Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
The Dynamics of Academic Science Research Production

The present paper investigates the impact of funding on academic scientific research output by incorporating experience dynamics into the production function model. The model is estimated using panel data constructed from NIH cancer research grant archives. The results show that temporary reductions in funding can generate long-lasting decreases in research output, and are likely to hit less experienced labs more. Furthermore, the paper provides evidence in support of the prevailing view in the scientific community that the current funding allocations may be suboptimal, while the new funding regime initiated by the NIH is likely to further the progress of science. ∗Department of Economics, Yale University. email: yinjia.qiu@yale.edu I am indebted to my advisors Steve Berry, Phil Haile, Michi Igami, and Olav Sorenson for their guidance and encouragement. I also thank Dan Ackerberg, Don Andrews, Pierre Azoulay, Giovanni Compiani, Donghyuk Kim, Ying Fan, Wayne Gao, Soheil Ghili, Masayuki Sawada, Fabian Schrey, Jaya Wen, and participants at the Yale IO prospectus workshop for their valuable comments and suggestions. All potential errors are mine.
' s Response to reviewers ’ comments on “ Compact Modeling Framework v 3 . 0 for high-resolution global ocean-ice-atmosphere models ”

for instance, We present a new version of the Compact Modeling Framework (CMF3.0) developed for the software environment of stand-alone and coupled global geophysical fluid models. The CMF3.0 is designed for use on high and ultra-high resolution models on massively-parallel supercomputers. The key features of the previous CMF version (2.0) are mentioned to reflect progress in our research. In the CMF3.0, the MPI approach with a high-level abstract driver, optimized coupler interpolation, and I/O algorithms is replaced with thedriver, optimized coupler interpolation, and I/O algorithms is replaced with the PGAS paradigm communications scheme, while the central hub architecture evolves to a set of simultaneously working services. Performance tests for both versions are carried out. In addition, a parallel realisation of the EnOI (Ensemble Optimal Interpolation) data assimilation method as a program service of CMF3.0 is presented. Much of the document could use similar revision. There are issues throughout. page 7, line 3, “communicational” is not a word and that sentence makes little sense as
Hybridized Globally Divergence-free Ldg Methods. Part I: the Stokes Problem

We devise and analyze a new local discontinuous Galerkin (LDG) method for the Stokes equations of incompressible fluid flow. This optimally convergent method is obtained by using an LDG method to discretize a vorticity-velocity formulation of the Stokes equations and by applying a new hybridization to the resulting discretization. One of the main features of the hybridized method is that it provides a globally divergence-free approximate velocity without having to construct globally divergence-free finite-dimensional spaces; only elementwise divergence-free basis functions are used. Another important feature is that it has significantly less degrees of freedom than all other LDG methods in the current literature; in particular, the approximation to the pressure is only defined on the faces of the elements. On the other hand, we show that, as expected, the condition number of the Schur-complement matrix for this approximate pressure is of order h −2 in the mesh size h. Finally, we present numerical experiments that confirm the sharpness of our theoretical a priori error estimates.
Structure and Reactivity of Terrestrial and Extraterrestrial Pyrrhotite

