Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Home Interactions and the Development of Embu Toddlers in Kenya.

SIGMAN, MARIAN; NEUMANN, CHARLOTTE; CARTER, ERIC; CATTLE, DOROTHY J.; D'SOUZA, SUSAN; and BWIBO, NIMROD. Home Interactions and the Development of Embu Toddlers in Kenya. CHILD DEVELOPMENT, 1988, 59, 1251-1261. The social interactions experienced by 110 Embu children growing up in a rural Kenyan community were observed bimonthly when the children were between 15 and 30 months of age. Children who were talked to frequently, whose vocalizations were responded to, and who engaged in sustained social interactions passed more of the items on a revised version of the Bayley Mental Scale at 24 and 30 months of age and showed more positive affect than children who had been less involved in verbal and social interactions during the previous home observations. Children who were carried a great deal between 15 and 30 months of age scored poorly on both Bayley Mental and Motor Scales at 30 months of age. Social and verbal interactions were associated with developmental scores regardless of the child's initial verbal ability. The level of paternal literacy was associated with the cognitive development of these Kenyan toddlers at 30 months of age, and social interactions accounted for some of the variability in development beyond this association.
Hybrid spectrum sharing in dynamic spectrum access networks

In this work, inefficient spectrum usage problem which will lead to spectrum scarcity in future communications has been addressed. According to Federal Communications Commission, spectrum sharing is a technique to efficiently utilize the spectrum. We analyse dynamic spectrum access concepts such as overlay spectrum sharing and underlay spectrum sharing. Our overlay and underlay analysis have been made with the use of five and eight state continuous time Markov chains respectively. We derive the steady state probability for these states and also calculate the throughput of the aforementioned spectrum sharing schemes with the use of Shannons channel capacity. In addition to that, specifically, we propose a hybrid spectrum access scheme which combines overlay and underlay spectrum sharing schemes and employ them to improve the system throughput by efficiently using the spectrum. Our approach, by using continuous time Markov chain, reduces the complexity in modelling the dynamics of primary and secondary user. We have also shown numerical results to validate the performance of the proposed scheme. Our scheme lays foundation for further works in the field, and our scheme could be enhanced in future works.
Layer assignment techniques for low energy in multi-layered memory organisations

Nearly all platforms use a multi-layer memory hierarchy to bridge the enormous latency gap between the large off-chip memories and local register files. However, most of the previous work on HW or SW controlled techniques for layer assignment have been mainly focussed on performance. As a result, the intermediate layers have been assigned too large sizes, leading to energy inefficiency. In this paper, we present a technique that takes advantage of both the temporal locality and limited lifetime of the arrays of the application for minimum energy consumption under layer size constraints. A prototype tool has been developed and tested using two real-life applications of industrial relevance. Following this approach, we have been able to halve the energy consumed by the memory hierarchy for each of our drivers.
Artificial playing surface increases the injury risk in pivoting indoor sports: a prospective one-season follow-up study in Finnish female floorball

Objectives: To compare the injury risk in pivoting indoor sports between two different surfaces: artificial floors and wooden floors. Methods: Female players (n = 331) from 26 top-level Finnish floorball teams were followed for one competitive season (6 months). All traumatic game related time-loss injuries were recorded. Injury incidences were calculated as the number of injuries per 1000 game hours for both surfaces. Incidence rate ratios (IRRs) were obtained from Poisson regression models. Results: Over the competitive season, 62 traumatic injuries occurred during the games. The injury incidence per 1000 playing hours was 59.9 (95% CI 43.2 to 83.0) on artificial floors and 26.8 (95% CI 18.2 to 39.3) on wooden floors, the adjusted IRR being twofold higher (IRR = 2.1; 95% CI 1.2 to 3.5, p = 0.005) on artificial floors than wooden floors. The risk for non-contact injuries (adjusted IRR = 12.5; 95% CI 2.9 to 54.9, p = 0.001) and severe injuries (adjusted IRR = 3.3; 95% CI 0.9 to 10.9, p = 0.052) was especially high when playing on artificial floors. Conclusions: The study attested that the risk of traumatic injury in pivoting indoor sports is higher when playing on artificial floors than wooden floors. The higher shoe–surface friction on the former surface is likely to explain the higher injury risk.
The effects of age, glucose ingestion and gluco-regulatory control on episodic memory.

