Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Reconstruction, Anaphora, and Pronouns as Identity Maps

This paper examines how pronouns interpreted as identity maps fit into a framework of dynamic semantics. There are at least two reasons why this question is interesting for the linguist. First, Jacobson (1997) has argued, with reference to classical sentence-internal test cases like antecedent contained deletion, functional readings, i-inside-i, etc. that the identity map interpretation of pronouns is preferable to the the traditional free variable interpretation. If Jacobson's arguments are convincing, and I believe they are, then it is imperative to extend this theory to cross-sentential anaphora. Second, this proposal has a further advantage that is not explored in Jacobson's papers: it makes "reconstruction" costless. Chierchia (1995) points out that in free variable theories, reconstruction poses the same logical problem as cross-sentential anaphora. It is of some interest to compare what logical apparatus these require on the present proposal. Pronouns as identity maps This is how the basic proposal works. Him is interpreted as x.x and bears the syntactically inert functor category np|np, which can only be applied to. The Geach rule enables saw and Mary to combine with it: (1) Mary saw him s/(np\s) geach (np\s)/np geach np|np (s|np)/((np\s)|np) ((np\s)|np)/(np|np) (np\s)|np s|np The resulting clause bears the category s|np and is accordingly interpreted as a property, x[saw(x)(m)]. Crucially, this interpretation is invariant: it supports both the bound variable and the deictic uses of the pronoun, and on the deictic use, it eliminates the traditional ambiguity between different free variables. If him is deictic, the property x[saw(x)(m)] is predicated of a contextually salient individual. If him is to be bound by a c-commanding quantifier, a silent combinator "z" applies to a higher verb and identifies two argument slots. "z" incorporates Geach and the Duplicator, fx[fxx]: (2) Everyone/i thinks Mary saw him/i: z-think = gv[think(gv)(v)] z-think(Mary saw him) = gv[think(gv)(v)](x[saw(x)(m)]) = v[think(saw(v)(m))(v)] Everyone z-thinks Mary saw him = ~y[think(saw(y)(m))(y)]
Optimal derivations in weak lambda-calculi and in orthogonal term rewriting systems

We introduce the new framework of Labeled Terms Rewriting Systems (T~RS), a general framework to express sharing in Term Rewriting Systems (TRS). For Orthogonal TZRS, an important subclass of T~ RS, we characterize optimal derivations. This result is applied to weak A-calculi, showing the optimality of the tazy strategy, that is, the call-by-name with sharing strategy. The result is also valid in the presence of &rules, as in PCF. Orthogonal T~RS is also useful as a calculus for proving syntactic properties of functional languages. 1 Compilation of the ~-calculus Most compilers for functional languages translate their source language into some enriched Acalculus [17], and then, compile this intermediate language to a low-level language, such as mutually recursive supercombinators, as in LML [2, 10], or categorical combinators, as in CAML [4]. These low-level languages define different forms of weak /3-reduction. We now describe two of these low-level languages, supercombinators and explicit substitutions, and gradually introduce our extensions to the TRS formalism, “ INRIA Rocquencourt ; this work was partially funded by DRET under grant N08780814. Permission to copy without fee all or part of this material is granted provided that the copies are not made or distributed for direct commercial advantage, the ACM copyright notice and the title of the publication and its date appear, and notice is given that copying is by permission of tbe Association for Computing Machinery. To copy otherwise, or to republish, requires a fee and/or specific permission. @ 1990 ACM 089791-419-8/90/0012/0255 $1.50 1.1 Compilation to supercombinators Consider the following A-expression : The compilation into supercombinators yields a set of combinator definitions and an expression to be computed : L/ II X=X 12X=X Kxy=. z Ffz=f(Gfz) Gfz=fx F (K 11) IZ Note how the variable f, free in (Jz.f z), is turned into a locally bound variable which is supplied while calling the supercombinat ors F and G. This process is known as A lifting [2]. These expressions are graphs, to be reduced by the method of lazy graph reduction [2, 17]. There is an implicit binary application node, written @ in the following. As an example, the expression F (K 11) 12 is equivalent to @(@(F, @(I<, 11)), 12), or graphically :
Statistical aspects of the chebyshev center estimate

We treat the linear regression problem of estimating thetas from noisy observations where the norm of thetas is bounded. Instead of using the constrained least-squares approach which minimizes the data error over bounded norm vectors, we explore the use of the Chebyshev-center estimate (CC), that is aimed at minimizing the worst-case squared-error over all bounded-norm vectors thetas and bounded noise. We derive an explicit expression for the CC estimate and explore some of its statistical properties. In particular, we show that it can be viewed as a generalized Bayesian estimate where both the parameter vector and the noise have hierarchial Gaussian priors.
Correctness verification and performance analysis of real-time systems using stochastic preemptive time Petri nets

