Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Iheringia, Série Zoologia

Parasitoid ovipositor size importantly affects host choice; those attacking exposed hosts usually have shorter ovipositors compared to those needing drilling deeper through substrates such as plant tissue and gall tissue. Most studies treat this theme at the interspecific level, and the aim of this work was to test for intraspecific variation and phenotypic matching in ovipositor size for Galeopsomyia sp. attacking galls. Galls were sampled from Guapira opposita(Nyctaginaceae), a host plant to five species of Bruggmannia gallers (Diptera, Cecidomyiidae) in southern Brazil: Bruggmannia elongata, B. robusta, B. acaudata, and two undescribed species of Bruggmannia (sp. 1 and sp. 2). On forest transects, all galls from the 30 first galled plants found were sampled and kept in sealed plastic bags until parasitoid emergence. A total of 15 samples were done along two years. We measured galler last instar larvae length and gall thickness for each galling species, and ovipositor length for all Galeopsomyia sp. individuals emerging from the galls. There were no differences in larval length among galler species. However, Bruggmannia sp. 1 and sp. 2 galls were significantly thicker than those of B. acaudata, and the latter thicker than both B. elongata and B. robusta galls. Wasp ovipositor size differed significantly between those coming from Bruggmannia sp. 1 and sp. 2 galls relative to all others. Host extended phenotype size is thus fundamental to determine parasitoid size, but in this case host (larval) size does not change among species, although gall thickness was different. Thicker galls were attacked by larger parasitoids with longer ovipositors, denoting phenotypic matching. Thicker galls appear to be selecting larger parasitoid individuals, which in the long run can lead to important evolutionary change as well.
TGF-β Superfamily: an Overview of Amh Signaling into Sex Determination and Differentiation in Fish

: The decision whether the bipotential gonadal anlage will become a testis or ovary is a critical step during sex determination and differentiation in fish. This process involves a complex and coordinated genetic cascade, which result in the differentiation of the somatic cells into ovary or testis. In this context, important genes of TGF-β superfamily appears have a pivotal role in this biological process of fish development. In this review, we showed the breakthrough in the last decades that engage the Anti-Müllerian hormone (Amh) as an important effector in this decision. Here we exposed studies with different species of fishes around of world have paved the way for clarifying the role of Amh in the regulation of the germ cells proliferation, which may influence the spermatogenesis and, sex determination and differentiation decision on teleost fish.
Site Congestion in Recreation Choice Models: A Generated Regressors Approach to Beach Site Selection

Site congestion has received limited attention in revealed preference studies. Difficulties of incorporating congestion in site choice models include simultaneity bias and complications associated with obtaining data on expectations. Using site choice data from an onsite sample of North Carolina beach goers, we attempt to address these issues by generating exogenous proxies for anticipated congestion with the help of instrumental variables. We find statistical support for including congestion in our random utility models, and a concave (downwards) relationship between congestion and utility. Results suggest that, in accord with theory, failure to account for congestion can lead to bias in RUM parameter estimates.
Implications of increasing demand for freshwater use from the water footprint of irrigated potato production in Alberta.

Freshwater use has become a major social and environmental concern in the last two decades. This is due to rising food demand, rapid urbanization, industrial development and climate change which are significantly increasing pressure on freshwater resources (Ridoutt and Pfister, 2010, Gheewala et al., 2013). Agriculture is one of the largest users of global freshwater resources, accounting for about 70% of freshwater withdrawals as irrigation (WWAP, 2009). Irrigation accounts for 84% of the total water use in South Saskatchewan River Basin (SSRB) in Alberta (AMEC 2009). Irrigation water use is competing with other demands for freshwater such as household and industrial consumption. A projection of water supply study for the SSRB in Alberta forecasts that water use in the SSRB will increase 53% from the current 1,981,000 dam3 to about 3,040,000 dam3 by 2030 mainly due to expansion of irrigation districts (AMEC 2009). A significant increase in water use will affect a ratio of total fresh water withdrawals to hydrological availability (WTA) leading to a greater water stress index (WSI) in Alberta. The study aims to assess the water footprint of irrigated potato production in Alberta for two scenarios
Adaptability and stability of corn hybrids for the south of the Amazon biome via GGE biplot

