Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Techniques for automatic test knowledge extraction from compiled circuits

In the past, research has shown that the use of high-level test knowledge can be used to greatly accelerate the test generation process. The problem was that no techniques were developed to extract this knowledge from a circuit. Typically, the only solution for a circuit designer was to manually extract the test knowledge. When designers are using sophisticated high-level synthesis tools (e.g., a silicon compiler), the designer may not be competent to extract this type of knowledge. In this thesis, solutions to the problem of automatically extracting this high-level knowledge from the structure of a compiled circuit are presented. Two different types of knowledge are addressed. The first type of knowledge is a testability measure. We present solutions to the problem estimating the testability for circuits defined at a functional level. By using an information theoretic testability measure, the concepts of controllability and observability are captured. Instead of requiring exhaustive enumeration of the input space to compute the measure (as has been previously suggested), we presented two different methods for efficiently and accurately estimating the measure. In addition, we have present various applications of the measure, including automatic circuit partitioning and test point insertion. The second type of knowledge is used in test generation. We describe techniques to automatically extract high-level test and DFT knowledge from the structure of compiled circuits. These techniques work autonomously and require no user intervention. This system has been implemented in a SUN workstation environment and is known as DELPHI. It operates on the high-level dataflow representation of a compiled circuit and generates the test knowledge in the form of lists of primary input assignments. Achieving both high levels of fault coverage and fast performance, DELPHI can extract test knowledge from both non-sequential and sequential circuits. When test knowledge extraction is unsuccessful, additional DFT knowledge is obtained to efficiently represent design for testability options. In those cases in which users are able to provide test knowledge, techniques to verify user-provided knowledge are described.
A rewriting approach to concurrent programming language design and semantics

A plethora of programming languages have been and continue to be developed to keep pace with hardware advancements and the ever more demanding requirements of software development. As these increasingly sophisticated languages need to be well understood by both programmers and implementors, precise specifications are increasingly required. Moreover, the safety and adequacy with respect to requirements of programs written in these languages needs to be tested, analyzed, and, if possible, proved. This dissertation proposes a rigorous approach to define programming languages based on rewriting, which allows to easily design and test language extensions, and to specify and analyze safety and adequacy of program executions. To this aim, this dissertation describes the K framework, an executable semantic framework inspired from rewriting logic but specialized and optimized for programming languages. The K framework consists of three components: (1) a language definitional technique; (2) a specialized notation; and (3) a resource-sharing concurrent rewriting semantics. The language definitional technique is a rewriting technique built upon the lessons learned from capturing and studying existing operational semantics frameworks within rewriting logic, and upon attempts to combine their strengths while avoiding their limitations. The specialized notation makes the technical details of the technique transparent to the language designer, and enhances modularity, by allowing the designer to specify the minimal context needed for a semantic rule. Finally, the resource-sharing concurrent semantics relies on the particular form of the semantic rules to enhance concurrency, by allowing overlapping rule instances (e.g., two threads writing in different locations in the store, which overlap on the store entity) to apply concurrently as long as they only overlap on the parts they do not change. The main contributions of the dissertation are: (1) a uniform recasting of the major existing operational semantics techniques within rewriting logic; (2) an overview description of the K framework and how it can be used to define, extend and analyze programming languages; (3) a semantics for K concurrent rewriting obtained through an embedding in graph rewriting; and (4) a description of the K-Maude tool, a tool for defining programming languages using the K technique on top of the Maude rewriting language.
Reversion scheme for droplet parameters with rainbow refractometry based on Debye theory

Rainbow refractometry is a non-intrusive technology for determining the refractive index and diameter of droplet simultaneously. Most of the present schemes for the refractive index and diameter of droplet are based on empirical formulas with Airy theory. However, the anti-noise capability and the generality of the empirical method are weak. In the paper, an objective function was designed to quantify the deviation between the low frequency component of the captured rainbow and the simulated rainbow with Debye (p=2) theory. Further, a novel inversion scheme for single droplet based on Debye (p=2) theory and the objective function was proposed. Experiments were carried out to evaluate the performance of the scheme. Results indicate that the relative error of the radius is less than 8%, the absolute error of the refractive index is better than 5×10.
Design and Control Aspects of Humanoid Walking Robots

