Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Frame conditions in symbolic representations of UML/OCL models

Verification and validation of UML/OCL models is a crucial task in the design of complex software/hardware systems. The behavior in those models is expressed in terms of operations with pre- and postconditions. These, however, are often not precise enough to describe what may or may not be modified in a transition between two system states. This frame problem is commonly addressed by providing additional constraints in terms of so-called frame conditions and has already been considered in different research areas in the last decades - except for UML/OCL where corresponding approaches have been investigated only recently. Besides that, several approaches for the verification of the behavior specified in UML/OCL models have been proposed. They rely on a symbolic representation of all possible system states and transitions between them. But here, frame conditions have not been considered yet - a significant drawback for the underlying verification approaches. In this paper, we describe how to integrate frame conditions to symbolic representations. This enables designers to verify the behavior of UML/OCL models while, at the same time, respecting the given frame conditions.
Effects of diet acidity and protein level or source of calcium on the performance, gastrointestinal content measurements, bone measurements, and carcass composition of gilt and barrow weanling pigs.

A total of 228 crossbred weanling pigs (average age of 25 d and BW of 6.44 kg) were used in two trials to evaluate the responses to sex, diet acidity, protein level, and source of calcium on the performance, gastrointestinal digesta measurements, bone measurements, and carcass composition. Diet acidity was manipulated by varying the sources of supplemental phosphorus in the diets. Trial 1 (5 wk) was conducted as a 2 x 3 x 2 factorial to evaluate sex (gilts and barrows), diet acidity (pH 5.9 and .90% P, pH 6.1 and .63% P, and pH 6.9 and .63% P), and level of protein (16 and 22% CP). In Trial 2 (6 wk), diet acidity (pH 5.5, 5.9, and 6.8, all with .7% P) and Ca sources (CaCO3 and CaSO4) were used with gilts and barrows. The sex x diet acidity interactions were significant for ADG in both trials. Barrows seemed to respond to both the more acidic diets and the buffered phosphate diets even though the pH was less acidic than that of the unbuffered diets. Gilts responded only to the more acidic diets. In Trial 1, gilts ate more and grew faster (P < .05) than barrows, but no sex effects on performance were observed in Trial 2. Pigs fed 22% CP diets grew faster (P < .001) and more efficiently (P < .001) than did pigs fed 16% CP diets, but protein level x diet acidity and protein level x sex interactions were not significant. Stomach digesta DM, pH, and titration value were not consistently influenced by sex and diet acidity in Trials 1 and 2, by protein level in Trial 1, and by calcium source in Trial 2. Only the sex x diet acidity interaction for stomach DM tended to be significant in both trials; gilts fed the less acidic diets had the lowest DM, whereas barrows fed the more acidic diets had the lowest DM values. Although not significant in every case in both trials, bone (average of metacarpal and metatarsal) volume was lower and specific gravity and shear stress values were higher for gilts than for barrows. Pigs fed 16% CP diets had higher specific gravity (P < .05) and stress (P < .06) values than pigs fed 22% CP diets. A protein level x diet acidity interaction (P < .03) for stress suggested that pigs fed 22% CP diets were unaffected by diet acidity, whereas pigs fed 16% CP had the highest stress values when fed the more acidic diet and the lower P level. (ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Pathogenesis of HIV infection

The pathogenesis of HIV infection includes depletion of the total body CD4+ T-cell pool, leading to immunodeficiency. This effect is accompanied by activation of numerous elements of the immune system, leading to a functional immunosuppression (ie, reduced function of remaining CD4+ cells) and a state of inflammation and coagulation that appears to underlie the increased risk of nonopportunistic complications observed in patients with HIV infection. Inadequate immune response to HIV infection allows ongoing viral replication, driving continued immune activation. Recent investigations have focused on clarifying the relationship between peripheral blood CD4+ T-cell count and the total body CD4+ T-cell pool, dissecting the role of immune activation and inflammation in the expanded spectrum of complications in HIV disease, and identifying potential correlates of protective immunity to HIV. Characterization of Total CD4+ T-Cell Pool: In Vivo Imaging
Homogeneous Markov Chain for Modeling Emotional Interactions

