Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Farmer support for extending Conservation Compliance beyond soil erosion: Evidence from Iowa

Conservation Compliance, which since its inception in 1985 has led to substantial reductions in soil erosion by linking eligibility for some Farm Bill programs to erosion control on highly erodible land, is at a critical juncture. Agricultural economic and budget factors have reduced the effectiveness of compliance incentives, and numerous groups are calling for enhancement of incentives and/or for extension of compliance beyond erosion control to cover concerns such as water quality impairment. This study analyzed survey data measuring Iowa farmers' support for four increasingly stringent Conservation Compliance scenarios ranging from the current configuration to a requirement that all farmers control nutrient runoff regardless of participation in Farm Bill programs. Overall, the results indicate that Iowa farmers have a generally positive view of Conservation Compliance policy, both as currently configured and in potentially more stringent and extensive forms. Farmers with stronger conservationist identities and attitudes were more likely to endorse increasing the scope and stringency of Conservation Compliance, while farmers who expressed greater levels of concern about the property rights implications of government intervention and those with more productivist orientations were less likely to support such policy changes. Taken as a whole, the results suggest that most Iowa farmers think that Conservation Compliance is a good idea, should be continued, and should be extended to more farmers and other resource concerns.
The "afterthought" phenomenon in stress: impacts of retrospective appraisal on stress responses

: Background: While psychosocial stressors trigger neuroendocrine responses and affect task performance, many studies overlook the dynamic nature of the stress appraisal process. Goal: This study aims to explore whether subjective appraisals at various time points can interpret individual stress responses, both behaviorally and physiologically, using controlled laboratory conditions. Methods : A total of 137 effective participants were recruited to induce individual stress states using the Trier Social stress Test (TSST). Subjective appraisals were measured both before (anticipatory appraisal) and after the stressor (retrospective appraisal). Concurrently, participants' cortisol responses and task performances were documented. Results: Findings indicate that anticipatory appraisal doesn't significantly impact task performance, whereas retrospective appraisal markedly affects performance of the corresponding tasks. Regarding cortisol levels, multivariate regression analysis revealed that only the retrospective appraisal of the speech task accounted for the observed variance in cortisol response under stress. Discussion: The data suggests that retrospective appraisals are more indicative of behavioral and physiological responses to psychosocial stressors than anticipatory appraisals. These findings lend empirical support to refining the biopsychosocial model and underscore the utility of retrospective appraisal in capturing individual stress response variations.
Childhood interleukin-6, C-reactive protein and atopic disorders as risk factors for hypomanic symptoms in young adulthood: a longitudinal birth cohort study

Background. There are no existing longitudinal studies of in ﬂ ammatory markers and atopic disorders in childhood and risk of hypomanic symptoms in adulthood. This study examined if childhood: (1) serum interleukin-6 (IL-6) and C-reactive protein (CRP); and (2) asthma and/or eczema are associated with features of hypomania in young adulthood. Method. Participants in the Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children, a prospective general population UK birth cohort, had non-fasting blood samples for IL-6 and CRP measurement at the age of 9 years ( n = 4645), and parents answered a question about doctor-diagnosed atopic illness before the age of 10 years ( n = 7809). These participants completed the Hypomania Checklist at age 22 years ( n = 3361). Results. After adjusting for age, sex, ethnicity, socio-economic status, past psychological and behavioural problems, body mass index and maternal postnatal depression, participants in the top third of IL-6 values at 9 years, compared with the bottom third, had an increased risk of hypomanic symptoms by age 22 years [adjusted odds ratio 1.77, 95% con ﬁ dence interval (CI) 1.10 – 2.85, p < 0.001]. Higher IL-6 levels in childhood were associated with adult hypomania features in a dose – response fashion. After further adjustment for depression at the age of 18 years this association remained (adjusted odds ratio 1.70, 95% CI 1.03 – 2.81, p = 0.038). There was no evidence of an association of hypomanic symptoms with CRP levels, asthma or eczema in childhood. Conclusions. Higher levels of systemic in ﬂ ammatory marker IL-6 in childhood were associated with hypomanic symptoms in young adulthood, suggesting that in ﬂ ammation may play a role in the pathophysiology of mania. In ﬂ ammatory pathways may be suitable targets for the prevention and intervention for bipolar disorder.
US tornado outbreaks in May: characteristics of atmospheric patterns identiﬁed by maximum covariance analysis

