Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Supply and power optimization in leakage-dominant technologies

In this paper, we present a methodology for systematically optimizing the power-supply voltage for either maximizing the performance of very large scale integration (VLSI) circuits or minimizing the power dissipation in technologies where leakage power is not an insignificant fraction of the total power dissipation. For this purpose, we develop simplified empirical equations that describe the transistor behavior as a function of power supply and temperature. We use these models to calculate the full-chip power dissipation as a function of power supply and temperature. We then solve the power and chip thermal equations simultaneously to calculate the chip temperature and power dissipation at a given power supply. By varying the power-supply voltage, we determine the optimum V/sub DD/ value that minimized delay per unit length in global interconnects and therefore maximizes performance. Using the same framework, by again varying the supply we find the optimum V/sub DD/ that minimized the total power dissipation while maintaining a given delay per unit length. We show that for 90- and 65-nm technologies, where leakage power represents a significant fraction of the total power dissipation, optimum V/sub DD/ for maximum performance is lower than the International Technology Roadmap for Semiconductors (ITRS) specified supply voltage. This is due to the fact that reducing V/sub DD/ results in a large reduction in total power dissipation, and therefore the chip temperature, which improves performance. This improvement in performance is greater than the performance penalty incurred due to reduction in V/sub DD/. We also show that as the required delay per unit length is increased, total chip power consumption is reduced significantly if the power supply is also reduced as compared to the case when power supply is fixed at the nominal value. This change becomes larger with technology scaling due to the fact that leakage power, which is a very strong function of chip temperature, becomes a larger fraction of the full-chip power dissipation.
Differential expression of hypoxia-inducible factor 1α in non-small cell lung cancer and small cell lung cancer

OBJECTIVES: The aim of this study was to compare the expression of hypoxia-inducible factor 1α and vascular endothelial growth factor in small cell lung cancer and subtypes of non-small cell lung cancer and examine their relationships with clinicopathologic factors, response to treatment and survival. METHODS: We examined samples obtained by bronchial endoscopic biopsy from 55 patients with inoperable lung cancer (16 with adenocarcinoma, 17 with squamous cell carcinoma, and 22 with small cell lung cancer). Hypoxia-inducible factor 1α and vascular endothelial growth factor were detected using immunohistochemistry. The diagnosis, treatment, and follow-up of patients were conducted according to the standard practice. RESULTS: A significant difference (p = 0.022) in hypoxia-inducible factor 1α expression was observed between non-small cell lung cancer (75.8% positive) and small cell lung cancer (45.5% positive). The frequency of hypoxia-inducible factor 1α nuclear expression was 88.2% in squamous cell carcinoma, 62.5% in adenocarcinoma, and 45.5% in small cell lung cancer. A significant correlation was observed between hypoxia-inducible factor 1α and vascular endothelial growth factor expression (Fisher's exact test, p = 0.001) when all types of lung cancer were examined, either collectively or separately. CONCLUSIONS: The expression of hypoxia-inducible factor-1α differs significantly between subtypes of lung cancer. These findings could help elucidate the biology of the different types of non-operable lung carcinomas and have implications for the design of new therapeutic approaches for lung cancer.
Network coding for two-unicast with rate (1,2)

We consider a directed acyclic network with two source-sink pairs {s<sub>1</sub>, t<sub>1</sub>} and {s<sub>2</sub>, t<sub>2</sub>}. The source s<sub>1</sub> wishes to communicate a message X<sub>1</sub> to the sink t<sub>1</sub> and the source s<sub>2</sub> wishes to communicate two messages X<sub>2</sub> and X<sub>3</sub> to the sink t<sub>2</sub>, where X<sub>i</sub>, i = 1,2,3, are independent random variables of unit rate. We give a simple characterization for linear solvability of such networks under the condition that the minimum cut from {s<sub>1</sub>, s<sub>2</sub>} to t<sub>2</sub> equals 3. We develop a region decomposition method for proving this result, which we believe can be an effective approach for non-multicast network coding problem.
EFFECTS OF GRAVITY ON MULTI-DIGIT TORQUE PRODUCTION TASK IN HUMANS

