Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Intravenous immunoglobulin for treating sepsis and septic shock.

BACKGROUND Death from severe sepsis and septic shock is common, and researchers have explored whether antibodies to the endotoxins in some bacteria reduces mortality. OBJECTIVES To estimate the effects of intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIG) in patients with bacterial sepsis or septic shock on mortality, bacteriological failure rates, and duration of stay in hospital. SEARCH STRATEGY We searched the Cochrane Infectious Diseases Group specialized register up to November 2001; the Cochrane Controlled Trials Register, The Cochrane Library issue 4, 2001; MEDLINE 1966 to November 2001; and EMBASE 1988 to September 2001. We contacted investigators active in the field for unpublished data. SELECTION CRITERIA Randomised trials comparing intravenous immunoglobulin (monoclonal or polyclonal) with placebo or no intervention, in patients with bacterial sepsis or septic shock. DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS Inclusion criteria, trial quality assessment, and data abstraction were done in duplicate. We conducted pre-specified subgroup analyses by type of immunoglobulin preparation. MAIN RESULTS Twenty-seven out of 55 studies met our inclusion criteria. Pooled analysis of all types of IVIG preparations revealed a significant trend toward reduction of mortality (n= 8,856; RR=0.91; 95%CI 0.86-0.96). Overall mortality was reduced in patients who received polyclonal IVIG (n=492; RR=0.64; 95% CI 0.51 to 0.80). For the two high-quality trials on polyclonal IVIG, the RR for overall mortality was 0.30, but the confidence interval was wide (95% CI 0.09 to 0.99, n=91). Mortality was not reduced among patients who received monoclonal antibodies such as anti-endotoxins (n=2,826 in 5 good-quality studies; RR=0.97; 95% CI 0.88 to 1.07) or anti-cytokines (n=4,318; RR=0.93; 95% CI 0.86 to 1.01). A few studies measured secondary outcomes (deaths from sepsis or length of hospitalisation) but no differences in the intervention and control groups were identified except among those who received polyclonal IVIG, where sepsis-related mortality was significantly reduced (n=161; RR=0.35; 95% CI 0.18 to 0.69). REVIEWER'S CONCLUSIONS Polyclonal IVIG significantly reduced mortality and and is a promising adjuvant in the treatment of sepsis and septic shock. However, all the trials were small and the totality of the evidence is insufficient to support a robust conclusion of benefit. Adjunctive therapy with monoclonal IVIGs remains experimental.
The Participation Rights of Premature Babies

Is it appropriate or useful to phrase premature babies' needs, welfare, or best interests in the language of babies' rights? Can babies be rights-holders? This chapter reviews the relevance of the UN 1989 Convention on the Rights of the Child (UNCRC), and particularly the participation rights, to premature babies and their care. The review is illustrated with examples drawn from a study of four neonatal intensive care units (NICU). The chapter presents the background on human and children's rights, on research about childhood, babies and participation, and on the neonatal research study. Examples from the study illustrate how participation rights relate to premature babies. The chapter concludes that respect for babies' participation rights is feasible immediate, integral and indispensable to adequate neonatal care, and that babies' rights justify and validate high standards of care. Keywords: children's rights; neonatal intensive care units (NICU); participation rights; premature babies; UNCRC
The educational orientation of participants in postgraduate managerial study programmes in Poland

The purpose of the study was to identify and describe factors influencing the type of education pursued by those engaged in postgraduate managerial studies and their pro-education orientation. The research employed a questionnaire constructed by the author in addition to other tools (Osgood, Suci, and Tannenbaum 1957; Rokeach 1972; Davis 1975). The results obtained suggest that the majority of those engaged in postgraduate managerial studies have a clear vision of their development and positively evaluate their educational and professional experience and their intellectual skills. Postgraduate studies and other forms of education are perceived as a means to achieving professional goals. An attempt was also made to present a typology of educational behaviour, based on the results of the research. The factors responsible for pro-educational orientation are connected, above all, with one's profession and professional experience, the position one holds, his or her material status, gender, hierarchy of values and creativity. The study supported the conclusion that in order to develop managers' pro-educational orientation, cooperation between universities and the business environment in developing new educational programmes and propagating investing in human capital is required. Particular emphasis should be put on developing an educational orientation among university students, particularly on their creating their own vision of intellectual development.
Seeing the Whole Board: New Institutional Analysis of News Content

