Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Deep soil water depletion and soil organic carbon and total nitrogen accumulation in a long‐term alfalfa pasture

Deep soil resources are essential for improving the production and ecological functions of dryland ecosystems. Relationships between deep soil water depletion and carbon and nitrogen accumulation in long‐term dryland pastures were not well quantified and understood. This study aimed to quantify the changes in deep soil water, soil organic carbon (SOC), and total nitrogen (TN) in alfalfa pasture and identify their relationships with root density. We conducted a field experiment in the south Loess Plateau in 2020 and 2021. Soil water, SOC, and TN contents and alfalfa root length density to 1000‐cm‐depth were measured in alfalfa pastures and annual crop reference fields. Soil water depletion by alfalfa mainly occurred in the first 6 years with a depletion rate of 41.6, 49.1, and 62.1 mm yr−1 in the shallow (0–200 cm), middle (200–500 cm) and deep (500–1000 cm) soil layers, respectively. Total depletion after 6 and 19 years were 916.8 and 1049.4 mm, respectively. SOC and TN storages in the shallow and middle layers continuously increased and peaked at 19 years after planting, and those in the deep soil increased quickly in the early ages but showed few changes in the following years. Final SOC and TN storages in the 0–1000 cm profile in alfalfa pasture reached 61.1 and 5.4 kg m−2, respectively, 13.7% and 20.4% higher than the reference field. Soil in 200–1000 cm contributed to 60.7% and 47.8% of the total SOC and TN storage increments, respectively. The deep rooting system of alfalfa derived soil water depletion and SOC and TN increments, as indicated by the significant relationships between fine root length density and the changes in soil water, SOC and TN storages. Therefore, the deep soil contributed substantially to the carbon and nitrogen sequestration in alfalfa early ages but the contribution was limited by water shortage in the middle and late ages. We suggest stopping alfalfa early (≤6 years) to increase water sustainability and maintain carbon and nitrogen sequestration efficiencies in the alfalfa pasture and crop rotation system on Loess Plateau.
Bayesian analysis of fractionally integrated ARMA with additive noise

A new sampling-based Bayesian approach for fractionally integrated autoregressive moving average (ARFIMA) processes is presented. A particular type of ARMA process is used as an approximation for the ARFIMA in a Metropolis–Hastings algorithm, and then importance sampling is used to adjust for the approximation error. This algorithm is relatively time-efficient because of fast convergence in the sampling procedures and fewer computations than competitors. Its frequentist properties are investigated through a simulation study. The performance of the posterior means is quite comparable to that of the maximum likelihood estimators for small samples, but the algorithm can be extended easily to a variety of related processes, including ARFIMA plus short-memory noise. The methodology is illustrated using the Nile River data. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
OPTICAL PROPERTIES OF A POLYMER-STABILIZED LIQUID CRYSTAL MICROLENS

We propose and demonstrate, for the first time, the fabrication of a polymer-stabilized gradient-index-type microlens using a liquid crystalline composite system containing a UV curable liquid crystal (LC) that can be photopolymerized by UV irradiation. The gradient-distribution state of nematic LC molecules in the LC microlens can be stabilized by the polymer network formed by the UV curable LC, and the focusing property of the microlens is maintained without applying voltage. Furthermore, the optical property of the microlens can be varied by applying voltage after photopolymerization. As a result, it is confirmed that the polymer-stabilized LC microlens overcomes the drawback of conventional LC microlenses.
A note on Gauss—Hermite quadrature

SUMMARY For Gauss-Hermite quadrature, we consider a systematic method for transforming the variable of integration so that the integrand is sampled in an appropriate region. The effectiveness of the quadrature then depends on the ratio of the integrand to some Gaussian density being a smooth function, well approximated by a low-order polynomial. It is pointed out that, in this approach, order one Gauss-Hermite quadrature becomes the Laplace approximation. Thus the quadrature as implemented here can be thought of as a higher-order Laplace approximation.
CA2 orchestrates hippocampal network dynamics

