Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Analysis of Bragg gratings for long-range surface plasmon polaritons using the bidirectional beam propagation method based on scattering operators

For realization of highly integrated optical circuits, various metallic nanostructures supporting the propagation of surface plasmon polaritons have been extensively studied experimentally and theoretically in recent years. This paper reports on the development of a numerically stable and accurate finite-difference-based bidirectional beam propagation method (FD-BiBPM) for analyzing piecewise z-invariant plasmonic structures. Our method is developed based on the scattering operators. The adoption of complex coefficient rational approximations to the square root operator allows to correctly model the propagation of evanescent modes excited at discontinuity interfaces. In view of the large index contrast at metal-dielectric interfaces, a fourth-order accurate finite difference formulation for discretization is incorporated to the present method and its fine treatment of these interfaces guarantees accuracy. By using the present method, the reflection and transmission spectra of the Bragg gratings consisting of a thin metal film embedded in dielectric medium and an array of equidistant metal ridges on each side of the film are calculated. The good agreement of our results with the previously reported simulations illustrates the potential of the newly developed FD-BiBPM for the analysis of longrange surface plasmon polariton (LRSPP) waves guided along the described Bragg gratings.
Secondary somatic embryogenesis in Cork oak: influence of plant growth regulators

Abstract Cork oak (Quercus suber L.) is one of the most important Mediterranean forest tree species, and the Maâmora forest-Morocco is considered to be the world largest cork oak stand. Clonal propagation of Quercus suber via somatic embryogenesis is an alternative to conventional tree propagation methods. However, complete maturation of somatic embryos is considered the major bottleneck for mass propagation of Quercus suber during somatic embryogenesis. This study focuses on influences of cytokinins on secondary somatic embryogenesis. Cytokinins showed a negative effect on the induction of secondary somatic embryogenesis. For the various concentrations tested, the number of secondary somatic embryos was significantly reduced except in the case with low dose of 2iP, which showed a slight increase. Abscisic acid (ABA) may be beneficial at low concentrations between 0.3 and 0.5 mg/l. The best number of secondary embryos was given at 0.5 mg/l ABA with an average number of 5 embryos from each primary embryo, which represents a slight increase below 10% compared to control medium. Also, we found that the number of responsive embryos presenting secondary somatic embryos based on their cotyledons decreased once adding ABA. Phenylurea derivatives TDZ and DPU do not promoted the process of secondary somatic embryogenesis. DPU showed no significant effect with a similar response to that of the control medium and TDZ showed an inhibitory effect. Gibberellic acid (GA3) partially blocked the process of somatic embryos multiplication, but promoted remarkably the germination of cotyledonary embryos without requesting a particular protocol. Our results provide a new insight into embryo development, establishing the basis for further research toward improvement of secondary somatic embryogenesis in Moroccan cork oak.
The effect of BT reversal on the asymmetries between the strike zones in single null divertor discharges: experiment and theories

Asymmetries in power and particle fluxes to the strike zones in single null divertor configuration are strongly affected by the toroidal field direction. In the present paper we review experimental data and examine physical mechanisms which redistribute density between the inner and outer divertor branches and, consequently, affect temperature and power deposition asymmetries between the two strike zones. Amongst these is the radial E*B drift caused by the Te drop along the field lines towards the target and recently proposed mechanism of momentum transfer into the SOL due to edge toroidal rotation. These two mechanisms compress the plasma at the inner side in the normal BT configuration (ion Del B drift towards the target), and at the outer side-when the BT is reversed. Since they do not supply additional power to the target apart from convective energy fluxes, the increased recycling and radiation at the side where the plasma is compressed should lead to a decrease in Te. The combined effect of the above mechanisms allows one to explain qualitatively experimental observation that plasma parameters at the target become more symmetric when the BT is reversed.
The Einstein Observatory Extended Medium-Sensitivity Survey. I - X-ray data and analysis

