Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Cytoskeletal protein tyrosine phosphatase PTPH1 reduces T cell antigen receptor signaling

The subgroup of protein tyrosine phosphatases that contain an N‐terminal ezrin‐, radixin‐ and moesin homology (ERM) domain and a C‐terminal catalytic domain is represented by three enzymes in Jurkat T cells, PTPH1, PTP‐MEG1 and PTP36. These enzymes are located at the cytoplasmic face of the plasma membrane and may be involved in regulation of the membrane cytoskeleton, signal transduction, or both. Here we report that expression of PTPH1 in Jurkat T cells reduced the TCR‐induced activation of reporter genes encompassing parts of the IL‐2 gene promoter and driven by nuclear factor of activated T cells plus activator protein‐1. PTP‐MEG1 had a weaker inhibitory effect, while PTP36 had none. The catalytically inactive mutants PTPH1‐CS and PTP‐MEG1‐CS lacked effects on gene transcription. Expression of active PTPH1 also reduced receptor‐induced activation of Erk2 MAP kinase, its upstream activator, Mek, and the Jnk kinases. The effect of PTPH1 was reduced by deletion of its N‐terminal ERM domain. We suggest that PTPH1 inhibits T cell activation by dephosphorylating membrane‐associated targets involved in TCR signaling.
Continuous listening for unconstrained spoken dialog

A major hindrance to rendering spoken dialog systems capable of ongoing, continuous listening without requiring a push-to-talk device is the problem of distinguishing speech which is intended for the system from that which is overheard. We present a decision-theoretic approach to this problem that exploits Bayesian models of spoken dialog at four levels of analysis within a domain-independent, multi-modal computational architecture called Quartet . We applied Quartet to the task of navigating PowerPoint slide shows during a spoken presentation in a prototype system called Presenter . We describe the runtime behavior of Presenter as well as the results of an experimental study comparing the performance of Presenter to human subjects in discriminating arbitrarily formed spoken requests for slide navigation during a recorded lecture.
A Theory of Voting Equilibria

A voting equilibrium arises when the voters in an electorate, acting in accordance with both their preferences for the candidates and their perceptions of the relative chances of various pairs of candidates being in contention for victory, generate an election result that justifies their perceptions. Voting equilibria always exist, and the set of equilibria can vary substantially with the choice of voting system. We compare equilibria under the plurality rule, approval voting, and the Borda system. We consider a candidate-positioning game and find that the plurality rule imposes little restriction on the position of the winning candidate in three-candidate races, while approval voting leads to a winner positioned at the median of the voter distribution. We contrast campaign activities intended to influence voter preferences with activities meant to influence only perceptions of candidate viability.
Modular forms and arithmetic geometry

The aim of these notes is to describe some examples of modular forms whose Fourier coefficients involve quantities from arithmeticla algebraic geometry. Ath the moment, no general theory of such forms exists, but the examples suggest that they should be viewed as a kind of arithmetic analogue of theta series and that there should be an arithmetic Siegel-Weil formula relating suitable averages of them to special values of derivatives of Eisenstein series. We will concentrate on the case for which the most complete picture is available, the case of generating series for cycles on the arithmetic surfaces associated to Shimura curves over ? , expanding on the treatment in [40]. A more speculative overview can be found in [41].
An Analysis of Internet Content Delivery Systems

The paper analyzes four different content delivery systems from the arena of client-server oriented world-wide web, content delivery networks and peer-to-peer file sharing systems. The important features of peer-to-peer systems are symmetry among the peers (since they behave as both servers and clients) and scalability up to as many as millions of machines. Dynamic membership, wide-area network and heterogeneity of the participating systems in terms of their bandwidth, connectivity and performance are some of the distinguishing characteristics of peer-topeer systems. Such systems tend to be application specific. Some peer-to-peer systems may have a hierarchy among the members, for instance some peers in Kazaa are supernodes and maintain indexes for the content available at peers in the nearby neighborhood.
Framing Attitudes Towards Immigrants in Europe: When Competition Does Not Matter

