Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
The effect of variation in refractive index on transmission in fibre optic sensors

A detailed comparison is made between intrusive and non-intrusive fibre optic transmission sensors, in which the transmission medium is a variable refractive index liquid. The comparison takes the form of computer-simulated results based on physical models which include reflection losses, and experimental results obtained for both the intrusive and non-intrusive configurations. Experimental results support the approximation linearity of calculated results in the refractive index range for n3 from 1.3 to 1.6.
Precipitation and temperature drive continental-scale patterns in stream invertebrate production

Precipitation and temperature drive continental-scale patterns in stream invertebrate production. Secondary production, the growth of new heterotrophic biomass, is a key process in aquatic and terrestrial ecosystems that has been carefully measured in many flowing water ecosystems. We combine structural equation modeling with the first worldwide dataset on annual secondary production of stream invertebrate communities to reveal core pathways linking air temperature and precipitation to secondary production. In the United States, where the most extensive set of secondary production estimates and covariate data were available, we show that precipitation-mediated, low–stream flow events have a strong negative effect on secondary production. At larger scales (United States, Europe, Central America, and Pacific), we demonstrate the significance of a positive two-step pathway from air to water temperature to increasing secondary production. Our results provide insights into the potential effects of climate change on secondary production and demonstrate a modeling framework that can be applied across ecosystems.
Coupling the lattice‐Boltzmann and spectrin‐link methods for the direct numerical simulation of cellular blood flow

The implementation of a spectrin‐link (SL) red blood cell (RBC) membrane method coupled with a lattice‐Boltzmann (LB) fluid solver is discussed. Details of the methodology are included along with subtleties associated with its integration into a massively parallel hybrid LB finite element (FE) suspension flow solver. A comparison of the computational performance of the coupled LB–SL method with that of the previously implemented LB–FE is given for an isolated RBC and for a dense suspension in Hagen–Poiseuille flow. Validating results for RBCs isolated in shear and parachuting in microvessel flow are also presented. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A basic two-state model for bosonic field theories with a cubic nonlinearity

A basic nonlinear two-state model generic in classical and bosonic field theories with a cubic nonlinearity is considered. For the class of models with constant external field amplitude a general strategy for attacking the problem is developed based on the reduction of the initial system of equations for the semi-classical atom–molecule amplitudes to a nonlinear Volterra integral equation for the molecular probability. A uniformly convergent series solution to the problem is constructed for the weak interaction limit. The Landau–Zener model is considered as a specific example. The first approximation term is derived and an asymptotic expression for the nonlinear transition probability is established in the weak interaction regime.
Do Student-Athletes Learn More in Classrooms or on the Field?

It has been controversial whether or not there is a difference of academic performance and competency skill between student-athletes and non-athlete students. This paper tried to adjust the background of those two groups by using propensity score matching. And also it compared the academic records and competency score in their junior year semester. In conclusion, the academic performance of student-athletes is significantly higher than non-athletes, though there is no significant difference in competency level.
Using Deep Convolutional Neural Network in Computer Vision for Real-World Scene Classification

Scene is a view which contains various objects in a real-world environment. The global view of an image can be called as scene classification. Scene classification is a very challenging work to be done by computers as it is very difficult for a computer to recognize the global view of an image. Therefore, this task is one of the challenging tasks in computer vision area. Object classification task has drastically improved by using the Deep Learning, Alex Net Convolutional Neural Network. Highly motivated from this work, we used one of the already trained architecture of deep learning called Alex Net Convolutional Neural Network for extracting the features of input image automatically and then applying the transfer learning approach for classification task to reduce the overall computational complexity of the neural network. We then have performed scene classification task on various classifiers and then computer their accuracies which comes out to be greater than the state-of-the-art methods. To perform scene classification task, the dataset we used is the Places dataset containing 2.5 million real-world images and 201 scene classes.
Dual-polarized all-angle cloaking of a dielectric nanowire by helical graphene ribbons