Time Petri nets describe the state of a timed system through a marking and a set of clocks. If clocks take values in a dense domain, state space analysis must rely on equivalence classes. These support verification of logical sequencing and quantitative timing of events, but they are hard to be enriched with a stochastic characterization of nondeterminism necessary for performance and dependability evaluation. Casting clocks into a discrete domain overcomes the limitation, but raises a number of problems deriving from the intertwined effects of concurrency and timing. We present a discrete-time variant of time Petri nets, called stochastic preemptive time Petri nets, which provides a unified solution for the above problems through the adoption of a maximal step semantics in which the logical location evolves through the concurrent firing of transition sets. We propose an analysis technique, which integrates the enumeration of a succession relation among sets of timed states with the calculus of their probability distribution. This enables a joint approach to the evaluation of performance and dependability indexes as well as to the verification of sequencing and timeliness correctness. Expressive and analysis capabilities of the model are demonstrated with reference to a real-time digital control system.
The tragedy of the commons, the public goods dilemma, and the meaning of rivalry and excludability in evolutionary biology

Problem: In the study of conflicts, both economists and evolutionary biologists use the concepts ‘tragedy of the commons’ and ‘public goods dilemma’. What is the relationship between the economist and evolutionist views of these concepts? Model features: The economics literature defines the tragedy of the commons and the public goods dilemma in terms of rivalry and excludability of the good. In contrast, evolutionists define these conflicts based on fitness functions with two components: individual and group components of fitness. Mathematical method: Evolutionary game theory and the calculation of evolutionarily stable strategy trait values by standard optimization techniques and by replacing slopes of group phenotype on individual genotype by coefficients of relatedness. Conclusion: There is a direct relationship between rivalry and the individual component of fitness and between excludability and the group component of fitness. Moreover, although the prisoner’s dilemma constitutes a suitable metaphor to analyse both the public goods dilemma and the tragedy of the commons, it gives the false idea that the two conflicts are symmetric since they refer to situations in which individuals consume a common resource – tragedy of the commons – or contribute to a collective action or common good – public goods dilemma. However, the two situations are clearly not symmetric: from the economical point of view they differ by rivalry, and from the evolutionary biology point of view the two conflicts differ by the significance of the within-group competition in the fitness function.
Feature Selection via Approximated Markov Blankets Using the CFS Method

Feature selection has become an important research area in machine learning due to rapid advances in technology. In high-dimensional spaces, the difficulty of classification is intrinsically caused by the existence of irrelevant and redundant features that, in general, degrade the performance of a classifier. Moreover, finding the optimal subset of features becomes intractable even for low-dimensional datasets. In this context, Markov blanket discovery can be used to identify such subset. The approximated Markov blanket (AMb) is an efficient and effective approach to induce Markov blankets from data. However, this approach only considers pairwise comparisons of features. In this paper, we redefine the AMb to consider the interaction among features of a given subset of features. We use the Correlation based Feature Selection (CFS) function to measure such interactions and, as search strategy, the Fast Correlation based Filter (FCBF). The proposal, denoted as FCBFCFS, is compared with the FCBF and tested on synthetic and real-world datasets from the microarray domain. Results show that the inclusion of interactions among features in a subset may led to smaller subsets of features without degrading the classification task.
Exploring Psycho-Physiological Correlates to Trust

This paper describes a methodology for exploring trust using psychological (subjective) and physiological (objective) correlates to trust. The aim was to explore trust using natural dialogs of real-world scenarios that embed fifteen subjective measures. The goal was to apply the method in modeling human-robot-human interaction, involving three types of androids and to predict trust. Two forms of dialogs were employed: a guided script and a predetermined dialog representing three social scenarios. Objective features included facial expressions, voice and heart rate. Subjective trust measures comprised ability, benevolence and integrity. A repeated measures experimental design was employed. Forty-two subjects participated in the study. The data was analyzed using exploratory factor analysis and correlation. Multiple neuro-fuzzy models were trained using the data set and combined as an ensemble using evolutionary algorithms. The final ensemble estimated trust with 67% accuracy. The implications of the findings and limitations of the method are discussed.
Double tracer gas single-breath washout: reproducibility in healthy subjects and COPD

