Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Delimitation of Syntactic Units

In the present state of our techniques we may assume that we know how to isolate morphemes properly-that is, unequivocally and without unaccountable residue. It is not so certain that we know how to isolate words, and hence how to separate morphology from syntax. Given a viable definition of the word for some particular language, we come finally to the problem of assigning words properly to relevant syntactic units such as phrases, clauses, and sentences. To illustrate one possible technique of discovering the syntactic framework of a language, I shall analyze a short text of Ponapean, a Micronesian language of the Eastern Caroline Islands.1 The text is an excerpt from a spontaneous conversation recorded on tape and later transcribed. Roman numerals mark four UTTERANCE UNITS-stretches of speech activity by a single speaker preceded and followed by silence.2 Each utterance unit consists of one or more CONTOURS (marked by slant lines), defined as a phoneme sequence between two audible pauses or between pause and silence, such that all morphophonemic processes take place within the contour and only within this. Every contour has one primary stress and a pitch sequence; it may also have secondary stresses. (There are differences among Ponapean contours which affect the classification of these segments but not the segmentation itself. They will be disregarded in this paper.) In the text, numbers in parentheses identify the individual WORDS (but hesitation noises are not numbered). The word is defined, for Ponapean, as a sequence of morphemes and morpheme clusters in fixed order. Sequences with variable order consist of separate one-morpheme words. The following phoneme symbols appear in the text: SHORT VOWELS a o e i, D;
Classification of abnormal fundus autofluorescence patterns in the junctional zone of geographic atrophy in patients with age related macular degeneration

Aim: To describe and classify patterns of abnormal fundus autofluorescence (FAF) in the junctional zone of geographic atrophy (GA) in patients with age related macular degeneration. Methods: Digital FAF images were recorded in 164 eyes of 107 patients using a confocal scanning laser ophthalmoscope (cSLO; excitation 488 nm, detection above 500 nm) as part of a prospective multicentre natural history study (FAM Study). FAF images were obtained in accordance with a standardised protocol for digital image acquisition and generation of mean images after automated alignment. Results: Image quality was sufficient for classification of FAF patterns in 149 eyes (90.9%) with lens opacities being the most common reason for insufficient image quality. Abnormal FAF outside GA in 149 eyes was classified into four patterns: focal (12.1%), banded (12.8%), patchy (2.0%), and diffuse (57.0%), whereby 12.1% had normal background FAF in the junctional zone. In 4% there was no predominant pattern. The diffuse pattern was subdivided into four groups including reticular (4.7%), branching (27.5%), fine granular (18.1%), and fine granular with peripheral punctate spots (6.7%). Conclusions: Different phenotypic patterns of abnormal FAF in the junctional zone of GA can be identified with cSLO FAF imaging. These distinct patterns may reflect heterogeneity at a cellular and molecular level in contrast with a non-specific ageing process. A refined phenotypic classification may be helpful to identify prognostic determinants for the spread of atrophy and visual loss, for identification of genetic risk factors as well as for the design of future interventional trials.
The Composition of the Arabidopsis RNA Polymerase II Transcript Elongation Complex Reveals the Interplay between Elongation and mRNA Processing Factors[OPEN]

