Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Was wird hier gespielt?

Zusammenfassung Computer- und Videospiele (vor allem „Ego-Shooter”) werden häufig als kausaler Faktor im Zusammenhang mit „Amokläufen” an Schulen genannt. Diese Übersichtsarbeit beschäftigt sich mit dem Computerspielkonsum, der Debatte über Computerspiele und aggressives-Verhalten und dem Zusammenhang zwischen Computerspielen und „School shootings”. Während die Literatur zu Computerspielen und aggressivem Verhalten gemischte Resultate zeigt, lässt sich in Hinblick auf School shootings kein kausaler Zusammenhang herstellen. Andere Einflussfaktoren wie der private Waffenbesitz und die mediale Berichterstattung über „Amokläufe” verdienen eine detailliertere Beachtung in der gegenwärtigen Diskussion.
The number of strokes per flash measured by JLDN

Japanese Lightning Detection Network (JLDN) operated by Franklin Japan Corporation (FJC) has been provided stroke data as our standard commercial lightning data [1]. However, it is much useful for lightning protection system designs to use flash data rather than using stroke data [2]. Therefore, this paper examines the method of conversion of stroke data into flash data and multiplicities of lightning flashes observed by JLDN. In addition to the above, we also compare our data with other nationwide lightning detection network and discuss the characteristics of flash multiplicity measured by JLDN. The FJC uses the algorithm which is different from the National Lightning Detection Network (NLDN). Therefore, we discuss the validity of the JLDN flash algorithm by comparing flash multiplicities calculated by both the JLDN flash algorithm and the NLDN one. In addition, we compare the flash multiplicities measured by JLDN with those measured by other nationwide lightning detection network and examine the network performance of JLDN regarding the flash multiplicity.
Scaled SLNR precoding for cognitive radio

In this paper, we propose and analyze a low-complexity precoding scheme for cognitive radio networks. We consider a secondary user, equipped with multiple transmit antennas, that is allowed to access the spectrum of the primary network only if it does not interfere to the reception of the primary users. The proposed precoder is based on the signal to leakage plus noise ratio (SLNR) criterion, with additional scaling to comply with the cognitive constraint. The proposed Scaled SLNR (SSLNR) scheme is attractive for practical cognitive wireless networks as it combines near optimal performance with low implementation complexity. The SSLNR parameter is optimized using stochastic geometry analysis of an alternative gated zero-forcing scheme. The optimal parameter value is shown to depend only on the system parameters and not on the primary network density. Simulations results demonstrate the accuracy of the optimization, and show that the performance of the resulting SSLNR scheme is close to the performance of the optimal solution.
Lightweight Time Modeling in Timed Creol

Creol is an object-oriented modeling language in which inherently concurrent objects exchange asynchronous method calls. The operational semantics of Creol is written in an actor-based style, formulated in rewriting logic. The operational semantics yields a language interpreter in the Maude system, which can be used to analyze models. Recently, Creol has been applied to the modeling of systems with radio communication, such as sensor systems. With radio communication, messages expire and, if sent simultaneously, they may collide in the air. In order to capture these and other properties of distributed systems, we extended Creol’s operational semantics with a notion of time. We exploit the framework of a language interpreter to use a lightweight notion of time, in contrast to that needed for a general purpose specification language. This paper presents a timed extension of Creol, including the semantics and the implementation strategy, and discusses its properties using an extended example. The approach can be generalized to other concurrent object or actor-based systems.
A Knowledge Management System-Based Model of E-Learning for Higher Education in Chinese Context

The successful implementation of knowledge management system in many firms has shed light to the possibility of its application to the E-learning for higher education in Chese context. Based upon knowledge management theory and in-depth analysis of functions of knowledge management system, this paper illustrates the key problems faced by E-learning in Chinese higher education, and build a knowledge management system-based model of E-learning that can share educational resources and meet the diverse education demands effectively and efficiently.
Biotechnological production of citric acid