In this study we investigated the effect of gravity on multi-digit prehension to know how the digits' force and moment are organized in the imposed static constraints according to the gravity. Specfically, we tested if decoupling of grasping and rotational equilibrium control is even valid during grasping in the microgravity condition. There were two experimental conditions: gravity-induced (GI), and microgravity conditions (MG). For the MG condition, the handle was attached to the end of the robot-arm, which produced a count-balanced force for the weight of the handle and hand. The results showed that the selected experimental variables were separated into two sub-sets in both GI and MG conditions. Thus, we can conclude that the grasping stability is independent from the rotational equilibrium control regardless of the gravity acting on the hand-held object.
Digestion of feed amino acids in the rumen and small intestine of dairy cows measured with nylon-bag techniques

The disappearance of total N, non-protein-N and amino acid-N after washing, rumen incubation and intestinal passage of sugarbeet pulp, maize-gluten feed, maize feed meal, palm kernel meal, soyabean hulls, soyabean meal, grass silage, maize silage and concentrate was measured in four dairy cows using nylon-bag techniques. Disappearance of amino acid-N after washing varied between feedstuff's from 14 to 69% of feed amino acid-N, and was lower than disappearance of non-protein-N. For sugarbeet pulp, grass silage and maize silage, washing had a considerable effect on the amino acid profile. Disappearance of amino acid-N after rumen incubation was also lower than non-protein-N and varied between feedstuffs from 25 to 73% of feed amino acid-N. Rumen incubation had only a small effect on the amino acid profile of the residue after washing. Disappearance of amino acid-N in the intestine varied between feedstuffs from 70 to 99% of rumen undegraded amino acid-N, and was higher than the disappearance of non-protein-N. Intestinal incubation showed a considerable effect on the amino acid profile for all feedstuffs. It was concluded that protein that was assumed to escape rumen degradation and was absorbable in the intestine was higher in amino acids and methionine, and lower in non-amino acid-N and glutamic acid and proline compared with protein in the feedstuff.
Parameter Initialisation for Three-Dimensional Ultrasound Deconvolution

Conventional beamforming used in pulse-echo ultrasound images results in an inherent blurring. This blurring limits the resolution, and hence the utility, of pulse-echo ultrasound in clinical applications. Ng et al. developed an expectationmaximisation algorithm to enhance blurred, two-dimensional RF ultrasound images. It is important that the algorithm is intialised well in order that convergence is rapid. We present here a methodology, with rationale, for estimating the initialisation parameters for the deconvolution algorithm described by Ng et al.
Summation of visual and mechanosensory feedback in Drosophila flight control

SUMMARY The fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster relies on feedback from multiple sensory modalities to control flight maneuvers. Two sensory organs, the compound eyes and mechanosensory hindwings called halteres, are capable of encoding angular velocity of the body during flight. Although motor reflexes driven by the two modalities have been studied individually, little is known about how the two sensory feedback channels are integrated during flight. Using a specialized flight simulator we presented tethered flies with simultaneous visual and mechanosensory oscillations while measuring compensatory changes in stroke kinematics. By varying the relative amplitude, phase and axis of rotation of the visual and mechanical stimuli, we were able to determine the contribution of each sensory modality to the compensatory motor reflex. Our results show that over a wide range of experimental conditions sensory inputs from halteres and the visual system are combined in a weighted sum. Furthermore, the weighting structure places greater influence on feedback from the halteres than from the visual system.
Expression of the Rickettsia prowazekii pld or tlyC Gene in Salmonella enterica Serovar Typhimurium Mediates Phagosomal Escape

