Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Cross talk between physical activity and appetite control: does physical activity stimulate appetite?

Physical activity has the potential to modulate appetite control by improving the sensitivity of the physiological satiety signalling system, by adjusting macronutrient preferences or food choices and by altering the hedonic response to food. There is evidence for all these actions. Concerning the impact of physical activity on energy balance, there exists a belief that physical activity drives up hunger and increases food intake, thereby rendering it futile as a method of weight control. There is, however, no evidence for such an immediate or automatic effect. Short (1–2 d)-term and medium (7–16 d)-term studies demonstrate that men and women can tolerate substantial negative energy balances of ≤4MJ energy cost/d when performing physical activity programmes. Consequently, the immediate effect of taking up exercise is weight loss (although this outcome is sometimes difficult to assess due to changes in body composition or fluid compartmentalization). However, subsequently food intake begins to increase in order to provide compensation for about 30% of the energy expended in activity. This compensation (up to 16 d) is partial and incomplete. Moreover, subjects separate into compensators and non-compensators. The exact nature of these differences in compensation and whether it is actually reflective of non-compliance with protocols is yet to be determined. Some subjects (men and women) performing activity with a cost of ≤4 MJ/d for 14 d, show no change in daily energy intake. Conversely, it can be demonstrated that when active individuals are forced into a sedentary routine food intake does not decrease to a lower level to match the reduced energy expenditure. Consequently, this situation creates a substantial positive energy balance accompanied by weight gain. The next stage is to further characterize the compensators and non-compensators, and to identify the mechanisms (physiological or behavioural) that are responsible for the rate of compensation and its limits.
What is the role of the model in socio-hydrology? Discussion of “Prediction in a socio-hydrological world”*

ABSTRACT Srinivasan et al. provide an interesting overview of the challenges for long-term socio-hydrological predictions. Although agreeing with most of the statements made, we argue for the need to take socio-hydrological analysis a step further and add some fundamental considerations, especially concerning the crucial importance of many (conscious and unconscious) assumptions made upfront of the modelling exercise. Eventual assumptions of technological determinism need correction: Models are not “value-free”, but uncertain, subjective and a product of the society in which they were shaped. It is important to acknowledge this uncertainty and bias when making decisions based on socio-hydrological models, considering also that these models are “social and political actors” in and by themselves. Furthermore, socio-hydrological models require a transdisciplinary approach, since physical water availability is only one of the boundary conditions for society. Last but not least, interaction with stakeholders remains important to enable understanding of what the variable of interest is.
Optimizing Control of Pain from Severe Burns: A Literature Review

The importance of assessing and treating pain was made salient recently when the Joint Commission on Accreditation of Healthcare Organizations (JCAHO, 2000) declared that pain should be regarded as the fifth vital sign. Yet, the literature suggests that problems with undertreatment of pain have only improved modestly. In the 1970s and 1980s, scathing editorials were published by such journals as the Lancet and New England Journal of Medicine chastising physicians for undertreating this problem (Angell, 1982; Freed, 1976), and this was supported by a number of studies (Anand & Hickey, 1987; Eland & Anderson, 1977; Perry, Heidrich, & Ramos, 1981). Melzack (1990) argued in a Scientific American review that the problem persisted, in spite of unwarranted fears about addiction to morphine when used for pain control, and cited compelling evidence for this, such as children frequently receiving major surgery, including limb amputation, with no medication for relief of their postoperative pain. More recent writings suggest that undertreatment of pain is still a significant problem in a variety of clinical settings (Breitbart et al., 1996; Carr & Thomas, 1997; Ducharme, 2000; Engel, Kartin, & Jensen, 2002; Katz, 2002), including the extremes of age (Banos, Ruiz, & Guardiola, 2001; Feldt & Oh, 2000) and patients with cancer (FrankStromborg & Christensen, 2001). The persistence of inadequate treatment is the result of educational factors (e.g., subtherapeutic dosing, lack of documentation of analgesic effect) as well as psychological factors; e.g., pain is subjective, regarded as a “symptom” and not a “disease,” and often cannot be targeted by “magic bullets” (Ducharme, 2000; Jacob & Puntillo, 2000; Resnik, Rehm, & Minard, 2001). Although increased attention to pain assessment and pain management has occurred in recent years, observations that inadequate acute pain management contributes to poor functional outcomes in settings such as burns (Ptacek, Patterson, Montgomery, Ordonez, & Heimbach, 1995) American Journal of Clinical Hypnosis 47:1, July 2004 Copyright 2004 by the American Society of Clinical Hypnosis
Impaired Glutathione Redox System Paradoxically Suppresses Angiotensin II-Induced Vascular Remodeling

