Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Children's Motives for Admitting to Prosocial Behavior

There has been extensive research on children's moral evaluation of lying in prosocial situations. Current knowledge regarding the concept of lying has been derived from studies showing that cultural differences exist, whereby non-Western children tend to rate lie telling more positively than Western children do. These findings suggest that there are different views about whether children should publicize their prosocial behaviors and that children have universal motives when they admit to engaging in prosocial behavior. A gender difference has also been found in relation to prosocial behavior. However, previous studies did not investigate in detail children's motives for admission or non-admission to prosocial behavior, and if there is a gender difference. Therefore, this study examined the diversity in and development of motives for admitting or not admitting to engaging in prosocial behavior, with the aim of clarifying these behaviors as a function of children's grade level in school, and how such motives differ with age and gender. Questionnaires from 1345 elementary and junior high school students in Japan were analyzed. Results showed that children's communication tendency with regard to prosocial behavior reports peaked in the fourth grade of elementary school and gradually decreased thereafter. From the third grade of elementary school onwards, children reported that they refrained from admitting prosocial behaviors. Younger children more likely cited honesty as a crucial motive for admitting to prosocial behaviors. Girls were more likely to endorse honesty as a motive than boys were. Moreover, among younger children, girls feared others' negative evaluation and wanted to comply with modesty norms when not admitting. Further research is needed to examine the developmental process for motives behind prosocial behaviors.
Maximum Domination Problem

We consider new variants of the vertex/edge domination problems on graphs. A vertex is said to dominate itself and its all adjacent vertices, and similarly an edge is said to dominate itself and its all adjacent edges Given an input graph G = (V, E) and an integer k, the k-Vertex (k-Edge) Maximum Domination (k-MaxVD and k-MaxED, respectively) is to find a subset DV ⊆ V of vertices (resp. DE ⊆ E of edges) with size at most k that maximizes the cardinality of dominated vertices (resp., edges). In this paper, we first show that a simple greedy strategy achieves an approximation ratio of (1−1/e) for both k-MaxVD and k-MaxED. Then, we show that this approximation ratio is the best possible for k-MaxVD unless P = NP. We also prove that, for any constant e > 0, there is no polynomial time 1303/1304+e approximation algorithm for k-MaxED unless P = NP. However, if k is not larger than the size of the minimum maximal matching, k-MaxED is 3/4-approximable in polynomial time.
How Reliable are the Statistics for the Stability and Growth Pact

The aim of this paper is to assess the reliability of the government deficit and debt figures reported to the European Commission by Member States. Reliability is one of the several dimensions of quality in statistics; it refers to the magnitudes of data revisions after the publication of the first outcomes. The measurement of the data reliability and inference about potential future revisions are particularly relevant for fiscal surveillance in the EU since statistical institutes take a long time - usually four years - to provide final data, while the decisions on the Stability and Growth Pact context are taken on the basis of the first estimates available shortly after the end of each year. The paper shows that there are very significant differences in reliability among Member States and indicates the margins of uncertainty in relation to the most recent years' data. It also compares the reliability of deficit and debt figures; checks that the shift from ESA79 to ESA95 did not generally harm the reliability of data and suggests that the size of deficits may have an impact on the way statistical offices revise data.
Chromosome 9p21.3 is Associated with Early-Onset Coronary Heart Disease in the Irish Population

Coronary heart disease (CHD) remains a leading cause of death across the world. A region on chromosome 9p21.3 has been recently reported to be associated with CHD. We evaluated 3 SNPs and 3 common haplotypes in the 9p21.3 region in 1494 individuals from 580 Irish families, where at least 1 member had early-onset (males <or=55 yr, females <or=60 yr) CHD. Genotypes were determined by multiplex SNaPshot technology. Using the combined TDT/S-TDT test, the 3 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP), rs10757274, rs2383206 and rs1333049, were strongly associated with early-onset CHD (p = 2.7 x 10(-6), 2.7 x 10(-6), 3.8 x 10(-7), respectively). Analysis of haplotypes by the TRANSMIT program also showed that the GGC haplotype was associated with early-onset CHD (p=7.9 x 10(-7)). In conclusion, using a family-based approach in the Irish population, we have confirmed previous reports of association between a region on chromosome 9p21.3 and early-onset CHD.
Differential Immune Microenvironments and Response to Immune Checkpoint Blockade among Molecular Subtypes of Murine Medulloblastoma

