Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
The Importance of Configural Information and the Time-Course for the Perception of Animacy in Faces

It has been proposed that the processing of faces is a highly specialized function that is separate from the processing of other types of objects. Evidence for this appears with inversion, where it has been observed that face recognition is more affected than the recognition of other types of stimuli (Diamond and Carey, 1986). From these observations it can be inferred that holistic processing of faces makes face analysis unique. This thesis focuses on the question of whether configural information encoded in a face can be used quickly to determine the animacy of a face, or if a more detailed analysis of face features is necessary. By animacy we mean whether the image portrays a real human face or that of a " human-like " inanimate object such as a doll or a manikin. In the first part of this thesis face morphs between doll and human faces were inverted to see if animacy perception of faces would be affected with less configural information. In the second part of the thesis, the time-course of animacy perception in relation to face recognition is analyzed. The final part of the thesis examines the role of high and low spatial frequency ranges in encoding information used for animacy judgment. The results from the first experiment suggest that holistic processing of the face is necessary for animacy perception. From the temporal experiment it can be deduced that animacy perception occurs more quickly than face recognition, and may require less detailed face analysis. The results from the spatial frequency pilot experiment suggest that removing the high spatial frequencies or low spatial frequencies from the face images has no effect on animacy perception, however, more data is needed in order to form a strong conclusion. 3 Acknowledgments I would like to thank my advisor Ellen Hildreth for being extremely supportive throughout the process. I would not have had a rich learning experience without your continuous thoughtful insight and guidance. I would also like to thank Kami Koldewyn for making the experimentation for this thesis possible, and for your positive energy and enthusiasm.Haignere as well as Aude Oliva for being a pleasure to be around and to work with in the lab. I will always remember my experiences in the lab with all of you. Thanks to Bevil Conway for originally giving me the idea to expand the project for his class into a thesis and for …
The Price is Right ? Product Attachment and Price-Setting in the Sale of Handicraft Products in Southern India

In this paper, I advance price-setting theory by documenting a case where sellers set prices that cannot be reconciled with profit maximization as a result of their attachment to their products. I draw on ethnographic fieldwork, a field experiment and survey among two groups of handicraft sellers artisans and traders to theorize and test the role of product attachment, or sellers’ relationship with their products, in pricing decisions. I first demonstrate that artisans involved in both making and selling handicraft products had high product attachment as indicated by their a) personal investment, b) internal quality standards and c) anthropomorphization of their products whereas traders selling the same products without making them had low product attachment. I then experimentally show that artisans, unlike traders, offered discounted prices to discerning buyers who would care for their products beyond the point of sale, even when these buyers had a higher willingness-to-pay. I further show that artisans’ discounts to discerning buyers increased when they were involved in more stages of the production process. By highlighting the role of product attachment in price-setting, this paper contributes to our understanding of one of the most central features of economic markets. ∗MIT Sloan School of Management. Direct all correspondence to arunar@mit.edu. I benefited greatly from the comments of Ezra Zuckerman, Jesper Sorensen, Tavneet Suri, Susan Silbey, Abhishek Nagaraj, Kate Kellogg, Roberto Fernandez, Julia DiBenigno, Mabel Abraham and numerous seminar and conference participants. I am also deeply indebted to Gowramma and her team at IFMR, Manjula Kale and the field research team, and myriad informants and interviewees in Channapatna. All errors remain mine.
Impact of multiple lymphatic channel drainage to a single nodal basin on outcomes in melanoma.

OBJECTIVE To determine the impact of multiple lymphatic channels (MLCs) on outcome in melanoma. DESIGN Retrospective cohort study. SETTING Academic tertiary care center. PATIENTS Of 1198 consecutive selective sentinel lymphadenectomies performed from 1995 to 2000 for primary invasive melanoma, 502 patients were identified with extremity or truncal melanoma that drained to a single nodal basin. Three cohorts were formed based on lymphatic channels (none, single, and multiple). Tumors with drainage to multiple nodal basins as well as all head and neck tumors were excluded. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Multiple variables, including patterns of lymphatic drainage, were analyzed for impact on disease-free and overall survival. RESULTS Demographics were similar among groups, with a median follow-up of 5.6 years. Univariate analysis revealed MLCs as an independent risk factor for both disease-free (P = .04) and overall survival (P = .003). Multivariate analysis confirmed that tumor depth, sentinel lymph node status, and MLCs were risk factors for both disease-free and overall survival. Kaplan-Meier analysis showed worse survival in the MLCs group. CONCLUSIONS Our study reveals that MLCs are an independent risk factor for recurrence and mortality in melanoma. Multiple lymphatic channels may facilitate the process of metastasis.
The Signature of Seeds in Resurrection Plants: A Molecular and Physiological Comparison of Desiccation Tolerance in Seeds and Vegetative Tissues1