– The objective of this work was to select maize hybrids using the GGE biplot analysis, as well as to evaluate their stability and adaptability in different environments of the North and Midwest regions of Brazil. Thirty-six maize hybrids were evaluated in 2018, in the following five environments in the Northern and Midwestern regions, respectively: in the municipality of Vilhena, in the state of Rondônia; and in the municipalities of Sorriso, Sinop, Alta Floresta, and Carlinda, in the Northern region of the state of Mato Grosso. The experimental design was a randomized complete block design. The analysis of variance was performed, and adaptability and stability were estimated by the GGE biplot method based on grain yield performance. A significant interaction between genotypes and environments was detected, and the biplot analysis was efficient in explaining 62.74% of the total variation in the first two principal components, with the formation of three macroenvironments. The 1P2227, 'BRS 3042', and 1P2265 hybrids showed high yield, responsiveness, and stability in the evaluated environments. The DKB310VTPRO2 hybrid was the most unstable genotype. The recommended hybrids are: DKB310 for the Sorriso and Vilhena macroenvironment; 1M1810 and 1O2106 for the Carlinda environment; and 1M1807 for the Sinop environment.
Modes of life of arthropods from the Burgess Shale, British Columbia

ABSTRACT The modes of life of twenty three species of arthropods from the Shale are reviewed, with special reference to locomotion and feeding. Six groups are recognised, predatory and scavenging benthos, deposit-feeding benthos, scavenging and possibly predatory nektobenthos, deposit-feeding and scavenging nektobenthos, nektonic filter-feeders, and a miscellaneous sixth group that includes a questionable example of parasitism and a species that doubtfully grazed on algae. These animals had but limited powers of walking, digging, raking or swimming. Within these limitations a range of morphological adaptations and modes of feeding had been evolved, by Middle Cambrian time, a range comparable to that found in Recent marine forms. Arthropods in the Shale dominated, in numbers of individuals and possibly in biomass, a fauna dwelling above, on and in a muddy substrate at a depth of about 100 m.
Nd and Sr isotope systematics and geochemistry of a plume-related Early Cretaceous alkaline-mafic-ultramafic igneous complex from Jasra, Shillong plateau, northeastern India

This article describes an Early Cretaceous Jasra alkaline-mafic-ultramafic igneous complex related to the Kerguelen hotspot-mantle plume system of the Indian Ocean. This complex, emplaced in the Shillong plateau, consists mainly of pyroxenite, gabbro, and nepheline syenite and is closely associated with the Barapani-Tyrsad shear zone, Kopali faults, and Um Ngot Lineaments. Pyroxenite and gabbro occur as separate plutons, whereas nepheline syenites occur either in the form of small dikes in pyroxenites or as differentiated bodies in the gabbros. A few mafic dikes, contemporaneous with gabbro, cut pyroxenite and granite bodies. Mineral compositions classify the pyroxenites into pyroxenite and alkali pyroxenite and the gabbros into essexite and olivine gabbro. The chemical and normative compositions of mafic-ultramafic rocks also show their alkaline nature. Nepheline syenite samples are miaskitic in character (agpaitic index 87 Sr/ 86 Srinitial between 0.706523 and 0.708891 and 143 Nd/ 144 Nd initial between 0.512258 and 0.512464) suggest that these rocks were derived from a mixing of mantle components such as HIMU (mantle with a high U/Pb ratio) and EM (enriched mantle) components, which show an isotopic composition similar to FOZO (focal zone) composition. Lherzolite mantle was metasomatized into an alkaline wehrlite by CO 2 , released by low-degree melting of a carbonated mantle peridotite. Melting of such a metasomatized mantle source may produce ultrabasic alkaline silicate magma, from which the different rock units of the Jasra Complex were crystallized. The geological, geochemical, geochronological, and isotopic data also suggest a spatial and temporal association with the Kerguelen plume activity.
Stand-Alone Conclusion Section in Open-Access Research Articles: Organizational Structure

