Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
On the dynamics of the radially symmetric Heisenberg ferromagnetic spin system

By considering the geometrical equivalence of the radially symmetric Heisenberg ferromagnetic spin system in n‐arbitrary spatial dimensions and the generalized nonlinear Schrodinger equation (GNLSE) with radial symmetry, it is shown that they possess the Painleve property only for the (n=2) circularly (planar radially) symmetric case. For the circularly symmetric case, suitable (2×2) matrix eigenvalue equations are constructed, involving nonisospectral flows and their gauge equivalence is shown. The connection with inhomogeneous systems and, in particular, the linearly x‐dependent system is pointed out. Appropriate Backlund transformations (BT) and explicit soliton solutions for both the spin systems and the GNLSEs are also derived.
Calculating The Modulation Transfer Function Of Atmospheric Turbulence

A comprehensive model for calculating the degrading effects of atmospheric turbulence on the performance of long-range, airborne imaging systems is described. The model output is the Modulation Transfer Function (MTF) of the turbulent air in the conical ray bundle from the target to the sensor. Published data from the field of astronomy and other theoretical developments are incorported into the formulation. Two difficulties with previous formulations are avoided: the requirement to set a parameter to one of two values for near or far field geometry; and the requirement to choose between two different formulations for short and long exposures. These are handled in an automatic and continuous manner in this new model. Also, it was found that the index of refraction turbulence structure coefficient (Cn2) altitude profile has about the same value and appearance over most of the world; therefore, the Cn2 altitude profile is integrated and a plot of the results (parameter Ch) is included.
Simulating and Predicting Solar Cycles Using a Flux-Transport Dynamo

We construct a predictive tool based on a Babcock-Leighton-type flux-transport dynamo model of a solar cycle, run the model by updating the surface magnetic source using old cycles' data since cycle 12, and show that the model can correctly simulate the relative peaks of cycles 16-23. The simulations use the first four cycles to load the meridional circulation conveyor belt to create the Sun's memory about its past magnetic fields. Extending the simulation into the future, we predict that cycle 24 will be 30%-50% stronger than the current cycle 23. These simulations and predictions are robust for a wide range of convection zone magnetic diffusivity values between 3 × 1010 and 2 × 1011 cm2 s-1. Our model predictions are the same for three different treatments of the unknown surface magnetic source for the cycles to be predicted, namely (1) assuming some cyclic pattern, (2) incorporating "zero" surface source, or (3) including a surface source derived from the self-excited version of the dynamo model. Technique 3, for treating the surface source for cycles to be predicted, also shows significant skill in predicting two cycles ahead. Analyzing the evolution of magnetic field patterns over a full magnetic cycle, we show that the key to success of our prediction model lies in the formation of a "seed" for producing cycle n from the combination of latitudinal fields at high latitudes from three past cycles, n - 1, n - 2, and n - 3, instead of the previous cycle's polar fields. These results have many implications for both solar and stellar dynamo modeling.
Statistics of local field intensity enhancements at nanostructured surfaces investigated with a near-field optical microscope

Near-field intensity distributions measured at nanostructured surfaces with a scanning near-field optical microscope are treated to determine the statistics of local field intensity enhancements. The probability density function (PDF) of the field intensity enhancement is calculated for surface-plasmon-polariton scattering by randomly rough surfaces of thin metal films and for light scattering in silver colloid fractals. We demonstrate that the statistics of the intensity distributions established in different scattering regimes, viz., single and multiple scattering, is distinctly different, and compare our results with the theoretical predictions available. We show that, in the regime of multiple scattering, the PDF decreases exponentially for large values of the intensity enhancement with the slope for surface-plasmon scattering being significantly different from that for light scattering in surface fractal structures. We also find that, in the latter case, the PDF slope is only weakly influenced by variations in the wavelength and polarization of incident radiation.
Weighted Interior Penalty Method with Semi-Implicit Integration Factor Method for Non-Equilibrium Radiation Diffusion Equation

