Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Langley method of calibrating UV filter radiometers

The Langley method of calibrating UV multifilter shadow band radiometers (UV-MFRSR) is explored in this paper. This method has several advantages over the traditional standard lamp calibrations: the Sun is a free, universally available, and very constant source, and nearly continual automated field calibrations can be made. Although 20 or so Langley events are required for an accurate calibration, the radiometer remains in the field during calibration. Difficulties arise as a result of changing ozone optical depth during the Langley event and the breakdown of the Beer-Lambert law over the finite filter band pass since optical depth changes rapidly with wavelength. The Langley calibration of the radiometers depends critically upon the spectral characterization of each channel and on the wavelength and absolute calibration of the extraterrestrial spectrum used. Results of Langley calibrations for two UV-MFRSRs at Mauna Loa, Hawaii were compared to calibrations using two National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) traceable lamps. The objectives of this study were to compare Langley calibration factors with those from standard lamps and to compare field-of-view effects. The two radiometers were run simultaneously: one on a Sun tracker and the other in the conventional shadow-band configuration. Both radiometers were calibrated with two secondary 1000 W lamp, and later, the spectral response functions of the channels were measured. The ratio of Langley to lamp calibration factors for the seven channels from 300 nm to 368 nm using the shadow-band configuration ranged from 0.988 to 1.070. The estimated uncertainty in accuracy of the Langley calibrations ranged from ±3.8% at 300 nm to ±2.1% at 368 nm. For all channels calibrated with Central Ultraviolet Calibration Facility (CUCF) lamps the estimated uncertainty was ±2.5% for all channels.
Mapping of landfills using time-domain spectral induced polarization data: the Eskelund case study

This study uses time-domain induced polarization data for the delineation and characterization of the former landfill site at Eskelund, Denmark. With optimized acquisition parameters combined with a new inversion algorithm, we use the full content of the decay curve and retrieve spectral information from time-domain IP data. Thirteen IP/DC profiles were collected in the area, supplemented by el-log drilling for accurate correlation between the geophysics and the lithology. The data were inverted using a laterally constrained 1D inversion considering the full decay curves to retrieve the four Cole-Cole parameters. For all profiles, the results reveal a highly chargeable unit that shows a very good agreement to the findings from 15 boreholes covering the area, where the extent of the waste deposits was measured. The thickness and depth of surface measurements were furthermore validated by el-log measurements giving in situ values, for which the Cole-Cole parameters were computed. The 3D shape of the waste body was pinpointed and well-defined. The inversion of the IP data also shows a strong correlation with the initial stage of the waste dump and its composition combining an aerial map with acquired results.
A Technique for Building Representation in Oblique View Maps of Modern Urban Areas

Abstract This paper presents a technique for creating oblique view maps of urban areas. We identify and apply cartographic and cognitive principles to develop a solution in the context of state-of-art geographic information systems. The gap in the ability of these systems to render three-dimensional buildings into maps is addressed. At the core of our solution is a building facade modelling approach that supports varying degrees of abstraction. This is achieved by introducing a concept of 'facade waveforms' and representing building facades as combinations of these waveforms. A Fourier series approximation of the waveforms is used during the rendering processes resulting in an elegant solution to anti-aliasing. The formulation retains the semantic information in the representation that enables meaningful extensions like night time facade generation. The solution is implemented as a pixel shader and therefore leads to a large reduction in texture memory requirement compared with existing building rendering techniques. Additionally, in the case of web based systems, there is significant reduction in bandwidth requirement. We highlight the features of the proposed solution by generating demonstrative maps and images.
Integrating seismic reflection and geological data and interpretations across an internal basement massif: The southern Appalachian Pine Mountain window, USA