Background: Research articles (RAs) have been highlighted as one of the most essential channels for academicians to disseminate knowledge. Typically, RAs consist of a nomenclature of the four sections of introduction, methods, results, and discussion, commonly known as IMRD, with each section governed by an organizational structure determined by genre analysis. However, due to the increasing prevalence of the stand-alone conclusion section in recent years and the expansion of open-access journals, understanding how this conclusion section is constructed can benefit scholars in an academic endeavor. Methods: This study aims to identify the organizational structure of the stand-alone conclusion section in open-access journals. An original dataset of 55 open-access journal RAs from four major academic disciplines honored as “Articles of the Year 2021” was analyzed. Only the RAs with stand-alone conclusions within a calculated word range were selected, yielding a final dataset of 25 comparable conclusion sections. Then, anchored on genre analysis, the compiled dataset was analyzed quantitively and qualitatively. Results: Based on the genre analysis conducted, a set of three moves and their pertaining steps were identified, forming various organizational patterns but one compelling one. Furthermore, the full-fledged two-layer rhetorical structure of the section depicting the frequencies of occurrence of individual moves and steps is quite revealing, highlighting the crucial significance of restating the findings generated from the study being reported. The results demonstrate not only how established this section is but also how it is currently structured, performing its critical function of concluding RAs. Conclusion: This study has provided insights into integrating analytical elements to successfully stage persuasive arguments in the conclusion section, a skill that needs to be inculcated in novice or early-career researchers and seasoned researchers alike.
EVALUATION OF ROOT AND CANAL MORPHOLOGY OF MANDIBULAR PREMOLARS TEETH IN EGYPTIAN SUB POPULATION USING CLEARING AND STAINING

Introduction: Root canal morphology of lower premolars varies greatly among ethnicities; By making the root canal morphology visible and familiar with its complex inter-canal connection, lateral canals, and apical ramification, allows us to realize the critical relevance of disinfection procedures, whether mechanical or chemical. Aim: evaluate root canal morphology of mandibular premolars teeth in Egyptian sub population using Clearing and staining. Materials and methods: 300 extracted lower permanent premolars were used in this study with a total number of 150 mandibular first premolar and 150 second mandibular premolar, access for these teeth were done, these teeth were cleared, and water insoluble blue ink was injected into the access cavity, where it diffused throughout the root canal system, allowing for direct visualization of its three-dimensional anatomy. Results: the presence of second root is rare in mandibular premolars and there is considerable presence of second canal in both mandibular first and second premolars in the Egyptian population. Conclusion: Within the limitations of the current study, it was found that the most common type present in both mandibular first and second premolars is type I then Type V.
Using Machine Learning Algorithms to improve heart disease diagnoses

: Heart diseases, are among the leading causes of mortality worldwide. Early prediction and prevention of heart disease can significantly reduce fatalities and improve patients' quality of life. In this study, we propose an advanced hybrid approach that combines multiple machine learning algorithms to predict the likelihood of heart disease in individuals. In recent times, the emergence of machine learning algorithms has shown great promise as a means to predict the risk of heart disease, including Support Vector Machines (SVM), Random Forest (RF), Decision Trees (DT), and Naïve Bayesian (NV). Our results demonstrate the effectiveness of machine learning algorithms, both individually and in combination, for heart disease diagnosis. We provide a comprehensive analysis of the strengths and weaknesses of each algorithm, as well as the ensemble models, and evaluate our approach using eight performance matrices. Our results show that the Random Forest algorithm outperforms other algorithms with an accuracy of 96%, sensitivity of 97.6%, and specificity of 94.7%. Our findings suggest, depends on the growing body of literature, the use of machine learning algorithms for heart disease diagnosis which provides valuable insights for the way for personalized and targeted interference.
The Factors of Adolescent Depression in Jiangsu Province, China, from the Perspective of Social Ecosystem: A Case-Control Study

