Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
1.1 Congestion Control

The effects of congestion can be seen in Figure 11.1. As shown in the figure, the throughput of a connection increases as the offered load increases until a point when the queues in the system start to fill up and the increase in throughput levels off. When the offered load becomes too large and the buffers are totally filled up, packets begin to get dropped by the system and throughput starts to decrease.
The role of peri-traumatic visuo-spatial and verbal interference on the development of intrusions

Intrusions are regarded as a 'hallmark' symptom of Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder, yet relatively little is known about their formation and development. This thesis was an experimental examination of potential information processing factors implicated in intrusion development. The thesis begins with an examination of PTSD in the context of intrusions, followed by a review of the main theories of PTSD symptom development and the place of intrusion development within these. Recent theories of PTSD are examined, specifically Dual Representation Theory (Brewin, Dalgleish, and Joseph, 1996), which regards PTSD as a 'hybrid' disorder that involves two distinct yet parallel types of memory encoding one based in part on sensory, visual processing, the other on verbal/narrative based processes, the interaction of which can lead to intrusion development under certain conditions. This thesis attempted to replicate and extend research (Holmes, Brewin, Hennessy, 2004) founded on dual-representation theory, that explored the role of peri-traumatic visuo-spatial and verbal processing in the formation of intrusions based on a trauma analogue film. 40 non-clinical participants were involved either a control condition, or one of two dual-task interference conditions: a visuo-spatial interference condition (involving tapping out a key pattern of a hidden keyboard); and a verbal interference condition (involving counting backwards in threes). Participants were instructed to watch a trauma-analogue film designed to generate intrusions, whilst performing the task they were allocated. Diary measures were taken of subsequent intrusions experienced in the week following exposure to the analogue trauma film. Visuo-spatial interference appeared to significantly disrupt the formation of intrusions, while there was a trend for verbal processing to increase intrusions. The visuo-spatial interference task did not impact on attention to the film, or features of either recall or recognition of film material. For the verbal interference condition, there was also significantly more visual imagery type intrusions, more data driven processes reported, and a reduction in recall memory and attention to film. Increases in state dissociation were also implicated in higher reported intrusions. These findings were discussed in the context of current theories of intrusion formation, and in terms of clinical implications for the assessment and treatment of intrusions in PTSD.
Symmetries in peripheral ocular aberrations

A mirror symmetry in the aberrations between the left and right eyes has previously been found foveally, but while a similar symmetry for the peripheral visual field is likely, it has not been investigated. Nevertheless, the peripheral optical quality is often evaluated in only one eye, because it is more time efficient than analyzing the whole visual field of both eyes. This study investigates the correctness of such an approach by measuring the peripheral wavefront aberrations in both eyes of 22 subjects out to 40 horizontally. The largest aberrations (defocus, astigmatism, and coma) were found to be significantly correlated between the left and right eyes when comparing the same temporal or nasal angle. The slope of the regression line was close to 1 (within 0.05) for these aberrations, with a negative slope for the horizontally odd aberrations, i.e. the left and right eyes are mirror symmetric. These findings justify that the average result, sampled in one of the two eyes of many subjects, can be generalized to the other eye as well.
A fifth locus for Bardet-Biedl syndrome maps to chromosome 2q31.

We thank the family for their participation in this study. Financial support for this work came from the Kidney Foundation of Canada and the Medical Research Council of Canada. T. -L.Y. and M.O. W. are recipients of Graduate Fellowships from the Faculty of Medicine at Memorial University. J.S. G is a recipient of a grant from the Canadian Genetic Diseases Network.
upplement issue ptimizing Outcomes for Patients with Depression and hronic Medical Illnesses

epression and comorbid chronic medical conditions such as coronary heart disease, diabetes mellitus, and steoarthritis are frequently seen in the primary care setting, and the interaction of these illnesses can omplicate diagnostic and treatment efforts. Although the etiologies of these bidirectional associations are ot well understood, a number of negative outcomes are apparent, and challenges exist at patient, provider, nd healthcare system levels to better recognize and treat depression in patients with chronic medical omorbidity. Such patients are more likely to present with somatic complaints, engage in unhealthy ehaviors, harbor unhealthy thoughts or cognitions, and are less likely to comply with therapeutic ecommendations. Primary care encounters often represent the only opportunities for these patients to ddress these issues and obtain the professional attention their depression requires. For clinicians, forging mpathetic partnerships with patients, prescribing appropriate treatments, and closely monitoring sympoms and therapeutic progress are invaluable for optimal management of both affective and medical isorders. Further opportunities to improve care also exist at the healthcare system level, such as eveloping, funding, and implementing multimodal collaborative care models in the primary care setting. 2008 Published by Elsevier Inc. • The American Journal of Medicine (2008) 121, S38–S44
Calcitonin gene-related peptide induces proliferation and monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 expression via extracellular signal-regulated kinase activation in rat osteoblasts.

