Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Are PHP applications ready for Hack?

PHP is by far the most popular WEB scripting language, accounting for more than 80% of existing websites. PHP is dynamically typed, which means that variables take on the type of the objects that they are assigned, and may change type as execution proceeds. While some type changes are likely not harmful, others involving function calls and global variables may be more difficult to understand and the source of many bugs. Hack, a new PHP variant endorsed by Facebook, attempts to address this problem by adding static typing to PHP variables, which limits them to a single consistent type throughout execution. This paper defines an empirical taxonomy of PHP type changes along three dimensions: the complexity or burden imposed to understand the type change; whether or not the change is potentially harmful; and the actual types changed. We apply static and dynamic analyses to three widely used WEB applications coded in PHP (WordPress, Drupal and phpBB) to investigate (1) to what extent developers really use dynamic typing, (2) what kinds of type changes are actually encountered; and (3) how difficult it might be to refactor the code to avoid type changes, and thus meet the constraints of Hack's static typing. We report evidence that dynamic typing is actually a relatively uncommon practice in production PHP programs, and that most dynamic type changes are simple representational changes, such as between strings and integers. We observe that most PHP type changes in these programs are relatively simple, and that the largest proportion of them are easy to refactor to consistent static typing using simple local renaming transformations. Overall, the paper casts doubt on the usefulness of dynamic typing in PHP, and indicates that for many production applications, conversion to Hack's static typing may not be very difficult.
Sustainable Design on Urban Landscape

Puting forward the idea of sustainable development into the urban landscape design, it can reduce the huge pressure the urban environment suffers from, get ecological, social, economic multiple benefits. Exploring design principles and methods of sustainable landscape from land use, landscape materials, engineering technology, ecological system, maintenance and management of landscape and other aspects, then providing the reference for the healthy development of cities and urban landscape.
Bone-grafting techniques for scaphoid nonunion.

The treatment of scaphoid nonunion by techniques of bone grafting occurred quite early as the surgical approach to orthopedics developed (14,29,55,61,76). In 1925, Destot (25) presented the concept that nonhealing of the proximal limb (member) of the scaphoid is the rule rather than the exception. Bunnell (14) noted the frequency of scaphoid fractures and commented that, of all the carpal bones, the scaphoid had the most precarious blood supply. He noted that nonunion occurs after fracture when blood supply and immobilization are insufficient. Treatment of scaphoid nonunion was by excision until the late 1930s, when greater efforts at bone grafting were introduced. Before this, extended immobilization of up to a year was recommended to allow for revascularization through creeping substitution. Stewart (80), Speed (76), and others (26,29) recommended this program of continued immobilization primarily for nonunion that was undisplaced, the so-called fibrous nonunion. Nonunion of the scaphoid that progressed to increased carpal instability and eventually to arthritis of the wrist, however, was recognized by several surgeons. Barr et a]. (8) reported a 22% incidence of nonunion of all scaphoid fractures, noting that more than 40% of these developed displacement, fragmentation, arthritic change, and functional impairment. Bunnell (1 4) observed that, if there is movement or displacement, the fracture, even through the waist, can never unite. He observed that, if the individual does sedentary work, there may not be much complaint; however, if the individual does manual labor, the hand will swell and become lame. Early treatment of the scaphoid nonunion included radial styloid excision (7), resection of the proximal pole (1O,23), and bone grafting. For fractures in which there was a delay in achieving union (delayed union), bone grafting (1 2,29) was recommended as early as the 1940s. The problem of the avascular scaphoid had been recognized. One study demonstrated in 1946 that 40% of cases showed evidence of aseptic necrosis (62). With bone
KOALA: a co‐allocating grid scheduler

