Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
A REFLECTIVE SHACK-HARTMANN WAVEFRONT SENSOR FOR ADAPTIVE OPTICS

We describe a new wavefront sensor based on the efficient Shack-Hartmann quad cell system. The key improvement to existing designs is a modified lenslet array. The traditional refractive lenslet array is replaced with a segmented reflective system that allows individual control of each subaperture. This system has produced diffraction limited slope correction of the six 1.83 m mirrors of the MMT using a 9.9 V magnitudeguide star and significant image improvement on guide stars as faint as 11.3 V magnitude, limited by the readout noise of the CCD quad cell detector. Recent experiements with an improved detector diffraction limited imaging on guide stars as faint as 15th magnitude. This optimized wavefront sensor, equally applicable to filled aperture telescopes, promises to extend the amount of sky coverage available for adaptive correction in the near IR.
Transverse-target single-spin azimuthal asymmetry in hard exclusive electroproduction of single pions at HERMES

We present the analysis of data taken in the years 2002-2004 with the 27.56 GeV positron beam of the HERA storage ring at DESY and the internal transversely polarised hydrogen fixed target of the HERMES experiment. Events with a scattered positron and a produced pion are selected. Exclusive production of single pions, ep→ e+′nπ+, is ensured by requiring the missing mass in the event to be equal to the mass of the neutron, which is not detected. The cross section for this process depends on the Bjorken scaling variable, the four-momentum transfer, and the transverse four-momentum transfer, whose average values for our sample are 〈x〉 = 0.12, 〈Q〉 = 2.3 GeV, 〈t′〉 = −0.18 GeV, respectively, and two azimuthal angles: the angle φ between the scattering and production planes (their common line contains the virtual photon), and the angle φS between the scattering plane and the target polarisation vector. The hard scattering is selected by requiring Q > 1 GeV. The asymmetry, also called transverse-target single-spin azimuthal asymmetry, is defined as the ratio of the difference to the sum of the cross sections for positive and negative target polarisation. It is characterised by six azimuthal sine modulations, whose amplitudes can vary from −1 to 1. We measure the asymmetry from a sample of 2093 events with a signal-to-background ratio of 1 : 1. At average kinematics, the values of the amplitudes are found to be small or consistent with zero, except for the amplitude A φS UT,meas = 0.38± 0.06(stat) +0.12 −0.06(syst). The amplitude of main interest for comparison with theory, A sin(φ−φS) UT,meas = 0.09±0.05(stat) +0.10 −0.03(syst), after correction for the background contribution becomes A sin(φ−φS) UT,bg.cor = 0.22 ± 0.13(stat) +0.10 −0.04(syst). As a function of t′, the measured values of this amplitude increase as √ −t′ and at larger |t′| the corrected ones approach the prediction, however, within their large statistical uncertainties. The phenomenology of hard exclusive electroproduction of pions is explained at present in terms of the so called QCD factorisation theorem: the amplitude for the cross section is given as a convolution of a hard scattering part calculable in perturbative quantum chromodynamics, a distribution amplitude describing the pion, and generalised parton distributions that parameterise the complex structure of the proton. Using QCD factorisation and models for the particles’ structure, the value of the leading amplitude A sin(φ−φS) UT is predicted to be of order unity. Although our results appear to support this prediction, a direct and more precise data-to-theory comparison requires larger statistics and improved detector capabilities than available for the present measurement.
Estimating the seasonal impact of optically significant water 1 constituents on surface heating rates in the Western Baltic Sea 2

