Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
The Multinational Paradigm.

Nontechnical yet analytically rigorous, The Multinational Paradigm represents a new direction in understanding the multinational corporation. Aliber suggests that changes in the relative rates of economic growth of countries lead to changes in exchange rates that have an important impact on the financing, sourcing, and marketing decisions and practices of individual firms. He provides a unique perspective for examining what is different about business in a global context by placing these decisions in the framework of the multinational paradigm—the choice between whether the firm should centralize or decentralize its production, marketing, and finance and the factors involved in this trade-off. Aliber's theory is the first to adequately explain why the flow of direct foreign investment shifted in the 1980s toward the US as a host country. In a framework that Aliber calls "the Andy Warhol view of countries in the world economy," he proposes that every country has a short time span (15, 20, or perhaps even 30 years) during which it grows rapidly; thus individual countries experience growth at different times. He argues that during this growth period real interest rates and profit rates are high, capital flows to the country, and its currency appreciates. New firms are formed at an increasingly rapid rate, and the average age of both the labor force and the industrial plant and equipment of the typical firm decreases. When the growth rate within a country slows, these conditions are reversed. In separate chapters, Aliber discusses the implications of changes in growth rates of individual countries for strategic management and for financing decisions (currency denomination of a firm's debt, cash management practices, capital budgeting). He applies the multinational paradigm to decisions about location of plants and to the trade-offs between global and national marketing. Changes in the pattern of direct foreign investment are analyzed and conflicts between host governments and multinational corporations are evaluated in terms of the paradigm.
UNDERSTANDING NITROGEN LIMITATION IN AUREOCOCCUS ANOPHAGEFFERENS (PELAGOPHYCEAE) THROUGH cDNA AND qRT‐PCR ANALYSIS 1

Brown tides of the marine pelagophyte Aureococcus anophagefferens Hargraves et Sieburth have been investigated extensively for the past two decades. Its growth is fueled by a variety of nitrogen (N) compounds, with dissolved organic nitrogen (DON) being particularly important during blooms. Characterization of a cDNA library suggests that A. anophagefferens can assimilate eight different forms of N. Expression of genes related to the sensing, uptake, and assimilation of inorganic and organic N, as well as the catabolic process of autophagy, was assayed in cells grown on different N sources and in N‐limited cells. Growth on nitrate elicited an increase in the relative expression of nitrate and ammonium transporters, a nutrient stress‐induced transporter, and a sensory kinase. Growth on urea increased the relative expression of a urea and a formate/nitrite transporter, while growth on ammonium resulted in an increase in the relative expression of an ammonium transporter, a novel ATP‐binding cassette (ABC) transporter and a putative high‐affinity phosphate transporter. N limitation resulted in a 30‐ to 110‐fold increase in the relative expression of nitrate, ammonium, urea, amino acid/polyamine, and formate/nitrite transporters. A. anophagefferens demonstrated the highest relative accumulation of a transcript encoding a novel purine transporter, which was highly expressed across all N sources. This finding suggests that purines are an important source of N for the growth of this organism and could possibly contribute to the initiation and maintenance of blooms in the natural environment.
Relative risk of injury from acute alcohol consumption: modeling the dose-response relationship in emergency department data from 18 countries.

AIMS To update and extend analysis of the dose-response relationship of injury and drinking by demographic and injury subgroups and country-level drinking pattern, and examine the validity and efficiency of the fractional polynomial approach to modeling this relationship. DESIGN Pair-matched case-cross-over analysis of drinking prior to injury, using categorical step-function and fractional polynomial analysis. SETTING Thirty-seven emergency departments (EDs) across 18 countries. PARTICIPANTS A total of 13 119 injured drinkers arriving at the ED within 6 hours of the event. MEASUREMENTS The dose-response relationship was analyzed by gender, age, cause of injury (traffic, violence, fall, other) and country detrimental drinking pattern (DDP). FINDINGS Estimated risks were similar between the two analytical methods, with injury risk doubling at one drink [odds ratio (OR) = 2.3-2.7] and peaking at about 30 drinks. Although risk was similar for males and females up to three drinks (OR = 4.6), it appeared to increase more rapidly for females and was significantly higher starting from 20 drinks [female OR = 28.6; confidence interval (CI) = 16.8, 48.9; male OR = 12.8; CI = 10.1, 16.3]. No significant differences were found across age groups. Risk was significantly higher for violence-related injury than for other causes across the volume range. Risk was also higher at all volumes for DDP-3 compared with DDP-2 countries. CONCLUSIONS There is an increasing risk relationship between alcohol and injury but risk is not uniform across gender, cause of injury or country drinking pattern. The fractional polynomial approach is a valid and efficient approach for modeling the alcohol injury risk relationship.
A 70°phase margin OPAMP with positive feedback in flexible a-IGZO TFT technology

