Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Factors affecting the incidence and anti-salmonella activity of the anaerobic caecal flora of the young chick

SUMMARY Thirty-two different types of anaerobic bacteria isolated from chickens have been tested for anti-salmonella activity in vitro. Under the conditions of the test only Bacteroides hypermegas and a Bifidobacterium sp. were shown to inhibit the salmonellas and this was attributed to the production of volatile fatty acids (VFA's) coupled with a low pH. When these organisms were tested in newly hatched chicks no inhibition of s. typhimurium occurred. Possible explanations for this observation are considered. The pH value and concentration of VFA's in the caecal material were determined in chicks from 0–84 days. In vitro tests with s. typhimurium indicated that, whilst the organism would be able to multiply at the pH and concentration of VFA's found during the first few days after hatching, the rapid increase inVFA concentration during the first 21 days would make this increasingly difficult. The significance of the developing caecal flora in relation to VFA production and pH is discussed. Because certain feed additives are known to influence the carriage of salmonellas, the sensitivity of various caecal anaerobes to these compounds was determined in vitro, generally at 1, 10 and 100 μg/ml. The additives tested included flavomycin, furazolidone, nitrovin, tetracycline, tylosin, sulphaquinoxaline, virginiamycin and zinc bacitracin. All the organisms tested were inhibited by 100 μg/ml furazolidone; none were inhibited by 500 μg/ml sulphaquinoxaline. Changes occurring in the VFA concentration, pH value and microflora of the caeca of chicks fed for 49 days or longer on a normal starter diet or the same diet containing 10 or 100 mg/kg nitrovin have been compared. When the chicks were fed on the diet containing 100 mg/kg nitrovin, the Gram-negative non-sporing anaerobes were eliminated as a significant part of the caecal flora. However, the VFA concentration combined with a low pH in chicks from 2 weeks onwards was still sufficient to inhibit salmonella multiplication. Other possibly interrelated factors which might lead to an increased salmonella carrier rate in the nitrovintreated chickens are discussed.
Cotton yield estimation using agrometeorological model and satellite-derived spectral profile

Timely and accurate estimates of district-level cotton yield are essential for management decisions related to the cotton economy of a country. Surendranagar is a major cotton growing district of Gujarat, India. The yield of cotton for Surendranagar district was estimated using (i) a linear time series trend and actual evapotranspiration (AET) based model for irrigated cotton and an empirical model between the AET and the yield for unirrigated cotton; and (ii) the NDVI (Normalized Difference Vegetation Index) spectral profile area, using data from the LISS I sensor on-board the Indian Remote Sensing (IRS) satellite. AET was estimated using a simple agrometeorological soil moisture balance model for 11 years (1983-1993). The cotton lint yield estimates from the above two different approaches had a 1.2% relative deviation between them and differed by -14.4 and -13.1%, respectively, from the yield estimates given by the Department of Agriculture, Gujarat.
Maneuvering and Buoyancy Control of Robotic Fish Integrating with Modular Undulating Fins

Biomimetic robots borrow their senses and structure from animals, such as insects, fishes and human. Development of underwater vehicles is one of the areas where biomimetic robots can potentially perform better than conventional robots. In this paper, an undulating fin mechanism has been developed and used as the propulsion system of fish in various fin types. A gymnotiform knifefish robot, as an example, has been developed to demonstrate the design performance. The maneuvering and the buoyancy control can be achieved by the integration of a buoyancy tank with the undulating fin. Experiments were conducted in the laboratory tank and the variation of velocity with respect to several swimming parameters was analyzed. Field trials have also been conducted in an outdoor pool to demonstrate the swimming capability of the knifefish robot and its buoyancy performance in 4-m depth water.
A Study on UNIX Server Consolidation by Virtualization

In this paper, problems that additional hardwares should be introduced due to the introduction of new servers are reduced by reducing the space on the top surface of the computer data center after many old physical UNIX servers are loaded on one new virtualization consolidation server. In addition, some effects for reducing the computer maintenance cost and the power consumption of the computer data center could be generated. With such virtualization of UNIX server consolidation, it is expected that the maintenance cost of the computer center will be reduced in the future as well as currently and IT will be changed into green-IT. The method for establishing a virtualization of server consolidation which is applied in this paper can be applied in the same way that other group of servers are consolidation.
Visualizing infection of individual influenza viruses