The socio-economic conditions of native populations and axioms derived from ethnic competition theory have often been used to account for xenophobic attitudes. By contrast, much less research has been conducted on the impact of ideological structures on the formation of attitudes towards immigration. This paper aims to fill this gap by suggesting that broad ideological structures in terms of left–right self-placements are important cognitive determinants of attitudes towards migrants when the direct experience of competition for scarce resources is lower. It shows that political preferences structure attitudes when the socio-economic vulnerability of citizens and geographical contexts are low enough for migrants not to be framed as a direct threat. Economic vulnerability is thus theorised to overcome the resistance of ideological predispositions. The findings are obtained through hierarchical linear models using the 2002–03 European Social Survey.
Formulation and in vitro-in vivo evaluation of piribedil solid lipid micro- and nanoparticles

Modification of the dissolution rate and, thus, the enhancement of the bioavailability of a dopaminergic drug, piribedil, which has a low aqueous solubility and short elimination half-life have been the aim in this study. Preparations of micron and submicron particles using solid lipid carriers have been performed for this purpose. For the avoidance of solvent residues resulting from the preparation technique, cold and hot homogenization methods have been used to prepare solid lipid particles. After obtaining an appropriate particle size, piribedil loading and preparation yield by the use of those two methods, various formulations have been prepared with different lipid, drug and surfactant materials. The factors mentioned were found to affect properties of the particles, and the release rate was found to be the fastest in acidic medium. Suspensions of pure piribedil and a formulation, selected according to the results obtained from in vitro dissolution and particle size experiments, were compared using tremor tests in mice. The same suspensions were applied perorally to rabbits and bioavailability of the solid lipid particle was found to be higher than the pure piribedil. After an in vitro-in vivo evaluation of piribedil solid lipid particles developed for Parkinson's disease therapy, it has been determined that release rate could be controlled and piribedil bioavailability could be improved.
Facilitated Assessment of Tissue Loss Following Traumatic Brain Injury

All experimental models of traumatic brain injury (TBI) result in a progressive loss of brain tissue. The extent of tissue loss reflects the injury severity and can be measured to evaluate the potential neuroprotective effect of experimental treatments. Quantitation of tissue volumes is commonly performed using evenly spaced brain sections stained using routine histochemical methods and digitally captured. The brain tissue areas are then measured and the corresponding volumes are calculated using the distance between the sections. Measurements of areas are usually performed using a general purpose image analysis software and the results are then transferred to another program for volume calculations. To facilitate the measurement of brain tissue loss we developed novel algorithms which automatically separate the areas of brain tissue from the surrounding image background and identify the ventricles. We implemented these new algorithms by creating a new computer program (SectionToVolume) which also has functions for image organization, image adjustments and volume calculations. We analyzed brain sections from mice subjected to severe focal TBI using both SectionToVolume and ImageJ, a commonly used image analysis program. The volume measurements made by the two programs were highly correlated and analysis using SectionToVolume required considerably less time. The inter-rater reliability was high. Given the extensive use of brain tissue loss measurements in TBI research, SectionToVolume will likely be a useful tool for TBI research. We therefore provide both the source code and the program as attachments to this article.
A mobility management scheme for hybrid wired and wireless networks

To support multi-hop networking in hybrid networks, the Internet can be integrated with mobile ad hoc networks (MANETs). Existing mobility management schemes for such architectures use mobile IP and are based on fixed gateways. In this paper, we propose a mobility management scheme based on mobile gateways (MGs) architecture. We designed a buffering mechanism for micro- and macro-mobility management for hybrid networks. The performance evaluation of the mobility management with optimized handover (MM-OH) and forced handover (MM-FH) are carried out using simulation. Our simulation results show that buffering mechanism coupled with hybrid gateway discovery improves the handover significantly for both schemes while showing significant performance gain with MM-OH. Moreover, the simulation experiments reveal that the speed of MG relatively has a higher impact on performance than the speed of mobile nodes.
Contingent Capital, Tail Risk, and Debt-Induced Collapse

