Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Integrated DDoS Attack Defense Infrastructure for Effective Attack Prevention

Currently attackers are trying to paralyze servers and networks with various types of DDoS attacks. For example, on 7th July in 2009, a DDoS attack occurred against 48 web sites in South Korea and U.S.A. In this attack, the attack traffic pattern and the botnet construction methods are different from that of previous version. Due to the differences of the attack patterns, the 7.7 DDoS attack was not detected easily. These days, such new types of sophisticated attacks occur and it? s not easy to detect those attacks effectively. In fact, it? s been more than ten years since DDoS attacks discovered in late 1990s. However, DDoS attack is still one of the biggest threats in Internet infrastructure and IT environment. It is because almost all the DDoS defense techniques are not focused on general characteristics and infrastructure but on specific characteristics in each attack. In order to develop a general purpose DDoS defense technology, all the attack process and general characteristics should be analyzed. Furthermore, based on the each attack phases and location of network topology also have to be analyzed. For that, in this paper, we show a general DDoS attack process and each phase in this process. For each phase, we propose DDoS attack prevention requirements and finally suggest the integrated DDoS attack defense infrastructure. For the detailed explanation, we classify attack detection techniques into three categories.
Ackoff Doctoral Student Award Proposal Title: the Development of Common Knowledge Representation

Descriptive Summary The aim of this project is to investigate the development of common knowledge representation. Individuals A and B have mutual knowledge of X if they both know X; A and B have common knowledge of X if, in addition to mutual knowledge of X, A knows that B knows that A knows… ad infinitum… X (Schelling 1960, Lewis 1969). Philosophers and game theorists have explored at some length the difference between these knowledge states with regard to decision making, perhaps most famously in the "dirty faces problem" (Littlewood 1953) often repeated in game theory textbooks (e.g. Fudenberg & Tirole, 1996). Given the critical difference between mutual and common knowledge in decision making theory, it is of interest to know whether and how people distinguish these knowledge states. In cognitive terms, the question is whether people can represent common knowledge as distinct from mutual knowledge. This project employs a developmental approach to this question. At what age are children able to represent common knowledge? How does fluency with reasoning about common knowledge change over the course of development? A developmental mapping of common knowledge representation will facilitate inferences regarding its relation to other cognitive abilities. Game theory examines decision making in circumstances in which other decision makers are a principal source of uncertainty. Standard game theoretic models assume agents possess several types of knowledge regarding other agents' minds: agents know other agents' 1) desires or preferences, as operationalized by a utility function, 2) beliefs, represented as probability distributions over states of the world, 3) finite recursive beliefs, i.e. beliefs about beliefs about beliefs etc. to arbitrarily numerous levels of recursion, and 4) common knowledge, which implies an infinite recursion of belief as described above. From a psychological perspective, it is these assumptions which are most interesting. How do people represent others' desires, beliefs, recursive beliefs, and common knowledge? How are these representations updated, manipulated, and employed? The project of mapping the cognitive skills and inference procedures that underpin "mentalizing" abilities is well underway, particularly in cognitive neuroscience and developmental psychology (Frith & Frith, 2003). It has been found that mentalizing follows a definite developmental trajectory, including special attention to human faces in infants, gaze following at 1 year, joint attention and pretend play at 1.5 years, mental verb use among 2 year olds, and perhaps most famously, the ability to represent false beliefs at age 4. Limitations on adult …
Cambridge Handbook of Culture, Organizations, and Work: When does culture matter?

