Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Understanding Words that Wound

Successor and companion volume to Words that Wound, the first book to argue for recognition of hate speech as a serious social problem. The current volume greatly expands the coverage of hate speech, including chapters on children, the Internet, recent cases, campus hate speech codes, and international responses. Deals expressly with arguments against hate-speech regulation, as well as the case for it.Written by leading critical race theorists Richard Delgado and Jean Stefancic, this volume succinctly explores a host of issues presented by hate speech, including legal theories for regulating it, the harms it causes, and policy arguments pro and con suppressing it. Chapters analyze hate speech on campus, the history of hate speech in America, the careers of particular words as "nigger," "spick," "wop," and "kike," hate speech against whites, and the special case of children. Particular attention is devoted to hate on the Internet, talk radio, and to the role of white supremacist groups in disseminating it. Designed to be accessible to the general public and students, this book features reading lists, exercises, and questions for discussion. This book accompanies and expands on the prize-winning volume Words that Wound: Critical Race Theory, Assaultive Speech, and the First Amendment, also published by Westview Press.
Carousel-based wireless multicast transmission over WLANs employing raptor codes

Data carousels are a traditional way of providing reliable multicast transmission without the need for per-user feedback channels. Application Layer Forward Error Correction (AL-FEC) codes (in the form of Reed-Solomon codes) have previously been used to improve the performance of data carousels. However, until now, their joint design has only been investigated analytically with unrealistic random packet loss values. In this paper we investigate the joint design of an AL-FEC enhanced data carousel for use in an outdoor 802.11 multicast wireless LAN. We use an advanced end-to-end system level simulator to determine the optimal design parameters. Furthermore, we extend previous research in this area by combining data carousels with AL-FEC based on fountain codes. Our simulation results show that this new approach is more efficient than traditional Reed-Solomon block codes. More specifically, average download times are reduced, percentages of satisfied users are increased and valuable network resources are more efficiently utilized.
Deviation in Belief Change on Fragments of Propositional Logic

It is known that prominent fragments of propositional logic are not closed under standard belief change operators. That is, applying such operators to knowledge bases in a fragment may produce results that have no equivalent in the same language. However, the potential range of such a deviation has not been investigated yet. In this paper, we give a systematic study of this problem by considering four prominent change operators (Dalal, Satoh, Winslett, and Forbus) and three important fragments (1CNF, Krom, and Horn). While all operators are shown to be closed under the 1CNF fragment, we observe that for the other two fragments the behavior of the operators significantly differs. We expect our considerations on deviation to play an important role in the design of change operators for concrete Knowledge Representation formalisms.
Influence of Family Cohesion and Sense of Filial Responsibility on Viewpoints Regarding Socialization of Elderly Care in East Asian Countries

In East Asian countries, including Japan, South Korea and China, support for elderly parents has become a social problem as the elderly population continues to increase. Support for elderly parents in East Asian countries has been affected by the traditional norms set by Confucianism, though at differing levels [1]. A typical lesson of Confucianism is jin (benevolence), which is considered to refer to affection and respect between people [2]. The practice of jin to parents, who are the closest persons around someone, is called kou, or filial duty. Based on these values, it has been considered ideal in East Asian countries that children support their parents, and children are expected to fulfill this duty. On the other hand, with rapid modernization of the social structure in these countries, conventional family support is becoming more difficult because of a marked reduction in family function due to a trend toward nuclear families and the individuation of family members [3]. Accordingly, socialization of caregiving for elderly parents, as well as childcare and education, is required. In Japan, an elderly care insurance system was implemented in 2000, while in South Korea a chronic care system was implemented in 2008. Abstract The present study was conducted to clarify the influence of family resources on viewpoints regarding the socialization of elderly care based on data from 636 Japanese students and 368 of their parents; 461 South Korean students and 460 of their parents; and 959 Chinese students and 707 of their parents. Specifically, a causal model was established describing the influence of family cohesion on viewpoints regarding the socialization of elderly care through a sense of filial responsibility. By classifying the subjects into six groups according to country (Japan, South Korea and China) and generation (students and their parents), the goodness of fit for this causal model to the data and relationships were examined using structural equation modeling. In China, family cohesion influenced the sense of filial responsibility, whereas the sense of filial responsibility did not influence viewpoints regarding the socialization of elderly care. In Japan and South Korea, family cohesion influenced viewpoints regarding the socialization of elderly care through attitudes toward emotional support. The influence of family resources on viewpoints regarding the socialization of elderly care became smaller as the socialization of elderly care developed. (Accepted Jun. 27, 2011)
Knockdown of Dyslexia-Gene Dcdc2 Interferes with Speech Sound Discrimination in Continuous Streams

