Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Computability and analysis: the legacy of Alan Turing

For most of its history, mathematics was algorithmic in nature. The geometric claims in Euclid’s Elements fall into two distinct categories: “problems,” which assert that a construction can be carried out to meet a given specification, and “theorems,” which assert that some property holds of a particular geometric configuration. For example, Proposition 10 of Book I reads “To bisect a given straight line. ” Euclid’s “proof” gives the construction, and ends with the (Greek equivalent of) quod erat faciendum, or Q.E. F. , “that which was to be done. ” Proofs of theorems, in contrast, end with quod erat demonstrandum, or “that which was to be shown”; but even these typically involve the construction of auxiliary geometric objects in order to verify the claim. Similarly, algebra was devoted to discovering algorithms for solving equations. This outlook characterized the subject from its origins in ancient Egypt and Babylon, through the ninth century work of al-Khwarizmi, to the solutions to the cubic and quadratic equations in Cardano’s Ars magna of 1545, and to Lagrange’s study of the quintic in his Reflexions sur la resolution algebrique des equations of 1770. The theory of probability, which was born in an exchange of letters between Blaise Pascal and Pierre de Fermat in 1654 and developed further by Christian Huygens and Jakob Bernoulli, provided methods for calculating odds related to games of chance. Abraham de Moivre’s 1718 monograph on the subject was
Trace gas detection via cavity ring down spectroscopy

We report on the use of laser based cavity ring down spectroscopy in the near UV. It is this part of the spectrum that is particulary well-suited for trace gas detection, as many molecules have strong, well characterized absorption bands in this region. We show that the detection limit for e.g. NH3 is in the order of 10 ppb, for OH below 1 ppb and for Hg at the ppt level. We propose a Fourier transform based cavity ring down spectrometer, in which the advantages of cavity ring down detection are combined with the multiplex advantage of a Fourier transform spectrometer. A theoretical description of this spectrometer, as well as a proposal for the construction of a prototype are worked out.
Complications and Rates of Subsequent Lumbar Surgery Following Lumbar Total Disc Arthroplasty and Lumbar Fusion

Study Design. Retrospective analysis. Objective. To examine complications and rates of subsequent surgery following lumbar spinal fusion (LF) and lumbar total disc arthroplasty (TDA) at up to 5-year follow-up. Summary of Background Data. LF is commonly used in the management of degenerative disc disease causing pain refractory to nonoperative management. Lumbar TDA was developed as an alternative to fusion with the theoretical advantage of reducing rates of adjacent segment pathology and reoperation. Most prior reports comparing these 2 interventions have come from industry-sponsored investigational device exemption trials and no large-scale administrative database comparisons exist. Methods. The California Office of Statewide Health Planning and Development discharge database was queried for patients aged 18 to 65 years undergoing lumbar TDA and LF for degenerative disc disease from 2004 to 2010. Patient characteristics were collected, and rates of complications and readmission were identified. Rates of repeat lumbar surgery were calculated at 90-day and 1-, 3-, and 5-year follow-up intervals. Results. A total of 52,877 patients met the inclusion criteria (LF = 50,462, TDA = 2415). Wound infections were more common following LF than TDA (1.03% vs. 0.25%, P < 0.001). Rates of subsequent lumbar surgery at 90-day and 1-year follow-up were lower with lumbar TDA than LF (90-day—TDA: 2.94% vs. LF: 4.01%, P = 0.007; 1-yr—TDA: 3.46% vs. LF: 4.78%, P = 0.009). However, there were no differences in rates of subsequent lumbar surgery between the 2 groups at 3-year and 5-year follow-up. Conclusion. Lumbar TDA was associated with fewer early reoperations, though beyond 1 year, rates of reoperation were similar. Lumbar TDA may be associated with fewer acute infections, though this may be approach related and unrelated to the device itself. Level of Evidence: 3
Principles of Glomerular Organization in the Human Olfactory Bulb – Implications for Odor Processing

