Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Social engineering in social networking sites: Affect-based model

While social engineering represents a real and ominous threat to many organizations, companies, governments, and individuals, social networking sites (SNSs) have been identified as some of the most common means of social engineering attacks. Due to factors that reduce users' ability to detect social engineering tricks and increase attackers' ability to launch them, SNSs seem to be perfect breeding grounds for exploiting people's vulnerabilities and the weakest link in security. This work will contribute to the social engineering knowledge base by identifying different entities and sub-entities that affect social-engineering-based attacks in SNSs. Moreover, this paper includes an intensive and comprehensive overview of different aspects of social engineering threats in SNSs.
Insights to ligand binding to the monoamine transporters—from homology modeling to LeuBAT and dDAT

Understanding of drug binding to the human biogenic amine transporters (BATs) is essential to explain the mechanism of action of these pharmaceuticals but more importantly to be able to develop new and improved compounds to be used in the treatment of depression or drug addiction. Until recently no high resolution structure was available of the BATs and homology modeling was a necessity. Various studies have revealed experimentally validated binding modes of numerous ligands to the BATs using homology modeling. Here we examine and discuss the similarities between the binding models of substrates, antidepressants, psychostimulants, and mazindol in homology models of the human BATs and the recently published crystal structures of the Drosophila dopamine transporter and the engineered protein, LeuBAT. The comparison reveals that careful computational modeling combined with experimental data can be utilized to predict binding of molecules to proteins that agree very well with crystal structures.
Human keratin 8 mutations that disturb filament assembly observed in inflammatory bowel disease patients

We have identified miss-sense mutations in keratin 8 in a subset of patients with inflammatory bowel disease (Crohn disease and ulcerative colitis). Inflammatory bowel diseases are a group of disorders that are polygenic in origin and involve intestinal epithelial breakdown. We investigated the possibility that these keratin mutations might contribute to the course of the disease by adversely affecting the keratin filament network that provides mechanical support to cells in epithelia. The mutations (Gly62 to Cys, Ile63 to Val and Lys464 to Asn) all lie outside the major mutation hotspots associated with severe disease in epidermal keratins, but using a combination of in vitro and cell culture assays we show that they all have detrimental effects on K8/K18 filament assembly in vitro and in cultured cells. The G62C mutation also gives rise to homodimer formation on oxidative stress to cultured intestinal epithelial cells, and homodimers are known to be polymerization incompetent. Impaired keratin assembly resulting from the K8 mutations found in some inflammatory bowel disease patients would be predicted to affect the maintenance and re-establishment of mechanical resilience in vivo, as required during keratin cytoskeleton remodeling in cell division and differentiation, which may lead to epithelial fragility in the gut. Simple epithelial keratins may thus be considered as candidates for genes contributing to a risk of inflammatory bowel disease.
An Improved Tor Circuit-Building Protocol

Tor is the second generation Onion Router, supporting the anonymous transport of TCP streams over the Internet. Its low latency makes it very suitable for common Internet communication applications. So Tor has become the most successful public anonymity communication service in the Internet. In this paper, we investigate Tor current Circuit-Building Protocol. We found some performance and user experience deficiencies in this protocol. Based on the investigation we propose Improved Circuit-Building Protocol. The protocol includes two phases: user-selectable relay node selection and circuit construction. In the new protocol, we propose three new algorithms: user-selectable relay node selection algorithm, fast circuit constructing algorithm and backup circuit algorithm. In addition we also present an evaluation to the new protocol in terms of user experience, performance and anonymity. Through our evaluation, we think with our Improved Circuit-Building Protocol, we can provide better user experience, better performance and the same anonymity with current Circuit-Building Protocol to Tor users.
Correlation between Psychometric Tests and Mismatch Negativity in Preschool Children

