Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Antipsychotic agents: efficacy and safety in schizophrenia

Antipsychotics have provided a great improvement in the management of people with schizophrenia. The first generation antipsychotics could establish the possibility of managing many psychotic subjects in an outpatient setting. With the advent of the second (SGA) and third generation antipsychotics (TGA), other psychiatric disorders such as bipolar depression, bipolar mania, autism, and major depressive disorder have now been approved for the use of these drugs for their treatment. Also, the administration of more specific assessment tools has allowed for better delineation of the repercussions of these drugs on symptoms and the quality of life of patients who use antipsychotic agents. In general, the SGA share similar mechanisms of action to achieve these results: dopamine-2 receptor antagonism plus serotonin-2A receptor antagonism. The TGA (eg, aripiprazole) have partial agonist activity at the dopamine-2 receptor site, and are also called dopaminergic stabilizers. The pharmacological profile of SGA and TGA may provide better efficacy against negative symptoms, and are less likely to produce extrapyramidal symptoms; however, the SGA and TGA are associated with many other adverse events. The clinician has to balance the risks and benefits of these medications when choosing an antipsychotic for an individual patient.
A suggestive sign of allergy.

For some years, Dr. Charles C. Dennie has called to the attention of his students and associates a sign which he has observed to be rather pathognomonic in most cases of allergy (especially in persons with a history of eczema, hay fever and asthma). This sign is a definite wrinkle just beneath the margin of the lower lid of both eyes, which usually is present at birth or shortly thereafter. It is retained throughout life. The accompanying photographs well illustrate this wrinkle in both a man with a history of atopic dermatitis and an 8 month old infant with eczema. To my knowledge no one has mentioned this suggestive sign in any previous medical literature. 1524 Professional Building.
Voluntary control of motor units in human antagonist muscles: coactivation and reciprocal activation.

1. Myoelectric (ME) activity of several motor units was detected simultaneously from the human flexor pollicis longus and extensor pollicis longus muscles, the only two muscles that control the interphalangeal joint of the thumb. The ME signals were detected while the subjects produced isometric force outputs to track three different paradigms: triangular trajectories, random-force trajectories requiring both flexion and extension contractions, and net zero force resulting from stiffening the joint by voluntarily coactivating both muscles. 2. The ME signals were decomposed into their constituent motor-unit action potential trains. The firing rate behavior of the concurrently active motor units was studied using cross-correlation techniques. 3. During isometric contractions, the firing rates of motor units within a muscle were greatly cross-correlated with essentially zero time shift with respect to each other. This observation confirms our previous report of this behavior, which has been called common drive. Common drive was also found among the motor units of the agonist and antagonist muscles during voluntary coactivation to stiffen the interphalangeal joint. This observation suggests two interesting points: 1) that the common drive mechanism has a component of central origin, and 2) that the central nervous system may control the motoneuron pools of an agonist-antagonist muscle pair as if they were one pool when both are performing the same task. 4. During force reversals, the firing rates of motor units reverse in an orderly manner: earlier recruited motor units decrease their firing rate before later recruited motor units. This orderly reversal of firing rates is consistent with the concept of orderly recruitment and derecruitment. 5. A control scheme is suggested to explain the behavior of the motor units in both muscles during force reversal. It consists of centrally mediated reciprocally organized flexion and extension commands along with a common coactivation command to both muscles. This control scheme allows for coactivation and reciprocal activation of an agonist-antagonist set. 6. The agonist-antagonist pair was observed to generate a net force in two control modalities: proportional activation and reciprocal activation. In proportional activation, the agonist-antagonist set is coactivated during either of two states: when uncertainty exists in the required task or when a compensatory force contraction is perceived to be required. (ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
Multi-scale color image enhancement

With growing quality in image acquisition, image enhancement techniques are more needed than ever. If the dynamic range at acquisition is large, it is not possible to perceive all image details upon simple displaying of the image. Post-processing is needed for dynamic range compression and better visualization. Multi-scale image enhancement algorithms have proved their use in medical imaging for radiographs. We present a multi-scale method for enhancement of color images. The method equalizes image details at multiple scales in the image, resulting in effective dynamic range compression and sharpening of faint image details.
The social context of public deliberation: Letting practice shape theory