The author assesses the merits of various new institutional approaches to news presented as part of a symposium on the subject and suggests that one of the advantages of these approaches is their effort to see the major variables of news production in relation to one another and moving in time. However, this very sensitivity to interaction and time makes new institutionalist explanations complex. In this regard, of particular importance is the tendency of new institutionalist theorists to conflate at least two definitions of institutions: formal organizations and informal, largely tacit understandings. This article explores the potential of new institutionalist theory in the context of a brief examination of news coverage of the Abu Ghraib prison abuse scandal in major mainstream American newspapers. It shows that the homogeneity of this coverage can be explained in the context of new institutionalist theory. Suggestions are offered for how those interested in new institutionalist explanations of news might move forward.
A molecular approach to the study of genic heterozygosity in natural populations. I. The number of alleles at different loci in Drosophila pseudoobscura.

cornerstone of the theory of evolution by gradual change is that the rate of A evolution is absolutely limited by the amount of genetic variation in the evolving population. FISHER’S “Fundamental Theorem of Natural Selection” ( 1930) is a mathematical statement of this generalization, but even without mathematics it is clear that genetic change caused by natural selection presupposes genetic differences already existing, on which natural selection can operate. In a sense, a description of the genetic variation in a population is the fundamental datum of evolutionary studies; and it is necessary to explain the origin and maintenance of this variation and to predict its evolutionary consequences. It is not surprising, then, that a major effort of genetics in the last 50 years has been to characterize the amounts and kinds of genetic variation existing in natural or laboratory populations of various organisms. The results so far have told us a great deal about cytological variation such as polymorphisms for inversions and translocations, about frequencies of rare visible mutations at many loci, and about frequencies of chromosomes that are deleterious when homozygous together with the degree of that deleterious effect. In addition, we know of some striking singlelocus polymorphisms. These results are familiar to all students of population genetics and evolution, and have been well reviewed by DOBZHANSKY (195 1 ) and more recently by MAYR (1 963). Yet, for all the wealth of observation and experiment, the techniques of population genetics have not allowed us to ask directly the most elementary question about the genetic structure of a population: At w h t proportion of his loci can we expect a diploid individual to be heterozygous? Put in another way, this is the question of how much genetic variation there is in any given population. That this question remains unanswered is best shown by a statement of MAYR (1963) at the end of more than 100 pages of review of our present knowledge.
A high-throughput and low-latency interconnection network for multi-core Clusters with 3-D stacked L2 tightly-coupled data memory

The performance of most digital systems today is limited by the interconnect latency between logic and memory, rather than by the performance of logic or memory itself. Three-dimensional (3-D) integration using through-silicon-vias (TSVs) may provide a solution to overcome the scaling limitations by stacking multiple memory dies on top of a many-core die. In this paper, we propose a Mesh-of-Trees (MoT) network to support high-throughput and low-latency communication between processing cores and 3-D stacked multi-banked shared L2 data memory. Compared to conventional MoT network [5] that is straightforwardly adapted to 3-D integration, the experimental results show that the proposed network significantly improves the number of operations per second. We also investigate the architecture parameters of 3-D memory stacking (e.g., number of tiers to be stacked, TSV sharing, etc.) that affect the interconnection network as well as the system performance and fabrication cost, which permits to explore trade-offs among different 3-D memory stacking architectures.
Poststructuralism and Communication

