Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Optimized Edge Detection Using Fuzzy and Wavelet De-Blurred Image Threshold

In image processing edge detection is an essential topic. We propose a new method for a simple edge detection and fast computation using fuzzy logic ru le . We compare proposed edge detector to other exis ting edge detectors such as sobel edge detector, canny edge d tector, and prewit edge detector. In addition it a lso deblurred the images efficiently and effectively. We present a ne w image deblurred method: wavelet image threshold d e blurring. In these wavelet coefficients of an image that rela ted to an image’s edges are primarily detected by w avelet edge detection. The detected wavelet coefficients will t hen be saving from de blurring; therefore we set a de blurring thresholds based on the blurring variances without disturbing of image edge. Proposed work can save i mage’s edges from noise and step up the PSNR up to 1-2db.If we c ombine both image de blurring and edge detection of image. We can get rid of commonly used de blurred methods and also can detect image effectively &efficiently.
Pattern matching technique on fragmented and Out-of-Order packet streams for Intrusion Detection System

Fragmentation is the term given to the process of breaking down an IP datagram into smaller packets to be transmitted over different types of network media and then reassembling them at the other end. In most cases, depending upon the actual security device defending the network, there are typically multiple fragmentation techniques and packet size combinations capable of squeezing and exploiting protection device on a network. In this paper we present an efficient algorithm for regular expression matching on streams with fragmented and out of order data, while maintaining a small state and without complete stream reconstruction. It improves the performance of Intrusion Detection System for detecting the fragmented and Out-of-Order packet attack.
The Age of Avatar Realism

Recent advances in affect recognition, facial expression synthesis, and speech synthesis are giving nonexperts access to tools for performing live manipulation of audio and video streams, as well as control signals for telepresence robots. We apply the vocabulary of security protocol analysis to this new environment, considering how changes in technology call into question assumptions of trust that seem natural to users of video teleconferencing and robot telepresence.
Cross-layer routing optimization for centralized multi-hop cognitive radio networks

In this paper, we investigate a cross-layer routing framework for centralized multi-hop cognitive radio networks in TV white spaces. Our Cross-layer routing focuses on joint spectrum allocation and power control. The problem is mathematically modeled as mixed integer nonlinear program that requires an appropriate solution methodology. We examined a solution based on nonlinear terms relaxation in conjunction with Branch-and-Bound algorithm. The operation, effectiveness and performance of the proposed technique are evaluated through analysis and simulations under various working conditions. The obtained numerical results indicate the benefits of the proposed technique in terms of channel assignment, flow rate, and the assigned power level for each link.
Identifying Reliable Workers Swiftly

We study the evaluation and replacement of workers in a crowdsourcing system. We focus on evaluation based on result disagreement among workers, and on policies that replace low accuracy workers with fresh ones from a large pool. We study how long it takes the system to identify an active set of high accuracy workers, and the achieved accuracy of the selected workers. We study through simulations the dynamics of such a system, and we propose a rule of thumb that is helpful for selecting parameters of the evaluation/replacement algorithm.
The relative importance of birds and insects as pollinators of the New Zealand flora

Native birds may have been underestimated as pollinators of the New Zealand flora due to their early decline in abundance and diversity on the mainland. This paper reconsiders the relative importance of birds and insects as pollinators to eight native flowering plants, representing a range of pollination syndromes, on two offshore island refuges. Experimental manipulations were made on five of these plant species to assess the relative effectiveness of bird and insect visitors as pollinators. In addition, foraging behaviour and the respective morphologies of flowers and visitors were measured at all eight plants to identify the main pollinators. The experimental measures showed that percentage fruit set was significantly higher in flowers exposed to birds than flowers from which birds were excluded in all manipulated plants. The observational measures revealed that for six of the flowering species (Sophora microphylla, Vitex lucens, Pittosporum crassifolium, Pittosporum umbellatum, Pseudopanax arboreus and Dysoxylum spectabile) the endemic honeyeaters were most likely to meet the conditions necessary for successful pollination. For the remaining two species (Metrosideros excelsa and Geniostoma ligustrifolium) the contribution by honeyeaters and insects to pollination was equivalent. The results suggest that the role of the endemic honeyeaters in pollination of the New Zealand flora, and the subsequent regeneration of native forest ecosystems, should be important considerations in ecosystem management.
Interactive data exploration with smart drill-down

