Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Anchored Instruction and Its Relationship to Situated Cognition

In a recent Educational Researcher article, Brown, Collins, and Duguid (January-February 1989) discussed the concept of situated cognition. We explore relationships between this concept and our Technology Center’s work on anchored instruction. In the latter, instruction is anchored (situated) in videodisc-based, problem-solving environments that teachers and students can explore. We argue that situated cognition provides a broad, useful framework that emphasizes the importance of focusing on everyday cognition, authentic tasks, and the value of in-context apprenticeship training. Anchored instruction provides a way to recreate some of the advantages of apprenticeship training in formal educational settings involving groups of students. In addition, some of the principles of anchored instruction may make it possible to create learning experiences that are more effective than many that occur in traditional apprenticeship training. Together, the situated cognition and anchored instruction perspectives suggest ways to think differently about instruction, and they suggest important issues for future research.
Cost-effectiveness of implantable cardioverter-defibrillators.

Modelling A Markov model was constructed to simulate the clinical and economic outcomes associated with ICD and control therapy. The model served also to extrapolate short-term trial-based results to a lifetime horizon. The cycle length was one month. Patients who received an ICD were at risk of death from the implantation procedure. Patients who did not die from the procedure and patients assigned to control therapy entered the Markov tree and were followed until death. A patient could die from arrhythmia, non-arrhythmic cardiac causes, or noncardiac causes. If the patient survived, he or she remained well for the 1-month period. Patients who had an ICD could have a lead infection or failure that could cause them to discontinue treatment.
The Genetics and Pathophysiology of IC3D Category 1 Corneal Dystrophies: A Review

AbstractCorneal dystrophies are a group of inherited disorders affecting the cornea, many of which lead to visual impairment. The International Committee for Classification of Corneal Dystrophies has established criteria to clarify the status of the various corneal dystrophies, which include the knowledge of the underlying genetics. In this review, we discuss the International Committee for Classification of Corneal Dystrophies category 1 (second edition) corneal dystrophies, for which a clear genetic link has been established. We highlight the various mechanisms underlying corneal dystrophy pathology, including structural disorganization, instability or maladhesion, aberrant protein stability and deposition, abnormal cellular proliferation or apoptosis, and dysfunction of normal enzymatic processes. Understanding these genetic mechanisms is essential for designing targets for therapeutic intervention, especially in the age of gene therapy and gene editing.
Short-range optical OFDM

This paper presents a proof-of-concept for a short range underwater optical wireless communication system. It investigates of the use of Optical Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OOFDM) as a modulation scheme and presents the characteristics of the underwater propagation channel for amplitude modulated optical waves. Although system under investigation utilizes a data rate of 1 Mbpsm, it is evident that higher data rates are possible with minor changes in the optical front-end hardware and the signal processing chain. To evaluate the system performance, tests were conducted in clear water for distances up to three meters and in three simulated scenarios of dirty water (deep, medium and shallow) for a distance of half a meter. All test were performed in a controlled laboratory environment using a water tank. The performance of the system has been evaluated using offline processing of the received OOFDM symbols. The Bit-Error Rate (BER) performance of the system is investigated as function of bandwidth, distance of transmission, and Signal-to-Noise Ratio (SNR). Additionally, the transfer function of the optical underwater channel characteristics are presented along with measured statistics of delay spread of the channel to show the presence or absence of multi-path effects. It should be noted that the intended application of this system is docking of remotely operated and autonomous underwater vehicles, where high speed data transfers are essential. Another possible application is data collection from deployed sensors gathering data over a long periods of time.
Patient reported outcomes in the assessment of premature ejaculation

The term ‘Patient Reported Outcome’, abbreviated as PRO, was introduced by the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) which proposed guidance on the development and validation of PROs. Previously PROs were known as self-report diaries, event-logs, self-administered questionnaires, and clinician administered rating scales. PROs seek to capture the subjective perceptions of patients and/or partner’s related to their specific symptoms, degree of bother, efficacy of a medication or psychotherapy intervention, and quality of life issues related to a specific condition. This article reviews the essential psychometric and regulatory agency requirements in the development of PROs. The constructs of reliability, various forms of validity, sensitivity, and specificity as well as concerns with translating a PRO into a different language are reviewed. Three PROs, the Premature Ejaculation Profile (PEP), the Index of Premature Ejaculation (IPE) and the Premature Ejaculation Diagnostic Tool (PEDT) all used in the assessment of premature ejaculation (PE) are discussed. These questionnaires meet or exceed all the psychometric requirements and have been employed in clinical trials and observational studies of men with PE. The article concludes on discussing some of the limitations of PRO use and recommendations for the future.
Contribution of Three Bile-Associated Loci, bsh, pva, and btlB, to Gastrointestinal Persistence and Bile Tolerance of Listeria monocytogenes

