Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
A Critique of the Definitions of Heat

A review is given of three methods of defining heat, viz., the definition using the first law of thermodynamics, the definition through heat capacities, and the definition using the ice-calorimeter. It is shown that the concept of heat and a measure for the heat absorbed by a body can be defined in all its generality only through the use of the first law.
Differential Effects of Viruses on the Growth Efficiency of Freshwater Bacterioplankton in Eutrophic Relative to Non-Eutrophic Lakes

In aquatic environments, the consensus of viral impact on bacterial carbon metabolism with the nutrient environment as an important axis is limited. Henceforth, we explored the viral regulation of carbon-based bacterial growth efficiency (BGE) in a set of freshwater systems from French Massif Central, which were broadly classified based on two trophic statuses: eutrophic and non-eutrophic lakes. Comparative analysis showed that microbial abundances (viruses and bacteria) were 3-fold higher in eutrophic compared with non-eutrophic lakes, and so were bacterial production and viral lytic infection. The observed variability in BGE (10–60%) was explained by the uncoupling between bacterial respiration and production. Viruses through selective lysis of susceptible host communities had an antagonistic impact on BGE in the eutrophic lakes, whereas the release of substrates via viral shunt exerted a synergistic influence on the carbon metabolism of non-targeted host populations in non-eutrophic lakes. The decisive effect of the two individual processes (i.e., lysis and substrate release) on BGE was supported by regressions of bacterial abundance as a function of bacterial production, which is considered as a proxy of top-down processes. The role of viruses through their negative impact via mortality and positive impact via substrate supply can eventually have implications on carbon transfer through bacterioplankton in freshwaters.
Research on carbon flow traceability system for distribution network based on blockchain and power flow calculation

With the proposal of the two-carbon goal, energy conservation and emission reduction will become the focus of China’s energy system in the future for a long time to come. The establishment of a complete and efficient carbon traceability system will play an important role in promoting carbon emission reduction in the power system. Based on blockchain, this paper uses the consensus mechanism, time stamp, decentralization features, smart contract and other functions of blockchain, combined with the power flow calculation and the characteristics related to carbon emission and active power of the generator set, to obtain the corresponding carbon emission intensity of the generator set and carbon flow rate. It realizes the calculation and tracing of carbon emission flow in power distribution network and ensures the reliability of carbon traceability results, high efficiency of information transmission and transparency of traceability process. Firstly, based on the characteristics of the master-slave multi-chain structure in the consortium chain, In this paper, high-voltage substation nodes are the main chain nodes, and carbon flow tracing and calculation are carried out for the associated low-voltage substations, and the information of high-voltage or low-voltage substation nodes is guaranteed to be tamper-free through the hash anchoring method. The master-slave multi-chain model adopted in this paper is that the main chain adopts EA-DPoS (Evaluation and Agent-DPoS) algorithm, the slave chain adopts improved PBFT algorithm, and the comprehensive evaluation and reward and punishment mechanism are introduced to complete the consensus. Secondly, considering the security requirements of the power system data and the fact that some nodes of the distribution network do not have powerful computing resources comparable to those of the power grid company or major nodes, this paper encrypts and decrypts relevant data in the main chain node by combining the smart contract of blockchain. Meanwhile, cloud service providers with computing resources are responsible for generator power distribution combined with power flow calculation and carbon emission intensity calculation of the generator set. The power grid company adopts the cloud computing framework based on the double check mechanism to calculate the carbon flow rate while verifying the correct calculation results of the cloud service provider, and finally realizes the safe and accurate tracing of the carbon flow of the distribution network.
Controlling the familywise error rate in widefield optical neuroimaging of functional connectivity in mice

