Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Server Software VMM We implement the performance model of hybrid main memory by customizing the VMM component of a VMware

— We use a novel virtualization-based approach for computer architecture performance analysis. We present a case study analyzing a hypothetical hybrid main memory, which consists of a first-level DRAM augmented by a 10-100x slower second-level memory. This architecture is motivated by the recent emergence of lower-cost, higher-density, and lower-power alternative memory technologies. To model such a system, we customize a virtual machine monitor (VMM) with delay-simulation and instrumentation code. Benchmarks representing server, technical computing, and desktop productivity workloads are evaluated in virtual machines (VMs). Relative to baseline all-DRAM systems, these workloads experience widely varying performance degradation when run on hybrid main memory systems which have significant amounts of second-level memory.
Indexing Distances in Large Graphs and Applications in Search Tasks

This thesis elaborates on the problem of preprocessing a large graph so that single-pair shortest-path queries can be answered quickly at runtime. Computing shortest paths is a well studied problem, but exact algorithms do not scale well to real-world huge graphs in applications that require very short response time. The focus is on approximate methods for distance estimation, in particular in landmarks-based distance indexing . This approach involves choosing some nodes as landmarks and computing (of-ﬂine), for each node in the graph its embedding, i.e., the vector of its distances from all the landmarks. At runtime, when the distance between a pair of nodes is queried, it can be quickly estimated by combining the embeddings of the two nodes. Choosing optimal landmarks is shown to be hard and thus heuristic solutions are employed. Given a budget of memory for the index, which translates directly into a budget of landmarks, different landmark selection strategies can yield dramatically different results in terms of accuracy. A number of simple methods that scale well to large graphs are therefore developed and experimentally compared. The simplest methods choose central nodes of the graph, while the more elaborate ones select central nodes that are also far away from one another. The efﬁciency of the techniques presented in this thesis is tested experimentally using ﬁve different real world graphs with millions of edges; for a given accuracy, they require as much as 250 times less space than the current approach which considers selecting landmarks at random. Finally, they are applied in two important problems arising naturally in large-scale graphs, namely social search and community detection.
Date of publication xxxx 00, 0000, date of current version xxxx 00, 0000

In this paper, a parallel nonoverlapping non-conformal domain decomposition method (DDM) using combined-field integral equation (CFIE) is proposed for fast and accurate analysis of electrically large objects situated in half space. This method decomposes the whole model into several easily solvable closed subdomains in a flexible way and an explicit boundary condition is applied to ensure the continuity of electric currents across the boundary. The adaptive direction partitioning parallelization scheme for the oct-tree of multilevel fast multipole algorithm (MLFMA) is adopted to accelerate matrix-vector multiplications of subdomains as well as the coupling between them. The introducing of real image source to account for far interaction matrix greatly accelerates the process and reduces memory requirement with precision guaranteed. Numerical examples demonstrate that the proposed method is able to simulate realistic problems with a maximum dimension greater than 1000 wavelengths. INDEX TERMS DDM, parallel algorithms, supercomputers, MLFMA, electrically-large, half space.
Planck 2015 Results. Xiv. Dark Energy and Modified Gravity

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The Complexity of Dynamics in Small Neural Circuits

Mean-field approximations are a powerful tool for studying large neural networks. However, they do not describe well the behavior of networks composed of a small number of neurons. In this case, major differences between the mean-field approximation and the real behavior of the network can arise. Yet, many interesting problems in neuroscience involve the study of mesoscopic networks composed of a few tens of neurons. Nonetheless, mathematical methods that correctly describe networks of small size are still rare, and this prevents us to make progress in understanding neural dynamics at these intermediate scales. Here we develop a novel systematic analysis of the dynamics of arbitrarily small networks composed of homogeneous populations of excitatory and inhibitory firing-rate neurons. We study the local bifurcations of their neural activity with an approach that is largely analytically tractable, and we numerically determine the global bifurcations. We find that for strong inhibition these networks give rise to very complex dynamics, caused by the formation of multiple branching solutions of the neural dynamics equations that emerge through spontaneous symmetry-breaking. This qualitative change of the neural dynamics is a finite-size effect of the network, that reveals qualitative and previously unexplored differences between mesoscopic cortical circuits and their mean-field approximation. The most important consequence of spontaneous symmetry-breaking is the ability of mesoscopic networks to regulate their degree of functional heterogeneity, which is thought to help reducing the detrimental effect of noise correlations on cortical information processing.
How cold were the Early Permian glacial tropics? Testing sea-surface temperature using the oxygen isotope composition of rigorously screened brachiopod shells

