Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Anchored paired comparisons

The method of paired comparisons is often used in image quality evaluations. Psychometric scale values for quality judgments are modeled using Thurstone's Law of Comparative Judgment in which distance in a psychometric scale space is a function of the probability of preference. The transformation from psychometric space to probability is a cumulative probability distribution. The major drawback of a complete paired comparison experiment is that every treatment is compared to every other, thus the number of comparisons grows quadratically. We ameliorate this difficulty by performing paired comparisons in two stages, by precisely estimating anchors in the psychometric scale space which are spaced apart to cover the range of scale values and comparing treatments against those anchors. In this model, we employ a generalized linear model where the regression equation has a constant offset vector determined by the anchors. The result of this formulation is a straightforward statistical model easily analyzed using any modern statistics package. This enables model fitting and diagnostics. This method was applied to overall preference evaluations of color pictorial hardcopy images. The results were found to be compatible with complete paired comparison experiments, but with significantly less effort.
I(CO)/N(H2) conversions and molecular gas abundances in spiral and irregular galaxies

Observations of emission in the J = 1-0 rotational transition of interstellar CO are used to obtain column densities and masses of hydrogen. By taking into account the effects of variations in molecular cloud parameters on conversion factors between integrated CO intensity and molecular hydrogen column density, it is shown that conversion factors are very sensitive to the kinetic temperature of the emitting gas. Results indicate that the gas temperatures in systems with high star formation rates can be quite high, and it is suggested that use of a standard conversion factor will lead to systematic overestimation of the amount of molecular gas. 69 references.
Size- and Temperature-Dependent Thermal Expansion Coefficient of a Nanofilm

The thermal expansion coefficient (TEC) of an ideal crystal is derived by using a method of Boltzmann statistics. The Morse potential energy function is adopted to show the dependence of the TEC on the temperature. By taking the effects of the surface relaxation and the surface energy into consideration, the dimensionless TEC of a nanofilm is derived. It is shown that with decreasing thickness, the TEC can increase or decrease, depending on the surface relaxation of the nanofilm.
Some Singularities and Irregularities in the Seasonal Progression of the 700 mb Height Field

Abstract A climatological investigation of singularities in the seasonal progression of 5-day means of 700 mb height was undertaken for the region 30–90°N, from 160°E eastward to 0°, for the period 1947–76. A harmonic analysis was performed at each of the 127 gridpoints (10° longitude by 10° latitude spacing) in order to determine the field of deviations (for each 5-day period) between the long-term mean value and the first harmonic value (which represents the smooth seasonal progression of heights). The Students's t-test was applied at each gridpoint to test whether the long-term (population) mean is significantly different from the first harmonic value (i.e., to test if the deviation is zero). The significance of the field of t-statistics for each 5-day period was estimated using a modification of the technique presented by Livezey and Chen (1981). The results of the analyses described above indicate that the 700 mb height field deviates significantly from the first harmonic during several times of the .
Steady state magnetic field configurations for the earth's magnetotail

We present a two-dimensional, force-balanced magnetic field model in which flux tubes have constant pVγ throughout an extended region of the nightside plasma sheet, between approximately 36 RE geocentric distance and the region of the inner edge of the plasma sheet. We have thus demonstrated the theoretical existence of a steady state magnetic field configuration that is force-balanced and also consistent with slow, lossless, adiabatic, earthward convection within the limit of the ideal MHD (isotropic pressure, perfect conductivity). The numerical solution was constructed for a two-dimensional magnetosphere with a rectangular magnetopause and nonflaring tail. The primary characteristics of our steady state convection solution are (1) a pressure maximum just tailward of the inner edge of the plasma sheet and (2) a deep, broad minimum in equatorial magnetic field strength Bze, also just tailward of the inner edge. Our results are consistent with Erickson's (1985) convection time sequences, which exhibited analogous pressure peaks and Bze minima. Observations do not indicate the existence of a Bze minimum, on the average. We suggest that the configurations with such deep minima in Bze may be tearing-mode unstable, thus leading to substorm onset in the inner plasma sheet.
Contrast Source Inversion Method: State of Art - Abstract*