Scattering from a dielectric nanowire coated by helical graphene strips (nanoribbons) is investigated for dual-polarized wave at oblique incidence. In the long-wavelength approximation, the helical strips are treated as a homogeneous layer with averaged tensor conductivity. It is shown that performance of well-known surface cloaks in the form of graphene monolayer, axial and azimuthal graphene strips can be deteriorated in a wide range of incidence angles. To overcome this problem, helical graphene strips are proposed as an advanced metasurface for dual-polarized all-angle cloaking of dielectric nanowire in the terahertz band. It is found that such metasurface suppresses scattering from nanowire more effectively as compared to graphene monolayer, regardless of the angle of wave incidence. Moreover, dual-polarized all-angle cloaking of dielectric nanowire can be broadly tuned in frequency with parameters of helical graphene strips.
Room-temperature low-power hydrogen sensor based on a single tin dioxide nanobelt

Hydrogen sensors have been fabricated from single SnO2 nanobelts synthesized via catalyst-free thermal evaporation. Ohmic contacts were defined on individual SnO2 nanobelts by photolithography and pulsed laser deposition of RuO2. The sensitivity and response time of the sensors, without any catalyst on the surface, to 2% hydrogen at temperatures between 25 and 80°C were measured. Sensitivity greater than 50%, response time <220s, and power consumption <10nW at room temperature were demonstrated.
Edge detection and labeling by fusion of intensity and range images

We have developed an energy minimization approach for detection and labeling of edges by fusing information from registered intensity and range images. The chosen set of labels for the edges (jump, crease, intensity, no edge) is a classification based on the physical properties of the surfaces in the scene. Bayesian formulation is used to combine the different information sources and the a priori knowledge about the labels is modeled by a Markov random field. Results of applying the labeling algorithm on several real image pairs indicate that it is possible to detect as well as label the jump, crease, and intensity edges accurately using this approach.
Analysis of subsidence due to a point sink in an anisotropic porous elastic half space

Analytical solutions of the long-term consolidation deformation and excess pore water pressure due to fluid withdrawal from a saturated anisotropic porous elastic half space are presented. In the analysis, both the permeability and the elastic properties are considered cross-anisotropic. Cases of pervious and impervious half-space boundary are studied. The consolidation settlements as effected by the anisotropy and boundary conditions for pore water are illustrated and discussed.
Adapting an optical nanoantenna for high E-field probing applications to a waveguided optical waveguide (WOW)

In the current work we intend to use the optical nano-antenna to include various functionalities for the recently demonstrated waveguided optical waveguide (WOW) by Palima et al. (Optics Express 2012). Specifically, we intend to study a WOW with an optical nano-antenna which can block the guiding light wavelength while admitting other wavelengths of light which address certain functionalities, e.g. drug release, in the WOW. In particular, we study a bow-tie optical nano-antenna to circular dielectric waveguides in aqueous environments. It is shown with finite element computer simulations that the nanoantenna can be made to operate in a bandstop mode around its resonant wavelength where there is a very high evanescent strong electrical probing field close to the antennas, and additionally the fluorescence or Raman excitations will be be unpolluted by stray light from the WOW due to the band-stop characteristic. We give geometrical parameters necessary for realizing functioning nanoantennas.
Stability of ion–acoustic solitary waves in a multi-species magnetized plasma consisting of non-thermal and isothermal electrons

