Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
A theoretical basis to the automated detection of copying between texts, and its practical implementation in the Ferret plagiarism and collusion detector

Fundamental features of natural language can be exploited to produce an effective system for the automated detection of plagiarism and collusion. Independently written texts can be effectively identified as they have markedly different characteristics to those that include passages that have been fully or partially copied. This paper describes the implementation of the Ferret plagiarism and collusion detector, and its use in the University of Hertfordshire and other institutions. The difference between human and machine analysis is examined, and we conclude that an approach using machine processing is likely to be necessary in many situations.
In Situ Volumetric Imaging and Analysis of FRESH 3D Bioprinted Constructs Using Optical Coherence Tomography

As 3D bioprinting has grown as a fabrication technology, so too has the need for improved analytical methods to characterize these engineered constructs. This is especially challenging for soft tissues composed of hydrogels and cells as these materials readily deform, posing a barrier when trying to assess print fidelity and other properties non-destructively. Indeed, given the importance of structure-function relationships in most tissue types, establishing that the 3D architecture of the bioprinted construct matches its intended anatomic design is critical. Here we report development of a multimaterial bioprinting platform with integrated optical coherence tomography (OCT) for in situ volumetric imaging, error detection, and 3D reconstruction. While generally applicable to extrusion-based 3D bioprinting, we also report improvements to the Freeform Reversible Embedding of Suspended Hydrogels (FRESH) bioprinting process through new collagen bioink compositions, support bath optical clearing, and machine pathing. This enables high-fidelity 3D volumetric imaging with micron scale resolution over centimeter length scales, the ability to detect a range of print defect types within a 3D volume, and real-time imaging of the printing process at each print layer. These advances provide FRESH and other extrusion-based 3D bioprinting approaches with a comprehensive methodology for quality assessment that has been absent in the field to date, paving the way for translation of these engineered tissues to the clinic and ultimately to achieving regulatory approval. Teaser Transparent FRESH support bath enables in situ 3D volumetric imaging and validation of patient-derived tissue constructs.
Low level laser therapy activates NF-kB via generation of reactive oxygen species in mouse embryonic fibroblasts

Despite over forty years of investigation on low-level light therapy (LLLT), the fundamental mechanisms underlying photobiomodulation remain unclear. In this study, we isolated murine embryonic fibroblasts (MEF) from transgenic NF-kB luciferase reporter mice and studied their response to 810-nm laser radiation. Significant activation of NFkB was observed for fluences higher than 0.003 J/cm2. NF-kB activation by laser was detectable at 1-hour time point. Moreover, we demonstrated that laser phosphorylated both IKK α/β and NF-kB 15 minutes after irradiation, which implied that laser activates NF-kB via phosphorylation of IKK α/β. Suspecting mitochondria as the source of NF-kB activation signaling pathway, we demonstrated that laser increased both intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) by fluorescence microscopy with dichlorodihydrofluorescein and ATP synthesis by luciferase assay. Mitochondrial inhibitors, such as antimycin A, rotenone and paraquat increased ROS and NF-kB activation but had no effect on ATP. The ROS quenchers N-acetyl-L-cysteine and ascorbic acid abrogated laser-induced NF-kB and ROS but not ATP. These results suggested that ROS might play an important role in the signaling pathway of laser induced NF-kB activation. However, the western blot showed that antimycin A, a mitochondrial inhibitor, did not activate NF-kB via serine phosphorylation of IKK α/β as the laser did. On the other hand, LLLT, unlike mitochondrial inhibitors, induced increased cellular ATP levels, which indicates that light also upregulates mitochondrial respiration. ATP upregulation reached a maximum at 0.3 J/cm2 or higher. We conclude that LLLT not only enhances mitochondrial respiration, but also activates the redox-sensitive transcription factor NF-kB by generating ROS as signaling molecules.
Chemical composition of gahnite and degree of pegmatitic fractionation in the Borborema Pegmatitic Province, northeastern Brazil

