Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
De Natrio Diabeticorum Increased Exchangeable Sodium in Diabetes

Polyuria, a classical symptom of diabetes mellitus may be associated with significant sodium loss and can result in volume contraction. It is of interest therefore that recent research into the sodium content of patients with stable, treated diabetes mellitus has demonstrated an excess of this cation and an enhanced extracellular fluid space. In this review we discuss the significance of this finding, the physiology of sodium in normal man, and the possible consequences that could accrue from this acquired abnormality of electrolyte metabolism in diabetes.
Antiviral Inhibition of Enveloped Virus Release by Tetherin/BST-2: Action and Counteraction

Tetherin (BST2/CD317) has been recently recognized as a potent interferon-induced antiviral molecule that inhibits the release of diverse mammalian enveloped virus particles from infected cells. By targeting an immutable structure common to all these viruses, the virion membrane, evasion of this antiviral mechanism has necessitated the development of specific countermeasures that directly inhibit tetherin activity. Here we review our current understanding of the molecular basis of tetherin’s mode of action, the viral countermeasures that antagonize it, and how virus/tetherin interactions may affect viral transmission and pathogenicity.
Influência dos receptores A2a da adenosina no efeito neuroprotector do BDNF na morte neuronal induzida

vii viii Lista de abreviaturas 5-FU – 5-fluoracil (5-fluoracilo) Aβ β β β – amyloid-beta (beta-Amilóide) A 2A R – adenosine A2 receptor (receptor A2 da adenosina) AD – Alzheimer's disease (doença de Alzheimer) ADDLs –Aβ-derived diffusible ligands (ligandos solúveis derivados do Aβ) ANOVA – analysis of variance (análise da variância) APP – amyloid precursor protein (proteína precursora amilóide) BAD – Bcl2-associated death promoter (promotor de morte associado a Bcl2) BDNF – brain-derived neurotrophic factor (factor neurotrófico derivado do cérebro) BrdU – bromodeoxyuridine (bromodeoxiuridina) CamK – Ca 2+-calmodulin-regulated kinase (cinases reguladas pela calmodulina/Ca 2+) cAMP – cyclic adenosine monophosphate (adenosina monofosfato ciclico) CGS-21680 –
Individual Differences in Group Interaction Behaviour: Cultural Differences in the Exhibition of Organizational Citizenship Behaviours

Discrimination in employment still exists in Canada despite legislative attempts to minimize the disparity in treatment of minorities in the workplace. This dissertation examines the possibility of whether deep-level characteristics, such as differences in behaviour, are culturally influenced. Organizational citizenship behaviours (OCB) in the workplace have been a popular area of study for nearly twenty years in the industrial/organizational psychology literature. Research has demonstrated that OCBs can explain variance in job performance over and above that of task performance. While much of the OCB research has focused on the antecedents of OCBs (particularly individual attributes), a handful of cross-cultural and intercultural studies have been conducted with respect to OCBs; however, the type of studies and the findings from these studies have varied widely. Cross-cultural studies have evaluated OCBs in a single non-Western culture, collectivism and individualism as within-culture individual differences and their effects on OCBs, demographic dissimilarity in teams and OCBs, the role of perceptions and the exhibition of OCBs, and the presence and structure of OCB in different countries. From these studies, one can draw few conclusions about the status of national culture as an antecedent of OCB. The main objectives of this study were to investigate whether OCBs are iii PhD ThesisW Lillevik, McMaster University, MGD School of Business culturally determined (using Vygotsky's sociocultural theory as an underlying basis for this hypothesis and using Hofstede's cultural framework), and whether individual acculturation and gender orientation moderate this relationship. Findings reveal overall that these three variables explain little of the variance in OCBs. None of the moderation hypotheses were supported for individual-level OCBs (OCB-1) or for team-oriented OCBs (OCB-T). Power distance was the only one of Hofstede's cultural dimensions that had relationships (both negative) with OCB-1 and OCB-T. Gender orientation and acculturation played more prominent roles as independent variables instead of moderators, though the coefficients were weak. The study also revealed that individual levels of acculturation to Canadian culture may be more of an influencing factor on organizational citizenship behaviours than individual scores on national dimensions. The overall findings show that cultural differences do not have much influence on the exhibition of OCBs within work teams; however, further research must be done to assess the underlying mechanisms of discrimination in the workplace.
The Right to “Do Politics” and Not Just to Speak: Thinking About the Constitutional Protections for Political Action

