Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Nanogels Derived from Fish Gelatin: Application to Drug Delivery System

The gelatin extracted from mammals of porcine and bovine has been prominently used in pharmaceutical, medical, and cosmetic products. However, there have been some concerns for their usage due to religious, social and cultural objections, and animal-to-human infectious disease. Recently, gelatin from marine by-products has received growing attention as an alternative to mammalian gelatin. In this study, we demonstrate the formation of nanogels (NGs) using fish gelatin methacryloyl (GelMA) and their application possibility to the drug delivery system. The fabrication of fish GelMA NGs is carried out by crosslinking through the photopolymerization of the methacryloyl substituent present in the nanoemulsion droplets, followed by purification and redispersion. There were different characteristics depending on the aqueous phase in the emulsion and the type of solvent used in redispersion. The PBS-NGs/D.W. , which was prepared using PBS for the aqueous phase and D.W. for the final dispersion solution, had a desirable particle size (<200 nm), low PdI (0.16), and high drug loading efficiency (77%). Spherical NGs particles were observed without aggregation in TEM images. In vitro release tests of doxorubicin (DOX)-GelMA NGs showed the pH-dependent release behavior of DOX. Also, the MTT experiments demonstrated that DOX-GelMA NGs effectively inhibited cell growth, while only GelMA NGs exhibit higher percentages of cell viability. Therefore, the results suggest that fish GelMA NGs have a potential for nano-carrier as fine individual particles without the aggregation and cytotoxicity to deliver small-molecule drugs.
Localization of HCN1 Channels to Presynaptic Compartments: Novel Plasticity That May Contribute to Hippocampal Maturation

Increasing evidence supports roles for the current mediated by hyperpolarization-activated cyclic nucleotide-gated (HCN) channels, Ih, in hippocampal maturation and specifically in the evolving changes of intrinsic properties as well as network responses of hippocampal neurons. Here, we describe a novel developmental plasticity of HCN channel expression in axonal and presynaptic compartments: HCN1 channels were localized to axon terminals of the perforant path (the major hippocampal afferent pathway) of immature rats, where they modulated synaptic efficacy. However, presynaptic expression and functions of the channels disappeared with maturation. This was a result of altered channel transport to the axons, because HCN1 mRNA and protein levels in entorhinal cortex neurons, where the perforant path axons originate, were stable through adulthood. Blocking action potential firing in vitro increased presynaptic expression of HCN1 channels in the perforant path, suggesting that network activity contributed to regulating this expression. These findings support a novel developmentally regulated axonal transport of functional ion channels and suggest a role for HCN1 channel-mediated presynaptic Ih in hippocampal maturation.
Multifunctional Operation of an Organic Device with Three-Dimensional Architecture

This work aims to show the feasibility of an innovative approach for the manufacturing of organic-based devices with a true three-dimensional and customizable structure that is made possible by plastic templates, fabricated by additive manufacturing methods, and coated by conducting organic thin films. Specifically, a three-dimensional prototype based on a polyamide structure covered by poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene):polystyrene sulfonate (PEDOT:PSS) using the dip-coating technique demonstrated a multifunctional character. The prototype is indeed able to operate both as a three-terminal device showing the typical response of organic electrochemical transistors (OECTs), with a higher amplification performance with respect to planar (2D) all-PEDOT:PSS OECTs, and as a two-terminal device able to efficiently implement a resistive sensing of water vaporization and perspiration, showing performances at least comparable to that of state-of-art resistive humidity sensors based on pristine PEDOT:PSS. To our knowledge, this is the first reported proof-of-concept of a true 3D structured OECT, obtained by exploiting a Selective laser sintering approach that, though simple in terms of 3D layout, paves the way for the integration of sensors based on OECTs into three-dimensional objects in various application areas.
Sthreepura cave at Kiriwanagama, south central Sri Lanka: A network cave in saprolite and proterozoic quartzite

