Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Feature-placing and proto-objects

This paper contrasts three different schemes of reference relevant to understanding systems of perceptual representation: a location-based system dubbed "feature-placing", a system of "visual indices" referring to things called "proto-objects", and the full sortal-based individuation allowed by a natural language. The first three sections summarize some of the key arguments (in Clark, 2000) to the effect that the early, parallel, and pre-attentive registration of sensory features itself constitutes a simple system of nonconceptual mental representation. In particular, feature integration--perceiving something as being both F and G, where F and G are sensible properties registered in distinct parallel streams--requires a referential apparatus. Section V. reviews some grounds for thinking that at these earliest levels this apparatus is location-based: that it has a direct and nonconceptual means of picking out places. Feature-placing is contrasted with a somewhat more sophisticated system that can identify and track four or five "perceptual objects" or "proto-objects", independently of their location, for as long as they remain perceptible. Such a system is found in Zenon Pylyshyn's fascinating work on "visual indices", in Dana Ballard's notion of deictic codes, and in Kahneman, Treisman, and Wolfe's accounts of systems of evanescent representations they call "object files". Perceptual representation is a layered affair, and I argue that it probably includes both feature-placing and proto-objects. Finally, both nonconceptual systems are contrasted with the full-blooded individuation allowed in a natural language.
Intelligent System for Interpreting the Pattern of Volcanic Eruptions

The overall goal of the research presented in this paper is to design an intelligent system to aid geologists in processing complex geologic characteristics for interpreting eruption patterns, and thereby to aid eruption forecasting for volcanic chains and fields. The objective of this paper is twofold. First it describes applications of data fusion techniques to designing such an intelligent system. The paper discusses the system architecture and applicability and benefits of evidential decision fusion methods for processing uncertain rock characteristics. Second, it introduces a new evidential method of combining several clustering results and presents the results of application of this fusion method to clustering geochemical data characterizing volcano magma chambers.
Friendship in School: Gender and Racial Homophily.

This article analyzes the development of racial and gender homophily in a population of 2,135 schoolchildren, grades 3-12, in all public schools in a biracial Southern community. Sociometric friendship nominations were used to examine changes in racial and gender segregation and preference. The results suggest that for these major status variables, the relationship between homophily and grade is curvilinear, first increasing because of increments in racial homophily from elementary to middle school (while gender homophily remains stable), then decreasing owing to the decline of gender homophily from middle school onward (while racial homophily remains stable). The findings are most consistent with theories that give the middle school a prominent role in shaping peer relations.
Authentic Assessment and Curriculum Integration: Natural Partners in Need of Thoughtful Policy

In this article, we examine the relationship between the curriculum and the assessment practices of a group of teachers to determine the degree to which change efforts, directed at teachers' curriculum and instructional approaches, have had an impact on other areas of their professional practice-more specifically, on the assessment strategies they use. We present findings from a study on the assessment strategies of 14 teachers who have participated in a comprehensive and long-term curriculum integration initiative. The findings indicate that teachers continue to rely on traditional assessment methods, although these are inconsistent with the goals of an integrated curriculum. These findings suggest that efforts to bring about educational change need to strengthen the linkages between curriculum, instruction and assessment.
Intrusion detection with OMNeT++

Network simulators serve a variety of purposes. Compared to the cost, time, and effort involved in setting up an entire test bed containing different ty pes of network devices, network simulators are relatively fast and inexpensive. Computer intrusions are occurring almost routinely and have become a major issue in our networked society. Every organization is faced by the big challenge of selecting an intrusi on detection sy stem and testing its abilities. Therefore, it is worthwh ile to investigate the possibility of implementing and thoroughly testing intrusion detection systems using network simulators. In this paper, we report our experience with implementing and testing intrusion detection systems using OMNeT++ simulator. We highlight how OMNeT++ is harnessed to test and evaluate the intrusion detection s ystem in terms of detection accuracy and performance.
Educational differences in parents' time with children: Cross-national variations

