Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
On the boundedness problem for two-variable first-order logic

A positive first-order formula is bounded if the sequence of its stages converges to the least fixed point of the formula within a fixed finite number of steps independent of the input structure. The boundedness problem for a fragment C of first-order logic is the following decision problem: given a positive formula in L, is it bounded? In this paper, we investigate the boundedness problem for two-variable first-order logic FO/sup 2/. As a general rule, FO/sup 2/ is a well-behaved fragment of first-order logic, since it possesses the finite-model property and has a decidable satisfiability problem. Nonetheless, our main result asserts that the boundedness problem for FO/sup 2/ is undecidable, even when restricted to negation-free and equality-free formulas /spl phi/(X, x) in which x is the only free variable and X is a monadic relation symbol that occurs within the scopes of universal quantifiers only. This undecidability result contrasts sharply with earlier results asserting the decidability of boundedness for monadic Datalog programs, which amounts to the decidability of boundedness for negation-free and equality-free existential first-order formulas /spl psi/(X, x) in which x is the only free variable and X is a monadic relation symbol. We demonstrate that our main result has certain applications to circumscription, the most well-developed formalism of nonmonotonic reasoning. Specifically, using the undecidability of boundedness for FO/sup 2/, we show that it is an undecidable problem to tell whether the circumscription of a given FO/sup 2/-formula is equivalent to a first-order formula. In contrast, the circumscription of every FO/sup 1/-formula is equivalent to a first-order formula.
Photobiomodulation on Articular Cartilage Repair

Photobiomodulation (PBM) is a modulation of monochromatic light or laser irradiation (LI) on biosystems, which stimulates or inhibits biological functions but does not result in irreducible damage. As photonic methods that could potentially initiate regeneration or cell proliferation in articular disease, the PBM of low intensity LI (LIL), ~10 mW/cm2, moderate intensity LI (MIL), 102~3 mW/cm2, and photodynamic effect (PDE) on articular cartilage repair have been reviewed in vitro and in vivo from the viewpoints of homeostatic regulation, respectively.
Cattell on intelligence and personality

Article history: Received 16 December 2015 Accepted 6 April 2016 The two most prominent individual differences researchers of the twentieth century were Hans J. Eysenck and Raymond B. Cattell. Both were giants of scientific psychology, each publishing scores of books and hundreds of empirical peer-reviewed journal articles. Influenced by Hebb's distinction between physiological (Intelligence A) and experiential (Intelligence B), Eysenck focused on discovering the underlying biological substrata of intelligence. Analogously, Cattell proposed the Gf–Gc theorywhich distinguishes between fluid and crystallised intelligence. Cattell's Culture Fair Intelligence Test (CFIT), a measure primarily of fluid intelligence, was constructed specifically to minimise differences in test bias in IQ scores between different ethnic/racial groups. Within the personality realm, Eysenck adopted a pragmatic three-factormodel asmeasured via the Eysenck PersonalityQuestionnaire (EPQ-R) and its variants. In contrast, Cattell employed a lexical approach that resulted in a large number of primary and secondary normal and abnormal personality trait dimensions, measured via the Sixteen Personality Factor Questionnaire (16PF), and the corresponding Clinical Analysis Questionnaire (CAQ), respectively. Recent molecular genetics findings provide empirical confirmation of Eysenck and Cattell's positions on the biological underpinnings of personality and ability traits, allowing an improved understanding of the causes of individual differences. © 2016 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Fearful Appraisals and Behavioral Responses of a Patient with an Implantable Cardioverter Defibrillator

The implantable cardioverter defibrillator (ICD) is an effective treatment device for potentially malignant arrhythmias, including those leading to sudden cardiac death. However, some patients develop a variety of adjustment problems to the ICD. Clinical behavioral scientists have conceptualized ICD adjustment problems using principles of classical conditioning (i.e., cardiophobia), the learned helplessness paradigm of depression, and cognitive-behavioral models of panic. This case study likens ICD adjustment problems to a cognitive-behavioral model of panic and chest pain illustrating the limits of thesemodels in terms of howType I/Type II threat appraisal by the patient serves as a significant barrier to full symptomresolution. This case study supports the need formodifications in suchmodels and related interventions as they relate to the presence of real comorbid risk factors.
Risk Factors Associated With Latent Tuberculosis Infection in Mexican American Children