In this paper, we develop finite state models of emotional interactions based on homogeneous Markov chain: an emotional agent takes a state from a finite set of basic emotion - happiness, surprise, fear, anger, disgust and sadness. And the emotional agent updates its state depending on its current state and a state of its input (also a state-emotion). We classify six basic emotions to three big classes: positive, neutral, and negative emotion. Then, we associate any two big classes to gain the results of interactions. The results of interactions are obtained by calculating the value of emotional valence and arousal. Finally, emotions poly-tropism is confirmed and the temporal length of emotional state is calculated. All these results are basing on matrix of transition probability and the features of homogeneous Markov chain by experiments.
The ABA-1 allergen of Ascaris lumbricoides: sequence polymorphism, stage and tissue-specific expression, lipid binding function, and protein biophysical properties

The ABA-1 protein of Ascaris lumbricoides (of humans) and Ascaris suum (of pigs) is abundant in the pseudocoelomic fluid of the parasites and also appears to be released by the tissue-parasitic larvae and the adult stages. The genes encoding the polyprotein precursor of ABA-1 (aba-1) were found to be arranged similarly in the two taxa, comprising tandemly repeating units encoding a large polyprotein which is cleaved to yield polypeptides of approximately 15 kDa which fall into 2 distinct classes, types A and B. The polyprotein possibly comprises only 10 units. The aba-1 gene of A. lumbricoides is polymorphic, and the majority of substitutions observed occur in or near predicted loop regions in the encoded proteins. mRNA for ABA-1 is present in infective larvae within the egg, and in all parasitic stages, but was not detectable in unembryonated eggs. ABA-1 mRNA was confined to the gut of adult parasites, and not in body wall or reproductive tissues. Recombinant protein representing a single A-type unit for the A. lumbricoides aba-1 gene was produced and found to bind retinol (Vitamin A) and a range of fatty acids, including the pharmacologically active lipids lysophosphatidic acid, lysoplatelet activating factor, and there was also evidence of binding to leukotrienes. It failed to bind to any of the anthelmintics screened. Differential Scanning Calorimetry showed that the recombinant protein was highly stable, and unfolded in a single transition at 90·4 °C. Analysis of the transition indicated that the protein occurs as a dimer and that the dimer dissociates simultaneously with the unfolding of the monomer units.
Carpal Tunnel Syndrome: Ultrasonographic Imaging and Pathologic Mechanisms of Median Nerve Compression

Abstract Median nerve compression is a well-known cause of carpal tunnel syndrome (CTS). Yet, reasons why the most common idiopathic form of CTS develops in certain individuals are not well understood. To further understand the compressive mechanisms at work in CTS development, the authors used ultrasonographic imaging of the median nerve to evaluate 2 patients with CTS. Findings were compared to those of 2 control subjects who did not have CTS. In the patients who had CTS, the transverse carpal ligament was pulled taut by thenar muscle contraction as the flexor tendons tightened, compressing the median nerve between the ligament and tendons. No such compression was observed with the control subjects. Thus, a pathologic mechanism of median nerve compression was confirmed in the patients with CTS. Demonstration of such pathologic mechanisms during prehensile hand movement may improve understanding of how to treat patients with CTS and prevent nerve injury.
Sonographic diagnosis of fatty liver using a histogram technique that compares liver and renal cortical echo amplitudes

Accurate diagnosis of fatty liver using ultrasonography was attempted based on the difference between the echo intensities of the liver and kidney determined from ultrasonic histograms. Livers were then classified as having fatty infiltration, normal histology, or intermediate histology based on CT ratios established previously in earlier work comparing non‐contrast‐enhanced liver and spleen. The hepatorenal difference was significantly greater in the fatty liver group than in the normal liver group (8.9 ± 2.0 dB vs 2.5 ± 4.5 dB, p < 0.001). When a hepatorenal difference of ⩾7.0 dB was taken as the criterion, this method had a sensitivity of 91.3%, a specificity of 83.8%, and an accuracy of 86.7% for the diagnosis of fatty liver. Thus, quantitative ultrasonic diagnosis of fatty liver can be performed using echo intensity histograms. © 1996 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Fitness to Transfer and/or Deport to a Foreign Country, Political and Other Pressures on the FME and The Ethical Considerations of Such Transfers

