Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
A Review on Wearable Inertial Tracking based Human Gait Analysis and Control Strategies of Lower-Limb Exoskeletons

Human gait analysis has become an active area of research from the past few decades due to its applications in the fields of medicine, sports and identification of people for security reasons. It gained a huge popularity in medical field as it provides key information about person’s quality of life. It gives reliable information about the evolution of different diseases such as stroke, Parkinson’s and cardiopathies. The effects due to ageing in elderly people can be monitored through gait analysis. The technologies used for gait analysis can be classified as wearable or non-wearable sensors. Non-wearable sensors require the use of controlled research facilities where movements are captured by camera based analysis systems and ground contact forces are recorded by floor sensors. Camera based systems can provide three-dimensional position of the body segments. The limitations of these non-wearable sensors entail high setup cost and are restricted to laboratory environment. Also, it is difficult for the subjects to visit the lab more frequently. This provides motivation to develop sensors which are of low cost, portable and not restricted to the indoors. Recent advancements in MEMS technology paved a way to develop these types of sensors.
A Fuzzy Self-Constructing Feature Clustering Algorithm for Text Classification

All clustering methods have to assume some cluster relationship among the data objects that they are applied on. Similarity between a pair of objects can be defined either explicitly or implicitly. In this paper, we introduce a novel multiviewpoint-based similarity measure and two related clustering methods. The major difference between a traditional dissimilarity/similarity measure and ours is that the former uses only a single viewpoint, which is the origin, while the latter utilizes many different viewpoints, which are objects assumed to not be in the same cluster with the two objects being measured. Using multiple viewpoints, more informative assessment of similarity could be achieved. Theoretical analysis and empirical study are conducted to support this claim. Two criterion functions for document clustering are proposed based on this new measure. We compare them with several well-known clustering algorithms that use other popular similarity measures on various document collections to verify the advantages of our proposal. Key word: Dimension reduction, feature clustering, text classification, self-constructing clustering, multi-label document classification.
Impact of High-k Spacer on Device Performance of Nanoscale Underlap Fully Depleted SOI MOSFET

The fully depleted Silicon-On-Insulator MOSFETs (FD-SOI) have shown high immunity to short channel effects compared to conventional bulk MOSFETs. The inclusion of gate underlap in SOI structure further improves the device performance in nanoscale regime by reducing drain induced barrier lowering and leakage current (IOFF). However, the gate underlap also results in reduced ON current (ION) due to increased effective channel length. The use of high-k material as a spacer region helps to achieve the higher ION but at the cost of increased effective gate capacitance (CGG) which degrades the device performance. Thus, the impact of high-k spacer on the performance of underlap SOI MOSFET (underlap-SOI) is studied in this paper. To fulfil this objective, we have analyzed the performance parameters such as CGG, ION, IOFF, ION/IOFF ratio and intrinsic transistor delay (CV/I) with respect to the variation of device parameters. Various dielectric materials are compared to optimize the ION/IOFF ratio and CV/I for nanoscale underlap-SOI device. Results suggest that the HfO2 of 10nm length is optimum value to enhance device performance. Further, the higher underlap length is needed to offset the exponential increase in IOFF especially below 20nm gate length.
Solute stabilization of nanocrystalline tungsten against abnormal grain growth

Microstructure and phase evolution in magnetron sputtered nanocrystalline tungsten and tungsten alloy thin films are explored through in situ TEM annealing experiments at temperatures up to 1000 °C. Grain growth in unalloyed nanocrystalline tungsten transpires through a discontinuous process at temperatures up to 550 °C, which is coupled to an allotropic phase transformation of metastable β-tungsten with the A-15 cubic structure to stable body centered cubic (BCC) α-tungsten. Complete transformation to the BCC α-phase is accompanied by the convergence to a unimodal nanocrystalline structure at 650 °C, signaling a transition to continuous grain growth. Alloy films synthesized with compositions of W–20 at. % Ti and W–15 at. % Cr exhibit only the BCC α-phase in the as-deposited state, which indicate the addition of solute stabilizes the films against the formation of metastable β-tungsten. Thermal stability of the alloy films is significantly improved over their unalloyed counterpart up to 1000 °C, and grain coarsening occurs solely through a continuous growth process. The contrasting thermal stability between W–Ti and W–Cr is attributed to different grain boundary segregation states, thus demonstrating the critical role of grain boundary chemistry in the design of solute-stabilized nanocrystalline alloys.
Numerical Treatment of Defective Boundary Conditions for the Navier-Stokes Equations

