Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Misconceptions About the Greenhouse Effect

Studies have shown that both students and the general public possess many misconceptions about the processes involved in the greenhouse effect and ozone depletion. This study, conducted in a mock summit class on global climate change, explored the level of understanding and the nature of students' misconceptions about climate. Several times throughout the class, students responded to a set of questions about the greenhouse effect. Through analysis of their responses, we were able to track changes in students' mental models, evaluate the degree to which they were able to overcome misconceptions, and assess the permanence of the newly achieved understanding. Based on these results, we comment on the potential role of these students in public decision making related to global climate change, and discuss ways in which misconceptions could impede sound judgment on issues related to climate policy. Based on previous experiences with both teaching and assessing student learning about global climate change, we propose key principles that we consider minimum knowledge for an undergraduate student in Earth Science. We suggest that Earth science educators should focus on identification of key principles in all areas of the discipline and use those as the basis for curriculum development.
Introduction to Diophantine Approximation. Part II

Summary In the article we present in the Mizar system [1], [2] the formalized proofs for Hurwitz’ theorem [4, 1891] and Minkowski’s theorem [5]. Both theorems are well explained as a basic result of the theory of Diophantine approximations appeared in [3], [6]. A formal proof of Dirichlet’s theorem, namely an inequation |θ−y/x| ≤ 1/x2 has infinitely many integer solutions (x, y) where θ is an irrational number, was given in [8]. A finer approximation is given by Hurwitz’ theorem: |θ− y/x|≤ 1/√5x2. Minkowski’s theorem concerns an inequation of a product of non-homogeneous binary linear forms such that |a1x + b1y + c1| · |a2x + b2y + c2| ≤ ∆/4 where ∆ = |a1b2 − a2b1| ≠ 0, has at least one integer solution.
Depositing of conductive silver nanoparticles layer on cellulose fibers

In this paper a method for forming a conductive layer of silver on cellulose fibers was presented. The metallic layer was deposited from a solution containing silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) of 20–30 nm in diameter. Two types of cellulose fibers were used as a substrates: undoped fibers and nanocomposite cellulose fibers doped with silver nanoparticles. The obtained layer had a good adhesion to the substrate. The high impact on the layer properties had AgNPs in fibers volume, which were the crystallization centers. The electrical conductivity measurements were performed by the impedance spectroscopy method.
Reading Skill and Suppression Revisited

In a previous issue of Psychological Science, we (Gernsbacher, 1993) reported that less skilled readers are less able than more skilled readers to quickly suppress irrelevant information (e g, the contextually inappropriate meaning of a homonym, such as the playing-card meaning of spade, in the sentence He dug with the spade, or the inappropriate form of a homophone, such as patience, in the sentence He had lots of patients) In the current research, we investigated a ramification of that finding If less skilled readers are less able to suppress a contextually inappropriate meaning of a homonym, perhaps less skilled readers might be better than more skilled readers at comprehending puns However, intuition and previous research suggest the contrary, as do the results of the research presented here On a task that required accepting, rather than rejecting, a meaning of a homonym that was not implied by the sentence context, more skilled readers responded more rapidly than less skilled readers In contrast, on a task that required accepting a meaning of a homonym that was implied by the sentence context, more and less skilled readers performed equally well We conclude that more skilled readers are more able to rapidly accept inappropriate meanings of homonyms because they are more skilled at suppression (which in this case involves suppressing the appropriate meanings)
Evidence-based medicine and point-of-care testing October 2002

Evidence-based medicine is the conscientious, explicit, and judicious use of current best evidence in making decisions about the care of individual patients [1]. The practice integrates clinical experience with existing evidence from the scientific literature to optimize approaches to patient management. The term, evidence-based medicine, has been popularized recently with the increased healthcare pressure for improving patient care, reducing medical errors, and managing available resources. The evidencebased process has spawned systematic reviews and the development of clinical practice guidelines for the care of patients with specific disorders.
A Direct Version of Veldman's Proof of Open Induction on Cantor Space via Delimited Control Operators

First, we reconstruct Wim Veldman's result that Open Induction on Cantor space can be derived from Double-negation Shift and Markov's Principle. In doing this, we notice that one has to use a countable choice axiom in the proof and that Markov's Principle is replaceable by slightly strengthening the Double-negation Shift schema. We show that this strengthened version of Double-negation Shift can nonetheless be derived in a constructive intermediate logic based on delimited control operators, extended with axioms for higher-type Heyting Arithmetic. We formalize the argument and thus obtain a proof term that directly derives Open Induction on Cantor space by the shift and reset delimited control operators of Danvy and Filinski.
EXPLORING CLASSROOM BEHAVIOR AND VOCABULARY LEARNING OUTCOMES IN KINDERGARTEN