Under a warming climate, it is unclear how environments associated with US tornado outbreaks are changing. This work narrows this gap by using maximum covariance analysis (MCA) to ﬁnd multivariate relationships between 500-hPa geopotential height anomalies and a severe thunderstorm proxy – WMAXSHEAR (a product of convective available potential energy and 0–6 km vertical wind shear) associated with past (1950-2019) May major tornado outbreaks. Results highlight three main patterns that explain the majority of covariance between tornado outbreaks and the large-scale atmospheric environment. Tornado outbreaks occurring under the dominant pattern (MCA1) initiate at diﬀerent hours of the day and tend to last for many hours. Tornado outbreaks associated with the second (MCA2) and third (MCA3) patterns are shorter in duration and tend to initiate during the warmest daytime hours. Moreover, an increase in the magnitude and the spatial extent of the patterns conducive to tornado outbreaks
CDK5RAP2 stimulates microtubule nucleation by the  -tubulin ring complex

nucleation activator (  -TuNA).  -TuNA but not its  -TuC–binding-deficient mutant stimulates microtubule nucleation by purified  -TuRC in vitro and induces extensive,  -TuRC-dependent nucleation of microtubules in a microtubule regrowth assay.  -TuRC bound to  -TuNA contains NME7, FAM128A/B, and actin in addition to  -tubulin and GCP2–6. RNA interference–mediated depletion of CDK5RAP2 impairs both centrosomal and acentrosomal microtubule nucleation, although  -TuRC assembly is unaffected. Collectively, these results suggest that the  -TuNA found in CDK5RAP2 has regulatory functions in  -TuRC–mediated microtubule nucleation.
Island Arc Origin for the Gladesville and Associated Bodies in the Carolina Superterrane in Central Georgia, Southern Appalachians

Terrestrial mafic and ultramafic bodies form in various tectonic settings and from a wide variety of magma types. Clarifying the origin of such rocks in orogenic belts such as the southern Appalachians is important to understanding the formation of mountain belts and associated mafic and ultramafic rocks. A petrographic and geochemical study was conducted on the Gladesville, Hillsboro, Juliette, Holly Grove, and Berry Creek bodies in the Carolina superterrane of the southern Appalachians in central Georgia to place some constrains on the origin and tectonic setting of these mafic and ultramafic rocks. Results from this study show that the rock types investigated in the Gladesville and associated bodies are mostly metabasalts and olivine metagabbronorites. The mineralogies of these bodies are plagioclase, hornblende, clinopyroxene, and opaques. MgO contents range from 3.5 to 7.5 wt% MgO for the Gladesville, Hillsboro, and Berry Creek bodies, with the Juliette and Holly Grove bodies having slightly higher MgO concentrations, ranging from 11.8 to 12.4 wt%. CaO contents of samples from all the bodies range from 6.9 to 18.1 wt%. Concentrations of trace elements, including Ni and Cr, in all the bodies range from 6 to 224 ppm and from 17 to 1932 ppm, respectively, generally akin to those of tholeiitic basalts. Plagioclase mineral compositions vary widely: the Gladesville body is characterized by plagioclase with An75.1 to An95.7, whereas the Hillsboro body has plagioclase with anorthite compositions of An46.2–69.8. Other bodies, such as the Juliette and Holly Grove bodies, are highly calcic, with plagioclase content ranges of An96.6–99.8 and An90.8–96.9, respectively. Amphiboles from the investigated bodies are tschermakite, magnesiohornblende, and pargasite, and they plot within the range of amphiboles from island arcs and ophiolite complexes. Calcic pyroxenes vary from body to body: Juliette (Ca38.5–50.9Mg54.2–44.9Fe7.2–4.2) through Holly Grove (Ca47.1–49.4Mg43.2–41.2Fe9.7–9.4) to Gladesville (Ca48.9–52.5Mg41.4–42.5Fe9.7–5.2). Both spider diagrams, which show Nb depletions, and tectonic discrimination diagrams are consistent with formation of these bodies in island arc settings. The highly calcic content of most of the plagioclase further supports an island arc origin for these bodies.
"Broadside" versus "end-fire" radar response: some simple illustrative examples

