Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Study on seismic risk assessment model of water supply systems in mainland China

Abstract. Using the peak ground acceleration (PGA) under four exceedance probabilities calculated via a probabilistic seismic hazard analysis method for China, the probability density function of PGA was obtained by fitting with the Cornell seismic hazard exceedance probability PGA function model. Combined with the seismic fragility function of the water supply system calculated on the basis of the empirical matrix of actual earthquake damage and the exposure of fixed assets, the expected seismic loss and expected loss rate models of the water supply system were established, and the classification standard with the expected seismic loss rate of the water supply system as the index was proposed. The seismic fragility of the water supply system was classified, and the exposure of the water supply system was analyzed. The total fixed assets in the Statistical Yearbook of Urban Water Supply, henceforth called Water Supply Yearbook, were taken as the exposure to earthquake in the region. The accuracy of the fragility model in this paper was verified through the actual earthquake damage losses in Deyang. Taking the water supply system of 720 cities in mainland China as an example, the distribution maps of expected seismic loss and expected loss rate were calculated and drawn. The expected loss rate model was verified by the key earthquake prevention areas in mainland China. The assessment model based on the expected loss and expected loss rate was taken as the seismic risk assessment model of water supply systems in mainland China.
Evolution of river-routing schemes in macro-scale models and their potential for watershed management

ABSTRACT Macro-scale river-routing schemes first emerged to channel runoff generated as a by-product from land surface models to oceans. In the past decade, as discharge of major rivers was identified as a suitable parameter to test the performance of the macro-scale land surface models, river-routing received significant attention, with development of multiple schemes. As resolution improves, the possibility of river-routing schemes connecting the global models with watershed issues has emerged as an option. Yet, even as results from these schemes become easily available, a comprehensive overview of their scope and limitation when considering regional or watershed-centric applications is lacking. To address this gap, 18 published river-routing schemes are compared by examining their structure, rationale and limitations. Due to the diverse nature of scheme implementations, a direct comparison of performance is not yet possible. However, features and studies geared towards watershed-scale applications are highlighted. Issues of global to local integration are discussed.
The late-Holocene avifaunal assemblage from the island of Palagruža (Croatia): The earliest record of the Northern Gannet in the Adriatic Sea

The late-Holocene bird remains retrieved during archaeological excavations on pelagic island of Palagruža, Croatia, were analysed. The results of the analysis revealed presence of representatives of nine families: Procellariidae, Sulidae, Ardeidae, Accipitridae, Phasianidae, Rallidae, Laridae, Strigidae and Corvidae. Among the bird remains, the most numerous were remains of the Northern Gannet, Morus bassanus, which were widely distributed in the Mediterranean during the late Pleistocene. The finding of the Northern Gannet bones on Palagruža represents the first fossil record of this species in the Adriatic Sea and indicates a possible breeding site on the island. The direct Accelerator Mass Spectrometry (AMS) radiocarbon dating on two gannet bones revealed the age of 2878 ± 34 and 2694 ± 45 yr BP. Gannet bones from Palagruža were some 6000 years younger than other fossil records of that species from the Mediterranean. It is possible that during the gannet’s northward distributional shift, probably caused by centennial climatic variability and human pressure, gannet colony on that remote island in the Adriatic lasted longer than in the rest of the Mediterranean and existed until the late-Holocene. Lower sea-surface temperatures compared with the eastern Mediterranean, higher nutritive productivity and remoteness of Palagruža provided adequate breeding opportunities during that period.
A >22,000 yr diatom record from the plateau of Zambia

