Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Utility of Preoperative Shear Wave Elastography of the Supraspinatus Muscle for Predicting Successful Rotator Cuff Repair: A Prospective Observational study, With MRI Correlation.

Background: Following rotator cuff tear, properties of the torn muscle predict failed surgical repair. Objective: To explore the utility of preoperative SWE measurements of the supraspinatus muscle to predict successful rotator cuff repair, including comparison with MRI-based measures. Methods: This prospective study included 74 patients (37 men, 37 women; mean age, 63.9±10.0 years) who underwent rotator cuff repair from May 2019 to January 2021. Patients underwent preoperative clinical shoulder MRI and investigational shoulder ultrasound including SWE using shear modulus. Mean elasticity was measured of the supraspinatus and trapezius muscles; elasticity ratio between supraspinatus and trapezius mean elasticity was calculated. Muscular fatty infiltration score (1-3 scale) was recorded on grayscale ultrasound. On MRI, muscular fatty infiltration was assessed by Goutallier's grade (0-4 scale), and muscular atrophy was assessed by the occupation ratio (ratio between cross-sectional areas of supraspinatus muscle and supraspinatus fossa) and by muscle atrophy grade (0-3 scale). After repair, the surgeon classified procedures as achieving sufficient (n=60) or insufficient (n=14) repair. Results: Patients with insufficient, versus sufficient, repair more commonly exhibited a large (3-5 cm) tear (100.0% vs 50.0%). Patients with insufficient, versus sufficient, repair exhibited higher mean Goutallier's grade (3.8±0.4 vs 1.9±1.1), mean muscle atrophy grade (2.0±0.8 vs 0.5±0.7), mean supraspinatus elasticity (44.15±8.06 vs 30.84±7.89 kPa), elasticity ratio (3.66±0.66 vs 1.83±0.58), and grayscale fatty infiltration grade (2.9±0.4 vs 1.6±0.7), and lower occupation ratio (0.3±0.1 vs 0.6±0.1) (all p<.001). AUC for predicting insufficient repair was 0.945 for Goutallier's grade, 0.961 for occupation ratio, 0.900 for muscle atrophy grade, 0.874 for mean elasticity, 0.971 for elasticity ratio, and 0.912 for grayscale fatty infiltration grade. Elasticity ratio (cutoff ≥2.51) achieved sensitivity of 100.0% and specificity of 90.0% for insufficient repair. At multivariable analysis including tear size, the three MRI measures, elasticity ratio, and grayscale fatty infiltration grade, only independent predictors of insufficient repair were muscle atrophy grade of 2-3 (odds ratio=9.3) and elasticity ratio (odds ratio=15.6). Conclusions: SWE-derived elasticity is higher in patients with insufficient rotator cuff repair; elasticity ratio independently predicts insufficient repair. Clinical Impact: Preoperative SWE may serve as a prognostic marker in patients with rotator cuff tear.
The scope of earthquake geology

Abstract Earthquakes give rise to three principal effects – fault rupture (with subsidiary fracturing), ground shaking from wave propagation, and stress (±fluid-pressure) changes – that influence a wide range of geological processes at varying distances from the source. Many intermittent events are recognizable in the geological record (e.g. an individual turbidite bed in a flysch sequence; renewal of fracture permeability followed by hydrothermal precipitation) and are potentially attributable to seismic events, but positive identification of an earthquake as the cause is often difficult. Earthquake Geology has grown enormously as a discipline since the advent of palaeoseismic techniques for dating prehistoric fault ruptures as an aid to hazard assessment, but has largely focused on surface processes. There is a need to expand our concept of Earthquake Geology to include subsurface as well as surface effects in the full gamut of tectonic settings. The likelihood is that many Earth processes that have hitherto been considered smooth and progressive are, in fact, intermittent and tied to the seismic stress cycle that is integral to deformation in the Earth's crust and lithosphere.
Understanding the role of fog in forest hydrology: stable isotopes as tools for determining input and partitioning of cloud water in montane forests

