Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Male affiliation, cooperation and kinship in wild chimpanzees

Long-term field research has revealed that male chimpanzees, Pan troglodytes, affiliate and cooperate in several contexts. Assuming close genetic relationship among males, affiliative and cooperative behaviour have been hypothesized to evolve through the indirect effects of kin selection. We tested the hypothesis that matrilineal genetic relatedness affects patterns of male social affiliation and cooperation in an unusually large community of chimpanzees at the Ngogo study site, Kibale National Park, Uganda. Field observations indicated that six behavioural measures of affiliation and cooperation among 23 adult males were significantly correlated with each other. Sequences of the first hypervariable portion of the mtDNA genome revealed that three pairs of males and one quintet shared mtDNA haplotypes. Matrix permutation tests using behavioural and genetic data showed that males that affiliated and cooperated with each other were not closely related through the maternal line. These findings add to a growing body of empirical evidence that suggest kinship plays an ancillary role in structuring patterns of wild chimpanzee behaviour within social groups. Copyright 2000 The Association for the Study of Animal Behaviour.
Psychiatric symptoms and deviance in early adolescence predict heavy alcohol use 3 years later.

OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to discover whether the heavy use of alcohol in adolescence is associated with earlier psychiatric symptoms and deviance, gender, family structure and socio-economic situation of the family (SES). METHODS Questionnaires designed to reveal psychiatric symptoms and deviance were filled in by parents (Rutter A2 Scale), teachers (Rutter B2 Scale) and the children themselves (CDI) at the age of 12 years. The Rutter scales are behaviourally orientated questionnaires, and the CDI is a self-report of depression. Information concerning alcohol use was obtained from the children at the age of 15 years. RESULTS Both male and female heavy users of alcohol had more commonly displayed externalizing behaviour and hyperactivity at school 3 years earlier than had their same-sex peers. Furthermore, female heavy users in particular had displayed hyperactivity at home. The probability that a boy who used alcohol excessively at the age of 15 years had already been deviant 3 years earlier was increased on the teachers' scale, and that of a girl was increased on the CDI. Logistic regression analysis using parent-assessed symptoms and self-reported depressive symptoms showed that externalizing behaviours and depression were the factors predicting the heavy use of alcohol in adolescence when gender, SES and family structure were controlled. When teacher-assessed symptoms and self-reported symptoms were used, externalizing behaviour predicted heavy alcohol use at the age of 15 years when gender, SES and family structure were controlled. CONCLUSIONS Children with behavioural deviance and depression are at risk of later excessive alcohol use. Further research is warranted to determine whether psychiatric treatment could reduce the risk of future heavy alcohol use.
Ethanol metabolism and transcription factor activation in pancreatic acinar cells in rats.

BACKGROUND & AIMS Ethanol metabolism by pancreatic acinar cells and the role of its metabolites in ethanol toxicity to the pancreas remain largely unknown. Here, we characterize ethanol metabolism in pancreatic acinar cells and determine the effects of ethanol metabolites on nuclear factor kappa B (NF-kappa B) and activator protein (AP)-1, transcription factors that are activated in pancreatitis and mediate expression of inflammatory molecules critical for this disease. METHODS We measured activities of fatty acid ethyl ester (FAEE) synthase and alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH), as well as accumulation of ethanol metabolites. We measured the effects of ethanol and its metabolites on NF-kappa B and AP-1 activation by using a gel shift assay. RESULTS Pancreas metabolizes ethanol via both oxidative and nonoxidative pathways. Acinar cells are the main source of ethanol metabolism in the pancreas. Compared with the liver, FAEE synthase activity in the pancreas is greater, whereas that of ADH is much less. FAEEs activated NF-kappa B and AP-1, whereas acetaldehyde inhibited NF-kappa B activation. Ethanol decreased NF-kappa B binding activity in acinar cells, which was potentiated by cyanamide. CONCLUSION Oxidative and nonoxidative ethanol metabolites regulate transcription factors differently in pancreatic acinar cells. Ethanol may regulate NF-kappa B and AP-1 positively or negatively, depending on which metabolic pathway's effect predominates. These regulatory mechanisms may play a role in ethanol toxicity to the pancreas.
Renin and angiotensinogen gene expression in maturing rat kidney.

