Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Locating nonvolcanic tremors beneath the San Andreas Fault using a station‐pair double‐difference location method

It has been a challenging task to locate nonvolcanic tremors because of the lack of impulsive wave arrivals. A station‐pair double‐difference (DD) location method is developed to determine absolute tremor locations by directly using the station‐pair travel time differences measured from cross‐correlating tremor waveform envelopes. Multiple tremors are located together for inverting for station corrections to take into account velocity model inaccuracy. The new method is applied to tremors in the Parkfield region of central California between 27 July 2001 and 21 February 2009. Compared to the tremor catalog locations determined from a grid search location method, most of the newly located tremors are located at depths between 20 and 35 km, well below the seismogenic zone in the area. The tremors beneath Cholame, CA are more clearly separated into two zones laterally distributed across the San Andreas Fault, with most tremors occurring to the southwest and exhibiting a periodic pattern of occurrence. The new tremor locations help better delineate the spatial and temporal distribution of tremor activity and therefore are helpful for better understanding tremor origin and process.
Drought and dust deposition in the West African Sahel: a 5500-year record from Kajemarum Oasis, northeastern Nigeria

A high-resolution, multiproxy palaeolimnological record from the Manga Grasslands, northeastern Nigeria, spanning the last 5500 calendar years, reveals the episodic deterioration in Sahelian climate as significant biogeophysical thresholds were crossed. Desert-dust deposition began to increase 4700 cal. BP. Rainfall during the summer-monsoon season declined permanently after 4100 cal. BP. A further significant change in atmospheric circulation, giving rise to multidecadal to centennial-scale droughts and enhanced dust deposition, occurred 1500 cal. BP. Hence, the post-1968 Sahel drought is not unique. The prolonged arid episode that occurred around 1200–1000 cal. BP in Ethiopia, the Sahel and tropical Mexico may have been linked to an abrupt cooling event in the North Atlantic and to a cluster of intense El Niño-Southern Oscillation events in the Eastern Equatorial Pacific.
Fluid inclusion evidence on the origin of some Australian unconformity-related uranium deposits

Fluid inclusions in altered and unaltered host rocks and hydrothermal quartz, calcite, and dolomite from the unconformity-related uranium deposits of Koongarra, Nabarlek, and Jabiluka (Northern Territory, Australia) were examined using standard microthermometry, laser Raman microprobe, and scanning electron microscopy. Decrepitated gases were analyzed in a mass spectrometer. The relationship of fluid inclusions to alteration and mineralization was established by occurrence restricted to the alteration zones around the deposits and the presence in fluid inclusions of solid phases which also occur as megascopic phases in the alteration.Secondary, halite-saturated fluid inclusions in altered host-rock quartz and in early hydrothermal quartz veins are believed to relate to hydrothermal alteration associated with ore deposition. These inclusions are identical to primary inclusions in silicified and boron-metasomatized Kombolgie Formation sandstone above the Jabiluka 2 deposit (Durak et al., 1983) and hence sample post-Kombolgie fluids. The trapped fluid is saline and calcium rich (ca. 23 equiv wt % CaCl 2 ) and sulfate poor (SO (super -2) 4 < 0.001 m). No gases were detected in the vapor phase of such inclusions and the median vapor disappearance temperature is 140 degrees C. Primary inclusions in postore dolomite veins and secondary inclusions in host rock and hydrothermal quartz sample postore hydrothermal fluid. This fluid is hypersaline and also calcium rich (typically 35 equiv wt % CaCl 2 ) and is saturated with as many as 11 solid phases, including dolomite and iron-rich chlorite. Vapor bubbles in these inclusions contain methane and minor N 2 and the median vapor disappearance temperature is 127 degrees C. Aromatic hydrocarbons detected by mass spectrometry are possibly related to this population.The calcic brines are thought to have been terrestrial in origin and derived from the oxidized red-bed sediments overlying the deposits (MacArthur basin). Ore deposition was a response either to reduction of the ore-bearing fluid by direct interaction with graphite and ferrous iron in the wall rocks or by mixing with a methane and higher hydrocarbon-bearing brine, represented by postore fluid inclusions. Ore deposition and related hydrothermal alteration occurred between 200 degrees and 300 degrees C under a depth of cover of ca. 2 km. This temperature is consistent with independent temperature constraints and suggests an anomalous thermal gradient during ore formation.
Pegasus satellite measurements of meteoroid penetration /February 16 - July 20, 1965/

Abstract : The Pegasus satellites deploy 200 m squared of three thicknesses of A1 instrumented to detect punctures resulting from meteoroid impingement. The determination of three points on a frequency of penetration vs. thick ness of aluminum curve for thicknesses approaching useful spacecraft skin is directly applicable to spacecraft design problems. The design and operation of the meteoroid experiment is discussed briefly. The results are seen to essentially agree with ground-based predictions for the thicker materials, and with other satellite measurements for the thinnest material. Also, some temporal variations in frequency are observed and possible correlations of these variations with known showers are investigated.
Somatische Diagnostik bei Delir

