Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Contributing Factors to High-Risk Sexual Behaviors among Iranian Adolescent Girls: A Systematic Review

ABSTRACT Background: Adolescence is a period of overwhelming changes and challenges, which expose the adolescents to high-risk behaviors. Risky sexual relationship is one of these behaviors that entails physical risks and psychosocial harms. Various factors have been recognized to shape sexual behaviors in adolescents. This paper is an attempt to investigate the factors contributing to high-risk sexual behaviors in Iranian adolescent girls. Methods: A literature review of the research published by Iranian authors, in Farsi or English language in local and foreign journals, was conducted using PubMed, Science Direct, Scopus, Scientific Information Database (SID), IranMedex, IranDoc, and Google Scholar. The search in each database included all the years covered at that time using keywords such as “sexual, adolescents, and Iran”, and continued using other keywords such as “sexual behavior, high-risk behavior, sexual risk and reproductive behavior” individually and in combination Results: Sixteen published articles were identified. Factors contributing to high-risk sexual behaviors in girls can be divided into four general groups including personal, family, peer, school and community. Conclusion: Regarding the identified risk and protective factors, appropriate individual, family and school-based interventions can be designed and implemented to strengthen protective factors. While individual and family factors are considered more in research, factors related to peers, school and community have received less attention. Since social values, beliefs and norms are important factors in formation of sexual behaviors, further research regarding these factors is suggested.
Easier contagion and weaker ties make anger spread faster than joy in social media

Increasing evidence suggests that, similar to face-to-face communications, human emotions also spread in online social media. However, the mechanisms underlying this emotional contagion, for example, whether different feelings spread in unlikely ways or how the spread of emotions relates to the social network, is rarely investigated. Indeed, because of high costs and spatio-temporal limitations, explorations of this topic are challenging using conventional questionnaires or controlled experiments. Because they are collection points for natural affective responses of massive individuals, online social media sites offer an ideal proxy for tackling this issue from the perspective of computational social science. In this paper, based on the analysis of millions of tweets in Weibo, surprisingly, we find that anger is more contagious than joy, indicating that it can spark more angry follow-up tweets. Moreover, regarding dissemination in social networks, anger travels easily along weaker ties than joy, meaning that it can infiltrate different communities and break free of local traps because strangers share such content more often. Through a simple diffusion model, we reveal that greater contagion and weaker ties function cooperatively to speed up anger's spread. The diffusion of real-world events with different dominant emotions provides further testimony to the findings. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first time that quantitative long-term evidence has been presented that reveals a difference in the mechanism by which joy and anger are disseminated. Our findings shed light on both personal anger management in human communications and on controlling collective outrage in cyberspace.
Overexpression of ORCA3 and G10H in Catharanthus roseus Plants Regulated Alkaloid Biosynthesis and Metabolism Revealed by NMR-Metabolomics

In order to improve the production of the anticancer dimeric indole alkaloids in Catharanthuse roseus, much research has been dedicated to culturing cell lines, hairy roots, and efforts to elucidate the regulation of the monoterpenoid indole alkaloid (MIA) biosynthesis. In this study, the ORCA3 (Octadecanoid-derivative Responsive Catharanthus AP2-domain) gene alone or integrated with the G10H (geraniol 10-hydroxylase) gene were first introduced into C. roseus plants. Transgenic C. roseus plants overexpressing ORCA3 alone (OR lines), or co-overexpressing G10H and ORCA3 (GO lines) were obtained by genetic modification. ORCA3 overexpression induced an increase of AS, TDC, STR and D4H transcripts but did not affect CRMYC2 and G10H transcription. G10H transcripts showed a significant increase under G10H and ORCA3 co-overexpression. ORCA3 and G10H overexpression significantly increased the accumulation of strictosidine, vindoline, catharanthine and ajmalicine but had limited effects on anhydrovinblastine and vinblastine levels. NMR-based metabolomics confirmed the higher accumulation of monomeric indole alkaloids in OR and GO lines. Multivariate data analysis of 1H NMR spectra showed change of amino acid, organic acid, sugar and phenylpropanoid levels in both OR and GO lines compared to the controls. The result indicated that enhancement of MIA biosynthesis by ORCA3 and G10H overexpression might affect other metabolic pathways in the plant metabolism of C. roseus.
High midbrain [18F]DOPA accumulation in children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder.

