Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Surface Hydrology: III°Causes of Lateral Flow

Streamlines bend after they enter a nonuniform, sloping soil. On penetrating to a more permeable soil layer they bend downstream. This can occur in unsaturated soil above a sloping water table or in a layer in which water accumulates because of the presence of less permeable underlying layer. We considered the general case of a nonuniform soil with rotational symmetry at an angle to the vertical, i.e., a sloping soil. General proof is provided that the soil generally behaves as a anisotropic medium so that infiltration also invloves a horizontal net flow component. This net flow component is proportional to the slope, the vertical flow, and the coefficient of anisotropy. The existence of such a mechanism can account for the concentration of water in concave spots, possible seepage, and runoff and erosion phenomena at low rates of rainfall. It can also explain how a previous rainfall leads to earlier onset of runoff during the next rain, etc.
Assessment of Forest Fire Danger Rating Systems

The paper gives a brief description about the current main forest fire danger rating systems in the world,which include Forest Fire Danger Rating system used in Canada,USA,Australia,and other countries.And it compares the compositions,structure and development of the main fire Danger rating systems.The limitations of those systems are also discussed.Through the comparisons of the three main forest fire danger rating systems,the paper describes their differences on development,fuel complex descriptions,inputs and outputs,and their applications and finds that the technologies of Canadian forest fire danger rating system can be adopted for China to develop a national forest fire danger rating system.Two steps are needed to develop China's own national forest fire danger rating system.Firstly,we can apply the CFFDRS directly.Then some researches should be done to calibrate the FDRS to local weather and fuel characteristics.
RESULTS FOXF 1 Expression Is Decreased in Human IPF Lung Fibroblasts and in Murine Bleomycin-Treated Fibrotic Lungs

Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) is characterized by aberrant accumulation of collagensecreting myofibroblasts. Development of effective therapies is limited due to incomplete understanding of molecular mechanisms regulating myofibroblast expansion. FOXF1 transcription factor is expressed in resident lung fibroblasts, but its role in lung fibrosis remains unknown due to the lack of genetic mouse models. Through comprehensive analysis of human IPF genomics data, lung biopsies, and transgenic mice with fibroblast-specific inactivation of FOXF1, we show that FOXF1 inhibits pulmonary fibrosis. FOXF1 deletion increases myofibroblast invasion and collagen secretion and promotes a switch from N-cadherin (CDH2) to Cadherin-11 (CDH11), which is a critical step in the acquisition of the profibrotic phenotype. FOXF1 directly binds to Cdh2 and Cdh11 promoters and differentially regulates transcription of these genes. Re-expression of CDH2 or inhibition of CDH11 in FOXF1-deficient cells reduces myofibroblast invasion in vitro. FOXF1 inhibits pulmonary fibrosis by regulating a switch from CDH2 to CDH11 in lung myofibroblasts.
Laboratory Detection Limits of Potential Human Decomposition Products Under a Variety of Soil Conditions

iii This study is part of a larger project titled, “In Situ Shallow Subsurface Spectroscopy (S4 Initiative)” which is focused on furthering the research on shallow subsurface spectroscopic and geochemical prospecting of archaeological deposits in situ. The long term goal is to create a geochemical instrument for subsurface prospection and characterization of soil conditions in an archaeological and forensic context. The specific purpose of this study was to establish laboratory detection limits of four potential human decomposition products (leucine, calcium pyrophosphate, oleic acid, and palmitic acid) under a variety of soil conditions and demonstrate their applicability to human burial analogues under field conditions. Detection limits were determined under laboratory conditions by collecting ATRFTIR spectra on soil samples to which known concentrations of the four human decomposition products had been added. The soil used was collected from three locations representing a variety of texture classes (particle size) and organic matter contents. A similar process was utilized to detect the compounds in soil samples taken from two sites where pigs had been buried as human analogues. Soil cores taken from the “pig dig” sites allowed for the effectiveness of the detection limits to be tested using sample analogues of human burials under field conditions. All four of the human decomposition products were detected in the samples to which they had been added, though no significant relationships to either particle size or organic matter content were observed. Detection limits ranged from 1.0% 0.04% for leucine, iv 4.0% 0.05% for calcium pyrophosphate, 0.10% 0.01% for oleic acid, and 1.0% 0.01% for palmitic acid in all samples. ATR-FTIR spectral peaks representative of one or more fatty acids were present in some of the cores in both of the human burial analogues, however peaks representative of leucine and calcium pyrophosphate were not present in any of the cores from either human burial analogue. The detection limits of leucine and calcium pyrophosphate were too high to adequately distinguish the presence of either product in the human burial analogue samples, which contained only trace amounts of each product. However, the detection limits of both oleic and palmitic acid were low enough that both were present in samples taken from each of the human burial analogues. One sample which contained visible pig tissue decomposition, contained spectral peaks indicative of approximately 1.0% oleic acid and/or 1.0 – 4.0% palmitic acid. The results from this study suggest that fatty acids will be beneficial decomposition products for further research by the S4 Initiative in their pursuit to create a geochemical instrument for subsurface archaeological prospection.
Development of microbiological colonisation in a newly installed milking system.

