Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Lineage, arrangement, and death of clonally related motoneurons in chick spinal cord

We have used recombinant retroviruses as lineage markers to study the genealogy of motoneurons (MNs) in the chick spinal cord. We infected individual progenitors by injecting virions into the neural tube at stages 11–18, a few cell divisions before MNs are born. The descendants of infected cells were subsequently detected with a histochemical stain for beta-galactosidase (lacZ), the product of the retrovirally introduced gene. Clonally related, lacZ-positive cells formed clusters that were usually radial or planar in shape. The cells that comprised these clones were classified by morphology, size, and location. About 15% of the clones in the spinal cord contained MNs, and these were studied further. Multicellular clones that contained only MNs were infrequent. Instead, close relatives of MNs included a variety of other neurons, as well as glia and ependymal cells. Most non-MNs in these clones were found in the ventral and intermediate parts of the spinal cord. Neurons included interneurons and autonomic preganglionic neurons in the column of Terni. Labeled glia were found in both the gray and white matter and included astrocytes and cells tentatively identified as oligodendrocytes. Thus, even shortly before MNs are born, their progenitors are multipotential. Clonally related MNs were not restricted to a single motor pool. Some clones contained MNs in both the medial and lateral parts of the lateral motor column, which are known to innervate distinct groups of limb muscles. Furthermore, some clones contained MNs in the medial motor column (which innervate axial muscles) as well as in the lateral motor column. In contrast, the dispersal of clonally related MNs (and other neurons) was restricted in the rostrocaudal axis; most clones were less than one-quarter segment in length. Thus, MNs derived from a single progenitor are more likely to share rostrocaudal position than synaptic targets. To investigate the fate of clonally related MNs, we counted the number of MNs per clone at times before, during, and after the major period of MN death. The number of MNs per clone declined in precise parallel with the total number of MNs during this period, suggesting that neurons are eliminated without regard to their clone of origin. This result implies that the decision to live or die occurs on a cell-by-cell rather than a clone-by-clone basis.
Soil nitrate reducing processes – drivers, mechanisms for spatial variation, and significance for nitrous oxide production

The microbial processes of denitrification and dissimilatory nitrate reduction to ammonium (DNRA) are two important nitrate reducing mechanisms in soil, which are responsible for the loss of nitrate (NO3−) and production of the potent greenhouse gas, nitrous oxide (N2O). A number of factors are known to control these processes, including O2 concentrations and moisture content, N, C, pH, and the size and community structure of nitrate reducing organisms responsible for the processes. There is an increasing understanding associated with many of these controls on flux through the nitrogen cycle in soil systems. However, there remains uncertainty about how the nitrate reducing communities are linked to environmental variables and the flux of products from these processes. The high spatial variability of environmental controls and microbial communities across small sub centimeter areas of soil may prove to be critical in determining why an understanding of the links between biotic and abiotic controls has proved elusive. This spatial effect is often overlooked as a driver of nitrate reducing processes. An increased knowledge of the effects of spatial heterogeneity in soil on nitrate reduction processes will be fundamental in understanding the drivers, location, and potential for N2O production from soils.
Membrane Topology of the 60-kDa Oxa1p Homologue fromEscherichia coli *

We have characterized the membrane topology of a 60-kDa inner membrane protein from Escherichia coli that is homologous to the recently identified Oxa1p protein inSaccharomyces cerevisiae mitochondria implicated in the assembly of mitochondrial inner membrane proteins. Hydrophobicity and alkaline phosphatase fusion analyses suggest a membrane topology with six transmembrane segments, including an N-terminal signal-anchor sequence not present in mitochondrial Oxa1p. In contrast to partial N-terminal fusion protein constructs, the full-length protein folds into a protease-resistant conformation, suggesting that important folding determinants are present in the C-terminal part of the molecule.
The B Bank: A Complete Case Study

We develop a Web-based banking application with cashier and automated teller machine functionality using the B formal method. The complete development, including the frontend, is specified and refined to an executable application in Atelier B. Refinement between specifications and their implementations is proved mechanically. At 2’324 lines of code and 1’397 proof obligations the B Bank is not a toy; yet it is still understandable in its details. This paper aims at filling the gap in the B literature between small text book examples and the bird’s eye view reports on large industrial-size developments. Furthermore, we use B from top to bottom, fully prove all obligations, and make the case study available online.
Complement in Immune and Inflammatory Disorders: Therapeutic Interventions

