Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Stock Return Volatility in India: A Case Study of Pharmaceuticals and Computer Software in India

The measure of variability that is based on past prices that conforms to the present variability has been conceptualized as â¬ Svolatilityâ¬ in financial market. Thus, volatility as a concept can be treated as synonymous with variability in general or variance in particular. In this paper an attempt has been made to examine the volatility at the level of specific industries or companies in an industry. For this study the stock price data has been taken from PROWESS. Computer Software and Drugs & Pharmaceuticals industry have been taken. From the analysis we found that Computer industry is highly volatile while the drugs is a stable one.
Advanced Opportunity Cost Analysis of 3D Packaging Technologies

Many alternative technologies compete in the 3D packaging, interconnection and assembly of semiconductors. Each competitor claims performance and cost advantages, however yield effects intrinsic to emerging technologies make accurate estimation of manufacturability and cost difficult due to the lack of technology specific data. Changes to materials, equipment, suppliers, customers, as well as levels of technical risk and work-in-progress inventory further exacerbate the problem. The authors present a generalized methodology to assess the opportunity cost associated with emerging 3D packaging approaches. This includes quantitative assessment of manufacturability and yielded cost, even where limited manufacturing yield data exists, in combination with the quantification of various market and logistics cost components. The methodology applies detailed process descriptions to accurately predict practical manufacturing costs. First-principle calculations based on product geometry, process complexity, and relevant known processes then predict yield effects at the unit operation level. Next the authors quantitatively model the additional opportunity cost implications of manufacturing logistics, inventory management and time to market. Further benefit results from using the opportunity cost model to optimize the design and process for manufacturing cost minimization as well as to take advantage of inventory and time to market enhancements to maximize design advancement flexibility and financial leverage including management of margin stacking where compounding of margins from one level in the supply chain to the next frequently results in excessive final cost to the OEM and ultimately the end user community.
BUDGET USE AND MANAGERIAL PERFORMANCE

The effectiveness of a management accounting system depends not only on the appropriateness of its technical characteristics to the particular organizational and environmental circumstances to which it is applied, but also on the way in which organizational participants make use of the information that it provides. It is a commonplace that accounting information is often ignored, sometimes manipulated, and even falsified by those to whom it is provided. Many of the reported examples (see Rosen and Sneck [1967], Lowe and Shaw [1968], Mintzberg [1975], and Yetton [1976]) indicate that dysfunctional behavior frequently stems from the fact that the information provided by the accounting system does not adequately match the complexity of the underlying organizational and economic events; but it is also evident that distortion of information can occur even when the accounting system itself is technically adequate. Such distortion is a consequence of the divergence of individual goals from those of the organization and most commonly manifests itself in attempts to make accounting reports reflect more favorably on an individual's contribution to overall organizational performance. Although evidence in anecdotal form abounds (for example, Dearden [1960] and Schiff and Lewin [1970]), little consideration has been given to the type of circumstances in which manipulation of accounting data occurs. It is important to know whether distortion of accounting information is inevitable and can therefore be limited only by ever stricter methods
CCL2 Protects Prostate Cancer PC3 Cells from Autophagic Death via Phosphatidylinositol 3-Kinase/AKT-dependent Survivin Up-regulation*

Resistance to cell death is a hallmark of cancer. Autophagy is a survival mechanism activated in response to nutrient deprivation; however, excessive autophagy will ultimately induce cell death in a nonapoptotic manner. The present study demonstrates that CCL2 protects prostate cancer PC3 cells from autophagic death, allowing prolonged survival in serum-free conditions. Upon serum starvation, CCL2 induced survivin up-regulation in PC3, DU 145, and C4-2B prostate cancer cells. Both cell survival and survivin expression were stunted in CCL2-stimulated PC3 cells when treated either with the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase inhibitor LY294002 (2 μm) or the Akt-specific inhibitor-X (Akti-X; 2.5 μm). Furthermore, CCL2 significantly reduced light chain 3-II (LC3-II) in serum-starved PC3; in contrast, treatment with LY294002 or Akti-X reversed the effect of CCL2 on LC3-II levels, suggesting that CCL2 signaling limits autophagy in these cells. Upon serum deprivation, the analysis of LC3 localization by immunofluorescence revealed a remarkable reduction in LC3 punctate after CCL2 stimulation. CCL2 treatment also resulted in a higher sustained mTORC1 activity as measured by an increase in phospho-p70S6 kinase (Thr389). Rapamycin, an inducer of autophagy, both down-regulated survivin and decreased PC3 cell viability in serum-deprived conditions. Treatment with CCL2, however, allowed cells to partially resist rapamycin-induced death, which correlated with survivin protein levels. In two stable transfectants expressing survivin-specific short hairpin RNA, generated from PC3, survivin protein levels controlled both cell viability and LC3 localization in response to CCL2 treatment. Altogether, these findings indicate that CCL2 protects prostate cancer PC3 cells from autophagic death via the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase/Akt/survivin pathway and reveal survivin as a critical molecule in this survival mechanism.
Region-based Quality Estimation Network for Large-scale Person Re-identification

