Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Human Judgements on Causation in French Texts

The annotation of causal relations in natural language texts can lead to a low inter-annotator agreement. A French corpus annotated with causal relations would be helpful for the evaluation of programs that extract causal knowledge, as well as for the study of the expression of causation. As previous theoretical work provides no necessary and sufficient condition that would allow an annotator to easily identify causation, we explore features that are associated with causation in human judgements. We present an experiment that allows us to elicit intuitive features of causation. We test the statistical association of features of causation from theoretical previous work with causation itself in human judgements in an annotation experiment. We then establish guidelines based on these features for annotating a French corpus. We argue that our approach leads to coherent annotation guidelines, since it allows us to obtain a κ = 0.84 agreement between the majority of the annotators answers and our own educated judgements. We present these annotation instructions in detail.
Hemophagocytic Lymphohistiocytosis in Association with Primary Cutaneous Anaplastic Large Cell Lymphoma

Hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis (HLH) has a well known association with lymphomas, especially of T cell origin. Prognosis of lymphoma associated HLH is very poor, especially in T cell lymphomas; and, therefore, early diagnosis might alter the outcome. Though association of HLH with systemic anaplastic large cell lymphoma (ALCL) is known, its occurrence in primary cutaneous ALCL (C-ALCL) is distinctly rare. We aim to describe a case of C-ALCL (anaplastic lymphoma kinase (ALK)−) in an elderly male who succumbed to the complication of associated HLH, which was possibly triggered by coexistent virus infection. We briefly present the literatures on lymphoma associated HLH and discuss the histopathological differentials of cutaneous CD30+ lymphoproliferative disorders. We do suggest that HLH may pose diagnostic challenges in the evaluation of an underlying lymphoma and hence warrants proper evaluation for the underlying etiologies and/or triggering factors.
Directed evolution of human scFvs in DT40 cells

Cells that constitutively diversify their immunoglobulin genes can be used for selection of novel antibodies and for refining existing affinities and specificities. Here, we report an adaptation of the chicken DT40 system wherein its capacity for somatic hypermutation is harnessed to evolve human antibodies expressed as single-chain variable fragments (scFvs). Expression of membrane-anchored scFvs from within the rearranged Igλ locus created self-diversifying scFv libraries from which we could both select scFvs of a desired specificity and evolve both the specificity and affinity of existing scFvs by iterative expansion and selection. From these scFvs, we were able to create fully human IgG antibodies with nanomolar affinities. We further enhanced the functionality of the system by creating a pool of DT40 scFv lines with high levels of mutation driven by the overexpression of a hyperactive variant of activation-induced deaminase. From this library, we successfully isolated scFvs that bound the spliceosome factor CWC15 and the cytokine human IFNγ. Our results demonstrate the flexibility and utility of DT40 for rapid generation of scFv repertoires and efficient selection, evolution and affinity maturation of scFv specificities.
The Determinants of Individuals' Attitudes Towards Preventing Environmental Damage

This paper investigates empirically the determinants of individuals' attitudes towards preventing environmental damage in Spain using data from the World Values Survey and European Values Survey for the periods 1990, 1995 and 1999/2000. Compared to many previous studies, we present a richer set of independent variables and found that strongly neglected variables such as political interest and social capital have a strong impact on individuals' preferences to prevent environmental damage. An interesting aspect in our study is the ability to investigate environmental preferences over time. The results show strong differences over time. Finally, using disaggregated data for Spanish regions, we also find significant regional differences.
Hyperpolarization-Activated Cyclic Nucleotide-Gated Channels in Olfactory Sensory Neurons Regulate Axon Extension and Glomerular Formation

Mechanisms influencing the development of olfactory bulb glomeruli are poorly understood. While odor receptors (ORs) play an important role in olfactory sensory neuron (OSN) axon targeting/coalescence (Mombaerts et al., 1996; Wang et al., 1998; Feinstein and Mombaerts, 2004), recent work showed that G protein activation alone is sufficient to induce OSN axon coalescence (Imai et al., 2006; Chesler et al., 2007), suggesting an activity-dependent mechanism in glomerular development. Consistent with these data, OSN axon projections and convergence are perturbed in mice deficient for adenylyl cyclase III, which is downstream from the OR and catalyzes the conversion of ATP to cAMP. However, in cyclic nucleotide-gated (CNG) channel knock-out mice OSN axons are only transiently perturbed (Lin et al., 2000), suggesting that the CNG channel may not be the sole target of cAMP. This prompted us to investigate an alternative channel, the hyperpolarization-activated, cyclic nucleotide-gated cation channel (HCN), as a potential developmental target of cAMP in OSNs. Here, we demonstrate that HCN channels are developmentally precocious in OSNs and therefore are plausible candidates for affecting OSN axon development. Inhibition of HCN channels in dissociated OSNs significantly reduced neurite outgrowth. Moreover, in HCN1 knock-out mice the formation of glomeruli was delayed in parallel with perturbations of axon organization in the olfactory nerve. These data support the hypothesis that the outgrowth and coalescence of OSN axons is, at least in part, subject to activity-dependent mechanisms mediated via HCN channels.
Hippocampus and amygdala morphology in adults with attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder.