The objective was to determine whether mismatch negativity (MMN) is suitable to supplement subjective psychometric subtests of central hearing. We assessed 13 healthy children and 32 children with central auditory processing disorder (CAPD). Three different types of sound deviants were presented in a multi-deviant MMN design. At group level, the incidence of MMN was always higher in clinically diagnosed controls. Children with better results in the subtest Auditory Memory Span had a higher incidence of MMN. The controls also had peak latencies that occurred significantly earlier in frontal, central and temporal electrode sites. The area under the curve (AUC) displayed an asymmetric distribution in CAPD children, who tended to have a left-hemispheric dominance. AUC, peak latency, and the incidence of MMN reflected the discriminative ability of CAPD children. Hence, these characteristics could be used for investigating children with deficits in central hearing and can supplement psychometric tests.
Outsourced XML Database: Query Assurance Optimization

The area of XML database outsourcing, whereby the data owner enlists an external service provider to manage the storage and retrieval of their database, has been of increasing interest in recent years due to the relatively inexpensive nature of hardware/bandwidth, compared to the higher expense of in-house expert staff/software. As such it has become increasingly practical to use outsourced database solutions. However, as the service provider may not be fully trusted, XML database outsourcing introduces several security concerns that are new or more complex than those encountered in traditional database implementations. These include: data confidentiality, privacy, secure auditing, query assurance and secure and efficient storage. Of particular importance due to its relevance to most outsourced database models is query assurance - ensuring the database responds correctly to queries. In this paper, we propose the use of temporary time stamps and hash granularity to increase the efficiency of query assurance. This approach is tested against real datasets of varying type and size. Further, we consider how best to create time stamps and the issues associated with expiring versus distributed time stamp models.
Exploiting caching in heterogeneous mobile environment

Sparse connectivity, limited energy, and restricted memory of Mobile Hosts (MHs) are the main characteristics of today's Mobile Ad hoc NETwork (MANET). Present wireless technology is now enabling MHs not only to have multi-hop communication among themselves, but also to have direct connection with an Access Point (AP) also. The emergence of such heterogeneous technologies brings cooperative caching to reality wherein MHs can access data items from caches at MHs in their neighborhood and can drastically minimize query latency. This key technique reduces the number of uplink channel requests, alleviates server load, and increases data availability. In this paper, we assume a heterogonous mobile environment where combination of ad hoc communication and infrastructured APs can be used to better manage the data needs of MHs through cooperative caching. We call such an environment as Cooperation-based Access Point MANET (CAPMANET). We present a Hop-Oriented Cooperative Caching (HOCC) scheme for CAPMANET which helps in reducing the communication overhead and the query latency. HOCC employs a hybrid Pull with Push (PwP) mechanism to maintain data consistency. Simulation results demonstrate that HOCC outperforms the pure push and pure pull-based strategies by taking advabtages of underlying characteristics and advantages of underlying characteristics and avoiding associated weaknesses.
Two-way signal space cooperative network with a DF relay — Outage and optimization

Two-way cooperative relay network links two source terminals using bidirectional connection to exchange information with the help of a relay. The conventional two-way cooperative network with a decode-and-forward (DF) relay takes six time slots to transfer four symbols due to half-duplex transmission. If signal space diversity is integrated into a conventional two-way cooperative network, the resultant system transfers four symbols in three time slots, which is referred to as two-way signal space cooperative network (2W-SSD-DF). In this paper, 2W-SSD-DF system is investigated for its outage performance and system optimization. Closed-form expression of the outage probability of 2W-SSD-DF system over Rayleigh fading channel is derived and its asymptotic expression is also obtained to study the influence of various system parameters. In addition, system optimization of the system is examined and a framework to allocate optimal power to the transmitting nodes is developed in order to enhance the outage performance of the system. Finally, the analytical work is validated through Monte Carlo simulations.
The Novel Human β-Defensin 114 Regulates Lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-mediated Inflammation and Protects Sperm from Motility Loss*

