Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
A Cubical Approach to Synthetic Homotopy Theory

Homotopy theory can be developed synthetically in homotopy type theory, using types to describe spaces, the identity type to describe paths in a space, and iterated identity types to describe higher-dimensional paths. While some aspects of homotopy theory have been developed synthetically and formalized in proof assistants, some seemingly easy examples have proved difficult because the required manipulations of paths becomes complicated. In this paper, we describe a cubical approach to developing homotopy theory within type theory. The identity type is complemented with higher-dimensional cube types, such as a type of squares, dependent on four points and four lines, and a type of three-dimensional cubes, dependent on the boundary of a cube. Path-over-a-path types and higher generalizations are used to describe cubes in a fibration over a cube in the base. These higher-dimensional cube and path-over types can be defined from the usual identity type, but isolating them as independent conceptual abstractions has allowed for the formalization of some previously difficult examples.
A Nonrigid Registration Framework Using Spatially Encoded Mutual Information and Free-Form Deformations

Mutual information (MI) registration including spatial information has been shown to perform better than the traditional MI measures for certain nonrigid registration tasks. In this work, we first provide new insight to problems of the MI-based registration and propose to use the spatially encoded mutual information (SEMI) to tackle these problems. To encode spatial information, we propose a hierarchical weighting scheme to differentiate the contribution of sample points to a set of entropy measures, which are associated to spatial variable values. By using free-form deformations (FFDs) as the transformation model, we can first define the spatial variable using the set of FFD control points, and then propose a local ascent optimization scheme for nonrigid SEMI registration. The proposed SEMI registration can improve the registration accuracy in the nonrigid cases where the traditional MI is challenged due to intensity distortion, contrast enhancement, or different imaging modalities. It also has a similar computation complexity to the registration using traditional MI measures, improving up to two orders of magnitude of computation time compared to the traditional schemes. We validate our algorithms using phantom brain MRI, simulated dynamic contrast enhanced mangetic resonance imaging (MRI) of the liver, and in vivo cardiac MRI. The results show that the SEMI registration significantly outperforms the traditional MI registration.
Whistle-Blower Disclosures and Management Retaliation

Based on nationwide data the authors collected on whistle-blowers and on silent observers, this article reports, that (a) whistle-blowing is more frequent in the public sector than in the private; (b) there are almost no sociodemographic characteristics that distinguish the whistle-blower from the silent observer; (c) whistle-blowers suffer severe retaliation from management, especially when their information proves significant; and (d) no special method of disclosure or personal characteristics can insulate the whistle-blower from such retaliation. Furthermore, the authors found that retaliation was most certain and severe when the reported misconduct was systematic and significant—when the practices exposed were part of the regular, profit accumulation process of the organization. The authors conclude from their interviews that the journey to exoneration that follows a whistle-blower's disclosures often alters the whistle-blower's identity, leading them to see themselves as people who resist hurtful or criminal conduct in the workplace.
Attachment, Caregiving, and Parental Investment

Bell and Richard’s position is very similar to MacDonald’s (1992) argument that attachment involves at least two independent systems. The first is a fear-based system that is essentially the same as that originally described by Bowlby (1969), and the second is a warmth-based system that is very similar to the caregiving system described by Bell and Richard. Both systems of attachment, as related to the parent‐child relationship, can be understood in terms of parental investment (Trivers, 1972, 1974), as is described in the first section. The second section addresses a few misconceptions about evolution and proximate and ultimate causes.
Guilt and shame through recipients' eyes: The moderating effect of blame

Previous research has found that people collectively wronged by an outgroup take insult when its representative offers compensation, and that an expression of shame but not guilt can lower such insult. This experiment showed a moderating factor: strength of outgroup blame. Black community members were participants, presented with an apology for discriminatory searches of Blacks by the police. The effects – that shame but not guilt reduces insult from compensation – were replicated only among those who strongly blamed outgroup entities. As before, these effects emerged only on insult rather than satisfaction measures, and only when compensation was offered. When blamed by the public, an official body should therefore consider how much its apology conveys shame rather than guilt.
Teaching with the End in Mind: The Role of Standards-Based Grading.