OBJECTIVE Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) in adulthood is a serious health problem with a prevalence of up to 4%. Limbic structures have been implicated in the genesis of ADHD; it has been suggested that they mediate mood and cognitive disturbances in affected individuals. Recently, a large study involving children and adolescents with ADHD reported bilateral enlargement of the hippocampus and indirect evidence of amygdala volume loss in this patient sample. We sought to test the hypothesis that, like in pediatric patients, there might be hippocampus and amygdala volume abnormalities in adult patients with ADHD. METHODS We studied 27 adult patients with ADHD and 27 group-matched healthy volunteers using a 1.5 T magnetic resonance imaging scanner. We manually obtained morphometric measurements of the regions mentioned. RESULTS In contrast to previous findings in children and adolescents, we found no significant differences in hippocampus and amygdala volumes among adults with and without the disorder. CONCLUSION Findings of hippocampus enlargement and amygdala volume loss are not very stable across different samples of patients with ADHD. Contradictory findings may be related to the different locations of alterations along the complex circuits responsible for the different symptoms of ADHD. Further studies involving larger samples of adult patients with ADHD and using multimodal designs are needed.
Política fiscal e restrições tributárias: aspectos práticos dos efeitos restritivos tributários sobre a atividade econômica

This research aims to examine the effects of fiscal adjustment in the Brazilian economy during the period 1994 to 2008 on the chain. It seeks to describe the restrictive effects of fiscal adjustment from the inadequate coordination of monetary and fiscal policy. Fiscal policy has become subject to monetary policy, requiring robust primary surpluses and tied up the excessive tax burden. The budget, however, remained recording nominal deficit. Most public expenditure meets the financial expenses (interest and debt charges). The economic policy and the macroeconomic measures taken in the context of fiscal adjustment in the period that this precipitated the collapse multiplier of expenses that, in turn, inhibited the generation of employment, income and consumption. The discussion on the measurement of tax burden can develop a descriptive and critical analysis of fiscal adjustment in a context of monetary dominance and establish a link between the government decisions in matters fiscal and monetary policy, with the productive sector. Consequently, this impacted on the level of investment and reinvestment in the
Genetic Algorithm for Dynamic Capacitated Minimum Spanning Tree

Many of the network topology design problems include CMST, which means to find a minimum cost tree that connects all the nodes of the network to the central node with some capacity constraint. The links of edges have associated costs that could be based on their distance, capacity, quality of line etc, and the nodes have their associated demand. Usually most of the network obtained from CMST are static in nature, but there are situations where the network is subjected to change by addition (or deletion) of nodes, such a network is known as dynamic network and identifying CMST in this case is known as Dynamic CMST or DCMST. The Genetic Algorithm is an approach in finding better solution to DCMST problem. The GA is used with two encodings Prufer and Netkey for CMST to provide always optimal solution. Genetic algorithm are the part of evolutionary computing, which is a rapidly growing area of artificial intelligence. Genetic algorithms are computer programs, which create an environment where populations of data can compete, and only the fittest survive. Genetic algorithms are a search method that can be used for both solving problems and modeling evolutionary systems. Keyword: Spanning tree, genetic, CMST, prufer, Netkey, Edge notation, crossover.
Profile of Microbial Keratitis after Corneal Collagen Cross-Linking

Purpose. To report the profile of microbial keratitis occurring after corneal collagen cross-linking (CXL) in keratoconus patients. Methods. A retrospective analysis of 2350 patients (1715 conventional CXL, 310 transepithelial CXL, and 325 accelerated CXL) over 7 years (from January 2007 to January 2014) of progressive keratoconus, who underwent CXL at a tertiary eye care centre, was performed. Clinical findings, treatment, and course of disease of four eyes that developed postprocedural moxifloxacin resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MXRSA) infectious keratitis are highlighted. Results. Four eyes that underwent CXL (0.0017%) had corneal infiltrates. All eyes that developed keratitis had conventional CXL. Corneal infiltrates were noted on the third postoperative day. Gram's stain as well as culture reported MXRSA as the causative agent in all cases. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) in each case was positive for eubacterial genome. All patients were treated with fortified antibiotic eye drops, following which keratitis resolved over a 6-week period with scarring. All these patients were on long-term preoperative oral/topical steroids for chronic disorders (chronic vernal keratoconjunctivitis, bronchial asthma, and chronic eczema). Conclusion. The incidence of infectious keratitis after CXL is a rare complication (0.0017%). MXRSA is a potential organism for causing post-CXL keratitis and should be identified early and treated aggressively with fortified antibiotics.
CRADLE-TO-GATE LIFE-CYCLE INVENTORY OF US WOOD PRODUCTS PRODUCTION: CORRIM PHASE I AND PHASE II PRODUCTS