A few field studies have noted a directional dependence in the ground-penetrating radar response. Such observations are consistent with the character of the signal transmitted from a GPR antenna into the ground under different conditions. However, the antenna orientation relative to the target geometry is seldom given much consideration in GPR survey design and execution. We use simple models to illustrate the influence of antenna orientation relative to dipping reflectors. The two fundamental responses are presented: The 'broadside' response arises when the transmitting and receiving antenna axes are parallel to the strike of the dipping feature. The 'end-fire' response is obtained when the antennas are perpendicular to the strike. Both the reflector dip and host velocity are varied. Antenna orientation relative to the target is important because of the lobate nature of the transmitted GPR signal. The signal strength is zero or almost zero at 'null points,' where the energy available for reflection is small, and any reflected energy is almost non- existent. The broadside and end-fire signals have different forms, and yield different responses to dipping features. Thus, if the angle at which a null occurs is complementary to the angle of the dip, then little or no reflection occurs.
Seismic activity around the northern neighbor of the 2011 off the Pacific coast of Tohoku Earthquake with emphasis on a potentially large aftershock in the area

We investigated the seismic activity around the northern neighbor of the 2011 off the Pacific coast of Tohoku Earthquake (MW 9.0) with special attention to a potential large aftershock in the area. We obtained a combined data set by adding our manually-picked locations to the catalog locations by the Japan Meteorological Agency. The hypocenter distribution delineates active and inactive bands of seismicity. The band of low seismicity corresponds to a zone of a large seismic slip, indicating that aftershocks occurred in peripheral neighbors of the mainshock asperity. The broad band of active seismicity along the coast corresponds to the zone of a large postseismic slip, suggesting the enhancement of the aftershock activity by the slip. Although the northern neighbor of the mainshock fault is a favored region of increased seismicity, as shown from a Coulomb stress calculation, no significant seismic activity is observed within the potential source area except along the Japan Trench and the SW corner. This implies that the zone of interplate moment release by previous large earthquakes and the subsequent slow slip acted as a barrier to the migration of both the mainshock rupture and aftershock activity. However, an aftershock area in the zone may reflect inhomogeneous moment release by past seismic and aseismic sequences.
Elasticity of Particulate Materials

Problems associated with isolation, measurement, and modeling the elastic behavior of particulate materials are discussed. Because of pervasive yielding, exclusively elastic behavior of particulate materials is restricted to infinitesimal increments of unloading. Three‐dimensional elastic constitutive equations are formulated in terms of two scalar functions representing effects of void ratio and stress history, a reference fabric matrix, a stress‐compliance matrix, and a Poisson's ratio matrix. The stress‐compliance matrix accounts for the discovery in 1979 that elastic shear stiffness is independent of stress normal to the plane of shear. Transformation of coordinates and the definition of reference fabric are carefully considered in the developed formulation.
Forest strips left along water and bog can be valuable for birds. A case of experimental cutting

An experimental cutting was performed in Grue municipality, Hedmark, to study the value for birds of retaining a forest strip along bog and water. Two study areas of mature coniferous forest were selected, each 600 x 200 m, with one of the long sides towards either water or bog. Before logging started, all bird territories were mapped during two years. In the third breeding season, a 50 m wide forest strip remained adjacent to water and bog, and in the fourth season a 25 m wide forest strip. Both along bog and water, the 25 m wide forest strip supported a species- and individual-rich bird fauna, with higher density than before cutting. This is in accordance with an extensive study in remaining forest strips adjacent to water and bogs in South-East Norway, where the authors adviced to set aside 30 m wide strips. Literature data indicate that the rich bird life in such buffer zones may be due to a concentration of insects blown in from the open clearcut area.
A broadly neutralizing human monoclonal antibody exhibits in vivo efficacy against both human metapneumovirus and respiratory syncytial virus.

