Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Glia cell line‐derived neurotrophic factor mediates survival of murine sympathetic precursors

During embryonic development, neurons are first produced in excess, and final numbers are adjusted by apoptosis at later stages. Crucial to this end is the amount of target‐derived growth factor available for the neurons. By this means, the target size correctly matches the innervating neuron number. This target‐derived survival has been well studied for sympathetic neurons, and nerve growth factor (NGF) was identified to be the crucial factor for maintaining sympathetic neurons at late embryonic and early postnatal stages, with a virtual complete loss of sympathetic neurons in NGF knockout (KO) mice. This indicates that all sympathetic neurons are dependent on NGF. However, also different glia cell line‐derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF) KO mice consistently presented a loss of sympathetic neurons. This was the rationale for investigating the role of GDNF for sympathetic precursor/neuron survival. Here we show that GDNF is capable of promoting survival of 30% sympathetic precursors dissociated at E13. This is in line with data from GDNF KOs in which a comparable sympathetic neuron loss was observed at late embryonic stages, although the onset of the phenotype was unclear. We further present data showing that GDNF ligand and canonical receptors are expressed in sympathetic neurons especially at embryonic stages, raising the possibility of an autocrine/paracrine GDNF action. Finally, we show that GDNF also maintained neonatal sympathetic neurons (40%) cultured for 2 days. However, the GDNF responsiveness was lost at 5 days in vitro. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Pathogenic synergism between Treponema hyodysenteriae and other selected anaerobes in gnotobiotic pigs

Gnotobiotic pigs were orally exposed to various anaerobes at 6 to 9 days of age and similarly inoculated with Treponema hyodysenteriae B204 3 to 6 days later. Watery diarrhea and fecal excretion of large quantities of mucus and some fibrin clots were observed 4 to 20 days after inoculation with B204 if other anaerobes were present. Colonic lesions characteristic of swine dysentery were observed when B204 was present with Fusobacterium necrophorum, three strains of Bacteroides vulgatus, a Clostridium species, and Listeria denitrificans individually and when some of these microbes were present in various combinations, but not when B204 was present alone. These results are consistent with the conclusion that T. hyodysenteriae is the primary pathogen in the etiology of swine dysentery and that the presence of one or more other anaerobes is a prerequisite for expression of pathogenicity of T. hyodysenteriae. This prerequisite can be met by a variety of anaerobes.
Classification Using an Online Genetic Algorithm

Genetic Algorithms (GAs) purport to mimic the behavior of natural selection. Many GAs, however, try to optimize their populations by means of a static fitness function — one that is derived from performance on a fixed set of examples. We propose an architecture for an online genetic algorithm (OLGA) for classification. An OLGA differs from standard genetic algorithms in that it does not repeatedly evaluate individuals against a fixed set of training examples. Instead, it is presented with a series of training examples, one at a time, and does not retain the entire set for training. Being online and incremental, OLGAs, like evolution strategies (Dasgupta & Michalewicz 1997), are applicable to tasks that require continuous learning to handle concept drift such as in adaptive systems as well as tasks in which the dataset is too large to be kept on hand for repeated evaluation (as in many online and interactive problems). By evaluating individuals on recent examples, OLGAs also better mimic the behavior of natural selection, as real organisms live in environments that are not identical to that of their ancestors. An OLGA is a GA, complete with a population of size , fitness function, recombination operators, and mutation operators. However, unlike a traditional GA, the fitness of an individual changes over time, as it is exposed to more examples. In order to do so, we track the number of examples seen and the number of examples classified correctly for each individual and class. The fitness is calculated by summing over all classes the weight of the class times a function of and . The key idea in creating such a fitness function is to support newly created individuals so that they are not replaced before they have seen a reasonable number of examples (and thus have some estimate of their true fitness).
Facial mimicry and the mirror neuron system: simultaneous acquisition of facial electromyography and functional magnetic resonance imaging

