Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Hemoglobin Derivatives in Beef Irradiated with Accelerated Electrons

The efficiency of food irradiation depends on the accuracy of the irradiation dose range that is sufficient for inhibiting microbiological growth without causing an irreversible change to the physical and chemical properties of foods. This study suggests that the concentration of hemoglobin derivatives can be used as a criterion for establishing the limit for chilled beef irradiation at which irradiation-induced oxidation becomes irreversible. The express spectrophotometry method for estimating the hemoglobin derivative concentration shows a nonlinear increase in methemoglobin concentration from 15% to 50% in beef irradiated by accelerated electrons with the doses ranging from 250 Gy to 10,000 Gy. The monitoring of the hemoglobin derivative concentration for three days after irradiation shows nonmonotonous dependencies of methemoglobin concentration in beef in the storage time since the oxidation of hemoglobin occur as a result of irradiation and biochemical processes in beef during storage. The proposed method based on the quantitative analysis of the hemoglobin derivative concentration can be used to estimate the oxidation level for irradiation of foods containing red blood cells. The study proposes a model that describes the change in hemoglobin derivative concentration in beef after irradiation considering that oxidation of hemoglobin can be triggered by the direct ionization caused by accelerated electrons, biochemical processes as a result of bacterial activity, and reactive oxygen species appearing during irradiation and storage. This research throws light on the mechanisms behind food irradiation during storage that should be taken into account for selecting the optimal parameters of irradiation.
Modeling and Approximation of Nonlinear Dynamics of Flapping Flight

The underlying governing equations of biologically inspired robotic systems consist of a set of coupled nonlinear di↵erential equations. Using analytical mechanics, we can derive dynamic equations of flapping wing robots that are similar to serial kinematic chains. However, the contribution of aerodynamic forces in these equations are not in the ordinary form. In fact, CFD simulations show that these forces are best described by history dependent profiles. Therefore the usual ordinary di↵erential equations turn to functional di↵erential equations. We construct these functional di↵erential equations using integral operators and distributed parameter systems. We define a set of fixed history dependent integral operators and set an unknown parameter to reflect the weight in which a particular operator contributes to the aerodynamic forces. In the first part of this work we present an algorithm to identify the history dependent profile of lift and drag forces and prove the existence of solutions for such di↵erential equations. Then we present su cient conditions for the convergence of online estimation methods. We show that the approximation error improves by increasing the resolution of the estimation space and calculate the rate of convergence to the true model. Also, we propose an sliding mode adaptive controller strategy for the history dependent functional di↵erential equation. In the second part of this work we use camera observations for generating discrete equations of discrete mechanics that evolve near submanifols of configuration space. The idea comes from the analysis of animal motion data which suggests the existence of low dimensional sub manifolds of motion in the configuration manifold of the system of interest. The discrete camera observations are concentrated near the motion submanifold by a probability measure ⇢. We derive error bounds for the discrete Lagrangian formulation in terms of the di↵erence between the empirical Lagrangian Lz which is constructed using the camera observations and the limiting Lagrangian L⇢. We derive a probabilistic error bound on discrete Lagrangian exploiting techniques from learning theory on reproducing kernel Hilbert spaces (RKHS). We validate our algorithm using a simple numerical example and present an open problem for future research direction. Modeling and Approximation of Nonlinear Dynamics of Flapping Flight Shirin Dadashi General Audience Abstract In this work we focus on modeling flapping flight mechanics by focusing our attention in two aspects of modeling. We first model the behavior of aerodynamic forces in charge of keeping the flying animal airborn. We present a mathematical model for history dependent profile of these forces. Also, we propose a novel adaptive controller to compensate these unknown forces in the dynamic model of the system. We also propose an algorithm to derive dynamic equations of the animal motion by using video data. We expect the model derived by this novel method to emulate the animal motion closely.
A Novel Approach to Develop the Lower Order Model of Multi-Input Multi-Output System

