Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
The Head Direction Cell System and Behavior: The Effects of Lesions to the Lateral Mammillary Bodies on Spatial Memory in a Novel Landmark Task and in the Water Maze

The head direction system is composed of neurons found in a number of connected brain areas that fire in a sharply tuned, directional way. The function of this system, however, has not been fully established. To assess this, we devised a novel spatial landmark task, comparable to the paradigms in which stimulus control has been assessed for spatially tuned neurons. The task took place in a large cylinder and required rats to dig in a specific sand cup, from among 16 alternatives, to obtain a food reward. The reinforced cup was in a fixed location relative to a salient landmark, and probe sessions confirmed that the landmark exerted stimulus control over the rats’ cup choices. To assess the contribution of the head direction cell system to this memory task, half of the animals received ibotenic acid infusions into the lateral mammillary nuclei (LMN), an essential node in the head direction network, while the other received sham lesions. No differences were observed in performance of this task between the 2 groups. Animals with LMN lesions were impaired, however, in reversal learning on a water maze task. These results suggest that the LMN, and potentially the head direction cell system, are not essential for the use of visual landmarks to guide spatial behavior.
Fuzzy Hamming Distance Based Banknote Validator

Banknote validation systems are used to discriminate between genuine and counterfeit banknotes. The paper proposes a one-class classifier for genuine class using a new similarity measure based on the fuzzy Hamming distance. For each banknote several regions are considered (corresponding to security features) and each region is split in m times n partitions, to include position information. The feature space used by the classifier consists of color histograms of each partition. The fuzzy Hamming distance proves to have a good discrimination power being able to completely discriminate between the genuine and counterfeit banknotes
Effects of Area, Height, Elongation, and Color on Perceived Spaciousness

This article reports findings from three experiments, covering 46 environments and 66 participants, on how strongly four properties of the physical environment influence perceived spaciousness.The properties were horizontal area, boundary height, elongation, and color. Ten original findings were reported. Overall, horizontal area had the strongest effect on perceived spaciousness (r = .60; more floor area increases perceived spaciousness), followed by height (r = —.22; lower boundaries increase perceived spaciousness). The effect of color on perceived spaciousness, when amount of light is controlled, was much smaller (r = .14). Findings for elongation were different for concave and convex spaces (r’s of —.22 and +.26). Quantitative syntheses of the current work with previous work are presented, as is numerical guidance for cost-effective future work.
Karyotypic diversity in four species of the genus Gymnotus Linnaeus, 1758 (Teleostei, Gymnotiformes, Gymnotidae): physical mapping of ribosomal genes and telomeric sequences

Abstract Conventional (Giemsa, C-Banding, Ag-NORs, CMA3) and molecular (5S rDNA, 18S rDNA, telomeric sequences) cytogenetic studies were carried out in specimens of ten distinct fish populations of the genus Gymnotus (Gymnotus sylvius Albert and Fernandes-Matioli, 1999, Gymnotus inaequilabiatus Valenciennes, 1839, Gymnotus pantherinus Steindachner, 1908, and G. cf. carapo Linnaeus, 1758) from different Brazilian hydrographic basins. Gymnotus sylvius presented a diploid number of 40 chromosomes (22m+12sm+6st), Gymnotus pantherinus presented 52 chromosomes (32m+18sm+2st), while Gymnotus inaequilabiatus (42m+10sm+2a)and Gymnotus cf. carapo (38m+12sm+4st) presented 54 chromosomes. The C-banding technique revealed centromeric marks in all chromosomes of all species. Besides that, conspicuous blocks of heterochromatin were found interstitially on the chromosomes of Gymnotus inaequilabiatus, Gymnotus cf. carapo,and Gymnotus pantherinus. All four species showed single nucleolus organizing regions confirmed by results obtained through Ag-NORs and FISH experiments using 18S rDNA probes, which showed the NORs localized on the first chromosome pair in Gymnotus inaequilabiatus, Gymnotus cf. carapo,and Gymnotus pantherinus, and on pair 2 in Gymnotus sylvius. CMA3 staining revealed additional unrelated NORs marks in Gymnotus sylvius and Gymnotus pantherinus. The 5S rDNA probes revealed signals on one pair in Gymnotus sylvius and two pairs in Gymnotus pantherinus; Gymnotus inaequilabiatus had about seventeen pairs marked, and Gymnotus cf. carapo had about fifteen pairs marked. It is considered that the high amount of heterochromatin identified in the chromosomes of Gymnotus inaequilabiatus and Gymnotus cf. carapo could have facilitated the dispersion of 5S rDNA in these species. Interstitial signals were detected on the first metacentric pair of Gymnotus sylvius by telomeric probes (TTAGGG)n indicating the possible occurrence of chromosomal fusions in this species. The present study reveals valuable cytotaxonomic markers for this group and allows a more precise evaluation of the processes involved in the karyotype differentiation and the interrelationships among different species of the genus Gymnotus.
‘Going Away to Uni’: Mobility, Modernity, and Independence of English Higher Education students