Abstract. Significance Statistical inference in functional neuroimaging is complicated by the multiple testing problem and spatial autocorrelation. Common methods in functional magnetic resonance imaging to control the familywise error rate (FWER) include random field theory (RFT) and permutation testing. The ability of these methods to control the FWER in optical neuroimaging has not been evaluated. Aim We attempt to control the FWER in optical intrinsic signal imaging resting-state functional connectivity using both RFT and permutation inference at a nominal value of 0.05. The FWER was derived using a mass empirical analysis of real data in which the null is known to be true. Approach Data from normal mice were repeatedly divided into two groups, and differences between functional connectivity maps were calculated with pixel-wise t-tests. As the null hypothesis was always true, all positives were false positives. Results Gaussian RFT resulted in a higher than expected FWER with either cluster-based (0.15) or pixel-based (0.62) methods. t-distribution RFT could achieve FWERs of 0.05 (cluster-based or pixel-based). Permutation inference always controlled the FWER. Conclusions RFT can lead to highly inflated FWERs. Although t-distribution RFT can be accurate, it is sensitive to statistical assumptions. Permutation inference is robust to statistical errors and accurately controls the FWER.
Effects of COVID-19 lockdown on physical, mental and emotional parameters among sportspersons

Background The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) lockdown was a strange and new occurrence, which left many individuals ill-equipped to cope with the new way of living. Sportspersons had to adapt to a new training style within a new environment, both physically and mentally. Aim The purpose of this study was to understand the physical, mental and emotional parameters among sportspersons during the COVID-19 lockdown regulations. Setting The study consisted of 105 regular sportspersons (from South Africa). Methods This was a quantitative research study design using an online questionnaire. An online questionnaire was adapted and distributed via online social platforms (WhatsApp, Twitter and Instagram) to collect data in which sportspersons (n = 105) answered questions about the effects that they experienced during lockdown on their physical, mental and emotional well-being. Results Sportspersons participated in cardiovascular training, flexibility training, strength training and bodybuilding exercises during pre-lockdown. During lockdown, more than 74% of sportspersons had adequate training space, equipment and the time to perform physical activity. However, more than 43% of these sportspersons experienced a decrease in flexibility, muscle mass and muscle strength. Exercise was used as a form of stress relief by 77.1% of sportspersons throughout lockdown. In addition, sportspersons who used exercise as a form of stress relief continued to experience an increase in stress throughout lockdown. Conclusion The outcomes from this study demonstrated how the COVID-19 lockdown had adverse effects on the overall health and well-being of most sportspersons. Other outcomes included the effects that physical inactivity had among sportspersons, including changes in diet and sleep. Contribution This study highlights the urgency for the sports fraternity to adopt measures to provide various methods of stress relief (as well as opportunities for physical activity) during similar periods of lockdown (or exercise restrictions) for those who rely on exercise as their daily physical, mental and emotional outlet.
A Method for Autonomous Generation of High-Precision Time Scales for Navigation Constellations

The time maintenance accuracy of the navigation constellation determines the user positioning and timing performance. Especially in autonomous operation scenarios, the performance of navigation constellation maintenance time directly affects the duration of constellation autonomous navigation. Among them, the frequency stability of the atomic clock onboard the navigation satellite is a key factor. In order to further improve the stability of the navigation constellation time-frequency system, combined with the development of high-precision inter-satellite link measurement technology, the idea of constructing constellation-level synthetic atomic time has gradually become the development trend of major GNSS systems. This paper gives a navigation constellation time scale generation framework, and designs an improved Kalman plus weights (KPW) time scale algorithm and time-frequency steer algorithm that integrates genetic algorithms. Finally, a 30-day autonomous timekeeping simulation was carried out using the GPS precision clock data provided by CODE, when the sampling interval is 300 s, the Allan deviation of the output time scale is 5.73 × 10−14, a 71% improvement compared with the traditional KPW time scale algorithm; when the sampling interval is 1 day, the Allan deviation is 9.17 × 10−15; when the sampling interval is 1 × 106 s, the Allan deviation is 8.87 × 10−16, a 94% improvement compared with the traditional KPW time scale algorithm. The constellation-level high-precision time scale generation technology proposed in this paper can significantly improve the stability performance of navigation constellation autonomous timekeeping.
Nanocrystalline iron oxide and Ba ferrite particles in the superparamagnetism–ferromagnetism transition range with ferrofluid applications

