Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
THE PHOTOOXIDATION OF DIETHYLHYDROXYLAMINE BY ROSE BENGAL IN MICELLAR AND NONMICELLAR AQUEOUS SOLUTIONS

The photooxidation of N,N‐diethylhydroxylamine (DEHA) by Rose Bengal (RB) has been investigated in micellar and nonmicellar aqueous solutions. We measured the quantum yield of oxygen consumption forming H2O2 and monitored two intermediates, the superoxide and diethylnitroxide radicals. When the pH was vaned, the quantum yield of oxidation remained constant for 6 < pH < 10.5, decreased in acidic pH, and increased considerably in NaOH solution; these changes could be attributed to the protonation and dissociation processes of the >N‐OH moiety of DEHA. The formation of diethylnitroxide radical was enhanced by superoxide dismutase or strong alkaline solution. Around neutral pH, the oxidation proceeded mainly via electron transfer from DEHA to the RB triplet (kq= 107M‐1 s‐1) with little 1O2 participation (kq < 105M‐1 s‐1). However, when RB was incorporated into micelles in alkaline solution, the contribution of the singlet oxygen pathway increased at the expense of electron transfer, which was inhibited by the less polar micellar environment. Dark autoxidation of DEHA was accelerated by heavy metal impurities and increased very strongly in NaOH solution.
A pattern for the effective use of object oriented databases

In object oriented scenario, inheritance is a process to make new classes by using classes that have already been defined. Inheritance helps to reuse existing code, by adding together of properties will enhance all new child objects without interfering with their existing ties. In object-oriented programming, an object is instance of class that consists of data and the methods, allows binding for them and operate on that data, stored in the memory of a running application. This paper presents a methodology of class hierarchy with the normalization in object oriented databases. CHNF (Class Hierarchy Normal Form) is good concept for implementing the normalization in class schema. The dilemma is that CHNF has not defined the levels for depth of inheritance; it is possible that CHNF base architecture invalidate the depth of Inheritance and other metrics, which is defined by CK Metrics1. As the database expends, heavy objects become complicated to handle. Although the more deep hierarchy tree implies that we have good reuse of code but it sound awful effects on memory and performance. For avoiding the heavy objects we have discovered a pattern CHNFP (Class Hierarchy Normal Form Pattern). It follows the concept of CHNF as well as it validates the CK Metrics.
Absolute and relative contributions of BOLD effects to the muscle functional MRI signal intensity time course: Effect of exercise intensity

The time course of exercise‐induced T2‐weighted signal intensity (SI) changes contains an initial rise, early dip, and secondary rise. The purposes of this study were to test the hypothesis that the secondary rise occurs earlier during more intense contractions, and to determine the contribution of BOLD contrast to the SI changes. Eight subjects performed 90‐s isometric dorsiflexion contractions at 30% and 60% of maximum voluntary contraction (MVC) while T2‐weighted (TR/TE = 4000 ms/35 ms) images were acquired and total hemoglobin ([THb]) and oxy‐Hb saturation (%HbO2) were measured. At 30% MVC, [THb] remained constant and %HbO2 decreased from 66.3% (standard error [SEM] = 2.6%) to 32.4% (SEM = 6.4%). At t = 88 s, SI increased by ∼8% and was greater than at t = 8 and 56s. At 60% MVC, [THb] remained constant and %HbO2 decreased from 70.2% (SEM = 2.3%) to 40.4% (SEM = 5.4%). SI increased by ∼17% and at t = 56 and 88 s was greater than at t = 8 and 20 s. The absolute contribution of calculated BOLD effects was −1% at 30% and 60% MVC. The relative contribution was greater at 30% than at 60% MVC (up to −26% and −10%, respectively). We conclude that the secondary rise occurs earlier at 60% MVC and that the relative contribution of BOLD effects is greater during less intense contractions. Magn Reson Med 58:335–345, 2007. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Monetary Policy Under a Fiscal Theory of Sovereign Default