Pyrrhotite (Fe1-xS) is a non-stoichiometric iron monosulfide common in terrestrial rocks, ore deposits, and many extraterrestrial materials. The non-stoichiometry due to metal vacancies relates to a variety of composition-dependent crystallographic superstructures, but little of the existing structural and microstructural complexity has been explored yet. This thesis investigates the occurrences and nature of pyrrhotite superstructures, examines the related nanoand microstructural phenomena, and explores their effects on chemical reactivity. The goal is to comprehend the relations of the nanoscale real structure of pyrrhotite to its physicochemical properties. A central tool in these studies is analytical transmission electron microscopy (TEM), which has been extensively used to study terrestrial and extraterrestrial samples. In three studies, published or submitted as scientific research articles, it is shown that structural complexity of pyrrhotites is a widespread feature in terrestrial and extraterrestrial materials and is strongly interrelated with its physicochemical properties and environments of formation and alteration. A new model based on translation interface modulation is being introduced to provide a realistic description of the structural state of natural NC-pyrrhotites. Novel insights into the thermodynamically stable phase assemblages in the Fe-S system at ambient temperatures are presented and the crystallography and connected thermochemistry of pyrrhotites are deployed to reach new conclusions about the petrogenetic history of chondritic meteorites and the alteration processes they were involved in. Finally, an experimental alteration study reveals for the fist time quantitatively that the vacancy superstructures and anisotropy of pyrrhotites have tremendous effects on their kinetic behaviors during dissolution under acidic and oxidizing conditions. Intrinsic reactivity differences between 4Cand NC-pyrrhotite are clearly resolved and discusses in the framework of the newly established structure model.
Recognition of Words Referring to Present and Absent Objects by 24-Month-Olds

Three experiments tested young children's efficiency in recognizing words in speech referring to absent objects. Seventy-two 24-month-olds heard sentences containing target words denoting objects that were or were not present in a visual display. Children's eye movements were monitored as they heard the sentences. Three distinct patterns of response were shown. Children hearing a familiar word that was an appropriate label for the currently fixated picture maintained their gaze. Children hearing a familiar word that could not apply to the currently fixated picture rapidly shifted their gaze to the alternative picture, whether that alternative was the named target or not, and then continued to search for an appropriate referent. Finally, children hearing an unfamiliar word shifted their gaze slowly and irregularly. This set of outcomes is interpreted as evidence that by 24 months, rapid activation in word recognition does not depend on the presence of the words' referents. Rather, very young children are capable of quickly and efficiently interpreting words in the absence of visual supporting context.
Feature and conjunction errors in recognition memory: Evidence for dual-process theory.

Abstract Feature and conjunction errors in recognition memory were investigated using a dual-process framework. In Experiment 1, dividing attention at study or test decreased old word recognition but did not influence feature and conjunction recognition errors after correcting for false alarms to new words (baseline). In Experiment 2, a response deadline manipulation influenced old word recognition but not feature and conjunction effects (i.e., feature or conjunction error rate minus baseline). Across Experiments 3 and 4, study repetitions increased the probabilities of feature and conjunction errors for participants under strong pressure to respond quickly. However, no such increases were observed for participants who were given more time to respond, providing evidence that the familiarity underlying feature and conjunction errors can be countered with recollection. Thus study repetition increased both familiarity and recollection. Feature and conjunction errors are based on familiarity in the absence of recollection. An approach that combines an item-associative distinction with a dual-process framework (e.g., Yonelinas, 1997) also can account for these errors. However, an approach that uses a feature-configuration distinction must be modified to account for these results.
The Big Data Agenda : Data Ethics and Critical Data Studies

This book highlights that the capacity for gathering, analysing, and utilising vast amounts of digital (user) data raises significant ethical issues. Annika Richterich provides a systematic contemporary overview of the field of critical data studies that reflects on practices of digital data collection and analysis. The book assesses in detail one big data research area: biomedical studies, focused on epidemiological surveillance. Specific case studies explore how big data have been used in academic work. The Big Data Agenda concludes that the use of big data in research urgently needs to be considered from the vantage point of ethics and social justice. Drawing upon discourse ethics and critical data studies, Richterich argues that entanglements between big data research and technology/ internet corporations have emerged. In consequence, more opportunities for discussing and negotiating emerging research practices and their implications for societal values are needed. An electronic version of this book is freely available, thanks to the support of libraries working with Knowledge Unlatched. KU is a collaborative initiative designed to make high quality books Open Access for the public good. More information about the initiative and details about KU's Open Access programme can be found at www.knowledgeunlatched. org .
Generalized Jackknife Estimators of Weighted Average Derivatives

