Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Editorial: Continuations and Beginnings

At times, researching the field of social entrepreneurship has something of a post-modern flavour to it. Whilst it is easily demonstrated that an ever increasing number of scholars are engaging with the subject in their teaching and research across the globe, there remains a suspicion that the subject of all this work is less grounded reality and more an elusive chimera. Indeed, the rapid rise in the attention and status accorded to social entrepreneurs and social entrepreneurship by foundations, governments, and academics can seem as much a projection of Baudrillardian simulacra as it does a response to actual practice. For some, social entrepreneurship is merely a fuzzy construct whose novelty appeals to a small number of influential actors deliberately using the powerful tools of modern communications and the media to impose conceptual boundaries on an otherwise loose and baggy institutional space occupied by many diverse organizational forms and logics. This has generated a perception of social entrepreneurship as a superficial and fashionable rebranding exercise for well-established practice in the social and environmental sectors that lacks real evidence of innovation and distinctiveness. As many frontline social entrepreneurs will tell you, they only adopted the title when someone else suggested it to them as a resource strategy. In a Kuhnian sense, social entrepreneurship is still in a pre-paradigmatic state of development as a legitimate field of ‘scientific’ study. There is little consensus as yet over the key research questions, appropriate methodologies, available data sets, or theoretical perspectives most suitable to identify and analyze social entrepreneurship. This is evidenced by the nature of much of the research to date on the subject that has entailed a good deal of debate over definitions and boundaries (much of it inconclusive) and extensive case study style analysis (and no little hero worship) but much less in the way of either large scale empirical analysis or rigorous theoretical development. As a Journal of Social Entrepreneurship Vol. 1, No. 1, 1–4, March 2010
MIRROR SYMMETRY AS A POISSON-LIE T-DUALITY

The transformation properties of the N = 2 Virasoro superalgebra generators under Poisson–Lie T-duality in (2,2)-superconformal WZNW and Kazama–Suzuki models is considered. It is shown that Poisson–Lie T-duality on the N=2 super-Virasoro algebra generators acts as a mirror symmetry: it unchanges the generators from one of the chirality sectors while in another chirality sector it changes the sign of U(1) current and interchanges spin-3/2 currents. We discuss Kazama–Suzuki models generalization of this transformation and show that Poisson–Lie T-duality again acts as a mirror symmetry.
Synthetic Androgens as Designer Supplements

Anabolic androgenic steroids (AAS) are some of the most common performance enhancing drugs (PED) among society. Despite the broad spectrum of adverse effects and legal consequences, AAS are illicitly marketed and distributed in many countries. To circumvent existing laws, the chemical structure of AAS is modified and these designer steroids are sold as nutritional supplements mainly over the Internet. Several side effects are linked with AAS abuse. Only little is known about the pharmacological effects and metabolism of unapproved steroids due to the absence of clinical studies. The large number of designer steroid findings in dietary supplements and the detection of new compounds combined with legal loopholes for their distribution in many countries show that stricter regulations and better information policy are needed.
Constrained mixture estimation for analysis and robust classification of clinical time series

Motivation: Personalized medicine based on molecular aspects of diseases, such as gene expression profiling, has become increasingly popular. However, one faces multiple challenges when analyzing clinical gene expression data; most of the well-known theoretical issues such as high dimension of feature spaces versus few examples, noise and missing data apply. Special care is needed when designing classification procedures that support personalized diagnosis and choice of treatment. Here, we particularly focus on classification of interferon-β (IFNβ) treatment response in Multiple Sclerosis (MS) patients which has attracted substantial attention in the recent past. Half of the patients remain unaffected by IFNβ treatment, which is still the standard. For them the treatment should be timely ceased to mitigate the side effects. Results: We propose constrained estimation of mixtures of hidden Markov models as a methodology to classify patient response to IFNβ treatment. The advantages of our approach are that it takes the temporal nature of the data into account and its robustness with respect to noise, missing data and mislabeled samples. Moreover, mixture estimation enables to explore the presence of response sub-groups of patients on the transcriptional level. We clearly outperformed all prior approaches in terms of prediction accuracy, raising it, for the first time, >90%. Additionally, we were able to identify potentially mislabeled samples and to sub-divide the good responders into two sub-groups that exhibited different transcriptional response programs. This is supported by recent findings on MS pathology and therefore may raise interesting clinical follow-up questions. Availability: The method is implemented in the GQL framework and is available at http://www.ghmm. org/gql. Datasets are available at http://www.cin.ufpe.br/∼igcf/MSConst Contact: igcf@cin.ufpe.br Supplementary information: Supplementary data are available at Bioinformatics online.
Mining Features from the Object-Oriented Source Code of a Collection of Software Variants Using Formal Concept Analysis and Latent Semantic Indexing

