Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Impact of Clinical Decision Support on Radiography for Acute Ankle Injuries: A Randomized Trial

Introduction While only 15–20% of patients with foot and ankle injuries presenting to urgent care centers have clinically significant fractures, most undergo radiography. We examined the impact of electronic point-of-care clinical decision support (CDS) on adherence to the Ottawa Ankle Rules (OAR), as well as use and yield of foot and ankle radiographs in patients with acute ankle injury. Methods We obtained institutional review board approval for this randomized controlled study performed April 18, 2012—December 15, 2013. All ordering providers credentialed at an urgent care affiliated with a quaternary care academic hospital were randomized to either receive or not receive CDS, based on the OAR and integrated into the physician order-entry system, with feedback at the time of imaging order. If the patient met OAR low-risk criteria, providers were advised against imaging and could either cancel the order or ignore the alert. We identified patients with foot and ankle complaints via ICD-9 billing codes and electronic health records and radiology reports reviewed for those who were eligible. Chi-square was used to compare adherence to the OAR (primary outcome), radiography utilization rate and radiography yield of foot and ankle imaging (secondary outcomes) between the intervention and control groups. Results Of 14,642 patients seen at urgent care during the study period, 613 (4.2%, representing 632 visits) presented with acute ankle injury and were eligible for application of the OAR; 374 (59.2%) of these were seen by control-group providers. In the intervention group, CDS adherence was higher for both ankle (239/258=92.6% vs. 231/374=61.8%, p=0.02) and foot radiography (209/258=81.0% vs. 238/374=63.6%; p<0.01). However, ankle radiography use was higher in the intervention group (166/258=64.3% vs. 183/374=48.9%; p<0.01), while foot radiography use (141/258=54.6% vs. 202/374=54.0%; p=0.95) was not. Radiography yield was also higher in the intervention group (26/307=8.5% vs. 18/385=4.7%; p=0.04). Conclusion Clinical decision support, previously demonstrated to improve guideline adherence for high-cost imaging, can also improve guideline adherence for radiography – as demonstrated by increased OAR adherence and increased imaging yield.
Identification of a Novel Form of Noradrenergic-Dependent Respiratory Motor Plasticity Triggered by Vagal Feedback

The respiratory control system is not just reflexive, it is smart, it learns, and, in fact, it has a memory. The respiratory system listens to and carefully remembers how previous stimuli affect breathing. Respiratory memory is laid down by adjusting synaptic strength between respiratory neurons. For example, repeated hypoxic bouts trigger a form of respiratory memory that functions to strengthen the ability of respiratory motoneurons to trigger contraction of breathing muscles. This type of respiratory plasticity is known as long-term facilitation (LTF). Although chemical feedback, such as hypoxia, initiates LTF, it is unknown whether natural modulation of mechanical feedback (from vagal inputs) also causes motor plasticity. Here, we used reverse microdialysis, electrophysiology, neuropharmacology, and histology to determine whether episodic modulation of vagally mediated mechanical feedback is able to induce respiratory LTF in anesthetized adult rats. We show that repeated obstructive apneas disrupt vagal feedback and trigger LTF of hypoglossal motoneuron activity and genioglossus muscle tone. This same stimulus does not cause LTF of diaphragm activity. Hypoxic episodes do not cause apnea-induced LTF; instead, LTF is triggered by modulation of vagal feedback. Unlike hypoxia-induced respiratory plasticity, vagus-induced LTF does not require 5-HT2 receptors but instead relies on activation of α1-adrenergic receptors on hypoglossal motoneurons. In summary, we identify a novel form of hypoxia- and 5-HT-independent respiratory motor plasticity that is triggered by physiological modulation of vagal feedback and is mediated by α1-adrenergic receptor activation on (or near) hypoglossal motoneurons.
Impacts of Intensive Livestock Production on Human Health in Densely Populated Regions

In several regions worldwide, the presence of livestock in close proximity to residential areas raises questions about public health implications. The rapid expansion of large‐scale livestock farms, increasingly interwoven with urbanized areas, and its potential impact on neighboring residents' health has hardly been accompanied by any research. The current situation in densely populated livestock farming areas could be regarded as a “natural experiment. ” Most scientific and public health initiatives have focused on emerging zoonoses and antimicrobial resistance as potential health threats. In this commentary, we emphasize the importance of respiratory health effects of noninfectious air pollutant emissions from livestock farms.
Smallpox eradication--the final battle.

