Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Vaccination strategies for epidemic cholera in Haiti with implications for the developing world

In October 2010, a virulent South Asian strain of El Tor cholera began to spread in Haiti. Interventions have included treatment of cases and improved sanitation. Use of cholera vaccines would likely have further reduced morbidity and mortality, but such vaccines are in short supply and little is known about effective vaccination strategies for epidemic cholera. We use a mathematical cholera transmission model to assess different vaccination strategies. With limited vaccine quantities, concentrating vaccine in high-risk areas is always most efficient. We show that targeting one million doses of vaccine to areas with high exposure to Vibrio cholerae, enough for two doses for 5% of the population, would reduce the number of cases by 11%. The same strategy with enough vaccine for 30% of the population with modest hygienic improvement could reduce cases by 55% and save 3,320 lives. For epidemic cholera, we recommend a large mobile stockpile of enough vaccine to cover 30% of a country's population to be reactively targeted to populations at high risk of exposure.
A stress‐inducible 72‐kDa heat‐shock protein (HSP72) is expressed on the surface of human tumor cells, but not on normal cells

It is suggested that members of the heat‐shock protein (HSP) 70 and 90 families are involved in intracellular antigen processing and the presentation of cell‐membrane‐anchored antigens. We show that non‐lethal heat shock (41.8°C) causes comparable rates of HSP72 (about 20x) and HSP73 (about 3x) synthesis in both tumor (including human Ewing's sarcoma, ES and osteosarcoma cells, HOS58) and normal cells (including EBV‐transformed B‐LCL, PBL and fibroblasts derived from healthy human volunteers). However, following non‐lethal heat stress and a recovery period at 37°C, flow cytometric analysis with a specific MAb showed HSP72 to be expressed only on the cell surface of tumor cells. The cell‐surface localization of HSP72 was confirmed by Western‐blot analysis of separated membranes and by immunoprecipitation with the HSP72‐specific MAb. In addition, co‐incubation of untreated tumor cells with supernatants from lethally heat‐shocked cells, which contain HSP72, did not lead to HSP72 cell‐surface expression. Thus, non‐specific association of HSP72 molecules with the outer plasma membrane is unlikely. In conclusion, despite comparable cytoplasmic HSP72 induction, human tumor cells differ from normal cells in their capacity to express HSP72 on their surface. This might imply clinical application as a means to target a stress‐inducible, tumor‐specific immune response. © 1995 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
A geometric morphometric study of regional differences in the ontogeny of the modern human facial skeleton †

This study examines interpopulation variations in the facial skeleton of 10 modern human populations and places these in an ontogenetic perspective. It aims to establish the extent to which the distinctive features of adult representatives of these populations are present in the early post natal period and to what extent population differences in ontogenetic scaling and allometric trajectories contribute to distinct facial forms. The analyses utilize configurations of facial landmarks and are carried out using geometric morphometric methods. The results of this study show that modern human populations can be distinguished based on facial shape alone, irrespective of age or sex, indicating the early presence of differences. Additionally, some populations have statistically distinct facial ontogenetic trajectories that lead to the development of further differences later in ontogeny. We conclude that population‐specific facial morphologies develop principally through distinctions in facial shape probably already present at birth and further accentuated and modified to variable degrees during growth. These findings raise interesting questions regarding the plasticity of facial growth patterns in modern humans. Further, they have important implications in relation to the study of growth in the face of fossil hominins and in relation to the possibility of developing effective discriminant functions for the identification of population affinities of immature facial skeletal material. Such tools would be of value in archaeological, forensic and anthropological applications. The findings of this study underline the need to examine more deeply, and in more detail, the ontogenetic basis of other causes of craniometric variation, such as sexual dimorphism and hominin species differentiation.
AgInS2 quantum dots for the detection of trinitrotoluene

