Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
A static theory of the seismic coupling of a contained underground explosion

According to the theory of Latter, Martinelli, and Teller the amplitude of the distant seismic signal from a completely contained underground explosion is determined by the permanent displacement produced in the neighborhood of the source. A static-equilibrium theory of this displacement is developed. A Coulomb-Mohr type of yield condition is used to determine the stresses in the near zone where the stresses are beyond the elastic limit. If the internal friction parameter that occurs in the Coulomb-Mohr yield condition is treated as a phenomenological constant, to be determined by the seismic data, it is possible to obtain reasonably good agreement with the relative amplitudes of the seismic signals observed in the Project Cowboy series of chemical explosions in cavities of various sizes in salt. The indicated value of the friction parameter is, however, appreciably less than the values usually observed in compression tests on unconsolidated materials. The theory is also consistent with the observed size of the cavity produced in tuff by the underground nuclear explosion Rainier, but an even smaller value of the friction parameter must be assumed in this case.
Rictor/TORC2 Regulates Fat Metabolism, Feeding, Growth and Rictor/TORC2 Regulates Fat Metabolism, Feeding, Growth and Life Span in C. elegans Life Span in C. elegans

Rictor is a component of the target of rapamycin complex 2 (TORC2). While TORC2 has been implicated in insulin and other growth factor signaling pathways, the key inputs and outputs of this kinase complex remain unknown. We identified mutations in the Caenorhabditis elegans homolog of rictor in a forward genetic screen for increased body fat. Despite high body fat, rictor mutants are developmentally delayed, small in body size, lay an attenuated brood, and are short-lived, indicating that Rictor plays a critical role in appropriately partitioning calories between long-term energy stores and vital organismal processes. Rictor is also necessary to maintain normal feeding on nutrient-rich food sources. In contrast to wild-type animals, which grow more rapidly on nutrient-rich bacterial strains, rictor mutants display even slower growth, a further reduced body size, decreased energy expenditure, and a dramatically extended life span, apparently through inappropriate, decreased consumption of nutrient-rich food. Rictor acts directly in the intestine to regulate fat mass and whole-animal growth. Further, the high-fat phenotype of rictor mutants is genetically dependent on akt-1 , akt-2 , and serum and glucocorticoid-induced kinase-1 ( sgk-1 ). Alternatively, the life span, growth, and reproductive phenotypes of rictor mutants are mediated predominantly by sgk-1 . These data indicate that Rictor/TORC2 is a nutrient-sensitive complex with outputs to AKT and SGK to modulate the assessment of food quality and signal to fat metabolism, growth, feeding behavior, reproduction,
Evolution and persistence of 5‐μm hot spots at the Galileo probe entry latitude

We present a study on the longitudinal locations, morphology, and evolution of the 5-μm hot spots at 6.5°N latitude (planetocentric) from an extensive Infrared Telescope Facility-National Science Foundation Camera (IRTF-NSFCAM) data set spanning more than 3 years, which includes the date of the Galileo probe entry. A probabilistic analysis of the data shows that within periods of several months to even more than a year, there are eight or nine longitudinal areas with high likelihood of containing a 5-μm hot spot. These areas drift together with respect to System III at a rate which changes only slowly in time, and they are quasi evenly spaced, suggesting a wave feature. A spectral analysis of the radiance data reveals that planetary wavenumbers 8, 9, and 10 are predominant in the data, 10 having more spectral power in several time periods when the speed was 103.5–102.5 m/s, while planetary wavenumber 8 has much more power when the speed is (99.5±0.5) m/s. By using the Galileo probe zonal wind speed [Atkinson et al., 1997] at the level of the main cloud that is opaque to the radiation at 5 μm (∼2 bar), our drift corrections imply a westward phase speed for the proposed wave. The wavenumbers and phase speeds are found to be consistent with an equatorial Rossby wave, and the dispersive properties of this wave can account for the observed simultaneous changes in the dominant wavenumber and drift speed. We take advantage of this interpretation to infer properties of the vertical structure at 6.5°N.
Automatic Facial Expression Analysis and Emotional Classification

In this thesis, a system for automatic facial expression analysis was designed and implemented. This system includes a monocular 3d head pose tracker to handle rigid movements, feature extraction based on Gabor wavelets and gradient orientation histograms, and a SVM classifier. Further more, a database with video sequences of acted and natural facial expression was compiled and tests were done, including comparisons to other systems. Thesis Supervisor: Dr. Harald Scharfenberg Title: Professor at FHD
Columbia River monitoring: Distribution of tritium in Columbia River water at the Richland Pumphouse

