Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Electrophysiology of the Fetal Spinal Cord II . Interaction among peripheral inputs and recurrent inhibition

Interactions of peripheral inputs to the motoneuron of the kitten fetus as young as 3 weeks prenatal were studied by reflex discharge from the ventral root as well as by recording from single motoneurons. Facilitation was found between two synergists in fetuses I to 2 weeks before birth. Intracellular recording showed that the facilitation could be explained by summation of excitatory postsynaptic potentials. Inhibition was found between antagonists in the fetuses 2 to 3 weeks before birth and was accompanied by inhibitory postsynaptic potentials. Recurrent inhibition was very powerful in the fetal spinal cord as shown by large motoneuron hyperpolarization by antidromic stimulation. Cells presumed to be "Renshaw cells" and which responded to both ortho-and antidromic stimulation with repetitive firing were shown in the 2 weeks prenatal fetus. These results lead to the conclusion that there is considerable effective synaptic connection of afferent collaterals already established by the later stage of intrauterine life and that this may be achieved independently of external stimuli.
School participation and children in military families: A scoping review

ABSTRACT Children from military families experience high mobility, stressors due to parental separation and increased risk of parental injury and death. This study aimed to identify and describe school-related occupational disruption for students from military families. Arskey and O’Malley’s structured approach to scoping reviews was used. Students in military families experience occupational challenges in managing transitions across schools, maintaining academics, developing social relationships, and engaging in extracurricular activities. The environment can also enable school-related occupations. Occupational therapists are encouraged to consider military-connected students as a vulnerable population and use school-based services to address mental health issues.
A 10 Bit 40-MS/s Pipelined Analog-to-Digital Converter for IEEE 802.11a WLAN Systems

This work describes a 10-bit 40MS/s pipelined analog-to-digital converter (ADC) which is used in IEEE 802.11a WLAN system. This pipelined ADC is consisted of one sample-and-hold (S/H) circuit and nine uniform pipelined stages. In this pipelined ADC, the resolution for the S/H circuit and each single pipelined stage is up to 12 bit and 14 bit respectively at 8 MHz input frequency. The spurious free dynamic range (SFDR) of S/H and each single pipelined stage are up to 91 dBc and 120 dBc respectively. These high performances meet the requirement of IEEE 802.11a standard with the 8MHz bandwidth and the 10-bit resolution.
Unravelling green tea's mechanisms of action: more than meets the eye.

After water, tea is the most popular beverage and is consumed by two thirds of the world's population. Three types of tea are available; they vary in the processes of drying and fermentation. Besides black tea, which is the most prevalent form (78%), green tea (20%) and oolong (2%) are produced. The
The Role of CXCR3 in DSS-Induced Colitis

Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is a group of disorders that are characterized by chronic, uncontrolled inflammation in the intestinal mucosa. Although the aetiopathogenesis is poorly understood, it is widely believed that IBD stems from a dysregulated immune response towards otherwise harmless commensal bacteria. Chemokines induce and enhance inflammation through their involvement in cellular trafficking. Reducing or limiting the influx of these proinflammatory cells has previously been demonstrated to attenuate inflammation. CXCR3, a chemokine receptor in the CXC family that binds to CXCL9, CXCL10 and CXCL11, is strongly overexpressed in the intestinal mucosa of IBD patients. We hypothesised that CXCR3 KO mice would have impaired cellular trafficking, thereby reducing the inflammatory insult by proinflammatory cell and attenuating the course of colitis. To investigate the role of CXCR3 in the progression of colitis, the development of dextran sulfate sodium (DSS)-induced colitis was investigated in CXCR3−/− mice over 9 days. This study demonstrated attenuated DSS-induced colitis in CXCR3−/− mice at both the macroscopic and microscopic level. Reduced colitis correlated with lower recruitment of neutrophils (p = 0.0018), as well as decreased production of IL-6 (p<0.0001), TNF (p = 0.0038), and IFN-γ (p = 0.0478). Overall, our results suggest that CXCR3 plays an important role in recruiting proinflammatory cells to the colon during colitis and that CXCR3 may be a therapeutic target to reduce the influx of proinflammatory cells in the inflamed colon.
Geometric refinement of road networks using network snakes and SAR images

