Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Understanding the Molecular Kinetics and Chemical Equilibrium Phase of Frozen CO during Bombardment by Cosmic Rays by Employing the PROCODA Code

Within the cold regions of space, ices that are enriched with carbon monoxide (CO) molecules are exposed to ionizing radiation, which triggers new reactions and desorption processes. Laboratory studies on astrochemical ices employing different projectiles have revealed the appearance of several new species. In this study, we employed the upgraded PROCODA code, which involves a calculation phase utilizing thermochemistry data, to map the chemical evolution of pure CO ice irradiated by cosmic-ray analogs. In the model, we have considered 18 different chemical species (six observed: CO, CO2, C3, O3, C2O, and C5O3; 12 unobserved: C, O, C2, O2, CO3, C3O, C4O, C5O, C2O2, C2O3, C3O2, and C4O2) coupled at 156 reaction routes. Our best-fit model provides effective reaction rates (effective rate constants, (ERCs)), branching ratios for reactions within reaction groups, several desorption parameters, and the characterization of molecular abundances at the chemical equilibrium (CE) phase. The most abundant species within the ice at the CE phase were atomic oxygen (68.2%) and atomic carbon (18.2%), followed by CO (11.8%) and CO2 (1.6%). The averaged modeled desorption yield and rate were 1.3e5 molecules ion−1 and 7.4e13 molecules s−1, respectively, while the average value of ERCs in the radiation-induced dissociation reactions was 2.4e-1 s−1 and for the bimolecular reactions it was 4.4e-24 cm3 molecule−1 s−1. We believe that the current kinetics study can be used in future astrochemical models to better understand the chemical evolution of embedded species within astrophysical ices under the presence of an ionizing radiation field.
APDB: a database on air pollutant characterization and similarity prediction

Abstract The World Health Organization estimates that 9 out of 10 people worldwide breathe air containing high levels of pollutants. Long-term and chronic exposure to high concentrations of air pollutants is associated with deleterious effects on vital organs, including increased inflammation in the lungs, oxidative stress in the heart and disruption of the blood–brain barrier. For this reason, in an effort to find an association between exposure to pollutants and the toxicological effects observable on human health, an online resource collecting and characterizing in detail pollutant molecules could be helpful to investigate their properties and mechanisms of action. We developed a database, APDB, collecting air-pollutant-related data from different online resources, in particular, molecules from the US Environmental Protection Agency, their associated targets and bioassays found in the PubChem chemical repository and their computed molecular descriptors and quantum mechanics properties. A web interface allows (i) to browse data by category, (ii) to navigate the database by querying molecules and targets and (iii) to visualize and download molecule and target structures as well as computed descriptors and similarities. The desired data can be freely exported in textual/tabular format and the whole database in SQL format. Database URL http://apdb.di. univr.it
Determinants of COVID-19 vaccine readiness and hesitancy among adults in sub-Saharan Africa

There is very limited data on the extent and determinants of COVID-19 vaccine hesitancy among adults living in sub-Saharan Africa since the global roll-out of vaccines began in 2021. This multi-country survey sought to investigate COVID-19 vaccine hesitancy and other predictors of readiness to get vaccinated. We conducted surveys among adults residing in nine urban and rural areas in Burkina Faso, Ethiopia, Ghana, Nigeria, and Tanzania in late 2021. Log binomial regression models were used to identify prevalence and factors associated with vaccine hesitancy and beliefs around COVID-19 misinformation. We completed a total of 2,833 interviews. Among all respondents, 9% had never heard of a COVID-19 vaccine, 12% had been vaccinated, and 20% knew someone else who had been vaccinated. The prevalence of vaccine hesitancy varied by country (Ethiopia 29%, Burkina Faso 33%, Nigeria 34%, Ghana 42%, Tanzania 65%), but not by rural or urban context. People who did not think the vaccine was safe or effective, or who were unsure about it, were more likely to be vaccine hesitant. Those who reported they did not have a trusted source of information about the vaccine (aPR: 1.25, 95% CI: 1.18,1.31) and those who thought the vaccine would not be made available to them within the year were more likely to be vaccine hesitant. Women were more likely to be vaccine hesitant (aPR: 1.31, 95% CI: 1.19,1.43) and believe COVID-19 falsehoods (aPR: 1.05, 95% CI: 1.02,1.08). The most commonly believed falsehoods were that the vaccine was developed too fast and that there was not enough information about whether the vaccine was effective or not. Educational campaigns targeted at misinformation and tailored to suit each country are recommended to build trust in COVID-19 vaccines and reduce hesitancy.
Physical literacy assessment in adults: A systematic review

