Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Clinical experience with exenatide in obese North Indian patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus

Objective: To share our clinical experience with exenatide in obese North Indian subjects with type 2 diabetes. Materials and Methods: We share our experience with use of exenatide in 74 patients treated at Indraprastha Apollo Hospital, a tertiary care centre in New Delhi, India Subjects included obese / overweight subjects (mean weight and BMI; 97.67 ± 5.6 kg and 34.56 kg/m2) with known history of type 2 DM (Mean: 9 ± 5.6 years) and maintaining suboptimal glycemic control (HbA1c >7%) on oral antidiabetic agents, with or without basal insulin. Metformin and sulphonylureas were continued (with dose adjustment if indicated), as was basal insulin (glargine / detemir). TZDs and DPP4 inhibitors were discontinued. The dose of exenatide was increased to 10 mcg twice a day after 4-12 weeks. 56 patients completed minimum 3 month therapy. 42 patients completed 6 months, 32, 9 months and 25 completed 12 months. Data of patients who had completed at-least 3 months of therapy was included for analysis. Results and Discussion: 69.77, 67.44, and 13.95% of the patients were receiving metformin, secretagogues or thiazolidinediones alone or in combination; 17.76% of the patients were on basal insulin. The change in fasting and post-prandial blood glucose levels were significant at 3, 6, 9 and 12 months with p-value <0.05. The mean weight loss at one, three, and six months and one year was 1.7 ± 1.3, 3.8 ± 2.5, 6.3 ± 3.4, and 8.3 ± 4.3 kg, respectively (P <0.05). The mean HbA1c (baseline: 8.8 ± 1.3%) at 3, 6 months and at one year was 7.8 ± 0.9, 7.7 ± 0.8 and 7.2 ± 0.8 (P <0.05). Thirty-five percent of the patients had a ‘good’ A1c value (< 7%) at the end of 12 months. 13 patients discontinued exenatide (three due to lack of response, six due to cost of therapy and four due to severe nausea). Nausea was the most common side effect, occurring in 95% patients within 1 month, although the incidence declined with passage of time. Conclusions: Clinical use of Exenatide is associated with significant improvement in glycemic control and major weight loss (8.3±4.3 kg at 1 year) in obese subjects with type 2 diabetes. Nausea is the most common side effect. In conclusion, exenatide is a effective and useful option for treatment of type 2 diabetes in obese Indian subjects.
Morphology of All‐Solution‐Processed “Bilayer” Organic Solar Cells

We investigate the evolution of the vertical morphology in a solution-processed P3HT/PCBM "bilayer" organic solar cell using a combination of techniques, including neutron reflectometry. By correlating the device performance with the active layer morphology, we establish that the solution processed bilayer concept is a misnomer and sequential solution processing is an elegant way to make bulk heterojunction organic solar cells with high efficiency.
Extended Named Entity Recognition API and Its Applications in Language Education

We present an Extended Named Entity Recognition API to recognize various types of entities and classify the entities into 200 different categories. Each entity is classiﬁed into a hierarchy of entity categories, in which the categories near the root are more general than the categories near the leaves of the hierarchy. This category information can be used in various applications such as language educational applications, online news services and recommendation engines. We show an application of the API in a Japanese online news service for Japanese language learners.
Perspectives on the Application of Next-generation Sequencing to the Improvement of Africa’s Staple Food Crops

