Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Quantitative relational modelling with QAlloy

Alloy is a popular language and tool for formal software design. A key factor to this popularity is its relational logic, an elegant specification language with a minimal syntax and semantics. However, many software problems nowadays involve both structural and quantitative requirements, and Alloy's relational logic is not well suited to reason about the latter. This paper introduces QAlloy, an extension of Alloy with quantitative relations that add integer quantities to associations between domain elements. Having integers internalised in relations, instead of being explicit domain elements like in standard Alloy, allows quantitative requirements to be specified in QAlloy with a similar elegance to structural requirements, with the side-effect of providing basic dimensional analysis support via the type system. The QAlloy Analyzer also implements an SMT-based engine that enables quantities to be unbounded, thus avoiding many problems that may arise with the current bounded integer semantics of Alloy.
Accelerating gravitational wave parameter estimation with multi-band template interpolation

Parameter estimation on gravitational wave signals from compact binary coalescence (CBC) requires the evaluation of computationally intensive waveform models, typically the bottleneck in the analysis. This cost will increase further as low frequency sensitivity in later second and third generation detectors motivates the use of longer waveforms. We describe a method for accelerating parameter estimation by exploiting the chirping behaviour of the signals to sample the waveform sparsely for portions where the full frequency resolution is not required. We demonstrate that the method can reproduce the original results with a waveform mismatch of ⩽5×10−7, but with a waveform generation cost up to ∼50 times lower for computationally costly frequency-domain waveforms starting from below 8 Hz.
Patient–Therapist Expectancy Convergence and Outcome in Patient–Therapist Expectancy Convergence and Outcome in Naturalistic Psychotherapy Naturalistic Psychotherapy

Aim: Research on close relationships demonstrates that dyadic convergence, or two people becoming more concordant in their experiences and/or beliefs over time, is commonplace and adaptive. As psychotherapy involves a close relationship, patient–therapist convergence processes may influence treatment-specific outcomes. Although prior research supports that patients and therapists tend to converge on their alliance perspectives over time, which associates with subsequent patient improvement, no research has similarly examined belief convergence during therapy. Accordingly, this study focused on patient–therapist convergence in their outcome expectation (OE), a belief variable associated with patient improvement when measured from individual participant perspectives. I predicted both that significant OE convergence would occur and relate to better posttreatment outcome. Method: Data derived from a trial of naturalistic psychotherapy. Patients and therapists repeatedly rated their respective OE through treatment, and patients rated their symptom/functional outcomes at posttreatment. For dyads ( N = 154) with the requisite OE data, I tested my questions using multilevel structural equation modeling. Results: There was no discernable OE convergence pattern over treatment ( γ 100 = 0.02, SE = 0.04, p = .275) and OE convergence was unrelated to outcome at the between-dyad ( β 02 k = 1.86, SD = 10.08, p = .406) and between-therapist ( γ 002 = -0.06, SD = 3.54, p = .473) levels. However, higher early patient OE was significantly associated with better outcome at the between-dyad level ( β 05 k = -0.04, SD = 0.01, p < .001). Discussion: Results suggest that OE may be more of a facilitative patient versus relational process factor.
Anomalous thermal expansion, negative linear compressibility, and high-pressure phase transition in ZnAu 2 (CN ) 4 : Neutron inelastic scattering and lattice dynamics studies

We present temperature dependent inelastic neutron scattering measurments, accompanied byab-initio calculations of phonon spectra and elastic properties as a function of pressure to understand anharmonicity of phonons and to study the mechanism of negative thermal expansion and negative linear compressibility behaviour of ZnAu2(CN)4. The mechanism is identified in terms of specific anharmonic modes that involve bending of the Zn(CN)4-Au- Zn(CN)4 linkage. The high-pressure phase transition at about 2 GPa is also investigated and found to be related to softening of a phonon mode at the L-point at the Brillouin zone boundary and its coupling with a zone-centre phonon and an M-point phonon in the ambient pressure phase. Although the phase transition is primarily driven by a L-point soft phonon mode, which usually leads to a second order transition with a 2 x 2 x 2 supercell, in the present case the structure is close to an elastic instability that leads to a weakly first order transition.
Inherent Relationship between Flow Duration Curves at Different Time Scales: A Perspective on Monthly Flow Data Utilization in Daily Flow Duration Curve Estimation

