Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Modeling local field potentials and their interaction with the extracellular medium

Extracellular electric potentials, such as local field potentials (LFPs) or the elec-troencephalogram (EEG), are routinely measured in electrophysiological experiments. LFPs are recorded using micrometer-size electrodes, and sample relatively localized populations of neurons, as these signals can be very different for electrodes separated by 1 mm (Destexhe et al., 1999a) or by a few hundred micrometers (Katzner et al., 2009). In contrast, the EEG is recorded from the surface of the scalp using millimeter-scale electrodes and samples much larger populations of neurons (Niedermeyer and Lopes da Silva, 1998). LFPs are subject to much less filtering compared to EEG, because EEG signals must propagate through various media, such as cerebrospinal fluid, dura mater, cranium, muscle and skin. LFP signals are also filtered, because the recording electrode is separated from the neuronal sources by portions of cortical tissue. Besides these differences, EEG and LFP signals display the same characteristics during wake and sleep states (Steriade, 2003). The observation that action potentials have a limited participation in the gen-esis of the EEG or LFPs dates from early studies. Bremer (1938, 1949) was the first to propose that the EEG is not generated by action potentials, based on the mismatch of the time course of EEG waves with action potentials. Eccles (1951) proposed that LFP and EEG activities are generated by summated postsynaptic potentials arising from the synchronized excitation of cortical neurons. Intracel-lular recordings from cortical neurons later demonstrated a close correspondence between EEG/LFP activity and synaptic potentials (Klee et al., 1965; Creutzfeldt et al., 1966a, 1966b). The current view is that EEG and LFPs are generated by synchronized synaptic currents arising on cortical neurons, possibly through the The fact that action potentials have little participation in EEG-related activities indicates strong frequency-filtering properties of cortical tissue. High frequencies
TV minimization of direct algebraic method of optical flow detection via modulated integral imaging using correlation image sensor

A novel mathematical method and a sensing system that detects velocity vector distribution on an optical image with a pixel-wise spatial resolution and a frame-wise temporal resolution is extended by total variation minimization. We applied fast total variation minimization technique for exact algebraic method of optical flow detection. Simulation result showed that directional error caused by local aperture problem decreased effectively by the virtue of global optimization. Experimental results showed edge preserving characteristics on the boundary of motion.
Analysis of Laterally Open Periodic Waveguides by Means of a Generalized Transverse Resonance Approach

The combination of the generalized transverse resonance technique, a field-matching method, and the generalized scattering matrix (GSM) concept is proposed in this paper as an efficient, versatile, and accurate method for the analysis of laterally open periodic waveguides. The proposed method accounts for both open and periodic boundary conditions without any approximation. Its only drawback is its restriction to the analysis of structures that can be segmented in the Cartesian coordinate system. How ever, a staircase approach has been successfully applied to over come this basic limitation. The segmentation of the waveguides, the field expansions for TMp,qz Bloch modes in each partition, and a modification of the well-known GSM cascading procedure for the analysis of a particular type of structure are detailed. In order to demonstrate the capabilities of the proposed approach, four structures, similar to the substrate integrated waveguide, have been analyzed, built, and measured. These examples include single-row square-post and circular-post waveguides, and displaced-row and multiple-row square-post waveguides. The computations and measurements confirm the efficiency, accuracy, and great versatility of this method.
Comparing interaction strategies for constructing diagrams in an audio-only interface

Although research on non-visual access to visualisations is steadily growing, very little work has investigated strategies for constructing such forms of representation through non-visual means. This paper describes the design of two interaction strategies for constructing and manipulating relational diagrams in audio. We report on a study that compared the two strategies, and discuss their advantages and disadvantages in terms of how efficiently they support the activity of constructing diagrams in an audio-only interface.
Crosstalk-driven interconnect optimization by simultaneous gate andwire sizing

