Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Mechanical Coupling between Endoderm Invagination and Axis Extension in Drosophila

How genetic programs generate cell-intrinsic forces to shape embryos is actively studied, but less so how tissue-scale physical forces impact morphogenesis. Here we address the role of the latter during axis extension, using Drosophila germband extension (GBE) as a model. We found previously that cells elongate in the anteroposterior (AP) axis in the extending germband, suggesting that an extrinsic tensile force contributed to body axis extension. Here we further characterized the AP cell elongation patterns during GBE, by tracking cells and quantifying their apical cell deformation over time. AP cell elongation forms a gradient culminating at the posterior of the embryo, consistent with an AP-oriented tensile force propagating from there. To identify the morphogenetic movements that could be the source of this extrinsic force, we mapped gastrulation movements temporally using light sheet microscopy to image whole Drosophila embryos. We found that both mesoderm and endoderm invaginations are synchronous with the onset of GBE. The AP cell elongation gradient remains when mesoderm invagination is blocked but is abolished in the absence of endoderm invagination. This suggested that endoderm invagination is the source of the tensile force. We next looked for evidence of this force in a simplified system without polarized cell intercalation, in acellular embryos. Using Particle Image Velocimetry, we identify posteriorwards Myosin II flows towards the presumptive posterior endoderm, which still undergoes apical constriction in acellular embryos as in wildtype. We probed this posterior region using laser ablation and showed that tension is increased in the AP orientation, compared to dorsoventral orientation or to either orientations more anteriorly in the embryo. We propose that apical constriction leading to endoderm invagination is the source of the extrinsic force contributing to germband extension. This highlights the importance of physical interactions between tissues during morphogenesis.
A novel multi-hop body-to-body routing protocol for disaster and emergency networks

In this paper, a new multi-hop routing protocol (called ORACE-Net) for disaster and emergency networks is proposed. The proposed hierarchical protocol creates an ad-hoc network through body-to-body (B2B) communication between rescue members and the command center. The on-body coordinators establish forward routes towards a command center, whereas, the command center builds reverse routes towards these nodes. The Routing tables are optimized based on real-time end-to-end Link Quality Estimation (LQE) metrics (i.e., end-to-end signal strength level and end-to-end hop count). We evaluate our proposed protocol with other widely used protocols in the disaster context which are covered by the routing classes (i.e., Reactive, Proactive and Geographic-based). The evaluation is based on a realistic disaster mobility trace. The results show that the proposed protocol outperforms the other studied protocols in terms of packet reception rate and energy consumption. The proposed ORACE-Net protocol increases the body-to-body network lifetime and reliability.
Trade-offs between acquired and innate immune defenses in humans

Immune defenses provide resistance against infectious disease that is critical to survival. But immune defenses are costly, and limited resources allocated to immunity are not available for other physiological or developmental processes. We propose a framework for explaining variation in patterns of investment in two important subsystems of anti-pathogen defense: innate (non-specific) and acquired (specific) immunity. The developmental costs of acquired immunity are high, but the costs of maintenance and activation are relatively low. Innate immunity imposes lower upfront developmental costs, but higher operating costs. Innate defenses are mobilized quickly and are effective against novel pathogens. Acquired responses are less effective against novel exposures, but more effective against secondary exposures due to immunological memory. Based on their distinct profiles of costs and effectiveness, we propose that the balance of investment in innate versus acquired immunity is variable, and that this balance is optimized in response to local ecological conditions early in development. Nutritional abundance, high pathogen exposure and low signals of extrinsic mortality risk during sensitive periods of immune development should all favor relatively higher levels of investment in acquired immunity. Undernutrition, low pathogen exposure, and high mortality risk should favor innate immune defenses. The hypothesis provides a framework for organizing prior empirical research on the impact of developmental environments on innate and acquired immunity, and suggests promising directions for future research in human ecological immunology.
Decentralization in the EU Emissions Trading Scheme and Lessons for Global Policy