This work provides a review about the biotechnological production of citric acid starting from the physicochemical properties and industrial applications, mainly in the food and pharmaceutical sectors. Several factors affecting citric acid fermentation are discussed, including carbon source, nitrogen and phosphate limitations, pH of culture medium, aeration, trace elements and morphology of the fungus. Special attention is paid to the fundamentals of biochemistry and accumulation of citric acid. Technologies employed at industrial scale such as surface or submerged cultures, mainly employing Aspergillus niger, and processes carried out with Yarrowia lipolytica, as well as the technology for recovering the product are also described. Finally, this review summarizes the use of orange peels and other by-products as feedstocks for the bioproduction of citric acid.
Applicability of Current Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy (BSE) Diagnostic Procedures for Chronic Wasting Disease (CWD)

Chronic wasting disease (CWD) in cervids is one of the transmissible spongiform encephalopathies; however, its risk to humans is still obscure. An increase in number of diseased deer in North America has raised concerns regarding the CWD risk to humans. We demonstrated that the confirmatory procedures and the commercial diagnostic kits for bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE) can be adopted for the diagnosis of CWD. No CWD case was confirmed in the surveillance of 558 cervids that were examined between 2003 and 2006 in Japan.
Mental Health Implications of Concussion and Brain Injury

On May 2, 2012, San Diegans heard the news that a beloved and popular local athlete had died by his own hand. Tiaina Baul Seau, Jr., was a linebacker in the National Football League (NFL). Known for his impassioned playing style, he was a 10time All-Pro, 12-time Pro Bowl selection, and named to the NFL 1990s All-Decade Team (Penn, 2013). Born in San Diego, California, “Junior” Seau played college football at the University of Southern California. He was chosen by the San Diego Chargers as the fifth overall pick of the 1990 NFL Draft. Seau was a star linebacker for 20 seasons, primarily with the Chargers, where he was legendary for his seeming indestructibility. A standout on San Diego’s only Super Bowl team, he was later inducted into the Chargers Hall of Fame and the team retired his number, 55. He left professional football after the 2009 season and was living in San Diego. He invested in San Diego both as a businessman and as the head of a foundation serving at-risk kids (Penn, 2013). Seau was 43 years old when he committed suicide with a gunshot wound to the chest. Seau’s family donated his brain tissue to the National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, part of the National Institutes of Health (NIH). Studies by the NIH, based on autopsy, concluded that Seau suffered from chronic traumatic encephalopathy (CTE), a type of chronic brain damage resulting from repeated trauma that also has been found in other deceased former NFL players (Penn, 2013). In April 2013, the Seau family joined more than 4,400 former players in a mass of lawsuits charging that the NFL and the helmet manufacturer Riddell had misrepresented or suppressed data about the risks associated with concussions, also known as mild traumatic brain injury (TBI). Of the players involved in
A method for modeling noise in medical images

We have developed a method to study the statistical properties of the noise found in various medical images. The method is specifically designed for types of noise with uncorrelated fluctuations. Such signal fluctuations generally originate in the physical processes of imaging rather than in the tissue textures. Various types of noise (e.g., photon, electronics, and quantization) often contribute to degrade medical images; the overall noise is generally assumed to be additive with a zero-mean, constant-variance Gaussian distribution. However, statistical analysis suggests that the noise variance could be better modeled by a nonlinear function of the image intensity depending on external parameters related to the image acquisition protocol. We present a method to extract the relationship between an image intensity and the noise variance and to evaluate the corresponding parameters. The method was applied successfully to magnetic resonance images with different acquisition sequences and to several types of X-ray images.
Le rôle des gestes dans la création et l’acquisition du langage

