Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Selective Inhibition of Trigeminovascular Neurons by Fremanezumab: A Humanized Monoclonal Anti-CGRP Antibody

A large body of evidence supports an important role for calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) in migraine pathophysiology. This evidence gave rise to a global effort to develop a new generation of therapeutics that inhibit the interaction of CGRP with its receptor in migraineurs. Recently, a new class of such drugs, humanized anti-CGRP monoclonal antibodies (CGRP-mAbs), were found to be effective in reducing the frequency of migraine. The purpose of this study was to better understand how the CGRP-mAb fremanezumab (TEV-48125) modulates meningeal sensory pathways. To answer this question, we used single-unit recording to determine the effects of fremanezumab (30 mg/kg, IV) and its isotype control Ab on spontaneous and evoked activity in naive and cortical spreading depression (CSD)-sensitized trigeminovascular neurons in the spinal trigeminal nucleus of anesthetized male and female rats. The study demonstrates that, in both sexes, fremanezumab inhibited naive high-threshold (HT) neurons, but not wide-dynamic range trigeminovascular neurons, and that the inhibitory effects on the neurons were limited to their activation from the intracranial dura but not facial skin or cornea. In addition, when given sufficient time, fremanezumab prevents the activation and sensitization of HT neurons by CSD. Mechanistically, these findings suggest that HT neurons play a critical role in the initiation of the perception of headache and the development of cutaneous allodynia and central sensitization. Clinically, the findings may help to explain the therapeutic benefit of CGRP-mAb in reducing headaches of intracranial origin such as migraine with aura and why this therapeutic approach may not be effective for every migraine patient. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT Calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) monoclonal antibodies (CGRP-mAbs) are capable of preventing migraine. However, their mechanism of action is unknown. In the current study, we show that, if given enough time, a CGRP-mAb can prevent the activation and sensitization of high-threshold (central) trigeminovascular neurons by cortical spreading depression, but not their activation from the skin or cornea, suggesting a potential explanation for selectivity to migraine headache, but not other pains, and a predominantly peripheral site of action.
Multi-Objective contextual bandits with a dominant objective

In this paper, we propose a new contextual bandit problem with two objectives, where one of the objectives dominates the other objective. Unlike single-objective bandit problems in which the learner obtains a random scalar reward for each arm it selects, in the proposed problem, the learner obtains a random reward vector, where each component of the reward vector corresponds to one of the objectives. The goal of the learner is to maximize its total reward in the non-dominant objective while ensuring that it maximizes its reward in the dominant objective. In this case, the optimal arm given a context is the one that maximizes the expected reward in the non-dominant objective among all arms that maximize the expected reward in the dominant objective. For this problem, we propose the multi-objective contextual multi-armed bandit algorithm (MOC-MAB), and prove that it achieves sublinear regret with respect to the optimal context dependent policy. Then, we compare the performance of the proposed algorithm with other state-of-the-art bandit algorithms. The proposed contextual bandit model and the algorithm have a wide range of real-world applications that involve multiple and possibly conflicting objectives ranging from wireless communication to medical diagnosis and recommender systems.
The Development of Studies for Accounting Anomalies and Market Efficiency

The aim of this paper is to survey and discuss the recent studies about accounting anomalies. Recent studies say that the accrual anomaly and the post-earnings-announcement drift （ PEAD ） have attenuated over some decades as a rule. I focus on this matter and conﬁrm the contents of the related papers minutely to some extent, and compare them with traditional debate of accounting anomalies （ the risk explanation versus mispricing explanation ） , to recognize directions for future research in this area. One of the most important conclusions through my survey and consideration is that the attenuation of accounting anomalies could inﬂuence the way how to explain accounting anomalies in prior researches that have been examined and documented for the last several decades after the publication of Ball and Brown （1968） .
Identification of a Vesicular-Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungus by Using Monoclonal Antibodies in an Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay

Spore morphology is currently used to identify species of vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi. We report the first use of a highly specific immunological method for identification of a vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus. Two monoclonal antibodies were produced against Glomus occultum. Monoclonal antibodies reacted strongly with both spores and hyphae in an indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. All other mycorrhizal (29 species) and nonmycorrhizal (5 species) fungi tested were nonreactive with the monoclonal antibodies. A single spore of G. occultum was detectable in the presence of high numbers of spores of other vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi. Variation in the reaction of G. occultum isolates from West Virginia, Florida, and Colombia suggests that monoclonal antibodies may differentiate strains.
Differentiating the impact of episodic and chronic stressors on hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenocortical axis regulation in young women.