The RNA polymerase II transcript elongation complex is an interaction site for transcript elongation factors, facilitating chromatin transcription and its coordination with mRNA processing. Transcript elongation factors (TEFs) are a heterogeneous group of proteins that control the efficiency of transcript elongation of subsets of genes by RNA polymerase II (RNAPII) in the chromatin context. Using reciprocal tagging in combination with affinity purification and mass spectrometry, we demonstrate that in Arabidopsis thaliana, the TEFs SPT4/SPT5, SPT6, FACT, PAF1-C, and TFIIS copurified with each other and with elongating RNAPII, while P-TEFb was not among the interactors. Additionally, NAP1 histone chaperones, ATP-dependent chromatin remodeling factors, and some histone-modifying enzymes including Elongator were repeatedly found associated with TEFs. Analysis of double mutant plants defective in different combinations of TEFs revealed genetic interactions between genes encoding subunits of PAF1-C, FACT, and TFIIS, resulting in synergistic/epistatic effects on plant growth/development. Analysis of subnuclear localization, gene expression, and chromatin association did not provide evidence for an involvement of the TEFs in transcription by RNAPI (or RNAPIII). Proteomics analyses also revealed multiple interactions between the transcript elongation complex and factors involved in mRNA splicing and polyadenylation, including an association of PAF1-C with the polyadenylation factor CstF. Therefore, the RNAPII transcript elongation complex represents a platform for interactions among different TEFs, as well as for coordinating ongoing transcription with mRNA processing.
Représentations d’attachement chez les enfants, âgés de 3 à 7 ans, exposés aux violences conjugales

L’objectif de cette etude est d’analyser les representations d’attachement aupres d’un echantillon clinique constitue de dix enfants vivant en Centre d’hebergement et de reinsertion sociale (CHRS) avec leur mere ayant ete exposes aux violences conjugales. Au plan methodologique, nous avons adapte le protocole de l’ASCT (Attachment Story Completion Task) (Bretherton, Ridgeway, et Cassidy, 1990) afin d’explorer les modeles internes operants de ces enfants. Une grille d’observation a ete etablie afin de pallier a l’absence de l’enregistrement video habituellement preconise. Au sein de notre echantillon clinique, les resultats obtenus mettent en evidence l’absence de representation d’attachement qualifiee de « secure ». Nos resultats semblent confirmer l’interet d’une telle evaluation clinique.
Planning of mobile robots under limitted velocity and acceleration

Manipulator systems or mobile vehicles are designed to perform a desired motion task, where they need to provide the space and time required for the task in trajectory equation forms. The most common form of a trajectory is polynomial. In this paper, we considered a polynomial trajectory for the problem of moving a mobile robot from its initial position to a goal position in over a continuous set of time. Along the path, the robot requires to observe certain acceleration limits. Then, we formulated an optimization approach to generate optimal trajectory profiles for the mobile robot in the cases of maximum distance problem. The optimization problem presented to find the trajectory strategy that would give the robot time distance optimality to move from a start point to an end point where the robot should stay inside its acceleration limits all the time. The problem had been solved analytically. Finally, the results are verified by simulations.
Teaching quantitative biology: goals, assessments, and resources

More than a decade has passed since the publication of BIO2010, calling for an increased emphasis on quantitative skills in the undergraduate biology curriculum. In that time, relatively few papers have been published that describe educational innovations in quantitative biology or provide evidence of their effects on students. Using a “backward design” framework, we lay out quantitative skill and attitude goals, assessment strategies, and teaching resources to help biologists teach more quantitatively. Collaborations between quantitative biologists and education researchers are necessary to develop a broader and more appropriate suite of assessment tools, and to provide much-needed evidence on how particular teaching strategies affect biology students' quantitative skill development and attitudes toward quantitative work.
Journal of Economic Behavior & Organization Relative Consumption and Tax Evasion

Relative consumption effects or status concerns that feature jealousy (in the sense of Dupor and Liu, 2003) boost consumption expenditure. If consumption is financed by labour income, such status considerations increase labour supply and, hence, the tax base. A higher taxable income, in turn, can make tax evasion more attractive. We show for various specifications of preferences that the tax base effect generally dominates. Consequently, relative consumption effects tend to reduce tax evasion. This is true, irrespective of whether tax parameters are exogenous, guarantee a balanced budget or are set optimally.
Algorithmic Compression of Finite Tree Languages by Rigid Acyclic Grammars

