Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
The yield and carcass chemical composition of impala (Aepyceros melampus), a southern African antelope species.

This investigation analyses the commercial carcass yields and chemical composition of impala (Aepyceros melampus). The potential of this species for the export market is also discussed. Impala rams (eight) and ewes (eight) cropped commercially in Zimbabwe were found to have a similar dressout proportion (580 g kg-1 ), although the males had a heavier live weight (49.4 ± 4.606 kg) than the females (33.5 ± 3.417 kg). Sexual dimorphism was shown, with the males having significantly (p < 0.01) heavier necks (69 ± 5.47 g kg-1 ) and forequarters (279 ± 3.79 g kg-1 ) than the females (51 ± 1.70 and 259 ± 2.15 g kg-1 respectively) when expressed as a proportion of cold carcass weight (27.6 ± 2.551 and 19.0 ± 1.960 kg for males and females respectively). No sexual effects (p > 0.2) were found in the mean chemical proximate composition of the 9-10-11 rib cut for the moisture (724.0 ± 14.00 g kg-1 pooled sample), protein (238.3 ± 7.46 g kg-1 pooled sample) and ash (21.2 ± 3.74 g kg-1 pooled sample) contents. The females had a statistically higher (p = 0.0197) mean total lipid content (33.9 ± 1.705 g kg-1 ) than the males (24.5 ± 3.171 g kg-1 ). This investigation occurred at the end of the impala rut season, a period when the rams not only consume less feed but also expend more energy owing to strenuous activities in fighting for and maintaining a harem. © 2000 Society of Chemical Industry.
Binaries in star clusters and the origin of the field stellar population

Many, possibly most, stars form in binary and higher order multiple systems. Therefore, the properties and frequency of binary systems provide strong clues to the star-formation process, and constraints on star-formation models. However, the majority of stars also form in star clusters in which the birth binary properties and frequency can be altered rapidly by dynamical processing. Thus, we almost never see the birth population, which makes it very difficult to know whether star formation (as traced by binaries, at least) is universal or whether it depends on the environment. In addition, the field population consists of a mixture of systems from different clusters that have all been processed in different ways.
Toxicity of titanium oxide nanoparticles causes functionality and DNA damage in buffalo (Bubalus bubalis) sperm in vitro

The present study has examined the effect of different concentrations (1 μg/ml, 10 μg/ml and 100 μg/ml) of titanium oxide (TiO2) nanoparticles (NPs) (<100 nm) on viability, membrane integrity, capacitation status and DNA integrity of buffalo spermatozoa. Characterization of NPs was done by the transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and dynamic light scattering (DLS). Sperm chromatin dispersion (SCD) test and acridine orange test (AOT) were employed to detect DNA fragmentation in sperm treated with NPs. There was significant (p < 0.05) decrease in cell viability and membrane integrity (assessed by enzyme leakage) at 6 h of incubation with NPs. However, significant (p < 0.05) increase in sperm capacitation was observed for TiO2 NP albeit at lower concentrations. In DNA fragmentation assay, there was dose-dependent increase in the DNA fragmentation (r = 0.96). Ultrathin cross-sections revealed TiO2 NPs inside head and plasma membrane of the buffalo spermatozoa as assessed by TEM. These studies suggest that TiO2 NPs may have cytotoxic effect on buffalo spermatozoa by affecting sperm functionality and causing high amount of DNA fragmentations.
On Deriving the Electrocardiogram from Vectorcardiographic Leads

The issue of whether a traditional or scientifically based system for applying electrodes to the body for routine electrocardiography may be resolved by deriving the 12‐lead ECG from the Frank XYZ signals. The result, the ECGD, is sufficiently close to the ECG for serial comparisons to be. valid. Reducing data acquisition to the XYZ signals alone has several technical advantages. These have been realized with the introduction of a computer system employing the ECGD at a large general hospital.
Who Pays More for a Cultural Festival, Tourists or Locals? A Certainty Analysis of a Contingent Valuation Application

