Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Socioeconomic status and blindness

Reference to inequalities in health has been made in the past—for example, by William Farr in the 19th century.1Although significant improvements in health have taken place in many parts of the world over the last century, major inequalities in health continue to persist among various population groups.2 3The socioeconomically disadvantaged regions of the world experience higher mortality and disability rates, which are the highest in sub-Saharan Africa and lowest in the established market economies.4 There is evidence that these inequalities also exist within the developed countries5-7 as well as within the developing countries.8 9 Globally there is increasing concern for the health of the poor and for reduction in health inequalities.2 3 Inequalities refer to relative health status. In simple terms, this is a measure of how worse off the disadvantaged group is relative to the advantaged group.2 Health inequalities can be assessed by two different aspects of health—the health status and the health service use and financing.3 The traditional approach for assessing inequalities in health status has been based on income or economic standing. In addition, education and occupation have also been used to assess the differences in health status as a proxy for economic status. However, the economic dimension is not the only one that influences health inequalities. The other important dimensions are sex, ethnic, and regional inequalities. The other aspects of health inequalities, health service use and financing, measure the inequality in the use of and spending on health services between various population groups. This review presents a summary of the data available regarding inequalities in the prevalence and causes of blindness between various socioeconomic groups. A literature review was carried out for surveys published in 1990 or later to assess the following: (i) variations in the …
A new approach for software testability analysis

Software testability analysis has been an important research direction since 1990s and becomes more pervasive when entering 21st century. In this paper, we summarize problems in existing research work. We propose to use beta distribution to indicate software testability. When incorporating testing effectiveness information, we theoretically prove that the distribution can express testing effort and test value at the same time. We conduct experiment and validate our results on Siemens programs. Future work concentrate on deducing a prior estimation of the distribution for given software and testing criterion pair from program slicing and semantic analysis.
Automated architectural reviews with Semmle

Keeping code at a high level of quality and in sync with the defined architecture is not a trivial matter when you are participating in a competitive market in which you would rather provide solutions today than tomorrow. Code checkers help, but most are too generic to be of real value and so end up being ignored. Customisable code checkers can provide real benefit at reasonable cost. By encoding company specific (or even project specific) rules, actual results become much more relevant. With the additional integration of UML diagrams and specifications into the code checker, it even becomes possible to manage the gap between the actual code and the architecture from day to day at reasonable cost.
The maximum number of torque-generating units in the flagellar motor of Escherichia coli is at least 11.

Torque is generated in the rotary motor at the base of the bacterial flagellum by ion translocating stator units anchored to the peptidoglycan cell wall. Stator units are composed of the proteins MotA and MotB in proton-driven motors, and they are composed of PomA and PomB in sodium-driven motors. Strains of Escherichia coli lacking functional stator proteins produce flagella that do not rotate, and induced expression of the missing proteins leads to restoration of motor rotation in discrete speed increments, a process known as "resurrection. " Early work suggested a maximum of eight units. More recent indications that WT motors may contain more than eight units, based on recovery of disrupted motors, are inconclusive. Here we demonstrate conclusively that the maximum number of units in a motor is at least 11. Using back-focal-plane interferometry of 1-mum polystyrene beads attached to flagella, we observed at least 11 distinct speed increments during resurrection with three different combinations of stator proteins in E. coli. The average torques generated by a single unit and a fully induced motor were lower than previous estimates. Speed increments at high numbers of units are smaller than those at low numbers, indicating that not all units in a fully induced motor are equivalent.
AHA / ASA Scientific Statement Vascular Contributions to Cognitive Impairment and Dementia

