Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Transport theory and the WKB approximation for interplanetary MHD fluctuations

An alternative approach, based on a multiple scale analysis, is presented in order to reconcile the traditional Wentzel-Kramer-Brillouin (WKB) approach to the modeling of interplanetary fluctuations in a mildly inhomogeneous large-scale flow with a more recently developed transport theory. This enables us to compare directly, at a formal level, the inherent structure of the two models. In the case of noninteracting, incompressible (Alven) waves, the principle difference between the two models is the presence of leading-order couplings (called 'mixing effects') in the non-WKB turbulence model which are absent in a WKB development. Within the context of linearized MHD, two cases have been identified for which the leading order non-WJB 'mixing term' does not vanish at zero wavelength. For these cases the WKB expansion is divergent, whereas the multiple-scale theory is well behaved. We have thus established that the WKB results are contained within the multiple-scale theory, but leading order mixing effects, which are likely to have important observational consequences, can never be recovered in the WKB style expansion. Properties of the higher-order terms in each expansion are also discussed, leading to the conclusion that the non-WKB hierarchy may be applicable even when the scale separation parameter is not small.
Antioxidant Capacity and Shelf Life of Radish Microgreens Affected by Growth Light and Cultivars

Microgreens are young, immature vegetables that contain higher concentrations of active compounds compared to mature vegetables and seeds. Radish microgreens are a good source of antioxidants, phenolic compounds, ascorbic acid, carotenoids, and anthocyanins. The production of microgreens is limited by their short shelf life due to higher dark respiration and accelerated senescence. The study was performed on three radish cultivars (Raphanus sativus L.): purple radish (cvP), red radish (cvR), and green radish (cvG). Radish microgreens were grown in chambers with controlled conditions (24 °C and a photoperiod of 16/8 h) under two types of artificial LED light (45 μmol m−2s−1): under white light (B:G:R) and a blue/red light combination (B:2R). The effect of the two types of light was examined on the 3rd, 7th, and 14th day after storage at a low temperature (+4 °C). The physiological status of the three cultivars of radish microgreens was examined by measuring the contents of total soluble phenolics, ascorbic acid, proteins, sugars, dry matter, anthocyanins, carotenoids, and chlorophyll as well as the total antioxidant activity. The results revealed that radish microgreens’ antioxidant capacity and phytochemical profile depend on the radish cultivar and on the type of LED light used for cultivation. It was shown that B:2R and red cultivar were most beneficial for the synthesis of most of the determined phytochemicals compared to B:G:R, or the purple and green cultivar, respectively. Storage at a low temperature in darkness slowed down most of the metabolic reactions during the first seven days, thus preserving most of the antioxidant activity.
Density-conserving shape factors for particle simulations in cylindrical and spherical coordinates

It is shown that, in cylindrical and spherical coordinates, particle-to- grid weighting based on conventional particle-in-cell (PIC) and cloud-in-cell (CIC) shape factors results in non-uniform grid densities even for uniform particle distributions. Instead, alternative, density-conserving weighting schemes are discussed, including modified PIC and CIC weighting. 10 refs., 5 figs.
The charge‐effect transistor

We present a theoretical study of the current‐voltage characteristic of a new transistor based upon the ‘‘Coulomb blockade. ’’ In mesoscopic (submicron) tunnel junctions the flow of current can be blocked by the electrostatic charging energy of a single electron. The charge‐effect transistor is composed of two mesoscopic tunnel junctions connected in series with a gate terminal capacitively coupled to the interjunction region. Such a device has been shown to lead to a Coulomb staircase in the current‐voltage characteristic when the gate voltage is zero. Here we study the effect of the gate voltage on the current through the device for various ranges of junction parameters. We study junctions made from both normal metal and superconductors. We examine the current noise at different operating points and find it comparable to, but lower than, that in ordinary shot‐noise devices.
Abstract Explanations in Science