Objectives. To determine risk factors that are associated with the presence of latent tuberculosis infection (LTBI) in Mexican American children. Methods. In this prospective cohort study, we administered tuberculin skin tests (TSTs) and a tuberculosis (TB) risk factor questionnaire to children who were aged 1 to 18 years in immigrant families at a Denver inner-city community health center and elementary school–based health center. Information requested on the questionnaire included child demographics, child and parent birth location, Bacille Calmette-Guérin (BCG) vaccination, and a history and the duration of child and family travel to and visitors from countries where TB is endemic. TST results were read at 48 to 72 hours and were interpreted as positive at 5- and 10-mm induration, depending on risk factor history. All participants received $5 coupons on return for TST reading. Results. Of 584 children enrolled, 96% returned for TST evaluation, median age was 4 years, 48.6% were male, 98.5% were Latino, 66.3% were born in the United States, and 33% were born in Mexico. Overall, 12.4% of children had positive TSTs. For all children in the study, a positive TST was associated with birth in Mexico and no BCG received (adjusted odds ratio [OR]: 15.7; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.5–165.2), birth in Mexico and received BCG (adjusted OR: 29; 95% CI: 12.7–66.1), birth in the United States and received BCG (adjusted OR: 9.1; 95% CI: 2.4–34.1), and child travel to Mexico (adjusted OR: 2.8;95% CI: 1.5–5.4). Risk factors for having a positive TST in the 387 children who were born in the United States were travel to Mexico (unable to calculate the OR because all had traveled to Mexico), older age (median: 6 years; adjusted OR: 1.2/year; 95% CI: 1.02–1.40), and a history of BCG vaccination (adjusted OR: 8.2; 95% CI: 2.0–34.0). For the 195 children who were born in Mexico, logistic regression of the following variables showed that none of the variables remained in the model: child age, gender, BCG status, family travel to Mexico, visitors to the United States, child travel to Mexico, years lived in Mexico, and years since BCG. Conclusions. In a population of primarily Mexican American children, those who were born in the United States had an increased risk for developing LTBI when they had a history of BCG vaccination or had traveled to Mexico. For children who were born in Mexico, we were unable to identify additional risk factors for the presence of LTBI, besides their birth in Mexico. Incentives for return for TST reading, such as grocery coupons, are highly effective.
Student Price Response in Higher Education: The Student Demand Studies.

What happens to enrollments when colleges and universities raise their prices? Who, if anyone, is sent away? What is the net impact of higher prices and reduced enrollments upon institutional financial ledgers? These questions have been investigated in what have come to be called the "student demand studies," the phrase originating in economics as an outgrowth of demand theory. Demand theory holds that the quantity of a particular good or service demanded is a function of price, the money income of the buyer, the prices of other goods and services, and the buyers' tastes or preferences. The theory as applied to higher education has been used to suggest that (1) enrollment rates will be negatively associated with prices charged students, especially tuition prices; (2) enrollment rates will be positively associated with amounts spent on student aid, since student aid can be viewed as reducing net prices or increasing student money income; and (3) enrollments in higher education institutions or groups of institutions will be associated positively with the tuition prices charged by competitors for example, public college enrollments with private college tuitions and vice versa as students exercise their preferences.
Long-Range Information and Physicality Constraints Improve predicted protein Contact Maps

Protein topology representations such as residue contact maps are an important intermediate step towards ab initio prediction of protein structure, but the problem of predicting reliable contact maps is far from solved. One of the main pitfalls of existing contact map predictors is that they generally predict unphysical maps, i.e. maps that cannot be embedded into three-dimensional structures or, at best, violate a number of basic constraints observed in real protein structures, such as the maximum number of contacts for a residue. Here, we focus on the problem of learning to predict more "physical" contact maps. We do so by first predicting contact maps through a traditional system (XXStout), and then filtering these maps by an ensemble of artificial neural networks. The filter is provided as input not only the bare predicted map, but also a number of global or long-range features extracted from it. In a rigorous cross-validation test, we show that the filter greatly improves the predicted maps it is input. CASP7 results, on which we report here, corroborate this finding. Importantly, since the approach we present here is fully modular, it may be beneficial to any other ab initio contact map predictor.
A 4 GHz Non-Resonant Clock Driver With Inductor-Assisted Energy Return to Power Grid

Power consumption of a multi-GHz local clock driver is reduced by returning energy stored in the clock-tree load capacitance back to the on-chip power-distribution grid. We call this type of return energy recycling. To achieve a nearly square clock waveform, the energy is transferred in a non-resonant way using an on-chip inductor in a configuration resembling a full-bridge DC-DC converter. A zero-voltage switching technique is implemented in the clock driver to reduce dynamic power loss associated with the high switching frequencies. A prototype implemented in 90 nm CMOS shows a power savings of 35% at 4 GHz. The area needed for the inductor in this new clock driver is about 6% of a local clock region.
Schizophrenia and the frontal lobes: post-mortem stereological study of tissue volume.

