Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
On the evolution of giant protoplanets forming in circumbinary discs

We present the results of hydrodynamic simulations of Jovian mass protoplanets that form in circumbinary discs. The simulations follow the orbital evolution of the binary plus protoplanet system acting under their mutual gravitational forces, and forces exerted by the viscous circumbinary disc. The evolution involves the clearing of the inner circumbinary disc initially, so that the binary plus protoplanet system orbits within a low density cavity. Continued interaction between disc and protoplanet causes inward migration of the planet towards the inner binary. Subsequent evolution can take three distinct paths: (i) the protoplanet enters the 4 : 1 mean motion resonance with the binary, but is gravitationally scattered through a close encounter with the secondary star; (ii) the protoplanet enters the 4 : 1 mean motion resonance, the resonance breaks, and the planet remains in a stable orbit just outside the resonance; (iii) when the binary has initial eccentricity ebin≥ 0.2, the disc becomes eccentric, leading to a stalling of the planet migration, and the formation of a stable circumbinary planet. These results have implications for a number of issues in the study of extrasolar planets. The ejection of protoplanets in close binary systems provides a source of ‘free-floating planets’, which have been discovered recently. The formation of a large, tidally truncated cavity may provide an observational signature of circumbinary planets during formation. The existence of protoplanets orbiting stably just outside a mean motion resonance (4 : 1) in the simulations indicate that such sites may harbour planets in binary star systems, and these could potentially be observed. Finally, the formation of stable circumbinary planets in eccentric binary systems indicates that circumbinary planets may not be uncommon.
A Fast Moving Knot of Radio Emission in the Active Galaxy NGC 1275

Five succeeding 1.3 cm VLBI images of the nearby active galaxy NGC 1275 are presented. The time series displays the movement of the smaller and higher opacity regions of the galaxy. The identification and movement of a compact knot in the galaxy are presented, and the relation of this knot to a jet in the galaxy is discussed. 23 references.
Speech recognition based on statistical models including multiple phonetic decision trees

We propose a speech recognition technique using multiple model structures. In the use of context-dependent models, decision-tree-based context clustering is applied to find an appropriate parameter tying structure. However, context clustering is usually performed on the basis of unreliable statistics of hidden Markov model (HMM) state sequences because the estimation of reliable state sequences requires an appropriate model structures, that cannot be obtained prior to context clustering. Therefore, context clustering and the estimation of state sequences essentially cannot be performed independently. To overcome this problem, we propose an optimization technique of state sequences based on an annealing process using multiple decision trees. In this technique, a new likelihood function is defined in order to treat multiple model structures, and the deterministic annealing expectation maximization algorithm is used as the training algorithm. Experimental continuous phoneme recognition results show that the proposed method of using only two decision trees achieved about an 11.1% relative error reduction over the conventional method.
A sonic band gap based on the locally resonant phononic plates with stubs

Using the finite element method, we have studied the acoustic properties of a novel phononic crystal (PC) structure constructed by periodically depositing single-layer or two-layer stubs on the surface of a thin homogeneous plate. Numerical results show that the extremely low frequency band gap (BG) of the Lamb waves can be opened by the local resonance (LR) mechanism. We found that the width of such a BG depends strongly on the height and the area of cross section of the stubs. The displacement field distribution of the oscillating modes is given to explain how the coupling of the modes induces the opening of the BG. The physics behind the opening of the LRBG in our phononic structures can be understood by using a simple ‘spring-mass’ model.
Combined configuration-interaction-Hylleraas studies of atomic states. III. The four lowest S 2 and four lowest P 2 states of lithium

Combined configuration-interaction-Hylleraas method techniques have been employed in obtaining three-electron $^{2}S$ and $^{2}P$ wave functions. The four lowest $(1{s}^{2}ns) ^{2}S$ wave functions are obtained in the same 150-term basis. The calculated energies are -7.478 02, -7.354 01, -7.318 40, and -7.303 40 a.u. compared to the respective corrected experimental results -7.478 07, -7.354 10, -7.318 53, and -7.303 55 a.u. In addition, the four lowest $(1{s}^{2}np) ^{2}P$ wave functions are obtained in the same 120-term basis. The calculated energies are -7.410 05, -7.337 00, -7.311 74, -7.300 14 a.u. compared to the respective corrected experimental results -7.410 16, -7.337 16, -7.311 90, -7.300 30.
A COMPARISON OF COPRECIPITATION WITH MICROEMULSION METHODS IN THE PREPARATION OF MAGNETITE

