Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
A green garden on red clay: creating a new urban common as a form of political gardening in Cologne, Germany

In March 2012, a brownfield site in Cologne was transformed into “a green garden on red clay”, when a community garden called NeuLand (new land) was created. This paper investigates in how far NeuLand is typical for a new form of political engagement 2.0, focused on local problems at people's doorstep rather than global critiques of political systems, which finds its expression in direct actions typical for the networked society, e.g. “green flash mobs. ” Its potential to provide a blueprint for imagining and enacting alternative futures and new ways for citizens to claim their “right to the city” is being assessed. NeuLand provides an experiment with new forms of (urban) commons and possibly a (re)turn to the “liveable city” to replace the current neoliberal ideal of the “entrepreneurial city” [Harvey, D. , 1989. From manageralism to entrepreneuralism: the transformation of urban governance in late capitalism. Geografiska Annaler, Series B, Human Geography, 71 (1), 3–17], developing new solutions to problems of urban management and city development that extend beyond the voluntary engagement of citizens within the logic of the neoliberal “big society. ” Extending the scope beyond the analysis of urban gardening projects as examples of sustainable food production, or as vehicles for fostering community cohesion, integration or social capital, the NeuLand experiment is linked to wider debates of alternative and more sustainable socio-ecological futures than those currently practised in the newly “neoliberalizing cities” of Germany.
Education and Conservation Benefits of Marine Wildlife Tours: Developing Free-Choice Learning Experiences

Marine wildlife tours can provide a range of education and conservation benefits for visitors, including emotional (i.e., affective) responses and learning (i.e., cognition). Interpretive programs cover the biology, ecology, and behavior of marine species; best practice guidelines; and human threats to marine areas. The author reviews the education and conservation benefits of 18 marine wildlife experiences with dolphins, whales, and marine turtles by using (a) M. Orams's (1999) framework of indicators such as behavior or lifestyle changes in visitors and (b) 3 environmental indicators of conservation. Results of this meta-analysis showed that visitor learning and emotional empathy during mediated encounters with marine wildlife contributed to on-site behavior changes and some longer term intentions to engage in marine conservation actions. The author presents an experience—learning—action model to guide research and develop free-choice visitor learning.
Channelrhodopsin-2 is a leaky proton pump

Since its discovery, the light-gated cation channel Channelrhodopsin-2 (ChR2) has proven to be a long-sought tool for the noninvasive, light-activated control of neural cells in culture and in living animals. Although ChR2 is widely used in neurobiological applications, little is known about its molecular mechanism. In this work, the unitary conductance of ChR2 was determined for different cations, for example 40 fS at 200 mM NaCl and −60 mV, using noise analysis. The kinetics of the ion channel obtained by noise analysis is in excellent agreement with the photocurrent kinetics obtained by voltage-clamp and time-resolved spectroscopy. The inward rectification of the channel could be explained by the single channel parameters. ChR2 represents an ion channel with a 7 transmembrane helix motif, even though the sequence homology of its essential amino acids to those of the light-driven H+ pump bacteriorhodopsin (bR) is high. Here, we also show that when ChR2 is expressed in electrofused giant HEK293 cells or reconstituted on planar lipid membranes, it can indeed act as an outwardly driven H+ pump, demonstrating that ChR2 is bifunctional, and in-line with other microbial rhodopsins, a H+ pump but with a leak that shows ion channel properties.
Large-scale bias in the Universe - II. Redshift-space bispectrum

The determination of the density parameter 0 from the large-scale distribution of galaxies is one of the major goals of modern cosmology. However, if galaxies are biased tracers of the underlying mass distribution, linear perturbation theory leads to a degeneracy between 0 and the linear bias parameter b, and the density parameter cannot be estimated. In Matarrese, Verde & Heavens (1997) we developed a method based on second-order perturbation theory to use the bispectrum to lift this degeneracy by measuring the bias parameter in an 0-independent way. The formalism was developed assuming that one has perfect information on the positions of galaxies in three dimensions. In galaxy redshift surveys, the three-dimensional information is imperfect, because of the contaminating effects of peculiar velocities, and the resulting clustering pattern in redshift space is distorted. In this paper, we combine secondorder perturbation theory with a model for collapsed, virialised structures, to extend the method to redshift space, and demonstrate that the method should be successful in determining with reasonable accuracy the bias parameter from state-of-the-art surveys such as the Anglo-Australian 2 degree field survey and the Sloan digital sky survey.
EcoCyc: a comprehensive database of Escherichia coli biology

EcoCyc (http://EcoCyc.org) is a comprehensive model organism database for Escherichia coli K-12 MG1655. From the scientific literature, EcoCyc captures the functions of individual E. coli gene products; their regulation at the transcriptional, post-transcriptional and protein level; and their organization into operons, complexes and pathways. EcoCyc users can search and browse the information in multiple ways. Recent improvements to the EcoCyc Web interface include combined gene/protein pages and a Regulation Summary Diagram displaying a graphical overview of all known regulatory inputs to gene expression and protein activity. The graphical representation of signal transduction pathways has been updated, and the cellular and regulatory overviews were enhanced with new functionality. A specialized undergraduate teaching resource using EcoCyc is being developed.
Functional NPY variation as a factor in stress resilience and alcohol consumption in rhesus macaques.