Cultural festivals are one of the most common representations of diversification strategies in tourist demand in cities boasting abundant historical heritage. The goal of this work is to estimate the economic value allocated by tourists and local residents to a classical music festival in the emblematic city of Santiago de Compostela (Spain). The contingent valuation method is used to ascertain whether there are any significant differences between the value declared and to study the sensitivity of the findings in a range of socio-economic variables. Finally, the problems of hypothetical bias are explored, as are the possible implications for management of pricing policies. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Exposure and Markups

This article examines how to properly specify and test for factors that affect exchange-rate exposure. Starting from theoretical underpinnings and a sample of U.S. manufacturing industries between 1979 and 1995, we find that 4 of 18 industry groups are significantly exposed to exchange-rate movements through the effect of industry competitive structure, export share, and imported input share. On average, a 1% appreciation of the dollar decreases the return of the average industry by 0.13%. Consistent with our model's predictions, as an industry's markups fall (rise), its exchange-rate exposure increases (decreases). Article published by Oxford University Press on behalf of the Society for Financial Studies in its journal, The Review of Financial Studies.
The reallocation of body fat toward the abdomen persists to very old age, while body mass index declines after middle age in Chinese.

OBJECTIVES Age-specific distributions of several anthropometric measurements were examined to elucidate age-associated changes. DESIGN Community-based cross-sectional analysis, which was performed on anthropometric data collected from members of 2769 families from November 1991 to September 1993. SUBJECTS 2776 Chinese men and 3176 non-pregnant Chinese women. MEASUREMENTS Age-specific values of several obesity indices, including a general obesity index (body mass index) and obesity indices at various parts of the body, including waist-to-hip ratio, waist circumference, hip circumference, arm circumference, triceps skinfold thickness and subscapular skinfold thickness. RESULTS The age-specific percentile values of weight, body mass index, arm circumference, triceps skinfold thickness, subscapular skinfold thickness and hip circumference showed a gradual increase with age up to middle age, but a decline subsequently. This 'up and then down' phenomenon occurred later in women than in men. On the other hand, age-specific percentile values of waist circumference and waist-to-hip ratio showed a steady increase with age from early life. CONCLUSIONS These data indicate that, in very old age, a greater amount of fat tends to accumulate in the abdominal region compared to the deposition in the younger age groups. This occurs despite a decrease in body weight and body mass index after middle age.
Exchange Rate Target Zones: A Survey of the Literature

This work selectively reviews the literature on exchange rate target zones and their theoretical and empirical methodologies and examines whether they can be used to clarify to what extent this type of exchange rate regime could contribute to greater exchange rate stability. We discuss the main contributions of the first and second generations of exchange rate target zone models. In an attempt to reconcile the poor empirical performance of the Krugman (1991) model with the reality of exchange rate target zone regimes, this line of research integrates target zones with alternative underlying economic models, such as imperfect credibility, intra-marginal interventions and sticky price models. It was thus possible to understand the correlations observed between the exchange rate, its fundamentals determinants and the interest rate differential, and to explain the fact that the statistical distribution of the exchange rate is hump-shaped rather than U-shaped. This implies that the initial emphasis of target zone models on nonlinearities, “honeymoon effect”, “smooth pasting” and marginal interventions has vanished. Exchange rate target zones are better described as similar to managed floating regimes with intra-marginal interventions, with some marginal interventions when the exchange rate reaches the edges of the floating band.
When the Government Governs: Closing Compliance Gaps in Danish Employment Policies

Governance theory and research start from the assumption that in modern decision-making systems no formal control system can dictate the terms of the relationship between the plurality of interdependent actors and organizations (Chhotray & Stoker, 2010). In this article, we present the story of a government fixated on reasserting control in the age of governance. The government would not accept compliance gaps in policy implementation and deliberately redesigned the governance structure to achieve greater compliance and central control. The case is implementation of employment policies in Denmark. After reviewing the available evidence, we find that central decision makers have been successful in narrowing the former compliance gaps between policy objectives and local implementation. Although compliant implementation is not the same as effective or successful problem solving, the case shows that determined governments can succeed in reinforcing central democratic control over complex implementation processes.
Optimal Consumption under Uncertainty: An Experimental Investigation

