Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
A brief introduction of electrode fabrication for proton exchange membrane water electrolyzers

Proton exchange membrane water electrolyzer (PEMWE) is a major enabler of green hydrogen production. The development of water electrolyzers is a vital step in driving the progress of a hydrogen-based economy. The system inside the electrolyzer is a zero-gap cell featuring low ohmic resistance and boosted mass transport, leading to higher energy efficiency and minimized capital cost. Besides, utilizing PEM in the electrolyzer for sustainable hydrogen production enables the system to perform with many advantages, including superior energy efficiency, higher hydrogen purity, and high flexibility. Therefore, as PEM electrolyzers continue to evolve, sustainable hydrogen production on a larger scale will be realized in the near future. This review summarizes the status quo of PEM water electrolyzers in the past four years. We will start with a brief introduction of the core of a water electrolyzer, namely the membrane electrode assembly (MEA), which will be followed by an introduction of fabrication methods of MEA, including CCM methods, catalyst-coated electrode methods, and other innovative fabrication methods. Next, we will summarize recent attempts to modify electrodes and membranes in MEAs to promote the performance of PEMWE. Subsequently, catalyst development for hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) and oxygen evolution reaction (OER) in MEA is discussed, highlighting novel HER/OER catalysts and strategies to reduce the content of noble metals. Lastly, conclusion and perspectives are provided to present a blueprint to inspire the future development of PEMWE.
Solution-generating transformations in duality-invariant theories and the fluid/gravity correspondence

We explore dualities and solution-generating transformations in various contexts. Our focus is on the T-duality invariant form of supergravity known as double field theory, the SL(5)-invariant M-theory extended geometry, and metrics dual under the fluid/gravity correspondence to an incompressible Navier-Stokes fluid. In double field theory (DFT), a wave solution is shown to embed both the F1 string and the pp-wave. For the former, the Goldstone mode dynamics reproduce the duality symmetric string introduced by Tseytlin. We consider solution-generating techniques in DFT in the presence of an isometry, firstly via Buscher-like transformations in the DFT string σ-model, and secondly via the DFT equations of motion. In the SL(5)-invariant geometry, we provide a chain rule derivation of the covariant equations of motion, and present a wave solution embedding the M2 brane. Lastly, solution-generating transformations for metrics with an isometry are considered in the context of the fluid/gravity correspondence. Our focus is on the vacuum Rindler metric dual to a codimension one NavierStokes fluid. In particular, when there is a radially directed Killing vector, the dual fluid is found to exhibit an energy scaling invariance valid to all orders in the hydrodynamic expansion.
Rapid Change: Nine Information Technology Management Challenges

Abstract Information technology is rapidly changing. This increases the complexity of IT management. Previous research hypothesized that rapid change in IT causes eleven different categories of problems for IT managers. The current study developed a survey instrument based on detailed items about such problems from that research. The instrument was mailed to a nationwide sample of 1,000 IT professionals. Two hundred forty-six provided useable data. The data supported and clarified nine of the categories of problems of rapid change in IT. The categories are Vendor Neglect, Vendor Oversell, Acquisition Dilemma, Support Burden, Resistance, Cascading Needs, New Integration, Errors, and Training Demands. The research also offers suggestions for future investigation of the problems and a potential instrument with which to conduct it. Anticipating and planning for the problems may help IT managers avoid project delays and budget overruns.
Spectroscopic Methods for the Detection of Microbial Pathogens and Diagnostics of Infectious Diseases—An Updated Overview

