Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Synaptic Integration of Functionally Diverse Pallidal Information in the Entopeduncular Nucleus and Subthalamic Nucleus in the Rat

To determine the principles of synaptic innervation of neurons in the entopeduncular nucleus and subthalamic nucleus by neurons of functionally distinct regions of the pallidal complex, double anterograde labeling was carried out at both light and electron microscopic levels in the rat. Deposits of the anterograde tracersPhaseolus vulgaris-leucoagglutinin and biotinylated dextran amine were placed in different functional domains of the pallidal complex in the same animals. The tracer deposits in the ventral pallidum and the globus pallidus gave rise to GABA-immunopositive projections to the entopeduncular nucleus, the subthalamic nucleus, and the more medial lateral hypothalamus that were largely segregated but overlapped at the interface between the two fields of projection. In these regions the proximal parts of individual neurons in the entopeduncular nucleus, lateral hypothalamus, and subthalamic nucleus received synaptic input from terminals derived from both the ventral pallidum and the globus pallidus. Furthermore, the analysis of the afferent synaptic input to the dendrites of neurons in the subthalamic nucleus that cross functional boundaries of the nucleus defined by the pallidal inputs, revealed that terminals with the morphological and neurochemical characteristics of those derived from the pallidal complex make synaptic contact with all parts of the dendritic tree, including distal regions. It is concluded that functionally diverse information carried by the descending projections of the pallidal complex is synaptically integrated by neurons of the entopeduncular nucleus, lateral hypothalamus, and subthalamic nucleus by two mechanisms. First, neurons located at the interface between functionally distinct, but topographically adjacent, projections could integrate diverse information by means of the synaptic convergence at the level of the cell body and proximal dendrites. Second, because the distal dendrites of neurons in the subthalamic nucleus receive input from the pallidum, those that extend across two distinct domains of pallidal input could also provide the morphological basis of integration.
Self-Regulation, Negotiated Agreements and Social Welfare

The literature on voluntary agreements studies self-regulation, negotiated agreements and public voluntary programs, typically in the shadow of a legislative threat. Prior studies have examined each of these instruments in isolation, but interactions between them have received less attention. We show that in the presence of multiple voluntary instruments, equilibrium outcomes and welfare results depend critically on the timing of moves and the bargaining power of each player. In contrast to prior work, we find conditions under which a full-information equilibrium involves self-regulation and no negotiated agreement. We also show that the opportunity to sign a negotiated agreement only reduces welfare when the regulator has little bargaining power and the firm can commit to an inefficient threat to eschew self-regulation should negotiations fail. More generally, we stress the need for the literature to take account of the "technological detail" of particular contexts when studying voluntary agreements.
Housing Affordability in Three Dimensions: Price, Income and Interest Rates

While the "American Dream" of homeownership can be traced back to the homesteading spirit of the pioneers, today, the possibility for many American households of achieving that dream is precariously balanced on a tripod of price, income and interest rates. The current demand for housing has put upward pressure on prices, creating a situation were home price growth is currently outpacing income growth. Yet the potential for a reduction of affordability is being offset by historically low mortgage interest rates, which are currently favorable to affordability. Issues affecting affordability - critical to broad-based home ownership - particularly affect minority groups. The most stable of the three dimensions currently seems to be mortgage interest rates, which are low and moving in a direction favorable to affordability. "Affordability" is a public policy target that moves in three-dimensional space measured by home prices, household income and mortgage interest rates. Analyzing it from the dimensions of home prices and income, affordability is near record lows as the ratio of home prices to income is currently at 4.14, close to the maximum of 4.19 reached in 1988. The ratio had declined to 3.90 by 1992 and ever since, it has risen steadily to today's level. For many, this high ratio brings another comparison to mind - that of a "housing bubble. " If prices rise too fast, fewer Americans will be able to afford a home. The concern then becomes that the resulting reduction in demand will allow home prices to "bust. " Dramatic changes in demand, however, are not likely to occur in the broad national market, but rather in regional markets where the availability of employment tends to fluctuate more dramatically. The important difference between today's housing market and that of the 1980s is that mortgage interest rates are at 6.50 percent and falling, compared to 10.25 percent in 1988. Therefore, when this third dimension is incorporated, we find that the ratio of mortgage payment to income at the median is currently 32.4 percent, compared to 40.5 percent in 1988. This lower payment ratio is largely the result of lower interest rates, but it is also being affected by the recent increase in the income growth rate. In June 2002, personal income grew by 0.6 percent, the highest rate in two years. Since interest rates are not expected to rise in the near future, and income is experiencing strong growth, the demand that supports the current prices can be expected to remain stable for the near term. That's good news for the housing market in generally, but particularly for those interested in housing affordability
Teletraffic simulation of cellular networks: modeling the handoff arrivals and the handoff delay

