Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
The Need of Capability Requirements Inside Choreographies and Interaction Protocols

A typical problem of research in the area of Service-Oriented Systems is the composition of a set of services for executing a complex task. In this paper we face an instance of this problem in which a set of parties (be they peers, agents or systems) have to interact according to a given choreography. In particular, we mean to exploit the role definitions contained in the choreography for realizing interaction policies that can be executed by the involved parties. In this case it is necessary that the choreography captures not only the interactive behavior of the system as a whole but that the role definitions contain also a set of requirements of capabilities that the parties should exhibit, where by the term “capability” we mean the skill of doing something or of making some condition become true. Such capabilities have the twofold aim of connecting the interactive behavior to be shown by the role-player to its internal state and of making the policy executable.
Minimally Invasive Coronary Artery Bypass Grafting in High-Risk Patients. Late Follow-Up with Assessment of Left Internal Mammary Artery Graft Patency and Flow by Exercise Transthoracic Doppler Echocardiography

Patients with significant risk factors are at increased risk of higher mortality and morbidity (9–16%) after CABG-procedures with cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB). When catheter interventions are not applicable and conventional CABG with CPB are considered to have an unacceptable perioperative risk, these patients (n = 35) were scheduled for minimally invasive coronary artery bypass grafting (MIDCAB). Patients and methods: The risks leading to exclusion of conventional CABG procedures were: extremely impaired LV-function (EF < 20%), severe pulmonary diseases, malignant carcinoma, compromised coagulation system, age >80 years with impaired physical constitution, redoprocedures after complicated initial operation, symptomatic descending thoracic aortic aneurysm, ongoing long-term intensive care treatment with unclear prognosis. All patients received the LIMA as a single graft to the LAD. One year follow-up was performed using transthoracic Doppler echocardiography at rest and during exercise. Results: In 20 patients incomplete revascularization was accepted. There was no mortality, while signs for myocardial infarction were seen in two patients. Twenty-nine patients (82%) showed clear improvement of clinical symptoms, one patient needed further conventional CABG. Nine to thirteen months postoperatively (mean 10.8 ± 1.6 months), there were two deaths due to noncardiac reasons. Three of the survivors (n = 33) had symptoms of angina pectoris. Exercise tests revealed an improved stress tolerance (NYHA class improved from preop. III—IV to postop. I—II). The IMA graft flow increased significantly with exercise in all patients. Flow patterns in both flow velocity and volume changed to diastolic-dominant, and the ratio of diastolic to systolic time-velocity integral of > 1.5 excluded a graft stenosis. Conclusions: In high-risk patients, with an increased likelihood of perioperative morbidity and mortality, the MIDCAB procedure can be performed accurately and safely. Even after incomplete revascularization of some high-risk patients, exercise tolerance was improved. Transthoracic Doppler echocardiography proved to be a clinically useful noninvasive method of assessing IMA graft function at rest and during exercise. Despite the small patient population, our late follow-up results suggest the potential benefit of MIDCAB for patients with otherwise inoperable heart disease.
tRNA Modification and Genetic Code Variations in Animal Mitochondria

In animal mitochondria, six codons have been known as nonuniversal genetic codes, which vary in the course of animal evolution. They are UGA (termination codon in the universal genetic code changes to Trp codon in all animal mitochondria), AUA (Ile to Met in most metazoan mitochondria), AAA (Lys to Asn in echinoderm and some platyhelminth mitochondria), AGA/AGG (Arg to Ser in most invertebrate, Arg to Gly in tunicate, and Arg to termination in vertebrate mitochondria), and UAA (termination to Tyr in a planaria and a nematode mitochondria, but conclusive evidence is lacking in this case). We have elucidated that the anticodons of tRNAs deciphering these nonuniversal codons (tRNATrp for UGA, tRNAMet for AUA, tRNAAsn for AAA, and tRNASer and tRNAGly for AGA/AGG) are all modified; tRNATrp has 5-carboxymethylaminomethyluridine or 5-taurinomethyluridine, tRNAMet has 5-formylcytidine or 5-taurinomethyluridine, tRNASer has 7-methylguanosine and tRNAGly has 5-taurinomethyluridine in their anticodon wobble position, and tRNAAsn has pseudouridine in the anticodon second position. This review aims to clarify the structural relationship between these nonuniversal codons and the corresponding tRNA anticodons including modified nucleosides and to speculate on the possible mechanisms for explaining the evolutional changes of these nonuniversal codons in the course of animal evolution.
Two Roads Diverged: Interferon α/β– and Interleukin 12–mediated Pathways in Promoting T Cell Interferon γ Responses during Viral Infection

