Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Comparative analysis of female physicists in the physical sciences: Motivation and background variables

The majority of existing science, technology, engineering, and mathematics (STEM) research studies compare women to men, yet a paucity of research exists that examines what differentiates female career choice within the physical sciences. In light of these research trends and recommendations, this study examines the following question: On average, do females who select physics as compared to chemistry doctoral programs differ in their reported personal motivations and background factors prior to entering the field? This question is analyzed using variables from the Project Crossover Survey data set through a subset of female physical science doctoral students and scientists (n 1⁄4 1137). A logistic regression analysis and prototypical odds ratio uncover what differentiates women in the physical sciences based on their academic achievement and experiences ranging from high school through undergraduate education. Results indicate that females who have negative undergraduate chemistry experiences as well as higher grades and positive experiences in undergraduate physics are more likely to pursue a career in physics as opposed to chemistry. Conclusions suggest that a greater emphasis should be placed on the classroom experiences that are provided to females in gateway physics courses. Analyses show that women are not a single entity that should only be examined as a whole group or in comparison to men. Instead women can be compared to one another to see what influences their differences in educational experiences and career choice in STEM-based fields as well as other academic areas of study.
Typing Classes and Mixins with Intersection Types

We study an assignment system of intersection types for a lambda-calculus with records and a recordmerge operator, where types are preserved both under subject reduction and expansion. The calculus is expressive enough to naturally represent mixins as functions over recursively defined classes, whose fixed points, the objects, are recursive records. In spite of the double recursion that is involved in their definition, classes and mixins can be meaningfully typed without resorting to neither recursive nor F-bounded polymorphic types. We then adapt mixin construct and composition to Java and C#, relying solely on existing features in such a way that the resulting code remains typable in the respective type systems. We exhibit some example code, and study its typings in the intersection type system via interpretation into the lambdacalculus with records we have proposed.
Minority Representation and Reserved Legislative Seats in Romania

Approximately 32 nations currently use reservation of legislative seats for minority voices, whether by race, ethnicity, language, religion, or territory. Romania has among the most extensive and complicated arrangement of reserved seats, with 18 different ethnic minorities currently provided special parliamentary representation. This paper addresses two key political issues: how is it determined that there exists a valid ethnic minority deserving of recognition with a reserved seat? What are the political consequences from the broad allocation of reserved seats? The paper understands a reserved legislative seat as a distributive good over which rival claimants assert contested title. The state has incentive to avoid controversial choices although this is not always possible. Incumbent interests have incentive to restrict competitive entry without appearing to violate the principles of open inclusion. As seen through the Romanian case, the regime consequence from this dynamic tends to be clientele politics, in which minority organizations emerge segmented, dependent, and relatively powerless, yet simultaneously satisfied that they can guarantee by means of state subsidies the foundations for group identity.
Enhancement of the p300 HAT activity by HIV-1 Tat on chromatin DNA.

HIV-1 Tat is able to form a ternary complex with P/CAF and p300 and increase the affinity for CDK9/P-TEFb CTD kinase complex. Our previous study demonstrated that Tat binds to p300/CBP in the minimal HAT domain (aa 1253-1790) and that the interaction results in a change of conformation on p300/CBP. Here, we show that the Tat-p300 interaction increases the HAT activity of p300 on histone H4 that is associated with nucleosomal DNA and not with free histones. Nucleosomal histone H4 was acetylated on lysines 8, 12, and 16. Acetylation of H4 was inhibited by Lys-coenzyme A (CoA), a selective inhibitor of p300 acetyltransferase activity. Unexpectedly, we also found that Tat could autoacetylate itself, which was specific to lysine residues 41 and 71. Peptides lacking these two lysines could not enhance the HAT activity of p300. Comparison of the sequences of Tat with other HIV-1 clades and HAT containing transcription factors indicated sequence identity in the acetyl-CoA binding motif A, KGXG. Furthermore, when utilizing an in vitro transcription assay, as well as a Tat mutant virus, we found that ectopic expression of only wild-type Tat in the presence of p300, and not a lysine 41 Tat mutant, could activate HIV-1 chromatin DNA, as evidenced by the absence of HIV-1 virion antigen. Therefore, transcription of integrated viral DNA in vivo requires the HAT activity of coactivators that are modulated by Tat to derepress the HIV-1 chromatin structure and aid in activated transcription.
Temporal envelope perception in dyslexic children

