Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
On the Relation between Phonetics and Phonology

Chang Woohyeok. 2012, On the Relation between Phonetics and Phonology, Linguistic Research 29(1), 127-156. This study examines the nature of the relationship between phonology and phonetics and advocates a modular view in which there is a principled mapping between phonological representations and phonetic expressions. In particular, this modular view is advocated by Laboratory Phonology that can be characterized by two beliefs. First, it is believed that there should be a division between phonetics and phonology. Second, there should be a considerable interconnection between them. Contrary to this modular view, other approaches are somewhat radical in that abstract phonological features are not associated with phonetic facts and that phonetics and phonology are integrated into a single module which is all phonetic. In favor of the modular theory, I propose a principle about phonology-phonetics interface: unmarked items display a wider range of phonetic realization but cannot be realized in a more marked way than their marked counterparts, One representative evidence would be that the higher pitch value of a tone compared with other tones has to be a phonological high tone rather than a low tone. Further discussions about phonology-phonetics interface are done with regard to speech perception and production. It is shown that perception and production data are valid when they are used as phonetic evidence to resolve phonological controversies. On the other hand, the P-map hypothesis seems invalid when dealing with some cases where speech production and perception do not match.
An Evaluation of Remifentanil-Sevoflurane Response Surface Models in Patients Emerging from Anesthesia: Model Improvement Using Effect-Site Sevoflurane Concentrations

INTRODUCTION: We previously reported models that characterized the synergistic interaction between remifentanil and sevoflurane in blunting responses to verbal and painful stimuli. This preliminary study evaluated the ability of these models to predict a return of responsiveness during emergence from anesthesia and a response to tibial pressure when patients required analgesics in the recovery room. We hypothesized that model predictions would be consistent with observed responses. We also hypothesized that under non-steady-state conditions, accounting for the lag time between sevoflurane effect-site concentration (Ce) and end-tidal (ET) concentration would improve predictions. METHODS: Twenty patients received a sevoflurane, remifentanil, and fentanyl anesthetic. Two model predictions of responsiveness were recorded at emergence: an ET-based and a Ce-based prediction. Similarly, 2 predictions of a response to noxious stimuli were recorded when patients first required analgesics in the recovery room. Model predictions were compared with observations with graphical and temporal analyses. RESULTS: While patients were anesthetized, model predictions indicated a high likelihood that patients would be unresponsive (≥99%). However, after termination of the anesthetic, models exhibited a wide range of predictions at emergence (1%–97%). Although wide, the Ce-based predictions of responsiveness were better distributed over a percentage ranking of observations than the ET-based predictions. For the ET-based model, 45% of the patients awoke within 2 min of the 50% model predicted probability of unresponsiveness and 65% awoke within 4 min. For the Ce-based model, 45% of the patients awoke within 1 min of the 50% model predicted probability of unresponsiveness and 85% awoke within 3.2 min. Predictions of a response to a painful stimulus in the recovery room were similar for the Ce- and ET-based models. DISCUSSION: Results confirmed, in part, our study hypothesis; accounting for the lag time between Ce and ET sevoflurane concentrations improved model predictions of responsiveness but had no effect on predicting a response to a noxious stimulus in the recovery room. These models may be useful in predicting events of clinical interest but large-scale evaluations with numerous patients are needed to better characterize model performance.
The α-Synuclein Gene and Parkinson Disease in a Chinese Population

Objective To study the Ala53Thr and Ala30Pro mutations of the α-synuclein gene in a large number of Chinese patients with Parkinson disease (PD) as well as controls. Methods We recruited 183 Chinese patients with sporadic PD, 17 with younger-onset PD (onset age Results None of the Chinese PD patients or controls had either the Ala53Thr (exon 4) or Ala30Pro (exon 3) mutation of the α-synuclein gene. Conclusion We failed to discover Ala53Thr or Ala30Pro mutations in a large number of Chinese patients with PD and control subjects, adding to the emerging consensus that variations in the α-synuclein gene are associated with PD in few families worldwide.
Nonlinear dynamics of the small-world networks–-Hopf bifurcation, sequence of period-doubling bifurcations and chaos