Understanding the hydrology of tropical montane cloud forests (TMCF) has become essential as deforestation of mountain areas proceeds at an increased rate worldwide. Passive and active cloud‐water collectors, throughfall and stemflow collectors, visibility or droplet size measurements, and micrometeorological sensors are typically used to measure the fog water inputs to ecosystems. In addition, stable isotopes may be used as a natural tracer for fog and rain. Previous studies have shown that the isotopic signature of fog tends to be more enriched in the heavier isotopes 2H and 18O than that of rain, due to differences in condensation temperature and history. Differences between fog and rain isotopes are largest when rain is from synoptic‐scale storms, and fog or orographic cloud water is generated locally. Smaller isotopic differences have been observed between rain and fog on mountains with orographic clouds, but only a few studies have been conducted. Quantifying fog deposition using isotope methods is more difficult in forests receiving mixed precipitation, because of limitations in the ability of sampling equipment to separate fog from rain, and because fog and rain may, under some conditions, have similar isotopic composition. This article describes the various types of fog most relevant to montane cloud forests and the importance of fog water deposition in the hydrologic budget. A brief overview of isotope hydrology provides the background needed to understand isotope applications in cloud forests. A summary of previous work explains isotopic differences between rain and fog in different environments, and how monitoring the isotopic signature of surface water, soil water and tree xylem water can yield estimates of the contribution of fog water to streamflow, groundwater recharge and transpiration. Next, instrumentation to measure fog and rain, and methods to determine isotopic concentrations in plant and soil water are discussed. The article concludes with the identification of some of the more pressing research questions in this field and offers various suggestions for future research. Published in 2010 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Dispersive body waves

Although the attenuation of body waves in an infinite medium has often been considered, little emphasis is usually given to the attendant dispersion, which is a necessary consequence of the medium absorption and is determined unambiguously by it. Dispersion equations are obtained from the application of an integral transform in the frequency domain. Such relations are of the Kramers-Kronig type, relating the dispersive part of the index of refraction of the medium to the absorptive part by means of an integral over the entire frequency range. They are a consequence of the principle of causality and follow without recourse to a specific wave equation. In particular, our results are consistent with and presume linearity for the wave motion. Three forms of the dispersion equation are exhibited. In all cases, the absorption coefficient has a linear dependence upon frequency for frequencies above a certain characteristic value—chosen low enough to be outside the range of measurement. However, it is necessary in all cases to introduce a low-frequency, nonzero cutoff for the absorption, which can in principle be taken arbitrarily small. Group and phase velocities are determined as functions of the medium Q and a characteristic velocity, which for small absorption can be related to the measured signal velocity. Seismic phenomena occur in materials where the absorption is small, Q≥30, so that the corresponding dispersion presumably will be difficult to measure in the earth. For appropriate laboratory materials the effect can be significant.
Dry-brushing : does it improve plaque removal ? A secondary analysis

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Flora and vertebrate fauna of the Barrington Beds

Summary Pollen analyses from sediment adhering to fossil mammalian bones from Barrington, Cambridgeshire, have demonstrated that the deposit is of Ipswichian zone IIb age. This is also indicated by the mammal fauna. Herb-dominated communities, which appear to have been largely maintained by the activities of herbivorous mammals, grew locally on the river floodplain, whilst temperate mixed-oak forest was present further away.
Quantitative Assessment of Diurnal Variation of Tropical Convection Simulated by a Global Nonhydrostatic Model without Cumulus Parameterization

