Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Bone strength and management of postmenopausal fracture risk with antiresorptive therapies: considerations for women’s health practice

Bone strength – and, hence, fracture risk – reflects the structural and material properties of the skeleton, which changes with bone turnover during aging and following effective pharmacotherapy. A variety of powerful new techniques (quantitative computed tomography, as well as peripheral quantitative computed tomography and high-resolution peripheral quantitative computed tomography) provide precise images of bone structure and can be used to model the response of specific bones to different types of mechanical load. This review explores the various components of bone strength and the clinical significance of measures, such as bone mineral density, bone turnover markers, and modern imaging data, with regard to fracture risk in women with postmenopausal osteoporosis, before and after initiating antiresorptive therapy. These imaging and related techniques offer an ever-clearer picture of the changes in bone structure and bone mineral metabolism during normal aging and in osteoporosis, as well as in response to treatment. However, because the newer techniques are not yet available in routine practice, validated tools for absolute fracture risk assessment remain essential for clinical decision making. These tools, which are tailored to patient risk data in individual countries, are based on bone mineral density and other readily available clinical data. In addition, bone turnover marker measurements can be useful in assessing risk and guiding treatment decisions for women with postmenopausal osteoporosis. Such tests may be used before starting a patient on antiresorptive therapy and for ongoing monitoring of treatment effectiveness.
Evaluation of the immunoexpression of COX-1, COX-2 and p53 in Crohn's disease.

BACKGROUND Crohn's disease accompanied by nonspecific or idiopathic ulcerative proctocolitis corresponds to a condition called intestinal inflammatory disease. The immunoexpression of cyclooxygenase 2 (COX-2) in Crohn's disease becomes more marked with progression of the disease and the presence of wild-type p53 suppresses the transcription of COX-2. AIMS To investigate the immunoexpression of cyclooxygenase 1 (COX-1), COX-2 and p53 in Crohn's ileocolitis and to correlated this expression with clinical and histopathological parameters. METHODS Forty-five cases of Crohn's disease, 16 cases of actinic colitis (diseased-control group) and 11 cases without a history of intestinal disease (normal control group) were studied. Hematoxylin-eosin-stained sections were submitted to histopathological analysis and the immunohistochemical expression of COX-1, COX-2 and p53 was evaluated by the streptavidin-biotin-peroxidase method. RESULTS Sixty percent of the Crohn's disease patients were women and 40% were men, with 75.5% whites and 25.5% non-whites. The disease involved the terminal ileum in 44.5% of cases, ileum in 33.3%, colon in 20% and duodenum-ileum in 2.2%. A significant association was observed between COX-2 immunoreactivity and age < or =40 years. Histopathological analysis of Crohn's disease samples showed mild or moderate crypt distortion (57.8% and 35.6% of cases), atrophy (6.6%), mild, moderate and marked chronic inflammation (46.7%, 26.7% and 20%), acute inflammatory activity (93.3%), ulceration (24.4%), mucin depletion (37.8%), Paneth's cells (24.4%), intraepithelial lymphocytes (93.3%), and subepithelial collagen (6.7%). In the CD group, COX-1 immunoreactivity in epithelial and inflammatory cells was observed in 26.7% and 22.2% of cases, respectively. COX-2 immunoreactivity was detected in epithelial cells in 68.9% of cases and in inflammatory cells in 46.7%. A marginal difference in COX-2 reactivity was observed between epithelial and inflammatory cells in association with acute inflammatory activity and increase in intraepithelial lymphocytes. Comparison of the date among the threes groups (Crohn's disease, actinic colitis and normal controls) showed a higher proportion of cases presenting COX-2 immunoreactivity in inflammatory cells in the Crohn's disease group. No p53 reactivity was observed in all cases. CONCLUSIONS COX-2 immunoexpression is high in Crohn's disease, which suggest a possible role of the protein in the pathogenesis of the inflammation. The absence of epithelial dysplasia in all Crohn's disease samples was correlated with the lack of expression of p53.
Congenital heart defects and abnormal maternal biomarkers of methionine and homocysteine metabolism.

