Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Fragmentation of colliding planetesimals with water content

Abstract We investigate the outcome of collisions of Ceres-sized planetesimals composed of a rocky core and a shell of water ice. These collisions are not only relevant for explaining the formation of planetary embryos in early planetary systems, but also provide insight into the formation of asteroid families and possible water transport via colliding small bodies. Earlier studies show characteristic collision velocities exceeding the bodies' mutual escape velocity which—along with the distribution of the impact angles—cover the collision outcome regimes ‘partial accretion’, ‘erosion’, and ‘hit-and-run’ leading to different expected fragmentation scenarios. Existing collision simulations use bodies composed of strengthless material; we study the distribution of fragments and their water contents considering the full elasto-plastic continuum mechanics equations also including brittle failure and fragmentation.
Stochastic Model Reduction for Slow-Fast Systems with Moderate Time Scale Separation

We propose a stochastic model reduction strategy for deterministic and stochastic slow-fast systems with finite time-scale separation. The stochastic model reduction relaxes the assumption of infinite time-scale separation of classical homogenization theory by incorporating deviations from this limit as described by an Edgeworth expansion. A surrogate system is constructed the parameters of which are matched to produce the same Edgeworth expansions up to any desired order of the original multi-scale system. We corroborate our analytical findings by numerical examples, showing significant improvements to classical homogenized model reduction.
An estimate of the prehadron production time

A semi-quantitative estimate of the prehadron production time based on recent preliminary HERMES data on hadron transverse momentum broadening in nuclear DIS is presented. The obtained production time can well explain the data except for their dependence on the photon virtuality, which remains a challenge to current theoretical models. A few mechanisms that may contribute to its explanation are suggested, along with possible experimental tests. The average time scale at HERMES is found to be of the order of 4-5 fm, comparable to heavy nuclei radii, so that by suitable kinematic cuts it will be possible to study both the case in which hadronization starts inside and the case in which it starts outside the nucleus. A comparison with recent CLAS preliminary data, which qualitatively but not quantitatively agree with HERMES, is performed.
FIDUCIAL STELLAR POPULATION SEQUENCES FOR THE VJKS PHOTOMETRIC SYSTEM

We have obtained broadband near-infrared photometry for seven Galactic star clusters (M 92, M 15, M 13, M 5, NGC 1851, M 71, and NGC 6791) using the WIRCam wide-field imager on the Canada–France–Hawaii Telescope, supplemented by images of NGC 1851 taken with HAWK-I on the Very Large Telescope. In addition, Two Micron All Sky Survey (2MASS) observations of the [Fe/H] ≈0.0 open cluster M 67 were added to the cluster database. From the resultant (V − J) − V and (V − KS) − V color–magnitude diagrams (CMDs), fiducial sequences spanning the range in metallicity, −2.4 ≲ [Fe/H] ≲ +0.3, have been defined which extend (for most clusters) from the tip of the red giant branch (RGB) to ∼2.5 mag below the main-sequence turnoff. These fiducials provide a valuable set of empirical isochrones for the interpretation of stellar population data in the 2MASS system. We also compare our newly derived CMDs to Victoria isochrones that have been transformed to the observed plane using recent empirical and theoretical color–Teff relations. The models are able to reproduce the entire CMDs of clusters more metal rich than [Fe/H] ≈−1.4 quite well, on the assumption of the same reddenings and distance moduli that yield good fits of the same isochrones to Johnson–Cousins BV(RI)C photometry. However, the predicted giant branches become systematically redder than the observed RGBs as the cluster metallicity decreases. Possible explanations for these discrepancies are discussed.
Efficient Calculation of Electronic Absorption Spectra by Means of Intensity-Selected TD-DFTB