We present smart drill-down, an operator for interactively exploring a relational table to discover and summarize “interesting” groups of tuples. Each group of tuples is described by a rule. For instance, the rule (a, b, *, 1000) tells us that there are a thousand tuples with value a in the first column and b in the second column (and any value in the third column). Smart drill-down presents an analyst with a list of rules that together describe interesting aspects of the table. The analyst can tailor the definition of interesting, and can interactively apply smart drill-down on an existing rule to explore that part of the table. We demonstrate that the underlying optimization problems are NP-HARD, and describe an algorithm for finding the approximately optimal list of rules to display when the user uses a smart drill-down, and a dynamic sampling scheme for efficiently interacting with large tables. Finally, we perform experiments on real datasets on our experimental prototype to demonstrate the usefulness of smart drill-down and study the performance of our algorithms.
Septopreoptic Holoprosencephaly: A Mild Subtype Associated with Midline Craniofacial Anomalies

SUMMARY: HPE is a congenital brain malformation characterized by failure of the prosencephalon to divide into 2 hemispheres. We have identified 7 patients who have a mild subtype of HPE in which the midline fusion was restricted to the septal region or preoptic region of the telencephalon. This subtype, which we call septopreoptic HPE, falls in the spectrum of lobar HPE, but lacks significant frontal neocortical fusion seen in lobar HPE. Other imaging characteristics include thickened or dysplastic fornix, absent or hypoplastic anterior CC, and single unpaired ACA. The SP was fully formed in 4, partially formed in 2, and absent in 1. Mild midline craniofacial malformation, such as SMMCI and CNPAS were found in 86% and 71%, respectively. Patients outside of infancy often manifested language delay, learning disabilities, or behavioral disturbances, while motor function was relatively spared.
Scalability of a mobile cloud management system

Ubiquitous network access allows people to access an ever increasing range of services from a variety of mobile terminals, including laptops, tablets and smartphones. A flexible and economically efficient way of provisioning such services is through Cloud Computing. Assuming that several cloud-enabled datacenters are made available at the edges of the Internet, service providers may take advantage of them by optimally locating service instances as close as possible to their users. By localizing traffic at the edges of access networks, such an approach may result beneficial for both service and network providers. In this paper we present Follow-Me Cloud (FMC), a technology developed at NEC Laboratories Europe that allows transparent migration of services in TCP/IP networks, thanks to the dynamic configuration of a set of coordinated OpenFlow switches located at the edge of the network. In particular, in this paper we analyze the scalability properties of an FMC-based system and propose a role separation strategy based on distribution of control plane functions which enables scale-out of the system. By means of simulation, we prove that the application of the proposed separation strategy results in less state retained by individual OpenFlow controllers and in more effective localization of network traffic.
Real or Fake?: human judgments about photographs and computer-generated images of faces

While efforts to create realistic images have generated break-throughs in computer graphics modeling, there has been little research to date on factors causing people to perceive images as real versus computer-generated (CG). The motivation of the current experiment is to begin investigating such factors. We showed both computer-graphics experts and laypersons real photos and CG images. Photo and CG images were of three types: original, modified to show only intrinsic reflectance components, and modified to show only intrinsic shading components (grayscale). Participants judged whether each image was a real photo or a CG image. Results showed that visual realism depends not only on image properties, but also on cognitive characteristics of viewers. Shading was especially crucial for visual realism. Color was also important. Experts outperformed laypersons, but their advantage was limited to grayscale images. This research at the interface between human cognition and computer vision is a starting point for investigating the factors underlying visual realism.
Low-dose radiation activates Nrf1/2 through reactive species and the Ca2+/ERK1/2 signaling pathway in human skin fibroblast cells

In the current study, we explored the effect of LDR on the activation of Nrfs transcription factor involved in cellular redox events. Experiments were carried out utilizing 0.05 and 0.5 Gy X-ray irradiated normal human skin fibroblast HS27 cells. The results showed LDR induced Nrf1 and Nrf2 activation and expression of antioxidant genes HO-1, Mn-SOD, and NQO1. In particular, 0.05 Gy-irradiation increased only Nrf1 activation, but 0.5 Gy induced both Nrf1 and Nrf2 activation. LDR-mediated Nrf1/2 activation was accompanied by reactive species (RS) generation and Ca2+ flux. This effect was abolished in the presence of N-acetyl-cysteine and BAPTA- AM. Furthermore, Nrf1/2 activation by LDR was suppressed by PD98059, an inhibitor of ERK1/2. In conclusion, LDR induces Nrf1 and Nrf2 activation and expression of Nrf-regulated antioxidant defense genes through RS and Ca2+/ERK1/2 pathways, suggesting new insights into the molecular mechanism underlying the beneficial role of LDR in HS27 cells. [BMB Reports 2013; 46(5): 258-263]
Clustering Categorical Data Using Hierarchies (CLUCDUH)

Clustering large populations is an important problem when the data contain noise and different shapes. A good clustering algorithm or approach should be efficient enough to detect clusters sensitively. Besides space complexity, time complexity also gains importance as the size grows. Using hierarchies we developed a new algorithm to split attributes according to the values they have and choosing the dimension for splitting so as to divide the database roughly into equal parts as much as possible. At each node we calculate some certain descriptive statistical features of the data which reside and by pruning we generate the natural clusters with a complexity of O(n). Keywords—Clustering, tree, split, pruning, entropy, gini.
Effective near-duplicate image retrieval with image-specific visual phrase selection

