Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Polarization Signatures of Kink Instabilities in the Blazar Emission Region from Relativistic Magnetohydrodynamic Simulations

Kink instabilities are likely to occur in the current-carrying magnetized plasma jets. Recent observations of the blazar radiation and polarization signatures suggest that the blazar emission region may be considerably magnetized. While the kink instability has been studied with first-principle magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) simulations, the corresponding time-dependent radiation and polarization signatures have not been investigated. In this paper, we perform comprehensive polarization-dependent radiation modeling of the kink instability in the blazar emission region based on relativistic MHD (RMHD) simulations. We find that the kink instability may give rise to strong flares with polarization angle (PA) swings or weak flares with polarization fluctuations, depending on the initial magnetic topology and magnetization. These findings are consistent with observations. Compared with the shock model, the kink model generates polarization signatures that are in better agreement with the general polarization observations. Therefore, we suggest that kink instabilities may widely exist in the jet environment and provide an efficient way to convert the magnetic energy and produce multiwavelength flares and polarization variations.
Accurate fundamental parameters for A-, F- and G-type Supergiants in the solar neighbourhood

The following parameters are determined for 63 Galactic supergiants in the solar neighbourhood: effective temperature T eff ; surface gravity log g; iron abundance log ∈(Fe); microturbulent parameter V t ; mass M/M ⊙ ; age t and distance d. A significant improvement in the accuracy of the determination of log g, and all parameters dependent on it, is obtained through application of van Leeuwen rereduction of the Hipparcos parallaxes. The typical error in the log g values is now ±0.06 dex for supergiants with distances d 700 pc, parallaxes are uncertain or unmeasurable, so typical errors in their log g values are 0.2-0.3 dex. A new T eff scale for A5-G5 stars of luminosity classes Ib-II is presented. Spectral subtypes and luminosity classes of several stars are corrected. Combining the T eff and log g with evolutionary tracks, stellar masses and ages are determined; a majority of the sample has masses between 4 and 15 M ⊙ and, hence, their progenitors were early to middle B-type main-sequence stars. Using Fe II lines, which are insensitive to departures from local thermodynamic equilibrium, the microturbulent parameter V t and the iron abundance log ∈(Fe) are determined from high-resolution spectra. The parameter V t is correlated with gravity: V t increases with decreasing log g. The mean iron abundance for the 48 supergiants with distances d < 700 pc is log ∈(Fe) = 7.48 ± 0.09, a value close to the solar value of 7.45 ± 0.05, and thus the local supergiants and the Sun have the same metallicity.
Nanoscale membrane budding induced by CTxB on quasi-one component lipid bilayers detected by polarized localization microscopy

For endocytosis and exocytosis, membranes transition between planar, budding, and vesicular topographies through nanoscale reorganization of lipids, proteins, and carbohydrates. However, prior attempts to understand the initial stages of nanoscale bending have been limited by experimental resolution. Through the implementation of polarized localization microscopy (PLM), this manuscript reports the inherent membrane bending capability of cholera toxin subunit B (CTxB) in quasi-one component supported lipid bilayers. Membrane buds were first detected with 200 nm radius, and extended into longer tubules with dependence on the membrane tension and CTxB concentration. Compared to the concentration of the planar supported lipid bilayers, CTxB was >10x more concentrated on the positive curvature top and >25x more concentrated on the negative Gaussian curvature neck of the nanoscale membrane buds. This finding elucidates prior observations by correlating CTxB clustering and diffusion to CTxB-induced membrane bending. CTxB is frequently used as a marker for liquid-ordered lipid phases; however, the coupling between CTxB and membrane bending provides an alternate understanding of CTxB-induced membrane reorganization. Single-particle tracking was performed on both lipids and CTxB to reveal the correlation between single-molecule diffusion, CTxB accumulation, and membrane topography. Slowed lipid and CTxB diffusion was observed at the nanoscale buds locations, suggesting a local increase in membrane viscosity or molecular crowding upon membrane bending. These results suggest inherent CTxB-induced membrane bending as a mechanism for initiating CTxB internalization in cells that is initially independent of clathrin, caveolin, actin, and lipid phase separation.
Dynamics of drop impact on solid surfaces: evolution of impact force and self-similar spreading

