Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Multimorbidity in Australia: Comparing estimates derived using administrative data sources and survey data

Background Estimating multimorbidity (presence of two or more chronic conditions) using administrative data is becoming increasingly common. We investigated (1) the concordance of identification of chronic conditions and multimorbidity using self-report survey and administrative datasets; (2) characteristics of people with multimorbidity ascertained using different data sources; and (3) whether the same individuals are classified as multimorbid using different data sources. Methods Baseline survey data for 90,352 participants of the 45 and Up Study—a cohort study of residents of New South Wales, Australia, aged 45 years and over—were linked to prior two-year pharmaceutical claims and hospital admission records. Concordance of eight self-report chronic conditions (reference) with claims and hospital data were examined using sensitivity (Sn), positive predictive value (PPV), and kappa (κ). The characteristics of people classified as multimorbid were compared using logistic regression modelling. Results Agreement was found to be highest for diabetes in both hospital and claims data (κ = 0.79, 0.78; Sn = 79%, 72%; PPV = 86%, 90%). The prevalence of multimorbidity was highest using self-report data (37.4%), followed by claims data (36.1%) and hospital data (19.3%). Combining all three datasets identified a total of 46 683 (52%) people with multimorbidity, with half of these identified using a single dataset only, and up to 20% identified on all three datasets. Characteristics of persons with and without multimorbidity were generally similar. However, the age gradient was more pronounced and people speaking a language other than English at home were more likely to be identified as multimorbid by administrative data. Conclusions Different individuals, with different combinations of conditions, are identified as multimorbid when different data sources are used. As such, caution should be applied when ascertaining morbidity from a single data source as the agreement between self-report and administrative data is generally poor. Future multimorbidity research exploring specific disease combinations and clusters of diseases that commonly co-occur, rather than a simple disease count, is likely to provide more useful insights into the complex care needs of individuals with multiple chronic conditions.
Inventories and the stockout constraint in general equilibrium

Abstract We study the implications of a stockout constraint in a dynamic general equilibrium model, which can explain both standard business cycle and inventory facts. Under this constraint, inventories and demand are complements in generating sales, and hence the optimal level of inventories increases in expected demand. We show that the inventory to sales ratio is both persistent and countercyclical because the cost of carrying inventories is mainly determined by the interest rate. We use this model to disentangle output and sales, by matching the key inventory moments, and find that preference and productivity shocks are equally important in the data. Finally, we assess whether improvements in inventory management can explain the Great Moderation. We find that, although improvements in inventory management can reduce the need for inventory holdings, which decreases output volatility relative to sales volatility, lower levels of inventories actually increases sales volatility. Because these two effects offset each other, a change in inventory management does not change output volatility to any great extent.
GOVERNMENT EFFECTIVENESS AND POLITICAL PARTICIPATION IN BRITAIN

This article examines the relationship between government effectiveness and political participation in Britain. It shows that the effectiveness of British government has been declining over time and while acknowledging that many factors may explain this, focuses on the role of declining political participation as a contributory cause. Two key forms of political participation are central to the health of civil society, electoral turnout and party support. Both have been declining rather rapidly in Britain over the last forty years. The paper discusses some of the theoretical reasons why this can directly influence the effectiveness of government. In the final section it argues that the most important reform for turning around this state of affairs would be a radical programme of devolution of power to local government and a restoration of the democratic accountability of the Quango state.
Stress and coping among orthopaedic surgery residents and faculty.