We present a formulation for accommodating defective boundary conditions for the incompressible Navier--Stokes equations where only averaged values are prescribed on measurable portions of the boundary. In particular we consider the case where the flow rate is imposed on several domain sections. This methodology has an interesting application in the numerical simulation of flow in blood vessels, when only a reduced set of boundary data are generally available for the upstream and downstream sections.
MiGuard : Detecting and Guarding against Malicious Iframe through API Hooking

Recently, client-side attacks through the Microsoft Internet Explorer have increased. In this paper, we present a method to detect and block malware programs resulting from successful malicious iframe attacks. This method can detect malware program execution through distinguishing API sequences of normal execution and abnormal API sequences resulting from an exploit using Win32 API hooks. We implemented MiGuard (Guard against malicious iframes) and performed experiments. The evaluation results indicate that our approach can effectively detect and block malicious iframes. We also believe that our research can help prevent threats of malicious iframes.
Rate optimal VLSI design from data flow graph

This paper considers the rate optimal VLSI design of a recursive data flow graph (DFG). Previous research on rate optimal scheduling is not directly applicable to VLSI design. We propose a technique that inserts buffer registers to allow overlapped rate optimal implementation of VLSI. We illustrate that nonoverlapped schedules can be implemented by a simpler control path but with a larger unfolding factor, if it exists, than overlapped schedules.
The Shape of Temptation: Implications for the Economic Lives of the Poor

This paper argues that the relation between temptations and the level of consumption plays a key role in explaining the observed behaviors of the poor. Temptation goods are defined to be the set of goods that generate positive utility for the self that consumes them, but not for any previous self that anticipates that they will be consumed in the future. We show that the assumption of declining temptations, which says that the fraction of the marginal dollar that is spent on temptation goods decreases with overall consumption, has a number of striking implications for the investment, savings, borrowing and risk-taking behavior of the poor, which would not arise if temptations were either non-declining or entirely absent. Moreover the predicted behaviors under the declining temptation assumption can help us explain some of the puzzling facts about the poor that have been emphasized in the recent literature.
The Treatment Gap in Epilepsy: The Current Situation and Ways Forward

Summary: This article is a summary of a workshop held by the ILAE concerning the issue of the epilepsy treatment gap in developing countries. The gap is defined in terms of those people with epilepsy who are not being appropriately treated and is the result of an array of medical, political, social, economic, and cultural factors. The situation regarding the treatment gap for various countries is reviewed, along with some of its causes. Although the overall gap is estimated to be large, a number of recent projects and interventions have been effective in delivering appropriate treatment to people with epilepsy in underresourced countries of the developing world. It is hoped that these may be transferable elsewhere and that, combined with the ILAE/IBE/WHO Global Campaign against Epilepsy and increased support from the worldwide epilepsy community, the treatment gap will begin to be bridged.
Performance of multiantenna signaling techniques in the presence of polarization diversity

Multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) antenna systems employ spatial multiplexing to increase spectral efficiency or transmit diversity to improve link reliability. The performance of these signaling strategies is highly dependent on MIMO channel characteristics, which, in turn, depend on antenna height and spacing and richness of scattering. In practice, large antenna spacings are often required to achieve significant multiplexing or diversity gain. The use of dual-polarized antennas (polarization diversity) is a promising cost- and space-effective alternative, where two spatially separated uni-polarized antennas are replaced by a single antenna structure employing orthogonal polarizations. This paper investigates the performance of spatial multiplexing and transmit diversity (Alamouti (see IEEE J. Select. Areas Commun., vol.16, p.1451-58, Oct. 1998) scheme) in MIMO wireless systems employing dual-polarized antennas. In particular, we derive estimates for the uncoded average symbol error rate of spatial multiplexing and transmit diversity and identify channel conditions where the use of polarization diversity yields performance improvements. We show that while improvements in terms of symbol error rate of up to an order of magnitude are possible in the case of spatial multiplexing, the presence of polarization diversity generally incurs a performance loss for transmit diversity techniques. Finally, we provide simulation results to demonstrate that our estimates closely match the actual symbol error rates.
Impact of CD8+ T-cell activation on CD4+ T-cell recovery and mortality in HIV-infected Ugandans initiating antiretroviral therapy

Objectives:To assess whether T-cell activation independently predicts the extent of CD4+ T-cell recovery and mortality in HIV-infected Ugandans initiating antiretroviral therapy (ART). Design:Prospective cohort study. Methods:HIV-infected adults starting ART and achieving a plasma HIV RNA level (VL) less than 400 copies/ml by month 6 were sampled from the Uganda AIDS Rural Treatment Outcomes (UARTO) cohort in Mbarara, Uganda. CD4 count, VL, and the percentage-activated (CD38+HLA-DR+) T cells were measured every 3 months. Results:Of 451 HIV-infected Ugandans starting ART, most were women (70%) with median pre-ART values: age, 34 years; CD4 count, 135 cells/&mgr;l; and VL, 5.1 log10 copies/ml. Of these, 93% achieved a VL less than 400 copies/ml by month 6 and were followed for a median of 24 months, with 8% lost to follow-up at 3 years. Higher pre-ART CD8+ T-cell activation was associated with diminished CD4 recovery after year 1, after adjustment for pre-ART CD4 count, VL, and sex (P = 0.017). Thirty-four participants died, 15 after month 6. Each 10% point increase in activated CD8+ T cells at month 6 of suppressive ART was associated with a 1.6-fold increased hazard of subsequent death after adjusting for pretherapy CD4 count (P = 0.048). Conclusions:Higher pre-ART CD8+ T-cell activation independently predicts slower CD4+ T-cell recovery and higher persistent CD8+ T-cell activation during ART-mediated viral suppression independently predicts increased mortality among HIV-infected Ugandans. Novel therapeutic strategies aimed at preventing or reversing immune activation during ART are needed in this setting.
A Common Strategy for Host RNA Degradation by Divergent Viruses

ABSTRACT Infection with gammaherpesviruses, alphaherpesviruses, and betacoronaviruses can result in widespread mRNA degradation, in each case initiated predominantly by a single viral factor. Although not homologous, these factors exhibit significant mechanistic similarities. In cells, each targets translatable RNAs for cleavage and requires host Xrn1 to complete RNA degradation, although the mechanism of targeting and the position of the primary cleavage differ. Thus, multiple host shutoff factors have converged upon a common mRNA degradation pathway.
Investigation of residual stresses and deformation mechanisms of magnesium-based composites by means of neutron diffraction and acoustic emission methods

The objective of this thesis is to study the mechanical properties of magnesium-based composite (AX41) reinforced by short Saffil fibers. Two type of samples have been investigated: fiber plane parallel respective perpendicular to the loading axis. In both case compression tests were performed in temperature range from 23°C to 200°C. Deformation test were completed by acoustic emission and neutron diffraction measurement. Both methods provide information about the ongoing deformation mechanisms. Microstructure of deformed sample was investigated by SEM and EBSD methods in order to confirm the ND and AE results. The internal strain field in the material was predicted with numerical FEM and compared with the observed experimental values.
Lightness Perception and Lightness Illusions