In 2005, the European Union introduced the largest and most ambitious emissions trading program in the world to meet its Kyoto commitments for the containment of global climate change. The EU Emissions Trading Scheme (EU ETS) has some distinctive features that differentiate it from the more standard model of emissions trading. In particular, it has a relatively decentralized structure that gives individual member states responsibility for setting targets, allocating permits, determining verification and enforcement, and making some choices about flexibility. It is also a “cap-within-a-cap,” seeking to achieve the Kyoto targets while only covering about half of the EU emissions. Finally, it is a program that many hope will link with other greenhouse gas (GHG) trading programs in the future—something we have not seen among existing trading systems. Examining these features, coupled with recent EU ETS experience, offers lessons about how cost effectiveness, equity, flexibility, and compliance fare in a multi-jurisdictional trading program, and highlights the challenges facing a global emissions trading regime.
Artificial life: The coming evolution

Within fifty to a hundred years a new class of organisms is likely to emerge. These organisms will be artificial in the sense that they will originally be designed by humans. However, they will reproduce, and will evolve into something other than their initial form; they will be alive'' under any reasonable definition of the word. These organisms will evolve in a fundamentally different manner than contemporary biological organisms, since their reproduction will be under at least partial conscious control, giving it a Lamarckian component. The pace of evolutionary change consequently will be extremely rapid. The advent of artificial life will be the most significant historical event since the emergence of human beings. The impact on humanity and the biosphere could be enormous, larger than the industrial revolution, nuclear weapons, or environmental pollution. We must take steps now to shape the emergence of artificial organisms; they have potential to be either the ugliest terrestrial disaster, or the most beautiful creation of humanity. 22 refs., 3 figs.
SWIM: Synthesizing What I Mean - Code Search and Idiomatic Snippet Synthesis

Modern programming frameworks come with large libraries, with diverse applications such as for matching regular expressions, parsing XML files and sending email. Programmers often use search engines such as Google and Bing to learn about existing APIs. In this paper, we describe SWIM, a tool which suggests code snippets given API-related natural language queries such as "generate md5 hash code". We translate user queries into the APIs of interest using clickthrough data from the Bing search engine. Then, based on patterns learned from open-source code repositories, we synthesize idiomatic code describing the use of these APIs. We introduce \emph{structured call sequences} to capture API-usage patterns. Structured call sequences are a generalized form of method call sequences, with if-branches and while-loops to represent conditional and repeated API usage patterns, and are simple to extract and amenable to synthesis. We evaluated SWIM with 30 common C# API-related queries received by Bing. For 70% of the queries, the first suggested snippet was a relevant solution, and a relevant solution was present in the top 10 results for all benchmarked queries. The online portion of the workflow is also very responsive, at an average of 1.5 seconds per snippet.
The Residence Time of GABAARs at Inhibitory Synapses Is Determined by Direct Binding of the Receptor α1 Subunit to Gephyrin

The majority of fast synaptic inhibition in the brain is mediated by benzodiazepine-sensitive α1-subunit-containing GABA type A receptors (GABAARs); however, our knowledge of the mechanisms neurons use to regulate their synaptic accumulation is rudimentary. Using immunoprecipitation, we demonstrate that GABAARs and gephyrin are intimately associated at inhibitory synapses in cultured rat neurons. In vitro we reveal that the E-domain of gephyrin directly binds to the α1 subunit with an affinity of ∼20 μm, mediated by residues 360–375 within the intracellular domain of this receptor subunit. Mutating residues 360–375 decreases both the accumulation of α1-containing GABAARs at gephyrin-positive inhibitory synapses in hippocampal neurons and the amplitude of mIPSCs. We also demonstrate that the affinity of gephyrin for the α1 subunit is modulated by Thr375, a putative phosphorylation site. Mutation of Thr375 to a phosphomimetic, negatively charged amino acid decreases both the affinity of the α1 subunit for gephyrin, and therefore receptor accumulation at synapses, and the amplitude of mIPSCs. Finally, single-particle tracking reveals that gephyrin reduces the diffusion of α1-subunit-containing GABAARs specifically at inhibitory synapses, thereby increasing their confinement at these structures. Our results suggest that the direct binding of gephyrin to residues 360–375 of the α1 subunit and its modulation are likely to be important determinants for the stabilization of GABAARs at synaptic sites, thereby modulating the strength of synaptic inhibition.
Simple and Asymptotically Optimal t-Cheater Identifiable Secret Sharing Scheme

