Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Heating of the Eye by a Retinal Prosthesis: Modeling, Cadaver and In Vivo Study

In order to develop retinal implants with a large number of electrodes, it is necessary to ensure that they do not cause damage to the neural tissue by the heat that the electrical circuits generate. Knowledge of the amount of power that induces thermal damage will assist in development of power budgets for implants, which has a significant effect upon the design of the prostheses circuitry. In this study, temperatures were measured at multiple locations on the retina while the retina was heated in cadaver and in vivo preparations using a variety of prosthesis implantation sites. A finite element thermal model of the cat eye was also created and validated by the cadaver and in vivo tests, allowing for a much larger spectrum of thermal influences to be evaluated without additional animal experimentation. To ensure that retinal tissue temperatures are not increased by more than 2 °C, a 5 mm × 5 mm, suprachoroidally implanted heating element must not dissipate more than 135 mW (5.4 mW/mm2).
Clavulanic Acid: a Beta-Lactamase-Inhibiting Beta-Lactam from Streptomyces clavuligerus

A novel β-lactamase inhibitor has been isolated from Streptomyces clavuligerus ATCC 27064 and given the name clavulanic acid. Conditions for the cultivation of the organism and detection and isolation of clavulanic acid are described. This compound resembles the nucleus of a penicillin but differs in having no acylamino side chain, having oxygen instead of sulfur, and containing a β-hydroxyethylidine substituent in the oxazolidine ring. Clavulanic acid is a potent inhibitor of many β-lactamases, including those found in Escherichia coli (plasmid mediated), Klebsiella aerogenes, Proteus mirabilis, and Staphylococcus aureus, the inhibition being of a progressive type. The cephalosporinase type of β-lactamase found in Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Enterobacter cloacae P99 and the chromosomally mediated β-lactamase of E. coli are less well inhibited. The minimum inhibitory concentrations of ampicillin and cephaloridine against β-lactamase-producing, penicillin-resistant strains of S. aureus, K. aerogenes, P. mirabilis, and E. coli have been shown to be considerably reduced by the addition of low concentrations of clavulanic acid.
Modulation of growth, differentiation and glycoprotein synthesis by β‐ALL‐trans retinoic acid in a multicellular tumor spheroid model for squamous carcinoma of the head and neck

Cell line MDA 886Ln was established from a laryngeal lymph node metastasis. When grown as a multicellular tumor spheroid (MTS), it exhibits squamous differentiation. We studied the effects of ß‐all‐trans retinoic acid (RA) on the growth, differentiation and glycoprotein content of this MTS model for squamous carcinomas of the head and neck. The growth of MTSs was inhibited in a dose‐dependent manner by 10−6 to 10−10 M RA. Growth inhibition occurred between 3 and 5 days of RA treatment (10−6 M). Immunohistochemical and electrophoretic analyses revealed that RA suppressed the morphological markers of squamous differentiation (squames), involucrin expression, and keratin expression. Glycoprotein expression was examined by metabolic labelling using 3H‐glucosamine, in situ labelling of polyacrylamide gels with 125l‐labelled wheat‐germ agglutinin (WGA), localization of fluorescein isothionate‐WGA in frozen sections, and determination of sialyltransferase activity. Treatment using 10−6 M RA altered glycoprotein expression both biochemically and morphologically, and WGA was shown to bind preferentially to sialic acid residues. The sensitivity of this MTS model to RA treatment and its ability to be analyzed through morphological, immunohistochemical and biochemical techniques suggest that it will prove useful in studying the relationships between growth, differentiation and RA‐induced alterations in squamous carcinomas.
A Lorentzian Lipschitz, Gromov-Hausdoff notion of distance

This paper is the first of three in which I study the moduli space of isometry classes of (compact) globally hyperbolic spacetimes (with boundary). I introduce a notion of Gromov-Hausdorff distance which makes this moduli space into a metric space. Further properties of this metric space are studied in the next papers. The importance of the work can be situated in fields such as cosmology, quantum gravity and for the mathematicians global Lorentzian geometry.
Dan2eng: wide-coverage Danish-English machine translation

The paper presents and evaluates a wide coverage, rule-governed machine translation system for Danish-English. Analysis and polysemy resolution are based on Constraint Grammar dependency trees. In its 85.000 lexeme lexicon, Dan2eng uses context-sensitive lexical transfer rules linking dependencies to semantic prototype conditions, syntactic function, definiteness etc. Dependency is further exploited instead of constituent bracketing to support syntactic movement rules. A robust derivational and compound analysis, as well as a separate NER module permit the handling of unrestricted text from a wide range of genres. The system averaged TER scores of 7 (BLEU 0.55-0.6) on student tasks, but performance varied widely against raw and edited Europarl references, respectively.
Translating Current Knowledge Into Dementia Prevention

