Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Spatiotemporal topological kriging of runoff time series

This paper proposes a geostatistical method for estimating runoff time series in ungauged catchments. The method conceptualizes catchments as space‐time filters and exploits the space‐time correlations of runoff along the stream network topology. We hence term the method topological kriging or top kriging. It accounts for hydrodynamic and geomorphologic dispersion as well as routing and estimates runoff as a weighted average of the observed runoff in neighboring catchments. Top kriging is tested by cross validation on 10 years of hourly runoff data from 376 catchments in Austria and separately for a subset of these data, the Innviertel region. The median Nash‐Sutcliffe efficiency of hourly runoff in the Innviertel region is 0.87 but decreases to 0.75 for the entire data set. For a subset of 208 catchments, the median efficiency of daily runoff estimated by top kriging is 0.87 as compared to 0.67 for estimates of a deterministic runoff model that uses regionalized model parameters. The much better performance of top kriging is because it avoids rainfall data errors and avoids the parameter identifiability issues of traditional runoff models. The analyses indicate that the kriging variance can be used for identifying catchments with potentially poor estimates. The Innviertel region is used to examine the kriging weights for nested and nonnested catchments and to compare various variants of top kriging. The spatial kriging variant generally performs better than the more complex spatiotemporal kriging and spatiotemporal cokriging variants. It is argued that top kriging may be preferable to deterministic runoff models for estimating runoff time series in ungauged catchments, provided stream gauge density is high and there is no need to account for causal rainfall‐runoff processes. Potential applications include the estimation of flow duration curves in a region and near–real time mapping of runoff.
Predicting Multiple DUI Offenders Using the Florida DRI, 2007-2008

Objective: Multiple DUI recidivists pose the greatest threat to the safety of American roadways. Using a dataset employing the Driver Risk Inventory (DRI), this article seeks to determine predictors of multiple DUI recidivism. Methods: A Poisson regression analysis was used to predict number of self reported lifetime DUI arrests. Poisson regression allowed for the standardization of regression estimates by time, controlling for the fact that older individuals have a greater amount of time to accumulate DUI arrests. Nested-model testing allowed for determination of the contribution of each DRI scale to the model fit. Results: The inclusion of each of the six behavioral scales in the DRI significantly predicted the expected count of lifetime DUI arrests. Offenders with greater percentile scores on alcohol risk, driver risk, drug risk, and stress risk had a greater number of expected lifetime DUI arrests than those with lower percentile scores. Those who met the DSM-IV substance abuse/dependency classification had a greater predicted amount of lifetime DUI arrests and those who were less truthful had a greater predicted number of lifetime DUI arrests. When controlling for stress coping, the relation between being male and having a greater expected count of DUI arrests lost statistical significance, suggesting that stress coping behaviors mediated the relationship between DUI recidivism and gender. Conclusions: Properly identifying multiple DUI recidivists requires multi-dimensional behavioral scales that capture the heterogeneous nature of DUI offenders. Controlling for stress coping behaviors calls into question the traditional assumption that males have a greater risk of DUI recidivism.
Internet-Based Supportive Interventions for Family Caregivers of People With Dementia: Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

Background Caring for people with dementia is perceived as one of the most stressful and difficult forms of caring. Family caregivers always experience high levels of psychological burden and physical strain, so effective and practical support is essential. Internet-based supportive interventions can provide convenient and efficient support and education to potentially reduce the physical and psychological burden associated with providing care. Objective This review aimed to (1) assess the efficacy of internet-based supportive interventions in ameliorating health outcomes for family caregivers of people with dementia, and (2) evaluate the potential effects of internet-based supportive intervention access by caregivers on their care recipients. Methods An electronic literature search of the PubMed, EMBASE, Web of Science, CINAHL, Cochrane Library, and PsycINFO databases was conducted up to January 2020. Two reviewers (ML and YZ) worked independently to identify randomized controlled trials (RCTs) that met the inclusion criteria and independently extracted data. The quality of the included RCTs was evaluated using the approach recommended by the Cochrane Handbook for Systematic Reviews of Interventions. Standardized mean differences (SMDs) with 95% CIs were applied to calculate the pooled effect sizes. Results In total, 17 RCTs met the eligibility criteria and were included in this systematic review. The meta-analysis showed that internet-based supportive interventions significantly ameliorated depressive symptoms (SMD=–0.21; 95% CI –0.31 to –0.10; P<.001), perceived stress (SMD=–0.40; 95% CI –0.55 to –0.24; P<.001), anxiety (SMD=–0.33; 95% CI –0.51 to –0.16; P<.001), and self-efficacy (SMD=0.19; 95% CI 0.05-0.33; P=.007) in dementia caregivers. No significant improvements were found in caregiver burden, coping competence, caregiver reactions to behavioral symptoms, or quality of life. Six studies assessed the unintended effects of internet-based supportive intervention access by caregivers on their care recipients. The results showed that internet-based supportive interventions had potential benefits on the quality of life and neuropsychiatric symptoms in care recipients. Conclusions Internet-based supportive interventions are generally effective at ameliorating depressive symptoms, perceived stress, anxiety, and self-efficacy in dementia caregivers and have potential benefits on care recipients. Future studies are encouraged to adopt personalized internet-based supportive interventions to improve the health of family caregivers and their care recipients. Trial Registration PROSPERO CRD42020162434; https://www.crd. york.ac. uk/prospero/display_record. php? RecordID=162434
Mixing of surface and groundwater induced by riverbed dunes: Implications for hyporheic zone definitions and pollutant reactions