Too often public deliberation is studied and theorized as a discrete isolated process. It is refreshing therefore to see more attempts to situate deliberation in its socio-political context. One such piece is David M. Ryfes contribution to Journal of Public Deliberation (2007) in which he considers the sociological dimensions of deliberative practice (p. 1) and in doing so makes a step toward a more explicit sociology of deliberation (p. 2). Here I review Ryfes ideas not as a sociologist but as a deliberative democrat working on the interface between practice and theory. Ryfe draws on Pierre Bourdieus field theory of society and introduces deliberative democrats to his vocabulary of society. We learn that social space is composed of different forms of capital (economic, political, cultural, social and symbolic and so on), which individuals possess to varying degrees. Around particular kinds of capital, social fields form which are conceptualised as a set of forces. Fields provide actors with capacities and socialize actors by providing them with a sense of the game or habitus. Ryfe argues that these Bourdieuian concepts help to place deliberative practice in its proper light (p. 7). He draws out two particular insights from this theory. First, he argues that deliberative practice is fundamentally a political activity, because it presents a particular view of public life that competes with existing social visions. The political work that deliberation entails has been expressed elsewhere in terms of competing political norms and expectations (Young, 2001), discourses (Dryzek, 2000) or strategic interests (Hendriks, 2006a). Ryfes application of Bourdieus theory to deliberative practice serves as a useful reminder that its advocates are engaged in a political process as they seek to promote a particular inclusive and dialogical vision of public life.
A monotonic and continuous two-dimensional warping based on dynamic programming

A two-dimensional warping algorithm is presented which searches for the optimal pixel mapping subject to continuity and monotonicity constraints. These constraints enable us to preserve topological structure in images. The search algorithm is based on dynamic programming (DP). As implementation techniques, acceleration by beam search and excessive warp suppression by penalty and/or range limitation are investigated. Experimental results show that this method provides successful warpings between images.
The Regulatory Community

Abstract As a new strategy to conserve resources, decentralization of political authority has displaced earlier coercive conservation policies in many countries. More than 60 countries claim to have decentralized forest control. In these countries, communities are supposed to be involved in joint strategies to conserve forests. The story is similar for other resources such as wildlife, water, and watersheds. Decentralization is becoming ubiquitous even for provision of services, development programs, health and education. This is not surprising. Decentralization aims to achieve one of the central aspirations of equitable political governance: humans should have a say in their own affairs. Given the ubiquity of decentralization initiatives, 2 questions require critical attention: (1) What accounts for decentralization of political authority toward local decision makers? Voluntary relinquishing of power seems to fly in the face of expected state behavior. (2) Do the actual effects of decentralization policies match claims that decentralization is better on grounds of efficiency, equity, or political empowerment?
A Model of Decision-Making in Groups of Humans

Decisions by humans depend on their estimations given some uncertain sensory data. These decisions can also be influenced by the behavior of others. Here we present a mathematical model to quantify this influence, inviting a further study on the cognitive consequences of social information. We also expect that the present model can be used for a better understanding of the neural circuits implicated in social processing.
Inductive Inference of Context-free Languages - Context-free Expression Method

An inductive inference problem of context-free languages is investigated. There have been many attempts to this problem, and most of them are based on a problem setting in which a representation space for hypotheses is a class of context-free grammars. An inference algorithm given in this paper, on the contrary, employs a kind of extensions of regular expressions called context-free expressions as a representation space for context-free languages. The algorithm, based on the notion of an identification in the limit, is significantly concise when compared with existing algorithms.
30-Day Re-admission after Spine Surgery: An Analysis of 1400 Consecutive Spine Surgery Patients.

STUDY DESIGN Retrospective cohort review. OBJECTIVE To identify the rates, causes, and risk factors for 30-day unplanned readmissions in after elective spine surgery at our institution. SUMMARY OF BACKGROUND DATA Early readmission after spine surgery is being used as a proxy for quality of care. One-fifth of patients are re-hospitalized within 30 days after spine surgery. Nearly 60% of these readmissions are unplanned, which translates into billions of dollars in healthcare costs. METHODS 1400 patients undergoing elective spine surgery at Duke University Hospital between 2008 and 2010 were included in the study. We identified all unplanned readmissions within 30 days of discharge. Unplanned readmissions were defined to have occurred as a result of either a surgical or a nonsurgical complication. Patient records were reviewed to determine the cause of readmission and the length of hospital stay. RESULTS A total of 132 (9.4 %) unplanned early readmissions were identified. The mean ± SD age was 58.6 ± 15.1 years, Table 1 Lumbar decompression and fusion was the most common procedure, Table 2. The most common causes for readmission were infection or a concern for infection (34.8%) and pain (19.7%), and 26.5% of readmissions required a return to the operating room. The majority of patients that were readmitted presented to the emergency department from home (58.0%) while 25.2% were readmitted from a skilled nursing facility, Table 3. The mean ± SD number of days from discharge to readmission was 9.8 ± 7.9 days and the average length of hospital stay for the readmissions was 7.5 days. CONCLUSION This study suggests that infection and refractory pain were the most common primary reasons for unplanned readmission. Efforts at reducing unplanned early readmission after elective spine surgery should be focused on more effective post discharge care.
Growth in width of the maxilla studied by the implant method.

