Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
HetNets With Random DTX Scheme: Local Delay and Energy Efficiency

Heterogeneous cellular networks (HetNets) are to be deployed for future wireless communications to meet the ever-increasing mobile traffic demand. However, the dense and random deployment of small cells and their uncoordinated operation raise important concerns about energy efficiency. On the other hand, discontinuous transmission (DTX) mode at the base station (BS) serves as an effective technology to improve energy efficiency of the overall system. In this paper, we investigate energy efficiency under a finite local delay constraint in the downlink HetNets with the random DTX scheme. Using a stochastic-geometry-based model, we derive the local delay and energy efficiency in a general case and obtain closed-form expressions in some special cases. These results give insights into the effect of key system parameters, such as path-loss exponents, BS densities, signal-to-interference-ratio (SIR) threshold, and mute probability on system performance. We also provide the low-rate and high-rate asymptotic behavior of the maximum energy efficiency. It is analytically shown that it is less energy efficient to apply the random DTX scheme in the low-rate regime. In the high-rate regime, however, a random DTX scheme is essential to achieve the finite local delay and higher energy efficiency. Finally, we extend the analysis to the load-aware DTX scheme, where the mute probability depends on the user activity level.
Language and learning in the cooperative classroom

1: Introduction and Background. - Academic Achievement. - Social Interaction. - Verbal Behavior in the Multiethnic Classroom. - This Experiment and the Study of Children's Language. - Categories of Verbal Behavior: Some Comments on their Rationale and Background. - 2: Method. - Population. - In-service Teacher Training. - Implementation. - Classroom Observations. - Dependent Variables:. - Pupil Academic Achievement. - Videotape Films of Pupils' Behavior. - Categories of Social Interaction. - Categories of Verbal Behavior. - 3: Results. - Academic Achievement. - Social Interaction. - Verbal Behavior. - Relationship between Pupil Behavior in the Discussions and their Academic Achievement. - 4: Discussion. - Academic Achievement. - Cooperative Learning, Achievement and Motivation. - Levels or Kinds of Achievement. - Cognitive Strategies and Pupils' Achievement. - The Relationship between the Discussions and Academic Achievement. - Verbal Behavior. - Cognitive Strategies. - Educational Environment as a Variable Affecting Children's Language. - Summary. - References.
Fast Evolutionary Algorithms for Relational Clustering

This paper is concerned with the computational efficiency of clustering algorithms when the data set to be clustered is described by a proximity matrix only (relational data) and the number of clusters must be automatically estimated from such data. Two relational versions of an evolutionary algorithm for clustering are derived and compared against two systematic (repetitive) approaches that can also be used to automatically estimate the number of clusters in relational data. Exhaustive experiments involving six artificial and two real data sets are reported and analyzed.
The Immune Response to Papillomavirus During Infection Persistence and Regression

Human papillomavirus (HPV) infections cause a significant global health burden, predominantly due to HPV-associated cancers. HPV infects only the epidermal cells of cutaneous and mucosal skin, without penetration into the dermal tissues. Infections may persist for months or years, contributed by an array of viral immune evasion mechanisms. However in the majority of cases immunity-based regression of HPV lesions does eventually occur. The role of the innate immune response to HPV in persistence and regression of HPV infection is not well understood. Although an initial inflammatory infiltrate may contribute to disease regression, sustained inflammation at the HPV-induced lesions, characterized by macrophage and neutrophil infiltration, has been observed in persistence. Pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) are important in innate recognition. The double stranded DNA and an L1 and L2 capsid components of the HPV virion are potential PAMPs that can trigger signaling through cellular pattern recognition receptors, including toll-like receptors (TLR). TLR expression is increased in regressing HPV disease but is reduced in persistent lesions, suggesting a role for TLR in HPV regression. With regard to the adaptive immune response, a key indicator of regression in humans is infiltration of the lesion with both CD4 and CD8 T cells. In individuals with persistent lesions, CD8 T cell and immune suppressive regulatory T cells (Tregs) infiltrate the infection site. There is no association between persistence or regression and the presence of serum antibodies to the viral capsid antigens of HPV. There is still much to be learned about the immunological events that trigger regression of HPV disease. Understanding the viral and host factors that influence persistence and regression is important for the development of better immunotherapeutic treatments for HPV-associated disease.
Bicolored Shortest Paths in Graphs with Applications to Network Overlay Design