OBJECTIVE The goal of this study was to examine the impact of episodic stress and chronic interpersonal stress on indices of HPA regulation. To explore the potential downstream consequences of altered HPA dynamics, the authors also assessed indicators of metabolic control and systemic inflammation. DESIGN One hundred four medically healthy women between the ages of 15 and 19 participated. Following an in-depth interview of life stress, a sample of blood was drawn through antecubital venipuncture. Over the course of the next 2 days, participants gathered salivary cortisol samples. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Cortisol morning response, cortisol daily output, glucocorticoid receptor (GR) mRNA, C-reactive protein (CRP), insulin, and glucose. RESULTS The simple presence of episodic stress or chronic interpersonal stress was not reliably associated with cortisol output, GR mRNA, insulin, or glucose. When women were exposed to an episodic stressor in the midst of chronic stress they showed increased cortisol output and reduced expression of GR mRNA. By contrast, when women had low levels of chronic stress, episodic events were associated with decreased cortisol output and increased GR mRNA. Episodic and chronic stress also interacted to predict CRP, but not insulin or glucose. CONCLUSIONS The impact of episodic stress is accentuated in the midst of chronic interpersonal stress and diminished in its absence. Simultaneous exposure to episodic and chronic stress may create wear and tear on the body, whereas exposure to episodic stress in the context of a supportive environment may toughen the body, protecting it against subsequent stressors.
Consequences of insecticide resistance on malaria transmission

1 Institut des Sciences de l’Evolution de Montpellier, CNRS, IRD, University of Montpellier, Montpellier, France, 2 Institut de recherche pour le développement (IRD), Maladies Infectieuses et Vecteurs, Ecologie, Génétique, Evolution et Contrôle (MIVEGEC), Montpellier, France, 3 UMI IRD/UPMC 209, Unité de Modélisation Mathématique et Informatique des Sytèmes Complexes (UMMISCO lab), Bondy, France, 4 Institut de Recherche en Sciences de la Santé (IRSS), Bobo-Dioulasso, Burkina Faso
The Effect of ESCOs on Energy Use

Energy saving can importantly help prevent greenhouse gas emissions and, thus, climate change. Energy service companies (ESCOs) provide a crucial instrument for delivering improved energy efficiency and potentially contributing to substantial energy savings in the public and private sectors. This paper investigates empirically the effect of ESCO activities on energy use. Based on a dynamic IPAT model, using a panel data of 94 countries over the period 1981 to 2007, we provide significant evidence that ESCOs reduce energy use. This finding proves robust to different dates of the first ESCO. The negative ESCO effect increases over time. The dynamic adjustment process produces small effects in the short run, but large effects in the long run. Moreover, the long-run ESCO effect differs across the stages of development. That is, for the high- and low-income countries, the short-run ESCO effect remains negative, but the long-run effects differ, remaining negative in high-income countries, but becoming positive in low-income countries. Finally, we discuss energy policy implications.
Can the use of types and query expansion help improve large-scale code search?

