Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Treatment and prevention of heparin-induced thrombocytopenia: Antithrombotic Therapy and Prevention of Thrombosis, 9th ed: American College of Chest Physicians Evidence-Based Clinical Practice Guidelines.

BACKGROUND Heparin-induced thrombocytopenia (HIT) is an antibody-mediated adverse drug reaction that can lead to devastating thromboembolic complications, including pulmonary embolism, ischemic limb necrosis necessitating limb amputation, acute myocardial infarction, and stroke. METHODS The methods of this guideline follow the Methodology for the Development of Antithrombotic Therapy and Prevention of Thrombosis Guidelines: Antithrombotic Therapy and Prevention of Thrombosis, 9th ed: American College of Chest Physicians Evidence-Based Clinical Practice Guidelines in this supplement. RESULTS Among the key recommendations for this article are the following: For patients receiving heparin in whom clinicians consider the risk of HIT to be > 1%, we suggest that platelet count monitoring be performed every 2 or 3 days from day 4 to day 14 (or until heparin is stopped, whichever occurs first) (Grade 2C). For patients receiving heparin in whom clinicians consider the risk of HIT to be < 1%, we suggest that platelet counts not be monitored (Grade 2C). In patients with HIT with thrombosis (HITT) or isolated HIT who have normal renal function, we suggest the use of argatroban or lepirudin or danaparoid over other nonheparin anticoagulants (Grade 2C). In patients with HITT and renal insufficiency, we suggest the use of argatroban over other nonheparin anticoagulants (Grade 2C). In patients with acute HIT or subacute HIT who require urgent cardiac surgery, we suggest the use of bivalirudin over other nonheparin anticoagulants or heparin plus antiplatelet agents (Grade 2C). CONCLUSIONS Further studies evaluating the role of fondaparinux and the new oral anticoagulants in the treatment of HIT are needed.
Stacking enhanced determination of steroids by CE

This study outlines a simple method for pH‐mediated stacking of natural and synthetic steroids facilitated with carboxymethyl‐β‐CD. Sample stacking (10 kV, 60 s) is accomplished with 23 mM carboxymethyl‐β‐CD in 50 mM 3‐[cyclohexylamino]‐1‐propanesulfonic acid buffered at pH 10. Following stacking, steroidal compounds are separated in less than 5 min with a running buffer of 13 mM hydroxypropyl‐β‐CD, 30 mM SDS in 200 mM phosphate buffered at pH 2.5. Using a 60 s electrokinetic injection, the limits of detection of estradiol, ethynyl estradiol, estrone, hydroxyprogesterone, progesterone, and 11‐ketotestosterone range from 2 to 14 nM. For all steroids, the within‐day and day‐to‐day reproducibility in migration time is ≤1 and ≤2% RSD, respectively. The within‐day and day‐to‐day reproducibility in peak area is ≤9 and ≤22% RSD, respectively. The method is applied to fish plasma and holds potential to profile multiple steroids in a single biological sample.
European integration and monetary unification: Configurations, fiscal and monetary policy design and institutional development

It is generally accepted that European Economic and Monetary Union (EMU) is driven mainly by political rather than economic forces, although the economics literature in this area has focused largely on the economic dimensions rather than the interaction between economic and political factors. This paper explores the interaction between the political driving forces behind further integration in Europe and the perceptions of economic benefits to be derived by Member States. It evaluates the various configurations that could result from EMU, and how these may impact on other activities of the EU. Also, the paper considers the design of fiscal and monetary policy for a monetary union and the consequent development of community institutions.
Extending Economy-wide Models with Environment-related Parts

