Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Measles molecular epidemiology: What does it tell us and why is it important?

Measles molecular epidemiology was a key component of the verification of elimination of indigenous measles in Canada and is an invaluable tool during public health investigations, both to establish whether connections exist between concurrent measles cases and to indicate possible sources of importations. There are 24 distinct genotypes however the genotype is usually not sufficient to describe the complex molecular epidemiology of measles cases. The exact genetic sequence of the last 450 nucleotides of the nucleoprotein (N) gene (N-450) is used. The measles genome mutates very slowly and so cases within the same chain of transmission usually have identical N-450 sequences. In Canada, the National Microbiology Laboratory (NML) sequences the N-450 and deposits it into the WHO measles sequence database, MeaNS. This database can be used to identify other geographic regions where the measles sequence was detected, supporting or excluding connections. For commonly detected N-450 sequences, MeaNS designates a "sequence variant. " Sequence variants are used as the defining characteristic of measles cases with identical sequences and this designation is fundamental to the description of measles molecular epidemiology both locally and globally. As progress is made towards global measles eradication, its genetic diversity decreases and distinct importations of measles from a single reservoir can be difficult to distinguish using current methods. Extending sequencing methods beyond the N-450 is required. While sequencing the entire hemagglutinin (H) gene, which is currently done routinely at the NML, can be helpful, whole genome sequencing will be required for effective molecular surveillance to monitor the sustained elimination of measles in Canada.insert text here.
Investigating the interaction of anticancer drug temsirolimus with human transferrin: Molecular docking and spectroscopic approach

In our present study, binding between an important anti renal cancer drug temsirolimus and human transferrin (hTF) was investigated employing spectroscopic and molecular docking approach. In the presence of temsirolimus, hyper chromaticity is observed in hTF in UV spectroscopy suggestive of complex formation between hTF and temsirolimus. Fluorescence spectroscopy revealed the occurrence of quenching in hTF in the presence of temsirolimus implying complex formation taking place between hTF and temsirolimus. Further, the mode of interaction between hTF and temsirolimus was revealed to be static by fluorescence quenching analysis at 3 different temperatures. Binding constant values obtained employing fluorescence spectroscopy depicts strong interaction between hTF and temsirolimus; temsirolimus binds to hTF at 298 K with a binding constant of . 32 × 104 M−1 implying the strength of this interaction. The negative Gibbs free energy obtained through quenching experiments is evident of the fact that the binding is spontaneous. CD spectra of hTF also showed a downward shift in the presence of temsirolimus as compared with free hTF implying complex formation between hTF and temsirolimus. Molecular docking was performed with a view to find out which residues are key players in this interaction. The importance of our study stems from the fact it will provide an insight into binding pattern of commonly administered renal cancer drug with an important protein that plays a pivotal role in many physiological processes.
On the Energy-Efficient Deployment for Ultra-Dense Heterogeneous Networks With NLoS and LoS Transmissions

We investigate network performance of ultra-dense heterogeneous networks and study the maximum energy-efficient base station deployment incorporating probabilistic non-line-of-sight and line-of-sight transmissions. First, we develop an analytical framework with the maximum instantaneous received power and the maximum average received power association schemes to model the coverage probability and related performance metrics, e.g., the potential throughput and the energy efficiency (EE). Second, we formulate two optimization problems to achieve the maximum energy-efficient deployment solution with specific service criteria. Simulation results show that there are tradeoffs among the coverage probability, the total power consumption, and the EE. To be specific, the maximum coverage probability with ideal power consumption is superior to that with practical power consumption when the total power constraint is small and inferior to that with practical power consumption when the total power constraint becomes large. Moreover, the maximum EE is a decreasing function with respect to the coverage probability constraint.
Apparent Diffusion Coefficient on Magnetic Resonance Imaging in Pons and in Corona Radiata and Relation with the Neurophysiologic Measurement and the Outcome in Very Preterm Infants

