Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Axial Yield Strengths and Two Successive Phase Transition Stresses for Crystalline Silicon

Shock wave experiments with inclined prisms have been used to determine the compression for shocks propagated along three axes of single‐crystal Si. At stresses less than about 200 kbar, the shocks along the 〈110〉 and 〈1111〉 axes exhibited four wave structures. The first three waves were taken to be related to the Hugoniot Elastic Limit and to two succeeding polymorphic phase transitions. Scatter in the magnitude of the HEL along the 〈100〉 axis may indicate mixing between the elastic wave and the first phase transition wave.
Sweeping decorrelation in isotropic turbulence

Tennekes [J. Fluid Mech. 67, 561 (1975)] estimated the time decorrelation of inertial‐range excitation in isotropic turbulence by assuming effective statistical independence of the one‐time distributions of inertial‐range and energy‐range excitation. This picture has been challenged by Yakhot, Orszag, and She [Phys. Fluids A 1, 184 (1989)], who studied forced turbulence by renormalization‐group (RNG) methods. The analysis given in the present paper leads to the conclusion that (a) precise coherence between energy‐range and inertial‐range excitation is needed to inhibit sweeping effects; (b) in the case of randomly forced turbulence, this coherence is impossible and Tennekes’ picture is unavoidable; and (c) the RNG analysis does not demonstrate inhibition of sweeping; instead, it discards sweeping effects at the outset. To augment the present study, an advected passive scalar is examined by computer simulation. Sweeping effects on small scales survive even in the case of long‐time advection by a frozen vel.
Acoustic resonance in ducts

Abstract A method is presented which leads to very simple transcendental equations for the determination of wavenumbers or frequencies at which acoustic resonances occur in flow ducts of various geometries and with various boundary conditions. The method, which is based on complex residue theory, is approximate but nevertheless very accurate for most parameter values. Formulae and results are presented for a wide variety of configurations.
Low-intensity two-dimensional imaging of fluorescence lifetimes in living cells

The use of a time- and space-correlated single-photon counting detector enables us to perform fluorescence lifetime imaging microscopy in living cells with a temporal resolution of less than 100 ps and a spatial resolution of 500 nm. Two-dimensional (2D) maps of the fluorescence lifetimes and the corresponding prefactors are extracted by the use of a fitting program based on the Levenberg–Marquardt algorithm (Globals Unlimited). We applied this technique to extract 2D maps of protein localization in multilabeled living cells and to study protein–protein interaction by fluorescence resonance energy transfer.
The study of population growth in organisms grouped by stages

In this extension to the use of matrices in population mathematics (Lewis [1942] and Leslie [1945]), the division of a population into equal age groups is replaced by one of unequal stage groups, no assumptions being made about the variation of the duration of the stage that different individuals may show. This extension has application in ecological studies where the age of an individual is rarely known. The model is briefly applied to three experimental situations.
Data set generation and inversion simulation of radio waves propagating through a two‐dimensional comet nucleus (CONSERT experiment)

To prepare the Comet Nucleus Sounding Experiment using Radio wave Transmission during the Rosetta mission, we study the electromagnetic wave propagation through a comet nucleus model and tomographic inversion in a two‐dimensional setting. For the propagation, the Ray Tracing Method (RTM) is validated with respect to the Pseudo‐Spectral Time Domain (PSTD) method. For the inverse problem, a Tikhonov‐like inverse RTM method based on weak permittivity assumptions is used, with synthetic data derived from the PSTD algorithm. Reconstruction results show that the Consert data will permit a reliable tomography of the comet nucleus. Surface data will enhance the quality of the imaging.
Microchaotic Motion of Digitally Controlled Machines