This paper examines equilibrium determination under different monetary policy regimes when the government might default on its debt. We apply a cash-in-advance model where the government does not have access to non-distortionary taxation and does not account for initial outstanding debt when it sets the income tax rate. Solvency is then not guaranteed and sovereign default can affect the return on public debt. If the central bank sets the interest rate in a conventional way, the equilibrium allocation cannot be determined. If, instead, money supply is controlled, the equilibrium allocation can uniquely be determined.
Fast Depth Map Super-Resolution Using Deep Neural Network

Depth map super-resolution is a challenging computer vision problem. In this paper, we present two deep convolutional neural networks solving the problem of single depth map super-resolution. Both networks learn residual decomposition and trained with specific perceptual loss improving sharpness and perceptive quality of the upsampled depth map. Several experiments on various depth super-resolution benchmark datasets show state-of-art performance in terms of RMSE, SSIM, and PSNR metrics while allowing us to process depth super-resolution in real time with over 25–30 frames per second rate.
Hardness-Aware Truth Discovery in Social Sensing Applications

This paper develops a new principled framework to solve a hardness-aware truth discovery problem in social sensing applications. Social sensing has emerged as a new application paradigm where a large crowd of social sensors (humansor devices on their behalf) are recruited to or voluntarily report observations about the physical environment at scale. These observations may be either true or false, and hence are viewed as binary claims. A fundamental problem in social sensing applications lies in ascertaining the correctness of claims and the reliability of data sources. We refer to this problem as truth discovery. Significant efforts were made to address the truth discovery problem, but an important dimension of the problem has not been fully exploited: hardness of claims (how challenging a claim is to be made). A common assumption made in the previous work is that they assumed all claims areof the same degree of hardness. However, in real world social sensing applications, simply ignoring the hardness differences between claims could easily lead to suboptimal truth discovery results. In this paper, we develop a new hardness-aware truth discovery scheme that explicitly considers different hardness degrees of claims into a rigorous analytical framework. The new truth discovery scheme solves a maximum likelihood estimation problem to determine both the claim correctness and the source reliability. We compare our hardness-aware scheme with the state-of-the-art baselines through three real world case studies(Baltimore Riots, Paris Attack and Oregon Shootings, all in 2015) using Twitter data feeds. The evaluation results showed that our new scheme outperforms all compared baselines and significantly improves the truth discovery accuracy in social sensing applications.
Approximating maximum integral flows in wireless sensor networks via weighted-degree constrained k-flows

We consider the Maximum Integral Flow with Energy Constraints problem: given a directed graph G=(V,E) with edge-weights w(e):e ∈ E and node battery capacities (b(v):v ∈ V), and two nodes r,s ∈ V, find a maximum integral rs-flow f so that for every node v its energy consumption sumvu ∈ E f(vu)w(vu) is at most b(v). Let k be the maximum integral flow value. We give a polynomial time algorithm that computes a flow of value at least ⌊ k/16 ⌋. As checking whether k ≥ 1 can be done in polynomial time, this gives an approximation algorithm with ratio that approaches 1/16 when k is large, and is not worse than 1/31. This is the first constant ratio approximation algorithm for this problem, which solves an open question from [2]. This result is based on a bicriteria approximation algorithm for a more general problem, in which we seek a minimum cost set of k pairwise edge-disjoint rs-paths (that is, a k-flow) subject to weighted degree constraints. We give a polynomial time algorithm that computes a flow of value k and violates the weighted degrees by a factor at most 4. This result is of independent interest.
Insightful investigation of smoke suppression behavior and mechanism of polystyrene with ferrocene: An important role of intermediate smoke

