Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Anaphors in text : cognitive, formal and applied approaches to anaphoric reference

1. Table of contents 2. Anaphors in text - Introduction (by Schwarz-Friesel, Monika) 3. Anaphors in Cognitive, Text- and Discourse Linguistics 4. Indirect anaphora in text: A cognitive account (by Schwarz-Friesel, Monika) 5. Indirect pronominal anaphora in English and French: Marginal rarity, or unmarked norm? Some psycholinguistic evidence (by Cornish, Francis) 6. Lexical anaphors in Danish and French (by Lundquist, Lita) 7. Referential collaboration with computers: Do we treat computer addressees like humans? (by Maes, Fons) 8. Reflexivity and temporality in discourse deixis (by Lenz, Friedrich) 9. The function of complex anaphors in texts: Evidence from corpus studies and ontological considerations (by Consten, Manfred) 10. Metaphorical anaphors: A phenomenon of the semantics-pragmatics interface (by Skirl, Helge) 11. The Syntax and Semantic of Anaphors 12. Accessibility and definite noun phrases (by Heusinger, Klaus von) 13. The non-subject bias of German demonstrative pronouns (by Bosch, Peter) 14. Anaphoric properties of German right dislocation (by Averintseva-Klisch, Maria) 15. Antecedents of diverse types: An investigation of the syntactic and semantic relationships in a wh-relative construction (by Holler, Anke) 16. Corpus-based and machine learning approaches to anaphora resolution: A critical assessment (by Strube, Michael) 17. Neurolinguistic Studies 18. Neuroimaging studies of coherence processes (by Ferstl, Evelyn C.) 19. Reference assignment in the absence of sufficient semantic content (by Schumacher, Petra B.) 20. Resolving complex anaphors: Evidence from online comprehension (by Marx, Konstanze) 21. Index
Metabolic impact of sex chromosomes

Obesity and associated metabolic diseases are sexually dimorphic. To provide better diagnosis and treatment for both sexes, it is of interest to identify the factors that underlie male/female differences in obesity. Traditionally, sexual dimorphism has been attributed to effects of gonadal hormones, which influence numerous metabolic processes. However, the XX/XY sex chromosome complement is an additional factor that may play a role. Recent data using the four core genotypes mouse model have revealed that sex chromosome complement—independently from gonadal sex—plays a role in adiposity, feeding behavior, fatty liver and glucose homeostasis. Potential mechanisms for the effects of sex chromosome complement include differential gene dosage from X chromosome genes that escape inactivation, and distinct genomic imprints on X chromosomes inherited from maternal or paternal parents. Here we review recent data in mice and humans concerning the potential impact of sex chromosome complement on obesity and metabolic disease.
A unified approach to tree-structured and multistage vector quantization for noisy channels

The large encoding complexity and sensitivity to channel errors of vector quantization (VQ) are discussed. The performance of two low-complexity VQs-the tree-structured VQ (TSVQ) and the multistage VQ (MSVQ)-when used over noisy channels are analyzed. An algorithm is developed for the design of channel-matched TSVQ (CM-TSVQ) and channel-matched MSVQ (CM-MSVQ) under the squared-error criterion. Extensive numerical results are given for the correlation coefficient 0.9. Comparisons with the ordinary TSVQ and MSVQ designed for the noiseless channel show substantial improvements when the channel is very noisy. The CM-MSVQ, which can be regarded as a block-structured combined source-channel coding scheme, is compared with a block-structured tandem source-channel coding scheme (with the same block length as the CM-MSVQ). For the Gauss-Markov source, the CM-MSVQ outperforms the tandem scheme in all cases that the authors have considered. It is demonstrated that the CM-MSVQ is fairly robust to channel mismatch. >
Task-Level Reconstruction and Analysis of Dynamic Motions in Human Musculoskeletal Systems

