Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Protective Vascular and Cardiac Effects of Inducible Nitric Oxide Synthase in Mice with Hyperhomocysteinemia

Diet-induced hyperhomocysteinemia produces endothelial and cardiac dysfunction and promotes thrombosis through a mechanism proposed to involve oxidative stress. Inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) is upregulated in hyperhomocysteinemia and can generate superoxide. We therefore tested the hypothesis that iNOS mediates the adverse oxidative, vascular, thrombotic, and cardiac effects of hyperhomocysteinemia. Mice deficient in iNOS (Nos2−/−) and their wild-type (Nos2+/+) littermates were fed a high methionine/low folate (HM/LF) diet to induce mild hyperhomocysteinemia, with a 2-fold increase in plasma total homocysteine (P<0.001 vs. control diet). Hyperhomocysteinemic Nos2+/+ mice exhibited endothelial dysfunction in cerebral arterioles, with impaired dilatation to acetylcholine but not nitroprusside, and enhanced susceptibility to carotid artery thrombosis, with shortened times to occlusion following photochemical injury (P<0.05 vs. control diet). Nos2−/− mice had decreased rather than increased dilatation responses to acetylcholine (P<0.05 vs. Nos2+/+ mice). Nos2−/− mice fed control diet also exhibited shortened times to thrombotic occlusion (P<0.05 vs. Nos2+/+ mice), and iNOS deficiency failed to protect from endothelial dysfunction or accelerated thrombosis in mice with hyperhomocysteinemia. Deficiency of iNOS did not alter myocardial infarct size in mice fed the control diet but significantly increased infarct size and cardiac superoxide production in mice fed the HM/LF diet (P<0.05 vs. Nos2+/+ mice). These findings suggest that endogenous iNOS protects from, rather than exacerbates, endothelial dysfunction, thrombosis, and hyperhomocysteinemia-associated myocardial ischemia-reperfusion injury. In the setting of mild hyperhomocysteinemia, iNOS functions to blunt cardiac oxidative stress rather than functioning as a source of superoxide.
Political Resources, Political Strategies and Dynamic Capabilities: Roles of Political Strategies and Political Resources in Dynamic Capabilities

The term 'dynamic' of dynamic capabilities refers to the capability to renew competences so as to achieve congruence with the changing business environment. Since business environment includes market environment and nonmarket environment, dynamic capabilities not only enable firms to obtain conformity with market environment but also enable firms to do so with nonmarket environment. We define dynamic capabilities as: The firm's process that use resource - especially the process to integrate, reconfigure, gain and release resources - to mach and even create changes of business environment (market and nonmarket environment), highlighting the adaptive and creative ability toward nonmarket environment. Based on the resource-based theory, we integrate political resources, political strategies and dynamic capabilities into a theoretical model, arguing that political resources are basements of dynamic capabilities, which are the result of political strategies.
The mRNA binding proteins HuR and tristetraprolin regulate cyclooxygenase 2 expression during colon carcinogenesis.

BACKGROUND & AIMS During tumorigenesis, loss of rapid messenger RNA (mRNA) decay allows for overexpression of cancer-associated genes. The RNA-binding proteins Hu antigen R (HuR) and tristetraprolin (TTP) bind AU-rich elements in the 3' untranslated region of many cancer-associated mRNAs and target them for stabilization or rapid decay, respectively. We examined the functions of HuR and TTP during colon tumorigenesis and their ability to regulate cyclooxygenase (COX-2), a mediator of prostaglandin synthesis that increases in the colon tumor microenvironment. METHODS We evaluated expression of HuR and TTP during colorectal tumorigenesis and in colon cancer cells and associated them with COX-2 expression. HuR and TTP-inducible cells were created to investigate HuR- and TTP-mediated regulation of COX-2. RESULTS In normal colon tissues, low levels of nuclear HuR and higher levels of TTP were observed. By contrast, increased HuR expression and cytoplasmic localization were observed in 76% of adenomas and 94% of adenocarcinomas, and TTP expression was lost in >75% of adenomas and adenocarcinomas. Similar results were obtained for HuR and TTP mRNA levels in normal and staged tumor samples. In both adenomas and adenocarcinomas, COX-2 overexpression was associated with increased HuR and decreased TTP (P < .0001); similar associations were observed in colon cancer cells. HuR overexpression in cells up-regulated COX-2 expression, whereas overexpression of TTP inhibited it; limited TTP expression antagonized HuR-mediated COX-2 overexpression. CONCLUSIONS Increased expression of the mRNA stability factor HuR and loss of the decay factor TTP occurs during early stages of colorectal tumorigenesis. These changes promote COX-2 overexpression and could contribute to colon tumorigenesis.
SubDomain: Parsimonious Server Security