CONTEXT Neuropeptide Y (NPY) counters stress and is involved in neuroadaptations that drive escalated alcohol drinking in rodents. In humans, low NPY expression predicts amygdala response and emotional reactivity. Genetic variation that affects the NPY system could moderate stress resilience and susceptibility to alcohol dependence. OBJECTIVE To determine whether functional NPY variation influences behavioral adaptation to stress and alcohol consumption in a nonhuman primate model of early adversity (peer rearing). DESIGN We sequenced the rhesus macaque NPY locus (rhNPY) and performed in silico analysis to identify functional variants. We performed gel shift assays using nuclear extract from testes, brain, and hypothalamus. Levels of NPY in cerebrospinal fluid were measured by radioimmunoassay, and messenger RNA levels were assessed in the amygdala using real-time polymerase chain reaction. Animals were exposed to repeated social separation stress and tested for individual differences in alcohol consumption. Animals were genotyped for -1002 T > G, and the data were analyzed using analysis of variance. SETTING National Institutes of Health Animal Center. Subjects Ninety-six rhesus macaques. Main Outcome Measure Behavior arousal during social separation stress and ethanol consumption. RESULTS The G allele altered binding of regulatory proteins in all nuclear extracts tested, and -1002 T > G resulted in lower levels of NPY expression in the amygdala. Macaques exposed to adversity had lower cerebrospinal fluid NPY levels and exhibited higher levels of arousal during stress, but only as a function of the G allele. We also found that stress-exposed G allele carriers consumed more alcohol and exhibited an escalation in intake over cycles of alcohol availability and deprivation. CONCLUSIONS Our results suggest a role for NPY promoter variation in the susceptibility to alcohol use disorders and point to NPY as a candidate for examining gene x environment interactions in humans.
Design and Implementation of Healthcare Support System Based on Agent-based Framework

This paper describes a healthcare support system based on multi-agent. This system provides wellness advice and information regarding health condition effectively and in user-oriented manner. Our system utilizes knowledge about healthcare and various information including vital sign, physical location, and video data of a user under observation from real space as a means to provide advanced healthcare support services. We propose an agent-based framework for user-oriented healthcare support system based on concept of symbiotic computing. In this paper, we describe the concept and design of the system with multi-agent-based framework and also present the prototype implementation.
Optimal Movement Selection

Most physical tasks can be performed with an infinite number of movement patterns. How then are particular patterns selected? We propose that the contributions of individual limb segments depend on their own independently assessed fits to task demands. An advantage of this system is that coordination among limb segments can be achieved without explicit control of limb-segment interactions. In addition, the system allows segments that are still functioning to compensate for segments that are disabled. To test the model, we first asked subjects to oscillate the fingertip over varying distances at varying rates, using only the finger, hand, or forearm. Based on their performance, we identified the optimal amplitude and frequency of movement for each limb segment. Then we allowed the subjects to use the finger, hand, and forearm however they wished. We demonstrate that the relative contribution of each limb segment to fingertip displacement is predicted by the similarity of the optimal amplitude and frequency of that segment to the required amplitude and frequency of fingertip displacement. Because our model is similar to models proposed for learning and perception, common computational approaches appear viable for motor control and other more widely studied activities underlying information processing and behavior.
Structural Characterization of the Histone Variant macroH2A

ABSTRACT macroH2A is an H2A variant with a highly unusual structural organization. It has a C-terminal domain connected to the N-terminal histone domain by a linker. Crystallographic and biochemical studies show that changes in the L1 loop in the histone fold region of macroH2A impact the structure and potentially the function of nucleosomes. The 1.6-Å X-ray structure of the nonhistone region reveals an α/β fold which has previously been found in a functionally diverse group of proteins. This region associates with histone deacetylases and affects the acetylation status of nucleosomes containing macroH2A. Thus, the unusual domain structure of macroH2A integrates independent functions that are instrumental in establishing a structurally and functionally unique chromatin domain.
Actual and perceived attitudes of wheelchair users