Without control, the desired motions of machines do not occur, and the desired equilibria and stationary motions are often unstable. Human operator or computer control may be needed to control and stabilize these machines. An important common feature of both analog and digital controllers is the time delay that is introduced into the system. Even when these delayed systems should be stable, the experiments show small stochastic oscillations around the desired motion, as are often experienced in robotics. In case of the stabilization of an inverted pendulum, the analysis of the equation of motion shows that chaotic vibrations occur around the equilibrium even when stochastic effects related to human control are not present. In advanced design work of digitally controlled machines, it is vital to know the characteristics of this chaotic behavior. The estimation of the distribution of vibration amplitudes and the frequency range should be available at the design stage. This initiates the analysis of the so-called microchaos or μ-chaos.
Enhanced scattering from a thin film with one-dimensional disorder

This paper deals with a TE plane wave scattering from a thin film with one-dimensional disorder by means of the stochastic functional approach. The thin film is one-dimensionally inhomogeneous in the horizontal direction with infinite extent, and is homogeneous in the vertical direction with finite thickness. Based on an approximate wavefield representation in terms of a Wiener–Hermite expansion in a preceding paper (Tamura et al., 2004, Waves in Random Media, 14, 435–465), the first- and second-order incoherent scattering cross-sections are presented in explicit forms and scattering properties are discussed. The scattering properties vary entirely with the film thickness. In a case where the thickness is smaller than a few wavelengths in the thin film, enhanced scattering and associated enhanced scattering may appear as sharp peaks or dips on the second-order incoherent scattering distribution if the thin film has guided wave modes. When the thickness becomes sufficiently larger than the wavelength inside the film, a new enhanced scattering phenomenon appears as gentle peaks on the second-order incoherent scattering distribution in four special directions. Such four directions are the directions of forward scattering, specular reflection, backscattering, and the symmetrical direction of forward scattering with respect to the normal of the film surface.The first-order incoherent scattering occurs distinctly in four such directions. Such enhanced scattering is independent of the existence of the guided wave modes inside the thin film, and deeply relates to the structure of the thin film with one-dimensional disorder that has infinite correlation in the vertical direction. For SiC and glass thin films having one-dimensional disorder with a Gaussian correlation and three types of exponential correlation, the first- and second-order incoherent scattering cross-sections are illustrated in figures. The narrow enhanced scattering peaks appear for the glass film in a thin case. The gentle enhanced peaks turn up for both the SiC and glass films in a thick case. Furthermore, the optical theorem is calculated for several cases. It is then found that the error of the optical theorem decreases and the performance of the wavefield is improved by taking into account the second-order incoherent scattering.
Detection and characterization of breast tumours by time-domain scanning optical mammography

The paper gives a short overview of various methods of optical mammography, emphasizing scanning time-domain mammography. The results of a clinical study on time-domain optical mammography are reviewed, comprising 154 patients carrying a total of 102 carcinomas validated by histology. A visibility score attributed to each carcinoma as qualitative measure of tumour detectability indicates acceptable sensitivity but poor specificity for discrimination between malignant and benign lesions. Likewise, a multi-variate statistical analysis yields sensitivity and specificity between 80% and 85% for tumour detection and discrimination with respect to normal (healthy) breast tissue, but values less than 70% for discrimination between malignant and benign breast lesions, being too low to be of clinical relevance. For 87 of the 88 tumours detected retrospectively in both projection optical mammograms, optical properties and tissue parameters were derived based on the diffraction of photon density waves by a spherical inhomogeneity as forward model. Following injection of a bolus of indocyanine green as non-targeted absorbing contrast agent, dynamic contrast-enhanced time-domain optical mammography was carried out on a small number of patients, but no differences in wash-out kinetics of indocyanine green between tumours and healthy breast tissue were observed.
Multiscale four-dimensional data assimilation