The hyporheic zone is often defined as where mixing of surface water and groundwater occurs in shallow sediments beneath and adjacent to rivers. This mixing is credited with creating unique biogeochemical conditions that can attenuate contaminants from either upstream surface water or groundwater under gaining conditions. However, reactions of contaminants upwelling from groundwater may be more dependent on such mixing than contaminants from surface water. We numerically modeled mixing between hyporheic flow paths induced by riverbed dunes and flow paths of adjacent upwelling of deeper groundwater. Results show that only 12.7% or less tracer mass upwelling from deeper groundwater dispersed across into hyporheic flow paths originating in surface water. The spatial extent of a mixing‐defined hyporheic zone was smaller than a hyporheic zone defined as hydrologic flow paths leaving and returning to surface water. Mixing‐dependent reactions will therefore be localized within a thin mixing zone yet vary considerably with site conditions. For example, mixing in homogeneous sediments was controlled most by variation in hydraulic conductivity and upwelling flow rate which primarily affected mixing zone length. By contrast, introduction of heterogeneity increased mixing primarily by increasing mixing zone thickness, consistent with studies of flow focusing in aquifers. Finally, dispersivity is a critical parameter for which data are needed for shallow sediments. Our results help clarify hyporheic zone definitions and potential for mixing‐dependent reactions. In particular, the biogeochemically reactive portion of riverbed sediments from the perspective of upwelling contaminants does not necessarily spatially coincide with more traditional hydrologic conceptions of the hyporheic zone.
Microbial risk assessment for recreational use of the Kallang Basin, Singapore

The water quality in the Kallang Basin, Singapore, was analyzed in order to determine how safe the waters are for recreational users, specifically focusing on dragon-boat racers. The Public Utilities Board of Singapore has been managing reservoirs under the "Active, Beautiful, and Clean Waters Programme" in order to help the public recognize the value of their scarce water sources. Therefore, microbial risk assessments were conducted on locations along the Kallang Basin to analyze any diurnal or spatial differences in probabilities of illness, and establish guideline geometric mean concentrations. Samples were collected at four different locations along the Kallang Basin every four hours during a 48-hour period. Samples were then analyzed for Enterococci and E. coli using mostprobable-number methods. Adenovirus was analyzed by Liu (2014) using quantitative polymerase chain reaction. Based on the Wiedenmann et al. (2006) statistics-based risk model, no-observed-adverse-risk levels or guideline geometric-mean levels were established at 128 colony forming units (CFU) / 100 mL for Enterococci and 697 CFU/ 100 mL for E. coli. Based on these guideline geometric-mean concentrations, all of the stations exceeded the tolerable illness level for indicator bacteria at certain times, with peak concentrations at 7:00 A.M. and 11:00 A.M. However, for adenovirus, the probabilities of illness did not exceed the tolerable level based on appropriate dragon-boat racer ingestion rates. Statistical analysis showed that a high correlation existed between adenovirus concentrations and E. coli concentrations. Future studies should analyze specific locations along the Kallang Basin that contribute to high concentrations of indicator bacteria and viruses. Thesis Supervisor: Peter Shanahan Title: Senior Lecturer of Civil and Environmental Engineering
Pricing to market behavior in oligopolistic competitio: a microeconometric approach

This paper takes into account the presence of oligopolistic rivalry between exporters to evaluate their pricing to market behavior. We specify the pricing policy as a simultaneous equation model, which captures the effects of possible interactions in multiple destination markets. The use of information related to multiple transactions helps to alleviate the cost measurement problem found in the typical analyses on prices and exchange rates. Furthermore, the exogenous variations of the exporters' exchange rate vis-a-vis the currency of each destination market will enable us to identify the reaction functions. The empirical approach is applied to the European ceramic tiles industry, where Italian and Spanish exporters compete. Prices are strategic complements and the markup adjustments, caused directly by exchange rate variations, are amplified by the feedback effects on rival's prices.
T-1 rho mapping for the evaluation of high intensity focused ultrasound tumor treatment