Companies often develop a set of software variants that share some features and differ in other ones to meet specific requirements. To exploit existing software variants and build a software product line (SPL), a feature model of this SPL must be built as a first step. To do so, it is necessary to mine optional and mandatory features from the source code of the software variants. Thus, we propose, in this paper, a new approach to mine features from the object-oriented source code of a set of software variants based on Formal Concept Analysis and Latent Semantic Indexing. To validate our approach, we applied it on ArgoUML and Mobile Media case studies. The results of this evaluation validate the relevance and the performance of our proposal as most of the features were correctly identified.
Systematic Assessment of Patients With Unexplained Cardiac Arrest: Cardiac Arrest Survivors With Preserved Ejection Fraction Registry (CASPER)

Background— Cardiac arrest without evident cardiac disease may be caused by subclinical genetic conditions. Provocative testing to unmask a phenotype is often necessary to detect primary electrical disease, direct genetic testing, and perform family screening. Methods and Results— Patients with apparently unexplained cardiac arrest and no evident cardiac disease (normal cardiac function on echocardiogram, no evidence of coronary artery disease, and a normal ECG) underwent systematic evaluation that included cardiac magnetic resonance imaging, signal-averaged ECG, exercise testing, drug challenge, and selective electrophysiological testing. Diagnostic criteria were based on accepted criteria or provocation of the characteristic clinical features for long-QT syndrome, catecholaminergic polymorphic ventricular tachycardia, Brugada syndrome, early repolarization, arrhythmogenic right ventricular cardiomyopathy, coronary spasm, and myocarditis. Sixty-three patients in 9 centers were enrolled (age 43.0±13.4 years, 29 women). A diagnosis was obtained in 35 patients (56%): Long-QT syndrome in 8, catecholaminergic polymorphic ventricular tachycardia in 8, arrhythmogenic right ventricular cardiomyopathy in 6, early repolarization in 5, coronary spasm in 4, Brugada syndrome in 3, and myocarditis in 1. Targeted genetic testing demonstrated evidence of causative mutations in 9 (47%) of 19 patients. Screening of 64 family members of these patients identified 15 affected individuals who were treated (24%). The remaining 28 patients (44%) were considered to have idiopathic ventricular fibrillation. Conclusions— Systematic clinical testing, including drug provocation and advanced imaging, results in unmasking of the cause of apparently unexplained cardiac arrest in >50% of patients. This approach assists in directing genetic testing to diagnose genetically mediated arrhythmia syndromes, which results in successful family screening.
Gene regulatory factors of the sea urchin embryo. I. Purification by affinity chromatography and cloning of P3A2, a novel DNA-binding protein.

The P3A2 regulatory protein interacts with specific sites in the control region of the CyIIIa actin gene. Previous studies showed that this interaction is required to confine expression of a CyIIIa.CAT fusion to the aboral ectoderm, the embryonic territory in which CyIIIa is normally utilized. P3A2 also binds specifically to similar target sites located in the regulatory region of the SM50 gene, which is expressed only in skeletogenic mesenchyme lineages. The P3A2 factor was purified by affinity chromatography from nuclear extracts of 24 h sea urchin embryos, and partial peptide sequences were used to isolate a cDNA clone encoding the complete protein. There are no significant similarities between P3A2 and any other protein in existing sequence data bases. P3A2 thus includes a novel type of DNA-binding domain. To examine the differential utilization of P3A2 in CyIIIa and SM50 genes, we measured the specific affinity of this protein for the various target sites in the regulatory DNAs of each gene, and identified the core target site sequences. The stability of P3A2 complexes formed with SM50 target sites is 50-100 times greater than that of the complexes formed with CyIIIa target sites, though the factor binds to very similar core sequence elements. P3A2 is one of at least twelve different proteins whose interaction with CyIIIa regulatory DNA is required for correct developmental expression. The results reported demonstrate that it might be possible to purify most of these regulatory proteins, or any other specific DNA-binding proteins of the sea urchin embryo, by using the simple procedures described for P3A2.
Nature Genetics Advance Online Publication Arabidopsis Meiotic Crossover Hot Spots Overlap with H2a.z Nucleosomes at Gene Promoters

