Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Effect of light and dark on the growth and development of downy mildew pathogen Hyaloperonospora arabidopsidis

Disease development in plants requires a susceptible host, a virulent pathogen, and a favourable environment. Oomycete pathogens cause many important diseases and have evolved sophisticated molecular mechanisms to manipulate their hosts. Day length has been shown to impact plant–oomycete interactions but a need exists for a tractable reference system to understand the mechanistic interplay between light regulation, oomycete pathogen virulence, and plant host immunity. Here we present data demonstrating that light is a critical factor in the interaction between Arabidopsis thaliana and its naturally occurring downy mildew pathogen Hyaloperonospora arabidopsidis (Hpa). We investigated the role of light on spore germination, mycelium de -velopment, sporulation, and oospore formation of Hpa, along with defence responses in the host. We observed abundant Hpa sporulation on compatible Arabidopsis under day lengths ranging from 10 to 14 hr. In contrast, exposure to constant light or con stant dark suppressed sporulation. Exposure to constant dark suppressed spore germination, mycelial development, and oospore formation, whereas exposure to constant light stimulated these three stages of development. A biomarker of plant immune system activation was induced under both constant light and constant dark. Altogether, these findings demonstrate that Hpa has the molecular mechanisms to perceive and respond to light and that both the host and pathogen responses are influenced by the light regime. Therefore, this pathosystem can be used for investiga tions to understand the molecular mechanisms through which oomycete pathogens like Hpa perceive and integrate light signals, and how light influences pathogen viru lence and host immunity during their interactions.
Monte Carlo Ray Tracing

This full day course will provide a detailed overview of state of the art in Monte Carlo ray tracing. Recent advances in algorithms and available compute power have made Monte Carlo ray tracing based methods widely used for simulating global illumination. This course will review the fundamentals of Monte Carlo methods, and provide a detailed description of the theory behind the latest techniques and algorithms used in realistic image synthesis. This includes path tracing, bidirectional path tracing, Metropolis light transport, irradiance caching and photon mapping.
Empirical Capital Structure Research: New Ideas, Recent Evidence, and Methodological Issues

Even 50 years after Modigliani/Miller’s irrelevance theorem, the basic question of how firms choose their capital structure remains unclear. This survey paper aims at summarizing and discussing corresponding recent developments in empirical capital structure research, which, in our view, are promising for future research. We first present some “stylized facts” on capital structure issues. The focus of the discussion is set on studies taking on the key idea to differentiate between competing theories by testing for firm adjustment behavior following shocks to their capital structure. In addition, we discuss empirical studies examining additional factors that may influence capital structure decisions, but have gained only recently attention in the literature (like corporate ratings or irrational managers). Since some of the available contradictory evidence on capital structure issues might be explained by econometric challenges due to the typical data structure, we also discuss methodological issues like panel data, endogeneity, and partial adjustment models in the capital structure context. Finally, we illustrate the methodological and empirical aspects discussed in this survey by providing corresponding evidence for exchange-listed German companies in the period 1987-2006.
Dipole Structure of Interannual Variations in Summertime Tropical Cyclone Activity over East Asia.

Abstract The present study examines variations in summertime (July–September) tropical cyclone (TC) activity over East Asia during the period 1951–2003. To represent TC activity, a total of 853 TC best tracks for the period were converted to TC passage frequencies (TPFs) within 5° × 5° latitude–longitude grids; TPFs are defined as the percentage values obtained by dividing the number of TC appearances in each grid box by the total number of TCs each year. Empirical orthogonal function analysis of the TPF showed three leading modes: two tropical modes that represent the long-term trend and the relationship with ENSO and one midlatitude mode that oscillates between south of Korea and southeast of Japan with an interannual time scale. The latter proved to be the most remarkable climatic fluctuation of summertime TC activity in the midlatitudes and is referred to as the East Asian dipole pattern (EADP) in this paper. Anomalous atmospheric flows directly connected to the EADP are an enhanced anticyclonic (cycl.
Borehole Radar Delineation of the Ventersdorp Contact Reef in Three Dimensions

