Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
The Stern-Brocot Continued Fraction

We discover a continued fraction whose successive approximants generate the SternBrocot sequence and levels of the Stern-Brocot tree. We also discover continued fractions whose approximants generate every term in diagonals and branches of the Stern-Brocot tree. Disciplines Engineering | Science and Technology Studies Publication Details Bates, B. (2014). The Stern-Brocot continued fraction. Integers: electronic journal of combinatorial number theory, 14 A39-1 A39-23. This journal article is available at Research Online: http://ro.uow.edu.au/eispapers/3233 #A39 INTEGERS 14 (2014) THE STERN-BROCOT CONTINUED FRACTION Bruce Bates School of Mathematics and Applied Statistics, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW, Australia bbates@uow.edu.au Received: 10/18/12, Revised: 3/16/14, Accepted: 5/17/14, Published: 8/11/14 Abstract We discover a continued fraction whose successive approximants generate the Stern– Brocot sequence and levels of the Stern–Brocot tree. We also discover continued fractions whose approximants generate every term in diagonals and branches of the Stern–Brocot tree.We discover a continued fraction whose successive approximants generate the Stern– Brocot sequence and levels of the Stern–Brocot tree. We also discover continued fractions whose approximants generate every term in diagonals and branches of the Stern–Brocot tree.
PERTURBATIONS OF SNe Ia LIGHT CURVES, COLORS, AND SPECTRAL FEATURES BY CIRCUMSTELLAR DUST

It has been suggested that multiple scattering on circumstellar dust could explain the non-standard reddening observed in the line of sight to Type Ia supernovae. In this work, we use Monte Carlo simulations to examine how the scattered light would affect the shape of optical light curves and spectral features. We find that the effects on the light curve widths, apparent time evolution of color excess, and blending of spectral features originating at different photospheric velocities should allow for tests of the circumstellar dust hypothesis on a case by case basis. Our simulations also show that for circumstellar shells with radii r = 1016–1019 cm, the light curve modifications are well described by the empirical Δm15 parameter and intrinsic color variations of order σBV = 0.05–0.1 arise naturally. For large shell radii an excess light curve tail is expected in B-band, as observed in, e.g., SN2006X.
Genomic epidemiology of the rotavirus G2P[4] strains in coastal Kenya pre- and post-rotavirus vaccine introduction, 2012–8

Abstract The introduction of rotavirus vaccines into the national immunization programme in many countries has led to a decline in childhood diarrhoea disease burden. Coincidentally, the incidence of some rotavirus group A (RVA) genotypes has increased, which may result from non-vaccine-type replacement. Here, we investigate the evolutionary genomics of rotavirus G2P[4] which has shown an increase in countries that introduced the monovalent Rotarix® vaccine. We examined sixty-three RVA G2P[4] strains sampled from children (aged below 13 years) admitted to Kilifi County Hospital, coastal Kenya, pre- (2012 to June 2014) and post-(July 2014 to 2018) rotavirus vaccine introduction. All the sixty-three genome sequences showed a typical DS-1-like genome constellation (G2-P[4]-I2-R2-C2-M2-A2-N2-T2-E2-H2). Pre-vaccine G2 sequences predominantly classified as sub-lineage IVa-3 and co-circulated with low numbers of sub-lineage IVa-1 strains, whereas post-vaccine G2 sequences mainly classified into sub-lineage IVa-3. In addition, in the pre-vaccine period, P[4] sub-lineage IVa strains co-circulated with low numbers of P[4] lineage II strains, but P[4] sub-lineage IVa strains predominated in the post-vaccine period. On the global phylogeny, the Kenyan pre- and post-vaccine G2P[4] strains clustered separately, suggesting that different virus populations circulated in the two periods. However, the strains from both periods exhibited conserved amino acid changes in the known antigenic epitopes, suggesting that replacement of the predominant G2P[4] cluster was unlikely a result of immune escape. Our findings demonstrate that the pre- and post-vaccine G2P[4] strains circulating in Kilifi, coastal Kenya, differed genetically but likely were antigenically similar. This information informs the discussion on the consequences of rotavirus vaccination on rotavirus diversity.
THE CONTRIBUTIONS OF INTERACTIVE BINARY STARS TO DOUBLE MAIN-SEQUENCE TURNOFFS AND DUAL RED CLUMP OF INTERMEDIATE-AGE STAR CLUSTERS

