory mycotoxins, and exposure may lead to deleterious effects on human health. This study aimed to detect aflatoxin M1 (AFM1) as biomarker of exposure and determine associated risk factors in children attending a specialized-childcare hospital in Lahore. Urine samples collected from 238 children (1–11 years) during winter (January–mid-March 2020) and hot-humid summer (August–September 2020) were tested for AFM1 presence using ELISA. Data on potential risk factors were also collected. Of 238 samples, 156 (65.5%) were positive for urinary AFM1. Season was significantly associated (OR = 2.64; 95% CI = 1.49–4.79; p = 0.001) with AFM1 positivity; prevalence was higher in hot-humid months (74.6%) than winter (57.3%). The place of living was also significantly associated (OR = 2.21; 95% CI = 1.25–3.97; p = 0.007), and urinary AFM1 positivity was higher in urban children (71.1%) compared to rural (58.3%). Median value for creatinine-adjusted AFM1 was 1.9 ng/mg creatinine (Q1–Q3 = 0.82–6.0 ng/mg creatinine), while non-creatinine-adjusted AFM1 was 0.57 ng/mL (Q1–Q3 = 0.23–1.4 ng/mL). Significantly higher urinary AFM1 levels were detected in children; age ≤2 years (p = 0.037), who consumed more milk (p = 0.048), and who presented to the nutrition clinic (p = 0.003). These findings highlight the need for an effective control program to reduce the AFM1 burden in children.
A Template Design for Correctly Overriding the Operator== in C

class T { public final boolean equals(Object that) { boolean isEqual = false; if ((that ! = null) && (that instanceof T)) { T castedThat = (T) that; if (this.getTypeEquiv(). equals(castedThat.getTypeEquiv())) { isEqual = blindlyEquals(that); } } return isEqual; } protected boolean blindlyEquals(Object that) { return true; // to stop the chaining } abstract protected Class getTypeEquiv(); }protected Class getTypeEquiv(); } class A extends T { protected boolean blindlyEquals(Object that) { A castedThat = (A) that; // perform comparisons on private data boolean isEqual = (this.x == castedThat.x); return (isEqual && super.blindlyEquals(that)); } protected Class getTypeEquiv() { Class result = null; try { // will never fail, but must try/catch result = Class.forName(“A”); } catch (ClassNotFoundExeception e) { } return result; }
ALMA + VLT observations of a damped Lyman-α absorbing galaxy: massive, wide CO emission, gas-rich but with very low SFR

We are undertaking an ALMA survey of molecular gas in galaxies selected for their strong HI absorption, so-called DLA/sub-DLA galaxies. Here we report CO(2-1) detection from a DLA galaxy at z = 0.716. We also present optical and near-infrared spectra of the galaxy revealing [OII], H{\alpha} and [NII] emission lines shifted by ~170 km/s relative to the DLA, and providing an oxygen abundance 3.2 times solar, similar to the absorption metallicity. We report low unobscured SFR ~1 Msun/yr given the large reservoir of molecular gas, and also modest obscured SFR=4.5(+4.4,-2.6) Msun/yr based on far-IR and sub-mm data. We determine mass components of the galaxy: log[M*/Msun] = 10.80(+0.07,-0.14), log[M mol-gas/Msun] = 10.37 +/-0.04, and log[M dust/Msun] = 8.45(+0.10,-0.30). Surprisingly, this HI absorption-selected galaxy has no equivalent objects in CO surveys of flux-selected samples. The galaxy falls off current scaling relations for the SFR to molecular gas mass and CO Tully-Fisher relation. Detailed comparison of kinematical components of the absorbing, ionized and molecular gas, combined with their spatial distribution, suggests that part of the CO gas is both kinematically and spatially de-coupled from the main galaxy. It is thus possible that a major star burst in the past could explain the wide CO profile as well as the low SFR. Support for this also comes from the SED favouring an instantaneous burst of age ~0.5 Gyr. Our survey will establish whether flux-selected surveys of molecular gas are missing a key stage in the evolution of galaxies and their conversion of gas to stars.
Wavelength convertible quantum memory satisfying ultralong photon storage and near perfect retrieval efficiency

Quantum coherence control is presented for wavelength convertible quantum memory in a double-lambda-type solid ensemble whose spin states are inhomogeneously broadened. Unlike typical atomic media whose spin decay is homogeneous, a spin inhomogeneously broadened solid ensemble requires a counter-intuitive access in the quantum coherence control to avoid spontaneous emission-caused quantum noises. Such quantum coherence control in a solid ensemble results in a near perfect retrieval efficiency and is applicable to ultralong photon storage up to the spin phase relaxation time. Here, the basic physics of the counter-intuitive quantum coherence control is presented not only for two-photon (Raman) coherent transients, but also for a detailed coherence transfer mechanism resulting in frequency up-/down-conversion. This work sheds light on potential applications of quantum optical memories satisfying noise free, near perfect, ultralong, and multimode photon storage, where quantum repeaters, scalable entangled qubits, and magnetometry would be imminent beneficiaries.
Continued potassium supplementation use following loop diuretic discontinuation in older adults: An evaluation of a prescribing cascade relic

