Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
General Relativistic Magnetohydrodynamics for the Numerical Construction of Dynamical Spacetimes

We assemble the equations of general relativistic magnetohydrodynamics (MHD) in 3 + 1 form. These consist of the complete coupled set of Maxwell's equations for the electromagnetic field, Einstein's equations for the gravitational field, and the equations of relativistic MHD for a perfectly conducting ideal gas. The adopted form of the equations is suitable for evolving numerically a relativistic MHD fluid in a dynamical spacetime characterized by a strong gravitational field.
Send Orders of Reprints at Reprints@benthamscience.net Nicotinic Receptors in Neurodegeneration

Many studies have focused on expanding our knowledge of the structure and diversity of peripheral and central nicotinic receptors. Nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) are members of the Cys-loop superfamily of pentameric ligand-gated ion channels, which include GABA (A and C), serotonin, and glycine receptors. Currently, 9 alpha (2-10) and 3 beta (2-4) subunits have been identified in the central nervous system (CNS), and these subunits assemble to form a variety of functional nAChRs. The pentameric combination of several alpha and beta subunits leads to a great number of nicotinic receptors that vary in their properties, including their sensitivity to nicotine, permeability to calcium and propensity to desensitize. In the CNS, nAChRs play crucial roles in modulating presynaptic, postsynaptic, and extrasynaptic signaling, and have been found to be involved in a complex range of CNS disorders including Alzheimer's disease (AD), Parkinson's disease (PD), schizophrenia, Tourette´s syndrome, anxiety, depression and epilepsy. Therefore, there is growing interest in the development of drugs that modulate nAChR functions with optimal benefits and minimal adverse effects. The present review describes the main characteristics of nAChRs in the CNS and focuses on the various compounds that have been tested and are currently in phase I and phase II trials for the treatment of neurodegenerative diseases including PD, AD and age-associated memory and mild cognitive impairment.
Compact Implementation of Threefish and Skein on FPGA

The SHA-3 finalist Skein is built from the tweak able Threefish block cipher. In order to have a better understanding of the computational efficiency of Skein (resource sharing, memory access scheme, scheduling, etc.), we design a low-area processor for Threefish and describe how to implement Skein on our architecture. We harness the intrinsic parallelism of Threefish to design a pipelined ALU and interleave several tasks in order to achieve a tight scheduling. From our point of view, the main advantage of Skein over other SHA-3 finalists is that the same coprocessor allows one to encrypt or hash a message.
LOCOMOTION CONTROL CYCLES ADAPTED FOR DISABILITIES IN HEXAPOD ROBOTS

Inherent in robot control and behavior is cyclicity. Sequences of actions taken by the robot tend to repeat. This is no more apparent than in the locomotion of hexapod robots. The movement of the separate legs must be coordinated in such a way that smooth forward motion will result. The individual legs each have their own cyclic nature and the combination of leg movements forms a cycle of over all movement. In primitive robots, with simple controllers that require a string of activations for locomotion, an appropriate cycle of these activations needs to be provided. The problem is further complicated by the robot’s uniqueness and accompanying variance of leg capabilities. In previous work we introduced Cyclic Genetic Algorithms which have successfully been used to generate gaits for actual hexapod robots. In this paper, we extend on that work by showing that the CGA can adapt to disabilities in the robot and adjust the gait accordingly.
Advanced Semantic Deep Search for 3D Scenes

In this paper, we present iRep3D 2.0, a semantic-based repository for efficient deep search of 3D scenes in X3D, XML3D and COLLADA. It supports real time hybrid semantic retrieval of3D scenes in terms of their syntactic, conceptual, functional and geometric features. This is enabled via off-line indexing over annotated 3D (sub-) scenes with respect to different aspects of semantics and parallel sub-query processing. In addition, an efficient incremental (re-)indexing strategy is derived for iRep3D 2.0, which offers the quick adaption of system to the updates of 3D scene annotations. Further, iRep3D 2.0 in particular scales to advanced semantic deep search and reuse of relevant sub-scenes down to the individual object level of a scene. For this, sub-scene extraction method for XML-based 3D scenes is performed in case that a new scene is being indexed. Finally, the repository comes with a web-based graphic user interface together with a 3D scene annotation toolkit for both non-experts and expert users.
Gene Promoter Methylation in Plasma and Sputum Increases with Lung Cancer Risk

