Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
A relational trace logic for simple hierarchical actor-based component systems

We present a logic for proving functional properties of concurrent component-based systems. A component is either a single actor or a group of dynamically created actors. The component hierarchy is based on the actor creation tree. The actors work concurrently and communicate asynchronously. Each actor is an instance of an actor class. An actor class determines the behavior of its instances. We assume that specifications of the behavior of the actor classes are available. The logic allows deriving properties of larger components from specifications of smaller components hierarchically. The behavior of components is expressed in terms of traces where a trace is a sequence of events. A component specification relates traces of input events to traces of output events. Generalizing Hoare-like logics from states to traces and from statements to components, we write {p} C {q} to mean that if an input trace satisfies p, component C produces output traces satisfying q; that is, p and q are assertions over traces. Such specifications are partial in that they only specify the reaction of C to input traces satisfying p. This paper develops the trace semantics and specification technique for actor-based component systems, presents important proof rules, proves soundness of the rules, and illustrates the interplay between the trace semantics, the specification technique and the proof rules by an example derived from an industrial Erlang case study.
Cluster PEACE observations of electrons of spacecraft origin

Abstract. The two PEACE (Plasma Electron And Current Experiment) sensors on board each Cluster spacecraft sample the electron velocity distribution across the full 4 solid angle and the energy range 0.7 eV to 26 keV with a time resolution of 4 s. We present high energy and angular resolution 3D observations of electrons of spacecraft origin in the various environments encountered by the Cluster constellation, including a lunar eclipse interval where the spacecraft potential was reduced but remained positive, and periods of ASPOC (Active Spacecraft POtential Control) operation which reduced the spacecraft potential. We demonstrate how the spacecraft potential may be found from a gradient change in the PEACE low energy spectrum, and show how the observed spacecraft electrons are confined by the spacecraft potential. We identify an intense component of the spacecraft electrons with energies equivalent to the spacecraft potential, the arrival direction of which is seen to change when ASPOC is switched on. Another spacecraft electron component, observed in the sunward direction, is reduced in the eclipse but unaffected by ASPOC, and we believe this component is produced in the analyser by solar UV. We find that PEACE anodes with a look direction along the spacecraft surfaces are more susceptible to spacecraft electron contamination than those which look perpendicular to the surface, which justifies the decision to mount PEACE with its field-of-view radially outward rather than tangentially. Key words. Magnetosheric physics (general or miscellaneous) Space plasma physics (spacecraft sheaths, wakes, charging)
The Potential Symbolic Value of Descriptive Representation: The Case of Female Representation

This paper seeks to analyze the relationship between the existence of women in political power and citizens’ evaluation of the quality of democracy in their country. Using mainly data from The Comparative Study of Electoral Systems (CSES), Module 2 (2001 – 2006), it focuses on post–elections surveys of 29 countries all over the world. It has two main objectives. The first is to present some mechanisms that might account for the relationship between the presence of women in key political positions and citizens’ evaluation of democracy and to do a preliminary analysis of how plausible these mechanisms are. The second objective is to check whether the feminization of different layers of political power is connected to satisfaction with democracy. In that sense, besides checking the impact of the percentage of female MPs (identified by Karp and Banducci 2008), it also considers the percentage of women in ministerial positions, and the presence of a female Prime Minister or President. My findings confirm that in countries with more gender-balanced parliaments, citizens tend to feel happier about their democracy. Furthermore, they suggest that the same can be said regarding countries with a female President. The latter result is particularly strong among women.
Postoperative bleeding in retired racing greyhounds.

BACKGROUND Some retired racing Greyhounds (RRG) that undergo surgery bleed excessively. HYPOTHESIS Greyhounds that bleed excessively will have one or more preoperative hemostatic abnormalities that can be used to predict the risk and severity of postoperative bleeding. ANIMALS Eighty-eight RRG undergoing ovariohysterectomy or castration. METHODS All dogs were evaluated preoperatively with a physical exam, CBC, platelet count, OSPT, APTT, platelet function with PFA-100(a); fibrinogen, d-dimer, plasminogen (Plmg), antiplasmin (AP), antithrombin (AT), and vWF concentration (vWF:Ag); vWF collagen binding assay (vWF:CBA), and Factor XIII assay. Assays were repeated in the dogs that bled, and in an age- and sex-matched control group of RRG. RESULTS Twenty-six percent of the dogs had bleeding 36-48 hours after surgery. AP (P <.0001) and AT concentration (P= .007) were significantly lower, and vWF:CBA (P= .0284) was higher preoperatively in the dogs with excessive hemorrhage. A lower platelet count (P= .001) and hematocrit (P= .002), shorter OSPT (P= .0002) and higher plasma fibrinogen (P <.0001), and AP (P= .001) concentration were detected at the time of bleeding compared with preoperative values in the dogs that bleed excessively. The same findings were observed postoperatively for the control group, except for the decrease in hematocrit. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL IMPORTANCE The results indicate that this excessive postoperative bleeding is not attributable to a primary or secondary hemostatic defect, but could result from altered fibrinolysis.
Stochasticity: A Feature for the Structuring of Large and Heterogeneous Image Databases

