Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Wave capture and wave–vortex duality

New and unexpected results are presented regarding the nonlinear interactions between a wavepacket and a vortical mean flow, with an eye towards internal wave dynamics in the atmosphere and oceans and the problem of ‘missing forces’ in atmospheric gravity-wave parametrizations. The present results centre around a pre-wave-breaking scenario termed ‘wave capture’, which differs significantly from the standard such scenarios associated with critical layers or mean density decay with altitude. We focus on the peculiar wave–mean interactions that accompany wave capture. Examples of these interactions are presented for layerwise-two-dimensional, layerwise-non-divergent flows in a three-dimensional Boussinesq system, in the strong-stratification limit. The nature of the interactions can be summarized in the phrase ‘wave–vortex duality’, whose key points are firstly that wavepackets behave in some respects like vortex pairs, as originally shown in the pioneering work of Bretherton (1969), and secondly that a collection of interacting wavepackets and vortices satisfies a conservation theorem for the sum of wave pseudomomentum and vortex impulse, provided that the impulse is defined appropriately. It must be defined as the rotated dipole moment of the Lagrangian-mean potential vorticity (PV). This PV differs crucially from the PV evaluated from the curl of either the Lagrangian-mean or the Eulerian-mean velocity. The results are established here in the strong-stratification limit for rotating (quasi-geostrophic) as well as for non-rotating systems. The concomitant momentum budgets can be expected to be relatively complicated, and to involve far-field recoil effects in the sense discussed in Bühler & McIntyre (2003). The results underline the three-way distinction between impulse, pseudomomentum, and momentum. While momentum involves the total velocity field, impulse and pseudomomentum involve, in different ways, only the vortical part of the velocity field.
Het succes van social engineering

Social engineering is een aanvalstechniek waarin misleiding en bedrog worden gebruikt om doelwitten actief te laten meewerken aan hun eigen slachtofferschap. In dit artikel wordt aan de hand van een praktisch voorbeeld en bijbehorende heorieen inzicht gegeven in social engineering-praktijken. Daarnaast zal er ook orden ingegaan op een drietal experimenten (i.e. face-to-face, telefoon en e-mail) waarin systematisch onderzoek naar dit gevaar centraal staat. De resultaten geven inzicht in hoe kwetsbaar een organisatie is voor social engineering en welke medewerkers het meeste baat hebben bij een bewustwordingscampagne. Social engineering is the usage of social manipulation and psychological tricks to make the targets assist offenders in their attack. This paper aimed to discuss the success of social engineering attacks and interventions in an organisational setting. Three kinds of social engineering experiments were discussed, each using a different modality (i.e. face-to-face (f2f), email and telephone). In each experiment, the targets (i.e. participants) were persuaded to perform actions that contribute to their victimisation. A portion of the participants in both the f2f and telephone experiment received an intervention to reduce victimisation. The conclusion is that awareness raising about dangers, characteristics and countermeasures related to social engineering proved to have a significant positive effect on protecting the target. The results of these experiments allow practitioners to focus awareness campaigns to maximise their effectiveness
Conditioning Injury-Induced Spinal Axon Regeneration Fails in Interleukin-6 Knock-Out Mice

Regeneration of injured adult sensory neurons within the CNS is essentially abortive, attributable in part to lesion-induced or revealed inhibitors such as the chondroitin sulfate proteoglycans and the myelin inhibitors (Nogo-A, MAG, and OMgp). Much of this inhibition may be overcome by boosting the growth status of sensory neurons by delivering a conditioning lesion to their peripheral branches. Here, we identify a key role for the lesion-induced cytokine interleukin-6 (IL-6) in mediating conditioning lesion-induced enhanced regeneration of injured dorsal column afferents. In adult mice, conditioning injury to the sciatic nerve 1 week before bilateral dorsal column crush resulted in regeneration of dorsal column axons up to and beyond the injury site into host CNS tissue. This enhanced growth state was accompanied by an increase in the expression of the growth-associated protein GAP43 in preinjured but not intact dorsal root ganglia (DRGs). Preconditioning injury of the sciatic nerve in IL-6 –/– mice resulted in the total failure in regeneration of dorsal column axons consequent on the lack of GAP43 upregulation after a preconditioning injury. DRGs cell counts and cholera toxin β subunit labeling revealed that impaired regeneration in knock-out mice was unrelated to cell loss or a deficit in tracer transport. In vitro, exogenous IL-6 boosted sensory neuron growth status as evidenced by enhanced neurite extension. This effect required NGF or NT-3 but not soluble IL-6 receptor as cofactors. Evidence of conditioning lesion-enhanced growth status of DRGs cells can also be observed in vitro as an earlier and enhanced rate of neurite extension; this phenomenon fails in IL-6 –/– mice preinjured 7 d in vivo. We suggest that injury-induced IL-6 upregulation is required to promote regeneration within the CNS. Our results indicate that this is achieved through a boosted growth state of dorsal column projecting sensory neurons.
Johnny in internet café: user study and exploration of password autocomplete in web browsers