OBJECTIVE Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a highly prevalent childhood psychiatric disorder characterized by impaired attention, excessive motor activity, and impulsivity. Despite extensive investigation of the neuropathophysiology of ADHD by a wide array of methodologies, the neurobiochemical substrate of this disorder is still unknown. Converging evidence, however, suggests a primary role of the dopaminergic system. METHOD This study examined the integrity of presynaptic dopaminergic function in children with ADHD through use of positron emission tomography and the tracer [18F]fluorodopa ([18F]DOPA). Accumulation of [18F]DOPA in synaptic terminals, a measure of dopa decarboxylase activity, was quantified in regions rich in dopaminergic innervation, including caudate nucleus, putamen, frontal cortex, and midbrain (i.e., substantia nigra and ventral tegmentum). RESULTS Accumulation of [18F]DOPA in the right midbrain was higher by 48% in 10 children with ADHD than in 10 normal children. Despite its magnitude, this difference would not have reached statistical significance if corrected by the Bonferroni test for multiple comparisons. However, [18F]DOPA in the right midbrain was correlated with symptom severity. No other dopamine-rich regions significantly differed between groups. CONCLUSIONS These findings are suggestive of dopaminergic dysfunction at the level of the dopaminergic nuclei in children with ADHD. Abnormality in dopa decarboxylase activity may be primary or secondary to deficits in other functional units of the dopamine pathway (e.g., receptor, uptake transporter, vesicular transporter, degradation enzymes). Efforts toward defining the origin of this abnormality should help delineate mechanisms of midbrain control of attention and motor behavior important for the understanding of the causes and treatment of ADHD.
Microfluidic contact lenses for continuous non-invasive intraocular pressure monitoring

This paper proposes the microfluidic contact lenses for continuous non-invasive intraocular pressure (IOP) monitoring. The microfluidic contact lenses are the reference-sensing structure, fabricated by using the chemical assisted bonding and next thermoforming technologies. The curvature of contact lenses are made corresponds substantially to that of cornea, so as that, the PDMS (Polydimethylsiloxane) sensing layer can wear on cornea to “feeling” its expansion. The cornea’s deformation is varied in pace with IOP, while the IOP can be simply monitored by using the smart phone to optically detect the movement of visible liquid in the microchannels. The simulated and measured results of the devices with different parameters are presented, showing a good linearity. Also, we have found that the devices with outer distributed chamber or with the smaller microchannel were more sensitive. In next work, the devices will be redesigned to meet the needs of intraocular pressure monitoring and test in vivo.
Characterization of a CO-dependent O-demethylating enzyme system from the acetogen Clostridium thermoaceticum

An inducible O-demethylating enzyme system was characterized from Clostridium thermoaceticum cultivated at the expense of syringate. Glucose and methanol, but not CO, partially repressed its expression. Induced whole cells catalyzed the carbon monoxide (CO)-dependent O demethylation of methoxylated aromatic compounds with the concomitant formation of acetate. Pyruvate and, to a lesser extent, H2-CO2 could replace CO in these reactions. KCN inhibited pyruvate-dependent activity but not the CO-dependent activity. The ATPase inhibitor N,N'-dicyclohexylcarbodiimide, the protonophore carbonyl cyanide m-chlorophenylhydrazone, and methyl viologen did not appreciably inhibit O demethylation by induced cells, whereas Triton X-100 was inhibitory. The enzyme system appeared to convert syringate sequentially to 5-hydroxyvanillate and gallate. The proposed overall reaction stoichiometry was as follows: syringate + 2CO + 2H2O----gallate + 2 acetates. Growth-supportive methoxylated aromatic compounds were O demethylated by syringate-cultivated cells and inhibitory to syringate O demethylation.
Comparison of Heat Transfer and Fluid Dynamic Performance of Nanofluids

