Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
The application of failure mode diagrams for exploring the roles of fluid pressure and stress states in controlling styles of fracture‐controlled permeability enhancement in faults and shear zones

Geofluids (2010) 10, 217–233 Abstract Permeability enhancement associated with deformation processes in faults and shear zones plays a key role in facilitating fluid redistribution between fluid reservoirs in the crust. Especially in high fluid flux hydrothermal systems, fracture-controlled permeability can be relatively short-lived, unless it is repeatedly regenerated by ongoing deformation. Failure mode diagrams in pore fluid factor and differential stress space, here termed λ–σ failure mode diagrams, provide a powerful tool for analysing how fluid pressure and stress states drive failure, associated permeability enhancement and vein styles during deformation in faults and shear zones. During fault-valve behaviour in the seismogenic regime, relative rates of recovery of pore fluid factor, differential stress and fault cohesive strength between rupture events impact on styles of veining and associated, fracture-controlled permeability enhancement in faults and shear zones. Examples of vein-rich fault zones are used to illustrate how constraints can be placed, not just on fluid pressure and stress states at failure, but also on the fluid pressurization and loading paths associated with failure and transitory permeability enhancement in faults and shear zones. This provides insights about when, during the fault-valve cycle, various types of veins can form. The use of failure mode diagrams also provides insights about the relative roles of optimally oriented faults and misoriented faults as hydraulically conductive structures. The analysis highlights the dynamics of competition between fluid pressures and loading rates in driving failure and repeated permeability regeneration in fracture-controlled, hydrothermal systems.
Study on flexible calibration method for binocular stereo vision system

Using a binocular stereo vision system for 3D coordinate measurement, system calibration is an important factor for measurement precision. In this paper we present a flexible calibration method for binocular stereo system calibration to estimate the intrinsic and extrinsic parameters of each camera and the exterior orientation of the turntable's axis which is installed in front of the binocular stereo vision system to increase the system measurement range. Using a new flexible planar pattern with four big circles and an array of small circles as reference points for calibration, binocular stereo calibration is realized with Zhang Plane-based calibration method without specialized knowledge of 3D geometry. By putting a standard ball in front of the binocular stereo vision system, a sequence pictures is taken at the same by both camera with a few different rotation angles of the turntable. With the method of space intersection of two straight lines, the reference points, the ball center at each turntable rotation angles, for axis calibration are figured out. Because of the rotation of the turntable, the trace of ball is a circle, whose center is on the turntable's axis. All ball centers rotated are in a plane perpendicular to the axis. The exterior orientation of the turntable axis is calibrated according to the calibration model. The measurement on a column bearing is performed in the experiment, with the final measurement precision better than 0.02mm.
Estimating Wave-Induced Kinematics at Sloping Structures

This paper provides a technique for the estimation of root-mean-squared velocity parameters associated with irregular waves that have been reflected by coastal structures. A previously published first-order expression for estimating root-mean-squared water velocities beneath normally incident and reflected nonbreaking irregular waves by Hughes has been empirically augmented so that estimates can be made for the case of smooth impermeable plane sloping revetments and permeable rubble-mound cross sections. Empirical relationships for reflection coefficient and reflection phase were developed based on measurements obtained during laboratory experiments. These relationships, when used in the theoretical formulations, gave reasonable estimates of RMS velocity compared to measured laboratory data. The procedure given in this paper can be applied with a minimum of computational effort, and it provides realistic estimates of irregular wave kinematics near coastal structures. The capability to make these velocity estimates, particularly near the seabed, provides practicing engineers with an improved tool for addressing such problems as scour potential at structure toes and design of suitable scour blankets.
AN EXAMPLE OF SOIL PROCESSES IN THE ABIES AMABILIS ZONE OF CENTRAL CASCADES, WASHINGTON

Tension lysimeters were used to monitor continuously the soil solutions from the O2, A2, IIB2hir, and IVB32 of a Podzol (Cryandept) in the central Cascades, Washington. Precipitation, forest throughfall, and stream water were also collected. Averages of three years of data show a drop in pH as the meteoric water passes through the canopy and the forest floor. Solutions leaving the IIB2hir show an increase in pH; a further increase occurs in the IVB32 and the stream. There is an increase in the summation of the major cations (Ca, Mg, K, and Na) and electrical conductivity as the precipitation penetrates the canopy; a further increase occurs as the solutions pass the forest floor. A lowering of these parameters is recorded in the solutions leaving the IIB2hir. Below the IIB2hir, the concentration of the cations, the electrical conductivity, and the pH increase. The concentrations of the major rock-forming elements, Si, Al, and Fe, are low in the precipitation. In the soil, soluble Si is the most abundant at any level, and Fe is the least. Al has intermediate values. In general, the three elements have a minimal level after passing the IIB2hir, but they increase below it. Total N decreases from the precipitation to the IIB2hir, where a minimum value is obtained; it increases below. Total P follows a similar trend. Mobile fulvic acids, seen to arise in the 0 horizons, are reduced by 60 percent to 70 percent within the IIB2hir. According to these data, the IIB2hir delineates the lower boundary of the biopedological compartment that starts at the top of the canopy. The geochemical compartment starts below the IIB2hir and includes the IVB32 and bedrock material in contact with groundwater. It is suggested that the pH and the anionic balance in the upper compartment are controlled by soluble organic acids, whereas the bicarbonate system dominates the lower. The presence of these compartments points to the invalidity of the use of stream and groundwater data to delineate the biopedological sector of a forest ecosystem.
Changes in means and extreme events of temperature and precipitation in the Asia‐Pacific Network region, 1955–2007