Background. The prevalence of adolescent depression is continuously increasing, impacting the cognitive, emotional, and behavioral development of adolescents. Therefore, it is crucial to comprehend depression from the perspective of the social ecosystem, necessitating further empirical evaluation. Methods. This study utilized a case-control study design. The cases consisted of adolescents with depression (aged 13–18 years) admitted to a psychiatric hospital in Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, China, from November 2021 to July 2022, meeting the diagnostic criteria for depression in the 11th Edition of the International Classification of Diseases. Control group students, with a matching gender ratio in the same region, were randomly recruited. Logistic regression analysis was employed to investigate the factors associated with depression, with gender and age as covariates. Results. The study comprised 200 participants, with 44 (22.0%) males and 156 (78.0%) females. Multiple logistic regression analysis revealed that increased adolescent depression was associated with being an only child ( AOR = 2.680 , 95% CI: 1.106–6.492), living in urban areas ( AOR = 3.324 , 95% CI: 1.077–10.267), experiencing school bullying ( AOR = 9.087 , 95% CI: 2.044–40.408), having severe family dysfunction ( AOR = 6.491 , 95% CI: 1.109–37.995), and possessing low core self-evaluation ( AOR = 11.746 , 95% CI: 3.305–41.746). Odds ratios for each factor were statistically significant. Conclusions. Our results improve the evidence for associations between adolescent depression and core self-evaluation, school bullying, family function, living in urban areas, and being an only child. These findings should be taken into consideration in the assessment, intervention, and related policies for adolescent depression.
Numerical investigation on effect of spark plug configuration on performance in an engine cylinder

A numerical investigation of combustion inside single and twin-spark engines was performed to study the effect of a spark plug, positions and spark timings on engine performance. Improvement in engine performance is one of the automotive industry's primary research areas. Consequently, the study's results can be utilised to optimise engine configurations to achieve maximum performance. The investigation was conducted using a finite volume-based open-source software, OpenFOAM, for computational simulations. Simulations were conducted using the XiEngineFOAM solver with a transport equation for modelling flame fronts. The Standard k-e turbulence model was used to predict turbulence parameters. The simulation was conducted for compression and power stroke (crank angle between - 180° and 180°), assuming an even distribution of the air-fuel mixture within the pentroof 4-valve engine cylinder. Simulations were conducted for four cases, including variations in the position and timing of spark plugs in single-spark and twin-spark engines. According to the results of the simulations, the single-spark engine provides the best performance when the spark plug is ignited early and positioned at the cylinder's centre. When placed at an optimal position determined by flame travel and collision, the twin-spark engine gives the best performance at the highest difference between the spark timings of the two spark plugs.
Polyp Identification from a Colonoscopy Image Using Semantic Segmentation Approach

Colorectal Cancer (CRC) is a major contributor to cancer-related mortality worldwide, necessitating early detection and treatment of polyps to prevent cancer progression. A colonoscopy is a critical diagnostic procedure for identifying colon abnormalities and removing premalignant polyps. However, accurately segmenting polyps in colonoscopy images poses challenges due to their diverse appearance and indistinct boundaries. In this study, we investigate augmentation techniques to enhance polyp semantic segmentation using the U-Net model. Our analysis reveals that the most effective technique is found in sub-scenario 2.6. c with an input size of 320×320, striking a favorable balance between accuracy and efficiency. Additionally, we explore the benefits of larger input sizes, taking into account resource considerations. Moreover, we conduct further testing of the best augmentation technique identified in previous experiments with the SegNet model. The results show a 3.5% improvement in the dice coefficient and slightly better qualitative outcomes. However, it is important to note that this enhancement comes with a nearly fivefold increase in training time. Moving forward, our objective is to develop a unified model for segmenting diverse medical images, pushing the boundaries of polyp detection and medical imaging. This research provides valuable insights and lays the foundation for more advanced applications in polyp detection and medical image analysis.
Poverty Dynamics in Benin: A Markovian Process Approach (Dynamique De La Pauvrete AU Benin: Approche Par Le Processus Markovien)