The persistent challenge of insufficient food, unbalanced nutrition, and deteriorating natural resources in the most vulnerable nations, characterized by fast population growth, calls for utilization of innovative technologies to curb constraints of crop production. Enhancing genetic gain by using a multipronged approach that combines conventional and genomic technologies for the development of stress-tolerant varieties with high yield and nutritional quality is necessary. The advent of nextgeneration sequencing (NGS) technologies holds the potential to dramatically impact the crop improvement process. NGS enables whole-genome sequencing (WGS) and re-sequencing, transcriptome sequencing, metagenomics, as well as high-throughput genotyping, which can be applied for genome selection (GS). It can also be applied to diversity analysis, genetic and epigenetic characterization of germplasm and pathogen detection, identification, and elimination. High-throughput phenotyping, integrated data management, and decision support tools form the necessary support‐ ing environment for effective utilization of genome sequence information. It is important that these opportunities for mainstreaming innovative breeding strategies, enabled by cutting-edge “Omics” technologies, are seized in Africa; however, several constraints must be addressed before the benefit of NGS can be fully realized. African breeding programs must have access to high-throughput genotyping facilities, capacity in the application of genome selection and marker-assisted breeding must be built and supported by capacity in genomic analysis and bioinformatics. This chapter demonstrates how interventions with NGS-enabled innovative strategies can be applied to increase genetic gain with insights from the Consortium of International © 2015 The Author(s). Licensee InTech. This chapter is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. Agricultural Research (CGIAR) in general and the International Institute of Tropical Agriculture (IITA) in particular.
Clinical Safety, Tolerability, Pharmacokinetics, and Pharmacodynamics of the Novel Factor Xa Inhibitor Edoxaban in Healthy Volunteers

This is a clinical safety, tolerability, pharmacokinetics (PK), and pharmacodynamics (PD) study of a single ascending dose (SAD) and a multiple ascending dose (MAD) of the oral direct factor Xa inhibitor edoxaban in healthy males. The placebo‐controlled, single‐blind, randomized, 2‐part study consists of a SAD arm with 85 subjects (10, 30, 60, 90, 120, 150 mg) and a MAD arm with 36 subjects (90 mg daily, 60 mg twice daily, 120 mg daily). Effects of food and formulation (tablet vs solution) are assessed in a crossover substudy. In the SAD, doses are well tolerated up to 150 mg. Exposure is proportional to dose. PK profiles are consistent across dose with rapid absorption, biphasic elimination, and terminal elimination half‐life of 5.8 to 10.7 hours. In the MAD, mean accumulation after daily dosing is 1.10 to 1.13 and consistent with elimination half‐life of 8.75 to 10.4 hours. Intrasubject variability ranges from 12% to 17% for area under the curve. In general, plasma edoxaban concentrations are linearly correlated with coagulation parameters. Edoxaban is safe and well tolerated with no dose‐dependent increases in adverse events. It is concluded that single and multiple doses of edoxaban are safe and well tolerated up to 150 mg with predictable PK and PD profiles.
Systematic literature review of clinical trials evaluating pharmacotherapy for overactive bladder in elderly patients: An assessment of trial quality

Overactive bladder (OAB) disproportionately affects older‐aged adults, yet most randomized controlled trials (RCTs) underrepresent patients ≥65. This systematic literature review (SLR) identified RCTs evaluating β‐3 adrenergic agonists or muscarinic antagonists in elderly patients with OAB, and compared study quality across trials.
Alternative detox.

BACKGROUND The concept that alternative therapies can eliminate toxins and toxicants from the body, i.e. 'alternative detox' (AD) is popular. SOURCES OF DATA Selected textbooks and articles on the subject of AD. AREAS OF AGREEMENT The principles of AD make no sense from a scientific perspective and there is no clinical evidence to support them. AREAS OF CONTROVERSY The promotion of AD treatments provides income for some entrepreneurs but has the potential to cause harm to patients and consumers. GROWING POINTS In alternative medicine, simplistic but incorrect concepts such as AD abound. AREAS TIMELY FOR RESEARCH: All therapeutic claims should be scientifically tested before being advertised-and AD cannot be an exception.
ALEVS: Active Learning by Statistical Leverage Sampling

