Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Long Term Employment of African-American and White Welfare Recipients and the Role of Persistent Health and Mental Health Problems

ABSTRACT We use a panel study of Michigan current and former welfare recipients to estimate the prevalence and persistence of health problems in the post-reform welfare population and their role in women's employment. Rates of health problems were disproportionately high. Over 70 percent of current and former welfare recipients reported limitations in physical functioning; over 60 percent met the criteria for a mental health disorder measured in the study; and 37 percent reported having a child with a health problem in at least one of four interviews over a 4 1/2-year period. Women who reported physical health, mental health, or child health problems at multiple waves worked fewer months. There were no race-based differences in employment length or in physical health problems, but African-Americans were less likely than whites to meet the diagnostic screening criteria for depression, to meet criteria for general anxiety disorder, and to report a child with a health problem. These findings suggest that the inclusion of persistent health problems as determinants of work in human capital models increases understanding of the transition from welfare to work. Policies need to reexamine welfare's work requirements to encourage states to provide services and supports to recipients.
Development of a Web-Based Acceptance and Commitment Therapy Intervention to Support Lifestyle Behavior Change and Well-Being in Health Care Staff: Participatory Design Study

BACKGROUND Positive emotional well-being is associated with healthier lifestyle choices and overall health function, whereas poor mental health is associated with significant economic and psychological costs. Thus, the development of effective interventions that improve emotional well-being is crucial to address the worldwide burden of disease. OBJECTIVE This study aims to develop a web-based emotional well-being intervention for use by health care staff using participatory design to consider adherence and engagement from a user perspective. METHODS A 3-staged iterative participatory design process was followed, including multiple stakeholders: researchers, computer scientists, mental health experts, and health care staff. Stage 1 used document analyses, direct observation, and welcome interviews; stage 2 used focus group discussions, rapid prototyping, and usability tasks; and stage 3 evaluated a high-fidelity prototype. RESULTS Different health care staff (N=38) participated during a sustained period. A structured, sequential, automated, 12-week, web-based emotional well-being intervention based on acceptance and commitment therapy was developed. Freely navigated psychoeducational resources were also included. CONCLUSIONS The iterative and collaborative participatory design process successfully met its objectives. It generated an in-depth understanding of well-being within the workplace and identified barriers to access. The 3-staged process ensured that participants had the opportunity to explore and articulate criteria relevant to their roles over time and reflect on decisions made at each stage.
The geoid, small‐scale convection, and differential travel time anomalies of shear waves in the central Indian Ocean

We have measured 37 differential travel times for the phase pairs SS-S, sSS-sS, ScS2-ScS, ScS2-S, sScS2-sScS, and sScS2-sS. Each pair included a surface bounce point in the central Indian Ocean between 4°N and 21°S and 69° and 85°E. Residuals were calculated relative to both the J-B travel time tables and the PEM-C earth model and were corrected for the elevation of the bounce points. The mean J-B residual associated with bounce points in the Central Indian Basin is −2.8±0.7 s (fast). This contrasts with +4.2 s (slow) reported for the western Pacific by Sipkin and Jordan, and is similar to the −4.0 s found for old continental nucleii. After correcting for known differences between continental and oceanic crustal structure and for differences in measurement technique, we find that travel times in the mantle beneath the Central Indian Basin are midway in character between those beneath pre-Cambrian shields and those beneath the western Pacific ocean basin. The fastest differential travel times occur along a line passing close to the center of the large Indian Ocean geoidal low. There is a clear increase in travel time with distance from the center of the geoid low, suggesting that the source of the geoid anomaly may also be largely responsible for the difference between the Central Indian and Pacific basins. The Chagos-Laccadive Ridge seems to coincide with a transition from the fast differential travel times of the Central Indian Basin to slower differential travel times associated with bounce points beneath young seafloor near active spreading centers. There are also variations within the Central Indian Basin that are not related to surface geological features or to the age of the seafloor. These variations are periodic with a wavelength of about 640 km and with a NNE trend, which agrees approximately with the trend that would be expected for linear, convective rolls in the upper mantle.
Ice Age terrestrial carbon changes revisited