From viewpoint of nonlinear dynamics, the complex nonlinear dynamic phenomena of the small-world networks are studied in some details. The small-world network model, a set of evolution equations with time delay, is used to approach the nonlinear dynamics of networks, and the stability and Hopf bifurcation of the equilibrium state are investigated numerically in the vector field, and the intermittency phenomena in the networks are explained based on the analysis of Hopf bifurcation. Additionally, the ensuing period-doubling bifurcation, sequence of period-doubling bifurcation and period-3 are studied, and the existence of chaos is verified numerically.
Light field imaging based on electrically tunable nematic liquid crystal micro lens array

A light field imaging system based on electrically tunable nematic liquid crystal (LC)-micro lens array (MLA) is proposed. In this system, a LC-MLA is utilized to replace the conventional glass MLA. The LC-MLA has an advantage of electrically controlled without any mechanical movements. This feature could extend depth of field (DOF) of the LCMLA. In the measurements, the relationship between the external applied voltage and the focal length of the LC-MLA is discussed. The point spread function (PSF) of the LC-MLA is given. An interesting experiment for measuring the direction of the incident light is presented. Those measurements show that the proposed LC-MLA has greatly potential in light field imaging system.
PHAP1 promotes glioma cell proliferation by regulating the Akt/p27/stathmin pathway

PHAP1 (Putative HLA‐DR‐associated protein 1), also termed acidic leucine‐rich nuclear phosphoprotein 32A (ANP32A), Phosphoprotein 32 (pp32) or protein phosphatase 2A inhibitor (I1PP2A), is a multifunctional protein aberrantly expressed in multiple types of human cancers. However, its expression pattern and clinical relevance in human glioma remain unknown. In this study, Western blotting and immunohistochemistry analysis demonstrated PHAP1 protein was highly expressed in glioma patients, especially in those with high‐grade disease. Publicly available data also revealed high levels of PHAP1 were associated with poor prognosis in glioma patients. The functional studies showed that knock‐down of PHAP1 suppressed the proliferation of glioma cells, while overexpression of PHAP1 facilitated it. The iTRAQ proteomic analysis suggested that stathmin might be a potential downstream target of PHAP1. Consistently, PHAP1 knock‐down significantly decreased the expression of stathmin, while overexpression of PHAP1 increased it. Also, the upstream negative regulator, p27, expression levels increased upon PHAP1 knock‐down and decreased when PHAP1 was overexpressed. As a result, the phosphorylated Akt (S473), an upstream regulator of p27, expression levels decreased upon silencing of PHAP1, but elevated after PHAP1 overexpression. Importantly, we demonstrate the p27 down‐regulation, stathmin up‐regulation and cell proliferation acceleration induced by PHAP1 overexpression were dependent on Akt activation. In conclusion, the above results suggest that PHAP1 expression is elevated in glioma patients, which may accelerate the proliferation of glioma cells by regulating the Akt/p27/stathmin pathway.
Cadmium sulphide (CdS) thin films deposited by chemical bath deposition (CBD) and dip coating techniques—a comparative study

The CdS thin films were deposited on glass slide substrates by Chemical Bath Deposition and dip coating techniques. The films thickness variation with deposition time showed maximum films deposition at 35 min for both the films. The energy dispersive analysis of x-ray showed both the films to be stoichiometric. The x-ray diffraction analysis confirmed the films possess hexagonal crystal structure. The transmission electron, scanning electron and optical microscopy study showed the films deposition to be uniform. The selected area electron diffraction exhibited ring patterns stating the films to be polycrystalline in nature. The atomic force microscopy images showed surface formed of spherical grains, hills and valleys. The recorded optical absorbance spectra analysis revealed the films possess direct optical bandgap having values of 2.25 eV for CBD and 2.40 eV for dip coating. The refractive index (η), extinction coefficient (k), complex dielectric constant (ε) and optical conductivity (σ0) variation with wavelength showed maximum photon absorption till the respective wavelengths corresponding to the optical bandgap energy values. The recorded photoluminescence spectra showed two emission peaks. All the obtained results have been discussed in details.
Three Artificial-Noise-Aided Secure Transmission Schemes in Wiretap Channels

