Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Sketching the Dependency Relations of Words in Chinese

We proposes a language resource by automatically sketching grammatical relations of words based on dependency parses from untagged texts. The advantage of word sketch based on parsed corpora is, compared to Sketch Engine (Kilgarriff, Rychly, Smrz, & Tugwell, 2004), to provide more details about the different usage of each word such as various types of modification, which is also important in language pedagogy. Although some language resources of other languages have attempted to sketch words based on parsed data, in Chinese we have not seen a resource for dependency sketch of words in customized texts. Therefore, we propose such a resource and evaluate with Chinese Sketch Engine (Huang et al., 2005) in terms of corresponding thesaurus function.
Recognizing activities

The recognition of repetitive movements characteristic of walking people, galloping horses, or flying birds is a routine function of the human visual system. It has been demonstrated that humans can recognize such activity solely on the basis of motion information. We demonstrate a general computational method for recognizing such movements in real image sequences using what is essentially template matching in a motion feature space coupled with a technique for detecting and normalizing periodic activities. This contrasts with earlier model-based approaches for recognizing such activities.
A PDP Sub-field Coding Algorithm for the Reduction of Errors due to Line Load Variation

The displayed luminance level of a PDF is different from the intended target level due to the variation of the line load (the number of on-cells in a scan line). The conventional luminance generation algorithm does not take this difference into consideration and, therefore, may deteriorate the display quality. In this paper, an RC circuit model is proposed to analyze the relationship between the displayed luminance level and the line load. The model indicates that the luminance level decreases as the line load increases. The luminance variations depending on the line load are formulated as the third order regression equations for red, green and blue colors, respectively. Based on the equations, this paper proposes a new luminance generation algorithm to reduce luminance errors caused by the variation of the line load. The proposed algorithm performs the conventional algorithm three times with new weight vectors (i.e. the expected luminance levels of sub-fields) adjusted based on the detected error of the previous run of the conventional algorithm. Simulations and experiments with a 50-inch PDF show significant error reduction results including 83.4% improvement of the maximum error with 164,480 test patterns.
A Batch-Based MAC Design With Simultaneous Assignment Decisions for Improved Throughput in Guard-Band-Constrained Cognitive Networks

The adjacent channel interference (ACI) resulting from imperfect filtering can severely degrade the performance of any wireless communication system. Despite this fact, most of previously proposed medium access control (MAC) protocols for cognitive radio networks (CRNs) were designed while ignoring the effects of ACI (assuming ideal filtering). The effect of ACI can be reduced by introducing guard bands (GBs). However, this solution comes at the expense of degrading spectrum efficiency. In this paper, we develop an efficient GB-aware MAC protocol that attempts at maximizing network throughput while improving fairness in CRNs. Unlike most of previously proposed GB-aware MAC protocols that perform channel assignment sequentially, our MAC performs the channel assignment for multiple CR links simultaneously (the so-called batch method). Batching enables concurrent channel assignment for multiple CR links, which consequently allows for concurrent data transmissions. Batching can be realized by introducing an admission control phase for CR users to share their control information. The batch method can effectively provide distributed decisions that achieve better throughput while reducing the number of GBs. Our MAC also allows the CR users to utilize the reserved GBs of primary networks under predefined FCC power constraints. Simulation results indicate that our protocol achieves significant performance improvement compared to previous GB-aware protocols.
Pathological assessment of mismatch repair gene variants in Lynch syndrome: Past, present, and future

Lynch syndrome (LS) is caused by germline mutations in DNA mismatch repair (MMR) genes and is the most prevalent hereditary colorectal cancer syndrome. A significant proportion of variants identified in MMR and other common cancer susceptibility genes are missense or noncoding changes whose consequences for pathogenicity cannot be easily interpreted. Such variants are designated as “variants of uncertain significance” (VUS). Management of LS can be significantly improved by identifying individuals who carry a pathogenic variant and thus benefit from screening, preventive, and therapeutic measures. Also, identifying family members that do not carry the variant is important so they can be released from the intensive surveillance. Determining which genetic variants are pathogenic and which are neutral is a major challenge in clinical genetics. The profound mechanistic knowledge on the genetics and biochemistry of MMR enables the development and use of targeted assays to evaluate the pathogenicity of variants found in suspected patients with LS. We describe different approaches for the functional analysis of MMR gene VUS and propose development of a validated diagnostic framework. Furthermore, we call attention to common misconceptions about functional assays and endorse development of an integrated approach comprising validated assays for diagnosis of VUS in patients suspected of LS. Hum Mutat 33:1617–1625, 2012. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Learning Image Segmentations from Experience