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Phase separation in fluids with many interacting components

Significance Immiscible fluids are found everywhere—examples include vinaigrette and ouzo in the kitchen, multiphase hydrocarbon–water mixtures common in oil extraction, and in virtually all living things. Within the living cell, thousands of biomolecules organize into multiple coexisting liquid-like phases that enable diverse functions. Despite their ubiquity in nature and industry, how numerous interactions between components encode their macroscopic multiphase behavior remains poorly understood. We employ statistical physics approaches to reveal the emergent dynamical, compositional, and steady-state properties of coexisting phases in fluid mixtures with many randomly interacting components. Building on these findings, we demonstrate design strategies to encode linear or nonmonotonic scaling relationships between the number of phases and components and suggest active routes to tunably modify multiphase coexistence. Fluids in natural systems, like the cytoplasm of a cell, often contain thousands of molecular species that are organized into multiple coexisting phases that enable diverse and specific functions. How interactions between numerous molecular species encode for various emergent phases is not well understood. Here, we leverage approaches from random-matrix theory and statistical physics to describe the emergent phase behavior of fluid mixtures with many species whose interactions are drawn randomly from an underlying distribution. Through numerical simulation and stability analyses, we show that these mixtures exhibit staged phase-separation kinetics and are characterized by multiple coexisting phases at steady state with distinct compositions. Random-matrix theory predicts the number of coexisting phases, validated by simulations with diverse component numbers and interaction parameters. Surprisingly, this model predicts an upper bound on the number of phases, derived from dynamical considerations, that is much lower than the limit from the Gibbs phase rule, which is obtained from equilibrium thermodynamic constraints. We design ensembles that encode either linear or nonmonotonic scaling relationships between the number of components and coexisting phases, which we validate through simulation and theory. Finally, inspired by parallels in biological systems, we show that including nonequilibrium turnover of components through chemical reactions can tunably modulate the number of coexisting phases at steady state without changing overall fluid composition. Together, our study provides a model framework that describes the emergent dynamical and steady-state phase behavior of liquid-like mixtures with many interacting constituents.
Eliminating and Modelling Non-metric Camera Sensor Distortions Caused by Sidewise and Forward Motion of the UAV

This paper explains the critical importance of modelling and eliminating the effect of motion of an Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV) as a result of air turbulence and unstable flight conditions on a camera sensor and the image geometry. A new method for improving the geometrical distortions caused by this motion is introduced. We have developed a hardware and software tool to minimize and model the geometric distortion of the image from commercial off-the-shelf (COTS) cameras which are commonly being used in aerial mapping UAVs. Due to the rolling shutter mechanism of the most common SLR cameras, sideway and forward motions of the UAV during image capture will have a strong effect on the image geometry and final product accuracies. As the amount of this random distortion varies from one photo to the next, a unique and robust camera calibration model cannot be established for interior orientation and image processing using photogrammetric methods, even by self-calibration. To achieve the highest possible accuracy, we also consider temperature effects on the camera calibration parameters. In this paper we show the results, accuracies and benefits of using this method compared with a typical UAV mapping system. To the best of our knowledge this is the first time that this method has been implemented in a UAV mapping system.
Regional changes of Arctic sea ice and freshwater balance components from model simulations with anthropogenic forcing

Arctic freshwater fluxes (such as Arctic sea ice export through Fram Strait and major Siberian rivers runoff) and their relationship to regional changes of sea ice, surface salinity and thermohaline circulation (THC) in the North Atlantic basin are analyzed using simulations of the coupled atmosphere-ocean general circulation model ECHAM4/OPYC3 (Roeckner et al., 1999) forced by the anthropogenic scenario IS92a. Figure 1 shows time series of the annual mean export of Arctic sea ice through Frame Strait (a), sea ice concentration (a, b) and surface salinity (b) in the Greenland-Iceland-Norwegian (GIN) Sea basin for the period 1860-2100. According to the model simulations there is a statistically significant correlation between variations of Arctic sea ice flux through Frame Strait and anomalies of sea ice concentration in the GIN Sea (corresponding correlation coefficient r = 0.8). These changes of regional sea ice are negatively correlated (r = -0.9) to sea surface salinity in the GIN Sea (Fig. 1b).
Modeling Interrill Erosion on Unpaved Roads in the Loess Plateau of China

