Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Kinematic earthquake rupture inversion in the frequency domain

SUMMARY We develop a frequency-based approach to earthquake slip inversion that requires no prior information on the rupture velocity or slip-rate functions. Because the inversion is linear and is performed separately at each frequency, it is computationally efﬁcient and suited to imaging the ﬁnest resolvable spatial details of rupture. We demonstrate the approach on synthetic seismograms based on the Source Inversion Validation Exercise 1 (SIV1) of a crustal M w 6.6 strike-slip earthquake recorded locally. A robust inversion approach is obtained by applying a combination of damping, smoothing and forcing zero slip at the edge of the fault model. This approach achieves reasonable data ﬁts, overall agreement to the SIV1 model, including slip-rate functions of each subfault, from which its total slip, slip time history and rupture velocity can be extracted. We demonstrate the method’s robustness by exploring the effects of noise, random timing errors, and fault geometry errors. The worst effects on the inversion are seen from errors in the assumed fault geometry.
Dynamical Models of Elliptical Galaxies in z = 0.5 Clusters. II. Mass-to-Light Ratio Evolution without Fundamental Plane Assumptions

We study the mass-to-light ratio (M/L) evolution of early-type galaxies using dynamical modeling of resolved internal kinematics. This makes fewer assumptions than fundamental plane (FP) studies and provides a powerful new approach for studying galaxy evolution. We focus on the sample of 25 galaxies in clusters at z ? 0.5 modeled in Paper I. For comparison, we compile and homogenize M/L literature data for 60 nearby galaxies that were modeled in comparable detail. The nearby sample obeys log(M/L)B = Z + S log(? eff/200 km s-1), where Z = 0.896 ? 0.010, S = 0.992 ? 0.054, and ? eff is the effective velocity dispersion. The z ? 0.5 sample follows a similar relation, but with lower zero point. The implied M/L evolution is ? log(M/L)/? z = -0.457 ? 0.046(random) ? 0.078(systematic), consistent with passive evolution following high-redshift formation. This agrees with the FP results for this sample by van Dokkum & van der Marel, and confirms that FP evolution tracks M/L evolution, which is an important verification of the assumptions that underlie FP studies. However, while we find more FP evolution for galaxies of low ? eff (or low mass), the dynamical M/L evolution shows little correlation with ? eff. We argue that this difference can be plausibly attributed to a combination of two effects: (1) evolution in structural galaxy properties other than M/L, and (2) the neglect of rotational support in studies of FP evolution. The results leave the question open as to whether the low-mass galaxies in the sample have younger populations than the high-mass galaxies. This highlights the general importance in the study of population ages for complementing dynamical measurements with broadband colors or spectroscopic population diagnostics.
Monitoring Influenza Activity in the United States: A Comparison of Traditional Surveillance Systems with Google Flu Trends

Background Google Flu Trends was developed to estimate US influenza-like illness (ILI) rates from internet searches; however ILI does not necessarily correlate with actual influenza virus infections. Methods and Findings Influenza activity data from 2003–04 through 2007–08 were obtained from three US surveillance systems: Google Flu Trends, CDC Outpatient ILI Surveillance Network (CDC ILI Surveillance), and US Influenza Virologic Surveillance System (CDC Virus Surveillance). Pearson's correlation coefficients with 95% confidence intervals (95% CI) were calculated to compare surveillance data. An analysis was performed to investigate outlier observations and determine the extent to which they affected the correlations between surveillance data. Pearson's correlation coefficient describing Google Flu Trends and CDC Virus Surveillance over the study period was 0.72 (95% CI: 0.64, 0.79). The correlation between CDC ILI Surveillance and CDC Virus Surveillance over the same period was 0.85 (95% CI: 0.81, 0.89). Most of the outlier observations in both comparisons were from the 2003–04 influenza season. Exclusion of the outlier observations did not substantially improve the correlation between Google Flu Trends and CDC Virus Surveillance (0.82; 95% CI: 0.76, 0.87) or CDC ILI Surveillance and CDC Virus Surveillance (0.86; 95%CI: 0.82, 0.90). Conclusions This analysis demonstrates that while Google Flu Trends is highly correlated with rates of ILI, it has a lower correlation with surveillance for laboratory-confirmed influenza. Most of the outlier observations occurred during the 2003–04 influenza season that was characterized by early and intense influenza activity, which potentially altered health care seeking behavior, physician testing practices, and internet search behavior.
The cost of resistance to Bacillus thuringiensis varies with the host plant of Trichoplusia ni

