Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Shear‐wave splitting variations across an array in the southern North Island, New Zealand

We observe significant spatial variations in shear wave splitting from deep teleseismic S and regional ScS recorded on an array in the fore‐arc region of the Hikurangi subduction zone, New Zealand. We also observe variations from different events recorded at the same station. The fast polarization directions range between 23° and 72° and the delay times range between 0.75 s and 1.80 s. These observations contrast with previous SKS studies in New Zealand where little spatial variation is seen, and highlights the importance of using a variety of phases with different periods. Our observations are consistent with a model in which a lateral anisotropic boundary runs ∼NE‐SW in a zone between Kapiti Island and ∼40 km east of the Tararua mountain range. The anisotropic boundary is possibly related to a prominent vertical velocity feature near Kapiti Island.
Soil organic carbon and physical quality as influenced by long-term application of residue and mineral fertiliser in the North China Plain

The influences of long-term residue and fertiliser management on soil organic carbon (SOC) and related physical properties were investigated in a wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)–corn (Zea mays L.) double-cropping system in the North China Plain. The experiment was initiated in 1981, including 4 treatments: control (no fertiliser); mineral N and P fertilisers; low residue rate plus N and P fertilisers; and high residue rate plus N and P fertilisers. In June 2006, soil samples were taken from the 0–0.05, 0.05–0.10, and 0.10–0.20 m layers to determinate bulk density (ρb), water-stable aggregates, bulk SOC, and aggregate-associated C concentrations. Soil water retention curves and saturated hydraulic conductivity (Ks) were measured using samples collected from the 0–0.05 and 0.05–0.10 m layers. The results indicated that residue incorporation significantly increased (i.e. improved) bulk SOC and aggregate-associated C concentration, aggregation, Ks, soil matrix and structural porosities, and water retention capacity. The improvements in soil physical properties by mineral N and P fertilisers alone were limited. Residue input significantly (P < 0.05) increased the value of S, an index of soil physical quality. A high correlation existed between S and SOC concentration, and the key soil physical parameters, suggesting that S was an effective parameter for evaluation of soil physical quality. Our study concluded that a combination of residue with mineral N and P fertilisers improved SOC concentration, and consequent soil physical quality under the wheat–corn double cropping system.
Kinetic and space charge control of current flow and voltage drops along magnetic flux tubes: 2. Space charge effects

[1] The distribution of current-driven electrostatic potentials along auroral magnetospheric flux tubes is studied analytically, based on the principles of quasi-neutrality and kinetic orbital motion of electrons and ions governed by inertia, electric forces, and magnetic mirror forces. When certain particle accessibility conditions are fulfilled, the kinetics determines the electron and ion number densities as unique functions of position along the flux tube and local potential. These functions are used to define potential profiles for which electron and ion number densities everywhere match, or alternatively positions where potential jumps (double layers) may occur. Magnetospheric and ionospheric particle sources in the form of Maxwellians with loss cones depending on the total voltage drop are considered, as well as trapped particles. The potential profile generally comprises a potential jump that accounts for a sizeable fraction of the total voltage drop (only by assuming unrealistic velocity distributions of the magnetospheric electron source can solutions without a jump be found). The jump may typically occur around an altitude of 1 RE, an altitude that increases with density of the ionospheric source and that decreases with increasing density of trapped, secondary, and backscattered particles and total voltage drop along the flux tube. Below the potential jump, only small potential variations occur. Above the potential jump, the potential falls off gradually, asymptotically linear in magnetic field intensity. Only a small percentage of the potential drop occurs above an altitude of a few RE, but the weak field extending to higher altitudes is essential for quasi-neutrality and for the current-voltage relationship (discussed in a previous paper). Above the potential jump, the number density of particles is reduced as compared to regions without current flow and potential drops. Depending on the density of the ionospheric source, solutions are possible for total potential drops much larger than the temperature of the magnetospheric electron source. While full accessibility for the mirroring electrons tends to be locally violated, accessibility for all particles within the source cone is fulfilled in these solutions, so the current-voltage relationship does not depend on the shape of the potential profile. Some comments are also made on transient conditions when there is no time for transport of neutralizing ions from the ionosphere.
PRODUTIVIDADE DE COLMOS E RENDIMENTO DE AÇÚCARES DA CANA-DE-AÇÚCAR EM FUNÇÃO DE LÂMINAS DE ÁGUA

