Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Why wikipedia: Self-efficacy and self-esteem in a knowledge-political battle for an egalitarian epistemology

What makes people contribute voluntarily to Wikipedia? A new qualitative empirical study uncovers new motives, publication strategies and social dynamics in Wikipedia. In addition to the motives treated in the existing scientific literature such as status through status play, altruism through ideological identification, identity through community, the analysis uncovers three other motives through theoretical probability-making and empirical demonstration. Consequently, the following three motives must be added to the repertoire of possible motives for contributing voluntarily to Wikipedia. Firstly, the contributors experience a unique and cheap feeling of self-efficacy. They feel that they are efficient and able to handle the tasks that they take upon themselves. This feeling is caused by the fact that many types of contributions may be experienced as a successful contribution, from small text corrections to authoring of complete lexicon articles. Secondly, the contributors get a unique and cheap experience of self-esteem. A feeling that their modest input has a great impact because they are contributing to the creation of a global knowledge good. Thirdly, they are motivated by the ideology that all people have something to bring to Wikipedia. This may be called an egalitarian epistemology. These three motives in combination with the motives described in the literature provide a better and more balanced answer to the above question. The case is the Danish version of Wikipedia and the qualitative survey consists of six qualitative interviews with six contributors.
Comparative Analysis of CD4+ and CD8+ T Cells in Tumor Tissues, Lymph Nodes and the Peripheral Blood from Patients with Breast Cancer

Background: CD4+ and CD8+ T cells are the main types of lymphocytes in cell-mediated immunity and play a central role in the induction of efficient immune responses against tumors. The frequencies of T cell subtypes in the peripheral blood and tumor tissues, and draining lymph nodes (dLN) can be considered as useful markers for evaluation of the immune system in cancers. Methods: In this study, the frequencies of CD4+ and CD8+ T cells in blood, tumor tissues, and dLN samples of breast cancer patients were compared with each other and with similar tissues from normal individuals. Immunophenotyping was carried out by flow cytometry and the expression levels of CXCL10, granzyme B, and mammaglobin were evaluated by real-time PCR. Results: In the peripheral blood, there were no differences in the T cell subsets between the patients and the normal individuals. The frequency of CD8+ T cells was significantly higher in tumor tissue than normal breast tissues while granzyme B expression was similar. Based on mammaglobin expression levels, dLN have been classified into micro- and macro-metastatic dLN. We found significantly lower frequency of CD4+ in macro-metastatic dLN than micro-metastatic dLN. CD8+ frequency was similar in both dLN; however, granzyme B expression was higher in micro-metastatic ones. There was not any significant difference in CXCL10 expression between the two types of dLN. Conclusion: Based on our results, although the tumor does not affect the systemic immunity, tumoral cells affect the local immune system in the tumoral tissues and the metastatic dLN.
Working‐Memory Capacity and the Evolution of Modern Cognitive Potential

Tool use is the main database to track down behavioral developments in the archaeological record and thus human evolution. Working‐memory capacity and modern cognitive potential, however, are no simple and obvious characters in tool behavior. Coded in cognigrams, which allow a direct comparison, animal and human tool use can be examined for specific aspects of the working‐memory capacity. Detailed studies of tool behavior of wasps, sea otters, bottlenose dolphins, and chimpanzees are presented and compared with the manufacture and use of Oldowan tools and Lower Paleolithic spears. Although this shows a wide range of problem‐solution distances, problem solving in animals seems to be restricted to problem complexes for which a solution can be found in spatial and temporal vicinity. In human evolution, the complexity of tool behavior increases regarding the number of active foci managed at a time in an action, the number and diversity of operational steps in a problem‐solution complex, and the spatial and temporal frame in which solutions are sought. The results suggest a gradual development of the different aspects of a complex capacity instead of a late introduction of a closed phenomenon with only different facets.
Sensitivity of Rp Surface Finish to Process Parameter Variation

In the rapid prototyping process, surface finish is critical as it can affect the part accuracy, reduce the post processing costs and improve the functionality of the parts. This paper presents an experimental design technique for determining the optimal surface finish of a part built by the Fused Deposition Modeling (FDM) process. The design investigates the effect of the parameters; build orientation, layer thickness, road width, air gap and model temperature on the surface finish. Experiments were conducted using a fractional factorial design with two levels for each factor. The results are statistically analyzed to determine the significant factors and their interactions. The significant factors, their interactions and the optimum settings are proposed.
Acute Cadmium Exposure Inactivates Thioltransferase (Glutaredoxin), Inhibits Intracellular Reduction of Protein-glutathionyl-mixed Disulfides, and Initiates Apoptosis*