Recent changes in English higher education (HE) admissions policies and financial support have sought to increase diversity among university entrants. It is anticipated that, as more young people from different backgrounds choose to go to university, a greater proportion will choose to study at local higher education institutions (HEIs), rather than move away. I review the evidence for a trend to more localised study among English HE students. Analysis of admissions data shows that HE expansion has been concomitant with less interregional student mobility. However, despite the fact that a smaller proportion of students are moving away to university, the expectation that going to university means moving away continues to shape students' experiences of and attitudes to university life. I unpack the taken-for-granted assumptions about student mobility and transitions to independence and adulthood. Drawing on analysis of interview data with students, I explore how assumptions about student mobilities are socially and culturally coconstituted and how student mobility has become established as an elite practice within English HE.
Students' perceptions of ICT-related support in teaching placements

Abstract Recent research has shown that students' use of information and communications technology (ICT) on teaching practice is necessary for effective future use of ICT in the classroom. However, this paper reports that there are a number of factors affecting the use of ICT by student-teachers in their school placements. All 110 student-teachers attending one university's eight Postgraduate Certificate in Education (PGCE) courses completed a questionnaire on their attitudes to ICT in learning and teaching and their initial experiences of the application of ICT in schools. In-depth interviews with the student-teachers, as well as univer-sity tutors and teachers, revealed a range of issues that reflected how student-teachers perceive their school-based ICT training and what they think could improve their experiences. Recommendations are offered for the improvement of the ICT school experiences for student-teachers until teacher training is completed and improved ICT infrastructure is in place in schools. The overriding conclusion is that schools must be supported and resourced properly, and teachers must have effective ICT training, before improvements in school-based ICT development for student-teachers can be achieved.
Differential diagnosis of lupus and primary membranous nephropathies by IgG subclass analysis.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES Previous studies showed that the accuracy of IgG subclasses (ISs) in differentiating membranous lupus nephritis (MLN) from primary membranous nephropathy (PMN) is <80%. This study hypothesized that diagnostic accuracy of ISs would be increased if renal compartment measurements and decision tree analysis are applied. DESIGN, SETTING, PARTICIPANTS, & MEASUREMENTS Renal biopsy specimens from 41 patients with MLN and 59 patients with PMN between October 2004 and March 2010 were examined, and immunofluorescence staining against IgG1, IgG2, IgG3, and IgG4 as well as C3, C1q, and C4 was evaluated in five different renal compartments (glomerular capillary walls, mesangium, tubules, interstitium, and blood vessels). From IS data, a decision tree to differentiate MLN from PMN was produced (IS decision tree) and its accuracy was compared with that of previous studies. Diagnostic accuracy of the IS decision tree was also compared with that of the complement decision tree as a reference. RESULTS The demographic information and patterns of IS deposition were similar to those of previous studies. The IS decision tree had, as decision markers, IgG1 in the mesangium and IgG2 and IgG4 along the glomerular capillary wall. The IS decision tree showed higher accuracy (88%) than that of previous studies (<80%) and also that of the complement decision tree (81%). CONCLUSIONS Accuracy of ISs was increased due to the study methods, but the same methodology was less effective using complement measurements. Appropriate data analysis may enhance diagnostic value, but the analysis alone cannot achieve the ideal diagnostic value.
A GIS Data Updating Method with Video