Coprecipitation and microemulsion were used to prepare nanosized magnetite. The average particle sizes of samples A and B were calculated by Brunauer–Emmett–Teller analysis and are 8.16 and 2.24 nm, respectively. The saturation magnetization of sample A at 300 K was 57.2 emu/g, but sample B was not saturated even 7.0 T. The blocking temperature for sample B was 17 K and the crystalline anisotropy energy was 1.2×105 J/m3. At 5 K, sample B is ferrimagnetic with σs=7.62 emu/g. This value is much lower than the σs=65.4 emu/g of the crystallized sample A at 50 K. Mossbauer spectra showed that sample A was ferrimagnetic at room temperature, but sample B was superparamagnetic at T>Tb (critical blocking temperature).
Nonparametric testing against restricted alternatives under progressive censoring

Nonparametric testing procedures under progressive censoring schemes are often adopted in clinical trials and life testing experimentations. In a variety of situations, a null hypothesis (of the homogeneity of distributions) may be tested against a restricted viz., orthant or ordered alternative. Though such tests in a general setup have been considered in a complete sample or a single point censored (or truncated) experimental scheme, there has not been much progress with these tests in a progressively censored setup. Genuinely distribution free tests based on simple linear rank statistics and the classical union intersection principle are considered. The theory of such time sequential tests rests heavily on some basic invariance principles, and these are studied as well. The case of proportional hazard models is also treated briefly. The main emphasis is laid on the development of the relevant asymptotic theory, and in this context, some (sub) martingale characterizations of progressively censored rank .
A statistical test for periodicity hypothesis in the crater formation rate

The hypothesis that the crater formation rate exhibits periodicity is examined by adopting a criterion proposed by Broadbent, which is more stringent than those adopted by previous authors. Data sets of Alvarez & Muller, Rampino & Stothers and of Grieve are tested. The data set of Rampino & Stothers is found to satisfy the adopted criterion for periodicity with period P = 30 Myr. Again, small craters (D < 10 km) in the data set of Grieve satisfy the criterion even better with P = 30 Myr and 50 Myr, but large craters do not satisfy the criterion.
Corporate Governance and Quality of Financial Information Reporting: Empirical Evidence from Emerging Market

Manipulation of earning and false representation of financial information from corporations is a major concern of shareholders these days. Being the pivotal role of the board, CG regulations focus its independence in structure and composition for ensuring validity, accuracy and transparency of financial information reporting. Accordingly, the recently introduced Malaysian code on corporate governance (MCCG 2012) also focused independence of the board. This paper, therefore, investigated some recommendations of the new code in relation to quality of financial information reporting in a stratified random sample of 300 non-financial listed companies for 5 years from 2010-2014. By employing pooled OLS with Discrol-Kraay corrected standard errors to a panel composed of 1500 observations, it is revealed that independent directors and new code has apositive relationship with quality of financial information reporting. However, separate leadership and size of the firm have significant negative while independent chair has an insignificant relation with quality of financial information reporting. The study contributes to the inconclusive limited literature particularly in the context of developing countries. The findings also provide insights for shareholders, banks, financial institution, security commission and Bursa Malaysia.
Pre-flyby estimates of the precision of the mass determination of asteroid (21) Lutetia from Rosetta radio tracking

The Rosetta spacecraft will fly by its second target asteroid (21) Lutetia on 10 July 2010. Simulations based on the currently known size of Lutetia and assumptions on the bulk density show that tracking of two radio-carrier frequencies at X-band (8.4 GHz) and S-band (2.3 GHz) during the flyby will determine the mass at less than 1% accuracy. Derivation of the asteroid volume by camera observation will drive the uncertainty in derivation of the bulk density. Mass and bulk density provide valuable clues that might help resolve the difficulties in determining the taxonomic class of the asteroid.
Effect of noise on the pattern formation in an epidemic model

We present novel numerical evidence of complicated phenomenon controlled by noise in a spatial epidemic model. The number of the spot is decreased as the noise intensity being increased, which we show by performing a series of numerical simulations. Moreover, when the noise intensity and temporal correlation are both large enough, the model dynamics exhibits a noise controlled transition from spotted pattern to stripe growth. In addition to that, we show in details the number of the spotted and stripe pattern, with the identification of a wide range of noise intensity and temporal correlation. The obtained results show that noise plays an important role in the pattern formation of the epidemic model, which may provide guidance to prevent and control the spread of disease. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Numer Methods Partial Differential Eq 2010
Helmholtz Coils for Producing Uniform Magnetic Fields

The “Helmholtz coil” is really a pair of coils so proportioned as to produce a magnetic field uniform in magnitude and direction over a large region. The theory of the magnetic field produced by such a coil is briefly developed and the final (series) formula is put into a form convenient for calculations. For ordinary applications only the field at the center is required. A convenient design, developed for obtaining soft x-ray potentials by determining the velocities of ejected photo-electrons, is described, and is further explained by photographs and drawings.
Fundamental Limits In Resolution Of Double Star Targets