1 RESUMO O presente trabalho teve como objetivos desenvolver equacoes que representem as relacoes entre lâmina de agua (chuva e irrigacao), produtividade de colmos e de acucares (por tonelada de colmos de cana-de-acucar por ha); e determinar as lâminas de maxima produtividade fisica e de maximo rendimento economico para as condicoes experimentais. A lâmina que proporcionou a maior produtividade de colmos da cana-de-acucar foi de 1.854,4 mm, para a produtividade de 125,9 t ha -1 . A lâmina de maior rendimento economico foi de 1.726,2 mm para a produtividade de 123,9 t ha -1 . A lâmina que proporcionou a maior produtividade de acucares por tonelada de colmos foi de 1.617,7 mm para a produtividade de 141,3 kg t -1 . A lâmina que proporcionou a maior produtividade de acucares por hectare foi de 1.740,5 mm para a produtividade de 17,25 t ha -1 . PALAVRAS-CHAVE: irrigacao, Sacharum spp. , funcao de producao agua-cultura VIEIRA, G. H. S. ; MANTOVANI, E. C. ; SEDIYAMA, G. C. ; COSTA, E. L. da; DELAZARI, F. T. STALK PRODUCTIVITY AND SUGAR YIELD FROM SUGARCANE AS A FUNCTION OF WATER DEPTHS 2 ABSTRACT This study aimed to develop equations that represent the relationship among water dephts (rainfall and irrigation) and yield of stalks and sugar (per ton of sugarcane stalks and per ha), to determine the water depths for maximum productivity and maximum physical economical yield. For the experimental conditions, the water depth that provided the highest productivity of sugarcane stalks was 1,854.4 mm, for a yield of 125.9 t ha -1 . The water depth with the highest economical income was 1,726.2 mm for a yield of 123.9 t ha -1 . The water depth that provided the highest yield of sugar per ton of stalks was 1,617.7 mm for a yield of 141.3 kg t -1 . The water depth that provided the highest yield of sugar per hectare was 1,740.5 mm for a yield of 17.25 t ha -1 . KEYWORDS: irrigation, Sacharum spp. , water production function
Using Soil Electrical Conductivity to Map Nematode-Prone Areas in Agricultural Fields

The root knot nematode (RKN), Meloidogyne incognita, is a damaging pest that causes major losses to the cotton industry annually. In Georgia, 60-70 percent of cotton fields are infested with this pest. Because application of nematicides is expensive and environmentally controversial, farmers put off applying the necessary chemicals. But RKN are not evenly distributed across fields. RKN populations have been shown to be higher in areas with higher sand content. Soil electrical conductivity (EC) can be used to characterize soil differences including soil texture. In 2005, a study was begun to determine if data from a Veris 3100 soil EC sensor could be used to identify nematode hot spots in cotton fields in south Georgia. First year results were mixed. EC data compared reasonably well with lab texture results, but did not correlate well with nematode counts in the fields (R values between 0 and 0.37). Additional analysis of collected data as well as additional data may be required before hot spots can be reliably identified.
Automatic road extraction from grey-level images based on object database

In this paper, an automatic road extraction system is described. The main originality of this system is the use of an existing database as a guide for road extraction in aerial images. The database used is a cartographic database. Its geometric accuracy is about 20 meters, whereas the image resolution is 0.5 m and the accuracy required for the result is one meter. The road extraction strategy is a top-down strategy in which the cartographic database is used to generate road hypotheses. Then, road extraction in the image is constrained by the road hypotheses. The different stages of the interpretation process are described. The results obtained by this system are presented and discussed.
Effects of plankton dynamics on seasonal carbon fluxes in an ocean general circulation model