Heating rates induced by optically significant water constituents (OSCs), e.g. phytoplankton and coloured 10 dissolved organic matter (CDOM), contribute to the seasonal modulation of thermal energy fluxes across the ocean- 11 atmosphere interface in coastal and regional shelf seas. This is investigated in the Western Baltic Sea, a marginal sea 12 characterised by considerable inputs of freshwater carrying nutrients and CDOM, and complex bio-optical and 13 hydrodynamic processes. Using a coupled bio-optical-ocean model (ROMS-Bio-Optic), the inherent optical properties 14 of different OSCs are modelled under varying environmental conditions and the underwater light field is spectrally- 15 resolved in a dynamic ocean. We estimate the relative contribution of these OSCs to the divergence of the heat flux and 16 heating rates and find that phytoplankton dominates the OSC contribution to heating in spring and summer, while 17 CDOM dominates in summer and autumn. The study shows that seasonal and spatial changes in OSCs in the Western 18 Baltic Sea have a small but noticeable impact on radiative heating in surface waters and consequences for the exchange 19 of energy fluxes across the air-sea interface and the distribution of heat within the water column. In the Pomeranian 20 Bight, where riverine influx of CDOM is strongest, water constituent-induced heating rates in surface waters in 2018 21 are estimated to be between 0.8 and 0.9 K m -1 d -1 in spring and summer, predominantly as a result of increased
Phytochemical investigation and antioxidant activities of tamarind (Tamarindus indica L.)

Tamarind (Tamarindus indica) is a common worldwide medicinal plant. Due to high medical importance, tamarind seed and pulp fraction and sub fractions were compared. The present study was aimed to investigate the phytochemical investigation and antioxidant activities of different extracts of tamarind by demonstrating different extraction methods and then selection of best and less time taking method. Biological activities including 2, 2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) showed maximum inhibition for seed (74.09±0.76) as compare to pulp (72.09±0.43) at 300 μg/ml for butanol fraction, 2, 2'-azino-Bis-3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid (ABTS) showed maximum inhibition for seed (79.19±0.36) as compare to pulp (75.69±0.23) at 300 μg/ml for butanol. Metal chelation showed maximum inhibition for seed (81.39±0.70) as compare to pulp (77.49±0.93) at 300 μg/ml for butanol fraction, whereas lipid-peroxidation of thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) inhibition showed maximum value for seed at 120 μg/ml as compare to pulp with FeSo4 for butanol fraction and with single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP), TBARS inhibition showed maximum values for seed at 120 μg/ml as compare to pulp for butanol faction. The total antioxidant activity phosphomolybdenum assay was performed, which showed maximum values for seed at 120 μg/ml as compare to seed for butanol fraction. Total phenolic contents of seed for butanol fraction were 1.83 ± 0.31 mg/g for seed and 2 . 83 ± 0.44 mg/g for pulp. Similarly, high amount of flavonoid content for seed was 1.31 ± 0.09 mg/g was given for dichloromethane and for pulp it was given as 1.91 ± 0.96 mg/g for butanol fraction. The results suggested that the extract of T. indica is potential source of the phytochemical investigation and antioxidant activity and utilized in diseases arising from oxidative stress in near future by using ultra-sonication method which is precise and time-consuming method.
Updated merged SAGE-CCI-OMPS+ dataset for the evaluation of ozone trends in the stratosphere

Abstract. In this paper, we present the updated SAGE-CCI-OMPS+ climate data record of monthly zonal mean ozone profiles. This dataset covers the stratosphere and combines measurements by nine limb and occultation satellite instruments – SAGE II (Stratospheric Aerosol and Gases Experiment II), OSIRIS (Optical Spectrograph and InfraRed Imaging System), MIPAS (Michelson Interferometer for Passive Atmospheric Sounding), SCIAMACHY (SCanning Imaging Spectrometer for Atmospheric CHartographY), GOMOS (Global Ozone Monitoring by Occultation of Stars), ACE-FTS (Atmospheric Chemistry Experiment Fourier Transform Spectrometer), OMPS-LP (Ozone Monitor Profiling Suite Limb Profiler), POAM (Polar Ozone and Aerosol Measurement) III, and SAGE III/ISS (Stratospheric Aerosol and Gases Experiment III on the International Space Station). Compared to the original version of the SAGE-CCI-OMPS dataset (Sofieva et al., 2017b), the update includes new versions of MIPAS, ACE-FTS, and OSIRIS datasets and introduces data from additional sensors (POAM III and SAGE III/ISS) and retrieval processors (OMPS-LP). In this paper, we show detailed intercomparisons of ozone profiles from different instruments and data versions, with a focus on the detection of possible drifts in the datasets. The SAGE-CCI-OMPS+ dataset has a better coverage of polar regions and of the upper troposphere and the lower stratosphere (UTLS) than the previous dataset. We also studied the influence of including new datasets on ozone trends, which are estimated using multiple linear regression. The changes in the merged dataset do not change the overall morphology of post-1997 ozone trends; statistically significant trends are observed in the upper stratosphere. The largest changes in ozone trends are observed in polar regions, especially in the Southern Hemisphere. The updated SAGE-CCI-OMPS+ dataset contains profiles of deseasonalized anomalies and ozone concentrations from 1984 to 2021, in 10∘ latitude bins from 90∘ S to 90∘ N and in the altitude range from 10 to 50 km. The dataset is open access and available at https://climate.esa. int/en/projects/ozone/data/ (last access: 9 March 2023) and at ftp://cci_web@ftp-ae.oma. be/esacci (ESA Climate Office; last access: 9 March 2023).
Stationarity and Ergodicity Regions for Score Driven Dynamic Correlation Models

