Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Network Traffic Analysis Using Principal Component Graphs

Graph-based techniques for monitoring network trac and trac classication have gained widespread attention due to their power of visualization and ability to detect anomalous behavior. In this work, we construct generic trac activity graphs (TAGs) to represent packet-level traces and propose a method based on principal component analysis (PCA) of TAGs for trac classication. The technique proposed in this work overcomes the issues with TAG construction related to ambiguity in edge denition, interval of trace collected for graph construction, and the time and location of trace collection. We construct a set of TAGs corresponding to traces from dierent time intervals and locations, and analyze the collection of TAGs by using PCA on the set of TAGs to identify the applications associated with trac ows. Results on trac classication show that the accuracy is very high and the technique is portable across dierent traces and therefore is useful to develop better graph-based trac analysis tools.
An Evolutionary Approach to Understanding the Biology of Invasions: Local Adaptation and General‐Purpose Genotypes in the Weed Verbascum thapsus

Abstract: The role of evolution in the invasion of non‐native species has important implications for conservation, weed science, risk assessment, and policy. In this paper we first discuss why an evolutionary perspective can be helpful and outline a range of potentially useful approaches from population biology and ecological genetics. As a case study, we then ask how adaptation and genetic structure may promote or constrain the expansion of an invasive weed, Verbascum thapsus, into high elevations in the Sierra Nevada of California. We used growth‐chamber and common‐garden experiments to assay a range of morphological and physiological traits that could influence plant fitness at high elevation. There was a significant relationship between elevation and leaf size and reflectance above 800 m, although we found no relationship between elevation and most other traits ( growth rate in warm or cool temperatures, freezing tolerance when grown in warm or cool temperatures, leaf number, rosette morphology, plant height ). We did see marked genetic differentiation among populations, possibly reflecting founder effects and a history of genetic drift. When we partitioned the phenotypic variance, there was almost no variation among maternal families within populations, limiting the potential for selection to act. The majority of the variance for all traits was among individuals within families, suggesting that environmental conditions strongly influenced the phenotype. Overall, the increasing success of V. thapsus at high elevations appears to conform more to Baker's concept of a general‐purpose genotype than to invasion by rapid adaptation.
Mathematical model and simulation of finger movement with electromyographic signals

A mathematical model that describes the movement of the fingers of the hand is reported in this paper. Electromyographic signals (EMG) are recorded from the forearm and are analyzed to detect which of them are responsible of the movement of each finger. The way the EMG signals are analyzed to determine which of them produce the movement of the fingers is also described. These will be used in an ongoing project that consists of a glove used to enhance the force of the hand of a user.
IPC Co-occurrence Based Technological Trends Discovery

Technological trends discovery has been paid attention seriously in recent years in technological innovation management because of great demands on R&D decision making from the governments and various organizations. In this paper, the framework integrating with technology coupling, IPC co-occurrence, complex networks and visualization would be developed. The paper first introduces the technology coupling theory which is developed by Fleming and can be used to measure the utility of patent. Then the application of IPC co-occurrence and complex network base on technology coupling theory is designed. At last, we make the empirical study on hybrid electric vehicle field. The empirical study identifies that our framework helps to discover and mine the technological trends at the company level.
Na+ Channel-Dependent Recruitment of Navβ4 to Axon Initial Segments and Nodes of Ranvier

The axon initial segment (AIS) and nodes of Ranvier are the sites of action potential initiation and regeneration in axons. Although the basic molecular architectures of AIS and nodes, characterized by dense clusters of Na+ and K+ channels, are similar, firing patterns vary among cell types. Neuronal firing patterns are established by the collective activity of voltage-gated ion channels and can be modulated through interaction with auxiliary subunits. Here, we report the neuronal expression pattern and subcellular localization of Navβ4, the modulatory Na+ channel subunit thought to underlie resurgent Na+ current. Immunostaining of rat tissues revealed that Navβ4 is strongly enriched at the AIS of a select set of neuron types, including many characterized by high-frequency firing, and at nodes of Ranvier in the PNS and some nodes in the CNS. By introducing full-length and mutant GFP-tagged Navβ4 into cultured neurons, we determined that the AIS and nodal localization of Navβ4 depends on its direct interaction with Na+ channel α subunits through an extracellular disulfide bond. Based on these results, we propose that differences in the specific composition of the Na+ channel complexes enriched at the AIS and nodes contribute to the diverse physiologies observed among cell types.
Hi-BGP : A Lightweight Hijack-proof Inter-domain Routing Protocol