The hippocampus is composed of various subregions: CA1, CA2, CA3, and the dentate gyrus (DG). Despite the abundant hippocampal research literature, until recently, CA2 received little attention. The development of new genetic and physiological tools allowed recent studies characterizing the unique properties and functional roles of this hippocampal subregion. Despite its small size, the cellular content of CA2 is heterogeneous at the molecular and physiological levels. CA2 has been heavily implicated in social behaviors, including social memory. More generally, the mechanisms by which the hippocampus is involved in memory include the reactivation of neuronal ensembles following experience. This process is coordinated by synchronous network events known as sharp‐wave ripples (SWRs). Recent evidence suggests that CA2 plays an important role in the generation of SWRs. The unique connectivity and physiological properties of CA2 pyramidal cells make this region a computational hub at the core of hippocampal information processing. Here, we review recent findings that support the role of CA2 in coordinating hippocampal network dynamics from a systems neuroscience perspective.
Perturbation to the magnetic field strength

The variation in the magnetic field strength on a magnetic surface as a function of the magnetic angles is one of the most important properties of an equilibrium because it determines the trajectories of the charged particles. Even a small change in the field strength can produce a qualitative change in the trajectories. The perturbed magnetic field strength as a function of magnetic coordinates is derived for a given displacement ξ of the magnetic field lines. Ideal magnetohydrodynamics stability theory can be used to determine the field line displacement ξ of a perturbed plasma equilibria and, therefore, the perturbed field strength.
Fluid flow and mass transfer in a sinusoidal wavy-walled tube at moderate Reynolds numbers

Fluid flow and mass transfer characteristics in an axisymmetric sinusoidal wavy-walled tube are experimentally investigated in the Reynolds number range of 50 to 1000. Attention is paid to the transitional flow, which is observed in the Reynolds number range of 160 to 200. In the laminar flow regime, wall shear stress and mass transfer rate increase with the slopes of 1 and 1/3, respectively, whereas in the turbulent flow regime they increase with the slopes of 3/2 and 3/5, respectively. In the transitional flow regime they increase dramatically, with a sharp slope. It is found that in this flow regime, laminar-like motion and turbulent-like motion alternatively take place at different time intervals. This is quite different from the flow instability for the wavy-walled channel, where Tollmien-Schlichting waves are observed. The flow instability in the wavy-walled tube in the transitional flow regime is considered to be responsible for a significant increase in the wall shear stress and mass transfer rate. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Heat Trans Asian Res, 32(7): 650–661, 2003; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/htj.10121
Effect of consanguinity and selection on the components of a productive index, in mice under close mating

: In order to examine the influence of inbreeding depression on some productive characteristics of the laboratory mouse, 871 records were reanalyzed, which were from 20 generations in a line with narrow inbred crossing with selection for a productive index (WOFW) comparing with a line without selection, with inbred crossing (n= 135). Inbreeding coefficients (F) were calculated for each generation. In all the components of the index (reproductive life, fertile postpartum estruses and litter size), the two lines were compared, in the 15 available generations of the non-selected one, by the least squares method, grouping every five generations. The selected one was analyzed in the 20 generations for intergenerational differences with the same method. Inbreeding depression was estimated in all generations with a linear regression of consanguinity (expressed in 10 %) in all components. A significant difference ( P <0.01) was observed between lines in the variables analyzed. The fertile postpartum estruses of the selected line remained constant, there was a decrease of 0.331 in the non-selected one ( P <0.01). The productive index remained stable (increased 0.071) in the selected one, in the non-selected one it decreased (0.39) until disappearing (G15). Inbreeding depression impacted the reproductive life of both, decreased 4.741 d in the selected one vs 7.718 d in the non-selected one ( P <0.01). In the non-selected one, it affected mortality at weaning and
The physics of tokamak start-upa)

