Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
National Institutes of Health investment in studies of HIV disclosure to children

The goals of this manuscript will be to review current and past National Institutes of Health (NIH) funding on maternal and child HIV disclosure research and lay out current research gaps in these areas. Examples of work funded by NIH will highlight how the disclosure needs of families affected by HIV have changed over the past 30 years as well as highlight what we have learned. The review will include the recent NICHD RFA that focused specifically on disclosure of HIV status to children in low and middle-income country settings. A brief description of findings from these NIH-funded grants will be provided. The authors will then describe current research gaps and challenges as they relate to research on HIV disclosure both in the U.S. and internationally.
Testing for population subdivision and association in four case-control studies.

Population structure has been presumed to cause many of the unreplicated disease-marker associations reported in the literature, yet few actual case-control studies have been evaluated for the presence of structure. Here, we examine four moderate case-control samples, comprising 3,472 individuals, to determine if detectable population subdivision is present. The four population samples include: 500 U.S. whites and 236 African Americans with hypertension; and 500 U.S. whites and 500 Polish whites with type 2 diabetes, all with matched control subjects. Both diabetes populations were typed for the PPARg Pro12Ala polymorphism, to replicate this well-supported association (Altshuler et al. 2000). In each of the four samples, we tested for structure, using the sum of the case-control allele frequency chi(2) statistics for 9 STR and 35 SNP markers (Pritchard and Rosenberg 1999). We found weak evidence for population structure in the African American sample only, but further refinement of the sample, to include only individuals with U.S.-born parents and grandparents, eliminated the stratification. Our examples provide insight into the factors affecting the replication of association studies and suggest that carefully matched, moderate-sized case-control samples in cosmopolitan U.S. and European populations are unlikely to contain levels of structure that would result in significantly inflated numbers of false-positive associations. We explore the role that extreme differences in power among studies, due to sample size and risk-allele frequency differences, may play in the replication problem.
Entrainment of Circadian Activity Rhythms in Rats to Melatonin Administered at T Cycles Different from 24 Hours

Entrainment of running wheel activity in DD was studied in adult male Long Evans rats exposed to cycles of a constant dose of melatonin (MEL; 100 µg/h) infused subcutaneously. The period (T) of the MEL cycle was initially kept at 24 h until stable entrainment was established; T was then changed in a stepwise manner, and each new T value was maintained for at least 20 cycles. Entrainment by phase advance occurred near circadian time 12 (activity onset), and the range of entrainment was between 30 and 35 min. The negative phase angle difference between activity onset and MEL onset increased as T values approached the entrainment limit, whereas no change in the duration of daily activity periods was found. No difference was observed between pre- and posttreatment values of the endogenous circadian period; hence, no aftereffects were found for any T value. These results indicate that the functional properties of entrainment to MEL are similar to those of entrainment to light, suggesting that both zeitgebers share a common timing mechanism.
Ubiquitylation is Required for Degradation of Transmembrane Surface Proteins in Trypanosomes

The surface of Trypanosoma brucei is dominated by glycosyl‐phosphatidylinositol (GPI)‐anchored proteins, and endocytosis is clathrin dependent. The vast majority of internalized GPI‐anchored protein is efficiently recycled, while the processes by which transmembrane domain (TMD) proteins are internalized and sorted are unknown. We demonstrate that internalization of invariant surface glycoprotein (ISG)65, a trypanosome TMD protein, involves ubiquitylation and also requires clathrin. We find a hierarchical requirement for cytoplasmic lysine residues in internalization and turnover, and a single position‐specific lysine is sufficient for degradation, surface removal and attachment of oligoubiquitin chains. Ubiquitylation is context dependent as provision of additional lysine residues by C‐terminal fusion of neuronal precursor cell‐expressed developmentally downregulated protein (NEDD)8 fails to support ubiquitylation. Attachment of NEDD8 leads to degradation by a second ubiquitin‐independent pathway. Moreover, degradation of ubiquitylated or NEDDylated substrate takes place in an acidic compartment and is proteosome independent. Significantly, in non‐opisthokont lineages, Rsp5p or c‐Cbl, the E3 ubiquitin ligases acting on endocytic cargo, are absent but Uba1 class genes are present and are required for cell viability and ISG65 ubiquitylation. Hence, ubiquitylation is an evolutionarily conserved mechanism for internalization of surface proteins, but aspects of the machinery differ substantially between the major eukaryotic lineages.
Managing Catch Limits in Multi-Species, ITQ Fisheries

