Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Ellipsometric Parameters of Rough Surfaces and of a System Substrate-Thin Film with Rough Boundaries

The theory of the influence of surface roughness on the ellipsometric parameters j and  of simple randomly rough surface is developed in the framework of the Kirchhoff theory of diffraction. This theory is also extended to the following systems: rough surface—isotropic homogeneous identical film (both ambient-film and film substrate boundaries are geometrically identical; and rough surface—isotropic homogeneous general film (both boundaries are geometrically, and therefore also statistically, independent). Also the numerical analysis of the theoretical results is performed and the most important aspects of dependencies of j and  on surface roughness (characterized by slopes of the height irregularities) and of the angle of incidence are found which enable us to determine the values of these slopes. The correctness of the theory is demonstrated on a system formed by the rough surface of a silicon single crystal covered with natural surface film, with the character of an identical film. It is shown that w.
Chance-Corrected Measures of Reliability and Validity in 2 × 2 Tables

It is customary to use two groups of indices to evaluate a diagnostic method with a binary outcome: validity indices with a standard rater (sensitivity, specificity, and positive or negative predictive values) and reliability indices (positive, negative and overall agreements) without a standard rater. However neither of these classic indices is chance-corrected, and this may distort the analysis of the problem (especially in comparative studies). One way of chance-correcting these indices is by using the Delta model (an alternative to the Kappa model), but this means having to use a computer program to work out the calculations. This paper gives an asymptotic version of the Delta model, thus allowing simple expressions to be obtained for the estimator of each of the above-mentioned chance-corrected indices (as well as for its standard error).
On eigenstructure assignment for robust fault diagnosis

This paper presents a theoretical and tutorial treatment of the eigenstructure assignment approach for robust fault detection. The principles, existence conditions and design procedures are presented. The main contribution of the paper is the development of the assignment of right observer eigenvectors for robust residual generation. When some of the observer right eigenvectors are assigned parallel to the disturbance distribution directions, the diagnostic residual generated by the observer is insensitive to disturbances. Robust fault-detection design can be achieved by either left or right eigenvector assignment method. For left eigenvector assignment method, the sufficient conditions are presented. For right eigenvector assignment method, both necessary and sufficient conditions are proposed. Finally, two numerical examples are used to illustrate the eigenstructure assignment methods studied in the paper. Copyright © 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
ERRORS INHERENT IN THE RADAR MEASUREMENT OF RAINFALL AT ATTENUATING WAVELENGTHS

Abstract An equation for the rate of rainfall at a given range from the radar is derived. This is expressed in terms of the power level of the received signal (corrected for attenuation by intervening cloud and atmospheric gases) and takes account of radar attenuation due to intervening rain. The equation includes a constant which measures the performance of the radar and is determined by direct calibration. At attenuating wavelengths (at 3 cm; to some extent at 5.6 cm) a small error in the calibration constant causes a large error in the measured rainfall. This error, which varies with range and may thus cause serious distortion, is, in fact, liable to be more serious than that caused if the attenuation were neglected entirely. Correcting for attenuation is therefore not recommended, unless the calibration error may be held within extremely narrow limits. Very small calibration errors may be achieved by calibrating the radar by means of a rain gauge located at a point where the attenuation is appreciable.
Plasma wave equations of state

A systematic description of wave equations of state is presented for three categories of plasma waves distinguished by superthermal, subthermal, and superluminous phase velocities. Each class entails the formulation of a distinct Vlasov fluid model where only the first coincides with well‐known covariant fluid modeling. An investigation of the linearized version of this standard model is first undertaken. A complete, lowest‐order, warm fluid model is derived without the drawbacks that characterize previous models such as the generation of spurious modes and the absence of a Bernstein wave spectrum. The improved fluid model is obtained by avoiding a premature truncation of the hierarchy of linearized moment equations near cyclotron and acoustic resonance and is applied to representative types of waves in a warm, magnetized plasma. Relativistic corrections and anisotropic properties of the corresponding dispersion relations are used to illustrate the utility and rigor of the theory.The conspicuous absence o.
Ion waves and ionization waves in a plasma of finite radius

The equations for a cylindrical plasma column with radial variations of the discharge parameters are examined for solutions corresponding to ion waves and ionization waves. Comparison with other less complete treatments shows that allowing for such radial variations introduces no new physical processes and that the numerical corrections involved are usually less than a factor of two in the dispersion relations for such waves.
The perturbations of a fully general relativistic and rapidly rotating neutron star – I. Equations of motion for the solid crust