One of the major restrictions on the performance of video-based person re-id is partial noise caused by occlusion, blur and illumination. Since different spatial regions of a single frame have various quality, and the quality of the same region also varies across frames in a tracklet, a good way to address the problem is to effectively aggregate complementary information from all frames in a sequence, using better regions from other frames to compensate the influence of an image region with poor quality. To achieve this, we propose a novel Region-based Quality Estimation Network (RQEN), in which an ingenious training mechanism enables the effective learning to extract the complementary region-based information between different frames. Compared with other feature extraction methods, we achieved comparable results of 92.4%, 76.1% and 77.83% on the PRID 2011, iLIDS-VID and MARS, respectively. In addition, to alleviate the lack of clean large-scale person re-id datasets for the community, this paper also contributes a new high-quality dataset, named "Labeled Pedestrian in the Wild (LPW)" which contains 7,694 tracklets with over 590,000 images. Despite its relatively large scale, the annotations also possess high cleanliness. Moreover, it's more challenging in the following aspects: the age of characters varies from childhood to elderhood; the postures of people are diverse, including running and cycling in addition to the normal walking state.
Traspaso de Tipo de Cambio a Precios: una Aproximación Microeconómica

Las fluctuaciones cambiarias son una fuente importante de variaciones en la tasa de inflacion de una economia. Ellas se manifiestan directamente en el precio de los bienes importados, e indirectamente a traves del costo de los insumos importados que contienen algunos bienes y que se traspasan al precio. En este sentido, la estimacion de cuanto de las variaciones del tipo de cambio se traspasa a los precios de los bienes es de gran utilidad para el manejo de la politica monetaria. Lo anterior cobra particular relevancia en el escenario reciente, con una tasa de inflacion que esta por encima de la meta y con una moneda local significativamente depreciada.
Applying Behavioral Finance to Capital Budgeting: Project Terminations

The net present value approach to project termination has been investigated by Bonini [1], Dyl and Long [3], Gaumnitz and Emery [5], Howe and McCabe [7], and Robichek and Van Home [17, 18]. While these investigations vary in many aspects, they share the conclusion that sunk costs should be ignored and that projects should be terminated when the expected present value of cash flows, given that the project is terminated oday, is greater than the expected present value of cas flows given that the project is continued for at l ast one additional period. Do managers follow this advice? We suggest that managers tend to become entrapped into losing projects and throw good money after bad as they attempt to rescue them. Termination decisions are difficult even when they are wise. Consider, for example, the report by Russell [19] on the development of an eight-inch floppy disk drive (half-height, double-sided, double density, one megabite capacity) by the Shugart Corporation. The disk-drive project was initially seen as a profitable project by Shugart Corporation, a company that has already established itself as a leader in disk drives. Shugart started the project in 1980, and supported it generously. The project was abandoned in 1983, after severe time and cost overruns and long after disk drives by competitors had been designed into computThe authors wish to thank Melanie Austin, Keith Brown, George Pinches, Robert Taggart, James Van Home and two anonymous reviewers for comments on an earlier draft. Meir Statman acknowledges support from a Batterymarch Fellowship.
Al-Doping Effect on the Surface Morphology of ZnO Films Grown by Reactive RF Magnetron Sputtering

Zinc oxide (ZnO) and aluminum-doped zinc oxide (ZnO:Al) thin films were deposited onto glass and silicon substrates by RF magnetron sputtering using a zinc-aluminum target. Both films were deposited at a growth rate of 12.5 nm/min to a thickness of around 750 nm. In the visible region, the films exhibit optical transmittances which are greater than 80%. The optical energy gap of ZnO films increased from 3.28 eV to 3.36 eV upon doping with Al. This increase is related to the increase in carrier density from 5.9 × 1018 cm-3 to 2.6 × 1019 cm-3. The RMS surface roughness of ZnO films grown on glass increased from 14 to 28 nm even with only 0.9% at Al content. XRD analysis revealed that the ZnO films are polycrystalline with preferential growth parallel to the (002) plane, which corresponds to the wurtzite structure of ZnO.
Life-cycle assessment of the municipal solid waste management system in Hangzhou, China (EASEWASTE)

