Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Kinship, greenbeards, and runaway social selection in the evolution of social insect cooperation

Social Hymenoptera have played a leading role in development and testing of kin selection theory. Inclusive fitness models, following from Hamilton's rule, successfully predict major life history characteristics, such as biased sex investment ratios and conflict over parentage of male offspring. However, kin selection models poorly predict patterns of caste-biasing nepotism and reproductive skew within groups unless kin recognition constraints or group-level selection is also invoked. These successes and failures mirror the underlying kin recognition mechanisms. With reliable environmental cues, such as the sex of offspring or the origin of male eggs, predictions are supported. When only genetic recognition cues are potentially available, predictions are not supported. Mathematical simulations demonstrate that these differing mechanisms for determining kinship produce very different patterns of behavior. Decisions based on environmental cues for relatedness result in a robust mixture of cooperation and noncooperation depending on whether or not Hamilton's rule is met. In contrast, cooperation evolves under a wider range of conditions and to higher frequencies with genetic kin recognition as shared greenbeard traits. This “excess of niceness” matches the existing patterns in caste bias and reproductive skew; individuals often help others at an apparent cost to their inclusive fitness. The results further imply a potential for greenbeard-type kin recognition to create arbitrary runaway social selection for shared genetic traits. Suggestive examples in social evolution may be alloparental care and unicoloniality in ants. Differences in kin recognition mechanisms also can have consequences for maintenance of advantageous genetic diversity within populations.
Geometric Numerical Integration of Inequality Constrained, Nonsmooth Hamiltonian Systems

We consider the geometric numerical integration of Hamiltonian systems subject to both equality and ``hard” inequality constraints. As in the standard geometric integration setting, we target long-term structure preservation. Additionally, however, we also consider invariant preservation over persistent, simultaneous, and/or frequent boundary interactions. Appropriately formulating geometric methods for these cases has long remained challenging due the inherent nonsmoothness and one-sided conditions that they impose. To resolve these issues we thus focus both on symplectic-momentum preserving behavior and the preservation of additional structures, unique to the inequality constrained setting. Toward these goals we introduce, for the first time, a fully nonsmooth, discrete Hamilton's principle and obtain an associated framework for composing geometric numerical integration methods for inequality-equality--constrained systems. Applying this framework, we formulate a new family of geometric numerical integra.
Photoproduction and Detoxification of Hydroxyl radicals in Chloroplasts and Leaves and Relation to Photoinactivation of Photosystems I and II

The light-dependent production of hydroxyl radicals (HO*) by thylakoids, chloroplasts and leaves of Spinacia oleracea was investigated using dimethylsulfoxide as HO' trapping agent. Maximum rates of HO' production by thylakoids as indicated by the formation of methane sulfinic acid were observed under aerobic conditions in the absence of added electron acceptors. They were higher than 2 /anol (mgChlh)"1. Saturation of HO* production occurred at the low photon flux density of 100 /rniol m~2 s"1. Trapping of HO* by dimethylsulfoxide suppressed, but did not eliminate light-dependent inactivation of PSI and II suggesting that HO' formation contributed to the photosensitivity of isolated thylakoids. DCMU inhibited HO' formation. Importantly, methylviologen decreased HO* formation in the absence, but stimulated it in the presence of Fe 3+. In intact chloroplasts, HO' formation became appreciable only after KCN had been added to inhibit effective H2O2 scavenging by ascorbate peroxidase. It was stimulated by ferrisulfate, but not by ferricyanide which does not penetrate the chloroplast envelope. Infiltrated spinach leaves behaved similar in principle to intact chloroplasts in regard to HO* formation but HO' production was very slow if detectable at all by the formation of methylsulfini c acid indicating effective radical detoxification. HO' formation is interpreted to be the result of a Fenton-type reaction which produces HO' in chloroplasts from H2O2 and reduced ferredoxin, when O2 is electron acceptor in the Mehler reaction and radical detoxification reactions are inhibited.
Diffusion dynamics of synaptic molecules during inhibitory postsynaptic plasticity

The plasticity of inhibitory transmission is expected to play a key role in the modulation of neuronal excitability and network function. Over the last two decades, the investigation of the determinants of inhibitory synaptic plasticity has allowed distinguishing presynaptic and postsynaptic mechanisms. While there has been a remarkable progress in the characterization of presynaptically-expressed plasticity of inhibition, the postsynaptic mechanisms of inhibitory long-term synaptic plasticity only begin to be unraveled. At postsynaptic level, the expression of inhibitory synaptic plasticity involves the rearrangement of the postsynaptic molecular components of the GABAergic synapse, including GABAA receptors, scaffold proteins and structural molecules. This implies a dynamic modulation of receptor intracellular trafficking and receptor surface lateral diffusion, along with regulation of the availability and distribution of scaffold proteins. This Review will focus on the mechanisms of the multifaceted molecular reorganization of the inhibitory synapse during postsynaptic plasticity, with special emphasis on the key role of protein dynamics to ensure prompt and reliable activity-dependent adjustments of synaptic strength.
Near-/sub-threshold DLL-based clock generator with PVT-aware locking range compensation

