Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Social equalization in youth: evidence from a cross-sectional British survey.

BACKGROUND A number of studies have suggested that social inequalities in health disappear or are attenuated in early adolescence possibly due to changing risk exposures. The present study examines social equalization in youth in a representative sample of British households with children aged 0-18 years. METHODS Secondary analysis of a cross-sectional survey of a representative sample of British households with children and youth with parent-reported less than good health, long-standing illness, and chest problems as outcomes. RESULTS Data were available on 15 756 children aged 0-18 years in 8541 households in the third sweep (2001) of the British government's Families and Children Study. Parent-rated health status, long-standing illness, and chest problems all showed social patterning among children who were 0-11 years of age. Among 12- to 14-year-olds, the social gradients in these outcomes noted in childhood associated with income, social class, and education were lost but inequalities in parent-rated health status and long-standing illness but not chest problems persisted associated with measures of household work status and wealth. Among 15- to 18-year-olds, income inequalities appeared to reassert themselves, particularly among girls, but gradients by maternal education noted among 0- to 11-year-olds were absent in both sexes. Inequalities persisted with measures of household worklessness and wealth. CONCLUSIONS In this cross-sectional study, the social equalization in youth was noted for some health outcomes and by some measures of socioeconomic status but not for others. Inequalities in parent-rated health status and long-standing illness persist among young people in workless households and those experiencing severe material hardship.
It takes more than a village: the challenges of co-management in Uganda's fishery and forestry sectors

Decentralisation policies in least developed countries have emerged in response to failed centralised natural resource governance programmes because high-value natural resources are distributed unequally, with central governments often reaping more than local-level users. Current natural resource governance institutions have been created to remedy the problems that central governments formerly posed. Here, we argue that Uganda's forestry and fishery resources are biologically diverse and thus amenable to current decentralised management programmes, provided that there is compromise between market values and local cultural and subsistence values and uses. We observe, however, Uganda's current institutional arrangement favours the former over the latter and determine that successful natural resource decentralisation requires strengthening local-level natural resource institutions with increased fiscal flow, enforcement, monitoring and judicial powers. A strong and reliable partnership between local-level resource users and the central government is necessary for this to occur.
Status of this Memo Usenet Best Practice

This Draft is intended to become a "Best Current Practice" RFC. Its purpose is to set out how software should behave and conventions which users should observe, in order that Netnews in general, and Usenet in particular, should provide the most effective service to its users. [Remarks enclosed in square brackets and aligned with the left margin, such as this one, are not part of this draft, but are editorial notes to explain matters amongst ourselves, or to point out alternatives, or to assist the RFC Editor. ] [In this draft, references to [NNTP] are to be replaced by [RFC 977], or else by references to the RFC arising from the series of drafts draftietf-nntpext-base-*. txt, in the event that such RFC has been accepted at the time this document is published. C. H. Lindsey [Page 1] Usenet Best Practice March 2005 Table of
Proving refutational completeness of theorem-proving strategies: the transfinite semantic tree method

In this paper, a proof method based on a notion of transfinite semantic trees is presented and it is shown how to apply it to prove the completeness of refutational theorem proving methods for first order predicate calculus with equality. To demonstrate how this method is used, the completeness of two theorem-proving strategies, both refinements of resolution and paramodulation, are proved. Neither of the strategies need the functionally reflexive axioms nor paramodulating into variables. Therefore the Wos-Robinson conjecture follows as a corollary. Another strategy for Horn logic with equality is also presented.
An Improved Lindell-Waisbard Private Web Search Scheme

In 2010, Lindell and Waisbard proposed a private web search scheme for malicious adversaries. At the end of the scheme, each party obtains one search word and queries the search engine with the word. We remark that a malicious party could query the search engine with a fake word instead of the word obtained. The malicious party can link the true word to its provider if the victim publicly complain for the false searching result. To fix this drawback, each party has to broadcast all shares so as to enable every party to recover all search words and query the search engine with all these words. We also remark that, from a user's perspective, there is a very simple method to achieve the same purpose of private shuffle. When a user wants to privately query the search engine with a word, he can pick another n-1 padding words to form a group of n words and permute these words randomly. Finally, he queries the search engine with all these words.
Revenue Management for Parallel Flights with Customer-Choice Behavior

