Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
On the identification of discrete graphical models with hidden nodes

Conditions are presented for local identifiability of discrete undirected graphical models with a binary hidden node. These models can be obtained by extending the latent class model to allow for conditional associations between the observed variables. We establish a necessary and sufficient condition for the model to be locally identified almost everywhere in the parameter space and we provide expressions of the subspace where identifiability breaks down. The condition is based on the topology of the undirected graph and relies on the faithfulness assumption.
Obtaining the fundamental and harmonic radiation conductances of a reflective SAW interdigital transducer

The fundamental and harmonic radiation conductances of a solid-electrode uniform reflective SAW Interdigital transducer (IDT) are derived by applying the IDT reflection coefficient as a weighting function to modify the nominal (sin(X)/X)/sup 2/ radiation conductance. The IDT radiation conductance is derived from the single-tap SAW amplitude response function /spl mu//sub s/(f,/spl eta/)/spl ap//spl mu//sub s/(f/sub 0/,/spl eta/) sin[(/spl pi/f)/(2f/sub 0/)]P/sub n/(cos /spl eta//spl pi/), where P/sub n/=nth Legendre polynomial, together with IDT reflectivity as obtained from single-tap charge distribution analysis. The method is demonstrated for the fundamental and third-harmonic radiation conductances of a highly-reflective 100-MHz solid-electrode IDT using 41 electrodes with /spl eta/=0.25, on 128/spl deg/ YX-LiNbO/sub 3/. The results obtained by this approximate method are in good agreement with those published by Morgan (1998), using a quasi-static analysis applied to a reflective array model (RAM).
Chamfer masks: discrete distance functions, geometrical properties and optimization

The chamfer distances are based on the definition of masks whose size can change depending on the quality of the approximation which is expected, compared to the Euclidean distance. The authors show the induced geometrical properties of the generated distance images, and calculate the required properties of the mask to ensure that they define a distance function. Then they show how to optimize the masks directly in discrete space, and finally, present some main applications. <<ETX>>
Seasonal Variability in Transcript Expression of Type I and Type II Keratins in Wool Follicles of Lustrous Fleece-Producing Magra Sheep

ABSTRACT Magra sheep reared around the Bikaner area of Rajasthan, India is famous for producing lustrous fleece as compared to other wool-producing native sheep breeds. Three clips of Magra wool, namely, February, July, and October months of the year are showing variations in luster and gross appearance. Present work has been conducted to unravel seasonal variations, in transcript expression patterns in major type I and type II keratin genes, that occur in wool follicles of lustrous wool-producing Magra sheep. Wool samples randomly collected were graded in high and low luster by Gloss 60° values. Wool follicles of the sheep with low (gloss 60° values; < 2.5) and high (gloss 60° values; > 2.5) luster were used for the analysis of type I and type II keratin transcripts. The results of Quantitative PCR had shown up-regulated expression of keratin genes in high-lustrous sheep as compared to low-lustrous sheep. K32, K40, and K82 transcript expression differed significantly (P ≤ .05) between high- and low-lustrous sheep. Nucleotide sequence analysis of the K40 and K82 genes revealed five and four non-synonymous mutations, respectively. From the present study, it can be speculated that the higher amount of keratin protein may play a crucial role in determining the luster property of the wool.
Sensitivity Analysis of a Radiative-Convective Model by the Adjoint Method

Abstract The adjoint method of sensitivity analysis is demonstrated on a radiative-convective climate model. A single adjoint calculation, which requires about the same computation time as the original model suffices to calculate sensitivities of surface air temperature to all 312 model parameters. The uses of these sensitivities are discussed and illustrated. The sensitivities accurately predict the effect on surface air temperature of small variations in the model parameters. Relative sensitivities are used to rank the importance of all the parameters. Several of the sensitivities to parameters customarily considered in previous works (e.g., solar constant, surface albedo, relative humidity, CO2 concentration) are reproduced, but the largest sensitivities are to constants used to compute the saturation vapor pressure of water. The uncertainties in the model results are expressed formally in terms of all the sensitivities and parameter covariances. For results that cannot readily be compared with observa.
A Monte Carlo MOSFET simulator based on a new method for the Poisson-transport iteration

