Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Mandatory and Voluntary Disclosure of Annual Report on Investor Reaction

This study aims to obtain empirical evidence about the influence of mandatory disclosure, voluntary disclosure on investor reaction to either partially or simultaneously. The study was conduct on 38 manufactured companies listed on Indonesian Stock Exchange. There are five variables that mandatory disclosure, voluntary disclosure as the independent variable, cash flow operating activities (AKOp), cash flows investing activities (AKIn), cash flows financing activities (AKDa) as the control variable and the investor reaction was measured by using trading volume activity as the dependent variable. The result indicates that mandatory disclosure partially affect the investor reaction mandatory disclosure, voluntary disclosure simultaneously affect the investor reaction. Limitations are mandatory disclosure, voluntary disclosure, cash flow operating activities (AKOp), cash flow investing activities (AKIn), cash flow financing activities (AKDa) are less able to measure the volume of stock trading prediction of the future Keywords: Investor Reaction, Mandatory Disclosure, Voluntary Disclosure, Cash flow operating activities (AKOp), Cash flows investing activities (AKIn), Cash flows financing activities (AKDa) JEL Classifications: M00
A Stage Model for Evaluation of New Mobile Business Services

The objective of this study was to develop a stage model for identifying and measuring the values and benefits of a mobile business service. The model should be suitable to be used in situations where the mobile business service is in the planning phase and no exact measurements of the impacts can be made. The goal is to give more accurate information to the decision maker about the values and benefits and also the targets of impact of the planned service. The developed stage model is illustrated with a case company providing home help services for elderly and disabled. The illustrative case study shows how our model provided a systematic approach into identification of the values and benefits and helped in the setting of the objectives and metrics.
Worst of the good and best of the bad: Adverse selection consequences of risk pricing

Why do lenders shrink back from full risk pricing in certain credit markets, even when a sophisticated system of credit scoring is already in place? Fear of bad publicity is the usual reason cited but this paper offers a complementary explanation which suggests that there may be an underlying financial process driving such behaviour. The key proposition of the paper is that risk pricing can cause adverse selection which has the potential to mitigate any positive benefits such a pricing strategy may bring to the lender. This explanation is developed by introducing risk pricing into the seminal Stiglitz and Weiss model and in so doing offers the first substantial link between the risk assessment and credit rationing literatures.
THE CONDENSED TANNIN CONTENT OF FRESH FRUITS CULTIVATED IN IDA MOUNTAINS , ÇANAKKALE , TURKEY

Fresh fruits are rich sources of polyphenolic compounds. The polyphenolics present in plant sources are known to have beneficial effects, especially in the prevention of cardio-vascular diseases, cancer, etc. Therefore, the consumption of fresh fruits is not only associated with vitamin supplementation, but also serves as an effective preventive agent for many diseases. The polyphenolic compounds comprise a wide range of phytochemicals including tannins, flavonoids, phenolic acids, stilbenes and lignans. Tannins present in plant materials comprise two groups: hydrolysable tannins and condensed tannins (proanthocyanidins). Condensed tannins are found in abundance in fruits and fruit products. They are associated with the astringency and color of fruits. Furthermore, these compounds are known to possess functional properties such as antioxidant, antimicrobial and antiviral effects. In this study, the condensed tannin content of fruits cultivated in Ida Mountains, Çanakkale, Turkey was determined. Among the investigated fruits, sour cherry (Prunus cerasus) was found to have the highest condensed tannin content (163.4±3.21 μg CE/g), while greengage plums (Prunus domestica) type “Papaz” had the lowest condensed tannin content (20.42±0.81 μg CE/g).
Effect of whey protein against fluvastatin and carbon tetrachloride-induced hepatotoxicity in rats