Modelling flow duration curves (FDCs) has long been a topic of interest since it is widely used in various hydrological applications. Most studies related to the estimation of FDCs in ungauged or partial gauged basins focus primarily on using climate and catchment characteristics to regionalize FDC at some single time scale. However, the relationship of FDCs at various time scales are rarely analyzed or studied. Here, we propose two methods, which are Modelled FDC Parameter comparison (M-FDC-P) and Empirical FDC Ratio comparison (E-FDC-R), to study the quantitative relationship between daily and monthly FDCs. One method M-FDC-P, selects a Kappa (KAP) distribution to represent the characteristics of the FDCs and then analyzes the relationship between KAP parameters of modelled FDCs at different time scales. Results indicate that three out of four parameters have strong correlations between FDCs at daily and monthly time scales. The other method, E-FDC-R, compares the quantitative relationship between daily and monthly empirical FDCs with given exceedance probabilities. The Power function is used for fitting the ratio-exceedance probability curves. In addition, the simulated daily FDC derived from monthly FDC can be very consistent with the observed daily flow records when the two parameters of power function are quantified precisely. These results clearly indicate that there are strong connections between daily and monthly FDCs, and monthly FDC can provide valuable information for daily FDC estimation. Since flow records at a large time scale are easier to obtain, daily FDC could be derived from monthly FDC by considering the inherent relationships between FDCs at different time scales, which is not sufficiently realized in previous studies.
Modelling Early-type Stars in Eclipsing Binaries of Open Clusters: A New Method for Age Determination from the Ratio of Radii

Abstract Binary systems, in particular eclipsing binaries, are essential sources of knowledge of the fundamental properties of stars. The ages of binaries, members of open clusters, are constrained by their own fundamental properties and by those of the hosting cluster. The ages of eleven open clusters are here found by constructing models for the components of twelve eclipsing binaries. The difference between the ages we find and the ages of the clusters derived from isochrone fitting is up to 40%. For the binary system V497 Cep in NGC 7160, the difference is about 100%. Binary systems whose primary component is about to complete its main-sequence lifetime, such as V453 Cyg and V906 Sco, are the most suitable systems for age determination. Using model results for these stars, we derive an expression for sensitive and uncomplicated relative age determination of binary systems (age divided by the main-sequence lifetime of the primary star). The expression is given as a logarithm of radii ratio divided by a logarithm of mass ratio. Two advantages of this expression are that: (i) it is nearly independent of the assumed chemical composition of the models because of the appearance of the ratio of radii; and (ii) the ratios of radii and masses are observationally much more precise than their absolute values. We also derive another expression using luminosities rather than radii and compare results.
Mutual uncertainty, conditional uncertainty, and strong subadditivity

We introduce a concept, called the mutual uncertainty between two observables in a given quantum state, which enjoys features similar to those of the mutual information for two random variables. Further, we define conditional uncertainty as well as conditional variance and show that conditioning on more observables reduces the uncertainty. Given three observables, we prove a ``strong subadditivity'' relation for the conditional uncertainty under certain conditions. As an application, we show that by using the conditional variance one can detect bipartite higher dimensional entangled states. The efficacy of our detection method lies in the fact that it gives better detection criteria than most of the existing criteria based on geometry of the states. Interestingly, we find that for $N$-qubit product states, the mutual uncertainty is exactly equal to $N\ensuremath{-}\sqrt{N}$, and if it is other than this value, the state is entangled. We also show that using the mutual uncertainty between two observables, one can detect non-Gaussian steering where Reid's criterion fails to detect it. Our results may open a direction of exploration in quantum theory and quantum information using mutual uncertainty, conditional uncertainty, and the strong subadditivity for multiple observables.
Design of 16-bit ALU Using Full-Swing GDI Technique