Noise, as well as area, delay, and power, is one of the most important concerns in the design of deep submicrometer integrated circuits. Currently existing algorithms do not handle simultaneous switching conditions of signals for noise minimization. In this paper, we model not only physical coupling capacitance, but also simultaneous switching behavior for noise optimization. Based on Lagrangian relaxation, we present an algorithm which can optimally solve the simultaneous noise, area, delay, and power optimization problem by sizing circuit components. Our algorithm, with linear memory requirement and linear runtime, is very effective and efficient. For example, for a circuit of 6144 wires and 3512 gates, our algorithm solves the simultaneous optimization problem using only 2.1-MB memory and 19.4-min runtime to achieve the precision of within 1% error on a SUN Spare Ultra-I workstation.
HPV Clearance and the Neglected Role of Stochasticity

Clearance of anogenital and oropharyngeal HPV infections is attributed primarily to a successful adaptive immune response. To date, little attention has been paid to the potential role of stochastic cell dynamics in the time it takes to clear an HPV infection. In this study, we combine mechanistic mathematical models at the cellular level with epidemiological data at the population level to disentangle the respective roles of immune capacity and cell dynamics in the clearing mechanism. Our results suggest that chance—in form of the stochastic dynamics of basal stem cells—plays a critical role in the elimination of HPV-infected cell clones. In particular, we find that in immunocompetent adolescents with cervical HPV infections, the immune response may contribute less than 20% to virus clearance—the rest is taken care of by the stochastic proliferation dynamics in the basal layer. In HIV-negative individuals, the contribution of the immune response may be negligible.
Climate Change and Watershed Hydrology: Part II - Hydrologic Implications for British Columbia

An intercomparison of model-simulated historical and future changes in extreme events. Climatic Change 79:185–211. Vincent, L.A. and E. Mekis. 2006. Changes in daily and extreme temperature and precipitation indices for Canada over the twentieth century. Atmosphere-Ocean 44:177–193. T he accompanying article described recent climate changes in British Columbia. These changes are likely to result in adjustments in watershed hydrology and ultimately in our use of water-related resources. Increased risks of droughts, floods, and landslides will likely result in considerable socioeconomic , biological, and physical changes. Future climate change will bring about greater changes and challenge our management of forest and range resources (Spittlehouse and Stewart 2003). To adapt to and in some cases mitigate the effects of climate change, it is necessary to understand the hydrologic implications for the future. This article (Part II) discusses eight broad hydrologic implications of climate change in British Columbia. As a result of cur rent trends and future cli mate pro jec tions, the fol low ing high-level hydrologic-related changes may be expected to occur: l increased atmospheric evaporative demand; l altered vegetation composition affecting evaporation and interception; l increased stream/lake temperatures; l increased frequency/magnitude of storm events and disturbances; l decreased snow accumulation and accelerated melt; l accelerated melting of permafrost, lake ice, and river ice; l glacier mass balance (advance/recession) adjustments; and l altered timing and magnitude of streamflow (peak flows, low flows). The cli mate sce nar ios pre vi ously described could increase the atmo-sphere's abil ity to evap o rate water (Hun ting ton 2008). This will occur if the sat u rated vapour pres sure of the air (a func tion of air tem per a ture) increases more rap idly than the actual vapour pres sure (i.e., the vapour pressure def i cit increases). It will also increase if net radi a tion and wind speed increase. An increase in evap o-ra tive demand would sig nif i cantly affect water resources through evap o-ra tive losses from streams, lakes, and res er voirs, and chang ing water demand for irri ga tion. It will also affect veg e ta tion sur vival and growth through changes in water avail abil ity and likely increased fire risk. For example , Spittlehouse (2007) deter mined the mag ni tude of change in evap o ra-tive demand (cal cu lated fol low ing Allen et al. 1998; Moore et …
Interaction among agents that plan

The development of practical agent languages has progressed significantly over recent years, but this has largely been independent of distinct developments in aspects of multiagent cooperation and planning. For example, while the popular AgentSpeak(L) has had various extensions and improvements proposed, it still essentially a single-agent language. In response, in this paper, we describe a simple, yet effective, technique for multiagent planning that enables an agent to take advantage of cooperating agents in a society. In particular, we build on a technique that enables new plans to be added to a plan library through the invocation of an external planning component, and extend it to include the construction of plans involving the chaining of subplans of others. Our mechanism makes use of plan patterns that insulate the planning process from the resulting distributed aspects of plan execution through local proxy plans that encode information about the preconditions and effects of the external plans provided by agents willing to cooperate. In this way, we allow an agent to discover new ways of achieving its goals through local planning and the delegation of tasks for execution by others, allowing it to overcome individual limitations.
Pragmatic Minimum Reporting Standards for Endovascular Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm Repair

