Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Medication safety in neonatal care: a review of medication errors among neonates

Objective: The objective of this study was to describe the medication errors in hospitalized patients, comparing those in neonates with medication errors across the age spectrum. Method: In tier 1, PubMed, Embase and Google Scholar were searched, using selected MeSH terms relating to hospitalized paediatric, adult and elderly populations. Tier 2 involved a search of the same electronic databases for literature relating to hospitalized neonatal patients. Results: A total of 58 articles were reviewed. Medication errors were well documented in each patient group. Overall, prescribing and administration errors were most commonly identified across each population, and mostly related to errors in dosing. Errors due to patient misidentification and overdosing were particularly prevalent in neonates, with 47% of administration errors involving at least tenfold overdoses. Unique errors were identified in elderly patients, comprising duplication of therapy and unnecessary prescribing of medicines. Overall, the medicines most frequently identified with error across each patient group included: heparin, antibiotics, insulin, morphine and parenteral nutrition. While neonatal patients experience the same types of medication errors as other hospitalized patients, the medication-use process within this group is more complex and has greater consequences resulting from error. Suggested strategies to help overcome medication error most commonly involved the integration of a clinical pharmacist into the treating team. Conclusion: This review highlights that each step of the medication-use process is prone to error across the age spectrum. Further research is required to develop targeted strategies relevant to specific patient groups that integrate key pharmacy services into wards.
Gender specific patterns of carbon uptake and water use in a dominant riparian tree species exposed to a warming climate

Air temperatures in the arid western United States are predicted to increase over the next century. These increases will likely impact the distribution of plant species, particularly dioecious species that show a spatial segregation of the sexes across broad resource gradients. On the basis of spatial segregation patterns, we hypothesized that temperature increases will have a greater negative impact on female plants compared with co‐occurring male plants of dioecious species. This hypothesis was tested by examining the whole‐plant carbon and water relations of 10‐year‐old female (n = 18) and male (n = 13) Acer negundo Sarg. trees grown in a common garden in Salt Lake City, UT. The trees were established from cuttings collected where the growing season temperature averaged about 6.5 °C cooler than at the common garden. During May and June, stem sap flux (Js) was similar between genders, but averaged 25% higher in males during the warmer months of July and August. Daytime canopy stomatal conductance (gs) per unit leaf area was 12% higher in females in May : June, but was 11% higher in males in July : August. We combined measurements of sap flux–scaled transpiration with measurements of tree allometry and δ13C of leaf soluble sugars to estimate whole‐tree carbon assimilation (Atree) and water use efficiency (WUE) (Atree : Etree). Atree was similar between genders until late August when Atree was 32% higher in male trees. Atree : Etree was on average 7% higher in females than in males during the growing season. Patterns of Js, gs, Atree and Atree : Etree in the present study were in contrast to those previously reported for A. negundo genders under native growing season temperatures. Results suggest that the spatial segregation of the sexes could shift under global warming such that female plants lose their dominance in high‐resource habitats, and males increase their dominance in relatively lower‐resource habitats.
Establishing and Sustaining a Middle College High School

Since 1973, middle college high schools, sponsored by local community colleges, have worked with local school districts as well as parents to create unique learning enviroments for at-risk youth. This chapter provides a model for the planning and operation of a new institution based on Middle College at LaGuardina Community College (New York) and Mott Middle College at Mott Community College (Michigan).
Treatment response in subtypes of borderline personality disorder

Background and Aims Based on the frequently noted heterogeneity in symptom representation and treatment resistance amongst clients with borderline personality disorder (BPD), this study sought to investigate whether a sample of 77 people with severe personality disorder, primarily BPD (n = 74), could be grouped into clinically meaningful subtypes. A follow-up question was whether the subtypes would respond differently to a specialist intervention. Method Participants were public mental health clients referred to a specialist residential treatment programme in Victoria, Australia. Using an existing data set, cluster analysis was applied in order to identify subtypes based on various demographic, clinical and psychological variables. Post-treatment analyses were carried out to investigate change in self-harm, suicide attempts, depression and dissociation. Results Three subtypes were identified, namely: withdrawn-internalizing, severely disturbed-internalizing and anxious-externalizing. Furthermore, the subtypes responded differently to the treatment, with the withdrawn-internalizing subtype showing reduced levels of dissociation and the anxious-externalizing subtype responding by large reductions in levels of depression. The severely disturbed-internalizing subtype did not improve significantly on any of the outcome measures in this study. Discussion These findings suggest that subtypes can be identified amongst clients with BPD, and that the subtypes may be related to treatment outcomes.
The Role of Injustice in the Elicitation of Differential Emotional Reactions