AgInS2 (AIS) quantum dots (QDs) were synthesized via a thermal decomposition reaction with dodecylamine as the ligand to help stabilize the QDs. This reaction procedure is relatively easy to implement, scalable to large batches (up to hundreds of milligrams of QDs are produced), and a convenient method for the synthesis of chalcogenide QDs. Metal powders of AgNO3 and In(NO3)3, were used as the metal precursors while diethyldithiocarbamate was used as the sulfur source. The AIS QDs were characterized via transmission electron microscopy, atomic force microscopy, and energy dispersive x-ray spectroscopy. As an application for these less toxic nanomaterials, we demonstrate the selective detection of Trinitrotoluene (TNT) at concentrations as low as 6 micromolar (μM) and without the functionalization of a ligand that is specifically designed to interact with TNT molecules. We also demonstrate a simple approach to patterning the AIS QDs onto filter paper, for the detection of TNT molecules by eye. Collectively, the ease of the synthesis of the less toxic AIS QDs, and the ability to detect TNT molecules by eye suggest an attractive route to highly sensitive and portable substrates for environmental monitoring, chemical warfare agent detection, and other applications.
A Generic Publish/Subscribe Framework for Peer-to-Peer Environment

At present, the structured P2P algorithms have been proposed frequently. Consequently, the P2P application developers need to learn different API semantics. It causes additional efforts of switching to different P2P topologies for P2P applications. Moreover, it is difficult for the developers to evaluate the performance of an application based on a particular underneath P2P APIs. In this research, a novel P2P framework is proposed to assist in developing P2P applications by using various structured P2P protocols and P2P pub/sub algorithms. We construct the structured P2P functional blocks, including network communication components, P2P topology maintenance and routing, network bootstrapping, as well as pluggable pub/sub services in our system. By Comparing to other P2P libraries and platforms, our framework achieves a great success on providing a flexible and extensible development platform.
Effects of Intermittent Diet hvIstÃ 1⁄4 bestrol Diphosphate Administration on the R 3327 Rat Prostatic Carcinoma

Clinical trials have utilized intermittent diethylstilbestrol diphosphate (DES) therapy in advanced symptomatic prostatic carcinoma to diminish the morbidity of standard endocrine therapy. To determine the effect of intermittent DES administration on the Dunning R3327 rat prostatic adenocarcinoma 60 days following tumor implant, 6 groups were ran domly assigned: control (N = 8), castrate (N = 10), high dose DES ( V = 8, 1.6 Mg/mlDES continuously in drinking water), low dose DES (N = 10, 0.4 Mg/mlcontinuously in drinking water), intermittent high dose DES (N = 10, 1.6 Mg/mlDES in drinking water for 1 week, then off for 3 weeks), and intermittent low dose DES (A = I(I, 0.4 ftg/ml DES for 1 week, then off for 3 weeks). Results indicate that low or high dose DES, and intermittent low or intermittent high dose DES during the week of administration were able to reduce serum testosterone to castrate levels (0.1 ng/ml). After withdrawal of intermittent DES, serum testosterone returned toward control levels (1.0 ng/ml). Initial mean tumor burden between control and treatment groups was not significantly different. All DES exposed rats had a tumor volume at death (range, 15.6-18.3 cm3) smaller than control (mean, 25.4 cm3) or castrate (mean, 40.8 cm3) rats. Despite this, significant survival advantage from the time of randomiza tion was achieved only in castrate (median survival, 331 days) or high dose DES (median survival, 359 days) groups compared to control (median survival, 225 days). Similarly, significant prolongation in tumor doubling time was achieved only by rats receiving castration or high dose DES. Intermittent DES administration controls tumor volume but does not provide a survival advantage. In this respect, intermittent DES is inferior to castration.
Exercise-Induced Immunodepression in Endurance Athletes and Nutritional Intervention with Carbohydrate, Protein and Fat—What Is Possible, What Is Not?

