Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Dynamics and Thermodynamics of the Regional Response to the Indian Monsoon Onset

AbstractThe regional influence of the Indian monsoon onset is examined though observational analysis focusing on the Rodwell–Hoskins “monsoon-desert” hypothesis, which proposes that the strong diabatic heating associated with the monsoon produces a Gill-like Rossby wave response that thermodynamically interacts with the midlatitude westerly jet to produce subsidence and reduced rainfall to the west of the monsoon. Here, the authors analyze this proposed mechanism in terms of changes to the thermodynamic energy equation, regional circulation, and precipitation between the 10-day periods before and after the monsoon onset, for all onset dates in the 1958–2000 period. A Rossby-like response to the monsoon onset is clear in the observational data and is associated with horizontal temperature advection at midlevels as the westerlies intersect the warm temperature anomalies of the Rossby wave. Analysis of the thermodynamic equation verifies that the horizontal temperature advection is indeed balanced by subside.
Simple, Individually Unique, and Context-dependent Learning Methods for Models of Human Category Learning

The vast majority of recent neural network models of category learning—ALCOVE (Kruschke, 1992) for example—incorporate a form of gradient-based optimization methods as their learning algorithm. More precisely , these models incorporate an on-line version or stochastic approximation of gradient descent optimization as a learning algorithm, in which the model's coefficients are adjusted incrementally following the calculation of error for each individual training instance (Mitchell, 1997). This type of learning algorithm can be qualitatively interpreted as one in which humans try to learn about categories by adjusting all possible relevant knowledge about the categories (i.e., model coefficients—association weights and dimensional attention strength in the ALCOVE-type models) optimally in order to minimize misclassification whenever they receive feedback on their performance in categorization tasks. In other words, locally optimal changes are made incrementally and correctly, given the current stimulus instance, in the model's multifaceted coefficient space in every learning trial. Although this type of learning algorithm has been successfully applied to and replicated with many empirical, mainly aggre-gated data (e. 1994), its qualitative descriptions appear to be too norma-tively oriented for a model of ordinary individual learners. 1 There are at least three concerns associated with such a learning algorithm. The first concern is the implied complexity of the gradient descent algorithm applied to cognitive models. Although the human brain has very powerful computational competence, it seems implausible that people explicitly or consciously compute the gradient on each trial while attempting a classification task. At least, as a model of high-order conscious mind, the gradient descent's implied cog-nitive processes appear to be too complex. That is, the gradient descent type of learning seemingly illustrates a preconscious (or biological) level of learning processes, but not necessarily high-order conscious learning processes. The latter type of processes probably more closely describes human category learning. Even if people could find a proper updating direction for each coefficient, some researchers have raised a concern about the descriptive validity of gradual learning associated with gradient descent optimization. Bower and Trabasso (1963) have shown evidence that individuals learn a category in an all-or-none manner (i.e., classification accuracy suddenly increases from near base rate accuracy), which they referred to as insightful learning. In addition, Reh-der and Hoffman (2003) observed characteristics of in-sightful learning not only in subjects' learning curves for categorization accuracy, but also in attention allocation. To put it in a more naive fashion, if people could find or believe …
bud formation and continued outgrowth