The general relativistic theory of elasticity developed by Carter & Quintana (1975, Ann. Phys., 95) is applied to the study of the solid crust of a fully general relativistic and rapidly rotating neutron star, the equations of motion of which are set up in the case of a uniform angular velocity. This unperturbed configuration is then perturbed in the most general way in order to write explicitly the general equations of motion of the solid part of the neutron star
Overlay improvement by zone alignment strategy

It is evident that DRAM ground rule continues to shrink down to 90nm and beyond, overlay performance has become more and more critical and important. Wafer edge shows different behavior from center by processes, e.g. a tremendous misalignment at wafer edge makes yield loss . When a conventional linear model is used for alignment correction, higher uncorrectable overlay residuals mostly happen at wafer edge. Therefore, it's obviously necessary to introduce an innovational alignment correction methdology to reduce unwanted wafer edge effect. In this study, we demonstrate the achievement of moderating poor overlay in wafer edge area by a novel zone-dependent alignment strategy, the so-called "Zone Alignment (ZA)". The main difference between the conventional linear model and zone alignment strategy is that the latter compensates an improper averaging effect from first modeling through weighting all surrounding marks with a nonlinear model. In addition, the effects of mark quantity and sampling distribution from "Zone Alignment" are also introduced in this paper. The results of this study indicate that ZA can reduce uncorrectable overlay residual and improve wafer-to-wafer variation significantly. Furthermore, obvious yield improvement is verified by ZA strategy. In conclusion, Zone alignment is the noteworthy strategy for overlay improvement. Moreover, suitable alignment map and mark numbers should be taken into consideration carefully when ZA is applied for further technology node.
Hydrogen production rates from ground-based Fabry-Perot observations of comet Kohoutek

The only ground-based observations of a cometary hydrogen corona that have been obtained up to the present were carried out during the appearance of comet Kohoutek (1973 XII). Hydrogen Balmer alpha (H-alpha) emission from the gas cloud surrounding the comet was detected using a Fabry-Perot spectrometer at Kitt Peak National Observatory. These observations have been reexamined using (1) recently obtained solar full-disk Lyman beta emission line profiles, (2) a new calibration of the absolute sensitivity of the Fabry-Perot spectrometer based on comparison of NGC 7000 with standard stars and the planetary nebula NGC 7662, and (3) corrections for atmospheric extinction instead of the geocoronal H-alpha comparison method used previously to obtain comet H-alpha intensities. The new values for hydrogen production rates are in good agreement with results obtained from Lyman alpha observations of comet Kohoutek.
Goals and design of public physics lectures: perspectives of high-school students, physics teachers and lecturers

Many large scientific projects and scientific centres incorporate some kind of outreach programme. Almost all of these outreach programmes include public scientific lectures delivered by practising scientists. In this article, we examine such lectures from the perspectives of: (i) lecturers (7) who are practising scientists acknowledged to be good public lecturers and (ii) audiences composed of high-school students (169) and high-school physics teachers (80) who attended these lectures. We identify and discuss the main goals as expressed by the lecturers and the audiences, and the correspondence between these goals. We also discuss how the lecturers’ goals impact on the design of their lectures and examine how the lecture affects audiences with different attitudes towards (and interests in) physics. Our findings suggest that the goals of the participating lecturers and the expectations of their audiences were highly congruent. Both believe that a good public scientific lecture must successfully communicate state-of-the-art scientific knowledge to the public, while inspiring interest in and appreciation of science. Our findings also suggest that exemplary public scientific lectures incorporate content, structure and explanatory means that explicitly adhere to the lecturers’ goals. We identify and list several design principles.
A method for fabricating large-area, patterned, carbon nanotube field emitters

A method for fabricating large-area patterned carbon nanotube field emitters is reported. Carbon nanotube films were prepared by first depositing and patterning a transition metal catalyst film on a substrate and then by heating the substrate in a hydrocarbon atmosphere. The catalytically grown carbon nanotube films had a high emission current density of about 100–1000 mA cm−2 at a low macroscopic electric field of 10–15 V μm−1. Electron emission from the carbon nanotube films was observed at a macroscopic electric field of 1–5 V μm−1. The I–V curve obeyed the Fowler–Nordheim (FN) relationship at low emission current density, but at high electric field, the I–V curve deviated from the FN relationship due to defects on the tip of the catalytically grown carbon nanotubes. The catalytic growth of carbon nanotubes offers an inexpensive and controllable process to produce a uniform, high density of emitters on large substrate surfaces.
DAMAGE RATIO CURVES OF BUILDING EQUIPMENTS BY USING THE DAMAGE DATABASE DUE TO 1995 HYOGOKEN NANBU EARTHQUAKE