Physical literacy is a multidimensional construct that has been defined and interpreted in various ways, one of the most common being “the motivation, confidence, physical competence, knowledge and understanding to maintain physical activity throughout the life course”. Although its improvement can positively affect many behavioral, psychological, social, and physical variables, debate remains over an appropriate method of collecting empirical physical literacy data. This systematic review sought to identify and critically evaluate all primary studies (published and unpublished, regardless of design or language) that assessed physical literacy in adults or have proposed measurement criteria. Relevant studies were identified by searching four databases (Pubmed, SportDiscus, APA PsycINFO, Web of Science), scanning reference lists of included articles, and manual cross-referencing of bibliographies cited in prior reviews. The final search was concluded on July 15, 2022. Thirty-one studies, published from 2016 to 2022, were analyzed. We found seven instruments measuring physical literacy in adults, of which six were questionnaires. The Perceived Physical Literacy Instrument was the first developed for adults and the most adopted. The included studies approached physical literacy definition in two ways: by pre-defining domains and assessing them discretely (through pre-validated or self-constructed instruments) and by defining domains as sub-scales after factorial analyses. We found a fair use of objective and subjective measures to assess different domains. The wide use of instruments developed for other purposes in combined assessments suggests the need for further instrument development and the potential oversimplification of the holistic concept, which may not result in a better understanding of physical literacy. Quality and usability characteristics of measurements were generally insufficiently reported. This lack of data makes it impossible to compare and make robust conclusions. We could not identify if any of the existing physical literacy assessments for adults is appropriate for large-scale/epidemiological studies.
Image Matching Based on ORB with Nonlinear Scale Space

To solve the problems of image precision loss and edge blur caused by SIRB (traditional improved ORB) algorithm when build multi-scale space using linear Gaussian pyramid, NORB (nonlinear scale space ORB) algorithm, which is based on the FED (Fast Explicit Diffusion) framework of nonlinear scale space structure, is proposed. Also, in order to overcome the limitation that after normalizing multi-scale space, there is a large number of repeatable (means multiple keypoints in the same image point) and unstable keypoints, the two-steps removing method is to put forward to filter the keypoints. Experimental results show that NORB exhibits scale invariance which is not possessed by the original ORB, effectively solves SIRB’s problem of accuracy loss, and manages to remove the unstable keypoints and repeatable keypoints, greatly improving the matching accuracy. Compared with the ORB and SIRB, although NORB slightly increases the time consumption, it obtains a higher matching accuracy and retains the high speed of the ORB algorithm at the same time, therefore overall, the detection efficiency is superior to other algorithms.
Don’t stop me now: Psychological effects of interrupting a moving pedestrian crowd and a video game