During the last two decades density functional based linear response approaches have become the de facto standard for the calculation of optical properties of small and medium-sized molecules. At the heart of these methods is the solution of an eigenvalue equation in the space of single-orbital transitions, whose quickly increasing number makes such calculations costly if not infeasible for larger molecules. This is especially true for time-dependent density functional tight binding (TD-DFTB), where the evaluation of the matrix elements is inexpensive. For the relatively large systems that can be studied the solution of the eigenvalue equation therefore determines the cost of the calculation. We propose to do an oscillator strength based truncation of the single-orbital transition space to reduce the computational effort of TD-DFTB based absorption spectra calculations. We show that even a sizeable truncation does not destroy the principal features of the absorption spectrum, while naturally avoiding the unnecessary calculation of excitations with small oscillator strengths. We argue that the reduced computational cost of intensity-selected TD-DFTB together with its ease of use compared to other methods lowers the barrier of performing optical properties calculations of large molecules, and can serve to make such calculations possible in a wider array of applications.
AdS Segment and Hidden Conformal Symmetry in General Nonextremal Black Holes

It is demonstrated that the near-horizon geometry of general nonextremal black holes can be described by a portion of AdS space. We show that the reason why hidden conformal symmetries near horizons of general nonextremal black holes are achieved in previous works is that the near-horizon geometries have been equivalently taken as these AdS segments rather than simply the Rindler space.
Pulsed Photoelectric Coherent Manipulation and Detection of N-V Center Spins in Diamond

Hybrid photoelectric detection of NV magnetic resonances (PDMR) is anticipated to lead to scalable quantum chip technology. To achieve this goal, it is crucial to prove that PDMR readout is compatible with the coherent spin control. Here we present PDMR MW pulse protocols that filter background currents related to ionization of NS0 defects and achieve a high contrast and S/N ratio. We demonstrate Rabi and Ramsey protocols on shallow nitrogen-implanted electronic grade diamond and the coherent readout of ~ 5 NV spins, as a first step towards the fabrication of scalable photoelectric quantum devices.
LONG-TERM OPTICAL STUDIES OF THE BE/X-RAY BINARY RX J0440.9+4431/LS V+44 17

We present the spectroscopic and photometric observations on the Be/X-ray binary RX J0440.9+4431 from 2001 to 2014. The short-term and long-term variability of the Hα line profile indicates that one-armed global oscillations existed in the circumstellar disk. Several positive and negative correlations between the V-band brightness and the Hα intensity were found from the long-term photometric and spectroscopic observations. We suggest that the monotonic increase of the V-band brightness and the Hα brightness between our 2005 and 2007 observations might be the result of a continuous mass ejection from the central Be star, while the negative correlation in 2007–2010 should be caused by the cessation of mass loss from the Be star just before the decline in V-band brightness began (around our 2007 observations). With the extension of the ejection material, the largest circumstellar disk during the last two decades has been observed in our 2010 observations with an equivalent width of approximately −12.88 Å, which corresponds to a circumstellar disk with a size of 12.9 times the radius of the central Be star. Three consecutive X-ray outbursts peaking around MJD 55293, 55444, and 55591 might be connected with the largest circumstellar disk around the Be star. We also use the orbital motion of the neutron star as a probe to constrain the structure of the circumstellar disk and estimate the eccentricity of the binary system to be ≥0.4. After three years of the Hα intensity decline after the X-ray outbursts, a new circumstellar disk was being formed around the Be star after our 2013 observations.
Wigner distribution function and entanglement of generalized quantum optical vortex

We calculate the Wigner (quasi)probability distribution function of the quantum optical elliptical vortex (QEV), generated by coupling squeezed vacuum states of two modes. The coupling between the two modes is performed by using beam splitter (BS) or a dual channel directional coupler (DCDC). The quantum interference due to the coupling between the two modes promises the generation of controlled entanglement for quantum computation and quantum tomography. We compute the entanglement of such QEV formed by non-classical radiation field, using Wigner function. We report a critical squeezing parameter above which the entanglement is less for higher vorticity, which is counter intuitive.
Cosmogenic-neutron activation of TeO$_2$ and implications for neutrinoless double-$\beta$ decay experiments