BACKGROUND Calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP), a sensory neuropeptide, affects osteoblast proliferation and bone formation. However, the mechanisms are not fully understood. Monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1) is a chemokine that stimulates the migration of monocytes and plays important roles in regulating bone remolding during fracture repair. In this study, we investigated the effects of CGRP on proliferation and MCP-1 expression in cultured rat osteoblasts. METHODS Primary rat osteoblasts were isolated from fetal rats calvariae. Cells were exposed to gradient concentrations (10(-9) to 10(-7) mol/L) of CGRP. Protein and mRNA levels of MCP-1 were quantified by Western blotting and semiquantitative reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction, respectively. The protein level of MCP-1 was investigated and compared in cell culture media by enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Phospho-extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) expression was detected by Western blotting. Cell proliferative activity was measured by 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyl tetrazolium bromide (MTT) and BrdU assay. The effects of MAPK/ERK kinase (MEK)-inhibitor U0126 on CGRP-induced MCP-1 expression in primary rat osteoblasts were examined. RESULTS CGRP effectively enhanced primary rat osteoblast proliferation and led to significant increases in the expression of MCP-1 mRNA and protein in time- and dose-dependent manners. CGRP activated the ERK pathway. Pretreatment of cultured rat osteoblasts with MEK inhibitor U0126 resulted in dose-dependent inhibitions of CGRP-induced MCP-1 mRNA and protein levels. Thus, CGRP promoted cell proliferation and stimulated MCP-1 expression in cultured rat osteoblasts. CONCLUSION These studies document novel links between CGRP and MCP-1 and illuminate the effects of CGRP in regulating bone remodeling.
Amino acid substitutions sufficient to convert the nontransforming p60c-src protein to a transforming protein

We have previously shown that Rous sarcoma virus variants that carry the cellular homolog (c-src) of the viral src gene (v-src) do not transform chicken embryo fibroblasts. We also have shown that replacement of sequences upstream or downstream from the BglI site of the cellular src gene with the corresponding regions of v-src restored transforming activity to the hybrid genes. Since there are only six amino acid changes between p60c-src and p60v-src within the sequences upstream from BglI, we constructed chimeric molecules involving v-src and c-src to determine the effect of each amino acid substitution on the biological activities of the gene product. We found that the change from Thr to Ile at position 338 or the replacement of a fragment of c-src containing Gly-63, Arg-95, and Thr-96 with a corresponding fragment of v-src containing Asp-63, Trp-95, and Ile-96 converted p60c-src into a transforming protein by the criteria of focus formation, anchorage-independent growth, and tumor formation in newborn chickens. These mutations also resulted in elevation of the protein kinase activity of p60c-src.
Hydrothermal vent ecosystems and representative hyperthermophilic microorganisms

One of the most spectacular events of the present century, concerning all biological and environmental disciplines, was the discovery of deep-sea hydrothermal vents around the Galapagos Islands, during the late 1970s. This remarkable scientific accomplishment was achieved thanks to the extensive work carried out by oceanographers and geologists. A significant role in terms of scientific support and technological development was played by the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institute (WHOI) and the Marine Biological Laboratory (MBL), both located at Woods Hole, MA (U.S.A.). These prestigious scientific institutions were able, almost two decades before the discovery of hydrothermal vents, to develop a manned submersible (ALVIN), able to reach great depths (3-4000 m) and collect many kinds of samples. Since then, this oceanographic vessel has been used extensively under the sea almost everywhere, but nowadays other submersibles are available and operated for outstanding projects also by french and japanese scientists. Hydrothermal vent ecosystems have been the target of several projects in different disciplines, as biology, chemistry, ecology, zoology, geology, microbiology; the peculiar microflora of these sites has been particularly investigated for taxonomical, evolutionary and biotechnological reasons. Moreover, hyperthermophilic microorganisms have been especially proposed for biotechnological applications mainly because their thermostable and hydrolytic enzymes. The taxonomy and physiology of representative species iii'deep-sea bacteria and archaea are reported in this work; moreover, potential applications of these microorganisms as well as ocean drilling perspectives are discussed.
The Impact of Reactive Oxygen Species on Early Human Embryos: A Systematic Review of the Literature

