Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Thermohaline Oscillations Induced by Strong Steady Salinity Forcing of Ocean General Circulation Models

Abstract A series of numerical experiments is conducted with a three-dimensional ocean general circulation model and a two-dimensional counterpart both designed for efficient integration over diffusive (millennial) time scales. With strong steady salinity fluxes (salting at low latitudes and freshening at high), basin mean temperature and several other diagnostics show a series of self-sustaining oscillations. The oscillations termed deep decoupling oscillations, exhibit halocline catastrophes at regular intervals, followed by warming deep decoupled phases (when the deep overturning is weak), cooling flushes, and in the lower range of salinity forcing, a coupled phase when the deep ocean advective/diffusive heat balance is almost, but not quite, met. It is suggested that oscillations arise when a steady overturning circulation encounters a contradiction: the poleward salt and heat transport needed to maintain convection in the polar ocean requires more overturning than is consistent with the reduced therm.
An Iterative AVO Inversion Workflow for S-wave Improvement

Although routinely used for reservoir prediction, the conventional full-stack data is usually contaminated by AVO effects. So, AVO inversion, known for its real P-wave information with AVO effects removal and other abundant elastic attributes, is usually applied for a better reservoir prediction. However, it is not easy to conduct an AVO inversion precisely and efficiently, since the S-wave results of conventional linear inversion method (relatively fast) is strongly dominated by initial Vp/Vs model, while the non-linear inversion method is easily fallen into local optimization and also computer-intensive. To overcome these shortcomings, this paper presents an iterative AVO inversion workflow to improve the inverted S-wave component for reservoir prediction at an acceptable speed at first, and then tests it by both modeling and field data. It was proved to be an effect workflow to improve inverted S-wave data.
Organics alter hygroscopic behavior of atmospheric particles

The optical and chemical properties of atmospheric particles and their ability to act as cloud condensation nuclei (CCN) depend strongly upon their affinity for water. Laboratory experiments have shown that water soluble substances such as ammonium sulfate, ammonium nitrate, and sodium chloride, which are major inorganic components of atmospheric particles, absorb water in an amount proportional to water vapor pressure. Analogous information about the interactions between water and organics, which are another major component of atmospheric particles, is lacking. Here we analyze concurrent observations of particle chemical composition and water content from a continental nonurban (Grand Canyon) and an urban (Los Angeles) location to determine whether the water content of atmospheric particles is influenced by the presence of organics. By comparing the observed water content with the water content expected to be associated with the inorganic fraction, we find that the aggregate hygroscopic properties of inorganic particles are altered substantially when organics are also present. Furthermore, the alterations can be positive or negative. For the nonurban location, organics enhance water absorption by inorganics. In the relative humidity (RH) range of 80–88% organics account for 25–40% of the total water uptake, on average. For the urban location, on the other hand, the net effect of organics is to diminish water absorption of the inorganics by 25–35% in the RH range of 83–93%.
Momentum balances on the North Carolina inner shelf

Four months of moored current, pressure, temperature, conductivity, wave, and wind observations on the North Carolina shelf indicate three dynamically distinct regions: the surf zone, the inner shelf between the surf zone and the 13-m isobath, and the midshelf. In the surf zone the along-shelf momentum balance is between the cross-shelf gradient of the wave radiation stress and the bottom stress. The linear drag coefficient in the surf zone is about 10 times larger than seaward of the surf zone. On the inner shelf the along-shelf momentum balance is also frictional; the along-shelf wind stress and pressure gradient are balanced by bottom stress. In the cross-shelf momentum balance the pressure gradient is the superposition of roughly equal contributions from the Coriolis force (geostrophy) and wave setdown from shoaling, unbroken surface gravity waves. At midshelf the along-shelf momentum balance is less frictional and hence flow accelerations are important. The cross-shelf momentum balance is predominantly geostrophic because the greater depth and smaller bottom slope at midshelf reduce the importance of wave setdown. The cross-shelf density gradient is in thermal wind balance with the vertical shear in the along-shelf flow in depths as shallow as 10 m. The dominant along-shelf momentum balances provide a simple estimate of the depth-averaged, along-shelf current in terms of the measured forcing (i.e., wind stress, wave radiation stress divergence, and along-shelf pressure gradient) that reproduces accurately the observed cross-shelf variation of the depth-averaged, along-shelf current between the surf zone and midshelf.
VEGETATION DIVERSITY IN THE SANTIAGO DE CHILE URBAN ECOSYSTEM

