Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Linguistic diversity in deaf defendants and due process rights.

Historically, ensuring the due process rights of deaf defendants has been a problematic issue in the criminal justice system (McAlister, 1994; Smith, 1994; Vernon & Coley, 1978; Vernon & Greenburg, 1996; Vernon & Miller, in press; Vernon & Raifman, 1997; Whalen, 1981; Wood, 1984). Inadequate communication can radically affect a deaf defendant's interactions in the courtroom. Pursuant to the concepts of fairness enshrined in the U.S. Constitution and the specific statutory language contained in federal and state laws, the courts must provide equal access for deaf defendants (Berko, 1992; Gallie & Smith, 2000; McCoy, 1992; Simon, 1994; Vernon & Raifman, 1997). It is the responsibility of the court to ensure that the appropriate accommodation is provided in the language most readily understood by the defendant.When adjudicating a deaf criminal defendant, courts must make certain that the defendant has equal access to various due process activities, such as assisting counsel in the development of a defense, deciding whether to testify, deciding which plea to enter, understanding the charges, understanding one's position as defendant, and comprehending the role of the defense and prosecuting attorneys, and judge (Berko, 1994; King, 1990; Simon, 1994; Smith, 1994; Vernon & Coley, 1978; Vernon & Miller, in press; Vernon, Raifman, & Greenberg, 1996). However, complex linguistic issues that impinge on adjudicative competence are present in some deaf defendants (Vernon & Miller, in press; Vernon & Raifman, 1997). Adjudicative competence refers to an individual's ability to adequately comprehend and participate in legal proceedings and due process activities. When diverse language use is an issue, a deaf defendant's ability to participate in proceedings can be established by the court using the modern test of adjudicative competence (Dusky v. U.S., 1960). This test examines a defendant's state of mind at the time of trial rather than at the time of the offense in terms of these factors: a defendant's capacity to participate, reasonable understanding of the proceedings, and level of cognitive functioning, irrespective of any mental disorder. This article will outline linguistic barriers to due process for deaf defendants.
The unusually high Tc in rare-earth-doped single crystalline CaFe2As2

In rare-earth-doped single crystalline CaFe2As2, the mysterious small volume fraction which superconducts up to 49 K, much higher than the bulk Tc ~ 30 s K, has prompted a long search for a hidden variable that could enhance the Tc by more than 30% in iron-based superconductors of the same structure. Here we report a chemical, structural and magnetic study of CaFe2As2 systematically doped with La, Ce, Pr and Nd. Coincident with the high Tc phase, we find extreme magnetic anisotropy, accompanied by an unexpected doping-independent Tc and equally unexpected superparamagnetic clusters associated with As vacancies. These observations lead us to conjecture that the tantalizing Tc enhancement may be associated with naturally occurring chemical interfaces and may thus provide a new paradigm in the search for superconductors with higher Tc.
Understanding Knowledge-Intensive, Practice-Oriented Business Processes

In order to create new opportunities for competitive differentiation, organisations are starting to shift their focus from transactional operational business processes (BPs) to other types of processes that cannot be easily replicated. Their key ingredients are human knowledge, experience and creativity that cannot be standardised, prescribed and easily acquired. While Business Process Management (BPM) research and practice will remain focused on highly structured operational BPs for quite some time, there is a need to better understand other types of BPs, especially their knowledge aspect. This is expected to lead to new knowledge management strategies and processes designed to better leverage human capital to ensure continuous improvement of business processes. This paper focuses on knowledge-intensive, practice-oriented BPs. It describes an exploratory case study of a complex practice-oriented BP in a large, multi-unit organization and illustrates how our research findings expand current BPM boundaries, especially in the area of BP improvement methodologies.
Midbrain dopamine neurons signal aversion in a reward-context-dependent manner