This paper presents the results of the analysis of the X-ray data and the optical identification for the Einstein Observatory Extended Medium-Sensitivity Survey (EMSS). The survey consists of 835 serendipitous sources detected at or above 4 times the rms level in 1435 imaging proportional counter fields with centers located away from the Galactic plane. Their limiting sensitivities are about (5-300) x 10 to the -14th ergs/sq cm sec in the 0.3-3.5-keV energy band. A total area of 778 square deg of the high-Galactic-latitude sky has been covered. The data have been analyzed using the REV1 processing system, which takes into account the nonuniformities of the detector. The resulting EMSS catalog of X-ray sources is a flux-limited and homogeneous sample of astronomical objects that can be used for statistical studies. 82 refs.
Use and Misuse of Linear Perspective in the Perceptual Reconstruction of 3-D Perspective View Displays

Despite the increasing prevalence of three-dimensional (3-D) perspective views of scenes, there remain a number of concerns about their utility, particularly for precise relative position tasks. Here, we empirically measure and then mathematically model the perceptual biases found in participants' perceptual reconstruction of perspective views. Participants reconstructed the length of 10 test posts scattered across a 3-D scene to match the physical length of a reference post. The test posts were all oriented in the X, Y or Z cardinal directions of 3-D space. Four viewing angles from 90 degrees (“2-D”) down to 22.5 degrees (“3-D”) were used. Matches systematically underestimated the compression of distances into the scene (Y) and systematically overestimated the compression of height (Z). A simple computational model is developed to account for the results that posits that linear perspective (that only operates in X) is inappropriately used to scale matching lengths in all three dimensions of space. The model suggests a novel account of the systematic underestimation of egocentric distances in the real world.
A capillary suction prove for bubble size measurement

The authors describe a fully submersible capillary suction probe technique developed for bubble size measurement in large-scale stirred vessel reactors. The method uses a vacuum to continuously withdraw a small stream of gas-liquid dispersion through a short capillary tube with a funnel-shaped inlet. Photodetectors mounted on the tube are used to detect the bubble slugs, producing a binary-waveform type signal. The probe is interfaced to a high-speed data acquisition system controlled by a microcomputer, to allow storage of large amounts of data and fast processing. Some aspects of two-phase flow inside the capillary are discussed, as well as details of the probe calibration procedure. The automated bubble size measurement technique achieved very good reproducibility of results and very high rates of sampling from bubble sizes down to 0.3 mm diameter. Typical results obtained in a 1.0 m diameter stirred vessel are presented.
Inverse systems of absolute retracts and almost continuity

Suppose that Y is the inverse limit of a sequence of absolute retracts such that each bonding map is a retraction. We show that Y is the almost continuous retract of the Hilbert cube. It follows that Y, the cone over Y, the suspension of Y, and the product of Y with any absolute retract must have the fixed point property. Introduction. Throughout this paper X and Y will denote topological spaces. A map is a continuous function. When f: X -* Y may not be continuous, we refer to it simply as the function f. A space X has the fixed point property if for each map f: X -* X there exist x c X such that f (x) = x. A continuum is a compact connected metric topological space. An absolute retract (AR) is a retract of the Hilbert cube. The fixed point property has been the subject of intense investigation. Many surprising results have been revealed, but many questions still remain unanswered. J. Stallings [71 defined a class of functions, which he named almost continuous, for the purpose of studying the fixed point property. The graph of a function f: X -* Y is the subset of X x Y consisting of the points (x, f (x)); this set will be symbolized F(f). DEFINITION 1 [7, p. 252]. A function f: X -* Y is almost continuous if for each open subset U of X x Y such that F(f) C U, there exists a map g: X -* Y such that F(g) c U. DEFINITION 2. If Y c X and r: X -* Y is an almost continuous function such that r(X) = Y and for all x c Y, r(x) = x, then r is called a quasi retraction and Y is called a quasi retract of X. DEFINITION 3. If Y c X and r: X -* Y is an almost continuous function such that r(X) = Y and r(x) = x for all x c Y, then r is called an almost continuous retraction and Y is called an almost continuous retract of X. ' DEFINITION 4 [1, P. 481. A compact metric space Y is an absolute quasi retract (AQR) if Y is homeomorphic to a quasi retract of the Hilbert cube. THEOREM 1 [1]. Every AQR has the fixed point property. THEOREM 2 [1]. If X is an AR and Y an AQR, then X x Y is an AQR. Received by the editors September 24, 1984 and, in revised form, January 2, 1985. Presented to the Topology Spring Conference, 1984, at Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama. 1980 Matienatics Subject Classification. Primary 54C10, 54B25; Secondary 54C55, 54H15, 54H25. 1In the literature both almost continuous retractions and quasi retractions have been called almost continuous retractions. We make the distinction because even though almost continuous retractions are quasi retractions, the converse is not true. We refer the interested reader to [3] and [1]. (@1985 American Mathematical Society 0002-9939/85 $1.00 + $. 25 per page
Structure and formation of superclusters. XIII - The void probability function