We consider the simultaneous seat-inventory control of a set of parallel flights between a common origin and destination with dynamic customer choice among the flights. We formulate the problem as an extension of the classic multiperiod, single-flight "block demand" revenue management model. The resulting Markov decision process is quite complex, owing to its multidimensional state space and the fact that the airline's inventory controls do affect the distribution of demand. Using stochastic comparisons, consumer-choice models, and inventory-pooling ideas, we derive easily computable upper and lower bounds for the value function of our model. We propose simulation-based techniques for solving the stochastic optimization problem and also describe heuristics based upon an extension of a well-known linear programming formulation. We provide numerical examples.
Cohesion In Political Discourse

The advent of democracy in the governance of most countries of the world, with America and other western nations in the lead, has really extended the domain of language use and research. Of paramount interest as a major area of language use therefore are the various speeches (addresses) of governors and presidents (major actors in politics) given whether as a campaign (or debate) speech, acceptance speech, or even an address at a public gathering. All these have been summed up as Political Discourse or Language of Politics. This study explored the effect of cohesion on such a political discourse exemplified in the address of the newly elected Nigerian President, Umaru Musa Yar’Adua, as delivered at a dinner organised by the Partnership Against Corruption Initiative (PACI) in Davos, Switzerland, on January 23, 2008. This speech, which was sourced from ‘The Nation’, one of the Nigerian dailies, was analysed using Halliday and Hassan’s approach to cohesion as a messagecarrying linguistic aspect. It was discovered, through the cohesive analysis of the text, that the President was not only addressing the topical issues of national relevance like corruption and good governance, he was also very much selling himself and the agenda of his regime to the perceived stake-holders, on the one hand, and the general public on the other.
A speed observer for speed sensorless control of induction motor

This paper proposes a novel speed sensorless control strategy for induction motor drives based on active-disturbance rejection controller. Based on the field-oriented control technique, the dynamic model of q-axis current is a first order nonlinear state equation including synchronous speed and rotor speed. The synchronous speed and rotor speed is regarded as the internal disturbance of q-axis current. According to the active-disturbance rejection controller theory(ADRC), the system uncertainties and disturbance could be estimated and compensated instantaneously. Once the disturbance including rotor speed is estimated in real-time, rotor speed is also observed from it. With the help of the extended state observer(ESO) and state error feedback control law (NLSEF), the speed observer proposed in this paper realizes the disturbance compensation accurately without the knowledge of the exact system parameters. Simulation results show that the rotor speed can be accurately estimated from 0r/min to rated speed with load or not. A good dynamic and static performance of the sensorless vector control system is achieved by this method.
Neural Ensembles in CA3 Transiently Encode Paths Forward of the Animal at a Decision Point

Neural ensembles were recorded from the CA3 region of rats running on T-based decision tasks. Examination of neural representations of space at fast time scales revealed a transient but repeatable phenomenon as rats made a decision: the location reconstructed from the neural ensemble swept forward, first down one path and then the other. Estimated representations were coherent and preferentially swept ahead of the animal rather than behind the animal, implying it represented future possibilities rather than recently traveled paths. Similar phenomena occurred at other important decisions (such as in recovery from an error). Local field potentials from these sites contained pronounced theta and gamma frequencies, but no sharp wave frequencies. Forward-shifted spatial representations were influenced by task demands and experience. These data suggest that the hippocampus does not represent space as a passive computation, but rather that hippocampal spatial processing is an active process likely regulated by cognitive mechanisms.
Routing and peering in a competitive Internet