Abstract The sub-section of the disabled population who use a wheelchair has largely been neglected in the research Concerned with attitudes towards people with a disability. This study had two aims: firstly, to compare the attitudes towards wheelchair users of able-bodied people with people who actually use a wheelchair, and secondly, to examine the difference between how each group perceives the attitudes of the other towards this condition. The results revealed a number of interesting differences between the expressed attitudes of the two groups, although their overall mean scores were comparable. The wheelchair user group were found to believe non-disabled people to hold more negative attitudes than they actually expressed. A few age and sex differences were found, as well as a number of differences depending on whether the respondents had congenital or acquired disabilities. Finally, the amount of contact with those using wheelchairs was found to be associated with slightly more realistic attitudes a.
Attitudes and intention of Greek and Cypriot primary education teachers towards teaching pupils with special educational needs in mainstream schools

The aim of the study was to record the attitudes and intentions of Greek and Cypriot primary education teachers towards teaching children with special educational needs (SENs) in mainstream schools. The instrument used was based on ‘Planned Behaviour Theory’. The sample of the study included 179 educators, 87 from Greece (34 men, 52 women) and 92 from Cyprus (15 men, 70 women). Descriptive statistics indicated that school teachers have positive attitudes about the possibility of teaching students with and without SENs. Pearson’s correlation coefficient revealed that intention has significant correlations (p ≤ 0.001) with attitudes, self‐identity, attitude strength, experience, information and knowledge. Analysis of variance (ANOVA) analysis revealed that intention, attitude strength and knowledge are the variables where the differentiation between the educators was located, with the educators from Cyprus having the higher records. Also, Cypriot educators had more experience in working with SENs pupils, and all of them had low university‐level education in the subject of Special Education. In conclusion, experience, attitude strength, self‐identity, knowledge, information and also tertiary‐level education, in the subject of Special Education, have a positive effect on the attitudes and intentions of people who want to teach pupils with SENs.
Integrating Children With Physical Impairments Into Sports Activities: A “Golden Sun” for All Children?

In its wider sense, sport is one of the irreplaceable dimensions of a child’s whole personal development. It is for this reason that the Republic of Slovenia included special sports programs for all children from 5 to 12 years of age in its national sports program. The purpose of these programs is to instill a habit of actively participating in sports activities and to arouse a desire and need for active sports activities in all age periods. In practice, in spite of the integration of disabled children in normal schools, they cannot equally participate in these sports programs, which represents a special form of discrimination. Therefore, the article aims to present different theoretical approaches to explain why sport represents integration that is of the utmost importance. Some short-term and long-term solutions possible at legislative—executive and expert—program levels are also suggested. Recognition that physically disabled children can actively participate in sports programs with their healthy peers and that they can be equally successful provides a “sun” for such children and those close to them. This also represents an important and needed step in sports ethics. Basic Facts According to the 2000 Integration Law, children with special needs include children with physical impairments. This law classifies these children into the following groups: children with lighter physical impairment, who use no orthopedic aids; those with moderate physical impairment, who use crutches; children with heavy impairment, who use wheelchairs; and those with heavier physical impairments, who require total external help. These children need adapted or special educational programs with additional expert help. According to Article 2 of the 1998 Law on Sport, the extent and tasks that are nationally or locally very important must be defined in the National Program of Sport. This law defines physical education as a sports activity for children and youth who voluntarily take part in different sports activities aside from the obligatory educational program.
Differentiation of ovarian mucinous carcinoma and metastatic colorectal adenocarcinoma by immunostaining with β‐catenin

Aims: To investigate whether localization of β‐catenin is helpful in differentiating primary ovarian mucinous carcinoma and colorectal adenocarcinoma metastatic to the ovary. Extra‐ovarian cancers which metastasize to the ovaries, especially from colorectal adenocarcinoma, frequently mimic primary ovarian carcinomas, particularly endometrioid and mucinous types. Distinguishing primary ovarian carcinoma from metastatic colorectal carcinoma is important for both therapeutic and prognostic reasons. Even after thorough histological examination, metastatic colorectal adenocarcinomas are still often mistaken for primary ovarian adenocarcinomas. Although some tumour makers have been advocated and are helpful in most cases, sometimes the distinction between primary mucinous carcinoma and metastatic colorectal carcinoma remains a problem. Activation of Wnt signalling through mutations of APC or β‐catenin is a key event in the development of colorectal cancer. These mutations lead to nuclear localization of β‐catenin, which can be demonstrated immunohistochemically.
Studies on the control of gluconeogenesis in sheep: effect of glucose infusion

