Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Why Don't We Move Slower? The Value of Time in the Neural Control of Action

To want something now rather than later is a common attitude that reflects the brain's tendency to value the passage of time. Because the time taken to accomplish an action inevitably delays task achievement and reward acquisition, this idea was ported to neural movement control within the “cost of time” theory. This theory provides a normative framework to account for the underpinnings of movement time formation within the brain and the origin of a self-selected pace in human and animal motion. Then, how does the brain exactly value time in the control of action? To tackle this issue, we used an inverse optimal control approach and developed a general methodology allowing to squarely sample infinitesimal values of the time cost from experimental motion data. The cost of time underlying saccades was found to have a concave growth, thereby confirming previous results on hyperbolic reward discounting, yet without making any prior assumption about this hypothetical nature. For self-paced reaching, however, movement time was primarily valued according to a striking sigmoidal shape; its rate of change consistently presented a steep rise before a maximum was reached and a slower decay was observed. Theoretical properties of uniqueness and robustness of the inferred time cost were established for the class of problems under investigation, thus reinforcing the significance of the present findings. These results may offer a unique opportunity to uncover how the brain values the passage of time in healthy and pathological motor control and shed new light on the processes underlying action invigoration. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT Movement time is a fundamental characteristic of neural motor control, but the principles underlying its formation remain little known. This work addresses that question within the inverse optimal control framework where the challenge is to uncover what optimality criterion underlies a system's behavior. Here we rely on the “cost of time” theory that finds its roots into the brain's tendency to discount the actual value of future reward. It asserts that the time elapsed until action completion entails a cost, thereby making slow moves nonoptimal. By means of a thorough theoretical analysis, the present article shows how to sample the infinitesimal values of the time cost without prior assumption about its hypothetical nature and emphasizes its sigmoidal shape for reaching.
Critical Roles for stx2,eae, and tir in EnterohemorrhagicEscherichia coli-Induced Diarrhea and Intestinal Inflammation in Infant Rabbits

ABSTRACT Enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli (EHEC) is a group of food-borne pathogens that can cause diarrhea, colitis, and the hemolytic uremic syndrome (HUS). The importance of several of the proposed EHEC virulence factors lacks experimental verification in animal models. The limitations of current animal models led us to reexamine the infant rabbit model for the study of EHEC pathogenicity. Here, we report that intragastric inoculation of a Shiga toxin 2 (Stx2)-producing E. coli O157:H7 clinical isolate into infant rabbits led to severe diarrhea and intestinal inflammation but no signs of HUS. We constructed a set of isogenic derivatives of this isolate with deletions in several putative virulence genes, including stx2, eae, tir, and ehxA, to investigate the contribution of individual virulence factors to EHEC pathogenicity. stx2 increased the severity and duration of EHEC-induced diarrhea. Furthermore, although stx2 had no role in EHEC intestinal colonization nor was it required for EHEC-induced inflammation, stx2 altered how the host responded to EHEC infection by promoting heterophilic infiltration of the colonic epithelium and lamina propria. Intragastric inoculation of purified Stx2 also induced inflammation and diarrhea in this model. Diarrhea and intestinal inflammation were also dependent on EHEC colonization, as EHEC derivatives with deletions in eae and tir did not colonize, form attaching and effacing lesions, or develop clinical signs of disease. Our studies indicate that infant rabbits are a useful model for investigation of the intestinal stage of EHEC pathogenesis and suggest that Shiga toxin may play a critical role in causing diarrhea and inflammation in patients infected with EHEC.
Heritability of the severity of diabetic retinopathy: the FIND-Eye study.

