Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Estimated Loss of Snowpack Storage in the Eastern Sierra Nevada with Climate Warming

AbstractThe average loss of snowpack storage from a warmer versus current climate in the Owens River basin of the Eastern Sierra Nevada was estimated using 9 years of gridded, daily fractional snow-covered-area data from satellite, plus ground-based reconstructions of daily potential snowmelt from snow pillow sites in the basin. This basin provides water supply for the City of Los Angeles, and snowpack is the main surface storage in the system. The snowpack occurs mainly above 1,500-m elevation and increases in depth up to the Sierra crest above 3,900 m. Snowmelt or seasonal snowpack storage currently averages about 0.42+0.15 m per year in the Owens River basin. Considering only the direct effect of temperature changes on snow, this amount is projected to decrease about 0.036 m for each 1°C of warming, equivalent to a 50% loss of snowmelt with a 6°C warming. For a current average snowmelt of about 1,460 ±480×106 m3 for the Owens headwaters, this represents a loss of snowpack storage of about 120×106 m3.
Land motion estimates from GPS at tide gauges: a geophysical evaluation

SUMMARY Space geodesy applications have mainly been limited to horizontal deformations due to a number of restrictions on the vertical component accuracy. Monitoring vertical land motion is nonetheless of crucial interest in observations of long-term sea level change or postglacial rebound measurements. Here, we present a global vertical velocity field obtained with more than 200 permanent GPS stations, most of them colocated with tide gauges (TGs). We used a state of the art, homogeneous processing strategy to ensure that the reference frame was stable throughout the observation period of almost 10 yr. We associate realistic uncertainties to our vertical rates, taking into account the time-correlation noise in the time-series. The results are compared with two independent geophysical vertical velocity fields: (1) vertical velocity estimates using long-term TG records and (2) postglacial model predictions from the ICE-5G (VM2) adjustment. The quantitative agreement of the GPS vertical velocities with the ‘internal estimates’ of vertical displacements using the TG record is very good, with a mean difference of −0.13 ± 1.64 mm yr−1 on more than 100 sites. For 84 per cent of the GPS stations considered, the vertical velocity is confirmed by the TG estimate to within 2 mm yr−1. The overall agreement with the glacial isostatic adjustment (GIA) model is good, with discrepancy patterns related either to a local misfit of the model or to active tectonics. For 72 per cent of the sites considered, the predictions of the GIA model agree with the GPS results to within two standard deviations. Most of the GPS velocities showing discrepancies with respect to the predictions of the GIA model are, however, consistent with previously published space geodesy results. We, in turn, confirm the value of 1.8 ± 0.5 mm yr−1 for the 20th century average global sea level rise, and conclude that GPS is now a robust tool for vertical land motion monitoring which is accurate at least at 1 mm yr−1.
IX.—Spongiaires de l'Expédition Antarctique Nationale Ecossaise.

Au retour de sa belle campagne de 1902 à 1904 dans l'Antarctique, M. le Dr. WILLIAM S. BRUCE m'a fait l'honneur de m'offrir l'étude des Spongiaires recueillis à bord de la Scotia. Voici de quoi se compose cette collection qui, à certains égards, offre un intérêt considérable.
Camera lens calibration based on virtual model for scanning system

Traditional camera lens calibrations need a 3D physical model with many control points on it, the coordination of these points are measured high precision. These points should be evenly distributed in space for calibration precision, and it is difficult to make the model especially big model. In this paper, a calibration plate was made and the plate was moved in its normal direction, parallel, no rotation, it is implemented to provide large area 3D control points with variable Z values, the images of the plate were made in different places. the moving plate is a 3D model, moreover, it could increase control points significant, the plate is much easier to make than traditional 3D physical model, the plate could be big one, the calibration parameters of camera lens were calculated by different control points group, get the mean value of these parameters. This method is proved high precision, stabilization and robustness. Experiments show such an approach is effective for reconstructing 3D objects in computer vision system.
The influence of net community production and phytoplankton community structure on CO2 uptake in the Gulf of Alaska

