Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Distinct adaptor proteins assist exit of Kre2-family proteins from the yeast ER

ABSTRACT The Svp26 protein of S. cerevisiae is an ER- and Golgi-localized integral membrane protein with 4 potential membrane-spanning domains. It functions as an adaptor protein that facilitates the ER exit of Ktr3, a mannosyltransferase required for biosynthesis of O-linked oligosaccharides, and the ER exit of Mnn2 and Mnn5, mannosyltransferases, which participate in the biosynthesis of N-linked oligosaccharides. Ktr3 belongs to the Kre2 family, which consists of 9 members of type-II membrane proteins sharing sequence similarities. In this report, we examined all Kre2 family members and found that the Golgi localizations of two others, Kre2 and Ktr1, were dependent on Svp26 by immunofluorescence microscopy and cell fractionations in sucrose density gradients. We show that Svp26 functions in facilitating the ER exit of Kre2 and Ktr1 by an in vitro COPII budding assay. Golgi localization of Ktr4 was not dependent on Svp26. Screening null mutants of the genes encoding abundant COPII membrane proteins for those showing mislocalization of Ktr4 in the ER revealed that Erv41 and Erv46 are required for the correct Golgi localization of Ktr4. We provide biochemical evidence that the Erv41-Erv46 complex functions as an adaptor protein for ER exit of Ktr4. This is the first demonstration of the molecular function of this evolutionally conserved protein complex. The domain switching experiments show that the lumenal domain of Ktr4 is responsible for recognition by the Erv41-Erv46 complex. Thus, ER exit of Kre2-family proteins is dependent on distinct adaptor proteins and our results provide new insights into the traffic of Kre2-family mannosyltransferases.
Toward a Theoretical Understanding of Ethnic Antagonism: The Case of the Foreign Workers in Switzerland / Zum theoretischen Verständnis ethnischer Konflikte: Der Fall der ausländischen Arbeitnehmer in der Schweiz

Zusammenfassung Der Import ausländischer Arbeitskraft (vor allem aus Südeuropa) ist für die nordeuropäischen Länder in der Zeit nach dem zweiten Weltkrieg zum gemeinsamen Merkmal geworden. Ein vorrangiges Beispiel ist die Schweiz. Die Probleme, die mit dieser Wanderung von Arbeitskraft verbunden sind, sind vielfältiger Natur. Zu den Hauptproblemen gehört die Diskriminierung ausländischer Arbeitnehmer durch die einheimische Bevölkerung. Die Ursprünge dieser Diskriminierung können theoretisch mithilfe tauschtheoretischer Prämissen - und unter Beachtung der Konsequenzen, die Wettbewerb auf dem Arbeitsmarkt nach sich zieht - erklärt werden. Im Rahmen einer derartigen Analyse kann zugleich gezeigt werden, in welcher Weise die verschiedenen Formen von Diskriminierung, wie sie Institutionen oder Organisationen implizieren, mit jenen, die Individuen ausüben, funktional verbunden sind. Sollen Diskriminierung, ihre Ursprünge und Folgen verstanden werden, sind alle Formen von Diskriminierung zugleich im Auge zu behalten. Der vorliegende Artikel zeigt, wie dies zu gewährleisten ist. Abstract Import of foreign labor (mainly from Southern Europe) has been a common phenomenon for Northern European countries in the post-WW II period. A prime example is Switzerland. The problems connected with this migration of labor are manyfold. One major problem is the ethnic antagonism towards foreign workers by the native population. Theoretically, the origins of this antagonism can be explained by making use of some premises of exchange theory, and by considering the consequences of competition on the labor market. Within this framework of analysis, it is also possible to show how the various forms of institutional of organizational antagonism are functionally related to individual antagonism. Therefore, to understand ethnic antagonism and its origins and consequences one must look at all forms of ethnic antagonism simultaneously. How this can be done is shown in this paper.
Importance Driven Halftoning