Purpose: Lung cancer is the leading cause of cancer mortality in the United States, due in part to the lack of a validated and effective screening approach for early detection. The prevalence for methylation of seven and three genes was examined in DNA from sputum and plasma, respectively, from women at different risk for lung cancer. Experimental Design: Lung cancer survivors (n = 56), clinically cancer-free smokers (n = 121), and never smokers (n = 74) comprised the study population. Plasma was collected from all three groups, whereas sputum was collected from lung cancer survivors and smokers. Results: Methylation was detected in plasma DNA from 10 of 74 women who never smoked. Prevalence for methylation of the p16 gene in plasma was highest in lung cancer survivors. Lung cancer survivors showed a significant increase in the odds of having at least one or more genes methylated in plasma (odds ratio, 3.6; 95% confidence interval, 1.9-9.1) than never smokers. The prevalence for methylation of the O6-methylguanine-DNA methyltransferase, ras effector homologue 1, death associated protein kinase, and PAX5α genes in sputum was significantly higher in lung cancer survivors compared with smokers. Lung cancer survivors had 6.2-fold greater odds (95% confidence interval, 2.1-18.5) for methylation of three or more genes in sputum compared with smokers. Methylation was more commonly detected in sputum than plasma for O6-methylguanine-DNA methyltransferase and ras effector homologue 1, but not p16, in lung cancer survivors. Conclusion: Concomitant methylation of multiple gene promoters in sputum is strongly associated with lung cancer risk.
Correlation of EGFR-expression with safety and efficacy outcomes in SQUIRE: a randomized, multicenter, open-label, phase III study of gemcitabine–cisplatin plus necitumumab versus gemcitabine–cisplatin alone in the first-line treatment of patients with stage IV squamous non-small-cell lung cancer

SQUIRE was a phase III study of gemcitabine and cisplatin with or without necitumumab in patients with metastatic squamous NSCLC. The majority of SQUIRE patients had EGFR protein expressing tumors. Similar to SQUIRE ITT, patients with EGFR protein expressing tumors benefitted from addition of necitumumab to chemotherapy with a safety profile consistent with that of the overall SQUIRE population.
Transcatheter Arterial Chemoembolization for Infiltrative Hepatocellular Carcinoma: Clinical Safety and Efficacy and Factors Influencing Patient Survival

Objective To evaluate the safety and efficacy of transcatheter arterial chemoembolization (TACE) in patients with infiltrative hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) and to identify the prognostic factors associated with patient survival. Materials and Methods Fifty two patients who underwent TACE for infiltrative HCC were evaluated between 2007 and 2010. The maximum diameter of the tumors ranged from 7 cm to 22 cm (median 15 cm). Of 46 infiltrative HCC patients with portal vein tumor thrombosis, 32 patients received adjuvant radiation therapy for portal vein tumor thrombosis after TACE. Results The tumor response by European Association for the Study of the Liver criteria was partial in 18%, stable in 47%, and progressive in 35% of the patients. The median survival time was 5.7 months (Kaplan-Meier analysis). The survival rates were 48% at six months, 25% at one year, and 12% at two years. In the multivariable Cox regression analysis, Child-Pugh class (p = 0.02), adjuvant radiotherapy (p = 0.003) and tumor response after TACE (p = 0.004) were significant factors associated with patient survival. Major complications occurred in nine patients. The major complication rate was significantly higher in patients with Child-Pugh B than in patients with Child-Pugh A (p = 0.049, χ2 test). Conclusion Transcatheter arterial chemoembolization can be a safe treatment option in infiltrative HCC patients with Child Pugh class A. Child Pugh class A, radiotherapy for portal vein tumor thrombosis after TACE and tumor response are good prognostic factors for an increased survival after TACE in patients with infiltrative HCCs.
Motivierende Gesprächsführung bei Alkoholabhängigkeit

Ärzte und Therapeuten, die mit alkoholabhängigen Patienten in Kontakt kommen, sehen sich dabei meist mit Menschen in äußerst schwierigen Lebenssituationen konfrontiert. Nicht selten besteht dann aufseiten des Behandlers der Wunsch, den Patienten „wachzurütteln“ („Korrekturreflex“ [1]), denn er ist ja schließlich der Experte und kann helfen („Expertenfalle“ [1]). Gibt der Behandler seinem Korrekturreflex nach und versucht den Patienten von einer Abstinenz zu überzeugen, erntet er nicht selten ein Leugnen der Alkoholproblematik oder gar ein Verweigern der weiteren Behandlung. Oft wird ein solches Verhalten der Patienten als „fehlende Motivation“ gedeutet, der man mit noch mehr motivationaler Überzeugungsarbeit und Konfrontation begegnen will (z. B. Beweisführung, dass der Patient „krank“ ist; schonungslose Darlegung der Konsequenzen des Trinkens und der Symptome des Patienten; für den „unzurechnungsfähigen, weil suchtkranken“ Patienten eigenmächtig therapeutische Entscheidungen treffen). Der Patient bietet dann oft noch mehr Leugnungsstrategien oder Gegenargumente. Es entwickelt sich eine verhängnisvolle Spirale aus Konfrontation (z. B. „Wollen Sie etwa auch noch den Kontakt zu Ihren Kindern verlieren? “) und Leugnung (z. B. „Ich habe kein Alkoholproblem, was wollen Sie eigentlich von mir? “) [2], die auch für den Behandler sehr belastend sein kann (Burnout im Gesundheitswesen).
Management of hyperphosphataemia in chronic kidney disease—challenges and solutions

