Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
A study of general circulation model climate feedbacks determined from perturbed sea surface temperature experiments

The response of a general circulation model (GCM) to global perturbations in sea surface temperatures (SSTs) is examined. The feedback strengths in the model are diagnosed by the response of top of atmosphere (TOA) radiative fluxes determined after substitution of fields from the “perturbed” climate into the “control. ” Total feedback is divided into terms due to water vapour, lapse rate, surface temperature, and clouds (in turn analysed in terms of cloud amount, height and types). The “standard experiment” prescribes a globally uniform SST perturbation with fixed soil moisture. Four additional experiments vary the number of model vertical levels, the pattern of SST changes, the convection scheme, and the soil moisture. The SST pattern change chosen follows that of an equilibrium 2×CO2 experiment, which shows polar amplification of the surface warming. Variations in the clear sky sensitivity of the model are shown to depend primarily on changes in the long wave response due to competing (positive) water vapor and (generally negative) lapse rate feedbacks. Results here indicate that these feedbacks may be very different for differing experimental boundary conditions. The long wave feedback due to cloud amount changes is negative in all experiments, due to a very consistent decrease in high and middle cloud fractions. Conversely, cloud height feedback is positive due to a general increase in the altitude of (particularly high) cloud. Cloud height feedback is very sensitive to the choice of the convection scheme and to the change in vertical resolution. Greatest changes in the strength of the short wave cloud feedback results from modifications to the soil moisture specification and the convection scheme. The results here indicate that large differences in cloud feedback may be diagnosed from a single model, even without changes being made to the cloud parametrization. The value of the sensitivity can thus be expected to be a function not only of the physical parametrizations chosen for the model (e.g. the penetrative convection scheme), but also of the details of the manner in which the experiment was performed (e.g. SST and soil moisture specifications). The TOA radiation perturbation analysis method proves to be a powerful technique for diagnosing and understanding the physical processes responsible for the range in climate sensitivity found between the experiments.
An archaeothanatological approach to the study of Minoan funerary practices: Case-studies from the Early and Middle Minoan cemetery at Sissi, Crete

Abstract Our understanding of Minoan funerary practices in the Early and Middle Bronze Age on Crete was until recently to a large degree informed by the excavations of cemeteries that took place early in the 20th century. However, the aforementioned excavations are characterized by a significant lack of detailed archaeological data regarding the precise positions of osteological remains and the actual treatment of the body. The excavation of the Early Minoan II–Middle Minoan II cemetery at Sissi (ca. 2650–1720 b.c.) focused on a more complete characterization of the complexity and variation in Minoan funerary practices. Using archaeothanatology and involving field anthropologists from the first stages of excavation, precise and reliable interment sequences and (successive) treatments of the bodies were reconstructed. The result is a more nuanced understanding of primary and secondary burials and in turn contemporary Minoan society.
Oriental mysteries, Occidental dreams? : perception, experience and cultural reinterpretation in contemporary cross-cultural contexts : a comparative analysis between China and the West

This study is a qualitative analysis of direct cultural encounters between China and the West. It examines the subjective experiences of Chinese students in Britain and Western expatriate teachers in China from their own viewpoints – how they understood and interpreted different cultures and made sense of similarities and differences between one another, that is, how they experienced cultural translation. It employs focus group and individual interviewing methods. This study adopts an analytical framework of a before-during-after logic to answer three questions: 1) why did participants come to the host country and what did they think of it before arrival? 2) how did they relate to the host environment and make sense of differences? and 3) how these direct cross-cultural experiences influenced them as well as the wider context of cultural relations between China and the West? It presents the historical background of cultural and educational exchange between China and the West and identifies motives of participants coming to the host country under the current context of global cultural flows. Furthermore, it highlights factors that differentiated the subjective experiences of participants, such as gender, duration of time spent in the host country, relationships with local people and the subjects of study. The effects of participants’ experiences in the host country also varied according to these factors. What underpins the relationship between China and the West in terms of cultural and educational contacts, presented by Chinese students in Britain and Western expatriate teachers in China, is fundamentally an interplay between economic and cultural factors. Differences between China and the West are as much cultural as institutional. This study provides a detailed account of such differences. It discusses what aspects of Western cultural values have a strong influence on China and which traditional Chinese values still hold their importance during direct cultural encounters with the West. It reveals the internal struggle, caused by cultural differences and institutional limitations, amongst both Chinese students in Britain and Western expatriate teachers in China, but it also highlights the ways in which some differences have been exaggerated during direct cross-cultural encounters as well as the profound social and cultural similarities shared by China and the West, which tend to be overlooked.
Monitoring a temporal change of seismic velocity in a volcano: Application to the 1992 eruption of M