With the open source code movement, code search with the intent of reuse has become increasingly popular. So much so that researchers have been calling it the new facet of software reuse. Although code search differs from general-purpose document search in essential ways, most tools still rely mainly on keywords matched against source code text. Recently, researchers have proposed more sophisticated ways to perform code search, such as including interface definitions in the queries (e.g., return and parameter types of the desired function, along with keywords; called here Interface-Driven Code Search - IDCS). However, to the best of our knowledge, there are few empirical studies that compare traditional keyword-based code search (KBCS) with more advanced approaches such as IDCS. In this paper we describe an experiment that compares the effectiveness of KBCS with IDCS in the task of large-scale code search of auxiliary functions implemented in Java. We also measure the impact of query expansion based on types and WordNet on both approaches. Our experiment involved 36 subjects that produced real-world queries for 16 different auxiliary functions and a repository with more than 2,000,000 Java methods. Results show that the use of types can improve recall and the number of relevant functions returned (#RFR) when combined with query expansion (~30% improvement in recall, and ~43% improvement in #RFR). However, a more detailed analysis suggests that in some situations it is best to use keywords only, in particular when these are sufficient to semantically define the desired function.
Effects of Breakfast and Caffeine on Cognitive Performance, Mood and Cardiovascular Functioning

Two experiments examined the effect of breakfast (1.89 MJ) and caffeine (4 mg/kg) on cognitive performance, mood and cardiovascular functioning. In the first experiment, breakfast had no effect on performance of sustained attention tasks, but it increased pulse rate and influenced mood. The mood effects after breakfast differed between a cooked breakfast and a cereal/toast breakfast. In contrast to the effects of breakfast, this relatively high dose of caffeine improved performance of the sustained attention tasks, increased blood pressure and increased mental alertness. In the second experiment, effects of a breakfast and caffeine on mood and cardiovascular functions confirmed the results of the first study. The breakfast improved performance on free recall and recognition memory tasks, had no effect on a semantic memory task and impaired the accuracy of performing a logical reasoning task. In contrast to this, caffeine improved performance on the semantic memory, logical reasoning, free recall and recognition memory tasks. Overall, these results show that breakfast can improve performance in some but not all cognitive tasks and that these changes are very different from those observed after lunch, and those produced by caffeine.
THE RECOVERY PROCESS IN A MECHANICALLY DAMAGED CORAL REEF COMMUNITY : RECRUITMENT AND GROWTH

C o r a l r e c r u i t . m e n t a n d t l s s u e regeneration w e r e s t u d i e d f o r 27 m o n t h s f o l l o w ~ n g a freight-er g r o u n d i n g o n Molass i ! s R e e f , Kr:y 1 , a rqo N a t i o n a l M ? I l n i S a n c t u.il-y l ' l , ? r ~ d . ~ , 1l';A) . Al. t I > c cn i i of 1 1 1 , . > I l l i iy, h a r d c o r a l a n d g o r g o n i a n p o p u l a t l v x s I n a 1 5 3 0 m ' a r e a o f n e a r l y c o m p l e t e d e s l r u c t i o n w e r e 13:, arrrl 10': o f p r e i m p a c t populations. R e c r u i t m e n t was b y q p c c l e s d o m i n a n t ? n surrounding communities a n d wds h:g! >est i n d a m a g e d a r e a s t h a t c o n t a i n e d S u r v i v i n g a d u l t c o l o n l e s . T h e r e f o r e , c o r a l t r a n s p l a n t a t i o n i n t o 1 : e a v i l y d a m a g e d a ~ p a s may ~ n c r e a s e t h e r a t e o f r e c o v c r y . Zome t r a n s p l a n t e d c o r a l s s h o r ~ l i l ! ,e t h o s e d i s p l a c e i i h y t h e s h i p i n t o s a n d f l a t s . I n t h e t w o y e a r s following d i s p l a c e m e n t L h c s e c o r a l s showed s u b s t a n t i a l t i s s u e d e t e r i o r a t i o n F a c t o r s d e l s y l n g r e c o v e r y ~ r r r l udc t h e p r e s e n c e ? i r i n i ? s e d i m e n t ( rn i l t . e r i a I p u l v e r ~ z i : ~ I l ~ y t h c s h i p ) a n d l a r T e a m o u n t s o f r u b b l e . T h e r e m o v a l o f s u c h s e d i m e n t a n d d ~ h r i s f r o m a r e a s o f m e c h a n i c a l i m p a c t may e n h a n c e r e c o v e r y b y expediting s u c c e s s f u l r e c r u i t m e n t .
Potential of probiotics as biotherapeutic agents targeting the innate immune system