The research presented in this dissertation discusses the development of a humanoid biped robot from the planning stage to biped walking focusing on low level control. Concepts in hardware design, posture manipulation, and hybrid joint control, that are novel in humanoid robotics, are presented and entirely verified in hardware experiments. Decisive for the future performance of the robot is a careful selection of an appropriate motor-gear-combination during hardware design, as oversized actuators increase the total weight of the robot, thus deteriorating the walking performance. A systematic procedure for actuator selection based on optimal control is discussed. When replaying precalculated trajectories with a humanoid robot, it is often desirable to modify the posture of the robot thus compensating for control errors or adapting the trajectory for new situations. This task can be accomplished by a method termed Jacobi Compensation. A walking controller based on the inverted pendulum method is implemented on the humanoid UT-Theta. This robot is equipped with an innovative knee joint allowing to switch between actuated motion and free swinging. To ensure smooth and reliable operation with this joint, a hybrid, nonlinear, time optimal knee controller has been implemented.
Bayesian Inference for Hospital Quality in a Selection Model

This paper develops new econometric methods to infer hospital quality in a model with discrete dependent variables and non-random selection. Mortality rates in patient discharge records are widely used to infer hospital quality. However, hospital admission is not random and some hospitals may attract patients with greater unobserved severity of illness than others. In this situation the assumption of random admission leads to spurious inference about hospital quality. This study controls for hospital selection using a model in which distance between the patient's residence and alternative hospitals are key exogenous variables. Bayesian inference in this model is feasible using a Markov chain Monte Carlo posterior simulator, and attaches posterior probabilities to quality comparisons between individual hospitals and groups of hospitals. The study uses data on 74,848 Medicare patients admitted to 114 hospitals in Los Angeles County from 1989 through 1992 with a diagnosis of pneumonia. It finds the smallest and largest hospitals to be of the highest quality. There is strong evidence of dependence between the unobserved severity of illness and the assignment of patients to hospitals, whereby patients with a high unobserved severity of illness are disproportionately admitted to high quality hospitals. Consequently a conventional probit model leads to inferences about quality markedly different than those in this study's selection model. World Congress and the Society of Economic Dynamics 1999 Annual Meetings for helpful comments. Any remaining errors are the sole responsibility of the authors. The first author acknowledges support from NSF grant SBR-9819444 and the second author acknowledges support from the University of Minnesota Supercomputer Institute. The views expressed herein do not represent those of the Federal Reserve System, the Federal Reserve Bank of San Francisco or of any other institution.
Study on vertical profiles of rare earth elements by using an ocean general circulation model

Observed vertical profiles of rare earth elements (REEs) in the North Pacific Ocean show a systematic change from lighter to heavier REEs. Their source and sink consist of external fluxes coming from the surface and the bottom of the ocean and internal recycling within the ocean. In order to evaluate the role of each source and sink in controlling the vertical profiles of REEs, we conduct numerical simulations of REEs by using an ocean general circulation model. These simulations demonstrate that the shape of their vertical profiles is not directly related to the external sources from river runoff, atmospheric dust deposition, and coastal regions but is sensitive to the internal recycling processes within the ocean. Nutrient‐like treatment where REEs are removed at the surface and released in the deep ocean is suitable for simulating the vertical profiles of lighter REEs but not for heavier REEs. When the irreversible scavenging is considered as a sink term and particle dissolution is taken into consideration as a source term, the vertical profiles of heavier REEs can be reproduced but those of lighter REEs cannot. The observed difference in the vertical profiles among REEs can be reproduced only when the reversible scavenging process is incorporated into the model. Only the reversible scavenging process accounts for the observed vertical profiles of different REEs in comprehensive manner.
UN NUEVO BOIDAE (REPTILIA: SERPENTES) DEL EOCENO TEMPRANO DE LA PROVINCIA DEL CHUBUT, ARGENTINA

A new genus and species of Boidae proceeding from the Early Eocene (Casamayoran Land Mammal Age ) of Canadon Hondo, Chubut Province, Argentina, is described. This presence in the Early Eocene of Patagonia, together with Madtsoia and a genus indet. from Colhue Huapi, evidence, for this age, a greater diversity of the Boidae family that the supposed until the present.
Learning Fuzzy Information in a Hybrid Connectionist , Symbolic-Model N 9 3 2 5 4

Steve (I. Romaniuk and Lawrence O. Hall Department of Compul,er Science and Engineering University of South l'lorida Tampa, FL 3:3620 e-mail: romaniuk(_daffy.csee.usf.edu, hall@waterfall.csee.usf.edu Abstract An instance-based learning system is 1)resented. SC,-net is a fllzzy hybrid connectionist, symbolic learning system. It remembers some examples aim makes groups of examples into exeml)lars. All real-valued attributes are tel)resented as fllzzy sets. The network representation and leal'lfing method is described. To illustrate this approach to learning in fuzzy domains, an example of segmenting magnetic resonance images of the brain is discussed. Clearly, the boundaries between human tissues are ill-defined or fuzzy. Example fuzzy rules for recognition are generated. Segmentations are presented that provide results that radiologists find useful. / _)2 "7. 5
SEM observation and morphometry of Encyonema leei (Krammer) nov. comb.