This paper considers a graph theoretic problem motivated by a telecommunications application. When a private organization wishes to connect two sites by leasing physical lines from a public telecommunications network, it is often the case that several categories of lines are available, at different costs. Typically, a faster (low delay) line costs more than a slower (high delay) line. In addition, a bound on the end-to-end delay is also often desired, thereby preventing the exclusive use of low cost lines. Overlaying a path on the public network therefore involves two diametrically opposing factors: cost and delay. The following variation of the standard shortest path problem is thus of interest: what is the shortest (cheapest) route between the two sites that meets a given bound on the end-to-end delay. We formulate a graph-theoretic problem that has both a shortest path and a coloring component. The general problem is shown to be NP-complete. Polynomial-time algorithms and approximations are given for some special cases.
Real-world programming

Although more and more computing is performed away from desktop computers, most programs used in handheld computers, ubiquitous computers, and augmented-reality systems in the real world are still developed on desktop computers, and users of these systems cannot modify the behavior of the systems or make a new program for the systems without using desktop computers. Programs used in real-world environments should also be programmed in the real world, so we have developed a new programming paradigm, “Real-World Programming (RWP),” which enables users to make programs for handling real-world environments as well as data in computers. By combining simple hardware and software, users can specify actions and conditions and create programs in the real world without using desktop computers. In this paper we describe the features required for RWP, programming techniques for RWP, useful devices for RWP, and examples of RWP.
Distribution of gentamicin from a Gentacoll sponge measured by in vivo microdialysis

Microdialysis has produced valuable information concerning the distribution of antibiotics in peripheral tissue. The aim of this study was to measure the local distribution of gentamicin in cancellous bone tissue after the application of a Gentacoll sponge. Two microdialysis catheters were inserted into the cancellous bone of 9 pigs. After calibration of the microdialysis, a Gentacoll sponge was implanted, either dry or wet, into the bone marrow of the tibia. Serum and microdialysates were obtained over a period of 6 h. Data presented are median (range). A rank sum test was performed for statistical analysis. The peak concentration was 120 mg/l (33–585) (wet group) and 178 mg/l (60–1294) (dry group) (p=0.31). The AUC6 of the catheters placed 1 cm away from the implant was 24,431 mg*min/l (5155–152,855) and the AUC6 of the catheter placed 2 cm away from the implant was 13,759 mg*min/l (6351–74,573) (p=0.25). The study showed that peak concentrations and AUC6 did not differ between the wet- and dry-application group; neither did the distance from the sponge to the catheter have a significant impact on the distribution of gentamicin. It seems that microdialysis is capable to measure concentrations of locally applied antibiotics.
Are post‐vaccinal persistent itching nodules related to the use of local anaesthetic patches? A hypothesis to be confirmed

Persistent itching nodules or granulomas have been described at the injection sites of immunizations containing aluminium hydroxide as an adjuvant since the 1960s. Over the last 10 years, such skin reactions have unexpectedly increased with the use of adsorbed vaccines (1), and a recent study reported an incidence of persistent itching nodules of 0.8% in children vaccinated with adsorbed vaccines from a single manufacturer in Sweden (2). Clinically, the lesions may present as very itchy subcutaneous nodules, excoriated papulo-nodules or lichenified eczema plaques at the injection site. When performed, histopathology may show the presence of aluminium granulomas (3). Usually, the nodules regress spontaneously within a period of several months to several years.
A new diagnostic test for arrhythmogenic right ventricular cardiomyopathy.

