Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Different Types of Non-Starch Polysaccharides Alter the Growth, Intestinal Flora and Serum Metabolite Profile of Grass Carp, Ctenopharyngodon idella

Dietary non-starch polysaccharides (NSPs) broadly influence fish intestinal flora and physiological metabolism, but limited information is available on grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idella). This study investigated the effects of different types of NSPs on the growth, nutrient metabolism status, gut microbiota, and serum metabolome of grass carp. Fish were fed with diets containing 4.4% insoluble NSPs (INSP), 9.24% soluble NSPs (SNSP), 13.64% NSPs (4.4% INSP + 9.24% SNSP, NSP) and non NSPs (FM), respectively, for 9 weeks. Results showed that dietary SNSP decreased protein efficiency ratio and serum protein content, but increased feed coefficient ratio, feed intake, plasma blood urea nitrogen content, and plasma aspartate aminotransferase activity (AST); conversely, dietary INSP decreased plasma AST activity. Dietary INSP and SNSP increased serum free cholesterol content. Dietary NSPs altered the abundance of dominant bacteria and serum metabolite profiles. The differential metabolites between groups were significantly enriched in amino acid synthesis and metabolic pathways. In conclusion, dietary INSP exhibited a growth-promoting effect compared to SNSP. Dietary INSP is beneficial for improving nutrient metabolism and intestinal health. Moreover, dietary NSPs may regulate the physiological metabolism and feeding behavior of grass carp by altering amino acid synthesis and metabolism.
Charge puddles in the bulk and on the surface of the topological insulator BiSbTeSe$_2$ studied by scanning tunneling microscopy and optical spectroscopy

The topological insulator BiSbTeSe$_2$ corresponds to a compensated semiconductor in which strong Coulomb disorder gives rise to the formation of charge puddles, i.e., local accumulations of charge carriers, both in the bulk and on the surface. Bulk puddles are formed if the fluctuations of the Coulomb potential are as large as half of the band gap. The gapless surface, in contrast, is sensitive to small fluctuations but the potential is strongly suppressed due to the additional screening channel provided by metallic surface carriers. To study the quantitative relationship between the properties of bulk puddles and surface puddles, we performed infrared transmittance measurements as well as scanning tunneling microscopy measurements on the same sample of BiSbTeSe$_2$, which is close to perfect compensation. At 5.5 K, we find surface potential fluctuations occurring on a length scale $r_s = 40-50$ nm with amplitude $\Gamma = 8-14$ meV which is much smaller than in the bulk, where optical measurements detect the formation of bulk puddles. In this nominally undoped compound, the value of $\Gamma$ is smaller than expected for pure screening by surface carriers, and we argue that this arises most likely from a cooperative effect of bulk screening and surface screening.
Standardized Operational Protocol for the China Human Brain Bank Consortium

The study of post-mortem human brains is fundamental to the discovery and diagnosis of most neurological diseases and an in-depth understanding of brain structure, function and disorders. Human brain banks use a standardized protocol to collect, process, and store post-mortem human brains and related tissues, together with relevant clinical information, and to provide the tissue samples and data to foster neuroscience research. A Standardized Operational Protocol (SOP) that is approved by and can be abided by all of the human brain banks in the China Human Brain Bank Consortium is critical to developing brain research in China. The first SOP of human brain banking in China was published in 2017 following the foundation of the China Human Brain Bank Consortium. So far, 20 members from different regions in China have joined the consortium, forming a nationwide collaboration network of human brain banks. To provide brain tissue samples of good quality and consistency to meet the increasing demand for neuroscience research, a revised SOP was drafted by experts from the China Human Brain Bank Consortium. Significant improvements in this new version of SOP include strengthened ethical guidelines, recruitment of matching controls, and more brain regions to be sampled for neuropathological evaluation.
On random discrete distributions

