Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Legacy perceptions among host and non-host Olympic Games residents: a longitudinal study of the 2010 Vancouver Olympic Games

Abstract This study examined host and non-host residents' legacy perceptions of the Olympic Games utilizing social exchange theory. The importance and legacy outcome evaluation relative to residents' quality of life six months prior, during, and six months after the 2010 Vancouver Olympic Games were evaluated. Data were collected using a telephone survey from a sample of residents living in Vancouver and Ottawa, Canada. Results revealed environmental legacies as the most important across cities and over time followed by economic and socio-cultural legacies. During the event and six months after the event, residents in both cities and over time evaluated tourism, socio-cultural, and psychological legacies as satisfactory, while expected economic legacies were not satisfactory. Psychological legacies were valued mostly during and post-event. The study's theoretical implications involve the differential weight of legacy outcomes for host and non-host residents and the dynamic processes involved in the evaluation of some legacy categories versus others.
Biochemical and Immunochemical Studies on the GABAergic System in the Rat Fallopian Tube and Ovary

Abstract: γ‐Aminobutyric acid (GABA) and glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD) activities were measured in the ovary and the Fallopian tube of rats and compared with brain values. GABA levels in the Fallopian tube were about twice as high as in the brain, while in the ovary they represented only about 5% of the amino acid content of the CNS. In vitro decarboxylation of glutamate, measured via CO2 formation, occurred both in the Fallopian tube and in the ovary. These two organs contained, respectively, 10% and 1% of brain GAD activity. However, the actual formation of GABA from glutamate in a high‐speed supernatant was detectable only in the Fallopian tube, where it represented about 5% of brain GAD activity. In contrast with the enzyme present in ovary, liver, anterior pituitary, and kidney, that in the Fallopian tube was quantitatively precipitated by a specific antiserum directed against rat neuronal GAD. Moreover, subcutaneous transplantation resulted in a quantitative decrease of both GABA levels and GAD activity in the Fallopian tube while no change occurred in the ovary, and vagus nerve section induced a 50% decrease of GAD activity in the Fallopian tube, although GABA levels were not significantly altered. The findings suggest an extrinsic GABAergic innervation in the rat Fallopian tube but not in the ovary.
ISO's Compromise on Comparative Assertions in Life Cycle Impact Assessment

he IS0 14000 series on environmental LCIA aims to interpret the outcome of the T management contains a m~mber of stan-inventory phase in terms of a manageable num-dards on LCA, now well underway: 14040 deals ber of environmentally relevant indicators. This with a general framework for this tool, 14041 with involves aggregation of extractions and emissions a standard for the inventory analysis, 14042 with on the basis of their assessed types of impact, and life cycle impact assessment, and 14043 with the it is the procedures for this aggregation that has final interpretation of the results. The first two been the sting in the debate. The procedures for have achieved formal status as a standard; the lat-aggregation play a role in two consecutive steps: ter two are now aiming at completion. They will the aggregation of data on single substances now both be sent for approval to all national bod-within so-called impact categories, and the pos-ies of the International Organi-sible subsequent aggregation zation for Standardization categories.
A LITERATURE REVIEW ON FINANCIAL LITERACY

Based on prior research, this paper provides insights regarding financial literacy. Amidst this research, some similarities and contrarinesses have been manifested by juxtaposing this literature in terms of (1) definitional issues on financial literacy, (2) its probable endegoeneity, (3) its determinants and consequences established by the extant research, (4)other probable estimators of financial decision making which would individually make differences aside from financial literacy, (5)manner of measuring it (i.e., subjectiveobjective measures versus proxies, (6) targeted population for finding evidence. This study indicates that (i) there is a need of a common and well-structured definition of financial literacy due to the interchangeably usage of various concepts, all of which mean the financial knowledge level of individual, (ii) objective measures seem to work best in measuring financial literacy among individuals, (iii) researchers should reconsider about proxies for financial literacy in the event that individual effect of proxy may be difficult to be seperated, (iv) it is better to consider that financial literacy may be potentially endogenous variable rather than the exogenous one, (v) studies should present an explicit explanation how the relationship between financial literacy and research problem (e.g., investment preferences) occurred, (vi) relative impact of financial literacy should be preemptively examined by incorporating other potential factors influencing financial decision making into research models. Keywords: Financial literacy, financial behavior, subjective-objective financial literacy measures
Regulatory measurement and evaluation of telephone service quality

