Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Contextualizing Ourselves: The Identity Politics of the Librarian Stereotype

Digital file includes the first chapter from The Librarian Stereotype: Deconstructing Presentations and Perceptions of Information Work, edited by Nicole Pagowsky and Miriam Rigby; digital file also includes foreword by James V. Carmichael, Jr., Embracing the Melancholy: How the Author Renounced Moloch and the Conga Line for Sweet Conversations on Paper, to the Air of "Second Hand Rose
Rates of genetic change under selection.

My assignment in this symposium is to give a general review of the effects of selection on the human gene pool. I shall be concerned with the rates of change of phenotypes and of genes in the past, the effects of relaxed selection such as is happening in much of the world, and the extent to which the effects of selection are predictable. Evolutionary Rates in the Past. -Rates of evolution can be measured in terms of phenotypic change, change in genotype frequencies, or number of gene replacements. The animal or plant breeder, or the eugenist, is usually interested in selection as a means of changing, or of maintaining, some observable characteristic. That is to say, he is interested in selection based on phenotype. He needs a theory from which he can predict the effect of selection on such traits as body conformation and depth of fat in swine, yield and amino acid content in maize, or intelligence and disease resistance in man. One might also inquire into the effect of selection on more abstract aspects of the phenotype, such as an index of over-all merit or Darwinian fitness. An immediate problem in predicting the results of phenotypic selection is that selection is effective only to the extent that the phenotype is determined by the genotype (unless there is some correlation in environment between parent and offspring, as with social inheritance). The breeder is therefore interested in determining as much as he can about the genotype. The phenotype usually tells something about the genotype, but additional information is supplied by observations on close relatives. Furthermore, with increasing knowledge it becomes more and more feasible to study the genotype directly by observation of direct gene products. Other difficulties arise whenever the entire genotype is considered.9 With a multifactorial trait there are many genotypes that produce essentially the same phenotype. The number of genotypes generated by permuting only a small number of genes is enormous, often far greater than the number of individuals in a population. In a sexual population, genotypes are formed and broken up by recombination every generation, and a particular genotype is therefore evanescent. In other words, although selection acts on phenotypes and therefore to some extent on genotypes, what is transmitted to the next generation is a sample of genes, not a genotype. Thus the animal breeder is interested in the breeding value of a sire, this being proportional to the average value of a gamete contributed by this individual. The value is measured in units appropriate to the trait under consideration. For these reasons, the classical mathematical theory of evolution as developed by Wright, Fisher, and Haldane has treated the basic evolutionary process as one of gene frequency change. An exception arises when there are linked genes and epistasis. With tight linkage and strong interactions the genes can no longer be treated as independent in inheritance and a more complicated theory is required.
Y a usted... ¿le sobre la plata? Determinantes de los precios minoristas en el mercado de gasolina, en Lima Metropolitana

This paper provides some empirical findings about competition and pricing in retailgasoline markets in Lima. Through the estimation of reaction curves for a sample of 84 gasolinestations located in 22 districts of the city, the paper shows the influence of supply and demandfactors on gasoline prices, during the period February, 1999 - January, 2000. The main findingswere the abscence of strong price competition and the presence of strong interbranddifferentiation in this market. The results also show the high influence of location andtechnology as determinants of gasoline prices. This evidence contribute to explain the high pricedifferentials commonly observed in these markets and the influence of horizontal differentiationon pricing policies of retailers.
Equidad en la utilización de servicios sanitarios públicos por Comunidades Autónomas en España: un análisis multinivel*

El objetivo de esta investigacion consiste en analizar si existe equidad horizontal en la utilizacion de servicios sanitarios publicos por comunidad autonoma de residencia en Espana. A partir de la Encuesta Nacional de Salud de 2006, se ha realizado un analisis multinivel, utilizando una funcion de ajuste logistico binaria para cada uno de los servicios sanitarios publicos estudiados (visitas al medico general, visitas al medico especialista y hospitalizaciones). A nivel individual se ha controlado por necesidad sanitaria y otras caracteristicas demograficas y socioeconomicas. Se puede concluir que, aunque no hay evidencia de inequidad territorial en la hospitalizacion, si que existe inequidad territorial en el caso de las visitas al medico general y al medico especialista, que no puede explicarse por una diferente dotacion regional de recursos en ambos niveles de atencion sanitaria.
The migration of Irganox 1010 antioxidant from high-density polyethylene and polypropylene into a series of potential fatty-food simulants.

