Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
The initial phase of auditory and visual scene analysis

Auditory streaming and visual plaids have been used extensively to study perceptual organization in each modality. Both stimuli can produce bistable alternations between grouped (one object) and split (two objects) interpretations. They also share two peculiar features: (i) at the onset of stimulus presentation, organization starts with a systematic bias towards the grouped interpretation; (ii) this first percept has ‘inertia’; it lasts longer than the subsequent ones. As a result, the probability of forming different objects builds up over time, a landmark of both behavioural and neurophysiological data on auditory streaming. Here we show that first percept bias and inertia are independent. In plaid perception, inertia is due to a depth ordering ambiguity in the transparent (split) interpretation that makes plaid perception tristable rather than bistable: experimental manipulations removing the depth ambiguity suppressed inertia. However, the first percept bias persisted. We attempted a similar manipulation for auditory streaming by introducing level differences between streams, to bias which stream would appear in the perceptual foreground. Here both inertia and first percept bias persisted. We thus argue that the critical common feature of the onset of perceptual organization is the grouping bias, which may be related to the transition from temporally/spatially local to temporally/spatially global computation.
Trust, Anxiety, Commitment and Knowledge (TACK): Emotional Learning in Project Teams

Any team is at bottom really a metaphor for the synergies resulting from a bunch of conversations and related actions of a set of individuals who, because they share some core values, are able to cooperate to achieve a common task. Team development then is about the extent of cooperative development and shared values that are held in common between this set of people. In other words, it is basically how quickly the team matures and how well they bond together. Such bonding occurs across a number of planes of development. Cooperative bonds may, at any time, encompass each of such planes or levels of existence separately or jointly in multifarious ways which often enfold each other and amplify the outcomes holistically, providing synergies that are larger than the sum of the parts. I mean the kind of results whereby you get more out than would normally be expected by simply adding together all the parts, i.e. 2 2 =5. Often this outcome is sought in vain in our favorite sports teams — unfortunately. It is a weird, emotional physics that many have experienced in various places and times. For instance, it exists in some work teams, religious organizations, sports team, families, communities, classes and so on.
Acceptance of Rules Generated by Machine Learning among Medical Experts

Summary Objectives: The aim was to evaluate the potential for monotonicity constraints to bias machine learning systems to learn rules that were both accurate and meaningful. Methods: Two data sets, taken from problems as diverse as screening for dementia and assessing the risk of mental retardation, were collected and a rule learning system, with and without monotonicity constraints, was run on each. The rules were shown to experts, who were asked how willing they would be to use such rules in practice. The accuracy of the rules was also evaluated. Results: Rules learned with monotonicity constraints were at least as accurate as rules learned without such constraints. Experts were, on average, more willing to use the rules learned with the monotonicity constraints. Conclusions: The analysis of medical databases has the potential of improving patient outcomes and/or lowering the cost of health care delivery. Various techniques, from statistics, pattern recognition, machine learning, and neural networks, have been proposed to “mine” this data by uncovering patterns that may be used to guide decision making. This study suggests cognitive factors make learned models coherent and, therefore, credible to experts. One factor that influences the acceptance of learned models is consistency with existing medical knowledge.
Transmitted antiretroviral drug resistance among newly HIV-1 diagnosed young individuals in Kampala