The paper presents an analysis of teletraffic variables in cellular networks. The variables studied are the time between two consecutive handoff arrivals and the handoff delay. These teletraffic variables are characterized by means of an advanced software simulator that models several scenarios assuming fixed channel allocation. Information about the quality of service is also provided. A large set of scenarios has been simulated and the characterization results derived from its study have been presented and analyzed.
Telepresence: Virtual Reality in the Real World [Special Reports]

Imagine a teleconferencing system that's so realistic, so natural, that you feel you could reach out and shake a participant's hand, even though the individual may be sitting in a room hundreds or even thousands of miles away. That's the idea behind telepresence, an emerging teleconferencing technology that's designed to not only connect people together but to make them feel like they're all collaborating together inside the same room.
Credit monitoring and development : The impact of nancial integration

This paper considers the development issue in a growth model in an open economy to explain the distinct growth paths in di¤erent countries in nanical integration. Instead of imposing exogenous and xed nancial development parameters, this paper draws nancial development indicators from the model and allow for their evolution. The model outlines a transmission channel linking nancial openness and real economic growth through the nancial development. We nd that when the nancial openness makes the nancial development evolve, its evolution changes the growth performance in the nancial openness. The initial nancial development level, the initial wealth, as well as the timing of the openness all account for the growth pattern in a nancially open environment. We explore these issues by incorporating a costly state veri cation (CSV ) problem in an overlapping generation model and we consider the model both in autarky and in a small open economy. We nd two di¤erent aspects of the nancial development which behave quite di¤erently. The nancial development based on these two indicators is non-monotone and its impacts on growth exhibit threshold e¤ects. In an open economy, on one hand, the equalizing force of capital return allocates capital to the countries with higher overall capital productivity; on the other hand, the credit constraint deters capitals by pooling capital in the countries with better nancial conditions. The unequal and non-monotone nancial development adjusts the strength of above competing forces, and gives up to multiple regimes of equilibrium. The nancial development determines the dynamic properties of each regime and its evolution makes the transition of regime happen. Results of the model are consistent with the stylized facts and are compatible with di¤erent growth paths across the world. Keyword: monitoring cost, nancial development, nancial globalization, multiple equilibrium, transition e¤ect on growth, emerging countries JEL classi cation:F4,G2,O4
Human Amniotic Fluid Cells Form Functional Gap Junctions with Cortical Cells

The usage of stem cells is a promising strategy for the repair of damaged tissue in the injured brain. Recently, amniotic fluid (AF) cells have received a lot of attention as an alternative source of stem cells for cell-based therapies. However, the success of this approach relies significantly on proper interactions between graft and host tissue. In particular, the reestablishment of functional brain networks requires formation of gap junctions, as a key step to provide sufficient intercellular communication. In this study, we show that AF cells express high levels of CX43 (GJA1) and are able to establish functional gap junctions with cortical cultures. Furthermore, we report an induction of Cx43 expression in astrocytes following injury to the mouse motor cortex and demonstrate for the first time CX43 expression at the interface between implanted AF cells and host brain cells. These findings suggest that CX43-mediated intercellular communication between AF cells and cortical astrocytes may contribute to the reconstruction of damaged tissue by mediating modulatory, homeostatic, and protective factors in the injured brain and hence warrants further investigation.
Aspect dependent multipath ghost suppression in TWRI under compressive sensing framework

In through-the-wall radar imaging, multipath propagation can create ghost targets which can adversely affect the image reconstruction process. The fact that the ghost positions changes with the radar locations which is referred to as aspect dependence has been reported as among the features distinguishing ghost from true target. This paper proposes ghost suppression method which exploit the aspect dependence feature under compressive sensing framework. The existing signal model is modified so that the location of reflecting geometry is no longer a constraint. Also the sensing matrix is greatly reduced making the methods more attractive. Simulation results demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed methods.
An improved particle filter algorithm for Target Tracking

In order to track the object effectively in the real complex environment, the paper proposes an algorithm which fuses the color and edge feature to establish the object observation model. Color histogram which is not sensitive to the scale, rotation and deformation is a global description of the target and it is suitable to apply to tracking of the shelter and non-rigid object. However, particle filter tracking algorithm based on color cannot track the object correctly when in the condition of illumination changes and similar color clutters. Edge direction histogram contains some information about the structure of space, it can complement the information of the object when we create the observation model. Experiment results show that, the fusion algorithm can effectively overcome the similar color interference, occlusion, rotation, illumination and other issues, and improves the tracking accuracy, and has highly robust.
Large‐scale brain network abnormalities in Huntington's disease revealed by structural covariance