Double or extended main-sequence turnoffs (DMSTOs) and dual red clump (RC) were observed in intermediate-age clusters, such as in NGC 1846 and 419. The DMSTOs are interpreted as that the cluster has two distinct stellar populations with differences in age of about 200–300 Myr but with the same metallicity. The dual RC is interpreted as a result of a prolonged star formation. Using a stellar population-synthesis method, we calculated the evolution of a binary-star stellar population. We found that binary interactions and merging can reproduce the dual RC in the color–magnitude diagrams of an intermediate-age cluster, whereas in actuality only a single population exists. Moreover, the binary interactions can lead to an extended main-sequence turnoff (MSTO) rather than DMSTOs. However, the rest of the main sequence, subgiant branch, and first giant branch are hardly spread by the binary interactions. Part of the observed dual RC and extended MSTO may be the results of binary interactions and mergers.
Investigation of poor predictive factors in extensive stage small cell lung cancer under etoposide‐platinum‐atezolizumab treatment

The phase III trial IMpower133 showed that platinum and etoposide plus atezolizumab was associated with improved overall survival (OS) and progression free‐survival (PFS) when compared to the placebo group in treatment‐naïve extensive stage (ES) small cell lung cancer (SCLC). Due to superiority in clinical outcomes, combination immunotherapy plus chemotherapy have become mainstay treatment modalities as first‐line treatment in ES‐SCLC. Nevertheless, real‐world data are still lacking and the search for potential biomarkers is essential. This study aimed to evaluate potential predictive biomarkers applicable in ES‐SCLC under combination therapy.
Coordination of photosynthetic traits across soil and climate gradients

“Least‐cost theory” posits that C3 plants should balance rates of photosynthetic water loss and carboxylation in relation to the relative acquisition and maintenance costs of resources required for these activities. Here we investigated the dependency of photosynthetic traits on climate and soil properties using a new Australia‐wide trait dataset spanning 528 species from 67 sites. We tested the hypotheses that plants on relatively cold or dry sites, or on relatively more fertile sites, would typically operate at greater CO2 drawdown (lower ratio of leaf internal to ambient CO2, Ci:Ca) during light‐saturated photosynthesis, and at higher leaf N per area (Narea) and higher carboxylation capacity (Vcmax 25) for a given rate of stomatal conductance to water vapour, gsw. These results would be indicative of plants having relatively higher water costs than nutrient costs. In general, our hypotheses were supported. Soil total phosphorus (P) concentration and (more weakly) soil pH exerted positive effects on the Narea–gsw and Vcmax 25–gsw slopes, and negative effects on Ci:Ca. The P effect strengthened when the effect of climate was removed via partial regression. We observed similar trends with increasing soil cation exchange capacity and clay content, which affect soil nutrient availability, and found that soil properties explained similar amounts of variation in the focal traits as climate did. Although climate typically explained more trait variation than soil did, together they explained up to 52% of variation in the slope relationships and soil properties explained up to 30% of the variation in individual traits. Soils influenced photosynthetic traits as well as their coordination. In particular, the influence of soil P likely reflects the Australia's geologically ancient low‐relief landscapes with highly leached soils. Least‐cost theory provides a valuable framework for understanding trade‐offs between resource costs and use in plants, including limiting soil nutrients.
Effects of El Niño drought on seedling dynamics in a seasonally dry tropical forest in Northern Thailand

