Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Higher order intentionality tasks are cognitively more demanding

Abstract A central assumption that underpins much of the discussion of the role played by social cognition in brain evolution is that social cognition is unusually cognitively demanding. This assumption has never been tested. Here, we use a task in which participants read stories and then answered questions about the stories in a behavioural experiment (39 participants) and an fMRI experiment (17 participants) to show that mentalising requires more time for responses than factual memory of a matched complexity and also that higher orders of mentalising are disproportionately more demanding and require the recruitment of more neurons in brain regions known to be associated with theory of mind, including insula, posterior STS, temporal pole and cerebellum. These results have significant implications both for models of brain function and for models of brain evolution.
Randomizing combinatorial algorithms for linear programming when the dimension is moderately high

In the last decade researchers in computational geometry have produced a series of algorithms for linear programming, based on a randomized combinatorial approach, which are tuned for linear programs where the number of variables d is small compared to the number n of constraints, although not so small to be considered a constant of the problem. One natural question is how practical are these algorithms for classes of LP instances not necessarily derived from problems in computational geometry. In this paper, building within the randomized combinatorial approach, we propose two algorithms for linear programming and we give evidence of their empirical running times on several classes of randomly generated instances. Comparisons with state of the art free software (lp-solve) and state of the art commercial software (Cplex) lead to the conclusion that the randomized combinatorial approach for systems with n ≈ d, at the present state of our research, can be competitive for dense systems and for sparse systems where a large fraction of the constraints are equalities. We also consider the case of dense systems where n > > d, which is typical in instances from computational geometry problems, for which we improve upon recent results of Gätner and Schönherr [13].
Catheter ablation for patients with ventricular fibrillation

Purpose of review Ventricular fibrillation is a challenging arrhythmia for physicians, with only a limited number of treatment options available. Implantable cardioverter defibrillator therapy is the treatment of choice for patients for both primary and secondary prevention with the role of antiarrhythmic therapy aimed at reducing the number of recurrences. Catheter ablation is an accepted treatment for a number of atrial and ventricular arrhythmias, but until recently ventricular fibrillation was thought to be a bridge too far. The recent advances in ventricular fibrillation ablation will be reviewed. Recent findings Recent work has demonstrated that the Purkinje network is critical in the triggering and maintenance of ventricular fibrillation. Catheter ablation targeting the ventricular ectopic(s) or Purkinje potentials responsible for triggering ventricular fibrillation or both has been shown to be both possible and efficacious in a number of conditions, ranging from the Brugada syndrome to ischaemic ventricular fibrillation to idiopathic ventricular fibrillation. Although there are relatively few reports of catheter ablation of ventricular fibrillation in the literature, the method appears robust as it is being repeated by a number of different groups around the world. Summary Catheter ablation targeting ventricular ectopics and Purkinje potentials is a successful treatment for ventricular fibrillation. Although the long-term results of such procedures are awaited, the short-term results are very encouraging.
EVALUATION OF DRUG ABUSE TREATMENT MEDICATIONS: CONCORDANCE BETWEEN CLINICAL AND PRECLINICAL STUDIES.

I am honored to present the third annual Memorial Lecture to commemorate the achievements of the late Marian W. Fischman. Marian was a dedicated and creative scientist and an effective science advocate. She was also an outstanding mentor and very supportive of her trainees and junior collaborators. And Marian was a wonderful colleague and a delightful person to be with. All of us who knew her continue to mourn her loss.
A 0.4-V, 90  $\sim$ 350-MHz PLL With an Active Loop-Filter Charge Pump

A 0.4-V phase-locked loop (PLL) that has much improved power efficiency is realized in standard 65-nm CMOS. The PLL employs a novel ultralow-voltage charge pump that compensates current mismatch with an active loop filter and produces significantly reduced reference spurs. Its voltage-controlled oscillator (VCO) is designed with the body-bias technique and includes an automatic frequency calibration circuit that provides low VCO gain and wide tuning range. The PLL output frequency can be tuned from 90 to 350 MHz. At 350-MHz output, the PLL consumes 109 μW, which corresponds to the power efficiency of 0.31 mW/GHz.
Cystic fibrosis and AA amyloidosis: a survey in the French cystic fibrosis network