We examine the secrecy performance of three artificial-noise-aided secure transmission schemes, namely, the partially adaptive, fully adaptive, and <sc>on–off</sc> schemes. To this end, we provide new analysis to facilitate the optimization of the fraction <inline-formula><tex-math notation="LaTeX">$\phi$</tex-math> </inline-formula> of the transmit power allocated to the useful signal and redundancy rate <inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$R_{\rm{E}}$</tex-math></inline-formula>. Surprisingly, our examination indicates that the partially adaptive scheme, in which only the codeword rate <inline-formula><tex-math notation="LaTeX">$R_{\rm{B}}$ </tex-math></inline-formula> varies with the instantaneous channel gains, significantly outperforms the <sc> on–off</sc> scheme, in which both <inline-formula><tex-math notation="LaTeX">$R_{\rm{B}}$</tex-math> </inline-formula> and <inline-formula><tex-math notation="LaTeX">$R_{\rm{E}}$</tex-math></inline-formula> vary. This performance gain can be characterized in terms of a higher average secrecy rate, subject to an upper bound on the secrecy outage probability. Furthermore, our results also demonstrate that the partially adaptive scheme can achieve almost the same secrecy performance as the fully adaptive scheme, which is of a much higher complexity, where <inline-formula><tex-math notation="LaTeX">$\phi$</tex-math></inline-formula>, <inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$R_{\rm{B}}$</tex-math></inline-formula>, and <inline-formula><tex-math notation="LaTeX"> $R_{\rm{E}}$</tex-math></inline-formula> all vary with the instantaneous channel gains.
Discounts for Lack of Marketability

Discount for Lack of Marketability (DLOM) is one of the most substantial adjustments applied on a valuation of privately held companies, and it can be seen that the market values privately held companies lower than publicly traded equivalents. This study intends to analyze and estimating the resulting discount for lack marketability for different types of companies based on their industry-/ national affiliation. A regression analysis of comparison between IPO prices and previous transactions showed that European companies are subject to a lower DLOM than U.S. equivalents, and that the industry has an influence on the amount of discount applied. The European sample has a median DLOM of 39% compared to the US market with a median equivalent to 47%, and the industries varied with a median of 31% and 56%. For individual companies, the differences in DLOM can be explained by different valuation-related factors such as growth, profitability and risks. Further, the result show that differences between industries are explained by the transaction frequency (including IPOs), where e.g. the service sector had a higher DLOM, 50%, while the mining sector has a lower DLOM of 37% respectively. Possible company specific synergies of M&A’s and venture capital are also given as an explanation for the differences in DLOM between industries. The differences between the U.S. and Europe are discussed based on the higher liquidity in the public traded sector, lower transaction costs and currency effects. The European market is more volatile, less homogeneous and more characterized by bank lending, while the U.S. market is characterized by corporate bond issuing and a more mature venture capital market with more transparency. Key-words: Marketability, Valuation, IPO, Discounts, DLOM Master of Science Thesis INDEK 2017:100 Discounts for Lack of Marketability: An investigation of industry and region influences on the discount Josephine Magnusson Max Talbak Approved 2017-06-02 Examiner Terrence Brown Supervisor Tomas Sörensson Commissioner PwC Sverige Contact person Jon Walberg List of Abbreviations ANOVA Analysis of Variance ASA American Society of Appraisers AECA Spanish Accounting and Business Administration Association BV Book Value DCF Discounted Cash Flow model DLOM Discount for Lack of Marketability EBITDA Earnings Before Interest, Taxes, Depreciation and Amortization EV Enterprise Value FCF Free Cash Flow FCFF Free Cash Flow to Firm FMV Fair Market Value FV Fair Value IPO Initial Public Offering IV Investment Value SEC Securities Exchange Commission IRS Internal Revenue Service LEAP Long-term Equity Anticipation Program LTM Last Twelve Months NAICS North American Industrial Classification Standard NAV Net Asset Value P Share Price QMDM Quantitative Marketability Discount Model SIC Standard Industrial Classification SEC Securities Exchange Commission TEGoVA The European Group of Valuation Associations WACC Weighted Average Cost of Capital Table of
Preface: The Environmental Mapping and Analysis Program (EnMAP) Mission: Preparing for Its Scientific Exploitation