The Surface Environmental Surveillance Project (SESP) is conducted by the Pacific Northwest Laboratory (PNL) for the US Department of Energy (DOE). This report presents the results of a special study conducted as part of the SESP to supplement the routine Columbia River monitoring program and provide information relative to the dispersion and distribution of Hanford origin contaminants entering the river through the seepage of ground water along the Hanford Site. Sampling was conducted along cross sections to determine the distribution of tritium within the Columbia River at Richland, Washington. The investigation was also designed to evaluate the relationship between the average tritium concentrations in the river water at this location and in water collected from the routine SESP river monitoring system located at the city of Richland drinking water intake (Richland Pumphouse). This study was conducted during the summers of 1987 and 1988. Water samples were collected along cross sections located at or near the Richland Pumphouse monitoring station.
Novel Approach to Determining Unconsolidated Reservoir Properties: Fabric and Flow in Oil Sands

Unconsolidated reservoirs are reservoirs that differ from the traditional rock reservoir model and are inherently complex. It is well known that hydrocarbon recovery is strongly influenced, not only by the fabric and arrangement which exist in the producing reservoirs but is also governed by the fluid interfacial properties. A large study on fabric and reservoir characteristics including properties which influence flow was carried out on oil sands from the estuarine environment of the McMurray Formation from the Athabasca region in Canada. The approach of this study was to view oil sands material as unconsolidated material and in keeping with the initial fabric analysis findings, reservoir material was studied according to fabric components such as coarse material (quartz grains), fine material (silts and clays), bitumen and voids. Methods used for the overall study included: field analysis, thin section analysis, point counting analysis, image analysis, sedimentation studies, SEM, microCT analysis, NMR and core analysis. From the initial 2D fabric analysis, the coarse components of the host material were determined to be fine to medium sized quartz grains embedded in the micromass and in some locations clay bridges were observed between grains. Clays can obstruct the water envelope around the grains and these features differ from the established water wet model. Grain size variations and differences in porosity occur in the host and bioturbated material. Fabric analyses provide key details regarding reservoir characteristics and provide insight into the quality of payzones. Analysis of fabric components from cores samples representing three different estuarine depositional environments and initial findings are presented and discussed. Morphological characteristics of coarse components (quartz grains) along with mechanical features, such as etching on the grain surfaces, observed in SEM suggested the samples were from a transitional environment such as estuarine, agreeing with details logged from the core. The core samples were subjected to microCT scanning at a resolution of 9 microns and 3D pore network models were created from which pore morphology along with key engineering properties related to modeling flow were obtained. Reservoirs fabric characteristics along with reservoir engineering properties are easily obtained from this new approach and methods, which enhance the understanding of reservoir quality.
Vehicle detection using Gaussian mixture model for infrared orientation-code image

This paper describes an approach to the detection of vehicles in infrared images. Stable vehicle detection is important for future intelligent transport systems and is generally done by background subtraction and object modeling. To avoid the daylight-dependent and weather-dependent influences of varying illumination in visible images acquired with conventional ITV cameras, some researchers have been using infrared (IR) images. IR images make it easy to extract foreground vehicle regions from background scenes, but their lack of clarity make object modeling difficult. We therefore propose a method that describes the internal pattern of each vehicle by using Gaussian mixture models (GMM) in the orientation-code image (OCI) space. Each pixel of an OCI has information about the maximum-gradient orientation of the IR image, not intensity information. Gradient orientation information does not depend on contrast and can describe the internal pattern structures of objects even in unclear IR images. We use the GMM to describe the topological structures of the internal patterns of vehicles. This approach can also eliminate the influences due to small differences between patterns. Evaluation tests with actual infrared video sequences have proved that the proposed algorithm provides stable vehicle detection.
Interpreting Spectral Analyses in Terms of Time-Domain Models

This paper derives relationships between frequency-domain and standard time-domain distributed-lag and autoregessive moving-average models. These relations are well known in the literature but are presented here in a pedogogic form in order to facilitate interpretation of spectral and cross-spectral analyses. In addition, the paper employs the conventions and discusses the estimation procedures used in TROLL. Some aspects of these estimation procedures are new and have not been discussed in the literature.
Interception losses from Miscanthus at a site in south‐east England—an application of the Gash model