The purpose of the present study was to investigate the impact of student behavior on vocabulary knowledge development across three groups of kindergarteners: Intervention, Control, and Reference. Kindergarten students (n = 1132) from forty schools across Rhode Island, Connecticut, and Oregon completed a vocabulary program approximately 20 weeks in duration, including an additional vocabulary intervention for students in the Intervention group. Each student was assessed on four different vocabulary knowledge measures before and after completion of the vocabulary program, using both standardized and experimenter-developed formats: Target Receptive, Target Expressive, PPVT-4, and EVT-2. Results showed significant impact on vocabulary outcomes by classroom behavior and across groups of students. Students who received the supplemental vocabulary intervention performed as well, or better than reference peers on experimenter-developed measures of target words. Additionally, intervention student behavior was considered between whole-class and small group settings; however, no significant effects were found on vocabulary knowledge outcomes. These results suggest that while behavior did not have an impact on vocabulary knowledge outcomes in this study, all students successfully made considerable gains in vocabulary knowledge upon completion of this vocabulary program and intervention.
Real-Time Measurement of Tourists’ Objective and Subjective Emotions in Time and Space

The examination of tourists’ experiences is an essential subject in tourism scholarship. This study presents novel methods by which spatio-temporal data can be combined with physiological measures of emotion and semantic contextual information in order to obtain a comprehensive and integrative understanding of tourists’ experience in time and space. Four data collection techniques were combined and applied to a sample of 68 tourists in Jerusalem: high-resolution locational data, real-time surveying techniques using the experience sampling method, physiological measures of emotion (electrodermal activity), and traditional surveying techniques. We present methods for using these techniques in exploring data on the individual level, comparing pairs of individuals, and examining a sample, providing insight both on the individual’s personal experience and, more broadly, on the emotional characteristics of locations and tourist attractions in a city. Theoretical and methodological implications as well as the limitations of these techniques are discussed.
Recommended prostate-specific antigen testing intervals for the detection of curable prostate cancer.

OBJECTIVE To evaluate prostate-specific antigen (PSA) testing intervals that maintain the detection of curable cancer and reduce unnecessary testing. DESIGN AND PATIENTS Historical prospective study of serial PSA measurements at 2- and 4-year intervals from frozen serum samples of 40 men who eventually developed prostate cancer and 272 men without prostate cancer who were participants in a prospective aging study (Gerontology Research Center of the National Institute on Aging, the Baltimore Longitudinal Study of Aging) and the case series of 389 consecutive men treated surgically for nonpalpable prostate cancer. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Probability of a PSA conversion to 4.1 to 5.0 ng/mL and to greater than 5.0 ng/mL at 2 and 4 years and probability of detecting curable prostate cancer by age and PSA level. RESULTS When the pretreatment PSA level was less than or equal to 4.0 ng/mL, nonpalpable prostate cancers were highly likely (34/36, 94%) to be curable (organ-confined or capsular penetration with Gleason score < 7 and negative margins), and the majority (25/36, 69%) were small cancers (confined tumor < or = 0.5 cm3 with no Gleason pattern 4 or 5). When the pretreatment PSA level was greater than 4.0 ng/mL and less than or equal to 5.0 ng/mL, cancers were highly likely to be curable (32/36, 89%), and a minority were small cancers (12/36, 33%). When the pretreatment PSA level was greater than 5.0 ng/mL, 96 (30%) of 317 cancers were noncurable. The PSA conversion (for cancer cases) to a level at which cure is less likely (> 5.0 ng/mL) is rare (0%) after 2 or 4 years when the initial PSA is less than 2.0 ng/mL. PSA conversion to a range at which cancers are likely to be curable and less likely to be small (4.1-5.0 ng/mL) is rare after 2 years (0%-4%) when the baseline PSA level is less than 2.0 ng/mL but common when the baseline PSA level is between 2.1 and 3.0 ng/mL (27%) or 3.1 and 4.0 ng/mL (36%). CONCLUSIONS These data suggest that for men with no cancer suspected on digital rectal examination, a PSA level of 4.0 to 5.0 ng/mL is an acceptable range for maintaining the detection of curable prostate cancer and a 2-year PSA testing interval is not likely to miss a curable prostate cancer when the initial PSA level is less than 2.0 ng/mL. Recognizing that 70% of a screened population between the ages of 50 years and 70 years have PSA levels less than 2.0 ng/mL, elimination of annual PSA testing for these men would result in large health care cost savings.
Accurate optical simulation of nano-particle based internal scattering layers for light outcoupling from organic light emitting diodes

