Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Replication of HIV-1 in Vivo and in Vitro

A complex relationship exists between HIV and its cellular targets. The lethal effect of HIV on circulating CD4+ helper T lymphocytes parallels the degree of the infected individual's immunodeficiency and ultimately the transition to AIDS and death. However, as with other members of the Lentivirus family of retroviruses, the ubiquitous, mobile macrophage is also a prime target for HIV infection, and apparently, in most instances, is the initial infected cell, since most people are infected with a CCR5 chemokine-tropic virus. Unlike the lymphocyte, the macrophage is apparently a more stable viral host, capable of a long infected life as an HIV reservoir and a chronic source of infectious virus. Published in vitro studies have indicated that whereas lymphocytes replicate HIV solely on their plasma membrane, macrophages have been envisaged to predominantly replicate HIV within cytoplasmic vacuoles, and thus have been likened to a “Trojan horse,” when it comes to the immune system. Recent studies have revealed an ingenious way by which the cultured monocyte-derived macrophage (MDM) replicates HIV and releases it into the medium. The key macrophage organelle appears to be what is alternatively referred to as the “late endosome” (LE) or the “multivesicular body” (MVB), which have a short and a long history, respectively. Proof of the association is that chemically, LE/MVB and their vesicles possess several pathopneumonic membrane markers (e.g., CD63) that are found on released HIV particles. The hypothesis is that HIV usurps this vesicle-forming mechanism and employs it for its own replication. Release of the intravacuolar virus from the cell is hypothesized to occur by a process referred to as exocytosis, resulting from the fusion of virus-laden LE/MVB with the plasma membrane of the macrophage. Interestingly, LE/MVB are also involved in the infection stage of MDM by HIV. Close review of the literature reveals that along with the Golgi, which contributes to the formation of LE/MVB, the MVB was first identified as a site of HIV replication by macrophages many years ago, but the full implication of this observation was not appreciated at the time. As in many other areas of HIV research, what has been totally lacking is an in vivo confirmation of the in vitro phenomenon. Herein, the ultrastructure of HIV interaction with cells in vitro and in vivo is explored. It is shown that while HIV is regularly found in LE/MVB in vitro, it is infrequently the case in vivo. Therefore, the results challenge the “Trojan horse” concept.
A prospective 4-year follow-up study of attention-deficit hyperactivity and related disorders.

BACKGROUND Previous cross-sectional data showed that children and adolescents with attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) are at increased risk of comorbid conduct, mood, and anxiety disorders as well as impairments in cognitive, social, family, and school functioning. However, longitudinal data were needed to confirm these initial impressions. METHODS Using DSM-III-R structured diagnostic interviews and raters blinded as to diagnosis, we reexamined psychiatric diagnoses at 1- and 4-year follow-ups in children with ADHD and controls. In addition, subjects were evaluated for cognitive, achievement, social, school and family functioning. RESULTS Analyses of follow-up findings revealed significant differences between children with ADHD and controls in rates of behavioral, mood, and anxiety disorders, with these disorders increasing markedly from baseline to follow-up assessments. In addition, children with ADHD had significantly more impaired cognitive, family, school, and psychosocial functioning than did controls. Baseline diagnosis of conduct disorder predicted major depression and bipolar disorder at follow-up, and anxiety disorders at baseline predicted anxiety disorders at follow-up. CONCLUSION These results confirm and extend previous retrospective results indicating that children with ADHD are at high risk of developing a wide range of impairments affecting multiple domains of psychopathology such as cognition, interpersonal, school, and family functioning. These findings provide further support for the value of considering psychiatric comorbidity in both clinical assessment and research protocols involving children with ADHD.
Actin filaments and microtubule dual‐granule transport in human adhered platelets: the role of α‐dystrobrevins

Upon activation with physiological stimuli, human platelets undergo morphological changes, centralizing their organelles and secreting effector molecules at the site of vascular injury. Previous studies have indicated that the actin filaments and microtubules of suspension‐activated platelets play a critical role in granule movement and exocytosis; however, the participation of these cytoskeleton elements in adhered platelets remains unexplored. α‐ and β‐dystrobrevin members of the dystrophin‐associated protein complex in muscle and non‐muscle cells have been described as motor protein receptors that might participate in the transport of cellular components in neurons. Recently, we characterized the expression of dystrobrevins in platelets; however, their functional diversity within this cellular model had not been elucidated. The present study examined the contribution of actin filaments and microtubules in granule trafficking during the platelet adhesion process using cytoskeleton‐disrupting drugs, quantification of soluble P‐selectin, fluorescence resonance transfer energy analysis and immunoprecipitation assays. Likewise, we assessed the interaction of α‐dystrobrevins with the ubiquitous kinesin heavy chain. Our results strongly suggest that microtubules and actin filaments participate in the transport of alpha and dense granules in the platelet adhesion process, during which α‐dystrobrevins play the role of regulatory and adaptor proteins that govern trafficking events.
Clamping compared to cauterization for subcutaneous hemostasis in Pfannenstiel incision