We investigate the dynamics of drop impacts on dry solid surfaces. By synchronising high-speed photography with fast force sensing, we simultaneously measure the temporal evolution of the shape and impact force of impacting drops over a wide range of Reynolds numbers ( $\mathit{Re}$ ). At high $\mathit{Re}$ , when inertia dominates the impact processes, we show that the early time evolution of impact force follows a square-root scaling, quantitatively agreeing with a recent self-similar theory. This observation provides direct experimental evidence on the existence of upward propagating self-similar pressure fields during the initial impact of liquid drops at high $\mathit{Re}$ . When viscous forces gradually set in with decreasing $\mathit{Re}$ , we analyse the early time scaling of the impact force of viscous drops using a perturbation method. The analysis quantitatively matches our experiments and successfully predicts the trends of the maximum impact force and the associated peak time with decreasing $\mathit{Re}$ . Furthermore, we discuss the influence of viscoelasticity on the temporal signature of impact forces. Last but not least, we also investigate the spreading of liquid drops at high $\mathit{Re}$ following the initial impact. Particularly, we find an exact parameter-free self-similar solution for the inertia-driven drop spreading, which quantitatively predicts the height of spreading drops at high $\mathit{Re}$ . The limit of the self-similar approach for drop spreading is also discussed. As such, our study provides a quantitative understanding of the temporal evolution of impact forces across the inertial, viscous and viscoelastic regimes and sheds new light on the self-similar dynamics of drop-impact processes.
Quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa) Purification of CqMSRA5.1 Prokaryotic Protein, Sulfoxide Reductase (MSR) Gene CqMSR5.1 in Osmotic Stress Response

Located in chloroplast. The vitro enzymatic property verification CqMSRA5.1 can specifically reduce type methionine sulfoxide and belongs to MSRA family. Arabidopsis wild type Col 0, CqMSRA5.1 transformed Arabidopsis overexpression line and msra5 Arabidopsis mutant were used as materials to carryout phenotypic experiments of simulated osmotic stress treatment and soil drought treatment. The above results showed CqMSRA5.1. Enhance the resistance of Arabidopsis to osmotic stress by regulatcan enhance the resistance of Arabidopsis to osmotic stress by regulating the balance of the balance of ROS. The interaction protein of MSRA5 was predicted and analyzed by bioinformatics technology. Glutathione synthase 2 (GSH2) was predicted as the potential interaction protein of MSRA5 . Yeast two hybrid experiment and two molecule fluorescence complementary experiment confirmed that quinoa glutathione synthase 2 gene (GSH2) and CqMSRA5.1 was interacted with each other. Through protein simulation binding analysis, it is found that the specific region of interaction is met residue 193 of CqGSH2 . The pharmacological phenotype experiment with GSH specific inhibitor BSO showed that BSO could significantly inhibit CqMSRA5.1 . The above CqMSRA5.1 and CqGSH2 interact structurally.
Identified vulnerability contexts for a paddy production assessment with climate change in Bali, Indonesia

Indonesia is one of the countries that is most vulnerable to climate change. As a small Indonesian island, Bali is likely to also be affected by climate change impacts, including rising sea levels, drought, and flooding, which will also impact on its paddy production. This paper shows how the focus area of vulnerability assessments in Bali has been identified, based on multiple assessments including literature reviews, statistical assessment, stakeholder and policy assessment, and interviews with farmers. A project team applied a six-step process to identify issues linked to climate change, the purpose and system of vulnerability assessment, potential risk/harm in context, and potential variables for a further assessment. The team identified paddy production as a significant issue, and the purpose and system was the Presidential Decree No.5 on paddy production. Significant concerns linked to paddy production included droughts, land use change, and potential variables for vulnerability assessment such as water level and the price of rice. This paper suggests how adaptive measures should be implemented to handle paddy production in a changing climate. The results of this paper were used by a vulnerability assessment on rice paddy and climate change [Takama, T. , Setyani, P., & Aldrian, E. (2014). Climate change vulnerability to rice paddy production in Bali, Indonesia. In W. Leal Filho (Ed.), Handbook of climate change adaptation (pp. 1–23). Berlin: Springer].
Current Status of Vaccines Developed for SARS-CoV-2 Infection: A Review

