Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Global Burden of Untreated Caries

We aimed to consolidate all epidemiologic data about untreated caries and subsequently generate internally consistent prevalence and incidence estimates for all countries, 20 age groups, and both sexes for 1990 and 2010. The systematic search of the literature yielded 18,311 unique citations. After screening titles and abstracts, we excluded 10,461 citations as clearly irrelevant to this systematic review, leaving 1,682 for full-text review. Furthermore, 1,373 publications were excluded following the validity assessment. Overall, 192 studies of 1,502,260 children aged 1 to 14 y in 74 countries and 186 studies of 3,265,546 individuals aged 5 y or older in 67 countries were included in separate metaregressions for untreated caries in deciduous and permanent teeth, respectively, using modeling resources from the Global Burden of Disease 2010 study. In 2010, untreated caries in permanent teeth was the most prevalent condition worldwide, affecting 2.4 billion people, and untreated caries in deciduous teeth was the 10th-most prevalent condition, affecting 621 million children worldwide. The global age-standardized prevalence and incidence of untreated caries remained static between 1990 and 2010. There is evidence that the burden of untreated caries is shifting from children to adults, with 3 peaks in prevalence at ages 6, 25, and 70 y. Also, there were considerable variations in prevalence and incidence between regions and countries. Policy makers need to be aware of a predictable increasing burden of untreated caries due to population growth and longevity and a significant decrease in the prevalence of total tooth loss throughout the world from 1990 to 2010.
Location of the Second Gene Required for Expression of the Leukemia-Associated Mouse Antigen GIX

Some mouse strains express GIX antigen on their thymocytes; others do not. Expression depends on two genes, Gv-1 and Gv-2, in linkage groups IX and I, respectively. Cells producing leukemia virus, however, express GIX antigen regardless of their inherited Gv-1 and Gv-2 genotype.
Urbansim: A Game-Based Instructional Package for Conducting Counterinsurgency Operations

Abstract : Operation Iraqi Freedom and Operation Enduring Freedom have identified the need for instructional and training solutions that develop the skills of Battalion and Brigade Commanders in formulating situational understanding in order to successfully lead operations in a counterinsurgency environment. In this paper we describe the UrbanSim Learning Package, a game-based instructional software suite for Commanders and their staffs for directing and coordinating full-spectrum operations where the stability component is predominant. We describe a formal instructional design approach to the development of this instructional software, which consists of a component that introduces key concepts in counterinsurgency operations and a component that allows students to develop their skills in a simulated counterinsurgency environment. We describe how intelligent automated tutoring is used to provide formative feedback to students in the practice environment, and discuss our approach to student performance assessment.
Cross-talk compensation of hyperfine control in donor-qubit architectures

We theoretically investigate cross-talk in hyperfine gate control of donor-qubit quantum computer architectures, in particular the Kane proposal. By solving the Poisson and Schrödinger equations numerically for the gated donor system, we calculate the change in hyperfine coupling and thus the error in spin-rotation for the donor nuclear-electron spin system, as the gate-donor distance is varied. We thus determine the effect of cross-talk—the inadvertent effect on non-target neighbouring qubits—which occurs due to closeness of the control gates (20–30 nm). The use of compensation protocols is investigated, whereby the extent of cross-talk is limited by the application of compensation bias to a series of gates. In the light of these factors, architectural implications are then considered.
Fluid therapy in 2015 and beyond: the mini-fluid challenge and mini-fluid bolus approach.

