Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Comparing dust flux records from the Subarctic North Pacific and Greenland: Implications for atmospheric transport to Greenland and for the application of dust as a chronostratigraphic tool

We present a new record of eolian dust flux to the western Subarctic North Pacific (SNP) covering the past 27,000 years based on a core from the Detroit Seamount. Comparing the SNP dust record to the North Greenland Ice Core Project (NGRIP) ice core record shows significant differences in the amplitude of dust changes to the two regions during the last deglaciation, while the timing of abrupt changes is synchronous. If dust deposition in the SNP faithfully records its mobilization in East Asian source regions, then the difference in the relative amplitude must reflect climate-related changes in atmospheric dust transport to Greenland. Based on the synchronicity in the timing of dust changes in the SNP and Greenland, we tie abrupt deglacial transitions in the 230Th-normalized 4He flux record to corresponding transitions in the well-dated NGRIP dust flux record to provide a new chronostratigraphic technique for marine sediments from the SNP. Results from this technique are complemented by radiocarbon dating, which allows us to independently constrain radiocarbon paleoreservoir ages. We find paleoreservoir ages of 745 ± 140 years at 11,653 year B.P., 680 ± 228 years at 14,630 year B.P., and 790 ± 498 years at 23,290 year B.P. Our reconstructed paleoreservoir ages are consistent with modern surface water reservoir ages in the western SNP. Good temporal synchronicity between eolian dust records from the Subantarctic Atlantic and equatorial Pacific and the ice core record from Antarctica supports the reliability of the proposed dust tuning method to be used more widely in other global ocean regions.
Depositional framework of the East Baltic Tremadocian black shale revisited

This article presents a centimetre- to micrometre-scale study of sedimentary fabrics from Lower Ordovician metalliferous black shale from the Baltic palaeobasin. Two sections of the Türisalu Fm. NW and NE Estonia were analysed with light microscopy and scanning electron microscopy. This rock unit is characterised by mostly thin bedding ( < 10 mm), common occurrence of minor erosional features, and a large variety of sedimentary fabrics, including graded, cross-laminated and massive fabrics. Based on this, we suggest that dynamic sedimentation events, rather than commonly assumed slow net sedimentation, may be the dominant mechanism behind the accumulation of these beds. The storm-related near-bottom flows and the bed-load transport of mud particles were likely common distribution agents of organic-rich mud. The mud (re)distribution, mainly via near-bottom flows and controlled by flat seafloor topography and general clastic starvation, might explain the present lateral distribution and diachronous character of the Türisalu Fm. Documented traces of microbial mat growth and siliceous sponges in the NW Estonia indicate that in more sheltered settings, biogenic factors played a vital role in developing primary mud characteristics. The geochemical palaeoredox proxies, and high trace metal and organic matter content suggest that mud sedimentation could occur under anoxic conditions. The observed sedimentary fabrics and traces of bioturbation, however, favour prevailing oscillating redox conditions in the lower water column. The recorded heterogeneity of microfabrics indicates that dynamic transport and intermittent deposition together with biogenic factors likely forced the development of an array of unique (bio)geochemical microenvironments for syngenetic trace element sequestration.
Canopy Position and Leaf Age Affect Stomatal Response and Water Use of Citrus

Summary We investigated the responses of citrus stomata to leaf age, leaf position, canopy size and local microclimate. Large differences existed in the stomatal response due to leaf age within a 15-year-old canopy. Much smaller differences due to leaf age were evident in 7-year-old and 2-year-old trees. Likewise, position in the canopy played a significant role in determining stomatal response within a 15-year-old tree, but had little influence in the smaller trees. Stomatal conductance data were in good agreement with values calculated using a previously published stomatal-response function based on incident photosynthetically active radiation and the vapor pressure deficit of air. The model of stomatal conductance was used to calculate total daily plant water use of 2-year-old trees based on the Penman-Monteith model. Calculated values of plant water use were close to actual values for these 2-year-old trees as measured using weighing lysimeters. These results confirm the robustness of the Penman-Monteith model for the evaluation of citrus water use. We then scaled our calculations up to the 15-year-old field grown trees. Our study highlights the differences in stomatal response between various populations of leaves within a citrus canopy and indicate the important role stomatal conductance has in determining water use of citrus trees.
A new solution method for the wave equation in inhomogeneous media

A fundamental mathematical algorithm is presented for solving the wave equation in inhomogeneous media. This method completely generalizes the Haskell matrix method, which is the standard method for solving the wave equation in laterally homogeneous media. The Haskell matrix method has been the mathematical basis for many seismic techniques in exploration geophysics. In the method presented the medium is divided into layers and vertically averaged within each layer. The wave equation, within a layer, is then decoupled into an eigenvalue equation of the horizontal coordinate and a wave equation of the vertical coordinate. The eigen‐value equation is solved numerically. The vertical equation is solved analytically, once the eigenvalues are found. The solution throughout the medium is constructed by matching layer solutions at layer interfaces. The solution process of this method is “modular,” in the sense that each layer corresponds to an independent module and all the modules together form the final, total.
Optimizing Outcomes in Urological Surgery: Postoperative Care.