The transverse growth of the maxilla was studied radiographically by means of the metallic implant method. The sample consisted of 9 boys without malocclusion of the teeth. They had never received orthodontic treatment and were followed longitudinally by annual registrations from 4 years of age. Sutural growth in width of the maxilla was determined from frontal radiographs as the increase in the distance between metallic implants inserted at the lower aspect of the maxillary zygomatic process on each side. The shape of distance and velocity curves representing transverse growth in the median suture was similar to the shape of the curve representing the growth in body height, both showing a distinct puberal growth maximum. The individual time of puberal maximum for the transverse sutural growth coincides with the time of puberal maximum of facial growth, measured from implants on profile radiographs. The individual time of growth completion in these sutures also coincided, occurring on an average of 17 yea.
miR-21 and miR-31 Converge on TIAM1 to Regulate Migration and Invasion of Colon Carcinoma Cells*

TGF-β promotes cell migration and invasion, an attribute that is linked to the pro-metastasis function of this cytokine in late stage cancers. The LIM 1863 colon carcinoma organoid undergoes epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) in response to TGF-β. This process is markedly accelerated by TNF-α, and we found that the levels of miR-21 and miR-31 were prominently elevated under the synergistic actions of TGF-β/TNF-α. Consistent with this, overexpression of either miR-21 or miR-31 significantly enhanced the effect of TGF-β alone on LIM 1863 morphological changes. More importantly, transwell assays demonstrated the positive effects of both miR-21 and miR-31 in TGF-β regulation of LIM 1863 motility and invasiveness. Elevated levels of miR-21 and miR-31 also enhanced motility and invasiveness of other colon carcinoma cell lines. We present compelling evidence that TIAM1, a guanidine exchange factor of the Rac GTPase, is a direct target of both miR-21 and miR-31. Indeed in LIM 1863 cells, suppression of TIAM1 is required for miR-21/miR-31 to enhance cell migration and invasion. Therefore, we have uncovered miR-21 and miR-31 as downstream effectors of TGF-β in facilitating invasion and metastasis of colon carcinoma cells.
The politics of knowledge, epistemological occlusion and Islamic management and organization knowledge

This article argues that Islamic management and organization knowledge (MOK) is relatively under- and mis-represented in the literature. This conclusion is reached following a detailed literature survey and analysis which also examines some of the core representational practices used to account for Islam in the literature: the persistence of essentialism and orientalism; the disposition to refract instances of Islamic MOK through Northern lenses; and the tendency for some Southern scholars and institutions to become intellectually captive to the North’s knowledge system. We discuss this in the context of a politics of knowledge that bears on knowledge production and dissemination processes in MOK. This reveals continued intellectual and cultural imperialism, sustained Western hegemony, and the exclusionary practices of the North’s associated discourses and institutional frameworks that valorise and elevate Northern epistemology, theory and method, but devalues and marginalize alternatives. We argue that any neglect of Islam is unwarranted given (a) its global significance on a range of dimensions, (b) the particularities of its relations to the North—characterized by orientalism and Islamophobia and (c) the presence of a distinctive Islamic worldview, epistemology and ethics that informs practical action, including management and organization. This entails that an Islamic MOK offers prospects of an alternative or complement to the North’s orthodox perspective and is deserving of a proper voice in the literature. We conclude by offering practical suggestions for change.
Superresolution microscopy reveals spatial separation of UCP4 and F0F1-ATP synthase in neuronal mitochondria

Significance The question as to how the proton motive force in mitochondria is distributed among the proteins that require a proton gradient for their work is one of the central unresolved questions in mitochondrial physiology and important for the mechanistic insight in the function of mitochondrial proteins. Our results suggest that the local separation of the proteins on the inner mitochondrial membrane makes it impossible for uncoupling protein 4 (UCP4) to uncouple phosphorylation from proton pumping. Nonetheless, UCP4 should be well able to shortcut excessive transmembrane proton gradients to thereby regulate reactive oxygen species production. It explains how the proton transporter may fulfill that function without being a real UCP like UCP1. Because different proteins compete for the proton gradient across the inner mitochondrial membrane, an efficient mechanism is required for allocation of associated chemical potential to the distinct demands, such as ATP production, thermogenesis, regulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS), etc. Here, we used the superresolution technique dSTORM (direct stochastic optical reconstruction microscopy) to visualize several mitochondrial proteins in primary mouse neurons and test the hypothesis that uncoupling protein 4 (UCP4) and F0F1-ATP synthase are spatially separated to eliminate competition for the proton motive force. We found that UCP4, F0F1-ATP synthase, and the mitochondrial marker voltage-dependent anion channel (VDAC) have various expression levels in different mitochondria, supporting the hypothesis of mitochondrial heterogeneity. Our experimental results further revealed that UCP4 is preferentially localized in close vicinity to VDAC, presumably at the inner boundary membrane, whereas F0F1-ATP synthase is more centrally located at the cristae membrane. The data suggest that UCP4 cannot compete for protons because of its spatial separation from both the proton pumps and the ATP synthase. Thus, mitochondrial morphology precludes UCP4 from acting as an uncoupler of oxidative phosphorylation but is consistent with the view that UCP4 may dissipate the excessive proton gradient, which is usually associated with ROS production.
Antitumor effect of hydrolyzed anthocyanin from grape rinds and red rice.