In this paper, a new approach for the geometric refinement of road networks using network snakes and SAR images is presented. Network snakes are based on the well-known active contour models, but in addition to the image energy and internal energy the topology is introduced into the optimization process. This graph-based active contour method enables a complete topological and shape control during the object delineation. The method is applied to the geometric refinement of road networks to improve and correct GIS-databases as a basis for traffic navigation or infrastructure planning purposes. The proposed approach is either able to deal with roads from a database as initialization in an automatic system or, alternatively, within an interactive framework to derive a geometrically optimized road network. The derived results using SAR images are evaluated with reference date to demonstrate the benefit and transferability of network snakes.
Shape Model for Segmentation of Medical Data

This work concentrates on the domain of medical Magnetic Resonance (MR) data processing. The character of the data makes segmentation and search for objects in an image impossible without exploitation of anatomical knowledge. After a review of earlier approaches to knowledge-based MR data segmentation, we will thoroughly present our model. It is designed to allow representation of information about an anatomical structure and to employ such information during the process of the structures extraction from MR data. Knowledge on an objects shape and appearance is stored in form of connected points forming the model boundary and grey-level appearance at these model points. Two methods take part when employing the model for data segmentation: global Genetic Algorithms and a local parameter refinement technique. Features of both of them are presented on practical examples. The model has been developed for either twoor three-dimensional cases, while the most important difference and extension are the 3D geometrical transformations.
Diagnosing Programmable Interconnect Systems for FPGAs

This paper deals with the diagnosis of field programmable interconnect systems (FPIS) in which nets are connected through programmable switches arranged in grids. A hierarchical approach to diagnosis is proposed. The conditions by which such process yields full diagnosis and the characteristics of the programming sequence, are fully proved. For a FPIS consisting of a k x k grid array, the number of tests is given by 4 + 4kn^2, while the number of programming steps is 4nk + 1, where n is the dimension of a grid. The application of this technique to commercially available FPIS in FPGAs, is discussed.
Stereo Similarity Metric Fusion Using Stereo Confidence

Stereo confidence measures are one of the most popular research topics in stereo vision. These measures give an indication about the certainty of the matching. The main aim of using confidence measures is to filter the erroneous disparity estimations at the end of the matching process. However, they can also be incorporated at the initial step of the matching process to obtain accurate estimations before the cost aggregation. In this paper, we propose to utilize stereo confidence measures for fusing different similarity measures in order to obtain robust estimations for aggregation. Since stereo similarity measures perform differently in varying conditions, the confidence-guided fusion of them makes stereo matching more robust against errors. We evaluate the performance of our algorithm in comparison to different similarity measures on the Middleburry benchmark stereo test set. The results show significant improvements on the accuracy of initial disparity estimations with our fusion strategy compared to different similarity measures.
Design of Ultra-wide Band band-pass filter with notched band at 802.11a Frequency Spectrum using multi-mode ring resonator

The existence of WLAN Application over Ultrawide Band Spectrum becomes a challenge for development of UWB Applications. Hence, in this paper, an ultra wideband bandpass filter (UWB-BPF) with notched band at 802.11a Frequency Spectrum is proposed. The proposed filter is designed by using multimode ring resonator. The multimode ring resonator is represented by rectangular ring which is connected to the interdigital capacitor. The proposed filter is printed on the Duroid substrate with relative permittivity and thickness of 2.2 and 1.6 mm, respectively. The designed filter occupies the area of 36 mm × 16 mm. The proposed filter characteristics are investigated numerically and experimentally in terms of return loss, insertion loss, surface current, phase and group delay. From the numerical analysis, it shows that the proposed filter has a pass-band at frequency of 3.78-7.94 GHz with notched band at 4.3-5.9 GHz. This result is very useful to reject IEEE 802.11a based services over the UWB Applications. However, the experimental analysis shows different performances both in the operating pass-band and insertion loss. This difference may be occurred due to the technical reason while conducting filter measurement.
Girl gamers: the controversy of girl games and the relevance of female-oriented game design for instructional design