BGP is the cornerstone of the Internet. However, the implicit trust assumption in BGP’s design destines its inherited vulnerability. Prefix hijacking is one of the large-scale BGPspecific routing anomalies that are able to paralyze the Internet. This calls for a hijack-proof security solution. By putting the protection against prefix hijacking the top priority, we design a lightweight hijack-proof BGP system – Hi-BGP. Hi-BGP utilizes the existing BGP system to distribute the relevant route validation information and use the information to prevent various prefix hijacking. In addition, we propose a transition scheme of HiBGP so that it can be incrementally deployed. At the same time, we show that Hi-BGP is lightweight and can be deployed in the Internet.
Essays in macro-finance

The marginal cost of aggregate fluctuations has a term structure that is a simple transformation of the term structures of equity and interest rates. I extract evidence from index option markets to infer a downward-sloping, volatile and pro-cyclical term structure of welfare costs. On average, cashflow stability is a macroeconomic priority and short-run stability is a greater priority than long-run stability. I estimate that at the margin the elimination of one-year ahead cashflow volatility is worth around twelve percentage points of additional growth. This number compares to a marginal cost of all consumption fluctuations of about two percentage points. Over time, the term structure of welfare costs varies substantially, pro-cyclically and with a volatility that decreases with maturity. Return predictors reveal the states that drive the term structure of welfare costs and thereby signal its current position and future developments. Finally, the link between welfare costs and risk premia can make the case for risk premia targeting as a welfare-enhancing policy regime.
LoL@: a UMTS location based service

UMTS is expected to offer a powerful environment for location based multimedia services. We have specified such a service, using the packet switched domain of UMTS and overlaying standards like SIP and OSA/ Parlay. LoL@ (Local Location Assistant) is a showcase for future UMTS services and their requirements. It proposes an architecture for location based multimedia services, including advanced user interface concepts with speech recognition and central user preference management. It explores the potential of the standards and shows were improvements are necessary.
Turnover of basic chromosomal proteins in fertilized eggs: a cytoimmunochemical study of events in vivo

The chromosomal complements of mouse oocytes, ova, and fertilizing sperm have been studied by immunofluorescence with specific antisera to the basic protein fraction of sperm nuclei and to histones H2b and H4, and by staining with ethidium bromide. These studies support the hypothesis, previously proposed (Rodman and Barth, 1979, Dev. Biol. 68:82-95), that the chromosomes of the oocyte in maturation incorporate unique basic protein(s) similar to those incorporated during spermiogenesis. That similarity is characterized, here, by immunologic cross-reactivity. The basic proteins of the fertilizing sperm nucleus and the cross-reactive moiety of the two haploid complements of the ovum are displaced simultaneously, shortly after sperm entry. However, because the unique basic proteins incorporated into the oocyte chromosomes do not, as in the spermatogenic sequence, entirely replace the histones, the maternal chromosomes display histones H2b and H4 at all postfertilization stages examined, whereas the decondensing paternal complement, for an interval before maturation of the pronuclei, contains neither sperm basic chromosomal proteins nor histones. Sequential staining of the same specimens with ethidium bromide revealed well-organized nuclear morphology of the residual DNA complex. Those observations suggest that, for an as yet undefined period in the transformation from spermatozoal to embryonic genome, the chromatin is devoid of a complement of basic proteins.
The games people play: a comment on the utility of being hanged on the gallows

In a recent issue of JPKE (Winter 1979-80), John M. Blatt considers the case of an individual who must "evaluate the prospect" of an illegal venture or game which is potentially very profitable (with a possible payoff of M dollars) but for which the death penalty is imposed with probability p. Blatt draws on the work of Karl Borch and concludes from his analysis of this case that he has found a counterexample demonstrating that the preference orderings of practical businessmen do not necessarily correspond to those derived from expected utility theory. This counterexample is one which he believes to be particularly relevant to situations involving risk of disaster (e.g., bankruptcy). In this comment we will argue
Geographic variation in seed traits within and among forty-two species of Rhododendron (Ericaceae) on the Tibetan plateau: relationships with altitude, habitat, plant height, and phylogeny