If ever there was an appropriate time to pay homage to the remarkable and renowned Dr Jenner, this is it, for today we believe we could be only months away from that day when we will detect and contain the world's last case of smalJpox. If a day and a place could be identified which might mark the nascent beginning of the global campaign, we might select a day in May 179 years ago-and a place not far from Bristol-when Dr Edward Jenner inoculated the boy James Phipps with matter from a cowpox lesion on the finger of the dairymaid Sarah Nelmes. The inoculation was successful. Forty-eight days later Dr Jenner inoculated the boy with smallpox virus and showed that he was protected. Despite the obvious difficulties of travel and communication at that time, it was only a few years before Jennerian vaccination began to be employed in Europe, the Americas, Asia, and Africa. This fact alone bears witness to the significance of the discovery. And it was Dr Edward Jenner himself who wrote in 1801, 'it now becomes too manifest to admit of controversy that the annihilation of the Smallpox, the most dreadful scourge of the human species, must be the result of this practice (of vaccine inoculation)'. Today, almost 175 years later, the end at last appears to be in sight. Smallpox persists at present in only three countries-India, Bangladesh, and Ethiopia. But India, a vast country with more than 550 million population, detected only seven cases during the fourth week in April 1974-in fact, the last known indigenous case occurred on 20 April in a 5-year-old girl vaccinated early in the incubation period of the disease. Her illness was so greatly modified that in previous years it might never have been detected. Although this may not be the last case, the end is rapidly approaching. In Bangladesh, only 1200 of its 150 000 villages are now infected, and in Ethiopia, 114 villages. For both countries May is the usual peak of the smallpox season. In the heat of summer and during the monsoon rains, smallpox is transmitted from one person to another with difficulty. If no measures whatsoever were taken,
Episodic Reasoning for Vision-Based Human Action Recognition

Smart Spaces, Ambient Intelligence, and Ambient Assisted Living are environmental paradigms that strongly depend on their capability to recognize human actions. While most solutions rest on sensor value interpretations and video analysis applications, few have realized the importance of incorporating common-sense capabilities to support the recognition process. Unfortunately, human action recognition cannot be successfully accomplished by only analyzing body postures. On the contrary, this task should be supported by profound knowledge of human agency nature and its tight connection to the reasons and motivations that explain it. The combination of this knowledge and the knowledge about how the world works is essential for recognizing and understanding human actions without committing common-senseless mistakes. This work demonstrates the impact that episodic reasoning has in improving the accuracy of a computer vision system for human action recognition. This work also presents formalization, implementation, and evaluation details of the knowledge model that supports the episodic reasoning.
Comportamiento vegetativo-generativo de tomate y chile dulce hidropónico en invernadero, sometidos a agotamiento hídrico.

Introducción. El uso de agua dulce en agricultura se encuentra limitado debido al deterioro de sus fuentes y su uso indiscriminado. El riego deficitario en agricultura protegida es una alternativa para mejorar la eficiencia en el uso del agua, a través de la reducción de la evapotranspiración del cultivo, sin comprometer su potencial productivo. Objetivo. Evaluar el efecto de 3 niveles de agotamiento del contenido de humedad volumétrica en un sustrato de fibra de coco, sobre el comportamiento vegetativo-generativo de los cultivos de tomate y chile dulce hidropónicos en invernadero. Materiales y métodos. El estudio se realizó en la Estación Experimental Agrícola Fabio Baudrit Moreno, Alajuela, Costa Rica. En ambos cultivos se aplicaron 3 tratamientos con 11, 22 y 32% de agotamiento hídrico en el sustrato, en un diseño experimental en bloques completos al azar. Se evaluaron parámetros morfofisiológicos y productivos tales como área foliar (AF), número de hojas (NH), ancho (AH) y longitud de hoja (LH), longitud (LT) y diámetro del tallo (DT), número de nudos (NN), materia seca (MS), conductancia estomática (gs), evapotranspiración del cultivo (ETc), eficiencia de uso de agua (EUA), rendimiento de fruto comercial (Rc) de primera (F1), segunda (F2) y tercera (F3), fruto de desecho (Fd) y rendimiento total (Rt). Conclusión. En ambos cultivos, los tratamientos con 11 y 22% de agotamiento hídrico evidenciaron un adecuado balance entre crecimiento vegetativo y productivo, que se reflejó en mayor producción de frutos comerciales de mejor calidad, menos desecho y mayor EUA.
Three-dimensional radar imaging by digital beamforming

