Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Grain supplementation on bluestem range for intensive-early stocked steers.

A 4-year study was conducted on Kansas Flint Hills bluestem range to monitor animal gain, grass, and forb standing biomass following grazing, plant population dynamics, and in 2 years, subsequent feedlot performance of steers under intensive-early stocking supplemented with increasing levels of sorghum grain. Each year from 1988 through 1991, crossbred beef steers were stocked at 0.24 ha/100 kg of initial steer weight from 5 May to 1; July. Steers in twice-replicated pastures were given no supplementation, 0.91 kg rolled sorghum grain per head daily, or 1.82 kg rolled sorghum grain per head daily, which corresponded to approximately 0, 0.3, and 0.6% of body weight -1. All steers were implanted with estradiol 17 beta in 1988 and zeranol in 1989-91 during initial processing and had unlimited access to a lasalocid/mineral mixture during the entire trial. In 1989 and 1990, representative groups of steers selected from all treatment/pasture combinations were subjected to a feedlot finishing phase and carcass data were obtained. Grass and forb standing crops were estimated each year at livestock removal in mid-July and again in early October. Pretreatment species composition and basal cover were determined in 1988 and compared to those at the end of the study. In mid-July, when cattle were removed, residual standing biomass of grass increased in direct proportion to increasing level of supplement. Standing biomass of grass at the end of the growing season did not differ among pastures with different supplement levels. Forb standing biomass did not differ among pastures with different supplement levels in July or October. Changes in plant populations among treatments during the course of the study were minimal. During the early portion of the grazing period, sorghum grain supplementation did not significantly influence steer gains, but average daily gain during the latter part of the grazing period increased in direct proportion to increasing level of sorghum grain supplement. Daily gain. feed intake, carcass characteristics, and gain:feed ratio were not different among treatments during the feedlot phase. Although conversion efficiencies may be economically marginal, low-level grain supplementation has the potential to increase the daily gain of cattle grazing early-season tallgrass prairie under an intensive-early stocking program.
New and Old Views on the Economics of Slavery

The slave economy of the antebellum South has been visited and revisited so many times that we are now beginning to get surveys of surveys. No fewer than three of the articles collected by Hugh Aitken in Did Slavery Pay? (Boston: Houghton Mifflin Company, 1971) have themselves the character of "reviews of the literature. " And Noel Button's new volume Ante-bellum Slavery (Canberra: Department of Economic History, The Australian National University, 1971) has the unnerving subtitle: "A Critique of a Debate. " What improved knowledge of the subject can we now claim after more than a century of scholarly inquiry? Professor Aitken believes that we have made progress, that "the prolonged argument over the economics of slavery has shown [some] of the characteristics of scientific advance . By this I mean simply that I think we understand the economics of black slavery in the United States better now than informed people did when, say, U. B. Phillips was writing his classic articles" (p. viii). Aitken attributes this betterment both to the "hard, dirty work of digging up information," and to "the refinement of logical analysis and the use of more powerful explanatory models. " I am not so sure. One of the ways in which we overstate our progress is by exaggerating the foolishness of our forebears. In this respect Aitken's long-term collection—going back to Cairnes, Phillips, and Gray—should be valuable in setting the record straight. It may surprise some people to learn, for example, that Ulrich Phillips did not believe (as has often been stated) that one need only look at slave prices and cotton prices to determine profitability. He merely believed that the 'lessening of cost" in production was not great enough to explain the observed rise in the differential between the two prices. He didn't prove his point, of course, but on the other hand he was never foolish enough to argue or believe that over-pricing of slaves implied the non-viability of slavery. His belief
Can Monopoly Unionism Explain Publicly Induced Retirement?

It has long been suggested that trade unions take actions and favor public policies that reduce the quantity of labor so that union members might enjoy greater labor incomes. Can this explain the prevalence of generous public pension programs inducing retirement? I suggest not, by formalizing the monopoly unionism model and showing how labor's interest in reducing the quantity of labor cannot explain why the old are induced to retire rather than discouraging work among workers of all ages. Discouraging work of a subset of union workers introduces allocative inefficiencies without promoting the objectives of the monopoly union. And, unless the old have a disproportionate influence within the union, union interests cannot explain why public pension programs are so generous.
How Effective are Capital Controls?