The southern Appalachian Pine Mountain window exposes 1.1 Ga Grenvillian basement and its metasedimentary Paleozoic(? ) cover through the allochthonous Inner Piedmont. The issue of whether the crustal block inside the window was either transported above the master Appalachian (late Alleghanian) decollement or is an autochthonous block that was overridden by the decollement has been debated for some time. New detrital zircon geochronologic data from the cover rocks inside the window suggest this crustal block was derived from Gondwana but docked with Laurentia before the Alleghanian event. Reprocessed deep seismic reflection data from west-central Georgia (pr- and poststack noise reduction, amplitude variation analysis, and prestack depth migration) indicate that a significant band of subhorizontal reflections occurs almost continuously beneath the window collinear with the originally recognized decollement reflections north of the window. A marked variation in the decollement image, from strong and coherent north of the window to more diffuse directly beneath the window, is likely a partial consequence of the different geology between the Inner Piedmont and the window. The more diffuse image beneath the window may also result from imaging problems related to changes in topography and fold of cover (i.e., signal-to-noise ratio). Two alternative tectonic models for the Pine Mountain window can partially account for the observed variation in the decollement reflectivity. (1) The Pine Mountain block could be truncated below by a relatively smooth continuation of the decollement. The window would thus expose an allochthonous basement duplex or hors-block thrust upward from the south along the Late Proterozoic rifted continental margin. (2) The window represents localized exhumation of autochthonous basement and cover along a zone of distributed intrabasement shearing directly beneath the window. Either model is viable if only reflector geometry is considered; model (1) is favored if both geometry and kinematics of Blue Ridge–Piedmont thrust sheet emplacement are incorporated. In either model, the southern margin of the window merges to the west with the Iapetan early Alleghanian Central Piedmont suture, which juxtaposes North American–affinity Piedmont rocks to the north and exotic Panafrican rocks of the Carolina (Avalon) terrane to the south. Immediately south of the window, this suture dips southward and merges in the lower crust with the late Alleghanian suture joining the Appalachians with Gondwana.
Dusty weather forecasts using the MesoNH mesoscale atmospheric model

[1] Several studies have shown the importance of aerosols in the Earth's radiative balance. The radiative effect of dust has earlier been quantified in global and regional climate models. Fewer studies have included prediction of aerosols online in numerical weather prediction (NWP) models. Predicting climate effect of aerosols is different from including aerosols actively in weather prediction because climate models give average responses over long timescales, whereas the purpose of weather prediction models is to calculate the right weather on short timescales. In this paper, we run a mesoscale NWP with four different assumptions on dust aerosols: (1) no dust, (2) climatological data set for dust aerosols, (3) forecasted dust using the Dust Entrainment and Deposition model (DEAD) and (4) same as assumption 3 but with decreased single scattering albedo. We show that the assumption on dust is important for predicting ground temperature and convective precipitation in the model. Dust changes the model physics through changing the radiative fluxes. We interpret the changes through analyzing the energy budgets for four zones close to the major dust sources. The zones include both convective and nonconvective areas. In convective areas over ocean, dust can decrease convective activity. The vertical gradient of the aerosols and their single scattering albedo determine how efficient they are. Over land, dust also influences the surface energy budget so that decreased latent heat fluxes result if dust plumes pass over areas where water evaporates from the surface.
Mechanical coupling between the Landers and Hector Mine (California) fault systems

A 2D finite element approach is used to model the mechanical coupling between faults and the interaction between large earthquakes. The regional tectonic stress, the fault geometry and the Coulomb friction law control the resulting slip patterns. To test the potential of this approach we investigate the Landers and Hector Mine earthquakes which occurred in southern California. The resulting coseismic displacement satisfactorily fits the available GPS data. We show that the stress changes induced by the 1992 MW = 7.3 Landers earthquake modulate the applied regional tectonic stress reducing the slip on the faults of the subsequent 1999 MW = 7.1 Hector Mine rupture. We emphasize that fault interaction due to stress transfer can alter the slip distribution of impending earthquakes.
On the origin of the Azores Current