Abstract Diatoms and sediments were examined in a 530 cm core from Ishiba Ngandu, Zambia, a lake formed by gentle downwarping. Diatom zone D (>20 cal ka BP) was mostly sand with abundant Aulacoseira and Eunotia, suggesting a shallow lake perhaps kept fresh by spring inputs and lake discharge, except during deposition of the lowermost 66 cm. Gyttja deposition between about 22 and 20 cal ka BP suggested a deeper lake and a wetter climate, perhaps because the Congo Air Boundary (CAB) was farther southeast relative to modern times. The next zone, zone C (about 20–19 cal ka BP), was sand with abundant Achnanthidium and Eunotia but very few planktonic diatoms, apparently representing very shallow water and an arid period without the CAB. The gyttja and diatoms in zone B (19–4 ka) suggested an increase in moisture when the CAB returned. Zone A (4–0 cal ka BP) was dominated by the planktonic Aulacoseira (>89%), suggesting an increase in wind-driven mixing. Uniquely, Ishiba Ngandu likely has been relatively moist since the last glacial maximum, matching pre-Holocene wetness in Botswana but not its Holocene aridity; evidently the climate here had switched to that of East Africa.
Assessment and Mitigation of the Effects of Noise on Habitability in Deep Space Environments: Report on Non-Auditory Effects of Noise

This document assesses non-auditory effects of noise relevant to habitable volume requirements in cislunar space. Challenges to NASA’s future manned journeys to cislunar space and Mars are described within the Human Exploration and Operations Exploration Objectives document (NASA, 2016). Phase I of the exploration objectives call for a four-person crew to assemble and eventually occupy a module, the ‘Orbital ATK cislunar habitat,’ by ~2020 as part of the Deep Space Gateway (DSG) in NASA mission EM-3 1 . The objective of Phase II reflects the buildup and shakedown of the Deep Space Transport (DST) vehicle that must also support a four-person crew, up through NASA mission EM-9, by 2028–9. The DSG habitat is planned to evolve over time to a much larger research platform—by ~2024 to include a pair of modules having many of the capabilities required for supporting a human mission to Mars (Gebhardt, 2016; Cichan et al., 2017). Four astronauts are scheduled to occupy a pressurized volume of ~300 m3 for ~30–60 days during Phase I in DSG, and for up to 400 days during Phase II in DST 2 .
Identification of Bioactive Compounds in Methanolic Extracts of Some Selected Plants by Infrared Spectroscopy

Background and Objective: When two or more herbs are used in formulations, they are known as polyherbal formulations. This study evaluated the bioactive ingredients in some selected herbs commonly used in polyherbal mixture formulations by infrared spectroscopy. Materials and Methods: Fresh samples of Vernonia amygdalina leaves , Allium sativum, Garcinia kola, Curcuma longa and Zingiber officinale were purchased from Wukari New Market, Taraba State, Nigeria. The methanolic extract of the samples was obtained and Fourier Transform Infrared Spectrophotometer (FTIR) analysis was conducted on the extracts. Results: The FTIR spectra of the extracts showed bands and wave numbers of between 3280 cm G 1 and 991 cm G 1 as the prominent peaks. The peaks at these frequencies were strong, broad and medium, which confirmed the presence of compounds with the functional groups of alkanes, alkenes, amines, carboxylic acids and alcohols in the extracts. Conclusion: All the samples showed a consistent presence of similar classes of organic compounds. The results of the study confirmed that the selected herbs are vital wellsprings of phytochemicals that offer conventional therapeutic treatment for different infirmities.
Insights into Bacterial Extracellular Vesicle Biogenesis, Functions, and Implications in Plant–Microbe Interactions

Plant–microbe interactions play a crucial role in shaping plant health and survival. In recent years, the role of extracellular vesicles (EVs) in mediating intercellular communication between plants and microbes has emerged as an intriguing area of research. EVs serve as important carriers of bioactive molecules and genetic information, facilitating communication between cells and even between different organisms. Pathogenic bacteria leverage extracellular vesicles (EVs) to amplify their virulence, exploiting their cargo rich in toxins and virulence factors. Conversely, beneficial microbes initiate EV secretion to stimulate plant immune responses and nurture symbiotic relationships. The transfer of EV-packed small RNAs (sRNAs) has been demonstrated to facilitate the modulation of immune responses. Furthermore, harnessing the potential of EVs holds promise for the development of innovative diagnostic tools and sustainable crop protection strategies. This review highlights the biogenesis and functions of EVs in bacteria and their importance in plant defense, and paves the way for future research in this exciting field.
Nevada Photo-Based Inventory Pilot (NPIP) resource estimates (2004-2005)

