Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
The water footprint of winter wheat in Sweden

This study attempts to calculate the green blue and gray water footprint of the crop production of winter wheat and three derived winter wheat products: liquid fuel ethanol, wheat flour and macaroni. The calculations were done for Sweden for the period 2008-2010, covering an average of 80% of the annual winter wheat production. The south of Sweden was divided into 18 climate zones for which sufficient climatic data was available. The crop water use and requirements were then calculated for each of these zones using the CROPWAT model developed by the UN Food and Agriculture Organization, FAO. Other activities such as transportation, energy use and processing water were included in the study but combined these activities contribute to less than 1% of the water footprint of raw winter wheat production, referred to as the supply chain system. It is completely dominated by the cultivation component and the total water footprint is 875 m3 (59.4% green, 0.8% blue and 39.8% gray) per ton of wheat with a water content of 14%. Out of the supply chain system the cultivation component stands for 871 m3 (59.5% green, 0.6% blue and 39.9% gray) or about 99.5%. The result compares well to an earlier study by Mekkonen & Hoekstra (2010a). In the case studies of refined winter wheat products the total water footprint is still dominated by the supply chain in general and the cultivation component within it specifically. The water footprint of wheat flour from winter wheat at the mill in Malmo is found to be 1.15 m3 (59.1% green 1.2% blue and 39.7% gray) per kg of flour out of which 99% is from the supply chain component. The water footprint of liquid fuel ethanol from the Agroetanol plant in Norrkoping is calculated to 1 477 m3 (57.5% green, 4.2% blue and 38.3% gray) per m3 of ethanol, out of which the supply chain component is almost 95%, while the rest is mostly energy use in the form of bio fuel based steam production and electricity. The water footprint of the production of macaroni at the Ceralia factory in Jarna is calculated to 1.30 m3 (57.7% green, 3.8% blue and 38.5% gray) per kg of macaroni. About 95% of this is from the supply chain component while the remaining 5% is mostly attributed to the energy used in the processes.
Real-time Decentralized Monocular SLAM

This paper presents a real-time Decentralized Monocular SLAM process. It is the first time, to our knowledge, that a decentralized SLAM with vehicles using only proprioceptive sensors and a single camera is presented. A new architecture has been built to cope with the problems involved by a decentralized scheme. A special care has been given to the data incest problem. It is solved thanks to a substate system. Network aspects and computational time are also considered. By using an Extended Kalman Filter and sending only essential information, we are able to make our decentralized algorithm suitable for an important number of vehicles. We also introduce a way to retrieve the distance between vehicles and so to put the different maps built in a common frame. This approach was tested using a realistic simulator with different trajectories.
Entamoeba histolytica interactions with polarized human intestinal Caco-2 epithelial cells

To model the initial pathogenic effects of Entamoeba histolytica trophozoites on intestinal epithelial cells, the interactions of E. histolytica HM1-IMSS trophozoites with polarized human intestinal Caco-2 cell monolayers grown on permeabilized filters were examined. Trophozoites, when incubated with the apical surface of the monolayers at 37 degrees C, induced a rapid decrease in transepithelial resistance over 15 to 60 min. The transmonolayer resistance response was not associated with changes in short-circuit current but was associated with an increase in mannitol flux, suggesting that the drop in resistance reflected a nonselective increase in epithelial permeability rather than stimulation of electrogenic ion transport. This response preceded the earliest detection of morphologic disruption of monolayer integrity by light or electron microscopy. Apical injury to the monolayer was detected by ultrastructural studies which revealed a loss of brush border in regions of contact between epithelial cells and amebas and by chromium release assays where a small increase in the apical release of 51Cr from the monolayer (6% over background) was observed. The transmonolayer resistance response was inhibited when the temperature was reduced to 4 degrees C and by addition of cytochalasin D (1 microgram/ml) to the medium at concentrations that did not directly affect transmonolayer resistance. Application of amebic lysates or medium conditioned by coincubation of amebas with Caco-2 monolayers failed to lower transmonolayer resistance, suggesting that this effect was not mediated by soluble amebic cytotoxins. Polarized Caco-2 monolayers grown on permeable filters provide a useful model for studying the initial interactions of E. histolytica trophozoites with intestinal epithelial cells.
Use of a two-regression model for estimating energy expenditure in children.