Abstract Four-dimensional data assimilation (FDDA) schemes capable of effectively analyzing asynoptic, near-continuous data streams art especially important on the mesobeta scale for both model initialization and dynamic analysis. A multiscale nudging approach that utilizes grid nesting is investigated for the generation of complete, dynamically consistent datasets for the mesobeta scale. These datasets are suitable for input into air quality models, but can also be used for other diagnostic purposes including model initialization. A multiscale nudging strategy is used here to simulate the wind flow for two cases over the Colorado Plateau and Grand Canyon region during the winter of 1990 when a special mesobeta-scale observing system was deployed in the region to study the canyon's visibility impairment problem. The special data included Doppler sodars, profilers rawinsondes, and surface stations. Combinations of these data and conventional mesoalpha-scale data were assimilated into a nested version of th.
CLASSES OF MEROMORPHIC α-CONVEX FUNCTIONS

For a fixed analytic univalent function φ, the class of meromorphic univalent α-convex functions with respect to φ is introduced. A representation theorem for functions in the class, as well as a necessary and sufficient condition for functions to belong to the class are obtained. Also we obtain a sharp growth theorem and estimate on a certain coefficient functional for meromorphic starlike functions with respect to φ. Differential subordination and superordination conditions are also obtained for the subclass of meromorphic starlike functions with respect to φ.
Advanced Calculus with Applications in Statistics

the algorithms under various conditions and settings. The total amount of code consists of about 25,000 lines and even includes a graphical routine based on the X Windows system. The code itself is reasonably well documented and thus is amenable to extension and further development by the interested reader. The datasets presented in the book are also included in the tar archive. So what is the use for 2D Object Detection and Recognition? The book seems to be intended primarily for those researchers in computer vision and related fields who would like to see the world though Amit’s eyes. The book requires some background knowledge of computer vision (not much, though) and is reasonably self-contained. It would also work very well in a more-advanced study group setting, where several students can work their way through the chapters, making extensive use of the available software. I congratulate Yali Amit on writing a very fine book based on his many years of research experience that led to excellent and novel contributions to the field. This book is an example of how to do things right: simply, efficiently, and correctly. I have no reservations at all in recommending the book highly to all readers interested in the field of computer vision and/or (really) applied statistics.
The 6.5-m MMT's f/5 wide-field optics and instruments

In 2003, the converted MMT’s wide-field f/5 focus was commissioned. A 1.7-m diameter secondary and a large refractive corrector offer a 1° diameter field of view for spectroscopy and a 0.5° diameter field of view for imaging. Stellar images during excellent seeing are smaller than 0.5" FWHM across the spectroscopic field of view, and smaller than 0.4" across the imaging field of view. Three wide-field f/5 instruments are now in routine operation: Hectospec (an R~1000 optical spectrograph fed by 300 robotically-positioned optical fibers), Hectochelle (an R~40,000 optical spectrograph fed by the same fibers), and Megacam (a 340 megapixel, 36 CCD optical imager covering a 25' by 25' format).
The sampling formula and Laplace transform associated with the two-parameter Poisson-Dirichlet distribution

In this paper we investigate the relationship between the sampling formula and Laplace transform associated with the two-parameter Poisson-Dirichlet distribution. We conclude that they are equivalent to determining the corresponding infinite-dimensional distribution. With these tools, a central limit theorem is established associated with the infinitely-many-neutral-alleles model at any fixed time. We also obtain the probability generating function of random sampling from a generalized two-parameter diffusion process. At the end of the paper a selection case is considered.
An Improved Pruning Algorithm for Fuzzy Neural Network

The number of fuzzy rules directly determines the complexity and efficiency of Fuzzy Neural Network (FNN). The Iterative Pruning (IP) algorithm belongs to the Pruning Method, and it spends much time computing adjusting factors of the remaining weights. So the Improved Iterative Pruning (IIP) algorithm is put forward, which adopts dividing blocks strategy and uses the Generalized Inverse Matrix (GIM) algorithm to replace the Conjugate Gradient Precondition Normal Equation (CGPCNE) algorithm for updating the remaining weights. The IIP algorithm is applied in the rule-reasoning layer of FNN to simplify its rules and structure in a great extent and preserve a good level of accuracy and generalization ability without retraining after pruning. The simulation results demonstrate the effectiveness and the feasibility of the algorithm.
Modified embedded-atom method interatomic potential for the Fe-Cu alloy system and cascade simulations on pure Fe and Fe-Cu alloys