Digital games have typically been considered a male leisure activity; however, recent statistics indicate that increasing numbers of females are now playing games. The purpose of this review is to investigate how the influx of girl gamers and the emergence of female-oriented game design can inform instructional design for the construction of interactive learning environments. This review presents an overview of digital games and gender, an outline of girl games and ‘pink’ software, a discussion of the controversy of girl games, and a review and discussion of the research and implications of female-oriented game design for instructional design. The goal of this review is to examine the influx of girl gamers into a male pastime and to analyse the implications of this for the design of interactive learning environments.
13 Wireless Overlay Networks I

Radio networks are widely used today. People access voice and data services via mobile phones, Blue-tooth technology replaces unhandy cables by wireless links, and wireless networking is possible via IEEE 802.11 compatible network equipment. Nodes in such networks exchange their data packets usually with fixed base stations that connect them with a wired backbone. However, in applications such as search and rescue missions or environmental monitoring, no explicit communication infrastructure may be available. In this case, the wireless hosts have to organize in a so-called wireless ad hoc network. As long as all of the hosts are within transmission range of each other, the problem of exchanging information in such a network basically boils down to designing suitable medium access control protocols, but if not all hosts can directly communicate with each other, we also need suitable routing algorithms. Designing routing algorithms for wireless ad hoc networks is an extremely challenging task and still research in progress. We mostly focus on the simpler question of how to maintain an overlay network of wireless links between the hosts so that, as long as this is in principle possible, 1. every node is reachable from every other node, i.e. the graph formed by the links is connected, and 2. for every pair of nodes (v, w) there is a route from v to w with a close to minimum possible hop distance or energy consumption. The graph formed by the wireless links should also have a low degree to ensure a low maintenance cost, it should allow to find routes for the messages that have a low congestion, and it should be easy to update in case of arrivals or departures of nodes or changes in their positions. We will present various local-control algorithms for reaching these goals. The problem of designing overlay networks for wireless ad hoc networks has recently attracted a lot of attention. A basic requirement for these overlay network designs is that they maintain connectivity among the hosts, as long as this is possible. The most straightforward approach to achieve connectiv-ity is to maintain a link between every pair of wireless hosts that are within their transmission range. However, this may require a high maintenance and update cost since the corresponding overlay network may have a high degree. Also, some links may have a high energy cost, and so a natural question would be whether these can be …
Zero Voltage Switched Full Bridge Converters for the Battery Charger of Electric Vehicle

—This paper illustrates the study of three isolated zero voltage switched (ZVS) PWM full bridge (FB) converters to charge the high voltage battery in the charger of electric vehicle (EV). EV battery chargers have several challenges such as high efﬁciency, high reliability, low cost, isolation, and high power density. The cost of magnetic and ﬁlter components in the battery charger is reduced when switching frequency is increased. The increase in the switching frequency increases switching losses. ZVS is used to reduce switching losses and to operate the converter in the battery charger at high frequency. The performance of each of the three converters is evaluated on the basis of ZVS range, dead times of the switches, conduction losses of switches, circulating current stress, circulating energy, duty cycle loss, and efﬁciency. The limitations and merits of each PWM FB converter are reviewed. The converter with broader ZVS range, high efﬁciency and low switch stresses is selected for battery charger applications in EV.
RUSSIAN GRAVITATIONAL SOCIETY INSTITUTE OF METROLOGICAL SERVICE CENTER OF GRAVITATION AND FUNDAMENTAL METROLOGY RGS-CSVR-001/96 gr-qc/xxxxx MULTIDIMENSIONAL INTEGRABLE VACUUM COSMOLOGY WITH TWO CURVATURES