PURPOSE Diabetic retinopathy (DR) and diabetic nephropathy (DN) are serious microvascular complications of diabetes mellitus. Correlations between severity of DR and DN and computed heritability estimates for DR were determined in a large, multiethnic sample of diabetic families. The hypothesis was that (1) the severity of DR correlates with the presence and severity of nephropathy in individuals with diabetes mellitus, and (2) the severity of DR is under significant familial influence in members of multiplex diabetic families. METHODS The Family Investigation of Nephropathy and Diabetes (FIND) was designed to evaluate the genetic basis of DN in American Indians, European Americans, African Americans, and Mexican Americans. FIND enrolled probands with advanced DN, along with their diabetic siblings who were concordant and discordant for nephropathy. These diabetic family members were invited to participate in the FIND-Eye study to determine whether inherited factors underlie susceptibility to DR and its severity. FIND-Eye participants underwent eye examinations and had fundus photographs taken. The severity of DR was graded by using the Early Treatment Diabetic Retinopathy Study Classification (ETDRS). Sib-sib correlations were calculated with the SAGE 5.0 program FCOR, to estimate heritability of retinopathy severity. RESULTS This report summarizes the results for the first 2368 diabetic subjects from 767 families enrolled in FIND-Eye; nearly 50% were Mexican American, the largest single ethnicity within FIND. The overall prevalence of DR was high; 33.4% had proliferative DR; 7.5%, 22.8%, and 9.5% had severe, moderate, and mild nonproliferative DR, respectively; 26.6% had no DR. The severity of DR was significantly associated with severity of DN, both by phenotypic category and by increasing serum creatinine concentration (chi(2) = 658.14, df = 20; P < 0.0001). The sib-sib correlation for DR severity was 0.1358 in the total sample and 0.1224 when limited to the Mexican-American sample. Broad sense heritabilities for DR were 27% overall and 24% in Mexican-American families. The polygenic heritability of liability for proliferative DR approximated 25% in this FIND-Eye sample. CONCLUSIONS These data confirm that the severity of DR parallels the presence and severity of nephropathy in individuals with diabetes mellitus. The severity of DR in members of multiplex diabetic families appears to have a significant familial connection.
Movement Break Effects On Second Graders: An Action Research Study

v LIST OF FIGURES . x CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION . 1 PROBLEM OF PRACTICE . 1 THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK . 3 RESEARCH QUESTION . 5 ACTION RESEARCH METHODOLOGY . 8 SIGNIFICANCE AND LIMITATIONS OF THE STUDY . 12 ORGANIZATION OF THE DISSERTATION . 13 GLOSSARY OF KEY TERMS . 14 CHAPTER 2: LITERATURE REVIEW . 16
It's all in your head: Effects of expertise on real-time access to knowledge during written sentence processing

Real-time sentence processing involves connecting linguistic input with knowledge. Here, we ask how variability in semantic memory (specific domain knowledge) may influence semantic access in realtime sentence processing. We recorded EEG while participants more/less knowledgeable about the narrative world of Harry Potter (HP) read sentences. In Experiment 1, all participants showed N400 predictability effects for general-knowledge sentences, but only those with high HP knowledge showed predictability effects for sentences about Harry Potter. This effect was driven by graded brain responses to predictable endings as a function of knowledge. Experiment 2 revealed greater semantic activation (inferred from N400 effects) for HP items participants reported knowing. Highknowledge participants also showed greater semantic activation for items they reported not knowing/remembering. These findings suggest that amount and/or functional organization of knowledge has real-time consequences on written sentence processing and implicate implicit/partial access to domain knowledge for experts when information is not explicitly recalled.
High-Resolution 12-Bit Segmented Capacitor DAC in Successive Approximation ADC

This paper study the segmented split capacitor Digital-to-Analog Converter (DAC) implemented in a differentialtype 12-bit Successive Approximation Analog-to-Digital Converter (SA-ADC). The series capacitance split array method employed as it reduced the total area of the capacitors required for high resolution DACs. A 12-bit regular binary array structure requires 2049 unit capacitors (Cs) while the split array needs 127 unit Cs. These results in the reduction of the total capacitance and power consumption of the series split array architectures as to regular binary-weighted structures. The paper will show the 12-bit DAC series split capacitor with 4-bit thermometer coded DAC architectures as well as the simulation and measured results. Keywords—Successive Approximation Register Analog-toDigital Converter, SAR ADC, Low voltage ADC.
Comparative proteomic analysis of a Candida albicans DSE1 mutant under filamentous and non‐filamentous conditions

