Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Investigation of Flexible Crosslinking Systems for the Retention of Mechanical Strength and Abrasion Resistance in Durable Press Cotton Fabrics

N-methylol compounds, such as dimethyloldihydroxyethyleneurea (DMDHEU), are the most commonly used durable press finishing agents for cotton fabrics. Polyfunctional carboxylic acids are becoming important as non-formaldehyde replacements for these N-methylol reactants. The use of both chemistries has been shown to cause an irreversible reduction in the physical properties of finished fabric, beyond the reversible embrittlement caused by the actual crosslinking. This non-recoverable loss in properties has been ascribed to being due to depolymerization of cellulose caused either by the catalyst used for DMDHEU or by the presence of a protic acid. Multiple angle Laser light scattering was used to measure the molecular weight of cellulose in cotton fabrics treated with polycarboxylic acids and a Lewis acid. The overall results indicate a direct correlation between tensile strength loss of the treated cotton fabric and the molecular weight of cellulose. In addition, there is a direct correlation between wrinkle recovery angle and percent tensile strength loss, independent of the chemistry and crosslink structure used to react the fabric. Preliminary results on the retention of flex abrasion resistance indicate that this fabric property is also very sensitive to the nature of the catalysts and chemistries used in the durable press finishing process.
Early Identification of Reading Disabilities Within an RTI Framework

Early and accurate identification of children at risk for reading disabilities (RD) is critical for the prevention of RD within a response to intervention framework. In this study, we investigated the use of universal screening and progress monitoring for the early identification of RD in kindergarten children. A total of 366 children were administered a battery of screening measures at the beginning of kindergarten and progress-monitoring probes across the school year. A subset of children who showed initial risk for RD also received a 26-week Tier 2 intervention. Participants’ achievement in word reading accuracy and/or fluency was assessed at the end of first grade. Results indicated that a screening battery containing measures of letter naming fluency, phonological awareness, rapid naming, or nonword repetition accurately identified good and poor readers at the end of first grade. Findings also showed that children’s response to supplemental and/or classroom instruction measured in terms of growth in letter naming fluency added significantly to the prediction of reading outcomes.
Delivering 'best value' in a new unitary authority

‘Best value’ is the latest in a long line of legislative attempts by central government to change the way in which local government functions. This paper explores the significance of this latest legislation from the perspective of its implementation in Swindon Borough Council—a newly established unitary authority. Conclusions from this examination suggest that, if local government is to meet the requirements of ‘best value’, there is a need for a new organizational environment—a new paradigm—to help local authorities function on a day-to-day basis. Such a new way of working is proposed, and the kinds of strategy required to achieve the core functions of a ‘best value’ authority are discussed. Particular attention is paid to human resource implications.
Strontium-90 Absorption by Deciduous Teeth: Analysis of teeth provides a practicable method of monitoring strontium-90 uptake by human populations

BS>Results of analyses of 20,439 teeth collected from children in the St. Louis area during 1959 and 1960 indiiate that analysis of deciduous teeth provides accurate information conerning Sr/sup 90/ deposition in bone. Teeth and bones developing in the same biologic environment were found to accumulate Sr/sup 90/ and Ca in the same ratio. It was shown that collection of teeth can be accomplished on a large scale. (C.H.)
Prevalence of knee pain and knee OA in southern Sweden and the proportion that seeks medical care.

OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to estimate the prevalence of frequent knee pain in radiographic, symptomatic and clinically defined knee OA in middle-aged and elderly patients and the proportion that seeks medical care. METHODS In 2007 a random sample of 10 000 56- to 84-year-old residents of Malmö, Sweden, were questioned about knee pain. We classified subjects reporting knee pain with a duration of at least 4 weeks as having frequent knee pain. A random sample of 1300 individuals with frequent knee pain and 650 without were invited for assessment by the ACR clinical knee OA criteria and for bilateral weight-bearing knee radiography. We considered a Kellgren-Lawrence grade ≥2 as radiographic knee OA and that in combination with frequent knee pain as symptomatic knee OA. By linkage with the Skåne Healthcare Register, we determined the proportion of subjects that had consulted for knee OA or pain. RESULTS The 10 000 subjects had a mean age of 70 years (s.d. 7.6), a mean BMI of 27.1 kg/m(2) and 62% were women. The prevalence of frequent knee pain was 25.1% (95% CI 24.1, 26.1), higher in women and similar across age groups. The prevalence of radiographic knee OA was 25.4% while 15.4% had either symptomatic or clinically defined knee OA. Of these, 68.9% consulted a physician for knee OA or pain during 2004-11. CONCLUSION Fifteen per cent of middle-aged or elderly individuals have knee OA and symptoms. About one in three of those do not consult a physician. Inefficient care of OA and self-coping may be an explanation.
Inhibition of a eukaryotic initiation factor ( eIF2B (cid:1) / F11A3.2) during adulthood extends lifespan in Caenorhabditis elegans

