Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
ON THE FERMI LARGE AREA TELESCOPE SURPLUS OF DIFFUSE GALACTIC GAMMA-RAY EMISSION

Recent observations of diffuse Galactic γ-ray emission (DGE) by the Fermi Large Area Telescope (Fermi-LAT) have shown significant deviations, above a few GeV to about 100 GeV, from DGE models that use the GALPROP code for the propagation of cosmic ray (CR) particles outside their sources in the Galaxy and their interaction with the target distributions of the interstellar gas and radiation fields. The surplus of radiation observed is most pronounced in the inner Galaxy, where the concentration of CR sources is strongest. The present study investigates this “Fermi-LAT Galactic Plane Surplus” by estimating the γ-ray emission from the sources themselves, which is disregarded in the above DGE models. It is shown that the expected hard spectrum of CRs, still confined in their sources (source cosmic rays, SCRs), can indeed explain this surplus. The method is based on earlier studies regarding the so-called EGRET GeV excess, which by now is generally interpreted as an instrumental effect. The contribution from SCRs is also predicted to increasingly exceed the DGE models above 100 GeV, up to γ-ray energies of about 10 TeV, where the corresponding surplus exceeds the hadronic part of the DGE by about one order of magnitude. Above such energies, the emission surplus should decrease again with energy due to the finite lifetime of the assumed supernova remnant sources. Observations of the DGE in the inner Galaxy at 15 TeV with the ground-based Milagro γ-ray detector and, at TeV energies, with the ARGO-YBJ detector are interpreted to provide confirmation of a significant SCR contribution to the DGE.
Ultra-fast carriers relaxation in bulk silicon following photo-excitation with a short and polarized laser pulse

We use an atomistic approach to provide a novel and ground-breaking interpretation of the ultra-fast carriers relaxation in a realistic material: bulk silicon. By comparing the results of ab initio simulations with recent two-photon photo-emission measurements we show that the description of the carrier relaxation in terms of inter-valley scattering is not correct. The ultra-fast dynamics measured experimentally is, instead, due to the scattering between degenerate L states that is activated by the non-symmetric population of the conduction bands induced by the laser field. This ultra-fast relaxation is, then, entirely due to the specific experimental setup and it can be interpreted by introducing a novel definition of the quasi-particle lifetimes in an out-of-equilibrium context.
Improving three-dimensional mass mapping with weak gravitational lensing using galaxy clustering

Context. The weak gravitational lensing distortion of distant galaxy images (defined as sources) probes the projected large-scale matter distribution in the Universe. The availability of redshift information in galaxy surveys also allows us to recover the radial matter distribution to a certain degree. Aims. To improve quality in the mass mapping, we combine the lensing information with the spatial clustering of a population of galaxies (defined as tracers) that trace the matter density with a known galaxy bias. Methods. We construct a minimum-variance estimator for the 3D matter density that incorporates the angular distribution of galaxy tracers, which are coarsely binned in redshift. Merely the second-order bias of the tracers has to be known, which can in principle be self-consistently constrained in the data by lensing techniques. This synergy introduces a new noise component because of the stochasticity in the matter-tracer density relation. We give a description of the stochasticity noise in the Gaussian regime, and we investigate the estimator characteristics analytically. We apply the estimator to a mock survey based on the Millennium Simulation. Results. The estimator linearly mixes the individual lensing mass and tracer number density maps into a combined smoothed mass map. The weighting in the mix depends on the signal-to-noise ratio (S/N) of the individual maps and the correlation, R, between the matter and galaxy density. The weight of the tracers can be reduced by hand. For moderate mixing, the S/N in the mass map improves by a factor ∼2–3 for R 0.4. Importantly, the systematic offset between a true and apparent mass peak distance (defined as z-shift bias) in a lensing-only map is eliminated, even for weak correlations of R ∼ 0.4. Conclusions. If the second-order bias of tracer galaxies can be determined, the synergy technique potentially provides an option to improve redshift accuracy and completeness of the lensing 3D mass map. Herein, the aim is to visualise the spatial distribution of cluster-sized mass peaks. Our noise description of the estimator is accurate in the linear, Gaussian regime. However, its performance on sub-degree scales depends on the details in the galaxy bias mechanism and, hence, on the choice of the tracer population. Nonetheless, we expect that the mapping technique yields qualitatively reasonable results even for arcmin smoothing scales, as observed when this technique is applied to the mock survey with two different tracer populations.
Cortical Reorganization of Early Somatosensory Processing in Hemiparetic Stroke

