Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Boosting Statistical Machine Translation by Lemmatization and Linear Interpolation

Data sparseness is one of the factors that degrade statistical machine translation (SMT). Existing work has shown that using morpho-syntactic information is an effective solution to data sparseness. However, fewer efforts have been made for Chinese-to-English SMT with using English morpho-syntactic analysis. We found that while English is a language with less inflection, using English lemmas in training can significantly improve the quality of word alignment that leads to yield better translation performance. We carried out comprehensive experiments on multiple training data of varied sizes to prove this. We also proposed a new effective linear interpolation method to integrate multiple homologous features of translation models.
Study of the electroencephalographic correlates of mind wandering and meditation

Trying to focus our attention on any given physical or mental object, we soon re- alize it cannot be kept indefinitely focused and soon drifts towards other thoughts or sensations, a phenomenon called mind wandering. Interestingly, ancient traditions of meditation practices have developed a large variety of methods aiming at developing the awareness of mind wandering episodes and training the mind to remain focused. It is important to point out that the knowledge of the focus of attention is a type of information that is private to the subject and that can only be assessed using methods that take into account first-person perspectives. During my thesis, I studied both the mind wandering and the meditation mental states in an effort to better understand what is happening in the brain when someone meditates. First, regardless of the med- itation tradition, mind wandering is ever present during meditation and it seemed like an ideal starting point for studying meditation. It is also a phenomenon that is not unique to meditation and is present whenever a person attempts to focus. Using a novel EEG protocol, we show that mind wandering episodes are accompanied by in- creased amplitude at low frequencies in the delta (1-3Hz) and theta (4-7Hz) frequency bands as well as a reduction of pre-attentive sensory processing as shown by the anal- ysis event-related potentials. These results indicate that mind wandering is associated with a lower vigilance level, resembling early stages of drowsiness. These results are consistent with some Buddhist texts on meditation, in which mind wandering is con- sidered to be a state of relative sleep where the mind is not aware. Then, we realized a comparative study of EEG activity during meditation to attempt to sort out the ori- gin of the divergent results found in the literature. We recorded the spontaneous EEG activity of 3 groups of meditators from 3 different meditation traditions in addition to a non-meditator group using the same protocol and equipment. We showed that all groups of meditators had higher 60-110Hz gamma amplitude when compared to the controls during meditation, possibly indicating different attentional processes in med- itators. No differences were found between the mental control state and the meditative state in meditators, suggesting that we were observing trait rather than state effects of meditation. Overall, our study emphasizes the need to better define what could be the best control mental state for meditation. During this work, I also explored the method- ologies allowing the collection of accurate subjective data. Our work brings new data in the field of consciousness, mind wandering and meditation study, but the road will be long before we fully understand the mechanisms underlying our inner life.
Regional differences in synaptogenesis in human cerebral cortex

The formation of synaptic contacts in human cerebral cortex was compared in two cortical regions: auditory cortex (Heschl's gyrus) and prefrontal cortex (middle frontal gyrus). Synapse formation in both cortical regions begins in the fetus, before conceptual age 27 weeks. Synaptic density increases more rapidly in auditory cortex, where the maximum is reached near postnatal age 3 months. Maximum synaptic density in middle frontal gyrus is not reached until after age 15 months. Synaptogenesis occurs concurrently with dendritic and axonal growth and with myelination of the subcortical white matter. A phase of net synapse elimination occurs late in childhood, earlier in auditory cortex, where it has ended by age 12 years, than in prefrontal cortex, where it extends to midadolescence. Synaptogenesis and synapse elimination in humans appear to be heterochronous in different cortical regions and, in that respect, appears to differ from the rhesus monkey, where they are concurrent. In other respects, including overproduction of synaptic contacts in infancy, persistence of high levels of synaptic density to late childhood or adolescence, the absolute values of maximum and adult synaptic density, and layer specific differences, findings in the human resemble those in rhesus monkeys. J. Comp. Neurol. 387:167–178, 1997. © 1997 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Book Reviews : Conjoint Family Therapy Virginia Satir Souvenir Press, £4.50, (£2.95 p/b) Peoplemaking Virginia Satir Souvenir Press, £5.00, (£3.50 p/b)