BACKGROUND Previous research has been inconclusive regarding the impact of glucose ingestion and gluco-regulatory control on cognitive performance in healthy older adults. The aim of this research was to determine whether glucose specifically enhanced episodic memory in an older population. In addition, the link between individual differences in glucose regulation and the magnitude of the enhancement effect was examined. DESIGN AND SUBJECTS A within subjects, counterbalanced, crossover design was used with 20 participants (60-80 year olds), each serving as his/her control. METHODS Episodic memory was tested by presenting unrelated paired associates followed by immediate and delayed cued recall, and delayed recognition, under single and dual task conditions. In addition, a battery of cognitive tests was administered, including tests of semantic memory, working memory and speed of processing. RESULTS Glucose ingestion was found to largely facilitate performance of episodic memory. Furthermore, subsidiary analyses found that gluco-regulatory efficiency predicted episodic memory performance in both control and glucose conditions. CONCLUSIONS A boost in performance after glucose ingestion was particularly seen in the episodic memory domain. Notably, strong evidence was provided for the utility of gluco-regulatory control measures as indicators of cognitive decline in the elderly.
Spatial Partitioning of Large Urban Road Networks

The rapid global migration of people towards urban areas is multiplying the traffic volume on urban road networks. As a result these networks are rapidly growing in size, in which different sub-networks exhibit distinctive traffic flow patterns. In this paper, we propose a scalable framework for traffic congestion-based spatial partitioning of large urban road networks. It aims to identify different sub-networks or partitions that exhibit homogeneous traffic congestion patterns internally, but heterogenous to others externally. To this end, we develop a two-stage procedure within our framework that first transforms the large road graph into a well-structured and condensed supergraph via clustering and link aggregation based on traffic density and adjacency connectivity, respectively. We then devise a spectral theory based novel graph cut (referred as -Cut) to partition the supergraph and compare its performance with that of an existing method for partitioning urban networks. Our results show that the proposed method outperforms the normalized cut based existing method in all the performance evaluation metrics for small road networks and provides good results for much larger networks where other methods may face serious problems of time and space complexities.
Influence of growth conditions and developmental stage on N-glycan heterogeneity of transgenic immunoglobulin G and endogenous proteins in tobacco leaves.

Plants are regarded as a promising system for the production of heterologous proteins. However, little is known about the influence of plant development and growth conditions on N-linked glycosylation. To investigate this, transgenic tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum cv Samsun NN) plants expressing a mouse immunoglobulin G antibody (MGR48) were grown in climate rooms under four different climate conditions, i.e. at 15 degrees C and 25 degrees C and at either low or high light conditions. N-glycans on plantibodies and soluble endogenous proteins were analyzed with matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization-time of flight (MALDI-TOF) mass spectrometry (MS). Antibodies isolated from young leaves have a relatively high amount of high- mannose glycans compared with antibodies from older leaves, which contain more terminal N-acetylglucosamine. Senescence was shown to affect the glycosylation profile of endogenous proteins. The relative amount of N-glycans without terminal N-acetylglucosamine increased with leaf age. Major differences were observed between glycan structures on endogenous proteins versus those on antibodies, probably to be attributed to their subcellular localization. The relatively high percentage of antibody N-glycan lacking both xylose and fucose is interesting.
Visual matching of stroke order in robotic calligraphy

Robotic calligraphy is an interesting problem and recently draws much attention. Two major problems in robotic calligraphy are stroke shape and stroke order. Most of previous work focused on controlling brush trajectory, pressure, velocity, and acceleration to draw a desired stroke shape. As for stroke order, it was manually given from a database. Even for a software of optical character recognition (OCR), it cannot recognize the stroke order from a character image. This paper describes the automatic extraction of the stroke order of a Chinese character by visual matching. Specifically speaking, the stroke order of a Chinese character on an image can be automatically generated by the association of the standard image of the same character given with its stroke order. The proposed visual-matching method extracts the features of the Hough Lines of an input image and uses support vector machine (SVM) to associate the features with the ones of the standard image. The features used in the proposed method were evaluated on several Chinese characters. Two famous Chinese characters “Country” and “Dragon” were used to demonstrate the feasibility of the proposed method. The matched rate of the stroke order of “Country” and “Dragon” were 95.8% and 90.3%, respectively.
Benperidol in the Treatment of Sexual Offenders

