Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
The Circumstellar Disk of the Butterfly Star in Taurus

We present a model of the circumstellar environment of the so-called Butterfly star in Taurus (IRAS 04302+2247). The appearance of this young stellar object is dominated by a large circumstellar disk seen edge-on and the light-scattering lobes above the disk. Our model is based on multiwavelength continuum observations: (1) millimeter maps and (2) high-resolution near-infrared images obtained with Hubble Space Telescope/NICMOS. The advantage of the combination of both observations is that they trace (1) different regions of the system and (2) different physical processes. On the one hand, the millimeter observations are sensitive to the long-wavelength radiation being reemitted from the dust in the central parts close to the midplane of the circumstellar disk. Thus, the geometry and small-scale density distribution of the disk has been studied. Furthermore, in contrast to the pure flux measurement, the resolved 1.3 mm image allows us to discriminate between different disk models with a similar far-infrared/millimeter spectral energy distribution and therefore to disentangle the disk geometry much more precisely. On the other hand, the near-infrared observations trace the envelope structure and dust properties in the envelope and the disk surface. We find disk and envelope parameters that are comparable with those of the circumstellar environment of other young stellar objects. A main result is that the dust properties must be different in the circumstellar disk and in the envelope: while a grain size distribution with grain radii up to 100 μm is required to reproduce the millimeter observations of the disk, the envelope is dominated by smaller grains similar to those of the interstellar medium. Alternatives to this grain growth scenario in the circumstellar disk are discussed in brief as well.
Calculation and number processing: Neuropsychological assessment and daily life difficulties

Abstract One hundred unselected brain-damaged outpatients received a standardized battery of numerical tests (EC301) and, independently, a questionnaire on numerical activities in daily life (ADL). Comparisons between the two types of measurement were drawn from the scorings for different functional components of the calculation and number processing system. Results indicated high ranking correlations between the two instruments. The EC301 battery generally proved more powerful than the questionnaire in detecting the presence of mild-todiscrete impairments, but some aspects of numerical difficulties in nonaphasic patients were scored higher on the ADL questionnaire. (JINS, 1996, 2, 177–180.)
3.0 Tesla imaging of the musculoskeletal system

High‐field MRI at 3.0T is rapidly gaining clinical acceptance and experiencing more widespread use. The superiority of high‐field imaging has clearly been demonstrated for neurological imaging. The impact of 3.0T imaging of the musculoskeletal system has been less dramatic due to complex optimization issues. Areas under consideration include coil technology, protocol modification, artifact reduction, and patient safety. In this article we review these issues and describe our experience with 3.0T musculoskeletal MRI. Fundamentally, an increased signal‐to‐noise ratio (SNR) is responsible for improved imaging at higher field strength. Increased SNR allows more headroom to adjust parameters that affect image resolution and examination time. It has been established that T1 relaxation time increases at 3.0T, while T2 time decreases. Consequently, scanner parameters require adjustment for optimization of images. Chemical shift and magnetic susceptibility artifacts are more pronounced and require special techniques to minimize the effect on image quality. Spectral fat saturation techniques can take advantage of the increased chemical shift. The specific absorption rate (SAR) and acoustic noise thresholds must be kept in mind at these higher fields. We additionally present some of the clinical issues we have experienced at 3.0T. A decision must be made as to whether to trade higher resolution for reduced scanning time. In general, we believe that routine imaging at 3.0T increases diagnostic confidence, especially for evaluations of cartilaginous and ligamentous structures. J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2007. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
FAST : A Functionally Accurate Simulation Toolset for the Cyclops 64 Cellular Architecture

This paper reports our experience and lessons learned in the design, implementation and experimentation of an instruction-set level simulator for the IBM Cyclops-64 (or C64 for short) architecture. This simulation tool, named Functionally Accurate Simulation Toolset (FAST), is designed for the purpose of architecture design verification as well as early system and application software development and testing. FAST has been in use by the C64 architecture team, system software developers and application scientists. We report some preliminary results and illustrate, through case studies, how the FAST toolchain performs in terms of its design objectives as well as where it should be improved in the future.
Increased ApoB and MTP mRNA in the Left Ventricle of Patients With Coronary Artery Disease

