Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
The empty library - or where are the books?

The paper analyses the different view points that were present in the debate and concludes that there are fundamental dichotomies regarding the expected role of the public library in the contemporary Danish society. The debate was initiated by a December 2007 interview with the newly appointed director, Pernille Schaltz, of the main public library in Copenhagen. She stated that books need competition from the new media. The lending department of the library should not be seen as the library’s stock but as a show case for the library’s services (Politiken, December 28 th , 2007). Soon after, the first critics entered the scene and voiced the fear that these statements meant the death of quality fiction in the public libraries. The critics relied in their arguments on the assumed truth that a library is equal to a collection of books – and that a library without books is not a library. The more librarians who argued for an inclusion of new media in the library’s collection, the more writers and publishers feared for the future of books in the library – in particular for the less popular part of fiction literature. This means that the debate has revitalised a long buried debate on quality as a principle for selecting materials in the public libraries. But any discussion on what materials the public library should contain is, in fact, a discussion on what kind of library we (the society) want. Thus, the article demonstrates that the recent debate made explicit a discussion of the role, vision and legitimacy of the 21 st century Danish public library.
A modified vector control strategy for DFIG based wind turbines to Ride-Through voltage dips

Nowadays, the wind market is dominated by doubly fed induction generator (DFIG) based wind turbines. However, they are very sensitive to grid faults due to the small rated power converters and direct connection to the grid. In order to improve its Low Voltage Ride-Through (LVRT) capability, this paper proposes a modified vector control strategy of the DFIG by considering the dynamics of stator flux deduced by grid voltage dip. The limitation of the proposed scheme is also presented with a feasible region, which indicates the necessity of additional protection implementation such as crowbar. Then coordinated control strategies are proposed to enhance the LVRT performance with grid voltage support capability. Simulation results show the effectiveness of the proposed control schemes.
Central Gain Control in Tinnitus and Hyperacusis

Sensorineural hearing loss induced by noise or ototoxic drug exposure reduces the neural activity transmitted from the cochlea to the central auditory system. Despite a reduced cochlear output, neural activity from more central auditory structures is paradoxically enhanced at suprathreshold intensities. This compensatory increase in the central auditory activity in response to the loss of sensory input is referred to as central gain enhancement. Enhanced central gain is hypothesized to be a potential mechanism that gives rise to hyperacusis and tinnitus, two debilitating auditory perceptual disorders that afflict millions of individuals. This review will examine the evidence for gain enhancement in the central auditory system in response to cochlear damage. Further, it will address the potential cellular and molecular mechanisms underlying this enhancement and discuss the contribution of central gain enhancement to tinnitus and hyperacusis. Current evidence suggests that multiple mechanisms with distinct temporal and spectral profiles are likely to contribute to central gain enhancement. Dissecting the contributions of these different mechanisms at different levels of the central auditory system is essential for elucidating the role of central gain enhancement in tinnitus and hyperacusis and, most importantly, the development of novel treatments for these disorders.
Impact of Depression, Fatigue, and Global Measure of Cortical Volume on Cognitive Impairment in Multiple Sclerosis

Objective. To investigate the influence of demographic and clinical variables, such as depression, fatigue, and quantitative MRI marker on cognitive performances in a sample of patients affected by multiple sclerosis (MS). Methods. 60 MS patients (52 relapsing remitting and 8 primary progressive) underwent neuropsychological assessments using Rao's Brief Repeatable Battery of Neuropsychological Tests (BRB-N), the Beck Depression Inventory-second edition (BDI-II), and the Fatigue Severity Scale (FSS). We performed magnetic resonance imaging to all subjects using a 3 T scanner and obtained tissue-specific volumes (normalized brain volume and cortical brain volume). We used Student's t-test to compare depressed and nondepressed MS patients. Finally, we performed a multivariate regression analysis in order to assess possible predictors of patients' cognitive outcome among demographic and clinical variables. Results. 27.12% of the sample (16/59) was cognitively impaired, especially in tasks requiring attention and information processing speed. From between group comparison, we find that depressed patients had worse performances on BRB-N score, greater disability and disease duration, and brain volume decrease. According to multiple regression analysis, the BDI-II score was a significant predictor for most of the neuropsychological tests. Conclusions. Our findings suggest that the presence of depressive symptoms is an important determinant of cognitive performance in MS patients.
Web Content Extraction through Histogram Clustering