Many recent studies have shown that nanofluids with metallic nanoparticles as suspension increase the thermal conductivity of base fluid by a substantial amount. First, we investigated the rheological properties of SiO2, Al2O3 and CuO nanofluids at different volume percentages at varying temperatures. The fluids were tested over temperatures ranging from -35 ̊C to 50 ̊C. The viscosity trends showed the great influence of temperature on various nanofluids. Also, we investigated the particle diameter effect (20 nm, 50 nm, 100 nm) on nanofluid viscosity. Subsequent experiments were performed to investigate the convective heat transfer enhancement of nanofluids in a turbulent regime. During analysis of the convection coefficient, the measured viscosity values of the nanofluids were used as well as the thermal conductivity and specific heats were used from the available correlations in the current literature. Heat transfer coefficients of nanofluids increase with volume concentration, for example, a typical enhancement of a heat transfer coefficient of a 6% concentration of 45 nm CuO is about 54% at a Reynolds number of 8,000. Similar results were investigated for aluminum and silicon oxide nanofluids in ethylene glycol/water base fluid. Pressure loss was observed to increase with nanoparticle volume concentration and also with increasing particle diameter. It was observed that an increase in particle diameter increased the heat transfer coefficient. Applications of nanofluids will be in heating building and in automobiles in northern climates.
A Practical Solution to the Problem of Automatic Part-of-Speech Induction from Text

The problem of part-of-speech induction from text involves two aspects: Firstly, a set of word classes is to be derived automatically. Secondly, each word of a vocabulary is to be assigned to one or several of these word classes. In this paper we present a method that solves both problems with good accuracy. Our approach adopts a mixture of statistical methods that have been successfully applied in word sense induction. Its main advantage over previous attempts is that it reduces the syntactic space to only the most important dimensions, thereby almost eliminating the otherwise omnipresent problem of data sparseness.
Exploring the use of diamond in medical implants

Wireless power and data transfer to medical implants is a research area where improvements in current state-of-the-art technologies are needed. This is primarily driven by the strong desire to miniaturize implants. At present, lithographic patterning of evaporated metals is widely used for miniature coil fabrication. This method produces coils that are limited to low micron or nanometer thicknesses leading to high impedance and thus limited power transfer efficiency. In the present work, we describe a novel technique, whereby trenches were milled into a diamond substrate and filled with silver active braze alloy, enabling the manufacture of small, high cross-section, low impedance microcoils capable of transferring up to 10 mW of power up to a distance of 6 mm. However, a continuous metal loop simulating a metallic braze line used for hermetic sealing, when placed parallel and close to the coil surface, reduced power transfer efficiency by 43%. The effect was not significantly high when the loop was placed perpendicular to the microcoil surface. Encapsulation of the coil by the growth of a further layer of diamond was achieved with minimal impact on power transfer efficiency. Accelerated ageing tests after encapsulation showed that these coils are long-lasting. Our results demonstrate the feasibility of fabricating a high-cross
Sex Differences in the Behavior and the Social Interactions of Immature Galago senegalensis braccatus

