Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Monitoring Marine Oil Spills in Hyperspectral and Multispectral Remote Sensing Data by the Spectral Gene Extraction (SGE) Method

Oil spill incidents threaten the marine ecological environment. Detecting sea surface oil slicks by remote sensing images provides support for the efficient treatment of oil spills. This is important for sustainable marine development. However, traditional methods based on field analysis are time-consuming. Spectral indices lack applicability. In addition, traditional machine learning methods strictly rely on training and testing samples which are in short supply in oil spill images. Inspired by the spectral DNA encoding method, a spectral gene extraction (SGE) method was proposed to detect oil spills in hyperspectral images (HSI) and multispectral images (MSI). The SGE method contained a parameter and two strategies. The parameter of elimination was designed based on the population genetic frequency. It was used to control the number of spectral genes. The spectral gene extraction strategies, named largest in-class similarity (LIS) strategy and largest inter-class difference (LID) strategy, were proposed to mine the spectral genes by oil spill samples. The oil spills would be determined by calculating the similarity of the extracted spectral genes to the DNA encoded images. In this research, the SGE method was validated by two AVIRIS images of the Gulf of Mexico oil spill, one MODIS image of the Gulf of Mexico oil spill, and one Landsat 8 image of a Persian Gulf oil spill. The oil spills in different remote sensing images could be detected accurately by the proposed method in a small set of samples. Experimental results indicated that the proposed method was suitable for detecting marine oil spills in AVIRIS, MODIS, and Landsat 8 images. In addition, the SGE method with the LIS strategy was more suitable for detecting oil spills in HSI. Its proper elimination rates were 0.8~1.0. The SGE method with the LID strategy was more suitable for detecting oil spills in MSI. Its proper elimination rates were 0.5~0.7.
Classification of Multi-Class Motor Imaginary Tasks using Poincare Measurements Extracted from EEG Signals

Motor Imaginary (MI) electroencephalography (EEG) signals are generated with the recording of brain activities when a participant imagines a movement without physically performing it. The correct decoding of MI signals have been became an important task due to the application of these signals in the rehabilitation process of paralyzed patients in recent studies. However, the decoding of the these signals is still an evolving challenge in the design of a brain-computer interface (BCI) system. In this study, a machine learning based approach using Poincare measurements from non-linear measurements of MI EEG signals is proposed for classification of four-class MI tasks. The m-lagged Poincare plots were used to extract non-linear features and m is set to be values from 1 to 10. The performances of feature vectors which are extracted from 10 lag values and feature vector which is the combinations of these vectors were investigated separately in experimental evaluation section. The 24 different typical classification algorithms were tested in differentiating MI tasks using 5-fold cross-validation. Each of the these algorithms tested 10 times to analyzed the repeatability of the experimental results. The highest classifier performance of 47.08% among these 11 feature vectors was achieved over the combination feature vector that includes all lag values features using Quadratic Support Vector Machine (SVM). According to average accuracy value of 24 classifiers in 11 feature vector, the most discriminative feature set is 9th vector that consists of features extracted when lag value defined as 9. As a result, the innovative aspect of this study is the application of Poincare plots, one of the nonlinear feature extraction methods, in motor imaginary task classification.
Self-organized criticality in type I X-ray bursts

Type I X-ray bursts in a low-mass X-ray binary (LMXB) are caused by unstable nuclear burning of accreted materials. Semi-analytical and numerical studies of unstable nuclear burning have successfully reproduced partial properties of this kind of burst. However, some other properties (e.g. the waiting time) are not well explained. In this paper, we find that the probability distributions of fluence, peak count, rise time, duration and waiting time can be described as power-law-like distributions. This indicates that type I X-ray bursts may be governed by a self-organized criticality (SOC) process. The power-law index of waiting time distribution (WTD) is around $-1$, which is not predicted by any current waiting time model. We propose a physical burst rate model, in which the mean occurrence rate is inversely proportional to time $\lambda\propto t^{-1}$. In this case, the WTD is well explained by a non-stationary Poisson process within the SOC theory. In this theory, the burst size is also predicted to follow a power-law distribution, which requires that the emission area possesses only part of the neutron star surface. Furthermore, we find that the WTDs of some astrophysical phenomena can also be described by similar occurrence rate models.
CP violation in QCD

