Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
The volume of the universe after inflation and de Sitter entropy

We calculate the probability distribution for the volume of the Universe after slow-roll inflation both in the eternal and in the non-eternal regime. Far from the eternal regime the probability distribution for the number of e-foldings, defined as one third of the logarithm of the volume, is sharply peaked around the number of e-foldings of the classical inflaton trajectory. At the transition to the eternal regime this probability is still peaked (with the width of order one e-folding) around the average, which gets twice larger at the transition point. As one enters the eternal regime the probability for the volume to be finite rapidly becomes exponentially small. In addition to developing techniques to study eternal inflation, our results allow us to establish the quantum generalization of a recently proposed bound on the number of e-foldings in the non-eternal regime: the probability for slow-roll inflation to produce a finite volume larger than eSdS/2, where SdS is the de Sitter entropy at the end of the inflationary stage, is smaller than the uncertainty due to non-perturbative quantum gravity effects. The existence of such a bound provides a consistency check for the idea of de Sitter complementarity.
Influence of moving to the UK on maternal health behaviours: prospective cohort study

Objective To compare health behaviours during pregnancy (smoking and alcohol consumption) and after birth (initiation and duration of breast feeding) between British/Irish white mothers and mothers from ethnic minority groups; and, in mothers from ethnic minority groups, to examine whether indicators of acculturation (generational status, language spoken at home, length of residency in the United Kingdom) were associated with these health behaviours. Design Prospective nationally representative cohort study. Setting England. Participants 6478 British/Irish white mothers and 2110 mothers from ethnic minority groups. Main outcome measures Any smoking during pregnancy; any alcohol consumption during pregnancy; initiation of breast feeding; breast feeding for at least four months. Results Compared with British/Irish white mothers, mothers from ethnic minority groups were less likely to smoke (15% v 37%) or consume alcohol (14% v 37%) during pregnancy but more likely to initiate breast feeding (86% v 69%) and breast feed for at least four months (40% v 27%). Among mothers from ethnic minority groups, first and second generation mothers were more likely to smoke during pregnancy (odds ratio 3.85, 95% confidence interval 2.50 to 5.93, and 4.70, 2.49 to 8.90, respectively), less likely to initiate breast feeding (0.92, 0.88 to 0.97, and 0.86, 0.75 to 0.99), and less likely to breast feed for at least four months (0.72, 0.62 to 0.83, and 0.52, 0.30 to 0.89) than immigrants, after adjustment for sociodemographic characteristics. There were no consistent differences in alcohol consumption. Among immigrants, for every additional five years spent in the UK the likelihood of mothers smoking during pregnancy increased by 31% (4% to 66%) and they were 5% (0% to 10%) less likely to breast feed for at least four months. Conclusions After immigration, maternal health behaviours worsen with length of residency in the UK. Health professionals should not underestimate women’s likelihood of engaging in risky health behaviours because of their ethnicity.
Contrast of link based web ranking techniques

A search engine is computer software that is continually modified to avail of the latest technologies in order to provide improved search results. Each search engine does the same function of collecting, organizing, indexing and serving results in its own unique way, thus employing various algorithms and techniques, which are their trade secrets. In short, the functions of a search engine can be categorized into the following broad areas: First, crawl the Web and locate all Web pages. Second, index the data. Third, rate the importance of each page in the database, so that when a user does a search and the subset of pages in the database with the desired information has been found, the more important pages can be presented first. The paper throws the light on evolution of search engine's Web page ranking technique that started from the development of Google's pagerank and continues to expand in the form of other techniques. The paper also highlights the shortcomings of the most popular technique. Also, various alternatives to those flaws are discussed. This paper focuses on the current prevailing ranking techniques and tries to probe the conditions under which they can give more benefit. Also the various techniques are discussed in detail to present the flaws in this paper, and finds a way to achieve the ideal technique.
Correlation of Throwing Mechanics With Elbow Valgus Load in Adult Baseball Pitchers