The amount of light coming to the eye from an object depends on the amount of light striking the surface, and on the proportion of light that is reflected. If a visual system only made a single measurement of luminance, acting as a pho-tometer, then there would be no way to distinguish a white surface in dim light from a black surface in bright light. Yet humans can usually do so, and this skill is known as lightness constancy. The constancies are central to perception. An organism needs to know about meaningful world-properties, such as color, size, shape, etc. These properties are not explicitly available in the retinal image, and must be extracted by visual processing. The gray shade of a surface is one such property. To extract it, luminance information must be combined across space. Figure 24.1 shows the well-known simultaneous contrast effect, which demonstrates a spatial interaction in lightness perception. The two smaller squares are the same shade of gray. However, the square in the dark surround appears lighter than the square in the light surround. Illusions like these are sometimes viewed as quirky failures of perception, but they help reveal the inner workings of a system that functions remarkably well. Here we will consider how lightness illusions can inform us about lightness perception. The visual system processes information at many levels of sophistication. At the retina, there is low-level vision, including light adaptation and the center-surround receptive fields of ganglion cells. At the other extreme is high-level vision, which includes cognitive processes that incorporate knowledge about objects, materials, and scenes. In between there is mid-level vision. Mid-level vision is simply an ill-defined region between low and high. The representations and the processing in the middle stages are commonly thought to involve surfaces, contours, grouping, and so on. Lightness perception seems to involve all three levels of processing. The low-level approach to lightness is associated with Ewald Hering. He considered adaptation and local interactions , at a physiological level, as the crucial mechanisms. This approach has long enjoyed popularity because it offers an attractive connection between physiology and psy-chophysics. Figure 24.2(a) shows the receptive field of an idealized center-surround cell. The cell exhibits lateral inhibition: light in the center is excitatory while light in the surround is inhibitory. A cross-section of the receptive field is shown in figure 24.2(b). This cell performs a local comparison between a given …
Broiler responses to supplementation of phytase and admixture of carbohydrases and protease in maize–soyabean meal diets with or without maize Distillers’ Dried Grain with Solubles

1. This experiment investigated growth performance and nutrient utilisation responses of broilers to partial replacement of maize and soyabean meal in broiler diets with 100 g kg−1 maize Distillers’ Dried Grain with Solubles (mDDGS) as well as responses to supplementation of an admixture of carbohydrases and protease (XAP) or phytase individually or in combination in the diets. 2. A total of 288 one-day-old broilers were allocated to 8 treatments in a randomised complete block design and a 2 × 2 × 2 factorial arrangement of treatments. The three factors were two levels each of mDDGS (0 or 100 g kg−1), phytase (0 or 1000 FTU kg−1), and XAP (0 or 500 mg kg−1). 3. Each treatment had 6 replicate cages with 6 birds per replicate cage. The control diets were formulated to meet all nutrient requirements of broilers according to National Research Council recommendations of 1994, but were marginally deficient in non-phytate P and ME. 4. Weight gain and gain:food were higher in broilers receiving diets containing mDDGS. The coefficient of apparent ileal N digestibility was lower in diets with mDDGS. Phytase increased the coefficient of apparent ileal DM digestibility in all diets. 5. Phytase improved the coefficient of the apparent total tract DM retention independently of mDDGS and tended to improve the coefficient of apparent P retention in the diets without mDDGS. The enzymes were additive in their effects in the diets with mDDGS. Overall, the results showed that adding 100 g kg−1 mDDGS to a maize–soyabean meal diet had no negative effect on growth when energy and nutrient concentrations were similar to the maize–soyabean meal diet, and that phytase or an admixture of carbohydrases and protease individually or in combination modestly improved nutrient utilisation independently of mDDGS addition. Combination of the enzymes did not produce greater benefit than the use of phytase alone.
Cenh3: An Emerging Player in Haploid Induction Technology