A two-dimensional, steady state Monte Carlo (MC) device simulator which is especially suited €or the simulation of submicron MOSFETs is described. A unique Monte Carlo-Poisson coupling scheme has been adopted, which exhibits a significantly better convergence rate than conventional schemes. This technique is based on MC-DriftDiffusion (DD) coupling, a method which proves to be correct within the Boltsmann formalism. In addition, MC-DD coupling allows to tackle equilibrium- and non-equilibrium transport, both of them occurring in different device regions, by one and the same transport equation, while using transport coefficients of different origin. An implementation in MINIMOS [3] has been performed and simulation results are shown.
Evidence for solitary wave behavior in Marangoni–Bénard convection

Recent studies have elucidated the possibility of solitary wave behavior in Marangoni–Benard instability flows. The present paper takes a look at experiments in both heat‐transfer‐ and mass‐transfer‐driven Marangoni systems to discern nonlinear behavior of the type associated with solitary wave interactions. Direct observation of phase shifts incurred by two Marangoni waves having undergone a head‐on collision are reported. Analysis of experiments exhibiting wave reflection at a solid wall and obliquely interacting waves in Marangoni instability flows also show remarkable similarities with nonlinear behavior in Korteweg–de Vries systems.
Galactic diffusion and wind models of cosmic-ray transport. I - Insight from CR composition studies and gamma-ray observations

A two-dimensional model of the propagation of cosmic-ray (CR) nuclei in galaxies is discussed in which cosmic rays, produced in the galactic plane, diffuse into a halo and are convected outward in a galactic wind. Analytical solutions of the convection-diffusion equation are presented, assuming a linear increase of the convection velocity with distance from the plane, V(z)=3 V 0 z, and allowing for an energy-dependent diffusion coefficient, D(E)=D 0 (E/GeV) α . The differences compared to the classical diffusion model are outlined and constraints on model parameters from CR observations and γ-ray observations of the Milky Way are presented
Raindrop Size Distribution and Radar Parameters at Cape Verde

Abstract Precipitation measurement using passive or active microwaves from space- or ground-based radar involves hypotheses about the raindrop size distribution (DSD). A universal knowledge of DSD characteristics is needed. A 4-yr dataset collected with a disdrometer at Dakar, Senegal, on the Atlantic coast of West Africa is used to analyze the DSD at the end of the continental trajectory of Sahelian squall lines. The DSDs are stratified in eight rain-rate classes and are fitted to analytical distributions. The shape of the averaged DSDs is found to be very similar from one year to the next. From rain rates R higher than about 20 mm h−1, the slope of the DSDs tends toward a constant value. The coefficients of the Z–R relation, between the radar reflectivity factor Z and R, are different for convective and stratiform parts of the squall lines. However, because the Z–R relations for convective rain intersect the relation for stratiform rain for high rates, it is suggested that using a single Z–R relation en.
Biased clustering in the cold dark matter cosmogony

Les proprietes d'agencement des condensations de matiere sombre produites dans le scenario de la matiere sombre froide sont calculees et les resultats sont appliques aux galaxies et autres objets astronomiques qui pourraient etre identifies avec quelque sous-ensemble de ces halos sombres
Interannual variability in a tropical atmosphere−ocean model: influence of the basic state, ocean geometry and nonlinearity

Abstract The behavior of a tropical coupled atmosphere/ocean model is analyzed for a range of different background states and ocean geometries. The model is essentially that of Cane and Zebiak for the tropical Pacific, except only temporally constant background states are considered here. For realistic background states and ocean geometry, the model solutions feature oscillations of period of 3–5 yr. By comparing the full model solution with a linearized version of the model, it is shown that the basic mechanism of the oscillation is contained within linear theory. A simple linear analog model is derived that describes the nature of the interannual variability in the coupled tropical atmosphere–ocean system. The analog model highlights the properties that produce coupled atmosphere–ocean instability in the eastern ocean basin, and the equatorial wave dynamics in the western ocean basin that are responsible for a delayed, negative feedback into this instability growth. The growth rate of the local instabil.
A Synthesis of the Effects of the Color Wheel System on Classroom Behaviors

