Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
An Update on Safety and Side Effects of Cannabidiol: A Review of Clinical Data and Relevant Animal Studies

Abstract Introduction: This literature survey aims to extend the comprehensive survey performed by Bergamaschi et al. in 2011 on cannabidiol (CBD) safety and side effects. Apart from updating the literature, this article focuses on clinical studies and CBD potential interactions with other drugs. Results: In general, the often described favorable safety profile of CBD in humans was confirmed and extended by the reviewed research. The majority of studies were performed for treatment of epilepsy and psychotic disorders. Here, the most commonly reported side effects were tiredness, diarrhea, and changes of appetite/weight. In comparison with other drugs, used for the treatment of these medical conditions, CBD has a better side effect profile. This could improve patients' compliance and adherence to treatment. CBD is often used as adjunct therapy. Therefore, more clinical research is warranted on CBD action on hepatic enzymes, drug transporters, and interactions with other drugs and to see if this mainly leads to positive or negative effects, for example, reducing the needed clobazam doses in epilepsy and therefore clobazam's side effects. Conclusion: This review also illustrates that some important toxicological parameters are yet to be studied, for example, if CBD has an effect on hormones. Additionally, more clinical trials with a greater number of participants and longer chronic CBD administration are still lacking.
THE RADIAL AND AZIMUTHAL PROFILES OF Mg ii ABSORPTION AROUND 0.5 < z < 0.9 zCOSMOS GALAXIES OF DIFFERENT COLORS, MASSES, AND ENVIRONMENTS

We map the radial and azimuthal distribution of Mg ii gas within ∼ 200 kpc (physical) of ∼ 4000 galaxies at redshifts 0.5 < z < 0.9 using co-added spectra of more than 5000 background galaxies at z > 1. We investigate the variation of Mg ii rest-frame equivalent width (EW) as a function of the radial impact parameter for different subsets of foreground galaxies selected in terms of their rest-frame colors and masses. Blue galaxies have a significantly higher average Mg ii EW at close galactocentric radii as compared to the red galaxies. Among the blue galaxies, there is a correlation between Mg ii EW and galactic stellar mass of the host galaxy. We also find that the distribution of Mg ii absorption around group galaxies is more extended than that for non-group galaxies, and that groups as a whole have more extended radial profiles than individual galaxies. Interestingly, these effects can be satisfactorily modeled by a simple superposition of the absorption profiles of individual member galaxies, assuming that these are the same as those of non-group galaxies, suggesting that the group environment may not significantly enhance or diminish the Mg ii absorption of individual galaxies. We show that there is a strong azimuthal dependence of the Mg ii absorption within 50 kpc of inclined disk-dominated galaxies, indicating the presence of a strongly bipolar outflow aligned along the disk rotation axis. There is no significant dependence of Mg ii absorption on the apparent inclination angle of disk-dominated galaxies.
Employing smartphones Xenon flashlight for mobile payment

Due to the huge dependence of the users on their smartphones and the huge technological advances in their design, smartphones have replaced many electronic devices nowadays. For that reason, it is of great interest to use such phones to replace magnetic cards. This paper uses the built-in Xenon flashlight in today's Android smartphones to experimentally transmit the data stored on the user magnetic card to a card reader or automatic teller machine (ATM). We experimentally modulate the embedded Xenon flashlight in a smartphone with the required information of a traditional magnetic card and transmit the light over a secure high speed optical link at 15 bps with no additional hardware at the user end. The paper introduces the design of an implemented small, inexpensive supplementary receiver circuit module, which is easily attached to a contemporary card reader or ATM machine. Furthermore, the paper tests the system performance under the effect of interference from another transmitter as well as compares its speed and security to the regular ATM card and to other competing technologies.
A weight-of-evidence approach to define nutrient criteria protective of aquatic life in large rivers

