Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Spontaneous effort causes occult pendelluft during mechanical ventilation.

RATIONALE In normal lungs, local changes in pleural pressure (P(pl)) are generalized over the whole pleural surface. However, in a patient with injured lungs, we observed (using electrical impedance tomography) a pendelluft phenomenon (movement of air within the lung from nondependent to dependent regions without change in tidal volume) that was caused by spontaneous breathing during mechanical ventilation. OBJECTIVES To test the hypotheses that in injured lungs negative P(pl) generated by diaphragm contraction has localized effects (in dependent regions) that are not uniformly transmitted, and that such localized changes in P(pl) cause pendelluft. METHODS We used electrical impedance tomography and dynamic computed tomography (CT) to analyze regional inflation in anesthetized pigs with lung injury. Changes in local P(pl) were measured in nondependent versus dependent regions using intrabronchial balloon catheters. The airway pressure needed to achieve comparable dependent lung inflation during paralysis versus spontaneous breathing was estimated. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS In all animals, spontaneous breathing caused pendelluft during early inflation, which was associated with more negative local P(pl) in dependent regions versus nondependent regions (-13.0 ± 4.0 vs. -6.4 ± 3.8 cm H2O; P < 0.05). Dynamic CT confirmed pendelluft, which occurred despite limitation of tidal volume to less than 6 ml/kg. Comparable inflation of dependent lung during paralysis required almost threefold greater driving pressure (and tidal volume) versus spontaneous breathing (28.0 ± 0.5 vs. 10.3 ± 0.6 cm H2O, P < 0.01; 14.8 ± 4.6 vs. 5.8 ± 1.6 ml/kg, P < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS Spontaneous breathing effort during mechanical ventilation causes unsuspected overstretch of dependent lung during early inflation (associated with reciprocal deflation of nondependent lung). Even when not increasing tidal volume, strong spontaneous effort may potentially enhance lung damage.
THE SELECTIVE OCCURRENCE OF γ1A GLOBULINS IN CERTAIN BODY FLUIDS

It is generally recognized that there are three antigenically distinct types of serum y globulin, commonly designated y2 (7 S /), -yA (B2A), and 71M (B2M or 19 S y globulin). The 72 and /1A globulins have similar molecular weights (approximately 160,000), but different electrophoretic mobilities, carbohydrate content, and antigenic properties. The 'y1M, on the other hand, has a mobility and carbohydrate content similar to those of 71A, but a molecular weight of approximately one million. It is well established that the 72 and 7yM fractions contain antibody activity and that certain antigens give rise to one or both types of antibodies. Although to our knowledge the existence of a 71A antibody has not been proven, much circumstantial evidence suggests that certain antibodies are 7yA (1, 2). During investigations of the chemical and immunological properties of salivary proteins, most of the y globulin in parotid fluid was found to be closely related to or identical with serum 71A. Other external secretions such as colostrum and urine were also found to contain significant amounts of 71A. The results of the qualitative and quantitative immunological studies of the y globulins in saliva and colostrum suggest that secretion is highly selective. As a possible explanation for these results, it is suggested that y1A contains a specific (transport) site that is responsible for its secretion into these biological fluids.
Modeling the Formation of Grain Boundaries as a Result of Two-Sided Crystallization Using Molecular Dynamics

This article considers the issues related to the correct description of the internal structure of grain boundaries in metals. We offered a mathematical model describing grain boundaries formation as a result of two-sided crystallization by applying molecular dynamics method with third-type boundary conditions for heat extraction (Newton-Richman law). In the construction of the interatomic potential, the embedded atom method (EAM) is used. The work offers an algorithm for generation of initial conditions for two adjacent grains with different crystal lattices orientation and melt between them. To detect defects and defective areas we use a central symmetry parameter. The system energy before and after the crystallization process is estimated.
Translational genomics and head and neck cancer: toward precision medicine

Head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) comprise a wide spectrum of neoplasms with different tumor biologies, prognosis and response to therapies. Current tumor classification and traditional diagnostic methods (e.g. clinical assessment, histopathology) are limited in their capacity to determine prognosis and clinical decision‐making. Despite recent improvements in treatment, the outcome for patients with HNSCC remains poor. Similar to most tumors, several patient‐related factors, (e.g. genetics and environment) and disease‐related factors (e.g. tumor location, TMN staging) play a significant role on survival. Thus, the problem in defining the prognosis is that the clinical course and response to treatment differ considerably among patients. Such interindividual variability is related to the heterogeneity of the tumor, genetic and epigenetic variations, thus reflecting the interaction of multiple biological components that result in a unique phenotype. Integrative genomics are developed to identify the molecular pathways leading to cancer at the individual level and find novel prognostic markers for HNSCC, hence tailoring a treatment accordingly. Such genetic‐based personalized diagnosis allows tumor stratification and implementation of targeted therapy. Modern medicine includes new drugs that disrupt the implicated molecules and their signaling pathways. Here, we summarize the current state of knowledge that elucidates the translation of genetic data into clinical benefit.
Incidence and costs of unintentional falls in older people in the United Kingdom