Sthreepura Cave at Kiriwanagama consists of an upper level of cavities in quartzite formed by arenization and a lower level developed in a saprolite formed from the weathering of gneiss sandwiched between two layers of quartzite. The lower level cave is not like most arenization and phantom rock caves as the walls are composed of saprolite, not exhumed unweathered rock. The cave is not a soil pipe as it is not in soil, lacks the characteristic features of soil pipes and has formed directly below, not above an aquiclude. Sthreepura Cave at Kiriwanagama is a network cave in saprolite. Speleogenesis in the lower level began with the development of joint-guided tubes in the saprolite directly below the upper layer of quartzite, probably under phreatic conditions. Later erosion under vadose conditions removed the saprolite to produce a network of passages with a rectangular profile. Widening of the passages ultimately caused ceiling failure producing breakdown chambers, but fallen slabs of quartzite armoured the walls of the Main Passage of the cave protecting them from undercutting. Key words: Sri Lanka, gneiss, network cave, saprolite, arenization. Jama Sthreepura pri Kiriwanagami, južni del osrednje Sri Lanke: Mreža rovov v saprolitu in proterozojskem kvarcitu Jamo St hreepura pri Kiriwanagami sestavljata gornji nivo arenizacijskih votlin v kvarcitu ter spodnji nivo v saprolitu, ki je nastal s preperevanjem gnajsa med plastmi kvarcita. Tudi stene rovov spodnjega nivoja so iz saprolita, kar kaže na drugacen razvoj od znanih arenizacijskih in fantomskih jam. Jama nima lastnosti preperinskih cevi in je v nasprotju s temi nastala neposredno pod (in ne nad) akvikludom. Jama Sthreepura pri Kiriwanagami predstavlja mrežo kanalov nastalih v saprofitu. Speleogeneza se je zacela z razvojem cevi vzdolž razpok v saprolitu, neposredno pod gornjo plastjo kvarcita, verjetno v freaticnih pogojih. Kasnejsa erozija v vadozni coni je saprolit odstranila in tako ustvarila mrežo rovov pravokotnega profila. Sirjenje rovov je privedlo do rusenja stropa in nastanka podornih dvoran. V glavnem rovu so padli bloki kvarcita zascitili stene in preprecili nadaljnje spodkopavanje v glavnem rovu jame. Kljucne beside: Sri Lanka, gnajs, mreža rovov, saprolit, arenizacija.
Aboveground forest biomass based on OLSR and an ANN model integrating LiDAR and optical data in a mountainous region of China

ABSTRACT Aboveground forest biomass (Bagf) and height of forest canopy (Hfc) are of great significance for the determination of carbon sources and sinks, carbon cycling and global change research. In this paper, Bagf of coniferous and broadleaf forest in the Chinese Three Gorges region is estimated by integrating light detection and ranging (LiDAR) and Landsat derived data. For a better Bagf estimation, a synergetic extrapolation method for regional Hfc is explored based on a specific relationship between LiDAR footprint Hfc and optical data such as vegetation index (VI), leaf area index (LAI) and forest vegetation cover (FVC). Then, an ordinary least squares regression (OLSR) and a back propagation neural network (BP-NN) model for regional Bagf estimation from synergetic LiDAR and optical data are developed and compared. Validation results show that the OLSR can achieve higher accuracy of Hfc estimation for all forest types (R2 = 0.751, Root mean square error (RMSE) = 5.74 m). The OLSR estimated Bagf shows a good agreement with field measurements. The accuracy of regional Bagf estimated by the BP-NN model (RMSE = 12.23 t ha–1) is superior to that estimated by the OLSR method (RMSE = 17.77 t ha–1) especially in areas with complex topography.
Syntaxin 16 and syntaxin 5 are required for efficient retrograde transport of several exogenous and endogenous cargo proteins