The Azores Current, south of the Azores Archipelago, is part of the subtropical North Atlantic gyre. Using an international hydrographic data set, we analyze mean and seasonal geostrophic transport fields in the upper 800 m of the ocean in order to determine the origin of the Azores Current in the western basin and seasonal changes in the related flow. Geostrophic currents are obtained by using the method applied by Stramma (1984) in the eastern basin. The Azores Current is found to originate in the area of the Southwest Newfoundland Rise (Figure 10). In winter an almost uniform current connects this region of origin with the Azores Current, while a branching into two current bands is observed in summer, with the southern band forming a marked cyclonic loop. Within the upper 800 m, all of the transport in the northern band and about 70% of the transport in the southern band recirculates in the eastern basin. Additionally, expendable bathythermograph data from the Azores Current region indicate an increase of eddy potential energy from winter to summer.
Carbonate Dissolution Fluctuations in the Western Equatorial Pacific During the Late Quaternary

Planktonic foraminiferal test fragmentation in three cores along a depth transect from the western equatorial Pacific (ERDC-93P, 1619 m; RC17-177, 2600 m; V28-238, 3120 m [Thompson, 1976]) were examined for the last 500 kyr at sample intervals from 2.5 to 5 kyr to study the fluctuations of dissolution in the western equatorial Pacific. The age models were constructed by correlating the δ18O records with the SPECMAP stack [Imbrie et al., 1984]. Results showed that intermediate and deep waters experienced the same patterns of dissolution through climatic cycles. Fragmentation varied with a greater amplitude, and the carbonate ion concentration changed less, in the deep than in the intermediate water. Dissolution has significant variance distributions and coherencies with δ18O over the 100, 41, and 23 kyr periods of orbital variations; dissolution maxima lag ice volume minima by 6 to 20 kyr. The dissolution variability was consistent with recent geochemical models which seek to explain the reduction of atmospheric CO2 concentration at the last glacial maximum [Broecker, 1982; Boyle, 1988].
Potassium-argon age determinations on some British Tertiary igneous rocks

The timing and duration of volcanism within each igneous province of the North Atlantic region during the Tertiary is required to evaluate possible relationships between this magmatism, plate tectonics and continental drift. Published radioisotopic dates from the British Tertiary volcanic province are listed and briefly reviewed in the context of the data available from other North Atlantic areas. New conventional K–Ar and 40Ar/39Ar age spectrum ages of rocks from Mull, Staffa, Arran, Antrim, the Mountains of Mourne, Carlingford, the Cleveland dyke and the North Welsh dyke swarm are reported. Volcanism began in the British Province around or just before 65–66 m.y. in the latest Cretaceous or earliest Palaeocene. The earliest episode of basalt lava eruption in Northern Ireland may not be represented in the Hebrides. The major plutonic centres are between 60 and 58 m.y. while minor activity continued at various localities until at least 50 m.y. in the Eocene.
Mélanges: Processes of Formation and Societal Significance

Review by: Edmund W. Medley This book was inspired by a successful international “Topical Session” on melanges at the 2007 Geological Society of America (GSA) Conference. Melanges (from the French, melange, or mixture; the acutely accented “e” is unnecessary in English) have been the focus of considerable research by geologists for over 50 years. There are thousands of geological publications and presentations devoted to melanges. For the typical engineering geologist, I believe that the papers in this book are generally not an easy read, comprising deeply academic research findings and theories related to melange formation. As well, there are a confusing number of geological terms for chaotic fabrics: melanges, olistostromes, sedimentary breccias, block-in-matrix mixtures, and so on, all of which I bundle into the geologically neutral term “bimrocks” (short for “block-in-matrix rocks”). The competing theories of the processes of melange formation are dauntingly complex but, simply, melanges are found in the mountainous areas of previous subduction zones. Given their profound heterogeneity and often-significant weakness, melanges have considerable negative impact on the behavior of natural and excavated slopes, tunnels, and dam foundations. The broad coverage of geological topics related to melanges makes this book a good reference for geologists seeking to understand melanges and how they came to be. It extends the range of …
Electromagnetic ion cyclotron waves in the subsolar region under normal dynamic pressure: Wind observations and theory