BACKGROUND It is well established that folic acid prevents neural tube defects. Although the mechanisms remain unclear, multivitamins containing folic acid may also protect against other birth defects, including congenital heart defects. OBJECTIVE Our goal was to establish a maternal metabolic risk profile for nonsyndromic congenital heart defects that would enhance current preventive strategies. DESIGN Using a case-control design, we measured biomarkers of the folate-dependent methionine and homocysteine pathway among a population-based sample of women whose pregnancies were affected by congenital heart defects (224 case subjects) or unaffected by any birth defect (90 control subjects). Plasma concentrations of folic acid, homocysteine, methionine, S-adenosylmethionine (SAM), S-adenosylhomocysteine (SAH), vitamin B-12, and adenosine were compared, with control for lifestyle and sociodemographic variables. RESULTS After covariate adjustment, case subjects had higher mean concentrations of homocysteine (P < 0.001) and SAH (P < 0.001) and lower mean concentrations of methionine (P = 0.019) and SAM (P = 0.014) than did control subjects. Vitamin B-12, folic acid, and adenosine concentrations did not differ significantly between case and control subjects. Homocysteine, SAH, and methionine were identified as the most important biomarkers predictive of case or control status. CONCLUSIONS The basis for the observed abnormal metabolic profile among women whose pregnancies were affected by congenital heart defects cannot be defined without further analysis of relevant genetic and environmental factors. Nevertheless, a metabolic profile that is predictive of congenital heart defect risk would help to refine current nutritional intervention strategies to reduce risk and may provide mechanistic clues for further experimental studies.
Microbial C , N and P in a Mediterranean oak forest soil : influence of abiotic conditions and canopy composition

Ahmed. M. Abdel-Azeem1, M. E. Ibrahim2, T. S. Abdel-Moneim3, I. H. Abo El-Soud4, Kari. T. Steffen5 and Robert A Blanchette6 1 Department of Botany, Faculty of Science, Suez Canal University, Ismailia 41522, Egypt, zemo3000@yahoo.com 2 Department of Biological and Geological Science, Faculty of Education, Suez Canal University, Al-Arish, Egypt, mohsen_elsayed_ibrahim@yahoo.com 3 Department of Agricultural Botany, Faculty of Agriculture, Suez Canal University, Ismailia 41522, Egypt, shawky_tamer@yahoo.com 4 Department of Horticulture, Faculty of Agriculture, Suez Canal University, Ismailia 41522, Egypt, islamhassan2010@hotmail.com 5 Department of Applied Chemistry and Microbiology, P.O. Box 56, Viikinkaari 9, Biocenter 1, 00014 University of Helsinki, Finland, kari.steffen@helsinki.fi 6 Department of Plant Pathology, University of Minnesota, 495 Borlaug Hall, 1991 Upper Buford Circle, St. Paul, MN 55108, robertb@umn.edu
Build your own clarithmetic I

Clarithmetics are number theories based on computability logic (see this http URL ). Formulas of these theories represent interactive computational problems, and their "truth" is understood as existence of an algorithmic solution. Various complexity constraints on such solutions induce various versions of clarithmetic. The present paper introduces a parameterized/schematic version CLA11(P1,P2,P3,P4). By tuning the three parameters P1,P2,P3 in an essentially mechanical manner, one automatically obtains sound and complete theories with respect to a wide range of target tricomplexity classes, i.e. combinations of time (set by P3), space (set by P2) and so called amplitude (set by P1) complexities. Sound in the sense that every theorem T of the system represents an interactive number-theoretic computational problem with a solution from the given tricomplexity class and, furthermore, such a solution can be automatically extracted from a proof of T. And complete in the sense that every interactive number-theoretic problem with a solution from the given tricomplexity class is represented by some theorem of the system. Furthermore, through tuning the 4th parameter P4, at the cost of sacrificing recursive axiomatizability but not simplicity or elegance, the above extensional completeness can be strengthened to intensional completeness, according to which every formula representing a problem with a solution from the given tricomplexity class is a theorem of the system. This article is published in two parts. The present Part I introduces the system and proves its completeness, while Part II is devoted to proving soundness.
Globally Adaptive Control Variate for Robust Numerical Integration