Estimation of positions, amplitudes, and the relative phase of double star targets is considered for an imaging system when the image pattern is registered by an incoherent array of photodetectors. An analytical framework is developed to establish the fundamental limits on the resolution of an imaging system and to obtain a quantitative understanding of the dependence of the accuracy of estimation upon the separation between targets and on the number of photons available. The additional number of signal photons required to obtain a desired accuracy for any parameter when the number of unknown parameters increases is computed and discussed for selected cases. Targets representing sources which can be either mutually coherent or incoherent are considered.
AMENABILITY AND SUPERHARMONIC FUNCTIONS

Let G be a countable group and p. a symmetric and aperiodic probability measure on G. We show that G is amenable if and only if every positive superharmonic function is nearly constant on certain arbitrarily large subsets of G. We use this to show that if G is amenable, then the Martin boundary of G contains a fixed point. More generally, we show that G is amenable if and only if each member of a certain family of (7-spaces contains a fixed point. Let G be a countable group and p a fixed probability measure on the subsets of G such that p is symmetric (i.e., p(x) - p(x~l) for all x £ G) and aperiodic (i.e., supp(/i) contains a set of generators of Cr). Define p(x, y) = p(x~xy). The function p can be thought of as the transition matrix of a Markov chain X with state space G. For / a real function on G, define pf(x) — *52yeGp(x, y)f(y). We say that / is harmonic or superharmonic iff P f = f or pf < f respectively. By the representation theorem for positive harmonic functions, if the Martin boundary is trivial, then there exist no nonconstant positive harmonic func- tions. This of course implies that there are no nonconstant bounded harmonic functions on G (in which case, we say that G is Liouville). Is it true that if G is Liouville, then G has a trivial Martin boundary (A)? In an attempt to answer this, one could use the elegant proof that Liouville implies amenable (LS), and show that amenability implies trivial Martin boundary. This strategy is doomed, however, since the implication Liouville implies amenability is strict (KV). Under the natural action of G on the Martin boundary M has at most one fixed point (see below). Although we cannot show that amenability implies that every point of M is a fixed point (i.e., M is trivial), we do show that amenability implies the existence of one fixed point in M. This will follow from Theorem 1, which states that G is amenable if and only if every posi- tive superharmonic function / is nearly constant on arbitrarily large subsets of G. Although we are unable to prove that amenability is equivalent to the existence of a fixed point in the Martin boundary, we do show (Theorem 2) that
Assumptions of the Two-Step Approach to Latent Variable Modeling

Although methods for latent variable modeling that allow a joint analysis of measurement and theory have become popular, they are not without difficulties. As these difficulties have become more apparent, several researchers have recently called for a “two-step approach” to latent variable modeling in which measurement is evaluated separately from theory. This implies that programs for covariance structure analysis are not needed because factor analysis and regressions would suffice for analysis. Before a return to earlier practice using seemingly simpler analysis tools can be recommended, it seems prudent to consider the assumptions underlying a two-step approach. At least four implicit assumptions can be identified: (a) theory and measurement are independent, (b) results of factor analysis specifications can be generalized to other specifications, (c) the estimators have desirable statistical properties, and (d) the statistical test in one step is independent of the test in the other. The authors show that these assumptions cannot be met in general and that some of them are logically inconsistent. Thus any wholesale adoption of a two-step approach could have serious consequences.
Rigorous optical simulation of light management in crystalline silicon thin film solar cells with rough interface textures

We apply a hybrid finite element / transfer matrix solver to calculate generation rate spectra of thin film silicon solar cells with textured interfaces. Our focus lies on interfaces with statistical rough textures. Due to limited computational domain size the treatment of such textures requires a Monte Carlo sampling of texture representations to obtain a statistical average of integral target quantities. This contribution discusses our choice of synthetic rough interface generation, the Monte Carlo sampling and the need for an incorporation of the cell's substrate into optical simulation when illumination of the cell happens through the substrate. We present results of the numerical characterization and generation rates for a single junction cell layout.
Physics and perspectives of Si/Ge heterostructures and superlattices

Recent developments in Si/Ge heteroepitaxy led to spectacular improvements of electrical and optical properties of Si based heterostructures and superlattices. We discuss the realization of high mobility electron and hole channels in Si or Ge quantum wells, the band gap related luminescence in SiGe quantum wells and strain symmetrized Si/Ge short period superlattices and far-infrared intersubband transitions in narrow quantum wells. Possible device applications are pointed out.
Random walks with negative drift conditioned to stay positive

