Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
The relationships between barriers to leisure enjoyment and family stages

Abstract This cross‐sectional study examines the relationship between barriers to leisure enjoyment and family stages. A list of 18 barriers, which included time, money, knowledge, and attitudinal and motivational constraints was analyzed for two samples of citizens and for one sample of recreation professionals over five family stages, sex of respondent, and four attitudinal measures (internal‐external control, political alienation, community relatedness, optimism). Results indicated varying relationships, depending on the barrier. Findings are discussed in terms of leisure resourcefulness and awareness of respondents (citizens compared to recreation professionals), the need to identify individuals at risk or benefit for particular family stages, and the implication of the findings for identifying target groups and appropriate approaches for leisure service providers.
Corticostriatal Projection Neurons – Dichotomous Types and Dichotomous Functions

The mammalian striatum receives its main excitatory input from the two types of cortical pyramidal neurons of layer 5 of the cerebral cortex – those with only intratelencephalic connections (IT-type) and those sending their main axon to the brainstem via the pyramidal tract (PT-type). These two neurons types are present in layer 5 of all cortical regions, and thus they appear to project together to all parts of striatum. These two neuron types, however, differ genetically, morphologically, and functionally, with IT-type neurons conveying sensory and motor planning information to striatum and PT-type neurons conveying an efference copy of motor commands (for motor cortex at least). Anatomical and physiological data for rats, and more recent data for primates, indicate that these two cortical neuron types also differ in their targeting of the two main types of striatal projection neurons, with the IT-type input preferentially innervating direct pathway neurons and the PT-type input preferentially innervating indirect pathway striatal neurons. These findings have implications for understanding how the direct and indirect pathways carry out their respective roles in movement facilitation and movement suppression, and they have implications for understanding the role of corticostriatal synaptic plasticity in adaptive motor control by the basal ganglia.
Pluralistic licensing

We introduce the concept of “pluralistic licensing”, which we describe as the award of licenses under the assumption that opportunistic secondary spectrum access will be allowed, and that interference may be caused to the primary with parameters and rules that are known to the primary at the point of obtaining the license. A key aspect of the concept is that the primary will choose from a range of offered “pluralistic licenses” each with associated fees, and each specifying alternative opportunistic access rules and associated interference characteristics. Our proposal is a novel means to take forward spectrum licensing which is fair to both primary and secondary users and takes into account the requirements of both parties. The objective is to incentivize the primary to obtain this type of license through means such as a reduced license fee, whereby the opportunistic secondary spectrum access will use “cognitive radio” mechanisms to avoid causing interference to the primary or to otherwise keep interference within known parameters. We discuss that our proposed concept can propel more robust or better design of both primary and secondary devices. For primary devices it can lead to the ability to cope with an increased degree or risk of interference among other benefits, and for secondary devices might lead to the ability to better share spectrum opportunities. Both of these aspects greatly improve spectrum usage efficiency and fairness. Our concept is also highly flexible dependent on the case-by-case deployment context, even so far as allowing solutions such as spectrum sensing and primary beacon transmissions which would otherwise not be practical or desirable, while defaulting to safe mechanisms such as a geolocation database in cases where a lower interference variance is required. Many other benefits of our concept and its extensions are discussed. We argue that “pluralistic licensing” should become the de facto form of license awarded in newly designated bands, and should also be offered to the primary as a licensing option in existing bands in cases where interference to legacy devices that might exist in the band can be avoided.
The MANDELA model of practice learning: an old present in new wrapping?

This article introduces the MANDELA model as a new and innovative tool for effectively engaging social work students of black African heritage studying on social work qualifying programmes across England and Wales. The article explores in depth this proposed model drawing upon initial feedback from two critical friends- a white male practice educator and a black African female third year social work student. The potential challenges and strengths of this model are examined, as well as guidance on its use and application within the practice learning environment. The MANDELA model draws upon existing strategies and adds a distinct and unique African flavour, whilst not losing its pedagogic relevance for lecturers, practice educators and students
Falling Over Ourselves to Follow the Leader

Recently, there has been growing interest in more fully examining the situational conditions under which the positive effects of charismatic or transformational leadership are actually achieved. The positive impact of transformational leadership on follower performance has received wide support in the literature. However, much less is known about the impact of transformational leadership on team performance. Although a number of authors have attempted to connect transformational leadership with higher levels of team performance, there has been little effort to delineate the relationship between transformational leadership and teamwork processes or skill sets. This article offers a conceptual examination of the potential link between transformational leadership behavior and the generation of dysfunctional team conflict. Although traditionally praised as a powerful and superior form of leadership style, we suggest that transformational leaders have the potential to unwittingly ignite disproportionately high levels of affective team conflict.
Multiphoton discrimination at telecom wavelength with charge integration photon detector