We analyze time diary data from 24,546 married mothers and married fathers in Canada, Germany, Italy, and Norway to determine whether the effect of education on child-care time varies cross-nationally. Our results indicate that more educated mothers spend more time with children than less educated mothers in each country, despite substantial cross-national variation in levels of economic support and services for families. This suggests that better educated mothers may have different parental values and behaviors than less educated mothers. Among fathers, however, education has no effect on child-care time in Norway, and only weak effects in Germany. This suggests that family policies that provide economic support to families may reduce time constraints on fathers, thus ameliorating educational effects.
Studies of visual function and its decay in mice with hereditary retinal degeneration

Functional implications of mouse hereditary retinal degeneration have been studied at the level of the superior colliculus and visual cortex in the C57BL/6J‐le rd strain. On autoradiography at a light‐microscopic level, following eye injection with radioactive compounds, central visual structures appeared normal. A slight reduction in ipsilateral retinal projection was probably related to reduced retinal pigmentation associated with the light ear (le) mutation. In recordings from visual cortex and tectum in rd mice older than five months the cells discharged with highly rhythmic maintained activity. This ongoing activity depended on retinal input, since temporary asphyxia of the eye stopped it immediately. The frequency of the rhythm was influenced by the anesthesia. In these older mice no visual receptive fields could be mapped, but in a few tectal recordings it was possible to suppress the maintained activity by diffuse, very intense illumination. As in normal mice, no auditory or somatosensory responses were observed in the visual cortex or upper tectal layers. In recordings from tectum before the age of three weeks retinotopic topography and receptive fields were normal. By day 24 no receptive fields could be recorded from parts of the tectum representing the central 90‐100° of the visual field, whereas within a peripheral ring responses were still roughly normal under photopic conditions. Over the following four months these peripheral responses faded away slowly. Incremental thresholds, especially in the scotopic range, were elevated, rising slowly to unmeasurable values. Similarly during dark adaptation the thresholds fell to values several log units above those reached in normal mice; these values of dark adapted thresholds in rd mice rose with age. This is consistent with morphological changes known to occur in the retina as a consequence, of the rd mutation the rods degenerating before the cones.
PULSE OXIMETRY: EVOLUTION AND DIRECTIONS

Pulse oximetry monitoring is a relatively recent technique that has been embraced enthusiastically by medical, nursing and paramedical personnel in many clinical situations. Few people, however, have any idea of how it provides the reading of arterial blood saturation. This review performs several functions: it discusses the haemoglobin molecular structure and explains its relation to spectrophotometry, describes the history and principles of pulse oximetry and the nature of the equipment used, and reviews its common uses. It also explores the principles and proposed uses of its lesser known corollary, photoplethysmography.
Coparenting Quality: Contributions of Child and Parent Characteristics

Child gender, age, and temperament; parents' personality and education; and coparenting quality in the parents' families of origin were used to predict the quality of coparenting during family interactions (father, mother, and preschool child). Forty Midwestern, predominantly White families participated in the study. Families with college-educated mothers had high levels of supportive coparenting during family interactions regardless of the quality of coparenting in the mother's family of origin. In contrast, in families with high school–educated mothers, the more supportive the coparenting relationship in the mother's family of origin had been, the more supportive the couple was during the current family interaction. Couples with less educated and adjusted mothers were likely to be unsupportive during the family interaction.
Supplemental oxygen controls cellular proliferation and anastomotic intimal hyperplasia at a vascular graft-to-artery anastomosis in the rabbit.

