Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Detecting Multilingual and Multi-Regional Query Intent in Web Search

With rapid growth of commercial search engines, detecting multilingual and multi-regional intent underlying search queries becomes a critical challenge to serve international users with diverse language and region requirements. We introduce a query intent probabilistic model, whose input is the number of clicks on documents from different regions and in different language, while the output of this model is a smoothed probabilistic distribution of multilingual and multi-regional query intent. Based on an editorial test to evaluate the accuracy of the intent classifier, our probabilistic model could improve the accuracy of multilingual intent detection for 15%, and improve multi-regional intent detection for 18%. To improve web search quality, we propose a set of new ranking features to combine multilingual and multi-regional query intent with document language/region attributes, and apply different approaches in integrating intent information to directly affect ranking. The experiments show that the novel features could provide 2.31% NDCG@1 improvement and 1.81% NDCG@5 improvement.
Modeling Luminosity-dependent Galaxy Clustering through Cosmic Time

We employ high-resolution dissipationless simulations of the concordance ΛCDM cosmology (Ω0 = 1 - ΩΛ = 0.3, h = 0.7, σ8 = 0.9) to model the observed luminosity dependence and evolution of galaxy clustering through most of the age of the universe, from z ~ 5 to z ~ 0. We use a simple, nonparametric model, which monotonically relates galaxy luminosities to the maximum circular velocity of dark matter halos (Vmax) by preserving the observed galaxy luminosity function in order to match the halos in simulations with observed galaxies. The novel feature of the model is the use of the maximum circular velocity at the time of accretion, V, for subhalos, the halos located within virial regions of larger halos. We argue that for subhalos in dissipationless simulations, V reflects the luminosity and stellar mass of the associated galaxies better than the circular velocity at the epoch of observation, V. The simulations and our model L-Vmax relation predict the shape, amplitude, and luminosity dependence of the two-point correlation function in excellent agreement with the observed galaxy clustering in the SDSS data at z ~ 0 and in the DEEP2 samples at z ~ 1 over the entire probed range of projected separations, 0.1 < rp/(h-1 Mpc) < 10.0. In particular, the small-scale upturn of the correlation function from the power-law form in the SDSS and DEEP2 luminosity-selected samples is reproduced very well. At z ~ 3-5, our predictions also match the observed shape and amplitude of the angular two-point correlation function of Lyman break galaxies (LBGs) on both large and small scales, including the small-scale upturn. This suggests that, like galaxies in lower redshift samples, the LBGs are fair tracers of the overall halo population and that their luminosity is tightly correlated with the circular velocity (and hence mass) of their dark matter halos.
Nanosecond, high‐intensity pulsed electric fields induce apoptosis in human cells

Electroporation by using pulsed electric fields with long durations compared with the charging time of the plasma membrane can induce cell fusion or introduce xenomolecules into cells. Nanosecond pulse power technology generates pulses with high‐intensity electric fields, but with such short durations that the charging time of the plasma membrane is not reached, but intracellular membranes are affected. To determine more specifically their effects on cell structure and function, human cells were exposed to high intensity (up to 300 kV/cm) nanosecond (10–300 ns) pulsed electric fields (nsPEF) and were analyzed at the cellular and molecular levels. As the pulse duration decreased, plasma membrane electroporation decreased and appearances of apoptosis markers were delayed. NsPEF induced apoptosis within tens of minutes, depending on the pulse duration. Annexin‐V binding, caspase activation, decreased forward light scatter, and cytochrome c release into the cytoplasm were coincident. Apoptosis was caspase‐ and mitochondria‐dependent but independent of plasma membrane electroporation and thermal changes. The results suggest that with decreasing pulse durations, nsPEF modulate cell signaling from the plasma membrane to intracellular structures and functions. NsPEF technology provides a unique, high‐power, energy‐independent tool to recruit plasma membrane and/or intracellular signaling mechanisms that can delete aberrant cells by apoptosis.
Severe community-acquired pneumonia: validation of the Infectious Diseases Society of America/American Thoracic Society guidelines to predict an intensive care unit admission.