One of the most popular aids adopted by users to reduce the pain suffered from the use of passwords is browsers' autocomplete feature. This feature, caching username and password after getting the user consent and using them later for automatic completion, is available in all modern browsers but communication with the user asking consent is implemented in different ways. In this paper, we report on user studies comparing active communication with a blocking dialog box and passive communication with a non-intrusive toolbar. We found that a dialog box misled users to save passwords in public computers. Conversely, no security problem was observed with passive communication. Our exploration provides empirical evidence for the risks of preferring active communication for password autocomplete and other similar interactions and sheds light on many other aspects of password autocomplete.
Preface to the Special Section on Human Factors and Automation in Vehicles

Objective: This special section brings together diverse research regarding driver interaction with advanced automotive technology to guide design of increasingly automated vehicles. Background: Rapidly evolving vehicle automation will likely change cars and trucks more in the next 5 years than the preceding 50, radically redefining what it means to drive. Method: This special section includes 10 articles from European and North American researchers reporting simulator and naturalistic driving studies. Results: Little research has considered the consequences of fully automated driving, with most focusing on lane-keeping and speed control systems individually. The studies reveal two underlying design philosophies: automate driving versus support driving. Results of several studies, consistent with previous research in other domains, suggest that the automate philosophy can delay driver responses to incidents in which the driver has to intervene and take control from the automation. Understanding how to orchestrate the transfer or sharing of control between the system and the driver, particularly in critical incidents, emerges as a central challenge. Conclusion: Designers should not assume that automation can substitute seamlessly for a human driver, nor can they assume that the driver can safely accommodate the limitations of automation. Designers, policy makers, and researchers must give careful consideration to what role the person should have in highly automated vehicles and how to support the driver if the driver is to be responsible for vehicle control. As in other domains, driving safety increasingly depends on the combined performance of the human and automation, and successful designs will depend on recognizing and supporting the new roles of the driver.
Low-Conductance HCN1 Ion Channels Augment the Frequency Response of Rod and Cone Photoreceptors

Hyperpolarization-activated cyclic nucleotide-gated (HCN) ion channels are expressed in several tissues throughout the body, including the heart, the CNS, and the retina. HCN channels are found in many neurons in the retina, but their most established role is in generating the hyperpolarization-activated current, Ih, in photoreceptors. This current makes the light response of rod and cone photoreceptors more transient, an effect similar to that of a high-pass filter. A unique property of HCN channels is their small single-channel current, which is below the thermal noise threshold of measuring electronics. We use nonstationary fluctuation analysis (NSFA) in the intact retina to estimate the conductance of single HCN channels, revealing a conductance of ∼650 fS in both rod and cone photoreceptors. We also analyze the properties of HCN channels in salamander rods and cones, from the biophysical to the functional level, showing that HCN1 is the predominant isoform in both cells, and demonstrate how HCN1 channels speed up the light response of both rods and cones under distinct adaptational conditions. We show that in rods and cones, HCN channels increase the natural frequency response of single cells by modifying the photocurrent input, which is limited in its frequency response by the speed of a molecular signaling cascade. In doing so, HCN channels form the first of several systems in the retina that augment the speed of the visual response, allowing an animal to perceive visual stimuli that change more quickly than the underlying photocurrent.
Advanced Failure Prediction in Complex Software Systems

The availability of software systems can be increased by preventive measures which are triggered by failure prediction mechanisms. In this paper we present and evaluate two non-parametric techniques which model and predict the occurrence of failures as a function of discrete and continuous measurements of system variables. We employ two modelling approaches: an extended Markov chain model and a function approximation technique utilising universal basis functions (UBF). The presented modelling methods are data driven rather than analytical and can handle large amounts of variables and data. Both modelling techniques have been applied to real data of a commercial telecommunication platform. The data includes event-based log files and time continuously measured system states. Results are presented in terms of precision, recall, F-Measure and cumulative cost. We compare our results to standard techniques such as linear ARMA models. Our findings suggest significantly improved forecasting performance compared to alternative approaches. By using the presented modelling techniques the software availability may be improved by an order of magnitude.
Do juvenile males affect adult males' reproductive success in brown-headed cowbirds (Molothrus ater)?