Many methods in computer graphics require the integration of functions on low-to-middle--dimensional spaces. However, no available method can handle all the possible integrands accurately and rapidly. This paper presents a robust numerical integration method, able to handle arbitrary nonsingular scalar or vector-valued functions defined on low-to-middle--dimensional spaces. Our method combines control variate, globally adaptive subdivision and Monte-Carlo estimation to achieve fast and accurate computations of any nonsingular integral. The runtime is linear with respect to standard deviation while standard Monte-Carlo methods are quadratic. We additionally show through numerical tests that our method is extremely stable from a computation time and memory footprint point of view, assessing its robustness. We demonstrate our method on a participating media voxelization application, which requires the computation of several millions integrals for complex media.
Asymmetric ratio and FCM based salient channel selection for human emotion detection using EEG

Electroencephalogram (EEG) is one of the most reliable physiological signals used for detecting the emotional states of human brain. We propose Asymmetric Ratio (AR) based channel selection for human emotion recognition using EEG. Selection of channels reduces the feature size, computational load requirements and robustness of emotions classification. We address this crisis using Asymmetric Variance Ratio (AVR) and Amplitude Asymmetric Ratio (AAR) as new channel selection methods. Using these methods the 28 homogeneous pairs of EEG channels is reduced to 4 and 2 channel pairs respectively. These methods significantly reduce the number of homogeneous pair of channels to be used for emotion detection. This approach is illustrated with 5 distinct emotions (disgust, happy, surprise, sad, and fear) on 63 channels EEG data recorded from 5 healthy subjects. In this study, we used Multi-Resolution Analysis (MRA) based feature extraction the original and reduced set of channels for emotion classification. These approaches were empirically evaluated by using a simple unsupervised classifier, Fuzzy C-Means clustering with variable clusters. The paper concludes by discussing the impact of reduced channels on emotion recognition with larger number of channels and outlining the potential of the new channel selection method.
Role of Midline Thalamic Circuits in Limbic Seizures

and Introduction. 19 Materials and Methods.21 Results.25 Discussion.28 Figures.32 Chapter 3: Excitatory Amplification Through Divergent-Convergent Circuits: The Role of the Midline Thalamus in Limbic Seizures Abstract and Introduction.37 Materials and Methods.37 Results.42 Discussion.46 Figures.53and Introduction.37 Materials and Methods.37 Results.42 Discussion.46 Figures.53 Chapter 4: Increased GABA-ergic Inhibition in the Midline Thalamus Affects Signaling and Seizure Spread in the Hippocampus-Prefrontal Cortex Pathway Abstract and Introduction.61 Materials and Methods.63 Results.67 Discussion.69 Figures.72and Introduction.61 Materials and Methods.63 Results.67 Discussion.69 Figures.72 Chapter 5: Conclusion . 76 References . 82
Evaluating the specificity of text retrieval queries to support software engineering tasks

Text retrieval approaches have been used to address many software engineering tasks. In most cases, their use involves issuing a textual query to retrieve a set of relevant software artifacts from the system. The performance of all these approaches depends on the quality of the given query (i.e., its ability to describe the information need in such a way that the relevant software artifacts are retrieved during the search). Currently, the only way to tell that a query failed to lead to the expected software artifacts is by investing time and effort in analyzing the search results. In addition, it is often very difficult to ascertain what part of the query leads to poor results. We propose a novel pre-retrieval metric, which reflects the quality of a query by measuring the specificity of its terms. We exemplify the use of the new specificity metric on the task of concept location in source code. A preliminary empirical study shows that our metric is a good effort predictor for text retrieval-based concept location, outperforming existing techniques from the field of natural language document retrieval.
Sources of cortical rhythms in adults during physiological aging: A multicentric EEG study