N. Shackleton (1977) first proposed that changes in the marine δ 13 C record (Δδ 13 C) could be used to infer ice age changes in carbon storage on land. The previously published best estimate from the marine record is equivalent to about 490 Gt (0.32 Δδ 13 C). However, Adams et al. (1990) utilized a pollen database to estimate a 1350 Gt change in carbon storage, which would cause a Δδ 13 C of about 0.90‰. The nearly trillion ton difference in estimates amounts to almost half of the total carbon stored on land. To address the nature of this discrepancy, I have reexamined the terrestrial carbon record based on a new pollen database compiled by R. Webb and the Cooperative Holocene Mapping Project (COHMAP) group. I estimate about 750-1050 Gt glacial-interglacial change in terrestrial carbon storage, with the range reflecting uncertainties in carbon storage values for different biomes. Additional uncertainties apply to rainforest and wetland extent and presence of C4 plants, which have a significantly different isotopic signature than C3 plants. Although some scenarios overlap a new estimate of carbon storage based on the oceanic Δδ 13 C record (revised to 0.40‰ and 610 Gt), most estimates seem to fall outside the envelope of uncertainty in the marine record. Several possible explanations for this gap involve : (1) a missing sink may be involved in land-sea carbon exchange (e.g., continental slopes) ; (2) the geochemistry of the exchange process is not understood ; (3) carbon storage by biome may have changed under ice age boundary conditions ; or (4) the standard interpretation of whole ocean changes in the marine δ 13 C record requires reevaluation. This latter conclusion receives some support from comparison of the δ 13 C records for δ 18 O Stages 2 and 6. For the Stage 6 glacial, the δ 13 C changes are 50-60% larger than for the Stage 2 glacial. Yet implications of increased aridity are not supported by longterm trends in atmospheric dust loading. To summarize, the above analysis implies that, despite the uncertainties remaining in estimates of terrestrial carbon storage changes, a case can be made that our understanding of the transfer process is incomplete and that the eventual explanation may require clarification of factors affecting the marine δ 13 C record.
Microfluidique papier : de la physique des écoulements au diagnostic du virus Ebola en Guinée

Les proprietes du papier - pompe capillaire, prix et disponibilite - lui permettent de repondre a tout type de contraintes logistiques et economiques d'un diagnostic medical de terrain. En amont de l'application, nous avons etudie les ecoulements dans des geometries confinees par des barrieres de cire. Une focalisation hydrodynamique associee a l'evaporation, cree un effet de concentrateur atteignant un facteur d'amplification de 1000. La continuite du diagnostic depuis le terrain jusqu'au laboratoire est assuree par des dispositifs hybrides papier-microsystemes. Dans cette these, l'elution d'echantillons seches dans le papier est quantifiee et sa compatibilite avec differentes fonctions microfluidiques demontree. Nous nous sommes interesses a deux applications de diagnostic : la detection d'un biomarqueur cardiaque par immunoessai et celle du virus Ebola par amplification d'acides nucleiques (RT-RPA). Avec un dispositif papier simple et une revelation colorimetrique, la troponine a ete detectee jusqu'a une concentration de 1 ng/mL. Le diagnostic precoce de maladies infectieuses est rendu possible par la biologie moleculaire sur papier. Apres des developpements en laboratoires sur ARN synthetiques, des experiences realisees en Guinee, sur des echantillons cliniques, a partir de papiers prets a l'emploi, avec une instrumentation transportable ont atteint une sensibilite a 85.3%. Le multiplexage du diagnostic est obtenu dans des geometries multicouches par la realisation simultanee de tests et controles. Enfin, l'application a d'autres pathogenes comme HIV et la Dengue, a montre les limites du papier et de son environnement biochimique non controle.
Results of an autumnal bird ringing project at Muraviovka Park (Amur Region) in 2011

From 7th September until 29th October 2011 bird migration was studied at Muraviovka Park in Amur region. 2060 birds of 65 species were banded with rings from Moscow Ringing Centre, and 277 individuals of 30 species produced 377 local returns during this two-month period. Seven birds of five species banded in 2009 at Muraviovka Park were also captured. Recapture data is presented for 31 bird taxa, showing the importance of Muraviovka Park as a stop-over site for a variety of migratory passerine birds.
Eastern U.S. summer streamflow during extreme phases of the North Atlantic oscillation

Numerous studies have suggested streamflow discharge in the conterminous U.S. has been increasing, particularly in the east starting in the latter half of the 20th century. Northern Hemisphere (NH) hydroclimatic variability has been connected to shifts in large‐scale atmospheric teleconnection patterns. This study ascertained the spatial and temporal influences of the extreme phases of the North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO) on interannual streamflow variability across the eastern U.S. during the summer season. We also assessed the presence of any delayed streamflow responses to NAO configurations during previous spring (March‐April‐May) and winter (December‐January‐February) seasons across the study area. Methods of inquiry included the use of various statistical and compositing analyses applied to records of mean daily summer streamflow obtained from the Hydro‐Climatic Data Network between 1950 and 2010. Results of this study suggest that summer streamflow across eastern U.S. may be related to and thus potentially predicted from the NAO up to three seasons in advance, information of significant hydrologic consequences for the area. Depending upon the season and geographic location, the relationships may be both linear and nonlinear in nature and may be masked by the presence of temporal trends in the index. Summer streamflow across the eastern U.S., in general, displays greatest response to the negative phase of the NAO during the previous winter and the concurrent summer seasons. Geographically, the greatest potential for predictability exists across the Northeast where cohesive responses to NAO exist in all three seasons, winter, spring, and summer.
Coupling groundwater and land surface processes: Idealized simulations to identify effects of terrain and subsurface heterogeneity on land surface energy fluxes

