Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
New age estimates and climatostratigraphic correlations for the Borrobol and Penifiler Tephras: evidence from Abernethy Forest, Scotland

The emerging tephrostratigraphy of NW Europe spanning the last termination (ca. 15–9 ka) provides the potential for synchronizing marine, ice‐core and terrestrial records, but is currently compromised by stratigraphic complications, geochemical ambiguity and imprecise age estimates for some layers. Here we present new tephrostratigraphic, radiocarbon and chironomid‐based palaeotemperature data from Abernethy Forest, Scotland, that refine the ages and stratigraphic positions of the Borrobol and Penifiler tephras. The Borrobol Tephra (14.14–13.95 cal ka BP) was deposited in a relatively warm period equated with Greenland Interstadial sub‐stage GI‐1e. The younger Penifiler Tephra (14.09–13.65 cal ka BP) is closely associated with a cold oscillation equated with GI‐1d. We also present evidence for a previously undescribed tephra layer that has a major‐element chemical signature identical to the Vedde Ash. It is associated with the warming trend at the end of the Younger Dryas, and dates between 11.79 and 11.20 cal ka BP. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Modeling CFC inventories and formation rates of Labrador Sea Water

A high‐resolution model of the North Atlantic Ocean is used to examine the potential of chlorofluorocarbon (CFC) inventories for calculating the rate of Labrador Sea Water (LSW) formation. While the simulated CFC‐11 inventory and its geographical distribution in 1997 is fairly similar to observations, the model indicates pronounced variations in the history of CFC uptake, reflecting pulsations in LSW renewal in response to changes in wintertime atmospheric conditions. The LSW formation rate based on the volume of newly homogenized water during a winter season varies between 0 Sv and 11 Sv, and it is correlated (with a lag of 1 year) with the North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO) Index. The CFC‐based estimate of the mean LSW formation rate is 3.5–4.4 Sv, approximately representing the mean volumetric formation rate (4.3 Sv) for the period 1970–1997.
Analysis of Thematic Maps Published in Two Geographical Journals in the Twentieth Century

This article examines changes in the design of thematic maps in two geographical journals (the Annals of the Association of American Geographers and The Geographical Journal) over the course of the twentieth century. We analyzed the design of thematic maps using both qualitative and quantitative content analyses. The qualitative content analysis involved writing positive and negative comments pertaining to eleven map design elements. For the quantitative content analysis, we created a set of seventeen items based on many of these same map design elements, but for each item there was a fixed set of possible nominal or ordinal-level responses. We also rated the overall effectiveness of map design using a ten-point scale. The overall design rating revealed a significant, albeit gradual, improvement in map design over the twentieth century, with considerable variation for individual years. The quantitative content analysis suggested that the improvement in map design over time was a function of improved readability and visual hierarchy and to some extent an improved logic of symbology (the latter was not significant over time). Perhaps more interesting were the summary statistics for certain map design elements. For instance, a source was not included on the majority of maps even though we felt that the maps could have been interpreted more effectively if a source were included. Another interesting finding was that thematic maps frequently fell in to what we describe as a miscellaneous category. Choropleth, dot, and other familiar thematic map symbolization types were much less common and their frequency varied considerably from year to year. Overall, our results are disconcerting because the quality of map design in these journals did not reflect our discipline's long interest in mapping and the importance of cartography to geography.
Trait evolution and historical biogeography shape assemblages of annual killifish

Reconstructions of evolutionary and historical biogeographic processes can improve our understanding of how species ssemblages developed and permit inference of ecological drivers affecting coexistence. We explore this approach in Austrolebias, a genus of annual fishes possessing a wide range of body sizes. Regional assemblages composed of different species with similar size distributions are found in four areas of eastern South America. Using phylogenetic trees, species distribution models and size data we show how trait evolution and historical biogeography have affected the composition of species assemblages. We extend age-range correlations to improve estimates of local historical biogeography. We find that size variation principally arose in a single area and infer that ecological interactions drove size divergence. This large-size lineage spread to two other areas. One of these assemblages was likely shaped by adaptation to a new environment, but this was not associated with additional size divergence. We found only weak evidence that environmental filtering has been important in the construction of the remaining assemblage with the smallest range of sizes. The repeated assemblage structures were the result of different evolutionary and historical processes. Our approach sheds light on how species assemblages were built when typical clustering approaches may fall short.
Sedimentological and geochemical evidence for multistage failure of volcanic island landslides: A case study from Icod landslide on north Tenerife, Canary Islands