Summary This study took in urban and periurban areas of Santiago, Chile. The 967km2 metropolitan area is composed of approximately six million inhabitants from various social and economic backgrounds. The purpose of this paper was to assess alpha (α) and beta (ß) vegetation diversity in the 36 metropolitan boroughs, and analyze the relationship of the assessed biodiversity to social and economic indices. Preliminary results showed a tendency to increased vegetation diversity as the social and economic status of boroughs increased.
Altitudinal patterns of plant species richness on the ridge of the Baekdudaegan Mountains, South Korea: area and mid-domain effect

We studied patterns of plant species richness along an altitudinal gradient on the ridge of the Baekdudaegan Mountains, South Korea. The roles of area and the mid-domain effect were evaluated in relation to the observed altitudinal richness patterns. Plant data were collected at 1100 plots along a 200–1900 m asl altitudinal gradient on the ridge. A total of 802 plant species from 97 families and 342 genera were found. The altitudinal patterns of plant species richness along the ridge show clear hump-shaped patterns, even though the absolute altitudes of the richness peaks varied somewhat among the plant groups. Area and the mid-domain effect were the primary drivers in simple regression models, whereas the effect of area disappeared under the presence of the mid-domain effect from multiple regression analysis. Because area and the mid-domain effect are highly correlated, it is possible to substitute the area effect with the mid-domain effect in the multiple regression model. Our results suggest the mid-domain effect is a robust predictor for observed species richness along altitudinal gradients and is substantial in explaining altitudinal richness patterns. Further study on climatic factors (e.g., mean annual precipitation and temperature), as well as factors related to evolutionary history (e.g., niche conservation) with spatial-related factors such as area and the mid-domain effect, might afford a better understanding of the factors controlling the altitudinal distribution of plant communities from a macroecological perspective.
Forest change monitoring of a remote biosphere reserve

A forest monitoring framework using Universal Transverse Mercator (UTM) grid cells to report forest change estimates derived from time-series satellite imagery was established for the Maya Biosphere Reserve (MBR) in northern Guatemala. Five dates of Landsat Thematic Mapper imagery were acquired and digitally processed to quantify forest change for four time periods: 1986 to 1990, 1990 to 1993, 1993 to 1995, and 1995 to 1997. Time-series change estimates are reported for 215 UTM grid cells approximately 100 km2 each. For the period 1990 to 1997, after the designation of the MBR, the percentage of grid cells with detectable annual forest clearing increased from 38% (1990-93) to 41% (1993-95) and 45% (1995-97). Prior to the establishment of the MBR (1986-90), none of the grid cells exhibited greater than 4.0% annual forest clearing. However in the next three time periods, 7.0%, 8.8% and 9.3% of the grid cells had clearing rates exceeding 4.0% per year. The accuracy of detecting forest clearing was 86.5% over all time periods (Kappa 0.82). Estimates of forest change and user's and producer's accuracy are reported for each time period between 1990 and 1997. The time-series forest change and spatial arrangement of grid locations indicate hot spots where rates and trends of agricultural expansion can be monitored. The baseline survey and the establishment of the UTM grid network to localize forest change estimates provides a framework for future satellite estimates of forest and land cover conversion to be monitored through time. The UTM grid is proposed as the first level in a multi-level ecological monitoring system for the Maya Biosphere Reserve where there are few permanent landmarks in the remote forest region.
Rapidly convergent Lambda Operator Method for solving resonance line scattering in planetary atmospheres: 1. The one‐dimensional slab