Abstract Cultural eutrophication of surface waters has become a major source of water-quality impairment throughout the US. In response, the US Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) has devised a national strategy for the development of regional nutrient criteria. Our study is part of New York State's effort to revise its narrative nutrient standard for N and P and is based on the USEPA's recommended weight-of-evidence approach. The objective of our investigation was to identify nutrient thresholds based on a final weighted average of results from percentile analysis, nonparametric deviance reduction (changepoint), and cluster analysis. The thresholds were determined from shifts in biological community structure (benthic macroinvertebrate and diatom) related to water-column nutrient data from 40 large river sites throughout New York State. USEPA's percentile analysis yielded possible criteria of 0.023 mg total P (TP)/L, 0.51 mg total N (TN)/L, 0.16 mg NO3-N /L, and 2.4 mg chlorophyll a (chl a)/m3. Threshold responses in benthic macroinvertebrate metrics at the 50th percentile occurred at concentrations between 0.009 and 0.07 mg TP/L, 0.41 and 1.2 mg TN/L, 0.18 and 0.55 mg NO3-N/L, and 2.1 mg chl a/m3. Cluster analysis yielded 3 groups of sites based on macroinvertebrate and diatom taxa. The median nutrient values of the medium-nutrient-condition site clusters were used to set criteria for TP and TN. For site clusters based on macroinvertebrate data these values were 0.037 mg TP/L and 0.68 mg TN/L. For clusters based on diatom data these were 0.037 mg TP/L and 0.78 mg TN/L. Based on the weight-of-evidence approach and results from all 3 methods, the proposed guidance values for nutrients in large rivers are 0.03 mg TP/L, 0.7 mg TN/L, 0.3 mg NO3-N/L, and 2.2 mg chl a/m3. These values are similar to those derived by others and provide meaningful nutrient endpoints that would be protective of aquatic life in large rivers.
Overcoming the Bell-Shaped Dose-Response of Cannabidiol by Using Cannabis Extract Enriched in Cannabidiol

Cannabidiol (CBD), a major constituent of Cannabis, has been shown to be a powerful anti-inflammatory and anti-anxiety drug, without exerting a psychotropic effect. However, when given either intraperitoneally or orally as a purified product, a bell-shaped dose-response was observed, which limits its clinical use. In the present study, we have studied in mice the anti-inflammatory and anti-nociceptive activities of standardized plant extracts derived from the Cannabis sativa L. , clone 202, which is highly enriched in CBD and hardly contains any psychoactive ingredients. In stark contrast to purified CBD, the clone 202 extract, when given either intraperitoneally or orally, provided a clear correlation between the anti-inflammatory and anti-nociceptive responses and the dose, with increasing responses upon increasing doses, which makes this plant medicine ideal for clinical uses. The clone 202 extract reduced zymosan-induced paw swelling and pain in mice, and prevented TNFα production in vivo. It is likely that other components in the extract synergize with CBD to achieve the desired anti-inflammatory action that may contribute to overcoming the bell-shaped dose-response of purified CBD. We therefore propose that Cannabis clone 202 (Avidekel) extract is superior over CBD for the treatment of inflammatory conditions.
Tissue level mechanical properties of cortical bone in skeletally immature and mature dogs

Summary Objectives: The purpose of this study was to quantify the tissue level mechanical properties of cortical bone of skeletally immature (~five-month-old) Beagle dogs and compare them to data from mature dogs measured in a previous study. Methods: Eight femoral cross sectional specimens (two bone sections / dog) were obtained from four skeletally immature dogs. A pair of calcein bone labels were administered intravenously to the dogs to mark sites of active mineralization prior to euthanasia. Prepared bone specimens were placed in a nanoindenter specimen holder and the previously identified calcein labelled osteons were located. Labelled (n = 128) and neighbouring unlabelled (n = 127) osteons in skeletally immature femurs were examined by instrumented indentation testing. Indents were made to a depth of 500 nm at a loading rate of 10 nm/s. Indentation modulus (IM) and hardness (H) were obtained. Results: The overall IM of the cortical bone in the skeletally mature groups was significantly greater than in the immature group (p = 0.0011), however overall H was not significantly different. The differences between the groups in IM were significant for the unlabelled osteons (p = 0.001), but not for the labelled osteons (p = 0.56). Conclusion: There are differences in the IM of unlabelled osteons in skeletally immature and mature groups of Beagle dogs. In contrast to whole bone mechanical tests, where there are obvious differences between growing and mature bones, there are only small differences in the micro-mechanical properties.
Protective Mechanical Ventilation during General Anesthesia for Open Abdominal Surgery Improves Postoperative Pulmonary Function