Heavily exercising endurance athletes experience extreme physiologic stress, which is associated with temporary immunodepression and higher risk of infection, particularly upper respiratory tract infections (URTI). The aim of this review is to provide a critical up-to-date review of existing evidence on the immunomodulatory potential of selected macronutrients and to evaluate their efficacy. The results of 66 placebo-controlled and/or crossover trials were compared and analysed. Among macronutrients, the most effective approach to maintain immune function in athletes is to consume ≥6% carbohydrate during prolonged exercise. Because inadequate nutrition affects almost all aspects of the immune system, a well-balanced diet is also important. Evidence of beneficial effects from other macronutrients is scarce and results are often inconsistent. Using a single nutrient may not be as effective as a mixture of several nutritional supplements. Due to limited research evidence, with the exception of carbohydrate, no explicit recommendations to reduce post-exercise URTI symptoms with single macronutrients can be derived.
Location-Aware Services over Vehicular Ad-Hoc Networks using Car-to-Car Communication

Recent advances in wireless inter-vehicle communication systems enable the establishment of vehicular ad-hoc networks (VANET) and create significant opportunities for the deployment of a wide variety of applications and services to vehicles. In this work, we investigate the problem of developing services that can provide car drivers with time-sensitive information about traffic conditions and roadside facilities. We introduce the vehicular information transfer protocol (VITP), a location- aware, application-layer, communication protocol designed to support a distributed service infrastructure over vehicular ad- hoc networks. We describe the key design concepts of the VITP protocol and infrastructure. We provide an extensive simulation study of VITP performance on large-scale vehicular networks under realistic highway and city traffic conditions. Our results demonstrate the viability and effectiveness of VITP in providing location-aware services over VANETs.
Issues for Institutional Animal Care and Use Committees (lACUCs) Scientific Merit Review: The Role of the IACUC

One of the most contentious issues facing each federally mandated institutional animal care and use committee (IACUC) is scientific merit review. To what extent, if any, should the IACUC review animal research proposals for scientific merit? Certainly, no reputable scientist would deny the validity of the ethical imperative that all animal research should be scientifically and ethically justified. In the past, however, scientists may have planned and conducted animal experiments in relative isolation with little pre- or post-experimental ethical accountability. The value and humaneness of animal research was generally assumed regardless of the source of funding and whether or not the research was reviewed by peers. The use of animals in research was largely a matter of individual conscience rather than discussion and debate. Contrary to the rhetoric of the animal rights movement, there is no evidence that this led to a significant amount of unjustified animal experimentation. Admittedly, there are cases of research with questionable merit and incidents of animal abuse in the name of science (Rowan, 1984), but these are extremely rare given the tremendous volume of animal research. Now, of course, researchers and institutions are not permitted to operate in an environment devoid of accountability for the humane care and use of laboratory animals.
Primary care interventions to promote breastfeeding: U.S. Preventive Services Task Force recommendation statement.

DESCRIPTION Update of a 2003 U.S. Preventive Services Task Force (USPSTF) recommendation on counseling to promote breastfeeding. METHODS The USPSTF evaluated the results of a systematic review, conducted by the Tufts-New England Medical Center Evidence-based Practice Center, of literature published since January 2007 on primary care-initiated, -conducted, or -referable activities to promote and support breastfeeding. RECOMMENDATION The USPSTF recommends interventions during pregnancy and after birth to promote and support breastfeeding (Grade B recommendation).
A Question of Relevance: FFA Programs and Services as Perceived by FFA Members and Non-Members