-We discuss the problem of the reconstruction of the profile of an inhomogeneous object from scattered field data. Our starting point is the contrast source inversion method, where the unknown contrast sources and the unknown contrast are updated by an iterative minimization of a cost functional. We discuss the possibility of the presence of local minima of the nonlinear cost functional and under which conditions they can exist. Inspired by the successful implementation of the minimization of total variation and other edge-preserving algorithms in image restoration and inverse scattering, we have explored the use of these image-enhancement techniques as an extra regularization. The drawback of adding a regularization term to the cost functional is the presence of an artificial weighting parameter in the cost functional, which can only be determined through considerable numerical experimentation. Therefore, we first discuss the regularization as a multiplicative constraint and show that the weighting parameter is now completely prescribed by the error norm of the data equation and the object equation. Secondly, inspired by the edge-preserving algorithms, we introduce a new type of regularization, based on a weighted L2 total variation norm. The advantage is that the updating parameters in the contrast source inversion method can be determined explicitly, without the usual line minimization. In addition this new regularization shows excellent edge-preserving properties. Numerical experiments illustrate that the present multiplicative regularized inversion scheme
Wavelet-Based estimation of multivariate regression functions in besov spaces

Let (Y, X) = {Y i , X i } be real-valued jointly stationary processes and let ρ be a Borel measurable function on the real line. Let be a d-dimensional regression function. For regression functions in the Besov space B s,p,q we estimate g using orthonormal wavelet bases. Uniform rates of almost sure convergence over compact subsets of R d are established for strongly mixing processes.
A generalization of Handscomb's quantum Monte Carlo scheme-application to the 1D Hubbard model

A recently introduced generalization of Handscomb's quantum Monte Carlo scheme (1962) is further developed. Expressions for expectation values of various observables are studied in detail. A more efficient algorithm for importance sampling in a space of state vectors and operator strings is constructed, using the 1D Hubbard model as an illustrative example. As a test of the method, 32-site rings at band fillings 1/4, 3/8 and 1/2 are studied at a low temperature. Results for spin- and charge-density structure factors and static susceptibilities are presented.
Path-based similarity with instance-level constraints for SemiBoost

In this paper, a novel classification method path-based similarity with instance-level constrains for SemiBoost, PBS-SB in short is proposed, and we exploit it for synthetic aperture radar automatic target recognition (SAR-ATR). Different from traditional SemiBoost method that uses the Gaussian kernel similarity, PBS-SB utilizes the path-based similarity, which considers the global consistence of data clusters. Besides, the instance-level constraints are integrated into the similarity measurement to construct the semi-supervised similarity, which provides the local consistence information. The experiments on 5 different data sets and MSTAR (Moving and Stationary Target Acquisition and Recognition) database demonstrate that the proposed method has superior classification performance with respect to competitive methods.
Bradley Efron: A Conversation with Good Friends