There is little detailed documentation of immature behavior, especially mother-offspring interactions, for nocturnal prosimians, and few studies have examined sex differences in mother-offspring interactions. This study compares the behavior of captive-born Galago senegalensis braccatus, the Senegal galago, from 1 to 20 weeks of age for 3–5 females and 4–6 males. The subjects lived in social groups, onfa reversed light cycle. Three 10-min focal samples were taken each week, for each subject, during each of the 6 most active hours of the waking cycle (night). Locally weighted regression scatterplot smoothing analysis was used to test for sex differences in behavior. There were no sex differences in most forms of mother-offspring contact, including nursing, control of proximity with the mother or grooming. Females were more active than males in the rate of solitary acrobatic play and, only after the age of weaning, in locomotion. Altogether, these observations suggest that the sexes might not present more energetic ''costs’ to mothers. There were tendencies for female immatures to play with the mother more than male immatures did, and a tendency for the males to investigate the cage more than the females. Male and female immatures groomed non-mother group mates in equivalent amounts. Since males are likely the dispersing sex in galagos, these differences might be reflective of later dispersal patterns. However, comparisons are needed with a female dispersal species (e.g. chimpanzees) to test this hypothesis. Alternative hypotheses concerning the ''cost’ and/or ''value’ of sons versus daughters need to be explored.
Chromosomally-retained RNA mediates homologous pairing

Pairing and recombination of homologous chromosomes are essential for ensuring correct segregation of chromosomes in meiosis. In S. pombe, chromosomes are first bundled at the telomeres (forming a telomere bouquet) and then aligned by oscillatory movement of the elongated “horsetail” nucleus (Fig. 1). 1,2 Telomere clustering and subsequent chromosome alignment promote pairing of homologous chromosomes.3-5 However, this telomere-bundled alignment of chromosomes cannot be responsible for the specificity of chromosome pairing. Thus, there must be some mechanism to facilitate recognition of homologous partners after telomere clustering. Recent studies in S. pombe have shown that RNA transcripts retained on the chromosome, or RNA bodies, may play a role in recognition of homologous chromosomes for pairing (Fig. 1). 6 Acting as fiducial markers of homologous loci they would abrogate the need for direct DNA sequence homology searching.
Activation of Microglia by Borna Disease Virus Infection: In Vitro Study

ABSTRACT Neonatal Borna disease virus (BDV) infection of the rat brain is associated with microglial activation and damage to the certain neuronal populations. Since persistent BDV infection of neurons in vitro is noncytolytic and noncytopathic, activated microglia have been suggested to be responsible for neuronal cell death in vivo. However, the mechanisms of activation of microglia in neonatally BDV-infected rat brain have not been investigated. To address these issues, activation of primary rat microglial cells was studied following exposure to purified BDV or to persistently BDV-infected primary cortical neurons or after BDV infection of primary mixed neuron-glial cultures. Neither purified virus nor BDV-infected neurons alone activated primary microglia as assessed by the changes in cell shape or production of the proinflammatory cytokines. In contrast, in the BDV-infected primary mixed cultures, we observed proliferation of microglia cells that acquired the round morphology and expressed major histocompatibility complex molecules of classes I and II. These manifestations of microglia activation were observed in the absence of direct BDV infection of microglia or overt neuronal toxicity. In addition, compared to uninfected mixed cultures, activation of microglia in BDV-infected mixed cultures was associated with a significantly greater lipopolysaccharide-induced release of tumor necrosis factor alpha, interleukin 1β, and interleukin 10. Taken together, the present data are the first in vitro evidence that persistent BDV infection of neurons and astrocytes rather than direct exposure to the virus or dying neurons is critical for activating microglia.
Authorship Verification with Compression Features

In the PAN 2013 Author Identification task, the problem was to verify whether a document was written by the same author as a small set of given ref- erence documents. We approached the problem as a classification task for which the reference documents are from the target class. We further collected a set of documents for the non-target or outlier class. For this classification problem we prepared three submissions for the English Authorship Verification task. The first submission applies the nearest neighbor rule using compression distances from the "questioned" document to the reference and outlier documents. The second and third submission utilize a document representation with compression dis- tances to random prototype documents. In the resulting prototype space the Low- est Error in Sparse Subspace (LESS) classifier is applied. The third submission additionally uses document resampling or bootstrapping to mitigate the small sample problem in case the number of reference documents is low. The evalu- ation result of our submission achieved the best performance of 16 teams with precision = 0:80 , recall = 0:80 and F1 = 0:80.
Erbin Controls Dendritic Morphogenesis by Regulating Localization of δ-Catenin