Abstract Desiccation-tolerance in vegetative tissues of angiosperms has a polyphyletic origin and could be due to 1) appropriation of the seed-specific program of gene expression that protects orthodox seeds against desiccation, and/or 2) a sustainable version of the abiotic stress response. We tested these hypotheses by comparing molecular and physiological data from the development of orthodox seeds, the response of desiccation-sensitive plants to abiotic stress, and the response of desiccation-tolerant plants to extreme water loss. Analysis of publicly-available gene expression data of 35 LEA proteins and 68 anti-oxidant enzymes in the desiccation-sensitive Arabidopsis thaliana identified 13 LEAs and 4 anti-oxidants exclusively expressed in seeds. Two (a LEA6 and 1-cys-peroxiredoxin) are not expressed in vegetative tissues in A. thaliana, but have orthologues that are specifically activated in desiccating leaves of Xerophyta humilis. A comparison of antioxidant enzyme activity in two desiccation-sensitive species of Eragrostis with the desiccation-tolerant E. nindensis showed equivalent responses upon initial dehydration, but activity was retained at low water content in E. nindensis only. We propose that these antioxidants are housekeeping enzymes and that they are protected from damage in the desiccation-tolerant species. Sucrose is considered an important protectant against desiccation in orthodox seeds, and we show that sucrose accumulates in drying leaves of E. nindensis, but not in the desiccation-sensitive Eragrostis species. The activation of “seed-specific” desiccation protection mechanisms (sucrose accumulation and expression of LEA6 and 1-cys-peroxiredoxin genes) in the vegetative tissues of desiccation-tolerant plants points towards acquisition of desiccation tolerance from seeds.
A delay-dependent approach to H ∞ filtering for stochastic delayed jumping systems with sensor non-linearities

In this paper, a delay-dependent approach is developed to deal with the stochastic H ∞ filtering problem for a class of Itô type stochastic time-delay jumping systems subject to both the sensor non-linearities and the exogenous non-linear disturbances. The time delays enter into the system states, the sensor non-linearities and the external non-linear disturbances. The purpose of the addressed filtering problem is to seek an H ∞ filter such that, in the simultaneous presence of non-linear disturbances, sensor non-linearity as well as Markovian jumping parameters, the filtering error dynamics for the stochastic time-delay system is stochastically stable with a guaranteed disturbance rejection attenuation level γ. By using Itô's differential formula and the Lyapunov stability theory, we develop a linear matrix inequality approach to derive sufficient conditions under which the desired filters exist. These conditions are dependent on the length of the time delay. We then characterize the expression of the filter parameters, and use a simulation example to demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed results.
Interventions to improve the management of diabetes mellitus in primary care, outpatient and community settings.

BACKGROUND Diabetes is a common chronic disease that is increasingly managed in primary care. Different systems have been proposed to manage diabetes care. OBJECTIVES To assess the effects of different interventions, targeted at health professionals or the structure in which they deliver care, on the management of patients with diabetes in primary care, outpatient and community settings. SEARCH STRATEGY We searched the Cochrane Effective Practice and Organisation of Care Group specialised register, the Cochrane Controlled Trials Register (Issue 4 1999), MEDLINE (1966-1999), EMBASE (1980-1999), Cinahl (1982-1999), and reference lists of articles. SELECTION CRITERIA Randomised trials (RCTs), controlled clinical trials (CCTs), controlled before and after studies (CBAs) and interrupted time series (ITS) analyses of professional, financial and organisational strategies aimed at improving care for people with Type 1 or Type 2 diabetes. The participants were health care professionals, including physicians, nurses and pharmacists. The outcomes included objectively measured health professional performance or patient outcomes, and self-report measures with known validity and reliability. DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS Two reviewers independently extracted data and assessed study quality. MAIN RESULTS Forty-one studies were included involving more than 200 practices and 48,000 patients. Twenty-seven studies were RCTs, 12 were CBAs, and two were ITS. The studies were heterogeneous in terms of interventions, participants, settings and outcomes. The methodological quality of the studies was often poor. In all studies the intervention strategy was multifaceted. In 12 studies the interventions were targeted at health professionals, in nine they were targeted at the organisation of care, and 20 studies targeted both. In 15 studies patient education was added to the professional and organisational interventions. A combination of professional interventions improved process outcomes. The effect on patient outcomes remained less clear as these were rarely assessed. Arrangements for follow-up (organisational intervention) also showed a favourable effect on process outcomes. Multiple interventions in which patient education was added or in which the role of the nurse was enhanced also reported favourable effects on patients' health outcomes. REVIEWER'S CONCLUSIONS Multifaceted professional interventions can enhance the performance of health professionals in managing patients with diabetes. Organisational interventions that improve regular prompted recall and review of patients (central computerised tracking systems or nurses who regularly contact the patient) can also improve diabetes management. The addition of patient-oriented interventions can lead to improved patient health outcomes. Nurses can play an important role in patient-oriented interventions, through patient education or facilitating adherence to treatment.
Computational Analysis of Specific MicroRNA Biomarkers for Noninvasive Early Cancer Detection