We compared subcutaneous clamping and cauterization for hemostasis at laparotomy with Pfannenstiel incision with reference to surgical site infection, postoperative fever and time taken for incision. A total of 214 patients with consecutive hysterectomies were alternately assigned to incisional hemostasis by clamping (n= 107) or cauterization (n= 107). The groups were similar in terms of age, gravidity, parity, body mass index, uterine size and mean hemoglobin drop. Rates of surgical site infection, postoperative fever and time from skin incision to peritoneal cavity entry were significantly higher in the group with cauterization (p < 0.05).
Bayesian Analysis of Wildlife Age‐at‐Harvest Data

Summary State and federal natural resource management agencies often collect age‐structured harvest data. These data represent finite realizations of stochastic demographic and sampling processes and have long been used by biologists to infer population trends. However, different sources of data have been combined in ad hoc ways and these methods usually failed to incorporate sampling error. In this article, we propose a “hidden process” (or state‐space) model for estimating abundance, survival, recovery rate, and recruitment from age‐at‐harvest data that incorporate both demographic and sampling stochasticity. To this end, a likelihood for age‐at‐harvest data is developed by embedding a population dynamics model within a model for the sampling process. Under this framework, the identification of abundance parameters can be achieved by conducting a joint analysis with an auxiliary data set. We illustrate this approach by conducting a Bayesian analysis of age‐at‐harvest and mark‐recovery data from black bears (Ursus americanus) in Pennsylvania. Using a set of reasonable prior distributions, we demonstrate a substantial increase in precision when posterior summaries of abundance are compared to a bias‐corrected Lincoln–Petersen estimator. Because demographic processes link consecutive abundance estimates, we also obtain a more realistic biological picture of annual changes in abundance. Because age‐at‐harvest data are often readily obtained, we argue that this type of analysis provides a valuable strategy for wildlife population monitoring.
Lipid droplets are present in amyloid deposits in familial amyloidotic polyneuropathy and dialysis related amyloidosis

It has been well documented that transthyretin (TTR) shows an affinity for lipoproteins and amyloid is deposited around adipocytes in patients with familial amyloidotic polyneuropathy (FAP). We examined the involvement of lipids in amyloid fibrils in the tissues by histopathologic methods. Sudan black B staining for frozen tissues of autopsied FAP patients and biospied dialysis related amyloidosis (DRA) patients revealed colocalization of lipids in the tissue sections where Congo red staining was positive, while no such positive staining was observed in paraffin embedded tissues. Immunohistochemical study using lipoprotein antibodies revealed that only anti-high density lipoprotein (HDL) antibody showed immunoreactivity in both types of amyloid specimens where Congo red was positively stained. Measurement of the components of lipids in the frozen cardiac samples from an FAP patient and an amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) patient revealed that concentrations of triglyceride and cholesterol in each lipoprotein, except for HDL-triglyceride, were markedly elevated in the FAP patient's material, compared to that of the ALS patient. These results suggest that interaction of amyloid fibrils with HDL may play an important role in amyloid formation in FAP.
Metabolic risk profile of schoolchildren and joint physical activity with an adult in the household: Multilevel analysis

We aim to examine the relationship between metabolic risk (MR) profile and physical activity (PA) with an adult within the household. A total of 4761 schoolchildren (54% boys) aged 10–16 years old were categorized as either at high MR or low MR profile based on their weight and systolic blood pressure status. We assessed the frequency of PA with an adult within the household and fitness. Multilevel regressions were used to determine the likelihood of being at MR in schoolchildren. The proportion of males and females who engage in PA with adults daily was 17.4% and 10.4%, respectively. 16.5% male and 17.2% female did not engage in any PA with adults at all. Compared with those engaging in PA daily with adults in their household, schoolchildren who have reported no such PA were 54% (OR 1.54, 95% CI, 1.07–2.20) likely to have an elevated MR profile. Those who sometimes do PA with adult were 25% (OR 1.25, 95% CI, 0.82–1.93) more likely to have a higher MR profile. After adjusting for PA and fitness, PA with adults remains a determinant of MR profile in males. Compared with those that reported they daily did, schoolchildren were more likely to be unfit if they either sometimes engaged in PA with adults (OR 2.11, 95% CI, 1.44–3.09) or never (OR 2.89, 95% CI, 1.89–4.43). Joint PA with an adult within household could increase schoolchildren's fitness level and may reduce the risk of metabolic diseases.
Conjectures and Refutations on the Mode of Action of Heparins