[1] We analyze observations on electromagnetic ion cyclotron waves (EICWs) in the plasma depletion layer (PDL) made by Wind on three inbound passes of the magnetosheath near the stagnation streamline and model the observations using recent theory [Gnavi et al., 2000]. While one pass was under substantially high solar wind dynamic pressure Pdyn (∼6.4 nPa), two passes were under typical Pdyn at 1 AU (∼2.2 nPa), which allows us to extend the study of EICWs into this lower pressure regime. Two passes were under steady, and one under time varying, conditions. We subdivide the PDL into inner, middle, and outer regions and compute in each the power spectral density (PSD) of the magnetic fluctuations transverse to the background field, using high-resolution (∼11 samples/s) data from the Magnetic Field Investigation (MFI). The theory solves the kinetic dispersion relation in a plasma composed of electrons, protons, and α particles, each species modeled by bi-Maxwellian distribution functions. Results and trends indicated by the theory are found to be in qualitative agreement with the data. The observations show (1) at the inner PDL position the spectral PSD weakens as Pdyn decreases, and (2) the frequency range of emission shifts downward with diminishing Pdyn. Comparing observations with the classification of spectral types in the PDL under compressed conditions proposed by Anderson et al. [1994], we find a preponderance of so-called low and continuous spectra and only marginally bifurcated spectra with activity peaks below and above the alpha-resonance frequency. In general, as a consequence of smaller Pdyn, near the magnetopause our temperature anisotropies Ap are at the lower end of values characterizing bifurcated spectra in AMPTE/CCE.
A relation between the T‐S curve and global heat and atmospheric water transports

From historical data on the distribution of temperature and salinity on vertical sections across the oceans over complete latitude circles it is possible to test the compatibility of certain meteorologically determined meridional fluxes in the ocean of sensible heat and fresh water as functions of latitude. It is also possible to check the proportion of this flux that each ocean basin carries separately. The information from both these sources leads to estimates of the magnitudes and distribution of the meridional oceanic mass flux over the salinity-temperature plane and yields some indication of the probable physical processes operating (that is isopycnal mixing versus large-scale advective currents).
Modeling the seismic cycle in subduction zones: The role and spatiotemporal occurrence of off‐megathrust earthquakes

Shallow off‐megathrust subduction events are important in terms of hazard assessment and coseismic energy budget. Their role and spatiotemporal occurrence, however, remain poorly understood. We simulate their spontaneous activation and propagation using a newly developed 2‐D, physically consistent, continuum, viscoelastoplastic seismo‐thermo‐mechanical modeling approach. The characteristics of simulated normal events within the outer rise and splay and normal antithetic events within the wedge resemble seismic and seismological observations in terms of location, geometry, and timing. Their occurrence agrees reasonably well with both long‐term analytical predictions based on dynamic Coulomb wedge theory and short‐term quasi‐static stress changes resulting from the typically triggering megathrust event. The impact of off‐megathrust faulting on the megathrust cycle is distinct, as more both shallower and slower megathrust events arise due to occasional off‐megathrust triggering and increased updip locking. This also enhances tsunami hazards, which are amplified due to the steeply dipping fault planes of especially outer rise events.
A note on isotopic ratios and the global atmospheric methane budget

The temporal and spatial behavior of the isotopic ratio of atmospheric methane can be quite different from that of total methane. Changes in the isotopic ratio are the result of shifts between isotopically different methane sources, as well as changes in the total amount of methane into which methane from sources is being diluted. As a result, the timescale for isotopic changes is often considerably longer than for changes in total methane, and large‐scale spatial gradients of the isotopic ratio adjust very slowly to a new source configuration, in sharp contrast to total methane.
Forest line changes after 1960 in a Norwegian mountain region – implications for the future