To determine whether angiotensinogen (Ao) and renin are synthesized by the immature kidney and to assess the changes in intrarenal renin distribution that occur with maturation, the kidneys from 24 newborn and 12 adult Wistar-Kyoto (WKY) and spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR) were processed for renin immunocytochemistry using a highly specific anti-rat renin antibody. Kidney renin and Ao relative mRNA levels (mRNA/total RNA) were detected by Northern and dot blot techniques, using full-length rat renin and Ao cDNAs. Renal renin concentration (RRC) was measured by radioimmunoassay of angiotensin I (ANG I) and expressed as ng ANG I.h-1.mg protein-1 in the incubation media. RRC was higher in newborn than in adult SHR (979 +/- 164 vs. 206 +/- 47) and WKY (573 +/- 69 vs. 297 +/- 74) (P less than 0.05). In the newborn kidneys of both rat strains, renin was distributed throughout the entire length of the afferent arterioles and interlobular arteries, whereas in the adult kidneys renin was confined to the classical juxtaglomerular position. With maturation, there was a decrease in the proportion of immunoreactive juxtaglomerular apparatuses and arterial segments that contained renin. Kidney renin mRNA levels were 7.9-fold higher in the newborn than in the adult animal. Ao mRNA was detected in the newborn and adult kidneys of both rat strains. This study demonstrates conclusively that both renin and Ao genes are expressed in the newborn kidney, providing evidence for a local renin-angiotensin system that is subjected to developmental changes.
Advanced Glycation End Products: Possible Link between Metabolic Syndrome and Periodontal Diseases

On a planetary scale, Metabolic Syndrome (MetS) is the third cause of inability after malnutrition and nicotinism, even higher than water shortage and sedentariness. In the USA, the prevalence is estimated at over 25% of the population; in Italy, it involves approximately 25% of men and even 27% of women. These are very high figures, corresponding to approximately 14 million affected individuals. The prevalence is alarming and must not be underestimated, particularly in the dental field, where more than one patient out of four sitting in a dentist's chair is affected. The etiology of periodontal disease has not yet been clarified, and recently the idea to consider it as a multifactor pathology has been developed. Cofactors such as the formation of free radicals of oxygen (ROS), oxidative stress, lipid peroxidation, and formation of glycation end-products (AGEs) probably play an important role in the onset of periodontal disease. The AGEs are compounds physiologically produced by the cells. However, they accumulate and cause pro-inflammatory conditions, when the cellular clearance fails, or in hyperglycemic and oxidative states. All these conditions can be clinically summarized as Metabolic Syndrome. The purpose of this literature review is to establish a relationship between two pathologies with very high prevalence: Metabolic Syndrome and Periodontal Disorder. The literature seems to have clarified that MetS involves a pro-oxidation status, which induces AGE formation. AGEs play a very important role in the course and severity of periodontal diseases.
The Total Catchment Concept and Its Application in New South Wales

The Government of New South Wales has recently introduced a Total Catchment Management Policy. The background to this development is explained and the philosophy of Total Catchment Management is outlined. The objectives and detailed aims of Total Catchment Management are listed. It is argued that the successful application of the Policy depends upon the co-ordination of a number of Government agencies. The legislative and administrative structures already available in New South Wales for the implementation of the Policy are discussed. Procedures for the implementation of the Policy at individual catchment level, and particularly the requirements for the Total Catchment Management Plan, are briefly outlined.
In vitro metabolism and interaction of cilostazol with human hepatic cytochrome P450 isoforms

