Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Please Scroll down for Article Social Neuroscience Facing Disapproval: Performance Monitoring in a Social Context Facing Disapproval: Performance Monitoring in a Social Context Performance Monitoring in a Social Context

This article may be used for research, teaching and private study purposes. Any substantial or systematic reproduction, redistribution , reselling , loan or sub-licensing, systematic supply or distribution in any form to anyone is expressly forbidden. The publisher does not give any warranty express or implied or make any representation that the contents will be complete or accurate or up to date. The accuracy of any instructions, formulae and drug doses should be independently verified with primary sources. The publisher shall not be liable for any loss, actions, claims, proceedings, demand or costs or damages whatsoever or howsoever caused arising directly or indirectly in connection with or arising out of the use of this material. Facial expressions are a potent source of information about how others evaluate our behavior. In the present study, we investigated how the internal performance-monitoring system, as reflected by error-related negativity (ERN), is affected by external cues of positive (happy faces) or negative evaluation (disgusted faces) of performance. We hypothesized that if the social context indeed impacts on how we evaluate our own performance, we would expect that the same performance error would result in larger ERN amplitudes in the context of negative evaluation than in a positive evaluation context. Our findings confirm our predictions: ERN amplitudes were largest when stimuli consisted of disgusted faces, compared to when stimuli consisted of happy faces. Importantly, ERN amplitudes in our control condition, in which sad faces were used as stimuli, were no different from the positive evaluation condition, ruling out the possibility that effects in the negative evaluation condition resulted from negative affect per se. We suggest that external social cues of approval or disapproval impact on how we evaluate our own performance at a very basic level: The brain processes errors that are associated with social disapproval as more motivationally salient, signaling the need for additional cognitive resources to prevent subsequent failures. Adequate evaluation of performance and monitoring of the environment for cues signaling potential aver-sive outcomes are among the most crucial prerequisites for adaptive, goal-directed behavior. To date, research has focused on how the brain accomplishes this task, and how potential sources of information regarding the efficacy of behavior, such as immediate behavioral outcomes or one's affective state, impact on the strength of neural performance monitoring signals. Crucially, the present research focused on the effects of external , social sources of information: the emotional facial expressions …
Modulation of Stop Codon Read-Through Efficiency and Its Effect on the Replication of Murine Leukemia Virus

ABSTRACT Translational readthrough—suppression of termination at a stop codon—is exploited in the replication cycles of several viruses and represents a potential target for antiviral intervention. In the gammaretroviruses, typified by Moloney murine leukemia virus (MuLV), gag and pol are in the same reading frame, separated by a UAG stop codon, and termination codon readthrough is required for expression of the viral Gag-Pol fusion protein. Here, we investigated the effect on MuLV replication of modulating readthrough efficiency. We began by manipulating the readthrough signal in the context of an infectious viral clone to generate a series of MuLV variants in which readthrough was stimulated or reduced. In carefully controlled infectivity assays, it was found that reducing the MuLV readthrough efficiency only 4-fold led to a marked defect and that a 10-fold reduction essentially abolished replication. However, up to an ∼8.5-fold stimulation of readthrough (up to 60% readthrough) was well tolerated by the virus. These high levels of readthrough were achieved using a two-plasmid system, with Gag and Gag-Pol expressed from separate infectious clones. We also modulated readthrough by silencing expression of eukaryotic release factors 1 and 3 (eRF1 and eRF3) or by introducing aminoglycosides into the cells. The data obtained indicate that gammaretroviruses tolerate a substantial excess of viral Gag-Pol synthesis but are very sensitive to a reduction in levels of this polyprotein. Thus, as is also the case for ribosomal frameshifting, antiviral therapies targeting readthrough with inhibitory agents are likely to be the most beneficial. IMPORTANCE Many pathogenic RNA viruses and retroviruses use ribosomal frameshifting or stop codon readthrough to regulate expression of their replicase enzymes. These translational “recoding” processes are potential targets for antiviral intervention, but we have only a limited understanding of the consequences to virus replication of modulating the efficiency of recoding, particularly for those viruses employing readthrough. In this paper, we describe the first systematic analysis of the effect of increasing or decreasing readthrough efficiency on virus replication using the gammaretrovirus MuLV as a model system. We find unexpectedly that MuLV replication is only slightly inhibited by substantial increases in readthrough frequency, but as with other viruses that use recoding strategies, replication is quite sensitive to even modest reductions. These studies provide insights into both the readthrough process and MuLV replication and have implications for the selection of antivirals against gammaretroviruses.
An Examination of the Testing and Spacing Effects in a Middle Grades Social Studies Classroom