As El Niño is predicted to become stronger and more frequent in the future, it is crucial to understand how El Niño‐induced droughts will affect tropical forests. Although many studies have focused on tropical rainforests, there is a paucity of studies on seasonally dry tropical forests (SDTFs), particularly in Asia, and few studies have focused on seedling dynamics, which are expected to be strongly affected by drought. Seedlings in SDTFs are generally more drought‐tolerant than those in the rainforests, and the effects of El Niño‐induced droughts may differ between SDTF and tropical rainforests. In this study, we explored the impact of El Niño‐induced drought at an SDTF in northern Thailand by monitoring the seedling dynamics at monthly intervals for 7 years, including a period of strong El Niño. The effects were compared between two forest types in an SDTF: a deciduous dipterocarp forest (DDF), dominated by deciduous species, and an adjacent lower montane forest (LMF) with more evergreen species. El Niño‐induced drought increased seedling mortality in both the forest types. The effect of drought was stronger in evergreen than in the deciduous species, resulting in higher mortality in the LMF during El Niño. However, El Niño increased seedling recruitment only in the DDF, mainly because of the massive recruitment of the deciduous oak, Quercus brandisiana (Fagaceae), which compensated for the mortality of seedlings in the DDF. As a result, El Niño increased seedling density in the DDF and decreased it in the LMF. This is the first long‐term study to identify the differences in the impacts of El Niño on seedlings between the two forest types, and two leaf habits, evergreen and deciduous, in Southeast Asia. Our findings suggest that future climate change may alter the species composition and spatial distribution of seedlings in Asian SDTFs.
Association Between Daily Average of Mobility Achieved During Physical Therapy Sessions and Hospital-Acquired or Ventilator-Associated Pneumonia among Critically Ill Patients

Purpose Hospital-acquired and ventilator-associated pneumonias (HAP and VAP) are associated with increased morbidity and mortality. Immobility is a risk factor for developing ICU-acquired weakness (ICUAW). Early mobilization is associated with improved physical function, but its association with hospital-acquired (HAP) and ventilator-associated pneumonias (VAP) is unknown. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the association between daily average of highest level of mobility achieved during physical therapy (PT) and incidence of HAP or VAP among critically ill patients. Materials and Methods In a retrospective cohort study of progressive mobility program participants in the medical ICU, we used a validated method to abstract new diagnoses of HAP and VAP. We captured scores on a mobility scale achieved during each inpatient physical therapy session and used a Bayesian, discrete time-to-event model to evaluate the association between daily average of highest level of mobility achieved and occurrence of HAP or VAP. Results The primary outcome of HAP/VAP occurred in 55 (26.8%) of the 205 participants. Each increase in the daily average of highest level of mobility achieved during PT (0-6 mobility scale) exhibited a protective association with occurrence of HAP or VAP (adjusted hazard ratio [HR] 0.61; 95% CI 0.44, 0.85). Age, baseline ambulatory status, Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation (APACHE) II, and previous day's mechanical ventilation (MV) status were not significantly associated with the occurrence of HAP/VAP. Conclusions Among critically ill patients in a progressive mobility program, a higher daily average of highest level of mobility achieved during PT was associated with a decreased risk of HAP or VAP.
Anatomy of the chiral vortical effect

We consider the system of relativistic rotating fermions in the presence of rotation. The rotation is set up as an enhancement of the angular momentum. In this approach the angular velocity for the angular momentum plays the same role as the chemical potential for density. We calculate the axial current using the direct solutions of the Dirac equation with the MIT bag boundary conditions. Next, we consider the alternative way of the rotation description, in which the local velocity of the substance multiplied by the chemical potential serves as the effective gauge field. In this approach this is possible to relate the axial current of the chiral vortical effect for the massless fermions to the topological invariant in momentum space, which is robust to the introduction of interactions. We compare the results for the axial current obtained using the two above mentioned approaches.
Evaluation of dry eye symptoms and risk factors among medical students in Serbia

Background Dry eye is a multifactorial disease defined less than 30 years ago. It is a relatively common disorder, affected by a number of well-known risk factors. Dry eye can be challenging to diagnose because of the possible discrepancy between patients’ symptoms and clinical signs, and its overlap with other ocular surface diseases. Literature-wise, dry eye is usually associated with age and therefore investigated within older populations. Recently, studies focusing on young adult and student populations have demonstrated a higher prevalence of dry eye than previously expected. Aim The study aims to determine the frequency of dry eye symptoms in the student population, and the impact of students’ activities and habits as potential risk factors. Methodology Our study involved 397 students from the medical school at the University of Belgrade, Serbia. Students were asked to complete an online survey that addressed general information, health, habits, and routine in everyday use of electronic devices. In addition, students completed a standard Ocular Surface Disease Index questionnaire. Results The prevalence of dry eye was 60.5% (240/397) in our study population. Contact lens wear (p<0.001), allergies (p = 0.049) and increased number of hours per day using VD devices for studying purposes (p = 0.014) were associtated with a higher risk of dry eye disease. Risk factors that did not significantly impact dry eye were the use of oral contraceptives, smoking, systemic diseases, year of study and sex. Conclusion In our study, the prevalence of dry eye disease was similar or slightly higher than in previous studies among young adults. In addition, contact lenses, allergies and visual display devices were associated with the development of the dry eye.
Genome-wide meta-analysis of QTL for morphological related traits of flag leaf in bread wheat

