Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Server based Bluetooth Low Energy (BLE) Positioning using Received Signal Strength (RSS) Measurements

Bluetooth Low Energy (BLE) technology has gained significant attention in recent years due to its low power consumption, wide availability, and compatibility with a variety of devices. This article proposes a novel BLE based positioning system utilizing received signal strength (RSS) measurements. We introduce a server based BLE positioning method. Here, the mobile devices, e.g. smartphones, act as BLE beacons. Static BLE sniffers are installed in the environment. They record RSS measurements and send them to a server. The position of the mobile device is calculated at the server using a particle filter (PF) and can be communicated back to the mobile device. To enhance the distance and position estimation accuracy, each receiver is equipped with multiple BLE receivers which are closely spaced, which helps to reduce fading effects caused by multipath propagation. Furthermore, the RSS measurements are smoothed by a smoothing filter. The proposed method is evaluated by indoor measurements, where we obtain a positioning error with a mean root mean square error (RMSE) of 0.85 m for a mobile device carried by a robot and a mean RMSE of 1.3 m for a walking pedestrian.
The Bhutanese refugees: between verification, repatriation and royal realpolitik

This paper brings out the plight of about one hundred thousand Nepali refugees from Bhutan who were forced to flee the country by the monarchical state in late 1980s and early 1990s.These refugees are, by and large, ignored by the world that is otherwise quite supportive of democratic movements like the one the refugees had launched in Bhutan in response to highly constrictive legislations relating to marriage and dress passed by the state since 1980s, including the census of the southern Bhutan with a clear view to de-nationalising the so-called ‘Lhotsampas’. The paper further shows how the negotiation between Bhutan and Nepal, the identification of the bonafide nationals of Bhutan in the refugee camps of southern Nepal, the terms and conditions for such identification and repatriation, etc. were all dictated by Bhutan ignoring the UNHCR, acquiesced by Nepal, and tacitly supported by India. Finally, the author examines the circumstances forcing Nepal to kowtow before Bhutan and questions the stand taken by India, the Asian superpower, which supported anti-establishment in Nepal and opposed anti-establishment in Bhutan. During the autumn months of 2002, some warmth returned to the troubled relationship between the governments of Bhutan and Nepal. It seemed that the two landlocked (effectively India-locked) Himalayan kingdoms had many interests in common, and that their long-standing disagreement over the fate of the 102,000 people living in Bhutanese refugee camps in southeastern Nepal represented an obstacle to pursuing those interests. Most of these people claimed to have left Bhutan against their will during the early 1990s; approximately one third of them were children born since that exodus took place. BHUTAN AND ITS PEOPLES Bhutan is the sub-continent’s most thinly populated state, with an official total population of only 680,000 in a country approximately one-third the size of Bangladesh. At least 60% of its surface area is forested, and the capital, Thimphu, has a population of less than 50,000. Despite its small size, the population is ethnically diverse. The four main ethnic categories are the Ngalong in the west, the ‘central Bhutanese’, the Sharchop in the east, and the Lhotshampa or ‘Nepali Bhutanese’ in the south. The Ngalong and central Bhutanese are politically dominant. The Ngalongs’ language, Dzongkha, has been the national language since 1961, and the Drukpa Kargyu school of Mahayana Buddhism, which is predominant in western Bhutan, has statutory representation in state institutions. The Bhutanese commonly make a distinction between the Buddhist ‘Drukpas’ of the north and the Nepalispeaking southerners, who are known as Hindu. In the early 1990s, the Dutch linguist George van Driem reported the presence of 160,000 speakers of Dzongkha, 138,000
Timing of Magmatic Processes and Unrest Associated with Mafic Historical Monogenetic Eruptions in Tenerife Island