With the awareness that immune-inflammatory cross-talk is at the heart of many disorders, the desire for novel immunomodulatory strategies in the therapy of such diseases has grown dramatically. As a prime initiator and important modulator of immunological and inflammatory processes, the complement system has emerged as an attractive target for early and upstream intervention in inflammatory diseases and has moved into the spotlight of drug discovery. Although prevalent conditions such as age-related macular degeneration have attracted the most attention, the diverse array of complement-mediated pathologies, with distinct underlying mechanisms, demands a multifaceted arsenal of therapeutic strategies. Fortunately, efforts in recent years have not only introduced the first complement inhibitors to the clinic but also filled the pipelines with promising candidates. With a focus on immunomodulatory strategies, in this review we discuss complement-directed therapeutic concepts and highlight promising candidate molecules.
Genus Paracoccidioides: Species Recognition and Biogeographic Aspects

Background Paracoccidioidomycosis is a systemic mycosis caused by Paracoccidioides brasiliensis (species S1, PS2, PS3), and Paracoccidioides lutzii. This work aimed to differentiate species within the genus Paracoccidioides, without applying multilocus sequencing, as well as to obtain knowledge of the possible speciation processes. Methodology/Principal Findings Single nucleotide polymorphism analysis on GP43, ARF and PRP8 intein genes successfully distinguished isolates into four different species. Morphological evaluation indicated that elongated conidia were observed exclusively in P. lutzii isolates, while all other species (S1, PS2 and PS3) were indistinguishable. To evaluate the biogeographic events that led to the current geographic distribution of Paracoccidioides species and their sister species, Nested Clade and Likelihood Analysis of Geographic Range Evolution (LAGRANGE) analyses were applied. The radiation of Paracoccidioides started in northwest South America, around 11–32 million years ago, as calculated on the basis of ARF substitution rate, in the BEAST program. Vicariance was responsible for the divergence among S1, PS2 and P. lutzii and a recent dispersal generated the PS3 species, restricted to Colombia. Taking into account the ancestral areas revealed by the LAGRANGE analysis and the major geographic distribution of L. loboi in the Amazon basin, a region strongly affected by the Andes uplift and marine incursions in the Cenozoic era, we also speculate about the effect of these geological events on the vicariance between Paracoccidioides and L. loboi. Conclusions/Significance The use of at least 3 SNPs, but not morphological criteria, as markers allows us to distinguish among the four cryptic species of the genus Paracoccidioides. The work also presents a biogeographic study speculating on how these species might have diverged in South America, thus contributing to elucidating evolutionary aspects of the genus Paracoccidioides.
Search with Synonyms: Problems and Solutions

Search with synonyms is a challenging problem for Web search, as it can easily cause intent drifting. In this paper, we propose a practical solution to this issue, based on co-clicked query analysis, i.e., analyzing queries leading to clicking the same documents. Evaluation results on Web search queries show that synonyms obtained from this approach considerably outperform the thesaurus based synonyms, such as WordNet, in terms of keeping search intent.
Protein phosphatase 5 protects neurons against amyloid‐β toxicity

Amyloid‐β (Aβ) is thought to promote neuronal cell loss in Alzheimer’s disease, in part through the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and subsequent activation of mitogen‐activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathways. Protein phosphatase 5 (PP5) is a ubiquitously expressed serine/threonine phosphatase which has been implicated in several cell stress response pathways and shown to inactivate MAPK pathways through key dephosphorylation events. Therefore, we examined whether PP5 protects dissociated embryonic rat cortical neurons in vitro from cell death evoked by Aβ. As predicted, neurons in which PP5 expression was decreased by small‐interfering RNA treatment were more susceptible to Aβ toxicity. In contrast, over‐expression of PP5, but not the inactive mutant, PP5(H304Q), prevented MAPK phosphorylation and neurotoxicity induced by Aβ. PP5 also prevented cell death caused by direct treatment with H2O2, but did not prevent Aβ‐induced production of ROS. Thus, the neuroprotective effect of PP5 requires its phosphatase activity and lies downstream of Aβ‐induced generation of ROS. In summary, our data indicate that PP5 plays a pivotal neuroprotective role against cell death induced by Aβ and oxidative stress. Consequently, PP5 might be an effective therapeutic target in Alzheimer’s disease and other neurodegenerative disorders in which oxidative stress is implicated.
The effects of poverty, race, and family structure on US children's health: data from the NHIS, 1978 through 1980 and 1989 through 1991.