The ﬁ rst description of the use of intravenous ﬂ uid in a human is attributed to Dr Thomas Latta during the cholera epidemic in London in 1831 – 2. Dr Latta described his experience in a letter to the editor of The Lancet . 1 Dr Latta ﬁ rst attempted to replace the lost ﬂ uid and salts ‘ by injecting copiously into the larger in-testine warm water, holding in solution the requisite salts, and also administered quantities from time to time by mouth ’ . 2 3 He found there to be no permanent bene ﬁ t and considered that the unfortunate sufferers ’ vomiting and purging were aggra-vated. Dr Latta wrote ‘ ﬁ nding thus, that such, in common with all the ordinary means in use, was either useless or hurtful, I at length resolved to throw the ﬂ uid immediately into the circula-tion ’ . Theinjectedsolutionwasmadeupof ‘ twotothreedrachms of muriate of soda and two scruples of the subcarbonate of soda in six pints of water ’ (equivalent to approximately ½ Ringers lac-tate). His ﬁ rst patient was an elderly woman who had been given all the usual remedies and who had ‘ reached the last moments of her earthly existence. ’ Dr Latta inserted a tube into the basilic vein and ‘ injected ounce after ounce of ﬂ uid, closely observing the patient ’ , at ﬁ rst with no visible effect, but then she began to breathe less laboriously and ‘ soon the sharpened features, and sunken eye, and fallen jaw, pale and cold, bearing the manifest imprint of death ’ s signet, began to glow with returning anima-tion; the pulse returned to the wrist . ’
Interference channels with arbitrarily correlated sources

In this paper, we study interference channels with arbitrarily correlated sources. A sufficient condition is found for reliably communicating a pair of correlated sources over a discrete memoryless interference channel. With independent sources, the sufficient condition reduces to the Han-Kobayashi achievable rate region for the interference channel. For a special correlation structure (in the sense of Slepian-Wolf, 1973), the proposed region reduces to the known achievable region for interference channels with common information. A simple example is given to show that the separation approach, with Slepian-Wolf encoding followed by optimal channel code, is strictly suboptimal.
Shifting of attention in subtyped dyslexic children: An event‐related potential study

The behavioral and electrophysiological correlates of the ability to shift attention was investigated in 9‐ to 12‐year‐old children, 22 L‐dyslexic, 21 P‐dys‐lexic, and 25 normal readers. L‐dyslexia presumably is associated with premature generation of left‐hemispheric reading strategies and P‐dyslexia is associated with the perseverant generation of right‐hemispheric strategies. Subjects were presented a task developed by Posner et al. that requires the covert shift of attention to a spatial location and a response to an imperative stimulus that appears in the cued or uncued visual field. In agreement with previous findings, valid information (coincidence of cue and stimulus) elicited faster reaction times and fewer errors than invalid information (non‐coincidence of cue and stimulus). Contrary to predictions neutral cues elicited the slowest and most accurate responses. No effect of group was found. Cue‐ and stimulus‐related event‐related potentials (ERPs) generally were pronounced over the right posteri.
Llull and Copeland Voting Computationally Resist Bribery and Constructive Control

Control and bribery are settings in which an external agent seeks to influence the outcome of an election. Constructive control of elections refers to attempts by an agent to, via such actions as addition/deletion/partition of candidates or voters, ensure that a given candidate wins. Destructive control refers to attempts by an agent to, via the same actions, preclude a given candidate's victory. An election system in which an agent can sometimes affect the result and it can be determined in polynomial time on which inputs the agent can succeed is said to be vulnerable to the given type of control. An election system in which an agent can sometimes affect the result, yet in which it is NP-hard to recognize the inputs on which the agent can succeed, is said to be resistant to the given type of control. Aside from election systems with an NP-hard winner problem, the only systems previously known to be resistant to all the standard control types were highly artificial election systems created by hybridization. This paper studies a parameterized version of Copeland voting, denoted by Copelandα, where the parameter α is a rational number between 0 and 1 that specifies how ties are valued in the pairwise comparisons of candidates. In every previously studied constructive or destructive control scenario, we determine which of resistance or vulnerability holds for Copelandα for each rational α, 0 ≤ α ≤ 1. In particular, we prove that Copeland0.5, the system commonly referred to as "Copeland voting," provides full resistance to constructive control, and we prove the same for Copelandα, for all rational α, 0 < α < 1. Among systems with a polynomial-time winner problem, Copeland voting is the first natural election system proven to have full resistance to constructive control. In addition, we prove that both Copeland0 and Copeland1 (interestingly, Copeland1 is an election system developed by the thirteenth-century mystic Llull) are resistant to all standard types of constructive control other than one variant of addition of candidates. Moreover,we show that for each rational α, 0 ≤ α ≤ 1, Copelandα voting is fully resistant to bribery attacks, and we establish fixed-parameter tractability of bounded-case control for Copelandα. We also study Copelandα elections under more flexible models such as microbribery and extended control, we integrate the potential irrationality of voter preferences into many of our results, and we prove our results in both the unique-winner model and the nonunique-winner model. Our vulnerability results for microbribery are proven via a novel technique involving min-cost network flow.
Poverty, Gender Inequities, and Women's Risk of Human Immunodeficiency Virus/AIDS