The imaging spectroscopy mission EnMAP aims to assess the state and evolution of terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems, examine the multifaceted impacts of human activities, and support a sustainable use of natural resources. Once in operation (scheduled to launch in 2019), EnMAP will provide high-quality observations in the visible to near-infrared and shortwave-infrared spectral range. The scientific preparation of the mission comprises an extensive science program. This special issue presents a collection of research articles, demonstrating the potential of EnMAP for various applications along with overview articles on the mission and software tools developed within its scientific preparation.
Sequencing the next generation of glioblastomas

Abstract The most aggressive brain malignancy, glioblastoma, accounts for 60–70% of all gliomas and is uniformly fatal. According to the molecular signature, glioblastoma is divided into four subtypes (proneural, neural, classical, and mesenchymal), each with its own genetic background. The Cancer Genome Atlas project provides information about the most common genetic changes in glioblastoma. They involve mutations in TP53, TERT, and PTEN, and amplifications in EFGR, PDGFRA, CDK4, CDK6, MDM2, and MDM4. Recently, epigenetics was used to demonstrate the oncogenic roles of miR-124, miR-137, and miR-128. The most important findings so far are mutations in IDH1/2 and MGMT promoter methylation, which are routinely used as predictive biomarkers in patient care. Current clinical treatment leaves patients with only a 10% chance for 5-year survival. Attempts to define the mutational profile of glioblastoma to identify clinically relevant changes have not yet yielded significant results. This can be attributed to inter- and intra-tumor heterogeneity that is present in most glioblastomas, as well as hypermutation that appears as a consequence of chemotherapy. The evolving field of radiogenomics aims to classify glioblastoma using a combination of magnetic resonance imaging and genomic information. In the era of genomic medicine, next-generation sequencing is extensively used in glioblastoma research because it can detect multiple changes in a single biological sample; its potential in detecting circulating cell-free DNA has been tested in cerebrospinal fluid and plasma, and it shows promise in the examination of the cellular content of extracellular vesicles as a potential source of biomarkers. Next-generation sequencing is making its way into glioblastoma diagnostics. Gene panels like GlioSeq, which includes the most commonly mutated genes, are currently being tested on snap frozen and formalin fixed paraffin embedded tissues. This new methodology is helping to define the “next generation of glioblastomas” – clinically defined and better understood, with greater potential to improve patient care. However, limitations of the necessary infrastructure, space for data storage, technical expertise, and data ownership need to be considered carefully.
The Biological Role of Hyaluronan-Rich Oocyte-Cumulus Extracellular Matrix in Female Reproduction

Fertilization of the mammalian oocyte requires interactions between spermatozoa and expanded cumulus extracellular matrix (ECM) that surrounds the oocyte. This review focuses on key molecules that play an important role in the formation of the cumulus ECM, generated by the oocyte-cumulus complex. In particular, the specific inhibitors (AG1478, lapatinib, indomethacin and MG132) and progesterone receptor antagonist (RU486) exerting their effects through the remodeling of the ECM of the cumulus cells surrounding the oocyte have been described. After gonadotropin stimulus, cumulus cells expand and form hyaluronan (HA)-rich cumulus ECM. In pigs, the proper structure of the cumulus ECM depends on the interaction between HA and serum-derived proteins of the inter-alpha-trypsin inhibitor (IαI) protein family. We have demonstrated the synthesis of HA by cumulus cells, and the presence of the IαI, tumor necrosis factor-alpha-induced protein 6 and pentraxin 3 in expanding oocyte-cumulus complexes (OCC). We have evaluated the covalent linkage of heavy chains of IαI proteins to HA, as the principal component of the expanded HA-rich cumulus ECM, in porcine OCC cultured in medium with specific inhibitors: AG1478 and lapatinib (both inhibitors of epidermal growth factor receptor tyrosine kinase activity); MG132 (a specific proteasomal inhibitor), indomethacin (cyclooxygenase inhibitor); and progesterone receptor antagonist (RU486). We have found that both RU486 and indomethacin does not disrupt the formation of the covalent linkage between the heavy chains of IαI to HA in the expanded OCC. In contrast, the inhibitors AG1478 and lapatinib prevent gonadotropin-induced cumulus expansion. Finally, the formation of oocyte-cumulus ECM relying on the covalent transfer of heavy chains of IαI molecules to HA has been inhibited in the presence of MG132.
Persistent Environmental Pollutants and Couple Fecundity: The LIFE Study