Multiplets, i.e. events with similar waveforms, are selected from shallow earthquakes recorded on Merapi volcano (Indonesia) before the eruption of February 2nd, 1992. Two multiplet families are found with their sources close to the summit. Their seismograms are analyzed using the Moving Window Cross Spectrum technique which measures the precise time delay between seismic phases in the entire seismogram. For both families of multiplets, a gradual decrease in the arrival times of coda waves is observed as a function of the date prior to the eruption: coda waves are becoming progressively faster (up to 1.2 per cent) as the time interval to the eruption shortens. This observation is interpreted as the consequence of an increase in the seismic velocity inside the volcano. The increase in velocity started in May 1991 and was observed until September 1991, 4 months before the eruption. This velocity increase may be related to an increase in pressure in the magma chamber or in the conduits and to the resulting closure of the surrounding cracks.
Scheduling parallel machines with inclusive processing set restrictions

We consider the problem of assigning a set of jobs to different parallel machines of the same processing speed, where each job is compatible to only a subset of those machines. The machines can be linearly ordered such that a higher‐indexed machine can process all those jobs that a lower‐indexed machine can process. The objective is to minimize the makespan of the schedule. This problem is motivated by industrial applications such as cargo handling by cranes with nonidentical weight capacities, computer processor scheduling with memory constraints, and grades of service provision by parallel servers. We develop an efficient algorithm for this problem with a worst‐case performance ratio of ${4}\over{3}$ + ε, where ε is a positive constant which may be set arbitrarily close to zero. We also present a polynomial time approximation scheme for this problem, which answers an open question in the literature. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Naval Research Logistics, 2008
Bathymetric Surveys at Highway Bridges Crossing the Missouri River in Kansas City, Missouri, using a Multibeam Echo Sounder, 2010

Bathymetric surveys were conducted by the U.S. Geological Survey, in cooperation with the Missouri Department of Transportation, on the Missouri River in the vicinity of nine bridges at seven highway crossings in Kansas City, Missouri, in March 2010. A multibeam echo sounder mapping system was used to obtain channel-bed elevations for river reaches that ranged from 1,640 to 1,800 feet long and extending from bank to bank in the main channel of the Missouri River. These bathymetric scans will be used by the Missouri Department of Transportation to assess the condition of the bridges for stability and integrity with respect to bridge scour.
The potential for microbial life in the highest-elevation (>6000 m.a.s.l.) mineral soils of the Atacama region

[1] Here we present the first culture-independent microbiological and biogeochemical study of the mineral soils from 6000 m above sea level (m.a.s.l.) on some the highest volcanoes in the Atacama region of Argentina and Chile. These soils experience some of the harshest environmental conditions on Earth including daily temperature fluctuations across the freezing point (with an amplitude of up to 70°C) and intense solar radiation. Soil carbon and water levels are among the lowest yet measured for a terrestrial ecosystem and enzyme activity was near or below detection limits for all microbial enzymes measured. The soil microbial communities were among the simplest yet studied in a terrestrial environment and contained novel Bacteria and Fungi and only one Archaeal phylotype. No photosynthetic organisms were detected but several of the dominant bacterial phylotypes are related to organisms involved in carbon monoxide oxidation on other volcanoes (e.g.,Pseudonocardia and Ktedonobacter spp.). Focused studies of a gene responsible for carbon monoxide oxidation, the large subunit of carbon monoxide dehydrogenase (coxL of CODH), revealed several novel lineages and a broad diversity of coxL genes. Overall our results suggest that a unique microbial community, sustained by diffuse atmospheric and volcanic gases, is barely functioning on these volcanoes, which represent the highest terrestrial ecosystems yet studied.
The interaction of viscous heating with grain‐size dependent rheology in the formation of localized slip zones