Dyslexia is the most common developmental language disorder and is marked by deficits in reading and phonological awareness. One theory of dyslexia suggests that the phonological awareness deficit is due to abnormal auditory processing of speech sounds. Variants in DCDC2 and several other neural migration genes are associated with dyslexia and may contribute to auditory processing deficits. In the current study, we tested the hypothesis that RNAi suppression of Dcdc2 in rats causes abnormal cortical responses to sound and impaired speech sound discrimination. In the current study, rats were subjected in utero to RNA interference targeting of the gene Dcdc2 or a scrambled sequence. Primary auditory cortex (A1) responses were acquired from 11 rats (5 with Dcdc2 RNAi; DC−) before any behavioral training. A separate group of 8 rats (3 DC−) were trained on a variety of speech sound discrimination tasks, and auditory cortex responses were acquired following training. Dcdc2 RNAi nearly eliminated the ability of rats to identify specific speech sounds from a continuous train of speech sounds but did not impair performance during discrimination of isolated speech sounds. The neural responses to speech sounds in A1 were not degraded as a function of presentation rate before training. These results suggest that A1 is not directly involved in the impaired speech discrimination caused by Dcdc2 RNAi. This result contrasts earlier results using Kiaa0319 RNAi and suggests that different dyslexia genes may cause different deficits in the speech processing circuitry, which may explain differential responses to therapy. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT Although dyslexia is diagnosed through reading difficulty, there is a great deal of variation in the phenotypes of these individuals. The underlying neural and genetic mechanisms causing these differences are still widely debated. In the current study, we demonstrate that suppression of a candidate-dyslexia gene causes deficits on tasks of rapid stimulus processing. These animals also exhibited abnormal neural plasticity after training, which may be a mechanism for why some children with dyslexia do not respond to intervention. These results are in stark contrast to our previous work with a different candidate gene, which caused a different set of deficits. Our results shed some light on possible neural and genetic mechanisms causing heterogeneity in the dyslexic population.
M-IVC: Using Multiple Input Vectors to Minimize Aging-Induced Delay

Negative bias temperature instability (NBTI) has been a significant reliability concern in current digital circuit design due to its effect of increasing the path delay with time and in turn degrading the circuit performance. NBTI degradation has strong dependence on input pattern and duty cycles. Based on this observation, we propose to apply multiple input vectors to the combination circuit in a non-uniform way during standby mode. Multiple input vectors can enhance the capability to control the circuit nodes, achieve smaller duty cycles to reduce the stress time of gates and thus mitigate static NBTI. A constrained multi-object optimization model is formalized to find the optimal combination of duty cycles for timing-critical paths, which in turn minimizes the increase of path delay. An ATPG-like procedure is then presented to generate the corresponding input vectors. Experimental results demonstrate that the delay increase of timing-critical paths can be mitigated significantly under long time NBTI effect (10-year) by only applying a small number of vectors.
Ca2+-induced Ca2+ Release in Chinese Hamster Ovary (CHO) Cells Co-expressing Dihydropyridine and Ryanodine Receptors