The study of planetary atmospheric atomic and molecular (resonance) line emissions often require sophisticated radiative transfer models to properly account for scattering and absorption effects. In this work a relatively new and simple, yet powerful, numerical technique for solving radiative transfer problems has been developed and coded for a two-level atom in an one-dimensional Cartesian coordinate system. Angular scattering is assumed to be isotropic, and the method has been tested for monochromatic, complete frequency redistribution, and angle-averaged frequency redistribution. Formally, the solution is based on the commonly known lambda operator method. Rapid and robust convergence is attained using an intermediate operator that is readily evaluated. In addition, bilinear extrapolation based on previous iterates is found to further increase the rate of convergence. The one-dimensional model intensity versus frequency profiles are found to compare favorably with those of other proven models over a large range of optical depths.
Cost analysis of 25-hydroxy vitamin D tests in Turkiye with big data: A cross-sectional study

OBJECTIVE The high prevalence of vitamin D deficiency in the population causes physicians to request more vitamin D tests and increases laboratory costs. It is aimed at investigating the demanded numbers and cost analyzes of 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25(OH)D) tests with the big data obtained from the national information health system of the Turkish Ministry of Health. METHODS Between 2017 and 2018, all inpatient and outpatient tests and 25(OH)D tests in all medical biochemistry laboratories in Turkiye were determined based on department and institution type. The cost amount, distribution among health institutions, and test request rates were calculated. In both years, the top ten most expensive tests, according to health institutions, were evaluated. RESULTS The total number of medical biochemistry tests performed in 2017 and 2018 was 1.424. 948.155 and 1.713. 134.326, respectively. The number of 25 (OH)D tests analyzed in the same years was 8.698. 393 and 13.919. 127, respectively. When the data of the 2 years are compared, the consumption of 25 (OH)D tests increased by 37% in General hospital laboratories, whereas it increased by 115.09% in primary health laboratories. When all health institutions were evaluated, the increase rate in 25 (OH)D test demand was 60%, while the cost increase rate was 23%. CONCLUSION This report showed that the demands for 25(OH)D testing are increasing steeply, especially in primary health-care facilities. In this direction, laboratory information system test demand restrictions in accordance with national and international guidelines are important issues for policymakers.
Preparing Data for Artificial Intelligence in Pathology with Clinical-Grade Performance

The pathology is decisive for disease diagnosis but relies heavily on experienced pathologists. In recent years, there has been growing interest in the use of artificial intelligence in pathology (AIP) to enhance diagnostic accuracy and efficiency. However, the impressive performance of deep learning-based AIP in laboratory settings often proves challenging to replicate in clinical practice. As the data preparation is important for AIP, the paper has reviewed AIP-related studies in the PubMed database published from January 2017 to February 2022, and 118 studies were included. An in-depth analysis of data preparation methods is conducted, encompassing the acquisition of pathological tissue slides, data cleaning, screening, and subsequent digitization. Expert review, image annotation, dataset division for model training and validation are also discussed. Furthermore, we delve into the reasons behind the challenges in reproducing the high performance of AIP in clinical settings and present effective strategies to enhance AIP’s clinical performance. The robustness of AIP depends on a randomized collection of representative disease slides, incorporating rigorous quality control and screening, correction of digital discrepancies, reasonable annotation, and sufficient data volume. Digital pathology is fundamental in clinical-grade AIP, and the techniques of data standardization and weakly supervised learning methods based on whole slide image (WSI) are effective ways to overcome obstacles of performance reproduction. The key to performance reproducibility lies in having representative data, an adequate amount of labeling, and ensuring consistency across multiple centers. Digital pathology for clinical diagnosis, data standardization and the technique of WSI-based weakly supervised learning will hopefully build clinical-grade AIP.
Return stroke velocity measurements in multistroke lightning flashes