Aiming to investigate the smoke suppression mechanism of ferrocene in model polystyrene (PS) during combustion, we exploited the vapor‐phase and condensed‐phase behaviors. Cone calorimeter testing result showed that 3 wt% ferrocene imparted PS with 56.9% reduction in total smoke production. The analysis of the char after cone calorimeter testing demonstrated that the condensed‐phase smoke suppression mechanism was weak owing to the absence of charring behavior. The vapor‐phase mechanism was focused on the analysis of the small‐molecule smoke precursors and initially formed smoke intermediates. Transmission electron microscopy of initially formed smoke intermediates of PS/3Ferrocene revealed that enormous γ‐Fe2O3 nanoparticles from ferrocene participated in the initial formation of smoke intermediates, which subsequently underwent notable thermal oxidation degradation with decreased smoke residue. Thermogravimetric analysis coupled with Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy results manifested that the small‐molecule smoke precursors remained almost unchanged with addition of ferrocene. Conclusively, the smoke suppression mechanism with ferrocene predominantly originated from the intensive thermal oxidation of smoke intermediates, which opened a viable route for excellent smoke suppression design.
Supporting cooperation in a virtual organization

This paper describes the design of groupware for virtual organizations that share certain characteristics. First the concept of virtual organizations is introduced. Then our application partner, the "virtual" service company Sigma, and our empirical work at Sigma are described. The identified problems are categorized and discussed. Finally, we present the derived aspects for the design of groupware in the context of virtual organizations.
Variability Mining with LEADT

Software product line engineering is an efficient means to generate a set of tailored software products from a common implementation. However, adopting a product-line approach poses a major challenge and significant risks, since typically legacy code must be migrated toward a product line. Our aim is to lower the adoption barrier by providing semiautomatic tool support—called variability mining—to support developers in locating, documenting, and extracting implementations of product-line features from legacy code. Variability mining combines prior work on concern location, reverse engineering, and variability-aware type systems, but is tailored specifically for the use in product lines. Our work extends prior work in three important aspects: (1) we provide a consistency indicator based on a variability-aware type system, (2) we mine features at a fine level of granularity, and (3) we exploit domain knowledge about the relationship between features when available. With a quantitative study, we demonstrate that variability mining can efficiently support developers in locating features.
Review of Infectious Bronchitis Virus Around the World

SUMMARY. Infectious bronchitis virus (IBV) is a gamma coronavirus that causes a highly contagious disease in chickens. The virus can affect the upper respiratory tract and the reproductive tract, and some strains can cause a nephritis. Different serotypes and genetic types of the virus have been identified worldwide and for the most part do not cross-protect. In addition, new types of the virus continue to arise due to mutations and recombination events in the viral genome, making this virus difficult to identify and extremely difficult to control. Surveillance and identification of IBV types is extremely important for control of the disease and the advancement of molecular methods have aided in this pursuit. Genetic typing of IBV, which involves reverse transcription–PCR amplification and sequence analysis of the S1 glycoprotein gene, has revolutionized diagnosis and identification of this virus by making it possible to type and compare the relatedness of a large number of virus isolates in a short period of time. The purpose of this review is to give an update on the strains of IBV currently circulating in commercial chickens worldwide and hopefully to present a clear picture of the relationship between many of these viruses. The information on IBV types presented herein is from published manuscripts, submissions to GenBank, our own unpublished data, and personal communications with scientists and diagnosticians working with IBV worldwide.
Child English pre-sentential negation as metalinguistic exclamatory sentence negation

ABSTRACT This paper presents a study of the spontaneous pre-sentential negations of ten English-speaking children between the ages of 1;6 and 3;4 which supports the hypothesis that child English nonanaphoric pre-sentential negation is a form of metalinguistic exclamatory sentence negation. A detailed discourse analysis reveals that children's pre-sentential negatives like No Nathaniel a king (i) are characteristically echoic, and (ii) typically express objection and rectification, two characteristic functions of exclamatory negation in adult discourse, e.g. Don't say ‘Nathaniel's a king’! A comparison of children's pre-sentential negations with their internal predicate negations using not and don't reveals that the two negative constructions are formally and functionally distinct. I argue that children's nonanaphoric pre-sentential negatives constitute an independent, well-formed class of discourse negation. They are not ‘primitive’ constructions derived from the miscategorization of emphatic no in adult speech or children's ‘inventions’. Nor are they an early derivational variant of internal sentence negation. Rather, these negatives reflect young children's competence in using grammatical negative constructions appropriately in discourse.
Models and useful relations for bistatic SAR processing

