Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Basis Expansion Model and Doppler Diversity Techniques for Frequency Domain Channel Estimation and Equalization in DS-CDMA Systems

In this paper, we propose a frequency domain adaptive estimation of Doppler shifts for multiple Doppler subpaths in direct sequence code division multiple access (DS-CDMA) systems. By modeling the doubly selective channel using a basis expansion model (BEM), the proposed expectation-maximization (EM) algorithm-based estimation method can obtain accurate information of Doppler shifts. Based on the estimated information of Doppler shifts, a FDE-based receiver architecture is developed to exploit Doppler diversity in frequency domain. Simulation results demonstrate that this receiver structure features a low computational complexity while achieving good performance compared with traditional receiver structures in DS-CDMA systems.
Eight-year-old children with high cardiorespiratory fitness have lower overall and abdominal fatness.

OBJECTIVE 1) To examine whether cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF) is associated with waist circumference (WC) and overall and abdominal fatness in eight-year-old girls and boys. 2) To determine whether children with high CRF have lower WC, overall and abdominal fatness within the same body mass index (BMI) category compared with those with low CRF. DESIGN A cross-sectional study of 304 eight-year-old children in Tampere, Finland whose parents responded to a postal invitation and participated in measurements. MEASUREMENTS Total body fat percentage (BF%), abdominal region fat percentage (AF%), and fat-free mass (FFM) were assessed by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA). WC, height and weight were measured. International BMI sex- and age-specific cut-off points were used for overweight and obesity definition, and participants were divided into two categories: normal weight or overweight/obese. CRF was assessed with a maximal multistage 20-m shuttle run test (20-mSRT). RESULTS Of the children, 81% were normal weight and 19% were overweight/obese. CRF was inversely associated with WC (p<0.011), BF% (p<0.001) and AF% (p<0.001) independent of age, sex and BMI. Within the same BMI category, children with high CRF had significantly lower WC (p=0.001), BF% (p<0.001) and AF% (p<0.001) compared with children with low CRF. CONCLUSION Eight-year-old children with high CRF had lower overall and abdominal fatness compared with children with low CRF, independent of age, sex and BMI. CRF should be an important target already at a young age in preventing overall and abdominal obesity.
Characteristics of Ambient Seismic Noise as a Source For

6 [1] Interstation cross correlations of ambient seismic noise from 1 year of continuous data at periods 7 between 6 and 50 s are used to study the origin of the ambient noise using stations located in Europe, 8 southern Africa, Asia, and three regions within North America. The signal-to-noise ratios (SNR) of 9 Rayleigh waves for positive and negative correlation time lags at periods of 8, 14, 25 and 50 s are used to 10 determine the azimuthal distribution of strong ambient noise sources. Ambient noise in both the primary 11 (10–20 s) and secondary microseism bands (5–10 s) comes dominantly from the directions of relatively 12 nearby coastlines with stronger noise occurring in the Northern Hemisphere in northern winter and in the 13 Southern Hemisphere in southern winter, consistent with the hypothesis that oceanic microseisms are 14 generating this noise. The observed differences in the directivity of noise in the primary and secondary 15 microseism bands are the consequence of propagation and attenuation, rather than the location of 16 generation. At intermediate and long periods (>20 s), there is much less seasonal variation in both signal 17 strength and directivity. We argue that our results are explained most simply by near-coastal sources rather 18 than deep ocean sources at all periods. Although the dominant ambient noise sources are distributed 19 inhomogeneously in azimuth, strong ambient noise emerges from most directions when using recordings 20 that are 1 year in duration. Simulations illustrate that this is what ensures the accuracy of the empirical 21 Green’s functions and ambient noise tomography.
Sequestered naltrexone in sustained release morphine or oxycodone – a way to inhibit illicit use?