Flux-averaged cross sections for cosmogenic-neutron activation of natural tellurium were measured using a neutron beam containing neutrons of kinetic energies up to $\sim$800 MeV, and having an energy spectrum similar to that of cosmic-ray neutrons at sea-level. Analysis of the radioisotopes produced reveals that 110mAg will be a dominant contributor to the cosmogenic-activation background in experiments searching for neutrinoless double-beta decay of 130Te, such as CUORE and SNO+. An estimate of the cosmogenic-activation background in the CUORE experiment has been obtained using the results of this measurement and cross-section measurements of proton activation of tellurium. Additionally, the measured cross sections in this work are also compared with results from semi-empirical cross-section calculations.
Analog Grover search by adiabatic passage in a cavity-laser-atom system

A physical implementation of the adiabatic Grover search is theoretically investigated in a system of $N$ identical three-level atoms trapped in a single-mode cavity. Some of the atoms are marked through the presence of an energy gap between their two ground states. The search is controlled by two partially delayed lasers which allow a deterministic adiabatic transfer from an initially entangled state to the marked states. Pulse schemes are proposed to satisfy the Grover speedup either exactly or approximately, and the success rate of the search is calculated.
A large-scale structure traced by [O ii ] emitters hosting a distant cluster at z = 1.62

We present a panoramic narrow-band imaging survey of [O ii] emitters in and around the ClG J0218.3−0510 cluster at z= 1.62 with Suprime-Cam on Subaru Telescope. 352 [O ii] emitters were identified on the basis of narrow-band excesses and photometric redshifts. We discovered a huge filamentary structure with some clumps traced by [O ii] emitters and found that the ClG J0218.3−0510 cluster is embedded in an even larger superstructure than the one reported previously. 31 [O ii] emitters were spectroscopically confirmed with the detection of Hα and/or [O iii] emission lines by Fibre Multi Object Spectrograph observations. In the high-density regions such as cluster core and clumps, star-forming [O ii] emitters show a high overdensity by a factor of more than 10 compared to the field region. Interestingly, the relative fraction of [O ii] emitters in photo-z selected sample does not depend significantly on the local density. Although the star formation activity is very high even in the cluster core, some massive quiescent galaxies also exist at the same time. Furthermore, the properties of the individual [O ii] emitters, such as star formation rates (SFRs), stellar masses and specific SFRs, do not show a significant dependence on the local density, either. Such a lack of environmental dependence is consistent with our earlier result by Hayashi et al. on a z= 1.5 cluster and its surrounding region. The fact that the star-forming activity of galaxies in the cluster core is as high as that in the field at z∼ 1.6 may suggest that the star-forming galaxies are probably just in a transition phase from a starburst mode to a quiescent mode, and are thus showing comparable level of star formation rates to those in lower density environments. We may be witnessing the start of the reversal of the local SFR–density relation due to the ‘biased’ galaxy formation and evolution in high-density regions at this high redshift, beyond which massive galaxies would be forming vigorously in a more biased way in protocluster cores.
DYNAMICAL MODELS FOR NGC 6503 USING A MARKOV CHAIN MONTE CARLO TECHNIQUE

We use Bayesian statistics and Markov chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) techniques to construct dynamical models for the spiral galaxy NGC 6503. The constraints include surface brightness (SB) profiles which display a Freeman Type II structure; H i and ionized gas rotation curves; the stellar rotation, which is nearly coincident with the ionized gas curve; and the line of sight stellar dispersion, which displays a σ-drop at the center. The galaxy models consist of a Sérsic bulge, an exponential disk with an optional inner truncation and a cosmologically motivated dark halo. The Bayesian/MCMC technique yields the joint posterior probability distribution function for the input parameters, allowing constraints on model parameters such as the halo cusp strength, structural parameters for the disk and bulge, and mass-to-light ratios. We examine several interpretations of the data: the Type II SB profile may be due to dust extinction, to an inner truncated disk, or to a ring of bright stars, and we test separate fits to the gas and stellar rotation curves to determine if the gas traces the gravitational potential. We test each of these scenarios for bar stability, ruling out dust extinction. We also find that the gas likely does not trace the gravitational potential, since the predicted stellar rotation curve, which includes asymmetric drift, is then inconsistent with the observed stellar rotation curve. The disk is well fit by an inner-truncated profile, but the possibility of ring formation by a bar to reproduce the Type II profile is also a realistic model. We further find that the halo must have a cuspy profile with γ ≳ 1; the bulge has a lower M/L than the disk, suggesting a star-forming component in the center of the galaxy; and the bulge, as expected for this late-type galaxy, has a low Sérsic index with nb ∼ 1–2, suggesting a formation history dominated by secular evolution.
Combating coxsackievirus B infections