The use of a new medication (e.g., potassium supplementation) for managing a drug‐induced adverse event (e.g., loop diuretic‐induced hypokalemia) constitutes a prescribing cascade. However, loop diuretics are often stopped while potassium may be unnecessarily continued (i.e., relic). We aimed to quantify the occurrence of relics using older adults previously experiencing a loop diuretic‐potassium prescribing cascade as an example.
Efficacy of Scrambler Therapy for Management of Chronic Pain: A Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials.

BACKGROUND Although several randomized controlled trials (RCTs) have reported the efficacy of scrambler therapy (ST) for the management of chronic pain, those findings remain inconsistent. OBJECTIVES This meta-analysis aimed to investigate the efficacy of ST for the management of chronic pain. STUDY DESIGN A meta-analysis of RCTs. METHODS We searched core databases including PubMed, EMBASE, and the Cochrane library for RCTs in October 2021. Standardized mean differences (SMDs) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for pain reduction were calculated using a random-effects model meta-analysis. RESULTS Out of 348 studies, a total of 7 RCTs (n = 287 patients) that met the inclusion criteria were included in the final analysis. Overall, ST marginally decreased pain scores after the end of the treatment compared with the control group, with substantial heterogeneity (SMD, -0.85; 95% CI, -1.66 to -0.03; I2 = 89.5%, n = 7). A subgroup meta-analysis found that the use of ST significantly reduced analgesic consumption compared to the control group (SMD, -0.54; 95% CI, -0.93 to -0.14; I2 = 0.0%; n = 2). However, no significant efficacy was observed in the subgroup meta-analyses by methodological quality, type of diseases causing pain, and follow-up period. LIMITATIONS The included trials have a small sample size and low methodological quality. CONCLUSIONS ST seems to be effective in the management of patients with chronic pain. However, further, large RCTs are warranted to confirm our findings.
Relativistic elastodynamics

There are many different formulations of relativistic elasticity. Most of them are only concerned with formal questions rather than questions regarding the PDE point of view. The aim of this thesis is to obtain various local existence results for dynamical scenarios involving elastic matter. Following Beig and Schmidt we treat relativistic elasticity as a Lagrangian field theory. The basic unknowns are mappings between spacetime and an abstract material manifold. The equations of motion will be the Euler-Lagrange equations arising from the action principle. Under certain (physically reasonable) restrictions on the elastic properties of the material the resulting system is hyperbolic and local existence results can be derived. This way we can show well-posedness for the equations describing elastic matter on a fixed gravitational background, self-gravitating elastic matter and a finite elastic body on a fixed background. The thesis also contains some results on energy conservation and on linearized elasticity.
A Review on Image Denoising over AWGN Channel

Image denoising is an indispensable task where the complication of noise is prevalent and the contrast of low cost surveillance camera is more over low due to various image acquisitions. For the past two decades, denoising is performed by the Wavelet transform. The process of removing noise from the original image is still a demanding problem for researchers. There have been several algorithms and each has its assumptions, merits, and demerits. The prime focus of this paper is related to the pre processing of an image before it can be used in applications. The pre processing is done by de-noising of images. Image denoising algorithms are applied on images to remove the different types of noise that are either present in the image during capturing or injected into the image during transmission. In this paper, we propose fast and high-quality nonlinear algorithm for denoising digital images corrupted by mixed Poisson-Gaussian noise over Additive White Gaussian Channel (AWGN) Channel. The proposed work presents a novel approach of denoising by Poisson Unbiased Risk Estimate-Linear Expansion of Threshold (PURE-LET) Stein’s unbiased risk estimate-Linear Expansion of Threshold (SURE-LET).
The turbulent boundary layer on a porous plate: An experimental study of the fluid mechanics for adverse free stream pressure gradients