Speech intelligibility depends heavily on the accurate perception of auditory temporal envelope cues, that is the slower amplitude modulations present in the speech waveform. In a previous study, McAnally and Stein demonstrated that dyslexics may show impaired audibility (i.e. detectability) of these envelope cues. In the present psychophysical study, the ability to process temporal envelope cues was further investigated in dyslexic children by measuring detection thresholds of sinusoidal amplitude-modulation (SAM) and discrimination thresholds of SAM depth and SAM rate. Each threshold was measured at slow and fast SAM rates of 4 and 128 Hz, respectively. Overall, SAM thresholds were higher in dyslexics than in controls at both rates. The strongest deficit was observed at 4 Hz in the SAM detection task, but a deficit was also apparent at 128 Hz in the SAM discrimination tasks. Therefore, these results reveal that, in addition to reduced audibility of slow and fast envelope cues, some dyslexic children show poor encoding fidelity for these cues (as measured by the discrimination tasks). Overall, these findings are consistent with Tallal's hypothesis according to which the speech and reading deficits in some dyslexics may be caused by impaired temporal processes.
PROPOSITIONS ABOUT THE PSYCHOLOGY OF PROFESSIONAL JUDGMENT IN PUBLIC ACCOUNTING

In his fascinating book, The Medusa and the Snail, scientist and humanist Lewis Thomas asserted that the greatest scientific discovery in the past hundred years is that we are profoundly ignorant about nature (Thomas [1979, pp. 74-75]). Thomas explained that realizing how inadequate our scientific models are is fundamentally humbling, is useful in clearing away the stories we have made up to fill the gaps, and is likely to result in serious science and genuine understanding. We do not yet have a good understanding of what happens when experienced people, such as public accountants, use their judgment to make decisions that matter, amid the pressures, constraints, dangers, and opportunities of their everyday environment (Felix and Kinney [1982]). This paper's purpose is to tackle the fundamental psychological modeling of what happens when professional judgments form and deci-
Towards Confidence Estimation for Typed Protein-Protein Relation Extraction

Systems which build on top of information extraction are typically challenged to extract knowledge that, while correct, is not yet well-known. We hypothesize that a good confidence measure for relational information has the property that such interesting information is found between information extracted with very high confidence and very low confidence. We discuss confidence estimation for the domain of biomedical protein-protein relation discovery in biomedical literature. As facts reported in papers take some time to be validated and recorded in biomedical databases, such task gives rise to large quantities of unknown but potentially true candidate relations. It is thus important to rank them based on supporting evidence rather than discard them. In this paper, we discuss this task and propose different approaches for confidence estimation and a pipeline to evaluate such methods. We show that the most straight-forward approach, a combination of different confidence measures from pipeline modules seems not to work well. We discuss this negative result and pinpoint potential future research directions.
Prevalence of Intestinal Parasites in Food Handlers of Bandar Abbas, Southern Iran

Background: Food handlers play a significant role in the dissemination and transmission of enteropathogenic microorganisms, including intestinal parasites. The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence of intestinal parasites in food handlers of Bandar Abbas, southern Iran. Methods: In this cross-sectional study, 800 stool samples were randomly collected in a period of 6 months from Jun to Nov 2015. The diagnosis was made on direct wet mount, formalin-ether concentration, Ziehl-Neelsen, and Trichrome stained slides. Results: 34.9% of participants were positive for stool parasites. The most infected individuals were seen in the workers of bakeries 54.3%, factories 41.1% fast foods 35.7%, supermarkets 34.7%, restaurants 33.9%, offices 29.8%, butchers 27.3% and coffee shops 26.7% respectively (P<0.05). The intestinal parasites were Blastocystis hominis 24.3%, Entamoeba coli 8%, Giardia lamblia 6.8% and Dientamoeba fragilis 4.3% respectively. Only two infections by Hymenolepis nana (0.3%) and one by Enterobius vermicularis (0.1%) were detected in this study. Living in the workplace and direct contact with the raw foodstuff affected the prevalence of intestinal parasites (P<0.05). Conclusion: The use of concentration methods for the detection of intestinal parasites as well as continuous and effective education in short-term courses to promote hygienic behavior is suggested.
Social Support and Postdeployment Coping Self-Efficacy as Predictors of Distress Among Combat Veterans

This study evaluated the indirect effect of received social support on distress severity (i.e., posttraumatic stress and depression symptom severity) among 89 combat veterans. Through integrating the social support deterioration deterrence model and the enabling hypothesis, mediating roles of perceived social support and self-efficacy specific to postdeployment adaptation were investigated. Results showed that (a) received social support and perceived social support were not related, and (b) both received and perceived social support indirectly predicted distress severity (posttraumatic stress and depression symptom severity) through postdeployment coping self-efficacy. Specifically, high received and perceived social support independently predicted high postdeployment coping self-efficacy, and high postdeployment coping self-efficacy predicted lower distress severity levels. Theory enhancement and future research needs are discussed.
Low-molecular-weight heparin therapy in children.