The applicability and interpretation of inert tracer gas washout tests is hampered by the lack of feasible protocols and reproducibility data. We assessed feasibility, variability and reproducibility of a new easy to perform double tracer gas (DTG) single-breath washout (SBW) test and compared this with conventional nitrogen washouts. In 40 healthy nonsmokers and 20 patients with stable chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), we performed three N2 vital capacity SBWs, three N2 multiple-breath washouts and three tidal DTG-SBW tests. Follow-up was after 1 week, 1 month and 6 months. Main outcomes were the lung clearance index (LCI) (N2 multiple-breath washout), slope of phase III (dN2) (N2 vital capacity SBW) and slope of phase III (SIIIDTG) (DTG-SBW). In healthy subjects, mean±sd LCI at baseline was 6.94±0.61, dN2 0.99±0.42% N2 per litre and SIIIDTG −0.206±0.108 g·mol−1·L−1. In COPD, LCI and dN2 were significantly higher (LCI 12.23±2.67, dN2 7.43±5.38% N2 per litre; p<0.001) and SIIIDTG significantly steeper (−0.653±0.428 g·mol−1·L−1, p<0.001). Reproducibility was high for main outcome parameters: the intraclass correlation coefficient over 6 months was 0.77 (0.86 in COPD) for LCI, 0.82 (0.89) for dN2 and 0.83 (0.93) for SIIIDTG. The tidal DTG-SBW is a reproducible test in healthy and COPD subjects that seems attractive for use in routine clinical settings. DTG-SBW may play a role in detection and monitoring of small airway diseases or as an outcome in drug trials http://ow.ly/x15bw
Wbp2 is required for normal glutamatergic synapses in the cochlea and is crucial for hearing

WBP2 encodes the WW domain‐binding protein 2 that acts as a transcriptional coactivator for estrogen receptor α (ESR1) and progesterone receptor (PGR). We reported that the loss of Wbp2 expression leads to progressive high‐frequency hearing loss in mouse, as well as in two deaf children, each carrying two different variants in the WBP2 gene. The earliest abnormality we detect in Wbp2‐deficient mice is a primary defect at inner hair cell afferent synapses. This study defines a new gene involved in the molecular pathway linking hearing impairment to hormonal signalling and provides new therapeutic targets.
THE POSTURE OF THE ABDOMEN DURING LOCUST FLIGHT: REGULATION BY STEERING AND VENTILATORY INTERNEURONES

1.Tethered flying locusts ( Locusta migratoria ) make correctional steering movements with the abdomen when stimulated with a moving artificial horizon and integrated wind jet, simulating deviation from a straight course. 2.Neurones in the metathoracic and first abdominal neuromeres of the metathoracic ganglion have been characterized morphologically and physiologically. The selective stimulation of these cells causes movements of the abdomen. 3.One group of neurones responds directionally to visually perceived horizon movements and is excited by wind on the head. Some of these neurones are rhythmically activated at the flight frequency while others receive tonic drive from the flight oscillator. Electrical depolarization results in bending of the abdomen; the direction of this movement is always compatible with compensatory steering. 4.Interneurones which are active during the expiration phase of ventilation also contribute to the posture of the abdomen in flight. They are not visually responsive but their selective inhibition at the onset of flight activity helps to bring the abdomen into flight posture. Some of these interneurones are modulated at the flight frequency. 5.The efficiency of cooperation between different sets of interneurones inproducing behavioural patterns and the signficance of single neurone stimulation are discussed. Note: Present address and address for offprint requests: Department of Biology, B-002, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA.
Portals and Networking for the Lustre File System

Lustre is a scalable parallel file system for use on largescale compute clusters. Lustre needs to support many different networks, including Ethernet, InfiniBand, Myrinet and Quadrics. In this paper, we discuss how the Portals message passing API developed by Sandia National Laboratories provides a nearly optimal foundation for networking the Lustre file system. Of particular interest are the concurrent presence of storage networking features, such as remote DMA and request processing features that Portals allows.
Automatic Detection of Shadow Acne and Peter Panning Artefacts in Computer Games Rafał Piórkowski

Contemporary game engines offer an outstanding graphics quality but they are not free from typical graphics artefacts. Essential deteriorations are the shadow acne and peter panning artefacts related to deficiency of the shadow mapping technique. In this work we assess whether the objective image quality metrics (IQMs) are suitable for automatic detection and evaluation of these artefacts. We conduct subjective experiments in which people manually mark the visible local artefacts. Then, the detection maps averaged over a number of observers are compared with results generated by IQMs. We evaluate effectiveness of the mathematically-based objective metric MSE, and advanced IQMs: S-CIELAB, SSIM, MSSIM, and HDRVDP-2. The achieved results reveal that MSSIM and SSIM metrics outperforms other techniques and are the most suitable for automatic detection of the shadow acne and peter panning.
11 Brackets and Grid Marks , or Theories of Primary Accent andRhythm

