Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Accuracy of radiographic lung volume using new equations derived from computed tomography

This study compared radiographic measurements of regional lung volume with corresponding physiologic measurements. The database included 48 normal, supine adults who had previously undergone spirometry and helium-dilution lung volume measurements to determine physiologic functional residual capacity (G-FRC) and total lung capacity (G-TLC). Chest x-rays had also been obtained for these subjects at functional residual capacity and total lung capacity.To calculate radiographic lung volumes at functional residual capacity and total lung capacity (R-FRC and R-TLC, respectively), we traced the lung outline from the chest x-ray, and digitized each outline. We then calculated total and regional lung volumes, using equations previously derived from computed tomographic scans. R-FRC and R-TLC were closely correlated (r = 0.973, maximum SEE 6.8%) with G-FRC and G-TLC, whether or not separate equations were used for regions below the diaphragm. Using only maximum anteroposterior diameter reduced the r-value to 0.957 (SEE 9.6%). The accuracy of our method of radiographic measurement of regional lung volume was validated by the concurrence between the physiologic and radiographic measurements.
Efficiently Measuring Bandwidth at All Time Scales

The need to identify correlated traffic bursts at various, and especially fine-grain, time scales has become pressing in modern data centers. The combination of Gigabit link speeds and small switch buffers have led to "microbursts", which cause packet drops and large increases in latency. Our paper describes the design and implementation of an efficient and flexible end-host bandwidth measurement tool that can identify such bursts in addition to providing a number of other features. Managers can query the tool for bandwidth measurements at resolutions chosen after the traffic was measured. The algorithmic challenge is to support such a posteriori queries without retaining the entire trace or keeping state for all time scales. We introduce two aggregation algorithms, Dynamic Bucket Merge (DBM) and Exponential Bucketing (EXPB). We show experimentally that DBM and EXPB implementations in the Linux kernel introduce minimal overhead on applications running at 10 Gbps, consume orders of magnitude less memory than event logging (hundreds of bytes per second versus Megabytes per second), but still provide good accuracy for bandwidth measures at any time scale. Our techniques can be implemented in routers and generalized to detect spikes in the usage of any resource at fine time scales.
Functorial Semantics of Second-Order Algebraic Theories

The purpose of this work is to complete the algebraic foundations of second-order languages from the viewpoint of categorical algebra as developed by Lawvere. To this end, this paper introduces the notion of second-order algebraic theory and develops its basic theory. A crucial role in the definition is played by the second-order theory of equality $\M$, representing the most elementary operators and equations present in every second-order language. The category $\M$ can be described abstractly via the universal property of being the free cartesian category on an exponentiable object. Thereby, in the tradition of categorical algebra, a second-order algebraic theory consists of a cartesian category $\Mlaw$ and a strict cartesian identity-on-objects functor $\M \to \Mlaw$ that preserves the universal exponentiable object of $\Mlaw$. Lawvere's functorial semantics for algebraic theories can then be generalised to the second-order setting. To verify the correctness of our theory, two categorical equivalences are established: at the syntactic level, that of second-order equational presentations and second-order algebraic theories; at the semantic level, that of second-order algebras and second-order functorial models.
Is TrueFISP a gradient‐echo or a spin‐echo sequence?

It is commonly accepted that TrueFISP (balanced FFE, FIESTA) belongs to the class of gradient‐echo (GRE) sequences. GRE sequences are sensitive to dephasing effects of the transverse magnetization between the excitation pulse and echo acquisition, and phase coherence is only established directly after and before excitation pulses. However, an analysis of the phase evolution of transverse magnetization in a TrueFISP experiment shows very close similarities to the echo formation of a spin‐echo (SE) experiment. If dephasing between excitation pulses is below ±π, TrueFISP exhibits a nearly complete refocusing of transverse magnetization at TE = TR/2. Only signals acquired before and after TR/2 show an additional T *2 sensitivity. Magn Reson Med 49:395–397, 2003. © 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Reduction Osteotomy versus Extensive Release on Clinical Outcome Measures in Simultaneous Bilateral Total Knee Arthroplasty