The use of low-molecular-weight heparin (LMWH) in children has a number of potential advantages compared with traditional therapy. This discussion of LMWH in children will include: 1) epidemiology of venous thromboembolism (VTE); 2) previous therapeutic strategies and associated limitations; 3) low-molecular-weight heparin; 4) clinical studies using low-molecular-weight heparin; 5) randomized, clinical trials using LMWH; 6) recommendations for dosing and monitoring of LMWH; 7) challenges of anticoagulation clinical trials in children; and 8) future of LMWH.
A Reanalysis of the Surface Winds for Hurricane Donna of 1960

Abstract Hurricane Donna, the only major hurricane to strike the United States during the 1960 Atlantic hurricane season, passed over the middle Florida Keys near Sombrero Key before making landfall southeast of Naples, near Goodland, Florida, on 10 September at approximately 1600 UTC. This study makes detailed retrospective surface wind analyses of Hurricane Donna utilizing the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) Hurricane Research Division's (HRD) H*Wind surface wind analysis system. Analyses were produced at intervals of 6 h between 1800 UTC 9 September and 1200 UTC 11 September 1960 while the hurricane was close to and over Florida. These analyses depict the storm track as well as the distribution and extent of tropical storm force, 50 kt (25.7 m s−1), and the hurricane-force wind radii throughout this time period and include new methodologies for adjusting aircraft flight-level data to the surface in the tropical cyclone core environment. Algorithms were developed to account for th.
High quantitative and no molecular differentiation of a freshwater snail (Galba truncatula) between temporary and permanent water habitats

We investigate the variation in quantitative and molecular traits in the freshwater snail Galba truncatula, from permanent and temporary water habitats. Using a common garden experiment, we measured 20 quantitative traits and molecular variation using seven microsatellites in 17 populations belonging to these two habitats. We estimated trait means in each habitat. We also estimated the distributions of overall genetic quantitative variation (QST), and of molecular variation (FST), within and between habitats. Overall, we observed a lack of association between molecular and quantitative variance. Among habitats, we found QST > FST, an indication of selection for different optima. Individuals from temporary water habitat matured older, at a larger size and were less fecund than individuals from permanent water habitat. We discuss these findings in the light of several theories for life‐history traits evolution.
Site and mechanism of morphine tolerance in the gastrointestinal tract

Opioid‐induced constipation is a major clinical problem. The effects of morphine, and other narcotics, on the gastrointestinal tract persist over long‐term use thus limiting the clinical benefit of these excellent pain relievers. The effects of opioids in the gut, including morphine, are largely mediated by the μ‐opioid receptors at the soma and nerve terminals of enteric neurons. Recent studies demonstrate that regional differences exist in both acute and chronic morphine along the gastrointestinal tract. While tolerance develops to the analgesic effects and upper gastrointestinal motility upon repeated morphine administration, tolerance does not develop in the colon with chronic opioids resulting in persistent constipation. Here, we review the mechanisms by which tolerance develops in the small but not the large intestine. The regional differences lie in the signaling and regulation of the μ‐opioid receptor in the various segments of the gastrointestinal tract. The differential role of β‐arrestin2 in tolerance development between central and enteric neurons defines the potential for therapeutic approaches in developing ligands with analgesic properties and minimal constipating effects.
Minimizing tocopherol-mediated radical phase transfer in low-density lipoprotein oxidation with an amphiphilic unsymmetrical azo initiator.

The antioxidant alpha-tocopherol (alpha-TOH) has been found to act as a pro-oxidant under many in vitro conditions. The observed tocopoherol-mediated peroxidation (TMP) is dependent on two primary factors. (1) Chain transfer: alpha-TO. radical reacts with lipid to form lipid peroxyl radicals. (2) Phase transfer: alpha-TOH can transport radical character into the lipoprotein. Given the limitations of existing initiators, there is a need for new compounds that avoid the requirement for alpha-TOH to act as a phase-transfer agent. We report here a study showing that the new unsymmetrical azo compound, C-8, initiates LDL lipid peroxidation without requirement for alpha-TOH. This initiator provides a steady source of free amphiphilic peroxyl radicals that efficiently initiates oxidation of alpha-TOH-depleted LDL at a rate comparable to that reported for the very reactive hydroxyl radical (.OH). With other initiators tested, unsymmetrical C-12 and C-16 and symmetrical C-0 and MeOAMVN, alpha-TOH-depleted LDL displayed significant resistance to oxidation. Results indicate that the amphiphilic nature of the unsymmetrical initiators increases their partitioning into lipoprotein depending on the hydrocarbon chain length, and the symmetrical azo initiators C-0 and MeOAMVN primarily remain in the aqueous phase. Evidence suggests that even when the phase-transfer activity of alpha-TOH is limited, with the use of an initiator such as C-8, the mechanism of peroxidation remains controlled by TMP chain-transfer activity.
Functional NMDA Receptors at Axonal Growth Cones of Young Hippocampal Neurons