Candida albicans is a common opportunistic pathogen that causes a variety of diseases in immunocompromised hosts. In a pathogen, cell wall proteins are important virulence factors. We previously characterized Dse1 as a cell wall protein necessary for virulence and resistance to cell surface‐disrupting agents, such as Calcofluor white, chitin deposition, proper adhesion and biofilm formation. In the absence of decomplexation, our objectives were to investigate differential proteomic expression of a DSE1 mutant strain compared to the wild‐type strain. The strains were grown under filamentous and non‐filamentous conditions. The extracted cell proteome was subjected to tryptic digest, followed by generation of peptide profiles using MALDI–TOF MS. Generated peptide profiles were analysed and unique peaks for each strain and growth condition mined against a Candida database, allowing protein identification. The DSE1 mutant was shown to lack the chitin biosynthesis protein Chs5, explaining the previously observed decrease in chitin biosynthesis. The wild‐type strain expressed Pra1, involved in pH response and zinc acquisition, Atg15, a lipase involved in virulence, and Sod1, required for oxidative stress tolerance, in addition to proteins involved in protein biosynthesis, explaining the increase in total protein content observed compared to the mutants strain. The mutant, on the other hand, expressed glucoamylase 1, a cell wall glycoprotein involved in carbohydrate metabolism cell wall degradation and biofilm formation. As such, MALDI–TOF MS is a reliable technique in identifying mutant‐specific protein expression in C. albicans. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Gender Pay Discrimination in Mauritius: A Quantile Regression Approach

Mauritius is highly regarded in Africa for its sound governance structures, attractive business climate and promotion of gender equity. Based on data from the Household Budget Survey 2001/02, the present paper investigates gender pay discrimination in Mauritius a decade ago at the mean and at selected quantiles of the earnings distribution. Almost three-quarters of the difference in the earnings of the average man and the average woman are due to gender discrimination. A deeper analysis using quantile regressions reveals that gender discrimination is a major explanation behind the gender pay gap in the case of low-earnings and mid-earnings workers up to the 75th quantile of the earnings distribution. However, workers at the top of the earnings distribution at the 90th quantile experience reverse gender discrimination in that the reward to attributes is better for women than for men. The main explanation behind the gender pay gap in the case of high-earnings workers is a strong selection bias in favour of men. The government has a key role to play in the eradication of gender-based discriminatory and selective practices which also lead to a sub-optimal situation from an economic perspective. The recent setting-up of the Equal Opportunities Commission is a step in the right direction.
Nursing students’ understanding of factors influencing ethical sensitivity: A qualitative study

Background: Ethical sensitivity is considered as a component of professional competency of nurses. Its effects on improvement of nurses’ ethical performance and the therapeutic relationship between nurses and patients have been reported. However, very limited studies have evaluated ethical sensitivity. Since no previous Iranian research has been conducted in this regard, the present study aimed to review nursing students’ understanding of effective factors on ethical sensitivity. Materials and Methods: This qualitative study was performed in Kerman, Iran, during 2009. It used semi-structured individual interviews with eight MSc nursing students to assess their viewpoints. It also included two focus groups. Purposive sampling was continued until data saturation. Data were analyzed using manifest content analysis. Results: The students’ understanding of factors influencing ethical sensitivity were summarized in five main themes including individual and spiritual characteristics, education, mutual understanding, internal and external controls, and experience of an immoral act. Conclusions: The findings of this study create a unique framework for sensitization of nurses in professional performance. The application of these factors in human resource management is reinforcement of positive aspects and decrease in negative aspects, in education can use for educational objectives setting, and in research can designing studies based on this framework and making related tools. It is noteworthy that presented classification was influenced by students themselves and mentioned to a kind of learning activity by them.
Hubungan antara kesepian dan keterlibatan ayah pada remaja