INTRODUCTION Understanding best practices in perioperative care is critical for quality of care for our urology patients. We compiled a single, concise resource that provides recommendations for optimizing postoperative outcomes in patients undergoing urological surgery. METHODS Optimal postoperative care includes minimizing complications, optimizing recovery and improving patient outcomes. The assembled White Paper multidisciplinary writing team included experts in a number of different areas (urologists, nurses, anesthesiologists) to address a comprehensive set of topics that urological providers face when caring for postoperative patients. This article provides a summary of key elements to optimize postoperative care in adult urological surgery, including in-hospital considerations, transition/discharge, and followup and surveillance. RESULTS In-hospital postoperative considerations include checklists, handoffs for safe transitions from the anesthesia to surgical team, level of care planning and enhanced recovery after surgery (ERAS®). Embedded in ERAS are postoperative nutrition, mobilization, wound care, judicious use of catheters and drains, and postoperative medications and transfusions. As the patient transitions to the outpatient setting, the urologist must provide clear and readable postoperative education, which includes medication management and coordinated followup with primary care providers and home health as needed. Finally, followup visits should be carefully considered using innovative methods such as telehealth and patient reported outcomes to elevate postoperative and long-term care. CONCLUSIONS This article summarizes postoperative factors that may impact surgical outcomes in urology. By understanding and applying best practices for postoperative care, urologists can optimize the quality of care for their patients.
Extraction of the fault information in recognizing and partitioning the spatial structure of basin group in the south of north of China

The fault is one of main studying objects in remote sensing of geology. It reflects the causation and basic characters of diastrophism. For the complexity and uncertainty characteristic of remote sensing information, this paper discusses how to fuse the information of remote sensing and geosciences based on traditional statistics and intelligence technique puts forward the theory of remote sensing image comprehending agent and builds the model of automatic extracting. Then, based on the theory and model, this paper analyzes the spectrum of fault, and completes the extraction, quantitive statistic analysis and spatial analysis for fault on remote sensing image to reveal the distribution rules and spatial structures to provide the sustainment for understanding the geological structure and tectonic of whole area.
The Subtropical Mode Waters of the South Pacific Ocean

Abstract The subtropical mode waters (STMW) of the southwestern Pacific Ocean are described, including their physical characteristics, spatial distribution, and temporal variability. STMW is a thermostad, or minimum in stratification, having temperatures of about 15°–19°C and vertical temperature gradient less than about 2°C per 100 m. Typical salinity is 35.5 psu at 16.5°C. The STMW layer is formed by deep mixing and cooling in the eastward-flowing waters of the separated East Australia Current. Surface mixed layers are observed as deep as 300 m north of New Zealand in winter, in the center of a recurring anticyclonic eddy. The STMW thermostad in the South Pacific is considerably weaker than its counterparts in the North Atlantic and North Pacific, a contrast that may help to discriminate between physical processes contributing to its formation. A quarterly time series of expendable bathythermograph transects between New Zealand and Fiji is used to study the temporal variability of STMW. Large fluctuatio.
Using mutagenesis and structural biology to map the binding site for the Plasmodium falciparum meroz

Background: Plasmodium falciparum merozoites invade erythrocytes via interaction of a pathogen protein PfRh4 with a host membrane receptor. Results: The PfRh4-binding site on the human erythrocyte host receptor was mapped by mutagenesis and structural methodology. Conclusion: PfRh4 binds at the receptor terminus in a region overlapping a regulatory functional site. Significance: Understanding the molecular basis of erythrocyte invasion will aid in design of therapeutics. To survive and replicate within the human host, malaria parasites must invade erythrocytes. Invasion can be mediated by the P. falciparum reticulocyte-binding homologue protein 4 on the merozoite surface interacting with complement receptor type CD35) on
Crystal chemistry of leucite from the Roman Comagmatic Province (central Italy): a multi-methodological study