I N T R O D U C T I O N T H E results of the treatment of a group of serious sexual offenders employing sub­ cutaneous implants of oestradiol (B.P.C.) have been noted, together with the dis­ advantages of oral treatment in such a group of offenders whose basic psychopathy was such that oral medication could not be relied upon (Field and Will iams, 1970). Nevertheless, in a survey of a large number of sexual offenders, it has been possible to isolate a group whose members, by virtue of their level of intelligence and basic stability, were thought suitable for oral treatment. T h e y were considered likely to continue oral medication, report accurately their subjective experiences, and attend regularly for followup. T h e disadvantages of oral stilboestrol have been dealt with elsewhere (Field and W i l ­ liams, 1970); a dosage sufficient to inhibit libido invariably produced a degree of nausea that was unacceptable and gave an excuse for discontinuance of the therapy. There is no evidence that any form of psychotherapy, individual or group, super­ ficial or deep, is of any practical value in the treatment of the sexual oflfender—certainly if
Refinements of Environmental Assessment During an Outbreak Investigation of Invasive Aspergillosis in a Leukemia and Bone Marrow Transplant Unit

Abstract Objectives: To investigate an outbreak of aspergillosis in a leukemia and bone marrow transplant (BMT) unit and to improve environmental assessment strategies to detect Aspergillus. Design: Epidemiological investigation and detailed environmental assessment. Setting: A tertiary-care university hospital with a 37-bed leukemia and BMT unit. Participants: Leukemic or BMT patients with invasive aspergillosis identified through prospective surveillance and confirmed by chart review. Interventions: We verified the diagnosis of invasive fungal infection by reviewing medical charts of at-risk patients, performing a case-control study to determine risk factors for infection, instituting wet mopping to clean all floors, providing N95 masks to protect patients outside high-efficiency particulate air (HEPA)-filtered areas, altering traffic patterns into the unit, and performing molecular typing of selected Aspergillus flavus isolates. To assess the environment, we verified pressure relationships between the rooms and hallway and between buildings, and we compared the ability of large-volume (1,200 L) and small-volume (160 L) air samplers to detect Aspergillus spores. Results: Of 29 potential invasive aspergillosis cases, 21 were confirmed by medical chart review. Risk factors for developing invasive aspergillosis included the length of time since malignancy was diagnosed (odds ratio [OR], 1.0; P=.05) and hospitalization in a patient room located near a stairwell door (OR, 3.7; P=.05). Two of five A flavus patient isolates were identical to one of the environmental isolates. The pressure in most of the rooms was higher than in the corridors, but the pressure in the oncology unit was negative with respect to the physically adjacent hospital; consequently, the unit acted essentially as a vacuum that siphoned non-HEPA-filtered air from the main hospital. Of the 78 samples obtained with a small-volume air sampler, none grew an Aspergillus species, whereas 10 of 40 cultures obtained with a large-volume air sampler did. Conclusions: During active construction, Aspergillus spores may have entered the oncology unit from the physically adjacent hospital because the air pressure differed. Guidelines that establish the minimum acceptable pressures and specify which pressure relationships to test in healthcare settings are needed. Our data show that large-volume air samples are superior to small-volume samples to assess for Aspergillus in the healthcare environment.
Evolution of Viral Proteins Originated De Novo by Overprinting

New protein-coding genes can originate either through modification of existing genes or de novo. Recently, the importance of de novo origination has been recognized in eukaryotes, although eukaryotic genes originated de novo are relatively rare and difficult to identify. In contrast, viruses contain many de novo genes, namely those in which an existing gene has been “overprinted” by a new open reading frame, a process that generates a new protein-coding gene overlapping the ancestral gene. We analyzed the evolution of 12 experimentally validated viral genes that originated de novo and estimated their relative ages. We found that young de novo genes have a different codon usage from the rest of the genome. They evolve rapidly and are under positive or weak purifying selection. Thus, young de novo genes might have strain-specific functions, or no function, and would be difficult to detect using current genome annotation methods that rely on the sequence signature of purifying selection. In contrast to young de novo genes, older de novo genes have a codon usage that is similar to the rest of the genome. They evolve slowly and are under stronger purifying selection. Some of the oldest de novo genes evolve under stronger selection pressure than the ancestral gene they overlap, suggesting an evolutionary tug of war between the ancestral and the de novo gene.
Effect of acute hyperglycemia on visual cortical activation as measured by functional MRI