1 Cilostazol (OPC-13013) undergoes extensive hepatic metabolism. The hydroxylation of the quinone moiety of cilostazol to OPC-13326 was the predominant route in all the liver preparations studies. The hydroxylation of the hexane moiety to OPC-13217 was the second most predominant route in vitro. 2 Ketoconazole (1 mM)wasthemostpotentinhibitorof both quinone and hexane hydroxylation. Both the CYP2D6 inhibitor quinidine (0.1 mM) and the CYP2C19 inhibitor omeprazole (10 mM) failed to consistently inhibit metabolism of cilostazol via either of these two predominant routes. 3 Data obtained from a bank of pre-characterized human liver microsomes demonstrated a stronger correlation (r2=0.68, P50.01) between metabolism of cilostazol to OPC-13326 and metabolism of felodipine, a CYP3A probe, that with probes for any other isoform. Cimetidine demonstrated concentration-dependent competitive inhibition of the metabolism of cilostazol by both routes. 4 Kinetic data demonstrated a Km value of 101 mM for cilostazol, suggesting a relatively low affinity of cilostazol for CYP3A. While recombinant CYP1A2, CYP2D6 and CYP2C19 were also able to catalyze formation of specific cilostazol metabolites, they did not appear to contribute significantly to cilostazol metabolism in whole human liver microsomes.
Management of migraine headache: An overview of current practice

LEARNING OBJECTIVES Accurately diagnose migraine headache using the International Headache Classification Differentiate migraine headache from secondary headache Describe the risks and benefits of drug treatments for acute migraine Formulate a prevention plan, including nonpharmacologic and pharmacologic interventions &NA; Using both pharmacologic and nonpharmacologic therapies for acute treatment and as preventive therapy can help patients with migraine to avoid debilitating symptoms.
In Defense of Pay-as-You-Go (Paygo) Financing of Social Security

Today's proposals to create larger social security funds and then invest them in the private sector are intended to create more rapid economic growth, which would make it easier to pay social security benefits in the long run. These proposals are also aimed at enhancing intergenerational equity by making today's workers pay for a greater proportion of their future benefits. The important public policy issues inherent in such proposals are numerous: questions of whether prefunded social security plans are demographically immune; whether prefunding social security can increase gross national savings and worker productivity; whether there are better ways to create a healthy economy; whether social security is best offered as a defined-benefit or a defined-contribution plan. This paper explores each of these important public policy issues in the context of the social security systems of Canada and the U.S.
Dealing with Rogue Virtual Machines in a Cloud Services Environment

In current cloud services hosting solutions, various mechanisms have been developed to minimize the possibility of hosting staff from breaching security. However, while functions such as replicating and moving machines are legitimate actions in clouds, we show that there are risks in administrators being able to perform them. We describe three threat scenarios related to hosting staff on the cloud architecture and indicate how an appropriate accountability architecture can mitigate these risks in the sense that the attacks can be detected and the perpetrators identified. We identify requirements and future research and development needed to protect cloud service environments from these attacks.
Adaptive Depth-Map Coding for 3D-Video

This paper proposes an efficient adaptive depth-map coding scheme for generating virtual-view images in 3D-video. Virtual-view images can be generated by view-interpolation based on the decoded depth-map of the image. The proposed depth-map coding scheme is designed to have a new gray-coding-based bit-plane coding method for efficiently coding the depth-map images on the object-boundary areas, as well as the conventional DCT-based coding scheme (H.264/AVC) for efficiently coding the inside area images of the objects or the background depth-map images. Simulation results show that the proposed coding scheme, in comparison with the H.264/AVC coding scheme, improves the BD-rate savings 6.77%-10.28% and the BD-PSNR gains 0.42dB-0.68dB. It also improves the subjective picture quality of synthesized virtual-view images using decoded depth-maps.
Globalization, Universities and Sustainable Human Development: A Framework for Understanding the Issues

This volume raises an important question: Given the fast-changing global economy and the challenges it presents, what is the role for the university as an institution promoting sustainable human development? The editors begin by outlining the changes associated with the recent wave of globalization, particularly transformations in the relative power of institutions internationally. They analyze the constraints universities face in industrialized and developing countries in promoting sustainable human development.
Results on spatial-temporal atmospheric phase screen retrieval from long-term GEOSAR acquisition

In this paper, a high integration gain GEOSAR mission for Earth imaging is presented. The spatial-temporal atmospheric decorrelation issues of a long integration time GEOSAR mission must be carefully studied. The feasibility of a GEOSAR mission for Atmospheric Phase Screen retrieval purposes is studied. The raw data received from several hours of acquisition is divided into sub-acquisitions with integration time on the order of the APS decorrelation time. From each sub-matrix, a low-resolution but enough to sample the spatial variations of the atmospheric map is obtained. The simulated results of the APS retrieval from a GEOSAR acquisition are shown at the end of this paper.
Autophagy-related protein 7 level in patients with ulcerative colitis