Encyonopsis leei Krammer 2003, probably a common freshwater diatom in East Asia but so far very little known, is taxonomically examined by using both scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and light microscopy (LM). SEM reveals that this species has ultrastructures which is typical of Encyonema, and therefore we propose a new combination, Encyonema leei (Krammer) Ohtsuka, Hanada et Yus.Nakam. nov. comb. Although it is similar to Encyonema lacustre (C.Agardh) Mills in LM, they are apparently different from each other in the raphe structures. In total 102 specimens collected from four localities in Japan are morphometrically examined based on LM photographs. Four morphometric measurements, i.e. length, width, striaeand areolae densities, are significantly correlated with each other except the combination of striaeand areolae densities. Analysis of scores produced by principal component analysis (PCA) shows as a whole the measures approximately follow multivariate lognormal distribution irrespective of the heterogeneity between localities. The extrapolated PC scores of E. leei var. leei's type specimens are within the 99% interval of those of Japanese specimens with one exception of PC1 which might shift with the size reduction after the initial cell formation. In contrast, the extrapolated scores of E. leei var. sinensis' type specimens are in total out of the 99% boundary of the multivariate lognormal distribution mainly because of their wider valve in proportion to the length. Therefore, this variety can still be separated from E. var. leei in spite of the fact that areolae density, which is the chief criterion for their separation suggested in Krammer (2003), is in fact not much different between the two varieties' type specimens. Key index words : Encyonema leei, Encyonopsis leei var. leei, Encyonopsis leei var. sinensis, new combination, principal component analysis, ultrastructure
Can Policy Reforms Enhance Fertility? An Ex-Ante Evaluation through Factorial Survey Experiments

This paper contributes to the literature on the family policies-fertility nexus by assessing the potential role of parental leaves, childcare services, and child benefits on fertility through the use of factorial survey experiments (FSE). We focus on Italy, a country whose lowest-low fertility is often traced back to its familistic and sub-protective welfare state. We collected data on 4,022 respondents aged 20-44 and exposed them to several scenarios characterised by different family policy packages. We asked them to ascribe short-term fertility intentions to a fictitious couple under these different policy scenarios, in a sort of ex-ante evaluation of possible policy reforms. Results show that each of the family-friendly policies we envisioned in the experiment positively impacts ascribed fertility intentions. The availability of full-time, public childcare services seems more relevant than higher child benefits, whereas more generous and gender-equal parental leaves are perceived as less relevant. However, results suggest that only a consistent mix of financial benefits, parental leave schemes, and childcare provisions can potentially boost fertility intentions, whereas marginal changes in single policy levers are most likely ineffective. The results of our FSE point out that a couple’s socioeconomic status is perceived as more important than family policies for fertility decisions, as ascribed fertility intentions increase substantially when both partners of the fictitious couple are employed and household income is high. We conclude by discussing the implications of our findings for policymaking.
Monte Carlo Simulation and Effective Medium Approximation in Subsurface Flow Modeling

A refined Monte Carlo (MC) simulation procedure and an Effective Medium Approximation (EMA) are presented for solving the stochastic subsurface flow problem. The refined MC simulation procedure uses analytical means to estimate the sample size by controlling the error incurred in using the sample average in place of its population mean at a chosen confidence level for the pressure head. Also, an unbiased estimator of the pressure head that takes advantage of its correlation with the saturated conductivity to reduce its variance is proposed. This reduced variance results in a smaller width of uncertainty about the predicted pressure head thereby improving the precision. The EMA permits one to solve the stochastic subsurface flow problem in a single run to generate the expected pressure head field with the aid of a field-scale effective hydraulic conductivity that has a form similar to the Gardner equation. Both the MC and the EMA approaches perform well when applied to example problems taken from the literature.
The first 25 years of the hydrology of the Onyx River, Wright Valley, Dry Valleys, Antarctica

ABSTRACT This paper summarises the first 25 years of data on hydrological work carried out each summer on the Onyx River, Wright Valley, by summer teams of field hydrologists of the New Zealand Antarctic Research Programme. The assignment expanded from the single water-level recording weir site near Lake Vanda to a second site near the Wright Lower Glacier together with a number of tributary stream measurements that were installed as the programme progressed. This work was carried out together with Dry Valleys lake level and glacial measurements and is as of much historical as of scientific interest as it contains much inaugural Antarctic hydrology work.
Uncovering the relationship between subducting bathymetric ridges and volcanic chains with significant earthquakes using geophysical data mining