ABSTRACT Members of the genus Rickettsia possess the ability to invade host cells and promptly escape from phagosomal vacuoles into the host cell cytosol, thereby avoiding destruction within the endosomal pathway. The mechanism underlying rickettsial phagosomal escape remains unknown, although the genomic sequences of several rickettsial species have allowed for the identification of four genes with potential membranolytic activities (tlyA, tlyC, pat1, and pld). This study was undertaken to determine which of the selected genes of Rickettsia prowazekii mediate the escape process. Quantitative ultrastructural analyses indicated that the period of active phagosomal escape was between 30 and 50 min postinfection. Reverse transcriptase PCR analyses determined that tlyC and pld were transcribed during the period of active phagosomal escape but that tlyA and pat1 were not. The functionality of both tlyC and pld was determined by complementation studies of Salmonella, which replicates within endosomes. Complementation of Salmonella organisms with either tlyC or pld resulted in the escape of transformants from endosomal vacuoles into the host cell cytosol demonstrated by quantitative ultrastructural analyses. These data suggest a role for tlyC and pld in the process of phagosomal escape by R. prowazekii.
Impact of Past Performance and Strategic Bidding on Winner Determination of Open Innovation Contest

Online innovation contests - seekers posting innovation projects to which solvers submit solutions - have been used by more and more firms for idea seeking and problem solving. Most studies of contests take the perspective of innovation seekers, and little is known abo ut solvers’ strategies and responses. However, contest performance relies on understanding of the quality of solvers it may draw and the arrival times of best solutions. This paper provides insights to these questions. Specifically, we show that past performance of a solver is a good predictor of his future winning probability and that winners are more likely to be those who submit early or later during the submission period as opposed to those submit in the middle. We also find that strategic waiting (to submit solutions) is associated with higher winning probability. Furthermore, we show that different contests appear to attract solvers with different expertise, which invalids the common assumption of fixed solver expertise distribution across projects in previous literature. This finding has strategic implications to the design of contest parameters.
Sijalokemijski nalaz za bolesnike s oralnim lihen planusom Sialochemistry in Patients with Oral Lichen Planus

Adresa za dopisivanje Vanja Vučićević Boras Sveučilište u Zagrebu, Stomatološki fakultet Zavod za oralnu medicinu Gundulićeva 5, 10 000 Zagreb Tel: + 385 1 4802 111 boras@sfzg.hr Sažetak Svrha: Zna se da određeni sastojci sline mogu biti poremećeni kod bolesnika koji pate od oralnoga lichen planusa (OLP-a), no rezultati objavljenih istraživanja nisu konzistentni. Svrha ovog istraživanja bila je odrediti koncentraciju salivarnih analita u sklopu salivarnih enzima koji održavaju integritet oralnih sluznica, a on je oštećen kod oboljelih od oralnoga lichen planusa. Ispitanici i postupci: Skupini od 25 bolesnika s OLP-om (73±1,4 godine) i 24 kontrolna ispitanika (24±3,7 godina) određeni su u slini ukupni proteini, amilaza, magnezij, kalcij, bakar, klorid, fosfat i kalij. Ukupni proteini određeni su kolorimetrijskom metodom uz pirogalol. Natrij, kalij i klorid izmjereni su indirektnom potenciometrijom, bakar i magnezij atomskom apsorpcijskom spektrofotometrijom, a fosfat kolorimetrijskom uz pomoć molibdata. Statistička analiza obavljena je uz pomoć χ2 testa, Mann–Whitneyeva U-testa, analizom kovarijance i Spearmanovom korelacijom. Rezultati: Znatno povišene vrijednosti salivarnog klorida pronađene su kod oboljelih od OLP-a u odnosu prema sudionicima u kontrolnoj skupini (p=0,025). Nakon toga, kada su dobiveni rezultati prilagođeni s obzirom na količinu izlučene sline, ustanovljene su povišene vrijednosti salivarnog kalija, natrija, klorida i ukupnih proteina kod oboljelih od oralnoga lichen planusa u odnosu prema kontrolnoj skupini (p=0,622; p=0,504; p=0,00; p=0,586). Koncentracija salivarnih analita nije bila povezana s pušenjem. Zaključak: Povišene vrijednosti salivarnog natrija, kalija i klorida vjerojatno su posljedica velikih razlika u količini izlučene sline između oboljelih od OLP-a i sudionika u kontrolnoj skupini i ne upućuju na pojačanu antimikrobnu aktivnost kod bolesnika s OLP-om. Ključne riječi slina; lihen planus; proteini i peptidi sline 1 Zavod za oralnu medicinu Stomatološkog fakulteta Sveučilišta u Zagrebu, Gundulićeva 4, Zagreb Department of Oral Medicine, School of Dentistry, Gundulićeva 5, Zagreb, Croatia 2 Laboratorij za enzimatsku analizu, KBC-a Rebro, Kišpatićeva 12, Zagreb Laboratory for Enzymatic Analysis, KBC Rebro, Kišpatićeva 12, Zagreb, Croatia 3 Zavod za oralnu medicinu Medicinskog fakulteta Sveučilišta u Rijeci, Braće Banchetta 20, Rijeka Department of Oral Medicine, School of Medicine, Braće Banchetta 20, Rijeka, Croatia
A variational textured image decomposition model and its efficient MPI implementation

