Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Ice caves and permafrost zones in Southwest Alberta

Zusammenfassung: Eishohlen und Permafrost in Sudwest Alberta Drei Typen von Eishohlen kommen in Siidwest-Alberta vor. Plateauberg-Eishohlen sind fiir die Art typisch, die unmittelbar unterhalb der Zone standigen Permafrostes ge bildet werden, wo sich Eis an den Wanden aufgrund zuriick gezogenen Permafrostes in Felsen bildet. Canyon-Creek Eishohlen sind charakteristisch fiir den zweiten Typ, der durch kalte Luft entsteht, die durch grofie Hohlen mit vielen Eingangen stromt. Das Klima ist kalt genug, dafi Luft unter dem Gefrierpunkt sieben Monate im Jahr dort durchstro men kann, was von der sommerlichen Advektion nicht voll kommen aufgehoben wird. Die latente Warme der Eis schmelze erzeugt eine Abflachung des Warmeteils der Sinus Kurven fiir Felstemperaturen auf der negativen Seite von 0 ? C. Die dritte Art von Hohlen ist vom Typus der Castle guard Hohle (Ford et al., 1971), die eine grofiraumige Hohle innerhalb der Permafrost-Zone mit einem einzigen Eingang ist. Eis tritt in den aufieren 1000 m auf, wobei innerhalb des Berges warmere, aber stabile Temperaturen herrschen. Die Permafrost-Zonen in Siidwest-Alberta bestehen aus einer oberen Zone ununterbrochenen Permafrostes bis zu einer vertikalen Ausdehnung von 100 m und schliefilich einer 1200 m machtigen, in der Eishohlen auftreten konnen. Diese ist nordlich in Richtung der Zone sporadischen Permafrostes unterhalb peat north von 56? N ausgerichtet. Felsgletscher scheinen eher mit den Gletschern als mit den Permafrost Zonen in Zusammenhang zu stehen.
Discriminating different landuse types by using multitemporal NDXI in a rice planting area

Research has shown that the use of multitemporal images could obtain better classification over single date images and that seasonal variation of the normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) could help improve classification accuracy. On consideration of different crop phenology and the seasonal changing characteristics of vegetation, water and bare soil indices from the Landsat Thematic Mapper (TM) images, the present paper uses multitemporal NDXI (NDVI, normalized difference water index (NDWI) and normalized difference soil index (NDSI)) to discriminate different landuse types in a rice planting area. From a comparison of the overall accuracy, Kappa coefficient and producer and user accuracies of different approaches, it is found that the NDXI approach is superior to the traditional classification that uses the original un-transformed images in the discrimination of different landuse types and agricultural land types in the rice planting area. The approach is expected to be more applicable to multitemporal Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) images and to be used in discriminating different cropping systems in paddy areas.
OXYGEN ATMOSPHERIC AND INFRARED ATMOSPHERIC BANDS IN THE AURORA.

Two rockets, instrumented to measure auroral optical emissions and many other auroral parameters, were flown from Fort Churchill on March 21 and 30, 1969, into two similar auroras. The intensities of both the atmospheric and the infrared atmospheric bands of O2 were found to be extremely high, both absolutely and relative to the N2+ radiation at 3914 A. Although the O2 emissions were generally spatially correlated with the N2+ emissions, consistent differences in volumes of emission were observed, implying that the O2(¹Δg) must be excited by a different process than the N2+. Consequently, many possible excitation mechanisms were studied. It was concluded that much energy is deposited into the auroral atmosphere through mechanisms other than direct excitation by energetic particles. Although there were insufficient data to draw absolute conclusions, a possible mechanism, which appears to be consistent with the experimental results, is electric field heating of ambient electrons and the subsequent excitation of O2 molecular electronic states.
Trend, variability or extreme event? The importance of long‐term perspectives in river ecology