Abstract A theoretical study of the first-order stability analysis of an ion–acoustic solitary wave, propagating obliquely to an external uniform static magnetic field, has been made in a plasma consisting of warm adiabatic ions and a superposition of two distinct populations of electrons, one due to Cairns et al. and the other being the well-known Maxwell–Boltzmann distributed electrons. The weakly nonlinear and the weakly dispersive ion–acoustic wave in this plasma system can be described by the Korteweg–de Vries–Zakharov–Kuznetsov (KdV-ZK) equation and different modified KdV-ZK equations depending on the values of different parameters of the system. The nonlinear term of the KdV-ZK equation and the different modified KdV-ZK equations is of the form [φ(1)]ν(∂φ(1)/∂ζ), where ν = 1, 2, 3, 4; φ(1) is the first-order perturbed quantity of the electrostatic potential φ. For ν = 1, we have the usual KdV-ZK equation. Three-dimensional stability analysis of the solitary wave solutions of the KdV-ZK and different modified KdV-ZK equations has been investigated by the small-k perturbation expansion method of Rowlands and Infeld. For ν = 1, 2, 3, the instability conditions and the growth rate of instabilities have been obtained correct to order k, where k is the wave number of a long-wavelength plane-wave perturbation. It is found that ion–acoustic solitary waves are stable at least at the lowest order of the wave number for ν = 4.
On potential field models of the solar corona

The current-free approximation has been widely used to infer the magnetic structure of the solar corona from magnetograph observations. In such calculations, the potential field is usually matched directly to the observed line-of-sight component of the photospheric field. However, this procedure is invalid because the magnetograph measurements apply to deep atmospheric layers where the magnetic field is nonpotential and (for observations made in the Fe I λ5250 line) nearly radial. A better approach is to match only the radial component of the potential field to the photospheric data (corrected for line-of-sight projection on the assumption that the field lines are radially oriented), while allowing a discontinuity in the tangential field components
Observation of the two-hole satellite in Cr and Fe metal by resonant photoemission at the 2p absorption energy

Valence-band spectra of Cr and Fe metal were measured with photon energies around their respective 2p energies. An Auger signal is found to be superimposed on the valence-band photoemission signal for photon energies at and above the 2p absorption energy, but also for excitation energies down to approx. 4 eV below the 2p absorption energy. This is the radiationless resonance Raman (resonant Raman Auger) regime and gives rise to a signal that is equivalent, in terms of the final state, to the 6 eV satellite in Ni with energies at 3.5 eV below EF in Cr and 3.2 eV below EF in Fe.
Maximum Temperatures in Diamond Heat Spreaders Using the Surface Element Method

Diamond heat spreaders are very attractive for lowering the temperature of laser diodes and computer chip components. The use of diamonds as heat spreaders is very advantageous because its thermal conductivity is so large, about four times that of copper. The diamond heat spreader is mounted on a semi-infinite heat sink. The purposes of this paper are to present (a) a surface element method for the analysis of such composite systems, (b) a set of convenient algebraic equations for the maximum temperatures, (c) optimal geometry conditions and (d) some accurate numerical results. The analysis method is an adaptation of the unsteady surface element method but is different because the present problem is a steady-state one
Effect of metal oxide arrester on the chaotic oscillations in the voltage transformer with nonlinear core loss model using chaos theory

In this paper, controlling chaos when chaotic ferroresonant oscillations occur in a voltage transformer with nonlinear core loss model is performed. The effect of a parallel metal oxide surge arrester on the ferroresonance oscillations of voltage transformers is studied. The metal oxide arrester (MOA) is found to be effective in reducing ferroresonance chaotic oscillations. Also the multiple scales method is used to analyze the chaotic behavior and different types of fixed points in ferroresonance of voltage transformers considering core loss. This phenomenon has nonlinear chaotic dynamics and includes sub-harmonic, quasi-periodic, and also chaotic oscillations. In this paper, the chaotic behavior and various ferroresonant oscillation modes of the voltage transformer is studied. This phenomenon consists of different types of bifurcations such as period doubling bifurcation (PDB), saddle node bifurcation (SNB), Hopf bifurcation (HB), and chaos. The dynamic analysis of ferroresonant circuit is based on bifurcation theory. The bifurcation and phase plane diagrams are illustrated using a continuous method and linear and nonlinear models of core loss. To analyze ferroresonance phenomenon, the Lyapunov exponents are calculated via the multiple scales method to obtain Feigenbaum numbers. The bifurcation diagrams illustrate the variation of the control parameter. Therefore, the chaos is created and increased in the system.
Molecular orientation of 3, 4, 9, 10-perylene-tetracarboxylic-dianhydride thin films at organic heterojunction interfaces