This article focuses on a case that expert practitioners count as an explanation: a mathematical account of Plateau’s laws for soap films. I argue that this example falls into a class of explanations that I call abstract explanations. Abstract explanations involve an appeal to a more abstract entity than the state of affairs being explained. I show that the abstract entity need not be causally relevant to the explanandum for its features to be explanatorily relevant. However, it remains unclear how to unify abstract and causal explanations as instances of a single sort of thing. I conclude by examining the implications of the claim that explanations require objective dependence relations. If this claim is accepted, then there are several kinds of objective dependence relations. 1 Introduction 2 A Case 3 Abstract and Causal Explanations 4 Recent Work on Mathematical Explanation 5 Explanation and Dependence 6 Conclusion 1 Introduction 2 A Case 3 Abstract and Causal Explanations 4 Recent Work on Mathematical Explanation 5 Explanation and Dependence 6 Conclusion
Improved mean shift target tracking approach under the interference of background

Aiming at the earlier stage tracking of strapdown image terminal guidance system, this paper propose a tracking approach which can not only enhance the distinction between targets and background effectively, but also can constrain the interference of target positioning suffered from background information. Among various target tracking approaches, the Mean Shift tracking algorithm is an excellent one due to its efficiency and simplicity, while it can not effective restrain the disturbance from background information. Thus, in this paper, an only target model background-weighted histogram target tracking algorithm, which can restrain the interference from background information, is presented under the Mean Shift framework. If the histogram of target model and target candidate model are both transformed, the probability of remarkable background features in the target model and target candidate model will simultaneously decrease. Thus it is equivalent to a proportional transformation of the weights obtained by the conventional target representation method. Meanwhile, the Mean Shift iteration formula is invariant to the proportional transformation of weights. Therefore, simultaneously transform the histogram of target model and target candidate model is exactly the same as the Mean Shift tracking with traditional target representation. So the proposed algorithm only transforms the histogram of target model and decreases the probability of target model features that are prominent in the background, but do nothing to target candidate model. Experimental results show that the proposed algorithm can not only restrain the disturbance from background information and improve the tracking accuracy, but also not increases the execution time.
The social care-taking of the city-kids. Determinants for day-care attendance in early twentieth-century southern Sweden

ABSTRACT The introduction of a child day-care system is one of the early welfare interventions targeted towards mothers and young children that over time gained great prominence in the Swedish welfare state. Because quantitative research on day-cares in historical settings is generally scarce, in this study, we focus on the determinants of day-care enrolment in southern Sweden during the early twentieth century. We use unique individual-level records of day-care attendance for children born between 1900 and 1935 which have been linked to longitudinal micro-level data for the city of Landskrona obtained from the Scanian Economic Demographic Database. Event-history techniques are employed to analyse the importance of factors such as household composition, parental socio-economic background, marital status of the mother, and mother’s occupation. Of the studied children, 8% were ever enrolled in day-cares, most of them around the ages 3 to 6. The results show that the mother’s marital status, household SES, number of siblings, the presence of other adult females in the household and mother’s occupation are all significant determinants of day-care attendance for children. In this study, we show that in the early twentieth century in southern Sweden, day-care attendance followed a negative SES gradient and was most common among children of single mothers.
A Shared-Aperture Cavity Slot Antenna-in-Package Concept Featuring End-Fire and Broadside Radiation for Enhanced Beam Coverage of mmWave Mobile Devices

A shared-aperture cavity slot antenna (SACSA) is proposed and demonstrated at millimeter-wave spectrum for the first time. The endfire and broadside antennas can independently operate within an identical cavity, thus sharing a common aperture. The endfire antenna is implemented as an open-ended cavity slot antenna (CSA) topology featuring <inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$+y$ </tex-math></inline-formula>-axis directional beam, and broadside antenna is realized as a cavity backed slot antenna featuring +z-axis directional beam. For reducing a mutual coupling between endfire and broadside antennas, two antennas are designed to feature orthogonal polarization of each other. The reflection coefficients of two antennas satisfy less than −10 dB at operating frequency band while maintaining mutual coupling coefficient under −25 dB. The realized gain of 1 <inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$\times $ </tex-math></inline-formula> 4 SACSA is approximately 9.56 dBi for endfire antenna and 8.9 dBi for broadside antenna, and 3 dB scanning angle of both antennas is ± 45° at respective dominant directions. Accordingly, the proposed SACSA can be implemented as a compact size of antenna-in-package (AiP) by sharing the aperture of two antennas and enhancing beamforming coverage by independently steering two separate beams.
Metacyclic Invariants of Knots and Links

