Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
ARRANGING THE INDEX OF CORPORATE GOVERNANCE

Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk menyusun indeks yang dapat menilai pelaksanaan tata kelola perusahaan seperti yang tertulis dalam laporan tahunan. Hal ini disebut indeks pengungkapan tata kelola perusahaan. Pengaturan indeks didasarkan pada pedoman operasional tata kelola perusahaan yang baik (KNKG, 2006), literatur pada pemerintahan, hasil penelitian, dan undang-undang resmi tentang tata kelola perusahaan. Ada dua kelompok sampel. Kelompok sampel yang pertama telah dinilai oleh penilai tata kelola perusahaan dan kelompok sampel kedua belum dinilai. Nilai t-test membuktikan perbedaan yang signifikan antara kedua kelompok sampel. Ini berarti bahwa hasil dengan menggunakan indeks ini, mirip dengan hasil penilaian oleh The Indonesian Institute for Corporate Governance (IICG) dalam operasi tata kelola perusahaan. Hal ini juga membuktikan bahwa indeks pengungkapan tata kelola perusahaan dalam penelitian ini mampu menjadi proksi corporate governance di luar jangkauan perusahaan bank, asuransi, dan perusahaan pembiayaan di Indonesia. Â The objective of the research is to arrange an index which is able to assess the implementation of corporate governance as written in the annual report, which is called disclosure index of corporate governance. Arranging Index is based on operational guidelines of good corporate governance (KNKG, 2006), literatures on governance, research results, and official laws on corporate governance. There are two groups of samples. The first one has been assessed by corporate governance assessor and the second one has not been assessed yet. The t-test score proves significant difference between the two groups of samples. It means that the result by using the index is similar to the assessment result by IICG in corporate governance operation. It also proves that the disclosure index of corporate governance in the research is able to be corporate governance proxy in companies beyond bank, insurance and finance companies in Indonesia.
Employee Loyalty in Hotels: Romanian Experiences

Attitudes influencing loyalty of 127 Romanian hotel managers, supervisors, and operatives were examined. The vast majority were not contemplating leaving their jobs; the workplace atmosphere is generally personally satisfying. Reasons for employee loyalty were mainly intangible, linked to workmates, bosses, and customers. Gender, age, job level, and tenure had only limited influence on loyalty. Job satisfaction focused on opportunities for personal skills’ development, utilization of strengths, and achievement of workplace objectives. Respect for management and pride in the company were of critical importance to retention; lack of career development plans and opportunities for promotion were key reasons associated with turnover.
Pathways to prevention:Developmental and early intervention approaches to crime in Australia. National Crime Prevention, Attorney-General's Department: Canberra

Dr. Linda Gilmore was a part of the Developmental Crime Prevention Consortium, a multidisciplinary research team responsible for this report. Key elements of Pathways to Prevention have been incorporated into the Federal Government's $240 million Stronger Families and Communities Strategy, announced by the Prime Minister on 16 April 2000, and into the ongoing work of the National Crime Prevention Programme.
Competency-based medical education and continuing professional development: A conceptualization for change

Abstract Competency-based medical education (CBME) is as important in continuing professional development (CPD) as at any other stage of a physician’s career. Principles of CBME have the potential to revolutionize CPD. Transitioning to CBME-based CPD will require a cultural change to gain commitment from physicians, their employers and institutions, CPD providers, professional organizations, and medical regulators. It will require learning to be aligned with professional and workplace standards. Practitioners will need to develop the expertise to systematically examine their own clinical performance data, identify performance improvement opportunities and possibilities, and develop a plan to address areas of concern. Health care facilities and systems will need to produce data on a regular basis and to develop and train CPD educators who can work with physician groups. Stakeholders, such as medical regulatory authorities who are responsible for licensing physicians and other standard-setting bodies that credential and develop maintenance-of-certification systems, will need to change their paradigm of competency enhancement through CPD.
Petechial hemorrhages accompanying lobar hemorrhage

Based on the pathologic observation that severe cerebral amyloid angiopathy is often accompanied by multiple petechial hemorrhages, we prospectively obtained gradient-echo MRI on 15 elderly patients with lobar hemorrhage on CT. Nine of the 15 demonstrated accompanying petechial hemorrhages restricted to the cortical or corticosubcortical regions. No similar lesions were present on gradient-echo MRI in 10 elderly control patients. These findings suggest that cerebral amyloid angiopathy might be neuroradiologically diagnosed and staged during life. NEUROLOGY 1996;46: 1751-1754
Knowledge spillover and technological upgrading: The case of Guangdong province, China