Introduction: Under the growing concern about prescription opioid misuse, abuse, addiction, tampering and diversion, stakeholders (e.g, governments, pharmaceutical companies and health care providers) are developing opioid formulations that they hope are less attractive to those seeking to misuse or abuse pain medications. However, these products must maintain their therapeutic effectiveness and safety. Many abusers tamper with formulations in an effort to convert the active ingredient into a form suitable for alternative and more abuse-desirable routes of administration, such as snorting, inhaling or injecting. Areas covered: A tamper-deterrent strategy is to embed opioid antagonists into the opioid agonist formulation. Upon tampering, the opioid antagonist is released and binds to the opioid receptors in sufficient amount to impede access of the agonist. This approach is intended to reduce the opioid subjective rewarding effects such as euphoria which are prominent following swallowing the dosage form without tampering. Sequestered naltrexone in sustained-release morphine or oxycodone is an example of this. We performed a comprehensive literature search using available databases to identify clinical studies utilizing an opioid agonist in combination with naltrexone. Efficacy, safety and abuse potential studies were identified for the developed products containing morphine and naltrexone as well as oxycodone and naltrexone. Expert opinion: The clinical impact of such combined formulations on tampering for abuse/misuse potential has not yet been determined, but long-term epidemiological studies are currently being conducted in order to answer these questions. Until these studies are complete, it seems prudent to remain cautious and assume that all formulations of prescription opioids might be abusable and that, similar to other opioids, the best current practice is to adhere to the principles of opioid risk management.
Hypoxia-inducible Factor-1 Mediates Transcriptional Activation of the Heme Oxygenase-1 Gene in Response to Hypoxia*

Exposure of rats to hypoxia (7% O2) markedly increased the level of heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) mRNA in several tissues. Accumulation of HO-1 transcripts was also observed after exposure of rat aortic vascular smooth muscle (VSM) cells to 1% O2, and this induction was dependent on gene transcription. Activation of the mouse HO-1 gene by all agents thus far tested is mediated by two 5′-enhancer sequences, SX2 and AB1, but neither fragment was responsive to hypoxia in VSM cells. Hypoxia-dependent induction of the chloramphenicol acetyltransferase (CAT) reporter gene was mediated by a 163-bp fragment located approximately 9.5 kilobases upstream of the transcription start site. This fragment contains two potential binding sites for hypoxia-inducible factor 1 (HIF-1). A role for HIF-1 in HO-1 gene regulation was established by the following observations: 1) HIF-1 specifically bound to an oligonucleotide spanning these sequences, 2) mutation of these sequences abolished HIF-1 binding and hypoxia-dependent gene activation in VSM cells, 3) hypoxia increased HIF-1α and HIF-1β protein levels in VSM cells, and 4) hypoxia-dependent HO-1 mRNA accumulation was not observed in mutant hepatoma cells lacking HIF-1 DNA-binding activity. Taken together, these data demonstrate that hypoxia induces HO-1 expression in animal tissues and cell cultures and implicate HIF-1 in this response.
Investigation of projection-based model-reduction techniques for solid-phase diffusion in Li-ion batteries

In this work, we apply the projection-based model-reduction framework for PDEs of [1] to the diffusion process governing the intercalation of lithium ions into spherical particles that appears in electrochemical models of Li-ion batteries. We first invoke the projection framework with different projections (the so-called natural-i.e. Galerkin-and volume-averaging projections-NP and VAP, respectively) and different basis sets (even monomials and eigenfunctions of the PDE) to arrive at different reduced models, which we then benchmark in a dimensionless frequency-domain setting. Surprisingly, we find that VAP of an even monomial basis yields an unstable reduced model for anything but the lowest order; however, NP yields suitable results for the basis sets and orders considered. Furthermore, we find that the NP-eigenfunction combination makes for a slow convergence when compared to NP with even monomials; however, room for further improvement is seen when compared with a balanced truncation, which is not applicable in the nonlinear setting of concentration-dependent diffusivity.
An adjunct mammary epithelial cell population in parous females: its role in functional adaptation and tissue renewal.