A large portion of South Africa‘s gold reserve comes from the Ventersdorp Contact Reef (VCR). The VCR is a thin, tabular ore body, generally less than 1.2 m thick. The geometry of the VCR is mainly controlled by slopes, terraces, and faults. The gold is concentrated in palaeo-river channels situated on river terraces and not on the confining terrace risers or slopes, so there is a good correlation between topography and grade. The geophysical problem is to determine the reef geometry before mining begins, in order to plan optimal ore extraction. Borehole radar has already been shown to be a suitable technique for mapping topography on the VCR because of the favourable electrical property contrast between the footwall rocks and the overlying lavas. Here, a forward model is used to resolve the directional ambiguity inherent in low-frequency borehole radar data and to accurately position the target reflection in space. The data from five boreholes within a 200 m square block of ground are combined in a single model to estimate the topography of the ore body within the block. The illumination lines from the radar forward model are positioned in 3D. They are incorporated with other ore-body elevation data from mapping and drilling to improve the geological model of the ore body within the block. The spatial resolution of the geological model is substantially improved with borehole radar. Small faults and other changes in topography are accurately positioned, giving warning of oncoming changes in mining conditions. Terraces and slopes are mapped, facilitating planning of the optimal extraction of the gold within the block. In areas where exploration drilling is primarily undertaken to determine the structure of the ore body rather than its grade, borehole radar provides an effective alternative to conventional drilling.
Crop Water Supply and its Relation to Yield of Spring Wheat in the South of Russian Plain

Crop Water Supply and its Relation to Yield of Spring Wheat in the South of Russian Plain The proposed method to estimate water supply of spring wheat crop is based on the ratio of the water amount extracted by plants under actual conditions of growth (transpiration) to cover needs for maximum (potential) yield (potential transpiration). Estimates of spatial, inter- and intra-annual water supply variability of the spring wheat crop in basic agricultural zones are given. Dependence of the spring wheat yield on water supply is presented. Zásobovanie Porastu Jarnej Pšenice Vodou VO Vzťahu K Úrodám V Podmienkach Juhoruskej Nížiny Navrhnutá metóda určenia zásobovania porastu jarnej pšenice vodou je založená na určení pomeru množstva vody odobratého koreňmi rastlín (transpirácia) k potenciálnej transpirácii, ktorá je podmienkou maximálnej (potenciálnej) úrody. Práca obsahuje údaje o priestorovej, ročnej a medziročnej variabilite transpirácie jarnej pšenice v základných poľnohospodárskych oblastiach, ako aj závislosť úrod jarnej pšenice na zásobovaní porastu vodou (transpirácii).
Analysis of the Recruitment of the Winter Survival Algae on the Sediments of Lake Taihu by Fluorometry

Chlorophyll and its degraded products are often regarded as the indicative marker of the lake productivity. Since the prodominant algae species of the bloom in Lake Taihu is blue algae, the content of phycocyanobilin in the water can indicate the growing level of blue algae in this lake. In order to investigate the roles of the spring recruitment of the algae on the sediment, the surface mud of the sediment samples were collected from Meiliang Bay, Lake Taihu in April and June, 2003. The content of phycocyanobilin was determined by fluorometry, and the contents of chlorophyll a and chlorophyll b were simultaneously determined by synchronous spetrofluorometry. The changes of the pigment contents on the surface of the sediments were confirmed. It is proved that fluorometry can be applied to the analysis of pigments in the sediments because the analytical method is highly sensitive and the results of this experiment are accurate and credible. The dif- ferent characters of the recruitment between blue algae and non--blue--algae were discussed when the temperature increased in spring, which is significant and helpful to the further research on the succession and recruitment of algae.
Toward Realistic Nonstationarity of Semidiurnal Baroclinic Tides in a Hydrodynamic Model