Background:The impact of intraoperative ventilation on postoperative pulmonary complications is not defined. The authors aimed at determining the effectiveness of protective mechanical ventilation during open abdominal surgery on a modified Clinical Pulmonary Infection Score as primary outcome and postoperative pulmonary function. Methods:Prospective randomized, open-label, clinical trial performed in 56 patients scheduled to undergo elective open abdominal surgery lasting more than 2 h. Patients were assigned by envelopes to mechanical ventilation with tidal volume of 9 ml/kg ideal body weight and zero-positive end-expiratory pressure (standard ventilation strategy) or tidal volumes of 7 ml/kg ideal body weight, 10 cm H2O positive end-expiratory pressure, and recruitment maneuvers (protective ventilation strategy). Modified Clinical Pulmonary Infection Score, gas exchange, and pulmonary functional tests were measured preoperatively, as well as at days 1, 3, and 5 after surgery. Results:Patients ventilated protectively showed better pulmonary functional tests up to day 5, fewer alterations on chest x-ray up to day 3 and higher arterial oxygenation in air at days 1, 3, and 5 (mmHg; mean ± SD): 77.1 ± 13.0 versus 64.9 ± 11.3 (P = 0.0006), 80.5 ± 10.1 versus 69.7 ± 9.3 (P = 0.0002), and 82.1 ± 10.7 versus 78.5 ± 21.7 (P = 0.44) respectively. The modified Clinical Pulmonary Infection Score was lower in the protective ventilation strategy at days 1 and 3. The percentage of patients in hospital at day 28 after surgery was not different between groups (7 vs. 15% respectively, P = 0.42). Conclusion:A protective ventilation strategy during abdominal surgery lasting more than 2 h improved respiratory function and reduced the modified Clinical Pulmonary Infection Score without affecting length of hospital stay.
Structured Information on State and Evolution of Dockerfiles on GitHub

Docker containers are standardized, self-contained units of applications, packaged with their dependencies and execution environment. The environment is defined in a Dockerfile that specifies the steps to reach a certain system state as infrastructure code, with the aim of enabling reproducible builds of the container. To lay the groundwork for research on infrastructure code, we collected structured information about the state and the evolution of Docker-files on GitHub and release it as a PostgreSQL database archive (over 100,000 unique Dockerfiles in over 15,000 GitHub projects). Our dataset enables answering a multitude of interesting research questions related to different kinds of software evolution behavior in the Docker ecosystem.
Application of PBL combining CBL in otorhinolaryngological teaching

Objective: To observe the application of PBL combining CBL in otorhinolaryngological teaching. Methods: 100 cases of students were selected and randomly divided into control group and observation group, with 50 cases in each group. The control group was given traditional teaching method, while the observation group was given PBL combining CBL teaching method. The learning effect, students’ satisfaction, and teacher assessment condition of both groups were compared. Results: The results of the observation group were: clinic pathologic analysis 96.35 ± 1.02 grades, theory 97.32 ± 1.32 grades, clinical practice 96.98 ± 1.58 grades, and paper 95.87 ± 1.33 grades, which were statistically and significantly different with the control group, with P<0.05. The students satisfaction and teacher assessment of the observation group were respectively 98.00% and 96.00%, which were significantly better than the control group, with P<0.05. Conclusion: Our findings suggest that the combination of PBL and CBL is more effective in improving students' academic performance and satisfaction than traditional teaching methods.
Internet-Based Computer Tailored Feedback on Sunscreen Use

