Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Prescription and Results of Physical Activity

Summary: Epidemiologic studies suggest an inverse relationship between physical activity or fitness and blood pressure. In a meta‐analysis of 36 controlled intervention studies, the weighted net blood pressure response to dynamic aerobic training averaged ‐ 5.3 mm Hg for systolic and ‐ 4.8 mm Hg for diastolic pressure. The variation of the change of blood pressure among studies was mainly dependent on the initial blood pressure level and the gain in exercise capacity. The weighted net change of blood pressure with endurance training averaged ‐3/‐3 mm Hg in normotensive patients, ‐6/‐7 mm Hg in borderline hypertensive patients, and ‐ 10/‐8 mm Hg in hypertensive patients. Reductions of blood pressure have also been observed for measurements during exercise and during ambulatory monitoring. Exercise programs can contribute to the management of hypertension. Care is needed in the choice of antihypertensive drugs for the exercising patient because some drugs may impair exercise capacity. Résumé: Les études épidémiologiques ont révélé l’existence d’une corrélation négative entre l’activité physique ou l’aptitude physique et la pression artérielle. Une méta‐analyse portant sur 36 essais contrôlés a montré un gain tensionnel moyen de ‐5,3 mmHg pour la pression systolique et de ‐4,8 mmHg pour la pression diastolique, obtenu après un entraînement physique dynamique aérobique. Cette baisse tensionnelle dépendait des valeurs initiales de la pression artérielle et du gain en capacité à l’effort. Le gain tensionnel moyen en exercice d’endurance a été de —3/ —3 mmHg chez les normotendus, de ‐ 6/ ‐ 7 mmHg chez les patients ayant une hypertension limite, et de ‐10/‐8 mmHg chez les hypertendus. Les réductions tensionnelles ont aussi été observées dans des épreuves d’effort et durant les enregistrements ambulatoires. Les programmes d’exercice physique peuvent contribuer à la prise en charge de l’hypertension artérielle. Le choix d’un antihypertenseur chez les patients actifs nécessite quelques précautions afin de ne pas altérer leur capacité à l’effort.
Regulation of neurite growth by tumour necrosis superfamily member RANKL

RANKL (receptor-activator of NF-κB ligand, TNFSF11) is a member of the TNF superfamily that regulates bone remodelling and the development of the thymus, lymph nodes and mammary glands. While RANKL and its membrane bound receptor RANK (TNFRSF11A) are expressed in the adult central nervous system and have been implicated in thermoregulation, the potential function of RANK signalling in the developing nervous system remains unexplored. Here, we show that RANK is expressed by sympathetic and sensory neurons of the developing mouse peripheral nervous system and that activating RANK signalling in these neurons during perinatal development by either treating cultured neurons with soluble RANKL or overexpressing RANK in the neurons inhibited neurotrophin-promoted neurite growth without affecting neurotrophin-promoted neuronal survival. RANKL is expressed in tissues innervated by these neurons, and studies in compartment cultures demonstrated that RANKL is capable of acting directly on neurites to inhibit growth locally. Enhancing RANK signalling in cultured neurons resulted in NF-κB activation and phosphorylation of the p65 NF-κB subunit on serine 536. Transfecting neurons with a series of mutated signalling proteins showed that NF-κB activation and p65 phosphorylation occurred by an IKKβ-dependent mechanism and that blockade of this signalling pathway prevented neurite growth inhibition by RANKL. These findings reveal that RANKL is a novel negative regulator of neurite growth from developing PNS neurons and that it exerts its effects by IKKβ-dependent activation of NF-κB.
Empathetic virtual peers enhanced learner interest and self-efficacy