BACKGROUND It has been suggested that there is frontal lobe involvement in schizophrenia, and that it may be lateralised and gender-specific. AIMS To clarify the structure of the frontal lobes in schizophrenia in a post-mortem series. METHOD The volume of white matter and cortical components of the frontal lobes was measured in brains of controls and patients with schizophrenia using planimetry and the Cavalieri principle. The components measured were: superior frontal gyrus, middle frontal gyrus, a composite of inferior frontal gyrus and orbito-frontal cortex, as well as total frontal lobe cortex and white matter. In addition, the anterior cingulate gyrus was measured. RESULTS No diagnosis, gender, diagnosis x side, diagnosis x gender or diagnosis x gender x side interactions were observed in the volume of any of the components, the grey matter as a whole or the white matter. No evidence for volumetric inter-group differences was found for the anterior cingulate gyrus. CONCLUSIONS Such structural abnormalities as are present in the frontal lobes are more subtle than straightforward alterations in tissue volume; they may include changes in shape and the pattern of gyral folding.
Metabolizable energy requirements of pregnant dairy cows.

Abstract Energy balance measurements related the amount of metabolizable energy required by the pregnant cow to the stage of pregnancy. The amount of metabolizable energy required at term was 75% above that of a nonpregnant animal of equal weight. The increase in metabolizable energy requirement during the course of pregnancy was described by the equation y=100.8 + 0.567 e . 0174t where y is kcal ME/kg 3/4 /day, and t is number of days pregnant.
Examining Reading Development and Reading Disability in English Language Learners: Potential Contributions from Functional Neuroimaging

Neuroimaging studies have suggested that across different written languages, skilled reading behavior is supported by similar, largely left hemisphere (LH), networks. In addition, recent studies of reading disability (RD) in monolingual readers, conducted in several languages, suggest a common neurobiological signature for this syndrome (disruption of LH posterior regions that support fluent reading). Thus, at the neurobiological level of analysis, reading and its disorders appear to be more similar than dissimilar across languages. In this article, we consider the neurobiology of reading development and RD in English language learners (ELL). There is some evidence suggesting that fluent bilingual readers tend to engage primarily overlapping circuits for both L1 and L2. There is, however, a paucity of neurobiological research on both reading development and RD in this population. Using the existing research on RD as a starting point, we consider in this article how developmental neuroimaging techniques might be applied to (1) help identify RD readers in the ELL populations, and (2) provide neurobiological outcome measures to help evaluate the efficacy of different approaches to the teaching of reading in English.
Aberrant DNA methylation profile of chronic and transformed classic Philadelphia-negative myeloproliferative neoplasms

Most DNA methylation studies in classic Philadelphia-negative myeloproliferative neoplasms have been performed on a gene-by-gene basis. Therefore, a more comprehensive methylation profiling is needed to study the implications of this epigenetic marker in myeloproliferative neoplasms. Here, we have analyzed 71 chronic (24 polycythemia vera, 23 essential thrombocythemia and 24 primary myelofibrosis) and 13 transformed myeloproliferative neoplasms using genome-wide DNA methylation arrays. The three types of chronic Philadelphia-negative myeloproliferative neoplasms showed a similar aberrant DNA methylation pattern when compared to control samples. Differentially methylated regions were enriched in a gene network centered on the NF-κB pathway, indicating that they may be involved in the pathogenesis of these diseases. In the case of transformed myeloproliferative neoplasms, we detected an increased number of differentially methylated regions with respect to chronic myeloproliferative neoplasms. Interestingly, these genes were enriched in a list of differentially methylated regions in primary acute myeloid leukemia and in a gene network centered around the IFN pathway. Our results suggest that alterations in the DNA methylation landscape play an important role in the pathogenesis and leukemic transformation of myeloproliferative neoplasms. The therapeutic modulation of epigenetically-deregulated pathways may allow us to design targeted therapies for these patients.
Formulation Development of Venlafaxine Hydrochloride Extended Release Tablet and invitro Characterizations

Venlafaxine is a unique antidepressant that differs structurally from other currently available antidepressants. Short biological half life, low bioavailabilty and frequent administration of drug led rational for development of extended release formulation of Venlafaxine that releases the drug and maintian the plasma drug concentration for more than 12h.Polymers like Hydroxy propyl methyl cellulose (HPMC) K4M and K00M, Novocoat K100M, xanthan gum, Polyox, Carbopol etc. were selected for sustaining the drug release. The tablets were prepared by direct compression method. In vitro drug release study revealed that Novocoat K100M alone was not able to retard the drug release whereas carobopol has high potential to retard the drug release due to its gelling property. The optimized formulation containing combination of HPMC K100M and Polyox WSR303 showed similar drug release profile as marketed formulation VENTAB XL75. Kinetic modeling of in vitro drug release data was best fitted in KorsmeyerPeppas equation indicates drug releases by mixed mechanism of diffusion and erosion. The optimized formulation was subjected to stability studies at different temperature and humidity conditions as per ICH guidelines.
Characterization of a human MSX-2 cDNA and its fragment isolated as a transformation suppressor gene against v-Ki-ras oncogene.