In the aftermath of the East Asian crisis a number of authors have argued that capital mobility is highly destabilizing, and that emerging countries would benefit from restricting capital flows. In this paper I investigate, from a historical perspective, the effectiveness of capital controls. I deal with Tobin taxes, controls on outflows and controls on inflows. I argue that controls on outflows have seldom worked as expected. They introduce major distortions and breed corruption. Market-based controls on inflows - similar to those implemented by Chile - have the potential for lengthening the maturity of foreign debt. They are not very effective, however, in achieving other objectives, including a higher degree of monetary policy independence.
Risk factors for infant homicide in the United States.

BACKGROUND Homicide is the leading cause of infant deaths due to injury. More than 80 percent of infant homicides are considered to be fatal child abuse. This study assessed the timing of deaths and risk factors for infant homicide. METHODS Using linked birth and death certificates for all births in the U.S. between 1983 and 1991, we identified 2776 homicides occurring during the first year of life. Birth-certificate variables were reviewed in both bivariate and multivariate stratified analyses. Variables potentially predictive of homicide were selected on the basis of increased relative risks among subcategories with adequate numbers for stable estimates. RESULTS Half the homicides occurred by the fourth month of life. The most important risk factors were a second or subsequent infant born to a mother less than 17 years old (relative risk, 10.9) or 17 to 19 years old (relative risk, 9.3), as compared with a first infant born to a mother 25 years old or older; a maternal age of less than 15 years, as compared with an age of at least 25 years (relative risk, 6.8); no prenatal care as compared with early prenatal care (relative risk, 10.4); and less than 12 years of education among mothers who were at least 17 years old (relative risk, 8.0), as compared with 16 or more years of education. CONCLUSIONS Childbearing at an early age was strongly associated with infant homicide, particularly if the mother had given birth previously. Our findings may have implications for prevention.
The relative influence of the East and the West on Middle Eastern emerging stock markets: an empirical investigation

This article examines the relative influence of the US, UK and Japan on Middle Eastern Emerging Markets (MEEMs). The empirical results, from maximum likelihood regressions, Generalized Autoregressive Conditional Heteroscedasticity (GARCH) models and Vector Autoregression (VAR) estimates, provide some support for a generally mild influence of the US, UK and Japan on the MEEMs, with the greatest influence coming from the US market and the least from Japan. The dynamics of the MEEMs are shown to be dominated primarily by their own price innovations. The findings further indicate that, although national responses to external shocks are generally heterogeneous, there are some similarities in the reactions to US, UK and Japanese market innovations, depending on the level of maturity of the stock markets in the MEEMs.
The research of microscopic vision and force sensing signal feedback hybrid position control on cochlear microelectrode testing system

For cochlear microelectrode array the current way of testing is manual operation and it exist technical problems such as difficult to precision positioning, easy to damage electrode surface. The microelectrode automated testing system is developed with the visual image deflection and force feedback hybrid position control. The experimental results show that the use of image information to achieve the positioning error within 20 µm; using force feedback for the position fine-tuning of the probe detecting, keep testing force in 80–150 mN and the error is within 10 mN. Meet the requirement of testing for precise positioning and flexible contact.
MPTCP energy enhancement paradox: A Q-learning approach

Leveraging multi-path transmission in an energy-efficient manner is of great importance for mobile devices in heterogeneous wireless networks. Recently, Multi-Path TCP (MPTCP) has been introduced as a potential solution that could leverage this path diversity, but making it energy efficient not only depends on the end-user's observed interface capacity but also on the other competitors' decision. We discuss about the paradox of energy saving in MPTCP for mobile devices. Then we propose, hereafter, a new algorithm to enhance the MPTCP energy efficiency in a resource-shared wireless network context by exploiting a newly introduced Q-learning framework. Based on large scale simulation, we demonstrate that our proposed algorithm could save up to 36%, energy compared to vanilla MPTCP.
Evidence for two distinct effector-binding sites in threonine deaminase by site-directed mutagenesis, kinetic, and binding experiments.