It is rare to have the chance of reviewing an established classic, but the appearance after eleven years of a revised British edition of Conjoint Family Therapy provides an opportunity for a restatement of its fundamental value. Virginia Satir’s book must by now be well-known in the Probation Service as a practical guide for those who want to help families in difficulty. In the face of widespread public questioning of whether professional social work has anything tangible to offer, here are described real skills, based on knowledge, and capable of being learnt. Conjoint Family Therapy accurately . describes itself as &dquo;a guide to theory and technique&dquo;; it comprises three sections, two on theory and a third on therapy. The opening analysis of family relationships rests on a wealth of knowledge and clinical experience deriving from the psychoanalytic tradition. It says a great deal that is relevant to the understanding of delinquency and marital breakdown, two . areas of dysfunction of central concern to probation officers. This is followed by a section on communication theory and the third part describes a well-tried method of working with families in a way that involves all their members, and centres on the functional problem rather than the &dquo;identified patient&dquo;, the one who is labelled mad or bad. The book is set out in an unusual fashion, with numbered and subdivided paragraphs, but I found it clear and helpful for reference purposes. Conjoint Family Therapy should now be purchased for every office library which does not already have a copy. Virginia Satir’s optimistic and infectious belief in the potential of the family as an arena for growth and change also permeates Peoplemakirrg, a new British edition of a book published in 1972. It describes family processes and is written for families to use themselves, in contrast with Conjoint Family Therapy which is for professionals. Its essential content is similar to that of the earlier book, but this is a Do-It-Yourself version, liberally equipped with exercises and
Detecting Environment‐Dependent Diversification From Phylogenies: A Simulation Study and Some Empirical Illustrations

Abstract Understanding the relative influence of various abiotic and biotic variables on diversification dynamics is a major goal of macroevolutionary studies. Recently, phylogenetic approaches have been developed that make it possible to estimate the role of various environmental variables on diversification using time‐calibrated species trees, paleoenvironmental data, and maximum‐likelihood techniques. These approaches have been effectively employed to estimate how speciation and extinction rates vary with key abiotic variables, such as temperature and sea level, and we can anticipate that they will be increasingly used in the future. Here we compile a series of biotic and abiotic paleodatasets that can be used as explanatory variables in these models and use simulations to assess the statistical properties of the approach when applied to these paleodatasets. We demonstrate that environment‐dependent models perform well in recovering environment‐dependent speciation and extinction parameters, as well as in correctly identifying the simulated environmental model when speciation is environment‐dependent. We explore how the strength of the environment‐dependency, tree size, missing taxa, and characteristics of the paleoenvironmental curves influence the performance of the models. Finally, using these models, we infer environment‐dependent diversification in two empirical phylogenies: temperature‐dependence in Cetacea and Symbol‐dependence in Ruminantia. We illustrate how to evaluate the relative importance of abiotic and biotic variables in these two clades and interpret these results in light of macroevolutionary hypotheses. Given the important role paleoenvironments are presumed to have played in species evolution, our statistical assessment of how environment‐dependent models behave is crucial for their utility in macroevolutionary analysis. Symbol. No caption available.
Designing Energy Efficient Communication Runtime Systems for Data Centric Programming Models

The insatiable demand of high performance computing is being driven by the most computationally intensive applications such as computational chemistry, climate modeling, nuclear physics, etc. The last couple of decades have observed a tremendous rise in supercomputers with architectures ranging from traditional clusters to system-on-a-chip in order to achieve the petaflop computing barrier. However, with advent of petaflop-plus computing, we have ushered in an era where power efficient system software stack is imperative for execution on exascale systems and beyond. At the same time, computationally intensive applications are exploring programming models beyond traditional message passing, as a combination of Partitioned Global Address Space (PGAS) languages and libraries, providing one-sided communication paradigm with put, get and accumulate primitives. To support the PGAS models, it is critical to design power efficient and high performance one-sided communication runtime systems. In this paper, we design and implement PASCoL, a high performance power aware one-sided communication library using Aggregate Remote Memory Copy Interface (ARMCI), the communication runtime system of Global Arrays. For various communication primitives provided by ARMCI, we study the impact of Dynamic Voltage/Frequency Scaling (DVFS) and a combination of interrupt (blocking)/polling based mechanisms provided by most modern interconnects. We implement our design and evaluate it with synthetic benchmarks using an Infini Band cluster. Our results indicate that PASCoL can achieve significant reduction in energy consumed per byte transfer without additional penalty for various one-sided communication primitives and various message sizes and data transfer patterns.
A General Model for Amino Acid Interaction Networks

In this paper we introduce the notion of protein interaction network. This is a graph whose vertices are the protein’s amino acids and whose edges are the interactions between them. Using a graph theory approach, we identify a number of properties of these networks. We compare them to the general small-world network model and we analyze their hierarchical structure. Keywords—interaction network, protein structure, small-world network.
Structured design to optimize the output power of stacked power amplifiers