Background Skin cancer incidence rates signify the need for effective programs for the prevention of skin cancer and for helping skin cancer patients. Internet and computer tailored (CT) technology fosters the development of highly individualized health communication messages. Yet, reactions to Internet CT programs may differ per level of involvement and education level and remain understudied. Objective First, we identified perceptions concerning sunscreen use in Dutch adults and assessed differences in differences between the general public and skin cancer patients, and between low and high educated respondents. Second, we assessed program evaluations of these groups about a new Dutch CT Internet-based program promoting sunscreen use, and potential differences between groups Methods A cross-sectional research design was used. In total, 387 respondents participated and filled out an online questionnaire based on the I-Change Model assessing socio-demographics, history of skin cancer, sunscreen use, and beliefs about sunscreen use. The responses were fed into a computer program that generated personal tailored feedback on screen; next we assessed their program evaluations Results Of the 132 patients, 92 were female (69.7%) and 40 were male (30.3%). In the general population (N = 225), 139 (54.5%) respondents were female and 116 (45.5%) were male. Men (50.9 years) were 8 years older than women (43.1 years). Most patients were diagnosed with basal cell carcinoma (N = 65; 49.2%), followed by melanoma (N = 28; 21.2%) and squamous cell carcinoma (N = 10; 7.6%); 22% (N = 29) did not remember their skin cancer type. Patients had higher knowledge levels, felt significantly more at risk, were more convinced of the pros of sunscreen, experienced more social support to use sunscreen, had higher self-efficacy, and made more plans to use sunscreen than respondents without skin cancer (N=255; all P’s< .01). Low (N=196) educated respondents scored lower on knowledge (P<.003) but made more action plans (P<.03) than higher educated respondents (N=191). The CT feedback was evaluated positively by all respondents, and scored a 7.8 on a 10 point scale. Yet, patients evaluated the CT program slightly more (P<.05) positive (8.1) than non-patients. (7.6). Lower educated respondents were significantly (P<.05) more positive about the advantages of the program. Conclusions First, involvement with skin cancer was reflected in more positive beliefs toward sunscreen use in patients in comparison with non-patients. Second, the CT Internet program was well accepted by both patients and non-patients, and low and high educated respondents, perhaps because higher educated respondents were more knowledgeable about sunscreen use and skin cancer. Third, a pro-active approach as conducted in our study is very well suited to reach various groups of people and is more likely to be successful than a reactive approach
Auditory evoked potentials as a function of sleep deprivation

Abstract Event-related brain potentials (ERPs) were studied in subjects deprived of sleep over a 48-h test period to assess the effects of different durations of continuous wakefulness on ERP components and to determine whether changes in the ERP components were related to changes in performance. Forty subjects were randomly assigned to either an experimental (sleep deprived) group (n = 30) or a control (not sleep deprived) group (n = 10). For the experimental subjects, ERP and performance measures were obtained in four-h test blocks throughout the 48-h period. Performance was assessed using the Walter Reed performance assessment battery. The control subjects were tested at the same times except during designated sleep periods. Both performance and evoked potential measures showed systematic changes over the experimental test period in association with sleep deprivation, time of day, and repeated testing. The latency of the N2 component of the evoked potential covaried with throughput measures on the perf.
Waldenström classification: Better evaluation for the intervention time of scottish rite brace treatment in legg-calve-perthes disease

Objective: To evaluate the outcome of the scottish rite brace treatment by classifications and if so in what phase the optimal intervention time is. Methods: We retrospectively reviewed 43 patients (48 hips), aged from 5-15, who had LCPD and accepted scottish rite brace treatment between December 1996 and October 2012. Mean follow-up is 5.75 years (range, 2.58-14.08 years). The radiographic images of osteonecrosis were evaluated in our institution. We investigated the potential prediction of several classification systems by Kruskal-Wallis rank sum test and Nemenyitest, including Catterall Grouping, Herring Lateral Pillar Sign, Waldenström classificationand so on. Results: The clinical effective rate in modified Stulberg classification (type I & II) was 85.4% and the excellent rate (ER) was 56.3%. The children younger than eight years old showed an ER of 80% compared to 45.5% in the elder ones. The cases of Catteralltype I & II group presented an ER of 77.8% which was higher than that of III & IV type group (43.3%). In Herring classification, ER of type A group was 100%, ER of type B group was 62.5% and ER of type C group was 25%. In osteonecrosis phase, the patients were proved to be better with an ER of 56.5% than those patients in the fragmentation phase (0%) and reossification phase (77.8%) (P < 0.05). Among them, the differences between A and C were statistically significant in Haring classification (P < 0.05); the difference between osteonecrosis phase and the repair phase in Waldenstrom’ was not statistically significant (P > 0.05); but those two groups were significant different with fragmentation phase (P < 0.05). Conclusions: The scottish rite brace treatment used on particular phases of Perthes’s in children are advised to have a better outcome. The fragmentation and necrosis phase showed a worse result than reossification one. The optimal intervention times are tended to be the earlier phases in the disease progress according to Waldenström’s. Orthopedic surgeons can resort and refer to the optimal times mentioned above and make the most of scottish rite brace treatment, even if those indexes are required to be addressed infuture randomized trials.
A novel k-mer set memory (KSM) motif representation improves regulatory variant prediction