AbstractThis study investigated the resolution dependence of diurnal variation in tropical convective systems represented by a global nonhydrostatic model without cumulus parameterization. This paper describes the detailed characteristics of diurnal variation in surface precipitation based on three-dimensional data, with the aim of explicitly clarifying the mechanism that underlies the variation. The study particularly focused on the evolution in the size of the precipitation area for deep convective systems with an analysis of the vertical structure of thermodynamic fields. This analysis compares the results of simulations with horizontal grid sizes of 14 and 7 km (R14 and R7, respectively). Over land, the phase delay of diurnal variations in R7 is about 3 h less than that in R14. R7 produces a pronounced diurnal variation in the size distributions of precipitating area(s), especially for areas with a radius of 0–100 km; this characteristic is not found for R14. Such areas actively evolve between noon an.
The Prinsen af Wales Bjerge Formation lavas, East Greenland: the transition from tholeiitic to alkalic magmatism during Palaeogene continental break-up

thick lithospheric cap, with He contributed from volatile-rich fluids We present elemental and isotopic (Sr–Nd–Pb–Hf–Os–He) data from elsewhere in the Icelandic plume. The exact nature of the recycled on primitive alkalic lavas from the Prinsen af Wales Bjerge, component is not yet resolved, although Hf isotope compositions rule East Greenland. Stratigraphical, compositional and Ar–Ar data out any significant role for recycled pelagic sediment, and the low indicate that this inland alkalic activity was contemporaneous with Os/Os limits the participation of recycled basaltic material the upper parts of the main tholeiitic plateau basalts and also postand argues instead for a contribution from the mantle section of the dated them. The alkalic rocks show a marked crustal influence, recycled slab. indicating establishment of new magmatic plumbing systems distinct from the long-lived coastal systems that fed the relatively uncontaminated plateau basalts. The least contaminated lavas have high He/He isotope ratios (R/RA 12·4–18·5), sub-chondritic Os/Osi (0·120–0·126), low Ndi (>+4) and Hfi
Postural sensorimotor training versus sham exercise in physiotherapy of patients with chronic non-specific low back pain: An exploratory randomised controlled trial

Sensorimotor training (SMT) is popularly applied as exercise in rehabilitation settings, particularly for musculoskeletal pain. With insufficient evidence on its effect on pain and function, this exploratory randomised controlled trial investigated the potential effects of SMT in rehabilitation of chronic non-specific low back pain. Two arms received 9x30 minutes physiotherapy with added interventions: The experimental arm received 15 minutes of postural SMT while the comparator arm performed 15 minutes of added sub-effective low-intensity training. A treatment blinded tester assessed outcomes at baseline 2–4 days prior to intervention, pre- and post-intervention, and at 4-week follow-up. Main outcomes were pain and functional status assessed with a 0–100mm visual analogue scale and the Oswestry Disability Questionnaire. Additionally, postural control was analysed using a video-based tracking system and a pressure plate during perturbed stance. Robust, nonparametric multivariate hypothesis testing was performed. 22 patients (11 females, aged 32 to 75 years) with mild to moderate chronic pain and functional limitations were included for analysis (11 per arm). At post-intervention, average values of primary outcomes improved slightly, but not to a clinically relevant or statistically significant extent. At 4-week follow-up, there was a significant improvement by 12 percentage points (pp) on the functional status questionnaire in the SMT-group (95% confidence intervall (CI) = 5.3pp to 17.7pp, p < 0.001) but not in the control group (4 pp improvement, CI = 11.8pp to 19.2pp). However, group-by-time interaction effects for functional status (Q = 3.3, 19 p = 0.07) and pain (Q = 0.84, p = 0.51) were non-significant. Secondary kinematic outcomes did not change over time in either of the groups. Despite significant improvement of functional status after SMT, overall findings of this exploratory study suggest that SMT provides no added benefit for pain reduction or functional improvement in patients with moderate chronic non-specific low back pain. Trial registration: ClinicalTrials.gov NCT02304120 and related study protocol, DOI: 10.1186/1471-2474-15-382.
An analysis of ozonesonde data for the troposphere : recommendations for testing 3-D models and development of a gridded climatology for tropospheric ozone