Objectives—Cardiac myocytes secrete apolipoprotein (apo)B-containing lipoproteins. Their function may be the removal of triglycerides when -oxidation of fatty acids is decreased, eg, during hypoxia. To test this hypothesis, we examined heart biopsies from patients undergoing coronary artery bypass graft (CABG, n 13) or valve replacement (n 6) surgery. Methods and Results—Ventricular microsomal triglyceride transfer protein (P 0.02) and apoB (P 0.04) mRNA levels were both 2-fold higher in CABG compared with valve replacement patients. In CABG patients, ventricular microsomal triglyceride transfer protein mRNA levels were negatively associated with the triglyceride content in ventricular myocytes (r 0.70; P 0.02) and with mRNA levels of sterol regulatory element binding protein-1 (r 0.74; P 0.004). Conclusions—The results are compatible with the notion that cardiac lipoprotein production is increased in hypoxic human ventricle, possibly as a result of decreased sterol regulatory element binding protein-1 expression. This might attenuate accumulation of triglycerides in cardiac myocytes. (Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol. 2002;22:1489-1494.)
Sensitivity Analysis of Real-Time Systems

Verification of real-time software systems can be expensive in terms of time and resources. Testing is the main method of proving correctness but has been shown to be a long and time consuming process. Model-checking techniques have been shown to be unsuitable when realtime software systems are involved but still have value when verifying functional correctness. Performance modelling techniques allow systems to be evaluated for timing correctness. Everyday engineers are usually unwilling to adopt formal approaches to correctness because of the overhead associated with developing their knowledge of such techniques. This paper introduces PARTES, a methodology which guides the extraction of performance models from programs written in an annotated subset of C.
p25/Cyclin-Dependent Kinase 5 Induces Production and Intraneuronal Accumulation of Amyloid β In Vivo

Aberrant processing of the amyloid precursor protein (APP) and the subsequent accumulation of amyloid β (Aβ) peptide has been widely established as a central event in Alzheimer's disease (AD) pathogenesis. The sequential cleavage steps required for the generation of Aβ are well outlined; however, there is a relative dearth of knowledge pertaining to signaling pathways and molecular mechanisms that can modulate this process. Here, we demonstrate a novel role for p25/cyclin-dependent kinase 5 (Cdk5) in regulating APP processing, Aβ peptide generation, and intraneuronal Aβ accumulation in inducible p25 transgenic and compound PD–APP transgenic mouse models that demonstrate deregulated Cdk5 activity and a neurodegenerative phenotype. Induction of p25 resulted in enhanced forebrain Aβ levels before any evidence of neuropathology in these mice. Intracellular Aβ accumulated in perinuclear regions and distended axons within the forebrains of these mice. Evidence for modulations in axonal transport or β-site APP cleaving enzyme 1 protein levels and activity are presented as mechanisms that may account for the Aβ accumulation caused by p25/Cdk5 deregulation. Collectively, these findings delineate a novel pathological mechanism involving aberrant APP processing by p25/Cdk5 and have important implications in AD pathogenesis.
Pulmonary CT angiography as first-line imaging for PE: image quality and radiation dose considerations.

OBJECTIVE This article reviews dose reduction techniques in pulmonary CT angiography (CTA) for imaging pulmonary embolism (PE). Dose reduction technologies covered include tube current modulation, kilovoltage modulation, scanning length modification, dynamic z-axis collimation, iterative reconstruction, and dual-energy CT. Age- and weight-specific imaging techniques are suggested. CONCLUSION Pulmonary CTA plays a vital role in imaging PE. Using dose reduction technologies can provide high-quality diagnostic imaging with a significant reduction in patient dose.
Accumulation condition analysis of the Permian shale gas in the Turpan‐Hami Basin, Northwest China