In fungi and mammals, the majority of meiotic recombination occurs in narrow (1–2 kb) hot spots 1–3. Human and mouse hot spots are targeted to DNA sequence motifs by the zinc finger domain protein PRDM9 (refs. 4–11). PRDM9-dependent crossovers occur mainly in intergenic regions and introns, with the lowest amount of recombination occurring in exons 9,12. PRDM9 also contains a SET domain with histone H3 Lys4 tri-methyltransferase activity and targets this modification to hot spot chro-matin during meiosis 11,13–15. In contrast, hot spots in the budding yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae are not sequence dependent, show polarity within genes and occur predominantly at regions of LND in gene promoters 3,16–21. However, S. cerevisiae hot spots are also closely associated with H3K4me3, which is required for wild-type patterns of recombination 22–26. Therefore, mammalian and yeast recombination hot spots are specified to varying degrees by genetic and epigenetic information. Although recom-bination rates vary extensively within plant genomes 27–33 , the control of meiotic crossover hot spots in plants is poorly understood. We therefore sought to map fine-scale recombination rates in A. thaliana, which lacks PRDM9, and investigate the contribution of DNA sequence and chromatin to the control of plant hot spot locations. RESULTS Coalescent analysis of Arabidopsis genetic variation To generate a map of crossover frequency and hot spots in A. thaliana, we applied coalescent theory to a large SNP data set generated from 80 Eurasian accessions 34. We used the Interval program from the LDhat package to estimate the population-scaled recombination rate between pairs of SNPs 2. After conditioning on diallelic SNPs in unique sequence, we analyzed a total of 2,112,845 SNPs (17.7 SNPs per kb) (Supplementary Table 1). We validated the crossover frequencies estimated by Interval by comparing them to a consensus genetic map from 17 F 2 populations 33 , which had been generated previously using the MergeMap program 35. We observed correlations between the historical and experimental crossover frequencies for all chromosomes (e.g., correlations of 0.44–0.55 at the 500-kb scale), although there were regions of substantial divergence (Fig. 1a, Supplementary Fig. 1 and Supplementary Tables 2 and 3). Structural genetic variation between accessions may contribute to differences in recombination rate measurements. For example, megabase inversions on chromosome 3 between the Col and Sha accessions 33,36 , and on the short arm of chromosome 4 between the Col and Ler accessions 37 , cause crossover suppression. Population genetic forces, such as …
NADPH oxidase 1-mediated oxidative stress leads to dopamine neuron death in Parkinson's disease.

AIM Oxidative stress has long been considered as a major contributing factor in the pathogenesis of Parkinson's disease. However, molecular sources for reactive oxygen species in Parkinson's disease have not been clearly elucidated. Herein, we sought to investigate whether a superoxide-producing NADPH oxidases (NOXs) are implicated in oxidative stress-mediated dopaminergic neuronal degeneration. RESULTS Expression of various Nox isoforms and cytoplasmic components were investigated in N27, rat dopaminergic cells. While most of Nox isoforms were constitutively expressed, Nox1 expression was significantly increased after treatment with 6-hydroxydopamine. Rac1, a key regulator in the Nox1 system, was also activated. Striatal injection of 6-hydroxydopamine increased Nox1 expression in dopaminergic neurons in the rat substantia nigra. Interestingly, it was localized into the nucleus, and immunostaining for DNA oxidative stress marker, 8-oxo-dG, was increased. Nox1 expression was also found in the nucleus of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra of Parkinson's disease patients. Adeno-associated virus-mediated Nox1 knockdown or Rac1 inhibition reduced 6-hydroxydopamine-induced oxidative DNA damage and dopaminergic neuronal degeneration significantly. INNOVATION Nox1/Rac1 could serve as a potential therapeutic target for Parkinson's disease. CONCLUSION We provide evidence that dopaminergic neurons are equipped with the Nox1/Rac1 superoxide-generating system. Stress-induced Nox1/Rac1 activation causes oxidative DNA damage and neurodegeneration. Reduced dopaminergic neuronal death achieved by targeting Nox1/Rac1, emphasizes the impact of oxidative stress caused by this system on the pathogenesis and therapy in Parkinson's disease.
The measurement of party identification in Britain: Where do we stand now?

The concept of party identification lies at the very heart of controversies about British voting behaviour (Budge et al., 1976). Whether it is interpreted in social-psychological terms as an enduring emotional attachment as in the original 'Michigan model' (Campbell et al., 1960; Butler and Stokes, 1974; Crewe, 1974; Greene, 1999; Crewe and Thomson, 1999), or is reformulated in more cognitive terms as a 'rational habit', a 'running tally' of retrospective evaluations or a 'standing decision' (Downs, 1957; Robertson, 1976; Fiorina, 1981; Achen, 1992; Popkin, 1995), it is widely accepted that many voters are predisposed to support one party rather than another. It is also accepted that voters' specific preferences and evaluations are based, at least in part, on their selfcategorizations as being 'Conservative' or 'Labour'. Party identification is therefore rightly regarded as one of the most fundamental political attitudes.
In Vivo Association of the Stability Control Protein αCP with Actively Translating mRNAs