Low-molecular-weight heparins (LMWHs), like unfractionated heparin (UFH), exert their action primarily by accelerating the interaction between antithrombin (AT) and thrombin. At the levels of aXa activity that are attained in human pharmacology, it does not cause significant (>15%) inhibition of the clotting system. The essential differences between LMWHs and UFH are: (a) LMWHs attain higher plasma concentrations after subcutaneous injection (high bioavailability), and (b) in contrast to LMWHs, UFH contains very large heparin molecules with a putative hemorrhagic action. The reputedly higher aXa activity of LMWH can be shown to be largely due to the absence of Ca2+ using the current laboratory methods to estimate this activity. Via this artifact the apparently high aXa activity of LMWHs is correlated but not related to their favorable pharmacokinetic properties. Consequently dosage guidelines for the use of different LMWHs cannot be based upon their aXa activity. Until better laboratory methods are available, clinical results are the only reliable guideline to heparin dosage.
Nanoparticles and the Environment

Abstract Nanoparticles are a class of materials with properties distinctively different from their bulk and molecular counterparts. A critical review of the very broad topic of environmental nanoparticles is presented. Because of the vast nature of the topic, the review is focused primarily on gas-borne nanoparticles. The “life history of nanoparticles” is presented, tracking it from its formation to its potential use and eventual fate in the environment. Nanoparticle sources, anthropogenic emissions from industrial and occupational settings, and conversion and formation in the atmosphere are discussed. The ability to characterize and capture these nanoparticles (as would be necessary in a nanoparticle production system), as well as their control (of emissions from an industrial source) is discussed. A description on the use of nanoparticles in environmental technologies and the potential impact on the energy sector is provided. The potential effects on human health and the environment, both adverse and b.
Importance of Performing Transesophageal Echocardiography in Acute Stroke Patients older than Fifty

Background: The purpose of this study was to determine the value of transesophageal echocardiography (TEE) in determining the presence of cardiac manifestations that required anticoagulation in patients presenting with acute stroke. Methods: Of 626 consecutive stroke patients who underwent TEE, 188 patients with no obvious etiology for stroke were subcategorized according to age. TEE results were analyzed for cardiac findings suggestive of a cause for embolic stroke, including complex atheromas in the arch/ascending aorta, patent foramen ovale (PFO), atrial septal aneurysm (ASA), and intracavitary thrombi. Data were analyzed using Fisher's exact test. Results: Of 188 patients, 66% (125/188) were older than 50 years and 34% (63/188) were younger than 50 years. The incidence of complex atheroma was 12.8% (16/125) in patients older than 50 years as compared to 0% (0/63) in patients who were younger than 50 years (P = 0.002). In patients older than 50 years, findings that indicated a need for anticoagulation based on TEE results were found in 22.4% (28/125) (atheroma = 16, PFO = 12, ASA = 5, thrombus = 3, PFO + ASA = 1) compared to 14.3% (9/63) (atheroma = 0, PFO = 5, ASA = 2, thrombus = 2, PFO + ASA = 1) in patients younger than 50 years. Conclusions: TEE plays an important role in suspected embolic stroke patients of all age groups. Due to the higher incidence of complex atheromas in patients older than 50 years of age, TEE might be of added importance in identifying the candidates who may benefit from anticoagulation. (Echocardiography 2010;27:1086‐1092)
Association analysis of novel TBX21 variants with asthma phenotypes

Human TBX21 expressed in T Cells (T‐BOX21) is a Th1‐specific T‐box transcription factor that controls the expression of the hallmark Th1 cytokine, IFNG. As a potent candidate gene for asthma genetic study, we have sequenced the full gene of human TBX21, including the ‐1,500bp promoter region to identify its gene polymorphisms. Twenty‐three single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) were identified; one in promoter region (c.‐1514T>C), one in 5'UTR (c.‐138C>A), two in exon 1 (c.99C>G (p.His33Gln), c.390A>G), sixteen in introns (c.492+806T>C, c.492+1170C>A, c.492+1514G>A, c.492+1907A>C, c.492+2116G>A, c.492+2516A>G, c.492+2953C>T, c.492+4207A>T, c.492+4211A>T, c.492+4985T>A, c.492+4207G>A, c.492+5533C>T, c.492+7889T>A, c.492+8270G>C, c.768+417T>C and c.989+183C>T), one in exon 4 (c.831C>T), one in exon 6 (c.1455G>A), and one in 3'UTR (c.2103A>C). Among twenty‐three identified variants, seven were selected for larger scale genotyping (n=721) for asthma association study based on frequencies and location. Haplotypes, their frequencies and linkage disequilibrium coefficients (∣D'∣) between SNP pairs were estimated. The associations with risk of asthma, skin‐test reactivity and total serum IgE levels were analyzed. Using statistical analyses for association of TBX21 polymorphisms with these three asthma phenotypes, no significant signals were detected. In conclusion, we identified twenty‐three genetic polymorphisms in the important TBX21 gene, but no significant associations of TBX21 variants with asthma phenotypes were detected. TBX21 variation/haplotype information identified in this study will provide valuable information for future association studies of other immunological diseases. © 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Acute Disseminated Encephalomyelitis Produced in Mice by Brain Proteolipide (Folch-Lees).∗