Das Delir stellt als unspezifisches, hirnorganisches Krankheitsbild einen akuten interdisziplinären Notfall dar. Für die Prognose sind das frühzeitige Erkennen und die Behandlung von potenziell behandelbaren Risikofaktoren und Ursachen entscheidend.
Ecogeomorphology in the Australian drylands and the role of biota in mediating the effects of climate change on landscape processes and evolution

Abstract Australian dryland landscape has developed under the influence of aridity, low relief, tectonic stability and biota adapted to nutrient and water scarcity. The biota in general, but notably the plants, mediates the impact of water scarcity and of climate change on ecohydrological and geomorphological processes. It reduce the partitioning of rain into overland flow, and so limit soil erosion, notably through the development of patch structures that partition the landscape into local runoff sources and runon sinks. In large rain events, when flow does reach ephemeral streams, channel-associated plants again modify flow conditions, reducing flow speeds and flow competence. Given the diverse influences of biota on landscape processes, it is argued that it likewise moderated the effects of Quaternary and Holocene climate change. Field evidence from Australian and other drylands suggests that the effect of changing land surface properties on runoff and erosion may exceed the effect of moderate climate change. Knowledge of the role of dryland biota and its role in land surface change is therefore a prerequisite to understanding the responses of landscapes to climate change, to understanding the complex spatio-temporal variability in landscape development, and to developing the ability to correctly interpret the alluvial record of changing geomorphological processes in terms of changes in climate and other external drivers.
Temporal changes of sediment dynamics within the Nairobi River sub-basins between 1998-2006 time scale, Kenya

Temporal changes of sediment dynamics within the Nairobi River sub-basins between 1998-2006 time scale, Kenya The city of Nairobi is the heart of both industrial production and the economic hub in Kenya and the Eastern Africa region. The city of Nairobi and its environs are drained by three streams, namely: Nairobi, Mathare and Ngong rivers. These streams drain areas of diverse land use activities. The land use changes in a spatial manner from the rich agricultural system through residential cum urban to industrial. The significance of these various land use systems to pollutants generation, pollution, sediment generation and hence water pollution and quality degradation is quite enormous and worth investigation. The land use changes in a spatial manner making the basin ideal for a temporal variation of sediments yields along the river profile and their impacts on the water quality status. This paper examines the results of study carried out within the basins in the years 1998-2006. The method of study involved water sampling and laboratory analysis to reveal the trends in sediment load increases downstream the investigated streams. Soil samples were also investigated to determine their relationship to soil erosion rates and sediment fluxes. The study attempts further to find the best sediment management strategies in reversing their increasing trends and restoring water quality within the basin. Zmiany okresowe dynamiki osadów dennych w latach 1998-2006 rzeki Nairobi i jej dopływów Miasto Nairobi jest centrum produkcji przemysłowej i centrum ekonomicznym Kenii oraz wschodniego regionu Afryki. Miasto Nairobi i jego otoczenie jest odwadniane przez trzy następujące strumienie: Nairobi, Mathare i Ngong. Te strumienie odwadniają obszary o różnym użytkowaniu i działalności. Użytkowanie terenu zmienia się w sposób przestrzenny od bogatego systemu rolnego poprzez miejski mieszkaniowy do przemysłowego. Znaczenie tych różnych systemów użytkowania terenu było bardzo istotne i warte badań z punktu widzenia tworzenia zanieczyszczeń, zanieczyszczenia i generacji rumowiska a tym samym zanieczyszczenia wody oraz degradacji jakości. Zmiany przestrzenne użytkowania terenu czynią zlewnie idealnymi dla czasowych zmian przyrostu ilości rumowiska wzdłuż profilu rzeki i ich wpływu na stan jakości. W referacie przedstawiono wyniki badań przeprowadzonych w zlewniach w latach 1998-2006. Metoda badań obejmowała pobór próbek wody i analizę laboratoryjną w celu określenia trendów zwiększenia ilości rumowiska w badanych strumieniach, w ich odcinkach dolnych. Próbki rumowiska były także badane w celu określenia ich zależności od wielkości erozji i strumieni rumowiska. Badania mają na celu znalezienie najlepszych strategii gospodarowania rumowiskiem w celu odwrócenia ich trendów wzrostowych i przywrócenia jakości wody w zlewni.
Vertical moisture transport above the mixed layer around the mountains in western Sumatra

