Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
A phenomenological pulsar model.

Particle injection energies and rates previously calculated for the stellar wind generation by rotating magnetized neutron stars are adopted. It is assumed that the ambient space-charge density being emitted to form this wind is bunched. These considerations immediately place the coherent radio frequency luminosity from such bunches near 10 to the 28th erg/s for typical pulsar parameters. A comparable amount of incoherent radiation is emitted for typical (1 second) pulsars. For very rapid pulsars, however, the latter component grows more rapidly than the available energy sources. The comparatively low radio luminosity of the Crab and Vela pulsars is attributed to both components being limited in the same ratio. The incoherent radiation essentially has a synchotron spectrum and extends to gamma-ray energies; consequently the small part of the total luminosity that is at optical wavelengths is unobservable. Assuming full coherence at all wavelengths short of a critical length gives a spectral index for the flux density of -8/3 at higher frequencies. The finite energy available from the injected particles would force the spectrum to roll over below about 100 MHz, although intrinsic morphological factors probably enter for any specific pulsar as well.
A Fusion Recognition Method Based on Temporal Evidence Reasoning

In order to improve the effectiveness of system decision-making, the use of the evidence theory to identify target intentions has always been a research hotspot. In information fusion using the evidence theory, there are relatively few research studies on temporal domain evidence information fusion. Due to the obvious dynamic, sequential, and real-time characteristics of temporal domain information fusion, traditional spatial domain information fusion methods are not suitable. Therefore, it is very necessary to study new methods for the temporal evidence fusion problem. In this article, a temporal evidence fusion method under the framework of the evidence reasoning rule (the ER rule) is proposed. The method uses complementary reliability integration rules and the time-series evidence distance function to obtain the reliability of evidence at adjacent moments. According to the temporal domain evidence credibility decay model, the evidence weight of the temporal domain evidence is determined. Then, through the integration of the ER rule, the temporal domain evidence reliability and evidence weight are used to combine the evidence. The capability of this method is verified by numerical experiments and compared with other methods. The results show that the proposed method can effectively deal with the temporal domain evidence combination problem, has strong anti-interference ability, and can support target intent recognition.
Kinetics and mechanism of shear banding in an entangled micellar solution

We have studied shear banding in Couette flow using a combination of particle tracking velocimetry (PTV), small angle light scattering, microscopic visualization, and flow birefringence. Time-resolved local shear rate characterization by PTV has enabled a direct study of the kinetics of shear banding. A first stage, which precedes banding, is tilting of the shear rate during which the local shear rate increases towards the inner and decreases towards the outer gap surface. A shear banding stage then proceeds with a low shear band growing away from the outer gap surface. Shear rate tilting is found to be due to a coupling of local shear thinning with the nonzero stress gradient of the flow geometry. The low shear band starts when the local shear rate at the outer surface touches down to a critical reentanglement shear rate. The effective lifetime of the shear bands is the same as the chain reentanglement time. These factors lead us to suggest that both the progression from tilt to shear banding and the int.
Ratios of multijet cross sections in p(p)over-bar collisions at root s=1.8 TeV

We report on a study of the ratio of inclusive three-jet to inclusive two-jet production cross sections as a function of total transverse energy in p (p) over bar collisions at it center-of-mass energy roots = 1.8 TeV, using data collected with the DO detector during the 1992-1993 run of the Fermilab Tevatron Collider. The measurements are used to deduce preferred renormalization scales in perturbative O(alpha (3)(s)) QCD calculations in modeling soft-jet emission.
Scanning Transmission Ion Microscopy of Nanoscale Apertures

Ion-beam lithography (IBL) with MeV ions at the nanometer scale can be achieved using ion masking with a nanoscale aperture. In this work, nanoscale apertures are produced using focused-ion-beam (FIB) nulling of Si cantilevers, and mask location is defined using a piezoelectrically-driven scanning stage. Experimental verification of the simulations used to model ion-aperture scattering is required. Scanning transmission ion microscopy (STIM) imaging of the apertures mounted above an active detector substrate has been conducted. The analysis of the STIM images that result from thousands of ions is complicated by the presence of stray ions scattered from upstream beam components which hit the detector substrate outside the area under investigation. A reduction in the fraction of stray ions has been achieved using extra masking of the detector substrate and by use of a slotted aperture. The slotted aperture allows investigation of the tilt alignment in only one dimension at a time whilst providing a large aperture area so that good statistics in the energy spectra of transmitted ions may be acquired. Further, the damage rate of the detector has been determined, and it was found that the ion transmission energy spectrum may be acquired without any significant influence from detector damage, provided the number of counts is below 10 4 ions.
Biologically derived nanomagnets in self-organized patterned media