The historical eruptive activity on Tenerife (Canary Islands, Spain) consists of relatively maﬁc magmas that produced mildly explosive monogenetic eruptions; this is the most likely style of eruption that might occur in the near future. Here we investigate the processes and time scales that lead to such eruptions with the aim of better interpreting volcanic unrest in the island and improving eruption forecasts. We combine geochemical and petrological information with a compilation of accounts of seismicity for the historical eruptions of Siete Fuentes, Fasnia, and Arafo. These occurred between December 1704 and February 1705 along the NE rift of Tenerife from three vents at different altitudes and more than 10 km apart from each other. The erupted volume increased with time from about 1 (cid:2) 10 6 m 3 for Siete Fuentes, to 7 (cid:2) 10 6 m 3 for Fasnia, and to 28 (cid:2) 10 6 m 3 for Arafo. All the erupted magmas were basanitic; the bulk-rock compositions became more maﬁc with time owing to accumulation of olivine with Cr-spinel inclusions and clinopyroxene, rather than to the arrival of a truly more primitive melt. We have identiﬁed four olivine compositional populations [crystal cores at Fo ¼ 79–80, Fo ¼ 81–82, Fo ¼ 83–84, and Fo ¼ 85–87; Fo ¼ 100 (cid:2) Mg/(Mg þ Fe)] that are either unzoned or normally or reversely zoned in major and minor elements. The variety of olivine core populations and zoning patterns reﬂects mixing and mingling between different magmas; their proportions changed with time from Siete Fuentes to Arafo. Clinopyroxene crystals also show a variety of zoning patterns and changes in Mg/Fe and Cr contents indicative of open-system magma interactions, but are more difﬁcult to interpret because of fast disequilibrium growth conditions. Modelling of the zoning proﬁles of olivine shows that early mixing occurred between two relatively evolved magmas, probably at shallow depths 1 year prior to the eruption. Another mixing event between two more primitive magmas stored presumably at deeper levels occurred less than 2 months prior to the eruption. Finally, movement from depth of the pre-mixed primitive melts and interaction with the also pre-mixed, shallower and more evolved melts occurred only 2 weeks before the eruption. Although the ﬁrst and last eruptions were fed by the same magma, each also records renewed magma movement from depth and mixing before eruption and thus they were probably fed by different dike systems. The shorter transport times of weeks are also seen in our compilation of the historical accounts of seismicity associated with these eruptions. The sequence of events and their timing should be useful for interpretation of monitoring data of unrest in Tenerife, and the short times between the last processes before eruption could be considered for the implementation of emergency plans during volcanic crises.
Recommender System for enrollment advice of elective courses for students of Electronic Engineering and Telecommunications Engineering from UNAD

Currently, due to the pressing need for educational quality and coverage in Colombia, the academic sector is looking for remote learning experiences based on E-Learning methodologies. The Universidad Nacional Abierta y a Distancia - UNAD is one of the institutions that has stood out in the country for providing quality E-Learning remote education. Aiming to improve the student’s experience in the elective course enrollment process, this paper presents the development of a recommender system based on collaborative filtering capable of advising the students which elective courses are more suitable for them based on their academic history. Initially, the description of the database used to train and test the system is presented; then, the preprocessing done to the data is explained; after that, the development of two recommender models is shown, one based on Non-negative Matrix Factorization (NNMF) and one based on Singular Value Decomposition (SVD) matrix factorization; the, the results and evaluation of the proposed models is presented; and lastly, the conclusions of this work. Based on the results, it was selected the recommender system based on SVD matrix factorization, this model was able to suggest elective courses for the students with an 80% similarity when comparing its predictions with the recommendations of a human advisor.
Structural Trend Analysis by Axial Surface Mapping