A near-/sub-threshold programmable clock generator is proposed in this paper. The major challenge of the ultra-low voltage (ULV) circuits is that the lock-in range of the delay line is easily affected by the environmental variations. In the proposed clock generator, there is a PVT compensation unit which consists of a set of delay line and a PVT detector. The unit is responsible for adjusting the lock-in range of clock generator to guarantee successful clock lock. In addition, the variation-aware logic design is performed in the clock generator, which improves the reliability on process variation. Also, the adoption of pulse-circulating scheme suppresses process induced output clock jitter. Furthermore, it has the ability to generate the output clock with frequency from 1/8 to 4 times of the reference clock. The clock generator has been designed using UMC 65nm CMOS technology. The frequencies of reference clock are 625 kHz at 0.2V and 5MHz at 0.5V. The power consumptions are 0. 18μW and 5. 17μW, respectively, at 0.2V and 0.5V. The core area of this clock generator is 0.01mm2.
8‐chloroadenosine induced HL‐60 cell growth inhibition, differentiation, and G0/G1 arrest involves attenuated cyclin D1 and telomerase and up‐regulated p21WAF1/CIP1

8‐Chloroadenosine, an active dephosphorylated metabolite of the antineoplastic agent 8‐chloroadenosine 3′,5′‐monophosphate (8‐Cl‐cAMP), induces growth inhibition in multiple carcinomas. Here we report that 8‐chloroadenosine inhibits growth in human promyelocytic leukemia HL‐60 cells by a G0/G1 phase arrest and terminates cell differentiation along the granulocytic lineage. The mechanism of 8‐chloroadenosine‐induced G0/G1 arrest is independent of apoptosis. The expressions of cyclin D1 and c‐myc in HL‐60 are suppressed by 8‐chloroadenosine, whereas the cyclin‐dependent kinases inhibitor p21WAF1/CIP1 is up‐regulated. 8‐Chloroadenosine has less effect on the expressions of cyclin‐dependent kinase (cdk)2 and cdk4, G1 phase cyclin‐dependent kinases, and only moderately induces the expression of transforming growth factor β1 (TGFβ1) and the mitotic inhibitor p27KIP1. Telomerase activity is reduced in extracts of 8‐chloroadenosine treated HL‐60 cells, but 8‐chloroadenosine does not directly inhibit the catalytic activity of telomerase in vitro. Therefore, anti‐proliferation of HL‐60 cells by 8‐chloroadenosine involves coordination of cyclin D1 suppression, reduction of telomerase activity, and up‐regulation of p21WAF1/CIP1 that arrest cell‐cycle progression at G0/G1 phase and terminate cell differentiation. J. Cell. Biochem. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Predominant Role of Toll-Like Receptor 2 Versus 4 in Chlamydia pneumoniae-Induced Activation of Dendritic Cells

Chlamydia pneumoniae is an obligate intracellular human pathogen causing diseases such as pneumonia, bronchitis, and pharyngitis. Because of its intracellular replication, cell-mediated immune responses are needed to mediate successful defenses of the host. Because dendritic cells play a central role in linking innate immunity and Ag-specific cell-mediated immune responses we asked whether dendritic cells are activated upon contact with C. pneumoniae and whether known Toll like receptors (TLR) are involved in this process. Here we show that C. pneumoniae was taken up by bone marrow-derived murine dendritic cells. Ingested C. pneumoniae appeared to be unable to develop mature inclusion inside dendritic cells. Furthermore, upon contact with C. pneumoniae dendritic cells were potently stimulated because NF-κB was activated and translocated to the nucleus, cytokines like IL-12p40 and TNF-α were secreted, and expression of MHC class II molecules, CD40, CD80, and CD86 was up-regulated. Importantly, secretion of cytokines as well as translocation of NF-κB were dependent on the presence of TLR2 and independent from TLR4 with the exception of IL-12p40 secretion, which was attenuated in the absence of either a functional TLR2 or 4. In conclusion, we show here that recognition of the Gram-negative bacterium C. pneumoniae depends largely on TLR2 and only to a minor extent on TLR4.
Lipid Peroxidation Following in Vitro and in Vivo O2 Exposures.