In this study, spatial and temporal patterns of changes in extreme events of temperature and precipitation at 143 weather stations in ten Asia‐Pacific Network (APN) countries and their associations with changes in climate means are examined for the 1955–2007 period. Averaged over the APN region, annual frequency of cool nights (days) has decreased by 6.4 days/decade (3.3 days/decade), whereas the frequency of warm nights (days) has increased by 5.4 days/decade (3.9 days/decade). The change rates in the annual frequency of warm nights (days) over the last 20 years (1988–2007) have exceeded those over the full 1955–2007 period by a factor of 1.8 (3.4). Seasonally, the frequencies of summer warm nights and days are changing more rapidly per unit change in mean temperatures than the corresponding frequencies for cool nights and days. However, normalization of the extreme and mean series shows that the rate of changes in extreme temperature events are generally less than that of mean temperatures, except for winter cold nights which are changing as rapidly as the winter mean minimum temperature. These results indicate that there have been seasonally and diurnally asymmetric changes in extreme temperature events relative to recent increases in temperature means in the APN region.
Syn-metamorphic nappe complex in the Rhodope Massif. Structure and kinematics

Mylonitic gneisses of the Bulgarian and Greek Rhodope were deformed under medium pressure-type metamorphism. The kinematic information contained in these gneisses shows that shear-deformation occurred during development of a nappe complex. Lithologies and metamorphic histories allow a lower (footwall) and an upper (hanging wall) terrane to be distinguished that define a crustal-scale duplex. As oceanic crust is involved, collision between two continental units with subsequent crustal thickening is inferred. The blocks would be Moesia to the north, and the Lower-Rhodope promontory to the south, which collided in the Mesozoic to early Cenozoic. The nappe complex is characterized by south to southwestward (foreland directed) piling-up and is associated with both coeval and subsequent extension. The late extension is associated with the establishment of a high temperature-low pressure metamorphic gradient and plutonism that predates, but makes a transition to, the lithospheric extension of the Aegean Arc.
Jadeite-quartz-K-feldspar rocks in the Kamuikotan zone, Japan

Several tens of float blocks of jadeite-quartz-K-feldspar rocks were recently found in and around serpentinite masses in the Kamuikotan Gorge area of the central Kamuikotan zone, Japan. They consist mainly of jadeite (Jd95-100), quartz, K-feldspar, phengite, and lawsonite. Two stages of metamorphism are recognized. The metamorphic conditions during the first and the second stages are estimated at about 250-350 °C and more than 1.1 GPa, and 200-300 °C and 0.4-0.7 GPa, respectively. The rocks are relatively fine-grained, acidic in composition, and characteristically have many jadeitized pseudomorphs of probable rapakivi feldspar, suggesting a hypabyssal fine-grained granite or granite porphyry origin. K-feldspar-bearing granitic rocks have never been reported from the Kamuikotan zone. The discovery of jadeite-quartz-K-feldspar rocks in the zone provides important information about the source of the metamorphic protoliths. The inference is that these materials formed by the activity of felsic magma, which existed near the trench during Late Jurassic to Cretaceous time.
Spatial Moment Equations for a Groundwater Plume with Degradation and Rate-Limited Sorption

AbstractIn this paper, the authors analytically derive the solution for the spatial moments of groundwater solute concentration distributions simulated by a one-dimensional model that assumes advective-dispersive transport with first-order degradation and rate-limited sorption. Sorption kinetics are assumed to be governed by a first-order rate model, and degradation is assumed to occur in the aqueous (i.e., mobile) phase only. As an extension of a previously published moment analysis of a model with similar assumptions, an explicit analytical solution is presented for the zeroth, first, and second spatial moments, as well as equations that describe the behavior of the first and second moments at long times. Moment simulations show that when the degradation rate is relatively large compared to the sorption rate, there are time periods in which the first and second spatial moments of the solute concentration distribution (the mean and variance, respectively) decrease over time. At long times, it is seen tha.
Geophysical Basin Modeling - Effective Stress, Temperature and Pore Pressure Uncertainty