The aims of this paper are to review and discuss the state-of-the-art in some applied general equilibrium models, and to analyze what kinds of variables and modules should be included in an integrated environmental and economic model. The environment-economy framework is discussed A system of integrated environmental and economic accounting will improve the basic description frame and supply a database for constructing integrated environmental-economic models. Data on natural assets and their functions for human society, such as raw materials, a sink to absorb and recycle waste products, and other environmental services, are then essential. The valuation of the economic use of natural assets is problematic, because they often have non-market values. Measurements which include physical units, non-market valuation, optimal values and non-use values are outlined. A general equilibrium approach for environmental economics provides a conceptual theoretical framework for the construction of integrated environmental-economic models. Extensions of input-output models to represent interactions between the environ-ment and the economy provide an empirically oriented approach. Advanced large-scale models could integrate these two kinds of framework. How these kinds of models have succeeded in practice is considered in a review of a sample of models. Finally, possible extensions to the models are considered
Local Bargaining in the National Health Service: New Approaches to Employee Relations

This research uses the establishment of local bargaining arrangements in the National Health Service (NHS) to examine managerial employee relations objectives. It finds a continued commitment to pluralism and a rejection of an HRM approach. Change is taking place, possibly involving a shift towards a consultative style, in a traditional industrial relations framework.
The Impact of European Integration on Regional Power

This article seeks to unravel ambiguity in analysis about the impact of European integration on sub-state regions' political power. In the literature there are arguments that integration empowers, disempowers and has no effect on regional power. In order to address this ambiguity and to contribute to theory-building, I develop a theoretical framework sensitive to multiple means by which integration can affect multiple sources of regional power, and apply it to the study of the Basque Country. The conclusion that European integration undermines Basque political power suggests that integration may, in some cases, be more a danger to, than a liberator of, regions.
Extending trust and mutual trust in business relationships towards a synchronised trust chain in marketing channels

Although trust is discussed widely in the literature, there are still discrepancies in the existing conceptualisations of the trust concept. These are usually either unidirectional or bi‐directional, and a limited or narrow approach is usually applied or taken into consideration. There is an apparent lack of mutual and simultaneous considerations beyond the dyadic business relationship. It is argued that an approach beyond dyadic business relationships is necessary to truly understand the trust between two actors in a marketing channel. In the first place, the trust in other upstream and downstream dyadic business relationships affects the trust in the dyad at focus. At the same time, the dyadic business relationship at focus is affected by upstream and downstream trust in other dyadic business relationships. Therefore, a generic model of the synchronised trust chain concept is introduced, as well as managerial implications and research proposals in the area.
Complex signatures of natural selection at the Duffy blood group locus.

The Duffy blood group locus (FY) has long been considered a likely target of natural selection, because of the extreme pattern of geographic differentiation of its three major alleles (FY*B, FY*A, and FY*O). In the present study, we resequenced the FY region in samples of Hausa from Cameroon (fixed for FY*O), Han Chinese (fixed for FY*A), Italians, and Pakistanis. Our goals were to characterize the signature of directional selection on FY*O in sub-Saharan Africa and to understand the extent to which natural selection has also played a role in the extreme geographic differentiation of the other derived allele at this locus, FY*A. The data from the FY region are compared with the patterns of variation observed at 10 unlinked, putatively neutral loci from the same populations, as well as with theoretical expectations from the neutral-equilibrium model. The FY region in the Hausa shows evidence of directional selection in two independent properties of the data (i.e., level of sequence variation and frequency spectrum), observations that are consistent with the FY*O mutation being the target. The Italian and Chinese FY data show patterns of variation that are very unusual, particularly with regard to frequency spectrum and linkage disequilibrium, but do not fit the predictions of any simple model of selection. These patterns may represent a more complex and previously unrecognized signature of positive selection.
Structural adjustment comes to Europe: Lessons for the Eurozone from the conditionality debates