Combined patch-clamp and Fura-2 measurements were performed on chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells co-expressing two channel proteins involved in skeletal muscle excitation-contraction (E-C) coupling, the ryanodine receptor (RyR)-Ca2+ release channel (in the membrane of internal Ca2+ stores) and the dihydropyridine receptor (DHPR)-Ca2+ channel (in the plasma membrane). To ensure expression of functional L-type Ca2+ channels, we expressed α2, β, and γ DHPR subunits and a chimeric DHPR α1 subunit in which the putative cytoplasmic loop between repeats II and III is of skeletal origin and the remainder is cardiac. There was no clear indication of skeletal-type coupling between the DHPR and the RyR; depolarization failed to induce a Ca2+ transient (CaT) in the absence of extracellular Ca2+ ([Ca2+]o). However, in the presence of [Ca2+]o, depolarization evoked CaTs with a bell-shaped voltage dependence. About 30% of the cells tested exhibited two kinetic components: a fast transient increase in intracellular Ca2+ concentration ([Ca2+]i) (the first component; reaching 95% of its peak <0.6 s after depolarization) followed by a second increase in [Ca2+]i which lasted for 5–10 s (the second component). Our results suggest that the first component primarily reflected Ca2+ influx through Ca2+ channels, whereas the second component resulted from Ca2+ release through the RyR expressed in the membrane of internal Ca2+ stores. However, the onset and the rate of Ca2+ release appeared to be much slower than in native cardiac myocytes, despite a similar activation rate of Ca2+ current. These results suggest that the skeletal muscle RyR isoform supports Ca2+-induced Ca2+ release but that the distance between the DHPRs and the RyRs is, on average, much larger in the cotransfected CHO cells than in cardiac myocytes. We conclude that morphological properties of T-tubules and/or proteins other than the DHPR and the RyR are required for functional “close coupling” like that observed in skeletal or cardiac muscle. Nevertheless, some of our results imply that these two channels are potentially able to directly interact with each other.
A Cloud Based Framework for Identification of Influential Health Experts from Twitter

The ever increasing growth in health related data has necessitated the development of pervasive tools and technologies to manage the huge data volumes. Likewise, the conventional healthcare services are transforming into patient-centric services to offer ubiquitous access to the health related information. However, there is a need to extend the capabilities of the existing health services and tools so that users could become aware about their health, devise wellness plans, and seek experts' advice at no or low cost using the social media. In this paper, we propose a cloud based framework that uses Twitter data to offer recommendations about the most influential health experts. We employ a variant of the Hyperlink-Induced Topic Search (HITS) approach to identify the candidate health experts based on health related keywords used in the tweets. Subsequently, we propose an influence metric that calculates the influence of the candidate experts based on various parameters. The proposed approach attained high accuracy when compared to other approaches for expert user identification. Moreover, experimental results exhibit that the approach is highly scalable for workloads of varying sizes.
A comparison of distance methods effectiveness in retrieving relevant articles in agricultural domain

The large volume of online and offline information that is available today has overwhelmed users' efficiency and effectiveness in processing this information in order to extract relevant information. The exponential growth of the volume of internet information complicates the process of accessing and retrieving relevant information. Thus, it is a very time consuming and complex task for user in accessing relevant information. Information retrieval (IR) is a branch of artificial intelligence that tackles the problem of accessing and retrieving relevant information. The aim of IR is to enable the available data source to be queried for relevant information efficiently and effectively. However, in retrieving relevant information, several methods have been proposed to measure the similarity between the posted query and the articles retrieved. Different distance methods will rank these articles differently. This paper studies and compares the effectiveness of using different distance methods in retrieving relevant documents based on 17 specific queries in the agricultural domain. The obtained results of the experiment are empirically evaluated.
Women and homelessness in Europe: Pathways, services and experiences