The void probability function (VPF) has been calculated for a number of real, model, random cluster and Poisson samples. The VPF has been studied for scaling properties, for dependence on the bias threshold density (in case of model samples), and for other factors influencing the quantitative comparison of models with observations.
High-performance, tensile-strained Ge p-i-n photodetectors on a Si platform

We demonstrate a high-performance, tensile-strained Ge p-i-n photodetector on Si platform with an extended detection spectrum of 650–1605 nm and a 3 dB bandwidth of 8.5 GHz measured at λ=1040nm. The full bandwidth of the photodetector is achieved at a low reverse bias of 1 V, compatible with the low driving voltage requirements of Si ultralarge-scale integrated circuits. Due to the direct bandgap shrinkage induced by a 0.20% tensile strain in the Ge layer, the device covers the entire C band and a large part of the L band in telecommunications. The responsivities of the device at 850, 980, 1310, 1550, and 1605 nm are 0.55, 0.68, 0.87, 0.56, and 0.11A∕W, respectively, without antireflection coating. The internal quantum efficiency in the wavelength range of 650–1340 nm is over 90%. The entire device was fabricated using materials and processing that can be implemented in a standard Si complementary metal oxide semiconductor (CMOS) process flow. With high speed, a broad detection spectrum and compatibility .
A box diffusion model to study the carbon dioxide exchange in nature

Phenomena related to the natural carbon cycle as the 14 C distribution between atmosphere and ocean and the atmospheric response to the input of fossil fuel CO 2 and of 14 C produced in nuclear weapon tests have been quantitatively discussed by other authors using box models. However the exchange coefficients derived from the natural 14 C distribution do not agree with those valid to describe the short-term phenomena. A model consisting of a well mixed atmospheric box coupled to a long-term biosphere, of an ocean surface box and a diffusive deep ocean is discussed. The dynamic parameters were derived from the preindustrial 14 C distribution in atmosphere and ocean. A consistent description of phenomena with completely different characteristic times is possible, because in the box diffusion model the flux from mixed layer to deep sea increases for decreasing time constants of the perturbations. This is in contrary to box models where it is essentially independent of the time constants if they are smaller than a few hundred years. Due to this fact our model is valid for predictions of the atmospheric CO 2 response to the various possible future CO 2 input time functions. DOI: 10.1111/j.2153-3490.1975. tb01671.x
The effect of educational intervention on self-care behavior in hypertensive older people: Applying the health belief model

BACKGROUND: Hypertension is a worldwide health issue. Increasing aging has given rise to the prevalence of this problem. Disease management using educational intervention based on theoretical frameworks is effective for influencing self-care behavior. The goal of this study is to investigate the effects of educational intervention on self-care behaviors that influence hypertension control among the elderly population during 2020 based on the health belief model. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A quasi-experimental study was conducted on rural older people in Ardestan, Iran. Assessments were done before and after three educational intervention sessions with a control group. The random sampling has done on 99 hypertensive elderly people in two rural centers of Ardestan from 2019 to 2020. Awareness variables, components of the health belief model, and blood pressure were assessed before and three months after the intervention. Data analysis was done using descriptive and analytical statistics. RESULTS: The study groups did not differ significantly in terms of the variables studied at the beginning of the study. After three months, the variables of awareness, self-care, and perceived sensitivity constructs, perceived severity, perceived benefits, and guide to action showed a significant rise in the experimental group compared to the control group. In addition, the effectiveness of educational intervention significantly increased self-care behavior in the experimental group. CONCLUSIONS: Educational intervention based on the health belief model can be effective to reduce the barriers of self-care behaviors. In order to have a lasting change in behavior, the use of behavioral change patterns that ecologically take into account interpersonal, organizational, and social factors is suggested too.
A Novel Method for Dynamically Assessing the Prognosis of Patients with pT1 Gastric Cancer: A Large Population-Based Dynamic Prognostic Analysis