Most halftoning techniques have been primarily concerned with achieving an accurate reproduction of local gray‐scale intensities while avoiding the introduction of artifacts. A secondary concern in halftoning has been the preservation of edges in the halftoned image. In this paper, we will introduce a new halftoning technique that utilizes a bandpass pyramid to achieve an accurate reproduction of important attributes in the image. Ink is distributed through the bandpass pyramid primarily according to a user defined importance function. This technique has three main characteristics. First, our technique can produce results similar to many other halftoning techniques by allowing a generic importance function to be specified. If the chosen importance function is average intensity we obtain results similar to traditional halftoning. We also show how the importance function can be changed to highlight areas with high variance. Second, in addition to changing the importance function, the drawing primitives can also be changed. By using line segments instead of single pixels as drawing primitives we illustrate how edge enhancement can be achieved. Third, this technique allows the user to easily limit the number drawing primitives used. This is useful in limited resource rendering.
Acquisition of Avian Pathogenic Escherichia coli Plasmids by a Commensal E. coli Isolate Enhances Its Abilities To Kill Chicken Embryos, Grow in Human Urine, and Colonize the Murine Kidney

ABSTRACT We have found an avian pathogenic Escherichia coli (APEC) plasmid, pAPEC-O2-ColV, which contains many of the genes associated with APEC virulence and also shows similarity in content to a plasmid and pathogenicity island of human uropathogenic E. coli (UPEC). To test the possible role of this plasmid in virulence, it was transferred by conjugation along with a large R plasmid, pAPEC-O2-R, into a commensal avian E. coli strain. The transconjugant was compared to recipient strain NC, UPEC strain HE300, and donor strain APEC O2 using various assays, including lethality for chicken embryos, growth in human urine, and ability to cause urinary tract infection in mice. The transconjugant killed significantly more chicken embryos than did the recipient. In human urine, APEC O2 grew at a rate equivalent to that of UPEC strain HE300, and the transconjugant showed significantly increased growth compared to the recipient. The transconjugant also significantly outcompeted the recipient in colonization of the murine kidney. These findings suggest that APEC plasmids, such as pAPEC-O2-ColV, contribute to the pathogenesis of avian colibacillosis. Moreover, since avian E. coli and their plasmids may be transmitted to humans, evaluation of APEC plasmids as possible reservoirs of urovirulence genes for human UPEC may be warranted.
New orbital ephemerides for the dipping source 4U 1323-619: constraining the distance to the source

4U 1323-619 is a low mass X-ray binary system that shows type I X-ray bursts and dips. The most accurate estimation of the orbital period is 2.941923(36) hrs and a distance from the source that is lower than 11 kpc has been proposed. We aim to obtain the orbital ephemeris, the orbital period of the system, as well as its derivative to compare the observed luminosity with that predicted by the theory of secular evolution. We took the advantage of about 26 years of X-ray data and grouped the selected observations when close in time. We folded the light curves and used the timing technique, obtaining 12 dip arrival times. We fit the delays of the dip arrival times both with a linear and a quadratic function. We locate 4U 1323-619 within a circular area centred at RA (J2000)= 201.6543\degree and DEC (J2000)= -62.1358\degree with an associated error of 0.0002\degree, and confirm the detection of the IR counterpart already discussed in literature. We estimate an orbital period of P=2.9419156(6) hrs compatible with the estimations that are present in the literature, but with an accuracy ten times higher. We also obtain a constraint on the orbital period derivative for the first time, estimating $\dot{P}=(8\pm 13)\times 10^{-12}$ s/s. Assuming that the companion star is in thermal equilibrium in the lower main sequence, and is a neutron star of 1.4 M$_{\odot}$, we infer a mass of 0.28$\pm$0.03 M$_{\odot}$ for the companion star. Assuming a distance of 10 kpc, we obtained a luminosity of (4.3$\pm$0.5)$\times 10^{36}$ erg s$^{-1}$, which is not in agreement with what is predicted by the theory of secular evolution. Using a 3D extinction map of the K$_{s}$ radiation in our Galaxy, we obtain a distance of 4.2$^{+0.8}_{-0.7}$ kpc at 68\% confidence level. (Abridged)
Altered firing pattern of single‐unit muscle sympathetic nerve activity during handgrip exercise in chronic heart failure