ABSTRACT Listeria monocytogenes must resist the deleterious actions of bile in order to infect and subsequently colonize the human gastrointestinal tract. The molecular mechanisms used by the bacterium to resist bile and the influence of bile on pathogenesis are as yet largely unexplored. This study describes the analysis of three genes—bsh, pva, and btlB—previously annotated as bile-associated loci in the sequenced L. monocytogenes EGDe genome (lmo2067, lmo0446, and lmo0754, respectively). Analysis of deletion mutants revealed a role for all three genes in resisting the acute toxicity of bile and bile salts, particularly glycoconjugated bile salts at low pH. Mutants were unaffected in the other stress responses examined (acid, salt, and detergents). Bile hydrolysis assays demonstrate that L. monocytogenes possesses only one bile salt hydrolase gene, namely, bsh. Transcriptional analyses and activity assays revealed that, although it is regulated by both PrfA and σB, the latter appears to play the greater role in modulating bsh expression. In addition to being incapable of bile hydrolysis, a sigB mutant was shown to be exquisitely sensitive to bile salts. Furthermore, increased expression of sigB was detected under anaerobic conditions and during murine infection. A gene previously annotated as a possible penicillin V amidase (pva) or bile salt hydrolase was shown to be required for resistance to penicillin V but not penicillin G but did not demonstrate a role in bile hydrolysis. Finally, animal (murine) studies revealed an important role for both bsh and btlB in the intestinal persistence of L. monocytogenes.
Pediatric Versus Adult Drug Trials for Conditions With High Pediatric Disease Burden

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: Optimal treatment decisions in children require sufficient evidence on the safety and efficacy of pharmaceuticals in pediatric patients. However, there is concern that not enough trials are conducted in children and that pediatric trials differ from those performed in adults. Our objective was to measure the prevalence of pediatric studies among clinical drug trials and compare trial characteristics and quality indicators between pediatric and adult drug trials. METHODS: For conditions representing a high burden of pediatric disease, we identified all drug trials registered in ClinicalTrials.gov with start dates between 2006 and 2011 and tracked the resulting publications. We measured the proportion of pediatric trials and subjects for each condition and compared pediatric and adult trial characteristics and quality indicators. RESULTS: For the conditions selected, 59.9% of the disease burden was attributable to children, but only 12.0% (292/2440) of trials were pediatric (P < .001). Among pediatric trials, 58.6% were conducted without industry funding compared with 35.0% of adult trials (P < .001). Fewer pediatric compared with adult randomized trials examined safety outcomes (10.1% vs 16.9%, P = .008). Pediatric randomized trials were slightly more likely to be appropriately registered before study start (46.9% vs 39.3%, P = .04) and had a modestly higher probability of publication in the examined time frame (32.8% vs 23.2%, P = .04). CONCLUSIONS: There is substantial discrepancy between pediatric burden of disease and the amount of clinical trial research devoted to pediatric populations. This may be related in part to trial funding, with pediatric trials relying primarily on government and nonprofit organizations.
[Effects of tumor metastasis suppressor gene nm23-H1 on invasion and proliferation of cervical cancer cell lines].

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE Previous studies have shown that nm23-H1 is a tumor metastasis suppressor gene. Nucleotide diphosphate kinase 1 (NDPK1) encoded by nm23-H1 is involved in cancer cellular differentiation, proliferation, apoptosis and metastasis. This study was to investigate the effects of nm23-H1 on proliferation and invasion of cervical cancer cells. METHODS The eukaryotic expression vector pcDNA3.1-nm23-H1 was transfected into cervical cancer cells. Cell invasion potential was determined by the Transwell assay. Cell proliferation was measured by MTT assay and changes in cell cycle distribution were analyzed by flow cytometry (FCM). RESULTS Compared with parent cells (Caski and SiHa) and vector control cells (Caski-3.1 and SiHa-3.1), the proliferation and invasion of pcDNA3.1-nm23-H1 transfected cells (SiHa-N and Caski-N) were apparently decreased (P<0.05); the proportions of G2/M and S cells were obviously decreased while that of G0/G1 cells was increased (P<0.05). However, transfection of nm23-H1 gene had no influence on proliferation, cell cycle and invasion of HeLa cells (P>0.05). CONCLUSION nm23-H1 gene could inhibit proliferation and invasion of cervical cancer cells in a cell-dependent manner.
Gradient critical phenomena in the Ising quantum chain

