Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
A new reduced network to simulate detonations in superbursts from mixed H/He accretors

Aims. We construct a new reduced nuclear reaction network able to reproduce the energy production due to the photo-disintegration of heavy elements such as Ru, which are believed to occur during superbursts in mixed H/He accreting systems. We use this network to simulate a detonation propagation, inside a mixture of C/Ru. Methods. As our reference, we use a full nuclear reaction network, including 14 758 reactions on 1381 nuclides. Until the reduced and full networks converge to a good level of accuracy in the energy production rate, we iterate between the hydrodynamical simulation, with a given reduced network, and the readjustment of a new reduced network, on the basis of previously derived hydrodynamical profiles. Results. We obtain the thermodynamic state of the material after the passage of the detonation, and the final products of the combustion. Interestingly, we find that all reaction lengths can be resolved in the same simulation. This will enable C/Ru detonations to be more easily studied in future multi-dimensional simulations, than pure carbon ones. We underline the dependence of the combustion products on the initial mass fraction of Ru. In some cases, a large fraction of heavy nuclei, such as Mo, remains after the passage of the detonation front. In other cases, the ashes are principally composed of iron group elements.
Winter bloom of a rare betaproteobacterium in the Arctic Ocean

Extremely low abundance microorganisms (members of the “rare biosphere”) are believed to include dormant taxa, which can sporadically become abundant following environmental triggers. Yet, microbial transitions from rare to abundant have seldom been captured in situ, and it is uncertain how widespread these transitions are. A bloom of a single ribotype (≥99% similarity in the 16S ribosomal RNA gene) of a widespread betaproteobacterium (Janthinobacterium sp.) occurred over 2 weeks in Arctic marine waters. The Janthinobacterium population was not detected microscopically in situ in January and early February, but suddenly appeared in the water column thereafter, eventually accounting for up to 20% of bacterial cells in mid February. During the bloom, this bacterium was detected at open water sites up to 50 km apart, being abundant down to more than 300 m. This event is one of the largest monospecific bacterial blooms reported in polar oceans. It is also remarkable because Betaproteobacteria are typically found only in low abundance in marine environments. In particular, Janthinobacterium were known from non-marine habitats and had previously been detected only in the rare biosphere of seawater samples, including the polar oceans. The Arctic Janthinobacterium formed mucilagenous monolayer aggregates after short (ca. 8 h) incubations, suggesting that biofilm formation may play a role in maintaining rare bacteria in pelagic marine environments. The spontaneous mass occurrence of this opportunistic rare taxon in polar waters during the energy-limited season extends current knowledge of how and when microbial transitions between rare and abundant occur in the ocean.
Projection-based head-mounted display with eye tracking capabilities

We propose a novel conceptual design for a Head-Mounted Projection Display (HMPD) with Eye-Tracking (ET) capabilities. We present a fully integrated system that is robust, easy to calibrate, inexpensive, and lightweight. The HMD-ET integration is performed from a low-level optical configuration in order to achieve a compact, comfortable, easy-to-use system. The idea behind the full integration consists of sharing the optical path between the HMD and the Eye-Tracker. Along with lens design and optimization, system level issues such as eye illumination options, hardware alternatives are discussed.
Neural Systems Underlying Emotional and Non-emotional Interference Processing: An ALE Meta-Analysis of Functional Neuroimaging Studies

Understanding how the nature of interference might influence the recruitments of the neural systems is considered as the key to understanding cognitive control. Although, interference processing in the emotional domain has recently attracted great interest, the question of whether there are separable neural patterns for emotional and non-emotional interference processing remains open. Here, we performed an activation likelihood estimation meta-analysis of 78 neuroimaging experiments, and examined common and distinct neural systems for emotional and non-emotional interference processing. We examined brain activation in three domains of interference processing: emotional verbal interference in the face-word conflict task, non-emotional verbal interference in the color-word Stroop task, and non-emotional spatial interference in the Simon, SRC and Flanker tasks. Our results show that the dorsal anterior cingulate cortex (ACC) was recruited for both emotional and non-emotional interference. In addition, the right anterior insula, presupplementary motor area (pre-SMA), and right inferior frontal gyrus (IFG) were activated by interference processing across both emotional and non-emotional domains. In light of these results, we propose that the anterior insular cortex may serve to integrate information from different dimensions and work together with the dorsal ACC to detect and monitor conflicts, whereas pre-SMA and right IFG may be recruited to inhibit inappropriate responses. In contrast, the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) and posterior parietal cortex (PPC) showed different degrees of activation and distinct lateralization patterns for different processing domains, which suggests that these regions may implement cognitive control based on the specific task requirements.
Delayed Cerebral Radiation Necrosis after Neutron Beam Radiation of a Parotid Adenocarcinoma: A Case Report and Review of the Literature