Magnetic fluids based on Ba hexaferrite as well as iron oxide particles with enhanced anisotropy barriers show heating effects in ac magnetic fields which may be useful in technical processes as well as medical applications (magnetic hyperthermia). Such particles also allow the detection of biological binding reactions through an enhanced Néel relaxation time above the Brown relaxation. The loss processes and the relaxation times depend strongly on the mean particle size and the size distribution width. To influence and improve the mean size as well as the size distribution, new approaches to the preparation are promising, where nucleation and growth of the particles can be influenced independently or where further growth is possible on small given particles without further nucleation. We used a glass crystallization method for preparation of nanocrystalline Ba hexaferrite as well as magnetic iron oxide and a cyclic growth method based on ‘conventional’ precipitation for iron oxide preparation. Properties of the powders prepared, as well as water based ferrofluids, were analysed using x-ray diffraction, transmission electron microscopy and magnetic methods. Values of the specific loss power of the order of 100 W/g maghemite may be achieved with the option of further increase by improving the core size distribution.
Chitosan-Based Hemostatic Hydrogels: The Concept, Mechanism, Application, and Prospects

The design of new hemostatic materials to mitigate uncontrolled bleeding in emergencies is challenging. Chitosan-based hemostatic hydrogels have frequently been used for hemostasis due to their unique biocompatibility, tunable mechanical properties, injectability, and ease of handling. Moreover, chitosan (CS) absorbs red blood cells and activates platelets to promote hemostasis. Benefiting from these desired properties, the hemostatic application of CS hydrogels is attracting ever-increasing research attention. This paper reviews the recent research progress of CS-based hemostatic hydrogels and their advantageous characteristics compared to traditional hemostatic materials. The effects of the hemostatic mechanism, effects of deacetylation degree, relative molecular mass, and chemical modification on the hemostatic performance of CS hydrogels are summarized. Meanwhile, some typical applications of CS hydrogels are introduced to provide references for the preparation of efficient hemostatic hydrogels. Finally, the future perspectives of CS-based hemostatic hydrogels are presented.
Formation Pathways of Lath-Shaped WO3 Nanosheets and Elemental W Nanoparticles from Heating of WO3 Nanocrystals Studied via In Situ TEM

WO3 is a versatile material occurring in many polymorphs, and is used in nanostructured form in many applications, including photocatalysis, gas sensing, and energy storage. We investigated the thermal evolution of cubic-phase nanocrystals with a size range of 5–25 nm by means of in situ heating in the transmission electron microscope (TEM), and found distinct pathways for the formation of either 2D WO3 nanosheets or elemental W nanoparticles, depending on the initial concentration of deposited WO3 nanoparticles. These pristine particles were stable up to 600 °C, after which coalescence and fusion of the nanocrystals were observed. Typically, the nanocrystals transformed into faceted nanocrystals of elemental body-centered-cubic W after annealing to 900 °C. However, in areas where the concentration of dropcast WO3 nanoparticles was high, at a temperature of 900 °C, considerably larger lath-shaped nanosheets (extending for hundreds of nanometers in length and up to 100 nm in width) were formed that are concluded to be in monoclinic WO3 or WO2.7 phases. These lath-shaped 2D particles, which often curled up from their sides into folded 2D nanosheets, are most likely formed from the smaller nanoparticles through a solid–vapor–solid growth mechanism. The findings of the in situ experiments were confirmed by ex situ experiments performed in a high-vacuum chamber.
Bankers and blue-chippers: an account of - er formations in Present-day English

The nominalizing -er suffix has been extremely productive throughout the history of English, and in Present-day English it has developed a wide range of base and referent types. Yet most formal linguistic treatments account satisfactorily for only a fraction of the types of -er nominals actually found. I propose a cognitive model which not only addresses the problems with verb-based forms that are encountered in other models, but includes an account of all the nonverb-based -er nominals as well.
Softness measurements for open-cell foam materials and human soft tissue