A three-dimensional structure comparison between the dimeric regulatory serine-binding domain of Escherichia coli D-3-phosphoglycerate dehydrogenase [Schuller, D. J., Grant, G. A. , and Banaszak, L. J. (1995) Nat. Struct. Biol. 2, 69-76] and the regulatory domain of E. coli threonine deaminase [Gallagher, D. T. , Gilliland, G. L. , Xiao, G. , Zondlo, J., Fisher, K. E. , Chinchilla, D. , and Eisenstein, E. (1998) Structure 6, 465-475] led us to make the hypothesis that threonine deaminase could have two binding sites per monomer. To test this hypothesis about the corresponding plant enzyme, site-directed mutagenesis was carried out on the recombinant Arabidopsis thaliana threonine deaminase. Kinetic and binding experiments demonstrated for the first time that each regulatory domain of the monomers of A. thaliana threonine deaminase possesses two different effector-binding sites constituted in part by Y449 and Y543. Our results demonstrate that Y449 belongs to a high-affinity binding site whose interaction with a first isoleucine induces conformational modifications yielding a conformer displaying a higher activity and with enhanced ability to bind a second isoleucine on a lower-affinity binding site containing Y543. Isoleucine interaction with this latter binding site is responsible for conformational modifications leading to final inhibition of the enzyme. Y449 interacts with both regulators, isoleucine and valine. However, interaction of valine with the high-affinity binding site induces different conformational modifications leading to reversal of isoleucine binding and reversal of inhibition.
REPORTERS ON TWITTER

This study examines newspaper reporters’ Twitter use within Kovach and Rosenstiel’s “next journalism” framework, which calls for a shift away from journalism as product toward more of a service for citizens. Drawing from their “essential dimensions” for journalism, it analyzes more than 2700 tweets from reporters at 51 US newspapers. Findings show the reporters engaging in a journalism of service, while also adhering to conventions of product and “lecture by professional authorities. ” Evidence for service includes live tweeting news events and retweeting citizen voices. Journalism as product is supported by a significant number of reporters’ links to their own newsroom content, and by their heavy reliance on official sources, despite the networked audience afforded by Twitter.
Genetic interactions with mutations affecting septin assembly reveal ESCRT functions in budding yeast cytokinesis

Abstract Membrane trafficking via targeted exocytosis to the Saccharomyces cerevisiae bud neck provides new membrane and membrane-associated factors that are critical for cytokinesis. It remains unknown whether yeast plasma membrane abscission, the final step of cytokinesis, occurs spontaneously following extensive vesicle fusion, as in plant cells, or requires dedicated membrane fission machinery, as in cultured mammalian cells. Components of the endosomal sorting complexes required for transport (ESCRT) pathway, or close relatives thereof, appear to participate in cytokinetic abscission in various cell types, but roles in cell division had not been documented in budding yeast, where ESCRTs were first characterized. By contrast, the septin family of filament-forming cytoskeletal proteins were first identified by their requirement for yeast cell division. We show here that mutations in ESCRT-encoding genes exacerbate the cytokinesis defects of cla4Δ or elm1Δ mutants, in which septin assembly is perturbed at an early stage in cell division, and alleviate phenotypes of cells carrying temperature-sensitive alleles of a septin-encoding gene, CDC10. Elevated chitin synthase II (Chs2) levels coupled with aberrant morphogenesis and chitin deposition in elm1Δ cells carrying ESCRT mutations suggest that ESCRTs normally enhance the efficiency of cell division by promoting timely endocytic turnover of key cytokinetic enzymes.
Artifact-free color interpolation