Abstract Introduction: To define the characteristics of CF patients developing AA amyloidosis. Methods: A 30-year retrospective survey conducted within the national French CF network to identify cases of CF associated with AA amyloidosis. Results: Nine cases of AA amyloidosis were identified (CF prevalence in France is approximately 6000 patients) and sufficient data were collected in six. The clinical presentation was renal disease in four cases, a compressive goiter in one case, and epigastric pain in one case. Organ involvement included kidney disease in all cases (proteinuria, with a median age at onset of 24 years, 4 cases with nephrotic syndrome, 5 with renal failure); gastrointestinal (4 cases with duodenal ulcer); thyroid (2 cases); and hepatobiliary system (3 cases). The median age at diagnosis of CF was 6.5 years. Five patients had pancreatic insufficiency. All patients had chronic respiratory infections requiring intravenous antibiotics several times a year. Five patients have died, at a median age of 29 years and a median duration of 6 years after the onset of proteinuria. Conclusion: AA amyloidosis is a rare but morbid complication of CF. Renal involvement is predominant.
ACP Medicine

Ventilation is a critical function for eliminating carbon dioxide and acquiring oxygen. At or near sea level, ventilation maintains arterial carbon dioxide tension (PaCO2) values in the range of 38 to 42 mm Hg and arterial oxygen tension (PaO2) values in the range of 85 to 100 mm Hg. What is remarkable is that PaCO2 values vary relatively little over the human life span despite substantial alterations in the mechanical properties of the chest wall and lungs that accompany birth, maturation, and aging. The control system for ventilation not only optimizes gas exchange but also serves a role in acid-base balance, speech, deglutition, defecation, and posture. The components of ventilatory behavior (i.e., breathing rate and depth) are the result of a feedback control system in which the brain (controller) organizes neuromuscular output to the respiratory muscles of the upper airway, chest wall, and lungs (controlled system). The controlled system alters arterial pH, CO2, and O2 in response to impulses from the brain. Specialized sensors located in the respiratory system monitor the rate of gas exchange and send impulses to sensors located in the brain to prompt adjustments in system regulation. A feedback control model of the respiratory system provides insights into the effects of sleep on ventilation and gas exchange [see Figure 1]. Genetic factors influence disorders of ventilatory control (e.g., sleep apnea); however, there are adaptive components. One example is the periodic breathing during sleep that occurs with adaptation to high altitude. Such functional flexibility, or plasticity, is an essential feature of development, maintenance, and expression of effective ventilation and is not merely the result of mechanical operation of the lungs and chest wall. Consequently, genes, maturation, and experience all influence the adult phenotype for breathing and sleep and the clinical disorders resulting from this physiology. This chapter focuses on the respiratory control system and how its elements contribute to sleep apnea and other state-related disorders of ventilation.
The role of haplotypes in candidate gene studies

Human geneticists working on systems for which it is possible to make a strong case for a set of candidate genes face the problem of whether it is necessary to consider the variation in those genes as phased haplotypes, or whether the one‐SNP‐at‐a‐time approach might perform as well. There are three reasons why the phased haplotype route should be an improvement. First, the protein products of the candidate genes occur in polypeptide chains whose folding and other properties may depend on particular combinations of amino acids. Second, population genetic principles show us that variation in populations is inherently structured into haplotypes. Third, the statistical power of association tests with phased data is likely to be improved because of the reduction in dimension. However, in reality it takes a great deal of extra work to obtain valid haplotype phase information, and inferred phase information may simply compound the errors. In addition, if the causal connection between SNPs and a phenotype is truly driven by just a single SNP, then the haplotype‐based approach may perform worse than the one‐SNP‐at‐a‐time approach. Here we examine some of the factors that affect haplotype patterns in genes, how haplotypes may be inferred, and how haplotypes have been useful in the context of testing association between candidate genes and complex traits. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
A Paradigm Shift in Biology?