Objective:To assess the emergence of transmitted HIV-1 drug resistance (TDR) in Kampala, Uganda, 10 years after the scale-up of antiretroviral treatment (ART) and to compare with a previous survey among antenatal clinic attendees in 2007 (reporting 0% TDR). Design:A cross-sectional survey was conducted among newly HIV-1 diagnosed, antiretroviral-naive young adults attending two large voluntary counseling and testing centers within the geographic area of Kampala. Methods:Proxy criteria for recent HIV-1 infection were used as defined by the WHO. Population sequencing of the pol gene was performed on plasma samples with HIV-1 RNA at least 1000 copies/ml. Surveillance drug resistance mutations (SDRMs) were identified according to the 2009 WHO list for surveillance of TDR. HIV-1 subtypes were designated using maximum likelihood phylogenetic reconstruction. Results:Genotypic test results were obtained for 70 of 77 (90.9%) participants. SDRMs were identified in six samples yielding a prevalence of TDR of 8.6% (95% confidence interval 3.2–17.7%). Two had SDRMs to nucleoside reverse-transcriptase inhibitors (D67G and L210W), three had SDRMs to nonnucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (G190A, G190S, and K101E), and one had SDRMs to protease inhibitors (N88D). Frequencies of HIV-1 subtypes were A (36/70, 51.4%), C ( two of 70; 2.9%), D (23/70, 32.9%), and unique recombinant forms (nine of 70, 12.9%). Conclusion:This repeated survey suggests an increase in TDR in Kampala, compared with a previous survey. This finding justifies increased vigilance with respect to surveillance of TDR in areas in Africa where ART programs are rolled-out.
Drug and bile acid transporters in rosuvastatin hepatic uptake: function, expression, and pharmacogenetics.

BACKGROUND & AIMS The 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A (HMG-CoA) reductase inhibitors, or statins, target liver HMG-CoA and are of proven benefit in the prevention of coronary heart disease. Rosuvastatin is an effective statin notable for liver selectivity and lack of significant metabolism. We assessed the extent and relevance of hepatic transporters to rosuvastatin uptake. METHODS Transporters involved in rosuvastatin uptake were determined through heterologous expression of multiple human and rat uptake transporters. Human organic anion transporting polypeptide (OATP) 1B1 and sodium-dependent taurocholate cotransporting polypeptide (NTCP) allelic variants were also assessed. Expression of OATP and NTCP messenger RNA and protein was determined from a bank of human liver samples. RESULTS Multiple OATP family members, including 1B1, 1B3, 2B1, and 1A2, were capable of rosuvastatin transport. Naturally occurring polymorphisms in OATP1B1, including *5, *9, *15, and *18, were associated with profound loss of activity toward rosuvastatin. Interestingly, the major human hepatic bile acid uptake transporter NTCP, but not rat Ntcp, also transported rosuvastatin. Human hepatocyte studies suggested that NTCP alone accounted for approximately 35% of rosuvastatin uptake. Remarkably, NTCP*2, a variant known to have a near complete loss of function for bile acids, exhibited a profound gain of function for rosuvastatin. Quantitative messenger RNA analysis revealed marked intersubject variability in expression of OATPs and NTCP. CONCLUSIONS Multiple transporters mediate the overall hepatic uptake of rosuvastatin, and NTCP may be a heretofore unrecognized transporter important to the disposition of rosuvastatin and possibly other drugs/statins in clinical use. Accordingly, transporter expression and polymorphisms may be key determinants of intersubject variability in response to statin therapy in general.
Swarm Intelligence-based Power Allocation and Relay Selection Algorithm for wireless cooperative network

Cooperative communications can significantly improve the wireless transmission performance with the help of relay nodes. In cooperative communication networks, relay selection and power allocation are two key issues. In this paper, we propose a relay selection and power allocation scheme RS-PA-PSACO (Relay Selection-Power Allocation-Particle Swarm Ant Colony Optimization) based on PSACO (Particle Swarm Ant Colony Optimization) algorithm. This scheme can effectively reduce the computational complexity and select the optimal relay nodes. As one of the swarm intelligence algorithms, PSACO which combined both PSO (Particle Swarm Optimization) and ACO (Ant Colony Optimization) algorithms is effective to solve non-linear optimization problems through a fast global search at a low cost. The proposed RS-PA-PSACO algorithm can simultaneously obtain the optimal solutions of relay selection and power allocation to minimize the SER (Symbol Error Rate) with a fixed total power constraint both in AF (Amplify and Forward) and DF (Decode and Forward) modes. Simulation results show that the proposed scheme improves the system performance significantly both in reliability and power efficiency at a low complexity.
Electron microscopy of human malignant melanoma.