The predictive capability of a geo-simulator is strictly related to the quantification of uncertainties related to its inputs. This study addresses the problem of quantifying uncertainties for and from a geo-model system at basin length scales. The Logan prospect, deep water Gulf of Mexico, is used as an example to demonstrate our workflow. The effect of permeability, porosity and effective stress is shown in terms of uncertainties of pore pressure and porosity distribution. The basin modeling uncertainties, related to uncertainties of the input variable such as basal heat flow, thickness of the layers, among others affect directly the geo-simulator output. These uncertainties can be propagated into seismic velocity and anisotropic parameter derived from a rock model that has input from the geo-model. In this paper the review of stochastic geo-modeling is done while the application for rock physics modeling will be discussed in another paper.
Geographic variations in the thermal and diffusive stability of ground ice on Mars

To investigate the stability of ground ice within the top several meters of the Martian regolith, time-dependent models of the thermal and diffusive behavior of the regolith have been developed. The geographic distribution of thermal inertia and albedo as well as the latitudinal variation in insolation have been included in calculations of surface and subsurface temperatures between ±60° latitude. Ground ice was found to be stable where the annual mean surface and subsurface temperatures were below the atmospheric frost point. This generally occurs poleward of the mid-latitudes. The latitude poleward of which ground ice is stable varies by about 20° to 30° from one longitude to another. Geographic variations in thermal inertia and albedo are the primary factors controlling regional variations in ice stability. Calculations of temperatures at high and low obliquity suggest that ground ice would be stable globally at high obliquity and would not be stable between ±60° latitude at low obliquity. Thermally driven diffusion of atmospheric water vapor within the regolith was modeled accounting for both ordinary molecular and Knudsen transport and equilibrium between ice, vapor, and adsorbed phases. Atmospheric water vapor was found to be able to supply the top few meters of the regolith with ice in regions where the annual mean surface temperature was below the atmospheric frost point. Ice was found to begin condensing in as short as 1000 Martian years. Rapid accumulation of ice in the pore space of the upper layers of the regolith acted to choke transport to lower layers and slow the diffusion process. Even so, after 105 Martian years, in some cases, as much as 30% to 40% of the available pore space accumulated ice. The total amount of subsurface ice ranged from a few to more than 25 g/cm2 within the top few meters in regions of stability. Ground ice was found to form below a depth where the annual average vapor pressure over ice was equal to the annual average atmospheric vapor pressure near the surface. Atmospheric vapor was not found to accumulate as ice below a depth where the seasonal temperature oscillations gave way to the geothermal gradient. The time scales for condensation of ground ice were found to be comparable to that of orbital oscillations suggesting that the present geographic distribution of ground ice may depend on the orbital history of Mars.
Critical Submergence for Multiple Pipe Intakes

The critical submergence for a group of multiple pipe intakes is predicted using a "superposition method" based on a potential flow solution. Experiments on groups of two, three, and four intakes were conducted. Experimental and theoretical results indicate that intakes in a group mutually influence the discharge into an individual intake. Therefore, the critical submergence for an intake in a group becomes larger than that for an isolated intake under identical flow conditions. The agreement between the theoretical and experimental results is found to be satisfactory.
Stable carbon isotope composition of terrestrial leaves: inter‐ and intraspecies variability, cellulose and whole‐leaf tissue difference, and potential for climate reconstruction

Stable carbon isotope analysis of terrestrial plant leaves preserved in Quaternary lake sediments has the potential to provide high‐resolution reconstructions of past climatic conditions. Preferably, δ13C measurements should be made on a single leaf component, e.g. cellulose, but this approach is often precluded by limited leaf availability. Previous work suggests that reliable palaeoclimatic information also may be derived from δ13C measurements on whole‐leaf tissue, given a similar degree of leaf decomposition between samples. Leaf δ13C data for 12 Scandinavian species of dwarf‐shrubs, shrubs and trees, and a comparison of δ13C data on recent and late Holocene Salix herbacea leaves, revealed that the δ13C signal registered by holocellulose is largely reflected by measurements on whole‐leaf tissue. Holocellulose was found to be consistently enriched in 13C, although this δ13C offset was smaller for subfossil leaves. This supports the use of δ13C measurements on whole‐leaf tissue for climate reconstruction, at least for leaves preserved in soft, late Holocene sediments with minimal diagenetic effects. Leaf carbon and nitrogen data on fresh leaves of the same 12 Scandinavian species, and corresponding data on late Holocene Salix herbacea leaves, suggest that the leaf C:N ratio is a suitable indicator of the degree of leaf decomposition. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Representation of convective plumes by vertical adjustment