ABSTRACT Posttranscriptional controls play a major role in eucaryotic gene expression. These controls are mediated by sequence-specific interactions of cis-acting determinants in target mRNAs with one or more protein factors. The positioning of a subset of these mRNA-protein (RNP) complexes within the 3′ untranslated region (3′ UTR) may allow them to remain associated with the mRNA during active translation. Robust expression of human α-globin mRNA during erythroid differentiation has been linked to formation of a binary complex between a KH-domain protein, αCP, and a 3′ UTR C-rich motif. Detection of this “α-complex” has been limited to in vitro studies, and the functional state of the α-globin mRNA targeted by αCP has not been defined. In the present study we demonstrate that a significant fraction of αCP is associated with polysomal mRNA. Targeted analysis of the polysomal RNP complexes revealed that αCP is specifically bound to actively translating α-globin mRNA. The bound αCP is restricted to the poly(C)-rich 3′ UTR motif and is dislodged when ribosomes are allowed to enter this region. These data validate the general importance of the 3′ UTR as a sheltered site for RNP complexes and support a specific model in which the stabilizing function of αCP is mediated on actively translating target mRNAs.
Factors Contributing to the Receipt of Housing Assistance by Low-Income Families with Children in Twenty American Cities

The excess demand for housing assistance in the United States is well documented, but little is known about the factors that contribute to a family’s likeliness to receive housing assistance. This study tracks 3,237 low-income families in 20 large US cities over a 9-year study period to see which families would wind up receiving housing assistance. Thirty percent of the families subsequently received either public housing or voucher-based assistance. Families experiencing greater socioeconomic disadvantage and episodes of homelessness were more likely to receive housing assistance. Neighborhood characteristics were weakly associated with the receipt of housing, and health and criminal justice measures showed no associations with the likelihood of receiving housing assistance. Our findings show that housing assistance is a scarce resource that only reaches a minority of those who are eligible, but that the minority who do receive assistance is disproportionately composed of the most economically disadvantaged families.
Race and Sex Differences in Line Managers' Reactions to Equal Employment Opportunity and Affirmative Action Interventions

Previous authors have used laboratory experiments and public opinion surveys to examine attitudes toward equal employment opportunity and affirmative action (EEO/AA) programs. This study adds a level of specificity to this research by examining attitudes toward the actual human resource management (HRM) practices comprising organizational EEO/AA programs. EEO/AA-related HRM practices were identified in in-depth interviews. Line managers in four organizaions (n = 242) responded to a survey asking them to express their attitudes toward 26 EEO/AA-related HRM practices and to indicate their level of organizational commitment and perceived career opportunities with the company. Findings indicated that although demographic groups differed in their attitudes, all demographic groups expressed neutral to positive attitudes toward EEO/AA-related HRM practices.
Uncertainty and structure as psychological concepts

It was a misfortune of psychology that it lacked a tradition of dealing with rigorous mathematical theories when psychologists were first attracted by information theory. Applications were made with simple-minded identification of psychological concepts with communication terms, without really paying attention to the meaning of the terms in the respective areas. Quite a few experiments were reported measuring human channel capacity under various experimental conditions without asking the basic question: Does the human being comply with the definition of channel in communication engineering? It is true that, in spite of this carelessness, the bulk of experiments re~ ported demonstrated some systematic results as summarized by G. A. Miller in his concept of The Magical Number Seven. However, these experiments also led to various riddles and confusions as illustrated by Garner in Chapter 2 of this book. And this is undoubtedly the reason that many frustrated psychologists finally gave up information theory as useless to psychology. Still, after the waxing and waning of information theory in psychology, an important recognition remained: Information processing is one of the most significant functions of man. The recognition must eventually revive the application of information theory to psychology as a sheer necessity. Probably " application" is not a proper word. A kind of information theory must be developed which is suitable to describe as complicated aa information processing mechanism as man. A first step toward such a theory was taken by McGill in his paper published in Psychometrika in 1954. What I call a misfortune of psychology is this: Instead of taking McGill's mathematical system (called symmetric uncerlainty analysis by Garner and abbreviated here as SUA) as a conceptual tool iu analyzing psychological problems, the tradition of psychology almost forced us to see it as another statistical testing technique analogous to the analysis of variance. As such, SUA was not so handy as the analysis of variance because of the lack of known distributions, and thus SUA failed to acquire popularity. What we needed then, and need now, is a conceptual means which logically bridges information theory to psychology. So the author could not do better in entirely leaving out of the book the significance testing aspect of SUA. I t must be pointed out that SUA is not a model of human behavior. I t is a system of mathematics (or, I would rather say, of logics) so that it is infallible as far as it goes. This aspect of SUA must be clearly remembered. Information theory, developed in communication engineering, is a normative theory. It is