Recent years of research in international management have been dominated by studies of culture's effect on dependent variables of interest to managers, including individual work behavior, effective organizational structures, and economic success. Reviews of research conclude that culture does have an impact, one that cannot be ignored (Adler and Bartholomew, 1992; Boyacigiller and Adler, 1991; Earley and Sing, 1995; Earley and gibson, 2002; Kirkman, Lowe, and gibson, 2004; Oyserman, Kemmelmeir, and Coon, 2002). For example, in their review of cultural values research published between 1980 and 2002, Kirkman, Lowe and gibson (2004) describe sixty-one studies that provide empirical evidence for a relationship between cultural values and individual level outcomes, including change management behaviors (e.g., Eby, Adams, Russell et al., 2000); conflict management behaviors (e.g., gabrielidis, Stephan, et al ., 1997); behaviors in negotiations (e.g., Wade-Benzio, Okumura, Brett, et al ., 2002); reward allocation (e.g., gomez, Kirkman, and Shapiro, 2000); decision-making (e.g., Mitchell, Smith, Seawright, et al ., 2000); human resource management (e.g., Earley, gibson and Chen, 1999); leadership behaviors (e.g., Chan and drasgow, 2001); individual behavior in groups (e.g., gibson and zellmer-Bruhn, 2001); personality (e.g., tafarodi, Lang, and Smith, 1999); and work-related attitudes or emotions (e.g., Harpaz, Honig, and Coetsier, 2002). However, at the same time, research and practice offer numerous examples of studies and observations in which culture had less effect than did unique personalities, strong leadership, or uniformity of practices (e.g., Earley and gibson, 2002; Maznevski and Chudoba, 2000; Roth, Prasnikar, Okuno-Fujiwara, et al ., 1991; Wetlaufer, 1999).
CARMA: a hardware tamper-resistant isolated execution environment on commodity x86 platforms

Much effort has been spent to reduce the software Trusted Computing Base (TCB) of modern systems. However, there remains a large and complex hardware TCB, including memory, peripherals, and system buses. There are many stronger, but still realistic, adversary models where we need to consider that this hardware may be malicious or compromised. Thus, there is a practical need to determine whether we can achieve secure program execution in the presence of not only malicious software, but also malicious hardware.
DTPACE: an effective, novel combination chemotherapy with thalidomide for previously treated patients with myeloma.

PURPOSE To improve outcome in previously treated patients (at least two cycles of standard therapy) with multiple myeloma, thalidomide was combined with cytotoxic chemotherapy as induction therapy. PATIENTS AND METHODS The regimen consisted of 4-days of oral dexamethasone, daily thalidomide, and 4 days of continuous-infusion cisplatin, doxorubicin, cyclophosphamide, and etoposide (DTPACE). Response to two cycles of DTPACE for induction was evaluated in 236 patients. Before being treated with DTPACE, 148 patients (63%) had shown progressive disease while receiving standard chemotherapy, and 55 patients (23%) had chromosome 13 abnormalities. RESULTS The partial remission rate (PR) after two cycles of DTPACE was 32%, with 16% attaining a complete remission (CR) or near-CR (nCR; defined as only immunofixation electrophoresis-positive). Patients with high lactate dehydrogenase (LDH; n = 98) showed a better response than those with normal LDH (n = 138): PR or better, 43% v 27% (P =.01); CR + nCR, 25% v 11% (P =.01). Patients with chromosome 13 abnormalities (n = 55) responded equally well as the other patients (n = 181): PR or better, 35% v 33% (P =.84); CR + nCR, 17% v 15% (P =.73). Patients who received 100% dose of DTPACE for two cycles (n = 115) achieved higher response rates than those with less than 100% dose (n = 121): PR or better, 49% v 17% (P <.0001); CR + nCR, 27% v 6% (P <.0001). CONCLUSION Combination therapy of oral dexamethasone and thalidomide with infusional chemotherapy is effective as induction therapy before autotransplantation, especially in patients with high-risk features.
The function of nonlinear phenomena in meerkat alarm calls

Nonlinear vocal phenomena are a ubiquitous feature of human and non-human animal vocalizations. Although we understand how these complex acoustic intrusions are generated, it is not clear whether they function adaptively for the animals producing them. One explanation is that nonlinearities make calls more unpredictable, increasing behavioural responses and ultimately reducing the chances of habituation to these call types. Meerkats (Suricata suricatta) exhibit nonlinear subharmonics in their predator alarm calls. We specifically tested the ‘unpredictability hypothesis’ by playing back naturally occurring nonlinear and linear medium-urgency alarm call bouts. Results indicate that subjects responded more strongly and foraged less after hearing nonlinear alarm calls. We argue that these findings support the unpredictability hypothesis and suggest this is the first study in animals or humans to show that nonlinear vocal phenomena function adaptively.
Inflammatory Mechanisms of Idiopathic Epiretinal Membrane Formation