Background and Purpose —This scientific statement provides an overview of the evidence on vascular contributions to cognitive impairment and dementia. Vascular contributions to cognitive impairment and dementia of later life are common. Definitions of vascular cognitive impairment (VCI), neuropathology, basic science and pathophysiological aspects, role of neuroimaging and vascular and other associated risk factors, and potential opportunities for prevention and treatment are reviewed. This statement serves as an overall guide for practitioners to gain a better understanding of VCI and dementia, prevention, and treatment. years, based on preclinical, neuropathologic, neuroimaging, physiological, and epidemiological studies. Transdisciplinary, translational, and transactional approaches are recommended to further our understanding of this entity and to better characterize its neuropsychological profile. There is a need for prospective, quantitative, clinical-pathological-neuroimaging studies to improve knowledge of the pathological basis of neuroimaging change and the complex interplay between vascular and Alzheimer disease pathologies in the evolution of clinical VCI and Alzheimer disease. Long-term vascular risk marker interventional studies beginning as early as midlife may be required to prevent or postpone the onset of VCI and Alzheimer disease. Studies of intensive reduction of vascular risk factors in high-risk groups are another important avenue of research. ( Stroke . 2011;42:2672-2713.)
Possibilities for Prevention of Schizophrenia

Prevention of and early intervention in schizophrenia continue to be a serious public health problem. Despite the availability of medications with enhanced efficacy and reduced side effects, large numbers of patients are unable to resume the previous trajectory of their life course. The critical period for vulnerability to relapse and the enduring development of impaired functioning is during the early years after the initial onset of psychosis [1]. Before the onset of psychosis, primary preventive intervention during the prodromal phase has been recognized as a possibility for decades, but only recently has been explicitly attempted [2]. The potential value of prevention can be envisioned on many levels. Schizophrenic illness most often emerges in late adolescence or early adulthood, disrupting the life course of those afflicted, often with a lasting impact on education, occupational choice, and the development of crucial social skills. The impact on family caregivers is all too often of staggering proportions. The direct costs of prolonged treatment and the indirect costs of lost productivity continue to be a huge burden on the community and larger society. With these issues in mind, we wish to offer an overview of current knowledge about schizophrenia in order to assess the possibilities of prevention. A genetic contribution to the illness is now accepted, but the fact remains that much about environmental contributions will still be relevant even if current research on genetic linkage is successful. For example, genetically identical
Quality and Machine Translation: A realistic objective?

Is Machine Translation (MT) output necessarily of lower quality than human translation? Taking a user guide in English as the source text, German as the target language, and IBM WebSphere as the MT system, we endeavour to answer this question. Eleven suitably qualified raters rated 30 source sentences, three translated versions and three post-edited versions for the parameters clarity, accuracy and style. The results show that the machine translated, post-edited output was judged to be of higher clarity and accuracy, while the translations were judged to be of better style. When asked to pick their “favourite” sentence, the majority of the evaluators chose translated (as opposed to machine translated) sentences. Further, sentences where Controlled Language (CL) rules had been applied scored higher on clarity and accuracy, adding further to the claim that the application of CL rules improves MT output.
Effect of Simulated Microgravity on Human Brain Gray Matter and White Matter – Evidence from MRI

Background There is limited and inconclusive evidence that space environment, especially microgravity condition, may affect microstructure of human brain. This experiment hypothesized that there would be modifications in gray matter (GM) and white matter (WM) of the brain due to microgravity. Method Eighteen male volunteers were recruited and fourteen volunteers underwent -6° head-down bed rest (HDBR) for 30 days simulated microgravity. High-resolution brain anatomical imaging data and diffusion tensor imaging images were collected on a 3T MR system before and after HDBR. We applied voxel-based morphometry and tract-based spatial statistics analysis to investigate the structural changes in GM and WM of brain. Results We observed significant decreases of GM volume in the bilateral frontal lobes, temporal poles, parahippocampal gyrus, insula and right hippocampus, and increases of GM volume in the vermis, bilateral paracentral lobule, right precuneus gyrus, left precentral gyrus and left postcentral gyrus after HDBR. Fractional anisotropy (FA) changes were also observed in multiple WM tracts. Conclusion These regions showing GM changes are closely associated with the functional domains of performance, locomotion, learning, memory and coordination. Regional WM alterations may be related to brain function decline and adaption. Our findings provide the neuroanatomical evidence of brain dysfunction or plasticity in microgravity condition and a deeper insight into the cerebral mechanisms in microgravity condition.
Oscillatory magnetic tweezers based on ferromagnetic beads and simple coaxial coils