All new developments in biology deal with the issue of the complexity of organisms, often pointing out the necessity to update our current understanding. However, it is impossible to think about a change of paradigm in biology without introducing new explanatory mechanisms. I shall introduce the mechanisms of teleonomy and teleology as viable explanatory tools. Teleonomy is the ability of organisms to build themselves through internal forces and processes (in the expression of the genetic program) and not external ones, implying a freedom relative to the exterior; however, the organism is able to integrate internal and external constraints in a process of co-adaptation. Teleology is that mechanism through which an organism exercises an informational control on another system in order to establish an equivalence class and select some specific information for its metabolic needs. Finally, I shall examine some interesting processes in phylogeny, ontogeny, and epigeny in which these two mechanisms are involved.
Global monitoring of hydrological parameters in Africa by using both active and passive microwave sensors

The possibility of a global monitoring of hydrological parameters in Africa was endeavored by using both active and passive microwave sensors. Two ALOS/PALSAR images of Ethiopia were compared with optical data and ground information collected on site by the Istituto Agronomico per l'Oltremare, in Florence. Moreover, AMSR-E data were used as a reference for investigating soil moisture and vegetation conditions. The brightness temperature and the backscattering coefficient values have been related to land features, obtained from ground data and cartographic and meteorological information.
Maxillary incisor torque with conventional and self-ligating brackets: a prospective clinical trial.

OBJECTIVES To test the hypothesis that the engagement mode of wire to bracket affects the buccolingual inclination of maxillary incisors in extraction and non-extraction treatment with self-ligating and conventional brackets. DESIGN A randomized clinical trial employing a random distribution of variables among the studied populations. SETTING AND SAMPLE POPULATION Private practice of one author. A total of 105 patients followed prospectively, were divided into two groups based on the inclusion of extraction in the treatment planning. These groups were further divided in two subgroups each, one receiving a self-ligating bracket and the other treated with a conventional Edgewise appliance of the same slot size and prescription. EXPERIMENTAL VARIABLE Difference in the buccolingual inclination of maxillary incisors before and after treatment with the two appliances across the two treatment groups (extraction and non-extraction). OUTCOME MEASURE Angular measurements of the Sella-Nasion and Nasion-A point to maxillary incisor axis. RESULTS No difference was found in the mean difference of the two angles measured for the two bracket groups studied. CONCLUSION Self-ligating brackets seem to be equally efficient in delivering torque to maxillary incisors relative to conventional brackets in extraction and non-extraction cases.
From The Field Overcoming Barriers To Adopting And

Few U.S. hospitals have implemented computerized physician order entry (CPOE) in spite of its effectiveness at preventing serious medication errors. We interviewed senior management at twenty-six hospitals to identify ways to overcome barriers to adopting and implementing CPOE. Within the hospital, strong leadership and high-quality technology were critical. Hospitals that placed a high priority on patient safety could more easily justify the cost of CPOE. Outside the hospital, financial incentives and public pressures encouraged CPOE adoption. Dissemination of data standards would accelerate the maturation of vendors and lower CPOE costs. These findings highlight several policy levers to speed the adoption of this important patient safety technology. T h e 9 8 , 0 0 0 d e ath s per year and many more injuries resulting from medical errors have made patient safety a top priority in U.S. health care.1 Many medication errors—the most common cause of preventable injuries in hospitals—can be prevented by computerized physician order entry (CPOE) systems.2 These systems reduce the incidence of serious medication errors by 55 percent.3 This collective evidence has prompted the LeapFrog Group, a national consortium of Fortune 500 companies, to designate CPOE deployment by hospitals as one of three patient-safety goals.4 Despite the apparent efficacy of CPOE systems, only 10–15 percent of hospitals use them.5 While previous case studies have described some of the challenges to CPOE implementation in selected U.S. hospitals, it is unclear how these challenges can be overcome.6 To provide more insight into this subject, we conducted in-depth interviews with top management officials from U.S. hospitals that are at various stages of CPOE implementation. H e a l t h T r a c k i n g 1 8 4 J u l y / A u g u s t 2 0 0 4 DOI 10.1377/hlthaff.23. 4.184 ©2004 Project HOPE–The People-to-People Health Foundation, Inc. Eric Poon (epoon@partners.org) is an instructor in medicine at Harvard Medical School and an associate physician in the Division of General Internal Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, in Boston, Massachusetts. David Blumenthal is a professor in medicine at Harvard Medical School and directs the Institute for Health Policy, Massachusetts General Hospital, in Boston. Tonushree Jaggi is a research assistant and Melissa Honour, a research programmer, in the Division of General Medicine and Primary Care, Brigham and Women’s Hospital. David Bates, a professor in medicine at Harvard Medical School, is chief of that division and director of the Center of Quality Analysis, Partners Information Systems. Rainu Kaushal is an instructor in medicine at Harvard Medical School and an associate physician at Brigham and Women’s Hospital.
Generation of emotional feature space based on topological characteristics of facial expression images