An illegal immigrant repeatedly slammed his head against a wall, breaking his neck in three places to avoid being deported. Amadov Nyang, a 34-years-old African, was being held in a cell at Tinsley House immigration removal centre near Gatwick. He is on a ventilator in hospital [1]. Areas of high immigrant population are ideal places for the illegal immigrant to gravitate to as he or she is less likely to stand out or be noticed by skin colour or poor or even non-existent language skills of the host country, creating ghettos of necessity, not choice. Being an illegal they will, of course, be vulnerable to threats of blackmail, coercion, prostitution, violence and resorting to crime to survive as they have no legal way of earning money. As such they are at high risk of being arrested and it is at this time that their immigrant status emerges. Illegals fear any contact with officialdom, including the NHS. The examining forensic physician is frequently faced with their considerable medical problems often including TB and HIV for which they have, as yet, sought no help. There are now many such areas in large towns in the UK with identical problems. The forensic physician is increasingly drawn into the decision of whether the prisoner is fit to detain and charge, as is more often the case, as well as whether they are fit to be deported by air having been served with a deportation order. After all the legal avenues, including the Human Rights Act, [2] have been exhausted, then under the Immigration, Asylum and Nationality Act 2006, under paragraph 10, schedule 2, there is authority to remove [3].
Effect of labetalol on cerebral blood flow and middle cerebral arterial flow velocity in healthy volunteers.

The effect of labetalol, a combined alpha- and beta-adrenoceptor antagonist, on the cerebral circulation was investigated in 7 normotensive subjects. Cerebral blood flow (CBF) was measured with the intravenous 133Xe method and mean flow velocity (Vmean) in the middle cerebral artery was determined using transcranial Doppler (TCD) ultrasound. Examination was performed before and then 15, 60 and 120 min after 0.75 mg/kg i.v. labetalol. Reactivity to inhalation of 5% CO2 in air was studied before, and again 90 min after labetalol administration. Neither CBF nor Vmean changed following labetalol administration, whereas a marked increase occurred during inhalation of CO2. The median CO2 reactivity was 3.2%/mmHg (range: 1.8-4.0) for CBF and 4.4%/mmHg (1.5-5.6) for Vmean. These results indicate that labetalol, given in moderate but clinically relevant doses, does not affect the cerebral circulation in normotensive subjects. Neither does it affect CO2 reactivity. The uniform results obtained with the two methods suggest TCD as a usable alternative to conventional CBF technique in the assessment of cerebral vasoactivity of various drugs in subjects with a normal cerebral circulation.
Fast-track video-assisted thoracoscopic surgery: future challenges

Abstract Objectives To provide a short overview of fast-track video-assisted thoracoscopic surgery (VATS) and to identify areas requiring further research. Design A literature search was made using key words including: fast-track, enhanced recovery, video-assisted thoracoscopic surgery, robot-assisted thoracoscopic surgery (RATS), robotic, thoracotomy, single-incision, uniportal, natural orifice transluminal endoscopic surgery (NOTES), chest tube, air-leak, digital drainage, pain management, analgesia, perioperative management, anaesthesia and non-intubated. References from articles were screened for further articles. Using abstracts, areas of interest for developing a fast-track protocol were selected. Results The minimally invasive approach can be divided into several surgical methods that need further research to establish superiority. The role of intubation has to be further examined as well as the role of chest drains. Multimodal analgesic treatment including preoperative methylprednisolone seems promising and requires further research. Conclusions The fast-track data from other procedures may support future development and improvement of fast-track VATS.
Efficacy and Safety of Ashwagandha ( Withania somnifera ) Root Extract in Improving Sexual Function in Women : a double -‐ blind , randomized , placebo -‐ controlled study