The present study was motivated by a recent anomalous finding between individual competitive performance and reproductive output in brown-headed cowbirds (Molothrus ater). White et al. (2002c) found that adult males who were housed with juveniles outcompeted adults who were housed with other adults when they were brought together to compete for mating opportunities. Although the males in groups that contained both juveniles and adults appeared to be better in securing reproductive opportunities, these groups were found to produce fewer eggs than groups with all adult males (White et al., 2002c). Because adult males were housed with juveniles, it was unclear whether the lower egg production was simply due to juveniles not reproducing or whether the adult males suffered decreased reproductive output. Is the presence of juvenile males advantageous to adult males or do they suffer reproductive consequences? In the current study, we studied four groups of captive cowbirds that differed only in the presence of juvenile males to determine what influence juvenile males have on adult male reproduction. At the end of the breeding season, we performed microsatellite parentage analysis on these four groups. Females in the two groups that contained juvenile and adult males produced fewer fertile eggs compared to females in the all-adult male aviaries. Furthermore, parentage analysis revealed that female reproductive patterns were similar in the two conditions, but females in the juvenile-adult aviaries produced fewer fertile eggs. Similarly, the males in the juvenile-adult aviaries showed a similar pattern of reproductive success as the males in the all-adult male aviaries, but had consistently lower reproductive output.
Task-Based Core-Periphery Organization of Human Brain Dynamics

As a person learns a new skill, distinct synapses, brain regions, and circuits are engaged and change over time. In this paper, we develop methods to examine patterns of correlated activity across a large set of brain regions. Our goal is to identify properties that enable robust learning of a motor skill. We measure brain activity during motor sequencing and characterize network properties based on coherent activity between brain regions. Using recently developed algorithms to detect time-evolving communities, we find that the complex reconfiguration patterns of the brain's putative functional modules that control learning can be described parsimoniously by the combined presence of a relatively stiff temporal core that is composed primarily of sensorimotor and visual regions whose connectivity changes little in time and a flexible temporal periphery that is composed primarily of multimodal association regions whose connectivity changes frequently. The separation between temporal core and periphery changes over the course of training and, importantly, is a good predictor of individual differences in learning success. The core of dynamically stiff regions exhibits dense connectivity, which is consistent with notions of core-periphery organization established previously in social networks. Our results demonstrate that core-periphery organization provides an insightful way to understand how putative functional modules are linked. This, in turn, enables the prediction of fundamental human capacities, including the production of complex goal-directed behavior.
Duffy Antigen Receptor for Chemokine (DARC) Polymorphisms and Its Involvement in Acquisition of Inhibitory Anti-Duffy Binding Protein II (DBPII) Immunity

The Plasmodium vivax Duffy binding protein (PvDBP) and its erythrocytic receptor, the Duffy antigen receptor for chemokines (DARC), are involved in the major P. vivax erythrocyte invasion pathway. An open cohort study to analyze DARC genotypes and their relationship to PvDBP immune responses was carried out in 620 volunteers in an agricultural settlement of the Brazilian Amazon. Three cross-sectional surveys were conducted at 6-month intervals, comprising 395, 410, and 407 subjects, respectively. The incidence rates of P. vivax infection was 2.32 malaria episodes per 100 person-months under survey (95% confidence interval [CI] of 1.92-2.80/100 person-month) and, of P. falciparum, 0.04 per 100 person-months (95% CI of 0.007–0.14/100 person-month). The distribution of DARC genotypes was consistent with the heterogeneous ethnic origins of the Amazon population, with a predominance of non-silent DARC alleles: FY*A > FY*B. The 12-month follow-up study demonstrated no association between DARC genotypes and total IgG antibodies as measured by ELISA targeting PvDBP (region II, DBPII or regions II–IV, DBPII-IV). The naturally acquired DBPII specific binding inhibitory antibodies (BIAbs) tended to be more frequent in heterozygous individuals carrying a DARC-silent allele (FY*BES). These results provide evidence that DARC polymorphisms may influence the naturally acquired inhibitory anti-Duffy binding protein II immunity.
Striatal and Extrastriatal D2/D3-Receptor-Binding Properties of Ziprasidone: A Positron Emission Tomography Study With [18F]Fallypride and [11C]Raclopride (D2/D3-Receptor Occupancy of Ziprasidone)