Purpose: Despite significant strides in the identification and characterization of potential therapeutic targets for medulloblastoma, the role of the immune system and its interplay with the tumor microenvironment within these tumors are poorly understood. To address this, we adapted two syngeneic animal models of human Sonic Hedgehog (SHH)-driven and group 3 medulloblastoma for preclinical evaluation in immunocompetent C57BL/6 mice. Experimental Design and Results: Multicolor flow cytometric analyses were used to phenotype and characterize immune infiltrating cells within established cerebellar tumors. We observed significantly higher percentages of dendritic cells, infiltrating lymphocytes, myeloid-derived suppressor cells, and tumor-associated macrophages in murine SHH model tumors compared with group 3 tumors. However, murine group 3 tumors had higher percentages of CD8+ PD-1+ T cells within the CD3 population. PD-1 blockade conferred superior antitumor efficacy in animals bearing intracranial group 3 tumors compared with SHH group tumors, indicating that immunologic differences within the tumor microenvironment can be leveraged as potential targets to mediate antitumor efficacy. Further analysis of anti-PD-1 monoclonal antibody localization revealed binding to PD-1+ peripheral T cells, but not tumor infiltrating lymphocytes within the brain tumor microenvironment. Peripheral PD-1 blockade additionally resulted in a marked increase in CD3+ T cells within the tumor microenvironment. Conclusions: This is the first immunologic characterization of preclinical models of molecular subtypes of medulloblastoma and demonstration that response to immune checkpoint blockade differs across subtype classification. Our findings also suggest that effective anti-PD-1 blockade does not require that systemically administered antibodies penetrate the brain tumor microenvironment. Clin Cancer Res; 22(3); 582–95. ©2015 AACR.
Optimization design of a novel closed-loop spray cooling system

Due to the superiority of spray cooling system in removing high waste heat flux generated by the electronics, a novel spray cooling system combined with ejective condenser is proposed and its work procedure is introduced. Most previous relevant studies are only focus on the influences of parameters on the spray cooling performance. In the present paper, a multi-objective optimization function on the overall system is provided through the analysis of fluid flow and heat transfer characteristics, and the Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) is applied to solve this problem. The optimized results of the total mass, the total pump power consumption and the heat surface temperature are obtained at different heat power. The optimal system structure parameters of the sprayer, the ejective condenser, the radiator are obtained. The work conditions of the sprayer mass flow and the heat surface temperature are also got under the performance of minimum power consumption, minimum system mass and the lowest heat source temperature at heat source power 500 W (heat flux 500 W/cm2).
Glycosylphosphatidylinositol-Dependent Protein Trafficking in Bloodstream Stage Trypanosoma brucei

ABSTRACT We have previously demonstrated that glycosylphosphatidylinositol (GPI) anchors strongly influence protein trafficking in the procyclic insect stage of Trypanosoma brucei (M. A. McDowell, D. A. Ransom, and J. D. Bangs, Biochem. J. 335:681-689, 1998), where GPI-minus variant surface glycoprotein (VSG) reporters have greatly reduced rates of endoplasmic reticulum (ER) exit but are ultimately secreted. We now demonstrate that GPI-dependent trafficking also occurs in pathogenic bloodstream trypanosomes. However, unlike in procyclic trypanosomes, truncated VSGs lacking C-terminal GPI-addition signals are not secreted but are mistargeted to the lysosome and degraded. Failure to export these reporters is not due to a deficiency in secretion of these cells since the N-terminal ATPase domain of the endogenous ER protein BiP is efficiently secreted from transgenic cell lines. Velocity sedimentation experiments indicate that GPI-minus VSG dimerizes similarly to wild-type VSG, suggesting that degradation is not due to ER quality control mechanisms. However, GPI-minus VSGs are fully protected from degradation by the cysteine protease inhibitor FMK024, a potent inhibitor of the major lysosomal protease trypanopain. Immunofluorescence of cells incubated with FMK024 demonstrates that GPI-minus VSG colocalizes with p67, a lysosomal marker. These data suggest that in the absence of a GPI anchor, VSG is mistargeted to the lysosome and subsequently degraded. Our findings indicate that GPI-dependent transport is a general feature of secretory trafficking in both stages of the life cycle. A working model is proposed in which GPI valence regulates progression in the secretory pathway of bloodstream stage trypanosomes.
Open Access – Review This Article Is Part of a Special Issue Entitled 'pollen – Pistil Interactions' Receptor-like Kinases as Surface Regulators for Rac/rop-mediated Pollen Tube Growth and Interaction with the Pistil

