Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
A Theory of Illusory Lightness and Transparency in Monocular and Binocular Images: The Role of Contour Junctions

A theory of illusory transparency and lightness is described for monocular and binocular images containing X-, T- and I-contour junctions. This theory asserts that the geometric and luminance relationships of contour junctions induce illusory transparency and lightness percepts by causing a phenomenal scission of a homogenous luminance into multiple contributions. Specifically, it is argued that a discontinuous change in contrast along aligned contours that preserve contrast polarity induces a scission of the lower contrast region into a near-transparent surface or an illumination change, and a more distant surface that continues behind this near layer. This scission is assumed to cause changes in perceived lightness and/or surface opacity. Discontinuous changes in contrast along contours also are assumed to induce end-cut illusory contours that run roughly perpendicular to the inducing orientation of the contour, both monocularly and binocularly. Binocular illusory contours are shown to be caused by the presence of unmatchable contour terminators. It is argued that the presented theory can provide a unified account of a variety of monocular and binocular illusions that induce uniform transformations in perceived lightness, including neon-color spreading, the Munker – White illusion, Benary's illusion, and illusory monocular and binocular transparency.
The transient phase between growth and nongrowth of heterotrophic bacteria, with emphasis on the marine environment.

INTRODUCTION 26 INTERMITI'ENT GROWTH OF MARINE BACTERIA 27 Bacterial Production and Predation . 27 Nutritional Diversity of Marine Bacteria. 27 Influence of Surface Attachment . 28 A Proposed Life Cycle . 29 THE TRANSIENT PHASE BETWEEN GROWTH AND NONGROWTH 30 Formation and Presence of Small Cells. 30 Bacterial Surface Characteristics and Adhesion 31 MECHANISMS OF STARVATION SURVIVAL 32 Nonmarine Bacteria . 33 Marine Bacteria 36
Adaptive Protection and Microgrid Control Design for Hailuoto Island

Microgrids can provide various economic and environmental benefits but their implementation poses great technical challenges in control, protection and energy management. One of the most important technical aspects in microgrids is distribution system protection. This paper first demonstrates a need for and then focuses on the design aspects of the adaptive protection system addressing issues such as: selection of alternative setting groups, components and system architecture; system configuration and programmed logic. The system is based on a centralized controller running the real-time analysis of the data received from the field Intelligent Electronic Devices and communicating with them by means of IEC 61850 communications. The adaptive protection and microgrid control system has been developed and currently being installed at Hailuoto island in Finland.
Purity and decomposition theorems for staggered sheaves

Abstract Two major results in the theory of ℓ-adic mixed constructible sheaves are the purity theorem (every simple perverse sheaf is pure) and the decomposition theorem (every pure object in the derived category is a direct sum of shifts of simple perverse sheaves). In this paper, we prove analogues of these results for coherent sheaves. Specifically, we work with staggered sheaves, which form the heart of a certain t-structure on the derived category of equivariant coherent sheaves. We prove, under some reasonable hypotheses, that every simple staggered sheaf is pure, and that every pure complex of coherent sheaves is a direct sum of shifts of simple staggered sheaves.
In Polarized MDCK Cells Basolateral Vesicles Arise from Clathrin-γ-adaptin–coated Domains on Endosomal Tubules

Human transferrin receptors (TR) and receptors for polymeric immunoglobulins (pIgR) expressed in polarized MDCK cells maintain steady-state, asymmetric distributions on the separate basolateral and apical surfaces even though they are trafficking continuously into and across these cells. The intracellular mechanisms required to maintain these asymmetric distributions have not been located. Here we show that TR and pIgR internalize from both surfaces to a common interconnected endosome compartment that includes tubules with buds coated with clathrin lattices. These buds generate vesicles that carry TR to the basolateral border. The lattices contain γ-adaptin and are dispersed by treatment with brefeldin A (BFA). Since BFA treatment abrogates the vectorial trafficking of TR in polarized MDCK cells, we propose that the clathrin-coated domains of the endosome tubules contain the polarized sorting mechanism responsible for their preferential basolateral distribution.
Decreased Postoperative Pain, Narcotic, and Antiemetic Use After Breast Reduction Using a Local Anesthetic Pain Pump