Contingent capital in the form of debt that converts to equity as a bank approaches financial distress offers a potential solution to the problem of banks that are too big to fail. This paper studies the design of contingent convertible bonds and their incentive effects in a structural model with endogenous default, debt rollover, and tail risk in the form of downward jumps in asset value. We show that once a firm issues contingent convertibles, the shareholders’ optimal bankruptcy boundary can be at one of two levels: a lower level with a lower default risk or a higher level at which default precedes conversion. An increase in the firm’s total debt load can move the firm from the first regime to the second, a phenomenon we call debt-induced collapse because it is accompanied by a sharp drop in equity value. We show that setting the contractual trigger for conversion sufficiently high avoids this hazard. With this condition in place, we investigate the effect of contingent capital and debt maturity on capital structure, debt overhang, and asset substitution. We also calibrate the model to past data on the largest U.S. bank holding companies to see what impact contingent convertible debt might have had under the conditions of the financial crisis.
Theory of fitness in a heterogeneous environment. VI. The adaptive significance of mutation.

environment. KIMURA (1960) was the first to consider simultaneously the loss of fitness due to mutational load and the contribution that mutation makes in the adaptation to new conditions. He considered secular evolutionary change in which genes are being replaced at a rate corresponding to HALDANE'S (1957) estimate of one allele per 300 generations. RIMURA allowed almost complete dominance and mutation toward the favored allele only. This led him to an estimated total mutation rate over all relevant loci of about 0.06 per generation. Our study differs from KIMURA'S in that we are concerned with the contribution of mutation to the short term survival of a population under fluctuating conditions, the pattern of which persists for a long time. Therefore our results are sensitive to the pattern of environmental fluctuation, especially the variance and autocorrelation of the environment.
Computational prediction of host-pathogen protein-protein interactions

MOTIVATION Infectious diseases such as malaria result in millions of deaths each year. An important aspect of any host-pathogen system is the mechanism by which a pathogen can infect its host. One method of infection is via protein-protein interactions (PPIs) where pathogen proteins target host proteins. Developing computational methods that identify which PPIs enable a pathogen to infect a host has great implications in identifying potential targets for therapeutics. RESULTS We present a method that integrates known intra-species PPIs with protein-domain profiles to predict PPIs between host and pathogen proteins. Given a set of intra-species PPIs, we identify the functional domains in each of the interacting proteins. For every pair of functional domains, we use Bayesian statistics to assess the probability that two proteins with that pair of domains will interact. We apply our method to the Homo sapiens-Plasmodium falciparum host-pathogen system. Our system predicts 516 PPIs between proteins from these two organisms. We show that pairs of human proteins we predict to interact with the same Plasmodium protein are close to each other in the human PPI network and that Plasmodium pairs predicted to interact with same human protein are co-expressed in DNA microarray datasets measured during various stages of the Plasmodium life cycle. Finally, we identify functionally enriched sub-networks spanned by the predicted interactions and discuss the plausibility of our predictions. AVAILABILITY Supplementary data are available at http://staff.vbi. vt.edu/dyermd/publications/dyer2007a.html. SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION Supplementary data are available at Bioinformatics online.
The role of increasing detection in the rising incidence of prostate cancer.