We present a numerical strategy for the accurate simulation of light extraction from organic light emitting diodes (OLEDs) comprising an internal nano-particle based scattering layer. On the one hand, the light emission and propagation through the OLED thin film system (including the scattering layer) is treated by means of rigorous wave optics calculations using the T-matrix formalism. On the other hand, the propagation through the substrate is modeled in a ray optics approach. The results from the wave optics calculations enter in terms of the initial substrate radiation pattern and the bidirectional reflectivity distribution of the OLED stack with scattering layer. In order to correct for the truncation error due to a finite number of particles in the simulations, we extrapolate the results to infinitely extended scattering layers. As an application example, we estimate the optimal particle filling fraction for an internal scattering layer in a realistic OLED geometry. The presented treatment is designed to emerge from electromagnetic theory with as few additional assumptions as possible. It could thus serve as a baseline to validate faster but approximate simulation approaches.
Asymmetries in representational drawing: Alternatives to a laterality account

When drawing familiar objects there is a bias in starting location, stroke direction, and object orientation or facing. Directional biases are also apparent in the speed and accuracy with which rightward vs. leftward facing objects are recognized and in aesthetic preference. Two different explanatory principles have been offered for directionality effects, one based on attentional/representational asymmetries arising from cerebral hemispheric specialization, and the other based on motoric factors influenced by biomechanical and/or cultural variables. These two accounts lead to differing predictions about the nature and strength of directionality effects in right vs. left-handed users and in users of left-to-right vs. right-to-left scripts. The available evidence suggests that a motoric rather than a laterality account is a more parsimonious explanation of directionality effects.
AN ESTIMATE OF THE DETECTABILITY OF RISING FLUX TUBES

The physics of the formation of magnetic active regions (ARs) is one of the most important problems in solar physics. One main class of theories suggests that ARs are the result of magnetic flux that rises from the tachocline. Time–distance helioseismology, which is based on measurements of wave propagation, promises to allow the study of the subsurface behavior of this magnetic flux. Here, we use a model for a buoyant magnetic flux concentration together with the ray approximation to show that the dominant effect on the wave propagation is expected to be from the roughly 100 m s−1 retrograde flow associated with the rising flux. Using a B-spline-based method for carrying out inversions of wave travel times for flows in spherical geometry, we show that at 3 days before emergence the detection of this retrograde flow at a depth of 30 Mm should be possible with a signal-to-noise level of about 8 with a sample of 150 emerging ARs.
Influence of Corn and Millet Starches as Fat Substitutes on Cake Quality

Current dietary guidelines focus on lowering dietary fat and increasing complex carbohydrate intake. In the present study, two grain starches corn and millet were used to produce resistant starch (RS) and used as partially fat replacer (at 12.5, 25, 37.5 and 50%) in cakes. The effect of the level of fat substitution on the physicochemical and sensory properties as well as starch digestibility and shelf life of the cakes were investigated. The study showed that moisture content of the products was increased by increasing the level of fat substitution. The caloric values of produced cakes were lower than that of control. The specific volume of cakes were higher at 12.5 and 25% fat replacement levels. In contrast, cake density decreased by increasing shortening replacement level up to 25%, it was lower and reached 0.38g cm-3 in relative to control (0.41g cm-3). TPA values cleared that cake prepared with 12.5 and 25% substitution levels were less hardness. Increasing the replacement level more than 25% increased the cake hardness, gumminess and chewiness. Results of color analysis showed a significant increase in L value and a decrease in b value. The highest decrement in starch digestibility was observed at 50% replacement level. The use of (RS) does not change the taste and improve sensory properties of produced cakes. The shelf life based on the microbial examination of the cake for all samples and control recorded 2 weeks.
Control Profiles of Complex Networks

Real Network Control Understanding how complex networks are controlled has implications for a variety of real-world networks, from traffic safety to transcriptional control. Ruths and Ruths (p. 1373; see the Perspective by Onnela) have developed a theoretical framework for analyzing individual controls within networks based on numbers of sources and sinks for information flow. By this method, the number of controls required by a network can be predicted and direct comparisons for the basis for control across networks of differing size, structure, and function can be made. Although three broad classes of real networks were observed, current, established random models of networks were insufficient to model their control structures. The control profile is a network statistic that may prove useful in approaching the control of complex networks. [Also see Perspective by Onnela] Studying the control properties of complex networks provides insight into how designers and engineers can influence these systems to achieve a desired behavior. Topology of a network has been shown to strongly correlate with certain control properties; here we uncover the fundamental structures that explain the basis of this correlation. We develop the control profile, a statistic that quantifies the different proportions of control-inducing structures present in a network. We find that standard random network models do not reproduce the kinds of control profiles that are observed in real-world networks. The profiles of real networks form three well-defined clusters that provide insight into the high-level organization and function of complex systems.
Age- and risk-related appropriateness of the use of available influenza vaccines in the Italian elderly population is advantageous: results from a budget impact analysis

