Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Doddering, but Dear: Process, Content, and Function in Stereotyping of Older Persons

about other people (Fiske 1998; Kite, Deaux, and Miele 1991). Conscious or not, noticing age drives our interactions with others. Age seems to answer: How should I address them? What are their political views? What do they know about popular culture? Will they be competent? Socially aware? How slowly should I talk? How loudly? From an individual’s perceived age, we infer social and cognitive competencies, political and religious beliefs, and physical abilities. These inferences guide how we behave and what information we seek, heed, and remember. Age is far from the only social marker that shapes our attitudes toward other people. We form opinions based on sex, race, and religion, among other social categories. But unlike these other categories, old age is one that most of us eventually join. For the most part, people do not move from one gender, racial, ethnic, or religious category to another. Moreover, stereotyping people based on their age, unlike these other groupings, goes largely unchallenged and even unnoticed in the United States. We disparage elderly people without fear of censure. Indeed, noticing a person’s age early in a social encounter is not surprising or inherently offensive. It is what we do with that information that can be destructive. As Butler (1980) notes in an edition of the Journal of Social Issues devoted to the topic, ageism, like racism and sexism, becomes institutionalized, affecting hiring decisions, medical care, and social policy. Many people approach old age with dread. What was once viewed as a natural process is now seen as a social problem. Television portrays only 1.5 percent of its characters as elderly, and most of them in minor roles (Zebrowitz and Montepare 2000). Older adults are also more likely than any other age group to appear in television and film as conduits for comic relief, exploiting stereotypes of physical, cognitive, and sexual ineffectiveness (Zebrowitz and Montepare 2000). Today in America, we no 1 Doddering but Dear: Process, Content, and Function in Stereotyping of Older Persons Amy J. C. Cuddy and Susan T. Fiske
Intracellular Molecular Differences in Aldosterone- Compared to Cortisol-Secreting Adrenal Cortical Adenomas

The adrenal cortex is a major site of steroid hormone production. Two hormones are of particular importance: aldosterone, which is produced in the zona glomerulosa in response to volume depletion and hyperkalemia, and cortisol, which is produced in the zona fasciculata in response to stress. In both cases, acute stimulation leads to increased hormone production, and chronic stimulation causes hyperplasia of the respective zone. Aldosterone- and cortisol-producing adenomas (APAs and CPAs) are benign tumors of the adrenal cortex that cause excess hormone production, leading to primary aldosteronism and Cushing’s syndrome, respectively. About 40% of the APAs carry somatic heterozygous gain-of-function mutations in the K+ channel KCNJ5. These mutations lead to sodium permeability, depolarization, activation of voltage-gated Ca2+ channels, and Ca2+ influx. Mutations in the Na+/K+-ATPase subunit ATP1A1 and the plasma membrane Ca2+-ATPase ATP2B3 similarly cause Na+ or H+ permeability and depolarization, whereas mutations in the Ca2+ channel CACNA1D directly lead to increased calcium influx. One in three CPAs carries a recurrent gain-of-function mutation (L206R) in the PRKACA gene, encoding the catalytic subunit of PKA. This mutation causes constitutive PKA activity by abolishing the binding of the inhibitory regulatory subunit to the catalytic subunit. These mutations activate pathways that are relatively specific to the respective cell type (glomerulosa versus fasciculata), and there is little overlap in mutation spectrum between APAs and CPAs, but co-secretion of both hormones can occur. Mutations in CTNNB1 (beta-catenin) and GNAS (Gsα) are exceptions, as they can cause both APAs and CPAs through pathways that are incompletely understood.
Social machines? Critical reflections on the agency of 'Embodied Conversational Agents'