Probiotics had been of interest in the promotion of good health in animals and man. Some of the positive effects of probiotics are: growth promotion of farm animals, protection of host from intestinal infections, alleviation of lactose intolerance, relief of constipation, anticarcinogenic effect, anticholesterolaemic effects, nutrient synthesis and bioavailability, prevention of genital and urinary tract infections, and immunostimulatory effects. Their beneficial effects may be mediated by direct antagonism of specific groups of organisms, resulting in a decrease in numbers or by an effect on their metabolism or by stimulation of immunity. The resistance of people in developing countries to diseases can be improved upon by promoting the consumption of locally fermented foods that are rich in probiotic organisms. This article reviews the potential of probiotics as immuno-enhancing agents and the future perspective in developing potent probiotics with immunostimulatory molecules that can serve as outstanding vaccine adjuvants. African Journal of Biotechnology Vol. 4 (2), pp. 123-127, 2005
EFFICIENT FARMING OPTIONS FOR GERMAN APPLE GROWERS BASED ON STOCHASTIC DOMINANCE ANALYSIS

Apple production is afflicted with various risks. As it is a permanent crop, apple producers are less flexible to react upon undesirable events. As a result, for a sustainable economic performance, the determination of efficient farming options, as a combination of the production system and risk management instruments (RMI), is crucial. Our investigation focuses on this choice problem utilizing stochastic dominance criteria, which apply to a wide range of risk preferences. Based on data for 134 apple producers operating in the two main production areas in Germany, we compare and determine efficient production options for the most common regional varieties. Furthermore, appropriate RMIs are identified using stochastic dominance criteria. In this context we investigate internal RMI (frost irrigation and hail nets) as well as external risk protection tools (insurance options). In Germany only a single insurance concept against hail is available, whereas insurance against late frosts is not at the apple growers’ disposal. As frost insurance exists in neighboring countries, we analyze the effect of the latter based on a hypothetic hail-frost insurance policy. Simulated net present values of a one hectare level serve as decision criterion, for which the associated cumulative probability distributions are evaluated according to first and second degree stochastic dominance criteria. In addition, we use SERF (Stochastic Efficiency with Respect to a Function) as it evaluates farming options for defined ranges of relative risk aversion and thus has a higher discriminative power. The results indicate that Red Prince is the most efficient option in the north and subsidized hail insurance with frost irrigation is superior to frost irrigation as single RMI. In the south Braeburn should be chosen under rational aspects, but the tested insurance solutions are not as efficient as the common production practice under hail nets.
Babesia divergens, a Bovine Blood Parasite of Veterinary and Zoonotic Importance

SUMMARY Babesia divergens is an intraerythrocytic protozoan parasite, transmitted by the tick Ixodes ricinus, and is the main agent of bovine babesiosis in Europe. It is not only a cause of significant loss to the cattle industry; it can also infect immunocompromised humans, causing medical emergencies characterized by rapid fulmination and parasitemias that may exceed 70%. The current emphasis in Europe on sustainable agriculture and extensification is likely to lead to an increase in vector tick populations with increased risk of infection. Despite the veterinary and zoonotic importance of this parasite, relatively little research has been carried out on B. divergens, and many questions regarding the parasite's epidemiology and the host's response remain unanswered. A better understanding of the species' biology and host-parasite interactions may lead to improved control mechanisms and new trends in vaccine and antibabesial drug development. This review provides the first comprehensive summary of B. divergens biology, including its morphology, life cycle, and host specificity, and the current state of knowledge of both human and bovine infections.
The Performance of Maize and Teff Marketing in Southern Ethiopia