Biological productivity is a key factor controlling the ocean's ability to take up carbon dioxide from the atmosphere. However, the ecological dynamics that drive regions of intense productivity and carbon export are poorly understood. In this study, we present high‐spatial‐resolution estimates of air‐sea CO2 flux, net community production (NCP) rates calculated from O2/Ar ratios, and phytoplankton population abundances determined by continuous underway measurements on a cruise across the Gulf of Alaska in May 2010. The highest rates of NCP (79.2 ± 13 mmol C m‐2 d‐1) and oceanic CO2 uptake (air‐sea flux of −14.7 ± 2.4 mmol C m‐2 d‐1) were observed across a transition zone between the high‐nitrate low‐chlorophyll (HNLC) waters of the Alaskan Gyre and the coastal waters off the Aleutian Islands. While the transition zone comprises 20% of the total area covered in crossing the Gulf of Alaska, it contributed 49% of the total NCP and 48% of the total CO2 uptake observed along the cruise track. A corresponding transition zone phytoplankton bloom was dominated by two small‐celled (<20 µm) phytoplankton communities, which were distinct from the phytoplankton communities in the surrounding Alaskan Gyre and coastal waters. We hypothesize that mixing between iron‐rich coastal waters and iron‐limited Alaskan Gyre waters stimulated this bloom and fueled the high NCP and CO2 export observed in the region.
A Study of Tropospheric Ozone over China with a 3-D Global CTM Model

A global 3-D CTM model (OsloCTM2) has been used to study the tropospheric ozone distribution and budget over China. An area covering China and most of East Asia is chosen as the study area. Because of the very unevenly distributed emissions and population in China, the budget study has been done by splitting China into three sub-areas, according to the emission distribution and topography of the country. The model results indicate that in Western China (Area1) dynamic processes are dominating, and the contribution from photochemical ozone production is small. Central and South-East China (Area2) has on average 65% of the photochemical ozone production in China, since more than 80% of the anthropogenic emissions come from this area. Northeast China (Area3) is influenced both by natural and*9nthropogenic emissions. The seasonal variation of ozone budgets was calculated in order to understand how different processes vary with the seasons. The strongest influences of emissions from the continent over the West Pacific region are found in spring, because of the large eastward transport and increased photochemical activities. Most NO(subscript x) is consumed close to the emission sources; therefore, only 4% of emitted NO(subscript x) is transported out of China, whereas 70% of the emitted CO is exported. It is calculated that the average net chemical ozone production efficiency by NO(subscript x) loss is 7.2 in China.
Identification of a NACC1-Regulated Gene Signature Implicated in the Features of Triple-Negative Breast Cancer

Triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC), characterized by a deficiency in estrogen receptor (ER), progesterone receptor (PR), and human epidermal growth factor receptor2 (HER2), is among the most lethal subtypes of breast cancer (BC). Nevertheless, the molecular determinants that contribute to its malignant phenotypes such as tumor heterogeneity and therapy resistance, remain elusive. In this study, we sought to identify the stemness-associated genes involved in TNBC progression. Using bioinformatics approaches, we found 55 up- and 9 downregulated genes in TNBC. Out of the 55 upregulated genes, a 5 gene-signature (CDK1, EZH2, CCNB1, CCNA2, and AURKA) involved in cell regeneration was positively correlated with the status of tumor hypoxia and clustered with stemness-associated genes, as recognized by Parametric Gene Set Enrichment Analysis (PGSEA). Enhanced infiltration of immunosuppressive cells was also positively correlated with the expression of these five genes. Moreover, our experiments showed that depletion of the transcriptional co-factor nucleus accumbens-associated protein 1 (NAC1), which is highly expressed in TNBC, reduced the expression of these genes. Thus, the five genes signature identified by this study warrants further exploration as a potential new biomarker of TNBC heterogeneity/stemness characterized by high hypoxia, stemness enrichment, and immune-suppressive tumor microenvironment.
The Impact of Foreign Direct Investment on Wages and Working Conditions

