Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Compressibility of In nite Binary SequencesJos

It is known that innnite binary sequences of constant Kolmogorov complexity are exactly the recursive ones. Such a kind of statement no longer holds in the presence of resource bounds. Contrary to what intuition might suggest, there are sequences of constant, polynomial-time bounded Kolmogorov complexity that are not polynomial-time computable. This motivates the study of several resource-bounded variants in search for a characterization, similar in spirit, of the polynomial-time computable sequences. We propose some deenitions, based on Kobayashi's notion of compressibility, and compare them to both the standard resource-bounded Kol-mogorov complexity of innnite strings, and the uniform complexity. Some nontrivial coincidences and disagreements are proved. The resource-unbounded case is also considered.
A Review of the Effects of Parental PTSD: A Focus on Military Children

Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is a condition that affects many individuals, especially those who served in the military. Children are especially at risk for experiencing a variety of negative biological, behavioral, social, and psychological effects due to having a parent affected by PTSD. This review has 4 aims: to present a description of the effect of parental PTSD on functioning in children, outline 2 different theories of transmission of PTSD from parents to children, provide an account of researched interventions, and describe the need for future research. An emphasis is given to the negative psychosocial effects on children who have a parent suffering from PTSD after military deployment.
Aging-Related Changes in Ovarian Hormones, Their Receptors, and Neuroendocrine Function

Ovarian steroid hormones exert a broad range of effects on the body and brain. In the nervous system, estrogen and progesterone have crucial feedback actions on the hypothalamic neurons that drive the reproductive axis. In addition, hormones exert a variety of actions on other traditionally nonreproductive functions such as cognition, learning and memory, neuroprotection, mood and affective behavior, and locomotor activity. The actions of hormones on the hypothalamus are largely mediated by their nuclear hormone receptors, the two estrogen receptors, ERα and ERβ, and the two progesterone receptor isoforms, PR-A and PR-B. Thus, changes in the circulating concentrations of estrogens and progestins during the life cycle can result in differential activation of their receptors. Furthermore, changes in the numbers, activity, and distribution of hypothalamic ERs and PRs can occur as a function of developmental age. The purpose of this article is to review the literature on the causes and consequences of alterations in steroid hormones, their neural receptors, and their interactions on reproductive senescence. We have also discussed several important experimental design considerations, focusing on rodent models in current use for understanding the mechanisms of menopause in women.
Complementarity of Forests and Farms: A Spatial Econometric Approach to Ecosystem Valuation in Indonesia

This paper responds to responds to three challenges posed in the literature by measuring the importance of watersheds protection to poor farming communities in the developing world. First, recent reviews show that (a) valuation studies have overlooked livelihood values of natural resources in developing countries, focusing largely on amenity values in developed countries, and (b) ecosystem valuation studies have framed the valuation question incorrectly and have applied inappropriate methods. Second, a detailed consideration of the spatial aspects of ecosystems and ecological processes, such as spatial interdependence, has been omitted from most valuation studies. Third, valuation of ecological services that are inputs into production processes have typically relied on data intensive approaches, such as the measurement of full profits, instead of focusing on demand for weak complement, which substantially economize on data requirements. Our paper addresses these research issues with a case study from Indonesia in which forest protection policies in upstream watersheds in Ruteng stabilize soil and hydrological flows in downstream farms. We focus on the demand for a weak complement to the ecosystem services—farm labor—and find evidence of spatial dependence. The estimated economic models have theoretically expected properties that are robust across 12 different specifications. The estimated coefficients show that forest ecosystem functions provide economically substantive benefits to local people. Failing to account for spatial dependence leads to a substantial undervaluing of the ecosystem services in some of the models. The overall findings suggest that protection of tropical forest watersheds is a direct way to meet the twin goals of conserving ecologically rich landscapes and developing poor economies. JEL Classification: Q12, Q23, O13
On model-space and data-space regularization : A tutorial