Study objective: To estimate the number of accident and emergency (A&E) attendances, admissions to hospital, and the associated costs as a result of unintentional falls in older people. Design: Analysis of national databases for cost of illness. Setting: United Kingdom, 1999, cost to the National Health Service (NHS) and Personal Social Services (PSS). Participants: Four age groups of people 60 years and over (60–64, 65–69, 70–74, and ⩾75) attending an A&E department or admitted to hospital after an unintentional fall. Databases analysed were the Home Accident Surveillance System (HASS) and Leisure Accident Surveillance System (LASS), and Hospital Episode Statistics (HES). Main results: There were 647 721 A&E attendances and 204 424 admissions to hospital for fall related injuries in people aged 60 years and over. For the four age groups A&E attendance rates per 10 000 population were 273.5, 287.3, 367.9, and 945.3, and hospital admission rates per 10 000 population were 34.5, 52.0, 91.9, and 368.6. The cost per 10 000 population was £300 000 in the 60–64 age group, increasing to £1 500 000 in the ⩾75 age group. These falls cost the UK government £981 million, of which the NHS incurred 59.2%. Most of the costs (66%) were attributable to falls in those aged ⩾75 years. The major cost driver was inpatient admissions, accounting for 49.4% of total cost of falls. Long term care costs were the second highest, accounting for 41%, primarily in those aged ⩾75 years. Conclusions: Unintentional falls impose a substantial burden on health and social services.
Assessing the challenges of global long-term mitigation scenarios

The implications of global mitigation to achieve different long-term temperature goals (LTTGs) can be investigated in integrated assessment models (IAMs), which provide a large number of outputs including technology deployment levels, economic costs, carbon prices, annual rates of decarbonisation, degree of global net negative emissions required, as well as utilisation levels for fossil fuel plants. All of these factors can be considered in detail when judging the real-world feasibility of the mitigation scenarios produced by these models. This study presents a model inter-comparison of three widely used IAMs (TIAM, MESSAGE and WITCH) to analyse multiple mitigation scenarios exploring a range of LTTGs and a range of constraints, including delayed mitigation action, limited end-use electrification and delayed deployment of carbon capture technologies. The scenario outputs across the three models are examined and discussed and a matrix of the different factors concerning scenario feasibility is presented.
Novel Active Time-Based Demand Response for Industrial Consumers in Smart Grid

Time-based demand response (DR) enables industrial consumers to transfer their power consumption by following daily price curve. However, general time-based DR is basically a passive tariff. Utilities usually create general pricing tariff to the whole industrial consumers at the same voltage connection level. Under this situation, consumption transformation of all possible industries occurs together. It may reduce the effect of load characteristics improvement. This paper introduces a new pricing framework named active time-based (ATB) DR to overcome this weak point. Under this tariff, consumers are classified in details. Utilities select target consumers, communicate with them actively, and provide a specified price curve for the industries covered by target consumer group. With a practical survey, this paper implements ATB with the best behavioral scheme (BBS) model and industrial consumer attitude model. This paper includes a numerical case study on cement manufacturing for further analysis. Data acquisition, BBS simulation, consumer attitude estimation, and an investigation on electricity pricing are covered by this case study.
Membrane and filtration technologies and the separation and recovery of food processing waste

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses the established and sophisticated membrane processes and their applications in the food industry. Established processes include ultra- and microfiltration for the purification of proteins and sterile filtration, as well as reverse osmosis for seawater desalination. The new processes include organophilic pervaporation and perstraction. In the food industry, membrane technology is reduced to a few main applications, such as water treatment and milk processing, although membranes can be used for many processes in almost every branch of the industry. However, membrane processes are still too expensive for low-price products. Hence, membrane technology is hardly adequate, especially for those processes where alternative technologies like distillation are established.
Watermarking of Raw Digital Images in Camera Firmware

In this article we investigate ‘real-time’ watermarking of single-sensor digital camera images (often called ‘raw’ images) and blind watermark detection in demosaicked images. We describe the software-only implementation of simple additive spread-spectrum embedding in the firmware of a digital camera. For blind watermark detection, we develop a scheme which adaptively combines the polyphase components of the demosaicked image, taking advantage of the interpolated image structure. Experimental results show the benefits of the novel detection approach for several demosaicking techniques.
Urine C-Peptide After Recovery from Diabetic Ketoacidosis: An Index of Insulin Dependency