Pathogenesis of inflammatory bowel disease including ulcerative colitis (UC) is still not clear. It seems that autophagy may play role in the development of this disease. [1] Autophagy is a general term for the degradation of cytoplasmic components within lysosomes and is quite distinct from endocytosis-mediated lysosomal degradation of extracellular and plasma membrane proteins. [2] No data were existed about the changes of ATG7 in UC. Therefore, we aimed to evaluate serum ATG7 as autophagy-related protein which acts in transfer mediation for dislocation of proteins from cytoplasm to transferring vacuoles by help of ubiquitin and fusion of peroxisomal and vacuolar membranes [3] in patients with UC as a possible biomarker. The serum samples of 14 colonoscopy and pathology confirmed UC with active disease as case group and 33 healthy control pairs who were ageand weight-matched were checked for ATG7 concentration by sandwich enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ABIN Co. USA). A questionnaire about demographic information, history of previous gastrointestinal and other diseases, alcohol consumption and smoking was also filled for each patient. As shown in Figure 1, serum ATG7 was significantly lower in UC patients in comparison to control pairs (68.45 ± 13.21 ng/ml vs. 92.30 ± 22.82 ng/ml respectively, p< .001). There were no significant associations between UC status and other demographic parameters (p> .05) except smoking (odds ratio 1⁄420.39, p1⁄4 .022). Also, the serum ATG7 level in 9 patients with proctitis or left side colitis was insignificantly higher than other 5 patients with extensive colitis or pancolitis (72.32 ± 10.64 ng/ml vs. 61.48 ± 15.69 ng/ml, respectively, p1⁄4 .257). Our study indeed to our best knowledge is the first human study on the serum level of ATG7 in UC. It has been reported that ATG16L1, IRGM1, and LRRK2 dysregulation have implication in the pathogenesis of IBD. [4] Defective autophagy has been related to the activation of inflammasome, induction of pyroptosis, and increased susceptibility to colitis in mouse models. [5] But the reports on the role of ATG7 in IBD are very scarce. Although a recent meta-analysis have shown that smoking had no effect on course of UC but we found significant positive association between UC status smoking (p1⁄4 .022). From our findings, it can be concluded that low serum ATG is associated with UC. This might be indicative of tissue deposition of ATG during disease activity in UC and has potential to be used as a disease activity biomarker.
Developmental regulation of α‐amino‐3‐hydroxy‐5‐methyl‐4‐isoxazole‐propionic acid receptor subunit expression in forebrain and relationship to regional susceptibility to hypoxic/ischemic injury. II. Human cerebral white matter and cortex

This report is the second of a two‐part evaluation of developmental differences in α‐amino‐3‐hydroxy‐5‐methyl‐4‐isoxazole‐propionic acid receptor (AMPAR) subunit expression in cell populations within white matter and cortex. In part I, we reported that, in rat, developmental expression of Ca2+‐permeable (GluR2‐lacking) AMPARs correlated at the regional and cellular level with increased susceptibility to hypoxia/ischemia (H/I), suggesting an age‐specific role of these receptors in the pathogenesis of brain injury. Part II examines the regional and cellular progression of AMPAR subunits in human white matter and cortex from midgestation through early childhood. Similarly to the case in the rodent, there is a direct correlation between selective vulnerability to H/I and expression of GluR2‐lacking AMPARs in human brain. For midgestational cases aged 20–24 postconceptional weeks (PCW) and for premature infants (25–37 PCW), we found that radial glia, premyelinating oligodendrocytes, and subplate neurons transiently expressed GluR2‐lacking AMPARs. Notably, prematurity represents a developmental window of selective vulnerability for white matter injury, such as periventricular leukomalacia (PVL). During term (38–42 PCW) and postterm neonatal (43–46 PCW) periods, age windows characterized by increased susceptibility to cortical injury and seizures, GluR2 expression was low in the neocortex, specifically on cortical pyramidal and nonpyramidal neurons. This study indicates that Ca2+‐permeable AMPAR blockade may represent an age‐specific therapeutic strategy for potential use in humans. Furthermore, these data help to validate specific rodent maturational stages as appropriate models for evaluation of H/I pathophysiology. J. Comp. Neurol. 497:61–77, 2006. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Effects of Obesity on Rehabilitation Outcomes After Orthopedic Trauma

