Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Mechanical power and efficiency of level walking with different stride rates

SUMMARY Walking humans prefer to use the stride rate that results in the lowest rate of metabolic energy expenditure. Mechanical power requirements have been suggested to underlie the metabolic response, but mechanical power is consistently reported to be minimal at stride rates 20–30% lower than preferred. This may be due to limitations in how total mechanical power has been computed, as well as a failure to account for the efficiency with which muscular work is done. We investigated how mechanical power and efficiency depend on stride rate in walking, with both quantities computed from the work done by the hip, knee and ankle joint moments. Our hypotheses were that mechanical power and efficiency are both optimized at the preferred stride rate, which would explain why metabolic energy expenditure is minimized at this rate. Contrary to our hypotheses, mechanical power curves exhibited plateaus that spanned stride rates lower than preferred (predicted optima: 11–12% below preferred), while net mechanical efficiency exhibited a plateau that spanned stride rates higher than preferred (predicted optimum: 8% above preferred). As expected, preferred stride rate (54.3 strides min–1) was not different from the stride rate that minimized net metabolic energy expenditure (predicted optimum: 0.2% above preferred). Given that mechanical power and mechanical efficiency exhibited plateaus on opposite sides of the preferred stride rate, the preferred rate in walking likely represents a compromise between these two factors. This may also explain the relative flatness of the curve for metabolic rate in the vicinity of the preferred stride rate.
Towards a new map of European migration

Students of European migration have been hampered by the legacy of those established forms of migration which have been historically most important – settler migrations from Europe to the Americas, guest-worker migrations from the Mediterranean Basin to Northern Europe, and refugee migrations after the World Wars. We need to appreciate that many of the key questions that were asked to frame our understanding of the functioning of migration now have a very different array of answers from the largely economic ones which shaped our earlier analyses. Now, new mobility strategies are deployed to achieve economic and, importantly, non-economic objectives. In the new global and European map of migration, the old dichotomies of migration study – internal versus international, forced versus voluntary, temporary versus permanent, legal versus illegal – blur as both the motivations and modalities of migration become much more diverse. In offering an overview of the new typologies and geographies of international migration in Europe, this paper will be less a rigorous cartography than a qualitative exploration of a changing typology including migrations of crisis, independent female migration, migration of skilled and professional people, student migration, retirement migration and hybrid tourism–migration. These relatively new forms of migration derive from new motivations (the retreat from labour migrations linked to production), new space–time flexibilities, globalisation forces, and migrations of consumption and personal self-realisation. More than ever, this multiplex nature of human migration and spatial mobility demands an interdisciplinary approach, enriched wherever possible by comparative studies. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The Shape of the Lymphocyte Receptor Repertoire: Lessons from the B Cell Receptor

Both the B cell receptor (BCR) and the T cell receptor (TCR) repertoires are generated through essentially identical processes of V(D)J recombination, exonuclease trimming of germline genes, and the random addition of non-template encoded nucleotides. The naïve TCR repertoire is constrained by thymic selection, and TCR repertoire studies have therefore focused strongly on the diversity of MHC-binding complementarity determining region (CDR) CDR3. The process of somatic point mutations has given B cell studies a major focus on variable (IGHV, IGLV, and IGKV) genes. This in turn has influenced how both the naïve and memory BCR repertoires have been studied. Diversity (D) genes are also more easily identified in BCR VDJ rearrangements than in TCR VDJ rearrangements, and this has allowed the processes and elements that contribute to the incredible diversity of the immunoglobulin heavy chain CDR3 to be analyzed in detail. This diversity can be contrasted with that of the light chain where a small number of polypeptide sequences dominate the repertoire. Biases in the use of different germline genes, in gene processing, and in the addition of non-template encoded nucleotides appear to be intrinsic to the recombination process, imparting “shape” to the repertoire of rearranged genes as a result of differences spanning many orders of magnitude in the probabilities that different BCRs will be generated. This may function to increase the precursor frequency of naïve B cells with important specificities, and the likely emergence of such B cell lineages upon antigen exposure is discussed with reference to public and private T cell clonotypes.
Supporting Asylum Seekers and Refugees in Glasgow: The Role of Multi-agency Networks