Cerebral radiation necrosis (CRN) is a well described possible complication of radiation for treatment of intracranial pathology. However, CRN as sequelae of radiation to extracranial sites is rare. Neutron beam radiation is a highly potent form of radiotherapy that may be used to treat malignant tumors of the salivary glands. This report describes a patient who underwent neutron beam radiation for a parotid adenocarcinoma and who developed biopsy-confirmed temporal lobe radiation necrosis thirty months later. This represents the longest time interval described to date, from initial neutron radiation for extracranial pathology to development of CRN. Two other detailed case studies exist in the literature and are described in this report. These reports as well as our patient's case are reviewed, and additional recommendations are made to minimize the development of CRN after extracranial neutron beam radiation. Physicians should include the possible diagnosis of CRN in any patient with new neurologic signs or symptoms and a history of head and neck radiation that included planned fields extending to the base of the skull. Counseling of patients prior to neutron beam radiation should include potential neurologic complications associated with CRN and risks of treatment for CRN including neurosurgical intervention.
Clinical, Cellular, and Molecular Factors That Contribute to Antifungal Drug Resistance

SUMMARY In the past decade, the frequency of diagnosed fungal infections has risen sharply due to several factors, including the increase in the number of immunosuppressed patients resulting from the AIDS epidemic and treatments during and after organ and bone marrow transplants. Linked with the increase in fungal infections is a recent increase in the frequency with which these infections are recalcitrant to standard antifungal therapy. This review summarizes the factors that contribute to antifungal drug resistance on three levels: (i) clinical factors that result in the inability to successfully treat refractory disease; (ii) cellular factors associated with a resistant fungal strain; and (iii) molecular factors that are ultimately responsible for the resistance phenotype in the cell. Many of the clinical factors that contribute to resistance are associated with the immune status of the patient, with the pharmacology of the drugs, or with the degree or type of fungal infection present. At a cellular level, antifungal drug resistance can be the result of replacement of a susceptible strain with a more resistant strain or species or the alteration of an endogenous strain (by mutation or gene expression) to a resistant phenotype. The molecular mechanisms of resistance that have been identified to date in Candida albicans include overexpression of two types of efflux pumps, overexpression or mutation of the target enzyme, and alteration of other enzymes in the same biosynthetic pathway as the target enzyme. Since the study of antifungal drug resistance is relatively new, other factors that may also contribute to resistance are discussed.
Estimating Mean and Variance under Interval Uncertainty: Dynamic Case

In many practical situations, it is important to estimate the mean E and the variance V from the sample values x1, . , xn. Usually, in statistics, we consider the case when the parameters like E and V do not change with time and when the sample values xi are known exactly. In practice, the values xi come from measurements, and measurements are never 100% accurate. In many cases, we only know the upper bound ∆i on the measurement error. In this case, once we know the measured value xi, we can conclude that the actual (unknown) value xi belongs to the interval [xi −∆i, xi +∆i]. Different values xi from these intervals lead, in general, to different values of E and V . It is therefore desirable to find the ranges E and V of all possible values of E and V . While this problem is, in general, NP-hard, in many practical situations, there exist efficient algorithms for computing such ranges. In practice, processes are dynamic. As a result, reasonable estimates for E and V assign more weight to more recent measurements and less weight to the past ones. In this paper, we extend known algorithms for computing the ranges E and V to such dynamic estimates.
Research and experimentation with the HIMALIS network architecture for future internet

There are many projects in the search for Future Internet (FI), supported by many countries and with different fundamental targets. This paper is centered around the HIMALIS architecture proposed as part of the AKARI project by the NICT of Japan. We describe this architecture and discuss its research and experimentation capabilities, finally showing its behavior in a scenario with heterogeneous underlying networks and handover events (mobility).
Council Housing and Culture: The History of a Social Experiment

Part I Chapter 1. Introduction. Chapter 2. A Domestic Revolution: Poverty, Respectability and Housing Reform. Chapter 3. Housing for the Poor. Chapter 4. The Utopian Roots of Council Housing. Chapter 5. The Artistic Inspiration of Council Housing. Chapter 6. Garden City to Council Estate. Part II Chapter 7. The Utopian Legacy. Chapter 8. The Management of Council Housing. Chapter 9. 'Community' on Council Estates. Chapter 10. Patterns of Working-Class Life. Chapter 11. Estate Histories. Part III Chapter 12. Turning Points: The Parameters at the Turn of the Century.
Environmental and Economic Impact of Agricultural Land Use - a Spatially Explicit DEA Approach -

Agriculture produce commodities and but also influence the environment. However, even if the value of commodities is easy to determine, it is difficult to assess the efficiency of agricultural production at site level. Furthermore, the valuation of environmental impact is complex. Non-parametric approaches such as DEA allow for an assessment of environment and economic performance. We implement a plot-specific approach combining GIS and DEA models. This allows a spatially explicit assessment of agricultural land use for different subjects such as ecology and economy. In a second stage DEA-model, the impact of farm- and site-specific characteristics on efficiency is analysed.
Low speed control of an autonomous vehicle using a hybrid fractional order controller