Alternatives to highly-volatile ethanol or analytically complex cooking oil were examined as potential fatty-food simulants which would undergo high-temperature exposures to food-packaging polymers in food-packaging evaluation studies. The alternatives consisted of alcohols containing four to eight carbons. As test cases, the migration of Irganox 1010 antioxidant from high-density polyethylene and polypropylene into the higher alcohols was compared to the migration of Irganox 1010 into aqueous ethanol solutions and cooking oil, the US Food and Drug Administration's currently recommended fatty-food simulants. The data obtained showed slightly greater migration of the antioxidant into 95% ethanol than into cooking oil, and slightly less migration into 50% ethanol than into cooking oil. The migration of the antioxidant into the alcohols consisting of four or more carbons was much greater than the migration observed in cooking oil. In many experiments the polymers became depleted of the antioxidant prior to the end of the short, high-temperature exposure period (i.e. 2 h at 250 degrees F) to the higher alcohols. Also, for all experiments run under the same time/temperature/simulant conditions, migration of the antioxidant was greater from polypropylene than from high-density polyethylene. Diffusion coefficients generated for 95% ethanol and corn oil from these data compare closely with data from the literature.
WELFARE LEAVERS AND RETURNERS

This study investigates a random sample of people who left welfare and a similar sample who returned to welfare in a mid-Atlantic state in 2002. Findings show that child-care difficulties are important barriers to employment and that they are bound together with other conditions of poverty such as adverse neighborhood conditions and other deprivations. Child care provision becomes difficult when neighborhoods are infested with drugs or guns or when caregivers must spend too much time finding the means to pay bills or rent and put food on the table. For the poorest groups, all these conditions negatively impact quality of life. The study's findings suggest social policy revisions that emphasize programs to improve the children's neighborhood environment and means of socialization, supplement caregivers’ income to levels sufficient to pay for child care, and remove inadequacies or inconsistencies in government child care provision.
Equivalence scale relativities and the extent of inequality and poverty

Most inequality and poverty theory analyzes "equivalent income" distributions for homogeneous populations: incomes are assumed to be deflated by an equivalence scale that accounts for differences in needs between households. Yet in practice there is no consensus about what the appropriate equivalence scale is. The authors analyze how the choice of equivalence scale affects inequality and poverty measures, and show that there is a systematic relationship between equivalence scale generosity and the extent of inequality and poverty. They consider most of the measures in common use and provide some empirical illustrations. Copyright 1992 by Royal Economic Society.
Fear reduction in patients with chronic pain: a learning theory perspective

Acute pain informs the individual that there is an imminent threat of body damage, and is associated with the urge to escape and avoid. Fear learning takes place when neutral stimuli receive the propensity to predict the occurrence of pain, and when defensive responses are initiated in anticipation of potential threats to the integrity of the body. Fear-avoidance models have been put forward featuring the role of individual differences in catastrophic interpretations of pain in the modulation of learning and avoidance. Based on extensive literature on fear reduction in anxiety disorders; cognitive–behavioral treatments have been developed and applied to patients with chronic pain reporting substantial pain-related fear. In this article, we discuss mechanisms underlying the acquisition, the assessment and extinction of pain-related fear through the cognitive–behavioral treatment of pain-related fear. Finally, we provide a number of critical notes and directions for future research in the field of chronic pain and pain-related fear.
On How Firms Located in an Industrial District Profit from Knowledge Spillovers: Adoption of an Organic Structure and Innovation Capabilities

The canonical approach argues that firms located in industrial districts enjoy advantages for both innovation and performance as a consequence of the exceptionally strong knowledge spillovers that flow freely and spontaneously within them. However, diffusion of shared competences is not as easy and free as postulated in the literature. Using the resource‐based view, we study whether clustered firms perform better than non‐clustered firms, by providing empirical evidence that location of firms in an industrial district does not directly create innovation capabilities or economic rents. This research question is important because it enables us to better understand how firms benefit from this external knowledge flow, both to create advantages in technological innovation and to obtain superior organizational performance. To stand out in capabilities that are often localized at the centre of the same industrial district, a firm needs to develop a learning internal micro‐environment capable of better absorbing localized knowledge spillovers. In particular, the organic form is revealed as a configuration well suited to combining structural flexibility with the productive flexibility offered by the district and to strengthening technological innovation capabilities, thus improving organizational performance.
Sound Affects: Competing with Quality in the Swedish hi-fi Industry

Traditionally, literature on competitiveness has focused on innovation in networks and/or embedded in local/regional milieus. This paper examines the concept of quality and quality processes as an additional way of understanding the competitiveness of small and highly niched industries. In the theoretical framework, applied on the Swedish hi-fi industry, quality is identified as a promise and divided into three dimensions labelled “performance”, “projection” and “protection”. The quality framework provides a useful tool for analysing measurable and non-measurable aspects of quality sound and sound reproduction. Also, it is argued that competitiveness is stimulated when a product is associated with one of the quality dimensions and when a strong quality perception is inherent throughout the production network. Moreover, we find that quality processes are spatially embedded and that location facilitates both place-based branding and localised learning.
Modeling of Grounding Electrodes Under Lightning Currents