Weighted interior penalty discontinuous Galerkin method is developed to solve the two-dimensional non-equilibrium radiation diffusion equation on unstructured mesh. There are three weights including the arithmetic, the harmonic, and the geometric weight in the weighted discontinuous Galerkin scheme. For the time discretization, we treat the nonlinear diffusion coefficients explicitly, and apply the semiimplicit integration factor method to the nonlinear ordinary differential equations arising from discontinuous Galerkin spatial discretization. The semi-implicit integration factor method can not only avoid severe timestep limits, but also takes advantage of the local property of DG methods by which small sized nonlinear algebraic systems are solved element by element with the exact Newton iteration method. Numerical results are presented to demonstrate the validity of discontinuous Galerkin method for high nonlinear and tightly coupled radiation diffusion equation. AMS subject classifications: 35R05, 35Q79, 65M60, 80A20
End‐field design and tuning methods for insertion devices

The magnetic field distribution, gap‐dependent steering, and integrated magnetic multipole moments of insertion devices installed in synchrotron radiation sources have stringent requirements for yielding high brightness without adversely perturbing the electron orbit. Correct termination of the ends of the device yields a large number of full‐field poles and helps achieve gap‐independent steering. End‐field tuning methods used for the Advanced Photon Source insertion devices are reviewed. Techniques include magnet strength reduction, reduced height poles, magnetic shims, and pole shaping. Measurements show that two‐imensional finite element analysis is a useful tool for predicting general field shape and trajectories. However, experimental entrance steering of different devices with identical end configurations shows variance, necessitating empirical fine tuning of each device.
DISORDER, DEFECTS, AND OPTICAL ABSORPTION IN A-SI AND A-SI:H

In this paper we present the optical properties of various structural models for $a\ensuremath{-}\mathrm{Si}$ and $a\ensuremath{-}\mathrm{S}\mathrm{i}:\mathrm{H}. $ We discuss how topological disorder, hydrogen content, and different types of defects (dangling bonds and floating bonds) influence the shape of the optical-absorption spectrum and the position of the Urbach edge. The absorption behavior is characterized by the joint density of states. The band gaps are obtained via the Tauc plot. The principal structure of the optical absorption spectrum is determined mainly by the degree of topological disorder and the amount of hydrogen. The presence of defects gives rise to tail absorption. Dangling bonds affect the optical properties more than floating bonds do.
No-Go Theorem for SU(N) Unification of Extra-Strong Interactions

It is shown that, if dynamical symmetry breaking of weak interactions were due to an extra-strong SU(n) gauge interaction which is unified with quantum chromodynamics according to the simplest scheme, it would contradict the behavior of coupling constants predicated by the renormalization group. This is proven first for any nonexotic irreducible representations of SU(N) is contained in SU(3) x SU(2) x SU(1) x SU(n); then it is argued that the theorem can be extended to any unifying simple Lie group.
Efficient Modelling Of Contact Interfaces OfJoints In Built-up Structures

This paper introduces an improved approach to model contact interfaces of fixed joints in finite element analysis (FEA) with regard to prediction of the vibration behaviour of built-up structures. The approach consists of two parts: (1) the development of a suitable, new contact model which considers the most important physical effects of wave propagation over the contact interface; and (2) the implementation of the contact model in commercial finite element software. The new model is based on the contact models of Hertz and Mindlin for the contact of a single spherical asperity with an elastic plane. The Hertzian microscopic model for normal contact is then generalized with a statistical approach for rough surfaces introduced by Greenwood to a macroscopic normal contact model for engineering surfaces. To model the macroscopic tangential contact, a new model based on Mindlins approach is introduced which accounts accurately for microslip effects and considers the dependence of tangential contact behaviour on the normal pressure. For implementing the contact model in FEA, a special isoparametric contact element, the so-called zero thickness element, is programmed. The use of this element compared with existing contact algorithms has some major advantages with regard to the application of modelling the contact in fixed joints considered in this paper. The introduced approach is verified by simulating the vibration behaviour of a built-up structure and proving the prediction quality by comparing simulation results with experimental data.
Multi-armed Bandit Allocation Indices