Jonathan R. Boyle, MD, FRCS1; Matt M. Thompson, MD, FRCS2; S. Rao Vallabhaneni, MD, FRCS, EBSQ-Vasc3; Rachael E. Bell, MS, FRCS4; John A. Brennan, MD, FRCS3; Tom F. Browne, FRCS5; Nicholas J. Cheshire, MD, FRCS6; Robert J. Hinchliffe, MD, FRCS2; Michael P. Jenkins, MS, FRCS, FEBVS6; Ian M. Loftus, MD, FRCS2; Sumaira Macdonald, FRCP, FRCR, PhD7; Mark J. McCarthy, PhD, FRCS8; Richard G. McWilliams, FRCR3; Robert A. Morgan, FRCR2; Olufemi A. Oshin, BEng, MRCS3; R. Mark Pemberton, MS, FRCS9; Woolagasen R. Pillay, FCS(SA), MMEDSc10; and Robert D. Sayers, MD, FRCS8 for the British Society of Endovascular Therapy
Validation of SenseWear Armband in children, adolescents, and adults

SenseWear Armband (SW) is a multisensor monitor to assess physical activity and energy expenditure. Its prediction algorithms have been updated periodically. The aim was to validate SW in children, adolescents, and adults. The most recent SW algorithm 5.2 (SW5.2) and the previous version 2.2 (SW2.2) were evaluated for estimation of energy expenditure during semi‐structured activities in 35 children, 31 adolescents, and 36 adults with indirect calorimetry as reference. Energy expenditure estimated from waist‐worn ActiGraph GT3X+ data (AG) was used for comparison. Improvements in measurement errors were demonstrated with SW5.2 compared to SW2.2, especially in children and for biking. The overall mean absolute percent error with SW5.2 was 24% in children, 23% in adolescents, and 20% in adults. The error was larger for sitting and standing (23%‐32%) and for basketball and biking (19%‐35%), compared to walking and running (8%‐20%). The overall mean absolute error with AG was 28% in children, 22% in adolescents, and 28% in adults. The absolute percent error for biking was 32%‐74% with AG. In general, SW and AG underestimated energy expenditure. However, both methods demonstrated a proportional bias, with increasing underestimation for increasing energy expenditure level, in addition to the large individual error. SW provides measures of energy expenditure level with similar accuracy in children, adolescents, and adults with the improvements in the updated algorithms. Although SW captures biking better than AG, these methods share remaining measurements errors requiring further improvements for accurate measures of physical activity and energy expenditure in clinical and epidemiological research.
Uveal Melanoma Risk Factors: A Systematic Review of Meta-Analyses

ABSTRACT Purpose: There is currently no clinical risk-assessment tool allowing identification of patients at risk for developing uveal melanoma (UM) who might benefit from regular screening. As a first step toward the elaboration of such a tool, we systematically reviewed UM risk factors already established by meta-analysis. Methods: Two reviewers independently screened Pubmed, Medline, Embase, and Web of Science from their respective inception dates until July 2016 using a combination of keywords and MeSH terms. Eligible studies were meta-analyses or systematic reviews providing pooled odds ratios (ORs) of risk factors for UM development or sufficient information to calculate them. Methodological quality was evaluated using the Assessment of Multiple Systematic Reviews tool. Results: Four meta-analyses with a mean methodological quality score of 65.9% (min: 54.5%; max: 72.7%) were included. The following significant risk factors were identified: atypical cutaneous nevi (OR 2.82, 95% CI 1.10–7.26), welding (OR 2.05, 95% CI 1.20–3.51), occupational cooking (OR 1.81, 95% CI 1.33–2.46), fair skin color (OR 1.80, 95% CI 1.31–2.47), light eye color (OR 1.75, 95% CI 1.31–2.34), common cutaneous nevi (OR 1.74, 95% CI 1.27–2.39), propensity to sunburn (OR 1.64, 95% CI 1.29–2.09), iris nevi (OR 1.53, 95% CI 1.03–2.27), and cutaneous freckles (OR 1.27, 95% CI 1.09–1.49). Non-significant factors included outdoor leisure activity, occupational sunlight exposure, latitude of birth, and hair color. Conclusion: Moderate quality of evidence determined nine significant risk factors for developing UM. Knowledge of these variables will assist researchers in the elaboration of a formal risk-assessment tool allowing clinicians to estimate susceptibility to the disease and necessity of regular screening.
Optimizing the FPGA Memory Design for a Sobel Edge Detector