In this paper the Markov model has been used to analyze poverty dynamics in Benin. Assuming that the observed successive changes in well-being classes at the household level could be considered as a Markov chain, the first-step-analysis method is used to derive several indicators to measure the relevance of poverty reduction policies implemented in Benin. Data used come from a two-year panel of 16,562 households (2006 and 2007). It comes out that Benin will realize its 15% extreme poverty objective in 2015, probably five years later. There exists a high well-being mobility characterized by an important extreme poverty exit. The implemented poverty policies between 2006 and 2007 were effective and allowed sustainable social promotion.
Efforts to Regenerate Local Tourism: Using Empty Land as a Fishing Spot

Kesugihan Village is an area located in the highlands, approximately 5.6 km from the sub-district government center. Kesugihan Village has a spring that is located not far from residential areas. However, due to the lack of public concern for the environment of the spring, it is not used as a tourist attraction. Kesugihan Village has a tourist destination, Sekar Wilis Park, which is not far from residential areas and water sources, so the village and community should utilize existing facilities and natural resources. However, the park is no longer operational due to a lack of maintenance by the community, youth organizations, and the village government. The 01 KKN UMPO 2023 team in Kesugihan Village wants to revive empty land by changing the swimming pool into a fishing pond so that this effort can increase the motivation of residents and the village government to improve the residents' economy.
Contributions of Compaction and Aquathermal Pressuring to Geopressure and the Influence of Environmental Conditions: REPLY

Luo and Vasseur (1992) presented a useful methodology of simplifying the complex equations that describe basin compaction and thereby directly assessing the contribution of aquathermal effects in the development of abnormal pressures. Their methodology leads to the conclusion that aquathermal pressuring plays only a small role in the development of overpressures in sedimentary basins. Although this conclusion follows from the cases studied, it is possible to conclude otherwise using (1) a more general model of sediment compaction, and (2) material properties that are more representative of conditions at depth. The primary factor behind objection to the conclusion in Luo and Vasseur (1992) is that is fundamental equations, which formed the basis for the simplifying methodology, do not account fully for conditions in which a sediment's effective stresses are reduced. We emphasize here that we do not claim that thermal effects are the dominant cause of overpressures; rather, our calculations suggest that they are not negligible in all cases. There is a complex interplay of the various mechanisms that cause excess pore-water pressures; no one mechanism of overpressuring dominates all others for all situations. Because thermal effects not only cause higher excess pore pressures but also reduce effective stresses, thermal effectsmore » will be minimized by default in calculations that do not account for effective-stress reduction. The resulting reduced effective stresses also have important implications for geological questions such as acoustic velocities and fracture potential. « less
ESL Learners’ Intercultural Competence, L2 Attitudes and WEB 2.0 use in American Culture

This study explores ESL learners’ intercultural communication, L2 attitudes, and their relationship to the use of Web 2.0 tools and technology. Survey responses were obtained from 24 intermediate ESL speakers living in the United States. The results reveal there is low correlation between learners’ intercultural communicative competence (ICC) and use of technology. However, the correlation is stronger for learners’ ICC and L2 attitudes. Although the findings in this study are not statistically significant, they indicate that there is potential for further investigating the variables at hand. Additionally, it is argued that intercultural competence should be made a part of the ESL classes, and that learners’ attitudes are imperative when it comes to interacting with people from other cultures.