Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Mission impossible?: Can anything be done about attitudes to science?

The purpose of this paper is to consider a number of issues relating to research in the area of high school pupils’ attitudes to science. Teachers appear to consider that pupils’ attitudes to science, and to what is being studied in science lessons, exert a profound influence on levels of engagement with the subject. Yet, perhaps because of the difficulties which appear to be associated with such work, studies of attitudes to science appear far less frequently in the literature than was the case 10 or 15 years ago. This paper attempts to map out the area of interest more clearly by considering issues to do with the meanings of key terms, methodology and the purpose of research into pupils’ attitudes to science. A number of key questions emerge from the discussion, and possible answers are used to argue a case for looking again at attitudes to science and to sketch an agenda for future work.
A high maintenance dose of clopidogrel improves short-term clinical outcomes in patients with acute coronary syndrome undergoing drug-eluting stent implantation.

BACKGROUND Recurrent ischemic events occurred even during routine use of 75 mg clopidogrel in addition to aspirin, that indicated a potentially insufficient maintenance dosage of clopidogrel. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the short-term efficacy and safety of a 150 mg maintenance dose of clopidogrel following a 600 mg loading dose in patients with an acute coronary syndrome (ACS) undergoing drug eluting stent (DES) implantation. METHODS Between November 2005 and November 2006, a total of 813 consecutive ACS patients undergoing DES implantation were enrolled. A 600 mg loading dose was administered before percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) and patients were randomized to receive clopidogrel 75 mg or 150 mg for 30 days in addition to 300 mg aspirin daily. Primary end points were the composite of cardiac death, non-fatal myocardial infarction (MI) and urgent target vessel revascularization (UTVR). Secondary end points included stent thrombosis (ST), major and minor bleeding events at 30 days. RESULTS At a follow-up period of 30 days, 4 (1.0%) patients in the 150 mg group and 9 (2.2%) patients in the 75 mg group (P > 0.05) reached the primary end points. There was no significant difference in the incidences of MI (0.5% vs 1.2%, P > 0.05), UTVR (0.7% vs 2.0%, P > 0.05), and cardiac death (0.2% vs 0.2%, P > 0.05) between the two groups. The incidence of ST (0 vs 1.5%, P < 0.05) was significantly lower in the 150 mg group than that in the 75 mg group. There were no significant differences between both groups regarding the risk of major (0.2% vs 0, P > 0.05) or minor (0.5% vs 0.2%, P > 0.05) bleedings. CONCLUSION A high clopidogrel maintenance dose of 150 mg daily following a 600 mg loading dose for the first month after PCI procedure reduces the risk of ST and appears to be safe in patients with ACS undergoing DES implantation.
Audience Design in Translating

Abstract Taking skopos as a starting point, this article1 seeks to refine the notion in the light of several insights afforded by interactional sociolinguistics, principally audience design (Bell 1984), the variables of power and distance, and aspects of linguistic politeness (Brown and Levinson 1987). By applying these notions to the analysis of various instances of translating, it is suggested that significant translational shifts may be traceable to systematic differences between the audience design and text design of producers of source texts and target texts. This exercise leads to a reflection on appropriate methods for researching audience design in translation and the status of textual evidence.
Diversity and comparative genomics of Microviridae in Sphagnum- dominated peatlands