Part One The contextual chapters: Introduction, Bill Edgar, Joe Doherty Gendering homelessness, Joe Doherty Women, the housing market and homelessness, Bill Edgar. Part Two Homelessness trends and services in Europe: Pathways - Women and homelessness in Portugal, Alfredo Bruto da Costa, Isabel Baptista Homeless women in Spain Pedro Jose Cabrera Women, the welfare state and homelessness in the Republic of Ireland, Eoin O'Sullivan and Mary Higgins Women and homelessness in the United Kingdom, Robert Aldridge Poverty, housing problems and homelessness among women in Belgium, Pascal De Decker Women, homelessness and the welfare state in Denmark, Anders Munk, Inger Koch-Nielsen, Mette Raun Services - Poverty, social exclusion and homelessness among women in Austria, Klaudia Novak, Heinz Schoibl Homeless women in France Amy Mina-Coull, Stephane Tartinville Access to housing for women in Greece, Aristides Sapounakis, Vasiliki Gamagari Just looking for a home - immigrant women in Italy, Antonio Tosi Homelessness and ethnicity in the Netherlands, Henk de Feijter Substance abuse problems and women's homelessness in Finland, Sirkka-Liisa Karkkainen Experiences - Homeless women in Luxembourg - what do they expect of services? , Monique Pels Women, exclusion and homelessness in Germany, Uta Enders-Dragasser (In-)visibility and shame - the stigma of being a woman and homeless in Sweden, Catharina Thorn Conclusions, Bill Edgar and Joe Doherty.
Modelling of Cuk Rectifier for Power Factor Correction

Cuk converter is a dc-dc converter; it can use for step up and step down of voltage by varying duty ratio. cuk converter have low ripples in output. cuk converter can use for power factor correction applications by operating discontinuous mode, there switching occurs in zero values of current . discontinuous means current approaches to zero, when supply voltage and current are in phase ,power factor changes to unity. if load is capacitive, output voltage have to buck still supply voltage and current are In phase, that is unity power factor.
Effects of Vanadate on Heart and Circulation

Summary In anesthetized cats vanadate (Na3VO4) up to 0.5 mg/kg increased blood pressure and left ventricular end-diastolic pressure (LVEDP) but decreased the force of contraction and heart rate. At 1 mg/kg, LVEDP increased markedly in parallel with an elevation of the ST segment of the electrocardiogram and a pronounced decrease in blood pressure; these effects were reversible within a few minutes. In isolated Langendorff heart preparations of guinea pigs perfused at constant pressure, vanadate decreased flow rate (EC50 = 5.3 μmoles/liter) and contractile force (EC50 = 6.9 μmoles/liter). Vanadate increased tension in isolated aortic strips of cats (EC50 = 115 μmoles/liter) and rabbits (EC50 = 435 μmoles/liter). Vanadate also increased the force of isometric contractions of papillary muscles of guinea pigs, cats, and rabbits, the EC50, values being 124, 110, or 66 μmoles/liter, respectively. We conclude that the negative ionotropic action of vanadate is brought about by marked coronary constriction occurring at concentrations which are too low to have a direct positive action on ventricular myocardium.
Peripheral astigmatism in the human eye: experimental data and theoretical model predictions.

A quantitative statistical evaluation of peripheral astigmatism in the horizontal meridian of emmetropic human eyes has been made, using the measurements of Rempt et al. on 363 subjects. A hypothesis of Ferree, Rand, and Hardy, according to which human eyes fall into two distinct classes with respect to Sturm’s interval, is not supported by the present material. The mean values of Sturm’s interval at 20°, 40°, and 60° eccentricity can be well approximated by a symmetrical curve whose axis forms an angle of 4° with the fixation axis and therefore is close to the optical axis of the eye as derived from the Purkinje images. Theoretical values for Sturm’s interval calculated from a relatively simple eye model with aspherics, based on Gullstrand’s model, though lying within the range of experimental findings, do not fit well Rempt’s average values.
An ethnobotanical study on the medicinal plants used by Rajbanshis of Coochbehar district, West Bengal, India