In this paper a three-dimensional radar imaging method is presented which combines the FMCW approach for range measurement with digital beamforming in two dimensions. By an orthogonal arrangement of the transmit and receive antenna arrays, the angular information in azimuth and elevation can be evaluated. Hence, the position of an object in three-dimensional space can be determined. The results in terms of two-dimensional beamforming and three-dimensional imaging capabilities are verified by simulation as well as by measurements using a 24 GHz digital beamforming radar sensor with eight receiver and eight transmitter channels.
Trends in dental and allied dental education.

BACKGROUND Educational programs play an important role in preparing a qualified dental work force. This article reviews the current status and trends in dental, advanced dental and allied dental education programs in the United States and examines their impact on the dental work force. OVERVIEW This analysis focuses on survey data collected by the American Dental Association during the past 10 to 15 years and compares recent patterns in applications, enrollment and graduation with previous trends. The numbers of educational programs, applicants, enrollees and graduates have increased in dentistry, dental hygiene and dental assisting, while dental laboratory technology has declined in all measures. The proportion of women in dentistry has increased, while the ethnic profile of dental and allied personnel has shown little change. Both the cost of dental education and student debt continue to increase. CONCLUSIONS Despite increases in the number of educational programs and overall numbers of graduates from dental and allied dental education programs, the proportion of underrepresented groups still lags behind their representation in the overall population, and the number of allied personnel falls short of practice needs. PRACTICE IMPLICATIONS Patterns in applications, enrollment and graduation are important determinants of the dental and allied dental work force. The cost and funding of education significantly affect the attractiveness of dental careers and the sustainability of educational programs and should be monitored carefully by the profession.
A Tight Lower Bound on the Outage Probability of Spatially Correlated MIMO Channels

We present tight upper bounds on the channel mutual information of spatially correlated and uncorrelated multielement antenna (MEA) channels. Using these upper bounds, accurate lower bounds on the outage probability are derived. Similarly, tight upper bounds on the outage rate are obtained. Interestingly, these bounds are even tighter as the spatial correlation increases. Simulation results show that, in a highly correlated channel, the worst gap between our outage probability lower bounds and the exact values (given by simulation) is about 0.2 and 0.3 dBs, respectively for 2 times 2 and 3 times 3 MEA systems. This tightness suggests using the derived lower bounds on the outage probability in order to characterize the performance limits of MEA in terms of the finite-SNR diversity-multiplexing tradeoff in correlated and uncorrelated spatial fading channels.
Laparoscopic Colectomy: the Absolute Need for a Standard Operative Technique