This article documents cradle-to-gate life-cycle inventories for softwood lumber, hardwood lumber, and solid-strip hardwood flooring manufacturing from the Inland Northwest and the Northeast-North Central regions of the US. Environmental impacts were measured based on emissions to air and water, solid waste, energy consumption, and resource use. The manufacturing stage consumed the greatest amount of energy representing 90 - 92% of the total. Total energy consumption for softwood lumber manufacturing was about one-half of that required for hardwood lumber and hardwood flooring. The use of wood biomass as the primary energy source for manufacturing greatly reduced the environmental burdens by offsetting the demand for fossil fuels. Transportation impacts contributed approximately 3%, and forestry and harvesting operations accounted for 3 - 7%. Management and harvesting of softwoods in the Northeast-North Central regions required a greater amount of energy attributable to higher-intensity management scenarios.
Public housing and the concentration of poverty

To examine the premise that public housing represents an important cause of poverty concentration in U.S. cities, a four-equation model is estimated. The first equation predicts the likelihood that public housing projects were built within census tracts of the Chicago SMSA between 1950 and 1970, given socioeconomic and housing characteristics in 1950. Then the effect that project location had on tract poverty rates in 1970 is estimated, controlling for socioeconomic composition in 1950. The third equation estimates the effect of tract poverty rates and public housing location on the rate of net migration between 1970 and 1980. The results show that public housing projects were targeted to poor, black neigborhoods and that the presence of housing projects substantially increased the concentration of poverty in later years.
Human Identification Using Periocular Biometrics

 Abstract—Biometrics provides a secure method of authentication and identification. Biometric data are difficult to replicate and steal. Unique identifiers include fingerprints, hand geometry, earlobe geometry, retina and iris patterns, voice waves, DNA, and signatures. This paper is based on Periocular biometric recognition, which is the appearance of the region around the eye. Periocular recognition may be useful in applications where it is difficult to obtain a clear picture of an iris for iris biometrics or a complete picture of a face for face biometrics. Acquisition of the Periocular biometrics does not require high user cooperation and close capture distance. This region usually encompasses the eyelids, eyelashes, eyebrows, and the neighbouring skin area. Periocular biometrics encompasses the information of face recognition and iris recognition system. In this paper, the Local Binary Pattern (LBP) and Histogram of Oriented Gradients (HOGs) are used for the feature extraction on the Periocular images. LBP is a type of feature used for classification in computer vision and a powerful feature for texture. HOGs are used for the purpose of object detection using gradient features. For an effective classification and recognition of an authorized individual Back propagation neural network (BPNN) classifier is used.
Degradation effects induced by hot carrier and high channel temperature in pseudomorphic GaAs millimeter wave power HEMT's

Degradation effects by hot carrier (HCID) and high channel temperature (HCT) are investigated for millimeter wave power HEMT's with a gate length of 0.1 /spl mu/m and 0.15 /spl mu/m. While both HCID and HCT induce drain current reduction, they post distinct failure mechanisms. Our hypothesis is that carrier density reduction under the gate contact which results in I/sub ds/ decrease might account for HCID and gate metal sinking is caused by HCT.
Navigation Space Formalism and Exploration of Knowledge Worker Behavior on Intranet