Rajbanshis, the descendants of Koches, are living in the Terai and Brahmaputra valley of the eastern Himalaya for thousands of years. This area is a treasure house of biodiversity. Traditionally being settled agriculturist, people under this community have a vast array of knowledge on the uses of plants. They inherit the knowledge of using plants for the treatment of common diseases prevailed in this area. Local medicine men in their community called ojha or Mahan are expert in this form of treatment. However, present generation Rajbanshis are reluctant to their inherited knowledge and local resources of plants for therapeutic purposes. This warrants urgent documentation of their ethnomedicinal knowledge and conservation of the fast depleting plant resources. In this study, household survey was carried out to record ethnomedicinal knowledge of Rajbanshi people of Coochbehar district in West Bengal. This paper reports the uses of twenty-nine medicinal plants commonly used by them.
Brain State Dependent Postinhibitory Rebound in Entorhinal Cortex Interneurons

Postinhibitory rebound (PIR) is believed to play an important role in the genesis and maintenance of biological rhythms. While it has been demonstrated during several in vitro studies, in vivo evidence for PIR remains scarce. Here, we report that PIR can be observed in the dorsomedial entorhinal cortex of anesthetized rats, mostly between putatively connected GABAergic interneurons, and that it is more prevalent during the theta (4–6 Hz) oscillation state than the slow (0.5–2 Hz) oscillation state. Functional inhibition was also found to be brain state and postsynaptic cell type dependent but that alone could not explain this brain state dependence of PIR. A theoretical analysis, using two Fitzhugh–Nagumo neurons coupled to an external periodic drive, predicted that the modulation of a faster spiking rate by the slower periodic drive could account for the brain state dependence of PIR. Model predictions were verified experimentally. We conclude that PIR is cell type and brain state dependent and propose that this could impact network synchrony and rhythmogenesis.
The Probabilistic Convolution Tree: Efficient Exact Bayesian Inference for Faster LC-MS/MS Protein Inference

Exact Bayesian inference can sometimes be performed efficiently for special cases where a function has commutative and associative symmetry of its inputs (called “causal independence”). For this reason, it is desirable to exploit such symmetry on big data sets. Here we present a method to exploit a general form of this symmetry on probabilistic adder nodes by transforming those probabilistic adder nodes into a probabilistic convolution tree with which dynamic programming computes exact probabilities. A substantial speedup is demonstrated using an illustration example that can arise when identifying splice forms with bottom-up mass spectrometry-based proteomics. On this example, even state-of-the-art exact inference algorithms require a runtime more than exponential in the number of splice forms considered. By using the probabilistic convolution tree, we reduce the runtime to and the space to where is the number of variables joined by an additive or cardinal operator. This approach, which can also be used with junction tree inference, is applicable to graphs with arbitrary dependency on counting variables or cardinalities and can be used on diverse problems and fields like forward error correcting codes, elemental decomposition, and spectral demixing. The approach also trivially generalizes to multiple dimensions.
Non‐parametric estimation and model checking procedures for marginal gap time distributions for recurrent events

For recurrent events there is evidence that misspecification of the frailty distribution can cause severe bias in estimated regression coefficients (Am. J. Epidemiol 1998; 149:404–411; Statist. Med. 2006; 25:1672–1684). In this paper we adapt a procedure originally suggested in (Biometrika 1999; 86:381–393) for parallel data for checking the gamma frailty to recurrent events. To apply the model checking procedure, a consistent non‐parametric estimator for the marginal gap time distributions is needed. This is in general not possible due to induced dependent censoring in the recurrent events setting, however, in (Biometrika 1999; 86:59–70) a non‐parametric estimator for the joint gap time distributions based on the principle of inverse probability of censoring weights is suggested. Here, we attempt to apply this estimator in the model checking procedure and the performance of the method is investigated with simulations and applied to Danish registry data. The method is further investigated using the usual Kaplan–Meier estimator and a marginalized estimator for the marginal gap time distributions. We conclude that the procedure only works when the recurrent event is common and when the intra‐individual association between gap times is weak. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.