Sympathetic activation in chronic heart failure (CHF) is greatly augmented at rest but the response to exercise remains controversial. We previously demonstrated that single‐unit muscle sympathetic nerve activity (MSNA) provides a more detailed description of the sympathetic response to physiological stress than multi‐unit nerve recordings. The purpose of this study was to determine whether the reflex response and discharge properties of single‐unit MSNA are altered during handgrip exercise (HG, 30% of maximum voluntary contraction for 3 min) in CHF patients (New York Heart Association functional class II or III, n= 16) compared with age‐matched healthy control subjects (n= 13). At rest, both single‐unit and multi‐unit indices of sympathetic outflow were augmented in CHF compared with controls (P < 0.05). However, the percentage of cardiac intervals that contained one, two, three or four single‐unit spikes were not different between the groups. Compared to the control group, HG elicited a larger increase in multi‐unit total MSNA (Δ1002 ± 50 compared with Δ636 ± 76 units min−1, P < 0.05) and single‐unit MSNA spike incidence (Δ27 ± 5 compared with Δ8 ± 2 spikes (100 heart beats)–1), P < 0.01) in the CHF patients. More importantly, the percentage of cardiac intervals that contained two or three single‐unit spikes was increased (P < 0.05) during exercise in the CHF group only (Δ8 ± 2% and Δ5 ± 1% for two and three spikes, respectively). These results suggest that the larger multi‐unit total MSNA response observed during HG in CHF is brought about in part by an increase in the probability of multiple firing of single‐unit sympathetic neurones.
A Practitioner's Guide to Estimation of Random‐Coefficients Logit Models of Demand

Estimation of demand is at the heart of many recent studies that examine questions of market power, mergers, innovation, and valuation of new brands in differentiated‐products markets. This paper focuses on one of the main methods for estimating demand for differentiated products: random‐coefficients logit models. The paper carefully discusses the latest innovations in these methods with the hope of increasing the understanding, and therefore the trust among researchers who have never used them, and reducing the difficulty of their use, thereby aiding in realizing their full potential.
Hyperbaric oxygen therapy in a mouse model of implant‐associated osteomyelitis

Implant associated osteomyelitis (OM) is difficult to treat with antibiotics, and outcomes remain poor. Some reports suggest that hyperbaric oxygen treatment is a safe and effective means of treating OM. We tested this hypothesis in a murine model. Clinical isolates of methicillin‐resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Klebsiella pneumoniae were used. The mice were infected with each of the three pathogens, treated with 100% oxygen at high pressure, hyperbaric oxygen (HBO), and monitored for the ability of HBO to prevent and/or clear the OM infection. Assessments included bacterial burden of the tibias and lesion scores, as well as receptor activator of NF‐κB ligand (RANKL) and myeloperoxidase (MPO) concentrations. HBO resulted in more severe lesion scores and higher RANKL and MPO concentrations for MRSA. A significant positive correlation was found between RANKL concentration and lesion score. No significant difference was found with HBO in P. aeruginosa infections and K. pneumoniae seems to either not infect bone well or get cleared before establishing an infection. The model is useful for studying OM infections caused by MRSA and P. aeruginosa, but HBO does not appear to be an efficacious treatment of an implant‐associated OM infection. © 2011 Orthopaedic Research Society Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Orthop Res 30:203–208, 2012
A Fourier-Based Image Formation Algorithm for Geo-Stationary GNSS-Based Bistatic Forward-Looking Synthetic Aperture Radar

A Geo-Stationary GNSS-based Bistatic Forward-Looking Synthetic Aperture Radar (GeoSta-GNSS-BFLSAR) system is a particular kind of passive bistatic SAR system. In this system, a geo-stationary GNSS is used as the transmitter, while the receiver is deployed on a moving aircraft, which travels towards a target in a straight line. It is expected that such a radar system has potential for self-landing, self-navigation and battlefield information acquisition applications, etc. Up to now, little information from a research perspective can be found about GeoSta-GNSS-BFLSAR systems. To address this information gap, this paper proposes a preliminary image formation algorithm for GeoSta-GNSS-BFLSAR. The full details of the mathematical derivation are given. It is highlighted that, to overcome the long dwell time and spatial variance of GeoSta-GNSS-BFLSAR, a modified migration correction factor must be designed. In addition, the system performances and technical limitations of GeoSta-GNSS-BFLSAR such as focusing depth and spatial resolution are analytically discussed. In the end, a set of simulations including the image formation algorithm, focusing depth and spatial resolution were conducted for verification. It is demonstrated that the focusing performances of the proposed algorithm have a high level of similarity with the theoretical counterparts. This article thus proves the feasibility of GeoSta-GNSS-BFLSAR systems from a simulation level and establishes a foundation for the real applications of such a radar scheme in the future.
Full-Automatic DJ Mixing System with Optimal Tempo Adjustment based on Measurement Function of User Discomfort

