Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Commentary: ethnicity, race, and forensic psychiatry--is being unblinded enough?

Psychiatric treatment is a dialogue among individuals, their communities, and service providers. For any dialogue to be effective, there has to be mutual respect and understanding. One-size-fits-all concepts of psychiatric diagnosis and treatment are unlikely to lead to effective dialogue and are unlikely to produce equitable treatment for ethnic minority groups. Seen from this perspective, color-blind approaches to the treatment of diverse populations are facile. But seeing one approach as facile does not necessarily make the development of appropriate solutions easier. Dr. Hicks, in a wide-ranging and provocative article, reviews the literature on ethnic bias in forensic psychiatry and posits that forensic psychiatrists need to develop skills to become capable of dealing with diverse communities. Improving clinical formulations, increasing objectivity, and giving attention to validity of scientific assessment by expert witnesses are all considered important tools in this regard. It is not clear, however, that such an approach is sufficient. Even if forensic psychiatrists were better at dealing with African Americans, there would still be a disproportionate number of African Americans going through the forensic system. Toward the Development of Equitable Services
The experience of receiving and then losing a scholarship: a tracer study of secondary school scholarship recipients in Uganda

This study reports findings of a tracer that investigated differences in the profile and subsequent experiences of scholarship recipients in Uganda who were able to complete the lower secondary school cycle (O level) without interruption (N = 174) and those that dropped out before completing their O-level cycle (N = 51), thereby losing their scholarship. Findings indicate that the scholarship programme had important positive impacts on all participants, even if they were unable to complete their O level. Moreover, scholarships had a multiplier effect; they had positive impacts on recipients' siblings, parents, and neighbours. When scholarship recipients did drop out, the most prevalent causes were poverty, pregnancy, and poor performance. However, even the modest amounts of education these dropouts received changed the course of their lives in positive ways.
Nonallelic homologous recombination between retrotransposable elements is a driver of de novo unbalanced translocations

Large-scale analysis of balanced chromosomal translocation breakpoints has shown nonhomologous end joining and microhomology-mediated repair to be the main drivers of interchromosomal structural aberrations. Breakpoint sequences of de novo unbalanced translocations have not yet been investigated systematically. We analyzed 12 de novo unbalanced translocations and mapped the breakpoints in nine. Surprisingly, in contrast to balanced translocations, we identify nonallelic homologous recombination (NAHR) between (retro)transposable elements and especially long interspersed elements (LINEs) as the main mutational mechanism. This finding shows yet another involvement of (retro)transposons in genomic rearrangements and exposes a profoundly different mutational mechanism compared with balanced chromosomal translocations. Furthermore, we show the existence of compound maternal/paternal derivative chromosomes, reinforcing the hypothesis that human cleavage stage embryogenesis is a cradle of chromosomal rearrangements.
Vesicle Movements and Microtubule-Based Motors

SUMMARY The movements of many cytoplasmic vesicles follow the paths of microtubules, some moving in one direction and others moving in the opposite direction on the same microtubule. Recently we have isolated one cytoplasmic motor, kinesin, and defined another, the axoplasmic retrograde factor, both of which are capable of powering anionic latex beads in both directions along polar microtubule arrays. Evidence summarized here supports but does not prove the hypothesis that kinesin and the retrograde motors are indeed responsible for powering vesicle movements.
Morphological characteristics of abdominal adipose tissue in normal-weight and obese women of different metabolic profiles.

BACKGROUND AND AIMS Morphological changes in adipose tissue reflect functional disorders that correlate with cardiometabolic complications of obesity. The metabolic risks vary among the obese individuals. Furthermore, normal-weight individuals are not necessarily metabolically healthy. Therefore, the aim of this study was to analyze morphological characteristics of the abdominal adipose tissue in normal-weight and obese individuals in regards to metabolic risks. METHODS AND RESULTS The study group consisted of 30 overweight or obese and 20 normal-weight women undergoing elective surgery. Women of each group were divided into metabolically healthy and metabolically obese, based on the homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR), triglyceride, total-, LDL- and HDL-cholesterol levels. The size and numerical density of adipocytes, as well as volume density of blood vessels in subcutaneous and visceral adipose tissue were compared among subgroups. The results showed hypertrophy of adipocytes of visceral adipose tissue in metabolically obese normal-weight women. At the same time, metabolically healthy obese women had smaller adipocytes in both depots in comparison with "at risk" obese women. The lowest volume density of blood vessels correlated with the largest diameter of adipocytes in "at risk" obese women indicating hypoxic changes in visceral adipose tissue. The observed differences of the adipose tissue morphology did not correlate with considerable phenotypic differences within either the normal-weight or obese women group. CONCLUSION Changes in adipocyte size, cellular and vascular density of adipose tissue in relation with metabolic disorders, regardless of nutritional level, suggest limited capacity of fat deposition and adipose tissue response to hypoxia.
Noise-Clustered Distant Supervision for Relation Extraction: A Nonparametric Bayesian Perspective