In this paper, methods of measuring the softness of open-cell polyurethane foams in terms of their Young's modulus using indentation methods are investigated and shown to be in agreement with values determined by normal compression tests. The comparison involved the use of a formula relating Young's modulus for elastomers to the axial indentation forces on a cylindrical probe. This had been developed for cartilage and verified for other biological tissues and could not automatically be assumed to be valid for an open-cell structure. An indentation method was then used to characterize the soft tissues of the female human body, averaging over several locations on the body and for several volunteers. It is concluded that the mechanical characteristics of foams can be measured in a repeatable manner by the indentation method and that appropriate foams can therefore be selected for use in a soft mannequin which will then accurately simulate the texture and mechanical behaviour of human soft tissue.
Unveiling New Druggable Pockets in Influenza Non-Structural Protein 1: NS1–Host Interactions as Antiviral Targets for Flu

Influenza viruses are responsible for significant morbidity and mortality worldwide in winter seasonal outbreaks and in flu pandemics. Influenza viruses have a high rate of evolution, requiring annual vaccine updates and severely diminishing the effectiveness of the available antivirals. Identifying novel viral targets and developing new effective antivirals is an urgent need. One of the most promising new targets for influenza antiviral therapy is non-structural protein 1 (NS1), a highly conserved protein exclusively expressed in virus-infected cells that mediates essential functions in virus replication and pathogenesis. Interaction of NS1 with the host proteins PI3K and TRIM25 is paramount for NS1’s role in infection and pathogenesis by promoting viral replication through the inhibition of apoptosis and suppressing interferon production, respectively. We, therefore, conducted an analysis of the druggability of this viral protein by performing molecular dynamics simulations on full-length NS1 coupled with ligand pocket detection. We identified several druggable pockets that are partially conserved throughout most of the simulation time. Moreover, we found out that some of these druggable pockets co-localize with the most stable binding regions of the protein–protein interaction (PPI) sites of NS1 with PI3K and TRIM25, which suggests that these NS1 druggable pockets are promising new targets for antiviral development.
Polypeptide N-Acetylgalactosaminyltransferase 14 (GALNT14) as a Chemosensitivity-Related Biomarker for Osteosarcoma

Purpose Osteosarcoma is the most common primary bone tumor. Polypeptide N-acetylgalactosaminyltransferase 14 (GALNT14), a member of the N-acetylgalactosaminyltransferase family, has been considered to be associated with various cancers. However, its role in osteosarcoma remains unknown. Here, we aimed to explore the expression and potential mechanism of GALNT14 in osteosarcoma through bioinformatics analysis and in vitro experiments. Methods We investigated GALNT14 expression in osteosarcoma using GEO, the TIMER database, and clinical samples. Protein-protein interaction (PPI) network analysis on GALNT14 was performed by STRING. TARGET was used to identify differentially expressed genes (DEGs) between high and low GALNT14 expression. The correlation between GALNT14 and cuproptosis-related genes in osteosarcoma was analyzed by R language. The prognostic significance of GALNT14 was examined by Kaplan–Meier survival analysis. Additionally, we inhibited GALNT14 function in an osteosarcoma cell line by transfecting siRNA and subsequently explored the effect on drug sensitivity by CCK-8, clonogenic assay, and flow cytometry. Results GALNT14 was significantly elevated in osteosarcoma tissue, osteosarcoma cell lines, and metastatic osteosarcoma. PPI analysis revealed that GALNT14 was associated with MUC7, MUC13, MUC5AC, C1GALT1, MUC15, MUC16, MUC1, MUC4, MUC21, and MUC17. In the high GALNT14 expression group, we discovered 81 upregulated DEGs and 73 downregulated DEGs. Functional enrichment analysis of DEGs showed significant enrichment in the Wnt, TGF-β, Hippo, PI3K signaling pathways and cell adhesion molecules. Expression of cuproptosis-related genes was closely related in osteosarcoma, and GALNT14 expression was significantly positively correlated with FDX1, a key regulator of cuproptosis. Kaplan–Meier survival showed that GALNT14 was linked to poor overall survival and disease-free survival in osteosarcoma. In vitro experiments suggested that GALNT14 was associated with chemotherapy resistance in osteosarcoma. Conclusion We identified a GALNT family gene, GALNT14, that was highly expressed in osteosarcoma. This gene was closely associated with metastasis, progression, cuproptosis-related genes, and chemosensitivity of osteosarcoma, and showed correlation with poor overall survival and disease-free survival in osteosarcoma.
Emerging Technologies to Promote Fans Interaction in Football Events: A Systematic Review