We present a new method of structural trend analysis in which axial surfaces (fold hinges) are mapped through grids of seismic reflection profiles and balanced forward models. Axial surface maps (1) define fold trends, lateral terminations, and closure in structure, (2) constrain underlying fault geometry and slip, and (3) highlight and connect regions that can be interpreted by a series of balanced models or cross sections. Maps of folds in southern California and northeastern Pennsylvania are compared with forward model solutions and used to construct balanced three-dimensional structural interpretations using fault-bend fold theory. Axial surface maps generated from balanced fault-bend fold models define theoretical relationships between map patterns and structural geo etry and fault slip. Kink-band widths between paired axial surfaces in map view are related to underlying fault slip. Lateral variations in fault slip, which can be identified on axial surface maps, may cause fold plunge and provide lateral closure. Lateral changes in subsurface fault geometry, which include lateral and oblique ramps, are also reflected by terminations, bends, or offsets of axial surfaces in map view. Based on these relationships between folding and faulting, we develop map-view interpretations and balanced cross sections across structures that are consistent with the geology along trend.
Research on information extraction and target recognition from high resolution remote sensing image

High resolution remote sensing image has some characteristics such as tremendous data,complex feature details and dependence on scale,so some new technical difficulty is faced to researchers on remote sensing.Based on summarizing previous technique of information extraction from high resolution image (aerial image),this paper analyses the superiority of remote sensing image process and analysis based on parcel unit in theory and in practice.Furthermore,a multi-scale technique for information extraction and target recognition from high resolution remote sensing image based on feature unit is brought forth.In the end,this paper explains the technique frame and points out the actual research difficulties and emphasis in the future.
Predicting Crop Yield Using 3D Convolutional Neural Network with Dimension Reduction and Metric Learning

Crop yield prediction using remote sensing data during the growing season is helpful to farm planning and management, which has received more and more attention. Information mining from multi-channel geo-spatiotemporal data brings many benefits to crop yield prediction. However, most of the existing methods have not fully utilized the dimension reduction technology and the spatiotemporal feature of the data. In this paper, a new approach is proposed to predict the yield from multi-spatial images by using the dimensionality reduction method and the 3D convolutional neural network. In addition, counties with similar crop yields should have similar features learned by the network. Thus, metric learning and multitask learning are used to learn more discriminating features. We evaluate the proposed method on county-level soybean yield prediction in the United States and the experimental results show the effectiveness of the proposed method.
A Feasibility Study on Evasion Attacks Against NLP-Based Macro Malware Detection Algorithms

Machine learning-based models for malware detection have gained prominence in order to detect obfuscated malware. These models extract malicious features and endeavor to classify samples as either malware or benign entities. Conversely, these benign features can be employed to imitate benign samples. With respect to Android applications, numerous researchers have assessed the hazard and tackled the problem. This evasive technique can be extended to other malicious scripts, such as macro malware. In this paper, we investigate the potential for evasive attacks against natural language processing (NLP)-based macro malware detection algorithms. We assess three language models as methods for feature extraction: Bag of Words, Latent Semantic Analysis, and Paragraph Vector. Our experimental result demonstrates that the detection rate declines to 2 percent when benign features are inserted into actual macro malware. This approach is effective even against advanced language models.
Panel on Dietetic Products , Nutrition , and Allergies ( NDA ) ; Scientific Opinion on Dietary Reference Values for carbohydrates and dietary fibre

This Opinion of the EFSA Panel on Dietetic Products, Nutrition, and Allergies (NDA) deals with the establishment of Dietary Reference Values for carbohydrates and dietary fibre. Nutritionally, two broad categories of carbohydrates can be differentiated: “glycaemic carbohydrates”, i.e. carbohydrates digested and absorbed in the human small intestine, and „dietary fibre‟, non-digestible carbohydrates passing to the large intestine. In this Opinion, dietary fibre is defined as non-digestible carbohydrates plus lignin. The absolute dietary requirement for glycaemic carbohydrates is not precisely known but will depend on the amount of fat and protein ingested. The Panel proposes 45 to 60 E% as the reference Intake range for carbohydrates applicable to both adults and children older than one year of age. Although high frequency of intake of sugar-containing foods can increase the risk of dental caries, there are insufficient data to set an upper limit for (added) sugar intake. Based on the available evidence on bowel function, the Panel considers dietary fibre intakes of 25 g/day to be adequate for normal laxation in adults. A fibre intake of 2 g/MJ is considered adequate for normal laxation in children from the age of one year. Although there is some experimental evidence that a reduction of the dietary glycaemic index and glycaemic load may have favourable effects on some metabolic risk factors such as serum lipids, the evidence for a role in weight maintenance and prevention of diet-related diseases is inconclusive.
Modelling of Heterogeneous Time Trends in Bayesian Age-Period-Cohort Models

