Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Enhancement of tensile stress near a hole in superconducting trapped-field magnets

The mechanical stress caused by flux pinning in a cylindrical superconductor with a concentric hole is investigated theoretically. Exact expressions for the radial and hoop stress are derived using the critical-state model. Stress profiles during a magnetization process often used to activate high-Tc superconductors as strong trapped-field magnets are presented and analyzed in detail. It is shown that due to the hole the tensile hoop stress is enhanced by a factor of 2 or more, depending on the hole diameter. The dramatic increase in cracking probability is emphasized.
A chance constraint microgrid energy management with phase balancing using electric vehicle demand aggregation

ABSTRACT Microgrids are sustainable distribution systems which integrate plug-in electric vehicles (EVs) and renewable energy sources to minimize grid dependency. The uncertainty in the forecast data of renewables and erratic consumption of energy by consumers aggravates voltage stability in a three-phase microgrid. Voltage instability and ineluctable uncertainty in the system inevitably make energy management of resources infeasible. To address the challenges of voltage stability and uncertainty in microgrid energy management, a novel two-stage energy management framework using stochastic chance constraint model predictive control (MPC) is proposed to optimize operational costs with reduced reserve costs. In the primary stage, an optimal day-ahead resource dispatching strategy is modeled using robust chance-constrained to handle the uncertainty of the forecasted data. Wasserstein metric ambiguity set is developed against uncertainty risk operations for low conservativeness and tractable constraints. The secondary stage control, with a shorter timescale, regulates the deviations in the primary stage state parameters using the MPC technique. Also, a fuzzy rule-based unbalance voltage control for EV parking lots (EVPL) is proposed in the secondary stage by modifying each phase’s power using phase switches. The proposed energy management framework adopts a mixed-stage optimization structure, where the concerned problem is progressively optimized over diverse time scales. The results of the proposed strategy show that lowering the confidence interval and increasing sampled data reduces operating costs by 7.57% and 5.34%, while penalty costs are reduced by 51.9% and 74.9%, respectively. It is also observed that this strategy minimizes the voltage unbalance on a modified IEEE 123 bus system and validates with benchmark approaches.
Verification of the First 11 Years of IRI’s Seasonal Climate Forecasts

Abstract This paper examines the quality of seasonal probabilistic forecasts of near-global temperature and precipitation issued by the International Research Institute for Climate and Society (IRI) from late 1997 through 2008, using mainly a two-tiered multimodel dynamical prediction system. Skill levels, while modest when globally averaged, depend markedly on season and location and average higher in the tropics than extratropics. To first order, seasons and regions of useful skill correspond to known direct effects as well as remote teleconnections from anomalies of tropical sea surface temperature in the Pacific Ocean (e.g., ENSO related) and in other tropical basins. This result is consistent with previous skill assessments by IRI and others and suggests skill levels beneficial to informed clients making climate risk management decisions for specific applications. Skill levels for temperature are generally higher, and less seasonally and regionally dependent, than those for precipitation, partly beca.
Expanding connectomics to the laminar level: A perspective

Abstract Despite great progress in uncovering the complex connectivity patterns of the human brain over the last two decades, the field of connectomics still experiences a bias in its viewpoint of the cerebral cortex. Due to a lack of information regarding exact end points of fiber tracts inside cortical gray matter, the cortex is commonly reduced to a single homogenous unit. Concurrently, substantial developments have been made over the past decade in the use of relaxometry and particularly inversion recovery imaging for exploring the laminar microstructure of cortical gray matter. In recent years, these developments have culminated in an automated framework for cortical laminar composition analysis and visualization, followed by studies of cortical dyslamination in epilepsy patients and age-related differences in laminar composition in healthy subjects. This perspective summarizes the developments and remaining challenges of multi-T1 weighted imaging of cortical laminar substructure, the current limitations in structural connectomics, and the recent progress in integrating these fields into a new model-based subfield termed ‘laminar connectomics’. In the coming years, we predict an increased use of similar generalizable, data-driven models in connectomics with the purpose of integrating multimodal MRI datasets and providing a more nuanced and detailed characterization of brain connectivity.
Interfacial instabilities in aluminium reduction cells