For the task of relation extraction, distant supervision is an efficient approach to generate labeled data by aligning knowledge base with free texts. The essence of it is a challenging incomplete multi-label classification problem with sparse and noisy features. To address the challenge, this work presents a novel nonparametric Bayesian formulation for the task. Experiment results show substantially higher top precision improvements over the traditional state-of-the-art approaches.
Skew-t inference with improved covariance matrix approximation

Filtering and smoothing algorithms for linear discrete-time state-space models with skew-t distributed measurement noise are presented. The proposed algorithms improve upon our earlier proposed filter and smoother using the mean field variational Bayes approximation of the posterior distribution to a skew-t likelihood and normal prior. Our simulations show that the proposed variational Bayes approximation gives a more accurate approximation of the posterior covariance matrix than our earlier proposed method. Furthermore, the novel filter and smoother outperform our earlier proposed methods and conventional low complexity alternatives in accuracy and speed.
Philosophical implications of cognitive semantics

Cogniiive semantics is a philosophical, äs well äs a linguistic, orientation. Thefact that our conceptual Systems and reasoning are grounded in bodily experience and are imaginatively structured has wide-ranging implications for several crucial philosophical issues. What cognitive semantics reveals aboul the imaginative structure of concepts bears directly on the nature of meaning and human underStanding. This, in turn, entails certain ontological commitmentst including a view about how the mind works, human nature, and self-identity. The view ofreason that emerges has striking consequences for our understanding of morality and politics. 1. Issues that matter Cognitive semantics is important, not just because it solves difficult Problems of syntax, semantics, and pragmatics, but especially because of what it reveals about the nature of human concepts and reasoning. It gives us deep insight into how the mind works and thus into the way we understand and construct our worlds through interactions with our physical, interpersonal, and cultural environments. Moreover, cognitive semantics is providing converging empirical results concerning the nature of human understanding that challenge some of our most deeply-rooted philosophical dogmas about what it is to be human. Some people will protest that, since cognitive semantics is still in its infancy, we are in no position to identify anything like a shared set of philosophical commitments. Because this approach is barely a decade oid, it is to be expected that there exists no unified conception of our methodological commitments. In the first issue of Cognitive Linguistics, for example, we find already several differing accounts — by Geeraerts, Langacker, Lakoff, Dressler, Wierzbicka, and Fauconnier — of what our Cognitive Linguistics 3-4 (1992), 345-366 0936-5907/92/0003-0345 $2.00 © Walter de Gruyter
Coarctation of the aorta: Stenting in children and adults

Coarctation of the aorta may present in infants, children, or adults, and it requires treatment to prevent serious morbidity and mortality. Recent advances in equipment and a growing collective experience have made placement of balloon‐expandable stents a safe and effective alternative to surgery or angioplasty in a growing range of patients. This review seeks to provide a working aid for stenting of coarctation of the aorta, based on the techniques and technical considerations in practice at our institution. Between 1989 and 2005, the Congenital Cardiovascular Interventional Study Consortium (CCISC), a consortium of 17 centers, of which our institution is the largest contributor, performed 588 stent placements for coarctation of the aorta. Of the 588 procedures, 580 (98.6%) were successful, as defined by reduction of the gradient to less than 20 mm Hg or increase of the ratio of the diameter of the coarctation area (CoA) to the diameter of the descending aorta (DAo) to at least 0.8. There were a total of 84 complications occurring in 69/588 (11.7%) cases. The most common significant complications were femoral access vessel related 15/588 (2.6%), aneurysm formation 13/588 (2.2%), aortic dissection 9/588 (1.5%), and cerebrovascular accident 6/588 (1.0%). There were two procedure‐related deaths (0.3%) recorded in the 16‐year period. Many of these significant complications occurred in the same patients. Balloon‐expandable stents should be considered a safe and very effective treatment modality in a significant subset of patients with coarctation of the aorta. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
The Returns to Language Skills in the US Labor Market

This paper uses data from the 2010 American Community Survey (ACS) to study the returns to language skills of child and adult migrants in the US labor market. We employ an instrumental variable strategy, which exploits differences in language acquisition profiles between immigrants from English- and non-English-speaking countries of origin, to address problems related to endogeneity and measurement error. We find significantly positive returns to language skills and demonstrate that education is an important channel through which language skills affect wages of child migrants. Although the returns of adult migrants do not depend on education, we find that child and adult migrants exhibit similar returns to language skills.
Effects of acute exercise and allopurinol administration on soluble urokinase plasminogen activator receptor (suPAR).