Color interpolation is still the most used method for image upsampling, since it offers the simplest and therefore fastest algorithms. However, in recent years research concentrated on other techniques to counter the shortcomings of interpolation techniques (like color artifacts or the fact that interpolation does not take statistics into account), while interpolation itself has ceased to be an active research topic. Still, current interpolation techniques can be improved. Especially it should be possible to avoid color artifacts by carefully choosing the correct interpolation schemes. In this paper we derive mathematical constraints which need to be fulfilled to reach an artifact-free interpolation, and use these to develop an interpolation method which is basically a self-configuring cubic spline.
Race, color, and income inequality across the Americas

Background: Racial inequality in the U.S. is typically described in terms of stark categorical difference, as compared to the more gradational stratification based on skin color often said to prevail in parts of Latin America. However, nationally representative data with both types of measures have not been available to explicitly test this contrast. Objective: We use novel, recently released data from the U.S. and 18 Latin American countries to describe household income inequality across the region by perceived skin color and racial self-identification, and examine which measure better captures racial disparities in each national context. Results: We document color and racial hierarchies across the Americas, revealing some unexpected patterns. White advantage and indigenous disadvantage are fairly consistent features, whereas blacks at times have higher mean incomes than other racial populations. Income inequality can best be understood in some countries using racial categories alone, in others using skin color; in a few countries, including the U.S., a combination of skin color and self-identified race best explains income variation. Conclusions: These results complicate theoretical debates about U.S. racial exceptionalism and methodological debates about how best to measure race. Rather than supporting one measure over another, our cross-national analysis underscores race‟s multidimensionality. The variation in patterns of inequality also defies common comparisons between the U.S. on the one hand and a singular Latin America on the other.
Evidence for Apoptotic Cell Death in Alzheimer's Disease

We provide evidence for apoptosis in Alzheimer's disease using the in situ labeling technique TUNEL (terminal transferase-mediated dUTP-biotin nick end labeling). The technique specifically detects apoptotic cells by utilizing terminal transferase to incorporate biotinylated nucleotides into the fragmented DNA of apoptotic cells. The labeled cells are visualized by reaction with avidin peroxidase and a suitable substrate. Sections from the hippocampus of Alzheimer-diseased (AD) brains and non-AD brains were examined for apoptosis. While considerable variation in the quantity of apoptotic cells was observed among individual samples, the incidence of apoptosis in AD brains was elevated in comparison to age-matched, non-AD brains in specific regions of the hippocampal formation. Immunostaining indicated that both neurons and astrocytes were undergoing apoptosis, although the majority of the TUNEL-positive cells appeared to be glial, based on the location of the stained cells. These data suggest that apoptosis may be involved in both the primary neuronal cell loss and in the glial response that is a component of AD.
Epidural Bupivacaine, Chloroprocaine, or Lidocaine for Cesarean Section‐Maternal and Neonatal Effects

The effects of epidural anesthesia on maternal blood pressure, newborn Apgar scores, neonatal acid–base status, and the early neonatal neurobehavioral scale (ENNS) were studied in 54 pregnant women undergoing cesarean section. Maternal and neonatal blood levels of the local anesthetics were also determined. Group 1 (n = 16) received 0.75% bupivacaine, group 2(n = 18) received 3% chloroprocaine, group 3 (n = 11) received 2% lidocaine, and group 4 (n = 9) received 2% lidocaine with 1:200,000 epinephrine. The incidence of maternal hypotension did not differ significantly among the four groups. Fetal outcome as determined by Apgar scores, acid–base status, and neurobehavioral testing was equally good in all four groups. At delivery, the fetal/maternal concentration ratio of bupivacaine was 0.27, that of lidocaine without epinephrine 0.48, and that of lidocaine with epinephrine 0.58. Chloroprocaine was detected in 12 maternal samples, in seven umbilical venous samples, and in six umbilical arterial samples. It is concluded that epidural anesthesia as administered in this study had no adverse effect on the newborn Apgar scores, cord acid–base status, or the ENNS.
Minimizing the Probability of Ruin When Claims Follow Brownian Motion with Drift