Understanding human motor control involves studying the principles used to optimize dynamic movement. This process requires accurate modeling and simulation of musculoskeletal kinematics, reconstruction of motion dynamics, and characterization of elite performance motor skills. Motivated by the previous robotics research applied to these challenges, the present research aims to leverage the task-level control strategies to reconstruct and analyze human dynamic motions, introducing the approaches of (i) modeling of human musculoskeletal system for task-level motion control, (ii) task-level reconstruction of human motion, (iii) robotics-based analysis of human dynamic skills. Our findings suggest that task-based control approach is an attractive tool to reconstruct and analyze the dynamic motions of human and other complex articulated body systems in a computationally efficient manner.
Carboxyl methylation regulates phosphoprotein phosphatase 2A by controlling the association of regulatory B subunits

Phosphoprotein phosphatase 2A (PP2A) is a major phosphoserine/threonine protein phosphatase in all eukaryotes. It has been isolated as a heterotrimeric holoenzyme composed of a 65 kDa A subunit, which serves as a scaffold for the association of the 36 kDa catalytic C subunit, and a variety of B subunits that control phosphatase specificity. The C subunit is reversibly methyl esterified by specific methyltransferase and methylesterase enzymes at a completely conserved C‐terminal leucine residue. Here we show that methylation plays an essential role in promoting PP2A holoenzyme assembly and that demethylation has an opposing effect. Changes in methylation indirectly regulate PP2A phosphatase activity by controlling the binding of regulatory B subunits to AC dimers.
Vibroacoustic Stimulation Evokes Human Fetal Micturition

Objective: To examine the effect of vibroacoustic stimulation on fetal voiding as a measure of stress. Methods: Fetal bladder volumes were examined serially by ultrasound 5 and 1 minutes before and 1 and 5 minutes after vibroacoustic stimulation (21 cases) or sham stimulation (20 cases). Results: In the stimulated group, the mean (± SD) bladder volume decreased from 21.7 ± 11.3 mL 1 minute before stimulation to 12.8 ± 9.4 mL 1 minute after vibroacoustic stimulation, a statistically significant difference (P<.001). There was no significant decrease in bladder volume in the sham-stimulated fetuses. The correlations between bladder volume 1 minute before and 1 and 5 minutes after vibroacoustic stimulation were statistically significant (P <.01 and P <.001, respectively). Conclusion: Vibroacoustic stimulation induces fetal voiding, which may reflect a response to stress. (Obstet Gynecol 1993;81:178-80)
Optimisation of the spatial discretisation of myelinated axon models

Sensory feedback in assistive prosthetic devices is a promising method to improve the quality of life of patients after amputation. However, the complexity of providing a truly natural thermal and mechanical feedback to the nervous system remains a challenge for the future generation of prostheses. Investigations for such a technological progress strongly rely on the modelling of the interfaces of the prostheses with the peripheral nervous system. Such models have to accurately mimic the physiological response of the tissue. Because these models are solved by computational methods, one of the keypoints for high accuracy is the spatial discretisation or meshing. In this paper we propose addressing the discretisation of myelinated axons, taking in consideration the existing rules for other neural structures. Our approach takes into account both the accuracy and the computational cost. We conducted simulations over a wide range of discretisation choices to quantify the deviation of the neural signal propagation velocity. Results showed that one segment per node of Ranvier is enough to model the active sites of a myelinated axon with sufficient accuracy. Modeling internodal myelinated regions (IN), on the other hand, requires 5–15 segments per region for accurate results in most cases, depending on the size of the IN. Our results show that simple guidelines can be followed to significantly reduce the errors in simulations of nerve bundles. Such performances will enable the simulation of more complex phenomena in a context of models associated with chaotic dynamics.
Changes in Causes of Death Among Adults Infected by HIV Between 2000 and 2005: The “Mortalité 2000 and 2005” Surveys (ANRS EN19 and Mortavic)