PURPOSE The purpose of this study was to determine whether the administration of 40% supplemental oxygen (O ( 2) ) will decrease cellular proliferation and intimal hyperplasia (IH) at a prosthetic vascular graft (PVG)-to-artery anastomosis. METHODS Twenty New Zealand white rabbits underwent placement of a 3-mm polytetrafluoroethylene graft in their infrarenal aorta. Four groups of five rabbits were placed either in a normoxic (21%) environment or in a 40% supplemental O ( 2) environment for 7 or 42 days. Twenty-four hours before the rabbits were humanely killed for aortic graft harvest, BrDU (5-bromo-2'-deoxyuridine) was injected into the rabbits intraperitoneally. Image analysis (Bioquant) morphometrics were used to measure cells with BrDU staining and intimal areas at the distal anastomosis. Cellular proliferation is defined as positively staining BrDU cells divided by all cells in the artery wall. IH is reported as a ratio between the intimal area and the medial area to standardize the varying aortic size and degree of aortic fixation among rabbits. The Student t test was used to compare cellular proliferation and IH between control and O ( 2) -treated rabbits. RESULTS Cellular proliferation in the intima at 7 days was significantly reduced in the O ( 2) -treated animals (1.7% +/- 1%) versus the control animals (28.6% +/- 3%) ( P =.0001). The cellular proliferation in the intima at 42 days returned to preoperative levels in the O ( 2) -treated group (0.15%) and in the control group (0.11%) ( P = not significant). IH at 7 days was minimal, and no difference between the O ( 2) -treated group (0.017 +/-.006) and the control group (0.009 +/-.03) ( P = not significant) was found. IH was significantly reduced at 42 days in the O ( 2) -treated animals (0.031 +/-.012) when compared with the control animals (0.193 +/-.043) ( P =.006). CONCLUSIONS Supplemental O ( 2) (40%) significantly reduces cellular proliferation and IH at the distal anastomosis of a PVG-to-artery anastomosis in the rabbit model.
Childhood Sexual Abuse and Suicidal Behavior: A Meta-analysis

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: Self-inflicted injuries are one of the major causes of disease burden and death globally. Understanding the extent to which this is associated with childhood sexual abuse (CSA) exposure can help inform prevention strategies. We aimed to quantify to what extent CSA was associated with incident suicide attempts in men and women. METHODS: We searched 20 health and social science databases from first record until February 2009 and updated the search in Medline from February 2009 to February 1, 2013. Longitudinal studies and cotwin analyses from twin studies in any population from any year were eligible for inclusion. Of 22 235 abstracts screened as part of a series of reviews, 9 studies met the inclusion criteria for this review. Characteristics, effect estimates, and quality data were extracted. Random-effects meta-analysis was used to generate pooled odds ratios (ORs). RESULTS: Seven longitudinal and 2 twin studies with 8733 participants met the inclusion criteria. The overall pooled estimate for longitudinal studies was OR = 2.43 (95% confidence interval: 1.94–3.05), I2 = 87.5%, P < . 0001. The pooled OR from cotwin analysis was 2.65 (95% confidence interval: 0.82–4.49, I2 = 0%, P = .867). Studies adjusted for a range of confounders, but baseline suicidal behavior was not well-controlled. Too few studies met the inclusion criteria to quantitatively examine sources of heterogeneity. CONCLUSIONS: CSA exposure is associated with suicide attempts when a range of different confounders are controlled for, but the temporality of the association is not well established, and the association is highly heterogeneous.
Function and Evolution of the Sox Multienzyme Complex in the Marine Gammaproteobacterium Congregibacter litoralis

Core sets of sox genes were detected in several genome sequenced members of the environmental important OM60/NOR5 clade of marine gammaproteobacteria. However, emendation of media with thiosulfate did not result in stimulation of growth in two of these strains and cultures of Congregibacter litoralis DSM 17192T did not oxidize thiosulfate to sulfate in concentrations of one mmol L−1 or above. On the other hand, a significant production of sulfate was detected upon growth with the organic sulfur compounds, cysteine and glutathione. It was found that degradation of glutathione resulted in the formation of submillimolar amounts of thiosulfate in the closely related sox-negative strain Chromatocurvus halotolerans DSM 23344T. It is proposed that the Sox multienzyme complex in Congregibacter litoralis and related members of the OM60/NOR5 clade is adapted to the oxidation of submillimolar amounts of thiosulfate and nonfunctional at higher concentrations of reduced inorganic sulfur compounds. Pelagic bacteria thriving in the oxic zones of marine environments may rarely encounter amounts of thiosulfate, which would allow its utilization as electron donor for lithoautotrophic or mixotrophic growth. Consequently, in evolution the Sox multienzyme complex in some of these bacteria may have been optimized for the effective utilization of trace amounts of thiosulfate generated from the degradation of organic sulfur compounds.
Glenohumeral ligaments and shoulder capsular mechanism: evaluation with MR arthrography.

