Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Gravity wave characteristics observed over a tropical station using high-resolution GPS radiosonde soundings

[1] Several investigations of the dominant period gravity waves (GWs) were conducted earlier using Indian mesosphere-stratosphere-troposphere (MST) radar located at Gadanki (13.5°N, 79.2°E). However, these works had their own limitations of unavailability of continuous data, low SNR, and lack of reliable data at the stratospheric heights (in the case of MST radar) and low spatial resolution (for routine balloon data). For the present study, high-resolution GPS radiosonde data for more than 2 years (2006–2008) has been used for the first time to characterize the dominant GWs and their associated source mechanisms. Particular attention is paid (1) to check the consistency in GW characteristics observed with MST radar, (2) to estimate potential energy, kinetic energy, and hence total energy, (3) to extend the analysis up to 25 km and check whether vertical wavelength is the same as that observed by MST radar in the lower stratosphere, and finally (4) to estimate the exact direction of propagation in horizontal, which was not possible from MST radar alone. Clear semiannual variation in GW energy, with maximum during monsoon and winter and minimum during premonsoon and postmonsoon in the troposphere, is noticed during 2006 but not clear in 2007. Annual variation is observed in the lower stratosphere with maximum during monsoon (winter enhancement is not significant) season. Strong eastward shear due to tropical easterly jet and orography is found to be responsible for generating the GWs during the monsoon and winter, respectively. Although several features are consistent with that observed earlier, a few new features have been observed by GPS radiosonde and are reported in the present study.
Intrusion of fine sediments into river bed and its effect on river environment – a research review

Fine sediments enter into the river through various sources such as channel bed, bank, and catchment. It has been regarded as a type of pollution in river. Fine sediments present in a river have a significant effect on river health. Benthic micro-organism, plants, and large fishes, all are part of food chain of river biota. Any detrimental effect on any of these components of food chain misbalances the entire riverine ecosystem. Numerous studies have been carried out on the various environmental aspects of rivers considering the presence of fine sediment in river flow. The present paper critically reviews many of these aspects to understand the various environmental impacts of suspended sediment on river health, flora and fauna.
Evolution of Early Cenozoic marine temperatures

The equator to high southern latitude sea surface and vertical temperature gradients are reconstructed from oxygen isotope values of planktonic and benthic foraminifers for the following five time intervals: late Paleocene, early Eocene, early middle Eocene, late Eocene, and early Oligocene. Paleotemperatures are calculated using standard oxygen isotope/temperature equations with adjustments to account for (1) variations in sea water δ18O related to changes in global ice volume over time and (2) latitudinal gradients in surface water δ18O. These reconstructions indicate that sea-surface temperatures (SST) of the Southern Oceans in the early Eocene were as high as 15°C, whereas temperatures during the late Paleocene and early middle Eocene reached maximum levels of 10°–12°C. By the late Eocene and early Oligocene high latitude SST had declined to 6 and 4°C, respectively. For most of the early Paleogene, low latitude sub-tropical temperatures remained constant and well within the range of Holocene temperatures (24°ndash;25°C) but by the late Eocene and early Oligocene declined to values in the range of 18° to 22°C. The late Paleogene apparent decline in tropical temperatures, however, might be artificial because of dissolution of near-surface foraminifera tests which biased sediment assemblages toward deeper-dwelling foraminifera. Moreover, according to recent plate reconstructions, it appears that the majority of sites upon which the late Eocene and early Oligocene tropical temperatures were previously established were located either in or near regions likely to have been influenced by upwelling. Global deepwater temperature on average paralleled southern ocean SST for most of the Paleogene. We speculate based on the overall timing and character of marine sea surface temperature variation during the Paleogene that some combination of both higher levels of greenhouse gases and increased heat transport was responsible for the exceptional high-latitude warmth of the early Eocene.
A model for the shape of lava flow fronts

[1] The shape of the front of a lava flow is controlled by the forces acting on the lava and, in turn, controls the flow dynamics. We present an analysis of the shape of the front of an advancing lava flow, considering both a Newtonian fluid and a Bingham fluid, which is the most commonly used non-Newtonian rheological model for lava. We assume than the flow front is moving at constant velocity on a sloping plane. The flow is considered as having an infinite extent perpendicularly to the flow direction, so that the problem is two-dimensional. The forces producing the flow advance are the gravity force and the pressure gradient due to the curvature of the flow surface. The differential equation for the shape of the front is solved analytically both in the case of a Newtonian fluid and in the case of the Bingham fluid. Since the fluid is considered as homogeneous and isothermal, the calculated shape applies to the fluid core of the flow front. The presence of a solid crust at the top of the flow, producing variable amounts of solid debris at the flow snout, alters the observable shape of the front and is taken into account in order to compare the model front shapes to those observed in the field.
Proposal of a Token-Based Node Selection Mechanism for Node Distribution of Mobility IoT Blockchain Nodes