Summary This paper aims to analyze the impact of knowledge spillovers through international channels, namely foreign direct investment and trade, on technological upgrading in Guangdong province, China. We utilize panel data on Guangdong's 21 municipalities for the period 2000–2008. The results prove that external knowledge spillovers effectively trigger local‐scale knowledge spillovers in latecomer regions, which mainly take place within industries. The paper also demonstrates that the impact of external knowledge spillovers is closely related to the investment stock, degree of embeddedness, and absorptive ability of local firms, and thus differs across development phases. In the end, this paper asserts the need for future studies to explore the microeconomic aspects of firm‐level technological upgrading.
Cell Surface Expression of 5-Hydroxytryptamine Type 3 Receptors Is Controlled by an Endoplasmic Reticulum Retention Signal*

Two subunits of the 5-hydroxytryptamine type 3 (5-HT3) have been identified (5-HT3A and 5-HT3B) that assemble into homomeric (5-HT3A) and heteromeric (5-HT3A+5-HT3B) complexes. Unassembled 5-HT3B subunits are efficiently retained within the cell. In this study, we address the mechanism controlling the release of 5-HT3B from the endoplasmic reticulum (ER). An analysis of chimeric 5-HT3A receptor(R)·5-HT3BR constructs suggests the presence of elements downstream of the first transmembrane domain of 5-HT3B subunits that inhibit cell surface expression. To investigate this possibility, truncated 5-HT3B subunits were constructed and assessed for their ability to access the cell surface in COS-7 and ts201 cells. Using this approach, we have identified the presence of an ER retention signal located within the first cytoplasmic loop between transmembrane domains I and II of 5-HT3B. Transplantation of this signal (CRAR) into the homologous region of 5-HT3A results in the ER retention of this subunit until rescued by co-assembly with wild-type 5-HT3A. The mutation of this ER retention signal in 5-HT3B (5-HT3BSGER) does not lead to cell surface expression, suggesting the presence of other signals or mechanisms to control the surface expression of 5-HT3BRs. The generation of truncated 5-HT3BSGER constructs confirmed that the CRAR signal does play an important role in the ER retention of 5-HT3B.
Corporate Governance Mechanisms: A Plea for Less Code of Good Governance and More Market Control

This paper provides a critical comparative analysis of corporate governance mechanisms in market-oriented (Anglo-Saxon) and large shareholder-oriented (Continental European) systems of corporate governance. Deficiencies in shareholder protection in the legal systems of both corporate governance systems have been addressed through the use of codes of good governance, a set of norms that regulate the behaviour and structure of the board of directors. However, the lower enforceability of norms in Continental Europe limits the applicability of such codes. Therefore, we argue that in Continental Europe, rather than promoting codes of good governance, it is necessary to expand market control mechanisms to facilitate the maximisation of firm value. Copyright Blackwell Publishers Ltd 2002.
Unintended consequences of CSR: protectionism and collateral damage in global supply chains: the case of Vietnam

Purpose – This paper seeks to investigate the influence of the increasingly sustainable sourcing policies of many multinational companies on suppliers located in developing countries such as Vietnam. The focus is the process through which corporate social responsibility (CSR) is reaching this Southeast Asian country.Design/methodology/approach – The research was conducted in Vietnam through the support of the United Nations Industrial Development Organization's (UNIDO) regional office. The survey was based on a questionnaire used during direct interviews or sent out electronically when onsite visits were not possible. The research involved 25 Vietnamese enterprises.Findings – The results reveal, on the one hand, how CSR makes business sense even in a developing country such as Vietnam and, on the other hand, the difficulties of maintaining sustainability as products move from northern consumers to Vietnamese suppliers. This process calls for more collaborative models of governance among the companies alon.
Probing the Discriminatory Power of Characteristics of Internal Audit Functions: Sorting the Wheat from the Chaff

The purpose of this paper is to identify, examine and evaluate characteristics of an internal audit function (IAF) that help to distinguish between two groups of IAFs with sharply contrasting levels of perceived effectiveness. Based on survey data from 46 heads of internal audit (chief audit executives, CAEs) in private organizations in Germany, we differentiate IAFs that indicate varying and contrasting levels of internal auditing (IA) effectiveness. In doing so, this study plants the seeds for a potential general theory of IA effectiveness – a theory that may also have relevance in other countries. Extant theory highlights the multi-faceted aspects of IA effectiveness and these are considered in the study to sort its ‘wheat from the chaff’. We suggest four key dimensions or categorical blocks: organization, IA resources, IA processes and IA relationships. Within these dimensions, statistically valid discriminatory characteristics and features identified in the study include: the existence of an IA charter that is agreed by the board/audit committee (AC); possible career progression after a tenure in IA; some degree of co-sourcing and outsourcing of IA services; the level of training and professional qualification of IA staff and CAEs; the use of IA technology and risk-based IA; whether IA makes recommendations for improving the governance process and rates individual findings and grades the overall report; whether the CAE has appropriate access to the board/AC; whether the CAE benefits from senior management's (SM) and the board/AC's input to the IA plan; and the CAE's informal contact with SM. Appropriately employed, a mix of these characteristics contribute to a theoretical grounding that may help explain IA effectiveness.
"Putting" Away Bond Risk: An Empirical Examination of the Value of the Put Option on Bonds