Background While early gastric cancer (EGC) patients are likely to experience relatively long postoperative survival, certain disease-related findings are associated with a poorer prognosis. This study sought to develop and validate a novel predictive model capable of estimating conditional disease-specific survival (CDSS) in EGC patients. Methods A total of 3016 patients diagnosed with pT1NxM0 GC after gastrectomy between 1998 and 2016 were selected from the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER) database and were separated into training and validation cohorts. Kaplan‒Meier curves and log-rank tests were employed to evaluate DSS, after which univariate and multivariate Cox regression analyses were used to construct a predictive nomogram and to estimate CDSS at 1, 2, and 3 years postoperatively in these patients. Results In the training cohort, the 3-year CDSS rose from 89.1% to 94.6% from 0 to 5 years postoperatively, while the 5-year CDSS rose from 84.5% to 92.0%. Cox regression analyses led to the construction of a nomogram that was able to reliably predict 3- and 5-year CDSS at 1, 2, and 3 years postoperatively (all P < 0.05) based upon patient age, tumor size, pT stage, pN stage, and the number of retrieved lymph nodes. This model exhibited good discriminative power in the training and validation cohorts (concordance index: 0.791 and 0.813, respectively), and nomogram calibration curves confirmed that actual and predicted survival outcomes were close to one another. Conclusions We herein developed a nomogram capable of accurately predicting the CDSS of EGC patients that had survived for multiple years after undergoing surgery.
The connection between carrier lifetime and doping density in nondegenerate semiconductors

It is assumed that there exists a temperature Tf at which dominant recombination centers in the form of electrically neutral, mechanical defects (e.g., vacancies) are frozen into a semiconductor matrix. For this process we assume an Arrhenius‐type law with an activation energy. From this assumption there follows by standard semiconductor statistics the doping dependencies of (a) the defect concentration and (b) the minority carrier lifetimes. The analysis can in principle be applied to any defect in any semiconductor which satisfies the above assumptions, provided the cross sections and related data are known. For the case of silicon we have deduced a set of parameters to fit the optimal experimental lifetimes. Assuming the unknown defects to have two charge states, neutral and negative, it is inferred that the levels lie near midgap and have recombination coefficients of order 10−9 cm3 s−1.
Poisson’s ratio measurement in tungsten thin films combining an x-ray diffractometer with in situ tensile tester

A direct determination of the Poisson’s ratio in 150 nm polycrystalline tungsten thin films deposited by ion-beam sputtering on Duralumin substrates has been performed by combining x-ray diffraction measurements with in situ traction on the sample. X-ray diffraction experiments using the sin2 ψ method have been done at LURE, the French synchrotron facility (Orsay, France) on a four-circle diffractometer. The method described in this letter allows us to extract in a simple way and with a good precision the Poisson’s ratio of thin films on substrates from the evolution of the sin2 ψ curves as a function of applied strains. In the case of tungsten thin film, the value obtained is close to the bulk material one.
Investigate the Relationship between the Vehicle Roll Angle and Other Factors When Steering