Regulators of utilities that operate as local monopolies would like to set prices or allow rates of return based upon the quality of a utility's service. However, quality is highly multidimensional. Traditionally, regulators have collected measures of quality on many separate dimensions, and compared performance on these dimensions to explicit pass-fail standards. They have lacked a method of combining complex patterns of substandard and superstandard performance on these many dimensions to arrive at an overall evaluation of the quality of service. To redress this problem, we first describe the information processing problems regulators encounter when they attempt to integrate this complex array of information intuitively, and the problems that arise when the link between service quality (as reflected in patterns of passed and failed standards) and regulatory incentives is not made explicit to utility management. We develop a bootstrapped method for formalizing each expert regulator's evaluation policy using hierarchical conjoint analysis, and apply this method to the evaluation of local telephone companies by the Florida Public Service Commission (FPSC). We show that experts within the FPSC, the regulated utilities, and a large telephone customer exhibit very high agreement about how the various dimensions of quality should be differentially weighted. We derive a consensus measure of overall quality, Q\^, and identify a score associated with meeting all standards exactly, Q\^*. Utilities can then be rewarded based upon whether or not they exceed Q\^*, rather than on the basis of how many standards are met. Compared with a pattern in which each standard is met exactly, there exist patterns of mixed substandard and superstandard performance on the individual dimensions of quality that are less costly to produce and higher in overall quality. We compare utility incentives when rewards are based upon Q\^ to those under the current pass-fail regime.
The Church and the Revitalization of Politics and Community

One typical Sunday morning, Father Jackson, the rector of a mainline African-American church, ended his sermon by making the weekly announcements. After reviewing the upcoming events, he asked his congregation for donations to fund scholarships for neighborhood children to participate in summer camp, noting simultaneously that the federal government had cut appropriations for poor teenagers. He then called attention to an announcement in the bulletin, asking members to "witness" for a living wage at a rally at City Hall. In this short interlude, Father Jackson simultaneously provided political information about the federal government's activities, engaged in institution building in a poor neighborhood, and provided his worshipers with an opportunity to make demands on local authorities. He demonstrated that the church can serve as an important political institution, generating ways to engage the political process and simultaneously providing social services through ministry in the face of declining government investment in poor neighborhoods. Asserting the importance of the church in the polity rests upon claims that locally-based institutions are important to connecting people to the political process.1 One can imagine institutions, like churches, making these connections in two ways. First, institutional participation builds "social capital," or "the features of social life-networks, norms and trust-that enable participants to act together more effectively to pursue shared objectives. "2 These norms underlie
Determinants of periodontopathogens in microbiological monitoring of diabetic patients with periodontitis.

OBJECTIVE To determine and analyze the frequency of periodontopathogens in microbiological monitoring of diabetic patients with periodontitis. METHODS This cross-sectional study included 352 diabetic patients with periodontitis who were registered at Riyadh Armed Forces Hospital, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Centre, King Abdul Aziz Medical City, Naval Base Hospital, and Sultan Bin Adulaziz Humanitarian City, Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia from July 2004 to August 2008. Microbiological analysis comprised the detection of Bacteroides forsythus (Bf), Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans (Aa), Porphyromonas gingivalis (Pg), and Prevotella intermedia (Pi) by polymerase chain reaction method. RESULTS The mean age of patients was 54.4 +/- 0.67 (range: 21-80 years). There were 214 (61%) males and 138 (39%) females. Among the study population, 36 (10%) had type 1, and 316 (90%) patients had type 2 diabetes. The results showed that 55.6% of patients had Bf, 51.7% had Aa, 63.7% had Pg, and 6.1% had Pi. The frequencies of periodontopathogens were higher in males than females in all age groups. The risk of periodontopathogens Bf were found higher level in 41-50 age group, Aa in 51-60, Pg in 51-60, and Pi in 31-40 age groups. CONCLUSION This study found that the frequencies of periodontal pathogens Bf, Aa, and Pg were higher than Pi in diabetic patients with periodontitis.
Analysis of Saprolegnia parasitica Transcriptome following Treatment with Copper Sulfate