This paper proposes a generation method of a subjectspecific emotional feature space using the Self-Organizing Map and the Counter Propagation Network. The feature space expresses the correspondence relationship between the change of facial expression pattern and the strength of emotion on the two-dimensional space centering on ldquopleasantnessrdquo and ldquoarousalrdquo. Experimental results suggested that our method was useful to estimate strength and mixture level of six basic emotions.
Multipath Exploitation in Through-Wall Radar Imaging Via Point Spread Functions

Due to several sources of multipath in through-wall radar sensing, such as walls, floors, and ceilings, there could exist multipath ghosts associated with a few genuine targets in the synthetic aperture beamformed image. The multipath ghosts are false positives and therefore confusable with genuine targets. Here, we develop a multipath exploitation technique using point spread functions, which associate and map back the multipath ghosts to their genuine targets, thereby increasing the effective signal-to-clutter ratio (SCR) at the genuine target locations. To do so, we first develop a multipath model advocating the Householder transformation, which permits modeling multiple reflections at multiple walls, and also allows for unconventional room/building geometries. Second, closed-form solutions of the multipath ghost locations assuming free space propagation are derived. Third, a nonlinear least squares optimization is formulated and initialized with these free space solutions to localize the multipath ghosts in through-wall radar sensing. The exploitation approach is general and does not require a priori assumptions on the number of targets. The free space multipath ghost locations and exploitation technique derived here may be used as is for multipath exploitation in urban canyons via synthetic aperture radar. Analytical expressions quantifying the SCR gain after multipath exploitation are derived. The analysis is validated with experimental EM results using finite-difference time-domain simulations.
Simultaneous determination of 36 pesticide residues in spinach and cauliflower by LC-MS/MS using multi-walled carbon nanotubes-based dispersive solid-phase clean-up

A multi-residue method based on a modified QuEChERS sample preparation with multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) as reversed-dispersive solid-phase extraction (r-DSPE) material and LC-MS/MS determination by MRM mode was validated for 36 representative pesticides in spinach and cauliflower. It was demonstrated that MWCNTs can be used as effective r-DSPE materials with the QuEChERS method for the clean-up of extract from different matrices. However, MWCNTs could absorb pyrimethanil, diflubenzuron, and chlorbenzuron in both spinach and cauliflower, which leads to the low recoveries compared with PSA. The LODs and LOQs for 36 pesticides ranged from 0.1 to 5 μg kg−1 and from 2 to 30 μg kg−1, respectively. Good linearity was found for all pesticides with coefficients better than 0.995 in a range of 0.02–0.5 mg l−1. The developed method with MWCNTs clean-up was successfully used to determine the 36 pesticides in real samples.
A Deflated Version of the Conjugate Gradient Algorithm