Selection for resistance to insecticides, diseases and parasitoids is assumed to be costly and often requires tradeoffs with reproductive fitness. The costs of resistance, however, are often difficult to measure. Cabbage looper, Trichoplusia ni, a generalist Lepidopteran herbivore, has become highly resistant following the extensive use of the microbial insecticide, Bacillus thuringiensis kurstaki (Bt) in vegetable greenhouses. We compared the growth rate, pupal size and survival of resistant, susceptible and hybrid T. ni larvae fed on tomato, bell pepper and cucumber. Performance was best on cucumber and worst on pepper, and the magnitude of fitness costs associated with Bt resistance increased with declining host plant suitability. This supports the hypothesis that in this system, resistance costs are condition dependent and are greatest in the most stressful environment. Management strategies that rely on the presence of fitness costs to reduce the frequency of resistance genes must consider this variation and should be more successful on crops that are less suitable food plants. In general, condition dependence should be considered in studies designed to measure the costs of resistance.
Using Encyclopedic Knowledge to Understand Queries

Query understanding is a challenging but beneficial task. In this paper, we propose a context-aware method to use the encyclopedic knowledge to aid in query understanding. Given a query, we first use a dictionary constructed from the encyclopedic knowledge bases to detect the possible entities and their associated categories. Then, we use a topic based ethod to derive semantic information from the query. By comparing the topical similarity between various candidate phrases, we get the most likely entities and their related categories. Experimental results show that our method has achieved a great improvement over previous approaches and the efficiency is acceptable for online search.
A Survey Of Various Load Balancing Techniques And Challenges In Cloud Computing

: Cloud computing is emerging technology which is a new standard of large scale distributed computing and parallel computing. It provides shared resources, information, software packages and other resources as per client requirements at specific time. As cloud computing is growing rapidly and more users are attracted towards utility computing, better and fast service needs to be provided. For better management of available good load balancing techniques are required. So that load balancing in cloud becoming more interested area of research. And through better load balancing in cloud, performance is increased and user gets better services. Here in this paper we have discussed many different load balancing techniques used to solve the issue in cloud computing environment .
“Yo pertenezco aquí”: Academic Identities, Formal Spanish, and Feelings of Belonging

Abstract: This study examines the impact that membership in a Spanish language theater and poetry troupe had upon a group of Mexican and Chicano university students in terms of the development of academic identities, feelings of belonging, connections with friends and family, and other factors that correlate with academic perseverance. Also examined was the degree to which students believed that participation in the troupe’s events had improved their ability to employ formal Spanish. Analysis was based upon the results of a two-part written survey taken by ten members and video-taped interviews conducted with five members. Respondents to the written survey reported that membership had positively impacted all of the factors listed above. Data gathered in the interviews supported the findings of the survey. Additionally, the interviewees stated that participation in the troupe’s meetings and presentations had influenced their decisions about their professional goals and their confidence in their ability to reach those goals. The five interviewees were contacted four years after the study to determine educational outcomes. All five had graduated from college and were either high school Spanish teachers or working towards doctorate degrees in Spanish.
Optimization of the Interleaver Structure for Turbo-codes

| This work discusses the eeect of the in-terleaver optimization on the performance of Turbo codes for large block lengths, N ! 1. It is shown that for N ! 1, the weight of the systematic and parity check sequences, denoted by w1, w2, w3, respectively , has a Gaussian distribution. To optimize the code performance, it is desirable that the correspond-(iii) 23 ! 0 as N ! 1 for almost any random in-terleaver. This means that for N ! 1, the optimization of the interleaver has no eeect on the Turbo-code performance and in this case, the weight of the three coded streams will be independent of each other. For shorter block lengths, a method is presented to optimize the structure of a Turbo-code interleaver via a deterministic algorithm. The resulting interleaver ooers a substantial improvement in the error performance over a random interleaver and a noticeable improvement over an S-random interleaver (which is believed to ooer the best performance among the previously known interleavers). In addition, the proposed method allows for an eecient representation of the interleaver structure and can be used to dynamically reconstruct the interleaver array with a low computational complexity. This is a useful property in multi-rate systems where several interleavers of diierent block lengths may be needed. The proposed method also provides: (i) a systematic method to search for good interleavers, and (ii) a common language to describe the results of such ndings.
The Characterization of a Ridged Half-Mode Substrate-Integrated Waveguide and Its Application in Coupler Design