To each representation ρ on a transitive permutation group P of the group G = π(S – k) of an (ordered and oriented) link k = k1 ∪ k2 ∪ … ∪ kμ in the oriented 3-sphere S there is associated an oriented open 3-manifold M = Mρ(k), the covering space of S – k that belongs to ρ. The points 01, 02, … that lie over the base point o may be indexed in such a way that the elements g of G into which the paths from oi to oj project are represented by the permutations gρ of the form , and this property characterizes M. Of course M does not depend on the actual indices assigned to the points o 1, o 2, … but only on the equivalence class of ρ, where two representations ρ of G onto P and ρ′ of G onto P′ are equivalent when there is an inner automorphism θ of some symmetric group in which both P and P′ are contained which is such that ρ′ = θρ.
Book Review : Analysing Change: Measurement and Explanation Using Longitudinal Data

When reading about the earlier stages of the Framingham Heart Study-probably the most successful and influential longitudinal study in the United States-it is tempting to conclude that one of the major &dquo;findings&dquo; of the study was the seemingly unending series of methodological problems associated with the analysis and interpretation of longitudinal data (see Gordon & Kannel, 1970). Similarly, prominent methodologists in psychology and the social sciences have even wondered whether it is worthwhile to
Systematic identification and characterization of the soybean (Glycine max) B-box transcription factor family

Abstract In plants, the B-box (BBX) transcription factors (TFs) are a subfamily of zinc-finger TFs that act to regulate diverse plant growth and development processes. The BBX TFs have been the subject of considerable attention, and are well characterized in diverse plant species, including in rice (Oryza sativa) and Arabidopsis thaliana, but less so in the economically important soybean (Glycine max). In this work, we systematically identified and characterized 57 soybean BBX genes (GmBBX1 to GmBBX57). These genes were mapped to all 20 soybean chromosomes and were divided into five clades with high intra-clade intron–exon similarity. The majority of GmBBX gene promoter cis-acting elements were responsive to light, abscisic acid, salicylic acid and methyl jasmonate, as well as a diverse array of other stimuli. Quantitative RT-PCR indicated that several GmBBX genes exhibited tissue-specific and phytohormone- and abiotic stress-responsiveness. The results of this study will be useful in the continued characterization of soybean BBX gene functions and provide new ideas for soybean breeding.
Numerical simulation of vortex shedding from rectangular cylinders with different elongation ratios

RANS simulations are performed for flow past rectangular cylinders with different elongation ratios (L/D= 1, 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, 14 and 16) at Re= 22 000 using the k-ω SST turbulence model. As L/D increases from 1 to 6, stepwise increase of Strouhal number (St) exists, whereas an almost linear variation of St with respect to L/D can be found (St= 0.1618*L/D) at L/D⩾ 8. In the flow, two small secondary vortices beneath the shear layers are identified and the trailing-edge secondary vortex presents opposite rotational direction comparing with the leading-edge main vortex. Analysis of the shear layer and vortex characteristics is carried out to correlate with the wall normal stress and shear stress on the rectangular cylinder surfaces. Further, four coupling modes between leading-edge vortex (L-vortex) and trailing-edge vortex (T-vortex) among cylinders with different L/D are observed, named L-Vortex Mode (i.e. L/D= 1–2), L-T-Vortex Mode (i.e. L/D= 4–8), T-L-Vortex Mode (i.e. L/D= 10–14), and T-Vortex Mode (i.e. L/D ⩾ 16). When L/D > 4, the convective velocity of the L- and T-vortex is not sensitive to the L/D.
The effect of contraction and twist on myocardial PET and SPECT image resolution: a mathematical phantom study