New agencies appear at the interface in the form of so called 'Embodied Conversational Agents' (ECAs). These humanoid machines are becoming increasingly implemented into digital games and virtual worlds in order to interact with human users in a humanlike way. Against the background of this phenomenon, some scholars ask whether the spread of 'social' machines calls for traditional definitions of society to be questioned. Following this debate, I will challenge the social abilities of ECAs from a sociological point of view. This means that I ask whether ECAs really can be treated as social actors. For this I will at first discuss different socialtheoretical positions about 'social action', in particular Actor Network Theory and Niklas Luhmann’s Systems Theory. Building on those considerations, in a second step, I will present a short example of my own empirical research on humanhumanoid-communication in the virtual world 'Second Life'.
Estrogens Regulate the Hepatic Effects of Growth Hormone, a Hormonal Interplay with Multiple Fates

The liver responds to estrogens and growth hormone (GH) which are critical regulators of body growth, gender-related hepatic functions, and intermediate metabolism. The effects of estrogens on liver can be direct, through the direct actions of hepatic ER, or indirect, which include the crosstalk with endocrine, metabolic, and sex-differentiated functions of GH. Most previous studies have been focused on the influence of estrogens on pituitary GH secretion, which has a great impact on hepatic transcriptional regulation. However, there is strong evidence that estrogens can influence the GH-regulated endocrine and metabolic functions in the human liver by acting at the level of GHR-STAT5 signaling pathway. This crosstalk is relevant because the widespread exposition of estrogen or estrogen-related compounds in human. Therefore, GH or estrogen signaling deficiency as well as the influence of estrogens on GH biology can cause a dramatic impact in liver physiology during mammalian development and in adulthood. In this review, we will summarize the current status of the influence of estrogen on GH actions in liver. A better understanding of estrogen-GH interplay in liver will lead to improved therapy of children with growth disorders and of adults with GH deficiency.
Structural and functional architecture of respiratory networks in the mammalian brainstem

Neural circuits controlling breathing in mammals are organized within serially arrayed and functionally interacting brainstem compartments extending from the pons to the lower medulla. The core circuit components that constitute the neural machinery for generating respiratory rhythm and shaping inspiratory and expiratory motor patterns are distributed among three adjacent structural compartments in the ventrolateral medulla: the Bötzinger complex (BötC), pre-Bötzinger complex (pre-BötC) and rostral ventral respiratory group (rVRG). The respiratory rhythm and inspiratory–expiratory patterns emerge from dynamic interactions between: (i) excitatory neuron populations in the pre-BötC and rVRG active during inspiration that form inspiratory motor output; (ii) inhibitory neuron populations in the pre-BötC that provide inspiratory inhibition within the network; and (iii) inhibitory populations in the BötC active during expiration that generate expiratory inhibition. Network interactions within these compartments along with intrinsic rhythmogenic properties of pre-BötC neurons form a hierarchy of multiple oscillatory mechanisms. The functional expression of these mechanisms is controlled by multiple drives from more rostral brainstem components, including the retrotrapezoid nucleus and pons, which regulate the dynamic behaviour of the core circuitry. The emerging view is that the brainstem respiratory network has rhythmogenic capabilities at multiple hierarchical levels, which allows flexible, state-dependent expression of different rhythmogenic mechanisms under different physiological and metabolic conditions and enables a wide repertoire of respiratory behaviours.
Screening and Surveillance for Second Malignant Neoplasms in Adult Survivors of Childhood Cancer: A Report From the Childhood Cancer Survivor Study