An enhancement of an analytical algorithm to simplify and structure the design of stacked power amplifiers is presented in this work. This enhancement includes the calculation of passive networks, which compensate the parasitic capacitances of the transistors and thereby increase the distortion-free output power and the power added efficiency (PAE). As an example the algorithm is applied to a power amplifier (PA), using the IBM 180 nm CMOS process. The PA operates at 2GHz for the long term evolution (LTE) standard. The post-layout-simulation exhibits an output power in the 1 dB compression point of 28.2 dBm, leading to a PAE of 30%. The relative 3 dB bandwidth of the output power reaches a high value of 33%. The PA fulfills the specifications of LTE and therewith the high requirements on linearity.
Web search

X R D S • s u m m e r 2 0 1 2 • V o l . 1 8 • N o . 4 back automizers: Companies like dropbox and Pandora that provide a convenience to customers. social transformers: Companies like okCupid and Foursquare that create new ways for people to interact. integrators: Companies such as HubSpot and PBWorks that bring innovations from the Internet, like wikis, to the business world. Challengers: Companies like oracle and
Polar encapsidation of adenovirus DNA: cloning and DNA sequence of the left end of adenovirus type 3

The left-end adenovirus type 3 DNA sequence is very similar to those of other subgroup B adenoviruses, especially in the area between the HinfI site (320 base pairs) and the early-region Ia gene. This segment of the genome has been implicated as necessary for the left-end polarity of adenovirus DNA encapsidation. This segment and the sequences flanking it are compared with the corresponding sequences of adenovirus type 5 and adenovirus type 12, and the extent and pattern of intersubgroup homologies are discussed.
Modelling Longitudinal Counts Data with Application to recurrent Epileptic seizure events.

The objectives of this thesis is to explore different approaches of modelling clustered correlated data in the form of repeated or longitudinal counts data leading to a replicated Poisson process. The specific application is from repeated epileptic seizure time to events data. Two main classes of models will be considered in this thesis. These are the marginal and subject or cluster specific effects models. Under the marginal class of models the generalized estimating equations approach due to Liang and Zeger (1986) is first considered. These models are concerned with population averaged effects as opposed to subject-specific effects which include random subject-specific effects such that multiple or repeated outcomes within a subject or cluster are assumed to be independent conditional on the subject−specific effects. Finally we consider a distinct class of marginal models which include three common variants namely the approach due to Anderson and Gill (1982), Wei et al (1989) and Prentice et al. (1981)
Lasting Effects of Workplace Strength Training for Neck/Shoulder/Arm Pain among Laboratory Technicians: Natural Experiment with 3-Year Follow-Up

Objectives. This study investigated long-term effects and implementation processes of workplace strength training for musculoskeletal disorders. Methods. 333 and 140 laboratory technicians from private and public sector companies, respectively, replied to a 3-year follow-up questionnaire subsequent to a 1-year randomized controlled trial (RCT) with high-intensity strength training for prevention and treatment of neck, shoulder, and arm pain. Being a natural experiment, the two participating companies implemented and modified the initial training program in different ways during the subsequent 2 years after the RCT. Results. At 3-year follow-up the pain reduction in neck, shoulder, elbow, and wrist achieved during the first year was largely maintained at both companies. However, the private sector company was rated significantly better than the public sector company in (1) training adherence, (2) training culture, that is, relatively more employees trained at the workplace and with colleagues, (3) self-reported health changes, and (4) prevention of neck and wrist pain development among initially pain-free employees. Conclusions. This natural experiment shows that strength training can be implemented successfully at different companies during working hours on a long-term basis with lasting effects on pain in neck, shoulder, and arm.
A Direct Interaction between Actin and Vimentin Filaments Mediated by the Tail Domain of Vimentin*

The assembly and organization of the three major eukaryotic cytoskeleton proteins, actin, microtubules, and intermediate filaments, are highly interdependent. Through evolution, cells have developed specialized multifunctional proteins that mediate the cross-linking of these cytoskeleton filament networks. Here we test the hypothesis that two of these filamentous proteins, F-actin and vimentin filament, can interact directly, i.e. in the absence of auxiliary proteins. Through quantitative rheological studies, we find that a mixture of vimentin/actin filament network features a significantly higher stiffness than that of networks containing only actin filaments or only vimentin filaments. Maximum inter-filament interaction occurs at a vimentin/actin molar ratio of 3 to 1. Mixed networks of actin and tailless vimentin filaments show low mechanical stiffness and much weaker inter-filament interactions. Together with the fact that cells featuring prominent vimentin and actin networks are much stiffer than their counterparts lacking an organized actin or vimentin network, these results suggest that actin and vimentin filaments can interact directly through the tail domain of vimentin and that these inter-filament interactions may contribute to the overall mechanical integrity of cells and mediate cytoskeletal cross-talk.
Systems pharmacology approaches for optimization of antiangiogenic therapies: challenges and opportunities