Coxsackieviruses B (CVB) are small, non‐enveloped, single‐stranded RNA viruses belonging to the Enterovirus genus of the Picornaviridae family. They are common worldwide and cause a wide variety of human diseases ranging from those having relatively mild symptoms to severe acute and chronic pathologies such as cardiomyopathy and type 1 diabetes. The development of safe and effective strategies to combat these viruses remains a challenge. The present review outlines current approaches to control CVB infections and associated diseases. Various drugs targeting viral or host proteins involved in viral replication as well as vaccines have been developed and shown potential to prevent or combat CVB infections in vitro and in vivo in animal models. Repurposed drugs and alternative strategies targeting miRNAs or based on plant extracts and probiotics and their derivatives have also shown antiviral effects against CVB. In addition, clinical trials with vaccines and drugs are underway and offer hope for the prevention or treatment of CVB‐induced diseases.
Topologically protected loop flows in high voltage AC power grids

Geographical features such as mountain ranges or big lakes and inland seas often result in large closed loops in high voltage AC power grids. Sizable circulating power flows have been recorded around such loops, which take up transmission line capacity and dissipate but do not deliver electric power. Power flows in high voltage AC transmission grids are dominantly governed by voltage angle differences between connected buses, much in the same way as Josephson currents depend on phase differences between tunnel-coupled superconductors. From this previously overlooked similarity we argue here that circulating power flows in AC power grids are analogous to supercurrents flowing in superconducting rings and in rings of Josephson junctions. We investigate how circulating power flows can be created and how they behave in the presence of ohmic dissipation. We show how changing operating conditions may generate them, how significantly more power is ohmically dissipated in their presence and how they are topologically protected, even in the presence of dissipation, so that they persist when operating conditions are returned to their original values. We identify three mechanisms for creating circulating power flows, (i) by loss of stability of the equilibrium state carrying no circulating loop flow, (ii) by tripping of a line traversing a large loop in the network and (iii) by reclosing a loop that tripped or was open earlier. Because voltages are uniquely defined, circulating power flows can take on only discrete values, much in the same way as circulation around vortices is quantized in superfluids.
Intranasal (2R, 6R)‐hydroxynorketamine for acute pain: Behavioural and neurophysiological safety analysis in mice

Ketamine is known for its antinociceptive effect and is also used for treatment‐resistant depression. However, the efficacy and safety of (2R, 6R)‐hydroxynorketamine (HNK), a ketamine metabolite has been sparingly investigated for acute pain management. The current study aims at investigating the antinociceptive effect of intranasal (2R, 6R)‐HNK using pre‐clinical models of acute pain. Additionally, the behavioural and neurophysiological safety analyses were carried out for the effective time window. Antinociceptive efficacy of (2R, 6R)‐HNK was evaluated using the hot plate test and Hargreaves' plantar test. The formalin test was carried out in both the acute and tonic phases. The neurophysiological and behavioural safety analyses were carried out separately for the haemodynamic function, cortical electroencephalography (EEG), and spontaneous behavioural functions. Analgesic effect of (2R, 6R)‐HNK was evident by a significant increase in paw‐withdrawal latency in both Hargreaves' and hot plate tests. Additionally, the (2R, 6R)‐HNK showed a significant ameliorative effect on pain‐related behaviour in the second phase of the formalin test. (2R, 6R)‐HNK exhibited an anxiolytic effect without causing any significant changes in locomotor activity and haemodynamic parameters. Power spectral density (PSD) analysis of electroencephalogram revealed no significant changes except a comparative increase in the gamma band range. Both the locomotor functions in the open field test and the PSD value of delta wave indicated no sedative effect at the given dose of (2R, 6R)‐HNK. The results demonstrated the pain‐alleviating effect of (2R, 6R)‐HNK without compromising the neurophysiological and behavioural function. Therefore, intranasal (2R, 6R)‐HNK is suggested as a safe candidate for further clinical study in the management of acute pain.
Hall drift and the braking indices of young pulsars