BACKGROUND Survivors of childhood cancer may develop a second malignant neoplasm during adulthood and therefore require regular surveillance. OBJECTIVE To examine adherence to population cancer screening guidelines by survivors at average risk for a second malignant neoplasm and adherence to cancer surveillance guidelines by survivors at high risk for a second malignant neoplasm. DESIGN Retrospective cohort study. SETTING The Childhood Cancer Survivor Study (CCSS), a 26-center study of long-term survivors of childhood cancer that was diagnosed between 1970 and 1986. PATIENTS 4329 male and 4018 female survivors of childhood cancer who completed a CCSS questionnaire assessing screening and surveillance for new cases of cancer. MEASUREMENTS Patient-reported receipt and timing of mammography, Papanicolaou smear, colonoscopy, or skin examination was categorized as adherent to the U.S. Preventive Services Task Force guidelines for survivors at average risk for breast or cervical cancer or the Children's Oncology Group guidelines for survivors at high risk for breast, colorectal, or skin cancer as a result of cancer therapy. RESULTS In average-risk female survivors, 2743 of 3392 (80.9%) reported having a Papanicolaou smear within the recommended period, and 140 of 209 (67.0%) reported mammography within the recommended period. In high-risk survivors, rates of recommended mammography among women were only 241 of 522 (46.2%) and the rates of colonoscopy and complete skin examinations among both sexes were 91 of 794 (11.5%) and 1290 of 4850 (26.6%), respectively. LIMITATIONS Data were self-reported. Participants in the CCSS are a selected group of survivors, and their adherence may not be representative of all survivors of childhood cancer. CONCLUSION Female survivors at average risk for a second malignant neoplasm show reasonable rates of screening for cervical and breast cancer. However, surveillance for new cases of cancer is very low in survivors at the highest risk for colon, breast, or skin cancer, suggesting that survivors and their physicians need education about their risks and recommended surveillance. PRIMARY FUNDING SOURCE The National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, and the American Lebanese Syrian Associated Charities.
Platelet Endothelial Cell Adhesion Molecule (PECAM-1) Expression in Malignant Human Tumours and their Metastases

PECAM-1 is an adhesion molecule that plays an important role in the process of tumour disease dissemination since a function in transendothelial migration, angiogenesis and immune response has been shown for this membrane protein. Nevertheless the expression of PECAM-1 protein in solid tumours is a controversial matter and it has not been clarified so far. Thus, the aim of our study was to investigate PECAM-1 expression by immunohistochemistry in primary carci-nomas from colon, breast, bladder, ovary and kidney, and in their metastases. In addition an example of primary and metastatic melanoma was also investigated. We found that PECAM-1 is expressed in the metastases of all primary car-cinomas that express PECAM-1 (colorectal, breast and urothelial bladder). By the contrary metastases from primary carcinomas non-expressing PECAM-1 are also negative for expression. In conclusion, our findings support a possible role of this molecule in metastatic development of a subset of malignant human epithelial tumours.t
Reactive Oxygen Species and Dopamine Receptor Function in Essential Hypertension

Essential hypertension is a major risk factor for stroke, myocardial infarction, and heart and kidney failure. Dopamine plays an important role in the pathogenesis of hypertension by regulating epithelial sodium transport and by interacting with vasoactive hormones and humoral factors. However, the mechanisms leading to impaired dopamine receptor function in hypertension states are not clear. Compelling experimental evidence indicates a role of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in hypertension, and there are increasing pieces of evidence showing that in conditions associated with oxidative stress, which is present in hypertensive states, dopamine receptor effects, such as natriuresis, diuresis, and vasodilation, are impaired. The goal of this review is to present experimental evidence that has led to the conclusion that decreased dopamine receptor function increases ROS activity and vice versa. Decreased dopamine receptor function and increased ROS production, working in concert or independent of each other, contribute to the pathogenesis of essential hypertension.
Molecular Scaffold Growth of Two-Dimensional, Strong Interlayer-Bonding-Layered Materials

Currently, most two-dimensional (2D) materials that are of interest to emergent applications have focused on van der Waals–layered materials (VLMs) because of the ease with which the layers can be separated (e.g., graphene). Strong interlayer-bonding-layered materials (SLMs) in general have not been thoroughly explored, and one of the most critical present issues is the huge challenge of their preparation, although their physicochemical property transformation should be richer than VLMs and deserves greater attention. MAX phases are a classical kind of SLM. However, limited to the strong interlayer bonding, their corresponding 2D counterparts have never been obtained, nor has there been investigation of their fundamental properties in the 2D limitation. Here, the authors develop a controllable bottom-up synthesis strategy for obtaining 2D SLMs single crystal through the design of a molecular scaffold with Mo 2GaC, which is a typical kind of MAX phase, as an example. The superconducting transitions of Mo 2GaC at the 2D limit are clearly inherited from the bulk, which is consistent with Berezinskii–Kosterlitz–Thouless behavior. The authors believe that their molecular scaffold strategy will allow the fabrication of other high-quality 2D SLMs single crystals, which will further expand the family of 2D materials and promote their future application.
A model driven engineering methodology for embedded system designs — HIPAO2