I present an analysis of ozonesonde data, synthesizing what is known about the distribution of tropospheric ozone. Major features of the distribution are highlighted, and recommendations are given for testing three-dimensional models of tropospheric chemistry and transport with these data. The data are analyzed on pressure surfaces and relative to the height of the thermal tropopause. A minimum of 20 soundings are required for 95% confidence intervals of the ozone monthly means to be less than ±30% near the extratropical tropopause. Twenty soundings also ensures means reliable to better than ±15% for 800–500 hPa for the extratropics and for 800–100 hPa in the tropics. Ozone variability is higher in the upper troposphere for subtropical locations than for tropical locations, and 35 soundings are required for 400–100 hPa for the means to be defined to better than ±15%. For northern middle and high latitudes, the broad summer maximum in ozone in the middle troposphere extends all the way up to the tropopause. Median concentrations at the tropopause are highest in June and July, typically 125–200 ppb, and are a factor of 2 smaller in winter. Highest values of ozone are in spring 2 km above the tropopause. The change in the phase of the annual cycle of ozone between the tropopause and the region immediately above it, and the steep concentration gradients across the tropopause, suggest that high vertical resolution (∼1 km) will be required in models to simulate this behavior. Mean ozone values in the middle troposphere are approximately constant from 30° to 75° in the winter in both hemispheres, while there is a maximum from 35° to 50°N in summer. In the northern subtropics, there is a summer minimum in middle tropospheric ozone over the Pacific and a summer maximum over the Atlantic which appear to be related to differences in circulation. Mean ozone values over Samoa are similar to those measured 20–30 years ago over Panama. Ozone is higher over the tropical South Atlantic (Natal) than over the western Pacific (Samoa) all year from about 800 hPa to the tropopause; ozone is most similar in May and June over the Atlantic and Pacific, the months with minimum burning in the tropics. The ozone maximum at Samoa in the middle and upper troposphere in October is caused by long-range transport of ozone and its precursors from biomass burning, with the peak lagging that at Natal by about a month. The secondary peak in ozone in January and December at South Atlantic sites reflects transport of biomass burning effluents from the Northern Hemisphere. The sonde data were used in combination with surface and satellite data to derive a gridded climatology for tropospheric ozone.
Interannual variability of net ecosystem CO2 exchange at a subarctic fen

Landscape‐scale net ecosystem CO2 exchange (NEE) and the energy balance of a subarctic fen were studied during five growing seasons near Churchill, Manitoba. Interannual variability in NEE was large and ranged from a net sink of −235 g CO2 m−2 in 1996 to a net source of +76 g CO2 m−2 in 1994. Annual estimates of CO2exchange indicate that during the present period the fen is losing carbon nearly 3 times faster than its long‐term historical gain of about −11 g CO2 m−2 yr−1. Our estimates suggest that gross ecosystem photosynthesis may be more variable than ecosystem respiration on diurnal, seasonal, and interannual timescales. Our data strongly indicate that an early snowmelt combined with wet and warm conditions during the spring period lead to large carbon acquisition even when drier conditions were experienced over the majority of the growing season. The phenological stage of the vegetation relative to the climatic conditions experienced is an important cause of the interannual variability in NEE. An accurate representation of phenology in climate models is, therefore, critical to the success of forecasting the carbon budgets of northern wetlands.
A suppressive effect of prostaglandin E 2 on the expression of SERPINE1 /plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 in human articular chondrocytes: An in vitro pilot study

: Prostaglandin E 2 (PGE 2 ) is expressed in articular joints with inflammatory arthropathy and may exert catabolic effects leading to cartilage degradation. As we observed in a preliminary experiment that PGE 2 suppressed the expression of SERPINE1 /plasminogen activator inhibitor (PAI)-1 mRNA in chondrocytes, we focused on the effect of PGE 2 on PAI-1 in a panel of cultured chondrocytes obtained from osteoarthritic patients. Speciﬁ cally, articular cartilage specimens were obtained from patients with osteoarthritis who underwent joint surgery. Isolated chondrocytes were cultured in vitro as a monolayer and stimulated with PGE 2 . Stimulated cells and culture supernatants were analyzed using Western blotting and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. The results conﬁ rmed that the in vitro PGE 2 stimulation suppressed the expression of PAI-1 in the tested chondrocyte samples. The inhibitory effect was partly abrogated by an antagonist of EP4 receptor of PGE 2 , but not by an EP2 antagonist. Although PGE 2 induced activations of mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPK), blocking of the MAPK did not abrogate the suppressive effect of PGE 2 , implying a distinct signaling pathway. In summary, prostaglandin is suggested to modulate the plasminogen system in chondrocytes. Further elucidation of the interaction might open a new avenue to understand the degradative process of cartilage.
Identifying the potential role of IL-1β in the molecular mechanisms of disc degeneration using gene expression profiling and bioinformatics analysis