Entrenched economic and gender inequities together are driving a globally expanding, increasingly female, human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)/AIDS epidemic. To date, significant population‐level declines in HIV transmission have not been observed, at least in part because most approaches to prevention have presumed a degree of individual control in decision making that does not speak to the reality of women's and girls' circumstances in many parts of the world. Such efforts have paid insufficient attention to critical characteristics of the risk environment, most notably poverty and gender power inequities. Even fewer interventions have addressed specific mechanisms through which these inequities engender risky sexual practices that result in women's disproportionately increased vulnerabilities to HIV infection. This article focuses on identifying those mechanisms, or structural pathways, that stem from the interactions between poverty and entrenched gender inequities and recommending strategies to address and potentially modify those pathways. We highlight four such structural pathways to HIV risk, all of which could be transformed: (1) lack of access to critical information and health services for HIV/sexually transmitted infection (STI) prevention, (2) limited access to formal education and skill development, (3) intimate partner violence, and (4) the negative consequences of migration prompted by insufficient economic resources. We argue for interventions that enhance women's access to education, training, employment, and HIV/STI prevention information and tools; minimize migration; and by working with men and communities, at the same time reduce women's poverty and promote gender‐equitable norms. In conclusion, we identify challenges in developing and evaluating strategies to address these structural pathways.
Factors Affecting Peoples' Participation on Vulture Conservation from Kaski district of Nepal

Aim This paper explores the social factors affecting local peoples' participation in the vulture conservation. Location Kaski, Nepal. Materials and Methods This study examines attitude of local people towards vulture conservation using a questionnaire survey of 130 households drawn randomly from the two vicinities of the vulture colonies. Key findings The results show that 77.4% of respondents rear an average of 2.97 livestock unit (LSU) per household. More than half of respondents who rear livestock (53.82%) dump livestock carcasses in the open fields. Ethnicity, age, education status, gender, livestock unit and involvement in conservation activities are the most significant predictors for the positive attitudes towards vulture conservation. Those who are young, male, educated, involved in organizations and do not rear livestock are most likely to support vulture conservation. Conservation implications Conservation education is a key for vulture conservation DOI: http://dx.doi. org/10.3126/cs.v1i1. 8580 Conservation Science 2013 1(1), 19-26
Context, visual salience, and inductive reasoning

An important debate in the reasoning literature concerns the extent to which inference processes are domain-free or domain-specific. Typically, evidence in support of the domain-specific position comprises the facilitation observed when abstract reasoning tasks are set in realistic context. Three experiments are reported here in which the sources of facilitation were investigated for contextualised versions of Raven's Progressive Matrices (Richardson, 1991) and non-verbal analogies from the AH4 test (Richardson & Webster, 1996). Experiment 1 confirmed that the facilitation observed for the contextualised matrices was in part due to extraneous aspects of commentaries originally intended to activate domainspecific processes. Experiments 2 and 3 indicated that the remainder of the facilitation for the matrices, and all of the facilitation for the analogies, could be explained by visual salience: Converting the item elements into realistic objects had enabled them and their transitions to be identified more easily. Hence, performance at simplified abstract items was as good as, or better than, at contextualised items. It is concluded that facilitation effects cannot be interpreted as showing that domain-specific processes constitute a self-contained system separate from domain-free processes. In turn, this means that domain-free processes cannot be dismissed as being unimportant for reasoning.
Raw-to-Raw: Mapping between Image Sensor Color Responses

