Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
A scalpel, not a sledgehammer: qualitative approach to numerical mathematics

1. A new paradigm for numerical analysis The classical approach to numerical calculations emphasizes the role of general computational tools that can cater for a wide range of situations. Thus, the quest is for a method foràll' initial value problems for ordinary diierential equations or foràll' parabolic reaction-diiusion equations or foràll' algebraic eigenvalue problems. The merit of this`broad-aperture' outlook is clear, since it means that a relatively modest compendium of computational tools can cater for a wide variety of situations. Most users of numerical mathematics might be specialists in their own domains of expertise but are mostly of a limited numerical (and pure-mathematical) knowledge and experience. Hence the attraction of tools that can be employed to a variety of situations and that do not require profound numerical or mathematical knowledge. Yet, a diierent paradigm has evolved in the last few years. It is our intention in this paper to explain brieey why this alternative outlook, while not obviating the quest for general computational tools, has important attractions from theoretical and practical points of view alike. The classical view of`doing mathematics' separates the analytical and the numerical. The research into qualitative attributes of mathematical systems and into their numerical realizations is separated both in time { the qualitative research usually precedes the computational stage { and in space: diierent professionals, are likely to take part in both eeorts, often with poor cross-disciplinary communication channels. To coin a phrase, numerical calculation often commences at the exact moment when mathematical analysis nally gives 103
Investigating substructures in goal oriented online communities: Case study of Ubuntu IRC

In this paper, we apply social network analytic methods to unveil the structural dynamics of a popular open source goal oriented IRC community, Ubuntu. The primary objective is to track the development of this ever growing community over time using a social network lens and examine the dynamically changing participation patterns of people. Specifically, our research seeks out to investigate answers to the following question: How can the communication dynamics help us in delineating important substructures in the IRC network? This gives an insight into how open source learning communities function internally and what drives the exhibited IRC behavior. By application of a consistent set of social network metrics, we discern factors that affect people's embeddedness in the overall IRC network, their structural influence and importance as discussion initiators or responders. Deciphering these informal connections are crucial for the development of novel strategies to improve communication and foster collaboration between people conversing in the IRC channel, there by stimulating knowledge flow in the network. Our approach reveals a novel network skeleton, that more closely resembles the behavior of participants interacting online. We highlight bottlenecks to effective knowledge dissemination in the IRC, so that focused attention could be provided to communities with peculiar behavioral patterns.
Leadership in a Non-Traditional Setting: Self-Managing Virtual IS Development Teams

Despite its abundance, traditional leadership research cannot be claimed to transfer directly to the leadership context of self-managing virtual (SMV) Information Systems Development teams. Unique conditions of these novel team environments require focused studies of leadership in virtual team settings. Although there are some studies of virtual team leadership that make important contributions to the literature, these studies typically use short term, ad-hoc teams of students. This study ultimately aims at filling the gap in the literature by investigating how leadership manifests in real-life SMV IS teams over time. In this paper, the overall study is introduced and the initial findings based on the content analysis schema development effort are reported.
Influence of initial severity of depression on effectiveness of low intensity interventions: meta-analysis of individual patient data

Objective To assess how initial severity of depression affects the benefit derived from low intensity interventions for depression. Design Meta-analysis of individual patient data from 16 datasets comparing low intensity interventions with usual care. Setting Primary care and community settings. Participants 2470 patients with depression. Interventions Low intensity interventions for depression (such as guided self help by means of written materials and limited professional support, and internet delivered interventions). Main outcome measures Depression outcomes (measured with the Beck Depression Inventory or Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale), and the effect of initial depression severity on the effects of low intensity interventions. Results Although patients were referred for low intensity interventions, many had moderate to severe depression at baseline. We found a significant interaction between baseline severity and treatment effect (coefficient −0.1 (95% CI −0.19 to −0.002)), suggesting that patients who are more severely depressed at baseline demonstrate larger treatment effects than those who are less severely depressed. However, the magnitude of the interaction (equivalent to an additional drop of around one point on the Beck Depression Inventory for a one standard deviation increase in initial severity) was small and may not be clinically significant. Conclusions The data suggest that patients with more severe depression at baseline show at least as much clinical benefit from low intensity interventions as less severely depressed patients and could usefully be offered these interventions as part of a stepped care model.
Cytokines and Angiogenesis in the Corpus Luteum