The evolution of recent embedded systems has made their design very complex since the number of functionalities implemented in them is large and the platforms that are used to run these applications may include several heterogeneous and high-performance processing units. Model Driven Engineering has been advocated as a possible solution to help the system designers to deal with these highly complex systems developments. This paper presents the HIPAO2 methodology. The proposed methodology uses the Model Driven Engineering concepts to go from requirement to Platform Independent Model and Platform Models using object and aspect oriented modeling. It also includes a Model-Driven Design Space exploration framework to perform hardware/software partitioning and generate Platform Specific Models. Code is generated using model-to-text transformations. HIPAO2 focuses on the development of systems of system and provides mechanisms for reuse of previously developed subsys-tems. The methodology is applied to the development of an image processing system deployed in an Unmanned Autonomous Vehicle.
Aerosol concentration and size distribution measured below, in, and above cloud from the DOE G-1 during VOCALS-REx

During the VOCALS Regional Experiment, the DOE G-1 aircraft was used to sample a varying aerosol envi- ronment pertinent to properties of stratocumulus clouds over a longitude band extending 800 km west from the Chilean coast at Arica. Trace gas and aerosol measurements are pre- sented as a function of longitude, altitude, and dew point in this study. Spatial distributions are consistent with an up- per atmospheric source for O3 and South American coastal sources for marine boundary layer (MBL) CO and aerosol, most of which is acidic sulfate. Pollutant layers in the free troposphere (FT) can be a result of emissions to the north in Peru or long range transport from the west. At a given alti- tude in the FT (up to 3 km), dew point varies by 40 C with dry air descending from the upper atmospheric and moist air having a boundary layer (BL) contribution. Ascent of BL air to a cold high altitude results in the condensation and precipitation removal of all but a few percent of BL water along with aerosol that served as CCN. Thus, aerosol vol- ume decreases with dew point in the FT. Aerosol size spectra have a bimodal structure in the MBL and an intermediate diameter unimodal distribution in the FT. Comparing cloud droplet number concentration (CDNC) and pre-cloud aerosol (Dp >100 nm) gives a linear relation up to a number concen- tration of 150 cm 3 , followed by a less than proportional increase in CDNC at higher aerosol number concentration. A number balance between below cloud aerosol and cloud droplets indicates that 25 % of aerosol with Dp>100 nm are interstitial (not activated). A direct comparison of pre- cloud and in-cloud aerosol yields a higher estimate. Artifacts in the measurement of interstitial aerosol due to droplet shat- ter and evaporation are discussed. Within each of 102 con- stant altitude cloud transects, CDNC and interstitial aerosol were anti-correlated. An examination of one cloud as a case study shows that the interstitial aerosol appears to have a background, upon which is superimposed a high frequency signal that contains the anti-correlation. The anti-correlation is a possible source of information on particle activation or evaporation.
Neocytolysis: none, one or many? A reappraisal and future perspectives

Neocytolysis is the hypothesis formulated to explain experimental evidence of selective lysis of young red blood cells (RBCs) (neocytes) associated with decreased plasma levels of erythropoietin (EPO). In humans, it appears to take place whenever a fast RBC mass reduction is required, i.e., in astronauts during the first days of spaceflight under weightlessness, where a fast reduction in plasma volume and increase in haematocrit occur. EPO plasma levels then decline and a decrease in RBC mass takes place, apparently because of the selective lysis of the youngest, recently generated RBCs (neocytes). The same process seems to occur in people descending to sea level after acclimatization at high altitude. After descent, the polycythaemia developed at high altitude must be abrogated, and a rapid reduction in the number of circulating RBCs is obtained by a decrease in EPO synthesis and the lysis of what seem to be young RBCs. In vivo, neocytolysis seems to be abolished by EPO administration. More recent research has ascribed to neocytolysis the RBC destruction that occurs under such disparate pathophysiologic conditions as nephropathy, severe obstructive pulmonary disease, blood doping, and even malaria anaemia. According to the theory, EPO's central role would be not only to stimulate the production of new RBCs in conditions of anaemia, as maintained by the orthodox view, but also that of a cytoprotective factor for circulating young RBCs. Why neocytes are specifically destroyed and how is this related to decreased EPO levels has not yet been elucidated. Changes in membrane molecules of young RBCs isolated from astronauts or mountain climbers upon return to normal conditions seem to indicate a higher susceptibility of neocytes to ingestion by macrophages. By limiting the context to space missions and high altitude expeditions, this review will address unresolved and critical issues that in our opinion have not been sufficiently highlighted in previous works.
Two Stratum Bayesian Network Based Anomaly Detection Model for Intrusion Detection System