The critical role of protein synthesis in regulating lifespan has been evidenced. This study shows that adult-onset RNAi inactivation of eukaryotic initiation factor 2B (cid:1) ( eIF2B (cid:1) /F11A3.2), a subunit of eIF2B, extends the mean lifespan of Caenorhabditis elegans . eIF2B is a GDP-GTP exchange factor for eIF2—a rate-limiting factor for protein synthesis initiation. 35 S-methionine incorporation assay showed that global protein synthesis is reduced by eIF2B (cid:1) / F11A3.2 RNAi. Inhibition of eIF2B (cid:1) / F11A3.2 during adulthood conferred thermal and oxidative stress resistance and reduced the fecundity and fat storage, suggesting the possible trade-offs of resources between reproduction and somatic maintenance. Lifespan extension by adult-onset eIF2B (cid:1) / F11A3.2 RNAi is suppressed in FOXO transcription factor daf-16 deletion mutants. Adult-on-set eIF2B (cid:1) / F11A3.2 RNAi increases the expression of stress-resistant genes, including hsp-16.2, hsp-70, hsp90, and sod-3, some of which are reported to be targets of DAF-16. Adult-onset eIF2B (cid:1) / F11A3.2 RNAi in daf-16 mutants reduced fecundity, but did not extend lifespan. Furthermore, adult-onset eIF2B
The Origins of Spatial Interaction

Geography shapes economic outcomes in a major way. This Paper uses spatial empirical methods to detect and analyse trade patterns in a historical dataset on Chinese rice prices. Our results suggest that spatial features were important for the expansion of interregional trade. Geography dictates, first, over what distances trade was possible in different regions, because the costs of ship transport were considerably below those for land transport. Spatial features also influence the direction in which a trading network is expanding. Moreover, our analysis captures the impact of new trade routes both within and outside the trading areas. We also discuss the long-run implications this might have.
Differential SO2 Column Measurements of the Mt. Pinatubo Volcanic Plume

Differential SO2 column measurements of the Mt. Pinatubo volcanic plume were made from a NASA Electra aircraft flying in the Caribbean in July, 1991. The mean column content of the volcanic plume in the Caribbean was 25 μatm m (2.5 Dobson units) with periods of up to 90 μatm m observed. Dispersion of the initial cloud from Mt. Pinatubo and 67% conversion of the SO2 to sulfate over the one month period since the eruption are in good agreement with the column contents found here.
Intensive systolic blood pressure control and incident chronic kidney disease in persons with and without diabetes mellitus: Secondary analyses of two randomized controlled trials

Background— Recent guidelines recommend a tighter control of systolic blood pressure (SBP) in type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). However, it is unclear whether intensive SBP lowering increases the incidence of chronic kidney disease (CKD) in T2DM. Methods— Systolic Blood Pressure Intervention Trial (SPRINT) tested the effects of SBP goal < 120 vs. < 140 mm Hg in persons without diabetes. Action to Control Cardiovascular Risk in Diabetes (ACCORD) BP trial tested a similar SBP intervention in T2DM. In participants without CKD at baseline (N = 4305 in ACCORD BP; N = 6677 in SPRINT), we related SBP interventions to incident CKD (defined as a >30% decrease in eGFR to <60 ml/min/1.73 m 2 ). Findings— The average difference in SBP between the two treatment groups was 13.9, 95% CI 13.4 to 14.4 mm Hg in ACCORD BP and 15.2, 95% CI 14.8 to 15.6 mm Hg in SPRINT. At three-years, cumulative incidences of CKD in ACCORD BP intensive and standard SBP groups were 10.0% and 4.1%, respectively (absolute risk difference: 5.9%, 95% CI 4.3% to 7.5%); corresponding values in SPRINT were 3.5% and 1.0% (absolute risk difference 2.5%, 95% CI 1.8% to 3.2%). The absolute risk difference was significantly higher in ACCORD BP (interaction p-value <0.001). Interpretation— Intensive SBP lowering increased the risk of incident CKD in persons with and without T2DM; however, the absolute risk of incident CKD was higher in persons with T2DM.
Inhibition of the α-subunit of phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K) in heart increases late sodium current and is arrhythmogenic