Among the parameters of QCD is one that results in CP violation when non-vanishing. This is closely related to possible quark mass terms. It is conventionally interpreted in terms of gauge field topology or alternatively in terms of phases in the quark masses. There is no experimental evidence for this parameter having a non-zero value, a puzzle for theories involving unification.
Low Resistive Edge Contacts to CVD‐Grown Graphene Using a CMOS Compatible Metal

The exploitation of the excellent intrinsic electronic properties of graphene for device applications is hampered by a large contact resistance between the metal and graphene. The formation of edge contacts rather than top contacts is one of the most promising solutions for realizing low ohmic contacts. In this paper the fabrication and characterization of edge contacts to large area CVD‐grown monolayer graphene by means of optical lithography using CMOS compatible metals, i.e. Nickel and Aluminum is reported. Extraction of the contact resistance by Transfer Line Method (TLM) as well as the direct measurement using Kelvin Probe Force Microscopy demonstrates a very low width specific contact resistance down to 130 Ωμm. The contact resistance is found to be stable for annealing temperatures up to 150°C enabling further device processing. Using this contact scheme for edge contacts, a field effect transistor based on CVD graphene with a high transconductance of 0.63 mS/μm at 1 V bias voltage is fabricated.
Comparison of Commercial Poultry Semen Extenders Modified for Cryopreservation Procedure in the Genetic Resource Program of Czech Golden Spotted Hen

Simple Summary The Czech Golden Spotted Hen is the only original Czech hen breed included in the National Genetic Reserve Program. The objective of this program is to preserve the genetic resources of native breeds in the Czech Republic through reproductive biotechnologies, such as artificial insemination or the cryopreservation of sperm. In this study, three commercial liquid storage extenders supplemented with a 9% N-methylacetamide cryoprotectant were investigated. Using a defined methodology, modified Poultry media® and Raptac® extenders were identified as promising tools for the cryopreservation procedure. Thus, an important strategy for the National Genetic Reserve Program of the Czech Golden Spotted Hen was suggested. Abstract Spermatozoa cryoconservation represents an important strategy for partial in vitro or rescue programs designed for threatened livestock populations. The procedure for the semen cryopreservation of the Czech Golden Spotted Hen was proposed due to the lower fertilization rate of poultry semen compared to mammalian species. The aim of this study was to compare commercial extenders designed for liquid storage preservation with the use of a predefined cryoprotectant, and, thus, to propose an important tool for the procedure of the semen cryopreservation of the Czech Golden Spotted Hen. Ejaculates were sampled from four roosters during five semen collection days. The samples were frozen in Poultry media®, Raptac® and NeXcell® extenders supplemented with a 9% N-methylacetamide (NMA) cryoprotectant. Sperm parameters of the total motility (MOT; %), plasma membrane and acrosome intactness (PAI; %), plasma membrane damage (%), acrosome damage (%) and cells with plasma membrane and acrosome damage (%) were assessed using a mobile mCASA analyzer and flow cytometer after the cryopreservation of the insemination doses (IDs). For Poultry media® (PAI = 51.11%; MOT = 23.58%) and Raptac® (PAI = 52.04%; MOT = 23.13%) extenders with the addition of an NMA cryoprotectant, the comparable results were detected after thawing. For NexCell® media, the results were poor (PAI = 7.07%; MOT = 3.83%). Our results indicated two extenders suitable for the cryopreservation procedure, with the applied modification.
Recent Progress in the Discovery and Design of Antimicrobial Peptides Using Traditional Machine Learning and Deep Learning

Antimicrobial resistance has become a critical global health problem due to the abuse of conventional antibiotics and the rise of multi-drug-resistant microbes. Antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) are a group of natural peptides that show promise as next-generation antibiotics due to their low toxicity to the host, broad spectrum of biological activity, including antibacterial, antifungal, antiviral, and anti-parasitic activities, and great therapeutic potential, such as anticancer, anti-inflammatory, etc. Most importantly, AMPs kill bacteria by damaging cell membranes using multiple mechanisms of action rather than targeting a single molecule or pathway, making it difficult for bacterial drug resistance to develop. However, experimental approaches used to discover and design new AMPs are very expensive and time-consuming. In recent years, there has been considerable interest in using in silico methods, including traditional machine learning (ML) and deep learning (DL) approaches, to drug discovery. While there are a few papers summarizing computational AMP prediction methods, none of them focused on DL methods. In this review, we aim to survey the latest AMP prediction methods achieved by DL approaches. First, the biology background of AMP is introduced, then various feature encoding methods used to represent the features of peptide sequences are presented. We explain the most popular DL techniques and highlight the recent works based on them to classify AMPs and design novel peptide sequences. Finally, we discuss the limitations and challenges of AMP prediction.
BVRI Surface Photometry of (S+S) Binary Galaxies. I. The data