Internet security incidents have shown that while network cryptography tools like SSL are valuable to Internet service, the hard problem is to protect the server itself from attack. The host security problem is important because attackers know to attack the weakest link, which is vulnerable servers. The problem is hard because securing a server requires securing every piece of software on the server that the attacker can access, which can be a very large set of software for a sophisticated server. Sophisticated security architectures that protect against this class of problem exist, but because they are either complex, expensive, or incompatible with existing application software, most Internet server operators have not chosen to use them.This paper presents SubDomain: an OS extension designed to provide sufficient security to prevent vulnerability rot in Internet server platforms, and yet simple enough to minimize the performance, administrative, and implementation costs. SubDomain does this by providing a least privilege mechanism for programs rather than for users. By orienting itself to programs rather than users, SubDomain simplifies the security administrator's task of securing the server.This paper describes the problem space of securing Internet servers, and presents the SubDomain solution to this problem. We describe the design, implementation, and operation of SubDomain, and provide working examples and performance metrics for services such as HTTP, SMTP, POP, and DNS protected with SubDomain.
Evidence of Tree Gouging and Exudate Eating in Pygmy Slow Lorises (Nycticebus pygmaeus)

Although many primate species consume plant exudates [1–4], few actively stimulate exudate flow by gouging trees. This feeding adaptation has been documented only in ‘short-tusked’ callitrichids (Cebuella and Callithrix) and fork-marked lemurs (Phaner furcifer) [5, 6]. We present the first evidence of tree-gouging and exudate-eating behavior in the pygmy slow loris (Nycticebus pygmaeus), a 400-gram nocturnal strepsirrhine endemic to China, Vietnam, Laos and possibly Cambodia [7]. Wild N. pygmaeus have been reported eating ants, other insects, avian eggs, chicks, buds and fruit [8, 9]. Gummivory was noted recently [10]. Based on field and captive observations, we suggest that N. pygmaeus may be specialized gummivores.
The Arctic summer atmosphere: an evaluation of reanalyses using ASCOS data

Abstract. The Arctic has experienced large climate changes over recent decades, the largest for any region on Earth. To understand the underlying reasons for this climate sensitivity, reanalysis is an invaluable tool. The Arctic System Reanalysis (ASR) is a regional reanalysis, forced by ERA-Interim at the lateral boundaries and incorporating model physics adapted to Arctic conditions, developed to serve as a state-of-the-art, high-resolution synthesis tool for assessing Arctic climate variability and monitoring Arctic climate change. We use data from Arctic Summer Cloud-Ocean Study (ASCOS) to evaluate the performance of ASR and ERA-Interim for the Arctic Ocean. The ASCOS field experiment was deployed on the Swedish icebreaker Oden north of 87° N in the Atlantic sector of the Arctic during August and early September 2008. Data were collected during the transits from and to Longyearbyen and the 3-week ice drift with Oden moored to a drifting multiyear ice floe. These data are independent and detailed enough to evaluate process descriptions. The reanalyses captures basic meteorological variations coupled to the synoptic-scale systems, but have difficulties in estimating clouds and atmospheric moisture. While ERA-Interim has a systematic warm bias in the lowest troposphere, ASR has a cold bias of about the same magnitude on average. The results also indicate that more sophisticated descriptions of cloud microphysics in ASR did not significantly improve the modeling of cloud properties compared to ERA-Interim. This has consequences for the radiation balance, and hence the surface temperature, and illustrate how a modeling problem in one aspect of the atmosphere, here the clouds, feeds back to other parameters, especially near the surface and in the boundary layer.
Complex Networks Govern Coiled-Coil Oligomerization – Predicting and Profiling by Means of a Machine Learning Approach