While inhibition of phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K) is an emerging strategy in cancer therapy, we and others have reported that this action can also contribute to drug-induced QT prolongation and arrhythmias by increasing cardiac late sodium current (I NaL ). Previous studies in mice implicate the PI3K-α isoform in arrhythmia susceptibility. Here, we have determined the effects of new anticancer drugs targeting specific PI3K isoforms on I NaL and action potentials (APs) in mouse cardiomyocytes and CHO cells. Chronic exposure (10-100 nM; 5-48hours) to PI3K-α-specific subunit inhibitors (BYL710 (Alpelisib) and A66) and a Pan-PI3K inhibitor (BKM120) increased I NaL in SCN5A -transfected CHO cells and mouse cardiomyocytes. The specific inhibitors (10-100 nM for 5 hours) markedly prolonged APs and generated triggered activity in mouse cardiomyocytes (9/12) but not in controls (0/6), and BKM120 caused similar effects (3/6). Including water-soluble PIP3, a downstream effector of the PI3K signaling pathway, in the pipette solution reversed these arrhythmogenic effects. By contrast, inhibition of PI3K-β, -γ and -δ isoforms did not alter I NaL or APs. We conclude that inhibition of cardiac PI3K-α is arrhythmogenic by increasing I NaL and this effect is not seen with inhibition of other PI3K isoforms. These results highlight a mechanism underlying potential cardiotoxicity of PI3K-α inhibitors. determine which PI3K isoform(s) drive altered cardiac electrophysiology and arrhythmogenesis, in the present study we examined the effects of multiple PI3K inhibitors on cardiac action potentials (APs), late sodium current and other major repolarizing outward potassium currents in isolated adult mouse cardiomyocytes (which lack I Kr and I Ks ) and transfected CHO cells. The experimental results are summarized here: (1) chronic (5 hours) exposure to PI3Kα subunit inhibitors (BYL716 and A66) and the Pan-PI3K blocker BKM-120 caused AP prolongation and abnormalities (EADs, DADs and triggered activity) and these effects were reversed when PIP3 was included in the pipette solution; (2) this chronic PI3K-α inhibitor exposure markedly increased late sodium current in mouse cardiomyocytes and in SCN5A -transfected cells, and the increased late current was abolished by ranolazine, a blocker of late sodium current; (3) chronic exposure to inhibitors of PI3K-β, -γ and -δ did not alter mouse cardiac APs or late I Na ; and (4) acute and chronic exposures to selective PI3K-α inhibitors did not affect two major repolarizing potassium currents (I TO and HERG ).
Cognitive and Metacognitive Activity in Mathematical Problem Solving: Prefrontal and Parietal Patterns It Also Appears to Play a Key Role in Retrieval of Arithmetic

Students were taught an algorithm for solving a new class of mathematical problems. Occasionally in the sequence of problems, they encountered exception problems that required that they extend the algorithm. Regular and exception problems were associated with different patterns of brain activation. Some regions showed a Cognitive pattern of being active only until the problem was solved and no difference between regular or exception problems. Other regions showed a Metacognitive pattern of greater activity for exception problems and activity that extended into the post-solution period, particularly when an error was made. The Cognitive regions included some of parietal and prefrontal regions associated with the triple-code theory of (Dehaene, (2003). Three parietal circuits for number processing. Cognitive Neuropsychology, 20, 487–506) and associated with algebra equation solving in the ACT-R theory (Anderson, J. R. (2005). Human symbol manipulation within an 911 integrated cognitive architecture. Cognitive science, 29, 313–342. Metacognitive regions included the superior prefrontal gyrus, the angular gyrus of the triple-code theory, and frontopolar regions. This research is concerned with identifying brain regions that are engaged when students have to deploy their mathematical knowledge in non-routine versus routine ways. Our goal is to acquire information that will guide development of a model of metacognitive activity in mathematical problem solving. We will both examine predefined brain regions (see Fig. 1) that past theory has related to routine mathematical tasks and identify additional regions that are engaged by the non-routine tasks in this research. Considerable research has studied the neural basis of what might be characterized as routine use of mathematical knowledge. The greatest amount of research has gone into understanding the role of various parietal regions in arithmetic tasks (e. proposes that basic numerical knowledge is distributed over three brain regions that code for different aspects of number knowledge: the horizontal intraparietal sulcus (HIPS) that processes numerical quantities, a left perisylvian language network that is involved in the verbal processing of numbers, and a ventral occipital-parietal region that processes visual representations of digits. In related work, Dehaene et al. (2003) identified three parietal regions that will be of interest to us. In addition to HIPS, there is the angular gyrus (ANG) that is part of the perisylvian language network, and the posterior superior parietal lobule (PSPL, not part of the original triple-code theory) that supports attentional orientation on the mental number line and other spatial processing. The prefrontal cortex is also involved in …
Environmental Education: A Geographical Perspective