Considerable knowledge has been gained from epidemiologic studies and randomized clinical trials regarding risk factors for dementia, including Alzheimer disease (AD) and vascular dementia (VaD). Most identified risk factors for dementia are similar to vascular disease risk factors for heart disease and stroke. In 2010, the National Institutes of Health Conference concluded that there are no validated modifiable factors to reduce the incidence of AD or to change its course. This research perspective specifically concerning AD disregards the fact that in community-dwelling elderly, the most common forms of dementia involve the cerebral macrovasculature and microvasculature, manifesting as VaD and mixed dementia (the combination of VaD and AD) in autopsy-confirmed cases. Thus, prevention of dementia in clinical practice should be considered from this broader and more relevant view and not just a research perspective on “pure” AD. Practicing clinicians can reasonably state to patients that, although more definitive research is clearly needed, the management and treatment of vascular disease risk factors are likely beneficial not only to prevent heart disease and stroke, but also common forms of dementia in the community.
Altered density of glomerular binding sites for atrial natriuretic factor in bile duct–ligated rats with ascites

The renal response to atrial natriuretic factor is blunted in cirrhosis with ascites. This might be due to alterations of renal receptors for atrial natriuretic factor. Therefore density and affinity of glomerular atrial natriuretic factor binding sites of bile duct–ligated rats with ascites (n = 10) and of sham‐operated controls (n = 10) were determined. Glomerular atrial natriuretic factor binding sites were identified to be of the B‐(“biologically active”) and C‐(“clearance”) receptor type. Discrimination and quantitative determination of B and C receptors for atrial natriuretic factor were achieved by displacement experiments with atrial natriuretic factor(99–126) or des(18–22)atrial natriuretic factor(4–23), an analogue binding to C receptors only. Density of total glomerular atrial natriuretic factor binding sites was significantly increased in bile duct‐ligated rats (3,518 ± 864 vs. 1,648 ± 358 fmol/mg protein; p < 0.05). This was due to a significant increase of C‐receptor density (3,460 ± 866 vs. 1,486 ± 363 fmol/mg protein; p < 0.05), whereas density of B receptors was not significantly different in bile duct–ligated rats (58 ± 11 vs. 162 ± 63 fmol/mg protein). Affinity of atrial natriuretic factor to its glomerular binding sites did not differ significantly between both groups. These data suggest that an altered glomerular atrial natriuretic factor receptor density could be involved in the renal resistance to atrial natriuretic factor in cirrhosis with ascites. (HEPATOLOGY 1991;13:562–566.)
Effect of Information Load and Time on Observational Learning

We examined whether altering the amount of and moment when visual information is presented affected observational learning for participants practicing a bowling skill. On Day 1, four groups practiced a cricket bowling action. Three groups viewed a full-body point-light model, the model's bowling arm, or between-limb coordination of the model's left and right wrists only. Following retention tests on Day 2, all participants practiced after viewing a full-body display. Retention was again tested on Day 3. Bowling accuracy improved in all four practice groups. Kinematics of the bowling arm became more like the model for the full-body and intralimb groups only. All groups improved on measures of interlimb coordination. Visual search data indicated that participants mainly focused their gaze on the model's bowling arm. These data lead to the suggestion that viewing “end-effector” information (i.e., information pertaining to the bowling arm) is an important perceptual constraint early in observational learning. Implicit manipulations designed to increase attention to other sources of information did not facilitate the learning process.
Genome Sequences of Five Oenococcus oeni Strains Isolated from Nero Di Troia Wine from the Same Terroir in Apulia, Southern Italy

ABSTRACT Oenococcus oeni is the principal lactic acid bacterium responsible for malolactic fermentation in wine. Here, we announce the genome sequences of five O. oeni strains isolated from Nero di Troia wine undergoing spontaneous malolactic fermentation, and we report, for the first time, several genome sequences of strains isolated from the same terroir.
EEG Analysis of the Brain Activity during the Observation of Commercial, Political, or Public Service Announcements