True-breeding lines are required for the development and production of crop varieties. In a classical breeding approach these lines are obtained through inbreeding, and often 7–9 generations of inbreeding is performed to achieve the desired level of homozygosity, over a period of several years. In contrast, the chromosomes of haploids can be doubled to produce true-breeding lines in a single generation. Over the last century, scientists have developed a variety of techniques to induce haploids and doubled haploids, though these techniques apply only to particular crop varieties. Ravi and Chan (2010) discovered that haploids could be obtained in Arabidopsis through the manipulation of the centromere-specific histone 3 variant, CENH3. Their approach, which involved extensive modifications to a transgenic CENH3, held promise of being translated to crop species, and has been successfully employed in maize (see Kelliher et al., 2016). Refinements of this technology have since been developed which indicate that non-transgenic modifications to CENH3 will also induce haploids. The complementation of a cenh3 null by CENH3 from closely related plant species can result in plants that are fertile but haploid-inducing on crossing by CENH3 wt plants- suggesting that introgression of alien CENH3 may produce non-transgenic haploid inducers. Similarly, a remarkably wide variety of point mutations in CENH3, inducible by chemical agents, have recently been shown to result in haploid induction on crossing by wild-type CENH3 plants. These CENH3-variant plants grow normally, are fully fertile on self-pollination, and may be present in existing mutagenized collections.
The evolution of antiepileptic drug development and regulation

The early years of antiepileptic drug development were characterised by observation and serendipity, rather than a rational, targeted approach to drug development. Control of seizures was seen as the primary aim of therapy, with much less focus on safety and tolerability. However, experience with thalidomide in the 1960s brought safety to the fore, resulting in an era of much tighter regulatory control that still persists today. A direct consequence of this was an increased emphasis on the importance of evidence from randomised controlled trials. Despite the continuing reliance on randomised controlled trials for regulatory approval and the formulation of evidence-based guidelines, the modern era has seen an increasing acknowledgment of their limitations and the need for complementary sources of ‘real-world’ evidence. Such sources include registries and studies that are designed to provide a much broader assessment of a drug’s overall effectiveness; for example, by incorporating patient-reported outcomes to assess the effects of treatment on quality of life or functional status. Such changes reflect a more patient-centric approach to treatment, since it is now recognised that epilepsy can only be effectively managed if patients’ individual real-life needs are addressed, since a key to successful treatment is long-term compliance. Alongside these changes in approach, the modern era has witnessed important advances in antiepileptic drugs themselves, either through development of novel molecules, or targeted, structural improvements of older agents.
Using file system content to organize

This paper is about using existing directory structures on the file system as models for e-mail classification. This is motivated by the aim to reduce the effort for users to organize their information flow. Classifiers were trained on categorized documents and tested on their performance on an unstructured set of e-mail correspondence related to the documents. Even though the documents and e-mails in our corpus belonged to the same categories, the classifiers showed very low accuracy on e-mail classification. More importantly, a learning curve experiment showed that initiating a model with documents can have a negative impact on the overall accuracy that could be achieved on e-mail classification. Features important for e-mail classification are inherently different than those important for document classification.
A two-phase vehicle based decomposition algorithm for large-scale capacitated vehicle routing with time windows

With significant advances in computing power during recent years, increasingly complex variants of the vehicle routing problem (VRP) with added constraints are coming into focus. VRP is a combination of the classical traveling salesman and bin packing problems, with many real world applications in various fields - from physical resource manipulation planning to virtual resource management in the ever more popular cloud computing domain. In this paper, we consider large-scale VRP problem instances with time window constraints. Due to their complexity, we propose a solution approach based on the divide and conquer paradigm, decomposing problem instances into smaller, mutually independent sub-problems which can be solved using traditional algorithms and integrated into a global solution of reasonably good quality. Numerical results indicate the efficiency and scalability of the proposed approach, making it highly applicable to large-scale realistic VRP problem instances.