Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Comparing passive and active hearing: spectral analysis of transient sounds in bats

SUMMARY In vision, colour constancy allows the evaluation of the colour of objects independent of the spectral composition of a light source. In the auditory system, comparable mechanisms have been described that allows the evaluation of the spectral shape of sounds independent of the spectral composition of ambient background sounds. For echolocating bats, the evaluation of spectral shape is vitally important both for the analysis of external sounds and the analysis of the echoes of self-generated sonar emissions. Here, we investigated how the echolocating bat Phyllostomus discolor evaluates the spectral shape of transient sounds both in passive hearing and in echolocation as a specialized mode of active hearing. Bats were trained to classify transients of different spectral shape as low- or highpass. We then assessed how the spectral shape of an ambient background noise influenced the spontaneous classification of the transients. In the passive-hearing condition, the bats spontaneously changed their classification boundary depending on the spectral shape of the background. In the echo-acoustic condition, the classification boundary did not change although the background- and spectral-shape manipulations were identical in the two conditions. These data show that auditory processing differs between passive and active hearing: echolocation represents an independent mode of active hearing with its own rules of auditory spectral analysis.
Current attitudes on self-use and prescription of hormone therapy among New York City gynaecologists

Objective The results of the Women’s Health Initiative studies dramatically altered hormone therapy use around the world. In countries outside the United States, self-use in physicians remained unaltered while prescription use declined, implying that physicians may not concur with the findings. We wished to explore prevailing attitudes among American physicians by examining New York City obstetrician-gynaecologists’ self-use and prescription use of hormone therapy. Study design All board-certified obstetrician-gynaecologists in New York City were invited to complete and return a detailed, previously validated questionnaire concerning hormone therapy use. Results Two hundred and nine questionnaires were returned, for a response rate of 12% (209/1797). Gynaecologists agreed with the findings from the Women’s Health Initiative studies regarding indications and contraindications to hormone therapy use. Even so, three-quarters of female gynaecologists and female partners of male gynaecologists (74%; 67/91) use or have previously used hormone therapy. However, only 27.3% (21/77) of male gynaecologists and 12.3% (14/114) of female gynaecologists recommend hormone therapy to all menopausal women regardless of contraindications. Gynaecologists remain divided in their attitude toward hormone therapy; 30% of gynaecologists felt that hormone therapy use generally prolonged women’s lives, 36% felt it was not useful in prolonging women’s lives, and 33% were unsure. Conclusion Since the publication of the Women’s Health Initiative findings, New York City gynaecologists prescribe hormone therapy to fewer patients. However, they continue to self-use hormone therapy at much higher rates, even as they seem to concur with Women’s Health Initiative recommendations, contributing to the ongoing controversy surrounding the validity of the Women’s Health Initiative findings.
The apoptotic effect and associated signalling of HSP90 inhibitor 17‐DMAG in hepatocellular carcinoma cells

Primary liver cancer is one of the highly malignant tumours. The traditional surgery, chemotherapy and radiation therapy only established 6% of 5‐year survival rate in HCC (hepatocellular carcinoma). Therefore there is an urgent need to develop new therapeutic strategies. HSP90 (heat shock protein 90) is one of the important molecular chaperones and was identified with high expression in the primary liver cancer. In this study, we evaluated the therapeutic effect of specific HSP90 inhibitor 17‐DMAG (17‐dimethylaminoethylamino‐17‐demethoxy geldanamycin) in HCC cells. The time and concentration effects of 17‐DMAG were investigated in HCC cells. Cell proliferation was measured by MTT [3‐(4,5‐dimethylthiazol‐2‐yl)‐2,5‐diphenyl‐2H‐tetrazolium bromide] assay and cell counting. Apoptosis was detected by flow cytometry with staining of Annexin V‐FITC/PI (propidium iodide). The protein levels of survivin, cyclin D1, p53 and NF‐κB (nuclear factor κB) were measured by Western blotting. 17‐DMAG inhibited the proliferation of HCC cells in a time‐ and concentration‐dependent manner. Treatment with 400 nmol/l 17‐DMAG for 48 h significantly induced early‐stage apoptosis (22.4%). Conversely, it induced less late‐stage apoptosis (3.03%). The 5 mg/l of cisplatin induced significantly less early‐stage apoptosis (6.5%), but similar proportion of late‐stage apoptosis (4.89%) compared with 17‐DMAG. Inhibition of HSP90 activity by 400 nmol/l 17‐DMAG decreased protein levels of survivin, cyclin D1 and NF‐κB protein levels, whereas increased p53 protein level. HSP90 plays a key role in HCC cell growth and survival through regulation of survivin, cyclin D1, p53 and nucleus NF‐κB protein levels and the specific HSP90 inhibitor 17‐DMAG can play a therapeutic role in HCC treatment.
NUMERICAL INVESTIGATION OF STABILITY AND EVOLUTION OF AN EVAPORATING LIQUID FILM ON A HEATED STRUCTURED WALL