We report the design and validation of simple magnetic tweezers for oscillating ferromagnetic beads in the piconewton and nanometer scales. The system is based on a single pair of coaxial coils operating in two sequential modes: permanent magnetization of the beads through a large and brief pulse of magnetic field and generation of magnetic gradients to produce uniaxial oscillatory forces. By using this two step method, the magnetic moment of the beads remains constant during measurements. Therefore, the applied force can be computed and varies linearly with the driving signal. No feedback control is required to produce well defined force oscillations over a wide bandwidth. The design of the coils was optimized to obtain high magnetic fields (280 mT) and gradients (2 T/m) with high homogeneity (5% variation) within the sample. The magnetic tweezers were implemented in an inverted optical microscope with a videomicroscopy-based multiparticle tracking system. The apparatus was validated with 4.5 μm magnetit.
Current status in the pharmacological management of interstitial cystitis

Interstitial cystitis is a clinical condition occurring predominantly in women characterised by irritative voiding symptoms in the form of urinary frequency, urgency and pain. Patient symptoms have the potential to significantly affect quality of life, posing a challenge to some to perform activities of daily living. Those who reach an eventual diagnosis of interstitial cystitis have typically done so through an emotionally charged and circuitous route, the product of numerous physician encounters and stigmatising experiences. As such, these patients require considerate care. Overall, current pharmacological agents for the treatment of those with interstitial cystitis, provide a measure of symptomatic benefit, however, a universally effective regimen remains to be reported. As a definitive disease aetiopathogenesis is not fully determined, trials of pharmacological therapy are ongoing.
Age related change of optokinetic nystagmus in healthy subjects: a study from infancy to senescence

Background: Optokinetic nystagmus (OKN) gain is asymmetrical between temporal to nasal (TN) and nasal to temporal (NT) stimulation in infancy and decreases at older ages. The age at which OKN gain becomes symmetrical and decreases is debated. The aim was to investigate OKN over the whole lifespan in a large sample of healthy subjects. Methods: In a prospective, cross sectional study OKN was tested monocularly using TN and NT small field stimulation. Stimulation velocity was 15°/s and 30°/s for children aged under 1 year (n = 97), and 15°/s, 30°/s, 45°/s, and 60°/s for older subjects (1–9 years, n = 66; 10–89 years, n = 86). Gain was measured using infrared oculography. Results: Significant OKN gain asymmetry in favour of TN versus NT stimulation was found during the first 5 months of life (p<0.05). Only at 11 months of age was OKN symmetrical in 100% of the subjects. The percentage of children with symmetrical OKN decreased with increasing stimulus velocity. OKN gain increased in the second and third years (p<0.05 for 15°/s), remained stable until 50 years of age, and showed a small but significant decrease afterwards for the tested velocities (between 6% and 18%, p<0.05). Conclusions: Infrared oculography is an accurate method to assess OKN, especially in children. Knowledge about change of OKN in healthy subjects could be helpful to interpret OKN in patients with abnormal binocular vision or lesions of the central nervous system.
Cadmium uptake by primary cultures of rat renal cortical epithelial cells: influence of cell density and other metal ions.

