Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Quantifying network performance of Mobile Ad-hoc Networks

The rapid deployment requirements, limited infrastructure, and mobile nature of tactical edge networks have led the Department of Defense (DoD) to investigate and implement mobile ad-hoc networks (MANETs) to support its mission needs. MANETs rely on spectrum as the transmission medium, and their performance depends heavily on the electromagnetic environment (EME) where they operate. Traditional methods of assessing MANET performance have been focused on link capacity and network throughput, without adequately accounting for the effects of the EME. The joint spectrum center of the defense spectrum organization (DSO/JSC) has developed the spectrum simulation testbed to adequately account for spectrum impacts on MANET performance. As part of the DSO/JSC spectrum simulation testbed development, a number of capability gaps were identified, specifically in areas of quantifying the relationship between spectrum requirements and MANET performance. The purpose of this paper is to report the results of a survey to identify the current capabilities to address MANET performance within the context of accounting for available spectrum and to describe two capabilities that were developed to help bridge the analysis gap in the area relating spectrum requirements to system performance predictions.
Stability of Hydroxytyrosol in Aqueous Solutions at Different Concentration, Temperature and with Different Ionic Content: A Study Using UPLC-MS

The work describes a stability study of hydroxytyrosol (HTyr) in aqueous solutions carried out varying the following parameters: HTyr concentration, temperature and ionic content in the aqueous solution. First, an analytical method based on the use of ultra performance liquid chromatography (UPLC-MS) as analytical technique was developed and validated. The equation of the linear model was A/AISTD= –0.0013 + 0.0117. [HTyr], with a very good linearity, since the R-Squared was 99.9% and the P value of the lack of fit test was higher than 5%. Limits of quantification estimated, CCα(α= 0.05%) and CCβ(β= 0.05%), were 0.2 and 0.4 g/L respectively. As well, the relative standard deviation in the intra-day precision was lower than 3%. Therefore, the method is reproducible. We have applied this methodology to study the stability of HTyr and have observed that the most critical aspect turned to be the ionic content of the aqueous solutions. A tap water with high contents of calcium and magnesium (52 and 21 mg/L) degraded HTyr up to 64% in 48 hours whereas a low mineralization water with low contents of calcium and magnesium (4 and 2 mg/L) produced only 19% degradation.
Combining Behavioral and ERP Methodologies to Investigate the Differences Between McGurk Effects Demonstrated by Cantonese and Mandarin Speakers

The present study investigated the impact of Chinese dialects on McGurk effect using behavioral and event-related potential (ERP) methodologies. Specifically, intra-language comparison of McGurk effect was conducted between Mandarin and Cantonese speakers. The behavioral results showed that Cantonese speakers exhibited a stronger McGurk effect in audiovisual speech perception compared to Mandarin speakers, although both groups performed equally in the auditory and visual conditions. ERP results revealed that Cantonese speakers were more sensitive to visual cues than Mandarin speakers, though this was not the case for the auditory cues. Taken together, the current findings suggest that the McGurk effect generated by Chinese speakers is mainly influenced by segmental phonology during audiovisual speech integration.
Behavioral Finance of an Inefficient Market

According to the prior studies individual investors do not act according to the traditional finance assumption. Rather they take investment decision under the influence of several psychological and other factors. In this paper individual investors of Dhaka Stock Exchange (DSE) were taken under urvey on sample basis who are on the market since 2008 till now. The study was made to identify the most influential factors which affect investment decision of individual investors. For this purpose demographic and social economic variables were asked under different questions. The paper discussed and used relevant theories to select those questions. Investors’ response was used apply under PCA. After factors analysis it was found that Psychological factor is the most dominating influence upon investor’s decision making process. Micro economic factor and social factor also have influence on selecting investment securities. Though not very much but, little influence also has been observed by macroeconomic factor and. Index and knowledge of financial analysis of stock market is not very significant to the investors in fact most of the investors do not understand the process and exact meaning of index. It is suggest that, the amateur investors should gather more knowledge about the market and take every declaration under consideration. In order to avoid herd behavior, investors can gather past data and control their representative bias if they want to seek target profit.
The Theory of Effective Protection and Preferences