Background: New imaging techniques allow a detailed visualization of the brain and the findings possibly correlate with neurophysiologic measurements and neurosensory and motor outcomes. Postnatal clinical factors known to associate with neurologic disabilities may contribute to brain abnormalities not visible to the naked eye. Objectives: We evaluated whether quantitative measurement of organized water diffusion on MR imaging, apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC), relates to neurophysiologic function and to clinical risk factors and motor outcome in preterm infants. Methods: Diffusion-weighted imaging was successfully performed at term age on 30 infants born <32 weeks of gestation, birth weight <1,000 g. Infants with major destructive brain lesions were excluded from the final analysis (n = 2). ADC was calculated within regions of interest placed in pons and in white matter regions known to contain motor fibers. Brain stem auditory evoked potentials (BAEP) were registered at term age. Gross motor outcome was assessed using Griffiths Scales at 2 years of corrected age. Results: A positive correlation was found between ADC in the pons and the latency of wave III in BAEP (r = 0.619, p = 0.024). Need for inotrope support during the postnatal period and bronchopulmonary dysplasia associated with high ADC values in the pons and in the corona radiata. Infants with poor gross motor outcome had higher ADC in the corona radiata than infants with better outcome (mean = 1.343 vs. 1.197, p = 0.004). Conclusions: This is the first study to report a relationship between ADC and BAEP measurements in the pons. The study may add to the current knowledge about the relation between postnatal clinical factors and diffusion-weighted imaging when evaluating the high-risk infants.
802 . 11 g CP : A Solution for IEEE 802 . 11 g and 802 . 11 b InterWorking

IEEE 802.11g is an emerging standard for a high data rate physical (PHY) layer supporting up to 54 Mbps at 2.4 GHz for wireless local area networks (WLANs). IEEE 802.11g is defined to be a superset of the 802.11b PHY. It includes the 802.11b modulation schemes and other higher rate modulation schemes, such as the Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM) schemes originally defined for 802.11a PHY at 5 GHz. One major problem with the 802.11g is that the OFDM signal is not detected by many legacy 802.11b devices operating at 2.4 GHz, and hence it introduces a severe problem since the 802.11 Medium Access Control (MAC) is based on carrier-sensing. The 802.11g draft specification recommends the exchange of Request-To-Send (RTS)/Clear-To-Send (CTS) frames modulated with an 802.11b scheme before the transmission of the actual OFDM data frame. However, the RTS/CTS exchanges involve a large bandwidth waste. We propose an alternative solution, which improves the system throughput by avoiding the costly RTS/CTS usage. Our proposed solution utilizes the characteristics of the existing MAC with a minimal rule change, which requires virtually no change in the existing MAC implementations.
Hyperspectral anomaly detection using differential image

A hyperspectral anomaly detector, which uses the benefits of a proposed background feature extraction method and the kernel trick, is introduced in this study. The proposed method is differential image based detector (DID). The DID method uses the differential image to estimate the variations of background in the feature extraction phase. The proposed feature extraction method slows the variations of background. So, it suppresses the background signal and highlights the anomalous signal. The separation between anomalous targets and background clutter is increased in the projected feature space. Before feeding the transformed data into the Reed-Xiaoli (RX) detector, the kernel learning method is applied. The kernel technique transforms the projected data with a linear non-Gaussian model to a potentially high-dimensional feature space with the non-linear Gaussian domain. Experiments are conducted on two real hyperspectral images. The experimental results indicate that the proposed DID method outperforms RX and some state-of-the-art anomaly detection approaches.
Auto-Setting of Optimal Exposure for Structured Light 3D Cameras