We describe stationarity and ergodicity (SE) regions for a recently proposed class of score driven dynamic correlation models. These models have important applications in empirical work. The regions are derived from sufficiency conditions in Bougerol (1993) and take a non-standard form. We show that the non-standard shape of the sufficiency regions cannot be avoided by reparameterizing the model or by rescaling the score steps in the transition equation for the correlation parameter. This makes the result markedly different from the volatility case. Observationally equivalent decompositions of the stochastic recurrence equation yield regions with different sizes and shapes. We illustrate our results with an analysis of time-varying correlations between UK and Greek equity indices. We find that also in empirical applications different decompositions can give rise to different conclusions regarding the stability of the estimated model.
AN ACCURATE METHOD FOR COMPUTING ATMOSPHERIC REFRACTION

This paper describes a method for computing atmospheric refraction that is simple, highly accurate, and usable for wavelengths lambda-lambda-3000 - 10,000A. When compared with the REfraction Tables of Pulkovo Observatory (Abalakin 1985), the computed and Pulkovo refractions are in extremely good agreement (~10 mas or better) for zenith distances under 65 degrees, and at a zenith distance of 75 degrees, the agreement degrades to about ~150 mas. Moreover, this refraction is easy to compute, since only knowledge of the meterological conditions at the observing site (e.g., ambient temperature, atmospheric pressure, and dew point or relative humidity), the apparent zenith distance of the object being observed, and the location of the observing site relative to the Earth's geoid are needed for its calculation. Because of its simplicity and high accuracy, the refraction presented in this paper is well suited for programs where huge amounts of data needs to be processed quickly to star positions or for accurately setting automated telecopes. In addition, the refraction for a given telescope passband will differ in a way dependent on the spectrum of the object being observed. This paper describes how a mean refraction, weighting the selective refraction over the passband, can be computed.
Possible Forms of the Solution for Spherically Symmetric Static Problem in General Relativity

The paper is concerned with analysis of various forms of solution for the spherically symmetric static problem of the General Theory of Relativity (GTR). The problem under consideration is reduced to three equations for the components of the Einstein tensor which include three components of the metric tensor. However, only two of these three equations are mutually independent which means that the solution is not unique. Three possible forms of the solution are derived and analyzed in paper. One of these solutions is the traditional singular Schwarzchild solution, whereas two other solutions are not singular.
Digital PCR Discriminates between SARS-CoV-2 Omicron Variants and Immune Escape Mutations

