Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Dehydration and Hyponatremia in Professional Rugby Union Players: A Cohort Study Observing English Premiership Rugby Union Players During Match Play, Field, and Gym Training in Cool Environmental Conditions

Abstract Jones, BL, O'Hara, JP, Till, K, and King, RFGJ. Dehydration and hyponatremia in professional rugby union players: A cohort study observing English Premiership rugby union players during match play, field, and gym training in cool environmental conditions. J Strength Cond Res 29(1): 107–115, 2015—Fluid and sodium balance is important for performance and health; however, limited data in rugby union players exist. The purpose of the study was to evaluate body mass (BM) change (dehydration) and blood[Na+] change during exercise. Data were collected from 10 premiership rugby union players, over a 4-week period. Observations included match play (23 subject observations), field (45 subject observations), and gym (33 subject observations) training sessions. Arrival urine samples were analyzed for osmolality, and samples during exercise were analyzed for [Na+]. Body mass and blood[Na+] were determined pre- and postexercise. Sweat[Na+] was analyzed from sweat patches worn during exercise, and fluid intake was measured during exercise. Calculations of fluid and Na+ loss were made. Mean arrival urine osmolality was 423 ± 157 mOsm·kg−1, suggesting players were adequately hydrated. After match play, field, and gym training, BM loss was 1.0 ± 0.7, 0.3 ± 0.6, and 0.1 ± 0.6%, respectively. Fluid loss was significantly greater during match play (1.404 ± 0.977 kg) than field (1.008 ± 0.447 kg, p = 0.021) and gym training (0.639 ± 0.536 kg, p < 0.001). Fluid intake was 0.955 ± 0.562, 1.224 ± 0.601, and 0.987 ± 0.503 kg during match play, field, and gym training, respectively. On 43% of observations, players were hyponatremic when BM increased, 57% when BM was maintained, and 35% when there was a BM loss of 0.1–0.9%. Blood[Na+] was the representative of normonatremia when BM loss was >1.0%. The findings demonstrate that rugby union players are adequately hydrated on arrival, fluid intake is excessive compared with fluid loss, and some players are at risk of developing hyponatremia.
Prognostic Value of PET Myocardial Perfusion Imaging in Obese Patients

OBJECTIVES This study sought to determine and compare the prognostic and incremental value of positron emission tomography (PET) in normal, overweight, and obese patients. BACKGROUND Cardiacrubidium 82(Rb-82) PETisincreasingly being used for myocardialperfusionim-aging (MPI). A strength of PET is its accurate attenuation correction, thereby potentially improving its diagnostic accuracy in obese patients. The prognostic value of PET in obese patients has not been well studied. METHODS A total of 7,061 patients who had undergone Rb-82 PET MPI were entered into a multicenter observational registry. All patients underwent pharmacologic Rb-82 PET and were followed for cardiac death and all-cause mortality. Based on body mass index (BMI), patients were categorized as normal ( < 25 kg/m 2 ), overweight (25 to 29.9 kg/m 2 ), or obese ( $ 30 kg/m 2 ). Using a 17-segment model and 5-point scoring system, the percentage of abnormal myocardium was calculated for stress and rest patients categorized as normal (0%), mild (0.1% to 9.9%), moderate (10% to 19.9%), and severe ( $ 20%). RESULTS A total of 6,037
Biogeochemistry of benzanthracene in an enclosed marine ecosystem

Carbon-14-labeled benz(a)anthracene was introduced into a large-scale marine microcosm containing as ecosystem typical of the shallow coastal waters of the northeastern U.S. The removal of benz(a)anthracene and metabolites from the water column, their appearance and mixing into the sediments, and the production of carbon dioxide were traced. At the end of the experimental period, 29% of the hydrocarbon has been respired to CO/sub 2/, while the remaining extractable activity (43%) was evenly divided between parent compound and intermediate metabolic products. (3 diagrams, 3 graphs, 37 references, 3 tables)
On the Plausibility of the Discriminant Center-surround Hypothesis for Visual Saliency Introduction