This work investigates the role of terrain and subsurface heterogeneity on the interactions between groundwater dynamics and land surface energy fluxes using idealized simulations. A three‐dimensional variably saturated groundwater code (ParFlow) coupled to a land surface model (Common Land Model) is used to account for both vertical and lateral water and pressure movement. This creates a fully integrated approach, coupling overland and subsurface flow while having an explicit representation of the water table and all land surface processes forced by atmospheric data. Because the water table is explicitly represented in these simulations, regions with stronger interaction between water table depth and the land surface energy balance (known as critical zones) can be identified. This study uses simple terrain and geologic configurations to demonstrate the importance of lateral surface and subsurface flows in determining land surface heat and moisture fluxes. Strong correlations are found between the land surface fluxes and water table depth across all cases, including terrain shape, subsurface heterogeneity, vegetation type, and climatological region. Results show that different land forms and subsurface heterogeneities produce very different water table dynamics and land surface flux responses to atmospheric forcing. Subsurface formation and properties have the greatest effect on the coupling between the water table and surface heat and moisture fluxes. Changes in landform and land surface slope also have an effect on these interactions by influencing the fraction of rainfall contributing to overland flow versus infiltration. This directly affects the extent of the critical zone with highest coupling strength along the hillside. Vegetative land cover, as seen in these simulations, has a large effect on the energy balance at the land surface but a small effect on streamflow and water table dynamics and thus a limited impact on the land surface‐subsurface interactions. Although climate forcing has a direct effect on water table dynamics and feedbacks to the land surface, in this study it does not overcome that of subsurface heterogeneity and terrain.
The event‐to‐event variability of the boreal winter MJO

During boreal winters, perturbations of the convection by the Madden‐Julian Oscillation (MJO) peak over three basins distributed in longitude south of the Equator: the eastern Indian Ocean (IO), the south of the Maritime Continent (MC) and the western Pacific Ocean (PO). We use the observed Outgoing Longwave Radiation (OLR) and low‐level wind to identify and characterize all wintertime MJO events between 1979 and 2010. There is a large event‐to‐event variability with some MJO events organized at the planetary‐scale having their amplitude well distributed over the 3 basins and some showing only basin‐scale organization with a convective perturbation peaking over one or two basins. The average of the MJO amplitude for the three basins shows an intriguing decadal variability consistent for both OLR and low‐level wind. The disparity between the 3 basins is dominated by an alternation between MJO amplitude peaking on either the Indian or the Pacific Ocean. This Indo‐Pacific alternation, depicted by an Indo‐Pacific Index (IPI), is partly related to ENSO. In El Niño conditions, there is not only an extension of the MJO perturbation further east, but also an increase of the MJO perturbation over the western Pacific and a diminution of the MJO perturbation over the eastern Indian Ocean.
The integrated effects of climate and hydrologic uncertainty on future flood risk assessments

This work examines future flood risk within the context of integrated climate and hydrologic modelling uncertainty. The research questions investigated are (1) whether hydrologic uncertainties are a significant source of uncertainty relative to other sources such as climate variability and change and (2) whether a statistical characterization of uncertainty from a lumped, conceptual hydrologic model is sufficient to account for hydrologic uncertainties in the modelling process. To investigate these questions, an ensemble of climate simulations are propagated through hydrologic models and then through a reservoir simulation model to delimit the range of flood protection under a wide array of climate conditions. Uncertainty in mean climate changes and internal climate variability are framed using a risk‐based methodology and are explored using a stochastic weather generator. To account for hydrologic uncertainty, two hydrologic models are considered, a conceptual, lumped parameter model and a distributed, physically based model. In the conceptual model, parameter and residual error uncertainties are quantified and propagated through the analysis using a Bayesian modelling framework. The approach is demonstrated in a case study for the Coralville Dam on the Iowa River, where recent, intense flooding has raised questions about potential impacts of climate change on flood protection adequacy. Results indicate that the uncertainty surrounding future flood risk from hydrologic modelling and internal climate variability can be of the same order of magnitude as climate change. Furthermore, statistical uncertainty in the conceptual hydrological model can capture the primary structural differences that emerge in flood damage estimates between the two hydrologic models. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Early Wisconsinan (MIS 4) glaciation on Haida Gwaii, British Columbia, and implications for biological refugia