Viral infections induce CD8 T cell expansion and interferon (IFN)-γ production for defense, but the innate cytokines shaping these responses have not been identified. Although interleukin (IL)-12 has the potential to contribute, IL-12–dependent T cell IFN-γ has not been detected during viral infections. Moreover, certain viruses fail to induce IL-12, and elicit high levels of IFN-α/β to negatively regulate it. The endogenous factors promoting virus-induced T cell IFN-γ production were defined in studies evaluating CD8 T cell responses during lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus infections of mice. Two divergent supporting pathways were characterized. Under normal conditions of infections, the CD8 T cell IFN-γ response was dependent on endogenous IFN-α/β effects, but was IL-12 independent. In contrast, in the absence of IFN-α/β functions, an IL-12 response was revealed and substituted an alternative pathway to IFN-γ. IFN-α/β–mediated effects resulted in enhanced, but the alternative pathway also promoted, resistance to infection. These observations define uniquely important IFN-α/β–controlled pathways shaping T cell responses during viral infections, and demonstrate plasticity of immune responses in accessing divergent innate mechanisms to achieve similar ultimate goals.
Computation of Variances in Causal Networks

The causal (belief) network is a well-known graphical structure for representing independencies in a joint probability distribution. The exact methods and the approximation methods, which perform probabilistic inference in causal networks, often treat the conditional probabilities which are stored in the network as certain values. However, if one takes either a subjectivistic or a limiting frequency approach to probability, one can never be certain of probability values. An algorithm for probabilistic inference should not only be capable of reporting the inferred probabilities; it should also be capable of reporting the uncertainty in these probabilities relative to the uncertainty in the probabilities which are stored in the network. In section 2 of this paper a method is given for determining the prior variances of the probabilities of all the nodes. Section 3 contains an approximation method for determining the variances in inferred probabilities.
The Flinders Sensitive Line Rat Model of Depression—25 Years and Still Producing

Approximately 25 years have passed since the first publication suggesting the Flinders sensitive line (FSL) rat as an animal model of depression. At least 6 years of research on these rats was completed before that seminal paper, and there has been a steady stream of publications (130+) over the years. The present review will focus on several issues not previously covered in earlier reviews, summarize the several lines of ongoing investigations, and propose a novel mechanism that accounts for a number of previously unexplained observations. A key observation in the FSL rat relates to the antidepressant (AD)-like effects of known and putative antidepressants. The FSL rat typically exhibits an AD-like effect in behavioral tests for AD-like activity following chronic (14 days) treatment, although some studies have found AD-like effects after fewer days of treatment. In other observations, exaggerated swim test immobility in the FSL rat has been found to have a maternal influence, as shown by cross-fostering studies and observations of maternal behavior; the implications of this finding are still to be determined. Ongoing or recently completed studies have been performed in the laboratories of Marko Diksic of Canada, Aleksander Mathé of Sweden, Gregers Wegener of Denmark, Brian Harvey of South Africa, Paul Pilowsky and Rod Irvine of Australia, and Gal Yadid of Israel. Jennifer Loftis of Portland, Oregon, and Lynette Daws of San Antonio, Texas, have been working with the FSL rats in the United States. A puzzling feature of the FSL rat is its sensitivity to multiple chemicals, and its greater sensitivity to a variety of drugs with different mechanisms of action. It has been recently shown that each of these drugs feeds through G protein–coupled receptors to potassium-gated channels. Thus, an abnormality in the potassium channel could underlie the depressed-like behavior of the FSL rats.
Wayfinding Behavior: Cognitive Mapping and Other Spatial Processes