BACKGROUND Although physical exercise acutely increases the most widely used inflammatory biomarkers, there is no information on its effect on soluble urokinase plasminogen activating receptor (suPAR), a circulating biomarker increasingly used for the assessment of systemic inflammation. METHODS suPAR was assessed with the quantitative suPARnostic Standard ELISA Assay (Virogates, Birkerød, Denmark) in 12 professional football players before and after a football match. The athletes were divided into two experimental groups. An oral dose of 300 mg of allopurinol was administered to one group of six participants four hours before a match; the other six participants received placebo. RESULTS Serum suPAR concentration did not vary significantly after the match in both the placebo and allopurinol group. No significant differences were observed between placebo and allopurinol groups at baseline and after the game. CONCLUSIONS At variance with other consolidated inflammatory biomarkers, suPAR is not influenced by either physical exercise or administration of xanthine oxidase inhibitors.
Traumatic brain injury: a disease process, not an event.

Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is seen by the insurance industry and many health care providers as an "event. " Once treated and provided with a brief period of rehabilitation, the perception exists that patients with a TBI require little further treatment and face no lasting effects on the central nervous system or other organ systems. In fact, TBI is a chronic disease process, one that fits the World Health Organization definition as having one or more of the following characteristics: it is permanent, caused by non-reversible pathological alterations, requires special training of the patient for rehabilitation, and/or may require a long period of observation, supervision, or care. TBI increases long-term mortality and reduces life expectancy. It is associated with increased incidences of seizures, sleep disorders, neurodegenerative diseases, neuroendocrine dysregulation, and psychiatric diseases, as well as non-neurological disorders such as sexual dysfunction, bladder and bowel incontinence, and systemic metabolic dysregulation that may arise and/or persist for months to years post-injury. The purpose of this article is to encourage the classification of TBI as the beginning of an ongoing, perhaps lifelong process, that impacts multiple organ systems and may be disease causative and accelerative. Our intent is not to discourage patients with TBI or their families and caregivers, but rather to emphasize that TBI should be managed as a chronic disease and defined as such by health care and insurance providers. Furthermore, if the chronic nature of TBI is recognized by government and private funding agencies, research can be directed at discovering therapies that may interrupt the disease processes months or even years after the initiating event.
A fake timing attack against behavioural tests used in embedded IoT M2M communications

Interconnected embedded machines in the Internet of Things (IoT) play a key role for collecting and managing data from the real environment. These machines adopt Machine-to-Machine (M2M) networks in order to exchange information. Securing this information is therefore essential. However, these machines have reduced capabilities giving the opportunity to be easily compromised. IoT trust agents in embedded machines can use timing-based behavioural tests in order to trust each other. However, attackers can use powerful systems to subvert the network by launching a fake timing attack. This attack consists of mimicking the timing behaviours of real embedded machines. In this work, we present a detection algorithm for detecting this attack and also detecting forged embedded machines based on virtual and emulated systems. This will allow IoT embedded machines to create trusted M2M communications.
The UK language learning crisis in the public media: a critical analysis

Low levels of foreign language learning in the United Kingdom have been attributed to a lack of interest and motivation which, it is claimed, is partly fostered by the media. The present study examines 90 UK newspaper articles that contributed to the public debate on the language learning crisis in the UK between February 2010 and February 2012. Articles were drawn from both national (England, Scotland, Wales, Northern Ireland) and regional newspapers via Nexis UK. Adopting a Critical Discourse Analysis (CDA) theoretical perspective, the authors analyse the themes mentioned in different newspapers, before relating the findings to the target readership demographics of individual newspapers, in order to show how themes identified in particular publications, as well as in the press of the four UK nations, relate to the target readerships and the political context of language policies within England, Scotland, Wales and Northern Ireland.
The Shape of Things to Come: New Urbanism, the Grid and the Cul-De-Sac