A remarkable increase in moisture frequently occurred in August afternoon radio soundings in 2001 in the layer up to 1000 m above the mixed layer (ML) near the mountains of western Sumatra, Indonesia. This moisture enhancement was also apparent in the monthly mean diurnal cycle. The mixing ratio is not vertically uniform in this layer, suggesting that turbulent mixing cannot be a major mechanism of the vertical moisture transport. A climatological numerical study using a cloud‐resolving model suggests that thermally‐induced upslope winds converge over the mountain summits during daytime, forming a moist air band along the mountain range. Ambient winds above the mountain range then advect the moist air into the surroundings, moisturizing the air above the ML over the leeward terrain. This mechanism is important for producing diurnal mesoscale precipitation systems over a wide area of the Indian Ocean, as documented by previous studies analyzing TRMM and GMS observational data.
Obsoletes : 3847 Cisco Systems Category : Standards Track October 2008 Restart Signaling for IS-IS Status of This Memo

This document describes a mechanism for a restarting router to signal to its neighbors that it is restarting, allowing them to reestablish their adjacencies without cycling through the down state, while still correctly initiating database synchronization. This document additionally describes a mechanism for a restarting router to determine when it has achieved Link State Protocol Data Unit (LSP) database synchronization with its neighbors and a mechanism to optimize LSP database synchronization, while minimizing transient routing disruption when a router starts. This document obsoletes RFC 3847. Shand & Ginsberg Standards Track [Page 1] RFC 5306 Restart Signaling for IS-IS October 2008 Table of
Dynamical behavior of tribal‐forest system in the presence of development activities: Leslie–Gower‐based nonlinear modeling study

A nonlinear dynamical system is developed in the proposed study to gain insight into the tribal‐forest system in the presence of unplanned development activities. Here, the system is comprised of densities of forest resources, tribal population, and development activities as dynamic variables. The realistic dynamics between the tribal population and forest resources is considered to be of modified Leslie–Gower consumer–resource type. The qualitative properties of the system are obtained by establishing the equilibrium points and their stabilities. However, permanence is derived to prove the system's viability in the long run. The model is also quantitatively examined using global sensitivity and bifurcation analyses. Through these analyses, sensitivity to different parameters and their thresholds for qualitative behavioral change are determined. The mathematical analyses prove that excessive overexploitation of forest resources and uncontrollable development activities can put the system in a state of destabilization and impermanence.
Assimilation of Observed Soil Moisture Data in Storm Rainfall-Runoff Modeling

Estimation of antecedent wetness conditions is one of the most important aspects of storm rainfall-runoff modeling. This study investigated the use of observations of near-surface soil moisture carried out in a small experimental plot to estimate wetness conditions of five nested catchments, from 13 to 137 km2 in area, in Central Italy, including the plot itself. In particular, the relationship between the observed degree of saturation, θe , and the potential maximum retention parameter, S , of the soil conservation service-curve number (SCS-CN) method for abstraction was investigated using 15 rainfall-runoff events (ten for calibration and five for verification) that occurred in the period 2002–2005. Two antecedent precipitation indices (API) and one base flow index (BFI) were also considered for the estimation of wetness conditions. When interpreting S as the mean soil water deficit of the catchment, an inverse linear relationship with θe was found with the coefficient of determination decreasing with c.
Influence of light and temperature on the marine iron cycle: From theoretical to global modeling

Iron regulates net primary production (NPP) in a number of ocean regions and exists in a variety of different forms in seawater, not all of which are bioavailable. We used a relatively complex iron cycle model to examine variability in iron speciation as a function of irradiance/temperature and parameterize its first‐order impact in a global ocean biogeochemistry model (OBM), which necessitated certain assumptions regarding the representation of iron chemistry. Overall, we find that higher irradiance (typical of shallower mixed layers) promotes the conversion of dissolved iron (dFe) into bioavailable forms (bFe) and increases bFe concentration by 5–53%, depending on parameter values. Temperature plays a secondary role in controlling bFe, with cold mixed layers increasing bFe concentrations. For a given irradiance and temperature, the presence of bioavailable Fe ligands increases bFe/dFe. When bioavailable Fe ligands are present, then reducing the photolability, increasing the log conditional stability, or increasing the concentration of such ligands all act to increase bFe/dFe. Such processes are currently not represented in global OBMs, where iron is typically parameterized as one pool, and we find that NPP can vary by >±20% regionally if the impact of temperature and irradiance on bFe is included, even under a constant circulation. Additionally, iron chemistry is important in controlling the depth over which phytoplankton iron limitation can be alleviated and the subsequent efficiency of iron‐based NPP. We also suggest organically complexed dFe must be bioavailable if distributions of phytoplankton biomass and macronutrients are to be reconciled with observations. Our results are important in understanding the role of the irradiance/mixing regime in governing the supply of iron to phytoplankton under a changing climate. New data sets on iron speciation and rate processes will aid in refining our model.
Vortices of the Mediterranean Sea: An Altimetric Perspective