In multicluster systems, and more generally in grids, jobs may require co‐allocation, that is, the simultaneous or coordinated access of single applications to resources of possibly multiple types in multiple locations managed by different resource managers. Co‐allocation presents new challenges to resource management in grids, such as locating sufficient resources in geographically distributed sites, allocating and managing resources in multiple, possibly heterogeneous sites for single applications, and coordinating the execution of single jobs at multiple sites. Moreover, as single jobs now may have to rely on multiple resource managers, co‐allocation introduces reliability problems. In this paper, we present the design and implementation of a co‐allocating grid scheduler named KOALA that meets these co‐allocation challenges. In addition, we report on the results of an analysis of the performance in our multicluster testbed of the co‐allocation policies built into KOALA. We also include the results of a performance and reliability test of KOALA while our testbed was unstable. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The epidemiology of irritable bowel syndrome

Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) is a functional condition of the bowel that is diagnosed using clinical criteria. This paper discusses the nature of the diagnostic process for IBS and how this impacts epidemiological measurements. Depending on the diagnostic criteria employed, IBS affects around 11% of the population globally. Around 30% of people who experience the symptoms of IBS will consult physicians for their IBS symptoms. These people do not have significantly different abdominal symptoms to those who do not consult, but they do have greater levels of anxiety and lower quality of life. Internationally, there is a female predominance in the prevalence of IBS. There is 25% less IBS diagnosed in those over 50 years and there is no association with socioeconomic status. IBS aggregates within families and the genetic and sociological factors potentially underlying this are reviewed. Patients diagnosed with IBS are highly likely to have other functional disease and have more surgery than the general population. There is no evidence that IBS is associated with an increased mortality risk. The epidemiological evidence surrounding these aspects of the natural history is discussed.
Efficient Sanitization of Unsafe Data Correlations

In this paper, we present a study to counter privacy violation due to unsafe data correlation. We propose a safe correlation requirement to keep correlated values bounded by l-diversity and evaluate the trade-o to be made for the sake of a strong privacy guarantee. Finally, we present a correlation sanitization algorithm that enforces our safety constraint and demonstrates its eciency.
Morphology, dimensional stability and mechanical properties of polypropylene–wood flour composites with and without nanoclay

Several composites based on recycled—virgin polypropylene, wood flour and organically modified montmorillonite (commonly called ‘nanoclay’) were prepared by melt compounding. This paper aims to evaluate the potential for the use of recycled polypropylene and underutilized wood flour as material for the development of wood–plastic composites, as well as reinforcement effect of organically modified montmorillonite on them. In order to improve the poor interfacial interaction between the hydrophilic wood flour and hydrophobic polypropylene matrix, as well as polypropylene–organically modified montmorillonite, maleic anhydride-grafted polypropylene was used as a compatibilizer. Some mechanical and physical properties were evaluated. Findings of this work show that both recycled and virgin polypropylene can be used in manufacture of wood–plastic composites and there is no significant difference in the properties of resulting nanocomposites. It was found that mechanical properties of polypropylene containing 40wt% wood flour reinforcement remain essentially unchanged when the virgin polypropylene in the matrix is replaced be recycled polypropylene. Morphologies of the nanocomposites were analyzed by scanning electron microscopy and X-ray diffraction, and the results showed increased d-spacing of clay layers indicating enhanced compatibility between polypropylene and clay and wood flour. Consequently, polypropylene recycled from postconsumer applications can be used in high-value nanocomposites without going the expense of separating out impurities from the polymer.
Sensory Properties and Microbial Characteristics of Cookies Prepared from Refined Wheat Flour Supplemented with Sweet Potato Flour and Whey Protein Concentrate

A study was conducted for sensory analysis and microbial assay for the cookies supplemented with refined wheat flour, sweet potato flour and whey proteins concentrate (WPC-80). The cookies made were nutritious Sensory evaluation for microbial study conducted Results from sensory analysis revealed that all treatment combinations are in acceptable level. Among all, T 3 HT1 (20% SPF and 20% WPC) best in overall acceptability. The SPC ranges from 1.400±0.548 to 4.400±0.548 from 0 th to 30 th days, Yeast and mould was NIL in 0 th and 15 th day on 30 th it Coli forms count is NIL 0 th th 30 th for different treatment
A Distance-Aware Replica Adaptive Data Gathering Protocol for Delay Tolerant Mobile Sensor Networks