Cancer is a complex disease residing in various tissues of human body, accompanied with many abnormalities and mutations in genomes, transcriptome, and epigenome. Early detection plays a crucial role in extending survival time of all major cancer types. Recent advances in microarray and sequencing techniques have given more support to identifying effective biomarkers for early detection of cancer. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are more and more frequently used as candidates for biomarkers in cancer related studies due to their regulation of target gene expression. In this paper, the comparative analysis is used to discover miRNA expression patterns in cancer versus normal samples on early stage of eight prevalent cancer types. Our work focuses on the specific miRNAs biomarkers identification and function analysis. Several identified miRNA biomarkers in this paper are matched well with those reported in existing researches, and most of them could serve as potential candidate indicators for clinical early diagnosis applications.
Deceptiveness and neutrality the ND family of fitness landscapes

When a considerable number of mutations have no effects on fitness values, the fitness landscape is said neutral. In order to study the interplay between neutrality, which exists in many real-world applications, and performances of metaheuristics, it is useful to design landscapes which make it possible to tune precisely neutral degree distribution. Even though many neutral landscape models have already been designed, none of them are general enough to create landscapes with specific neutral degree distributions. We propose three steps to design such landscapes: first using an algorithm we construct a landscape whose distribution roughly fits the target one, then we use a simulated annealing heuristic to bring closer the two distributions and finally we affect fitness values to each neutral network. Then using this new family of fitness landscapes we are able to highlight the interplay between deceptiveness and neutrality.
The Swedish Twin Registry: Establishment of a Biobank and Other Recent Developments

The Swedish Twin Registry (STR) today contains more than 194,000 twins and more than 75,000 pairs have zygosity determined by an intra-pair similarity algorithm, DNA, or by being of opposite sex. Of these, approximately 20,000, 25,000, and 30,000 pairs are monozygotic, same-sex dizygotic, and opposite-sex dizygotic pairs, respectively. Since its establishment in the late 1950s, the STR has been an important epidemiological resource for the study of genetic and environmental influences on a multitude of traits, behaviors, and diseases. Following large investments in the collection of biological specimens in the past 10 years we have now established a Swedish twin biobank with DNA from 45,000 twins and blood serum from 15,000 twins, which effectively has also transformed the registry into a powerful resource for molecular studies. We here describe the main projects within which the new collections of both biological samples as well as phenotypic measures have been collected. Coverage by year of birth, zygosity determination, ethnic heterogeneity, and influences of in vitro fertilization are also described.
Innovative or Indefensible?: An Empirical Assessment of Patenting within Standard Setting

Cooperative standard setting may be burdened by "over patenting". Because standards may convey market power to firms whose patents are implicated, "strategic" patenting may enable opportunistic behaviors. Thus, particular concerns have been raised over patenting that takes place after the first versions of a standard are published, as these patents may be aimed at the acquisition of market power. This is a reasonable concern, but another possibility also may be likely: "ex post" patenting may be driven by genuine innovation. Which is more prevalent? To begin answering this question, the author empirically assesses the patenting that occurs within a standard setting organization. The author rejects the first stage hypothesis that all ex post patenting must be opportunistic and conclude instead that such patenting is likely a mixed bag of incremental innovative contributions along with some strategic ones. As a result, standard setting policy prescriptions should proceed with caution so that the good is not eliminated with the bad.
Founders and Joiners: The Role of Individual Characteristics, Social Context, and Commercial Opportunities in Entrepreneurial Intentions

Entrepreneurship has emerged as an important driver of economic growth and as an attractive career option for highly trained individuals. While prior research has examined which individu-als eventually transition into entrepreneurship, we know little about how intentions to engage in entrepreneurship initially form. Moreover, the prior literature has largely ignored that new ven-tures require not only founders, but often critically depend upon ? joiners? individuals who are drawn to entrepreneurial ventures as employees and who play distinct, yet complementary roles to founders. Using a sample of 4,282 science and engineering PhD students near their initial ca-reer transition, we compare founder and joiner intentions with respect to three sets of potential antecedents: individual characteristics, social context, and perceived commercial opportunities. We find that while individuals with founder and joiner intentions share similar ? entrepreneurial? characteristics, different social influences have divergent effects on intentions to be a founder or a joiner. In addition, individuals with a pre-existing orientation toward entrepreneurship sort into entrepreneurial environments, while the entrepreneurial intentions of others are influenced by their social context and the discovery of
Effects of Various Mobile Location Scenarios on 3G Mobile-to-Mobile Video Streaming