Microviridae, a family of bacteria-infecting ssDNA viruses, is one of the still poorly characterized bacteriophage groups, even though it includes phage PhiX174, one of the main models in virology for genomic and capsid structure studies. Recent studies suggest that they are diverse and well represented in marine and freshwater virioplankton as well as in human microbiomes. However, their diversity, abundance, and ecological role are completely unknown in soil ecosystems. Here we present the comparative analysis of 17 completely assembled Microviridae genomes from 12 viromes of a Sphagnum-dominated peatland. Phylogenetic analysis of the conserved major capsid protein sequences revealed the affiliation to Gokushovirinae and Pichovirinae as well as to two newly defined subfamilies, the Aravirinae and Stokavirinae. Additionally, two new distinct prophages were identified in the genomes of Parabacteroides merdae and Parabacteroides distasonis representing a potential new subfamily of Microviridae. The differentiation of the subfamilies was confirmed by gene order and similarity analysis. Relative abundance analysis using the affiliation of the major capsid protein (VP1) revealed that Gokushovirinae, followed by Aravirinae, are the most abundant Microviridae in 11 out of 12 peat viromes. Sequences matching the Gokushovirinae and Aravirinae VP1 matching sequences, respectively, accounted for up to 4.19 and 0.65% of the total number of sequences in the corresponding virome, respectively. In this study we provide new genome information of Microviridae and pave the way toward quantitative estimations of Microviridae subfamilies.
Beyond involvements in romantic and sexual relationships: effects of self-esteem and parental distress on trajectories of adolescent psychological distress

Adolescent psychological problems have often been associated with subsequent depression that contributes to the global disease burden. We propose initial levels of psychological distress and subsequent changes over the period between late adolescence and young adulthood are partly a consequence of adolescent self-esteem and parental distress, both of which may be at least as influential as teen involvement in romantic and sexual relationships. Data were from longitudinal surveys of Taiwanese adolescents at age 16 with three follow-ups over a 6-year time period (n = 2314). Psychological distress was assessed by Symptom Checklist-90 Revised. Growth curve models were used to predict the relationships between adolescent self-esteem, parental distress, and trajectories of adolescent distress, after taking early involvement in romantic and sexual relationships, risky behaviors, and influence of peers, school, and family into account. After a wide range of adjustments, the multivariate analyses indicated that positive self-esteem was associated with diminished initial levels of psychological distress in adolescents (β = −0.04, p < 0.05) and also ameliorates their psychological distress over time (β = −0.01, p < 0.01). In contrast, parental distress was not significantly associated with initial measurement of adolescent distress, but parental distress did exacerbate adolescent distress over time (β = 0.01, p < 0.001). In addition, living with both biological parents and having a high level of family cohesion were associated with lower levels of psychological distress. Early involvement in sexual and romantic relationships and risky behaviors of adolescents and their close friends were strongly related to higher levels of psychological distress. These results underscore the importance of an integrated psychosocial perspective. Policies and educational interventions aimed at promoting adolescent psychological well-being are recommended.
A Novel Approach for Blood Vessel Edge Detection in Retinal Images

Blood vessel appearance is an important indicator for many diagnoses, including diabetes, hypertension, and arteriosclerosis. Blood Vessel edge detection in retinal images is very important in medical image processing. A lot of algorithms have been suggested for extracting medical image edges, and however, obtaining continuous edges with less over-detection points is difficult for edge extraction. In this paper, we propose a novel approach for blood vessel edge detection by integrating wavelet with fractal. First, accurate edges are extracted by employing wavelet technique. Then, continuous edges are obtained based on fractal technique. Finally, the experiments aptly show that our algorithm can obtain better edge continuity comparing with canny operator Chang (9) applied contextual-based Hopfield neural network for finding the edges of CT and MRI images. Gudmundsson et al. (10) developed an algorithm that detected well-localized, unfragmented, thin edges in medical images based on optimization of edge configurations using a genetic algorithm. Many applications in medical image processing need to extract the edge characteristic of image, hence, obtaining continuous edges is very important in medical image edge detection. In this paper, we propose a new approach to obtain continuous blood vessel edges by integrating wavelet with fractal. The main steps of our method are described as follows. First, the initial medical image edges are obtained using discrete wavelet transform. Then the continuous medical image edges are obtained based on fractal methods. II. INITIAL EDGE EXTRACTION Multiscale edges can be detected and characterized from the local maxima of a wavelet transform. Mallat et al. (11) obtained an excellent image edges based on a quadratic spline wavelet with compact support. In this paper, we use a spline wavelet to obtain the initial medical image edges, the details of algorithm are described as follows. First, we construct the spline wavelet and wavelet filter coefficients, then, obtain medical image edges based on discrete wavelet transform. Based on the method of (12), we obtain a discrete spline
A Review and Synthesis of Entrepreneurship Research: Towards an Integrative Model of Dependent Variables