A field trial was conducted to characterize the development of microbiological colonization in a newly installed milking parlor regarding to seasonal influences and time that the liners were un use. The milking equipment was a 2x34 Side-by-Side milking parlor in a commercial dairy herd in Germany. We examined 2 charges of samples. The 1 charge of samples was taken before beginning of milking and in weekly intervals for a period of two months under climate conditions of winter (10 October – 18 December 02). The 2 charge of samples was collected in summer 2003 (24 July – 11 September 03). Sterilized swabs were used to collect the samples. After sampling the diagnostic material was kept in Amies medium at 4°C until analysis.
Adoption d'une MAE et consentement à recevoir des agriculteurs en Région wallonne

[fre] En vue d'expliquer le faible niveau d'adoption des mesures agri-environnementales proposees depuis 1994 aux agriculteurs de la Region wallonne, cette etude identifie et analyse les facteurs d'adoption des deux mesures les plus populaires, c'est-a-dire la fauche tardive et le maintien de haies. Pour cette analyse, un modele tire de la theorie du menage agricole est propose pour integrer dans celui-ci l'absence de rivalite entre l'utilite de la prime percue pour la production du bien environnemental et l'utilite de ce bien sur son exploitation. A partir des donnees d'une enquete aupres de 245 agriculteurs, l'analyse econometrique confirme la pertinence de cette formalisation et montre notamment dans quelle mesure la perception environnementale du menage affecte la probabilite d'adopter ces deux mesures agri-environnementales. Les resultats econometriques de l'adoption de la fauche tardive compares a ceux du consentement a recevoir un paiement pour adopter cette mesure sont coherents les uns vis-a-vis des autres et montrent l'utilite de l'evaluation contingente pour estimer les couts de production d'un bien public par des agents prives. Des recommandations specifiques sont egalement proposees pour elargir l'adoption des ces deux mesures. [eng] Adoption of MAE and farmers' accept in the region of Wallonia . To explain the low adoption rate of the agri-environment measures in place since 1994 in the Region of Wallonia, Belgium, this study identifies and analyses the adoption determinants of the two most popular measures: late mowing and the maintenance of quickset hedges. Under agri-environment measures, the farmer may simultaneously receive a payment for supplying environmental goods and derive utility from their presence on his farm. Based on the theory of farm household, the model used for this analysis takes into account this absence of rivalry characterising the environmental goods. Using this model with data from a survey of 245 farmers, the econometric analysis confirms the validity of this type of behaviour and shows in particular to what extent the household's environmental sensitivity influences the probability of adopting these two agri-environment measures. The econometric results for the adoption of the late mowing measure compared to those for the willingness to accept a payment to adopt this measure are coherent with each other and confirm the validity of using contingent evaluation to estimate the costs of providing a public good by private agents. Specific recommendations for broadening the adoption of these two measures are also proposed.
International relations and states of exception : margins, peripheries, and excluded bodies

1.International relations and "states of exception Shampa Biswas and Sheila Nair 2. Uncivil zones: terror and territoriality in the geopolitical shadowlands Suvendrini Perera 3. Geopolitical articulations: global terrorism, Southern Thailand Carlo Bonura 4. Dystopic geographies of empire Prem Kumar Rajaram 5. Sovereignty, security, and migrants: making bare life Sheila Nair 6. Imperceptible naked-lives: constructing a theoretical space to account for non-statist subjectivities Decha Tangseefa 7. Marginal life: the production of the undocumented and (il)legality at the US-Mexican border Marie Woodling 8. Biopower as a supplement to sovereign power: prison camps, war, and the production of excluded bodies Halit Mustafa Tagma 9. Economies of blackness circuit: ecologies and bodies of disaster and accumulation Anna Agathangelou 10. Ec(h)o-tourism and the whisper of the state: the "greening" of indigenous politics Elizabeth Shannon Wheatley
Working Paper Series Does Exposure to Unawareness Affect Risk Preferences? A Preliminary Result