for a role of Tbx5 in forelimb development the that in human TBX5 cause Holt-Oram Syndrome 142900), a dominant disorder characterised predominantly by upper(fore) limb defects and heart abnormalities Targeted deletion of Tbx5 in the mouse has that this gene is essential for normal heart Tbx5 is a T-box transcription factor expressed exclusively in the developing forelimb but not in the developing hindlimb of vertebrates. Tbx5 is ﬁrst detected in the prospective forelimb mesenchyme prior to overt limb bud outgrowth and its expression is maintained throughout later limb development stages. Direct evidence for a role of Tbx5 in forelimb development was provided by the discovery that mutations in human TBX5 cause Holt-Oram Syndrome (HOS), a dominant disorder characterised predominantly by upper(fore) limb defects and heart abnormalities. Misexpression studies in the chick have demonstrated a role for this gene in limb-type speciﬁcation. Using a conditional knockout strategy in the to delete Tbx5 function in the developing forelimb, we demonstrate that this gene is also required at early limb bud stages for forelimb bud development. In addition, by misexpressing dominant-negative and dominant-activated forms of Tbx5 in the we provide evidence that this gene is also required at later stages of limb bud development for continued limb outgrowth. Our results provide a context to understand the defects observed in HOS caused by haploinsufficiency of TBX5 in human. Moreover, our results also demonstrate that limb bud outgrowth and speciﬁcation of limb identity are linked by a requirement for Tbx5 .
Rapid late‐glacial atmospheric CO2 changes reconstructed from the stomatal density record of fossil leaves

The Younger Dryas stadial (11 000-10 000 yr BP) was an abrupt return to a glacial climate during the termination of the last glaciation. We have reconstructed atmospheric CO2 concentrations from a high-resolution sequence of fossil Salix herbacea leaves through this climatic oscillation from Krakenes, western Norway, using the relationship between leaf stomatal density and atmospheric CO2 concentration. High Allerod CO2 values (median 273 ppmv) decreased rapidly during 130–200 14C-years of the late Allerod to ca. 210 ppmv at the start of the Younger Dryas. They then increased steadily through the Younger Dryas, reaching typical interglacial values once more (ca. 275 ppmv) in the Holocene. The rapid late Allerod decrease in CO2 concentration preceded the Younger Dryas temperature drop, possibly by several decades. This striking pattern of changes has not so far been recorded unambiguously in temporally coarse measurements of atmospheric CO2 from ice cores. Our observed late-glacial CO2 changes have implications for global modelling of the ocean-atmosphere-biosphere over the last glacial-interglacial transition.
Impacts of land-use and climate variability on hydrological components in the Johor River basin, Malaysia

Abstract This study aims to investigate separate and combined impacts of land-use and climate variability on hydrological components in the Johor River Basin (JRB), Malaysia. The Mann-Kendall and Sen’s slope tests were applied to detect the trends in precipitation, temperature and streamflow of the JRB. The Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT) was calibrated and validated using measured monthly streamflow data. The validation results showed that SWAT was reliable in the tropical JRB. The trend analysis showed that there was an insignificant increasing trend for streamflow, whereas significant increasing trends for precipitation and temperature were found. The combined (climate + land-use change) impact caused the annual streamflow and evaporation to increase by 4.4% and 1.2%, respectively. Climate (land-use) raised annual streamflow by 4.4% (0.06%) and evaporation by 2.2% (−0.2%). Climate change imposed a stronger impact than land-use change on the streamflow and evaporation. These findings are useful for decision makers to develop better water and land-use policies. Editor Z. W. Kundzewicz; Guest editor V. Krysanova
Solar correlates of Southern Hemisphere mid‐latitude climate variability

Atmospheric circulation in the southern mid‐latitudes is dominated by strong circum‐Antarctic zonal west winds (ZWW) over the latitude range of 35 to 60°S. These winds exhibit coherent seasonal and interannual variability, which has been related both to Antarctic (e.g. polar ice) and low‐latitude climate (e.g. El Niño–southern oscillation) parameters. Historical and recent studies suggest that, at its northern margins, variability in the ZWW also has a marked quasi‐decadal component. Analysis of sea‐level pressure and rainfall data for the Australian region, South Africa and South America confirms frequent indications of quasi‐decadal variability in parameters associated with the ZWW, which appears to be in phase around the hemisphere. This variation broadly correlates with the sunspot cycle, and specifically appears to reflect sunspot‐correlated, seasonally modulated shifts in the latitude range each year of the sub‐tropical ridge over eastern Australia. Sunspot‐correlated variability in the southern mid‐latitudes is likely to have substantial effects on temperate climate and ecology and is consistent with recent models of solar effects on upper atmospheric climate, though the mechanisms that link these to winds and rainfall at sea level remain obscure. Copyright © 2002 Royal Meteorological Society
Temporal Stability of DSM-5 Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Criteria in a Problem Drinking Sample