The use of modern brain imaging techniques could be useful to understand what brain areas are involved in the observation of video clips related to commercial advertising, as well as for the support of political campaigns, and also the areas of Public Service Announcements (PSAs). In this paper we describe the capability of tracking brain activity during the observation of commercials, political spots, and PSAs with advanced high-resolution EEG statistical techniques in time and frequency domains in a group of normal subjects. We analyzed the statistically significant cortical spectral power activity in different frequency bands during the observation of a commercial video clip related to the use of a beer in a group of 13 normal subjects. In addition, a TV speech of the Prime Minister of Italy was analyzed in two groups of swing and “supporter” voters. Results suggested that the cortical activity during the observation of commercial spots could vary consistently across the spot. This fact suggest the possibility to remove the parts of the spot that are not particularly attractive by using those cerebral indexes. The cortical activity during the observation of the political speech indicated a major cortical activity in the supporters group when compared to the swing voters. In this case, it is possible to conclude that the communication proposed has failed to raise attention or interest on swing voters. In conclusions, high-resolution EEG statistical techniques have been proved to able to generate useful insights about the particular fruition of TV messages, related to both commercial as well as political fields.
B cell function in human marrow transplant recipients assessed by direct and indirect hemolysis-in-gel assays.

B cell function was studied in 35 healthy controls and 42 individuals who were recipients of bone marrow transplants for aplastic anemia or hematologic malignancy. Lymphocytes were stimulated in vitro by killed Staphylococcus aureus bacteria (Staph. aureus). Antibody secretion was measured as plaque forming cells (PFC) in a direct hemolysis-in-gel assay by using fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC)-coupled sheep red blood cells (SRBC) and in an indirect assay with protein A coupled SRBC and antisera against human IgG, IgA, and IgM. A pH of 7.5 in culture was crucial for optimal antibody secretion to occur. Lymphocytes from patients studied during the first 3 months after transplantation (short-term patients) had lower cell survival after 6 days in culture than that of lymphocytes from healthy controls, whereas cell survival of lymphocytes from patients studied more than 1 year after transplantation (long-term patients) was equal to that of controls. Short-term patients tested in the direct assay showed a mean of 12 ± 4 [S.E. ] PFC/106 cells compared to a mean of 300 ± 91 PFC/106 in the controls (p < 0.01). The mean number of PFC/106 in long-term patients was 310 ± 222. In healthy controls, the direct assay detected about 4% of the IgM-producing B cells found in the indirect assay. Twelve short-term patients were studied with both assays. None of the patients had PFC with the direct assay, but 11 showed some PFC in the indirect assay. The indirect PFC responses after stimulation by Staph. aureus were significantly lower for patients than for controls (IgG p < 0.05, IgA p < 0.01, IgM p < 0.01). In summary, short-term marrow graft recipients had deficient B cell responses in vitro, but in long-term patients this function was normal.
Contemporary vocational rehabilitation

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Content and context-based multi-label image annotation

In this paper, we propose a multi-label image annotation framework by incorporating the content and context information of images. Specifically, images are annotated on regional scale. This annotation is independent of the sizes of blocks. Confidences of content based block and image annotation are then obtained. On the other hand, spatial features by combining the block annotation confidence and the spatial context are proposed for main concepts, corresponding to the concepts been annotated, and the auxiliary concepts, corresponding to the concepts that have high co-occurrence with the main concepts in the images. This proposed spatial feature can incorporate the position of the concept and the spatial context between these concepts. Experiments on expanded Corel dataset categories demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed method.
DISE: Implementing Application Meta-Features via Software-Programmable Decoding

Dynamic Instruction Stream Editing (DISE) is a cooperative software-hardware scheme for efficiently adding meta-features—e.g., safety/security checking, profiling, and dynamic code decompression—to an application. DISE implements meta-features by providing a programmable processor decoder that macro-expands certain instructions into parameterized instruction sequences. The technique is similar in spirit to programmable microcode and exploits the macro-expansion-style decoding technology already present in many of today’ s processors. DISE is a single facility that unifies the implementation of a large class of meta-features previously requiring either special-purpose hardware widgets or software-only tools like binary rewriters. Meta-features implemented via DISE require no new hardware widgets and avoid many of the costs of binary rewriting, primarily static code bloat and the fix ed overhead of the rewriting process itself. The dynamic character of DISE makes it appropriate for meta-features with fine grain intermittent usage patterns (e.g., sampled profiling) as well as applications that have no natural software implementations (e.g., dynamic code decompression). In this paper, we introduce DISE and show how it can be used to formulate three meta-features: path profiling, memory fault isolation, and dynamic code decompression. We find DISE to be general, powerful, and efficient. We describe the requirements of a DISE implementation and show one particular design. We also discuss the implications of DISE on all facets of a system. Using cycle-level simulation we show that DISE-implemented meta-features have competitive raw performance and a profitable dynamic cost structure.
Energy Efficient Transmission for Multicast Services in MISO Distributed Antenna Systems