The north‐western region of China is one of the five major shale gas evaluation zones in China. The Turpan‐Hami Basin is one of the important petroliferous basins in the north‐west of China. However, shale gas study in this basin has just started. In this study, based on the investigation of the field outcrop section on the periphery and core observation of this basin, combined with extensive experimental analysis, the Permian dark shale has been studied comprehensively including the development distribution characteristics of the shale, brittle mineral composition, organic geochemistry, physical property, and the gas content. The results show that the dark shale are mainly developed in the middle Permian Taerlang Formation and mainly distributed in the Taibei, Toksun, and Tainan sags in the Turpan Depression and the Sanbu and Huoshizhen sags in the Hami Depression. The northern margin and the western margin of the basin and the south of the Liaodun Uplift are exposed to different degrees. Thickness of the dark shale is between 100 and 500 m with the buried depth of 160–3,600 m. The dark shale is mainly deposited in shallow lacustrine and semideep lacustrine facies. The shale is composed mainly of clay minerals (average 44.6%), brittle mineral quartz (average 38.9%), feldspar (average 9.7%), and calcite (average 4.0%). Brittle mineral contents are high, accounting for 52.6%. The dark shale with an organic carbon content more than 2% accounts for 80% in the tested samples. The types of organic matter are commonly Type II2, followed by Type III. The degree of organic thermal evolution is moderate. The majority areas are in the low‐mature and mature stage, while some areas achieve high maturity stage. The gas content ranges from 0.11 to 6.29 m3/t. Comprehensive analysis shows that the Permian Taerlang Formation dark shale in Turpan‐Hami Basin has the shale gas accumulation conditions. The favourable areas are mainly located in the Taibei Sag in the Turpan Depression, the south of the Liaodun Uplift, followed by the Toksun and Tainan sags in the Turpan and the Hami Depressions.
Features and outcomes of lupus nephritis in Morocco: analysis of 114 patients

Background There is wide variation in clinical presentation and outcome of lupus nephritis (LN) among different ethnic groups. Few data for LN exist on North Africans, especially those from Morocco. The aim of our study was to review retrospectively the features and outcome of LN in Moroccan patients. Patients and methods We performed a single-center retrospective study. A total of 114 patients with LN were included. All patients met American Rheumatism Association criteria. LN was classified according to the International Society of Nephrology/Renal Pathology Society classification. We adopted previously defined outcome criteria for LN. Results There were 101 females and 13 males, with a mean age of 29.9 years. At first presentation, we noted hypertension in 33%, hematuria in 76%, nephrotic syndrome in 53%, and renal failure in 60% of cases. Renal biopsy revealed predominant proliferative classes in more than 80% of patients. Patients received different regimens mainly based on intravenous cyclophosphamide. After a mean follow-up of 22 months, remission occurred in 45.5%, relapses in 82%, end-stage renal failure in 21%, and death in 16% of cases. Infection and neurological and cardiovascular diseases were the most frequent causes of death. Conclusion LN seems to be severe in our study, with a predominance of proliferative forms, severe renal manifestations, and poor renal and overall survival.
What Do Programmers of Parallel Machines Need? A Survey

We performed semistructured, open-ended interviews with 11 professional developers of parallel, scientific applications to determine how their programming time is spent and where tools could improve productivity. The subjects were selected from a variety of research laboratories, both industrial and governmental. The major findings were that programmers would prefer a global over a per-processor view of data structures, struggle with load balancing and optimizations, and need interactive tools for observing the behavior of parallel programs. Furthermore, handling and processing massive amounts of data in parallel is emerging as a new challenge.
Meeting the nutrition and water targets of the Sustainable Development Goals: achieving progress through linked interventions.