Hyperphosphataemia is a clinical consequence of the advanced stages of chronic kidney disease (CKD). Considerable evidence points to a role of hyperphosphataemia in the pathogenesis of CKD-associated cardiovascular (CV) complications, including vascular calcification, and with increased all-cause and CV mortality. These observations place management of hyperphosphataemia at the centre of CKD treatment. Although our increased understanding of the physiological role of FGF-23 may provide a long-term alternative biomarker of phosphate load and underlying disease progression, regular determination of serum phosphate is currently the most frequently used parameter to evaluate phosphate load in clinical practice. This review considers the challenges physicians and patients face in trying to control hyperphosphataemia. Amongst these are the limitations of dietary phosphate restriction, giving rise to the need for phosphate binder therapy to maintain serum phosphate control. Once the decision to use phosphate binders has been made, considerations include the relative efficacy, different potential side effects and pill burden associated with various phosphate binders. Although a number of phosphate binders are available, adherence poses a major obstacle to effective treatment. This emphasizes that further improvements to phosphate binder therapy can be made. Evaluation of novel agents and their potential role in the clinic should continue.
Feature-Rich Segment-Based News Event Detection on Twitter

Event detection on Twitter is an important and challenging research topic. On the one hand, Twitter provides first-hand information and fast broadcasting. On the other, challenges include short and noisy content, big volume data and fast-changing topics. Dominant approaches for Twitter event detection model events by clustering tweets, words or segments, while segments have been proven to be advantageous over both words and tweets in news event detection. We study segment-based news event detection, for which existing heuristic-based methods suffer from low recall. We propose feature-based event filtering to address this issue. Our filter incorporate a rich family of features that are empirically proven to be valuable. Experimental results show that our event detection system outperforms the state-of-theart baseline with doubled recall and increased precision.
An Integrated Approach to Teaching and Learning for Students with Cognitive and Physical Differences

Leading educational journals abound with information addressing the vast scope of diversity among students to which educators must attend as they seek to construct an environment where all students have access to a guaranteed and viable curriculum (Chalker & Stelsel, 2009; Gasser & Palfrey, 2009; Weigel & Gardner, 2009). Diversity is a broad term that includes the range of cultural, ethnic, cognitive, and physical differences that represent students in United States public schools. Strict federal, state, and local laws add to the complexity of educating students with diverse needs and must be embraced as educators plan, implement, and assess learning activities (Cook, Tankersley, & Landrum, 2009; Parrish & Stodden, 2009). The increasing need for educators to attend to the scope of issues represented by such a diverse group of students provides the foundation for this paper. In it we will connect cognitive psychology, Mel Levine’s All Kinds of Minds theoretical framework, and Universal Design for Learning within the constructionist paradigm demonstrating an integrated approach toward achieving an academic environment where all children can learn. For the purposes of this paper, the authors have narrowed the issue of diversity to focus on students with cognitive and physical differences as practical classroom applications of All Kinds of Minds and Universal Design for Learning are examined.
Identifying Low-Dimensional Nonlinear Behavior in Atmospheric Data

Computational modeling is playing an increasingly vital role in the study of atmospheric‐oceanic systems. Given the complexity of the models a fundamental question to ask is, How well does the output of one model agree with the evolution of another model or with the true system that is represented by observational data? Since observational data contain measurement noise, the question is placed in the framework of time series analysis from a dynamical systems perspective. That is, it is desired to know if the two, possibly noisy, time series were produced by similar physical processes. In this paper simple graphical representations of the time series and the errors made by a simple predictive model of the time series (known as residual delay maps) are used to extract information about the nature of the time evolution of the system (in this paper referred to as the dynamics). Two different uses for these graphical representations are presented in this paper. First, a test for the comparison of two competing models or of a model and observational data is proposed. The utility of this test is that it is based on comparing the underlying dynamical processes rather than looking directly at differences between two datasets. An example of this test is provided by comparing station data and NCEP‐NCAR reanalysis data on the Australian continent. Second, the technique is applied to the global NCEP‐NCAR reanalysis data. From this a composite image is created that effectively identifies regions of the atmosphere where the dynamics are strongly dependent on lowdimensional nonlinear processes. It is also shown how the transition between such regions can be depicted using residual delay maps. This allows for the investigation of the conjecture of Sugihara et al.: sites in the midlatitudes are significantly more nonlinear than sites in the Tropics.
Modified approach for routing and clustering in sensor network using fuzzy logic control