We present a method for extracting and updating Geographic Information System (GIS) data from video. This paper uses a ground-view video sequence as input data. In the first step, feature points are extracted from video, which provide the structure information for architecture facade reconstruction; after discarding outliers, we create the footprint and reconstruct a 3D model. The second step is the back-projection process. In the third step, we correct the footprint and update it by using user knowledge. Finally, this information is used to update GIS.
Fractional Rejuvenation Using a Novel Bipolar Radiofrequency System in Asian Skin

BACKGROUND Fractional photothermolysis (FP) constitutes an effective modality of skin resurfacing by delivering thermal energy into multiple arrays of microscopic treatment zones. Radiofrequency (RF) can induce volumetric heating of dermis depending on electrical properties of target tissue. OBJECTIVES To evaluate the efficacy and safety of a novel bipolar RF‐based fractional device for the treatment of photoaged Asian faces. METHODS Twenty‐six Korean women (mean age 56, skin phototype III‐IV) received three consecutive fractional RF treatments at 4‐ to 6‐week intervals. Outcome assessments included standardized photography physician evaluation of fine lines, pores, smoothness and tightness, brightness, and overall appearance; degree of elastosis; subjective improvement scale; and patient satisfaction. RESULTS Fractional RF treatments produced moderate (26–50%) and incremental improvements in each category of physician evaluation. In particular, degree of smoothness and tightness, brightness, and overall appearance improved significantly 6 weeks after the third session from before the third session. The degree of elastosis was 5.46 at baseline, which decreased significantly to 4.05 at 6‐week follow‐up. Patient self‐assessment paralleled the physician assessment. Adverse events were limited to mild erythema, swelling, and scabs, which usually shed 3.9 days after treatment. CONCLUSION Fractional bipolar RF treatment is an effective treatment for facial photodamage in Asians, with a favorable safety profile. The authors have indicated no significant interest with commercial supporters.
Evolution of Process Portals to Multi-Channel Architectures - A Service-Oriented Approach at ETA SA

This paper illustrates a typical pathway towards increasing electronic interaction with external business partners. Based on the case study of ETA SA, a Swiss manufacturer of watch movements and components, it explores current issues in portal-based B2B integration. In order to allow for tighter process integration with distinct customers, ETA conceives a multi-channel architecture which provides electronic services to customers using either direct or portal-based electronic channels. Since a multi-channel approach typically is associated with major integration challenges, the paper outlines and discusses the vision of service-oriented architecture for interorganizational integration.
Lineus as a model for studying developmental processes in animals reconstructed from adult pieces.

The difficulties that prevent reconstruction of animals by piecing together body fragments from several adults are overcome by using nemerteans of the genus Lineus. For 25 years I have managed to make viable composite worms by grafting body parts cut out of Lineus specimens either from the same clonal strain (syngeneically reconstructed worms) or from the same species (allogeneically reconstructed worms) or else from different species (xenogeneically reconstructed worms). Body reconstruction has usually been carried out orthotopically, i.e., the components of composite animals have been selected so as to be anatomically complementary. However, reconstruction has been made heterotopically when it was essential to obtain morphogenetic events in the adults. Here, I shall review some of the developmental processes that took place in such reconstructed animals. First, I shall report immune responses in composite worms derived from various combinations of body pieces grafted together. Second, I shall study sex differentiation during gonad development in growing or regenerating chimeric worms made by the grafting of male and female components. I shall refer also to gonadogenesis in the asexual progeny of bipartite chimeras derived from lateral body halves of both sexes fused together (clones of bilaterally allophenic worms). Third, I shall analyze regulative processes (regeneration, transgeneration) during localized morphogenesis occurring in heterotopically reconstructed worms. The data show how reconstructed Lineus may be exploited to increase our knowledge of developmental mechanisms, especially in the misunderstood field of organismal pattern homeostasis.
The Fine Structure of the Pellicle in the Contact Area of Conjugating Tetrahymena pyriformis