It is impossible to choose at random a probability distribution on a countably infinite set in a manner invariant under permutations of that set. However,approximations to such a choice can be made by considering exchangeableprobability measures on the class of probability distributions over a finite set, and letting the size of that set increase without limit. Under suitable conditions the resulting probabilities, when arranged in descending order, have non-degenerate limiting distributions. These apparently arcane considerations lead to rather concrete conclusions in certain problems in applied probability.
Reduction of Oxygen Saturation and Increase of Heart Rate in Hospital Workers Wearing Face Mask during Routine Shift

Background & Aims : The COVID-19 pandemic forced healthcare workers to use Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) or at least wear gowns, gloves, and face masks during their working shifts. Previous research reports some problems such as headaches and itching due to the new working conditions. The present study was conducted to determine the possible physiological changes related to wearing face masks, in the current ongoing situation, among healthy hospital workers. Materials & Methods: A questionnaire was administered to hospital personnel requesting them to measure their oxygen saturation level (SpO 2 ) and heart beats per minute (BPM) before and after their shifts. They used a pulse oximeter available in their hospital. Eighty-two hospital workers completed their forms, reporting their pre- and post-SpO 2 and BPM measurements. Results : Statistically, the comparison of data (before and after shifts) indicated a significant decrease in SpO 2 (98.68±1.56 versus 97.57±1.76, p<0.01) and an associated significant increase in BPM (82.86±7.21 versus 93.14±5.00, p<0.001). Also, there was no significant difference (p>0.05) between the mentioned responses for those who used N-95 masks (10 persons) and those who used surgical masks (72 persons). Conclusion : Although these changes were all in the reference range for healthy subjects, these fluctuations in the long term can cause physiological and psychological stress among hospital staff during the COVID-19 pandemic.
Radiation dominated implosion

Inertical Confinement Fusion configuration model is analized for direct ignition without an ablator. The compression of the target pellet is neglected and rapid volume ignition is achieved by a laser pulse, which is as short as the penetraton time of the light across the pellet. The reflectivity of the target is assumed to be negligible, and the absorptivity is constant so that the light pulse can reach the opposite side of the pellet. The necessary pulse length and pulse strength is calculated.
A Rapid Procedure for the Simultaneous Determination of Eugenol, Linalool and Fatty Acid Composition in Basil Leaves

Eugenol and linalool are often the most abundant volatile compounds found in basil (Ocimum basilicum L., Lamiaceae) leaves, and they are interesting for the aroma they provide and for their numerous beneficial bioactivities. Their determination is thus needed for several purposes. In the present study, to avoid the previous isolation of essential oil, the direct solvent extraction is proposed coupled with a transmethylation to convert acyl lipids into fatty acids methyl esters (FAMEs), thus assessing the possible simultaneous analysis of eugenol and linalool with FAMEs by gas chromatography coupled to flame ionization detector (GC-FID). The method has been validated and applied to ten basil leaves samples in which eugenol and linalool were found in mean concentrations of 2.80 ± 0.15 and 1.01 ± 0.04 g kg−1 (dry weight), respectively. FAMEs composition was dominated by linolenic acid (52.1–56.1%) followed by palmitic acid (19.3–22.4%) and linoleic acid (9.6–11.3%). The ratio of n6-polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs)/n3-PUFAs was in the range of 0.17–0.20 in the investigated samples. The proposed method exploits a rapid procedure requiring 40 min, making use of a small amount of solvent and allowing the simultaneous determination of molecules contributing to assess the quality of this worldwide appreciated herb.
Repeated Cycles of Binge-Like Ethanol Exposure Induces Neurobehavioral Changes During Short- and Long-Term Withdrawal in Adolescent Female Rats