Abstract: Brachiopod carbonate from Early Permian brachiopod shells from low palaeolatitude north Iran and higher palaeolatitude Pakistan Karakorum were screened for diagenesis and analysed for oxygen isotope ratios to derive seawater palaeotemperatures. Screening techniques employed included SEM ultrastructural analysis, cathodoluminescence (CL), image analysis of CL images, trace-element (Sr, Mn, Fe) determinations, and carbon and oxygen stable-isotope determinations. The Karakorum shells were found to be diagenetically altered, but those from north Iran were judged to be pristine. Using data from pristine material, two distinct time slices were analysed: the early and middle Asselian. Two contrasting δ18O values for seawater (0‰ and +1.0‰ V-SMOW) were used to account for different extensions of the Gondwanan ice caps. The δ18O data from north Iran indicate a range of seawater temperatures from +24.3 to +30.3 °C (for δ18Oseawater = 0‰ V-SMOW) or from +30.3 to +35.4 °C (for δ18Oseawater = +1.0‰ V-SMOW) for the early Asselian. Results for δ18O from the middle Asselian indicate seawater temperatures of +24.4 to +28.0 °C (for δ18Oseawater = 0‰) or +29.2 to +32.8 °C (for δ18Oseawater = +1.0‰). The maximum calculated temperatures in the middle Asselian are about 2 °C lower than those for the early Asselian. The average temperature for both time slices is similar to modern tropical sea-surface temperatures, indicating that low-latitude Early Permian ocean waters in Iran did not undergo significant cooling during the final Glacial III episode of Gondwanan glaciation. This confirms other evidence based on biotic provinces, which suggests that during the Permo-Carboniferous glaciation, the low-latitude warm belt became narrower and confined to the western Tethys and Cathaysian provinces, and was not subject to a reduction in temperature, but rather a reduction in size.
Regional Precipitation Trends: Distinguishing Natural Variability from Anthropogenic Forcing

Abstract In this study, the nature and causes for observed regional precipitation trends during 1977–2006 are diagnosed. It is found that major features of regional trends in annual precipitation during 1977–2006 are consistent with an atmospheric response to observed sea surface temperature (SST) variability. This includes drying over the eastern Pacific Ocean that extends into western portions of the Americas related to a cooling of eastern Pacific SSTs, and broad increases in rainfall over the tropical Eastern Hemisphere, including a Sahelian rainfall recovery and increased wetness over the Indo–West Pacific related to North Atlantic and Indo–West Pacific ocean warming. It is further determined that these relationships between SST and rainfall change are generally not symptomatic of human-induced emissions of greenhouse gases (GHGs) and aerosols. The intensity of regional trends simulated in climate models using observed time variability in greenhouse gases, tropospheric sulfate aerosol, and solar and .
Constraints on parameters of B-type pulsators from combined multicolour photometry and radial velocity data. I. $\beta$ Cephei stars

We analyze data on pulsation amplitudes and phases for two $\beta$ Cephei stars, $\delta$ Cet and $\nu$ Eri. Str\"omgren photometry and radial velocity measurements are used simultaneously to obtain constraints on mean parameters of the stars and identification of the excited modes. The inference about the radial mode order and mean star parameters is based on comparison of certain complex parameter, $f$, determined from data, with its counterpart derived from linear nonadiabatic modelling of stellar oscillations. The theoretical $f$ values are very sensitive to the adopted opacity data. In our modelling we rely on the data from OPAL and OP projects. Significant differences were found. New seismic models of $\nu$ Eri were constructed with both the OPAL and OP opacities.
Sharp L^p-entropy inequalities on manifolds

\small{In 2004, Del Pino and Dolbeault \cite{DPDo} and Gentil \cite{G} investigated, independently, best constants and extremals associated to sharp Euclidean $L^p$-entropy inequalities. In this work, we present some important advances in the Riemannian context. Namely, let $(M,g)$ be a compact Riemannian manifold of dimension $n \geq 3$. For $1<p \leq 2$, we prove that the sharp Riemannian $L^p$-entropy inequality \[\int_M |u|^p \log(|u|^p) dv_g \leq \frac{n}{p} \log ({\cal A}_{opt} \int_M |\nabla u|_g^p dv_g + {\cal B}) \] \n holds on all functions $u \in H^{1,p}(M)$ such that $||u||_{L^p(M)} = 1$. Moreover, we show that the first best Riemannian constant ${\cal A}_{opt}$ is equal to the corresponding Euclidean one. Our approach is inspired on the Bakry, Coulhon, Ledoux and Sallof-Coste's idea \cite{Ba} of getting Euclidean entropy inequalities as a limit case of suitable Gagliardo-Nirenberg inequalities. It is conjectured that the above inequality sometimes fails for $p>2$. }
Topics in Compressed Sensing