More precise modeling of the dynamic performance of grounding electrodes under lightning currents must include both the time-dependent nonlinear soil ionization and the frequency-dependent phenomena. These phenomena might have mutually opposing effects since the soil ionization effectively improves, while frequency-dependent inductive behavior impairs, the grounding performance. Modern approaches that take into account both phenomena are based on circuit theory that does not allow for accurate analysis of high-frequency behavior. This paper aims to further improve the understanding of the dynamic behavior of grounding electrodes under lightning currents by focusing on the following aspects: analyzing the validity domains of popular modeling approaches, based on circuit, transmission line, and electromagnetic theory; providing parametric analysis that takes into account both the propagation and soil ionization effects; analyzing simple formulas for surge characteristics; and comparing the modeling with experimental data. A model and a simple formula that combine the electromagnetic approach, suitable for high-frequency analysis, with the method that accounts for the soil ionization effects, recommended by the International Council on Large Electric Systems (CIGRE) and the IEEE Working Groups, are used for the parametric analysis. Both the model and the simple formula are verified by comparison with experimental results available in the literature.
Auditory neuropathy spectrum disorder with Brown–Vialetto–Van Laere syndrome: challenges in hearing rehabilitation

Abstract Background: Brown–Vialetto–Van Laere syndrome is a rare neurological disorder characterised by pontobulbar palsy and sensorineural hearing loss. Hearing rehabilitation continues to be a challenge because the exact lesion site is unknown. Case report: We examined the clinical and audiological profiles of a case series comprising four siblings with Brown–Vialetto–Van Laere syndrome who had decreased hearing and poor speech discrimination. Audiological investigations revealed normal otoacoustic emissions with absent auditory brainstem responses and middle-ear reflexes in sensorineural hearing loss, suggestive of auditory neuropathy spectrum disorder. Conclusion: The sensorineural hearing loss in Brown–Vialetto–Van Laere syndrome patients is a retrocochlear pathology resembling auditory neuropathy spectrum disorder, with the lesion being most probably of post-synaptic origin. Early cochlear implantation along with high-dose riboflavin represents a possible rehabilitation therapy. However, further research is needed to confirm this. This report emphasises the need for a thorough neurological evaluation of auditory neuropathy spectrum disorder patients.
A Case Study of Web API Evolution

When applications are integrated using web APIs, changes on a web API may break the dependent applications. This problem exists because old versions of the APIs may no longer be supported, a lack of adequate documentation to upgrade to a newer version, and insufficient communication of changes. In this paper we conducted a case study of evolving Web APIs to investigate what changes are made between versions and how the changes are documented and communicated to the API users. The findings are a list of recommendations for practitioners and researchers based on API change profiles, versioning, documentation and communication approaches that are observed in practice. This study will help inform developers of evolving Web APIs to make decision about versioning, documentation and communication methods.
Employability and Enterprise: Evidence from the North East

The paper uses data gathered from both the demand and supply side in the North East. Insights are gained from two studies of owner-managers of small businesses and one study of the five universities in the North East of England, to characterise enterprising skills as a new employability skills set. Whilst there is a plethora of studies which consider different aspects of employability, such as employability representing the capabilities of being employed for a job, and a growing recognition of the difference between 'old' and 'new' employability skills sets required to compete with an increasingly flexible labour market, there is a lack of studies that have unpacked the key aspects of this new employability skills set. This paper addresses this gap. The paper concludes by presenting an employability policy outline that could be used by bodies such as Regional Development Agencies to ensure that individuals are equipped with the skills to cope with, and flourish in, the changing conditions of the labour market.
Effects of crowding and heat stress on intestinal flora, body weight gain, and feed efficiency of growing rats and chicks.

The effects of crowding and heat stress on the intestinal flora, body-weight gains and feed efficiencies of rats and chicks were investigated. For the condition of crowding 25 rats were kept in a cage and 3 rats were kept in a cage for the control group. For the condition of heat stress, rats were kept at 31°C and 25°C for the control. The chicks were kept at 35°C for the heat stress and 25°C for the control. Irrespective of the types of stress and host species, aerobic bacteria, i.e., staphylococci and one or two bacterial groups of streptococci, enterobacteria and corynebacteria increased commonly in the small intestine. Sometimes anaerobes, i.e., peptococcaceae and bacteroides in rats increased under crowding condition and peptococcaceae and clostridia in chicks increased under heat stress. The changes of flora in the large intestine showed the similar tendency as in the small intestine. Body-weight gains and feed efficiencies were markedly suppressed under these stress conditions. These results showed that the changes of the intestinal flora and growth of host were affected with environmental stress.
Network backbone anomaly detection using double random forests based on non-extensive entropy feature extraction