BACKGROUND Human metapneumovirus (HMPV) is a leading cause of acute respiratory tract infection, with significant morbidity and mortality. No licensed vaccines or therapeutic agents exist. Monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) are effective at preventing other infectious diseases and could be used against HMPV in high-risk hosts. METHODS In vitro assays were performed to assess the neutralizing activity and affinity kinetics of human mAb 54G10. A new mouse model was developed to assess prophylactic and therapeutic efficacy in vivo. The epitope of 54G10 was identified by generating mAb-resistant mutants (MARMs). RESULTS At low concentrations, 54G10 neutralized all 4 subgroups of HMPV in vitro and had subnanomolar affinity for the fusion protein. DBA/2 mice were permissive for all 4 HMPV subgroups, and 54G10 was effective both prophylactically and therapeutically against HMPV in vivo. Sequencing of HMPV MARMs identified the 54G10 epitope, which was similar to an antigenic site on respiratory syncytial virus (RSV). 54G10 also exhibited in vitro neutralizing activity and in vivo protective and therapeutic efficacy against RSV. CONCLUSIONS Human mAb 54G10 has broad neutralizing activity against HMPV and could have prophylactic and therapeutic utility clinically. The conserved epitope could represent a structural vaccine target for HMPV and RSV.
Cloud impacts on UV spectral actinic flux observed during the International Photolysis Frequency Measurement and Model Intercomparison (IPMMI)

[1] Observations collected during the International Photolysis Frequency Measurement and Model Intercomparison (IPMMI) have enabled a semiquantitative assessment of cloud impacts on UV spectral actinic flux. Critical to this analysis is the availability of spectroradiometer data accompanied by sky camera images. Data reveal several interesting aspects of cloud influences. Enhancements in UV actinic flux of up to 40% over clear-sky values are observed for cloudy conditions when the solar disk is unoccluded. When the solar disk is occluded, reductions in actinic flux appear to vary inversely with cloud fraction in some instances. A wavelength dependence is also observed with shorter wavelengths generally exhibiting lower variability for both enhancements and reductions (e.g., 20-30% less variability at 320 versus 420 nm). Enhancements in actinic flux show a stronger wavelength dependence with increasing cloud fraction. By contrast, wavelength dependence appears to weaken with increasing cloud fraction for actinic flux reduction. At low Sun, however, a wavelength dependence appears to occur even for overcast conditions. Despite these differences, integration over longer periods shows cloud impacts on actinic flux to be similar for all UV wavelengths, suggesting that differences in wavelength response are localized phenomena with impacts that are minimized when integrated over the surrounding area. Further studies at other latitudes and in other seasons are needed to verify this behavior.
USE OF TOPICAL NSAIDS IN ACUTE MUSCULOSKELETAL SPORTS INJURY: A BRIEF REVIEW

The objective of this chapter is to summarize the current standards of pain management in minor sports-related musculoskeletal injuries. This chapter also addresses the topical form of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug as an effective pain management option in an outpatient setting. Design: Quantitive systematic review of randomized controlled trials. Methods: The data was obtained through literature review of articles published in the last 10 years. In addition, FDA information on non-steroidal anti-inflammatory medications was also reviewed. The patient population studied in the articles included children and adults. Conclusion: Current standards of managing pain resulting from sports injuries involve a number of analgesic drugs including non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs. The topical form of this class of drugs is an effective method for pain management of minor musculoskeletal sports-related injuries .
Loads scheduling for energy community Demand Response on Smart Grids

HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access archive for the deposit and dissemination of scientific research documents, whether they are published or not. The documents may come from teaching and research institutions in France or abroad, or from public or private research centers. L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires publics ou privés. Loads scheduling for energy community Demand Response on Smart Grids Mariam Sangaré, Michael Poss, Eric Bourreau, Amaury Pachurka
Mobility and exile at 2nd century A.D. khirbet edh‐dharih: Strontium isotope analysis of human migration in western Jordan