This article argues that the Economic Adjustment Programmes (EAPs) that came with loans to peripheral Eurozone members Greece, Ireland, Portugal, and now Cyprus, are very similar to the loans with conditionality, also known as Structural Adjustment Programs, that international financial institutions used as a policy tool in the 1980s and 1990s. It defines structural adjustment programs and then shows how Eurozone rules plus the EAPs resemble them. It then canvasses the literature evaluating structural adjustment in the developing world in order to formulate expectations for its performance in Europe. The conclusions from the large literature on structural adjustment policies suggest that the EAPs will: be badly implemented; be neutral or bad for growth; be bad for equity and the poor; have unpredictable policy consequences; and will allow incumbent elites to preserve their positions. Preliminary evidence from the four peripheral countries confirms that the same problems are afflicting EAPs.
The Effect of Information Presentation Structures on Audit Planning and Review Judgments

This study examines the effect of data structuring techniques on audit judgments by comparing responses based on information cues arranged according to a hierarchically structured template with the response to identical cues arranged in a simple list. Forty auditors, at five different levels of expertise, reviewed the audit strategy of a hypothetical senior and provided evaluations of the original plan, a revised set of plans, and reports of their difficulty in making the required judgments. The experimental task involved 16 cases, in which types of transaction processing systems (i.e., manual and computerized), and internal control cues, were manipulated in addition to the format of presenting information. Structure of information presentation appears to play a significant role in the evaluations and plans of the auditors, but is considered to contribute substantially to the difficulty of making judgments. In most cases, structure appears to contribute to uniformity of responses; but, in some instances it actually seems to exaggerate differences in auditors' judgments.
Method for detecting low-rate attacks on basis of burst-state duration using quick packet-matching function

Conventional flow-monitoring methods, such as sFlow, cannot detect low-rate HTTP GET Flooding denial of service (DoS) attacks, which are a threat even if the traffic rate is low. To solve this problem, we propose a method for detecting DoS attacks on the basis of the burst-state duration of traffic calculated using a quick packet-matching function of a general router such as TCAM. In addition, we prove that the burst-state duration is a good feature for distinguishing a normal user's traffic from a client to a server and low-rate HTTP-GET-Flooding attacker's traffic. Furthermore, we explain the results of an actual equipment evaluation carried out to evaluate the false-negative rate of our method and sFlow in an actual use case. The result shows that the proposed method is superior under the condition that the attack-traffic rate is low. The results also show that the proposed method can reliably detect such attacks under this condition.
Correlation of tumor suppressor P53 RNA expression with human immunodeficiency virus disease in rapid and slow progressors.

OBJECTIVE To determine the relation between P53 tumor suppressor RNA expression and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) disease progression. STUDY DESIGN/METHODS A quantitative assay of P53 RNA expression was used to analyze a cohort of HIV-negative persons. The assay was then used in longitudinal and cross-sectional studies of HIV slow and rapid progressors. RESULTS We demonstrate first that P53 expression in peripheral blood mononuclear cells from HIV-1-seronegative persons is minimal. Longitudinal studies in a small cohort of HIV-1-infected slow and rapid progressors reveal that rapid progressors seem to have greater P53 RNA expression over time. This was validated in a cohort of 26 HIV-1-infected persons in whom the expression of P53 RNA was significantly greater in persons with rapid progression of HIV-1 disease. CONCLUSION These data suggest that P53 RNA expression may play a role in the pathogenesis of HIV-1 disease, though the mechanism of this interaction remains unknown.
IcsA, a polarly localized autotransporter with an atypical signal peptide, uses the Sec apparatus for secretion, although the Sec apparatus is circumferentially distributed

Asymmetric localization of proteins is essential to many biological functions of bacteria. Shigella IcsA, an outer membrane protein, is localized to the old pole of the bacillus, where it mediates assembly of a polarized actin tail during infection of mammalian cells. Actin tail assembly provides the propulsive force for intracellular movement and intercellular dissemination. Localization of IcsA to the pole is independent of the amino‐terminal signal peptide (Charles, M., Perez, M., Kobil, J.H., and Goldberg, M.B., 2001, Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 98: 9871–9876) suggesting that IcsA targeting occurs in the bacterial cytoplasm and that its secretion across the cytoplasmic membrane occurs only at the pole. Here, we characterize the mechanism by which IcsA is secreted across the cytoplasmic membrane. We present evidence that IcsA requires the SecA ATPase and the SecYEG membrane channel (translocon) for secretion. Our data suggest that YidC is not required for IcsA secretion. Furthermore, we show that polar localization of IcsA is independent of SecA. Finally, we demonstrate that while IcsA requires the SecYEG translocon for secretion, components of this apparatus are uniformly distributed within the membrane. Based on these data, we propose a model for coordinate polar targeting and secretion of IcsA at the bacterial pole.
Reducing performance impact of process variation for data caches

