Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Climate Law and Developing Countries: Legal and Policy Challenges for the World Economy

Contents: 1. Introduction: Climate Law and Developing Countries Benjamin J. Richardson, Yves Le Bouthillier, Heather McLeod-Kilmurray and Stepan Wood PART I: CLIMATE JUSTICE 2. Climate Change, Differentiated Responsibilities and State Responsibility: Devising Novel Legal Strategies for Damage Caused by Climate Change Sumudu Atapattu 3. India's Constitutional Challenge: A Less Visible Climate Change Catastrophe Deepa Badrinarayana 4. Promoting Justice within the International Legal System: Prospects for Climate Refugees Angela Williams 5. Climate Change and Indigenous Peoples in the South Pacific: The Need for Regional and Local Strategies Eric Kwa PART II: EXPANDING THE SCOPE OF THE CLIMATE CHANGE LEGAL REGIMES 6. Supporting Adaptation in Developing Countries at the National and Global Levels Jolene Lin 7. Designing a REDD Mechanism: The TDERM Triptych Claire Stockwell, William Hare and Kirsten Macey 8. The Role of Marine 'Forests' and Soils as Carbon Sinks: Enhanced Bio-Sequestration as a Mitigation Strategy to Help Avoid Dangerous Climate Change Robert Fowler 9. Adaptation to Climate Change to Save Biodiversity: Lessons Learned from African and European Experiences Saja Erens, Jonathan Verschuuren and Kees Bastmeijer PART III: THE CLEAN DEVELOPMENT MECHANISM AND MITIGATION STRATEGIES 10. The Deadlock of the Clean Development Mechanism: Caught between Sustainability, Environmental Integrity and Economic Efficiency Christina Voigt 11. Beautifying Africa for the Clean Development Mechanism: Legal and Institutional Issues Considered Damilola S. Olawuyi 12. Policy and Legal Dimensions of CDM Projects in the Forestry Sector: Implications for Climate Change Mitigation and Adaptation in Uganda Emmanuel B. Kasimbazi 13. Brazilian Policy on Biodiesels: A Sound Means of Mitigating Climate Change? Solange Teles da Silva and Carolina Dutra PART IV: CLIMATE POLICY BRIDGING THE NORTH AND SOUTH 14. Improving Citizen Responsibility in the North and its Consequences for the South: Voluntary Carbon Offsets and Government Involvement Marjan Peeters 15. Climate and Trade in a Divided World: Can Measures Adopted in the North End Up Shaping Climate Change Legislative Frameworks in the South? Francesco Sindico 16. Climate Change in the European Union Development Cooperation Policy Marie-Pierre Lanfranchi and Sandrine Maljean-Dubois Index
Distributed graph pattern matching

Graph simulation has been adopted for pattern matching to reduce the complexity and capture the need of novel applications. With the rapid development of the Web and social networks, data is typically distributed over multiple machines. Hence a natural question raised is how to evaluate graph simulation on distributed data. To our knowledge, no such distributed algorithms are in place yet. This paper settles this question by providing evaluation algorithms and optimizations for graph simulation in a distributed setting. (1) We study the impacts of components and data locality on the evaluation of graph simulation. (2) We give an analysis of a large class of distributed algorithms, captured by a message-passing model, for graph simulation. We also identify three complexity measures: visit times, makespan and data shipment, for analyzing the distributed algorithms, and show that these measures are essentially controversial with each other. (3) We propose distributed algorithms and optimization techniques that exploit the properties of graph simulation and the analyses of distributed algorithms. (4) We experimentally verify the effectiveness and efficiency of these algorithms, using both real-life and synthetic data.
Hydrobiogeochemical Controls on Riparian Nutrient and Greenhouse Gas Dynamics: 10 Years Post‐Restoration

