Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Translation using Minimal Recursion Semantics

We describe minimal recursion semantics (MRS), a framework for semantics within HPSG, which considerably simplifies transfer and generation. We discuss why, in general, a semantic representation with minimal structure is desirable for transfer and illustrate how a descriptively adequate representation with a non-recursive structure may be achieved. The paper illustrates the application of MRS to transfer with a series of examples and compares the approach to others which have been previously adopted within unification based frameworks. Our account involves the use of both language-specific and interlingual predicates or relations and we illustrate how this may be exploited to allow MRS to be used to investigate different lexical semantic approaches. 1 Semantic representation and transfer In this paper we describe a semantic representation for HPSG known as minimal recursion semantics (MRS), which is being utilized in the English grammar being developed for the Verbmobil project. Verbmobil is a spoken-dialogue machine translation system, which is designed to take German or . Japanese input relevant to a limited domain and to produce English output. Our aim is to develop a minimally structured but descriptively adequate representation, which allows for various types of underspecification and facilitates generation and the specification of semantic transfer equivalences. MRS is not, in itself, a full-fledged semantic theory. It can perhaps be best thought of as a meta-level language for describing semantic structures within HPSG. Because MRS supports underspecification, an MRS description will correspond to a set of object language expressions. For simplicity, in the examples in this paper we will take the object language to be predicate calculus, but MRS is intended to be compatible with DRT. The advantages of allowing various types of semantic underspecification for translation purposes are well-known (see e.g. Alshawi et al (1991), Kay et al (1994)), so here we concentrate on the advantages of flatness or minimal structure in a semantic representation language. The problem of ensuring that a grammar can generate from a particular semantic representation is well-known: it has been discussed in the context of generation by Shieber (1993) and in machine translation by Landsbergen (1987) and Whitelock (1992)
Pulmonary fibrosis associated with TINF2 gene mutation: is somatic reversion required?

Acute cellular rejection in lung transplantation is diagnosed in 30-60% in the 1 year and requires lung biopsy. An increase in local cellular immunity produced by local infection is considered to increase the incidence of acute cellular rejection. We present a retrospective analysis of lung transplant patients from 01/01/2009 to 10/21/2013. The total number of patients studied was 139. 64.02% men, 35.97% women. 64.02% bipulmonar transplants, 35.97% unipulmonar transplants. The underlying disease was 43.88% ILD; 39.56% COPD, bronchiectasis 8.63%, 1.42% lung hypertensions, and others. All patients had a transbronchial biopsy 3 weeks after the transplant to diagnose acute cellular rejection, and some had other transbronchial biopsies made during bronchoscopies over time. In every bronchoscopy performed there was bronchial aspirate collected for microbiological culture. There is a total of 287 bronchoscopies in which we made bronchial aspirate as well as transbronchial biopsy. Throughout this study we pretend to relate the presence of microorganisms at culture with acute cellular rejection in the same bronchoscopy. In total 33,4% of the bronchoscopies had microrganims in the culture also 39,4% had acute rejection. In the 139 bronchoscopies executed at the third week there was not a statistically significant relationship between the presence of microorganisms and acute cellular rejection (p=0,495). The same result was obtained for the 287 procedures (p=0.838). In conclusion we did not find a relationship between the presence of microorganisms and acute rejection. Acute rejection can be related to other factors aside from pulmonary infection.
Dynamics of property value distribution in an Asian metropolis: The case of landed housing in Singapore, 1991‐2000

This paper seeks to explore the dynamics of the spatial distribution of landed residential property values in Singapore in the 1990s. Topics covered include: spatial patterns that can be discerned in the distribution of landed property values; how property values change over time; and how government intervention influenced this dynamic property value surface. Data are collected from the Singapore Institute of Surveyors and Valuers property transaction database, and are analysed by using the geographic information system, parametric and non‐parametric statistics. Findings of this paper contribute to the understanding of the urban dynamics of an Asian metropolis, especially in terms of its residential property market and internal spatial structure.
Nucleoplasmic organization of small nuclear ribonucleoproteins in cultured human cells