Background:The multicenter national Mortalité 2005 survey aimed at describing the distribution of causes of death among HIV-infected adults in France in 2005 and its changes as compared with 2000. Methods:Physicians involved in the management of HIV infection notified deaths and documented the causes using a standardized questionnaire similar to the previous survey performed in 2000. Results:Overall, 1042 deaths were notified in 2005 (vs 964 in 2000): with median age, 46 years (vs 41 years); men, 76%; and median last CD4 cell count, 161/mm3 (vs 94). The proportion of underlying causes of death due to AIDS decreased (36% in 2005 vs 47% in 2000), and the proportion of cancer not related to AIDS or hepatitis (17% vs 11%), liver related disease (15% vs 13%: hepatitis C, 11%, and hepatitis B, 2%), cardiovascular disease (8% vs 7%), or suicide (5% vs 4%) increased. Among the 375 AIDS-related deaths, the most frequent event was non-Hodgkin lymphoma (28%). Among cancers not related to AIDS or hepatitis, the most frequent localizations were lung (31%) and digestive tract (14%). Among the 154 liver-related deaths, 24% were due to hepatocarcinoma. Conclusions:The heterogeneity of causes of death among HIV-infected adults was confirmed and intensified in 2005, with 3 causes following AIDS: cancers and liver-related and cardiovascular diseases.
Morphometric and immunocytochemical assessment of fungiform taste buds after interruption of the chorda‐lingual nerve

Unilateral interruption of the chorda‐lingual nerve led to a loss of most epithelial axons and to the deterioration of fungiform taste buds in the anterior portion of the tongue of albino rats, mongolian gerbils, and golden hamsters. By three weeks after surgery the following percentages of fungiform taste buds had completely disappeared: 71% in gerbils, 28% in rats, and 26% in hamsters. Residual taste buds were classified into two groups: atrophic taste buds and taste bud remnants. Atrophic taste buds were smaller than normal and typically had no visible taste pore, although they retained the characteristic oval shape of a taste bud and numerous elongated cells. Taste bud remnants were non‐oval fragments of taste buds with few elongated cells. Specific markers for elongated taste cells (monoclonal antibodies to keratin 19) confirmed that atrophic taste buds, as well as some taste bud remnants, had elongated taste cells. By 180 days after chorda‐lingual nerve transection, 44% of rat fungiform taste buds had disappeared; morphometric analysis of the 311 residual taste buds established that 241 atrophic taste buds and 69 taste bud remnants were, respectively, 50% and 75% smaller than the average volume of 480 normal taste buds. The aggregate loss of gustatory tissue, calculated from the shrinkage of residual taste buds and the volume lost by the outright disappearance of many taste buds, was 88% for gerbils, 72% for rats, and 65% for hamsters. Evaluation in gerbils of the co‐occurrence of taste buds and axons suggests residual taste buds were neurotrophically supported. Every gerbil fungiform papilla that lacked axons lacked a taste bud. Every fungiform papillae that had a residual taste bud had axons; axons were absent from 22% of empty fungiform papillae. Diminished numbers of gustatory neurotrophic axons could account for both the loss of fungiform taste buds and the reduced volume of residual taste buds. © 1993 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
2009-26 Tails , Fears and Risk Premia

We show that the compensation for rare events accounts for a large fraction of the equity and variance risk premia in the S&P 500 market index. The probability of rare events vary significantly over time, increasing in periods of high market volatility, but the risk premium for tail events cannot solely be explained by the level of the volatility. Our empirical investigations are essentially model-free. We estimate the expected values of the tails under the statistical probability measure from “medium” size jumps in high-frequency intraday prices and an extreme value theory approximation for the corresponding jump tail density. Our estimates for the risk-neutral expectations are based on short maturity out-of-the money options and new model-free option implied variation measures explicitly designed to separate the tail probabilities. At a general level, our results suggest that any satisfactory equilibrium based asset pricing model must be able to generate large and time-varying compensations for fears of disasters.
An Efficient Component-Based Framework for Intelligent Home-Care System Design with Video and Physiological Monitoring Machineries

This study proposes a customized and reusable component-based design framework based on the UML modeling process for intelligent home healthcare systems. All the proposed functional components are reusable, replaceable, and extensible for the system developers to implement customized home healthcare systems for different demands of patients and caregivers on healthcare monitoring aspects. The prototype design of the intelligent healthcare system based on these proposed components can provide the following features: 1). the system can monitor and record the videos of rehabilitation situations and actions of the patient by multiple CCD cameras, and the monitoring videos at different times can be accordingly stored in the archive. 2). the system can record the patient¡¦s physiological data records and the corresponding treatment plan, and these records can be stored in a XML archiving database for caregivers¡¦ review. 3). during the times for the patient to take medicine or other healing activities listed on the given treatment plan, the system can automatically alarm the patient and record the patient¡¦s treatment situations. 4). The patient¡¦s caregivers and family members can ubiquitously monitor the videos and physiological records of the patient¡¦s rehabilitation situations via the handheld mobile devices via the internet or wireless communication networks. 5). The caregivers and patients can setup the alarm machinery for the patients¡¦ physiological warning states, and once the patients¡¦ physiological states suddenly deteriorate, the module will immediately alarm the caregivers by sending notification messages to their remote mobile devices or web browsers.
Robust distributed beamforming design in amplify-and-forward relay systems with multiple user pairs