The implementation of a dispersal policy in Britain has brought asylum seekers to regions of the country which previously had little experience of providing services for this group. Around 10,000 asylum seekers have been resettled in the city of Glasgow since 2000 as a result of the policy. Multi-agency networks have been established in Glasgow as a medium for facilitating co-operation across the voluntary and statutory sectors for the provision of locally-based support services, while also facilitating community development. This paper explores the experiences of these networks since their inception. While highlighting the continuing importance of the voluntary sector in supporting asylum seekers and refugees, it raises concerns over the reactive way in which services have been provided, where responsibility has fallen on voluntary and community organizations to fill gaps in statutory service provision. It further examines the implications for social cohesion of housing-led resettlement, which has largely been in areas suffering from social deprivation. The findings highlight the frustrations of service providers working within a disjointed policy framework, characterized by contradictions between Scottish and UK policy goals.
THE THRILL OF A CLOSE GAME

Students watched live broadcasts of eight games of the 1995 NCAA men's basketball tournament. They reported their enjoyment of second-half play, which was either extremely, substantially, moderately, or minimally suspenseful (as defined by point separations of 1-4, 5-9, 10-14, and 15 or more, respectively, during the second half of games). Men's enjoyment proved to be a monotonic function of suspense about outcome. Women's enjoyment paralleled that of men, with the glaring exception of extremely suspenseful games. Whereas men enjoyed the nail-biter type of game the most, women's enjoyment dropped to levels associated with minimal suspense. In addition, rooting for the winning team and, to a lesser degree, being right in predicting the winning team were found to contribute to game enjoyment.
Resource Allocation in Multi-Carrier Full-Duplex Amplify-and-Forward Relaying Networks

A multi-carrier one-way relay network is considered, in which a source wishes to send information to a destination via a full-duplex amplify-and-forward relay. We perform power allocation across different subcarriers for the source and the relay, as well as subcarrier pairing at the relay, so as to maximize the achievable sum rate subject to individual power budget constraint at each transmit node, and therefore formulate the joint power allocation and subcarrier pairing optimization problem. Due to the interdependency in the power allocation between self-interference subcarrier and outgoing subcarrier at the relay node, we propose a suboptimal scheme to trade the performance for computational complexity. Then dual decomposition technique is employed for power allocation, while the subcarrier pairing problem is solved by Hungarian algorithm. Simulation results show that the proposed resource allocation scheme can significantly improve system performance.
Mechanisms of vertebrate segmentation.

That all higher organisms possess some segmental organization during their development is presumably no coincidence. Segmentation appears to be an important developmental strategy with which to build and diversify different body regions. It can be studied at many levels, ranging from molecule and genome, through cells and their interactions, to morphogenesis and whole body pattern; and there is no compelling reason for thinking that the study of any one level will prove more revealing than that of any other. The study of vertebrate segmentation in fact provides a particularly good example of this philosophy. The application of classical and molecular genetic analysis to Drosophila development (reviewed by Akam, 1987) has yielded a large amount of information about the genes that play a role in the development of segmental patterns in this organism. Springing directly from this analysis comes the hope that similar methods applied to vertebrate development, exemplified by the discovery of the homeobox in the vertebrate genome, will be just as successful. But will the identification of vertebrate segmentation genes complete our understanding of the segmentation process? We believe not, and our chief purpose in this review is to identify and discuss the variety of different levels at which one can approach the major events involved.
On Economic Optimality of Model Predictive Control

Model Predictive Control (MPC) is the most used advanced control strategy in the industries, mainly due to its capability to fulfill economic objectives, taking into account a dynamic simplified model of the plant, constraints, and stability requirements. In the last years, several economic formulations of MPC have been presented, which get over the standard setpoint-tracking formulation. The goal of this work is to provide, by means of application to a highly nonlinear plant, a comparison of different strategies, focusing mainly on economic optimality, computational burden, and economic performance.
Évaluation du rendement et motivation au travail : propositions de recherche pour une rétroaction sur le rendement qui favorise la satisfaction des besoins psychologiques fondamentaux

La retroaction suite a l’evaluation du rendement est un processus qui favorise l’actualisation de soi et le rendement. Toutefois, les employes peuvent percevoir ce processus comme controlant et ainsi occasionner une baisse de motivation au travail. Cet article vise a augmenter l’incidence de la retroaction sur la motivation des employes. Un cadre comportemental fonde sur la theorie de l’auto-determination et que les gestionnaires peuvent mettre en pratique est propose. L’application du cadre contribue a la satisfaction des besoins, ce qui, comme le predit la theorie, augmente la motivation autonome, le bien-etre et le rendement.
Selection for Wandering Behavior in a Small Robot

