Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
The Value of Time and the Transactions Demand for Money

This paper reexamines the hypothesis of Dean S. Dutton and William P. Gramm, and Edi Karni that the wage rate influences the demand for money as a proxy for the value of transactions time. It develops "value of time" transactions models, which yield demand for money equations that have a real wage rate argument, and compares it to a "non value of time" alternative that does not. The author finds that the "value of time" models perform well and that the "value of time" effect is empirically significant. Copyright 1990 by Ohio State University Press.
Application Driven SCM and NAND Flash Hybrid SSD Design for Data-Centric Computing System

In order to efficiently store, retrieve and process big data, the data-centric computing paradigm is adopted and an application-driven storage class memory (SCM)/NAND flash hybrid solid-state drive (SSD) is designed. SSD data management algorithms minimize data movement inside the storage system and the SSD system design parameter, SCM/NAND capacity ratio, is chosen depending on the application. Design guidelines are proposed, based on the evaluation of three SCM/NAND flash hybrid SSDs with: (1) write-back (WB) cache, (2) write-optimized data management (WO-DM) and (3) read-write balanced data management (RWB-DM) algorithms. The WO-DM algorithm achieves the highest SSD performance for write-intensive applications, whereas RWB-DM is most appropriate for read-hot (frequently accessed)-random workloads. As long as the workload is not read-cold-sequential or write-cold-sequential, adding SCM to the NAND SSD system is cost-effective to boost performance. Less than 10% SCM/NAND capacity ratios provides 10x speed, compared to the NAND flash-only SSD.
Challenges that Russian banks face implementing the AML regulations

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to analyze the anti‐money laundering (AML) legislation created by the Russian regulator for the financial institutions with the aim to test banks' compliance with it.Design/methodology/approach – Comparative analyses based on the data, collected from in‐depth study of the regulator's legislation for financial institutions (banks), as well as interviews with practitioners and observation of banking practices. For this purpose, the activities of several banks were analyzed.Findings – The main concluding remark is that practice so far has shown the failure of the financial institutions to comply with the AML regulation. The question arises if there is unwillingness or inability of the financial institutions to comply with the regulator's rules.Research limitations/implications – The analysis of the practical implementation of the AML legislations in the financial institutions focuses on the legislative base for the regulated, behavioral patterns of the banks in the AML .
In search of the ecological citizen

In the last decade increasing numbers of green political theorists have discussed the challenges that environmental degradation presents to individual human beings and their lifestyles. Do ecological citizens already exist and, if so, who are they and what factors may explain their existence? From responses to a mail questionnaire sent in 2005 to a random sample of 3000 Swedes aged 15–85, a group of respondents is identified who profess willingness to act as ‘ecological citizens’ in ways consistent with the concept as operationalised here. Perceived degree of environmental threat, interest in the environment, ideology and age contribute to explain willingness so to act, while commonly suggested factors such as level of education have no significant effect.
Maternal DHA Levels and Toddler Free-Play Attention

We investigated the relationship between maternal docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) levels at birth and toddler free-play attention in the second year. Toddler free-play attention was assessed at 12 and 18 months, and maternal erythrocyte (red-blood cell; RBC) phospholipid DHA (percentage of total fatty acids) was measured from mothers at delivery. Overall, higher maternal DHA status at birth was associated with enhanced attentional functioning during the second year. Toddlers whose mothers had high DHA at birth exhibited more total looking and fewer episodes of inattention during free-play than did toddlers whose mothers had low DHA at birth. Analyses also provided further information on changes in attention during toddlerhood. These findings are consistent with evidence suggesting a link between DHA and cognitive development in infancy and early childhood.
Ledbetter v. Goodyear: Circumscribing Title VII's Discrimination Protections

In Ledbetter v. Goodyear (2007) the U.S. Supreme Court was asked to clarify Title VII's rules related to the timeliness of pay discrimination claims. The Court's decision formalized the legal difference between discrete instances of discrimination and the lingering effects of discrimination as they relate to how much time an employee has to file a discrimination claim with the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission. A key distinction was drawn between a discriminatory organizational pay structure and the actions of individual supervisors. Ultimately the Court equated decisions related to pay with other personnel actions and requires employees to promptly file an alleged discriminatory action with the EEOC. When considered in the context of the limitations of the Equal Pay Act, the Ledbetter decision further tips the weighing of interests toward the employer.
Youth unemployment in the EU15: regional and national inequalities throughout the 2008 economic crisis