Temporal variability at extra‐annual scales is typically a feature of freshwater ecosystems, particularly in places like Australia where the climate is highly unpredictable and where recent anthropogenic changes have been dramatic. Accounting for this variability when studying freshwater systems is generally not possible if freshwater ecologists rely solely on measurements carried out in the course of studies that rarely exceed a few years in length. Alternative methods can be used to extend temporal perspective; however, we argue these are under‐utilised in river ecology. This paper outlines approaches for extending temporal perspective (historical studies, palaeolimnological studies and modelling) and illustrates, using pertinent examples, areas of river ecology where we believe they can be of particular use. We conclude with some suggestions for ways in which cooperation between relevant disciplines can be enhanced. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
In Vitro CRISPR/Cas9 System for Efficient Targeted DNA Editing

ABSTRACT The clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeat (CRISPR)/CRISPR-associated protein 9 (Cas9) system, an RNA-guided nuclease for specific genome editing in vivo, has been adopted in a wide variety of organisms. In contrast, the in vitro application of the CRISPR/Cas9 system has rarely been reported. We present here a highly efficient in vitro CRISPR/Cas9-mediated editing (ICE) system that allows specific refactoring of biosynthetic gene clusters in Streptomyces bacteria and other large DNA fragments. Cleavage by Cas9 of circular pUC18 DNA was investigated here as a simple model, revealing that the 3′→5′ exonuclease activity of Cas9 generates errors with 5 to 14 nucleotides (nt) randomly missing at the editing joint. T4 DNA polymerase was then used to repair the Cas9-generated sticky ends, giving substantial improvement in editing accuracy. Plasmid pYH285 and cosmid 10A3, harboring a complete biosynthetic gene cluster for the antibiotics RK-682 and holomycin, respectively, were subjected to the ICE system to delete the rkD and homE genes in frame. Specific insertion of the ampicillin resistance gene (bla) into pYH285 was also successfully performed. These results reveal the ICE system to be a rapid, seamless, and highly efficient way to edit DNA fragments, and a powerful new tool for investigating and engineering biosynthetic gene clusters. IMPORTANCE Recent improvements in cloning strategies for biosynthetic gene clusters promise rapid advances in understanding and exploiting natural products in the environment. For manipulation of such biosynthetic gene clusters to generate valuable bioactive compounds, efficient and specific gene editing of these large DNA fragments is required. In this study, a highly efficient in vitro DNA editing system has been established. When combined with end repair using T4 DNA polymerase, Cas9 precisely and seamlessly catalyzes targeted editing, including in-frame deletion or insertion of the gene(s) of interest. This in vitro CRISPR editing (ICE) system promises a step forward in our ability to engineer biosynthetic pathways. Recent improvements in cloning strategies for biosynthetic gene clusters promise rapid advances in understanding and exploiting natural products in the environment. For manipulation of such biosynthetic gene clusters to generate valuable bioactive compounds, efficient and specific gene editing of these large DNA fragments is required. In this study, a highly efficient in vitro DNA editing system has been established. When combined with end repair using T4 DNA polymerase, Cas9 precisely and seamlessly catalyzes targeted editing, including in-frame deletion or insertion of the gene(s) of interest. This in vitro CRISPR editing (ICE) system promises a step forward in our ability to engineer biosynthetic pathways.
Impact experiments with a new technique for acceleration of projectiles to velocities higher than Earth's escape velocity of 11.2 km/s

[1] The impact velocities of asteroids on Earth and other terrestrial planets can be greater than 10 km/s, and impacts at these high velocities can produce significant effects on the planetary surfaces. However, since macroscopic (>∼0.1 mm) projectiles with an aspect ratio of ∼1 are not easily accelerated to more than 10 km/s in laboratories, there are few detailed experimental studies. In this paper, we demonstrate that impact velocities greater than 10 km/s can be achieved with glass and aluminum projectiles of 0.1–0.3 mm in diameter using a high-power laser, GEKKO XII-HIPER at Institute of Laser Engineering, Osaka University. The velocity of the projectiles is estimated based on the images taken by high-speed X-ray streak and framing cameras. Projectiles collide into copper or LiF plate targets. The copper plates are recovered for analysis. The sizes of craters on the copper plates are not far from the extrapolations from previous work with lower velocities. A tantalum witness plate placed near the copper plates records a large number of secondary craters from each impact. In the case of the impacts of the LiF plates, we observe two emission lines of Li gas using a spectrometer with a streak camera. Thus, we can simulate the hypervelocity impacts with velocities higher than 10 km/s in laboratories.
Estimates of Evapotranspiration or Effective Moisture in Rocky Mountain Watersheds from Chloride Ion Concentrations in Stream Baseflow