This article describes a large-scale experimental investigation (using 128 subjects) into opt imal dynamic consumption behavior under income uncertainty. Payment w as linked to performance; nevertheless behavior departed significantl y from optimal behavior. The main focus of the research was on the co mparative static implications of actual behavior: to this end the aut hors used sixteen different parameter sets and found, after correctin g for differences in attitude toward risk, that the comparative stati c predictions of optimality theory were confirmed by the evidence. Th us behavior may agree with optimal behavior in a comparative, rather than absolute, sense. Copyright 1987 by Royal Economic Society.
Persistent Signaling by Dysregulated Thrombin Receptor Trafficking Promotes Breast Carcinoma Cell Invasion

ABSTRACT Increased expression of protease-activated receptor 1 (PAR1), a G protein-coupled receptor for thrombin, has previously been correlated with breast carcinoma cell invasion. PAR1 is irreversibly proteolytically activated, internalized, and sorted directly to lysosomes, a critical process for the termination of signaling. We determined that activated PAR1 trafficking is severely altered in metastatic breast carcinoma cells but not in nonmetastatic or normal breast epithelial cells. Consequently, the proteolytically activated receptor is not sorted to lysosomes and degraded. Altered trafficking of proteolytically activated PAR1 caused sustained activation of phosphoinositide hydrolysis and extracellular signal-regulated kinase signaling, even after thrombin withdrawal, and enhanced cellular invasion. Thus, our results reveal that a novel alteration in trafficking of activated PAR1 causes persistent signaling and, in addition to other processes and proteins, contributes to breast carcinoma cell invasion.
Equilibrium Prices of Guarantees Under Equity-Linked Contracts

The prices of death benefit guarantees and maturity benefit guarantees under equity-linked contracts are obtained under conditions of market equilibrium using some recent results from the theory of finance. The model provides a theoretical basis for pricing these guarantees and some numerical results are given. In addition the model can be used to prescribe an optimal investment policy for the insurer selling these contracts. The investment policy is optimal in that it provides the insurer with a hedge against the investment risk associated with the granting of these guarantees. One of the most interesting life insurance products to have emerged in recent years has been the equity-linked contract. This product has given rise to a host of new problems some of which are not solvable by traditional actuarial methods. Perhaps the most intriguing of these problems concerns the pricing of minimum death benefit and maturity benefit guarantees and the establishing of proper reserves for these guarantees. Although there have been a number of papers in both the British and North American actuarial literature dealing with this subject the consensus seems to be that no completely satisfactory solution has yet been found. In the discussion on R. J. Squires' paper [1] presented to the Institute of Actuaries (London, England) in 1973 N. D. Freethy prophesied that the subject of maturity guarantees would continue to occupy the attention of the Institute for some time to come. S. Benjamin, in the same discussion, submitted that the problem of valuing maturity guarantees still was unsolved in general
The protein C pathway and pathologic processes

Summary. Alterations in expression of protein C (PC) pathway components have been identified in patients with active inflammatory disease states. While the PC pathway plays a pivotal role in regulating coagulation and fibrinolysis, activated PC (aPC) also exhibits cytoprotective properties. For example, PC‐deficient mice challenged in septic/endotoxemic models exhibit phenotypes that include hypotension, disseminated intravascular coagulation, elevated inflammatory mediators, neutrophil adhesion to the microvascular endothelium, and loss of protective endothelial and epithelial cell barriers. Further, inflammatory bowel disease has been correlated with diminished endothelial PC receptor and thrombomodulin levels in the intestinal mucosa. Downregulated expression of the cofactor, protein S, as well as PC, is also associated with ischemic stroke. Studies to elucidate further the structural elements that differentiate the various functions of PC will serve to identify novel therapeutic approaches toward regulating these and other diseases.
Focus on dynamics of particles in turbulence