Purpose We performed a bioinformatics analysis to identify the key genes that were differentially expressed between degenerative intervertebral disc (IVD) cells with and without exposure to interleukin-1β and explore the related signaling pathways and interaction networks. Methods The microarray data were downloaded from the Gene Expression Omnibus (27,494). Then, analyses of the gene ontology, signaling pathways, and interaction networks for the differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were conducted using tools including the Database for Annotation, Visualization, and Integrated Discovery, Metascape, Gene Set Enrichment Analysis, Search Tool for the Retrieval of Interacting Genes, Cytoscape, Venn method, and packages of the R computing language. Results A total of 260 DEGs were identified, including 161 upregulated and 99 downregulated genes. Gene Ontology annotation analysis showed that these DEGs were mainly associated with the extracellular region, chemotaxis, taxis, cytokine activity, and cytokine receptor binding. A Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes signaling pathway analysis showed that these DEGs were mainly involved in the of cytokine-cytokine receptor interaction, rheumatoid arthritis, tumor necrosis factor signaling pathway, Salmonella infection, and chemokine signaling pathway. The interaction network analysis indicated that 10 hub genes, including CXCL8, CXCL1, CCL20, CXCL2, CXCL5, CXCL3, CXCL6, C3, PF4, and GPER1 may play key roles in IVD degeneration. Conclusions Bioinformatic analysis showed that CXCL8 and other nine key genes may play a role in the development of disc degeneration induced by inflammatory reactions and can be used to identify potential target genes for therapeutic applications in IVD degeneration.
Application of SASW Method Underwater

The spectral analysis of surface waves (SASW) method is a nonintrusive testing technique for determining shear wave velocity (VS) profiles of geotechnical sites using seismic interface waves (also called surface waves). Both small-scale and full-scale experiments have been conducted to develop the SASW technique for use underwater. The small-scale tests were performed to validate theoretical predictions regarding dominant types of seismic waves at the water/substrate interface. The tests clearly show a difference between soft and stiff substrates, where the definition of substrate stiffness is based on the value of the velocity of the Rayleigh-type interface wave (VR) relative to the velocity of compression waves in water (VW). In the simplest case, where the substrate is soft (VR VW), the dominant wave was found to be a generalized Rayleigh wave, the mea.
Molecular and regulatory properties of a public good shape the evolution of cooperation

Public goods cooperation abounds in nature, occurring in organisms ranging from bacteria to humans. Although previous research focused on the behavioral and ecological conditions favoring cooperation, the question of whether the molecular and regulatory properties of the public good itself can influence selection for cooperation has received little attention. Using a metapopulation model, we show that extended molecular durability of a public good—allowing multiple reuse across generations—greatly reduces selection for cheating if (and only if) the production of the public good is facultatively regulated. To test the apparent synergy between public goods durability and facultative regulation, we examined the production of iron-scavenging pyoverdin molecules by the bacterium Pseudomonas aeruginosa, a cooperative behavior that is facultatively regulated in response to iron availability. We show that pyoverdin is a very durable public good and that extended durability significantly enhances fitness. Consistent with our model, we found that nonsiderophore-producing mutants (cheats) had a relative fitness advantage over siderophore producers (cooperators) when pyoverdin durability was low but not when durability was high. This was because cooperators facultatively reduced their investment in pyoverdin production when enough pyoverdin had accumulated in the media—a cost-saving strategy that minimized the ability of cheats to invade. These findings show how molecular properties of cooperative acts can shape the costs and benefits of cooperation.