Huntington's disease (HD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder that can be diagnosed with certainty decades before symptom onset. Studies using structural MRI have identified grey matter (GM) loss predominantly in the striatum, but also involving various cortical areas. So far, voxel‐based morphometric studies have examined each brain region in isolation and are thus unable to assess the changes in the interrelation of brain regions. Here, we examined the structural covariance in GM volumes in pre‐specified motor, working memory, cognitive flexibility, and social‐affective networks in 99 patients with manifest HD (mHD), 106 presymptomatic gene mutation carriers (pre‐HD), and 108 healthy controls (HC). After correction for global differences in brain volume, we found that increased GM volume in one region was associated with increased GM volume in another. When statistically comparing the groups, no differences between HC and pre‐HD were observed, but increased positive correlations were evident for mHD, relative to pre‐HD and HC. These findings could be explained by a HD‐related neuronal loss heterogeneously affecting the examined network at the pre‐HD stage, which starts to dominate structural covariance globally at the manifest stage. Follow‐up analyses identified structural connections between frontoparietal motor regions to be linearly modified by disease burden score (DBS). Moderator effects of disease load burden became significant at a DBS level typically associated with the onset of unequivocal HD motor signs. Together with existing findings from functional connectivity analyses, our data indicates a critical role of these frontoparietal regions for the onset of HD motor signs. Hum Brain Mapp 37:67–80, 2016. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Improving an interactive visualization of transition systems

A transition system can be used to model the behaviour of a software system. A popular way of analysing this behaviour is by studying the corresponding transition system. An interactive visualization technique for showing the global structure of a transition system has been proposed by Van Ham et al. This technique clusters states and forms these clusters into a 3D structure similar to a cone tree, with the emphasis on symmetry. The technique has been used by analysts to study real-world systems. In this paper we solve a number of problems related to the symmetry of the visual representation and the misrepresentation of cluster sizes. This results in more effective and less misleading visualizations. In addition, we also extend the original technique by providing simulation facilities and a more effective state and cluster marking technique. These enhance the way in which a user can interact with the visualization.
What would you look like in Springfield ? Linear Transformations between High-Dimensional Spaces

Zusammenfassung High-dimensional data structures occur in many fields of computer vision and machine learning. Transformation between two high-dimensional spaces usually involves the determination of a large amount of parameters and requires much labeled data to be given. There is much interest in reducing dimensionality if a lower-dimensional structure is underlying the data points. We present a procedure to enable the determination of a low-dimensional, projective transformation between two data sets, making use of state-of-the-art dimensional reduction algorithms. We evaluate multiple algorithms during several experiments with different objectives. We demonstrate the use of this procedure for applications like classification and assignments between two given data sets. Our procedure is semi-supervised due to the fact that all labeled and unlabeled points are used for the dimen-sionality reduction, but only few them have to be labeled. Using test data we evaluate the quantitative and qualitative performance of different algorithms with respect to the classification and assignment task. We show that with these algorithms and our transformation approach high-dimensional data sets can be related to each other. Finally we can use this procedure to match real world facial images with cartoon images from Springfield, home town of the famous Simpsons.
Robust clustering of high-dimensional data

We address the problem of robust clustering of high - di- mensional data, which is recurrent in real-world applications. Existing robust clustering methods are unfortunately sensitive in high dimension, while existing approaches for high-dimensional data are in general not ro- bust. We propose a hybrid iterative EM-based algorithm that combines an efficient high-dimensional clustering algorithm and the trimming tech- nique. We test our algorithm on synthetic and real-world data from the domain of aircraft engine health monitoring and show its efficiency for high-dimensional noisy datasets.
Vertex-reinforced random walk on ℤ eventually gets stuck on five points

Vertex-reinforced random walk (VRRW), defined by Pemantle in 1988, is a random process that takes values in the vertex set of a graph G, which is more likely to visit vertices it has visited before. Pemantle and Volkov considered the case when the underlying graph is the one-dimensional integer lattice ℤ. They proved that the range is almost surely finite and that with positive probability the range contains exactly five points. They conjectured that this second event holds with probability 1. The proof of this conjecture is the main purpose of this paper.
Towards an Open Framework for Home Automation Development

In this paper, we propose a framework for developing a home automation system based on an IPv6 personal area network protocol - the 6LoWPAN. The proposed framework supports various kinds of end-devices. It provides the ability to remotely control the end-devices over Bluetooth Low Energy (BLE). It is able to automatically perform the appropriate actions based on user-predefined scenarios. The most advantage of the proposed framework is runtime configurable without any needs of reprogramming or resetting the whole system. We also develop a prototype of home automation system to prove the robustness and the advantage of our framework.
What Works in Physical Education: Designing and Implementing a Quality Educational Program.

