Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
A Clustering and Image Processing Approach to Unsupervised Real-Time Road Segmentation for Autonomous Vehicles

Path planning is a crucial task in autonomous vehicles for which real-time road segmentation is very important. Most existing road segmentation techniques are supervised but, in many cases, their performance may be limited by the availability of and variety in a large training dataset. In contrast, we propose a research direction on unsupervised road segmentation that does not need any training or adaption and can be utilized widely. We use K-means clustering and image processing techniques to segment roads in RGB images. The scheme works well on the KITTI Road dataset (urban), giving a maximum, mean, and minimum IoU score of 93.75 %, 66.64% and 32.21% respectively. The minimum, mean and maximum time taken for segmentation were 1.084 s, 1.999 s and 3.794 s respectively on an Intel Core i5-8th Gen.(8GB RAM) CPU. A major reason for low values of minimum accuracy is that the scheme may segment the sidewalk also as a road. Although the mean IoU score is lower and the processing time higher relative to existing schemes, the results are very promising as our scheme is completely unsupervised and the processing time can be reduced by leveraging the capabilities of GPUs, parallel execution, hardware acceleration and the like.
Dual Cluster Head Selection Based on LEACH and Differential Search Algorithm to Extend Network Lifetime in Wireless Sensor Network

The key component of a wireless sensor network (WSN), the sensor node, has a lot of restrictions. Since sensor nodes must run for a long time, energy is their biggest drawback. Therefore, energy efficiency is a significant highlight in many studies at WSN. A well-known cluster-based technique in the WSN is the Low-Energy Adaptive Clustering Hierarchy (LEACH). However, the selection of cluster heads (CH) in the LEACH does not consider the availability of energy and distance. This article presents a new protocol based on LEACH and Differential Search Algorithm (DSA) to select CHs and Deputy CHs to extend network lifetime. Additionally, the LEACH protocol is used as a comparison to evaluate the functionality of the proposed protocol. The simulation results show that the proposed protocol has a more extended period of stability and network lifetime than LEACH.
CO concentration forecasting with attention-based LSTM and EMD for urban areas in Selangor

Deterioration of air quality levels due to the high concentration of air pollutants in ambient air, especially within urban areas, has severely affected human health. Constant exposure to a dangerous air pollutant of carbon monoxide (CO) may lead to serious health problems such as heart diseases, lung damage and respiratory system failure, which may increase mortality risk. Therefore, this study aims to forecast CO concentration in urban areas in Malaysia using a hybrid deep learning model. Empirical mode decomposition (EMD) is used to decompose CO concentration data into multiple components, namely intrinsic mode functions (IMFs) and a residual. Attention-based long short-term memory (ALSTM), the combination of multiple LSTM layers and an attention layer, is used to forecast the decomposed components individually. Then, the forecasted sub-sequences are accumulated to obtain the final forecasting of CO concentration. In this study, forecasting CO concentration is based on hourly historical time series data considering the effect of meteorological parameters. EMD-ALSTM outperforms individual LSTM and ALSTM models in terms of statistical evaluation analysis. The results indicate that the hybrid forecasting model has successfully forecasted CO concentration with reliable accuracy.
Asymmetric Wireless Power Transfer with a Flexible Contact Lens Inductor

This paper reports the microfabrication of a Galinstan-based flexible coil on a contact lens and its preliminary use for wireless power transfer onto a smart contact lens. The Galinstan-based coil provides accommodation against physical deformation of a contact lens by maintaining electrical conductivity under strains due to its semi-fluidic nature. The fabricated Galinstan-coils successfully demonstrated post-deformation tolerance up to 166.67% strain. The fabricated contact lens prototype with a Galinstan-coil showed the maximum wireless power reception of 32.4 μW with a power efficiency of 0.75% from an external coil located 5 mm away within a frame of eyeglasses.
Enhanced production of tunable VUV radiation by phase-matched frequency tripling in krypton and xenon