Abstract This study investigates the relation between review spacing and question format on student retention. Participants in an 8th grade Georgia Studies class reviewed previously learned material either in one sitting (massed review) or in multiple sessions (spaced review). Following the review, each participant answered questions either in multiple choice or short answer format. Subsequent to answering the questions, all students received feedback. One week following the completion of the reviews, students were given a post test. One month after the post test, students were given a final test. Pre-, post-and final tests were identical and no treatment occurred between the posttest and the final test. Correlational analyses of review spacing and question format suggest that spaced review is positively related to success on the posttest. There was no such finding related to massed review or question format on the posttest. Additionally, neither review spacing or question format had any correlational effect on the final test. Results suggest that spaced review is beneficial, but that the benefit is lost over time.
Core Point Evolution: A Waterwave Model of Software Development Process

Software development methodology is a proposition that is used to structure, plan, and control the process of developing a system. However, traditional methods, such as waterfall-like model, component-based programming, software architecture method and agile method, have encountered more fundamental difficulties in processing complex system development. To address this challenge, we have witnessed that the thought of waterwave model origins from the evolution of water wave when a stone is threw into the water. In this paper, we have proposed a waterwave model of software development process with loosely-coupled correlated core point evolution. The development of a complex system is translated into the evolution of core points. With the persistent evolution thought of waterwave, the development process has strong expansibility and flexible reusability.
Inter-specific scaling of phytoplankton production and cell size in the field

This study tests the hypothesis that the interspecific scaling of phytoplankton production and cell size in the field follows the 3 -power scaling law. Published data of cell size and in situ, cellspecific carbon production rates by single phytoplankton species, collected in surface waters of lakes, rivers, estuaries and oceans, are reviewed. Across more than nine orders of magnitude in cell volume, 98% of the variability in carbon production rates was explained by cell size. The slope (b) in the log‐log relationship between carbon production rate and cell volume did not differ significantly from 1, either for diatoms (b = 1.01) or for dinoflagellates (b = 0.89). For all phytoplankton species considered together, which included also cyanobacteria and haptophytes, b took a value of 0.91, which is significantly higher than 3 . The observed nearly isometric scaling relationships between production rate and cell volume suggest that there is no relationship between phytoplankton growth rate and cell size. The present analysis confirms recent evidence showing that phytoplankton metabolism in natural conditions does not follow the 3 -power scaling rule. It is argued that allometric models of plankton growth and metabolism should incorporate scaling parameters measured in situ on natural phytoplankton assemblages, rather than those obtained in the laboratory with monospecific cultures.
Labour market programmes and labour market outcomes: a study of the Swedish active labour market interventions

This paper assesses the impact of Swedish welfare-to-work programmes on labour market performance including wages, labour market status, unemployment duration and future welfare-to-work participation. We develop a structural dynamic model of labour supply which incorporates detailed institutional features of these policies and allows for selection on observables and unobservables. We estimate the model from a rich administrative panel data set and show that training programmes - which account for a large proportion of programmes - have a little effect on future outcomes, whereas job experience programmes have a beneficial effect.
Randomization Beats Second Price as a Prior-Independent Auction

Designing revenue optimal auctions for selling an item to $n$ symmetric bidders is a fundamental problem in mechanism design. Myerson (1981) shows that the second price auction with an appropriate reserve price is optimal when bidders' values are drawn i.i. d. from a known regular distribution. A cornerstone in the prior-independent revenue maximization literature is a result by Bulow and Klemperer (1996) showing that the second price auction without a reserve achieves (n-1)/n of the optimal revenue in the worst case. We construct a randomized mechanism that strictly outperforms the second price auction in this setting. Our mechanism inflates the second highest bid with a probability that varies with $n$. For two bidders we improve the performance guarantee from 0.5 to 0.512 of the optimal revenue. We also resolve a question in the design of revenue optimal mechanisms that have access to a single sample from an unknown distribution. We show that a randomized mechanism strictly outperforms all deterministic mechanisms in terms of worst case guarantee.
An investigation of the role and specificity of affective deficits in the development of callous unemotional traits and antisocial behaviors