Mammary gland biologists have long assumed that differentiated secretory epithelial cells undergo programmed cell death at the end of lactation and that the alveolar compartment is reconstituted from undifferentiated precursor cells in subsequent pregnancies. It is generally agreed that the remodeled gland in a parous animal resembles that of a mature virgin at the morphological level. However, several physiological differences have been noted in comparing the responses of mammary epithelia from nulliparous versus parous females to hormonal stimulation and carcinogenic agents. We present genetic evidence that an involuted mammary gland is fundamentally different from a virgin gland, despite its close morphological resemblance. This difference results from the formation of a new mammary epithelial cell population that originates from differentiating cells during pregnancy. In contrast to the majority of fully committed alveolar cells, this epithelial population does not undergo cell death during involution or remodeling after lactation. We show that these cells can function as alveolar progenitors in subsequent pregnancies and that they can play an important role in functional adaptation in genetically engineered mice, which exhibit a reversion of a lactation-deficient phenotype in multiparous animals. In transplantation studies, this parity-induced epithelial population shows the capacity for self-renewal and contributes significantly to the reconstitution of the resulting mammary outgrowth (i.e. ductal morphogenesis and lobulogenesis). We propose that this parity-induced population contributes importantly to the biological differences between the mammary glands of parous and nulliparous females.
Regulation of ventral surface CO2/H+‐sensitive neurons by purinergic signalling

• The retrotrapezoid nucleus (RTN) is an important site of chemoreception, i.e. the mechanism by which the brain regulates breathing in response to changes in tissue CO2/H+. • Mechanisms underlying RTN chemoreception appear to involve direct CO2/H+‐mediated neuronal activation and indirect neuronal activation by CO2‐evoked ATP release (i.e. purinergic signalling) from astrocytes. • Here, we show in vitro and in vivo that purinergic signalling in the RTN contributes to ∼30% of RTN chemoreception. • Purinergic drive in the RTN involves gap junction hemichannels but not P2Y1 receptors. • These results clearly indicate that purinergic signalling contributes to integrated output of the RTN during hypercapnia and thus is an important determinant of respiratory drive.
Susceptibility to actively-induced murine experimental allergic encephalomyelitis is not linked to genes of the T cell receptor or CD3 complexes.

The role of the T cell receptor (TCR) in the genetic control of susceptibility to autoimmune demyelinating diseases remains shrouded in controversy. We have used the CXD2 series of recombinant inbred lines (RIL) and a (B10.S/DvTe x SJL/J) x B10.S/DvTe backcross (BC1) population to test for linkage between susceptibility to actively-induced EAE and the different TCR and CD3 loci. The two populations were inoculated for induction of EAE, phenotyped for both clinical and histological parameters of disease, and genotyped using markers flanking the loci of interest in the CXD2 RIL and an SJL/J allele-specific TCR V beta assay in the BC1 mice. Comparisons between the CXD2 strain distribution pattern (SDP) for disease and the SDPs for the chromosomal regions containing the TCR alpha, beta, gamma, delta, and CD3 delta, epsilon, gamma and zeta loci showed no linkage to these loci. Additional tests between EAE susceptibility and several other immunologically important loci for which the SDPs were known also showed no linkage to the minor lymphocyte-stimulating antigen gene Mlsl, Hc, the gene encoding complement component C5, Cd8a, or Cd5. Furthermore, our data from the BC1 mice demonstrate that the Tcrb locus segregates independent of disease and does not modulate disease severity. We conclude that while autoreactive TCRs are undoubtedly necessary for disease pathogenesis, the principle non-MHC-linked loci controlling susceptibility to murine EAE in BALB/c mice are not linked to any of the individual TCR-CD3 complex genes. Similarly, the major disease genes in the SJL/J mouse are not linked to TCR V beta. Our data cannot, however, preclude the possibility that TCR/CD3 alleles are involved in epigenetic phenomena or susceptibility in other mouse strains or animal systems.
Social regulation of emotion: messy layers