The pathogenesis of idiopathic epiretinal membranes (iERMs), a common pathology found in retina clinics, still eludes researchers to date. Ultrastructural studies of iERMs in the past have failed to identify the cells of origin due to the striking morphologic changes of cells involved via transdifferentiation. Thus, immunohistochemical techniques that stain for the cytostructural components of cells have confirmed the importance of glial cells and hyalocytes in iERM formation. The cellular constituents of iERMs are thought to consist of glial cells, fibroblasts, hyalocytes, etc. that, in concert with cytokines and growth factors present in the vitreous, lead to iERM formation. Recently, research has focused on the role of the posterior hyaloid in iERM formation and contraction, particularly the process of anomalous PVD as it relates to iERM formation. Recent advances in proteomics techniques have also elucidated the growth factors and cytokines involved in iERM formation, most notably nerve growth factor, glial cell line-derived growth factor, and transforming growth factor β1.
Review of ICA Based Fixed-Point Algorithm for Blind Separation of Mixed Images

The blind separation of mixed images is a very exciting area of research. However, classical techniques such as eigen and singular value decomposition, which are based on second order statistics, fail to blindly separate mixed signals in many circumstances. A rapidly developed statistical method during last few years, Independent Component Analysis (ICA), which is based on higher order statistics, aims at searching for the components in the mixed signals that are statistically as independent from each other as possible. This paper introduces the fundamental theory and basic model of ICA, and analyzes the math principle of frequently-used fast fixed point algorithm for ICA, and applies the algorithm in blind separation of randomly mixed images. The results shows that the algorithm is very effective and reliable.
Efecto de los incentivos sobre la retención en un tratamiento ambulatorio para adictos a la cocaína

La alta tasa de abandonos en los programas de tratamiento es uno de los problemas mas graves en el ambito de las drogodependencias. En este estudio se analiza el efecto del uso de incentivos sobre la retencion en un programa ambulatorio para adictos a la cocaina. Tambien se analiza el efecto de determinadas variables individuales sobre el abandono del programa. Participaron 66 sujetos que fueron distribuidos aleatoriamente a tres grupos de tratamiento: tratamiento estandar, tratamiento con incentivos I, y tratamiento con incentivos II. Los pacientes de estos dos grupos recibian incentivos contingentes a la abstinencia de cocaina con dos magnitudes diferentes. La tasa de retencion a los seis meses de tratamiento fue del 35% en el tratamiento estandar, del 78,6% en el tratamiento con incentivos I, y del 53,3% en el tratamiento con incentivos II. La capacidad pronostica global de las variables individuales (sociodemograficas, historia y patron de consumo, psicopatologicas y puntuaciones del EuropASI) fue del 85,7%, siendo las psicopatologicas las mas relacionadas con la retencion. Estos resultados sugieren que el uso de incentivos puede ser una estrategia eficaz para mejorar la retencion en los tratamientos ambulatorios para la adiccion a la cocaina.
A Method for Discovering Dynamic Network Motifs by Encoding Topic Propagation

Marketing campaigns using social media services aim to exploit social connections to propagate messages to potential customers. However, social activities often give rise to multiple network structures and some may be more effective in achieving the communication objectives than others. This led us to investigate a problem: given an observed sequence of messages and a social network that includes individuals involved in messaging, does the network structure 'explain' the observed propagation. To facilitate this investigation, we designed a method for encoding propagation events relative to the structure of a given network. The resulting transmission codes capture both the temporal and the structural characteristics of the propagation. We analyze the codes for maximal repeats and k-common sub strings to uncover dynamic network motifs within the propagation trace. By considering the dynamic motifs and the connected graph components, we can determine how the propagation events relate to the specific network. As a case study, we applied our method to rumor topics in Twitter and analyzed their propagation trails relative to the 'follower' network. The study demonstrates the computational feasibility of our approach and illustrates the use of dynamic motifs to reason about the impact of follower relationship rumor propagation in Twitter.
Formal and Informal Learning in the Workplace: A Research Review