Background: The aim of this study is to review our experience performing laparoscopic colon surgery and to present the operative technique as used and standardized by us. Methods: From April 1992 to December 1996, 158 consecutive patients underwent laparoscopic colon surgery. There were 92 females and 66 males, whose average age was 66.7 years (range 31 - 92); 134 patients (84.9%) were operated on for carcinoma, and the remaining 24 (14.1%) for benign disease. Results: There were 117 procedures completed laparoscopically out of 158 patients (74%); 103 colon resections (18 for benign disease and 95 for malignant disease), 7 Hartmann procedures, 3 for reversal of Hartmann's procedures, 1 rectopexy, and 3 ileotrasversostomies. Conversions were required in 41 out of 158 cases (25.9%); 19 of these cases, however, were converted to a laparoscopic-facilitated procedure. The most common causes for conversion were the presence of bulky tumors and/or tumors that contaminated adjacent structures (16/158), adhesions due to previous operations (8/158) or patient obesity (5/158). There were 31 complications (19.6%), 9 of which required re-operation. There was only one recurrence (0.9%) that manifested 15 months after the procedure, at both trocar and drainage sites, and with peritoneal carcinomatosis. This occurred in a patient with rectal neoplasia who suffered a perforation of the rectum during dis-section, with bowel spillage. The average number of lymph nodes harvested in resected specimens was 12.8 (range 1-41), whereas the mean distance of the tumor from the proximal margin of resection was 11.5 cm (range 5-35), and from the distal margin 7.5 cm (range 1-25). The average operative time was 165 minutes (range 40-360), and the mean hospital stay was 9.2 days (range 6-40). There were three mortalities out of 158 patients (1.9%). Conclusions: Laparoscopic colon resection for malignant lesions, performed with the highest respect for oncologic principles, has demonstrated that it is difficult to develop a barrier to wall and intraluminal recurrence. Recurrence, in our opinion, is caused by improper surgical technique. Therefore, neoplastic colon laparoscopic surgery must be the prerogative of selected and specialized centers.
Ieee Transactions on Instrumentation and Measurement 1 Adaptive Fuzzy Particle Filter Tracker for a Ptz Camera in an Ip Surveillance System

We propose an adaptive fuzzy particle filter (AFPF) method adapted to general object tracking with an IP PTZ camera. Particle filter samples are weighted using fuzzy membership functions and are applied to geometric and appearance features. In our particle filter, targets are modeled and tracked based on sampling around predicted positions obtained by a position predictor and moving regions detected by optical flow. Sample features are scored based on fuzzy rules. In this paper, we apply the AFPF to a human tracking application in an IP PTZ surveillance system. Results show that our system has good target detection precision (> 93.9%), low track fragmentation, and a high processing rate, and that the target is almost always located within 1/6 th of the image diameter from the image center.
A New Cluster-based Wormhole Intrusion detection algorithm for Mobile Ad-Hoc Networks

In multi-hop wireless systems, the need for cooperation among nodes to relay each other's packets exposes them to a wide range of security attacks. A particularly devastating attack is the wormhole attack, where a malicious node records control traffic at one location and tunnels it to another compromised node, possibly far away, which replays it locally. Routing security in ad hoc networks is often equated with strong and feasible node authentication and lightweight cryptography. Unfortunately, the wormhole attack can hardly be defeated by crypto graphical measures, as wormhole attackers do not create separate packets. They simply replay packets already existing on the network, which pass the cryptographic checks. Existing works on wormhole detection have often focused on detection using specialized hardware, such as directional antennas, etc. In this paper, we present a cluster based counter-measure for the wormhole attack, that alleviates these drawbacks and efficiently mitigates the wormhole attack in MANET. Simulation results on MATLab exhibit the effectiveness of the proposed algorithm in detecting wormhole attacks.
MODEL OF LOCAL POPULATION PERCEPTION IN SUPPORTING COASTAL TOURISM DEVELOPMENT AND PLANNING IN BALI

The aims the research is to investigate the perception of local population about the benefits of personal received from the Coastal Tourism. This study also proves the effect of personal benefits on the support of coastal tourism development and planning in Bali. This research is a quantitative research and data were collected through distributing questionnaires to predefined respondents. Coastal Tourism had a positive impact and supported the development and planning of Coastal Tourism in Bali. The negative impact perceptions did not significantly affect on the Coastal Tourism development.
Economics and its contribution to the fight against malaria.