In situ low-temperature scanning tunneling microscopy and near-edge x-ray absorption spectroscopy measurements have been used to investigate the molecular orientation of 3,4,9,10-perylene-tetracarboxylic-dianhydride (PTCDA) thin films at the interface of organic heterojunctions of PTCDA on copper(II) phthalocyanine (CuPc). On the CuPc monolayer on highly oriented pyrolitic graphite, PTCDA molecules form a well-ordered in-plane herringbone structure with their molecular plane parallel to the substrate surface. The formation of multiple in-plane hydrogen bonding between neighboring PTCDA molecules is responsible for the flat-lying PTCDA on CuPc monolayer, and gives rise to the lying-down orientation of PTCDA thin films on both standing-up and lying-down CuPc thin films, as well as on Au(111) passivated by a self-assembled monolayer of octane-1-thiol.
Hepatitis fibrosis characterization by a multiparametric study

The ultrasonic tissue characterization (UTC) is primarily based on radio-frequency (RF) signals’ analysis. The processing of these signals allowed the estimation of different quantitative ultrasonic parameters (backscattered coefficients—ICB-, velocity—SoS, etc). It is known that the RF contains information that can be used to noninvasively characterize the structural and mechanical properties of tissue. Scatterer diameter (or size) from ICB measurements have been already used to discriminate fibrosis from normal tissue. From these findings, our goal was to evaluate the scatterer diameter to test its potential in the discrimination of fibrosis groups (F0, F1, F2, F3, and F4, METAVIR scale) from 20 in-vitro human liver samples, explored at 20 MHz. The mean scatterer diameters (µm) measured were: 42.14–4.90 (F0), 40.18–10.51 (F1), 38.82–6.05 (F3), and 40.30–2.22 (F4). The Kolmogorov-Smirnov test has shown a non-significant level (p > 0.05) indicating that the scatterer size estimation alone cannot different.
Computing Aerodynamic Performance of a 2D Iced Airfoil: Blocking Topology and Grid Generation

ABSTRACT The ice accrued on airfoils can have enormously complicated shapes with multiple protruded horns and feathers. In this paper, several blocking topologies are proposed and evaluated on their ability to produce high­quality structured multi-block grid systems. A transition­layer grid is introduced to ensure that jaggedness on the ice-surface geometry do not to propagate into the domain. This is important for grid-generation methods based on hyperbolic PDEs and algebraic transfinite interpolation. A "thick" wrap-around grid is introduced to ensure that grid lines clustered next to solid walls do not propagate as streaks of tightly packed grid lines into the interior of the domain along block boundaries. For ice shapes that are not too complicated, a method is presented for generating high-quality single-block grids. To demonstrate the usefulness of the methods developed, grids and CFD solutions were generated for two iced airfoils: the NLF0414 airfoil with and without the 623-ice shape and the B5751767 airfoil with and without the 145m-ice shape. To validate the computations,
Asymptotic expansion, symmetry groups, and invariant solutions of laminar and turbulent wall-bounded flows

Investigating analytic solutions of wall-bounded flows such as the Blasius or the Falkner-Skan solution for laminar flows and the logarithmic law of the wall for turbulent flows it is demonstrated that symmetry groups and particularly scaling groups are essential for their derivation. Both sub-models for laminar and turbulent wall-bounded flows, i.e. Prandtl's boundary layer equations and the multi-point correlation equations, are derived from the Navier-Stokes equations. The latter have significantly different symmetry properties compared to the former sub-models. Essential to both laminar and turbulent sub-models is that they admit two scaling groups while the Navier-Stokes equations only admit one scaling group. It is important for the understanding of both sub-models that their admitted two scaling groups have essentially different physical and mathematical properties. The scaling groups of boundary layer theory admit independent scaling in strcamwise and wall-normal direction. Reynolds number is a fundamental parameter in the equations. In contrast the multi-point correlation equations for turbulent flows admit essentially the same groups as the inviscid equotions of fluid motion. Hence to leader order no Reynolds number dependence is contained in the solutions for turbulent flows.
Incorporating Vertical Acceleration for Defining Driving Behaviour