The organization of eight small nuclear ribonucleoproteins (the U1, U2, U4, U5, and U6 RNAs previously studied by others and three additional snRNAs, U11, U12, and 7SK) has been investigated in cultured human cells by fluorescence in situ hybridization with antisense DNA and 2'-O- Me RNA oligonucleotides. Using highly sensitive digital imaging microscopy we demonstrate that all of these snRNAs are widespread throughout the nucleoplasm, but they are excluded from the nucleoli. In addition, the U2, U4, U5, U6, and U12 snRNAs are concentrated in discrete nuclear foci, known as coiled bodies, but U1 and 7SK are not. In addition to coiled bodies, a classic speckled pattern was observed in the nucleoplasm of monolayer-grown HeLa cells, whereas suspension- grown HeLa cells revealed a more diffuse nucleoplasmic labeling. Immunofluorescence staining using various snRNP-specific antisera shows complete agreement with that of their antisense snRNA oligonucleotide counterparts. Although U2 RNA is concentrated in coiled bodies, quantitation of the fluorescence signals from the U2 antisense probe reveals that the bulk of the U2 snRNP is located in the nucleoplasm. Furthermore, simultaneous visualization of the U2 snRNAs and the tandemly repeated U2 genes demonstrates that coiled bodies are not the sites of U2 transcription.
2D and 3D photonic crystal materials for photocatalysis and electrochemical energy storage and conversion

Abstract This perspective reviews recent advances in inverse opal structures, how they have been developed, studied and applied as catalysts, catalyst support materials, as electrode materials for batteries, water splitting applications, solar-to-fuel conversion and electrochromics, and finally as photonic photocatalysts and photoelectrocatalysts. Throughout, we detail some of the salient optical characteristics that underpin recent results and form the basis for light-matter interactions that span electrochemical energy conversion systems as well as photocatalytic systems. Strategies for using 2D as well as 3D structures, ordered macroporous materials such as inverse opals are summarized and recent work on plasmonic–photonic coupling in metal nanoparticle-infiltrated wide band gap inverse opals for enhanced photoelectrochemistry are provided.
DMS/spl reg/: program transformations for practical scalable software evolution

While a number of research systems have demonstrated the potential value of program transformations, very few of these systems have made it into practice. The core technology for such systems is well understood; what remains is integration and more importantly, the problem of handling the scale of the applications to be processed. This paper describes DMS, a practical, commercial program analysis and transformation system, and sketches a variety of tasks to which it has been applied, from redocumenting to large-scale system migration. Its success derives partly from a vision of design maintenance and the construction of infrastructure that appears necessary to support that vision. DMS handles program scale by careful space management, computational scale via parallelism and knowledge acquisition scale via domains.
A Common Polymorphism of the Human Cardiac Sodium Channel Alpha Subunit (SCN5A) Gene Is Associated with Sudden Cardiac Death in Chronic Ischemic Heart Disease

Cardiac death remains one of the leading causes of mortality worldwide. Recent research has shed light on pathophysiological mechanisms underlying cardiac death, and several genetic variants in novel candidate genes have been identified as risk factors. However, the vast majority of studies performed so far investigated genetic associations with specific forms of cardiac death only (sudden, arrhythmogenic, ischemic etc.). The aim of the present investigation was to find a genetic marker that can be used as a general, powerful predictor of cardiac death risk. To this end, a case-control association study was performed on a heterogeneous cohort of cardiac death victims (n=360) and age-matched controls (n=300). Five single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) from five candidate genes (beta2 adrenergic receptor, nitric oxide synthase 1 adaptor protein, ryanodine receptor 2, sodium channel type V alpha subunit and transforming growth factor-beta receptor 2) that had previously been shown to associate with certain forms of cardiac death were genotyped using sequence-specific real-time PCR probes. Logistic regression analysis revealed that the CC genotype of the rs11720524 polymorphism in the SCN5A gene encoding a subunit of the cardiac voltage-gated sodium channel occurred more frequently in the highly heterogeneous cardiac death cohort compared to the control population (p=0.019, odds ratio: 1.351). A detailed subgroup analysis uncovered that this effect was due to an association of this variant with cardiac death in chronic ischemic heart disease (p=0.012, odds ratio = 1.455). None of the other investigated polymorphisms showed association with cardiac death in this context. In conclusion, our results shed light on the role of this non-coding polymorphism in cardiac death in ischemic cardiomyopathy. Functional studies are needed to explore the pathophysiological background of this association.
Commercializing Small Farms: Reducing Transaction Costs

