Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Calcium-dependent depolarizations originating in lizard motor nerve terminals

Action potentials and afterpotentials were recorded via a microelectrode inserted into motor axons innervating the lizard ceratomandibularis muscle. Intra-axonal injection of Lucifer yellow dye indicated that these axons innervate multiple (at least 6–25) motor terminals. In 10 mM tetraethylammonium (TEA), the action potential was followed by a sequence of afterpotentials, whose amplitude and duration increased with increasing proximity to motor nerve terminals. In axons impaled within 1 mm of their most distal terminals, these afterpotentials included a depolarizing plateau (mean amplitude and duration: 32 mV, 24 msec) and a subsequent smaller depolarization that decayed over a time course of several hundred milliseconds. These depolarizing afterpotentials were Ca dependent: They increased with increasing bath [Ca] and were abolished by low [Ca]-high [Mg] solutions, by omega-conotoxin (GVIA, 1 microM), by addition of Cd (1 microM) or Mn (0.3–1 mM) to the bath, and by selective perfusion of Cd over the terminal region. In [Ca]-free solutions the afterpotentials were restored by selective perfusion of Ca over the terminal region but not by Ca applied to the more proximal nerve trunk. When Na influx was eliminated by 1–10 microM tetrodotoxin or by substitution of TEA for bath Na, passage of depolarizing current into the axon evoked prolonged depolarizing afterpotentials that were blocked by Mn. Bay K 8644 (0.1–1 microM), a dihydropyridine that prolongs the opening of certain calcium channels, enhanced mainly the slower component of the depolarizing afterpotential. Nimodipine (0.1–1 microM), a dihydropyridine that favors the closed state of some calcium channels, shortened the plateau phase of the depolarizing afterpotential. Another antagonist dihydropyridine, nitrendipine (0.1–1 microM), had little or no effect on the depolarizing afterpotential but did antagonize the actions of Bay K 8644. These results suggest that the intraaxonally recorded Ca- dependent afterpotentials are caused by electrotonic spread of depolarizations produced by calcium influx into that axon's terminals and that some motor nerve terminal calcium channels are sensitive to certain dihydropyridines.
Dietary assessment methods on n-3 fatty acid intake: a systematic review

In order to assess nutritional adequacy, valid estimates of nutrient intake are required. Specifically, the EURopean micronutrient RECommendations Aligned (EURRECA) Network of Excellence needs clear guidelines for assessing the validity of reported micronutrient intakes and n-3 fatty acid (FA) intakes. The aim of the present study was to review the validity of methods used to measure the usual n-3 FA intake of a population. A systematic literature search was conducted for studies validating the methodology used for measuring the dietary intake of n-3 FA. The quality of the validation studies and the quality of the different dietary assessment methods were assessed using scoring systems developed by EURRECA. Fourteen papers, describing twenty studies, were identified for inclusion. According to the score system developed by EURRECA, all the studies were ranked as average, except two that were ranked as poor. The correlation coefficients between FA in subcutaneous fat and dietary intake of n-3 FA from four FFQ, one weighed record and one 24-h recall ranged between 0·40 and 0·60. Correlations between intake of n-3 FA from five FFQ, one dietary history and three weighed records and blood lipids were similar to the ones observed for subcutaneous fat. The summarised quality of the n-3 FA estimates derived from the FFQ was judged as good or acceptable according to the EURRECA scoring system. The literature describes subcutaneous fat as the best reference method, and the studies where this was used had moderate correlation coefficients and no dietary intake method was superior to any other.
Attainable payoffs in repeated games with interdependent private information

In this paper I prove two folk theorems for repeated games with private information and communication, in which signal spaces may be arbitrary, signals may be statistically interdependent, and payoffs for each player may depend on the signals of other players. (1) In games with transferable utility, if an outcome rule (i) is potentially individually rational and can be implemented by an (ii) interim incentive compatible and (iii) ex post budget balanced mechanism in the stage game, then the level of aggregate utility it provides can also be implemented as the average aggregate utility of a stationary perfect public equilibrium in the infinitely repeated game, given a sufficiently high discount factor. (2) In games without transferable utility, if an expected payoff profile (i) is individually rational and (ii) can be implemented by an interim incentive compatible mechanism in the stage game, if (iii) the convex hull of such payoff profiles has non-empty interior, and (iv) if the probability measure over signals satisfies a condition guaranteeing ex post weighted budget balance, then the payoff profile can be approximated as the average utility profile of a PPE in the infinitely repeated game, as the discount factor approaches unity. Finally, I show that the condition guaranteeing ex post weighted budget balance, (iv), is satisfied by both independent and globally interdependent probability measures. JEL Classifications: C72 (Noncooperative games), C73 (Stochastic & dynamic games), D82 (Asymmetric & private information) ∗Address: Department of Economics, 9500 Gilman Dr., La Jolla, CA 92093–0508. Email: d9miller@ ucsd.edu. Home page: http://dss.ucsd.edu/∼d9miller. This paper is based on the first chapter of my Ph.D. dissertation at Stanford University. I thank Susan Athey, Ilya Segal, and Steven Tadelis, my dissertation committee, for their valuable guidance. I have also benefited from discussions with Jonathan Levin, Navin Kartik, Mark Machina, Andrzej Skrzypacz, Joel Sobel, and Joel Watson, and from the comments of seminar participants at UCSD and the Southwest Economic Theory Conference. This research is supported in part by the Stanford Institute for Economic Policy Research.
An Extended Evaluation Framework for Neural Network Publications in Sales Forecasting