Data from a large-scale study on emotional experiences in 37 countries are used to examine correlates of emotion-antecedent events being judged as unfair or unjust. This study included 2,921 students who reported situations in which they had experienced joy, anger; fear, sadness, disgust, shame, and guilt and described their situation appraisals and reactions. Anger-producing events were most frequently perceived as very unfair followed by disgust, sadness, fear, guilt, and shame. The results showed strong main effects of the perception of injustice for all negative emotions. Events experienced as unjust were described as more immoral, more obstructive to plans and goals, and having more negative effects on personal relationships. In addition, events regarded as unjust elicited feelings that were longer in duration and more intense. It is concluded that perceived injustice plays a powerful role in the elicitation of many different negative emotions and may serve as a mediating variable in emotion-antecedent appraisal.
Internet Addiction and Its Cognitive Behavioral Therapy

Internet addiction or problematic internet use is one of the newest areas of interest in psychiatry. The internet which was developed to increase communication and facilitate information exchange has grown beyond expectations making some users unable to control their internet use and thus experience problems in their functioning at work and in social and private spheres (Young 1999). The reasons for the internet becoming so widespread in such a short time have been the subject of many studies. To explain the increase in internet use for sexual pursuits, Cooper has defined a ‘Triple A Engine’ (Access, Affordability and Anonymity). Access is the ease of having access to the internet anywhere and anytime and finding whatever is sought in the internet where there is no refusal. Affordability is the ease of having access to the rich content of the internet especially in on-line sexuality in return for an affordable price. Anonymity is the secrecy of an individual’s both real and perceived identity (Cooper 1998). These popularizing and facilitating factors may enable us to understand the increase in using the internet in all other areas.
AI, Decision Science, and Psychological Theory in Decisions about People: A Case Study in Jury Selection

AI theory and its technology is rarely consulted in attempted resolutions of social problems. Solutions often require that decision-analytic techniques be combined with expert systems. The emerging literature on combined systems is directed at domains where the prediction of human behavior is not required. A foundational shift in AI presuppositions to intelligent agents working in collaboration provides an opportunity to explore efforts to improve the performance of social institutions that depend on accurate prediction of human behavior. Professionals concerned with human outcomes make decisions that are intuitive or analytic or some combination of both. The relative efficacy of each decision type is described. Justifications and methodology are presented for combining analytic and intuitive agents in an expert system that supports professional decision making. Psychological grounds for the allocation of functions to agents are reviewed. Jury selection, the prototype domain, is described as a process typical of others that, at their core, require the prediction of human behavior. The domain is used to demonstrate the formal components, steps in construction, and challenges of developing and testing a hybrid system based on the allocation of function. The principle that the research taught us about the allocation of function is "the rational and predictive primacy of a statistical agent to an intuitive agent in construction of a production system. " We learned that the reverse of this principle is appropriate for identifying and classifying human responses to questions and generally dealing with unexpected events in a courtroom and elsewhere. This principle and approach should be paradigmatic of the class of collaborative models that capitalizes on the unique strengths of AI knowledge-based systems. The methodology used in the courtroom is described along with the history of the project and implications for the development of related AI systems. Empirical data are reported that portend the possibility of impressive predictive ability in the combined approach relative to other current approaches. Problems encountered and those remaining are discussed, including the limits of empirical research and standards of validation. The system presented demonstrates the challenges and opportunities inherent in developing and using AI-collaborative technology to solve social problems.
A virus responds instantly to the presence of the vector on the host and forms transmission morphs

Many plant and animal viruses are spread by insect vectors. Cauliflower mosaic virus (CaMV) is aphid-transmitted, with the virus being taken up from specialized transmission bodies (TB) formed within infected plant cells. However, the precise events during TB-mediated virus acquisition by aphids are unknown. Here, we show that TBs react instantly to the presence of the vector by ultra-rapid and reversible redistribution of their key components onto microtubules throughout the cell. Enhancing or inhibiting this TB reaction pharmacologically or by using a mutant virus enhanced or inhibited transmission, respectively, confirming its requirement for efficient virus-acquisition. Our results suggest that CaMV can perceive aphid vectors, either directly or indirectly by sharing the host perception. This novel concept in virology, where viruses respond directly or via the host to the outside world, opens new research horizons, that is, investigating the impact of ‘perceptive behaviors’ on other steps of the infection cycle. DOI: http://dx.doi. org/10.7554/eLife.00183. 001
Biomarker‐based Bayesian randomized phase II clinical trial design to identify a sensitive patient subpopulation