Seed mass and morphology are plant life history traits that influence seed dispersal ability, seeding establishment success, and population distribution pattern. Southeastern Tibet is a diversity center for Rhododendron species, which are distributed from a few hundred meters to 5500 m above sea level. We examined intra- and interspecific variation in seed mass and morphology in relation to altitude, habitat, plant height, and phylogeny. Seed mass decreased significantly with the increasing altitude and increased significantly with increasing plant height among populations of the same species. Seed mass differed significantly among species and subsections, but not among sections and subgenera. Seed length, width, surface area, and wing length were significantly negative correlated with altitude and significantly positive correlated with plant height. Further, these traits differed significantly among habitats and varied among species and subsection, but not among sections and subgenera. Species at low elevation had larger seeds with larger wings, and seeds became smaller and the wings of seeds tended to be smaller with the increasing altitude. Morphology of the seed varied from flat round to long cylindrical with increasing altitude. We suggest that seed mass and morphology have evolved as a result of both long-term adaptation and constraints of the taxonomic group over their long evolutionary history.
A study on the green cellular network with femtocells

In this paper, we investigate how femtocells can make conventional cellular networks greener. We present an energy consumption modeling framework to evaluate total energy consumption in a cellular network with femtocells. Using the proposed framework, we investigate the energy consumption and performance of the cellular network with femtocells. We consider various network environments, including indoor propagation environment, user distribution near the femtocells, and a femtocell access policy, which have effect on the performance of the cellular network. Simulation results in the various environments show that femtocell is, in general, a greener technology that reduces the total energy consumption in a cellular network. We obtain system performance and energy consumption for three different scenarios: different femtocell penetration rate, different open access rate, and different cell coverage. We have finally provided a guideline that helps system operators deploy and manage a cellular network with femtocells in more greener way.
IURA: An Improved User-based Collaborative Filtering Method Based on Innovators

—User based collaborative ﬁltering (UserCF) is a method that generates recommendations based on the preferences and past actions of like-minded users. Currently, most UserCF based recommendation systems do not consider the users’ purchase precedence and activeness when locating those like-minded users. Yet, these two factors contain valuable information that can contribute to recommendation accuracy and diversity. First, according to the Diffusion of Innovations Theory (DIT), the earlier that a like-minded user purchased an item, the more likely that he would be a trend leader in his respective area of interest. Such users are called the innovators, and they should have higher level of inﬂuence on their followers than a typical like-minded user. Second, innovators are typically more active and more adventurous users. They are the ones who are more willing to try out new products of various genres, and would therefore contribute the diversity of the recommendation. Based on these reasons, we propose in this paper an improved UserCF mechanism based on innovators instead of simply like-minded users. The proposed method is simple to implement, and also applicable even in the cases where item release time is not available. Extensive experiments were conducted to evaluate the proposed mechanism using various metrics and the results were encouraging: our proposed scheme not only achieved the best results in term of accuracy, but also performed well in terms of diversity (including intra-list and aggregate diversity) as well.
A Survey on Preprocessing Techniques in Web Usage Mining

The World Wide Web (WWW) continues to grow at an overwhelming rate in both the sheer volume of traffic and the size and complexity of Web sites. Therefore, it becomes more and more necessary, but difficult to get useful information from Web data, in order to understand and better serve the needs of Web-based applications. As a result, the Web usage mining has become a hot research topic, which combines two of the prominent research areas comprising the data mining and the World Wide Web. Web usage mining consists of three phases, namely preprocessing, pattern discovery, and pattern analysis. For the survey, I focus on the first phase—data preprocessing, which is essential and must be performed prior to applying data mining algorithms to the data sources. An overview of data preprocessing techniques aiming at identifying unique users, user sessions and transactions is presented in this survey.
The Economics of Human Rights - Gender, Human Trafficking, and Policy

This dissertation includes four papers prepared during my PhD study period (2008-2011), investigating a variety of topics on human rights through economic analyses. All the papers discuss the socio-economic problems related to vulnerable populations such as women and their policy implications in the era of globalization. Such problems can be investigated from three important, interconnected angles and my research comprises of these three pillars.The first pillar is gender . Women are arguably societal minorities in most countries and their empowerment is a critical part of the development of a society and policy design. Through my research, I investigate institutional and social conditions which can enhance women s rights, particularly under global governance. My empirical findings suggest that women s rights can be promoted through the joint efforts of the global gender regime together with domestic democratic institutions. Furthermore, distinguished from the existing literature, my study shows that social globalization, rather than economic globalization, can be a driving force in improving women s fundamental rights.The second pillar is human trafficking . Human trafficking has been one of the fastest growing transnational crimes in the era of globalization and continues to be today. It is also often a gender-based crime, with the majority of victims being females. My research focuses on the international anti-trafficking regimes and their effects. As an effort to measure anti-trafficking policy, I developed the Anti-trafficking Policy Index to evaluate governmental efforts in combating the problem. By utilizing this Index, I together with Axel Dreher and Eric Neumayer find empirical evidence that anti-trafficking policy is diffused worldwide through interdependent policy-making decisions across countries. This occurs namely through spatial effects via negative externalities and learning processes. Additionally, my study together with Krishna C. Vadlamannati suggests that countries demonstrate a strategic behavioral pattern in complying with the anti-trafficking regime under the presence of the pressure from the major global powers.Concluding my dissertation, the last pillar, policy , looks at the important role of global governance and interdependent policy-making today. This observation leads to policy implications implying that joint efforts among stakeholders at the global level are crucial to tackling gender inequality and human trafficking, two critical problems related to vulnerable people in the 21st century.The economics of human rights, the central theme of my dissertation, is concerned with issues related to the human rights of vulnerable people, an understudied field in the economics literature to date. My dissertation contributes to the literature by introducing and empirically analyzing the three interconnected pillars, with evidence suggesting that these are crucial issues in the area of human rights in the 21st century.
Conceptual Modeling Semantics for the Physical-Informatical Essence Duality Problem