The quality of 3D point cloud captured by a structured light 3D camera, such as the density and accuracy of the points, depends upon the optimal settings of 3D camera exposure time. The fixed exposure time often set manually, may not be effective under the variation of ambient conditions, e.g., surface reflectance and illumination that incur saturation and/or under-exposure. This is especially the case where 3D cameras are to apply to industrial inspection. In this paper, a novel method for automatically determining the optimal exposure time of a 3D camera based on estimating the pixel intensity-shutter time slope is proposed. The experiments verify that a dense yet accurate 3D point cloud can be captured under varying ambient conditions: up to 40% improvement over the manual setting for the density of captured point cloud.
High Throughput LC-MS / MSMethod for the Quantitation of Efavirenz in Human Plasma by Solid Phase Extraction using 96 Well Plate Format

HighthroughputLiquidchromatographymassspect rometrymethodhasbeendevelopedandvalidatedfor thequantificationofEfavirenzinhumanplasmausing Atazanavirasaninternalst andard (ISTD). Following solid phase extraction (SPE) in 96 well plate format, the analyte and ISTD were run on ACE C18 4.6 x75 mm (5.0 μm) column using an isocratic mobile phase consisting of Methanol:0.1% formic acid in water (90:10, v/v). Theprecursorandproductionsofthedrugswere monitoredonatriplequadrupoleinstrumentoperate dinthepositiveionizationmode.Themethodwasvalid atedovera concentration range of4.999 to 5095.155ng/mLwithrelativerecoveriesrangingfrom 72.5to76. 4%. The inter batch precision (%CV) across three validation runs was ≤ 5.8%. The Inter batch percent nominaldetermined at five QC levels (LLOQ, LQC, MQC II, MQC and HQC) was between98.1 to 101.0%. According to the validated results, the proposed method was found to be specific, accurate, precise and high throughput method and could be used for the estimation of Efavirenz in human plasma and can be applied for the routine analysis.
Dialogue Structure Annotation for Multi-Floor Interaction

We present an annotation scheme for meso-level dialogue structure, speciﬁcally designed for multi-ﬂoor dialogue. The scheme includes a transaction unit that clusters utterances from multiple participants and ﬂoors into units according to realization of an initiator’s intent, and relations between individual utterances within the unit. We apply this scheme to annotate a corpus of multi-ﬂoor human-robot interaction dialogues. We examine the patterns of structure observed in these dialogues and present inter-annotator statistics and relative frequencies of types of relations and transaction units. Finally, some example applications of these annotations are introduced
Infinitely many solutions for nonlinear Schrödinger system with non-symmetric potentials

Without any symmetric conditions on potentials, we proved the following nonlinear Schrodinger system \begin{eqnarray} \left\{\begin{array}{ll} \Delta u-P(x)u+\mu_1u^3+\beta uv^2=0, \quad &\mbox{in} \quad R^2\\ \Delta v-Q(x)v+\mu_2v^3+\beta vu^2=0, \quad &\mbox{in} \quad R^2 \end{array} \right. \end{eqnarray} has infinitely many non-radial solutions with suitable decaying rate at infinity of potentials $P(x)$ and $Q(x)$. This is the continued work of [8]. Especially when $P(x)$ and $Q(x)$ are symmetric, this result has been proved in [18].
Kinematics of Two-Roller-Driven Ball for RoboCup Soccer Robot

RoboCup is a competition designed to promote the research related to Artificial Intelligence (AI). We have also organized a RoboCup soccer team “Hibikino-Musashi” and work on one of AI research topics, co-operated behavior control system using multiple autonomous mobile robots. In order to realize co-operated behavior in the soccer game, the research of ball handling system is one of the important issues capable of dribbling with a ball and passing the ball to teammate robots. In this paper, the kinematics of a two-roller-drive ball controller, which are attached in front of the soccer robot and designed to have friction on the upper side of the ball, is proposed. The forward and inverse kinematics between the ball-motion and two active rollers are derived, and the ball control mechanism has been developed and evaluated based on the results of simulations and experiments.
Nitidine Chloride Is a Mechanism-Based Inactivator of CYP2D6