The Problem: The image segmentation problem originated from the Gestalt school of psychological research, which focused on the organizational and grouping principles of human vision. Segmentation algorithms divide images into regions based on statistical or aesthetic qualities. Common goals are to encode the image efficiently, to separate foreground figures from background, or to locate the boundaries of objects in the image. Previous segmentation algorithms include the snakes, or contour, method by Kass, et al. [3], minimum description length regions by LeClerc [4], and normalized graph-cutting by Shi and Malik [6].
Axonal Regeneration Supported by Oligo[poly(ethylene glycol)fumarate] Cell-Loaded Hydrogel Scaffolds in the Transected Rat Spinal Cord

8 Acknowledgements. 11 Dedication . 13 Abbreviations . 14 Chapter 1: Introduction . 17 1.1 The Rationale for Tissue Engineering Approaches in the Context of Respiratory Compromise . 17 1.2 Important Bioengineering Considerations . 19 1.2. 1 Scaffold Placement within the Spinal Cord Environment . 20 1.2. 2 Material Fabrication and Porosity . 22 1.2. 3 Macroengineering . 24 1.2. 4 Microengineering . 25 1.3 Biomaterials for the Spinal Cord . 29 1.3. 1 Natural Polymers . 29 Extracellular matrix-based polymer systems . 29 Polymers extracted from marine life . 31 Polymers derived from the blood . 32 1.3. 2 Synthetic Polymers . 35 Poly α-hydroxy acid polymers . 35 Synthetic hydrogels . 38 1.4 Biomaterials as Therapeutic Cell Systems in the Spinal Cord . 40 1.4. 1 Schwann Cells . 40 1.4. 2 Olfactory Ensheathing Cells (OECs) . 43 1.4. 3 Neural Stem Cells . 44 1.5 Biomaterials as Drug and Cell Based Delivery Systems in the Spinal Cord . 46 1.5. 1 Microand Nano-Spheres and Nanoshells . 47 1.6 Conclusions and Future Directions . 49 Chapter 2. 51 2.
Predictive Reference Signal Generator for Hybrid Electric Vehicles

A novel model-based and predictive energy supervisory controller for hybrid electric vehicles (HEVs) is presented. Its objective is to minimize the fuel consumption (FC) of HEVs using only the information on the current state of charge (SoC) of the battery and data available from a standard onboard navigation system. This objective is achieved using a predictive reference signal generator (pRSG) in combination with a nonpredictive reference tracking controller for the battery SoC. The pRSG computes the desired battery SoC trajectory as a function of vehicle position such that the recuperated energy is maximized despite the constraints on the battery SoC. To compute the SoC reference trajectory, only the topographic profile of the future road segments and the corresponding average traveling speeds must be known. Simulation results of the proposed predictive strategy show substantial improvements in fuel economy in hilly driving profiles, compared with nonpredictive strategies. A parallel HEV is analyzed in this paper. However, the proposed method is independent of the powertrain topology. Therefore, the method is applicable to all types of HEVs.
Multidecadal modulation of El Niño influence on the Euro‐Mediterranean rainfall