Broad changes are taking place in agrifood systems worldwide. These changes are driven by economic development, increase in per caput incomes, changing technology and urbanization. Consumers are changing their dietary preferences and shopping habits, resulting in substantial organizational and institutional changes throughout the food marketing chain. Growing concentration at all levels is taking place, particularly in the retail sector, and private sector standards for food quality and safety are proliferating. Increasingly exchange is arranged through the use of contracts. These changes have significant implications for growth, poverty and food security. For the small farmer in particular there are difficulties to meet the standards and contractual requirements. They are faced with a new set of transaction costs that emerge from dealing with a food system characterized by different rules, regulations and players. Increased transactions costs deter entry of small farmers into the market. This paper looks at required interventions aimed at reducing transaction costs to encourage increased farmer participation in competitive markets.
A co-planar waveguide structure used for UWB communication systems with multiple notched bands

A co-planar waveguide (CPW) structure is proposed and implemented for notched band designing of ultra-wideband (UWB) bandpass filter (BPF) in this paper. This structure can be easily designed and applied for multiple notched bands, and the size of filter will not be increased. As the starting work of this letter, a single notched band has been constructed and the theory of it will be proposed, and then, a multiple notched bands for UWB BPF will be presented with the simulated and measured results.
A handbook on anti-dumping investigations

1. Introduction 2. Multilateral legal framework 3. Domestic legal framework 4. Procedural aspects of an anti-dumping investigation 5. Key definitions and concepts applicable to the investigation 6. The pre-initiation phase of the investigation 7. The anti-dumping investigation 8. Steps from initiation to the preliminary determination 9. Steps from the preliminary determination to the final 10. Legal review before domestic tribunals 11. Legal review in WTO dispute settlement 12. Reviews 13. Refund or reimbursement of excess duties paid 14. Drafting injury determinations 15. Case study on injury Annexes: I. Sample application II. Sample dumping investigation questionnaires III. Sample injury investigation questionnaires IV. Agreement on implementation of Article VI of the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade 1994 (Anti-dumping Agreement) V. Anti-dumping and countervailing duties Tables: I. Procedures II. Dumping margin calculations III. Injury and causation determination.
Dietary mineral supplies in Africa

Dietary micronutrient deficiencies (MNDs) are widespread, yet their prevalence can be difficult to assess. Here, we estimate MND risks due to inadequate intakes for seven minerals in Africa using food supply and composition data, and consider the potential of food-based and agricultural interventions. Food Balance Sheets (FBSs) for 46 countries were integrated with food composition data to estimate per capita supply of calcium (Ca), copper (Cu), iron (Fe), iodine (I), magnesium (Mg), selenium (Se) and zinc (Zn), and also phytate. Deficiency risks were quantified using an estimated average requirement (EAR) ‘cut-point’ approach. Deficiency risks are highest for Ca (54% of the population), followed by Zn (40%), Se (28%) and I (19%, after accounting for iodized salt consumption). The risk of Cu (1%) and Mg (<1%) deficiency are low. Deficiency risks are generally lower in the north and west of Africa. Multiple MND risks are high in many countries. The population-weighted mean phytate supply is 2770 mg capita−1 day−1. Deficiency risks for Fe are lower than expected (5%). However, ‘cut-point’ approaches for Fe are sensitive to assumptions regarding requirements; e.g. estimates of Fe deficiency risks are 43% under very low bioavailability scenarios consistent with high-phytate, low-animal protein diets. Fertilization and breeding strategies could greatly reduce certain MNDs. For example, meeting harvestplus breeding targets for Zn would reduce dietary Zn deficiency risk by 90% based on supply data. Dietary diversification or direct fortification is likely to be needed to address Ca deficiency risks.
Dynamics of MBD - A Bandwidth Threshold - Bases Packet Discarding Algorithm