Flag leaf is an important organ for photosynthesis of wheat plants, and a key factor affecting wheat yield. In this study, quantitative trait loci (QTL) for flag leaf morphological traits in wheat reported since 2010 were collected to investigate the genetic mechanism of these traits. Integration of 304 QTLs from various mapping populations into a high-density consensus map composed of various types of molecular markers as well as QTL meta-analysis discovered 55 meta-QTLs (MQTL) controlling morphological traits of flag leaves, of which 10 MQTLs were confirmed by GWAS. Four high-confidence MQTLs (MQTL-1, MQTL-11, MQTL-13, and MQTL-52) were screened out from 55 MQTLs, with an average confidence interval of 0.82 cM and a physical distance of 9.4 Mb, according to the definition of hcMQTL. Ten wheat orthologs from rice (7) and Arabidopsis (3) that regulated leaf angle, development and morphogenesis traits were identified in the hcMQTL region using comparative genomics, and were speculated to be potential candidate genes regulating flag leaf morphological traits in wheat. The results from this study provides valuable information for fine mapping and molecular markers assisted selection to improve morphological characters in wheat flag leaf.
A comprehensive assessment of four whole blood stabilizers for flow‐cytometric analysis of leukocyte populations

Though cryopreservation of cell fractions is widely used in flow cytometry studies, whole blood cryopreservation is more challenging due to the presence of erythrocytes and effects of fixatives commonly used for preservation. Here, we evaluated and compared head‐to‐head the performance of four commercial whole blood cryopreservation kits; (1) Cytodelics, (2) Stable‐Lyse V2 and Stable‐Store V2 (SLSS‐V2), (3) Proteomic stabilizer (PROT‐1), and (4) Transfix. We found that PROT‐1, Transfix, and Cytodelics maintained the distribution of major leukocyte subsets—granulocytes, T cells, natural killer cells, and B cells, on a comparable level to unpreserved samples, despite the attenuation of fluorescence intensities in flow cytometric assays. Moreover, these three stabilizers also maintained the activated phenotypes of neutrophils upon stimulation with N‐formylmethionyl‐leucyl‐phenylalanine and lipopolysaccharides. The upregulation of adhesion molecules (CD11b), Fc receptors (CD16), and granule proteins (CD66b), as well as the shedding of surface L‐selectin (CD62L), was conserved most efficiently in PROT‐1 and Cytodelics when compared to samples only treated with erythrocyte lysing. However, none of the stabilizers provided a reliable detection of CCR7 for accurate quantification of T cell maturation stages. We also evaluated the performance of Cytodelics in longitudinal clinical samples obtained from acute COVID‐19 patients, where it allowed reliable detection of lymphopenia and granulocyte expansion. These results support the feasibility of whole blood cryopreservation for immunophenotyping by flow cytometry, particularly in longitudinal studies. In conclusion, the performance of different stabilizers is variable and therefore the choice of stabilizers should depend on cell type of interest, as well as antibody clones and experimental design of each study.
Dynamic Current Focusing Compared to Monopolar Stimulation in a Take-Home Trial of Cochlear Implant Users