Interruptions are a part of our everyday lives. They are inevitable in complex societies, especially when many people move from one place to another as a part of their daily routines. The main aim of this research is to understand the effects of interruptions on individuals from a psychological and crowd dynamics perspective. Two studies were conducted to investigate this issue, with each focusing on different types of interruptions and examining their psychological (emotion, motivation, arousal) and physiological (heart rate) components. Study 1 examined interruptions in a video game setting and systematically varied goal proximity (N = 61). It was hypothesized that being interrupted in the later stages of goal pursuit would create a high aroused impatience state, while interruptions in the earlier stages would produce a low aroused boredom state. However, the results showed that the hypothesized groupwise differences were not observed. Instead, interruptions created annoyance in all conditions, both psychologically and physiologically. Study 2 investigated interruptions in pedestrian crowds (N = 301) and used a basic motivational dichotomy of high and low motivation. In the experiments, crowds (80–100 participants) were asked to imagine that they were entering a concert hall consisting of a narrow bottleneck. The low motivation group reported feeling bored during the interruption, while the high motivation group reported feeling impatient. Additionally, a motivational decrease was observed for the high motivation group due to the interruption. This drop in motivation after the interruption is also reflected in the measured density (person/m2) in front of the bottleneck. Overall, both studies showed that interruption can have significant effects on individuals, including psychological and physiological impacts. The observed motivational decrease through interruption is particularly relevant for crowd management, but further investigation is needed to understand the context-specific effects of interruptions.
Use of very short answer questions compared to multiple choice questions in undergraduate medical students: An external validation study

Multiple choice questions (MCQs) offer high reliability and easy machine-marking, but allow for cueing and stimulate recognition-based learning. Very short answer questions (VSAQs), which are open-ended questions requiring a very short answer, may circumvent these limitations. Although VSAQ use in medical assessment increases, almost all research on reliability and validity of VSAQs in medical education has been performed by a single research group with extensive experience in the development of VSAQs. Therefore, we aimed to validate previous findings about VSAQ reliability, discrimination, and acceptability in undergraduate medical students and teachers with limited experience in VSAQs development. To validate the results presented in previous studies, we partially replicated a previous study and extended results on student experiences. Dutch undergraduate medical students (n = 375) were randomized to VSAQs first and MCQs second or vice versa in a formative exam in two courses, to determine reliability, discrimination, and cueing. Acceptability for teachers (i.e., VSAQ review time) was determined in the summative exam. Reliability (Cronbach’s α) was 0.74 for VSAQs and 0.57 for MCQs in one course. In the other course, Cronbach’s α was 0.87 for VSAQs and 0.83 for MCQs. Discrimination (average Rir) was 0.27 vs. 0.17 and 0.43 vs. 0.39 for VSAQs vs. MCQs, respectively. Reviewing time of one VSAQ for the entire student cohort was ±2 minutes on average. Positive cueing occurred more in MCQs than in VSAQs (20% vs. 4% and 20.8% vs. 8.3% of questions per person in both courses). This study validates the positive results regarding VSAQs reliability, discrimination, and acceptability in undergraduate medical students. Furthermore, we demonstrate that VSAQ use is reliable among teachers with limited experience in writing and marking VSAQs. The short learning curve for teachers, favourable marking time and applicability regardless of the topic suggest that VSAQs might also be valuable beyond medical assessment.
A new treatment strategy for airway obstruction induced by a giant benign goiter: A case report

Severe respiratory distress induced by airway obstruction requires prompt attention for restoration of normal function in the airway passage. A large benign thyroid goiter that compresses the trachea is a rare occurrence. Emergency thyroidectomy with dyspnea can increase the chance of surgical complications in such cases. Here, a rare case of dyspnea induced by a large goiter is reported and a safe and effective therapeutic strategy for treatment was demonstrated. First, a self-expandable metal stent was placed to relieve airway obstruction. A week later, total thyroidectomy under general anesthesia was performed. After 3 months, the metal stent was surgically removed. The findings of the present case report demonstrated that life-threatening airway obstruction secondary to benign goiter could be effectively treated by placing an airway stent, followed by thyroidectomy.
Approximation of greedy algorithms for Max-ATSP, Maximal Compression, and Shortest Cyclic Cover of Strings