Abstract : Four indices of lipid peroxidation were studied in rat brain, lung, and plasma to determine if these would be useful markers of progressive oxidative damage. Conjugated dienes, thiobarbituric acid reactive substances, and water and lipid soluble fluorescent products were measured following IN vitro and in vivo O2 exposures. For in vitro studies, homogenized tissues were oxidized non-enzymatically in increasing amounts of O2. For in vivo studies, rats were exposed to normobaric or hyperbaric O2 for a range of times and pressures. In vitro, all 4 indices increased with PO2 of exposure: brain > lung > plasma. In vivo exposures resulted in lower levels than those achieved in vitro. Hyperbaric exposure produced higher levels than normobaric exposures, but fairly long duration and/or high P02 exposures were required for increases in tissues. On the other hand, plasma thiobarbituric acid reactive substances increased after only 6 h of normobaric 02 exposure and remained elevated. Brain lipid peroxidation was detected following normobaric 02, giving evidence of non-pulmonary oxidation. These results show that there is a relationship between severity of O2 exposure and level of lipid peroxidation, but suggest that other markers should also be investigated for earlier changes.
Acetylcholinesterase Inhibition Improves Tachycardia in Postural Tachycardia Syndrome

Background—Postural tachycardia syndrome (POTS) induces disabling chronic orthostatic intolerance notable for an excessive increase in heart rate that occurs on standing. Many current therapeutic strategies focus on sympatholysis, but the alternative strategy of enhancing cardiovagal tone has not been studied. The objective of this study was to test the hypothesis that acetylcholinesterase inhibitors will attenuate the tachycardia and improve symptom burden in patients with POTS. Methods and Results—Seventeen patients with POTS underwent acute drug trials of pyridostigmine 30 mg orally and placebo, on separate mornings, in a randomized crossover design. Blood pressures, heart rate, and symptoms were assessed while patients were seated and after they had been standing for up to 10 minutes both before the study drug was given and at 2 and 4 hours after study drug. The heart rate was significantly lower at 2 hours after pyridostigmine than after placebo (100±16 versus 111±14 bpm, P=0.001). Pyridostigmine significantly decreased the standing heart rate from baseline (119±16 bpm) at 2 hours (104±16 bpm, P<0.001) and 4 hours (100±16 bpm, P<0.001) after administration. There was no significant change in blood pressure. The decrease in symptom burden within 4 hours after study drug was significantly greater with pyridostigmine than placebo (−10.4±14.0 AU versus 0.6±7.5 AU, P<0.025). Conclusions—Acute acetylcholinesterase inhibition significantly attenuated tachycardia in POTS. There was also an improvement in symptom burden with this promising therapy.
Pricing American Options in a Jump Diffusion Model

In this study, we use the McKean's integral equation to evaluate the American option price for the constant jump diffusion models. The early exercise boundary is ap- proximated by a multipiece exponential function. Approximate closed-form solution of the no arbitrage American option prices are obtained . Simulation studies are performed to evaluate accuracy of the derived formula. The results show that the proposed method improves the pricing of American option for larger dividend rates. Keywords-American options; early exercise boundary; early exercise premium; jump diffusion model; McKean's equation.
The essence of the Visitor pattern

For object-oriented programming, the Visitor pattern enables the definition of a new operation on an object structure without changing the classes of the objects. The price has been that the set of classes must be fixed in advance, and they must each have a so-called accept method. In this paper we demonstrate how to program visitors without relying on accept methods and without knowing all classes of the objects in advance. The idea, derived from related work on shape polymorphism in functional programming, is to separate (1) accessing subobjects, and (2) acting on them. In the object-oriented setting, reflection techniques support access to sub-objects, as demonstrated in our Java class, Walkabout. It supports all visitors as subclasses, and they can be programmed without any further use of reflection. Thus a program using the Visitor pattern can now be understood as a specialized version of a program using the Walkabout class.
Augmented Buck Converter Design using Resonant Circuits for Fast Transient Recovery

High-performance buck converters are often required in modern power electronic applications. An augmented buck converter (a main buck converter with augmentation circuits) can achieve fast transient recovery and small output voltage deviation. Compared with other augmentation circuits, a resonant augmentation circuit offers potential electromagnetic interference reduction due to the relatively low di/dt value and compacts the circuit through a reduced inductance for resonance. In this paper, the performance analysis of an augmented buck converter constructed with the resonant circuit are described in detail in terms of voltage-deviation band and power loss. A circuit design and control principle is also proposed for achieving the required voltage deviation for a given transient-detection delay. A 12-to-5-V converter prototype is built to verify the analysis and effectiveness of the proposed methodology. It is demonstrated that the voltage deviation is reduced from 360 to 200 mV using the proposed resonant augmentation circuits and control scheme. The efficiency study shows that the power loss varies from 0.02 to 0.72 W, when the repetition frequency of 5-to-10-A transients changes from 100 to 5 kHz.
High-performance concretes: A state-of-the-art report