With the development of new diagnostic criteria for Conduct Disorder (CD) in the DSM-5, the Limited Prosocial Emotions (LPE) specifier was added to identify a subgroup of children who exhibit what have traditionally been termed Callous Unemotional (CU) traits (Frick & Moffitt, 2010). While deficient affective experience has been central to the characterization of CU traits, the exact nature of these affective deficits remains unclear. The characterization of youths with CU traits as generally unemotional has come under question due to poor reliability of assessments of unemotional traits within CU youths and a lack of association between measures of unemotionality and antisocial behaviors (Waller et al., 2015; Henry et al., 2016; Hawes et al., 2014). This pattern of findings suggest that unemotionality is either unrelated to the construct of CU traits or, alternatively, unemotionality may be too diffuse a construct to capture the affective deficits underlying CU traits. Across three studies, this dissertation aimed to investigating whether affective deficits associated with the development of CU traits and antisocial behaviors are global in nature or may in fact be less diffuse and instead specific to the experience of fear.
Gamma-rays and cosmic rays from a pulsar in Cygnus OB2

We argue that γ-ray sources observed in the direction of the Cygnus OB2 association in the GeV and TeV energy range are due to a pulsar that was created by a supernova a few tens of thousands of years ago. The GeV emission is produced by a middle-aged pulsar, a factor of 2 older than the Vela pulsar. The TeV emission is produced by high-energy hadrons and/or leptons accelerated in pulsar wind nebulae. We suggest, moreover, that the excess of cosmic rays at ∼10 1 8 eV observed from the direction of the Cygnus region can also be related to the appearance of this very energetic pulsar in the Cyg OB2 association. Some of the relativistic hadrons, captured in strong magnetic fields of a high-density region of Cyg OB2, produce neutrons and γ-rays in collisions with matter. These neutrons can arrive from Cyg OB2, creating an excess of cosmic rays.
Robustnessto PacketReorderingin High-speed Networks

In thispaperweinvestigatetheimpactof packet reorderingontheperformance of high-speedprotocols. Our resultsshow that even small fraction of packet reorderingcanseverely impair theperformanceof theseprotocols.We theninvestigatethebenefitsof usingdelayedcongestionresponse(TCP-DCR)with oneof thehigh-speedprotocols(LTCP). Our resultsindicatethatthebenefitsin termsof avoidingperformancedegradationis significant,evenatveryhigh levelsof packet reordering.In theabsenceof any packet reordering,theprotocolbehavior in terms of fairnessamongcompetingflows or impacton bottlenecklink drop ratesis remainsunmodified.
Role of the Calcium-Independent Transient Outward Current Ito1 in Shaping Action Potential Morphology and Duration

The Kv4.3-encoded current (IKv4.3) has been identified as the major component of the voltage-dependent Ca2+-independent transient outward current (Ito1) in human and canine ventricular cells. Experimental evidence supports a correlation between Ito1 density and prominence of the phase 1 notch; however, the role of Ito1 in modulating action potential duration (APD) remains unclear. To help resolve this role, Markov state models of the human and canine Kv4.3- and Kv1.4-encoded currents at 35°C are developed on the basis of experimental measurements. A model of canine Ito1 is formulated as the combination of these Kv4.3 and Kv1.4 currents and is incorporated into an existing canine ventricular myocyte model. Simulations demonstrate strong coupling between L-type Ca2+ current and IKv4.3 and predict a bimodal relationship between IKv4.3 density and APD whereby perturbations in IKv4.3 density may produce either prolongation or shortening of APD, depending on baseline Ito1 current level.
Gravitational entropy of perturbed FRW universe models

The evolution of collapsing matter appears to be in contradiction to the second law of thermodynamics, which states that any closed thermodynamic system evolves towards states with equal or higher entropy. However, in the ordinary thermodynamic sense, less homogeneous states means less orderly state and hence also lower entropy states. Thus, gravitational collapse appears to decrease the entropy of the collapsing gas. In this article we consider both ordinary thermodynamic entropy and the hypothesized gravitational entropy in terms of the Weyl curvature hypothesis. It is the total entropy, which is the sum of these two types of entropies, which must evolve according to the second law of thermodynamics. We examine whether this is the case for some specific collapsing models. § Present address: Institute for Theoretical Astrophysics, University of Oslo, PO Box 1029 Blindern, 0315 Oslo, Norway Gravitational entropy of perturbed FRW universe models 2
THE INVESTIGATION OF THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN TEACHERS' BELIEFS TOWARDS LEARNING AND BELIEFS TOWARDS THE STANDARD TESTS