BACKGROUND The recent Infectious Disease Society of America/American Thoracic Society guidelines for the management of community-acquired pneumonia (CAP) in adults defined a predictive rule to identify patients with severe CAP to determine the need for intensive care unit (ICU) admission. We clinically validated this rule. METHODS We analyzed 2102 episodes of CAP in consecutively hospitalized patients over a 7-year period. The predictive rule consists of at least 1 of 2 major severity criteria (septic shock and invasive mechanical ventilation) or at least 3 of 9 minor severity criteria. We assessed the association of the predictive rule with ICU admission and mortality. RESULTS A total of 235 episodes of CAP (11%) occurred in patients who were admitted to the ICU, whereas the predictive rule identified 397 (19%) of 2102 episodes as severe CAP. The predictive rule and the decision for ICU admission agreed in 1804 (86%) of the episodes (kappa coefficient, 0.45), with a sensitivity of 71% and a specificity of 88%, similar to the 2001 American Thoracic Society guidelines (sensitivity, 66%; specificity, 90%) in predicting ICU admission. Severe CAP criteria had higher sensitivity (58% vs. 46%) and similar specificity (88% vs. 90%), compared with the 2001 American Thoracic Society guidelines in predicting hospital mortality. Invasive mechanical ventilation was the main determinant for ICU admission, followed by septic shock. In the absence of major criteria, ICU admission was not related to survival of patients with minor severity criteria. CONCLUSIONS The predictive rule to identify severe CAP is accurate for ICU admission and improved the prediction of mortality, compared with the previous American Thoracic Society guidelines. The need for ICU admission derived from minor severity criteria alone is uncertain and deserves further investigation.
ANATAGONOMY: a personalized newspaper on the World Wide Web

Abstract This paper describes a personalized newspaper on the World Wide Web (WWW), called ANATAGONOMY. The main feature of this system is that the newspaper is personalized without asking the users to specify their preferences explicitly. The system monitors user operations on the articles and reflects them in the user profiles. Differently from conventional newspapers on the WWW, our system sends an interaction agent implemented as a Java applet to the client side, and the agent monitors the user operations and creates each user's newspaper pages automatically. The server side manages user profiles and anticipates how interesting an article would be for each user. The interaction agent on the client side manages all the user interactions, including the automatic layout of pages. Our system has page multiple layout algorithms and the user can switch from one view to another anytime, according to the preference or machine environment. On one of the views, the user can even see all the articles sequentially without performing any operations. We evaluated a scheme in which the user scores each article explicitly, and a scheme in which all the personalization is done automatically. The results show that automatic personalization works well when some parameters are set properly.
The Induction of Shared Identity: The Positive Role of Individual Distinctiveness for Groups

This article examines inductive processes of social identity formation, the bottom-up processes by which individual group members influence a social identity, integrating it with work on entitativity. Three studies tested the prediction that feelings of individual distinctiveness mediate the relation between inductive social identity formation and entitativity and that entitativity in turn predicts identification. The studies provided consistent support for this theoretical model over alternative models, using a range of different social groups and methods. Study 1 found support for the model in self-selected small groups. Study 2 supported it with a much broader set of groups that were not self-selected. Finally, Study 3 varied levels of inductive social identity formation systematically by varying group size and provided direct support for the hypothesized causal relations.
Effective Bayesian Modeling of Groups of Related Count Time Series

Time series of counts arise in a variety of forecasting applications, for which traditional models are generally inappropriate. This paper introduces a hierarchical Bayesian formulation applicable to count time series that can easily account for explanatory variables and share statistical strength across groups of related time series. We derive an efficient approximate inference technique, and illustrate its performance on a number of datasets from supply chain planning.
Microwave-Hydrothermal Synthesis of SnO2-CNTs Hybrid Nanocomposites with Visible Light Photocatalytic Activity

SnO2 nanoparticles coated on carbon nanotubes (CNTs) were prepared via a simple microwave-hydrothermal route. The as-obtained SnO2-CNTs composites were characterized using X-ray powder diffraction, Raman spectroscopy, and transmission electron microscopy. The photocatalytic activity of as-prepared SnO2-CNTs for degradation of Rhodamine B under visible light irradiation was investigated. The results show that SnO2-CNTs nanocomposites have a higher photocatalytic activity than pure SnO2 due to the rapid transferring of electrons and the effective separation of holes and electrons on SnO2-CNTs.
Stability of routing strategies for the maximum lifetime problem in ad-hoc wireless networks

We solve the maximum lifetime problem for a one-dimensional, regular ad-hoc wireless network with one data collector $L_N$ for any data transmission cost energy matrix which elements $E_{i,j}$ are superadditive functions, i.e., satisfy the inequality $\forall_{i\leq j\leq k}\;E_{i,j}+E_{j,k}\leq E_{i,k}$. We analyze stability of the solution under modification of two sets of parameters, the amount of data $Q_i$, $i\in [1,N]$ generated by each node and location of the nodes $x_i$ in the network. We assume, that the data transmission cost energy matrix $E_{i,j}$ is a function of a distance between network nodes and thus the change of the node location causes change of $E_{i,j}$. We say, that a solution $q(t_0)$ of the maximum network lifetime problem is stable under modification of a given parameter $t_0$ in the stability region $U(t_0)$, if the data flow matrix $q(t)$ is a solution of the problem for any $t\in U(t_0)$. In the paper we estimate the size of the stability region $U(Q^0,d^0)$ for the solution of the maximum network lifetime problem for the $L_N$ network in the neighborhoods of the points $Q^0_i=1$, $d^0_i=0$, where $d_i\in (-1,1)$ describes the shift of the nodes from their initial location $x_i^0=i$, i.e., $x_i=i-d_i$.
Diverse Expression and Distribution of ShakerPotassium Channels during the Development of the DrosophilaNervous System

