Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
TFIT: A Photometry Package Using Prior Information for Mixed‐Resolution Data Sets

We describe the TFIT software package to measure galaxy photometry using prior information from high‐resolution observations. Our basic methodology is similar in principle but different in detail from previous procedures for crowded field photometry. We use the spatial positions and morphologies of objects in an image with higher angular resolution to construct object templates, which are then fitted to a lower resolution image, solving for the object fluxes as free parameters. Using extensive experiments on both simulated and real data, we show that this template‐fitting method measures accurate object photometry to the limiting sensitivity of the image. In this limit, our method derives robust flux upper limits for objects fainter than the limiting image surface brightness. We describe the challenges encountered in applying this technique to real data, and methods to cope with some of them.
Analysis of Schottky gate electron tunneling in polarization induced AlGaN/GaN high electron mobility transistors

(gate=nickel)/(barrier=GaN/Al(y)Ga(1−y)N)/(buffer=GaN)/(substrate=SiC) polarizationinduced high electron mobility transistors (PI-HEMTs) show promise for ultrahigh power microwave amplification. The polarization fields in these Ga-face, wurtzite structures are used to engineer the conduction band profile in the absence of any doping. One important attribute of these PI-HEMTs is their ability to withstand electric fields up to 3 MV/cm without avalanche breakdown. The combination of high electric field under the gate necessary to pinch off the channel, and the high electric field fringing to the gate from the large drain–source bias voltage, makes it possible for electron tunneling from the gate into and through the GaN/Al(y)Ga(1−y)N barrier into the GaN channel. A one-dimensional theoretical analysis of the tunneling current at pinchoff as a function of the aluminum fraction (0.05<y<0.45) in the barrier, the operating temperature of the gate metal at 300 and 573 K, and a uniform additional electric field o.
Geoadditive Survival Models

Survival data often contain small-area geographical or spatial information, such as the residence of individuals. In many cases, the impact of such spatial effects on hazard rates is of considerable substantive interest. Therefore, extensions of known survival or hazard rate models to spatial models have been suggested. Mostly, a spatial component is added to the usual linear predictor of the Cox model. In this article flexible continuous-time geoadditive models are proposed, extending the Cox model with respect to several aspects often needed in applications. The common linear predictor is generalized to an additive predictor, including nonparametric components for the log-baseline hazard, time-varying effects, and possibly nonlinear effects of continuous covariates or further time scales, and a spatial component for geographical effects. In addition, uncorrelated frailty effects or nonlinear two-way interactions can be incorporated. Inference is developed within a unified fully Bayesian framework. Penalized regression splines and Markov random fields are suggested as basic building blocks, and geostatistical (kriging) models are also considered. Posterior analysis uses computationally efficient Markov chain Monte Carlo sampling schemes. Smoothing parameters are an integral part of the model and are estimated automatically. Propriety of posteriors is shown under fairly general conditions, and practical performance is investigated through simulation studies. Our approach is applied to data from a case study in London and Essex that aims to estimate the effect of area of residence and further covariates on waiting times to coronary artery bypass grafting. Results provide clear evidence of nonlinear time-varying effects, and considerable spatial variability of waiting times to bypass grafting.
Plane gravitational waves of gauge-invariant generalized field equations with asymmetric fundamental tensor in plane symmetry

Buchdahl [Q. J. Math. 8, 89 (1957) and 9, 257 (1958)] has proposed the study of gauge-invariant generalization of field theories with asymmetric fundamental tensor. In this paper, the solution of plane gravitational waves in these Buchdahl's field theories have been investigated by the authors in plane symmetric space-time. Plane symmetry was studied and defined by Taub [Ann. Math. 53, 472 (1951)]. It has been shown that these solutions become identical with those of strong field equations of Einstein’s nonsymmetric unified field theory in plane symmetry under certain cases.
The Bias of Autoregressive Coefficient Estimators