BACKGROUND Evaluations of physicians and residents have revealed concerning levels of psychosocial dysfunction. The purposes of this study were to determine the quality of life of orthopaedic residents and faculty and to identify the risk factors for decompensation. METHODS Twenty-one orthopaedic residents and twenty-five full-time orthopaedic faculty completed a 102-question voluntary, anonymous survey. The survey consisted of three validated instruments, i.e., the Maslach Burnout Inventory, the General Health Questionnaire-12, and the Revised Dyadic Adjustment Scale; and three novel question sets addressing background and demographic information, stress reaction and management, and the balance between work and home life. Descriptive statistics, pairwise correlations, simple t tests, and Pearson and nonparametric Spearman correlations were calculated. The simple correlation coefficient was used to assess bivariate relationships. RESULTS The mean overall quality-of-life score, on a scale of 0 to 4 points, was 2.5 points for residents compared with 3.6 points for faculty members. Residents reported considerable burnout, showing a high level of emotional exhaustion and depersonalization and an average level of personal achievement, whereas faculty reported minimal burnout, showing a low level of emotional exhaustion (p < 0.0003), an average level of depersonalization (p < 0.0001), and a high level of personal achievement (p < 0.0001). Only two of twenty-five faculty members (compared with seven of twenty-one residents) scored over 4 points on the General Health Questionnaire-12, indicating significant symptomatology (p < 0.01). The majority of subjects reported that a partner or spouse showed nondistressed levels of marital adjustment and satisfaction. All residents and nine of the twenty-five faculty members had mentors but judged the resource to be minimally beneficial. Resident burnout and psychiatric morbidity correlated with weekly work hours; conflict between the commitments of work and home life; discord with faculty, nursing staff, and senior residents; debt load; and work-related stress. Protective factors included being a parent, spending time with a spouse, having a physician father, and deriving satisfaction from discussing concerns with colleagues, friends, and family. CONCLUSIONS In pursuit of our goal of determining the quality of life of orthopaedic residents and faculty, we identified a large disparity between the two groups. The resident group reported much greater levels of dysfunction particularly with regard to burnout and psychiatric morbidity. Furthermore, with regard to our second goal; our data revealed a number of risk factors for resident decompensation, most notably, increased workload, high debt levels, and discord with superiors. In addition, our research revealed that the current support interventions by the residency program, including mentoring and facilitation of spousal adjustment, are viewed as being of little help.
Wages and earnings of marginalized social and religious groups in India: Data sources, scope, limitations and suggestions

This paper provides the major sources of data for understanding wages and earnings of Social and Religious Groups in India. It also discusses the limitations of the data sets,and issues for further research but are limited by the availability of data for such research. It also provides suggestions for new data and ways to improve the existing statistical data.
Active Learning-Based Corpus Annotation - The PathoJen Experience

We report on basic design decisions and novel annotation procedures underlying the development of PathoJen, a corpus of Medline abstracts annotated for pathological phenomena, including diseases as a proper subclass. This named entity type is known to be hard to delineate and capture by annotation guidelines. We here propose a two-category encoding schema where we distinguish short from long mention spans, the first covering standardized terminology (e.g. diseases), the latter accounting for less structured descriptive statements about norm-deviant states, as well as criteria and observations that might signal pathologies. The second design decision relates to the way annotation instances are sampled. Here we subscribe to an Active Learning-based approach which is known to save annotation costs without sacrificing annotation quality by means of a sample bias. By design, Active Learning picks up 'hard' to annotate instances for human annotators, whereas 'easier' ones are passed over to the automatic classifier whose models already incorporate and gradually improve with previous annotation experience.
Torque components in integral- and fractional-slot IPM machines

The anisotropic interior permanent magnet (IPM) synchronous machine is characterized by two torque components: the PM torque and the reluctance torque. The aim of this paper is to investigate the torque components of such a machine. Both integral- and fractional-slot windings are analyzed. To this aim different machine geometries, e.g slot and pole combinations, are considered. The impact of stator winding and rotor poles on the torque mechanism is evaluated, focusing on the correlation of the rotor geometry and the preponderance of one of the two torque terms. The results confirm that the rotor anisotropy play a fundamental rule on the machine features. Then is has to be to maximized since the reluctance torque is still present and relevant even if a fractional-slot wingding is adopted. In addition, the two torque components are analyzed when the machine runs at rated torque, as well as under overload operating conditions.
Extension detecting technology and the implementing method for its application in engineering

Extension detecting technology is a new technology developed to solve the detecting problems of physical measures undetectable by existing sensors. The basic principle and frame has been introduced several years before, but the implementing method of this technology is under development. In this paper, dependent function of extenics and the idea of fuzzy math is applied to construct an effective implementing method of extension detecting technology for its application in engineering, and an example is given as well, computing results prove the effectiveness of our method.
Exchange rates, pass-through, and Canadian export competitiveness: an analysis using vector autoregressions

The degree of the pass-through of exchange rate changes to lower export prices measured in foreign currency is assessed for the case of Canadian industries exporting to the United States. Contrary to earlier studies. full Pass-through was 70% and 67% for the fabricated and end products sectors respectively. These results correlate well with available elasticity estimates and exports as a percentage of world exports to evaluate international competitiveness. Exports prices were relatively unresponsive to changes in US competitors' prices except for the crude materials sector where the increase in Canadian export prices overshot the US increase before settling back to a parity increase. These results suggest that Canada's export industries are more competitive than previously thought. CUSUMSQ tests suggest that these new results were due to structural breaks in the export price equations towards the end of the 1970s, perhaps reflecting the general reduction in tariff and non-tariff barriers since then.
Mel14+ CD4+ T cells from aged mice display functional and phenotypic characteristics of memory cells.