Abstract We extend the work of Browne (1995) and Schmidli (2001), in which they minimize the probability of ruin of an insurer facing a claim process modeled by a Brownian motion with drift. We consider two controls to minimize the probability of ruin: (1) investing in a risky asset and (2) purchasing quota-share reinsurance. We obtain an analytic expression for the minimum probability of ruin and the corresponding optimal controls, and we demonstrate our results with numerical examples.
Iron loss eveluation of filter inductor used in PWM inverters

This paper presents two methods of loss characterization of filter inductors used in PWM inverters of those developed by the authors, and verifies the results on both methods. The one is a loss-map-method, and the other is an ILA (Inductor Loss Analyzer)-method. The former method is useful for calculating the iron loss in the designing process of the converters, and the latter is useful for measuring the iron loss in a practical setup. By applying both methods, more accurate design and efficient verification will be available in designing high-power converters. Firstly, principles of two methods are briefly described. Next, comparison of both measurement results is made. The measured results were compared also with the one on a high precision power meter, and verified the accuracy of the ILA method. In some conditions, deviation between the loss-map method and the ILA method is observed, and proposed a method to improve the accuracy of loss calculation. An equation to describe frequency dependency of the iron loss with which the loss map method can be combined is also proposed.
Commentary - Progress in Linear Programming

There is little doubt that barrier methods are now indispensable tools in the solution of large-scale linear programming problems. However, it is our opinion that the results of Lustig, Marsten, and Shanno (hereafter LMS) somewhat overstate the performance of these methods relative to the simplex method. We will present a slightly different view of progress in linear programming, one in which barrier methods do not dominate in the solution of large-scale problems. INFORMS Journal on Computing , ISSN 1091-9856, was published as ORSA Journal on Computing from 1989 to 1995 under ISSN 0899-1499.
IFN-alpha mediates the up-regulation of HLA class I on melanoma cells without switching proteasome to immunoproteasome.

Treatment of melanoma cell lines with IFN-gamma induces the switch from proteasome (PS) to immunoproteasome (iPS). This finding has profound implications for the immunobiology of melanoma cells since certain peptides (such as Melan-A(mart1)(27-35)) are cleaved differently by iPS, thus implying a different ability to be presented by HLA class I molecules. IFN-alpha is a cytokine not only produced during infectious diseases, but also used in the treatment of certain cancers. Nevertheless, the effects of IFN-alpha on the switch of PS to iPS are largely unknown. A comparison of the effect of both IFN-alpha and IFN-gamma was thus carried out on melanoma cell lines. RT-PCR showed that mRNA for iPS subunits (i.e. LMP-2, LMP-7 and MECL-1) was detectable both in untreated and IFN-treated melanoma cells. Immunoblotting analysis revealed that while IFN-gamma was able to consistently induce the switch from PS to iPS, IFN-alpha treatment did not, possibly due to post-transcriptional event(s) blocking the expression of iPS-specific subunits. Finally, Melan-A(mart1)(27-35) peptide was found only in the HPLC-MS spectra from both untreated and IFN-alpha-treated cells, but not upon IFN-gamma treatment. Altogether, these data demonstrate that IFN-alpha does not induce the switch from PS to iPS.
Integrated PET/CT of salivary gland type carcinoma of the lung in 12 patients.

OBJECTIVE The purpose of our study was to show the integrated 18F-FDG PET/CT findings of salivary gland type carcinomas of the lung. CONCLUSION Salivary gland type carcinomas of the lung appear as airway tumors with variable CT morphologies and show different patterns and extents of FDG uptake on PET images according to their grades of differentiation.
The transmission mechanism of fiscal policy: a critical assessment of current theories and empirical methodologies

This paper reviews the current theoretical and empirical literature on the transmission mechanisms of fiscal policy. Its main conclusion is that there is nothing closely approaching an agreement on the effects of fiscal policy. The theoretical and empirical literature on the subject is scarce and divisive. The predictions of the neoclassical theory and the new Keynesian theory, as well as the "narrative" or "dummy variable" and the "structural vector autoregression" (SVAR) types of empirical analyses of fiscal policy all rest on shaky foundations—namely, the intertemporal government budget constraint, the Ricardian equivalence hypothesis, and severe empirical restrictions in order to identify fiscal shocks.