Retrograde transport allows proteins and lipids to leave the endocytic pathway to reach other intracellular compartments, such as trans-Golgi network (TGN)/Golgi membranes, the endoplasmic reticulum and, in some instances, the cytosol. Here, we have used RNA interference against the SNARE proteins syntaxin 5 and syntaxin 16, combined with recently developed quantitative trafficking assays, morphological approaches and cell intoxication analysis to show that these SNARE proteins are not only required for efficient retrograde transport of Shiga toxin, but also for that of an endogenous cargo protein – the mannose 6-phosphate receptor – and for the productive trafficking into cells of cholera toxin and ricin. We have found that the function of syntaxin 16 was specifically required for, and restricted to, the retrograde pathway. Strikingly, syntaxin 5 RNA interference protected cells particularly strongly against Shiga toxin. Since our trafficking analysis showed that apart from inhibiting retrograde endosome-to-TGN transport, the silencing of syntaxin 5 had no additional effect on Shiga toxin endocytosis or trafficking from TGN/Golgi membranes to the endoplasmic reticulum, we hypothesize that syntaxin 5 also has trafficking-independent functions. In summary, our data demonstrate that several cellular and exogenous cargo proteins use elements of the same SNARE machinery for efficient retrograde transport between early/recycling endosomes and TGN/Golgi membranes.
Bulletin of the Forestry and Forest Products Research Institute: Patterns of Slash-and-Burn Land Use and Their Effects on Forest Succession-Swidden-Land Forests in Borneo

原稿受付:平成 16年 12月 2日 Received Dec. 2, 2004 原稿受理:平成 17年 7月 29日 Accepted July 29, 2005 * Department of Plant Ecology, Forestry and Forest Products Research Institute, P.O. Box 16, Tsukuba Norin Kenkyu Danchi-nai, Ibaraki 305-8687, Japan; e-mail: kiono@ffpri.affrc. go.jp 1)Department of Plant Ecology (FFPRI) 2)Faculty of Forestry, Mulawarman University, Jl. Kampus Gunung Kelua, Samarinda 75119, East Kalimantan, Indonesia
Vocabulary Agreement Among Model Summaries And Source Documents 1

Analysis of 9000 manually-written summaries of newswire stories provided to participants in four Document Understanding Conferences indicates that no more than 55% of the vocabulary items they employ occur in the source document. A comparison of all pairs of different summaries of the same document shows further that these agree on only 22% of their vocabulary. It can be argued that these relationships establish a performance ceiling for automated summarization systems which compose summaries by extracting syntactic elements from the source document.
A New PVT Compensation Technique Based on Current Comparison for Low-Voltage, Near Sub-Threshold LNA

When conventional biasing topologies are employed, near sub-threshold operated amplifiers show large performance deviations under unavoidable PVT variations. Moreover, these effects become severe when these circuits are implemented in sub-nanometer technologies. This paper introduces a new type of compensation technique to realize a reliable low voltage, low-noise amplifier that is achieved by stabilizing the core device trans-conductance (gm). To minimize the gm variation, the proposed technique uses an error voltage generated by comparing the LNA current with a stable constant current reference (CCR). Not only the compensation circuits, a new low-voltage self-biased CCR source is also introduced which is based on conventional β multiplier that can operate with a voltage as low as 0.4 V with a resulting TC (temperature coefficient) of 118 ppm/°C for typical-typical corner case. The gm and S21 of the compensated 65 nm LNA core device shows 8 × times lower variations compared to that of a conventional one when temperature varies from -20 to +110°C and with the consideration of five process corner cases. Finally, Monte Carlo estimation for both process and mismatch shows 34% reduction in standard deviation of S21 and 20% improvement in yield compared to a conventionally biased LNA. The compensated LNA with all its accessories consumes only 402 μW power when operated at a supply voltage of 0.6 V.
Scalable audio coding based on spatial perception in audio surveillance

A spatial perception based scalable audio coding in audio surveillance is presented in this paper. Sudden events in audio surveillance are often accompanied with high energy, fast changing energy or sound location. Current priority schemes of scalable audio coding are mainly based on the energy criterion or perception importance criterion, in which priorities are assigned according to high energy or low frequency which are more sensitive to auditory sensation. According to the energy and spatial cues in different frequency bands, this paper assigns the priorities to the sub-bands with fast changing location and energy of sound source in scalable audio coding. With zero extra side information and trivial added complexity, experimental results show that the perceptual quality is improved especially for the sound with high attention in audio surveillance.
Positive and negative feedback: striking a balance between necessary antagonists.