In today’s Internet, almost all applications employ either TCP or UDP as the transport protocol. With the increase of UDP traffic on the Internet, maintaining fairness while improving throughput has become a hot research topic in the Internet community. In this paper, we use simulations to evaluate the performance of a novel packet discarding algorithm, MBD (Minimum Bandwidth Drop), proposed for Internet routers. Our simulations show that MBD can increase TCP throughput while maintaining fairness among all contending sources. The simulation results also show that MBD works properly even when the fair share fluctuates due to dynamic network loading.
Impact of Polymer Conformation on the Crystal Growth Inhibition of a Poorly Water-Soluble Drug in Aqueous Solution

Poor aqueous solubility is a major hindrance to oral delivery of many emerging drugs. Supersaturated drug solutions can improve passive absorption across the gastrointestinal tract membrane as long as crystallization can be inhibited, enhancing the delivery of such poorly soluble therapeutics. Polymers can inhibit crystallization and prolong supersaturation; therefore, it is desirable to understand the attributes which render a polymer effective. In this study, the conformation of a polymer adsorbed to a crystal surface and its impact on crystal growth inhibition were investigated. The crystal growth rate of a poorly soluble pharmaceutical compound, felodipine, was measured in the presence of hydroxypropyl methylcellulose acetate succinate (HPMCAS) at two different pH conditions: pH 3 and pH 6.8. HPMCAS was found to be a less effective growth rate inhibitor at pH 3, below its pKa. It was expected that the ionization state of HPMCAS would most likely influence its conformation at the solid–liquid interface. Further investigation with atomic force microscopy (AFM) revealed significant differences in the conformation of HPMCAS adsorbed to felodipine at the two pH conditions. At pH 3, HPMCAS formed coiled globules on the surface, whereas at pH 6.8, HPMCAS adsorbed more uniformly. Thus, it appeared that the reduced effectiveness of HPMCAS at pH 3 was directly related to its conformation. The globule formation leaves many felodipine growth sites open and available for growth units to attach, rendering the polymer less effective as a growth rate inhibitor.
Lung tumour detection and classification using EK-Mean clustering

In recent years the image processing techniques are used commonly in various medical areas for improving prior detection and treatment stages, in which the time span or elapse is very important to identify the disease in the patient as possible as fast, especially in many tumours such as the lung cancer, breast cancer. This system first segments the region of interest (lung) and then analyses the separately obtained area for nodule detection in order to examine the disease. Even with several lung tumour segmentations have been presented, enhancing tumour segmentation methods are still interesting because lung tumour CT images has some complex characteristics, such as large variation in tumour appearance and uncertain tumour boundaries. To address this problem, tumour segmentation method for CT Images which takes apart non-enhancing lung tumours from healthy tissues has been carried out by clustering method. The proposed method uses pre-processing technique that remove unwanted artifacts using median and wiener filters. Initially, the segmentation of the CT images has been carried out by using K- Means clustering method. To the clustered result, EK-Mean clustering is applied . Further the features like entrpy, Contrast, Correlation,Homogenity and the area are extracted from the tumorous part of Fuzzy Ek- Means segmented Image. For feature extraction, statistic method called Gray Level Co-occurrence Matrix (GLCM). Classification is done by using the supervised neural network called the Back Propagation Network (BPN). Results of the classification gives, whether the CT Image is a normal Image or cancerous.
Tax Policy and Philanthropy: A Primer on the Evidence for the U.S. and its Implications