In concurrent with finer-granular process technologies, it is becoming extremely difficult to keep critical physical device parameters within desired bounds, including channel length, gate oxide thickness, and dopant ion concentration. Variations in these parameters can lead to dramatic variations in access latencies in Static Random Access Memory (SRAM) devices: Different lines of the same cache may have different access latencies. A simple solution to this problem is to adopt the worst-case latency paradigm. While this egalitarian cache management is simple, it may introduce significant performance overhead for data cache accesses. To overcome varying access latencies across different data cache lines, we employ a small table storing the access latencies of cache lines. This table is accessed during data cache access to give a hint to the hardware about how long to wait for data to become available.
An empirical model of the relationships between manufacturing capabilities

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to examine the relationships between strategic manufacturing capabilities, particularly whether they are cumulative or trade‐off in nature.Design/methodology/approach – Uses statistical analyses, particularly structural equation modelling based on data from the third round of the International Manufacturing Strategy Survey.Findings – Finds mostly cumulative effects between the strategic capabilities. Shows that “quality” is a basis for “delivery”, which is a basis for “flexibility” and “cost”; between “flexibility” and “cost” an unclear relationship is found. Whether “flexibility” and “cost” are pursued exclusively or simultaneously seems to be connected with the implementation of certain improvement programmes.Research limitations/implications – Results cannot be interpreted in a prescriptive way, but only as descriptive findings stemming from a large empirical database. Future research in this area needs to be extended by longitudinal analyses and simulation studie.
A Correction Method for DVL Measurement Errors by Attitude Dynamics

Due to the random wave motions as well as the vehicle’s movement pattern changes, the attitude dynamics (including heading, pitch, and roll motions) of the vehicle induced degrades the accuracy of doppler velocity log (DVL), which is a key element in deciding the precision of strapdown inertial navigation system (SINS)/DVL integrated navigation system. In this paper, the effects of heading, pitch and roll dynamics are first analyzed separately. Then, the general error model for DVL measurement errors caused by attitude dynamics is established. In the modeling process, the changes of angular position and angular rate between the DVL signal transmission and reception instant are considered. Subsequently, by utilizing the established error model, a correction method based on the real-time attitude information from SINS/DVL system is presented. Finally, the performance of the proposed method is examined through numerical simulations in which typical scenarios with a series of attitude dynamics are used. Simulation results show that the errors can be effectively corrected by using the correction method. This contributes to an improved positioning accuracy of SINS/DVL navigation.
Elevated admission systolic blood pressure after blunt trauma predicts delayed pneumonia and mortality.