We describe a method to extract content text from diverse Web pages by using the HTML document’s Text-To-Tag Ratio (TTR) rather than specific HTML cues that are not constant across various Web pages. We describe how to compute the TTR on a line-by-line basis and then cluster the results into content and non-content areas. The resulting TTR-histogram is not easily clustered because of its one dimensionality; therefore we present a technique to better represent the histogram in two-dimensions. Next, we compare clustering techniques such as EM, K-Means, and Farthest First – in density and distance modes – with a threshold partitioning technique on the resulting two-dimensional data. These clustering techniques are also enhanced with the use of histogram smoothing techniques. We then evaluate our approach using standard accuracy, precision and recall metrics. INTRODUCTION The amount of information being gathered and stored on the Internet continues to increase. The artifacts of this growing market provide interesting new research opportunities that explore social interactions, language, art, mathematics, etc. Many of these new research opportunities require the content of the Internet to be gathered, processed and stored quickly and efficiently. This effort is often hampered by the use of structure tags in HTML and XML. These tags are meaningful only to the browser that renders the document, but bear little semantic meaning to the end user. Tags and other non-content related HTML characters – images not included – comprise the majority of each page’s size (Lu, et al. 2004), and yet, Internet researchers are forced to crawl, compute and store web content in their entirety. This work focuses on extracting content from Web pages that are otherwise laden with structural data, links and advertisements, commonly called Text Extraction (Soderland 1997). This work is particularly challenging because of the difficulty in determining which part of a web page is meaningful and which part is not. In this paper, we extend our previous work on Web content extraction with the use of the Text-To-Tag Ratio (TTR). The TTR approach to Web content extraction makes no assumptions about the particular structure of a given Web page, nor does it look for particular cues such as specific HTML tags, etc. as previous research does. The only necessary pre-condition of a page’s structure is that it has some structure. With this in mind, we construct a TTR-array with the contention that for each line k in the array, the higher the TTR is for the element k relative to the mean TTR of the entire array the more likely that k represents a line of content-text within the HTML document. In this and in previous work (Weninger et al. 2008), we observe that the TTR-array closely resembles a histogram, in that each histogram bucket represents the TTR of a line
State Export Behavior and Barriers

The pattern of U.S. state exports to foreign destination|which states export which goods to which destinations|has not been studied in detail despite the high prole of exports in the public consciousness. Currently there is not a clear description of facts characterizing exports for all states, destinations, and manufacturing subsectors. I combine research methods from both rm- and country-level empirical international trade on a cross section of state export data to list seventeen stylized facts that any state trade theory should account for.
A multiscale road map of cancer spheroids – incorporating experimental and mathematical modelling to understand cancer progression

Summary Computational models represent a highly suitable framework, not only for testing biological hypotheses and generating new ones but also for optimising experimental strategies. As one surveys the literature devoted to cancer modelling, it is obvious that immense progress has been made in applying simulation techniques to the study of cancer biology, although the full impact has yet to be realised. For example, there are excellent models to describe cancer incidence rates or factors for early disease detection, but these predictions are unable to explain the functional and molecular changes that are associated with tumour progression. In addition, it is crucial that interactions between mechanical effects, and intracellular and intercellular signalling are incorporated in order to understand cancer growth, its interaction with the extracellular microenvironment and invasion of secondary sites. There is a compelling need to tailor new, physiologically relevant in silico models that are specialised for particular types of cancer, such as ovarian cancer owing to its unique route of metastasis, which are capable of investigating anti-cancer therapies, and generating both qualitative and quantitative predictions. This Commentary will focus on how computational simulation approaches can advance our understanding of ovarian cancer progression and treatment, in particular, with the help of multicellular cancer spheroids, and thus, can inform biological hypothesis and experimental design.
Money-Back Warranties vs. Replacement Warranties: A Simple Comparison

Product warranties are one of the most common, time-honored, and visible contractual relationships entered into by consumers. Moreover, under the Uniform Commercial Code, consumers are covered by an implied " warranty of merchantability," even without a written warranty. In this paper, we compare the outcomes of two contrasting types of consumer product warranties: money-back warranties and replacement warranties. Both these types of warranties are ubiquitous. In fact, A. Best and A. R. Andreasen (1977) find that returning an item is the most common action taken by dissatisfied consumers. C. L. Kendall and F. A. Russ (1975), in a study of the consumer packaged goods industry, find that money-back and new merchandise are the two most common responses made by firms to consumer complaints. Yet as our analysis shows, there are significant differences in the incentives they provide firms and in their welfare properties. In particular, we find that the comparison depends crucially on the observability of quality and on the cost of servicing warranties. Although there are certainly more complicated explanations for warranties, we rely on a simple model of imperfect consumer information in which to embed our comparison of the relative performance of these two forms of warranty. Consumers are confronted by seller moral hazard, that is, either they are unable to discern the quality of a product before purchase or, alternatively, this information is extremely costly for consumers to obtain or for firms to publicly demonstrate. We abstract from issues such as differing degrees of risk aversion, consumer moral hazard, and screening, each of which is frequently the rationale behind warranty provision. ' Our model is perhaps closest to the model presented in Michael Spence's 1977 article in which he analyzes the provision of warranties in an environment with biased consumer information.
Prevalence of Candida co-infection in patients with pulmonary tuberculosis.