An experimental investigation of transpired turbulent boundary layers in zero and adverse pressure gradients has been carried out. Profiles of: a) the mean velocity, b) the three intensities of the turbulent fluctuations, and c) the Reynolds stress were obtained by hot-wire anemometry. The friction coefficients were measured by using an integrated form of the boundary layer equation to "extrapolate" the measured shear stress profiles to the wall. The two adverse pressure gradients correspond to freem where stream velocity distributions of the type, u_ _ x , m < 0 . Equilibrium boundary layers (i.e. flows with defect profile similarity) were obtained when the transpiration velocity, v o , was varied such that the blowing parameter, B = PVoU_/T o , and the Clauser pressure gradient param81 dp were held constant. eter, _ = _-dx ' O In the analysis of the data it was found that the Prandtl mixing-length, _, can be expressed as _ = Ky (K = , ! 0.41 is the von Karman constant) in the "logarithmic" region of all the mean velocity profiles. The following new law of the wall,
Multiscale Computational Methods in Chemistry and Physics

This book brings together interdisciplinary contributions ranging from applied mathematics, theoretical physics, quantum chemistry and molecular biology, all addressing various facets of the problem to connect the many different scales that one has to deal with in the computer simulation of many systems of interest in chemistry (e.g. polymeric materials, biological molecules, clusters, surface and interface structure). Particular emphasis is on the "multigrid technique" and its applications, ranging from electronic structure calculations to the statistical mechanics of polymers.
First measurement of the cross-correlation between CMB weak lensing and X-ray emission

Since the publication of the results of the Planck satellite mission in 2013, the local and early Universes have been considered to be in tension in respect of the determination of amplitude of the matter density spatial fluctuations (σ8) and the amount of matter present in the Universe (Ωm). This tension can be seen as a lack of massive galaxy clusters in the local Universe compared to the prediction inferred from Planck cosmic microwave background (CMB) best-fitting cosmology. In the present analysis we perform the first detection of the cross-correlation between X-rays and CMB weak lensing at 9. 1σ. We next combine thermal Sunyaev–Zel’dovich effect, X-rays, and weak-lensing angular auto- and cross-correlation power spectra to determine the galaxy cluster hydrostatic mass bias. We derive (1 − bH) = 0.71 ± 0.07. Considering these constraints, we observe that estimations of σ8 in the local Universe are consistent with Planck CMB best-fitting cosmology. However, these results are in clear tension with the output of hydrodynamical simulations that favor (1 − bH)> 0.8.
PAHs and star formation in the H ii regions of nearby galaxies M83 and M33

We present mid-infrared (MIR) spectra of HII regions within star-forming galaxies M83 and M33. Their emission features are compared with Galactic and extragalactic HII regions, HII-type galaxies, starburst galaxies, and Seyfert/LINER type galaxies. Our main results are as follows: (i) the M33 and M83 HII regions lie in between Seyfert/LINER galaxies and HII-type galaxies in the 7.7/11.3 - 6.2/11.3 plane, while the different sub-samples exhibiting different 7.7/6.2 ratios; (ii) Using the NASA Ames PAH IR Spectroscopic database, we demonstrate that the 6.2/7.7 ratio does not effectively track PAH size, but the 11.3/3.3 PAH ratio does; (iii) variations on the 17 $\mu$m PAH band depends on object type; however, there is no dependence on metallicity for both extragalactic HII regions and galaxies; (iv) the PAH/VSG intensity ratio decreases with the hardness of the radiation field and galactocentric radius (Rg), yet the ionization alone cannot account for the variation seen in all of our sources; (v) the relative strength of PAH features does not change significantly with increasing radiation hardness, as measured through the [NeIII]/[NeII] ratio and the ionization index; (vi) We present PAH SFR calibrations based on the tight correlation between the 6.2, 7.7, and 11.3 $\mu$m PAH luminosities with the 24 $\mu$m luminosity and the combination of the 24 $\mu$m and H$\alpha$ luminosity; (vii) Based on the total luminosity from PAH and FIR emission, we argue that extragalactic HII regions are more suitable templates in modeling and interpreting the large scale properties of galaxies compared to Galactic HII regions.
Fermi Surface Study of LaRu2Si2 and of Heavy-Fermion CeRu2Si2 above the Kondo Temperature

The Two-dimensional (2D) angular correlation of the positron annihilation radiation of the heavy-fermion system CeRu 2 Si 2 was measured above the Kondo temperature T K and compared to that of the reference isostructural non-f-electron system LaRu 2 Si 2 . The k-space densities of the two compounds, obtained via the Lock-Crisp-West folding of the 3D-reconstructed electron-positron momentum densities, were very similar. These results are in reasonable agreement with the hand structure calculated for CeRu 2 Si 2 using the local-density approximation (LDA). Conversely, in the case of LaRu 2 Si 2 . a clear discrepancy between the LDA calculation and the experiment appears unless the Fermi level (E F ) is raised by ∼1 I mRy After the E F adjustment the calculated Fermi surfaces are rather similar and in agreement with both experiments. The implications of this similarity on the physics of the heavy fermions are discussed.
Policy roadmap for a sustainable informal business sector