Alcohol consumption is spread worldwide and can lead to an abuse profile associated with severe health problems. Adolescents are more susceptible to addiction and usually consume ethanol in a binge drinking pattern. This form of consumption can lead to cognitive and emotional disorders, however scarce studies have focused on long-term hazardous effects following withdrawal periods after binge drinking in adolescents. Thus, the present study aims at investigating whether behavioral and cognitive changes persist until mid and late adulthood. Female Wistar rats (9-10 animals/group) received intragastric administration of four cycles of ethanol binge-like pattern (3.0 g/kg/day, 20% w/v; 3 days-on/4 days-off) from 35th to 58th days old, followed withdrawal checkpoints 1 day, 30 days, and 60 days. At each checkpoint period, behavioral tests of open field, object recognition test, elevated plus maze, and forced swimming test were performed, and blood and hippocampus were collected for oxidative biochemistry and brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) levels analysis, respectively. The results demonstrated that adolescent rats exposed to binge drinking displayed anxiogenic- and depressive-like phenotype in early and midadulthood, however, anxiety-like profile persisted until late adulthood. Similarly, short-term memory was impaired in all withdrawal periods analysed, including late adult life. These behavioral data were associated with oxidative damage in midadulthood but not BDNF alterations. Taken together, the present work highlights the long-lasting emotional and cognitive alterations induced by ethanol binge drinking during adolescence, even after a long period of abstinence, which might impact adult life.
Mass Profile Decomposition of the Frontier Fields Cluster MACS J0416-2403: Insights on the Dark-matter Inner Profile

We present a high-resolution dissection of the two-dimensional total mass distribution in the core of the Hubble Frontier Fields galaxy cluster MACS J0416.1−2403, at z = 0.396. We exploit HST/WFC3 near-IR (F160W) imaging, VLT/Multi Unit Spectroscopic Explorer spectroscopy, and Chandra data to separate the stellar, hot gas, and dark-matter mass components in the inner 300 kpc of the cluster. We combine the recent results of our refined strong lensing analysis, which includes the contribution of the intracluster gas, with the modeling of the surface brightness and stellar mass distributions of 193 cluster members, of which 144 are spectroscopically confirmed. We find that, moving from 10 to 300 kpc from the cluster center, the stellar to total mass fraction decreases from 12% to 1% and the hot gas to total mass fraction increases from 3% to 9%, resulting in a baryon fraction of approximatively 10% at the outermost radius. We measure that the stellar component represents ∼30%, near the cluster center, and 15%, at larger clustercentric distances, of the total mass in the cluster substructures. We subtract the baryonic mass component from the total mass distribution and conclude that within 30 kpc (∼3 times the effective radius of the brightest cluster galaxy) from the cluster center the surface mass density profile of the total mass and global (cluster plus substructures) dark-matter are steeper and that of the diffuse (cluster) dark-matter is shallower than an NFW profile. Our current analysis does not point to a significant offset between the cluster stellar and dark-matter components. This detailed and robust reconstruction of the inner dark-matter distribution in a larger sample of galaxy clusters will set a new benchmark for different structure formation scenarios.
Measurement of the F2n/F2p and d/u Ratios in Deep Inelastic Electron Scattering off 3H and 3He

We discuss a possible measurement of the ratio of the nucleon structure functions, F n 2 /F p 2 , and the ratio of up to down quark distributions, u/d, at large x, by performing deep inelastic electron scattering from the 3 H and 3 He mirror nuclei with the 11 GeV upgraded beam of Jefferson Lab. The measurement is expected to be almost free of nuclear effects, which introduce a significant uncertainty in the extraction of these two ratios from deep inelastic scattering off the proton and deuteron. The results are expected to test perturbative and non-perturbative mechanisms of spin-flavor symmetry breaking in the nucleon, and constrain the structure function parametrizations needed for the interpretation of high energy e-p, p-p and p-¯p collider data. The precision of the expected data can also allow for testing competing parametrizations of the nuclear EMC effect and provide valuable constraints on models of its dynamical origin.
Tunneling in an expanding universe: Euclidean and Hamiltonian approaches

The theory of the decay of the false vacuum in de Sitter space and in an inflationary universe, and also the theory of the creation of the universe ''from nothing'' are discussed. The reasons why tunneling in an inflationary universe differs from tunneling in de Sitter space and cannot be completely homogeneous are explained. It is shown that in a number of important cases the Euclidean approach must be significantly modified or is even completely invalid for the description of tunneling in an expanding universe and for the description of quantum creation of the universe. A Hamiltonian approach for describing tunneling processes with allowance for expansion of the universe is developed. The results of this method are compared with the results obtained by means of the Euclidean approach.
Herschel Spectroscopy of the Taffy Galaxies (UGC 12914/12915 = VV 254): Enhanced [C ii] Emission in the Collisionally Formed Bridge

