Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Multiseason Lead Forecast of the North Atlantic Power Dissipation Index (PDI) and Accumulated Cyclone Energy (ACE)

AbstractBy considering the intensity, duration, and frequency of tropical cyclones, the power dissipation index (PDI) and accumulated cyclone energy (ACE) are concise metrics routinely used to assess tropical storm activity. This study focuses on the development of a hybrid statistical–dynamical seasonal forecasting system for the North Atlantic Ocean’s PDI and ACE over the period 1982–2011. The statistical model uses only tropical Atlantic and tropical mean sea surface temperatures (SSTs) to describe the variability exhibited by the observational record, reflecting the role of both local and nonlocal effects on the genesis and development of tropical cyclones in the North Atlantic basin. SSTs are predicted using a 10-member ensemble of the Geophysical Fluid Dynamics Laboratory Climate Model, version 2.1 (GFDL CM2.1), an experimental dynamical seasonal-to-interannual prediction system. To assess prediction skill, a set of retrospective predictions is initialized for each month from November to April, over.
Distribution, geometry, and origin of heavy mineral placer deposits on Oregon beaches

ABSTRACT Beach segments (0.5-3 km in length) enriched in heavy minerals (20-100% by weight abundance) are located south of six prominent headlands that interrupt the 175-km coastline between Cape Lookout and Cape Perpetua, Oregon. Beach-face retreat in the winter of 1982-83 exposed underlying placers containing the economic minerals garnet, zircon, ilmenite and chromite. In each case, the highest concentration of placer minerals occurs in an area of maximum shoreline curvature at a distance south of the north bounding headland that is proportional to seaward extent of the headland. Cross-sections and magnetic surveys of one 8-km coastal section, Otter Rock to Yaquina Head, define a small placer body (heavy minerals > 50%) some 0.75 km in length and 80 103 m3 in volume that comprises 10% of the total beach sand between the bounding headlands. Mineral grain-size analyses of winter beach samples along this coastal section confirm earlier models of mineral segregation by entrainment processes; the light minerals are more susceptible to fluid shear stress than the heavy minerals. Maximum segregation and heavy mineral enrichment occur in the backshore and at shoreline inflection points where decreasing flow velocities produce gradients of fl id shear stress, allowing light minerals to be winnowed from more stable, heavy minerals. Development of placer deposits is "controlled" by shoreline configuration as the first-order factor and seasonal variations of wave climate, and longshore currents as second-order factors that delineate shape and concentration of heavy minerals in placer bodies.
New perspectives on categorical Torelli theorems for del Pezzo threefolds

Let $Y_d$ be a del Pezzo threefold of Picard rank one and degree $d\geq 2$. In this paper, we apply two different viewpoints to study $Y_d$ via a particular admissible subcategory of its bounded derived category, called the Kuznetsov component: (i) Brill-Noether reconstruction. We show that $Y_d$ can be uniquely recovered as a Brill-Noether locus of Bridgeland stable objects in its Kuznetsov component. (ii) Exact equivalences. We prove that, up to composing with an explicit auto-equivalence, any Fourier-Mukai type equivalence of Kuznetsov components of two del Pezzo threefolds of degree $2\leq d\leq 4$ can be lifted to an equivalence of their bounded derived categories. As a result, we obtain a complete description of the group of Fourier-Mukai type auto-equivalences of the Kuznetsov component of $Y_d$. We also describe the group of Fourier-Mukai type auto-equivalences of Kuznetsov components of index one prime Fano threefolds $X_{2g-2}$ of genus $g=6$ and $8$. As an application, first we identify the group of automorphisms of $X_{14}$ and its associated $Y_3$. Then we give a new disproof of Kuznetsov's Fano threefold conjecture by assuming Gushel-Mukai threefolds are general. In an appendix, we classify instanton sheaves on quartic double solids, generalizing a result of Druel.
Computer software for identifying compositional subpopulations in marine sediment geochemical data using threshold value analysis