BACKGROUND The diagnosis of arrhythmogenic right ventricular cardiomyopathy (ARVC) can be challenging because the clinical presentation is highly variable and genetic penetrance is often low. METHODS To determine whether a change in the distribution of desmosomal proteins can be used as a sensitive and specific diagnostic test for ARVC, we performed immunohistochemical analysis of human myocardial samples. RESULTS We first tested myocardium from 11 subjects with ARVC; of these samples, 8 had desmosomal gene mutations. We also tested myocardium obtained at autopsy from 10 subjects with no clinical or pathological evidence of heart disease as control samples. All ARVC samples but no control samples showed a marked reduction in immunoreactive signal levels for plakoglobin (also known as gamma-catenin), a protein that links adhesion molecules at the intercalated disk to the cytoskeleton. Other desmosomal proteins showed variable changes, but signal levels for the nondesmosomal adhesion molecule N-cadherin were normal in all subjects with ARVC. To determine whether a diminished plakoglobin signal level was specific for ARVC, we analyzed myocardium from 15 subjects with hypertrophic, dilated, or ischemic cardiomyopathies. In every sample, levels of N-cadherin and plakoglobin signals at junctions were indistinguishable from those in control samples. Finally, we performed blinded immunohistochemical analysis of heart-biopsy samples from the Johns Hopkins ARVC registry. We made the correct diagnosis in 10 of 11 subjects with definite ARVC on the basis of clinical criteria and correctly ruled out ARVC in 10 of 11 subjects without ARVC, for a sensitivity of 91%, a specificity of 82%, a positive predictive value of 83%, and a negative predictive value of 90%. The plakoglobin signal level was reduced diffusely in ARVC samples, including those obtained in the left ventricle and the interventricular septum. CONCLUSIONS Routine immunohistochemical analysis of a conventional endomyocardial-biopsy sample appears to be a highly sensitive and specific diagnostic test for ARVC.
Permeabilization of Fungal Membranes by Plant Defensins Inhibits Fungal Growth

ABSTRACT We used an assay based on the uptake of SYTOX Green, an organic compound that fluoresces upon interaction with nucleic acids and penetrates cells with compromised plasma membranes, to investigate membrane permeabilization in fungi. Membrane permeabilization induced by plant defensins in Neurospora crassa was biphasic, depending on the plant defensin dose. At high defensin levels (10 to 40 μM), strong permeabilization was detected that could be strongly suppressed by cations in the medium. This permeabilization appears to rely on direct peptide-phospholipid interactions. At lower defensin levels (0.1 to 1 μM), a weaker, but more cation-resistant, permeabilization occurred at concentrations that correlated with the inhibition of fungal growth. Rs-AFP2(Y38G), an inactive variant of the plant defensin Rs-AFP2 from Raphanus sativus, failed to induce cation-resistant permeabilization in N. crassa. Dm-AMP1, a plant defensin from Dahlia merckii, induced cation-resistant membrane permeabilization in yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) which correlated with its antifungal activity. However, Dm-AMP1 could not induce cation-resistant permeabilization in the Dm-AMP1-resistantS. cerevisiae mutant DM1, which has a drastically reduced capacity for binding Dm-AMP1. We think that cation-resistant permeabilization is binding site mediated and linked to the primary cause of fungal growth inhibition induced by plant defensins.
Investigating Fluidity for Human-Robot Interaction with Real-time, Real-world Grounding Strategies

We present a simple real-time, real-world grounding framework, and a system which implements it in a simple robot, allowing investigation into different grounding strategies. We put particular focus on the grounding effects of non-linguistic task-related actions. We experiment with a trade-off between the ﬂuidity of the grounding mechanism with the ‘safety’ of ensuring task success. The framework consists of a combination of interactive Harel statecharts and the Incremental Unit framework. We evaluate its in-robot implementation in a study with human users and ﬁnd that in simple grounding situations, a model allowing greater ﬂuidity is perceived to have better understanding of the user’s speech.
Absent Peers in Elementary Years: The Negative Classroom Effects of Unexcused Absences on Standardized Testing Outcomes

