Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Aberration detection in R illustrated by Danish mortality monitoring

The objective of biosurveillance in this chapter is the detection of emerging incidence clusters in time of a health related event. Reviews on temporal surveillance can be found e.g. in Sonesson and Bock (2003), Bravata et al. (2004), Buckeridge et al. (2005) and Tennant et al. (2007). In recent years a pleasant development has been a synthesis of surveillance methods with methods from statistical process control, see e.g. Woodall (2006) for a survey. One important aspect to ensure a transfer of methodological developments into practice is the availability of appropriate software implementations and their documentation. With the present chapter we want to introduce one such open-source software implementation into a public health context: the R package surveillance. In order to demonstrate functionality, we use Danish mortality data from the ongoing European monitoring of excess mortality for public health action (EuroMOMO) project (Anonymous, 2009). The R system is a free software environment for statistical computing and graphics distributed under a GNU-style copyleft license and running under Unix, Windows and Mac (R Development Core Team, 2009). Several documents and books provide an introduction (Dalgaard, 2008; Venables et al., 2009; Muenchen, 2009). The add-on package surveillance offers functionality for the visualization, monitoring and simulation of count data time series in R for public health surveillance and biosurveillance. It provides an implementation of different aberration detection algorithms for epidemiologists and an infrastructure for developers of new algorithms. The package is freely available under the GNU GPL license and obtainable from the Comprehensive R Archive Network (CRAN). To install the package from CRAN, the following call in R has to be performed once:
Research on the Influence Factors of Entrepreneurial Environment

Based on the analysis of the factors affecting the entrepreneurship environment at home and abroad, this paper constructs the model of entrepreneurship environment factors on the basis of the system theory, equilibrium and non-equilibrium theory and endogenous theory, putting forward that the entrepreneurship environment consists of four subsystems, namely the internal business environment and macro environment, market environment and natural environment, with analysis of the relationship between the subsystems.
Hunter-Gatherer Infancy and Childhood : The !Kung and Others

In the 1970s, based on research among the ! Kung San, then hunter-gatherers of northwestern Botswana, and on reviews of the ethnographic literature, some generalizations about hunter-gatherer childhood were put forward. Some features of ! Kung infancy and childhood appeared to be representative of hunter-gatherers as described by ethnographers, a set of generalizations that may be called the hunter-gatherer childhood (HGC) model. These descriptions, along with more quantitative studies of ! Kung infancy and childhood, suggested that present-day childcare methods are discordant with those in the human environments of evolutionary adaptedness (EEAs), a discordance that could have developmental implications. Viewed against the phylogenetic background of the parental care patterns of higher primates, it also seemed possible that the HGC model was a species-specific instance of a general pattern characteristic of catarrhines. In addition, some specific theories of development were addressed. For example, the intensity of the mother-infant relationship among the ! Kung and some other hunter-gatherers was viewed as supporting John Bowlby’s model of the role of attachment in infancy. However, excellent new research on hunter-gatherer infancy and childhood on the Agta, Efe, Hadza, Aka, and Ache called some of these generalizations into question. As much as or more than the ! Kung research, these studies were methodologically sophisticated and focused on infancy and childhood. At the same time, new theory in life history evolution strongly suggested that hunter-gatherer childhood should not follow a single pattern but should adjust itself to widely varying ecological conditions (Belsky 1997; Chisholm 1993, 1999; Hrdy 1997, 1999); infant and child
Fused 2D/3D position tracking for robust SLAM on mobile robots

This paper presents a robust 3D position tracking and map generation algorithm that combines data from a Laser Rangefinder and a RGB-D camera. Our algorithm is capable of running in real time on resource constrained robots. The novelty of this paper is the fusing of 2D-ICP from a Laser Rangefinder directly into a 3D position tracking, map building and SLAM system. Our approach takes advantage of the wide field of view and precision of laser scans to significantly improve the efficiency and accuracy of 3D alignment. We introduce a regularisation term to restrict movement in degrees of freedom that are not constrained by surface geometry. With efficiency in mind, we mirror a 2D local map based Graph SLAM approach in 3D to reliably detect loops if the robot comes near to an area it has previously visited. The mesh of each local map is warped after a graph of local maps is optimised to maintain a globally fused map. We provide experimental results to show that our algorithm is able to generate dense, globally consistent, mesh-based maps on resource constrained robots.
Cognitive Maps and the Language of Thought Abstract: Fodor advocates a view of cognitive processes as computations defined over a medium of sentential mental representation: the language of thought. Many cognitive scientists