A mathematical model is a virtual entity that uses mathematical language to describe the behavior of a system. Mathematical models are used particularly in the natural sciences and engineering disciplines like physics, biology, and electrical engineering as well as in the social sciences like economics, sociology and political science. Physicists, Engineers, Computer scientists, and Economists use mathematical models most extensively. With the advent of high performance processors and advanced mathematical computations, it is possible to develop high performing simulators for complicated Multi Input Multi Ouptut (MIMO) systems like Quadruple tank systems, Aircrafts, Boilers etc. This paper presents the development of the mathematical model of a 500 MW utility boiler which is a highly complex system. A synergistic combination of operational experience, system identification and lower order modeling philosophy has been effectively used to develop a simplified but accurate model of a circulation system of a utility boiler which is a MIMO system. The results obtained are found to be in good agreement with the physics of the process and with the results obtained through design procedure. The model obtained can be directly used for control system studies and to realize hardware simulators for boiler testing and operator training.
Study of additive correction multigrid application

Abstract. There are a lot of problems in engineering, some of them can be modeled through mathematical model equations without greater error addition. An analytical solution for these models equations are generally unknown, so one uses a numerical method to solve them. In this work, the Finite Volume Method (FVM) is employed to solve the following model equations: Burgers 1D, Poisson 2D and Poisson 3D. The linear system of equations resulted from FVM is solved using the Additive Correction Multigrid (ACM) strategy with Gauss-Seidel solver, the singlegrid is also tested and a comparison between them is shown. The coefficient of complexity, i.e., the rate which the CPU time increases in relation to the size of the grid doesn’t reach exactly the unity, which is the theoretical complexity coefficient of Multigrid strategy, but a possible explanation to this fact is shown.
Numerical Modeling of Dust Dynamics around Small Asteroids

Dynamics of dust transport around an airless body has been a focused area of research in recent years, however, various challenging aspects still remain to be addressed. This paper presents an investigation of charged dust transport and distribution around small asteroids utilizing a full particle Particle-in-Cell (PIC) model to simulate plasma (cid:13)ow around an asteroid and calculate surface charging self-consistently from charge deposition on asteroid. Material properties of asteroid are also explicitly included in the simulation. PIC simulation results are fed into a 3D dust dynamics model to simulate charged dust levitation, transport and distribution. In addition to electrostatic and gravitational forces, the dynamics of dust surface impacts and asteroid body rotation are also included in the model. We discuss the eﬀects on dust levitation and transport by comparing dust grain charge-mass ratio, local electrostatic (cid:12)eld and dust grain size. We present simulation results of dust distribution around small spherical asteroids. The study highlights the sensitivity to electrostatic (cid:12)eld and grain characteristics while following the general trend that gravity dominates in the far (cid:12)eld, where as local electric (cid:12)eld prevails at low altitude. altitudes, gravity appears to be the dominant player in dust transport, while the electric (cid:12)eld has a strong in(cid:13)uence on dust dynamics at low altitudes. An increase in the electrostatic force is more eﬃcient at perturbing the density pro(cid:12)le between the low and high altitude. For smaller grains, solar radiation pressure may have a greater role on dynamics around an asteroid. This work successfully implemented an FE MASCON gravitational model. Future work will investigate further into the role of the asteroid shape and internal structure of the airless body.
Comparative Transcriptome Analyses Reveal Different Regulatory Mechanisms in Ecological Adaptation between Chrysanthemum vestitum and Chrysanthemum mongolicum

