Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Direct Memory On the Possibility of Direct Memory

Is experience stored in the brain? The answer to this question is critical, for it strongly constrains possible theories of the nature and origin of consciousness. If the answer is “yes,” conscious experience must be generated from stored “elements” within the neural structure. If the answer is “no,” Searle’s principle of neurobiological sufficiency, as one example, carries no force. On the other hand, a theory of direct perception can be construed to actually require a “no” answer, but then would require a theory of memory not reliant on brain storage. Perception research is reviewed which describes the invariance laws defining the elementary, time-extended, perceived events that must be “stored” and which speaks simultaneously to the nature of the qualia of these events. To support this description of perceived, external events, a model of “direct memory” is described, wherein the brain is viewed as supporting a modulated reconstructive wave passing through a holographic matter-field. The modulation pattern is determined or driven by the invariance laws defining external events. The model is applied to several areas of memory theory in cued-recall, to include verbal paired-associate learning, concreteness and imagery, subject performed tasks and priming. Some implications are reviewed for cognition in general, mental imagery, eye-witness phenomena and the question of whether everything experienced is “stored. ” The model is predictive and at the very least holds its own relative to current theory without appealing to storage of experience within the brain. Introduction How is experience stored in the brain? The question is intimately related to our theory of consciousness. An embodiment of the point is Searle’s (2000) “principle of neurobiological sufficiency. ” This states, in essence, that a material (neurobiological) framework is entirely sufficient to support a theory of consciousness, i.e., it is a framework sufficient to support a solution to the hard problem (Chalmers, 1995). By implication, neurobiological storage must be entirely sufficient to account for the retention of this experience. Therefore, and somewhat circularly, if neurobiological storage is sufficient to account for memory, then the experiences of
An Adaptive Approach for Salient Motion in Dynamic Scenes

We propose an adaptive approach for salient motion in dynamic scenes, which models each video clip of τ frames with the dynamic texture(DT) model in a holistic manner. The order of the DT model is chosen adaptively by evaluating the increment of singular entropy. A simple and computationally efficient formula is proposed to measure observability. The formula is related to time-domain eigenvalues and eigenvectors, but the eigenvalue decomposition operation is not needed. The foreground-background segmentation can be obtained by thresholding the observability value of each pixel location. Our proposed method is tested on a various sequences set. Its computational efficiency outperforms the state-of-the-art methods and its equal error rate (EER) is lower than most current methods.
How Does Exception Handling Behavior Evolve? An Exploratory Study in Java and C# Applications

Exception handling mechanisms (EHM) were conceived as a means to improve maintainability and reliability of programs that have to deal with exceptional situations. Amongst the different implementations of built-in EHM, we classify them in two main categories: reliability-driven and maintenance-driven. Some programming languages, such as Java, provide built-in exception handling mechanisms that promote reliability-driven EHMs. Maintenance-driven EHMs, on the other hand, promote software maintainability by not forcing developers to specify exception handling constraints. Most of modern languages, such as C#, Ruby, Python and many others support this approach. Developers usually have to choose between maintainability-driven and reliability-driven approaches to structure exception handling in their applications. However, there is still little empirical knowledge about the impact that adopting these mechanisms have on software robustness and maintenance. This paper addressed this gap by conducting an empirical study aimed at understanding the relationship between changes in Java and C# programs and their robustness. In particular, we evaluated how changes in the normal and exceptional code were related to exception handling faults. We applied a change impact analysis and a control flow analysis in 116 versions of 16 C# programs and 112 versions of 16 Java programs.
Gifted Students’ Understanding of Statistics: Analysis of Data Arising from a Small Group Teaching Experiment

Abstract The principal objective of the study was to gain insight into cognitive processes related to three gifted students understanding of data. A small group teaching experiment was used to uncover students understanding of the notion of distribution and consisted of a clinical interview phase, teaching phase, and analysis phase. Fifteen teaching episodes followed the initial clinical interview and involved students working together on a variety of mathematical activities. The study examined how students organized data, described and indexed distributions of data, in addition to investigating their conceptualization of the mean. Results suggest that (a) modes and ranges were the most salient features of distributions, (b) typical values were generally located in clusters of data, (c) the mean was not utilized in the constructed measures of typicality, and (d) students had a relatively sophisticated understanding of samples and populations. Implications for curricular treatment of statistics for gifted students are discussed.
Predicting User Engagement with Direct Displays Using Mouse Cursor Information

Predicting user engagement with direct displays (DD) is of paramount importance to commercial search engines, as well as to search performance evaluation. However, understanding within-content engagement on a web page is not a trivial task mainly because of two reasons: (1) engagement is subjective and different users may exhibit different behavioural patterns; (2) existing proxies of user engagement (e.g., clicks, dwell time) suffer from certain caveats, such as the well-known position bias, and are not as effective in discriminating between useful and non-useful components. In this paper, we conduct a crowdsourcing study and examine how users engage with a prominent web search engine component such as the knowledge module (KM) display. To this end, we collect and analyse more than 115k mouse cursor positions from 300 users, who perform a series of search tasks. Furthermore, we engineer a large number of meta-features which we use to predict different proxies of user engagement, including attention and usefulness. In our experiments, we demonstrate that our approach is able to predict more accurately different levels of user engagement and outperform existing baselines.
Emergence of CTX-M Group 1-ESBL producing Klebsiella pneumonia from a tertiary care centre in Karachi, Pakistan.