Numerous studies have shown that humans automatically react with congruent facial reactions, i.e., facial mimicry, when seeing a vis-á-vis' facial expressions. The current experiment is the first investigating the neuronal structures responsible for differences in the occurrence of such facial mimicry reactions by simultaneously measuring BOLD and facial EMG in an MRI scanner. Therefore, 20 female students viewed emotional facial expressions (happy, sad, and angry) of male and female avatar characters. During picture presentation, the BOLD signal as well as M. zygomaticus major and M. corrugator supercilii activity were recorded simultaneously. Results show prototypical patterns of facial mimicry after correction for MR-related artifacts: enhanced M. zygomaticus major activity in response to happy and enhanced M. corrugator supercilii activity in response to sad and angry expressions. Regression analyses show that these congruent facial reactions correlate significantly with activations in the IFG, SMA, and cerebellum. Stronger zygomaticus reactions to happy faces were further associated to increased activities in the caudate, MTG, and PCC. Corrugator reactions to angry expressions were further correlated with the hippocampus, insula, and STS. Results are discussed in relation to core and extended models of the mirror neuron system (MNS).
NONUNIFORMITY OF FRESH CONCRETE RESULTING FROM BLEEDING

Because of the bleeding and the settlement of aggre gate particles, hardened concrete becomes not uniform. The evaluation of the non-uniformity is im portant for understanding the properties of hardene concrete. In order to estimate the concrete’s non-u niformity through the measurement of bleeding capac ity, in this study a non-destructive measuring method of water-cement ratio distribution of concrete was fi r tly developed, following by a series of experiments to examine the relationships between the bleeding capacity ( Bc) and the segregation degree ( Si), standard deviation ( σwc) of actual water-cement ratio ( W/C) of freshly mixed mortar and concrete. The experimen tal results indicate that actual W/C in the upper z one of concrete is larger than in the middle zone, but in the lower zone the actual W/C is smaller. The Si and the σwc are greatly related to the Bc. With the increase of the Bc, the Si and the σwc increase.
The Interface between BCR-ABL-Dependent and -Independent Resistance Signaling Pathways in Chronic Myeloid Leukemia

Chronic myeloid leukemia (CML) is a clonal hematopoietic disorder characterized by the presence of the Philadelphia chromosome which resulted from the reciprocal translocation between chromosomes 9 and 22. The pathogenesis of CML involves the constitutive activation of the BCR-ABL tyrosine kinase, which governs malignant disease by activating multiple signal transduction pathways. The BCR-ABL kinase inhibitor, imatinib, is the front-line treatment for CML, but the emergence of imatinib resistance and other tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs) has called attention for additional resistance mechanisms and has led to the search for alternative drug treatments. In this paper, we discuss our current understanding of mechanisms, related or unrelated to BCR-ABL, which have been shown to account for chemoresistance and treatment failure. We focus on the potential role of the influx and efflux transporters, the inhibitor of apoptosis proteins, and transcription factor-mediated signals as feasible molecular targets to overcome the development of TKIs resistance in CML.
Globalization of Chikungunya: 10 years to invade the world

R. N. Charrel, I. Leparc-Goffart, P. Gallian and X. de Lamballerie 1) Aix Marseille Universit e, IRD French Institute of Research for Development, EHESP French School of Public Health, EPV UMR_D 190 ‘Emergence des Pathologies Virales’, IHU M editerran ee Infection, APHM Public Hospitals of Marseille, Marseille, 2) National Reference Laboratory for Arboviruses, Institut de Recherche Biom edicale des Arm ees, Marseille and 3) Etablissement Franc ais du Sang Alpes-M editerran ee, Marseille, France E-mail: remi.charrel@univ-amu.fr Article published online: 28 May 2014
AVSS 2011 demo session: A large-scale benchmark dataset for event recognition in surveillance video

Summary form only given. We present a concept for automatic construction site monitoring by taking into account 4D information (3D over time), that is acquired from highly-overlapping digital aerial images. On the one hand today's maturity of flying micro aerial vehicles (MAVs) enables a low-cost and an efficient image acquisition of high-quality data that maps construction sites entirely from many varying viewpoints. On the other hand, due to low-noise sensors and high redundancy in the image data, recent developments in 3D reconstruction workflows have benefited the automatic computation of accurate and dense 3D scene information. Having both an inexpensive high-quality image acquisition and an efficient 3D analysis workflow enables monitoring, documentation and visualization of observed sites over time with short intervals. Relating acquired 4D site observations, composed of color, texture, geometry over time, largely supports automated methods toward full scene understanding, the acquisition of both the change and the construction site's progress.
THE CALCIUM-SENSING RECEPTOR IN NORMAL PHYSIOLOGY AND PATHOPHYSIOLOGY: A Review