The paper derives a vectorial model for expressing transmitter and receiver trajectories for arbitrary transmitter and receiver motion (nonidentical velocity vectors) in a bistatic synthetic aperture radar constellation. The point target response is first modeled in the space-time domain and then transformed to the frequency domain by the method of stationary phase giving the point target reference spectrum. In the reference spectrum, two phasor functions can be identified, the first one resembling some quasi-monostatic contribution and the second one being a bistatic deformation phasor transforming into an elliptic arc in the spatial domain. The multiplication of the two phasors in the frequency domain transforms into a convolution like operation in the space-time domain, indicating that the bistatic dataset can be expressed as a convolution like (range and azimuth variant) mapping of a monostatic dataset. In this regard, the paper extends the solution for the constant offset case known from the geophysical literature (associated with "Rocca's smile operator") showing that this case is a specialization of the more general one considered in this work.
Variable structure control of a distributed-parameter flexible beam

In this article, regulation of a distributed-parameter flexible beam is considered using variable structure control techniques. The proposed controller can stabilize the system exponentially and the converging speed can be set by the designer as desired. Different from existing variable structure controllers for flexible robots in the literature, the controller presented here is designed directly for the partial differential equations governing the motion of the distributed-parameter system. Thus, exponential stability holds for the original distributed-parameter system. Numerical simulations are also provided to verify the effectiveness of the approach presented. 2001
Global Optimization with Gaussian Regression Under the Finite Number of Evaluation

Computer experiments are black-box functions that are expensive to evaluate. One solution to expensive black-box optimization is Bayesian optimization with Gaussian processes. This approach is popularly used in this challenge, and it is efficient when the number of evaluations is limited by cost and time constraints, which is generally true in practice. This paper discusses an optimization method with two acquisition functions. Our new method improves the efficiency of global optimization when the number of evaluations is strictly limited.
Risk Factors for Breast Cancer in Postmenopausal Women in Brazil.

PURPOSE To analyze risk factors for postmenopausal breast cancer. METHODS The present casecontrol study included 600 women treated at a cancer center reference hospital in a municipality in the South of Brazil. RESULTS Totals of 100 patients and 500 control subjects were evaluated. The mean age of the women was 52.5 ± 11.9 years; the average was 57.4 ± 11.8 years, and the average age of the control subjects was 51.5 ± 11.7 years. The risk factors for breast cancer that were considered included an age ≥ 40 years, postmenopausal status, a body mass index (BMI) ≥ 30 kg/m2, and reduced physical activity. Variables like postmenopausal status and an obese BMI were associated with cases of breast cancer. Women who were postmenopausal or obese were 3.80 or 1.80 times more likely to develop breast cancer, respectively, and physically inactive women were 1.72 times more likely to develop breast cancer. CONCLUSIONS Obesity and postmenopausal status are associated with the occurrence of breast cancer in this population. Being over 40 years of age was also a statistically significant factor for postmenopausal women.
De novo initiation of RNA synthesis by a recombinant flaviviridae RNA-dependent RNA polymerase.

Recombinant RNA-dependent RNA polymerases have been reported to synthesize RNAs by extending from the 3' hydroxyl of a template or an oligonucleotide primer. De novo initiation has not been reported. Establishment of such an assay would facilitate the analysis of the initiation requirements and allow the testing of antiviral compounds specifically targeting initiation. Using chemically synthesized RNAs and DNAs, we demonstrate that the recombinant RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (NS5B) of bovine viral diarrhea virus initiates de novo RNA synthesis. Nucleotides required for efficient initiation of RNA synthesis and for stable interaction with NS5B were identified.
Technical and performance characteristics of anti-Müllerian hormone and antral follicle count as biomarkers of ovarian response.