The cortical motor system can be reorganized following a stroke, with increased recruitment of the contralesional hemisphere. However, it is unknown whether a similar hemispheric shift occurs in the somatosensory system to adapt to this motor change, and whether this is related to movement impairments. This proof-of-concept study assessed somatosensory evoked potentials (SEPs), P50 and N100, in hemiparetic stroke participants and age-matched controls using high-density electroencephalograph (EEG) recordings during tactile finger stimulation. The laterality index was calculated to determine the hemispheric dominance of the SEP and re-confirmed with source localization. The study found that latencies of P50 and N100 were significantly delayed in stroke brains when stimulating the paretic hand. The amplitude of P50 in the contralateral (to stimulated hand) hemisphere was negatively correlated with the Fügl–Meyer upper extremity motor score in stroke. Bilateral cortical responses were detected in stroke, while only contralateral cortical responses were shown in controls, resulting in a significant difference in the laterality index. These results suggested that somatosensory reorganization after stroke involves increased recruitment of ipsilateral cortical regions, especially for the N100 SEP component. This reorganization delays the latency of somatosensory processing after a stroke. This research provided new insights related to the somatosensory reorganization after stroke, which could enrich future hypothesis-driven therapeutic rehabilitation strategies from a sensory or sensory-motor perspective.
Packing without some pieces

Erdős and Hanani proved that for every fixed integer $k \ge 2$, the complete graph $K_n$ can be almost completely packed with copies of $K_k$; that is, $K_n$ contains pairwise edge-disjoint copies of $K_k$ that cover all but an $o_n(1)$ fraction of its edges. Equivalently, elements of the set $\C(k)$ of all red-blue edge colorings of $K_k$ can be used to almost completely pack every red-blue edge coloring of $K_n$. The following strengthening of the aforementioned Erdős-Hanani result is considered. Suppose $\C' \subset \C(k)$. Is it true that we can use elements only from $\C'$ and almost completely pack every red-blue edge coloring of $K_n$? An element $C \in \C(k)$ is {\em avoidable} if $\C'=\C(k) \setminus C$ has this property and a subset ${\cal F} \subset \C(k)$ is avoidable if $\C'=\C(k) \setminus {\cal F}$ has this property. It seems difficult to determine all avoidable graphs as well as all avoidable families. We prove some nontrivial sufficient conditions for avoidability. Our proofs imply, in particular, that (i) almost all elements of $\C(k)$ are avoidable (ii) all Eulerian elements of $\C(k)$ are avoidable and, in fact, the set of all Eulerian elements of $\C(k)$ is avoidable.
ON THE THERMAL STABILITY OF RADIATION-DOMINATED ACCRETION DISKS

We study the long-term thermal stability of radiation-dominated disks in which the vertical structure is determined self-consistently by the balance of heating due to the dissipation of MHD turbulence driven by magneto-rotational instability (MRI) and cooling due to radiation emitted at the photosphere. The calculations adopt the local shearing box approximation and utilize the recently developed radiation transfer module in the Athena MHD code based on a variable Eddington tensor rather than an assumed local closure. After saturation of the MRI, in many cases the disk maintains a steady vertical structure for many thermal times. However, in every case in which the box size in the horizontal directions are at least one pressure scale height, fluctuations associated with MRI turbulence and dynamo action in the disk eventually trigger a thermal runaway that causes the disk to either expand or contract until the calculation must be terminated. During runaway, the dependence of the heating and cooling rates on total pressure satisfy the simplest criterion for classical thermal instability. We identify several physical reasons why the thermal runaway observed in our simulations differ from the standard α disk model; for example, the advection of radiation contributes a non-negligible fraction to the vertical energy flux at the largest radiation pressure, most of the dissipation does not happen in the disk mid-plane, and the change of dissipation scale height with mid-plane pressure is slower than the change of density scale height. We discuss how and why our results differ from those published previously. Such thermal runaway behavior might have important implications for interpreting temporal variability in observed systems, but fully global simulations are required to study the saturated state before detailed predictions can be made.
Review of Data Analytics for Condition Monitoring of Railway Track Geometry