Thin liquid films evaporating on heated structured surfaces can be found in many industrial applications. and gasoline fuels, for example, are known to form films on the cylinder surface after injection. Deposits, which have a negative effect on the combustion process, can form from those films especially in the vicinity of three-phase contact lines. Thus, it is important to understand the impact of influencing factors on film topology and stability as well as heat and mass transfer to prevent deposit formation. In this work, the effect of evaporation and wall structure on the development of liquid films and the resulting heat and mass transfer is examined. Temperature gradients develop at the liquid-gas interface and lead to Marangoni convection. Film evaporation and the unequal heating of the liquid due to the structured wall have competing effects on the film stability. Long-Wave theory is used to reduce the complexity of the problem. The resulting equation is a fourth order partial differential equation, which is solved numerically using finite differences and a Crank-Nicolson scheme. Grid and time step independence is ensured. The influence of evaporation rate and wall structure on film development and rupture time as well as heat and mass transfer within the film is discussed.
3D reconstruction of ablation lesions from in-vitro preparations using MRI

Abstract Radiofrequency ablation is the gold standard for treating cardiac arrhythmias. However, the success rate of this procedure depends on numerous parameters. Wet lab experiments provide the opportunity to investigate cardiac electrophysiology under reproducible conditions. To evaluate the electrophysiological changes of ablated myocardium in these studies it is necessary to consider the three-dimensional (3D) geometry of the lesions. For this purpose, we investigated the usage of different magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) sequences as well as an image processing procedure to analyze in-vitro preparations. To differentiate signal intensities between nonablated and ablated tissue we evaluated FISP (fast imaging with steady-state precession; delivering dominantly T1-weighted images) and RARE (rapid acquisition with relaxation enhancement; delivering dominantly T2-weighted images). After image processing, the ablated tissue was segmented in each image slice forming a 3D volume. The geometry of the lesion was modeled by the boundary of this volume. It was generally feasible to distinguish between healthy myocardium and ablated tissue as well as to determine lesion transmurality. The analysis of the reconstructed lesion geometries from FISP and RARE MRI showed a high agreement, however T2-weighted sequences showed larger lesion volumes as well as higher variations in segmentation compared to T1- mapping. FISP with higher quality may be used to reconstruct the 3D geometry of the ablation lesions.
Breakdown characteristic of palm oil and coconut oil under AC and DC voltage with different moisture rate

Oils acts as insulation and cooling agent in the transformer. Petroleum-based oils are widely used in transformers due to their qualified properties as good insulation materials. Unfortunately, the used of petroleum-based oils has adverse effects on environment in the event of any failure to transformers such as tank leakage or explosions. As known, petroleum-based oils may not be usable in the future if they run out of resources. Therefore, researchers have been studying and have found environmentally friendly oil that is suitable as substitutes in transformer. To ensure this environmentally friendly oil maintains a good insulation performance in the transformer, the free water content inherent in the oil must be at a low level. Therefore, breakdown voltage tests using direct current and alternating current with the addition of different water content were performed to identify the potential of palm oil and coconut oil in the transformer isolation system. Refined, Bleached and Deodorized oil (RBDPO) and coconut oil samples were selected to be test in this study. The oil samples were test by varies the gap distance of test cell electrode and the level of water content. Each sample was tested under AC and DC voltage. From experiment result, DC breakdown voltage test for RBDPO oil yield the highest breakdown voltage compared to AC breakdown voltage test. As future substitute insulating liquid in transformer, RBDPO oil show better performance than coconut oil.
Universal Influenza Vaccination and Live Attenuated Influenza Vaccination of Children