This letter aims to solve the energy efficiency (EE) maximization problem for multicast services in a multiple-input single-output (MISO) distributed antenna system (DAS). A novel iterative algorithm is proposed, which consists of solving two subproblems iteratively: the power allocation problem and the beam direction updating problem. The former subproblem can be equivalently transformed into a one-dimension (1-D) quasi-concave problem that is solved by the golden search method. The latter problem can be efficiently solved by the existing method. Simulation results show that the proposed algorithm achieves significant EE performance gains over the existing rate maximization method. In addition, when the backhaul power consumption is low, the EE performance of the DAS is better than that of the centralized antenna system (CAS).
Filling Knowledge Gaps in Text for Machine Reading

Texts are replete with gaps, information omitted since authors assume a certain amount of background knowledge. We define the process of enrichment that fills these gaps. We describe how enrichment can be performed using a Background Knowledge Base built from a large corpus. We evaluate the effectiveness of various openly available background knowledge bases and we identify the kind of information necessary for enrichment.
Information theoretical estimators toolbox

We present ITE (information theoretical estimators) a free and open source, multi-platform, Matlab/Octave toolbox that is capable of estimating many different variants of entropy, mutual information, divergence, association measures, cross quantities, and kernels on distributions. Thanks to its highly modular design, ITE supports additionally (i) the combinations of the estimation techniques, (ii) the easy construction and embedding of novel information theoretical estimators, and (iii) their immediate application in information theoretical optimization problems. ITE also includes a prototype application in a central problem class of signal processing, independent subspace analysis and its extensions.
Structure, function, evolution, and application of bacterial Pnu-type vitamin transporters

Abstract Many bacteria can take up vitamins from the environment via specific transport machineries. Uptake is essential for organisms that lack complete vitamin biosynthesis pathways, but even in the presence of biosynthesis routes uptake is likely preferred, because it is energetically less costly. Pnu transporters represent a class of membrane transporters for a diverse set of B-type vitamins. They were identified 30 years ago and catalyze transport by the mechanism of facilitated diffusion, without direct coupling to ATP hydrolysis or transport of coupling ions. Instead, directionality is achieved by metabolic trapping, in which the vitamin substrate is converted into a derivative that cannot be transported, for instance by phosphorylation. The recent crystal structure of the nicotinamide riboside transporter PnuC has provided the first insights in substrate recognition and selectivity. Here, we will summarize the current knowledge about the function, structure, and evolution of Pnu transporters. Additionally, we will highlight their role for potential biotechnological and pharmaceutical applications.
Filler Item Strategies for Shilling Attacks against Recommender Systems

In recent years recommender systems have become a ubiquitous feature in e-commerce sites. However, the open nature of recommender systems makes them vulnerable to shilling attacks from malicious users. Such attacks may lead to erosion of user trust in the objectivity and accuracy of the system. One critical area of research in security of recommender systems is the study of attack models. In this paper, we propose an approach for creating attack models. Our paper explores the importance of target item and filler items in mounting effective shilling attacks. Our attack strategies are based on intelligent selection of filler items. Filler items are selected on the basis of the target item rating distribution. We propose filler item strategies for both all-user attacks and in-segment attacks. We show through experiments that our attack strategies are the most effective attack strategies against both user-based and item-based collaborative filtering systems.
Genetic Variation in Soybean at the Maturity Locus E4 Is Involved in Adaptation to Long Days at High Latitudes

Soybean (Glycine max) cultivars adapted to high latitudes have a weakened or absent sensitivity to photoperiod. The purposes of this study were to determine the molecular basis for photoperiod insensitivity in various soybean accessions, focusing on the sequence diversity of the E4 (GmphyA2) gene, which encodes a phytochrome A (phyA) protein, and its homoeolog (GmphyA1), and to disclose the evolutionary consequences of two phyA homoeologs after gene duplication. We detected four new single-base deletions in the exons of E4, all of which result in prematurely truncated proteins. A survey of 191 cultivated accessions sourced from various regions of East Asia with allele-specific molecular markers reliably determined that the accessions with dysfunctional alleles were limited to small geographical regions, suggesting the alleles’ recent and independent origins from functional E4 alleles. Comparison of nucleotide diversity values revealed lower nucleotide diversity at non-synonymous sites in GmphyA1 than in E4, although both have accumulated mutations at almost the same rate in synonymous and non-coding regions. Natural mutations have repeatedly generated loss-of-function alleles at the E4 locus, and these have accumulated in local populations. The E4 locus is a key player in the adaptation of soybean to high-latitude environments under diverse cropping systems.