This research explored different memory systems on FPGA chips in order to show the various trade-offs involved with choosing one memory system over another. We explored the different memory components that are found on FPGA chips using the example of a Sobel edge detector. We demonstrated how the different FPGA chip’s memories affected I/O performance and area. By exploiting the trade-offs between these a designer should be able to find an optimal on-chip memory system for a given application. Given further study, we believe we can develop application-specific memory templates that can be used with a hardware compiler to generate optimal on-chip memory systems
Ketonuria after Fasting may be Related to the Metabolic Superiority

Obese individuals are less able to oxidize fat than non-obese individuals. Caloric reduction or fasting can detect ketonuria. We investigated the differences of metabolic parameters in the presence of ketonuria after a minimum 8 hr fast in a cross-sectional analysis of 16,523 Koreans (6,512 women and 10,011 men). The relationship between the presence of ketonuria of all subjects and prevalence of obesity, central obesity, metabolic syndrome, and obesity-related metabolic parameters were assessed. The ketonuria group had lower prevalence of obesity, central obesity, and metabolic syndrome than the non-ketonuria group. In addition, all metabolic parameters (including body weight, waist circumference, blood glucose, high-density lipoprotein, triglyceride, blood pressure, and insulin) were favorable in the ketonuria group than in the non-ketonuria group, even after adjustment for age, tobacco use, and alcohol consumption. The odds ratios of having obesity (odds ratio [OR]=1.427 in women, OR=1.582 in men, P<0.05), central obesity (OR=1.675 in women, OR=1.889 in men, P<0.05), and metabolic syndrome (OR=3.505 in women, OR=1.356 in men, P<0.05) were increased in the non-ketonuria group compared to the ketonuria group. The presence of ketonuria after at least an 8 hr fast may be indicative of metabolic superiority.
Human Rights Beyond the Human: Hermeneutics and Normativity in the Age of the Unknown

In his 1988 collection of essays The Inhuman: Reflections on Time, Jean-Francois Lyotard declared that humanism gives us lessons in multiple, sometimes conflicting, ways ‘[but] always as if at least man were a certain value [‘une valeur sure’], which has no need to be interrogated. Which even has the authority to suspend, forbid interrogation, suspicion, the thinking which knows away at everything’. This paper stems from Lyotard’s statement, interrogating the extent to which complex learning machines, built on various models of artificial intelligence, have the potential to become disruptive technologies that put human rights under strain and challenge exiting normative settings.
Microstructure contradistinction for indirect/direct desulfurization product layer of limestone particle in coal-fired flue gas

The micro morphology of limestone sorbent is a key for improving the SO2 removal efficiency in the coal-fired power plant. The tube furnace system was built for imitating the indirect desulfurization reaction in traditional boiler atmosphere (65%N2, 15%CO2, 4.7%O2, 15%H2O, 0.3%SO2) and the direct desulfurization reaction in oxygen-fired atmosphere (80%CO2, 4.7%O2, 15%H2O, 0.3%SO2). The reacted limestone particle samples were observed by SEM and are analyzed by Fourier transformation 3-D reconstruction technique. It is shown that the sizes of internal pore within sorbent particle in two kind atmospheres differ by an order of magnitude, one is about 200 nm for indirect desulfurization, and the other is about 20 nm for direct desulfurization. The CaSO4 products of indirect desulfurization are chaotic derivatives with serious blockage, and the direct desulfurization product layer belongs to uniform honeycombed micro-structure without blockage. Those numerous micro-porous passages can guarantee continuous reactive substance transmission. Key words: Limestone powder, SO2 removal, particle surface, 3-D reconstruction, product layer.
A fast algorithm for the computation and enumeration of perfect phylogenies when the number of character states is fixed