COVID-19 is a respiratory disease caused by SARS-CoV-2 which at the beginning of 2020 started a global pandemic. During the pandemic, multiple medications have emerged to treat it, however, the best way to control this calamity is through the prevention giben y vaccines. This review has the aim of understanding the immune response triggered by SARS-CoV-2 and the strategies used by vaccines to fight it during the COVID-19 pandemic. The search was made in PubMed, Google Scholar, and Scopus using “SARS-CoV- 2”, “COVID-19”, “vaccines”, “immune response”, and “infection” as keywords, then 120 articles were selected. The challenge posed by SARS-Cov-2 infection has been addressed with the development of effective vaccines in a short time, additionally, some of them are innovative such as RNA vaccines. However, phase 3 trials indicate variations by population group that have had to be adjusted for the vaccine to be effective in different parts of the world. The current challenge is imposed by effective immunization against the variants that have emerged and are more contagious. Bangladesh Journal of Infectious Diseases, April 2022;9(Suppl_1): S40-S54
POTENT Reconstruction from Mark III Velocities

We present an improved version of the POTENT method for reconstructing the cosmological velocity and mass density fields from radial peculiar velocities, test it with mock catalogs, and apply it to the Mark III Catalog of Galaxy Peculiar Velocities. The method is improved in several ways: (1) the inhomogeneous Malmquist bias is reduced by grouping and corrected statistically in either forward or inverse analyses of inferred distances, (2) the smoothing into a radial velocity field is optimized such that window and sampling biases are reduced, (3) the density field is derived from the velocity field using an improved weakly nonlinear approximation in Eulerian space, and (4) the computational errors are made negligible compared to the other errors. The method is carefully tested and optimized using realistic mock catalogs based on an N-body simulation that mimics our cosmological neighborhood, and the remaining systematic and random errors are evaluated quantitatively. The Mark III catalog, with ~3300 grouped galaxies, allows a reliable reconstruction with fixed Gaussian smoothing of 10-12 h-1 Mpc out to ~60 h-1 Mpc and beyond in some directions. We present maps of the three-dimensional velocity and mass-density fields and the corresponding errors. The typical systematic and random errors in the density fluctuations inside 40 h-1 Mpc are ±0.13 and ±0.18 (for Ω = 1). In its gross features, the recovered mass distribution resembles the galaxy distribution in redshift surveys and the mass distribution in a similar POTENT analysis of a complementary velocity catalog (SFI), including such features as the Great Attractor, Perseus-Pisces, and the large void in between. The reconstruction inside ~40 h-1 Mpc is not affected much by a revised calibration of the distance indicators (VM2, tailored to match the velocities from the IRAS 1.2 Jy redshift survey). The volume-weighted bulk velocity within the sphere of radius 50 h-1 Mpc about the Local Group is V50 = 370 ± 110 km s-1 (including systematic errors) and is shown to be mostly generated by external mass fluctuations. With the VM2 calibration, V50 is in a similar direction and reduced to 305 ± 110 km s-1.
The Supernova Remnant G11.2–0.3 and Its Central Pulsar

The plerion inside the composite supernova remnant G11.2-0.3 appears to be dominated by the magnetic field to an extent unprecedented among well-known cases. We discuss its evolution, as determined by a central pulsar, and its interaction with the surrounding thermal remnant—which, in turn, interacts with the ambient medium. We find that a plausible scenario exists, in which all the observations can be reproduced with rather typical values for the parameters of the system. We also obtain the most likely period for the still undetected pulsar.
Spheromak formation and sustainment by tangential boundary flows

The nonlinear, resistive, three-dimensional magnetohydrodynamic equations are solved numerically to demonstrate the possibility of forming and sustaining a spheromak by forcing tangential flows at the plasma boundary. The method can be explained in terms of helicity injection. Several features previously observed in dc helicity injection experiments are reproduced and analyzed.
Black hole solutions in the warped DGP braneworld