This paper extends the analysis of Sneyd (1985) on interfacial instabilities in aluminium reduction cells. The cell model consists of a plane fluid layer of relatively low electrical conductivity, sandwiched between an upper rigid wall and lower fluid layer, both of high conductivity. A steady current passes through the layers, and the magnetic field is assumed to be a linear function of position. The principal new effects introduced are (i) a horizontal current component in the aluminium; (ii) vertical magnetic field components, and vertical field gradients; (iii) an aluminium pool of finite depth; and (iv) uniform zeroth-order flow in the fluid layers, and mechanical dissipation. A dispersion relation for small-amplitude waves is derived and discussed. The destabilizing Kelvin—Helmholtz mechanism and electromagnetic forces compete with gravity, surface tension and mechanical dissipation. Electromagnetic destabilization is likely to occur in practice at wavelengths of 1 m or more, and becomes more intense with decreasing layer depths. The most dangerous mechanism appears to be driven by vertical gradients of the horizontal field.
A Simple Empirical Model for Estimating the Intensity Change of Tropical Cyclones after Landfall along the South China Coast

Abstract The intensity change of past (1976–2005) tropical cyclones that made landfall along the south China coast (110.5°–117.5°E) is examined in this study using the best-track data from the Hong Kong Observatory. The change in the central pressure deficit (environmental pressure minus central pressure) and maximum surface wind after landfall are found to fit fairly well with an exponential decay model. Of the various potential predictors, the landfall intensity, landward speed, and excess of 850-hPa moist static energy have significant influence on the decay rates. Prediction equations for the exponential decay constants are developed based on these predictors.
Fault detection for output feedback control systems with actuator stuck faults: A steady‐state‐based approach

The paper studies the fault detection problem for output feedback control systems with bounded disturbances and nonzero constant reference inputs. A steady‐state‐based approach is proposed which can be used to detect small actuator stuck faults including actuator outage (the stuck value is zero). These small stuck faults, especially the outage faults, cannot be detected effectively using the existing techniques. A dynamic output feedback controller and a weighting matrix are designed simultaneously. The dynamic output feedback controller stabilizes the closed‐loop system for both fault‐free and faulty cases and attenuates the effects of disturbances. By manipulating the steady‐state values of system states with the detection weighting matrix, a residual is then generated, through which actuator stuck faults including actuator outages can be detected effectively. Simulation results are included to demonstrate our design procedure. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Valorization of mustard and sesame oilseed cakes for food application through eco‐innovative technologies

Abstract Agricultural waste valorization is currently getting attention across the world owing to its environmental impact and rich phytochemistry. The mandate of the current investigation was the extraction and characterization of bioactive moieties from the mustard oilseed cake/meal MOC and sesame oilseed cake/meal SOC through ultrasound extraction (UE) techniques due to its higher yield and less burden on the environment as compared to conventional extraction (CE). Purposely, the MOC and SOC were initially subjected to compositional analysis. Thereafter, bioactive moieties were extracted by using different solvents, that is, ethanol and distilled water, and by applying conventional and ultrasonic extraction techniques. The outcomes indicated that among the techniques, ultrasound exhibited the highest results, and in solvents, ethanol performed better. The treatment extracted with ethanol with UE at 10 min showed the best result for total phenolic contents (TPC) as (6.07 ± 0.03 09 g GAE/100 g MOC) and (7.09 ± 0.04 g GAE/100 g SOC), DPPH radical scavenging activity (67.3 ± 1.9 TE/100 g MOC) & (72.68 ± 1.9 TE/100 g SOC), and FRAP was recorded as (2.83 ± 0.02 g TE/100 g MOC) & (3.56 ± 0.03 g TE/100 g SOC). The higher antioxidant potential showed that the mustard and sesame waste holds significant therapeutic potential owing to its rich antioxidant profile and thus should be utilized for the development of functional products against lifestyle‐related disorders. In conclusion, ultrasound is a better technique for maximum as well as accurate extraction, with ethanol exhibiting as a better solvent for this process with more yields as compared to distilled water.
View-based active appearance models