Image decomposition consists of splitting an image into two or more components. One component is piecewise smooth and models object shapes. Another component consists of the texture in the image, possibly including some noise. Image decomposition is useful for a host of image processing tasks, e.g. texture segmentation [1] and image inpainting [2]. Here, we consider ways of improving the quality of image decomposition using the basic variational approach of Meyer [3] by adding extra regularization terms, so that when decomposition is used for other image processing tasks, such as those noted above, better results can be obtained. A measure of quality of image decomposition found in the literature [4] is the absence of cartoon edges in the texture component of the decomposition. In this paper, a method called Improved Edge Segregation (IES) image decomposition is introduced, which ensures this quality measure is high. A very efficient parallel implementation of IES, suitable for multi-processor systems, is also described.
The Curse of Knowledge in Reasoning About False Beliefs

Assessing what other people know and believe is critical for accurately understanding human action. Young children find it difficult to reason about false beliefs (i.e., beliefs that conflict with reality). The source of this difficulty is a matter of considerable debate. Here we show that if sensitive-enough measures are used, adults show deficits in a false-belief task similar to one used with young children. In particular, we show a curse-of-knowledge bias in false-belief reasoning. That is, adults' own knowledge of an event's outcome can compromise their ability to reason about another person's beliefs about that event. We also found that adults'perception of the plausibility of an event mediates the extent of this bias. These findings shed light on the factors involved in false-belief reasoning and are discussed in light of their implications for both adults' and children's social cognition.
Documentation of the Central and Eastern European Countries Agricultural Simulation Model (CEEC-ASIM Version 1.0)

The Central and Eastern European Countries Agricultural Simulation Model (CEEC-ASIM) has been developed at IAMO. It is a partial equilibrium model for the agricultural sectors of 14 countries including demand of domestic consumers and is designed to analyse the impacts of agricultural policies on important target variables like producer and consumer prices, supply and input demand of agriculture, food demand, net trade and welfare. Particular efforts were undertaken to implement also the policy instruments of the Common Agricultural Policy of the European Union. These besides the market price support measures also include the different forms of domestic support as for example area payments and beef premiums. Also the set-aside obligations and production quotas can be taken into account. This discussion paper serves as a model documentation and describes the structure of the model along with the basic modelling assumptions. The model is essentially based on neoclassical theory. The main hypotheses are perfect markets, profit maximisation of producers and utility maximisation of consumers.
A Concept Annotation System for Clinical Records

Unstructured information comprises a valuable source of data in clinical records. For text mining in clinical records, concept extraction is the first step in finding assertions and relationships. This study presents a system developed for the annotation of medical concepts, including medical problems, tests, and treatments, mentioned in clinical records. The system combines six publicly available named entity recognition system into one framework, and uses a simple voting scheme that allows to tune precision and recall of the system to specific needs. The system provides both a web service interface and a UIMA interface which can be easily used by other systems. The system was tested in the fourth i2b2 challenge and achieved an F-score of 82.1% for the concept exact match task, a score which is among the top-ranking systems. To our knowledge, this is the first publicly available clinical record concept annotation system.
Software Architecture for Better Text-Based Infromation Accessibility

The paper suggests a software architecture to improve the accessibility to information from texts. This software combines techniques like: Image Processing, Optical Character Recognition, Machine Translation, Text Analyze and Text to Speech. The application uses a scanner or a web cam as an image input device, recognizes the text by using OCR, enables text translation by using Google’s machine translation implementation, interpret the text as a future development and reads the text by using TTS technology. In this way the user can put the text information source into a scanner or under a web cam and can hear the text translated and interpreted, if required. A functional prototype is presented and conclusions are issued.
Effect of diabetes on renal medullary oxygenation during water diuresis.