To assess the progress of the burgeoning entrepreneurship research literature and whether the entrepreneurship research converges or diverges since Shane and Venkataraman (2000, 2001), we conducted a systematic review of dependent variables in the entrepreneurship literature across the US and Europe. We find that the entrepreneurship literature becomes relatively stable since 2005 and that the US and the European literature converge on seven core categories of dependent variables. We then develop an integrative model of dependent variables to summarise previous research. We conclude our study with mentioning the implications for the existing literature and future studies in the field of entrepreneurship.
Chinese Unknown Word Recognition Using Improved Conditional Random Fields

Unknown word recognition is a very important problem in natural language processing. It has a great influence on the performance of dictionary construction and word segmentation. This paper introduces two methods to improve the effect of Chinese unknown word recognition by using Conditional Random Fields: the rough label of the characters and the N-best listing. The CRF with the two methods proposed by this paper can increase recall rate of out-of-vocabulary (ROOV) against original CRF model by 15% which is the key point when doing unknown word recognition. It has the same result as the highest recall rate of OOV in Sighan Bakeoff 2005 close test on Peking University (PKU) corpora, however, a much higher recall rate of in-vocabulary (RIV) than others.
Identification and Characterization of Crr1a, a Gene for Resistance to Clubroot Disease (Plasmodiophora brassicae Woronin) in Brassica rapa L.

Clubroot disease, caused by the obligate biotrophic protist Plasmodiophora brassicae Woronin, is one of the most economically important diseases of Brassica crops in the world. Although many clubroot resistance (CR) loci have been identified through genetic analysis and QTL mapping, the molecular mechanisms of defense responses against P. brassicae remain unknown. Fine mapping of the Crr1 locus, which was originally identified as a single locus, revealed that it comprises two gene loci, Crr1a and Crr1b. Here we report the map-based cloning and characterization of Crr1a, which confers resistance to clubroot in Brassica rapa. Crr1aG004, cloned from the resistant line G004, encodes a Toll-Interleukin-1 receptor/nucleotide-binding site/leucine-rich repeat (TIR-NB-LRR) protein expressed in the stele and cortex of hypocotyl and roots, where secondary infection of the pathogen occurs, but not in root hairs, where primary infection occurs. Gain-of-function analysis proved that Crr1aG004 alone conferred resistance to isolate Ano-01 in susceptible Arabidopsis and B. rapa. In comparison, the susceptible allele Crr1aA9709 encodes a truncated NB-LRR protein, which lacked more than half of the TIR domain on account of the insertion of a solo-long terminal repeat (LTR) in exon 1 and included several substitutions and insertion-deletions in the LRR domain. This study provides a basis for further molecular analysis of defense mechanisms against P. brassicae and will contribute to the breeding of resistant cultivars of Brassica vegetables by marker-assisted selection. Data deposition The sequence reported in this paper has been deposited in the GenBank database (accession no. AB605024).
Calreticulin Affects Fibronectin-based Cell-Substratum Adhesion via the Regulation of c-Src Activity*

Calreticulin is an endoplasmic reticulum Ca2+-storage protein, which influences gene expression and cell adhesion. In this study, we show that calreticulin induces fibronectin gene expression and matrix deposition, leading to differences in cell spreading and focal adhesion formation in cells differentially expressing calreticulin. We further show that these effects of calreticulin occur via a c-Src-regulated pathway and that c-Src activity is inversely related to calreticulin abundance. Since c-Src is an important regulator of focal contact turnover, we investigated the effect of c-Src inhibition on cells differentially expressing calreticulin. Inhibition of c-Src rescued the poorly adhesive phenotype of the calreticulin-underexpressing cells in that they became well spread, commenced formation of numerous focal contacts, and deposited a rich fibronectin matrix. Importantly, we show that c-Src activity is dependent on releasable Ca2+ from the endoplasmic reticulum, thus implicating Ca2+-sensitive pathways that are affected by calreticulin in cell-substratum adhesion. We propose that calreticulin affects fibronectin synthesis and matrix assembly via the regulation of fibronectin gene expression. In parallel, calcium-dependent effects of calreticulin on c-Src activity influence the formation and/or stability of focal contacts, which are instrumental in matrix assembly and remodeling.
Biology of PrPsc Accumulation in Two Natural Scrapie-Infected Sheep Flocks