Foreword. Foreword to the first edition. Preface. Preface to the first edition. 1 Introduction or Exploration. Exercises. 2 Main Ideas: Gittins Index. 2.1 Introduction. 2.2 Decision processes. 2.3 Simple families of alternative bandit processes. 2.4 Dynamic programming. 2.5 Gittins index theorem. 2.6 Gittins index. 2.7 Proof of the index theorem by interchanging bandit portions. 2.8 Continuous-time bandit processes. 2.9 Proof of the index theorem by induction and interchange argument. 2.10 Calculation of Gittins indices. 2.11 Monotonicity conditions. 2.12 History of the index theorem. 2.13 Some decision process theory. Exercises. 3 Necessary Assumptions for Indices. 3.1 Introduction. 3.2 Jobs. 3.3 Continuous-time jobs. 3.4 Necessary assumptions. 3.5 Beyond the necessary assumptions. Exercises. 4 Superprocesses, Precedence Constraints and Arrivals. 4.1 Introduction. 4.2 Bandit superprocesses. 4.3 The index theorem for superprocesses. 4.4 Stoppable bandit processes. 4.5 Proof of the index theorem by freezing and promotion rules. 4.6 The index theorem for jobs with precedence constraints. 4.7 Precedence constraints forming an out-forest. 4.8 Bandit processes with arrivals. 4.9 Tax problems. 4.10 Near optimality of nearly index policies. Exercises. 5 The Achievable Region Methodology. 5.1 Introduction. 5.2 A simple example. 5.3 Proof of the index theorem by greedy algorithm. 5.4 Generalized conservation laws and indexable systems. 5.5 Performance bounds for policies for branching bandits. 5.6 Job selection and scheduling problems. 5.7 Multi-armed bandits on parallel machines. Exercises. 6 Restless Bandits and Lagrangian Relaxation. 6.1 Introduction. 6.2 Restless bandits. 6.3 Whittle indices for restless bandits. 6.4 Asymptotic optimality. 6.5 Monotone policies and simple proofs of indexability. 6.6 Applications to multi-class queuing systems. 6.7 Performance bounds for the Whittle index policy. 6.8 Indices for more general resource configurations. Exercises. 7 Multi-Population Random Sampling (Theory). 7.1 Introduction. 7.2 Jobs and targets. 7.3 Use of monotonicity properties. 7.4 General methods of calculation: use of invariance properties. 7.5 Random sampling times. 7.6 Brownian reward processes. 7.7 Asymptotically normal reward processes. 7.8 Diffusion bandits. Exercises. 8 Multi-Population Random Sampling (Calculations). 8.1 Introduction. 8.2 Normal reward processes (known variance). 8.3 Normal reward processes (mean and variance both unknown). 8.4 Bernoulli reward processes. 8.5 Exponential reward processes. 8.6 Exponential target process. 8.7 Bernoulli/exponential target process. Exercises. 9 Further Exploitation. 9.1 Introduction. 9.2 Website morphing. 9.3 Economics. 9.4 Value of information. 9.5 More on job-scheduling problems. 9.6 Military applications. References. Tables. Index.
Imaging with photoelastic modulators

Photoelastic modulators (PEMs) are among the most robust and precise polarization modulation devices, but the high frequency free-running nature of PEMs challenges their incorporation into relatively slow CCD and CMOS imaging systems. Current methods to make PEMs compatible with imaging suffer from low light throughput or use high cost intensified CCDs. They are not ideal for some analyses (microscopy, reflectivity, fluorescence, etc.), and likely cannot be extended to polarimeters with more than two PEMs. We propose to modulate the light source with a square wave derived from particular linear combinations of the elementary PEM frequencies and phases. The real-time synthesis of the square waves can be achieved using a field programmable gate array (FPGA). Here we describe the operating principle.
Timing properties of the X-ray pulsar EXO 2030+375 during an X-ray outburst