The paper analyses the functioning of Teff and Maize marketing system in southern Ethiopia. The methodology follows the industrial organization paradigm: structure, conduct and performance(S - C-P). The results reveal high market concentration, high barriers to entry in terms of capital and credit, evidence of collusion in the rural market, concentration, high barriers to entry in terms of capital and credit evidence of collusion in the rural market, low market integration, high marketing margin, and high seasonal price variation which indicate the inefficiency of the Maize and Teff marketing system. There are basic constraints such as poor market infrastructure and lack of capital, credit and clear property right law to increase private investment in the food grain marketing sub-sector. In spite of the complex problems after the March 1990 reform, the Maize and Teff marketing system appears to be improving and working better by market structure standard
Small Firm Owner-Managers’ Networks In Tourism And Hospitality

Firms participate in network relationships with others to reap the resources that are unavailable within. The resources may consist of goods, services, information, advice or support. The flow of resources into the firm has the potential enhance the capability of a firm to react to the external competitive environment. Generally network relationships can be formal and/or informal. For a small firm, a network is more likely to be informal and have social links to individuals such as family, friends and acquaintances. This paper investigates the network features and networking activities of the small tourism and hospitality owner-managers. The context of the research is the owner-managers of chalet accommodation firms located at the coastal and island destinations in the east of Peninsular Malaysia. The networks are composed of family and ethnic linkages and mainly bounded by specific locality like the ‘village’. Informal ties are with those with a common interest in tourism product and services within a destination. The networks contacts for business and social purposes are consisting the same people. Chalet owner-managers attached to family for financial and friends for other matters throughout the business life. This was due to the trust that built through the years of relationships with the strong ties. Furthermore, the main reason for networking with the contacts was for exchange of ideas, advice, and help. The owner-managers found that the networks did not generate tangible benefits, however were strong in knowledge sharing.
Firm Dynamics with Lumpy Adjustment and Learning

In a model of Bayesian learning about efficiency, we consider the effect of entry, regular, and exit nonconvex adjustment costs, both in the form of proportional and fixed costs. We conclude that, except for entry and hiring fixed adjustment costs, firms will have a tendency to start smaller, to grow faster, and, in some circumstances, to display a smaller exit propensity. The existence of a distribution of productivities highly skewed to the right, and of a technology with high (but decreasing) returns to labor will intensify the above predictions. Therefore, two paradigms can occur. When entry and hiring fixed adjustment costs are high, most growth is due to the natural selection mechanism. When entry and hiring fixed costs are dominated by the other adjustment costs, the increase in average size is mostly due to the upward adjustment of (efficient) surviving firms. Simulations, in finite horizon, are presented.
Immunolocalization of cystinosin, the protein defective in cystinosis.

Cystinosis is an autosomal recessive disorder associated with excessive lysosomal cystine accumulation secondary to defective lysosomal cystine efflux. CTNS, the gene mutated in cystinosis, codes for the lysosomal membrane protein cystinosin. Antisera were raised in rabbits to a carboxy-terminal oligopeptide sequence from cystinosin. Antisera were screened by Western blotting and immunocytochemical analyses of transfected COS-7 cells expressing either human wild-type cystinosin, a wild-type cystinosin-green fluorescent protein (GFP) fusion protein, or a fusion protein of GFP and mutant human cystinosin with a carboxy-terminal deletion. In Western blots, bands corresponding to cystinosin or cystinosin-GFP were observed in transfected cells but no signal was detected in cells expressing the carboxy-terminal mutant; preimmune sera yielded negative results in all three cases. In transfected cells expressing wild-type cystinosin, immunoreactivity appeared in subcellular vesicles. In cells expressing the wild-type cystinosin-GFP fusion protein, immunoreactivity colocalized with GFP fluorescence. Previous studies demonstrated that GFP fluorescence from this construct colocalized with immunostaining for a known lysosomal membrane protein, i.e., lysosome-associated membrane protein 2. In immunohistochemical analyses, cystinosin localized to tubule epithelia in three normal human kidneys, with a pattern similar to that of lysosome-associated membrane protein 2; cystinosin immunoreactivity was absent in kidneys from patients with a CTNS deletion. For the first time, antisera have been raised that localize cystinosin in cells in vitro and in vivo.