Given a directed graph G with weights on its arcs, the Maximum Asymmetric Travelling Salesman Problem (Max- ATSP) asks for a Hamiltonian path of maximum weight covering G. Max-ATSP, a central problem in computer science, is known to NP-hard and hard to approximate. In the general case, when the Triangle Inequality is not satisfied, the best approximation ratio known to date equals 2/3. Now consider the Overlap Graph for a set of finite words P := {s1 , . , s p }: the directed graph in which an arc links two words with a weight equals to the length of their maximal overlap. When Max-ATSP is applied to the Overlap Graph, it solves the Maximal Compression or Shortest Superstring problem, where one searches for a string of minimal length having each input word as a substring. Again these problems are hard to approximate. Both for Max-ATSP and for Maximal Compression, good approximation algorithms use a cover of the graph by a set of cycles or of the words by a set of cyclic strings. These questions are known as Maximal Directed Cyclic Cover (MDCC) and as Shortest Cyclic Cover of Strings (SCCS), and can be solved in polynomial time. However, among these four problems, the approximation ratio achieved by a simple greedy algorithm is known only for Maximal Compression. In a seminal but complex proof, Tarhio and Ukkonen showed that it achieves 1/2 compression ratio. Taking advantage of the power of subset systems, we investigate the approximation of associated greedy algorithms for these four problems, and show they reach a ratio of 1/3 for Max- ATSP, 1/2 for Maximal Compression and for Maximal Cyclic Cover, and gives an exact solution for the Shortest Cyclic Cover of Strings. The proof for Maximal Compression is simpler than known ones. For these problems, greedy algorithms are easier to implement and often faster than existing approximation algorithms, an important fact since these problems have practical applications, for instance in data compression and computational biology.
Recommendations for Reducing the Risk of Cannabis Use-Related Adverse Psychosis Outcomes: A Public Mental Health-Oriented Evidence Review

Abstract Objective: Cannabis use is increasingly normalized; psychosis is a major adverse health outcome. We reviewed evidence on cannabis use-related risk factors for psychosis outcomes at different stages toward recommendations for risk reduction by individuals involved in cannabis use. Methods: We searched primary databases for pertinent literature/data 2016 onward, principally relying on reviews and high-quality studies which were narratively summarized and quality-graded; recommendations were developed by international expert consensus. Results: Genetic risks, and mental health/substance use problem histories elevate the risks for cannabis-related psychosis. Early age-of-use-onset, frequency-of-use, product composition (i.e., THC potency), use mode and other substance co-use all influence psychosis risks; the protective effects of CBD are uncertain. Continuous cannabis use may adversely affect psychosis-related treatment and medication effects. Risk factor combinations further amplify the odds of adverse psychosis outcomes. Conclusions: Reductions in the identified cannabis-related risks factors—short of abstinence—may decrease risks of related adverse psychosis outcomes, and thereby protect cannabis users’ health.
Bores Observed during IHOP_2002: The Relationship of Bores to the Nocturnal Environment

AbstractThis study documents atmospheric bores and other convergent boundaries in the southern Great Plains’ nocturnal environment during the IHOP_2002 summer campaign. Observational evidence demonstrates that convective outflows routinely generate bores. Statistically resampled flow regimes, derived from an adaptation of hydraulic theory, agree well with observations. Specifically, convective outflows within the observed environments are likely to produce a partially blocked flow regime, which is a favorable condition for generating a bore. Once a bore develops, the direction of movement generally follows the orientation of the bulk shear vector between the nose of the nocturnal low-level jet and a height of 1.5 or 2.5 km AGL. This relationship is believed to be a consequence of wave trapping through the curvature of the horizontal wind with respect to height. This conclusion comes after analyzing the profile of the Scorer parameter. Overall, these findings provide an impetus for future investigations ai.
Isolation and identification of chlorate-reducing Hafnia sp. from milk