Microbial pathogens cause a quarter of all deaths worldwide annually due to deadly infectious diseases. Nevertheless, the fast and precise identification of pathogens remains one of the most challenging tasks in the medical sector. Early identification and characterization of microbes through medical diagnosis could pave the way for specific treatment strategies that could dramatically improve infection management, reduce healthcare costs, mitigate increasing antimicrobial resistance, and save numerous lives. To date, numerous traditional and molecular methods have been employed to diagnose illnesses with proven accuracy, reliability, and efficiency. Here, we have reviewed the most reliable tools that are prerequisites for the rapid detection of microbes. In particular, the remarkable roles of surface-enhanced Raman scattering, Fourier-transform infrared, electrochemical impedance, near-infrared, and MALDI-TOF/TOF in the identification and characterization of pathogenic microbes are discussed in detail. The approaches described herein cover broad ranges of biomedical applications, including the diagnosis of clinical infectious diseases, epidemiology, detection of vector-borne diseases, food security, phytosanitary monitoring, biosensing, and food- and waterborne pathogen detection. Considering the current pandemic outbreak, this review briefly emphasizes the importance of rapid detection and upgraded tools for early diagnosis to prevent the loss of lives.
Observation of Transition Area Origin Cracks on Fracture Surfaces of Carburized JIS SCM415 Bars

Under high cycle and very high cycle fatigue, high strength steels break as a result of internal fracture from inclusions. In order to understand this fracture, “Fisheye” crack has been investigated. In our previous work we found that cracks grew from the boundary between the hard surface and soft core of case-hardened S45C, SUJ2 and SCM415 steel bars under rotating bending fatigue. These cracks were called “Transition area origin (TRO)” cracks. In this study, we closely observed the fracture surface of TRO crack areas in carburized JIS SCM415 specimens (under 734, 776 and 865 MPa). We found three features of the TRO cracks: outside of the TRO cracks had asperities; the shapes of TRO cracks were almost circular, and were different from those in S45C and SUJ2 steels; and the HAZ-TRO area which was located at hardened layer had some ridges, and the Core-TRO area at unheat-treated layer was smooth and flat.
Application of CLS+AR Model Polar Motion to Prediction Based on Time-Varying Parameters Correction of Chandler Wobble

According to the time variant characteristic of Chandler wobble(CW) in LS model,we put forward a new CLS model based on correction of time variant parameters of the CW.We use the CLS+AR model to predict polar motion.The model-building is discussed in detail,and the prediction accuracy of CLS+AR model is compared with LS+AR model and other models.The results show significant improvement of the prediction accuracy of the CLS+AR model in comparison with the LS+AR model,and this proves the effectiveness and the superiority of the new model.
In vitro exposure to benzo[a]pyrene damages the developing mouse ovary

Females are born with a finite number of oocytes, collectively termed the ovarian reserve, established within the developing fetal ovary. Consequently, maternal exposure to reproductive toxicants can have harmful effects on the future fertility of her unborn female fetus. The chemical benzo[a]pyrene (B[a]P) is a prominent component of cigarette smoke. Despite it being a known ovotoxicant, around 8% of women in Europe smoke during pregnancy. The purpose of this research was to examine the effect of B[a]P on the developing ovary, using the mouse as a model and with experiments carried out in vitro. B[a]P-exposure to the fetal ovary prior to follicle formation reduced the number of germ cells and subsequently, the number of healthy primordial follicles, by up to 76%; however, while proliferation of germ cells was not affected, the germ cells contained higher levels of DNA double-strand breaks. Exposure to B[a]P also affected the proportion of oocytes progressing through prophase I of meiosis. B[a]P exposure to neonatal mouse ovaries, after follicle formation, resulted in an 85% reduction in the number of healthy follicles, with a corresponding increase in apoptotic cell death and reduction in somatic cell proliferation. Although there was a trend towards a higher level of oxidative stress in B[a]P-exposed ovaries, this was not statistically significant; likewise, the antioxidant melatonin failed to protect against the B[a]P-induced ovarian damage. Together, the results here demonstrate that B[a]P-exposure damages the developing ovary, both before and shortly after follicle formation, an effect that could lead to a subsequent decrease in fertility. Lay summary Cigarette smoking during pregnancy can affect the fertility of the offspring, yet in Europe around 1 in 12 children born have been exposed to cigarette smoke before birth due to their mother smoking. Benzo[a]pyrene (B[a]P), one of the main chemicals found in cigarette smoke, can have damaging effects on the ovary as it develops in the fetus during the time that the population of future eggs, known as ovarian germ cells also develop. In this research, ovaries from mouse fetuses at stages of development, equivalent to the second and third trimesters of a human pregnancy, were cultured with or without B[a]P. Fetal mouse ovaries exposed to B[a]P had fewer germ cells and larger numbers of cells did not survive. Overall, the results suggest that development of the ovary of a fetus could be affected if the mother is exposed to B[a]P, whether that is through cigarette smoke, or other types of exposure.
Development of a Dynamically Adaptable Routing System for Data Analytics Insights in Logistic Services