Using the PACS and SPIRE spectrometers on board Herschel, we obtained observations of the Taffy galaxies (UGC 12914/12915) and bridge. The Taffy system is believed to be the result of a face-on collision between two gas-rich galaxies, in which the stellar disks passed through each other, but the gas was dispersed into a massive H i and molecular bridge between them. Emission is detected and mapped in both galaxies and the bridge in the [C ii]157.7 μm and [O i]63.2 μm fine-structure lines. Additionally, SPIRE FTS spectroscopy detects the [C i] and [C i] neutral carbon lines, and weakly detects high-J CO transitions in the bridge. These results indicate that the bridge is composed of a warm multi-phase medium consistent with shock and turbulent heating. Despite low star formation rates in the bridge, the [C ii] emission appears to be enhanced, reaching [C ii]/FIR ratios of 3.3% in parts of the bridge. Both the [C ii] and [O i] lines show broad intrinsic multi-component profiles, similar to those seen in previous CO (1–0) and H i observations. The [C ii] emission shares similar line profiles with both the double-peaked H i profiles and shares a high-velocity component with single-peaked CO profiles in the bridge, suggesting that the [C ii] emission originates in both the neutral and molecular phases. We show that it is feasible that a combination of turbulently heated H2 and high column-density H i, resulting from the galaxy collision, is responsible for the enhanced [C ii] emission.
A general rigidity theorem for complete submanifolds

Abstract. Making use of 1-forms and geometric inequalities we prove the rigidity property of complete submanifolds Mn with parallel mean curvature normal in a complete and simply connected Riemannian (n+p) -manifold Nn+p with positive sectional curvature. For given integers n, p and for a nonnegative constant H we find a positive number T(n,p) ∈ (0,1) with the property that if the sectional curvature of N is pinched in [T(n,p), 1], and if the squared norm of the second fundamental form is in a certain interval, then Nn+p is isometric to the standard unit (n + p)-sphere. As a consequence, such an M is congruent to one of the five models as seen in our Main Theorem.
Emotion recognition based on visual evoked EEG

EEG signals are closely related to mood changes, and the study of EEG signals can accurately reflect the changes of human emotions. In this paper, EEG signals were classified and recognized. Video emotion inducing materials were selected to induce subjects to produce happy, neutral and sad emotions, and EEG signals were collected at the same time. Wavelet packet transform, power spectral density and approximate entropy features were extracted, and then emotion classification was carried out by using width learning classification method, and then the classification results were analyzed and compared. The results show that the performance of differential entropy in single feature classification is up to 78.3%, while the accuracy of differential entropy and wavelet packet transform for feature fusion is up to 81.5%.
Generalizability, Robustness and Replicability When Evaluating Wellbeing of Laboratory Mice with Various Methods

Simple Summary It is in the interest of the general public as well as the scientific community to optimize the wellbeing of animals during scientific research. To reach this goal, methods need to be defined which can reliably evaluate the wellbeing of animals. In this study, we assessed whether various methods, such as measuring body weight, burrowing activity, nesting behavior, a distress score and fecal corticosterone metabolites can differentiate between healthy mice and mice after surgical intervention or during the progression of a gastrointestinal disease. The ability of each method to differentiate between these two states of wellbeing was different between distinct surgical interventions and gastrointestinal diseases. These data suggest that scientists cannot rely on a single method, but have to combine many methods when assessing the wellbeing of animals. Abstract An essential basis for objectively improving the status of animals during in vivo research is the ability to measure the wellbeing of animals in a reliable and scientific manner. Several non-invasive methods such as assessing body weight, burrowing activity, nesting behavior, a distress score and fecal corticosterone metabolites were evaluated in healthy mice and after three surgical interventions or during the progression of four gastrointestinal diseases. The performance of each method in differentiating between healthy and diseased animals was assessed using receiver operating characteristic curves. The ability to differentiate between these two states differed between distinct surgical interventions and distinct gastrointestinal diseases. Thus, the generalizability of these methods for assessing animal wellbeing was low. However, the robustness of these methods when assessing wellbeing in one gastrointestinal disease was high since the same methods were often capable of differentiating between healthy and diseased animals independent of applied drugs. Moreover, the replicability when assessing two distinct cohorts with an identical surgical intervention was also high. These data suggest that scientists can reach valid conclusions about animal wellbeing when using these methods within one specific animal model. This might be important when optimizing methodological aspects for improving animal wellbeing. The lack of generalizability, however, suggests that comparing animal models by using single methods might lead to incorrect conclusions. Thus, these data support the concept of using a combination of several methods when assessing animal welfare.
Flow and thermal analysis of Oldroyd 8 constant fluid in a porous channel