We demonstrate that a small number of 2D statistical models are sufficient to capture the shape and appearance of a face from any viewpoint (full profile to front-to-parallel). Each model is linear and can be matched rapidly to new images using the active appearance model algorithm. We show how such a set of models can be used to estimate head pose, to track faces through large angles of head rotation and to synthesize faces from unseen viewpoints.
Canopy management through crop forcing impacts grapevine cv. ‘Touriga Nacional’ performance, ripening and berry metabolomics profile

Climate changes are speeding up the maturation of grapes in numerous areas of the world, including in the Mediterranean basin, but warmer temperatures often uncouple technical and phenolic maturity, resulting in unbalanced wines. We tested the efficacy of crop forcing (CF) in delaying the maturation of cv. ‘Touriga Nacional’ vines of the Douro Region, and their impacts on plant performance, berry quality attributes and metabolome were also evaluated. In two consecutive seasons (2019 and 2020), CF was conducted 15 (CF1) and 30 (CF2) days after fruit set by hedging growing shoots to five nodes and removing summer laterals, leaves and clusters. Results showed that while CF2 delayed ripening up to 51 days till first autumn rainfall, which compromised optimal sugar ripeness, CF1 delayed the technical maturation by one month, but both treatments severely impacted the production, mainly CF1, which reduced grapevine yield up to 90 %. The effect of CF in protecting vines against drought stress was not evident, judging by the values of leaf pre-dawn water potential measured along both seasons. CF1 and CF2 resulted in berries with lower pH and higher titratable acidity than controls, while total phenolics content increased by up to 48 % in 2020. A UPLC–MS-based targeted metabolomic analysis showed that CF increased the relative abundance of key metabolites like flavan-3-ols (i.e., catechin gallate increased by up to 661 %), trihydroxylated anthocyanins (i.e., delphinidin-3-O-glucoside increased by up to 656 % after CF2) and stilbenes (resveratrol increased by up to 700 % after CF2) with potential positive impacts in wine quality.
Statistics of Cosmological Black Hole Jet Sources: Blazar Predictions for the Gamma-Ray Large Area Space Telescope

A study of the statistics of cosmological black hole jet sources is applied to EGRET blazar data and predictions are made for GLAST. Black hole jet sources are modeled as collimated relativistic plasma outflows with radiation beamed along the jet axis due to strong Doppler boosting. The comoving rate density of blazar flares is assumed to follow a blazar formation rate (BFR), modeled by analytic functions based on astronomical observations and fits to EGRET data. The redshift and size distributions of γ-ray blazars observed with EGRET, separated into BL Lac objects (BLs) and flat spectrum radio quasar (FSRQ) distributions, are fit with monoparametric functions for the distributions of the jet Lorentz factor Γ, comoving directional power l, and spectral slope. A BFR factor ≈10× greater at z ≳ 1 than at present is found to fit the FSRQ data. A smaller comoving rate density and greater luminosity of BL flares at early times compared to the present epoch fits the BL data. Based on the EGRET observations, ≈1000 blazars consisting of ≈800 FSRQs and FR 2 radio galaxies and ≈200 BL Lac objects and FR 1 radio galaxies will be detected with GLAST during the first year of the mission. Additional AGN classes, such as hard-spectrum BL Lac objects that were mostly missed with EGRET, could add more GLAST sources. The FSRQ and BL contributions to the EGRET γ-ray background at 1 GeV are estimated at the level of ≈10%-15% and ≈2%-4%, respectively. EGRET and GLAST sensitivities to blazar flares are considered in the optimal case, and a GLAST analysis method for blazar detection is outlined.
Carbon nanotube-coated silicated soft magnetic carbonyl iron microspheres and their magnetorheology