We present multicolour broad band ($BVRI$) photometry for a sample of 33 spiral-spiral (S+S) binary galaxies drawn from the Karachentsev Catalogue of Isolated Pairs of Galaxies (KPG). The data is part of a joint observational programme devoted to systematic photometric study of one of the most complete and homogeneous pair samples available in the literature. We present azimuthally averaged colour and surface brightness profiles, colour index (B-I) maps, B band and sharp/filtered B band images as well as integrated magnitudes, magnitudes at different circular apertures and integrated colours for each pair. Internal and external data comparisons show consistency within the estimated errors. Two thirds of the sample have total aperture parameters homogeneously derived for the first time. After reevaluating morphology for all the pairs, we find a change in Hubble type for 24 galaxies compared to the original POSS classifications. More than half of our pairs show morphological concordance which could explain, in part, the strong correlation in the (B-V) colour indices (Holmberg Effect) between pair components. We find a tendency for barred galaxies to show grand design morphologies and flat colour profiles. The measurements will be used in a series of forthcoming papers where we try to identify and isolate the main structural and photometric properties of disk galaxies at different stages of interaction.
A Wide-Field, Low-Frequency Radio Image of the Field of M31. II. Source Classification and Discussion

We have previously presented the results of a 325 MHz radio survey of M31, conducted with the A configuration of the Very Large Array. In this survey, a total of 405 radio sources between ≲6'' and 170'' in extent were mapped with a resolution of 6'' and a sensitivity of ~0.6 mJy beam-1. Here we compare the resultant source list and image with other radio, IR, optical, and X-ray observations and catalogs of the region. Through this, we were able to identify five supernova remnant candidates and three pulsar wind nebula candidates in M31, as well as three Milky Way radio stars, a possible Milky Way planetary nebula, and a bevy of interesting extragalactic objects: a BL Lac, a giant radio galaxy, a galaxy merger, and several high-z radio galaxy candidates. In addition, a large number of compact (θ ≲ 6′′) extremely steep-spectrum sources (α ≤ -1.6; Sν ∝ να) were detected whose nature is unknown.
Characterization and Immunological Activity of Exopolysaccharide from Lacticaseibacillus paracasei GL1 Isolated from Tibetan Kefir Grains

Two exopolysaccharide fractions (GL1-E1 and GL1-E2) of Lacticaseibacillus paracasei GL1 were isolated with the molecular weights of 3.9 × 105 Da and 8.2 × 105 Da, respectively. Both fractions possessed mannose, glucose, and galactose in molar ratios of 1.16:1.00:0.1, and 3.81:1.00:0.12, respectively. A structural arrangement of two fractions was proposed by methylation, one-dimensional and two-dimensional nuclear magnetic resonance experiments. The backbone of GL1-E1 consisted of →4)-α-D-Glcp(1→, →3,4)-α-D-Manp(1→, →3,6)-α-D-Manp(1→, →6)-α-D-Manp(1→, and →6)-α-D-Galp(1→ with α-D-Glcp at branching point. The backbone of GL1-E2 consisted of →4)-α-D-Glcp(1→, →3,4)-α-D-Manp(1→, →3,6)-α-D-Manp(1→, →6)-α-D-Manp(1→, →6)-α-D-Galp(1→, and →4)-β-D-Manp(1→, and the side chain also consisted of α-D-Manp residue. In addition, the differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) analysis indicated that both GL1-E1 and GL1-E2 had good thermal stability. Furthermore, the two fractions could promote the viability of RAW264.7 cells and exert an immunomodulatory role by enhancing phagocytosis, increasing nitric oxide (NO) release and promoting the expression of cytokines.
Cefazolin Loaded Oxidized Regenerated Cellulose/Polycaprolactone Bilayered Composite for Use as Potential Antibacterial Dural Substitute