Near-duplicate image retrieval (NDIR) is an important topic for many applications such as multimedia content management, copyright infringement identification et al. In this work we propose a novel NDIR framework based on visual phrase. Compared with previous researches, this paper first introduces a spatial visual phrase (SVP) model enabling to capture relative geometry information between visual words. Then, it proposes an image-specific strategy to select descriptive SVPs. The strategy can not only handle the phrase sparseness problem which occurs in traditional selection strategy but also allow to select visual phrases according to the characteristic of each image. Experiments are carried out over Ukbench dataset and TRECVID dataset respectively, and encouraging experimental results demonstrate that both the SVP model and the selection strategy significantly improve the overall performance.
Oscillating expression of c-Hey2 in the presomitic mesoderm suggests that the segmentation clock may use combinatorial signaling through multiple interacting bHLH factors.

Vertebrate somitogenesis comprises the generation of a temporal periodicity, the establishment of anteroposterior compartment identity, and the translation of the temporal periodicity into the metameric pattern of somites. Molecular players at each of these steps are beginning to be identified. Especially, members of the Notch signaling cascade appear to be involved in setting up the somitogenesis clock and subsequent events. We had previously demonstrated specific expression of the mHey1 and mHey2 basic helix-loop-helix (bHLH) factors during somitogenesis. Here we show that perturbed Notch signaling in Dll1 and Notch1 knockout mutants affects this expression in the presomitic mesoderm (PSM) and the somites. In the caudal PSM, however, mHey2 expression is maintained and thus is likely to be independent of Notch signaling. Furthermore, we analysed the dynamic expression of the respective chicken c-Hey1 and c-Hey2 genes during somitogenesis. Not only is c-Hey2 rhythmically expressed across the chicken presomitic mesoderm like c-hairy1, but its transcription is similarly independent of de novo protein synthesis. In contrast, the dynamic expression of c-Hey1 is restricted to the anterior segmental plate. Both c-Hey genes are coexpressed with c-hairy1 in the posterior somite half. Further in vitro and in vivo interaction assays demonstrated direct homo- and heterodimerisation between these hairy-related bHLH proteins, suggesting a combinatorial action in both the generation of a temporal periodicity and the anterior-posterior somite compartmentalisation.
On causal and constructive modeling of belief change

The process of changing beliefs as a result of accepting the new information is often called Belief revision. It occupies a central position in the area of philosophy, theoretical computer science and logic. However, problem of Belief revision in general is how an agent revises her current beliefs when new information obtained from reliable and evidential source contradicts some of the old beliefs, while preserving the core beliefs. One of the key aspects of the problem of changing beliefs is to provide a means of accommodating new information causing minimal change to the beliefs already held by an agent. Therefore, providing an appropriate mechanism for ordering beliefs in the belief revision is important. This dissertation is a contribution to the study of belief revision from both causal and constructive perspective. Modeling of belief revision address the following general question: Given an initial knowledge base and a new piece of information to be incorporated into it, what should be the appropriate ordering of beliefs so that less entrenched beliefs are lost when compared to more entrenched beliefs. In this study we focus on \emph{causal relevance} and propose a new entrenchment ordering, called as causal epistemic entrenchment (CEE). We ground it on a solid semantic foundation by making use of structure, intervention, causal properties, and causal mechanism. The key idea of such an entrenchment ordering is that not all conditional beliefs in a belief set are important and hence not all beliefs would be relevant for the Belief revision. Precisely, the thesis makes the following contributions. 1. Motivated by scientific theory change in the philosophy and history of science in the context of causality, we present an explanatory approach to model belief revision based on the notion causal relevance. However, our formulation of causal relevance is based on semantic considerations such as structure, intervention, causal process, and causal mechanism. 2. Development of a new entrenchment ordering namely the Causal Epistemic Entrenchment (CEE), suitable for prioritizing conditional beliefs in the belief revision process. It works better especially in preserving the core beliefs, and cases arising from iterated belief revision, theory choice, and the causal dependencies of beliefs. 3. We explored the link between causality and the dynamics of beliefs while emphasizing on causal consistency apart from the logicalconsistency.
Volcano Plots in Analyzing differential Expressions with mRNA microarrays

A volcano plot displays unstandardized signal (e.g. log-fold-change) against noise-adjusted/standardized signal (e.g. t-statistic or -log(10)(p-value) from the t-test). We review the basic and interactive use of the volcano plot and its crucial role in understanding the regularized t-statistic. The joint filtering gene selection criterion based on regularized statistics has a curved discriminant line in the volcano plot, as compared to the two perpendicular lines for the "double filtering" criterion. This review attempts to provide a unifying framework for discussions on alternative measures of differential expression, improved methods for estimating variance, and visual display of a microarray analysis result. We also discuss the possibility of applying volcano plots to other fields beyond microarray.
Classic Selective Sweeps Were Rare in Recent Human Evolution