With the purpose of assessing the environmental impacts and benefits of the current municipal solid waste management system and two modified systems, EASEWASTE, a life-cycle-based model, was used to evaluate the waste system of Hangzhou city in China. An integrated model was established, including waste generation, collection, transportation, treatment, disposal and accompanying external processes. The results showed that CH4 released from landfilling was the primary pollutant contributing to global warming, and HCl and NH3 from incineration contributed most to acidification. Material recycling and incineration with energy recovery were important because of the induced savings in material production based on virgin materials and in energy production based on coal combustion. A modified system in which waste is transported to the nearest incinerators would be relatively better than the current system, mainly due to the decrease of pollution from landfilled waste and the increase in energy production from waste avoiding energy production by traditional power plants. A ban on free plastic bags for shopping was shown to reduce most environmental impacts due to saved oil resources and other materials used in producing the plastic bags. Sensitivity analysis confirmed the robustness of the results. LCA methodology and a model like EASEWASTE are very suitable for evaluating the overall environmental consequences, and can be used for decision support and strategic planning in developing countries such as China where pollution control has become increasingly important with the rapid increase of waste generation as well as the increasing public awareness of environmental protection.
The Effect of Term Structure of Interest Rates on the Demand for Money in the United States

This note describes an experiment in incorporating the term structure of interest rates, rather than a few selected interest rates, in a demand-for-money equation. The computed equation is for the United States, is based on data for the period from 1873 to 1975, and takes a business-cycle phase (expansion or contraction) as the basic time unit. This note has two parents: a purely theoretical analysis of money demand by one of us which concludes that the whole term structure of interest rates is relevant to the demand for money (Friedman 1977), and an empirical test of that conclusion with post-World War II quarterly U.S. data (Heller and Khan 1979). The success of that test induced us to make a similar test with our phase-average data covering a century.
The first detection of the tick-borne encephalitis virus (TBEV) RNA in Dermacentor reticulatus ticks collected from the lowland European bison (Bison bonasus bonasus L.)

Tick borne encephalitis virus (TBEV) (Flaviviridae, Flavivirus) is the causative agent of tick-borne encephalitis (TBE), a potentially fatal neurological infection. The disease is endemic in a large region in Eurasia, where is transmitted mainly by hard ticks: Ixodes ricinus and I. persulcatus. It is known that also Dermacentor reticulatus is involved in a circulation of TBEV, but the knowledge of its importance in the TBE epidemiology is still insufficient. The Białowieża Primeval Forest is located in eastern Poland and it is a well-known endemic focus of tick-borne encephalitis. The aim of this study was to identify the prevalence of tick-borne encephalitis virus (TBEV) in Dermacentor reticulatus ticks collected from European bison (Bison bonasus bonasus), an important host of hard ticks in the Białowieża Primeval Forest. In the years 2008-2009, a total of 114 adult D. reticulatus ticks were collected from 7 European bison and examined individually for the presence of TBEV RNA using nested RT-PCR assay. Positive results were noted in 18.42% of ticks. This is the first record of TBEV infection in ticks collected from European bison.
Organizational Slack and Corporate Greening: Broadening the Debate

Organizational slack seems to have an ambiguous relationship with corporate greening. On the one hand, excess resources can be used to experiment with new environmental innovations, or potential green market segments. On the other, excess resources can be used to build corporate buffers against pressures for environmental improvement, such as large corporate environmental departments or environmental lobbying activity, and resist changes to the core of the organization. This paper begins to resolve these conflicting arguments by broadening the debate on organizational slack and corporate greening. It builds on recent empirical studies of slack and corporate greening, and recognizes the many potential roles that different types of slack may play in a dynamic decision-making context. Using a theoretical framework suggested by Bourgeois (1981), the paper systematizes and draws lessons from examples of the roles of slack encountered in a recent series of 35 interviews within UK public limited companies. It concludes that future treatments of slack and environmental management should incorporate a more holistic view of slack, which recognizes its dynamic, complex and often contradictory effects on decision-making in organizations.
Information literacy training for teachers in a developing South African context: suggestions for a multi-disciplinary planning approach

Information literacy and skills in Internet searching are important for teachers. There exists a large body of literature on information literacy in schools and universities and there are many guidelines and standards on information literacy. Little has, however, been published on information literacy training for teachers per se. Even less has been written on information literacy training for townships and rural communities in developing contexts where teachers may face special challenges. This article will argue that information literacy training for teachers in such communities can benefit from tailored planning influenced by Information Communication Technology (ICT) for Development (ICT4D) literature and taking into account factors such as relationship-building with a committed community; adaptation of the definition and standards for information literacy; and selecting appropriate methods and theories to support ongoing research. These suggestions came out of an United Nations Economic, Social and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) funded initiative by the Departments of Informatics and Information Science (University of Pretoria) to train teachers in information literacy in a township area close to Pretoria, South Africa.
Partner + Children = Happiness? The Effects of Partnerships and Fertility on Well-Being

