Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
A versatile composite surface model for electromagnetic backscattering from seas

A versatile composite surface model (VCSM) is presented for estimation of the electromagnetic backscattering coefficient of the sea. Taking into account the statistical characteristics of the sea surface and the validity conditions of component models for the small-scale and large-scale surfaces in the composite surface model (CSM), a method for the two-scale decomposition of sea surfaces is introduced. On this basis, the cutoff wavenumber with wind speed dependence and incident wave frequency dependence is applied to separate the sea spectrum into large- and small-scale components at different sea states with increased accuracy. Then, numerical results of the backscattering coefficient are evaluated and discussed in the case of different wind speeds, polarizations as well as incident frequencies. Finally, the VCSM is verified through the comparisons with the available experimental data, and the comparisons of the VCSM results and the classical CSM results also show that the VCSM behaves better.
Nonlinear effects in the farfield of a directive sound source

Nonlinear propagation of a periodic sound beam in a dissipative fluid is considered using Fourier series expansion and numerical methods to solve the governing equation of motion in the parabolic approximation. The nearfield was considered in a previous paper [Aanonsen et al., J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 75, 749–768 (1984)]. The analysis is now extended to the farfield. Numerical and asymptotic results are derived and used to explain the development of the fundamental and harmonic components from the nearfield into the farfield. A discussion is also given of some earlier models for the farfield of directional waves. Emphasis is put on the importance of imposing the proper matching conditions between the nearfield solution and the spherical solution in the farfield in order to obtain a good approximation. Propagation and saturation curves are calculated, as well as beam patterns for various harmonic components. The results are compared with available experimental observations. Nonlinear effects, although generated.
Convergence and error bound of a D-gap function based Newton-type algorithm for equilibrium problems

The D-gap function approach has been adopted for solving variational inequality problems. In this paper, we extend the approach for solving equilibrium problems. From the theoretical point, we study the convergence and global error bound of a D-gap function based Newton method. A general equilibrium problem is first formulated as an equivalent unconstrained minimization problem using a new D-gap function. Then the conditions of "strict monotonicity" and "strong monotonicity" for equilibrium problems are introduced. Under the strict monotonicity condition, it is shown that a stationary point of the unconstrained minimization problem provides a solution to the original equilibrium problem. Without the assumption of Lipschitz continuity, we further prove that strong monotonicity condition guarantees the boundedness of the level sets of the new D-gap function and derive error bounds on the level sets. Combining the strict monotonicity and strong monotonicity conditions, we show the existence and uniqueness of a solution to the equilibrium problem, and establish the global convergence property of the proposed algorithm with a global error bound.
The kullback - leibler approximation of the marginal posterior density: An application to the linear functional model

The main purpose of this paper is to introduce the Kullback - Leibler approximation to investigate the estimation of the unobserved x values in a simple linear regression model when the variables are measured vith error. The mean and the variance of the Kullback- Leibler approximatin are shown to coincide with the estimators considered by Fuller, (1987, p.38). The Kulback-Leibler approximation in the modal approximation (Kass et al., 1990) of the exact marginal posterior of the real value x.
Bayesian method for recovering surface and illuminant properties from photosensor responses

The goal of computational color constancy is to recover the physical properties of illuminants and surfaces from photosensor responses. We formulate computational color constancy as a statistical estimation problem. We assume that the likelihood that any particular illuminant or surface will occur in a scene is governed by a prior probability distribution. In particular, we assume that illuminant spectral power distributions are drawn according to multivariate normal distribution over the weights of a finite dimensional linear model, and similarly for surface reflectance functions. Given a set of photosensor responses, Bayes rule may be applied to derive the posterior distribution for illuminants and surfaces. We discuss how to use the posterior to estimate the illuminant. We use simulation to compare the performance of a Bayesian algorithm to that of two previously reported color constancy algorithms. For our simulation conditions, the Bayesian algorithm results in the smallest expected estimation error.
Leakage current through the poly-crystalline HfO2: Trap densities at grains and grain boundaries

We investigate the role of grains and grain boundaries (GBs) in the electron transport through poly-crystalline HfO2 by means of conductive atomic force microscopy (CAFM) measurements and trap-assisted tunneling simulations. CAFM experiments demonstrate that the leakage current through a thin dielectric film preferentially flows via the GBs. The current I-V characteristics measured on both types of sites, grains, and GBs are successfully simulated by utilizing the multiphonon trap-assisted tunneling model, which accounts for the inelastic charge transport via the electron traps. The extracted density of electrically active traps, whose energy parameters match those of the positively charged oxygen vacancies in hafnia, is ∼3 × 1019 cm−3 at the grains, whereas a much higher value of (0.9÷2.1) × 1021 cm−3 is required to reproduce the leakage current through the GBs.
Simplified optical quantum-information processing via weak cross-Kerr nonlinearities