Chlorate has become a concern in the food and beverage sector, related to chlorine sanitizers in industrial food production and water treatment. It is of particular concern to regulatory bodies due to the negative health effects of chlorate exposure. This study investigated the fate of chlorate in raw milk and isolated bacterial strains of interest responsible for chlorate breakdown. Unpasteurized milk was demonstrated to have a chlorate-reducing capacity, breaking down enriched chlorate to undetectable levels in 11 days. Further enrichment and isolation using conditions specific to chlorate-reducing bacteria successfully isolated three distinct strains of Hafnia paralvei . Chlorate-reducing bacteria were observed to grow in a chlorate-enriched medium with lactate as an electron donor. All isolated strains were demonstrated to reduce chlorate in liquid medium; however, the exact mechanism of chlorate degradation was not definitively identified in this study.
Design, Synthesis, and Biological Evaluation of 2-Hydroxy-4-phenylthiophene-3-carbonitrile as PD-L1 Antagonist and Its Comparison to Available Small Molecular PD-L1 Inhibitors

In search of a potent small molecular PD-L1 inhibitor, we designed and synthesized a compound based on a 2-hydroxy-4-phenylthiophene-3-carbonitrile moiety. Ligand’s performance was tested in vitro and compared side-by-side with a known PD-L1 antagonist with a proven bioactivity BMS1166. Subsequently, we modified both compounds to allow 18F labeling that could be used for PET imaging. Radiolabeling, which is used in drug development and diagnosis, was applied to investigate the properties of those ligands and test them against tissue sections with diverse expression levels of PD-L1. We confirmed biological activity toward hPD-L1 for this inhibitor, comparable with BMS1166, while holding enhanced pharmacological properties.
Mental Health-Related Barriers and Facilitators to PhD Program Retention among Underrepresented Racial and Ethnic Minoritized (UREM) Nursing Students: A Qualitative Inquiry

Abstract Mental health concerns among doctorate (PhD) nursing students may impact program retention, especially among underrepresented racial-/ethnic-minoritized (UREM) students. Understanding mental health concerns among UREM PhD students is necessary to develop retention strategies. We conducted a qualitative secondary data analysis of a descriptive study with focus groups and individual semi-structured interviews. Participants identified as actively enrolled UREM in PhD nursing programs. Conventional content analysis was utilized. Mental health informed retention through the following themes: PhD program pressure and expectations, help-seeking barriers, personal motivations to succeed, and it takes a village: fostering peer support. Implications for nursing faculty are discussed.
Phylogenomic and syntenic data demonstrate complex evolutionary processes in early radiation of the rosids

Some of the most vexing problems of deep level relationship that remain in angiosperms involve the superrosids. The superrosid clade contains a quarter of all angiosperm species, with 18 orders in three subclades (Vitales, Saxifragales and core rosids) exhibiting remarkable morphological and ecological diversity. To help resolve deep‐level relationships, we constructed a high‐quality chromosome‐level genome assembly for Tiarella polyphylla (Saxifragaceae) thus providing broader genomic representation of Saxifragales. Whole genome microsynteny analysis of superrosids showed that Saxifragales shared more synteny clusters with core rosids than Vitales, further supporting Saxifragales as more closely related with core rosids. To resolve the ordinal phylogeny of superrosids, we screened 122 single copy nuclear genes from genomes of 36 species, representing all 18 superrosid orders. Vitales were recovered as sister to all other superrosids (Saxifragales + core rosids). Our data suggest dramatic differences in relationships compared to earlier studies within core rosids. Fabids should be restricted to the nitrogen‐fixing clade, while Picramniales, the Celastrales‐Malpighiales (CM) clade, Huerteales, Oxalidales, Sapindales, Malvales and Brassicales formed an “expanded” malvid clade. The Celastrales‐Oxalidales‐Malpighiales (COM) clade (sensu APG IV) was not monophyletic. Crossosomatales, Geraniales, Myrtales and Zygophyllales did not belong to either of our well‐supported malvids or fabids. There is strong discordance between nuclear and plastid phylogenetic hypotheses for superrosid relationships; we show that this is best explained by a combination of incomplete lineage sorting and ancient reticulation.