It has been suggested that saliency mechanisms play a role in perceptual organization. This work evaluates the plausibility of a recently proposed generic principle for visual saliency: that all saliency decisions are optimal in a decision-theoretic sense. The discriminant saliency hypothesis is combined with the classical assumption that bottom-up saliency is a center-surround process to derive a (decision-theoretic) optimal saliency architecture. Under this architecture, the saliency of each image location is equated to the discriminant power of a set of features with respect to the classification problem that opposes stimuli at center and surround. The optimal saliency detector is derived for various stimulus modalities, including intensity, color, orientation, and motion, and shown to make accurate quantitative predictions of various psychophysics of human saliency for both static and motion stimuli. These include some classical nonlinearities of orientation and motion saliency and a Weber law that governs various types of saliency asymmetries. The discriminant saliency detectors are also applied to various saliency problems of interest in computer vision, including the prediction of human eye fixations on natural scenes, motion-based saliency in the presence of ego-motion, and background subtraction in highly dynamic scenes. In all cases, the discriminant saliency detectors outperform previously proposed methods from both the saliency and the general computer vision literatures. On the plausibility of the discriminant center-surround hypothesis for visual saliency.
Network-Induced Classification Kernels for Gene Expression Profile Analysis

Computational classification of gene expression profiles into distinct disease phenotypes has been highly successful to date. Still, robustness, accuracy, and biological interpretation of the results have been limited, and it was suggested that use of protein interaction information jointly with the expression profiles can improve the results. Here, we study three aspects of this problem. First, we show that interactions are indeed relevant by showing that co-expressed genes tend to be closer in the network of interactions. Second, we show that the improved performance of one extant method utilizing expression and interactions is not really due to the biological information in the network, while in another method this is not the case. Finally, we develop a new kernel method--called NICK--that integrates network and expression data for SVM classification, and demonstrate that overall it achieves better results than extant methods while running two orders of magnitude faster.
Attempting to restore integrity of the self-A grounded theory study of recovery from major depressive disorder Authors

Background: Major depressive disorder is a prevalent debilitating condition which may be alleviated spontaneously or through treatment. The processes of developing the disorder and achieving recovery from it are context-based. There is little information on the process of recovery from this disorder in Iran. This study was conducted to explore the process of recovery from major depressive disorder. Method: A grounded theory approach (Corbin and Strauss 2008) was utilized to explore recovery from major depressive disorder. Twenty patients with major depressive disorder were recruited using purposive and theoretical sampling methods. Data saturation was reached after conducting 27 in-depth semi-structured interviews. Results: Several themes emerged from the data, the primary of which was ‘Attempting to restore integrity of the self’, which included the two sub-themes of ‘attempting to restore health’, and ‘attempting to reacquire the lost abilities’. The process of attempting to restore integrity started concurrently with ‘losing integrity’ and in a context of poverty, inefficient healthcare systems, perceived support, feelings of failure, and social stigma. During the recovery process, participants adopted both ‘effective strategies’ and ‘ineffective strategies’. Following the attempt to restore integrity, participants experienced different levels of integrity, ranging from ‘complete recovery’ to ‘no recovery/relapse’. Limitations: Given the limited transferability of qualitative findings, applying the results of this study to other cultures may be problematic. Conclusions: The results from this study contribute to the body of knowledge regarding recovery from major depressive disorder in Iran. The data suggests that recovery from depressive disorder is a very personal experience that is affected by different and variable factors and conditions.
Marketing constraints faced by communal farmers in KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa : a case study of transaction costs.