OBJECTIVES This study investigated the independent and relative effects of family structure, race, and poverty on the health of US children and youth under 20 years of age at two time periods, 1978 through 1980 and 1989 through 1991. METHODS Data were from the National Health Interview Surveys. Multivariate logit regression methods were used to analyze the effects of family structure, poverty, and race on children's health. RESULTS Children in families headed by single mothers, Black children, and those living below 150% of the poverty index were much more likely to be in poor or fair health than children in two-parent families, White children, or those in more affluent families. Poverty had the strongest effect on child health in both time periods. CONCLUSIONS The association between children's health and living below 150% of the poverty index is not explained by race or family structure. The disparity in child health by family income has serious consequences for both the child and society.
Inflammatory Bowel Disease and the Apical Junctional Complex

Abstract: A critical function of the intestinal mucosa is to form a barrier that separates luminal contents from the underlying interstitium. This intestinal barrier is primarily regulated by the apical junctional complex (AJC) consisting of tight junctions (TJs) and adherens junctions (AJs) and is compromised in a number of intestinal diseases, including inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). In vitro studies have demonstrated that proinflammatory cytokines, such as interferon‐gamma (IFN‐γ) and tumor necrosis factor‐alpha (TNF‐α), that are increased in the intestinal mucosa of patients with IBD can induce a leaky mucosal barrier. There is a growing evidence that the increased permeability and altered AJC structure observed in IBD are mediated by internalization of junctional proteins. This review summarizes barrier defects observed in IBD and addresses mechanisms by which proinflammatory cytokines, such as IFN‐γ and TNF‐α, modulate AJC structure and epithelial barrier function.
mTOR kinase inhibition causes feedback-dependent biphasic regulation of AKT signaling.

UNLABELLED mTOR kinase inhibitors block mTORC1 and mTORC2 and thus do not cause the mTORC2 activation of AKT observed with rapamycin. We now show, however, that these drugs have a biphasic effect on AKT. Inhibition of mTORC2 leads to AKT serine 473 (S473) dephosphorylation and a rapid but transient inhibition of AKT T308 phosphorylation and AKT signaling. However, inhibition of mTOR kinase also relieves feedback inhibition of receptor tyrosine kinases (RTK), leading to subsequent phosphoinositide 3-kinase activation and rephosphorylation of AKT T308 sufficient to reactivate AKT activity and signaling. Thus, catalytic inhibition of mTOR kinase leads to a new steady state characterized by profound suppression of mTORC1 and accumulation of activated AKT phosphorylated on T308, but not S473. Combined inhibition of mTOR kinase and the induced RTKs fully abolishes AKT signaling and results in substantial cell death and tumor regression in vivo. These findings reveal the adaptive capabilities of oncogenic signaling networks and the limitations of monotherapy for inhibiting feedback-regulated pathways. SIGNIFICANCE The results of this study show the adaptive capabilities of oncogenic signaling networks, as AKT signaling becomes reactivated through a feedback-induced AKT species phosphorylated on T308 but lacking S473. The addition of RTK inhibitors can prevent this reactivation of AKT signaling and cause profound cell death and tumor regression in vivo, highlighting the possible need for combinatorial approaches to block feedback-regulated pathways.
Accelerating Square Root Computations Over Large GF (2m)