The benefits and challenges of incorporating biomarkers into the development of anticancer agents have been increasingly discussed. In many cases, a sensitive subpopulation of patients is determined based on preclinical data and/or by retrospectively analyzing clinical trial data. Prospective exploration of sensitive subpopulations of patients may enable us to efficiently develop definitively effective treatments, resulting in accelerated drug development and a reduction in development costs. We consider the development of a new molecular‐targeted treatment in cancer patients. Given preliminary but promising efficacy data observed in a phase I study, it may be worth designing a phase II clinical trial that aims to identify a sensitive subpopulation. In order to achieve this goal, we propose a Bayesian randomized phase II clinical trial design incorporating a biomarker that is measured on a graded scale. We compare two Bayesian methods, one based on subgroup analysis and the other on a regression model, to analyze a time‐to‐event endpoint such as progression‐free survival (PFS) time. The two methods basically estimate Bayesian posterior probabilities of PFS hazard ratios in biomarker subgroups. Extensive simulation studies evaluate these methods’ operating characteristics, including the correct identification probabilities of the desired subpopulation under a wide range of clinical scenarios. We also examine the impact of subgroup population proportions on the methods’ operating characteristics. Although both methods’ performance depends on the distribution of treatment effect and the population proportions across patient subgroups, the regression‐based method shows more favorable operating characteristics. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The Impact of Political Conflict on Social Work: Experiences from Northern Ireland, Israel and Palestine

This paper investigates the impact of violent political conflict on social workers and service users in three countries: Northern Ireland, Israel and Palestine. Despite its significance for social work (and other helping professions), there is a dearth of research on the subject. The authors construct a research framework which encapsulates the complexity and ambiguity of the issues at stake and three parallel empirical studies, which follow this framework, are presented. The findings highlight the burden of working and living in a violent political conflict, not just for service users but also for social workers. Emotional stress, fear, competing national and religious identities, yet some indication of resilience, are key findings from these studies. A number of moral and professional dilemmas emerged across all three studies, often testing loyalty to universal social work values. Thus, some respondents at times found it difficult to deal with colleagues and service users who were perceived to be ‘the enemy’. These studies highlight the need to raise the consciousness of social workers, agencies and policies about such issues in a world which is increasingly afflicted by violent political conflict. Support, education and training for social workers which transcend national contexts and further international research in this important area are recommended.
A New Compact Hexaband Internal Antenna of the Planar Inverted F-Type for Mobile Handsets

This letter presents a novel compact internal antenna of the planar inverted F-antenna type. The proposed antenna, with the small size of 19 times 10 times5 mm3 , can be easily placed in practical handsets. The return loss and radiation patterns from the proposed antenna are presented. The measured bandwidth of the proposed antenna (S11 < -9 dB) can cover 610 MHz (1600-2210 MHz) in the lower band and 1170 MHz (4960-6130 MHz) in the upper band. These operating frequencies are very attractive features for DCS/PCS/IMT-2000/UMTS/ISM/WLAN bands handset applications. Numerical simulation and experiment results of the proposed antenna are investigated.
Microarray Experiments

1 Outline • Types of Experiments • Analysing according to design • Sample Size Calculations 2 Introduction The interpretation of data from a microarray experiment depends on the design or protocol used to carry out the experiment. There are three classes of experiments that are commonly carried out: • Time-course experiments: model organisms are sampled at specific time points and mRNA collected and analyzed. • Designed Experiments: model organisms are exposed to specific experimental conditions and mRNA is collected under the different conditions and analysed. • Cohort studies. Samples from subjects are collected and analysed. As for all other types of experiments the inference that can be drawn is quite different. 3 Introduction For designed experiments the inference is also not completely straightforward. In this setting it seems that similar patterns of expression are most likely interpreted as genes that are involved in specific aspects of the response to the external stimulus. For example in the Estrogen experiment we will consider later there were four factors (time, 17-β estradiol, Cyclohexamide and Factor X) each at two levels. Similar patterns of expression across these sets of conditions could be interpreted as genes that are primary targets of estrogen receptor.
Debating Civil Society

At the start of the third millennium social scientists’ preoccupation with the weakening of Gemeinschaft is - particularly in western postmodern societies - again at its peak. Waning social capital is believed to have undermined community, as reflected in widespread feelings of social mistrust, in citizens turning away from prime institutions and political authorities, and even engaging less in informal interactions. This diagnosis of civil society as advanced by especially American scholars would be a very serious account of our present times, if the debate and research in this field were not impaired by a set of equally serious theoretical and methodological problems. This article addresses a number of these basic problems. The main issue is the lack of sensitivity in civil society studies to new, alternative and innovative forms of solidarity, connectedness and civic and political engagement, particularly those facilitated by the Internet. It is time to thoroughly define today’s forms of civil society made by contemporary people with contemporary means, in a contemporary world. This article aims to reframe the civil society research agenda.
Pre-sleep Arousal as a Mediator of Relationships Among Worry, Rumination, and Sleep Quality