The miniaturization of microwave and millimeter-wave components is necessary to meet demand for increasingly smaller integrated circuits. This paper explores the technique of capacitively loading the open side of a half-mode substrate-integrated waveguide (HMSIW) with a continuous ridge in order to lower the first-mode cutoff frequency and allow for substantial miniaturization. The full analytical calculation for the design of the first-mode cutoff frequency is presented, along with the extraction of the complex propagation constant and the analysis of the tradeoff between radiation and conductor losses. A comparison between the performance of the ridged HMSIW (RHMSIW) and HMSIW is simulated and measured, where the insertion loss of the RHMSIW is shown to be lower for frequencies up to 1.45 times the cutoff frequency fc, with a total width approximately 0.45 times the width of the HMSIW. The near-field radiation pattern is also measured, clearly illustrating the reduced radiation loss of the RHMSIW. A 3-dB coupler using the RHMSIW technology is designed, fabricated, and measured. The RHMSIW coupler's performance is shown to be comparable to similar HMSIW and SIW designs in the literature, but with substantially improved miniaturization. The isolation of two parallel RHMSIWs in different configurations is also studied and compared with the HMSIW for use in applications requiring high-density routing or interconnection. It is shown that the capacitive ridge helps to reduce the crosstalk between neighboring transmission lines, allowing for the possibility of greater circuit densities, and further improving the miniaturization of microwave systems using the RHMSIW technology. To the best of our knowledge, the RHMSIW is the smallest waveguide-based transmission line with respect to wavelength presently in the literature.
smien GM . Beersma and Rutger

Sleep and mood are cleariy interrelated in major depression, as shown by the antidepressive effects of various experiments, such as total sleep deprivation, partial sleep deprivation, REM sleep deprivation, and temporal shifts of the sleep period. The prevailing hypotheses explaining these effects concern the antidepressant potency of the suppression of either REM sleep or non-REM sleep. This issue is discussed in the light of present knowledge of the kinetics of non-REM sleep intensity, REM sleep production, and their interaction. Recent findings have led us to suggest that the suppression of non-REM sleep intensity is the common pathway in the set of experimental data on the antidepressant effects of sleep manipulations.
Latent KSHV Infected Endothelial Cells Are Glutamine Addicted and Require Glutaminolysis for Survival

Kaposi’s Sarcoma-associated Herpesvirus (KSHV) is the etiologic agent of Kaposi’s Sarcoma (KS). KSHV establishes a predominantly latent infection in the main KS tumor cell type, the spindle cell, which is of endothelial cell origin. KSHV requires the induction of multiple metabolic pathways, including glycolysis and fatty acid synthesis, for the survival of latently infected endothelial cells. Here we demonstrate that latent KSHV infection leads to increased levels of intracellular glutamine and enhanced glutamine uptake. Depletion of glutamine from the culture media leads to a significant increase in apoptotic cell death in latently infected endothelial cells, but not in their mock-infected counterparts. In cancer cells, glutamine is often required for glutaminolysis to provide intermediates for the tri-carboxylic acid (TCA) cycle and support for the production of biosynthetic and bioenergetic precursors. In the absence of glutamine, the TCA cycle intermediates alpha-ketoglutarate (αKG) and pyruvate prevent the death of latently infected cells. Targeted drug inhibition of glutaminolysis also induces increased cell death in latently infected cells. KSHV infection of endothelial cells induces protein expression of the glutamine transporter, SLC1A5. Chemical inhibition of SLC1A5, or knockdown by siRNA, leads to similar cell death rates as glutamine deprivation and, similarly, can be rescued by αKG. KSHV also induces expression of the heterodimeric transcription factors c-Myc-Max and related heterodimer MondoA-Mlx. Knockdown of MondoA inhibits expression of both Mlx and SLC1A5 and induces a significant increase in cell death of only cells latently infected with KSHV, again, fully rescued by the supplementation of αKG. Therefore, during latent infection of endothelial cells, KSHV activates and requires the Myc/MondoA-network to upregulate the glutamine transporter, SLC1A5, leading to increased glutamine uptake for glutaminolysis. These findings expand our understanding of the required metabolic pathways that are activated during latent KSHV infection of endothelial cells, and demonstrate a novel role for the extended Myc-regulatory network, specifically MondoA, during latent KSHV infection.
On the Empirical Content of Carbon Leakage Criteria in the EU Emissions Trading Scheme

The EU Emissions Trading Scheme continues to exempt industries deemed at risk of carbon leakage from permit auctions. Carbon leakage risk is established based on the carbon intensity and trade exposure of each 4-digit industry. Using a novel measure of carbon leakage risk obtained in interviews with almost 400 managers at regulated firms in six countries, we show that carbon intensity is strongly correlated with leakage risk whereas overall trade exposure is not. In spite of this, most exemptions from auctioning are granted to industries with high trade exposure to developed and less developed countries. Our analysis suggests two ways of tightening the exemption criteria without increasing relocation risk among non-exempt industries. The first one is to exempt trade exposed industries only if they are also carbon intensive. The second one is to consider exposure to trade only with less developed countries. By modifying the carbon leakage criteria along these lines, European governments could raise additional revenue from permit auctions of up to €3 billion per year, based on a permit price of €30.
Concavity of Eigenvalue Sums and the Spectral Shift Function