Background Angiotensin II (AII) plays a central role in vascular remodeling via oxidative stress. However, the interaction between AII and reduced glutathione (GSH) redox status in cardiovascular remodeling remains unknown. Methods In vivo: The cuff-induced vascular injury model was applied to Sprague Dawley rats. Then we administered saline or a GSH inhibitor, buthionine sulfoximine (BSO, 30 mmol/L in drinking water) for a week, subsequently administered 4 more weeks by osmotic pump with saline or AII (200 ng/kg/minute) to the rats. In vitro: Incorporation of bromodeoxyuridine (BrdU) was measured to determine DNA synthesis in cultured rat vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs). Results BSO reduced whole blood GSH levels. Systolic blood pressure was increased up to 215±4 mmHg by AII at 4 weeks (p<0.01), which was not affected by BSO. Superoxide production in vascular wall was increased by AII and BSO alone, and was markedly enhanced by AII+BSO. The left ventricular weight to body weight ratio was significantly increased in AII and AII+BSO as compared to controls (2.52±0.08, 2.50±0.09 and 2.10±0.07 mg/g respectively, p<0.05). Surprisingly, the co-treatment of BSO totally abolished these morphological changes. Although the vascular circumferential wall stress was well compensated in AII, significantly increased in AII+BSO. The anti-single-stranded DNA staining revealed increasing apoptotic cells in the neointima of injured arteries in BSO groups. BrdU incorporation in cultured VSMCs with AII was increased dose-dependently. Furthermore it was totally abolished by BSO and was reversed by GSH monoethyl ester. Conclusions We demonstrated that a vast oxidative stress in impaired GSH redox system totally abolished AII-induced vascular, not cardiac remodeling via enhancement of apoptosis in the neointima and suppression of cell growth in the media. The drastic suppression of remodeling may result in fragile vasculature intolerable to mechanical stress by AII.
SPEC CPU 2006 Benchmark Descriptions

On August 24, 2006, the Standard Performance Evaluation Corporation (SPEC) announced CPU2006 [2], which replaces CPU2000. The SPEC CPU benchmarks are widely used in both industry and academia [3]. The new suite is much larger than the previous, and will exercise new corners of CPUs, memory systems, and compilers – especially C++ compilers. Where CPU2000 had only 1 benchmark in C++, the new suite has 7, including one with 1⁄2 million lines of C++ code. As in previous CPU suites, Fortran and C are also well represented. Since its beginning, SPEC has claimed the motto that
A Comparison of Si CMOS and SiGe BiCMOS Technologies for Automotive Radars

This paper compares CMOS FET and SiGe HBT technologies for automotive applications and discusses limitations and opportunities for further development of both. SiGe circuits have demonstrated very promising performance, especially for the stringent reliability requirements and high temperature operating conditions set by the automotive industry. Their introduction to radar systems will occur in the near future. In the long run CMOS devices have the potential to become competitive in performance and offer opportunities for further reductions in manufacturing costs. Index Terms — Automotive radar, CMOS FET, Long Range Radar, mm-wave, SiGe BiCMOS HBT.
Probabilistic Neighborhood Location-Point Covering Set-Based Data Collection Algorithm With Obstacle Avoidance for Three-Dimensional Underwater Acoustic Sensor Networks