The perfect phylogeny problem is a classical problem in computational evolutionary biology, in which a set of species/taxa is described by a set of qualitative characters. In recent years, the problem has been shown to be NP-complete in general, while the different fixed parameter versions can each be solved in polynomial time. In particular, Agarwala and Fernandez-Baca have developed an O(23r (nk3 + k4)) algorithm for the perfect phylogeny problem for n species defined by k r-state characters [SIAM J. Comput. , 23 (1994), pp. 1216--1224]. Since, commonly, the character data are drawn from alignments of molecular sequences, k is the length of the sequences and can thus be very large (in the hundreds or thousands). Thus, it is imperative to develop algorithms which run efficiently for large values of k. In this paper we make additional observations about the structure of the problem and produce an algorithm for the problem that runs in time O(22r k2 n). We also show how it is possible to efficiently build a structure that implicitly represents the set of all perfect phylogenies and to randomly sample from that set.
DroidGraph: discovering Android malware by analyzing semantic behavior

Mobile malware has been recently recognized as a significant problem in accordance with the rapid growth of the market share for smartphones. Despite of the numerous efforts to thwart the growth of mobile malware, the number of mobile malware is getting increased by evolving themselves. By applying, for example, code obfuscation or junk code insertion, mobile malware is able to manipulate its appearance while maintains the same functionality, thus mobile malware can easily evade the existing anti-mobile-malware solutions. In this paper, we focus on Android malware and propose a new method called DroidGraph to discover the evolved Android malware. DroidGraph leverages the semantics of Android malware. More precisely, we transform an APK file for Android malware to hierarchical behavior graphs that represent with 136 identical nodes based on the semantics of Android API calls. Then, we select unique behavior graphs as semantic signatures describing common behaviors for Android malware. In evaluation, DroidGraph shows approximately 87% of detection accuracy with only 40 semantic signatures against 260 real-world Android malware, and no false positives for 3,623 benign applications.
The Influence of Image Complexity on Handwriting Recognition

Automated recognition of unconstrained handwriting continues to be a challenging research task. In addition to the errors caused by image quality, image features, segmentation, and recognition, in this paper we have also explored the influence of image complexity on handwriting recognition and compared humans' versus machines' recognition. We describe a new methodology that will exploit the gap between the abilities of humans and computers in reading handwritten text images and investigate the influence of handwritten image complexity and Gestalt Laws of perception on this gap. Experimental results are presented and compared for image density and perimetric complexity of handwritten challenges. We make use of current challenges in handwriting recognition for applications in Cyber security.
Divergent Macroparasite Infections in Parapatric Swiss Lake-Stream Pairs of Threespine Stickleback (Gasterosteus aculeatus)

Spatial heterogeneity in diversity and intensity of parasitism is a typical feature of most host-parasite interactions, but understanding of the evolutionary implications of such variation is limited. One possible outcome of infection heterogeneities is parasite-mediated divergent selection between host populations, ecotypes or species which may facilitate the process of ecological speciation. However, very few studies have described infections in population-pairs along the speciation continuum from low to moderate or high degree of genetic differentiation that would address the possibility of parasite-mediated divergent selection in the early stages of the speciation process. Here we provide an example of divergent parasitism in freshwater fish ecotypes by examining macroparasite infections in threespine stickleback (Gasterosteus aculeatus) of four Swiss lake systems each harbouring parapatric lake-stream ecotype pairs. We demonstrate significant differences in infections within and between the pairs that are driven particularly by the parasite taxa transmitted to fish from benthic invertebrates. The magnitude of the differences tended to correlate positively with the extent of neutral genetic differentiation between the parapatric lake and stream populations of stickleback, whereas no such correlation was found among allopatric populations from similar or contrasting habitats. This suggests that genetic differentiation is unrelated to the magnitude of parasite infection contrasts when gene flow is constrained by geographical barriers while in the absence of physical barriers, genetic differentiation and the magnitude of differences in infections tend to be positively correlated.