Abstract It is well known that the sum of negative (positive) eigenvalues of some finite Hermitian matrix V is concave (convex) with respect to V . Using the theory of the spectral shift function we generalize this property to self-adjoint operators on a separable Hilbert space with an arbitrary spectrum. More precisely, we prove that the spectral shift function integrated with respect to the spectral parameter from −∞ to λ (from λ to +∞) is concave (convex) with respect to trace class perturbations. The case of relative trace class perturbations is also considered.
Arabidopsis DNA polymerase ϵ recruits components of Polycomb repressor complex to mediate epigenetic gene silencing

Arabidopsis ESD7 locus encodes the catalytic subunit of the DNA Pol ϵ involved in the synthesis of the DNA leading strand and is essential for embryo viability. The hypomorphic allele esd7-1 is viable but displays a number of pleiotropic phenotypic alterations including an acceleration of flowering time. Furthermore, Pol ϵ is involved in the epigenetic silencing of the floral integrator genes FT and SOC1, but the molecular nature of the transcriptional gene silencing mechanisms involved remains elusive. Here we reveal that ESD7 interacts with components of the PRC2 such as CLF, EMF2 and MSI1, and that mutations in ESD7 cause a decrease in the levels of the H3K27me3 mark present in the chromatin of FT and SOC1. We also demonstrate that a domain of the C-terminal region of ESD7 mediates the binding to the different PRC2 components and this interaction is necessary for the proper recruitment of PRC2 to FT and SOC1 chromatin. We unveil the existence of interplay between the DNA replication machinery and the PcG complexes in epigenetic transcriptional silencing. These observations provide an insight into the mechanisms ensuring that the epigenetic code at pivotal loci in developmental control is faithfully transmitted to the progeny of eukaryotic cells.
Route Control Platform Architecture and Practical Concerns

In this paper we describe a network architecture in which the interAS routing decision process is removed from routers into a separate logically-centralized control function which we refer to as the Route Control Platform (RCP). This architecture makes a clean separation between the packet forwarding function which by necessity has to be performed by network elements in the data path, and the control function performed by the routing protocols which directs how the data forwarding should take place. Removing the current tight coupling between these two functions thus removes the burden of route computation from routers so that it does not interfere with the packet forwarding process. More important, however, is the fact that removal of this function simplifies router configuration and enables flexibility in the route selection process that is simply impossible in the current infrastructure. We provide an overview of the RCP architecture and show how it can be realized within the existing routing infrastructure requiring only configuration changes on the routers. We present a high level view of the RCP software architecture and identify issues that need to be taken into account in its realization.
Focus On: The Use of Animal Models for the Study of Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorders

Considerable efforts to educate women not to abuse alcohol during pregnancy have failed to reduce the incidence of fetal alcohol syndrome. Therefore, other approaches to limit the effects of prenatal alcohol exposure are under consideration, including the development of prevention programs and interventions. For these strategies to be as successful as possible, it also is important to improve methods for identifying affected children. The use of animal models in prenatal alcohol exposure research is critical because of the practical and ethical limitations of using human subjects for such studies. This article reviews the use of animal models in three areas of research: addressing basic questions about alcohol exposure during development; improving the identification of affected individuals; and developing approaches to reduce the impact of prenatal alcohol exposure. The various animal-model systems that have been used to study fetal alcohol spectrum disorders, each with their own specific strengths, have provided new findings that have been successfully extrapolated to human subjects, resulting in advancement of the research field and our understanding of fetal alcohol spectrum disorders.
Proximal Mappings Involving Almost Structured Matrices

We consider a minimization problem where the cost function consists of the sum of a quadratic data fidelity term and a penalty term. The quadratic involves a matrix H that can be embedded into a larger matrix H̃ where multiplication with the inverse of I + αH̃TH̃ can be efficiently performed. We discuss how to take advantage of this property when the Douglas-Rachford algorithm is utilized.
Secalyser - a System to Plan Training for Employees

Secalyser uses an approach to measure knowledge and behaviour of employees. It takes into consideration the information technology, especially in with regard to human security aspects. Furthermore secalyser is able to determine the need of action recommending actions for automatically selected groups to improve information security. The evaluation of this need of action is done by one of two specially developed survey tools, as well as a new interpolation system integrated into secalyser.
Shopbots, Powershopping, Powersales: New Forms of Intermediation in E-Commerce - An Overview -

With the advent and proliferation of the Internet many aspects of business and market activities are changing. New forms of intermediation also called cybermediaries are becoming increasingly important as a coordinator of interaction between buyers and sellers in the electronic market environment. Especially the overwhelming abundance of information offered by the Internet promotes the development of new intermediarie like malls, shopbots, virtual resellers etc. This paper provides a detailed overview of different new forms of cybermediation and illustrates their influence on consumer choice, firm pricing and product differentiation strategies.