This study investigated the effects of empathetic response (responsive vs. non-responsive) and gender (male vs. female) of pedagogical agents as learning companions (PALs) on learner interest, self-efficacy, social judgments of PAL persona, and learning. Fifty-six pre-service teachers were randomly assigned to one of four conditions. The results revealed that students who worked with a PAL who responded with empathy to learners’ affect showed significantly higher interest (p < .05) and self-efficacy in the tasks (p < .05) than students with a non-responsive PAL. Also, students rated the persona of a male PAL more favorably than that of a female PAL (p < .05). The findings imply that PAL/learner relationships in computer-based learning might be consistent with human relationships in traditional
Intranasal Immunisation with Recombinant Toxoplasma gondii Actin Partly Protects Mice against Toxoplasmosis

Toxoplasma gondii is a ubiquitous protozoan intracellular parasite, the causative agent of toxoplasmosis, and a worldwide zoonosis for which an effective vaccine is needed. Actin is a highly conserved microfilament protein that plays an important role in the invasion of host cells by T. gondii. This study investigated the immune responses elicited by BALB/c mice after nasal immunisation with a recombinant T. gondii actin (rTgACT) and the subsequent protection against chronic and lethal T. gondii infections. We evaluated the systemic response by proliferation, cytokine and antibody measurements, and we assessed the mucosal response by examining the levels of TgACT-specific secretory IgA (SIgA) in nasal, vaginal and intestinal washes. Parasite load was assessed in the liver and brain, and the survival of mice challenged with a virulent strain was determined. The results showed that the mice immunised with rTgACT developed high levels of specific anti-rTgACT IgG titres and a mixed IgG1/IgG2a response with a predominance of IgG2a. The systemic immune response was associated with increased production of Th1 (IFN-γ and IL-2), Th2 (IL-4) and Treg (IL-10) cytokines, indicating that not only Th1-type response was induced, but also Th2- and Treg-types responses were induced, and the splenocyte stimulation index (SI) was increased in the mice immunised with rTgACT. Nasal immunisation with rTgACT led to strong mucosal immune responses, as seen by the increased secretion of SIgA in nasal, vaginal and intestinal washes. The vaccinated mice displayed significant protection against lethal infection with the virulent RH strain (survival increased by 50%), while the mice chronically infected with RH exhibited lower liver and brain parasite loads (60.05% and 49.75%, respectively) than the controls. Our data demonstrate, for the first time, that actin triggers a strong systemic and mucosal response against T. gondii. Therefore, actin may be a promising vaccine candidate against toxoplasmosis.
Proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 9 enzyme inhibitors: An emerging new therapeutic option for the treatment of dyslipidemia

The treatment of hypercholesterolemia entered in a new phase of development with the introduction of proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 9 (PCSK9) inhibitors in the market. The Food and Drug Administration and European Medicines Agency recently approved the alirocumab and evolocumab, subcutaneously injectable monoclonal antibody every 2 or 4 weeks against PCSK9, for the treatment of hypercholesterolemia in patients with intolerance or inadequate response to statins, especially for the secondary prevention or in the case of familial hypercholesterolemia. This decision is based on several clinical trials demonstrating that inhibitors of PCSK9 lower the low-density lipoprotein cholesterol compared to placebo while studies are underway to assess their role in secondary prevention of major cardiovascular events.
Children with phonological problems: a survey of clinical practice.

BACKGROUND Children with phonological problems are a significant proportion of many therapists' caseloads. However, little is known about current clinical practice with these children or whether research on the effects of therapy have influenced this practice. AIMS To investigate the methods of assessment and remediation used by therapists working in the UK. METHODS & PROCEDURES A questionnaire was sent to therapists working with pre- and primary school-aged children. OUTCOMES & RESULTS Ninety-eight clinicians of varying experience responded. Most used the South Tyneside Assessment of Phonology to assess children, were confident in choosing therapy, and were aware of evidence that therapy is beneficial. They used a variety of therapies. Auditory discrimination, minimal contrast therapy, and phonological awareness were popular and often used in combination. Most involved parents. In planning therapy, clinicians were more influenced by children's language and cognitive abilities and the motivation of parents than by the nature of the impairment. CONCLUSIONS Constraints upon clinicians make it difficult for them to convert research findings to practice. In particular, assessments that allow more individualized and targeted interventions appear little used. Clinicians are aware of research but there is a danger that clinical practice and research are diverging.
Evolución del tratamiento y consumo en personas con dependencia de la cocaína, a los doce meses, en función de la psicopatología asociada y el funcionamiento cotidiano