Sheep scrapie is a prion disease that requires interaction of exogenous prions with host prion protein (PrP) supporting prion formation. Disease is associated with deposition of a host-generated conformational variant of PrP, PrPsc, in a variety of tissues, including brain, resulting in fatal spongiform encephalopathy. Efficiency of PrPsc formation is determined by polymorphisms in the PrP-coding sequence. This article adds to previous data of natural sheep scrapie, concentrating on the effect of host genotype and age on PrPsc accumulation patterns during preclinical and clinical disease. Two entire scrapie-infected, predominantly Suffolk-cross, sheep flocks euthanized for regulatory purposes were genotyped and analyzed for PrPsc deposition in various tissues using single- and dual-label immunohistochemistry. Scrapie, as defined by PrPsc deposition, occurred in 13/80 sheep. Preclinical disease was evident in nearly 70% of infected sheep, ranging in age from 14 months to 7 years. PrPsc accumulated systemically in the nervous tissue, various lymphoid tissues, both alimentary tract related and non–alimentary tract related, and the placenta. Clinical neurological illness was always associated with spongiform encephalopathy and PrPsc deposition in the brain. Only 6 of 9 sheep with preclinical scrapie had PrPsc deposition in the brain but widespread PrPsc deposition in peripheral lymphoid tissue, supporting previous data showing peripheral PrPsc accumulation preceding deposition in the brain. PrPsc colocalized with a marker for follicular dendritic cells throughout the lymphoid system. PrPsc also accumulated in the peripheral nervous system, particularly the nervous supply of the gastrointestinal tract. Abundant PrPsc was evident in trophoblast cells of placentomes but not in the endometrium, myometrium, or associated nervous plexus. PrPsc deposits were not observed in the mammary parenchyma or bone marrow. Scrapie susceptibility was defined genetically by PrP codon 171: PrPsc deposition was restricted to PrP genotype AA136RR154QQ171 in 12/13 cases or AV136RR154QQ171 in 1/13 cases. The earliest accumulation was observed in the single VRQ/ARQ heterozygous animal, consistent with the reported high scrapie susceptibility and brief incubation period observed in breeds with predominance of the V136R154Q171 allele. Disease occurred within, as well as independent of, mother–daughter lines, suggesting both maternal and nonmaternal transmission in the flocks.
New Institutionalism and Sexuality at Work in Local Government

Recent statutory and policy changes have raised the profile of lesbian, gay and bisexual equalities initiatives in the local government arena. These initiatives are increasingly developed and delivered via inter-agency partnerships. This article applies concepts from the sociological branch of new institutionalism to the field of sexualities equalities partnership work in local government, drawing on findings from a large empirical project. Notions of norms, ritual, templates and isomorphism all have purchase in this sensitive, value-laden field, providing insight into the organizational dynamics associated with inter-agency and partnership working. The article introduces the notion of institutional hybridization as a means of understanding the collaborative, and sometimes conflicting, processes associated with governance in the field of sexualities equalities work.
Putative Secrets and Conflict in Romantic Relationships over Time

When people discover their romantic partner is keeping a secret from them but allow their partner to believe the secret is still unknown (creating what Caughlin, Scott, Miller, and Hefner referred to as a putative secret), this can have negative implications for their relationship. This study examined how putative secrets influence conflict in romantic relationships over time and whether certain factors (including perceived reasons for the secrecy, use of deception, and relationship satisfaction) moderate this association. The sample consisted of 305 dating individuals. Participants reported on a current putative secret, a putative secret kept in the past, or no secret, and then completed 3-week online diary entries tracking their conflict. The results revealed that individuals who were currently managing a putative secret had higher levels of conflict and more changes in conflict in their relationship over time than individuals who experienced a putative secret in the past or no putative secrets at all. Although individuals' attributions for their partner's secret keeping were important, they often depended on relationship satisfaction and currency of the putative secret. Relationship satisfaction significantly moderated the association between putative secrets and conflict, such that individuals who reported current putative secrets and were more dissatisfied reported the most intense conflict and the greatest changes in conflict over time.
Synapse reorganization—a new partnership revealed

