Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Attenuation of ultraviolet (UV) radiation does not impede host location in egg parasitoids with positive UV phototaxis

In insects and other terrestrial arthropods, foraging is guided in part by visual cues making use of optical radiation, which includes ultraviolet (UV) radiation. Manipulating UV exposure with lamps and photo‐selective materials can help protect crops by disrupting related wavelength‐dependent behaviours in various pests, but little is known on how this could also affect the behaviour of their natural enemies. To investigate the effects of UV‐A radiation on parasitoid wasp foraging behaviours, we conducted laboratory and semi‐field experiments on female Telenomus podisi and Trissolcus utahensis (Hymenoptera: Scelionidae) that parasitize stink bug egg masses. In small laboratory arenas, both species of egg parasitoid displayed a positive UV phototaxis, but UV exposure also reduced their daily spontaneous locomotor activity regardless of the time of day. In large field cages, parasitism (i.e., host discovery and exploitation) rates were mostly unaffected by UV‐attenuated conditions created by UV‐absorbing filters (macrohabitat level) and/or by the plant canopy (microhabitat level). This study indicates that UV radiation can be involved in egg parasitoid foraging behaviours without UV attenuation negatively affecting parasitism, reflecting the heterogeneity and potentially hazardous nature of this abiotic factor. We highlight the importance of examining the role of UV radiation as an environmental cue in beneficial insects, especially with the prospect of combining physical and biological pest management strategies.
IDENTIFICATION OF HYSTERETIC SYSTEMS USING THE DIFFERENTIAL EVOLUTION ALGORITHM

Abstract A widely used model in the field of hysteretic or memory-dependent vibrations is that of Bouc and Wen. Different parameter values extend its use to various areas of mechanical vibrations. As a consequence an identification method is required to identify the parameter values relevant to its application. Its structure, however, includes internal states and non-linear terms. This rules out the conventional identification methods, such as least squares and maximum likelihood because they require derivative calculations of the prediction error with respect to the parameters. In this paper are presented some results for Bouc–Wen model identification, using simulated noise-free data, simulated noisy data and experimental data obtained from a nuclear power plant. The method used to achieve this is the differential evolution algorithm. Differential evolution (DE) is an optimization method developed to perform direct search in a continuous parameter space without requiring any derivative estimation.
Oscillations of a rotating liquid drop

The effect of rotation on the frequencies of oscillations of a liquid drop is investigated. It is assumed that the drop is imbedded in a fluid of the same or different density and that a constant surface tension acts on the interface. Rotation influences the oscillations through the Coriolis force and through the centrifugal distortion of the drop. For non-axisymmetric oscillations only the Coriolis force is important in first approximation and causes the expected splitting of the frequency for the two modes differing in their sign of circular polarization with respect to the axis of rotation. In the case of axisymmetric oscillations the centrifugal distortion and the Coriolis force combine to increase the frequency whenever the density ρi of the drop exceeds the density of ρ° of the surrounding fluid. For ρi < ρ° a decrease of the frequency of oscillation is possible for some modes of higher degree.
Chemical Composition and Sensory Profiles of Fermented Cocoa Beans Obtained from Various Regions of Indonesia

The chemical composition and sensory profile of cocoa beans are essential factors determining the quality of cocoa-based products. In this study, cocoa bean samples were collected from various regions of Indonesia, including Aceh, Banten, Bali, East Java, West Sumatra, West Sulawesi, East Kalimantan, and Yogyakarta. The cocoa beans were fermented and sun-dried according to the producers' protocols and local practices. The sensory profile, fat content, total phenolic content, and the composition of sugars, organic acids, and amino acids of the cocoa bean samples were analyzed. The results revealed that the chemical composition and sensory profiles of the samples were diverse. The sensory profiles of cocoa liquor samples were described by low intensities of cocoa notes with the occurrence of fruity, floral, spicy, and sweet notes. The concentration of acetic acid, lactic acid, and some amino acids (glutamic acid, proline, and methionine) was associated with fresh fruit, browned fruit, and roasted note of the cocoa liquor, respectively. The variation in the environmental conditions and postharvest practices contributed to the diversity of cocoa beans' chemical and sensory characteristics.
A finite model of mobility