Within the limits of the light microscope the sequence of events occurring during conjugation in Tetrahymena pyriformis is well known (2, 4, 5). However, certain questions regarding the finer morphological details can be resolved only with the electron microscope. One such question is concerned with the interchange of cytoplasmic particulates between mates during conjugation. Silver-line studies of single vegetative cells show no pellicular modifications in the preoral region that would indicate the presence of a special attachment organelle (1). Light microscope studies of conjugating cells give no hint of pellicular differentiation in the region of contact, between the mates. I t , therefore, came as somewhat of a surprise to find a well defined region of differentiated pellicle which may serve the function of permitting a flow of some cytoplasmic particulates from one cell to the other during conjugation. The purpose of this report is to describe this observation.
Striking Differences between Knockout and Wild-Type Mice in Global Gene Expression Variability

Microarray analyses of gene knockouts have traditionally focused on the identification of genes whose mean expression is different in knockout and wild-type mice. However, recent work suggests that changes in the variability of gene expression can have important phenotypic consequences as well. Here, in an unbiased sample of publicly available microarray data on gene expression in various knockouts, highly significant differences from wild-type (either increases or decreases) are noted in the gene expression coefficients of variation (CVs) of virtually every knockout considered. Examination of the distribution of gene-by-gene CV differences indicates that these findings are not attributable to a few outlier genes, but rather to broadly increased or decreased CV in the various knockouts over all the (tens of thousands of) transcripts assayed. These global differences in variability may reflect either authentic biological effects of the knockouts or merely experimental inconsistencies. However, regardless of the underlying explanation, the variability differences are of importance as they will influence both the statistical detection of gene expression changes and, potentially, the knockout phenotype itself.
A joint resource allocation scheme for OFDMA-based wireless networks with carrier aggregation

The mixture of users with different carrier aggregation (CA) capabilities presents new challenges to optimize the performance of the next generation wireless networks. This paper focuses on the joint resources allocation for OFDMA-based multi-carrier system. Distinguished from many existing methods, our approach deploys the joint dynamic spectrum resources assignment and adaptive power allocation technologies for the carrier-aggregated systems. A low complexity suboptimal algorithm, named as the joint CC, RB and power allocation (JCRPA) algorithm, is proposed in this paper. The algorithm combines the dynamic component carrier (CC) and resource block (RB) assignment, as well as adaptive power allocation iteratively. In contrast to the conventional static CC assignment, a novel suboptimal dynamic CC and RB assignment algorithm is designed to maximize network utility. Simulation results demonstrate that JCRPA is able to improve the system performance in terms of network utility, average throughput and fairness.
Rethinking the Role and Status of Observation in Science Education

The publication of the first English translation of Karl Popper's The Logic of Scientific Discovery in 1959 marked the end of a long period of stability in the philosophy of science and the beginning of a period of rapid development and change, marked by the work of Kuhn, Lakatos, Feyerabend, Laudan, Putnam, and others. The late 1950s also marked the end of a long period of stability in the school science curriculum and the onset of the rapid curriculum developments of the 1960s and 1970s (the Nuffield and Schools Council courses in the U.K., PSSC Physics, Harvard Project Physics, BSCS, CBA, CHEM Study and others in the United States, and ASEP in Australia). Unfortunately, developments in the philosophy of science did not inform and guide developments in the science curriculum. Despite the growing number of books and articles dealing with the curricular implications of issues in the philosophy of science, science teachers and science curriculum developers remain surprisingly ill-informed about fundamental.
Concepts in the Analysis of Qualitative Data