The state-of-the-art report summarizes the results of an extensive search and review of available literature on the mechanical properties of concrete, with particular reference to the highway application of high performance concrete (HPC). The authors define high performance concrete in terms of minimum requirements for strength and durability, as well as potential to reduce construction time. The report discusses in detail the selection of materials and the manufacture of high performance concrete; the behavior of plastic and hardened concrete, including strength and deformation characteristics; the behavior of fiber-reinforced concrete; and the applications of high performance concretes.
Network-Centric Systems for Military Operations in Urban Terrain: The Role of UAVs

Military systems are the motivational driver for much of the technology development conducted at applied research laboratories around the world. As the needs of the world's militaries change, so does the focus of this research and development. In this paper, we discuss how the fundamental characteristics of military operations in urban terrain (MOUT) impose requirements and constraints on sensing and reconnaissance. We highlight the importance of a new class of small unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) for network-centric military urban operations. We review some of the UAVs that have been developed in recent years, and that are under development, with particular attention to their endurance, portability, performance, payload, and communication capabilities. Selected university testbeds are also briefly noted. Over the last few years there has been considerable research focused on how these small UAVs, both individually and collectively, can operate autonomously in urban environments and help capture and communicate needed information. We discuss some of this research; specific topics covered include guidance and control for autonomous operation, multi-UAV coordination and route optimization, and ad-hoc networking with UAV nodes. A new concept of operations is described that relies on coordination and control of a heterogeneous suite of small UAVs for surveillance and reconnaissance operations in urban terrain
SMutant: a tool for type-sensitive mutation testing in a dynamic language

A mutation testing tool takes as input a system under test and a test suite and produces as output the mutation score of the test suite. The tool systematically creates mutants by making small syntactic changes to the system under test and executes the test suite to determine which mutants give different results from the original system. Almost all mutation testing tools have been developed for statically typed languages. The lack of tools for dynamically typed languages may be rooted in additional challenges that are caused by the lack of precise type information until the program is executed. Existing tools for dynamically typed languages mostly focus on mutation of literals because the type of literals are known statically. This paper presents SMutant, the first mutation testing tool for Smalltalk programs. In addition to literal replacement, SMutant supports many mutation operators that are commonly seen in tools for statically typed languages, such as operator replacement. Instead of applying mutations statically, SMutant postpones mutating until execution and applies mutations dynamically, when the types are available. Also, SMutant enables the user to define new mutation operators by sending a single message. The tool automatically generates code to support new mutation operators.
Identification and Expression of the Family of Classical Protein-Tyrosine Phosphatases in Zebrafish

Protein-tyrosine phosphatases (PTPs) have an important role in cell survival, differentiation, proliferation, migration and other cellular processes in conjunction with protein-tyrosine kinases. Still relatively little is known about the function of PTPs in vivo. We set out to systematically identify all classical PTPs in the zebrafish genome and characterize their expression patterns during zebrafish development. We identified 48 PTP genes in the zebrafish genome by BLASTing of human PTP sequences. We verified all in silico hits by sequencing and established the spatio-temporal expression patterns of all PTPs by in situ hybridization of zebrafish embryos at six distinct developmental stages. The zebrafish genome encodes 48 PTP genes. 14 human orthologs are duplicated in the zebrafish genome and 3 human orthologs were not identified. Based on sequence conservation, most zebrafish orthologues of human PTP genes were readily assigned. Interestingly, the duplicated form of ptpn23, a catalytically inactive PTP, has lost its PTP domain, indicating that PTP activity is not required for its function, or that ptpn23b has lost its PTP domain in the course of evolution. All 48 PTPs are expressed in zebrafish embryos. Most PTPs are maternally provided and are broadly expressed early on. PTP expression becomes progressively restricted during development. Interestingly, some duplicated genes retained their expression pattern, whereas expression of other duplicated genes was distinct or even mutually exclusive, suggesting that the function of the latter PTPs has diverged. In conclusion, we have identified all members of the family of classical PTPs in the zebrafish genome and established their expression patterns. This is the first time the expression patterns of all members of the large family of PTP genes have been established in a vertebrate. Our results provide the first step towards elucidation of the function of the family of classical PTPs.
Intelligent Taxi Service System Based on Carrier-Cloud-Client

The development of cloud computing, big data and ubiquitous communication technologies bring a golden opportunity to traditional taxi service systems. In this paper, we propose an intelligent taxi service system based on Carrier-Cloud-Client framework of Internet of Vehicle (IOV) for the first time. Basically, the system employs an advanced intelligent vehicle terminal, a powerful cloud platform and practical client applications. Specifically, a hierarchical model is presented as an architecture to modularize the system, spanning from terminal sensing and data processing to the topmost service presentation. The proposed system can significantly improve customer satisfaction, driver enthusiasm and business performance. Finally, the value of the intelligent taxi service system is demonstrated by applying it to some scenarios in the real word. The result shows that our system outperform most existing taxi service systems with respect to the service quality.