Understanding the relationship between protein sequence and structure is one of the great challenges in biology. In the case of the ubiquitous coiled-coil motif, structure and occurrence have been described in extensive detail, but there is a lack of insight into the rules that govern oligomerization, i.e. how many α-helices form a given coiled coil. To shed new light on the formation of two- and three-stranded coiled coils, we developed a machine learning approach to identify rules in the form of weighted amino acid patterns. These rules form the basis of our classification tool, PrOCoil, which also visualizes the contribution of each individual amino acid to the overall oligomeric tendency of a given coiled-coil sequence. We discovered that sequence positions previously thought irrelevant to direct coiled-coil interaction have an undeniable impact on stoichiometry. Our rules also demystify the oligomerization behavior of the yeast transcription factor GCN4, which can now be described as a hybrid—part dimer and part trimer—with both theoretical and experimental justification.
Butyrate metabolism in the terminal ileal mucosa of patients with ulcerative colitis

The rate of oxidation of butyrate, glutamine and glucose was investigated in terminal ileal mucosal biopsy samples from nine patients with ulcerative colitis undergoing restorative proctocolectomy and from 12 patients undergoing laparotomy for reasons other than ulcerative colitis. Substrate oxidation was assayed using a radiolabelled isotope technique. Butyrate was the preferred fuel substrate, followed by glutamine and then glucose (median (95 per cent confidence interval) 567 (262–894), 63 (35–123) and 81 (5·1–18) pmol μg−1 h−1 respectively; P <0·01, Mann‐Whitney U test) in normal terminal ileal mucosa. The patients with ulcerative colitis had a significantly reduced rate of butyrate oxidation compared with the control group (194 (81–321) versus 567 (262–894) pmol μg−1 h−1, P < 0·05). Normal terminal ileal mucosa oxidized butyrate in greater quantities than glucose and glutamine. Ulcerative colitic terminal ileal mucosa exhibited an impaired rate of butyrate oxidation.
Psychophysiological Measurement and Meaning: Cognitive and Emotional Processing of Media

1. Psychophysiology in the Context of Media Processes and Effects Research 2. Psychophysiology-Theoretical Assumptions and a History of the Field 3. Key Terms and Concepts in Psychophysiology 4. Psychophysiological Measures of Cognitive Processing of Media 5. Psychophysiological Measures of Emotional Processing of Media 6. Emerging Psychophysiological Measures for Media Research 7. Connecting Psychophysiology to Other Measures of Mediated Message Processing 8. On Your Own: Setting up a Media Psychophysiology Lab and Conducting Experiments 9. Psychophysiological Measures and Meaning: Implications of Current Research and a Peek at the Future Glossary
Class I MHC Expression in the Yellow Baboon1 2

MHC class I molecules play a crucial role in the immune response to pathogens and vaccines and in self/non-self recognition. Therefore, characterization of MHC class I gene expression of Papio subspecies is a prerequisite for studies of immunology and transplantation in the baboon (Papio hamadryas). To elucidate MHC class I expression and variation within Papio subspecies and to further investigate the evolution of A and B loci in Old World primates, we have characterized the expressed class I repertoire of the yellow baboon (Papio hamadryas cynocephalus) by cDNA library screening. A total of nine distinct MHC class I cDNAs were isolated from a spleen cDNA library. The four A alleles and four B alleles obtained represent four distinct loci indicating that a duplication of the A and B loci has taken place in the lineage leading to these Old World primates. No HLA-C homologue/orthologue was found. In addition a single, nonclassical homologue of HLA-E was characterized. Examination of nucleotide and extrapolated protein sequences indicates that alleles at the two B loci are much more diversified than the alleles at the A loci. One of the A loci in particular appears to display very limited polymorphism in both Papio hamadryas cynocephalus and Papio hamadryas anubis subspecies. The failure to detect a homologue of HLA–C in the baboon provides additional evidence for the more recent origin of this locus in the Pongidae and Hominidae. Further comparative analysis with MHC sequences among the primate species reveals specific patterns of divergence and conservation within class I molecules of the yellow baboon.
Revisiting the reader's rudder: A comprehension strategy