For a half century, campaign finance jurisprudence has turned on the Supreme Court’s distinction between political contributions and campaign expenditures. In Buckley v. Valeo, the Court upheld the Federal Election Campaign Act’s limits on political contributions to candidates for federal office and struck down various provisions that had limited campaign expenditures made by candidates, campaigns, and individuals. In upholding the contribution limits, the Court concluded that contributions implicate rights of speech and association, but only up to a point. It was “speech by proxy” through which the donor surrendered control of the use of the funds, and therefore the precise message funded, to the recipient. By contrast, the expenditure is purer expression, because the funder and the spender are the same and the money spent travels from the wallet of
Enzymatic characterization of Pseudomonas cepacia by API ZYM profile

The enzymatic activities of 53 strains of Pseudomonas cepacia were determined by using the API ZYM system. Strong alkaline phosphatase, acid phosphatase, butyrate esterase, caprylate esterase, myristate lipase, leucine arylamidase, and phosphoamidase activities were consistently detected in all strains. Weak activities were observed for valine arylamidase, beta-glucosidase, and N-acetyl-beta-glucosaminidase. No activities could be demonstrated for cystine arylamidase, trypsin, chymotrypsin, alpha-galactosidase, beta-galactosidase, beta-glucuronidase, alpha-glucosidase, alpha-mannosidase, and alpha-fucosidase. Enzymatic activities of pseudomonads may provide useful information about their pathogenesis and information for identification of Pseudomonas species.
H‐bond network optimization in protein–protein complexes: Are all‐atom force field scores enough?

Structural prediction of protein–protein complexes given the structures of the two interacting compounds in their unbound state is a key problem in biophysics. In addition to the problem of sampling of near‐native orientations, one of the modeling main difficulties is to discriminate true from false positives. Here, we present a hierarchical protocol for docking refinement able to discriminate near native poses from a group of docking candidates. The main idea is to combine an efficient sampling of the full system hydrogen bond network and side chains, together with an all‐atom force field and a surface generalized born implicit solvent. We tested our method on a set of twenty two complexes containing a near‐native solution within the top 100 docking poses, obtaining a near native solution as the top pose in 70% of the cases. We show that all atom force fields optimized H‐bond networks do improve significantly state of the art scoring functions. Proteins 2011. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Macrolide Resistance in Staphylococcus aureus: Inducers of Macrolide Resistance

Several macrolide-, lincosamide-, and streptogramin B-type (MLS) antibiotics were tested as inducers of erythromycin A (EM)-resistant [14C]leucine incorporation. Only 14-membered-ring macrolides having a glycosidically linked 6-deoxy sugar at the C-3 position of the lactone ring and the structurally dissimilar lincosamide, celesticetin, showed inducer activity. Modifications of EM at the C-4″ position of cladinose can apparently destroy the inducer property but do not affect the inhibitory properties of the antibiotic. The findings clearly show that inducer and inhibitor activities can be dissociated and are consistent with the concept that distinct binding/receptor sites are utilized for inhibition of ribosome function and induction of resistance.
Voices of Reason, Voices of Insanity: Studies of Verbal Hallucinations