The representation and discovery of transcription factor (TF) sequence binding specificities is critical for understanding gene regulatory networks and interpreting the impact of disease-associated non-coding genetic variants. We present a novel TF binding motif representation, the K-mer Set Memory (KSM), which consists of a set of aligned k-mers that are over-represented at TF binding sites, and a new method called KMAC for de novo discovery of KSMs. We find that KSMs more accurately predict in vivo binding sites than position weight matrix models (PWMs) and other more complex motif models across a large set of ChIP-seq experiments. KMAC also identifies correct motifs in more experiments than four state-of-the-art motif discovery methods. In addition, KSM derived features outperform both PWM and deep learning model derived sequence features in predicting differential regulatory activities of expression quantitative trait loci (eQTL) alleles. Finally, we have applied KMAC to 1488 ENCODE TF ChIP-seq datasets and created a public resource of KSM and PWM motifs. We expect that the KSM representation and KMAC method will be valuable in characterizing TF binding specificities and in interpreting the effects of non-coding genetic variations.
Mangrove Forests: One of the World's Threatened Major Tropical Environments

he mass media and scientific press have widely reported losses of tropical environments, such as fellingof rain forests and bleaching of coral reefs.This well-meritedattention has created a worldwide constituency that supportsconservation and restoration efforts in both of these threat-ened ecosystems. The remarkable degree of public aware-ness and support has been manifested in benefit rock concertsat Carnegie Hall and in the designation of ice cream flavorsafter rain forest products. Mangrove forests are another im-portant tropical environment,but these have received muchless publicity.Concern about the magnitude of losses of man-grove forests has been voiced mainly in the specialized liter-ature (Saenger et al. 1983, Spalding et al. 1997). Mangrove trees grow ubiquitously as a relatively narrowfringe between land and sea, between latitudes 25°N and30°S.They form forests of salt-tolerant species,with complexfood webs and ecosystem dynamics (Macnae 1968,Lugo andSnedaker 1974, Tomlinson 1986). Destruction of mangrove forests is occurring globally.Global changes such as an increased sea level may affect man-groves (Ellison 1993,Field 1995),although accretion rates inmangrove forests may be large enough to compensate for thepresent-day rise in sea level (Field 1995). More important,itis human alterations created by conversion of mangroves tomariculture,agriculture,and urbanization,as well as forestryuses and the effects of warfare, that have led to the remark-able recent losses of mangrove habitats (Saenger et al. 1983,Fortes 1988, Marshall 1994, Primavera 1995, Twilley 1998). New data on the magnitude of mangrove area and changesin it have become more readily available, especially with theadvent of satellite imagery and the Internet. Moreover, in-formation about the function of mangrove swamps, theirimportance in the sustainability of the coastal zone, and theeffects of human uses of mangrove forests is growing. Somepublished regional assessments have viewed anthropogenicthreats to mangrove forests with alarm (Ong 1982,Fortes 1988,Ellison and Farnsworth 1996),but reviews at the global scaleare dated (Linden and Jernelov 1980, Saenger et al. 1983). We collated and revised published information to reviewthe status of mangrove swamps worldwide.To assess the sta-tus of this major coastal environment, we compiled and ex-amined available data to quantify the extent of mangroveforest areas in different parts of the world,the losses of man-grove forest area recorded during recent decades, and therelative contributions by various human activities to theselosses.We first assessed current mangrove forest area in tropicalcountries of the world.It is difficult to judge the quality of thesedata in the published literature, because in many cases themethods used to obtain them were insufficiently described andthe associated uncertainty was not indicated. Much infor-mation based on satellite imagery is summarized in the