The formation of localized shear zones is important for understanding many local and global processes in geodynamics. We have developed a self‐consistent thermal‐mechanical model together with a rheology which depends on temperature, strain‐rate and grain‐size distribution. The grain‐size distribution has contributions from both dynamic recrystallization and grain‐growth processes, and is governed locally by a nonlinear ordinary differential equation. A one‐dimensional model with 104 points is employed to resolve all of the scales involving grain‐size and temperature. We found that grain‐growth inhibits the development of shear zones, and that there is a delicate interplay between viscous heating and grain‐growth process in determining whether narrow fault zones are developed quickly. For realistic parameters of rheology and grain‐boundary processes for wet olivine, the magnitude of the rate of grain‐growth is crucial to determine whether shear zones are stable or unstable at temperature T ≃ 1000 K or shear stress σ ≃ 100 MPa.
Does Complexity Matter? Methods for Improving Forecasting Accuracy in Tourism: The Case of Austria

Tourist demand is subject to considerable variations, a fact that aggravates the development of forecast models of sufficiently adequate accuracy. This study develops models that permit including most, if not all, factors of influence. To this end, due consideration was given to calendar effects as well as unknown special effects in time-series models and econometric approaches in an attempt to improve the quality of the forecast. Results showed that, for the data set used, a combination of complex data adjustment procedures and adequate model structures substantially improved the accuracy of the forecast, or, in other words, that simple approaches lose out to more complex ones. Accordingly, the central issue of this study, that is, whether complexity matters, can certainly be answered quite simply for the Austrian data set used by “Yes, it does. ”
Lithospheric control on geochemical composition along the Louisville Seamount Chain

Major and trace element and Sr, Nd, and Pb isotope data for lavas from 12 seamounts along the western (older) 1500 km section of the Louisville Seamount Chain in the southwest Pacific show remarkably uniform compositions over a ∼30–40 Myr period of volcanism. All 56 samples analyzed are alkalic to transitional in composition. Unlike Hawaiian volcanoes, Louisville volcanoes appear not to pass through a sequence of evolutionary stages characterized by older tholeiitic basalts overlain by incompatible element enriched alkalic and silica‐undersaturated lavas. The youngest lavas from a given Louisville seamount tend to have the least enriched incompatible element compositions. This unusual chemical evolution may be the result of re‐melting of heterogeneous hot spot mantle that was partially depleted during the earlier, age progressive stages. The oldest Louisville seamounts were constructed close to the extinct Osbourn Trough spreading center, located north of the chain, but age‐progressive lavas from these older seamounts are not significantly different to lavas from younger seamounts. This may indicate that spreading at this fossil ridge ceased several tens of millions of years before the oldest Louisville seamounts were constructed. Large fracture zones apparently had no significant effects on the composition of Louisville magmatism. However, lavas from the central part of the Louisville Seamount Chain, where volcanoes are smaller and more widely spaced, tend to have more variable and more enriched compositions. We suggest this may reflect smaller degrees of melting resulting from greater lithosphere thickness, and hence a shorter melting column for this section of the Louisville Seamounts.
Ferritin Heavy Chain in Triple Negative Breast Cancer: A Favorable Prognostic Marker that Relates to a Cluster of Differentiation 8 Positive (CD8+) Effector T-cell Response*