In this paper, we consider the problem of k-out-of-n secret sharing scheme, capable of identifying t cheaters. We design a very simple k-out-of-n secret sharing scheme, which can identify up to t cheaters, with probability at least 1 − ε, where 0 < ε < 1/2, provided t < k/2. This is the maximum number of cheaters, which can be identified by any k-out-of-n secret sharing scheme, capable of identifying t cheaters. In our scheme, the set of all possible i share Vi satisfies the condition that |Vi| = |S|/ε, where S denotes the set of all possible secrets. Moreover, our scheme requires polynomial computation. In EUROCRYPT 2011, Satoshi Obana presented two SSCI schemes, which can identify up to t < k/2 cheaters. However, the schemes require |Vi| ≈ (n·(t+1)·2 3t−1·|S|) ε and |Vi| ≈ ((n·t·2 )·|S|) ε2 respectively. Moreover, both the schemes are computationally inefficient, as they require to perform exponential computation in general. So comparing our scheme with the schemes of Obana, we find that not only our scheme is computationally efficient, but in our scheme the share size is significantly smaller than that of Obana. Thus our scheme solves one of the open problems left by Obana, urging to design efficient SSCI scheme with t < k/2. In CRYPT
DEFORMATION ANALYSIS OF A BORED TUNNEL BY MEANS OF TERRESTRIAL LASER SCANNING

A procedure is developed, implemented and tested to detect deformations in a bored tunnel. Deformations can occur after construction of the tunnel is finished, i.e. between two measurement epochs, but also deformations of the completed tunnel with respect to the design model are considered. For this procedure first the tunnel model is fitted to a point cloud consisting of several registered terrestrial laser scans using a linearized iterative least squares approach. This results in approximately optimal values for the tunnel model. Then deformations with respect to this tunnel model or between epochs are determined by means of a statistical testing procedure. Results performed together with the municipality of Rotterdam show that the studied tunnel is not so much ovalizing as a whole after construction, as was expected, but rather that single tunnel segments show different deviation patterns.
A motivation-based typology for natural event attendees

ABSTRACT Little research has been undertaken on the push and pull motives of attendees who travel to witness the natural phenomenon of the Salute to the Sockeye Festival held in British Columbia, Canada, celebrating one of the largest salmon runs, a water-based natural event, in the world. While numerous studies have focused on the motives of visitors to other events as well as to nature-based destinations we identified the said motives of these attendees and segmented the markets according to their motives. The results confirmed that attendees to natural events have a variety of motives for their trip and that segmenting visitors based on their motivations is a useful market segmentation tool as it provides a definitive profile and understanding of different types of visitors and their viewing preferences. The findings furthermore challenge the results of existing research findings that tourists are motivated by the need to escape from their everyday environment. Rather, attendees travelling to witness natural events are motivated by the specialness of the event i.e. the natural phenomenon and their appreciation of it. The findings enabled us to provide strategic insights for marketing and managing the salmon run viewing experience and similar natural events, according to the preferences of specific market segments. These strategies may be used by event organisers to ensure repeat visits, a memorable viewing experience and a greater appreciation of the natural wonder.
Occultation Measurement of the Size of the X-Ray-emitting Region in the Active Galactic Nucleus of NGC 1365

We present an occultation of the central X-ray-emitting region in the Seyfert galaxy NGC 1365. This extreme spectral variation (from Compton-thin to reflection-dominated and back to Compton-thin in 4 days) has been caught in a 10 day Chandra monitoring campaign consisting of six short (15 ks) observations performed every 2 days. We discuss the implications of this occultation within the scenario of a Compton-thick cloud crossing the line of sight of the X-ray source. We estimate a source size R ≤ 1014 cm and a distance of the cloud from the source D ≤ 1016 cm. This direct measurement confirms the theoretical expectations of an extremely compact X-ray source and shows that the Compton-thick circumnuclear gas is located at a distance from the center on the scale of the broad-line region.
Interfacial engineering of InGaAs/high-k metal-oxide-semiconductor field effect transistors (MOSFETs)