The presence of coherent vortices makes observed mesoscale fields of the ocean resemble twodimensional turbulence. Using this analogy, a common definition of a coherent structure has been used to study the statistical properties of Mediterranean Sea vortices observed by satellite altimeters over a 7-yr period. A vortex has been defined as the simply connected region with values of the Okubo–Weiss parameter W 0.2W, where W is the spatial standard deviation of W, and the same sign of vorticity. This definition is shown to be appropriate to detect and characterize, statistically, properties such as size, mean kinetic energy, and amplitude of vortices in the Mediterranean basin from sea level anomaly maps corresponding to the period from October 1992 to October 1999. The distribution of such properties for the Mediterranean vortices suggests a heuristic criterion to extract and select very coherent and long-lived vortices from the whole set of structures identified in altimetric maps. Such coherent vortices appear to be selected for amplitudes greater than 2W, where the amplitude has been defined in terms of the Okubo– Weiss parameter rather than vorticity, and strongly correspond to those reported from observations with independent data. Systematic locating and tracking of such vortices provide, for the first time, a general picture of their preferential paths in the Mediterranean basin, which are characterized by complex but rather well defined patterns.
Ethical Considerations for Player Modeling

In this paper we discuss some of the ethical challenges that may arise from player modeling. Player modeling is used in modern games e.g. to enable various kinds of game play, to optimize games for speciﬁc players, and to maximize the monetization of games. In this paper, we propose that applying player modeling implies serious ethical questions, since it impacts how players spend their leisure time and money, affects their social relations, and changes computer games as ethical artifacts. We source categories of ethical issues in the application of artiﬁcial intelligence (AI) from work on AI ethics and using these we provide several speciﬁc examples of ethical issues in player modeling. Building from the examples, we suggest establishing a framework for understanding ethical issues in player modeling and we propose a number of methodological approaches to address the identiﬁed challenges.
Access, Equity, and Urban Greenways: An Exploratory Investigation

Recurring issues in the social sciences concern the distribution of public facilities such as parks and equity of access to them. Geographers have observed that access has perceptual as well as physical dimensions and that perceptions of difference can affect use of public space. This study explores the nature of greenways as public space and a set of issues related to equity of access to greenway trails in Indianapolis, Indiana. The study uses proximity as a measure of access and simple GIS analyses of census and other data to assess equality of access. Evidence is provided that suggests that minorities and the poor have disproportionate access to trails. It is also shown that populations adjacent to the trails differ and that the populations along particular trails are segregated. Spatial differences in trail populations are associated with historic land use patterns and population movements within the city. The implications of the findings of difference for use of the greenways system are explored. Implications for management of the greenways system—including achievement of the goal of linking neighborhoods—are also discussed.
Safety of Hydropower Dams in a Changing Climate

AbstractGlobal climate change is expected to lead to changes in precipitation patterns and increased frequency and intensity of extreme weather events, which may produce conditions outside current design criteria for dams. This study investigated climate change effects on future safety of the Aurland hydropower dams during extreme floods. The design inflow floods for present and future climate scenarios were calculated using two approaches. Flood frequency analysis was applied to the annual maximum series from the simulated daily flows for present and future periods. Analysis of extreme precipitation and floods was performed using a hydrological model to compute the corresponding extreme flood values for the present situation and future scenarios. The outflow flood with the associated water level was calculated using a reservoir routing model linking all the Aurland reservoirs. In this paper, the authors present current and future design floods for the Aurland case and the implications of the changes in f.
Deformation and submarine landsliding caused by seamount subduction beneath the Costa Rica continental margin — new insights from high-resolution sidescan sonar data

Abstract Subduction of seamounts at destructive sedimented plate margins results in spectacular deformation of the overriding plate. High-resolution sidescan sonar imagery from the Costa Rica margin show the tracks of five individual seamounts, of which four are described in this paper. These were subducted at various times during the last 690 ka and each represents a different stage in the subduction process. Each subducted seamount leaves a parallel-sided depression in its wake, that can be traced for up to 55 km landward of the deformation front. This wake is created by deformation and uplift of the continental slope as the seamount passes beneath it, followed by collapse due to landsliding as support for the uplifted area is withdrawn. Areas of uplift above seamounts are characterized by complex normal and strike-slip fault patterns. Collapse of the uplift along the trailing edge of the seamount creates a zone of slope failure (landsliding) that migrates upslope (or landward) with the seamount. Landslide processes are dominated by debris flow, but also include sliding of coherent blocks and debris avalanche. Erosion occurs by repeated landslides, which produce a series of overlapping debris flows. Downslope sediment transport typically extends over limited distances, resulting in partial ‘backfilling’ of the scar as its headwall moves up slope. The amount of margin material disrupted by seamount subduction is four to five times the volume of the subducting seamount, of which about three quarters seems to be recycled downslope, backfilling the scar, and nearly one quarter is subducted with the seamount.