The aim of this study is to investigate the relationship between teachers' beliefs toward learning and beliefs toward standard tests. During the study, correlational survey research model, one of the research models, is adopted. As data collection tool; "Belief Scale Towards Learning" and "Beliefs About Standardized Tests Scale" is used. Data is collected from 659 different branches of teachers, 306 female and 353 male. For analyzing the data; descriptive statistical analyzing methods and correlation-regression analysis are used. According to the findings, it is determined that teachers’ beliefs towards constructivist learning are higher than the beliefs towards traditional learning. Secondly, it’s determined that there is a positive and significant relationship between beliefs towards traditional learning and beliefs towards standard tests. Furthermore, it’s found that there is negative and significant relationship between beliefs towards standard tests and beliefs towards constructivist learning. Finally, it’s determined that the beliefs toward traditional and constructivist learning are significant predictor of beliefs toward standard tests. Article visualizations:
Low Shift and Capture Power Scan Tests

Supply current and power dissipation during scan based test may be much higher than during normal circuit operation due to larger switching activity caused by the tests. Higher peak current demands may cause supply voltage droops causing good chips to fail at-speed tests. Higher average switching activity causes higher power dissipation and chip temperature that may cause hot spots and damage circuits under test. Several works have proposed methods to derive tests with lower peak and average switching activity during test response capture or during scan shifts. Some of these methods require additional hardware and modifications to the scan chains. This paper investigates a method to derive tests with reduced switching activity both during scan shifts and during test response captures. The method does not require additional hardware or modifications to the scan chains. The proposed method accepts a given test set and returns a test set of the same or smaller size with reduced switching activity. Experimental results on benchmark and industrial circuits are given
Evolutionary dynamics of Rh2 opsins in birds demonstrate an episode of accelerated evolution in the New World warblers (Setophaga)

Low rates of sequence evolution associated with purifying selection can be interrupted by episodic changes in selective regimes. Visual pigments are a unique system in which we can investigate the functional consequences of genetic changes, therefore connecting genotype to phenotype in the context of natural and sexual selection pressures. We study the RH2 and RH1 visual pigments (opsins) across 22 bird species belonging to two ecologically convergent clades, the New World warblers (Parulidae) and Old World warblers (Phylloscopidae) and evaluate rates of evolution in these clades along with data from 21 additional species. We demonstrate generally slow evolution of these opsins: both Rh1 and Rh2 are highly conserved across Old World and New World warblers. However, Rh2 underwent a burst of evolution within the New World genus Setophaga, where it accumulated substitutions at 6 amino acid sites across the species we studied. Evolutionary analyses revealed a significant increase in dN/dS in Setophaga, implying relatively strong selective pressures to overcome long‐standing purifying selection. We studied the effects of each substitution on spectral tuning and found they do not cause large spectral shifts. Thus, substitutions may reflect other aspects of opsin function, such as those affecting photosensitivity and/or dark–light adaptation. Although it is unclear what these alterations mean for colour perception, we suggest that rapid evolution is linked to sexual selection, given the exceptional plumage colour diversification in Setophaga.
Nonparametric Analysis of Fingerprint Data

This paper demonstrates that, for large-scale tests, the match and non-match similarity scores have no specific underlying distribution function. The forms of these distribution functions require a nonparametric approach for the analysis of the fingerprint similarity scores. In this paper, we present an analysis of the discrete distribution functions of the match and non-match similarity scores of the fingerprint data. This analysis demonstrates that a precise Receiver Operating Characteristic (ROC) curve based on the True Accept Rate (TAR) of the match similarity scores and the False Accept Rate (FAR) of the non-match similarity scores can be constructed without any assumption regarding operating thresholds and the forms of the distribution functions. The area under such an ROC curve computed using the trapezoidal rule is equivalent to the Mann-Whitney statistic directly formed from the match and non-match similarity scores. Thereafter, the Z statistic defined using the areas under ROC curves along with their variances is applied to test the significance of the difference between two ROC curves. Four examples from NIST’s extensive testing of commercial fingerprint systems are provided. The nonparametric approach presented in this article can also be employed in the analysis of other biometric data.
Public-key cryptography in functional programming context

Up to now, for efficiency reasons cryptographic algorithm has been written in an imperative language. But to get acquaintance with a functional programming language a question arises: functional programming offers some new for secure communication or not? This article investigates this question giving an overview on some cryptography algorithms and presents how the RSA encryption in the functional language Clean can be implemented and how can be measured the efficiency of a certain application.