BACKGROUND Candida species are emerging as a potentially pathogenic fungus in patients with broncho-pulmonary diseases. The synergistic growth promoting association of Candida and Mycobacterium tuberculosis has raised increased concern for studying the various Candida spp . and its significance in pulmonary tuberculosis patients during current years. AIMS This study was undertaken with the objective of discovering the prevalence of co-infection caused by different Candida species in patients with pulmonary tuberculosis. METHOD A total of 75 patients with pulmonary tuberculosis diagnosed by sputum Ziehl-Neelsen staining were included in the study. Candida co-infection was confirmed using the Kahanpaa et al. criteria. Candida species were identified using gram stain morphology, germ tube formation, morphology on cornmeal agar with Tween-80, sugar fermentation tests and HiCrome Candida Agar. RESULTS Candida co-infection was observed in 30 (40%) of patients with pulmonary tuberculosis. Candida albicans was the most common isolate observed in 50% of the patients with co-infection, followed by C. tropicalis (20%) and C. glabrata (20%). Candida co-infection was found in 62.5% of female patients, while it was observed in only 29.4% of the male patients (P value 0.0133). Mean ± SD age of the patients with C. glabrata infection was 65.83 ± 3.19, while the mean ± SD age of the patients with other Candida infections was 43.25 ± 20.44 (P value 0.0138). CONCLUSION Many patients with pulmonary tuberculosis have co-infection with Candida spp. The prevalence of non-albicans Candida species is increasing and may be associated with inadequate response to anti-tubercular drugs. C. glabrata infection has a strong association with old age.
Xp54 and related (DDX6-like) RNA helicases: roles in messenger RNP assembly, translation regulation and RNA degradation

The DEAD-box RNA helicase Xp54 is an integral component of the messenger ribonucleoprotein (mRNP) particles of Xenopus oocytes. In oocytes, several abundant proteins bind pre-mRNA transcripts to modulate nuclear export, RNA stability and translational fate. Of these, Xp54, the mRNA-masking protein FRGY2 and its activating protein kinase CK2α, bind to nascent transcripts on chromosome loops, whereas an Xp54-associated factor, RapA/B, binds to the mRNP complex in the cytoplasm. Over-expression, mutation and knockdown experiments indicate that Xp54 functions to change the conformation of mRNP complexes, displacing one subset of proteins to accommodate another. The sequence of Xp54 is highly conserved in a wide spectrum of organisms. Like Xp54, Drosophila Me31B and Caenorhabditis CGH-1 are required for proper meiotic development, apparently by regulating the translational activation of stored mRNPs and also for sorting certain mRNPs into germplasm-containing structures. Studies on yeast Dhh1 and mammalian rck/p54 have revealed a key role for these helicases in mRNA degradation and in earlier remodelling of mRNP for entry into translation, storage or decay pathways. The versatility of Xp54 and related helicases in modulating the metabolism of mRNAs at all stages of their lifetimes marks them out as key regulators of post-transcriptional gene expression.
The Tax Benefits of Not-for-Profit Hospitals

This paper investigates three special tax provisions for not-for-profit (NFP) hospitals. First taxes -- both income and property taxes. Second, they issue tax-exempt bonds so lenders do not pay income taxes on interest received. Third, donors deduct charitable contributions from their income tax bases. The rationale for these policies is that the NFP hospitals provide community benefits, the definition of which is often loosely-specified. The value of capital tax exemptions depends on the capital intensity of NFP hospitals, and for income taxes, the hospitals' profitability. For 1995, the aggregate value of the exemption from income taxes is $4.6 billion; the median hospital receives benefits of 1.8 percent of total assets. For the property tax exemption, we estimate an aggregate value of $1.7 billion. The value of the property tax exemption varies across hospitals depending on state and local tax policies and the hospital asset mix. Tax-exempt bonds and deductible contributions are concentrated among larger hospitals. Only 19.7 percent of NFP hospitals had outstanding tax-exempt debt in 1994. Almost half of existing bond debt could be replaced by using hospital endowments; we calculate an annual aggregate benefit of $354 million from using tax-exempt bonds. For charitable contributions, roughly four percent of hospitals receive 71 percent of the contributions. We estimate that the lost tax revenue from these contributions is $1.1 billion in 1994.
An Occupational Choice Model for Developing Countries