Influenza is an uncontrolled epidemic disease that is vaccine preventable. Each winter the peak of medically attended acute respiratory illness coincides with the peak of influenza virus activity. The anatomy of an urban influenza epidemic is presented highlighting the role of children in the spread of influenza. The efficacy and safety of the live attenuated influenza vaccine (LAIV) for children are documented and the indirect effectiveness (herd protection) of vaccinating schoolchildren is demonstrated. Children have the highest attack rates during influenza epidemics and the consequences of influenza virus infection can be severe regardless of the virus type—A(H1N1), A(H3N2), or B. Early in the epidemic, over one-half of the culture-positive illnesses will occur in school-aged children demonstrating their role in spreading the virus in the community. LAIV has been shown to be superior to inactivated vaccine for children and is safe even for children with mild intermittent asthma. One dose of LAIV is effective and gives almost immediate protection. LAIV administered by nasal spray is readily accepted by children. Several studies have demonstrated herd protection by immunizing schoolchildren. These studies have shown that immunizing schoolchildren is more efficient than vaccinating elderly and high-risk patients directly. Current recommendations for influenza vaccine give priority to more than 200 million persons in the United States, but vaccine coverage has not improved since 1997. Systematic delivery of influenza vaccine in school-based and workplace-based clinics would greatly enhance the control of epidemic influenza and help prepare for the next pandemic.
Isolated Foveal Hypoplasia: Clinical Presentation and Imaging Findings

Purpose To describe the clinical presentation and imaging findings of a patient with isolated foveal hypoplasia. Case Report A 16-year-old teenager presented to our clinic with mild to moderate visual impairment since early childhood. Lack of foveal depression was noted on both clinical examination and optical coherence tomography, and absence of the foveal avascular zone was demonstrated on fluorescein angiography. His ocular examination was otherwise unremarkable. Conclusions Isolated foveal hypoplasia should be considered in the differential diagnosis of early-onset bilateral visual impairment, especially when the foveal reflexes seem absent.
Empirical Evaluation of Multi-Core Memory Concurrency Initial Version

Multi-socket, multi-core computers are becoming ubiquitous, especially as nodes in compute clusters of all sizes. Common memory benchmarks and memory performance models treat memory as characterized by well-defined maximum bandwidth and average latency parameters. In contrast, current and future systems are based on deep hierarchies and NUMA memory systems, which are not easily described this simply. Memory performance characterization of multi-socket, multi-core systems require measurements and models more sophisticated than than simple peak bandwidth/minimum latency models. To investigate this issue, we performed a detailed experimental study of the memory performance of a variety of AMD multi-socket quad-core systems. We used the pChase benchmark to generate memory system loads with a variable number of concurrent memory operations in the system across a variable number of threads pinned to specific chips in the system. While processor differences had minor but measurable impact on bandwidth, the make-up and structure of the memory has major impact on achievable bandwidth. Our experiments exposed 3 different bottlenecks at different levels of the hardware architecture: limits on the number of references outstanding per thread; limits to the memory requests serviced by a single memory channel; and limits on the total global memory references outstanding were observed. We discuss the impact of these limits on constraints in tuning code for these systems, the impact on compilers and operating systems, and on future system implementation decisions. This work was supported in part by the DoD, in part by the DOE Office of Science SciDAC PERI (DE-FC02-06ER25764) and in part by NSF: Collaborative Research: The NSF Cyberinfrastructure Evaluation Center (SCI-0510267) This paper has been submitted to SIGMETRICS/Performance 09. Please limit distrubution.
Cardiac magnetic resonance for mitral regurgitation diagnosis: when is it needed?