Open-ocean deep-water formation involves the interplay of two dynamical processes; plumes (≤1 km wide), driven by “upright” convection, and geostrophic eddies (≥5 km wide), driven by baroclinic instability. Numerical “twin” experiments are used to address two questions about the plumes: Can they be represented by a simple mixing process in large-scale models? If so, is it important that the mixing occurs over a finite time tmix, or would instantaneous mixing produce the same effect on large-scale properties? In numerical simulations which resolve the geostrophic eddies, we represent the plumes with a “slow” convective adjustment algorithm which is broadly equivalent to an enhanced vertical diffusivity of density in statically unstable regions. The diffusivity κ depends on tmix, the mixing timescale. The fidelity of the plume parameterization is then evaluated by comparison with plume-resolving simulations of open-ocean deep convection. Integral properties of the plumes, such as the temperature census of the convected water and the strength of the rim current that encircles the convecting region, are all accurately reproduced by the slow adjustment scheme. The importance of choosing an appropriate finite value for tmix is explored by setting tmix = 12 hours in some experiments, in accordance with scaling considerations, and tmix = 0 in others, corresponding to instantaneous adjustment, the conventional assumption. In the case of convection into a moderately or strongly stratified ocean the behavior does not significantly depend on tmix. However, in neutral conditions the slow adjustment does improve the parametric representation. Our experiments confirm the picture of plumes homogenizing the water column over a time tmix.
System, spacecraft, and instrument concepts for the ESA Earth Explorer EarthCARE Mission

The EarthCARE (Earth Clouds, Aerosols and Radiation Explorer) mission has been recently selected as the 6th ESA's Earth Explorer Mission. The mission objective is to determine, in a radiatively consistent manner, the global distribution of vertical profiles of cloud and aerosol field characteristics. A major innovation of the EarthCARE mission is to include both active and passive instruments on a single platform, which allows for a complete 3-D spatial and temporal picture of the radiative flux field at the top of the atmosphere and the Earth's surface to be developed. While the active instruments provide vertical cloud profiles, the passive instruments (mainly the multi-spectral imager) provide supplementary horizontal data to allow for the extrapolation of the 3-D cloud and aerosol characteristics. The EarthCARE payload is composed of four instruments: an Atmospheric backscatter Lidar, a Cloud Profiling Radar, a Multi-Spectral Imager and a Broad Band Radiometer. The mission baseline is a sun-synchronous orbit with an altitude around 450 km. The EarthCARE mission is a cooperative mission with Japan (JAXA and NICT), which will provide the Cloud Profiling Radar. ESA will provide the ground segment and the rest of the space segment including the lidar, the imager and the broadband radiometer. The launch is planned for 2012.
The Signature of ENSO in Global Temperature and Precipitation Fields Derived from the Microwave Sounding Unit

Abstract Global temperature anomalies associated with ENSO are investigated, making use of a 13-year record of gridded temperature and precipitation data from the microwave sounding unit (MSU). The warm phase of the ENSO cycle during this period was characterized by an overall warming of the tropical troposphere, superimposed upon a distinctive equatorially symmetric dumbbell-shaped pattern straddling the equator near 140°W, accompanied by negative anomalies along the equator over the western Pacific. By means of singular value decomposition (SVD) analysis it is shown that this pattern fluctuated in phase with the displacements of convective activity over the equatorial Pacific, as reflected in the anomalies in outgoing longwave radiation (OLR) and MSU precipitation fields. Fluctuations in mean tropical tropospheric temperature lagged the OLR anomalies and the related temperature pattern by about 3 months. The same dumbbell-shaped pattern was evident, with reversed polarity, in the lower stratosphere, tog.
24.4: Invited Paper: The Improvement of Ambient Contrast in Plasma Display Panel using Subtractive Mixture of Colors

We researched to minimize the loss of luminance on display area and reflection luminance to improve ambient contrast in bright circumstance. According to the result of our research, we propose that you'd better use compliment colors on transparent dielectric layer and barrier rib of rear glass (rear panel) applying to color's being dark when mixed instead of using a black stripe pattern so as to lowering reflection luminance. We've applied this technique to 42inch VGA panel that shows reflection luminance was diminished to 63% and ambient contrast at 150‐lux light was improved from 93:1 to 151:1 recording the improvements of 61% in comparison with conventional panel with black stripe; which is the best result for ambient contrast under the bright circumstance in the PDP panels are being researched.
Rock face surveys using a LiDAR MMS

The analysis and prevention of natural hazards is one of the aims of the scientific community and those who are involved in managing the environment and territory. Terrestrial LiDAR and photogrammetric techniques are effective methods of acquiring environmental data and of integrating them in digital products. These techniques have shown remarkable effectiveness when the area of interest is limited. In this paper, the authors have attempted to resolve this problem by presenting an experimental vehicle that allows the extensive use of these techniques to survey rock faces. These procedures were then applied during a measurement campaign, which was conducted along a major international roadway (the Simplon Pass) near the Divedro Valley.