Active learning aims to obtain a classifier of high accuracy by using fewer label requests in comparison to passive learning by selecting effective queries. Many active learning methods have been developed in the past two decades, which sample queries based on informativeness or representativeness of unlabeled data points. In this work, we explore a novel querying criterion based on statistical leverage scores. The statistical leverage scores of a row in a matrix are the squared row-norms of the matrix containing its (top) left singular vectors and is a measure of influence of the row on the matrix. Leverage scores have been used for detecting high influential points in regression diagnostics and have been recently shown to be useful for data analysis and randomized low-rank matrix approximation algorithms. We explore how sampling data instances with high statistical leverage scores perform in active learning. Our empirical comparison on several binary classification datasets indicate that querying high leverage points is an effective strategy.
Advances in K-means clustering: a data mining thinking

Nearly everyone knows K-means algorithm in the fields of data mining and business intelligence. But the ever-emerging data with extremely complicated characteristics bring new challenges to this "old" algorithm. This book addresses these challenges and makes novel contributions in establishing theoretical frameworks for K-means distances and K-means based consensus clustering, identifying the "dangerous" uniform effect and zero-value dilemma of K-means, adapting right measures for cluster validity, and integrating K-means with SVMs for rare class analysis. This book not only enriches the clustering and optimization theories, but also provides good guidance for the practical use of K-means, especially for important tasks such as network intrusion detection and credit fraud prediction. The thesis on which this book is based has won the "2010 National Excellent Doctoral Dissertation Award", the highest honor for not more than 100 PhD theses per year in China.
Non-invasive predictors of mortality after acute myocardial infarction

Abstract There is a need to identify patients with an increased risk of dying after acute myocardial infarction (AMI), because sudden cardiac death (SCD) and potentially fatal ventricular tachyarrhythmias can be prevented by an implantable cardioverter-defibrillator, or in some cases, with aggressively optimized drug or revascularization therapy. The present study was designed to study the predictive power of non-invasive risk markers and all-cause, cardiac and arrhythmic mortality in 700 consecutive post-AMI patients discharged alive with optimal medication according to contemporary guidelines. Detrended fluctuation analysis of heart rate variability (HRV) predicted all-cause mortality beyond clinical variables as well as left ventricular function in post-AMI patients. The predictive power of the short-term scaling exponent α1 was higher than that of the traditional indexes of HRV (for α1 < 0.65, the risk ratio (RR) in multivariate analysis was 5.1, with 95% confidence intervals (CI) 2.9-8.9; p < 0.001). HRV results from a conventional 24-hour electrocardiographic (ECG) recording system differed significantly when compared to a system with a higher sampling frequency. The difference was generally more pronounced in post-AMI patients than in healthy subjects. The presence of sustained T-wave alternans during a predischarge exercise test after AMI was not a marker of mortality. However, the inability to perform an exercise test or to reach the heart rate of 105 beats/min predicted independently all-cause (RR 9.3, 95% CI 2.0-43.3, p < 0.01) and cardiac mortality (RR 11.1, 95% CI 2.4-50.8, p < 0.01). High levels of natriuretic peptides were associated with both sudden and non-sudden cardiac mortality. B-type natriuretic peptide provided more specific independent information on the risk for subsequent SCD (RR 3.9, 95% CI 1.2-12.3, p < 0.05) than non-SCD. SCDs occurred mainly more than 18 months after AMI, and the proportion of SCD was less than 40% of all cardiac deaths. Common arrhythmia markers such as the presence of ventricular premature beats or episodes of nonsustained ventricular tachycardia during ambulatory recordings, the time domain parameters of HRV, baroreflex sensitivity, QT dispersion and QRS complex duration provided only limited predictive power on the risk of SCD or arrhythmic events in patients with optimized beta-blocking therapy. Many risk variables previously considered to predict SCD were better predictors of non-SCD than SCD. Conclusions: 1. The epidemiological pattern of SCD was different from that reported previously. 2. Many arrhythmia risk markers provided only limited information on the risk of SCD. 3. Short-term fractal scaling exponent α1 provided potentially useful information on the risk for all-cause mortality, and BNP was useful in predicting the risk of SCD in a post-AMI population with optimized therapy.
C60‐ToF SIMS imaging of frozen hydrated HeLa cells