Ferritin heavy chain (FTH1) is a 21-kDa subunit of the ferritin complex, known for its role in iron metabolism, and which has recently been identified as a favorable prognostic protein for triple negative breast cancer (TNBC) patients. Currently, it is not well understood how FTH1 contributes to an anti-tumor response. Here, we explored whether expression and cellular compartmentalization of FTH1 correlates to an effective immune response in TNBC patients. Analysis of the tumor tissue transcriptome, complemented with in silico pathway analysis, revealed that FTH1 was an integral part of an immunomodulatory network of cytokine signaling, adaptive immunity, and cell death. These findings were confirmed using mass spectrometry (MS)-derived proteomic data, and immunohistochemical staining of tissue microarrays. We observed that FTH1 is localized in both the cytoplasm and/or nucleus of cancer cells. However, high cytoplasmic (c) FTH1 was associated with favorable prognosis (Log-rank p = 0.001), whereas nuclear (n) FTH1 staining was associated with adverse prognosis (Log-rank p = 0.019). cFTH1 staining significantly correlated with total FTH1 expression in TNBC tissue samples, as measured by MS analysis (Rs = 0.473, p = 0.0007), but nFTH1 staining did not (Rs = 0.197, p = 0.1801). Notably, IFN γ-producing CD8+ effector T cells, but not CD4+ T cells, were preferentially enriched in tumors with high expression of cFTH1 (p = 0.02). Collectively, our data provide evidence toward new immune regulatory properties of FTH1 in TNBC, which may facilitate development of novel therapeutic targets.
Modeling distribution of geological properties using local continuity directions

Summary We present an innovative technology for 3D volumetric modeling of geological properties, using a Maximum Continuity Field. The method provides the user unique opportunity to a) directly control the local continuity directions, b) interactively operate with “geologically intuitive” datasets and c) retain the maximum fidelity of geological model by postponing the creation of grid/mesh until the final stage of static model building. We validate the method by modeling a permeability distribution in a fluvial system of complex synthetic field-case.
Electron tomography of nanoparticle clusters: Implications for atmospheric lifetimes and radiative forcing of soot

Nanoparticles are ubiquitous in nature. Their large surface areas and consequent chemical reactivity typically result in their aggregation into clusters. Their chemical and physical properties depend on cluster shapes, which are commonly complex and unknown. This is the first application of electron tomography with a transmission electron microscope to quantitatively determine the three‐dimensional (3D) shapes, volumes, and surface areas of nanoparticle clusters. We use soot (black carbon, BC) nanoparticles as an example because it is a major contributor to environmental degradation and global climate change. To the extent that our samples are representative, we find that quantitative measurements of soot surface areas and volumes derived from electron tomograms differ from geometrically derived values by, respectively, almost one and two orders of magnitude. Global sensitivity studies suggest that the global burden and direct radiative forcing of fractal BC are only about 60% of the value if it is assumed that BC has a spherical shape.
Geochemical implications for the magma origin of granitic rocks from the Ditrău Alkaline Massif (Eastern Carpathians, Romania)

In addition to a series of ultramafic to mafic and alkaline igneous rocks, a granite body also occurs in the Ditrău AlkalineMassif, Eastern Carpathians, Romania. We present and discuss mineral chemical data, and major and traceelement compositions of the granites in order to define their nature and origin and to determine the depth of the magmaemplacement. The granites consist of K-feldspar, albite to oligoclase and quartz accompanied by Ti-rich annite± calcic amphiboles. Depending on the amphibole content they are classified as less fractionated amphibole-bearingand amphibole-free varieties. Accessories include zircon, apatite, magnetite, ilmenite, and allanite or monazite.High Zr, Nb, Ga, Ce and Y content and Ga/Al and Fe/Mg ratios, together with low CaO, Sr and Ba contents and Y/Nbratios of 0.04-0.88 are consistent with A1-type granites and mantle differentiates correspond to an intra-plate environment.The Ditrău Alkaline Massif granites were emplaced at middle – upper crustal levels between 14 and 4 km depthas indicated by the calculated crystallization pressure of 370 ± 40 MPa and the stability limit of calcic amphiboles.
A 24 h investigation of the hydrogeochemistry of baseflow and stormwater in an urban area impacted by mining: Butte, Montana