We propose a simplified parity meter for photonic qubits with cross-Kerr nonlinearities, homodyne measurement, and some optical elements. Our scheme has lower error probability than the protocol proposed in Nemoto and Munro [Phys. Rev. Lett. 93, 250502 (2004)]. Based on the present parity meter, we achieve cluster-state preparation, a complete Bell-state analyzer, and quantum teleportation. All of these schemes are nearly deterministic in the regime with little noise and include less optical elements, which makes our schemes more meaningful for large-scale quantum computing.
Numerical Study on the Rotational Collapse of Strongly Magnetized Cores of Massive Stars

Hydrodynamics of the rotational collapse of strongly magnetized massive stellar cores has been studied numerically. Employing simplified microphysics and a two-dimensional nonrelativistic MHD code, we have performed a parametric research with respect to the strength of magnetic field and rotation, paying particular attention to the systematics of dynamics. We assume initially that the rotation is almost uniform and the magnetic field is constant in space and parallel to the rotation axis. The initial angular velocity and magnetic field strength span 1.7-6.8 rad s-1 and × 1012 G, respectively. We have found that the combination of rotation and magnetic field can lead to a jetlike prompt explosion in the direction of the rotational axis, which would not be produced by either of them alone. The range of the maximum angular velocity and field strength is 2.3 × 10-3 to 5.8 × 10-4 rad s-1 and 2.3 × 1015 to 5.6 × 1016 G, respectively, at the end of computations. Although the results appear to be consistent with those by LeBlanc & Wilson and Symbalisty, the magnetic fields behind the shock wave, not in the inner core, are the main driving factor of the jet in our models. The fields are amplified by the strong differential rotations in the region between the shock wave and the boundary of the inner and outer cores, enhanced further by the lateral matter motions induced either by an oblique shock wave (for a strong shock case) or possibly by the MRI (magnetorotational instability)-like instability (for a weak shock case). We have also calculated the gravitational wave forms in the quadrupole approximation. Although the wave form from a nonrotating magnetic core is qualitatively different from those from rotating cores, the amplitude is about an order of magnitude smaller. Otherwise, we have found no substantial difference in the first burst of gravitational waves among the magnetized and nonmagnetized models, since the bounce is mainly driven by the combination of the matter pressure and the centrifugal force.
Linear and nonlinear obliquely propagating ion-acoustic waves in magnetized negative ion plasma with non-thermal electrons

Abstract Ion-acoustic solitons in magnetized low-β plasma consisting of warm adiabatic positive and negative ions and non-thermal electrons have been studied. The reductive perturbation method is used to derive the Korteweg–de Vries (KdV) equation for the system, which admits an obliquely propagating soliton solution. It is found that due to the presence of finite ion temperature there exist two modes of propagation, namely fast and slow ion-acoustic modes. In the case of slow-mode if the ratio of temperature to mass of positive ion species is lower (higher) than the negative ion species, then there exist compressive (rarefactive) ion-acoustic solitons. It is also found that in the case of slow mode, on increasing the non-thermal parameter (γ) the amplitude of the compressive (rarefactive) soliton decreases (increases). In fast ion-acoustic mode the nature and characteristics of solitons depend on negative ion concentration. Numerical investigation in case of fast mode reveals that on increasing γ, the amplitude of compressive (rarefactive) soliton increases (decreases). The width of solitons increases with an increase in non-thermal parameters in both the modes for compressive as well as rarefactive solitons. There exists a value of critical negative ion concentration (αc), at which both compressive and rarefactive ion-acoustic solitons appear as described by modified KdV soliton. The value of αc decreases with increase in γ.
DESIGN OPTIMIZATION AND ANALYSIS OF AFPM SYNCHRONOUS MACHINE INCORPORATINGPOWER DENSITY, THERMAL ANALYSIS,AND BACK-EMF THD

This paper presents the design and analysis of an inside-out axial-∞ux permanent-magnet (AFPM) synchronous machine optimized by genetic algorithm (GA) based sizing equation, flnite element analysis (FEA) and flnite volume analysis (FVA). The preliminary design is a 2-pole-pair slotted TORUS AFPM machine. The designed motor comprises sinusoidal back-EMF waveforms, maximum power density and the best heat removal. The GA is used to optimize the dimensions of the machine in order to achieve the highest power density. Electromagnetic fleld analysis of the candidate machines from GA with various dimensions is then put through FEA in order to obtain various motor characteristics. Based on the results from GA and FEA, new candidates are introduced and then put through FVA for thermal behavior evaluation of the designed motors. Techniques like modifying the winding conflguration and skewing the permanent magnets are also investigated to attain the most sinusoidal back-EMF waveform and reduced cogging torque. The performance of the designed 1kW, 3-phase, 50Hz, 4-pole AFPM synchronous machine is tested in simulation using FEA software. It is found that the simulation results fully agree with the designed technical speciflcations. It is also found from FVA results that the motor temperature reaches
BIOLOGICAL AGING — CRITERIA FOR MODELING AND A NEW MECHANISTIC MODEL