The uptake and accumulation of 1-5 microM cadmium (Cd) was studied in primary cultures of rat renal cortical epithelial cells under protein-free conditions at 4 or 37 degrees C for up to 30 min. The cells were isolated from female rats by collagenase digestion and cultured for 3-7 days. Confluency of the culture, monitored morphologically as well as by total protein content, was achieved on Day 5. Cd accumulation at 1 microM concentration demonstrated an inverse relationship to the cell density; the Cd level in Day 5 culture was only 45% of that in Day 3 culture. In subconfluent cultures (Days 3 and 4) the Cd accumulation was temperature sensitive; on Day 3 the cells accumulated one-third less Cd at 4 degrees C than at 37 degrees C. In comparison, the confluent cells (Day 5) had the same Cd accumulation regardless of the incubation temperature. In these cells, preincubation with cyanide also had no significant effect on Cd accumulation, implying a lack of energy requirement for Cd uptake. As the transport of Cd may involve processes that exist for the essential metal ions, the effect of 30 microM zinc (Zn) and copper (Cu) on the accumulation of 1 microM Cd was studied in Day 5 cultures. Coincubation with Zn caused a 16% reduction in Cd levels at 37 degrees C and even greater reduction (44% of control) at 4 degrees C. Similarly, Cu inhibited Cd accumulation by 26 and 45% at 37 and 4 degrees C, respectively, as compared to the temperature-matched controls. The Vmax for the initial Cd uptake (1 min) was 125 pmol/mg protein/min and the Km was 7 microM. Both Zn and Cu exhibited competitive inhibition kinetics and doubled the Km for Cd uptake. The Ki for Zn and Cu was 23 and 30 microM, respectively. Mercury (Hg) and lead (Pb) were also tested for their ability to affect Cd accumulation. As compared to the controls, 1 microM Hg caused an 11% reduction in Cd level at 37 degrees C. In contrast, 1 microM Pb enhanced Cd accumulation by 20%. However, neither Hg nor Pb had any significant effect on Cd accumulation at 4 degrees C. All four metals had no significant effect on the efflux of Cd from the cells. Thus, these metals affected Cd accumulation by changing its uptake rather than its efflux. (ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
A Novel Methodology for Developing a Sketch into an Image

Software's or applications are available for converting an image to a sketch, but the inverse though is not induced yet. Roughly, in Crime Investigation Departments sketches are obtained which if converted to images will prove to be more helpful for the demanded purpose. A novel approach for developing an image out of sketch is suggested in this paper by following process of, breaking down the sketch into constituent or component office, matching or comparing these features with the available database, selecting the best match followed by registering or pasting these image components on a blackface image, performing filtering algorithm in order toper form smoothening of image.
Simulation and test of the movement process of mixed flow composed of slurry and coarse particle

Abstract Mixed flow composed of coarse particle and mud is a common mountain disaster. Because of its typical granular material characteristics, fluid theory based on continuum hypothesis is difficult to describe discontinuous deformation. Therefore, the rotary shear and normal bonding experiments of clay mud are carried out by MCR301 to determine the mechanical parameters of the normal and the tangential direction of the mud (131% moisture content). According to the theory of granular material, with PFC3D as the platform, write the numerical viscosity slope model test programme, according to the mud test results, set the parameters of the numerical model, reproduction process and the discontinuous deformation phenomenon, and is verified by the same size physical model test. The results show that the PFC3D discrete element method based on granular material theory can well reproduce the movement process and discontinuous deformation phenomenon of the coarse particle mud mixing flow slope, and provide a new way for in-depth analysis of the complex landslide movement process.
Mutational activation of ErbB family receptor tyrosine kinases: insights into mechanisms of signal transduction and tumorigenesis

Signaling by the Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor (EGFR) and related ErbB family receptor tyrosine kinases can be deregulated in human malignancies as the result of mutations in the genes that encode these receptors. The recent identification of EGFR mutations that correlate with sensitivity and resistance to EGFR tyrosine kinase inhibitors in lung and colon tumors has renewed interest in such activating mutations. Here we review current models for ligand stimulation of receptor dimerization and for activation of receptor signaling by receptor dimerization. In the context of these models, we discuss ErbB receptor mutations that affect ligand binding and those that cause constitutive receptor phosphorylation and signaling as a result of constitutive receptor dimerization. We discuss mutations in the cytoplasmic regions that affect enzymatic activity, substrate specificity and coupling to effectors and downstream signaling pathways. Finally, we discuss how emergent mechanisms of ErbB receptor mutational activation could impact the search for clinically relevant ErbB receptor mutations. BioEssays 29:558–565, 2007. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
DR4-selective Tumor Necrosis Factor-related Apoptosis-inducing Ligand (TRAIL) Variants Obtained by Structure-based Design*