Various elements, such as evolutions in IoT services resulting from sensoring by vehicle parts and advances in small communication technology devices, have significantly impacted the mass spread of mobility services that are provided to users in need of limited resources. In particular, business models are progressing away from one-off costs towards longer-term costs, as represented by shared services utilizing kick-boards or bicycles and subscription services for vehicle software. Advances in shared mobility services, as described, are calling for solutions that can enhance the reliability of data aggregated by users leveraging mobility services in the next-generation mobility areas. However, the mining process to renew status ensures continued network communication, and block creation demands high performance in the public block chain. Therefore, easing the mining process for state updates in public blockchains is a way to alleviate the high-performance process requirements of public blockchains. The proposed mechanism assigns token-based block creation authority instead of the mining method, which provides block creation authority to nodes that provide many resources. Blocks are created only by a group of participants with tokens, and after creation, tokens are updated and delivered to new nodes to form a new token group. Additionally, tokens are updated in each block after their initial creation, making it difficult to disguise the tokens and preventing resource-centered centralization.
Spectro-astrometry of embedded accreting protoplanets using photonic lanterns

The Photonic Lantern (PL) is a novel optical technology consisting of a multi-mode fiber adiabatically merged to several single-mode fibers. PLs efficiently split light into its individual modes, revealing both phase and amplitude information. This makes them attractive for use in focal plane wavefront sensing and spectroscopy. Spectro-astrometry, a technique that involves searching for wavelength-dependent centroid shifts in spectrally-dispersed datasets, can be conducted with PLs to resolve circumstellar structures with extremely small angular separations that are not accessible with traditional imaging techniques. Here, we investigate the application of PLs for spectro-astrometry of young stars hosting protoplanetary disks with embedded accreting planets. Although spectro-astrometry of point-source accreting companions with PLs has been numerically explored in the past, those simulations did not include the effects of scattered light by the protoplanetary disk. We carry out numerical simulations of accretion signatures inside protoplanetary disks to understand the feasibility of using PLs to detect accreting planets under realistic conditions. We simulate the response of a 6 port PL to young stars with a circumstellar disk containing an accretion hotspot centered on the Paschen beta hydrogen line. We discuss the lower limit of the hotspot-to-star contrast detectable by a PL in the context of contamination by disk signals after introducing both random and systematic noise sources. The simulations also demonstrate the effects of scattered light by the circumstellar disk on the PL response to an embedded accreting protoplanet with a fixed planet-to-star contrast.
Protein Level Quantification Across Fluorescence-based Platforms

Biological processes are dependent on protein concentration and there is an inherent variability among cells even in environment-controlled conditions. Determining the amount of protein of interest in a cell is relevant to quantitatively relate it with the cells (patho)physiology. Previous studies used either western blot to determine the average amount of protein per cell in a population or fluorescence intensity to provide a relative amount of protein. This method combines both techniques. First, the protein of interest is purified, and its concentration determined. Next, cells containing the protein of interest with a fluorescent tag are sorted into different levels of intensity using fluorescence-activated cell sorting, and the amount of protein for each intensity category is calculated using the purified protein as calibration. Lastly, a calibration curve allows the direct relation of the amount of protein to the intensity levels determined with any instrument able to measure intensity levels. Once a fluorescence-based instrument is calibrated, it is possible to determine protein concentrations based on intensity. Key features • This method allows the evaluation and comparison of protein concentration in cells based on fluorescence intensity. • Requires protein purification and fluorescence-activated cell sorting. • Once calibrated for one protein, it allows determination of the levels of this protein using any fluorescence-based instrument. • Allows to determine subcellular local protein concentration based on combining volumetric and intensity measurements.
On undermining the science?

*Correspondence to: Keith Beven, Lancaster Environment Centre, Lancaster University, Lancaster LA1 4YQ, UK. E-mail: k.beven@lancaster.ac. uk At the 2006 European Geophysical Union meeting in Vienna, I was challenged (and not for the first time) about overemphasising the issue of model uncertainty and model rejection, with the consequent danger of undermining the confidence of stakeholders and users of model predictions, in the science on which they are based. It is therefore interesting to consider whether this is a reasonable charge. We can break the issue down into three parts, which will be considered in turn with a view to starting a debate, in HPToday, about the issues raised:
Recent climate and fire disturbance impacts on boreal and arctic ecosystem productivity estimated using a satellite‐based terrestrial carbon flux model