Background: Human β-defensins are predominantly expressed in the male reproductive system, but their functions remain unknown. Results: Recombinant human DEFB114 rescues human sperm motility and d-GalN-sensitized mice under LPS challenges through its LPS-neutralizing activity. Conclusion: Recombinant DEFB114 peptides have therapeutic potential for LPS-induced inflammatory diseases. Significance: This work contributes to unveiling novel functions of human β-defensins that are crucial for addressing their physiological and pathological mechanisms. Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) is an important pathological factor involved in serious inflammatory diseases and male reproductive impairments. Emerging evidence demonstrates that antimicrobial peptides possess protective activity in response to LPS-induced inflammation. However, the LPS-binding and/or immunosuppressive activity of β-defensins (DEFBs) has been underestimated. In the present work, we characterized a novel human defensin, DEFB114, which was expressed predominantly in the epididymis and gingival cells at the RNA level. Homogenous recombinant DEFB114 peptides were prepared and characterized using mass spectrometry. DEFB114 protein exhibited a broad spectrum of antimicrobial activity with salt sensitivity against typical pathogenic microbes (i.e. Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, and Candida albicans). Interestingly, DEFB114 demonstrated novel LPS-binding activity in vitro and inhibited TNF-α release in RAW264.7 cultures through the inhibition of MAPK p42/44 when challenged with LPS. Moreover, DEFB114 could also rescue the LPS-induced reduction of human sperm motility in vitro and protect d-galactosamine-sensitized C57BL/6 mice from LPS-induced lethality in vivo. The protective activity of DEFB114 on RAW264.7, human sperm, and the d-galactosamine-sensitized mice was disulfide bond-dependent because alkylated DEFB114 lost its activity. The low cytotoxicity of the DEFB114 peptide toward human erythrocytes is indicative of its potential therapeutic use in the treatment of LPS-induced inflammation, LPS contamination, and potentially septic shock.
Long-range synchronization of gamma and beta oscillations and the plasticity of excitatory and inhibitory synapses: a network model.

The ability of oscillating networks to synchronize despite significant separation in space, and thus time, is of biological significance, given that human gamma activity can synchronize over distances of several millimeters to centimeters during perceptual and learning tasks. We use computer simulations of networks consisting of excitatory pyramidal cells (e-cells) and inhibitory interneurons (i-cells), modeling two tonically driven assemblies separated by large (>or=8 ms) conduction delays. The results are as follows. 1) Two assemblies separated by large conduction delays can fire synchronously at beta frequency (with i-cells firing at gamma frequency) under two timing conditions: e-cells of (say) assembly 2 are still inhibited "delay + spike generation milliseconds" after the e-cell beat of assembly 1; this means that the e-cell inhibitory postsynaptic potential (IPSP) cannot be significantly shorter than the delay (2-site effect). This implies for a given decay time constant that the interneuron --> pyramidal cell conductances must be large enough. The e-cell IPSP must last longer than the i-cell IPSP, i.e., the interneuron --> pyramidal cell conductance must be sufficiently large and the interneuron --> interneuron conductance sufficiently small (local effect). 2) We define a "long-interval doublet" as a pair of interneuron action potentials-separated by approximately "delay milliseconds"-in which a) the first spike is induced by tonic inputs and/or excitation from nearby e-cells, while b) the second spike is induced by (delayed) excitation from distant e-cells. "Long-interval population doublets" (long-interval doublets of the i-cell population) are necessary for synchronized firing in our networks. Failure to produce them leads to almost anti-phase activity at gamma frequency. 3) An (almost) anti-phase oscillation is the most stable oscillation pattern of two assemblies that are separated by axonal conduction delays of approximately one-half a gamma period (delays from 8 to 17 ms in our simulations) and that are firing at gamma frequency. 4) Two assemblies separated by large conduction delays can synchronize their activity with the help of interneuron plasticity. They can also synchronize without pyramidal cell --> pyramidal cell connections being present. The presence of pyramidal cell --> pyramidal cell connections allows, however, for synchronization if other parameters are at inappropriate values for synchronization to occur. 5) Synchronization of two assemblies separated by large conduction delays with the help of interneuron plasticity is not simply due to slowing down of the oscillation frequency. It is reached with the help of a "synchronizing-weak-beat," which induces sudden changes in the oscillation period length of the two assemblies.
The Development of Toddlers' Moral and Conventional Judgments.