Compressed sensing has a wide range of applications that include error correction, imaging, radar and many more. Given a sparse signal in a high dimensional space, one wishes to reconstruct that signal accurately and efficiently from a number of linear measurements much less than its actual dimension. Although in theory it is clear that this is possible, the difficulty lies in the construction of algorithms that perform the recovery efficiently, as well as determining which kind of linear measurements allow for the reconstruction. There have been two distinct major approaches to sparse recovery that each present different benefits and shortcomings. The first, L1-minimization methods such as Basis Pursuit, use a linear optimization problem to recover the signal. This method provides strong guarantees and stability, but relies on Linear Programming, whose methods do not yet have strong polynomially bounded runtimes. The second approach uses greedy methods that compute the support of the signal iteratively. These methods are usually much faster than Basis Pursuit, but until recently had not been able to provide the same guarantees. This gap between the two approaches was bridged when we developed and analyzed the greedy algorithm Regularized Orthogonal Matching Pursuit (ROMP). ROMP provides similar guarantees to Basis Pursuit as well as the speed of a greedy algorithm. Our more recent algorithm Compressive Sampling Matching Pursuit (CoSaMP) improves upon these guarantees, and is optimal in every important aspect.
V0332+53 in the outburst of 2004–2005: luminosity dependence of the cyclotron line and pulse profile

ABSTRACT We present results of observations of the transient X-ray pulsar V0332+53 performedduring a very powerful outburst in Dec, 2004 – Feb, 2005 with the INTEGRAL andRXTE observatories in a wide (3 − 100 keV) energy band. A cyclotron resonancescattering line at an energy of ∼ 26 keV has been detected in the source spectrumtogether with its two higher harmonics at ∼ 50 and ∼ 73 keV, respectively. We showthat the energy of the line is not constant but linearly changes with the source lumi-nosity. Strong pulse proﬁle variations, especially near the cyclotron line, are revealedfor diﬀerent levels of the source intensity. We discuss the obtained results in terms ofthe theoretical models of X-ray pulsars.Key words: X-ray:binaries – (stars:)pulsars:individual – V0332+53 1 INTRODUCTIONThe transient X-ray pulsar V0332+53 was discovered bythe Vela 5B observatory in 1973 (Terrel & Predhorsky 1973)during an outburst when its intensity reached ∼ 1.4 Crabin the 3 − 12 keV energy band. The outburst lasted aboutthree months before the source became undetectable again.During observations in Nov 1983 – Jan 1984 with theEXOSAT observatory the pulsar’s parameters and orbitalones were determined: the pulse period ∼ 4.375 s, the or-bital period – 34.25 days, the eccentricity – 0.31, and theprojected semimajor axis of the neutron star – a
A collaborative path to scientific discovery: Distribution of labor, productivity and innovation in collaborative science

In this work we dig into the process of scientific discovery by looking at a yet unexploited source of information: Polymath projects. Polymath projects are an original attempt to collectively solve mathematical problems in an online collaborative environment. To investigate the Polymath experiment, we analyze all the posts related to the projects that arrived to a peer reviewed publication with a particular attention to the organization of labor and the innovations originating from the author contributions. We observe that a significant presence of sporadic contributor boosts the productivity of the most active users and that productivity, in terms of number of posts, grows super-linearly with the number of contributors. When it comes to innovation in large scale collaborations, there is no exact rule determining, a priori, who the main innovators will be. Sometimes, serendipitous interactions by sporadic contributors can have a large impact on the discovery process and a single post by an occasional participant can steer the work into a new direction.
Refinement calculus of reactive systems

Refinement calculus is a powerful and expressive tool for reasoning about sequential programs in a compositional manner. In this paper we present an extension of refinement calculus for reactive systems. Refinement calculus is based on monotonic predicate transformers, which transform sets of post-states into sets of pre-states. To model reactive systems, we introduce monotonic property transformers, which transform sets of output infinite sequences into sets of input infinite sequences. We show how to model in this semantics refinement, sequential composition, demonic choice, and other semantic properties of reactive systems. We also show how such transformers can be defined by various formalisms such as linear temporal logic formulas (suitable for specifications) and symbolic transition systems (suitable for implementations). Finally, we show how this framework generalizes previous work on relational interfaces to systems with infinite behaviors and liveness properties.
Enhancement of aerosols near the cold tropopause in summer over Tibetan Plateau: lidar and balloonborne measurements in 1999 at Lhasa, Tibet, China