Rollover is a dangerous phenomenon. It is closely related to the vehicle roll angle. The greater the roll angle, the greater the risk of rollover. The vehicle roll angle when steering depends on many factors, such as the size of the vehicle, speed of movement, steering angle, etc. In this paper, the author has simulated the oscillation of a car when steering using MATLAB® software with three specific cases. The purpose of the study is to evaluate the dependence of the roll angle on other factors. Each case handles two scenarios: vehicle speed change (fixed height) and vehicle height change (fixed speed). The model of a complex dynamic, a combination of many nonlinear components, is used to simulate vehicle oscillations. According to the study’s results, the roll angle will increase if the speed or the distance from the center of gravity (CG) to roll axis (RA) increases, respectively. Once the roll angle’s value rises, the roll index also increases, which causes the dynamic force at the wheel to decrease. If the vertical force at the wheel approaches zero, a rollover may occur. The rollover phenomenon occurred in the second case, corresponding to speeds v = 80 (km/h) and v = 85 (km/h). The peak values of the roll angle are 7.77° and 7.63°, respectively. This result helps to identify the factors affecting the rollover phenomenon more clearly.
SPECTROSCOPIC OBSERVATIONS OF SOME BE/B STARS AT HIGH GALACTIC LATITUDES

Spectral types, rotational velocities, and radial velocities were estimated for eight Be and two non-emission B stars at high galactic latitudes from CCD spectra, and their distances from the galactic plane calculated. All of the objects appear to be spectroscopically normal; for the Be stars, at least, there is no reason to evoke an unusual origin for this sample of stars.
Relaxation Mode Analysis of a Single Polymer Chain in a Melt

Relaxation modes and rates of a polymer chain in a melt are studied by Monte Carlo simulations of the bond fluctuation model, where only the excluded volume interaction is taken into account. Polymer chains, each of which consists of N segments, are located on an L × L × L simple cubic lattice under periodic boundary conditions, where each segment occupies 2 ×2 ×2 unit cells. The results for N =32, 48, 64, 96, 128, 192, 256, 384 and 512 at the volume fraction φ≃0.5 are reported, where L = 128 for N ≤256 and L =192 for N ≥384. The relaxation modes and rates are estimated by solving generalized eigenvalue problems for the equilibrium time correlation matrices \( C_{i,j} (t) = \frac{1}{3} \langle \bar{\mbi{R}}_{i} (t) \cdot \bar{\mbi{R}}_{j} (0) \rangle\) of the coarse-grained relative positions \bar R i of segments of a polymer chain defined by \(\bar{\mbi{R}}_{i} = \frac{1}{n} \sum_{k=1}^{n} \mbi{R}_{(i-1)n+k}\), where R k denotes the position of the k th segment relative to the center of mass of the polym.
Effect of epidemic dynamics on evolutionary prisoner's dilemma game in scale-free networks

This paper studies the evolutionary prisoner's dilemma game (PDG) in finite dynamic scale-free networks, where the dynamic property is fulfilled by considering an epidemic process in networks. When a person is in infected state, he will not play PDG. Only healthy persons play PDG with their healthy neighbors. Our simulations show that (i) the ratio of healthy persons, Rs, depends not only on the spreading rate λ, but also on the recovery rate δ; (ii) The relationship between cooperation behaviors and the spreading rate λ depends on the value of δ; (iii) Given the same value of Rs and payoff parameter b, the cooperation frequency f changes with δ; (iv) Some curves of f against Rs are monotonic while others are non-monotonic. We have qualitatively explained results (ii)-(iv) through competition mechanism of cooperation enhancement effect and cooperation suppression effect. Our work sheds some lights on the important effect of dynamic topology on evolutionary game.
Maximum Likelihood Estimation for Cox's Regression Model Under Case–Cohort Sampling

Abstract. Case–cohort sampling aims at reducing the data sampling and costs of large cohort studies. It is therefore important to estimate the parameters of interest as efficiently as possible. We present a maximum likelihood estimator (MLE) for a case–cohort study based on the proportional hazards assumption. The estimator shows finite sample properties that improve on those by the Self & Prentice [Ann. Statist. 16 (1988)] estimator. The size of the gain by the MLE varies with the level of the disease incidence and the variability of the relative risk over the considered population. The gain tends to be small when the disease incidence is low. The MLE is found by a simple EM algorithm that is easy to implement. Standard errors are estimated by a profile likelihood approach based on EM‐aided differentiation.