PURPOSE To evaluate the efficacy of magnetic resonance (MR) arthrography in identification of the glenohumeral ligaments (GHLs) and to determine the location of abnormalities of the GHL, joint capsule, and labrum. MATERIALS AND METHODS MR arthrograms were evaluated retrospectively in 46 patients with a history of shoulder instability, impingement syndrome, or pain of unknown cause. Imaging findings were correlated with surgical observations. RESULTS The superior, middle, and inferior GHLs were identified on MR arthrograms in 39 (85%), 39 (85%), and 42 (91%) of the 46 patients, respectively. In diagnosis of tears of the superior, middle, and inferior GHLs, MR arthrography had a sensitivity of 100%, 89%, and 88% and a specificity of 94%, 88%, and 100%, respectively. CONCLUSION Findings at MR arthrography can help accurate identification and demonstration of the integrity of the GHL and labrum and can help in staging of abnormalities. The large number of abnormalities depicted in the middle and inferior GHLs suggests that both might be important in the maintenance of glenohumeral joint congruity.
Economics of Network Pricing With Multiple ISPs

In this paper, we examine how transit and customer prices and quality of service are set in a network consisting of multiple ISPs. Some ISPs may face an identical set of circumstances in terms of potential customer pool and running costs. We examine the existence of equilibrium strategies in this situation and show how positive profit can be achieved using threat strategies with multiple qualities of service. It is shown that if the number of ISPs competing for the same customers is large then it can lead to price wars. ISPs that are not co-located may not directly compete for users, but are nevertheless involved in a non-cooperative game of setting access and transit prices for each other. They are linked economically through a sequence of providers forming a hierarchy, and we study their interaction by considering a multi-stage game. We also consider the economics of private exchange points and show that their viability depends on fundamental limits on the demand and cost
Alpha beta and gamma delta T cells can share a late common precursor.

BACKGROUND The subdivision of T cells into alpha beta and gamma delta subtypes is conserved throughout vertebrate development. The respective alpha beta and gamma delta T-cell receptors (TCRs) are encoded by somatically rearranged genes. There has been broad speculation as to whether an individual thymocyte can become either a gamma delta T cell or an alpha beta T cell as a result of stochastic gene rearrangement processes, or whether the two types of T cell are derived from separate lineages. Many of the experimental findings are apparently conflicting, however, and the issue--a basic one in immunology and development--remains unresolved. RESULTS To address this issue, we have used the recently developed polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP) technique, which allows us to examine quantitatively the status of TCR gamma and delta genes in postnatal alpha beta T cells and their progenitors. Interestingly, such cells are depleted of productively rearranged delta and gamma genes, which can encode delta and gamma TCR polypeptide chains. However, in mice that can rearrange TCR delta gene segments, but in which the TCR delta gene is non-functional in other respects, no such depletion of productive rearrangements is seen. CONCLUSION The quantitative data that we have obtained fulfill the predictions of the stochastic hypothesis: that is, a progenitor T cell first attempts to become a gamma delta T cell and, if unsuccessful, then attempts to become an alpha beta T cell. Thus, alpha beta and gamma delta T cells can derive from a common precursor thymocyte. In the simplest case, therefore, lineage-determining factors are the successful rearrangement of both gamma and delta genes before TCR alpha gene rearrangements occur, which lead to deletion of the TCR delta locus and thereby preclude further gamma delta T-cell differentiation. In contrast, successful rearrangement of the TCR beta locus remains compatible with cells becoming either gamma delta or alpha beta T cells.
KNOWLEDGE STRATEGY FOR FINANCIAL CRIME PREVENTION