Spike mutations in the SARS-CoV-2 genome confer resistance to therapeutic monoclonal antibodies. Authorization for treatment options is typically guided by general trends of variant prevalence. ABSTRACT As severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) continues to evolve, mutations arise that will allow the virus to evade immune defenses and therapeutics. Assays that can identify these mutations can be used to guide personalized patient treatment plans. Digital PCR (dPCR) is a fast and reliable complement to whole-genome sequencing that can be used to discriminate single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in template molecules. Here, we developed a panel of SARS-CoV-2 dPCR assays and demonstrate its applications for typing variant lineages and therapeutic monoclonal antibody resistance. We first designed multiplexed dPCR assays for SNPs located at residue 3395 in the orf1ab gene that differentiate the Delta, Omicron BA.1, and Omicron BA.2 lineages. We demonstrate their effectiveness on 596 clinical saliva specimens that were sequence verified using Illumina whole-genome sequencing. Next, we developed dPCR assays for spike mutations R346T, K444T, N460K, F486V, and F486S, which are associated with host immune evasion and reduced therapeutic monoclonal antibody efficacy. We demonstrate that these assays can be run individually or multiplexed to detect the presence of up to 4 SNPs in a single assay. We perform these dPCR assays on 81 clinical saliva SARS-CoV-2-positive specimens and properly identify mutations in Omicron subvariants BA.2. 75.2, BM.1. 1, BN.1, BF.7, BQ.1, BQ.1. 1, and XBB. Thus, dPCR could serve as a useful tool to determine if clinical specimens contain therapeutically relevant mutations and inform patient treatment. IMPORTANCE Spike mutations in the SARS-CoV-2 genome confer resistance to therapeutic monoclonal antibodies. Authorization for treatment options is typically guided by general trends of variant prevalence. For example, bebtelovimab is no longer authorized for emergency use in the United States due to the increased prevalence of antibody-resistant BQ.1, BQ.1. 1, and XBB Omicron subvariants. However, this blanket approach limits access to life-saving treatment options to patients who are otherwise infected with susceptible variants. Digital PCR assays targeting specific mutations can complement whole-genome sequencing approaches to genotype the virus. In this study, we demonstrate the proof of concept that dPCR can be used to type lineage defining and monoclonal antibody resistance-associated mutations in saliva specimens. These findings show that digital PCR could be used as a personalized diagnostic tool to guide individual patient treatment.
Polygenic risk scores for nicotine use and family history of smoking are associated with smoking behaviour

Introduction Formal genetics studies show that smoking is influenced by genetic factors; exploring this on the molecular level can offer deeper insight into the etiology of smoking behaviours. Methods Summary statistics from the GWAS and Sequencing Consortium of Alcohol and Nicotine (GSCAN) Consortium were used to calculate polygenic risk scores (PRS) in a sample of ~2,200 smokers/never-smokers. The association of PRS for Smoking Initiation (i.e. Lifetime Smoking; SI-PRS) with smoking status, and PRS for Cigarettes per Day (CpD-PRS) and Smoking Cessation (SC-PRS) with Fagerstrom Test for Nicotine Dependence (FTND) score were examined, as were distinct/additive effects of parental smoking on smoking status. Results SI-PRS explained 6.65% of variance (Nagelkerke-R2) in smoking status (p=1.71x10-24). In smokers, CpD-PRS (R2=3.15%, p=1.82x10-8) and SC-PRS (R2=2.01%; p=7.18x10-6) were associated with FTND score. Parental smoking alone explained R2=3.06% (p=2.43x10-12) of smoking status, and 1.39% when added to the most informative SI-PRS model (total R2=8.04%). Conclusion These results show the potential utility of molecular genetic data for research investigating smoking prevention. The fact that PRS explains more variance than family history highlights progress from formal to molecular genetics; the overlap and increased predictive value when using both suggests the importance of combining these approaches. Implications: This study underlines the value of using PRS to predict smoking status/behaviour. It highlights the importance of molecular genetic methods in research investigating smoking prevention and points to the necessity of combining family history and molecular genetic data.
Crossover temperature (TCO) and temperature gradient of refractive indices and length to breadth ratio of 4O.m mesomorphic compounds – an optical study

Refractive indices as a function of temperature are measured in a number of liquid crystals which belong to the N-(p-n-butoxy benzylidene)-p-n alkyl anilines, 4O.m compounds of the famous Schiff’s base nO.m liquid crystal compounds with m = 4 to 10 and 12. The temperature gradient of refractive indices, dne/dT and dno/dT, of these compounds are estimated. It is well known that in the case of dno/dT, there exists a crossover temperature, TCO, which exhibits an odd–even effect with the alkyl chain length as expected. Further, using the birefringence data, the length to breadth ratio, k, for these compounds is estimated, which shows not exactly even–odd effect but irregular change with the chain number. The results are discussed with the body of the data.
Some Characterization Results Based on Factorization of the (Reversed) Hazard Rate Function