Motion of the heart degrades cardiac PET and SPECT resolution. A mathematical phantom was constructed to model contractile and non-uniform twisting motions of the left ventricular myocardium as the heart beats. The phantom was used to estimate the effect of motion on cardiac ECT image resolution and on quantitation in regions of interest (ROIs). Cardiac motion with contraction and twist was simulated at 16 time gates. The movement of mid-myocardial points was tracked, from which motion blur was computed. Contractile motion was greater near the base and twisting motion was greater near the apex. The blur due to both motions was equivalent to 7-9 mm FWHM Gaussian smoothing. Clinical PET resolution of 7 mm was degraded to 10-11 mm FWHM and clinical SPECT resolution of 14 mm to 16-17 mm FNHM. Weighting coefficients were used to characterize how activity in short and long axis ROIs was related to activity in source model ROIs. The effect of contraction was dependent on whether short or long axis slices were used for ROIs and on the spatial location of the ROIs. The weights for short axis ROIs showed the effect of twist in blurring activity to adjacent angular sectors. This effect was not seen in long axis ROIs where the angular range encompassed by the constant thickness slices was greater. A mathematical heart phantom that models contractile and twisting motions is valuable for investigating the effect of these motions on cardiac ECT studies.
Communication-Efficient and Model-Heterogeneous Personalized Federated Learning via Clustered Knowledge Transfer

Personalized federated learning (PFL) aims to train model(s) that can perform well on the individual edge-devices' data where the edge-devices (clients) are usually IoT devices like our mobile phones. The participating clients for cross-device settings, in general, have heterogeneous system capabilities and limited communication bandwidth. Such practical properties of the edge-devices, however, are overlooked by many recent work in PFL, which use the same model architecture across all clients and incur high communication cost by directly communicating the model parameters. In our work, we propose a novel and practical PFL framework named COMET where clients can use heterogeneous models of their own choice and do not directly communicate their model parameters to other parties. Instead, COMET uses clustered codistillation, where clients use knowledge distillation to transfer their knowledge to other clients with similar data distributions. This presents a practical PFL framework for the edge-devices to train through IoT networks by lifting the heavy communication burden of communicating large models. We theoretically show the convergence and generalization properties of COMET and empirically show that COMET achieves high test accuracy with several orders of magnitude lower communication cost while allowing client model heterogeneity compared to the other state-of-the-art PFL methods.
Guidance force in an infinitely long superconductor and permanent magnetic guideway system

Guidance force is calculated when a high-temperature superconductor moves laterally on a permanent magnetic guideway. Both the superconductor and the guideway are infinitely long. The dependence of guidance performance upon both geometrical parameters, such as the shape of the superconductor and the guideway, and intrinsic parameters, such as critical current density of the superconductor and uniform magnetization of the guideway, are studied. The results may be helpful to the design and optimization of the superconducting magnetically levitated train system.
The effect of audio on the experience in virtual reality: a scoping review

ABSTRACT The use of virtual reality (VR) has seen significant recent growth and presents opportunities for use in many domain areas. The use of head-mounted displays (HMDs) also presents unique opportunities for the implementation of audio feedback congruent with head and body movements, thus matching intuitive expectations. However, the use of audio in VR is still undervalued and there is a lack of consistency within audio-centedd research in VR. To address this shortcoming and present an overview of this area of research, we conducted a scoping review (n = 121) focusing on the use of audio in HMD-based VR and its effects on user/player experience. Results show a lack of standardisation for common measures such as pleasantness and emphasize the context-specific ability of audio to influence a variety of affective, cognitive, and motivational measures, but are mixed for presence and generally lacking for social experiences and descriptive research.
Adaptive Pseudoinverse Control for Constrained Hysteretic Nonlinear Systems and its Application on Dielectric Elastomer Actuator