A multislit channel isolator with narrow vertical and wide horizontal fields of view has been used on a high-speed streaking camera to measure two-dimensional return stroke velocities within 1 km of the ground. The slits serve to isolate small vertical sections of the return stroke channel of the order of tens of meters. The isolated sections in the object plane are separated by a vertical distance of the order of a few hundred meters. Data are obtained at a writing rate of 8.5×104 mm s−1 with a time resolution of 2.3 μs. All film was calibrated for the emulsion's nonlinear response to light. Measurements of 12 strokes in three multistroke flashes yield return stroke velocities which range from 2×107 to 12×107 m S−1 with an estimated systematic error which varies from 30 to 60%. Velocities in one multistroke flash vary by a factor of 4 between the lowest and highest values. A higher relative intensity was detected in the upper parts of the channel relative to the lower. This may reflect the greater excitation of neutral atomic species in the upper channel and is a characteristic of lightning photographs obtained with red extended photographic emulsions.
Mechanism of action of sprG1-encoded type I toxins in Staphylococcus aureus: from membrane alterations to mesosome-like structures formation and bacterial lysis

sprG1/SprF1 is a type I toxin-antitoxin system located on Staphylococcus aureus prophage. It has previously been shown that the two toxins, SprG131 and SprG144, encoded by the sprG1 gene, are two membrane-associated peptides structured in a single α-helix. Overexpression of these two peptides leads to growth inhibition and even S. aureus death. In this study, we investigated the involvement of each peptide in this toxicity, the sequence requirements necessary for SprG131 toxicity, and the mechanism of action of these two peptides. Our findings show that both peptides, when expressed individually, are able to stop growth, with higher toxicity observed for SprG131. The combination of a hydrophobic domain and a charged domain located only at the C-terminus is necessary for this toxicity, likely to retain the orientation of the transmembrane domain. A net cationic charge for SprG131 is not essential to induce a growth defect in S. aureus. Furthermore, we established a chronology of toxic events following overexpression to gain insights into the mode of action of SprG144 and SprG131. We demonstrated that mesosome-like structures are already formed when membrane is depolarized, about 20 min after peptides induction. This membrane depolarization occurs concomitantly with a depletion of intracellular ATP, leading to S. aureus growth arrest. Moreover, we hypothesized that SprG144 and SprG131 do not form large pores in the S. aureus membrane, as ATP is not excreted into the extracellular medium, and membrane permeabilization is delayed relative to membrane depolarization. The next challenge is to identify the conditions under which SprG144 and SprG131 are naturally expressed, and to uncover their potential roles during staphylococcal growth, colonization, and infection.
Phase relations in Mg3Al2Si3O12 to 180 GPa: Effect of Al on post‐perovskite phase transition

Phase relations in Mg3Al2Si3O12 (MgSiO3 + 25 mol% Al2O3; pyrope garnet composition) were investigated on the basis of in‐situ synchrotron X‐ray diffraction measurements at high‐pressure and ‐temperature in a laser‐heated diamond anvil cell (LHDAC). Results demonstrate that perovskite is solely stable up to 140 GPa and 2200 K, and perovskite and CaIrO3‐type post‐perovskite phase (space group: Cmcm) coexist above 140 GPa and 2200 K. Post‐perovskite is formed as a single phase above 150–170 GPa. Previous study has shown that pure MgSiO3 perovskite transforms to post‐perovskite phase above 125 GPa and 2500 K based on the same pressure standard. These results indicate that addition of Al2O3 expands the stability of MgSiO3 perovskite relative to post‐perovskite.
A description of the correlated k distribution method for modeling nongray gaseous absorption, thermal emission, and multiple scattering in vertically inhomogeneous atmospheres