A modified embedded-atom method (MEAM) interatomic potential for the Fe-Cu binary system has been developed using previously developed MEAM potentials of Fe and Cu. The Fe-Cu potential was determined by fitting to data on the mixing enthalpy and the composition dependencies of the lattice parameters in terminal solid solutions. The potential gives a value of 0.65 eV for the dilute heat of solution and reproduces the increase of lattice parameter of Fe with addition of Cu in good agreement with experiments. The potential was used to investigate the primary irradiation defect formation in pure Fe and Fe-0.5 at. % Cu alloy by a molecular dynamics cascade simulation study with a PKA energy of 2 keV at 573 K. A tendency for self-interstitial atom-Cu binding, the formation of mixed (Fe-Cu) dumbbells and even Cu-Cu dumbbells was observed. Given a positive binding energy between Cu atoms and self-interstitials, Cu transport by an interstitial diffusion mechanism could be proposed to contribute to the formation of Cu-rich precipitates and irradiation-induced embrittlement in nuclear structural steels.
Peculiarities of Harmonics Generated from Interaction of 27 ps Laser Radiation with Solid Aluminium Targets

Investigations on harmonic generation in laser-matter interaction of Nd:glass laser radiation (I ≤ 1.5 × 1015 W cm-2, τ = 27 ps) with solid aluminium surfaces have been performed. We present here some peculiarities of spectral, temporal and spatial characteristics of harmonic radiation (up to fourth harmonic), and compare these results with those reported for the shorter pulse duration regime. A power law scaling of 1.5, 1.8 and 3.8 and conversion efficiencies in the range of 10-8 to 10-12 for second, third and fourth harmonics were observed. Second harmonic pulse duration (23 ps) was close to that of the fundamental radiation. This radiation observed in the specular direction was spectrally broadened and red-shifted for laser intensities exceeding 1015 W cm-2. A ring-like spatial structure spatial shape was also observed in the second harmonic at the maximum laser intensity.
On routing strategy with finite-capacity effect on scale-free networks

We propose a class of systems with finite-capacity effect to investigate routing-strategy optimization. The local topology and the variable capacity, two crucial elements for routing, are naturally coupled by considering the interactions among packets. We show how the combination of these two elements controls the normal and efficient functioning of routing in the frame of condensation and coverage, respectively. Specifically, it is shown that the dynamic behaviors of diffusing packets exhibit condensation, for which exact results of the stationary state and phase transition are given. Further, we explore the diffusion coverage of routed packets through simulation. Various alternatives for the strategy parameters are illustrated to apply standard techniques to alleviate condensation and accelerate coverage. Our results provide a practical way for the design of optimal routing strategies in complex networks by the manipulation of a few parameters.
Mean magnetic field in renovating random flow

An integral equation is derived for a mean magnetic field in a random velocity field that renovates after a characteristic time τ. It is shown that in two cases, i.e. when (a) the correlation time is short, τ < l/v0 (where l and v0 are the characteristic scale and velocity), and (b) for long wave components of the field, k−1 ≫ v0τ, the equation is reduced to the differential one, whose form has first been given by STEENBECK, KRAUSE and RADLER. Expressions for the equation coefficients are obtained in the two above cases. In a general case the integral equation cannot be reduced to the differential one although its spectral properties are close in a certain sense to those of the SKR-equation. There are differences, however (specifically, the integral equation yields a higher rate for the field growth), that are shown on the example of the Gaussian distribution (at time renewal) of particles moving along random paths.
Self-probing of molecules with high harmonic generation