The 2nd century A.D. Roman annexation of the Nabataean Kingdom may have resulted in significant settlement disruption. Here we investigate the possibility that political refugees occupied Khirbet edh‐Dharih after Roman takeover, using strontium isotope analysis of archaeological human dental enamel. We additionally discuss regional patterning of 87Sr/86Sr in western Jordan based on archaeological faunal dental enamel samples to understand strontium isotope spatial heterogeneity and to facilitate interpretation of the Dharih results. Strontium isotope analysis of small mammal dentition varied as expected based on bedrock geology, but small faunal sample sizes did not accurately reflect the broad range of biologically available strontium at Dharih. Only one person at Khirbet edh‐Dharh appears to be non‐local based on isotopic data. The status of the remaining individuals is unclear, as they could have originated from Dharih or the Nabataean capital city of Petra. Incorporating modern fauna and soil samples to establish the local value may assist in characterizing the local strontium in a geologically complex area such as Dharih. Futhermore, future analysis of elemental strontium to assess dietary composition and diagenetic contamination would facilitate interpretation of the strontium sources in the Dharih individuals. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Default Mode Functional Connectivity, Aerobic Exercise, and Depressive Symptoms: A Resting-State fMRI Study

Depressive symptoms are common in older adults. Previous studies have shown that aerobic exercise is effective in treating depression and improves brain function. The goal of the current study was to determine the interrelationships between aerobic exercise, default mode network (DMN) functional connectivity, and depressive symptoms in thirty-eight healthy older adults. Results showed that (a) increased connectivity within the DMN and to the sgACC is associated with greater depressive symptoms at baseline, (b) decreases in functional connectivity within the DMN after a 12 week exercise intervention were greater for participants in the aerobic group relative to the control group, and (c) there is a positive association between changes in DMN functional connectivity and changes in depressive symptoms, but a negative association between other regions of the brain. These findings suggest that changes in resting-state functional connectivity are associated with changes in depressive symptoms in older adults with subthreshold depressive symptoms. INDEX WORDS: Default mode network, Resting-state, Functional connectivity, Exercise, Depression, Aging DEFAULT MODE FUNCTIONAL CONNECTIVITY, AEROBIC EXERCISE, AND DEPRESSIVE SYMPTOMS: A RESTING-STATE fMRI STUDY
Event‐scale blooms drive enhanced primary productivity at the Subtropical Convergence

Frontal systems in the Southern Ocean are known for their enhanced biological activity, with some tantalising suggestions that this enhancement may be intermittent. We have used frequent satellite ocean colour observations to investigate the Subtropical Convergence south of Africa. We demonstrate that the biological enhancement takes place as episodic chlorophyll bloom events with limited spatial and temporal scales. Most of the events appear in austral spring‐summer. Two typical lifetimes, 8–24 and 40–60 days, emerge unambiguously during these seasons. A similar analysis has been carried out on modelled chlorophyll fields to investigate the physical‐biogeochemical causes for such events. Strong and swift stratification, alleviating the light limitation on growth of phytoplankton, causes the appearance of a bloom. A mixed layer depth expansion subsequently leads to a rapid disappearance of the simulated event. Phytoplankton horizontal transport, either zonal or meridional, also plays a key role on the lifetime of the bloom events.
CARDIORESPIRATORY FITNESS VERSUS PHYSICAL ACTIVITY AS PREDICTORS OF ALL-CAUSE MORTALITY IN MEN By

ii Statement of co-authorship and thesis contributions . iii Acknowledgements . iv List of tables . ix List of figures . xi List of abbreviations . xii Chapter 1. General introduction . 1 Chapter 2. Review of literature . 4 2.1 The economic and health burden of physical inactivity and low cardiorespiratory fitness . 4 2.2 Risk factors for morbidity and mortality . 5 2.3 Physical activity . 6 2.3. 1 PA, morbidity and mortality . 7 2.3. 2 Characterization of the PA-mortality curve . 8 2.3. 3 Population-attributable risk estimates . 10 2.3. 5 Serial changes in PA and mortality risk . 10 2.3. 4 Reclassification with the addition of PA to traditional risk factors . 11 2.3. 6 Summary . 14 2.3. 7 Assessment of PA . 14 2.4 Cardiorespiratory Fitness . 18 2.4. 1 CRF, morbidity and mortality . 18 2.4. 2 Characterization of the CRF-mortality curve . 20 2.4. 3 Population-attributable risk estimates . 21 2.4. 5 Serial changes in CRF and mortality risk . 21