PURPOSE The purpose of this study was to develop two new two-regression models (2RM), for use in children, that estimate energy expenditure (EE) using the ActiGraph GT3X: 1) mean vector magnitude (VM) counts or 2) vertical axis (VA) counts. The new 2RMs were also compared with existing ActiGraph equations for children. METHODS Fifty-seven boys and 52 girls (mean ± SD: age = 11 ± 1.7 yr, body mass index = 21.4 ± 5.5 kg·m(-2)) performed 30-min supine rest and 8 min of six different activities ranging from sedentary behaviors to vigorous physical activity. Eighteen activities were split into three routines with each routine performed by 38-39 participants. Seventy-seven participants were used for the development group, and 39 participants were used for the cross-validation group. During all testing, activity data were collected using an ActiGraph GT3X, worn on the right hip, and oxygen consumption was measured using a Cosmed K4b. All energy expenditure values are expressed as MET(RMR) (activity VO(2)/resting VO(2)). RESULTS For each activity, a coefficient of variation was calculated using 10-s epochs for the VA and VM to determine whether the activity was continuous walking/running or an intermittent lifestyle activity. Separate regression equations were developed for walking/running and intermittent lifestyle activity. In the cross-validation group, the VM and VA 2RMs were within 0.8 MET(RMR) of measured MET(RMR) for all activities except Sportwall and running (all P > 0.05). The other existing ActiGraph equations had mean errors ranging from 0.0 to 2.6 MET(RMR) for the activities. CONCLUSIONS The new 2RMs for use in children with the ActiGraph GT3X provide a closer estimate of mean measured MET(RMR) than other currently available prediction equations. In addition, they improve the individual prediction errors across a wide range of activity intensities.
Spatial Power Spectrum of the Main Geomagnetic Field, and Extrapolation to the Core

Summary The spatial ‘power’ spectrum of the main geomagnetic field has been estimated for harmonics up to n= 500. It is shown to consist of two components, long wavelengths being dominated by fields originating in the core, and short wavelengths by fields originating in the crust; the cross-over occurs at n≥ 11, a wavelength ≤ 3600 km. The core field is often approximated by a set of spherical harmonic coefficients. It is shown that at present main field coefficients for n≤ 9, and secular variation coefficients for n≤ 6, are not known with significant accuracy. Estimates are made of the standard deviations of the IGRF coefficients, and the standard deviation of the IGRF field deduced. This field is known to about 0.5 per cent at the surface but only to about 10 per cent at the core. Its time variation is known only to about 20 per cent at the surface, and is very uncertain at the core.
Resource intruders and robustness of social-ecological systems: an irrigation system of Southeast Spain, a case study

Globalization increases the vulnerability of traditional social-ecological systems (SES) to the incursion of new resource appropriators, i.e. intruders. New external disturbances that increase the physical and socio-political accessibility of SES (e.g. construction of a new road) and weak points in institutional SES of valuable common-pool resources are some of the main factors that enhance the encroachment of intruders. The irrigation system of the northwest Murcia Region (Spain) is an example used in this article of the changes in the structure and robustness of a traditional SES as a result of intruders. In this case study, farmers have traditionally used water from springs to irrigate their lands but, in recent decades, large agrarian companies have settled in this region, using groundwater to irrigate new lands. This intrusion had caused the levels of this resource to drop sharply. In an attempt to adapt, local communities are intensifying the use of resources and are constructing new physical infrastructures; consequently, new vulnerabilities are emerging. This situation seems to be heading toward the inevitably collapse of this traditional SES. From an institutional viewpoint, some recommendations are offered to enhance the robustness of SES in order to mitigate the consequences of intruders.
Recovering Range Using Virtual Multicamera Stereo

This paper describes and demonstrates a novel method for the passive recovery of depth from a rotating linescan camera, giving information over a full eld of view. The recovery method can be regarded as either structure from known motion or as multi-camera stereo. Also described are the principles of a device comprising of a static camera and rotating plane mirror that enables the same method of range recovery, but with signicant benets in terms of mechanical simplicity and compactness
Exploring early- and mid-Weichselian climate variability in Europe by applying chironomids as a proxy