Nonresonant frequency tripling of intense dye laser radiation in negative dispersive Kr ( \lambda = 1203-1235 A ) is efficiently enhanced by phase matching with the positive dispersive tare gas Ar or Xe. Phase matching of Kr with Ar improved the efficiency of the conversion of 3648 A to L_{\alpha} = 1216 A by more than two orders of magnitude. At L_{\alpha}, 16 W ( 4 \cdot 10^{10} photons/pulse) could be generated with 1.5 MW pulses of a frequency doubled dye laser. The optimum conversion is limited by absorption of the VUV in the rare gas mixture and by dielectric breakdown. In mixtures of Kr and Xe, the dependence of the VUV on the density of the two gas components indicates a phase difference between their contributions to the induced third-order polarization. Measurements of the VUV output of different Kr-Xe mixtures provide a determination of the ratio of the third-order nonlinear susceptibilities χ Kr /χ Xe and of the wave vector mismatches per atom C Kr /C Xe at wavelengths \lambda = 1205-1230 A Besides frequency tripling in Kr, third-harmonic generation of blue dye laser light ( \lambda = 4208-4406 A) has been investigated in Xe phase matched with Kr. The peak power of the tunable VUV at \lambda = 1403-1469 A exceeded 30 W ( 8.7 \cdot 10^{10} photons/pulse).
Analysis of the free ion Nd3+ spectrum (Nd IV)

A recent breakthrough in the analysis of Nd IV resulted in the establishment of 37 energy levels of the ground configuration 4f3. We report here the completion to all 41 levels of this configuration. Wavelength measurements extended to 2800 Å and in higher excitation conditions lead to the classification of 1426 lines involving the excited configurations 4f25d, 4f26p, 4f26s. Owing to configuration mixing between 5p64f26p and the core-excited 5p54f4, numerous 5p64f25d–5p54f4 transitions, normally dipole-forbidden, are observed. Altogether 111 odd parity levels and 121 even parity ones have been established. Their parametric least-squares fits have rms deviations of 91 cm−1 and 37 cm−1, respectively. The interaction 5p64f25d–5p54f35d has an impact on the 4f3–4f25d transition probabilities computed by means of the Cowan codes. Theoretical values of lifetimes are reported for all the even parity levels.
Curve Trajectory Prediction through Vehicle Infrastructure Cooperation

The concept of vehicle infrastructure cooperative technology has been widely applied in the field of intelligent transportation. Through the technology, a novel vehicle trajectory prediction method is proposed in this paper, which can be used to provide a corresponding reference for risk prevention and control on the curve road. By integrating the multi-sensor data of the onboard and roadside sensors, the perception dimension is broadened and detailed vehicle information has been obtained. For the curve, the coordinates of the vehicles are transformed from the global coordinates to the Frenet coordinates based on the tangential and normal displacement of lane centre lines. A Bidirectional Long-Short Term Memory (B-LSTM) neural network is used to enhance the ability to process historical vehicle status information. Meanwhile, an encoder-decoder structure with the attention mechanism is applied to generate prediction trajectory points. A Mixture Density network gives a probability distribution for the final prediction output. In this paper, a curve scene is built by Unity to test the performance of the algorithm. Driving data is gathered by semi-physical simulation experiments from different drivers, after which a driver data set under the curve scene has been constructed. Utilizing vehicle infrastructure cooperative technology to expand the perception dimension, the trajectory obtained by the prediction algorithm has a smaller mean square error and higher accuracy in long-term prediction than relying on single on-vehicle sensors or on-road sensors. Through optimization of the curve, the prediction error has been reduced on longitudinal and lateral directions.
OCT Speckle noise reduction based on a self-supervised B2U Network

Optical coherence tomography(OCT) is a new three-dimensional tomography technology. However, the speckle noise in OCT image brings obvious limitations to its clinical application. In most real situations, it is hard to obtain high-quality OCT clean images. The self-supervised deep learning method of denoising are very popular recently, because these methods do not need clean images, and can well solve the problem that clean image cannot be obtained in real scene. In this paper, we proposed a novel self-supervised deep learning model called improved Blind2Unblind-OCT network to suppress speckle noise in OCT image. First, we improve the global-aware mask mapper based on Blind2Unblind, which can achieve better global perception in OCT images. All the sampled blind spots by mask mapper could be optimized by our designed loss function. In addition, we modify a new re-visible loss to make blind spots visible. Because all blind spots are re-visible, the OCT image will not lose important structural information. The experiments with different OCT images show that proposed model has obvious great performance compared other denoising methods of OCT image.
An Individual-Based Model In Maintaining Herd Immunity: Case On Malaysia Pertussis Data