The aim of the present study is to analyse the evolution, at 12-months, of patients with cocaine dependence undergoing treatment in drug abuse centres. We examined the relationship between sociodemographic variables, drug use characteristics, and psychopathological characteristics with maintenance of drug abstinence and the evolution of daily functioning evaluated by the therapist at 3-, 6- and 12-months. The most outstanding results are that subjects with a dependent personality pattern, according to the MCMI-II, are more likely to maintain cocaine abstinence during the 12-months following the preliminary assessment. Moreover, the variables more related with a worse daily functioning at 12-months are injected or smoked cocaine use, previous treatments for drug use and having used heroin on some occasion. Therefore, drug related aspects and not psychopathological characteristics are more important when analysing the 12-months evolution in these subjects.
A Hybrid Approach to Private Record Linkage

Real-world entities are not always represented by the same set of features in different data sets. Therefore matching and linking records corresponding to the same real-world entity distributed across these data sets is a challenging task. If the data sets contain private information, the problem becomes even harder due to privacy concerns. Existing solutions of this problem mostly follow two approaches: sanitization techniques and cryptographic techniques. The former achieves privacy by perturbing sensitive data at the expense of degrading matching accuracy. The later, on the other hand, attains both privacy and high accuracy under heavy communication and computation costs. In this paper, we propose a method that combines these two approaches and enables users to trade off between privacy, accuracy and cost. Experiments conducted on real data sets show that our method has significantly lower costs than cryptographic techniques and yields much more accurate matching results compared to sanitization techniques, even when the data sets are perturbed extensively.
Impact of drought on crime in California: A synthetic control approach

Climate and weather have been linked to criminal activity. The connection between climatological conditions and crime is of growing importance as we seek to understand the societal implications of climate change. This study describes the mechanisms theorized to link annual variations in climate to crime in California and examines the effect of drought on statewide crime rates from 2011–2015. California has suffered severe drought since 2011, resulting in intensely dry winters and several of the hottest days on record. It is likely that the drought increased economic stress and shifted routine activities of the population, potentially increasing the likelihood of crime. We used a synthetic control method to estimate the impact of California’s drought on both property and violent crimes. We found a significant increase in property crimes during the drought, but no effect on violent crimes. This result was robust to several sensitivity analyses, including a negative control.
Pseudoknot‐dependent read‐through of retroviral gag termination codons: importance of sequences in the spacer and loop 2.

Retroviruses whose gag and pol genes are in the same reading frame depend upon approximately 5% read‐through of the gag UAG termination codon to make the gag‐pol polyprotein. For murine leukemia virus, this read‐through is dependent on a pseudoknot located eight nucleotides 3′ of the UAG. Other retroviruses whose gag and pol genes are in the same frame can potentially form similar pseudoknots 3′ of their UAG codons. Beyond the similar secondary structures, there is strong sequence conservation in the spacer region and in loop 2 of the pseudoknots. The detrimental effects of substitutions of several of these conserved spacer and loop 2 nucleotides in the murine leukemia virus sequence show their importance for the read‐through process. The importance of specific nucleotides in loop 2 of the pseudoknot contrasts with the flexibility of sequence in loop 2 of the most intensively studied frameshift‐promoting pseudoknot which occurs in infectious bronchitis virus. Two nucleotides in loop 2 of the murine leukemia virus pseudoknot, which were shown to be important by mutagenic analysis, display hypersensitivity to the single‐strand specific nuclease, S1. They are likely to be particularly accessible or are in an unusually reactive conformation.
Psychological myths in e-learning