Camera images saved in raw format are being adopted in computer vision tasks since raw values represent minimally processed sensor responses. Camera manufacturers, however, have yet to adopt a standard for raw images and current raw-rgb values are device specific due to different sensors spectral sensitivities. This results in significantly different raw images for the same scene captured with different cameras. This paper focuses on estimating a mapping that can convert a raw image of an arbitrary scene and illumination from one camera's raw space to another. To this end, we examine various mapping strategies including linear and non-linear transformations applied both in a global and illumination-specific manner. We show that illumination-specific mappings give the best result, however, at the expense of requiring a large number of transformations. To address this issue, we introduce an illumination-independent mapping approach that uses white-balancing to assist in reducing the number of required transformations. We show that this approach achieves state-of-the-art results on a range of consumer cameras and images of arbitrary scenes and illuminations.
Finger Trauma Due to Surfing; A Case Series and Analysis of Fracture Patterns.

BACKGROUND The purpose of this study is to research the type of lesions to the hand and fingers in the sport of surfing. METHODS All surfing related hand injuries reported to our hospital between January 2008 and September 2015 were analyzed. RESULTS Thirty-seven patient files held a clear description of a trauma related to the surf sport. We found three finger sprains, five wounds needing suture, including one digital nerve lesion and one ring finger with flexor tendon injury, three fingertip amputations and twenty-six digital fractures. The fracture type was similar in twenty-one patients: an open extra-articular transverse fracture of the distal phalanx. Thirty-one injuries were caused by the surf leash. CONCLUSIONS From this case series we can conclude that surfing may lead to significant trauma to the fingers, mainly due to the leash. This can be caused by grasping the leash while it snaps to tension, which may lead to hyper flexion of the distal phalanx, resulting in a typical trans-phalangeal fracture. Also, when the leash is wrapped around a finger or grasped near the attachment of the leash to the board, ring avulsion-like trauma may occur, leading to open fractures or (partial) amputations. Recognizing that surf leash trauma causes a particular type of fracture to the distal phalanx, may lead to better education of surfers and the development of safer surfing equipment.
Hypercapnia Suppresses the HIF-dependent Adaptive Response to Hypoxia*

Molecular oxygen and carbon dioxide are the primary gaseous substrate and product of oxidative metabolism, respectively. Hypoxia (low oxygen) and hypercapnia (high carbon dioxide) are co-incidental features of the tissue microenvironment in a range of pathophysiologic states, including acute and chronic respiratory diseases. The hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF) is the master regulator of the transcriptional response to hypoxia; however, little is known about the impact of hypercapnia on gene transcription. Because of the relationship between hypoxia and hypercapnia, we investigated the effect of hypercapnia on the HIF pathway. Hypercapnia suppressed HIF-α protein stability and HIF target gene expression both in mice and cultured cells in a manner that was at least in part independent of the canonical O2-dependent HIF degradation pathway. The suppressive effects of hypercapnia on HIF-α protein stability could be mimicked by reducing intracellular pH at a constant level of partial pressure of CO2. Bafilomycin A1, a specific inhibitor of vacuolar-type H+-ATPase that blocks lysosomal degradation, prevented the hypercapnic suppression of HIF-α protein. Based on these results, we hypothesize that hypercapnia counter-regulates activation of the HIF pathway by reducing intracellular pH and promoting lysosomal degradation of HIF-α subunits. Therefore, hypercapnia may play a key role in the pathophysiology of diseases where HIF is implicated.
Three Pathogens in Sympatric Populations of Pumas, Bobcats, and Domestic Cats: Implications for Infectious Disease Transmission