One fundamental assumption often made in the literature on unawareness is that risk preferences are invariant to changes of awareness. We study how exposure to unawareness affects choices under risk. Participants in our experiment choose repeatedly between varying sure outcomes and a lottery in 3 phases. All treatments are exactly identical in phase 1 and phase 3, but differ in phase 2. There are five different treatments pertaining to the lottery faced in phase 2: The control treatment (i.e., a standard lottery), the treatment with awareness of unawareness of lottery outcomes but known number of outcomes, the treatment with awareness of unawareness of outcomes but with unknown number of outcomes, the treatment with unawareness of unawareness of some outcomes, and the treatment with an ambiguous lottery. We study both whether behavior differs in phase 3 across treatments (between subjects effect) and whether differences of subjects' behavior between phases 1 and phase 3 differs across treatments (within subject effects). We observe no significant treatment effects.
ALGORITHMS FOR APPROXIMATE BAYESIAN INFERENCE WITH APPLICATIONS TO ASTRONOMICAL DATA ANALYSIS

Bayesian inference is a theoretically well-founded and conceptually simple approach to data analysis. The computations in practical problems are anything but simple though, and thus approximations are almost always a necessity. The topic of this thesis is approximate Bayesian inference and its applications in three intertwined problem domains. Variational Bayesian learning is one type of approximate inference. Its main advantage is its computational efficiency compared to the much applied sampling based methods. Its main disadvantage, on the other hand, is the large amount of analytical work required to derive the necessary components for the algorithm. One part of this thesis reports on an effort to automate variational Bayesian learning of a certain class of models. The second part of the thesis is concerned with heteroscedastic modelling which is synonymous to variance modelling. Heteroscedastic models are particularly suitable for the Bayesian treatment as many of the traditional estimation methods do not produce satisfactory results for them. In the thesis, variance models and algorithms for estimating them are studied in two different contexts: in source separation and in regression. Astronomical applications constitute the third part of the thesis. Two problems are posed. One is concerned with the separation of stellar subpopulation spectra from observed galaxy spectra; the other is concerned with estimating the time-delays in gravitational lensing. Solutions to both of these problems are presented, which heavily rely on the machinery of approximate inference.
Tracking changes in the importance and distribution of diseases under climate change

Summary Analyses of the annual incidence and severity of diseases in winter wheat in England show that considerable changes have occurred in their prevalence and importance since 1970. Comparison of these disease measurements with data describing annual changes in weather patterns over the past 15-20 years shows no consistent correlation. Instead, the data are consistent with the fact that disease epidemics are triggered at a finer scale by more specific weather events, and highlight the need for a refined approach to assessing disease risks, particularly in a changing climate. There was also strong evidence of the effectiveness of agronomic practices in ameliorating the impacts of disease epidemics. Under climate change weather patterns will become more unpredictable, so the challenges in assessing disease risks will become both more important and more difficult. Preliminary modelling work using data on mean daily weather to compare historical trends in crop health with predictions for two future climate change scenarios for the years 2081-2090 indicate that brown rust is likely to become more severe whereas severity of Septoria tritici will decline due to drier weather during the summer. The effects on disease epidemics predicted due to climate change would appear manageable by continued adaptation and improvement of current agronomic practice, which needs to be supported by robust intelligence/advice and dynamic cultivar resistance breeding programmes.
Direct ROS Scavenging Activity of CueP from Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium

Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium (S. Typhimurium) is an intracellular pathogen that has evolved to survive in the phagosome of macrophages. The periplasmic copper-binding protein CueP was initially known to confer copper resistance to S. Typhimurium. Crystal structure and biochemical studies on CueP revealed a putative copper binding site surrounded by the conserved cysteine and histidine residues. A recent study reported that CueP supplies copper ions to periplasmic Cu, Zn-superoxide dismutase (SodCII) at a low copper concentration and thus enables the sustained SodCII activity in the periplasm. In this study, we investigated the role of CueP in copper resistance at a high copper concentration. We observed that the survival of a cueP-deleted strain of Salmonella in macrophage phagosome was significantly reduced. Subsequent biochemical experiments revealed that CueP specifically mediates the reduction of copper ion using electrons released during the formation of the disulfide bond. We observed that the copper ion-mediated Fenton reaction in the presence of hydrogen peroxide was blocked by CueP. This study provides insight into how CueP confers copper resistance to S. Typhimurium in copper-rich environments such as the phagosome of macrophages.
A Pilot Research on Framework of Global Geographic Information System (G~2IS)

As the demand of global GIS is continuously increasing, the existing GIS has already been technically unsatisfactory, therefore constructing the new generation of global GIS has become the objective requirement of development of current GIS. Based on global partition theory, and taking cluster technology, integrated spatio-temporal technology and virtual reality as supportive techniques, this article set up primary ideas about framework of global geographic information system (G2IS), which will be an important development tendency of GIS.
Parallel Soil – Foundation – Structure Interaction Computations