Oocytes and embryos are constantly exposed to oxidative stress which influences their developmental competence. But, the antioxidants present in the reproductive tissues protect the embryos in vivo. The effects of oxidative stress in Assisted Reproductive Technology (ART) is amplified by lack of physiological defense by the antioxidants and also due to abundance of potential sources that can generate Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS) in culture media. Certain levels of ROS are necessary for sperm function,normal activity in the ovarian follicle, normal sperm-oocyte interaction and sperm capacitation. But, excessive levels may have adverse effects on sperm DNA, fertilization and embryo quality. ROS not only accelerate apoptosis in the cell by direct DNA damage, but also affect the DNA repair mechanisms along with alterations in important check points in cell cycle. In-vitro developmental arrests are documented in mammalian embryos that are exposed to oxidative stress. Hence blastocyst development in vitro lags behind blastocyst development in vivo. Sperm DNA damage caused by elevated ROS levels results in embryo development arrest and poor fertility outcomes with ART. This article reviews the literature on the sources of ROS generation in ART setting and enumerates strategies to overcome oxidative stress.
Addition of cognitive‐behaviour therapy for obsessive‐compulsive disorder patients non‐responding to fluoxetine

Kampman M, Keijsers GPJ, Hoogduin CAL, Verbraak MJPM. Addition of cognitive‐behaviour therapy for obsessive‐compulsive disorder patients non‐responding to fluoxetine. Acta Psychiatr Scand 2002: 106: 314–319. © Blackwell Munksgaard 2002.
Inhibitory and Bactericidal Potential of Crude Acetone Extracts of Combretum molle (Combretaceae) on Drug-resistant Strains of Helicobacter pylori

Infection with Helicobacter pylori is strongly associated with a number of gastroduodenal pathologies. Antimicrobial resistance to commonly-used drugs has generated a considerable interest in the search for novel therapeutic compounds from medicinal plants. As an ongoing effort of this search, the susceptibility of 32 clinical strains of H. pylori and a reference strain—NCTC 11638—was evaluated against five solvent extracts of Combretum molle, a plant widely used for the treatment of gastric ulcers and other stomach-related morbidities in South Africa. The extracts were screened for activity by the agar-well diffusion method, and the most active one of them was tested against the same strains by micro-broth dilution and time kill assays. Metronidazole and amoxicillin were included in these experiments as positive control antibiotics. The solvent extracts all demonstrated anti-H. pylori activity with zone diameters of inhibition between 0 and 38 mm. The most potent anti-H. pylori activity was demonstrated by the acetone extract, to which 87.5% of the clinical strains were susceptible. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC90) values for this extract ranged from 1.25 to 5.0 mg/mL while those for amoxicillin and metronidazole ranged from 0.001 to 0.94 mg/mL and from 0.004 to 5.0 mg/mL respectively. The acetone extract was highly bactericidal at a concentration of 2.5 and 5.0 mg/mL, with complete elimination of the test organisms in 24 hours. Its inhibitory activity was better than that of metronidazole (p<0.05) as opposed to amoxicillin (p<0.05). The results demonstrate that C. molle may contain therapeutically-useful compounds against H. pylori, which are mostly concentrated in the acetone extract.
Book Review: Bankrupting Nature: Denying Our Planetary Boundaries [A Report to the Club of Rome], by Anders Wijkman and Johan Rockström

partnerships among medical institutions across the globe are expanding and successfully transferring medical skills and technologies from wealthier countries to less-wealthy ones. The authors conclude that the time is optimal for making massive advancements in the world’s health and bringing the burden of disease down to never-before-seen lows. The developing world and individuals, such as the ones profiled in this book, are showing the way.
Classical realizability and arithmetical formulæ

In this paper, we treat the specification problem in Krivine classical realizability (Krivine 2009 Panoramas et synthèses 27), in the case of arithmetical formulæ. In the continuity of previous works from Miquel and the first author (Guillermo 2008 Jeux de réalisabilité en arithmétique classique, Ph.D. thesis, Université Paris 7; Guillermo and Miquel 2014 Mathematical Structures in Computer Science, Epub ahead of print), we characterize the universal realizers of a formula as being the winning strategies for a game (defined according to the formula). In the first sections, we recall the definition of classical realizability, as well as a few technical results. In Section 5, we introduce in more details the specification problem and the intuition of the game-theoretic point of view we adopt later. We first present a game 1, that we prove to be adequate and complete if the language contains no instructions ‘quote’ (Krivine 2003 Theoretical Computer Science 308 259–276), using interaction constants to do substitution over execution threads. We then show that as soon as the language contain ‘Quote,’ the game is no more complete, and present a second game 2 that is both adequate and complete in the general case. In the last Section, we draw attention to a model-theoretic point of view and use our specification result to show that arithmetical formulæ are absolute for realizability models.
Modified fluctuation-dissipation theorem for non-equilibrium steady states and applications to molecular motors