Anthropogenic landscape change can lead to increased opportunities for pathogen transmission between domestic and non-domestic animals. Pumas, bobcats, and domestic cats are sympatric in many areas of North America and share many of the same pathogens, some of which are zoonotic. We analyzed bobcat, puma, and feral domestic cat samples collected from targeted geographic areas. We examined exposure to three pathogens that are taxonomically diverse (bacterial, protozoal, viral), that incorporate multiple transmission strategies (vector-borne, environmental exposure/ingestion, and direct contact), and that vary in species-specificity. Bartonella spp. , Feline Immunodeficiency Virus (FIV), and Toxoplasma gondii IgG were detected in all three species with mean respective prevalence as follows: puma 16%, 41% and 75%; bobcat 31%, 22% and 43%; domestic cat 45%, 10% and 1%. Bartonella spp. were highly prevalent among domestic cats in Southern California compared to other cohort groups. Feline Immunodeficiency Virus exposure was primarily associated with species and age, and was not influenced by geographic location. Pumas were more likely to be infected with FIV than bobcats, with domestic cats having the lowest infection rate. Toxoplasma gondii seroprevalence was high in both pumas and bobcats across all sites; in contrast, few domestic cats were seropositive, despite the fact that feral, free ranging domestic cats were targeted in this study. Interestingly, a directly transmitted species-specific disease (FIV) was not associated with geographic location, while exposure to indirectly transmitted diseases – vector-borne for Bartonella spp. and ingestion of oocysts via infected prey or environmental exposure for T. gondii – varied significantly by site. Pathogens transmitted by direct contact may be more dependent upon individual behaviors and intra-specific encounters. Future studies will integrate host density, as well as landscape features, to better understand the mechanisms driving disease exposure and to predict zones of cross-species pathogen transmission among wild and domestic felids.
Validation Rules for Assessing and Improving SKOS Mapping Quality

The Simple Knowledge Organization System (SKOS) is popular for expressing controlled vocabularies, such as taxonomies, classifications, etc., for their use in Semantic Web applications. Using SKOS, concepts can be linked to other concepts and organized into hierarchies inside a single terminology system. Meanwhile, expressing mappings between concepts in different terminology systems is also possible. This paper discusses potential quality issues in using SKOS to express these terminology mappings. Problematic patterns are defined and corresponding rules are developed to automatically detect situations where the mappings either result in 'SKOS Vocabulary Hijacking' to the source vocabularies or cause conflicts. An example of using the rules to validate sample mappings between two clinical terminologies is given. The validation rules, expressed in N3 format, are available as open source.
Interventions to improve adherence to exercise for chronic musculoskeletal pain in adults.

BACKGROUND This article is facilitated by the Australian Cochrane Musculoskeletal Group (CMSG) editorial base. The CMSG is one of the largest Cochrane review groups and produces reliable, up-to-date systematic reviews of interventions for the prevention, treatment or rehabilitation of musculoskeletal disorders. OBJECTIVE Our aim is to place the findings of recent Cochrane musculoskeletal reviews in a context immediately relevant to general practitioners (GPs) by summarising the findings of a review of interventions to improve adherence to exercise for adults with chronic musculoskeletal pain (CMP). DISCUSSION The findings indicate that there are various strategies that may be effective in increasing adherence to exercise and physical activity in patients suffering from CMP. These strategies are discussed in detail and general practice scenarios are presented to show how the results can be applied in practice.
A new quantitative method for assessing sleepiness: The alpha attenuation test

Abstract Sleepiness interferes with the ability of night-workers and shiftworkers to safely and effectively perform their jobs, and has been increasingly recognized as a major cause of industrial and transportation accidents. Current methods for the assessment of physiological sleepiness levels, such as the Multiple Sleep Latency Test (MSLT) have several limitations and are particularly impractical in field or occupational studies. In this study, the effectiveness of the Alpha Attenuation Test (AAT) for the quantification of sleepiness has been evaluated and compared to the MSLT during a 40-h sleep deprivation protocol. The AAT, a 12-min eye closed/open protocol, is a quantitative method based on the fact that EEG alpha (8-12 Hz) activity tends to increase with eyes open as individuals get sleepier, while it decreases with eyes closed. In this validation study, the AAT proved to be a sensitive measure of sleepiness induced by sleep deprivation, and it also correlated well with the MSLT. Relative to the MS.