Resume Imaginez un enfant qui n’a jamais vu ou entendu de langage. Un tel enfant serait-il capable d’inventer un langage ? Malgre ce que l’on pourrait croire, la reponse est « oui ». Ce chapitre decrit des enfants atteints de surdite congenitale et qui sont incapables d’entendre le langage qui les entoure. De plus, ces enfants n’ont jamais ete exposes a la langue des signes, ni de la part de leurs parents, ni de celle de leur ecole oralisante. Neanmoins, les enfants utilisent leurs mains pour communiquer – ils font des gestes – et ces gestes prennent les multiples formes et fonctions du langage. Les proprietes du langage que possedent ces gestes sont justement celles qui n’ont pas besoin d’etre transmises de generation en generation, mais qui peuvent etre reinventees par un enfant de novo. Ces proprietes du langage sont resilientes, ce sont celles que tout enfant, sourd ou entendant, est pret a developper au cours de son acquisition du langage.Contrairement a ces enfants sourds qui inventent le langage avec leurs mains, les enfants entendants apprennent le langage dans le cadre d’un modele linguistique. Mais eux aussi produisent des gestes, comme tous les locuteurs entendants. En effet, les jeunes enfants utilisent souvent les gestes pour communiquer avant meme d’utiliser des mots. Il est interessant de noter que certains changements dans les gestes des enfants non seulement precedent, mais aussi predisent les changements dans le langage des enfants, indiquant que les gestes pourraient jouer un role dans le processus d’acquisition du langage.Cet article debute par une description des gestes de l’enfant sourd non oralisant. Ces gestes doivent assumer tout le poids de la communication et prendre une forme quasi-langagiere – ils sont le langage. Ce phenomene contraste avec les gestes produits par les locuteurs entendants pour accompagner leurs propos. Ces gestes partagent le poids de la communication avec la parole et ne prennent pas de forme quasi-langagiere – ils font partie du langage.
A new theory on the dynamics of brain concussion and brain injury.

I N THE design and evaluation of protective headgear, there is need for the establishment of physical criteria upon which the performance of helmets subjected to impact can be determined. In the present state of the protective helmet art, there is little agreement regarding either the significant parameters to be measured or their critical threshold values. It is agreed, however, that the primary function of the helmet is to provide protection from brain concussion in case of accidental impact to the head. An extensive search of the literature has revealed theories relating to the mechanism of brain concussion and brain injury by Gama,6 Duret,5 Miles,! o Russell,12 Munro,! l Goggio,1 Denny-Brown and Russell,4 Courville,2 Gurdjian and Webster,8 Holbourn,9 Walker, Kollros and Case,! 3 Ward, Montgomery and Clarkl4 and others. None of these theories, however, was found to be sufficiently comprehensive to enable the establishment of the desired criteria. An excellent review of the development of the current knowledge of brain concussion has been presented by Denny-Brown.3 If it can be established that brain concussion is produced by, or occurs simultaneously with, a specific detectable physical phenomenon occurring within the head, it then may be possible to obtain considerable information on the threshold of concussion from research on impact on human cadavers. The data from such research could then be used to establish a standardized set of laboratory test conditions for the evaluation of helmets subjected to impact. The subject of brain concussion is normally the exclusive concern of those in the medical profession. Research in the field of brain concussion has, in the past, accordingly been conducted mainly by those trained in the field of medicine. It must be recognized, however, that research dealing with impact to the head involves engineering dynamics, a highly specialized field that is normally foreign to the medical researcher. Lack of a clear understanding of the dynamics involved in impact to the head has served as a considerable handicap to these researchers. The basic purpose of this research effort has been to investigate the dynamics of the head and its contents when subject to impact. The actual experimentation involved was limited to the study of the dynamics of fluidfilled glass flasks simulating the human head. Although the medical literature
In vitro incubation of human spermatozoa promotes reactive oxygen species generation and DNA fragmentation