Today's Internet is a loose federation of independent network providers, each acting in their own self interest. In this paper, we consider some implications of this economic reality. Specifically, we consider how the incentives of the providers might determine where they choose to interconnect with each other; we show that for any given provider, determining an optimal placement of interconnection links is generally NP-complete. However, we present simple solutions for some special cases of this placement problem. We also consider the phenomenon of nearest-exit, or "hot-potato," routing, where outgoing traffic exits a provider's network as quickly as possible. If each link in a network is assessed a linear cost per unit flow through the link, we show that the total cost of nearest exit routing is no worse than three times the optimal cost.
Task-Based and Questionnaire Measures of Inhibitory Control Are Differentially Affected by Acute Food Restriction and by Motivationally Salient Food Stimuli in Healthy Adults

Adaptive eating behaviors are dependent on an interaction between motivational states (e.g., hunger) and the ability to control one's own behavior (inhibitory control). Indeed, behavioral paradigms are emerging that seek to train inhibitory control to improve eating behavior. However, inhibitory control is a multifaceted concept, and it is not yet clear how different types (e.g., reactive motor inhibition, proactive motor inhibition, reward-related inhibition) are affected by hunger. Such knowledge will provide insight into the contexts in which behavioral training paradigms would be most effective. The present study explored the impact of promoting a “need” state (hunger) together with motivationally salient distracting stimuli (food/non-food images) on inhibitory control in 46 healthy adults. Participants attended two study sessions, once after eating breakfast as usual and once after acute food restriction on the morning of the session. In each session, participants completed questionnaires on hunger, mood and inhibitory control, and undertook task-based measures of inhibitory control, and had physiological measurements (height, weight, and blood glucose) obtained by a researcher. Acute food restriction influenced task-based assessments but not questionnaire measures of inhibitory control, suggesting that hunger affects observable behavioral control but not self-reported inhibitory control. After acute food restriction, participants showed greater temporal discounting (devaluation of future rewards), and subjective hunger and these were inversely correlated with stop accuracy on the stop signal task. Finally, participants generally responded faster when food-related distractor images were presented, compared to non-food images, independent of state. This suggests that although food stimuli motivate approach behavior, stimulus relevance does not impact inhibitory control in healthy individuals, nor interact with motivational state. These findings may provide some explanation for poorer inhibitory control often reported in studies of individuals who practice restraint over eating.
Scalable stochastic-computing accelerator for convolutional neural networks

Stochastic Computing (SC) is an alternative design paradigm particularly useful for applications where cost is critical. SC has been applied to neural networks, as neural networks are known for their high computational complexity. However previous work in this area has critical limitations such as the fully-parallel architecture assumption, which prevent them from being applicable to recent ones such as convolutional neural networks, or ConvNets. This paper presents the first SC architecture for ConvNets, shows its feasibility, with detailed analyses of implementation overheads. Our SC-ConvNet is a hybrid between SC and conventional binary design, which is a marked difference from earlier SC-based neural networks. Though this might seem like a compromise, it is a novel feature driven by the need to support modern ConvNets at scale, which commonly have many, large layers. Our proposed architecture also features hybrid layer composition, which helps achieve very high recognition accuracy. Our detailed evaluation results involving functional simulation and RTL synthesis suggest that SC-ConvNets are indeed competitive with conventional binary designs, even without considering inherent error resilience of SC.
Development of HIV drug resistance and therapeutic failure in children and adolescents in rural Tanzania: an emerging public health concern