Semidiurnal baroclinic tide sea surface height (SSH) variance and semidiurnal nonstationary variance fraction (SNVF) are compared between a hydrodynamic model and altimetry for the lowto middle-latitude global ocean. Tidal frequencies are aliased by ∼10-day altimeter sampling, which makes it impossible to unambiguously identify nonstationary tidal signals from the observations. In order to better understand altimeter sampling artifacts, the model was analyzed using its native hourly outputs and by subsampling it in the same manner as altimeters. Different estimates of the semidiurnal nonstationary and total SSH variance are obtained with the model depending on whether they are identified in the frequency domain or wave number domain and depending on the temporal sampling of the model output. Five sources of ambiguity in the interpretation of the altimetry are identified and briefly discussed. When the model and altimetry are analyzed in the same manner, they display qualitatively similar spatial patterns of semidiurnal baroclinic tides. The SNVF typically correlates above 80% at all latitudes between the different analysis methods and above 60% between the model and altimetry. The choice of analysis methodology was found to have a profound effect on estimates of the semidiurnal baroclinic SSH variance with the wave number domain methodology underestimating the semidiurnal nonstationary and total SSH variances by 68% and 66%, respectively. These results produce a SNVF estimate from altimetry that is biased low by a factor of 0.92. This bias is primarily a consequence of the ambiguity in the separation of tidal and mesoscale signals in the wave number domain.
Cadmium concentration in the soils of the village Gujnovci

This paper is an overview of the soil contamination of heavy metals in the village Gujnovci particularly of Cd. The region is known for use intense agricultural and other anthropological activates, mining activates that also have an impact on the distribution of some microelements in the soils. The highest value for cadmium in soil is 8.38mg. kg,l, and the minimum value is 6.01mg. kg,l, the mean value is 7.20mg. kg'. The content of Cd in wheat crops in the soils ofthe village Gujnovci is >. 0.01 mg/kg. The examinations were carried out in the laboratory of the Faculty of Mining and Geology in Stip.
The characteristics of strong ground motion of Lushan Earthquake on April 20,2013

An M_s7. 0 earthquake occurred on April 20,2013 in Lushan Country,Sichuan Province,China with the maximum seismic intensity of IX.It caused 196 dead,21 missing and11470 injured.During the main shock,114 strong motion recordings were accumulated by the National Strong Motion Observation Network System(NSMONS) of China and 63 recordings by the Local Earthquake Intensity Reporting Network of Chengdu City.There is a common question why it didn t cause heavy damage as the large ground motion is almost as the same level of Wenchuan Earthquake.The characteristics of their amplitude,duration and spectrum and the potential effect on the earthquake damage were analyzed in this paper.The results show that the PGAs of ground motion in Lushan Earthquake are in accordance with the empirical prediction equation commonly used in China,but larger than the one used in fifth-generation ground motion zonation map,while the PGVs match well;the significant durations and bracketed durations are both larger than the global empirical prediction equation,and the attenuation of bracketed duration is slower than the global level;the acceleration response spectra with 5%damping ratio of 11 typical large recordings all have the peak periods around 0.1~0.2 s where the spectral acceleration is considerably larger than the Chinese design spectra,and notably smaller when the period larger than 0.3s;the reason why the damage is relatively slight in Lushan Earthquake is inferred that the PGVs are small and the spectral acceleration is drastically smaller than the design spectra in the period range 0.3~1.0 s corresponding to the natural periods of 3~10stories buildings mostly common in the moderate and small cities and towns of China.
Deep structure and ore formation within Lujiang-Zongyang volcanic ore concentrated area in Middle to Lower Reaches of Yangtze River