The principle that atmospherically derived chloride is a conservative tracer in many watersheds can be used to calculate average annual evapotranspiration or effective moisture if estimates are available for (1) the average annual chloride input to the watershed, (2) the average annual precipitation, and (3) the baseflow chloride concentration are known. The method assumes that no long-term storage of chloride occurs and there is no lithologic source of chloride, or that such source releases only insignificant amounts to groundwater compared to the atmospheric source. National Atmospheric Deposition Program estimates of chloride wet deposition, watershed precipitation records or hyetal map estimates of precipitation input to watersheds, and a single sample of chloride concentration in base flow were used to calculate evapotranspiration for diverse Rocky Mountain watersheds. This estimate was compared to evapotranspiration determined by subtracting mean discharge from precipitation. Of the 19 watersheds used to test the method, 13 agreed within 10%, 2 appear to have not met the lithology criterion, 1 appears to have not met the flow criterion, and 1 neither criterion. The method's greatest strength is the minimal data requirements and its greatest weakness is that for some watersheds it may be difficult to obtain reliable estimates of precipitation and chloride deposition. If reliable discharge data are available, the method may be used to estimate watershed-average precipitation; this is especially useful in high-altitude mountain watersheds where little or no precipitation data are available.
Hydro-seeding and mulching for establishing vegetation on mining spoils in Greece.

On bauxite mining spoils in central Greece three replicate field trials, with (a) hydro-seeding, (b) plus straw mulching, (c) plus plastic net fixing and (d) plus asphalt fixing, were executed and vegetation cover, number of plants and bio-mass production measured during three consecutive years. It was found that hydro-seeding alone gave poor results but slowly improved with time. The combined treatments proved superior, and there is no difference between the various ones, but their effect declined after the first year. Adverse effects of asphalt binder were not observed, but a laboratory trial showed that its direct contact with seeds can affect the survival and growth of certain species. The successfully established species include Lolium rigidum, Trifolium subterraneum and Sanguisorba minor. However, Phacelia tanacetifolia, despite its good performance in the first year, was significantly reduced in the consecutive years. Local species invaded in increasing numbers in the plots over the years, showing a succession from annual to perennial plants. Copyright © 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Observed bottom boundary layer transport and uplift on the continental shelf adjacent to a western boundary current

Western boundary currents strongly influence the dynamics on the adjacent continental shelf and in particular the cross-shelf transport and uplift through the bottom boundary layer. Four years of moored in situ observations on the narrow southeastern Australian shelf (in water depths of between 65 and 140 m) were used to investigate bottom cross-shelf transport, both upstream (30°S) and downstream (34°S) of the separation zone of the East Australian Current (EAC). Bottom transport was estimated and assessed against Ekman theory, showing consistent results for a number of different formulations of the boundary layer thickness. Net bottom cross-shelf transport was onshore at all locations. Ekman theory indicates that up to 64% of the transport variability is driven by the along-shelf bottom stress. Onshore transport in the bottom boundary layer was more intense and frequent upstream than downstream, occurring 64% of the time at 30°S. Wind-driven surface Ekman transport estimates did not balance the bottom cross-shelf flow. At both locations, strong variability was found in bottom water transport at periods of approximately 90–100 days. This corresponds with periodicity in EAC fluctuations and eddy shedding as evidenced from altimeter observations, highlighting the EAC as a driver of variability in the continental shelf waters. Ocean glider and HF radar observations were used to identify the bio-physical response to an EAC encroachment event, resulting in a strong onshore bottom flow, the uplift of cold slope water, and elevated coastal chlorophyll concentrations.
The contribution of coccolithophores to the optical and inorganic carbon budgets during the Southern Ocean Gas Exchange Experiment: New evidence in support of the “Great Calcite Belt” hypothesis