There is an extensive literature dealing with the effect of call provisions on corporate bond yields [5, 6, 7, 9, 11, 12, 16, 17] and municipal bond yields [3, 4, 13, 14, 18]. Because the call provision enables borrowers to refinance bonds during periods of low interest rates and exposes the lender to a call risk, callable bonds typically provide higher yields than similar noncallable bonds. Other studies have examined the level of this call premium over the interest rate cycle [1, 2, 11, 12]. This protection against unfavorable interest rate movements has traditionally been available only to the borrower. Lenders historically have not been protected by the inclusion of floating rate provisions or put provisions in a bond. A "put" bond permits the lender to put (or sell) the bond back to the borrower, at par, under certain conditions. This paper examines a relatively new financial instrument: the "put" or "option tender" bond. Section II
Effectiveness of 3-in-1 Continuous Femoral Block of Differing Concentrations Compared to Patient Controlled Intravenous Morphine for Post Total Knee Arthroplasty Analgesia and Knee Rehabilitation

We assessed the effectiveness of the 3-in-l continuous femoral block as a form of postoperative pain relief for unilateral total knee arthroplasty (TKA). Sixty patients undergoing elective unilateral TKA under subarachnoid block were randomized into three groups. Postoperative analgesia was provided with a continuous 3-in-l femoral nerve catheter with 0.15% ropivacaine in group A, a continuous 3-in-l femoral nerve catheter with 0.2% ropivacaine in group B, or patient controlled intravenous morphine in group C (control group). Groups A and B received patient controlled intravenous morphine pumps for rescue analgesia. Patients in each group were followed for 72 hours postoperatively. Five patients were excluded after randomization. In the remaining 55 patients there was no statistical difference in pain score between the groups. Total morphine use was highest in group C (P< 0.05). No appreciable difference could be found with sensorimotor blockade, morphine usage and satisfaction scores when comparing groups A and B. Femoral catheter dislodgement rate was 7.9%. There was no statistical difference between the groups when comparing the day of first ambulation and the time to discharge from the hospital. Satisfaction scores were higher in group A (P = 0.028) and group B (P = 0.002) compared to group C. We conclude that a continuous 3-in-l femoral nerve block with ropivacaine 0.15% or 0.2% for elective unilateral TKA has an opioid-sparing effect.
Is Europe an Optimum Currency Area? Evidence from Regional Data

In this paper we contrast regional and national data on real exchange rate movements, the growth rates of output and employment, labour mobility and unemployment. We find that asymmetric shocks tend to be more prevalent at the regional than at the national level in Europe. The presumption of the optimum currency area literature holds relatively well, i.e. the adjustment mechanism at the national level involves very little mobility of labour and substantially more real exchange rate variability. At the regional level the opposite holds, although we find some role for real exchange rate adjustments. Finally, we identify two models of regional integration, a `Northern' and a `Southern' one. Implications for monetary union in Europe are drawn.
The Role of Oil Prices in the Euro Area Economy Since the 1970s

This paper explores the role of oil prices in the euro area economy since the 1970s by applying a VAR framework with time varying parameters and stochastic volatility in which oil supply and global demand shocks are identified. Our results show that both types of shock contributed substantially to the oil price surges during historical oil crises and likewise to those over the past decade. Counterfactual histories of the price and activity variables, moreover, reveal much larger adverse contributions of both shocks to HICP inflation and GDP in the first half of the sample than in the second, which suggests that changes related to these shocks have contributed to the Great Moderation. Impulse responses, moreover, show that a decline in the pass through of the two shocks has added to the moderating contribution over time, while variance decompositions indicate no change in the relative importance of the two shocks over time.
The Swedish management audit: a precedent for performance and value for money audits

This study reports the findings of a survey of Swedish auditors seeking opinions on the conceptual underpinnings of the long established private sector management audit in that country. The authors give the background to the historical calls for accountability and stewardship and draw parallels with calls for accountability by the large modern corporations which emanate from the agency contracts that management functions under. The findings conclude that the Swedish profession needs a theoretical base for its continued conduct of this audit function. The UK and US professions have taken tentative steps towards expanding the traditional financial audit but the rallying calls of visionaries seem as yet to be unheeded.
Interactive learning in programmed teaching of the subject “Based of nature science” at Faculty of educational science– R. Macedonia