Tokamak start-up on present-day devices usually relies on inductively induced voltage from a central solenoid. In some cases, inductive startup is assisted with auxiliary power from electron cyclotron radio frequency heating. International Thermonuclear Experimental Reactor, the National Spherical Torus Experiment Upgrade and JT60, now under construction, will make use of the understanding gained from present-day devices to ensure successful start-up. Design of a spherical tokamak (ST) with DT capability for nuclear component testing would require an alternative to a central solenoid because the small central column in an ST has insufficient space to provide shielding for the insulators in the solenoid. Alternative start-up techniques such as induction using outer poloidal field coils, electron Bernstein wave start-up, coaxial helicity injection, and point source helicity injection have been used with success, but require demonstration of scaling to higher plasma current.
A Critical Survey of EEG-Based BCI Systems for Applications in Industrial Internet of Things

Industrial Internet of Things (IIoT) and its applications have seen a paradigm shift since the advent of artificial intelligence and machine learning. However, these methods are mostly data-centric and lack flexibility. Brain-Computer Interface (BCI) is envisioned as an efficient solution that may overcome the shortcomings of data-centric techniques by introducing human intuition in the process loop. In this work, we present an exhaustive study on the feasibility of adopting BCI techniques for industrial applications, particularly Electroencephalography (EEG). We present a comprehensive literature survey on the basics of EEG (including signal processing techniques) and its involved paradigms, together with its application scope. We identify the potential use cases of EEG-based BCI systems in industries in the current traction while accounting for their pros and cons. Additionally, we also highlight the existing challenges and propose possible off-the-shelf solutions for overcoming them. We present a two-pronged study (hardware and software specifications) on its deployment by performing lab-scale experiments with a single-channel EEG headset. We compare the metrics of our experiments to 64, 32, and 25 channel data from other studies (collected from the Internet). On average, we observe CPU usage of up to 35%, memory usage of 1.75 Gb, and data transfer rates of 25 Mbps. In contrast to the conventional setups, we demonstrate how a minimalistic setup using a single-channel EEG headset may facilitate complex applications like job inspection in manufacturing processes, with an overall accuracy of 70%.
Overexpression of ZmDHN15 Enhances Cold Tolerance in Yeast and Arabidopsis

Maize (Zea mays L.) originates from the subtropical region and is a warm-loving crop affected by low-temperature stress. Dehydrin (DHN) protein, a member of the Group 2 LEA (late embryogenesis abundant proteins) family, plays an important role in plant abiotic stress. In this study, five maize DHN genes were screened based on the previous transcriptome sequencing data in our laboratory, and we performed sequence analysis and promoter analysis on these five DHN genes. The results showed that the promoter region has many cis-acting elements related to cold stress. The significantly upregulated ZmDHN15 gene has been further screened by expression pattern analysis. The subcellular localization results show that ZmDHN15 fusion protein is localized in the cytoplasm. To verify the role of ZmDHN15 in cold stress, we overexpressed ZmDHN15 in yeast and Arabidopsis. We found that the expression of ZmDHN15 can significantly improve the cold resistance of yeast. Under cold stress, ZmDHN15-overexpressing Arabidopsis showed lower MDA content, lower relative electrolyte leakage, and less ROS (reactive oxygen species) when compared to wild-type plants, as well as higher seed germination rate, seedling survival rate, and chlorophyll content. Furthermore, analysis of the expression patterns of ROS-associated marker genes and cold-response-related genes indicated that ZmDHN15 genes play an important role in the expression of these genes. In conclusion, the overexpression of the ZmDHN15 gene can effectively improve the tolerance to cold stress in yeast and Arabidopsis. This study is important for maize germplasm innovation and the genetic improvement of crops.
Simulation of Multilayer Defects in Extreme Ultraviolet Masks