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the hepatotoxicity induced by co- administration of fluvastatin (F) and carbon tetrachloride (CCl4); and to investigate the hepatoprotective effect of Whey protein isolate (WPI) in F+ CCl4-induced liver injury in animal model. Hepatotoxicity was induced by F (4 or 8 mg/kg, p.o.) and CCl4 (0.8 mg/kg, i.p, twice weekly) for 30 days in rats. Silymarin (50mg/kg, p.o.) or WPI (100, 200 mg/kg, p.o.) were administered for 30 days. Hepatotoxicity was assessed by alteration of serum alanine aminotransferase (ALT) aspartate aminotransferase (AST), total triglycerides (TGs) and total cholesterol (TC) levels as well as alteration of liver malondialdehyde (MDA), nitric oxide (NO), reduced glutathione (GSH) contents, total antioxidant capacity (TAC), superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity and hydroxyproline (HYP) content and histoarchitecture alterations. Co-administration of fluvastatin two dose levels and CCl4 significantly elevated serum ALT, AST, TGs, TC levels, NO and MDA contents in liver homogenate. Moreover, they reduced HYP, GSH , TAC and SOD activity. Microscopic examination showed severe vacuolar degeneration of hepatocytes, focal cellular infiltration, complete distortion of liver tissue architecture, DNA abberation and fibrosis. WPI administration reversed the deleterious effect induced by F+CCl4. In conclusion, WPI improved the antioxidant status of hepatocytes and it had promising antifibrotic effect in this model.
Welfare and the Well-Being of Children: The Relative Effectiveness of Cash and In-Kind Transfers

Cash transfers to families with children are being restricted increasingly to parents who work, while families of nonworking parents are receiving a progressively larger share of their benefits in kind. This paper provides an evaluation of the empirical evidence regarding the effects of in-kind and cash-transfer programs on the children who are their intended beneficiaries. A distinction is made between in-kind transfer programs, such as the Food Stamp Program, which provide transfers to families that are earmarked for certain purposes, and programs such as Medicaid that provide specific services directly to children. Although the evidence is incomplete, it suggests that in-kind programs have stronger effects on children than cash transfers, and that programs that target specific benefits directly to children have the largest positive effects.
Business angels and love money investors: segments of the informal market for risk capital

This empirical study reports that returns on informal investments made by business angels are significantly higher than those made by non-angels. However, rates of return on informal investments made by friends and family members of business founders are, on average, dismal. This finding reinforces warnings that it may be counterproductive for public policy to encourage ‘amateur’ informal investors, yet stimulation of value-adding business angel investment seems well advised. The relative sizes, in terms of the annual flow of investment funds, in the main segments comprising the informal market were estimated. Love money accounts for more than three times as much annual investment as business angels, who in turn invest more than twice as much annually – and in many more firms – as institutional venture capitalists.
EFFECTS OF GENETIC DRIFT ON VARIANCE COMPONENTS UNDER A GENERAL MODEL OF EPISTASIS

Abstract We analyze the changes in the mean and variance components of a quantitative trait caused by changes in allele frequencies, concentrating on the effects of genetic drift. We use a general representation of epistasis and dominance that allows an arbitrary relation between genotype and phenotype for any number of diallelic loci. We assume initial and final Hardy-Weinberg and linkage equilibrium in our analyses of drift-induced changes. Random drift generates transient linkage disequilibria that cause correlations between allele frequency fluctuations at different loci. However, we show that these have negligible effects, at least for interactions among small numbers of loci. Our analyses are based on diffusion approximations that summarize the effects of drift in terms of F, the inbreeding coefficient, interpreted as the expected proportional decrease in heterozygosity at each locus. For haploids, the variance of the trait mean after a population bottleneck is var(Δz̄) = Σnk=1 FkVA(k), where n is the number of loci contributing to the trait variance, VA(1) = VA is the additive genetic variance, and VA(k) is the kth-order additive epistatic variance. The expected additive genetic variance after the bottleneck, denoted ⟨V*A⟩, is closely related to var(Δz̄); ⟨V*A⟩ = (1 − F) Σnk=1 kFk−1VA(k). Thus, epistasis inflates the expected additive variance above VA(1 − F), the expectation under additivity. For haploids (and diploids without dominance), the expected value of every variance component is inflated by the existence of higher order interactions (e.g., third-order epistasis inflates ⟨V*AA⟩). This is not true in general with diploidy, because dominance alone can reduce ⟨V*A⟩ below VA(1 − F) (e.g., when dominant alleles are rare). Without dominance, diploidy produces simple expressions: var(Δz̄) = Σnk=1 (2F)kVA(k) and ⟨V*A⟩ = (1 − F) Σnk=1 k(2F)k−1VA(k). With dominance (and even without epistasis), var(Δz̄) and ⟨V*A⟩ no longer depend solely on the variance components in the base population. For small F, the expected additive variance simplifies to ⟨V*A⟩ ≃ (1 − F)VA + 4FVAA + 2FVD + 2FCAD, where CAD is a sum of two terms describing covariances between additive effects and dominance and additive × dominance interactions. Whether population bottlenecks lead to expected increases in additive variance depends primarily on the ratio of nonadditive to additive genetic variance in the base population, but dominance precludes simple predictions based solely on variance components. We illustrate these results using a model in which genotypic values are drawn at random, allowing extreme and erratic epistatic interactions. Although our analyses clarify the conditions under which drift is expected to increase VA, we question the evolutionary importance of such increases.
Lung homing of endothelial progenitor cells in humans with asthma after allergen challenge.