To explore the crustal-depth structures in a volcanic depression,iron and sulfur ore concentrated area,and study deep process ore-formation within Lujiang-Zongyang area,along the metallogenic belt of Middle-Lower Reaches of Yangtze River during Cretaceous,the deep-probe project was carried.150km long deep reflection seismic profile(recorded 30 seconds)across volcanic depression,20km shallow high resolution reflection seismic profile in Luohe larger iron deposit(20km),magnetotelluric profiles,high resolution gravity and magnetic profiles parallel to the seismic profile were finished since 2006~2009,and the images of whose crustal fine structure and electromagnetic structures were revealed,simultaneously the regional tectonic analysis and volcanic rocks chronology were obtained.The all of new evidences indicated that Lu-Zong volcanic depression and iron deposits was controlled by a deep fault,NE-SW tending Luohe fault,which cut through crust to MOHO and the half-round sharp("ear-sharp")depression was an asymmetric volcanic eruption along Luohe fault expending from west to east,excluded the hypothesis that another half buried in west of Luohe fault under red bed basin.The Luohe fault is considered as the tectonic channel linking from surface to mantle resulting in the upwelling and eruption of deep fluid,and magma chambers in mid-crust along bi-later of this channel can distinguished form "light spots" of the reflectors.The multi-layer borders were identified through the volcanic depression,the depth of Cretaceous volcanic rocks and Jurassic sedimentary strata is 4~5km(the depth of volcanic rocks is ca.3km),the depth of sequence of deformated layers from Sinian to Triassic is ca.18~20km,and the middle-lower crust consists of metamorphic basements.The MOHO has gentle north-west dipping and ca.33~31km depth.Tan-Lu fault,a larger left slip displacement fault,extended to MOHO with steep dipping,the width is ca.10km. Thereby,the deep process and mechanics of the mineralization within Lu-Zong volcanic depression during Early Cretaceous(132~127Ma)were revealed.
Electromagnetic ground-wave field of vertical antennas

Communication between the shore and a ship and between ships makes use of frequencies from 1 to 30 MHz. The analysis presented provides new simple formulas for the ground wave along the surface of the sea. These include not only the range in which the surface of the sea is well-approximated by a plane but also the range where accurate account must be taken of the curvature of the spherical Earth. Of practical significance is the fact that when f/spl ges/10 MHz, the amplitude of an outgoing wave decreases much more rapidly than when f<10 MHz. This is true in the planar region when /spl rho//sub i/</spl rho/</spl rho//sub c/, and throughout the spherical region /spl rho//sub s/>/spl rho//sub c/.
The Atmospheric Quality Status Research Based on Gray Clustering Method in Urumqi

Using gray clustering analysis to analyze several factors rank evaluation from 2000 to 2004 and twelve months of 2005 atmospheric pollution in Urumqi.The result shows that the Urumqi atmospheric quality is comparatively changing collectivity stabilization and the trend is cleanness.The heating and unheating obviously affect the Urumqi atmospheric quality in twelve month of 2005.
State of the paddock: monitoring condition and trend in ground cover across Queensland.

The proposed State Rural Leasehold Land Strategy (SRLLS) is a potential major driver for vegetation condition assessment across Queensland. Pastoral leases cover 85 million ha and within the next 5 years, 60% of these will be up for renewal. Since three quarters of Queensland has a woody foliage cover of less than 20%, methods of monitoring the extent of groundcover (or conversely, bare ground) are required. Monitoring of groundcover is important since it is linked to indicators of soil loss, biodiversity, and pasture production. Ground cover is also an indicator target adopted by regional NRM and catchment management groups. Ground cover is variable due to both climate and management; both long term and short-term management affects are apparent with those land parcels showing long-term negative trends being of greatest concern. It appears possible to rank one land parcel relative to similar neighbours to identify grazing management related trends. It is possible to detect land parcels that are on a trajectory of increasing cover and others where there is a long-term trend to decreasing cover. By building on the world-class Statewide Landcover and Trees Study (SLATS) archive of more than 1500 Landsat TM and ETM scenes covering the state with annual coverage or better from 1987, this project will deliver information on the condition and trend of groundcover over the past 20 years at better than paddock scale. By linking these results with climate and pasture growth models, the impacts and ramifications of management decisions on condition indicators can be assessed. This paper will discuss some of the challenges in deriving a robust product that is applicable across the range of cover types encountered in Queensland, and presents some preliminary condition and trend products. ∗ Corresponding Author
608 Generating 3 D CAD Art from Human Gestures using Kinect Depth Sensor