Abstract The discovery of a G protein–coupled, calcium-sensing receptor (CaR) a decade ago and of diseases caused by CaR mutations provided unquestionable evidence of the CaR's critical role in the maintenance of systemic calcium homeostasis. On the cell membrane of the chief cells of the parathyroid glands, the CaR “senses” the extracellular calcium concentration and, subsequently, alters the release of parathyroid hormone (PTH). The CaR is likewise functionally expressed in bone, kidney, and gut—the three major calcium-translocating organs involved in calcium homeostasis. Intracellular signal pathways to which the CaR couples via its associated G proteins include phospholipase C (PLC), protein kinase B (AKT); and mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs). The receptor is widely expressed in various tissues and regulates important cellular functions in addition to its role in maintaining systemic calcium homeostasis, i.e., protection against apoptosis, cellular proliferation, and membrane voltage. Functionally significant mutations in the receptor have been shown to induce diseases of calcium homeostasis owing to changes in the set point for calcium-regulated PTH release as well as alterations in the renal handling of calcium. Gain-of-function mutations cause hypocalcemia, whereas loss-of-function mutations produce hypercalcemia. Recent studies have shown that the latter clinical presentation can also be caused by inactivating autoantibodies directed against the CaR. Newly discovered type II allosteric activators of the CaR have been found to be effective as a medical treatment for renal secondary hyperparathyroidism.
RF Characterization of Gigahertz Flexible Silicon Thin-Film Transistor on Plastic Substrates Under Bending Conditions

This letter presents fabrication of a flexible 1.5-μm -channel-length silicon thin-film transistor (TFT) on a plastic substrate with a cutoff frequency fT of ~ 3.7 GHz and a maximum oscillation frequency fmax of ~ 12 GHz. Radio-frequency (RF) characterization is conducted for the flexible TFT under uniaxial mechanical bending conditions, indicating slight but notable monotonic performance enhancement with larger bending strains. Equivalent circuit model and theoretical analysis are employed to understand the underlying mechanism. Flexible gigahertz TFTs are shown to be naturally suitable for high-performance RF/microwave applications under mechanical bending (deformation) environment. This letter provides insight on designing and employing flexible gigahertz active devices.
Simulating the Forming of Thermoplastic, Fibre Reinforced Plastics - Demonstrated for a Side Impact Protection Beam

The aim of this study is the derivation of optimal forming parameters for a realistic simulation of the forming processes using fibre reinforced thermoplastics. To do this, at first, existing solutions for the thermoplastic prepreg forming simulation are introduced and compared with the results obtained by the PAM-FORM software used for these studies. In the second step, modelling and simulation are demonstrated for a side impact protection beam. The derivation of the geometry variants from the available forming die is described, and the simulation modelling approach is defined. Additional simulation models are subjected to a sensitivity analysis, and the influence of individual parameters, such as the meshing type and the material properties, is determined. The results of the sensitivity analysis demonstrate that the simulation of the shear angle is very robust due to the variation of all parameters. So the accuracy of the simulated shear angle is not strongly affected by the choice of the forming parameters, whereby an adequate information about the formability of the blank onto the die geometry can be obtained. However, the type of die meshing and the choice of the friction coefficient has a huge influence on the stresses within the blank as well as the thickness of the blank.
Interactively browsing movies in terms of action, foreshadowing and resolution

We describe a novel video player that uses Temporal Semantic Compression (TSC) to present a compressed summary of a movie. Compression is based on tempo which is derived from film rhythms. The technique identifies periods of action, drama, foreshadowing and resolution, which can be mixed in different amounts to vary the kind of summary presented. The compression algorithm is embedded in a video player, so that the summary can be interactively recomputed during playback.
Excision by the human methylpurine DNA N‐glycosylase of cyanuric acid, a stable and mutagenic oxidation product of 8‐oxo‐7,8‐dihydroguanine