We study the static, analytical solution of black holes in the warped DGP braneworld scenario. We show that the linearized field equations and matching conditions lead to solutions that are not compatible with Schwarzschild-(A)dS(4) solutions on the brane. This incompatibility is similar to vDVZ discontinuity in massive gravity theory. Following the standard procedure to remove this discontinuity, which was firstly proposed by Vainshtein, we keep some appropriate nonlinear terms in the field equations. This strategy has its origin in the fact that the spatial extrinsic curvature of the brane plays a crucial role in the nonlinear nature of the solutions and also in recovering the well-measured predictions of general relativity (GR) at small scales. Using this feature, we obtained an interesting black string solution in the bulk when it is compatible with 4D GR solutions on the brane.
Minimal massive 3D gravity

We present an alternative to topologically massive gravity (TMG) with the same ‘minimal’ bulk properties; i.e. a single local degree of freedom that is realized as a massive graviton in linearization about an anti-de Sitter (AdS) vacuum. However, in contrast to TMG, the new ‘minimal massive gravity’ has both a positive energy graviton and positive central charges for the asymptotic AdS-boundary conformal algebra.
Neutron Star Powered Nebulae: A New View on Pulsar Wind Nebulae with the Fermi Gamma-ray Space Telescope

Pulsars are rapidly-rotating neutron stars born out of the death of stars. A diffuse nebula is formed when particles stream from these neutron stars and interact with the ambient medium. These pulsar wind nebulae (PWNe) are visible across the electromagnetic spectrum, producing some of the most brilliant objects ever observed. The launch of the Fermi Gamma-ray Space Telescope in 2008 has offered us an unprecedented view of the cosmic gamma-ray sky. Using data from the LAT on board Fermi, we search for new gamma-ray-emitting PWN. With these new observations, we vastly expand the number of PWN observed at these energies. We interpret the observed gamma-ray emission from these PWN in terms of a model where accelerated electrons produce gamma-rays through inverse Compton upscattering when they interact with interstellar photon fields. We conclude by studying how the observed PWN evolve with the age and spin-down power of the host pulsar.
FINDING, CHARACTERIZING, AND CLASSIFYING VARIABLE SOURCES IN MULTI-EPOCH SKY SURVEYS: QSOs AND RR LYRAE IN PS1 3π DATA

In area and depth, the Pan-STARRS1 (PS1) 3π survey is unique among many-epoch, multi-band surveys and has enormous potential for the all-sky identification of variable sources. PS1 has observed the sky typically seven times in each of its five bands (grizy) over 3.5 years, but unlike SDSS, not simultaneously across the bands. Here we develop a new approach for quantifying statistical properties of non-simultaneous, sparse, multi-color light curves through light curve structure functions, effectively turning PS1 into a ∼35-epoch survey. We use this approach to estimate variability amplitudes and timescales (ωr, τ) for all point sources brighter than rP1 = 21.5 mag in the survey. With PS1 data on SDSS Stripe 82 as “ground truth,” we use a Random Forest Classifier to identify QSOs and RR Lyrae based on their variability and their mean PS1 and WISE colors. We find that, aside from the Galactic plane, QSO and RR Lyrae samples of purity ∼75% and completeness ∼92% can be selected. On this basis we have identified a sample of ∼1,000,000 QSO candidates, as well as an unprecedentedly large and deep sample of ∼150,000 RR Lyrae candidates with distances from ∼10 to ∼120 kpc. Within the Draco dwarf spheroidal, we demonstrate a distance precision of 6% for RR Lyrae candidates. We provide a catalog of all likely variable point sources and likely QSOs in PS1, a total of 25.8 × 106 sources.
Momentum-space calculation of proton-deuteron scattering including Coulomb and irreducible three-nucleon forces

Three-nucleon scattering equations with irreducible three-nucleon force are solved in momentum-space. The Coulomb interaction between the two protons is included using the method of screening and renormalization. The need for the renormalization of the scattering amplitudes is demonstrated numerically. The Coulomb and Urbana IX three-nucleon force effects on the observables of elastic proton-deuteron scattering and breakup are studied.
Anatomical assessment of the temporomandibular joint with magnetic resonance imaging