Most occupational choice models introduce only two options for agents: entrepreneurial activities or wage-employment. However, these models represent inadequately the labor force distribution from developing countries, where an important proportion of the total work force are self-employed workers. Some models introduce self-employment as an occupational choice. These works have a common feature: when in equilibrium, wage earners belong to the lower end of the income distribution. Nevertheless, for a large set of developing countries, peasants and small proprietors are part of a self-employment sector that can mostly be found in the lower end of the income distribution. In contrast with previous efforts, in this work self-employment formation is consistent with data from most developing countries. We pay special attention to the conditions under which either the economy ends in a low income equilibrium where self-employment is the only form of production, or alternatively, the economy ends in a high income equilibrium with a well developed labor market. We study some public policy issues, paying special attention to role of capital markets and the efficiency of schooling.
The Slow Food Story: Politics and Pleasure

The Slow Food movement was founded in Italy in 1986 as a response to the perceived domination of fast food chains, supermarkets and agribusiness. It now has over 100,000 members in more than 130 countries and has become a significant player in debates on biodiversity, local food communities, and GM Food. It has also played a leading role in the new interest around ‘gastronomy’ as an academic discipline, establishing the first ‘University of Gastronomic Sciences’. This book is the first in-depth study of the politics of Slow Food and contains chapters on the ideology and social composition of the movement, as well as its growing international profile. The book outlines the history of Slow Food from a mainly gastronomic association into a social and political movement and a growing appeal beyond Europe. The book argues that the Slow Food movement has developed a distinctive ideology which has challenged both existing left and right political traditions, and expressed in a new conceptual language of ‘virtuous globalisation’, ‘good, clean and fair’, eco-gastronomy, the ‘co-producer’ and the ‘universal right to pleasure’. The book argues that while the Slow Food movement has grown in many different national and local conditions, including North America and Eastern Europe, and latterly Africa, as well as Western Europe, it has retained a coherent philosophy.
Accurate and True Reconstruction of 3D Models with Closed-Form Solutions

3D models of objects or scenes can be reconstructed from image sequences or multiple views. Reconstruction algorithms that adopt calibrated cameras generally produce more accurate results than those that adopt uncalibrated cameras, whereas the latter are more convenient to use. Depending on an application's need, one may trade oo between reconstruction accuracy and convenience. The objective of this research is to devise an accurate method for reconstructing the true and complete 3D models of small objects for use in applications such as virtual reality and model-based object recognition. This technical report focuses on the task of accurately recovering 3D coordinates of world points given a set of tracked 2D image points. To ensure reconstruction accuracy, the method uses a calibrated camera and a computer-controlled turntable. With this equipment setup, close-form solutions to the reconstruction problem are derived for various camera models including the perspective and the projective models. The existence of close-form solutions facilitate the construction of an eecient, accurate, and reliable optimization algorithm that performs true and complete reconstruction. Comprehensive experiments have been conducted to test the method's performance. Experimental results show that the method is more accurate and robust against noise than existing methods.
Developmental song learning in the zebra finch

Developmental learning (for example, speech acquisition in human infants) takes place early in life but its effects may last the entire lifetime of the individual. Developmental learning is difficult to study because the behavioral changes involved span many time scales: The challenge is to relate the developmental parameters to behavioral changes, which can occur within hours as well as across daily cycles of wakefulness and sleep and over developmental stages. The study of developmental song learning in birds provides a unique model system for examining this process in detail.
Product recommendation system for small online retailers using association rules mining

Recommendation systems in e-commerce have become essential tools to help businesses increase their sales. In this paper, we detail the design of a product recommendation system for small online retailers. Our system is specifically designed to address the needs of retailers with small data pools and limited processing power, and is tested for accuracy, efficiency, and scalability on real life data from a small online retailer.
NON-REPETITIVE COLORINGS OF GRAPHS

A sequence a = a1a2.an is said to be non-repetitive if no two adjacent blocks of a are exactly the same. For instance the sequence 1232321 contains a repetition 2323, while 123132123213 is non-repetitive. A theorem of Thue asserts that, using only three symbols, one can produce arbitrarily long non-repetitive sequences. In this paper we consider a natural generalization of Thue’s sequences for colorings of graphs. A coloring of the set of edges of a given graph G is non-repetitive if the sequence of colors on any path in G is non-repetitive. We call the minimal number of colors needed for such a coloring the Thue number of G and denote it by π(G). The main problem we consider is the relation between the numbers π(G) and ∆(G). We show, by an application of the Lovász Local Lemma, that the Thue number stays bounded for graphs with bounded maximum degree, in particular, π(G) ≤ c∆(G)2 for some absolute constant c. For certain special classes of graphs we obtain linear upper bounds on π(G), by giving explicit colorings. For instance, the Thue number of the complete graph Kn is at most 2n − 3, and π(T ) ≤ 4(∆(T ) − 1) for any tree T with at least two edges. We conclude by discussing some generalizations and proposing several problems and conjectures.