We describe a radiative transfer method for treating nongray gaseous absorption and thermal emission in vertically inhomogeneous multiple scattering atmospheres. We derive probability density distributions of absorption coefficient strength from line-by-line calculations to construct line-by-line and band model based k distributions. The monotonic ordering of absorption coefficient strengths in these k distributions implicitly preserves the monochromatic structure of the atmosphere at different pressure levels, thus simulating monochromatic spectral integration at a fraction of the line-by-line computing cost. The k distribution approach also permits accurate modeling of overlapping absorption by different atmospheric gases and accurate treatment of nongray absorption in multiple scattering media. To help verify the accuracy of the correlated k distribution method, we compare radiative cooling rates by atmospheric water vapor, CO2, and ozone against line-by-line calculations. The results show the correlated k distribution method is capable of achieving numerical accuracy to within 1% of cooling rates obtained with line-by-line calculations throughout the troposphere and most of the stratosphere.
Holocene Evolution of the Sixteen Mile Beach Complex, Western Cape, South Africa

Abstract The Sixteen Mile Beach Complex is one of numerous active dune accumulations along the West Coast of southern Africa. The beach complex is composed of a sandy beach, coast-parallel dunes, and a dune cordon. Grain size analyses, calcium carbonate content, sand texture and composition, and radiocarbon ages were determined to understand the Holocene evolution of the Sixteen Mile Beach Complex. Changes in sand grain size and dune morphology allow the complex to be divided into three parts. The beach and the dune cordon at the southern end are composed of fine sand. The central beach has a rapid decrease in the fine sand fraction that coincides with the transition from the dune cordon to a single large coast-parallel dune ridge. The northern beach is composed of medium sand and consists of a series of prograded, vegetated coast-parallel dune ridges. The formation of these distinct regimes is a reflection of the different amounts of wave energy received by the complex from the predominant southwest swell. The radiocarbon analyses of bulk sand samples show a progressive younger age of the carbonate beach sand toward the north, which reflects an increase in grain size and recently broken shell. The mean age of the beach is 2.4 ka based on an accelerator mass spectrometry (AMS) date of picked pink-colored carbonate grains. The fresh bulk carbonate beach sand has a mean age of 7.4 ka and reflects the presence of reworked Pleistocene beach and dune sand. Corrected bulk sand radiocarbon ages indicate that the dune cordon has been active since 4.5 ka with a mean dune migration rate of 5.3 m/y. However, variations in sand supply, sea level, and climate indicate a complex and erratic evolution of the dune cordon.
Cloud cover analysis with Arctic AVHRR data: 1. Cloud detection

Automated analyses of satellite radiance data have concentrated heavily on low and middle latitude situations. Some of the design objectives for the International Satellite Cloud Climatology Project (ISCCP) cloud detection procedure such as space and time contrasts are used in a basic algorithm from which a polar cloud detection algorithm is developed. This algorithm is applied to Arctic data for January and July conditions. Both advanced very high resolution radiometer (AVHRR) and scanning multichannel microwave radiometer (SMMR) data are utilized. Synthetic AVHRR and SMMR data for a 7-day analysis period are also generated to provide a data set with known characteristics on which to test and validate algorithms. Modifications to the basic algorithm for polar conditions include the use of SMMR and SMMR-derived data sets for the estimation of surface parameters, elimination of the spatial test for the warmest pixel, the use of AVHRR channels 1 (0.7 μm), 3 (3.7 μm), and 4 (11 μm) in the temporal tests and the final multispectral thresholding, and the use of surface class characteristic values when clear-sky values cannot be obtained. Additionally, the difference between channels 3 and 4 is included in the temporal test for the detection of optically thin cloud. Greatest improvement in computed cloud fraction is realized over snow and ice surfaces; over open water or snow-free land, all versions perform similarly. Since the inclusion of SMMR for surface analysis and additional spectral channels increases the computational burden, its use may be justified only over snow and ice-covered regions.