Abstract:Elucidation of human behavior in electronic environments is vital for managerial and mar-keting purposes, resource allocation, and design of eﬃcient and user friendly WEB basedplatforms and services. The article presents a novel formalism allowing eﬀective extractionand examination of human behavioral patterns at elementary and more complex levels. Theapproach was applied to extraction and analysis of knowledge workers browsing behavior on alarge corporate Intranet. Several relevant behavioral characteristics of knowledge workers havebeen revealed. We demonstrated also user classiﬁcation and projections to various observationdomains which enable further knowledge discovery about user browsing attributes. 1 Introduction ”Nobody has really looked at productivity in white collar work in a scientiﬁc way. ” (PeterDrucker) [1]. Scarcity of scientiﬁc evidence regarding knowledge worker productivity, eﬃ-ciency, and their relevant metrics have been the central point of recent managerial discourse[2]. Exploration of human dynamics [3] and behavior in web based environments [4] have beenattracting signiﬁcant attention in a corporate sector.Elucidation of human interactions and behavior in electronic spaces requires establishmentof novel formalism. Traditional graph based models of world wide web [5] and related mod-eling approaches [6] are becoming inadequate in capturing dynamic interactions and humanbehavior in the context of recent technological trends. Dynamically generated hypertextdocuments, search engines, collaborative ﬁltering [7], and recommender systems [8] induceconstant changes in connectedness. We propose a novel construct of navigation space thatovercomes the above mentioned diﬃculties and eﬀectively captures dimensions of human in-teractions. The navigation space incorporates essential navigational elements and segmentsof behavior. It encompasses both topological and temporal characteristics of human behaviorin WEB based environments, allows categorization of users with similar browsing behavior,and permits projections of user clusters to various interest domains.Presented work demonstrates application of navigation space formalism in analyzing knowl-edge worker browsing behavior and classiﬁcation on a large corporate Intranet. Exploratoryanalysis of human navigation space exposed relevant behavioral characteristics of knowledgeworkers. Future perspective of this approach targets development of the next generation ofuser assistance services in electronic spaces in fusion with content based analysis and search.
Dynamic Behaviour of the Firm Under Dual Income Taxation

This study examines certain incentive aspects of the dual income tax system (DIT) operated in the four major Nordic countries since the beginning of the 1990s. In this tax system capital income is taxed at a flat rate, whereas earned income is subject to a conventional progressive schedule. The analysis focuses on the splitting of dividend income received from a closely held firm into capital and earned income parts. A deterministic, dynamic investment model as developed by Sinn (1991) is applied. This basic model is extended in several directions. The study in chapters 2 and 3 reveals that Nordic DIT may have strong effects on the firm? s investment and financing behaviour. In extreme cases the firm? s cost of capital can even be negative. These effects may also have efficiency and welfare consequences. The study also shows that the distortions are very sensitive to the content of the capital base concept. For instance, when financial assets are included in the capital base the firm? s marginal return on capital is at the level of the nominal interest rate, thus eliminating the real distortions discussed above.
State estimation for ellipsoidally constrained dynamic systems with set-membership pseudo measurements

In many dynamic systems, the evolution of the state is subject to specific constraints. In general, constraints cannot easily be integrated into the prediction-correction structure of the Kalman filter algorithm. Linear equality constraints are an exception to this rule and have been widely used and studied as they allow for simple closed-form expressions. A common approach is to reformulate equality constraints into pseudo measurements of the state to be estimated. However, equality constraints define deterministic relationships between state components which is an undesirable property in Kalman filtering as this leads to singular covariance matrices. A second problem relates to the knowledge required to identify and define precise constraints, which are met by the system state. In this article, ellipsoidal constraints are introduced that can be employed to model a bounded region, to which the system state is constrained. This concept constitutes an easy-to-use relaxation of equality constraints. In order to integrate ellipsoidal constraints into the Kalman filter structure, a generalized filter framework is utilized that relies on a combined stochastic and set-membership uncertainty representation.
Example Demonstrating the Application of Small-gain and Density Propagation Conditions for Interconnections

This work provides an example that motivates and illustrates theoretical results related to a combination of small-gain and density propagation conditions. Namely, in case the small-gain fails to hold at certain points or intervals the density propagation condition can be applied to assure global stability properties. We repeat the theoretical results here and demonstrate how they can be applied in the proposed example.
New unidentified H.E.S.S. Galactic sources

H.E. S.S. is one of the most sensitive instruments in the very high energy (VHE; > 100 GeV) gamma-ray domain and has revealed many new sources along the Galactic Plane. After the successful first VHE Galactic Plane Survey of 2004, H.E. S.S. has continued and extended that survey in 2005-2008, discovering a number of new sources, many of which are unidentified. Some of the unidentified H.E. S.S. sources have several positional counterparts and hence several different possible scenarios for the origin of the VHE gamma-ray emission; their identification remains unclear. Others have so far no counterparts at any other wavelength. Particularly, the lack of an X-ray counterpart puts serious constraints on emission models. Several newly discovered and still unidentified VHE sources are reported here.
Nonparametric and Semiparametric Modeling and Estimation of Risk-Neutral Densities

1 Ladislaus von Bortkiewicz Chair of Statistics, School of Business and Economics, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Spandauer Straße 1, 10178 Berlin, Germany gritmari@wiwi.hu-berlin.de, 2 Ladislaus von Bortkiewicz Chair of Statistics and CASE Center for Applied Statistics and Economics, School of Business and Economics, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Spandauer Straße 1, 10178 Berlin, Germany stat@wiwi.hu-berlin.de 3 Chair of Econometrics, Institute for Statistics and Econometrics, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Spandauer Straße 1, 10178 Berlin, Germany melanie.schienle@wiwi.hu-berlin.de