—The Arithmetic Logic Unit is an integral part of the central processing unit of a computer. It carries out basic arithmetic operations like addition, subtraction, increment, decrement, etc. as well as logic operations like AND, OR, XOR, etc. The ALU is realized with transistor circuits. The overall power consumption of the device increases as the CPU power increases. Power dissipation is a crucial factor in low power VLSI circuit designs. The aim of low power VLSI is to minimize the power of individual components, which in turn decreases the overall power consumption. In this work, a 16-bit ALU is designed using Full-Swing GDI technique, which is an effective method of power and area reduction. From the simulation results we conclude that the ALU designed using FS-GDI technique consumes less power, while giving full swing output. The simulations are run in Cadence Virtuoso, 45nm Technology.
Don't choose theories: Normative inductive reasoning and the status of physical theories

Evaluating theories in physics used to be easy. Our theories provided very distinct predictions. Experimental accuracy was so small that worrying about epistemological problems was not necessary. That is no longer the case. The underdeterminacy problem between string theory and the standard model for current possible experimental energies is one example. We need modern inductive methods for this problem, Bayesian methods or the equivalent Solomonoff induction. To illustrate the proper way to work with induction problems I will use the concepts of Solomoff induction to study the status of string theory. Previous attempts have focused on the Bayesian solution. And they run into the question of why string theory is widely accepted with no data backing it. Logically unsupported additions to the Bayesian method were proposed. I will show here that, by studying the problem from the point of view of the Solomonoff induction those additions can be understood much better. They are not ways to update probabilities. Instead, they are considerations about the priors as well as heuristics to attempt to deal with our finite resources. For the general problem, Solomonoff induction also makes it clear that there is no demarcation problem. Every possible idea can be part of a proper scientific theory. It is just the case that data makes some ideas extremely improbable. Theories where that does not happen must not be discarded. Rejecting ideas is just wrong.
The Effect of Ionic Correlations on Radiative Properties in the Solar Interior and Terrestrial Experiments

With the aim of solving the decade-old problem of solar opacity, we report substantial photoabsorption uncertainty due to the effect of ion–ion correlations. By performing detailed opacity calculations of the solar mixture, we find that taking into account the ionic structure changes the Rosseland opacity near the convection zone by ∼10%. We also report a ∼15% difference in the Rosseland opacity for iron, which was recently measured at the Sandia Z facility, where the temperature reached that prevailing in the convection zone boundary while the density was 2.5 times lower. Finally, we propose a method to measure opacities at solar temperatures and densities that have never been reached in the past via laboratory radiation flow experiments, by using plastic foams doped with permilles of dominant photon absorbers in the Sun. The method is advantageous for an experimental study of solar opacities that may lead to a resolution of the solar abundance problem.
Model Study of a Quark Star

In this paper we apply the equation of state (EOS) of QCD at finite chemical potential and zero temperature proposed in H. S. Zong and W. M. Sun [Int. J. Mod. Phys. A 23, 3591 (2008)] to the study of properties of quark star. This EOS contains only one adjustable parameter m{sub D} which sets the scale of chiral symmetry breaking (in our calculation we have chosen two values of m{sub D}: m{sub D}=244 MeV and m{sub D}=239 MeV, which is fitted from the value of f{sub {pi}} and determined by e{sup +}e{sup -} annihilation experiment, respectively). From this EOS a model of quark star is established by applying the Tolman-Oppenheimer-Volkoff equation under two conditions: with the P({mu}=0) term and without the P({mu}=0) term. Our results show clearly that the P({mu}=0) term is an important quantity in the study of quark star. A comparison between our model and other models of quark star is made. In particular, we have compared our results with the most recent observational data measured using Shapiro delay reported in P. B. Demorest et al.[Nature (London) 467, 1081 (2010)].
Mirror quiescence and high-sensitivity position measurements with feedback