The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual-5 (DSM-5) reformulated Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) based partially on research showing there were four main factors that underlie the symptoms of the disorder. The primary aim of this study was to examine the temporal stability of the DSM-5 factors as measured by the Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Checklist for DSM-5 (PCL-5; Weathers et al., 2010). Confirmatory factor analyses were conducted to examine the structure of DSM-5 PTSD, and temporal stability over three time points was examined to determine if the measure reflects a consistent construct over time. Our sample was 507 combat-exposed veterans of Iraq and Afghanistan who enrolled in an online intervention for problem drinking and combatCorrespondence concerning this article should be addressed to Terence M. Keane, Ph.D., VA Boston Healthcare System 150 South Huntington Avenue (151) Boston, Massachusetts 02130. Terry.Keane@va.gov. Mark Lachowicz is now at Department of Psychology, Vanderbilt University. NIH Public Access Author Manuscript Psychol Assess. Author manuscript; available in PMC 2015 December 01. Published in final edited form as: Psychol Assess. 2014 December ; 26(4): 1138–1145. doi:10.1037/a0037133. N IH -P A A uhor M anscript N IH -P A A uhor M anscript N IH -P A A uhor M anscript related stress (masked for review). We administered the PCL-5 at baseline, 8-week post intervention, and 3-month follow-up assessments. The DSM-5 model provided an adequate fit to the data at baseline. Tests of equality of form and equality of factor loadings demonstrated stability of the factor structure over time, indicating temporal stability. This study confirms the results of previous research supporting the DSM-5 model of PTSD symptoms (Elhai et al., 2012; Miller et al., 2012). This is the first study to demonstrate the temporal stability of the PCL-5, indicating its use in longitudinal studies will measure the same construct over time.
HSOA Journal of Alternative, Complementary & Integrative Medicine

Breast Cancer (BC) is the primary cause of cancer death in women. Ranunculus Ternatus (RT) are widely used in China because of their anti-inflammatory activity and ability to anti cancer. But the mechanisms of anti breast tumor action are still unclear. In the pres-ent study we discovered its anti breast cancer mechanism based on network pharmacology and molecular docking. Public database were used to identify Breast Cancer gene and the target proteins of RT. Network topology and enrichment analyses were performed to screen for key targets and mechanisms. Finally, molecular docking tools were used to evaluate the drug and target binding. Seven compounds such as 7-O-Methyleriodictyol, Beta-sitosterol, Mande-nol, Stigmasterol, CLR, and Truflex OBP and Sitosteryl acetate were identified as active ingredients. Enrichment analysis revealed that the underlying mechanisms were related to cell metabolic pathways , ovarian steroidogenesis, steroid hormone biosynthesis and chemical carcinogenesis - receptor activation. especially through ESR1, CYP19A1, HSD17B1, SHBG, CYP17A1, ESR2, AR and CYP1B1 signaling pathways. Molecular docking results revealed that all seven components of RT had good binding ability to their respective targets. In order to compare RT ingredients abilities, a known AR inhibitor drug, Apalutamide, was tested to dock to target AR. This study elucidated the potential molecular mechanism of RT in the treatment of BC, and it provides a basis for future experimental research and serves as a reference for new drug design.
Sea ice motion in response to geostrophic winds