The electrical properties of In<inf>x</inf>Ga<inf>1-x</inf>As (x=0.53, x=0.65) MOSFETs have been studied for three different ex-situ surface passivation techniques (HF clean, (NH<inf>4</inf>)<inf>2</inf>S clean and PECVD a-Si interlayer) with HfO<inf>2</inf> gate dielectric (4 nm and 8 nm) and Ni/Au gate metal. In<inf>0.65</inf>Ga<inf>0.35</inf>As devices demonstrate much higher drive current than In<inf>0.53</inf>Ga<inf>0.47</inf>As devices. Devices with an a-Si IPL exhibit the highest drive current and mobility, whereas (NH<inf>4</inf>)<inf>2</inf>S surface cleaned devices show higher drive current, trans-conductance and mobility compared to HF cleaned devices. Also devices with a-Si IPL and (NH<inf>4</inf>)<inf>2</inf>S clean shows the highest and the lowest sub-threshold swing, respectively. Furthermore charge pumping measurements show a similar average mid-gap D<inf>it</inf> indicating that mid-gap D<inf>it</inf> is not related to the improvement in transport characteristics.
Rotor position and velocity estimation for a salient-pole permanent magnet synchronous machine at standstill and high speeds

This paper addresses self-sensing ("sensorless") control of salient-pole permanent magnet synchronous motors (PMSMs). The major contribution of this work is the introduction of a simple-to-implement estimation technique that operates over a wide speed range, including zero speed. The technique achieves simplicity by decoupling the inherent cross-coupling in PMSMs. The technique utilizes the dependence of inductance on rotor position in interior permanent magnet machines to produce position and velocity estimates both for field orientation and for all motion control of the drives. The technique functions in a manner similar to a resolver and resolver-to-digital converter (RTDC) sensing system, whereby in the proposed technique the motor acts as the electromagnetic resolver and the power converter applies carrier-frequency voltages to the stator which produce high-frequency currents that vary with position. The sensed currents are then processed with a heterodyning technique that produces a signal that is approximately proportional to the difference between the actual rotor position and an estimated rotor position. This position error signal and a torque estimate are then used as inputs to a Luenberger style observer to produce parameter insensitive, zero lag, position and velocity estimates.
Computing Elementary Symmetric Polynomials with a Subpolynomial Number of Multiplications

Elementary symmetric polynomials $S_n^k$ are the building blocks of symmetric polynomials. In this work we prove that for constant $k$'s, $S_n^k$ modulo composite numbers m=p1p2 can be computed using only no(1) multiplications if the coefficients of monomials xi1xi2. xik are allowed to be 1 either mod p1 or mod p2 but not necessarily both. To the best of our knowledge, no previous result yielded even a sublinear (i.e., $n^{\varepsilon}$, $0<\varepsilon<1$) number of multiplications for similar tasks. Moreover, our algorithm fits in the model of the most restrictive depth-3 arithmetic circuits (homogeneous, multilinear, or the graph model). In contrast, by a lower bound of Nisan and Wigderson [Comput. Complexity, 6 (1997), pp. 217--234], any homogeneous depth-3 circuit needs size $\Omega((n/2k)^{k/2})$ for computing $S_n^k$ modulo primes. Moreover, the number of multiplications in our algorithm remains sublinear while k=O(log log n). Our results generalize for other nonprime-power composite moduli as well. The proof uses perfect hashing functions and the famous BBR polynomial of Barrington, Beigel, and Rudich.
Can children with developmental language disorder explain actions in terms of intentions?