The Markov chains with stationary transition probabilities have not proved satisfactory as a model of human mobility. A modification of this simple model is the ‘duration specific’ chain incorporating the axiom of cumulative inertia: the longer a person has been in a state the less likely he is to leave it. Such a process is a Markov chain with a denumerably infinite number of states, specifying both location and duration of time in the location. Here we suggest that a finite upper bound be placed on duration, thus making the process into a finite state Markov chain. Analytic representations of the equilibrium distribution of the process are obtained under two conditions: (a) the maximum duration is an absorbing state, for all locations; and (b) the maximum duration is non‐absorbing. In the former case the chain is absorbing, in the latter it is regular.
On Conjunctive Normal Form Satisfiability

This paper focuses on algorithms that solve CSAT (conjunctive normal form satisfiability) by searching for a satisfying truth assignment for the given formula F. We identify four basic ways to improve the basic search procedure: constraint propagators, simplifying transformations, heuristics, and other miscellaneous improvements. In each of these categories, we survey the existing improvements and suggest new ones. We lower the average time it takes to perform the simplest kind of constraint propagation from O(L) to O(L/P), where L is the length of F and P is the number of propositions in F; this is optimal. We lower the current upper bound for CSAT from O(20.128 L) to O(20.128 (L-N)), where N is the number of clauses in F. Finally, we experimentally determine the fastest possible algorithm with respect to each of the basic improvements we consider. Comments University of Pennsylvania Department of Computer and Information Sciences Technical Report No. MSCIS-91-94. This technical report is available at ScholarlyCommons: http://repository.upenn. edu/cis_reports/339 On Conjunctive Normal Form Satisfiability
The Significance of Inter-Eye Osmolarity Difference in Dry Eye Diagnostics

Purpose The purpose of this study was to evaluate the diagnostic value of inter-eye osmolarity differences in relation to dry eye symptoms and other non-osmolar signs of dry eye disease. Patients and Methods One hundred ninety one participants who attended a larger interventional study of dry eye disease prior to and after cataract surgery were analyzed for dry eye disease (DED). Dry eye diagnostics were performed for all subjects according to the DEWS II criteria: tear osmolarity was collected from both eyes with the TearLab system, non-invasive Tear film break up time (NIKBUT) was obtained on the test eye with Keratograph and ocular surface staining (OSS) was evaluated using the Oxford schema. The Ocular Surface Disease Index (OSDI) questionnaire was used to assess symptoms. Inter-eye osmolarity greater than 8, which is considered as a sign of DED according to the TearLab user manual, was evaluated and compared with other non-osmolar signs of DED. Results The 191 subjects were divided into three groups according to osmolarity measurements. Sixty-five subjects had normal osmolarity (below 308 mOsmol/L in both eyes and less than 9 mOsmol/L difference between the eyes), 107 had high osmolarity (308 mOsmol/L or higher in one of the eyes) and 19 had an inter-eye difference >8 mOsmol/L or higher, with neither eye having osmolarity higher than 307 mOsmol/L. Signs and symptoms in this last group were not correlated with the high osmolarity group or the normal group, though they appeared more similar to the normal group. Conclusion The diagnostic value of inter-eye osmolarity difference in predicting symptoms or other non-osmolar signs of dry eyes appears weak. Our study suggests that the criterion of an inter-eye difference of 8 mOsmol/L is not a useful cut-off for diagnosing dry eyes based on osmolarity.
A spectrophotometric atlas of galaxies

Integrated spectra of 55 nearby normal and peculiar galaxies have been compiled into a spectrophotometric atlas. Most observations cover the spectral range 3650-7100 A, with a resolution of 5-8 A, and sufficient signal-to-noise ratio to measure the prominent emission and absorption features. The spectra have been reduced to a common spectrophotometric scale and are presented as a series of plots, arranged according to morphological and spectral types. A digital version of the data is also available. The general characteristics of the integrated spectra of galaxies are discussed
Applying the method of lines and discrete mode‐matching method to non‐planar structures