The seismic performance of building equipments as well as building frames is one of critical factors to maintain the function of buildings after the occurrence of earthquakes. Therefore, the damage database of building equipments due to 1995 Hyogoken Nanbu earthquake is investigated to evaluate the seismic performance of building equipments from the statistical point. The damage occurrence is modeled by the binomial distribution, and the damage ratio curves, the shape of which is assumed to be the lognormal distribution, are calculated through the maximum likelihood method. It is evaluated that the differences of the building year, the structural type and the building story influence on the median of damage ratio curves. Moreover, the damage ratio curves are evaluated through the response acceleration and the response story deformation angle in order to compare the build code of equipments.
Shear Instability in a Shallow Water Model with Implications for the Venus Atmosphere

Abstract The shear instability problem in the spherical shallow water system is investigated for three types of wind profiles that are observed at the upper cloud level in Venus. Destabilized Kelvin modes are obtained for all profiles, even when the wind profile is barotropically and inertially stable. The eigenfunctions of these unstable modes are a hybrid of Kelvin modes and continuous modes, which have singularity at the critical latitude. Destabilized Rossby–Kelvin modes are also obtained for the barotropically unstable profile with strong jets. When Lamb parameter ϵ = (2aΩ)2/gH is large, together with other destabilized gravity modes, these modes have the property of inertial instability modes, which are described by preceding studies on the tropical inertial instability. The destabilizing mechanism of unstable modes is described using resonance theory. It is found that the angular-momentum flux is equatorward for almost all growing modes obtained in this study; this result is consistent with what th.
Photoluminescence features on the Raman spectra of quasistoichiometric SiC nanoparticles: Experimental and numerical simulations

Visible photoluminescence (PL) broad bands are observed in the Raman spectra of SiC nanoparticles (np-SiC) with diameters ranging from 10 to 25 nm. The phenomenon is studied versus the particle size, chemical composition, annealing, and oxidation treatments. In the case of quasistoichiometric np-SiC, excitation by 514-nm radiation gives rise to broad red PL emissions mainly enhanced by the amorphous fraction of the particles and by the surface chemical disorder induced by oxidation. The PL spectra are quantitatively analyzed using numerical methods based on cluster approaches. PL bands are calculated as a function of the cluster geometry and defects (carbon and silicon vacancies), as well as the oxygen location within np-SiC sites. The relevance of this numerical analysis is discussed to account for the main features of the PL broad structure. The PL signature in SiC nanopowders can be used to monitor the physical organization of the np-SiC and to point out their amorphous structure fraction, surface states, and the defect contents.
A comparison of different criteria for selecting binary tests in diagnostic keys

SUMMARY The problem of selecting tests to be used in nonprobabilistic binary diagnostic keys is discussed. Five selection criteria are compared and it is shown that all except a new criterion suffer from some deficiency. This criterion cannot be extended easily to cope with multiresponse tests but another criterion, which behaves satisfactorily with binary tests, can be extended in some circumstances. The only criterion which can always be used with multiresponse tests is least satisfactory for binary tests. Consider n populations characterized by p binary characters. An individual sample from one of the populations may be assigned to its population of origin, or identified, by observing the values of its characters. In the following this process of observation will be termed testing and, unless otherwise stated, each test will be assumed to have two possible responses, termed positive and negative. A binary diagnostic key is a device for identifying samples, by applying the tests sequentially in a hierarchical manner. A sequence of test responses leading to an identification is termed a branch of the key. In general, branches will differ in length and the tests they use, although the same test can occur on several branches. Voss (1952) gives an interesting review of the historical development of keys. To construct a key one requires a table giving the responses to thep tests for every population. There are four possible entries in this table: the response may be known to be positive for the whole population, or to be negative, or to be variable within the population, or the response may be unknown, there being no information available about the population value of the character concerned. Clearly, in the latter case, samples from the population may give either positive responses or negative responses and different samples need not give the same response. The first two types of response enable populations to be separated with certainty and when sufficient of these so-called fixed responses occur, all n populations can be identified uniquely. Even when there are insufficient fixed responses to give complete separation of the populations, one may identify a sample to within a group of populations with certainty. Such groups may be further separated, either by using a probabilistic key (Good, 1970) or better by discriminant methods. In this paper we are concerned solely with certain identification and therefore regard variable and unknown responses as equally uninformative, referring to both as unknown responses. An optimum key may be defined as that with minimum average number of tests for identification. Alternative formulations include keys with minimum cost per identification or minimum number of different tests used (Gower & Barnett, 1971; Willcox & Lapage,
Particle size effects on magnetic properties of BaFe12−2xTixCoxO19 fine particles