Influenza is a paradigm for understanding viral infections. As an opportunistic pathogen exploiting the cellular endocytic machinery for infection, influenza is also a valuable model system for exploring the cell's constitutive endocytic pathway. We have studied the transport, acidification, and fusion of single influenza viruses in living cells by using real-time fluorescence microscopy and have dissected individual stages of the viral entry pathway. The movement of individual viruses revealed a striking three-stage active transport process that preceded viral fusion with endosomes starting with an actin-dependent movement in the cell periphery, followed by a rapid, dynein-directed translocation to the perinuclear region, and finally an intermittent movement involving both plus- and minus-end-directed microtubule-based motilities in the perinuclear region. Surprisingly, the majority of viruses experience their initial acidification in the perinuclear region immediately following the dynein-directed rapid translocation step. This finding suggests a previously undescribed scenario of the endocytic pathway toward late endosomes: endosome maturation, including initial acidification, largely occurs in the perinuclear region.
Autocatalytic water vapor production as a source of large mixing ratios within the middle to upper mesosphere

[1] Different measurements have shown that large water vapor mixing ratios occur in the upper mesosphere in high-latitude summer just under conditions of strongest solar insolation where photolysis should effectively reduce its value. The analysis of this finding by means of a high-resolution one-dimensional model supplies evidence that water vapor is autocatalytically formed below a crossover height of about 65 km and destroyed by photolysis above this altitude. We found three catalytic cycles of water vapor formation from the molecular hydrogen reservoir. Hydrogen radicals, resulting for the most part from water vapor by photolysis and oxidation by O(1D), act as catalysts. A great number of the hydrogen radicals return to water vapor, particularly under the condition of small atomic hydrogen concentration decreasing strongly with decreasing height. In the upper domain under the condition of large atomic hydrogen concentrations the formation of molecular hydrogen will be favored. Favorable conditions for large water vapor mixing ratios at high altitudes are given by an accelerated upward vertical wind. Below the crossover level the vertical wind should be weak so that H2 and CH4 have sufficient time to oxidize into H2O, a very slow process. Above this level, however, the vertical wind should be strong in order to lift the air, enriched with H2O, as quickly as possible to greater heights before the dissociation has an effective impact on the H2O distribution. Such accelerated upward vertical winds are typical of the mesosphere under certain seasonally latitudinal conditions. Calculations by means of our three-dimensional model COMMA-IAP yield seasonal-latitudinal patterns and variations approximately comparable with those of the HALOE observations. In the paper we discuss the chemical background and the interplay between dynamics and chemistry in more detail.
Distribution of bacteria, estimated by a viable count method, and heterotrophic activity in different size fractions of aquifer sediment

This study investigated the relationship between aquifer sediment particle fractions and bacterial counts and activity thereon. Samples of aquifer sediments were fractionated into different size fractions by filtering a sediment suspension successively through progressively smaller mesh‐sized filters (500, 100, 55, 20, 1.2, and 0.2 μm). In all sediment samples, even though the abundance of the coarser particles was high, 91.9–100% of the viable number of bacteria in the fractionated sediment was found in the 1.2–100 μm fraction, 40–96% in the 1.2–55 fan fraction (silt‐sized), and only 0.01–0.04% in the 0.2–1.2 μm fraction. The microbial heterotrophic activity (measured as the 14CO2 evolution from [14C]acetate or [I4C]glucose) showed the same pattern. After 2 days of incubation, 73–99% of the total amount of 14CO2 was evolved by the 1.2–100 μm fraction, 46–68% by the 1.2–55 fan fraction (silt‐sized), but only 0.2–5.4% by the 0.2–1.2 fan fraction. The finest fraction (0.2–1.2 fan) also included bacteria in .
Historical cohort studies and the early origins of disease hypothesis: making sense of the evidence

The hypothesis that early-life growth patterns contribute to non-communicable diseases initially emerged from historical cohort studies, consistently associating low birth weight and infant weight gain with later disease risk. Cohort studies offer crucial life-course data on disease aetiology, but also suffer from important limitations, including the difficulty of adjusting for confounding factors and the challenge of interpreting data on early growth. Prospective randomised trials of infant diet appear to provide evidence in direct contradiction to cohort studies, associating faster early growth with disease risk. The present article attempts to resolve this contradiction on two grounds. First, insufficient attention has been directed to inconsistency of outcomes between cohort studies and prospective trials. Cohort studies can assess actual mortality, whereas prospective trials investigate proxies for disease risk. These proxies are often aspects of phenotype that reflect the ‘normalisation’ of metabolism in response to growth, and not all those displaying normalisation in adolescence and early adulthood may go on to develop disease. Second, a distinction is made between ‘metabolic capacity’, defined as organ development that occurs in early life, and ‘metabolic load’, which is imposed by subsequent growth. Disease risk is predicted to be greatest when there is extreme disparity between metabolic capacity and metabolic load. Whereas cohort studies link disease risk with poor metabolic capacity, prospective trials link it with increased metabolic load. Infancy is a developmental period in which nutrition can affect both metabolic capacity and metabolic load; this factor accounts for reported associations of both slow and fast infant growth with greater disease risk.
Normal polarity magnetosubchrons in 24r and the age of the Paleocene–Eocene boundary