Bradley Efron is Professor of Statistics and Biostatistics at Stanford University. He works on a combination of theoretical and applied topics, including empirical Bayes, survival analysis, exponential families, bootstrap and jackknife methods and confidence intervals. Most of his applied work has originated in biomedical consulting projects at the Stanford Medical School, mixed in with a few papers concerning astronomy and physics. Even his theoretical papers usually begin with specific applied problems. All three of the interviewers here have been close scientific collaborators. Brad was born in St. Paul, Minnesota, May 1938, to Esther and Miles Efron, Jewish-Russian immigrants. A Merit Scholarship, in the program's inaugural year, brought him to Caltech, graduating in Mathematics in 1960. He arrived at Stanford that Fall, eventually gaining his Ph.D., under the direction of Rupert Miller and Herb Solomon, in the Statistics Department, whose faculty also included Charles Stein, Herman Chernoff, Manny Parzen, Lincoln Moses and Ingram Olkin. Brad has lived at Stanford since 1960, with sabbaticals at Harvard, Imperial College and Berkeley. He has held several administrative positions in the university: Chair of Statistics, Associate Dean of Science, Chairman of the University Advisory Board and Chair of the Faculty Senate. He is currently Chair of the Undergraduate Program in Applied Mathematics. Honors include doctorates from Chicago, Madrid and Oslo, a MacArthur Prize Fellowship, membership in the National Academy of Sciences and the American Academy of Arts and Sciences, fellowship in the IMS and ASA, the Wilks Medal, Parzen Prize, the newly inaugurated Rao Prize and the outstanding statistician award from the Chicago ASA chapter. He has been the Rietz, Wald, and Fisher lecturers and holds the Max H. Stein endowed chair as Professor of Humanities and Sciences at Stanford. Professional service includes Theory and Methods Editor of JASA and President of the IMS. Currently he is President-Elect of the American Statistical Association, becoming President in 2004. Part of this interview was taken from an interview videotaped by the American Statistical Association and Susan Holmes is Associate Professor, Department of Statistics, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305 (e-mail: susan@stat.stanford.edu). Carl Morris is Professor of Statistics, Harvard University, Science Center 714, One Oxford Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138. Robert Tibshirani is Professor of HRP and Statistics, Department of Statistics, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305. sponsored by Pfizer Central Research, November 5, 2001; the rest was done at the Statistics Department
Nanolithography with an atomic force microscope for integrated fabrication of quantum electronic devices

We describe a novel technique using an atomic force microscope (AFM) for integrated nanometer‐scale lithography on various mask materials such as photoresist or gold covering a mesa‐etched GaAs‐AlGaAs heterostructure at ambient conditions. The generated patterns can be transferred to the two‐dimensional electron gas by wet chemical etching or by ion beam irradiation. We succeed in fabricating hole arrays with a periodicity down to 35 nm and a hole diameter of only a few nanometers. In magnetoresistance studies on so‐called antidot devices with 95 nm period at T=4.2 K we can clearly observe commensurability oscillations, demonstrating the successful pattern transfer to the electron system. With the AFM we can also pattern lines of varying width and depth into prefabricated devices.
Novel Roughening Method for Reentry Vehicle Tracking Using Particle Filter

An improvement for the generic particle filter (PF) is to add a roughening step in resampling. This paper studied the reentry vehicle tracking problem using PF with roughening. A novel algorithm to calculate the reasonable standard deviation of the roughening jitter is proposed. For comparison, the Unscented Kalman filter, the generic PF and the PF with the typical roughening are used to gauge the estimation performance, and the results favor the PF with the proposed roughening method. The generic PF and the PF with the typical roughening have low probabilities of success under conditions of comparatively large initialization bias and accurate radar measurement. The proposed PF can handle these cases efficiently and give better performance.
Active control of coaxial jet mixing with manipulation of primary vortical structures by arrayed micro flap actuators

Active mixing control of a methane/air isothermal coaxial jet was achieved using micro magnetic flap actuators arranged on the inner surface of the outer annular nozzle. The spatio-temporal evolution of vortical structures and the scalar mixing were studied through the particle image velocimetry and planar laser-induced fluorescence methods. In contrast to studies on jet control using acoustic forcing, the mechanical movement of the flap directly generated large-scale intense vortices. The mixing was enhanced significantly by the vortices formed in the inner shear layer, although the control input was given to the outer shear layer. It was found that the primary vortex rings dominated the near-field mixing, while streamwise vortices were responsible for the downstream mixing. It was also demonstrated that the radial range of the inner fuel transportation could be manipulated flexibly by adjusting the shedding interval of the vortices. Especially, the mixing was enhanced most significantly when the primary vortices were most densely populated near the nozzle exit at the control Strouhal number of unity.
Taking 'Some' of the Mimicry Out of the Adoption Process: Quality-Management and Strategic Substitution