Braking index measurements of young radio pulsars are all smaller than the value expected for spin down by magnetic dipole braking. We investigate magnetic field evolution in the neutron star crust due to Hall drift as an explanation for observed braking indices. Using numerical simulations and a semi-analytic model, we show that a 10 14 G quadrupolar toroidal field in the neutron star crust at birth leads to growth of the dipole moment at a rate large enough to agree with measured braking indices. A key factor is the density at which the crust yields to magnetic stresses that build up during the evolution, which sets a characteristic minimum Hall timescale. The observed braking indices of pulsars with inferred dipole fields of . 10 13 G can be explained in this picture, although with a significant octupole component needed in some cases. For the stronger field pulsars, those with Bd & 10 13 G, we find that the magnetic stresses in the crust exceed the maximum shear stress before the pulsar reaches its current age, likely quenching the Hall e ect. This may have implications for the magnetar activity seen in the high magnetic field radio pulsar PSR J1846-0258. Observations of braking indices may therefore be a new piece of evidence that neutron stars contain subsurface toroidal fields that are significantly stronger than the dipole field, and may indicate that the Hall e ect is important in a wider range of neutron stars than previously thought.
Jahn-Teller systems from a cavity QED perspective

Jahn-Teller systems and the Jahn-Teller effect are discussed in terms of cavity QED models. By expressing the field modes in a quadrature representation, it is shown that certain setups of a two-level system interacting with a bimodal cavity are described by the Jahn-Teller $E\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}\ensuremath{\epsilon}$ Hamiltonian. We identify the corresponding adiabatic potential surfaces and the conical intersection. The effects of a nonzero geometrical Berry phase, governed by encircling the conical intersection, are studied in detail both theoretically and numerically. The numerical analysis is carried out by applying a wave packet propagation method, more commonly used in molecular or chemical physics, and analytic expressions for the characteristic time scales are presented. It is found that the collapse-revival structure is greatly influenced by the geometrical phase and as a consequence, the field intensities contain direct information about this phase. We also mention the link between the Jahn-Teller effect and the Dicke phase transition in cavity QED.
Overdose Experiences among People Who Inject Drugs in West Virginia: Personal Loss, Psychological Distress, Naloxone, and Fentanyl

Abstract Background: As overdose remains a major public health concern in the United States, it is important to understand the experiences people who inject drugs (PWID) have with overdose. Past experiences during such emergencies are an important determinant of future behavior, including help seeking, which can be lifesaving. Methods: We explored experiences with overdose, using data from 21 in-depth interviews collected from PWID in a rural county in West Virginia (Cabell County). We used an iterative, modified constant comparison approach to synthesize resulting interview data. Results: Participants reported pervasive experiences with overdose, including through their own personal overdose experiences, witnessing others overdose, and losing loved ones to overdose fatalities. Experiencing emotional distress when witnessing an overdose was common among our participants. Many participants reported regularly carrying naloxone and using it to reverse overdoses. Multiple participants described believing the myth that people grow immune to naloxone over time. Concerns about the presence of fentanyl in drugs were also common, with many participants attributing their own and others’ overdoses to fentanyl. Conclusions: Our findings have important implications for naloxone access and education, as well as policies and practices to encourage help seeking during overdose events among rural PWID. Participant concerns about fentanyl in the drug supply highlight the need for access to drug checking technologies.