Background Massive infection caused by oomycete fungus Saprolegnia parasitica is detrimental to freshwater fish. Recently, we showed that copper sulfate demonstrated good efficacy for controlling S. parasitica infection in grass carp. In this study, we investigated the mechanism of inhibition of S. parasitica growth by copper sulfate by analyzing the transcriptome of copper sulfate—treated S. parasitica. To examine the mechanism of copper sulfate inhibiting S. parasitica, we utilized RNA-seq technology to compare differential gene expression in S. parasitica treated with or without copper sulfate. Results The total mapped rates of the reads with the reference genome were 90.50% in the control group and 73.50% in the experimental group. In the control group, annotated splice junctions, partial novel splice junctions and complete novel splice junctions were about 83%, 3% and 14%, respectively. In the treatment group, the corresponding values were about 75%, 6% and 19%. Following copper sulfate treatment, a total 310 genes were markedly upregulated and 556 genes were markedly downregulated in S. parasitica. Material metabolism related GO terms including cofactor binding (33 genes), 1,3-beta-D-glucan synthase complex (4 genes), carboxylic acid metabolic process (40 genes) were the most significantly enriched. KEGG pathway analysis also determined that the metabolism-related biological pathways were significantly enriched, including the metabolic pathways (98 genes), biosynthesis of secondary metabolites pathways (42 genes), fatty acid metabolism (13 genes), phenylalanine metabolism (7 genes), starch and sucrose metabolism pathway (12 genes). The qRT-PCR results were largely consistent with the RNA-Seq results. Conclusion Our results indicate that copper sulfate inhibits S. parasitica growth by affecting multiple biological functions, including protein synthesis, energy biogenesis, and metabolism.
The Effect of EMU on Tourism

This paper estimates the effect of the euro on intra‐EMU tourist flows by using a panel dataset of 20 OECD countries over the period 1995–2002. The results reveal that the euro has increased tourism, with an effect of around 6.5%. This is a noticeable impact given the early stage of the EMU analyzed. The robustness checks show that the evidence of a positive impact is quite widespread across EMU destination countries.
Systematic Review of Chromium and Nickel Exposure During Pregnancy and Impact on Child Outcomes

Some forms of chromium (Cr) and nickel (Ni) are toxic, especially with chronic elevated exposure, and certain forms such as hexavalent chromium or nickel carbonyl were labeled as carcinogens. Since both metals are naturally occurring, and used in industrial processes, individuals may be exposed through ingestion of contaminated food or water, inhalation, or dermal contact. This study focused on the impact of toxic forms of Cr and Ni during pregnancy and outcomes in newborn and young children. A systematic literature review following “The Navigation Guide” was applied, and 16 reports that satisfied the inclusion criteria were scored. Six papers studied birth weight, prematurity, or gestational age: one found an association between Ni and small for gestational age, while another linked Ni with low birth weight; however, four reported no marked associations. Of six studies that examined birth defects, three found no significant associations; one noted an association between Ni and neural tube defects; one showed an association between Ni and structural birth defects; and one reported a weak effect for Cr exposure and musculoskeletal defects. In the remaining four studies, weak associations were found for hexavalent Cr and neuroblastoma, Ni and autism spectrum disorder, Cr and Ni and DNA damage, and Cr and lymphocyte damage. Among the studies that were rated as good for execution and reliability, there was weak evidence of an association between Ni and autism spectrum disorder and small for gestational age, but no significant association between Cr and a child outcome.
Equilibrium Distributions of Sales and Advertising Prices

Publisher Summary This chapter presents a model in which sellers have constant average cost curves, buyers are transient and buy one unit each in a single purchase, and the only possible information flow is through advertising. The chapter also discusses the market's efficiency in transmitting information. Advertising may be interpreted more or less broadly to incorporate any selection of the usual advertising expenses, displays, promotions, packaging, rent for conspicuous locations, and the like. The assumption of a homogeneous good rules out all problems concerning quality differences, jointly provided services, locational convenience, and the like. The assumption that all agents know the price distribution is especially difficult to accept.
Have public health spending and access in South Africa become more equitable since the end of apartheid?

This study investigates whether health spending and access to services in South Africa have become more or less pro-poor over time. We find that over the post-apartheid period health spending has become significantly more pro-poor. In addition to the rising share of the health budget allocated to public clinics, there has been an increase in the share of public clinic and hospital spending going to the poor and a rising share of the health budget allocated to public clinics. In addition, between 1993 and 2008 there were improvements in both financial access to public health services – as measured by the incidence of catastrophic costs – and physical access to public health facilities – as measured by reduced travel time. Given that substantial progress has been made with fiscal equity and access to health, problems that users complain about – rude staff, long queues and lack of medicine – have moved higher on the policy agenda.
THE ASPIRATIONS AND LIFE GOALS OF YOUTH OFFENDERS AT LINDELANI PLACE OF SAFETY