Little is known about the impact of agricultural legacy on subsurface biogeochemical processes in the years following restoration of riparian wetlands (WLs). More knowledge is also needed on the relative importance of seasons, precipitation events, and inputs of water and nutrients driving nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), sulfur (S), and greenhouse gas (GHG) (N2O, CO2, CH4) dynamics in these systems. This investigation of a riparian zone comprising a restored WL area and a nonrestored well‐drained alluvium (AL) area in the United States Midwest revealed that despite successful hydrological restoration a decade earlier, biogeochemical conditions in the WL area remained less anoxic than in natural WLs, and not significantly different from those in the AL area. No significant differences in N, P, S, and C compound concentrations or fluxes were observed between the AL and WL areas. Over the duration of the study, nitrate (NO3−) and soluble reactive phosphorus appeared to be primarily driven by hillslope contributions. Ammonium (NH4+), sulfate (SO42−), and CO2 responded strongly to seasonal changes in biogeochemical conditions in the riparian zone, while N2O and CH4 fluxes were most influenced by large rewetting events. Overall, our results challenge overly simplistic assumptions derived from direct interpretation of redox thermodynamics, and show complex patterns of solutes and GHGs at the riparian zone scale.
Temporal relationship of Vibrio parahaemolyticus in patients and the environment

We prospectively compared the occurrence of Vibrio parahaemolyticus in patients and the environment in the Pacific Northwest. Inpatient and outpatient stool and wound specimens and water samples from 10 estuarine sites were cultured for V. parahaemolyticus over a period of 3 years. V. parahaemolyticus infections were detected in 13 patients (8 with gastroenteritis; 5 with wound infections), and all of the infections were found in outpatients in physicians' offices. Ten of the infections were locally acquired, and three occurred in patients returning from tropical travel. V. parahaemolyticus was isolated from 11 to 33% of the environmental samples, and each sampling site yielded the organism at some time during the study. V. parahaemolyticus was found in the environment only during the summer months, when water temperatures were greater than or equal to 17 degrees C and salinities were less than or equal to 13% (parts per thousand), and locally acquired infections were detected only when the organism was present in large numbers in the environment. We conclude that V. parahaemolyticus causes locally acquired gastroenteritis and wound infections, as well as traveler's diarrhea, in the Pacific Northwest, that patients with V. parahaemolyticus infections are likely to be seen in physicians' offices rather than hospitals, that locally acquired V. parahaemolyticus infections occur only when the organism is present in the environment, and that the organism is likely to be present during the summer months, when warm, low-salinity water conditions prevail in the coastal marine environment.
Ecologia e gestione dei boschi di neoformazione nel paesaggio del Trentino

This book focuses on the features and processes of the recent secondary forests of the Alps, where human and former land use influence is thought to be high, with special emphasis on a central-eastern Italian region (Trento Province). After an historical analysis of the forest changes and their socio-economical driving forces, the author discusses the temporal and spatial patterns of secondary successions leading to the formation of secondary woodlands. The third and fourth chapters deal with the survey method and the general characteristics of these woodlands in the Trento Province. The fifth chapter contains the classification, treatments, including restoration ecology, and dynamics associated to each neo-forest type. The last chapter is concerned with the management actions and planning approaches from the point of view of the abandoned rural and suburban landscapes. Biodiversity concerns, including the opportunities and risks related to forest conversion to the former land use, are outlined. There then follow a dichotomic key for the on-field identification of the neo-forest type and 14 sheets, where many data concerning attributes typical of recent secondary woodlands are reported. Pictures, diagrams and photographs help the reader understand management techniques and ecological characters.
Flow resistance of the interlobular artery in the rat kidney.

The afferent and efferent arterioles are considered to be the most important resistance vessels within the renal vasculature, but there are indications that a pressure drop occurs along the interlobular artery. This pressure drop was investigated from two aspects: 1) In rat kidneys the "stop-flow pressure" in the efferent arterioles was measured with the micropuncture technique. At arterial pressures between 100 and 130 mmHg the stop-flow pressure did not exceed 85 mmHg, which means that the highest pressure at the end of the interlobular artery was 85 mmHg; 2) A mathematical model was constructed, assuming that the diameter of the interlobular artery decreased stepwise from 60 to 10 micrometers. The artery was divided into 20 segments, each segment containing one afferent arteriole. The flow in the afferent arterioles increased linearly from 100 nl . min-1 in the first segment to 130 nl . min-1 in the last segment. When the pressure in the first segment was 120 mmHg, it was calculated that the pressure in the last segment was 85 mmHg. These findings strengthen the theory that the interlobular artery may participate in the regulation of the intracortical blood flow in the rat kidney. We conclude that the afferent arteriole of the most superficial nephron is nearly maximally dilated and that the juxtamedullary nephron is able to either dilate or constrict its arteriole in normotensive and normohydrated rats.
Sequence Stratigraphy in Lacustrine Basins: A Model for part of the Green River Formation (Eocene), Southwest Uinta Basin, Utah, U.S.A.