We have evolved artificial neural networks to control the wandering behavior of small robots. The task and environment were very simple—to touch as many squares in a grid as possible during a fixed period of time. A number of the simulated robots were embodied in a small Lego™ robot, controlled by a Motorola™ 6811 processor; and their performance was compared to the simulations. We observed that: (a) evolution was an effective means to program the robot's behavior; (b) progress was characterized by sharply stepped periods of improvement, separated by periods of stasis that corresponded to levels of behavioral/computational complexity; and (c) the simulated and realized robots behaved quite similarly, the realized robots in some cases outperforming the simulated ones. Introducing random noise to the simulations improved the fit somewhat (from r = 0.73 to 0.79). Hybrid simulated/embodied selection regimes for evolutionary robots are discussed.
At the edges – A place and a space for tears: Exploring the framing of depressionin contemporary western culture

In this thesis I explore the contemporary Western framing of depression as an illness requiring treatment. This understanding of depression is examined through a hermeneutic study of the depression literature, focussing primarily on medical and sociological academic literature, but also including one popular website. Drawing on Weberian social theory, I argue that the dominant cultural understanding of depression allows only one story to be told: that of depression as an illness necessitating medical treatment to facilitate a cure. However, depression can also be understood as part of the suffering that constitutes what it is to be human. While contemporary approaches to depression are valuable, they are also restricted. I suggest an inclusive interstitiality of different stories would expand the current framing of depression. I draw on Weber’s analysis of the causal and codified nature of Western rationality and of the total world-view of the secular West deriving from religious antecedents to analyse the current framing of depression. In addition, I employ Derridean concepts of the Western proclivity for logocentrism and Levinasian concepts of the Western impulse to change Other into Same to augment the Weberian analysis to demonstrate how dominant approaches to depression are influenced by both historical and cultural factors ‘specific and peculiar’ to the Western way of viewing the world. This approach embeds depression within the historical-cultural milieu of the West, which I argue provides a predominantly exclusive and scientifically based view of depression as illness. I demonstrate this through an exploration of historical influences, interpretative positions, the assigning of meaning, and information produced for the public. Finally, I proffer some possibilities for future directions. The meta-perspective provided by this approach facilitates, for example, an appreciation that contemporary medical science inherited its belief in a total worldview from Western religious antecedents. Such a world-view results in the contemporary framing of depression functioning as though depression can only be viewed from the medical-scientific perspective, which is considered, a priori, to be the correct perspective. Establishing this meta-perspective enables the contemporary framing of depression to be situated firmly within its historical-cultural background. Through this re-interpretation of contemporary approaches to depression the study provides another perspective on depression: one that is historically and culturally grounded, one that challenges current perspectives and opinions, and one that encourages respectful dialogue and debate.
Risk factors for colorectal cancer in a prospective study among U.S. white men

The association of diet, smoking/drinking and occupation with subsequent risk of fatal colorectal cancer was investigated in a cohort of 17,633 white males aged 35 and older, who completed a mail questionnaire in 1966. During the subsequent 20 years of follow‐up, 120 colon cancer and 25 rectal cancer deaths were identified. Due to small numbers, no significant dose‐response trends were observed in the study, but risk of colon cancer was elevated among heavy cigarette smokers (≥30/day; RR = 2.3, 95% CI 0.9–5.7), heavy beer drinkers (≥14 times/month; RR = 1.9, 95% CI 1.0–3.8) and white‐collar workers (RR = 1.7, 95% CI 1.0–3.0) or crafts workers within service and trade industries (RR = 2.6, 95% CI 1.1–5.8). In addition, an increased risk was seen for those who consumed red meat more than twice a day (RR = 1.8, 95% CI 0.8–4.4). Risk patterns for cancers of the colon and rectum combined were similar to those reported for cancer of the colon, but the estimates were somewhat dampened. Our findings support previous reports that a high intake of red meat and a sedentary life‐style may increase the risk of colon cancer. Int. J. Cancer77:549–553, 1998. Published 1998 Wiley‐Liss, Inc. This article is a US Government work and, as such, is in the public domain in the United States of America.
Graphics programming on Android devices

Mobile devices, especially those that handle Android operating system have been well received in recent years and are used to solve problems in real time. Nowadays some applications are being developed to support visual programming within these devices and mobile applications have been developed to accomplish this approach as Catroid and Scratch, since it has been proven through studies that allows graphical programming to gain more interest in software development and has supported applications for computers with Scratch, StarLogo and Alice. For these reasons is presented the design and analysis of an application that lets you to program using blocks from Android devices and allows the generation and execution of code in the Java language on a remote server.
Designing for dabblers and deterring drop-outs in citizen science