Oxidative stress broadly impacts cells, initiating regulatory pathways as well as apoptosis and necrosis. A key molecular event is protein S-glutathionylation, and thioltransferase (glutaredoxin) is a specific and efficient catalyst of protein-SSG reduction. In this study 30-min exposure of H9 and Jurkat cells to cadmium inhibited intracellular protein-SSG reduction, and this correlated with inhibition of the thioltransferase system, consistent with thioltransferase being the primary intracellular catalyst of deglutathionylation. The thioredoxin system contributed very little to total deglutathionylase activity. Thioltransferase and GSSG reductase in situ displayed similar dose-response curves (50% inhibition near 10 μm cadmium in extracellular buffer). Acute cadmium exposure also initiated apoptosis, with H9 cells being more sensitive than Jurkat. Moreover, transfection with antisense thioltransferase cDNA was incompatible with cell survival. Collectively, these data suggest that thioltransferase has a vital role in sulfhydryl homeostasis and cell survival. In separate experiments, cadmium inhibited the isolated component enzymes of the thioltransferase and thioredoxin systems, consistent with the vicinal dithiol nature of their active sites: thioltransferase (IC50 ≈ 1 μm), GSSG reductase (IC50 ≈ 1 μm), thioredoxin (IC50 ≈ 8 μm), thioredoxin reductase (IC50 ≈ 0.2 μm). Disruption of the vicinal dithiol on thioltransferase (via oxidation to C22-SS-C25; or C25S mutation) protected against cadmium, consistent with a dithiol chelation mechanism of inactivation.
Transport and evolution of a pollution plume from northern China: A satellite-based case study

decreased from � 1.1 � 10 11 g on 5 April to � 5.0 � 10 10 g on 7 April. The overall, e-folding lifetime of SO2 in this plume, empirically derived from the rate of SO2 decay, was � 2 days (range of 1–4 days). SO2 to sulfate conversion increased the aerosol optical depth by � 0.1–0.4 near the center of the plume on 6 and 7 April, while the loss of primary dust particles reduced the aerosol loading of the plume by a similar amount. Simulations with a chemical transport model suggest similar loss of dust and formation of sulfate within the plume during transport. The method established in this study can be further developed and applied to study other episodes of pollution transport and their impact on weather and climate.
Rethinking Subaltern Resistance

Abstract This special issue seeks to rethink “resistance” as a critical social science concept in the light of a range of critiques since the 1980s. The five articles in this issue draw their empirical materials from contemporary India, but their arguments have significant implications for those working on other parts of Asia and the world. The articles acknowledge the inherent ambiguities and ambivalences of subaltern resistance in the face of hegemonic social formations, yet, shorn of exoticising and homogenising tendencies, resistance can be reconceptualised as the negotiation rather than negation of social power. Such a reconceptualisation is useful to study a wide range of contentious politics from foot-dragging through protests to social revolutions under a single analytic umbrella. Resistance, in this sense, ought to be recognised as a vital part of a critical realist ontology of society, which helps us understand and critique existing structures of social domination in order to pursue emancipatory possibilities via the generation of social scientific knowledge.
Job satisfaction and motivation amongst secondary school teachers in Saudi Arabia

Many studies of job satisfaction and motivation have been conducted in developed countries, but few in developing ones, including Saudi Arabia, in particular in the field of education. The present study investigates the general job satisfaction and motivation of teachers in boys’ secondary schools in Saudi Arabia, identifies the main contributory factors and explores the relationship between satisfaction and motivation and the effects of demographic variables such as age, qualifications, experience, length of service and training. In the quantitative phase, 737 teachers in 24 schools in Riyadh completed a self-administered questionnaire, then qualitative data were gathered by means of semi-structured interviews with 32 teachers. Factor analysis of the quantitative data, using SPSS, identified the following ten factors affecting job satisfaction: staff development; student progress; salary and promotion; supervision and status in society; educational system; marking pupils’ work; workload; nature of the work; administration; and interpersonal relationships. Factor analysis also identified two main factors with regard to motivation, labelled ‘intrinsic and altruistic’ and ‘extrinsic’. The interview data indicated that religion was a third motivating factor. The findings show that teachers were generally satisfied with their jobs and that interpersonal relationships made the greatest contribution to their satisfaction, followed by school administration and the nature of the work. Satisfaction was moderately influenced by marking pupils’ work, the educational system, supervision and social status, workload and conditions, salary and promotion, and student progress, whereas staff development contributed to teachers’ dissatisfaction. The participating teachers were generally highly motivated, more so by the intrinsic/altruistic factor than the extrinsic and religious ones. The study also found a significant relationship between teachers’ general job satisfaction and their general motivation. There were two other significant correlations: a relatively strong one between satisfaction and extrinsic motivation, and a less strong one between satisfaction and intrinsic/altruistic motivation. With regard to demographic variables, there were statistically significant differences in job satisfaction and motivation between teachers based on their qualifications, experience and subjects taught, whereas age, job grade, length of teaching experience at the present school, the number of lessons taught and having received in-service training were not associated with statistically significant differences between teachers in terms of either job satisfaction or motivation.
The Helical Domains of the Stem Region of Dengue Virus Envelope Protein Are Involved in both Virus Assembly and Entry