ABSTRACT In the middle Green River Formation of central Nine Mile Canyon, Uinta Basin, Utah, several lacustrine-dominated intervals 10 m thick comprise aggradational carbonate parasequence sets and a progradational clastic parasequence. Maximum flooding surfaces are best identified within profundal oil shale that caps some of the clastic parasequences. These lacustrine transgressive systems tracts therefore exhibit parasequence stacking patterns unlike typical marine sequences. Two types of sequence boundary are identified. Type A sequence boundaries display evidence for a basinward shift in facies across a regionally mappable surface that is an angular or, rarely, parallel unconformity, and they typically juxtapose amalgamated braided fluvial channel sandstone (late lowstand systems tract) onto the profundal oil shale. They also bound depositional sequences that show a distinct asymmetry, being dominated by transgressive systems tracts 5-80 m thick. Highstand systems tracts are less than 4 m thick and may be removed completely, by erosion on overlying sequence boundaries. Other surfaces satisfy only some of the standard criteria of sequence boundaries and are termed type B sequence boundaries. Type A sequence boundaries mark pronounced base-level falls following times when the Uinta Lake had merged with a lake in an adjacent basin to form a much deeper lake. Such merging permitted the establishment of a new threshold at higher elevation following lake-level balancing. Type B sequence boundaries are interpreted as marking base-level falls from a barely merged lake or a lake that had an outflow. Over a 200 m stratigraphic thickness, type A sequence boundaries are more common upsection, indicating that, with time, a pluvial climate became more pronounced or that the adjacent lake was more easily filled. Type A sequence boundaries also become angular rather than parallel unconformities upsection, suggesting increased tilting of the basin margin over time.
On Reducing Clause DataBase in Glucose

Modern CDCL SAT solvers generally save the variable value when backtracking. We present a measure called nbSAT based on the saved assignment to predict the usefulness of a learnt clause when reducing clause database in Glucose 3.0. Roughly speaking, the nbSAT value of a learnt clause is equal to the number of literals satisﬁed by the current partial assignment plus the number of other literals that would be satisﬁed by the saved assignment. The nbSAT measure is similar to a previous measure called psm which is not implemented in Glucose 3.0. We study the nbSAT measure by empirically showing that it may be more accurate than the LBD measure originally used in Glucose. Based on this study, we implement an improvement in Glucose 3.0 to remove half of learnt clauses with large nbSAT values instead of half of clauses with large LBD values. This improvement, together with a resolution method to keep the learnt clauses or resolvents produced using a learnt clause that subsume an original clause, makes Glucose 3.0 more eﬀective for the application and hard combinatorial instances from the SAT 2014 competition.
BRCA1-induced large-scale chromatin unfolding and allele-specific effects of cancer-predisposing mutations