The metaphor of a "cognitive map"has attracted wide interest since it was first proposed in the late 1940s. Researchers from fields as diverse as psychology, geography, and urban planning have explored how humans process and use spatial information, often with the view of explaining why people make wayfinding errors or what makes one person a better navigator than another. Cognitive psychologists have broken navigation down into its component steps and shown it to be an interplay of neurocognitive functions, such as "spatial updating"and "reference frames"or "perception-action couplings. "But there has also been an intense debate among biologists over whether animals have cognitive maps or have other forms of internal spatial representations that allow them to behave as if they did. Yet until now, little has been done to relate research on human and non-human subjects in this area. In Wayfinding Behavior: Cognitive Mapping and Other Spatial Processes Reginald Golledge brings together a distinguished group of scholars to offer a unique and comprehensive survey of current research in these diverse fields. Among the common themes they discover is the psychologists' "black box"approach, in which the internal mechanisms of spatial perception and route planning are modeled or constructed, like metaphors, based on the behavioral evidence. Cognitive neuroscientists, on the other hand, have attempted to discover the neurocognitive basis for spatial behavior. (They have shown, for example, that damage in the hippocampus system invariably impairs the ability of animals and humans to learn about, remember, and navigate through environments, and studies in humans show that neurons in this system code for location, direction, and distance, thereby providing the elements needed for a mapping system.) Artificial intelligence and robotics theorists attempt to construct intelligent mapping systems using computer technology. In these areas, there is growing evidence that, as in human wayfinding processes, useful representations cannot be achieved without sacrificing completeness and precision. Wayfinding Behavior: Cognitive Mapping and Other Spatial Processes offers not only state-of-the-art knowledge about "wayfinding, "but also represents a point of departure for future interdisciplinary studies. "The more we know," concludes volume editor Reginald Golledge, "about how humans or other species can navigate, wayfind, sense, record and use spatial information, the more effective will be the building of future guidance systems, and the more natural it will be for human beings to understand and control those systems. "
Postural activation of the human medial gastrocnemius muscle: are the muscle units spatially localised?

In the medial gastrocnemius muscle of cats, the longitudinal size (3–4 cm) of the territory of motor units is large (∼60%) relative to the muscle length. In the human medial gastrocnemius, the size of motor unit territories is unknown. By comparing intramuscular and surface electromyograms we show that, when subjects stand at ease, the motor units active in the medial gastrocnemius have small territories. They extend no longer than 4 cm and no less than 1 cm along the longitudinal axis (∼25 cm long) of the muscle. Physiologically, the small territories of motor units give the nervous system a mechanism for the independent activation of sub‐volumes of the medial gastrocnemius muscle.
Three children with congenital toxoplasmosis: early report from a Swedish prospective screening study

Malm G, Teäzr Fahnehjelm K, Wiklund S, Engman M‐L, Ivarsson SA, Petersson K, Evengård B. Three children with congenital toxoplasmosis: early report from a Swedish prospective screening study. Acta Pædiatr 1999; 88: 667‐70. Stockholm. ISSN 0803‐5253
Novel Cooperative and Fully-Distributed Congestion Control Mechanism for Content Centric Networking