Dopamine is thought to regulate learning from appetitive and aversive events. Here we examined how optogenetically-identified dopamine neurons in the lateral ventral tegmental area of mice respond to aversive events in different conditions. In low reward contexts, most dopamine neurons were exclusively inhibited by aversive events, and expectation reduced dopamine neurons’ responses to reward and punishment. When a single odor predicted both reward and punishment, dopamine neurons’ responses to that odor reflected the integrated value of both outcomes. Thus, in low reward contexts, dopamine neurons signal value prediction errors (VPEs) integrating information about both reward and aversion in a common currency. In contrast, in high reward contexts, dopamine neurons acquired a short-latency excitation to aversive events that masked their VPE signaling. Our results demonstrate the importance of considering the contexts to examine the representation in dopamine neurons and uncover different modes of dopamine signaling, each of which may be adaptive for different environments. DOI: http://dx.doi. org/10.7554/eLife.17328. 001
Comorbid illness is an important determinant of health-related quality of life in patients with chronic hepatitis C

OBJECTIVES:Chronic hepatitis C (CHC) patients selected for entry into treatment trials have been reported to have impaired health-related quality of life (HRQOL). However, these trials have an inherent selection bias, and HRQOL in CHC patients may have been underestimated because of the exclusion of patients with comorbid illness. The aim of this study was to assess HRQOL in an unselected group of CHC patients and to identify factors associated with impairment in HRQOL.METHODS:A total of 220 consecutive eligible CHC patients were enrolled from a hepatology clinic. HRQOL was assessed by the short form 36 (SF-36) and comorbid illnesses were assessed by an interview.RESULTS:CHC patients had significantly lower SF-36 scores in all subscales and in the summary scales when compared to those of the healthy general population in the United States (p < 0.001). Compared to CHC patients entering treatment trials, our patients had lower SF-36 scores on five subscales (p < 0.001). The presence of comorbid illness was the most important predictor of HRQOL in CHC patients. However, CHC alone resulted in significantly lower SF-36 scores in all subscales and summary scales (p≤ 0.003) compared to those of the healthy U.S. population. There was no correlation between SF-36 scores and history of i.v. drug use or dependence, alcohol dependence, and serum aminotransferase levels.CONCLUSIONS:We conclude that unselected CHC patients presenting for medical evaluation have a reduced HRQOL, which is lower than that reported for CHC patients entering treatment trials. CHC alone is associated with significant impairment in HRQOL, but the presence of comorbid illness leads to further diminution in HRQOL.
Sensitivity Characteristics of Fabry-Perot Pressure Sensors Based on Hollow-Core Microstructured Fibers

In this paper, the sensitivity characteristics of Fabry-Perot (F-P) hydrostatic pressure sensor based on two different hollow-core (HC) microstructured optical fibers are experimentally and theoretically investigated. The sensors are fabricated by simply splicing a length of HC fiber to singlemode fibers. Hydrostatic pressure is measured by monitoring the wavelength shifts of the interferometric fringes as a result of the two reflection beams at the splicing points. The measured pressure sensitivities of F-P sensors fabricated on the simplified HC microstructured fiber and hollow-core photonic bandgap fiber (HC-PBGF) are - 17.3 and - 23.4 pm/MPa, respectively. Theoretical investigation is then carried out based on the analysis of elastic properties for the individual fibers. The calculated result suggests that the pressure sensitivities are dominantly determined by the induced changes in cavity length. In comparison, the contribution of mode-index change is slight. The mechanisms behind the mode-index changes for the two fibers are clarified by analyzing the deformation of the fiber structure under pressure. The holey microstructure is highly deformable compared to the solid fiber, which provide another dimension for the implementation of tunable photonic devices.
Chronic Posttraumatic Epilepsy following Neocortical Undercut Lesion in Mice