Highly non-linear vehicle dynamics plays an important role in autonomous driving systems, especially in congested traffic situations at very low speeds. Due to this fact, accurate controllers are needed in order to ensure safety during navigation. In this paper, based on a previous fractional order speed control, an improved fractional order control is presented to control a commercial Citroën C3 prototype - which has automatic driving capabilities - at low speeds, which considers a hybrid model of the vehicle. Specifically, two different fractional order PIα controllers are designed to act over the throttle and brake pedals, respectively. Concerning to the uncertain dynamics of the system during the brake action parameters are tuned to design a robust controller. In addition, the system is modeled as hybrid fractional order differential inclusions. Experimental and simulation results, obtained in a real circuit, are given to demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed strategies for cruise control at low speeds.
Effects of cold exposure on digestion, microbial synthesis and nitrogen transformations in sheep

1. Six closely shorn sheep were given brome grass (Bromus inermis) pellets at the rate of 59 or 98 g dry matter (dm)/h and maintained at ambient temperatures of 2–5° and 22–25° for 35 d. Measurements of digestion, rate of passage of digesta, and nitrogen transformations were made during the last 13 d of temperature exposure. 2. Cold exposure at the lower level of intake reduced the apparent digestibility of dm and organic matter (om) approximately 0.055 units. Apparent digestibility of dm and om was further decreased approximately 0.03 units with the higher level of food intake in the cold. Apparent N digestibility was significantly depressed from 0.62 to 0.59–0.60 for sheep exposed to cold at both levels of intake. 3. Exposure of sheep to cold resulted in a decrease in the turnover time of the particulate marker, 103Ru, from 19 h to 10.12 h in the rumen, a decrease in rumen volume, and a significant increase in dm and om which escaped digestion in the stomach. Volatile fatty acid and methane production in the rumen were highly correlated with the amount of om digested in the stomach. Methane production in the rumen comprised 0.81 of total production in warm sheep, and 0.68–0.74 of total production in cold-exposed sheep. 4. More om and non-ammonia-N were apparently digested in the intestines of sheep exposed to cold than in warm sheep at the same food intake, but the apparent digestibilities in the intestines of dm, om and non-ammonia-N leaving the abomasum did not change significantly between treatments. The retention time of 103Ru in the intestines was 17.18 h in sheep given 59 g dm food/h at both exposure temperatures, but was reduced to 12 h for cold-exposed sheep given 98 g dm/h. Methane production in the postruminal tract was increased at the higher food intake, but there was no difference between warm and cold-exposed sheep at the same food intake. 5. The rate of irreversible loss of plasma urea and rumen ammonia was measured by infusion of [15N]urea and [15N]ammonium chloride. Exposure to cold reduced the irreversible loss of plasma urea from 0.85 to 0.75–0.77 g N/g N intake, and the irreversible loss of rumen ammonia from 0.66 to 0.57–0.61 g N/g N intake. The transfer of plasma urea-N to the rumen ammonia pool was significantly greater (9.5 g N/d) in the cold-exposed sheep than the value (7.3 g N/d) in warm sheep. 6. The efficiency of microbial synthesis in the rumen was increased in cold-exposed sheep, and was related to the amount of N recycled through the rumen ammonia pool from intraruminal sources. The effect of dilution rate and fermentation patterns on efficiency of microbial synthesis is discussed.
Value at Risk: The New Benchmark for Managing Financial Risk

Since its original publication, Value at Risk has become the industry standard in risk management. Now in its Third Edition, this international bestseller addresses the fundamental changes in the field that have occurred across the globe in recent years. Philippe Jorion provides the most current information needed to understand and implement VAR-as well as manage newer dimensions of financial risk. Featured updates include: An increased emphasis on operational risk Using VAR for integrated risk management and to measure economic capital Applications of VAR to risk budgeting in investment management Discussion of new risk-management techniques, including extreme value theory, principal components, and copulas Extensive coverage of the recently finalized Basel II capital adequacy rules for commercial banks, integrated throughout the book A major new feature of the Third Edition is the addition of short questions and exercises at the end of each chapter, making it even easier to check progress. Detailed answers are posted on the companion web site www.pjorion. com/var/. The web site contains other materials, including additional questions that course instructors can assign to their students. Jorion leaves no stone unturned, addressing the building blocks of VAR from computing and backtesting models to forecasting risk and correlations. He outlines the use of VAR to measure and control risk for trading, for investment management, and for enterprise-wide risk management. He also points out key pitfalls to watch out for in risk-management systems. The value-at-risk approach continues to improve worldwide standards for managing numerous types of risk. Now more than ever, professionals can depend on Value at Risk for comprehensive, authoritative counsel on VAR, its application, and its results-and to keep ahead of the curve.
A mountain means clustering algorithm