Objective: To investigate the prevalence and determinants of virologic failure and acquired drug resistance-associated mutations (DRMs) in HIV-infected children and adolescents in rural Tanzania. Design: Prospective cohort study with cross-sectional analysis. Methods: All children 18 years or less attending the paediatric HIV Clinic of Ifakara and on antiretroviral therapy (ART) for at least 12 months were enrolled. Participants with virologic failure were tested for HIV-DRM. Pre-ART samples were used to discriminate acquired and transmitted resistances. Multivariate logistic regression analysis identified factors associated with virologic failure and the acquisition of HIV-DRM. Results: Among 213 children on ART for a median of 4.3 years, 25.4% failed virologically. ART-associated DRM were identified in 90%, with multiclass resistances in 79%. Pre-ART data suggested that more than 85% had acquired key mutations during treatment. Suboptimal adherence [odds ratio (OR) = 3.90; 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.11–13.68], female sex (aOR = 2.57; 95% CI 1.03–6.45), and current nonnucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor-based ART (aOR = 7.32; 95% CI 1.51–35.46 compared with protease inhibitor-based) independently increased the odds of virologic failure. CD4+ T-cell percentage (aOR = 0.20; 0.10–0.40 per additional 10%) and older age at ART initiation (aOR = 0.84 per additional year of age; 95% CI 0.73–0.97) were protective (also in predicting acquired HIV-DRM). At the time of virologic failure, less than 5% of the children fulfilled the WHO criteria for immunologic failure. Conclusion: Virologic failure rates in children and adolescents were high, with the majority of ART-failing children harbouring HIV-DRM. The WHO criteria for immunologic treatment failure yielded an unacceptably low sensitivity. Viral load monitoring is urgently needed to maintain future treatment options for the millions of African children living with HIV.
Stochastic simulation of the smart grid and demand response implementations on a city-wide scale

The paper focuses on modeling and simulation of the stochastic nature of a city that has implemented the smart grid and demand response paradigm. A stochastic model has been developed in Anylogic using agent based and system dynamics modeling. The city model consists of over 1000 smart building agents with controllable loads, local energy storage and local renewable energy source (photovoltaic). After elaboration of modeling principles, two simulations were carried out. In the first one, the effect of the demand response implementation on a city-wide level from an energy perspective is examined. In the second one it is analyzed whether the demand response increases security in the power supply. Also, terms demand response, smart grid and smart building are defined and explained.
Bayesian Track-Before-Detect for closely spaced targets

Track-Before-Detect (TBD) is an effective approach to multi-target tracking problems with low signal-to-noise (SNR) ratio. In this paper we propose a novel Labeled Random Finite Set (RFS) solution to the multi-target TBD problem for a generic pixel based measurement model. In particular, we discuss the applicability of the Generalized Labeled Multi-Bernoulli (GLMB) distribution to the TBD problem for low SNR and closely spaced targets. In such case, the commonly used separable targets assumption does not hold and a more sophisticated algorithm is required. The proposed GLMB recursion is effective in the sense that it matches the cardinality distribution and Probability Hypothesis Density (PHD) function of the true joint posterior density. The approach is validated through simulation results in challenging scenarios.
Understanding and Managing Procrastination among Thai College Students