Posttraumatic epilepsy (PTE) usually develops in a small percentage of patients of traumatic brain injury after a varying latent period. Modeling this chronic neurological condition in rodents is time consuming and inefficient, which constitutes a significant obstacle in studying its mechanism and discovering novel therapeutics for its prevention and treatment. Partially isolated neocortex, or undercut, is known to induce cortical hyperexcitability and epileptiform activity in vitro, and has been used extensively for studying the neurophysiological mechanism of posttraumatic epileptogenesis. However, whether the undercut lesion in rodents causes chronic epileptic seizures has not been systematically characterized. Here we used a miniature telemetry system to continuously monitor electroencephalography (EEG) in adult C57BL mice for up to 3 months after undercut surgery. We found that 50% of animals developed spontaneous seizures between 16–50 days after injury. The mean seizure duration was 8.9±3.6 seconds, and the average seizure frequency was 0.17±0.17 times per day. There was no progression in seizure frequency and duration over the recording period. Video monitoring revealed behavioral arrests and clonic limb movement during seizure attacks. A pentylenetetrazol (PTZ) test further showed increased seizure susceptibility in the undercut mice. We conclude that undercut lesion in mice is a model of chronic PTE that involves spontaneous epileptic seizures.
Synthesizing Argumentation Frameworks from Examples

Argumentation is today a topical area of artificial intelligence (AI) research. Abstract argumentation, with argumentation frameworks (AFs) as the underlying knowledge representation formalism, is a central viewpoint to argumentation in AI. Indeed, from the perspective of AI and computer science, understanding computational and representational aspects of AFs is key in the study of argumentation. Realizability of AFs has been recently proposed as a central notion for analyzing the expressive power of AFs under different semantics. In this work, we propose and study the AF synthesis problem as a natural extension of realizability, addressing some of the shortcomings arising from the relatively stringent definition of realizability. In particular, realizability gives means of establishing exact conditions on when a given collection of subsets of arguments has an AF with exactly the given collection as its set of extensions under a specific argumentation semantics. However, in various settings within the study of dynamics of argumentation---including revision and aggregation of AFs---non-realizability can naturally occur. To accommodate such settings, our notion of AF synthesis seeks to construct, or synthesize, AFs that are semantically closest to the knowledge at hand even when no AFs exactly representing the knowledge exist. Going beyond defining the AF synthesis problem, we study both theoretical and practical aspects of the problem. In particular, we (i) prove NP-completeness of AF synthesis under several semantics, (ii) study basic properties of the problem in relation to realizability, (iii) develop algorithmic solutions to NP-hard AF synthesis using the constraint optimization paradigms of maximum satisfiability and answer set programming, (iv) empirically evaluate our algorithms on different forms of AF synthesis instances, as well as (v) discuss variants and generalizations of AF synthesis.
TGF-β-Producing CD4+ Mediastinal Lymph Node Cells Obtained from Mice Tracheally Tolerized to Ovalbumin (OVA) Suppress Both Th1- and Th2-Induced Cutaneous Inflammatory Responses to OVA by Different Mechanisms1

Advances in the treatment of allergic disorders require elucidation of the autoregulatory immune systems induced in averting detrimental inflammatory responses against invading foreign Ags. We previously reported that excessive Ags intruding through the airway mucosa induce a subset of regulatory CD4+ T cells secreting TGF-β in the regional mediastinal lymph nodes (MLNs), which inhibits Th2 cells and subsequent eosinophilic inflammation in the trachea. In the present experiments we examined whether and in what mechanisms TGF-β-secreting CD4+ T cells in the MLNs regulate Th cell-mediated skin inflammation using a previously established murine model. Th1 or Th2 cells injected s.c. into ear lobes of naive mice induced swelling, whereas the concomitant local injection of MLN cells suppressed the inflammation. The suppressor activities of MLN cells were markedly neutralized by anti-TGF-β mAb and were mimicked by rTGF-β. The MLN cell- and rTGF-β-induced inhibition was reversed by anti-IL-10 mAb significantly in Th1-induced inflammation and only partially in Th2-induced inflammation. rIL-10 reduced Th-induced ear swelling, although higher doses of rIL-10 were required in Th2-induced one. Thus, allergen-specific TGF-β-producing CD4+ T cells induced in the respiratory tract controlled cutaneous inflammatory responses by Th1 or Th2 cells either directly by TGF-β or indirectly through IL-10 induction. From a clinical standpoint, these observations might explain the mechanism of spontaneous regression in some patients with atopic dermatitis, which exhibits both Th1- and Th2-mediated skin inflammation in response to airborne protein Ags.
Applying Activity Patterns for Developing an Intelligent Process Modeling Tool