Sea cliffs at Cape Ball on Graham Island, British Columbia, expose a thick sequence of Pleistocene sediments deposited during at least two glaciations. In sequence, from the base of the section, the units are (1) stony mud, (2) till, (3) silt, sand, and peat, (4) stony mud, (5) laminated sand and silt, (6) cross-bedded sand, and (7) till. Of special interest is unit 4, a massive to weakly stratified mud containing scattered stones that was deposited during the penultimate Pleistocene glaciation (marine isotope stage (MIS) 4). This unit contains wood and marine shell fragments that have yielded non-finite radiocarbon ages. Sand and silt with thin stringers of peat (unit 3) directly underlie this stony mud, and returned an optical age of 57.3 ± 5.7 ka. The stony mud is unconformably overlain by ponded sediments (unit 5) and advance outwash (unit 6) and till (unit 7) deposited during the Fraser Glaciation (MIS 2). The optically dated unit and a correlative peat and silty sand unit at a nearby exposure have p.
Acute Alcoholic Hepatitis

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Effects of Land-Use Changes on Saint Louis Bay Watershed Modeling

Abstract Saint Louis Bay Watershed is a coastal watershed located in southern Mississippi, which composes two basins: Jordan River Basin and Wolf River Basin. Two land use/land cover (LULC) datasets: the Geographic Information Retrieval and Analysis System (GIRAS) and the National Land Cover Data (NLCD) are applied on these two basins to simulate the hydrologic and water quality parameters by using the Hydrological Simulation Program - FORTRAN (HSPF) and the Better Assessment Science Integrating Point and Nonpoint Sources (BASINS). The difference of GIRAS dataset and NLCD dataset for the Saint Louis Bay represents the LULC change from 1977 to 1992. The area percentages of Forest Land and Urban or Built-up Land decrease for both these two basins. However, the area percentages of Wetlands and Barren Land increase. The Rate of Soil Erosion has a great increase in the area changing from other LULC classifications to Barren Land. As a result of the loss of vegetation and the aggravation of soil erosion, the Total Outflows of Sediments has a great increase, which deteriorates the water quality. However, other hydrologic and water quality parameters including Streamflow, Water Temperature, and Dissolved Oxygen, in contrast, result in insignificant changes.
Transport modeling in heterogeneous aquifers: 1. Statistical description and numerical generation of gravel deposits

Transport of solutes in groundwater is decisively influenced by the heterogeneity of the aquifer. The goal of the present work is the numerical generation of synthetic heterogeneous aquifer models based on a statistical description of heterogeneities in gravel aquifers. Large unweathered outcrops in several gravel pits in northeastern Switzerland were investigated in this context. On the basis of sedimentological observations it was possible to specify distinct sedimentary structures appearing as lenses or layers. All structures have been identified in each of the investigated outcrops. By inspecting and analyzing photographs of the outcrops, it was possible to estimate the probability density functions (pdf) of the geometrical attributes of the sedimentary structures. Disturbed and undisturbed samples were taken from these structures to estimate the pdf of their hydraulic properties, that is, the hydraulic conductivity and the porosity. The information obtained is used to generate distinct numerical realizations by unconditional stochastic simulation of synthetic aquifers having the same statistical properties with respect to hydraulic conductivity and porosity as the investigated deposits.
Water Resource Management in a Middle Mountain Watershed

Abstract As development and population increase, efficient use and management of water in mountain watersheds is of growing concern in Asia. The work presented in this article applied hydro-meteorological monitoring and participatory action research on water availability to improve water management in Xizhuang watershed in Yunnan Province, China. With an area of 34.56 km2 and a population of 4501, Xizhuang watershed is typical of the watersheds in the middle mountains that feed the Salween River. Although this catchment provides plentiful water (rainfall and runoff), the temporal and spatial distribution of this supply is uneven. Together with uneven distribution, major issues include water shortages for irrigation, domestic use, and livestock; poor water quality; and conflicts among different stakeholders. To improve sustainable use and conservation, this paper suggests developing integrated water resource management and water harvest technology.
The impact of large-scale forest fires on atmospheric aerosol characteristics

Aerosol optical thickness and aerosol index variations, caused by large-scale forest fires in central Yakutia in 2002 were studied using remote-sensing data (Earth Observing System (EOS) Terra, Earth Probe). Total emissions of CO2, CO, CH4, etc., were calculated using a modelling approach and Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS)/Terra burned area data. A comparison of the total emissions from forest fires in central Yakutia with global fire and volcanic emissions are made. Furthermore, long-range transport events of aerosol particles during maximum activity of forest fires are examined. It was shown that forest fires have a significant impact on the lower atmosphere; in particular, aerosol plumes are noticeable at a distance of around 3000 km from the study area.