Economic and rational-choice theories suggest that individuals form unions or have children because these decisions increase their subjective well-being or "happiness. " We investigate this relation using within-MZ (identical) twin pair estimates to control for unobserved factors, such as optimistic preferences, that may simultaneously affect happiness, partnerships, and fertility. Our findings, based on Danish twins aged 25-45 and 50-70 years old, include the following. (1) Currently being in a partnership has large positive effects on happiness. (2) A first child substantially increases well-being, in analyses without controls for partnerships, and males enjoy an almost 75 percent larger happiness gain from a first-born son than from a first-born daughter; however, only females enjoy a happiness gain from the first-born child with controls for partnerships. (3) Additional children beyond the first child have a negative effect on subjective well-being for females, while there is no effect for males. (4) Ever having had children does not significantly affect the subjective well-being of males or females aged 50-70 years. Copyright 2005 The Population Council, Inc.
Temporary Work Agencies: Here Today, Gone Tomorrow?

The complexities of the triangular relationship between employer, worker and agency are explored in two sectors to establish the extent to which the use of agency workers constitutes strategic and rational decisions on the part of employers. Evidence of strategic subcontracting to agencies is evident in the ICT examples, but, as in the healthcare case, organizational outcomes need to be understood with reference to workers’ preferences, the agencies’ own sophisticated strategies, operational pressures and labour market context. Relationships with agencies were embedded but inherently contingent, reflecting their own dependency on clients or, in the case of healthcare, government.
Multi-Mode Binding of Cellobiohydrolase Cel7A from Trichoderma reesei to Cellulose

Enzymatic hydrolysis of recalcitrant polysaccharides like cellulose takes place on the solid-liquid interface. Therefore the adsorption of enzymes to the solid surface is a pre-requisite for catalysis. Here we used enzymatic activity measurements with fluorescent model-substrate 4-methyl-umbelliferyl-β-D-lactoside for sensitive monitoring of the binding of cellobiohydrolase TrCel7A from Trichoderma reesei to bacterial cellulose (BC). The binding at low nanomolar free TrCel7A concentrations was exclusively active site mediated and was consistent with Langmuir's one binding site model with K d and A max values of 2.9 nM and 126 nmol/g BC, respectively. This is the strongest binding observed with non-complexed cellulases and apparently represents the productive binding of TrCel7A to cellulose chain ends on the hydrophobic face of BC microfibril. With increasing free TrCel7A concentrations the isotherm gradually deviated from the Langmuir's one binding site model. This was caused by the increasing contribution of lower affinity binding modes that included both active site mediated binding and non-productive binding with active site free from cellulose chain. The binding of TrCel7A to BC was found to be only partially reversible. Furthermore, the isotherm was dependent on the concentration of BC with more efficient binding observed at lower BC concentrations. The phenomenon can be ascribed to the BC concentration dependent aggregation of BC microfibrils with concomitant reduction of specific surface area.
Genetically Engineered: Why Some Venture Capital Firms are more Successful than Others

While venture capital has received a tremendous amount of attention, prior research has predominantly looked at venture capital firms (VCFs) post raising their first fund. In this paper, we move the point of analysis back further and ask what type of founding team experience best predicts VCF success, controlling for firm strategy, firm size, and the environment upon which the firm was born. Empirical results show that venture capital, senior management, and consulting experience aids VCF success, while entrepreneurial experience impedes it. None of the control variables affect a VCF's ability to raise subsequent funds.
Relationships Between the Size, Position, and Angulation of Human Jaw Muscles and Unilateral First Molar Bite Force

Human subjects commonly show large variations in bite force produced at the first molar teeth. To evaluate the role of muscle cross-sectional sizes and lever arms in bite-force production, we correlated these variables in 11 healthy adults. Axial and coronal images obtained by magnetic resonance were combined with conventional lateral cephalograms and dental cast data to reconstruct the craniomandibular morphology in each subject. The cross-sectional sizes of the right masseter and medial pterygoid muscles, their lever arms, and the bite-point lever arms were measured directly from these reconstructions. Physiological recordings of bite force were made in the region of the right first molar by means of a customized transducer aligned perpendicular to the functional occlusal plane. The average bite force for the sample as a whole was 189 ± 78 N. The coefficients of variance were greater for bite forces, and for the cross-sectional sizes of the two muscles, than for their respective lever arms. Highly significant Pearson Product Moment correlation coefficients (p<0.005) were found between masseter and medial pterygoid cross-sectional size, and between the cross-sectional size of each muscle and bite force. No significant correlations (p>0.1) were found between muscle or bite-point lever arms and bite force. Despite the fact that craniofacial spatial morphology may differ among subjects, jaw muscle size alone seems to explain most of the variation in bite force reported by ourselves and others.