Constraining ill-posed inverse problems often requires re gularized optimization. I describe two alternative approaches to regularization. The fi rst approach involves a column operator and an extension of the data space. The second appro ach c nstructs a row operator and expands the model space. In large-scale problems , when the optimization is incomplete, the two methods of regularization behave diffe rently. I illustrate this fact with simple examples and discuss its implications for geophysic al problems.
The effect of VDU text-presentation rate on reading comprehension and reading speed

The effect of video display unit presentation rate on reading performance was investigated. Reading material was presented at one of the following presentation-rates: 15, 30, 120, 960 cps, or “instant”. In the instant condition, the full text appeared simultaneously on the screen. In the other conditions, text appeared one character at a time starting in the upper left corner of the screen, from left to right and top to bottom. Reading comprehension was highest under the 30 cps and instant presentation conditions. Total time to perform the reading task was equivalent for all conditions except the 15 cps rate which required a longer time to complete the task. In terms of comprehension and time to perform the task, a slow rate of 15 cps, contrary to previous recommendations, is not desirable for novice computer users.
Dynamic flight stability of a hovering bumblebee

SUMMARY The longitudinal dynamic flight stability of a hovering bumblebee was studied using the method of computational fluid dynamics to compute the aerodynamic derivatives and the techniques of eigenvalue and eigenvector analysis for solving the equations of motion. For the longitudinal disturbed motion, three natural modes were identified: one unstable oscillatory mode, one stable fast subsidence mode and one stable slow subsidence mode. The unstable oscillatory mode consists of pitching and horizontal moving oscillations with negligible vertical motion. The period of the oscillations is 0.32 s (approx. 50 times the wingbeat period of the bumblebee). The oscillations double in amplitude in 0.1 s; coupling of nose-up pitching with forward horizontal motion (and nose-down pitching with backward horizontal motion) in this mode causes the instability. The stable fast subsidence mode consists of monotonic pitching and horizontal motions, which decay to half of the starting values in 0.024 s. The stable slow subsidence mode is mainly a monotonic descending (or ascending) motion, which decays to half of its starting value in 0.37 s. Due to the unstable oscillatory mode, the hovering flight of the bumblebee is dynamically unstable. However, the instability might not be a great problem to a bumblebee that tries to stay hovering: the time for the initial disturbances to double (0.1 s) is more than 15 times the wingbeat period (6.4 ms), and the bumblebee has plenty of time to adjust its wing motion before the disturbances grow large.
An adaptive linear equalizer with optimum filter length and decision delay

The power of an adaptive equalizer is maximized when the structural parameters including the tap-length and decision delay can be optimally chosen. Although the method for adjusting either the tap-length or decision delay has been proposed, adjusting both simultaneously becomes much more involved as they interact with each other. In this paper, this problem is solved by putting a linear prewhitener before the equalizer, with which the equivalent channel becomes maximum-phase. This implies that the optimum decision delay can be simply ¯xed at the tap-length minus one, while the tap-length can then be chosen using a similar approach as that proposed in our previous work.
The Drosophila CPEB homolog, orb, is required for oskar protein expression in oocytes.

The establishment of polarity axes in the Drosophila egg and embryo depends upon the localization and on-site expression of maternal mRNAs. The critical step in the targeting of posterior determinants is the localization of oskar (osk) mRNA to the pole and its on-site translation. Osk protein then recruits other posterior group gene products involved in the formation of pole plasm and in the localization and regulation of the posterior determinant, nanos. Here we have investigated the role of the Drosophila CPEB homolog, the orb gene, in the osk mRNA localization pathway. We demonstrate that the expression of Osk protein is dependent upon the orb gene. In strong orb mutants, Osk protein expression is undetectable, while in the hypomorphic mutant, orb(mel), little or no on-site expression of Osk protein at the posterior pole is observed. The defects in Osk protein accumulation in orb mutant ovaries are correlated with a reduction in the length of the osk poly(A) tails. We show that osk mRNA is in immunoprecipitable complexes with Orb protein in ovaries and that the osk 3' UTR can be UV cross-linked to Orb protein in ovarian extracts. These data suggest that Orb is required to activate the translation of osk mRNA and at that this may be accomplished by a mechanism similar to that used by the Xenopus CPEB protein to control translation of "masked" mRNAs.
Dynamic analysis of a three-degrees-of-freedom in-parallel actuated manipulator