Foreign direct investment (FDI) by OECD-based multinational enterprises (MNEs) in developing and emerging economies has increased dramatically over the past two decades. While generally perceived as beneficial for local development, it has also raised concerns about unfair competition and the protection of workers’ rights in host countries. This paper documents the recent increase in FDI and assesses its effects on wages and working conditions for workers of foreign affiliates of MNEs and those of their independent supplier firms. The evidence suggests that MNEs tend to provide better pay than their domestic counterparts, especially when they operate in developing and emerging economies. The positive impact on wages also appears to spread to the employees of domestic firms that serve as suppliers of MNEs or recruit managers with prior experience in foreign firms, but these spillover effects are small. MNEs also provide more training than domestic firms, but it is unclear whether this reflects a causal impact of foreign ownership. L’investissement direct etranger (IDE) des entreprises multinationales (EMN) originaires de pays de l’OCDE dans les economies en developpement et emergentes a augmente de facon spectaculaire au cours des deux dernieres decennies. Quoique generalement percu comme benefique pour le developpement local, l’IDE amene aussi a s’interroger sur le caractere deloyal de la concurrence et sur la protection des droits des travailleurs dans les pays d’accueil. Ce document examine l’accroissement de l’IDE et en analyse les effets sur les salaires et les conditions de travail des salaries des filiales etrangeres des entreprises multinationales et de leurs sous-traitants. Il apparait que les EMN te ndent a offrir de meilleurs salaires, surtout dans les economies en developpement et emergentes. Il semble aussi que l’effet positif sur les salaires s’etende aux salaries des entreprises locales auxquelles les EMN font appel pour la sous-traitance ou qui recrutent des dirigeants ayant une experience prealable dans des entreprises etrangeres, mais ces retombees sont limitees. Les EMN font aussi un plus gros effort de formation que les entreprises locales, mais on ne saurait dire si cela tient a ce que ce sont des societes etrangeres.
Simulating Continental Surface Waters: An Application to Holocene Northern Africa

Abstract A model (SWAM) to predict surface waters (lakes and wetlands) on the scale of atmospheric general circulation models is developed. SWAM is based on a linear reservoir hydrologic model and is driven by runoff, precipitation, evaporation, topography, and water transport directions. SWAM is applied to the modern climate using observed estimates of the hydrologic variables and a 5′ × 5′ digital terrain model to represent topography. It simulates the surface water area of northern Africa (about 1% of the land area) in reasonable agreement with observed estimates (0.65%). A middle Holocene (6000 yr BP) simulation using the results of the GENESIS atmospheric general circulation model (AGCM) illustrates the sensitivity of the simulated surface waters to climatic changes and the model’s utility as a diagnostic tool for AGCMs. SWAM and GENESIS capture the general pattern of climate change 6000 yr BP. There is an increase in the simulated surface water area from about 1% to about 3% of the land area, includ.
Integrated analysis of single-cell RNA-seq and bulk RNA-seq reveals distinct cancer-associated fibroblasts in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma

Background The heterogeneity of cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs) in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) has been widely acknowledged, but has not yet been elucidated. The potential roles and clinical relevance of CAFs subclusters in HNSCC progression remain obscure. Methods In this study, we combined single-cell and bulk tissue transcriptome profiles of HNSCC with clinical data from The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA). The Seurat package was used to perform single-cell RNA-seq analysis to distinguish distinct CAFs subtypes. Prognostic relevance of several CAFs markers was assessed and functional analysis was also performed. Results We identified eight CAFs subclusters; of these, seven showed enhanced expression levels in HNSCC tumor tissues compared to normal tissue, and three (clusters 0, 3, and 4) were associated with poorer overall survival. Further functional analysis revealed that cluster 0 was characterized by myofibroblasts with high alpha smooth muscle actin (aSMA) expression and enrichment in smooth muscle contraction. The cluster 3 exhibited expression of extracellular matrix (ECM)-related genes and was enriched in epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT)-related gene sets. Cluster 4 expressed high levels of the major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class II family, which was characterized as antigen-presenting CAFs. Conclusions We determined CAFs heterogeneity in HNSCC. 8 CAFs subclusters were recognized and 3 of which were prognosis related. The 3 CAFs subclusters showed distinct phenotypes enriched in myofibroblast function, ECM remodeling and antigen-presenting function respectively.
Factors Influencing Supply of Major Ions to Inland Waters, with Special Reference to the Atmosphere