The purpose of the study is to determine if there is a difference between FFA members and non-members as to their perception of FFA programs and services, and to determine if students’ perceptions of FFA programs and services are influenced by gender and ethnicity, enrollment choice, prior enrollment in an agriculture class, block scheduling, grade level and extracurricular activities. Data were collected using a questionnaire administered to 404 students enrolled in the Agriscience Applications course in 27 schools in North Carolina. It can be concluded that: A student’s decision to join or not join the FFA is influenced by their perception of FFA programs and services. A student’s gender, ethnicity, enrollment choice, prior enrollment in an agriculture class, block scheduling, grade level and extracurricular activities do not influence their perceptions of the FFA programs and services. The implications are significant for the FFA and agricultural education in that students tend to join and participate in the FFA based upon the organization’s ability to meet a student’s need for a sense of belonging. The FFA should continue to seek ways to involve all members in positive personal growth activities that allow students to experience that sense of belonging. Based upon the responses of members, the social aspects of the organization were motivating factors in their desire to be members.
Optimizing Scheduling Policies and Analyzing Delay in Multi-Hop Wireless Networks

In this paper a multi-hop wireless network is considered to analyze the delay performance. We assume that there is a fixed route between a given source and destination pair. The multi-hop nature of network may cause complex correlations of the service process. In order to handle them, we propose a queue grouping technique. An interference model is assumed which is set based. With the help of interference constraints the lower bound of delay performance is obtained. To achieve this systematic methodology is used. The simple-path delay-optimal policy we designed is used for wireless networks. Empirical studies revealed that our approach is good to optimize scheduling policies and analyzing delay in multi-hop wireless networks.
Traveling waves for the Whitham equation

The existence of traveling waves for the original Whitham equation is investigated. This equation combines a generic nonlinear quadratic term with the exact linear dispersion relation of surface water waves on ﬁnite depth. It is found that there exist small-amplitude periodic traveling waves with sub-critical speeds. As the period of these traveling waves tends to inﬁnity, their velocities approach the limiting long-wave speed c0, and the waves approach a solitary wave. It is also shown that there can be no solitary waves with velocities much greater than c0. Finally, numerical approximations of some periodic traveling waves are presented.
The Invention of Chaste Motherhood: A Feminist Reading of the Remarriage Ban in the Chosun Era

AbstractThe remarriage ban and the ideology of chastity have been critical elements of the Korean patriarchy and system of social status since the Chosun era. This paper investigates the process of establishing the remarriage ban, and how it occurs in the discourse of the Chosun Wangjo Shilluk (Chronicles of the Chosun Era). Remarriage was not legally banned but the so-called ‘remarriage ban’ was enforced in the following ways: first, the practice of sushinjon whereby land was awarded to chaste widows was abolished. Furthermore, the Anti-Remarriage Law was used to discourage remarriage by disallowing sons of remarried women from assuming public office. Chaste motherhood was invented, by linking the sexuality of mothers to the careers of their sons. For the lower class groups, women's chastity was glorified by dispensing prizes such as symbols of status for the family and tax exemptions. This process reveals how a key social ideology was constructed and Confucianism was translated into an ideology of chast.
An SoC platform with on-chip web interface for in-field monitoring

As the VLSI technologies scale down to the nanometer regime, the circuit design and verification processes have become more and more complex and a reliable operation of VLSI becomes sensitive to the PVT (Process, Voltage, and Temperature) variations. Therefore, the LSI test only before the shipment to screen out the initial failures has been insufficient to ensure the reliable in-field operation of LSI. In this paper, we propose an SoC platform with on-chip web interface to realize an in-field LSI testing and an easy access to the on-chip LSI monitoring circuits such as scan registers, temperature sensors, and so on. We can control the on-chip monitoring systems through the web interface, and can monitor the LSI correct operations from remote locations using the proposed platform. Therefore, the proposed SoC platform realizes the LSI functionality monitoring even after the shipment and can test the in-field operation of LSI. This platform consists of 16-bit CPU, 64K words of instruction/data memory, and 10Base-T ethernet interface. A preliminary version of the proposed platform was implemented on 0. 18µm standard CMOS process. The area overhead is 8.44mm2 on 0. 18µm process, and is estimated to scale down to about 1mm2 on 65nm process.
Constructing decidable hybrid systems with velocity bounds