We discuss the effect of embedding a simple plankton model in the Hamburg model of the oceanic carbon cycle (HAMOCC3) [Maier-Reimer, 1993]. The plankton model consists of five components: phytoplankton, zooplankton, detritus, dissolved organic carbon, and nutrients. Interactions between compartments are described by one global set of parameters. Despite its simplicity the plankton model reproduces regional differences in seasonal oceanic pCO2 and improves the biogeochemical tracer distributions at the depth of the oxygen minimum in the Pacific Ocean. The predicted seasonal turnover of organic material is consistent with recent atmospheric O2 measurements in the remote areas of the Southern Ocean.
A fast and practical approach to the determination of junction temperature and thermal resistence for BJT/HBT devices

A simple, robust but accurate method to extract the thermal resistance of BJT/HBT devices is proposed. It only needs the measured device DC I-V BJT/HBT devices, GaAs HBT, silicon BJT and SiGe HBTs. Compared to the measured results taken from both CW DC measurements and isothermal measurements, the extracted values using our method is in excellent agreement with the conventional method
Landscape change and resilience theory: a palaeoenvironmental assessment from Yunnan, SW China

The paper explores the use of Resilience Theory to provide an improved theoretical framework for the analysis of socio-ecological interactions over decadal—millennial timescales. It identifies landscape system behaviour through analysis of proxy records for land use, erosion and monsoon intensity over the past 3000 years in the Erhai lake-catchment system, Yunnan, SW China. Analysis of the records shows the possibility of alternative steady states in the landscape, as expressed by the relationship between land use and erosion. In particular, a period of agricultural expansion ~1400 cal. yr BP triggered rapid gully erosion that led to the formation of an eroded landscape state that has existed since ~800 cal. yr BP to the present day. Comparison of detrended time-series data suggests that over 3000 years erosion and land use should be considered `slow' processes relative to the `faster' monsoon intensity and flooding. In the past, the effects of high monsoon variance on flooding have been suppressed by paddy farming and the maintenance of terraced field systems. Mapping the Adaptive Cycle on to the millennial record of land use and erosion suggests that the modern landscape may be approaching a `conservation' phase characterized by minimum resilience. Such `historical profiling' of modern landscapes offers a new dimension for hypothesis testing, for the development and testing of simulation models and for the creation of appropriate management strategies.
Interannual variations in the total ozone, stratospheric dynamics, extratropical SST anomalies and predictions of abnormal winters in Eurasia

Analysis of the monthly mean interannual variations in the total ozone (TO), zonal stratospheric circulation, three-dimensional Eliassen–Palm (EP) fluxes and their correlations with the surface air temperature (SAT) and sea surface temperature (SST) anomalies in the North Pacific and North Atlantic was carried out. Interannual TO variations are strongly connected with those of the zonal wind in the lower stratosphere during the winter. A strong upward propagation of planetary waves from the troposphere to the stratosphere over northern Eurasia and a weak downward propagation in Labrador and South Greenland regions are indicated. There are large differences in the interaction of the zonal mean circulation and wave processes between early winter (November–December) and mid-to-late winter (January–March). Amplification of the penetration into the stratosphere of planetary waves in December is strongly associated with changes in the stratospheric dynamics in January, creating the ‘preconditions’ for the appearance of stratospheric warming. We show that the ‘stratospheric bridge’, with a strengthening of the downward propagation of the vertical EP flux over the North Atlantic, is being formed for years with a strong polar vortex. Simultaneous correlations of the stratospheric circulation variations with the Southern Oscillation Index show its small linkage with the stratospheric dynamics in the Arctic. However, there are significant correlations of the extratropical SST anomalies in the North Pacific and the North Atlantic with the interannual variations in the stratospheric dynamics. We demonstrate that the TO changes over the UK in January can be a good predictor of the anomalous cold/warm winters in distinct regions of Eurasia in February. The TO and other stratospheric predictors can be used for extended-range forecasting of extreme winters in Eurasia. Possible mechanisms for stratosphere–troposphere coupling and its link to the extratropical SST anomalies are discussed.
I siti archeologici nella conservazione della biodiversità in ambito urbano: la flora vascolare spontanea delle Terme di Caracalla a Roma