The purpose of this study was to conduct a prospective trial evaluating the efficacy of a local anesthetic pain pump in breast reduction surgery. Ninety-eight women undergoing bilateral breast reduction were enrolled. Thirty-seven patients received a pain pump containing 0.25% bupivicaine, and 61 patients received no pain pump. Parameters measured included subjective pain, episodes of postoperative nausea and vomiting (PONV), and the amount of narcotics and antiemetics used. Patients receiving a pain pump reported significantly lower pain scores on the day of surgery, as well as on the first and second postoperative days when compared with patients who did not (P < 0.01). The amount of intravenous and oral narcotics used paralleled the reduction in pain (P < 0.01), and there were fewer episodes of PONV and antiemetics used in the patients receiving a pain pump (P < 0.01). A postoperative local anesthetic pain pump can reduce pain, narcotic use, and PONV in women undergoing breast reduction.
Offloading cellular networks through ITS content download

Content downloading by mobile users is expected to significantly increase the cellular network load. Vehicular users, in particular, are likely to engage in information retrieval on the move: in this context, Intelligent Transportation Systems (ITS) can play an important role in offloading the cellular infrastructure. We investigate the effectiveness of ITS in this task, considering that roadside units (RSUs) can exploit mobility prediction to decide which data they should fetch from the Internet and schedule transmissions to vehicles, either potential relays or downloaders. Rather than presenting a specific prediction scheme, we propose a model that allows us to express and account for any prediction technique in a simple, yet effective, manner. We then provide a probabilistic graph-based representation of the system that accounts for the prediction uncertainty. We use such a representation to study the network dynamics by efficiently solving a (non-integer) LP problem. Our results show that the above approach to content downloading through ITS can achieve an 80% offload of the cellular network. Also, we investigate the dependency of the system performance on the accuracy of the mobility prediction, and which prediction errors have the largest impact.
Development of Social Vocalizations in Mice

Adult mice are highly vocal animals, with both males and females vocalizing in same sex and cross sex social encounters. Mouse pups are also highly vocal, producing isolation vocalizations when they are cold or removed from the nest. This study examined patterns in the development of pup isolation vocalizations, and compared these to adult vocalizations. In three litters of CBA/CaJ mice, we recorded isolation vocalizations at ages postnatal day 5 (p5), p7, p9, p11, and p13. Adult vocalizations were obtained in a variety of social situations. Altogether, 28,384 discrete vocal signals were recorded using high-frequency-sensitive equipment and analyzed for syllable type, spectral and temporal features, and the temporal sequencing within bouts. We found that pups produced all but one of the 11 syllable types recorded from adults. The proportions of syllable types changed developmentally, but even the youngest pups produced complex syllables with frequency-time variations. When all syllable types were pooled together for analysis, changes in the peak frequency or the duration of syllables were small, although significant, from p5 through p13. However, individual syllable types showed different, large patterns of change over development, requiring analysis of each syllable type separately. Most adult syllables were substantially lower in frequency and shorter in duration. As pups aged, the complexity of vocal bouts increased, with a greater tendency to switch between syllable types. Vocal bouts from older animals, p13 and adult, had significantly more sequential structure than those from younger mice. Overall, these results demonstrate substantial changes in social vocalizations with age. Future studies are required to identify whether these changes result from developmental processes affecting the vocal tract or control of vocalization, or from vocal learning. To provide a tool for further research, we developed a MATLAB program that generates bouts of vocalizations that correspond to mice of different ages.
Robust Learning to Rank Based on Portfolio Theory and AMOSA Algorithm

Effectiveness is the most important factor considered in the ranking models yielded by algorithms of learning to rank (LTR). Most of the related ranking models only focus on improving the average effectiveness but ignore robustness. When a ranking model ignores robustness, the effectiveness for many queries is possibly very poor although the average effectiveness for all queries is relatively high. Therefore, Wang <italic>et al.</italic> first consider robustness in their ranking models. However, the robustness formula defined by Wang <italic>et al.</italic> cannot characterize those queries whose effectiveness are hurt seriously in comparison with the baseline model. In order to overcome this shortcoming, we propose a novel formula of characterizing robustness based on portfolio theory, and construct a multiobjective optimization model of the robust LTR in which the formula is used. Based on this model, we propose an approach of risk-sensitive and robust LTR, named as <inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$\text{R}^{ 2}$ </tex-math></inline-formula>Rank, which is based on the framework of archived multiobjective simulated annealing algorithm and the idea of preference ranking organization method for enrichment evaluation. The experimental results show that the ranking models produced by our proposed <inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$\text{R}^{ 2}$ </tex-math></inline-formula>Rank approach are better in both effectiveness and robustness than those produced by three state-of-the-art LTR approaches.
Traumatic brain injury, psychiatric disorders and suicide: A population-based study of suicide victims during the years 1988–2004 in Northern Finland