The radical economic, social and cultural changes experienced by the labour market within recent decades have helped to highlight the central role played by the learning process in individual career development and organizational success. In such fast-moving working contexts, skills and competencies rapidly become outdated and need to be continuously implemented and empowered as a strategic factor for global competitiveness. Traditional models of learning both inside and outside of the workplace have become unable to explain the complexity of such a process, weaving between and overlapping formal and informal components. Starting with this premise, the aim of the present paper was to analyse the role of knowledge and experience as important learning frames, which allow the acquisition and development of competencies in the workplace. A human resource development perspective was adopted, aimed at reconciling both the organizational and individual stances implied in the process. The methodology of achieving this was to review the most recent literature on workplace learning, with a special focus on its formal and informal dimensions.
La Mirada Estrábica: Visiones Políticas de la Masculinidad en la Era K

espanolUna tendencia notable durante las postrimerias del gobierno del Dr. Carlos Menem [1989-1999] esta dada por el aumento considerable de los casos de violencia intergenerica difundidos por los medios de comunicacion. Este fenomeno, sin embargo, que continuo con llamativa insistencia bajo las administraciones del Dr. Nestor Kirchner [2003-2007] y de su esposa, la Dra. Cristina Fernandez [2007-2011], parece haberse exacerbado con la construccion de una masculinidad hegemonica caracterizada por la confrontacion y transgresion permanente. Sus efectos discursivos mas evidentes se observan en la produccion ficcional del periodo, tanto en cine, como en television, musica popular y literatura. En el terreno de la produccion cultural popular se nota una mirada abiertamente masculina, que propaga elementos conservadores y machistas. Partiendo del concepto de �masculinidades hegemonicas� de R. Connell [1993, 1998, 2005], el presente trabajo se propone analizar como se han ido posicionando esas visiones masculinas hegemonicas en algunos sectores de la produccion cultural del periodo 2003-2011. EnglishInter-gender violence was noted to have increased in Argentina after the Menem period [1989-1999] and continued to increase under the Kirchners� Administrations - Nestor Kirchner [2003-2007] and his wife Cristina Fernandez [2007-2011]-. The way the Argentine media broadcasted gender violence and thus contributed to the construction �hegemonic masculinities� [1993, 1998, 2005] is particularly striking. There seems to be a discourse based on transgression and permanent confrontation. Evidence of this is found in the cultural production of this period: film, television, music and literature. These cultural products present a clearly identifiable �male gaze� that underlines conservative and sexist ideas. Based on Connell�s concept of hegemonic masculinities, this study analyses these trends in several sectors of popular culture production in the period 2003-2011.
Mu‐opioid receptor splice variants: sex‐dependent regulation by chronic morphine

The gene encoding the mu‐opioid receptor (MOR) generates a remarkable diversity of subtypes, the functional significance of which remains largely unknown. The structure of MOR could be a critical determinant of MOR functionality and its adaptations to chronic morphine exposure. As MOR antinociception has sexually dimorphic dimensions, we determined the influence of sex, stage of estrus cycle, and chronic systemic morphine on levels of MOR splice variant mRNA in rat spinal cord. Chronic systemic morphine influenced the spinal expression of mRNA encoding rMOR‐1B2 and rMOR‐1C1 in a profoundly sex‐dependent fashion. In males, chronic morphine resulted in a twofold increase in expression levels of rMOR‐1B2 and rMOR‐1C1 mRNA. This effect of chronic morphine was completely absent in females. Increased density of MOR protein in spinal cord of males accompanied the chronic morphine‐induced increase in MOR variant mRNA, suggesting that it reflected an increase in corresponding receptor protein. These results suggest that tolerance/dependence results, at least in part, from different adaptational strategies in males and females. The signaling consequences of the unique composition of the C‐terminus tip of rMOR‐1C1 and rMOR‐1B2 could point the way to defining the molecular components of sex‐dependent tolerance and withdrawal mechanisms.
Teratogenic drug screening. Present procedures and requirements.