The paper addresses image feature characterization and the structuring of large and heterogeneous image databases through the stochasticity or randomness appearance. Measuring stochasticity involves finding suitable representations that can significantly reduce statistical dependencies of any order. Wavelet packet representations provide such a framework for a large class of stochastic processes through an appropriate dictionary of parametric models. From this dictionary and the Kolmogorov stochasticity index, the paper proposes semantic stochasticity templates upon wavelet packet sub-bands in order to provide high level classification and content-based image retrieval. The approach is shown to be relevant for texture images.
Analyzing the seventh vowel of classical Arabic

In general, any language sounds are classified into two categories: vowels that contain no major air restriction through the vocal tract, and consonants that involve a significant restriction and are therefore weaker in amplitude and often "noisier" than vowels. Modern standard Arabic contains six basic vowels, but there has been disagreement between linguists and researchers on the exact number of Arabic vowels that exist in the classical Arabic. We believe that classical and Quranic Arabic contains an extra vowel in addition to the basic ones. This study is specifically concerned with analyzing this extra vowel that exists in a specific verse in The Holly Quran. We called this intended vowel as “the 7th vowel in classical Arabic”. The first, second, third, and fourth formant values in this vowel are investigated by using more than one Quranic recitation and more than one narrator among those people who recited The Holly Quran perfectly. This vowel is analyzed in both time and frequency domains and acoustically compared with basic Arabic vowels. The result of this analysis and investigation will facilitate Arabic speech processing tasks such as vowel and speech recognition and classification.
Experimental study of Tunnel and Anisotropic Magnetoresistive sensor for power system magnetic field measurement applications

This experimental investigation is focused to assess a Tunnel Magneto-Resistive (TMR) and Anisotropic Magneto-Resistive (AMR) sensor for power system magnetic field measurement applications as in current sensing, transmission line monitoring, detection and classification of Transient Magnetic Field (TMF) interference in substations. For measurement applications, AMR sensors have the limitations of low field range up to ±6 Gauss impractical for high magnetic field measurements, disorientation in sensitivity at exposure to field over ±20 Gauss recurrent in outdoor applications and high power consumption not appealing for portable devices. Thus, a complete testing system is established to identify if TMR sensors are a superior candidate for our application domain. For this, both of the sensors were exposed to uniform and transient magnetic field. Experimentation with identical conditioning circuitry confirms the superior performance of TMR sensor over AMR sensor in terms of twice the sensitivity, 200 times reduced power consumption and 5 times more field range. Additionally, in a TMF event, AMR sensor response depicts a time lag of 15 microseconds whereas TMR sensor only lags by 10 nanoseconds. Magnetic fields above field range of AMR sensor disorient the sensor until recalibrated; to cater for this a practical recalibration pulse blinds the sensor for 4 milliseconds once initiated.
Short-Period Influence of Chronic Morphine Exposure on Serum Levels of Sexual Hormones and Spermatogenesis in Rats

Background Increased rates of addiction and its broad societal complications are well known. One of the most important systems that may malfunction in drug abusers is the reproductive system, and evaluating patients for this potential risk may lead to increased awareness. Materials and Methods Thirty 60-day-old male rats were divided into control and target groups. The target group underwent 5 mg/kg intraperitoneal injections of morphine twice a day while the control group underwent normal saline injections (at the same dosage). After 60 days, the rats were anesthetized, and after blood sampling, they underwent bilateral orchiepididymectomy. Histological and hormonal evaluations were performed on the samples. Results Levels of sex hormonal features and spermatogenesis were significantly reduced in the target group compared to the control group. LH levels showed a meaningful decrease in the target group, but FSH and testosterone levels did not. On histological section analysis, mature sperm were meaningfully decreased in the target group. Conclusions Chronic use of opioids may lead to alterations in sexual features and sexual hormones. Therefore, opioids have the potential to cause infertility. These changes may result from the effect of the drugs on the hypophysis or hypothalamus, the direct effect of the drugs on the seminiferous tubules, or a combination of both. The findings suggest that public awareness about addiction may cause decreased infertility rates.
On The Use of Phonological Features for Pronunciation Scoring