Sample preparation continues to be a major challenge for SIMS studies of biological materials. Maintaining the native hydrated state of the material is important for preserving both chemical and spatial information. Here, we discuss a method that combines a sample wash and dry protocol followed by plunge‐freezing in liquid ethane for a frozen‐hydrated analysis of mammalian cells (HeLa). This method allows for the removal of the growth medium and maintains the hydrated state of the cells so that they can be prepared frozen‐hydrated without the need for a freeze‐fracture device. The cells, which were grown on silicon, were successfully regrown after the cleaning procedure, confirming that a significant portion of the cells remain undamaged during the wash and dry procedure. Results from preliminary SIMS measurements show that is it possible to detect a large variety of biomolecular signals, including intact lipids from the plasma membrane in the mass range of 700–900 Da from single cells, with little external water interference at the surface. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
RaceMob: crowdsourced data race detection

Some of the worst concurrency problems in multi-threaded systems today are due to data races---these bugs can have messy consequences, and they are hard to diagnose and fix. To avoid the introduction of such bugs, system developers need discipline and good data race detectors; today, even if they have the former, they lack the latter. We present RaceMob, a new data race detector that has both low overhead and good accuracy. RaceMob starts by detecting potential races statically (hence it has few false negatives), and then dynamically validates whether these are true races (hence has few false positives). It achieves low runtime overhead and a high degree of realism by combining real-user crowdsourcing with a new on-demand dynamic data race validation technique. We evaluated RaceMob on ten systems, including Apache, SQLite, and Memcached---it detects data races with higher accuracy than state-of-the-art detectors (both static and dynamic), and RaceMob users experience an average runtime overhead of about 2%, which is orders of magnitude less than the overhead of modern dynamic data race detectors. To the best of our knowledge, RaceMob is the first data race detector that can both be used always-on in production and provides good accuracy.
A roadmap for island biology: 50 fundamental questions after 50 years of The Theory of Island Biogeography

The 50th anniversary of the publication of the seminal book, The Theory of Island Biogeography, by Robert H. MacArthur and Edward O. Wilson, is a timely moment to review and identify key research foci that could advance island biology. Here, we take a collaborative horizon‐scanning approach to identify 50 fundamental questions for the continued development of the field.
INTER-PROCESS COMMUNICATION, ANALYSIS, GUIDELINES AND ITS IMPACT ON COMPUTER SECURITY

In this paper we look at the inter-process communication (IPC) also known as inter-thread or inter-application communication from other knowledge sources. We will look and analyze the different types of IPC in the Microsoft Windows operating system, their implementation and the usefulness of this kind of approach in the terms of communication between processes. Only local implementation of the IPC will be addressed in this paper. Special emphasis will be given to the system mechanisms that are involved with the creation, management, and use of named pipes and sockets. This paper will discuss some of the IPC options and techniques that are available to Microsoft Windows programmers. We will make a comparison between Microsoft remoting and Microsoft message queues (pros and cons). Finally we will make some notes and remarks regarding several issues and concerns about the security of the local system when using these methods, in order to use this knowledge in building a system that will control processes within different desktop environments. At the end, we will give some conclusions about the implementation and use of the IPC methods, including local security guidelines.
On the factor-of-two bound for Gaussian multiple-access channels with feedback

Pombra and Cover (see IEEE Trans. Inform. Theory, vol.40, p.885-92, May 1994) and Thomas (see IEEE Trans. Inform. Theory, vol.33, p.711-16, Sept. 1987) showed that the maximum achievable throughput (sum of rates of all users) of a Gaussian multiple access channel with feedback is at most twice that achievable without feedback. We prove a stronger result which establishes the factor-of-two bound not only for the total throughput but for the entire capacity region as well. Specifically, we show that the capacity region of a Gaussian multiple access channel with feedback is contained within twice the capacity region without feedback.
Immunopathology and Infectious Diseases Orally Administered Prion Protein Is Incorporated by M Cells and Spreads into Lymphoid Tissues with Macrophages in Prion Protein Knockout Mice