Nitidine chloride (NC) is a benzophenanthridine alkaloid isolated from the roots of Zanthoxylum nitidum (Roxb.) DC, a widely used traditional herbal medicine. Several reports have revealed NC’s multiple pharmacologic properties. The inhibitory effects of NC on human cytochrome P450 enzymes were investigated in the present study. We found that NC caused time- and concentration-dependent inhibition of CYP2D6, and more than 50% of CYP2D6 activity was suppressed after a 15-minute incubation with NC at 100 μM in the primary incubation mixtures, with KI of 4.36 μM, kinact of 0.052 minute−1, and a partition ratio of approximately 290. Moreover, the loss of CYP2D6 activity required the presence of NADPH. Superoxide dismutase/catalase and glutathione showed minor protection against the NC-induced enzyme inhibition. Quinidine as a competitive inhibitor of CYP2D6 slowed down the inactivation by NC. Trapping experiments using N-acetylcysteine demonstrated that quinone and/or carbene intermediate(s) were/was generated in human liver microsomal incubations with NC. In addition, potassium ferricyanide prevented the enzyme from the inactivation mediated by NC, which provided evidence that inhibition of CYP2D6 resulted from heme destruction by the formation of a carbene-iron complex. CYP1A2 was found to be the major enzyme involved in the generation of NC quinone metabolites. In conclusion, NC is a mechanism-based inactivator of CYP2D6. The generation of a carbene intermediate might be mainly responsible for the enzyme inactivation.
Behavioral Ecology of Coyotes: Social Organization, Rearing Patterns, Space Use, and Resource Defense

Two groups of coyotes in which genealogical relationships were known were studied in the Grand Teton National Park, outside of Jackson, Wyoming, U.S.A. , from 1977–1982. One group, a pack consisting of parents and some non-dispersing and non-breeding offspring, defended a territory and the food (mainly elk carrion) contained within it, especially during winter, and also had helpers at den sites (5 of 6 were males). The other group, a mated resident pair, all of whose young dispersed during the first year of life, did not defend a territory and never had helpers at dens. Delayed dispersal and retention of some offspring as helpers was related to the presence of an abundant, clumped, and defendable winter food resource. Dispersing yearlings suffered higher mortality than did non-dispersing individuals. Litter size was the same for the pack and resident pair; litter size was not significantly correlated with number of adults in the group or with the number or percentage of pups that survived to 5–6 months of age. The presence of pack helpers was not significantly correlated with pup survival, although there was a positive correlation (rs = +0.37) between the number of adults attending a den(s) and pup survival. Helpers rarely fed pups and their presence had no appreciable effect on juvenile weight. Helpers partook in den-sitting (pup-guarding), but they did not reduce the amount of time that parents spent at den sites. Helpers also actively initiated and took part in territorial and food defense. The proportion of times that pack members initiated defense was inversely related to intruder density (r = –0.94).
The multi-sector convergence approach : a flexible framework for negotiating global rules for national greenhouse gas emissions mitigation targets

This Working Paper presents a new sector-based framework for negotiating binding emission targets after the first budget period as defined in the Kyoto Protocol. The framework offers a flexible tool to negotiators for agreeing upon emission assignments at the aggregate level of the signatory Parties concerned, for identifying country-specific concerns at the sector level, and for rolling over emission limitation targets from one period into the next one.
Hedging Dependence Risk with Spread Options via the Power Frank and Power Student t Copulas

In this paper we consider the problem of pricing and hedging European derivatives written on two underlying assets, when individual marginal distributions are known. Our aim is twofold. First, we conduct a parallel analysis between implied volatility and implied correlation for spread options in order to analyze the available dependence models in terms of produced implied correlation smile and we propose asymmetric extensions of the Frank and Student t copulas, respectively named the Power Frank (PF) and Power Student t (PST) copulas. Second, we address the problem of hedging portfolios made of two-asset derivatives, of various payoffs and strikes, with a limited number of spread options. To do so, we propose two methods based on the PF and PST copulas that allow a projection of the different aspects of dependence risk onto spread options elementary trades. The proposed hedging methods for dependence risk are compared to alternatives in a numerical analysis in which we compute the hedges of realistic portfolios of two-asset options and the associated profit and loss occurring under different scenarios affecting the risk-neutral dependence structure. The method based on the PST copula is found to markedly outperform its alternatives, while remaining parsimonious.
Distribution of Recognition Times to Fruity Flavor of Gummy Candies in Healthy Adults