To elucidate the "atypicality" of ziprasidone, its striatal and extrastriatal D2/D3-receptor binding was characterized in patients with schizophrenia under steady-state conditions. These data were compared with striatal receptor occupancy values after single-dose ziprasidone ingestion in healthy controls. [18F]fallypride positron emission tomography (PET) recordings were obtained in 15 patients under steady-state ziprasidone treatment at varying time points after the last dose. Binding potentials were calculated for striatal and extrastriatal regions. D2/D3-receptor occupancies were expressed relative to binding potentials in 8 unmedicated patients. In a parallel [11C]raclopride-PET study, striatal D2/D3-receptor occupancy was measured in healthy subjects after single oral doses of 40 mg ziprasidone or 7.5 mg haloperidol. Ziprasidone plasma concentrations correlated significantly with D2/D3-receptor occupancies in all volumes of interests. Occupancy in extrastriatal regions was approximately 10% higher than in striatal regions. Half maximal effective concentration values were consistently higher in striatal than in extrastriatal regions (temporal cortex: 39 ng/mL; putamen: 64 ng/mL), irrespective of the time between last dosing and scan. Single ziprasidone doses resulted in higher occupancies exceeding the 95% prediction limits of the occupancy versus plasma concentrations for chronic dosing. Ziprasidone shares moderate preferential extrastriatal D2/D3-receptor binding with some other atypicals. D2/D3-receptor occupancy is rapidly attuning to the daily course of ziprasidone plasma levels, suggesting relatively high intraday variations of D2/D3-receptor binding. The discrepancies between single-dose and steady-state results are important for the future design of dose-finding PET occupancy studies of novel antipsychotics. Single-dose studies may not be totally relied on for final dose selection.
Estimation of Spread Spectrum Signal Parameters Utilizing Wavelet Transform Analysis

This paper investigates the application of wavelet transform (WT) to the extraction of particular features of direct sequence spread spectrum signals. The WT is exploited to the point that not only its capabilities but also its limitations are exposed to achieve the specific task of identifying spread spectrum signal parameters. The capabilities focus on the detection of the chipping sequence, while the limitations refer primarily to the advent of direct sequence CDMA signals. In the latter case no progress has yet been made to distinguish the different chipping sequences by the WT, whose resultant effect on the carrier appears as a single-phase change.
Ontological Model for Character Recognition Based on Spatial Relations

In this paper, we present a set of spatial relations between concepts describing an ontological model for a new process of character recognition. Our main idea is based on the construction of the domain ontology modelling the Latin script. This ontology is composed by a set of concepts and a set of relations. The concepts represent the graphemes extracted by segmenting the manipulated document and the relations are of two types, is-a relations and spatial relations. In this paper we are interested by description of second type of relations and their implementation by java code.
Natural outcome of ADHD with developmental coordination disorder at age 22 years: a controlled, longitudinal, community-based study.

OBJECTIVE There is a need for controlled longitudinal studies in the field of attention disorders in the general population. METHOD In a community-based follow-up study, 55 of 61 subjects aged 22 years, who had attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) with and without comorbid developmental coordination disorder (DCD) at initial workup at age 7 years, were compared, on a multitude of outcome variables, with 46 of 51 age-matched subjects without such diagnoses. None of the subjects had received stimulant treatment. Psychiatrists performing the follow-up study were blind to original diagnostic group status. RESULTS In the ADHD/DCD group 58% had a poor outcome compared with 13% in the comparison group (p < .001). Remaining symptoms of ADHD, antisocial personality disorder, alcohol abuse, criminal offending, reading disorders, and low educational level were overrepresented in the ADHD/DCD groups. The combination of ADHD and DCD appeared to carry a particularly gloomy outlook. CONCLUSIONS Childhood ADHD and DCD appears to be a most important predictor of poor psychosocial functioning in early adulthood. It would seem appropriate to screen for such disorders in schools and clinics so that therapies may be started early.
A Distributed Algorithm for Resource Allocation Over Dynamic Digraphs

This paper studies a distributed resource allocation problem for a multiagent network with a time-varying digraph. Each agent in the network is associated with a local variable (resource) and a convex cost function. The goal is to collectively minimize the total cost in a distributed fashion, subject to individual resource constraints, and collective equality constraints. The main challenge of the problem is due to the local information structure imposed by the time-varying digraph that should be considered as part of the problem formulation. This paper develops a nonnegative surplus-based distributed optimization algorithm. It is shown that the proposed distributed algorithm converges to the global minimizer provided that the time-varying digraph is jointly strongly connected. Also, all the parameters used in the proposed algorithm rely only on local knowledge.
Engineering Physics and Mat Hematics Division Analysis of Complexity Bounds Random Sets for Pac-learning With

Learnability in Valiant’s pac-learning formalism is reformulated in terms of expected (average) error instead of confidence and error parameters. A finite-domain, random set formalism is introduced to develop algorithm-dependent, distributionspecific analytic error estimates. Two random set theorems for finite concept-spaces are presented to facilitate these developments. Analyses are carried out for several illustrative problems with worst-case and semi-uriiform distributions of learning examples. Analytic bounds on the sample size needed to achieve a specified average error axe established. Useful approximations for these bounds and a worst-case distribution are also derived. Conclusions are drawn about the potential value of average-error bounds in improving the stated efficiency of pac-learning algorithms.