Abstract Teachers spend a significant amount of time redirecting students, addressing problem behaviors, and transitioning the class, leading to less instructional time. The Color Wheel System (CWS) is a classroom behavioral management intervention that uses clear, specific rules for different activities. It can be implemented in a variety of classrooms and modified to meet the needs of the teacher (e.g. additional rule sets, reinforcements, using animals instead of colors to differentiate between rule sets). This literature synthesis and meta-analysis evaluated the overall effectiveness of the CWS. Thirteen studies using single-case design methodologies within 12 articles with a total of 261 participants were included in the analysis. Results indicated an overall moderate treatment effect, Tau-U = 0.88 (CI = [0.78, 1.35]) on student behaviors with individual study effects ranging from 0.61 to 1.00. There were no variables that significantly moderated the effects of the CWS on student behavior. Discussion focuses on implications for researchers and educators.
New Design of a Compact 1×2 Super UWB-MIMO Antenna for Polarization Diversity

This paper proposes a new design of compact coplanar waveguide (CPW) fed -super ultra-wideband (S-UWB) MIMO antenna with a bandwidth of 3.6 to 40 GHz. The proposed antenna is composed of two orthogonal sector-shape monopoles (SSM) antenna elements to perform polarization diversity. In addition, a matched L-shaped common ground element is attached for more efficient coupling. The FR-4 substrate of the structure with a size of 23 × 45 × 1.6 mm3 and a dielectric constant of 4.3 is considered. The proposed design is simulated by using CST Microwave Studio commercial software. The simulation shows that the antenna has low mutual coupling (|S21| < -20 dB) with |S11|<−10 dB, ranging from 3.6 to 40 GHz. Envelope correlation coefficient (ECC) is less than 0.008, diversity gain (DG) is more than 9.99, mean effective gain (MEG) is below – 3 dB, and total active reflection coefficient (TARC) is less than -6 dB over the whole response band is reported. The proposed MIMO antenna is expected efficiently cover the broadest range of frequencies for contemporary communications applications.
THE DESIGN OF CLINICAL TRIALS

Summary Clinical trials have grown in number and size since their introduction over 30 years ago. They embody Fisherian principles of experimentation, with emphasis on randomization rather than on complex structure. Randomization has recently come under attack, regrettably in the author's view. Much work has been done on methods of achieving balanced randomization, although the advantage of such schemes over post-trial adjustment is not clear. Trials are often too small to achieve sensible objects. Size is mainly determined by power considerations, decision-theoretic models being difficult to relate to practical needs. Sequential methods are available, and have become more flexible. Problems of planning and execution, on which the statistician's view is important, include the homogeneity or otherwise of patients, uniformity of treatment schedules, procedure for dealing with protocol departures and the avoidance of bias in assessment of response. Cross-over designs are useful for the study of short-term alleviation of chronic disease symptoms, but more attention should be paid to the detection of treatment × period interaction, which is based on between-subject comparisons. More use should be made of factorial designs, although they give rise to difficulties of interpretation when factors interact.
Accurate multichannel continuum states by a general configuration interaction expansion in a B-spline basis: application to He photoionization

We report theoretical calculations of the total and partial cross section and asymmetry parameter for He photoionization up to the N = 3 threshold. Multichannel continuum wavefunctions are obtained via a least squares solution of the Schrodinger equation employing a basis set expansion based on a primitive B-spline radial basis and a general configuration interaction form. This allows use of a mixed full CI and close-coupling expansion in a completely general approach to improve correlation description in the continuum channels. The present algorithm correctly describes the full range of phenomena encountered with full details and a remarkable accuracy both on non-resonant cross sections and resonance structures. An accuracy of better than 0.001 Mb is estimated both on total and partial cross sections, also Fano resonance parameters compare very well with the best methods available based on Hylleraas type wavefunctions and complex coordinate rotation.
Low-Mass Extremely Metal-Poor Stellar Models: Yields, Uncertainties and the Galactic Halo Stars