Summary Introduction Nowadays, four different types of influenza vaccines are available in Italy: trivalent (TIV), quadrivalent (QIV), MF59-adjuvanted (aTIV) and intradermal TIV (idTIV) inactivated vaccines. Recently, a concept of the appropriateness (i.e. according to the age and risk factors) of the use of different vaccines has been established in Italy. We conducted a budget impact analysis of switching to a policy, in which the Italian elderly (who carry the major disease burden) received the available vaccines according to their age and risk profile. Methods A novel budget impact model was constructed with a time horizon of one influenza season. In the reference scenario the cohort of Italian elderly individuals could receive either available vaccine according to 2017/18 season market share. The alternative scenario envisaged the administration of TIV/QIV to people aged 65-74 years and at low risk of developing influenza-related complications, while aTIV/idTIV were allocated to high-risk 65-74-year-olds and all subjects aged ≥ 75 years. Results Switching to the alternative scenario would result in both significant health benefits and net budget savings. Particularly, it would be possible to prevent an additional 8201 cases of laboratory-confirmed influenza, 988 complications, 355 hospitalizations and 14 deaths. Despite the alternative strategy being associated with slightly higher vaccination costs, the total savings derived from fewer influenza events completely resets this increase with net budget savings of € 0.13 million. Conclusions An immunization policy in which influenza vaccines are administered according to the age and risk profile of Italian elderly individuals is advisable.
Automating the Classification of Post-surgery Complication Grades

We aim to develop a fast, efficient, and automated way to assess the severity of complications after surgeries, so that medical professionals may compare different surgery and treatment options, as well as tailor the treatment plan for individual patients. The Clavien-Dindo (CD) classification is commonly used to categorize post-surgical complications into different grades. We used the data of 494 patients from Raxa, an Electronic Medical Record (EMR) provider in India, to build a model that automatically performs a binary classification of severity with 84% accuracy. We also report preliminary results of predicting the CD grade using this model.
The Influence of Endothelial Function and Myocardial Ischemia on Peak Oxygen Consumption in Patients with Coronary Artery Disease

Impaired endothelial function has been shown to limit exercise in coronary artery disease (CAD) patients and has been implicated in myocardial ischemia. However, the association of endothelial function and ischemia on peak exercise oxygen consumption (VO2) has not been previously reported. A total of 116 CAD patients underwent standard exercise stress testing, during which VO2 was measured. On a separate day, endothelial-dependent and -independent function were assessed by ultrasound using flow-mediated arterial vasodilation (FMD) and sublingual glyceryl trinitrate administration (GTNMD) of the brachial artery. Patients with exercise-induced myocardial ischemia had lower FMD than nonischemic patients (3.64 ± 0.57 versus 4.98 ± 0.36, P = .050), but there was no difference in GTNMD (14.11 ± 0.99 versus 15.47 ± 0.63, P = .249). Analyses revealed that both FMD (P = .006) and GTNMD (P = .019) were related to peak VO2. However, neither the presence of ischemia (P = .860) nor the interaction of ischemia with FMD (P = .382) and GTNMD (P = .151) was related to peak VO2. These data suggest that poor endothelial function, potentially via impaired NO production and smooth muscle dysfunction, may be an important determinant of exercise capacity in patients with CAD, independent of myocardial ischemia.
Flagellar flows around bacterial swarms

Flagellated bacteria on nutrient-rich substrates can differentiate into a swarming state and move in dense swarms across surfaces. A recent experiment measured the flow in the fluid around an Escherichia coli swarm (Wu, Hosu and Berg, 2011 Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 108 4147). A systematic chiral flow was observed in the clockwise direction (when viewed from above) ahead of the swarm with flow speeds of about $10~\mu$m/s, about 3 times greater than the radial velocity at the edge of the swarm. The working hypothesis is that this flow is due to the action of cells stalled at the edge of a colony that extend their flagellar filaments outwards, moving fluid over the virgin agar. In this work we quantitatively test his hypothesis. We first build an analytical model of the flow induced by a single flagellum in a thin film and then use the model, and its extension to multiple flagella, to compare with experimental measurements. The results we obtain are in agreement with the flagellar hypothesis. The model provides further quantitative insight into the flagella orientations and their spatial distributions as well as the tangential speed profile. In particular, the model suggests that flagella are on average pointing radially out of the swarm and are not wrapped tangentially.
Stochastic tabu search for rectangle packing

The rectangle packing problem is a combinatorial optimization problem, and is hard to solve it exactly in practical applications. In this paper, a tabu search heuristic is applied to the rectangle packing problem. First, each solution of the problem is represented by a pair of permutations of rectangles, and then the proposed method is described in detail, where the first admissible move strategy and a concept of stochastic tabu restrictions are employed. The experimental results are given to demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed method.