RATIONALE Increased bronchial vascularity is a feature of asthma that can contribute to airflow obstruction and progressive decline in lung function. Angiogenesis is associated with the lung homing and in situ differentiation of endothelial progenitor cells (EPC) in mouse models of asthma. We have previously shown that inhibiting allergen (Ag)-induced recruitment of EPC in sensitized mice attenuated increased bronchial vascularity and development of airway hyperresponsiveness. OBJECTIVES We investigated the accumulation of EPC and formation of new blood vessels in the lungs of human subjects with asthma after Ag inhalation challenge. METHODS Consenting patients with mild atopic asthma (n = 13) with FEV1 ≥ 70%, methacholine PC20 ≤ 16 mg/ml, and a dual response to Ag were recruited. Sputum levels of EPC were determined by multigating flow cytometry, and lung vascularity was enumerated by immunostaining with von Willebrand factor. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS Sputum levels of EPC were determined by multigating flow cytometry and lung vascularity was enumerated by immunostaining with von Willebrand factor. There was a significant increase in sputum EPC levels 24 hours post Ag but not diluent challenge. Similarly, a significant increase in the number and diameter of blood vessels in lung biopsy tissue 24 hours post Ag was observed. In vitro culture of EPC demonstrated the capacity of these cells to differentiate into mature endothelial cells and form tubelike vessel structures. In sputum supernatants, there was a significant increase in CXCR2 agonists, IL-8, and Gro-α 24 hours post Ag. Only Gro-α stimulated a significant EPC migrational response in vitro. CONCLUSIONS Our data suggest that increased lung homing of EPC may promote bronchial vascularity in allergic asthmatic responses and that the recruitment of these progenitors maybe orchestrated by CXCR2 chemokines.
Trade and Economic Development - Estimating Price and Income Elasticity on the World Market

The balance-of-payments-constrained growth theory has emerged as perhaps the most interesting objection to the doctrine of unregulated free trade within the field of development economics. It stipulates that growth is constrained by demand, particularly demand for exports because exports are the only source for foreign currency (assuming balanced current account in the long run) and thus crucial to the acquisition of capital goods scarce in much of the developing world. Specifically, economic growth is thought to be dependent on the growth of world income as well as the price and income elasticity of demand for exports and imports. Implicit the argument is made that countries exporting refined goods benefit more from unregulated trade than do countries exporting unrefined goods, due to the different demand properties of refined and unrefined goods. This paper sets out to test the validity of this claim by measuring income and price elasticity of a collection of important export goods for a sample of developed and developing countries. Some evidence is found to support the theory. Nevertheless, statistically significant estimates for price and income elasticity can be found for only a minority of the goods analyzed. Given data coverage and methodology, price and income appear not to be important factors determining export growth rates.
Indonesia in 1997: The Tinderbox Year