OBJECTIVE To assess the reasons for the dramatic surge in prostate cancer incidence from 1986 to 1991. DESIGN Population-based study of incidence rates and procedures used to detect and diagnose prostate cancer derived from Medicare claims data and the National Cancer Institute's Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER) program from 1986 to 1991. SETTING Four SEER areas (Connecticut; Atlanta, Ga; Detroit, Mich; and Seattle--Puget Sound, Wash) covering approximately 6% of the US population. PARTICIPANTS A 5% random sample of male fee-for-service Medicare beneficiaries aged 65 years and older without cancer, and all men with prostate cancer diagnosed at 65 years of age and older residing in the four areas. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES The age-adjusted rates of prostate cancer incidence, prostate needle biopsy, transurethral resection of the prostate, serum prostate-specific antigen (PSA) testing, and transrectal ultrasound. RESULTS The age-adjusted incidence rate of prostate cancer among men aged 65 years and older in the four SEER areas rose 82% from 1986 to 1991, with the largest annual increases occurring in 1990 (20%) and 1991 (19%). Prostate needle biopsy rates increased while the use of transurethral resection of the prostate declined from 1986 to 1991. The rising needle biopsy rate has been driven by an exponential increase in PSA testing in the general population from 1988 to 1991 and, to a much lesser extent, the increasing use of transrectal ultrasound since 1986. The use of PSA or transrectal ultrasound has increased across age and race groups and in different geographic areas. However, there remain wide geographic variations in the use of PSA screening. CONCLUSIONS The recent dramatic epidemic of prostate cancer is likely the result of the increasing detection of tumors resulting from increased PSA screening. The magnitude and rapidity of the incidence rise suggest that changes in the intensity of medical surveillance is the most plausible explanation for this trend. IMPLICATIONS The rapid diffusion of screening interventions that have the ability to detect latent asymptomatic disease leads to important concerns regarding costs and patient quality of life for men aged 65 years and older. Geographic variability in the adoption of PSA testing underscores uncertainty and disagreement about its value for reducing prostate cancer mortality. More research is required to determine the effectiveness of screening for prostate cancer.
Protein–Protein Interactions between Sucrose Transporters of Different Affinities Colocalized in the Same Enucleate Sieve Element Article, publication date, and citation information can be found at www.plantcell.org/cgi/doi/10.1105/tpc.002428.

Suc represents the major transport form for carbohydrates in plants. Suc is loaded actively against a concentration gradient into sieve elements, which constitute the conduit for assimilate export out of leaves. Three members of the Suc transporter family with different properties were identified: SUT1, a high-affinity Suc proton cotransporter; SUT4, a low-affinity transporter; and SUT2, which in yeast is only weakly active and shows features similar to those of the yeast sugar sensors RGT2 and SNF3. Immunolocalization demonstrated that all three SUT proteins are localized in the same enucleate sieve element. Thus, the potential of Suc transporters to form homooligomers was tested by the yeast-based split-ubiquitin system. The results show that both SUT1 and SUT2 have the potential to form homooligomers. Moreover, all three Suc transporters have the potential to interact with each other. As controls, a potassium channel and a monosaccharide transporter, expressed in the plasma membrane, did not interact with the SUTs. The in vivo interaction between the functionally different Suc transporters indicates that the membrane proteins are capable of forming oligomeric structures that, like mammalian Glc transporter complexes, might be of functional significance for the regulation of transport.
Exploitation of ontological resources for scientific literature analysis: Searching genes and related diseases

Ontological resources such as controlled vocabularies, taxonomies and ontologies from the OBO foundry are used to represent biomedical domain knowledge. The development of such resources is a time consuming task. Once they are finished they contribute to standardization of information representation, interoperability of IT solutions, literature analysis and knowledge discovery. Text mining comprises IT solutions for information retrieval (IR) and information extraction (IE). IR technology exploits ontological resources to select documents that fit best to the processed query, for example, through indexing of the literature content with concept ids or through disambiguation of terms in the query. IE solutions make use of the ontological labels to identify concepts in the text. The text passages that denote conceptual entries are then used either to annotate named entities or to relate the named entities to each other. For knowledge discovery (KD) solutions the identified concepts in the scientific literature are used to relate entities to each other, e.g. to identify gene-disease relations based on shared molecular functions.
THE COLLABORATIVE IAEA TC PROJECT ON THE INVESTIGATION OF FINE AND COARSE ATMOSPHERIC PARTICULATE MATTER IN ARASIA REGION