Gahnite electron probe microanalyses from three pegmatites (Mirador, Capoeira and Quintos) of the Borborema Pegmatitic Province in northeastern Brazil allowed to determine molar compositions ranging from 86.22 to 95.41 mol% gahnite (ZnAl2O4), 1.51 to 6.62 mol% hercynite (Fe 2+ Al2O4), 0.11 to 5.89 mol% spinel (MgAl2O4), 1.48 to 2.74 mol% galaxite (MnAl2O4), and Zn/FeTotal atomic ratios ranging from 11.53 to 60.87. These data compared with gahnite compositions from albite subtype pegmatites from Cap de Creus, Spain (Zn/FeTotal between 10 and 60) and from the source granite of the Separation Rapids pegmatite field, Ontario, Canada (Zn/FeTotal =3.5) indicate a high degree of fractionation of the studied pegmatites. This interpretation agrees with conclusions based on compositional data of tourmaline (vacancy in X-site 0.42 to 0.49), white mica (K/Rb between 8 and 33), feldspar (K/Rb between 8 and 109), garnet (Mn/(Mn+Fe 2+ ) between 0.93 and 0.97) and in Nb-Ta oxides (Mn/(Mn+Fe 2+ ) > 0.5) in the same pegmatites.
Genetic Diversity among Botulinum Neurotoxin-Producing Clostridial Strains

ABSTRACT Clostridium botulinum is a taxonomic designation for many diverse anaerobic spore-forming rod-shaped bacteria that have the common property of producing botulinum neurotoxins (BoNTs). The BoNTs are exoneurotoxins that can cause severe paralysis and death in humans and other animal species. A collection of 174 C. botulinum strains was examined by amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP) analysis and by sequencing of the 16S rRNA gene and BoNT genes to examine the genetic diversity within this species. This collection contained representatives of each of the seven different serotypes of botulinum neurotoxins (BoNT/A to BoNT/G). Analysis of the16S rRNA gene sequences confirmed previous identifications of at least four distinct genomic backgrounds (groups I to IV), each of which has independently acquired one or more BoNT genes through horizontal gene transfer. AFLP analysis provided higher resolution and could be used to further subdivide the four groups into subgroups. Sequencing of the BoNT genes from multiple strains of serotypes A, B, and E confirmed significant sequence variation within each serotype. Four distinct lineages within each of the BoNT A and B serotypes and five distinct lineages of serotype E strains were identified. The nucleotide sequences of the seven toxin genes of the serotypes were compared and showed various degrees of interrelatedness and recombination, as was previously noted for the nontoxic nonhemagglutinin gene, which is linked to the BoNT gene. These analyses contribute to the understanding of the evolution and phylogeny within this species and assist in the development of improved diagnostics and therapeutics for the treatment of botulism.
Massetolide A biosynthesis in Pseudomonas fluorescens 1

1 Massetolide A is a cyclic lipopeptide (CLP) antibiotic produced by various Pseudomonas 2 strains from diverse environments. Cloning, sequencing, site-directed mutagenesis and 3 complementation showed that massetolide A biosynthesis in P. fluorescens SS101 is 4 governed by three nonribosomal peptide synthetase (NRPS) genes, designated massA, massB 5 and massC, spanning approximately 30 kb. Prediction of the nature and configuration of the 6 amino acids by in silico analysis of adenylation and condensation domains of the NRPSs was 7 consistent with the chemically determined structure of the peptide moiety of massetolide A. 8 Structural analysis of massetolide A derivatives produced by SS101 indicated that most of the 9 variations in the peptide moiety occur at amino acid positions 4 and 9. Regions flanking the 10 mass genes contained several genes found in other Pseudomonas CLP biosynthesis clusters, 11 which encode luxR-type transcriptional regulators, ABC transporters and an RND-like outer 12 membrane protein. In contrast to most Pseudomonas CLP gene clusters known to date, the 13 mass genes are not physically linked but organized in two separate clusters with massA 14 disconnected from massB and massC. Quantitative real time PCR analysis indicated that 15 transcription of massC is strongly reduced when massB is mutated, suggesting that these two 16 genes function in an operon, whereas transcription of massA is independent of massBC and 17 vice versa. Massetolide A is produced in the early exponential growth phase and biosynthesis 18 appears not to be regulated by N-AHL-based quorum sensing. Massetolide A production is 19 essential in swarming motility of P. fluorescens SS101 and plays an important role in biofilm 20 formation. 21 AC CE TE D
Relationships among the Oil Consumptions in China, Japan and India