Traditional education and training has paid scant attention to the psychology of learning. Despite detailed research into motivation, distribution and reinforcement, most current methods of delivery still rely on a supply-led, lecture and classroom-based model that flies in the face of the theory. With e-learning we have a chance to reflect on this gap between theory and practice. E-learning, in the sense of web-based learning, is a new discipline but the psychology of learning has a much longer pedigree. This paper relates some common myths about e-learning back to some major themes in the psychology of learning. Is e-learning faster and more effective? Many people get the wrong learning at the wrong time. Can e-learning help with prerequisite knowledge? Should the learning be massed or distributed, i.e. all at once or little and often? There are also the issues of motivation and cognitive engagement. How can e-learning motivate learners or how can we motivate learners into using this new medium? What type of cognitive engagement is necessary for learning? Traditional 'sheep-dip' methods of learning are poor on reinforcement. Can e-learning help reinforce learning?
Personal information management strategies in higher education

Methods: • Pilot questionnaire of 43 Information & Library Management students at MMU • Screen captures of students digital workspaces • Qualitative analysis of an online discussion about PIM at http://www.donationcoder. com Findings: • Information collections become fragmented across multiple devices as students work in multiple locations • Use of physical resources and printing is still common • Few students are aware/use PIM software • Social networking is popular amongst students although these sites are rarely used for academic purposes. • Use of highlighting, bullet-points and underlining often create meaning • These formatting conventions become problematic when working with digital items. References Barreau, D. (1995). Context as a factor in personal information management systems. Journal of the American Society for Information Science. 46 (5), 327-339. CIBER, 2008. Information behaviour of the researcher of the future. A CIBER briefing paper. Ito,M. , et al. (2008). Living and Learning with New Media: Summary of Findings from the Digital Youth Project Jones, W. & Teevan, J., (Eds.) (2007) Personal Information Management IN Personal Information Management. Seattle: University of Washington Press. Lansdale, M. (1988) The Psychology of Personal Information Management. Applied Ergonomics, 19(1), 55–66. Introduction
The Segment Routing Architecture

Network operators anticipate the offering of an increasing variety of cloud-based services with stringent Service Level Agreements. Technologies currently supporting IP networks however lack the flexibility and scalability properties to realize such evolution. In this article, we present Segment Routing (SR), a new network architecture aimed at filling this gap, driven by use-cases defined by network operators. SR implements the source routing and tunneling paradigms, letting nodes steer packets over paths using a sequence of instructions (segments) placed in the packet header. As such, SR allows the implementation of routing policies without per-flow entries at intermediate routers. This paper introduces the SR architecture, describes its related ongoing standardization efforts, and reviews the main use-cases envisioned by network operators.
PHR Regulates Growth Cone Pausing at Intermediate Targets through Microtubule Disassembly

Axonal growth cones use intermediate targets to navigate in the developing nervous system. Encountering these sites is correlated with growth cone pausing. PHR (Phr1, Esrom, Highwire, RPM-1) is a large neuronal ubiquitin ligase that interacts with multiple signaling pathways. Mouse and zebrafish phr mutants have highly penetrant axon pathfinding defects at intermediate targets. Mouse phr mutants contain excessive microtubules in the growth cone, which has been attributed to upregulation of DLK/p38 signaling. Here, we ask whether this pathway and microtubule misregulation are indeed linked to guidance errors in the vertebrate brain, using the zebrafish. By live imaging, we show that loops form when microtubules retract without depolymerizing. JNK, but not p38, phosphorylation is increased in mutant growth cones. However microtubule looping cannot be suppressed by inhibiting JNK. The phr microtubule defect can be phenocopied by taxol, while microtubule destabilization in vitro using nocodazole prevents loop formation. Acute disruption in vivo with nocodazole suppresses the intermediate target guidance defect. Given that microtubule looping is associated with growth cone pausing, we propose that microtubule disassembly, mediated by PHR, is essential for exiting the paused state at intermediate targets.
Periodontal status among adolescents in Georgia. A pathfinder study