Olfactory sensory neurons (OSN) in mice express only 1 of a possible 1,100 odor receptors (OR) and axons from OSNs expressing the same odor receptor converge into ∼2 of the 1,800 glomeruli in each olfactory bulb (OB) in mice; this yields a convergence ratio that approximates 2∶1, 2 glomeruli/OR. Because humans express only 350 intact ORs, we examined human OBs to determine if the glomerular convergence ratio of 2∶1 established in mice was applicable to humans. Unexpectedly, the average number of human OB glomeruli is >5,500 yielding a convergence ratio of ∼16∶1. The data suggest that the initial coding of odor information in the human OB may differ from the models developed for rodents and that recruitment of additional glomeruli for subpopulations of ORs may contribute to more robust odor representation.
Effect of a low-fat diet on fatty acid composition in red cells, plasma phospholipids, and cholesterol esters: investigation of a biomarker of total fat intake.

BACKGROUND The utility of fatty acids (FAs) as biomarkers of total fat intake is unknown. OBJECTIVE We compared FA changes in red cells (RCs), plasma phospholipids (PLs), and cholesterol esters (CEs) in response to a low-fat diet (LFD) and a moderate-fat diet (MFD) and assessed whether individual or combination of FAs predict LFD. DESIGN Postmenopausal women (n = 66) were randomly assigned to receive an LFD (17% of energy from fat) or an MFD (34% of energy from fat) for 6 wk. All foods were provided. FAs in diets and blood were determined by gas-liquid chromatography. FA changes between baseline and end of study were compared across diets by using t tests. FA predictors of an LFD were selected by logistic regression. RESULTS Many FAs in RCs, PLs, and CEs responded differently to the 2 diets. Changes from baseline with an LFD for palmitic acid (16:0) (3-11% increase), behenic (22:0) and lignoceric (24:0) acids (3-20% decrease, in RCs and PLs only), cis-monounsaturated FA (MUFA) (25-35% increase), linoleic acid (18:2n-6) (11-13% decrease), trans octadecanoic acids (trans 18:1) (7-20% decrease), and n-6 highly unsaturated FA (HUFA) (2-8% increase) were significantly different from changes with an MFD. Individually, 18:2n-6 and trans 18:1 were strong predictors of an LFD [receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves: 0.92-0.80). A logistic regression model with trans 18:1, 18:2n-6, and vaccenic acid (18:1n-7) predicted an LFD with high specificity and sensitivity (ROC curves: 0.99). CONCLUSIONS Saturated FA, cisMUFA, n-6 HUFA, and exogenous FAs greatly differed in their response to the LFD and MFD. Parallel responses were observed in RCs, PLs, and CEs. A model with a combination of FAs almost perfectly differentiated the consumption of 34% fat from that of 17% fat.
Dissociation and Dissociative Disorders

Conventional wisdom holds that dissociation is a coping mechanism triggered by exposure to intense stressors. Drawing on recent research from multiple laboratories, we challenge this prevailing posttraumatic model of dissociation and dissociative disorders. Proponents of this model hold that dissociation and dissociative disorders are associated with (a) intense objective stressors (e.g., childhood trauma), (b) serious cognitive deficits that impede processing of emotionally laden information, and (c) an avoidant information-processing style characterized by a tendency to forget painful memories. We review findings that contradict these widely accepted assumptions and argue that a sociocognitive model better accounts for the extant data. We further propose a perspective on dissociation based on a recently established link between a labile sleep–wake cycle and memory errors, cognitive failures, problems in attentional control, and difficulties in distinguishing fantasy from reality. We conclude that this perspective may help to reconcile the posttraumatic and sociocognitive models of dissociation and dissociative disorders.
Food Restriction Differentially Affects Pituitary Hormone mRNAs throughout the Adult Life Span of Male F344 Rats