Abstract A multi-methodological study, based on electron microprobe analysis (in wavelength dispersive mode), single-crystal X-ray diffraction (XRD), transmission electron microscopy and single-crystal Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy was performed in order to describe the crystal chemistry of four leucite samples from different localities of the Roman Comagmatic Province (central Italy). All the crystals examined were found to be tetragonal (space group I41/a with a = 13.076-13.103 Å and c = 13.744-13.784 Å) and characterized by a complex twinning (merohedric twins: on the tetragonal planes (110) and (1̅10) with the two individuals having parallel crystallographic axes with a and b interchanged; pseudo-merohedric twins: on the tetragonal planes (101), (011), (1̅01), (01̅1), with the two individuals having parallel a (or b) axes and the remaining two axes not parallel). The chemical analyses show that all the samples contain minor Na and Fe. Infrared spectroscopy shows that all samples contain structurally bound water molecules, up to unexpectedly large amounts (~0.4 wt.%) for a nominally anhydrous mineral, suggesting that ‘analcime-like’ substitution (K to Na + H2O) occurs in the leucite samples investigated here. The detection limits of the ‘analcime-like’ substitution by singlecrystal XRD are also discussed.
Systematic anomalies over inland water bodies in satellite‐based precipitation estimates

We studied two recent high‐resolution precipitation datasets derived from satellite remote‐sensing, TRMM 3B42 and CMORPH, and compared them with ground‐based radar and gauge measurements in the southeastern U. S. We found there are systematic differences in rainfall estimates between inland water‐body pixels and land pixels. On average, there are about twice as many raining days over water bodies than over land pixels in the satellite products, causing much higher false alarm rates over water bodies. The increased false alarms occur mostly in the form of light rain (<2 mm/day), and lead to significantly different rain rate distributions between water‐body and land pixels. We speculate that this inconsistency is caused by deficiencies in emissivity characterization for the passive microwave‐based rainfall retrievals that serve as input to these merged products.
Cell wall thickness has phylogenetically consistent effects on photosynthetic N- 2 use efficiency of land species

Photosynthetic nitrogen-use efficiency (PNUE) varied greatly among C 3 35 species. However, morpho-physiological mechanisms and interrelationships shaping 36 PNUE remain unclear at an evolutionary time scale. Here, we compiled a novel large 37 matrix of leaf morpho-anatomical and physiological traits in 679 C 3 species from 38 bryophytes to angiosperm to further understand the complexity of interrelationships 39 underlying PNUE variations. We found that LMA, mesophyll cell wall thickness 40 (T cwm ), Rubisco N allocation fraction (P R ), and mesophyll conductance (g m ) together 41 interpreted 83% of PNUE variations, 65% of which were explained by P R and g m . 42 However, the P R effects were species-dependent on g m ; that is, the P R contribution on 43 PNUE was massively greater in high-g m species than that in low-g m ones. Paired-trait 44 correlation analysis and path analysis indicated a weak correlation between PNUE 45 and LMA, while the paired PNUE–T cwm correlation was strong. The P R was inversely 46 proportional to T cwm which was similar to the g m –T cwm relationship (p < 0.01), so that 47 the internal CO 2 drawdown from intercellular airspace to carboxylaton sites was 48 relatively conservative over a wide range of T cwm . Collectively, coordinated changes 49 in P R and g m connecting T cwm suggested the T cwm -mediated complex physiology 50 mechanisms controlling the PNUE across contrasting plant groups. 51 52 53 54 57 58 59 60 61 nitrogen mass (N mass ), stomatal conductance (g sw ), intercellular and chloroplastic CO 2 concentration (C i and C c , respectively), g m , the maximum carboxylation rate (V cmax ), the maximum electron transport rate (J max ), stomatal limitation on photosynthesis (l s ), mesophyll limitation on photosynthesis (l m ), biochemical limitation on photosynthesis (l b ), and leaf temperature (L temp ). m s suggesting stronger mesophyll limitation on photosynthesis; vice verse , stronger biochemical limitation on photosynthesis was evident in species with high g m > 0.001 mol g –1 s –1 . These results suggested stronger limitation by g m on
Evaluation of Satellite-Based Upper Troposphere Cloud Top Height Retrievals in Multilayer Cloud Conditions During TC4