Abstract This article presents simple expressions for the bias of estimators of the coefficients of an autoregressive model of arbitrary, but known, finite order. The results include models both with and without a constant term. The effects of overspecification of the model order on the bias are described. The emphasis is on least-squares and Yule-Walker estimators, but the methods extend to other estimators of similar design. Although only the order T -1 component of the bias is captured, where T is the series length, this asymptotic approximation is shown to be very accurate for least-squares estimators through some numerical simulations. The simulations examine fourth-order autoregressions chosen to resemble some data series from the literature. The order T -1 bias approximations for Yule-Walker estimators need not be accurate, especially if the zeros of the associated polynomial have moduli near 1. Examples are given where the approximation is accurate and where it is useless. The bias expressions are.
Dynamics of laser processing in transparent media

High-quality laser processing for industrial production requires, in addition to a suitable beam source, an appropriate adaption of the laser emission to the processing material. Therefore the interaction of the high-intensity laser beam with solid transparent matter was investigated. The kinetics of heating and evaporation by laser pulses was studied. The experiments showed that transparent materials can be vaporized by laser light in spite of their small absorption. The first initial spike (peak intensity \sim10^{8} W/cm2) turns the absorption coefficient of a surface layer in a very short time ( \sim10^{-7} s) from 10-2to 103cm-1. The further emission is absorbed completely in the heated layer and vaporizes the material at an approximately constant rate. A model explaining the heating of transparent materials by laser beams is demonstrated and accounts for the experimental observations. The shape of the resulting holes is discussed.
Axial mode locking in a harmonic-multiplying, inverted gyrotwystron

When in microwave sources, an open waveguide operating at frequencies close to cutoff is used as a resonator, a number of modes with the same transverse structure, but different axial distribution can be excited by an electron beam. The width of the resonance curves of these modes broadens as the number of axial variations grows. This leads to overlapping of these curves at large axial indexes. As a result, phase locking of such modes may occur. A theory describing axial mode locking in gyrodevices is developed. The results of theoretical analysis are compared to a harmonic-multiplying, inverted gyrotwystron experiment. It is shown that such phase-locked operation in a set of modes with overlapping resonance curves can significantly enlarge the bandwidth of gyrodevices. Furthermore, this technique may be broadly applicable to other devices, which employ cavities with overlapping modes.
Some Asymptotic Results for Learning in Single Hidden-Layer Feedforward Network Models

Abstract We investigate the properties of a recursive estimation procedure (the method of “back-propagation”) for a class of nonlinear regression models (single hidden-layer feedforward network models) recently developed by cognitive scientists. The results follow from more general results for a class of recursive m estimators, obtained using theorems of Ljung (1977) and Walk (1977) for the method of stochastic approximation. Conditions are given ensuring that the back-propagation estimator converges almost surely to a parameter value that locally minimizes expected squared error loss (provided the estimator does not diverge) and that the back-propagation estimator is asymptotically normal when centered at this minimizer. This estimator is shown to be statistically inefficient, and a two-step procedure that has efficiency equivalent to that of nonlinear least squares is proposed. Practical issues are illustrated by a numerical example involving approximation of the Henon map.
Les méthodes du pseudo-maximum de vraisemblance

This article brings together a lot of essential principles about the pseudo-likelihood methods. The proofs of the results are not presented here since they have been developped in a previous serie of papers. On the contrary our aim is to insist on the intuitive motivations and to illustrate some results by examples. The consistent estimation of the parameters of interest involved in the conditionnal expectation of the endogenous variables upon the exogenous ones rests on the linear exponential family. For these types of estimators there exists an optimal bound for the asymptotic variance that can be achieved by the implementation of the quasi-generalised pseudo-maximum likelihood method. It is shown at the end of the paper that asymptotic tests based on the pseudo-likelihood function can be used for classical inference. Those tests are analogous to the Wald, Lagrange and in some cases to the likelihood ratio tests built on the likelihood function.
Intermediate downshifted maximum of stimulated electromagnetic emission at high‐power HF heating: A new twist on an old problem