Flexible smart material actuators, such as dielectric elastomer actuators (DEA) and ionic polymer metal composites, have shown greatly potential applications in the field of soft biomimetic robots and rehabilitation robots due to their human-like muscle softness, large stretch, and high energy density characteristics. In this article, a fuzzy logic system (FLS) and barrier Lyapunov function (BLF) based adaptive pseudoinverse control scheme is proposed for a class of state-constrained hysteretic nonlinear systems, where all the states are always strictly limited in each constrained set. The main features of this article are: 1) the hysteresis nonlinearity in the actuators is considered and mitigated by the proposed pseudoinverse control algorithms, which implies that the direct hysteresis inverse model is not required, instead a searching mechanism of the actual control signal from the temporary control signal; 2) the all-state-constrained control problem of the Preisach hysteresis model is overcome when the control signal is coupled in the double integral functions with the aid of an FLS, BLFs, and the proposed hysteresis pseudoinverse algorithms; and 3) the DEA-based motion control platform is constructed, and the experiments are conducted to validate the effectiveness of our proposed control scheme.
The use of evidence-based classroom management strategies by elementary school teachers in Turkey

One of the biggest issues in education today is classroom management, particularly in inclusive environments where students' demands are diverse. The literature suggests using management strategies and evidence-based approaches to manage classrooms effectively. This study aims to investigate how teachers implement evidence-based classroom management techniques in inclusive primary school settings. The data of the research were collected through an online questionnaire and semi-structured interviews. Within the parameters of the study, 103 participants who met the criteria for purposive sampling completed an online questionnaire, and 10 participants took part in semi-structured interviews. The results from the online questionnaire reveal that ‘clearly defining the classroom rules’ is the most often employed evidence-based classroom management technique by teachers. After a descriptive analysis of the data from the semi-structured views. Eleven themes and 35 sub-themes were identified. The findings were discussed and compared with the literature. Recommendations were presented. Keywords: Classroom management, evidence-based approach, inclusive education, integration, management strategies teacher behaviors;
Finite Element Solution of the 3D Compressible Navier-Stokes Equations by a Velocity-Vorticity Method

This paper presents an alternative formulation to the primitive variable form of the Navier-Stokes equations. The approach is based on the use of the velocity and vorticity variables as a logical extension of the stream function-vorticity method which is quite effective for two-dimensional flows. Second-order equations are obtained for the variables and discretization is through a weak-Galerkin finite element method, followed by Newton linearization. The velocity and vorticity components are solved simultaneously by a direct solver. The scheme is demonstrated for two-dimensional and three-dimensional incompressible and subsonic internal enclosed flow problems.
Mitochondrial and Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress Trigger Triglyceride Accumulation in Models of Parkinson’s Disease Independent of Mutations in MAPT

The metabolic basis of Parkinson’s disease pathology is poorly understood. However, the involvement of mitochondrial and endoplasmic reticulum stress in dopamine neurons in disease aetiology is well established. We looked at the effect of rotenone- and tunicamycin-induced mitochondrial and ER stress on the metabolism of wild type and microtubule-associated protein tau mutant dopamine neurons. Dopamine neurons derived from human isolated iPSCs were subjected to mitochondrial and ER stress using RT and TM, respectively. Comprehensive metabolite profiles were generated using a split phase extraction analysed by reversed phase lipidomics whilst the aqueous phase was measured using HILIC metabolomics. Mitochondrial and ER stress were both shown to cause significant dysregulation of metabolism with RT-induced stress producing a larger shift in the metabolic profile of both wild type and MAPT neurons. Detailed analysis showed that accumulation of triglycerides was a significant driver of metabolic dysregulation in response to both stresses in both genotypes. Whilst the consequence is similar, the mechanisms by which triglyceride accumulation occurs in dopamine neurons in response to mitochondrial and ER stress are very different. Thus, improving our understanding of how these mechanisms drive the observed triglyceride accumulation can potentially open up new therapeutic avenues.