Core-shell structured magnetic microspheres were fabricated by coating the surface of silicated soft magnetic carbonyl iron particles with multi-walled carbon nanotubes using a facile layer-by-layer method involving an alternative sequential adsorption of positive and negative polyelectrolytes. The morphology of the fabricated particles was observed by scanning electron microscopy. The magnetorheological (MR) behavior affected by the non-magnetic coatings was examined using a rotational rheometer under a controlled magnetic field. The flow curves of typical MR characteristics with improved shear stresses were observed under a range of magnetic field strengths.
Detection and discrimination of microorganisms on various substrates with quantum cascade laser spectroscopy

Abstract. Investigations focusing on devising rapid and accurate methods for developing signatures for microorganisms that could be used as biological warfare agents’ detection, identification, and discrimination have recently increased significantly. Quantum cascade laser (QCL)-based spectroscopic systems have revolutionized many areas of defense and security including this area of research. In this contribution, infrared spectroscopy detection based on QCL was used to obtain the mid-infrared (MIR) spectral signatures of Bacillus thuringiensis, Escherichia coli, and Staphylococcus epidermidis. These bacteria were used as microorganisms that simulate biothreats (biosimulants) very truthfully. The experiments were conducted in reflection mode with biosimulants deposited on various substrates including cardboard, glass, travel bags, wood, and stainless steel. Chemometrics multivariate statistical routines, such as principal component analysis regression and partial least squares coupled to discriminant analysis, were used to analyze the MIR spectra. Overall, the investigated infrared vibrational techniques were useful for detecting target microorganisms on the studied substrates, and the multivariate data analysis techniques proved to be very efficient for classifying the bacteria and discriminating them in the presence of highly IR-interfering media.
Factors Associated with Changes in E-Cigarette Use and Tobacco Smoking by Adolescents and Young People in Nigeria during the COVID-19 Pandemic

This study aimed to assess the proportion of adolescents and young people (AYP) in Nigeria who changed their frequency of e-cigarette use and tobacco smoking during the COVID-19 pandemic; and factors associated with the increase, decrease or no change in e-cigarette use and tobacco smoking (including night smoking). This study was a cross-sectional study of AYP recruited from all geopolitical zones in the country. Multivariate logistic regression analyses were conducted to determine if respondents’ health HIV and COVID-19 status and anxiety levels were associated with changes in e-cigarette use and tobacco smoking frequency. There were 568 (59.5%) e-cigarette users, of which 188 (33.1%) increased and 70 (12.3%) decreased e-cigarette use and 389 (68.5%) increased night e-cigarette use. There were 787 (82.4%) current tobacco smokers, of which 305 (38.8%) increased and 102 (13.0%) decreased tobacco smoking and 534 (67.9%) increased night tobacco smoking. Having a medical condition was associated with lower odds of increased e-cigarette use (AOR:0.649; p = 0.031). High anxiety (AOR:0.437; p = 0.027) and having a medical condition (AOR:0.554; p = 0.044) were associated with lower odds of decreased e-cigarette use. Having COVID-19 symptoms (AOR:2.108; p < 0.001) and moderate anxiety (AOR:2.138; p = 0.006) were associated with higher odds of increased night e-cigarette use. We found complex relationships between having a medical condition, experiencing anxiety, changes in tobacco smoking and e-cigarette use among AYP in Nigeria during the COVID-19 pandemic that need to be studied further.
Hydrogen-induced ferromagnetism in ZnCoO

We have investigated experimentally the effects of n-type impurities such as Al and H on the magnetic properties of ZnCoO. The carrier density changes slightly upon the introduction of hydrogen but increases significantly in the case of Al. A measurement of magnetic circular dichroism indicates that, of the two impurities, only H induces ferromagnetism in ZnCoO. Our experimental data suggest that, unlike Al, H plays an important role in the enhancement of ferromagnetic spin-spin interactions that goes much beyond a carrier-mediated effect.
The contribution of light bending and redshift to the pulse characteristics of a pulsar in the case of smaller neutron stars