Abstract Because neuroendocrine mechanisms may contribute to the antiaging effects of food restriction (FR), we measured the effect of FR on mRNAs encoding anterior pituitary (AP) tropic hormones. Slot blots or RNase protection assays were done on AP RNA from 3-, 6-, 12-, 18- and 24-mo-old male F344 rats consuming food ad libitum (AL) or food restricted (FR; to 60% of AL food intake) from 6 wk. Both AL and FR rats gained body weight during the study (P < 0.05), but FR rats weighed ∼40% less (P < 0.0001). Messenger RNA levels were expressed in two ways, i.e., per total AP and per microgram total AP RNA. Proopiomelanocortin (POMC) mRNA/μg RNA was higher (P < 0.0005) in FR than in AL rats at all ages. Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) β mRNA declined with age (P < 0.05) in AL but not FR rats and was reduced by FR up to 12 mo (P < 0.01). Growth hormone (GH) mRNA/μg RNA declined with age (P < 0.05) in AL but not FR rats, and total GH mRNA in the AP was reduced by FR at early ages (P < 0.05). FR reduced prolactin (PRL) mRNA and its age-related increase (P < 0.0005). Levels of luteinizing hormone (LH) β and follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) β mRNAs did not differ between AL and FR rats until 12 mo, but thereafter rose in FR (LH β mRNA; P < 0.01, FSH β mRNA; P < 0.05). Many of these changes in gene expression corroborate previously reported hormonal changes in FR rodents and mutant mice with extended life spans, and thus provide further support for the hypothesis that an altered hormonal milieu contributes to the antiaging effects of food restriction.
A Domain-General Theory of the Development of Perceptual Discrimination

In this article, we posit a domain-general principle that may account for the improvement that is observed in several aspects of perceptual development over the first years of life. Development during this time frame is characterized by a process of perceptual narrowing, whereby the discrimination of perceptual information is broadly tuned at first and then declines to more selective levels with experience. This process appears to cut across both the visual and auditory modalities and may reflect the development of a common neural architecture.
Optimized Anesthesia to Alleviate Postoperative Cognition Decline in Female Middle-Aged Patients Undergoing Laparoscopic Myomectomy: A Pilot Study

Objective The purpose of this randomized, single-center study was to clarify the impact of anesthetic regimens for laparoscopic myomectomy on the release of cytokines (interleukin IL-1β, IL-2R IL-6, IL-8, tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha, C-reactive protein (CRP) and to ascertain that whether a combination of intravenous and inhalational anesthesia compared with inhalational anesthesia attenuates the inflammatory response and cognitive impairment. Methods We enrolled 90 patients undergoing laparoscopic myomectomy (LM), and allocated them into three groups of 30 to receive high concentration sevoflurane (S group), low concentration sevoflurane with dexmedetomidine (SD) or with propofol (SP) in combine with remifentanil and cis-atracurium. The lungs were maintained normocapnia with mechanically ventilated. If the mean arterial pressure and the heart rate increased by >30% from baseline, remifentanil infusion was adjusted. The depth of anesthesia was modulated to maintain a bispectral index (BIS) of 40-60. Invasive hemodynamic monitoring was used. Serum levels of IL-1β, IL-2R, IL-6 and IL-8, TNF-α, and CRP were measured before anesthesia and 24 h post operation. The neurocognitive tests were administered 1 day before and 7 days post operation. Postoperative complications (including pain, infection, sedation, cardiovascular and neurological events) were surveillance during the first week post operation. Results Patients anesthetized with low concentration sevoflurane plus dexmedetomidine had lower levels of IL-6 (p=0.0001) and better cognitive function compared with patients with high concentration sevoflurane postoperatively. There was no POCD occurrence among all the three groups in the 7days follow-up. Conclusion LM female middle-aged patients exposured to low concentration sevoflurane plus dexmedetomidine had better cognitive function than patients with high concentration sevoflurane, which might be related to lower release of IL-6 post operation.
Maternal smoking during pregnancy and adult male criminal outcomes.