The subduction of bathymetric asperities has been linked with the location and rupture characteristics of significant (moment magnitude > 5.0) thrust earthquakes in several regions, but a global analysis of these relationships is lacking. We carry out a global investigation of well-defined subducting bathymetric features including ridges, fracture zones and seamounts, and their spatial association with significant earthquakes. The NGDC global significant earthquake database has been filtered to include only those events occurring in the coupling zone between subducting and overriding plates, which includes the bulk of megathrust earthquakes. A statistical methodology is used to compare spatial associations between subducting linear asperities and significant earthquakes. Randomly sampled coupling zone locations are used to establish sensitivity/specificity relationships as a function of proximity, ruling out random effects and establishing meaningful spatial interpretations. In a previous study, we showed that there is a strong link between the largest earthquakes and proximity to fracture-zone subduction-zone intersections. Here, this analysis is extended using a game-formulation methodology, rigorously demonstrating that significant subduction-related earthquakes are more likely to be generated at, or very close to, the intersections between subduction zones and fracture zones, compared with arbitrary locations along subduction zones. A weaker, broader effect is exhibited by subducting volcanic ridges/seamount chains. Fracture zone associations are attributed to the large, localised, linear and mechanically strong bathymetric anomalies related to fracture zone ridges, leading to strong seismic coupling, whereas associations pertaining to volcanic ridges/seamount chains are explained by inherently broader, less elevated and poorly defined characteristics, combined with structural weaknesses that may reduce the long-term coupling effect.
Information asymmetry and the bid-ask spread : Evidence from the UK Abstract

In estimating functions that determine the bid-ask spread in the US equity market Atkins and Dyl (1997) and Glosten and Harris(1988) include measures of the volatility of returns in their set of explanatory variables to proxy the risk of adverse selection to which the market maker is exposed. They find that volatility is significant in explaining the spread. We suggest that an augmented model of the spread should include additional variables and more specifically the reported disagreement amongst market analysts regarding the firms' earnings. Such variability will lead to increases in the bid-ask spread as it leaves market makers at an additional informational disadvantage with respect to We find that both the volatility of returns and disagreement amongst analysts are significant (with the hypothesised signs) in explaining FTSE 100 company spreads, rendering strong empirical support to the hypotheses proposed by Kim and Verrecchia(1994,2001). The influence of the variability of analysts' forecasts is significant over short horizons and thereafter tapers off. The volatility of returns exerts a significant and positive influence on the spread over all horizons.
CRITICAL EVALUATIONS FOR THE STATE OF HAWAII SUBSEQUENT TO THE 26 DECEMBER 2004 ASIAN TSUNAMI

SUMMARY A reexamination of historic data for Pacific-wide tsunamis suggests the need for modeling the effects of potential “100-year 9.0 magnitude earthquakes” from the Western and Southwestern Pacific, and possibly from Japan. Such modeling would either confirm the reliability of existing evacuation maps for the Hawaiian Islands or indicate necessary modifications. Long term observations of human responses to tsunamis in Hawaii, and more recently in Asia, suggest that tsunami education should be required in public and private schools. Destructive local tsunamis generated by small, unfelt earthquakes have struck, and will strike, portions of the Big Island without warning unless detectors similar to those protecting the Kona Coast are installed. Government and business leaders need to continually be reminded of the destructive potential of tsunamis, as well as the limitations and requirements of the warning system. Finally, critical infrastructure should be hardened to prevent damage from salt water flooding so as to facilitate a more rapid recovery from inevitable future tsunamis.
Proopiomelanocortin and its potential functions in the pathological synovium of patients with osteoarthritis.

OBJECTIVE Osteoarthritis (OA) is a chronic degenerative disease of the joints, adversely affecting the quality of life for the patients. To better understand the mechanisms underlying the pathological changes in osteoarthritis and identify the key genes associated with osteoarthritis pathogenesis, we utilized a comprehensive bioinformatics approach to analyze the transcriptome between osteoarthritis synovial and control samples with public microarray datasets. MATERIALS AND METHODS First, the GSE82107 microarray dataset containing ten osteoarthritis synovial and seven control samples were selected from the Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) database. RESULTS A total of 52 overlapped differentially expressed genes (DEGs) in GSE82107 and OA-associated genes in the Comparative Toxicogenomics Database were identified. These OA-associated DEGs were further incorporated into a protein-protein interaction (PPI) network. Gene proopiomelanocortin (POMC) was identified in the largest cluster of PPI network with Cytoscape. GO and KEGG analyses suggested that these genes were associated with multiple functions. Other GEO datasets of osteoarthritis synovial tissues, including GSE55235 and GSE55457, were used to validate the expression level of POMC. Quantitative polymerase chain reaction and western blot analyses were also used to test the expression levels of POMC in our osteoarthritis samples. We found POMC was positively associated with transporter complex, ion channel activity, and G protein-coupled receptor signaling pathway. CONCLUSIONS This study highlighted the OA-associated gene POMC, and its related biological pathways, suggesting it served as a potential treatment target in osteoarthritis.