When Balb/C mice that were fed with red glutinous rice, white ordinary rice, or commercially available standard food were inoculated with syngeneic Meth/A lymphoma cells i.p., the group fed the red rice survived longer than the other two groups. In order to determine if the anthocyanins contained in red-coloured seeds and fruit rinds were responsible for the tumor suppressive effect, we added anthocyanins extracted from grape rinds and glutinous red rice to petri dishes that had been seeded with HCT-15 cells. After 4 days of culture, cell counts were made. These anthocyanins were not effective in suppressing the tumor growth. However, anthocyanidins, which were generated by keeping anthocyanins in 5 to 6% HC1 methanol for 5 to 6 hours, were effective in the suppression of tumor growth. Flowcytometric histograms were made after 2 days of culture with these bioflavonoids. The histogram of cells treated with crude anthocyanin was similar to that of the control. Hydrolyzed anthocyanidins gave the elevation of S phase, suggesting a block in the step from S-phase to G2-phase. It seemed that the anthocyanidins contained in the grape rinds and red rice were effective on the suppression of cell growth as observed previously for anthocyanins extracted from the petals of higher plants.
Causal learning without DAGs

Causal learning methods are often evaluated in terms of their ability to discover a true underlying directed acyclic graph (DAG) structure. However, in general the true structure is unknown and may not be a DAG structure. We therefore consider evaluating causal learning methods in terms of predicting the effects of interventions on unseen test data. Given this task, we show that there exist a variety of approaches to modeling causality, generalizing DAG-based methods. Our experiments on synthetic and biological data indicate that some non-DAG models perform as well or better than DAG-based methods at causal prediction tasks.
Ultraslim S-Type Power Supply Rails for Roadway-Powered Electric Vehicles

An ultraslim S-type power supply rail, which has a width of only 4 cm, for roadway-powered electric vehicles (RPEVs) is proposed in this paper. The cross section of the core has a thin S-shape, and a vertically-wound multiturn coil is displaced inside the core. In this way, the most slim power supply rail is designed, which is crucial for the commercialization of RPEVs. The construction of roadway infrastructure, which is responsible for more than 80% of the total deployment cost for RPEVs, can be much easier when the width of the power supply rail is so small. To increase portability and to minimize construction time, a foldable power supply module is also proposed in which flexible power cables connect each foldable power supply module such that no connectors are needed during deployment. An effective winding method for minimizing the cable length is proposed, and an optimum core thickness of the proposed power supply rail is determined by FEA simulations and verified by a prototype power supply module. By virtue of the ultraslim shape, a large lateral displacement of 30 cm at an air gap of 20 cm was experimentally obtained, which is 6 cm larger than that of the I-type power supply rail. In addition to the larger lateral displacement, it is estimated that the S-type one has lower EMF than the I-type one because the width of the S-type one is narrower than that of I-type one. The maximum efficiency, excluding the inverter, was 91%, and the pick-up power was 22 kW.
Hematopoietic stem cell transplantation in HIV-1-infected individuals: clinical challenges and the potential for viral eradication

Purpose of review We will review the evidence that hematopoietic stem cell transplantation is well tolerated and effective in HIV-1-infected individuals with high-risk hematologic malignancies. We will discuss the challenges of using blood and marrow transplant strategies in this population, as well as the potential impact that hematopoietic stem cell transplantation has on HIV-1 reservoirs and persistence. Recent findings Advances in stem cell transplantation and the success of antiretroviral therapy (ART) have made it possible to extend curative cancer therapy to HIV-1-infected individuals with aggressive lymphoma and leukemia. Outcomes of autologous hematopoietic stem cell transplantation in HIV-1-infected individuals are similar to the general population. In allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (alloHSCT), there are a growing number of successful case reports and the first national trial is ongoing. Infectious complications do not appear to be increased in patients on effective ART; however, drug interactions and drug interruptions are common. There is also renewed interest in the possibility that alloHSCT could lead to HIV-1 cure. Summary HIV-1 infection is not a contraindication to blood and marrow transplantation and may offer unique benefits. Particular attention to preventing infectious complications, drug interactions, and drug interruptions in this patient population is required.