Much human genetic variation is likely due to purifying selection against deleterious mutations. Efforts to identify the genetic basis of human adaptations from polymorphism data have sought footprints of “classic selective sweeps” (in which a beneficial mutation arises and rapidly fixes in the population). Yet it remains unknown whether this form of natural selection was common in our evolution. We examined the evidence for classic sweeps in resequencing data from 179 human genomes. As expected under a recurrent-sweep model, we found that diversity levels decrease near exons and conserved noncoding regions. In contrast to expectation, however, the trough in diversity around human-specific amino acid substitutions is no more pronounced than around synonymous substitutions. Moreover, relative to the genome background, amino acid and putative regulatory sites are not significantly enriched in alleles that are highly differentiated between populations. These findings indicate that classic sweeps were not a dominant mode of human adaptation over the past ~250,000 years.
Cyclophilin A-Deficient Mice Are Resistant to Immunosuppression by Cyclosporine1

Cyclosporine is an immunosuppressive drug that is widely used to prevent organ transplant rejection. Known intracellular ligands for cyclosporine include the cyclophilins, a large family of phylogenetically conserved proteins that potentially regulate protein folding in cells. Immunosuppression by cyclosporine is thought to result from the formation of a drug-cyclophilin complex that binds to and inhibits calcineurin, a serine/threonine phosphatase that is activated by TCR engagement. Amino acids within the cyclophilins that are critical for binding to cyclosporine have been identified. Most of these residues are highly conserved within the 15 mammalian cyclophilins, suggesting that many are potential targets for the drug. We examined the effects of cyclosporine on immune cells and mice lacking Ppia, the gene encoding the prototypical cyclophilin protein cyclophilin A. TCR-induced proliferation and signal transduction by Ppia−/− CD4+ T cells were resistant to cyclosporine, an effect that was attributable to diminished calcineurin inhibition. Immunosuppressive doses of cyclosporine failed to block the responses of Ppia−/− mice to allogeneic challenge. Rag2−/− mice reconstituted with Ppia−/− splenocytes were also cyclosporine resistant, indicating that this property is intrinsic to Ppia−/− immune cells. Thus, among multiple potential ligands, CypA is the primary mediator of immunosuppression by cyclosporine.
Rainbow numbers for small stars with one edge added

A subgraph of an edge-colored graph is rainbow if all of its edges have different colors. For a graph H and a positive integer n, the anti-Ramsey number f(n, H) is the maximum number of colors in an edge-coloring of Kn with no rainbow copy of H . The rainbow number rb(n, H) is the minimum number of colors such that any edge-coloring of Kn with rb(n, H) number of colors contains a rainbow copy of H . Certainly rb(n, H) = f(n, H) + 1. Anti-Ramsey numbers were introduced by Erdös et al. [5] and studied in numerous papers. We show that rb(n, K1,4 + e) = n + 2 in all nontrivial cases.
A Multilayered Model of Product Emotions

This paper introduces a theoretical basis for the process that underlies emotional responses to consumer products. Five distinct classes of product-evoked emotions are discussed, each of which are the outcome of a unique pattern of eliciting conditions. The framework for these patterns was drawn from a model that reveals the cognitive basis of product emotions. The main proposition of this model is that emotional reactions result from an appraisal process in which the individual appraises a product as (potentially) harming, or favouring one or several of their concerns. In this perspective the concern and the appraisal are considered key parameters that determine if a product evokes an emotion and if so what emotion is evoked. Because each of the five classes of product emotions (i.e. instrumental, aesthetic, social, surprise, and interest emotions) is discussed in terms of these key parameters, it can be used to explain the complex and often personal nature of product emotions, and support designers in their efforts to design for emotion.
Modifying sister chromatid cohesion for meiosis

Meiosis produces haploid gametes from diploid cells in two stages that in many ways resemble mitosis. However, the regulatory mechanisms governing kinetochore orientation and cohesion at the first meiotic division are different from those at mitosis: sister kinetochores are pulled forwards from the same spindle pole at metaphase, and centromeric cohesion is protected throughout anaphase. Consequently, homologous chromosomes, rather than sister chromatids, segregate to the opposite sides of a cell. The residual cohesion around centromeres plays an essential role at the second meiotic division, when spindle microtubules from opposite poles attach to sister chromatids. Recent studies have identified novel meiosis-specific kinetochore proteins, such as monopolin and shugoshin, and indicate that specific modifications in sister chromatid cohesion lie at the heart of the regulation of meiotic chromosome segregation.