This paper analyses inequality in terms of youth unemployment rates across the EU15 regions and countries, before and throughout the 2008 Economic Crisis. A series of descriptive investigations explore intra-national regional inequalities, as well as cross-national ones. It is found that before the crisis, there were generalized low average levels of youth unemployment and inequality was mostly found within countries. Throughout the crisis, intra-national homogeneity and cross-national inequality increased. By 2013 a polarization dynamic emerged, with a Southern/Mediterranean European group of regions that reached acutely high levels of youth unemployment, versus a few countries that were resilient to the crisis and Germany that reduced its youth unemployment rates. Â
A Polymorphism in the Coding Region of Il12b Promotes IL-12p70 and IL-23 Heterodimer Formation

IL-12 and IL-23 are heterodimeric cytokines involved in the induction of Th1 and Th17 immune responses. Previous work indicated that a region on chromosome 11 encoding the IL-12p40 subunit regulates strain differences in susceptibility to murine trinitrobenzene sulfonic acid-induced colitis. In addition, this region determines strain differences in LPS-induced IL-12 responses. In this study, we investigated how polymorphisms in the coding region of murine Il12b influence IL-12 and IL-23 heterodimer formation. Transfection studies using constructs containing IL-12p35 linked to IL-12p40 from the colitis-resistant C57BL/6 strain or to the polymorphic p40 variant from the colitis-susceptible SJL/J strain demonstrated that SJL/J-derived p40 constructs synthesized significantly more IL-12p70 than did constructs harboring the C57BL/6-p40 variant. This could not be attributed to differences in synthesis rate or secretion, implicating a greater affinity of SJL/J-derived IL-12p40 for its IL-12p35 subunit. This greater affinity is also associated with increased IL-23 synthesis. In addition, C57BL/6 mice transgenic for the SJL/J 40 variant synthesized significantly more IL-12p70 upon LPS challenge and were more prone to develop colonic inflammation than did C57BL/6 mice transgenic for the C57BL/6-p40 variant. The more efficient binding of the polymorphic Il12b variant to p35 and p19 is most likely due to conformational changes following differential glycosylation as a consequence of the polymorphism. The high synthesis rate of the mature cytokines resulting from this efficient binding can lead to rapid proinflammatory skewing of immune responses and distortion of the homeostatic balance underlying the greater susceptibility for colitis.
International genetic evaluation of dairy sires using a multiple-trait model with individual animal performance records.

The objectives of this study were to estimate variance components and predict sire breeding values for milk, fat, and protein yield by using a multiple-trait model in which lactation yield in each country was considered as a different trait. Data included first lactation records of 16,145,832 Holstein-sired cows that calved between January 1, 1990, and December 31, 1997, in 243,466 herds in Australia, Austria, Belgium, Canada, the Czech Republic, Estonia, Finland, Germany, Hungary, Ireland, Israel, Italy, The Netherlands, New Zealand, South Africa, Switzerland, and the USA. Milk, fat, and protein were analyzed separately by using a 17-trait sire model; in this case, "traits" refer to measurements of the same biological parameter in different production systems. Our genetic model included the systematic effects of herd-year-season of calving, age at calving, milking frequency, and heterosis class (i.e., breed composition). Heritability estimates ranged from 0.24 in Australia (protein) to 0.34 in Israel (milk) and The Netherlands (fat). Genetic correlations between countries ranged from 0.77 for Austria-Czech Republic (protein), Estonia-Finland (fat), Estonia-Ireland (milk), Estonia-Israel (milk), and Hungary-New Zealand (fat), to 0.96 for Australia-Ireland (milk), Australia-New Zealand (milk), Belgium-Netherlands (milk), and Belgium-USA (fat). Correlations differed markedly from parameters used currently in international sire evaluations. In particular, genetic correlations were 0.91 to 0.96 between Australia, Ireland, and New Zealand; all of these countries rely heavily on rotational grazing. Correlations were also 0.91 to 0.96 between Belgium, Canada, Italy, The Netherlands, and the USA; all of these countries use intensive management systems. Correlations between these two groups of countries were 0.80 to 0.90. The percentage of elite bulls (top 1% for milk yield) selected in common by each pair of countries ranged from 0.42 for Germany-Estonia and Germany-Israel to 0.78 for Belgium-Netherlands.
Acute Kidney Injury in Critically Ill Infants and Children.