Changes in synaptic function require both qualitative and quantitative reorganization of the synaptic components. Ca2+ plays a central role in this process, but the mechanism has not been fully elucidated. Zhang et al report a novel mechanism whereby Ca2+/calmodulin (CaM) regulates the stability of the postsynaptic scaffold. Ca2+/CaM interacts with PSD‐95, a core protein in the postsynaptic density (PSD) that supports synaptic signaling and structural components. Ca2+/CaM interferes with the palmitoylation of PSD‐95, resulting in the dissociation of PSD‐95 from the postsynaptic membrane. This process may explain the reduction of surface glutamate receptor observed during synaptic depression and homeostatic regulation of the synaptic response after prolonged neuronal activity.
Evaluation of the new American Joint Committee on Cancer/International Union Against Cancer classification of lymph node metastasis from gastric carcinoma in comparison with the Japanese classification

A new system for the classification of gastric carcinoma, based on the number of metastatic lymph nodes, has been adopted by the current American Joint Committee on Cancer/International Union Against Cancer (AJCC/UICC) TNM system (1997). The purpose of this study was to evaluate the rationality of this classification in comparison with the Japanese classification, which is based on the location of positive lymph nodes.
Wearable Non‐Invasive Computer Controlled System for Improving of Seniors Gait

INTRODUCTION A fall is one of the most common events that threaten the independence of older adults. Each year, up to a third of older adults living in the community suffers a fall. About half of all people in nursing homes fall each year. Most falls result in a minor injury of some type, most often bruises and scrapes. However, 10—15% of falls result in a broken bone or other serious injury. These falls can be serious for elderly people and infl uence their daily life, cause physical problems, emotional trauma, avoid to move and be active. To be able to eliminate the number of falling, avoid the effective way to counteract falls is to improve movement capabilities. This may be achieved by training and rehabilitation programs focused on the process of recovery of the performance. Such research has been provided within the international project SMILING Self Mobility Improvement in the eLderly by counteractING falls, contract number 215493.
Framed bicategories and monoidal fibrations

In some bicategories, the 1-cells are `morphisms' between the 0-cells, such as functors between categories, but in others they are `objects' over the 0-cells, such as bimodules, spans, distributors, or parametrized spectra. Many bicategorical notions do not work well in these cases, because the `morphisms between 0-cells', such as ring homomorphisms, are missing. We can include them by using a pseudo double category, but usually these morphisms also induce base change functors acting on the 1-cells. We avoid complicated coherence problems by describing base change `nonalgebraically', using categorical fibrations. The resulting `framed bicategories' assemble into 2-categories, with attendant notions of equivalence, adjunction, and so on which are more appropriate for our examples than are the usual bicategorical ones. We then describe two ways to construct framed bicategories. One is an analogue of rings and bimodules which starts from one framed bicategory and builds another. The other starts from a `monoidal fibration', meaning a parametrized family of monoidal categories, and produces an analogue of the framed bicategory of spans. Combining the two, we obtain a construction which includes both enriched and internal categories as special cases.
One Blueprint for Bridging the Gap: Project PROMISE: (Practitioners and Researchers Orchestrating Model Innovations to Strengthen Education)

espite an impressive corpus of research on effective practices for school-age children with disabilities, such information &dquo;only sporadically finds its way into educational practice, even when the research has produced substantial knowledge related to problems of real-world importance (Fullan, 1992; Gersten, Woodward, & Morvant, 1992; Huberman, 1983; Kaestle, 1993; Malouf & Schiller, 1995). We offer the following as a case in point.