Particle size effects on magnetic properties of BaFe12−2xTixCoxO19 fine particles were investigated. Saturation magnetization of these particles decreased with decreasing particle size. This result can be explained with the existence of a nonmagnetic thin layer, several angstroms in thickness, on the surface of the particles. Particle size dependence of coercivity for these particles, below 1000 A in size, follows the superparamagnetism theory. For the decrease in coercivity above 2000 A, multidomain nucleation is inferred as one of the possible mechanisms. Particle shape dependence of coercivity is well explained with the coherent rotation model, considering shape anisotropy.
Electrotunable band gaps of one- and two-dimensional photonic crystal structures based on silicon and liquid crystals

One- and two-dimensional photonic crystals based on silicon with infiltrated liquid crystals are investigated in this paper. We show that the photonic band gap can be continuously tuned changing the orientation of the director of the liquid crystal. For the one-dimensional case, we considered arbitrary direction of propagation of the electromagnetic waves, and we show that it is possible to tune the photonic band gap by an adequate orientation of the liquid crystal. For the two-dimensional case and propagation in the plane of periodicity, we show that there exists no complete photonic band gap in the system for both polarizations. We consider two different configurations, square array of solid Si cylinders in liquid crystal background and a triangular array of liquid crystal cylinders surrounded by Si. We show that for the triangular array it is possible to tune the photonic band gap only for the transversal electric modes. We used the plane wave expansion method to solve the Maxwell equations for anisotr.
High-field magnetic phase transitions and spin excitations in magnetoelectric LiNiPO4

The magnetically ordered phases and spin dynamics of magnetoelectric LiNiPO${}_{4}$ have been studied in fields up to 17.3 T along the $c$ axis. Using neutron diffraction, we show that a previously proposed linearly polarized incommensurate (IC) structure exists only for temperatures just below the N\'eel temperature ${T}_{\text{N}}$. The ordered IC structure at the lowest temperatures is shown instead to be an elliptically polarized canted spiral for fields larger than 12 T. The transition between the two IC phases is of second order and takes place about 2 K below ${T}_{\text{N}}$. For ${\ensuremath{\mu}}_{0}Hg16$ T and temperatures below 10 K, the spiral structure is found to lock in to a period of five crystallographic unit cells along the $b$ axis. Based on the neutron-diffraction data, combined with detailed magnetization measurements along all three crystallographic axes, we establish the magnetic phase diagrams for fields up to 17.3 T along $c$ and for fields up to 16 T along $a$ and $b$. The spin excitations in the high-field IC spiral phase have been studied in detail by inelastic neutron scattering. A mean-field analysis shows that the spin Hamiltonian derived previously from the low-temperature spin waves at zero field predicts the transition between the linear and elliptical polarization of the IC structure, and that a generalization of the spin-wave theory, assuming the random-phase approximation, accounts for the inelastic scattering data obtained in the commensurable uniform phase at fields below 12 T as well as those obtained in the high-field IC spiral phase.
Calculation of Nonlinear Susceptibility Tensor Components in Ferroelectrics

We present the formalism within which all second and third order nonlinear susceptibility coefficients can be calculated from the Landau expansion for an isotropic paraelectric phase by means of the Landau-Khalatnikov dynamical equations. Both first-order and second-order phase transitions are considered. Detailed results are given for all the second-order coefficients in the ferroelectric phase and for third harmonic generation, intensity-dependent refractive index and d.c. Kerr effect in both paraelectric and ferroelectric phases.
Numerical Simulation of Supersonic, Chemically Reacting Flow Using an Implicit Finite Volume Method

The thermal design of high-loaded components of combustion chambers represents a very dife cult engineering task. The aerodynamic and thermal analysis procedures currently available to designers do not allow an a priori design without expensive experimental development iterations. Numerical simulations are one possibility for reducing the experimental effort. On the one hand, codes exist for the simulation of chemically reacting e ows; on the other hand, few codes exist for the coupled simulation of e uid e ow and heat transfer in solid bodies. A numerical procedure for the calculation of chemically reacting e ow with conjugate heat transfer in the subsonic and supersonic e ow regime is presented. The numerical scheme works on the basis of an implicit e nite volume method. The formulation of the governing equations in arbitrary coordinates and the use of a multiblock technique even allows the simulation of complex geometries. The code is tested using experimental data for the injection of cooling gas into a hot gas stream. The results for two different reaction schemes, a one-step global reaction scheme and a scheme involving 17 elementary reactions and nine species, demonstrate the potential of the method. Furthermore, the code is applied to the injection of hydrogen into an exhaust gas stream with the scope of e lm cooling with conjugate heat transfer. This approach gives more realistic results than the use of adiabatic walls.