Fodor advocates a view of cognitive processes as computations defined over a medium of sentential mental representation: the language of thought. Many cognitive scientists favor a more pluralistic conception countenancing non-sentential representations. I elucidate the philosophical foundations of this pluralistic conception by exploring computational models of navigation drawn from probabilistic robotics. The models I discuss involve “map-like” rather than “sentence-like” representations. Computations defined over these “cognitive maps” do not resemble logical inferences. The models suggest that Fodor’s conception of computational psychology is insufficiently general. They demonstrate the possibility of rational cognitive processes fundamentally distinct from the logic-based machinations highlighted by Fodor. Furthermore, they offer much promise for the empirical study of animal navigation.
Diabetes, Triglyceride Levels, and Other Risk Factors for Glaucoma in the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2005–2008

Purpose To determine risk factors for glaucoma in a population-based study in the United States. Methods Participants age 40 and older from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey underwent questionnaires, physical examination, laboratory tests, and vision tests including fundus imaging. Glaucoma was determined based on expert grading of fundus photographs. Regression modeling of glaucoma risk factors was performed. Results Participants with glaucoma (172) were older (mean age 68.1 [95% confidence interval (CI) 65.6–70.7] vs. 56.4 years [95% CI 55.6–57.2, P < 0.001]), likely to have less than high school education (25.1% vs. 18.1%, P = 0.05), to have diabetes (23.1% vs. 10.8%, P < 0.001), to have central obesity (72.5% vs. 60.7%, P = 0.01), to have systolic hypertension (30.3% vs. 20.1%, P = 0.01), to have diastolic hypotension (30.3% vs. 13.9%, P < 0.001), and to be nonsmokers (91.0% vs. 79.3%, P = 0.002). Sex, poverty, access to health care, fasting glucose, insulin dependence, body mass index, cholesterol levels, diastolic hypertension, systolic hypotension, obstructive sleep apnea, and marijuana were not associated with glaucoma. Multivariable modeling showed associations between glaucoma and older age (odds ratio [OR] 1.09 per year, 95% CI 1.04–1.14), black race (OR 4.40, 95% CI 1.71–11.30), and poverty (OR 3.39, 95% CI 1.73–6.66). Diabetes was no longer associated with glaucoma after adjustment for triglyceride levels. Sex, education, insurance status, body mass index, blood pressure, obstructive sleep apnea, and smoking were not associated with glaucoma. Conclusions People who are older, of black race, and with lower income levels have a higher prevalence of glaucoma. A novel association between diabetes, triglyceride levels, and glaucoma is also identified.
Pulsatile Drug Delivery Systems

The ability to deliver therapeutic agents to a patient in a pulsatile or staggered release profi le has been a major goal in drug delivery research recently. This review will cover methods that have been developed to control drug delivery profi le with different polymeric systems. Externally and internally controlled systems will be considered, including a range of technologies like preprogrammed systems as well as systems that are sensitive to modulated enzymatic or hydrolytic degradation, pH, magnetic fi elds, ultrasounds, electric fi elds, temperature, light and mechanical stimulation. These systems have the potential to improve the quality of life for patients undergoing therapy with a variable dosing regime.
Exploration vs. Exploitation in the Information Filtering Problem

We consider information filtering, in which we face a stream of items too voluminous to process by hand (e.g., scientific articles, blog posts, emails), and must rely on a computer system to automatically filter out irrelevant items. Such systems face the exploration vs. exploitation tradeoff, in which it may be beneficial to present an item despite a low probability of relevance, just to learn about future items with similar content. We present a Bayesian sequential decision-making model of this problem, show how it may be solved to optimality using a decomposition to a collection of two-armed bandit problems, and show structural results for the optimal policy. We show that the resulting method is especially useful when facing the cold start problem, i.e., when filtering items for new users without a long history of past interactions. We then present an application of this information filtering method to a historical dataset from the arXiv.org repository of scientific articles.
DS-CDMA with M-Ary Orthogonal Modulation for Wireless Sensor Networks Simultaneously Monitoring Multiple Events

In this paper, we propose a novel WSN framework for one fusion center to monitor simultaneously multiple source events (SEs), each of which has multiple states. In the proposed WSN, every SE is observed by a range of local sensors, which convey their observations to the fusion center in the principles of direct-sequence code-division multiple-access (DS-CDMA) associated with M-ary orthogonal modulation (MOM). Therefore, the proposed WSN is referred to as the MOM DS-CDMA WSN. In the MOM DS-CDMA WSN, the local sensors monitoring the same SE transmit their signals to the fusion center in the principles of time-division multiple-access (TDMA), while the local sensors serving different SEs communicate with the fusion center in the principles of DS-CDMA. By making use of the advantages of MOM, the fusion center detects the SEs' states either coherently based on the maximal ratio combing (MRC) fusion rule, or noncoherently based on the equal gain combining (EGC) fusion rule. The detection performance of the fusion center is investigated by simulations. Specifically, the impacts of the number of SEs, the number of local sensors per SE, the observation reliability of local sensors, the reliability of the channels from local sensors to fusion center, etc., on the fusion detection performance are addressed.
Emotional Speech Classification Using Gaussian Mixture Models and the Sequential Floating Forward Selection Algorithm