The spatio-temporal expression of Shaker(Sh) potassium channels (Kch) in the developing and adult nervous system of Drosophila has been studied at the molecular and histological level using specific antisera.Sh Kch are distributed in most regions of the nervous system, but their expression is restricted to only certain populations of cells. Sh Kch have been found in the following three locations: in synaptic areas of neuropile, in axonal fiber tracks, and in a small number of neuronal cell bodies. This wide subcellular localization, together with a diverse distribution, implicatesSh Kch in multiple neuronal functions. Experiments performed with Sh mutants that specifically eliminate a few of the Sh Kch splice variants clearly demonstrate an abundant differential expression and usage of the wide repertoire of Sh isoforms, but they do not support the idea of extensive segregation of these isoforms among different populations of neurons. Sh Kch are predominantly expressed at late stages of postembryonic development and adulthood. Strikingly, wide changes in the repertoire of Sh splice isoforms occur some time after the architecture of the nervous system is complete, indicating that the expression of Sh Kch contributes to the final refinements of neuronal differentiation. These late changes in the expression and distribution of ShKch seem to correlate with activity patterns suggesting thatSh Kch may be involved in adaptative mechanisms of excitability.
Histone Deacetylase 6 Regulates Estrogen Receptor α in Uterine Leiomyoma

Histone deacetylase 6 (HDAC) 6 is a regulatory factor in the endocrine traffic network that controls growth factor receptor stability. Histone deacetylase 6 expression and its pathogenic role in the uterine leiomyoma have not been studied. Here, we demonstrated that there was a consistent pattern of increasing HDAC6 and estrogen receptor (ER) α expression in leiomyoma samples. For all individual cases, expression of HDAC6 in the normal myometrium or leiomyoma positively correlated with ERα expression. The spearman’s rho (ρ) was . 53 (P = .008) between HDAC6 and ERα in normal myometrium and, more significantly, the spearman rho was . 80 (P < .001) between HDAC6 and ERα in leiomyoma. In ELT-3 leiomyoma cells, silencing HDAC6 expression substantially reduced ERα expression, lowered estrogen response, and inhibited ELT-3 cell growth. Our results, taken together, are the first to provide experimental evidence suggesting that HDAC6 may be an essential molecular therapeutic target in controlling leiomyoma growth.
Higher categories, colimits, and the blob complex

We summarize our axioms for higher categories, and describe the “blob complex. ” Fixing an n-category , the blob complex associates a chain complex to any n-manifold W. The zeroth homology of this chain complex recovers the usual topological quantum field theory invariants of W. The higher homology groups should be viewed as generalizations of Hochschild homology (indeed, when W = S1, they coincide). The blob complex has a very natural definition in terms of homotopy colimits along decompositions of the manifold W. We outline the important properties of the blob complex and sketch the proof of a generalization of Deligne’s conjecture on Hochschild cohomology and the little discs operad to higher dimensions.
Snow in the McMurdo Dry Valleys, Antarctica

Snowfall was measured at 11 sites in the McMurdo Dry Valleys to determine its magnitude, its temporal changes, and spatial patterns. Annual values ranged from 3 to 50 mm water equivalent with the highest values nearest the coast and decreasing inland. A particularly strong spatial gradient exists in Taylor Valley, probably resulting from local uplift conditions at the coastal margin and valley topography that limits migration inland. More snow occurs in winter near the coast, whereas inland no seasonal pattern is discernable. This may be due, again, to local uplift conditions, which are common in winter. We find no influence of the distance to the sea ice edge. Katabatic winds play an important role in transporting snow to the valley bottoms and essentially double the precipitation. That much of the snow accumulation sublimates prior to making a hydrologic contribution underscores the notion that the McMurdo Dry Valleys are indeed an extreme polar desert. Copyright © 2009 Royal Meteorological Society
Biocomposite Materials