The LAP [leucine-rich and postsynaptic density-95/Discs large/zona occludens-1 (PDZ)] protein erbin and δ-catenin, a component of the cadherin–catenin cell adhesion complex, are highly expressed in neurons and associate through PDZ-mediated interaction, but have incompletely characterized neuronal functions. We show that short hairpin RNA-mediated knockdown of erbin and knockdown or genetic ablation of δ-catenin severely impaired dendritic morphogenesis in hippocampal neurons. Simultaneous loss of erbin and δ-catenin does not enhance severity of this phenotype. The dendritic phenotype observed after erbin depletion is rescued by overexpression of δ-catenin and requires a domain in δ-catenin that has been shown to regulate dendritic branching. Knockdown of δ-catenin cannot be rescued by overexpression of erbin, indicating that erbin is upstream of δ-catenin. δ-Catenin-null neurons have no alterations in global levels of active Rac1/RhoA. Knockdown of erbin results in alterations in localization of δ-catenin. These results suggest a critical role for erbin in regulating dendritic morphogenesis by maintaining appropriate localization of δ-catenin.
Evidence of Host-Associated Populations of Cryptosporidium parvum in Italy

ABSTRACT Recent studies have revealed extensive genetic variation among isolates of Cryptosporidium parvum, an Apicomplexan parasite that causes gastroenteritis in both humans and animals worldwide. The parasite's population structure is influenced by the intensity of transmission, the host-parasite interaction, and husbandry practices. As a result, C. parvum populations can be panmictic, clonal, or even epidemic on both a local scale and a larger geographical scale. To extend the study of C. parvum populations to an unexplored region, 173 isolates of C. parvum collected in Italy from humans and livestock (calf, sheep, and goat) over a 10-year period were genotyped using a multilocus scheme based on 7 mini- and microsatellite loci. In agreement with other studies, extensive polymorphism was observed, with 102 distinct multilocus genotypes (MLGs) identified among 173 isolates. The presence of linkage disequilibrium, the confinement of MLGs to individual farms, and the relationship of many MLGs inferred using network analysis (eBURST) suggest a predominantly clonal population structure, but there is also evidence that part of the diversity can be explained by genetic exchange. MLGs from goats were found to differ from bovine and sheep MLGs, supporting the existence of C. parvum subpopulations. Finally, MLGs from isolates collected between 1997 and 1999 were also identified as a distinct subgroup in principal-component analysis and eBURST analysis, suggesting a continuous introduction of novel genotypes in the parasite population.
Reward-Related Activity in Ventral Striatum Is Action Contingent and Modulated by Behavioral Relevance

Multiple features of the environment are often imbued with motivational significance, and the relative importance of these can change across contexts. The ability to flexibly adjust evaluative processes so that currently important features of the environment alone drive behavior is critical to adaptive routines. We know relatively little about the neural mechanisms involved, including whether motivationally significant features are obligatorily evaluated or whether current relevance gates access to value-sensitive regions. We addressed these questions using functional magnetic resonance imaging data and a task design where human subjects had to choose whether to accept or reject an offer indicated by visual and auditory stimuli. By manipulating, on a trial-by-trial basis, which stimulus determined the value of the offer, we show choice activity in the ventral striatum solely reflects the value of the currently relevant stimulus, consistent with a model wherein behavioral relevance modulates the impact of sensory stimuli on value processing. Choice outcome signals in this same region covaried positively with wins on accept trials, and negatively with wins on reject trials, consistent with striatal activity at feedback reflecting correctness of response rather than reward processing per se. We conclude that ventral striatum activity during decision making is dynamically modulated by behavioral context, indexed here by task relevance and action selection.