Background During total knee arthroplasty (TKA) in varus knee deformities, reduction osteotomy (RO) and medial soft tissue release are alternative techniques to aid in achieving deformity correction. In this study, we investigated the effect of RO compared to extensive medial soft tissue release (ER) on clinical outcome measures in simultaneous bilateral TKA. Material/Methods We prospectively enrolled 24 patients (48 knees) with bilateral varus knee deformity from July 2014 to December 20l5. For each patient, one knee was assigned to the RO group and the contralateral knee was assigned to ER group. One year postoperative, follow-up outcomes were collected and analyzed. Results Time to 90° flexion of the knee was significantly different in the RO group (1.6±0.3 days) compared to the ER group (2.0±0.4 days) (p<0.001). Using a 10-item patient reported outcome questionnaire, total scores were significantly different between the RO group (86.3±3.2) and the ER group (82.4±2.7) (p<0.001). Analysis of variance showed a significant difference on the visual analogue scale (VAS) score (p<0.001) but no significant difference in the range of motion (ROM) of the knee (p>0.05) during the follow-up year. Conclusions Knees treated with RO were associated with greater improvements in pain and function than knees treated with conventional ER technique. Additionally, RO technique did not confer an increased risk for adverse clinical outcomes. RO may therefore by a safe method to decrease postoperative pain, achieve earlier functional recovery, and increase patients’ subjective satisfaction after TKA.
Radiation Effects on CMOS Image Sensors With Sub-2 $\mu{\rm m}$ Pinned Photodiodes

CMOS image sensor hardness under irradiation is a key parameter for application fields such as space or medical. In this paper, four commercial sensors featuring different technological characteristics (pitch, isolation or buried oxide) have been irradiated with <formula formulatype="inline"> <tex Notation="TeX">$^{60}{\rm Co}$</tex></formula> source. Based on dark current and temporal noise analysis, we develop and propose a phenomenological model to explain pixel performance degradation.
Sustained inflation during neonatal resuscitation

Purpose of review Sustained inflation performed shortly after birth to help clear lung fluid and establish functional residual capacity in preterm infants is gaining popularity, but definitive evidence for its effectiveness is lacking. Although there is a sound physiologic basis for this approach, and much preclinical experimental evidence of effectiveness, the results of recent animal studies and clinical trials have been inconsistent. Recent findings The most recent data from a multicenter randomized trial suggest a modest benefit of sustained inflation in reducing the need for mechanical ventilation in extremely-low-birth-weight infants. However, the impact may be more modest than earlier retrospective cohort comparisons suggested. The trend toward more airleak and a higher rate of intraventricular hemorrhage is worrisome. Sustained inflation may be ineffective unless some spontaneous respiratory effort is present. Several on-going trials should further clarify the putative benefits of sustained inflation. Summary Delivery room sustained inflation is an attractive concept that holds much promise, but widespread clinical application should await definitive evidence from on-going clinical trials,
Anesthesia for liver transplantation from a maastricht category 4 non-heart-beating donor -A case report-

Great improvements in patient selection, surgical techniques, perioperative care, and immunosuppression have been made for the optimization of liver transplantation. To increase the number of organs available for liver transplantation, transplant centers have used marginal donors, split livers, living donors, or non-heart-beating donors (NHBDs). Despite recent enthusiasm for NHBDs in liver transplantation, warm ischemic injury to recovered organs has been an obstacle for the wide acceptance of NHBD. In the present case, we have conducted a liver transplantation from a Maastricht Category 4 NHBD. Warm ischemic time was 20 minutes and cold ischemic time was 5 hour 43 minutes. Consequently, the liver was successfully transplanted into the recipient.
Fiber Pathways of the Brain