The vacuum cosmological model on the manifold R × M1 × . × Mn describing the evolution of n Einstein spaces of non-zero curvatures is considered. For n = 2 the Einstein equations are reduced to the Abel (ordinary differential) equation and solved, when (N1 =dim M1, N2 = dimM2) = (6, 3), (5, 5), (8, 2). The Kasner-like behaviour of the solutions near the singularity ts → +0 is considered (ts is synchronous time). The exceptional (”Milne-type”) solutions are obtained for arbitrary n. For n = 2 these solutions are attractors for other ones, when ts → +∞. For dim M = 10, 11 and 3 ≤ n ≤ 5 certain two-parametric families of solutions are obtained from n = 2 ones using ”curvature-splitting” trick. In the case n = 2, (N1, N2) = (6, 3) a family of non-singular solutions with the topology R 7 × M2 is found. PACS numbers: 04.20. J, 04.60. +n, 03.65. Ge.
Individual-Level and Culture-Level Self-Esteem: A Test of Construct Isomorphism

Several empirical studies have used the Rosenberg General Self-Esteem Scale (RGSE) to address issues of cross-cultural differences in mean level of self-esteem. The majority of these studies have mostly focused on the comparison of individual-level factor structures, leaving unanswered the issue regarding the equivalence of the factor structure of the RGSE across the individual and the culture-level, a condition called factor isomorphism. This is a particularly worrisome issue, given the large interest in cross-cultural variations of self-esteem levels. The present study was designed to address this concern by administering the RGSE across 37 different countries. The study used multilevel confirmatory factor analysis to investigate the equivalence of the individual- and culture-level factor structure of self-esteem. We found evidence for the cross-cultural stability of a bifactor structure of the RGSE, which emerged both at individual and culture-levels. However, only the general self-esteem factor showed a substantial degree of isomorphism. The specific factors capturing positive and negative self-evaluations resulted instead non-isomorphic. We discuss the implications of these results for the assessment of self-esteem in cross-cultural studies.
An Online Vision System for Understanding Complex Assembly Tasks

We present an integrated system for the recognition, pose estimation and simultaneous tracking of multiple objects in 3D scenes. Our target application is a complete semantic representation of dynamic scenes which requires three essential steps; recognition of objects, tracking their movements, and identification of interactions between them. We address this challenge with a complete system which uses object recognition and pose estimation to initiate object models and trajectories, a dynamic sequential octree structure to allow for full 6DOF tracking through occlusions, and a graph-based semantic representation to distil interactions. We evaluate the proposed method on real scenarios by comparing tracked outputs to ground truth trajectories and we compare the results to Iterative Closest Point and Particle Filter based trackers.
Every Rose Has Its Thorn: Censorship and Surveillance on Social Video Platforms in China

Social media companies operating in China face a complex array of regulations and are liable for content posted to their platforms. Through reverse engineering we provide a view into how keyword censorship operates on four popular social video platforms in China: YY, 9158, Sina Show, and GuaGua. We also find keyword surveillance capabilities on YY. Our findings show inconsistencies in the implementation of censorship and the keyword lists used to trigger censorship events between the platforms we analyzed. We reveal a range of targeted content including criticism of the government and collective action. These results develop a deeper understanding of Chinese social media via comparative analysis across platforms, and provide evidence that there is no monolithic set of rules that govern how information controls are implemented in China.
Ghrelin drives GH secretion during fasting in man.

