Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Delineating prototypical patterns of substance use initiations over time.

AIMS The purpose of this paper is to discover patterns of drug use initiations over time through a multiple event process survival mixture model (MEPSUM model), a novel approach for substance use and prevention research. DESIGN The MEPSUM model combines survival analysis and mixture modeling-specifically latent class analysis-to examine individual differences in the timing of initiation and cumulative risk of substance use over time, and is applied to cross-sectional survey data on drug initiations. SETTING Data are drawn from the 2009 National Survey on Drug Use and Health. PARTICIPANTS The survey includes responses from 55 772 individuals (52.05% female). MEASUREMENTS The age of first use of nine different types of substances are examined, including alcohol, tobacco, cocaine and non-medical use of prescription drugs. FINDINGS It is argued that six patterns parsimoniously describe the population's risk of initiating different substances over time, described colloquially as general abstainers; early, late and progressive soft drug users; and early and late hard drug users. Both gender and ethnicity significantly predict the patterns, with Caucasians and males having a higher risk for the hard drug-using patterns. The MEPSUM model produced stable results in this application, as the patterns are validated in a split-sample design. CONCLUSIONS The MEPSUM model provides a statistical framework from which to evaluate patterns of risk for drug initiations over time and predict substance use trajectories relevant to public health interventions. The patterns that result from the model can be used as outcomes for subsequent investigations of etiological and mediating mechanisms.
Phenol-Explorer 2.0: a major update of the Phenol-Explorer database integrating data on polyphenol metabolism and pharmacokinetics in humans and experimental animals

Phenol-Explorer, launched in 2009, is the only comprehensive web-based database on the content in foods of polyphenols, a major class of food bioactives that receive considerable attention due to their role in the prevention of diseases. Polyphenols are rarely absorbed and excreted in their ingested forms, but extensively metabolized in the body, and until now, no database has allowed the recall of identities and concentrations of polyphenol metabolites in biofluids after the consumption of polyphenol-rich sources. Knowledge of these metabolites is essential in the planning of experiments whose aim is to elucidate the effects of polyphenols on health. Release 2.0 is the first major update of the database, allowing the rapid retrieval of data on the biotransformations and pharmacokinetics of dietary polyphenols. Data on 375 polyphenol metabolites identified in urine and plasma were collected from 236 peer-reviewed publications on polyphenol metabolism in humans and experimental animals and added to the database by means of an extended relational design. Pharmacokinetic parameters have been collected and can be retrieved in both tabular and graphical form. The web interface has been enhanced and now allows the filtering of information according to various criteria. Phenol-Explorer 2.0, which will be periodically updated, should prove to be an even more useful and capable resource for polyphenol scientists because bioactivities and health effects of polyphenols are dependent on the nature and concentrations of metabolites reaching the target tissues. The Phenol-Explorer database is publicly available and can be found online at http://www.phenol-explorer.eu. Database URL: http://www.phenol-explorer.eu
Expressive prosody for unit-selection speech synthesis

Current unit selection speech synthesis voices cannot produce emphasis or interrogative contours because of a lack of the necessary prosodic variation in the recorded speech database. A method of recording script design is proposed which addresses this shortcoming. Appropriate components were added to the target cost function of the Festival Multisyn engine, and a perceptual evaluation showed a clear preference over the baseline system.
Quality of life among children aged 2-17 years in the five Nordic countries. Comparison between 1984 and 1996.

BACKGROUND The aim of the study was to analyse children's quality of life (QoL) in the five Nordic countries from 1984 to 1996, a period in which major economic recessions occurred. METHODS The study design was cross-sectional based on a random sample of 3000 children in each country, aged 2 to 17 years, totalling 15,000 in 1984 and 15,000 in 1996. The data were collected by mailed questionnaires. QoL was analysed for three spheres of life: external, interpersonal, personal including both factual and perceived variables. The external sphere represented the socio-economic conditions for the child's family, the interpersonal sphere the structure and the function of the child's social networks and the personal sphere the psychological well-being of the child. RESULTS The total QoL for Nordic children from 1984 to 1996 increased, but there were differences in the development of QoL between the countries. The objective QoL became better, at the same time the subjective QoL worsened, except in Denmark and Iceland. The external QoL became better, whereas the interpersonal QoL was nearly unchanged but there were differences in the development between countries. The personal QoL worsened slightly except for children in Iceland. The ranking between countries changed. Danish children had the highest subjective and Norwegian children the highest objective and external QoL. Swedish children had the highest personal QoL. Children 7-12 years had the highest QoL. Girls had a tendency to higher QoL in all ages. CONCLUSION Nordic children still enjoy a high standard of living in spite of economic constraints, and the prerequisites for a high QoL are fulfilled. Further research is suggested for clarifying the complex background of these results.
Families of Children with Autism: A Synthesis of Family Routines Literature