BACKGROUND Stratified (individualized) medicine has been recognized as a key priority for policy makers and healthcare providers. The main principle of individualized care depends on utilizing patients' characteristics and biomarkers to predict prognosis, tailor intended treatment and predict treatment outcomes. In reproductive medicine a wide variety of biomarkers have been proposed as predictors of ovarian response; of these, anti-Müllerian hormone (AMH) and antral follicle count (AFC) are purported as exhibiting the most favourable analytical and performance characteristics. Previously AFC and AMH have been considered essentially interchangeable; however, recent trial data have questioned this postulation. The aim of this review is to present an analysis of the strengths and weaknesses of these biomarkers as predictors of ovarian response, using both physiological and technical perspectives. METHODS We have conducted a systematic search of the most recent (to May 2014) relevant literature and summarized the existing evidence. Articles written in a language other than English without an available English translation were excluded. RESULTS Both AMH values and AFC can be influenced by comparable technical, physiological and exogenous factors. AMH displays some variation within and between cycles, consistent with its physiological role in follicle development, and there are growing data on the impact of pharmacological treatments and pathological conditions but cycle-independent measurement is appropriate for clinical purposes. A range of issues with manual AMH assays may be resolving with the development of fully automated assays. Despite described standardization of its measurement technique, AFC is subject to marked inter- and intra-operator variability and the effects of external influences are likely to be comparable. Outwith some highly specialist centres, the intracyclic variation in AFC requires its measurement between Day 2 and 4 of the cycle. Observational studies suggest comparable performance characteristics for AMH and AFC in predicting poor and high ovarian response, but recent RCTs suggest markedly better performance for AMH. CONCLUSIONS The performance characteristics of both AMH and AFC for the prediction of ovarian response to exogenous gonadotrophins have been inflated by single site observational cohorts, resulting in the viewpoint that AMH and AFC exhibit equivalent performance characteristics. Large scale multicentre RCTs, with centralized assay performance, have demonstrated that AMH is substantially the more accurate and robust biomarker, probably reflecting difficulties with standardization of AFC determination. While AFC retains some advantages, particularly immediacy and accessibility, international standardization of AMH combined with a stable automated assay is likely to enhance its performance as the biomarker of choice in predicting the ovarian response in assisted conception.
Hypomethylation‐mediated H19 overexpression increases the risk of disease evolution through the association with BCR‐ABL transcript in chronic myeloid leukemia

Previous study has revealed that H19 expression is required for efficient tumor growth induced by BCR‐ABL in chronic myeloid leukemia (CML). Herein, we further determined H19 expression and its clinical implication in patients with CML. H19 expression and methylation were detected by real‐time quantitative PCR and real‐time quantitative methylation‐specific PCR, and then clinical implication of H19 expression was further analyzed. H19 expression was significantly up‐regulated in CML patients (p < 0.001). H19 expression with an area under receiver operating characteristic curve value of 0.824 might serve as a promising biomarker in distinguishing CML patients from controls. The patients with high H19 expression had a tendency of higher white blood cells and BCR‐ABL transcript than those with low H19 expression. H19 overexpression occurred with the higher frequency in blast crisis stage (11/11, 100%), lower in accelerated phase (3/5, 60%), and chronic phase (42/62, 66%) stages. Moreover, paired patients during disease progression with increased BCR‐ABL transcript also showed a significant upregulation of H19 expression. Meanwhile, H19 expression was decreased in follow‐up patients who achieved complete molecular remission after tyrosine kinase inhibitors‐based therapy. Epigenetic studies showed that H19 differentially methylated region/imprinting control region (DMR/ICR) was hypomethylated and associated with H19 expression in CML patients. Moreover, demethylation of H19 DMR/ICR reactivated H19 expression in K562 cells. Collectively, H19 overexpression, a frequent event in CML, was associated with higher BCR‐ABL transcript involving in disease progression. Moreover, H19 DMR/ICR hypomethylation in CML may be one of the mechanisms mediating H19 overexpression.