C-peptide immunoreactivity (CPR) in 24-h urine was assayed in 13 diabetic patients during and after recovery from ketoacidosis. In 10 patients who remained insulin-dependent on discharge and in the subsequent follow-up period, urine CPR was low (18 μg/day or less), while in three patients who were ultimately controlled by diet or sulfonylureas, urine CPR was normal (59–92 μg/day, normal value 74 ± 26 μg/day). In the latter group, urine CPR in one patient assayed during ketoacidosis was 6 μg/day and, in another patient, it was 22 μg/day on the 3rd day of the admission. This may imply that in the latter group, B-cell function was decompensated in ketoacidosis, but was restored after recovery. Clinical courses suggested that these patients were not in the remission phase of IDDM, but belonged to NIDDM. Among other groups of diabetic patients, urine CPR in those treated with diet or sulfonylureas was 72 ± 30 μg/day and always higher than 20 μg/day. The prevalence of urine CPR less than 20 μg/day was more frequent in those with younger onset of diabetes, higher insulin dosage, unstable diabetes, or previous history of ketoacidosis among insulin-treated patients. We suggest that urine CPR less than 20 μg/day is an index of insulin dependency, although in a state of extreme decompensation of B-cells such as in ketoacidosis, urine CPR can be decreased low even in NIDDM.
Arabinogalactan-proteins and the research challenges for these enigmatic plant cell surface proteoglycans

Arabinogalactan-proteins (AGPs) are complex glycoconjugates that are commonly found at the cell surface and in secretions of plants. Their location and diversity of structures have made them attractive targets as modulators of plant development but definitive proof of their direct role(s) in biological processes remains elusive. Here we overview the current state of knowledge on AGPs, identify key challenges impeding progress in the field and propose approaches using modern bioinformatic, (bio)chemical, cell biological, molecular and genetic techniques that could be applied to redress these gaps in our knowledge.
DENATURATION OF HEMOGLOBIN IN THE PRESENCE OF TANNIC ACID

Thermal denaturing of human hemoglobin (HHb) in the presence of tannic acid (TA) was studied by fluorescence and UV/vis spectroscopy in 30–66°C temperature range. To study more detailed structural changes in HHb molecule caused by temperature rise in the presence of TA, the excitation/emission fluorescence (3D spectra) matrix method has been used. It has been shown, that the increase of temperature causes more pronounced structural changes in the flexible areas of protein containing aromatic amino acids than in the rigid α, β polypeptide chains. It was revealed that the presence of TA causes structural changes in HHb.
A new view of nonlinear water waves: the Hilbert spectrum

We survey the newly developed Hilbert spectral analysis method and its applications to Stokes waves, nonlinear wave evolution processes, the spectral form of the random wave field, and turbulence. Our emphasis is on the inadequacy of presently available methods in nonlinear and nonstationary data analysis. Hilbert spectral analysis is here proposed as an alternative. This new method provides not only a more precise definition of particular events in time-frequency space than wavelet analysis, but also more physically meaningful interpretations of the underlying dynamic processes.
A Study on Increasing Sensitivity of Rectangular Microcantilevers Used in Biosensors

This study proposes a new microcantilever design with a rectangular hole at the fixed end of the cantilever that is more sensitive than conventional ones. A commercial finite element analysis software ANSYS is used to analyze it. The Stoney equation is first used to calculate the surface stress induced moment, and then applied to the microcantilever free end to produce deflection. The stress analysis of the proposed and conventional designs is performed, followed by dynamic analysis of the proposed design. We found that the Sader equation is more accurate than Stoney in predicting cantilever deflections, and that for increasing the sensitivity of a microcantilever biosensor increasing the cantilever thickness is more practical.
Distributed Inter-Cell Interference Mitigation Via Joint Scheduling and Power Control Under Noise Rise Constraints

Consider the problem of joint uplink scheduling and power allocation. Being inherent in almost any wireless system, this resource allocation problem has received extensive attention. Yet, most common techniques either adopt classical power control, in which mobile stations are received with the same Signal-to-Interference-plus-Noise Ratio, or use centralized schemes, in which base stations coordinate their allocations. In this work, we suggest a novel scheduling approach in which each base station, besides allocating the time and frequency according to given constraints, also manages its uplink power budget such that the aggregate interference, "Noise Rise", caused by its subscribers at the neighboring cells is bounded. Our suggested scheme is distributed, requiring neither coordination nor message exchange between the base stations. We rigorously define the allocation problem under noise rise constraints. Inspired by the fact that under the noise-rise constraints, interference experienced by base stations is bounded and its variance is expected to be low, we suggested an approximation in which each base station assumes fixed interference. Under this approximation we formalize the joint scheduling and power control under the noise rise constraints as an optimization problem and characterize the optimal solution. For the special case of homogeneous deployment we give the optimal solution and derive an efficient iterative algorithm to achieve it. We then discuss a relaxed problem, where the noise rise is constrained separately for each sub-channel or resource unit. While sub-optimal, this view renders the scheduling and power allocation problems separate, yielding an even simpler and more efficient solution, while the essence of the scheme is kept. Via extensive simulations, we show that the suggested approach increases overall performance dramatically, with the same level of fairness and power consumption.
Selecting Stocks Using A Genetic Algorithm: A Case of Real Estate Investment Trusts (REITs)