Studies on the dynamics of particles in turbulence have recently experienced advances in experimental techniques, numerical simulations and theoretical understandings. This ‘focus on’ collection aims to provide a snapshot of this fast-evolving field. We attempt to collect the cutting-edge achievements from many branches in physics and engineering, among which dynamics of particles in turbulence is the common interest. In this way, we hope to not only blend knowledge across the disciplinary boundaries, but also to help the identification of the pressing, far-reaching challenges to be addressed in a topic that spans such a breadth.
International Competition for PhDs and Postdoctoral Scholars: What Does (and Does Not) Matter

We explore factors that lead students and postdoctoral scholars who train outside their native country to come to the United States rather than go to a third country for study. We use data collected by the authors in 2011 as part of the GlobSci project of research-active scientists working in 16 countries. Our research suggests that public policy plays an important role in attracting the foreign born to study in a country and that the United States is a magnet for foreign students and postdocs precisely because the United States has excelled in creating a strong educational and research environment. Students who come to the United States appreciate these strengths and score factors that are proxies for the research environment higher than students who go to most other countries for training.
The international environmental NGOs: From the revolutionary alternative to the pragmatism of reform

Today's social, environmental and now transnational crisis reveals clearly the crisis also of the nation‐state. Yet governments still set the rules of the world game, even though they cannot alone solve the environmental problems. Thus NGOs can offer a new mode of regulation through crystallising the aims of an international civil society. They establish a link between local and international levels of politics and are at the core of conflicts and power struggles that determine the outcome of human and environmental disasters. But this definition of the situation, though now accepted, raises problems, as major international environmental NGOs are pushed into making arguable compomises. An analysis of the links that the major international environmental NGOs have with certain political institutions, together with their chief modes of action and their discourse, reveals that they do not escape the dominant logic of capitalism. Indeed, the structure they exhibit is one of enterprises of protest. The need tha.
Risks and Returns to Educational Fields: A Financial Asset Approach to Vocational and Academic Education

Applying a financial assets approach, we analyze the returns and earnings risk of investments into different types of human capital. Even though the returns from investing in human capital are extensively studied, little is known about the properties of the returns to different types of human capital within a given educational path. Using information from the German Micro Census, we estimate the risk and returns to 75 fields of education, differentiating between vocational and academic education. We identify fields of education that are efficient investment goods, i.e. high returns at a given level of risk, and fields that are chosen for other (non-monetary) reasons. Furthermore, we rank fields of education by their return per unit of risk and find that university education is not always superior to other types of education.
Antibiotics or Appendectomy for Acute Non-Perforated Appendicitis—How to Interpret the Evidence?