In this chapter, I present the outlines of a formal theory of word accent.1 The theory is nonmetrical in that the account of primary accent location is not based on iterative foot structure. The theory separates the representations of primary and rhythmic accents, the idea being that the latter are accounted for ''with reference to'' the primary accent location. This means that rhythmic structure is either assigned later (in a derivational sense) or governed by constraints that are subordinate to the constraints that govern primary accent (as is possible in the approach presented in Prince and Smolensky 2004). This approach has been called a ''primary-accent-first theory'' in preparation, van der Hulst and Lahiri 1988, van der Hulst and Kooij 1994 for earlier statements). The theory (presented in sections 11.2 through 11.6) is o¤ered here as an alternative to the approach in Idsardi 1992, this volume. However, it was not developed as an alternative to this theory. Rather, like Idsardi's theory, it was developed as an alternative to standard metrical phonology will point to some parallels and di¤erences between Idsardi's theory and the one presented here. The key insight of standard metrical theory is that syllables (or perhaps subsyllabic constituents such as skeletal positions, rhymes, or moras) of words are organized into a layer of foot structure, each foot having a head. Primary accent is then derived by organizing the feet into a word structure in which one foot is the head. The head of the head foot, being a head at both levels, expresses primary accent. In this view, rhythmic accents are assigned first, while primary accent is regarded as the promotion of one of these rhythmic accents; rhythmic accents form a subset of the
Increased Sensitivity to Binge Alcohol-Induced Gut Leakiness and Inflammatory Liver Disease in HIV Transgenic Rats

The mechanisms of alcohol-mediated advanced liver injury in HIV-infected individuals are poorly understood. Thus, this study was aimed to investigate the effect of binge alcohol on the inflammatory liver disease in HIV transgenic rats as a model for simulating human conditions. Female wild-type (WT) or HIV transgenic rats were treated with three consecutive doses of binge ethanol (EtOH) (3.5 g/kg/dose oral gavages at 12-h intervals) or dextrose (Control). Blood and liver tissues were collected at 1 or 6-h following the last dose of ethanol or dextrose for the measurements of serum endotoxin and liver pathology, respectively. Compared to the WT, the HIV rats showed increased sensitivity to alcohol-mediated gut leakiness, hepatic steatosis and inflammation, as evidenced with the significantly elevated levels of serum endotoxin, hepatic triglycerides, histological fat accumulation and F4/80 staining. Real-time PCR analysis revealed that hepatic levels of toll-like receptor-4 (TLR4), leptin and the downstream target monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1) were significantly up-regulated in the HIV-EtOH rats, compared to all other groups. Subsequent experiments with primary cultured cells showed that both hepatocytes and hepatic Kupffer cells were the sources of the elevated MCP-1 in HIV-EtOH rats. Further, TLR4 and MCP-1 were found to be upregulated by leptin. Collectively, these results show that HIV rats, similar to HIV-infected people being treated with the highly active anti-retroviral therapy (HAART), are more susceptible to binge alcohol-induced gut leakiness and inflammatory liver disease than the corresponding WT, possibly due to additive or synergistic interaction between binge alcohol exposure and HIV infection. Based on these results, HIV transgenic rats can be used as a surrogate model to study the molecular mechanisms of many disease states caused by heavy alcohol intake in HIV-infected people on HAART.
Efficient Robust Policy Optimization ( Long Version )

The goal of this paper is to provide efficient algorithms to calculate first and second order gradients of the cost of a control law with respect to its parameters, to speed up policy optimization. The approach achieves robustness by simultaneously designing one control law for multiple models with potentially different model structures, which represent model uncertainty and unmodeled dynamics. We argue that providing explicit examples of possible unmodeled dynamics during the control design process is easier for the designer and is more effective than providing simulated perturbations to increase robustness, as is currently done in machine learning. Our approach supports the design of deterministic nonlinear and time varying controllers for both deterministic and stochastic nonlinear and time varying systems, including policies with internal state such as observers or other state estimators. We highlight the benefit of control laws made up of collections of simple policies where only one simple policy is active at a time. Controller optimization and learning is particularly fast and effective in this situation because derivatives are decoupled.
The End of the Heavy Bombardment as Reflected in the Ages of Martian Impact Basins

Global stratigraphic schemes for planetary bodies usually are based on the most common resurfacing process: the impacts of planetesimals, which remain as craters and basins or related features (e. g. ejecta) on planetary surfaces. Through this random impact cratering process, the counting of the superimposed number of impact craters on planetary surface units offers a valuable procedure in understanding the chronostratigraphic relationships of the impact structures.
Design and Analysis of Two Low-Power SRAM Cell Structures

In this paper, two static random access memory (SRAM) cells that reduce the static power dissipation due to gate and subthreshold leakage currents are presented. The first cell structure results in reduced gate voltages for the NMOS pass transistors, and thus lowers the gate leakage current. It reduces the subthreshold leakage current by increasing the ground level during the idle (inactive) mode. The second cell structure makes use of PMOS pass transistors to lower the gate leakage current. In addition, dual threshold voltage technology with forward body biasing is utilized with this structure to reduce the subthreshold leakage while maintaining performance. Compared to a conventional SRAM cell, the first cell structure decreases the total gate leakage current by 66% and the idle power by 58% and increases the access time by approximately 2% while the second cell structure reduces the total gate leakage current by 27% and the idle power by 37% with no access time degradation.