The router’s buffer accommodates transient packets to guarantee that the network’s links do not become idle. However, buffer overflow causes packet loss, which is a signal of congestion. In content centric networking (CCN), the interest packet, which is used for requesting content, may be dropped due to such congestion. Each interest packet is assigned a specific lifetime, and when the lifetime expires without obtaining the requested content, the consumer needs to resend the Interest. However, waiting for the expiration of an Interest’s lifetime for retransmission is only appropriate for best effort traffic rather than services that are delay sensitive. In order to provide delay-sensitive applications with better quality of service, we propose a congestion control mechanism for CCN, in which, we prevent congestion before it happens through monitoring buffer size. Upon reaching the buffer threshold, the node notifies its downstream node. On receiving the notification, the downstream node adjusts traffic rate by allocating new incoming Interests to other face(s). However, when the downstream node fails to reduce traffic rate, the same procedure continues until the consumer node reduces sending rate. The simulation results show that the proposed mechanism is capable of significant performance improvements, with higher throughput.
Delay-Tolerant Botnets

Botnets have become one of top threats to the Internet. Many detection methods have been developed to distinguish botnet behaviors from normal human behaviors. Future botnets, however, may incorporate the characteristics of human beings and weaken the existing detection techniques. In this work, we study an intelligent botnet, called the delay-tolerant botnet, that intentionally adds random delays to the command propagation and endeavors to avoid the detection. We then apply mathematical analysis to derive the average delay required to distribute a command to all bots in three types of command and control architectures: centralized, distributed, and hybrid delay-tolerant botnets. We find that in all cases, the delay increases approximately logarithmically with the number of bots, indicating that the delay-tolerant botnets are scalable. Finally, we verify the analytical results by simulations.
Psychological distress, social support, and disease activity in patients with inflammatory bowel disease

OBJECTIVES:The objectives of this study were to compare the psychological status of patients in active and inactive disease states, to assess social support, and to identify correlates of psychological distress in patients with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). METHODS:This cross-sectional study was conducted in 200 patients (mean age 36.7 yr [SD = 14.8], 119 [59.5%] female) with long-standing IBD who were seen in tertiary care. Psychosocial assessments included psychological distress (Symptom Checklist-90R), social support (Social Support Questionnaire-6), perceived stress (Perceived Stress Scale-10), and recent minor stressful events (Weekly Stress Inventory). Disease activity was assessed with the Harvey Bradshaw Index.RESULTS:Patients reported higher levels of satisfaction with social support and smaller network sizes compared with normative values. Using multiple linear regression, the independent correlates of psychological distress (p = 0.0001; adjusted R2= 0.62) were as follows: active disease (p = 0.0234), less time since diagnosis (p = 0.0012), and greater number (p = 0.0001) and impact of stressful events (p = 0.0003). A statistically significant interaction term (p = 0.0171) revealed that the relationship between psychological distress and perceived stress changes depending on the level of satisfaction with social support. For patients with low levels of perceived stress, satisfaction with social support did not affect levels of psychological distress. However, for patients who experienced moderate to high levels of perceived stress, high satisfaction with social support decreased the level of psychological distress.CONCLUSIONS:These findings suggest that strategies aimed at improving social support can have a favorable impact on psychological distress and, ultimately, can improve health outcomes in patients with IBD.
Characterization of the Circadian System of NGFI-A and NGFI-A/NGFI-B Deficient Mice

The genes NGFI-A (also known as EGR-1, zif/268, and Krox-24) and NGFI-B (nur/77) have previously been shown to be induced in the SCN of rats and hamsters by photic stimulation during the subjective night. The purpose of this study is to determine whether these genes are also induced in the SCN of mice and, if so, to characterize the circadian system of animals in which either NGFI-A or both NGFI-A and NGFI-B were eliminated by homologous recombination. In wildtype mice, NGFI-A mRNA was found to be induced in the SCN as in other rodent species. Therefore, wheel-running activity was recorded from null mutants and wildtype controls under LD 12:12 and DD conditions. Mice of all three strains appeared to entrain normally to LD 12:12 and could re-entrain to both phase advances and phase delays of the light cycle. The response of the circadian pacemaker of all three genotypes to acute light pulses appeared to be normal. The retinal innervation of the SCN in NGFI-A-/- mice and the photic induction of Fos in the SCN of both NGFI-A-/- and NGFI-A-/-B-/- mice were indistinguishable from wildtype mice. These results indicate that induction of NGFI-A and NGFI-B is not required for photic entrainment or phase shifting of the mouse circadian system.
An optimal statistical test for robust detection against interest flooding attacks in CCN