This work proposes an effective solution to the Vehicle Routing Problem, taking into account all phases of the delivery process. When compared to real-world data, the findings are encouraging and demonstrate the value of Machine Learning algorithms incorporated into the process. Several algorithms were combined along with a modified Hopfield network to deliver the optimal solution to a multiobjective issue on a platform capable of monitoring the various phases of the process. Additionally, a system providing viable insights and analytics in regard to the orders was developed. The results reveal a maximum distance saving of 25% and a maximum overall delivery time saving of 14%.
Theoretical and Experimental Investigation of Using Multidegree of Freedom Electrostatically Actuated Microstructures in Performing Classification Problems

This article demonstrates the use of micro-electromechanical systems (MEMS) to perform an efficient classification problem. Classification using digital computers is inefficient due to its power requirement and the separation between memory and processing units. As a proof of concept, the basic signal classification has been performed using a network of only three mechanically coupled devices. The classification has occurred at the hardware level rather than using a digital computer. The classification problem involves distinguishing between a ramp signal and a step input signal. In this demonstration, a three-degree-of-freedom model was built for the proposed network in MATLAB. The detailed simulation results were extracted to validate the network operation and sensitivity to operating conditions. Next, the device network hardware was fabricated and tested to perform the required classification problem. Good agreement between simulation and experiment is demonstrated.
Preparation and performance research of porous and Venus flytrap-shaped IPMC

Ionic polymer–metal composite (IPMC) is a new type of artificial muscle material. It is often used as the driver of bionic micro animals and plants because of its low driving voltage, large deformation and high sensitivity. The water uptake (WUP) of IPMC is an important factor affecting its driving performance. Considering this, a series of porous IPMCs with different content of nano Fe3O4 were prepared by particle leaching and electroless plating. Owing to the existence of a porous structure, the transportation channels of water molecules are greatly increased, which improves the WUP and driving performance of the IPMC. Combined with the inspiration of the stoma’s natural plant body structure, porous IPMC (P-IPMC) was applied to the bionic Venus flytrap (VF) actuator. The experimental results show that when the nano Fe3O4 content is between 0.1 wt% and 0.5 wt%, the performance of P-IPMC is better than that of non-porous IPMC (NP-IPMC). From the performance response of the NP-VF and P-VF actuators, P-VF can meet the requirements of a similar shape and motion state to the natural flytrap at a voltage value of 4 V, which is better than the driving performance of NP-VF. This paper lays a foundation for the improvement of driving performance and the diversified use of IPMC.
COVID-19 Anti-Vaccine Sentiments in Malaysia: Narratives of Comments from Facebook Post