Acceleration of a vehicle is composed of three components: longitudinal, lateral, and vertical acceleration. Longitudinal and lateral accelerations have been frequently considered as components for investigating driving behaviour, with the aim of improving road safety. But in particular situations during the motion of the vehicle, also vertical acceleration is relevant. In this paper, the authors want to demonstrate that vertical acceleration is also a relevant parameter to be considered in terms of road safety. The authors focus on the difference registered by considering only lateral and longitudinal acceleration and by considering also vertical acceleration in the analysis of driving behaviour through real tests on the road. All the parameters were registered through a global positioning system (GPS) device and a tri-axial accelerometer, which allow the geo-referenced kinematic parameters of the vehicle to be detected. For this purpose, over 110 tests covering about 600 kilometers were completed. All the experimental surveys were conducted in a good weather condition, under dry road pavement conditions, on weekdays, during day time and out-of-peak hours, in order to have no influence from the traffic flow. Each path was repeatedly run by the driver in order to collect the instantaneous speed and acceleration along the pattern. During the tests, about 40,000 instantaneous values of vehicle position have been registered. The survey interested a segment of the Italian National road n.107 (S.S. 107), in Southern Italy. The authors found that by considering vertical together with longitudinal and lateral accelerations, a higher number of unsafe driving conditions can be identified. More specifically, the proposed methodology allows 20% extra of dangerous driving conditions to be registered. For this reason, the authors retain that also vertical acceleration should be considered in the definition of the safety domain, because it determines the intensity of the exchange forces between the tires and road pavement, and in some cases, it leads to a loss of friction. Definitively, the authors retain that vertical acceleration is not only useful as indicator of comfort on board, but it has an important role also in terms of road safety.
All Admissible Linear Estimators of the Mean of a Gaussian Distribution on a Hilbert Space

We consider linear estimators for the mean 0 of a Gaussian distribution N(0, C) on a Hilbert space, when the covariance operator C is known. It was argued in a previous work that the natural class of linear estimators is the class of measurable linear transformations. Using the simplest quadratic loss we prove that the linear estimator L is admissible if and only if the operator C-"I2LC"I' is Hilbert-Schmidt, self-adjoint, its eigenvalues are all between 0 and 1 and two are equal to 1 at the most. As an application of the general theory, we investigate some linear estimators for the drift function of a Brownian motion.
Fully automatic algorithm for segmenting full human diaphragm in non-contrast CT Images

The diaphragm is a sheet of muscle which separates the thorax from the abdomen and it acts as the most important muscle of the respiratory system. As such, an accurate segmentation of the diaphragm, not only provides key information for functional analysis of the respiratory system, but also can be used for locating other abdominal organs such as the liver. However, diaphragm segmentation is extremely challenging in non-contrast CT images due to the diaphragm's similar appearance to other abdominal organs. In this paper, we present a fully automatic algorithm for diaphragm segmentation in non-contrast CT images. The method is mainly based on a priori knowledge about the human diaphragm anatomy. The diaphragm domes are in contact with the lungs and the heart while its circumference runs along the lumbar vertebrae of the spine as well as the inferior border of the ribs and sternum. As such, the diaphragm can be delineated by segmentation of these organs followed by connecting relevant parts of their outline properly. More specifically, the bottom surface of the lungs and heart, the spine borders and the ribs are delineated, leading to a set of scattered points which represent the diaphragm's geometry. Next, a B-spline filter is used to find the smoothest surface which pass through these points. This algorithm was tested on a noncontrast CT image of a lung cancer patient. The results indicate that there is an average Hausdorff distance of 2.96 mm between the automatic and manually segmented diaphragms which implies a favourable accuracy.