An intrusion detection system (IDS) attempts to identify attacks by comparing collected data to predefined signatures known to be malicious (signature-based IDS) or to a model of legal behaviour (anomaly-based IDS). Anomaly-based approaches have the advantage of being able to detect previously unknown attacks, but they suffer from the difficulty of building robust models of acceptable behaviour which may result in a large number of false alarms. Two reasons for the large number of false alarms, caused by incorrect classification of events in current systems, one is the simplistic aggregation of model outputs inthe decision phase. The other reason is the lack of integration of additional information into the decision process. To mitigate these shortcomings, this paper proposes a two stratum Bayesian networks based anomaly detection and decision model for intrusion detection system. Bayesian networks improve the aggregation of outputs, such as empirical data and allow one to seamlessly incorporate additional information. Experimental results clearly demonstrate the efficiency of our approach to improve the accuracy of the intrusion detection and decision process in an anomaly based IDS.
Decentralized Stabilization of Complex Systems by Combination of Conventional and Fuzzy Controls

In this paper, we deal with the problem of how to achieve stability for a complex system in which the subsystems are stable, but the non-linear interaction between the subsystems may cause instability. We assume that the uncertainties with which we know the parameters of the system are bounded, but that these bounds are not known. For such systems, we propose a new control method: a decentralized robust control with fuzzy estimation of the bounds of uncertainties, implemented as a combination of conventional and fuzzy controllers. The use of fuzzy control is motivated by the equivalent dynamic fuzzy state-space model of the system consisting of interconnected uncertain subsystems.
Literary Survey True Random Number Generation in FPGAs

Random Numbers Cryptographic systems require randomness to create strong encryption protection and unique identification. The strength of these protections resides in the non-predictability of moderate amounts of data. As the need for larger keys and more unique IDs grows, the need for random numbers also grows. This paper will summarize a survey of recent IEEE publications on the subject of True Random Number Generation in FPGAs.
Proliferation and differentiation in mammalian airway epithelium.

The infrequency of mitotic figures led to dispute amongst early workers as to the occurrence of cell division in adult mammalian airway epithelium [30, 63, 83, 227]. It was not until 1951 that quantitative work in the respiratory tract began to concentrate on the distal (i.e. respiratory) portion of the lung (reviewed by BERTALANFFY (20, 21], KAUFFMAN [132], and MASSE et al. [159]). Studies of the lining epithelium of conducting airways soon followed [I I, 25, 26, 27, 32, 38, 148, 208, 230]. The present review summarizes the results of many studies of cell division and differentiation in conducting airway epithelium. I t is divided into three major sections: I) general principles and techniques used in assessment of cell kinetics; 2) normal proliferation and differentiation in conducting airways and 3) effects of irritants and carcinogens, mechanical trauma, drugs, infection and physiological factors on cell proliferation and differentiation. Proliferation and differentiation, which occur during airway development, are not discussed here: the interested reader is referred to the following papers and reviews [24, 47, 119, 129, 132, 207, 237]. At least eight epithelial cell types are recognised in the lining epithelium of conducting airways and three in the epithelium lining the alveoli (for reviews see [41, 116, 117, 118]). In man the tracheobronchial surface epithelium is pseudostratified, ciliated and columnar