The anti-vaccination movement was an ongoing issue in Malaysia, a Muslim-majority country, even before the COVID-19 pandemic. It is unclear whether the introduction of new COVID-19 vaccines would similarly provoke anti-vaccine sentiments. This study analyzed COVID-19 anti-vaccine sentiments in the Malaysian community. Anti-vaccine comments from Facebook page posts were extracted. The qualitative software QSR-NVivo 10 was used to manage, code and analyze the data. The fast-track COVID-19 vaccine evoked the fear of unknown long-term effects, safety, effectiveness and the duration of protection. The halal status of the COVID-19 vaccines is important. Although it is permissible to use vaccines that are not certified halal under the state of darurah (emergency), there was doubt that the current state has reached the stage of darurah that warrants the use of vaccines. COVID-19 vaccine microchip conspiracy theories were raised. COVID-19 is viewed as only severe for vulnerable populations, and hence vaccination is not needed for the healthy. There were opinions that coronavirus treatments would be more beneficial than vaccination. The anti-COVID-19 vaccine sentiments uncovered in this study provide important insights for the formulation of public health messages to instill confidence in new COVID-19 vaccines. Despite the pandemic being nearly over and many people worldwide having received COVID-19 vaccines, the findings provide important insight into potential issues regarding the introduction of new vaccines in the event of future pandemics.
Breath Prints for Diagnosing Asthma in Children

Electronic nose (e-nose) is a new technology applied for the identification of volatile organic compounds (VOC) in breath air. Measuring VOC in exhaled breath can adequately identify airway inflammation, especially in asthma. Its noninvasive character makes e-nose an attractive technology applicable in pediatrics. We hypothesized that an electronic nose could discriminate the breath prints of patients with asthma from controls. A cross-sectional study was conducted and included 35 pediatric patients. Eleven cases and seven controls formed the two training models (models A and B). Another nine cases and eight controls formed the external validation group. Exhaled breath samples were analyzed using Cyranose 320, Smith Detections, Pasadena, CA, USA. The discriminative ability of breath prints was investigated by principal component analysis (PCA) and canonical discriminative analysis (CDA). Cross-validation accuracy (CVA) was calculated. For the external validation step, accuracy, sensitivity and specificity were calculated. Duplicate sampling of exhaled breath was obtained for ten patients. E-nose was able to discriminate between the controls and asthmatic patient group with a CVA of 63.63% and an M-distance of 3.13 for model A and a CVA of 90% and an M-distance of 5.55 for model B in the internal validation step. In the second step of external validation, accuracy, sensitivity and specificity were 64%, 77% and 50%, respectively, for model A, and 58%, 66% and 50%, respectively, for model B. Between paired breath sample fingerprints, there were no significant differences. An electronic nose can discriminate pediatric patients with asthma from controls, but the accuracy obtained in the external validation was lower than the CVA obtained in the internal validation step.
Self-adapting search space chaos-artificial bee colony algorithm

To improve the performance of ABC algorithm,this paper proposed an improved ABC algorithm called self-adapting search space chaos artificial bee colony algorithm (SA-CABC). The main idea was to contract appropriately the ranges of search space according to the results of each optimization,and took use of the randomicity and ergodicity properties of the chaos to break away the local optima,and ultimately found the global optima.Experimental simulations show that the improved algorithm not only accelerates the convergence rate and improves its accuracy,but also effectively avoids the premature convergence problem.This improved algorithm is better than the basic ABC,and provides excellent performance in dealing high-dimensional complex problems.
Image Interpolation Algorithm Based on Edge Detection of Fractional Differential

Previous edge-based image interpolation algorithm could not improve the medium and low-frequency texture details of interpolated image effectively.To preserve the texture-rich information,an image interpolation approach based on edge detection of fractional differential was studied and proposed.The fractional differential operator mask,which can extract medium and low-frequency texture detail effectively,was designed and realized on the basis of fractional differential theory.Then the measures of linear interpolation,quadratic interpolation and bilinear interpolation were used for those pixel points to be interpolated along edge directions,perpendicular to edge directions and in smooth areas,respectively.To evaluate the interpolated image quality,the indexes of peak signal to noise ratio(PSNR) and information entropy were used.The quantitative analysis and experimental verification of the proposed approach were implemented.The results show that this method could obtain texture-rich image information,increase the peak signal to noise ratio and satisfy the human visual sense.
Commonly used t-tests in medical research