Management of individual species in a multi-species fishery poses a number of challenges for fishery management systems, including the problem of managing fish bycatch. Fish bycatch is sometimes identified as a particular problem associated with management systems based on individual transferable quotas (ITQs) but this has not always proven to be correct. Since the introduction of an ITQ-based fishery management system 15 years ago, New Zealand has used a number of mechanisms to manage fish bycatch, with variable success. In 2001, the system by which fishers’ catches are balanced against their catching rights was significantly modified. Changes include the implementation of a fee schedule requiring fishers to pay higher fees for increased levels of catch in excess of the catching right they hold. This is designed to provide fishers with an economic disincentive to target fish stocks for which they have no catching right. The new catch-balancing regime has only been in operation for 8 months but initial results are encouraging. There are anecdotal reports of fishers shifting to alternative fishing grounds to avoid catching species for which they have insufficient catching rights and there is no evidence of increased discarding. The real test of the regime will occur when a shortage of catching rights for a bycatch species severely constrains a major target fishery.
Introduction to Decision Making in Online Social Networks Minitrack

We take decisions every moment of our lives. What do we eat? Which phone to buy? What book to read? Do we rent or buy? What retirement plan to choose? What should be our career? For every one of these decisions most of us turn to online social networks (OSN) to seek information, advice, and support. OSN have become widely popular as a source of data or reference for those seeking advice.
Early Learning Left Out: Building an Early-Learning System to Secure America's Future. Federal, State and School District Investments by Child Age. 4th Edition. 2010-2012.

Since that time, there has been major movement across the states to better support young children. States have established new publicly financed preschool programs, developed early childhood councils and funded other efforts to improve school readiness. The federal government has supported state planning and action, most recently through the Race to the Top Early Learning Challenge grants. States and the federal government together have committed to improving child care (particularly by increasing child care subsidy programs with redirected TANF funds) and developing new home-visiting programs.
Occupational activity and the risk of hip osteoarthritis.

Osteoarthritis is probably the most common joint disorder in the world. In western populations, radiographic evidence of osteoarthritis occurs in the majority of people by the age of 65 years, and in about 80% of those aged 75 years and above. ' The disorder is second only to ischaemic heart disease as a cause of work related disability in men over 50 years of age, and accounts for more hospital admissions than rheumatoid arthritis each year. Osteoarthritis is defined as focal loss of articular cartilage with variable subchondral bone reaction. There is incomplete concordance between these pathological features and radiographic or clinical characteristics of the disorder. However, the difficulties encountered in using a pathological definition for epidemiological studies of osteoarthritis have led to the widespread use of radiological and clinical markers. The radiographic features conventionally used to define disease severity include joint space narrowing, osteophytes, subchondral sclerosis, cyst formation, and abnormalities of bony contour. These radiographic features can be incorporated in rating scales at the commonly affected joint sites (for example the hand, knee, and hip) permitting standardisation of disease severity.2 The two clinical sequelae of osteoarthritis which are most relevant to epidemiological studies are joint pain and functional impairment. The development of osteoarthritis at any joint site depends upon a generalised predisposition to the condition, and abnormalities of biomechanical loading which act at specific joints. '3 Individual risk factors which may be associated with a generalised susceptibility to the disorder including obesity, a family history, and hypermobility. Those which reflect local biomechanical insults include trauma, abnormalities of joint shape, and physical activity. In this review we shall focus on the relation between occupational physical activity and the risk of osteoarthritis of the hip.
Saving, Social Security, and Uncertainty

Since alteration of the saving behavior of the present working generation may have such a significant impact on capital stock growth, some concern has arisen about the effect of the Social Security system on saving behavior. In response to this concern numerous empirical and theoretical analyses have been forthcoming. Most of the theoretical analyses, either in the form of overlapping generations models [9; 11] or simpler life cycle models [6; 15] have indicated that unless specific parameter values, utility functions, and, in some cases, production functions are chosen the effect of a social security system on saving is indeterminate. For example, Kurz [11] has shown that the introduction of a simple pay-as-you-go social security system in an overlapping generations model in which individuals do not have a leisure choice will not have a predictable effect on the steady state level of the capital stock unless parameter values and the form of the production function are known. Similarly, in life cycle models that include a leisure choice the effect of social security is difficult to determine, although Feldstein [6] shows that when the leisure choice is suppressed in such a model a social security system will have a negative impact on saving. This indeterminacy has not been completely resolved by empirical work, although the bulk of evidence [7; 8; 10; 12] tends to support the view that Social Security has depressed saving in the past. ' Unfortunately, with the exception of the work of Sheshinski and Weiss [16], little of the theoretical analysis deals with the effect on saving behavior of participants who are faced with uncertainty about future prices, wages, and social security benefits. Sheshinski and Weiss have shown that in an overlapping generations model with uncertain lifetimes the effect of increasing the role of social security (through balanced increases in benefits and contributions) will actually lead to an increase in saving. Their analysis, however, does not include a leisure choice nor does it deal with other forms of uncertainty facing participants. Consequently, we still lack more complete answers to the following basic questions: Will the introduction of a social security program in the presence of uncertainty
Niche engineering demonstrates a latent capacity for fungal-algal mutualism