OBJECTIVES In humans, fasting leads to elevated serum GH concentrations. Traditionally, changes in hypothalamic GH-releasing hormone and somatostatin release are considered as the main mechanisms that induce this elevated GH secretion during fasting. Ghrelin is an endogenous ligand of the GH secretagogue receptor and is synthesized in the stomach. As ghrelin administration in man stimulates GH release, while serum ghrelin concentrations are elevated during fasting in man, this increase in ghrelin levels might be another mechanism whereby fasting results in stimulation of GH release. DESIGN AND SUBJECTS In ten healthy non-obese males we performed a double-blind placebo-controlled crossover study comparing fasting with and fasting without GH receptor blockade. GH, ghrelin, insulin, glucose and free fatty acids were assessed. RESULTS While ghrelin levels do not vary considerably in the fed state, fasting rapidly induced a diurnal rhythm in ghrelin concentrations. These changes in serum ghrelin concentrations during fasting were followed by similar, profound changes in serum GH levels. The rapid development of a diurnal ghrelin rhythm could not be explained by changes in insulin, glucose, or free fatty acid levels. Compared with fasting without pegvisomant, fasting with pegvisomant did not change the ghrelin rhythm. CONCLUSIONS These data indicate that ghrelin is the main driving force behind the enhanced GH secretion during fasting.
Use of Optical Fiber Imported Intra-Tissue Photodynamic Therapy for Treatment of Moderate to Severe Acne Vulgaris

Background To treat moderate to severe acne vulgaris, we developed an optical fiber imported intra-tissue photodynamic therapy: the optical fiber irradiation 5-aminolevulinic acid photodynamic therapy (OFI-ALA-PDT). The aim of this study was to compare the treatment effect and tolerability of OFI-ALA-PDT versus traditional ALA-PDT in the treatment of moderate to severe acne vulgaris. Material/Methods 60 patients with facial acne enrolled into this study were randomly divided into an OFI-ALA-PDT group and a traditional ALA-PDT group, with 30 patients in each group. The difference between these 2 groups was the red light irradiation methods used. In the OFI-ALA-PDT group we used intra-tissue irradiation (import the red light directly into the target lesion with optical fiber) for 5 min, while the traditional ALA-PDT group received whole-face irradiation for 20 min. All patients received 1 irradiation every 7 to 10 days for a total of 6 irradiations. Treatment effects and adverse reactions were recorded after the 4th and 6th irradiation, and at 4, 8, 16 weeks after the entire treatment. Results After the 4th irradiation, significantly different effective rates were observed in these groups (90.0% for the OFI-ALA-PDT group and 66.7% for the control group). However, no significant difference in effective rate was recorded in the later observations. There were 182 adverse reactions in the OFI-ALA-PDT group and 497 in the control group, which showed a significant difference (P<0.05). Conclusions OFI-ALA-PDT showed improved treatment effective rate in the early stage of irradiation, and it had fewer adverse reactions.
Pollen-wall proteins: the fate of intine-held antigens on the stigma in compatible and incompatible pollinations of Phalaris tuberosa L.

By the use of an immunofluorescence technique, the main source of the antigens released by the pollen grains of Phalaris tuberosa L. (Gramineae) on leaching has been shown to be the intine. The main concentration is in the thickened zone underlying the germination pore. The intine is also the site of various hydrolytic enzymes. The fate of the intine-held antigens has been followed in compatible and incompatible pollinations. They are lost on to the stigma within 5-10 min, whether or not the pollen grains germinate. Where germination does occur after a compatible pollination, the antigens remain spread on the surface of the stigma cells after the tubes have penetrated. There is no indication that antigenic material of the same type is released during the further growth of the tubes. The possible roles of the intine-held materials as recognition substances in inter- and intra-specific compatibility reactions are discussed.
A Fast Computer Intrusion Detection Algorithm Based on Hypothesis Testing of Command Transition Probabilities

This statistical method compares in real time the sequence of commands given by each user to a profile of that user's past behavior. We use the Fisher score statistic to test the null hypothesis that the observed command transition probabilities come from a profiled transition matrix. The alternative hypothesis is formed from a principal components analysis of historical differences between the transition probabilities of all other users and those of the user being tested. The calculations can be structured so that only a few dozen arithmetic operations are needed to update an online test statistic after each submitted command. The theoretical statistical properties of the test, such as false positive and false negative rates, are computable under the assumptions of the markov process model. Based on a population of 45 research users on a single computer, test data from each user are used to challenge the profile of every user. The test had sufficient statistical power to successfully discriminate between almost every pair of users based on a sample size equivalent to a single day's usage of an average user.