This unique volume is a comprehensive, well-illustrated study of the organization of the white matter pathways of the brain. Schmahmann and Pandya have analyzed and synthesized the corticocortical and corticosubcortical connections of the major areas of the cerebral cortex of the rhesus monkey. The result is a detailed understanding of the constituents of the cerebral white matter and the organization of the fiber tracts. The findings from the 36 cases studied are presented on a single template brain, facilitating comparison of the locations of the different fiber pathways. The summary diagrams provide a comprehensive atlas of the cerebral white matter. The text is enriched by close attention to functional aspects of the anatomical observations. The clinical relevance of the pathways is addressed throughout the text and a chapter is devoted to human white matter diseases. The introductory account gives a detailed historical background. Translations of seminal original observations by early investigators are presented, and when these are considered in the light of the authors' new observations, many longstanding conflicts and debates are resolved. This scholarly book is an important addition to systems and cognitive neuroscience that will be of lasting value to neurobiologists, anatomists, neurologists, neurosurgeons, neuroradiologists, psychiatrists, psychologists, and to their students and trainees.
The Marketers’ Prismatic Palette: A Review of Color Research and Future Directions

Color carries meaning and can influence consumers’ thoughts, feelings and behaviors. Many disciplines, such as neuroscience, psychophysics, visual cognition, and biology have used new technologies to gain insights in understanding the complexities of color perception, yet there exists relatively little research in the field of marketing. This paper aims to reestablish the importance of color research in marketing, draw attention to the complex nature of this research and to fuel further investigation and the development of new insights about color as it relates to marketing. The authors offer an integrated conceptual framework centered on the embodied and referential meanings of color, and highlight the complexities and nuances that researchers must consider in order to develop this area. Insights from and gaps in the extant literature are highlighted to present a set of questions and propositions for future research in this area of investigation.
Perspectives on empirical approaches for ocean color remote sensing of chlorophyll in a changing climate

Phytoplankton biomass and productivity have been continuously monitored from ocean color satellites for over a decade. Yet, the most widely used empirical approach for estimating chlorophyll a (Chl) from satellites can be in error by a factor of 5 or more. Such variability is due to differences in absorption and backscattering properties of phytoplankton and related concentrations of colored-dissolved organic matter (CDOM) and minerals. The empirical algorithms have built-in assumptions that follow the basic precept of biological oceanography—namely, oligotrophic regions with low phytoplankton biomass are populated with small phytoplankton, whereas more productive regions contain larger bloom-forming phytoplankton. With a changing world ocean, phytoplankton composition may shift in response to altered environmental forcing, and CDOM and mineral concentrations may become uncoupled from phytoplankton stocks, creating further uncertainty and error in the empirical approaches. Hence, caution is warranted when using empirically derived Chl to infer climate-related changes in ocean biology. The Southern Ocean is already experiencing climatic shifts and shows substantial errors in satellite-derived Chl for different phytoplankton assemblages. Accurate global assessments of phytoplankton will require improved technology and modeling, enhanced field observations, and ongoing validation of our “eyes in space. ”
LYVE-1, a New Homologue of the CD44 Glycoprotein, Is a Lymph-specific Receptor for Hyaluronan

The extracellular matrix glycosaminoglycan hyaluronan (HA) is an abundant component of skin and mesenchymal tissues where it facilitates cell migration during wound healing, inflammation, and em- bryonic morphogenesis. Both during normal tissue homeostasis and particularly after tissue injury, HA is mobilized from these sites through lymphatic vessels to the lymph nodes where it is degraded before entering the circulation for rapid uptake by the liver. Currently, however, the identities of HA binding molecules which control this pathway are unknown. Here we describe the first such molecule, LYVE-1, which we have identified as a major receptor for HA on the lymph vessel wall. The deduced amino acid sequence of LYVE-1 predicts a 322-residue type I integral membrane polypeptide 41% similar to the CD44 HA receptor with a 212-residue extracellular domain containing a single Link module the prototypic HA binding domain of the Link protein superfamily. Like CD44, the LYVE-1 molecule binds both soluble and immobilized HA. However, unlike CD44, the LYVE-1 molecule colocalizes with HA on the luminal face of the lymph vessel wall and is completely absent from blood vessels. Hence, LYVE-1 is the first lymph-specific HA receptor to be characterized and is a uniquely powerful marker for lymph vessels themselves.
Pre- and Post-operative Comparative Analysis of Serum Lipid Profile in Patients with Cholelithiasis