It takes two to tango in restricted environments Despite being unrelated, freeliving algae and fungi can learn to help one another out. Hom and Murray raised the green alga Chlamydomonas reinhardtii in CO2-restricted environments in the presence of the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae (see the Perspective by Aanen and Bisseling). The experimental setup forced the two species to depend on one another for the metabolic production of CO2, which is provided by the yeast as it consumes glucose and is needed by the alga, and ammonia, which conversely can be made from nitrite by the alga and then used by the yeast. This dependence was seen under a broad range of environmental conditions. Similar tests between other Chlamydomonas and fungal species revealed the ability to create a phylogenetically broad range of mutualisms. Science, this issue p. 94; see also p. 29 Mutualisms between algae and yeast can be created in restrictive environments. [Also see Perspective by Aanen and Bisseling] Mutualistic symbioses shape the evolution of species and ecosystems and catalyze the emergence of biological complexity, yet how such symbioses first form is unclear. We show that an obligate mutualism between the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae and the alga Chlamydomonas reinhardtii—two model eukaryotes with very different life histories—can arise spontaneously in an environment requiring reciprocal carbon and nitrogen exchange. This capacity for mutualism is phylogenetically broad, extending to other Chlamydomonas and fungal species. Furthermore, we witnessed the spontaneous association of Chlamydomonas algal cells physically interacting with filamentous fungi. These observations demonstrate that under specific conditions, environmental change induces free-living species to become obligate mutualists and establishes a set of experimentally tractable, phylogenetically related, synthetic systems for studying the evolution of symbiosis.
Adaptive Subcarrier Grouping for Downlink MC-CDMA Systems with MMSE Receiver

This paper studies the problem of subcarrier grouping in the downlink of multi-carrier code division multiple access (MC-CDMA) systems with linear minimum mean square error (MMSE) receiver. Further, the problem is considered as combinatorial optimization problem. By theoretical analysis, an optimal subcarrier grouping scheme is proposed. Moreover, the proposed scheme is efficient in computational time. According to the instantaneous channel conditions, the proposed optimal scheme can be applied adaptively subcarrier grouping to maximize the system capacity. The simulation results show that the proposed scheme outperforms the conventional static schemes and is efficient in improving the system performance.
Classifying DNS Heavy User Traffic by Using Hierarchical Aggregate Entropy

We introduce the notion of hierarchical aggregate entropy and apply it to identify DNS client hosts that wastefully consume server resources. Entropy of DNS query traffic can capture client query patterns, e.g., the concentration of queries to a specific domain or dispersion to a large domain name space. However, entropy cannot capture the spatial structure of the traffic. That is, even if queries disperse to various domains but concentrate in the same upper domain, entropy among domain names provides no information on the upper domain structure, which is an important characteristic of DNS clients. On the other hand, entropies of aggregated upper domains do not have detailed information on individual domains. To overcome this difficulty, we introduce the notion of hierarchical aggregate entropy, where queries are recursively aggregated into upper domains along the DNS domain tree, and calculate their entropies. Thus, this method enables us to analyze the spatial characteristics of DNS traffic in a multi-resolution manner. We calculated the hierarchical aggregate entropies for actual DNS heavy-hitters and observed that the entropies of normal heavy-hitters were concentrated in a specific range. On the basis of this observation, we adopt the support vector machine method to identify the range and to classify DNS heavy-hitters as anomalous or normal. It is shown that with hierarchical aggregate entropy, classification error was halved compared to non-hierarchical entropies. In addition, we analyzed time series variation of the component ratio of heavy-hitters and found a sudden increase of normal heavy-hitters between Mar. and Oct. 2009. We confirmed that one of the major reasons for the increase was the implementation of DNS prefetch in a popular Web browser.
Some recent improvements in the design of DTV receivers for the ATSC standard

The DTV receiver and its antenna are viewed as a receiving system and it is improvements to this receiving system which are addressed. It appears possible to improve the signal-strength problem primarily with improvements in the antenna part of the system by means of a low noise preamplifier at the antenna, (active directional antennas) and to improve the multipath handling within the receiver. Improved receiver tuner design can also deal with the field strength problem. Adaptive antennas for diversity reception can also contribute to solving the multipath problems as shown.
La visualisation relationnelle au service de l'enquête criminelle