We consider the behaviour of a critical system in the presence of a gradient perturbation of the couplings. In the direction of the gradient an interface region separates the ordered phase from the disordered one. We develop a scaling theory for the density profiles induced by the gradient perturbation which involves a characteristic length given by the width of the interface region. The scaling predictions are tested in the framework of the mean-field Ginzburg–Landau theory. Then we consider the Ising quantum chain in a linearly varying transverse field which corresponds to the extreme anisotropic limit of a classical two-dimensional Ising model. The quantum Hamiltonian can be diagonalized exactly in the scaling limit where the eigenvalue problem is the same as for the quantum harmonic oscillator. The energy density, the magnetization profile and the two-point correlation function are studied either analytically or by exact numerical calculations. Their scaling behaviour is in agreement with the predictions of the scaling theory.
Design and Analysis of Unequal Missing Protection for the Grouping of RFID Tags

In this paper, we address the issue of unequal missing protection (UMP) for the design of grouping of radio-frequency identification (RFID) tags. While relying on group generation matrices, grouping of RFID tags allows verifying the integrity of a collection of tags without the requirement for accessing external systems, and can be extended to identify missing tags. Motivated by application needs that call for UMP among the tags, we first introduce the concepts of UMP for grouping of RFID tags and its extended counterpart, with which missing tags with high missing protection levels are more easily counted or identified than those with low missing protection levels. We then present simple yet effective schemes to realize grouping of RFID tags with UMP and its extended counterpart. The proposed schemes not only can easily fulfill the requirement of UMP among the tags, but also offer flexibility in constructing UMP group generation matrices. We also characterize key objects in order to further study grouping of RFID tags with UMP and its extended counterpart, called consistent and unidentifiable sets, respectively. This characterization in turn enables theoretical analysis of the error rate from the perspective of a tag. Theoretical and simulation results are presented to demonstrate the efficiencies of the proposed schemes for the design of grouping of RFID tags with UMP.
Annotating errors and disfluencies in transcriptions of speech

This document presents our guidelines for the annotation of errors and disfluencies in transcriptions of speech. There is a well-established precedent for annotating errors in written texts but the same is not true of speech transcriptions. We describe our coding scheme, discuss examples and difficult cases, and introduce new codes to deal with features characteristic of speech. We present our guidelines for the annotation of errors and disfluencies in transcriptions of speech. This document is largely derived from Diane Nicholls’ manual for error coding of learner corpora [14]. Her coding scheme was designed for written English: what we add here are amendments to deal with the characteristics of spoken language in general (specifically with English in mind). Thus we build on the scheme set out in [14] with extra codes for features of speech transcription which relate to both production (e.g. disfluencies) and perception (e.g. inaudible words). In case there’s any doubt as to the difference between spoken and written language for not only non-native speakers but also native speakers of English, consider these two examples from British English speakers in the British National Corpora: (1) They were typical of part of what it was like to be homeless – having nowhere to go; having to avoid all representatives of authority; feeling tired and generally run-down; and needing to have my wits at their sharpest at a time when they had become critically undernourished. (Part of the furniture. Falk, Michael. London: Bellew Pub. Ltd, 1991) (2) S0315: I mean I said to friend once said oh –unclearword another baby on the way ? she went no I was like ah oh sorry S0255: » yeah it ’s er it ’s a food baby (text S28F) Clearly these two examples were selected to illustrate the differences between speech and writing – one could readily set out to illustrate the similarities and overlap between more formal genres of speech and less formal genres of writing. But they are fairly representative examples in the sense that both were found with relative ease on the first page of results for the string query, was like, firstly using BYU-BNC1 [6] and secondly using CQPweb for BNC20142 [10]. Example (1) displays features characteristic of writing in the sense that (a) it contains a series of subordinate clauses, (b) it demarcates those clauses with punctuation, and (c) it is completely grammatical. These features arise from the time usually available to writers, and the consequent opportunity to edit and reshape texts. Subordinate clauses of course also occur in speech, but punctuation does not (prosody performs a similar function) and thus the units are not so neatly demarcated and are not always so grammatical, as we see in example (2). 1http://corpus.byu. edu/bnc 2http://corpora.lancs. ac.uk/bnc2014
Knowledge Based Cluster Ensemble for Cancer Discovery From Biomolecular Data