Riassunto La flora dell'area archeologica delle Terme di Caracalla viene analizzata nel contesto della flora della città di Roma. Sono stati censiti 334 taxa, un numero relativamente elevato in rapporto alla limitata estensione dell'area. La prevalenza delle terofite (47,6%) tra le forme biologiche è da ricondurre sia all'aridità ambientale che al disturbo antropico. Nonostante gli interventi rivolti ad evitare lo sviluppo della vegetazione legnosa è presente un numeroso contingente di fanerofite (34 specie, 10,2%). Particolarmente significativa è l'abbondanza di alcune camefite, rare o poco comuni nella città, fra cui Erysimum cheiri (L.) Crantz e Ruta chalepensis L. Anche lo spettro corologico mette in risalto l'elevata mediterraneità della flora, con il prevalere del contingente mediterraneo, e l'impatto antropico, con l'elevata percentuale di elementi ad ampia distribuzione. Le specie alloctone costituiscono il 10% della flora censita, una percentuale piuttosto bassa se si considera la localizzazione delle Terme nel centro cittadino. Tra le specie naturalizzate è rilevante la presenza di Setaria parviflora (Poir.) Kerguélen, attualmente in fase di rapida espansione nell'area urbana di Roma. Nel complesso l'area studiata si conferma come uno dei siti di maggior ricchezza floristica della città; inoltre, con la presenza di zone protette dall'impatto dei visitatori e poco interessate dalle opere di diserbo, essa assume il ruolo di rifugio per numerosi elementi della vegetazione naturale. Nel contesto dell'ecosistema urbano di Roma, le Terme di Caracalla costituiscono quindi un centro di elevata diversità e un importante nucleo di conservazione della flora autoctona e della vegetazione naturale.
Tropical Pacific Ocean thermocline depth reconstructions for the Last Glacial Maximum

We evaluate the relationship between ten surface ocean (0–300 m) hydrographic parameters and the spatial distribution of factor-analyzed core top planktonic foraminiferal abundances in the tropical Pacific Ocean (24°N–24°S) for core tops <3800 m. The spatial distribution of the first three faunal factor loadings (88% of the variance) are most highly correlated to subsurface variability (mixed layer depth, thermocline depth) and resistant species percent (RSP). However, RSP is not related to dissolution but is related to thermocline depth. Factor I (mixed layer species G. glutinata, G. ruber) and factor III (G. ruber) can be distinguished from each other by low abundances of G. glutinata in factor III. Both assemblages spatially comprise the deep mixed layer region of the western tropical and equatorial Pacific Ocean, but are associated with distinct water mass properties. A combination of Factor I and III loadings shows a higher correlation to thermocline depth (R² = 0.70). Factor II loadings (dominated by thermocline dwelling species N. dutertrei) are most significantly correlated with the thermocline depth (R² = 0.73). Most factors show only marginally significant correlation to sea surface temperatures (SSTs), indicating that SST is not the primary forcing factor on the planktonic foraminiferal species distributions in the tropical Pacific. A new transfer function was calculated to predict tropical Pacific thermocline depth from planktonic foraminifera abundances using the Imbrie-Kipp Method (IKM) (standard deviation of residuals ±22 m (1σ)). An additional ±5-m error is attributed to low species counts in the core top database. The modern analog technique (MAT) was also used to predict thermocline depth (standard deviation of residuals ±21 m). While last glacial maximum (LGM) thermocline depth changes by IKM and MAT were generally within error, estimated changes were geographically uniform, suggesting an oceanographic response to climate forcing. We estimate that the thermocline depth of the LGM was shallower than present by ∼20 m south of 8°S, possibly due to a shift in the South Pacific anticyclone to the northeast. Both the IKM and MAT estimate a steeper east-west thermocline slope along the equator, suggesting that zonal wind stress (Walker circulation) was intensified during the LGM. Collectively, the thermocline estimates for the LGM suggest an equatorward compression of the climate zones in both hemispheres.
Age and agricultural history of the ‘-staðir’ farms of North and Central Norway