REFERENCES 1. Marengoni A, Pasina L, Concoreggi C, et al: Understanding adverse drug reactions in older adults through drug-drug interactions. Eur J Intern Med 2014; 25:843–846 2. Chris Feudtner C, Dai D, Hexem KR, et al: Prevalence of polypharmacy exposure among hospitalized children in the United States. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med 2012; 166:9–16 3. Horn JR, Hansten PD: Ignoring drug Interactions for the Right Reasons. November 2009. Available at: http://www.pharmacytimes. com. Accessed January 8, 16 4. Dai D, Feinstein JA, Morrison W, et al: Epidemiology of Polypharmacy and Potential Drug-Drug Interactions Among Pediatric Patients in ICUs of U.S. Children’s Hospitals. Pediatr Crit Care Med 2016; 17: e218–e228 5. Feinstein F, Dai D, Zhong W, et al: Potential drug-drug interactions in infant, child, and adolescent patients in children’s hospitals. Pediatrics 2015; 135:e99-e108 6. Horn JR, Hansten PD: Predicting the Magnitude of Drug interactions: The Final frontier. October 2006, Pharmacy Times. Available at: http://www.pharmacytimes. com. Accessed January 8, 16
Incorporating a vascular term into a reference region model for the analysis of DCE-MRI data: a simulation study

A vascular term was incorporated into a reference region (RR) model analysis of DCE-MRI data, and its effect on the accuracy of the model in estimating tissue kinetic parameters in a tissue of interest (TOI) was systematically investigated through computer simulations. Errors in the TOI volume transfer constant (Ktrans,TOI) and TOI extravascular extracellular volume (ve,TOI) that result when the fractional plasma volume (vp) was included in (1) neither region, (2) TOI only (3) both regions were investigated. For nominal values of tumor kinetic parameters (ve,TOI = 0.40 and Ktrans,TOI = 0.25 min−1), if the vascular term was included in neither region or the TOI only, Ktrans,TOI error was within 20% for 0.03 < vp,TOI < 0.10, and ve,TOI error was within 20% for the range of vp,TOI studied (0.01–0.10). The effects of temporal resolution were shown to be complex, and in some cases errors increased with increasing temporal resolution.
Optimal Auction Design with Risk Aversion and Correlated Information

In this paper, we develop a general auction model in which buyers and seller are risk averse and private information is multidimensional and correlated, and in this setting we examine the problem of optimal auction design. In particular, we consider the problem faced by someone who has an object to sell but who does not know how much prospective buyers might be willing to pay, and allowing for risk aversion and correlated information on the part of buyers, we demonstrate the existence of an auction procedure that yields the risk averse seller the highest expected utility among all the auction procedures that are rational and Bayesian incentive compatible.
Subunit stoichiometry and molecular weight of the pyruvate dehydrogenase multienzyme complex from Escherichia coli.

The molar ratio of the component enzymes of the pyruvate dehydrogenase multienzyme complex from Escherichia coli was found to be 1.8:1.7:1[pyruvate decarboxylase (E1):dihydrolipoyl transacetylase (E2):dihydrolipoyl dehydrogenase (E3)]. This ratio was determined by measuring the Coomassie blue staining of the constituent enzymes after sodium dodecyl sulfate/polyacrylamide slab gel electrophoresis. The above ratio is the average of four separate experiments with two different enzyme preparations. The average molecular weights of the individual enzymes were found to be 96,000, 76,000, and 55,000 for E1, E2, and E3, respectively, by sodium dodecyl sulfate and sodium dodecyl sulfate/8 M urea polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and by column chromatography in 6 M guanidine . HCl. The molecular weight of E2 was reduced to 33,000-36,000 after extensive reduction and alkylation with iodoacetamide. The molecular weights of the complex, E1, and E3 were found to be 4,800,000, 182,000, and 104,000, respectively, with low-angle laser light scattering. Both E1 and E3 are dimeric under the conditions employed. If octahedral symmetry is assumed for the E2 core, a polypeptide chain ratio of 24:24:12 (E1:E2:E3) is in good agreement with the measured molar ratio of component enzymes and the molecular weight of the pyruvate dehydrogenase complex.
The Dual Income Tax: Implementation and Experience in European Countries