ABSTRACT The envelope (E) of dengue virus (DENV) is a determinant of tropism and virulence. At the C terminus of E protein, there is a stem region containing two amphipathic α-helical domains (EH1 and EH2) and a stretch of conserved sequences in between. The crystal structure of E protein at the postfusion state suggested the involvement of the stem during the fusion; however, the critical domains or residues involved remain unknown. Site-directed mutagenesis was carried out to replace each of the stem residues at the hydrophobic face with an alanine or proline in a DENV serotype 4 (DENV4) precursor membrane (prM)/E expression construct. Most of the 15 proline mutations at either EH1 or EH2 severely affected the assembly of virus-like particles (VLPs). Radioimmunoprecipitation and membrane flotation assays revealed that EH1 mutations primarily affect prM-E heterodimerization and EH2 mutations affect the membrane binding of the stem. Introducing four proline mutations at either EH1 or EH2 into a DENV2 replicon packaging system greatly affects assembly and entry. Moreover, introducing these mutations into a DENV2 infectious clone confirmed the impairment in assembly and infectivity. Sequencing analysis of adaptive mutations in passage 5 viruses revealed a change to a leucine or wild-type residue at the original site, suggesting the importance of maintaining the helical structure. Collectively, these findings suggest that the EH1 and EH2 domains are involved in both assembly and entry steps of the DENV replication cycle; this feature, together with the high degree of sequence conservation, suggests that the stem region is a potential target of antiviral strategies.
Featherweight VeriFast

VeriFast is a leading research prototype tool for the sound modular verification of safety and correctness properties of single-threaded and multithreaded C and Java programs. It has been used as a vehicle for exploration and validation of novel program verification techniques and for industrial case studies; it has served well at a number of program verification competitions; and it has been used for teaching by multiple teachers independent of the authors. However, until now, while VeriFast’s operation has been described informally in a number of publications, and specific verification techniques have been formalized, a clear and precise exposition of how VeriFast works has not yet appeared. In this article we present for the first time a formal definition and soundness proof of a core subset of the VeriFast program verification approach. The exposition aims to be both accessible and rigorous: the text is based on lecture notes for a graduate course on program verification, and it is backed by an executable machine-readable definition and machine-checked soundness proof in Coq.
Relating developers' concepts and artefact vocabulary in a financial software module

Developers working on unfamiliar systems are challenged to accurately identify where and how high-level concepts are implemented in the source code. Without additional help, concept location can become a tedious, time-consuming and error-prone task. In this paper we study an industrial financial application for which we had access to the user guide, the source code, and some change requests. We compared the relative importance of the domain concepts, as understood by developers, in the user manual and in the source code. We also searched the code for the concepts occurring in change requests, to see if they could point developers to code to be modified. We varied the searches (using exact and stem matching, discarding stop-words, etc.) and present the precision and recall. We discuss the implication of our results for maintenance.
A Simulated Reality Scenario Compared with the Computerized Wisconsin Card Sorting Test: An Analysis of Preliminary Results

Neuropsychologists and other clinicians often comment on the minimal relationship that frequently exists between formal assessments of executive functions, analysis of findings, recommendations, and the person's real-life functioning. The authors' believe that current assessments of executive functions do not transfer easily to real-world behavior. There are limitations in the current examinations and in the settings in which they are given. The tests are artificial and the test settings lack the usual stresses, distractions, and multiple demands common to real life. The interactions are unlike what they experience in everyday life. The examiner often, but unintentionally orients the participant to relevant information that in turn can help the person compensate for the difficulties with executive control processes and bias the findings. We believe that virtual reality (VR) more closely approximates real life settings, the distractions, and the common interchanges (VR) provides a "life-like," three-dimensional (3-D) highly interactive environment, and safety from potential dangers that could arise in actual situations. VR can increase motivation because of its gaming, interactive, and immersive qualities and features are easily modified and allow for multiple applications. Our goal is to develop VR assessments that can be administered under controlled and safe conditions, but which are more sensitive to difficulties with executive control processes critical to safe, independent living. This initial study compares several functions assessed by the Wisconsin Card Sorting Test (WCST) with our three-dimensional, stereographic scenario, Look for a Match (LFAM) Study participants completed questionnaires, alternately began with either the WCST or LFAM, and then took the second test. All participants completed motion sickness and follow-up questionnaires. The results demonstrated that the study participants found LFAM to be more enjoyable and interesting, but found the WCST to be easier. While there is an effect of order with participants doing relatively better on the assessment tool administered second, overall the LFAM performance was inferior to that on the WCST. However, even considering the order effect, LFAM seemed to be more difficult than the WCST.
Do Animals Have Memes