Abstract In this article, the Fisher information is expressed in terms of the (reversed) hazard rate and several illustrated examples are given for its advantage. The concept is explored in the case of Type I and Type II censoring and characterization results are obtained for a class of distributions in which the (reversed) hazard rate factorizes into a function of the observation and a function of the parameter. Also, the Fisher information in the weighted models is studied with special emphasis on the exponential family of distributions. Finally, some concluding remarks are provided which help the practitioner to choose between the proposed procedure and the existing procedures.
Representations and Parameterizations of Combinatorial Auctions

Combinatorial auctions (CAs) are an important mechanism for allocating multiple items while allowing agents to specify preferences over bundles of items. In order to communicate these preferences, agents submit bids, which consist of one or more items and a value indicating the agent’s preference for these items. The process of determining the allocation of items is known as the winner determination problem (WDP). WDP for CAs is known to be NP-complete in the general case. We consider two distinct graph representations of a CA; the bid graph and the item graph. In a bid graph, vertices represent bids, and two vertices are adjacent if and only if the bids share items in common. In an item graph, each vertex represents a unique item, there is a vertex for each item, and any bid submitted by any agent must induce a connected subgraph of the item graph. We introduce a new definition of combinatorial auction equivalence by declaring two CAs equivalent if and only if their bid graphs are isomorphic. Parameterized complexity theory can be used to further distinguish between NP-hard problems. In order to make use of parameterized complexity theory in the investigation of a problem, we aim to find one or more parameters that describe some aspect of the problem such that if we fix these parameters, then either the problem is still hard (fixed-parameter intractable), or the problem can be solved in polynomial time (fixed-parameter tractable). We analyze WDP using bid graphs from within the formal scope of parameterized complexity theory. This approach has not previously been used to analyze WDP for CAs, although it has been used to solve set packing, which is related to WDP for CAs and is discussed in detail. We investigate a few parameterizations of WDP; some of the parameterizations are shown to be fixed-parameter intractable, while others are fixed-parameter tractable. We also analyze WDP when the graph class of a bid graph is restricted. We also discuss relationships between item graphs and bid graphs. Although both graphs can represent the same problem, there is little previous work analyzing direct relationships between them. Our discussion on these relationships begins with a result by Conitzer et al. [7], which focuses on the item graph representation and its treewidth, a property of a graph that measures how close the graph is to a tree. From a result by Gavril, if an item graph has treewidth one, then the bid graph must be chordal [16]. To apply the other direction of Gavril’s theorem, we use our new definition of CA equivalence. With this new definition, Gavril’s result shows that if a bid graph of a CA is chordal, then we can construct an item graph that has treewidth one for some equivalent CA.
Some remarks about the scaling of systems of reactive Boltzmann equations

An asymptotics leading from the reactive Boltzmann equation towards reaction--diffusion equations has been introduced in [1] (cf. also [10], for an analogous scaling starting from reactive BGK equations). We propose here a justification of this asymptotics, at the formal level, based on a non--dimensional form of the original equations.
Trusting the Explainers: Teacher Validation of Explainable Artificial Intelligence for Course Design

Deep learning models for learning analytics have become increasingly popular over the last few years; however, these approaches are still not widely adopted in real-world settings, likely due to a lack of trust and transparency. In this paper, we tackle this issue by implementing explainable AI methods for black-box neural networks. This work focuses on the context of online and blended learning and the use case of student success prediction models. We use a pairwise study design, enabling us to investigate controlled differences between pairs of courses. Our analyses cover five course pairs that differ in one educationally relevant aspect and two popular instance-based explainable AI methods (LIME and SHAP). We quantitatively compare the distances between the explanations across courses and methods. We then validate the explanations of LIME and SHAP with 26 semi-structured interviews of university-level educators regarding which features they believe contribute most to student success, which explanations they trust most, and how they could transform these insights into actionable course design decisions. Our results show that quantitatively, explainers significantly disagree with each other about what is important, and qualitatively, experts themselves do not agree on which explanations are most trustworthy. All code, extended results, and the interview protocol are provided at https://github.com/epfl-ml4ed/trusting-explainers.