We present an algorithm to optimally compress a finite set of terms using a vectorial totally rigid acyclic tree grammar. This class of grammars has a tight connection to proof theory, and the grammar compression problem considered in this article has applications in automated deduction. The algorithm is based on a polynomial-time reduction to the MaxSAT optimization problem. The crucial step necessary to justify this reduction consists of applying a term rewriting relation to vectorial totally rigid acyclic tree grammars. Our implementation of this algorithm performs well on a large real-world dataset.
In-Band Emission in LTE-A D2D: Impact and Addressing Schemes

In recent years, the device-to-device (D2D) proximity services in the long term evolution advanced (LTE-A) system drew much attention and is now being investigated and standardized in LTE Release-12. Device discovery is a fundamental aspect of D2D proximity services, allowing discovery user to advertise its presence and/or discover others in its neighborhood. Due to the essential nature of D2D networks, the in- band emission emerges as a critical issue that impacts the in-band coexistence of D2D and cellular systems. This paper systematically studies the in-band emission issue, including its modeling, the impact on cellular system and the potential schemes to address this issue, which is further evaluated by system simulations. It is shown that the impact of the in-band emission could be addressed with the resource grouping method and/or the power control method.
UNCERTAINTY ANALYSIS OF THE ADC HISTOGRAM TEST USING TRIANGULAR STIMULUS SIGNALS

This paper addresses the uncertainty of the estimates of ADC testing obtained with the Histogram Method when a triangular stimulus is used. Expressions are presented for the computation of the standard deviation of the transition voltages and code bin widths. These can be used for the Ramp Vernier Test which is a novel test method which will be included in the new version of the IEEE 1057 standard currently in balloting.
Resolving the Formation of Protogalaxies. I. Virialization

Galaxies form in hierarchically assembling dark matter halos. With cosmological three-dimensional adaptive mesh refinement simulations, we explore in detail the virialization of baryons in the concordance cosmology, including optically thin primordial gas cooling. We focus on early protogalaxies with virial temperatures of 104 K and their progenitors. Without cooling, virial heating occurs in shocks close to the virial radius for material falling in from voids. Material in dense filaments penetrates deeper to about half that radius. With cooling, the virial shock position shrinks, and the filaments reach scales as small as a third the virial radius. The temperatures in protogalaxies found in adiabatic simulations decrease by a factor of 2 from the center and show flat entropy cores. In cooling halos, the gas reaches virial equilibrium with the dark matter potential through its turbulent velocities. We observe turbulent Mach numbers ranging from 1 to 3 in the cooling cases. This turbulence is driven by the large scale merging and, interestingly, remains supersonic in the centers of these early galaxies, even in the absence of any feedback processes. The virial theorem is shown to approximately hold over 3 orders of magnitude in length scale, with the turbulent pressure prevailing over the thermal energy. The turbulent velocity distributions are Maxwellian and by far dominate the small rotation velocities associated with the total angular momentum of the galaxies. Decomposing the velocity field using the Cauchy-Stokes theorem, we show that ample amounts of vorticity are present around shocks even at the very centers of these objects. In the cold flow regime of galaxy formation for halo masses below 1012 M☉, this dominant role of virialization-driven turbulence should play an important role in star formation, as well as the build up of early magnetic fields.
Crosstalk Minimization Method for System-on-Chip

The crosstalk caused by the coupling capacitance is a major source of load and delay faults in ultra-deep submicron system on chip. In this paper, a crosstalk minimization design for the system-on-chip is presented. We first use a divide-and-conquer method to rearrange wire-segments such that the coupling length can be minimized. Next, the space between adjacent tracks is adjusted by using a quadratic programming method. We have implemented the proposed design on the AMBA-based SoC platform and provided experimental results to demonstrate the effectiveness of the method.
Non-Deterministic Matching Algorithm for Net Transformations

Modeling and simulating dynamic systems require to represent their processes and the system changes within one model. To that effect, reconfigurable Petri nets consist of a place/transition net and a set of rules that can modify the Petri net. The application of a rule is based on finding a suitable match of the rule in the given net. This match is an isomorphic subnet that has to be located meeting requirements of the rule application as well as the simulation. In this paper a non-deterministic algorithm is presented for the matching in reconfigurable Petri nets. It is an extension of the VF2 algorithm for graph (sub-)isomorphisms. We show that this extension is correct and complete. Non-determinism ensures that during simulation different matches can be found for each transformation step and is hence crucial for the simulation. But non-determinism has not been present in the VF2 algorithm. For the matching algorithm non-determinism is proven.
Career choice in nursing students: gendered constructs as psychological barriers.