Most biological regulation systems comprise feedback circuits as crucial components. Negative feedback circuits have been well understood for a very long time; indeed, their understanding has been the basis for the engineering of cybernetic machines exhibiting stable behaviour. The importance of positive feedback circuits, considered as "vicious circles", has however been underestimated. In this article, we give a demonstration based on degree theory for vector fields of the conjecture, made by René Thomas, that the presence of positive feedback circuits is a necessary condition for autonomous differential systems, covering a wide class of biologically relevant systems, to possess multiple steady states. We also show ways to derive constraints on the weights of positive and negative feedback circuits. These qualitative and quantitative results provide, respectively, structural constraints (i.e. related to the interaction graph) and numerical constraints (i.e. related to the magnitudes of the interactions) on systems exhibiting complex behaviours, and should make it easier to reverse-engineer the interaction networks animating those systems on the basis of partial, sometimes unreliable, experimental data. We illustrate these concepts on a model multistable switch, in the context of cellular differentiation, showing a requirement for sufficient cooperativity. Further developments are expected in the discovery and modelling of regulatory networks in general, and in the interpretation of bio-array hybridization and proteomics experiments in particular.
Entangled graphs

We study how bi-partite quantum entanglement (measured in terms of a concurrence) can be shared in multi-qubit systems. We introduce a concept of the entangled graph such that each qubit of a multi-partite system is associated with a vertex while a bipartite entanglement between two specific qubits is represented by an edge. We prove that any entangled graph can be associated with a pure state of a multi-qubit system. We also derive bounds on the concurrence for some weighted entangled graphs (the weight corresponds to the value of concurrence associated with the given edge).
“To define is to limit”: perspectives on asthma–COPD overlap syndrome and personalised medicine

Asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) are both common and usually distinct airway diseases. However, it is now well recognised that many patients, particularly those aged over 55 years, have features of both asthma and COPD [1–5]. This may occur in up to 20% of patients [3]. In recent years there has been intense interest in the coexistence of asthma and COPD, as evidenced by the proliferation of reviews and editorial space dedicated to the topic [1, 3, 6–9]. It has even been given a new name: asthma–COPD overlap syndrome, or ACOS. A precise definition of asthma–COPD overlap syndrome is lacking; personalised medicine is recommended http://ow.ly/sobH30aroWK
WritLarge: Ink Unleashed by Unified Scope, Action, & Zoom

WritLarge is a freeform canvas for early-stage design on electronic whiteboards with pen+touch input. The system aims to support a higher-level flow of interaction by 'chunking' the traditionally disjoint steps of selection and action into unified selection-action phrases. This holistic goal led us to address two complementary aspects: SELECTION, for which we devise a new technique known as the Zoom-Catcher that integrates pinch-to-zoom and selection in a single gesture for fluidly selecting and acting on content; plus: ACTION, where we demonstrate how this addresses the combined issues of navigating, selecting, and manipulating content. In particular, the designer can transform select ink strokes in flexible and easily-reversible representations via semantic, structural, and temporal axes of movement that are defined as conceptual 'moves' relative to the specified content. This approach dovetails zooming with lightweight specification of scope as well as the evocation of context-appropriate commands, at-hand, in a location-independent manner. This establishes powerful new primitives that can help to scaffold higher-level tasks, thereby unleashing the expressive power of ink in a compelling manner.
ATTS, a new and conserved DNA binding domain.

A variety of structural motifs have been identified in transcriptional regulatory proteins that are responsible for their binding to specific DNA sequences. These motifs include cysteine-rich metallocoordination domains (e.g., zinc “finger” domains; Berg, 1989; Churchill et al., 1990; Pan and Coleman, 1990), basic regions adjacent to leucine dimerization domains (bZIP; Vinson et al., 1989; Busch and Sassone-Corsi, 1990; Hu et al., 1990), basic regions adjacent to helix-loop-helix domains (bHLH; Murre et al., 1989; Benezra et al., 1990), helix-turn-helix domains, found in classical bacterial transcription factors (Pabo and Sauer, 1984), homeobox proteins, and POU domains (Sturm and Herr, 1988; Qian et al., 1989; Gehring et al., 1990). However, some regulatory proteins that are known or presumed to bind to specific DNA sequences lack identified DNA binding motifs, including the AbaA developmental regulatory protein of Aspergillus nidulans (Mirabito et al., 1989; Sewall et al., 1990). Xiao et al. (1991) recently reported the sequence of TEF-1, a cell typespecific SV40 enhancer-binding protein. We noted that TEF-1 contains a sequence motif with significant similarity to sequences present in the A. nidulans AbaA protein and the yeast protein TECl p, a regulator of Tyl transcriptional activity (Laloux et al., 1990). We propose that this motif defines a nove1 DNA binding domain that we term ATTS (AbaA, TECl p, TEF-1 sequence). Figure 1 shows the regions of highest sequence similarity between the proteins, spanning -70 amino acid residues. This region contains two highly conserved core sequences, which are underlined in Figure 1. There is little or no sequence similarity between the proteins outside of this region. The consensus sequence derived from align-
An improved optimal algorithm for bubble-sorting-basednon-Manhattan channel routing