The development of toddlers' (n = 108) moral and conventional judgments and the effects of language development on those judgments were examined. Equal numbers of 2634-, and 42-month-old boys and girls judged the permissibility, seriousness, generalizability, and rule and authority contingency of 10 familiar moral and conventional transgressions, and also responded to parallel language comprehension items. The youngest subjects did not distinguish morality and convention on any of the criteria, but 34-month-olds judged moral transgres sions to be more generalizably wrong than conventional transgressions. By age 42 months, morality and convention were distinguished on all the criteria. Chil dren who responded correctly to the corresponding language comprehension items differentiated moral and conventional transgressions on the basis of gener alizability, rule contingency, and authority contingency at earlier ages than when language ability was not considered. Thus, rudimentary distinctions between morality and conventionality emerge and become more consistently applied during the third year of life.
Combining model-based and instance-based learning for first order regression

The introduction of relational reinforcement learning and the RRL algorithm gave rise to the development of several first order regression algorithms. So far, these algorithms have employed either a model-based approach or an instance-based approach. As a consequence, they suffer from the typical drawbacks of model-based learning such as coarse function approximation or those of lazy learning such as high computational intensity.In this paper we develop a new regression algorithm that combines the strong points of both approaches and tries to avoid the normally inherent draw-backs. By combining model-based and instance-based learning, we produce an incremental first order regression algorithm that is both computationally efficient and produces better predictions earlier in the learning experiment.
Development of a mobile application for people with panic disorder as augmentation for an internet-based intervention

Smartphone technology has recently gained attention in the field of E-Mental Health research and mobile applications for measuring health-related aspects as well as mobile mental health interventions have emerged. However, little work has been done on leveraging mobile technology in combination with internet-based interventions. We argue, that mobile applications can not only enrich mental health treatments but also foster the commercial success of E-Mental Health applications. To this end, we have developed GET.ON PAPP, a mobile application for panic disorder that integrates an internet-based treatment into daily life. In this work, we present the development and structure of GET.ON PAPP and a perspective for its evaluation.
Device failure detection algorithm over MAC for radio resource efficiency based on IEEE 802.15.4

A lot of research have been done in wireless sensor networks (WSNs) based on IEEE 802.15. 4. However, there is no study that the status of a device is monitored by the PAN coordinator in the IEEE 802.15. 4 technology in order to reduce radio resource wastage. In this paper, we propose a procedure that the PAN coordinator can detect that the operation of a device is well. Therefore, we can utilize radio resource efficiently by deallocating radio resource of an abnormal device.
The what, where, how and why of gene ontology—a primer for bioinformaticians

With high-throughput technologies providing vast amounts of data, it has become more important to provide systematic, quality annotations. The Gene Ontology (GO) project is the largest resource for cataloguing gene function. Nonetheless, its use is not yet ubiquitous and is still fraught with pitfalls. In this review, we provide a short primer to the GO for bioinformaticians. We summarize important aspects of the structure of the ontology, describe sources and types of functional annotations, survey measures of GO annotation similarity, review typical uses of GO and discuss other important considerations pertaining to the use of GO in bioinformatics applications.
Predictors of Ischemic Stroke in the Territory of a Symptomatic Intracranial Arterial Stenosis