What turned out to be perhaps the most traumatic year in Indonesia's New Order history began as a period of intermittent social unrest in both Java and the outer islands. But the general sense was one of predictability: the government's GOLKAR party would win in the May parliamentary elections, the economy would surge ahead at 7% growth or better, and the pieces would fall into place for Soeharto's anointment in March 1998 for his seventh five-year term. By the last month of 1997, acute uncertainty clouded all those premises.
Plasma Gel as a New Augmentation Material for Injection Laryngoplasty in Rabbit Model

Objectives Currently, a variety of materials are available for the treatment of glottal insufficiency. Ideal injection materials should be inexpensive, easily obtainable, nontoxic, and biocompatible. Plasma gel has recently been developed as an injectable, autologous material used in plastic surgery. The aim of this study was to evaluate the histological changes in rabbit vocal folds (VFs) after an injection of plasma gel, compared with collagen (Artecoll) or hyaluronic acid (Reviderm Intra). Study Design Experimental prospective animal study. Setting Animal laboratory. Subjects and Methods Blood samples were collected from 12 New Zealand rabbits. Plasma collected from each rabbit was centrifuged and processed using a gel heating system. All rabbits received a 0.05 ml injection of plasma gel into the right VF, while an equivalent volume of Artecoll or Reviderm Intra was injected into the left VFs of each 6 rabbits randomly. The larynges were collected 2, 4, and 8 weeks after injection, and the tissues were stained for histological analysis. Results In comparison with left VFs injected with Artecoll or Reviderm Intra, there was significantly less inflammatory response and foreign body reaction in the plasma gel injected right VFs (P < .05). Multinucleated foreign body type giant cells were also more prevalent in the left VFs. There were no quantitative differences in the rates of neovascularization or collagen deposition between groups. Conclusion Plasma gel is a biologically compatible material that may serve as a suitable augmentation material in injection laryngoplasty. Further studies that examine the long-term effects in a larger number of subjects are needed.
In Defense of Bureaucracy

Abstract Managerial capacity, meant as available potential for managerial resources to be deployed when needed, can be considered ‘slack’ in a public organization during normal times, but recent developments in the research literature of public administration suggest that such capacity can sometimes contribute to public program performance. Does managerial capacity help to dampen or eliminate the effects of sizeable and negative budget shocks on the outcomes of public organizations? This question is investigated in a set of 1,000 organizations over an eight-year period. For the most part, and largely due to managerial adjustments, budgetary shocks of 10 percent or more have only limited or no negative impacts on performance in the short term. They do, however, cause a drop in performance for certain outcome measures, both immediately and in the following year. Sufficient managerial capacity, however, mitigates these negative performance effects. The findings point toward a key question with which public managers must wrestle: how to balance the costs of slack against the benefits that capacity-as-slack can generate when environmental shocks threaten to disrupt the operation of public programs.
An Experimental Test of Sabotage in Tournaments

We use a real-effort task to investigate the responsiveness of both sabotage and performance in a tournament to: (1) changes in the payoff structure of the tournament, and (2) changes in the identity of competitors over a series of tournaments (rematching versus constant pairings). Constant pairings shows significantly lower performance than rematching because of weak performance by low-ability participants. Constant pairings also depresses the rate at which participants choose sabotage, but causes higher sabotage levels given that the sabotage option is selected. Finally, sabotage is used far less effectively in the constant-pairings than it is in the rematching condition.
Development and characterization of groundnut shell lignin modified phenol formaldehyde wood adhesive

Lignin modified phenol formaldehyde wood adhesives have been prepared by replacing phenol with the groundnut shell lignin (GNSL) at varying weight percentages. The optimization of weight percent incorporation of GNSL was carried out in respect to mechanical properties. It was found that a maximum of up to 50 wt. % of phenol in the phenol formaldehyde (PF) adhesive can be substituted by GNSL to obtain lignin substituted phenol formaldehyde (LSPF) adhesive with improved adhesive and shear strength in comparison with PF adhesive. The adhesive composition having 50 wt. % of phenol substituted by GNSL, termed as LSPF50 showed highest adhesive strength. LSPF50 and PF were further characterized by IR, DSC and TGA. Gel time measured and DSC showed higher rate of curing / hardening in LSPF50 than in PF. Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) suggests C stage curing of LSPF50 adhesive at about 150/160 °C while for PF at about 160/185°C.
BACE1 interacts with lipid raft proteins