Poststructuralist writers have regularly made critiques of widespread assumptions about the nature of human communication a central part of their projects. Within the more theoretically and philosophically oriented wing of communication studies, poststructuralism has, within the past few years, been an important stimulus in reevaluations of the field. In a sense, then, communication studies and poststructuralism are already engaged in a limited dialogue. But the possibility that the two bodies of theory might &dquo;communicate&dquo; with one another more fully is made doubtful both by their relative styles of theorizing and by post.structuralism’s
How K-12 teachers can put self-determination theory principles into practice

We discuss how K-12 teachers can put motivational principles from self-determination theory into practice. To explain the `how to' of autonomy-supportive teaching, we answer eight frequently asked questions from teachers: What is the goal of autonomy-supportive teaching? How is autonomy-supportive teaching unique? Does autonomy support mean permissiveness? How would I encourage students' initial engagement in learning activities? How could I help students maintain their engagement? What would I say/How might I talk? How would I solve motivational and behavioral problems? How do I know if I provided instruction in an autonomy-supportive way? To answer these questions, we recommend the following classroom practices: take the students' perspective, display patience to allow time for learning, nurture inner motivational resources, provide explanatory rationales, rely on noncontrolling language, and acknowledge and accept expressions of negative effect.
HOW DESCRIBING AUTOBIOGRAPHICAL EVENTS CAN AFFECT AUTOBIOGRAPHICAL MEMORIES

In this article we argue that social discourse can affect the structure and content of autobiographical memory. In making this argument, we review literature documenting the impact of social factors, including culture, social roles, and social disclosure frequency, on aspects of autobiographical memory. We also describe several social norms that govern social discourse and speculate about the effect that such norms might have on autobiographical memory. In addition, we review the mental structures and processes that might serve to mediate the relation between social discourse and autobiographical memory and offer suggestions about how both social and cognitive factors might be integrated into a common model accounting for autobiographical memory.
Community change for diverse democracy

This paper presents ideas about community change for diverse democracy. It provides perspectives on change, identifies three types of practice, and examines some of its elements. It draws upon secondary literature and empirical studies of practice in various communities and concludes with observations about future work in the field, with the general conclusion that democratic societies, especially ones whose populations are becoming more diverse, will depend in part on their ability to both recognize differences and also build bridges across cultural boundaries. The paper is based on the belief that strengthening the study of these phenomena can contribute to their practice.
Ion motion in the current sheet with sheared magnetic field – Part 1: Quasi-adiabatic theory

Abstract. We present a theory of trapped ion motion in the magnetotail current sheet with a constant dawn–dusk component of the magnetic field. Particle trajectories are described analytically using the quasi-adiabatic invariant corresponding to averaging of fast oscillations around the tangential component of the magnetic field. We consider particle dynamics in the quasi-adiabatic approximation and demonstrate that the principal role is played by large (so called geometrical) jumps of the quasi-adiabatic invariant. These jumps appear due to the current sheet asymmetry related to the presence of the dawn–dusk magnetic field. The analytical description is compared with results of numerical integration. We show that there are four possible regimes of particle motion. Each regime is characterized by certain ranges of values of the dawn–dusk magnetic field and particle energy. We find the critical value of the dawn–dusk magnetic field, where jumps of the quasi-adiabatic invariant vanish.
Effect of arginine and threonine administered in ovo on digestive organ developments and subsequent growth performance of broiler chickens.