Data collection is the core function of underwater acoustic sensor networks (UASNs). Lately, ambulatory data gathering methods are being popularized in real applications. However, due to present mobile underwater data collection investigations that are on the basis of 2-D scenarios, the associated approaches are not suitable for 3-D UASNs. Additionally, mobile-element-assisted data collection usually brings special issues on obstacle avoidance. Accordingly, we propose a probabilistic neighborhood location-point covering set-based data collection algorithm with obstacle avoidance for 3-D UASNs. The proposed algorithm initially generates a space lattice set to establish the probabilistic neighborhood location-point covering set for data collection, so as to optimize the data collection latency. Then, an autonomous underwater vehicle traverses only location points in the constructed covering set with a hierarchical grid-based obstacle avoidance strategy. The simulation experiments are performed to verify the proposed algorithm compared with other existing underwater data collection algorithms. Simulations show that our proposed algorithm achieves better performance in terms of data collection latency, data collection efficiency, and obstacle avoidance.
Tumor-Infiltrating Macrophages Induce Apoptosis in Activated CD8+ T Cells by a Mechanism Requiring Cell Contact and Mediated by Both the Cell-Associated Form of TNF and Nitric Oxide1

We have investigated the ability of different cells present in murine tumors to induce apoptosis of activated CD8+ T cells in vitro. Tumor cells do not induce apoptosis of T cells; however, macrophages that infiltrate tumors are potent inducers of apoptosis. Tumor macrophages express cell surface-associated TNF, TNF type I (CD120a) and II (CD120b) receptors, and, upon contact with T cells which induces release of IFN-γ from T cells, secrete nitric oxide. Killing of T cells in vitro is blocked by Abs to IFN-γ, TNF, CD120a, or CD120b, or N-methyl-l-arginine. In concert with that finding, tumor macrophages isolated from either TNF type I or type II receptor −/− mice are not proapoptotic and do not produce nitric oxide upon contact with activated T cells. Control macrophages do not express TNF receptors or release nitric oxide. Tumor cells or tumor-derived macrophages do not express FasL, and blocking Abs to either Fas or FasL have no effect on macrophage-mediated T cell killing. These results demonstrate that macrophages which infiltrate tumors are highly proapoptotic and may be responsible for elimination of activated antitumor T cells within the tumor bed.
Leaf to canopy upscaling approach affects the estimation of canopy traits

In remote sensing applications, leaf traits are often upscaled to canopy level using sunlit leaf samples collected from the upper canopy. The implicit assumption is that the top of canopy foliage material dominates canopy reflectance and the variability in leaf traits across the canopy is very small. However, the effect of different approaches of upscaling leaf traits to canopy level on model performance and estimation accuracy remains poorly understood. This is especially important in short or sparse canopies where foliage material from the lower canopy potentially contributes to the canopy reflectance. The principal aim of this study is to examine the effect of different approaches when upscaling leaf traits to canopy level on model performance and estimation accuracy using spectral measurements (in-situ canopy hyperspectral and simulated Sentinel-2 data) in short woody vegetation. To achieve this, we measured foliar nitrogen (N), leaf mass per area (LMA), foliar chlorophyll and carbon together with leaf area index (LAI) at three vertical canopy layers (lower, middle and upper) along the plant stem in a controlled laboratory environment. We then upscaled the leaf traits to canopy level by multiplying leaf traits by LAI based on different combinations of the three canopy layers. Concurrently, in-situ canopy reflectance was measured using an ASD FieldSpec-3 Pro FR spectrometer, and the canopy traits were related to in-situ spectral measurements using partial least square regression (PLSR). The PLSR models were cross-validated based on repeated k-fold, and the normalized root mean square errors (nRMSEcv) obtained from each upscaling approach were compared using one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) followed by Tukey’s post hoc test. Results of the study showed that leaf-to-canopy upscaling approaches that consider the contribution of leaf traits from the exposed upper canopy layer together with the shaded middle canopy layer yield significantly (p < 0.05) lower error (nRMSEcv < 0.2 for canopy N, LMA and carbon) as well as high explained variance (R2 > 0.71) for both in-situ hyperspectral and simulated Sentinel-2 data. The widely-used upscaling approach that considers only leaf traits from the upper illuminated canopy layer yielded a relatively high error (nRMSEcv>0.2) and lower explained variance (R2 < 0.71) for canopy N, LMA and carbon. In contrast, canopy chlorophyll upscaled based on leaf samples collected from the upper canopy and total canopy LAI exhibited a more accurate relationship with spectral measurements compared with other upscaling approaches. Results of this study demonstrate that leaf to canopy upscaling approaches have a profound effect on canopy traits estimation for both in-situ hyperspectral measurements and simulated Sentinel-2 data in short woody vegetation. These findings have implications for field sampling protocols of leaf traits measurement as well as upscaling leaf traits to canopy level especially in short and less foliated vegetation where leaves from the lower canopy contribute to the canopy reflectance.
Social support and mental health among adults prior to HIV counseling and testing in Durban, South Africa