Oxidized regenerated cellulose/polycaprolactone bilayered composite (ORC/PCL bilayered composite) was investigated for use as an antibacterial dural substitute. Cefazolin at the concentrations of 25, 50, 75 and 100 mg/mL was loaded in the ORC/PCL bilayered composite. Microstructure, density, thickness, tensile properties, cefazolin loading content, cefazolin releasing profile and antibacterial activity against S. aureus were measured. It was seen that the change in concentration of cefazolin loading affected the microstructure of the composite on the rough side, but not on the dense or smooth side. Cefazolin loaded ORC/PCL bilayered composite showed greater densities, but lower thickness, compared to those of drug unloaded composite. Tensile modulus was found to be greater and increased with increasing cefazolin loading, but tensile strength and strain at break were lower compared to the drug unloaded composite. In vitro cefazolin release in artificial cerebrospinal fluid (aCSF) consisted of initial burst release on day 1, followed by a constant small release of cefazolin. The antibacterial activity was observed to last for up to 4 days depending on the cefazolin loading. All these results suggested that ORC/PCL bilayered composite could be modified to serve as an antibiotic carrier for potential use as an antibacterial synthetic dura mater.
Identifying Mergers Using Quantitative Morphologies in Zoom Simulations of High-Redshift Galaxies

Non-parametric morphology measures are a powerful tool for identifying galaxy mergers at low redshifts. We employ cosmological zoom simulations using Gizmo with the Mufasa feedback scheme, post-processed using 3D dust radiative transfer into mock observations, to study whether common morphological measures Gini G, M20, concentration C, and asymmetry A are effective at identifying major galaxy mergers at z ~ 2 - 4, i.e. "Cosmic Noon". Our zoom suite covers galaxies with 10^8.6 2, galaxies move from the non-merger towards the merger regime in all statistics, but this is primarily an effect of mass: Above a given noise level, higher mass galaxies display a more complex outer morphology induced by their clustered environment. We conclude that during Cosmic Noon, these morphological statistics are of limited value in identifying galaxy mergers.
Annealing temperature effect on structural properties of tin oxide nanoparticles

Tin oxide (SnO2) nanoparticles were synthesized employing simple sol–gel method. Modification in the structural, morphological and optical properties of the as-synthesized tin oxide nanoparticles due to various solution pH (6–12) and thermal annealing at 400 °C (Experiment 1) was studied. X-ray diffraction results of the tin oxide nanoparticles prepared from the precursor solution pH 8 and annealed at 400 °C showed the formation of tin oxide tetragonal phase (SnO2-t) and the surface morphology of the SnO2-t nano- particles studied by scanning electron microscope revealed the formation of spherical shaped agglomerations. Hence, the tin oxide nanoparticles prepared from the solution pH 8 were annealed at 200, 400, 600 and 800 °C in order to study the effect of annealing at various temperatures on the structural, morphological, optical and vibrational properties of tin oxide nanoparticles (Experiment 2). When the annealing temperature was increased to 600 and 800 °C, mixed phases of SnO2-t and tin oxide orthorhombic system (SnO-o) were formed. Various solution pH and annealing temperatures influenced the direct band gap value. SnO2-t phase synthesized from the solution pH 8 and annealed at 400 °C showed a direct band gap of ~4.50 eV. The tin oxide samples annealed at various temperatures showed a slight shift in the fluorescence peak observed at ~327 nm. Raman studies of the samples obtained from Experiment 1 and Experiment 2 showed a slight shift in the vibrational frequency. I–V studies carried out to investigate the electrical properties of the SnO2 thin film formed by simple drop casting method revealed better ohmic contact and its suitability for gas sens- ing applications.
Flow-induced breakup of drops and bubbles