It is an old rule-of-thumb that sea ice moves with a speed of about 2% of the surface wind and about 45° to the right of the wind. A similar relationship between the ice velocity and the geostrophic wind is examined here. It is found that only about half of the long-term (several month) average ice motion is directly related to the geostrophic wind, the other half being due to the mean ocean circulation. On shorter time scales and in all seasons, more than 70% of the variance of the ice velocity in the central Arctic Ocean is explained by the geostrophic wind. Within about 400 km of the coasts the geostrophic wind is less successful in explaining the ice motion. The spatial variations in ice velocity are also partly explained by the geostrophic wind. About half of the variance in the large-scale ice vorticity and shear are accounted for. On the other hand, none of the large-scale ice divergence can be explained by the wind. The long-term average ocean current is estimated by subtracting the share of the ice motion caused by the wind from the total ice motion.
Effects of late rotation fertilization and nutrient cycling on pine plantation productivity in the Mpumalanga Province of South Africa

iii DEDICATION . v ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS . vi TABLE OF CONTENTS . viii LIST OF FIGURES . xii LIST OF TABLES . xx LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS . xxiii CHAPTER
Variability in global top‐of‐atmosphere shortwave radiation between 2000 and 2005

Measurements from various instruments and analysis techniques are used to directly compare changes in Earth‐atmosphere shortwave (SW) top‐of‐atmosphere (TOA) radiation between 2000 and 2005. Included in the comparison are estimates of TOA reflectance variability from published ground‐based Earthshine observations and from new satellite‐based CERES, MODIS and ISCCP results. The ground‐based Earthshine data show an order‐of‐magnitude more variability in annual mean SW TOA flux than either CERES or ISCCP, while ISCCP and CERES SW TOA flux variability is consistent to 40%. Most of the variability in CERES TOA flux is shown to be dominated by variations global cloud fraction, as observed using coincident CERES and MODIS data. Idealized Earthshine simulations of TOA SW radiation variability for a lunar‐based observer show far less variability than the ground‐based Earthshine observations, but are still a factor of 4–5 times more variable than global CERES SW TOA flux results. Furthermore, while CERES global albedos exhibit a well‐defined seasonal cycle each year, the seasonal cycle in the lunar Earthshine reflectance simulations is highly variable and out‐of‐phase from one year to the next. Radiative transfer model (RTM) approaches that use imager cloud and aerosol retrievals reproduce most of the change in SW TOA radiation observed in broadband CERES data. However, assumptions used to represent the spectral properties of the atmosphere, clouds, aerosols and surface in the RTM calculations can introduce significant uncertainties in annual mean changes in regional and global SW TOA flux.
Modelling the sea level of the upper Bay of Fundy

Abstract A high resolution model of the upper Bay of Fundy was developed to simulate the tides and sea level. The model includes the wetting and drying (inundation) of the extensive tidal flats in Minas Basin. The model reproduces the dominant M2 tidal harmonic with an error on the order of 0.30 m, and the total water level in Minas Basin with an r.m.s. error of 0.30–0.50 m. Overall the system is capable of a sea level simulation with a relative error of ∼10%. The motivation for the model development was the simulation of the land/water interface (instantaneous coastline) to aid in the validation of coastline retrieval algorithms from remotely sensed observations. Comparison of observed and simulated coastlines showed that a high quality representation of the local topography/bathymetry is as important as the sea level simulation in the calculation of the coastline. For example, long narrow features such as dykes are difficult to resolve in a dynamical model but are important for the inundation of low lying areas.
The wide distribution of HP-LT rocks in the Lycian Belt (Western Turkey): implications for accretionary wedge geometry

Abstract In SW Turkey, Fe-Mg-carpholite has recently been recognized in the basal metasediments of the Lycian Nappes, which overthrust the Menderes Massif on its southern flank. This high-pressure-low-temperature (HP-LT) metamorphic index mineral was widely found in the Bodrum peninsula region. Our new metamorphic and structural data on similar carpholite-bearing rocks found farther north in several klippen of the Lycian Nappes located on top of the Menderes Massif show that HP-LT rocks in SW Turkey occur over a distance of >200 km in both north-south and east-west directions, thus indicating a wide HP-LT metamorphic belt. The deformation pattern from the Bodrum peninsula to Çivril, all along the contact between the Lycian Nappes and the Menderes Massif, reveals the role played by major top-to-the-NE shear zones contemporaneous with exhumation of the Lycian HP-LT rocks. This deformation shows an oblique direction of opposite shear sense relative to the earlier southward translation of the Lycian Nappes over the Menderes Massif, for which top-to-the-south displacements are preserved in the upper units of the Lycian Nappes on the Bodrum peninsula, as well as at the base of the Lycian nappe klippen located farther north. The widespread distribution of well-preserved Fe-Mg-carpholite-bearing rocks in the Lycian Nappes has implications for the geometry of the accretionary wedge responsible for HP-LT metamorphism in SW Turkey.
Spatial-scale characteristics of precipitation simulated by regional climate models and the implications for hydrological modeling