Water and nutrition are linked in multiple ways, but few of these interlinkages are well understood. What is, for example, the exact relationship between water pollution and health or between water resource management and nutrition? Even less is known about the interactions across these various linkages. The importance of better understanding these connections has been highlighted as we pursue the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), which challenge mankind to meet both water security as well as food and nutrition security goals, while also improving water-based ecosystems. It has become increasingly clear that progress toward these goals can only be achieved if measures in the food and nutrition space (SDG 2) do not constrain progress on water (SDG 6) and if measures undertaken to support targets under one of these SGDs also support the outcomes of the other. This paper provides an overview of water–nutrition linkages as reflected in the SDGs, and it identifies key gaps in these linkages and suggests a way forward to support the achievement of both water and nutrition goals and targets.
The influence of age and sex on skin thickness, skin collagen and density

Forearm skin collagen, dermal thickness and collagen density were measured in a large number of normal subjects as a standard reference for future studies. Skin collagen decreased with age and was less in the females at all ages. There is a direct relationship between skin collagen and dermal thickness but variations in collagen density in disease limit the use of dermal thickness as a guide to changes in its collagen content.
Canonical Task Environments for Social Simulation

A framework is proposed for situating social simulation models relative to one another and to abstract and applications domains. The framework is a digit-string representation of the environment and agents' actions. Three organizational models are used to develop and test this framework which is termed a canonical task environment since a variety of specific task environments map direclty into it. It is suggested that such canonical task environments provide a suitable alternative to an overarching theory for the social simulation community.
Do Not Lose Bandwidth: Adaptive Transmission Power and Multihop Topology Control

We show that a multihop wireless network can achieve better bandwidth and routing stability when transmission power and routing topology are jointly and adaptively controlled. Our experiments show that the predominant 'fixed and uniform' transmission power strategy with 'link quality and hop distance'-based routing topology construction loses significant bandwidth due to hidden terminal and load imbalance problems. We design an adaptive and distributed control mechanism for transmission power and routing topology, PCRPL, within the standard RPL routing protocol. We implement PC-RPL on real embedded devices and evaluate its performance on a 49-node multihop testbed. PC-RPL reduces total end-to-end packet losses ~7-fold without increasing hop distance compared to RPL with the highest transmission power, resulting in 17% improvement in aggregate bandwidth and 64% for the worst-case node.
Invertebrate Eggs Can Fly: Evidence of Waterfowl‐Mediated Gene Flow in Aquatic Invertebrates

Waterfowl often have been assumed to disperse freshwater aquatic organisms between isolated wetlands, but no one has analyzed the impact of this transport on the population structure of aquatic organisms. For three cladocerans (Daphnia ambigua, Daphnia laevis, and Sida crystallina) and one bryozoan (Cristatella mucedo), we estimated the genetic distances between populations across North America using sequences of several mitochondrial DNA genes and genotypic frequencies at allozyme and microsatellite loci. Waterfowl movements across North America (estimated from band recovery data) explained a significant proportion of the gene flow occurring between populations across the continent for three of the four species, even after controlling for geographic distances between localities. The fourth species, S. crystallina, has propagules less likely to survive desiccation or ingestion by birds. Differences in the capacity to exploit bird‐mediated transport are likely to have important consequences for the ecology of aquatic communities and the spread of invasive species.
Automatic Reduction of Stochastic Rules‐Based Models in a Nutshell

Molecular biological models usually suffer from a large combinatorial explosion. Indeed, proteins form complexes and modify each other, which leads to the formation of a huge number of distinct chemical species. Thus we cannot generate explicitly the quantitative semantics of these models, and it is even harder to compute their properties.In this extended abstract, we summarize a framework for reducing the combinatorial complexity of models of biochemical networks. We use rules‐based languages to describe the interactions between proteins. Then we compile these models into continuous‐time Markov chains. Finally, we use backward bisimulations in order to reduce the dimension of the state space of these Markov chains. More specifically, these backward bisimulations are defined thanks to an abstraction of the control flow of information within chemical species and thanks to an algorithm which detects which protein sites have the same capabilities of interaction.
Maximum Likelihood Methods in Vowel Recognition: A Comparative Study