Previous studies have focused on the analysis of energy consumption within a given country or a region. The paper aims to examine the short-run and/or long-run cross-regional relationships among the oil consumptions in China, Japan and India. These three countries are geographically close. I introduce the yearly time series of oil consumption for the 1965 to 2010 period. I tested for unit root, break date and Granger causality. I did not find any break dates in the data. I found that the oil use variables for these three countries had various unit root properties, which imply that they were impossibly co integrated. The pronounced differences of economy, politics, and population and energy sources across the countries may lead to no co integration. However, using the Toda- Yamamoto technique, I found that the oil consumption in either China or India Granger caused that of Japan. Oil consumption in India Granger caused that of China. Therefore, foreign oil consumption could be a predictive factor when one analyse China's short-run oil consumption changes. Index Terms - oil, consumption, regional relationship I. Introduction Oil demand and supply have largely influenced one nation's energy consumption(1). Therefore, literature has focused on examination of the energy consumption within given countries or regions(2). China, Japan and India are geographically close leading countries in Asia. The oil consumption of these three nations is heavily dependent on oil imports. The oil consumption of China, Japan and India in 2011 accounted for 11.4%, 5.0% and 4.0% respectively of the world's total (3). Hence, oil prices in international markets have similarly affected oil consumption in these three Asian countries. I assume that the oil consumptions of China, Japan and India may produce an equilibrium relationship in the long run. China, Japan, and India are the countries with substantial economic sizes and densely populated. The Kyoto Protocol came into effect in February 2005. Hence, developed Japan must reduce its carbon dioxide emissions significantly. China and India must radically reduce the intensity of their respective carbon dioxide emissions. During a long historical period, they have exerted strong geopolitical effects on each other. Therefore, the information that China's oil use efficiency has been increasing would be quickly delivered to Japan and India. This would motivate the Japanese and Indian governments to take measures to improve their respective oil efficiency. Therefore, I suggest that changes in one country's oil consumption would exert a short-run effect on those of the other two. The purpose of the paper is to analyze the possible short- run and/or long-run cross-regional relationships among the oil consumptions in China, Japan and India. The practical implication is that when one forecasts the oil consumption in one country, he may consider the oil consumption in geographically close countries as a leading factor.
Coupled hydro-mechanical response of saturated asphalt pavement under moving traffic load

Based on the Boit's theory, the governing equation was established to account for the response of moisture pavement. The analytical solutions were obtained through the expansion of Fourier series. Furthermore, the effects of parameters (i.e. hydraulic conductivity, traffic load velocity, drainage boundary and solid modulus) on dynamic response were investigated in terms of water-induced damage of pavement. Compared with the dry–elastic pavement, the negative normal stress in saturated asphalt pavement is concentrated beneath the traffic load, which may be a reason for a damage phenomenon in asphalt pavement. Hydraulic conductivity anisotropy plays a significant role in influencing the physical fields. Between vertical and horizontal hydraulic conductivity, the physical field almost depends on vertical hydraulic conductivity rather than horizontal hydraulic conductivity which just affects the horizontal pore-water velocity obviously. Moreover, the drained boundary evidently influences the seepage field of surface course with high permeability.
Remote thermal IR surveying to detect abandoned mineshafts in former mining areas