This paper presents a fully integrated operational amplifier (OPAMP) with positive feedback fabricated in a flexible amorphous indium gallium zinc oxide (a-IGZO) thin film transistor (TFT) technology. The OPAMP is implemented by using a 5 μm nMOS a-IGZO TFT process, and is operated from a dc supply voltage of 6 V. The circuit relies on positive feedback in the input differential pair to improve gain. The measured open-loop gain is 19 dB over a 3 dB bandwidth of 25 kHz with 70° PM (phase margin). The measured unity-gain frequency, output swing voltage, and dc power consumption are 330 kHz, 3.7 Vpp, and 6.78 mW, respectively. The total chip area of the proposed OPAMP is 4.2×6 mm2. To the best of our knowledge the proposed amplifier has the highest PM among OPAMPs in TFT technology.
A subharmonically injected LC delay line oscillator for 17-GHz quadrature LO generation

An injection-locked delay line oscillator multiplies a 5-6-GHz input by 3 to generate I/Q LO signals for 17-GHz wireless networking applications. I/Q errors caused by asymmetric injection are minimized by symmetric injection via a passive polyphase prefilter. Passive delay lines set the measured free-running frequency of the LC ring oscillator to 16.24 GHz. The measured locking range for a 0 dBm (50 /spl Omega/) input is 14.6-17.86 GHz. Input-to-output phase noise degradation is negligible, and I/Q amplitude and phase errors are <0.17 dB and <2/spl deg/, respectively. Power consumption of the 1.2/spl times/1.4 mm/sup 2/ 0.2 /spl mu/m SiGe BiCMOS testchip (excluding buffers) is 22 mW at 2.2 V.
Use of GHb (HbA1c) in screening for undiagnosed diabetes in the U.S. population.

OBJECTIVE To evaluate the use of GHb as a screening test for undiagnosed diabetes (fasting plasma glucose > or =7.0 mmol/l) in a representative sample of the U.S. population. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS The Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey included national samples of non-Hispanic whites, non-Hispanic blacks, and Mexican Americans aged > or =20 years. Of these subjects, 7,832 participated in a morning examination session, of which 1,273 were excluded because of a previous diagnosis of diabetes, missing data, or fasting time of <8 h before examination. Venous blood was obtained to measure fasting plasma glucose and GHb in the remaining 6,559 subjects. Receiver operating characteristic curve analysis was used to examine the sensitivity and specificity of GHb for detecting diabetes at increasing GHb cutoff levels. RESULTS GHb demonstrated high sensitivity (83.4%) and specificity (84.4%) for detecting undiagnosed diabetes at a GHb cutoff of 1 SD above the normal mean. Moderate sensitivity (63.2%) and very high specificity (97.4%) were evident at a GHb cutoff of 2 SD above the normal mean. Sensitivity at this level ranged from 58.6% in the non-Hispanic white population to 83.6% in the Mexican-American population; specificity ranged from 93.0% in the nonHispanic black population to 98.3% in the non-Hispanic white population. CONCLUSIONS GHb is a highly specific and convenient alternative to fasting plasma glucose for diabetes screening. A GHb value of 2 SD above the normal mean could identify a high proportion of individuals with undiagnosed diabetes who are at risk for developing diabetes complications.
The Politics of Ambivalence and Gambling in Copenhagen