Background— Antithrombotic therapy for intracranial arterial stenosis was recently evaluated in the Warfarin versus Aspirin for Symptomatic Intracranial Disease (WASID) trial. A prespecified aim of WASID was to identify patients at highest risk for stroke in the territory of the stenotic artery who would be the target group for a subsequent trial comparing intracranial stenting with medical therapy. Methods and Results— WASID was a randomized, double-blinded, multicenter trial involving 569 patients with transient ischemic attack or ischemic stroke due to 50% to 99% stenosis of a major intracranial artery. Median time from qualifying event to randomization was 17 days, and mean follow-up was 1.8 years. Multivariable Cox proportional hazards models were used to identify factors associated with subsequent ischemic stroke in the territory of the stenotic artery. Subsequent ischemic stroke occurred in 106 patients (19.0%); 77 (73%) of these strokes were in the territory of the stenotic artery. Risk of stroke in the territory of the stenotic artery was highest with severe stenosis ≥70% (hazard ratio 2.03; 95% confidence interval 1.29 to 3.22; P=0.0025) and in patients enrolled early (≤17 days) after the qualifying event (hazard ratio 1.69; 95% confidence interval 1.06 to 2.72; P=0.028). Women were also at increased risk, although this was of borderline significance (hazard ratio 1.59; 95% confidence interval 1.00 to 2.55; P=0.051). Location of stenosis, type of qualifying event, and prior use of antithrombotic medications were not associated with increased risk. Conclusions— Among patients with symptomatic intracranial stenosis, the risk of subsequent stroke in the territory of the stenotic artery is greatest with stenosis ≥70%, after recent symptoms, and in women.
THE INCLUSION MOVEMENT AND TEACHER CHANGE: WHERE ARE THE lIMITS?

ABSTRACT. The current reform movement in special education promotes the inclusion of students with disabilities into regular classrooms as the total responsibility of regular classroom teachers. While many assume that ideology will enjoy an easy transition to classroom implementation, this assumption is problematic and not based on current research. This paper discusses whether regular classroom teachers can actually meet the demands of the inclusionary movement. At issue are teacher attitudes, teacher skills, and competencies, and the supports required for successful inclusionary practices. RESUME. Le mouvement de reforme actuel en integration scolaire soutient que l'integration des eleves handicapes dans les classes dites regulieres doit etre entierement du ressort des enseignants qui en ont la charge. Meme si beaucoup croient que cette ideologie peut facilement se transposer en classe, ce postulat est douteux et ne s'appuie sur aucune recherche actuelle. L'auteur de cet article se demande si les enseignants des classes regulieres peuvent relever le defi du mouvement integrationniste. Le probleme tient aux attitudes, aptitudes et competences des enseignants et a l'appui dont ils ont besoin pour mettre en oeuvre avec succes les mesures d'integration.
Tumor‐associated macrophages (TAM) as major players of the cancer‐related inflammation

The microenvironment of solid tumors is characterized by a reactive stroma with an abundance of inflammatory mediators and leukocytes, dysregulated vessels and proteolytic enzymes. TAM, major players in the connection between inflammation and cancer, summarize a number of functions (e.g., promotion of tumor cell proliferation and angiogenesis, incessant matrix turnover, repression of adaptive immunity), which ultimately have an important impact on disease progression. Thus, together with other myeloid‐related cells present at the tumor site (Tie2 macrophages and MDSCs), TAM represent an attractive target of novel biological therapies of tumors.
The epidemiology and pathogenesis of neonatal necrotizing enterocolitis

Necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC) has been the most common gastrointestinal emergency in the preterm infant for almost 30 years, and yet remains one of the major unsolved problems of perinatal care. Clinically, NEC is characterized by the triad of abdominal distension, gastrointestinal bleeding and pneumatosis intestinalis on abdominal X-ray and its severity is assessed by Bell’s Staging System of Stage 1 (suspect), Stage II (definite) and Stage III (advanced). 1 NEC predominantly affects preterm infants (90% of all cases), especially those <28 weeks gestation, less commonly term infants and rarely severely debilitated children. In the term infant it is almost universally associated with risk factors for gut ischaemia, such as congenital heart disease, perinatal asphyxia, Hirschsprung’s disease or an endocrine disorder.2 See related article, p 169 and 174.