Vowel classification accuracy is studied using a generalized maximum likelihood ratio method. It is shown that two simplifying assumptions can reduce computation times by as much as a factor of five while producing practically no change in recognition accuracy. The two simplifying assumptions remove cross correlation terms and produce an Euclidean distance discriminant function. The vowels are taken from 350 multisyllabic isolated words spoken by five male speakers. The vowels occur in a variety of preand postconsonantal contexts. The recognition scores obtained for vowels are 83 percent. The effect of grouping of similar vowels on recognition scores is found to be marginal. The high back and high front vowels show better recognition scores (92-94 percent). In general, recognition performance for individual vowels follows a definite trend with respect to. the vowel diagram. A reasonable similarity is observed between confusion matrix and the distribution of vowels in first and second formant frequency (F1 F2) plane.
A Sophisticated Algorithm for Using Fuzzy Logic Controllers in Adaptive Cruise Controller Systems

Using fuzzy logic controller, a sophisticated algorithm for adaptive cruise controller systems is pro- posed. The presented architecture can control the vehicle acceleration in a very simple and efficient way. The new algorithm is simulated in an artificial environment using MATLAB. In comparison with previous works, simulation results of the proposed algorithm have a much smoother output for controlling throttle and brake actuator of a car. In addition we represent a structure for implementing the proposed algorithm by using FLC, DAC, ADC, adders and some digital gates.
Scene detection methods for MPEG-encoded video signals

This paper evaluates the performance of three scene cut detection algorithms for MPEG-coded video data. A large amount of data taken from actual video sequences is presented to evaluate the scene results. For each method, the percentage of false, as well as failed, scene detection is used as an indication of the performance of the method. The effect of the selected MPEG bit rate and resolution on the performance of the methods are further investigated, to evaluate the methods' robustness, especially in low bit rate applications. Conclusions on the appropriateness of the methodologies used in the framework of the targeted applications are finally derived.
Magmatic processes in the Eastern Volcanic Zone of Iceland

Basaltic volcanism is an important consequence of mid-ocean ridge (MOR) spreading. On arrival in the crust and uppermost mantle, melts are processed in magma reservoirs prior to erup- tion, leading to geochemical signals of mantle melting being obscured by mixing, crystallisation and degassing processes. In order to use the compositions of primitive crystals to interrogate both mantle melting and magma reservoir processes, it is thus important to understand not only how crystals relate to the melt in which they are erupted, but the relationships between indi- vidual compositional zones within crystals.
Accident Analysis and Prevention

This paper introduces a framework for modelling the cyclist’s comfort zone. Unlike the driver’s comfort zone, little is known about the cyclist’s. The framework draws on existing literature in cognitive science about driver behaviour to explain experimental results from cycling field trials, and the modelling of these results. We modelled braking and steering manoeuvres from field data of cyclists’ obstacle avoidance within their comfort zone. Results show that when cyclists avoided obstacles by braking, they kept a constant deceleration; as speed increased, they started to brake earlier, farther from the obstacle, maintaining an almost constant time to collision. When cyclists avoided obstacles by steering, they maintained a constant distance from the object, independent of speed. Overall, the higher the speed, the more the steering manoeuvres were temporally delayed compared to braking manoeuvres. We discuss these results and other similarities between cyclist and driver behaviour during obstacle avoidance. Implications for the design of acceptable active safety and infrastructure design are also addressed.
[The overview of the seminar on chronic hepatitis B].

慢性乙型肝炎是我国常见病、多发病,其中约1/4最终可能发展成为肝硬化及肝癌,严重威胁我国人民的健康. 为进一步加强内地与香港在肝病领域里的交流与合作,2004年7月4～5日在香港召开了"中国慢性乙型肝炎治疗进展研讨会". 我国吴孟超、汤钊猷及庄辉院士,王宝恩、斯崇文、张定凤、徐道振、陆志檬、梁慧仪教授等一百多位著名肝脏病学家专参加了会议. 专家们就我国乙型肝炎(简称乙肝)流行现状、乙肝疫苗新生儿普种后对乙肝感染的预防效果、乙肝的发病机制和免疫调节治疗的研究动向等进行了研讨,并着重对干扰素(IFN)、拉米夫定和胸腺肽α1治疗慢性乙肝、重型肝炎、肝纤维化、肝硬化及原发性肝癌的经验进行了深入交流。