5 I Welfare Regimes, UDPs and Dynamics of Social Polarisation . 7 The Danish welfare model after the golden age . 8 Welfare regimes and housing regulations . 9 Segregation, housing and urban policy in Copenhagen . 10 Changes in the urban hierachy . 12 Long-term effects of labour market exclusion . 12 Gender and Social Exclusion . 12 Workfare and Activation Programmes . 14 Local Workfare Schemes as Mechanism of Municipal Exclusion . 15 Rhetoric about social responsibi lity for companies . 16 Experimental Social Action . 17 II Principles of planning, Urban policy, and UDP's . 20 Municipal Reform . 20 Physical Planning . 23 From Management of Growth to the Management of Crisis . 25 An Attempt to Plot the Principles of the Danish Planning System . 28 From Politics to Policy . 3 I The Present Ambivalence of Urban Planning in Denmark . 33 The New "State Led Entrepreneurialism" . 34 The Birth of the UDP . 36 Financial Affairs . 38 Current Developments in the Land Sale . 42 Overall Financial Status in the Oerestad Company . 44 The "Point of No Return" and the Spirit of "the Three Musketeers" . 45 III Policy lessons . 50 Lessons Arising from the Danish Case Study . 54 The Problem ofUDP Irreversibili ty and the "Spirit of the Musketeers" . 55 Subsidiarity and the Role of Regional Government. 56 Holistic inclusive planning Suggestions . 57 References . 60 Appendix 1 . 64 Appendix 2 . 65 Appendix 3 . 69
Search Engine Use Behavior of Students and Faculty: User Perceptions and Implications for Future Research

The paper examines the Web search engine use of faculty and students to support learning, teaching, and research. We explore the academic tasks supported by search engine use to investigate if and how students and scholars vary in their use patterns. We also investigate the satisfaction levels with the search outcomes and trust in search engines in supporting their tasks. The study is based on triangulating three data-gathering methods, including a Web-based survey, interviews, and search log reviews. One of the goals of the study is to demonstrate how each methodology exhibits a unique strength in collecting information about different dimensions of search behavior and perceptions. We conclude that, although there are variations in search engine use among the faculty, graduate and undergraduate students surveyed, there is convergence in means of overall satisfaction with the outcomes of their searches and trust in search engines in supporting their studies and research. The paper concludes with a discussion of the implications of the findings for future search engine research and information practitioners.
Kupffer cell products and interleukin 1? directly promote VLDL secretion and apoB mRNA up-regulation in rodent hepatocytes

Plasma VLDL accumulation in Gram-negative sepsis is partly ascribed to an increased hepatic VLDL production driven by pro-inflammatory cytokines. We previously showed that hepatocytes of the Kupffer cell (KC)-rich periportal area are major contributors to enhanced VLDL production in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-injected rats. However, it remains to be established whether KC generated products directly affect the number (apoB) and composition of secreted VLDL. Using rat primary cells, we show here that hepatocytes respond to stimulation by soluble mediators released by LPS-stimulated Kupffer cells with enhanced secretion of apoB and triglycerides in phospholipid-rich VLDL particles. Unstimulated KC products also augmented the secretion of normal VLDL, doubling apoB mRNA abundance. IL-1β treatment resulted in concentration-dependent increases of hepatocyte apoB mRNA and protein secretion, increases that were greater, but not additive, when combined with IL-6 and TNF-α. Lipid secretion and MTP mRNA levels were unaffected by cytokines. In summary: (i) enhanced secretion of phospholipid-rich VLDL particles is a net hepatocyte response to LPS-stimulated KC products, which gives a clue about the local role of Kupffer cells in septic dyslipidemia induction; and (ii) pro-inflammatory cytokines act redundantly to enhance apoB secretion involving translational apoB up-regulation, but other humoral components or KC mediators are necessary to accomplish increased lipid association.
Mitotic Golgi disassembly is required for bipolar spindle formation and mitotic progression