This paper proposes an automatic DJ mixing method that can automate the processes of real world DJs and describes a prototype for a fully automatic DJ mix-like playing system. Our goal is to achieve a fully automatic DJ mixing system that can preserve overall user comfort level during DJ mixing. In this paper, we assume that the difference between the original and adjusted songs is the main cause of user discomfort in the mixed song. In order to preserve user comfort, we define the measurement function of user discomfort based on the results of a subjective experiment. Furthermore, this paper proposes a unique tempo adjustment technique called “optimal tempo adjustment”, which is robust for any combination of tempi of songs to be mixed. In the subjective experiment, the proposed method obtained higher averages of user ratings on three evaluation items compared to the conventional method. These results indicate that our system is able to preserve user comfort.
Calcium Hydroxylapatite versus Nonanimal Stabilized Hyaluronic Acid for the Correction of Nasolabial Folds: A 12‐Month, Multicenter, Prospective, Randomized, Controlled, Split‐Face Trial

BACKGROUND Fillers continue to proliferate in dermatology. Rigorous clinical trials can help determine the advantages and disadvantages of these products as they come to market. OBJECTIVE This randomized, split-face, controlled study compared the efficacy, safety, durability, and volumes of calcium hydroxylapatite (CaHA) versus nonanimal-stabilized hyaluronic acid (NASHA) in nasolabial folds. METHODS AND MATERIALS Sixty patients were enrolled at two medical clinics in Europe (Summer 2005). Patients received two injections 3 months apart. Patients returned at 6, 9, and 12 months for a blinded evaluation, using accepted aesthetic rating scales. Adverse events were recorded throughout the study. RESULTS At all time points, CaHA was found to be more effective than NASHA. At 12 months, 79% of CaHA folds were still improved or better versus 43% of NASHA folds (p<.0001). In addition, 30% less total CaHA volume was required compared to NASHA. Evaluators assessed CaHA as superior in 47% of patients and inferior in only 5% (p<.0001). Blinded evaluators and patients preferred CaHA two to one (p<.05). Both products were safe and well tolerated. CONCLUSION CaHA was found to be significantly more effective than NASHA. At all time points, CaHA demonstrated longer lasting results and greater improvement than NASHA.
An improved semantic information searching scheme based multi-agent system and an innovative similarity measure

The key task for the web, namely, web searches, is evolving towards some novel form of semantic web search. In fact, most information retrieval systems are based on static vectors representations. Two major difficulties when a researcher uses current information retrieval systems are how to filter out irrelevant documents, and how to discover latest or more significant documents. Recently a very promising approach to semantic web search is based on combining standard web pages and search queries with ontological background knowledge. In this perspective we will describe a model to hold a document’s noise, and incompleteness. For this, we merge a syntactic keyword search with purely semantic search based domain ontology and a multi-agent system to solve such distributed problems. Then we perform a ranking algorithm on returned documents, and we propose a new semantic similarity measure between concepts based on the WordNet taxonomy structure.
Postural orthostatic tachycardia syndrome: the Mayo clinic experience.