Volcanic island landslides can pose a significant geohazard through landslide‐generated tsunamis. However, a lack of direct observations means that factors influencing tsunamigenic potential of landslides remain poorly constrained. The study of distal turbidites generated from past landslides can provide useful insights into key aspects of the landslide dynamics and emplacement process, such as total event volume and whether landslides occurred as single or multiple events. The northern flank of Tenerife has undergone multiple landslide events, the most recent being the Icod landslide dated at ∼165 ka. The Icod landslide generated a turbidite with a deposit volume of ∼210 km3, covering 355,000 km2of seafloor off northwest Africa. The Icod turbidite architecture displays a stacked sequence of seven normally graded sand and mud intervals (named subunits SBU1–7). Evidence from subunit bulk geochemistry, volume, basal grain size, volcanic glass composition and sand mineralogy, combined with petrophysical and geophysical data, suggests that the subunit facies represents multistage retrogressive failure of the Icod landslide. The basal subunits (SBU1–3) indicate that the first three stages of the landslide had a submarine component, whereas the upper subunits (SBU4–7) originated above sea level. The presence of thin, non‐bioturbated, mud intervals between subunit sands suggests a likely time interval of at least several days between each stage of failure. These results have important implications for tsunamigenesis from such landslides, as multistage retrogressive failures, separated by several days and with both a submarine and subaerial component, will have markedly lower tsunamigenic potential than a single‐block failure.
Target recognition of laser radar using correlation filter with in-plane rotation invariance

Laser radar can simultaneously produce the range image and the intensity image, and it can directly collect rich information of target. Compared with the other sensors, such as infrared or radar, laser radar can enhance the recognition rate and the precision of target aimed point. When laser radar vertically detects the objects on the plane ground, the correlation filters with in-plane rotation invariance are usually used to solving the problem of the target recognition. Traditional correlation filters are still improved on the aspect of recognition rate. In the paper, through deducing the relationship between support vector machine (SVM) and correlation principle in the signal processing, a new correlation filter, named linear SVM correlation filter (LSCF) that has the properties of SVM, is proposed. The real images of laser radar are used as the training and testing samples. The experiments state that the filter has good recognition attributes, such as stable correlation output and high recognition rate. LSCF is suitable to be the recognition algorithm of the imaging laser radar.
Co-axial horizontal stretching within extending orogens: the exhumation of HP rocks on Syros (Cyclades) revisited

Abstract Although the role of extensional tectonics in the exhumation of high-pressure metamorphic terranes is widely established, the kinematics of such deformation remains ambiguous. This paper outlines new field data from the Attic-Cycladic blueschist belt that suggest that distributed ductile strain plays a significant role in the extension and that, consequently, the role of major detachment faults may have been over-emphasized in previous studies. The high-pressure blueschist terrane (Ermoupolis Unit) of Syros shows abundant evidence of subhorizontal extension, manifest as layer boudinage and ductile thinning without the development of significant internal detachments. The deformation approximates to pure shear stretching that was heterogeneously distributed in space and time. Minor zones of asymmetric shear are interpreted not as through-going extensional shear zones but as structures that maintain compatibility between zones of differential stretching. The progression of deformation is charted through the systematic development of increasingly lower-pressure metamorphic assemblages. However, most of the decompression (potentially from 20 kbar to 6 kbar) occurred within the blueschist stability field, as the rocks were actively extending. Heterogeneous retrogression and concomitant deformation are believed to relate to the local chemistry and availability of hydrous fluids.
New particle formation in the marine boundary layer

Aerosol measurements were made in the marine boundary layer along the coast of Washington State during the Pacific Stratus Sulfur Investigation. On April 22 the particle concentration increased to levels much higher than usual for the clean marine boundary layer. The total particulate number concentration greater than 3 nm diameter increased rapidly from about 250 cm[sup [minus]3] to 3,200 cm[sup [minus]3], remained near that level for 7 hours, and then decreased over the next 2 hours to less than 400 cm[sup [minus]3]. The change could not be attributed to either local or distant contamination. Immediately before the increase particulate surface area concentration dropped from 25 [mu]m[sup 2] cm[sup [minus]3] to less than 5 [mu]m[sup 2] cm[sup [minus]3]. The SO[sub 2] concentration increased from about 20 pptv to 40-60 pptv just before the increase in particle concentration. While these measurements cannot distinguish between changes in number concentration caused by particle nucleation versus advection or vertical mixing, clearly there was recent or continuing particle production on a mesoscale in the air mass. Related aircraft measurements and model results support the hypothesis of new particle formation. These data provide evidence that at times high concentrations of new, ultrafine particles are formed at lowmore » SO[sub 2] concentrations under mareine conditions. This homogeneous nucleation, as opposed to heterogeneous condensation on existing particles, is strongly and inversely dependent on the concentration of existing particles. 19 refs., 4 figs.« less
Early Paleozoic orogenic collapse, tectonic stability, and late Paleozoic continental rifting revealed through thermochronology of K‐feldspars, southern Norway