The material of marine sediments is commonly derived from multiple sources or processes. Consequently, individual sediment samples can be viewed as mixtures of two or more distinct geochemical subpopulations. Certain quantitative procedures such as threshold value analysis are capable of isolating and identifying the subpopulations that are present within a suite of sediment samples through an analysis of bulk sediment compositional data. Thus, these methods are useful in mineral exploration programs because they facilitate the task of discriminating between samples containing background versus anomalous chemical signals. This study reports the development and testing of computer software (ProbabilityGrapher) for threshold value analysis using a probability graphing technique. This program is designed for microcomputers so that it can be readily applied in field situations where the rapid in situ reduction and interpretation of geochemical data is important to the planning and continuation of an explorati.
Near shore submarine hydrothermal activity in Bahia Banderas, western Mexico

Recientemente se descubrio la existencia de actividad hidrotermal en la zona de Bahia de Banderas. Las implicaciones de esta actividad en el esquema tectonico de la parte central de Mexico apoya la hipotesis de que esta ocurriendo actividad tectonica reciente en esta area. Se detectaron tremores en estaciones sismologicas portatiles que fueron instaladas en los alrededores. Se analizaron muestras de las chimeneas formadas por la actividad hidrotermal y se encontro una secuencia de depositacion dominada por carbonatos en la primera etapa (calcita y dolomita), seguida por apatita y vetas tardias de barita. Tambien se presentan capas de depositacion secuencial de sulfuros y fosfatos que pueden interpretarse como resultado de las variaciones en la fugacidad del azufre.
Real-Time Energy Storage System Control Strategies for Urban Rail Transit with Renewable Energy

The energy storage system (ESS) and renewable energy source (RES) have been applied in some urban rail transit (URT), aiming to reduce energy consumption from the utility grid. However, the SOC of ESS highly affects the performance of ESS in supporting urban rail transit. Thus, this research proposes a real-time control strategy of ESS in urban rail transit with RES, which can dynamically control substations to charge ESS to support the peak shaving function of ESS. The mathematic model of the URT and ESS was established first. Then, the power flow method of URT with ESS and RES is introduced to analyze the energy distribution. Besides, a real-time SOC control strategy is designed to ensure ESS has enough stored energy to shave the peak power of the substation. The case study based on the Merseyrail line shows that the proposed real-time SOC control strategy can remain the SOC of ESS above the target value.
Spatial Management of Fisheries

This paper discusses recent advancements in scientific understanding about the spatial distribution of abundance in the ocean and the processes that determine abundance. Some discussion of the role of monitoring and information technology is presented, and examples of new findings are given. New findings run the gamut from slow processes operating over large spatial scales to episodic events operating locally over small scales. The implications of this new understanding are explored, focusing particularly on new theories of the role that oceanographic processes play in distributing larvae, juveniles, and adults into the coastal environment. A new spatial management paradigm is envisioned whereby electronic vessel and gear monitoring allows management of effort at fine temporal and spatial scales. The research challenges of this new vision of future management are then discussed, focusing on understanding spatial behavior of fishermen, developing integrated spatial bioeconomic management models, and exploring alternative management instruments for regulating the spatial distribution of harvesting.
Modelling the impact of urbanisation on regional climate in the Greater London Area