Railway track geometry varies along routes depending on topographical, operational and safety constraints. Tracks are prone to degrade over time due to various factors, with deviations from the original geometry design having potential implications for comfort and safety. Regular inspections are carried out to evaluate track condition and determine whether maintenance interventions should be undertaken to correct track geometry. The dynamic measurement of track geometry parameters generates large volumes of data that must be analysed to evaluate track degradation. This work comprehensively explains how track quality is evaluated, introducing four main categories of factors affecting it. These are track design, loading, environment and maintenance. The most common techniques applied to evaluate track condition and predict degradation and faults, categorised into statistical, Machine Learning, Big Data and other, are also introduced. Specifically, the influence of each factor on track geometry is stated and the common techniques applied to each factor determined from this review. The utility of loading and maintenance data for fault prediction depend on the availability of records, whilst the impact of environmental conditions is expected to become increasingly important due to climate change. Artificial Neural Networks, Bayesian models and regression are the most applied techniques for determining track degradation behaviour and fault prediction, considering several different factors in their models. Increasingly sophisticated algorithms can consider multiple factors in tandem to predict faults based on the unique conditions of specified tracks.
Carrier statistics and quantum capacitance of graphene sheets and ribbons

In this work, fundamental results for carrier statistics in graphene two-dimensional sheets and nanoscale ribbons are derived. Though the behavior of intrinsic carrier densities in two-dimennsional graphene sheets is found to differ drastically from traditional semiconductors, very narrow (sub-10nm) ribbons are found to be similar to traditional narrow-gap semiconductors. The quantum capacitance, an important parameter in the electrostatic design of devices, is derived for both two-dimensional graphene sheets and nanoribbons.
MOIRCS Deep Survey. IX. Deep Near-Infrared Imaging Data and Source Catalog

We present deep J-, H-, and Ks-band imaging data of the MOIRCS Deep Survey (MODS), which was carried out with Multi-Object Infrared Camera and Spectrograph (MOIRCS) mounted on the Subaru telescope in the GOODS-North region. The data reach 5sigma total limiting magnitudes for point sources of J=23.9, H=22.8, and Ks=22.8 (Vega magnitude) over 103 arcmin^2 (wide field). In 28 arcmin^2 of the survey area, which is ultra deep field of the MODS (deep field), the data reach the 5sigma depths of J=24.8, H=23.4, and Ks=23.8. The spatial resolutions of the combined images are FWHM ~ 0.6 arcsec and ~ 0.5 arcsec for the wide and deep fields in all bands, respectively. Combining the MODS data with the multi-wavelength public data taken with the HST, Spitzer, and other ground-based telescopes in the GOODS field, we construct a multi-wavelength photometric catalog of Ks-selected sources. Using the catalog, we present Ks-band number counts and near-infrared color distribution of the detected objects, and demonstrate some selection techniques with the NIR colors for high redshift galaxies. These data and catalog are publicly available via internet.
Charge Density of the Neutron

A model-independent analysis of the infinite-momentum-frame charge density of partons in the transverse plane is presented for the nucleon. We find that the neutron parton charge density is negative at the center, so that the square of the transverse charge radius is positive, in contrast with many expectations. Additionally, the proton's central u quark charge density is larger than that of the d quark by about 70 %. The proton (neutron) charge density has a long range positively (negatively) charged component.
Victim Detection and Localization in Emergencies