From the Cellular Biology Laboratory,* Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan; the Institute of Biological, Environmental and Rural Sciences, Aberystwyth University, Ceredigion, United Kingdom; the Division of Molecular Neurobiology, The Institute for Enzyme Research, The University of Tokushima, Tokushima, Japan; and the Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagasaki, Japan
Wild-Derived Inbred Mice Have a Novel Basis of Susceptibility to Polyomavirus-Induced Tumors

ABSTRACT Polyomavirus induces a broad array of tumors when introduced into newborn mice of certain standard inbred strains, notably those bearing the H-2k haplotype. Susceptibility in these mice is conferred by an endogenous mouse mammary tumor virus superantigen (Mtv-7 sag) that acts to delete T cells required for polyomavirus-induced tumor immunosurveillance. In the present study we show that mice of two wild-derived inbred strains, PERA/Ei (PE) and CZECH II/Ei (CZ), are highly susceptible to polyomavirus but carry no detectable Mtv sag-related sequences and show no evidence of Vβ deletion. C57BR/cdJ (BR) mice, which areH-2k but lack the endogenous Mtv-7, are highly resistant based on an effective anti-polyomavirus tumor immune response. When crossed with BR, both PE and CZ mice transmit their susceptibility in a dominant fashion, indicating a mechanism(s) that overrides the immune response of BR. Susceptibility in PE and CZ mice is not based on interference with antigen processing or presentation since cytotoxic T cells from BR can efficiently kill F1-derived tumor cells in vitro. The expected precursors of polyomavirus-specific cytotoxic T cells are present in both the wild inbred animals and their F1 progeny. These findings indicate a novel basis of susceptibility that operates independently of endogenous superantigen and prevents the development of tumor immunity.
Heterojunction-Based Hybrid Silicon Nanowires Solar Cell

It is known that defect-free, i.e., oxide-free, Si nanowires (Si NWs) exhibit lower defect density emissions than unmodified Si NWs. This is successfully established by grafting organic molecules on the surface. Here we show that by using a two-step chlorination/alkylation process, we are able to graft organic molecules on Si NWs for solar cell applications. Afterward, we show the electronic properties of the molecular surface (such as work function and band bending). Finally, we correlate these properties to the solar cell performance.
Cohomology of groups

A rink-type roller skate is provided with a plastic sole plate. To mount a toe stop on the skate, a novel bushing is embedded in the sole plate. The bushing has relatively small diameter ends and a large diameter midportion which is aggressively surfaced. Axial and rotational forces are transmitted to the sole plate through the bushing, while movement of the bushing in the plate and plate cracking are inhibited.
Primary Cilia Are Decreased in Breast Cancer: Analysis of a Collection of Human Breast Cancer Cell Lines and Tissues

Primary cilia (PC) are solitary, sensory organelles that are critical for several signaling pathways. PC were detected by immunofluorescence of cultured cells and breast tissues. After growth for 7 days in vitro, PC were detected in ∼70% of breast fibroblasts and in 7–19% of epithelial cells derived from benign breast (184A1 and MCF10A). In 11 breast cancer cell lines, PC were present at a low frequency in four (from 0.3% to 4% of cells), but were absent in the remainder. The cancer cell lines with PC were all of the basal B subtype, which is analogous to the clinical triple-negative breast cancer subtype. Furthermore, the frequency of PC decreased with increasing degree of transformation/progression in the MCF10 and MDA-MB-435/LCC6 isogenic models of cancer progression. In histologically normal breast tissues, PC were frequent in fibroblasts and myoepithelial cells and less common in luminal epithelial cells. Of 26 breast cancers examined, rare PC were identified in cancer epithelial cells of only one cancer, which was of the triple-negative subtype. These data indicate a decrease or loss of PC in breast cancer and an association of PC with the basal B subtype. This manuscript contains online supplemental material at http://www.jhc. org. Please visit this article online to view these materials.