The complex nature of broad-scale, strategic-level inventories, such as the Forest Inventory and Analysis program (FIA) of the USDA Forest Service, demands constant evolution and evaluation of methods to get the best information possible while continuously increasing efficiency. The State of Nevada is predominantly comprised of nonforested Federal lands with a small proportion of forest land dominated by non-commercial, woodland tree species. In 2004, a pilot study named the Nevada Photo-Based Inventory Pilot (NPIP) was initiated for Nevada using large-scale aerial photography to obtain ancillary information for inventory of forest land and lands not traditionally sampled by FIA, such as rangelands and riparian areas. Objectives of the pilot included development of photo-sampling protocol, statistical estimators, quality control procedures, and cost analyses. This report augments FIA's standard forest reporting by providing new estimates on both forest and nonforest components of Nevada's landscape to include area by cover type, prevalence of non-traditional elements such as disturbance and riparian, and an in-depth analysis of cover distributions. In addition, 250-m (820-ft) resolution maps of species' distributions, live tree cover, and vegetation condition type are also provided.
Isoflurane sparing effect of a multimodal analgesic protocol for ovariohysterectomy in dogs

The study was conducted to evaluate the isoflurane sparing effect of a multimodal analgesic protocol in dogs. Twelve animals presented for ovariohysterectomy were selected and divided into group I and II. Group I received gabapentin (2 mg/kg orally), meloxicam (0.1 mg/kg subcutaneously), butorphanol (0.2 mg/kg) and dexmedetomidine (3.5 µg/kg intramuscular), diazepam (0.2 mg/kg), propofol to effect, ketamine (0.7 mg/kg), and lignocaine (2 mg/kg) intravenously, followed by a constant rate infusion of ketamine (10 µg/kg) and lignocaine (30 µg/kg) along with isoflurane maintenance. In Group II, tramadol 2 mg/ kg and dexmedetomidine 3.5 µg/kg intramuscular, followed by diazepam 0.2 mg/kg and propofol to effect intravenously were given. Anaesthesia was maintained with isoflurane in both the groups. The multimodal analgesic protocol provided better quality of sedation and induction, reduced the requirement of propofol for induction and isoflurane for maintenance of anaesthesia and also reduced postoperative pain when compared to a balanced anaesthesia protocol without abnormal deviations from normal.
A Numerical Simulation of a Geomagnetic Sudden Commencement

Magnetospheric response to a solar wind pressure impulse is studied by using a numerical simulation based on a MHD model of the solar wind–magnetosphere–ionosphere system as a model of a geomagnetic sudden commencement (SC). We find that a SC period is divided into three phases; the preliminary impulse (PI) phase, the first stage of the main impulse (MI) phase, and the second stage of the MI phase. We also investigate plasma processes occurred in the magnetosphere–ionosphere compound system in the three phases of a SC period. In the context of the magnetosphere–ionosphere compound system in which plasma convections, field-aligned current (FAC), and current generators associated with the magnetosphere–solar wind interaction are self-consistently dependent, a SC is regarded as state transition from a ground state in the pre-SC period to another ground state in the post-SC period via a transient state in the second MI phase. In addition, plasma disturbances in the PI phase and the first MI phase are regarded as a MHD wave superposed in the compound system.
Few-Shot Fine-Grained Image Classification: A Comprehensive Review

Few-shot fine-grained image classification (FSFGIC) methods refer to the classification of images (e.g., birds, flowers, and airplanes) belonging to different subclasses of the same species by a small number of labeled samples. Through feature representation learning, FSFGIC methods can make better use of limited sample information, learn more discriminative feature representations, greatly improve the classification accuracy and generalization ability, and thus achieve better results in FSFGIC tasks. In this paper, starting from the definition of FSFGIC, a taxonomy of feature representation learning for FSFGIC is proposed. According to this taxonomy, we discuss key issues on FSFGIC (including data augmentation, local and/or global deep feature representation learning, class representation learning, and task-specific feature representation learning). In addition, the existing popular datasets, current challenges and future development trends of feature representation learning on FSFGIC are also described.
Correlation of Blood Hemoglobin Values with Non-Invasive Co-Oximetry Measurement of SpHb in Dogs Undergoing Elective Ovariohysterectomy