Purpose: 1‐(2‐Deoxy‐β‐D‐erythro‐pentofuranosyl)‐cyanuric acid (cyanuric acid nucleoside or dCa) has been shown to be formed upon exposure of 8‐oxo‐7,8‐dihydroguanine‐ (8‐oxoG) containing oligodeoxyribonucleotides (ODN) to oxidizing agents. When present in DNA, cyanuric acid (Ca) is readily bypassed by Escherichia coli DNA polymerases, which preferentially incorporate 2′‐deoxyadenosine‐5′‐monophosphate (dAMP) opposite to the lesion. Therefore, Ca could be a mutagenic DNA lesion yielding G.C to T.A transversions like 8‐oxoG. These results call attention to the potential importance of secondary oxidation products of 8‐oxoG. The present study investigates the capability of several DNA N‐glycosylases to remove the Ca lesion in DNA. Materials and methods: A site‐specifically modified 22‐mer ODN containing a single Ca residue was hybridized with complementary sequences yielding four DNA duplexes harbouring Ca opposite each of the regular DNA bases. The four Ca.N duplexes were used as substrates for nine DNA N‐glycosylases from bacterial, yeast or human origin. Results: The results show that the human methylpurine DNA N‐glycosylase (Mpg) can remove Ca from DNA duplexes. Interestingly, oxidized base‐specific DNA N‐glycosylases, Fpg, Nth, Ntg1, Ntg2, Ogg1, hNth1 and hOgg1, cannot repair Ca in DNA. Furthermore, the removal of Ca by Mpg varied markedly depending on the opposite DNA base, the rank being Ca.C=Ca.T>Ca.G=Ca.A. Conclusions: 8‐OxoG‐derived lesions in DNA such as spiroiminodihydantoin (Sp), guanidinohydantoin (Gh), oxaluric acid (Oa), oxazolone (Oz) and Ca are substrates of base excision repair DNA N‐glycosylases. Most of them, Sp, Gh, Oa and Oz, are substrates of the oxidized bases‐specific enzymes such as Nth or Fpg. In contrast, Ca is substrate of the human methylpurine DNA N‐glycosylase (Mpg).
Bilesen Tabanli ve Urun Hatti Yazilim Gelistirme Yaklasimlarinda Yeniden Kullanilabilirlik Metrikleri

Software reuse is an important practice in software development because of its potential to reduce costs by shortening development time and increasing software quality. Although software reuse is applied in different development methodologies, it is the main concept in Component Based Software Development and Software Product Line Development approaches. The academia has proposed different methods and metrics to analyze software reusability. This paper presents studies to measure software reusability in component based development and product line development by applying a systematic analysis of re-
Potential of Pupil Diameter Monitoring for the Detection of Affective Changes in Human-Computer Interaction

There is continued interest in mechanisms that could inform computers of the affective state of their users. Some proposed approaches analyze physiological signals from the users to asses their affective states. Most of these solutions focus on physiological signals traditionally used for “detection of deception” (lie detector) experiments, such as the Galvanic Skin Response (GSR), the Blood Volume Pulse (BVP), or the Skin Temperature (ST). We monitored these signals, as well as the Pupil Diameter (PD), during a sequence of congruent and incongruent Stroop trials, expected to result in intervals of relaxation and stress in the subject (respectively). Single feature signals were derived from these variables (GSR mean, BVP interbeat interval mean, ST slope and PD mean) and used as detection signals for the identification of incongruent Stroop segments (i.e., stressed states in the subject). Receiver Operating Characteristic (ROC) analyses were carried out for each of the four single detection signals, as a mechanism to compare their discriminating power. The PD signal was found to result in the higher area under the ROC curve, which may imply a stronger potential for the discrimination of the stressed segments elicited in the subject by incongruent Stroop stimulation.
Off-line estimation of trajectory in discrete state space using the minimal-covariance adaptive FIR smoothing with extended output vector