2016, Vol. 105(1) 3 –4 © The Finnish Surgical Society 2016 Reprints and permissions: sagepub.co.uk/journalsPermissions.nav DOI: 10.1177/1457496916632188 sjs.sagepub.com All surgeons during their residency perform appendectomy as it is the most common emergency surgery procedure worldwide. It has been taught for decades that appendicitis is a surgical emergency requiring prompt appendectomy to prevent inevitable perforation and subsequent peritonitis. However, the evidence for such dogma is weak. Over 20 years ago, a small randomized controlled trial (RCT) already suggested that uncomplicated appendicitis can be successfully treated with antibiotics, at least in selected cases, and that perforation is not an inevitable consequence of acute appendicitis (1). Although larger RCTs have later confirmed these findings (2–6), clinical practice has changed little. After the publication of the biggest RCT on this topic, the Finnish Appendicectomy Versus Antibiotics in the Treatment of Acute Uncomplicated Appendicitis (APPAC) trial (5), it is time to assess the benefits and drawbacks of antibiotic therapy compared to appendectomy in patients with uncomplicated appendicitis. A recent systematic review and meta-analysis (7) summarized data from five RCTs including 1116 patients (1, 2, 4–6). Pooled data demonstrated that only 8% of patients with acute non-perforated appendicitis initially treated with antibiotics required appendectomy within 1 month (7). However, a further 23% of patients initially treated with antibiotics had a recurrence (or suspicion) of appendicitis leading to surgery within the first year of follow-up. Both findings were based on high-quality evidence, and it is therefore unlikely that further research will substantially change these estimates. Obviously, an 8% failure rate is low, but should a 23% recurrence rate be considered high or low? In other words, 7 out of 10 patients avoid surgery, but every fourth patient suffers a recurrence of appendicitis within a year, including re-hospitalization causing substantial inconvenience and costs. Indeed, it is a preference sensitive decision how to balance this trade-off. Although these randomized trials raise the quality of evidence regarding surgical versus medical treatment of appendicitis to a new level, many questions remain. First, these RCTs had follow-up up to 1 year only, and little is known about recurrence rates with longer follow-up. Furthermore, whether patients recruited in these trials represent the real world is also unknown. Only 16% of the eligible patients with uncomplicated appendicitis were recruited in the Antibiotics or Appendectomy for Acute non-perforAted Appendicitis—How to interpret tHe evidence?
Analysis of Revenue Sharing Contracts with Uncertain Demand in Supply Chain

Nowadays many new special marketing characteristics under network economy made the individual businesses no longer compete as stand-alone entities but rather as supply chains. The coordinated supply chains are becoming an integral part of the competitive landscape as firms seek to create strategic advantages. Supply chain coordination with contracts has been being the focus of supply chain management research. More and more literatures involved in supply chain contracts show the incremental profits due to the supply chain coordination, which is very sensitive to uncertainty of customer demand. Furthermore, sometimes most of incremental profits should be collected to one party. Hence the supply chain revenue sharing problem has been being more and more important in supply chain contracts research. The issues addressed in this paper converge on the supply chain contract coordination with revenue sharing contract based on the two-echelon supply chain facing uncertain demand. And it seeks to analyze critical contract clauses and rational allocations of revenue sharing contracts to optimal supply chain performance
Perceptions of Diving Impacts and Implications for Reef Conservation

SCUBA diving can contribute to both coral reef degradation and conservation. Divers’ perceptions of these possible impacts were studied in Phuket, Thailand. The most endorsed impact of diving was a positive one: the educational impact on the divers. Impact perceptions changed after the dive. Perceptions of anchor damage and garbage disposal as negative impacts fell markedly. Following the trip liveaboard divers were more likely than day divers to see the impact of diving as positive. Almost 30% of divers witnessed perceived negative impacts on the reef by their dive group. Divers who saw damage were more likely to feel that diving has a negative impact on the reef than divers who did not see impacts. They were also more likely to take part in a reef conservation project. The results reinforce the potential for diving to be a positive force for reef conservation but indicate the need for greater investment in diver education.
Clonal structural chromosome aberrations in nonneoplastic cells of the skin and upper aerodigestive tract

Cytogenetic analyses of tumors of the skin and upper aerodigestive tract have repeatedly revealed small, pseudodiploid clones characterized by balanced structural rearrangements and a high frequency of cells with nonclonal structural aberrations. However, the lack of common cytogenetic denominators within the different histologic subtypes, the discrepancy between cytogenetic findings and data obtained from flow cytometric DNA content studies, and the occasional identification of tumors with massively rearranged karyotypes indicate that the chromosome rearrangements present in pseudodiploid cells have little to do with the tumorigenesis or progression. Further support for this conclusion, and indirect evidence that the pseudodiploid clones probably do not represent the tumor cell populations, derives from the present study in which clonal and nonclonal structural rearrangements were also found in short‐term cultures from nonneoplastic skin and pharyngeal mucosa. It is possible that the aberrations are present in subepithelial fibroblasts that have accumulated DNA damage due to extensive exposure to potentially carcinogenic agents.