We present a deflated version of the conjugate gradient algorithm for solving linear systems. The new algorithm can be useful in cases when a small number of eigenvalues of the iteration matrix are very close to the origin. It can also be useful when solving linear systems with multiple right-hand sides, since the eigenvalue information gathered from solving one linear system can be recycled for solving the next systems and then updated.
Diagnostic accuracy of calculated serum osmolarity to predict dehydration in older people: adding value to pathology laboratory reports

Objectives To assess which osmolarity equation best predicts directly measured serum/plasma osmolality and whether its use could add value to routine blood test results through screening for dehydration in older people. Design Diagnostic accuracy study. Participants Older people (≥65 years) in 5 cohorts: Dietary Strategies for Healthy Ageing in Europe (NU-AGE, living in the community), Dehydration Recognition In our Elders (DRIE, living in residential care), Fortes (admitted to acute medical care), Sjöstrand (emergency room) or Pfortmueller cohorts (hospitalised with liver cirrhosis). Reference standard for hydration status Directly measured serum/plasma osmolality: current dehydration (serum osmolality >300 mOsm/kg), impending/current dehydration (≥295 mOsm/kg). Index tests 39 osmolarity equations calculated using serum indices from the same blood draw as directly measured osmolality. Results Across 5 cohorts 595 older people were included, of whom 19% were dehydrated (directly measured osmolality >300 mOsm/kg). Of 39 osmolarity equations, 5 showed reasonable agreement with directly measured osmolality and 3 had good predictive accuracy in subgroups with diabetes and poor renal function. Two equations were characterised by narrower limits of agreement, low levels of differential bias and good diagnostic accuracy in receiver operating characteristic plots (areas under the curve >0.8). The best equation was osmolarity=1.86×(Na++ K+)+1.15×glucose+urea+14 (all measured in mmol/L). It appeared useful in people aged ≥65 years with and without diabetes, poor renal function, dehydration, in men and women, with a range of ages, health, cognitive and functional status. Conclusions Some commonly used osmolarity equations work poorly, and should not be used. Given costs and prevalence of dehydration in older people we suggest use of the best formula by pathology laboratories using a cutpoint of 295 mOsm/L (sensitivity 85%, specificity 59%), to report dehydration risk opportunistically when serum glucose, urea and electrolytes are measured for other reasons in older adults. Trial registration numbers: DRIE: Research Register for Social Care, 122273; NU-AGE: ClinicalTrials.gov NCT01754012.
Altered Nociceptive Response in Mice Deficient in the α1B Subunit of the Voltage-Dependent Calcium Channel

Calcium influx through N-type calcium channels mediates synaptic transmission at numerous central synapses and transduces nociceptive information in the spinal dorsal horn. However, the precise role of N-type calcium channels in pain perception is not fully elucidated. To address this issue, we generated and analyzed knockout mice for alpha(1B,) the pore-forming subunit of the N-type calcium channel. Homozygous mutants are viable, fertile, and show normal motor coordination. In small-diameter dorsal root ganglion neurons from mutants the density of calcium channel currents is significantly reduced, which can be accounted for by the abolition of N-type currents. We performed several pain-related behavioral tests using the mutant mice. alpha(1B)-Deficient mice show reduced response to mechanical stimuli in the von Frey test and increased tail flick latency in response to radiant heat, indicating altered spinal reflexes. However, pain response in the hot plate test is normal. In the formalin paw test, the mutant mice exhibit significantly attenuated response in Phase 2, but normal pain behaviors in Phase 1. The response to visceral inflammatory pain caused by acetic acid is also reduced in alpha(1B) knockout mice. These results suggest that the alpha(1B) subunit of N-type calcium channel plays a major role in pain perception by acting at the spinal level, but not at the supraspinal level.
Real-Time Signal Light Detection

One of most important issue in research for unmanned ground vehicle is detecting signal lights at crossroads. This paper presents new algorithm for signal light detection. It has high detection rate with real time and fast processing at low price. Experimental environment is built in real vehicle and real urban road, and we shall show that the proposed algorithm realizes driving with reliability in unmanned ground vehicle.