To determine whether acute hyperglycemia changes the hyperemic response to functional activation of brain, the area and magnitude of the activation were measured in healthy volunteers maintained at euglycemia and then at hyperglycemia using the hyperglycemic clamp technique. Activation of the visual cortex (8–16 Hz) was assessed by functional MRI with blood oxygenation level dependent (BOLD) contrast using a 4 Tesla magnet and a multi‐slice echo‐planar imaging sequence (TE = 30 msec, TR = 1.5 sec). At euglycemia (4.8 ± 0.2 mM, mean ± SEM, n = 6), the number of activated pixels in the occipital lobe was 79 ± 10 and the intensity of activation was 4.5 ± 0.5%. During hyperglycemia (plasma glucose 300% of control), the number of activated pixels was 90 ± 20% of control and the BOLD activation was 3.5 ± 0.3%, respectively. The change in BOLD signal was below 0.2%/mM plasma glucose. This study demonstrates that acute hyperglycemia is without substantial effect on the size and intensity of activation of the occipital cortex. The results further suggest that fluctuations in blood glucose within the physiologic range are without effect on the functional activation of the cerebral cortex measured by BOLD fMRI. J. Neurosci. Res. 62:279–285, 2000. © 2000 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Uterine Gene Expression in the Live-Bearing Lizard, Chalcides ocellatus, Reveals Convergence of Squamate Reptile and Mammalian Pregnancy Mechanisms

Although the morphological and physiological changes involved in pregnancy in live-bearing reptiles are well studied, the genetic mechanisms that underlie these changes are not known. We used the viviparous African Ocellated Skink, Chalcides ocellatus, as a model to identify a near complete gene expression profile associated with pregnancy using RNA-Seq analyses of uterine transcriptomes. Pregnancy in C. ocellatus is associated with upregulation of uterine genes involved with metabolism, cell proliferation and death, and cellular transport. Moreover, there are clear parallels between the genetic processes associated with pregnancy in mammals and Chalcides in expression of genes related to tissue remodeling, angiogenesis, immune system regulation, and nutrient provisioning to the embryo. In particular, the pregnant uterine transcriptome is dominated by expression of proteolytic enzymes that we speculate are involved both with remodeling the chorioallantoic placenta and histotrophy in the omphaloplacenta. Elements of the maternal innate immune system are downregulated in the pregnant uterus, indicating a potential mechanism to avoid rejection of the embryo. We found a downregulation of major histocompatability complex loci and estrogen and progesterone receptors in the pregnant uterus. This pattern is similar to mammals but cannot be explained by the mammalian model. The latter finding provides evidence that pregnancy is controlled by different endocrinological mechanisms in mammals and reptiles. Finally, 88% of the identified genes are expressed in both the pregnant and the nonpregnant uterus, and thus, morphological and physiological changes associated with C. ocellatus pregnancy are likely a result of regulation of genes continually expressed in the uterus rather than the initiation of expression of unique genes.
Molecular Genetics of Schizophrenia and Comorbid and Related Traits