Targeted therapies have become an important therapeutic paradigm for multiple malignancies. The rapid development of resistance to these therapies impedes the successful management of advanced cancer. Due to the redundancy in angiogenic signaling, alternative proangiogenic factors are activated upon treatment with anti-VEGF agents. Higher doses of the agents lead to greater stimulation of compensatory proangiogenic pathways that limit the therapeutic efficacy of VEGF-targeted drugs and produce escape mechanisms for tumor. Evidence suggests that dose intensity and schedules affect the dynamics of the development of this resistance. Thus, an optimal dosing regimen is crucial to maximizing the therapeutic benefit of antiangiogenic agents and limiting treatment resistance. A systems pharmacology approach using multiscale computational modeling can facilitate a mechanistic understanding of these dynamics of angiogenic biomarkers and their impacts on tumor reduction and resistance. Herein, we discuss a systems pharmacology approach integrating the biology of VEGF-targeted therapy resistance, including circulating biomarkers, and pharmacodynamics to enable the optimization of antiangiogenic therapy for therapeutic gains.
Plastid encoded RNA polymerase activity and expression of photosynthesis genes required for embryo and seed development in Arabidopsis

Chloroplast biogenesis and function is essential for proper plant embryo and seed development but the molecular mechanisms underlying the role of plastids during embryogenesis are poorly understood. Expression of plastid encoded genes is dependent on two different transcription machineries; a plastid-encoded bacterial-type RNA polymerase (PEP) and a nuclear-encoded phage-type RNA polymerase (NEP), which recognize distinct types of promoters. However, the division of labor between PEP and NEP during plastid development and in mature chloroplasts is unclear. We show here that PLASTID REDOX INSENSITIVE 2 (PRIN2) and CHLOROPLAST STEM-LOOP BINDING PROTEIN 41 kDa (CSP41b), two proteins identified in plastid nucleoid preparations, are essential for proper plant embryo development. Using Co-IP assays and native PAGE we have shown a direct physical interaction between PRIN2 and CSP41b. Moreover, PRIN2 and CSP41b form a distinct protein complex in vitro that binds DNA. The prin2.2 and csp41b-2 single mutants displayed pale phenotypes, abnormal chloroplasts with reduced transcript levels of photosynthesis genes and defects in embryo development. The respective csp41b-2prin2.2 homo/heterozygote double mutants produced abnormal white colored ovules and shrunken seeds. Thus, the csp41b-2prin2.2 double mutant is embryo lethal. In silico analysis of available array data showed that a large number of genes traditionally classified as PEP dependent genes are transcribed during early embryo development from the pre-globular stage to the mature-green-stage. Taken together, our results suggest that PEP activity and consequently the switch from NEP to PEP activity, is essential during embryo development and that the PRIN2-CSP41b DNA binding protein complex possibly is important for full PEP activity during this process.
Call to Purpose: Mission-Centered Change at Three Liberal Arts Colleges

Chapter 1. Introduction: More than just 'mission' Chapter 2. A thematic account of the development of institutional purpose Timeframes Institutional malaise Ending the stalemate Creating a mandate for change Toward a common purpose Implementing the vision Struggles over ideology: True believers and the naysayers The dark side of change Discovering you've arrived: Symbols of success Reaching the end of your life cycle of change Chapter 3. The search for purpose as an institutional revitalization Beginnings: The Institutional 'malaise' Preparing for a revelation 1. Rejection of old system 2. Openness and dialogue 3. Presidential conviction 4. Recovering the institutional history 5. Discovering distinctiveness The Visions Implementation Birth of a movement Institutional change as a revitalization Comparing belief systems: Then and now Chapter 4. The power, the politics and pathology of ideologically-based change Canceling the social contract Pushing for change Securing change Constructing the enemy Witch-hunting at Olivet An analysis of the witch hunt Chapter 5. Sustaining a sense of purpose and the social construction of success New programs and policies Betterment of Institutional life Enhanced attractiveness of the community Challenging members' conceptions of success The inestimable value of success Tempered idealism Chapter 6. Conclusion: Lessons learned and questions raised Lessons learned Future Research Appendix Bibliography
Asymptotic behavior of smooth solutions for partially dissipative hyperbolic systems with a convex entropy

We study the asymptotic time behavior of global smooth solutions to general entropy, dissipative, hyperbolic systems of balance laws in m space dimensions, under the Shizuta‐Kawashima condition. We show that these solutions approach a constant equilibrium state in the Lp‐norm at a rate O(t− (m/2)(1 − 1/p)) as t → ∞ for p ∈ [min{m, 2}, ∞]. Moreover, we can show that we can approximate, with a faster order of convergence, the conservative part of the solution in terms of the linearized hyperbolic operator for m ≥ 2, and by a parabolic equation, in the spirit of Chapman‐Enskog expansion in every space dimension. The main tool is given by a detailed analysis of the Green function for the linearized problem. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.