Urban areas have well‐documented effects on climate, such as the urban heat island (UHI) effect, reduction of wind speeds, enhanced turbulence and boundary layer heights, and changes in cloud cover and precipitation. The aim of this study is to quantify the impact of the urban area of London on local and regional climate. This is achieved through the coupling of the non‐hydrostatic mesoscale model METRAS with the sophisticated urban canopy scheme BEP. The model is configured for case studies of the London region, for typical UHI conditions, and the model results are evaluated using data from meteorological monitoring sites. This study develops a methodology to quantify the regional impact of urbanisation from numerical model results. The urban area, in its current form, is found to affect near surface temperature, the diurnal temperature range, the UHI, and the near surface wind speed and direction. For the selected cases, peak UHI intensities of up to 2.5 K are found during night time hours, with the timing and magnitude of the peak showing good agreement with previous experimental studies for London. The timing of the UHI peak intensity for the current urban land cover for London shows a good agreement with the results of measurements. A significant reduction in wind speed over the urban area was also simulated during both daytime and night time, due to the higher roughness of the city compared to the rural domain. The effect is shown to have a regional character, with both urban and surrounding rural areas demonstrating a significant impact. Thus, the UHI can not only be understood when focussing on local data, but the interaction with the surrounding needs to be considered.
Determination of dissolved nutrients (N, P, Si) in seawater with high precision and inter-comparability using gas-segmented continuous flow analysers

The Global Ocean Ship-based Hydrographic Investigations Program (GO-SHIP) brings together scientists with interests in physical oceanography, the carbon cycle, marine biogeochemistry and ecosystems, and other users and collectors of ocean interior data to develop a sustained global network of hydrographic sections as part of the Global Ocean Climate Observing System. A series of manuals and guidelines are being produced by GO-SHIP which update those developed by the World Ocean Circulation Experiment (WOCE) in the early 1990s. Analysis of the data collected in WOCE suggests that improvements are needed in the collection of nutrient data if they are to be used for determining change within the ocean interior. Production of this manual is timely as it coincides with the development of reference materials for nutrients in seawater (RMNS). These RMNS solutions will be produced in sufficient quantities and be of sufficient quality that they will provide a basis for improving the consistency of nutrient measurements both within and between cruises. This manual is a guide to suggested best practice in performing nutrient measurements at sea. It provides a detailed set of advice on laboratory practice for all the procedures surrounding the use of gas-segmented continuous flow analysers (CFA) for the determination of dissolved nutrients (usually ammonium, nitrate, nitrite, phosphate and silicate) at sea. It does not proscribe the use of a particular instrument or related chemical method as these are well described in other publications. The manual provides a brief introduction to the CFA method, the collection and storage of samples, considerations in the preparation of reagents and the calibrations of the system. It discusses how RMNS solutions can be used to “track” the performance of a system during a cruise and between cruises.
The Evolutionary History of Whales and Dolphins

Cetaceans-the whales, dolphins, and porpoises-are the taxonomically most diverse clade of aquatic mammals, with a fossil record going back at least to Middle Eocene time (52 Ma-millions of years before present) (Figure I). There are 75 to 77 living species in 1 3 or 1 4 families and two suborders: Mysticeti (baleen whales) and Odontoceti (toothed whales, dolphins, and porpoises) (Rice 1984, Evans 1 987). The extinct Archaeoceti are a third suborder. Extant cetaceans are ecologically diverse; sizes range from under 2 m to over 25 m, and habitats range from shelf and surface water to abyssal settings in tropical to polar oceans; some species live in fresh water. Living species attract marked public and scientific interest, but fossils also have an important role. The excellent fossil record helps us to understand morphological transition series and homologies of struc­ tures in living taxa. A resurgence of interest in anatomy has led to pion­ eering, albeit preliminary, cladistic analyses of fossil and extant Cetacea, with pivotal input from paleontologists. [For a discussion of cladistics, see Padian et al ( 1 993) in this volume. ] Although volatile and clearly needing more study, the resulting classifications provide an adequate foundation for broader studies. Cetacean constructional morphology and related aspects of paleobiology are still in their infancy. Fossil taxa are potentially
Adaptive Path Following Control Based on Nonlinear Disturbance Observer for a Six Thrusters AUV