Farmers engaged in small-scale agriculture in Africa generally have limited access to factors of production, credit and information. Empirical studies throughout the African continent have shown the extent to which high transaction costs constrain or prevent access to information and markets, especially for small-scale farmers . Despite these constraints, farmers in two communal areas of KwaZulu-Natal (Impendle and Swayimana) have managed to produce food for both own consumption and marketing. This study draws heavily on the New Institutional Economics, and particularly Transaction Cost Economics, which have demonstrated the important role of transaction costs in constraining economic activity, and of institutions developed to lower these costs . Transaction costs are the costs of exchange, including costs of information, negotiation, monitoring, coordination and enforcement of contracts. These costs can be implicit or explicit. The main objective of the study is to assess marketing constraints faced by communal farmers in the Impendle and Swayimana regions ofKwaZulu-Natal, South Africa. Data were drawn from random sample of 120 household heads in each of the regions . In Swayimana, data were collected in January and February 1999 whereas the survey in Impendle was undertaken in April and May 1999. The empirical analysis attempts to identify factors determining the quality and number of marketing channels used (i .e. depth in marketing methods), which in turn affect the level of income generated from crop sales by small-scale farmers in the two study areas. The identification of such factors might support initiatives to create a more viable small-scale farming sector in the communal areas of KwaZulu-Natal. A block-recursive model was formulated and estimated using ordinary least squares
Is Structure Dependence an Innate Constraint? New Experimental Evidence From Children's Complex-Question Production

According to Crain and Nakayama (1987), when forming complex yes/no questions, children do not make errors such as Is the boy who smoking is crazy? because they have innate knowledge of structure dependence and so will not move the auxiliary from the relative clause. However, simple recurrent networks are also able to avoid such errors, on the basis of surface distributional properties of the input (Lewis & Elman, 2001; Reali & Christiansen, 2005). Two new elicited production studies revealed that (a) children occasionally produce structure-dependence errors and (b) the pattern of children's auxiliary-doubling errors (Is the boy who is smoking is crazy? ) suggests a sensitivity to surface co-occurrence patterns in the input. This article concludes that current data do not provide any support for the claim that structure dependence is an innate constraint, and that it is possible that children form a structure-dependent grammar on the basis of exposure to input that exhibits this property.
VGEs-oriented multi-sourced heterogeneous spatial data integration

The world of today heavily relies on spatial data to manage the natural and built environments, also to construct virtual geographic environments (VGEs). After analyzed the characteristics of multi-sourced heterogeneous spatial data in VGEs, a Data Representation Model oriented to VGEs (XGE-DRM) was designed in this paper. The XGE-DRM provides not only a clear description of the data, but also defines the relationships among the data, it is critical for users to interpret data correctly. XGE-DRM provides a common data model to define a data representation structure for traditional data and spatial data. Using it, users can customize their geographic data to correctly interpret other data. Then the processes and framework of multi-sourced heterogeneous spatial data integration were proposed, and the spatial data parsing was discussed. Lastly, the platform system of multi-sourced heterogeneous spatial data integration was designed and developed under the VS.NET2005 development environment combined with XML technology, and it can solve the bottleneck problems arise in geographic information resources which under the heterogeneous environment. Some experiments were designed and discussed, by those experiments; it had shown that the platform we developed can integrate multi-sourced heterogeneous spatial data effectively and were works better than other similar platform systems.
Influence of Bulk Microphysics Schemes upon Weather Research 1 and Forecasting ( WRF ) Version 3 . 6 . 1 Nor ' easter Simulations 2

NASA-Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, 20716, United States of America 5 Joint Center for Earth Systems Technology, Baltimore, NASA-Goddard Space Flight Center, Baltimore, 21250, 6 United States of America 7 3Department of Environmental Sciences, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, 08850, United States of 8 America 9 Science Systems and Applications, Inc., Lanham, 20706, United States of America 10 Goddard Earth Sciences Technology and Research, Morgan State University, 21251, United States of America 11
Upper-tropospheric precursors associated with subtropical cyclone formation in the North Atlantic basin