A late Paleocene to early Eocene sequence of flat-lying continental strata occurs in an area known as Obed Mountain, west-central Alberta. The upper 110 m consist of interbedded fluvial channel sandstones and overbank mudrocks containing five back swamp coal seams. Two coreholes, 3.5 km apart, that extend through the entire coal zone were sampled for magnetostratigraphy and 13C isotope analysis. Bentonites in the No. 1 (lowest) and No. 5 coal seams and a tuff in the No. 3 coal seam were sampled for U–Pb and (or) Rb–Sr dating of zircon and biotite, respectively. Magnetostratigraphic analysis of 520 samples identified the younger part of chron 25r, the whole of chron 25n and the older half of chron 24r. We find six normal polarity subzones in this part of chron 24r, which we correlate to tiny wiggles 6 to11 in marine magnetic profiles. Carbon isotope analysis of 14 samples from two cores revealed a negative shift of about 2‰ peaking near the base of 24r.8r. We interpret this as the carbon isotope excursion .
Fruit and vegetable consumption in older individuals in Northern Ireland: levels and patterns

Low intakes of fruit and vegetables have previously been reported in the older population of Great Britain, particularly among certain socio-demographic groups. Levels and patterns of consumption in the older population of Northern Ireland, however, remain unknown. A representative sample of 1000 members of the older population of Northern Ireland were contacted by telephone to assess average intake of all fruits and vegetables and various demographic details. Data from 426 individuals (representative of the whole population) reported a mean consumption of 4·0 (sd 1·3) and 4·1 (sd 1·3) portions of fruit and vegetables per weekday and per weekend day respectively. Regression analyses revealed greater consumption on weekdays by females (B 0·53; P < 0·01), younger individuals (B − 0·02; P = 0·01) and those living in less deprived areas (B − 0·01; P = 0·04), and greater consumption at weekends by females (B 0·54; P < 0·01) and younger individuals (B − 0·03; P = 0·01). The amount of fruit and vegetables consumed is slightly higher than that reported in older populations in Great Britain, possibly as a result of differences in farming practices and rural activities, although levels of consumption remain below current recommendations for health. Patterns of consumption are similar across the UK, and suggest that strategies to increase fruit and vegetable consumption should target males, older individuals and those living in more deprived areas.
A Contribution to Precision Microgravity Data Analysis Using Lacoste and Romberg Gravity Meters

Summary The precision quoted for published microgravity surveys varies widely. This paper attempts to quantify the sources of error on a single gravity difference measurement using LaCoste and Romberg instruments. A combination of external effects (Earth tides, noise), reader effects (technique and field practice) and instrumental effects (tares, thermal drift, calibration) are shown to produce a maximum (worst case) error, for a single reading, of approx. 23 μgal and a minimum (best case) error of approx. 7μgal. Single difference measurements have corresponding errors of approx. 33 and 10μgal, respectively. Evidence is presented to demonstrate the importance of thermal and mechanical tares which are best removed from field data by isolating step functions using repeat readings rather than by (always) assuming linear drift.
Introduction to RF simulation and its application

RF circuits exhibit several distinguishing characteristics that make them difficult to simulate using traditional SPICE transient analysis. The various extensions to the harmonic balance and shooting method simulation algorithms are able to exploit these characteristics to provide rapid and accurate simulation for these circuits. This paper is an overview of RF simulation beginning with the characteristics of RF circuits that distinguish them from traditional analog circuits. Harmonic balance and shooting methods are described along with several important extensions. The emphasis is on presenting the algorithms at a conceptual level to provide a basic understanding of the operation and capabilities of the algorithms. Finally, it is shown how these techniques are applied to make common RF measurements.
An efficient numerical solution of the transient storage equations for solute transport in small streams

Several investigators have proposed solute transport models that incorporate the effects of transient storage. Transient storage occurs in small streams when portions of the transported solute become isolated in zones of water that are immobile relative to water in the main channel (e.g., pools, gravel beds). Transient storage is modeled by adding a storage term to the advection-dispersion equation describing conservation of mass for the main channel. In addition, a separate mass balance equation is written for the storage zone. Although numerous applications of the transient storage equations may be found in the literature, little attention has been paid to the numerical aspects of the approach. Of particular interest is the coupled nature of the equations describing mass conservation for the main channel and the storage zone. In the work described herein, an implicit finite difference technique is developed that allows for a decoupling of the governing differential equations. This decoupling method may be applied to other sets of coupled equations such as those describing sediment-water interactions for toxic contaminants. For the case at hand, decoupling leads to a 50% reduction in simulation run time. Computational costs may be further reduced through efficient application of the Thomas algorithm. These techniques may be easily incorporated into existing codes and new applications in which simulation run time is of concern.
Transformation of multiples into primary reflections