Background: Gallstones have become a major health problem because of their silent manifestation and unclear pathogenesis. Although the association between the disturbed lipid metabolism and formation of gallstones has been elucidated in many studies, the effect of cholecystectomy on lipid profile has not been studied in detail. Aim: The aim of the present study was to study the effect of cholecystectomy on lipid levels in patients with gallstones. Materials and Methods: The study was conducted on 50 patients with gallstones and 30 healthy volunteers for comparison of lipid levels. Subsequently, cholecystectomy was conducted on patients with gallstones and pre- and post-operative lipid levels were compared. Results: There was a significant decrease in total cholesterol, and triglycerides levels and increase in high-density lipoprotein levels after 1 month of surgery, while low-density lipoprotein levels and very low-density lipoprotein were not statistically changed. Conclusion: Cholecystectomy can significantly improve lipid levels in patients with gallstones.
Effects of Groupthink on Tactical Decision-Making

Abstract : Irving Janis introduced the theory of groupthink in his classic study Victims of Groupthink in 1972. He attempted to determine why groups, often consisting of individuals with exceptional intellect and talent, made irrational decisions. He concluded that groups often experienced groupthink, a mode of thinking that people engage in when they are deeply involved in a cohesive group, when the members striving for unanimity override their motivation to realistically appraise alternative courses of action. His major proposition was groups that displayed groupthink symptoms were more likely to produce poor decision outcomes. His initial works sparked an explosion of research into how group behaviors, biases, and pressures affect group decision-making. Groupthink has become a widely studied and accepted phenomenon. Groupthink is a widely utilized theory in social psychology, organizational theory, group decision-making sciences, and management fields. Research into the phenomenon of groupthink is a pertinent area of study that involves understanding how group processes influence the making of decisions. This includes the analysis of the conditions under which miscalculations; faulty information processing, inadequate surveys of alternatives, and other potentially avoided errors are most probable. Many professional fields have recognized the impact of group behaviors, and specifically the phenomenon of groupthink, on decision-making. Unfortunately, US Army doctrine does not address how group behaviors influence decisions. This is a critical weakness in doctrine since tactical level decision-making and planning occurs in a collaborative group environment. The military decision making process, the Army's doctrinal decision-making process, relies on analysis, inputs, and recommendations from the commander and staff.
Identification of a novel fibroblast growth factor, FGF-23, preferentially expressed in the ventrolateral thalamic nucleus of the brain.

We isolated mouse cDNA encoding a novel FGF (251 amino acids). As this is the 23rd documented FGF, we termed it FGF-23. FGF-23 has a hydrophobic amino terminus ( approximately 24 amino acids), which is a typical signal sequence. As expected, recombinant mouse FGF-23 was efficiently secreted by High Five insect cell-infected recombinant baculovirus containing the cDNA, indicating that FGF-23 is a secreted protein. We also isolated human cDNA encoding FGF-23 (251 amino acids), which is highly identical ( approximately 72% amino acid identity) to mouse FGF-23. Of human FGF family members, FGF-23 is most similar to FGF-21 and FGF-19 ( approximately 24% and approximately 22% amino acid identities, respectively). Human FGF-23 gene was localized on the chromosome 12p13 and found to be tandem linked (within 5.5 kb) to human FGF-6 gene. The expression of FGF-23 mRNA in mouse adult tissues was examined by real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction. FGF-23 mRNA was mainly expressed in the brain and thymus at low levels. The localization of FGF-23 mRNA in the brain was examined by in situ hybridization. FGF-23 mRNA in the brain was found to be preferentially expressed in the ventrolateral thalamic nucleus. Therefore, FGF-23 is expected a unique FGF that plays roles in the function of the ventrolateral thalamic nucleus.
Global DNA hypomethylation occurs in the early stages of intestinal type gastric carcinoma.