In this work, a signal-to-interference-plus-noise ratio (SINR)-based robust distributed beamforming scheme is proposed for one-way amplify-and-forward (AF) relay systems with multiple user pairs. The proposed scheme obtains its optimal beam vectors by utilizing convex semi-definite programming (SDP) optimization with newly derived bounds for signal and interference powers. Compared with existing works, the proposed scheme has much higher probability of obtaining the optimal solution than schemes applying approximate bounds exploiting Cauchy-Swartz (CS) inequality. In addition, in terms of transmit power consumption, the proposed scheme requires less transmit power than existing works while still satisfying the SINR constraints. Simulation results also demonstrate that the proposed SDP-based method outperforms the existing SDP-based methods.
The peripheral blood of A b binding RBC as a biomarker for diagnosis of Alzheimer ’ s disease

Background: in vitro, it has been reported that amyloid β (Aβ) is bound to red blood cells (RBCs) and this process damages the red cell. Also, a possible relationship between RBCs and Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is supported by the findings of RBC impairment in AD. Therefore, Aβ fibrils bounding RBC are of great interest as potential biomarkers. Methods: in this study, we focused on Aβ amyloid fibrils and/or aggregation on the peripheral RBC from 50 subjects with AD and 50 healthy controls (HCs) through thioflavin T (ThT) staining followed by immunofluorescence assay to confirm the presence of Aβ amyloid fibrils and/or aggregation on the RBC. Then we optimised fluorescence staining and imaging conditions and analysed the images obtained by image processing software. Results: we have analysed RBC morphology in blood from 50 subjects with AD and 50 HCs found that 16.8% of the RBCs are elongated as compared with 6.7% in normal controls (P < 0.01), and there is a negative correlation between the two parameters (P < 0.05). Our study showed that 98% of AD peripheral RBCs were amyloid binding-positive (ranging from 2 to 30%), while only 38% that of RBCs (ranging from 2 to 3.4%) were in HCs. We also found four modified morphologies of RBCs triggered by Aβ binding, which may serve as an ancillary investigation and indicate the progression of AD. Conclusion: we first directly prove the existence of Aβ binding RBCs in peripheral blood. In addition, we observed new modified morphologies of RBC triggered by Aβ binding, all of those can serve as a biomarker for the diagnosis and progression of AD.
A silicon bidirectional flow sensor for measuring respiratory flow

The authors describe a solid-state, silicon integrated, bidirectional flow sensor for respiratory applications. The sensor is a thermal vector sensor. The electronic circuitry for obtaining bidirectional sensitivity is presented together with actual application to a healthy volunteer put on mechanical ventilation. The sensor's input flow range is from -60 to +60 L/min, and its rise-time is /spl les/40 ms and fall-time is /spl les/60 ms. The effect of changes in gas composition as used in mechanically ventilated patients on the sensor output signal are estimated to be less than 2%. The temperature sensitivity is about -1.5% per degree Celsius.
Charcot's foot.

Diabetic osteoarthropathy is a chronic progressive arthropathy involving the bones and joints being constantly associated to somatic and autonomic peripheral neuropathy. The pathogenesis is related to sensory and motor neuropathy with morphologic foot alterations, relaxation and abnormal position on walking till complete collapse of the foot shown by the depressed longitudinal medial arch. Bone reabsorption due to osteoclasis and increased blood flow until osteomalacia appears, is characteristic of this arthropathy. The clinical features vary according to the location and severity of articular impairment and the stage of identification. The metatarsophalangeal or tarsometatarsal joint may be involved. The typical manifestation of Charcot's foot is plantar ulcer of variable location according to the weight-bearing area. Treatment tends to reduce the abnormal stress predisposing to ulceration with tailored footwear and orthoses.
Higher apolipoprotein B levels are associated with earlier onset of first-ever atherosclerotic stroke