With the aim of improving the quality of asymptotic distributional approximations for nonlinear functionals of nonparametric estimators, this article revisits the large-sample properties of an important member of that class, namely a kernel-based weighted average derivative estimator. Asymptotic linearity of the estimator is established under weak conditions. Indeed, we show that the bandwidth conditions employed are necessary in some cases. A bias-corrected version of the estimator is proposed and shown to be asymptotically linear under yet weaker bandwidth conditions. Implementational details of the estimators are discussed, including bandwidth selection procedures. Consistency of an analog estimator of the asymptotic variance is also established. Numerical results from a simulation study and an empirical illustration are reported. To establish the results, a novel result on uniform convergence rates for kernel estimators is obtained. The online supplemental material to this article includes details on the theoretical proofs and other analytic derivations, and further results from the simulation study.
Helicobacter pylori infection and the development of gastric cancer.

BACKGROUND Although many studies have found an association between Helicobacter pylori infection and the development of gastric cancer, many aspects of this relation remain uncertain. METHODS We prospectively studied 1526 Japanese patients who had duodenal ulcers, gastric ulcers, gastric hyperplasia, or nonulcer dyspepsia at the time of enrollment; 1246 had H. pylori infection and 280 did not. The mean follow-up was 7.8 years (range, 1.0 to 10.6). Patients underwent endoscopy with biopsy at enrollment and then between one and three years after enrollment. H. pylori infection was assessed by histologic examination, serologic testing, and rapid urease tests and was defined by a positive result on any of these tests. RESULTS Gastric cancers developed in 36 (2.9 percent) of the infected and none of the uninfected patients. There were 23 intestinal-type and 13 diffuse-type cancers. Among the patients with H. pylori infection, those with severe gastric atrophy, corpus-predominant gastritis, and intestinal metaplasia were at significantly higher risk for gastric cancer. We detected gastric cancers in 21 (4.7 percent) of the 445 patients with nonulcer dyspepsia, 10 (3.4 percent) of the 297 with gastric ulcers, 5 (2.2 percent) of the 229 with gastric hyperplastic polyps, and none of the 275 with duodenal ulcers. CONCLUSIONS Gastric cancer develops in persons infected with H. pylori but not in uninfected persons. Those with histologic findings of severe gastric atrophy, corpus-predominant gastritis, or intestinal metaplasia are at increased risk. Persons with H. pylori infection and nonulcer dyspepsia, gastric ulcers, or gastric hyperplastic polyps are also at risk, but those with duodenal ulcers are not.
Cenozoic multiple-phase tectonic evolution of the northern Tibetan Plateau: Constraints from sedimentary records from Qaidam basin, Hexi Corridor, and Subei basin, northwest China

An integrated research of sedimentology, stratigraphy, and provenance analysis on eleven sedimentary sections from the Qaidam basin, Hexi Corridor, and Subei basin representing ∼36 km Cenozoic strata provides a detailed record of the northern Tibetan Plateau growth since the early Eocene. Sections are divided into three groups based on age, geological similarities, and geographical locations. Group One includes three early Eocene–late Miocene sections from the northern Qaidam basin; Group Two contains four sections along the Altyn Tagh fault (ATF) which preserve a complete stratigraphic record from the Oligocene to late Miocene; Group Three contains the four youngest sections investigated from the northeastern Qaidam basin and Hexi Corridor which preserve a record since the middle Miocene to Quaternary. Together, the sections reveal a multiple-phase tectonic history of the northern Tibetan Plateau. The punctuated history can be divided into four phases. (1) The Eocene Lulehe Formation from the northern Qaidam basin is interpreted as a synorogenic conglomerate deposited by high-gradient depositional systems. Strong unimodal paleocurrent towards the southwest, coarse lithology and distinct, recognizable clast types constrain the sediment source within the North Qaidam and South Qilian terranes, indicating activity on inferred thrust faults within the North Qaidam and South Qilian terranes in response to the initial India-Eurasia collision. The activity on these thrust faults continued through the late Eocene. (2) The early Oligocene conglomerate from Group Two formed in response to the sinistral transpression related to motion on the ATF, suggesting inception of substantial slip on the ATF in the early Oligocene in order to accommodate the continuing indentation of India into Eurasia. (3) Oligocene–early Miocene fine-grained fluvio-lacustrine sediments from Groups One and Two formed as the result of development of internal drainage systems in the Qaidam basin in response to the large-amplitude slip motion on the ATF. Paleocurrents collected from the Oligocene–early Miocene strata of Group One are northwest-directed, pointing towards the ATF, consistent with the pre-existing subsurface data showing the shift of depocenter from along North Qaidam and South Qilian terranes toward the ATF. (4) All eleven sections preserve a post-early Miocene upward-coarsening sequence, consistent with the extensive crustal shortening and topographic growth across the northern Tibetan Plateau.
The Application of Soft Protection in Coastal Protection ——Taking Jiangsu Coast as Example