The feedback model of multiple scattering shows that wave theory based multiple removal can be applied by a weighted convolution process of the input data with an estimate of the primary response. In this paper the feedback model is used to show that the weighted convolution process can be replaced by a weighted correlation process. This alternative formulation offers new opportunities to multiple removal as well as the transformation of multiples into primary reflections.
Homework Practices of Students With and Without Learning Disabilities

This article describes a study examining the homework practices of 48 students with learning disabilities and a matched sample of 48 nondisabled students. Students ranged in age from 11 to 15 years and attended Grades 6 through 8. Students in both groups completed the Student Survey of Homework Practices, a 27-item, Likert-type questionnaire examining students' homework practices and attitudes toward homework. Results indicated that although there were some similarities in the homework practices of both groups, the students with learning disabilities engaged to a significantly greater extent in practices that interfered with homework completion. Suggestions for increasing the homework completion rates of students with learning disabilities are provided.
Near-Bottom Magnetic Signatures of Submarine Hydrothermal Systems at Marsili and Palinuro Volcanoes, Southern Tyrrhenian Sea, Italy

Near-bottom magnetic field data were collected using a towed magnetometer over selected parts of Palinuro and Marsili submarine volcanoes in the southern Tyrrhenian Sea, Italy. We obtained equivalent magnetizations maps at these sites by inverting the corresponding magnetic anomalies, highlighting the seafloor expression of hydrothermal alteration. Zones of reduced magnetization are interpreted as evidence for alteration related to hydrothermal processes; they are associated with water-column and seafloor observations of hydrothermal activity and altered host rocks. At Marsili volcano, a large elliptical area of reduced magnetization is located south of the summit cone and perpendicular to the trend of Marsili volcano itself. This confirms the presence of a large hydrothermal system centered over the more recent eastern volcanic ridge and its associated magma chamber. Similarly, areas of reduced magnetization over Palinuro caldera are consistent with hydrothermal venting occurring along the caldera walls, consistent with permeability structures related to caldera ring faults providing preferred pathways for the upflow of hydrothermal fluids.
Giant papillary conjunctivitis with ocular prostheses.

To the Editor. —I read with interest the article by Srinivasan et al in the MayArchives(97:892-895, 1979) and congratulate them on adding further to our knowledge of this interesting but enigmatic disorder. I would like to draw attention to a paper read at the 1978 annual meeting of the Ophthalmological Society of the United Kingdom1in which we described the development of giant papillary conjunctivitis in association with soft and hard lenses, haptic lenses, and ocular prostheses. We subsequently discussed our findings with Dr Allansmith, who has quoted us in her most recent publication.2 It has always been a matter of regret that theTransactions of the Ophthalmological Societies of the United Kingdomin its old, single-volume format was difficult for our American colleagues to obtain, since it was the natural place for most British ophthalmologists to publish their original work. The journal is now published
Primary rat cells expressing a hybrid polyomavirus-simian virus 40 large T antigen have altered growth properties

Expression of simian virus 40 (SV40) large T antigen efficiently immortalizes and transforms primary cells. We previously reported that a hybrid polyomavirus-SV40 large T antigen, PyT1-521-SVT336-708, binds to both p53 and pRb but does not transform an established rat cell line (J. J. Manfredi and C. Prives, J. Virol. 64:5250-5259, 1990). Here we show that this hybrid large T antigen is capable of immortalizing primary rat cells. Plasmids that express resistance to G418 sulfate and either SV40 large T antigen or PyT1-521-SVT336-708 were transfected into primary rat embryo fibroblasts, and cell lines were established. The cell lines that expressed PyT1-521-SVT336-708 were not fully transformed but did exhibit altered growth properties. Although these PyT1-521-SVT336-708-expressing lines did not form foci, they did grow in low serum and grew to a high saturation density; these cell lines also formed colonies in soft agar, but their colonies were much smaller than those seen with an SV40 large-T-antigen-expressing line. PyT1-521-SVT336-708 also demonstrated the ability to cooperate with activated Ha-ras to form foci on primary rat embryo fibroblasts. Surprisingly, two types of morphologies in such lines were observed: refractile and spindle shaped. Although there was no correlation between T-antigen level and morphology, all lines that displayed refractile morphology expressed high levels of p21ras. Since the p53 binding activity of PyT1-521-SVT336-708 appears to be intact, these results suggest that there are functions residing in the amino end of SV40 large T antigen which are necessary for full transformation that are missing from the amino end of polyomavirus large T antigen. Conversely, conferring the ability to bind to p53 on an amino-terminal fragment of polyomavirus large T antigen, although not enough to allow full transformation function, does increase its oncogenic activity in saturation density and soft agar growth assays.