Public health controls the re-emergence of infectious diseases by achieving herd immunity establishment in the population. This paper aims to consolidate two factors affecting herd immunity namely individuals' trust in public health and vaccines as well as wane of immunity in individuals into one epidemiological model in maintaining herd immunity. The model formulation adopts Individual-Based Model (IBM) approach to address the heterogeneity effects of individuals' attributes. The individuals' vaccination decision is modelled with imitation dynamics based on game theory. The model simulations use the real parameters obtained for Pertussis in Malaysia. By using different probability of individuals acquire trust, the simulation results are validated with the real Pertussis prevalence where the Root-Mean-Square-Percentage-Error (RMSPE) is used as the accuracy measurement metric. Around 70 percent to 80 percent of individuals must acquire trust towards public health and vaccines so that the simulation results become more fitted to the real Pertussis prevalence. In addition, the modified herd immunity threshold formula is derived from the model and is analyzed through parameter sensitivity analysis. Comparing to the general formula of herd immunity threshold, the modified herd immunity threshold formula provides a higher threshold for the establishment of herd immunity due to additional parameters included in the formula. The disruption of herd immunity because of the wane of immunity in individual would be countered by the vaccination of individuals who trust in public health and vaccines, hence establishing the herd immunity in the population. (Abstract)
Tunneling of a diatomic molecule incident upon a potential barrier

We study a diatomic homonuclear molecule incident upon a potential barrier. We allow transitions between binding energy states of the molecule during the process of tunneling and consider both single and double barriers. By applying an elegant method to solve this system we show that transmission resonances do occur in both cases and that expressions for the locations of the resonances can be found. Moreover, we find that the addition of binding energy levels tends to decrease the probability of tunneling. We also show that by relaxing rigor and treating the length of the molecule as though it is fixed we can obtain exact analytical expressions for the transmission probability that capture important features of the full solution.
Relativistic effects on the solar radius

The high accuracy reached by solar limb observations, by helioseismic measurements and by Standard Solar Model (SSM) calculations suggests that general relativistic corrections must be included when discussing the solar radius. The Allen value (R⊙=695.99 ± 0.07 Mm) has to be reduced by 1.5 km. This correction, which is small compared with the present accuracy, should be kept in mind for more precise measurements and/or calculations in the future.
The impact of clinical indications on visual search behaviour in skeletal radiographs

The hazards associated with ionizing radiation have been documented in the literature and therefore justifying the need for X-ray examinations has come to the forefront of the radiation safety debate in recent years1. International legislation states that the referrer is responsible for the provision of sufficient clinical information to enable the justification of the medical exposure. Clinical indications are a set of systematically developed statements to assist in accurate diagnosis and appropriate patient management2. In this study, the impact of clinical indications upon fracture detection for musculoskeletal radiographs is analyzed. A group of radiographers (n=6) interpreted musculoskeletal radiology cases (n=33) with and without clinical indications. Radiographic images were selected to represent common trauma presentations of extremities and pelvis. Detection of the fracture was measured using ROC methodology. An eyetracking device was employed to record radiographers search behavior by analysing distinct fixation points and search patterns, resulting in a greater level of insight and understanding into the influence of clinical indications on observers' interpretation of radiographs. The influence of clinical information on fracture detection and search patterns was assessed. Findings of this study demonstrate that the inclusion of clinical indications result in impressionable search behavior. Differences in eye tracking parameters were also noted. This study also attempts to uncover fundamental observer search strategies and behavior with and without clinical indications, thus providing a greater understanding and insight into the image interpretation process. Results of this study suggest that availability of adequate clinical data should be emphasized for interpreting trauma radiographs.
Stellar Populations and Kinematics in Seyfert Galaxies