Background Studies have shown that various biomechanical factors affect valgus extension overload during baseball pitching; yet, their relationships are not clearly defined, and factors such as trunk rotation and arm slot have not been investigated. Hypothesis The onset of trunk rotation, with other biomechanical variables that define sequential body motion, will significantly predict elbow valgus loading. Study Design Descriptive laboratory study. Methods Sixty-nine adult baseball players pitched off an indoor mound during 3-dimensional motion analysis to measure whole body kinematics and kinetics at 240 Hz. Thirteen biomechanical variables were calculated and extracted for regression analysis to investigate their associations with elbow valgus load. A 2-way analysis of variance compared valgus torques between pitchers with 2 onsets of trunk rotation (before and after front-foot contact) and 2 arm slot positions (overhand and sidearm). Results Six biomechanical variables had significant correlations (P < .02) with elbow valgus torque—with maximum shoulder external rotation, elbow flexion at peak valgus torque, and elbow valgus loading rate accounting for 68% of its variance. Reduced elbow valgus torques were associated with increased elbow flexion (P < .01). Players who initiated trunk rotation before front-foot contact had significantly higher elbow valgus torques than did those who rotated afterward (P = .02). Fourteen pitchers displayed a sidearm delivery and had significantly higher elbow valgus torques than did those with an overhand arm slot position. Conclusion Valgus torque at the elbow during baseball pitching is associated with 6 biomechanical variables of sequential body motion. A condition of late trunk rotation, reduced shoulder external rotation, and increased elbow flexion appeared to be most closely related to valgus torque. Sidearm pitchers appeared to be more susceptible than overhand pitchers to reduced elbow valgus torque. Clinical Relevance The biomechanical findings of this study offer scientific feedback for developing methods used to minimize the effects of valgus load on pitching-related elbow injuries.
A Layered P2P Network Topology Based on Physical Network Topology

One of the goals of P2P file-sharing system is to provide reliable and convenient sharing mechanism for users, so the resources can be gotten more quickly. However, in traditional DHT network, the problem of mismatching between the P2P overlay network and the physical underlying network has not been taken into consideration, which greatly limits the performance in various search or routing techniques. In this paper, a hierarchical physical location related DHT topology named MLC (Multi-level Chord) is proposed, and it can alleviate the mismatching problem. Through the layered topology mechanism and the role of GL (Group Leader) and SL (Slice Leader), a better balance of the load can be achieved. With the bottom-up transmitting mechanism, the routing efficiency and search speed improve obviously. PPU (Period Partial Update) algorithm can reduce some of the unnecessary traffic. Analysis shows MLC is a more efficient topology.
New region filling algorithm based on chain codes description

A new region filling algorithm based on chain codes description is proposed. It describes the contour line of region by direction chain codes, and proposes a new criteria for the classification of contour points according to the direction chain codes of contour points, and carries on filling by scan line according to the type of contour points. It not only overcomes the scan line algorithm there is a lot of filling in the color interpretation of pixel operation and unnecessary duplication of back operation, but also overcomes shortcomings of the seed filling algorithm that requires enough stack space, time- and memory-consuming. Experiments show that it improves the efficiency of region filling.
Vigorous Star Formation Hidden by Dust in a Galaxy at Z = 1.4

Near-infrared surveys have revealed a substantial population of enigmatic faint galaxies with extremely red optical-to-near-infrared colours and with a sky surface density comparable to that of faint quasars [1]. There are two scenarios for these extreme colours: (i) these distant galaxies have formed virtually all their stars at very high redshifts and, due to the absence of recently formed stars, the colours are extremely red [2] and (ii) these distant galaxies contain large amounts of dust, severely reddening the rest-frame UV–optical spectrum. HR10 (z = 1.44, [1, 3]) is considered the archetype of the extremely red galaxies. Here we report the detection of the continuum emission from HR10 at 850µm and at 1250µm, demonstrating that HR10 is a very dusty galaxy undergoing a major episode of star formation. Our result provides a clear example of a high-redshift galaxy where the star formation rate inferred from the ultraviolet luminosity would be underestimated by a factor up to 1000, and shows that great caution should be used to infer 1
Selected Physical and Mechanical Properties of Moso Bamboo (phyllostachys Pubescens) Materials and Methods

Selected physical and mechanical properties of moso bamboo (Phyllostachys pubescens). Selected physical and mechanical properties of 4–6 year old moso bamboo (Phyllostachys pubescens) grown in Zhejiang, China were investigated at different vertical and horizontal positions. Two way analysis of variance and Tukey's mean comparison tests indicated that layer had effects on all physical and mechanical properties. Height had effects on all selected properties except for tensile strength. Relative density, tangential shrinkage, tensile modulus of elasticity (MOE) and tensile strength of bamboo increased greatly from the inner layer outwards. However, longitudinal shrinkage decreased greatly from the inner layer outwards. Relative density, tangential shrinkage and tensile MOE at 1.3 m were less than those at 4.0 m from the base. INTRODUCTION In many countries, especially in Asia, moso bamboo (also called giant timber bamboo) is an enormous natural resource. Due to its rapid growth rate, short rotation age, excellent flexibility and high tensile strength, moso bamboo has been made into a wide variety of products used in our daily lives ranging from domestic household products to industrial applications, such as platforms (floors for transport vehicles such as trucks, buses and rail coaches), concrete moulding boards (in building industries), flooring, furniture, pulp and handicraft works (Jiang 2002). To optimize the utilization of moso bamboo, its fundamental physical and mechanical properties must be fully understood. Previous studies have demonstrated that the physical and mechanical properties of moso bamboo vary with respect to position in the culms. Lee et al. (1994) found that the physical and mechanical properties of moso bamboo are affected by height location of culms. Xian et al. (1995) studied the variation in mechanical properties of moso bamboo and established an equation for predicting the tensile modulus of elasticity from the radial position. Li (2004) investigated the variation of the specific gravity and bending properties of moso bamboo, and found that the specific gravity and bending properties decrease from the outer to inner layers of the bamboo culms. In processing and utilization, an understanding of the patterns of variation in bamboo properties can be crucial to optimizing value recover y. Therefore, the objectives of this work were to obtain data on the physical and mechanical properties of moso bamboo and to compare the 259 properties at different horizontal and vertical sampling positions of the culms. This information can facilitate optimal utilization of bamboo culms for manufacturing composite products and other applications. Six …
Universality in an information-theoretic motivated nonlinear Schrodinger equation