We present a charge integration photon detector (CIPD) that enables the efficient measurement of photon number states at the telecom-fiber wavelengths with a quantum efficiency of 80% and a resolution less than 0.5 electrons at 1Hz sampling. The CIPD consists of an InGaAs pin photodiode and a GaAs JFET in a charge integration amplifier, which is cooled to 4.2K to reduce thermal noise and leakage current. The charge integration amplifier exhibits a low noise level of 470nV∕Hz1∕2. The dark count is as low as 500electrons∕h.
The Americanization of Nigerian English

: Nigeria is a member of the British Commonwealth, having once been a colony of Britain. The English language that developed as a result of the contact with Nigerian indigenous languages over three or more centuries, is the standard British variety mediated by some Nigerian linguistic colour. It can therefore be described as distinctly Nigerian, but British norm-dependent. Years of political, social and economic interaction between Nigeria and the USA have motivated an increasing use of the American variety of English (in addition to British English) in Nigeria. This paper examines some of the linguistic features of the emerging Americanisms in Nigerian English, especially at the phonological and lexical levels, and attempts to account for these features. Findings point in the direction of a growing bidialectism - American and British norms - in Nigerian English. The paper also analyzes Nigerian usage quantitatively in relation to some sociological variables. It concludes that Nigerian speakers of English now face challenges much more complex than bi-competence in the language.
Striatal Preproenkephalin Gene Expression Is Upregulated in Acute but Not Chronic Parkinsonian Monkeys: Implications for the Contribution of the Indirect Striatopallidal Circuit to Parkinsonian Symptomatology

This study examined the extent of striatal dopamine (DA) denervation and coincident expression of preproenkephalin (PPE) mRNA in monkeys made parkinsonian by 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP) administration. Some animals (n = 4) became moderately parkinsonian after receiving large doses of MPTP over short periods of time and were symptomatic for only a short period of time (1–3 months; acute parkinsonian group). Other animals became moderately parkinsonian after receiving either escalating doses of MPTP over long periods (4–6 months; n = 5) or a high dose of MPTP over a short period (<1 month; n = 1) and remained symptomatic for an extended period (>8 months; chronic parkinsonian group). Despite similar symptomatology and similar degrees of striatal DA denervation at the time of their deaths, only acute parkinsonian animals had significantly increased PPE expression in sensorimotor striatal regions. PPE expression in chronic parkinsonian animals was either not changed or significantly decreased in most striatal regions. These findings suggest that the duration and not the extent of striatal DA denervation is a critical factor in modulating changes in striatal PPE expression. Furthermore, these results question the role of increased activity in the enkephalin-containing indirect striatopallidal pathway in the expression of parkinsonian symptoms.
Art and war: Paradox of the Bhagavad Gitā

Abstract The first several chapters of the Bhagavad Gitā set themselves a daunting task: to explain how a life of action can be rendered compatible with a life of renunciation of desire. The situation, in fact, is designed to raise the issue in an excruciatingly intense form. As Krsna and Arjuna pause on the verge of the great battle, Arjuna asks how killing people—including his own teachers and members of his own family—in order to secure power and fame, can be squared with his religious and ethical convictions. This paper is an attempt to explicate Krsna's solution of the paradox, not from the point of view of Hindu tradition (in which it has, of course, driven whole movements of thought), but simply as a philosophical problem in its own right. I will argue that the paradox of the Gitā suggests a reconstrual of the way we conceive the relation of means and ends in our activities, a reconstrual that can be profitably elucidated through the concept of art. And I will argue that this reconstrual has the po.
Perceived everyday racism, residential segregation, and HIV testing among patients at a sexually transmitted disease clinic.