This study aimed to establish whether 5- to 7-year-old children with developmental language disorder (DLD) have difficulties explaining actions in terms of intentions and if so, to elucidate the nature of such difficulties. Children with DLD and typically developing chronological age peers (TD group) participated in a production task designed to elicit ‘intentional mode’ explanations (e.g. The girl put a spider in the bed because she wanted to give the boy a fright). The DLD group produced significantly fewer well-formed intentional mode explanations than the TD group, made significantly fewer attempts at producing these explanations, and used a more restricted range of linguistic constructions. However, almost all the children with DLD made at least occasional attempts at producing intentional mode explanations. These findings imply that although children with DLD are likely to require support with the socially important task of explaining actions in terms of intentions, there is a foundation on which intervention and classroom practice can build.
Reduced Cardiorespiratory Fitness after Stroke: Biological Consequences and Exercise-Induced Adaptations

Evidence from several studies consistently shows decline in cardiorespiratory (CR) fitness and physical function after disabling stroke. The broader implications of such a decline to general health may be partially understood through negative poststroke physiologic adaptations such as unilateral muscle fiber type shifts, impaired hemodynamic function, and decrements in systemic metabolic status. These physiologic changes also interrelate with reductions in activities of daily living (ADLs), community ambulation, and exercise tolerance, causing a perpetual cycle of worsening disability and deteriorating health. Fortunately, initial evidence suggests that stroke participants retain the capacity to adapt physiologically to an exercise training stimulus. However, despite this evidence, exercise as a therapeutic intervention continues to be clinically underutilized in the general stroke population. Far more research is needed to fully comprehend the consequences of and remedies for CR fitness impairments after stroke. The purpose of this brief review is to describe some of what is currently known about the physiological consequences of CR fitness decline after stroke. Additionally, there is an overview of the evidence supporting exercise interventions for improving CR fitness, and associated aspects of general health in this population.
Efficient similarity search in large databases of tree structured objects

We implemented our new approach for efficient similarity search in large databases of tree structures. Our experiments show that filtering significantly accelerates the complex task of similarity search for tree-structured objects. Moreover, they show that no single feature of a tree is sufficient for effective filtering, but only the combination of structural and content-based filters yields good results.
Brain activation detection from magnitude fMRI data using a generalized likelihood ratio test

Functional magnetic resonance (fMRI) studies intend to answer neuroscience questions by statistically analyzing a set of acquired images. Thereby, the aim is to determine those regions in the brain image in which the signal changes upon stimulus presentation. Although MR data are intrinsically complex valued, most tests are commonly applied to magnitude MR images, because these images have the advantage to be immune to incidental phase variations due to various sources. A consequence of transforming the complex valued images into magnitude images is a change of the probability density function (PDF) of the data under concern. Whereas complex data are Gaussian distributed, magnitude data are Rician distributed [1]. Nevertheless, tests applied to magnitude data generally rely on the (false) assumption of Gaussian distributed data. If the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) of the data is high, this may be a valid assumption since the Rician PDF tends to a Gaussian PDF at increasing levels of the SNR. However, at low SNR, the Rician PDF significantly deviates from a Gaussian PDF. In this paper, we propose a Generalized Likelihood Ratio Test (GLRT) for magnitude fMRI data that fully exploits the knowledge of the Rician PDF.
Social Popularity based SVD++ Recommender System

Recommender systems have shown a lot of awareness in the past decade. Due to their great business value, recommender systems have also been successfully deployed in business, such as product recommendation at flipkart, HomeShop18, and music recommendation at Last.fm, Pandora, and movie recommendation at Flixstreet, MovieLens, and Jinni. In the past few years, the incredible growth of Web 2.0 web sites and applications constitute new challenges for Traditional recommender systems. Traditional recommender systems always ignore social interaction among users. But in our real life, when we are asking our friends or looking opinions, reviews for recommendations of Mobile or heart touching music, movies, electronic gadgets, restaurant, book, games, software Apps, we are actually using social information for recommendations. In this paper social popularity factor are incorporated in SVD++ factorization method as implicit feedback to improve accuracy and scalability of recommendations.