To stimulate interaction and collaboration across scientific fields, we introduce a minimum set of biological criteria that theoretical models of aging should satisfy. We review results of several recent experiments that examined changes in age-specific mortality rates caused by genetic and environmental manipulation. The empirical data from these experiments is then used to test mathematical models of aging from several different disciplines, including molecular biology, reliability theory, physics, and evolutionary biology/population genetics. We find that none of the current models are consistent with all of the published experimental findings. To provide an example of how our criteria might be applied in practice, we develop a new conceptual model of aging that is consistent with our observations.
A 100 keV heavy ion accelerator for the study of irradiation damage

An accelerator is described which was designed to study irradiation damage in solids. The machine produces beams of protons and ions of the rare gases, He, Ne, A, Kr and Xe, carrying currents up to 100 μA with energies variable from 10 to 100 keV focused down to spot diameters of the order of a millimetre on the target. Ions from an r.f. source are focused by an Einzel lens and accelerated to final energy in a single gap; the convergent beam is then magnetically analysed by a 30° sector magnet and finally directed onto the target by a pair of strong focusing electrostatic quadrupole lenses. An all-metal vacuum system was constructed giving ultimate pressures between 10-7 and 10-8 mm Hg in the target-chamber.
A TRANSLATE OF BOSE –CHOWLA B 2 -SETS

be a pow r of a prim . Wh n c is a primitiv element in GF (q 2)then {-. by a th orem of R.C. Bose and S.Chowla,i.e.th sumsO.Moreno has prov d the xistenc of primitiv quadratics 2 -+g ov r GF (q). I prov that the numb r of b . B (q,.)with b relativ ly prime to q 2 -1istwic th numbr of Mor no quadratics over GF (q)(Corollary 2). If . is a root of a Moreno quadratic,then
Formation of highly aligned ZnO tubes on sapphire (0001) substrates

ZnO tubes were epitaxially grown on sapphire (0001) substrates by metalorganic chemical vapor deposition. The tubes grew along the substrate normal and were characterized by hexagon-shaped cross sections. All of the tubes possessed the same epitaxial relationships with respect to the substrate. Both reactor pressure and growth temperature were found to play an important role in the formation of ZnO tubes. Spiral column growth mode was found to be responsible for the formation of ZnO tubes.
AN INADMISSIBILITY RESULT FOR AFFINE EQUIVARIANT ESTIMATORS

Consider an estimation problem invariant under a locally compact group G. Let the group G induced by G on the action space be a subgroup of the afüne group of transformations and the loss function be a strictly increasing function of the distance between the estimate and the estimand. We obtain sufRcient conditions for inadmissibility of (7-equivariant estimators. Applications to specific Problems are also given. In particular, estimation problems with truncated parameter spaces are considered.
Techniques in Applied Electron Microscopy

The intensity characteristics of electron microscope images are briefly discussed with examples of Fresnel diffraction fringes and edge luminosity to illustrate the intensity contours at sharp edges. The preparation and properties of silica replicas of surfaces are reviewed and some examples of the application to metallography and grinding and polishing are exhibited. The use of stereoscopy in determining elevations is demonstrated and profiles of diffraction gratings are shown as examples.
Optical, IUE, and ROSAT observations of the eclipsing nova-like variable V347 Puppis (LB 1800)

Using time-resolved optical spectroscopy and UBVRI and high-speed photometry obtained at Mount Stromlo Observatory, Mount John University Observatory, and the South African Astronomical Observatory; International Ultraviolet Explorer (IUE) ultraviolet spectroscopy; and Roentgen Satellite (ROSAT) survey X-ray fluxes, we present a study of the accretion disk, hot spot, and emission line regions in the bright eclipsing nova-like variable V347 Pup (LB 1800). In the optical and UV, V347 Pup is a strong emission line source with a continuum spectrum which is remarkably red for a high-M cataclysmic variable. Consistent with its high inclination, we interpret the continuum spectrum as the superposition of the spectrum of the cool (T(sub eff) approximately 7000 K) outer edge and the hot (T(sub eff) approximately 100,000 K) inner regions of a self-eclipsed accretion disk. For the assumed parameters, the model matches the level and shape of the observed spectrum for an inclination of approximately 88 and a distance of approximately 300 pc. The prominent hump in the optical and UV light curves just before eclipse manifests the presence of the hot spot where the accretion stream strikes the edge of the disk. The wavelength dependence of the amplitude of the hump is best modeled by a spot having an effective temperature of approximately 25,000 K and an area of approximately 3 x 10(exp 18) sq cm if the spot radiates like a blackbody, or an effective temperatue of approximately 14,000 K and an area of approximately 3 x 10(exp 19) sq cm if it radiates with a stellar spectrum. In either case, the hot spot produces only one-tenth of the predicted luminosity for the assumed mass-transfer rate of 10(exp -8) solar mass/yr. Either the hot spot is 'buried' in the edge of the accretion disk, or a significant fraction of its luminosity is radiated away in lines. The difference in azimuth between the peak of the hump and the dynamically expected location of the hot spot suggests that the spot's emitting surface is rotated forward by approximately 36 deg relative to the edge of the disk.
Development of a 3D CT scanner using cone beam