The method of lines (MoL) and discrete mode‐matching (DMM) method were originally applied to problems with separable boundaries and lateral homogeneity (for instance, layered planar structures). Since then, these methods have been directly applied to structures with non‐separable boundaries and/or lateral inhomogeneity. Although these extensions can be justified in certain approximate cases, there has not been sufficient discussion on its mathematical foundation. This paper discusses the above extensions and shows that the direct application of these methods to general problems may lead to inaccurate and even incongruous results. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Microwave Opt Technol Lett 37: 79–83, 2003; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/mop.10830
Stochastic production function estimation: small sample properties of ML versus FGLS

Just-Pope production functions have been traditionally estimated by feasible generalized least squares (FGLS). This paper investigates the small-sample properties of FGLS and maximum likelihood (ML) estimators in heteroscedastic error models. Monte Carlo experiment results show that in small samples, even when the error distribution departs significantly from normality, the ML estimator is more efficient and suffers from less bias than FGLS. Importantly, FGLS was found to seriously understate the risk effects of inputs and provide biased marginal product estimates. These results are explained by showing that the FGLS criteria being optimized at the multiple stages are not logically consistent.
Influence of the Reynolds number on the vortical structures in the logarithmic region of turbulent boundary layers

Abstract Near-wall turbulence is a subject of prime importance for turbulence modelling. Coherent structures were hypothesized early by Theodorsen in this flow region and have been the subject of intensive research ever since. The overall organization of these coherent structures has now been well assessed. Vortical structures appear to play a key role in this organization. Their characteristics and scaling have been studied by many authors as listed in the Introduction. The present contribution to the subject relies on high-resolution stereo particle image velocimetry (PIV) to study these structures. High-quality measurements are performed in a thick turbulent boundary layer at different values of the Reynolds number. The data quality is first assessed by comparing the statistics to those of hot-wire anemometry and direct numerical simulation data. The agreement between the two appears satisfactory. The PIV data are then processed in order to extract the vortex characteristics in a streamwise plane and in a spanwise plane. The statistical characteristics of these vortices are analysed in detail as a function of wall distance. The scaling of the data appears to be universal when the Kolmogorov scales are used. These results are analysed and discussed in terms of their probability density functions. This leads to a question regarding the Kolmogorov cascade in this region of the flow.
Sodium hydrogen sulfide may not protect the kidney against ischemia/reperfusion damage in male and female rats

Background and purpose: Renal ischemia/reperfusion (IR) injury is a pathologic phenomenon that caused to increase risk of mortality. The main objective of this study was to investigate the effect of sodium hydrogen sulfide (NaHS) on renal IR injury in male and female rats. Experimental approach: Fifty-eight male and female rats were randomized into 4 groups of control, sham, IR, and IR + NaHS. The IR was performed by 45 min of ischemia by vessel clamping followed by 24 h reperfusion. The NaHS (100 µmol/kg) treatment was applied 10 min prior to IR. Finally, after 24 h of reperfusion, the measurements were performed. Findings/Results: The serum levels of blood urea nitrogen, creatinine, tissue level of malondialdehyde, and kidney tissue damage score (KTDS) were increased by IR. Urine volume, creatinine, and urea clearances decreased by IR. NaHS administration improved some parameters in males but exacerbated KTDS and serum markers related to renal function. Conclusions and implications: Our data demonstrated that NaHS didn’t protect female rats against renal IR injury. In males, it has null effects or just a few protective effects via antioxidant activity.
A FINITE ELEMENT METHOD FOR VIBRATION ANALYSIS OF ELASTIC PLATE-PLATE STRUCTURES