Abstract Geography is an ideal disciplinary vehicle for environmental education; however, non-geographers are rarely aware of the vast geographic interest, research, and literature related to the environment. Geographers study the environment in four major ways: 1) the natural environment using scientific methods and techniques; 2) the impact of human behavior on the environment; 3) environmental influences on human behavior; and 4) the different cultural perceptions of the environment and how these perceptions are expressed in the surrounding landscape. Within these avenues of inquiry, geographers examine spatial patterns of environmentally related topics at different scales—local, regional, and global—and the interconnections of the global environment and economy. The future role of geography in environmental education is shaped by four current activities: the development of science and geography standards and assessment frameworks, the formulation of environmental literacy standards, and the creation o.
Reducing Abuse Liability of GABA A /Benzodiazepine Ligands via Selective Partial Agonist Efficacy at (cid:1) 1 and (cid:1) 2/3 Subtypes

Abuse-liability-related effects of subtype-selective GABA A modulators were explored relative to the prototypic benzodiazepine lorazepam. 7-Cyclobutyl-6-(2-methyl-2 H -1,2,4- triazol-3-ylmethoxy)-3-phenyl-1,2,4-triazolo[4,3- b ]pyrid-azine (TPA123) has weak partial agonist efficacy at (cid:1) 1 -, (cid:1) 2 -, (cid:1) 3 -, and (cid:1) 5 -containing GABA A receptors, whereas 7-(1,1- dimethylethyl)-6-(2-ethyl- 2H -1,2,4-triazol-3-ylmethoxy)-3-(2-fluorophenyl)-1,2,4-triazolo[4,3- b ]pyridazine (TPA023) has weaker partial agonist efficacy at (cid:1) 2 and (cid:1) 3 and none at (cid:1) 1 and (cid:1) 5 subtypes. For both compounds, preclinical data sug- gested efficacy as nonsedating anxiolytics. Self-injection of TPA123 (0.0032–0.1 rates of concurrently occurring food-maintained behavior. After the availability of self-administered TPA123 ended, an effect consistent with a mild benzodiazepine-like withdrawal syn- drome occurred. In contrast with lorazepam and TPA123, TPA023 did not maintain self-administration. Positron emission tomogra- phy studies showed that TPA023 a dose-dependent inhibition in the binding of 11 to the binding site in the baboon, which was essentially complete (i.e., at the TPA023 (0.32 mg/kg). In a physical dependence study, TPA023 mg/kg/24 was deliv- ered as a continuous intragastric drip. Neither flumazenil at nor stopping TPA023 after 30 to 31 days resulted in the marked withdrawal syndrome context of elimination TPA123, 7-Cyclobutyl-6-(2-methyl-2 H -1,2,4-triazol-3-ylmethoxy)-3-phenyl-1,2,4-triazolo[4,3- b ]pyridazine; TPA023, 7-(1,1-dimethylethyl)-6-(2-ethyl- 2H -1,2,4-triazol-3-ylmethoxy)-3-(2-fluorophenyl)-1,2,4-triazolo[4,3- b ]pyridazine; primate, the reinforcing and physical dependence-producing effects of TPA023 and TPA123 to determine whether the novel in vitro and in vivo partial-agonist profiles of these two compounds would translate into differ-ences in those effects most relevant to predictions of abuse liability and dependence potential. The classic, nonselective benzodiazepine anxiolytic lorazepam served as a comparator in the self-administration study. The effects of substituting vehicle for self-administered doses of TPA123 permitted assessment of abrupt drug withdrawal. When TPA023 did not maintain self-injection, the ability of the compound to occupy the benzodiazepine site of brain GABA A receptors was measured using PET. Direct study of its physical dependence potential was initiated via methods used previously to characterize physical dependence on benzodiazepines and (cid:1) 1 -se-lective compounds in baboons.
The Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection, Or, The Preservation of Favoured Races in the Struggle for Life