Significance During mammalian cell division, the contiguous Golgi ribbon is first vesiculated and then partitioned into the daughter cells with the aid of the mitotic spindle. Whether Golgi vesiculation is required for cell division is unclear. Here, we show that inhibition of Golgi disassembly by the acute formation of a polymer in the Golgi lumen prior to mitotic entry blocks bipolar spindle formation and arrests cells in early mitosis with an active spindle assembly checkpoint (SAC). Importantly, mitotic progression is fully restored upon depletion of centrosomes. Our work thus reveals that mitotic Golgi disassembly is tightly monitored and acts as an upstream surveillance point for the canonical SAC to ensure the fidelity of Golgi inheritance and cell division. During mitosis, the mammalian Golgi vesiculates and, upon partitioning, reassembles in each daughter cell; however, it is not clear whether the disassembly process per se is important for partitioning or is merely an outcome of mitotic entry. Here, we show that Golgi vesiculation is required for progression to metaphase. To prevent Golgi disassembly, we expressed HRP linked to a Golgi-resident protein and acutely triggered the polymerization of 3,3′-diaminobenzidine (DAB) in the Golgi lumen. The DAB polymer does not affect interphase cell viability, but inhibits Golgi fragmentation by nocodazole and brefeldin A and also halts cells in early mitosis. The arrest is Golgi specific and does not occur when DAB is polymerized in the endosomes. Cells with a DAB polymer in the Golgi enter mitosis normally but arrest with an intact Golgi clustered at a monopolar spindle and an active spindle assembly checkpoint (SAC). Mitotic progression is restored upon centrosome depletion by the Polo-like kinase 4 inhibitor, centrinone, indicating that the link between the Golgi and the centrosomes must be dissolved to reach metaphase. These results demonstrate that Golgi disassembly is required for mitotic progression because failure to vesiculate the Golgi activates the canonical SAC. This requirement suggests that cells actively monitor Golgi integrity in mitosis.
Robust Controller Design of Uncertain Discrete Time-Delay Systems With Input Saturation and Disturbances

This technical note deals with the problem of robust controller design of uncertain discrete time-delay systems subject to control input saturation and bounded external disturbances. A sufficient condition is obtained, which guarantees the existence of state feedback controllers and an admissible initial condition domain such that the resulting closed-loop system is uniformly exponentially convergent to a ball with certain exponential decay rate for every initial condition emanating from the admissible domain. An iterative linear matrix inequality relaxation scheme can be used to construct desired state feedback controllers. A simulation example is provided to demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed method.
Impact of family history of high myopia on level and onset of myopia.

PURPOSE To investigate the impact of a positive family history of high myopia on the level and onset of myopia and its ocular components. METHODS A cross-sectional study was conducted. The participants (aged 17 to 45 years) were categorized into four groups: normal, mild, moderate, and high myopia. The age of first glasses for myopia was used as the onset of myopia. The impact of the family history on the level and the onset of myopia was quantified. Parental effect on corneal curvature (CC), anterior chamber depth (ACD), and axial length (AXL) was analyzed. RESULTS The study included 185 normal subjects, 170 mild, 140 moderate, and 392 high myopes. Family history was strongly associated with the probands' status (P < 6 x 10(-12)). When there was >or=1 highly myopic parent, the odds ratios (ORs) of developing mild or moderate myopia were between 2.5 and 3.7 (95% CI: 1.1-6.5) and the ORs of having high myopia were > 5.5 (95% CI: 3.2-12.6). A strong association (P = 2 x 10(-6)) between parental myopic state and the AXL in the subjects was also found, but there was no statistical relationship for ACD or CC. There was an association between high myopia in parents and the onset of myopia in children. Siblings had a weaker association with the level of myopia and had no effect on the onset of myopia. CONCLUSIONS This study found strong familial effects on the level and onset of myopia even after adjusting for environmental factors. The parental effect on ocular components in their offspring was primarily on AXL.
Voriconazole Inhibits Fungal Growth without Impairing Antigen Presentation or T-Cell Activation