Warming and changing fire regimes in the northern (≥45°N) latitudes have consequences for land‐atmosphere carbon feedbacks to climate change. A terrestrial carbon flux model integrating satellite Normalized Difference Vegetation Index and burned area records with global meteorology data was used to quantify daily vegetation gross primary productivity (GPP) and net ecosystem CO2 exchange (NEE) over a pan‐boreal/Arctic domain and their sensitivity to climate variability, drought, and fire from 2000 to 2010. Model validation against regional tower carbon flux measurements showed overall good agreement for GPP (47 sites: R = 0.83, root mean square difference (RMSD) = 1.93 g C m−2 d−1) and consistency for NEE (22 sites: R = 0.56, RMSD = 1.46 g C m−2 d−1). The model simulations also tracked post‐fire NEE recovery indicated from three boreal tower fire chronosequence networks but with larger model uncertainty during early succession. Annual GPP was significantly (p < 0.005) larger in warmer years than in colder years, except for Eurasian boreal forest, which showed greater drought sensitivity due to characteristic warmer, drier growing seasons relative to other areas. The NEE response to climate variability and fire was mitigated by compensating changes in GPP and respiration, though NEE carbon losses were generally observed in areas with severe drought or burning. Drought and temperature variations also had larger regional impacts on GPP and NEE than fire during the study period, though fire disturbances were heterogeneous, with larger impacts on carbon fluxes for some areas and years. These results are being used to inform development of similar operational carbon products for the NASA Soil Moisture Active Passive (SMAP) mission.
Spectroscopic detection and vertical distribution of HCl in the troposphere and stratosphere

HCl has been observed in both the troposphere and stratosphere from ground-based and airborne spectroscopic measurements of the 1-0 band at 3 microns wavelength. The results, which are specific to the HCl molecule in the gas phase, show a decreasing mixing ratio with altitude in the lower stratosphere. The stratospheric layer, which commences at about 15 km, reaches its maximum concentration at an altitude above 21 km (the limiting height of the observations to date). The local value for the volume mixing ratio at 21 km is 7 ± 1 × 10−10. However, the zenith column abundance observed above 21 km (6.3 × 1014 mols. cm−2) implies that the mixing ratios at greater altitudes are unlikely to reach values much in excess of the local value at 21 km.
The role of large‐scale eddies in the occurrence of winter precipitation deficits in Portugal

The severest winter precipitation deficits in Portugal result from an enhancement in the stationary wave pattern of the atmospheric large‐scale circulation over the Northern Hemisphere, which implies a strengthening of the axially asymmetric eddies, mainly over the North Atlantic and adjacent continental areas. This enhancement leads to a strong warm‐core ridge westward of Iberia, with a nearly equivalent barotropic structure, and a clear separation between the subtropical and polar‐front jet. These atmospheric conditions are clearly unfavourable to the establishment of rain‐generating mechanisms over Portugal, leading to a lack of precipitation and to extremely dry conditions with a high potential to trigger drought episodes. Conversely, the atmospheric flow during extremely wet winters contrasts highly with the above‐described conditions by presenting a significantly weakened North Atlantic ridge and a relatively unclear separation between the two westerly jets. A diagnosis of the main forcing dynamical mechanisms that generate and maintain the anomalous flow is carried out in two ways: by analyzing the Eliassen–Palm fluxes, zonally averaged over a North Atlantic window, and by calculating the third and sixth components of the empirical forcing functions. The former approach enables a quantification of the contributions made by the transient and stationary‐eddy transports of enthalpy and momentum to the establishment of the contrasting dynamical structures. The latter approach explores the role of local transient transports of enthalpy and angular momentum in forcing large‐scale asymmetries. Copyright © 2008 Royal Meteorological Society
1988 ARMENIA EARTHQUAKE. I: SEISMOLOGICAL, GEOTECHNICAL, AND STRUCTURAL OVERVIEW

This is the first in a sequence of five papers dealing with engineering aspects of the surface‐wave magnitude Ms≈6.8, 1988 Armenia earthquake, the devastating effects of which are still being felt in Armenia. Although the central theme of our three‐year study has been to assess the role of local soil conditions on the magnitude and geographic distribution of damage, we have come to recognize that a close link exists among seismological, geological, geotechnical, and structural aspects of the Armenia earthquake. Our field investigations and analysis of various geologic and engineering aspects of the earthquake have culminated in a series of five papers. This and the companion paper present mostly factual information pertaining to: (1) The mechanics of the fault and its surface breakout; (2) some potentially significant topographic, geologic, and geotechnical features; and (3) the statistics of damage in cities of Spitak, Leninakan (now called Kumayri), and Kirovakan, Armenia, correlated to geologic and soi.
Parameterizations of oxygen photolysis and energy deposition rates due to solar energy absorption in the Schumann‐Runge Continuum