Southern Norway was subjected to contractional orogenesis and subsequent extensional collapse during the early to middle Paleozoic when Baltica collided with Laurentia, resulting in the Caledonian Orogen. The largely unknown post‐Caledonian Paleozoic thermal history of the crust in southern Norway has been assessed through application of multiple diffusion domain thermal modeling of K‐feldspar 40Ar/39Ar data. Samples were collected along a 250 km E‐W traverse from the internides of the orogen along the western coast near Bergen through a series of middle to upper crustal nappes to the east. The K‐feldspar thermal models, which complement published mica and hornblende 40Ar/39AR data, are consistent with rapid cooling at the end of the Caledonian orogenic cycle, when Early Devonian (∼400 Ma) extensional collapse resulted in exhumation through mainly midcrustal conditions. Following extensional collapse, a period of relative tectonic and thermal stability may have prevailed until ∼300 Ma. The K‐feldspar modeling suggests that southern Norway entered a new phase of relatively rapid cooling (a few °C/Ma) in the Permo‐Carboniferous and that the increase in cooling rate was diachronous across the traverse. The onset of this cooling phase occurs at about the time of the earliest faulting and magmatism in the Oslo Graben to the southeast. The increase in cooling rate may also indirectly date the onset of the first important rift phase and associated sedimentation in the North Sea graben system. The distribution of Permian and younger fission track ages in both southern continental Norway and its marginal basin sediments is consistent with the Permo‐Carboniferous rapid cooling recorded in the K‐feldspars. The simplest explanation for the late Paleozoic increase in cooling rate is that rifting around the margin of southern Norway has resulted in a decrease in the base level and an increase in the rate of erosional denudation, resulting in essentially uniform exhumation of ∼2–4 km along the traverse.
On the performance of random - coe cient pattern - mixture models for non - ignorable drop - out

An elastic surface wave filter for use as an intermediate frequency filter in a color television receiver, comprising an input electrode provided on a piezoelectric substrate plate for converting an electric signal into elastic surface waves propagating through the surface layer of the piezoelectric substrate plate, a propagation path for the elastic surface waves in the piezoelectric substrate plate and an output electrode for converting the propagated elastic surface wave into an electric signal, wherein the fingers of the input electrode are so arranged that the position at which the overlap of the interleaved fingers is maximum is farther with respect to the output electrode than the middle point along the lengthwise direction of the input electrode and wherein the pitch between the adjacent interleaved fingers is non-uniform on both the sides of the position of the maximum overlap, whereby desired group delay and amplitude characteristics for predetermined frequencies are easily and simultaneously obtained.
Hf isotopic compositions of the Hawaii Scientific Drilling Project Core and the source mineralogy of Hawaiian basalts

A large suite of Mauna Kea basalts from the Hawaii Scientific Drilling Project core show a progressive enrichment in radiogenic Hf with time (ϵHf = +11.4 to +13.1) well‐correlated with the increasingly radiogenic character of Nd. The alkali basalts erupted at the termination of the Mauna Kea stage are isotopically indistinguishable from the underlying and intercalated tholeiites. The overlying Mauna Loa flows show the return of a less depleted character (ϵHf = +10.5 to +11.6). The Hf and Nd isotopic compositions of the two volcanoes are distinct, even though they may marginally overlap. The isotopic succession can be interpreted with the concentrically zoned plume model of Hauri et al. [1994, 1996] and Lassiter et al. [1996]. Comparing the Lu/Hf and Sm/Nd ratios of the HSDP basalts with those inferred from the isotopic properties of their mantle source and the mineral compositions deduced from literature mineral partitioning data indicates that the basalts can be derived by extraction of 10–15 percent melt from a garnet‐peridotite residue.
Temporal variability of atmospheric lead concentrations and fluxes over the northwestern Mediterranean Sea

Daily 24-h aerosol and total (wet+dry) atmospheric deposition samples (with a collection period of about 15 days) have been collected at a coastal location in northwestern Corsica between February 1985 and October 1987. 3-D air mass trajectory analysis indicates that atmospheric Pb, Cu, and Mn over the Western Mediterranean are long range transported from continental source regions. The scavenging of atmospheric Pb, Cu, and Mn by rains generates a seasonal cycle with high atmospheric concentrations during the dry season and lower concentrations during the wet season. Sporadic but intense Saharan dust transport events are responsible for the highest atmospheric concentrations of Mn. The ratios between the atmospheric deposition of Pb, Cu and Mn and the corresponding mean daily precipitation rate reach a maximum during the mediterranean summer. This is due to the wet scavenging of a more loaded atmosphere during the dry season than during the wet season. The precipitation frequency (Fp) is the major factor influencing the seasonal variability of the atmospheric Pb and Cu deposition. The relationship between the seasonal variability of Mn deposition and the Fp is less direct. This is due to the occurrence of Saharan dust transport events which strongly influence the variability of the Mn deposition.
Long-term trends in fertility of soils under continuous cultivation and cereal cropping in southern Queensland. VIII Available nitrogen indices and their relationships to crop yield and N uptake.