Sources of ion supply to natural inland waters include not only rocks and soils but also the atmosphere, whose significance has been underestimated. Atmospheric materials are transferred to surface waters by rain or snow, as dry fallout, or in gaseous form; the sources are the sea, land surfaces, volcanoes, products of air pollution, or organic debris. Ion supply by soil and rock weathering, which is usually more important than atmospheric supply, involves solution, oxidation reduction reactions, activity of hydrogen ions, and complex formation. Transfer from soils to waters. 246 references, 23 tables.
Calibration of the ruby pressure gauge to 800 kbar under quasi‐hydrostatic conditions

An improved calibration curve of the pressure shift of the ruby R1 emission line was obtained under quasi-hydrostatic conditions in the diamond-window, high-pressure cell to 800 kbar. Argon was the pressure-transmitting medium. Metallic copper, as a standard, was studied in situ by X ray diffraction. The reference pressure was determined by calibration against known equations of state of the copper sample and by previously obtained data on silver.
Turbulence measurements in positive surges and bores Mesures de turbulence dans les intumescences et les ressauts

A positive surge results from a sudden change in flow that increases the flow depth. New experiments were conducted in a large channel. Most positive surge tests were conducted with a horizontal bed slope, a constant flow rate and uncontrolled flow conditions. The only dependant variable was the downstream gate opening after closure. Detailed turbulence measurements were performed with high-temporal resolution using side-looking acoustic Doppler velocimetry. Two types of positive surge were observed: undular surge for Froude numbers less than 1.7, and weak (breaking) surges above. Instantaneous velocity measurements beneath advancing surges showed a marked effect of the surge passage on the velocity field. Streamwise velocities showed rapid flow deceleration at all vertical elevations. Large fluctuations of longitudinal and transverse velocities were recorded beneath the surges, including some unsteady flow recirculation beneath a weak surge front. Turbulent stresses were deduced from high-pass filtered data. The results showed large normal and tangential Reynolds stresses beneath the surges. A comparison between undular and weak surges suggested some major difference. In weak surge flows, the data showed rapid flow separation beneath the surge front. In undular surges, maximum Reynolds stresses were observed beneath and just before each wave crest behind the leading wave. RESUME Une onde positive resulte d’un changement soudain de l’ecoulement qui augmente le tirant d’eau. De nouvelles experiences ont ete entreprises dans un grand canal. La plupart des essais de montee subite ont ete effectues avec une pente horizontale de lit, un debit constant et des etats non controles d’ecoulement. La seule variable independante etait l’ouverture d’une vanne aval initialement fermee. Des mesures instantanees de turbulence ont ete effectuees avec une haute resolution temporelle en utilisant un velocimetre acoustique Doppler. On a observe deux types d’onde positive: intumescence ondulee pour un nombre de Froude inferieur a 1.7, et un faible ressaut (deferlant) au-dela. Les mesures instantanees de vitesse sous les ondes en progression ont montre un effet marque de la montee subite sur le champ de vitesse. Les vitesses longitudinales ont montre une deceleration rapide sur toute la profondeur. De grandes fluctuations des vitesses longitudinales et transversales ont ete enregistrees sous les ondes, y compris des recirculations instables d’ecoulement sous un front d’onde de faible ressaut. Des efforts turbulents ont ete deduits des donnees filtrees passe-haut. Les resultats ont montre de grandes contraintes de Reynolds normales et tangentielles sous les ressauts. Une comparaison entre les ressauts faibles et les intumescences ondulees a suggere quelques differences majeures. Dans les ressauts faibles, les donnees ont montre une variation rapide de l’ecoulement sous le front. Dans les intumescences ondulees, on a observe des contraintes de Reynolds maximum en dessous et juste devant chaque crete de vague derriere la vague principale.
Hepatocyte CYR61 polarizes profibrotic macrophages to orchestrate NASH fibrosis