Grading according to standards, competencies, or concepts is nothing new. With the current grading system gaining more scrutiny, parts of the basic framework of how we grade students are being questioned. Stephens (2010) and Marzano and Heflebower (201 I ) reinforced the notion that homework, behavior, attendance, notebooks, and group work should not be factored into a student's grade. Standards-based grading allows students to be graded solely on mastery of course content, which can lead to student motivation and a meaningful learning relationship. As family and consumer sciences educators, we need to demonstrate to students the standards under which they will be evaluated in the professional and postsecondary world.
The Expectation-Performance Gap in Accounting Education: An Exploratory Study

Since the mid-1980s, professional accounting bodies, employers of accounting graduates and academics alike have lamented the failure of universities to equip accounting graduates with the competencies required for the modern business environment. Changes to accounting education have been made but the gap between the competencies which employers expect—and perceive—accounting graduates to possess has not previously been examined holistically. Based on a review of the literature, a framework of accounting education's expectation-performance gap (comprising an expectation gap, a constraints gap and a performance gap) is proposed. The paper also reports an exploratory study designed to test the proposed framework. Following a document study of the accounting programme of a New Zealand university, interviews were conducted with students, academics, graduate trainees and employers associated with the programme. The research provides support for the proposed framework and resulted in identifying ways in which the gap may be narrowed.
Arsenic methylation patterns before and after changing from high to lower concentrations of arsenic in drinking water.

Inorganic arsenic (In-As), an occupational and environmental human carcinogen, undergoes biomethylation to monomethylarsonate (MMA) and dimethylarsinate (DMA). It has been proposed that saturation of methylation capacity at high exposure levels may lead to a threshold for the carcinogenicity of In-As. The relative distribution of urinary In-As, MMA, and DMA is used as a measure of human methylation capacity. The most common pathway for elevated environmental exposure to In-As worldwide is through drinking water. We conducted a biomarker study in northern Chile of a population chronically exposed to water naturally contaminated with high arsenic content (600 micrograms/l). In this paper we present the results of a prospective follow-up of 73 exposed individuals, who were provided with water of lower arsenic content (45 micrograms/l) for 2 months. The proportions of In-As, MMA, and DMA in urine were compared before and after intervention, and the effect of other factors on the distribution of arsenic metabolites was also analyzed. The findings of this study indicate that the decrease in arsenic exposure was associated with a small decrease in the percent In-As in urine (from 17.8% to 14.6%) and in the MMA/DMA ratio (from 0.23 to 0.18). Other factors such as smoking, gender, age, years of residence, and ethnicity were associated mainly with changes in the MMA/DMA ratio, with smoking having the strongest effect. Nevertheless, the factors investigated accounted for only about 20% of the large interindividual variability observed. Genetic polymorphisms in As-methylating enzymes and other co-factors are likely to contribute to some of the unexplained variation. The changes observed in the percent In-As and in the MMA/DMA ratio do not support an exposure-based threshold for arsenic methylation in humans. ImagesFigure 1. AFigure 1. BFigure 2. AFigure 2. B
Workers with disabilities and the challenges of emotional labour

This paper explores the implications of emotional labour for workers with disabilities, drawing on qualitative data from interviews with 59 respondents who had disabilities and who worked in service sector occupations. The analysis illustrates that employer demands for emotional labour may prove difficult for workers with a range of disabilities, including psychiatric diagnoses, learning difficulties and physical impairments. Analysis also points to the ways in which the non‐accommodating nature of many workplaces often forces workers with disabilities to engage in ‘extra’ emotion work in the interests of fitting in and concealing/ downplaying their impairments.
A comprehensive objective network security metric framework for proactive security configuration

In order to create secure and dependable systems and information intelligence, it is a major challenge to determine the security level of the network. This security level depends on a number of dynamically changing factors including emerging of new vulnerabilities and threats, policy updates and network traffic. An effective means to address this is to identify security metrics that measure the quality of security configuration objectively and dynamically. In this extended abstract, we propose a comprehensive security metric framework called Risk based prOactive seCurity cOnfiguration maNAger (ROCONA) that identifies and quantifies objectively the most significant security risk factors, which include existing and future vulnerabilities based on historical trends, security configuration immunity to attack occurrence and propagation, and traffic trends that reflect the insider and outsider user behavior.
Fuzzy B-spline membership function (BMF) and its applications in fuzzy-neural control

A general methodology for constructing fuzzy membership functions via B-spline curve is proposed. By using the method of least-squares, we translate the empirical data into the form of the control points of B-spline curves to construct fuzzy membership functions. This unified form of fuzzy membership functions is called as B-spline membership functions (BMF's). By using the local control property of B-spline curve, the BMF's can be tuned locally during learning process. For the control of a model car through fuzzy-neural networks, it is shown that the local tuning of BMF's can indeed reduce the number of iterations tremendously. <<ETX>>
READING ALOUD AS AN INITIAL ASSIGNMENT IN MARITAL THERAPY

This paper suggests conjoint reading aloud as an initial assignment in behavioral marital therapy. The spouses are directed to read a book on marital conflict and communication five times during the week following the initial interview. At that interview they negotiate an agreement on when they will do the reading. Conjoint reading is compared with two alternative initial assignments, Caring Days and the Spouse Observation Checklist. It is argued that the advantage of the conjoint reading is that it addresses the experientially salient problems of verbal conflict. Details for instigating the assignment are presented.
Selenium and Prostate Cancer Prevention: What Next—If Anything?

