Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Class inheritance structures and software maintenance activities - an empirical analysis

In an object oriented design, organization of classes in an inheritance hierarchy is believed to ease the understandability, reusability, and maintainability of the design. However, a lot of empirical analysis is required to confirm this. This research work is another attempt in this direction. Previous research experiments show that programmers do not prefer deep inheritance hierarchies. They find it difficult to perform maintenance tasks on classes deep in the hierarchy. This paper reports results of an experiment which studies the maintenance activity at various levels of the inheritance hierarchy of an open source reusable software component across its various releases. It analyzes changes in inheritance hierarchy by keeping track of the classes added, removed, changed, and unchanged in four successive releases of the software product. It is found that classes that undergo change are more evenly distributed at various levels of the hierarchy rather than classes that are retained as such in the next release. New classes are added at shallow levels of hierarchy most of the times, but unwanted classes are removed from different levels of the hierarchy. The paper also focuses on changes in the inheritance hierarchy as the design evolves.
Profiling of Cxcl12 Receptors, Cxcr4 and Cxcr7 in Murine Testis Development and a Spermatogenic Depletion Model Indicates a Role for Cxcr7 in Controlling Cxcl12 Activity

In mice the chemokine Cxcl12 and its receptor Cxcr4 participate in maintenance of the spermatogonial population during postnatal development. More complexity arises since Cxcl12 also binds to the non-classical/atypical chemokine receptor Cxcr7. We explored the expression pattern of Cxcl12, Cxcr4 and Cxcr7 during postnatal development in mouse testes and investigated the response of Cxcl12, Cxcr4, Cxcr7 and SSC-niche associated factors to busulfan-induced germ cell depletion and subsequent recovery by RNA expression analysis and localization of the proteins. In neonatal testes transcript levels of Cxcl12, Cxcr4 and Cxcr7 were relatively low and protein expression of Cxcr7 was restricted to gonocytes and spermatogonia. During development, RNA expression of Cxcl12 remained stable but that of Cxcr4 and Cxcr7 increased. Cxcr7 was expressed in germ cells located at the basement membrane of the seminiferous tubules. In adult testes, transcript levels of Cxcl12 were highest while the localization of Cxcr7 did not change. Following germ cell depletion, a significantly increased expression of Cxcl12 and a decreased expression of Cxcr7 were observed. Germ cells repopulating the seminiferous tubules were immunopositive for Cxcr7. We conclude that Cxcr7 expression to be restricted to premeiotic germ cells throughout postnatal testicular development and during testicular recovery. Hence, the spermatogonial population may not only be simply controlled by interaction of Cxcl12 with Cxcr4 but may also involve Cxcr7 as an important player.
Dorsal Sural Sensory Nerve Action Potential: A Study for Reference Values

Background: Dorsal sural sensory nerve action potential (SNAP) could help diagnose early or subclinical peripheral neuropathy. Objectives: To establish reference data for dorsal sural SNAP amplitude, latency, and velocity in healthy participants. Materials and Methods: A prospective study was conducted in 45 nerves from healthy participants between 18 and 90 years and stratified into three age groups (a = 18–40 years, b = 41–60 years, and c≥60 years). StataCorp 12.2 statistical program was used for all statistical analyses. Mean-2 standard deviation was used to generate reference values for the lower limit of amplitude and velocity in each age group. ANOVA with Bonferroni correction was used for intergroup comparisons of amplitude and velocity. Regression analysis was used to compute an equation for the predicted amplitude with age, height, and weight as the covariates. Results: The lower limit for amplitude (uv) in Groups a, b, and c was 2.57, 1.97, and 1.01, respectively. The lower limit for velocity (m/s) was 33.6, 32, and 22.8, respectively. Statistical significance was noted between the amplitudes of participants in Groups b and c (P = 0.039) and a and c (P = 0.001). Similarly, velocity was significantly different between Groups b and c (P = 0.04) and a and c (P = 0.008). Age was the covariate with maximum effect on the dorsal sural amplitude. Gender and side-to-side comparison did not show statistical significance for amplitude and velocity measurements. Linear regression analysis of the transformed amplitude gave the predictive equation as (y) =3.338 + age (−0.0167) + height in meters (−0.209) + weight (0.001). Conclusion: This study provides reference data for dorsal sural SNAP in Indian population stratified by age.
“That Dog Won't Hunt!”: Exemplary School Change Efforts Within the Kentucky Reform