[1] We describe optical observations from the Southern Ocean (SO) Gas Exchange Experiment (GasEx) during March 2008, designed to test the hypothesis that enhanced reflectance of the Southern Ocean waters was related to a high abundance of coccolithophorids. We present multiple lines of evidence in support of this hypothesis: (1) birefringence microscopy, (2) along-track measurements of acid labile backscattering, (3) analytical measurements of particulate inorganic carbon (PIC), and (4) above-water radiometry measurements made from both ship and satellite. At the SO GasEx study site (∼51°S, 38.5°W) coccolithophores and coccoliths were abundant (∼300 cells mL−1 and 20,000 coccoliths mL−1) and concentrations were stable over time scales of weeks. Enhanced concentrations of PIC were observed between the Subtropical Front (STF) and the northern part of the Subantarctic Front (SAF) and between the SAF region and Polar Front. Biogenic silica was elevated with the highest concentrations south of the STF. These results, along with other recent microscope observations of coccolithophores made by other workers around the Southern Ocean, suggest that the region of enhanced reflectance is, at least partially, due to coccolithophores. However, the PIC estimated from above-water reflectance measurements was 2–3X the PIC actually measured in the water. One possible reason for this is the presence of other sources of scattering, such as microbubbles (at least during stormy conditions). These observations are consistent with the hypothesis that this region of elevated reflectance and PIC is part of a significantly larger region which encircles the entire Southern Ocean each austral summer, a band that we call the “Great Calcite Belt. ”
Aligning a New Reference Genetic Map of Lupinus angustifolius with the Genome Sequence of the Model Legume, Lotus japonicus

We have developed a dense reference genetic map of Lupinus angustifolius (2n = 40) based on a set of 106 publicly available recombinant inbred lines derived from a cross between domesticated and wild parental lines. The map comprised 1090 loci in 20 linkage groups and three small clusters, drawing together data from several previous mapping publications plus almost 200 new markers, of which 63 were gene-based markers. A total of 171 mainly gene-based, sequence-tagged site loci served as bridging points for comparing the Lu. angustifolius genome with the genome sequence of the model legume, Lotus japonicus via BLASTn homology searching. Comparative analysis indicated that the genomes of Lu. angustifolius and Lo. japonicus are highly diverged structurally but with significant regions of conserved synteny including the region of the Lu. angustifolius genome containing the pod-shatter resistance gene, lentus. We discuss the potential of synteny analysis for identifying candidate genes for domestication traits in Lu. angustifolius and in improving our understanding of Fabaceae genome evolution.
From Time to Depth Imaging – A Fast and Accurate Workflow

C006 From Time to Depth Imaging – A Fast and Accurate Workflow G. Lambare (CGG) P. Herrmann (CGG) J.P. Toure (CGG) L. Capar (CGG) P. Guillaume* (CGG) N. Bousquie (CGG) D. Grenie (CGG) & S. Zimine (CGG) SUMMARY We present a new strategy for depth velocity model building from pre-stack time migrated gathers (PreSTM). It is based on dense volumetric dip and residual move-out picking in the PreSTM domain. The kinematic information is de-migrated to compute multi-offset un-migrated attributes - called seismic invariants - used as input data for a multi-offset depth tomography. Compared to the corresponding existing strategy based
Tropospheric ozone from IASI : regional and global assessment

Tropospheric ozone (O3) is an important greenhouse gas and air pollutant. It is the primary source of the most important oxidant in the atmosphere, the hydroxyl radical OH, that is highly reactive with organic and inorganic compounds. Global tropospheric O3 concentrations have been rising considerably since pre-industrial times as a result of the increase in the anthropogenic emissions of O3 precursors. In this thesis, I will study the temporal and spatial variability of tropospheric O3 on a global and regional scale as measured by IASI (Infrared Atmospheric Sounding Interferometer). The IASI instruments have been launched on-board the MetOp-A and MetOp-B satellites in 2006 and 2012.I first discuss the IASI/O3 measurements, their sensitivity in the troposphere and their seasonal variation and transport processes. I then perform more detailed and focused studies. Those include studying the urban and rural O3 and its relationship with nitrogen dioxyde (NO2) measured from GOME (Global Ozone Monitoring Experiment) over different cities in the Northern Hemisphere; investigating the summertime tropospheric O3 maxima over the Mediterranean region using IASI and the WRF-Chem (Weather Research and Forecasting model coupled with Chemistry) data; and finally, using both satellite and model data, I present my analysis of the East Asian monsoon variability and its effect on the tropospheric O3 column.
Atmospheric deposition of inorganic nitrogen to the eastern China seas and its implications to marine biogeochemistry