Introduction L’ampleur de certaines enquêtes criminelles implique de mettre en œuvre des démarches structurées de traitement des informations collectées, afin d’en maitriser les flux et de maintenir la vue d’ensemble sur le dossier. Des techniques de visualisation relationnelle, qui s’apparentent à des graphes, sont ainsi de plus en plus exploitées dans cette perspective. Par l’intermédiaire de ces représentations, l’analyste-enquêteur cherche à mieux comprendre la complexité des relations entre les événements et les entités d’intérêts pour l’enquête telles que des personnes, des objets et des traces. Classiquement ces méthodes sont exploitées pour regrouper et explorer les informations collectées en cours d’investigation, pour faciliter la communication au sein d’équipes d’enquêteurs ou comme support lors d’une plaidoirie au tribunal (Harper & Harris, 1975 ; Sparrow, 1991 ; Xu et Chen 2005 ; Schroeder et al., 2007 ; Heuer & Pherson, 2010).
The Dualities of Transnational Contention: "Two Activist Solitudes" or A New World Altogether?

International protests against global capitalism have focused scholars' attention on the highly visible activities of transnational activists and advocates; but the tough, incremental, and deeply embedded work of grassroots social movements has too often been sublimated under the slogan: "Think globally; act locally! " Are transnational activists isolated from domestic social movements, extensions of domestic contention, or bridges between the local and the global? Three problems in particular will be examined: First, the difficulty of establishing durable transnational coalitions; Second, the problem of bridging the gap between movement protesters and NGO advocates; and, third, that of escaping movement structuration by national cleavages, alignments, and opportunities.
Allergen immunotherapy for allergic rhinoconjunctivitis: A systematic review and meta‐analysis

The European Academy of Allergy and Clinical Immunology (EAACI) is in the process of developing Guidelines on Allergen Immunotherapy (AIT) for Allergic Rhinoconjunctivitis. To inform the development of clinical recommendations, we undertook a systematic review to assess the effectiveness, cost‐effectiveness, and safety of AIT in the management of allergic rhinoconjunctivitis.
Identification of Biofilm Matrix-Associated Proteins from an Acid Mine Drainage Microbial Community

ABSTRACT In microbial communities, extracellular polymeric substances (EPS), also called the extracellular matrix, provide the spatial organization and structural stability during biofilm development. One of the major components of EPS is protein, but it is not clear what specific functions these proteins contribute to the extracellular matrix or to microbial physiology. To investigate this in biofilms from an extremely acidic environment, we used shotgun proteomics analyses to identify proteins associated with EPS in biofilms at two developmental stages, designated DS1 and DS2. The proteome composition of the EPS was significantly different from that of the cell fraction, with more than 80% of the cellular proteins underrepresented or undetectable in EPS. In contrast, predicted periplasmic, outer membrane, and extracellular proteins were overrepresented by 3- to 7-fold in EPS. Also, EPS proteins were more basic by ∼2 pH units on average and about half the length. When categorized by predicted function, proteins involved in motility, defense, cell envelope, and unknown functions were enriched in EPS. Chaperones, such as histone-like DNA binding protein and cold shock protein, were overrepresented in EPS. Enzymes, such as protein peptidases, disulfide-isomerases, and those associated with cell wall and polysaccharide metabolism, were also detected. Two of these enzymes, identified as β-N-acetylhexosaminidase and cellulase, were confirmed in the EPS fraction by enzymatic activity assays. Compared to the differences between EPS and cellular fractions, the relative differences in the EPS proteomes between DS1 and DS2 were smaller and consistent with expected physiological changes during biofilm development.
Has Greater Stock Market Participation Increased Wealth Inequality in the US?

Is wider access to stockholding opportunities related to reduced wealth inequality, given that it creates challenges for small and less sophisticated investors? Counterfactual analysis is used to study the influence of changes in the US stockholder pool and economic environment, on the distribution of stock and net household wealth during a period of dramatic increase in stock market participation. We uncover substantial shifts in stockholder pool composition, favoring smaller holdings during the 1990s upswing but larger holdings around the burst of the Internet bubble. We find no evidence that widening access to stocks was associated with reduced net wealth inequality.
Agent-based messaging system for m-learning

Present day email encompasses a huge information space in which people spend a lot of time, and together with other message transport services (SMS, MMS, instant messaging) contribute in a significant degree to electronic information interchange. Most of the communication in the form of text or multimedia messages consists of unstructured data that is intended to humans, while the lack of semantic description prevents machine reasoning and intelligent message processing on behalf of humans. In order to extend the functionality of personal non-static e-learning systems - m-learning systems with semantic features, in this paper we propose an open and modular semantic SMS-based architecture which is based on multi-agent technology, and the requirements on the agent infrastructure for semantic SMS-based m-learning applications