In Delay Tolerant Mobile Sensor Networks (DTMSNs) that have the inherent features of intermitted connectivity and frequently changing network topology it is reasonable to utilize multi-replica schemes to improve the data gathering performance. However, most existing multi-replica approaches inject a large amount of message copies into the network to increase the probability of message delivery, which may drain each mobile node’s limited battery supply faster and result in too much contention for the restricted resources of the DTMSN, so a proper data gathering scheme needs a trade off between the number of replica messages and network performance. In this paper, we propose a new data gathering protocol called DRADG (for Distance-aware Replica Adaptive Data Gathering protocol), which economizes network resource consumption through making use of a self-adapting algorithm to cut down the number of redundant replicas of messages, and achieves a good network performance by leveraging the delivery probabilities of the mobile sensors as main routing metrics. Simulation results have shown that the proposed DRADG protocol achieves comparable or higher message delivery ratios at the cost of the much lower transmission overhead than several current DTMSN data gathering schemes.
Bronchodilator responsiveness: interpret with caution

Bronchodilator responsiveness (BDR) is widely considered to be a key diagnostic criterion for asthma, and is used to differentiate asthma from chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). Currently, the threshold of a 12% increase in FEV1 from baseline following inhaled salbutamol, with at least a 200 ml increase in absolute terms, is recommended as a response indicative of asthma,1 although recent British guidelines recognise the poor discriminatory function of this criterion.2 Thus, despite this criterion being commonly used in clinical practice, there is uncertainty regarding its clinical utility, in particular its ability to differentiate asthma from COPD, or indeed, normal subjects. One approach to enable a better understanding of the clinical utility of BDR is to determine the worldwide distribution of BDR in health and disease, which has been undertaken by Tan and colleagues, and reported in Thorax.3 The authors report BDR in terms of change in FEV1 and FVC following 200 μg of salbutamol delivered by metered dose inhaler via a spacer, in around 10 000 adults aged 40 years and older from 14 countries in North America, Europe, Asia and Africa who participated in the Burden of Obstructive Lung Disease study. The Burden of Obstructive Lung Disease methodology is robust and has many strengths, …
DYNAMIC SOIL PROPERTIES REQUIRED TO PREDICT THE DYNAMIC BEHAVIOR OF ELEVATED TRANSPORTATION STRUCTURES

In this investigation, dynamic triaxial tests were performed (1) to provide additional data on the dynamic properties of soils at the range of strain amplitudes generated under the foundations of poorly performing transportation structures, (2) to justify that dynamic soil properties determined by triaxial tests are appropriate to represent field conditions, and (3) to investigate the effect of testing procedures on dynamic soil properties, soil volume changes, and induced pore water pressures which influence the performance of elevated transportation structure foundations.
Design and Development of MPPT based Converter for Efficient Solar Power Conversion

The design of a Maximum Power Tracking (MPPT) controller for a solar photovoltaic system is proposed utilizing a buckconverter topology. Solar panel voltage and current are continuously monitored by a closed-loop microcontroller based control system, and the duty cycle of the buck converter will be continuously adjusted to extract the maximum power. MATLAB Simulation will be used for the initial validation of the proposed scheme and for the selection of circuit parameters. Actual controller will be implemented using AVR series microcontroller.
An empirical study of availability in friend-to-friend storage systems