As part of an interdisciplinary project, 19 sites of 16 farms of the -staðir and staðr (one case) farm name class were investigated by means of palynological analysis and radiological datings of peat deposits close to the farm centre. In a rough summing-up it can be stated that only four to five cases showed a continuously high farming activity from approximately A.D. 200–300 to the Medieval period. Two to three cases were most likely founded or radically expanded during the Viking Age. Nine cases exhibited a more or less profound depression during the Merovingian Era, most of them representing a desertion period. Five to six of the latter cases arc concentrated around A.D. 660. We suggest that the staðir farms investigated were named during one or both of the following periods: A.D. 160–390 and A.D. 780–920.
Oil films detection on the sea surface using an optical remote sensing method

Detection of oil films and their discrimination from, e.g., biogenic films is a very important ecological problem. Remote sensing methods, particularly, satellite methods are the most perspective for the problem solution. Films in the sea surface optical images can be seen because of changing a) the reflected radiance due to strong depression of short gravity-capillary waves by films and b) the reflection coefficient when considering light reflection from the upper and lower film boundaries. But the effects are strongly determined by film parameters. Natural biogenic films spread down to monomolecular layers and can be characterized by the elasticity and the surface tension coefficient. Oil films have finite thickness and wave damping due to these films is determined by larger number of physical parameters, than biogenic films, namely by the oil density, film thickness, viscosity and elasticity of two film boundaries, etc. Possibilities of filmslick detection and characterization using optical systems of low spatial resolution are analyzed. The threshold values of the film parameters at which film slicks can be detected with these systems are estimated at different observation/illumination conditions and wind regimes. The principal possibility to estimate the film parameters and to identify oil films is demonstrated using a theoretical model. Experimental verification of the model is presented based on measurements of the sea surface radiance contrast in slicks with known film parameters.
17O/16O and 18O/16O isotope measurements of atmospheric carbon monoxide and its sources

Simultaneous 17O/16O and 18O/16O measurements of atmospheric carbon monoxide (CO) and two of its major sources are presented. CO was collected in situ at ground level in La Jolla, CA, Pasadena, CA and White Mountain, CA, altitude 3.8 km. Samples were also taken directly from engine exhaust and during a local wild brushfire. Results indicate that atmospheric carbon monoxide has a significant mass independent component, which increases as carbon monoxide concentrations decrease. The origin of the observed mass independent fractionation is discussed. CO samples from engine exhaust and brushfires are clearly mass dependent, but with a wide variation in 18O values from different engines.
Characterisation of magnetic minerals from southern Victoria Land, Antarctica

Magnetic properties of sedimentary strata recovered in Antarctic drill-cores from southern McMurdo Sound have been used to deduce climatic processes, but interpretation is limited by lack of information regarding the magnetic mineralogy of potential source rocks. Here we assess the magnetic mineralogy, concentration and grain size of magnetic remanence carriers in exposed rocks of southern Victoria Land and evaluate their potential contribution to Holocene–modern sediments. Modern sediments contain high concentrations of Ti-magnetite likely derived from the McMurdo Volcanic Group and minor concentrations of high-coercivity minerals, possibly derived from the Skelton Group and Beacon Supergroup. Significant quantities of superparamagnetic grains are present in all cover sediments, which were probably generated through glacial (grinding) processes or during sediment transport. We suggest that modern, hyper-arid conditions in southern Victoria Land prevent alteration of superparamagnetic grains and that they may be a useful proxy for the modern climate state.
Mean Circulation of the Hamburg LSG OGCM and Its Sensitivity to the Thermohaline Surface Forcing

Abstract The sensitivity of the global ocean circulation to changes in surface heat flux forcing is studied using the Hamburg Large Scale Geostrophic (LSG) ocean circulation model. The simulated mean ocean circulation for appropriately chosen surface forcing fields reproduces the principal water mass properties, residence times, and large-scale transport properties of the observed ocean circulation quite realistically within the constraints of the model resolution. However, rather minor changes in the formulation of the high-latitude air–sea heat flux can produce dramatic changes in the structure of the ocean circulation. These strongly affect the deep-ocean overturning rates and residence times, the oceanic heat transport, and the rate of oceanic uptake of CO2. The sensitivity is largely controlled by the mechanism of deep-water formation in high latitudes. The experiments support similar findings by other authors on the sensitivity of the ocean circulation to changes in the fresh-water flux and are cons.