Procrastination is an interesting topic because while it has been in existence for a very long time, no one has clearly defined the true reasons why people procrastinate. The majority of college students engage in regular procrastination to attain academic achievement, in spite of the awareness that they will experience stress trying to beat their deadlines. Interestingly, recent research reported that many students actually enjoy beating their task deadlines. In light of this phenomenon, this article was aimed to present theoretical perspectives and empirical evidence to illustrate why students readily adopt undesirable habit. More specifically, this article was aimed to (1) determine reasons why individuals procrastinate in spite of its adverse consequences, (2) explain the characteristics of the two main types of procrastinators (active and passive), and (3) illustrate the consequences, particularly on academic outcomes, of procrastination. There are new directions in the prevention and/or treatment of procrastination which, hopefully, would protect students from its anticipated negative consequences. Moreover, adopting suitable interventions or treatment plans according to the type of procrastinator is bound to help researchers, educators, and psychologists achieve their objectives more effectively and efficiently. การผลดวนประกนพรงเปนพฤตกรรมทนาสนใจอยางมาก เพราะเปนสงทไดถกกลาวถงเปนระยะเวลายาวนาน แต กยงไมมใครสามารถอธบายถงเหตผลทแทจรงวาเพราะเหตใดคนมกจะผลดวนประกนพรง ทงนนกศกษา มหาวทยาลยสวนใหญมนสยชอบผลดวนประกนพรง ทงๆทรวาพวกเขาจะตองจดการกบงานทใกลจะถงกำหนด อยางยากลำบาก แตอยางไรกตาม ยงมงานวจยบางสวนไดกลาวถงนกศกษาบางกลมทสนกและสามารถจดการกบ งานทใกลกำหนดสงไดเปนอยางด ดงนนบทความนจะนำขอมลเชงทฤษฎ และรายงานการวจยเชงประจกษเพอทำใหเกดความเขาใจอยางแจมชด วาเพราะเหตใดนกศกษาทมลกษณะแตกตางกน ใชการผลดวนประกนพรง ทแตกตาง ยอมสงผลใหมผลลพธทแตกตางกน วตถประสงคของบทความน คอ 1) แสดงใหเหนถงเหตผลท แตกตางกนของแตละบคคลทมการนำการผลดวนประกนพรงไปใช 2) อธบายลกษณะทแตกตางกนของคน ผลดวนประกนพรงแตละประเภท (คนผลดวนประกนพรงแบบจงใจ และ คนผลดวนประกนพรงแบบไมจงใจ) 3) แสดงใหเหนถงคนทมการผลดวนประกนพรงทแตกตางกนยอมสงผลทแตกตางกน โดยเฉพาะอยางยงผลสมฤทธ ทางการเรยน สดทายไดกลาวถงทศทางใหมในการชวยเหลอ และการดำเนนงานวจยทเกยวกบการผลดวนประกน- พรงอนไดแก การสงเสรมใหนกศกษาไดตระหนกวาตนมการใชการผลดวนประกนพรงประเภทไหน เพอปองกน ผลเสยทอาจจะเกดขนได มากไปกวานนควรกำหนดใหมการแยกประเภทลกษณะของคนผลดวนประกนพรง เมอ มการจดทำโปรแกรมชวยเหลอ ตลอดจนการดำเนนการวจย ซงจะสงเสรมใหนกวจย บคลากรทสงกดในสถาบน การศกษา และนกจตวทยา สามารถบรรลเปาหมายในการชวยเหลอและทำวจยไดอยางมประสทธภาพ และถกตอง มากยงขนตอไป
A fast method for image mosaic based on SURF

This article presents a fast method for image mosaic based on SURF. The method includes three principal steps: Firstly, the feature points are extracted using SURF operator and the feature points are matched using BBF algorithm; Secondly, image registration is completed by estimating the converting relationship between images with the RANSAC and least squares method; Finally, seamless image fusion is obtained by using Gradating in-and-out amalgamation algorithm, which can reduce the effects of seams and illumination variations. The experimental results demonstrate that this method has superior quality of stitching.
Accurate Prediction of Random Telegraph Noise Effects in SRAMs and DRAMs

With aggressive technology scaling and heightened variability, circuits such as SRAMs and DRAMs have become vulnerable to random telegraph noise (RTN). The bias dependence (i.e., non-stationarity), bi-directional coupling, and high inter-device variability of RTN present significant challenges to understanding its circuit-level effects. In this paper, we present two computer-aided design (CAD) tools, SAMURAI and MUSTARD, for accurately estimating the impact of non-stationary RTN on SRAMs and DRAMs. While traditional (stationary) analysis is often overly pessimistic (e.g., it overestimates RTN-induced SRAM failure rates), the predictions made by SAMURAI and MUSTARD are more reliable by virtue of non-stationary analysis.
Classification of construction information with fuzzy attributes

SUMMARY Construction industry deals with various kinds of diverse information, which have to be synergistically handled. Information can be engineering data from exact sciences as well as linguistic or qualitative data from soft sciences. In such a wide spectrum to deal with the context dependent information optimally in perspective is a formidable task. The loss of benefit from available information is reflected on the cost effectiveness and efficiency of the construction. Referring to the complexity of this information, intelligent technologies can be of important help to assess information in a particular context in perspective for enhanced assessment of the construction process while it is in progress. In this respect, role of intelligent technologies, in particular, fuzzy logic, neural network and evolutionary search algorithms, in dealing with construction information is discussed and exemplified. In particular, in fuzzy logic terms, classification of construction information with fuzzy attributes/semantic labels is described.