We present a theoretical framework to understand a modified fluctuation-dissipation theorem valid for systems close to non-equilibrium steady states and obeying Markovian dynamics. We discuss the interpretation of this result in terms of trajectory entropy excess. The framework is illustrated on a simple pedagogical example of a molecular motor. We also derive in this context generalized Green-Kubo relations similar to the ones obtained recently in Seifert U. , Phys. Rev. Lett. , 104 (2010) 138101 for more general networks of biomolecular states.
Is Lean Necessarily Green

This paper investigates the environmental performance of lean supply chains using carbon dioxide emissions as the key performance indicator. Lean is based on the premise that compressing time reveals hidden quality problems and that their resolution leads to more efficient, cost-effective business processes. If time compression always implies lower emissions, then a leaner system is always greener as measured by emissions. If time compression does not always lead to lower emissions, then further changes to the lean system may be required in order to make it greener. We use a simulation model of a generic supply chain as well as two representative examples of supply chains to examine this. Our analysis shows that supply chain emissions are highly sensitive to the frequency and mode of delivery of goods as well as the type and amount of inventory stored at each company. Our results suggest that lean supply chains are not necessarily green, although they could turn out to be green in certain cases. The main impediment appears to be distance. While lean supply chains typically have lower emissions due to reduced inventory levels, the frequent replenishment at every point in the provision stream generally tends to increase the emissions. If a lean supply chain is located entirely within a small region, then it would almost certainly be green from an emissions perspective due to the low levels of inventory and short shipping distances. As distances increase along the supply chain, it is quite possible for lean and green to be in conflict, leading to tradeoffs as well as additional opportunities for optimization.
Self-affine tiling via substitution dynamical systems and Rauzy fractals

In this paper we show that a class of sets known as the Rauzy fractals, which are constructed via substitution dynamical systems, give rise to self-affine multi-tiles and self-affine tilings. This provides an efficient and unconventional way for constructing aperiodic self-affine tilings. Our result also leads to a proof that a Rauzy fractal R associated with a primitive and unimodular Pisot substitution has nonempty interior.
Three-dimensional reconstruction and analysis of the tubular system of vertebrate skeletal muscle

Summary Skeletal muscle fibres are very large and elongated. In response to excitation there must be a rapid and uniform release of Ca2+ throughout for contraction. To ensure a uniform spread of excitation throughout the fibre to all the Ca2+ release sites, the muscle internalizes the plasma membrane, to form the tubular (t-) system. Hence the t-system forms a complex and dense network throughout the fibre that is responsible for excitation–contraction coupling and other signalling mechanisms. However, we currently do not have a very detailed view of this membrane network because of limitations in previously used imaging techniques to visualize it. In this study we serially imaged fluorescent dye trapped in the t-system of fibres from rat and toad muscle using the confocal microscope, and deconvolved and reconstructed these images to produce the first three-dimensional reconstructions of large volumes of the vertebrate t-system. These images showed complex arrangements of tubules that have not been described previously and also allowed the association of the t-system with cellular organelles to be visualized. There was a high density of tubules close to the nuclear envelope because of the close and parallel alignment of the long axes of the myofibrils and the nuclei. Furthermore local fluorescence intensity variations from sub-resolution tubules were converted to tubule diameters. Mean diameters of tubules were 85.9±6.6 and 91.2±8.2 nm, from rat and toad muscle under isotonic conditions, respectively. Under osmotic stress the distribution of tubular diameters shifted significantly in toad muscle only, with change specifically occurring in the transverse but not longitudinal tubules.
Ideas and Issues in University Education for Public Services Leaders

Do public services leaders need university courses which help develop professional skills? David Walker gave evidence to a House of Commons Select Committee in which he suggested that members of the higher levels of the UK Civil Service should take a compulsory postgraduate qualification in public administration; he also maintained that the necessary intellectual apparatus to develop these did exist, in part, in academe and that it could be mobilised (House of Commons, Public Administration Select Committee, 2007: 15). The leadership of the UK civil service has in recent years made it clear that it would, in principle, like to make more use of universities as a source of new recruits to the civil service. It has also on occasions described both further education colleges and universities as key partners in the development of the civil service workforce. The success of any attempt by the civil service to engage with educational institutions will be affected by the relevance of the capabilities of universities to the business needs of the civil service and the acceptability to the universities of the financial arrangements. If universities do want to be part of helping the civil service to become more professional, they will have to increase their understanding of the needs of government services and will have to be prepared to challenge existing assumptions about the design and delivery of education and development. One sign that there is some willingness in universities to develop this understanding and rethink existing approaches was a recent initiative to develop guidance for designing Masters of Public Administration (MPA) programmes. This initiative involved a number of organisations: the guidance was prepared over the course of a year (from late 2008) and was approved by the Public Administration Committee (of the Joint University Council), the Public Management and Policy Association, and the Public Administration Specialist Group of the UK’s Political Studies Association. The preparation work also benefited substantially as a