Part 1: The Daemon of Socrates. On the History of the Concept of Hallucination. The Sign of Socrates. What the Daemon of Socrates Could Do With Words. Part 2: The Gods of Achilles. Julian Jaynes on Gods and Voices. Social Action in the Iliad. The Gods and Heroes in the Iliad. The Voices of Achilles. Part 3: The Souls of Daniel Paul Schreber. Pragmatics of Schreber's Supernatural World. Mixing Metaphors in the Court. Part 4: Pierre Janet on Verbal Hallucinations: The Case of Marcelle. Part 5: Pragmatists on Self. William James on Consciousness Of Self. Mead on Socially Reflexive Self. Are Voices Mutations Of Self? Part 6: Verbal Hallucinations in Contemporary Psychiatry. Hearing Voices and Psychopathology. Voices and Therapists. Part 7: Working with Voices. The Participants. Dialogical Properties. Dialogical Properties of Peg's Voices. Follow-up. Part 8: The Frenzy of Anthony Smith: Hearing Voices in English National Newspapers. Voices in English National Newspapers. The Frenzy of Anthony Smith. Voices in the House of Commons. Part 9: Voice-talk. On What Voices Do With Words. On Mundane Reality Testing 200. Part 10: Conclusion. Notes. Bibliography. Index.
Towards a theory on the interaction between requirements engineering and systems architecting

Theory building is of foundational importance for the progress of a discipline. In requirements engineering (RE), empirically grounded theory on the interaction between Requirements Engineering and Systems Architecting (SA) is scattered and anecdotal. This weakness may be affecting the way RE and SA processes are designed which, in turn, may be having a negative impact on project time, cost, and quality. In this paper, we describe elements of an emerging theory with a vision that lays the scientific underpinnings of the RE-SA interaction. The significance, potential implications, and future work are discussed.
Approches de la genèse des comportements mimétiques sur le marché des actions

Cette these porte sur la comprehension de la genese des comportements imitatifs, sur les marches financiers. Apres une revue de la litterature, le developpement du modele de charfstein et Stein (1990) permet de structurer differentes hypotheses autour d'un comportement apprehende comme binaire : suivre ou s'opposer aux autres agents. Face a l'impossibilite de distinguer l'imitation a travers des tests econometriques, deux approches empiriques alternatives sont successivement abordees. Tout d'abord un questionnement exploratoire de gerants de portefeuille apportant des temoignages enrichissants sur cette problematique, puis une demarche experimentale, inspiree de Cote et Sanders (1997), permettant de mieux estimer les parametres du modele. La principale contribution de cette recherche est d'apporter des elements empiriques concrets sur le comportement imitatif reel et ses causes. Les deux facteurs essentiels mis en evidence dans ces demarches sont (1) l'importance de la preservation de la reputation du gerant, apportant du credit aux modeles fondes sur la theorie de l'agence, et (2) la correlation inverse entre les comportements mimetiques et les capacites des acteurs.
Automatic IR UWB chipless RFID system for short range applications

The decoding of ultra-wide band (UWB) chipless radio frequency identification (RFID) tags is often performed extracting its frequency response, by removing the channel contribution. In this paper, an automatic short range (< 50 cm) ultra-wide band (UWB) impulse radio (IR) chipless (RFID) system is proposed. The system is composed of four different coded 5-bits UWB chipless RFID tags fabricated by printing silver ink on a polyethylene terephthalate (PET) substrate, and an impulse radio (IR) UWB radar available commercially. A novel decoding algorithm is implemented to scan the interrogation zone, detect when an UWB chipless RFID tag is placed, and then proceed to identify it without the need of a reference or channel measurement in a line-of-sight, multipath free scenario. The decoding is based on a maximum likelihood (ML) rule to estimate the received UWB chipless RFID tag code embedded in the backscattered pulse. The different UWB chipless RFID tags are successfully decoded automatically, verifying the viability of this methodology.
Discussion Paper Series Optimal Collusion-Proof Auctions

We study an optimal weak collusion-proof auction in an environment where a subset (or subsets) of bidders may collude not just on their bids but also on their participation. Despite their ability to collude on participation, informational asymmetry facing the potential colluders can be exploited significantly to weaken their collusive power. The second-best outcome — i.e., the noncollusive optimum — can be made weak collusion-proof, if at least one bidder is not collusive, or there are multiple bidding rings, or the second-best outcome involves a nontrivial probability of the object not being sold. In case the second-best is not weak collusion proof, we characterize an optimal weak collusion-proof auction. This auction involves nontrivial exclusion of collusive bidders — i.e., the object is not sold to any collusive bidder with positive probability.
Relative orientation of RNA helices in a group 1 ribozyme determined by helix extension electron microscopy.