While artificial neural networks (NN) promise superior performance in forecasting theory, they are not an established method in business practice. The vast degrees of freedom in modeling NNs have lead to countless publications on heuristic approaches to simplify modeling, training, network selection and evaluation. However, not all studies have conducted experiments with the same scientific rigor, limiting their relevance to further NN research and practice. Consequently, we propose a systematic evaluation to identify successful heuristics and derive sound guidelines to NN modeling from publications. As each forecasting domain of predictive classification or regression imposes different heuristics on specific datasets, a literature review is conducted, identifying 47 publications within the homogeneous business domain of sales forecasting and demand planning out of 4790 publications within the domain of NN forecasting. The identified publications are evaluated through a framework regarding their validity in experiment design and reliability through documentation, in order to identify and promote preeminent publications, derive recommendations for future experiments and identify gaps in current research and practice.
Grasp planning with soft hands using Bounding Box object decomposition

In this paper, we present a method to plan grasps for soft hands. Considering that soft hands can easily conform to the shape an the object, with preference to certain types of basic geometries and dimensions, we decompose the object into one type of these geometries, particularly into Minimal Volume Bounding Boxes (MVBBs), which are proved to be efficiently graspable by the hand we use. A set of hand poses are then generated using geometric information extracted from such MVBBs. All hand postures are used in a dynamic simulator of the PISA/IIT Soft Hand and put on a test to evaluate if a proposed hand posture leads to a successful grasp. We show, through a set of numerical simulations, that the probability of success of the hand poses generated with the proposed algorithm is very good and represents an evident improvement with respect to our previous results published in [1].
Privacy-Enhanced Architecture for Occupancy-Based HVAC Control

Large-scale sensing and actuation infrastructures have allowed buildings to achieve significant energy savings; at the same time, these technologies introduce significant privacy risks that must be addressed. In this paper, we present a framework for modeling the trade-off between improved control performance and increased privacy risks due to occupancy sensing. More specifically, we consider occupancy-based HVAC control as the control objective and the location traces of individual occupants as the private variables. Previous studies have shown that individual location information can be inferred from occupancy measurements. To ensure privacy, we design an architecture that distorts the occupancy data in order to hide individual occupant location information while maintaining HVAC performance. Using mutual information between the individual's location trace and the reported occupancy measurement as a privacy metric, we are able to optimally design a scheme to minimize privacy risk subject to a control performance guarantee. We evaluate our framework using real-world occupancy data: first, we verify that our privacy metric accurately assesses the adversary's ability to infer private variables from the distorted sensor measurements; then, we show that control performance is maintained through simulations of building operations using these distorted occupancy readings.
Intra- and inter-tumor heterogeneity in a vemurafenib-resistant melanoma patient and derived xenografts

The development of targeted inhibitors, like vemurafenib, has greatly improved the clinical outcome of BRAFV600E metastatic melanoma. However, resistance to such compounds represents a formidable problem. Using whole‐exome sequencing and functional analyses, we have investigated the nature and pleiotropy of vemurafenib resistance in a melanoma patient carrying multiple drug‐resistant metastases. Resistance was caused by a plethora of mechanisms, all of which reactivated the MAPK pathway. In addition to three independent amplifications and an aberrant form of BRAFV600E, we identified a new activating insertion in MEK1. This MEK1T55delinsRT mutation could be traced back to a fraction of the pre‐treatment lesion and not only provided protection against vemurafenib but also promoted local invasion of transplanted melanomas. Analysis of patient‐derived xenografts (PDX) from therapy‐refractory metastases revealed that multiple resistance mechanisms were present within one metastasis. This heterogeneity, both inter‐ and intra‐tumorally, caused an incomplete capture in the PDX of the resistance mechanisms observed in the patient. In conclusion, vemurafenib resistance in a single patient can be established through distinct events, which may be preexisting. Furthermore, our results indicate that PDX may not harbor the full genetic heterogeneity seen in the patient's melanoma.
The prevalence of metabolic syndrome among young adults in Izmir, Turkey.

OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence of metabolic syndrome and its components among the young adult ages in Izmir, Turkey. METHODS A population-based cross-sectional study was held including 885 subjects aged between 20 to 39 years from 45 primary health care centres in Konak, which is the biggest urban area in Izmir. A stratified sampling method was used to select the participants of 318 males and 567 females. In the study, metabolic syndrome was classified according to NCEP ATP III criterion on the basis of metabolic risk factors evaluated between December 2001 and April 2002. RESULTS The crude prevalence of metabolic syndrome (having three or more of the metabolic risk factors) was 3.6% among 20 and 29 years old men and 19.6% among 30 and 39 years old men and the increase by age was significant (p<0.001). The results were similar in women and the crude prevalence of metabolic syndrome increased significantly from 7.5 % in 20 and 29 years old women to 24 % in 30 and 39 years old women (p<0.001). With regard to the highest prevalences of the first three metabolic risk factors, hypertriglyceridemia, low HDL-cholesterol and high blood pressure, the age-adjusted prevalence of the metabolic syndrome was significantly higher in women than in men and all subjects (15% vs 10.2% vs 13.6%, p<0.01) respectively. CONCLUSION This study revealed that the prevalence of metabolic syndrome was extremely high between young adults in urban areas and the most prevalent components of the metabolic syndrome were found to be high triglycerides, low HDL cholesterol, high blood pressure, abdominal obesity and high fasting glucose, respectively.
Optimizing features extraction parameters for speaker verification

In this paper the role of the frame length on the computation of Mel Frequency Cepstral Coefficients (MFCCs) is investigated in a text-dependent speaker verification system. The variations of vocal characteristics of subjects along the time and the related information conveyed in the MFCCs cause a significant degradation on verification performance. In our experiments we tested the use of different frame lengths for feature extraction in the training and in the verification phases, for a set of speakers whose speech productions were spanned over approximately 3 months. Results show that a suitable choice of the frame lengths combination for training and testing phases can improve performance. The approach shows its potentialities up to 40% in ER reduction for female speakers and up to 58% for the male subset.
Working Effectively in a Matrix: Building and Sustaining Cooperation

The complexities of today's organizations have made it increasingly challenging for leaders to encourage and sustain a culture of cooperation. As organizations become flatter and leaner and people are required to do "more with less," the key to success is the ability to coordinate decisions and actions across organizational boundaries and gain the support of people who often have competing priorities or conflicting goals. Further, the increasing prevalence of virtual teamwork and widespread use of e-collaboration tools have additional implications for how leaders encourage cooperation and coordinate work. This article explores the critical organizational factors and leadership skills that are required to build a culture of cooperation in today's highly matrix, and often virtual, organizations.
Comparison of Similarity Models for the Relation Discovery Task

We present results on the relation discovery task, which addresses some of the shortcomings of supervised relation extraction by applying minimally supervised methods. We describe a detailed experimental design that compares various configurations of conceptual representations and similarity measures across six different subsets of the ACE relation extraction data. Previous work on relation discovery used a semantic space based on a term-by-document matrix. We find that representations based on term co-occurrence perform significantly better. We also observe further improvements when reducing the dimensionality of the term co-occurrence matrix using probabilistic topic models, though these are not significant.
Relationship between socioeconomic status and asthma: a longitudinal cohort study

Background: There is conflicting information about the relationship between asthma and socioeconomic status, with different studies reporting no, positive, or inverse associations. Most of these studies have been cross sectional in design and have relied on subjective markers of asthma such as symptoms of wheeze. Many have been unable to control adequately for potential confounding factors. Methods: We report a prospective cohort study of approximately 1000 individuals born in Dunedin, New Zealand in 1972–3. This sample has been assessed regularly throughout childhood and into adulthood, with detailed information collected on asthma symptoms, lung function, airway responsiveness, and atopy. The prevalence of these in relation to measures of socioeconomic status were analysed with and without controls for potential confounding influences including parental history of asthma, smoking, breast feeding, and birth order using cross sectional time series models. Results: No consistent association was found between childhood or adult socioeconomic status and asthma prevalence, lung function, or airway responsiveness at any age. Having asthma made no difference to educational attainment or socioeconomic status by age 26. There were trends to increased atopy in children from higher socioeconomic status families consistent with previous reports. Conclusions: Socioeconomic status in childhood had no significant impact on the prevalence of asthma in this New Zealand born cohort. Generalisation of these results to other societies should be done with caution, but our results suggest that the previously reported associations may be due to confounding.
Planning Ahead to Provide Scheduler Choice