Objectives: This study compared the performance of a dynamic partial tripolar cochlear implant speech encoding strategy termed dynamic current focusing (DCF) to monopolar stimulation (MP) using spectro-temporal, temporal, and speech-in-noise recognition testing. Design: DCF is a strategy that utilizes tripolar or high partial tripolar stimulation at threshold level and increases loudness by slowly widening current spread towards most comfortable level. Thirteen cochlear implant users were fitted with DCF and a non-steered MP matched on pulse rate, pulse width, and active electrodes. Nine participants completed the single-blinded within-subject crossover trial. Repeated testing consisted of four sessions. Strategies were allocated in a DCF-MP-DCF-MP or MP-DCF-MP-DCF design. Three-week adaptation periods ended with a test session in which speech-in-noise recognition (matrix speech-in-noise sentence test), spectro-temporal ripple tests (SMRT and STRIPES) and a temporal amplitude modulation detection test were conducted. All participants recorded their subjective experiences with both strategies using the Speech, Spatial and Qualities of Hearing Scale questionnaire. Results: Participants’ SMRT thresholds improved 0.40 ripples per octave (p = 0.02, Bonferroni-corrected: p = 0.1) with DCF over MP at 65 dB SPL. No significant differences between the strategies were found on speech-in-noise recognition at conversational (65 dB SPL) and soft (45 dB SPL) loudness levels, temporal testing, STRIPES, or the SMRT at 45 dB SPL. After Bonferroni correction, a learning effect remained on the matrix speech-in-noise sentence test at both loudness levels (65 dB SPL: p = 0.01; 45 dB SPL: p = 0.02). There was no difference in learning effects over time between DCF and MP. Similarly, no significant differences were found in subjective experience on the Speech, Spatial and Qualities of Hearing Scale questionnaire. DCF reduced average battery life by 48% (5.1 hours) (p < 0.001) compared to MP. Conclusions: DCF may improve spectral resolution over MP at comfortable loudness (65 dB SPL) in cochlear implant users. However, the evidence collected in this study was weak and the significant result disappeared after Bonferroni correction. Also, not all spectral tests revealed this improvement. As expected, battery life was reduced for DCF. Although the current study is limited by its small sample size, considering previous studies, DCF does not consistently improve speech recognition in noise over MP strategies.
Population Pharmacokinetics of Tenecteplase in Patients With Acute Myocardial Infarction and Application to Patients With Acute Ischemic Stroke

The pharmacokinetics (PK) of tenecteplase in patients with acute ischemic stroke has not been extensively studied. This study aimed to describe PK characteristics of tenecteplase in patients with acute myocardial infarction (AMI) using a population PK approach and to assess applicability of the findings to patients with acute ischemic stroke by means of external validation. A population PK model was developed using nonlinear mixed‐effects modeling based on the phase II TIMI 10B study in patients with AMI (785 PK observations from 103 patients). The statistical and clinical impact of selected covariates on PK parameters were evaluated by a stepwise covariate modeling procedure and simulations, respectively. The performance of the final model was evaluated for patients with acute ischemic stroke using summary statistics of tenecteplase concentrations of 75 patients from investigator‐initiated study N1811s. Tenecteplase PK was well described by a 2‐compartment linear model, incorporating allometric scaling of clearance and volume parameters and weight‐normalized creatinine clearance on clearance. Simulations showed that the identified covariates (weight and creatinine clearance) were of limited influence on exposure at the intended dosing regimen for patients with acute ischemic stroke. The model overpredicted mean tenecteplase plasma concentrations from N1811s by 39%, but 72% of the distribution from N1811s was within the 90% prediction interval of the model predictions. The PK characteristics of tenecteplase in patients with AMI were well described by the final model. Simulations from the model indicated that no specific dose recommendations based on covariates are warranted for patients with AMI.
Nuclear recoil effect on the 
g
 factor of highly charged Li-like ions

The nuclear recoil effect on the g factor of highly charged Li-like ions is evaluated in the range Z = 10 − 92. The calculations are performed using the 1/Z perturbation theory. The one-electron recoil contribution is evaluated within the fully relativistic approach with the wave functions which account for the screening effects approximately. The two-electron recoil contributions of the first and higher orders in 1/Z are calculated within the Breit approximation using a four-component approach.
Direct determination of the π‐helix structure and helix transition behavior of poly(β‐phenethyl l‐aspartate) via synchrotron X‐ray diffraction

The helix‐sense inversions of poly(β‐phenethyl l‐aspartate) (2P) and diblock copolymers (2P‐3P), with 2P and poly(β‐phenylpropyl l‐aspartate) (3P) blocks, were studied in their solid states using synchrotron wide‐angle X‐ray diffraction and small‐angle X‐ray scattering. The characteristic parameters of the π‐helix structure of 2P were directly determined in situ after the helix transition at a high temperature. In the 2P‐3P block copolymers, the main chains of the 3P blocks initially convert from right‐ to left‐handed α‐helices, and then the 2P blocks convert irreversibly from right‐handed α‐helices to left‐handed π‐helices. The chemical structures of the side chains of poly(l‐aspartic acid ester)s significantly affect their helix transition behaviors.