There is lack of enough data and study dealing with air pollution in Arasia region (Arab countries in Asia). Since atmospheric particulate matter PM10 and PM2.5 are trans-boundary and can effectively contribute to air pollution in certain localized areas, it is proposed to investigate these air pollution factors in a regional context. This work is a part of a study conducted among several Arab countries in West Asia, under an IAEA regional technical cooperation project for Arasia region. In a first phase, some preliminary results were obtained as moderate number of samples was collected from the different participating countries. It concerned the characterization of fine particles (PM2.5), collected on Teflon filters every sixth day for 24-h with an air flow of 2.3 m 3 /h, as weight in air volume and elemental composition using only PIXE technique. Some of these first results confirmed the high values of PM2.5 as predicted and showed some similarities in the variability with time of the obtained results when the concerned sampling areas are close, such as Beirut, Amman and Damascus. However, in the subsequent ongoing phases, more samples per country are collected, as continuous sampling is still running since several months at the rate of two days per week. So, this behavior of the PM variability could be better highlighted when compared between the different sampling sites.
Ingroup Favouritism and Outgroup Derogation among Swedish-speaking Finns

Liebkind, K. , Henning-Lindblom, A. & Solheim, E. Ingroup Favouritism and Outgroup Derogation among Swedish-speaking Finns. Nordic Psychology, 58, 57–73. We studied the continuity of intergroup bias across two generations among the Swedish- speaking Finns. Many moderators influence the intensity of intergroup bias, for example, group size, group status, valence condition (i.e., attribution of positive or negative stereotypes to in- and outgroup) and ingroup identification. In multilingual contexts, the ethnolinguistic vitality of a language group can be conceived as a proxy for its status. The socalled ‘aggravating hypothesis’ holds that inferior group size or group status constitute aggravating conditions which eliminate the so called PNAE (‘positive-negative asymmetry effect’). We found, in accordance with this hypothesis, that neither generation of this minority group showed PNAE, i.e., both generations showed ingroup favouritism in the negative (attribution of negative stereotypes) as well as in the positive (attribution of positive stereotypes) stimulus conditions. In addition, intergroup bias was stronger among those with a strong ingroup identity, and weaker among those with a strong national identity, regardless of age, although the adolescents showed less intergroup bias than the adults in the negative stimulus condition. This difference occurred only after controlling for ingroup identity, as the adults identified with their ingroup significantly more than the adolescents. However, the adolescents favoured their ingroup more than the adults in the positive stimulus condition. Low local objective ethnolinguistic vitality (i.e. small proportion of Swedish-speakers in the community) seemed to imply an additional aggravating condition, as it predicted more intergroup bias in both generations and in both valence conditions. In accordance with expectations, however, a strong interpersonal network of language contacts, i.e., only Swedish spoken at home, was related to stronger intergroup bias in both generations and both valence conditions.
Narrative and Persuasion in Fashion Advertising

Narrative transportation—to be carried away by a story—has been proposed as a distinct route to persuasion. But as originally conceived, narrative transportation is unlikely to occur in response to advertisements, where persuasive intent is obvious and consumer resistance is expected. We analyze fashion ads to show how narrative transportation can nonetheless be a possible response to ads, if specific aesthetic properties are present, most notably when grotesque imagery is used. We then situate narrative transportation as one of five modes of engaging fashion advertising, each of which serves as a distinct route to persuasion. Interviews showed that consumers variously engage ads to act, identify, feel, transport, or immerse. We explain how aesthetic properties of ads call forth different modes of engagement and explore how grotesque imagery can lead to either narrative transportation or immersion. As routes to persuasion, transportation and immersion work by intensifying brand experience rather than boosting brand evaluation.