fluxes are 0.05–0.5 and 0.2–0.6 g m −2 yr −1 , respectively, with the wet deposition accounting for 79% of the total. The total deposition of inorganic nitrogen species, including NO3 ,N H4 , HNO3 ,N Ox, and NH3, to the eastern China seas is 498 GgN yr −1 and accounts for 3.4% of the nitrogen emission by China. Deposition of NO3 and NH4 dominates. The model results agree well with available in situ measurements. The deposition of NH4 and NH3 to the East China Sea is up to 166 GgN yr −1 , which nearly equals the total input of 184 GgN yr −1 from the mainland, including riverine discharge, industrial wastewater, and domestic wastewater. Deposition of atmospheric ammonium can account for 56% of the external total input, which is 1.1–1.5 times the input from the major rivers to all the eastern China seas. Ammonium deposition to the Yellow Sea accounts for as much as 87% of the total input. The annual total nitrogen deposition can be converted to new primary biological productivity of 100–200 mmol C m −2 yr −1 ,o r 1.1–3.9% of the new productivity in the East China Sea. Our results suggest that atmospheric deposition has important impact on biological productivity in all the eastern China seas.
Terrestrial solar spectral distributions derived from broadband hourly solar radiation data

Multiple junction and thin film photovoltaic (PV) technologies respond differently to varying terrestrial spectral distributions of solar energy. PV device and system designers are concerned with the impact of spectral variation on PV specific technologies. Spectral distribution data is generally very rare, expensive, and difficult to obtain. We modified an existing empirical spectral conversion model to convert hourly broadband global (total hemispherical) horizontal and direct normal solar radiation to representative spectral distributions. Hourly average total hemispherical and direct normal beam solar radiation, such as provided in typical meteorological year (TMY) data are model spectral model input data. Default or prescribed atmospheric aerosols and water vapor are possible inputs. Individual hourly and monthly and annual average spectral distributions are computed for a specified tilted surface. The spectral range is from 300 nm to 1400 nm. The model is a modified version of the Nann and Riordan SEDES2 model. Measured hemispherical spectral distributions for a wide variety of conditions at the Solar Radiation Research Laboratory at the National Renewable Energy Laboratory, Golden, Co. and Florida Solar Energy Center (Cocoa, FL) show that reasonable spectral accuracy of about +/-20% is obtainable, with notable exceptions for weather events such as snow.
Medium energy particle precipitation influences on the mesosphere and lower thermosphere

Data accumulated for more than a solar cycle by the TIROS/NOAA polar orbiting satellites are used to extract patterns of particle precipitation in several medium energy bands for varying geomagnetic conditions. While the atmospheric effects of auroral particles measured by these satellites (300 eV-20 keV) have been widely studied, the effects of medium energy (30 keV-2.5 MeV) particles have received less attention; in this paper we present average particle precipitation patterns for medium energy protons and electrons as a function of geomagnetic activity. A magnetic coordinate system is used to bin data at high latitudes to produce patterns that are then used as additional inputs to the National Center for Atmospheric Research thermosphere ionosphere mesosphere electrodynamic general circulation model (TIME-GCM) to study the effects of medium energy particles on the mesosphere and lower thermosphere. Model results obtained with these additional inputs are used to assess the significance of medium energy particles on the composition and dynamics of the region. Zonally averaged model results from the run that includes the medium energy particles show significant increases in ne, HOX, NO2, and NO and a 27 percent decrease in O3 between 70 and 80 km in the polar regions when compared to a similar run without the particles. The temperature and wind differences are small.