We have employed a scalar simulation based on Fresnel formulas to predict approximately how strongly a multilayer defect in a reflective mask affects the aerial image in extreme ultraviolet lithography. This method enables us to obtain the field reflected from a defective mask, using considerably fewer computational resources than those required for a rigorous electromagnetic simulation. This method was applied to two-dimensional masks with multilayer defects modeled by a simple structure in which the coverage profile was identical throughout the layers. For such defects, we confirmed the validity of the scalar simulation by comparing the normalized peak intensity to that obtained from an electromagnetic simulation. The dependence of the printability of a defect on its size and position is also discussed.
Estimation of direct and maternal (co)variance components for lactation traits in Jersey crossbred cattle at an organized farm

Genetic parameters and (co)variance components were estimated for 305 days milk yield (305DMY), total milk yield (TMY), lactation length (LL) and peak yield (PY) in an organized herd of Jersey crossbred cattle. Restricted maximum likelihood (REML) fitting an animal model and ignoring or including maternal genetic or permanent environmental effects was used for carrying out analyses. Six different animal models were fitted for all traits. The best model was chosen after testing the improvement of log-likelihood values. Direct heritability estimates were 0.55, 0.50, 0.25 and 0.41 for 305DMY, TMY, LL and PY, respectively. Maternal genetic effects contributed 9 and 17% of the total variance for 305DMY and PY, respectively. Results suggest that maternal additive effect was important for 305 days milk yield and peak yield whereas permanent environmental maternal effects did not contribute to the total phenotypic variance of the considered traits in our study. Moderate to high direct heritability estimates varying from 0.25 to 0.55 for all considered lactation traits in this study suggests that there is adequate scope of improvement for these traits through selection under the prevailing management conditions. Further, for 305 days milk yield and peak yield maternal heritability was found to be imperative indicating that for improving these traits through selection both direct additive as well as maternal genetic effect must be taken into consideration.
60Fe: A Heat Source for Planetary Differentiation from a Nearby Supernova Explosion

From a sample of the Semarkona (LL 3.0) ordinary chondrite we report the in situ discovery of 60Ni isotopic anomalies attributable to the decay of short-lived 60Fe (half-life 1.5 Myr) in the mineral phases troilite (FeS) and magnetite (Fe3O4). The troilite shows a 60Ni excesses of up to ~100 parts per thousand (‰) relative to its solar isotopic abundance. A positive correlation between 60Ni excesses and 56Fe/58Ni ratios provides evidence for live 60Fe in the early solar system. The inferred 60Fe/56Fe ratio of (0.92 ± 0.24) × 10-6 is the highest measured in any meteorite sample so far. This ratio is higher than predictions for production within asymptotic giant branch stars, but falls within the range expected for a Type II supernova source. This result is strongly suggestive of injection of freshly synthesized 60Fe into the nascent solar nebula by a nearby supernova explosion. Such a high abundance of 60Fe will exclude irradiation with solar energetic particles as the sole mechanism responsible for the production of short-lived radionuclides. It further shows that the decay of 60Fe was an important heat source for early planetary melting and differentiation and for keeping asteroids thermally active for much longer than would be possible from the decay of 26Al alone.
Scale of production and technical efficiency of beef cattle farming in Puebla, Mexico

: The objective of this study was to estimate the degree of technical efficiency and identify the factors of inefficiency of beef cattle production in the Sierra Norte of Puebla, Mexico. The data were generated by surveying a statistical sample of 180 bovine production units (BPUs). Technical efficiency was estimated using the Stochastic Production Frontier and the explanation of inefficiency was estimated with a multiple linear regression model. The results indicate that the size of the BPU is positively correlated with efficiency; the small BPU group showed an average efficiency of 0.72, the medium ones 0.75 and the large ones 0.85. Feed and labor costs can be reduced, while maintaining the same level of production. The significant ( P ≤0.05) explanatory variables of inefficiency are schooling, technical assistance, experience, and administrative management.
Gyrokinetic water-bag modeling of a plasma column: Magnetic moment distribution and finite Larmor radius effects