Abstract We have calculated a set of low-mass (0.85 M⊙ ≤ M ≤ 3.0 M⊙) zero metallicity and extremely metal-poor (−6.5 ≤ [Fe/H] ≤ −3.0) stellar models, including nucleosynthetic yields for 74 species. As far as we are aware these are the first detailed yields in the mass and metallicity range considered. Due to the difficulty in modelling such stars the yields naturally contain numerous uncertainties, and thus present interesting challenges for future stellar modelling. We briefly present some results in the context of the Galactic Halo star observations, and also discuss qualitatively some of the uncertainties in the modelling. We conclude by suggesting that much work is still necessary in this research area. For example, multidimensional fluid dynamics models are needed to simulate the violent proton ingestion events that occur during the core He flash and early TPAGB, observations and theory of mass loss at low metallicities are needed, the effects of reaction rate uncertainties need to be quantified, and low temperature opacities variable in carbon (and nitrogen) need to be included in the models.
Convergence rate of least-squares identification and adaptive control for stochastic systems†

The strong consistency and the convergence rate of least-squares identification for the multidimensional ARMAX model are established under some decaying excitation conditions which are satisfied if both input and output do not grow too fast and the attenuating excitation technique is applied. The parameter-identification results are applied to adaptive-control systems with a quadratic loss function. The rate of convergence of the loss function to its minimum is also obtained.
The Simulation of Three-Dimensional Convective Storm Dynamics

Abstract A new three-dimensional cloud model has been developed for investigating the dynamic character of convective storms. This model solves the compressible equations of motion using a splitting procedure which provides numerical efficiency by treating the sound wave modes separately. For the subgrid turbulence processes, a time-dependent turbulence energy equation is solved which depends on local buoyancy, shear and dissipation. First-order closure is applied to nearly conservative variables with eddy coefficients based on the computed turbulence energy. Open lateral boundaries are incorporated in the model that respond to internal forcing and permit gravity waves to propagate out of the integration domain with little apparent reflection. Microphysical processes are included in the model using a Kessler-type parameterization. Simulations conducted for an unsheared environment reveal that the updraft temperatures follow a moist adiabatic lapse rate and that the convection is dissipated by water loadin.
Control of the Flow Around Square Cylinders at Incidence by Using a Rod

Aerodynamic characteristics of a square cylinder at incidence were investigated experimentally in the wake of a small rod at a Reynolds number of 3.4 x 10 4 . The dimensionless gap L/D was varied from 1.71 to 8.00. Depending on the spacing L/D, two flow patterns with and without vortex shedding from the rod were observed. Pressure measurements on the rod and square cylinder and hot-film measurements in the wake of the cylinder were carried out The combined influences of the rod and angle of incidence on the pressure distributions and vortex-shedding phenomenon were investigated
THRESHOLD AUTOREGRESSION WITH A UNIT ROOT

This paper develops an asymptotic theory of inference for an unrestricted two-regime threshold autoregressive (TAR) model with an autoregressive unit root. We find that the asymptotic null distribution of Wald tests for a threshold are nonstandard and different from the stationary case, and suggest basing inference on a bootstrap approximation. We also study the asymptotic null distributions of tests for an autoregressive unit root, and find that they are nonstandard and dependent on the presence of a threshold effect. We propose both asymptotic and bootstrap-based tests. These tests and distribution theory allow for the joint consideration of nonlinearity (thresholds) and nonstationary (unit roots). Our limit theory is based on a new set of tools that combine unit root asymptotics with empirical process methods. We work with a particular two-parameter empirical process that converges weakly to a two-parameter Brownian motion. Our limit distributions involve stochastic integrals with respect to this two-parameter process. This theory is entirely new and may find applications in other contexts. We illustrate the methods with an application to the U.S. monthly unemployment rate. We find strong evidence of a threshold effect. The point estimates suggest that the threshold effect is in the short-run dynamics, rather than in the dominate root. While the conventional ADF test for a unit root is insignificant, our TAR unit root tests are arguably significant. The evidence is quite strong that the unemployment rate is not a unit root process, and there is considerable evidence that the series is a stationary TAR process. Copyright The Econometric Society.
Model Pendidikan Karakter di Sekolah Menengah Kejuruan

Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui nilai-nilai pendidikan karakter peserta didik di Sekolah Menengah Kejuruan (SMK). Metode penelitian menggunakan deskriptif kualitatif, dengan pendekatan fenomenologi dibantu program software Nvivo 12 Plus, informan terdiri dari para guru, peserta didik, dan industri. Teknik pengambilan sampel menggunakan purposive sampling dan snowball sampling, sehingga terdapat informan kunci dan informan pendukung. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa pendidikan karakter, seperti disiplin, religius, bersahabat/komunikatif, kerja keras, tanggung jawab dan jujur merupakan nilai-nilai utama yang acap kali diberikan pendidik kepada peserta didik di SMK. Sedangkan karakter siswa yang cenderung diinginkan oleh industri adalah religius, disiplin, bersahabat/komunikatif, tanggung jawab dan jujur. Berdasarkan hasil penelitian dapat disimpulkan bahwa dari delapan belas nilai karakter yang ada, empat nilai yang sama muncul, perbedaannya terletak di kerja keras dan jujur. Hal ini mengindikasikan bahwa pembentukan karakter peserta didik di SMK membutuhkan elaborasi yang baik antara satuan pendidikan, masyarakat dan keluarga, sehingga tujuan dari pendidikan karakter ini dapat tercapai dengan maksimal.
EUV filter responses to plasma emission for the nonthermal κ-distributions

The responses to plasma emission of the TRACE EUV filters are computed by integrating their spectral responses over the synthetic spectra obtained from the CHIANTI database. The filter responses to emission are functions of temperature, electron density, and the assumed electron distribution function. It is shown here that, for the nonthermal κ-distributions, the resulting responses to emission are more broadly dependent on T , and their maxima are flatter than for the Maxwellian electron distribution. The positions of the maxima can also be shifted. Filter reponses to T are density-dependent as well. The influence of the nonthermal κ-distributions on the diagnostics of T from the observations in all three EUV filters is discussed.
Mass Modified Outlet Boundary for a Fully Developed Flow in the Lattice Boltzmann Equation

Outlet boundary conditions for fully developed flow are discussed for a two-dimensional lattice Boltzmann BGK model (LBGK), and most of the existing ones are found to be incapable of ensuring mass conservation of the whole flow field. Based on this analysis, a mass modified outlet boundary is proposed, which can completely overcome this shortcoming. Tests were done against a two-dimensional plane channel flow and flow over a backward-facing step. The results show that the present method is of good accuracy, stability, and fast convergence, especially for relatively high relaxation time and relatively small lattice number. It can improve the accuracy of the numerical results as well as save the computational time.
Review of AI Image Generator: Influences, Challenges, and Future Prospects for Architectural Field

Recently, the topic of text-to-image-based GAI (Generative Artificial Intelligence) or AI Image Generators became so popular because of its sophistication in creating images based on human natural language messages in a short time. On the other hand, the presence of the AI Image Generator is enough to reap various opinions, including in the field of architecture. Therefore, the purpose of this paper is to present a review of the influences, challenges, and prospects of AI Image Generator technology in the architectural design process. The research method used is a systematic literature review by reviewing 12 scientific articles, five books, and five official websites. The results of the study explained that the AI Image Generator could provide one step forward to expanding the design imagination by presenting several design alternatives with high-quality visuals. The challenge lies in the user's proficiency in providing text commands that AI programs can detect. The prospect of this program, if developed in more depth, is to become a rendering tool that can release dependence on devices with high specifications and additional editing applications.