This paper proposed an anomaly detection method that can be used in high speed network backbone. To adapt for the need of online cost-sensitive data processing, some of the attributes are extracted from the header of packets and recorded by sketching in a fixed time window. Based on non-extensive entropy with different parameters, the original distribution of the values of attributes is decomposed to high dimensional features to enlarge the characteristics of the small amount of anomaly data hidden in the large amount of normal data. Using these extracted detailed features, the detection model based on random forest is constructed. For the purpose of increasing detection accuracy and recall further, the second random forest detection model is constructed with the anomaly instances only. The experimental results suggest that proposed anomaly detection method can achieve competitive detection accuracy with a high recall.
Influences of metal‐ligand complexes on the cadmium and zinc biokinetics in the marine bacterium, Bacillus firmus

Uptake kinetics of cadmium and zinc in gram‐positive bacteria, Bacillus firmus, isolated from Hong Kong sediments were examined in the present study. The metal uptake by the bacteria was measured at different ambient free metal ion concentrations (10−12–10−6 M Cd2+ and 10−10–10−6 M Zn2+) by adding different concentrations of total dissolved Cd and Zn and hydrophilic organic ligands (ethylenedinitrilotetraacetic acid, nitrilotriacetic acid, and citrate). Our data suggest that Cd and Zn uptake by B. firmus is best predicted by Cd2+ and Zn2+ activities. Free metal ions were complexed with the active sites on the bacterial surface, and an equilibrium between the free metal ion and surface‐metal complex was reached quickly. After binding, the metal ions were then biologically transported into the bacteria. In addition, with the presence of lipophilic organic ligands (diethyldithiocarbamate and oxine), the lipophilic metal complex was internalized rapidly into B. firmus by passive diffusion through the bacterial plasma membrane. The uptake of the lipophilic metal complex could not be predicted by the free ion activity model because the mass transport through plasma membrane was the most important metal uptake pathway. Furthermore, the efflux of Cd and Zn by B. firmus was determined in the present study. The calculated efflux rate constants of Cd and Zn were (5.55 ± 1.96) × 10−4/min and (3.75 ± 1.04) × 10−4/min, respectively. The present study helps us to understand the process of bioaccumulation of metals in marine bacteria, which remains a poorly studied area.
The mechanisms for filling carbon nanotubes with molten salts: carbon nanotubes as energy landscape filters

The mechanisms for filling carbon nanotubes with molten salts are investigated using molecular dynamics computer simulation. Inorganic nanotubular structures, whose morphologies can be rationalized in terms of the folding, or the removal of sections from, planes of square nets are found to form. The formation mechanisms are found to follow a ‘chain-by-chain’ motif in which the structures build systematically from charge neutral M–X–M–X chains. The formation mechanisms are rationalized in terms of the ion–ion interactions (intra-chain and inter-chain terms). In addition, the mechanisms of filling are discussed in terms of a ‘hopping’ between basins on the underlying energy landscape. The role of the carbon nanotube as an energy landscape filter is discussed.
Fish to 2030: The Role and Opportunity for Aquaculture

Seafood sector can contribute to the global food supply in an important way, and provide an important source of animal protein. Based on observed regional trends in seafood production and consumption and using a global, partial-equilibrium, multi-market model, this study investigates what the global seafood market may look like in 2030. The model projects that the total fish supply will increase from 154 million tons in 2011 to 186 million tons in 2030, with aquaculture entirely responsible for the increase. The fastest aquaculture growth is expected for tilapia and shrimp, while the largest expansion is expected in India, Latin America and Caribbean and Southeast Asia. Fast-growing seafood demand in China and elsewhere represents a critical opportunity for global fisheries and aquaculture to improve their management and achieve sustainable seafood economy.
Phenanthrene-degrading phenotype of Alcaligenes faecalis AFK2

A phenanthrene-degrading bacterium that assimilated a wide range of organic compounds was isolated from a soil sample and identified as Alcaligenes faecalis strain AFK2. The strain degraded phenanthrene through protocatechuate, but did not utilize naphthalene. The phenanthrene-degrading phenotype (Phn+) of AFK2 disappeared after 20 successive subcultures in a mineral salts medium containing o-phthalate or after subculture in nutrient broth containing mitomycin C. The results suggested that the Phn+ phenotype of this strain might be encoded by extrachromosomal genes.
The utility of marginal donors in liver transplantation

The shortage of organs has led centers to expand their criteria for the acceptance of marginal donors. The combination of multiple marginal factors seems to be additive on graft injury. In this review, the utility of various marginal donors in patients requiring liver transplantation will be described, including older donors, steatotic livers, non‐heart‐beating donors, donors with viral hepatitis, and donors with malignancies. The pathophysiology of the marginal donor will be discussed, along with strategies for minimizing the ischemia reperfusion injury experienced by these organs. Finally, new strategies for improving the function of the marginal/expanded donor liver will be reviewed. (Liver Transpl 2003;9:651‐663.)