Background: Many studies have revealed apolipoproteins are risk factors for ischemic stroke, but the influence of apolipoproteins on onset age of first-ever atherosclerotic stroke has not been well investigated. Methods: We recruited 357 qualified participants from consecutive patients with acute ischemic stroke who came to the stroke registry center in Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, Chengdu, China. Patients were stratified into tertiles according to the distributions of apoB levels for large artery atherosclerosis (LAA) and small artery atherosclerosis (SAA) groups. The onset age of stroke was analyzed tripartitely in terms of early-onset group, the middling-onset group and the late-onset group. Multinomial logistical regression was used to analyze the associations between the two. Results: The risk of early-onset stroke increased monotonically with higher apoB levels (the second tertile, adjusted OR = 2.61, 95% CI 1.18–5.79 (p = 0.018); the third tertile, adjusted OR = 19.52, 95% CI 5.93–64.31 (p < 0.001)), and patients with the highest tertile of apoB levels had a 9.20 times (95% CI, 2.97–28.53, p < 0.001) increased risk of middling-onset stroke in reference to late onset of stroke. Conclusions: The present study suggests the higher the apolipoprotein B levels are, the earlier an atherosclerotic stroke might occur in a Chinese population.
Distributed stochastic consensus of multi-agent systems with noisy and delayed measurements

Networked systems are often subject to environmental uncertainties and communication delays, which make timely and accurate information exchange among neighbours difficult or impossible. This study investigates the distributed consensus problem of dynamical networks of multi-agents in which each agent can only obtain noisy and delayed measurements of the states of its neighbours. The authors consider consensus protocols that take into account both the noisy measurements and the communication time delays, and introduce the notions of almost sure average-consensus and p th moment average-consensus. Using a convergence theorem for continuous-time semimartingales and moment inequality techniques for stochastic delay differential equations, the authors establish sufficient conditions for both almost sure and moment average-consensus. These results naturally generalise to networks with arbitrary and Markovian switching topologies. The consensus protocol considered here can be applied to networks with arbitrary bounded communication delays, which appears to the first consensus algorithm that is both average preserving and robust to arbitrarily sized delays. Numerical simulations are also provided to demonstrate the theoretical results.
Auditory Distance Presentation in an Urban Augmented Reality Environment

Presenting points of interest in the environment by means of audio augmented reality offers benefits compared with traditional visual augmented reality and map-based approaches. However, presentation of distant virtual sound sources is problematic. This study looks at combining well-known auditory distance cues to convey the distance of points of interest. The results indicate that although the provided cues are intuitively mapped to relatively short distances, users can with only little training learn to map these cues to larger distances.
A Taxonomy of Internet Censorship and Anti-Censorship Draft Version December 31 , 2010

Internet is supposed to be born free, yet it is censored almost everywhere, and severely censored in a few countries. The tug-of-war on the Internet between censors and anti-censors is intensifying. This survey presents a taxonomy on the principles, techniques, and technologies of Internet censorship and anti-censorship. It highlights the challenges and opportunities in anti-censorship research, and outlines a historical account via the lenses of news coverage in the past decade.
Identifying Challenges in BRM Implementations Regarding the Verification and Validation Capabilities at Governmental Institutions

Since an increasing amount of business rules management solutions are utilized, organizations search for guidance to design such solutions. As the amount of BRMS-implementations increase, the amount of implementation challenges experienced in practice increase as well. Therefore, it is of importance to gain insights into these implementation challenges which can help guide future implementations of BRMS. Smit, Zoet and Versendaal (2017) described the challenges regarding elicitation, design and specification of business decisions and business logic; in this study, we identify the main challenges regarding 1) the verification and 2) validation of business decisions and business logic in the Dutch governmental context. Building on the collection and the analysis of two three-round focus groups and two three-round Delphi studies we report on the 17 challenges experienced by the participants. The presented results provide a grounded basis from which empirical and practical research on best practices can be further explored.