The semi and fully discrete finite element methods are proposed for investigating vibration analysis of elastic plate-plate structures. In the space directions, the longitudinal displacements on plates are discretized by conforming linear elements, and the corresponding transverse displacements are discretized by the Morley element, leading to a semi-discrete finite element method for the problem under consideration. Applying the second order central difference to discretize the time derivative, a fully discrete scheme is obtained, and two approaches for choosing the initial functions are also introduced. The error analysis in the energy norm for the semi and fully discrete methods are established, and some numerical examples are included to validate the theoretical analysis.
Recent gully erosion intensity in an agricultural landscape underlain by fluvioglacial sediments (NE Czechia)

Inappropriate agricultural management practices combined with intense rainfall often lead to gully erosion. Knowledge of the causes and consequences of past erosion pulses is essential not only for farmers to improve land management, but also for municipalities to define infrastructure threats associated with material transport. This study comprehensively evaluates accelerated gully erosion and estimates gully transport capacity in fluvioglacial sediments left by a Pleistocene ice sheet in northeastern Czechia. Geomorphic mapping of an area of approximately 2 km2 revealed gullies up to 3.5 m wide and deep, with their heads starting at the boundaries of fields and pastures. The ground‐penetrating radar survey confirmed the presence of soil pipes contributing to gully formation due to unmaintained field drainage combined with the natural occurrence of soil pipes. Microscopic analysis and dendrogeomorphic dating of 102 cross‐sections from 28 exposed tree roots revealed 18 years of gully incision since 1985, with increased activity from 2007 to 2014. The mean incision rates ranged between 1–20 cm/year, but could reach 1 m during individual events. More intensive incisions were typical for soils with higher smectite content. The last severe erosion event in 2014 caused clogging of culverts and damage to infrastructure by transporting boulders up to 34 cm in diameter at critical flow velocities of 2.4–2.8 ms−1. Considering the predominance of human‐induced factors (e.g., current soil compaction due to grazing and failure to maintain the drainage pipe outlets), ongoing gully erosion can be expected during intense rainfall events unless appropriate agricultural or stabilization measures are addressed.
Neoclassical conductivity of a tokamak plasma

and hence, the impurity content of a tokamak plasma [ 1 ]. Previous calculations of a\\ have been deficient in several respects. In some calculations [2, 3], ay is tabulated only for certain integral values of Z, whereas non-integral Z are clearly relevant in a multispecies plasma. Diichs et al. [4] have given a formula for a\\, which incorrectly neglects the Z dependence of the trapping correction, arising from collisions between trapped and circulating electrons, and gives an inaccurate dependence on Z of the electron collisionality parameter. Finally, the tabulated calculations of Hinton and Hazeltine [3] are restricted to very small values of the inverse aspect ratio
On the evolution of the homogeneous ellipsoidal figures. II - Gravitational collapse and gravitational radiation

We use homogeneous ellipsoids to model the gravitational collapse of a stellar core and the subsequent emission of gravitational radiation. The growth of asymmetry caused by the collapse is computed along with the flux and energy spectrum of the gravitational radiation produced as the ellipsoid evolves toward an axisymmetric state following the collapse. In the very low angular momentum limit we find that a 1 M/sub sun/ core of radius R = 10/sup 6/ cm and angular velocity . cap omega. /sub p/ = 10/sup 3/ s/sup -1/ should emit gravitational radiation by this mechanism with a total energy of approximately E/sub GR/ = 10/sup -6/ Mc/sup 2/, at a frequency of 1600 Hz and a bandwidth of only about 1.6 Hz.
Numerical approximation of the heat transfer between domains separated by thin walls

In this paper, we analyse the numerical approximation of the heat transfer problem between two subdomains that we will consider filled with a fluid and separated by a thin solid wall. First of all, we state the problem in the whole domain with discontinuous physical properties. As an alternative and under certain assumptions on the separating walls, a classical Robin boundary condition between the fluid domains is obtained, thus eliminating the solid wall, and according to which the heat flux is proportional to the temperature difference between the two subdomains. Apart from discussing the relation between both approaches, we consider their numerical approximation, considering different alternatives for the first case, that is, the case in which temperatures are also computed in the solid wall. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Correlations of multiscale structural evolution and homogeneous flows in metallic glass ribbons