Background RAC/ROPs are RHO-type GTPases and are known to play diverse signalling roles in plants. Cyto-plasmic RAC/ROPs are recruited to the cell membrane and activated in response to extracellu-lar signals perceived and mediated by cell surface-located signalling assemblies, transducing the signals to regulate cellular processes. More than any other cell types in plants, pollen tubes depend on continuous interactions with an extracellular environment produced by their surrounding tissues as they grow within the female organ pistil to deliver sperm to the female gametophyte for fertilization.
Quality of life and cost-effectiveness of a three year trial of lifestyle intervention in primary health care

Background: Lifestyle interventions reduce cardiovascular risk and diabetes but reports on long term effects on quality of life (QOL) and health care utilization are rare. The aim was to investigate the impact of a primary health care based lifestyle intervention program on QOL and cost-effectiveness over 3 years. Methods: 151 men and women, age 18-65 yr, at moderate-to-high risk for cardiovascular disease, were randomly assigned to either lifestyle intervention with standard care or standard care alone. Intervention consisted of supervised exercise sessions and diet counseling for 3 months, followed by regular group meetings during 3years. Change in QOL was measured with EuroQol (EQ-5D, EQ VAS), the 36-item Short Form Health Survey (SF-36), and the SF-6D. The health economic evaluation was performed from a societal view and a treatment perspective. In a cost-utility analysis the costs, gained quality-adjusted life years (QALY) and savings in health care were considered. Cost-effectiveness was also described using the Net Monetary Benefit Method. Results: Significant differences between groups over the 3-yr period were shown in EQ VAS, SF-6D and SF-36 physical component summary but not in EQ-5D or SF-36 mental component summary. There was a net saving of 47 USD per participant. Costs per gained QALY, savings not counted, were 1,668 – 4,813 USD. Probabilities of cost-effectiveness were 89 – 100 %, when 50 000 USD was used as stakeholder’s threshold of willingness to pay for a gained QALY. Conclusion: Lifestyle intervention in primary care improves QOL and is highly cost-effective in relation to
Inductive Inference : An Axiomatic Approach ∗ Itzhak Gilboa and David Schmeidler

A predictor is asked to rank eventualities according to their plausibility, based on past cases. We assume that she can form a ranking given any memory that consists of Þnitely many past cases. Mild consistency requirements on these rankings imply that they have a numerical representation via a matrix assigning numbers to eventuality-case pairs, as follows. Given a memory, each eventuality is ranked according to the sum of the numbers in its row, over cases in memory. The number attached to an eventuality-case pair can be interpreted as the degree of support that the past lends to the plausibility of the eventuality. Special cases of this result may be viewed as axiomatizing kernel methods for estimation of densities and for classiÞcation problems. Interpreting the same result for rankings of theories or hypotheses, rather than of speciÞc eventualities, it is shown that one may ascribe to the predictor subjective conditional probabilities of cases given theories, such that her rankings of theories agree with rankings by the likelihood functions. ∗We wish to thank Yoav Binyamini, Didier Dubois, Drew Fudenberg, Bruno Jullien, Edi Karni, Simon Kasif, Daniel Lehmann, Sujoy Mukerji, Roger Myerson, Klaus Nehring, Ariel Rubinstein, Lidror Troyanski, Peter Wakker, Peyton Young, and two anonymous referees for the discussions that motivated this work, as well as for comments and references. Most of this material is also available as a Web paper at http://econ.tau. ac.il/gilboa/Inductive Inference/Index.html. Tel-Aviv University. igilboa@post.tau. ac.il Tel-Aviv University and The Ohio State University. schmeid@post.tau. ac.il
Effect of Pupil Size on Flicker ERGs Recorded With RETeval System: New Mydriasis-Free Full-Field ERG System.