Quantitative palaeotemperature estimates for the earlier part of Oxygen Isotope Stage (OIS-) 3 are inferred from subfossil chironomid remains. The high-latitudinal study site of Sokli, northeast Finland, provides a unique lacustrine deposit covering the earlier part of OIS-3, and the chironomid remains found in the sediments show that a shallow lake with a diverse fauna was present at the study site throughout the record. Using a Norwegian calibration data set as a modern analogue, mean July air temperatures are reconstructed. The chironomid-inferred July air temperatures are surprisingly high, reaching values similar to the current temperature at the study site. Other proxies that were applied to the sediments included the analysis of botanical and zoological macro-remains, and our results concur with temperature estimates derived from climate indicator taxa. Summer temperatures for interstadial conditions, reconstructed with climate models, are as high as our proxy-based palaeotemperatures. This manuscript was published on OnlineFirst for Journal of Paleolimnology DOI: 10.1007/s10933-007-9133-y
Eocene–Oligocene mammalian faunal turnover in the Hampshire Basin, UK: calibration to the global time scale and the major cooling event

A new high-resolution, c. 1 Ma mammalian record in continental Eocene–Oligocene strata in the Hampshire Basin is used to investigate the nature and timing of the major Europe-wide mammalian faunal turnover termed the Grande Coupure. Whether this was caused by climate change or by competition with taxa dispersing from Asia is controversial. The mammalian faunas in this record, after rarefaction analysis, show a sharp reduction in diversity only after the Grande Coupure. Improved correlation of NW European successions to global events confirms the Grande Coupure as earliest Oligocene. It shows that a c. 350 ka hiatus interrupts the Hampshire and Paris Basin sequences prior to the first record of post-Grande Coupure Asian taxa. Hiatus-bridging faunas from elsewhere in Europe record mainly post-Grande Coupure taxa, suggesting that the turnover occurred early in the hiatus, minimizing bias to the turnover pattern. A previously unrecorded, second, smaller turnover, involving European mammals only, immediately precedes the Grande Coupure in the Hampshire Basin, coinciding with vegetational change. This turnover is judged not to represent cooling. It is concluded that the Grande Coupure coincides with the earliest Oligocene Oi-1 glaciation and that climate change combined with competition to produce the turnover.
RNA-Sequencing of Drosophila melanogaster Head Tissue on High-Sugar and High-Fat Diets

Obesity has been shown to increase risk for cardiovascular disease and type-2 diabetes. In addition, it has been implicated in aggravation of neurological conditions such as Alzheimer’s. In the model organism Drosophila melanogaster, a physiological state mimicking diet-induced obesity can be induced by subjecting fruit flies to a solid medium disproportionately higher in sugar than protein, or that has been supplemented with a rich source of saturated fat. These flies can exhibit increased circulating glucose levels, increased triglyceride content, insulin-like peptide resistance, and behavior indicative of neurological decline. We subjected flies to variants of the high-sugar diet, high-fat diet, or normal (control) diet, followed by a total RNA extraction from fly heads of each diet group for the purpose of Poly-A selected RNA-Sequencing. Our objective was to identify the effects of obesogenic diets on transcriptome patterns, how they differed between obesogenic diets, and identify genes that may relate to pathogenesis accompanying an obesity-like state. Gene ontology analysis indicated an overrepresentation of affected genes associated with immunity, metabolism, and hemocyanin in the high-fat diet group, and CHK, cell cycle activity, and DNA binding and transcription in the high-sugar diet group. Our results also indicate differences in the effects of the high-fat diet and high-sugar diet on expression profiles in head tissue of flies, despite the reportedly similar phenotypic impacts of the diets. The impacted genes, and how they may relate to pathogenesis in the Drosophila obesity-like state, warrant further experimental investigation.
CD44 and its ligand hyaluronate mediate rolling under physiologic flow: a novel lymphocyte-endothelial cell primary adhesion pathway