Using perturbative methods, we analyse a nonlinear generalization of Schrodinger's equation that had previously been obtained through information-theoretic arguments. We obtain analytical expressions for the leading correction, in terms of the nonlinearity scale, to the energy eigenvalues of the linear Schrodinger equation in the presence of an external potential and observe some generic features. In one space dimension these are (i) for nodeless ground states, the energy shifts are subleading in the nonlinearity parameter compared to the shifts for the excited states; (ii) the shifts for the excited states are due predominantly to contribution from the nodes of the unperturbed wavefunctions, and (iii) the energy shifts for excited states are positive for small values of a regulating parameter and negative at large values, vanishing at a universal critical value that is not manifest in the equation. Some of these features hold true for higher dimensional problems. We also study two exactly solved nonlinear Schrodinger equations so as to contrast our observations. Finally, we comment on the possible significance of our results if the nonlinearity is physically realized.
Density-dependent prophylaxis and condition-dependent immune function in Lepidopteran larvae: a multivariate approach

1. The risk of parasitism and infectious disease is expected to increase with population density as a consequence of positive density-dependent transmission rates. Therefore, species that encounter large fluctuations in population density are predicted to exhibit plasticity in their immune system, such that investment in costly immune defences is adjusted to match the probability of exposure to parasites and pathogens (i.e. density-dependent prophylaxis). 2. Despite growing evidence that insects in high-density populations show the predicted increase in resistance to certain pathogens, few studies have examined the underlying alteration in immune function. As many of these species show increased cuticular melanism at high densities, the aim of this study was to use a multivariate approach to quantify relative variation in the allocation of resources to immunity associated with both rearing density (solitary vs. crowded) and cuticular colour (pale vs. dark) in a phase-polyphenic Lepidopteran species (Spodoptera littoralis Boisduval). 3. Relative to pale individuals, dark larvae (the high-density phenotype) exhibited higher haemolymph and cuticular phenoloxidase (PO) activity and a stronger melanotic encapsulation response to an artificial parasite inserted into the haemocoel. However, they also exhibited lower antibacterial (lysozyme-like) activity than pale larvae. Larval density per se had little effect on most of the immune parameters measured, though capsule melanization and antibacterial activity were significantly higher in solitary-reared than crowded larvae. 4. Correcting for variation in larval body condition, as estimated by weight and haemolymph protein levels, had little effect on these results, suggesting that variation in immune function across treatment groups cannot be explained by condition-dependence. These results are examined in relation to pathogen resistance, and the possibility of a trade-off within the immune system is discussed.
Lecture 2 : Sensor Placement : estimating conditional entropies

We first consider a stochastic optimization problem where the solution needs to be constructed upfront just based on probabilistic information about the inputs. In the sensor placement problem, there are n candidate locations where sensors can be placed, and k ! n sensors. The locations sense correlated data, and the goal is to place the sensors in a fashion that maximizes the amount of information they capture about the physical phenomena being sensed.
Social relevance of topological communities in ad hoc communication networks

In this article, we investigate the social relevance of dynamic community structures that can be determined on dynamic communication networks. We first present and validate SAND/SHARC (Stability And Network Dynamics over Sharper Heuristic for Assignment of Robust Communities), a distributed algorithm for community detection. Then, based on real-world communication traces and social information, we evaluate how the structures found by SAND/SHARC can be translated to social links and favor interaction between users with similar social characteristics. Such a study is important to envision community detection algorithm in the design of ubiquitous social interaction protocols, like those used in mobile social networks (MoSoNets).
Etiologic Agents of Bacterial Sepsis and Their Antibiotic Susceptibility Patterns among Patients Living with Human Immunodeficiency Virus at Gondar University Teaching Hospital, Northwest Ethiopia