This tutorial presents the most important aspects of the molecular self-probing paradigm, which views the process of high harmonic generation as ‘a molecule being probed by one of its own electrons’. Since the properties of the electron wavepacket acting as a probe allow a combination of attosecond and Ångström resolutions in measurements, this idea bears great potential for the observation, and possibly control, of ultrafast quantum dynamics in molecules at the electronic level. Theoretical as well as experimental methods and concepts at the basis of self-probing measurements are introduced. Many of these are discussed as the example of molecular orbital tomography.
Grading of cervical intraepithelial neoplasia using spatial frequency for optical histology

It is important to detect cervical dysplasia, Cervical Intraepithelial Neoplasia (CIN). CIN is the potentially premalignant and abnormal squamous cells on surface of cervix. In this study, the spatial frequency spectra of pre-cancer cervical tissues are used to detect differences among different grades of human cervical tissues. Seven sets of thick tissue sections of human cervix of normal, CIN 1, CIN 2, and CIN 3 tissues are studied. The confocal microscope images of the stromal region of normal and CIN human tissues were analyzed using Fast Fourier Transform (FFT) to generate the spatial spectra. It is observed that higher frequency components exist in CIN tissues than those in normal tissue, as well as those in higher grade CIN tissue than those in lower grade CIN tissue. The width of the spatial frequency of different types of tissues is used to create a criterion for CIN grading by training a support vector machine (SVM) classifier. The results show that the randomness of tissue structures from normal to different stages of precancer in cervical tissue can be recognized by fingerprints of the spatial frequency. The efficacy of spatial frequency analysis for CIN grading is evaluated as excellent since high AUC (area under the ROC curve), sensitivity and specificity are obtained by the statistics study. This works lays the foundation of using spatial frequency spectra for a histology evaluation.
Defect-induced solid state amorphization of molecular crystals

We investigate the process of mechanically induced amorphization in small molecule organic crystals under extensive deformation. In this work, we develop a model that describes the amorphization of molecular crystals, in which the plastic response is calculated with a phase field dislocation dynamics theory in four materials: acetaminophen, sucrose, γ-indomethacin, and aspirin. The model is able to predict the fraction of amorphous material generated in single crystals for a given applied stress. Our results show that γ-indomethacin and sucrose demonstrate large volume fractions of amorphous material after sufficient plastic deformation, while smaller amorphous volume fractions are predicted in acetaminophen and aspirin, in agreement with experimental observation.
A bayesian approach to crop Model calibration under unknown error covariance

Bayesian methods seem well adapted to dynamic system models in general and to crop models in particular, because there is in general prior information about parameter values. The usefulness of a Bayesian approach has often been pointed out, but actual applications are rather rare. A major difficulty is including the elements of the covariance matrix of model errors in the treatment. We treat the specific case of balanced data and an unstructured covariance matrix. In our particular case this is a 3 × 3 matrix. We illustrate two methods for deriving a sample from the joint posterior density for the crop model parameters and the error covariance matrix parameters. The first method is based on importance sampling, the second on Metropolis within Gibbs sampling. We derive an instrumental density for the former and a proposal density for the latter which are adapted to this type of model and data. Both algorithms work well and they give very similar results. The example concerns a model for sunflowers during rapid leaf growth. The ultimate goal is to use the model as a decision aid in predicting disease risk.
Evaluation of solid-state detectors for ultraviolet radiometric applications

The realization and dissemination of ultraviolet spectral responsivity scales at the 0,1% level require a solid-state detector with a predictable, and preferably an invariant, spectral responsivity. Unfortunately, the most widely used detectors for the ultraviolet, silicon photodiodes, have a spectral responsivity that varies rapidly in the ultraviolet due to multiple ionization and recombination effects. This paper describes the properties of alternative wide-bandgap photodiodes such as GaAsP and GaP, together with specially developed detectors based on SiC. These devices are "solar blind" to various degrees, thus offering significant advantages over silicon photodiodes in certain applications. Measured quantum efficiency for all these types of photodiode is presented, together with an evaluation of permanent and short-term changes in quantum efficiency of the detectors following exposure to UV radiation.