This electroencephalographic (EEG) study tested whether cortical EEG rhythms (especially delta and alpha) show a progressive increasing or decreasing trend across physiological aging. To this aim, we analyzed the type of correlation (linear and nonlinear) between cortical EEG rhythms and age. Resting eyes‐closed EEG data were recorded in 108 young (Nyoung; age range: 18–50 years, mean age 27.3 ± 7.3 SD) and 107 elderly (Nold; age range: 51–85 years, mean age 67.3 ± 9.2 SD) subjects. The EEG rhythms of interest were delta (2–4 Hz), theta (4–8 Hz), alpha 1 (8–10.5 Hz), alpha 2 (10.5–13 Hz), beta 1 (13–20 Hz), and beta 2 (20–30 Hz). EEG cortical sources were estimated by low‐resolution brain electromagnetic tomography (LORETA). Statistical results showed that delta sources in the occipital area had significantly less magnitude in Nold compared to Nyoung subjects. Similarly, alpha 1 and alpha 2 sources in the parietal, occipital, temporal, and limbic areas had significantly less magnitude in Nold compared to Nyoung subjects. These nine EEG sources were given as input for evaluating the type (linear, exponential, logarithmic, and power) of correlation with age. When subjects were considered as a single group there was a significant linear correlation of age with the magnitude of delta sources in the occipital area and of alpha 1 sources in occipital and limbic areas. The same was true for alpha 2 sources in the parietal, occipital, temporal, and limbic areas. In general, the EEG sources showing significant linear correlation with age also supported a nonlinear correlation with age. These results suggest that the occipital delta and posterior cortical alpha rhythms decrease in magnitude during physiological aging with both linear and nonlinear trends. In conclusion, this new methodological approach holds promise for the prediction of dementia in mild cognitive impairment by regional source rather than surface EEG data and by both linear and nonlinear predictors. Hum Brain Mapp, 2005. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Strongly Coupled Tin‐Halide Perovskites to Modulate Light Emission: Tunable 550–640 nm Light Emission (FWHM 36–80 nm) with a Quantum Yield of up to 6.4%

Colloidal perovskite quantum dots represent one of the most promising materials for applications in solar cells and photoluminescences. These devices require a low density of crystal defects and a high yield of photogenerated carriers, which are difficult to realize in tin‐halide perovskite because of the intrinsic instability of tin during nucleation. Here, an enhancement in the luminescent property of tin‐halide perovskite nanoplates (TPNPs) that are composed of strongly coupled layered structures with the chemical formula of PEA2SnX4 (PEA = C6H5(CH2)2NH3, X = Br, I) is reported. TPNPs (X = I) show an emission at a wavelength of 640 nm, with high quantum yield of 6.40 ± 0.14% and full width at half maximum (FWHM) as small as 36 nm. The presence of aliphatic carboxylic acid is found to play a key role in reducing the tin perovskite defect density, which significantly improves the emission intensity and stability of TPNPs. Upon mixing iodo‐ and bromo‐ precursors, the emission wavelength is successfully tuned from 640 nm (PEA2SnI4) to 550 nm (PEA2SnBr4), with a corresponding emission quantum yield and FWHM of 0.16–6.40% and 36–80 nm, respectively. The results demonstrate a major advance for the emission yield and tunability of tin‐halide perovskites.
A Novel GMM-Based Behavioral Modeling Approach for Smartwatch-Based Driver Authentication

All drivers have their own distinct driving habits, and usually hold and operate the steering wheel differently in different driving scenarios. In this study, we proposed a novel Gaussian mixture model (GMM)-based method that can improve the traditional GMM in modeling driving behavior. This new method can be applied to build a better driver authentication system based on the accelerometer and orientation sensor of a smartwatch. To demonstrate the feasibility of the proposed method, we created an experimental system that analyzes driving behavior using the built-in sensors of a smartwatch. The experimental results for driver authentication—an equal error rate (EER) of 4.62% in the simulated environment and an EER of 7.86% in the real-traffic environment—confirm the feasibility of this approach.
Bayesian Phylogenetic Inference Using a Combinatorial Sequential Monte Carlo Method

The application of Bayesian methods to large-scale phylogenetics problems is increasingly limited by computational issues, motivating the development of methods that can complement existing Markov chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) schemes. Sequential Monte Carlo (SMC) methods are approximate inference algorithms that have become very popular for time series models. Such methods have been recently developed to address phylogenetic inference problems but currently available techniques are only applicable to a restricted class of phylogenetic tree models compared to MCMC. In this article, we propose an original combinatorial SMC (CSMC) method to approximate posterior phylogenetic tree distributions, which is applicable to a general class of models and can be easily combined with MCMC to infer evolutionary parameters. Our method only relies on the existence of a flexible partially ordered set structure and is more generally applicable to sampling problems on combinatorial spaces. We demonstrate that the proposed CSMC algorithm provides consistent estimates under weak assumptions, is computationally fast, and is additionally easily parallelizable. Supplementary materials for this article are available online.
Mechanisms Underlying the Emergence of Object Representations during Infancy