Introduction 2 - Imitation and the meme 3 - Reconstructed memes 4 - Information versus phenotype 5 - Birdsong: a special case? 6 - Memes in non-human animals 7 - Conclusions Acknowledgments References Abstract Imitation has been put forward as a defining feature of memetic transmission. Since there is currently poor evidence for imitation in non-human animals, such definitions have been interpreted as restricting meme theory to the study of human behaviour patterns and birdsong. We believe this is a mistake. Human capacities for imitation, teaching and language may well account for the extraordinary diversity of human culture compared with animal proto-cultures, but imitation is simply one mechanism of transmitting acquired information between individuals. As long as information is transmitted with sufficient fidelity to be replicated in the brain of the receiver, any social learning process will do. Non-human animals may be poor imitators, but many are excellent social learners. We argue that the meme concept can, and should, be applied to animal cultural transmission.
Efficient Time/Frequency Permutation of MIMO-OFDM Systems through Independent and Correlated Nakagami Fading Channels

Space-Time Frequency (STF) codes for MIMO-OFDM over block-fading channel can achieve rate? Mt and full-diversity Mt Mr Mb L which is the product of the number of transmit antennas Mt, receive antennas Mr, fading blocks Mb and channel taps L. In this article, time permutation is proposed to provide independent block-fading over Jake’s Doppler power spectrum channel. Moreover, we show the performance variations of STF code as channel delay spread changes. Therefore, we introduce a frequency/time permutation technique in order to remove the frequency correlation among sub-carriers, which subsequently increases the coding gain and achieves maximum diversity. Finally, the symbol error rate (SER) performance of the proposed time/frequency permuted STF codes over independent and correlated MIMO antenna branches under Nakagami fading channel is simulated. We show that the proposed systems provide better performance and more robust to large values of antennas correlation coefficients in comparison with the un-interleaved one.
Correction: Genotoxicity of metal oxide nanomaterials: review of recent data and discussion of possible mechanisms.

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Learn Prolog Now! Patrick Blackburn, Johan Bos, Kristina Striegnitz: College Publications, 2006 Paperback, ISBN 1-904987-17-6, xiv + 265 pages

Improved apparatus for cleaning generally cylindrical articles of irregular configuration and, particularly, for cleaning straps of the type used to hold magnetic tape and supplied by manufacturers for use with magnetic tapes. The apparatus comprises a porous cleaning element comprised of multiple felt-cleaning faces resiliently mounted for contact with the inside of the cylinder, or ring, of the strap. The porous elements form means to remove dirt from the article being cleaned without any accumulation of excess dirt on the cleaning head.
Scatterplot analysis of EEG slow-wave magnitude and heart rate variability: an integrative exploration of cerebral cortical and autonomic functions.

STUDY OBJECTIVES To explore interactions between cerebral cortical and autonomic functions in different sleep-wake states. DESIGN Active waking (AW), quiet sleep (QS), and paradoxical sleep (PS) of adult male Wistar-Kyoto rats (WKY) on their daytime sleep were compared. PARTICIPANTS Ten WKY. INTERVENTIONS All rats had electrodes implanted for polygraphic recordings. One week later, a 6-hour daytime sleep-wakefulness recording session was performed. MEASUREMENTS AND RESULTS A scatterplot analysis of electroencephalogram (EEG) slow-wave magnitude (0.5-4 Hz) and heart rate variability (HRV) was applied in each rat. The EEG slow-wave-RR interval scatterplot from all of the recordings revealed a propeller-like pattern. If the scatterplot was divided into AW, PS, and QS according to the corresponding EEG mean power frequency and nuchal electromyogram, the EEG slow wave-RR interval relationship became nil, negative, and positive for AW, PS, and QS, respectively. A significant negative relationship was found for EEG slow-wave and high-frequency power of HRV (HF) coupling during PS and for EEG slow wave and low-frequency power of HRV to HF ratio (LF/HF) coupling during QS. The optimal time lags for the slow wave-LF/HF relationship were different between PS and QS. CONCLUSIONS Bradycardia noted in QS and PS was related to sympathetic suppression and vagal excitation, respectively. The EEG slow wave-HRV scatterplot may provide unique insights into studies of sleep, and such a relationship may delineate the sleep-state-dependent fluctuations in autonomic nervous system activity.