The aim of this study was to investigate the oxidative process associated with sperm capacitation and its impact on DNA fragmentation and sperm function. Redox activity and lipid peroxidation were analysed in human spermatozoa after 3, 6 and 22 h of incubation in Ham′s F10 medium plus bovine albumin at 37° and 5% CO2 for capacitation. DNA status, tyrosine phosphorylation pattern and induced acrosome reaction were evaluated after capacitating conditions. At 22 h of incubation, there was a significant (P < 0.05) increase in oxygen‐free radicals and lipid peroxidation, with no effect on sperm viability. There also was a significant (P < 0.001) increase in fragmented DNA in capacitated spermatozoa compared to semen values with higher rates being found after the occurrence of the induced acrosome reaction. Protein tyrosine phosphorylation pattern confirms that capacitation took place in parallel with the occurrence of DNA fragmentation. These results indicate that when spermatozoa are incubated for several hours (22 h), a common practice in assisted reproductive techniques, an increase in oxidative sperm metabolism and in the proportion of fragmented DNA should be expected. However, there was no effect on any of the other functional parameters associated with sperm fertilising capacity.
Factors affecting simulator-training effectiveness

Narciso González Vega Factors affecting simulator-training effectiveness Jyväskylä: University of Jyväskylä, 2002, 162 p. (Jyväskylä Studies in Education, Psychology and Social Research ISSN 0075-4625; 207) ISBN 951-39-1370-8 (nid.), 978-951-39-5144-3 (PDF) Yhteenveto: Simulaattoriharjoittelun tehokkuuteen vaikuttavat tekijät
Global long-term monitoring of the ozone layer – a prerequisite for predictions

Although the Montreal Protocol now controls the production and emission of ozone depleting substances, the timing of ozone recovery is unclear. There are many other factors affecting the ozone layer, in particular climate change is expected to modify the speed of re-creation of the ozone layer. Therefore, long-term observations are needed to monitor the further evolution of the stratospheric ozone layer. Measurements from satellite instruments provide global coverage and are supplementary to selective ground-based observations. The combination of data derived from different space-borne instruments is needed to produce homogeneous and consistent long-term data records. They are required for robust investigations including trend analysis. For the first time global total ozone columns from three European satellite sensors GOME (ERS-2), SCIAMACHY (ENVISAT), and GOME-2 (METOP-A) are combined and added up to a continuous time series starting in June 1995. On the one hand it is important to monitor the consequences of the Montreal Protocol and its amendments; on the other hand multi-year observations provide the basis for the evaluation of numerical models describing atmospheric processes, which are also used for prognostic studies to assess the future development. This paper gives some examples of how to use satellite data products to evaluate model results with respective data derived from observations, and to disclose the abilities and deficiencies of atmospheric models. In particular, multi-year mean values derived from the Chemistry-Climate Model E39C-A are used to check climatological values and the respective standard deviations.
Phenotypes of intermediate forms of Fasciola hepatica and F. gigantica in buffaloes from Central Punjab, Pakistan

Abstract Fascioliasis is an important food-borne parasitic disease caused by the two trematode species, Fasciola hepatica and Fasciola gigantica. The phenotypic features of fasciolid adults and eggs infecting buffaloes inhabiting the Central Punjab area, Pakistan, have been studied to characterize fasciolid populations involved. Morphometric analyses were made with a computer image analysis system (CIAS) applied on the basis of standardized measurements. Since it is the first study of this kind undertaken in Pakistan, the results are compared to pure fasciolid populations: (a) F. hepatica from the European Mediterranean area; and (b) F. gigantica from Burkina Faso; i.e. geographical areas where both species do not co-exist. Only parasites obtained from bovines were used. The multivariate analysis showed that the characteristics, including egg morphometrics, of fasciolids from Central Punjab, Pakistan, are between F. hepatica and F. gigantica standard populations. Similarly, the morphometric measurements of fasciolid eggs from Central Punjab are also between F. hepatica and F. gigantica standard populations. These results demonstrate the existence of fasciolid intermediate forms in endemic areas in Pakistan.
Adaptive Discontinuous Galerkin Method for Response-Excitation PDF Equations