Operations management scholarship has focused on reference-group adoption positively influencing focal-facility adoption; i.e., positive imitation parameters manifest due to the presence of mimicry and contagion. We instead argue that the incentive to adopt a quality-management system can be inversely related to reference-group diffusion. Our theoretical model formalizes the potential for strategic substitution and negative imitation parameters to be applicable in quality-management adoption. We compile a dataset of 2,895 facility-level observations that allows for three different industry-level reference groups; i.e., domestic industry, domestic exporters and foreign exporters. When undertaking probit estimations that do not account for appropriate fixed effects, we find positive imitation parameters which support the presence of mimicry and contagion. Yet when accounting for fixed effects, the imitation parameters turn negative in line with the presence of strategic substitution. Furthermore, the negative influence of reference-group adoption on focal-facility adoption is robust across the three reference groups.
Electronic states and effective negative electron affinity at cesiated p-GaN surfaces

The electronic structure of, and the effects of cesium (Cs) and oxygen (O) adsorption on, the p-GaN(001) surface are investigated via photoemission spectroscopy. Bulk- and surface-sensitive photoemission measurements, and oxygen exposure of clean surfaces, demonstrate the existence of filled surface states which extend ∼0.6 eV above the valence band maximum. The valence band maximum measured after the removal of the surface states gives a downward band bending and electron affinity equal to 1.2±0.2 and 3.3±0.2 eV, respectively. The surface dipole layer induced by exposure to oxygen followed by Cs deposition lowers the vacuum level by 2.8±0.3 eV with respect to the valence and conduction band edges. Under these conditions, the vacuum level is approximately 0.7 eV below the conduction band minimum of the bulk, corresponding to the effective negative electron affinity at this surface.
Electronic computation in economic statistics

T ECHNICAL advances in electronic engineering which have taken place in the last decade have led to an enormous advance in computing technology with the recent development of a general purpose electronic computer. The main features of this are its high speed of operation and the ease with which the user is able to adapt the automatic facilities of the machine to his own particular problem by means of a "program". In other words, the user is able to introduce loopsystems of any desired degree of complexity into the machine with great facility. As is to be expected, serious discussions of the use of the computer have so far generally been confined to engineering and mathematical circles' with the result that potential users from other fields such as economics and statistics have not fully appreciated the advantages that the new techniques offer in the practical solution of problems and the opening of new lines of research. It is the object of this paper to give a non-technical description of one electronic computer known to the authors and an account of some of its applications in the field of economic statistics. The ensuing discussion will be in the following order. In the second section a brief account is given of the characteristics of an electronic computer limited, however, to the extent to which this is required for an understanding of its applications. None of the engineering aspects will be discussed. The reader who is interested in further details may be referred to the excellent Cantor lectures [15] delivered by Dr. M. V. Wilkes, Director of the University Mathematical Laboratory in Cambridge, to the Royal Society of Arts in November 1951, for a clear and full description of this and other automatic computers.2 The alternatives currently provided by punched card methods and desk calculating machines are surveyed in the third section and some attention is given to the question of relative costs. This leads to a dission in the fourth section of the delicate problem of the "economics of
Fractal and multifractal properties of exit times and Poincarérecurrences

Systems with chaotic dynamics possess anomalous statistical properties, and their trajectories do not correspond to the Gaussian process. This property imposes description of such time characteristics as the distribution of exit times or Poincar{acute e} recurrences by introducing a (multi-) fractal time scale in order to satisfy the observed powerlike tails of the distributions. We introduce a corresponding phase-space-time partitioning and spectral function for dimensions, and make a connection between dimensions and transport exponent that defines the anomalous ({open_quotes}strange{close_quotes}) kinetics. {copyright} {ital 1997} {ital The American Physical Society}
An Optimal Design Approach to Criterion-Referenced Computerized Testing