BACKGROUND Perinatal risk factors are related to persistent and violent criminal outcomes. Prenatal maternal smoking may represent an additional perinatal risk factor for adult criminal outcomes. Our study examines maternal smoking during pregnancy as a predictor of offspring crime in the context of a prospective, longitudinal design. METHODS Subjects were a birth cohort of 4169 males born between September 1959 and December 1961 in Copenhagen, Denmark. During the third trimester of pregnancy, mothers self-reported the number of cigarettes smoked daily. When the male offspring were 34 years of age, their arrest histories were checked in the Danish National Criminal Register. Additional data were collected concerning maternal rejection, socioeconomic status, maternal age, pregnancy and delivery complications, use of drugs during pregnancy, paternal criminal history, and parental psychiatric hospitalization. RESULTS Results indicate a dose-response relationship between amount of maternal prenatal smoking and arrests for nonviolent and violent crimes. Maternal prenatal smoking was particularly related to persistent criminal behavior rather than to arrests confined to adolescence. These relationships remained significant after potential demographic, parental, and perinatal risk confounds were controlled for. CONCLUSIONS Maternal prenatal smoking predicts persistent criminal outcome in male offspring. This relationship has not been accounted for by related parental characteristics or perinatal problems. Potential physiologic or central nervous system mediators between maternal smoking during pregnancy and offspring criminal outcomes need further study.
SUBPRODUTO DESIDRATADO DA MANGA (Mangifera indica L): PROPOSIÇÃO PARA PRODUÇÃO DE BISCOITOS

Regular consumption of bioactive phytochemicals from natural sources, such as polyphenols, carotenoids and fiber offer health benefits and are related to the prevention of degenerative diseases such as cardiovascular diseases and cancer. The byproducts of the mango are abundantly produced during processing. Currently, these residues do not have a suitable destination and when discarded to the environment constitute a substrate for the growth of microorganisms and disease-carrying insects. Furthermore, they contribute to contamination of groundwater, among others. The aim of this study make biscuits enriched with the byproduct of mango as a source of crude fiber and bioactive phytochemicals from its proximate, chemical and sensory evaluation. The results showed that the flour residue mango is a good source of polyphenols (118.74 mg GAE.100g -1 ), carotenoids (721.45 μg.100g -1 ) and total fiber (33.23%). The cookies were prepared with different levels (0, 10, 20 and 30%) of mango residue flour and subjected to sensory, chemical and microbiological analysis. The results revealed that enrichment of wheat flour with 30% of the incorporated waste sleeve flour results in a biscuit with high fiber content and good acceptance. Thus, the meal residue sleeve can be used for the preparation of biscuits and other foods with function claims and nutraceutical in addition to the usual power is consumed in the diet.
Current and emerging treatment options in the management of lupus

Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is a complex autoimmune disease with variable clinical manifestations. While the clearest guidelines for the treatment of SLE exist in the context of lupus nephritis, patients with other lupus manifestations such as neuropsychiatric, hematologic, musculoskeletal, and severe cutaneous lupus frequently require immunosuppression and/or biologic therapy. Conventional immunosuppressive agents such as mycophenolate mofetil, azathioprine, and cyclophosphamide are widely used in the management of SLE with current more rationalized treatment regimens optimizing the use of these agents while minimizing potential toxicity. The advent of biologic therapies has advanced the treatment of SLE particularly in patients with refractory disease. The CD20 monoclonal antibody rituximab and the anti-BLyS agent belimumab are now widely in use in clinical practice. Several other biologic agents are in ongoing clinical trials. While immunosuppressive and biologic agents are the foundation of inflammatory disease control in SLE, the importance of managing comorbidities such as cardiovascular risk factors, bone health, and minimizing susceptibility to infection should not be neglected.
A Sliding Window-Based Joint Sparse Representation (SWJSR) Method for Hyperspectral Anomaly Detection