This research presents case studies of four exemplary schools as they worked to meet the demands of the Kentucky Education Reform Act (KERA) as well as the system designed to assess results—the Kentucky Instructional Results Information System (KIRIS). We argue that the teachers' responses to large-scale reform efforts exist in a larger web of connection and are dependent on their collaborative and consistently positive stance toward learning as well as their principal's leadership. Thus, human capital, the knowledge and willingness to learn on the part of individuals, is inextricably linked to social capital, the relationships of trust and willingness to risk among school personnel. The way in which the four schools successfully met the challenge of KERA and KIRIS was unique to each site. Still, there were critical commonalties among the teachers: their regard. for history and heritage; the efficacy of their cooperative leadership; their careful reflection on the reform itself which ultimately allowed them to teach well beyond the KIRIS test (particularly in writing); and, most important, their dedication to students.
Turning a near-hovering controlled quadrotor into a 3D force effector

In this paper the problem of a quadrotor that physically interacts with the surrounding environment through a rigid tool is considered. We present a theoretical design that allows to exert an arbitrary 3D force by using a standard near-hovering controller that was originally developed for contact-free flight control. This is achieved by analytically solving the nonlinear system that relates the quadrotor state, the force exerted by the rigid tool on the environment, and the near-hovering controller action at the equilibrium points, during any generic contact. Stability of the equilibria for the most relevant actions (pushing, releasing, lifting, dropping, and left-right shifting) are proven by means of numerical analysis using the indirect Lyapunov method. An experimental platform, including a suitable tool design, has been developed and used to validate the theory with preliminary experiments.
Spinal GABA(A) and GABA(B) receptor pharmacology in a rat model of neuropathic pain.

BACKGROUND This study tests the hypothesis that loss of spinal activity of gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) contributes to the allodynia and hyperalgesia observed after peripheral nerve injury. METHODS Intrathecal catheters were implanted in male Sprague-Dawley rats. Antinociception was assessed by measuring withdrawal latency to immersion of the tail in a 52 degrees C water bath. Nerve injury was produced by ligation of the L5 and L6 spinal nerves. Testing was performed 4-14 days after spinal nerve ligation, when tactile allodynia and thermal hyperalgesia were established. Tactile allodynia was quantitated using the threshold to withdrawal of the hind paw on probing with von Frey filaments. Thermal hyperalgesia was quantitated using the latency to withdrawal of the hind paw from radiant heat. Motor function was tested using a rotarod apparatus. RESULTS Spinal administration of the GABAA receptor antagonist bicuculline or the GABAB receptor antagonist phaclofen produced tactile allodynia and thermal hyperalgesia in normal rats. The GABAB receptor agonist baclofen, administered spinally, produced antinociception in the tail-flick test, whereas the GABAA receptor agonist isoguvacine did not. Isoguvacine and baclofen each reversed tactile allodynia and thermal hyperalgesia produced by spinal nerve ligation. Baclofen but not isoguvacine prolonged thermal withdrawal latency in nerve-injured rats beyond preoperative values. Baclofen but not isoguvacine impaired motor function. CONCLUSIONS Pharmacologic inhibition of intrinsic GABA tone in normal rats resulted in tactile allodynia and thermal hyperalgesia, consistent with the hypothesis being tested. Exogenous administration of GABA agonists reversed spinal nerve ligation-induced allodynia and hyperalgesia, also consistent with this hypothesis. Isoguvacine produced specific antihyperalgesic and antiallodynic effects, whereas assessment of the effects of baclofen was complicated by motor dysfunction. Spinal GABAA agonists may provide a specific therapy for neuropathic pain.
The CoMeRe corpus for French: structuring and annotating heterogeneous CMC genres