Friend-to-friend networks, i.e. peer-to-peer networks where data are exchanged and stored solely through nodes owned by trusted users, can guarantee dependability, privacy and uncensorability by exploiting social trust. However, the limitation of storing data only on friends can come to the detriment of data availability: if no friends are online, then data stored in the system will not be accessible. In this work, we explore the tradeoffs between redundancy (i.e., how many copies of data are stored on friends), data placement (the choice of which friend nodes to store data on) and data availability (the probability of finding data online). We show that the problem of obtaining maximal availability while minimizing redundancy is NP-complete; in addition, we perform an exploratory study on data placement strategies, and we investigate their performance in terms of redundancy needed and availability obtained. By performing a trace-based evaluation, we show that nodes with as few as 10 friends can already obtain good availability levels.
Variation in polygalacturonase production among Aspergillus flavus isolates

Pectinase production by Aspergillus flavus was determined by measuring clear zones formed around colonies stained with ruthenium red. Several isolates produced red zones instead of clear zones. Red zones were reproduced with pectinesterase and correlated with absence of specific polygalacturonases. Of 87 isolates tested, 15 produced red zones.
Human Memory B Cells in Healthy Gingiva, Gingivitis, and Periodontitis

The presence of inflammatory infiltrates with B cells, specifically plasma cells, is the hallmark of periodontitis lesions. The composition of these infiltrates in various stages of homeostasis and disease development is not well documented. Human tissue biopsies from sites with gingival health (n = 29), gingivitis (n = 8), and periodontitis (n = 21) as well as gingival tissue after treated periodontitis (n = 6) were obtained and analyzed for their composition of B cell subsets. Ag specificity, Ig secretion, and expression of receptor activator of NF-κB ligand and granzyme B were performed. Although most of the B cell subsets in healthy gingiva and gingivitis tissues were CD19+CD27+CD38− memory B cells, the major B cell component in periodontitis was CD19+CD27+CD38+CD138+HLA-DRlow plasma cells, not plasmablasts. Plasma cell aggregates were observed at the base of the periodontal pocket and scattered throughout the gingiva, especially apically toward the advancing front of the lesion. High expression of CXCL12, a proliferation-inducing ligand, B cell–activating factor, IL-10, IL-6, and IL-21 molecules involved in local B cell responses was detected in both gingivitis and periodontitis tissues. Periodontitis tissue plasma cells mainly secreted IgG specific to periodontal pathogens and also expressed receptor activator of NF-κB ligand, a bone resorption cytokine. Memory B cells resided in the connective tissue subjacent to the junctional epithelium in healthy gingiva. This suggested a role of memory B cells in maintaining periodontal homeostasis.
Characterization of Escherichia coli dinJ-yafQ Toxin-Antitoxin System Using Insights from Mutagenesis Data

ABSTRACT Escherichia coli dinJ-yafQ operon codes for a functional toxin-antitoxin (TA) system. YafQ toxin is an RNase which, upon overproduction, specifically inhibits the translation process by cleaving cellular mRNA at specific sequences. DinJ is an antitoxin and counteracts YafQ-mediated toxicity by forming a strong protein complex. In the present study we used site-directed mutagenesis of YafQ to determine the amino acids important for its catalytic activity. His50Ala, His63Ala, Asp67Ala, Trp68Ala, Trp68Phe, Arg83Ala, His87Ala, and Phe91Ala substitutions of the predicted active-site residues of YafQ abolished mRNA cleavage in vivo, whereas Asp61Ala and Phe91Tyr mutations inhibited YafQ RNase activity only moderately. We show that YafQ, upon overexpression, cleaved mRNAs preferably 5′ to A between the second and third nucleotides in the codon in vivo. YafQ also showed RNase activity against mRNA, tRNA, and 5S rRNA molecules in vitro, albeit with no strong specificity. The endoribonuclease activity of YafQ was inhibited in the complex with DinJ antitoxin in vitro. DinJ-YafQ protein complex and DinJ antitoxin alone selectively bind to one of the two palindromic sequences present in the intergenic region upstream of the dinJ-yafQ operon, suggesting the autoregulation mode of this TA system.
Maximum likelihood estimation of determinantal point processes