Many investors invest according to analystsu recommendations, but some studies detect sizable abnormal returns associated with those recommendations. A tool that imitates the mechanism of the recommendation process should enable individual investors to formulate a profitable investment strategy and to select stocks that analysts have not covered. This paper presents a genetic algorithm (GA) method for identifying attractive stocks. The GA method has shown promising performance as a tool with which investors can develop a profitable investment strategy. GA is able to pick stocks with a cbuye rating at 62.50%, compared to 36.45% for stocks picked at random.
Progress achieved in restricting the marketing of high-fat, sugary and salty food and beverage products to children

Abstract In May 2010, 192 Member States endorsed Resolution WHA63.14 to restrict the marketing of food and non-alcoholic beverage products high in saturated fats, trans fatty acids, free sugars and/or salt to children and adolescents globally. We examined the actions taken between 2010 and early 2016 – by civil society groups, the World Health Organization (WHO) and its regional offices, other United Nations (UN) organizations, philanthropic institutions and transnational industries – to help decrease the prevalence of obesity and diet-related noncommunicable diseases among young people. By providing relevant technical and policy guidance and tools to Member States, WHO and other UN organizations have helped protect young people from the marketing of branded food and beverage products that are high in fat, sugar and/or salt. The progress achieved by the other actors we investigated appears variable and generally less robust. We suggest that the progress being made towards the full implementation of Resolution WHA63.14 would be accelerated by further restrictions on the marketing of unhealthy food and beverage products and by investing in the promotion of nutrient-dense products. This should help young people meet government-recommended dietary targets. Any effective strategies and actions should align with the goal of WHO to reduce premature mortality from noncommunicable diseases by 25% by 2025 and the aim of the UN to ensure healthy lives for all by 2030.
Cytokines, adipocytokines and inflammatory markers in patients on continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis and hemodialysis

Abstract Background: Cytokines are essential mediators of immune response. Chronic renal failure patients suffer from chronic inflammation that results from factors such as impaired renal function, accumulation of uremic toxins and bio incompatibility of dialyzer membranes. These patients are also at increased risk of cardiovascular diseases. We have evaluated cytokines, adipocytokines and inflammatory markers in patients with chronic renal failure undergoing hemodialysis (HD) and continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis (CAPD). Material and methods: We have determined serum tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), interleukin-6 (IL-6), high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hsCRP), leptin and ghrelin levels of chronic renal failure patients treated with either HD (n = 20) or CAPD (n = 20). TNF-α, IL-6, ghrelin and leptin measurements were performed by commercially available kits based on enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) method. hsCRP levels were determined by turbidimetric methods. Results: Serum TNF-α and IL-6 levels of patients on HD were significantly higher than those of the ones on CAPD (p < 0.05). Ghrelin, leptin and hsCRP concentrations were similar in both groups. Conclusions: We can conclude that cytokine production is more obvious in HD process.
Small-signal modeling of I2 average current mode control

I2 average current mode control is a promising control technique featuring fast dynamic response, cycle-by-cycle current limiting and accurate current control. It can be treated as peak current mode control with no peak-to-average error. By combining direct current feedback and average current feedback, I2 average current mode control is a three loop control system. Since it is a new control technique proposed in 2014, few papers exist which discuss the small-signal model of this control method. In this paper, a small-signal model for I2 average current mode control is proposed which successfully predicts the sub-harmonics oscillation when the duty cycle is close to or greater than 0.5. The characteristics of I2 average current mode control are also compared with average current mode control and peak current mode control to show its advantages.
Non-interference in constructive authorization logic

We present a constructive authorization logic where the meanings of connectives are defined by their associated inference rules. This ensures that the logical reading of access control policies expressed in the logic and their implementation coincide. We study the proof-theoretic consequences of our design including cut-elimination and two non-interference properties that allow administrators to explore the correctness of their policies by establishing that for a given policy, assertions made by certain principals will not affect the truth of assertions made by others
Active learning for real-time motion controllers

This paper describes an approach to building real-time highly-controllable characters. A kinematic character controller is built on-the-fly during a capture session, and updated after each new motion clip is acquired. Active learning is used to identify which motion sequence the user should perform next, in order to improve the quality and responsiveness of the controller. Because motion clips are selected adaptively, we avoid the difficulty of manually determining which ones to capture, and can build complex controllers from scratch while significantly reducing the number of necessary motion samples.