The basic principles of teratogenic drug testing are similar to those underlying the detection of toxic actions in adults. The greatest drawback in predicting from experimental data the effects of drugs on man lies in the different reactions among species. Consequently the selection of animal species for teratogenic drug testing is extensively discussed. Rodents should not be abandoned for drug testing as long it is not established that embryos of other animal species react more like human embryos. Drug testing also reveals that a large variety of mechanisms can be implicated in the production of developmental defects.
Aβ amyloid and glucose metabolism in three variants of primary progressive aphasia

Alzheimer's disease (AD) is found at autopsy in up to one third of patients with primary progressive aphasia (PPA), but clinical features that predict AD pathology in PPA are not well defined. We studied the relationships between language presentation, Aβ amyloidosis, and glucose metabolism in three PPA variants using [11C]‐Pittsburgh compound B ([11C]PIB) and [18F]‐labeled fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography ([18F]FDG‐PET).
Wild birds respond to flockmate loss by increasing their social network associations to others

Understanding the consequences of losing individuals from wild populations is a current and pressing issue, yet how such loss influences the social behaviour of the remaining animals is largely unexplored. Through combining the automated tracking of winter flocks of over 500 wild great tits (Parus major) with removal experiments, we assessed how individuals' social network positions responded to the loss of their social associates. We found that the extent of flockmate loss that individuals experienced correlated positively with subsequent increases in the number of their social associations, the average strength of their bonds and their overall connectedness within the social network (defined as summed edge weights). Increased social connectivity was not driven by general disturbance or changes in foraging behaviour, but by modifications to fine-scale social network connections in response to losing their associates. Therefore, the reduction in social connectedness expected by individual loss may be mitigated by increases in social associations between remaining individuals. Given that these findings demonstrate rapid adjustment of social network associations in response to the loss of previous social ties, future research should examine the generality of the compensatory adjustment of social relations in ways that maintain the structure of social organization.
Endoglin, an ancillary TGFbeta receptor, is required for extraembryonic angiogenesis and plays a key role in heart development.

Endoglin (CD105) is expressed on the surface of endothelial and haematopoietic cells in mammals and binds TGFbeta isoforms 1 and 3 in combination with the signaling complex of TGFbeta receptors types I and II. Endoglin expression increases during angiogenesis, wound healing, and inflammation, all of which are associated with TGFbeta signaling and alterations in vascular structure. The importance of endoglin for normal vascular architecture is further indicated by the association of mutations in the endoglin gene with the inherited disorder Hereditary Haemorrhagic Telangiectasia Type 1 (HHT1), a disease characterised by bleeding from vascular malformations. In order to study the role of endoglin in vivo in more detail and to work toward developing an animal model of HHT1, we have derived mice that carry a targeted nonsense mutation in the endoglin gene. Studies on these mice have revealed that endoglin is essential for early development. Embryos homozygous for the endoglin mutation fail to progress beyond 10.5 days postcoitum and fail to form mature blood vessels in the yolk sac. This phenotype is remarkably similar to that of the TGFbeta1 and the TGFbeta receptor II knockout mice, indicating that endoglin is needed in vivo for TGFbeta1 signaling during extraembryonic vascular development. In addition, we have observed cardiac defects in homozygous endoglin-deficient embryos, suggesting endoglin also plays a role in cardiogenesis. We anticipate that heterozygous mice will ultimately serve as a useful disease model for HHT1, as some individuals have dilated and fragile blood vessels similar to vascular malformations seen in HHT patients.
El núcleo de la élite colonial de Santiago de Guatemala: un bloque cohesivo

El metodo de reputaciones de Hunter (1953) nos ayudo a identificar a las familias de Guatemala colonial (1640-1820) estimadas prominentes por un grupo de especialistas. Estudiamos a estas familias en terminos estructurales, de tal manera que mas que poner el enfasis en sus atributos intrinsecos, proponemos hacerlo en un atributo relacional -el matrimonio- para determinar que familias formaron el nucleo de la elite. Este nos permite afirmar que las familias del nucleo de la elite constituian un bloque cohesivo conectado a traves de multiples matrimonios que definimos como endogamicos. De alli que se de una alta correlacion entre prominencia y endogamia. El atributo relacional utilizado es util para explicar el proceso social de formacion de clase.