Tumor necrosis factor-related apoptosis-inducing ligand (TRAIL) is a potential anticancer agent that selectively induces apoptosis in a variety of cancer cells by interacting with death receptors DR4 and DR5. TRAIL can also bind to decoy receptors (DcR1, DcR2, and osteoprotegerin receptor) that cannot induce apoptosis. Different tumor types respond either to DR4 or to DR5 activation, and chemotherapeutic drugs can increase the expression of DR4 or DR5 in cancer cells. Thus, DR4 or DR5 receptor-specific TRAIL variants would permit new and tumor-selective therapies. Previous success in generating a DR5-selective TRAIL mutant using computer-assisted protein design prompted us to make a DR4-selective TRAIL variant. Technically, the design of DR4 receptor-selective TRAIL variants is considerably more challenging compared with DR5 receptor-selective variants, because of the lack of a crystal structure of the TRAIL-DR4 complex. A single amino acid substitution of Asp at residue position 218 of TRAIL to His or Tyr was predicted to have a favorable effect on DR4 binding specificity. Surface plasmon resonance-based receptor binding tests showed a lowered DR5 affinity in concert with increased DR4 specificity for the designed variants, D218H and D218Y. Binding to DcR1, DcR2, and osteoprotegerin was also decreased. Cell line assays confirmed that the variants could not induce apoptosis in DR5-responsive Jurkat and A2780 cells but were able to induce apoptosis in DR4-responsive EM-2 and ML-1 cells.
Therapeutic significance and pharmacological activities of antidiarrheal medicinal plants mention in Ayurveda: A review

Diarrhea is a serious problem affecting 3-5 billion people per year around the world, especially children of below 5 years. 70% of the world population uses traditional and indigenous medicine for their primary health care. The facts of these indigenous remedies are passed verbally and sometimes as documents. Since ancient time, Ayurveda is the main system of healing in South East Asian countries. Indian literature from ayurvedic texts and other books claim the potency of several plants in the treatment of diarrhea. As the global prospective of ayurvedic medicine is increasing, interest regarding the scientific basis of their action is parallely increasing. Researchers are doing experiments to establish the relation between the claimed action and observed pharmacological activities. In the present article, an attempt was made to compile the scientific basis of medicinal plants used to cure diarrhea in Ayurveda. Literature was collected via electronic search (PubMed, ScienceDirect, Medline, and Google Scholar) from published articles that reports antidiarrheal activity of plants that were mentioned in Ayurveda classics. A total of 109 plant species belonging to 58 families were reported for their antidiarrheal activity. Several Indian medicinal plants have demonstrated promising antidiarrheal effects, but the studies on the antidiarrheal potentials of these plants are not taken beyond proof of concept stage. It is hoped that the article would stimulate future clinical studies because of the paucity of knowledge in this area.
Analysis on the International Situation and Evolution of Research: Quantitative Analysis on the SSCI Theses from 2005 to 2014

Bibliometrics and descriptive statistical analysis on the research papers published on the 74 kinds of journals of journalism and communication included in SSCI from 2005 to 2014 will be conducted through key variables, like annual distribution, regional distribution, research institutional distribution, authors distribution, frontier of research, knowledge base and its evolution, subject impact index, etc. From the qualitative and quantitative perspective, we will reveal the international posture of journalism research and the international prestige and potential problems in studies of journalism and communication in Mainland China to promote the internationalization process of domestic journalism and communication research.