Determinantal point processes (DPPs) have wide-ranging applications in machine learning, where they are used to enforce the notion of diversity in subset selection problems. Many estimators have been proposed, but surprisingly the basic properties of the maximum likelihood estimator (MLE) have received little attention. The difficulty is that it is a non-concave maximization problem, and such functions are notoriously difficult to understand in high dimensions, despite their importance in modern machine learning. Here we study both the local and global geometry of the expected log-likelihood function. We prove several rates of convergence for the MLE and give a complete characterization of the case where these are parametric. We also exhibit a potential curse of dimensionality where the asymptotic variance of the MLE scales exponentially with the dimension of the problem. Moreover, we exhibit an exponential number of saddle points, and give evidence that these may be the only critical points.
PRONA: A Plugin for Well-Designed Approximate Queries in Jena

The time of answering a SPARQL query with its all exact solutions in large scale RDF dataset possibly exceeds users’ tolerable waiting time, especially when it contains the OPT operations. It becomes essential to make a trade-oﬀ between the query response time and solution accuracy. We propose PRONA - an plugin for well-designed approximate queries in Jena, which provides help for users to answer well-designed SPARQL queries by approximate computation. The main features of PRONA comprise SPARQL query engine with approximate queries, as well as various approximate degrees for users to choose.
Luminescence and Scintillation Properties of Ce-Doped YAP and LuYAP Crystals

The luminescence and gamma-ray detection properties of cerium-doped scintillators, namely, Lu0.3Y0. 7AlO3:Ce (Lu0.3Y0.7AP:Ce), Lu0.7Y0. 3AlO3:Ce (Lu0.7Y0.3AP:Ce ), and YAlO3:Ce (YAP:Ce) were investigated. UV excitation and emission spectra of studied crystals were compared. The light yield and energy resolution were measured using photomultiplier tube (PMT) readout. The light yield non-proportionality and energy resolution versus gamma-ray energy were measured and the intrinsic resolution of the crystals was determined after correcting the measured energy resolution for PMT statistics. For 662 keV gamma rays (137Cs source), YAP: Ce showed the highest light yield of 28,500 ph/MeV and the best energy resolution of 4.4 % , while its photofraction is worst.
Human Pose Estimation in Video via MCMC Sampling

We describe a method for the human pose estimation in a video sequence. We propose a new mathematical model of a human pose in a video sequence, which incorporates motion and pose parameters. We show that the model of (Park and Ramanan, 2011) is a particular case of our model. We introduce a framework to infer an approximation of the optimal value in the proposed model. We use an exact algorithm of motion parameters estimation to reduce complexity of inference. Our approach outperforms results of (Park and Ramanan, 2011) in the most complicated video sequences.
A knowledge-based scale for the analysis and prediction of buried and exposed faces of transmembrane domain proteins

MOTIVATION The dearth of structural data on alpha-helical membrane proteins (MPs) has hampered thus far the development of reliable knowledge-based potentials that can be used for automatic prediction of transmembrane (TM) protein structure. While algorithms for identifying TM segments are available, modeling of the TM domains of alpha-helical MPs involves assembling the segments into a bundle. This requires the correct assignment of the buried and lipid-exposed faces of the TM domains. RESULTS A recent increase in the number of crystal structures of alpha-helical MPs has enabled an analysis of the lipid-exposed surfaces and the interiors of such molecules on the basis of structure, rather than sequence alone. Together with a conservation criterion that is based on previous observations that conserved residues are mostly found in the interior of MPs, the bias of certain residue types to be preferably buried or exposed is proposed as a criterion for predicting the lipid-exposed and interior faces of TMs. Applications to known structures demonstrates 80% accuracy of this prediction algorithm. AVAILABILITY The algorithm used for the predictions is implemented in the ProperTM Web server (http://icb.med.cornell.edu/services/propertm/start).