Terlepas dari keramaian perkotaan, kesepian masih melanda para remaja. Penelitian sebelumnya menemukan bahwa relasi dengan teman sebaya dan orang tua merupakan prediktor dari kesepian yang dialami remaja. Namun, belum ada penelitian yang secara khusus meneliti keterlibatan orang tua, terutama keterlibatan ayah. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui partisipasi ayah dalam pengasuhan dan hubungannya terhadap kesepian remaja. Studi survei kuantitatif ini menggunakan UCLA Loneliness Scale dan Father Involvement Scale, pada 189 remaja. Hasil menunjukkan hampir sebagian besar remaja merasakan kesepian, namun tidak berhubungan dengan keterlibatan ayah dalam kehidupan mereka. Hasil analisa tambahan menunjukkan bahwa remaja perempuan cenderung mengalami kesepian dibandingkan remaja laki-laki. Diskusi penelitian mencoba mengelaborasi faktor lokasi pengambilan data, tahapan perkembangan, dan kebiasaan remaja yang memengaruhi hasil.
Improvement of high resistivity substrate for future mixed analog-digital applications

Fully oxygen precipitated (FOP) wafers can suppress slip generation during the STI process and maintain high substrate resistivity. Additional boron implantation can suppress the leakage current between the adjacent wells due to shallow Xj. No effect on MOSFET characteristics by this implantation was observed. The high resistivity substrate (HRS) can provide good ESD performance and suppress the passage of high frequency signals through the substrate in resistors. Thus, HRS with FOP & additional implantation is effective for future mixed signal CMOS with RF circuits.
Critical Review of Technical Questions Facing Low Impact Development and Green Infrastructure: A Perspective from the Great Plains

Since its inception, Low Impact Development (LID) has become part of urban stormwater management across the United States, marking progress in the gradual transition from centralized to distributed runoff management infrastructure. The ultimate goal of LID is full, cost‐effective implementation to maximize watershed‐scale ecosystem services and enhance resilience. To reach that goal in the Great Plains, the multi‐disciplinary author team presents this critical review based on thirteen technical questions within the context of regional climate and socioeconomics across increasing complexities in scale and function. Although some progress has been made, much remains to be done including continued basic and applied research, development of local LID design specifications, local demonstrations, and identifying funding mechanisms for these solutions. Within the Great Plains and beyond, by addressing these technical questions within a local context, the goal of widespread acceptance of LID can be achieved, resulting in more effective and resilient stormwater management.
Dominance of memory over naive T cells in contact dermatitis is due to differential tissue immigration

CD4+T cells include a naive (CD4+, CD45RO‐, CD29‐, CD45RA+) as well as a memory subpopulation (CD4+, CD45RO+, CD29+, CD45RA‐). These subpopulations represent different stages in T‐cell development and function. Recently, it has been shown that inflammatory and neoplastic CD4+ T‐cell infiltrates are dominated by the memory subpopulation, whereas both subpopulations are about the same size in the peripheral blood. This was thought to be the result of in situ maturation of naive into memory T cells. We analysed early positive patch‐test reactions 1–2 days after antigen challenge and found that most of the CD4+ T cells that had freshly immigrated into the tissue carried the memory phenotype. Their preferential migration may be mediated by at least five adhesion molecules expressed on their cell surface. This observation has important pathogenetic implications, since memory T cells can be rapidly activated by antigens and secrete a wide variety of pro‐inflammatory cytokines.
How is β related to asset returns?

ABSTRACT Existing empirical evidence for the relevance of the β in modelling asset returns is mixed. Drawing on conditional tests of β first proposed by Pettengill, Sundaram and Mathur (1995) and extended by Bollen (2010), empirical evidence employing monthly data is presented that indicates that β is highly related to variability of asset returns but not to the level of asset returns. This result is consistent with the predictions of the market model but not with the predictions of the CAPM. It is concluded that β remains a useful construct in financial economics but may have a differing role in financial economics than the conventional wisdom asserts.
A Randomized, Controlled Trial of Prophylactic Granulocyte-Macrophage Colony-Stimulating Factor in Human Newborns Less Than 32 Weeks Gestation