The CoMeRe project aims to build a kernel corpus of different Computer-Mediated Com-munication (CMC) genres with interactions in French as the main language, by assembling interactions stemming from networks such as the Internet or telecommunication, as well as mono and multimodal, synchronous and asynchronous communications. Corpora are assem-bled using a standard, thanks to the TEI (Text Encoding Initiative) format. This implies extending, through a European endeavor, the TEI model of text, in order to encompass the richest and the more complex CMC genres. This paper presents the Interaction Space model. We explain how this model has been encoded within the TEI corpus header and body. The model is then instantiated through the first four corpora we have processed: three corpora where interactions occurred in single-modality environments (text chat, or SMS systems) and a fourth corpus where text chat, email and forum modalities were used simultaneously. The CoMeRe project has two main research perspectives: Discourse Analysis, only alluded to in this paper, and the linguistic study of idiolects occurring in different CMC genres. As NLP algorithms are an indispensable prerequisite for such research, we present our motiva-tions for applying an automatic annotation process to the CoMeRe corpora. Our wish to guarantee generic annotations meant we did not consider any processing beyond morphosyn-tactic labelling, but prioritized the automatic annotation of any freely variant elements within the corpora. We then turn to decisions made concerning which annotations to make for which units and describe the processing pipeline for adding these. All CoMeRe corpora are verified, thanks to a staged quality control process, designed to allow corpora to move from one project phase to the next. Public release of the CoMeRe corpora is a short-term goal: corpora will be integrated into the forthcoming French National Reference Corpus, and disseminated through the national linguistic infrastructure ORTOLANG. We, therefore, highlight issues and decisions made concerning the OpenData perspective.
The design and development of PELECAN: Pronunciation Errors from Learners of English Corpus and Annotation

This paper describes the design and construction of PELECAN (Pronunciation Errors from Learners of English Corpus and Annotation). PELECAN is created primarily for collecting pronunciation errors from Thai learners of English in order to develop a more suitable pronunciation assessment tool for Thais. A 2-phase data collection process is used to balance between recording effort and the coverage of interested acoustic phenomena. The data collected from the first phase contains 1.5 hours of speech from 30 Thai learners reading 2 English passages that cover all English phones. Recorded speech was annotated with 2 types of error annotation: phonetic transcription of incorrect pronunciation and level of correctness of each phone. A contrastive list was used to guide the error analysis process. We found that many pronunciation errors are influenced by L1 (Thai), e.g. incorrect pronunciations of suffixes and the deletion of /l/ and /r/ in consonant clusters. However, there are some errors that may not be predictable from contrastive analysis alone such as the case of schwa. Hence, the data driven approach could help identify errors that may not be foreseen from only a linguistic point of view.
Systemic autoimmune disorders in celiac disease

Purpose of review Celiac disease is an immune-mediated disorder clinically characterized by a multitude of symptoms and complications. The comorbidity between celiac disease and other autoimmune disorders has been clearly established. Recent findings Two main theories have been postulated to explain this comorbidity: (1) linkage disequilibrium between the genes responsible for celiac disease and those responsible for the coexpressed autoimmune diseases or (2) untreated celiac disease leading to the onset of other autoimmune diseases. This article reviews the current literature supporting either theory and places the current knowledge in the field within the context of the most recent data on the pathogenesis of celiac disease. Summary The current literature did not clearly establish which of the two theories explain the comorbidity between celiac disease and other autoimmune disorders. There is, however, growing evidence that the loss of the intestinal barrier function typical of celiac disease could be responsible of the onset of other autoimmune disease. This concept implies that the autoimmune response can be theoretically stopped and perhaps reversed if the interplay between autoimmune predisposing genes and trigger(s) is prevented or eliminated by a prompt diagnosis and treatment.
Design of low-jitter clock duty cycle stabilizer in high-performance pipelined ADC