Due to their high level of abstraction and their reusability, workflow patterns are increasingly attracting the interest of both BPM researchers and BPM tool vendors. Frequently, process models can be assembled out of a set of recurrent business functions (e.g., task execution request, approval, notification), each of them having generic semantics that can be described as activity pattern. To our best knowledge, so far, there has been no extensive work implementing such activity patterns in a process modeling tool. In this paper we present an approach for modeling business processes and workflows. It is based on a suite which, when being implemented in a process modeling tool, allows to design business processes based on well-defined (process) activity patterns. Our suite further provides support for analysing and verifying certain properties of the composed process models (e.g., absence of deadlocks and livelocks). Finally, our approach considers both business processes designed from scratch and processes extracted from legacy systems.
Towards estimating cardiac motion using low-rank representation and topology preservation for ultrafast ultrasound data

Estimation of the cardiac motion is very important in order to detect heart diseases. This work presents a cardiac motion estimation approach using ultrafast ultrasound data. We optimize a variational framework which has the benefits of combining low-rank data representation with topology preservation. We show through the analysis of experimental results that this combination offers a radical reduction in computational time and noise while ensuring preservation of the anatomical structure of the heart under complex deformations. Although in this work we use the heart as a study case, our solution is promising to analyze other organs experiencing motion.
Wear Protection of Deep Drawing Tools by Systematic Optimization of Highly Stressed Surfaces

The automotive sector is one of the largest energy consumers in Germany. Requests from politics and industry to significantly reduce emissions require new developments during utilization as well as during production phase. In line with the framework concept "InnoCaT", where more than 60 companies and research facilities from Germany take part, possibilities for producing companies are developed and analyzed to reduce the resource and energy consumption and by this reducing costs along the entire process chain of car body manufacturing. One approach to design car bodies lighter and more efficiently is to use aluminium and high strength steels. By this means weight and sheet thickness are reduced. However higher strengths of the steels and the adhesion affinity of aluminium significantly increase the requirements regarding the used tool steel. Thus grooves or galling appear more frequent at highly stressed surfaces. To assure high lifetimes and by this increase especially the resource efficiency concerning use of material and setting-up times within the press plant, a local optimization at the highly stressed surfaces is necessary. For this a FEM/BEM-tool for a time efficient and exact calculation of the occurring tool loads for complex die profiles is developed. Based on this development of load calculation a shape-optimization is performed at the corresponding areas. After the geometric optimization of the tool a local laser surface treatment for further wear protection is carried out using laser cladding or laser alloying/ -dispersing. By combining the technologies a highly wear resistant surface is achievable, which increases the tool's lifetime as well as the reproducibility within production.
Bmc Complementary and Alternative Medicine the Use of Traditional Medicine by Ghanaians in Canada

Background: Research into health and health-care seeking behaviour amongst immigrant populations suggests that culturally-based behaviours change over time towards those prevalent in the host culture. Such acculturation of immigrant groups occurs as part of the interaction of immigrants with mainstream culture. This study examined the acculturation of Ghanaian immigrants in Greater Toronto Area (Canada) focusing particularly on attitudes towards and usage of Ghanaian traditional medicine (TRM).
Ultrasonography of Leg Veins in Patients Suspected of Having Pulmonary Embolism