Aging is accompanied by an increased fraction of memory CD4+ T cells. Despite the fact that human memory cells have been reported to produce high levels of IL-2, studies in mice and man indicate an age-related decline in IL-2 production. In the present study, we examined whether these conflicting results depend on the activation pathway employed in a comparison of phenotypically distinct CD4+ T cells from young and aged mice. Our data indicate an age-related decline in IL-2 production by CD4+ T cells when the cells were stimulated with concanavalin A in the presence of accessory cells or the combination of immobilized anti-CD3 and soluble anti-CD28. However, when CD4+ T cells were only stimulated with immobilized anti-CD3, an age-related increase in IL-2 production was observed. This age-related increase in IL-2 could be attributed to the ability of CD4+ T cells from aged mice to produce IL-4 on this stimulation, since anti-IL-4 inhibited the IL-2 production in these cultures to levels found with cells from young mice. The addition of exogenous IL-4 greatly enhanced the IL-2 production of CD4+ T cells from young mice to levels far beyond that of the aged counterparts, emphasizing the dominant role of IL-4 in the induction of IL-2 stimulated with immobilized anti-CD3. No differences were observed in the activation requirements of Mel14- CD4+ T cells from young and aged mice. (ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Parallel and distributed algorithm for partial coordination in massive MIMO networks

We propose a parallel and distributed algorithm for the problem of beamformer design and power allocation in multi-cell massive multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) networks. Inter-cell coordination and overlapping clusters are considered to enhance the system performance. To overcome the tight coupling induced by inter-cell coordination and overlapping clusters, we formulate the system into a two-layered framework. In this framework, the problem is decomposed into independent subproblems which are naturally solvable in a parallel and distributed manner. For each subproblem, an efficient parallel algorithm is proposed to speed up the convergence rate. The simulation results show that our inter-cell coordination strategy can approach the performance achieved by a high-quality limited inter-cell coordination strategy at low signal-to-noise ratio (SNR), and outperform it at high SNR. Moreover, the proposed parallel algorithm enjoys great parallelization speedup with moderate transmit power consumption.
Decoupling revisited: Common pressures, divergent strategies in the U. S. nonprofit sector

As the members of an organizational field adopt similar practices, considerable variation in enactment can ensue. Field-level theories, however, do not yet explain how and why organizations vary in their use of standard practices. To tackle this issue, we focus on the infiltration of managerial practices into a sector traditionally motivated by norms of charity, using data drawn from a random sample of 200 nonprofit organizations. We first carry out an inductive content analysis of interviews with executive directors (EDs) about their use of strategic planning, which reveals three main rationales for adoption— associational, managerial, and opportunistic—and two outcomes—symbolic adoption and symbolic implementation. We then use Qualitative Comparative Analysis (QCA) to consider which combinations of organizational attributes and rationales are associated with the outcomes of decoupling or routinization. Our study shows creative yet patterned possibilities in the uses of a standard practice, with both adoption and implementation taking on symbolic meaning. The findings afford a deeper understanding of how multiple forms of decoupling can be used to understand micro-processes of variation, extending research on divergent outcomes of field-wide isomorphic pressures.
Conservation as if People Also Mattered: Policy and Practice of Community-based Conservation

Community-based conservation is being increasingly recognised as a major global force in the protection and sustainable management of ecosystems and species. Yet documentation of its main achievements and shortcomings, and the key issues it faces, is still at a nascent stage. This paper introduces the concept and experience of two forms of community-based conservation: Collaborative Management of Protected Areas (CMPA), and Indigenous Peoples' and Local Community Conserved Territories and Areas (ICCAs). It explores the emergence of these approaches in the context of global international conservation policy. Reviewing four case studies that were presented at a symposium convened at the Bowdoin College (Maine, USA, in November 2008), and drawing from the discussion during that session, it identifies some key lessons and principles that are likely to be applicable to community-based conservation across the world.
Does the Impact of Union Experience on Job Satisfaction Differ by Gender?

