Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Negotiating Global Nuclearities:

Throughout most of its history, the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) has been portrayed as a technical agency in which geopolitics are either extraneous or inappropriate. This chapter argues that this separation of technology and politics was discursive and never enacted in practice. Looking at the role of South Africa in the early history of the agency, this chapter shows that the IAEA’s technopolitical regime was the continually contested outcome of negotiations between visions of a hierarchical, bipolar global order structured by cold war tensions and visions of a decentralized global order inspired by decolonization. This chapter also explores how dynamics between the apartheid state, decolonizing nations, and the United States inflected the meanings and implications of the “nuclear” in IAEA technopolitics. “Nuclearity”—that is, the degree to which a nation, a program, a policy, a technology, or even a material counted as “nuclear”—was a spectrum, not an on‐off condition. Both nuclearity and its implications emerged in substantive ways from the dynamics between cold war and postcolonial visions of the world.
Experiences of learning French: a snapshot at Years 11, 12 and 13

This paper considers the attitudes of students in Years 11, 12 and 13 towards French and, in particular, how they view the reasons behind their level of achievement. It reports findings from a small-scale pilot study, conducted in four schools and colleges, involving 83 students in Year 11, 26 in Year 12 and 14 in Year 13. The findings indicate that French is perceived by many Year 11 students to be difficult and uninteresting. These students, furthermore, do not consider that French is of much benefit in terms of their future career. The data suggest that there is a tendency among students in all three year groups to attribute their lack of success in French to their own low ability and to the difficulty of tasks set, which, it is argued, may affect their levels of motivation in a negative way. Few students in the study have any insight into the importance of learning strategies in overcoming difficulties experienced in language learning. Students' attitudes are then discussed in relation to learning strategy training. It is argued that if learners are encouraged to explore the possibility that their achievement in French may be related to the efficacy of the learning strategies they use, rather than to factors such as low ability or task difficulty, their self-concept, motivation and language learning achievements can be enhanced. A brief outline is given of a planned research project which proposes to address these issues further.
Nonsense Mutants in the rII A Cistron of Bacteriophage T4

After in vitro treatment of bacteriophage T4 with hydroxylamine (HA), 54 nonsense mutants in the rII A cistron were isolated. These mutants were characterized by growth on suppressor strains of Escherichia coli, and the mutational sites were mapped in the rII A cistron. Twenty-five (9 sites) were amber (UAG), 20 (6 sites) were opal (UGA), and 9 (6 sites) were ochre (UAA). Mapping experiments further indicated that there were three closely linked pairs of amber and opal mutations, conceivably involving mutations occurring in adjacent nucleotides. Based on the specificity of HA mutagenesis (GC → AT), the amino acid codons in which the mutations occurred have been inferred. It is suggested that the three amber-opal pairs arose in tryptophan codons (UGG) and the six ochre mutants arose in glutamine codons (CAA). The six unpaired ambers and the three unpaired opals have been tentatively assigned to glutamine codons (CAG) and arginine codons (CGA), respectively, in the wild-type phage.
Migrant Assemblages: Building Postsocialist Households with Kyrgyz Remittances

More money now flows into developing countries from the remittances of labor migrants than from official foreign aid. To make use of these crucial inflows, migrants rely upon transnational livelihoods strategies to allocate remittances. Remittance practices support individual needs and communal reciprocities by engaging a site of inter-household collaboration. While recent theories of transnational migration situate households prominently within these practices, ethnographic research in Kyrgyzstan reveals that households do not make use of remittances on their own. Communal practices span households by employing relations of debt, reciprocity, and trust. This article seeks to bridge the development literature focused on transnational livelihoods with an anthropological attunement to the social reciprocity of remittances. The resulting assemblages require constant upkeep while exposing social obligations to distortion and normative change.
Evidence for a Causal Role of the Renin-Angiotensin System in Vascular Dysfunction Associated With Insulin Resistance

Abstract—Excess production of superoxide anion in response to angiotensin II plays a central role in the transduction of signal molecules and the regulation of vascular tone. We examined the ability of insulin resistance to stimulate superoxide anion production and investigated the identity of the oxidases responsible for its production. Rats were fed diets containing 60% fructose (fructose-fed rats) or 60% starch (control rats) for 8 weeks. In aortic homogenates from fructose-fed rats, the superoxide anion generated in response to NAD(P)H was more than 2-fold higher than that of control rats. Pretreatment of the aorta from fructose-fed rats with inhibitors of NADPH oxidase significantly reduced superoxide anion production. In the isolated aorta, contraction induced by angiotensin II was more potent in fructose-fed rats compared with control rats. Losartan normalized blood pressure, NAD(P)H oxidase activity, endothelial function, and angiotensin II-induced vasoconstriction in fructose-fed rats. To elucidate the molecular mechanisms of the enhanced constrictor response to angiotensin II, expressions of angiotensin II receptor and subunits of NADPH oxidase were examined with the use of angiotensin II type 1a receptor knockout (AT1a KO) mice. Expression of AT1a receptor mRNA was enhanced in fructose-fed mice, whereas expression of either AT1b or AT2 was unaltered. In addition, protein expression of each subunit of NADPH oxidase was increased in fructose-fed mice, whereas the expression was significantly decreased in fructose-fed AT1a KO mice. The novel observation of insulin resistance-induced upregulation of AT1 receptor expression could explain the association of insulin resistance with endothelial dysfunction and hypertension.
Structural Relationship of Content Trait, Identification, Loyalty on Online Brand Community