TO THE EDITOR: Turkstra and colleagues espouse an untenable position: that a positive result on ultrasonography for deep venous thrombosis of the thigh is false if pulmonary embolism is not documented and that asymptomatic deep venous thrombosis therefore need not be treated in the absence of pulmonary embolism. Untreated symptomatic deep venous thrombosis has a historical mortality rate of 12% to 37% [1]; in asymptomatic, high-risk patients, the mortality rate is 1% to 5% [2]. Although the handful of patients not treated in this study did not develop pulmonary embolism or die, the standard of care mandates anti-coagulation for deep venous thrombosis of the lower extremity, including the calf [3]. Although ultrasonography is less sensitive below the knee, it can identify deep venous thrombosis of a calf vein [4]. Imaging below the knee is an essential component of ultrasonography of the lower extremity. The authors confirm well-known data: 1) Forty percent to 60% or more of patients with pulmonary embolism have negative results on noninvasive studies for deep venous thrombosis [4]; 2) results of such studies are negative in 40% to 70% of high-risk patients without signs or symptoms of deep venous thrombosis compared with venography [4]; and 3) 50% to 65% of patients with proven deep venous thrombosis have asymptomatic pulmonary embolism [5]. Because deep venous thrombosis and pulmonary medicine represent the continuum of venous thromboembolic disease, a positive result on noninvasive testing has been established as a surrogate for pulmonary embolism and the justification for its treatment. The sensitivity and specificity of ultrasonography is a measure of the method's ability to detect deep venous thrombosis and is appropriately evaluated by venography of the lower extremity. Turkstra and colleagues described the correlation between ultrasonographically documented deep venous thrombosis and pulmonary embolism in patients suspected of having pulmonary embolism; they did not describe the sensitivity and specificity of lower-extremity ultrasonography. Treatment of deep venous thrombosis reduces the incidence of recurrent deep venous thrombosis, the postphlebitic syndrome, pulmonary embolism, and death from venous thromboembolism. A person with a positive result on a noninvasive study of the legs must receive anticoagulation [3].
Summarization of Association Rules in Multi-tier Granule Mining

It is a big challenge to find useful associations in databases for user specific needs. The essential issue is how to provide efficient methods for describing meaningful associations and pruning false discoveries or meaningless ones. One major obstacle is the overwhelmingly large volume of discovered patterns. This paper discusses an alternative approach called multi-tier granule mining to improve frequent association mining. Rather than using patterns, it uses granules to represent knowledge implicitly contained in databases. It also uses multi-tier structures and association mappings to represent association rules in terms of granules. Consequently, association rules can be quickly accessed and meaningless association rules can be justified according to the association mappings. Moreover, the proposed structure is also an precise compression of patterns which can restore the original supports. The experimental results shows that the proposed approach is promising.
Data selection and smoothing in an open-source system for the 2008 NIST machine translation evaluation

This paper gives a detailed description of a statistical machine translation system developed for the 2008 NIST open MT evaluation. The system is based on the open source toolkit Moses with extensions for language model rescoring in a second pass. Significant improvements were obtained with data selection methods for the language and translation model. An improvement of more than 1 point BLEU on the test set was achieved by a continuous space language model which performs the probability estimation with a neural network. The described system has achieved a very good ranking in the 2008 NIST open MT evaluation.
Green Tea Consumption Affects Cognitive Dysfunction in the Elderly: A Pilot Study

Green tea is known to have various health benefits for humans. However, the effect of green tea consumption on cognitive dysfunction remains to be clinically verified. We conducted a clinical study to investigate the effects of green tea consumption on cognitive dysfunction. Twelve elderly nursing home residents with cognitive dysfunction (Mini-Mental State Examination Japanese version (MMSE-J) score: <28) participated in the study (2 men, 10 women; mean age, 88 years). The participants consumed green tea powder 2 g/day for 3 months. After three months of green tea consumption, the participants’ MMSE-J scores were significantly improved (before, 15.3 ± 7.7; after, 17.0 ± 8.2; p = 0.03). This result suggests that green tea consumption may be effective in improving cognitive function or reducing the progression of cognitive dysfunction; however, long-term large-scale controlled studies are needed to further clarify the effect.