OBJECTIVES More than one quarter of HIV-infected people are undiagnosed and therefore unaware of their HIV-positive status. Blacks are disproportionately infected. Although perceived racism influences their attitudes toward HIV prevention, how racism influences their behaviors is unknown. We sought to determine whether perceiving everyday racism and racial segregation influence Black HIV testing behavior. METHODS This was a clinic-based, multilevel study in a North Carolina city. Eligibility was limited to Blacks (N = 373) seeking sexually transmitted disease diagnosis or screening. We collected survey data, block group characteristics, and lab-confirmed HIV testing behavior. We estimated associations using logistic regression with generalized estimating equations. RESULTS More than 90% of the sample perceived racism, which was associated with higher odds of HIV testing (odds ratio = 1.64; 95% confidence interval = 1.07, 2.52), after control for residential segregation, and other covariates. Neither patient satisfaction nor mechanisms for coping with stress explained the association. CONCLUSIONS Perceiving everyday racism is not inherently detrimental. Perceived racism may improve odds of early detection of HIV infection in this high-risk population. How segregation influences HIV testing behavior warrants further research.
Randomized Comparison of Surveillance Intervals in Familial Colorectal Cancer.

PURPOSE Colonoscopic surveillance is recommended for individuals with familial colorectal cancer (CRC). However, the appropriate screening interval has not yet been determined. The aim of this randomized trial was to compare a 3-year with a 6-year screening interval. PATIENTS AND METHODS Individuals between ages 45 and 65 years with one first-degree relative with CRC age < 50 years or two first-degree relatives with CRC were selected. Patients with zero to two adenomas at baseline were randomly assigned to one of two groups: group A (colonoscopy at 6 years) or group B (colonoscopy at 3 and 6 years). The primary outcome measure was advanced adenomatous polyps (AAPs). Risk factors studied included sex, age, type of family history, and baseline endoscopic findings. RESULTS A total of 528 patients were randomly assigned (group A, n = 262; group B, n = 266). Intention-to-treat analysis showed no significant difference in the proportion of patients with AAPs at the first follow-up examination at 6 years in group A (6.9%) versus 3 years in group B (3.5%). Also, the proportion of patients with AAPs at the final follow-up examination at 6 years in group A (6.9%) versus 6 years in group B (3.4%) was not significantly different. Only AAPs at baseline was a significant predictor for the presence of AAPs at first follow-up. After correction for the difference in AAPs at baseline, differences between the groups in the rate of AAPs at first follow-up and at the final examination were statistically significant. CONCLUSION In view of the relatively low rate of AAPs at 6 years and the absence of CRC in group A, we consider a 6-year surveillance interval appropriate. A surveillance interval of 3 years might be considered in patients with AAPs and patients with ≥ three adenomas.
NHE3 and NHERF are targeted to the basolateral membrane in proximal tubules of colchicine-treated rats.

BACKGROUND Depolymerization of microtubules in proximal tubule (PT) cells of colchicine-treated rats causes disruption of vesicle recycling and redistribution of some brush-border membrane (BBM) transporters into cytoplasmic vesicles. NHE3, an isoform of the Na+/H+ exchanger in the PT cell BBM, is acutely regulated by a variety of mechanisms, including protein trafficking and interaction with the PDZ protein, NHERF. The effects of microtubule disruption by colchicine on NHE3 trafficking in PT and the potential role of NHERF in this process have not been studied. METHODS Immunofluorescence and immunogold cytochemistry were performed on cryosections of kidney tissue, and immunoblotting of BBM isolated from the renal cortex and outer stripe of control and colchicine-treated (3.2 mg/kg, IP, a single dose 12 hours before sacrifice) rats. RESULTS In cells of the convoluted PT (S1/S2 segments) of control rats, NHE3 was located mainly in the BBM; subapical endosomes were weakly stained. In cells of the straight PT (S3 segment), NHE3 was present in the BBM and in lysosomes. In colchicine-treated rats, there was a marked redistribution of NHE3 from the BBM into intracellular vesicles and the basolateral plasma membrane in the S1/S2 segments. In the S3 segment, the abundance of BBM NHE3 was not visibly changed, but NHE3-positive intracellular organelles largely disappeared, and the antigen was detectable in the basolateral plasma membrane. The PDZ protein NHERF followed a similar pattern: in control animals, it was strong in the BBM and negative in the basolateral membrane in cells along the PT. After colchicine treatment, expression of NHERF in the basolateral membrane strongly increased in all PT segments, where it colocalized with NHE3. CONCLUSIONS The data indicate that: (a) microtubules are involved in the apical targeting of NHE3 and NHERF in renal PT cells, and (b) the parallel basolateral insertion of NHE3 and NHERF may represent an indirect targeting pathway that involves transient, microtubule-independent basolateral insertion of these proteins, followed by microtubule-dependent, vesicle-mediated transcytosis to the BBM.
Parsing with Situation Semantics