of the fact that, ecause of her slight ° Charlottes Charlottesville. ° contacted co tacted decoding error, what she read does not Green , reene, fit into the context of the passage. JC 22 reads, "When Jefferson was 30, he. " """^ You ask JC, "Thirty what? " He has no clue. Burrell is reading a chapter from his earth science textbook about earthquakes. In the third paragraph he reads this sentence: "Japan was not the only place hit. " You query, "What was Japan hit by? " Having just finished a unit on tsunamis, he offers, "A tsunami? " Tammy, JC, and Burrell (all students' names are pseudonyms) do not have a "reader's rudder": the internalized set of expectations good readers bring to reading in order to comprehend (Cohn, 1972, p. 369). They neither monitor what they read nor demand that it make sense.
A Wafer-Bonded, Floating Element Shear-Stress Sensor Using a Geometric Moiré Optical Transduction Technique

This paper presents a geometric Moire optical-based floating-element shear stress sensor for wind tunnel turbulence measurements. The sensor was fabricated using an aligned waferbond/thin-back process producing optical gratings on the backside of a floating element and on the top surface of the support wafer. Measured results indicate a static sensitivity of 0.26 μm/Pa, a resonant frequency of 1.7 kHz, and a noise floor of 6.2 mPa/o Hz.
Immunohistochemistry validation procedures and practices: a College of American Pathologists survey of 727 laboratories.

CONTEXT The immunohistochemistry (IHC) laboratory represents a dynamic area of surgical pathology with limited practice guidelines. Studies have shown significant interlaboratory variability in results. OBJECTIVE To establish baseline parameters for IHC validation procedures and practice, and to assess their feasibility of implementation. DESIGN In September 2010, a questionnaire was distributed by the College of American Pathologists. It was composed of 32 questions relating to nonpredictive assays as well as non-US Food and Drug Administration (non-FDA)-approved, predictive IHC assays other than human epidermal growth factor 2 (HER2/neu). RESULTS For non-FDA approved, nonpredictive IHC assays, 68% of laboratories had a written validation procedure. Eighty-six percent of laboratories validated the most recently introduced nonpredictive antibody. Seventy-five percent used 21 or fewer total cases for the validation and 40% used weakly or focally positive cases. Forty-six percent of respondents had a written procedure for validation procedures for non-FDA approved, predictive marker IHC assays other than HER2/neu. Seventy-five percent of laboratories validated the most recently introduced predictive antibody other than HER2/neu. Fewer than half used 25 or more cases for the validation, and 47% used weakly or focally positive cases. CONCLUSION Some laboratories have written validation procedures that appear to build upon HER2/neu testing guidelines. Some laboratories also manage to validate new antibodies according to those standards; however, many do not. There appears to be a need for further validation guideline development for nonpredictive and non-FDA approved predictive antibody IHC assays.
Novel phenotypic and genotypic findings in X-linked retinoschisis.

OBJECTIVE To describe atypical phenotypes associated with the retinoschisis (X-linked, juvenile) 1 mutation (RS1). METHODS Seven patients with multiple fine white dots at the macula and reduced visual acuity were evaluated. Six patients underwent pattern and full-field electroretinography (ERG). On-off ERG, optical coherence tomography, and fundus autofluorescence imaging were performed in some patients. Mutational screening of RS1 was prompted by the ERG findings. RESULTS Fine white dots resembling drusenlike deposits and sometimes associated with retinal pigment epithelial abnormalities were present in the maculae. An electronegative bright-flash ERG configuration was present in all patients tested, and abnormal pattern ERG findings confirmed macular dysfunction. A parafoveal ring of high-density autofluorescence was present in 3 eyes; 1 patient showed high-density foci concordant with the white dots. Optical coherence tomography did not show foveal schisis in 3 of 4 eyes. All patients carried mutations in RS1, including 1 with a novel 206T-->C mutation in exon 4. CONCLUSIONS Multiple fine white dots at the macula may be the initial fundus feature in RS1 mutation. Electrophysiologic findings suggest dysfunction after phototransduction and enable focused mutational screening. Autofluorescence imaging results suggest early retinal pigment epithelium involvement; a parafoveal ring of high-density autofluorescence has not previously been described in this disorder.
Arsenic accumulation and toxicity in the earthworm Eisenia fetida affected by chloride and phosphate