This trial was conducted to investigate the effect of arginine (Arg), threonine (Thr) and Arg + Thr administered in ovo on growth performance, digestive organs and intestinal morphology in broiler chickens. On day 14 of incubation, 400 fertile eggs were randomly allotted to five experimental treatments through injection in the amniotic fluid including: (i) control (none injected), (ii) sham (0.5 ml of 0.5% saline), (iii) Arg (35 mg/egg), (iv) Thr (25 mg/egg) and (v) Arg + Thr (35 + 25 mg/egg). After hatching, chicks were given a commercial corn-soya bean diet up to 42 days of age. Daily feed intake (FI) and body weight (BW) of chicks were measured during different periods of the trial. Digestive organs were measured for their relative weight and intestinal length on days 11 and 42 of age. Intestinal morphometric traits were evaluated on day 11 of the experiment. Supplementing amino acids affected the performance of broiler chicks as Thr significantly increased FI and BW across starter, grower and finisher periods compared with sham and control (p < 0.05). Furthermore, Arg + Thr injection increased jejunal weight compared with control on day 42 (p < 0.05). Moreover, Arg inclusion led to the greatest villus height and crypt depth among treatments in duodenum (p > 0.05); however, amino acid supplemented groups had lower villus height than control in jejunum (p < 0.05). Negative correlations found between digestive organs related to day 11 of age containing pancreas (r = -0.484; p = 0.030), duodenal (r = -0.577; p = 0.007) as well as ileal lengths (r = -0.471; p = 0.035) and FI of entire period. Otherwise, positive relationships were observed between duodenum (r = 0.580; p = 0.007) and ileum (r = 0.582; p = 0.007) weights on day 42 and FI of chickens across the entire phase. In conclusion, Arg and particularly Thr injection into amnion can improve FI and post-hatch growth performance of chickens which may be mediated by the development of digestive organs.
Contextual remote-sensing image classification by support vector machines and Markov random fields

In the framework of remote-sensing image classification support vector machines (SVMs) have recently been receiving a very strong attention, thanks to their accurate results in many applications and good analytical properties. However, SVM classifiers are intrinsically noncontextual, which represents a severe limitation in image classification. In this paper, a novel method is proposed to integrate support vector classification with Markov random field models for the spatial context, and is validated with multichannel SAR and multispectral high-resolution images. The integration relies on an analytical reformulation of the Markovian minimum-energy rule in terms of a suitable SVM-like kernel expansion. Parameter-optimization and hierarchical clustering algorithms are also integrated in the method to automatically tune its input parameters and to minimize the execution time with large images and training sets, respectively.
All-digital phased-locked loop with local passive interpolation time-to-digital converter based on a tristate inverter

This paper presents the all-digital phase-locked loop (ADPLL) with the local passive interpolation time-to-digital converter (LPI-TDC). Unlike the conventional LPI-TDC, the proposed TDC has a tristate inverter delay cell in only first delay chain, other delay cell is composed of only normal inverters that have same delay as tristate inverter. LPI-TDC based a tristate has the advantages of higher resolution than conventional LPI-TDC. The resolution of the proposed LPI-TDC increases by approximately 1.5 times compare to the conventional LPI-TDC. The proposed ADPLL has been implemented using 0. 18μm CMOS process. The peak to peak jitter is 32.86ps, and the power consumption of the ADPLL is 25.02mW, which is lower than the conventional ADPLL, at 600 MHz operation with 1.8V power supply voltage.
A systematic review of the role of interleukin-17 and the interleukin-20 family in inflammatory allergic skin diseases

Purpose of reviewAllergic skin diseases include atopic dermatitis/eczema, contact dermatitis, and drug hypersensitivity. Allergic skin diseases have a high prevalence. Atopic dermatitis is one of the most common inflammatory skin diseases and similar for allergic rhinitis and allergic asthma. Over a long period, allergic diseases have been regarded as immunoglobulin E-mediated T-helper-2 (Th2)-driven. But new cytokines and T cells have been discovered within the last years. In this systematic review, the focus is laid on interleukin-17 (IL-17) and the interleukin-20 (IL-20) family which appear to be fine-tuning the Th2-driven answer. Recent findingsIL-17 is a proinflammatory cytokine, which is produced by T cells. Primarily, IL-17 is produced by activated CD4+ cells, called Th-17 cells. IL-17 regulates keratinocyte expression of adhesion molecules and chemokines. IL-17 is involved in the pathogenesis of inflammatory diseases as psoriasis, arthritis, and inflammatory bowel diseases. In allergic diseases, the involvement of the TH17/IL17-pathway has only been recently described. Regarding the IL-20 family, IL-22 is the most interesting and the most studied cytokine in terms of allergic inflammatory disorders. IL-22 is produced by T-helper 22 cells, a new subset of CD4+ cells. SummaryIL-17 as well as IL-22 seem to play a role in the pathogenesis of allergic skin diseases.
A relação da postura corporal com a prosódia na doença de parkinson: estudo de caso