The paper summarizes the arguments in favour of a shift from comprehensive to dual income taxation and complements the discussion by an overview on tax reforms which reveal the characteristic features of a dual income tax system. The scope of our analysis is not restricted to the Nordic countries, we also include other European countries, whose tax reform steps can be regarded as a move toward a dual income tax. Although there are problems of implementing and running a dual income tax system, we argue that it may be worthwhile for the Commission to consider dual income taxation as a blueprint for income tax coordination in the EU.
ERCC1‐XPF endonuclease—positioned to cut

To counteract damage to our genomes, numerous endo‐ and exonucleases incise the DNA backbone to remove damaged and aberrant DNA structures. It is imperative that such incisions be very tightly controlled, as unwanted DNA breaks are a key source of genome instability. Two new papers in The EMBO Journal shed light on how the activity of one such nuclease—ERCC1‐XPF, an enzyme involved in various DNA repair pathways—is regulated to perform incision in the vicinity of DNA interstrand crosslinks.
Voice and Treatment Outcome from Phonosurgical Management of Early Glottic Cancer

Phonosurgical management of early glottic cancer has evolved considerably, but objective vocal outcome data are sparse. A prospective clinical trial was done on 32 patients with unilateral cancer (T1a in 28 and T2a in 4) who underwent ultranarrow-margin resection; 15 had resection superficial to the vocal ligament, and 17 deep to it. The subepithelial infusion technique facilitated selection of these patients for the appropriate procedure. All are cancer-free without radiotherapy or open surgery. Involvement of the anterior commissure (22/32) or the vocal process (15/32) of the arytenoid cartilage did not influence local control. Nine of 17 patients had resection of paraglottic musculature, and all underwent medialization reconstruction by lipoinjection and/or Gore-Tex laryngoplasty. Eight of the 17 had resections deep to the vocal ligament, but without vocalis muscle, and 1 of the 8 underwent medialization. Posttreatment vocal function measures were obtained for all patients. A clear majority of the patients displayed normal values for average fundamental frequency (72%) during connected speech, and normal noise-to-harmonics ratio (75%) and average glottal airflow (91%) measures during sustained vowels. Smaller majorities of patients displayed normal values for average sound pressure level (SPL; 59%) during connected speech and for maximum ranges for fundamental frequency (56%) and SPL (59%). Fewer than half of the patients displayed normal values for sustained vowel measures of jitter (45%), shimmer (22%), and maximum phonation time (34%). Almost all patients had elevated subglottal pressures and reduced values for the ratio of SPL to subglottal pressure (vocal efficiency). There were significant improvements in a majority of patients for most vocal function measures after medialization reconstruction. Normal or near-normal conversation-level voices were achieved in most cases, regardless of the disease depth, by utilization of a spectrum of resection and reconstruction options. These favorable results are based on establishing aerodynamic glottal competency and preserving the layered microstructure of noncancerous glottal tissue.
The Protein Phosphatase 2A Phosphatase Activator Is a Novel Peptidyl-Prolyl cis/trans-Isomerase*