Chemopreventive effects of the essential trace element selenium against prostate cancer have been shown in preclinical models and human observational studies, but results from clinical trials have been disappointing. It appears that there is a threshold selenium (Se) status below which improvement will decrease prostate cancer risk, but above which supplemental Se may be deleterious. Different forms of selenium have different effects, and genetic and other factors modify selenium's chemopreventive potential. Identification of men most likely to benefit from Se status improvement could have significant public health benefits. Cancer Prev Res; 7(8); 781–5. ©2014 AACR.
Chance and Skill: A Study of Roulette

The paper deals with the problem of how people handle random events. Many accounts of the chance element in games and many attempts at general explanations of gambling assume that the actor accepts the events as unpredictable and passively awaits the outcome. A study of people playing roulette in a gaming club suggests that this is far from the case. Playing roulette can be seen as an exercise in `skill' which depends upon the construction and maintenance of predictive theories. One form of theorizing attributes causal efficacy to the croupier and the game becomes a contest between croupier and player. This is reinforced by the croupiers as they attempt to manipulate their working conditions and status. Players may then adopt a non-arithmetic calculus of win and loss which confirms their theorizing. Losses are the `entrance fee' to a public entertainment, whilst wins are evidence of a successful working strategy.
An Efficient Unification Algorithm

The unification problem in f'mst-order predicate calculus is described in general terms as the solution of a system of equations, and a nondeterministic algorithm is given. A new unification algorithm, characterized by having the acyclicity test efficiently embedded into it, is derived from the nondeterministic one, and a PASCAL implementation is given. A comparison with other well-known unification algorithms shows that the algorithm described here performs well in all cases.
Prepared for the New Palgrave Dictionary of Economics

Stochastic adaptive dynamics require analytical methods and solution concepts that differ in important ways from those used to study deterministic processes. Consider, for example, the notion of asymptotic stability: in a deterministic dynamical system, a state is locally asymptotically stable if all sufficiently small deviations from the original state are self‐correcting. We can think of this as a first step toward analyzing the effect of stochastic shocks, namely, a state is locally asymptotically stable if, after the impact of a one‐ time, small stochastic shock, the process evolves back to its original state.
Location, exposure, and conservation of neutralizing and nonneutralizing epitopes on human immunodeficiency virus type 2 SU glycoprotein

Eleven rat monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) that recognize the SU glycoprotein of human immunodeficiency virus type 2 (HIV-2) ROD were produced and characterized. Binding sites for eight of these MAbs were mapped to epitopes within the Cl, V1/V2, C2, and V3 envelope regions. The three other MAbs defined at least two conformation-dependent, strain-specific epitopes outside Vl/V2, V3, and the CD4-binding site. The MAbs were used to probe the tertiary structure of oligomeric envelope glycoprotein expressed on the surfaces of infected cells. Epitopes at the apices of V2 and V3 were exposed on the native molecule, whereas other epitopes on V1/V2, Cl, and C2 were hidden. The MAbs defined three neutralization targets on exposed domains: two linear epitopes in the V2 and the V3 loops and one conformational epitope outside V1, V2, and V3.
Abnormal effect of thiol groups on erythrocyte Na/Li countertransport kinetics in adult polycystic kidney disease.

BACKGROUND Evidence suggests that in adult polycystic kidney disease (APCKD) there is abnormal membrane organisation that involves cytoskeletal proteins and affects ion-transport proteins. The possibility of detecting a membrane organisation defect in erythrocytes from APCKD patients was investigated. METHODS Na/Li countertransport (CT) kinetics were measured in erythrocytes from APCKD patients compared with normal controls. The modulation of Na/Li CT kinetics by key membrane thiol groups and by dissociation of spectrin by heating was studied. RESULTS In erythrocytes from APCKD compared to normal subjects the Km of Na/Li CT was lower (64 SEM 3v 90 SEM 3 mmol Na/l, P < 0.001) and Vmax/Km was higher (6.8 SEM 0.6v 5.3 SEM 0.4 (x 19(-3)), P < 0.05). In erythrocytes from normal subjects, after N-ethylmaleimide (NEM) treatment in choline medium, Km of Na/Li CT was reduced and Vmax/Km increased (59 SEM 5, 8.2 SEM 0.4 (x 10(-3)), P < 0.001) but there was no effect on these kinetic parameters in erythrocytes from APCKD. The effect of heating was similar to that of NEM in choline medium. In normal controls after NEM treatment in sodium medium both Km and Vmax were reduced whereas in APCKD Vmax was reduced but Km was unchanged. CONCLUSIONS In APCKD the effect of a key membrane thiol group on Na association with Na/Li CT was absent and the effect of spectrin dissociation was similarily abnormal. A second thiol group effect on the Vmax of Na/Li CT was normal. The results are consistent with a thiol-protein linked to the spectrin cytoskeleton that modulates Na/Li CT and is abnormal in APCKD.
Why is Social Protection Gender‐blind? The Politics of Gender and Social Protection