[1] Upper troposphere cloud top heights (CTHs), restricted to cloud top pressures (CTPs) < 500 hPa, inferred using four satellite retrieval methods applied to Twelfth Geostationary Operational Environmental Satellite (GOES-12) data are evaluated using measurements during the July–August 2007 Tropical Composition, Cloud and Climate Coupling Experiment (TC4). The four methods are the single-layer CO2-absorption technique (SCO2AT), a modified CO2-absorption technique (MCO2AT) developed for improving both single-layered and multilayered cloud retrievals, a standard version of the Visible Infrared Solar-infrared Split-window Technique (old VISST), and a new version of VISST (new VISST) recently developed to improve cloud property retrievals. They are evaluated by comparing with ER-2 aircraft-based Cloud Physics Lidar (CPL) data taken during 9 days having extensive upper troposphere cirrus, anvil, and convective clouds. Compared to the 89% coverage by upper tropospheric clouds detected by the CPL, the SCO2AT, MCO2AT, old VISST, and new VISST retrieved CTPs < 500 hPa in 76, 76, 69, and 74% of the matched pixels, respectively. Most of the differences are due to subvisible and optically thin cirrus clouds occurring near the tropopause that were detected only by the CPL. The mean upper tropospheric CTHs for the 9 days are 14.2 (±2.1) km from the CPL and 10.7 (±2.1), 12.1 (±1.6), 9.7 (±2.9), and 11.4 (±2.8) km from the SCO2AT, MCO2AT, old VISST, and new VISST, respectively. Compared to the CPL, the MCO2AT CTHs had the smallest mean biases for semitransparent high clouds in both single-layered and multilayered situations whereas the new VISST CTHs had the smallest mean biases when upper clouds were opaque and optically thick. The biases for all techniques increased with increasing numbers of cloud layers. The transparency of the upper layer clouds tends to increase with the numbers of cloud layers.
Probabilistic rainfall thresholds for flood forecasting: evaluating different methodologies for modelling rainfall spatial correlation (or dependence)

Rainfall threshold (RT) method is one of the evolving flood forecasting approaches. When the cumulative rainfall depth for a given initial soil moisture condition intersects the threshold rainfall curve, the peak discharge is expected to be equal or greater than the threshold discharge for flooding at the target site. Besides the total rainfall depth, spatial and temporal distribution of rainfall impacts the flood peak discharge and the time to peak. To revisit a previous study conducted by the authors, in which spatially independent rainfall pattern was assumed, the spatial distribution of rainfall was simulated following a Monte Carlo approach. The structure of the spatial dependence among sub‐watersheds' rainfalls was taken into account under three different scenarios, namely independent, bivariate copula (2copula) and multivariate Gaussian copula (MGC). For each set of generated random dimensionless rainfalls, the probabilistic RT curves were derived for dry moisture condition. Results were evaluated with both historical and simulated events. For the simulated events, threshold curves were assessed by means of categorical statistics, such as hit rate, false rate and critical success index (CSI). Results revealed that the best performance based on the CSI criterion corresponded to 50% curve in 2copula and MGC scenarios as well as 90% curve in the independent scenario. The recognition of 50% curve in 2copula and MGC scenarios is in agreement with our expectations that the mean probable curve should have the best performance. Moreover, the proposed inclusion of spatially dependent rainfall scenario improved the performance of RT curves by about 25% in comparison with the presumed spatially uniform rainfall scenario. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
KIT Mutations Induce Intracellular Retention and Activation of an Immature Form of the KIT Protein in Gastrointestinal Stromal Tumors

Purpose: Gastrointestinal stromal tumors (GIST) are frequently associated with gain-of-function mutations of KIT, which can be inhibited by imatinib both in vitro and in vivo. The survival of patients with GIST, following imatinib therapy, has been correlated with the nature of mutations but not with KIT expression. Experimental Design: Subcellular localization, activation, and trafficking of the mature and the immature forms of KIT were investigated in GIST samples and in NIH3T3 cells infected with two different GIST-type exon 11–mutated human KIT cDNA. Results: Paranuclear dot expression of KIT was more frequent in GISTs with homozygous KIT mutations than in those with heterozygous (P = 0.01) or no mutations (P < 0.01). Activation of the immature 125 kDa form of KIT was detected in most GISTs with KIT mutations but not in GISTs without KIT mutations. In NIH3T3 cells, mutant KIT was mainly retained within endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi compartments in an immature constitutively phosphorylated form, whereas the wild-type KIT was expressed at the plasma membrane, in a mature nonphosphorylated form. Imatinib-induced inhibition of the phosphorylation of immature and mature mutant KIT proteins resulted in the restoration of KIT expression at the cell surface. Conclusions: These results show that GIST-type KIT mutations induce an activation-dependent alteration of normal maturation and trafficking, resulting in the intracellular retention of the activated kinase within the cell. These observations likely account for the absence of correlation between response to imatinib and KIT expression using immunohistochemistry and may deserve to be investigated in other tyrosine kinase–activated tumors.