Changes in water quality during a storm event were continuously monitored over a 24 h period at a single location along an urban stormwater drain in Butte, Montana. The Butte Metro Storm Drain (MSD) collects groundwater baseflow and stormwater draining Butte Hill, a densely populated site that has been severely impacted by 130 years of mining, milling, and smelting of copper‐rich, polymetallic mineral deposits. On the afternoon of 26 June 2002, a heavy thunderstorm caused streamflow in the MSD to increase 100‐fold, from 0·2 ft3 s−1 to more than 20 ft3 s−1. Hourly discharge and water quality data were collected before, during, and following the storm. The most significant finding was that the calculated loads (grams per hour) of both dissolved and particulate copper passing down the MSD increased more than 100‐fold in the first hour following the storm, and remained elevated over baseline conditions for the remainder of the study period. Other metals, such as zinc, cadmium, and manganese, showed a decrease in load from pre‐storm to post‐storm conditions. In addition to the large flush of copper, loads of soluble phosphorus increased during the storm, whereas dissolved oxygen dropped to low levels (<2 mg l−1). These results show that infrequent storm events in Butte have the potential to generate large volumes of runoff that exceed Montana water quality standards for acute exposure of aquatic life to copper, as well as depressed levels of dissolved oxygen. This study has important implications to ongoing reclamation activities in the upper Clark Fork Superfund site, particularly with respect to management of storm flow, and may be applicable to other watersheds impacted by mining activities. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Snakes of the Americas: Checklist and Lexicon

The Primitive Group—Infraorder Scolecophidia Cope, 1864 Superfamily Typhlopoidea Gray, 1825 Family Anomalepididae Taylor, 1939 Family Leptotyphlopidae Stejneger, 1892 Family Typhlopidae Merrem, 1820 The Modern Group—Infraorder Alethinophidia Nopsca, 1923 Family Aniliidae Stejneger, 1907 (Fitzinger, 1826) Primitive (or Basal) Alethinophidia – Macrostomata Muller, [1831}1832 Family Boidae Gray, 1825 Family Loxocemidae Cope, 1861 Family Tropidophiidae Brongersma, 1951 (Cope, 1894) Advanced Snakes—The Caenophidia Oppel, 1811 Family Colubridae Oppel, 1811 Family Elapidae Boie, 1827 Family Hydrophiidae Boie, 1827 Family Viperidae Oppel, 1811
Thermoregulatory and behavioral characteristics of racing pigeons housed under transport conditions

Transport is an essential component of racing pigeon contests. Preliminary studies indicated that adverse transport conditions might contribute to the occurrence of flight losses. Flight losses consist of pigeons which do not return to their home loft. In this thesis, physical and social aspects of the transport environment were studied in relation to the thermoregulation and behavior of racing pigeons. In all experiments, the pigeons were group confined to a transport crate during at least 23 h. A combination of continuous heat exposure and water deprivation results in an increased heat production, body weight loss, and body temperature. The effect of ambient temperature on heat production varies both between and within photoperiods. Water deprivation affects this diurnal variation. Temperature fluctuations during heat exposure increase locomotor activity and body weight loss. At the space allowance levels currently used during transport, aggression related behavior is predominant within a group of pigeons. Aggression levels do not decrease with time. Aggressive interactions cause an increased activity-related heat production, and result in head injuries. Head injuries are less severe in groups of female pigeons compared to groups of male pigeons. With increasing space allowance levels, both the risk of having major head injuries and the occurrence of aggression-related behavior decrease.