Concern has been expressed that Miscanthus x giganteus, a dedicated biomass crop, may have a high water use, with implications for its economic yield and impacts on water resources. There is particular uncertainty about one component of the water use, the interception loss. Measurements of the interception loss were made in a plot of the crop at a site in south‐east England, during 1997/1998 and 1998/1999. The measured interception losses were 25 and 24% of gross rainfall, respectively. Winter interception losses are relatively high, which is attributed to the slow rate of leaf loss. A Monte Carlo procedure was used to optimize three of the parameters of the Gash interception model on the 1997/1998 data. The simulated values had an uncertainty of 1·1 mm per storm in 1997/1998 and 2·9 mm per storm in 1998/1999. The model was also used to investigate the potential effect of the evaporation rate being overestimated due to the measurements being made in an experimental plot. This showed that the interception losses might be reduced to 21 and 18% in field scale plantations. A consideration of the relative interception rate demonstrated that the crop behaved more like a forest, in terms of the interception losses, during the winter months. © Crown Copyright 2010. Reproduced with the permission of Her Majesty's Stationery Office. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The effect of tilting on fault propagation and network development in sandstone–shale sequences: a case study from the Lodève Basin, southern France

Extensional basins often evolve both with the generation of normal faults at all scales, and with tilting in the hanging walls and footwalls of major structures. This paper examines the effect of regional tilting on the development of normal fault arrays in an anisotropic sequence, using the asymmetric Lodève Basin, France, as a case study. The orientation range of normal faults is found not to match that expected by continued symmetric generation of conjugate normal faults during tilting. Instead, continued generation of new faults preferentially occurred for faults dipping opposite to the direction of tilt, with propagation perpendicular to bedding. The presence of early bedding-perpendicular joints in the competent sandstone units aided propagation of these faults during tilting and this preferential asymmetric development. Bedding-parallel slip surfaces were activated as normal faults during the later stages of bedding tilting, showing complex interaction patterns with later faults downthrowing in the direction opposite to bedding tilting. Hence knowledge of the timing between tilting of the strata and deformation helps in evaluating the likely complexity of fault arrays at subseismic scales in extensional basins, and may also help in understanding the evolution of fault systems in tilted normal fault blocks at the reservoir scale.
Analysis of Single-Station Standard Deviation Using the KiK-net Data

Estimates of single-station standard deviation can be used as a lower bound to probabilistic seismic hazard analyses that remove the ergodic assumption on site response. This paper presents estimates of single-station standard deviation using data from the KiK-net network. The KiK-net network has a dense array of stations that recorded a large number of earthquakes over the period of study, both at the surface and at colocated borehole instruments. The large number of records implies that there are a large number of stations with recordings from multiple events; hence, site terms and single-station standard deviations can be properly estimated. Borehole instruments permit a breakdown of residuals, considering the effect of amplification in the shallow surface layers. Random-effects regression was first used to develop a ground-motion prediction equation (GMPE) using both the surface and borehole data. The GMPE was constrained such that event terms were the same at the surface and borehole. Residuals were then computed and the within-event (intraevent) residuals were separated into a repeatable site-term and a remaining residual, for both the ground motion itself and for the empirical amplification factor between surface and borehole. Results show that single-station standard deviations are considerably lower than standard deviations using the ergodic assumption, and these standard deviations are further reduced if only a small bracket of station-to-event azimuths is considered for each station such that path variability is minimized. Moreover, analyses of residuals indicate that most of the differences between ergodic standard deviations of surface and borehole data are the results of a poor parametrization of shallow site effects. However, the contribution of site-to-site variability in the empirical amplification factor is only limited. Finally, a comparison with results from other studies at different tectonic regions indicates that the values of single-station standard deviations are strikingly similar for all studies.
Modeling the Soil Water Retention Curve for Conditions of Variable Porosity

Temporal changes in the pore space of unsaturated soils may result from such processes as mechanical compaction and tillage of agricultural soils. Moreover, soil pore space and soil water content are mutually interactive. For example, porosity and pore‐space geometry control the unsaturated soil hydraulic properties such as the water retention curve, while conversely soil water and hydraulic stress often affects soil pore size. The experiments discussed in this paper focus on both of these two aspects and additionally consider how a previously applied mechanical stress can influence the effects of subsequent hydraulic stresses on the soil hydraulic properties. We show the effects of uniaxial volume changes during drying on the water retention curves of three sandy and silty soils. Results indicate that previously loaded soils differ in how drying affects volume changes. Uniaxial volume changes of all soils could be described well with a model similar to van Genuchten's soil water retention function. Four models were developed to describe soil water retention as a function of variable void ratio and then tested against measured data. The variably porosity models generally give much better descriptions of the observed retention data than the conventional van Genuchten function. Two models which express the van Genuchten shape parameters α and n in terms of two adjustable coefficients were found to be particularly attractive. The models presented in this study permit one to consider changes in the void ratio induced both by externally applied stress and by internal (i.e., hydraulic) stress.
On the Interpretation of Till Fabrics