The purpose of this study was to investigate contents identification and brand community identification on the brand community. Analysis was performed for the empirical study where important variables of this framework included attractiveness, similarity, intimacy, information quality, contents identification, and community identification, loyalty. I collected the 184 data through survey and analyzed them. The data were recorded and analyzed using the SPSS 14.0 and LSREL 8.30. The brief findings of the study were as below: Given the finding of the study, users who have contents identification directly don`t affect on purchase loyalty. Therefore, company intensifies users` visiting community. Users who consistently visit community have purchase loyalty. Existing studies on online brand community is a study for the identification. This study identified the dimensions of the content attribute of the content identification and brand community identification were examined by questionnaires. Accordingly, the company operating the brand community to provide more useful suggestions.
Partnership, community and the market in careers education and guidance: Conflicting discourses

The guidance system in England and Wales has often been praised for its partnership approach involving schools and the Careers Service, unlike other countries where guidance is the responsibility of one institution. Partnership is examined in the context of the introduction of market principles in education and guidance which has placed accountability at the centre. Drawing on data from empirical research, it is argued that there has been a significant change in the culture and work of both groups of practitioners involved in the guidance partnership and that the partnership approach will continue to be problematic operating under a market orientated system.
An Improved Distance Estimation Algorithm Based on Generalized CRT

In wireless sensor and actuator network(WSAN), in order to determine the location of sensors based on the range-based location techniques, estimating accurately the distances between sensors and actuators is very important. In this paper, based on the analysis of Generalized Chinese Remainder Theorem(CRT), some improvement to the Generalized CRT was made and an improved distance estimation algorithm which can be used in WSAN was proposed. In addition, the derivation and proof of the improved algorithm were provided. The simulation results have shown the validity of this algorithm.
Excessive infant crying and intuitive parental care:Buffering support and its failure in parent-infant interaction

Behavioral microanalyses of early parent‐infant communication have revealed nonconscious adaptive behaviors in the parent which function as effective soothing interventions and may prevent excessive infant crying. Elicited by the infant's subtle non‐cry signals, parental nonconscious interventions facilitate the infant's postpartum physiological, affective, and integrative adaptation, and support non‐cry communication and speech acquisition. Reciprocal interrelations between factors of infant crying and intuitive forms of parental interventions are represented in a psychobiological interactional model predicting twofold outcomes. In one direction, parental interventions may function as a protective buffer which mitigates the effects of factors causing irritability, unexplained fussiness, and abnormal crying in infants until compensatory improvements are gradually achieved. In the other direction, intuitive parental caregiving may fail due to primary unfavorable predispositions and#shor secondarily due to .
Identifying critical windows of exposure for children's health.

Several authors have considered the importance of exposure timing and how this affects the outcomes observed, but no one has systematically compiled preconceptional, prenatal, and postnatal developmental exposures and subsequent outcomes. Efforts were undertaken to examine the information available and to evaluate implications for risk assessment for several areas: a) respiratory and immune systems, b) reproductive system, c) nervous system, d) cardiovascular system, endocrine system, and general growth, and e) cancer. Major conclusions from a workshop on "Critical Windows of Exposure for Children's Health" included a) broad windows of sensitivity can be identified for many systems but detailed information is limited; b) cross-species comparisons of dose to target tissue and better data on the exposure-dose-outcome continuum are needed; c) increased interaction among scientific disciplines can further understanding by using laboratory animal results in designing epidemiological studies and human data to suggest specific laboratory studies on mechanisms and agent-target interactions; and d) thus far, only limited attention has been given to peripubertal/adolescent exposures, adult consequences of developmental exposures, and genome-environment interactions. More specific information on developmental windows will improve risk assessment by identifying the most sensitive window(s) for evaluation of dose-response relationships and exposure, evaluation of biological plausibility of research findings in humans, and comparison of data across species. In public health and risk management, information on critical windows may help identify especially susceptible subgroups for specific interventions. ImagesFigure 3
Extended low-density parity-check codes for feedback-based cooperative diversity schemes