In this paper, we investigate the path following problem of a six-thruster autonomous underwater vehicle (SAUV) moving on the horizontal plane. Neural network adaptive PID control method based on NDO (BNNPID) is proposed. External disturbance and model uncertainty are taken into account in controller design. A nonlinear disturbance observer (NDO) is designed for disturbances observation. Theoretical derivation and simulation experiments have demonstrated the stability of this observer. We combine NDO and PID controller and use BP neural networks to adjust controller parameters online. In order to improve the correlation between controller parameters and system state, adaptive control is introduced. The robustness and effectiveness of the proposed controller are tested and validated through simulation results.
Detection of Massachusetts Bay internal waves by the synthetic aperture radar (SAR) on SEASAT

We have examined all eight SEASAT passes over Massachusetts Bay that yielded synthetic aperture radar (SAR) imagery. Four of the passes showed banded surface features that suggested a group of internal waves propagating southwestward from Stellwagen Bank. Comparison of the positions of the SAR features with predictions of internal wave locations derived from earlier in situ work at Massachusetts Bay confirms that the SAR features are indeed rough and smooth bands of water caused by a propagating packet of internal waves. (The packet is caused by tidal currents interacting with the stratification over and the topography of Stellwagen Bank.) Even the four passes that do not show internal waves are consistent with the above conclusions since the predicted packet positions occur outside the region covered by those four passes. These comparisons are presented to show that the SEASAT SAR is indeed capable of detecting internal waves in Massachusetts Bay, even though these waves are considerably less intense than in some other reported areas of the world.
Distributions of Shallow to Very Deep Precipitation–Convection in Rapidly Intensifying Tropical Cyclones

AbstractShear-relative distributions of four types of precipitation/convection in tropical cyclones (TCs) are statistically analyzed using 14 years of Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM) Precipitation Radar (PR) data. The dataset of 1139 TRMM PR overpasses of tropical storms through category-2 hurricanes over global TC-prone basins is divided by future 24-h intensity change. It is found that increased and widespread shallow precipitation (defined as where the 20-dBZ radar echo height <6 km) around the storm center is a first sign of rapid intensification (RI) and could be used as a predictor of the onset of RI. The contribution to total volumetric rain and latent heating from shallow and moderate precipitation (20-dBZ echo height between 6 and 10 km) in the inner core is greater in RI storms than in non-RI storms, while the opposite is true for moderately deep (20-dBZ echo height between 10 and 14 km) and very deep precipitation (20-dBZ echo height ≥14 km). The authors argue that RI is more likely .
An Assessment of Fish Assemblage Structure in a Large River

The Penobscot River drains the largest watershed in Maine and once provided spawning and rearing habitats to 11 species of diadromous fishes. The construction of dams blocked migrations of these fishes and likely changed the structure and function of fish assemblages throughout the river. The proposed removal of two main‐stem dams, improved upstream fish passage at a third dam, and construction of a fish bypass on a dam obstructing a major tributary is anticipated to increase passage of and improve habitat connectivity for both diadromous and resident fishes. We captured 61 837 fish of 35 species in the Penobscot River and major tributaries, through 114 km of boat electrofishing. Patterns of fish assemblage structure did not change considerably during our sampling; relatively few species contributed to seasonal and annual variability within the main‐stem river, including smallmouth bass Micropterus dolomieu, white sucker Catostomus commersonii, pumpkinseed Lepomis gibbosus, and golden shiner Notemigonus crysoleucas. However, distinct fish assemblages were present among river sections bounded by dams. Many diadromous species were restricted to tidal waters downriver of the Veazie Dam; Fundulus species were also abundant within the tidal river section. Smallmouth bass and pumpkinseed were most prevalent within the Veazie Dam impoundment and the free‐flowing river section immediately upriver, suggesting the importance of both types of habitat that supports multiple life stages of these species. Further upriver, brown bullhead Ameiurus nebulosus, yellow perch Perca flavescens, chain pickerel Esox niger, and cyprinid species were more prevalent than within any other river section. Our findings describe baseline spatial patterns of fish assemblages in the Penobscot River in relation to dams with which to compare assessments after dam removal occurs. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Beyond the Fourth Paradigm — the Rise of AI