Rising crime rates among the youth in South Africa is a major problem. In the Western Cape this concern is particularly urgent and is compounded by issues relating to gangsterism and drugs. This study analyses why youth offenders, based at Lindelani become involved in crime and how they subsequently see their future. The first part of the study reviews theories of crime and deviance, such as the classical school of criminology, psychological, biological and sociological explanations of crime. The usefulness of the criminological developmentalist approach toward identifying risk factors statistically correlated to the perpetration of crime is discussed. Common factors associated with crime in the South African context are identified including family, peers, gang, drug, school, media and neighbourhood related factors as well as the absence of spirituality. Thereafter the literature associated with the development of aspirations, life goals and the concept of possible selves is explained. The relationship between possible selves, aspirations and life goals are discussed and details regarding how possible selves influence delinquency are presented. Following the theoretical analysis, the problem of crime in South Africa with reference to the youths interviewed is outlined. The strategies pursued by government to combat crime are discussed and the effective potential of these approaches are evaluated. An overview of government’s policy toward youth in South Africa is given followed by specific reference to the issues surrounding youth and crime in the Western Cape, with explicit reference to the Cape Flats and gangs. This provides the background to the Lindelani case study. An overview of the operations and challenges facing Lindelani Place of Safety and the profile of offences typically committed by youth are given. Hereafter the findings are presented. The findings are divided into two sections; the first explores the life world of youth at Lindelani by discussing why youth in the Western Cape perpetrate crime and identifies factors that are associated with their involvement. The findings report on the influence of family and household structure, peers, neighbourhood environment, gangs, drugs, school, media, perceived aptitude of youth offenders, role models and spirituality. Section two presents the findings regarding the possible selves, life goals and aspirations of the youth. The general aspirations, possible selves, family aspirations, friendship, neighbourhood, spiritual, educational and occupational aspirations are explored. The study thereby presents the voices of these young offenders.
Option Prices Sustained by Risk‐Preferences*

We investigate the preference and distribution restrictions that underlie explicit risk-neutral option valuation equations. We establish new sufficient conditions in terms of utility functions and joint distributions of assets' payoffs and state variables for these models to hold in equilibrium economies where markets are dynamically incomplete. In our models, both the marginal and conditional distributions of wealth play relevant roles in obtaining the pricing kernel implicit in the model. This result shows no straightforward link between the Black-Scholes model and constant proportional risk-aversion preferences. We introduce and investigate many univariate and multivariate option pricing models.
Sierra Leone: ironic tragedy

This paper illuminates the economic dimension of Sierra Leone's present rebel war raging since 1991. The grievances and risks that induced rebellion are analysed. Peace has been elusive because diamonds have produced a congruence of interests among the protagonists while financing the rebellion. Furthermore, government response to rebellion has been abysmal while external interventions have been mixed blessings. External agencies have played a critical role in the quest for peace. Strong political leadership and substantial support by the international community are essential to manage the crisis and attain peace.
Prevalence of type 2 diabetes mellitus in Iran and its relationship with gender, urbanisation, education, marital status and occupation.

INTRODUCTION We investigated the prevalence of type 2 diabetes mellitus and its relationship between gender, urbanisation, education, marital status and occupation in the Iranian population. METHODS A total of 3,778 men and women aged between 15 and 64 years were recruited by using a cluster-stratified sampling method from Khorasan province, northeast Iran. Using an interviewer-administrated questionnaire, demographical data including gender, urbanisation, education, marital status and occupation was collected. Anthropometrical and biochemical measurements were taken for each subject. Associations of type 2 diabetes mellitus and other variables were tested for significance. RESULTS The prevalence of diabetes mellitus (defined as fasting blood sugar equal to or more than 126 mg/dL) was 5.5 percent, and the prevalence in men and women was 5.1 percent and 5.8 percent, respectively, with a significantly higher prevalence among urban dwellers (seven percent) compared to that of the rural subgroup (three percent, p-value is less than 0.001). Diabetes mellitus was found to be most prevalent among the older age group (age more than 60 years, 10.9 percent), those who were retired (14.4 percent), and illiterate (6.1 percent, p-value is less than 0.001). Marital status was not significantly related to diabetes mellitus (p-value equals 0.09). CONCLUSION The prevalence of diabetes mellitus is related to some sociodemographical factors within the Iranian population. Thus the preventive strategies should be based on the affective factors. The urbanisation of the population with the migration of people from rural to urban areas may account in part for the increasing prevalence of type 2 diabetes mellitus in Iran.
Surrogate Programming and Multipliers in Quasi-convex Programming

A result due to Luenberger on the existence of multipliers in a quasi-convex programming problem is extended to the case of constraints given by an arbitrary convex cone under a constraint qualification condition more general than Slater's condition. The existence of solutions is not assumed. We point out links with even convexity in the sense of Fenchel and quasi subdifferentiability in the sense of Greenberg--Pierskalla, and we observe that the couples of primal-dual optimal solutions reduce to saddle-points of a suitable Lagrangian function.