In former mining areas it is critical to locate unknown, abandoned mineshafts prior to the development of a site. Abandoned mineshafts are ground disturbances that have very localized effects on the morphology and the physical, chemical, drainage and moisture properties of the surface geological materials and thus thermo-physical properties. Remotely sensed thermal IR surveys provide the potential for a rapid, inexpensive and non-intrusive technique for mineshaft detection. The key parameters of thermal IR radiation and the application of remote thermal IR surveys to planning are described, using case histories from former mining areas in Lancashire, Yorkshire and Nottinghamshire. Field-measured IR temperature differences correlated well with different ground conditions caused by changes in vegetation, disturbance, compaction and moisture-drainage regimes. A thermal anomaly over an area of c. 6 m2 above a known mineshaft was characterized by traces of methane and temperatures higher by 0.5–1 °C than those of the adjacent ground surface. Using thermal IR images, collected with the Daedalus 1260 Airborne Thematic Mapper, a scheme was developed to classify and map mineshafts with and without any observed visual characteristics. When applied using thermal imagery obtained from commercial flights the scheme identified several potential sites of abandoned mineshafts in an area designated for the redevelopment of the Nottingham Business Park, East Midlands. The thermal anomalies were associated with minor topographic features such as mounds, depressions and dereliction, as well as compositional features caused by coal enrichment and Coal Measures mudstone infill. These features had very little surface expression and were confirmed only using soil stripping.
The Eya1 phosphatase mediates Shh-driven symmetric cell division of cerebellar granule cell precursors

During neural development, stem and precursor cells can divide either symmetrically or asymmetrically. The transition between symmetric and asymmetric cell divisions is a major determinant of precursor cell expansion and neural differentiation, but the underlying mechanisms that regulate this transition are not well understood. Here, we identify the Sonic hedgehog (Shh) pathway as a critical determinant regulating the mode of division of cerebellar granule cell precursors (GCPs). Using partial gain and loss of function mutations within the Shh pathway, we show that pathway activation determines spindle orientation of GCPs, and that mitotic spindle orientation directly correlates with the mode of division. Mechanistically, we show that the phosphatase Eya1 is essential for implementing Shh-dependent GCP spindle orientation. We identify atypical protein kinase C (aPKC) as a direct target of Eya1 activity and show that Eya1 dephosphorylates Threonine (T410) in the activation loop of this polarity complex component. Thus, Eya1 inactivates the cell polarity complex, resulting in reduced phosphorylation of Numb and other components that regulate the mode of division. This Eya1-dependent cascade is critical in linking spindle orientation, cell cycle exit and terminal differentiation. Together these findings demonstrate that a Shh-Eya1 regulatory axis selectively promotes symmetric cell divisions during cerebellar development by coordinating spindle orientation and cell fate determinants. Summary statement Biological responses to Shh signaling are specified by the magnitude of pathway activation and the cellular context. This study shows that potent Shh signaling regulates mitotic orientation and symmetric division of cerebellar granule cell precursors in a process that requires the phosphatase Eya1 and unequal distribution of cell fate determinants to daughter cells.
The influence of observed cirrus microphysical properties on shortwave radiation: A case study over Oklahoma

[1] The shortwave radiative effect of an ice cloud observed over the Atmospheric Radiation Measurement program's Southern Great Plains site in Oklahoma is investigated. Airborne microphysical data from a cloud particle imager, optical array probes, and forward scattering probes are used to construct vertical profiles of the size and shape distributions of ice crystals. Due to uncertainties associated with measuring the sizes and shapes of small ice crystals with maximum dimensions less than 120 μm, five alternate size-shape distributions are derived and combined with existing databases of wavelength-dependent single-scattering properties of idealized ice crystals to obtain vertical profiles of optical properties. The dependence of the surface and the top-of-the-atmosphere fluxes on these uncertainties is simulated with a radiative transfer model. In addition, surface fluxes are compared against measurements at the surface. It is found that the differences between the modeled and measured fluxes are too large to be explained by uncertainties in the shape and concentrations of small ice crystals. Sensitivity tests suggest that the discrepancies occur because the real optical thickness is larger than that derived from the aircraft profiles most of the time. When the optical thickness was derived based on modeled and measured direct fluxes, the modeled total downward flux agreed well with the measurements. Slightly (less than 10%) reducing the asymmetry parameter, which is possibly associated with the presence of surface roughness, air bubble inclusions or other nonidealities in ice crystals, may further improve the agreement with observations.
Observations of Persistent Mixing and Near-Inertial Internal Waves

Abstract Repeated profiles of microstructure and shear alongside a drogued buoy show a 10 m thick mixing zone at the same depth as a near-inertial feature. Because the profile was diffusively stable and free of thermohaline intrusions, internal wave breakdown is the only mechanism capable of producing mixing. Both the near-inertial feature and the mixing patch were observed for over three days and then faded out. It is not possible to determine whether they disappeared because the near-inertial feature was dissipated by the mixing or because the drogue drifted away; both are plausible. Kinematical models of mixing use a standard internal wave spectrum to predict the frequency of occurrence and persistence of shear instabilities. Observed distributions of ϵ and χ patches thinner than 2 m are similar to the model predictions, although the dissipation rates are low. Most are just at or below the transition dissipation rate ϵtr. Laboratory experiments have established that if ϵ
Spatial and temporal distribution of low-frequency earthquakes in Japan.