Conclusion Proteolipide A and B of Folch and Lees, a new group of lipoproteins, are capable of bringing about in mice acute disseminated encephalomyelitis indistinguishable from the affection induced by inoculation of whole brain tissue. The substance contains practically all of the encephalitogenic agent present in brain.
Large-Scale Fog Computing Optimization Using Equilibrium Problem with Equilibrium Constraints

Fog Computing potentially plays a pivotal role in delivering real-time data services to users, where large number of Fog Nodes (FNs) are deployed by various Data Service Operators (DSOs) to provide efficient services to the Authorized Data Service Subscribers (ADSSs). As a result, there exist tradings between DSOs and ADSSs in providing and purchasing these services, respectively. There also exists competition among all DSOs for providing these services at the prices that can maximize their profits. Moreover, competition exists among all ADSSs for purchasing the required amount of resources at the lowest available prices, and thus minimizing their costs. In this paper, we model the aforementioned competitions in fog computing as an Equilibrium Problem with Equilibrium Constraints (EPEC). In the EPEC, the DSOs provide incentives to the ADSSs and balance the utilities between the DSOs and the ADSSs. At the same time, the ADSSs leverage the incentives provided by the DSOs to their advantage. As the size of a typical fog computing network is large, the Alternating Direction Method of Multipliers (ADMM) algorithm, that has been recognized as a key method in large scale optimization can be employed. Utilizing the fast convergence and decomposition properties of ADMM, we achieve optimum results. Simulation results show that with the proposed framework, optimization of the utility functions of DSOs and ADSSs can be achieved in real-time. It is also shown that compared to the profit in traditional cloud computing and data center services, the total maximum profit of the ADSSs is improved to a great extent in fog computing.
Improving Compliance in On-line, Structured Self-help Programs: Evaluation of an Eating Disorder Prevention Program

Compliance rates from four iterations of Student Bodies, an 8–10 week computer assisted health education (CAHE) program for the prevention of eating disorders in college-aged women, were measured. Each iteration was modified with the hope of increasing participant compliance. Participants were 116 undergraduate women from two large West Coast universities who were randomly assigned to either the CAHE program or a wait-list group. Model 1 was delivered via CD-ROM, was anonymous, used an unstructured “grazing” approach, and participants received $10. Model 2 was web-based, had recommended assignments with telephone reminders, and participants received $25. Model 3 used a more structured approach to assignments. Model 4 eliminated anonymity, added an academic component, used email reminders, and offered course units as an incentive. Compliance was defined as percentage of screens read per number of screens assigned (n = 27–33). In Model 1, compliance was self-reported at 53%. In Models 2, 3, and 4, compliance, measured directly via computer logs, was 66%, 85%, and 84%, respectively. A Mann-Whitney test showed that the increase in compliance between Models 2 and 3 and Models 2 and 4 was statistically significant (p < 0.01). Compliance was significantly correlated with improvement on outcome. Suggestions for increasing compliance in other CAHE programs are offered.
NATURALLY‐OCCURRING ATHEROSCLEROSIS IN BIRDS *

The purpose of this paper is to review the occurrence of atherosclerosis among the avian species. Only lipid-containing intimal lesions occurring among birds maintained under normal conditions of diet and environment are considered. Experimentally-induced atherosclerosis in birds has been extensively reviewed e1~ewhere.l. ~ That atherosclerosis occurs with some frequency and considerable severity among birds has been of recent interest to students of comparative atherosclerosis. The principal birds in which studies of naturally-occurring atherosclerosis have been made are chickens, pigeons, turkeys, and various wild birds. We shall consider these individually.
Supply chain risk management

TSMC's risk management department (RM) initiated the first phase of its Supply Chain Risk Management Project in 2003, which included a risk assessment of the company's single-source raw material suppliers. RM worked jointly with the procurement department on this project to assess potential supply chain risks from single-source suppliers located in throughout the world. Suppliers participated in the risk assessment by providing survey responses on key risk issues, which were then evaluated based on key supply risk factors that could interrupt company operations, such as geographic, contingency planning, factory, replacement, and supply/demand. This work provides an overview of the methodology used for this project, and the techniques applied to conduct the risk assessment.