The fine structure of human rnatignarrt rnelauorna cells was studied by electron mfcroseopy, The rrielaricrna cells were characterized by dense melanin granules within their cytoplasm, These granules averaged 300 ID~ in dlarnetez, were rnade up of granular and rodshaped internal units, and appeared to originate in the Golgi apparatus. Mitochondria and ergastoplasm were moderately abundant and their structure was similar to that described for other cell types. St.romaf rnaceopbeges were characterized by large conglomerate granules averaging 1100 m~ in diameter and were readily distinguishable from the melanocytes. -J. Nat. Cancer Jnst, 24: 437-461, 1960.
Can the Outputs of LGN Y-Cells Support Emotion Recognition? A Computational Study

It has been suggested that emotional visual input is processed along both a slower cortical pathway and a faster subcortical pathway which comprises the lateral geniculate nucleus (LGN), the superior colliculus, the pulvinar, and finally the amygdala. However, anatomical as well as functional evidence concerning the subcortical route is lacking. Here, we adopt a computational approach in order to investigate whether the visual representation that is achieved in the LGN may support emotion recognition and emotional response along the subcortical route. In four experiments, we show that the outputs of LGN Y-cells support neither facial expression categorization nor the same/different expression matching by an artificial classificator. However, the same classificator is able to perform at an above chance level in a statistics-based categorization of scenes containing animals and scenes containing people and of light and dark patterns. It is concluded that the visual representation achieved in the LGN is insufficient to allow for the recognition of emotional facial expression.
Collaborative Research in the Digital Humanities: A Volume in Honour of Harold Short, on the Occasion of His 65th Birthday and His Retirement, September 2010

Collaboration within digital humanities is both a pertinent and a pressing topic as the traditional mode of the humanist, working alone in his or her study, is supplemented by explicitly co-operative, interdependent and collaborative research. This is particularly true where computational methods are employed in large-scale digital humanities projects. This book, which celebrates the contributions of Harold Short to this field, presents fourteen essays by leading authors in the digital humanities. It addresses several issues of collaboration, from the multiple perspectives of institutions, projects and individual researchers.
Multiscale Recognition Algorithm for Eye Ground Texture Based on Fusion Threshold Equalization

The eye ground texture is disturbed by non ideal imaging factor such as noise, it will affect the clinical diagnosis in practice, an improved multi scale retina eye ground texture recognition algorithm is proposed based on fusion area threshold. The nonlinear sampling multi-scale transform is used to analyze the geometric space coefficient of retinal vessels with multi direction and shift invariant features, the regional threshold filtering is integrated, it is used to suppress the effect of non-uniform blocks for texture recognition. The maximum likelihood local mean standard deviation analysis is used for texture parameters estimation and recognition. The noise reduced greatly, accurate identification of texture feature is obtained. Simulation results show that the algorithm can well characterize the retinal vascular texture, it has good performance in different texture feature recognition, the recognition accuracy is improved, and it has good robustness.
2 ON THE INSEPARABILITY OF GRAMMAR AND THE LEXICON : EVIDENCE FROM ACQUISITION , APHASIA AND REAL-TIME PROCESSING

Within linguistic theory, many phenomena that were previously handled by a separate grammatical component have been moved into the lexicon; in some theories, the contrast between grammar and the lexicon has disappeared altogether. In a review of findings from language development, language breakdown and real-time processing, we conclude that the case for a modular distinction between grammar and the lexicon has been overstated, and that the evidence to date is compatible with a unified lexicalist account. Studies of normal children show that the emergence of grammar is highly dependent upon vocabulary size, a finding confirmed and extended in atypical populations. Studies of language breakdown in older children and adults provide no evidence for a modular dissociation between grammar and the lexicon; some structures are especially vulnerable to brain damage (e.g., function words, noncanonical word orders), but this vulnerability is also observed in neurologically intact individuals under perceptual degradation or cognitive overload. Finally, on-line studies provide evidence for early and intricate interactions between lexical and grammatical information in normal adults. A possible characterization of this unified lexical processor is offered, based on distributed representations in recurrent neural
New molecular concepts and targets in acute myeloid leukemia