We present Rossi X-ray Timing Explorer (RXTE) observations of the Be/X-ray transient EXO 2030+375 during an outburst after a period of quiescence between 1993 August and 1996 April. When active, EXO 2030+375 is normally detected at each periastron passage of the neutron star. Our observations correspond to the third periastron passage after the source ‘turned on’ again. All outbursts after the quiescent period, including the one reported here, have been occurring at a much earlier binary phase than in the past. We discuss the possible mechanisms that may explain this shift in the onset of the outburst. Pulsations in the X-ray radiation are detected throughout the entire run. The neutron star spun up during the outburst at a rate of −1.16×10−8 s s−1, but no variations in the shape of the pulse profile as a function of intensity were seen. A correlation between the hardness ratio and the intensity is observed at low energies (6–12/2–6 keV). By comparing the magnetospheric and corotation radii we argue that the neutron star spins at a rate close to the equilibrium period. Finally, we perform pulse-phase spectroscopy and comment on changes seen as a function of spin phase.
Linear reduction of stiffness and vibration frequencies in defected circular monolayer graphene

Mechanical stiffness of monolayer graphene with randomly distributed vacancies is studied using molecular-dynamics simulation and elasticity theory. Nanoindentation is used to obtain Young's modulus and the effective spring constant which decrease linearly with the percentage of vacancies. The load and unload curves are the same and the breaking force and breaking points depend on the percentage of vacancies. Fracture may appear near the boundaries. We introduce a simple method to make the system vibrate by pulling up the atomic force microscopy tip from the center of the clamped circular monolayer graphene which then starts to vibrate.
In situ strain and transport magneto-optical investigations in superconductors

We aim to present in this article how magneto-optics can be a useful tool to image flux distributions obtained in thin films and coated conductors and provide complementary information to the usual measurements. The main originality of our device is to enable measurements under transport current (0–30 A) and/or axial stress (up to 80 kg). Transport current measurements in thin films were performed during MO observations. Defects were artificially created in those samples. It appears that the critical current is only slightly influenced by the presence of defects and suggests that the current depends on edge effects during its flow. However, the defects influenced the transition towards the normal state. Magneto-optics imaging under current and axial stress was carried out in coated conductors. It was revealed that the critical current was limited to the development of contraction bands (Lüders bands) in the substrate, inducing propagating cracks in the layers. In situ imaging of the propagation of the Lüders band from the periphery to the centre and the relation to the transport current is shown.
A Functional Variation in CD 55 Increases the Severity of 2009 Pandemic H 1 N 1 In fl uenza A Virus Infection

Jie Zhou, Kelvin Kai-Wang To, Hui Dong, Zhong-Shan Cheng, Candy Choi-Yi Lau, Vincent K. M. Poon, Yan-Hui Fan, You-Qiang Song, Herman Tse, Kwok-Hung Chan, Bo-Jian Zheng, Guo-Ping Zhao, and Kwok-Yung Yuen Department of Microbiology, Research Center of Infection and Immunology, State Key Laboratory of Emerging Infectious Diseases, Carol Yu Center for Infection, Department of Biochemistry, The University of Hong Kong, and Chinese National Human Genome Center at Shanghai, China
On the Analytic Continuation of Holomorphic Mappings

Let and be strictly pseudoconvex domains in with real analytic boundaries and , and let be a neighborhood of the point with connected. Assume that the mapping is holomorphic in , in , and that . The author proves that can be holomorphically continued to . If the domain is a sphere and is simply connected, then extends to a biholomorphic mapping from onto . Bibliography: 12 titles.
Digital virus recognition