The National Hurricane Center (NHC) online glossary defines a subtropical cyclone (STC) as a “non-frontal low-pressure system that has characteristics of both tropical and extratropical cyclones. Unlike tropical cyclones, subtropical cyclones derive a significant portion of their energy from baroclinic sources.often associated with an upper-level low or trough” (OFCM 2013). The NHC definition emphasizes the hybrid nature of STCs and suggests that both baroclinic and diabatic energy sources contribute to STC formation. The duality of baroclinic and diabatic energy sources contributing to STC formation causes STCs to be located somewhere between extratropical cyclones (ECs) and tropical cyclones (TCs) in an idealized cyclone energy source phase space, in which various combinations of baroclinic and diabatic energy sources are used to distinguish between cyclone types (Fig. 1). Despite the existence of an STC definition in the NHC online glossary, there is currently no objective set of characteristics used to define STCs (Evans and Guishard 2009). In view of the potential for STCs to become TCs via the tropical transition (TT) process (Davis and Bosart 2003, 2004), the lack of an objective set of characteristics used to define STCs motivates this research. The goal of this research is to formulate an objective identification technique for detecting STC formation by quantifying the relative contributions of baroclinic and diabatic processes during the evolution of individual cyclones. This objective identification technique for detecting STC formation will be used to refine the NHC definition of STCs and to construct a North Atlantic STC climatology for 1979–2010. A cyclone-relative composite analysis will also be performed on subjectively constructed clusters of North Atlantic STCs identified in the 1979–2010 climatology to document the structure, motion, and evolution of upper-tropospheric features linked to STC formation. ________________________________________ * Corresponding author address: Alicia M. Bentley, University at Albany, SUNY, 1400 Washington Ave., Albany, NY 12222-0100; e-mail: ambentley@albany.edu Figure 1. Idealized cyclone energy source phase space diagram [Fig. 9 adapted from Beven (2012)].
Effect of Serelaxin on Mode of Death in Acute Heart Failure Results From the RELAX-AHF Study

BACKGROUND Little is known about mode of death after acute heart failure (AHF) hospitalization. In the RELAX-AHF (Ef ﬁ cacy and Safety of Relaxin for the Treatment of Acute Heart Failure) study, serelaxin, the recombinant form of human relaxin-2, reduced post-discharge mortality at 180 days in selected patients with AHF. OBJECTIVES The goal of this study was to assess the effect of serelaxin on speci ﬁ c modes of death in patients with AHF. METHODS The RELAX-AHF study randomized 1,161 patients with AHF to 48 h of therapy with intravenous serelaxin or placebo. Patients were followed for vital status through 180 days. A blinded clinical events committee reviewed all deaths and adjudicated a cause of death on the basis of pre-speci ﬁ ed criteria. Cox proportional hazard models were used to assess the effect of serelaxin on each mode of death, on the basis of pre-speci ﬁ ed groupings of mode of death. RESULTS There were 107 deaths (9.3%): 37 (35%) due to HF, 25 (23%) due to sudden death, 15 (14%) due to other cardiovascular (CV) causes, 19 (18%) due to non-CV causes, and 11 (10%) classi ﬁ ed as unknown. The treatment effect of serelaxin was most pronounced on other CV deaths (hazard ratio [HR]: 0.29; 95% congestion on chest radiograph, dyspnea at rest or with minimal exertion, elevated natriuretic peptide levels, systolic blood pressure > 125 mm Hg, and mild to moderate renal insuf ﬁ ciency. The primary endpoints of the were dyspnea assessment by change in the visual analog scale from baseline to day 5 and by Likert scale during the ﬁ rst 24 h. All patients were followed to 180 days for the pre-speci ﬁ ed ef ﬁ cacy endpoint of cardiovascular (CV) mortality and the safety endpoint of all-cause mortality.
An ice-shelf model test based on the Ross Ice Shelf, Antarctica

A standard numerical experiment featuring the Ross Ice Shelf, Antarctica, is presented as a test package for the development and intercomparison of ice-shelf models. The emphasis of this package is solution of stress-equilibrium equations for an ice-shelf velocity consistent with present observations. As a demonstration, we compare five independently developed ice-shelf models based on finite-difference and finite-element methods. Our results suggest that there is little difference between finite-element and finite-difference methods in capturing the basic, large-scale flow features of the ice shelf. We additionally show that the fit between model and observed velocity depends strongly on the ice-shelf temperature field, for which there is presently little observational control. The main differences between model results are due to the equations being solved, the boundary conditions at the ice from and the discretization method (finite element vs finite difference).
Influences of surface processes on fold growth during 3‐D detachment folding