Tropospheric and stratospheric aerosols were measured with a lidar and a balloon-borne optical particle counter at Lhasa (30 N, 91 E), Tibet, China in August, September, and October, 1999. Also, the vertical profile of ozone by ozone sonde measurements were gained in same period. Ozone concentrations of this area were smaller than those of other region of same latitude especially near tropopause. The number concentration of particles (diameter larger than 0.3 tm) showed noticeable enhancement near the local tropopause, and temporal changes in the particle concentration of the enhanced layer, especially in tropospheric part of the layer, seemed to correlate well to the changes in water vapor content in the mid, and possibly upper, troposphere. Those observations suggest the possibility that the tropopause aerosol particle enhancement associates with water vapor transportation from the lower troposphere to near the tropopause which is caused by active upwelling motion of air over the Tibetan plateau during Asian summer monsoon period. In other words form of aerosols near the tropopause possibly affected by monsoon activities in summer over the Tibetan plateau. The temperature of the local tropopause observed at Lhasa, Tibet was very cold and became frequently lower than frost point of nitric acid trihydrates (NAT) during observational period, and that atmospheric condition contributed to activation of gas to particle conversion process near the tropopause in summer over the Tibetan plateau. The lidar measurements suggested that the enhanced particle (scattering ratio=1.25) had low depolarization ratio, c =0.5%, and showed possibility that particulate near the tropopause was composed of liquid phase particles and not solid state such as cirrus cloud particles. Those lidar measurements, however, were not in the same range of polar stratospheric particles (PSCs) type Ia and/or lb given by previous lidar measurements at polar regions suggesting necessary of new particle formation scenario, which is different from PSCs formation processes in the poiar winter stratosphere, near the cold summer tropopause over the Tibetan plateau.
Post-hoc labeling of arbitrary EEG recordings for data-efficient evaluation of neural decoding methods

Many cognitive, sensory and motor processes have correlates in oscillatory neural sources, which are embedded as a subspace into the recorded brain signals. Decoding such processes from noisy magnetoencephalogram/electroencephalogram (M/EEG) signals usually requires the use of data-driven analysis methods. The objective evaluation of such decoding algorithms on experimental raw signals, however, is a challenge: the amount of available M/EEG data typically is limited, labels can be unreliable, and raw signals often are contaminated with artifacts. The latter is specifically problematic, if the artifacts stem from behavioral confounds of the oscillatory neural processes of interest. To overcome some of these problems, simulation frameworks have been introduced for benchmarking decoding methods. Generating artificial brain signals, however, most simulation frameworks make strong and partially unrealistic assumptions about brain activity, which limits the generalization of obtained results to real-world conditions. In the present contribution, we thrive to remove many shortcomings of current simulation frameworks and propose a versatile alternative, that allows for objective evaluation and benchmarking of novel data-driven decoding methods for neural signals. Its central idea is to utilize post-hoc labelings of arbitrary M/EEG recordings. This strategy makes it paradigm-agnostic and allows to generate comparatively large datasets with noiseless labels. Source code and data of the novel simulation approach are made available for facilitating its adoption.
Can Economic Theory Be Informative for the Judiciary? Affirmative Action in India via Vertical and Horizontal Reservations

Sanctioned by its constitution, India is home to the world's most comprehensive affirmative action program, where historically discriminated groups are protected with vertical reservations implemented as"set asides,"and other disadvantaged groups are protected with horizontal reservations implemented as"minimum guarantees. "A mechanism mandated by the Supreme Court in 1995 suffers from important anomalies, triggering countless litigations in India. Foretelling a recent reform correcting the flawed mechanism, we propose the 2SMG mechanism that resolves all anomalies, and characterize it with desiderata reflecting laws of India. Subsequently rediscovered with a high court judgment and enforced in Gujarat, 2SMG is also endorsed by Saurav Yadav v. State of UP (2020), in a Supreme Court ruling that rescinded the flawed mechanism. While not explicitly enforced, 2SMG is indirectly enforced for an important subclass of applications in India, because no other mechanism satisfies the new mandates of the Supreme Court.
Flexural waves in pressurized borehole: A finite‐difference approach

The propagation of elastic waves in a fluid-filled borehole is adequately described by the linear equations of elasticity. However, when the borehole fluid is pressurized either due to the hydrostatic head at a given depth or with the aid of packers at the wellhead, both the fluid and the surrounding formation are subjected to biasing stresses. In this situation, wave propagation along the borehole is described by the equations of motion for small dynamic fields superposed on a static bias. The effective elastic coefficients in these equations account for the radial decay of biasing stresses in the surrounding formation. We present a velocity-stress finite-difference formulation that can readily account for such radially varying coefficients in the equations of motion. Computational results have been obtained for the synthetic dipole waveforms at an array of receivers in a fluid-filled borehole before and after pressurization. The corresponding flexural dispersions are obtained by processing the waveforms with the Prony’s method. The processed dispersion from the waveforms obtained before pressurization is compared with the flexural dispersion obtained from a modal search routine. The flexural dispersion in the presence of borehole pressurization is compared with the results obtained by a previously reported perturbation method. Good agreement has been obtained in both cases. This study shows that while the borehole pressure-induced changes in the flexural dispersions are negligibly small at low frequencies, they can be significantly large at higher frequencies when the flexural wave becomes more confined to the borehole. This change in the flexural dispersion due to an increase in borehole pressurization is a measure of the acoustoelastic coefficient of the formation that can provide additional information about the mechanical properties of the formation.