The question arises: do problems of concept-formation in such research differ from those in quantitative social research? It has often been maintained that this is so. While in quantitative social research concepts tend to be pre-formed and fixed (it is argued), in qualitative research they tend to be fluid and emergent. Herbert Blumer’s classic paper, ‘What is wrong with social theory? ’ (1954), in which he distinguished between definitive and sensitising concepts provides a clear statement of this view.
A general strong law of large numbers and applications to associated sequences and to extreme value theory

The purpose of this paper is to establish a general strong law of large numbers (SLLN) for arbitrary sequences of random variables (rv’s) based on the squared indice method and to provide applications to SLLN of associated sequences. This SLLN is compared to those based on the Hajek‐Renyi type inequality. Nontrivial examples are given. An interesting issue that is related to extreme value theory (EVT) is handled here.
Input Validation for Semi-supervised Clustering

Semi-supervised clustering is practical in situations in which there exists some domain knowledge that could help the clustering process, but which is not suitable or not sufficient for supervised learning. There have been a number of studies on semi-supervised clustering, but almost all of them assume the input knowledge is correct or largely correct. In this paper we show that even a small proportion of incorrect input knowledge could make a semi-supervised clustering algorithm perform worse than having no inputs. This is a real concern since in real applications it is reasonable to have problematic "knowledge inputs" that are wrong or inappropriate for the clustering task. We propose a general methodology for detecting potentially incorrect inputs and performing verifications. Based on the methodology, we outline some methods for validating the inputs of the semi-supervised clustering algorithm MPCK-Means. Experimental results show that the input validation step is both critical and effective as the clustering accuracy of MPCK-Means was lowered by incorrect inputs, but the lost accuracy was resumed when validation was performed
The ecological effects of providing resource subsidies to predators

Aim Predators often have important roles in structuring ecosystems via their effectsoneachotherandonpreypopulations.However,theseeffectsmaybealtered in the presence of anthropogenic food resources,fuelling debate about whether the availability of such resources could alter the ecological role of predators. Here, we review the extent to which human-provided foods are utilised by terrestrial mammalian predators (> 1 kg) across the globe. We also assess whether these resources have a direct impact on the ecology and behaviour of predators and an indirect impact on other co-occurring species. Location Global. Methods Data were derived from searches of the published literature. To summarise the data we grouped studies based on the direct and indirect effects of resource subsidies on predators and co-occurring species. We then compared the types of predators accessing these resources by grouping species taxonomically and into the following categories: (1) domesticated species, (2) mesopredators and (3) top predators.
Specificity of antibodies in single cells after immunization with antigens bearing several antigenic determinants. Study with a new paired staining technique.

The specificity of antibody production by single cells was studied in rabbit splenic cells. The animals were immunized: (a) with two separate antigens, (b) with an artificial conjugate of two distinct antigenic proteins, and (c) with a native molecule bearing several antigenic determinants. A paired staining technique which combines direct immunofluorescent and direct immunoenzymologic methods was used. The results obtained in the different immunization procedures support the narrow specificity of the cellular antibody production. Theoretical implications of the results are briefly discussed.
Script-Free Text Line Segmentation Using Interline Space Model for Printed Document Images

This paper proposes a model-based text line segmentation algorithm for machine-printed document images. The model is based on geometric configuration which uses the interline spaces rather than the text lines. The paper proposes an objective function whose maximization leads to the optimal solution. The proposed interline space model provides the primary advantage of script-free nature. Additionally the model is versatile due to its abilities of processing both horizontally and vertically written documents and inferring the semantic of reading order. The experiments performed with various document images in Latin, Korean, Chinese, and Japanese scripts have proven the aforementioned advantages and have shown the noise tolerance.