An estimate has been made of the effect of light bending and redshift on the pulsar beam characteristics using the weak form of the Kerr metric, applicable to a slow-rotating neutron star. The calculations refer to the canonical narrow conical beam model of pulsar emission from a 1.4 M ⊙ , neutron star with radii in the range R=6-10 km and periods of 33 and 1.56 ms.
Turbulence Model for Boundary Layers near Walls

A turbulence model is proposed for the prediction of boundary‐layer flows near walls. Two differential equations are solved: one for the kinetic energy of turbulence, and one for its length scale. The local effective viscosity in the flow is taken as proportional to the product of the length and the square root of the energy. The constants appearing in the equations are determined by reference to experimental data. Four cases of self‐similar flow are predicted with the model and found to compare favorably with the relevant experimental data. Satisfactory predictions for more general flows are also reported.
Record‐breaking rainfall accumulations in eastern China produced by Typhoon In‐fa (2021)

Persistent heavy rainfall produced by western North Pacific (WNP) tropical cyclones (TCs) can lead to widespread flooding and landslides in Asian countries. On July 2021, unprecedent rainfall amount occurred when Typhoon In‐fa passed through the highly populated eastern China. While the associated synoptic features have been analyzed, the extreme characteristics and return periods of rainfall induced by In‐fa remain unexplored. Analyses of rainfall data from a WNP TC database of the China Meteorological Administration (CMA) show that Typhoon In‐fa not only produces record‐breaking rainfall accumulations at individual surface stations, but generates unprecedent rainfall amounts for the whole area of eastern China. Quantitatively, 2, 4, 11, 24 and 55 stations are exposed to once in 200‐, 100‐, 50‐, 20‐ and 10‐year extreme TC rainfall accumulations, respectively, and total rainfall at 75 stations reaches a record high since 1980. Overall, the return period is up to ~481 years for the total rainfall amount accumulated in eastern China during the 1980–2019 baseline. The extremely long rainfall duration is identified as key to the torrential rains in the Yangtze River Delta before In‐fa changes its direction of movement from northwestward to northeastward, while the extreme rain rate plays a dominant role in the northern areas afterwards. Probabilities of occurrence of such an unprecedented TC rainfall event have increased in most (~75%) of the eastern China during the period of 2000–2019 compared with those during 1980–1999. Our study highlights the likely increase in risk of extreme TC‐induced rainfall accumulations which should be considered in disaster risk mitigation.
Engineered Adipose-Derived Stem Cells Overexpressing RXFP1 via CRISPR Activation Ameliorate Erectile Dysfunction in Diabetic Rats

Due to the high incidence of diabetes mellitus (DM) and poor response to the first-line treatment of DM-induced erectile dysfunction (DMED), new therapeutic strategies for DMED are needed. Adipose-derived stem cell (ADSC) transplantation is considered a promising treatment modality for DMED but is limited by poor survival and efficacy after transplantation. In this study, we aimed to increase the therapeutic effect of DMED by overexpressing the relaxin family peptide receptor 1 (RXFP1) using a clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats activation (CRISPRa) system in ADSCs. Two lentiviruses carrying the CRISPRa system transfected ADSCs to overexpress RXFP1 (RXFP1-ADSCs). The intracavernous injection of ADSCs was performed in DMED rats induced by the intraperitoneal injection of streptozotocin. Four weeks after transplantation, we measured erectile function and collected specimens of the corpus cavernosum for follow-up detection. The results showed that ADSCs improved erectile function in diabetic rats, and the RXFP1-ADSCs were more significant. We detected reduced levels of oxidative stress, apoptosis and fibrosis together with relative normalization of endothelial and smooth muscle cell function in the penis after ADSC transplantation. RXFP1-ADSCs had more potent efficacy in the above alterations compared to negative control ADSCs due to the high levels of survival and paracrine capacity in RXFP1-ADSCs. The results revealed that RXFP1-ADSC transplantation could partially preserve erectile function in DMED rats associated with the regulation of oxidative stress, apoptosis, fibrosis and endothelial and smooth muscle cell dysfunction. RXFP1 may be the new target for the genetic modification of ADSCs, which benefits the management of DMED.