Emotions are evolved systems of intra- and interpersonal processes that are regulatory in nature, dealing mostly with issues of personal or social concern. They regulate social interaction and in extension, the social sphere. In turn, processes in the social sphere regulate emotions of individuals and groups. In other words, intrapersonal processes project in the interpersonal space, and inversely, interpersonal experiences deeply influence intrapersonal processes. Thus, I argue that the concepts of emotion generation and regulation should not be artificially separated. Similarly, interpersonal emotions should not be reduced to interacting systems of intraindividual processes. Instead, we can consider emotions at different social levels, ranging from dyads to large scale e-communities. The interaction between these levels is complex and does not only involve influences from one level to the next. In this sense the levels of emotion/regulation are messy and a challenge for empirical study. In this article, I discuss the concepts of emotions and regulation at different intra- and interpersonal levels. I extend the concept of auto-regulation of emotions (Kappas, 2008, 2011a,b) to social processes. Furthermore, I argue for the necessity of including mediated communication, particularly in cyberspace in contemporary models of emotion/regulation. Lastly, I suggest the use of concepts from systems dynamics and complex systems to tackle the challenge of the “messy layers. ”
Elongation of Irradiated Steels

A neural network was designed to model the elongation of neutron-irradiated steels. Predictions were compared to experimental values and were in agreement. The model was extrapolated to predict the elongation at high irradiation doses (200 dpa) and high temperatures (750°C). Because of the lack of experimental values at such doses and temperatures, predictions were accompanied with very large modelling uncertainties. The role of chromium was evaluated; although important in determining the resistance to irradiation-induced hardening, it was not found to have a major influence on elongation.
Lactobacillus rhamnosus (LGG) Regulates IL-10 Signaling in the Developing Murine Colon through Upregulation of the IL-10R2 Receptor Subunit

The intestinal microflora is critical for normal development, with aberrant colonization increasing the risk for necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC). In contrast, probiotic bacteria have been shown to decrease its incidence. Multiple pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines have been identified as markers of intestinal inflammation, both in human patients with NEC and in models of immature intestine. Specifically, IL-10 signaling attenuates intestinal responses to gut dysbiosis, and disruption of this pathway exacerbates inflammation in murine models of NEC. However, the effects of probiotics on IL-10 and its signaling pathway, remain poorly defined. Real-time PCR profiling revealed developmental regulation of MIP-2, TNF-α, IL-12, IL-10 and the IL-10R2 subunit of the IL-10 receptor in immature murine colon, while the expression of IL-6 and IL-18 was independent of postnatal age. Enteral administration of the probiotic Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG (LGG) down-regulated the expression of TNF-α and MIP-2 and yet failed to alter IL-10 mRNA and protein expression. LGG did however induce mRNA expression of the IL-10R2 subunit of the IL-10 receptor. IL-10 receptor activation has been associated with signal transducer and activator of transcription (STAT) 3-dependent induction of members of the suppressors of cytokine signaling (SOCS) family. In 2 week-old mice, LGG also induced STAT3 phosphorylation, increased colonic expression of SOCS-3, and attenuated colonic production of MIP-2 and TNF-α. These LGG-dependent changes in phosphoSTAT3, SOCS3, MIP-2 and TNF-α were all inhibited by antibody-mediated blockade of the IL-10 receptor. Thus LGG decreased baseline proinflammatory cytokine expression in the developing colon through upregulation of IL-10 receptor-mediated signaling, most likely due to the combined induction of phospho-STAT3 and SOCS3. Furthermore, LGG-dependent increases in IL-10R2 were associated with reductions in TNF-α, MIP-2 and disease severity in a murine model of intestinal injury in the immature colon.
OCL-Lite: A Decidable (Yet Expressive) Fragment of OCL

UML has become a de facto standard in conceptual modeling. Class diagrams in UML allow one to model the data in the domain of interest by specifying a set of graphical constraints. However, in most cases one needs to provide the class diagram with additional semantics to completely specify the domain, and this is where OCL comes into play. While reasoning over class diagrams is decidable and has been investigated intensively, it is well known that checking the correctness of OCL constraints is undecidable. Thus, we introduce OCL-Lite, a fragment of the full OCL language and prove that reasoning over UML class diagrams with OCL-Lite constraints is in ExpTime by an encoding in the description logic ALCI. As a side result, DL techniques and tools can be used to reason on UML class diagrams annotated with arbitrary OCL-Lite constraints.
ANTICIPATION AND VIOLIN STRINGS

Membranes such as fluorine-containing cation exchange membranes are wrapped on a roll for shipment, without using adhesive to fasten the membrane to the core or to itself at the end of the wrap. Instead, paper is taped to the core and interleaved with the membrane. At the end of the wrap, paper is again interleaved with the membrane and the paper is taped to itself.
What is the role of muscle receptors in proprioception?