In the past five years, international trade specialists concerned with the theoretical analysis and practical measurement of the impact of commercial policy on world trade and specialization patterns have been developing and applying a new approach to this range of problems, the concept of effective protection, or as it is variously termed, implicit protection or protection of value added.2 Interest in these policy problems, which had subsided to a low level in the immediate postwar phase of concern with chronic dollar shortage on one hand and with import-substituting policies of promoting economic development on the other, has been revived as a result of three developments. First, the preparations for the Kennedy Round of negotiations under the General Agreement on Trade and Tariffs (GATT), and specifically the replacement of commodity-by-commodity negotiations by the new principle of bargaining for so-called "linear" tariff reductions across-the-board, raised in an acute form the question of the relative levels of national tariff barriers, which would determine the "fairness" or otherwise of equi-proportionate reciprocal tariff reductions, and therefore the hoary problem of how to measure national tariff levels. Second, the 1964 United Nations Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD), the convocation and the ideological basis of which derived in large part from the belief that the existing GATT system of regulating international trade barriers discriminates unfairly against the export interests of the less-developed countries, and especially against their exports of manufactured goods to the developed countries, stimulated interest in the empirical investigation of the evidence for this contention.3 Third, scholars working on the development policies of the lessdeveloped countries have been increasingly concerned with the apparent irrationality of the protectionist policies of these countries, and with the measurement of the economic waste that such policies may entail.4 ' This paper was originally presented to the Annual Conference of the Association of University Teachers of Economics, Reading, 1967. The paper has benefited particularly from comments by Bela Balassa and W. M. Corden, and has been revised to take account of some subsequent developments in the theory. 2 See references listed below, p. 138, and also the brief history of contributions to the literature in Corden [3(b)]. (References in square brackets are to the list on p. 138.) 3 See the three papers by Balassa [l(a), (b), (c)], and my study [7(d)] of the
Differences in Tourists’ and Local Residents’ Perceptions of Tourism Landscapes: A Case Study from Ylläs, Finnish Lapland

Abstract The landscape is one of the main pull factors of nature‐based tourism. Tourism landscapes are multifunctional since landscape characteristics, functions and human values interact with economic activity. People’s experiences and perceptions of the environment are emphasized in the experience economy. The objective of this case study was to demonstrate cognitive cartography in revealing differences in the spatial perception of the tourism landscape among three social groups: domestic and foreign tourists and local residents. Altogether 35 mental maps were sketched during focus group interviews and workshops which took place in the Ylläs tourism destination of Lapland (Finland). The composition of visual elements and spatial structure of the maps were studied by using Lynch’s, Appleyard’s and Hart & Moore’s models. The mental maps differed in composition and structure and were influenced by the drawers’ personal factors. Consequently, the users of large‐scale nature‐tourism destinations are either road or survey mappers. The observations were consistent with previous studies on spatial cognition of nature‐based tourism destinations. The users were classified into four subgroups for further discussions on landscape management applications. Although the sketch‐mapping technique is disputed, it has obvious strengths, such as the ability to indicate missing elements and linkages relevant to users in the spatial structure of an area.
The "Hassle Factor": what motivates physicians to manipulate reimbursement rules?

BACKGROUND Some physicians are willing to misrepresent clinical information to insurance companies to circumvent appeals processes. Whether characteristics of appeals processes affect the likelihood of misrepresentation is unknown. This study sought to determine the relationship between the likelihood of a successful appeal, appeals process length, and severity of the health condition and physicians' willingness to sanction deception. METHODS A random sample of 1617 physicians was surveyed by mail to assess their willingness to accept an insurance company restriction, to appeal the restriction, or to misrepresent the facts to an insurance company to obtain coverage for a patient. RESULTS Most respondents would appeal (77%) rather than accept (12%) or misrepresent (11%) regarding a restriction on medically necessary care. Physicians' decisions were related to the likelihood of a successful appeal (chi(2) = 7.56; P =. 02), the appeals process length (chi(2) = 8.53; P =. 01), and the severity of the medical condition (chi(2) = 71.10; P<. 001). A small but significantly larger number of physicians chose to misrepresent the facts to an insurer as the appeals process became more cumbersome. Among physicians asked about severe angina, their decisions were particularly affected by the hassle associated with appealing, being more likely to choose to misrepresent the facts to the insurer than to appeal as the hassle increased. CONCLUSIONS Physicians are more willing to sanction deception when the appeals process is longer, the likelihood of a successful appeal is lower, and the health condition is more severe. Changes in the difficulty of appeals processes may ease the tensions physicians face regarding patient advocacy and honesty.
Expiratory trigger setting in pressure support ventilation: From mathematical model to bedside