ABSTRACT The DECAF agent architecture views the functions of \planning to achieve objectives" and \scheduling start times of speci c actions" as separate but interrelated agent components that may operate at di erent time scales. DECAF has a scheduler that selects actions at runtime based on a dynamic user-speci ed utility function that considers action quality, cost, and duration. To make good use of the intelligent scheduler, a planner must provide the scheduler with appropriate choices. Every autonomous DECAF agent also includes an HTN planner that designs plans to make use of the scheduler's intelligence. Previous contingency planners have focused on making a plan responsive to unmet preconditions or the value of certain runtime variables. We explore two new kinds of contingency planning: planning to allow the scheduler to make runtime choices about \pre-planned" alternative actions; and planning alternatives to maximize plan exibility when the scheduler responds to a changing user-provided utility function.
Orbit and coset analysis of the Golay and related codes

Let b be a code of length n over a field F, with automorphism group G; b/sub w/ denotes the subset of codewords of weight w. The goal is to classify the vectors of F/sup n/ into orbits under G and to determine their distances from the various subcodes b/sub w/. This is done for the first-order Reed-Muller, Nordstrom-Robinson, and Hamming codes of length 16, the Golay and shortened Golay codes of lengths 22, 23, 24, and the ternary Golay code of length 12. >
Distinguishing Mineralized Intensity Based on Lacunarity Index of Au Element Grade

Mineralized intensity is one of the key problems in the study of ore deposit. The mineralization degree in drifts can be categorized into non-mineralized, weakly mineralized, mineralized ranks based on the number of the gold grades greater than cut-off. In this paper, the lacunarity analysis is utilized to analyze the mineralized intensity in drifts of the Dayingezhuang gold ore deposit in Jiaodong, Shandong province, China. It shows that with the increase of mineralized rank, the lacunarity index becomes greater. The results will provide information for both the ore-forming process and the exploitation.
Creating melodies with evolving recurrent neural networks

Music composition is a domain well-suited for evolutionary reinforcement learning. Instead of applying explicit composition rules, a neural network is used to generate melodies. An evolutionary algorithm is used to find a neural network that maximizes the chance of generating good melodies. Composition rules on tonality and rhythm are used as a fitness function for the evolution. We observe that the model learns to generate melodies according to these rules with interesting variations.
Computing column bases of polynomial matrices

Given a matrix of univariate polynomials over a field <i>K</i>, its columns generate a <i>K</i>[<i>x</i>]-module. We call any basis of this module a column basis of the given matrix. Matrix gcds and matrix normal forms are examples of such module bases. In this paper we present a deterministic algorithm for the computation of a column basis of an <i>m</i> x <i>n</i> input matrix with <i>m</i> ≤ <i>n</i>. If <i>s</i> is the average column degree of the input matrix, this algorithm computes a column basis with a cost of Õ(<i>nm</i><sup>ω-1</sup>s) field operations in <i>K</i>. Here the soft-<i>O</i> notation is Big-<i>O</i> with log factors removed while ω is the exponent of matrix multiplication. Note that the average column degree <i>s</i> is bounded by the commonly used matrix degree that is also the maximum column degree of the input matrix.
The nuclear domain 10 (ND10) is disrupted by the human cytomegalovirus gene product IE1.

The nuclear domain 10 (ND10) is modified during the life cycle of a number of viruses. In this study we report the effect of infection with human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) on the ND10 proteins PML, Sp100, and NDP52. Immunofluorescence analyses revealed that 1-2 h after infection (p.i.) with HCMV the immediate early gene (IE) products IE1 and IE2 transiently colocalize with ND10 proteins. At 4 h p.i. the IE gene products were distributed throughout the nucleus, which was accompanied by a complete disruption of ND10, affecting all analyzed proteins. Transfection studies using different HCMV-cDNA expression plasmids revealed that the expression of IE1 alone was sufficient to induce this disruption. As reported for other ND10-modifying viral proteins, no direct interaction between IE1 and the analyzed ND10 proteins could be detected. The disruption of ND10 by HCMV IE1 is very similar to that described for HSV-1 ICP0. Although there is no sequence similarity between proteins, this observation might suggest similar functions in virus-host interactions.
Supersymmetric sources, integrability and generalized-structure compactifications

In the context of supersymmetric compactifications of type II supergravity to four dimensions, we show that orientifold sources can be compatible with a generalized SU(3) × SU(3)-structure that is neither strictly SU(3) nor static SU(2). We illustrate this with explicit examples, obtained by suitably T-dualizing known solutions on the six-torus. In addition we prove the following integrability statements, valid under certain mild assumptions: (a) for general type II supergravity backgrounds with orientifold and/or D-brane generalized-calibrated sources, the source-corrected Einstein and dilaton equations of motion follow automatically from the supersymmetry equations once the likewise source-corrected form equations of motion and Bianchi identities are imposed; (b) in the special case of supersymmetric compactifications to four-dimensional Minkowski space, the equations of motion of all fields, including the NSNS three-form, follow automatically once the supersymmetry and the Bianchi identities of the forms are imposed. Both (a) and (b) are equally valid whether the sources are smeared or localized. As a byproduct we obtain the calibration form for a space-filling NS5-brane.