Unpaved roads play an important role in soil loss in small watersheds. In order to assess the impact of these unpaved roads in the Loess Plateau of China, runoff and sediment yields from road‐related sources must be quantified. Field rainfall simulation experiments were conducted under three slope gradients and five rainfall intensities on unpaved loess roads in a small watershed. Results showed that the runoff generation was very fast in loess road surface (time to runoff < 1 min) and produced a high runoff coefficient (mean value > 0·8). Soil loss rates were decreased as surface loose materials were washed away during a rainstorm. Rainfall intensity, initial soil moisture, and slope gradient are key factors to model surface runoff and sediment yield. Soil loss on loess road surface could be estimated by a linear function of stream power (R2 = 0·907). Four commonly interrill erosion models were evaluated and compared, and the interrill erodibility adopted in the Water Erosion Prediction Project model was determined as 1·34 × 106 (kg s m−4). A new equation taking into account different parameters like rainfall intensity, surface flow discharge, and slope gradient was established. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The oral histone deacetylase inhibitor ITF 2357 reduces cytokines and protects islet beta-cells in vivo and in vitro

In type 1 diabetes, inflammatory and immunocompetent cells enter the islet and produce proinflammatory cytokines such as IL-1β, IL-12, TNFα, and IFNγ; each contribute to beta-cell destruction, mediated in part by nitric oxide. Inhibitors of histone deacetylases (HDAC) are used commonly in humans but also possess anti-inflammatory and cytokine-suppressing properties. Here we show that oral administration of the HDAC inhibitor ITF2357 to mice normalized streptozotocin (STZ)-induced hyperglycemia at the clinically relevant doses of 1.25-2.5 mg/kg. Serum nitrite levels returned to non-diabetic values, islet function improved and glucose clearance increased form 14% (STZ) to 50% to (STZ+ITF2357). In vitro, at 25 and 250 nM, ITF2357 increased islet cell viability, enhanced insulin secretion, inhibited MIP-1α and MIP-2 release, reduced nitric oxide production and decreased apoptosis rates from 14.3% (vehicle) to 2.6% (ITF2357). iNOS levels decreased in association with reduced islet-derived nitrite levels.
Myocardial T1 mapping: where are we now and where are we going?

Cardiovascular magnetic resonance offers noninvasive myocardial tissue characterization as a key unique strength over other imaging techniques. In particular T1, a tissue property that alters with disease, has gained prominence as a diagnostic tool. Prior to the admin- istration of contrast, the native T1 changes with a number of processes such as fibrosis, edema, and infiltration. If a post-contrast scan is also acquired, the post-contrast T1 and extracellular volume fraction can be measured. Detecting and quantifying early and established myocardial pathological processes permits better diagnosis, prognostication, and tracking of therapy.
Improving Weather Research and Forecasting Model Initial Conditions via Surface Pressure Analysis

Abstract : A preprocessor (Obsgrid) that creates input data for the Advanced Research version of the Weather Research and Forecasting model (WRF-ARW) is modified to perform a surface pressure objective analysis to allow surface analyses of other fields to be more fully utilized in the WRF-ARW initial conditions. Nested 27-, 9-, 3-, and 1-km horizontal grid spacing domains centered over San Francisco, California, on 9 February 2012 reveal an area in the initial condition surface fields of the 1-km domain in which horizontal gradients are very small, with sharp gradients at its edges. The lack of an objective analysis of surface pressure unnecessarily limits the application of other surface analyses into the WRF initial conditions and contributes to the creation of these structures. Therefore, a surface pressure objective analysis was added to Obsgrid for 9 February and also 4 additional case days. The surface pressure objective analysis allows surface analyses of other fields to be more fully utilized in the WRF initial conditions and leads to improvements in model air temperature and especially dewpoint. However, these improvements are not seen in observation nudging experiments since the observation nudging corrects for the errors introduced by the original lack of surface pressure objective analyses.
Influence of the large‐scale climate variability on daily rainfall extremes over Argentina

A singular value decomposition (SVD) analysis was performed jointly on the daily intensity of extreme rainfall (DIER) over Argentina and sea surface temperature (SST) anomalies from 17.5°N–90°S to describe and understand the influence of the large‐scale variability of the SSTs on the regional extreme rainfall events for spring summer, autumn and winter. Three main leading modes were identified in agreement with previous works. Mode 1 activity is strongly related to El Niño‐Southern Oscillation (ENSO). Warm anomalies in the central‐eastern tropical Pacific and western Indian Ocean induce circulation anomalies extended along the South Pacific and the development of a continental‐scale circulation gyre in South America promoting moisture convergence, and in turn favouring DIER positive anomalies, in eastern Argentina. The combined influence of SST anomalies in the tropical Atlantic and western tropical Pacific characterizes Mode 2 activity, which induces an anticyclonic (cyclonic) circulation gyre in southeastern South America promoting anomalous moisture convergence (divergence) and thus positive (negative) DIER anomalies in eastern Argentina in spring and fall (summer and winter). Finally, Mode 3 activity is also influenced by SST anomalies in tropical central‐eastern Pacific from winter to summer. The associated teleconnections contribute to the development of a cyclonic circulation mainly influencing southeastern South America (SESA) circulation to the north of 30°S from summer to winter, and further south in spring.