The purpose of this research was to examine the relationship between rumination, worry, pre-sleep arousal, and sleep quality. The participants were 202 young adults who completed questionnaires on sleep quality, trait rumination, and worry. After factor analysis of rumination and worry scales, three factors were found and which were positively correlated with pre-sleep cognitive arousal and sleep quality. The results of structural equation model analysis suggested that pre-sleep arousal is a mediator of the effects of repetitive thought on sleep quality. Dwelling on the negative and worry engagement can predict higher pre-sleep arousal which can predict poor sleep quality. Pre-sleep arousal is the key factor in the relationship between repetitive thought and sleep quality.
Mdm38 interacts with ribosomes and is a component of the mitochondrial protein export machinery

Saccharomyces cerevisiae Mdm38 and Ylh47 are homologues of human Letm1, a protein implicated in Wolf-Hirschhorn syndrome. We analyzed the function of Mdm38 and Ylh47 in yeast mitochondria to gain insight into the role of Letm1. We find that mdm38Δ mitochondria have reduced amounts of certain mitochondrially encoded proteins and low levels of complex III and IV and accumulate unassembled Atp6 of complex V of the respiratory chain. Mdm38 is especially required for efficient transport of Atp6 and cytochrome b across the inner membrane, whereas Ylh47 plays a minor role in this process. Both Mdm38 and Ylh47 form stable complexes with mitochondrial ribosomes, similar to what has been reported for Oxa1, a central component of the mitochondrial export machinery. Our results indicate that Mdm38 functions as a component of an Oxa1-independent insertion machinery in the inner membrane and that Mdm38 plays a critical role in the biogenesis of the respiratory chain by coupling ribosome function to protein transport across the inner membrane.
Early molecular diagnosis and detection of Puccinia striiformis f. sp. tritici in China

Aims: Wheat stripe (yellow) rust, caused by Puccinia striiformis f. sp. tritici (Pst), is the most important foliar disease on wheat in China. Early molecular diagnosis and detection of stripe rust will provide a useful aid to the accurate forecast and seasonal control of this destructive disease. Our objective was to develop PCR assays for the rapid identification and detection of P. striiformis.
Courageous Resistance

Courageous resistance is defined as voluntary selfless behavior in which there is significantly high risk or cost to the actor and possibly to the actor's family and associates, the actor makes a conscious decision to act, and the behavior is sustained over time. Examples include rescue of Jews during the Holocaust, whistle-blowing, and protests leading to imprisonment or physical harm. Courageous resistance is a subset of altruistic behavior, and differs from risky bystander intervention (heroic behavior) by being sustained and more deliberative. Not all altruistic people will exhibit courageous resistance, and courageous resistors are not always courageous. This paper explores the concept of courageous resistance vis-'a-vis altruism and the limits and possibilities of theories on altruism to explain this behavior.
Galectin-9 Induces Apoptosis Through the Calcium-Calpain-Caspase-1 Pathway1

Galectin-9 (Gal-9) induced the apoptosis of not only T cell lines but also of other types of cell lines in a dose- and time-dependent manner. The apoptosis was suppressed by lactose, but not by sucrose, indicating that β-galactoside binding is essential for Gal-9-induced apoptosis. Moreover, Gal-9 required at least 60 min of Gal-9 binding and possibly de novo protein synthesis to mediate the apoptosis. We also assessed the apoptosis of peripheral blood T cells by Gal-9. Apoptosis was induced in both activated CD4+ and CD8+ T cells, but the former were more susceptible than the latter. A pan-caspase inhibitor (Z-VAD-FMK) inhibited Gal-9-induced apoptosis. Furthermore, a caspase-1 inhibitor (Z-YVAD-FMK), but not others such as Z-IETD-FMK (caspase-8 inhibitor), Z-LEHD-FMK (caspase-9 inhibitor), and Z-AEVD-FMK (caspase-10 inhibitor), inhibited Gal-9-induced apoptosis. We also found that a calpain inhibitor (Z-LLY-FMK) suppresses Gal-9-induced apoptosis, that Gal-9 induces calcium (Ca2+) influx, and that either the intracellular Ca2+ chelator BAPTA-AM or an inositol trisphosphate inhibitor 2-aminoethoxydiphenyl borate inhibits Gal-9-induced apoptosis. These results suggest that Gal-9 induces apoptosis via the Ca2+-calpain-caspase-1 pathway, and that Gal-9 plays a role in immunomodulation of T cell-mediated immune responses.