Objective This study examined whether differences existed in inpatient rehabilitation outcomes and therapy participation in nonobese and obese patients with orthopedic trauma. Design This was a retrospective study of 294 consecutive patients admitted to an inpatient rehabilitation hospital. Main outcomes included participation in therapy sessions, Functional Independence Measure (FIM) ratings, walking distance and stair climb, length of stay, FIM efficiency (FIM score gain/length of stay), and discharge to home. Data were stratified by patient body mass index values (nonobese, <30 kg/m2; or obese, ≥30 kg/m2). Results There were no differences in therapy participation or length of stay between groups. Both total and motor FIM ratings at discharge were lower in obese patients compared with nonobese patients (P < 0.05). FIM efficiency was significantly lower in the obese than in the nonobese group (2.6 ± 1.5 vs. 3.1 ± 1.5 points gained per day; P = 0.05). Walking distance and stair climb ability were similar between groups by discharge. Even morbidly obese patients attained some improvement with independence in walking. Conclusions Obese patients make significant functional improvement during rehabilitation, but at a lesser magnitude and rate as their nonobese counterparts. Even with morbid obesity, small but important functional gains can occur during rehabilitation for orthopedic trauma.
Narrow-pitch n-channel superjunction UMOSFET for 40–60 V automotive application

We report on ultra-low on-resistance 40–60 V-class n-channel superjunction UMOSFET (SJ-UMOS) with sufficient robustness for automotive applications. In the newly developed SJ-UMOS, we design a leading minimal pitch SJ structures with sub-micron wide p-type regions fabricated by high-energy multiple ion implantations of boron. This structure drastically improves the tradeoff between on-resistance and breakdown voltage (V<inf>B</inf>), which has limited the performance of conventional SJ-UMOS. Record low specific on-resistance (R<inf>SP</inf>) of 9.1 mΩmm<sup>2</sup> and 16.1 mΩmm<sup>2</sup> (V<inf>GS</inf> = 10 V) are obtained for V<inf>B</inf> of 44.8 V and 61.0 V, respectively. We also confirm high avalanche immunity for the chips showing the best performance.
The Drosophila fork head domain protein crocodile is required for the establishment of head structures.

The fork head (fkh) domain defines the DNA‐binding region of a family of transcription factors which has been implicated in regulating cell fate decisions across species lines. We have cloned and molecularly characterized the crocodile (croc) gene which encodes a new family member from Drosophila. croc is expressed in the head anlagen of the blastoderm embryo under the control of the anterior, the dorsoventral and the terminal maternal organizer systems. The croc mutant phenotype indicates that the croc wild‐type gene is required to function as an early patterning gene in the anterior‐most blastoderm head segment anlage and for the establishment of a specific head skeletal structure that derives from the non‐adjacent intercalary segment at a later stage of embryogenesis. As an early patterning gene, croc exerts unusual properties which do not allow it to be grouped among the established segmentation genes. A single‐site mutation within the croc fkh domain, which causes a replacement of the first out of four conserved amino acid residues thought to be involved in the coordinate binding of Mg2+, abolishes the DNA binding of the protein in vitro. In view of the resulting lack‐of‐function mutant phenotype, it appears likely that metal binding by the affected region of the fkh domain is crucial for proper folding of the DNA‐binding structure.
Housing Wealth and UK Consumption

There is widespread disagreement about the role of housing wealth in explaining consumption. However, much of the empirical literature is marred by poor controls for the common drivers both of house prices and consumption, such as income, income growth expectations, interest rates, credit supply conditions, other assets and indicators of income uncertainty (e.g. changes in the unemployment rate). For instance, while the easing of credit supply conditions is usually followed by a house price boom, failure to control for the direct effect of credit liberalisation on consumption can over-estimate the effect of housing wealth or collateral on consumption. This paper (Janine Aron, John Muellbauer and Anthony Murphy, October 2006) estimates an empirical model for UK consumption from 1972 to 2005, grounded in theory, and with more complete empirical controls than hitherto used.