Purpose of reviewMost patients with acute myeloid leukemia treated with chemotherapy relapse. It is increasingly recognized that the cause of chemoresistance and relapse resides within the leukemia stem cell population. Successful eradication of leukemia stem cells would require a comprehensive profile of both the acquired molecular lesions and intrinsic features of leukemia stem cells. This review describes recent work identifying molecular markers that may lead to development of novel therapeutics, ultimately aiming to eradicate leukemia stem cells in acute myeloid leukemia. Recent findingsIn recent years, novel specific cell surface antigens have allowed identification of leukemia stem cells and permitted their distinction from normal hematopoietic stem cells. Novel concepts of leukemia stem cells and niche interaction have elucidated the mechanisms that control leukemia stem cell survival and chemoresistance. Recent detection of genetic aberrations affecting regulators of HOX gene expression and chromatin modifying enzymes, such as CDX2 and hDOT1L, respectively, elucidates new key players in stem cell self-renewal and leukemic transformation. SummaryThe discovery of novel markers and survival pathways for leukemia stem cells has increased our potential to specifically target and eliminate the leukemic stem cell compartment, which is likely to improve clinical outcomes in acute myeloid leukemia.
Streptococcus suis, an Emerging Drug-Resistant Animal and Human Pathogen

Streptococcus suis, a major porcine pathogen, has been receiving growing attention not only for its role in severe and increasingly reported infections in humans, but also for its involvement in drug resistance. Recent studies and the analysis of sequenced genomes have been providing important insights into the S. suis resistome, and have resulted in the identification of resistance determinants for tetracyclines, macrolides, aminoglycosides, chloramphenicol, antifolate drugs, streptothricin, and cadmium salts. Resistance gene-carrying genetic elements described so far include integrative and conjugative elements, transposons, genomic islands, phages, and chimeric elements. Some of these elements are similar to those reported in major streptococcal pathogens such as Streptococcus pyogenes, Streptococcus pneumoniae, and Streptococcus agalactiae and share the same chromosomal insertion sites. The available information strongly suggests that S. suis is an important antibiotic resistance reservoir that can contribute to the spread of resistance genes to the above-mentioned streptococci. S. suis is thus a paradigmatic example of possible intersections between animal and human resistomes.
Computational Investigation and Design of Planar EBG Structures for Coupling Reduction in Antenna Applications

The uniplanar cross-like compact EBG structure is thoroughly assessed by means of a computational FEM-based eigenvalue analysis. A careful inspection of the dispersion diagram reveals the existence of a nearly-TEM mode that compromises the bandgap behavior, a fact that is also confirmed in coupling performance investigations. The structure is then modified and optimized to maximize the resulting bandgap zone, for mutual coupling reduction in WiMAX MIMO arrays.
New attachment method to increase the performance of ultrasonic wireless power transfer system

This paper proposes a new attachment method between piezoelectric transducers and metallic medium to improve the power transfer performance of an Ultrasonic Power Transfer (UPT) system. A spider clamp is designed, and its contribution to the system response is analyzed. A prototype UPT system with 1MHz piezoelectric ceramic disc transducers is constructed to verify the theoretical analysis through a case study. The proposed spider clamp method is compared against the traditional silver epoxy attachment method, and experimental results demonstrated an increase of power transfer capability by three times across a 1mm steel plate, and a 28% increase in power transfer efficiency using the proposed attachment method.
Workload design: selecting representative program-input pairs