The extravasation of leukocytes from the blood into tissues occurs as a multistep process: an initial transient interaction ("rolling"), generally thought to be mediated by the selectin family of adhesion molecules, followed by firm adhesion, usually mediated by integrins. Using a parallel plate flow chamber designed to approximate physiologic flow in postcapillary venules, we have characterized a rolling interaction between lymphoid cells and adherent primary and cultured endothelial cells that is not selectin mediated. Studies using blocking monoclonal antibodies indicate that this novel interaction is mediated by CD44. Abrogation of the rolling interaction could be specifically achieved using both soluble hyaluronate (HA) and treatment of the adherent cells with HA-reactive substances, indicating that HA is the ligand supporting this rolling interaction. Some B and T cell lines, as well as normal lymphocytes, either constitutively exhibit rolling or can be induced to do so by phorbol ester or in vivo antigen activation. These studies indicate that CD44 and its principal ligand hyaluronate represent another receptor/carbohydrate ligand pair mediating a novel activation-dependent pathway of lymphocyte/endothelial cell adhesion.
Oxygen isotope and palaeotemperature records from six Greenland ice‐core stations: Camp Century, Dye‐3, GRIP, GISP2, Renland and NorthGRIP

Oxygen isotope variations spanning the last glacial cycle and the Holocene derived from ice‐core records for six sites in Greenland (Camp Century, Dye‐3, GRIP, GISP2, Renland and NorthGRIP) show strong similarities. This suggests that the dominant influence on oxygen isotope variations reflected in the ice‐sheet records was regional climatic change. Differences in detail between the records probably reflect the effects of basal deformation in the ice as well as geographical gradients in atmospheric isotope ratios. Palaeotemperature estimates have been obtained from the records using three approaches: (i) inferences based on the measured relationship between mean annual δ18O of snow and of mean annual surface temperature over Greenland; (ii) modelled inversion of the borehole temperature profile constrained either by the dated isotopic profile, or (iii) by using Monte Carlo simulation techniques. The third of these approaches was adopted to reconstruct Holocene temperature variations for the Dye 3 and GRIP temperature profiles, which yields remarkably compatible results. A new record of Holocene isotope variations obtained from the NorthGRIP ice‐core matches the GRIP short‐term isotope record, and also shows similar long‐term trends to the Dye‐3 and GRIP inverted temperature data. The NorthGRIP isotope record reflects: (i) a generally stronger isotopic signal than is found in the GRIP record; (ii) several short‐lived temperature fluctuations during the first 1500 yr of the Holocene; (iii) a marked cold event at ca. 8.2 ka (the ‘8.2 ka event’); (iv) optimum temperatures for the Holocene between ca. 8.6 and 4.3 ka, a signal that is 0.6‰ stronger than for the GRIP profile; (v) a clear signal for the Little Ice Age; and (vi) a clear signal of climate warming during the last century. These data suggest that the NorthGRIP stable isotope record responded in a sensitive manner to temperature fluctuations during the Holocene. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The SH2-containing inositol polyphosphate 5-phosphatase, SHIP-2, binds filamin and regulates submembraneous actin

SHIP-2 is a phosphoinositidylinositol 3,4,5 trisphosphate (PtdIns[3,4,5]P3) 5-phosphatase that contains an NH2-terminal SH2 domain, a central 5-phosphatase domain, and a COOH-terminal proline-rich domain. SHIP-2 negatively regulates insulin signaling. In unstimulated cells, SHIP-2 localized in a perinuclear cytosolic distribution and at the leading edge of the cell. Endogenous and recombinant SHIP-2 localized to membrane ruffles, which were mediated by the COOH-terminal proline–rich domain. To identify proteins that bind to the SHIP-2 proline–rich domain, yeast two-hybrid screening was performed, which isolated actin-binding protein filamin C. In addition, both filamin A and B specifically interacted with SHIP-2 in this assay. SHIP-2 coimmunoprecipitated with filamin from COS-7 cells, and association between these species did not change after epidermal growth factor stimulation. SHIP-2 colocalized with filamin at Z-lines and the sarcolemma in striated muscle sections and at membrane ruffles in COS-7 cells, although the membrane ruffling response was reduced in cells overexpressing SHIP-2. SHIP-2 membrane ruffle localization was dependent on filamin binding, as SHIP-2 was expressed exclusively in the cytosol of filamin-deficient cells. Recombinant SHIP-2 regulated PtdIns(3,4,5)P3 levels and submembraneous actin at membrane ruffles after growth factor stimulation, dependent on SHIP-2 catalytic activity. Collectively these studies demonstrate that filamin-dependent SHIP-2 localization critically regulates phosphatidylinositol 3 kinase signaling to the actin cytoskeleton.
Designing and controlling an NPC multilevel inverter in order to connect solar cells to the grid