Objective:To evaluate the feasibility of relying on a mathematical model to adjust the optimal level of expiratory trigger, materialized by the ratio of inspiratory flow at the end of inspiratory effort (V′ti) and peak inspiratory flow (V′peak), or V′ti/V′peak, during pressure support, by comparing its predicted values with those measured in intubated patients. Design:Prospective observational study. Setting:Medical intensive care unit, university hospital. Patients:There were 28 intubated patients undergoing pressure support. Interventions:Pressure support as set by the clinician in charge. Measurements and Main Results:A significant correlation was found between predicted and measured V′ti/V′peak ratios (r = .70; p < .001; mean ± sd difference, −0.025 ± 0.07; 95% confidence interval, −0.161 to 0.111). Overall, delayed cycling occurred in obstructive conditions, the delay increasing as obstructive disease was more severe. Conclusions:A significant correlation was observed between predicted values of V′ti/V′peak and those values measured in patients undergoing pressure support. These findings should stimulate further research into the possible applications of this mathematical model to optimize expiratory trigger setting. Furthermore, our findings suggest that expiratory trigger should be adjustable and provide a wider range of cutoff levels than that which is currently available.
Choice Versus Chance: Using Brand Equity Theory to Explore TV Audience Lead-in Effects, A Case Study

The business of broadcasting is the selling of audiences to advertisers. In addition to cultivating popular program content, broadcasters know that proper scheduling can also be an important factor in attracting audiences. The implication is that programs acquire audiences by chance as well as by choice. Recognizing the potent influence of lead-in programming on the ratings performance of television programs, the purpose of this study was to explore the plausibility of applying brand equity theory to electronic media and to offer a tentative explanation of the considerable variances found in lead-in effects research studies. Adapting the essential components of an established brand equity model, the researchers propose that program brand equity is revealed in the differential ratings response of a program to its direct competitors and to its lead-in programming. The daily ratings of three 11:00 p.m. newscasts and their respective lead-ins were analyzed using one station as an equity criterion. Several hypotheses were supported within a case study format.
The Spanish beef sector in the 1990s: impact of the BSE crisis on efficiency and profitability

The beef sector has undergone a series of changes as a result of successive food scares and agricultural policy reforms. The purpose of the paper is to analyse technical efficiency and profitability in Spanish livestock enterprises during the 1990s, focusing on the possible impact of the BSE crisis and the 1992 CAP reform on each of these variables. The main findings reveal the existence of technical inefficiency during the sample period. Some factors have a positive impact, others a negative impact, on efficiency. As far as the effects of CAP reform and the BSE crisis are concerned, the results show the ineffectiveness of agricultural policy regulation to promote efficiency in the sector and the improvement in the efficiency as a consequence of the BSE crisis. The profitability analysis reveals the importance of direct subsidies, however. In their absence, a large percentage of holdings is unable to remunerate either own or rented factors. Analysis shows, therefore, that there are two counteracting effects from subsidies. On the one hand, they form a major part of the resources of livestock farmers, allowing them to meet input costs and preventing land abandonment. On the other hand, they have a significant negative impact on the level of technical efficiency estimated.
Organizational Development and Industrial Relations

The purpose of this paper is twofold: firstly to review what appear to be major long term changes in the social system which are likely to require planned reciprocal change in the way large scale corporate enterprises are managed; secondly, to review the ways in which the emerging discipline of Organizational Development may be relevant to organization change, in particular to the development of more satisfactory in‐company Industrial Relations climates.
Efficient and Scalable Runtime Monitoring for Cyber–Physical System

Our reliance on cyber–physical systems (CPSs) is increasingly widespread, but scalable methods for the analysis of such systems remain a significant challenge. Runtime verification of CPSs provides a reasonable middle ground between formal verification and simulation approaches, but it comes with its own challenges. A runtime verification system must run directly on the deployed application. In the CPS domain, it is therefore critical that a runtime verification system exhibits low overhead and good scalability so that the verification does not interfere with the analyzed CPS application. In this paper, we introduce Brace, a runtime verification system whose focus is on ensuring these performance qualities for applications in the CPS domain. Brace strives to bound the computation overhead for CPS runtime verification while preserving a high level of monitoring accuracy in terms of the number of false positive and false negative reports. Brace is particularly suitable to systems in which scheduling is distributed across networked CPS components. We evaluate Brace to determine how effectively and efficiently it can detect injected errors in two existing real-life CPS applications with distributed scheduling. Our results demonstrate that Brace efficiently detects those errors and a few true bugs and is able to bound both the memory and computation overhead even in systems with large numbers of observed events.
International Financial Markets