Information, intelligence and knowledge are required in corporation to detect and prevent white-collar crime. Information and to a similar extent intelligence consist of facts and other data which is organized to characterize or profile a particular situation, incident, or crime and the individual or group of individuals presumed to be involved. This article presents knowledge management, knowledge categories that are applied in the value configuration of a value shop to combat financial crime.
Crystal Methamphetamine Use Among Men Who Have Sex with Men: Results from Two National Online Studies

SUMMARY This paper describes crystal methamphetamine (crystal) use and sexual risk behaviors for two web-based surveys of men who have sex with men (MSM). The subjects were recruited online. Crystal use was associated with young age, having a greater number of sex partners, having unprotected anal intercourse (UAI), having a sexually transmitted infection (STI), and being HIV-positive. Significant regional differences were seen in the prevalence of crystal use. Findings are discussed in relation to the need to integrate messages about the relationship between drug use and sexual behavior into HIV prevention programs.
On Regularizing the Strongly Nonlinear Internal Wave Model

A strongly nonlinear asymptotic model describing the evolution of large amplitude internal waves in a two-layer system is studied numerically. While the steady model has been demonstrated to capture correctly the characteristics of large amplitude internal solitary waves, a local stability analysis shows that the time-dependent inviscid model suffers from the Kelvin-Helmholtz instability due to a tangential velocity discontinuity across the interface accompanied by the interfacial deformation. An attempt to represent the viscous effect that is missing in the model is made with eddy viscosity, but this simple ad-hoc model is shown to fail to suppress unstable short waves. Alternatively, when a smooth low-pass Fourier filter is applied, it is found that a large amplitude internal solitary wave propagates stably without change of form, and mass and energy are conserved well. The head-on collision of two counter-propagating solitary waves is studied using the filtered strongly nonlinear model and its numerical solution is compared with the weakly nonlinear asymptotic solution.
Implementation of a safety system using ir and ultrasonic devices for mobility scooter obstacle collision avoidance

In this study we propose an approach for increasing mobility scooter safety by detecting and avoiding obstacles. The detection system is based on obstacle detection and implemented using infrared and ultrasonic devices. The system is fully embedded and is composed of six infrared and three ultrasonic devices which allow: far detection for crossing objects or normal speed obstacle detection; close detection for low speed obstacles; side obstacle detection when turning. Three experiments have been carried out using our system in an indoor environment using different object shapes and sizes, crossing distances and turning angles. The system was able to detect all obstacles in the mobility scooters path with the exception of transparent flat surfaces. Obstacles passing in front were also successfully detected and when turning into walls the system correctly detected them.
Insertion time of the pulmonary artery catheter in critically ill patients

Objectives: Measurement of the time elapsed from the decision to use a pulmonary artery catheter to the onset of the adapted treatment. Design: Prospective study. Setting: Critical care unit of a university hospital. Patients: A total of 104 critically ill patients. Interventions: The time elapsed from the decision to use a pulmonary artery catheter to the onset of the adapted treatment. Five time intervals (availability, preparation, catheterization, data collection, and therapeutic intervals) were individualized according to the times of decision of pulmonary artery catheter insertion, operator's hand washing, venipuncture, postoperative dressing, data collection, and the effective onset of subsequent therapy. Measurements and Main Results: Among 120 used pulmonary artery catheters, seven could not be inserted. The time to use the pulmonary artery catheter was never shorter than 45 mins (median value = 120 mins). For availability, preparation, catheterization, data collection, and therapeutic intervals, the median values were 30, 20, 20, 20, and 10 mins, respectively. The availability and data collection intervals were shortened during the night period and the fourth quarter of the study, respectively. Conclusions: The pulmonary artery catheter use is time consuming. However, the availability and data collection intervals could be shortened.