The communication networks of low-resources applications require implementing cryptographic protocols and operations with less computational and architectural complexities. In this paper, an efficient method for high speed calculations of square (SQR) root is proposed over Galois Fields GF (2m). The method is based on using the results of certain pre-computations, and transforming the SQR root calculations into a system of linear equations. The computational complexity of our proposed method for computing the SQR root in GF (2m) is O(m) which is significantly better than existing methods such as Tonelli-Shanks and Cipolla. Our proposed method was implemented using different types of multipliers over several polynomial degrees. Software and hardware implementations were developed in NTL-C++ and VHDL, respectively. Our software experimental results show up to 38 times faster than Doliskani & Schost method. Moreover, our method is 840 times faster than Tonelli-Shanks method. In terms of hardware implementation and since Tonelli-Shanks requires less resources than Doliskani & Schost, we compare our method with Tonelli-Shanks. The hardware experimental results show that up to 50% less LUTs with a speedup of 18% that can be obtained compared to Tonelli-Shanks method.
Assessing Ethnicity in Preconception Counseling: Genetics—What Nurse Practitioners Need to Know

Purpose To define and discuss five genetic disorders Tay‐Sachs, sickle cell anemia, Canavan's dis‐ease, thalassemia, and cystic fibrosis (CF)—and to explain the importance of the nurse practitioner's (NP's) assessment of clients' ethnicity during preconception counseling, which should address these genetic conditions. Data Sources Review of literature from professional journals, professional organizations' Web sites, guidelines from the American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists, the National Institute of Health Consensus Statement, and the authors' professional clinical experience. Conclusions The goal of preconception counseling is to identify potential or actual medical, psychological, or social conditions that may affect the mother or fetus. NPs are often the health care providers that initiate preconception counseling to women in varied primary care settings. NPs must be familiar with ethnicity‐related inheritable conditions in order to provide appropriate client information and education and to implement testing and, when needed, referral for genetic counseling to individuals and families at risk for genetic disorders such as Tay‐Sachs, Canavan's disease, CF, sickle cell anemia, and thalassemia. Implications for Practice NPs providing health care to women of child‐bearing age should assess the client's use of contraception and intent for future pregnancy. Preconception counseling when indicated should be initiated to all women to increase their potential for healthy pregnancy outcomes. Although a comprehensive personal, family, medical, and psychoso‐cial history and initiation of folic acid are the mainstays of preconception counseling, assessment for risk of ethnicity‐related genetic conditions must also be included in prepregnancy health care.
THE STELLAR VELOCITY DISPERSION OF A COMPACT MASSIVE GALAXY AT z = 1.80 USING X-SHOOTER: CONFIRMATION OF THE EVOLUTION IN THE MASS–SIZE AND MASS–DISPERSION RELATIONS,

Recent photometric studies have shown that early-type galaxies at fixed stellar mass were smaller and denser at earlier times. In this Letter, we assess that finding by deriving the dynamical mass of such a compact quiescent galaxy at z = 1.8. We have obtained a high-quality spectrum with full UV–NIR wavelength coverage of galaxy NMBS-C7447 using X-Shooter on the Very Large Telescope. We determined a velocity dispersion of 294 ± 51 km s−1. Given this velocity dispersion and the effective radius of 1.64 ± 0.15 kpc (as determined from Hubble Space Telescope Wide Field Camera 3 F160W observations) we derive a dynamical mass of (1.7 ± 0.5) × 1011 M☉. Comparison of the full spectrum with stellar population synthesis models indicates that NMBS-C774 has a relatively young stellar population (0.40 Gyr) with little or no star formation and a stellar mass of M⋆ ∼ 1.5 × 1011 M☉. The dynamical and photometric stellar masses are in good agreement. Thus, our study supports the conclusion that the mass densities of quiescent galaxies were indeed higher at earlier times, and this earlier result is not caused by systematic measurement errors. By combining available spectroscopic measurements at different redshifts, we find that the velocity dispersion at fixed dynamical mass was a factor of ∼1.8 higher at z = 1.8 compared with z = 0. Finally, we show that the apparent discrepancies between the few available velocity dispersion measurements at z > 1.5 are consistent with the intrinsic scatter of the mass–size relation.
Against and for CBT : towards a constructive dialogue?