Background: Depression and substance abuse are common among patients with traumatic brain injury (TBI). However, previous studies have not examined the temporal association between psychiatric disorders, TBI and suicide. Objective: To study the prevalence of TBI injury among suicide victims; to determine the association of suicide, psychiatric disorders and TBI severity; and to examine the effect of pre- and post-traumatic psychiatric disorders on their remaining life-time. Methods: This study examined all suicides (n = 1877) committed during a 16-year period in the province of Oulu, Finland. The information of suicide victims was extracted from the official death certificates and the National Hospital Discharge Registers. Results: TBI was found in 5.5% (n = 103) of the victims. Compared to the victims without TBI, those with TBI had significantly more hospital-treated psychiatric and alcohol disorders. If TBI subjects had comorbid psychiatric disorders, the time period between TBI and suicide was under 3 years in ∼ 90% of victims in this suicide population. Conclusions: Seriousness of injury, male gender, older age, being unemployed and presence of psychiatric and alcohol disorders are important to identify as possible predictors for suicidal behaviour in TBI patients. Further studies are required to shed light on interventions aimed at better life management.
Antitumor Activity of Monoterpenes Found in Essential Oils

Cancer is a complex genetic disease that is a major public health problem worldwide, accounting for about 7 million deaths each year. Many anticancer drugs currently used clinically have been isolated from plant species or are based on such substances. Accumulating data has revealed anticancer activity in plant-derived monoterpenes. In this review the antitumor activity of 37 monoterpenes found in essential oils is discussed. Chemical structures, experimental models, and mechanisms of action for bioactive substances are presented.
Mutational analysis of human T-cell leukemia virus type I Tax: regions necessary for function determined with 47 mutant proteins

We have made 47 mutations that span the length of the human T-cell leukemia virus type I (HTLV-I) Tax open reading frame. Of the 47 mutations, 38 were substitutions of single amino acids, 5 were missense changes in two or more amino acids, and 4 were deletions. A subset of these mutations includes individual changes of all 26 naturally occurring serines to alanines. By assaying each mutant protein separately on the HTLV-I long terminal repeat (LTR) and the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) LTR in parallel, we were able to identify regions of Tax selectively necessary for each promoter. A small region in the carboxyl terminus, amino acids 315 to 325, was found to be selectively important for activation of the HTLV-I LTR. Three changes at serine 113, serine 160, and serine 258 were found to specifically affect function on the HIV-1 LTR. Surprisingly, we found that the great preponderance of missense changes (32 of 42) in Tax did not affect function.
Solving the Small and Asymmetric Sampling Problem in the Context of Image Retrieval

ABStrAct This chapter studies the user relevance feedback in image retrieval. We take this problem as a standard two-class pattern classification problem aiming at refining the retrieval precision by learning through the user relevance feedback data. However, we have investigated the problem by noting two important unique characteristics of the problem: small sample collection and asymmetric sample distributions between positive and negative samples. We have developed a novel approach to empirical Bayesian learning to solve for this problem by explicitly exploiting the two unique characteristics, which is the methodology of BAyesian Learning in ASymmetric and Small sample collections, thus called BALAS. In BALAS different learning strategies are used for positive and negative sample collections, respectively, based on the two unique characteristics. By defining the relevancy confidence as the relevant posterior probability , we have developed an integrated ranking scheme in BALAS which complementarily combines the subjective relevancy confidence and the objective similarity measure to capture the overall retrieval semantics. The experimental evaluations have confirmed the rationale of the proposed ranking scheme, and have also demonstrated that BALAS is superior to an existing relevance feedback method in the current literature in capturing the overall retrieval semantics.
Whither the Hippocampus? FDG-PET Hippocampal Hypometabolism in Alzheimer Disease Revisited

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: The hippocampus is a widely recognized area of early change in AD, yet voxelwise analyses of FDG-PET activity differences between AD and CN controls have consistently failed to identify hippocampal hypometabolism. In this article, we propose a high-dimensional PET-specific analysis framework to determine whether important hippocampal metabolic FDG-PET activity differences between patients with AD and CN subjects are embedded in the Jacobian information generated during spatial normalization. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Resting FDG-PET data were obtained from 102 CN and 92 participants with AD from the ADNI data base. A PET-study-specific template was constructed using symmetric diffeomorphic registration. Spatially normalized raw FDG maps, Jacobian determinant maps, and modulated maps were generated for all subjects. Statistical parametric mapping and tensor-based morphometry were performed, comparing patients with AD with CN subjects. RESULTS: Whole-brain spatially normalized raw FDG maps demonstrated robust hypometabolism in cingulate gyrus and bilateral parietal areas. No hippocampal differences were present, except on ROI-based analyses with a hippocampal mask. Whole-brain modulated maps demonstrated robust bilateral hippocampal hypometabolism, and some hypometabolism in the posterior cingulate. Tensor-based morphometry demonstrated robust hippocampal differences only. CONCLUSIONS: These results demonstrate that hippocampal metabolic differences are embedded in the Jacobian information from the spatial normalization procedure. We introduce a voxelwise PET-specific analysis framework based on the use of a PET-population-specific template, high-dimensional symmetric diffeomorphic normalization, and the use of Jacobian information, which can provide substantially increased statistical power and an order of magnitude decrease in imaging costs.
MRI Detection of Extramural Venous Invasion in Rectal Cancer: Correlation With Histopathology Using Elastin Stain.