Purpose of review Mitral regurgitation is a growing public concern affecting a large number of individuals in the United States. Although echocardiography is the primary imaging modality for assessment of mitral regurgitation, it may be inadequate or suboptimal for a variety of reasons. In these instances, cardiac magnetic resonance (CMR) may be useful. Recent findings The diagnostic capabilities of CMR have increased substantially over the past 20 years due to hardware and software advances. Today, CMR is useful in providing clinicians with a number of important pieces of information in the assessment of mitral regurgitation. It has emerged as a robust modality to quantify mitral regurgitation severity. In addition, it is able to provide insights into the mechanism of mitral regurgitation and also to help discern the consequences of the regurgitant lesion on left ventricular performance. Summary CMR has a number of unique advantages over other imaging modalities as there are no issues of image quality from inadequate imaging windows or body habitus. In most instances, information can be obtained noninvasively, without the need for intravenous contrast agents or ionizing radiation.
Gas/Solid partitioning of semivolatile organic compounds to model atmospheric solid surfaces as a function of relative humidity. 1. Clean quartz.

Evaluating the relative importance of adsorption to particle surfaces vs absorption into organic material in particles for gas/particle partitioning in the atmosphere requires a comparison of relevant gas/solid partitioning constants with field-determined values. Gas/quartz partitioning constants Kp (m 3 /μg) were measured at 20°C for clean quartz as a function of relative humidity (RH) for 11 semivolatile polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and n-alkanes. Increasing RH from ∼30 to ∼70% caused the K p values to decrease by a factor of 10. With adsorption to the quartz surface as the only possible sorption mechanism, surface-area-normalized partition constants (K p,s , m 3 /m 2 ) were calculated. For quartz, correlations of log K p,s with the log of the vapor pressure were found to lie significantly below the corresponding lines for urban particulate matter. We conclude that adsorption to mineral/oxide surfaces like clean quartz is not important in determining K p values in urban air ; such sorption may be important in rural/remote environments.
Multi-quality characteristics optimisation on WEDM for Ti-6Al-4V using Taguchi-grey relational theory

In the present research, Ti-6Al-4V alloy was processed on wire-cut electrical discharge machine (WEDM) and the machining responses were analysed. The effect of machining variables was investigated on cutting speed (CS) and surface roughness (SR). Taguchi technique-based L9 orthogonal array was considered for the planning of experiments. Grey relational theory is used for multi-characteristics optimisation. During the research, it was observed that the best optimal setting for the process parameters is A1 B2 C2. At the suggested optimal setting, the predicted value of CS was 0.2044 mm/min and SR was 2.162 μm. These values are predicted at 95% confidence level. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) investigates the surface morphology after the WEDM process. The surface integrity reveals the white-layer, sub-surface cracks and micro-cracks on the machined surface. The crack intensity increases with the increase of discharge energy.
Real-Time Image Processing on a Custom Computing Platform

The authors explore the utility of custom computing machinery for accelerating the development, testing, and prototyping of a diverse set of image processing applications. We chose an experimental custom computing platform called Splash-2 to investigate this approach to prototyping real time image processing designs. Custom computing platforms are emerging as a class of computers that can provide near application specific computational performance. We developed a real time image processing system called VTSplash, based on the Splash-2 general-purpose platform. Splash-2 is an attached processor featuring programmable processing elements (PEs) and communication paths. The Splash-2 system uses arrays of RAM based field programmable gate arrays (FPGAs), crossbar networks, and distributed memory to accomplish the needed flexibility and performance tasks. Such platforms let designers customize specific operations for function and size, and data paths for individual applications. >
Plastic Model for Asymmetrically Loaded Reinforced Concrete Slabs