In most online citizen science projects, a large proportion of participants contribute in small quantities. To investigate how low contributors differ from committed volunteers, we distributed a survey to members of the Old Weather project, followed by interviews with respondents selected according to a range of contribution levels. The studies reveal a complex relationship between motivations and contribution. Whilst high contributors were deeply engaged by social or competitive features, low contributors described a solitary experience of 'dabbling' in projects for short periods. Since the majority of participants exhibit this small-scale contribution pattern, there is great potential value in designing interfaces to tempt lone workers to complete 'just another page', or to lure early drop-outs back into participation. This includes breaking the work into components which can be tackled without a major commitment of time and effort, and providing feedback on the quality and value of these contributions.
Too tense for candy crush: affect influences user engagement with proactively suggested content

Push notifications are increasingly being used to engage users with app content. In the present research, we propose that users' current affect (i.e., how they are feeling) should be a critical---yet underexplored---factor in user engagement. Participants (N = 337) downloaded a custom-developed app that delivered notifications. After attending to a notification (N = 32,704), participants reported how they felt and chose whether to engage with further content; they could choose between mentally demanding or simple/diverting tasks. When feeling good, people were less likely to engage with mentally demanding tasks. When feeling calm, people were more likely to engage with diverting tasks. When feeling energetic, people were less likely to respond to distractions altogether. These findings provide a tantalizing first glimpse into how affect predicts the kind of content users choose to engage with, paving the way for the use of affect in the design of notification systems.
Antiretroviral Treatment Regimen Outcomes Among HIV-Infected Prisoners

Abstract Background: Despite the high prevalence of HIV in correctional settings, the duration of therapy and response to various highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) regimens in this setting is unknown. Method: Using a retrospective cohort study (1997-2002) of HIV-infected prisoners in Connecticut that linked demographic, pharmacy, and laboratory data, we compared HIV-1 RNA (VL) and CD4 lymphocyte responses to four treatment strategies at baseline and at the end of incarceration. Results: Using an analysis of 1,044 incarceration periods or 1,099 subjects for whom ≥6 months of continuous data were available, HAART regimens that included a triple NRTI, two NRTIs + either a PI or NNRTI, or a three-class (NRTI+NNRTI+PI) strategy demonstrated no difference in virological and immunological outcomes. The proportion of subjects who were initiated with NRTI, NNRTI, PI, or three-class regimens were 14%, 32%, 46%, and 8%, respectively. For all study groups, the mean change from baseline in CD4 and VL was +74 cells/μL and -0.93 log10 copies/mL (p < .0001), respectively. Overall, 59% of subjects had an HIV-1 RNA level below the level of detection (<400 copies/mL) by the end of their incarceration. Using Kaplan-Meier curves to examine the time to change in the initial HAART strategy over the incarceration period, the three-class strategy was significantly more likely to be changed earlier than all others (p < .05). Conclusion: Although the three-class strategy was less durable, initiating HAART with any strategy resulted in similar and impressive virological and immunological outcomes by the end of incarceration, further supporting prison as an important site for the initiation and provision of effective antiretroviral therapy.
Functional expression of the cDNAs encoding rat 11 beta-hydroxylase [cytochrome P450(11 beta)] and aldosterone synthase [cytochrome P450(11 beta, aldo)].

Expression plasmids containing two cDNAs of a rat cytochrome P450(11 beta) family, pcP450(11 beta)-62 [Nonaka, Y. , Matsukawa, N. , Morohashi, K. , Omura, T. , Ogihara, T. , Teraoka, H. & Okamoto, M. (1989) FEBS Lett. 255, 21-26] and pcP450(11 beta, aldo)-46 [Matsukawa, N. , Nonaka, Y. , Ying, Z. , Higaki, J., Ogihara, T. & Okamoto, M. (1990) Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 169, 245-252], were constructed and introduced into COS-7 cells by electroporation. Enzymatic activities of the expressed cytochromes P450(11 beta) and P450(11 beta, aldo) were determined by using 11-deoxycorticosterone, corticosterone, 18-hydroxy-11-deoxycorticosterone, 18-hydroxycorticosterone, or 19-hydroxy-11-deoxycorticosterone as a substrate. Cytochrome P450(11 beta) catalyzed 11 beta-, 18- and 19-hydroxylations of 11-deoxycorticosterone and 19-oxidation or 19-hydroxy-11-deoxycorticosterone at substantial rates, 18-hydroxylation of corticosterone at a very low rate, but no aldosterone production. Cytochrome P450(11 beta, aldo) catalyzed 11 beta- and 18-hydroxylations of 11-deoxycorticosterone, 18-hydroxylation of corticosterone and aldosterone production from 11-deoxycorticosterone or corticosterone. But neither 19-hydroxylation of 11-deoxycorticosterone nor 19-oxidation of 19-hydroxy-11-deoxycorticosterone was catalyzed by cytochrome P450(11 beta, aldo).