Cooperative diversity or user cooperation achieves the diversity gain without adding physical antennas to the users or mobile stations. The users work in a cooperative fashion by using their single antennas to create a virtual transmit diversity, called relay diversity or cooperative diversity. The diversity gain achieved by cooperative diversity can be further improved using error correction codes. Low-density parity-check (LDPC) codes are linear block codes with good error correction capabilities. The authors present a novel approach using extended LDPC codes to increase the diversity gain in cooperative diversity. The authors also compare the extended LDPC codes with the punctured LDPC codes in a cooperative diversity and show that there is a performance–complexity tradeoff between the punctured and the extended LDPC codes in the cooperative diversity. Furthermore, the authors will propose two feedback-based protocols for cooperative diversity and compare their throughput with non-feedback-based cooperative diversity using extended LDPC codes.
Rationale and Design of ATHENA: A Placebo‐Controlled, Double‐Blind, Parallel Arm Trial to Assess the Efficacy of Dronedarone 400 mg Bid for the Prevention of Cardiovascular Hospitalization or Death from Any Cause in PatiENts with Atrial Fibrillation/Atrial Flutter

Background: Atrial fibrillation (AF) is the most commonly encountered clinical arrhythmia, predominantly affecting elderly patients. There is a continued need for new antiarrhythmic drugs to treat the ever‐increasing number of patients with this arrhythmia. Dronedarone is a new antiarrhythmic compound currently being developed for treatment of AF.
Experience with Bursty Workflow-driven Workloads in LEAD Science Gateway

Workloads created from typical meteorology forecast workflows in LEAD are bursty in nature. As the number of simultaneous workflows increases, the burstiness aggravates and we start to encounter a problem in file transfer failure that can cause the file transfer servers to crash. Our solution addresses the problem by smoothing bursts in file transfer workloads and control for limited resources at the file transfer servers. With this new solution in place, we achieved 0% failure rate whereas it used to be as high as 20%.
Partitioning framework for less restricted partitioning problems

Since the hardware-software partitioning problem is a key aspect of the codesign of digital electronic systems, extensive research has been performed with diverse definitions of partitioning problems. However, existent partitioning solutions are not applicable to many real applications partly because of restricted input specification or insufficient constraints. In this paper, we aim to identify the remaining issues to be solved in order to enlarge the target applications of automatic partitioning. We define the problem space with two curves of input specification and partitioning constraints and position each previous hardware/software partitioning algorithm in that space. We also list some of future partitioning problems that extend both dimensions of the problem space. Finally, we solve one remaining partitioning problem and show the experimental results.
The Costs and Benefits of Sharing: Sequential Individual Rationality and Sequential Fairness

In designing dynamic shared service systems that incentivize customers to opt for shared rather than exclusive service, the traditional notion of individual rationality may be insufficient, as a customer's estimated utility could fluctuate arbitrarily during their time in the shared system, as long as their realized utility at service completion is not worse than that for exclusive service. In this work, within a model that explicitly considers the"inconvenience costs"incurred by customers due to sharing, we introduce the notion of sequential individual rationality (SIR) that requires that the disutility of existing customers is nonincreasing as the system state changes due to new customer arrivals. Next, under SIR, we observe that cost sharing can also be viewed as benefit sharing, which inspires a natural definition of sequential fairness (SF) - the total incremental benefit due to a new customer is shared among existing customers in proportion to the incremental inconvenience suffered. We demonstrate the effectiveness of these notions by applying them to a ridesharing system, where unexpected detours to pick up subsequent passengers inconvenience the existing passengers. Imposing SIR and SF reveals interesting and surprising results, including: (a) natural limits on the incremental detours permissible, (b) exact characterization of"SIR-feasible"routes, which boast sublinear upper and lower bounds on the fractional detours, (c) exact characterization of sequentially fair cost sharing schemes, which includes a strong requirement that passengers must compensate each other for the detour inconveniences that they cause, and (d) new algorithmic problems related to and motivated by SIR.
Protein Clustering and RNA Phylogenetic Reconstruction of the Influenza a Virus NS1 Protein Allow an Update in Classification and Identification of Motif Conservation