El Niño influence on the Euro‐Mediterranean Rainfall (EMedR) has changed along the 20th century, and the reasons for this lack of stationarity, which represents an important issue in the climate change context, are still unclear. Here, the causes of this changing relationship are studied at interannual timescales. To this aim the EMedR is analyzed using observations from 1900 to 2008. Results confirm the lack of stationarity, showing how the teleconnections with El Niño appear modulated by multidecadal oscillations of the anomalous Sea Surface Temperature (SST) over the Atlantic and Pacific basins. The study presents statistically significant evidences about how the Atlantic Multidecadal Oscillation (AMO) seems to modulate El Niño teleconnection for late winter‐spring, while modulation in fall could be controlled by the Pacific Decadal Oscillation (PDO). The results of this study have important implications in seasonal and decadal predictability, but they also represent a step forward in the understanding of the role of changes in the ocean mean state on the interannual teleconnections.
An improved similarity algorithm based on Stability Degree for item-based collaborative filtering

with an exponentially growing amount of information being added to the Internet, finding efficient and valuable information is becoming more difficult. Collaborative Filtering acts a very important role in web service personalization and Recommender System. In this paper, Stability Degree was proposed to improve the accuracy of Item based collaboration filtering, three kinds of Stability Degree were introduced into similarity computation, and the results show that the prediction accuracy can be improved by 25 percents.
A global perspective of the richness and evenness of traditional crop-variety diversity maintained by farming communities

Varietal data from 27 crop species from five continents were drawn together to determine overall trends in crop varietal diversity on farm. Measurements of richness, evenness, and divergence showed that considerable crop genetic diversity continues to be maintained on farm, in the form of traditional crop varieties. Major staples had higher richness and evenness than nonstaples. Variety richness for clonal species was much higher than that of other breeding systems. A close linear relationship between traditional variety richness and evenness (both transformed), empirically derived from data spanning a wide range of crops and countries, was found both at household and community levels. Fitting a neutral “function” to traditional variety diversity relationships, comparable to a species abundance distribution of “neutral ecology,” provided a benchmark to assess the standing diversity on farm. In some cases, high dominance occurred, with much of the variety richness held at low frequencies. This suggested that diversity may be maintained as an insurance to meet future environmental changes or social and economic needs. In other cases, a more even frequency distribution of varieties was found, possibly implying that farmers are selecting varieties to service a diversity of current needs and purposes. Divergence estimates, measured as the proportion of community evenness displayed among farmers, underscore the importance of a large number of small farms adopting distinctly diverse varietal strategies as a major force that maintains crop genetic diversity on farm.
Role of endoplasmic reticulum stress in apoptosis of differentiated mouse podocytes induced by high glucose

Podocytes are terminally differentiated epithelial cells lacking the ability to proliferate. The loss of podocytes is a hallmark of progressive kidney diseases, including diabetic nephropathy (DN). Endoplasmic reticulum stress (ERS)-induced apoptosis is involved in a number of pathological conditions, including DN. The aim of the present study was to investigate whether a high glucose environment induces the apoptosis of podocytes through ERS. Differentiated mouse podocytes were divided into three groups: the normal glucose group (NG, 1 g/l D-glucose), the high glucose group (HG, 4.5 g/l D-glucose) and the mannitol group (M, 1 g/l D-glucose plus 24.4 mM mannitol). The cells were harvested following stimulation with the indicated treatments for 12, 24, 48 and 72 h. Podocyte apoptosis was determined using TUNEL assay and flow cytometry (propidium iodide staining). Glucose-regulated protein 78 (GRP78), CCAAT/enhancer-binding protein (C/EBP) homologous protein (CHOP/GADD153) and caspase-12 expression was analyzed by RT-PCR, western blot analysis and immunocytochemistry. The apoptotic rate increased significantly in the HG group compared with the NG and M groups at 48 and 72 h (all P<0.01). GRP78 expression, an indicator of ERS, was increased from 12 h, indicating that ERS was activated. Subsequently, two ER-associated death (ERAD) pathways, the CHOP/GADD153- and caspase-12-dependent pathways, were detected. CHOP/GADD153 expression reached its peak at 48 h, and caspase-12 expression gradually increased with time. Spearman’s correlation analysis revealed that caspase-12 and CHOP/GADD153 positively correlated with the apoptotic rate (r=0.915, P<0.01 and r=0.639, P<0.01). Our results demonstrated that hyperglycemia (high glucose) induced apoptosis partly through ERS in the differentiated mouse podocytes, which possibly contributes to the pathogenesis of DN.
Why Are There Failures of Systematicity? The Empirical Costs and Benefits of Inducing Universal Constructions