It is acknowledged that in many medical and educational applications there is a great need for good objective assessments of the pronunciation proficiency of a speaker, either a non-native speaker of the language or a native speaker with a certain speech handicap (e.g. a deaf or dysarthric speaker). Most pronunciation scoring software developed thus far just measures an over-all proficiency. The system proposed here envisages the computation of more detailed information on the nature of the pronunciation deficiencies. To that end, it works with a phonological representation of the speech. Described is the development of the system as well as its first encouraging assessments of non-native speakers of American English
Normal forms for context-free node-rewriting hypergraph grammars

Confluent node-rewriting hypergraph grammars represent the most comprehensive known method for defining sets of hypergraphs in a recursive way. For a large natural subclass of these grammars, we show that the maximal rank of hyperedges indispensable for generating some set of hypergraphs equals the maximal rank of the hyperedges occurring in the hypergraphs of that set. Moreover, if such a grammar generates a set of graphs, one can construct from that grammar a C-edNCE graph grammar generating the same set of graphs.
Interest Rate Interdependencies and Business Cycle Fluctuations

This paper investigates relational interdependencies among non-stationary variables such as interest rates, inflation and GDP growth rate to that with business cycle. To show co-relational interdependencies among variables, we procreate a functional prototype based on interest rate dynamics using Bezier interpolation model that ember changes impacting on business and economic cycles. We also study the dynamic changeable characteristics and the cyclical behavior of the Federal Funds Rate in the long run, and using measured approach, we try to determine its path prognostic features, the likely impact of structural shocks on their counterparts, and on the business cycle as a whole. We find that our modeled approach being effectual.
Economics of Open Source Software

A simple model of open source software (as typified by the Linux operating system) is presented. Individual user-programmers decide whether to invest their valuable time and eort to develop a software application that will become a public good if so developed. Open source code potentially allows the entire Internet community to use its combined programming knowledge, creativity and expertise. On the other hand, the lack of a profit motive can result in free riding by individuals and, consequently, unrealized developments. Both the level and distribution of open source development eort are generally inecient. The benefits and drawbacks of open source versus profit-driven development are presented. The eect of changing the population size of user-programmers is considered; finite and asymptotic results are given. Whether the amount of development will increase when applications have a “modular structure” depends on whether the developer base exceeds a critical size or not. Explanations of several stylized facts about open source software development are given, including why certain useful programs don’t get written. Other issues are also explored.
Collective mechanism for the evolution and self-termination of vertically aligned carbon nanotube growth

We explain the evolution and termination of vertically aligned carbon nanotube (CNT) “forests” by a collective mechanism, which is verified by temporal measurements of forest mass and height, as well as quantitative spatial mapping of CNT alignment by synchrotron X-ray scattering. We propose that forest growth consists of four stages: (I) self-organization; (II) steady growth with a constant CNT number density; (III) decay with a decreasing number density; and (IV) abrupt self-termination, which is coincident with a loss of alignment at the base of the forest. The abrupt loss of CNT alignment has been observed experimentally in many systems, yet termination of forest growth has previously been explained using models for individual CNTs, which do not consider the evolution of the CNT population. We propose that abrupt termination of CNT forest growth is caused by loss of the self-supporting structure, which is essential for formation of a CNT forest in the first place, and that this event is triggered by a.
Otter Predation on Taricha granulosa and Variation in Tetrodotoxin Levels with Elevation

Abstract Tetrodotoxin (TTX) is a low molecular weight neurotoxin that is found in a wide variety of taxa. Tetrodotoxin blocks voltage-gated sodium channels, preventing the propagation of action potentials and inducing paralysis in susceptible animals. Taricha granulosa have been documented to possess TTX in high quantities and are preyed upon by snakes of the genus Thamnophis. However, recent observations of predation events on T. granulosa by otters were documented in a high-elevation population just outside of Crater Lake National Park, Oregon. We quantified TTX levels in this population as well as 3 populations in Crater Lake National Park using a Competitive Inhibition Enzymatic Immunoassay. We further compared these high elevation populations to a known high-toxicity population from Benton County, Oregon. We found that the populations in Crater Lake have lower levels of TTX relative to populations outside of the lake, and that all high-elevation locations have relatively low levels of TTX. We then analyzed previously published whole-newt TTX levels and elevation, and found that there is a significant negative relationship. However, there is a non-significant relationship between whole-newt TTX levels and elevation when examining elevations below 500 m. This further exemplifies the potential for novel predation and previously unidentified selective pressures in high-elevation newt populations.
Peripheral Pathways Regulate Motoneuron Collateral Dynamics