Thanks to the availability of huge amounts of data and improved computational resources, AI methods are gaining importance in scientific workflows, from image recognition and natural language processing to materials science. In many domains the usage of AI is under active investigation and first results show a tremendous potential, suggesting that AI will have significant impact way beyond the currently dominating examples of image and language processing.
Passive gravity gradiometer navigation system

A totally passive navigation system using gravity gradient map matching techniques is described. The system requires no external information and is nonemanating and nonjammable. The system consists of an inertial system updated by position fixing from map matching to gravity gradiometer outputs. The advantages of the system over existing terrain map matching systems are covered. The difficult instrumentation problem is solved with proven hardware by the Bell rotating accelerometer gravity gradiometer system. The issue of the database necessary for gravity gradient map generation is addressed. The results of an accuracy analysis in the form of a parametric study for such variables as altitude, speed, number of gradiometers, quality of the gradiometers, and quality of the inertial components are presented. <<ETX>>
Subsidence and Uplift History of the UAE and the Western Flank of the UAE‐Oman Mountain Range

The western flank of the UAE‐Oman mountain range offers a unique geodynamic setting to study the development of a cratonic rift into a mature passive margin and its subsequent flexure under orogenic load. However, the geodynamic processes driving this evolution are not fully understood. In this study, seismic and biostratigraphic data from 283 exploration wells were utilized to assess the regional subsidence and uplift history of the United Arab Emirates (UAE) and neighboring areas of the western flank of the UAE‐Oman mountain range. Three major sequences have been identified: pre‐Permian, Permian‐Turonian rifted margin, and Coniacian‐Pleistocene active margin. Backstripping of biostratigraphic data reveals Early Permian (ca. 272 Ma) and Late Jurassic (ca. 160) rift phases, that have been linked to Gondwana's early and final fragmentation. A NE‐SW‐oriented basin in central UAE suggests a Jurassic intracratonic rift that has been influenced by pre‐existing structures. Compressional phases were identified during the Late Cretaceous and in the Oligocene‐Miocene, coinciding with the emplacement of the Semail ophiolite and the Arabian‐Eurasian plates collision, respectively. These events caused additional subsidence and flank uplift, forming the Aruma foreland basin in the east and the Pabdeh foreland basin in the eastern and northern UAE. Crustal thickness following the rift episodes ranges from 30 to 36 km, resulting in a sedimentary cover thickness of 11–14 km. These estimates are in accord with Moho depths derived from teleseismic receiver functions and gravity inversion. These findings can be used to better understand Gondwana fragmentation and the opening and closing of the Neo‐Tethys Ocean.
Improved Speech Enhancement by Using Both Clean Speech and ‘Clean’ Noise

Generally, speech enhancement (SE) models based on supervised deep learning technology, use input features from both noisy and clean speech but not from the noise itself. We suggest here that this ‘clean’ background noise, before mixing it with speech, can also help SE and that is to our knowledge not described yet. In our proposed model, not only the speech, but also the noise is enhanced initially and later combined for improved intelligibility and quality. We also present a second innovation to capture better contextual information that traditional networks are often poor in. To leverage both speech and background noise information and long-term context information, this paper describes a sequence-to-sequence (S2S) mapping structure using a novel two-path speech enhancement system, consisting of two parallel paths: a Noise Enhancement Path (NEP) and a Speech Enhancement Path (SEP). In the NEP, the encoder-decoder structure is used for enhancing only the ‘clean’ noise, while the SEP is used to suppress the background noise in the clean speech. In the SEP, a Hierarchical Attention (HA) mechanism is adopted to leverage long-range sequence capture. In the NEP, we us traditional gated controlled mechanism from ConvTasnet but improve it by adding dilated convolution to increase receptive fields. Experiments are conducted on the Librispeech dataset, and results show that the proposed model performs better than recent models in various measures, including ESTOI and PESQ scores. We conclude that the simple speech plus noise paradigm often adopted for training such models is not optimal.