It is well known that a non-Manhattan channel router always uses fewer routing tracks than a Manhattan router in a channel. To our knowledge, for a bubble-sorting-based non-Manhattan channel routing (BSNMCR) problem, Chaudhary's O(kn/sup 2/) heuristic algorithm (1991) and Chen's O(k/sup 2/n) optimal algorithm (1994) have been, respectively, proposed, where it is the number of terminals and k is the number of routing tracks in a channel. However, the time complexity of the two algorithms is in O(n/sup 3/) time in the worst case. In this paper, based on optimality-oriented swap-direction selection in an optimal bubble-sorting solution, an improved optimal algorithm for a BSNMCR problem is proposed, and the time complexity of the proposed algorithm is proven to be in O(kn) time and in O(n/sup 2/) time in the worst case.
Issues related to symptomatic and disease‐modifying treatments affecting cognitive and neuropsychiatric comorbidities of epilepsy

Many symptoms of neurologic or psychiatric illness—such as cognitive impairment, depression, anxiety, attention deficits, and migraine—occur more frequently in people with epilepsy than in the general population. These diverse comorbidities present an underappreciated problem for people with epilepsy and their caregivers because they decrease quality of life, complicate treatment, and increase mortality. In fact, it has been suggested that comorbidities can have a greater effect on quality of life in people with epilepsy than the seizures themselves. There is increasing recognition of the frequency and impact of cognitive and behavioral comorbidities of epilepsy, highlighted in the 2012 Institute of Medicine report on epilepsy. Comorbidities have also been acknowledged, as a National Institutes of Health (NIH) Benchmark area for research in epilepsy. However, relatively little progress has been made in developing new therapies directed specifically at comorbidities. On the other hand, there have been many advances in understanding underlying mechanisms. These advances have made it possible to identify novel targets for therapy and prevention. As part of the International League Against Epilepsy/American Epilepsy Society workshop on preclinical therapy development for epilepsy, our working group considered the current state of understanding related to terminology, models, and strategies for therapy development for the comorbidities of epilepsy. Herein we summarize our findings and suggest ways to accelerate development of new therapies. We also consider important issues to improve research including those related to methodology, nonpharmacologic therapies, biomarkers, and infrastructure.
Control of Dynamics in Brain Networks

The ability to effectively control brain dynamics holds great promise for the enhancement of cognitive function in humans, and the betterment of their quality of life. Yet, successfully controlling dynamics in neural systems is challenging, in part due to the immense complexity of the brain and the large set of interactions that can drive any single change. While we have gained some understanding of the control of single neurons, the control of large-scale neural systems -- networks of multiply interacting components -- remains poorly understood. Efforts to address this gap include the construction of tools for the control of brain networks, mostly adapted from control and dynamical systems theory. Informed by current opportunities for practical intervention, these theoretical contributions provide models that draw from a wide array of mathematical approaches. We present intriguing recent developments for effective strategies of control in dynamic brain networks, and we also describe potential mechanisms that underlie such processes. We review efforts in the control of general neurophysiological processes with implications for brain development and cognitive function, as well as the control of altered neurophysiological processes in medical contexts such as anesthesia administration, seizure suppression, and deep-brain stimulation for Parkinson's disease. We conclude with a forward-looking discussion regarding how emerging results from network control -- especially approaches that deal with nonlinear dynamics or more realistic trajectories for control transitions -- could be used to directly address pressing questions in neuroscience.