Systematicity is a property of cognition where capacity for certain cognitive abilities implies capacity for certain other (structurally related) cognitive abilities. This property is thought to derive from a capacity to represent/process common structural relations between constituents of cognizable entities, however, systematicity may not always materialize in such admissible contexts. A theoretical challenge is to explain why systematicity fails to materialize in contexts that allow the realization (e.g., by induction) of common structure (universal construction). We hypothesize that one cause of failure arises when the potential gain afforded by induction of common structure is overshadowed by the immediate benefit of learning the task as independent stimulus-response associations. This hypothesis was tested in an experiment that required learning two series of pair maps that involved products (universal construction), or non-products (control) of varied size: the number of unique cue/target elements (three to six) constituting pairs. Each series was learned in either ascending or descending order of size. Only performance on the product series was affected by order: systematicity was obtained universally in the descend group, but only on large sets in the ascend group, as revealed by the significant order × size interaction for errors in the product condition, F(3, 87) = 3.38, p < 0.05. Smaller maps are more easily learned without inducing the common product structure, which is more readily observable with larger maps: larger maps provide more evidence for relationships between stimulus dimensions that facilitate the discovery of the common structure. The new challenge, then, is to explain the systematic learnability of stimulus-response maps, i.e., second-order systematicity.
Acute Pulmonary Embolism Decreases Adenosine Plasma Levels in Anesthetized Pigs

Adenosine plays a role in pulmonary arterial (PA) resistance due to its vasodilator properties. However, the behavior of adenosine plasma levels (APLs) during pulmonary embolism remains unknown. We investigated the effects of gradual pulmonary embolism on right ventricular (RV) contractility and PA coupling and on APLs in an piglet experimental model of RV failure. PA distal resistance by pressure-flow relationships and pulmonary vascular impedance were measured. RV contractility was determined by the end-systolic pressure-volume relationship (Ees), PA effective elastance by the end-diastolic to end-systolic relationship (Ea), and RV-PA coupling efficiency by the Ees/Ea ratio. APLs were measured before and during gradual pulmonary embolization. PA embolism increased PA resistance and elastance, increased Ea from 1.08 ± 0.15 to 5.62 ± 0.32 mmHg/mL, decreased Ees from 1.82 ± 0.10 to 1.20 ± 0.23 mmHg/mL, and decreased Ees/Ea from 1.69 ± 0.15 to 0.21 ± 0.07. APLs decreased from 2.7 ± 0.26 to 1.3 ± 0.12 μM in the systemic bed and from 4.03 ± 0.63 to 2.51 ± 0.58 μM in the pulmonary bed during embolism procedure. Pulmonary embolism worsens PA hemodynamics and RV-PA coupling. APLs were reduced, both in the systemic and in the pulmonary bed, leading then to pulmonary vasoconstriction.
Dynamic Zero-Sensitivity Scheme for Low-Power Cache Memories

A low-power cache has become essential in many applications, but cache accesses contribute significantly to a chip's total power consumption. Because most bit values read from the cache are 0's, the authors introduce a dynamic zero-sensitivity (DZS) scheme that reduces average cache power consumption by preventing bitlines from discharging in reading a 0.
Recent innovations in barrier technologies for plastic packaging—a review

The barrier solutions presently available on the market all have their drawbacks, e.g. cost, water‐sensitivity, opacity or perceived environmental bad‐will. At the same time there is a trend to use more plastic‐based packaging materials for different applications, e.g. as replacements for metal and glass containers. This situation has stimulated the industry to provide new, more efficient barrier solutions. The innovations go along five major lines: (a) thin, transparent vacuum‐deposited coatings; (b) new barrier polymers as discrete layers; (c) blends of barrier polymers and standard polymers; (d) organic barrier coatings; and (e) nanocomposite materials. This paper provides a comprehensive review of the different approaches, outlining the principle behind each barrier technology, its performance, its potential and the companies developing and producing the materials. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Geoscientific Model Development The Model of Emissions of Gases and Aerosols from Nature version 2 . 1 ( MEGAN 2 . 1 ) : an extended and updated framework for modeling biogenic emissions