In adults, physiological angiogenesis is a rare event, with few exceptions as the vasculogenesis needed for tissue growth and function in female reproductive organs. Particularly in the corpus luteum (CL), regulation of angiogenic process seems to be tightly controlled by opposite actions resultant from the balance between pro- and antiangiogenic factors. It is the extremely rapid sequence of events that determines the dramatic changes on vascular and nonvascular structures, qualifying the CL as a great model for angiogenesis studies. Using the mare CL as a model, reports on locally produced cytokines, such as tumor necrosis factor α (TNF), interferon gamma (IFNG), or Fas ligand (FASL), pointed out their role on angiogenic activity modulation throughout the luteal phase. Thus, the main purpose of this review is to highlight the interaction between immune, endothelial, and luteal steroidogenic cells, regarding vascular dynamics/changes during establishment and regression of the equine CL.
Preparation and characterisation of PLGA-coated porous bioactive glass-ceramic scaffolds for subchondral bone tissue engineering

The present work involved the development of a poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA)-coated, porous 58S bioactive glass-ceramic scaffold for the bone-forming layer of a future bilayered scaffold for osteochondral tissue engineering. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM), mechanical testing and preliminary cell culture investigations were performed to determine the suitability of the scaffold for the subchondral bone tissue engineering application. The bioactive-glass ceramic scaffolds possessed excellent pore interconnectivity. Mechanical testing of the PLGA-coated bioactive glass-ceramic scaffolds demonstrated a compressive strength of 0.25±0.05 MPa. The capacity of the bioactive glass-ceramic scaffold to proliferate human bone marrow stromal cells (BMSCs) was also assessed through in vitro culturing. SEM morphology investigations revealed that the BMSCs had a relatively high affinity for the PLGA-coated bioactive glass-ceramic scaffold and significant attachment and proliferation towards confluence occurred over a 21 day period.
A Spectrum-Aware Routing in DOFDM-based Cognitive Radio Ad-Hoc Networks

With the rapid requirement and development of the green ICT (Information and Communication Technology) technology, the demand for dynamically radio spectrum resources has significantly attentions. The low utilization of licensed spectrum leads to the scarcity of the spectrum resource. The emerging cognitive radio (CR) systems become increasingly important in the wireless green communication. In cognitive radio ad-hoc networks, unlicensed users (called secondary users, SUs) communicates with other CR users through an ad-hoc connection on licensed spectrum bands, but spectrum bands may be unexpectedly preempted by licensed users (called primary users, PUs) at any time. The design of routing protocol for cognitive radio ad-hoc network considers problems of the dynamic spectrum sensing, management, sharing, and mobility caused by reappearance of PUs. A cognitive ad hoc network is called as DOFDM-based cognitive radio ad-hoc network if the cognitive ad hoc network is adopted the discontinuous orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (DOFDM) technology. In this paper, we developed a spectrum-aware routing protocol for DOFDM-based cognitive radio ad-hoc networks by using the concept of the minimum expected total transmission time. With the expected total transmission time of all possible paths, a route with the smallest expected total transmission time is constructed. Finally, mathematical analysis and simulation result illustrate the proposed routing protocol can significantly reduce the total transmission time and improve the throughput.
Trends in acoustic properties of iron particle seeded auxetic polyurethane foam

Abstract The sound absorption characteristic of a clean, open-cell configuration, typical polyurethane flexible foam is shown against that of an auxetic foam made from it, and this same foam after it has been seeded with a magnetorheological fluid (then dried), having 2–5 μm carbonyl iron particles and subjected to zero, weak and concentrated magnetic fields in an acoustic impedance tube facility. The resultant foam indicates the capability of shifting the peak acoustic absorption coefficient within a given frequency bandwidth when constant intensity magnetic fields are applied.
HIV protease inhibitors influence the prevalence of oral candidosis in HIV‐infected patients: a 2‐year study

Summary. The introduction of HIV protease inhibitors was accompanied by reduction in HIV‐associated opportunistic infections. Therefore, we performed a retrospective study of HIV‐infected patients to evaluate the effects of therapy with an HIV protease inhibitor (PI) on oral candidosis. This was of special interest, because an important virulence factor of Candida albicans is the secreted aspartic protease (SAP), which is assigned to the same class of aspartic proteases as HTV protease. Sixty‐two patients were examined five times over a period of 2 years. There was a hint at a difference in the frequencies of C. albicans carrier state and manifest oral candidosis in favour of treatment with a PI. In addition, loss of Candida colonization and manifest oral candidosis was observed only in patients with elevation of CD4 cells upon PI. This might explain the effect, which also might go back to a direct inhibition of yeast SAP.
Drawing behavior of linear polyethylene. II. Effect of draw temperature and molecular weight on draw ratio and modulus