Objective. Preterm neonates undergoing intensive care have high morbidity from sepsis. These infants also frequently develop neutropenia, and when this is associated with sepsis, mortality is high. This study investigates the potential for granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) to effect a clinically relevant increase in neutrophil number when used prophylactically in high-risk preterm neonates, and assesses its safety in this population. Design. In an open, randomized, controlled study, 75 neonates (25 small for gestational age) <32 weeks gestation were randomized to receive GM-CSF (10 μg/kg/d) by subcutaneous injection for 5 days from <72 hours after birth, or to a control group. The primary outcome measure was the neutrophil count during 14 days from study entry. The infants were monitored for potential toxicity. Clinical outcomes, sepsis, and mortality, were recorded, but this initial study was not designed to address clinical benefit. Results. Prophylactic GM-CSF therapy completely abolished neutropenia in treated infants, when both well and septic, throughout the period of study. Neutropenia (≤1.7 × 109/L) developed in 16 of 39 control infants. Five control infants experienced an acute decrease in neutrophil count coincident with the onset of sepsis. There was no evidence of hematologic, respiratory, or gastrointestinal toxicity in treated infants. Treated infants had a trend to fewer symptomatic, blood culture positive septic episodes than controls during 2 weeks from study entry (11/36 vs 18/39). Conclusion. Five-day prophylactic GM-CSF completely abolishes postnatal neutropenia and sepsis-induced neutropenia in preterm neonates at high risk of sepsis, and so removes an important risk factor for sepsis and sepsis-related mortality.GM-CSF, preterm neonates, neutropenia, sepsis.
Three‐dimensional procrustes analysis of modern human craniofacial form

The objective of this study was to analyze modern human craniofacial form using 3D Procrustes superimposition in order to establish a reference model and validate it on computed tomography (CT). The sample consists of 136 specimens from five modern human regional groups. Thirty‐three craniofacial landmark coordinates have been recorded using a Microscribe and calculated on CT scans for five crania from the sample. Procrustes superimposition has been performed to calculate the mean shape, and a discriminant analysis has also been carried out to estimate the variability of shape. The results show that the repeatability of measurements made on CT and on Microscribe is excellent (R = 0.99). There is no major distinctiveness in the craniofacial shape; however, discriminant function 1 separates out the European crania from the others, especially African and American. It includes the width and the length of the face, the flatness of the upper face, the prognathism of the maxilla, as well as the length and the inclination of the palate. The width of the maxilla and the palate do not show a great variability. This may be the common invariant feature responsible for the alignment of the teeth in all specimens. It may correspond to functional patterns related to masticatory constraints manifested by the important interproximal and occlusal dental wear in all specimens. This study confirms the high accuracy of measurements made on CT scan and the importance of geometric morphometrics, which provides an accurate characterization of the overall craniofacial shape and its variation within the entire population. Anat Rec 2007. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
High reliability observers for modular multilevel converter capacitor voltage evaluation

This paper proposes to observe a set of capacitor voltages from modular multilevel converter using only one current and one voltage measurement for the ensemble. This is achieved by estimating the voltage values using the current and the gating signal. The estimation is then corrected using a sliding mode control on the voltage error of the whole half-arm. When compared with previously proposed observers, this one has the advantage of being simpler and expandable to any number of submodules. Furthermore, each half-arm can be treated independently, making it possible to solve them in parallel. Accuracy of the proposed observer is demonstrated through a real-time simulation of a 300 submodules three-phase modular multilevel converter during initialization, steady-state and AC-fault operation.
An Analysis of the Welfare Effects of Research and Promotion in a Two-Sector Market

In this paper, a framework is provided which can be used to examine the welfare effects of research and promotion in a market disaggregated into two sectors. Diagrammatic and algebraic approaches are used to investigate the consequences of shifts in supply or demand, induced by research and promotion, for the welfare of producers and consumers in both sectors. The model is used to examine two policy issues: the efficiency of allocation of resources to supply-shifting and demand-shifting activities for traded commodities and the effects of levies on producers or consumers to fund supply-shifting and demand-shifting activities.