Let {Xk : k ≧ 1} be a sequence of independent, identically distributed random variables with EX 1 = μ < 0. Form the random walk {Sn : n ≧ 0} by setting S 0 = 0, Sn = X 1 + … + Xn, n ≧ 1. Let T denote the hitting time of the set (–∞, 0] by the random walk. The principal result in this paper is to show (under appropriate conditions on the distribution of X 1) that Sn , conditioned on T > n converges weakly to a limit random variable, S∗, and to find the Laplace transform of the distribution of S∗. We also investigate a collection of random walks with mean μ < 0 and conditional limits S∗ (μ), and show that S∗ (μ), properly normalized, converges to a gamma distribution of second order as μ ↗ 0. These results have applications to the GI/G/1 queue, collective risk theory, and the gambler's ruin problem.
Optical Photometric Observations of γ-Ray Loud Blazars

We report results of our optical photometric observations of ten gamma-ray loud blazers, namely: 0219+428 (3C66A), PKS 0420–014 (OA 129), S5 0716+714, 0754+100 (OI 090.4), 0827+243 (OJ248), 1652+398 (Mrk 501), 2200+420 (BL Lacertae), 2230+114 (CTA 102), 2251+158 (3C 454.3) and 2344+514. The observations were carried out in September–October, 2000 using the 70 cm optical telescope at Abstumani Observatory, Georgia. We found intra-day variations in 0420–014, S5 0716+714, BL Lacertae and CTA 102. A variation of 0.3 magnitude over a time scale of about 3 hours was observed in the R passband in BL Lacertae on JD 2451827. We did not detect any variation in 3C 66A, Mrk 501, or 3C 454.3 during our observations. Nor did we detect any clear evidence of variation in 1ES 2344+514 during our two weeks' observing run of the TeV gamma-ray source.
Comparative Study of Mean-Motion Resonances in the Trans-Neptunian Region

Abstract In this work we are interested in the present dynamical structure of the trans-neptunian region. It is known that at moderate to high eccentricities, stable orbits lie close to an exterior-mean-motion resonance with Neptune (NMMR). We study some NMMRs under different points of view. Intrinsic probabilities of collision and dynamical diffusion time-scales using frequency-map analysis have been computed. We have found that collisions and gravitational encounters by themselves would not produce remarkable differences between the number of objects orbiting in each resonance at present. However, frequency-map analysis reveals a much more robust region at the 2:3 NMMR than at the other NMMRs. Naturally the net orbital effect of the encounters can be enhanced differently in each individual NMMR due to differences in size of the stable niches, allowing the populations in the more unstable regions to evaporate sooner. We also study how certain evolutionary models, related with the orbital expansion of the outer planets during their formation stage, could result in resonant populations with a noticeably different primordial number of members. Finally, our results are discussed with reference to the present observational evidence and to our current understanding of the formation of the outer Solar System.
Towards the development of latent heat storage electrodes for electroporation-based therapies

Phase change materials (PCMs) capable of storing a large amount of heat upon transitioning from the solid-to-liquid state have been widely used in the electronics and construction industries for mitigating temperature development. Here, we show that they are also beneficial for reducing the peak tissue temperature during electroporation-based therapies. A numerical model is developed of irreversible electroporation (IRE) performed with hollow needle electrodes filled with a PCM. Results indicate that this electrode design can be utilized to achieve large ablation volumes while reducing the probability for thermal damage.
Assessing Brain Networks by Resting-State Dynamic Functional Connectivity: An fNIRS-EEG Study

The coordination of brain activity between disparate neural populations is highly dynamic. Investigations into intrinsic brain organization by evaluating dynamic resting-state functional connectivity (dRSFC) have attracted great attention in recent years. However, there are few dRSFC studies based on functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS) even though it has some advantages for studying the temporal evolution of brain function. In this research, we recruited 20 young adults and measured their resting-state brain fluctuations in several areas of the frontal, parietal, temporal, and occipital lobes using fNIRS-electroencephalography (EEG) simultaneous recording. Based on a sliding-window approach, we found that the variability of the dRSFC within any region of interest was significantly lower than the connections between region of interests but noticeably greater than the correlation between the channels with a short interoptode distance, which mainly consist of physiological fluctuations occurring in the superficial layers. Furthermore, based on a time-resolved k-means clustering analysis, the temporal evolution was extracted for three dominant functional networks. These networks were roughly consistent between different subject subgroups and in varying sliding time window lengths of 20, 30, and 60 s. Between these three functional networks, there were obvious time-varied and system-specific synchronous relationships. In addition, the oscillation of the frontal-parietal-temporal network showed significant correlation with the switching of one EEG microstate, a finding which is consistent with a previous functional MRI-EEG study. All this evidence implies the functional significance of fNIRS-dRSFC and demonstrates the feasibility of fNIRS for extracting the dominant functional networks based on RSFC dynamics.