The relative orientation of helical elements in a folded RNA molecule provides key information about its three‐dimensional architecture. We have developed a method that involves extending peripheral helices of an RNA, mounting for electron microscopy in the absence of protein and measuring interhelical angles. As a control, extended anticodon and acceptor stems of tRNA(Phe) were found to form a 92 +/− 20 degrees angle, consistent with the X‐ray structure. Single, double and triple extensions (50–80 bp) of helical elements P2.1, P6b and P8 of the Tetrahymena group I ribozyme did not alter its catalytic activity. The measured angle between P6b and P8 is consistent with the Michel‐Westhof structural model, while the P2.1‐P6b and P2.1‐P8 angles allow P2.1 to be positioned in the model. The angle distributions of the ribozyme are broader than those of the tRNA, which may reflect the dynamics of the RNA. Helix extension allows low‐resolution electron microscopy to provide much higher resolution information about the disposition of helical elements in RNA. It should be applicable to diverse RNAs and ribonucleoprotein complexes.
Longitudinal Monitoring of Two Commercial Layer Flocks and Their Environments for Salmonella enterica Serovar Enteritidis and Other Salmonellae

Abstract Between August 20, 2001, and September 17, 2002, 1429 samples including drag swabs, egg belt or egg rollout swabs, fan-blade swabs, rodent organ and intestinal pools, beetle (Alphitobius diaperinus) pools, housefly (Musca domestica) pools, chicken organ and intestinal pools, and egg pools were obtained for Salmonella culture from two flocks from two different commercial layer ranches. The two ranches were purposefully selected for the study based on their previous status of Salmonella Enteritidis isolation using environmental drag swabs in cooperation with practicing veterinarians. Salmonella sp. was isolated from 337 out of 979 (34.42%) non-egg samples. No Salmonella was isolated from 450 egg pools collected from either ranch. S. enteritidis was isolated from samples obtained from ranch 1 from manure drag swabs, 4/284 (1.4%); rodent organs, 1/24 (4.2%); and housefly pool cultures 1/21 (4.8%). Salmonella Enteritidis was isolated from ranch 2 from mouse organ and intestinal pool samples, 1/24 (4.2%). Salmonella group B was isolated from all sample types except the insects. There was a statistically significant difference in isolation rates among seven serogroups of Salmonella: groups B, C1, C2, D, E, K, and untypeable (Pearson chi-square 18.96, P = 0.002). Overall, statistically significant differences were observed with respect to Salmonella isolation among the types of samples taken (Pearson chi-square 118.54, P < 0.0001). Intensive monitoring for Salmonella Enteritidis can be used to optimize a Salmonella reduction program for an individual poultry biosecurity unit.
Cisplatin-Induced Antitumor Immunomodulation: A Review of Preclinical and Clinical Evidence

Contrary to the long held belief that chemotherapy is immunosuppressive, emerging evidence indicates that the anticancer activity of cisplatin is not limited to its ability to inhibit mitosis, but that cisplatin also has important immunomodulatory effects. We therefore methodically examined the relevant preclinical literature and identified four main mechanisms of cisplatin-induced antitumor immunomodulation: (i) MHC class I expression upregulation; (ii) recruitment and proliferation of effector cells; (iii) upregulation of the lytic activity of cytotoxic effectors; and (iv) downregulation of the immunosuppressive microenvironment. Cisplatin-based combination chemotherapy's antitumor immunomodulatory effects are also beginning to be harnessed in the clinic; we therefore additionally reviewed the applicable clinical literature and discussed how monitoring various components of the immune system (and their responses to cisplatin) can add new levels of sophistication to disease monitoring and prognostication. In summation, this growing body of literature on cisplatin-induced antitumor immunomodulation ultimately highlights the therapeutic potential of synergistic strategies that combine traditional chemotherapy with immunotherapy. Clin Cancer Res; 20(21); 5384–91. ©2014 AACR.
Correlation between local structural dynamics of proteins inferred from NMR ensembles and evolutionary dynamics of homologues of known structure