The author investigates gender differences in the impact of accumulated union experience on job satisfaction. Because there are fewer women than men in both public and private sector unions, and women are disproportionately underrepresented in union leadership, their collective bargaining power is not equivalent to that of men. As a result, women's preferences for job characteristics and benefits may be overlooked, contributing to reduced job satisfaction as their tenure in the union increases. Using the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth (NLSY) panel data from 1979–2004, the author demonstrates that the accumulation of union experience negatively affects women's job satisfaction more severely than it does men's. This is particularly the case in private sector unions, in which women are more likely to be under-represented in both union membership and leadership positions.
A Ricardo-Sraffa Paradigm Comparing Gains from Trade in Inputs and Finished Goods

Here is how the 1817 Ricardo comparative advantage trade benefit analysis has to be modified to take account of post-1960 Sraffian benefits from capital-using technologies. By bringing J. S. Mill's demand model up to date in terms of its implicit geometric-mean money-metric utility, specific measurements for real net national product are calculated to partition sources of welfare gains (from output enhancements and taste-preference accommodations) in scenarios of (1) trade between equals, (2) trade between poor and rich nations, and (3) for biased inventions that enable a poor country to take over production of items in which formerly the rich place enjoyed comparative advantage. History of economic doctrine is mined to advance today's frontier of scientific knowledge--a forward-looking function for "Whig history. "
Influence of Green, Red and Blue Light Emitting Diodes on Multiprotein Complex Proteins and Photosynthetic Activity under Different Light Intensities in Lettuce Leaves (Lactuca sativa L.)

The objective of this study was to investigate the response of light emitting diodes (LEDs) at different light intensities (70 and 80 for green LEDs, 88 and 238 for red LEDs and 80 and 238 μmol m−2 s−1 for blue LEDs) at three wavelengths in lettuce leaves. Lettuce leaves were exposed to (522 nm), red (639 nm) and blue (470 nm) LEDs of different light intensities. Thylakoid multiprotein complex proteins and photosynthetic metabolism were then investigated. Biomass and photosynthetic parameters increased with an increasing light intensity under blue LED illumination and decreased when illuminated with red and green LEDs with decreased light intensity. The expression of multiprotein complex proteins including PSII-core dimer and PSII-core monomer using blue LEDs illumination was higher at higher light intensity (238 μmol m−2 s−1) and was lowered with decreased light intensity (70–80 μmol m−2 s−1). The responses of chloroplast sub-compartment proteins, including those active in stomatal opening and closing, and leaf physiological responses at different light intensities, indicated induced growth enhancement upon illumination with blue LEDs. High intensity blue LEDs promote plant growth by controlling the integrity of chloroplast proteins that optimize photosynthetic performance in the natural environment.
National Rural Employment Guarantee Scheme of India: Some Conceptual Problems

The need for containment of “surplus population,” deployment of untapped resources and ensuring “right to work” have induced the developing world to take up programmes like the National Rural Employment Guarantee Scheme in India. However, contrary to the proposed target of short- and long-run employment generation outside the circuit of big capital, the National Rural Employment Guarantee Scheme, in fact, could act as an instrument for capital accumulation itself by helping in direct transfer of resources or in diversification towards “market-oriented” resource use. Labour would be used in the initial rounds, but later on a process of accumulation and displacement could be engendered. Researchers also criticize the National Rural Employment Guarantee Scheme from the perspective of government budget management. However, we argue that government budget constraint and consequently, demand-side conflict between the National Rural Employment Guarantee Scheme and the non-National Rural Employment Guarantee Scheme employment is not so important; there is rather a significant supply-side trade-off. Furthermore, political mobilization of people is the key for effective pro-poor utilization of the National Rural Employment Guarantee Scheme in the short and long run, consistent with local traits, needs and resources. But bureaucracy and the so called state institutions of decentralization are practising a variety of patron–client relationships vis-à-vis the commoners and there is no serious attempt by the established political parties—be it left or right—to mobilize people's voice.
The role of resilience in a homeless youth population

Homeless young people are one of the most vulnerable populations in society. Unfortunately, there is no shortage of studies in the psychological literature detailing the links between homeless youth and a myriad of negative outcomes including poor physical and psychological health, substance abuse problems, violence and suicide. However, there are very few studies examining the ways in which positive characteristics, such as resilience, can protect against these adverse outcomes in a homeless youth population.
The utilisation of Fuzzy Logic in Corporate Governance assessment in business economics

Rankings in CG become an important issue to oversee/judge companies who practice governance. Fuzzy Logic (FL) is a powerful tool that has been used in diverse fields of applications ranging from engineering to business or finance. This paper applies the tools of FL to design an approach that will rate the level of application of CG. Financial Disclosure (FD) and Board Structure (BS) will be the key variables that would be employed to achieve this task. The integration of an FL model to CG will be highlighted graphically to enhance the findings of the research.