Abstract Our aim is to study the stellar kinematics in hosts of AGN. We do so by measuring nuclear stellar velocity dispersions (σ⋆). Our sample comprises spectra of 78 objects, 69 of which are Seyfert galaxies, in the region around the λλ8498. 02, 8542.09, 8662.14 Calcium triplet (CaT). We investigate two methods to measure σ⋆: (1) the direct fitting method (DFM), which makes use of our stellar population synthesis code Starlight, and (2) the cross-correlation method (CCM), for which we use the fxcor package in IRAF. Both methods yield velocity dispersions consistent to within 19 km/s on-average. We have also measured the CaT equivalent width (WCaT) and the λ3933 CaII K equivalent width (WK) for the objects in our sample. Other studies have shown that WK is a powerful tracer of starbursts in Seyfert nuclei, so we check if WCaT can be used in the same way. We have also analysed a sub-sample of 34 spatially resolved objects with reasonably good off-nuclear signal-to-noise. We study the spatial variations of both σ⋆ and WCaT. We see no dilution in WCaT for composite starburst + Seyfert 2 galaxies, in contrast to the dilution in the WK (studied by other authors) for the same objects.
Optical Properties of Single-Mode Side-Polished Fiber Covered with Multilayer Planar Waveguide Including Metal Films

The fiber-to-planar waveguide (PWG) couplers with two vertically separated metals films have been proposed, and theoretical and experimental investigation of the behavior of the coupler have been presented. Based on the normal-mode theory, the influence of the structural parameters on the characteristics of the device was analyzed and explained. The measured behavior of the device was in good agreement with theoretical predictions. Depending on the structural configuration, the device behaved as either a narrower filter or a polarizer. The possibility of its application as an active component has also been examined.
TRANSCENDENTAL LOGARITHMIC PRODUCTION FRONTIERS

Focuses on additive and homogeneous production possibility frontiers that have played an important role in formulating statistical tests of the theory of production. Characterization of the class of production possibility frontiers that are homogenous and additive; Representation of the production possibility frontier; Statistical tests of the theory of production. (Из Ebsco)
Hydrogen emission-line spectra in quasars and active galactic nuclei

This paper presents a detailed analysis of the strengths of hydrogen emission lines emitted by a gas cloud for a wide range of density (N/sub e/< or =10/sup 13/cm/sup -3/), temperature (10/sup 4/ K< or =T< or approx. =3 x 10/sup 4/ K), and ionization (10/sup -6/< or approx. = neutral fraction < or approx. =1), with an emphasis on the conditions thought to occur in quasars and Seyfert nuclei. Level populations as a function of principal quantum number n and angular momentum l are numerically calculated for n< or =12 using all important known physical processes, including the effects of intense radio and infrared background radiation. The intensity of the line radiation inside the cloud, assumed to be a homogeneous slab, is obtained by means of the escape probability formalism. We find that an intense nonionizing bacground and/or a high electron density brings the levels into thermal equilibrium at lower values of n than without the background; this increases the intensities of lines such as H7 and P7 by up to a factor of 2, but it does not significantly affect lines from n< or =5. Collisional excitation from the n=2 state and finite optical depth in the Balmermore » lines account for the line intensities seen in many Seyferts. For the quasar 3C 273, which has a remarkably low observed L.cap alpha. /H.beta. ratio but a normal P.cap alpha. /H.beta. ratio, we propose that the density is high enough (N/sub e/approx. =10/sup 10/cm/sup -3/) and the Lyman . cap alpha. ootical depth large enough that collisional de-excitation of L.cap alpha. is important as well. « less
Inverse Problems In Fluorescence Confocal Scanning Microscopy

It has been recently demonstrated that one of the most important applications of Confocal Scanning Laser Microscopy (CSLM) is fluorescence microscopy. In this paper we discuss the application to this case of a general method suggested by two of the authors (M.B. and E.R.P.) for improving resolution. The method requires that the full image is recorded by means of a suitable array of detectors and that a linear integral equation is solved for determining the object at each step of the scanning procedure. We investigate several integral equations related to 1D, 2D and 3D imaging.
On the abundances of helium, nitrogen, and oxygen in the planetary nebulae of the Magellanic Clouds.