In order to acquire 3D data of high contrast objects such as bone, lung and vessels enhanced by contrast media for use in 3D image processing, we have developed a 3D CT-scanner using cone beam x ray. The 3D CT-scanner consists of a gantry and a patient couch. The gantry consists of an x-ray tube designed for cone beam CT and a large area two-dimensional detector mounted on a single frame and rotated around an object in 12 seconds. The large area detector consists of a fluorescent plate and a charge coupled device video camera. The size of detection area was 600 mm X 450 mm capable of covering the total chest. While an x-ray tube was rotated around an object, pulsed x ray was exposed 30 times a second and 360 projected images were collected in a 12 second scan. A 256 X 256 X 256 matrix image (1.25 mm X 1.25 mm X 1.25 mm voxel) was reconstructed by a high-speed reconstruction engine. Reconstruction time was approximately 6 minutes. Cylindrical water phantoms, anesthetized rabbits with or without contrast media, and a Japanese macaque were scanned with the 3D CT-scanner. The results seem promising because they show high spatial resolution in three directions, though there existed several point to be improved. Possible improvements are discussed.
A quantal statistical isobologram model to identify joint action for chemical mixtures

The isobologram model is a commonly used and powerful graphical and statistical tool for analyzing the joint action for simple chemical mixtures. Substantial research has been done for the quantitative response and the amount of research in the qualitative framework is minuscule. In this paper, isobologram model is proposed to analyze the joint action of chemical mixtures for quantal dose‐response relationship based on the generalized linear model technique to estimate the associated parameters by the maximum likelihood estimation and then to be used to construct the isobologram so that the joint action from the chemicals can be identified both by the isobologram and the statistical inference for interaction parameter. A real dataset is used to illustrate the application of the developed approach. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Self-tuning control by model unfalsification (Part II)

The transient problem in self-tuning control is further analysed in a non-stochastic framework based on model unfalsification and solutions are proposed. It is not assumed that the noise bounds or norm bounds on the unmodelled dynamics were known a priori. Depending on the transient requirements on output bound, tracking performance and length of tuning period, three cases are analysed. Simulations show the practical potential of the tuning methods presented.
A new integral equation formalism for the polarizable continuum model: Theoretical background and applications to isotropic and anisotropic dielectrics

We present a new integral equation formulation of the polarizable continuum model (PCM) which allows one to treat in a single approach dielectrics of different nature: standard isotropic liquids, intrinsically anisotropic medialike liquid crystals and solid matrices, or ionic solutions. The present work shows that integral equation methods may be used with success also for the latter cases, which are usually studied with three-dimensional methods, by far less competitive in terms of computational effort. We present the theoretical bases which underlie the method and some numerical tests which show both a complete equivalence with standard PCM versions for isotropic solvents, and a good efficiency for calculations with anisotropic dielectrics.
A High-Speed Data-Collection System for Large-Unit-Cell Crystals using an Imaging Plate as a Detector

A high-speed data-collection system for large-unit-cell crystals is presented, using the Fuji Imaging Plate as an X-ray detector and a rotating-anode generator as the X-ray source. It is an automatic data-acquisition system that requires almost no manual intervention. The quality of data collected on the system is discussed. Merging R values ranged from 0.04 to 0.05. Compared with a four-circle diffractometer, data reproducibility was better, isomorphous/anomalous Patterson maps were almost identical in quality and data from a small-molecule crystal, cytidine, were of almost the same quality. Protein structures were refinable using the data measured on the system, the final crystallographic R value of the 2.2 A 3-isopropylmalatedehydrogenase structure being 0.185 and that of the 1.88 A Flammulina veltipes agglutinin structure being 0.199.
The very strong and unusual magnetic field of the Bp silicon star HD 133880

The Ap Si star HD 133880 is found to have a very nonsinusoidal magnetic field curve. It is argued that this star is one of a very small number of Ap stars that have predominantly nondipolar field geometries. One possible family of models that reproduces the observed magnetic curve may be found using a collinear dipole and quadrupole; these models suggest that the quadrupolar field component is at least 1.3 times larger than the dipolar component. 14 refs.