A cDNA (termed CT124) encoding a carboxyl-terminal fragment of the human homeobox protein MSX-2 was found to induce flat reversion when expressed in v-Ki-ras-transformed NIH3T3 cells. Although the expression of endogenous MSX-2 gene is low in most of the normal adult tissues examined, it is frequently activated in carcinoma-derived cell lines. Likewise, the gene is inactive in NIH3T3 cells but is transcriptionally activated after transformation by v-Ki-ras oncogene, suggesting that the intact MSX-2 may play a positive, rather than suppressive, role in cell transformation. To test this possibility, we isolated a near full-length human MSX-2 cDNA and tested its activities in two cell systems, i.e. fibroblast and myoblast. In NIH3T3 fibroblasts, although the gene by itself failed to confer a transformed phenotype, antisense MSX-2 cDNA as well as truncated CT124 cDNA interfered with the transforming activities of v-Ki-ras oncogene. In C2C12 myoblasts, MSX-2 was found to suppress MyoD gene expression, as do activated ras oncogenes, under certain culture conditions, and CT124 was found to inhibit the activities of both MSX-2 and ras in this system as well. Our findings not only suggest that CT124 may act as a dominant suppressor of MSX-2 but also raise the possibility that MSX-2 gene may be an important downstream target for the Ras signaling pathways.
Networks, new governance and education

Networks, new governance and education, like much of Ball’s recent work (2008, 2012), is focused on ongoing developments in education policy, policy networks and governance in England, where government is now understood to be located alongside business and civil society actors in a complex game of public policy formulation, decision-making and implementation. This book, by Ball and Junemann, however, goes beyond the centrality of business to this evolving governance structure, to focus in particular on increasing forms of philanthropy in education policy and education service delivery. Using policy network theory as a lens, the authors explore the interactions occurring between philanthropic actors and groups within education policy-making fields. They seek to not only conceptualise a particular set of philanthropic policy networks, but also ask how these networks function, and why are these developments happening now? In answering these questions, Ball and Junemann undertake a network ethnography, consisting of three sets of interrelated research activities: Internet searches around particular edu-businesses, philanthropies, philanthropists and philanthropically funded programmes; interviews with key people emerging from these searches; and the use of these searches and interviews to construct ‘policy networks’ or network diagrams. Taken together, Ball and Junemann contend that these methods constitute a mapping of the form and content of policy relations in a particular field. However, they also advise that their methods are being tried and tested given networks are not fixed, are relatively opaque and consist in a good part of informal social exchanges, negotiations and compromises that go on behind the scenes, and as such, the methods employed may require some further elaboration and development. Nonetheless, Ball and Junemann present a novel approach to researching educational policy matters, and one that utilises the currently untapped potential of social media facebook, twitter and blog pages in exploring these ‘behind the scenes’ exchanges. Through the presentation of their findings, Ball and Junemann talk of the way in which philanthropy plays an important role in contemporary education policy. They ground examples by unpacking the relationship between philanthropy, the Third Way (New Labour governments in England) and the Big Society (current Coalition government) to show how the ‘modernisation’ and ‘transformation’ of the public sector is reconfiguring the boundaries, spatial horizons and flows of influence and engagement around education and education policy in a variety of ways. They observe that the sponsorship and funding of Academies, ‘Free Schools’ and Trusts by varying philanthropic organisations is a move pointing to the shift in the role of the state from ‘directing bureaucracies’ to ‘managing networks’, where the entry of new providers not only advocates new ways or working and new organisational forms, but Discourse: Studies in the Cultural Politics of Education 2012, 1 3, iFirst article
A shape metric for design-for-assembly

The authors introduce a quantitative shape metric for planar parts, called feedability, based on a stochastic parts feeding algorithm reported by K. Goldberg et al., (1990,1991). Although feedability is only one possible metric for design-for-assembly (DFA), it relates one aspect of assembly cost directly to part geometry. Therefore, based on feedability, a set of geometric redesign strategies can be produced. The application of feedability to DFA is illustrated and compared with other DFA methods. <<ETX>>