Poor social support and mental health may be important modifiable risk factors for HIV acquisition, but they have not been evaluated prior to HIV testing in South Africa. We sought to describe self-perceived mental health and social support and to characterize their independent correlates among adults who presented for voluntary HIV testing in Durban. We conducted a large cross-sectional study of adults (≥18 years of age) who presented for HIV counseling and testing between August 2010 and January 2013 in Durban, South Africa. We enrolled adults presenting for HIV testing and used the Medical Outcomes Study’s Social Support Scale (0 [poor] to 100 [excellent]) and the Mental Health Inventory (MHI-3) to assess social support and mental health. We conducted independent univariate and multivariable linear regression models to determine the correlates of lower self-reported Social Support Index and lower self-reported MCH scores. Among 4874 adults surveyed prior to HIV testing, 1887 (39%) tested HIV-positive. HIV-infected participants reported less social support (mean score 66 ± 22) and worse mental health (mean score 66 ± 16), compared to HIV-negative participants (74 ± 21; 70 ± 18; p < 0.0001). In a multivariable analysis, significant correlates of less social support included presenting for HIV testing at an urban hospital, not having been tested previously, not working outside the home, and being HIV-infected. In a separate multivariable analysis, significant correlates of poor mental health were similar, but also included HIV testing at an urban hospital and being in an intimate relationship less than six months. In this study, HIV-infected adults reported poorer social support and worse mental health than HIV-negative individuals. These findings suggest that interventions to improve poor social support and mental health should be focused on adults who do not work outside the home and those with no previous HIV testing.
Escherichia coli genes required for cytochrome c maturation

The so-called aeg-46.5 region of Escherichia coli contains genes whose expression is induced under anaerobic growth conditions in the presence of nitrate or nitrite as the terminal electron acceptor. In this work, we have examined more closely several genes of this cluster, here designated ccmABCDEFGH, that are homologous to two separate Bradyrhizobium japonicum gene clusters required for the biogenesis of c-type cytochromes. A deletion mutant of E. coli which lacked all of these genes was constructed. Maturation of indigenous c-type cytochromes synthesized under anaerobic respiratory conditions, with nitrite, nitrate, or trimethylamine N-oxide as the electron acceptor, was found to be defective in the mutant. The biogenesis of foreign cytochromes, such as the soluble B. japonicum cytochrome c550 and the membrane-bound Bacillus subtilis cytochrome c550, was also investigated. None of these cytochromes was synthesized in its mature form when expressed in the mutant, as opposed to the situation in the wild type. The results suggest that the E. coli ccm gene cluster present in the aeg-46.5 region is required for a general pathway involved in cytochrome c maturation.
Development of a high flow rate piston pump for rocket engines

There is a need for cheaper small satellite rocket launchers. One way of reducing costs is to reduce the cost of individual components. We describe here the development of an inexpensive piston pump for rocket engine applications. It demonstrates that it can deal with the combined requirements of high flow rate and operating speed at cryogenic temperatures without incurring the costs normally associated with such performance.
Impact of Organizational Maturity on Information System Skill Needs

This article presents the results of a study which analyzes skills perceived as useful by information systems (IS) managers and systems analysts in IS organizations of different levels of maturity. These IS skills were examined under two major subgroups of generalist/managerial and specialist/technical skills as well as under more detailed categories of organizations, people, society, systems, computers, and models skills. Generalist, i.e., organizational and people skills, were rated highest. Based on these rankings, which deviated little between managers and analysts and across the maturity spectrum, recommendations concerning graduate IS curriculum are suggested.
Proinflammatory Th17 cells are expanded and induced by dendritic cells in spondylarthritis-prone HLA-B27-transgenic rats.