This paper proposes new modified Enhanced Stable Election Protocol based upon the fuzzy logic control. The scheme takes into account restricted resources i.e. battery level and optimizes its use such that the lifetime for the working of Enhanced SEP is prolonged. In accordance to that, weighted probability is calculated, for efficient election of cluster head and optimised cluster formation. Fuzzy logic control based Enhanced SEP (FLC-SEPE) minimises energy consumption required by sensor nodes for communication, mobility, Cluster Head election, and load balancing by optimising the whole process, hence increasing the lifetime of the wireless sensor network. Simulation results have shown significant improvement of FLC-SEPE, over SEP-E. Performance improvement achieved for the two cases discussed is about 76.5% and 103% respectively.
Towards coherent modeling of scene segmentation , annotation and classification

Given a real-world image such as the one in Fig.1(a), humans can easily extract a large amount of visual information with sometimes exquisite details in a matter of a fleeting moment. Computers today, on the other hand, are far from performing at this level. In this work, we focus on three important recognition tasks for complex real-world scenes: segmentation, annotation, and classification. Segmentation is defined as the task of delineating images based on meaningful components, namely visible objects such as trees, human, etc. Annotation involves two types. For each segmented region in the image, we annotate it with an object or concept label. In addition, annotation can also involve generating labels for an image without a corresponding image region, such as wind, a highly relevant concept for a sailing event picture. Finally, classification is the task of assigning a category label to the entire image that often denotes a higher-level concept such as a sport event, a natural scene class, etc. We present here a probabilistic model that achieves these three tasks in one coherent framework (Fig.1(a) is an example result).
The Interfering Component in Cardiac Troponin I Immunoassays: Need for Further Experimental Evidence

To the Editor: I read with great interest the report by Eriksson et al. (1), discussing the existence of a frequently occurring blood component that interferes with immunoassays measuring cardiac troponin I (cTnI) by use of antibodies against epitopes in the central part of the molecule. As a main indicator of the assay accuracy, the authors studied the analytical recovery of a purified preparation of human cardiac ternary TnI-TnT-TnC complex (from HyTest Ltd., Turku, Finland) added to different samples obtained from healthy individuals and from patients with acute coronary syndrome, using assays that recognize different cTnI epitopes. By definition, recovery refers to the ability of an analytical method to measure an analyte correctly when a known amount of it is added to authentic samples (2). Estimation of recovery can therefore be an effective means of obtaining accuracy information because it tests whether the method can measure the analyte in the presence of all other compounds contained in the matrices of authentic samples. Unfortunately, there were some pitfalls in the recovery experiments performed by Eriksson et al. (1) as the criterion for demonstrating the presence of a circulating inhibitory component. They did not consider the characteristics of the material they add to the biological fluids. Addition of pure analyte, such as the native, tissue-derived tro-ponin complex, in a complex matrix in vitro is obviously an artificial approach. One cannot be sure that the physical or chemical state of the cTnI in the HyTest preparation, e.g., its solubility, is the same as that for cTnI in vivo. The purification procedure can lead to partial alteration of cTnI structure with the consequence that the probability of significant effects by the complex matrix becomes high, which might affect the immunoassay reaction (3, 4). Recently we performed recovery experiments using a similar material to test the reactivity to various cTnI forms in a newly introduced cTnI immunoassay (5). Although the cTnI recovery was good [mean (SE), 92.2 (10.1)%; four dilutions] when the stock solution of the material was serially diluted with appropriate buffer, the recovery decreased [73.7 (7.2)%; four dilutions] when the material was diluted with a commercially available cTnI-free diluent (cat. no. 8TFS; HyTest). In this case, we simply considered that the physico-chemical properties of the material might differ significantly according to the different diluents used. As in other studies (6), we have also seen problems in the stability of the material. After thawing, …
Probabilistic Parsing in Action Recognition

This report addresses the problem of using probabilistic formal languages to describe and understand actions with explicit structure. The paper explores a probabilistic mechanisms of parsing the uncertain input string aided by a stochastic context-free grammar. This method, originating in speech recognition, allows for combination of a statistical recognition approach with a syntactical one in a uniied syntactic-semantic framework for action recognition. The basic approach is to design the recognition system in a two-level architecture. The rst level, a set of independently trained component event detectors, produces the likelihoods of each component model. The outputs of these detectors provide the input stream for a stochastic context-free parsing mechanism. Any decisions about supposed structure of the input are deferred to the parser, which attempts to combine the maximum amount of the candidate events into a most likely sequence according to a given Stochastic Context-Free Grammar (SCFG). The grammar and parser enforce longer range temporal constraints, disambiguate or correct uncertain or mis-labeled low level detections, and allow the inclusion of a priori knowledge about the structure of temporal events in a given domain. The method takes into consideration the continuous character of the input and performs \structural rectiica-tion" of it in order to account for misalignments and un-grammatical symbols in the stream. The presented technique of such a rectiication uses the structure probability maximization to drive the segmentation.