The role of muscle afferents is discussed in terms of their contribution to kinesthesia, the senses of position and movement of the limbs. It is argued that muscle spindles are not well suited as position sensors, on several grounds. Yet we know from muscle vibration experiments that they do contribute to kinesthesia. A number of recent experiments have shown that positional information is of particular significance to the central nervous system. In other experiments it has been demonstrated that a disturbance to kinesthesia follows fatigue from exercise. Fatigue of elbow flexor muscles led subjects to make significant positional errors in a forearm matching task. The size of the errors correlated with the fall in force from fatigue. These data suggest that we derive a positional cue from the effort required to hold a limb against the force of gravity. A challenge for the future will be to reveal how the centrally derived sense of effort and peripherally derived afferent information interact to give us our kinesthetic sense. Muscle Nerve, 2005
Targeted Disruption of the Mouse Mel1b Melatonin Receptor

ABSTRACT Two high-affinity, G protein-coupled melatonin receptor subtypes have been identified in mammals. Targeted disruption of the Mel1a melatonin receptor prevents some, but not all, responses to the hormone, suggesting functional redundancy among receptor subtypes (Liu et al., Neuron 19:91-102, 1997). In the present work, the mouse Mel1b melatonin receptor cDNA was isolated and characterized, and the gene has been disrupted. The cDNA encodes a receptor with high affinity for melatonin and a pharmacological profile consistent with its assignment as encoding a melatonin receptor. Mice with targeted disruption of the Mel1b receptor have no obvious circadian phenotype. Melatonin suppressed multiunit electrical activity in the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) in Mel1b receptor-deficient mice as effectively as in wild-type controls. The neuropeptide, pituitary adenylyl cyclase activating peptide, increases the level of phosphorylated cyclic AMP response element binding protein (CREB) in SCN slices, and melatonin reduces this effect. The Mel1a receptor subtype mediates this inhibitory response at moderate ligand concentrations (1 nM). A residual response apparent in Mel1a receptor-deficient C3H mice at higher melatonin concentrations (100 nM) is absent in Mel1a-Mel1b double-mutant mice, indicating that the Mel1b receptor mediates this effect of melatonin. These data indicate that there is a limited functional redundancy between the receptor subtypes in the SCN. Mice with targeted disruption of melatonin receptor subtypes will allow molecular dissection of other melatonin receptor-mediated responses.
Heuristic Approaches for Embedded Processor System Size Reduction

Today’s sensors are capable of generating large amounts of data. Much of the data is often discarded, or simply not processed, because there is no time or processing capability in the embedded or on-board processors. The developers are struggling with algorithms that quickly sort target from non-target, and, with signal extraction techniques to rapidly classify the objects embedded in the scene. Large matrix system models, as is the case when there is data from multiple sensors, also pose significant computational challenges. The problem is relevant and significant when one considers sensor applications where large streams of data are available and an accurate decision is crucial. Conventional data mining techniques, typically attempt to solve full order factorial solutions for Imaging, for Feature Extraction, and for Feature Delineation. This paper presents novel heuristic techniques that can be used for pre-processing, and thus reduces the order of the problem. And, these techniques can be implemented as Neuro-fuzzy decision logic, to automate the incorporation of expert knowledge. It is shown that, with such a-priori knowledge of the computational problem, the information from the various sensors streams can actually help speed-up algorithm convergence.
Part Discovery from Partial Correspondence

We study the problem of part discovery when partial correspondence between instances of a category are available. For visual categories that exhibit high diversity in structure such as buildings, our approach can be used to discover parts that are hard to name, but can be easily expressed as a correspondence between pairs of images. Parts naturally emerge from point-wise landmark matches across many instances within a category. We propose a learning framework for automatic discovery of parts in such weakly supervised settings, and show the utility of the rich part library learned in this way for three tasks: object detection, category-specific saliency estimation, and fine-grained image parsing.