Chrysanthemum mongolicum and Chrysanthemum vestitum belong to the Asteraceae family, which occupy a wider range of ecological niches and represent extensive biotic resistance and abiotic tolerance. However, the genetic information about these two species is poorly known, which restricts their utilization. Here, the leaf transcriptomes of the two Chrysanthemum species were investigated and compared. In total, 21,856 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were identified between C. vestitum and C. mongolicum, of which 12,076 DEGs were up-regulated and 9780 were down regulated in C. vestitum compared to C. mongolicum. Functional enrichment analysis revealed that stress resistance categories had significant proportions. The up-regulated DEGs related to “ABC transporters”, “Flavonoid biosynthesis” and “Monoterpenoid biosynthesis” were significantly enriched in C. vestitum compared with C. mongolicum. While the DEGs involved in “Biosynthesis of unsaturated fatty acids”, “Proteasome”, “Phenylpropanoid biosynthesis”, “Oxidative phosphorylation”, “Plant-pathogen interaction”, “Starch and sucrose metabolism”, “Glutathione metabolism”, as well as “MAPK signaling pathway” were mostly up-regulated in C. mongolicum compared with C. vestitum, suggesting their important roles in C. mongolicum. These results might explain the differences in morphology and provide potential molecular mechanisms for the ecological adaptation of the two Chrysanthemum species in extreme environments. Together, the results of this study provide a genetic resource that may greatly benefit the genetic improvement of cultivated chrysanthemums and will be helpful for plant conservation and sustainable utilization in the future.
Liver Fat Storage Is a Better Predictor of Coronary Artery Disease than Visceral Fat

Fatty liver is one aspect of metabolic syndrome. The roles and contributions of fatty liver and visceral fat storage to coronary artery disease (CAD) are not clear. This study measured associations among visceral fat storage, fatty liver, insulin resistance, atherosclerosis, and CAD. Patients were divided into three groups: excess visceral fat (visceral fat area >330 ± 99 cm2), non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), and a control group. The definition of fatty liver is liver minus spleen density greater than or equal to −10. We defined early atherosclerosis as intima–media thickness of the common carotid artery >7 mm in men and >0.65 mm in women, measured with Doppler ultrasound. Visceral fat area was defined using CT (>330 ± 99 cm2). Insulin-resistance biomarkers (HOMA), CRP, and oxidant–antioxidant status (MDA-Paraoxonase) were also measured. Patients with high liver or visceral fat showed higher coronary plaque prevalence (50% (p < 0.001), 38% (p < 0.01), respectively vs. 25% in the control group), higher prevalence of coronary stenosis (30% (p < 0.001), 22% (p < 0.01) vs. 11% in the control group), higher intimal thickening (0.98 ± 0.3 (p< 0.01), 0.86 ± 0.1 (p < 0.01) vs. 0.83 ± 0.1 in the control group), higher HOMA (4.0 ± 3.0 (p < 0.005), 3.0 ± 1.0 (p < 0.001) vs. 1.5 ± 1.2 in the control group), and higher triglyceride levels (196.8 ± 103 (p < 0.005), 182.6 ± 90.87 (p < 0.005) vs. 145 ± 60 in the control group). Multiple logistic regression analysis showed that fatty liver predicted CAD (OR 2.7, 95% CI 2.3–4.9, p < 0.001) independently of visceral fat storage (OR 2.01, 95% CI 1.2–2.8, p < 0.001). Liver fat storage is a strong independent risk factor for CAD and carotid atherosclerosis and contributes more than visceral fat storage.
Perceived Discrimination Among Chinese International Students During the COVID-19 Pandemic: A Qualitative Study Based on Grounded Theory

The reports on discrimination against the Chinese and Asian people has increased during the global COVID-19 pandemic. The study examined discrimination perceived by Chinese international students studying abroad during the COVID-19 pandemic, and constructed the theoretical conceptual model of perceived discrimination among Chinese international students based on the grounded theoretical analysis of the interview data. The study revealed the theoretical logic behind perceived discrimination among Chinese international students in the context of COVID-19 and offered some countermeasure suggestions.
Foreign Policy Specificity: An Analysis of Ministerial Survival in Latin America, 1945–2020