8 INTRODUCTION . 10 REVIEW OF THE LITERATURE.11 1 SCHIZOPHRENIA . 11 1.1 Diagnosis.11 1.2 Epidemiology.16 1.3 Environmental risk factors . 18 1.4 Neuropathology . 19 1.5 Endophenotypes . 19 1.6 Comorbidity . 22 2 STRATEGIES FOR SEARCHING FOR GENES BEHIND COMPLEX DISORDERS . 23 2.1 Genome-wide approach . 23 2.2 Candidate gene approach . 23 2.3 Statistical methods . 24 2.3.1 Linkage and association analysis . 25 2.3.2 Quantitative measures . 27 2.3.3 The issue of power in a linkage study. 27 2.4 Isolated populations . 28 3 GENETICS OF SCHIZOPHRENIA . 30 3.1 General aspects . 30 3.2 Heritability of schizophrenia.30 3.3 Previous findings of linkage in schizophrenia . 32 AIMS OF THE PRESENT STUDY.37 MATERIALS AND METHODS . 38 1 STUDY SAMPLES.38 1.1 Schizophrenia study sample.38 1.1.1 Identification of eligible individuals. 38 1.1.2 Ascertainment of diagnosis . 38 1.1.3 Internal isolate. 39 1.2 Oulu 66 Cohort . 41 1.3 Cancer comorbidity sample . 43 2 LABORATORY METHODS . 45 2.1 Sample collection and DNA extraction . 45 2.2 Genotyping . 45 3 STATISTICAL METHODS.45 ETHICAL CONSIDERATIONS.48 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION.49 1 GENOME-WIDE SCAN IN SIB-PAIR FAMILIES FROM FINLAND.49 2 GENOME-WIDE SCAN IN A POPULATION-WIDE SAMPLE FROM FINLAND . 51 3 DETAILED STUDY OF CHROMOSOME 1 IN FAMILIES WITH SCHIZOPHRENIA . 54 4 THE INCIDENCE OF CANCER IN PATIENTS WITH SCHIZOPHRENIA AND THEIR FIRST-DEGREE RELATIVES . 57 5 THE ASSOCIATION BETWEEN NOVELTY SEEKING AND DRD4 . 58 CONCLUDING REMARKS AND FUTURE PROSPECTS . 61 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS . 63
Quasi p or not Quasi p? That is the Question

The question might not be as profound as Shakespeare's, but nevertheless, it is interesting. Because few people seem to be aware of quasi p-groups, we will begin with a bit of history and a definition; and then we will determine for each group of order less than 24 (and a few others) whether the group is a quasi p-group for some prime p or not. This paper is a prequel to [Hwd]. In [Hwd] we prove that (Z 3 × Z 3) Z 2 and Z 5 Z 4 are quasi 2-groups. Those proofs now form a portion of Proposition (12.1) It should also be noted that [Hwd] may also be found in this journal. Section One: Why should we be interested in quasi p-groups? In a 1957 paper titled Coverings of algebraic curves [Abh2], Abhyankar conjectured that the algebraic fundamental group of the affine line over an algebraically closed field k of prime characteristic p is the set of quasi p-groups, where by the algebraic fundamental group of the affine line he meant the family of all Galois groups Gal(L/k(X)) as L varies over all finite normal extensions of k(X) the function field of the affine line such that no point of the line is ramified in L, and where by a quasi p-group he meant a finite group that is generated by all of its p-Sylow subgroups. More generally, he conjectured that for the affine line minus t points the algebraic fundamental group is the set of quasi (p, t)-groups, where by a quasi (p, t)-group he meant a finite group G such that G/p(G) is generated by t generators where p(G) is the (normal) subgroup of G generated by all of its p-Sylow subgroups 1. These conjectures became known as the Abhyankar Conjecture. In [Abh2] Abhyankar showed that the algebraic fundamental group of the affine line over an algebraically closed field of prime characteristic p is contained in the set of quasi p-groups and also that the algebraic fundamental group of the affine line over an algebraically closed field of prime characteristic p minus t points is contained in the set of quasi (p, t)-groups. In 1995, Harbater and Raynaud shared the Cole Prize in Algebra (which is awarded every five years by the American Mathematical Society) for showing the reverse containment. In a 1994 paper [Ray], Raynaud proved the first conjecture, and, in a paper [Har] …
Dynamic Time Warp Based Template Analysis

Template analysis attacks on cipher chips take the advantage of data dependency of side channel leakages (power consumption, electromagnetic emission) from cryptographic chips. In this attack, side channel information is analyzed with multivariate model. Papers published are all focus on time domain signal, but the requirement of precise timing arrangement is a fatal weakness in this attack, because it will be useless while there are random delays in cipher under attack. However, it is shown that random delays could be eliminated by the dynamic time warp method. In this paper, based on the description of the principle and steps of template analysis, DTW based template analysis against cryptographic chips was proposed. Experiments of template analysis on a microcontroller (AT89C52) implemented DES verified the feasible of the DTW method.