The dynamic analysis of a three-degrees-of-freedom in-parallel actuated manipulator is presented. The equations of motion have been formulated in joint-space using the Lagrangian approach. The analysis provides the solution to predict the forces required to actuate the links so that the manipulator follows a predetermined trajectory. A dynamic simulation program illustrates the influence of the link dynamics on the actuating force required. An example of tracing a helical path is chosen to illustrate the dynamic simulation and to show that the Cartesian position of the moving platform may be controlled at a sacrifice of orientation freedoms. The dynamic analysis provides a basis for future theoretical research to develop the control scheme, for experimental research to estimate the inertia parameters, and for design optimization of the prototype manipulator. >
A Bidirectional Query Chord System Based on Latency-Sensitivity

The key issue in structured P2P (peer to peer) is to locate resources effectively. Chord is a kind of structured P2P system based on overlay network. However, Chord construction doesn't consider the real network situations. At the same time, the clockwise searching scheme of original Chord doesn't make good use of the anti-clockwise neighbors' information. All these increase the latency and cost of locating resources. A bidirectional Chord system based on latency-sensitivity is proposed to decrease the latency and cost of locating resources. This system partitions the nodes according to the latencies among these nodes and the landmarks to decrease the average response time. And by the means of bidirectional query algorithm on Chord, the search path length is reduced. Theoretical analysis and simulations show that the system decreases query-response time greatly
Performance Implications of Extended Page Tables on Virtualized x86 Processors

Managing virtual memory is an expensive operation, and becomes even more expensive on virtualized servers. Process- ing TLB misses on a virtualized x86 server requires a two-dimensional page walk that can have 6x more page table lookups, hence 6x more memory references, than a native page table walk. Thus much of the recent research on the subject starts from the assumption that TLB miss processing in virtual environments is significantly more expensive than on native servers. However, we will show that with the latest software stack on modern x86 processors, most of these page-table lookups are satisfied by internal paging structure caches and the L1/L2 data caches, and the actual virtualization overhead of TLB miss processing is a modest fraction of the overall time spent processing TLB misses. In this paper, we present a detailed accounting of the TLB miss processing costs on virtualized x86 servers for an exhaustive set of workloads, in particular, two very demanding industry standard workloads. We show that an implementation of the TPC-C workload that actively uses 475 GB of memory on a 72-CPU Haswell-EP server spends 20% of its time processing TLB misses when the application runs in a VM. Although this is a non-trivial amount, it is only 4.2% higher than the TLB miss processing costs on bare metal. The multi-VM VMmark benchmark sees 12.3% in TLB miss processing, but only 4.3% of that can be attributed to virtualization overheads. We show that even for the heaviest workloads, a well-tuned application that uses large pages on a recent OS release with a modern hypervisor running on the latest x86 processors sees only minimal degradation from the additional overhead of the two-dimensional page walks in a virtualized server.
Some issues in design of data warehousing systems

Ladjel Bellatreche Kamalakar Karlapalem Department of Computer Science University of Science & Technology Clear Water Bay Kowloon Hong Kong fladjel, kamalg@cs.ust. hk Mukesh Mohania Department of Computer Science Western Michigan University Kalamazoo, MI 49008-5021 U.S.A. mohania@cs.wmich. edu
CROSS-SECTION PARAMETERIZATION USING QUASI-REGRESSION APPROACH