Chloride and phosphate (PO4) were added to field soils contaminated with arsenic and heavy metals, and Eisenia fetida were inoculated in these treated soils for 70 d. After 28 d, earthworm survival, body weight, and cocoon production were measured. During the exposure period, the accumulation of As and four metals (Cu, Zn, Cd, and Pb) in E. fetida was analyzed. Bulk soils and soil solutions were characterized for the contents of As, metals, organic matter, and major cations and anions; cation exchange capacity; and pH. Although addition of Cl to the soil did not impact As toxicity, it significantly reduced As uptake. The addition of PO4 induced changes in As toxicity and reduced As accumulation even though the As concentration in the soil pore water increased because of the substitution of As by P at soil sorption sites. These results imply that the addition of Cl induced the formation of an As‐Cl complex, thereby resulting in decreased As bioavailability; they also imply that monovalent phosphate (H2PO4−) competes with As for uptake through transporter‐mediated mechanisms in cells.
European Society of Hypertension Scientific Newsletter: Treatment of hypertensive urgencies and emergencies

Introduction Intermittent claudication of the lower limbs is the most common clinical manifestation of peripheral artery disease (PAD). Intermittent claudication often invalidates the quality of life of the patients. However, much less known is that it also carries a very high risk for cardiovascular morbidity and mortality. Conversely, hypertension also is a risk factor for vascular disorders, including PAD. There is no consensus yet on the specific treatment of hypertension in PAD because of the limited number of controlled studies on antihypertensive therapy in such a specific PAD population [1]. The approach to this clinical problem is outlined in this short review.
Spinal Synaptic Enhancement with Acute Intermittent Hypoxia Improves Respiratory Function after Chronic Cervical Spinal Cord Injury

Respiratory insufficiency is the leading cause of death after high-cervical spinal cord injuries (SCIs). Although respiratory motor recovery can occur with time after injury, the magnitude of spontaneous recovery is limited. We hypothesized that partial respiratory motor recovery after chronic cervical SCI could be strengthened using a known stimulus for spinal synaptic enhancement, intermittent hypoxia. Phrenic motor output was recorded before and after intermittent hypoxia from anesthetized, vagotomized, and pump-ventilated control and C2 spinally hemisected rats at 2, 4, and 8 weeks after injury. Weak spontaneous phrenic motor recovery was present in all C2-injured rats via crossed spinal synaptic pathways that convey bulbospinal inspiratory premotor drive to phrenic motoneurons on the side of injury. Intermittent hypoxia augmented crossed spinal synaptic pathways [phrenic long-term facilitation; pLTF] for up to 60 min after hypoxia at 8 weeks, but not 2 weeks, after injury. Ketanserin, a serotonin 2A receptor antagonist, administered before intermittent hypoxia at 8 weeks after injury prevented pLTF. Serotonergic innervation near phrenic motoneurons was assessed after injury. The limited magnitude of pLTF at 2 weeks was associated with an injury-induced reduction in serotonin-containing nerve terminals in the vicinity of phrenic motoneurons ipsilateral to C2 hemisection. Thereafter, pLTF magnitude progressively increased with the recovery of serotonergic innervation in the phrenic motor nucleus. Intermittent hypoxia (or pLTF) has intriguing possibilities as a therapeutic tool, because its greatest efficacy may be in patients with chronic SCI, a time when most patients have already achieved maximal spontaneous functional recovery.