Six major soil series of southern Queensland were studied for the changes in the levels of available N indices (determined by both biological and chemical methods) and nitrate-N, with continuous cultivation and cereal cropping for up to 70 years. The biological N indices, measured in soil collected at planting of winter cereals, were anaerobic mineralizable N, aerobic mineralizable N and nitrate-N down to 1.2 m depth. The chemical indices were autoclave N and oven N. The predictive capabilities of various available N indices, and total N and organic C, were assessed from dry matter and N uptake of winter cereals in the field in 1983 as well as in the glasshouse. Anaerobic mineralizable N levels increased with mean annual rainfall but decreased with mean annual temperatures of the sampling sites of the six soil series. Therefore, it was possible to predict closely anaerobic mineralizable N from soil total N, and mean annual rainfall and temperature. Autoclave N showed no such trends. Anaerobic mineralizable N declined with period of cultivation, exponentially in Waco, Langlands-Logie and Cecilvale soils (0-112, 0-111 and 0-247 year, respectively) and linearly in the other three soil series. No consistent trends were discerned in autoclave N and oven N in four of the soil series with period of cultivation. Generally, nitrate-N (measured at planting) declined with period of cultivation. However, in Billa Billa soil, it increased in the soil profile (0-1.2 m) during the initial 7 years of cultivation and declined rapidly after 12 years. Although a number of available N indices, including total N and organic C, were significantly correlated with crop dry matter yield and N uptake, the best prediction of crop performance was provided by a combination of anaerobic mineralizable N (0-0.3 m) and nitrate-N (0-0.6 m) in the six soil series.
The logic of writing and the organization of society

Studies in literacy, family, culture and the state: an introduction Preface 1. The word of God 2. The word of mammon 3. The state, the bureau and the file 4. The letter of the law 5. Ruptures and continuities Notes Bibliography Index.
Virtual design and construction

Abstract Virtual Design and Construction (VDC) is the use of integrated multi-disciplinary performance models of design-construction projects to support explicit and public business objectives. Professor Levitt’s Virtual Design Team (VDT) project provided a fundamental point of departure of this work: the organisation model provides a central theoretical and practical element in the VDC framework. VDC models are virtual because they are computer-based descriptions of the project. This paper summarises the VDC framework that integrates an organisation perspective with perspectives that are implicit in VDT, including 3D Building Information Model (BIM) product models of a product to be designed, built and operated – typically a physical facility – management by objectives, Lean production management and the social method of Integrated Concurrent Engineering (ICE). Thus, VDC project models emphasise those aspects of the project that can be designed and managed, i.e., the product (typically a building or plant facility), the organisation that will define, design, construct and operate it, and the process that the organisation teams will follow. Many companies and hundreds of professionals now use VDC methods, and they consistently find that they improve project and business performance.
Aftershock asymmetry/rupture directivity among central San Andreas fault microearthquakes

Using a waveform cross-correlation technique, we have obtained precise relative locations for nearly 75% of the Northern California Seismic Network catalog (4300 earthquakes) occurring between 1984 and 1997 along 50 km of the San Andreas fault. Errors in relative location are meters to tens of meters for events separated by tens to hundreds of meters. We find that consecutive earthquakes in the relocated catalog occur no closer than a distance approximately equal to the radius of the first rupture, as estimated from the moment-magnitude relationship of Abercrombie [1996] assuming a 10-MPa stress drop. When the relative position vectors between consecutive events are normalized by this distance and projected onto the fault surface, they define a hole whose shape suggests that typical microearthquakes are elongate in the mode II (slip-parallel) direction by several tens of percent. Moreover, of the 100 immediate aftershocks occurring closest to the mode II edges of the prior rupture, more than twice as many occur to the northwest than to the southeast. We interpret this asymmetry as resulting from the large contrast in material properties across the fault. Models of dynamic rupture between dissimilar media predict that ruptures in this region may run preferentially to the southeast, in the direction of motion of the lower-velocity material. If so, then the barriers that stop rupture fronts moving to the southeast should initially be farther from failure, on average, than the barriers that stop rupture fronts moving to the northwest. Once the rupture stops, the induced stress change is more symmetric but the fault remains farther from failure (on average) to the southeast. This interpretation receives some support from pulse width measurements on a localized set of 72 magnitude 0.6 to 3.6 earthquakes.