PURPOSE We studied whether pupil size affects the flicker electroretinograms (ERGs) recorded by RETeval, a new mydriasis-free full-field flicker ERG system. METHODS We studied 10 healthy subjects. The RETeval manufacturer claims that the system delivers a constant flash retinal illuminance by adjusting the flash luminance to compensate for changes in the pupil size. Two experiments were performed. First, the flicker ERG was recorded every 3 minutes after the instillation of mydriatics. Second, the flicker ERG was recorded while the subjects wore soft contact lenses with two different artificial pupil sizes. RESULTS The first experiment showed that as pupil size increased, the amplitudes of the fundamental component of the flicker ERG did not change significantly, but the implicit times of the fundamental component were significantly prolonged for larger pupil sizes. There was a significant positive correlation between the pupillary area and implicit time of the fundamental component (r = 0.93, P < 0.001). The second experiment showed that the implicit times of the fundamental component in the flicker ERG were significantly longer with larger artificial pupil. CONCLUSIONS The results suggest that the effective retinal illuminance of the stimulus delivered by the RETeval system decreases for large pupil sizes. However, in most clinical testing situations, patients' undilated pupils will likely be sufficiently small to fall within the range for which the system delivers a stimulus of constant retinal illuminance.
Optimal Monetary Policy under Heterogeneity in Currency Trade

We embed an expectations-based optimal policy rule into a DSGE model for a small open economy that is augmented with trend extrapolation or chartism, which is a form of technical trading, in currency trade to examine the prerequisites for monetary policy. We find that a unique REE that is least-squares learnable is often the outcome when there is a limited amount of trend extrapolation, but that a less flexible inflation rate targeting may cause a multiplicity of REE. We also compute impulse-response functions for key macroeconomic variables to study how the economy returns to steady state after being hit by a shock.
Ict Adoption Propensity in the Hotel Industry: An Empirical Study

The information and communication technologies are revolutionizing the hospitality sector over the years. This study looks at the propensity for adoption of ICT based facilities in the hotel industry. There exists a large variation for the propensity for adopting ICTs in the hotel industry. In this study the factors that impacting a hotel's propensity to adopt ICTs is analyzed. The factors are broadly divided into the location related factors and the firm related factors. The analysis of the relative impact of the factors is carried out through a survey among hotels from seven locations in the Thailand.
Defeating reflector based Denial-of-Service attacks using single packet filters

Denial-of-Service (DoS) and Distributed Denial-of-Service (DDoS) attacks are becoming increasingly sophisticated with few practical solutions available. In this paper we consider the issue of filtering reflector based DoS attacks and of identifying attackers. For reflector based attacks, a Signature Conflict Triggered Filtering (SCTF) scheme based on Deterministic Edge Router Marking (DERM) was proposed. We suggest an enhancement to make the 3-way handshake in SCTF stateless and call it Fast-SCTF. We then propose a framework using BGP for a single-packet handshake. We demonstrate that our proposed scheme is space efficient, more secure, robust and it requires very little cooperation among autonomous systems.
A Dusty Disk around WD 1150–153: Explaining the Metals in White Dwarfs by Accretion from the Interstellar Medium versus Debris Disks