Having a representative workload of the target domain of a microprocessor is extremely important throughout its design. The composition of a workload involves two issues: (i) which benchmarks to select and (ii) which input data sets to select per benchmark. Unfortunately, it is impossible to select a huge number of benchmarks and respective input sets due to the large instruction counts per benchmark and due to limitations on the available simulation time. We use statistical data analysis techniques such as principal component analysis (PCA) and cluster analysis to efficiently explore the workload space. Within this workload space, different input data sets for a given benchmark can be displayed, a distance can be measured between program-input pairs that gives us an idea about their mutual behavioral differences and representative input data sets can be selected for the given benchmark. This methodology is validated by showing that program-input pairs that are close to each other in this workload space indeed exhibit similar behavior. The final goal is to select a limited set of representative benchmark-input pairs that span the complete workload space. Next to workload composition, there are a number of other possible applications, namely getting insight in the impact of input data sets on program behavior and profile-guided compiler optimizations.
Em Busca de um Modelo de Referência para Engenharia de Requisitos em Ambientes de Desenvolvimento Di

Resumo. Existe um interesse crescente em pesquisas que enderecem o desenvolvimento distribuído de software. A engenharia de requisitos, nesse contexto, apresenta diversos desafios causados pela distribuição. A necessidade de um processo de requisitos que aborde essas dificuldades é reconhecida. Nesse sentido, esse artigo visa apresentar um modelo de referência para engenharia de requisitos em ambientes de desenvolvimento distribuído de software, reunindo resultados de pesquisa teórica e prática. Os resultados empíricos foram obtidos em empresas multinacionais que realizam desenvolvimento distribuído de software em nível global.
Probing Modifications of Cortical Excitability During Stroke Recovery With Navigated Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation

Abstract Objective: To follow cortical excitability changes during recovery from stroke with navigated transcranial magnetic stimulation (nTMS), in particular, to characterize changes of short-interval intracortical inhibition (SICI) and intracortical facilitation (ICF), to correlate them with recovery of upper extremity function, and to detect possible shifts of cortical hand representations. Methods: Single and paired pulse nTMS were delivered to the hemisphere with infarction and to the hemisphere without infarction in 14 first-ever stroke patients at 1 (T1) and 3 months (T2) after stroke. Electromyographic responses to nTMS stimulation were recorded from the first dorsal interosseus muscles. nTMS was used to ensure an accurate coil repositioning in repeated measurements. Hand function recovery was clinically evaluated using the Action Research Arm Test (ARAT) and 9-hole peg test (9-HPT). Results: SICI and ICF were modulated in both hemispheres during recovery. Inhibition in the hemisphere without infarction correlated significantly with the affected hand performance at T2; stronger disinhibition (poor inhibition) was associated with worse hand performance. Location of hand muscle representations was shifted in 3 well-recovered patients out of 14 patients at T2. Conclusions: In line with earlier studies, disinhibition in the hemisphere without infarction may be related to poor recovery of the affected hand. Usage of the affected hand during stroke recovery seems to influence these cortical excitability changes. nTMS is a valuable tool for tracking muscle cortical representation changes during brain reorganization.
Capabilities for information flow

This paper presents a capability-based mechanism for permissive yet secure enforcement of information-flow policies. Language capabilities have been studied widely, and several popular implementations, such as Caja and Joe-E, are available. By making the connection from capabilities to information flow, we enable smooth enforcement of information-flow policies using capability systems. The paper presents a transformation that given an arbitrary source program in a simple imperative language produces a secure program in a language with capabilities. We present formal guarantees of security and permissiveness and report on experiments to enforce information-flow policies for web applications using Caja.
Endothelin attenuates endothelium‐dependent platelet inhibition in man

Aim: The vascular endothelium produces several substances, including nitric oxide (NO) and endothelin‐1 (ET‐1), which participate in the regulation of vascular tone in humans. Both these substances may exert other actions of importance for cardiovascular disease, e.g. effects on vascular smooth muscle cell proliferation and inflammation, and NO inhibits platelet function. Experiments were designed to investigate the effect of ET‐1 on endothelium‐dependent vasodilatation and attenuation of platelet activation.