BACKGROUND Extended-spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL)-producing Klebsiella pneumoniae have been reported previously from Pakistan but the genotypic characteristics of these enzymes is not known. Hence the aim of the study was first to characterise the genotypic content of these beta-lactamases and secondly to assess the clonal relationship of these isolates. METHODOLOGY We analysed 65 non-duplicate ESBL positive, K. pneumoniae isolates prospectively collected based on phenotype as detected using the two-disc method. Isolates were collected from different sources: blood cultures (46.15%; n = 30); tracheal aspirates (24.6%; n = 16); urine (10.7%; n = 7); wound swabs, pus and tissue (18.4%; n = 12). ESBL production was confirmed by the ESBL E-test method and the presence of the blaCTX-M encoding genes was confirmed by polymerase chain reaction. The clonal relationship of clinical isolates was studied by Pulsed Field Gel Electrophoresis. RESULTS The results showed that 93.84% (n = 61) isolates of K. pneumoniae were positive for the blaCTX-M-1 group. One isolate showed PCR signals for blaCTX-M-25 group. None of our isolates were positive for CTX-M groups 2, 8 and 9. The majority of blaCTX-M positive isolates were genetically unrelated and no epidemic clones were identified. CONCLUSION This study reports the emergence of CTX-M groups 1 and 25 producing isolates of K. pneumoniae with genetic diversity in Karachi, Pakistan.
II. GENERAL DESCRIPTION OF THE ELECTROENCEPHALOGRAM AND EVENT-RELATED BRAIN POTENTIALS

There are those who would argue that there is no more to be learned about mental faculties from monitoring the patterns of electrical activity at the scalp than there was from palpating the various and sundry bumps on skulls of talented individuals or hysterical widows in the heyday of phrenology. But the contributions of various schools of thought often outlast the schools themselves or the techniques that they espoused. For example, the important distinction between perceptual and reflective knowledge, and the idea that cognition can be divided into separable mental faculties-both very much a part of modernday psychology-were first emphasized by Gall and his followers. The discipline of cognitive electrophysiology seeks to provide a view of various of these perceptual and cognitive processes as they unfold in real time. The brain's electrophysiology can serve as a framework for extending the much sought after links between psychological and neurobiological levels of analysis. Moreover, as neuroscientists begin to appreciate the importance of correlated neuronal activity throughout the central nervous system, there is obviously much to be gained from mapping the regularities in external stimuli or events onto the regularities in brain activity time-locked to those events. Already there is ample evidence showing that these perceptual and cognitive regularities are mirrored, in part, in the modulations of electrical activity referred to as the evoked potential (EP) or event-related brain potential (ERP).
Retrieving Lost Information from Textual Databases: Rediscovering Expeditions from an Animal Specimen Database

Importing large amounts of data into databases does not always go without the loss of important information. In this work, methods are presented that aim to rediscover this information by inferring it from the information that is available in the database. From and animal specimen database, the information to which expedition an animal that was found belongs is rediscovered. While the work is in an early stage, the obtained results are promising, and prove that it is possible to rediscover expedition information from the database.
SCALING UP: LEARNING LARGE-SCALE RECOGNITION METHODS FROM SMALL-SCALE RECOGNITION TASKS

Despite the common wisdom that lessons learned from small experimental speech recognition tasks often do not scale to larger tasks, many important algorithms used in larger tasks were first developed with small systems applied to small tasks. In this paper we report experiments with the OGI Numbers task that led to the adoption of a number of engineering decisions for the design of an acoustic front end. We then describe a three-stage process of scaling to the larger conversational telephone speech (CTS) task. Much of the front end design required no change at all for the more difficult task, yielding significant improvements over our baseline front end.
Aplasia or Hypoplasia of the Vestibulocochlear Nerve in a Infant with Sensorineural Hearing Loss