A criterion-referenced computerized test is expressed as a statistical hypothesis problem. This admits that it can be studied by using the theory of optimal design. The power function of the statistical test is used as a criterion function when designing the test. A formal proof is provided showing that all items should have the same item characteristics, i.e. items that have high discrimination, low guessing and difficulty near the cut-off score give the most powerful statistical test. An efficiency study shows how many times more items are needed if nonoptimal items are used instead of optimal items in order to get the same power in the test.
An extended hazard model with longitudinal covariates

In clinical trials and other medical studies, it has become increasingly common to observe simultaneously an event time of interest and longitudinal covariates. In the literature, joint modelling approaches have been employed to analyse both survival and longitudinal processes and to investigate their association. However, these approaches focus mostly on developing adaptive and flexible longitudinal processes based on a prespecified survival model, most commonly the Cox proportional hazards model. In this paper, we propose a general class of semiparametric hazard regression models, referred to as the extended hazard model, for the survival component. This class includes two popular survival models, the Cox proportional hazards model and the accelerated failure time model, as special cases. The proposed model is flexible for modelling event data, and its nested structure facilitates model selection for the survival component through likelihood ratio tests. A pseudo joint likelihood approach is proposed for estimating the unknown parameters and components via a Monte Carlo em algorithm. Asymptotic theory for the estimators is developed together with theory for the semiparametric likelihood ratio tests. The performance of the procedure is demonstrated through simulation studies. A case study featuring data from a Taiwanese HIV/AIDS cohort study further illustrates the usefulness of the extended hazard model.
Millisecond time‐resolved x‐ray diffraction on liquid‐crystalline phase transitions using infrared laser T‐jump technique and synchrotron radiation

An erbium laser (λ=1.5 μm) with a pulse energy of 2 J delivered in 2 ms was used for rapid heating to investigate the kinetics and structural mechanism of the thermotropic phase transitions of a phospholipid/water system by fast x‐ray small‐angle powder diffraction. The phase transitions were induced by a single laser pulse, leading to a T jump of about 10 °C and the structural relaxations following the T jump were detected in 1‐ms resolution. The results show that the transition at 29 °C (Lβ‐Lα) is at least as fast as the heating time (2 ms) and that the lamellar/hexagonal transition around 57 °C (Lα‐HII) is considerably slower with a half‐time of the order of 100 ms.
Dynamic jamming fronts

We describe a model experiment for dynamic jamming: a two-dimensional collection of initially unjammed disks that are forced into the jammed state by uniaxial compression via a rake. This leads to a stable densification front that travels ahead of the rake, leaving regions behind it jammed. Using disk conservation in conjunction with an upper limit to the packing fraction at jamming onset, we predict the front speed as a function of packing fraction and rake speed. However, we find that the jamming front has a finite width, a feature that cannot be explained by disk conservation alone. This width appears to diverge on approach to jamming, which suggests that it may be related to growing lengthscales encountered in other jamming studies.
The Wind Drift and Wave Breaking

Abstract When the wind blows across the water, a highly sheared current develops which extends a few millimeters into the water and amounts, at the surface, to 3–4% of the wind speed. Banner and Phillips (1974) have pointed out that the wind drift, as this thin surface current layer is called, may he sufficiently augmented by interaction with the orbital velocity field of the wave that the maximum particle speed may exceed the phase speed and the wave breaks. If a longer gravity wave is also present, the wind drift may be further augmented and the short gravity wave may break prematurely. We have examined both the basic breaking condition and the diminution (straining) of the short gravity waves by longer waves experimentally in wave tanks. We find that actual wave breaking occurs at substantially higher winds than predicted and that the diminution is substantially less at the higher winds. The observed wind speed dependence of this diminution appears to be contrary to prediction and points to direct coup.