Background: Evidence suggesting that persistent environmental pollutants may be reproductive toxicants underscores the need for prospective studies of couples for whom exposures are measured. Objectives: We examined the relationship between selected persistent pollutants and couple fecundity as measured by time to pregnancy. Methods: A cohort of 501 couples who discontinued contraception to become pregnant was prospectively followed for 12 months of trying to conceive or until a human chorionic gonadotrophin (hCG) test confirmed pregnancy. Couples completed daily journals on lifestyle and provided biospecimens for the quantification of 9 organochlorine pesticides, 1 polybrominated biphenyl, 10 polybrominated diphenyl ethers, 36 polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), and 7 perfluorochemicals (PFCs) in serum. Using Cox models for discrete time, we estimated fecundability odds ratios (FORs) and 95% CIs separately for each partner’s concentrations adjusting for age, body mass index, serum cotinine, serum lipids (except for PFCs), and study site (Michigan or Texas); sensitivity models were further adjusted for left truncation or time off of contraception (≤ 2 months) before enrollment. Results: The adjusted reduction in fecundability associated with standard deviation increases in log-transformed serum concentrations ranged between 18% and 21% for PCB congeners 118, 167, 209, and perfluorooctane sulfonamide in females; and between 17% and 29% for p,p´-DDE and PCB congeners 138, 156, 157, 167, 170, 172, and 209 in males. The strongest associations were observed for PCB 167 (FOR 0.79; 95% CI: 0.64, 0.97) in females and PCB 138 (FOR = 0.71; 95% CI: 0.52, 0.98) in males. Conclusions: In this couple-based prospective cohort study with preconception enrollment and quantification of exposures in both female and male partners, we observed that a subset of persistent environmental chemicals were associated with reduced fecundity.
On the networked architecture of genotype spaces and its critical effects on molecular evolution

Evolutionary dynamics is often viewed as a subtle process of change accumulation that causes a divergence among organisms and their genomes. However, this interpretation is an inheritance of a gradualistic view that has been challenged at the macroevolutionary, ecological and molecular level. Actually, when the complex architecture of genotype spaces is taken into account, the evolutionary dynamics of molecular populations becomes intrinsically non-uniform, sharing deep qualitative and quantitative similarities with slowly driven physical systems: nonlinear responses analogous to critical transitions, sudden state changes or hysteresis, among others. Furthermore, the phenotypic plasticity inherent to genotypes transforms classical fitness landscapes into multiscapes where adaptation in response to an environmental change may be very fast. The quantitative nature of adaptive molecular processes is deeply dependent on a network-of-networks multilayered structure of the map from genotype to function that we begin to unveil.
Comparison of Sensory Profile scores of young children with and without autism spectrum disorders.

OBJECTIVES The purpose of this study was to describe the sensory-based behaviors of young children with autism as reported by their parents on the Sensory Profile. Factor scores of children with autism were compared with those of children without autism. METHOD The Sensory Profile questionnaire was completed by parents of 40 children with autism 3 through 6 years of age and parents of 40 children without autism 3 through 6 years of age. RESULTS The performance of children with autism was significantly different from that of children without autism on 8 of 10 factors. Factors where differences were found included Sensory Seeking, Emotionally Reactive, Low Endurance/Tone, Oral Sensitivity, Inattention/Distractibility, Poor Registration, Fine Motor/Perceptual, and Other. CONCLUSION Findings from the study suggest that young children with autism have deficits in a variety of sensory processing abilities as measured by the Sensory Profile. Further research is needed to replicate these findings, to examine the possibility of subgroups on the basis of sensory processing, and to contrast the sensory processing abilities of children with other disabilities to those of children with autism.