We present a detailed study of how phase-sensitive feedback schemes can be used to improve the performance of optomechanical devices. Considering the case of a cavity mode coupled to an oscillating mirror by the radiation pressure, we show how feedback can be used to reduce the position noise spectrum of the mirror, cool it to its quantum ground state, or achieve position squeezing. Then, we show that even though feedback is not able to improve the sensitivity of stationary position spectral measurements, it is possible to design a nonstationary strategy able to increase this sensitivity.
Impact of phosphorus amendments on cadmium uptake by sunflower inoculated with Rhizophagus irregularis mycorrhizae in a contaminated soil

Immobilization of heavy metals (HMs) by phosphorus compounds is an efficient and cheap technique in decreasing their phytoavailability in soil, depending highly on the type and rate of HMs. Greenhouse research was performed to evaluate the impact of various amendments on cadmium (Cd) absorbed by sunflower plants in HM-contaminated soil collected from a mining area. The experiment was performed as a randomized complete block design with two factors, namely mycorrhizal fungi ( Rhizophagus irregularis ) and amendments (di-ammonium phosphate, humic acid, bone meal, and humic acid +bone meal), in three replications. The results showed that applying all the amendments reduced the amount of soluble Cd and Cd 2+ species in the soil. The highest decreases occurred with the di-ammonium phosphate treatment (51% for soluble Cd), probably through decreasing pH and increasing phosphorus solubility, as a consequence, forming insoluble Cd phosphates. Mycorrhizal inoculat ion significantly decreased (p≤0.05) the Cd in the soil solution and the plant shoot but increased it in the plant root, probably through Cd accumulation in the fungal hyphae as Cd phosphates. The use of phosphate compounds is strongly recommended in order to immobilize Cd in highly contaminated sites.
Arguing about Complex Formulas: Generalizing Abstract Dialectical Frameworks

Abstract dialectical frameworks (in short, ADFs ) are a unifying model of formal argumentation, where argumentative relations between arguments are represented by assigning acceptance conditions to atomic arguments. This idea is generalized by letting acceptance conditions being assigned to complex formulas, resulting in conditional abstract dialectical frameworks (in short, cADFs ). We deﬁne the semantics of cADFs in terms of a non-truth-functional four-valued logic, and study the semantics in-depth, by showing existence results and proving that all semantics are generalizations of the corresponding semantics for ADFs .
HADAMARD TYPE OPERATIONS FOR QUBITS

We obtain the most general ensemble of qubits for which it is possible to design a universal Hadamard gate. These states, when geometrically represented on the Bloch sphere, give a new trajectory. We further consider some Hadamard "type" operations and find ensembles of states for which such transformations hold. The unequal superposition of a qubit and its orthogonal complement is also investigated.
Antioxidant potential and in-silico analysis of compounds from Citrus sinensis peel extracts against TGF-β isoforms

Malta (Citrus× sinensis) is a local variety of sweet orange which has been developed by hybridization between orange and lemon from hills of Uttarakhand, India. Malta peel is generated in huge amount as a waste product of food processing units. The present work is an effort to establish the potential anti oxidative, anti-carcinogenic and anti-cancerous role of Malta peel. Analysis revealed the presence of antioxidant enzymes like super oxide dismutase (SOD), catalase, glutathione peroxidase; which can check the reactive oxygen species (ROS) level and non-enzymatic antioxidant activity as observed in FRAP-assay (TPPZ method). Presence of anti-oxidative and anti-allergic vitamins in ample amount i.e. Vit. E, Vit. C, polyphenols and tumor preventive fl avonoids (limonene) has been confi rmed by GC-MS analysis, these compounds are known to possess an anti-carcinogenic role as well. Further to understand the possible anti-cancerous role, an in silico study was conducted using TGF isoforms (TGF-1 and TGF-2) as ligands. TGF signaling has a mechanistic role in tumor suppression and a previous medical study has confi rmed its indulgence in different forms of cancers e.g. pancreatic cancer, renal cancer, breast cancer and lymphoma.
A bound on connectivity of iterated line graphs