The Internet has encouraged increasing research in to mobile-to-mobile (M2M) communications and multimedia streaming. However, with respect to mobile networks, little research is specific to M2M multimedia streaming using the Internet protocol (IP), thus neglecting this glittering prospect. This paper compares both simulation and empirical performance of IP-based M2M video streaming over a typically loaded 3G/UMTS cell. The paper further investigates the effects on M2M video streaming performance when locating mobile nodes at various network locations, such as in different cells and behind different network nodes, including NodeB, RNC, SGSN and GGSN.
Effects of tirofiban on the reperfusion-related no-reflow in rats with acute myocardial infarction

Objective To investigate the effects of tirofiban on the no-reflow phenomenon of acute myocardial infarction (AMI) rats received reperfusion, as well as the underlying mechanisms. Methods Fifty-six male Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly divided into four groups: Sham operation group (Sham), AMI/reperfusion group (AMI/R), Tirofiban group (Tiro) and Tiro+N-nitro-L-arginine group (L-NNA; an endothelial nitric oxide synthase inhibitor). To generate the animal model mimicking the no-reflow phenomenon, the rats first received occlusion of the left anterior descending coronary artery for 60 min and then followed by reperfusion for 120 min. Area of no-reflow, area at risk and area of necrosis were measured by thioflavine S, Evans blue and triphenyl tetrazolium chloride staining, respectively. Haemodynamic function was measured at the end. In the meantime, nitric oxide synthase (NOS) activity was determined by a NOS assay kit. The expression of myocardial endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) was determined by an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). The expression of phosphorylated eNOS at Ser1177 (p-eNOS Ser1177) and vascular endothelial-cadherin (VE-cadherin) were determined by western blot. Results Compared with AMI/R group, tirofiban significantly reduced the no-reflow area and infarct size (all P < 0.05). Tirofiban elevated eNOS activity, lessen inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) activity and increased the expression of Ser1177 phosphorylated eNOS and VE-cadherin in the ischemic myocardium (all P < 0.05). No statistical differences were found in the expression of eNOS among the four groups. Also, tirofiban improved cardiac function with significantly higher levels of left ventricular end systolic pressure, maximum change rate of left ventricular pressure rise and fall, heart rate, and lower level of left ventricular end diastolic pressure than those of the AMI/R group (all P < 0.05). Whereas, these effects of tirofiban were partially abolished by L-NNA. Conclusions Tirofiban could reduce the size of no-reflow and infarct. A possible mechanism underlying this effect is that tirofiban could protect the structural and functional integrity of microvascular endothelium which is partially regulated by eNOS activity.
Comparing Complex Business Process Models

Business process models extracted from real event data via process mining are often visually complex and hard to interpret, cannot easily display all of the relevant process data in one view, and are of unknown quality. It is therefore difficult to present a meaningful comparison of two mined process models, for example to confirm business changes have had a significant effect. We propose a framework for comparing process models, which integrates metrics, graph partitioning, notions of statistical significance, and visualisation techniques. This framework enables well-founded and intuitive methods for understanding and exploring differences between processes. Keywords—Business process mining, graph partitioning, visualisation, probability distributions.
Provided for Non-commercial Research and Educational Use Only. Not for Reproduction, Distribution or Commercial Use. Networking Agroecology: Integrating the Diversity of Agroecosystem Interactions

research and educational use including without limitation use in instruction at your institution, sending it to specific colleagues who know you, and providing a copy to your institution's administrator. All other uses, reproduction and distribution, including without limitation commercial reprints, selling or licensing copies or access, or posting on open internet sites, your personal or institution's website or repository, are prohibited. For exceptions, permission may be sought for such use through Elsevier's permissions site at: Contents 1. Introduction 2 1.1 Current issues in agriculture 4 1.2 Learning from nature 5 1.3 Agricultural ecosystems are intrinsically linked to human society and our goals and ideals 6 1.4 Assessing and predicting change in agriculture 7 1.5 Networking agroecology 9 2. What is a Network? 10 2.1 Interactions among network nodes 12 2.2 What structural information can we gain for agroecosystems using node-based metrics? 15 3.