This paper introduces a design of clock duty cycle stabilizer (DCS) for high-speed pipelined ADC, and analyses the internal parameters on the impact of the circuit performance. Circuit module includes programmable clock input buffer, clock synthesizer, duty cycle detection circuit and nonoverlapping clock generation circuit. The circuit and layout are achieved by 0.18 μm CMOS 1P5M Mixed Signal process. The Cadence Spectre post-simulation results show: The circuit can work for a wide frequency range from 20MHz to 250MHz; duty cycle accuracy of (50±0.25) %, in the 250MHz input frequency, the RMS jitter is 53 fs. The measured performance shows it can work with high speed, high precision and low jitter characteristics, being not strictly requirement on the input clock signal, nonoverlapping time controllable.
HR Professional als business partner

Bovenstaand citaat kan positief en negatief geinterpreteerd worden. Laten we beginnen met de positieve interpretatie. Kennelijk zijn we in theorie en praktijk zover dat we onderkennen dat mensen het verschil kunnen maken tussen organisaties en dat human resource management (HRM) dit mogelijk kan maken (Boxall & Purcell, 2003). Volgens Jaap Paauwe is 60 tot 70 procent van de huidige PO 30 tot 40 procent van de huidige P&O-staf zal deze omslag niet kunnen maken. Met andere woorden: ongeveer een op de drie P&Oers voldoet niet aan de eisen om volwaardig business partner te zijn c.q. te worden! En de rest zal zijn of haar plek moeten bewijzen.
The Challenge of Doing Corporatized Research Revisited: Contrivances and the Presentation of Self

Browning and Sørnes’ article, “The Challenge of Doing Corporatized Research: An Ethnography of ICT use,” implies by its title that it explores the difficulties inherent in corporation-sponsored research, and also that it offers an ethnography of ICT (information and communication technologies) use in that same context. In fact, it does neither. By exposing a deliberate series of contrivances, this article shows how their effort is a deliberate attempt at impression management. The problems with their article are divided into three main categories: ethical issues, vying for credit, and relating to sponsors and using ICTs. This article concludes that the effort by Browning and Sørnes falls well short of the scrupulousness one expects from qualitative researchers.
Feature-based prediction of unknown preferences for nearest-neighbor collaborative filtering

Recommendation systems analyze user preferences and recommend items to a user by predicting the user's preference for those items. Among various kinds of recommendation methods, collaborative filtering (CF) has been widely used and successfully applied to practical applications. However, collaborative filtering has two inherent problems: data sparseness and the cold-start problems. In this paper, we propose a method of integrating additional feature information of users and items into CF to overcome the difficulties caused by sparseness and improve the accuracy of recommendation. Several experimental results that show the effectiveness of the proposed method are also presented.
Lost in Trans-Lation Interpreting Systems of Trauma for Transgender Clients

Transgender clients frequently experience multiple types of violence (Mizock & Lewis, 2008), including interpersonal (violence that occurs between, at least, two people), self-directed (violence that is self-inflicted), and collective (violence that is inflicted by larger groups of people/institutions; Krug et al., 2002). Transgender clients who experience any of these types of violence are at a higher risk for developing psychiatric symptoms that may require the attention of a mental health care provider (Mizock & Lewis, 2008). Thus, it is crucial that clinicians understand how transgender clients respond to such violence and how these reactions relate to the clinical needs of transgender clients (Lev, 2004). In this article, we will summarize and cluster the types of violence that have been documented in the transgender literature. We will then highlight PTSD and complex PTSD as conceptual frameworks for working with transgender clients. Furthermore, we will examine how the binary notion of gender ignor.
White dwarf mass distribution in the SDSS

We determined masses for the 7167 DA and 507 DB white dwarf stars classified as single and non-magnetic in Data Release 4 of the Sloan Digital Sky Survey (SDSS). We obtained revised T eff and log g determinations for the most massive stars by fitting the SDSS optical spectra with a synthetic spectra grid derived from model atmospheres extending to log g = 10.0. We also calculate radii from evolutionary models and create volume-corrected mass distributions for our DA and DB samples. The mean mass for the DA stars brighter than g = 19 and hotter than T eff = 12 000 K is (M) DA ≃0.593 ± 0.016. M ⊙ . For the 150 DBs brighter than g = 19 and hotter than T eff = 16000 K, we find (M) DB = 0.711 ± 0.009 M ⊙ . It appears the mean mass for DB white dwarf stars may be significantly larger than that for DAs. We also report the highest mass white dwarf stars ever found, up to 1.33 M ⊙ .
Etiologic Study of Young Ischemic Stroke in Taiwan