* PhD in Medicine by Universidade Federal de São Paulo (Federal University) Escola Paulista de Medicina UNIFESP. Associated Professor of the Department of Especialized Medicine (ENT Discipline) at Centro de Ciências da Saúde da Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo -UFES. Health Science Center Federal University. * Master degree in Otorhinolaryngology and PhD in Medicine by Universidade Federal de São Paulo UNIFESP Escola Paulista de Medicina. ENT Doctor in Vitória, ES Brazil. * Physician by Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo (UFES). Resident doctor of the Clinical Otorhinolaryngoly Discipline at Hospital das Clínicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo FMUSP. * Physician by Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo (UFES). Radiologist at Multiscan, Vitória, ES. * Medicine Student. Monitor of Operative Techniques at Escola de Medicina da Santa Casa de Misericórdia de Vitória ES EMESCAM.
CANCER MORTALITY New patterns emerge Progress towards Cancer Mortality Reduction Spatial Distribution of Mortality Due to Malignant Neoplasms Analysis by gender and race Temporal Distribution of Cancer Mortality from All Causes MORTALITY FROM CANCER OF THE TRACHEA

Cancer has been the second leading cause of death in the United States since the 1930s but it is now almost tied for first with heart disease. Cancer mortality rates began to decrease sometime around 1993, figure 1.1 (Cancer Trends Progress Report National Cancer Institute, 2007) but the proportional share of cancer mortality in relation to other leading causes of death has been increasing, as heart disease and stroke death rates have fallen at a faster pace. According to Health US, 2007 (National Center for Health Statistics, 2007), cancer mortality has increased 16% since 1980, from 20% of all US deaths in 1980 to 23.2% in 2004. In contrast, the proportion of those dying from heart disease has fallen by 32%, from 39.7% of all deaths in 1980 to 27.1% in 2004. The same pattern is observed in North Carolina, Eastern North Carolina (ENC), and the remaining 59 counties of North Carolina (RNC).
Distributed under Creative Commons Cc-by 4.0 the Association of Parental Temperament and Character on Their Children's Behavior Problems

Purpose. Parents have important roles in child rearing, but the influence of their personality on rearing practices and their impact on the behavior of children has received surprisingly little attention. The aim of the current study was to investigate the relationship between parents' personality and children's problem behaviors. Materials and Methods. Participants consisted of 190 preschool outpatients (104 boys, 86 girls) and their parents who visited traditional Korean pediatric clinics with minor physical symptoms as chief complaints. The personality profiles of the both parents were measured by the Temperament and Character Inventory and children's behavior problems by the Child Behavior Checklist 1.5–5. Correlation and stepwise regression analysis were employed for the statistical analyses. Results. The temperament trait of Harm Avoidance and the character traits of Self-Directedness and Self-Transcendence of the parents were significantly correlated with children's problem behaviors. Character as well as temperament, played an important role in explaining children's problem behaviors after age and gender of children were taken into account. Conclusion. The maturity of parents' character appears to have a key role in reducing the risk of behavior problems in their children. Suggestions are made for parental education and future research.
A lexical database and an algorithm to find words from definitions

This paper presents a system to find automatically words from a definition or a paraphrase. The system uses a lexical database of French words that is comparable in its size to WordNet and an algorithm that evaluates distances in the semantic graph between hypernyms and hyponyms of the words in the definition. The paper first outlines the structure of the lexical network on which the method is based. It then describes the algorithm. Finally, it concludes with examples of results we have obtained.
Male Phenotypes and Mating Efficiency in CAENORHABDITIS ELEGANS.

Mating behavior in adult male nematodes can be assayed by mating efficiency, i.e., the number of cross progeny sired by males under standard conditions. Mutant males from 220 strains, representing most of the known complementation groups of C. elegans, have been examined for mating efficiency and for anatomical abnormalities of the specialized male copulatory organs. These data extend the phenotypic description of these mutants and indicate what anatomical and behavioral components are necessary for the ability to mate successfully. Also, mutants with specific defects in the male were sought by establishing superficially wild-type hermaphrodite stocks after mutagenesis and testing the males segregated by these stocks for mating efficiency. Forty-nine of 1119 stocks yielded abnormal males. Seventeen were characterized in detail and found to be abnormal in sensory behavior (carrying mutations in the genes che-2 or che-3) or male genital anatomy (carrying mutations in one of the genes mab-1 to mab-10). Four of the mab (male abnormal) genes affect specific postembryonic cell lineages.
The Potential of Neuroscience for Human-Computer Interaction Research

Due to the increased availability of both neuroscience methods and theories, Information Systems (IS) scholars have begun to investigate the potential of neuroscience for IS research. This new field of research is referred to as NeuroIS. Moreover, large technology companies (e.g., Microsoft and Philips) started research programs to evaluate the potential of neuroscience for their business. The application of neuroscientific approaches is also expected to significantly contribute to advancements in human-computer interaction (HCI) research. Against this background, a panel debate is organized to discuss the potential of neuroscience for HCI studies. The panel hosts an intellectual debate from different perspectives, both conceptually (from behaviorally-oriented research to design science research) and methodologically (from brain imaging to neurophysiological techniques), thereby outlining many facets that neuroscience offers for HCI research. The panel concludes that neuroscience has the potential to become an important reference discipline for the field of HCI in the future.
Emergence in Cognitive Multi-Agent Systems