Coastal zone is a special region,which has the special geo-position and abundant nature resources.It plays an important role in the human social development,while is very senstive to the impact of the human activity.With the development of economy,science and technology,the strength that the human being explore the coastal region and independence that human being on the development of the coastal zone are increasing.In recent years,the high development intensity in Jiangsu coastal area has resulted in the engineering geological hazard more and more serious.Coastal protection would be a very important topic to prevent from these hazards happened again.The traditional coast protection—hard protection,responds very well in short-term,but regardless of natural environmental impact.This paper introduces the principles of the soft protection and its application in the coastal area,especially in Jiangsu province.
Effects of Regulatory T Cells via an IL-2 Effector T Cells Overcomes the Suppressive Microbial Infection-Induced Expansion of

Regulatory Foxp3 + T cells are a critical cell population that suppresses T cell activation in response to microbial and viral pathogens. We identify a cell-intrinsic mechanism by which effector CD4 + T cells overcome the suppressive effects of regulatory T (Treg) cells in the context of three distinct infections: Toxoplasma gondii, Listeria monocytogenes, and vaccinia virus. The acute responses to the parasitic, bacterial, and viral pathogens resulted in a transient reduction in frequency and absolute number of Treg cells. The infection-induced partial loss of Treg cells was essential for the initiation of potent Th1 responses and host protection against the pathogens. The observed disappearance of Treg cells was a result of insufficiency in IL-2 caused by the expansion of pathogen-specific CD4 + T cells with a limited capacity of IL-2 production. Exogenous IL-2 treatment during the parasitic, bacterial, and viral infections completely prevented the loss of Treg cells, but restoration of Treg cells resulted in a greatly enhanced susceptibility to the pathogens. These results demonstrate that the transient reduction in Treg cells induced by pathogens via IL-2 deprivation is essential for optimal T cell responses and host resistance to microbial and viral pathogens. F oxp3 + regulatory T (Treg) cells exert pleiotropic immu-noregulatory effects essential for immune homeostasis, the prevention of autoimmunity, and the regulation of pathogen-induced inflammatory reactions (1). The transcription factor Foxp3 controls Treg cell development and function, and deficiency in the Foxp3 gene results in hyperactivation of CD4 + T cells, overproduction of proinflammatory cytokines, and massive multiorgan pathology (2, 3). It was initially thought that the functions of Treg cells were limited to the control of immune responses to autoantigens, but later studies demonstrated that Treg cells also exert suppressive effects on the immune responses to tumors (4) and infectious Ags (5, 6). These and other studies formally established that Treg cells have profound effects on immunity toward pathogens (7). A number of distinct suppressive mechanisms by which Treg cells target APCs, in particular den-dritic cells (DC), and T lymphocytes have been identified (8). The dominant suppressor functions of Treg cells present a serious obstacle in the establishment of robust protective immunity toward pathogens; several studies with bacterial, viral, or parasitic infections formally demonstrated that Treg cells restrict the efficiency and magnitude of T cell responses, which results in an increased pathogen burden (9–11). Some studies have also revealed that by limiting immune responses to …
Accuracy Assessment for a Simulation Model of Amazonian Deforestation