The present research is based on the thermal and flow properties of the viscoelastic Oldroyd 8 constant fluid in an upright microchannel. The energy and momentum equations were solved with the support of temperature Jump and velocity slip boundary conditions. To measure the irreversibility rate of the flow system, the acquired results of velocity and thermal equations were used. To crack the current mathematical model problem, the numerical Runge–Kutta–Fehlberg method was used. With the aid of graphs, the effect of physical parameters such as thermal radiation, thermal‐dependent heat source, Joule heating, fluid parameters, velocity slip, and temperature Jump parameters on the fluid flow, thermal energy, and system entropy generation was discussed. Fluid parameters have different effects on the velocity profile. The Grashof and Hartmann numbers demonstrate opposite effects on the momentum field. The thermal energy of the system reduces with thermal radiation and temperature Jump factor. The thermal radiation, Hartmann number, and temperature Jump parameters reduce the system's irreversibility rate. With the Brinkman number and temperature Jump parameter, the irreversibility ratio increases.
Effects of biochar combined with nitrogen reduction on the soil microbial community of rapeseed

ABSTRACT Excessive N critically depresses soil properties. Biochar has the potential to enhance soil health. A two-year field experiment was conducted to analyze the effects of biochar (0, 10, 20 and 40 t ha−1, namely, B0, B10, B20 and B40) combined with N (180, 144 and 108 kg ha−1, namely, N100, N80 and N60) on soil microorganisms. Results showed that B10 significantly promoted soil microbial biomass and had a strong correlation with most microbial groups, mainly reflected in a15:00, 10Me17:0, i18:0, i19:0, i16:0, 16:1w5c, 10Me18:0, 18:0 2OH and 18:00, while N60 decreased fungi and actinomycete content. Soil microbial functional activity was also significantly increased under B10 and B20 treatments and decreased under N80 and N60 treatments, compared to B0 treatment and N100 treatment, respectively. Microbial functional composition was also changed greatly by biochar, and B10 and B20 were closely related to most carbon sources. The combination of B10 and N80 significantly increased soil microbial biomass (total PLFA by 1.4 nM kg−1) and functional activity (Shannon index and Evenness index by 0.8%) compared with conventional N management (N100B0). Our findings reveal that biochar can achieve N reduction and enhance soil microbial diversity and community stability in purple soil regions of southwest China.
Financial Modeling: A Backward Stochastic Differential Equations Perspective

Part I: An Introductory Course in Stochastic Processes. - 1.Some classes of Discrete-Time Stochastic Processes. -2.Some Classes of Continuous-Time Stochastic Processes. - 3.Elements of Stochastic Analysis. - Part II: Pricing Equations. - 4.Martingale Modeling. - 5.Benchmark Models. - Part III: Numerical Solutions. - 6.Monte Carlo Methods. - 7.Tree Methods. - 8.Finite Differences. - 9.Callibration Methods. - Part IV: Applications. - 10.Simulation/ Regression Pricing Schemes in Diffusive Setups. - 11.Simulation/ Regression Pricing Schemes in Pure Jump Setups. - Part V: Jump-Diffusion Setup with Regime Switching (**). - 12.Backward Stochastic Differential Equations. - 13.Analytic Approach. - 14.Extensions. - Part VI: Appendix. - A.Technical Proofs (**). - B.Exercises. - C.Corrected Problem Sets.