When coupled with effective teaching practices, the National Standards for Physical Education (NASPE 1992, 1995) enhance students' physical skills and conceptual understandings associated with human movement (Allison et al. 2000; Mohnson 1998). The National Standards emphasize the knowledge base of kinesiology and facilitate the development of connections between physical education and other subject areas, especially science. Recent research (e.g., Rink 2001, 2002) supports the use of multiple teaching strategies that enhance the quality of student practice time. In this article, I will begin by reviewing the NASPE National Standards and the guidelines for physical activity, followed by a discussion of effective approaches to physical education.
A Novel Protocol for Mobile-Induced Packet Reordering in Mobile Ad Hoc NetWorks

Through extensive simulations, we found that the mobility in mobile ad hoc networks (MANET) can induce persistent packet reordering. In this paper, we present a set of simple modifications to the TCP protocol to improve its performance to mobile-induced packet reordering in MANET. The new protocol based on the simple idea of delaying the triggering of congestion response algorithms for a short time to allow the receiver to receive the packets that travel in different route path. We analyze the delay response TCP protocol to show its steady state throughput is similar to the native implementations of TCP that respond to congestion immediately after receiving three DUPACKs. And through extensive simulations, we show that the delay response TCP protocol performs consistently better than existing mechanisms under persistent packet reordering, at the same time we found that when the case that packets are not reordered the delay response TCP protocol maintains the same throughput as typical implementation of TCP (TCP-NewReno) and shares network resource fairly.
The Impact of Leadership, Organizational Culture, and Strategy on Knowledge Management in GCC Countries

The purpose of this study is to investigate the effects of leadership, organizational culture and strategy on knowledge management. To date, little empirical research has been done to investigate the relationships and organizational outcomes of these constructs. This study, therefore, is unique in that it has helped to fill this gap in an effort to improve our understanding of organizational culture, strategy and leadership on knowledge management.in the GCC environment and beyond.A survey was conducted of eight telecommunication companies located and operating in GCC countries. Structural equation modeling (SEM) was used to test the relationship among variables. The results suggest that knowledge management fully mediates the impact of organizational culture on organizational effectiveness, and partially mediates the impact of organizational leadership and strategy on organizational effectiveness. The findings carry theoretical implications for knowledge management literature as they extend the scope of research on knowledge management from examining a set of independent management practices to examining a system-wide mechanism that connects internal resources and competitive advantage. The results providing empirical evidence to the connection between leadership, organizational culture, strategy and knowledge management. Further, culture has a larger contribution to knowledge management than other factors inspected. Keywords: Leadership, Organizational culture, Knowledge management, Organizational strategy
Automatic Error Detection in the Japanese Learners’ English Spoken Data

This paper describes a method of detecting grammatical and lexical errors made by Japanese learners of English and other techniques that improve the accuracy of error detection with a limited amount of training data. In this paper, we demonstrate to what extent the proposed methods hold promise by conducting experiments using our learner corpus, which contains information on learners' errors.
Investigating Performance of Concurrent Virtual Wi-Fi Interfaces

The Wi-Fi technology has been fast growing and available on a huge number of electronic devices. Moreover, due to the easiness in deployment a Wi-Fi user is normally in the coverage of several surrounding Wi-Fi access points (APs). The Wi-Fi virtualization, which abstracts a Wi-Fi interface to appear as several virtual ones to the user, is one of the most significant current approaches in improving the performance of Wi-Fi networking. The existence of multiple virtual interfaces enables many useful applications such as aggregating APs' backhaul bandwidth, sharing Internet connections, or increasing range of Wi-Fi networks, etc. In the previously mentioned applications, the authors generally show that a Wi-Fi client with several virtual interfaces has better performances than the one with a physical interface under the considered metrics (e.g., Throughput, mobility, etc.). However, they have not shown the investigation on the performance bounds of the virtual Wi-Fi links. Therefore, it is worthy to investigate those performance parameters. This work extensively evaluates a real virtual Wi-Fi based system to reveal the capacity of downlink, uplink of the virtual Wi-Fi interfaces.