Most developed countries collect area-level incidence and mortality rates stratified by age and gender. To detect temporal patterns these epidemiological data can be analysed by age-periodcohort (APC) models according to three timescales: age, period (calendar period during which the incidence or mortality rates were observed) and cohort (time of birth). A joint analysis of data from different regions may borrow strength from shared age effects while possibly identify different period or cohort relative risks, thus overcoming the unidentifiability problem known for univariate APC models [1]. In this talk, we develop a multivariate Bayesian APC model to identify regional differences in disease rates. Inference is based on Markov chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) using either auxiliary mixture sampling [2, 3] or a Gaussian Markov random field (GMRF) approximation [4]. The methodology will be applied to data on chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) mortality in England and Wales, split into three areas: Greater London, metropolitan areas excluding Greater London and rural areas [5]. We were able to identify different period effects in the three areas, possibly related to different levels of air pollution.
Maastrichtian ammonites and biostratigraphy of the Sakhalin and the Shikotan Islands, Far Eastern Russia

Stratigraphy, ammonite paleontology, and regional characteristics are presented from the Maastrichtian deposits of the Sakhalin and the Shikotan Islands, Far Eastern Russia. Two different ammonite biostratigraphic zonal schemes based on the representatives of the family Desmocerataceae and the Tetragonitaceae, respectively, are established and their correlation with the Japanese ammonite zonation is suggested. All ammonites are monographed, and of the recognized 17 species, part is reported for the first time from the Maastrichtian of the studied area, the Kamchatka Peninsula including. Normal 0 21 false false false PL X-NONE X-NONE /* Style Definitions */ table.MsoNormalTable {mso-style-name:Standardowy; mso-tstyle-rowband-size:0; mso-tstyle-colband-size:0; mso-style-noshow:yes; mso-style-priority:99; mso-style-qformat:yes; mso-style-parent:""; mso-padding-alt:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; mso-para-margin-top:0cm; mso-para-margin-right:0cm; mso-para-margin-bottom:10.0pt; mso-para-margin-left:0cm; line-height:115%; mso-pagination:widow-orphan; font-size:11.0pt; font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;}
Possible Taphonomic Bias in the Preservation of Phosphatic Macroinvertebrates in the Uppermost Maquoketa Formation (Upper Ordovician) of Northeastern Iowa (North-Central USA)

Examination of acid digestion residues can be an indispensable tool in the detection and identification of fragmentary remains of rare and/or fragile, macroinvertebrate fossils preserved in shallow shelf carbonates. We recovered submicroscopic fragments of phosphatic conulariid, Sphenothallus (Cnidaria), and ? Trematis (Linguliformea) skeletons from a slab of highly fossiliferous lime packstone from the uppermost Brainard Shale Member of the Maquoketa Formation (Richmondian, Upper Ordovician) of northeastern Iowa, USA. The bedding planes of this and four similar Brainard Member slabs (total upper bedding surface area approximately 0.38 m2) lack macrofossil specimens of these three taxa, which have never previously been reported from this rock unit. Analysis of the preservation of the abundant calcitic fossils revealed evidence of wave current action, including pervasive disarticulation of the brachiopods, echinoderms, and trilobites, and bimodal alignment of the narrowly conical Cornulites shells and elongate Eoplectodonta valves, almost all of which are also oriented convex up. These results are consistent with the hypothesis that storm wave activity on the Brainard Member sea floor fragmented originally macroscopic conulariid, Sphenothallus, and ? Trematis skeletons, making it difficult to detect these taxa at low magnifications and thus making it appear that they were absent in the original bottom community. Together with results of similar studies of other Paleozoic rock units, our investigation suggests that there is a systematic, taphonomic bias against conulariids, Sphenothallus, and linguliform (phosphatic) brachiopods in storm-influenced shelf deposits.
DOC:NO3− ratios and NO3− uptake in forested headwater streams