Background: Female sexual function is a complicated and multifactorial function, often combining pathophysiologic, psychological and interpersonal relationship factors. Many otherwise healthy women experience symptoms suggestive of less than full sexual function, orgasm disorders and sexual difficulties. Ashwagandha (Withania somnifera) is classified in Ayurveda as a ‘Rasayana’, which promotes physical and mental health, augments physical energy, increases libido and revitalizes the body in debilitated conditions. Aim of the Study: To determine the efficacy and safety of a high concentration, full-spectrum Ashwagandha root extract in improving sexual function in healthy women as measured by the Female Sexual Function Index (FSFI) Questionnaire and the Female Sexual Distress Scale (FSDS). Materials and Methods: This study was a single centre, prospective, double-blind, randomized placebocontrolled trial. A total of 50 subjects were enrolled into the study following a specified screening protocol for determining the baseline values of the parameters to be studied (Day 0). The study subjects were randomized to either (i) Ashwagandha root extract treated group (Group A; n=25) or (ii) Placebo-treated group(Group B; n=25). The study subjects in Group A were administered one capsule (containing 300 mg of high-concentration full-spectrum root extract of the Ashwagandha plant) orally, twice daily for a period of 8 weeks; in Group B one capsule containing placebo was administered similarly. The Female Sexual Function Index (FSFI), a self-report questionnaire and the Female Sexual Distress Scale (FSDS) were used to assess female sexual function (FSF), and to determine the effect of Ashwagandha root extract in improving FSF. Statistical analysis of the data was done using paired and unpaired ‘t’ test. Data are expressed as mean + SD. Results: Significant improvement was observed in all the FSFI domain scores in the Ashwagandha root extracttreated group (Group A; n=25) as compared to the baseline values as well as when compared to the Placebotreated group (Group B; n=25) at 4 weeks and at the end of the study period of 8 weeks. The analysis reveals that supplementation with Ashwagandha root extract results in 122.67% improvement from baseline in difficulties with desire; 62.09% in arousal; 59.30% in lubrication; 82.05% in orgasm; 62.33% in satisfaction; 77.54% in pain and 75.83% in FSFI total scores over 8 weeks of the study period.
Characteristics of regenerating horizontal semicircular canal afferent and efferent fibers in the toadfish, Opsanus tau

The horizontal semicircular canal nerve of the toadfish, Opsanus tau, was transected and allowed to regenerate. The time course, morphometrics, and projection patterns of regenerating afferent and efferent vestibular fibers were determined. Nerve transections were performed both pre‐ and postganglionically, and regeneration was assessed in afferent and efferent fibers by bulk labeling the peripheral axons of the horizontal semicircular canal nerve with biocytin after nerve regrowth. Afferent fibers regrew through the transection site within 14 days and projected to all vestibular nuclei within 3 weeks. Bouton and branch number, axon length, surface area, volume, fiber diameter, and internodal distance were quantified for afferent fibers from eight sites within the vestibular nuclei, and axon number and soma size was quantified for the efferent fibers. Extensive regeneration was seen within 5 weeks of transection in all nuclei, and most morphometric parameters approached or exceeded control levels within 10 weeks. Regeneration appeared to recapitulate morphogenesis with an initial overproduction of boutons and branch points followed by elimination of presumably superfluous structures. Internodal distance remained significantly shorter in regenerating afferent axons than in control fish throughout the 15‐week observation period. Efferent fibers also were observed to regenerate. Efferent axon number, diameter, and soma size were indistinguishable from those in controls from 3 weeks posttransection through week 15. Electrophysiological recordings from the horizontal canal nerve during mechanical stimuli of the canal confirmed that the regenerated axons transmitted normal signals. The return of normal equilibrium and behavior coincided with the projection of afferent fibers into the central vestibular nuclei, indicating that functional connections had been reestablished. J. Comp. Neurol. 410:653–676, 1999. © 1999 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Differential effects of naturally occurring isothiocyanates on the activities of cytochrome P450 2E1 and the mutant P450 2E1 T303A.