About 5% of deaths worldwide are due to malaria, and 5% of the total disease burden among children is due to malaria. The burden is much greater in sub-Saharan Africa, with 15% of all disability-adjusted life-years (DALY) lost to malaria. Malaria is costly, too: an estimated U.S. $1800 million is spent annually on both direct costs of prevention and care, and on indirect costs such as lost productivity, time costs and other indirect costs and losses. There are several economic issues to be addressed with regard to malaria. For example, is malaria control important in comparison with other claims on scarce health resource? Secondly, which approach or strategy for prevention and treatment is most appropriate, given the local circumstances? Thirdly, within each strategy chosen (e.g. diagnosis and treatment of cases), which options are available and which is the best? Within the choice of strategy and design, other issues arise, such as the best options for prevention, and their cost. What strategy is best for case finding? How much should be spent on diagnostics? Under which circumstances does mass treatment make economic sense? When should a new, more expensive drug be used in cases of resistance? Perhaps most importantly, the overall approach needs to be reviewed to ensure that resources are being used to best effect. The role of economics in decision making is the subject of the present review.
On the Diameter of the Set of Satisfying Assignments in Random Satisfiable k-CNF Formulas

It is known that random k-CNF formulas have a so-called satisfiability threshold at a density (namely, clause-variable ratio) of roughly 2kln2: at densities slightly below this threshold almost all k-CNF formulas are satisfiable, whereas slightly above this threshold almost no k-CNF formula is satisfiable. In the current work we consider satisfiable random formulas and inspect another parameter—the diameter of the solution space (that is, the maximal Hamming distance between a pair of satisfying assignments). It was previously shown that for all densities up to a density slightly below the satisfiability threshold the diameter is almost surely at least roughly n/2 (and n at much lower densities). At densities very much higher than the satisfiability threshold, the diameter is almost surely zero (a very dense satisfiable formula is expected to have only one satisfying assignment). In this paper we show that for all densities above a density that is slightly above the satisfiability threshold (more precisel.
An adaptation framework for new media artworks

In this paper, we are interested in adaptation mechanisms for the design, creation and experimentation of adaptive and interactive new media artworks. Through a concrete case study, we propose an adaptation framework that combines semantic and physical adaptation and that can be specialized to the specific needs of various new media artists. This adaptation framework is supported by an adaptation engine, the kernel of the software architecture we are currently building. We have validated our adaptation framework through the implementation of a prototype of the adaptation engine. This prototype integrates the management of various types of metadata and allows a representation of adaptation scenarios as policies of the form event-condition-action.We present how we used our adaptation engine to reconstruct and experiment the adaptation model of The Man of the Crowd, an existing adaptive new media installation, where the artist introduces a semantic adaptation of the video content displayed on four screens, according to the relative position of the viewer in the artistic installation.
Reconstructing Mammalian Phylogenies: A Detailed Comparison of the Cytochrome b and Cytochrome Oxidase Subunit I Mitochondrial Genes

The phylogeny and taxonomy of mammalian species were originally based upon shared or derived morphological characteristics. However, genetic analyses have more recently played an increasingly important role in confirming existing or establishing often radically different mammalian groupings and phylogenies. The two most commonly used genetic loci in species identification are the cytochrome oxidase I gene (COI) and the cytochrome b gene (cyt b). For the first time this study provides a detailed comparison of the effectiveness of these two loci in reconstructing the phylogeny of mammals at different levels of the taxonomic hierarchy in order to provide a basis for standardizing methodologies in the future. Interspecific and intraspecific variation is assessed and for the first time, to our knowledge, statistical confidence is applied to sequence comparisons. Comparison of the DNA sequences of 217 mammalian species reveals that cyt b more accurately reconstructs their phylogeny and known relationships between species based on other molecular and morphological analyses at Super Order, Order, Family and generic levels. Cyt b correctly assigned 95.85% of mammal species to Super Order, 94.31% to Order and 98.16% to Family compared to 78.34%, 93.36% and 96.93% respectively for COI. Cyt b also gives better resolution when separating species based on sequence data. Using a Kimura 2-parameter p-distance (x100) threshold of 1.5–2.5, cyt b gives a better resolution for separating species with a lower false positive rate and higher positive predictive value than those of COI.