Abstract There is much debate in the UK, North America and Australia within both crime prevention and planning concerning New Urbanism and the design of suburban housing layouts. New Urbanism promotes high-density, mixed-use residential developments in ‘walkable’ neighbourhoods close to public transport, employment and amenities. One significant factor is New Urbanism's support for permeability and the preference of the grid street layout over the cul-de-sac (Morrow-Jones et al., (2004). The authors present the evidence as it relates to the grid and the cul-de-sac across a range of inter-disciplinary issues such as crime, walkability, social interaction, travel behaviour, traffic safety, cost and sustainability and housing preferences. This paper provides a brief history of the grid and cul-de-sac, discusses their respective strengths and weaknesses and concludes that any ‘one-size-fits-all’ approach is myopic and simplistic. It calls for a more holistic approach to understanding the localized and contextual dimension to suburban street layouts and how they may affect human behaviour. The paper highlights key areas for future research and calls for more inter-disciplinary debate and cooperation, particularly between environmental criminologists, planners and town centre managers.
Opposing Effects of Contextual Surround in Human Early Visual Cortex Revealed by Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging with Continuously Modulated Visual Stimuli

Spatial context in vision has profound effects on neural responses and perception. Recent animal studies suggest that the effect of surround on a central stimulus can dramatically change its character depending on the contrast of the center stimulus, but such a drastic change has not been demonstrated in the human visual cortex. To examine the dependency of the surround effect on the contrast of the center stimulus, we conducted an functional magnetic resonance imaging experiment by using a low or a high contrast in the center region while the surround contrast was sinusoidally modulated between the two contrasts. We found that the blood oxygen level-dependent response in human V1 corresponding to the center region was differentially modulated by the surround contrast, depending crucially on the center contrast: whereas a suppressive effect was observed in conditions in which the center contrast was high, a facilitative effect was seen in conditions where the center contrast was low.
A case of more than 20 years survival with glioblastoma, and development of cavernous angioma as a delayed complication of radiotherapy

Glioblastoma (GBM) is the most common malignant CNS neoplasm, the prognosis of which remains poor even after multidisciplinary treatment. The 5‐year overall survival rate of GBM is less than 10% and has remained unchanged for more than 50 years. Because GBM patients rarely survive over a decade, only very few cases of delayed complications caused by therapy have been reported. Here, we report the case of a 24‐year‐old man who is still alive 21 years after surgical resection and chemoradiotherapy for GBM. This patient developed a cavernous angioma 19 years after the initial surgery as a delayed complication of radiotherapy. The diagnosis of the initial tumor was confirmed by histopathological review, which indicated that the tumor had immunohistochemical and genetic profiles consistent with GBM. Long‐term survival in the case of this GBM patient likely resulted from a combination of factors, including hypermethylation of the MGMT (O6‐methyl guanine methyl transferase) CpG island, young age at diagnosis, good performance status, and complete surgical resection of the tumor. To the best of our knowledge, this case report describes one of the longest‐surviving GBM patients and is the first on radiation‐induced cavernous angioma in a GBM patient.
Studying of Semantic Similarity Methods in Ontology

Humans are able to easily judge if a pair of concepts are related in some way. Understanding of how humans are able to perform this task is not easy. Semantic similarity denotes computing the similarity between concepts, having the same meaning or related information, which are not necessarily lexically similar. Semantic similarity between concepts plays an important role in Semantic Web, knowledge sharing, Web mining, semantic sense understanding and text summarization. This also is an important problem in Natural Language Processing and Information Retrieval Researches. These techniques are becoming important components of most of the Information Retrieval (IR), Information Extraction (IE) and other intelligent knowledge based systems. Therefore it has received considerable attention in the literature. Ontology has a good hierarchical structure of concepts. In the ontology, semantic information can be realized through the semantic relationship of concepts. Ontology-based semantic similarity techniques can estimate the semantic similarity between two hierarchically expressed concepts in a given ontology or taxonomy. Semantic similarity is usually computed by mapping concepts to ontology and by examining their relationships in it. The most popular semantic similarity methods are implemented and evaluated using WordNet and MeSH. Several algorithmic approaches for computing semantic similarity have been proposed. This paper discusses the various approaches used for identifying semantically similar concepts in ontology.
The Functional Theory of Stratification: Some Neglected Considerations

The functional theory of stratification advanced by Davis and Moore attempts to explain the universality and the necessity of inequality in societies with a complex division of labor, a task that is independent of efforts to explain the division of labor itself or the intergenerational perpetuation of inequalities along family lines. The theory is so general, however, that it excludes none of the Utopian models of "classless societies" proposed by Western thinkers and, its critics to the contrary notwithstanding, says nothing whatsoever about the range of inequality and the determinants of the range in concrete societies. The theory appears to understate the degree to which positions are inherited by failing to view societies in long-range historical perspective. In common with the arguments of its critics, it also ignores the possible disruptive consequences of mobility and equality of opportunity, a theme notably neglected by American sociologists.