Studying the flow behavior is critical to understand the deformation mechanism of amorphous solids. However, detecting the basic flow events in amorphous solids is challenging. Here, by simultaneous SAXS/WAXS, elementary flow carriers in wound metallic glasses are identified from flow-induced structural heterogeneities with a radius of gyration of 2.5∼3.5 nm. Their size increases and morphology changes from sphere-like to rod-like under flow. Moreover, the atomic structure exhibits an unusual change to a more disordered state during winding/annealing at the temperature of ∼0.8 Tg. This work provides an atomic-to-nanoscale description of the flow carriers of amorphous solids during deformation. Impact Statement The elementary flow carriers in metallic glasses have a radius of gyration of 2.5∼3.5 nm. During flow, their size increases and morphology changes from sphere-like to rod-like. GRAPHICAL ABSTRACT
Experimental and predicted SAW temperature behavior of langatate

Recent investigations on langatate (LGT) have shown that it has several attractive acoustical properties, in particular: (i) a measured bulk acoustic wave (BAW) resonators quality factor frequency product (Qf) of 16 million, comparable to that of AT cut quartz; (ii) high piezoelectric coupling orientations, up to 0.5% for surface acoustic waves (SAWs), about five times larger than that of ST-X quartz; (iii) low power flow angle orientations in the vicinity of high coupling orientations; (iv) phase velocities about 20% smaller than those of ST-X quartz, facilitating the production of smaller lower frequency devices; (v) the existence of pseudo SAW modes for higher frequency applications. To date the temperature behavior of this material has not been studied for SAW orientations. We report both predictions and experimental results on the SAW temperature fractional frequency variation (/spl Delta/f/fo) and the temperature coefficient of delay (TCD) for several LGT orientations on the plane with Euler angles: [0/spl deg/ 132/spl deg/ /spl psi/]. The temperature behavior has been measured directly on SAW wafers from 10/spl deg/ to 200/spl deg/C, and the results are compared with numerical predictions using our recently measured temperature coefficient constants for LGT. Calculated contour plots of the TCD are given for orientations in the neighborhood of the plane where the experiments were done. This research work has also uncovered temperature compensated orientations, which we have experimentally verified, with parabolic behavior, turn over temperatures in the 130 to 160/spl deg/C range, and /spl Delta/f/fo within 1000 ppm variation from 10 to 260/spl deg/C, appropriate for higher temperature device applications.
Optical observations of BL lacertae in 2004-2005

We present optical observations of BL Lacertae (BL Lac) in the standard BVRI bands with the 80 cm Tsinghua Centre for Astrophysics–National Astronomical Observatories of China telescope. In 2004, BL Lac was monitored for 25 nights, between September and November, to study its long-term optical variability behaviour. The source initially faded by R ∼ 1 mag in ∼30 d and then brightened by R ∼ 0.8 mag in ∼20 d. It was further monitored for six consecutive nights on 2005 September 3–8, focusing on its intranight variability characteristics. The source continuously brightened by R ∼ 0.7 mag during the six nights, with some visible fluctuations superimposed on to the brightness-increasing trend. The amplitudes of intranight variations tend to increase from I to B wavelengths. BL Lac exhibited strong bluer-whenbrighter behaviour for the internight variations, which is less pronounced for some of the intranight variations. The intranight variations between different bands are correlated without measurable time lags in most time, but the flare on 2005 September 6 showed that the R-band variations lagged the B band ones by 1052+859 −759 s. Our results indicate that the optical variability properties of BL Lac (the prototype of low-energy-peaked BL Lac objects, LBLs) remarkably resemble the X-ray variability properties of high-energy-peaked BL Lac objects (HBLs). The similarities imply common origin of the variations, plausibly the most energetic tails of the synchrotron emission produced by the relativistic electrons in the jets, for both the optical emission of LBLs and the X-ray emission of HBLs.