Background. Bacterial sepsis is a major cause of illness in human immunodeficiency virus infected patients. There is scarce evidence about sepsis among HIV patients in Ethiopia. This study aimed to determine the etiologic agents of bacterial sepsis and their antibiotic susceptibility patterns among HIV infected patients. Methods. A cross-sectional study was carried out from March 1 to May 2, 2013. One hundred patients infected with HIV and suspected of having sepsis were included. Sociodemographic data were collected by interview and blood sample was aseptically collected from study participants. All blood cultures were incubated aerobically at 35°C and inspected daily for 7 days. The positive blood cultures were identified following the standard procedures and antimicrobial susceptibility testing was performed using disk diffusion technique. Data was entered by Epi-info version 3.5. 1 and analysis was done using SPSS version 20. Results. Of the study participants, 31 (31%) confirmed bacterial sepsis. The major isolates were 13 (13%) Staphylococcus aureus, 8 (8%) coagulates negative staphylococci, and 3 (3%) viridans streptococci. Majority of the isolates, 25 (80.6%), were multidrug resistant to two or more antimicrobial agents. Conclusions. Bacterial sepsis was a major cause of admission for HIV infected patients predominated by Staphylococcus aureus and coagulase negative staphylococci species and most of the isolates were multidrug resistant.
Performance Analysis of Ad-hoc Routing Protocols in Multicast Environment

Recent advances in mobile computing and wireless technologies are opening up exciting possibilities for the future of mobile wireless networks. An ad hoc mobile network consists of mobile platforms, which are free to move arbitrarily. In MANETs, nodes are mobile and the connectivity between nodes may change frequently due to mobility of nodes. In recent years, a number of new multicast protocols of different styles have been proposed for ad hoc networks. This paper examines eight different multicast routing protocols for ad hoc wireless networks and evaluates them based on a set of parameters. It also provides an overview of multicast protocols by presenting their features and functionality, and compare and discuss their merits and disadvantages. Index Terms — Ad-hoc networks, MANET, Routing Protocol, Multicast
Understanding the Moderators of Physical and Emotional Pain: A Neural Systems-Based Approach

Zhou and Gao (this issue) put forth an interesting hypothesis, namely, that money, in addition to social support, can reduce the experience of physical pain. Their hypothesis is based on the premise that social support is a “primary pain buffer”—in other words, social support is valued because it reduces the experience of pain—and that money is a secondary pain buffer that can reduce pain experience when one’s social support system has failed and is no longer there to act as a buffer. Though the authors’ creative analysis is admirable and the hypothesized implications of their research are significant, I propose an alternative theoretical framework for understanding how both social support and money may reduce pain processes. Specifically, I will take a neural systems approach to examine why and how social support and money can alleviate physical pain. To do this, I outline a theoretical model suggesting that one reason that social support may reduce physical pain is because there is an overlap in the neural systems that support physical and “social pain”— the distressing experience resulting from broken social bonds. (Eisenberger & Lieberman, 2004; Eisenberger, Lieberman, & Williams, 2003). In describing this model, I will also review some of the important differences between experiences of physical and emotional pain. Last, I will propose that money or the desire for money may actually tap into a different neural system than social support and that this separate neural system may produce reductions in physical pain through different neural mechanisms. I will then suggest that if this is the case, other stimuli, in addition to money, that tap into this second system, should also be effective in pain management.
Evidence for X-ray emission from the type Ic supernova 1994I

X-ray observations of the galaxy NGC 5194 (M 51) with the High Resolution Imager (HRI) onboard ROSAT were analysed to search for X-ray emission from the type Ic super- nova 1994I. An X-ray source with a (0.1-2.4 keV) luminosity of 1:6 10 38 erg s 1 is found at the position of SN 1994I, 79-85 days after the explosion. We believe this to be the first detection of X-ray emission from a type I SN. Assuming the emission arises from shocked circumstellar gas, deposited by the progen- itor through non-conservative mass-transfer to a companion, we estimate a constant gas density of =2 10 5 cm 3 v 2=3 16 500 and a total mass of X-ray luminous gas of M =1 10 3 M inside a sphere of radius 1:2 10 16 cm. If the emission arises from the shocked stellar wind of the progenitor, heated by the outgoing wave, we derive a mass-loss rate prior to the outburst of _ M =3 :6 10 6 M yr 1 , similar to mass-loss rates of
On Improved 3MIC Algorithm on Exploring Large Data Sets with Multi-variables and Application

Applying for information entropy theory, we present a measure of dependence for three-variable relationships: the three variables maximal information coefficient (3MIC). It is a kind of maximal information-based nonparametric exploration (MINE) statistics for identifying and classifying relationships in large data sets. 3MIC generalizes the Maximum information coefficient (MIC) measurement in mutual variables. The improved uniform grid is proposed by data grid idea. At the same time some optimal single axis partition algorithm (SAR) is built to ensure the feasible of the 3MIC measurement. Finally we apply the 3MIC to analysis the data sets of physical measurement among college students.