Statistical parameters produced by “eigenvalue” analysis of axial orientation data are related to till fabric types and fabric-forming processes. If a till fabric has a preferred plane with a statistically significant dip, the plane will probably dip upglacier, while the preferred orientation of stone long axes may be either parallel or transverse to the ice movement direction. If there is no significant dip, it is thus unlikely that the direction or even the trend of ice movement can be inferred from the fabric data alone. In flow tills, the fabric will be oriented with respect to the direction of flow, which may be unrelated to the direction of ice movement.
Correlated Photolineament and Geoscience Data on Eight Petroleum and Potash Study Projects in Southern Saskatchewan

RESUMEOn a reussi a integrer des donnees de teledetection sur les photolineaments, recueillies a des echelles regionales et locales, et des renseignements cartographiques geologiques, geophysiques, geochimiques et hydrogeologiques provenant de huit regions dans le sud de la Saskatchewan. Les etudes ont ete entreprises pour des societes qui effectuent des travaux en vue de la recherche d'hydrocarbures et de la planification et de l'exploitation des mines de potasse. Au cours de l'execution de chaque projet, les donnees sur les photolineaments ont ete correlees avec au moins 20 ensembles de donnees de subsurface. Les donnees et les interpretations elaborees pour ces etudes sont un exemple des applications geoscientifiques de la teledetection operationnelle dans le bassin sedimentaire de l'Ouest du Canada.Toutes les regions etudiees se situent dans des milieux a modele glaciaire qui reposent sur des strates phanerozoiques doucement inclinees. Dans chaque region, on a etabli une correlation entre les donnees .
Ground-water quality and geochemistry of Las Vegas Valley, Clark County, Nevada, 1981-83; implementation of a monitoring network

As a result of rapid urban growth in Las Vegas Valley, rates of water use and wastewater disposal have grown rapidly during the last 25 years. Concern has developed over the potential water-quality effects of this growth. The deep percolation of wastewater and irrigation return flow (much of which originates as imported water from Lake Mead), along with severe overdraft conditions in the principal aquifers of the valley, could combine to pose a long-term threat to ground-water quality. The quantitative investigations of ground-water quality and geocheraical conditions in the valley necessary to address these concerns would include the establishment of data-collection networks on a valley-wide scale that differ substantially from existing networks. The valley-wide networks would have a uniform areal distribution of sampling sites, would sample from all major depth zones, and would entail repeated sampling from each site. With these criteria in mind, 40 wells were chosen for inclusion in a demonstration monitoring network. In developing this network, water samples were collected from 56 wells for determination of as many as 34 water-quality characteristics. » Ground water in the northern half of the valley generally contains 200 to 400 milligrams per liter of dissolved solids, and is dominated by calcium, magnesium, and bicarbonate ions, reflecting a chemical equilibrium between the ground water and the dominantly carbonate rocks in the aquifers of this area. The intermediate to deep ground water in the southern half of the valley is of poorer quality (containing 700 to 1,500 milligrams per liter of dissolved solids) and is dominated by calcium, magnesium, sulfate, and bicarbonate ions, reflecting the occurrence of other rock types including evaporite minerals among the still-dominant carbonate rocks in the aquifers of this part of the valley. The poorest quality ground water in the valley is generally in the lowland parts of the valley in the first few feet beneath the water table, where dissolved-solids concentrations range from 2,000 to more than 7,000 milligrams per liter, and probably reflects the effects of evaporite dissolution, secondary recharge, and evapotranspiration. The most common water-quality constraint on potential ground-water use is the high salinity. No evidence of large-scale contamination of deep ground water was found in this study.
Optimal Well Placement

One is often faced with the problem of finding the optimal location and trajectory for an oil well. Increasingly this includes the additional complication of optimising the design of a multilateral well. We present a new approach based on the theory of expensive function optimisation. The key idea is to replace the underlying expensive function (ie. the simulator response) by a cheap approximation (ie. an emulator). This enables one to apply existing optimisation techniques to the emulator. Our approach uses a radial basis function interpolant to the simulator response as the emulator. Note that the case of a Gaussian radial basis function is equivalent to the geostatistical method of Kriging and radial basis functions can be interpreted as a single-layer neural network. We use a stochastic model of the simulator response to adaptively refine the emulator and optimise it using a branch and bound global optimisation algorithm. To illustrate our approach we apply it numerically to finding the optimal location and trajectory of a multilateral well in a reservoir simulation model using the industry standard ECLIPSE simulator. We compare our results to existing approaches and show that our technique is comparable, if not superior, in performance to these approaches.