A quasi-regression approach for parameterization of multi-group neutron cross-sections is presented. This approach consists in approximation of cross-section dependencies on burnup and thermohydraulic parameters (fuel temperature, coolant temperature, coolant density, etc.) by a finite set of multidimensional orthogonal basis functions. The basis functions are constructed as a tensor product of univariate orthogonal polynomials. Expansion coefficient s are estimated via calculation of multidimensional integrals using a hybrid (deterministic - Monte Carlo) quadrature formula. The calculational procedure includes three essential parts: g eneration of a hybrid grid which is regular in the burnup dimension and quasi-random over other dimensions; quasi-regression calculations and, finally, post-regression analysis consisting in construction of an approximate polynomial which minimizes the error. Advantages of this approach such as generality, flexi bility and modularity of algorithm, as well as possibility of on-line error estimation are discussed. App licability of such an approach is tested on a set of realistic fuel cross-sections.
Speaker verification using sparse representation classification

Sparse representations of signals have received a great deal of attention in recent years, and the sparse representation classifier has very lately appeared in a speaker recognition system. This approach represents the (sparse) GMM mean supervector of an unknown speaker as a linear combination of an over-complete dictionary of GMM supervectors of many speaker models, and ℓ1-norm minimization results in a non-zero coefficient corresponding to the unknown speaker class index. Here this approach is tested on large databases, introducing channel-/session-variability compensation, and fused with a GMM-SVM system. Evaluations on the NIST 2001 SRE and NIST 2006 SRE database show that when the outputs of the MFCC UBM-GMM based classifier (for NIST 2001 SRE) or MFCC GMM-SVM based classifier (for NIST 2006 SRE) are fused with the MFCC GMM-Sparse Representation Classifier (GMM-SRC) based classifier, an absolute gain of 1.27% and 0.25% in EER can be achieved respectively.
Factor Structure and Psychometric Properties of Iranian Version of External Shame scale

Objective: Shame is one of the important self-conscious emotions that have a crucial function in mental well-being and vulnerability to mental disorders. Lack of shame and being very ashamed one come with psychopathology. Shame consists of two important components, those are internal and external. External shame scale at first was designed by Gross and his colleagues. According to their factor analysis, 3 factors of feel of inferiority, feelings of emptiness and being ashamed of making mistake are determined for external shame. Method: In order to survey about psychometric properties and factor structure analysis of this scale, 210 individuals from Shahid Beheshti university of medical sciences in Tehran were chosen in available sampling procedure. The participants were also asked to complete the scales of external shame, selfcompassion, negative affect and perfectionism.Liserl-8 andSSPS-18 were used for analyzing data. Cronbach's Alpha, Correlation Coefficient and Confirmatory Factor Analysis (CFA) were calculated. Results: The three-factor structure of external shame scale was supported by the results of Confirmatory Factor Analysis in Iranian sample (RMSEA=0/09،NFI=0/94،CFI=0/96). External Shame Scale had the positive and meaningful correlation with perfectionism ( 17 / 0 ) and negative affect ( 51 / 0 ) ; and had negative and meaningful correlation with selfcompassion ( 21 / 0 ) . Also Cornbrach’s Alpha coefficient, for the whole of scale and factors of feel of inferiority, feelings of emptiness and being ashamed of making mistake were gained 0/93, 0/92, 0/71 and 0/75 respectively. Conclusion: The three-factor structure of external shame scale demonstrated acceptable psychometric properties in Shahid Beheshti University. Shame positively relate to symptoms of psychopathology. The external shame scale have suitable psychometric properties for the use of research and clinical practice.
Variation in Response to Artificial Selection for Light Sensitivity in Guppies (Poecilia reticulata)

We performed artificial selection on the visual system in guppies (Poecilia reticulata), using the optomotor reaction threshold as the selection criterion. Two lines were selected for increased sensitivity to blue light, two were selected for increased sensitivity to red light, and two were unselected controls. There was significant response to selection in all four selected lines and significant heritability for sensitivity. An examination of the spectral sensitivity function showed that the form of the response differed between the red and blue lines and among the red lines. Such divergence is likely because there are many different mechanisms allowing response to selection for spectral sensitivity. Diverse mechanisms allow a divergent response by different populations to the same selective pressures. Such a mechanism can promote diversity in vision and visual signals, and any multicomponent system where different components can respond to the same selective regime.
Study on Metrics Based Approach for Detecting Software Code Clones