The breast cancer susceptibility gene BRCA1 encodes a protein that has been implicated in multiple nuclear functions, including transcription and DNA repair. The multifunctional nature of BRCA1 has raised the possibility that the polypeptide may regulate various nuclear processes via a common underlying mechanism such as chromatin remodeling. However, to date, no direct evidence exists in mammalian cells for BRCA1-mediated changes in either local or large-scale chromatin structure. Here we show that targeting BRCA1 to an amplified, lac operator–containing chromosome region in the mammalian genome results in large-scale chromatin decondensation. This unfolding activity is independently conferred by three subdomains within the transactivation domain of BRCA1, namely activation domain 1, and the two BRCA1 COOH terminus (BRCT) repeats. In addition, we demonstrate a similar chromatin unfolding activity associated with the transactivation domains of E2F1 and tumor suppressor p53. However, unlike E2F1 and p53, BRCT-mediated chromatin unfolding is not accompanied by histone hyperacetylation. Cancer-predisposing mutations of BRCA1 display an allele-specific effect on chromatin unfolding: 5′ mutations that result in gross truncation of the protein abolish the chromatin unfolding activity, whereas those in the 3′ region of the gene markedly enhance this activity. A novel cofactor of BRCA1 (COBRA1) is recruited to the chromosome site by the first BRCT repeat of BRCA1, and is itself sufficient to induce chromatin unfolding. BRCA1 mutations that enhance chromatin unfolding also increase its affinity for, and recruitment of, COBRA1. These results indicate that reorganization of higher levels of chromatin structure is an important regulated step in BRCA1-mediated nuclear functions.
Ox-LDL Influences Peripheral Th17/Treg Balance by Modulating Treg Apoptosis and Th17 Proliferation in Atherosclerotic Cerebral Infarction

Background: CD4+CD25+ regulatory T (Treg) cells and T-helper 17 (Th17) cells play important roles in acute cerebral infarction (ACI). Our previous findings have suggested that oxidized low-density lipoprotein (Ox-LDL) could influence Treg/Th17 ratio in ACI patients. However, the mechanisms are still not clear. Methods and Results: We evaluated the effects of ox-LDL on Th17/Treg cell apoptosis and proliferation in vitro. Our results demonstrated that with increased ox-LDL concentrations, the frequency and suppressive function of Treg cells was decreased while the frequency of Th17 cells was elevated in control subjects. In addition, AnnexinV+ apoptotic rate, Fas/Fas ligand (FasL) expression, and Caspase-3 activity were escalated in Treg cells while were no significant changes in Th17 cells. Simultaneously, 5-Bromo-29-Deoxyuridine (BrdU) and 3-(4,5-Dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-Diphenyl Tetrazolium Bromide (MTT) incorporation of Th17 cells was elevated accompanied by upregulated nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) activity. However, Th17 proliferation was decreased when pre-incubated with Pyrrolidine dithiocarbamate (PDTC, inhibitor of NF-κB activation). Furthermore, there were significant changes induced by ox-LDL in Treg apoptosis, Fas/FasL/Caspase-3 expression of Treg cells, and Th17 proliferation, NF-κB activation of Th17 in ACI patients than in patients with transient ischemic attack (TIA) and control subjects (P<0.01, P<0.05 respectively). Conclusion: These data support that ox-LDL may influence the Th17/Treg balance by modulating Fasmediated Treg apoptosis and NF-κB-associated Th17 proliferation. Ox-LDL also induced a more significant alteration of Treg and Th17 in ACI patients than in TIA and control groups, suggesting a novel role in the pathogenesis of ACI.
Helmholtz-Type Regularization Method for Permittivity Reconstruction Using Experimental Phantom Data of Electrical Capacitance Tomography

Electrical capacitance tomography (ECT) attempts to image the permittivity distribution of an object by measuring the electrical capacitance between sets of electrodes placed around its periphery. Image reconstruction in ECT is a nonlinear ill-posed inverse problem, and regularization methods are needed to stabilize this inverse problem. The reconstruction of complex shapes (sharp edges) and absolute permittivity values is a more difficult task in ECT, and the commonly used regularization methods in Tikhonov minimization are unable to solve these problems. In the standard Tikhonov regularization method, the regularization matrix has a Laplacian-type structure, which encourages smoothing reconstruction. A Helmholtz-type regularization scheme has been implemented to solve the inverse problem with complicated-shape objects and the absolute permittivity values. The Helmholtz-type regularization has a wavelike property and encourages variations of permittivity. The results from experimental data demonstrate the advantage of the Helmholtz-type regularization for recovering sharp edges over the popular Laplacian-type regularization in the framework of Tikhonov minimization. Furthermore, this paper presents examples of the reconstructed absolute value permittivity map in ECT using experimental phantom data.
A phase I first‐in‐human study with tefinostat – a monocyte/macrophage targeted histone deacetylase inhibitor – in patients with advanced haematological malignancies