The overabundance of helium is unexpected from comparison with galactic planetaries. The oxygen abundance is at the low end of the range for galactic and extragalactic objects and is important to the understanding of the chemical evolution of the SMC. Simple theoretical considerations of galactic enrichment show that planetaries come within an order of magnitude of accounting for the nitrogen abundance in the instellar medium. However, there is a lack of data on the actual frequency of planetaries in the Magellanic Clouds. Several aspects of the observational situation are discussed. (AIP)
Thermal effects on Co/Mo2C multilayer mirrors studied by soft x-ray standing wave enhanced photoemission spectroscopy

Here is presented the spectroscopic study of the evolution of the first buried interfaces of a B4C capped Co/Mo2C multilayer mirror induced by thermal treatment up to 600°C. This kind of study is typically performed to simulate the response of multilayer optics working in extreme conditions, as for instance when irradiated by new high brilliance sources as Free Electron Lasers. In fact, the efficiency of multilayers is related to the optical contrast between the alternating high and low density layers, and then to the degree of interdiffusion and the creation or evolution of interface compounds. The analysis has been performed at the Co L23 edge with different soft x-ray spectroscopic techniques including diffuse and specular reflectivity, total electron and fluorescent yield at the BEAR beamline at Elettra (Trieste) (http://www.elettra.trieste.it/elettra-beamlines/bear.html). The presentation is focused on the spectroscopic results obtained by soft x-ray standing wave enhanced photoemission (XSW) from the Mo 3d, B 1s, C 1s, O 1s core levels by using a photon energy close to the Co L23 edge and corresponding to the first Bragg peak of the multilayer. The experimental results have been compared with simulations to obtain information both on the chemical state (e.g. oxidation state) and interface morphology in terms of profiles of distribution of elements and interdiffusion of B, oxidized B and C in the interface region. In summary, it is possible to conclude in favour of a good stability of the multilayer in the investigated temperature range, as confirmed by the good performance in terms of reflectivity. These results confirm the usefulness of XSW for this kind analysis of multilayer optics.
Transport and Deformation-Potential Theory for Many-Valley Semiconductors with Anisotropic Scattering

A transport theory which allows for anisotropy in the scattering processes is developed for semiconductors with multiple nondegenerate band edge points. It is found that the main effects of scattering on the distribution function over each ellipsoidal constant-energy surface can be described by a set of three relaxation times, one for each principal direction; these are the principal components of an energy-dependent relaxation-time tensor. This approximate solution can be used if all scattering processes either conserve energy or randomize velocities. Expressions for mobility, Hall effect, low- and high-field magnetoresistance, piezoresistance, and high-frequency dielectric constant are derived in terms of the relaxation-time tensor. For static-field transport properties the effect of anisotropic scattering is merely to weight each component of the effective-mass tensor, as it appears in the usual theory, with the reciprocal of the corresponding component of the relaxation-time tensor.
A Monte Carlo Examination of an MTMM Model With Planned Incomplete Data Structures

The classic approach for partitioning and assessing reliability and validity has been through the use of the multitrait-multimethod (MTMM) model. The MTMM approach generally involves 3 different groups (method) evaluating 3 traits. This approach can be reconceptualized for questionnaire evaluation, so that the method becomes 3 different scaling types, which are administered to the same respondents on different occasions to avoid carryover effects. A serious limitation of this MTMM model is that data are required from respondents on at least 3 different occasions, thus placing a heavy burden on the researcher and respondents. Planned incomplete data designs for the purpose of substantially reducing the amount of data required for MTMM models were investigated: 1st, a design that reduces the amount of data collected at the 3rd administration by 22%; and 2nd, a design in which data need only be collected at 2 occasions. The performance of Listwise Deletion, Pairwise Deletion, and the expectation maximization (EM) algorithm at dealing with planned incomplete data are examined through a series of simulations. Results indicate that EM was generally precise and efficient.