In this paper, a new sliding window-based joint sparse representation (SWJSR) anomaly detector for hyperspectral data is proposed. The main contribution of this paper is to improve the judgments about the probability of anomaly presence in signals using the integration of information gathered during transition of sliding window for each pixel. In this method, each pixel experiences different spatial positions with respect to the spatial neighbors through the transition of this sliding window. In each position, an optimized local background dictionary is formed using a K-Singular Value Decomposition (K-SVD) algorithm and the recovery error of sparse estimation for each pixel is calculated using a simultaneous orthogonal matching pursuit algorithm (SOMP). Thus, the votes of each signal in terms of the anomaly presence in each spatial neighborhood are calculated and the variance of these recovery errors is considered as the detection criterion. The experimental results of the proposed SWJSR method on both synthetic and real datasets proved its higher performance compared to the Global RX (GRX), Local RX (LRX), Collaborative Representation Detector (CRD), Background Joint Sparse Representation (BJSR), Causal RX Detector (CR-RXD, CK-RXD), and Sliding Local RX(SLRX) detectors with an average efficiency improvement of about 7.5%, 14.25%, 8.2%, 8.25%, 6.45%, 6.5%, and 3.6%, respectively, in comparison to the mentioned algorithms.
Feeding plasticity in the nematode Pristionchus pacificus is influenced by sex and social context and is linked to developmental speed

The increasing evidence for a role of developmental plasticity in evolution offers exciting prospects for testing interactions between ecological and developmental genetic processes. Recent advances with the model organism Pristionchus pacificus have provided inroads to a mechanistic understanding of a developmental plasticity. The developmental plasticity of P. pacificus comprises two discontinuous adult mouth‐forms, a stenostomatous (“narrow mouthed”) and a eurystomatous (“wide mouthed”) form, the latter of which is structurally more complex and associated with predatory feeding. Both forms are consistently present in populations, but fundamental properties guiding fluctuations in their appearance have been poorly understood. Here, we provide a systematic characterization of the mouth plasticity in P. pacificus, quantifying a strong sexual dimorphism and revealing that, in an inbred genetic background, maternal phenotype is linked to that of male offspring. Furthermore, cues from conspecifics influenced the developmental decision in juvenile nematodes. Separating individuals from a population resulted in a lower eurystomatous frequency, which decreased incrementally with earlier isolation. Finally, the time to the reproductively mature stage was, in the presence of an abundant bacterial food supply, less for stenostomatous than for eurystomatous individuals, suggesting the potential for a fitness trade‐off between developmental time and breadth of diet. This study provides a baseline understanding of the mouth dimorphism in P. pacificus as a necessary reference point for comparative analysis.
An experimental investigation of a novel iron chelating protoporphyrin IX prodrug for the enhancement of photodynamic therapy

Non‐melanoma skin cancers are the most frequently occurring type of cancer worldwide. They can be effectively treated using topical dermatological photodynamic therapy (PDT) employing protoporphyrin IX (PpIX) as the active photosensitising agent as long as the disease remains superficial. Novel iron chelating agents are being investigated to enhance the effectiveness and extend the applications of this treatment modality, as limiting free iron increases the accumulation of PpIX available for light activation and thus cell kill.
Family social class, maternal body mass index, childhood body mass index, and age at menarche as predictors of adult obesity.

BACKGROUND Obesity is an increasingly prevalent nutritional disorder throughout the world and is a risk factor for many chronic diseases. The prevalence of obesity increases with age. OBJECTIVE The objective was to evaluate the associations between BMI at 31 y of age and family social class during early childhood, maternal body mass index (BMI) before pregnancy, BMI at birth and at 1 and 14 y of age, and age at menarche. DESIGN This was a longitudinal study of the northern Finland birth cohort for 1966. Subjects were measured at birth and at 1, 14, and 31 y of age. The analysis was restricted to individuals for whom BMI data were available for all measurement points (n = 2876 males and 3404 females). RESULTS The mean BMI at birth was highest in offspring from the highest social classes, but BMI was inversely related to social class at 1 y. BMI, the waist-to-hip ratio, and the proportion of obese subjects were inversely related to social class at 31 y. The heavier the mother, the heavier the offspring from birth to 31 y. The paired analyses between maternal BMI and daughter's BMI at 31 y showed no significant difference in BMI after adjustment for the age difference. BMI at 14 y was the most important predictor of BMI at 31 y. Early menarche in females was associated with a higher BMI at 14 and 31 y. CONCLUSIONS Differences in BMI by social class are formed at least partly during early childhood. Low social class of the child's family, a high maternal BMI before pregnancy, a high BMI during adolescence, and early menarche are predictors of obesity in adulthood.