The drawing behavior of linear polyethylene homopolymers with weight-average molecular weights (Mw) from 101,450 to ca. 3,500,000 has been studied over the temperature range 75°C to the melting point. In all cases 1-cm gauge length samples were drawn in an Instron tensile testing machine at a constant cross-head speed of 10 cm/min. With the exception of the lowest molecular weight polymer, it was found that increasing the draw temperature led to substantial increases in the maximum draw ratio which could be achieved, and that this increased monotonically with increasing draw temperature. Measurements of the Young's modulus of the drawn materials showed, however, that the unique relationship between modulus and draw ratio previously established for drawing at 75°C was not maintained to the highest draw temperatures. The highest draw temperature at which this relation held was found to be strongly molecular weight dependent, increasing from ca. 80 to ca. 125°C when Mw increased from 101,450 to 800,000. In all cases conditions could be found for drawing samples to draw ratios of 20 or more with correspondingly large values of the Young's modulus.
The Distinguishing Chromatic Number

In this paper we define and study the distinguishing chromatic number, $\chi_D(G)$, of a graph $G$, building on the work of Albertson and Collins who studied the distinguishing number. We find $\chi_D(G)$ for various families of graphs and characterize those graphs with $\chi_D(G)$ $ = |V(G)|$, and those trees with the maximum chromatic distingushing number for trees. We prove analogs of Brooks' Theorem for both the distinguishing number and the distinguishing chromatic number, and for both trees and connected graphs. We conclude with some conjectures.
A Cooperative AIS Framework for Intrusion Detection

We present a cooperative intrusion detection approach inspired by biological immune system principles and P2P communication techniques to develop a distributed anomaly detection scheme. We utilize dynamic collaboration between individual artificial immune system (AIS) agents to address the well-known false positive problem in anomaly detection. The AIS agents use a set of detectors obtained through negative selection during a training phase and exchange status information and detectors on a periodical and event-driven basis, respectively. This cooperation scheme follows peer-to-peer communication principles in order to avoid a single point of failure and increase the robustness of the system. We illustrate our approach by means of two specific example scenarios in a novel network security simulator.
Segmentation in Malayalam OCR — Handling broken characters using active contour model

Character segmentation is a significant phase in an Optical Character Recognition (OCR) system. In this stage of OCR, the image of sequence of characters is decomposed into sub-images of individual symbols. The recognition of characters depends on this phase so that any mistake in the segmentation leads to a complete failure of the OCR system. One of the main reasons for incorrect segmentation of characters is the presence of broken characters in the input document. Here an approach based on Active Contour Model is proposed to solve this problem.
Lycopene inhibits angiogenesis in human umbilical vein endothelial cells and rat aortic rings

Angiogenesis is important for tumour vascularisation and growth, and is therefore a promising target for cancer therapy. The present study reports inhibition of in vitro angiogenesis in human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVEC) as well as in rat aortic rings at physiological concentrations of lycopene, that is, 1–2 μmol/l. At a final concentration of 1·15 μmol/l, a significant reduction (P < 0·05) in network branching, that is, junction numbers, the number of tubules and tubule length, was observed in both HUVEC as well as in the rat aortic rings. The inhibitory effect of lycopene was independent of the presence of the pro-angiogenic agents, vascular endothelial growth factor and TNF-α. The anti-angiogenic effects of lycopene in the present study were shown at a concentration that should be achievable by dietary means. These results extend our knowledge of one of the putative anti-cancer actions of lycopene.
A novel fabrication process for out-of-plane microneedle sheets of biocompatible polymer

This paper presents a novel process for fabricating out-of-plane microneedle sheets of biocompatible polymer using in-plane microneedles. This process comprises four steps: (1) fabrication of in-plane microneedles using inclined UV lithography and electroforming, (2) conversion of the in-plane microneedles to an out-of-plane microneedle array, (3) fabrication of a negative PDMS mold and (4) fabrication of out-of-plane microneedle sheets of biocompatible polymer by hot embossing. The in-plane microneedles are fabricated with a sharp tip for low insertion forces and are made long to ensure sufficient penetration depth. The in-plane microneedles are converted into an out-of-plane microneedle array to increase the needle density. The negative mold is fabricated for mass-production using a polymer molding technique. The final out-of-plane microneedle sheets are produced using polycarbonate for biocompatibility by employing the hot embossing process. The height of the fabricated needles ranges from 500 to 1500 µm, and the distance between the needles is 500 to 2000 µm. The radii of curvature are approximately 2 µm, while the tip angles are in the range of 39–56°. Most of the geometrical characteristics of the out-of-plane microneedles can be freely controlled for real life applications such as drug delivery, cosmetic delivery and mesotherapy. Since it is also possible to mass-produce the microneedles, this novel process holds sufficient potential for applications in industrial fields.
Acute myelocytic leukemia manifested by prominent generalized lymphadenopathy: Report of two cases with immunological, ultrastructural, and cytochemical studies