ABSTRACT This research note analyzes the incentives of different types of policy areas for a president to keep or dismiss a minister. It uses ministerial survival analysis to compare foreign and domestic policy areas, focusing on comparable and analogous presidential decisions among countries and portfolios. The research utilizes ministerial survival data for education, finance, health, and foreign policy between 1945 and 2020 in Argentina, Brazil, Chile, Mexico, Paraguay, Peru, and Uruguay. Using Cox regression models, we find that a foreign policy portfolio has a positive effect on ministerial survival, but the specificity of this portfolio does not hold for autocratic governments. Autocracies show higher levels of ministerial survival in all four portfolios, but a foreign policy portfolio is no more stable than domestic portfolios. Democratic presidents have the incentive to signal stability to the international audience, preserving the foreign policy portfolio from the frequent ministerial changes in domestic portfolios.
A 12-to-1 Flying Capacitor Cross-Connected Buck Converter With Inserted D > 0.5 Control for Fast Transient Response

This article presents a 12-to-1 flying capacitor cross-connected (CCC) converter with an inserted duty cycle (<inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$D) > $ </tex-math></inline-formula> 0.5 control for fast transient response. As analyzed, CCC and double-step-down (DSD) converters have almost the same power loss and silicon area, while the CCC uses a much smaller input capacitance. Besides, with the proposed <inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$D > $ </tex-math></inline-formula> 0.5 control, the CCC achieves <inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$>\,\,2\times $ </tex-math></inline-formula> inductor current slew rate and thus a faster transient response, when compared with a conventional DSD converter. Subsequently, we use a primary–secondary synchronized hysteretic (SH) controller that further improves the transient response. We investigate the small-signal model to guide the controller’s design. Moreover, we propose a shared bootstrap circuit to save the silicon area. The prototype chip fabricated in a 0.18-<inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$\mu \text{m}$ </tex-math></inline-formula> HV-SOI process occupies a die area of 2.8 mm2. The measured peak efficiency is 86.8% with a 12-V input, a 1.2-V output, and a 2-MHz switching frequency. With two 0.74-<inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$\mu \text{H}$ </tex-math></inline-formula> inductors and a 10.6-<inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$\mu \text{F}$ </tex-math></inline-formula> output capacitor, the measured undershoot is 110 mV with a 4-A load current step. The normalized undershoot is <inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$0.73\times $ </tex-math></inline-formula> the minimum undershoot that DSD can achieve.
A Miniaturized Variable Stiffness Soft Manipulator With a Customizable LMPA Pattern

Safe human-robot interaction and excellent motion flexibility ensure a wide range of potential applications for soft robots in industry and medicine. Although many efforts have been made to empower soft robots with variable stiffness, solutions for miniaturization, wide-range, and rapid-response stiffness have yet to be realized. To maintain the combination of motion flexibility and operation stability, in this work a soft variable stiffness manipulator with a diameter of 10.7 mm based on a low melting point alloy (LMPA) solution is proposed. Inspired by reinforced concrete structures, LMPA structures can be freely designed and optimized by a novel 2D to 3D fabrication method for the first time. The crossed pattern LMPA was selected as the variable stiffness skeleton of the manipulator through comparative experiments. Under hot and cold water circulation, the rigid-soft transition time is reduced to 10–15 seconds due to structure optimization. Tests have shown that the omnidirectional steering manipulator can easily be bent over $180^{\circ }$ with high repeatability (standard deviation of $1.37^{\circ }$) in the soft state and lock the shape at any bend angle with a stiffness of about 415.45 N/m in the rigid state. The rapid and wide variation in stiffness of the soft manipulator can be used as a small platform for minimally invasive surgical tools in confined spaces.
‘I found comfort in Spanglish:’ translanguaging and the linguistic experiences of bilingual teacher candidates in rural California