Simple Summary The addition of pulse co-oximetry in anesthesia monitoring to continuously determine blood hemoglobin concentration (SpHb) represents a biomarker correlating with the oxygen saturation of patients undergoing surgery. This study aimed to correlate and determine the measurement bias between blood Hb levels with SpHb and arterial oxygen content (SpOC), both derived from pulse co-oximetry in dogs undergoing elective ovariohysterectomy (OVH). Eighty-five bitches were admitted to elective surgery where SpHb was measured during surgery. Five minutes before the end of the procedure, blood sampling was performed to determine the blood Hb concentration (HbLAB). The Bland–Altman analysis showed 95% limits of agreement from −4.22 to 4.99 g/dL, and a positive correlation was found between SpHb and HbLAB (r = 0.401). In conclusion, SpHb presents a moderate positive correlation with direct Hb blood concentration. This possibly shows that continuous measurement of SpHb by noninvasive co-oximetry is a reliable and advanced alternative for monitoring Hb concentration in dogs under anesthesia. Abstract Cardiovascular function monitoring has been suggested as a key parameter to determine patient stability during the anesthetic process. However, the use of pulse co-oximetry has been suggested as a technology to complement the monitoring of this system as a direct way to assess hemoglobin (Hb) blood concentration. Therefore, this study aimed to correlate and determine the measurement bias between Hb blood levels with continuously determined blood hemoglobin concentration (SpHb) and arterial oxygen content values (SpOC), both obtained by noninvasive co-oximetry in dogs undergoing elective ovariohysterectomy (OVH). A total of 85 clinically healthy bitches of different breeds that were admitted for elective OVH surgery were evaluated. These animals underwent SpHb and SpOC capture after the in vivo setting for the duration of the surgical procedure. Likewise, five minutes before the end of the surgical procedure, a blood sample was obtained directly from the jugular vein to determine the blood concentration of Hb (HbLAB). The Bland–Altman analysis showed 95% limits of agreement from −4.22 to 4.99 g/dL with a BIAS (mean difference) of 0.384 ± 2.35 g/dL (r = 0.401). SpHb recordings were correlated with oxygen saturation (SpO2) (r = 0.995), SpOC (r = 0.992) and with perfusion index (PI) (r = 0.418). Therefore, SpHb presents a moderate positive correlation with direct blood concentration of Hb. This possibly shows that continuous measurement of SpHb by noninvasive co-oximetry is a reliable and advanced alternative for monitoring Hb concentration in dogs under anesthesia.
Wagering the Land: Ritual, Capital, and Environmental Degradation in the Cordillera of Northern Luzon, 1900-1986

Market farming in the rugged northern Philippine highlands has resulted in a unique blend of new and old economic, environmental and religious practices. Predictably, the onset of "modern" farming methods has brought ecological degradation but, contrary to most theories of rural development, traditional beliefs and communal bonds have flourished at the same time. The explosion of commercial agriculture after World War II, which brought unaccustomed prosperity to the region of Buguias, reinforced the religious practice of lavish feasting. Since the host will have "good luck" if the ritual succeeds in placating the ancestors, he feels free to adopt the most destructive farming methods. While pursuing heavenly favour these growers are literally wagering their lands, hopeful of gaining prosperity and prestige.
Field Evaluation of the Sediment Transport Model Stream with a Bank Erosion Component

The graded sediment routing and stream bed evolution model STREAM of Borah, Alonso and Prasad was expanded earlier by incorporating a riverbank erosion component of Osman and Thorne. In this study, the combined model was evaluated in a 312-km reach of the Missouri River. The model predicted changes in bed elevations and channel widths, and many other hydraulic and sediment variables over a 20-year period. Model results were compared with observed data from the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers. Sensitivity analyses were conducted for different model parameters. The model was found to be highly sensitive to the critical bank shear stress.
Use of Carbon-Based Additives in Bio-Electrochemically Assisted Anaerobic Digestion for Cheese Whey Valorisation