Software engineering is an about development, design operation and maintenance of software. But there are some factors that make software maintenance difficult. Code clone is one of the factors that increase software maintenance and also cause code bloating. A code clone is nothing a similar or duplicate code in a source code or created either by replication or some modifications. Various clone detection techniques are proposed, that are quite efficient in providing clones. Many plagiarism detection also work in finding the duplicated code , but not applicable on large systems. This paper describes the metrics based approach used to detect the code clones. Rather than working on source code directly, metrics are used directly to detect clones. This approach will used different software metrics to measure clones in code.
P/Q and N Channels Control Baseline and Spike-Triggered Calcium Levels in Neocortical Axons and Synaptic Boutons

Cortical axons contain a diverse range of voltage-activated ion channels, including Ca2+ currents. Interestingly, Ca2+ channels are not only located at presynaptic terminals, but also in the axon initial segment (AIS), suggesting a potentially important role in the regulation of action potential generation and neuronal excitability. Here, using two-photon microscopy and whole-cell patch-clamp recording, we examined the properties and role of calcium channels located in the AIS and presynaptic terminals of ferret layer 5 prefrontal cortical pyramidal cells in vitro. Subthreshold depolarization of the soma resulted in an increase in baseline and spike-triggered calcium concentration in both the AIS and nearby synaptic terminals. The increase in baseline calcium concentration rose with depolarization and fell with hyperpolarization with a time constant of approximately 1 s and was blocked by removal of Ca2+ from the bathing medium. The increases in calcium concentration at the AIS evoked by subthreshold or suprathreshold depolarization of the soma were blocked by the P/Q-channel antagonist ω-agatoxin IVA or the N-channel antagonist ω-conotoxin GVIA or both. The presence of these channels in the AIS pyramidal cells was confirmed with immunochemistry. Block of these channels slowed axonal action potential repolarization, apparently from reduction of the activation of a Ca2+-activated K+ current, and increased neuronal excitability. These results demonstrate novel mechanisms by which calcium currents may control the electrophysiological properties of axonal spike generation and neurotransmitter release in the neocortex.
Publication P 3 Renaud Cuny and Jani Lakkakorpi . 2006 . Active Queue Management in EGPRS

Active Queue Management (AQM) schemes such as Random Early Detection (RED) or Explicit Congestion Notification (ECN) for TCP-based traffic are important components of the General Packet Radio Service (GPRS) system performance because of potential traffic bottlenecks caused by, e.g., limited radio capacity. Poorly implemented or configured AQM may lead to intolerable end-to-end buffer delays in the Serving GPRS Support Node (2G-SGSN) as well as reduced overall throughput when the system load increases. Although the usefulness of AQM in the fixed Internet is well known, the need for adequate AQM in GPRS or Enhanced GPRS (EGPRS) has not been much documented. In this paper, we evaluate the performance of various AQM schemes by means of simulations and we show that RED and ECN are among the most efficient for reducing buffer delay and improving overall end-user experience. Key Words—AQM, 2G-SGSN, Flow control, RED
Managing in a “ Small World Ecosystem ” : Some Lessons from the Software Sector ( TO APPEAR IN CALIFORNIA MANAGEMENT

We examine the stability of the topological structure of the network of alliances between firms in the software sector during considerable shifts in the underlying technology architecture during 1990-2001. We find that the software sector exhibits ‘small world’ characteristics and that the structure is remarkably stable during this period. Based on the implications of this analysis, we develop lessons for managers to effectively master the challenges of navigating in dynamic networks. Our empirical setting is the software sector, but the lessons also have broader applicability.