Detecting and locating victims in emergency scenarios comprise one of the most powerful tools to save lives. Fast actions are crucial for victims because time is running against them. Radio devices are currently omnipresent within the physical proximity of most people and allow locating buried victims in catastrophic scenarios. In this work, we present the benefits of using WiFi Fine Time Measurement (FTM), Ultra-Wide Band (UWB), and fusion technologies to locate victims under rubble. Integrating WiFi FTM and UWB in a drone may cover vast areas in a short time. Moreover, the detection capacity of WiFi and UWB for finding individuals is also compared. These findings are then used to propose a method for detecting and locating victims in disaster scenarios.
Scanning the Fluxless G_2 Landscape

We show that there exists an exponentially large discretuum of vacua in G{sub 2}-compactifications of M-theory without flux. In M-theory-inspired G{sub 2}-MSSM, quantities relevant for particle physics remain virtually insensitive to large variations of the vacuum energy across the landscape. The purely non-perturbative vacua form a special subset of a more general class of vacua containing fractional Chern-Simons contributions. The cosmological constant can be dynamically neutralized via a chain of transitions interpolated by fractional gauge instantons describing spontaneous nucleation of M2-brane domain walls. Each transition is generically accompanied by a gauge symmetry breaking in some sector of the theory. In particular, the visible sector GUT symmetry breaking can likewise be triggered by a spontaneous nucleation of an M2-brane.
Zero-point quantum fluctuations and dark energy

In the Hamiltonian formulation of general relativity, the energy associated to an asymptotically flat space-time with metric ${g}_{\ensuremath{\mu}\ensuremath{\nu}}$ is related to the Hamiltonian ${H}_{\mathrm{GR}}$ by $E={H}_{\mathrm{GR}}[{g}_{\ensuremath{\mu}\ensuremath{\nu}}]\ensuremath{-}{H}_{\mathrm{GR}}[{\ensuremath{\eta}}_{\ensuremath{\mu}\ensuremath{\nu}}]$, where the subtraction of the flat-space contribution is necessary to get rid of an otherwise divergent boundary term. This classic result indicates that the energy associated to flat space does not gravitate. We apply the same principle to study the effect of the zero-point fluctuations of quantum fields in cosmology, proposing that their contribution to cosmic expansion is obtained computing the vacuum energy of quantum fields in a Friedmann-Robertson-Walker space-time with Hubble parameter $H(t)$ and subtracting from it the flat-space contribution. Then the term proportional to ${\ensuremath{\Lambda}}_{c}^{4}$ (where ${\ensuremath{\Lambda}}_{c}$ is the UV cutoff) cancels, and the remaining (bare) value of the vacuum energy density is proportional to ${\ensuremath{\Lambda}}_{c}^{2}{H}^{2}(t)$. After renormalization, this produces a renormalized vacuum energy density $\ensuremath{\sim}{M}^{2}{H}^{2}(t)$, where $M$ is the scale where quantum gravity sets is, so for $M$ of the order of the Planck mass a vacuum energy density of the order of the critical density can be obtained without any fine-tuning. The counterterms can be chosen so that the renormalized energy density and pressure satisfy $p=w\ensuremath{\rho}$, with $w$ a parameter that can be fixed by comparison to the observed value, so, in particular, one can choose $w=\ensuremath{-}1$. An energy density evolving in time as ${H}^{2}(t)$ is however observationally excluded as an explanation for the dominant dark energy component that is responsible for the observed acceleration of the Universe. We rather propose that zero-point vacuum fluctuations provide a new subdominant ``dark'' contribution to the cosmic expansion that, for a UV scale $M$ slightly smaller than the Planck mass, is consistent with existing limits and potentially detectable.
Cross-cultural measurement of social withdrawal motivations across 10 countries using multiple-group factor analysis alignment

The goal of this study was to evaluate the measurement invariance of an adapted assessment of motivations for social withdrawal (Social Preference Scale–Revised; SPS-R) across cultural contexts and explore associations with loneliness. Participants were a large sample of university students (N = 4,397; Mage = 20.08 years, SD = 2.96; 66% females) from 10 countries (Argentina, Australia, Canada, China, India, Italy, South Korea, Norway, Turkey, and the United States). With this cross-cultural focus, we illustrate the multiple-group factor analysis alignment method, an approach developed to assess measurement invariance when there are several groups. Results indicated approximate measurement invariance across the 10 country groups. Additional analyses indicated that overall, shyness, avoidance, and unsociability are three related, but distinct factors, with some notable country differences evident (e.g., in China, India, and Turkey). Shyness and avoidance were related positively to loneliness in all countries, but the strength of the association between shyness and loneliness differed in Italy and India relative to the other countries. Results also indicated that unsociability was related positively to loneliness in the United States only. Theoretical and assessment implications are discussed.
Quantum Chemical Investigations on the Hydrogen-Bonded Interactions of Bioactive Molecule N2-(4-Methoxysalicylidene) Arginine Hemihydrate