Background/Context This article addresses the classroom contextual effects of absences on student achievement. Previous research on peer effects has predominantly focused on peer socioeconomic status or classroom academic ability and its effects on classmates. However, the field has been limited by not discerning the individual-level academic effects of being in classrooms with absent peers. Purpose/Objective/Research Question/Focus of the Study The purpose of this study is to determine the peer effects of absent students in urban elementary school classrooms. Population/Participants/Subjects The data set is longitudinal and comprises entire populations of five elementary school cohorts within the School District of Philadelphia, for a total of 33,420 student observations. Individual student records were linked to teacher and classroom data and to census block neighborhood information. Research Design To examine the educational effects of absent peers, this study employed an empirical specification of the education production function. The dependent variables were Stanford Achievement Test Ninth Edition (SAT9) reading and math scores. Findings Models differentiated between unexcused and total absence measures and indicated that the peer effect of absences was driven by negative effects associated with classroom rates of unexcused absences rather with rates of total absences. These findings were obtained after controlling for student, neighborhood, teacher, and classroom characteristics. Conclusions/Recommendations Not only are absences detrimental to the absentee, but they also have a pervasive effect on the achievement of other students in the classroom.
The Tel Aviv University System for the Code-Switching Workshop Shared Task

We describe our entry in the EMNLP 2014 code-switching shared task. Our system is based on a sequential classifier, trained on the shared training set using various characterand word-level features, some calculated using a large monolingual corpora. We participated in the Twitter-genre Spanish-English track, obtaining an accuracy of 0.868 when measured on the tweet level and 0.858 on the word level.
Improved Bayesian Logistic Supervised Topic Models with Data Augmentation

Supervised topic models with a logistic likelihood have two issues that potentially limit their practical use: 1) response variables are usually over-weighted by document word counts; and 2) existing variational inference methods make strict mean-field assumptions. We address these issues by: 1) introducing a regularization constant to better balance the two parts based on an optimization formulation of Bayesian inference; and 2) developing a simple Gibbs sampling algorithm by introducing auxiliary Polya-Gamma variables and collapsing out Dirichlet variables. Our augment-and-collapse sampling algorithm has analytical forms of each conditional distribution without making any restricting assumptions and can be easily parallelized. Empirical results demonstrate significant improvements on prediction performance and time efficiency.
A Common Framework and Metric for Recommender Systems: A Proposal

Comparing recommender systems requires common means for evaluating them. Nevertheless they have been so far evaluated through many, often incompatible, ways. This problem is mainly due to the lack of a common framework for recommender systems. In this paper, we propose such a framework. Within this framework, recommender systems are applications with the following composed objective: (i) to choose which (of the items) are going to be shown to the user and, (ii) to decide both when and how the recommendations will be shown. Starting from this framework, a natural metric emerges. We will complete the framework proposal by studying the proporties of this metric, along with a comparison of it with the traditional ones.
Language typology and historical contingency : in honor of Johanna Nichols

What is the range of diversity in linguistic types, what are the geographical distributions for the attested types, and what explanations, based on shared history or universals, can account for these distributions? This collection of articles by prominent scholars in typology seeks to address these issues from a wide range of theoretical perspectives, utilizing cutting-edge typological methodology. The phenomena considered range from the phonological to the morphosyntactic, the areal coverage ranges in scale from micro-areal to worldwide, and the types of historical contingency range from contact-based to genealogical in nature. Together, the papers argue strongly for a view in which, although they use distinct methodologies, linguistic typology and historical linguistics are one and the same enterprise directed at discovering how languages came to be the way they are and how linguistic types came to be distributed geographically as they are.
Expression of E 2 A-HLF Chimeric Protein Induced T-Cell Apoptosis , B-Cell Maturation Arrest , and Development of Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia

The E2A-HLF fusion gene, generated by t(17;19)(q22;p13) in acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL), encodes a chimeric transcription factor in which the trans-activating domains of E2A are fused to the DNA-binding and dimerization domains of hepatic leukemic factor (HLF). To investigate its biological role, we generated transgenic mice expressing E2A-HLF using Ig enhancer and promoter, which direct transgene expression in cells committed to the lymphoid lineage. The transgenic mice exhibited abnormal development in the thymus and spleen and were susceptible to infection. The thymus contained small numbers of thymocytes, and TUNEL staining showed that higher population of thymocytes were undergoing apoptosis. The spleen exhibited a marked reduction in splenic lymphocytes and the flow cytometric analyses and the in vitro colony formation assays showed that the B-cell maturation was blocked at a very early developmental stage. These findings indicated that the expression of E2AHLF induced T-cell apoptosis and B-cell maturation arrest in vivo and that the susceptibility of the transgenic mice to infection was due to immunodeficiency. Moreover, several transgenic mice developed acute leukemia, classified as T-ALL based on the surface marker analysis and DNA rearrangements, suggesting that an additional event is required for malignant transformation of lymphoid cells expressing E2A-HLF. Our findings provide insight into the biological function of E2A-HLF in lymphoid development and also its role in leukemogenesis. r 1999 by The American Society of Hematology.
Examination of an Interior Permanent Magnet Type Axial Gap Motor for the Hybrid Electric Vehicle

Hybrid electric vehicles (HEVs) that emit less carbon dioxide have attracted much attention and rapidly become widespread, but further popularization of HEVs requires further technical advancement of mounted traction motors. Accordingly, our research group focuses on axial gap motors that can realize high torque density. In this paper, an axial gap motor with a novel interior permanent magnet (IPM) rotor structure is proposed and an examination of the proposed motor at the actual motor size of an HEV is presented. For comparison, we selected the newest radial gap-type 60 kW IPM synchronous motor equipped in the third-generation Toyota Prius. Under the condition that the size of the proposed motor be the same as the comparison motor, we confirmed through three-dimensional finite-element analysis that the proposed motor could output twice the maximum torque of the comparison motor. In addition, a comparison was made with a previously reported conventional IPM-type axial gap motor, and the proposed motor was found to be more effective in generating reluctance torque. Moreover, the proposed motor exhibited sufficient durability to irreversible demagnetization of the permanent magnets, to stress caused by rotating the rotor, and to unbalanced electromagnetic forces caused by axial rotor eccentricity.
Helping Term Sense Disambiguation with Active Learning

Our research highlights the problem of term polysemy within terminometrics stud- ies. Terminometrics is the measure of term usage in specialized communication. Pol- ysemy, especially within single-word terms as we will show, prevents using term cor- pus frequencies as appropriate statistics for terminometrics. Automatic term sense dis- ambiguation, as a possible solution, re- quires human annotation to feed a super- vised learning algorithm. Within our experi- ments, we show that although being polyse- mous, terms have a strong in-domain sense bias, making random sampling of annota- tion data less than optimal. We suggest the use of active learning and implement it within an annotation platform as a way of reducing annotation time.
Critical reflection

Critical reflection is commonly seen as central to social transformation in Participatory Action Research (PAR). However, the groundings and practice of the concept and its associated applications are seldom questioned or examined. The lack of a clear conceptual basis upon which reflective practice could be developed is manifested in the routinized presentations of ‘lessons learnt' in writings. This article inquires into the concept of critical reflection and its current practice in PAR, drawing on key contributors and current PAR writings. This exploration has prompted a construction of a conceptual framework grounded on the principle of extended epistemology (Heron, 1992), in which the role of reflection or critical reflection in the creation of different forms of knowledge can be clearly discerned. In addition, the framework explicitly incorporates first-, second and third-person research practice (Reason & Torbert, 1999) to allow for the different aspects of reflective practice to emerge. Examples from my own reflective practice are given to illustrate the various dimensions of the framework. I argue this framework provides a clearer conceptual basis upon which reflective practice can be developed, with important implications for the future development of PAR.