OBJECTIVES To study the effect of water diuresis on renal medullary and cortical oxygenation in patients with diabetes using blood oxygenation level--dependent magnetic resonance imaging (BOLD MRI). RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS Nine mild diabetic subjects (48 +/- 2.7 years of age, six women) and nine nondiabetic subjects of similar age and sex, all without known vascular or renal disease, were studied noninvasively by MRI before and during water diuresis. RESULTS Water diuresis induced an increase in medullary oxygenation in control subjects, producing a decrease in R2* (apparent spin-spin relaxation time) of 1.89 +/- 0.27 (P < 0.01), but no significant change in the group of diabetic subjects. CONCLUSIONS These findings in middle-aged diabetic subjects, which resembled those previously described in elderly subjects >65 years of age, suggest early impairment of adaptive vasodilatation within the renal medulla in diabetes.
Retrieval of broadcast news speech in Mandarin Chinese collected in Taiwan using syllable-level statistical characteristics

Spoken document retrieval has been extensively studied over the years because of its high potential in various applications in the near future. Considering the monosyllabic structure of the Chinese language, a whole class of indexing features for retrieval of spoken documents in Mandarin Chinese using syllable-level statistical characteristics has been studied, and very encouraging experimental results on retrieval of broadcast news speech collected in Taiwan were obtained. This paper reports some interesting initial results and findings obtained in this research.
Cosmological Constraints on Isocurvature and Tensor Perturbations

We investigate cosmological constraints on primordial isocurvature and tensor perturbations, using recent observations of the cosmic microwave background and the large scale structure. We find that present observations are consistent with purely adiabatic initial conditions for the structure formation under any priors on correlations of isocurvature modes, and upper limits on the contribution of isocurvature and tensor perturbations are presented. We also apply the obtained constraints to some specific theoretical models, axion isocurvature perturbation models and curvaton models, and give some implications for theoretical models.
Executive Stock Options and Investment Choice

Using a simple three-period model in which a manager can gather information before making an investment decision, this paper studies incentive effects of various executive stock options. In particular, we show how the exercise price of executive stock options is related to base salary, the size of option grant, leverage, and the riskiness of desired investment policy. The optimal executive price increases in the size of grant and base salary, and decreases in leverage and the riskiness of desired investment policy. Other things equal, the optimal exercise price of European options with longer maturity should increase more for an increase in base salary and the size of the grant, and decrease more for an increase in leverage than the one with shorter maturity. The optimal exercise price of American options is determined completely by the optimal exercise prices of European options with two different maturities. Given the fixed exercise price, the size of option grant does not decrease in the face value of debt.
Highly Efficient and Effective Approach for Synchronization-Function-Level Parallel Multicore Instruction-Set Simulations

Multicore instruction-set simulation (MCISS) has become more and more important due to tremendous increase in number of multicore designs. To boost the speed of MCISS, one of the most effective and commonly used approaches is parallel simulation. However, timing synchronization must be applied to ensure accurate simulation results of parallel MCISS, and may induce huge synchronization overhead. In this paper, we propose a highly efficient and effective parallel MCISS approach by synchronizing timing before each synchronization function (SF) call. We improve the applicability of the state-of-the-art critical-section-level simulation approach with a generic blocking/nonblocking send/receive model covering all types of SFs. To further reduce synchronization overhead, we also introduce optimization methods such as a hybrid scheduling technique and provide an analysis algorithm that helps the designers to choose the host platform with the best simulation performance. Experiments show that the proposed approach attains a simulation speed of up to 285 MIPS, while producing accurate timing and functional results.