AbstractPrecipitation simulated by regional climate models (RCMs) is generally biased with respect to observations, especially at the local scale of a few tens of kilometers. This study investigates how well two different RCMs are able to reproduce the spatial correlation patterns of observed summer precipitation for the central United States. On local scales, gridded precipitation observations and simulated precipitation are compared for the period of the 1987 First International Satellite Land Surface Climatological Project Field Experiment (FIFE) campaign. The results show that spatial correlation length scales on the order of 130 km are found in both observed data and RCM simulations. When simulations and observations are aggregated to different grid sizes, the pattern correlation significantly decreases when the aggregation length is less than roughly 100 km. Furthermore, the intermodel standard deviation between simulations with different domains or resolutions increases for aggregation lengths belo.
Global land cover classification using annual statistical values

Global land cover data sets are required for the study of global environmental changes such as global biogeochemical cycles and climate change, and for the estimation of gross primary production. To determine land cover classification condition, producers examine the phenological feature of each land cover class’s sample area with vegetation indices or only reflectance. In this study, to detect the phenological feature of land surfaces, we use the universal pattern decomposition method (UPDM) three coefficients and two indices; the modified vegetation index based on the UPDM (MVIUPD) and the chlorophyll index (CIgreen). The UPDM three coefficients are corresponded to actual objects; water, vegetation and soil. To detect the phenological feature of each land cover class simply, we use annual statistical values of the UPDM coefficients and two indices. By visualizing three statistical values with combination of RGB, land areas with similar phenological feature are able to detect globally. We produced the global land cover products by applying this method with MODIS Aqua Surface Reflectance 8-Day L3 Global 500m data sets of 2007. The result was roughly similar to the MOD12Q1 of the same year.
Seismic ground motion amplification in a 3D sedimentary basin: the effect of the vertical velocity gradient

Ground motion amplification in sedimentary basins has been observed in some moderate or large earthquakes, such as the 1994 Northridge and 1999 Chi-Chi event. Many numerical studies with simplified 2D models have shown significant effects of the vertical velocity gradient of sediment on basin amplification. However, we need to consider a more realistic 3D model and solve wave equations with 3D numerical methods in order to improve our understanding of basin amplification. In this study, we extend a 2D pseudospectral and finite difference hybrid method to a 3D case and investigate the effects of the vertical velocity gradient for a 3D basin model. Numerical simulations were performed for four basin models with increasing vertical velocity gradients on a PC cluster using 64 processors for 67 108 864 discretized grids. The results show that the vertical velocity gradient enhances basin amplification through strong secondary surface waves and basin trapped waves. The 3D geometry of the basin causes a wave-front focusing effect that contributes significantly to a localized strong amplification with the maximum peak ground velocity in the basin. The results of this study suggest that it is important to consider the detailed properties of sedimentary basins in seismic ground motion studies.
A sample test on the tilt angle of object light illumination in digital holographic 3D surface shape detection

This paper discussed the measurement error of digital holographic 3D surface shape caused by imprecise measurement of the incident angle and the tilt angle of object light illumination in theory. The result showed that the error caused by the tilt angle is much greater than the incident angle. Then a method to accurately calculate the object light's tilt angle by detecting the interference field of reference plane is proposed based on the above discussion. Finally, the feasibility of the method is proved through a 3D surface shape detection experiment.