Emotional speech classification can be treated as a supervised learning task where the statistical properties of emotional speech segments are the features and the emotional styles form the labels. The Akaike criterion is used for estimating automatically the number of Gaussian densities that model the probability density function of the emotional speech features. A procedure for reducing the computational burden of crossvalidation in sequential floating forward selection algorithm is proposed that applies the t-test on the probability of correct classification for the Bayes classifier designed for various feature sets. For the Bayes classifier, the sequential floating forward selection algorithm is found to yield a higher probability of correct classification by 3% than that of the sequential forward selection algorithm either taking into account the gender information or ignoring it. The experimental results indicate that the utterances from isolated words and sentences are more colored emotional than those from paragraphs. Without taking into account the gender information, the probability of correct classification for the Bayes classifier admits a maximum when the probability density function of emotional speech features extracted from the aforementioned utterances is modeled as a mixture of 2 Gaussian densities
Observations on greedy composite Newton methods

The only robust general-purpose numerical methods for approximating the solution to systems of nonlinear algebraic equations (NAEs) are based on Newton's method. Many variants of Newton's method exist in order to take advantage of problem structure; it is often computationally infeasible to solve a given problem without taking some advantage of this structure. It is generally impossible to know a priori which variant of Newton's method will be optimal for a given problem. In this paper, we describe an algorithm for automatically selecting a composite Newton method, i.e., a sequential combination of Newton variants, for solving NAEs. The algorithm is based on a greedy principle that updates the current state at regular intervals according to the best performing Newton variant. Preliminary results show that it is possible for composite Newton methods to outperform optimal classical implementations of Newton's method, i.e., ones that only use one Newton variant on a given problem.
ltl.uni-due at SemEval-2016 Task 6: Stance Detection in Social Media Using Stacked Classifiers

In this paper, we describe our participation in the ﬁrst shared task on automated stance detection ( SemEval 2016 Task 6 ). We consider the task as a multidimensional classiﬁcation problem and thus use a sequence of stacked classiﬁers. For subtask A, we utilize a rich feature set that does not rely on external information such as additional tweets or knowledge bases. For subtask B, we rely on the similarity of tweets in this task with tweets from subtask A in order to transfer the models learnt in sub-task A.
Generating and Resolving Vague Color

We describe a method for distinguishing colors in context using English color terms. Our approach uses linguistic theories of vagueness to build a cognitive model via Bayesian rational analysis. In particular, we formalize the likelihood that a speaker would use a color term to describe one color but not another as a function of the background frequency of the color term, along with the likelihood of selecting standards in context that fit one color and not the other. Our approach exhibits the qualitative flexibility of human color judgments and reaches ceiling performance on a small evaluation corpus.
Effect of heel pressure pad attached to ankle-foot orthosis on the energy conversion efficiency in post-stroke hemiplegic gait

[Purpose] This study aimed to analyze the effect of heel pads in ankle-foot orthoses on dynamic motion aspects of gait in stroke patients from the viewpoint of energy conversion efficiency. [Subjects] Fourteen chronic stroke patients who were ambulatory and had lower extremity motor function categorized as Brunnstrom stage IV participated in the study. [Methods] A three-dimensional motion analysis system was used to assess the effect of heel pad intervention on dynamic motion gait parameters using a single-system A-B-A design. [Results] The results showed that a heel pad attached to the ankle-foot orthosis caused significant retention of the center-of-pressure at the heel during the heel rocker function and significant increase in the dorsiflexion moment and the height of the center of gravity. [Conclusion] The present study showed that a heel pad attached to the calcaneal region of an ankle-foot orthosis caused slight retention of the center-of-pressure at the heel during the heel rocker function along with center of gravity elevation in the stance phase and improved the energy conversion efficiency, especially on the non-paretic side.
Plant compartment and biogeography affect microbiome composition in cultivated and native Agave species

Summary Desert plants are hypothesized to survive the environmental stress inherent to these regions in part thanks to symbioses with microorganisms, and yet these microbial species, the communities they form, and the forces that influence them are poorly understood. Here we report the first comprehensive investigation of the microbial communities associated with species of Agave, which are native to semiarid and arid regions of Central and North America and are emerging as biofuel feedstocks. We examined prokaryotic and fungal communities in the rhizosphere, phyllosphere, leaf and root endosphere, as well as proximal and distal soil samples from cultivated and native agaves, through Illumina amplicon sequencing. Phylogenetic profiling revealed that the composition of prokaryotic communities was primarily determined by the plant compartment, whereas the composition of fungal communities was mainly influenced by the biogeography of the host species. Cultivated A. tequilana exhibited lower levels of prokaryotic diversity compared with native agaves, although no differences in microbial diversity were found in the endosphere. Agaves shared core prokaryotic and fungal taxa known to promote plant growth and confer tolerance to abiotic stress, which suggests common principles underpinning Agave–microbe interactions.
Inflationary Theory and Alternative Cosmology