OBJECTIVE The purpose of this article is to evaluate the diagnostic performance of MRI for detection of extramural venous invasion (EMVI) compared with histopathologic analysis using elastin stain. MATERIALS AND METHODS Forty-nine patients with rectal cancer who had undergone surgical resection with preoperative MRI were identified. Thirty-seven patients had received preoperative chemoradiation therapy (CRT). Sixty-nine MRI studies were independently reviewed by two blinded radiologists for EMVI using a score of 0-4. Comparison was made with histopathologic results obtained by two pathologists reviewing the elastin-stained slides in consensus. EMVI status was also correlated with other tumoral and prognostic features on imaging and pathologic analysis. Statistical analysis was performed using Fisher exact and McNemar tests. RESULTS EMVI was present in 31% of the pathology specimens. An MRI EMVI score of 3-4 was 54% sensitive and 96% specific in detecting EMVI in veins 3 mm in diameter or larger. Inclusion of a score of 2 as positive for EMVI increased the sensitivity to 79% but decreased the specificity to 74%, with poor positive predictive value. Preoperative CRT had no significant effect on the diagnostic performance of MRI. Contrast-enhanced MRI increased reader confidence for diagnosis or exclusion of EMVI compared with T2-weighted imaging. EMVI status correlated with depth of extramural invasion and proximity to mesorectal fascia. CONCLUSION Despite an anticipated increase in sensitivity for EMVI detection by histopathologic analysis using elastin compared with H and E staining, MRI maintains a high specificity and moderate sensitivity for the detection of EMVI.
Vehicle to pedestrian communications for protection of vulnerable road users

Vehicle and pedestrian collisions often result in fatality to the vulnerable road users, indicating a strong need of technologies to protect such vulnerable road users. Wireless communications have potential to support road safety by enabling road users to exchange information. In contrast to vehicle to vehicle (V2V) and vehicle to infrastructure (V2I) communications for avoidance of inter-vehicle collisions, very limited efforts are made on communication mechanisms for pedestrian safety. This paper addresses the issue in a concrete way. We first formulate the requirement of the minimum information exchange distance for providing road users to have the necessary amount of time to perceive the situation and react. We then report our field tests and measurement based analysis to investigate if a Wi-Fi system can satisfy the application requirement. We also introduce a pedestrian protection application, V2ProVu, which provides the functionalities of the Wi-Fi communications, risk calculation, and hazard alarming. Our study discloses several useful insights including 1) information exchange for a velocity of 80 km/h has to be made before vehicle to pedestrian (V2P) distance is below 72 meters and 2) while this requirement is not too hard for radio communications technologies, the V2P communication range is greatly reduced if the signal is blocked by a human body.
Primary ciliary dyskinesia: age at diagnosis and symptom history

Age at diagnosis and the symptom history of children with primary ciliary dyskinesia (PCD) are described by reviewing the case notes in the paediatric PCD clinic. Mean age at diagnosis was 4.4 y despite a history of neonatal respiratory distress in 37/55 cases, situs inversus in 38/55 cases and early onset troublesome rhinitis in 42/55.
User Identification Based on Display Names Across Online Social Networks

User identification is very helpful for building a better profile of a user. Some works have been devoted to this issue. However, the existing works with a good performance are mainly based on the rich online data and do not consider the cost of online data acquisition. In this paper, we aim to address this issue with a lower cost of data acquisition. A machine learning-based solution is proposed solely based on the user’s display names. It consists of three key steps: we first analyze the users’ unique naming patterns that lead to information redundancies across sites; second, we construct features that exploit information redundancies; afterward, we employ machine learning method for user identification. The experiment shows that the proposed solution can provide excellent performance with F1 score reaching 96.24%, 92.49%, and 90.68% on three real different data sets, respectively. This paper shows the possibility of user identification with a lower cost of data acquisition.