A systemic and synthetic review of the anatomy of the temporomandibular joint in magnetic resonance imaging was developed for its evaluation. The temporomandibular joint is an anatomical structure composed of bones, muscles, ligaments and an articular disc that allows important physiological movements, such as mandibular opening, closing, protrusion, retrusion and lateralization. Magnetic resonance imaging is an imaging technique that does not use ionizing radiation and is more specific for the evaluation and interpretation of soft tissues, due to its high resolution, so it has an important role in the diagnosis of various maxillofacial pathologies, which is why the dentist should have knowledge of the structures and functions of the temporomandibular joint through magnetic resonance imaging. The review demonstrates the importance of magnetic resonance imaging in the study of the anatomy of the temporomandibular joint, in addition to mentioning the advantages provided by this imaging technique such as its good detail of the soft tissues in its different sequences and the non-use of ionizing radiation to obtain its images.
swMPAS-A: Scaling MPAS-A to 39 Million Heterogeneous Cores on the New Generation Sunway Supercomputer

With the computing power of High-Performance Computing (HPC) systems having stepped into the exascale era, more complex problems can be solved with scientific applications on a large scale. However, due to the significant performance gap between computing nodes and storage subsystems, suboptimal design for the Input/Output (I/O) module will significantly impede the efficiency of scientific applications, especially for the ubiquitous atmosphere applications. Two-phase I/O implemented in N-to-1 mode creates a serious bottleneck that hinders the scalability for the Model for Prediction Across Scales-Atmosphere (MPAS-A) on the new generation Sunway supercomputer. To address the I/O problem, we apply a custom data reorganization method to enable N-to-M I/O mode to exploit the parallel file system's performance and limit the data transfer among MPI ranks to a restricted scope to alleviate communication overhead. Moreover, we have conducted several methods to accelerate the computations, including the redesign for tracer transport, a hybrid buffering scheme, and a three-level parallelization scheme, which allows MPAS-A to use all heterogeneous computing resources efficiently. Experimental results show admirable scalability and efficiency of our I/O method, which achieves speedups of 41× and 58.9× for input and output compared with the raw I/O method on 30,000 MPI ranks. By scaling MPAS-A to 39 million heterogeneous cores, we demonstrate the necessity of a well-constructed I/O module for a real-world atmosphere application. Speed tests show that our optimization methods obtain good results for computations, and MPAS-A achieves a speed of 0.82 Simulated Day per Hour (SDPH) and 0.76 parallel efficiency of strong scaling with 600,000 MPI ranks.
Low-frequency regime transitions and predictability of regimes in a barotropic model

Predictability of flow is examined in a barotropic vorticity model that admits low frequency regime transitions between zonal and dipolar states. Such transitions in the model were first studied by Bouchet and Simonnet (2009) and are reminiscent of regime change phenomena in the weather and climate systems wherein extreme and abrupt qualitative changes occur, seemingly randomly, after long periods of apparent stability. Mechanisms underlying regime transitions in the model are not well understood yet. From the point of view of atmospheric and oceanic dynamics, a novel aspect of the model is the lack of any source of background gradient of potential-vorticity such as topography or planetary gradient of rotation rate (e.g., as in Charney & DeVore '79). We consider perturbations that are embedded onto the system's chaotic attractor under the full nonlinear dynamics as bred vectors---nonlinear generalizations of the leading (backward) Lyapunov vector. We find that ensemble predictions that use bred vector perturbations are more robust in terms of error-spread relationship than those that use Lyapunov vector perturbations. In particular, when bred vector perturbations are used in conjunction with a simple data assimilation scheme (nudging to truth), we find that at least some of the evolved perturbations align to identify low-dimensional subspaces associated with regions of large forecast error in the control (unperturbed, data-assimilating) run; this happens less often in ensemble predictions that use Lyapunov vector perturbations. Nevertheless, in the inertial regime we consider, we find that (a) the system is more predictable when it is in the zonal regime, and that (b) the horizon of predictability is far too short compared to characteristic time scales associated with processes that lead to regime transitions, thus precluding the possibility of predicting such transitions.