Recently Hollands and Wald argued that inflation does not solve any of the major cosmological problems. We explain why we disagree with their arguments. They also proposed a new speculative mechanism of generation of density perturbations. We show that in their scenario the inhomogeneities responsible for the large scale structure observed today were generated at an epoch when the energy density of the hot universe was 1095 times greater than the Planck density. The only way to avoid this problem is to assume that there was a stage of inflation in the early universe.
Distributed under Creative Commons Cc-by 4.0 the Apparent Permeabilities of Caco-2 Cells to Marketed Drugs: Magnitude, and Independence from Both Biophysical Properties and Endogenite Similarities

We bring together fifteen, nonredundant, tabulated collections (amounting to 696 separate measurements) of the apparent permeability (P app) of Caco-2 cells to marketed drugs. While in some cases there are some significant interlaboratory disparities, most are quite minor. Most drugs are not especially permeable through Caco-2 cells, with the median P app value being some 16 · 10 −6 cm s −1. This value is considerably lower than those (1,310 and 230 · 10 −6 cm s −1) recently used in some simulations that purported to show that P app values were too great to be transporter-mediated only. While these values are outliers, all values, and especially the comparatively low values normally observed, are entirely consistent with transporter-only mediated uptake, with no need to invoke phospholipid bilayer diffusion. The apparent permeability of Caco-2 cells to marketed drugs is poorly correlated with either simple biophysical properties, the extent of molecular similarity to endogenous metabolites (endogenites), or any specific substructural properties. In particular, the octanol:water partition coefficient, logP, shows negligible correlation with Caco-2 permeability. The data are best explained on the basis that most drugs enter (and exit) Caco-2 cells via a multiplicity of transporters of comparatively weak specificity.
Decision-making of robots in distributed control of diffusion process

Control of diffusion process using mobile sensors and actuators are considered in this paper. Taking inspiration on human decision making process, the Win-Stay and Lose-Switch (WSLS) strategies are employed in the exploring and detoxifying the poisonous process which described using parabolic partial differential equation. Two algorithms are given for each robot to choose exploring or detoxifying action in next time step. Simulation results using Diff-MAS2D for measurement scheduling and controls in distributed parameter systems has illustrated the effectiveness of proposed methods.
A Fully Integrated Watt-Level Linear 900-MHz CMOS RF Power Amplifier for LTE-Applications

There is a growing demand for the implementation of the RF power amplifier (PA) in CMOS technologies, due to its cost and integration benefits. Most of the already reported CMOS PAs do not have sufficient output power nor linearity to cope with the long term evolution (LTE) requirements. In this paper, the linearity requirements for power amplifiers targeting LTE-applications are investigated. Based on this system level analysis, a single-chip fully integrated CMOS power amplifier with sufficient power and linearity for emerging E-UTRA/LTE-applications is designed. This 90-nm LTE-band VIII CMOS linear power amplifier uses a distributed active transformer (DAT) as power combiner and delivers an output power up to 29.4 dBm with 25.8% power-added efficiency (PAE) and has 28-dB small-signal gain. The choice of optimal biasing ensures a very flat gain and small AM-PM distortion up to high output power. While applying an uplink LTE signal, the PA produces 25 dBm of average output power with 15% PAE while obeying the stringent EVM-specifications.
Intervention for replacing missing teeth: Different types of implants - evidence summary of updated Cochrane review

Around 1300 different types of dental implants are available worldwide and the implant manufacturers are resorting to aggressive marketing strategies; claiming their implants to provide a superior outcome. The clinician is left with a constant dilemma on which implant to choose for better clinical outcome and welfare of the patient. Moreover, in India, economical consideration is a concern too. The dentist has to select an implant that provides a good result and is economical. Cochrane systematic reviews provide the gold standard evidence for intervention, diagnosis, etc., and follow a strict quality control. A Cochrane systematic review was done to shed light on whether the different implant surface modifications, shapes or materials significantly influence clinical outcomes. All randomized controlled trials (RCTs) till January 17, 2014 were searched and out of the 81 trials, only 27 met the inclusion criteria. This evidence summary from the review concludes that based on the available literature; there is no evidence of any one type of implant being superior to another. There is weak evidence showing roughened dental implants are more prone to bone loss due to periimplantitis. This review indicated that there is a need for well-designed RCTs, with long-term follow-up and low bias. Moreover, none of the included studies was from India, which also points out the need for improving the quality of RCTs conducted in India.