A neuropathological hallmark of Alzheimer's disease is the presence of amyloid plaques in the brain. Amyloid‐β peptide (Aβ) is the major constituent of the plaques and is generated by proteolytic cleavages of amyloid precursor protein (APP) by β‐ and γ‐secretases. Growing evidence shows that lipid rafts are critically involved in regulating the Aβ generation. In support of this, APP, Aβ, and presenilins have been found in lipid rafts. Although cholesterol plays a crucial role in maintaining lipid rafts, functions of other components in the generation of Aβ are unknown. Caveolins (CAVs) and flotillins (FLOTs) are principal proteins related to lipid rafts and have been suggested to be involved in APP processing. Here, we report that FLOT‐1 binds to BACE1 (beta‐site APP cleaving enzyme 1) and that overexpression of CAV‐1 or FLOT‐1 results in recruiting BACE1 into lipid rafts and influence on β‐secretase activity in cultured cells. Our results show that both CAV‐1 and FLOT‐1 may modulate β‐secretase activity by interacting with BACE1. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
SOPE: A Spatial Order Preserving Encryption Model for Multi-dimensional Data

Due to the increasing demand for cloud services and the threat of privacy invasion, the user is suggested to encrypt the data before it is outsourced to the remote server. The safe storage and efficient retrieval of d-dimensional data on an untrusted server has therefore crucial importance. The paper proposes a new encryption model which offers spatial order-preservation for d-dimensional data (SOPE model). The paper studies the operations for the construction of the encrypted database and suggests algorithms that exploit unique properties that this new model offers for the efficient execution of a whole range of well-known queries over the encrypted d-dimensional data. The new model utilizes well-known database indices, such as the B+-tree and the R-tree, as backbone structures in their traditional form, as it suggests no modifications to them for loading the data and for the efficient execution of the supporting query algorithms. An extensive experimental study that is also presented in the paper indicates the effectiveness and practicability of the proposed encryption model for real-life d-dimensional data applications.
Characterization of type 1 and type 2 cytokine production profile in physiologic and pathologic human pregnancy

Antigen‐ and mitogen‐stimulated cytokine production by peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) of 50 pregnant women and 31 age‐ and sex‐matched non‐pregnant controls were analysed to determine whether changes in cytokine production occur during normal and pathologic human gestation. The pregnant women, consecutively enrolled during a 3‐month period, were undergoing a normal, non‐pathologic pregnancy at the time of entry into the study, and underwent ultrasound examination to ascertain the exact week of pregnancy and the vitality of the fetus. Forty of the 50 pregnancies (80%) terminated physiologically with the birth of normal babies. Spontaneous abortions were observed in 5/50 (10%) women, and five women gave birth to newborns small for gestational age (SGA). A decrease in the production of IL‐2 and interferon‐gamma (IFN‐γ) accompanied by an increase in production of IL‐4 and IL‐10, was observed in normal pregnancy, with the lowest quantities of IL‐2 and IFN‐γ and the highest quantities of IL‐4 and IL‐10 present in the third trimester of pregnancy. Statistically significant increased production of both IL‐2 and IFN‐γ and reduced production of IL‐10 characterized pathologic pregnancies and distinguished them from normal pregnancies. These preliminary data suggest that a type 2 cytokine profile may be associated with normal human pregnancy, whereas the lack of a dominant type 2 cytokine profile may be indicative of a pathologic pregnancy.
Competition and Cooperation in the Small Firm Sector

This paper examines the nature of economies of scale in the small-firm sector and aims to provide new insight into the economic efficiency of small-firm industrial districts. The theoretical analysis identifies the role played by collective external economies of scale that are realized through cooperation over input activities. Using game theory, it is shown that cooperation can emerge both as a result of rational profit maximizing behavior and as a result of institutional and cultural environments that encourage cooperation and trust. The implications for industrial policy are discussed in the concluding section. Copyright 1997 by Scottish Economic Society.