Most methods for the design and analysis of reinforced concrete slabs for punching are based on experiments on slab-column connections, reflecting the situation in building slabs. Slab-column connections with unbalanced moments have also been studied in the past. Experiments indicate that the accuracy of models for asymmetrically loaded slabs is lower than for symmetrically loaded slabs. In this paper, the difference in accuracy between test predictions for symmetrically and asymmetrically loaded slabs is tackled. A plastic model, the Extended Strip Model, is proposed. The results of maximum loads according to this model are compared to experimental results of symmetrically and asymmetrically loaded slabs. The comparison between the proposed Extended Strip Model and the experimental results shows that the model has a consistent performance for both symmetrically and asymmetrically loaded slabs. Moreover, the model has as an advantage that it combines the failure modes of flexure, shear and punching. The proposed model can be used for the analysis of slabs. In particular, it can be used for the assessment of existing slab bridges subjected to concentrated live loads.
Compact miniature snapshot imaging spectrometry using continuous variable filter

Snapshot spectral imaging is a cutting-edge parallel acquisition technology for mapping the 3D datacube (2D spectral and 1D spatial information) of a scene in real time. Herein, we present a compact, miniature, snapshot Optically Replicating and Remapping Imaging Spectrometer (ORRIS). Its principle is based on the shifting of subimages replicated by a specially organized lenslet array and the filtering of each subimage by a continuous variable filter (CVF). The 3D datacube is recovered just using a simple image remapping process. The use of the lenslet array and the CVF makes the system very compact and miniature. A handheld proof-of-principle prototype is built in our laboratory by just using commercial-off-the-shelf products. It covers a wavelength region 360 nm to 860 nm with 80 spectral channels with a spatial resolution of 400 × 400 pixels. The volume of prototype is about 230 mm (length) × 70 mm (width) × 70 mm (height) and the weight is about 1.0 kg for finite imaging, and it will become 50 mm (length) × 70 mm (width) × 70 mm (height) and 0.5 kg for infinite imaging. The prototype is verified by measuring outdoor static and dynamic scenes.
Familiarity and face processing

The results of three experiments explore the role of familiarity in face processing. Using the complete-over-part advantage (Experiment 1) and the chimeric faces task (Experiment 2), the results revealed evidence for what may be termed “holistic processing” of unfamiliar, newly learned, and famous faces. Notably, the extent of holistic processing on both tasks was not moderated by the familiarity of the stimuli. Experiment 3 replicated this pattern using a simultaneous chimeric task to rule out a simple explanation through memory demands. Taken together, these three experiments provide robust and convergent evidence to suggest that all faces regardless of familiarity can be processed in a holistic fashion. On the basis of these results, discussion is presented regarding the value of considering different “types” of facial processing over and above a more simple consideration of task difficulty.
Cytomorphology of male breast lesions: Diagnostic pitfalls and clinical implications

Because lesions of the male breast have been exceeded in number by those of the female breast, marginal attention was given to these lesions in the past. Fortunately, this has changed over the years leading to an increased awareness about male breast cancer. Although male breast cancer constitutes only about 1% of all diagnosed breast cancer cases, an increased mortality is seen in this patient population. This is probably caused by late diagnosis as a consequence of low level of concern about breast cancer among male patients.
A New Unbiased and Efficient Class of LSH-Based Samplers and Estimators for Partition Function Computation in Log-Linear Models

Log-linear models are arguably the most successful class of graphical models for large-scale applications because of their simplicity and tractability. Learning and inference with these models require calculating the partition function, which is a major bottleneck and intractable for large state spaces. Importance Sampling (IS) and MCMC-based approaches are lucrative. However, the condition of having a "good" proposal distribution is often not satisfied in practice. In this paper, we add a new dimension to efficient estimation via sampling. We propose a new sampling scheme and an unbiased estimator that estimates the partition function accurately in sub-linear time. Our samples are generated in near-constant time using locality sensitive hashing (LSH), and so are correlated and unnormalized. We demonstrate the effectiveness of our proposed approach by comparing the accuracy and speed of estimating the partition function against other state-of-the-art estimation techniques including IS and the efficient variant of Gumbel-Max sampling. With our efficient sampling scheme, we accurately train real-world language models using only 1-2% of computations.