The non-structural protein 1 (NS1) of influenza A virus (IAV), coded by its third most diverse gene, interacts with multiple molecules within infected cells. NS1 is involved in host immune response regulation and is a potential contributor to the virus host range. Early phylogenetic analyses using 50 sequences led to the classification of NS1 gene variants into groups (alleles) A and B. We reanalyzed NS1 diversity using 14,716 complete NS IAV sequences, downloaded from public databases, without host bias. Removal of sequence redundancy and further structured clustering at 96.8% amino acid similarity produced 415 clusters that enhanced our capability to detect distinct subgroups and lineages, which were assigned a numerical nomenclature. Maximum likelihood phylogenetic reconstruction using RNA sequences indicated the previously identified deep branching separating group A from group B, with five distinct subgroups within A as well as two and five lineages within the A4 and A5 subgroups, respectively. Our classification model proposes that sequence patterns in thirteen amino acid positions are sufficient to fit >99.9% of all currently available NS1 sequences into the A subgroups/lineages or the B group. This classification reduces host and virus bias through the prioritization of NS1 RNA phylogenetics over host or virus phenetics. We found significant sequence conservation within the subgroups and lineages with characteristic patterns of functional motifs, such as the differential binding of CPSF30 and crk/crkL or the availability of a C-terminal PDZ-binding motif. To understand selection pressures and evolution acting on NS1, it is necessary to organize the available data. This updated classification may help to clarify and organize the study of NS1 interactions and pathogenic differences and allow the drawing of further functional inferences on sequences in each group, subgroup and lineage rather than on a strain-by-strain basis.
Changes in dorsoventral but not rostrocaudal regionalization of the chick neural tube in the absence of cranial notochord, as revealed by expression of Engrailed‐2

Notochord has been implicated in previous studies in both the dorsoventral and rostrocaudal patterning of the developing neural tube. This possibility has been further explored by analyzing the expression of Engrailed‐2 in chick embryos developing with cranial notochord defects. Control embryos containing intact notochords expressed Engrailed‐2 protein within the neural tube and in a subset of the neural crest and overlying surface ectoderm at the future mesencephalon and cranial metencephalon levels. Within the neural tube, expression was confined to cell nuclei in the roof plate and lateral walls; floor plate nuclei directly overlying the notochord typically failed to show expression. After surgical removal of Hensen's node, the source of notochord precursor cells, embryos were cultured through neurulation and assayed for expression of Engrailed‐2 protein. All embryos that partially or completely lacked cranial notochord expressed Engrailed‐2 in a pattern similar to that of control embryos containing intact notochords, except that when notochord and floor plate were absent, Engrailed‐2 was also expressed in the most ventral part of the neural tube. These results indicate that (1) Engrailed‐2 expression is suppressed in the most ventral neural tube owing to induction of the floor plate by the notochord, and (2) that the presence of an underlying notochord is not required for correct rostrocaudal expression, suggesting that multiple pathways act in the patterning of the rudiment of the central nervous system. © 1992 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Antioxidative Activity of Lichen Thamnolia vermicularis in vitro

This study was aimed at evaluating the antioxidant activities of methanol extract of Thamnolia vermicularis. The antioxidant activity, reducing power, superoxide anion radical scavenging and free radical scavenging activities were studied. The antioxidant activity of the extract correlated with its concentration (0.2~2 mg/ml) in the reaction mixtures containing linoleie acid. Upto 67% of lipid peroxidation was inhibited by 2 mg/ml of the lichen extract. The extract showed strong free radical scavenging activity similar to that of BHA (positive control) in a manner of concentration dependent. The lichen extract also showed moderate effects on superoxide anoin scavenging activity and reducing power, which was not so effective as that of Quercetin and BHA used as positive controls. This study suggests that T. vermicularis lichen can be used as a novel source of natural antioxidant.
Comparison of forearm blood flow responses to incremental handgrip and cycle ergometer exercise: relative contribution of nitric oxide

The contribution of endothelium‐derived nitric oxide (NO) to exercise hyperaemia remains controversial. Disparate findings may, in part, be explained by different shear stress stimuli as a result of different types of exercise. We have directly compared forearm blood flow (FBF) responses to incremental handgrip and cycle ergometer exercise in 14 subjects (age ±s.e.m.) using a novel software system which calculates conduit artery blood flow continuously across the cardiac cycle by synchronising automated edge‐detection and wall tracking of high resolution B‐mode arterial ultrasound images and Doppler waveform envelope analysis. Monomethyl arginine (l‐NMMA) was infused during repeat bouts of each incremental exercise test to assess the contribution of NO to hyperaemic responses. During handgrip, mean FBF increased with workload (P < 0.01) whereas FBF decreased at lower cycle workloads (P < 0.05), before increasing at 120 W (P < 0.001). Differences in these patterns of mean FBF response to different exercise modalities were due to the influence of retrograde diastolic flow during cycling, which had a relatively larger impact on mean flows at lower workloads. Retrograde diastolic flow was negligible during handgrip. Although mean FBF was lower in response to cycling than handgrip exercise, the impact of l–NMMA was significant during the cycle modality only (P < 0.05), possibly reflecting the importance of an oscillatory antegrade/retrograde flow pattern on shear stress‐mediated release of NO from the endothelium. In conclusion, different types of exercise present different haemodynamic stimuli to the endothelium, which may result in differential effects of shear stress on the vasculature.