BACKGROUND Although avoiding hypotension is a primary focus after trauma, elevated systolic blood pressure (SBP) is frequently disregarded. The purpose of this study was to determine the association between elevated admission SBP and delayed outcomes after trauma. METHODS The Los Angeles County Trauma System Database was queried for all patients between 2003 and 2008 with blunt injuries who survived for at least 2 days after admission. Demographics and outcomes (pneumonia and mortality) were compared at various admission SBP subgroups (≥160 mm Hg, ≥170 mm Hg, ≥180 mm Hg, ≥190 mm Hg, ≥200 mm Hg, ≥210 mm Hg, and ≥220 mm Hg). Patients with moderate-to-severe traumatic brain injury (TBI), defined as head Abbreviated Injury Score ≥3, were then identified and compared with those without using multivariable logistic regression. RESULTS Data accessed from 14,382 blunt trauma admissions identified 2,601 patients with moderate-to-severe TBI (TBI group) and 11,781 without moderate-to-severe TBI (non-TBI group) who were hospitalized ≥2 days. Overall mortality was 2.9%, 7.1% for TBI patients, and 1.9% for non-TBI patients. Overall pneumonia was 4.6%, 9.5% for TBI patients, and 3.6% for non-TBI patients. Regression modeling determined SBP ≥160 mm Hg was a significant predictor of mortality in TBI patients (adjusted odds ratio [AOR], 1.59; confidence interval [CI], 1.10-2.29; p = 0.03) and non-TBI patients (AOR, 1.47; CI, 1.14-1.90; p = 0.003). Similarly, SBP ≥160 mm Hg was a significant predictor for increased pneumonia in TBI patients (AOR, 1.79; CI, 1.30-2.46; p = 0.0004), compared with non-TBI patients (AOR, 1.28; CI, 0.97-1.69; p = 0.08). CONCLUSIONS In blunt trauma patients with or without TBI, elevated admission SBP was associated with worse delayed outcomes. Prospective research is necessary to determine whether algorithms that manage elevated blood pressure after trauma, especially after TBI, affect mortality or pneumonia.
Perceived Depth in the ‘Sieve Effect’ and Exclusive Binocular Rivalry

An impression of a surface seen through holes is created when one fuses dichoptic pairs of discs, with one member of each pair black and the other member white. This is referred to as the ‘sieve effect’. The stimulus contains no positional disparities. Howard (1995, Perception 24 67–74) noted qualitatively that the sieve effect occurs when the rivalrous regions are within the range of sizes, contrasts, and relative sizes where exclusive rivalry occurs, rather than binocular lustre, stimulus combination, or dominant rivalry. This suggests that perceived depth in the sieve effect should be at a maximum when exclusive rivalry is most prominent. We used a disparity depth probe to measure the magnitude of perceived depth in the sieve effect as a function of the sizes, contrasts, and relative sizes of the rivalrous regions. We also measured the rate of exclusive rivalry of the same stimuli under the same conditions. Perceived depth and the rate of exclusive rivalry were affected in the same way by each of the three variables. Furthermore, perceived depth and the rate of exclusive rivalry were affected in the same way by changes in vergence angle, although the configuration of the stimulus surface was held constant. These findings confirm the hypothesis that the sieve effect is correlated with the incidence of exclusive rivalry.
VC investments and global exits

This paper examines exits of UK venture capital backers (VCs) from portfolio companies around the world. Mergers and acquisitions (M&A) are the most frequently used exit route for all investments, both in the UK and abroad. Exit through M&A is particularly common for investments in the UK while the probability of an exit through an initial public offering (IPO) is substantially lower for investments made in the UK than abroad. We are able to explain these country differences in terms of variations in the characteristics of VCs, portfolio companies, legal systems and market conditions. Portfolio companies backed by experienced VCs have high probabilities of exits through M&A or IPO. A successful exit is more likely when a VC syndicate includes an experienced member. The likelihood of a successful exit through M&A, IPO or management buyouts is high in countries with, and at times of, high stock market liquidity. Legal systems that provide more investor protection facilitate exits through IPO or M&A.
Entrepreneurship in ethnic groups: the case of the multicultural city of Thessaloniki, Greece

The present research concentrates on the areas of ethnic groups and entrepreneurship. Following a short outline of theoretical aspects of the concepts of entrepreneurship and ethnicity, this paper presents preliminary empirical data from an ongoing qualitative research in the city of Thessaloniki, Greece. The initial findings of this research point to the fact that entrepreneurs were influenced in their majority by negative 'push' factors towards self-employment. They made use of extensive networks of identity, family and community resources to acquire business information and inside knowledge of market opportunities and have a strong family aspiration; family participation and support is clearly evident in almost all cases.