Mountain treelines can be seen as boundaries between two vegetation zones – the alpine and subalpine zones – and function as an indicator of ecosystem change. Interpreting factors leading to changes in mountains includes disturbance from human resource use and climate as important factors. The article shows that forest line changes in eastern Jotunheimen, a mountain region in southern Norway, can be related to changes in livestock grazing pressure between the 1960s and 2002. In contrast to other European mountain regions, highly relevant climate variables such as the triterm (the summer months) have not changed in the studied region. Therefore, land-use change is considered the main driver for the forest line shifts observed in the region. However, the predicted climate warming, together with continued trends of decreasing and abandoned free-range grazing of livestock will cause further forest expansion above the present forest lines also in the eastern Jotunheimen mountain range.
Contribution of radar interferometry to a two-step inversion of the kinematic process of the 1992 Landers earthquake

$*We study the rupture process of the 1992 Landers earthquake. To limit the trade-off between slip amplitude and rupture time that affects solutions using only seismological data, we adopt a two-step approach. We first constrain the slip distribution and its uncertainty by independent geodetic data to recover in the second step the temporal details of the rupture propagation. The first step consists of an inversion of interferometric data and Global Positioning System measurements, both independently and together, to constrain slip distribution on a three-segment fault model along both strike and dip direction. We use a genetic algorithm to test the uniqueness of the solution and a least squares formulation to find the model which best fits the data. We conclude from the results of these geodetic inversions that interferometric data are rich enough to access the slip distribution in the case of the Landers earthquake. Since the surface deformations are more sensitive to shallow slip in our configuration, the slip amplitude is better resolved near the surface than at depth. The resulting slip distribution is in agreement with geological observations at the surface and confirms the heterogeneous nature of the Landers earthquake. Most of the slip occurs at shallow depths, on the Homestead Valley fault (second segment), with a maximum value of around 7 m. Another high slip zone is observed on the Johnson Valley fault (first segment) at 8 km depth. In the second step, we invert strong motion data with the a priori final slip amplitude and its uncertainty deduced from geodetic data to constrain the time history of the rupture process. This second step emphasizes a strong variation of the temporal development of the earthquake. Fast rupture front velocities appear within high slip zones, and the rupture slows when it encounters a resistance along the fault. On average, the rupture front propagates with velocities close to the S wave velocity and terminates about 20 s after initiation. The large variations in both slip amplitude and rupture velocity suggest that the rupture process is better described by successively breaking asperities than by a pulse propagating with constant velocity.
A chitinozoan biostratigraphy of the Upper Ordovician and lower Silurian strata of the Girvan area, Midland Valley, Scotland

ABSTRACT Forty-six samples, taken from the Upper Ordovician and lower Silurian strata of the Girvan district, Midland Valley of Scotland, yield moderately well-preserved and diverse assemblages of chitinozoans. The area was chosen to study the composition of the chitinozoan assemblages, rarely described before in Scotland, which lay at the south-eastern margin of the Laurentia palaeocontinent. These assemblages are compared with those of the same age on other palaeocontinents, representing a critical time when both the Iapetus and Tornquist oceans were closing, thus forming the Caledonide and associated orogens. It is possible to correlate the chitinozoan occurrences at Girvan with those of other parts of Laurentia (Quebec area), other palaeocontinents such as Baltoscandia (Sweden, Estonia), Avalonia (Wales, Brabant Massif) and some parts of Northern Gondwana (Saudi Arabia). For the lower Silurian, it is possible to correlate with the global chitinozoan biozonation, and a calibration between the chitinozoan occurrences and the graptolite biozonation of Girvan is established. Several levels within the Balclatchie, South Shore, Three Mile, Shalloch, Wood Burn, Lauchlan, Drumyork Flags and other formations are accurately dated.