NMDA receptors (NMDARs) are critical to the development of the nervous system, although their roles at axonal growth cones are unclear. We examined NMDAR localization and function at axonal growth cones of young hippocampal neurons. Our immunocytochemical data showed that native and transfected NMDAR subunits are expressed in axons and growth cones of young (days in vitro 3–6) hippocampal rat neurons. Moreover, immunogold electron microscopy showed that NR1 is expressed in growth cones of postnatal day 2 rat hippocampus. Local application of NMDAR agonists to growth cones of voltage-clamped neurons evoked inward currents that were blocked by bath application of an NMDAR antagonist (dl-APV), indicating that these NMDARs are functional. In addition, calcium imaging experiments indicated that NMDARs present in growth cones mediate calcium influx. Calcium transients in growth cones persisted despite pharmacological blockade of voltage-sensitive calcium channels and depletion of intracellular calcium stores. Our findings reveal the presence of functional NMDARs in axons and growth cones of young neurons, suggesting a role for these receptors in axonal guidance and synapse formation during neuronal development.
Partial-Order application for Formal Software Verification

A method based on context (environment of the system) description and partial-order reduction is presented in order to improve model checking verification on large systems. The context describes the behaviour of the system environment as a set of formal use cases decomposed in scenarios. It aims at leading the system to the pertinent relevant configuration according to a desired property one want to validate. The verification is thus done by only focusing on a subset of the system by model checking verification with the OBP toolset [12, 6]. The classical combinatorial explosion of the system is thus handled by the context. Nevertheless the concurrency introduced by the different actors of the environment running in parallel could possibly generate an exponential amount of scenarios thus preventing model checking. To circumvent this problem the partial-order reduction method is introduced to factorize equivalent scenarios into a single one following the Mazurkiewicz trace semantics.
Small Vessel Disease and Alzheimer’s Dementia: Pathological Considerations

Current evidence suggests that the neuropathology of Alzheimer type of dementia comprises more than amyloid plaques and neurofibrillary tangles. At least a third of Alzheimer disease (AD) cases may exhibit significant cerebrovascular pathology, which constitutes distinct small vessel disease (SVD). Cerebral amyloid angiopathy, microvascular degeneration affecting the cerebral endothelium and smooth muscle cells, basal lamina alterations, hyalinosis and fibrosis are often evident in AD. These changes may be accompanied by perivascular denervation that is causal in the cognitive decline of AD. Amyloid β protein may cause degeneration of both the larger perforating arterial vessels as well as cerebral capillaries, which represent the blood-brain barrier. In addition, macro- and microinfarctions, haemorrhages, lacunes and ischaemic white matter changes are also present in AD. The development of SVD in late-onset AD may engage an interaction of perivascular mediators as well as circulation-derived factors that perturb the brain vasculature. Peripheral vascular disease such as long-standing hypertension, atrial fibrillation, coronary or carotid artery disease and diabetes could further modify the cerebral circulation such that a sustained hypoperfusion or oligaemia is impacted upon the ageing brain.
Learning a kernel for discriminative , low-dimensional embedding of partially labeled data

We describe a novel way of producing a low-dimensional, topology-respecting embedding of partially labeled data that also admits linear separation between classes. Our method draws upon concepts popularized in the classic Linear Discriminant Analysis algorithm as well as the more recent development of Maximum Variance Unfolding. The algorithm is formulated as a simple convex optimization problem that can be solved exactly and in polynomial time with commonly available software. Additionally, the convex formulation is very flexible, admitting a variety of useful variations. Furthermore, we show how our algorithm can be interpreted as a powerful data-driven kernel learning method that is able to leverage application-specific distance information to produce discriminative kernels that generalize well without much hand-tuning. Results are shown that demonstrate the method’s ability to produce embeddings that are of high quality, in a qualitative as well as a quantitative sense.
Temperature, Growth Rate, and Body Size in Ectotherms: Fitting Pieces of a Life-History Puzzle1

Abstract The majority of ectotherms grow slower but mature at a larger body size in colder environments. This phenomenon has puzzled biologists because classic theories of life-history evolution predict smaller sizes at maturity in environments that retard growth. During the last decade, intensive theoretical and empirical research has generated some plausible explanations based on nonadaptive or adaptive plasticity. Nonadaptive plasticity of body size is hypothesized to result from thermal constraints on cellular growth that cause smaller cells at higher temperatures, but the generality of this theory is poorly supported. Adaptive plasticity is hypothesized to result from greater benefits or lesser costs of delayed maturation in colder environments. These theories seem to apply well to some species but not others. Thus, no single theory has been able to explain the generality of temperature-size relationships in ectotherms. We recommend a multivariate theory that focuses on the coevolution of thermal reaction norms for growth rate and size at maturity. Such a theory should incorporate functional constraints on thermal reaction norms, as well as the natural covariation between temperature and other environmental variables.