We report a new spectral feature of Stimulated Electromagnetic Emission (SEE) from the F region ionosphere observed during high‐power HF heating experiments at the SURA and High Frequency Active Auroral Research Program heating facilities. It is located in the SEE spectrum between the pump wave frequency f0 and the well‐known Downshifted Maximum and thus named the Intermediate Downshifted Maximum (IDM). IDM appears at effective radiated powers (ERP) P0 ≳ 30 MW and the pump frequencies above electron gyroharmonics, f0−sfce≳50 (up to 250) kHz (s = 2, 3, 4). It mirrors the well‐known Upshifted Maximum (UM) relative to f0. The salient stationary and dynamic properties of IDM are described and discussed.
Analysis of plasma waves observed in the inner Saturn magnetosphere

Plasma waves observed in the Saturn magneto- sphere provide an indication of the plasma population present in the rotationally dominated inner magnetosphere. Electro- static cyclotron emissions often with harmonics and whistler mode emission are a common feature of Saturn's inner mag- netosphere. The electron observations for a region near 5 RS outside and near a plasma injection region indicate a cooler low-energy ( 1000 eV) more pancake or butterfly distribution. We model the electron plasma distributions to conduct a lin- ear dispersion analysis of the wave modes. The results sug- gest that the electrostatic electron cyclotron emissions can be generated by phase space density gradients associated with a loss cone that may be up to 20 wide. This loss cone is some- times, but not always, observed because the field of view of the electron detectors does not include the magnetic field line at the time of the observations. The whistler mode emission can be generated by the pancake-like distribution and tem- perature anisotropy (T? /T||>1) of the warmer plasma popu- lation.
Emission-line objects near quasi-stellar object absorbers. III: Clustering and colors of moderate-redshift H II regions

Three deep narrow-band images of [O II] λ3727 at the redshift of known QSO absorption-line systems show evidence for enhanced star formation occurring in groups of giant H II regions spread over 100-300 h -1 kpc The redshifts of the star formation are 0.6128, 0.633, and 1.328. Emission limits of 1 x 10 -17 ergs/(cm 2 × s) make these candidates for the faintest known detections of optical emission from distant star-forming regions
Novel Classification of Acromegaly in Accordance with Immunohistochemical Subtypes: Is There Really a Clinical Relevance?

Abstract According to the recent studies, immunohistochemical subtypes of growth hormone (GH) secreting adenomas have been considered as a predictive factor in determining the clinical outcomes including biochemical, radiologic, and endocrine remission. In a 20 year-of time period, acromegaly patients who were treated and followed at the Endocrinology Department of our University Hospital were screened for the study. Of total 98 patients, 65 patients who had been operated by transsphenoidal surgery and having postoperative specimens were included. Postoperative specimens of the surgery of the patients were classified into 3 groups based on the histochemical characteristics (densely, sparsely, and mixed). Parasellar extensions of pituitary tumors were classified into the five grades according to Knosp classification. The patients were investigated and evaluated for postoperative clinical progress, remission rates, comorbidities regarding with the histopathological patterns. Of total 65 patients, 31 were classified as densely granulated (group 1), 32 were classified as sparsely granulated (group 2), and 2 patients were assessed as mixed granulated (group 3). There was no difference between groups for age and gender. Pre-treatment of adenoma size in all groups was correlated with each other and the frequency of macroadenoma (1 vs. 2, 77.4 vs. 84.3%) was higher in two groups. Although mean initial GH levels in group 1 was higher than the other groups (p=0.03), IGF1 levels (age and gender matched) were similar in each group. Adenomas in all groups demonstrated noninvasive radiological characteristics (Knosp grade 0–1–2). Ki-67 proliferation index of both groups (64.5 vs. 50%) was predominantly 1%. With a similar follow-up period, the endocrine remission rates (GH<1 μg/l) in groups were 64 vs. 69%, respectively. In conclusion, classification according to immunohistochemical subtypes of growth hormone secreting adenomas may not be a qualified parameter to evaluate patients with patterns of aggressiveness, clinical outcomes, or treatment response.
Trajectory generation for redundant manipulators under optimization of consumed electrical energy