Background and Purpose— The etiologic mechanisms of young ischemic stroke in Chinese are largely unknown. This work thus studied the etiologies of young ischemic stroke in Taiwan Chinese and made a comparison with previous reports. Methods— From January 1997 to October 2001, a total of 264 consecutive young ischemic stroke patients (18 to 45 years old) were admitted to the Department of Neurology in our hospital. The risk factors for stroke and the distribution of stroke subtype were studied. The vascular ultrasound and angiographic findings of these patients were also studied. Results— The sample contained 188 men and 76 women. Cerebral infarction was diagnosed in 241 patients and transient ischemic attack in 23 (8.7%). Regarding stroke subtype, stroke of small-vessel occlusion was diagnosed in 20.5% of cases, large-artery atherosclerosis in 7.2%, cardioembolism in 17.8%, other determined etiology in 22.3%, and undetermined etiology in 23.5%. The 4 most common risk factors were hyperlipidemia (53.1%), smoking (49.8%), hypertension (45.8%), and family history of stroke (29.3%). Twenty-three patients (9.6%) had significant stenosis (≥50%) of the carotid (7.5%) and vertebral arteries (2.1%), the most common cause of which was dissection (60.9%). Forty-five patients (26.5%) had significant intracranial stenosis with 18.8% in the carotid and 10.6% in the vertebrobasilar system, and 5 (2.9%) had stenosis in both systems. Premature atherosclerosis (33.3%) was the most common cause of intracranial stenosis. Conclusions— Our study found that strokes of other determined etiology and undetermined etiology were most common among the sample group, and a battery of extensive examinations is indicated to elucidate the etiology for further stroke prevention. Intracranial stenosis is more common than extracranial stenosis in both the carotid and vertebrobasilar systems.
Tremor‐related activity of neurons in the ‘motor’ thalamus: changes in firing rate and pattern in the MPTP vervet model of parkinsonism

The pathophysiology of parkinsonian tremor remains a matter of debate with two opposing hypotheses proposing a peripheral and a central origin, respectively. A central origin of tremor could arise either from a rhythmic activity of the internal segment of the globus pallidus (GPi) or from a structure such as the thalamus, outside the basal ganglia. In this study, single‐unit recordings were performed in three 1‐methyl‐4‐phenyl‐1,2,3,6‐tetrahydropyridine‐treated monkeys within the GPi and within three territories of the motor thalamus (delimited by their afferent inputs from the GPi, the substantia nigra and the cerebellum, respectively). For each recorded neuron, we compared the variations in firing rate and pattern in tremor and no tremor periods. Tremor either occurred spontaneously or was induced by external stimulation. When the animals entered into a tremor period we observed: (i) an increase in the mean firing rate in about half of the recorded neurons of the motor thalamus; and (ii), a change from an irregular to a rhythmic discharge within the range of tremor frequency (5–7 Hz) in about 10% of the recorded neurons of the motor thalamus (pallidal and cerebellar territories) and the GPi. Most of the thalamic neurons that exhibited a rhythmic discharge during tremor were found to be sensitive to external stimulation. Because the changes in firing rate occurred predominantly in the motor thalamus and not in the GPi, and because a fast rhythmic discharge of 10–15 Hz was frequently observed in the GPi and not in the motor thalamus, we conclude that thalamic activity is not a simple reproduction of basal ganglia output. Moreover, we suggest that thalamic processing of basal ganglia outputs could participate in the genesis of tremor, and that this thalamic processing could be influenced by sensory inputs and/or changes in attentional level elicited by external stimulation.