OBJECTIVE HLA-B27/human β2-microglobulin-transgenic (B27-transgenic) rats, a model of spondylarthritis (SpA), develop spontaneous colitis and arthritis under conventional conditions. CD4+ T cells are pivotal in the development of inflammation in B27-transgenic rats. This study was undertaken to characterize the phenotype of CD4+ T cells in this model and to determine whether dendritic cells (DCs) induce proinflammatory T cells. METHODS The phenotype of CD4+ T cells from rat lymph nodes (LNs) draining the sites of inflammation was analyzed by flow cytometry. Immunostaining was used to detect interleukin-17 (IL-17)-producing cells in the rat joints. DCs from B27-transgenic or control rats (transgenic for HLA-B7 or nontransgenic) were cocultured with control CD4+ T cells and stimulated with anti-T cell receptor α/β. RESULTS IL-17A- and tumor necrosis factor α (TNFα)-producing CD4+ T cells were expanded in mesenteric and popliteal LNs from B27-transgenic rats. The accumulation of Th17 cells correlated with disease development, in contrast to Th1 or Treg cells. IL-17-positive mononuclear cells were detected in the arthritic joints of B27-transgenic rats but not in the joints of control rats. Finally, in vitro cocultures demonstrated that Th17 cells were preferentially induced and expanded by DCs from B27-transgenic rats, by a process that may involve defective engagement of costimulatory molecules. CONCLUSION Our findings indicate that expanded CD4+ T cells in B27-transgenic rats exhibit a proinflammatory Th17 phenotype characterized by IL-17A and TNFα production. Furthermore, this population is preferentially induced by DCs from B27-transgenic rats. These data point toward an induction of Th17 cells as a possible pathogenic mechanism in this model of SpA. However, their pathogenic role still needs to be shown.
The cracked tooth conundrum: terminology, classification, diagnosis, and management.

PURPOSE To provide an overview of the clinical features, diagnosis, classification and management of cracked teeth which may be a diagnostic challenge in clinical practice. RESULTS Cracks may initiate from coronal tooth structure or from within the root and affect healthy or root treated teeth. There are many terminologies and classifications in the literature for cracked teeth that can be as confusing as the array of clinical symptoms which are associated with this condition. The term "cracked tooth syndrome" is misleading as there are a range of symptoms that do not form a distinct and reliable pattern. Symptoms will vary with teeth that have healthy pulps, for teeth with inflamed or necrotic pulps, and for teeth that have been root treated. The American Association of Endodontists have classified five specific variations of cracked teeth; craze line, fractured cusp, cracked tooth, split tooth, and vertical root fracture. The importance of differentiating dentin, pulpal and periodontal pain for diagnosis and treatment for these specific entities will be elaborated. A decision flow chart indicating the treatment options available is presented.
Using of heterogeneous corpora for training of an ASR system

The paper summarizes the development of the LVCSR system built as a part of the Pashto speech-translation system at the SCALE (Summer Camp for Applied Language Exploration) 2015 workshop on "Speech-to-text-translation for low-resource languages". The Pashto language was chosen as a good "proxy" low-resource language, exhibiting multiple phenomena which make the speech-recognition and and speech-to-text-translation systems development hard. Even when the amount of data is seemingly sufficient, given the fact that the data originates from multiple sources, the preliminary experiments reveal that there is little to no benefit in merging (concatenating) the corpora and more elaborate ways of making use of all of the data must be worked out. This paper concentrates only on the LVCSR part and presents a range of different techniques that were found to be useful in order to benefit from multiple different corpora