Chemically synthesized high-anisotropy magnetic nanoparticles have demonstrated thermal stability and extremely narrow size distributions that are critical for reducing noise in future media applications. Due to their monodispersity, they also exhibit emergent self-patterning that could potentially support bit-per-particle densities up to 2 to 8 Tb/cm/sup 2/ (10 to 50 Tb/in/sup 2/). The authors report on the challenges and progress in developing self-organized nanoparticle arrays for magnetic recording at densities up to and beyond 30 Gb/cm/sup 2/ (200 Gb/in /sup 2/), and in particular describe the beneficial use of biological templates in developing such media. CoPt grains are prepared within monodisperse protein spheres from aqueous reactants, with synthesis conditions controlling grain size, structure, and composition. Dispersions of these protein-encapsulated grains can be induced to form patterned precursor films that retain long range order irrespective of a distribution in grain size. Assemblies are annealed to form films of L1/sub 0/ phase nanomagnets within carbonized shells that can support stable transitions up to 1 Gb/cm/sup 2/ (6 Gb/in/sup 2/).
Terrain segmentation for commercial vehicles and working machines

In the field of automated working machines, not only is the general trend towards automation in industry, transport and logistics reflected, but new areas of application and markets are also constantly emerging. In this paper we present a pipeline for terrain classification in off-road environments and in the field of "automated maintenance of slopes", which offers potential for solving numerous socioeconomic needs. Working tasks can be made more efficient, more ergonomic and, in particular, much safer, because mature, automated vehicles are used. At present, however, such tasks can only be carried out remotely or semi-automatically, under the supervision of a trained specialist. This only partially facilitates the work. The real benefit only comes when the supervising person is released from this task and is able to pursue other work. In addition to the development of a safe integrated system and sensor concept for use in public spaces as a basic prerequisite for vehicles licensed in the future, increased situational awareness of mobile systems through machine learning in order to increase their efficiency and flexibility, is also of great importance.
Hypergolic Systems based on Hydrogen Peroxide Oxidizer

Hydrogen peroxide, H2O2, is a promising and nontoxic oxidant. In recent years considerable attention has been paid to the development of hypergolic system compositions, because the use of them not only markedly simplifies the engine design and rocket system operation but also provides the possibility of their repeated use. Moreover, their high performance, high environmental compatibility and low toxicity make them highly preferable. The present review considers recent works on hypergolic systems involving hydrogen peroxide as the oxidizer and various green propellants of organic and inorganic nature with or without certain additives.
Ion Mobility Spectrometry for the Metabolomic Study of Inflammatory Bowel Disease Using the Volatile Organic Compounds Profile in Human Serum and Urine

Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is an immune-mediated disease characterized by chronic mucosal inflammation of the digestive tract. The IBD diagnosis is currently based on the results of imaging, clinical, and histopathological tests. The gold standard diagnostic method is endoscopy, an invasive imaging technique that requires patient sedation and prior bowel preparation and is expensive. In the present work, monitoring the volatile compound fingerprint of serum and urine by headspace gas chromatography-ion mobility spectrometry (HS-GC-IMS) is presented as a rapid and reliable diagnostic complementary test for patients with IBD. The analytical method was optimized and applied for the analysis of serum (118) and urine (123) samples from patients with IBD (in remission and active phase of the disease) and healthy volunteers without IBD. Orthogonal partial least square discriminant analysis was performed using all the integrated markers present in the topographic maps of each sample type, allowing the differentiation between healthy IBD volunteers and IBD patients and between IBD status (remission or active). The individual study of markers allowed the identification and quantification of twelve and six compounds in urine and serum samples, respectively. This information was further used to perform a one-way analysis of variance to compare the different categories.
Laser Welding Penetration Monitoring Based on Time-Frequency Characterization of Acoustic Emission and CNN-LSTM Hybrid Network

In-process penetration monitoring of the pulsed laser welding process remains a great challenge for achieving uniform and reproducible products due to the highly complex nature of the keyhole dynamics within the intense laser-metal interactions. The main purpose of this study is to investigate the feasibility of acoustic emission (AE) measurement for penetration monitoring based on acoustic wave characteristics and deep learning. Firstly, a series of laser welding experiments on aluminum alloys were conducted using high-speed photography and AE techniques. This allowed us to in-situ visualize the complete keyhole dynamics and elucidate the generation mechanism of acoustic waves originating from pressure fluctuations at the keyhole wall. Then, an adaptive time-frequency technique namely VMD (Variational Mode Decomposition) was proposed to characterize the acoustic energy distribution among the nine subsignals with low-frequency and high-frequency components under different welding penetrations. Lastly, a novel hybrid model combing CNN (Convolutional Neural Network) and LSTM (Long Short Term Memory) was designed to deeply mine the spatial and temporal acoustic features from the extracted frequency components. Extensive experiments demonstrate that our proposed approach yields a remarkable classification performance with a test accuracy of 99.8% and a standard deviation of 0.21, which obtains a high recognition rate. This work is a new paradigm in the digitization and intelligence of the laser welding process and contributes to an alternative way of developing an efficient end-to-end penetration monitoring system.
Metastatic Progression of Human Melanoma