ABSTRACT The informal sector plays a vital role in providing income opportunities to the unemployed. The sector can create more employment opportunities in this distressed South African economy; however, sustainability concerns do exist. An exploratory research design was used in this qualitative study in order to understand the policy stances towards the informal business sector and the issues that threaten its sustainability. The results indicated that the government's efforts to support informal businesses are not tangible and are not focused on inclusive development. A strategic roadmap that could be used by the government to help the sector sustain itself is proposed.
Constraints on the production of primordial magnetic seeds in pre-big bang cosmology

We study the amplification of the electromagnetic fluctuations, and the production of "seeds" for the cosmic magnetic fields, in a class of string cosmology models whose scalar and tensor perturbations reproduce current observations and satisfy known phenomenological constraints. We find that the condition of efficient seeds production can be satisfied and compatible with all constraints only in a restricted region of parameter space, but we show that such a region has significant intersections with the portions of parameter space where the produced background of relic gravitational waves is strong enough to be detectable by aLIGO/Virgo and/or by eLISA.
An empirical study of async wait flakiness in front-end testing

Automated front-end regression testing is an essential part of web development, allowing fast release cycles while maintaining high-quality requirements. However, due to the asynchronous nature of web applications, front-end testing is sensitive to Async Wait flakiness which reduces the usefulness of such test suites by introducing false alarms. In this work, we conducted an empirical study to investigate the causes and the impact of Async Wait flakiness in front-end testing. To do so, we build a dataset of 62 tests exhibiting reproducible Async Wait flakiness associated with a clean fix commit, which becomes the foundation of our study. Our preliminary results suggest that tests relying on an explicit time to wait in order to synchronize the tests tend to create more flakiness (38 instances) than synchronizing on the status of DOM elements (24 instances). Further study shows that where time-based issues are typically addressed by increasing the time to wait, DOM-based issues are resolved by actually introducing a missing synchronization point. We conclude our study with an analysis of the different implementations of synchronization mechanisms to provide tool manufacturers with concrete insights on how to improve their solutions.
Detecting Content Drift on the Web Using Web Archives and Textual Similarity

Content drift, which occurs when a website’s content changes and moves away from the content it originally referenced, is problem that affects both live websites and web archives. Content drift can also occur when the page has been hacked, its domain has expired, or the service has been discontinued. In this paper, we present a simple method for detecting content drift on the live web based on comparing the titles of live websites to those of their archived versions. Our assumption was that the higher the difference between the title of an archived website and that of its live counterpart, the more likely content drift had taken place. In order to test our approach, we first had human evaluators manually judge websites from three Canadian web archives to determine or not content drift had occurred. Then we extracted the titles from all websites, and used cosine similarity to compare the title of the live websites to the title of the archived websites. Our approach achieved positive results, with an accuracy of 85.2, precision of 89.3, recall of 92.1, and F-measure values of 90.7. Having simple methods such as the one presented in this paper can allow institutions or researchers to quickly and effectively detect content drift without needing many technological resources.
Leveraging composability in model-based testing for microservices

The microservices architecture is becoming increasingly more popular in contemporary software systems. Microservices communicate with each other over a network using specific communication protocols, such as HTTP or AMQP. Microservices systems can pose various challenges, with testing being one of them. Model-based testing is an established formal method for testing software systems. However, testing microservices using model-based testing is an open research topic. The goal of our research is to explore formally testing microservices systems. This research is divided in two parts: (1) we develop a theoretical framework for formally testing microservices, extending existing work on ioco-theory; (2) we implement the theoretical framework in a proof-of-concept to experiment with microservices systems from both open-source and industry.
Image Classifier with Dynamic Set of Known Classes

The typical classification task is based on the assumption that the model will later only encounter examples of classes available during its training. In practice, this is often not a realistic assumption, because of limitations in obtaining enough labeled training data. This contribution is focused on the case where the model might encounter a sample belonging to a class different from the classes seen in the training phase. The goal is to reject examples of unseen classes with the option of later adding them as representatives of new classes without the need to retrain the backbone model. This is important because the end-user might not be able to re-train the model for any reason. The presented approach is based on metric learning combined with the meta-classifier similar to the approach of Xu et al. [1]. Classified examples are first embedded in a vector space through an encoder trained to capture similarities in the input data. The classification itself is then performed by 𝑛 , where 𝑛 is the number of known classes, binary decisions. For each decision, the tested example is compared to the 𝑘 closest examples from the given class. If the model does not decide that the example belongs to any class, this example is rejected as possibly unknown. The method is tested in a visual data classification task.