Review question / Objective: The search terms used for this review were constructed using the PICOS framework: (1) population were people in general of both genders and any age, (2) studies based on digital technologies used in football sportive events, (3) comparisons made in the domains of motivation, interaction, satisfaction and interest, (4) data reporting the use of digital tools (studies with no results reported will be considered, besides not having outcomes), (5) Intervention studies with a pre and post-test design, descriptive studies, theorical studies, and protocol proposals, and (6) articles written in English, Spanish or Portuguese. Condition being studied: Our concern is with the acceptance of the fans returning to the stadium with normality after a pandemic period. In addition, we also want to understand what kind of interactive applications are already on the market or with their well defined protocols that intend to increase fan interaction at live games, increasing their motivation to go to the stadium and to have accurate and updated live information.
Efficient implementation of curvelet transform using interpolation in subband domain

In this paper, a novel approach is developed for the purpose of rapid and fidelity Curvelet transform. It modifies the original algorithm in two aspects. Firstly, the numbers of projecting axes corresponding to subbands of finer scales are decreased, while at the same time axis numbers in coarser scales remain unchanged. Secondly, aiming to maintain signal resolution, interpolation and additive projection are introduced into smooth blocks and edge regions respectively. In addition, directional filter banks are employed to determine the dominant orientation in each edge region. Experimental results reveal that new method could increase PSNR around 0.4db, and saves averagely 49% of the executing time. Images processed by this new method obtain similar visual quality with coefficients less redundant. Furthermore, the modified algorithm conduces to noise removal as good as the original. It is verified as an efficient implementation of Curvelet transform.
Band structure of segmented semiconductor nanowires

We have calculated the band structures for strained segmented nanowires involving all combinations of AlN, GaN, InN, AlP, GaP, AlAs, GaAs, InP, InAs, AlSb, GaSb, and InSb, as a function of segment length. This was done for two different growth directions of the wires, [100] and [111]. Both the Gamma and the X conduction-band minima were included in the calculations as well as the valence bands. Short segments behave like strained quantum wells and our results thus include strained quantum wells as a subset. We find all material combinations that give metallic segments due to a negative band gap and we find all the band alignments that may occur. We identify those structures which show spontaneous charge separation as well as those which are suitable for the optical generation of polarized exciton gases, with their rich phase diagram, theoretically predicted to include superfluids and supersolids. Some device related ideas are presented. Due to the amount of data (several hundreds of diagrams) most of our results are presented as a webpage. (Less)
X-ray line spectroscopy for clusters of galaxies. I

Theoretical models for the intracluster gas in X-ray clusters of galaxies are studied. The limits of validity of all the published models are derived from self-consistent arguments and existing data. New results are presented for the well model (gas trapped in the potential well of a single galaxy) and the wind model. A scaling law is proved that allows one to apply the results calculated for spherical systems to the nonspherical groupings that are often observed. The particular line intensities that can best be used to discriminate among theoretical models or to diagnose the gas (i.e., determine abundances, temperatures, ionization states, and other properties) are listed in Tables 1-3 along with the required experimental sensitivity and resolution. Possible observing programs are described that can be carried out with existing instruments on currently operating satellites and with future space experiments (e.g., on HEAO-A, HEAO-B, and other planned X-ray missions).