The underlying mechanisms driving the coupled interactions between inorganic nitrogen uptake and dissolved organic matter are not well understood, particularly in surface waters. To determine the relationship between dissolved organic carbon (DOC) quantity and nitrate (NO3−) uptake kinetics in streams, we performed a series of NO3− Tracer Additions for Spiraling Curve Characterization experiments in four streams within the Lamprey River Watershed, New Hampshire, across a range in background DOC concentrations (1–8 mg C/L). Experiments were performed throughout the 2013 and 2014 growing seasons. Across streams and experimental dates, ambient uptake velocity (Vf) correlated positively with increasing DOC concentrations and DOC:NO3− ratios but was only weakly negatively associated with NO3− concentrations. Ambient NO3− Vf was unrelated to pH, light, temperature, dissolved oxygen, and Specific Ultraviolet Absorbance at 254 nm. Although there were general tendencies across the entire Lamprey River Watershed, individual sites behaved differently in their uptake kinetics. NO3− uptake dynamics in the Lamprey River Watershed are most strongly influenced by DOC concentrations rather than NO3− concentrations or physicochemical parameters, which have been identified as regional‐ to continental‐scale drivers in previous research. Understanding the fundamental relationships between dissolved organic matter and inorganic nutrients will be important as global and climatic changes influence the delivery and production of DOC and NO3− in aquatic ecosystems.
Holistic control of ship noise emissions

Abstract The sustainability of anthropogenic activities at sea is recently gaining more and more attention. As regards shipping, emissions from ships into the environment of various nature (engine exhaust gases, anti-fouling paints leaching, ballast exchange, releases at sea of oil and other noxious liquid or solid cargoes, of sewage and of garbage) have been recognized as sources of pollution and therefore controlled and limited since a long time. The subject of noise emission has been identified only recently. To study the problem, the EU has funded, among others, the FP7 SILENV (Ship Innovative soLutions to rEduce Noise and Vibrations) project that run from 2010 to 2012. In the present work, the holistic approach followed within the project to characterize and control the ship as a source of noise is presented. Three types of noise emissions (in air, in water and inside the ship) are analyzed highlighting peculiarities and different strategies adopted to characterize the source, the impact on the receiver and the possible solutions to set limits to the ship emissions. The project outcome included a socalled “Green Label”: a set of new prenormative requirements defined for the three main areas mentioned above.
An assessment of the feasibility of carbon trading afforestation contracts in trans Mara sub-county, Kenya

XIV CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION . 1 1.1 Background . 1 1.2 Statement of the problem . 3 1.3 Objectives . 4 1.4 Justification . 5 CHAPTER 2: LITERATURE REVIEW . 7 2.1 Carbon trading definition and origin . 7 2.2 The Kyoto Protocol . 7 2.3 Carbon markets . 8 2.4 How the carbon market works . 9 2.4. 1 Project-based transactions . 9 2.4. 2 Trade in emission allowances . 9 2.5 Carbon sequestration activities. 11 2.6 Carbon sequestration through tree planting . 12 2.7 Potential benefits from carbon sequestration projects in Africa . 13 2.7. 1 Sustainable development . 13 2.7. 2 Biodiversity conservation and protection of natural resources . 14 2.7. 3 Ecological restoration . 14 2.7. 4 Improved land productivity through soil carbon sequestration. 15 2.8 An overview of carbon sequestration economics and policy . 15 2.9 Theoretical basis of farmer participation in carbon afforestation contracts . 18 2.10 Methods for analyzing farmer willingness to participate in carbon contracts . 21 2.10. 1 Contingent valuation. 21 2.10. 2 Conjoint analysis . 22 2.10. 2.1 Choice experiments . 23