BACKGROUND: Global DNA hypomethylation has been found in the premalignant stages of some neoplasms and has been implicated as an important factor for tumour progression. AIMS: The aim of this study was to evaluate whether DNA hypomethylation occurs during the process of gastric carcinogenesis. METHODS: Gastric specimens were obtained from 49 patients and histologically classified as: normal 10, superficial gastritis 14, chronic atrophic gastritis with intestinal metaplasia 15, and intestinal type of gastric carcinoma 10. Global DNA methylation was assessed by incubating DNA with (3H)-S-adenosylmethionine and Sss1 methylase. A higher incorporation of (3H) methyl groups reflects a lower degree of intrinsic methylation. RESULTS: A graduated increase in (3H) methyl group incorporation into DNA was found over the range extending from normal gastric mucosa, to superficial gastritis and to chronic atrophic gastritis (136,556 (24,085) v 235,725 (38,636) v 400,998 (26,747 dpm/micrograms/DNA respectively; p = 0.0002). No further increase was found in specimens from patients with carcinoma. No differences were found between extent of DNA methylation in neoplastic or non-neoplastic mucosa from patients with gastric carcinoma. Hypomethylation of DNA increased substantially with severe atrophy (p = 0.01) or with type III intestinal metaplasia (p = 0.15). CONCLUSIONS: Global DNA hypomethylation occurs in the early stages of gastric carcinogenesis, and it may be a novel biomarker of gastric neoplasia, useful in monitoring the response to chemopreventive agents.
Identifying the Challenges of Iran’s Health Houses and Presenting a Solution

Introduction After more than three decades of network system design, epidemiological transition, as well as the change in needs and expectations of rural communities, have brought some challenges for Iran’s health houses. So, this study is aimed at identifying these challenges through a qualitative study. Methods This was a qualitative and phenomenological study which was carried out in three phases in Iran in 2015. In the first phase, the required data was collected through semi-structured interviews with selected experts, health workers and referrals to Iran’s health houses, so that all were selected purposefully. In the second phase, two expert panels were conducted to provide solutions. In the third phase the strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats were evaluated using the Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities, Threats (SWOT) method. The data of the first two phases were analyzed using the Collaizi method. Results Fourteen subthemes under five themes of ; quality of provided services, human resources, infrastructure, inter-sectorial and intra-sectorial relations, and contextual factors were identified as the challenges of Iran’s health houses, and consist of fourteen sub themes. Continuous education of health workers, equipping and renovating old buildings, improving inter and intra-sectorial relationships and the proportionating workload with a number of workers, were the most important solutions. Conclusion The study showed that, over time, many of the functions of Iran’s health houses have been faced with problems, therefore, training the manpower, equipping Iran’s health houses and creating better public spaces and building culture are recommended to enhance the effectiveness and revisions based on the study.
Multiple faults: modeling, simulation and test

We give an algorithm to model any given multiple stuck-at fault as a single stuck-at fault. The procedure requires insertion of at most n+3 modeling gates, when the multiplicity of the targeted fault is n. We prove that the modeled circuit is functionally equivalent to the original circuit and the targeted multiple fault is equivalent to the modeled single stuck-at fault. The technique allows simulation and test generation for any arbitrary multiple fault in combinational or sequential circuits. We further demonstrate applications to bridging fault modeling, diagnosis, circuit optimization, and testing of multiply-testable faults. The modeling technique has an additional application in a recently published combinational ATPG method for partial-scan circuits in which some lines are split, leading to a transformation of single stuck-at faults into multiple faults.