In this paper, we propose a method for generating visual interactive art with 3D geometric features using Microsoft Kinect® sensor. Natural human movement and gesture recognition are used to create and interact with various objects in 3D space for art design. The Kinect output coordinates are recorded and transformed into a data structure that accurately represents the captured movement. This method of representing human gestures in a data structure provides an iterative design process that enables and preserves the sequence of human gestures either for future works or for applying transformations on existing structures. The process consists of time-dependent depth data acquisition and joint identification, followed by weighted undirected graph generation by means of a graph scanning algorithm with visual conversion and post processing. The obtained results show that various art forms can be created, ranging from 3D static designs to dynamic installations.
Bulk micromachined and wafer bonded resonators for vacuum pressure sensors

One year ago the research project concerning a micromachined friction vacuum gauge was introduced within the ZfM report [1]. The sensor principle and first results were presented. In 2001 this work was continued with respect to improvement of technology and process characterisation in order to prepare for a small series fabrication technology. Tolerances of the time controlled wet etch process for definition of the springs and their influence on resonant frequency have been investigated. Results of capacity deviations and fracture strength of the bonded resonator are presented as well.
Integrative taxonomy of the genus Onchidium Buchannan, 1800 (Mollusca, Gastropoda, Pulmonata, Onchidiidae)

Abstract In an effort to clarify the species diversity of onchidiid slugs, the taxonomy of the genus Onchidium Buchannan, 1800 is revised using an integrative approach. New, fresh specimens were collected in a large number of places, including type localities. The genus Onchidium is redefined here as a clade including only three species which are strongly supported by both morphological and molecular data. All three species were already named: the type species Onchidium typhae Buchannan, 1800, Onchidium stuxbergi (Westerlund, 1883), and Onchidium reevesii (J.E. Gray, 1850). With the exception of a re-description of Onchidium typhae published in 1869, all three species are re-described here for the first time. First-hand observations on the color variation of live animals in their natural habitat are provided. The anatomy of each species is described. Important nomenclatural issues are addressed. In particular, Labella Starobogatov, 1976 is regarded as a junior synonym of Onchidium and Labella ajuthiae (Labbé, 1935) and Onchidium nigrum (Plate, 1893) are regarded as junior synonyms of Onchidium stuxbergi. The nomenclatural status of several other species names is discussed as well. Many new records are provided across South-East Asia and precise ranges of geographic distributions are provided for the genus Onchidium and its three species. Distinctive features that help distinguish the genus Onchidium from other onchidiids are provided, as well as an identification key for the three species.
Variability and the relationship between quality of life and real estate prices in Lithuania

Living conditions and housing provisions are related to human right guarantees and human resource preservation and development, which have an impact not only on the standard of living but also on predetermining economic, social, and demographic consequences. In countries with a transition economy, including Lithuania, the process of housing provision has influences on the deepening of social and economic problems. The purpose of the research reported in this paper was to establish the pattern of regional development and well-being in Lithuania, estimate the main factors, and quantify the real estate price relationship with a number of social-economic indicators.
and Their

Citizens inhabit the domain of theory, populations the domain of policy. Unlike the concept of citizen, the concept of population is wholly descriptive and empirical, it does not carry a normative burden. Populations are identifiable, classifiable, and describable by behavioral criteria and are amenable to statistical techniques such as censuses and sample surveys.
Hepatoprotective activity of aqueous seed extract of Nigella sativa against highly active antiretroviral therapy induced hepatotoxicity in rats

Background: Liver is a metabolically active organ responsible for many vital life functions. It performs many activities that are critical for survival. Due to its important activities, the liver is exposed to many insults and is one of the body’s organs most subject to injury. Despite tremendous advances in modern medicine, there are hardly any reliable drugs that protect the liver from damage and/or help in regeneration of hepatic cell. It is, therefore, necessary to search for effective and safe herbal drugs for the treatment of liver disease to replace currently used drugs of doubtful efficacy and safety.