Physical-Informatical Essence Duality (PIED) is the parallel existence of an entity as both an independent, mostly physical object, and its informatical representation. System models tend to neglect or ignore this dual representation and the two parallel manifestations of model entities. This may result in erroneous modeling and realization, as representations can be partial and mistaken. Agent perception or capturing of an entity of interest is fundamental to the way it affects or interacts with the entity. The problem intensifies in models of complex systems and systems of systems, which must account for original embodiments and their multiple representations by various agents. This paper proposes a formal model-based approach and theory for detecting, capturing, representing, and controlling this physical-informatical duality in system models. We illustrate the proposed semantics via formal object-oriented epistemic logic semantics and via Object-Process Methodology (OPM), the emerging ISO 19450 standard for Model-based Systems Engineering.
Response Variability of Neurons in Primary Visual Cortex (V1) of Alert Monkeys

Response variability of neurons limits the reliability and resolution of sensory systems. It is generally thought that response variability in the visual system increases at cortical levels, but the causes of the variability have not been identified. We have measured the response variability of neurons in primary visual cortex (V1) of alert monkeys. We recorded from 80 single cells distributed over all V1 layers and from 8 parvocellular cells of the lateral geniculate nucleus. All cells were stimulated with a bar of near-optimal orientation, color, and dimensions while continuously monitoring the eye movements of fixation. To minimize the effects of eye movements, responses that occurred while the eye was relatively steady were selected for analysis. The impulses elicited by each stimulus presentation were counted, and the variance and coefficient of variation were computed. Both measures of response variability were much lower than reported previously for V1 cells of both alert and anesthetized monkeys. Our data show that fixational eye movements cause a large component of response variance in alert monkeys. Moreover, the reliability of V1 neurons is not obviously degraded compared with lateral geniculate nucleus cells. The high reliability of neurons in alert monkeys is consistent with expectations from conventional biophysical models, and it suggests that activity in a modest number of neurons may suffice to form a perceptual decision.
Protein induced fluorescence enhancement as a single molecule assay with short distance sensitivity

Single-molecule FRET has been widely used for monitoring protein–nucleic acids interactions. Direct visualization of the interactions, however, often requires a site-specific labeling of the protein, which can be circuitous and inefficient. In addition, FRET is insensitive to distance changes in the 0–3-nm range. Here, we report a systematic calibration of a single molecule fluorescence assay termed protein induced fluorescence enhancement. This method circumvents protein labeling and displays a marked distance dependence below the 4-nm distance range. The enhancement of fluorescence is based on the photophysical phenomenon whereby the intensity of a fluorophore increases upon proximal binding of a protein. Our data reveals that the method can resolve as small as a single base pair distance at the extreme vicinity of the fluorophore, where the enhancement is maximized. We demonstrate the general applicability and distance sensitivity using (a) a finely spaced DNA ladder carrying a restriction site for BamHI, (b) RNA translocation by DExH enzyme RIG‐I, and (c) filament dynamics of RecA on single-stranded DNA. The high spatio-temporal resolution data and sensitivity to short distances combined with the ability to bypass protein labeling makes this assay an effective alternative or a complement to FRET.
High CMRR current mode operational amplifier with a novel class AB input stage

In this paper, improved CMRR, high gain CMOS current-mode operational amplifier (COA) is presented. A new class AB input stage is used in order to obtain very low input resistance. The proposed COA is operated under ±1.5 V voltage supplies and designed with 0.35-μm CMOS process. Results of simulation indicate a 107 dB DC gain, 123 Ω input resistance, common mode rejection ratio exceeding 110dB and a gain-bandwidth product at about 100 MHz.