Describing turbulent transport in fusion plasmas is a major concern in magnetic confinement fusion. It is now widely known that kinetic and fluid descriptions can lead to significantly different properties. Although more accurate, the kinetic calculation of turbulent transport is much more demanding of computer resources than fluid simulations. An alternative approach is based on a water-bag representation of the distribution function that is not an approximation but rather a special class of initial conditions, allowing one to reduce the full kinetic Vlasov equation into a set of hydrodynamics equations while keeping its kinetic character [P. Morel, E. Gravier, N. Besse et al., Phys. Plasmas 14, 112109 (2007)]. In this paper, the water-bag concept is used in a gyrokinetic context to study finite Larmor radius effects with the possibility of using the full Larmor radius distribution instead of an averaged Larmor radius. The resulting model is used to study the ion temperature gradient (ITG) instability.
Classifying Documents with Poisson Mixtures

Although the Poisson distribution and two well-known Poisson mixtures (the negative binomial and K-mixture distributions) have been utilized as tools for modeling texts for over last 15 years, the application of these distributions to build generative probabilistic text classifiers has been rarely reported and therefore the available information on applying such models to classification remains fragmentary and even contradictory. In this study, we construct generative probabilistic text classifiers with these three distributions and perform classification experiments on three standard datasets in a uniform manner to examine the performance of the classifiers. The results show that the performance is much better than that of the standard multinomial naive Bayes classifier if the normalization of document length is appropriately taken into account. Furthermore, the results show that, in contrast to our intuitive expectation, the classifier with the Poisson distribution performs best among all the examined classifiers, even though the Poisson model gives a cruder description of term occurrences in real texts than the K-mixture and negative binomial models do. A possible interpretation of the superiority of the Poisson model is given in terms of a trade-off between fit and model complexity.
An improved fairness algorithm for resilient packet ring network

Among all kinds of metro-ring networks, resilient packet ring (RPR) technology possesses excellent market prospect which is integrated with many advantages, such as the intelligence of Internet Protocol (IP), economy of Ethernet and high bandwidth and reliability of SONET/SDH. A RPR network is a dual ring topology with two unidirectional counter-rotating ringlets. This ring network architecture and associated protocol has been standardized by the IEEE 802.17 working group in 2004. One of the main requirements for RPR is to provide fairness in bandwidth allocation for each node, which is ensured by the implementation of a fairness policy in a distributed manner. However, the existing fairness mechanisms suffer from severe oscillations under certain conditions, such as unbalanced traffic scenario and noticeable time delay. In this paper, an improvement to current aggressive fairness algorithm is proposed, especially for networks with noticeable time delay. And the simulation results show that the system performance can be sustained by adjusting the compensating factor accordingly with respect to the delay.
Construal of Situational Risk and Outcomes – Exploring the Use of Weather Radar Displays with Residents of the Tampa Bay Region

A radar display is a tool that depicts meteorological data over space and time, therefore, an individual must think spatially and temporally in addition to drawing on their own meteorological knowledge and past weather experiences. We aimed to understand how the construal of situational risks and outcomes influences the perceived usefulness of a radar display and to explore how radar users interpret distance, time, and meteorological attributes using hypothetical scenarios in the Tampa Bay area (Florida). Ultimately, we wanted to understand how and why individuals use weather radar and to discover what makes it a useful tool. To do this, Construal Level Theory and geospatial thinking guided the mixed methods used in this study to investigate four research objectives. Our findings show that radar is used most often by our participants to anticipate what will happen in the near future in their area. Participants described in their own words what they were viewing while using a radar display and reported what hazards they expected at the study location. Many participants associated the occurrence of lightning or strong winds with ‘red’ and ‘orange’ reflectivity values on a radar display. Participants provided valuable insight about what was and wasn’t found useful about certain radar displays. We also found that most participants overestimated the amount of time they would have before precipitation would begin at their location. Overall, weather radar was found to be a very useful tool, however, judging spatial and temporal proximity became difficult when storm motion/direction was not easily identifiable.