The basic aim of interactive learning in programmed teaching is the transmission of activities from the teacher to the students, management of students’ learning, enabling students to learn together and evaluate the learning processes. The paper emphasizes the need for teachers’ active participation in the creation of programmed materials for the respective subject matter of “Elements of nature science”, i.e. using pedagogical workshops in the organization of the teaching process with the application of interactive methods. Beside this theoretical approach to programmed teaching and interactive learning, we have also done a methodical shaping of the teaching unit “Photosynthesis” according to the model of interactive learning in programmed teaching and use ICT tools.
Risk Premia, diverse belief and beauty contests

We present a theoretical and empirical evaluation of the role of market belief in the structure of risk premia. To that end we employ a familiar asset pricing model for which we develop in detail the belief structure. The novelty in this development is the treatment of individual and market beliefs as Markov state variables. Moreover, the market belief is observable and the paper explains how we extract it from the data. The advantage of our formulation is that it permits a closed form solution of equilibrium prices hence we can trace the exact effect of market belief on the time variability of equilibrium risk premia. We present a model of asset pricing with diverse beliefs. We then explore the conditions under which diverse beliefs arise. We then derive the equilibrium asset pricing and the risk premium which the model implies. Since asset prices are affected by the dynamics of market belief, the component of market risk which is determined by the belief of agents is thus termed “Endogenous Uncertainty. ” The theoretical conclusions are tested empirically for investments in the futures markets, the bond markets. Our main theoretical and empirical result is that fluctuations in the market belief about state variables are a dominant factor determining the time variability of risk premia. More specifically, we show that when the market holds abnormally favorable belief about future payoffs of an asset the market views the long position as less risky and hence the risk premium on that asset declines. This means that fluctuations in risk premia are inversely related to the degree of market optimism about future prospects of asset payoffs. This effect is very strong and empirically very dominant. The strong effect of market belief on market risk premia offers two additional perspectives. First, it offers an additional way of showing (for those who have any doubt) that fundamental factors affect market dynamics but perceptions have equally important effect on volatility. Second, that market belief is actually an observable data which can be used for a deeper understanding of the basic causes of stochastic volatility and time variability of risk premia.
Silibinin suppresses the maintenance of colorectal cancer stem‐like cells by inhibiting PP2A/AKT/mTOR pathways

Silibinin, an effective chemo‐preventive agent in various cancer types, suppresses cancer cell growth, but its effects on cancer stem‐like cells (CSLCs) remain unclear. This study aimed to examine whether silibinin inhibited the development of CSLCs and disclose the underlying signaling. The colorectal cancer spheroid culture system was used for enriching CSLCs. The effects of silibinin on CSLCs were evaluated by counting sphere numbers, and calculating the percentage of CD133+ cells by flow cytometry and immunofluorescence both in the absence and presence of different concentrations of silibinin. The results showed the sphere number of CCS was 36 ± 9.6 after 15 days of CSLC enrichment in spheroid culture, and the percentage of CD133+ cells increased to 18 ± 6.4% compared to 3 ± 0.8% before enrichment. Treatment with silibinin reduced the sphere formation to 5 ± 3.3 and decreased the CD133+ percentage to 8 ± 2.3%. Interestingly, treatment of silibinin suppressed the activation of the AKT Ser473/mTOR pathway in spheroid culture through suppressing the activity of protein phosphatase 2Ac subunit (PP2Ac). In a xenograft tumor model, treatment with silibinin also inhibited tumor formation rate and tumor growth. Silibinin, which inhibits colon CSLCs self‐renewal and sphere formation by suppressing the PP2Ac/AKT Ser473/mTOR pathway, may be a compound for developing new strategies in modulating CSLCs in cancer therapy. J. Cell. Biochem. 113: 1733–1743, 2012. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Government Policy and Corporate Governance

It has been common at least since the publication of Oliver Williamson's [1975] Markets and Hierarchies to think of the firm as a nexus of contracts. Contracts are voluntary agreements among two or more parties to achieve mutually beneficial outcomes. Thus, rational individuals have incentives to enter mutually beneficial contracts, and the only role that the state has to play is to ensure that the parties to the contract abide by its stipulations, or so it would seem. The literature dealing with corporate stakeholders implies, however, that there are others in society who have an interest in what firms do, and that these interests sometimes get neglected by the actors joined by the formal contracts that define a firm. The stakeholder literature seems to imply that social welfare, broadly defined, would be improved if the interests of these other stakeholders were to be taken into account by the main corporate actors, the managers of firms. From this proposition it is only a short step to an argument for state intervention in the affairs of firms to improve social welfare by making sure that all stakeholders' interests are somehow accounted for. The normative argument for state action rests on the assumption that markets fail in certain ways and that the state is the most efficient lowest transaction cost institution for correcting these market failures (Mueller [2003, Ch. 2]). In this note I shall review the possible sorts of "market failures" that might warrant state intervention in corporate affairs, and the extent to which they would require policies that affect the corporate governance structures of firms. I do so by taking up the various actors who might be adversely affected by what firms do starting with perhaps the most obvious actor a worker in a firm.