Abstract A new bilingual/plurilingual education renaissance in California was ushered in with the passage of state Proposition 58 in 2016. Program planners, however, have struggled to meet the need for bilingual/plurilingual teachers within a linguistic context ravaged by two decades of restrictive policies. This restrictionism has resulted in an entire generation of would-be bilingual teacher candidates growing up without formal academic support for bilingualism and biliteracy in their k-12 education. Although plurilingualism has been stymied in formal spaces, emerging research on translanguaging indicates that ‘bilinguals’ by definition creatively language within their various social and political milieu such that syntheses or hybrid forms of language emerge that reflect their full linguistic repertoire. This study examines the linguistic experiences of those who have overcome the odds to pursue their bilingual teacher certification. Through analysis of participant case studies of Latinx candidates studying for their bilingual teacher certification in California’s southern San Joaquín Valley, we find translanguaging to be a critical tool of identity expression, interethnic solidarity, and plurilingual/bilingual sustenance within a decidedly conservative and subtractive sociocultural and sociolinguistic context. We discuss the implications of these findings for the centering of translanguaging in bilingual teacher education and the cultivation of future bilingual/plurilingual educators in California.
Microwave photonic frequency up-convertor with frequency doubling and compensation of chromatic-dispersion-induced power fading

A novel photonic frequency-doubling up-converter is proposed and experimentally demonstrated with compensation of power fading after fiber transmission over 60 and 80 km and the spurious-free dynamic rang (SFDR) at 21.7GHz with 60 km fiber transmission is improved by more than 20 dB.
Technical Section Auditory steady-state responses: threshold prediction using phase coherence 1

Summary These experiments add a measure of response phase variance -- 'phase coherence' -- to the analysis procedures applied to auditory steady-state responses (SSR). The effects of stimulus frequency, intensity, rate and total number (i.e., recording time) were studied using 11 normal adult subjects. In a first experiment, SSR phase coherence was found to be highest at presentation rates near 40/sec, even when response amplitudes were higher at other rates. Further, phase coherence was observed to be linearly related (r = 0.91) to signal-to-noise ratio. Two further experiments demonstrated that phase coherence can correctly detect responses to near-threshold stimuli. In 15 rain runs, significant phase coherence was detected within 6 dB of behavioral threshold in 6 subjects for 0.5 and 2.0 kHz signals, while phase coherence in no-stimulus control runs did not reach significance. Minimum data collection time required to record significant (P < 0.01) responses was studied for 10 subjects. In 2 of 40 recordings at 10 dB SL phase coherence remained insignificant after even 15 min. However, average recording time to reach significance at 10 dB SL was less than 4 rain in 38 of 40 recordings, and less than 1 min at 25 dB SL (18 of 18 recordings). These results indicate that using phase coherence to detect the presence of the 40/sec auditory steady-state response, efficient threshold search procedures may be devised to provide fast, accurate, and objective estimates of auditory behavioral thresholds in nearly all normal adults.
Engineering Assessment and Recycling of Building Stones Produced from the Destroyed Buildings in Old Mosul City

Building stones have various mineralogical, textures, microstructures, and physical and mechanical properties. Limestone, dolomite, and gypsum stone samples were taken from the old city of Mosul, which was destroyed due to the liberation operation of the city. From the study of the rock segments, it appeared that there was a low percentage of the pores that were formed due to the dissolution process, as well as the effect of weathering was a few centimeters in depth. From the results of the physical tests of the samples, it appeared that the density of the limestone is low to high for the grey gypsum. The grey gypsum has zero porosity, while low in gypsum and medium to high in dolomite and limestone, respectively. The rate of forced water absorption varies, and the reason is the difference in the porosity as it increases with connected pores, which in term leads to an increase in the amount of absorbed water. According to the results of the mechanical tests of the rocks, the compressive strength was low to medium, and the durability of the rocks was high, this confirms the validity of the rocks in the study area as unloading bearing stones. The economic feasibility results from not transporting the old rocks, but rather using them in the same site in the city. These huge quantities of stones, which took a great deal of work and money to bring to the city from the outskirts, cannot be wasted by transporting them outside the city because it will cause significant pollution and cost time and money, whereas they can be used in the reconstruction of the destroyed city, for instance, unloading bearing stones.