A method to solve the trajectory generation problem in redundant degree of freedom manipulators has been proposed, in which the variational approach and the B-spline curve are introduced for minimization of the consumed electrical energy of a robot manipulator system. In the proposed method, some inherent inconveniences of the use of the variational method such as long calculation time and the difficulty in designing the foward vector are diminished. The application of the method is oriented to repeated jobs realized by industrial robots manipulators. Through simulations, and experiments. The energy minimization of the proposed method was verified.
Monte-Carlo error analysis in x-ray spectral deconvolution

The deconvolution of spectral information from sparse x‐ray data is a widely encountered problem in data analysis. An often‐neglected aspect of this problem is the propagation of random error in the deconvolution process. We have developed a Monte‐Carlo approach that enables us to attach error bars to unfolded x‐ray spectra. Our Monte‐Carlo error analysis has been incorporated into two specific deconvolution techniques: the first is an iterative convergent weight method; the second is a singular‐value‐decomposition (SVD) method. These two methods were applied to an x‐ray spectral deconvolution problem having m channels of observations with n points in energy space. When m is less than n, this problem has no unique solution. We discuss the systematics of nonunique solutions and energy‐dependent error bars for both methods. The Monte‐Carlo approach has a particular benefit in relation to the SVD method: It allows us to apply the constraint of spectral nonnegativity after the SVD deconvolution rather than before. Consequently, we can identify inconsistencies between different detector channels.
Assessing Sampling Variation Relative to Number-of-Factors Criteria

Employment of the bootstrap method to approximate the sampling variation of eigenvalues is explicated, and its usefulness is amplified by an illustration in conjunction with two commonly used number-of-factors criteria: eigenvalues larger than one and the scree test. Confidence intervals for eigenvalues are approximated for sample correlation matrices that have ones and squared multiple correlation coefficients on the diagonals. The results demonstrate the usefulness of the bootstrap method in providing information about the sampling variability of eigenvalues-knowledge that affords a basis for more informed decisions regarding the number of factors when employing common criteria. Further, this information can be obtained with little difficulty, and the approach avoids tenuous assumptions of symmetric confidence intervals.
COMPUTATIONAL SIMULATION OF HYDRODYNAMIC CONVECTION IN RISING BUBBLE UNDER MICROGRAVITY CONDITION

In this work, rising of a single bubble in a quiescent liquid under microgravity condition was simulated. The related unsteady incompressible full Navier-Stokes equations were solved using a conventional finite difference method with a structured staggered grid. The interface was tracked explicitly by connected marker points via hybrid front capturing and tracking method. One field approximation was used, while one set of governing equations was only solved in the entire domain and different phases treated as one fluid with variable physical properties. The interfacial effects are accounted for by adding appropriate source terms to the governing equations. The results show that the bubble moves in a straight path under microgravity condition, compared to the zigzag motion of bubbles in the presence of gravity. Also, in the absence of gravity and temperature gradients, the hydrodynamic effect can still cause the upward motion of the bubble. This phenomenon was explicitly shown in our results.
Robust methods for generalized linear models with nonignorable missing covariates

The EM algorithm is often used for finding the maximum likelihood estimates in generalized linear models with incomplete data. In this article, the author presents a robust method in the framework of the maximum likelihood estimation for fitting generalized linear models when nonignorable covariates are missing. His robust approach is useful for downweighting any influential observations when estimating the model parameters. To avoid computational problems involving irreducibly high‐dimensional integrals, he adopts a Metropolis‐Hastings algorithm based on a Markov chain sampling method. He carries out simulations to investigate the behaviour of the robust estimates in the presence of outliers and missing covariates; furthermore, he compares these estimates to the classical maximum likelihood estimates. Finally, he illustrates his approach using data on the occurrence of delirium in patients operated on for abdominal aortic aneurysm.
Applications of Shapley-Owen Values and the Spatial Copeland Winner