Although it is well recognized that granulocytic sarcoma can cause localized lymphadenopathy, widespread nodal involvement by acute myelocytic leukemia (AML), clinically mimicking non‐Hodgkin's lymphoma, has only been previously described twice. We report the clinicopathological, immunological, and cytochemical features of two patients who had widespread, prominent lymphadenopathy secondary to AML as well as concurrent marrow leukemia (M1 and M2). For one patient the lymphadenopathy was the predominant abnormality prompting him to seek medical attention, while the second patient had symptoms of infection following a 9‐month history of myelodysplasia. The disease in both patients was aggressive; one patient survived only 1 week and the other survived only 5 weeks after diagnosis. In both cases the granulocytic sarcoma was confirmed by cytochemistry studies (naphthol ASD‐chloroacetate esterase on tissue sections and myeloperoxidase on imprint smears), and electron microscopy, including morphology (both cases) or ultrastructural localization of myeloperoxidase (case 2). Non‐specific esterase activity was not detected in either patient's blasts, although serum lysozyme was elevated in both cases. Immunological studies revealed reactivity of both patients' cells with panleukocyte, MY4, MY7, OKM‐1, and Leu‐M1 monoclonal antibodies and with alpha‐1‐antitrypsin and muramidase antibodies. The cells of one of these patients also reacted wtih anti‐S‐100 protein. Although the cytochemical studies indicated that both cases exhibited only myeloid differentiation, the immunological markers suggested that the tumor cells possessed some features of monocytes, perhaps explaining their propensity for widespread tumor formation. Morphological, immunological, cytochemical, and ultrastructural methods of diagnosing granulocytic sarcoma are presented.
GENIUS: AN INTEGRATED ENVIRONMENT FOR SUPPORTING THE DESIGN OF GENERIC AUTOMATED NEGOTIATORS

The design of automated negotiators has been the focus of abundant research in recent years. However, due to difficulties involved in creating generalized agents that can negotiate in several domains and against human counterparts, many automated negotiators are domain specific and their behavior cannot be generalized for other domains. Some of these difficulties arise from the differences inherent within the domains, the need to understand and learn negotiators’ diverse preferences concerning issues of the domain, and the different strategies negotiators can undertake. In this paper we present a system that enables alleviation of the difficulties in the design process of general automated negotiators termed Genius, a General Environment for Negotiation with Intelligent multi‐purpose Usage Simulation. With the constant introduction of new domains, e‐commerce and other applications, which require automated negotiations, generic automated negotiators encompass many benefits and advantages over agents that are designed for a specific domain. Based on experiments conducted with automated agents designed by human subjects using Genius we provide both quantitative and qualitative results to illustrate its efficacy. Finally, we also analyze a recent automated bilateral negotiators competition that was based on Genius. Our results show the advantages and underlying benefits of using Genius and how it can facilitate the design of general automated negotiators.
Mannose Binding Lectin Is Required for Alphavirus-Induced Arthritis/Myositis

Mosquito-borne alphaviruses such as chikungunya virus and Ross River virus (RRV) are emerging pathogens capable of causing large-scale epidemics of virus-induced arthritis and myositis. The pathology of RRV-induced disease in both humans and mice is associated with induction of the host inflammatory response within the muscle and joints, and prior studies have demonstrated that the host complement system contributes to development of disease. In this study, we have used a mouse model of RRV-induced disease to identify and characterize which complement activation pathways mediate disease progression after infection, and we have identified the mannose binding lectin (MBL) pathway, but not the classical or alternative complement activation pathways, as essential for development of RRV-induced disease. MBL deposition was enhanced in RRV infected muscle tissue from wild type mice and RRV infected MBL deficient mice exhibited reduced disease, tissue damage, and complement deposition compared to wild-type mice. In contrast, mice deficient for key components of the classical or alternative complement activation pathways still developed severe RRV-induced disease. Further characterization of MBL deficient mice demonstrated that similar to C3−/− mice, viral replication and inflammatory cell recruitment were equivalent to wild type animals, suggesting that RRV-mediated induction of complement dependent immune pathology is largely MBL dependent. Consistent with these findings, human patients diagnosed with RRV disease had elevated serum MBL levels compared to healthy controls, and MBL levels in the serum and synovial fluid correlated with severity of disease. These findings demonstrate a role for MBL in promoting RRV-induced disease in both mice and humans and suggest that the MBL pathway of complement activation may be an effective target for therapeutic intervention for humans suffering from RRV-induced arthritis and myositis.