This Topical Collection, comprising 13 papers (10 original articles and 3 reviews), addresses various aspects of the field of melanoma progression: genomic and proteomic approaches, experimental studies, the questions of sentinel lymph node dissection, and metastasis formation of uveal and conjunctival melanomas is also discussed [. ].
Applying Landscape Ecology in Local Planning, Some Experiences

Landscape ecology is repeatedly described as an applied science that can help reduce the negative effects of land-use and land-use changes on biodiversity. However, the extent to which landscape ecology is in fact contributing to planning and design processes is questioned. The aim of this paper is to investigate if and how landscape ecology can be integrated in a planning and design process, and to uncover possible problems that, e.g., landscape architects and planners, may face in such processes. Our conclusion, based on a case study from Asker municipality, Norway, is that such a landscape ecological approach has a lot to offer. However, it is difficult to exploit the potential fully for different reasons, e.g., biodiversity information tends to be specialized, and not easily used by planners and designers, and landscape ecological principles need an adaptation process to be applicable in a real-world situation. We conclude that for the situation to improve, landscape ecologists need to ease this process. In addition, we recommend collaboration across disciplinary boundaries, preferably with a common design concept as a foundation.
The kinematics of Milky Way halo gas. I - Observations of low-ionization species

Ultraviolet interstellar line day observed with the IUE toward 70 halo stars and four extragalactic sight lines are analyzed in a study of the large-scale kinematic properties of the Milky Way halo gas. The motions of the low-ionization gas is focused on. Large systematic velocities are found, and a pronounced asymmetry in the absorption characteristics of halo gas toward the Galactic poles is indicated. In the north, substantial amounts of material are falling toward the disk at velocities up to about 120 km/s in the most extreme case. Toward the south, low-ionization material shows no extreme or systematic motions. 97 refs.
Noise insensitive image motion estimation using cumulants

A class of algorithms is presented that estimate the displacement vector from two successive image frames. The frames are assumed to be corrupted by Gaussian (perhaps correlated) noises of unknown covariance. Viewing image motion estimation as a 2-D time delay estimation problem, the displacement vector of a moving object is estimated by solving linear equations involving third-order auto-cumulants and cross-cumulants. Additionally, a block-matching type algorithm is developed which follows from a cumulant-error optimality criterion. Finally, using a recursive algorithm the displacement vector for each pel is estimated by minimizing a 2-D fourth-order cumulant criterion. Simulation results are presented and discussed. <<ETX>>
Simulation of Lid Cavity Flow Using Quasi-Molecular Modelling

We have developed a new method based on quasi-molecular modelling to simulate cavity flow. Each quasi-molecule is defined as a group of particles that interact in a fashion entirely analogous to classical Newtonian molecular interactions. When a cavity flow was simulated, the instantaneous velocity vector fields were obtained by using an inverse distance weighted interpolation method. The velocity vector fields showed the development of a primary vortex and the motion of its core from the upper right to a more central location. The results were in a good agreement with previous studies. A secondary vortex occurred at the lower right corner; however, the secondary vortex was generally difficult to locate. The velocity distributions obey the Maxwellian distribution and the configurationally internal energy fluctuated around stable average values when the systems were at equilibrium.
A Self-Consistent Mean-Field Approach to the Dynamical Symmetry Breaking: The Effective Potential of the Nambu and Jona-Lasinio Model

The dynamical symmetry breaking phenomena in the Nambu and Jona·Lasinio model are reexamined in the framework of a self· consistent mean·field (SCMF) theory. First, we formulate the SCMF theory in a lucid manner based on a successful decomposition of the Lagrangian into semiclassical and residual interaction parts by imposing a condition that "the dangerous term" in Bogoliubov's sense should vanish. Then, we show that the difference of the energy density between the super and normal phases, the correct expression of which the original authors failed to give, can be readily obtained by applying the SCMF theory. Furthermore, it is shown that the expression thus obtained is identical to that of the effective potential (E. P.) given by the path· integral method with an auxiliary field up to the one loop order in the loop expansion, then one finds a new and simple way to get the E. P. Some numerical results of the E. P. and the dynamically generated mass of fermion are also shown. As another demonstration of the powerfulness of the SCMF theory, we derive, in the Appendix, the energy density of the D(N ). ¢4 model including the higher order corrections in the sense of large N expansion.
A boundary-integral study of a drop squeezing through interparticle constrictions