In order to understand the interactions between surface processes and multilayer folding systems, we here present fully coupled three‐dimensional numerical simulations. The mechanical model represents a sedimentary cover with internal weak layers, detached over a much weaker basal layer representing salt or evaporites. Applying compression in one direction results in a series of three‐dimensional buckle folds, of which the topographic expression consists of anticlines and synclines. This topography is modified through time by mass redistribution, which is achieved by a combination of fluvial and hillslope erosion, as well as deposition, and which can in return influence the subsequent deformation. Model results show that surface processes do not have a significant influence on folding patterns and aspect ratio of the folds. Nevertheless, erosion reduces the amount of shortening required to initiate folding and increases the exhumation rates. Increased sedimentation in the synclines contributes to this effect by amplifying the fold growth rate by gravity. The main contribution of surface processes is rather due to their ability to strongly modify the initial topography and hence the initial random noise, prior to deformation. If larger initial random noise is present, folds amplify faster, which is consistent with previous detachment folding theory. Variations in thickness of the sedimentary cover (in one or two directions) also have a significant influence on the folding pattern, resulting in linear, large aspect ratio folds. Our simulation results can be applied to folding‐dominated fold‐and‐thrust belt systems, detached over weak basal layers, such as the Zagros Folded Belt.
Novel lentiviral vectors for gene therapy of sickle cell disease combining gene addition and gene silencing strategies

Sickle cell disease (SCD) is due to a mutation in the β-globin (HBB) gene causing the production of the toxic sickle hemoglobin (HbS, a2βS2). Transplantation of autologous hematopoietic stem/progenitor cells (HSPCs) transduced with lentiviral vectors (LVs) expressing an anti-sickling β-globin (βAS) is a promising treatment; however, it is only partially effective and patients still present elevated HbS levels. Here, we developed a bifunctional LV expressing βAS3-globin and an artificial microRNA (amiR) specifically downregulating βS-globin expression with the aim of reducing HbS levels and favoring βAS3 incorporation into Hb tetramers. Efficient transduction of SCD HSPC by the bifunctional LV led to a substantial decrease of βS-globin transcripts in HSPC-derived erythroid cells, a significant reduction of HbS+ red cells and effective correction of the sickling phenotype, outperforming βAS gene addition and BCL11A gene silencing strategies. The bifunctional LV showed a standard integration profile and neither the HSPC viability, engraftment and multi-lineage differentiation nor the erythroid transcriptome and miRNAome were affected by the treatment, confirming the safety of this therapeutic strategy. In conclusion, the combination of gene addition and gene silencing strategies can improve the efficacy of current LV-based therapeutic approaches without increasing the mutagenic vector load, thus representing a novel treatment for SCD.
Examining discrepancies among three methods used to make hydrophytic vegetation determinations for wetland delineation purposes

Abstract : Three methods for making vegetation determinations the Prevalence In-dex (PI), the Dominance Ratio (DR), and the Hydrophytic Cover Index (HCI) were compared using national wetland delineation data. The PI and the DR produced significantly fewer hydrophytic determinations (69%, p 0.01, and 76%, p = 0.04) than the HCI (80%). The three methods disagreed 16% of the time. The HCI produced hydrophytic determinations only in plots where hydrophyte (Facultative, Facultative Wetland, and Obligate species) cover was greater than 50% of the total cover and never produced hydrophytic determinations in plots where hydrophyte cover was 50% or less. The PI disagreed with the HCI 12% of the time, producing nonhydrophytic determinations in plots where hydrophyte cover was greater than 50%. The DR disagreed with the HCI 9% of the time. Disagreements included nonhydrophytic determinations in plots where hydrophyte cover was greater than 50%, hydrophytic determinations in plots where hydrophyte cover was 50% or less, and a nonhydrophytic bias in plots dominated by even numbers of plant species. These results demonstrate that HCI determinations are more accurate and consistent than those of the PI and the DR. The HCI method is recommended for making vegetation determinations during wetland delineations in future revisions of the Corps delineation manual and its supplements.