BACKGROUND Gendered views of nursing remain widespread. This study explores how such views may influence student nurses' career aspirations. METHOD A group of preregistration student nurses completed a questionnaire distributed early in their first year of study of a 3 year Higher Diploma in Nursing. Data were gathered on career aspirations and the perceived gendered nature of a number of career options. Gender role orientation and occupational and academic self-efficacy were also measured using the Bem Sex Role Inventory and an adaptation of the Betz and Hackett Self-Efficacy Scale. RESULTS The results document the relative popularity of each specialism within nursing and students' perceptions of the gendered nature of each of the various nurse careers. Differences in these perceptions as related to gender and gender role identity are also outlined. Gender and gender role orientation were found to be predictive of sex-typed career aspirations only. CONCLUSION The psychological barriers that exist for both men and women as they pursue careers in nursing need to be addressed if the current shortage of nursing personnel across the United Kingdom (UK) is to be solved.
Towards an FCA-based Recommender System for Black-Box Optimization

Black-box optimization problems are of practical importance throughout science and engineering. Hundreds of algorithms and heuristics have been developed to solve them. However, none of them outperforms any other on all problems. The success of a particular heuristic is always relative to a class of problems. So far, these problem classes are elusive and it is not known what algorithm to use on a given problem. Here we describe the use of Formal Concept Analysis (FCA) to extract implications about problem classes and algorithm performance from databases of empirical benchmarks. We explain the idea in a small example and show that FCA produces meaningful implications. We further outline the use of attribute exploration to identify problem features that predict algorithm performance.
A built-in quiescent current monitor for CMOS VLSI circuits

A built-in I/sub DDQ/ monitor for CMOS digital circuits with low power supply voltage perturbation is presented. It minimizes the extra delay of the CUT in normal operation. An automatic recovery mechanism limits the drop in VDD voltage during the testing phase so the data storage is not perturbed. The I/sub DDQ/ current level may be measured by a standard digital IC tester. The performance parameters are compared with other published circuits and experimental results of an ASIC with the proposed BIC monitor are discussed. <<ETX>>
Chromatin particle spectrum analysis: a method for comparative chromatin structure analysis using paired-end mode next-generation DNA sequencing

Microarray and next-generation sequencing techniques which allow whole genome analysis of chromatin structure and sequence-specific protein binding are revolutionizing our view of chromosome architecture and function. However, many current methods in this field rely on biochemical purification of highly specific fractions of DNA prepared from chromatin digested with either micrococcal nuclease or DNaseI and are restricted in the parameters they can measure. Here, we show that a broad size-range of genomic DNA species, produced by partial micrococcal nuclease digestion of chromatin, can be sequenced using paired-end mode next-generation technology. The paired sequence reads, rather than DNA molecules, can then be size-selected and mapped as particle classes to the target genome. Using budding yeast as a model, we show that this approach reveals position and structural information for a spectrum of nuclease resistant complexes ranging from transcription factor-bound DNA elements up to mono- and poly-nucleosomes. We illustrate the utility of this approach in visualizing the MNase digestion landscape of protein-coding gene transcriptional start sites, and demonstrate a comparative analysis which probes the function of the chromatin-remodelling transcription factor Cbf1p.
An Automobile with Artificial Intelligence