A three-dimensional boundary-integral algorithm is developed to study the squeezing of a deformable drop through a tight constriction formed by several solid particles rigidly held in space. The drop is freely suspended and driven by a flow that is uniform away from the solid obstacles. Particular emphasis is on the trapping mechanism and flow conditions close to critical, when the drop squeezes with high resistance. The problem is a close prototype of drop–solid interactions for emulsion flow through a granular material; such interactions are much more lubrication-sensitive than drop–drop interactions and require advanced numerical tools to succeed. The algorithm is based on the Hebeker representation for the solid–particle contribution, leading to a well-behaved system of second-kind integral equations, combined with novel regularization techniques for singular and near-singular boundary integrals; high-order near-singularity subtraction for the solid-to-drop double-layer contribution is the most crucial element. Simulations are performed for drop squeezing between (i) two close spheres, (ii) two parallel spheroidal disks, and (iii) three close spheres forming an equilateral triangle (including the case of close solid–solid contact). The drop non-deformed diameter is from two to several times larger than the inner constriction diameter and, in some simulations, the drop decelerates $10^3$–$10^4$ times in the throat before being able to pass through. The effects of the constriction type, capillary number, and viscosity ratio on the drop velocity in the throat, exit time, and drop–solid spacing (of the order of 1% of the particle size) are explored in detail; critical capillary numbers (below which trapping occurs) are accurately determined. Even for a substantially supercritical capillary number, the drop has to nearly coat solid particles to be able to pass through a tight constriction. The ability of the algorithm to simulate both supercritical and subcritical conditions (when the drop is trapped, with a small but non-zero drop–solid spacing) is vital for future applications to large-scale simulations of emulsion flow through granular media.
The MAXI mission operation plan

Monitor of All-sky X-ray Image (MAXI) is an X-ray all-sky monitor, which will be delivered to the International Space Station (ISS) by a space shuttle crew in early 2009, to scan almost the entire sky once every 96 minutes for a mission life of two to five years. The detection sensitivity will be 5 mCrab (5σlevel) for a one-day MAXI operation, 2 mCrab for one week, and 1 mCrab for one month, reaching a source confusion limit of 0.2 mCrab in two years. In this paper, brief descriptions are presented for the MAXI mission and payload, and three operation phases, 1) the launch-to-docking phase, 2) the initial in-orbit calibration phase, and 3) the routine operation phase. We also describes the MAXI data product and its release plan for public users.
Quasi-static deformations of biological soft tissue

Quasi-static motions are motions for which inertial effects can be neglected, to the first order of approximation. It is crucial to be able to identify the quasi-static regime in order to efficiently formulate constitutive models from standard material characterization test data. A simple non-dimensionalization of the equations of motion for continuous bodies yields non-dimensional parameters which indicate the balance between inertial and material effects. It will be shown that these parameters depend on whether the characterization test is strain- or stress-controlled and on the constitutive model assumed. A rigorous definition of quasi-static behaviour for both strain- and stress-controlled experiments is obtained for elastic solids and a simple form of a viscoelastic solid. Adding a rate dependence to a constitutive model introduces internal time-scales and this complicates the identification of the quasi-static regime. This is especially relevant for biological soft tissue as this tissue is typically modelled as being a non-linearly viscoelastic solid. The results obtained here are applied to some problems in cardiac mechanics and to data obtained from simple shear experiments on porcine brain tissue at high strain rates.
Distortion-free optical transmission using time-domain optical Fourier transformation and transform-limited optical pulses

A method for distortion-free optical pulse transmission is theoretically proposed that employs optical Fourier transformation and Fourier transform-limited (TL) pulses. With this technique, a Fourier TL pulse is used as an input signal. By noting that a Gaussian TL pulse has a Gaussian spectrum, the unchanged spectrum of the TL pulse after transmission is converted into the time domain using optical Fourier transformation. Thus the transformed waveform in the time domain has no distortion as long as the transmitted spectral envelope is not changed owing to the perturbations.
Semi-Parametric Estimation of American Option Prices

We introduce a novel semi-parametric estimator of American option prices in discrete time. The specification is based on a parameterized stochastic discount factor and is nonparametric w.r. t. the historical dynamics of the Markovian state variables. The historical transition density estimator minimizes a distance built on the Kullback–Leibler divergence from a kernel transition density, subject to the no-arbitrage restrictions for a non-defaultable bond, the underlying asset and some American option prices. We use dynamic programming to make explicit the nonlinear restrictions on the Euclidean and functional parameters coming from option data. We study asymptotic and finite sample properties of the estimators.