The effects of benzyl (BITC) and phenethyl isothiocyanate (PEITC) on the activity of a P450 2E1 mutant where the conserved threonine at position 303 was replaced with an alanine residue (P450 2E1 T303A) were examined. PEITC inactivated the mutant enzyme with a K(I) of 1.6 microM. PEITC also inactivated the wild-type P450 2E1 as efficiently with a K(I) of 2.7 microM. The inactivation was entirely dependent on NADPH and followed pseudo-first-order kinetics. Previously we reported the mechanism-based inactivation of wild-type P450 2E1 by BITC with a K(I) of 13 microM. In contrast to the wild-type enzyme, the P450 2E1 T303A mutant was not inactivated by BITC but it was inhibited in a competitive manner with a K(i) of 3 microM. The binding constants determined by spectral binding studies were similar for both enzymes. The binding of BITC produced characteristic Type I spectral changes in the wild-type and mutant enzyme. A radiolabeled BITC metabolite bound to P450 2E1 and to P450 2E1 T303A when both enzymes were incubated with [(14)C]BITC and NADPH. Whole protein electrospray ion trap mass spectrometry indicated that a mass consistent with one molecule of benzylisocyanate and oxygen was adducted to the wild-type enzyme. The mass adducted to the T303A mutant was consistent with the addition of one hydroxylated BITC or of one benzylisocyanate moiety and one sulfur molecule. Analysis of the metabolites of BITC indicated that each enzyme produced similar metabolites but that the mutant enzyme generated significantly higher amounts of benzaldehyde and benzoic acid when compared to the wild-type enzyme.
Dinâmica econômica, bolhas especulativas e transformações estruturais: das inovações tecnológicas à instabilidade financeira

O objetivo geral deste artigo e apresentar, de acordo com as abordagens schumpeteriana e minskyana, um padrao da dinâmica capitalista e transformacoes estruturais a partir das interligacoes entre os processos de inovacao das empresas da “Nova Economia” e seu financiamento entre 1995 e 2004 nos EUA. Apesar de a teoria schumpeteriana possuir uma explicacao dos ciclos economicos calcada nos impactos de um conjunto de inovacoes concentrados no tempo, a sua teoria nao reconhece os efeitos dinâmicos da demanda efetiva relacionadas ao sofisticado desenvolvimento dos sistemas financeiros sobre as inovacoes, sendo fundamental a teoria de Hyman P. Minsky. Este trabalho evidencia que a economia estadunidense estava fragil financeiramente, principalmente porque a valorizacao dos ativos nao aumentou na mesma proporcao da capacidade da geracao de lucros ou dividendos das empresas de alta tecnologia e, alem disso, nao havia lastro real das empresas de alta tecnologia em relacao a capitalizacao de mercados, emissoes de acoes e volume de negocios.
Modern Monetary Theory: A Critical Survey of Recent Developments

In the aftermath of the debates between Keynesians and monetarists, this book aims to provide a concise overview of the most recent developments in monetary theory. Professor Visser has written an up-to-date survey which discusses major issues such as crowding out, the new classical macroeconomics, the breakdown of the stable money demand function, buffer stocks and currency substitution. Currency problems in general have come to the fore after the collapse of the Bretton-Woods system. The book addresses topical issues such as Hayek's proposal to denationalize money as well as theoretical issues such as the search for the microfoundations of monetary theory. This is an important, up-to-date survey of recent developments in monetary theory and the economic reasoning which underlies it. The use of mathematics has been kept to a minimum.
Opening Holes in the Blanket of Inhibition: Localized Lateral Disinhibition by VIP Interneurons

Inhibitory interneurons in the neocortex often connect in a promiscuous and extensive fashion, extending a “blanket of inhibition” on the circuit. This raises the problem of how can excitatory activity propagate in the midst of this widespread inhibition. One solution to this problem could be the vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) interneurons, which disinhibit other interneurons. To explore how VIP interneurons affect the local circuits, we use two-photon optogenetics to activate them individually in mouse visual cortex in vivo while measuring their output with two-photon calcium imaging. We find that VIP interneurons have narrow axons and inhibit nearby somatostatin interneurons, which themselves inhibit pyramidal cells. Moreover, via this lateral disinhibition, VIP cells in vivo make local and transient “holes” in the inhibitory blanket extended by SOM cells. VIP interneurons, themselves regulated by neuromodulators, may therefore enable selective patterns of activity to propagate through the cortex, by generating a “spotlight of attention”. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT Most inhibitory interneurons have axons restricted to a nearby area and target excitatory neighbors indiscriminately, raising the issue of how neuronal activity can propagate through cortical circuits. Vasoactive intestinal peptide-expressing interneurons (VIPs) disinhibit cortical pyramidal cells through inhibition of other inhibitory interneurons, and they have very focused, “narrow” axons. By optogenetically activating single VIPs in live mice while recording the activity of nearby neurons, we find that VIPs break open a hole in blanket inhibition with an effective range of ∼120 μm in lateral cortical space where excitatory activity can propagate.