The protein phosphatase 2A (PP2A) phosphatase activator (PTPA) is an essential protein involved in the regulation of PP2A and the PP2A-like enzymes. In this study we demonstrate that PTPA and its yeast homologues Ypa1 and Ypa2 can induce a conformational change in some model substrates. Using these model substrates in different assays with and without helper proteases, this isomerase activity is similar to the isomerase activity of FKBP12, the human cyclophilin A, and one of its yeast homologs Cpr7 but dissimilar to the isomerase activity of Pin1. However, neither FKBP12 nor Cpr7 can reactivate the inactive form of PP2A. Therefore, PTPA belongs to a novel peptidyl-prolyl cis/trans-isomerase (PPIase) family. The PPIase activity of PTPA correlates with its activating activity since both are stimulated by the presence of Mg2+ATP, and a PTPA mutant (Δ208–213) with 400-fold less activity in the activation reaction of PP2A also showed almost no PPIase activity. The point mutant Asp205 → Gly (in Ypa1) identified this amino acid as essential for both activities. Moreover, PTPA dissociates the inactive form from the complex with the PP2A methylesterase. Finally, Pro190 in the catalytic subunit of PP2A (PP2AC) could be identified as the target Pro isomerized by PTPA/Mg2+ATP since among the 14 Pro residues present in 12 synthesized peptides representing the microenvironments of these prolines in PP2AC, only Pro190 could be isomerized by PTPA/Mg2+ATP. This Pro190 is present in a predicted loop structure near the catalytic center of PP2AC and, if mutated into a Phe, the phosphatase is inactive and can no longer be activated by PTPA/Mg2+ATP.
Impact of FDI on Lithuanian economy: Insight into development of main economic activities

Abstract Aim of the paper is to estimate impact of foreign direct investment (FDI) on growth of economy in Lithuania. In order to detect specifics of development of main economic activities, differences in structure of FDI and structure of GDP of host economy are being juxtaposed, FDI intensity indicator in main economic activities elaborated. Authors test if different levels of penetration of foreign capital into certain economic activities serve as important factor affecting their economic growth. Research is being developed further by making assumption about higher concentration of FDI intensive economic activities. Higher concentration in that context would be interpreted as possible crowding out of local business firms from FDI intensive industries.
The relationship between implied volatility and autocorrelation

Purpose - This paper empirically assesses the determinants of conditional stock index autocorrelation with particular emphasis on the impact of return volatility that are theoretically linked through the behaviour of feedback traders. Design/methodology/approach - The SP price falls by a large amount; traded stock volumes are high; and the economy is in a recessionary phase. Research limitations/implications - The results confirm that previous related work showing a link between autocorrelation and volatility is not induced by a mechanical relation. Practical implications - Usage of endogenously determined volatility measures in this area of the literature is justified. Originality/value - This study provides a robustness test of the autocorrelation/volatility relation, as well as a further exploration of the utility inherent in option-implied volatility.
How Did the US Housing Slump Begin? Role of the 2005 Bankruptcy Reform

Most analyses of the recent financial crisis in the US focus on the consequences of the dramatic slump in housing prices that started in the mid-2000s, which led to rising mortgage defaults, shrinking home equity credit and liquidity in the banking system. Yet these accounts do not explain what caused the reversal of housing price growth in the first place. This paper argues that the passage of the 2005 Bankruptcy Reform Act (BAPCPA) contributed significantly to the reversal. The reform generated negative wealth effects for a category of homeowners, lowering prices of their homes, which spread via a process of contagion to the prices of other homes. Evidence consistent with this hypothesis is provided: changes in housing prices and mortgage interest rates at the MSA level following the reform were significantly correlated with BAPCPA-exposure. The results are robust to controls for the size of the pre-2005 price growth, local unemployment rates, rates of new home construction and home vacancies, apart from MSA, house and year dummies.
Prevention of the ulcers of the alkali-burned cornea. Preliminary studies with collagenase inhibitors.

The corneal ulcers and perforations which inevitably occur with severe alkali burns have been prevented in six of eight eyes by the use of collagenase inhibitors. This indicates that collagenase is the cause of the ulcers and suggests an effective treatment for alkali burns and other ulcered states of the cornea where collagenase has been isolated.
Thioredoxins and the redox modulation of glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase in Anabaena sp. strain PCC 7120 vegetative cells and heterocysts

Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PDH) was isolated from heterocysts and vegetative cells of Anabaena sp. strain PCC 7120. Both enzyme preparations proved to be more active in their oxidized than in their reduced forms. At least one protein with thioredoxin activity was found in Anabaena sp. which, if reduced with dithiothreitol, deactivated the G6PDH preparations. The deactivated heterocyst G6PDH could be reactivated neither by O2 nor by oxidized thioredoxin. Reactivation of the enzyme was, however, achieved by oxidized glutathione or H2O2. The active form of Anabaena G6PDH was readily deactivated by heterologous thioredoxin(s). The Anabaena thioredoxin(s) modulated heterologous enzymes.