1. Effect of glucose infusions on the rate of gluconeogenesis, as indicated by changes in the irreversible loss of plasma glucose, synthesis of glucose from ruminal propionate or fixation of blood bicarbonate into glucose, has been examined in sheep. Sheep, feeding at hourly intervals, received intravenous infusions of [U-14C]glucose, NaH14CO3, or [6-3H]glucose, infused simultaneously with an intraruminal infusion of [2-14C]propionate. Glucose (4–144 mg/min) was infused intravenously at a single rate or at two different successive rates of equal duration. The glucose infusions were over a 6 h period and followed estimates of pre-infusion kinetic measurements. 2. The infusion of glucose suppressed endogenous glucose production in direct proportion to that infused for sheep given diets of lucrene or wheat. The maximum rate of suppression recorded was equivalent to about 50–60% of the endogenous production rate of glucose. Transfer rates of carbon-14 from blood bicarbonate or ruminal propionate to plasma glucose were reduced during glucose loadings. The results indicate that administration of glucose was more effective in suppressing the synthesis of glucose from substrates other than ruminal propionate. 3. The percentage of glucose carbon derived from blood bicarbonate was lower in sheep given wheat than in sheep given lucerne. It was suggested that this difference may have been due to absorption of glucose from the alimentary canal of sheep on the former ration. Approximately 8% of the wheat starch may have escaped fermentation and been absorbed as glucose in these animals.
Protein Kinase C-βII Is an Apoptotic Lamin Kinase in Polyomavirus-transformed, Etoposide-treated pyF111 Rat Fibroblasts*

The role of protein kinase C-βII (PKC-βII) in etoposide (VP-16)-induced apoptosis was studied using polyomavirus-transformed pyF111 rat fibroblasts in which PKC-βII specific activity in the nuclear membrane (NM) doubled and the enzyme was cleaved into catalytic fragments. No PKC-βII complexes with lamin B1 and/or active caspases were immunoprecipitable from the NM of proliferating untreated cells, but large complexes of PKC-βII holoprotein and its catalytic fragments with lamin B1, active caspase-3 and -6, and inactive phospho-CDK-1, but not PKC-βI or PKC-δ, could be immunoprecipitated from the NM of VP-16-treated cells, suggesting that PKC-βII is an apoptotic lamin kinase. By 30 min after normal nuclei were mixed with cytoplasms from VP-16-treated, but not untreated, cells, PKC-βII holoprotein had moved from the apoptotic cytoplasm to the normal NM, and lamin B1 was phosphorylated before cleavage by caspase-6. Lamin B1 phosphorylation was partly reduced, but its cleavage was completely prevented, despite the presence of active caspase-6, by adding a selective PKC-βs inhibitor, hispidin, to the apoptotic cytoplasms. Thus, a PKC-βII response to VP-16 seems necessary for lamin B1 cleavage by caspase-6 and nuclear lamina dissolution in apoptosing pyF111 fibroblasts. The possibility of PKC-βII being an apoptotic lamin kinase in these cells was further suggested by lamin B1-bound PKC-δ being inactive or only slightly active and by PKC-α not combining with the lamin.
Death by Market Power Reform , Competition and Patient Outcomes in the National Health Service

The effect of competition on the quality of health care remains a contested issue. Most empirical estimates rely on inference from non-experimental data. In contrast, this paper exploits a pro-competitive policy reform to provide estimates of the impact of competition on hospital outcomes. The English government introduced a policy in 2006 to promote competition between hospitals. Using this policy to implement a difference-indifferences research design, we estimate the impact of the introduction of competition on not only clinical outcomes but also productivity and expenditure. We find that the effect of competition is to save lives without raising costs.
Clarke Subgradients of Stratifiable Functions

We establish the following result: If the graph of a lower semicontinuous real-extended-valued function $f:\mathbb{R} ^{n}\rightarrow\mathbb{R}\cup\{+\infty\}$ admits a Whitney stratification (so in particular if $f$ is a semialgebraic function), then the norm of the gradient of $f$ at $x\in\mbox{dom\,}f$ relative to the stratum containing $x$ bounds from below all norms of Clarke subgradients of $f$ at $x$. As a consequence, we obtain a Morse-Sard type of theorem as well as a nonsmooth extension of the Kurdyka-Lojasiewicz inequality for functions definable in an arbitrary o-minimal structure. It is worthwhile pointing out that, even in a smooth setting, this last result generalizes the one given in [K. Kurdyka, Ann. Inst. Fourier (Grenoble), 48 (1998), pp. 769-783] by removing the boundedness assumption on the domain of the function.
Effects of Tenotomy on Regenerating Anterior Tibial Muscle in Rats

The effect of tenotomy on the regeneration of anterior tibial muscle was studied in Wistar rats. Regeneration was induced by intramuscular injection of a local anesthetic, and tenotomy was performed at varying intervals post-injection. Muscles were examined using light and electron microscopy 30 days after sectioning the tendon. Results showed that tenotomy failed to prevent new muscle fibers formation, although it did hinder the recovery of normal muscle architecture, prompting atrophy and degeneration of regenerating fibers as a result of fibrosis, which led to defective reinnervation and vascularization. These alterations affected the deep or red region of the muscle; regeneration in the superficial region was not significantly modified.