Parameterizations of the photolysis of molecular oxygen and corresponding energy deposition rates by solar radiation in the Schumann‐Runge continuum are presented. This parameterization is based on UARS/SOLSTICE version 9 daily solar irradiance and accounts for solar activity using 10.7 cm solar flux as a proxy. The error in the parameterization is 2% and the uncertainty introduced by using the 10.7 cm solar flux as a proxy is 5–10%. The parameterization is of suitable accuracy and efficiency to be used as part of multidimensional models.
Investigation of Groundwater Quality using Vertical Electrical Sounding and Dar Zarrouk Parameter in Leihitu, Maluku, Indonesia

The goal of this research is to obtain information related to aquifer quality, including aquifer protection capacity, transmissivity, and aquifer thickness based on vertical electrical sounding (VES) data and Dar-Zarrouk parameter analysis. The research area is located in Leihitu District, Ambon with 8 measurement points. The Leihitu region is included in the geological map of the Ambon sheet, Maluku, which consists of Late Pliocene - Holocene lithology, specifically Ambon volcanic rocks, reef limestones, and alluvial deposits. The rock resistivity measurements and layer thickness information were obtained using the VES method and analyzed with IP2WIN software. Based on VES data, aquifer properties were identified using Dar-Zarrouk parameters. That parameter consisted of longitudinal conductance, transfer resistance, longitudinal resistivity, and transfer resistivity. Longitudinal unit conductance is applied to evaluate the protective capacity class of the aquifer, the transfer resistance is beneficial for analyzing rock type and aquifer transmissivity. Based on the Dark-Zarrouk parameters, the longitudinal conductance (S) ranged from 0.0278 to 5.1213 mho and was classified as moderate to good protective capacity. The high S value results from a thick layer of clay at the observation point. This area also has a high enough transverse resistance (T) and then if related to aquifer transmissivity, this area is classified as a good transmissivity aquifer, especially at VES 2, VES 5, VES 6, VES 7, and VES 8. If correlated to rock formations, areas with limestone and volcanic rocks have better transmissivity than areas with alluvial deposits.
Navigating a male dominated domain: experiences of female STEM students in higher education in Ireland

ABSTRACT It is well established that female participation in STEM diminishes at all stages of the education pipeline. National policy in Ireland is focussed on initiatives to address the STEM gender gap from early years to the end of secondary school (age 18/19) education. However, strategy in higher education is limited, with gender equality policy primarily aimed at staff and the broader institution. This qualitative research study, involving in-depth interviews with 21 female STEM students provides new insights into the experiences of female students who choose mathematics-intensive STEM fields (physics, computer science, engineering, and mathematics), where the gender gap is most pronounced. The aim of the study was to identify how a predominately male-dominated STEM course and environment influenced female students’ experiences. Prior to entering university, participants held high self-concept and interest in STEM. Using a situated expectancy-value theoretical lens to interpret the data, the research found that unconscious gender bias in university led female students to feel undervalued by their male peers. This negatively impacted their self-beliefs and interest, resulting in female students feeling more pressure to perform and less willing to participate in the learning environment. The implications for policy, practice, and future research are considered.
The Housing and Living Arrangement Situation of People with Disabilities in Hungary: Regime Characteristics and Individualized Risks

Our study explores the housing situation of people with disabilities based on life course interviews. Although the focus is mainly on present housing issues and challenges, this is set in a longitudinal perspective highlighting the legacies from the socialist period onwards. The study distinguishes three social policy regimes: the state-socialist, the liberal and the illiberal ones, which, on the one hand had different ideas about disability, while on the other hand, applied different housing policies. Results suggest that the housing of people with disabilities depends on a number of aspects which cannot be controlled by our interviewees. Based on the interviews, we identified three key areas which play an especially important role in shaping the housing opportunities of people with disabilities. These are the resources and motivations of the family of origin; the geographic location of the residence; and institution managers, care-workers, roommates around them.
The Impacts of Destination Personality and Electronic Word-of-Mouth on Tourists Destination Choice

The main aim of this research is to examine the influences of destination personality and electronic word-of-mouth in the context of destination selection decision-making. It also examines the influence of environmental sustainability on individuals’ sense of satisfaction and the mediating role of satisfaction in the context of destination choice and its subsequent effect on revisit intention. Langkawi’s designation as a UNESCO Geopark underscores its significance in terms of environmental sustainability, which is a primary focus of this study. The findings indicate a significant roles of personality traits of a destination and the electronic word-of-mouth communicated by individuals in decision-making process for selecting a destination. Additionally, the findings reveal that satisfaction plays a mediating role in the relationship between destination selection and the desire to engage in future visits