PORPOSE: to investigate the relationship between body posture and prosody in patients with Parkinson Disease. METHODS: the study was carried out with five patients (four males and one female) from Santa Maria, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil, by means of cross-section study, in 2006. Evaluations of linguistic and emotional prosody as well as analysis of body posture were carried out. The statistical analysis was descriptive. RESULTS: the subjects of this study were four men and one woman aged between 37 and 53 years. Three of these patients were classified in stage I of the disease; one in the stage III and the other one in the stage IV, according to the classification of Hohen & Yahr motor function. All of them were under medication and presenting the signals of the characteristic triad of such pathology: rigidity, tremor and bradykinesia, as well as the typical alterations of body posture. In the comparison between linguistic prosody and emotional prosody, subjects showed the best performance in emotional prosody and no associations among the stages of the disease and the alterations on body posture and prosody were evidenced. CONCLUSION: body posture alterations are the characteristic signals of Parkinson Disease as well as the disorders related to linguistic and emotional prosody. The occurrence of posture alterations was high in patients with Parkinson disease. Subjects showed better performance in emotional prosody. There were no evidences that the stages of the disease were related to prosody or body posture alterations.
Suburbanization and Segregation in U.S. Metropolitan Areas

This article examines trend in suburganization for blacks, Hispanics, and Asians from 1970 to 1980 in 59 U.S. metropolitan areas and consider the effect of suburbanization on segregation at the latter date. Suburbanization is measured as the proportion of each group residing outside the central city but within the SMSA, and segregation is measured with indices of dissimilarity and exposure. Despite recent increases, blacks remain less suburbanized than other minority groups. They are less segregated in suburbs than in central cities, but, even in suburbs, black segregation remains quite high. Hispanics and Asians are considerably more suburbanized than blacks. Their segregation in central cities is generally moderate, and in suburbs it varies from low to moderate. Multivariate models indicate the persistence of barriers to the spatial assimilation of blacks. Given the same objective characteristics and metropolitan context, blacks are much more segregated than Hispanics or Asians.
Positive Parenting of Young Adolescents by Male Cohabiting Partners

Fathers have often been ignored in the parenting literature. The current study focused on male cohabiting partners (MCPs) who can serve as “social stepfathers” and examined the association of coparent support and conflict with their positive parenting behavior (i.e., acceptance, firm control, and monitoring) of adolescents. Participants were 121 low-income urban Black cohabiting stepfamilies (mother, MCP, adolescent). The mother and MCP completed measures on coparenting support and conflict, and the young adolescent completed measures on MCP parenting. Using structural equation modeling (SEM), support, but not conflict, was associated with positive parenting. Support and conflict did not interact to influence parenting. The findings suggest that fathering in these families is contextually sensitive and that support from a mother is central for MCPs to engage in positive parenting of adolescents.
HIV Risk Behaviors Among African American Male Violent Youth Offenders

Bay City (pseudonym) is one of the nation's urban epicenters of the HIV epidemic. Although researchers have examined HIV risk behaviors among juvenile offenders detained in juvenile facilities, no study has examined these risk behaviors among youth offenders who have been waived to adult criminal court and detained in U.S. jails. In the present study, qualitative data were collected from 30 African American male youth (ages 15–17) detained at the Bay City Jail. These rich, descriptive narratives provide important insight into the HIV risk behaviors within this population.