Described here is the Plastic Domain Decomposition (PDD) Method for parallel elasticplastic finite element computations related to Soil–Foundation–Structure Interaction (SFSI) problems. The PDD provides for efficient parallel elastic-plastic finite element computations steered by an adaptable, runtime repartitioning of the finite element domain. The adaptable repartitioning aims at balancing computational load among processing nodes (CPUs), while minimizing inter–processor communications and data redistribution during elasto-plastic computations. The PDD method is applied to large scale SFSI problem. Presented examples show scalability and performance of the PDD computations. A set of illustrative example is used to show efficiency of PDD computations and also to emphasize the importance of coupling of the dynamic characteristics of earthquake, soil and structural (ESS) on overall performance of the SFS system. Above mentioned ESS coupling can only be investigated using detailed models, which dictates use of parallel simulations.
Building Criminal Capital Behind Bars: Social Learning in Juvenile Corrections

This paper analyzes the influence that juvenile offenders serving time in the same correctional facility have on each other’s subsequent criminal behavior. The analysis is based on data on over 8,000 individuals serving time in 169 juvenile correctional facilities during a two-year period in Florida. These data provide a complete record of past crimes, facility assignments, and arrests and adjudications in the year following release for each individual. To control for the non-random assignment to facilities, we include facility fixed effects, thereby estimating peer effects using only within-facility variation over time. We find strong evidence of peer effects for various categories of theft, burglary, and felony drug and weapon crimes; the influence of peers primarily affects individuals who already have some experience in a particular crime category. We also find evidence that peer effects are stronger in smaller facilities and that the predominant types of peer effects differ in residential versus non-residential facilities. Effects in the latter are consistent with network formation among youth serving time close to home.
Global Datasets of Rooting Zone Depth Inferred from Inverse Methods

Abstract Two inverse methods are applied to a land surface model to infer global patterns of the hydrologically active depth of the vegetation's rooting zone. The first method is based on the assumption that vegetation is optimally adapted to its environment, resulting in a maximization of net carbon uptake [net primary production (NPP)]. This method is implemented by adjusting the depth such that the simulated NPP of the model is at a maximum. The second method assumes that water availability directly affects the leaf area of the vegetation, and therefore the amount of absorbed photosynthetically active radiation (APAR). Rooting depth in the model is adjusted such that the mismatch between simulated and satellite-derived APAR is at a minimum. The inferred patterns of rooting zone depth from both methods correspond well and reproduce the broad patterns of rooting depth derived from observations. Comparison to rooting depth estimates from root biomass distributions point out that these may underestimate th.
Nitrogen in the Silicate Earth: Speciation and Isotopic Behavior during Mineral–Fluid Interactions

Nitrogen is the main constituent of Earth9s atmosphere and a key component of the biosphere, but it is a trace element in the major silicate reservoirs. The relatively low concentrations (parts per million level) complicate efforts to constrain the nitrogen speciation and abundance in the mantle and crust. In most silicates, nitrogen occurs as NH 4 + (substituting for K + ), whereas its speciation in hydrous fluids and silicate melts can vary widely depending in large part on redox conditions. Current knowledge of nitrogen isotope fractionation among relevant mineral and fluid/melt phases is limited by the lack of experimental data to confirm theoretical predictions of these fractionations. Modeling of modern and long-term nitrogen cycling on Earth will be advanced by better constraints on the sizes and isotopic compositions of the major crust and mantle nitrogen reservoirs.
Efficient entanglement purification based on noise guessing decoding

In this paper, we propose a novel bipartite entanglement purification protocol built upon hashing and upon the guessing random additive noise decoding (GRAND) approach recently devised for classical error correction codes. Our protocol offers substantial advantages over existing hashing protocols, requiring fewer qubits for purification, achieving higher fidelities, and delivering better yields with reduced computational costs. We provide numerical and semi-analytical results to corroborate our findings and provide a detailed comparison with the hashing protocol of Bennet et al. Although that pioneering work devised performance bounds, it did not offer an explicit construction for implementation. The present work fills that gap, offering both an explicit and more efficient purification method. We demonstrate that our protocol is capable of purifying states with noise on the order of 10% per Bell pair even with a small ensemble of 16 pairs. The work explores a measurement-based implementation of the protocol to address practical setups with noise. This work opens the path to practical and efficient entanglement purification using hashing-based methods with feasible computational costs. Compared to the original hashing protocol, the proposed method can achieve some desired fidelity with a number of initial resources up to one hundred times smaller. Therefore, the proposed method seems well-fit for future quantum networks with a limited number of resources and entails a relatively low computational overhead.