Breakup of drop/bubble can be viewed as a result of fundamental force balance when the disruptive force is greater than the restorative force. A disruptive force acting on the drop/bubble tries to deform it, whereas a restorative force refrains it from deforming. Studying breakup and coalescence phenomenon is utmost important since it governs the amount of interfacial area and hence the exchange of heat, mass and momentum across the interface. It also helps in the development of better closure relations for modeling large scale systems. In this paper, abundant literature consisting of theoretical, experimental and numerical works up to date is reviewed. Broadly, breakup is classified into viscous, inertial and complex turbulent breakup. Physics involved and non-dimensional numbers governing the drop and bubble breakup in various flow configurations are discussed. Characteristic parameters of the breakup such as critical diameter ($d_{max}$), maximum deformation, breakup time ($t_b$), wavelength of disturbance ($\lambda$), impurities in the flow, initial shape of the drop/bubble, history of the flow and critical values of non-dimensional numbers are examined and the important parameters are listed for ready-to-use in modeling approaches. Finally, scope for future work in number of areas is identified.
Optical and Near-Infrared Observations of the Peculiar Type ia Supernova 1999ac

We present 39 nights of optical photometry, 34 nights of IR photometry, and 4 nights of optical spectroscopy of the Type Ia supernova 1999ac. This supernova was discovered 2 weeks before maximum light, and observations were begun shortly thereafter. At early times its spectra resembled the unusual SN 1999aa and were characterized by very high velocities in the Ca II H and K lines but very low velocities in the Si II λ6355 line. The optical photometry showed a slow rise to peak brightness but, quite peculiarly, was followed by a more rapid decline from maximum. Thus, the B- and V-band light curves cannot be characterized by a single stretch factor. We argue that the best measure of the nature of this object is not the decline rate parameter Δm15(B). The B - V colors were unusual from 30 to 90 days after maximum light in that they evolved to bluer values at a much slower rate than normal Type Ia supernovae. The spectra and bolometric light curve indicate that this event was similar to the spectroscopically peculiar slow decliner SN 1999aa.
Spacecraft Makes Progress on Solar Heating Mystery

T he Sun’s surface temperature is around six thousand degrees kelvin, but the solar atmosphere—the corona and the solar wind—can reach amillion degrees kelvin, a long-standing mystery in solar physics. Now, with data from the Parker Solar Probe, researchers have found evidence supporting a partial explanation for this mystery: magnetic waves driven by subsurface turbulence can impart energy to ions in these regions [1].
Nephroprotective Potential of Chromolaena odorata (L.) R.M. King & H. Rob. on Methotrexate-Induced Kidney Damage and Oxidative Stress

Background & Aims : Methotrexate despite its beneficial anti-cancer and immunosuppressant effects has continued to receive limitation in usage due to its organ toxicity. The aim of this study was to investigate the nephroprotective effect of aqueous leaf extract of Chromolaena odorata on Methotrexate-induced injury and damage on kidney in rat. Materials & Methods : The study consisted of four groups of rats: Control, Chromolaena odorata extract, Methotrexate, and Methotrexate+Chromolaena odorata extract groups. Chromolaena odorata extract was given orally (200 mg/kg) for 10 days, and Methotrexate at a single dose (20 mg/kg) was administered intraperitoneally on day 9 of the experiment. Blood and kidney were collected on day 11 to measure biochemical, hematological and oxidative stress parameters as well as histopathological analysis. Results : Methotrexate administration when compared to control and extract, treated rats decreased antioxidant agents, including catalase (CAT) and Superoxide dismutase (SOD) while it increased the Malondialdehyde level in the kidney tissues. Methotrexate also increased Urea and Creatinine in the blood samples. The result also showed that Methotrexate administration produced a significant decrease in Hemoglobin (HB), White Blood Cell (WBC), Hematocrit (HCT), Red Blood Cell (RBC), Platelets (PLTS), Lymphocyte, Basophil, and Monocyte when compared to control and all extract administered rats. The result of histopathological analysis of the kidney revealed that Methotrexate administration caused necrosis of renal tubules, renal congestion, renal tubule epithelium swelling, interstitial hemorrhage, glomerular atrophy, as well as dilatation. Chromolaena odorata extract administration significantly alleviated kidney function, improved antioxidant parameters, decreased levels of oxidative stress agents, restored the hematological parameters towards normalcy as well as resulted in noticeable improvement and attenuation toward normalcy in the kidney structure, and thus, remarkably preventing Methotrexate-induced tissue injury and damage. Conclusion : The observed data showed that Chromolaena odorata had a protective effect against Methotrexate-induced nephrotoxicity by maintaining the activity of the antioxidant defense system, which can be attributed to its bioactive constituents.