With the increasing use of PV cells in power system, optimal utilization of the equipment is an important issue. In these systems the MPPT controller is used to inject the maximum available power from solar energy. During day time that the active power decreases because of low intensity, the inverter is capable of injecting reactive power up to its nominal capacity and this is a chance for reactive power compensation. In this paper the aim is to propose acontrol method for injecting the maximum active power and if possible, the reactive power. In addition, a low pass filter is suggested to solve the problem of current fluctuations in case of unbalanced load. Simulation results on a typical system in MATLAB indicate proper performance of the presented method.
Hypertension and insulin resistance in a mixed-breed population of ponies predisposed to laminitis.

OBJECTIVE To determine the metabolic phenotype of a group of laminitis-prone ponies when at pasture in summer, compared with when at pasture in winter. ANIMALS 40 ponies of various breeds predisposed to recurrent pasture-associated laminitis and 40 unaffected control ponies. PROCEDURES Body condition score and size of the crest of the neck were assessed, blood samples obtained, and blood pressure measured by use of an indirect oscillometric technique, while ponies were kept on winter pasture (last week of November or beginning of December) and again on summer pasture (June). Serum insulin concentration and plasma glucose, triglyceride, uric acid, and ACTH concentrations were measured. Insulin sensitivity was calculated with proxies derived from basal serum insulin and plasma glucose concentrations. RESULTS No significant differences were apparent between ponies predisposed to laminitis and control ponies during winter. However, in June, laminitis-prone ponies had increased serum insulin concentration and plasma triglyceride and uric acid concentrations, compared with control ponies. Also, laminitis-prone ponies were relatively insulin resistant, compared with control ponies. Mean blood pressure was significantly higher during summer in laminitis-prone ponies (median [interquartile range], 89.6 mm Hg [78.3 to 96.9 mm Hg]), compared with control ponies (76.8 mm Hg [69.4 to 85.2 mm Hg]). CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE Summer pastures appear to induce metabolic responses in some ponies, leading to expression of the prelaminitic phenotype, which includes hypertension as well as insulin resistance. Signs of this metabolic syndrome may not be apparent in affected ponies during periods of grazing winter pasture. Understanding this syndrome may enable improved countermeasures to be devised to prevent laminitis.
Assessment of Relationship between Pain and Anxiety Following Dental Extraction—A Prospective Study

Objective—Anxiety and expected dental pain are the main reasons for avoiding any dental treatment by general population. In this study, we aimed to evaluate the various factors which can in-crease the anxiety and its association with pain perception of patients following dental extraction. Material and Methods—We had included 100 patients in our study who were undergoing orthodontic treatment and required extraction of either 34 or 44. Pain and anxiety levels after extraction were assessed with a visual analog scale (VAS) and an anxiety questionnaire consisting of eleven questions. Results—The mean VAS score for the entire study group was 16.23 ± 1.28 with statistically significant differences between genders, and was high in females and no statistically significant differences between different age groups. The mean anxiety score was 10.64 ± 3.12. This was significantly higher in women (P = 0.005), but there was no statistically significant differences between different age groups. There was a statistically significant correlation between VAS and total anxiety score (P < 0.001) as well as each question, except for question number 4, 8 and 9 in men. Conclusion—Although most patients had experienced limited pain, there was a significant gender difference in pain and anxiety level. They were anxious because they expected pain, women being more anxious than men. The most provoking factor for anxiety and pain while going for extraction in females was “being seated in dental chair”, while in men the most provoking factor was “uncertainty about proper numbness before extraction”.