Abstract The geometry optimization, natural bond orbital analysis, and vibrational analysis of a Schiff base compound N2-(4-Methoxysalicylidene) Arginine Hemihydrate (4MSAH) were carried out using the density functional B3PW91 method with the 6–31 G (d,p) basis set. Natural Bond Orbital (NBO) analysis is carried out to examine the various intra and inter molecular interactions of molecular system. Normal coordinate analysis was carried out to elucidate the vibrational modes and the assignments were made on the potential energy distribution. From the vibrational analysis, it is endorsed that the stretching wave number of hydrogen bond donor COO- and hydrogen bond acceptor NH2 + is shifted due to the interaction. MO (Molecular Orbital) analysis was accomplished to propose the biological activity of the molecule and the impact of the transition of electrons from n→π* was studied using the UV transmittance spectrum. The molecular orbital contributions are studied by using DOS spectral analysis. Topological studies of 4MSAH were conducted utilizing the Electron Localization Function (ELF) and the Local orbital locator (LOL). Hirshfeld surface analysis and reduced density gradient analysis were conducted to investigate distinct covalent and non-covalent interactions. Molecular docking was employed on antifungal proteins to explore protein-ligand interactions and verify the compound’s bioactivity.
A study of viral pathogens in bat species in the Iberian Peninsula: identification of new coronavirus genetic variants

ABSTRACT Bats have long been associated with multiple pathogens, including viruses affecting humans such as henipaviruses, filoviruses, bunyaviruses and coronaviruses. The alpha and beta coronaviruses genera can infect most mammalian species. Among them, betacoronavirus SARS-CoV, MERS-CoV and SARS-CoV-2, which have caused the three major pandemics in the last two decades, have been proposed to originate in bats. In this study, 194 oral swabs from 22 bats species sampled in 19 locations of the Iberian Peninsula were analysed and characterized by three different PCR tests (coronavirus generic real-time RT-PCR, multiplex conventional PCR, and SARS-CoV-2 specific real-time RT-PCR) to detect bat coronaviruses. Screening with coronavirus generic PCR showed 102 positives out of 194 oral swabs analysed. Then, metabarcoding with multiplex PCR amplified 15 positive samples. Most of the coronaviruses detected in this study belong to alphacoronavirus (α-CoV) genus, with multiple alphacoronaviruses identified by up to five different genetic variants coexisting in the same bat. One of the positive samples identified in a Miniopterus schreibersii bat positive for the generic coronavirus PCR and the specific SARS-CoV-2 PCR was classified as betacoronavirus (β-CoV) through phylogenetic analysis. These results support the rapid evolution of coronaviruses to generate new genomic potentially pathogenic variants likely through co-infection and recombination.
A first-principle study of half-Heusler alloys CKMg and SiKMg

The structural, electronic, and magnetic properties of half-Heusler alloys CKMg and SiKMg are studied by using first-principle density functional theory. The calculations reveal the SiKMg alloy is a half-metallic ferromagnet with the magnetic moment of 1 $\mu_B$ per formula unit at equilibrium lattice constant. The magnetic moment mainly originates from the strong spin-polarization of $p$ electrons of Si atom and partial involvement of $d$ electrons of K atom. The half-metallic gap is 0.105 eV. The robustness of half-metallic against the lattice constants for SiKMg is also calculated. CKMg alloy is nearly half-metallic with a spin polarization of 99.99 \%\ at equilibrium lattice constant, but it is a good half-metallic alloy when a low pressure is applied. This shows CKMg is a very promising spintronic functional material.