Composite materials may be restricted to emphasize those materials that contain a continuous matrix constituent that binds together and provides form to an array of a stronger, stiffer reinforcement constituent. The resulting composite material has a balance of structural properties that is superior to either constituent material alone. Combining the advantages of inorganic and organic components such as HA/organic composites that show good biocompatibility and favorable bonding ability with surrounding host tissues inherent from HA. Besides, the problems associated with HA ceramic, such as its intrinsic brittleness, poor formability and migration of HA particles from the implanted sites, can be circumvented by the integration of HA ceramic with biopolymers. In order to achieve controlled bioactivity and biodegradability, polymer-ceramic composites have been proposed. The composites of ceramics with natural degradable polymers have attracted much interest as bone filler. Several particle composites based on degradable biopolymers such as chitosan and gelatin with inorganic powders, were developed as bone filler.
Latest : Lazy Dynamic Test Input Generation Latest: Lazy Dynamic Test Input Generation

Permission to make digital or hard copies of all or part of this work for personal or classroom use is granted without fee provided that copies are not made or distributed for profit or commercial advantage and that copies bear this notice and the full citation on the first page. To copy otherwise, to republish, to post on servers or to redistribute to lists, requires prior specific permission. Abstract We present lazy expansion, a new algorithm for scalable test input generation using directed concolic execution. Lazy expansion is an instantiation of the counterexample-guided refinement paradigm from static software verification in the context of testing. Our algorithm works in two phases. It first explores, using concolic execution , an abstraction of the function under test by replacing each called function with an unconstrained input. Second, for each (possibly spurious) trace generated by this abstraction, it attempts to expand the trace to a concretely realizable execution by recursively expanding the called functions and finding concrete executions in the called functions that can be stitched together with the original trace to form a complete program execution. Thus, it reduces the burden of symbolic reasoning about interprocedural paths to reasoning about intraprocedural paths (in the exploration phase), together with a localized and constrained search through functions (in the concretization phase). Lazy expansion is particularly effective in testing functions that make more-or-less independent calls to lower level library functions (that have already been unit tested), by only exploring relevant paths in the function under test. We have implemented our algorithm on top of the CUTE concolic execution tool for C and applied it to testing parser code in small compilers. In preliminary experiments, our tool, called LATEST, outperformed CUTE by an order of magnitude in terms of the time taken to generate inputs, and in contrast to CUTE, produced many syntactically valid input strings which exercised interesting paths through the compiler (rather than only the parser error handling code).
Profile of Philip N. Johnson-Laird

Our greatest technological accomplishments, from space travel to nuclear power and the creation of the Internet, stand as testaments to the scientific process and mankind's ability to reason. These advances, however, have been matched with equally spectacular technological catastrophes. “Scientists and technologists are rational in principle,” explains Philip Johnson-Laird, a professor of psychology at Princeton University and recently elected member of the National Academy of Sciences. “But the more information they have to take into account, the more working memory they need and the longer time it takes them to make an inference. ” When complex technology starts spiraling out of hand, this abundance of information hinders our ability to make reliable decisions. “Eventually,” Johnson-Laird says, “the computational demands overwhelm them, and this often culminates in catastrophes. ” Philip N. Johnson-Laird. Johnson-Laird has been studying the human ability to reason for nearly a half a century. His theory of mental models, which outlines how real or imaginary situations are represented in the brain, has challenged long-held assumptions about how humans think. “Mental model theory implies that we are rational because we grasp that an inference is no good if we can think of a counterexample to it,” he says. “In practice, however, we often err, failing to find, search for, or heed a counterexample. ” Born in 1936 in a suburb of the northern English city of Leeds, Johnson-Laird left school at the age of 15. He took work as a surveyor—a job he held for 5 years despite “really hating it. ” Toward the end of this position, he became active in politics and joined the Campaign for Nuclear Disarmament. He met and married his wife of more than 50 years, Maureen Sullivan, during this tumultuous time. They took part in demonstrations and civil disobedience with the Committee of 100, the group founded …
Allicin Reduces Adhesion Molecules and NO Production Induced by γ-irradiation in Human Endothelial Cells

Background: Inflammation is a frequent reaction following therapeutic irradiation. Since the upregulation of adhesion molecules on endothelial cell surface is known to be associated with inflammation, the expression of adhesion molecules is an important therapeutic target. Methods: Treatment of human umbilical endothelial cells (HUVECs) with γ-irradiation (γIR) induces the expression of adhesion proteins such as intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1), vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 (VCAM-1), and E-selectin. Changes in the expression of these proteins on γ-irradiated HUVECs which had been treated previously with allicin were measured by ELISA. Results: In the present study, we demonstrate that allicin inhibits the γIR induced expression of ICAM-1, VCAM-1, and E-selectin on HUVEC in a dose-dependent manner. Allicin was also found to inhibit theγIR induced production of nitric oxide (NO). Conclusion: These data suggest that allicin has a therapeutic potential for the treatment of various inflammatory disorders associated with increase numbers of endothelial leukocyte adhesion molecules. (Immune Network 2002;2(1):6-11)