Malware can be thought of as analogous to biological viruses, which are comprised of large numbers of polypeptide proteins.1 The shape and function of the protein strands determine the functionality of each segment (similar to a subroutine in malware). The malware organism is represented by the full combination of subroutines. This cyber organism can be considered as a collection of polypeptides forming information-bearing (subroutine) protein structures. We propose to apply bioinformatics methods to analyze cyber malware in binary data streams in real time. This must be accomplished without knowing where in the data flow the worm or virus code starts or ends. We will explore whether laboratory methods (wet-lab-bench techniques) can provide analogous analysis features for in vivo use (OC-48— an optical-carrier transmission rate of up to 2488.32Mbit/s— or faster data streams). Bioinformatics amino-acid sequencing methods provide a valid framework within which to tackle cyber virus organisms. Current methods for malware detection and identification use static and dynamic features such as the name and size of the binary section, hash values, hostname, universal resource locator, registry and file access, and process injections. Many of these may not be easily measured in real time because they require buffering and storage of the entire data segment for post-processing and extraction, and are not specific attributes that are unique to individual malware. This makes information fusion and the required decision architecture to discern viruses both complicated and brittle. We propose to use entropycharacterizing features (such as the standard deviation, skewness, kurtosis, 6thand 8th-order moments, and two fractal metrics) that exploit the fractal and statistical self-similar information structures within malware agents. Under the right conditions, in situ discrimination and classification is possible if each feature is calculated in real time from the streaming data.2, 3 By thinking of malware as an executable comprised of binary 0s and 1s, we can decompose the malware organism into a 1D strand of such primary sequences through cleaving.4, 5 We Figure 1. Fractal (1/f, where f is the fractal dimension) representation of random 0/1 sequence (top left), Slammer packet (top center), and Red Probe (top right) protein analogs. Ligated partitions of random sequence (middle left), Slammer packet (middle center), and Red Probe (middle right). 2D sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis for the random (bottom left), Slammer (bottom center), and Red Probe (bottom right).
Analysis of the Capture Output on Flat Panel Detector using Arduino-Based BPW34 Photodiode Sensor with mA and kV Setting Parameters

The exposure factor is the factor that determines the intensity and quality of X-rays received by the patient. Exposure factors that can be controlled are tube voltage (kV), tube current (mA), irradiation time (second), and distance of the X-ray tube to the film (FFD). The purpose of this study was to capture X-rays at a relatively affordable manufacturing price and to obtain different value from the detector's capture between dark and light by utilizing the response of the BPW34 photodiode sensor. The contribution of this study is that the system can display grayscale and numerical on an 8x8 pixel matrix using the Matrix Laboratory (MATLAB) Application. This study was able to convert images taken from analog data after taking measurements on X-rays. The measurements were carried out by 2 methods, the range used was 32-63 mA with a tube voltage of 50 kV at an irradiation duration of 1 second and 50 - 70 kV with a tube current of 40 mA and an irradiation duration of 1 second. Based on the measurement results, the comparison between the Flat Panel Detector Design Tool and the Philips brand Digital Radiography obtained that the latter was able to respond to differences in dose and object thickness. The results of this study indicated that this tool could be used to capture X-rays so that the degree of blackness of the film were obtained.
Investigation of Oxygen Vacancy and Interstitial Oxygen Defects in ZnO Films by Photoluminescence and X-Ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy

ZnO films prepared at different temperatures and annealed at 900 degrees C in oxygen are studied by photoluminescence (PL) and x-ray photoelection spectroscopy (XPS). It is observed that in the PL of the as-grown films the green luminescence (GL) and the yellow luminescence (YL) are related, and after annealing the GL is restrained and the YL is enhanced. The O 1s XPS results also show the coexistence of oxygen vacancy (Vo) and interstitial oxygen (O-i) before annealing and the quenching of the V-o after annealing. By combining the two results it is deduced that the GL and YL are related to the V-o and O-i defects, respectively.
Elastic waves in Timoshenko beams: the ‘lost and found’ of an eigenmode

This paper considers propagating waves in elastic bars in the spirit of asymptotic analysis and shows that the inclusion of shear deformation amounts to singular perturbation in the Euler–Bernoulli (EB) field equation. We show that Timoshenko, in his classic work of 1921, incorrectly treated the problem as one of regular perturbation and missed out one physically meaningful ‘branch’ of the dispersion curve (spectrum), which is mainly shear-wise polarized. Singular perturbation leads to: (i) Timoshenko's solution and (ii) a singular solution ; ε, ω* and k* are the non-dimensional slenderness, frequency and wavenumber, respectively. Asymptotic formulae for dispersion, standing waves and the density of modes are given in terms of ε. The second spectrum—in the light of the debate on its existence, or not—is discussed. A previously proposed Lagrangian is shown to be inadmissible in the context. We point out that Lagrangian densities that lead to the same equation(s) of motion may not be equivalent for field problems: careful consideration to the kinetic boundary conditions is important. A Hamiltonian formulation is presented—the conclusions regarding the validity (or not) of Lagrangian densities are confirmed via the constants of motion.