This paper integrates several related lines of research in an implemented model. Its main aim is to show how principles of situation semantics concerning meanings, constraints and the preferred ontology can be represented and mapped onto expressions of natural language in a straightforward way. For assembling larger chunks of information a unification-based approach is used. The semantics is grafted upon a shift- reduce parser which does the main work in associating expressions with meanings. In order to capture the much debated difference between sentence and utterance meaning the whole machinery provides first an abstract meaning (conceived as a constraint) where the parameters are non-anchored. Subsequently, a model in the technical sense provides anchors for parameters and thus yields the utterance meaning of the sentence parsed. Finally, it is checked whether this semantic representation of the parsing result can be regarded as a genuine situation semantic object. This is done by showing that it confirms to the axioms of a situation theoretic model. As a result, parses are far more constrained and theory-guided than usual. The idea of parsing used goes back to work originally done by Barwise and Perry, the coding of semantic entities owes much to proposals issued by K. Devlin and D. Westerdåhl. The whole model is implemented in PROLOG
Implementation of Weighted Guided Image Filtering Algorithm for Edge Preservation with Low Complexity

Digital image processing has revolutionized the content perception from physical photo appearance to digital image appearance by implementing the digitalization. Digital image processing helps to achieve good process in various research fields but still enhancing the degraded content to normal content is concerned area. Image enhancement attains attention due to its high application applicability. A novel framework is proposed in this paper by combine the edge based weighting scheme with guided image filtering to get proposed weighted guide image filtering (WGIF). WGIF scheme yields low complexity as GIF and preserve the sharp gradient information. WGIF has ability to provide the local and global smoothing filters advantages and successful to avoid the halo artifacts. In practical WGIF is for single image feature enhancement. Experimental results provide low complexity and high performance over traditional state of art methods.
Nutritional evaluation of low-phytate peas (Pisum sativum L.) for young broiler chicks

This experiment determined the effects of including normal and low-phytate peas in diets fed to young broiler chickens on performance, phosphorus availability and bone strength. A total of 180, day-old, male broilers (Ross-308 line) were assigned to six treatments. The control was based on corn and soybean meal while two additional corn-based diets were formulated containing 30% of either normal or low-phytate pea providing 0.45% available phosphorus. For each of these three diets, a similar diet was formulated by reducing the amount of dicalcium phosphate to produce a diet with 0.3% available phosphorus. The total tract apparent availability (TTAA) of phosphorus was higher (p = 0.02) for broilers fed the low-phytate pea than for birds fed the normal pea diets. Birds fed diets containing the lower level of phosphorus had a higher TTAA of phosphorus (50.64 vs. 46.68%) than broilers fed diets adequate in phosphorus. Protein source had no effect on weight gain, feed intake or feed conversion. Broilers fed the low phosphorus diets had lower weight gain (p = 0.04) and feed intake (p < 0.01) than broilers fed the higher phosphorus level. Bone strength was higher (p < 0.01) for broilers fed diets based on low-phytate pea than for those fed diets based on normal pea or soybean meal. Increasing the availability of the phosphorus in peas could mean that less inorganic phosphorus would be required in order to meet the nutritional requirements of broilers. Since inorganic phosphorus sources tend to be expensive, a reduction in their use would lower ration costs. In addition, increased availability of phosphorus would reduce the amount of phosphorus excreted thus reducing the amount of phosphorus that can potentially pollute the environment.
PRC2 Represses Hormone-Induced Somatic Embryogenesis in Vegetative Tissue of Arabidopsis thaliana

Many plant cells can be reprogrammed into a pluripotent state that allows ectopic organ development. Inducing totipotent states to stimulate somatic embryo (SE) development is, however, challenging due to insufficient understanding of molecular barriers that prevent somatic cell dedifferentiation. Here we show that Polycomb repressive complex 2 (PRC2)-activity imposes a barrier to hormone-mediated transcriptional reprogramming towards somatic embryogenesis in vegetative tissue of Arabidopsis thaliana. We identify factors that enable SE development in PRC2-depleted shoot and root tissue and demonstrate that the establishment of embryogenic potential is marked by ectopic co-activation of crucial developmental regulators that specify shoot, root and embryo identity. Using inducible activation of PRC2 in PRC2-depleted cells, we demonstrate that transient reduction of PRC2 activity is sufficient for SE formation. We suggest that modulation of PRC2 activity in plant vegetative tissue combined with targeted activation of developmental pathways will open possibilities for novel approaches to cell reprogramming.