Abstract This article describes a quantitative assessment of the output from the Behavioral Landscape Model (BLM), which has been developed to simulate the spatial pattern of deforestation (i.e. forest fragmentation) in the Amazon basin in a manner consistent with human behavior. The assessment consists of eighteen runs for a section of the Transamazon Highway in the lower basin, where the BLM's simulated deforestation map for each run is compared to a reference map of 1999. The BLM simulates the transition from forest to non-forest in a spatially explicit manner in 20-m × 20-m pixels. The pixels are nested within a hierarchical stratification structure of household lots within larger development rectangles that emanate from the Transamazon Highway. Each of the eighteen runs derives from a unique combination of three model parameters. We have derived novel methods of assessment to consider (1) the nested stratification structure, (2) multiple resolutions, (3) a simpler model that predicts deforestation near the highway, (4) a null model that predicts forest persistence, and (5) a uniform model that has accuracy equal to the expected accuracy of a random spatial allocation. Results show that the model's specification of the overall quantity of non-forest is the most important factor that constrains and correlates with accuracy. A large source of location agreement is the BLM's assumption that deforestation within household lots occurs near roads. A large source of location disagreement is the BLM's less than perfect ability to simulate the proportion of deforestation by household lot. This article discusses implications of these results in the context of land change science and dynamic simulation modeling. Eugenio Arima and Marcellus Caldas were affiliated with Michigan State University during the time the work reported in this article was done.
Movements of the thermocline lead to high variability in benthic mixing in the nearshore of a large lake

The thermocline of Lake Ontario is in constant motion, and as it washes back and forth along the sloping lakebed there is a striking asymmetry in near‐bed stratification and benthic turbulence between its rise and fall. Detailed field observations of the stratification and water currents from the summers of 2012 and 2013 showed that the thermocline motions had large amplitudes (as high as 15 m) and a dominant period between 16 and 17.5 h, corresponding to a near‐inertial internal Poincaré wave. During the falling phase, the warmer down‐slope flow was strongly stratified with near‐bed water temperature gradients of 1°C m−1. In contrast during the rising phase of colder up‐slope flow, there was an unstable stratification in near‐bed water and large temperature overturns due to the differential advection of stratified waters, i.e., the shear‐driven convective mechanism. Using a Thorpe‐scale analysis of overturns, the inferred turbulent diffusivity during the up‐slope flow was Kz =5 × 10−4 m2 s−1. In striking contrast during the down‐slope flow, the strong stratification had lower turbulent diffusivities of Kz =10−6 m2 s−1. The near bottom region of Lake Ontario within the thermocline swash‐zone has intense biological activity and the highest concentrations of invasive dreissenid mussels. We discuss the potential biological implications of the striking variability in benthic mixing and near‐bed stratification for nutrient cycling in the Lake Ontario nearshore.
Innovation and First-Mover Advantages in Corporate Underwriting : Evidence from Equity Linked Securities

Investment banks develop new securities permanently even when their competitors can imitate them almost immediately and at signi.cantly smaller development costs. Using data of all the new issues of Equity Linked and Derivative Securities since 1985 compiled by SDC, and . rm . nancial data from COMPUSTAT, I test if innovators have a demand advantage over the imitators when they compete to underwrite new issues using innovative corporate products. If the innovator has private information about the innovation, his own variety of the security may be better valued than the imitators’ varieties by the issuers. I estimate the issuers’ demand for the banker’s underwriting service across di¤erent varieties of equity-linked securities. Using a nested-logit model of discrete choice I . nd that, ceteris paribus, the demand for innovators’ varieties is larger than for imitators’. I also . nd that this demand advantage is decreasing in time, suggesting that imitators learn from observing deals made in the past by the innovator and by themselves. The initial innovator’s advantage is larger for securities that appear later in a sequence of innovations but it diminishes faster. JEL classi.cation: G24, C25, L89.