Emergence is a hot topic of the present research in the domain of complex systems, especially connected with the modelling and simulation of large multi-agent systems. Emergent properties have been obtained in systems inspired from nature - ants, wasps, etc - but also in simple artificial systems like Cellular Automata - obtaining gliding structures - and Transporting Agents - obtaining traffic directions. Most of the systems designed to manifest (truly) emergent properties are made of reactive or mostly reactive agents, with a limited set of actions that they apply as a direct consequence of certain stimuli. As more computational power is available and cognitive multi-agent systems tend to become a mature technology, the study of emergence in the context of such systems is a promising direction of development. Starting from the analysis of emergence in reactive systems, this paper is an attempt to define the different forms and requirements of emergent properties in the context of cognitive multi-agent systems and highlights different settings in which such properties may significantly enhance the overall performance of the system.
An analysis of the suitability of cloud computing services in the Nigerian Education Landscape

Cloud computing is fast gaining popularity in educational institutions of developing countries like Nigeria. Software as a Service, Platform as a Service and Infrastructure as a Service are the three key models through which cloud computing services are delivered to end-users. A number of studies have been conducted to identify the enabling factors as well as the issues being faced as regards the adoption of cloud computing in the Nigerian context. In this study however, Strength, Weakness, Opportunity and Threat analysis of the service delivery models in the Nigerian Education landscape has been presented. In addition, the issues that an educational institution needs to consider when adopting cloud computing is discussed.
Efficacy of a Conservative Weight Loss Program in the Long-Term Management of Chronic Upper Airway Obstruction

Objective. Obesity is a significant contributor to oxygen demand and dynamic airway obstruction. The objective of the current study is to determine the long-term success of conservative measures directed toward weight reduction on airway management without respect to specific airway disease etiology. Methods. Patients with chronic airway obstruction secondary anatomic lesions or obstructive sleep apnea were recruited and followed prospectively. Demographics, initial and final weights, diagnosis, and followup information were recorded. Patients were referred to a registered dietician, provided counseling, and started on a weight-loss regimen. Outcome measures were change in body mass index (BMI) and rate of decannulation from weight loss alone. Results. Of fourteen patients, ten remained tracheostomy-dependent and four had high-grade lesions with the potential for improvement in oxygen demand and dynamic airway collapse with weight loss. The mean follow up period was 25 months. The mean change in BMI was an increase of 1.4 kg/m2 per patient. Conclusions. Conservative measures alone were not effective in achieving weight reduction in the population studied. This may be due to comorbid disease and poor compliance. The promise of decannulation was an insufficient independent motivator for weight loss in this study. Although the theoretical benefits of weight loss support its continued recommendation, the long-term success rate of conservative measures is low. More aggressive facilitated interventions including pharmacotherapy or bariatric surgery should be considered early in the course of treating airway disease complicated by obesity.
HinCyc: A Knowledge Base of the Complete Genome and Metabolic Pathways of H. influenzae

We present a methodology for predicting the metabolic pathways of an organism from its genomic sequence by reference to a knowledge base of known metabolic pathways. We applied these techniques to the genome of H. influenzae by reference to the EcoCyc knowledge base to predict which of 81 metabolic pathways of E. coli are found in H. influenzae. The resulting prediction is a complex hypothesis that is presented in computer form as HinCyc: an electronic encyclopedia of the genes and metabolic pathways of H. influenzae. HinCyc connects the predicted genes, enzymes, enzyme-catalyzed reactions, and biochemical pathways in a WWW-accessible knowledge base to allow scientists to explore this complex hypothesis.
Generating Cross-lingual Concept Space from Parallel Corpora on the Web

The information available in languages other than English on the World Wide Web is increasing significantly. To cross language boundaries between different languages, dictionaries are the most typical tools. However, the general-purpose dictionary is less sensitive in genre and domain and it is impractical to manually construct tailored bilingual dictionaries or sophisticated multilingual thesauri for large applications. Corpus-based approaches, which do not have the limitation of dictionaries, provide a statistical translation model to cross the language boundary. The objective of this research work is to mine English/Chinese parallel documents automatically from the World Wide Web and generate a crosslingual concept space automatically for cross-lingual information retrieval. The alignment method is developed based on dynamic programming to identify the one-to-one Chinese and English title pairs for building parallel corpus. The Hopfield network is then employed to generate the cross-lingual concept space based on the statistical correlation analysis of the semantics (knowledge) embedded in the bilingual press release corpus. The research output consisted of a thesaurus-like, semantic network knowledge base, which can aid in semantics-based cross-lingual information management and retrieval.