Conformational changes in proteins are extremely important for their biochemical functions. Correlation between inherent conformational variations in a protein and conformational differences in its homologues of known structure is still unclear. In this study, we have used a structural alphabet called Protein Blocks (PBs). PBs are used to perform abstraction of protein 3-D structures into a 1-D strings of 16 alphabets (a–p) based on dihedral angles of overlapping pentapeptides. We have analyzed the variations in local conformations in terms of PBs represented in the ensembles of 801 protein structures determined using NMR spectroscopy. In the analysis of concatenated data over all the residues in all the NMR ensembles, we observe that the overall nature of inherent local structural variations in NMR ensembles is similar to the nature of local structural differences in homologous proteins with a high correlation coefficient of . 94. High correlation at the alignment positions corresponding to helical and β-sheet regions is only expected. However, the correlation coefficient by considering only the loop regions is also quite high (.91). Surprisingly, segregated position-wise analysis shows that this high correlation does not hold true to loop regions at the structurally equivalent positions in NMR ensembles and their homologues of known structure. This suggests that the general nature of local structural changes is unique; however most of the local structural variations in loop regions of NMR ensembles do not correlate to their local structural differences at structurally equivalent positions in homologues.
Crossed Nonaphasia in a Dextral With Left Hemispheric Lesions: A Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging Study of Mirrored Brain Organization

Background— General conclusions concerning mechanisms of cerebral lateralization may be learned from the investigation of functional brain organization in patients with anomalous lateralization. Case Description— The functional organization of language, attention, and motor performance was investigated in a 42-year-old patient with crossed nonaphasia by means of functional MRI. The strongly right-handed man experienced a left middle cerebral artery infarction documented by MRI without exhibition of aphasia. However, the left hemispheric stroke was accompanied by visuospatial impairment, right-sided slight sensory and motor paresis, and right homonymous hemianopia. No history of familial sinistrality or prior neurological illness was present. Functional MR language mapping revealed strong right hemispheric activation in inferior frontal and superior temporal cortices. Finger tapping with the right hand recruited ipsilateral premotor and motor areas as well as supplementary motor cortex. A Stroop task, usually strongly associated with left-sided inferior frontal activation in dextrals, resulted in strong right hemispheric frontal activation. Conclusions— From our data there is clear evidence that different modalities, such as language perception and production, attention, and motor performance, are processed exclusively by 1 hemisphere when atypical cerebral dominance is present.
Signal Transduction Mediated by the Truncated trkB Receptor Isoforms, trkB.T1 and trkB.T2

The trkB family of transmembrane proteins serves as receptors for BDNF and NT-4/5. The family is composed of a tyrosine kinase-containing isoform as well as several alternatively spliced “truncated receptors” with identical extracellular ligand-binding domains but very small intracellular domains. The two best-characterized truncated trkB receptors, designated as trkB.T1 and trkB.T2, contain intracellular domains of only 23 and 21 amino acids, respectively. Although it is known that the tyrosine kinase isoform (trkB.FL) is capable of initiating BDNF and NT-4/5-induced signal transduction, the functional role or roles of the truncated receptors remain enigmatic. At the same time, the potential importance of the truncated receptors in the development, maintenance, and regeneration of the nervous system has been highlighted by recent developmental and injury paradigm investigations. Here we have used trkB cDNA transfected cell lines to demonstrate that both trkB.T1 and trkB.T2 are capable of mediating BDNF-induced signal transduction. More specifically, BDNF activation of either trkB.T1 or trkB.T2 increases the rate of acidic metabolite release from the cell, a common physiological consequence of many signaling pathways. Further, these trkB.T1- and trkB.T2-mediated changes occur with kinetics distinct from changes mediated by trkB.FL, suggesting the participation of at least some unique rate-limiting component or components. Mutational analysis demonstrates that the isoform-specific sequences within the intracellular domains of each receptor are essential for signaling capability. Finally, inhibitor studies suggest that kinases are likely to be involved in the trkB.T1 and trkB.T2 signaling pathways.