OBJECTIVE To evaluate the prevalence and pathogenetic mechanisms of postural orthostatic tachycardia syndrome (POTS). PATIENTS AND METHODS We reviewed the medical records of patients with POTS seen at the Mayo Clinic in Rochester, Minn, from January 1, 1993, through December 31, 2003. All patients were required to have had a full autonomic reflex screen. The results of the following additional tests were evaluated: thermoregulatory sweat test, plasma catecholamine measurement, serum ganglionic (a3) acetylcholine receptor antibody detection, and 24-hour urinary sodium measurement. RESULTS We identified 152 patients (86.8% female; mean +/- SD age, 30.2+/-10.3 years) with a mean duration of symptoms of 4.1 years. The mean orthostatic heart rate increment was 44 beats/min. Half the patients had sudomotor abnormalities (apparent on both the quantitative sudomotor axon reflex test and thermoregulatory sweat test), and 34.9% had significant adrenergic impairment, indicating that at least half of the patients had a neuropathic pattern of POTS. In 13.8% of patients, onset was subacute, and ganglionic acetylcholine receptor antibody was detected in 14.6%, suggesting an autoimmune origin in at least 1 in 7 patients. Hyperadrenergic status was documented in 29.0% of patients (standing plasma norepinephrine level 2600 pg/mL), and at least 28.9% were presumably hypovolemic (24-hour urinary sodium level <100 mEq/24h). The lack of correlation between urinary sodium and standing norepinephrine levels suggests that mechanisms other than hypovolemia accounted for the hyperadrenergic state. CONCLUSION Our findings suggest a neuropathic basis for at least half the cases of POTS and that a substantial percentage of cases may be autoimmune. Hyperadrenergic and hypovolemic correlates are likely compensatory or exacerbating.
Susceptibility to HLA-DM Protein Is Determined by a Dynamic Conformation of Major Histocompatibility Complex Class II Molecule Bound with Peptide*

Background: HLA-DM-mediated peptide exchange is a key factor in epitope selection, but how HLA-DM selects peptides for editing is not known. Results: Peptide complexes sensitive to HLA-DM editing exhibited conformational alterations. Conclusion: HLA-DM efficiently identifies unstable complexes by sensing MHCII-peptide conformations. Significance: These data emphasize HLA-DM as a conformational editor and provide novel mechanistic insight into its function. HLA-DM mediates the exchange of peptides loaded onto MHCII molecules during antigen presentation by a mechanism that remains unclear and controversial. Here, we investigated the sequence and structural determinants of HLA-DM interaction. Peptides interacting nonoptimally in the P1 pocket exhibited low MHCII binding affinity and kinetic instability and were highly susceptible to HLA-DM-mediated peptide exchange. These changes were accompanied by conformational alterations detected by surface plasmon resonance, SDS resistance assay, antibody binding assay, gel filtration, dynamic light scattering, small angle x-ray scattering, and NMR spectroscopy. Surprisingly, all of those changes could be reversed by substitution of the P9 pocket anchor residue. Moreover, MHCII mutations outside the P1 pocket and the HLA-DM interaction site increased HLA-DM susceptibility. These results indicate that a dynamic MHCII conformational determinant rather than P1 pocket occupancy is the key factor determining susceptibility to HLA-DM-mediated peptide exchange and provide a molecular mechanism for HLA-DM to efficiently target unstable MHCII-peptide complexes for editing and exchange those for more stable ones.
Memory and History: What Can You Believe?

EDITOR'S PREFACEAND ABSTRACT: The archivists attending the joint meeting of the Midwest Archives Conference and the Society of Rocky Mountain Archivists, held in Topeka in October 1995, were privileged to hear a plenary address by W Walter Menninger, M.D., the president and chief executive officer of the Menninger Foundation and Clinic. Dr. Menninger was formerly dean of the Karl Menninger School of Psychiatry and Mental Health Sciences, and is a Clinical Professor of Psychiatry at the Kansas University Medical School. He has written and lectured widely throughout his long and distinguished career, to both professional and lay audiences.
Academic and Research Staff A. on Stochastic Neural Models of the Diffusion Type

This work was supported principally by the National Institutes of Health (Grant 5 PO1 GM14940-03), and in part by the Joint Services Electronics Programs (U.S. Army, U.S. Navy, and U.S. Air Force) under Contract DA 28-043-AMC-02536(E), and the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (Grant NGL 22-009-304). tAlso at the Eaton-Peabody Laboratory, Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary, Boston, Massachusetts.