Motor axons regenerating after repair of mixed nerve reinnervate pathways leading to muscle more often than those leading to skin [preferential motor reinnervation (PMR)]. Motoneurons that initially project collaterals to both muscle and skin prune incorrect projections to generate specificity. The number of motor axon collaterals maintained entirely within cutaneous or muscle pathways, however, is unknown. To overcome this shortcoming, dorsal root ganglion excision has been used to allow only motor axons to regenerate after a peripheral lesion. Motor axon number in reinnervated cutaneous and muscle pathways can then be correlated with the number of parent motoneurons determined by retrograde labeling. The number of collaterals per neuron can be calculated for each environment and the relative roles of pathway and end organ assessed by blocking the distal pathways to prevent target reinnervation. Without sensory competition, PMR develops in two stages: a limited response to muscle nerve and then a robust response to muscle that may involve retrograde signaling to the proximal pathway. Motoneurons maintain more collaterals in cutaneous nerve than in muscle nerve, even without muscle contact. This difference could result either from increased collateral formation in cutaneous nerve or from increased collateral pruning in muscle nerve. In either instance, these findings confirm that muscle and cutaneous pathways have functionally significant identities that can be recognized by motor axons and can regulate their arborization. Decreased arborization in muscle pathways could promote regeneration by focusing neuronal resources on high-yield projections; increased arborization in cutaneous pathways, conversely, would enhance pathfinding abilities.
Mathematical modelling of accumulation layer thickness of fully depleted G4-FETs

A physics based mathematical model is proposed here to determine the accumulation layer thickness in thin film fully depleted G4-FETs. The model was derived as a function of surface potential which was calculated by self-consistently solving two dimensional Poisson's equation. The dependence of accumulation layer thickness on gate biases as well as the device structural parameters are also analysed here. The purpose of proposing this model is to determine the range of structural parameters for designing the devices, within which the accumulation layer thickness remains small enough to be approximated as a sheet of charge of zero thickness so that popular charge sheet model can be used to analyse transistor characteristics. Moreover, the biasing range can be determined also for which charge-sheet model can be used to design circuits.
Analysis of Lyapunov Control for Hamiltonian Quantum Systems

We present detailed analysis of the convergence properties and effectiveness of Lyapunov control design for bilinear Hamiltonian quantum systems based on the application of LaSalle’s invariance principle and stability analysis from dynamical systems and control theory. For a certain class of Hamiltonians, strong convergence results can be obtained for both pure and mixed state systems. The control Hamiltonians for realistic physical systems, however, generally do not fall in this class. It is shown that the effectiveness of Lyapunov control design in this case is significantly diminished.
NET TRANSFORMATION AND THEORY OF REGIONS FOR OPTIMAL SUPERVISORY CONTROL OF PETRI NETS

Abstract In a previous work, we applied the theory of regions to design optimal Petri net controller by adding so-called control places to the plant Petri net model with uncontrolable transitions and forbidden states. Unfortunately, such a simple control-place-based solution does not always exist. In the present paper, we propose a new approach for designing optimal controller for ordinary bounded Petri nets using control places. The key idea consists in transforming the plant Petri net model, for which a control-place-based solution was not found, into a safe Petri net. Then, exploiting the result stating that forbidden state problems of safe Petri nets always have control-place-based solutions, the control problem of the transformed model is optimally solved using our previous result. Besides, by assigning a priority to transitions of the transformed model, the complexity is considerably reduced.
Impact of Local Public Services and Taxes on Dwelling Choice within a Single Taxing Jurisdiction: A Discrete Choice Model

Discrete choice models of household location assume local public finance variables remain the same within a given taxing jurisdiction. Thus far, no such model has tested the validity of this assumption. This study employs McFaddenâ€™s (1978, 2001) discrete choice model to test for the significance of dwelling specific local taxes and public services on household location decisions within a single taxing jurisdiction. The findings indicate that such variables are significant determinants of location decisions even within a single taxing jurisdiction, and should not be assumed away. Failure to include such variables in a model may, therefore, result in biased statistical results.
Retinoic Acid Can Exacerbate T Cell Intrinsic TLR2 Activation to Promote Tolerance

The contribution of vitamin A to immune health has been well established. However, recent evidence indicates that its active metabolite, retinoic acid (RA), has the ability to promote both tolerogenic and inflammatory responses. While the outcome of RA-mediated immunity is dependent upon the immunological status of the tissue, the contribution of specific innate signals influencing this response have yet to be delineated. Here, we found that treatment with RA can dampen inflammation during intestinal injury. Importantly, we report a novel and unexpected requirement for TLR2 in RA-mediated suppression. Our data demonstrate that RA treatment enhances TLR2-dependent IL-10 production from T cells and this, in turn, potentiates T regulatory cell (TREG) generation without the need for activation of antigen presenting cells. These data also suggest that combinatorial therapy using RA and TLR2 ligands may be advantageous in the design of therapies to treat autoimmune or inflammatory disease.
Using Coreference for Question Answering

We present a system which retrieves answers to queries based on coreference relationships between entities and events in the query and documents. An evaluation of this system is given which demonstrates that the the amount of information that the user must process on average, to find an answer to their query, is reduced by an order of magnitude.