Forewords - Professor Andrew Samuels & Professor Stephen Palmer1 Richard House & Del Loewenthal - Introduction: An exploration of the criticisms of CBTCBT PERSPECTIVES AND RESPONSES2 Warren Mansell - What is CBT really and how can we enhance the impact of effective psychotherapies such as CBT? 3 Isabel Clarke - The case for CBT: A practical perspective from the NHS front line4 Adrian Hemmings - A response to the chapters in Against and For CBTPARADIGMATIC PERSPECTIVES5 Robert L. Woolfolk and Frank Richardson - Behaviour therapy and the ideology of modernity - revisited6 David Brazier - CBT in historico-cultural perspective7 John Lees - Cognitive-behavioural therapy and evidence-based practice: past, present and future8 Patrick Bracken & Philip Thomas - Cognitive therapy, Cartesianism and the moral order CLINICAL PERSPECTIVES9 Jane Milton - Psychoanalysis and cognitive-behaviour therapy: rival paradigms or common ground? 10 Keith Tudor - Person-centred therapy, a cognitive-behavioural therapy11 David A. Winter - Cognitive-behaviour therapy: from rationalism to constructivism? 12 Del Loewenthal - Post-existentialism as a reaction to CBT? 13 Tom Strong, Mishka Lysack, & Olga Sutherland - Dialogic cognitive therapy? EPISTEMOLOGICAL AND RESEARCH PERSPECTIVES14 John D. Kaye - Thinking thoughtfully about cognitive-behaviour therapy15 Christy Bryceland & Henderikus J. Stam - CBT and empirically validated therapies: infiltrating codes of ethics16 Arthur C. Bohart & Richard House - Empirically supported/validated treatments as modernist ideology, I: Dodo, manualization, and the paradigm question 17 Richard House & Arthur C. Bohart - Empirically supported/validated treatments as modernist ideology, II: Alternative perspectives on research and practice 18 Fred Newman - Where is the magic in cognitive therapy? - a philo/psychological investigation POLITICAL AND CULTURAL PERSPECTIVES19 Michael Guilfoyle - CBT's integration into societal networks of power20 Gillian Proctor - CBT: the obscuring of power in the name of science21 David Pilgrim - Reading 'happiness': CBT and the Layard thesis 22 Robert Snell - L'Anti-Livre noir de la psychanalyse: CBT in French/Lacanian perspective23 Paul Moloney & Paul Kelly - Beck never lived in Birmingham: why cognitive-behavioural therapy (CBT) may be a less helpful treatment for psychological distress than is often supposed24. Del Loewenthal & Richard House - Conclusion: Contesting therapyparadigms about what it means to be human
Cooperative Coverage by Multiple Robots with Contact Sensors

Cooperative coverage by multiple robots with contact sensors is studied in this paper. Multiple robots internal spiral coverage algorithm is presented to overcome the sensing limitation of the robot whose sense range is the radius of the body. The algorithm guarantees complete coverage by repeating covering portion of the environment and setting the GATE grids. The algorithm is also robust in that even if there is only one robot without catastrophic failure it can complete the coverage. The competitive analysis is also made and the upper limitation of the competitive factor is presented. The simulation test and real experiment prove the feasibility of the algorithm.
Genomic Diversification of Enterococci in Hosts: The Role of the Mobilome

Enterococci are ubiquitous lactic acid bacteria, possessing a flexible nature that allows them to colonize various environments and hosts but also to be opportunistic pathogens. Many papers have contributed to a better understanding of: (i) the taxonomy of this complex group of microorganisms; (ii) intra-species variability; (iii) the role of different pathogenicity traits; and (iv) some markers related to the character of host-specificity, but the reasons of such incredible success of adaptability is still far from being fully explained. Recently, genomic-based studies have improved our understanding of the genome diversity of the most studied species, i.e., E. faecalis and E. faecium. From these studies, what is becoming evident is the role of the mobilome in adding new abilities to colonize new hosts and environments, and eventually in driving their evolution: specific clones associated with human infections or specific hosts can exist, but probably the consideration of these populations as strictly clonal groups is only partially correct. The variable presence of mobile genetic elements may, indeed, be one of the factors involved in the evolution of one specific group in a specific host and/or environment. Certainly more extensive studies using new high throughput technologies are mandatory to fully understand the evolution of predominant clones and species in different hosts and environments.