Seismic waves from some shallow earthquakes in and near Japan are characterized by appreciable lack of high-frequency components. The size of felt areas for these earthquakes (low-frequency earthquakes) is relatively small for their magnitudes determined from amplitudes of medium to long period seismic waves. About 800 shallow earthquakes of M≥6.0 which occurred during the last 76 years have been classified into three groups, N (normal), L (low-frequency), and VL (very low-frequency) events by the use of the relation between the size of felt area and the magnitude. The proportion of L and VL events to N events varies spatially in a systematic manner. The pattern of epicenter distribution of N, L and VL events changes also with time. In the active seismic zone along the plate boundary, this pattern seems to be related to the occurrence of major earthquakes of magnitude about 71/2 or more. Few earthquakes of L and VL classes with M≥6.0 occur for several to more than 10 years just prior to the occurrence of major interplate earthquakes within or close to their future focal regions. The cause of low-frequency earthquakes is primarily attributed to the weak radiation of high-frequency waves from the source due to slow faulting or some unknown mechanisms. The attenuation of high-frequency waves during the transmission through a low-Q zone is also responsible for the low-frequency nature of crustal earthquakes on the marginal sea side.
Nonlinear Feedbacks Associated with the Indian Ocean Dipole and Their Response to Global Warming in the GFDL-ESM2M Coupled Climate Model

AbstractA feature of the Indian Ocean dipole (IOD) is its positive skewness, with cold IOD east pole (IODE) sea surface temperature anomalies (SSTAs) exhibiting larger amplitudes than warm SSTAs. Using the coupled Geophysical Fluid Dynamics Laboratory Earth System Model with Modular Ocean Model version 4 (MOM4) component (GFDL-ESM2M), the role of nonlinear feedbacks in generating this positive skewness is investigated and their response to global warming examined. These feedbacks are a nonlinear dynamic heating process, the Bjerknes feedback, wind–evaporation–SST feedback, and SST–cloud–radiation feedback. Nonlinear dynamic heating assists IOD skewness by strongly damping warm IODE SSTAs and reinforcing cold IODE anomalies. In a warmer climate, the damping strengthens while the reinforcement weakens. The SST–thermocline relationship is part of the positive Bjerknes feedback and contributes strongly to IOD skewness as it is weak during the development of warm IODE SSTAs, but strong during the development o.
High charge state carbon and oxygen ions in Earth's equatorial quasi‐trapping region

Observations of energetic (1.5 - 300 keV/e) medium-to-high charge state (+3 ≤ Q ≤ +7) solar wind origin C and O ions made in the quasi-trapping region (QTR) of Earth's magnetosphere are compared to ion trajectories calculated in model equatorial magnetospheric magnetic and electric fields. These comparisons indicate that solar wind ions entering the QTR on the nightside as an energetic component of the plasma sheet exit the region on the dayside, experiencing little or no charge exchange on the way. Measurements made by the CHarge Energy Mass (CHEM) ion spectrometer on board the AMPTE/CCE spacecraft at 7 7, that is, solar wind secondaries are produced at L < 7, and (2) solar wind secondaries do not form a significant portion of the plasma sheet population injected into the QTR. We conclude that little of the energetic solar wind secondary ion population is recirculated through the magnetosphere.
PHASE UNWRAPPING, POSSIBILITIES AND LIMITATIONS*

An unwrapped phase curve from the principal values of the phase can be computed in a simple way. The validity of the unwrapping procedure is tested by exploiting the phase information in the signal's first moment. The significance of the unwrapped answer around notches in the amplitude spectrum is seriously degraded by noise. The proposed method and the validity test are illustrated with examples.