A modified mountain clustering algorithm based on the hill valley function is proposed. Firstly, the grid and the mountain function are constructed in data space according to the mountain clustering method, and the mountain values of the data are computed. Secondly, the hill valley function is introduced to partition the data distributed on each peak. If the hill valley functionpsila value of two datum equal to 1, it means these two datum are on the same mountain and belong to thee same cluster, otherwise they are not. Finally, the means of data samples in each cluster are computed as the clustering centres. The testing of three data base indicate that the proposed mountain means clustering algorithm can categorise the clustering centres and the data numbers in each clusters exactly as well as efficiently.
The use of threaded lists in constructing a combined ALGOL and machine-like assembly processor

As the emphasis of this paper indicates, the MADCAP project is striving to make the computer a convenient working tool of the typicM research scientist. Of primary importance to this end is, of course, the language of communication between scientist and computer, the source language of the compiler. This phase of compiler design has been discussed in detail. Other aspects of the compiler design such as, for instance, object code optimization arid error diagnosis, are of secondary significance to the stated objective, and are not discussed in detail here. However, one final point shmfld be kept in mind. This is the importance of problem compilation time, which follows since the seientist will generally be experimenting, making changes, within his own language (ideally, the source language). Thus the value of time-(.'onsuming analyses and optimizatior~s must be weighed carefully. Also, ex. perienee has shown that much time (:an be saved if the compiler always completes eompila{ion, q'his oeeasionMly involves a clairvoyant understanding of the programmer's intentions on the part of the compiler, but simple assumptions many limes i)rove correct, and certainly it is desiral:)le to catch all infractioHs with a single compilation,
Constraints on active galactic nucleus accretion disc viscosity derived from continuum variability

We estimate a value of the viscosity parameter in active galactic nucleus (AGN) accretion discs for the Palomar-Green quasar sample. We assume that optical variability on time-scales of months to years is caused by local instabilities in the inner accretion disc. Comparing the observed variability time-scales to the thermal time-scales of alpha-disc models, we obtain constraints on the viscosity parameter for the sample. We find that, at a given L/L-Edd, the entire sample is consistent with a single value of the viscosity parameter, alpha. We obtain constraints of 0.01 less than or equal to alpha less than or equal to 0.03 for 0.01 less than or equal to L/L-Edd less than or equal to 1.0. This narrow range suggests that these AGNs are all seen in a single state, with a correspondingly narrow spread of black hole masses or accretion rates. The value of we derive is consistent with predictions by current simulations in which magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) turbulence is the primary viscosity mechanism.
Does Collaborative Governance Lead to Environmental Improvements? The Critical Elements Affecting Watershed Partnerships’ Capacity to Achieve Their Goals

DOES COLLABORATIVE GOVERNANCE LEAD TO ENVIRONMENTAL IMPROVEMENTS? THE CRITICAL ELEMENTS AFFECTING WATERSHED PARTNERSHIPS’ CAPACITY TO ACHIEVE THEIR GOALS Jennifer Cordrey Biddle, PhD George Mason University, 2011 Dissertation Director: Dr. Nicole Darnall Policy makers and researchers have long advocated collaborative governance as a means to improve the natural environment. However, determining the effectiveness of collaborative governance as a management strategy for improving environmental outcomes has proven difficult. Addressing this gap has significant bearing on environmental policy as governments at all levels have relied on collaborative governance as a primary way to address complex environmental issues that have not been satisfactorily addressed by conventional regulatory approaches and that are outside the scope of a single agency. Through the empirical assessment of survey data collected from watershed partnerships engaged in collaborative governance and assessments of longitudinal water quality data collected by US Environmental Protection Agency’s National Monitoring Program, this study offers early evidence verifying positive relationships between elements of collaborative governance and improved environmental outcomes. In addition, the findings of this study offer empirical evidence linking collaborative outputs with outcomes, providing guidance to public managers when deciding upon useful proxy measures to use when environmental outcome data is
Intuitive statistics by 8-month-old infants

Human learners make inductive inferences based on small amounts of data: we generalize from samples to populations and vice versa. The academic discipline of statistics formalizes these intuitive statistical inferences. What is the origin of this ability? We report six experiments investigating whether 8-month-old infants are “intuitive statisticians. ” Our results showed that, given a sample, the infants were able to make inferences about the population from which the sample had been drawn. Conversely, given information about the entire population of relatively small size, the infants were able to make predictions about the sample. Our findings provide evidence that infants possess a powerful mechanism for inductive learning, either using heuristics or basic principles of probability. This ability to make inferences based on samples or information about the population develops early and in the absence of schooling or explicit teaching. Human infants may be rational learners from very early in development.