Student's t-test is a method of testing hypotheses about the mean of a small sample drawn from a normally distributed population when the population standard deviation is unknown. In 1908 William Sealy Gosset, an Englishman publishing under the pseudonym Student, developed the t-test. This article discusses the types of T test and shows a simple way of doing a T test.
Changes in Essential Fatty Acids and Ileal Genes Associated with Metabolizing Enzymes and Fatty Acid Transporters in Rodent Models of Cystic Fibrosis

Cystic fibrosis (CF), the result of mutations in the CF transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR), causes essential fatty acid deficiency. The aim of this study was to characterize fatty acid handling in two rodent models of CF; one strain which harbors the loss of phenylalanine at position 508 (Phe508del) in CFTR and the other lacks functional CFTR (510X). Fatty acid concentrations were determined using gas chromatography in serum from Phe508del and 510X rats. The relative expression of genes responsible for fatty acid transport and metabolism were quantified using real-time PCR. Ileal tissue morphology was assessed histologically. There was an age-dependent decrease in eicosapentaenoic acid and the linoleic acid:α-linolenic acid ratio, a genotype-dependent decrease in docosapentaenoic acid (n-3) and an increase in the arachidonic acid:docosahexaenoic acid ratio in Phe508del rat serum, which was not observed in 510X rats. In the ileum, Cftr mRNA was increased in Phe508del rats but decreased in 510X rats. Further, Elvol2, Slc27a1, Slc27a2 and Got2 mRNA were increased in Phe508del rats only. As assessed by Sirius Red staining, collagen was increased in Phe508del and 510X ileum. Thus, CF rat models exhibit alterations in the concentration of circulating fatty acids, which may be due to altered transport and metabolism, in addition to fibrosis and microscopic structural changes in the ileum.
Near-field probing of Bloch surface waves in a dielectric multilayer using photonic force microscopy

The potential of photonic force microscopy (PFM) for probing the optical near-field in the vicinity of a dielectric multilayer is demonstrated. An experimental study of Bloch surface waves (BSWs) using PFM is described in detail. The applied technique is based on measuring the BSW-induced gradient force acting on a probe particle combined with precise control of the distance between the particle and the multilayer surface. The BSW-induced potential profile measured using PFM is presented. The force interaction between the probe and the BSW evanescent field is numerically studied. The results indicate that a polystyrene particle with a diameter of 1 μm does not significantly perturb the BSW field and can be used to probe the optical near-field intensity in an elegant, noninvasive manner.
POLYHEDRAL MODEL SIMPLIFICATI0N METHOD BASED ON TRIANGLE REMOVAL CRITERION

This paper presents a new method of polyhedral model simplification based on triangle removal criterion. This method consists of three parts: (1)determine the triangle platelet incident with a triangle; (2)decide whether the triangle can be rernoved or not; (3)the holes left by the triangle removal are patched using a local optimization triangulation process. Examples illustrate efficiency of the rnethod.
Encrypting Hashing Against Localization

Hashing for localization (HfL) is an effective method for fast localizing specific scenes in a large-scale remote sensing image. Key to its efficiency arises from a comprehensive deep hashing network that generates representational binary hash codes for image patches cropped from the remote sensing image. On the other hand, this article will investigate the problem of encrypting the remote sensing image against the HfL task. We refer to the new task as encrypting hashing against localization (EHaL). We characterize the EHaL task in term of two cues: 1) an encrypted image patch is supposed to appear as visually similar to its original image patch as possible and 2) the hash code generated by the deep hashing network for the encrypted image patch is supposed to be not close to its original class but close to a different class. Following the two cues, we develop an encrypted patch generator, which is trained in an adversarial fashion. Based on the encrypted patch generator, we propose two remote sensing image encryption frameworks that can cause nonlocalization and mislocalization to the HfL task separately. Experiments validates the effectiveness of our method. Reproducible executions are given at https://github.com/JingpengHan/EHaL.