Times for recognition of fruity flavors in six gummy candies were measured using an electromyography-based system in 23 young healthy participants. They were instructed to chew one of the gummy candies at a random order and to press a button as soon as possible when they recognized what flavor was. The measured 181 recognition times showed two distributions, normally (n = 107) and non-normally (n = 74). The overall average of the normal distribution was 7.5 seconds (±2.34 seconds; standard deviation), and there were no differences in the average ratios among the gummy candies. Eighteen of the participants reported 41 inconsistent reports with flavors that were provided by the manufacturer. The most frequently observed report was an apple-flavored gummy candy (14, 34.1%) mainly for a pear-flavored. However, there was no significant correlation between the numbers of recognition times and those of inconsistent flavors among the used gummy candies.
Secure Mining of Association Rules from Homogeneous Database

Data mining extracts interesting information and patterns from large database. One of the most widely used technic in data mining is association rule mining. This extracts correlation of attributes from the large database. These extracted rules are used for define some predicates in various application. In the case of distributed database the data is get shared from number of users. The data shared by those users should not disclose to other users while the efficient rules are get calculated from this share database. This paper provides the protocol which wills securely extract the association rules from the shared database. Here we are considering the example of online shopping store. Where owner of the shop will extract the rules from the transactional database.
The design and implementation of a wide tunning and high stability 38.4MHz DCXO

A high precision and high stability 38.4MHz Pierce crystal oscillator (DCXO) is designed and implemented in standard 0.18um cmos process. The DCXO can startup independently from software control and transition seamlessly in and out of 10 bits software control. The DCXO achieves a tunning range of ±100PPM with 0.1ppb/step and the power consumption is 7 mW at 1.8v supply voltage. The measured phase noise are −130.52 dBc/Hz @1kHz and −139.53dBc/Hz @10kHz and a chip area of 0.2 mm2.
2D weighted twin nonlinear two-box model for concurrent dual-band power amplifiers

A two-dimensional (2D) weighted nonlinear two-box (2D-WNTB) model is proposed for concurrent dual-band power amplifiers (PAs) with strong nonlinearity. The proposed model is composed of two cascaded blocks of mildly nonlinearity order of dynamic part and highly nonlinearity static part with weighted polynomial. In comparison with the previous models, the proposed model can reduce the computation complexity of the linearization with high modeling accuracy. Measurements were carried out for a deep biased class-AB PA. The results prove the effectiveness of the 2D-WNTB model.
CoAP-XED: Enabling Relaxed Requests to IoT Sensing Resources

In the context of the Internet of Things (IoT), a new service model has emerged, namely, the Sensing as a Service (S²aaS). In such model, sensing data is available for external users as resources, and can be provided on demand, as services. Typically, the devices providing sensing resources are powered by batteries, thus the lifetime of devices becomes a concern to IoT service providers. A common strategy to reduce the number of tasks to be performed by the devices, thus saving energy, is caching data, reusing a prior response message to satisfy a current request. However, on the side of IoT service consumers, the freshness of the data is also a critical concern. That is, the time elapsed since the data is collected until it is delivered to the requesting user should be small. In high workload scenarios, addressing both lifetime and data freshness requirements may be challenging, mainly because commonly used application protocols, such as the Constrained Application Protocol (CoAP), only allow specifying the data freshness requirement in a strict way. This paper introduces an extension to CoAP, namely, CoAP-XED, aiming at supporting the relaxation of requests to sensing resources. Simulation results show that our approach supports maximizing the lifetime of devices and, at the same time, fulfill data freshness requirements.