Social protection may be high on the policy agenda in international development circles, but the way it plays out in practice at national and local level is deeply political, especially so when viewed through a gender lens. While there is a robust body of evidence on the gendered patterning of poverty and vulnerability, this is seldom reflected in a systematic way in social protection strategies, policies or programmes. This article therefore explores the political economy of social protection and its effects on gender relations to increase understanding about why social protection debates and approaches have been largely gender‐blind.
Utilizing Lexical Similarity for pivot translation involving resource-poor, related languages

We investigate the use of pivot languages for phrase-based statistical machine translation (PB-SMT) between related languages with limited parallel corpora. We show that subword-level pivot translation via a related pivot language is: (i) highly competitive with the best direct translation model and (ii) better than a pivot model which uses an unrelated pivot language, but has at its disposal large parallel corpora to build the source-pivot (S-P) and pivot-target (P-T) translation models. In contrast, pivot models trained at word and morpheme level are far inferior to their direct counterparts. We also show that using multiple related pivot languages can outperform a direct translation model. Thus, the use of subwords as translation units coupled with the use of multiple related pivot languages can compensate for the lack of a direct parallel corpus. Subword units make pivot models competitive by (i) utilizing lexical similarity to improve the underlying S-P and P-T translation models, and (ii) reducing loss of translation candidates during pivoting.
Popularity and Relevance of Science Education Literacy: Using a Context-Based Approach.

This article draws attention to the difference between interest and relevance in science education while recognising both can be considered components of intrinsic motivation – motivation for learning coming from students themselves. Research has shown the importance of intrinsic motivation and this study seeks an approach to enhance this through taking examples from everyday life. The approach, citing PARSEL, a project promoting relevance and interest in science education for scientific literacy is to initial the learning through everyday language and to guide the students to recongise their lack of science conceptual learning for considering the everyday isse or concern being considered. The science learning is consolidated by a further stage which attempts to bring the science gained into the everyday issue being discussed.
Evidence for a Short-Period Internal Clock in Humans

The concept of an internal clock in humans and animals has had many supporters and detractors over the years. In this article, we demonstrate the apparent existence of an extremely precise time sense in humans, but the process is not related to conscious estimates of the passage of time. Instead, the experiments indicate that there is a mechanism, oper- ating below the level of consciousness, that, with occasional feedback, can keep track of clock time. The precision of the system is quite extraordinary; the observations are consistent with synchronization between the internal timekeeper and clock time to within an averaged value of one part in lo4.
Serotyping of Chlamydia: isolates of bovine origin

Chlamydial isolates of bovine origin were serotyped by a plaque reduction method. Of the two major serotypes observed, type 1 included isolates from bovine abortion and enteric infections, whereas type 2 isolates were associated with polyarthritis or encephalomyelitis. These two serotypes were identical to those with a similar disease distribution previously observed in isolates of ovine origin. The two groups did not cross-react and they were serologically unrelated to chlamydiae of avian origin. Thus, it appears that many chlamydial isolates causing intestinal infections or abortion in sheep or cattle are closely related antigenically, as are those producing polyarthritis, encephalomyelitis, and conjunctivitis, and that the two groups are distinct.
Caring for an elderly person: Presictors of burden in dementia care

In a population‐based study, the burden of caring for an elderly relative was investigated. In this article the nature of burden, reported by the relatives of the elderly, is described according to Pearlin's conceptual model. Background factors and context as a well as primary stressors were analysed. The close relatives were interviewed with a structured burden questionnaire. Among the background variables, gender of the caregiver was strongly associated with a heavy burden. Behaviour disturbances also emerged as a predictive factor of burden. Analysis of the primary stressors indicated that in the mild phase of dementia, long duration of the disease and decreased ADL capacity cause greater burden for the caregiver.
Testing a Storytelling Tool for Digital Humanities

ed´ erale de Lausanne (EPFL). The tool was presented during the School’s lectures and then used by the students for creating stories during the labs’ activities. The results of the study were collected through direct observation and a questionnaire. The answers evidenced positive feedbacks for the core features of the platform and led to define an initial set of guidelines for its educational use.