With his revolutionary work "The Origin of Species", Charles Darwin overthrew contemporary beliefs about Divine Providence and the beginnings of life on earth. Written for the general public of the 1850s, it is a rigorously documented but highly readable account of the scientific theory that now lies at the root of our present attitude to the universe. Challenging notions such as the fixity of species with the idea of natural selection, and setting forth the results of pioneering work on the ecology of animals and plants, it made a lasting contribution to philosophical and scientific thought.
Radar measurements of melt zones on the Greenland Ice Sheet

Surface-based microwave radar measurements were performed at a location on the western flank of the Greenland Ice Sheet. Here, firn metamorphosis is dominated by seasonal melt, which leads to marked contrasts in the vertical structure of winter and summer firn. This snow regime is also one of the brightest radar targets on Earth with an average backscatter coefficient of 0 dB at 5.3 GHz and an incidence angle of 25°. By combining detailed observations of firn physical properties with ranging radar measurements we find that the glaciological mechanism associated with this strong electromagnetic response is summer ice lens formation within the previous winter's snow pack. This observation has important implications for monitoring and understanding changes in ice sheet volume using space-borne microwave sensors.
Nitrogen content estimation using Hyperion hyperspectral image based on normalized band depth method

Canopy nitrogen content has strong relationship with net primary productivity, litter nitrogen and nitrogen mineralization rate, so the estimation of nitrogen content can provide valuable understanding of large-scale terrestrial carbon and nitrogen cycle. Hyperspectral remote sensing technology demonstrates the capacity for accurate biochemical component estimation of vegetation. This paper employed Hyperion hyperspectral data acquired over Xishuangbanna tropical area in Yunnan province, China to estimate nitrogen content based on normalized band depth (BNC) method. Hyperion data geometric and radiometric corrections were first made, and then Hyperion reflectance of 56 samples in 35 plots was extracted. Continuum removal was applied to the selected absorption features related to nitrogen. The BNC of 56 samples were calculated. Relationships between BNC values in Hyperion image and in situ field measured nitrogen content were analyzed using stepwise multiple linear regression. Results showed that central wavelengths in the model predicting nitrogen were 650.67nm, 2213.93nm, 2173.53nm and 671.02nm, and coefficient of determination (R2) was 0.505. Bands 650.67nm and 671.02nm coincided with chlorophyll absorption features highly related to nitrogen; 2213nm and 2173nm corresponded to protein and nitrogen absorption features. Correlation analysis showed that the biggest correlation coefficient between nitrogen and BNC was -0.573, which was at 650.67nm.
Structural rearrangements of tubulin and actin during the cell cycle of the yeast Saccharomyces

The distribution of actin and tubulin during the cell cycle of the budding yeast Saccharomyces was mapped by immunofluorescence using fixed cells from which the walls had been removed by digestion. The intranuclear mitotic spindle was shown clearly by staining with a monoclonal antitubulin; the presence of extensive bundles of cytoplasmic microtubules is reported. In cells containing short spindles still entirely within the mother cells, one of the bundles of cytoplasmic microtubules nearly always extended to (or into) the bud. Two independent reagents (anti-yeast actin and fluorescent phalloidin) revealed an unusual distribution of actin: it was present as a set of cortical dots or patches and also as distinct fibers that were presumably bundles of actin filaments. Double labeling showed that at no stage in the cell cycle do the distributions of actin and tubulin coincide for any significant length, and, in particular, that the mitotic spindle did not stain detectably for actin. However, both microtubule and actin staining patterns change in a characteristic way during the cell cycle. In particular, the actin dots clustered in rings about the bases of very small buds and at the sites on unbudded cells at which bud emergence was apparently imminent. Later in the budding cycle, the actin dots were present largely in the buds and, in many strains, primarily at the tips of these buds. At about the time of cytokinesis the actin dots clustered in the neck region between the separating cells. These aspects of actin distribution suggest that it may have a role in the localized deposition of new cell wall material.