Obesity is increasing worldwide and leads to a multitude of metabolic diseases, including cardiovascular disease, type 2 diabetes, nonalcoholic fatty liver disease, and nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH). Cysteine-rich angiogenic inducer 61 (CYR61) is associated with the progression of NASH, but it has been described to have anti- and proinflammatory properties. We sought to examine the role of liver CYR61 in NASH progression. CYR61 liver-specific knockout mice on a NASH diet showed improved glucose tolerance, decreased liver inflammation, and reduced fibrosis. CYR61 polarized infiltrating monocytes promoting a proinflammatory/profibrotic phenotype through an IRAK4/SYK/NF-κB signaling cascade. In vitro, CYR61 activated a profibrotic program, including PDGFa/PDGFb expression in macrophages, in an IRAK4/SYK/NF-κB–dependent manner. Furthermore, targeted-antibody blockade reduced CYR61-driven signaling in macrophages in vitro and in vivo, reducing fibrotic development. This study demonstrates that CYR61 is a key driver of liver inflammation and fibrosis in NASH. Description Cyr61 drives NASH fibrosis by polarizing profibrotic monocyte-derived macrophages through an IRAK4/SYK/NF-κB signaling cascade. Editor’s summary Nonalcoholic steatohepatitis is a severe form of liver disease that has no cure and whose etiology is incompletely understood. Mooring et al. show that the protein cysteine-rich angiogenic inducer 61 (CYR61) promotes liver-infiltrating macrophage polarization in NASH, leading to inflammation and fibrosis via NF-κB–linked and PDGFa/b-linked signaling pathways, respectively. The authors also developed a CYR61-blocking antibody that ameliorated inflammatory and profibrotic gene expression in macrophages in vitro and reduced fibrotic collagen deposition in a NASH model in vivo, demonstrating proof-of-principle targeting of this signaling axis. —Catherine Charneski
Soil Salinity Change Detection in Irrigated Area under Qazvin Plain Irrigation Network Using Satellite Imagery

Qazvin Plain Irrigation Network (QPIN) is one of the first modern irrigation networks constructed in Iran and supplies irrigation water for about 60,000 ha of agricultural area. QPIN is a conjunctive type network with about 28 percent of surface water from Taleghan Dam and remaining supplies from groundwater resources. Groundwater quality is decreasing from over exploitation and it is expected that soil is being salinized gradually. In this research, soil salinity change was detected using satellite images as well as measurement and analysis of soil extract electrical conductivity (ECe). Landsat-TM/ETM+ images of the years 1999 and 2004 were used with more than 130 ground control points of salinity analysis. Relationships between ECe and image bands were investigated. The results showed that soil salinity class varied by an average of about 3 percent on the farmlands under QPIN during these 5 years.
Global Issues: An Introduction

List of PlatesList of Figures and TablesForewordIntroduction: The Creation of Global Issues1 Wealth and Poverty The Millennium Development Goals Development Assistance and Foreign AidThe Market ApproachThe State ApproachThe Civil Society ApproachGeography and Wealth, Geography and PovertyGlobalizationConclusionsNotesFurther Reading2 PopulationThe Changing Population of the WorldCauses of the Population ExplosionHow Population Growth Affects DevelopmentHow Development Affects Population GrowthGovernmental Population PoliciesThe FutureConclusionsNotesFurther Reading3 FoodWorld Food ProductionHow Many are Hungry? Causes of World HungerHow Food Affects DevelopmentHow Development Affects FoodThe Green RevolutionGovernmental Food PoliciesFuture Food SuppliesConclusionsNotesFurther Reading4 EnergyThe Energy CrisisResponses by Governments to the Energy CrisisThe Effect of the Energy Crisis on the Development Plans of Less Developed NationsThe Relationship between Energy Use and DevelopmentClimate ChangeThe Energy TransitionConclusionsNotesFurther Reading5 The EnvironmentThe AwakeningThe AirThe WaterThe LandThe Workplace and the HomeThe Use of Natural ResourcesThe Extinction of SpeciesThe Extinction of CulturesEnvironmental PoliticsConclusionsNotesFurther Reading6 TechnologyBenefits of TechnologyShort-Term versus Long-Term Benefits -- the Tragedy of the CommonsUnanticipated Consequences of the Use of TechnologyInappropriate Uses of TechnologyLimits to the "Technological Fix"WarThe Threat of Nuclear Weapons: A Case StudyConclusionsNotesFurther Reading7 Alternative FuturesDoomGrowthSustainable DevelopmentConclusionsNotesFurther ReadingAppendix 1: Studying and Teaching Global IssuesAppendix 2: Relevant VideosAppendix 3: Study and Discussion Questions for Students and TeachersAppendix 4: Relevant Internet Web SitesSelected BibliographyIndex