Tax policies in the U.S. increase the incentive to donate to charity among those who itemize their deductions, and most of the tax revenue cost goes to subsidize donations made by relatively high-income people. Several types of empirical evidence which I review here suggest that the donation behavior of high-income people in particular is probably rather responsive to these tax incentives. Economic theory helps clarify what factors affect the optimal tax subsidy for charitable giving, and I summarize some of the key insights. Among other things, the theory suggests that the optimal subsidy is likely to be higher when donation behavior is more responsive to tax incentives, but this is just one important piece of a larger puzzle.
MiR-146 and miR-125 in the regulation of innate immunity and inflammation

Innate immune responses are primary, relatively limited, and specific responses to numerous pathogens and toxic molecules. Protein expression involved in these innate responses must be tightly regulated at both transcriptional level and post-transcriptional level to avoid the development of excessive inflammation that can be potentially harmful to the host. MicroRNAs are small noncoding RNAs (∼22 nucleotides [nts]) that participate in the regulation of numerous physiological responses by targeting specific messenger RNAs to suppress their translation. Recent work has shown that several negative regulators of transcription including microRNAs play important roles in inhibiting the exacerbation of inflammatory responses and in the maintenance of immunological homeostasis. This emerging research area will provide new insights on how microRNAs regulate innate immune signaling. It might show that dysregulation of microRNA synthesis is associated with the pathogenesis of inflammatory and infectious diseases. In this review, we focused on miR-146 and miR-125 and described the roles these miRNAs in modulating innate immune signaling. These microRNAs can control inflammatory responses and the outcomes of pathogenic infections. [BMB Reports 2016; 49(6): 311-318]
An Intrusion Tolerance Scheme for a Cloud of Databases Environment

The serializability of transactions is the most important property that ensure correct processing to transactions. In case of concurrent access to the same data by several transactions, or in case of dependency relationships between running sub transactions. But some transactions has been marked as malicious and they compromise the serialization of running system. For that purpose, we propose an intrusion tolerant scheme to ensure the continuity of the running transactions. A transaction dependency graph is also used by the CDC to make decisions concerning the set of data and transactions that are threatened by a malicious activity. We will give explanations about how to use the proposed scheme to illustrate its behavior and efficiency against a compromised transaction-based in a cloud of databases environment. Several issues should be considered when dealing with the processing of a set of interleaved transactions in a transaction based environment. In most cases, these issues are due to the concurrent access to the same data by several transactions or the dependency relationship between running transactions. The serializability may be affected if a transaction that belongs to the processing node is compromised.
How Stressed Are Wisconsin Cities and Villages

For the fourth time since 1997, a web-based survey of fiscal health was administered to administrative officials of Wisconsin cities and villages during the summer of 2010. A total of 195 municipalities responded to the survey. Of those administrative officials responding, 53 percent reported that their current revenue base was inadequate and more than 62 percent responded that their fiscal condition in five years will be inadequate. Some of the strategies most actively pursued in response to fiscal stress include the adoption or increase in user fees and charges, improved productivity through better management and pursuit of grants from federal/state governments. Strategies least likely to be pursued include laying off workers, increasing short-term debt and reducing hours of operation.
Measuring the Impact of the Discovery and Cleaning of Identified Hazardous Waste Sites on House Values

The current ranking system for Superfund sites considers only the costs of physically cleaning the site, ignoring the social benefits obtained by cleaning. This study estimates the effect of the existence of toxic sites on house values from before information on their toxicity was released by the federal government until several years after cleaning strategies were announced. The results indicate that community knowledge of the site, as well as government agency announcements, causes house prices to decline. It does not appear that assurances that the sites will be cleaned in the future lead to a rebound in house prices.