Confronting the changing demand of users, the current Internet is revealing its limitations. Information Centric Network (ICN) are Future Internet proposals which are based on named data objects. In order to actually replace its predecessor, ICN must be able to resist existent threats in the current Internet, especially the Denial of Service (DoS) attack. In this paper, we focus on Interest flooding - a new type of DoS attack in Content Centric Network (CCN). Several solutions for this threat have been introduced, but they do not solve the problem in a satisfying way because of some drawbacks in either their detection performance, scalability support or restricted scenario of usage. Our goal is to design a reliable, low resources-consuming detection method against Interest flooding attack in CCN. A detection scheme must be attended since a lot of resources consumed by unnecessarily continuous countermeasure can be saved by a dependable detector. Like no other detectors in proposed solutions, our detector is based on statistical hypotheses testing theory. The achieved result is a low resources-consuming detector that can be deployed globally on each CCN router. The false alarm probability of our detector can be controlled at will. Its statistical power can be theoretically established and evaluated precisely. To validate our contribution, numerical results show the relevance of the proposed approach and the sharpness of theoretical results.
Factors Related to Learner Dropout in Online Learning

This study reviewed dropout research in online learning, particularly focusing on nontraditional students and examined what progress has been made since Garrison’s 1987 review. This study categorized factors identified from literature into student characteristics, student prior skills, external factors, and internal factors, all of which are based on Rovai’s persistence model (2003). Current status of dropout studies for adult learners in distance learning is discussed and future research directions are proposed.
Intelligent Question Answering System of Research Based Ontology on Excellent Courses: "University Computer Basis" Course as an Example

The intelligent degree of question answering system is the important factors that influences the sustainable development of the excellent course. The intelligent question answering system based ontology can automatically generate the related knowledge areas of more comprehensive questions and corresponding answers so that students who input questions, generally can immediately find the answer in the knowledge base. The utilization on the student to question answering system is greatly improved, and the students' interest for excellent courses are enhanced.
The uptake of fatty acids by the liver.

The mechanism for the transport of small compounds from the environment to the cytosol of a cell will depend on whether the compound of interest is water-soluble (e.g., salts or sugars) or water-insoluble (e.g., fatty acids or bilirubin). The reason for this division is that the plasma membranes of cells consist of a lipid bilayer, which has an apolar interior. The portions of membrane proteins that interact with this interior also are apolar. The transport of water-soluble compound across plasma membranes must be facilitated, therefore, by a mechanism that overcomes the resistance of the apolar interior to the passage of water-soluble molecules. The relevant mechanism used by cells is the synthesis of carrier proteins, as for example the Na+-channel or the glucose transporter. By contrast, one expects water-insoluble compounds that are not amphipathic to pass readily across the apolar interior of plasma membranes (1-4). Thus, water-soluble compounds not only can be highly soluble in the apolar interior of a membrane but there is no barrier to the rapid transbilayer movement of such compounds (5-9). Transfer of such molecules from one half of the bilayer to the other, so called "flipflop," will be facile. In the case of molecules with apolar and polar regions (amphipaths) the concentration in membranes can be high, but the passage of the polar region across the bilayer can be slow. It has not yet been shown, however, that the rate of this last process is rate determining for uptake and metabolism of an amphipath. It was believed until relatively recently that fatty acids and other water insoluble compounds moved into cells by a simple physical process (14). This idea was never expressed in quantitative terms; and more recently, the problem of the uptake of fatty acids by cells has been conceptualized in the context of the problem as it applies to the uptake of water-soluble compounds (10-13). In fact, it is currently accepted by biologists interested in the problem that the movement into cells of fatty acids, and chemically related molecules, is a complex biological process involving perhaps several specialized transport proteins. The underlying experimental basis for this view is that the kinetics of the uptake process