The Model of Emissions of Gases and Aerosols from Nature version 2.1 (MEGAN2.1) is a modeling framework for estimating fluxes of biogenic compounds between terrestrial ecosystems and the atmosphere using simple mechanistic algorithms to account for the major known processes controlling biogenic emissions. It is available as an offline code and has also been coupled into land surface and atmospheric chemistry models. MEGAN2.1 is an update from the previous versions including MEGAN2.0, which was described for isoprene emissions by Guenther et al. (2006) and MEGAN2.02, which was described for monoterpene and sesquiterpene emissions by Sakulyanontvittaya et al. (2008). Isoprene comprises about half of the total global biogenic volatile organic compound (BVOC) emission of 1 Pg (1000 Tg or 1015 g) estimated using MEGAN2.1. Methanol, ethanol, acetaldehyde, acetone, α-pinene, β-pinene, t-βocimene, limonene, ethene, and propene together contribute another 30 % of the MEGAN2.1 estimated emission. An additional 20 compounds (mostly terpenoids) are associated with the MEGAN2.1 estimates of another 17 % of the total emission with the remaining 3 % distributed among >100 compounds. Emissions of 41 monoterpenes and 32 sesquiterpenes together comprise about 15 % and 3 %, respectively, of the estimated total global BVOC emission. Tropical trees cover about 18 % of the global land surface and are estimated to be responsible for ∼ 80 % of terpenoid emissions and∼ 50 % of other VOC emissions. Other trees cover about the same area but are estimated to contribute only about 10 % of total emissions. The magnitude of the emissions estimated with MEGAN2.1 are within the range of estimates reported using other approaches and much of the differences between reported values can be attributed to land cover and meteorological driving variables. The offline version of MEGAN2.1 source code and driving variables is available fromhttp://bai.acd. ucar.edu/MEGAN/ and the version integrated into the Community Land Model version 4 (CLM4) can be downloaded fromhttp://www.cesm. ucar.edu/ .
Comments on GMM with Latent Variables

We consider classical and Bayesian estimation procedures implemented by means of a set of conditional moment conditions that depend on latent variables. The latent variables evolve according to a Markovian transition density. Two main classes of applications are: 1) GMM estimation with time-varying parameters; and 2) estimation of nonlinear Dynamic Stochastic General Equilibrium (DSGE) models. The key idea is to base inference on an approximate likelihood that depends on conditional moment conditions. Bayesian estimation using this approach has received previous attention. The Bayesian results, which exploit some differences between Bayesian and frequentist inference, are summarized. Two methods for extending the Bayesian results to frequentist inference are discussed: 1) a particle filter approach. and, 2) a nonparametric sieve approach. At the present state of development, the former holds the most promise.
Spatial distribution of D1R- and D2R-expressing medium-sized spiny neurons differs along the rostro-caudal axis of the mouse dorsal striatum

The striatum projection neurons are striatonigral and striatopallidal medium-sized spiny neurons (MSNs) that preferentially express D1 (D1R) and D2 (D2R) dopamine receptors, respectively. It is generally assumed that these neurons are physically intermingled, without cytoarchitectural organization although this has not been tested. To address this question we used BAC transgenic mice expressing enhanced green fluorescence (EGFP) under the control of Drd1a or Drd2 promoter and spatial point pattern statistics. We demonstrate that D1R- and D2R-expressing MSNs are randomly distributed in most of the dorsal striatum, whereas a specific region in the caudal striatum, adjacent to the GPe, lacks neurons expressing markers for indirect pathway neurons. This area comprises almost exclusively D1R-expressing MSNs. These neurons receive excitatory inputs from the primary auditory cortex and the medial geniculate thalamic nucleus and a rich dopamine innervation. This area contains cholinergic and GABAergic interneurons but apparently no D2R/A2aR modulation because no fluorescence was detected in the neuropil of Drd2-EGFP or Drd2-Cre, and Adora-Cre BAC transgenic mice crossed with reporter mice. This striatal area that expresses calbindin D28k, VGluT1 and 2, is poor in μ opiate receptors and preproenkephalin. Altogether, the differences observed in D1R-MSNs, D2R-MSNs, and interneurons densities, as well as the anatomical segregation of D1R- and D2R/A2aR-expressing MSNs suggest that there are regional differences in the organization of the striatum.