The effects of individual versus category training, using behavioral indices of stimulus discrimination and neural ERPs indices of holistic processing, were examined in infants. Following pretraining assessments at 6 months, infants were sent home with training books of objects for 3 months. One group of infants was trained with six different strollers labeled individually, and another group was trained with the same six strollers labeled at the category level (i.e., “stroller”). Infants returned for posttraining assessments at 9 months. Discrimination of objects was facilitated for infants trained with the individually labeled strollers but was unchanged after training at the category level. Relative to pretraining and to category-level training, individual-level training resulted in increased holistic processing of strollers recorded over occipital brain regions. These results suggest that labeling nonface objects individually, in infancy, facilitates discrimination and leads to the emergence of holistic neural representations not present with category-level labeling.
Intraoperative complications of cataract surgeries in Iran: 2000-2005 Iranian cataract surgery survey

Purpose: To determine the incidence and determinants of intraoperative complications of cataract surgeries performed in Iran during 2000 to 2005 Methods: The Iranian Cataract Surgery Survey (ICSS) is a retrospective study in which random sampling was done from selected centers. One week per season between 2000 and 2005 was assigned to each center and records of cataract surgeries performed during these weeks were studied to determine the type of surgery, the type of cataract, and intraoperative complications. Results: A total of 13,409 records of cataract surgery were reviewed. The rate of intraoperative complications was 3.03% [95% confidence interval (CI): 2.5-3.5%]. Intraoperative complications were not significantly correlated with age or gender. The most common complication was posterior capsule rupture (PCR) with a rate of 2.82% (95% CI: 2.2-3.4%) followed by vitreous loss (2.76%; 95% CI: 2.2-3.32%). Subconjunctival hemorrhage and nucleus drop into the vitreous occurred in 0.21% and 0.01% of surgeries, respectively. The risk of intraoperative complications was highest with intracapsular cataract surgery (36.17%) and lowest with phacoemulsification (2.29%). In terms of type of cataract, intraoperative complications were highest with traumatic cataract (12.55%) and lowest with senile cataract (2.77%).
A New Treatment Option in Osteoarthritis: Prolotherapy Injections

Osteoarthritis is the most common degenerative disorder, and one of the major causes of physical disability in adults. Unfortunately many people experience arthroplasty or other major surgeries, in spite of improvements of the conservative options. There is a need for efficient treatment methods in this group of patients. Prolotherapy is one of the simple and safe injection-based complementary method and it’s efficiency was proved in the musculoskeletal problems. The aim of this article is to present current perspectives of prolotherapy in osteoarthritis.
Parallel evolution of ecomorphological traits in the European whitefish Coregonus lavaretus (L.) species complex during postglacial times

The extensive phenotypic polymorphism in the European whitefish has triggered evolutionary research in order to disentangle mechanisms underlying diversification. To illuminate the ecological distinctiveness in polymorphic whitefish, and evaluate taxonomic designations, we studied nine Norwegian lakes in three watercourses, which each harboured pairs of divergent whitefish morphs. We compared the morphology and life history of these morphs, documented the extent of genetic differentiation between them, and contrasted the niche use of sympatric morphs along both the habitat and resource axes. In all cases, sympatric morphs differed in the number of gill rakers, a highly heritable trait related to trophic utilization. Individual growth rate, age and size at maturity, diet and habitat use also differed between morphs within lakes, but were remarkably similar across lakes within the same morph. Microsatellite analyses confirmed for all but one pair that sympatric morphs were significantly genetically different, and that similar morphs from different lakes likely have a polyphyletic origin. These results are most compatible with the process of parallel evolution through recurrent postglacial divergence into pelagic and benthic niches in each of these lakes. We propose that sparsely and densely rakered whitefish sympatric pairs may be a likely case of ecological speciation, mediated in oligotrophic lakes with few trophic competitors.