The new tool for off-line estimation of the state of discrete linear systems is presented. The algorithm of Finite Impulse Response (FIR) smoother is described and its optimality is proven. The optimality of this smoother means that error covariance matrix of the estimation is minimal. It places this method in the Least Square Estimation (LSE) methods group, which are much better than frequently used Least Mean Square (LMS) methods. This method can also be used as FIR filter or predictor. In the paper the simple simulation, showing the mode of actions of described smoother, is presented. It is compared with others presented in the literature.
Robust Successive Computation of Eigenpairs for Nonlinear Eigenvalue Problems

Newton-based methods are well-established techniques for solving nonlinear eigenvalue problems. If a larger portion of the spectrum is sought, however, their tendency to reconverge to previously determined eigenpairs is a hindrance. To overcome this limitation, we propose and analyze a deflation strategy for nonlinear eigenvalue problems, based on the concept of minimal invariant pairs. We develop this strategy into a Jacobi--Davidson-type method and discuss its various algorithmic details. Finally, the efficiency of our approach is demonstrated by a sequence of numerical examples.
Trypanosoma cruzi: Entry into Mammalian Host Cells and Parasitophorous Vacuole Formation

Trypanosoma cruzi, the causative agent of Chagas disease, is transmitted to vertebrate hosts by blood-sucking insects. This protozoan is an obligate intracellular parasite. The infective forms of the parasite are the metacyclic trypomastigotes, amastigotes, and bloodstream trypomastigotes. The recognition between the parasite and mammalian host cell, involves numerous molecules present in both cell types, and similar to several intracellular pathogens, T. cruzi is internalized by host cells via multiple endocytic pathways. Morphological studies demonstrated that after the interaction of the infective forms of T. cruzi with phagocytic or non-phagocytic cell types, plasma membrane (PM) protrusions can form, showing similarity with those observed during canonical phagocytosis or macropinocytic events. Additionally, several molecules known to be molecular markers of membrane rafts, macropinocytosis, and phagocytosis have been demonstrated to be present at the invasion site. These events may or may not depend on the host cell lysosomes and cytoskeleton. In addition, after penetration, components of the host endosomal-lysosomal system, such as early endosomes, late endosomes, and lysosomes, participate in the formation of the nascent parasitophorous vacuole (PV). Dynamin, a molecule involved in vesicle formation, has been shown to be involved in the PV release from the host cell PM. This review focuses on the multiple pathways that T. cruzi can use to enter the host cells until complete PV formation. We will describe different endocytic processes, such as phagocytosis, macropinocytosis, and endocytosis using membrane microdomains and clathrin-dependent endocytosis and show results that are consistent with their use by this smart parasite. We will also discuss others mechanisms that have been described, such as active penetration and the process that takes advantage of cell membrane wound repair.
Potential effects of variation in agriculture sector response to climate change: an integrated assessment

In this paper, we examine the potential effects of a 10 C warming globally by 2030 (relative to what would otherwise be) on the distribution of agricultural productivity responses in a range of key food exporting and importing countries. To carry out our analysis we use an integrated assessment modelling framework: the Global Integrated Assessment Model (GIAM). GIAM is a coupled model which consists of a global economic module – the Global Trade and Environment Model (GTEM) and a climate module – the Simple Carbon Climate Model (SCCM). The GTEM module provides the greenhouse gas emissions based on economic activities. These emissions are then fed into the SCCM module. The SCCM module converts the emissions into CO2 concentration levels and then into changes in temperature. Changes in temperature are fed into a ‘climate change response function’ in the GIAM framework to assess the potential climate change impacts on agriculture. The main emphasis of this paper is on sensitive regions as defined by the intersection of growing population and income and expanding demand for food. In particular, we assess the impact of climate change on export availability of key food exporting economies such as the US, Canada and Australia. Furthermore, we focus on food self sufficiency and import dependence of key emerging/developing economies such as China and Indonesia. Our results highlight considerable variation in the economic impacts induced by the climate change impacts of magnitudes from the tails of the probability distributions representing the current state of knowledge. We argue that unrestricted global trade could be a useful mediator between regions influenced differently by climate change. We reiterate that reducing the uncertainty in climate change impacts on agriculture should be a high priority for research.