In this paper, the question of bi-similarity between hybrid systems and their discrete quotients is studied from a new point of view. We consider two classes of hybrid systems: piecewise affine hybrid systems on simplices and piecewise multi-affine systems on multi-dimensional rectangles. Given a fixed partition of the state space, we derive sufficient conditions on the values of the vector fields at the vertices of the polytopes, in order that the constructed hybrid system is bi-similar with its corresponding discrete quotient transition system. The results are based on the fact that affine vector fields on simplices and multi-affine vector fields on rectangles are uniquely determined by their values at the vertices. In this way, an interesting class of decidable hybrid systems is determined. The result is applied to a motion planning problem for planar robots.
Understanding and managing the relationship between requirement changes and product constraints in component-based software projects

The recent surge of interest in component based software engineering (CBSE) represents a strong re emergence of systems integration within the software industry. This approach comprises the acquisition adaptation, and integration of reusable software components, often are purchased off the shelf to enable rapid deployment of complex systems with minimum development effort and resource cost. While the number of CBSE based projects continues to increase, small percentage can be claimed success. The paper asserts that the existence of a cyclical dependency between requirement change and reusable software component selection creates fundamental project management problems in component based software development. This is due to: (1) the high cost in effort and time required to re-evaluate, reselect, and reintegrate reusable software components to support new changes in the overall system requirements; and (2) the high cost in effort and time required to re-evaluate, renegotiate, and rewrite the system requirements to reflect the constraints of the underlying software components selected. We use our experience in building component based distributed network management systems to illustrate the problems with cyclical requirement component dependency in CBSE. We also present a set of effective risk mitigation strategies that have been adopted to minimize these problems in ongoing CBSE projects.
The callpaper concept:turning paper into computer terminals

Despite all the attempts of modern information technologyto supplant paper by sophisticated electronic devices,paper is still omnipresent in virtually any office environment.We have learned over the last decade that paper isan indispensable part of our daily work and that even thelatest computers are not able to mimic its functionality. Today,paper and computer are coexisting side by side withoutinteracting with each other, both having their specificadvantages. This paper presents a concept for bridging thegap between computer and paper by combining the advantagesof both electronic and paper world. The implementationdescribed in this paper augments standard paper withfeatures of modern information technology. Moreover, it allowsinterfacing computers using pen and paper.
Panama Disease: A Classic and Destructive Disease of Banana

Panama disease, also known as Fusarium wilt of banana (Musa spp.), is one of the most notorious of all plant diseases. Although the pathogen probably originated in Southeast Asia, the disease was first reported in Australia in 1876. By 1950, few banana-producing regions remained free of the disease. Panama disease is now found in all banana-producing regions except islands in the South Pacific, the Mediterranean, Melanesia, and Somalia.
'Normalization' of germfree mice with anaerobically cultured caecal flora of 'normal' mice

Germfree (GF) mice were inoculated with a cultured flora from 10-1, 10-3, 10-5, and 10-7 dilutions of caecal contents from a 'normal' mouse. GF mice associated with a flora of a 'normal' mouse served as controls. The following intestinal parameters were determined: Colonization resistance (CR), Relative caecal weight (RCW), villus:crypt ratio (jejunum and ileum), IgA-producing cells (jejunum and ileum), ß-aspartyl glycine (faeces), volatile and non-volatile fatty acids (caecum) and bile acids (faeces). Only the 10-1 culture was able to induce similar changes in the GF mice to a 'normal' flora. The GF + 10-5 and GF + 10-7 groups deviated markedly from the controls while the GF + 10-3 group showed in general intermediate values between GF + SPF and GF + 10-1 on the one hand and GF + 10-5 and GF + 10-7 on the other hand. ß-aspartyl glycine was present only in the GF + 10-7 group. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) of ileal contents revealed segmented filamentous organisms in the ileum of controls and the GF + 10-1 group. The faecal flora consisted mainly of fusiform organisms. In the faeces of the 10-5 and 10-7 groups increasing amounts of non-bacterial matter were found, while in the faeces of the other groups virtually only bacteria were seen.