ABSTRACT Invasive aspergillosis (IA) is the most common life-threatening invasive mold infection worldwide. The principal therapy for IA is amphotericin B, despite its known toxicity and immunosuppressive side effects. Studies in animal models of IA suggest a role for T lymphocytes in the pathology of the disease, although the precise role for Aspergillus-specific T cells remains undefined. The isolation and characterization of T lymphocytes in animal models of IA are hampered by the rapid outgrowth of the fungus in cultures derived from infected organs. In the present study, we tested the abilities of the antifungal drugs caspofungin acetate and voriconazole to inhibit fungal growth in vitro as a means of maintaining cultures of T cells from Aspergillus-infected mice. We demonstrate that while both antifungal drugs are inhibitory, only voriconazole completely inhibited fungal growth, allowing long-term maintenance of T-cell cultures. In addition, voriconazole had no inhibitory effect on the activation and maturation of dendritic cells or the proliferation of T lymphocytes. Thus, voriconazole appears to be a promising agent for use in in vitro studies of Aspergillus-specific T lymphocytes in animal models of IA.
Structural basis for activation of α‐boranophosphate nucleotide analogues targeting drug‐resistant reverse transcriptase

AIDS chemotherapy is limited by inadequate intracellular concentrations of the active triphosphate form of nucleoside analogues, leading to incomplete inhibition of viral replication and the appearance of drug‐resistant virus. Drug activation by nucleoside diphosphate kinase and inhibition of HIV‐1 reverse transcriptase were studied comparatively. We synthesized analogues with a borano (BH3−) group on the α‐phosphate, and found that they are substrates for both enzymes. X‐ray structures of complexes with nucleotide diphosphate kinase provided a structural basis for their activation. The complex with d4T triphosphate displayed an intramolecular CH…O bond contributing to catalysis, and the Rp diastereoisomer of thymidine α‐boranotriphosphate bound like a normal substrate. Using α‐(Rp)‐boranophosphate derivatives of the clinically relevant compounds AZT and d4T, the presence of the α‐borano group improved both phosphorylation by nucleotide diphosphate kinase and inhibition of reverse transcription. Moreover, repair of blocked DNA chains by pyrophosphorolysis was reduced significantly in variant reverse transcriptases bearing substitutions found in drug‐resistant viruses. Thus, the α‐borano modification of analogues targeting reverse transcriptase may be of generic value in fighting viral drug resistance.
Ten Years After: Is it Time to Revisit the 1994 OSHA Indoor Air Quality Rule?

Approximately 20 million nonsmoking workers are employed in workplaces without restrictions on smoking and are potentially exposed to secondhand smoke—a Class A carcinogen. These workers are largely in the service industry, in southern and western states and in non-urban areas. The Occupational Safety and Health Administration's (OSHA's) 1994 proposal for smoke-free workplaces (withdrawn in 2001) was attacked by many interest groups that may no longer oppose this protection. Federal regulation for smoke-free workplaces is needed for workers, who are not protected by state and local smoke-free laws. This policy could save thousands of lives each year, and prevent significant illness. Twenty-one states have “state plans” that would allow more protective laws. Of the 29 states under OSHA, 11 have comprehensive smoke-free statutes. Changes in the policy environment and in institutions such as unions, restaurant associations, and the tobacco industry since 2001 may improve the prospects for federal action and reduce disparities that currently characterize exposure to secondhand smoke.
A New Approach to Reconstruction of Moodyâ€™s Rating System for Countries Investment Risk Rating

This study examines the relative importance of economic, environmental, educational, and infrastructure factors in determining countries risk rating. In the first step of the analysis, the economic determinants of the country were collected from World Bank (WB) and International Monetary Fund (IMF) databases. Although the country rating is subjective from time to time and it depends on many different factors (economic, environmental, educational, and infrastructure), changes in economic fundamentals are the main aspects which affect in country risk rating. This study does some empirical analysis of importance of economic and political factors and it does not stand for exact solution for classification of countries, rather than the study tries to analyze the relative importance of factors in the determination of country risk. It also provides an approximate rating method, which uses only data available in World Bank and International Monetary Fund and everybody, can evaluate easily. Also all collected data is based on information in year 2010.