This paper describes an automobile with artificial intelligence, which consists of a road pattern recognition unit and a problem solving unit. The vehicle is completely autonomous and can be driven without a human driver. The road pattern recognition unit involving a pair of TV cameras and a processing unit identifies obstacles in front of the vehicle and outputs data regarding to the locations of the obstacles. The problem solving unit is a microcomputer system and determines control optimal to the environment around the vehicle based on the data. The algorithm employed in it is a table-look-up method, in which the location of the optimal control is addressed in the table by key words generated from the data. The table was heuristically made by means of digital simulation. The vehicle was successfully driven under various road environments at the speed within 30 Km/h.
Stochastic Properties of the Consumption-Income Ratios in Central and Eastern European Countries

This paper aims to investigate stochastic properties of the consumption-income ratios in eleven central and eastern European (CEE) countries: Bulgaria, Croatia, the Czech Republic, Estonia, Hungary, Latvia, Lithuania, Poland, Romania, Slovakia, and Slovenia. The heterogeneous panel unit root tests are used to account for cross-sectional dependence and the Modified Augmented Dickey-Fuller unit root test over the period March 1997 – September 2012. The half-lives are also calculated as to find the strong mean-reversion in the consumption income ratio for nine of eleven CEE economies; an the exceptions are Croatia and Slovenia. In other words, empirical findings provide signficant support for the existence of hypothess that the consumption-income ratio is a mean reversion. Accordingly, the policy implicatons have permanent effects on the consumption of households only in Croatia and Slovenia.
Possible Therapeutic Use of Spermatogonial Stem Cells in the Treatment of Male Infertility: A Brief Overview

Development of germ cells is a process starting in fetus and completed only in puberty. Spermatogonial stem cells maintain spermatogenesis throughout the reproductive life of mammals. They are undifferentiated cells defined by their ability to both self-renew and differentiate into mature spermatozoa. This self-renewal and differentiation in turn is tightly regulated by a combination of intrinsic gene expression as well as the extrinsic gene signals from the local tissue microenvironment. The human testis is prone to damage, either for therapeutic reasons or because of toxic agents from the environment. For preservation of fertility, patients who will undergo radiotherapy and/or chemotherapy have an attractive possibility to keep in store and afterwards make a transfer of spermatogonial stem cells. Germ cell transplantation is not yet ready for the human fertility clinic, but it may be reasonable for young cancer patients, with no other options to preserve their fertility. Whereas this technique has become an important research tool in rodents, a clinical application must still be regarded as experimental, and many aspects of the procedure need to be optimized prior to a clinical application in men. In future, a range of options for the preservation of male fertility will get a new significance.
Inflation Targeting *

Inflation targeting is a monetary-policy strategy that is characterized by an announced numerical inflation target, an implementation of monetary policy that gives a major role to an inflation forecast and has been called forecast targeting, and a high degree of transparency and accountability. It was introduced in New Zealand in 1990, has been very successful in terms of stabilizing both inflation and the real economy, and has, as of 2010, been adopted by about 25 industrialized and emerging-market economies. The chapter discusses the history, macroeconomic effects, theory, practice, and future of inflation targeting. JEL Classification: E52, E58, E42, E43, E47
Combining various projection access schemes with the algebraic reconstruction technique for low-contrast detection in computed tomography

We separately applied three different projection access orders (the multilevel scheme (MLS), the sequence access scheme (SAS) and the random permutation scheme (RPS)) to the algebraic reconstruction technique (ART) in an attempt to improve low-contrast object detection in computed tomography (CT). We used both simulated (from various numbers of projections of low-contrast and contrast detail phantoms) and actual data (from megavoltage portal CT) during our study. When coupled with ART, SAS and RPS led to poor low-contrast detection and required multiple iterations for convergence. In contrast, one-iteration MLS yielded the most uniform reconstructions with the highest contrast-to-noise ratios. Therefore, MLS-ART provides the highest dose efficiency of all current reconstruction techniques for imaging low-contrast objects from a small number of projections.