Objectives. The aim of the present pathfinder study was to screen and map the periodontal status of Georgian population in accordance with the guidelines of the World Health Organization for population based surveys. Methods. During 2012, a pathfinder study was conducted to collect this data. For the periodontal portion of the study, 15-year-old school children were examined in the capital city of Tbilisi as well as in two other large cities and 4 smaller villages. All participants were examined by a trained dental team in a classroom using a dental mirror and a periodontal probe. Periodontal examination included plaque scores, calculus scores, probing depth measurements and bleeding on probing. These measurements were recorded for the Ramfjord index teeth. Results. A total of 397 15-year-old participants were examined in this pathfinder study. There were 240 females (60.45%) and 157 males (39.55%). Of the total participants 196 (49.37%) were urban adolescents while 201 (50.63%) were from rural communities. Mean probing depth was 3.34 ± 0.57 mm with a range of 1 to 10 mm; a relatively high proportion (34.26%) of these subjects presented with at least one site with pockets of 5 mm or deeper. Males presented with greater plaque, calculus and probing depths than females. When urban and rural populations were compared, urban participants presented with more plaque, probing depths and bleeding on probing. Greater pocket depths were found to be related to the presence of plaque calculus and bleeding on probing. Conclusions. Overall, rather high incidences of periodontal pockets ≥ 5 mm were detected in this population. This data should serve to prepare further more detailed epidemiological studies that will serve to plan and implement prevent and treat strategies for periodontal diseases in Georgia and also help make manpower decisions.
Untangling: a slice extraction refactoring

Separation of concerns in existing code can be achieved by specific refactoring techniques. Modern refactoring tools support a number of well-known refactoring transformations, including method extraction. In this paper, we examine how method extraction can be improved through program slicing. Furthermore, we show how a generalization of such slice extraction can be applied to untangle existing code by extracting aspects.
Applying Cellular Automata for Simulating and Assessing Urban Growth Scenario Based in Nairobi, Kenya

This research explores urban growth based scenarios for the city of Nairobi using a cellular automata urban growth model (UGM). African cities have experienced rapid urbanization over the last decade due to increased population growth and high economic activities. We used multi-temporal Landsat imageries for 1976, 1986, 2000 and 2010 to investigate urban land-use changes in Nairobi. Our UGM used data from urban land-use of 1986 and 2010, road data, slope data and exclusion layer. Monte-Carlo technique was used for model calibration and Multi Resolution Validation (MRV) technique for validation. Simulation of urban land-use was done up to the year 2030 when Kenya plans to attain Vision 2030. Three scenarios were explored in the urban modelling process; unmanaged growth with no restriction on environmental areas, managed growth with moderate protection, and a managed growth with maximum protection on forest, agricultural areas, and urban green. Thus alternative scenario development using UGM is useful for planning purposes so as to ensure sustainable development is achieved. UGM provides quantitative, visual, spatial and temporal information which aid policy and decision makers can make informed decisions.
Total prostatectomy within 6 weeks of a prostate biopsy: is it safe?

PURPOSE Many urologists recommend a six-week time interval between a prostate biopsy and a total prostatectomy (TP) to allow the biopsy induced inflammation to subside. Our aim was to assess whether the time interval between prostate biopsy and TP has an impact on the surgical outcome. MATERIALS AND METHODS A retrospective analysis was performed on data from patients who underwent a TP by a single surgeon from 1992 to 2008. The patients were divided into two groups according to the time interval between biopsy and TP, Group 1 < or = 6 weeks and Group 2 > 6 weeks. Relevant perioperative variables and outcome were analyzed. RESULTS 923 patients were included. There was a significant difference between the two groups in the surgeons' ability to perform a bilateral nerve sparing procedure. Those who had a TP within six weeks of the biopsy were less likely to have a bilateral nerve sparing procedure. No significant difference was noted in the other variables, which included Gleason score, surgical margin status, estimated blood loss, post-operative infection, incontinence, erectile function, and biochemical recurrence. CONCLUSIONS TP can be safely performed without any increase in complications within 6 weeks of a prostate biopsy. However, a TP within six weeks of a biopsy significantly reduced the surgeon's perception of whether a bilateral nerve sparing procedure was performed.