Evolution equations of the joint response-excitation probability density function (REPDF) generalize the existing PDF evolution equations and enable us to compute the PDF of the solution of stochastic systems driven by colored random noise. This paper aims at developing an efficient numerical method for this evolution equation of REPDF by considering the response and excitation spaces separately. For the response space, a nonconforming adaptive discontinuous Galerkin method is used to resolve both local and discontinuous dynamics while a probabilistic collocation method is used for the excitation space. We propose two fundamentally different adaptive schemes for the response space using either the local variance combined with the boundary flux difference or using particle trajectories. The effectiveness of the proposed new algorithm is demonstrated in two prototype applications dealing with randomly forced nonlinear oscillators. We first study the stochastic pendulum problem and compare the resulting PDF .
The ACE gene and endurance performance during the South African Ironman Triathlons.

PURPOSE Several studies have suggested that the insertion (I) variant rather than the deletion (D) variant of the human angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) gene is associated with elite endurance performance. The aim of this study was to determine whether the ID polymorphism is associated with the performance of the fastest finishers of the South African Ironman Triathlons. METHODS A total of 447 Caucasian male triathletes of a variety of nationalities and athletic ability who completed either the 2000 or 2001 South African Ironman Triathlons and 199 Caucasian male control subjects were genotyped for the ACE ID polymorphism. RESULTS There was a significantly higher frequency of the I allele in the fastest 100 South African-born finishers (103 I, 51.5% and 97 D, 48.5%) compared with the 166 South African-born control subjects (140 I, 42.2% and 192 D, 57.8%) (P = 0.036). There was also a significant linear trend for the allele distribution among the fastest 100 finishers (I allele = 51.5%), slowest 100 finishers (I allele = 47.5%), and control (I allele = 42.2%) South African-born subjects (P = 0.033). There was, however, no significant difference in the ACE genotype or allele frequencies when athletes born outside South Africa were analyzed. CONCLUSION To our knowledge this is the first study that has examined the effect of an athlete's ACE genotype on their actual performance during an ultra-endurance race. The I allele of the ACE gene was associated with the endurance performance of the fastest 100 South African-born finishers in these triathlons.
Using an informed consent in mammography screening: a randomized trial

Spanish women do not make an informed choice regarding breast cancer screening (BCS). Our aim was to evaluate the impact of receiving information regarding real BCS benefits and risks on knowledge, attitude, decision, feelings, and worries about cancer. Randomized controlled clinical trial of 355 women aged between 45 and 67 years, 177 and 178 assigned to the intervention group (IG) and control group (CG), respectively. After breast screening, women received either Nordic Cochrane Centre information on BCS or standard information. The primary outcome (knowledge) was determined from questionnaire administered at baseline and after a month. Answers were scored from 0 to 10 and scores of 5 or more indicated that women were well informed (had “good knowledge”). Questionnaires regarding attitudes, future screening intentions, and psychosocial impact were also administered. The Chi‐squared and Student's t‐tests were used to compare qualitative and quantitative variables, respectively. Good knowledge was acquired by 32 (18.10%) IG women and 15 (8.40%) CG women (P = 0.008). Mean scores from first to second interview increased from 2.97 (SD 1.16) to 3.43 (SD 1.39) in the CG and from and from 2.96 (SD 1.23) to 3.95 (SD 1.78) (P = 0.002) in the IG. No differences were found in the secondary endpoints. Women receiving information based on the Nordic Cochrane Centre document were better informed. This means of providing information is not very efficacious, nor does it modify attitude, decision, feelings, or worries about cancer.
Complete Genome Sequence of Staphylococcus aureus Strain Wood 46

ABSTRACT Here, we report the first complete genome sequence of the Staphylococcus aureus strain Wood 46. Wood 46 has played an important role in understanding the virulence and pathogenesis of S. aureus infections. This report will assist efforts in vaccine development against methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA) infections.