The Shapley-Owen value (SOV, Owen and Shapley 1989, Optimal location of candidates in ideological space. International Journal of Game Theory 125–42), a generalization of the Shapley-Shubik value applicable to spatial voting games, is an important concept in that it takes us away from a priori concepts of power to notions of power that are directly tied to the ideological proximity of actors. SOVs can also be used to locate the spatial analogue to the Copeland winner, the strong point, the point with smallest win-set, which is a plausible solution concept for games without cores. However, for spatial voting games with many voters, until recently, it was too computationally difficult to calculate SOVs, and thus, it was impossible to find the strong point analytically. After reviewing the properties of the SOV, such as the result proven by Shapley and Owen that size of win sets increases with the square of distance as we move away from the strong point along any ray, we offer a computer algorithm for computing SOVs that can readily find such values even for legislatures the size of the U.S. House of Representatives or the Russian Duma. We use these values to identify the strong point and show its location with respect to the uncovered set, for several of the U.S. congresses analyzed in Bianco, Jeliazkov, and Sened (2004, The limits of legislative actions: Determining the set of enactable outcomes given legislators preferences. Political Analysis 12:256–76) and for several sessions of the Russian Duma. We then look at many of the experimental committee voting games previously analyzed by Bianco et al. (2006, A theory waiting to be discovered and used: A reanalysis of canonical experiments on majority-rule decision making. Journal of Politics 68:838–51) and show how outcomes in these games tend to be points with small win sets located near to the strong point. We also consider how SOVs can be applied to a lobbying game in a committee of the U.S. Senate.
Development of a compact electron-cyclotron-resonance ion source for high-energy carbon-ion therapy

Ion sources for medical facilities should have characteristics of easy maintenance, low electric power consumption, good stability, and long operation time without problems (one year or longer). For this, a 10GHz compact electron-cyclotron-resonance ion source with all-permanent magnets (Kei2 source) was developed. The maximum mirror magnetic fields on the beam axis are 0.59T at the extraction side and 0.87T at the gas-injection side, while the minimum B strength is 0.25T. These parameters have been optimized for the production of C4+ based on the experience at the 10GHz NIRS-ECR ion source and a previous prototype compact source (Kei source). The Kei2 source has a diameter of 320mm and a length of 295mm. The beam intensity of C4+ was obtained to be 530μA under an extraction voltage of 40kV. The beam stability was better than 6% at C4+ of 280μA during 90h with no adjustment of the operation parameters. The details of the design and beam tests of the source are described in this paper.
Oscillations in lossless propagation models: a Liapunov–Krasovskii approach

This paper focuses on forced oscillations (periodic and almost periodic) in some dynamical models described by coupled differential and difference equations. The existence and stability result is based on a theorem on invariant manifolds on Banach spaces due to Kurzweil and Halanay. The state-space (based on Liapunov-Krasovskii functionals combined with the S-procedure) approach is considered. An illustrative example is presented and some conclusions are drawn concerning sharpness and ease in applications of the method.
Mode Choice Behavior Analysis by Using a Semi-Compensatory Discrete Choice Model

In this study we proposed a semi-compensatory model to analyze the mode choice behavior. The proposed model formulated the conjunctive rule through a straightforward way. The proposed model can take into account the probability distribution of the threshold involved by the conjunctive rule. To estimate the parameters of the proposed model, we derived the posterior distribution of the parameters by using the Bayes theorem and developed a blacked Metropolis-Hastings algorithm to carry out the estimation based on the posterior distribution. We also employed the data augmentation technology to simplify the estimation procedure. The proposed model was validated by using a SP survey dataset. We compared the performance of the proposed model to that of the logit model.