The adoption of microarray techniques in biological and medical research provides a new way for cancer diagnosis and treatment. In order to perform successful diagnosis and treatment of cancer, discovering and classifying cancer types correctly is essential. Class discovery is one of the most important tasks in cancer classification using biomolecular data. Most of the existing works adopt single clustering algorithms to perform class discovery from biomolecular data. However, single clustering algorithms have limitations, which include a lack of robustness, stability, and accuracy. In this paper, we propose a new cluster ensemble approach called knowledge based cluster ensemble (KCE) which incorporates the prior knowledge of the data sets into the cluster ensemble framework. Specifically, KCE represents the prior knowledge of a data set in the form of pairwise constraints. Then, the spectral clustering algorithm (SC) is adopted to generate a set of clustering solutions. Next, KCE transforms pairwise constraints into confidence factors for these clustering solutions. After that, a consensus matrix is constructed by considering all the clustering solutions and their corresponding confidence factors. The final clustering result is obtained by partitioning the consensus matrix. Comparison with single clustering algorithms and conventional cluster ensemble approaches, knowledge based cluster ensemble approaches are more robust, stable and accurate. The experiments on cancer data sets show that: 1) KCE works well on these data sets; 2) KCE not only outperforms most of the state-of-the-art single clustering algorithms, but also outperforms most of the state-of-the-art cluster ensemble approaches.
Intracranial infections: key neuroimaging findings.

Central nervous system (CNS) infections are treatable lifethreatening conditions; however, clinical outcome largely depends on early diagnosis and treatment. Diagnosis of infectious diseases relies on the demonstration of an offending organism using laboratory investigations. Neuroimaging studies play an important role in early diagnosis, as laboratory confirmation may take days to reach a definitive diagnosis. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is considered the modality of choice as it is more sensitive and specific for detection of both parenchymal and meningeal abnormalities. In addition, the use of advanced MRI tools may help in improving the specificity of a diagnosis. In this review, we briefly discuss the key neuroimaging features of the commonly encounteredCNS infections.
Josephson effect in ballistic graphene

We solve the Dirac\char21{}Bogoliubov\char21{}de Gennes equation in an impurity-free superconductor\char21{}normal-metal\char21{}superconductor junction, to determine the maximal supercurrent ${I}_{c}$ that can flow through an undoped strip of graphene with heavily doped superconducting electrodes. The result ${I}_{c}\ensuremath{\simeq}(W∕L)e{\ensuremath{\Delta}}_{0}∕\ensuremath{\hbar}$ is determined by the superconducting gap ${\ensuremath{\Delta}}_{0}$ and by the aspect ratio of the junction (length $L$ small relative to the width $W$ and to the superconducting coherence length). Moving away from the Dirac point of zero doping, we recover the usual ballistic result ${I}_{c}\ensuremath{\simeq}(W∕{\ensuremath{\lambda}}_{F})e{\ensuremath{\Delta}}_{0}∕\ensuremath{\hbar}$, in which the Fermi wavelength ${\ensuremath{\lambda}}_{F}$ takes over from $L$. The product ${I}_{c}{R}_{\mathrm{N}}\ensuremath{\simeq}{\ensuremath{\Delta}}_{0}∕e$ of the critical current and normal-state resistance retains its universal value (up to a numerical prefactor) on approaching the Dirac point.
Activiteit-gerelateerd werken : De modererende rol van management support op de relatie tussen drijfveren, attitudes en activiteit-gerelateerd werken

Dit artikel richt zich op de vraag of er een relatie is tussen individuele drijfveren en attitudes van medewerkers en de mate waarin zij gebruik maken van activiteit-gerelateerde werkplekken. Bij activiteit-gerelateerd werken hebben werknemers niet langer een vaste werkplek, maar zoeken zij een werkplek die aansluit bij de activiteit die zij willen doen op dat moment. Daarnaast is onderzoek gedaan naar de rol van het management. De vraag is of het management door een transformationele stijl van leidinggeven zogenoemde weinig-gebruikers kan stimuleren om meer gebruik te maken van mogelijkheden tot activiteit-gerelateerd werken binnen hun organisatie.
Iron Fluorescent Line Emission from Young Stellar Objects in the Orion Nebula

We present the result of a systematic search for the iron Kα fluorescent line at ~6.4 keV among 1616 X-ray sources detected by ultradeep Chandra observations of the Orion Nebula Cluster and the obscured Orion Molecular Cloud 1 population as part of the Chandra Orion Ultradeep Project (COUP). Seven sources are identified to have an excess emission at ~6.4 keV among 127 control sample sources with significant counts in the 6.0-9.0 keV band. These seven sources are young stellar objects (YSOs) characterized by intense flarelike flux variations, thermal spectra, and near-infrared (NIR) counterparts. The observed equivalent widths of the line cannot be attributed to the florescence by interstellar or circumstellar matter along the line of sight. The X-ray spectral fits and NIR colors of the 6.4 keV sources show that these sources have X-ray absorption of ≳1 × 1022 cm-2 and NIR excess emission, which is not expected when the fluorescence occurs at the stellar photosphere. We therefore conclude that the iron fluorescent line of YSOs arises from reflection off of circumstellar disks, which are irradiated by the hard X-ray continuum emission of magnetic reconnection flares.