For simple connected graphs that are neither paths nor cycles, we define l ( G ) = max { m : G has a divalent path of length m that is not both of length 2 and in a K 3 } , where a divalent path is a path whose internal vertices have degree two in G . Let G be a graph and L n ( G ) be its n -th iterated line graph of G . We use κ ′ e ( G ) and κ ( G ) for the essential edge connectivity and vertex connectivity of G , respectively. Let G be a simple connected graph that is not a path, a cycle or K 1 , 3 , with l ( G ) = l ≥ 1 . We prove that (i) for integers s ≥ 1 , κ ′ e ( L l + s ( G )) ≥ 2 s + 2 ; (ii) for integers s ≥ 2 , κ ( L l + s ( G )) ≥ 2 s − 1 + 2 . The bounds are best possible.
BL Lacertae: X-ray spectral evolution and a black-hole mass estimate

We present an analysis of the spectral properties observed in X-rays from active galactic nucleus BL Lacertae using RXTE, Suzaku, ASCA, BeppoSAX, and Swift observations. The total time covered by these observations is approximately 20 years. We show that this source undergoes X-ray spectral transitions from the low hard state (LHS) through the intermediate state (IS) to the high soft state (HSS) during these observations. During the RXTE observations (1997 -- 2001, {180 ks, for a total 145 datasets}), the source was approximately 75%, 20% and only 5 of the time in the IS, LHS, and HSS, respectively. We also used Swift observations (470 datasets, for a total 800 ks), which occurred during 12 years (2005 -- 2016), the (0.3 -- 200 keV) data of BeppoSAX (1997 -- 2000, 160 ks), and the (0.3 -- 10 keV) data of ASCA (1995 -- 1999, 160 ks). Two observations of Suzaku (2006, 2013; 50 ks) in combinations with long-term RXTE and Swift data-sets allow us to describe all spectral states of BL Lac. The spectra of BL Lac are well fitted by the bulk motion Comptonization (BMC) model for all spectral states. We have established the photon index saturation level, Gamma_{sat}=2.2+/-0.1, in the Gamma vs. mass accretion rate (Mdot) correlation. This Gamma-Mdot correlation allows us to estimate the black-hole (BH) mass in BL Lac to be M_{BH}~3x10^7 M_sol for a distance of 300 Mpc. For the BH mass estimate, we use the scaling method taking stellar-mass Galactic BHs 4U~1543--47 and GX~339--4 as reference sources. The Gamma-Mdot correlation revealed in BL Lac is similar to those in a number of stellar-mass Galactic BHs and two recently studied intermediate-mass extragalactic BHs. It clearly shows the correlation along with the very extended $\Gamma$ saturation at ~ 2.2. This is robust observational evidence for the presence of a BH in BL Lac.
Yonsei Evolutionary Population Synthesis (YEPS). II. Spectro-photometric Evolution of Helium-enhanced Stellar Populations

The discovery of multiple stellar populations in Milky Way globular clusters (GCs) has stimulated various follow-up studies on helium-enhanced stellar populations. Here we present the evolutionary population synthesis models for the spectro-photometric evolution of simple stellar populations (SSPs) with varying initial helium abundance (Yini). We show that Yini brings about dramatic changes in spectro-photometric properties of SSPs. Like the normal-helium SSPs, the integrated spectro-photometric evolution of helium-enhanced SSPs is also dependent on metallicity and age for a given Yini. We discuss the implications and prospects for the helium-enhanced populations in relation to the second-generation populations found in the Milky Way GCs. All of the models are available at http://web.yonsei. ac.kr/cosmic/data/YEPS.htm.