This study explores the possibility of utilising electrochemically assisted anaerobic digestion supplemented with carbon-based materials to stimulate methanogenesis. Two different carbonaceous materials—commercial activated carbon (AC), and pyrolysed argan (PA, derived from argan shells)—were employed as supplements, with cheese whey (CW) being used as the substrate. Methane production slightly increased in the electrochemically assisted digesters, potentially translating into a 2–4% increase in the output of industrial digesters. In addition, reactors supplemented with PA also exhibited better production rates (496–508 L·kgVS−1), although there was no observed improvement in the quantity of biogas at the end of the biodegradability experiment. In contrast, when commercial AC was used as the supplement, the start-up phase was accelerated (5 days), although methane productivity decreased (273–352 L·kgVS−1). These observations were supported by microbiological analyses, demonstrating that the reactors with the poorest performance (those supplemented with AC) experienced the most significant decrease in both archaeal and bacterial populations.
Optimization of Clustering and Trajectory for Minimizing Age of Information in Unmanned Aerial Vehicle-Assisted Mobile Edge Computing Network

With the development of the Internet of Things (IoT) technology, massive amounts of sensor data in applications such as fire monitoring need to be transmitted to edge servers for timely processing. However, there is an energy-hole phenomenon in transmitting data only through terrestrial multi-hop networks. In this study, we focus on the data collection task in an unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV)-assisted mobile edge computing (MEC) network, where a UAV is deployed as the mobile data collector for the ground sensor nodes (SNs) to ensure high information freshness. Meanwhile, the UAV is equipped with an edge server for data caching. We first establish a rigorous mathematical model in which the age of information (AoI) is used as a measure of information freshness, related to both the data collection time and the UAV’s flight time. Then a mixed-integer non-convex optimization problem is formulated to minimize the peak AoI of the collected data. To solve the problem efficiently, we propose an iterative two-step algorithm named the AoI-minimized association and trajectory planning (AoI-MATP) algorithm. In each iteration, the optimal SN–collection point (CP) associations and CP locations for the parameter ε are first obtained by the affinity propagation clustering algorithm. The optimal UAV trajectory is found using an improved elite genetic algorithm. Simulation results show that based on the optimized ε, the AoI-MATP algorithm can achieve a balance between data collection time and flight time, reducing the peak AoI of the collected data.
Antibiogram pattern and antimicrobial effect of Cao Nano particles on Staphylococcus aureus isolated from different sources

Keywords The emergence and increasing of multidrug resistant bacteria have become an urgent thread requiring the development of a new antimicrobial class. This study was planned to investigate the effects of calcium oxide nanoparticles (CaO-Nps) on S. aureus . So, 140 samples from different sources, such as raw milk, milk by-products, intestinal contents of poultry, animal semen, and hand swabs of milkers and workers were collected. The findings illustrated S. aureus isolated from 30 samples (21.42%) using bacterial isolation which confirmed using PCR technique. Their Antibiogram pattern showed high resistance to cefoxitin, oxacillin, tetracycline, and gentamicin while were sensitive to lenzolid and clindamycin. The concentration of Cao-NPs in the prepared solution was determined by atomic absorption apparatus, and the other characters were detected by high-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM). The HRTEM showed that the size of Cao-NPs ranged from 31 to 120 nm, with a mean of 67.62 NM. The crystalized Cao-NPs show of 11.291/nm, 9.431/nm, and 6.181/diameter. The results also revealed an average zeta potential (ZP) of the prepared CaO NPs of -18.00 mV in 418 mJ. This proved that CaO NPs have a high degree of stability. Its antimicrobial activity against S. aureus was studied by a well diffusion method. The results showed that the inhibition zone diameter varied from 8 mm to 16 mm starting from