This dissertation consists of two essays: one looks at the cross-country variations in volume-price variability relationship and cultural and other country factors, and the other looks at cause and effects of large one-day price changes in commodity futures. The first essay presented in Chapter 1 investigates the effect of cultural and other country factors on the dynamic relation between market-wide trading activity and price variability in 20 countries. The results show that individualism and masculinity are positively related to volume-variability relation; other country factors including information asymmetry, financial development, short sale and age distribution are also closely related to the volumevariability relation. Specifically, the return-variability relation is stronger in less financiallydeveloped countries with short-sale constraints and high information asymmetry. The second essay presented in Chapter 2 examines the causes and effects of large price changes in 26 commodity futures. The results indicate that announcements of macroeconomic news, the maturity effect, and the seasonal effect can explain the futures price movements of food (non-grains), grain, and livestock better than those of energy and metal. Without controlling for other factors, I find some support for the overreaction theory, especially following negative large price changes in closing. However, controlling for macro factors or market conditions, there is no support for overreactions.
Rapid Phenotypic and Genotypic Diversification After Exposure to the Oral Host Niche in Candida albicans

In vitro studies suggest that stress may generate random standing variation and that different cellular and ploidy states may evolve more rapidly under stress. Yet this idea has not been tested with pathogenic fungi growing within their host niche in vivo. Here, we analyzed the generation of both genotypic and phenotypic diversity during exposure of Candida albicans to the mouse oral cavity. Ploidy, aneuploidy, loss of heterozygosity (LOH), and recombination were determined using flow cytometry and double digest restriction site-associated DNA sequencing. Colony phenotypic changes in size and filamentous growth were evident without selection and were enriched among colonies selected for LOH of the GAL1 marker. Aneuploidy and LOH occurred on all chromosomes (Chrs), with aneuploidy more frequent for smaller Chrs and whole Chr LOH more frequent for larger Chrs. Large genome shifts in ploidy to haploidy often maintained one or more heterozygous disomic Chrs, consistent with random Chr missegregation events. Most isolates displayed several different types of genomic changes, suggesting that the oral environment rapidly generates diversity de novo. In sharp contrast, following in vitro propagation, isolates were not enriched for multiple LOH events, except in those that underwent haploidization and/or had high levels of Chr loss. The frequency of events was overall 100 times higher for C. albicans populations following in vivo passage compared with in vitro. These hyper-diverse in vivo isolates likely provide C. albicans with the ability to adapt rapidly to the diversity of stress environments it encounters inside the host.
Robust Computer-Based Modeling and Simulation of Both DC and AC PM motors

This paper introduces a robust computer-based mathematical technique for the modeling and simulation of both DC and AC PM motors. The proposed methodology fits experimental data to an analytical model that is capable of faithfully reproducing all involved signals and motor parameters. The proposed mathematical model need not be linear and it is demonstrated that the model structure has little impact on the mathematical complexity. Changing operating conditions due to environmental and parasitic effects are investigated, and a robust data-fitting algorithm is augmented to the proposed mathematical model to compensate for their effects. The proposed technique is exemplified by an HVAC motor that has typical applications in the automotive industry when considering DC applications. For AC Applications a PMSM is considered. The simulations are carried out using both Saber ® software and MATLAB ® . Practicality of the proposed technique is addressed and its extensibility to other similar problems in different fields is also discussed.
A Brighter Future with Lower Transactions Costs?

Recently, the OMX Nordic Exchange reduced the exchange fee for trading the OMXS 30 index futures with more than 22%. The reduction in exchange fees provides this study with a unique opportunity to investigate the effects of a change in fixed transaction costs on futures market liquidity, trading activity, volatility, futures pricing efficiency, and the futures exchange’s revenues. The results show a ceteris paribus increase in futures trading volume with 19%, a 27% decrease in futures bid-ask spread, and a 27% increase in volatility, as a result of the futures exchange fee reduction, whereas the pricing efficiency of the futures contract and the exchange’s revenues are unaffected by the change in transaction costs. The exchange fee reduction has improved futures market liquidity at the cost of higher volatility. Moreover, the attractiveness and competitiveness of the futures exchange has increased relative alternative trading venues, without a loss of revenues in the process.
Pleiotropic Effect of the recA Gene of Escherichia coli: Uncoupling of Cell Division from Deoxyribonucleic Acid Replication

A defective recA gene, which is involved in recombination, is shown in this article to permit limited cell division, when deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) synthesis is blocked. Thymidine starvation or nalidixic acid blocked DNA synthesis, and stopped cell division of a rec+thy− strain of Escherichia coli. However, with the same treatments, a recAthy− strain could continue to divide for at least 5 hr, and cell numbers increased 2.5- to 4-fold. After several hours of thymidine starvation, the culture contained very long cells (snakes) and small (normal-sized) cells. The short cells contained very little, if any, DNA. Cells of all ages divided in the absence of thymidine. Specific differences in membrane proteins were observed between thymidine-starved rec+ and recA cells, as expected from previous experiments in which these proteins were associated with cell division and DNA synthesis. It is proposed that septum formation is controlled negatively by the recA+ gene.