Tefinostat (CHR‐2845) is a monocyte/macrophage targeted histone deacetylase inhibitor (HDACi). This first‐in‐human, standard 3 + 3 dose escalating trial of oral, once daily tefinostat was conducted to determine the safety, tolerability, pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic profile of tefinostat in relapsed/refractory haematological diseases. Eighteen patients were enrolled at doses of 20–640 mg. Plasma concentrations of tefinostat exceeded those demonstrated to give in vitro anti‐proliferative activity. Flow cytometric pharmacodynamic assays demonstrated monocyte‐targeted increases in protein acetylation, without corresponding changes in lymphocytes. Dose‐limiting toxicities (DLTs) were not observed and dose escalation was halted at 640 mg without identification of the maximum tolerated dose. Drug‐related toxicities were largely Common Toxicity Criteria for Adverse Events grade 1/2 and included nausea, anorexia, fatigue, constipation, rash and increased blood creatinine. A patient with chronic monomyelocytic leukaemia achieved a bone marrow response, with no change in peripheral monocytes. An acute myeloid leukaemia type M2 patient showed a >50% decrease in bone marrow blasts and clearance of peripheral blasts. In conclusion, tefinostat produces monocyte‐targeted HDACi activity and is well tolerated, without the DLTs, e.g. fatigue, diarrhoea, thrombocytopenia, commonly seen with non‐targeted HDACi. The early signs of efficacy and absence of significant toxicity warrant further evaluation of tefinostat in larger studies. (clinicaltrials.gov identifier: NCT00820508).
Metodologia exploratória para demilitação de condutos vulcânicos kimberlíticos com o uso do método CSAMT, MG, Brasil

In the present work we present a case history where the Controlled Source Audiomagnetotelluric - CSAMT method have been applied to unveil the geological structure of Regis, a kimberlite pipe in Minas Gerais state, Brazil. The kimberlite outcrops were discovered in the late 1970's by surface geological mapping. Three CSAMT profiles, two striking north-south and the third striking east-west were acquired crossing the kimberlite crater. The Stratagem CSAMT sounding stations, with electrodes and coils laid in the classical cross configuration. Typical site spacing spanned from 50 to 100 m along each profile. The frequency range spanned from 10 Hz to 100 kHz, adequate for shallow investigations (depths less than 500 m). Shallow conductive anomalies were identified and associated to the main kimberlitic body. The present work subsidized the location of two successful drill holes within the studied pipe and allowed a proposition of a new geological model for the pipe.
MONAC: SNS message dissemination over smartphone-based DTN and cloud

In this work, we implemented a messaging system called MONAC, by which users can disseminate Twitter messages via smartphone-based DTN. MONAC is implemented on an overlay network middleware called PIAX. We extended PIAX to enable DTN with dynamic selection of available underlay network and seamless authentication for SNS account of cloud. By these mechanisms, messages can be disseminated via DTN on heterogeneous underlay networks without falsification and user ID frauds.
Analysis of fluid pressure propagation in heterogeneous rocks: Implications for hydrologically‐induced earthquakes

Mathematical models are developed to study the propagation of excess pore pressure in heterogeneous and fractured rocks. For a homogeneous rock, the time needed for a pore pressure front to migrate downward is directly proportional to the square of the depth, and inversely proportional to the permeability of the rock. Variational studies show that pore pressure propagation is highly influenced by the permeability heterogeneity of the crust. The results argue for the importance of accounting for geologic complexity when using mathematical models to estimate the extent of downward transmission of increases in hydraulic heads. The models presented in the paper are used to estimate a range of possible hypocentral depths of periodic seismicity observed near Mt. Ogden on the Alaska‐British Columbia border. The time lag between these earthquakes and hydrologic loading is on the order of days or weeks, indicating a quick response of seismicity to the increased surface water input from rainfall or glacial discharge, if such a causal relationship exists. Our models estimate that the hypocentral depths of these earthquakes could be on the order of several kilometers, if a high degree of vertical interconnectivity of fractures exists.