We report the discovery of excess K-band radiation from a metal-rich DAV white dwarf star, WD 1150-153. Our near-infrared spectroscopic observations show that the excess radiation cannot be explained by a (sub)stellar companion, and is likely to be caused by a debris disk similar to the other DAZ white dwarfs with circumstellar debris disks. We find that the fraction of DAZ white dwarfs with detectable debris disks is at least 14%. We also revisit the problem of explaining the metals in white dwarf photospheres by accretion from the interstellar medium (ISM). We use the observed interstellar column densities toward stars in close angular proximity and similar distance as DAZ white dwarfs to constrain the contribution of accretion from the ISM. We find no correlation between the accretion density required to supply metals observed in DAZs with the densities observed in their interstellar environment, indicating that ISM accretion alone cannot explain the presence of metals in nearby DAZ white dwarfs. Although ISM accretion will certainly contribute, our analysis indicates that it is not the dominant source of metals for most DAZ white dwarfs. Instead, the growing number of circumstellar debris disks around DAZs suggests that circumstellar material may play a more dominant role in polluting the white dwarf atmospheres.
Lighting up the “dark side” of international export/import relationships

It is widely held that long‐term relationships between buyers and suppliers are beneficial for both parties. This view has become axiomatic in contemporary management. However, little empirical evidence exists to support the benefits of long‐ versus short‐term relationships. This study examines the degree to which export relationships can be sustained over time, thus producing mutual benefits for the parties involved. The perceptions of 212 UK export managers from a broad range of industrial sectors were obtained. Using relationship duration as a categorising variable four groups of international relationships were examined based on relationship elements (e.g. trust, commitment) and performance components (e.g. relationship costs, value). The findings reveal that there is some weakening of the relationships over time as is illustrated in terms of the reduced level of affective commitment; however, perceptions of competence and performance show signs of significant increase. Further, the findings indicate that exporters in relationships with a high relational content (e.g. trust, commitment) generally achieve higher than average performance outcomes. Long‐term relationships do indeed suffer from a “dark side”; however, this is lightened by a mutual appreciation of competencies that enable sustained performance.
Materials and Designs for Wireless Epidermal Sensors of Hydration and Strain

This paper presents materials and designs for an ultrathin, stretchable class of device that is capable of lamination onto the surface of the skin, for wireless determination of dielectric and surface strain properties. The sensor exploits LC resonators with capacitive electrodes whose radio frequency characteristics change with variations in skin properties, and is capable of conformal and spontaneous integration with skin due to their skin‐like, “epidermal”, mechanical properties. Resonance frequencies of the LC resonators can be measured wirelessly through changes in the absorption of electromagnetic energy from a coil connected to an impedance measurement setup and placed in proximity to the epidermal device. Experimental results demonstrate that the device offers a precision of 1.1 (arbitrary unit of a reference commercial hydration meter) for hydration and 1.3% for strain detection, with good stability and low drift. Measurement of simulated lymphedema using an expandable balloon with an attached sensor further demonstrates the potential for using such a sensor in monitoring skin swelling. Finite element simulation of physical deformation and associated changes in electrical properties enable quantitative interpretation of the experimental results. The results may have relevance for wireless evaluation of the skin, for applications ranging from dermatology and cosmetology to health/wellness monitoring (lymphedema, transdermal water loss, edema, and psychological stress).
Motor Cortex Plasticity during Unilateral Finger Movement with Mirror Visual Feedback

Plasticity is one of the most important physiological mechanisms underlying motor recovery from brain lesions. Rehabilitation methods, such as mirror visual feedback therapy, which are based on multisensory integration of motor, cognitive, and perceptual processes, are considered effective methods to induce cortical reorganization. The present study investigated 3 different types of visual feedback (direct, mirrored, and blocked visual feedback: DVF, MVF, and BVF, resp.) on M1 cortex excitability and intracortical inhibition/facilitation at rest and during phasic unimanual motor task in 11 healthy individuals. The excitability of the ipsilateral M1 cortex and the intracortical facilitation increased during motor task performance in the DVF and MVF but not in the BVF condition. In addition, MVF induced cortical disinhibition of the ipsilateral hemisphere to the index finger performing the motor task, which was greater when compared to the BVF and restricted to the homologue first dorsal interosseous muscle. The visual feedback is relevant to M1 cortex excitability modulation but the MVF plays a crucial role in promoting changes in intracortical inhibition in comparison to BVF. Altogether, it can be concluded that a combination of motor training with MVF therapy may induce more robust neuroplastic changes through multisensory integration that is relevant to motor rehabilitation.