This paper provides a selective review and synthesis of the occupation-focused literature on routines of families of children with autism, in order to identify commonalities, critique the disability/barriers perspective often employed in research with these families, and to offer suggestions for further research. Identified commonalities include (a) tension between the need for and difficulty with routines, (b) the link between family routines and health of the family, (c) family participation as patterned around the child with autism, (d) pursuit of routines in the face of challenges, (e) difficult routines, (f) meaningful routines for family bonding, and (g) adaptations families make to routines. We go beyond the research findings to address how the “embrace of paradox” impacts caregivers’ perceptions of family routines. Finally, we offer suggestions for the way forward in occupational science research with families with children with autism, in order to address gaps in the literature and move towards identifying keys to successful family participation.
Impact of a Student Response System on Short- and Long-Term Learning in a Drug Literature Evaluation Course

Objective. To evaluate the effectiveness of a student response system on short- and long-term learning in a required second-year pharmacy course. Method. Student volunteers enrolled in the course Drug Literature Evaluation were blinded and randomized to 1 of 2 groups. Group 1 attended a lecture in which the instructor used a student response system. Group 2 attended the same lecture by the same instructor an hour later, but no student response system was used. A 16-point unannounced quiz on the lecture material was administered to both groups at the end of class. Approximately 1 month later, both groups were given another unannounced quiz on the same material to test long-term student learning. Results. One hundred seventy-nine (92.3%) students participated in both quizzes. Students who attended the class in which the student response system was used scored an average 1 point higher on quiz 1 than students who were assigned to the control group (10.7 vs. 9.7; p = 0.02). No significant difference was seen between the quiz 2 scores of the 2 groups (9.5 vs. 9.5; p = 0.99). Conclusions. The use of a student response system can positively impact students' short-term learning; however, that positive effect did not appear to last over time. Faculty members may want to consider the use of student response systems to enhance student learning in large lecture classes.
Mobile Activity Recognition through Training Labels with Inaccurate Activity Segments

In this paper, we propose an approach to improve mobile activity recognition, given a training dataset with inaccurate segments, in which the beginning and ending timestamps of homogeneous and continuous activities have inaccurate boundaries due to human errors. In the proposed approach, we A) convert the training dataset to multilabel samples, B) train the dataset by using a multilabel expectation maximization learning algorithm, and C) apply a segmentation method using not only the estimated labels but also the original segment information. We evaluate the proposed approach for three datasets, including simulation data and real activity data, two machine-learning algorithms, and various inaccuracies, and show that the proposed approach outperforms the naive methods as follows: 1) it fixes the segments of the training data and 2) improves the recognition accuracy through cross validation.
Joint Angle Specificity of Fixed Mass Versus Hydraulic Resistance Knee Flexion Training

Ten untrained 18- to 22-year-old subjects trained one leg using isoinertial fixed-mass (FM) and the other leg using hydraulic resistance (HR) to determine the effect on the torque-position knee flexion curve. Three sets of 10 reps were performed three times a week for 8 weeks. Strength was evaluated using a 1-RM test at 60 and 240°/sec isokinetically. Both legs increased in 1-RM and isokinetic strength. The FM leg increased more than the HR leg in the 1-RM test and across the range of motion for both isokinetic test velocities. Increases in strength were similar at the different joint positions in the range of motion for both legs. The results indicate that FM training can increase strength at the strongest as well as the weakest points in the range of motion, and that at least for this training protocol and this population of subjects, FM training may induce greater increases in strength than HR training.
Memory for irony in prose

Subjects read eight short editorials which either made their arguments nonironically or in which one or two “Critical Sentences” made sense only if interpreted as ironic. On a subsequent recognition memory test, using as probes “Old” sentences and “New” sentences obtained by independently manipulating syntactic form, semantic content, and the direct‐ironic “polarity,” subjects' memory for polarity information was found to be far better than that for syntax and not significantly different from that for semantic content. Although this suggests that the presence of irony is treated by the reader as a meaningful aspect of the editorials, preliminary attempts to identify some meaning for irony proved unsuccessful.
Intraoperative use of remifentanil and opioid induced hyperalgesia/acute opioid tolerance: systematic review

Introduction: The use of opioids has been increasing in operating room and intensive care unit to provide perioperative analgesia as well as stable hemodynamics. However, many authors have suggested that the use of opioids is associated with the expression of acute opioid tolerance (AOT) and opioid-induced hyperalgesia (OIH) in experimental studies and clinical observations in dose and/or time dependent exposure even when used within the clinically accepted doses. Recently, remifentanil has been used for pain management during anesthesia as well as in the intensive care units because of its rapid onset and offset. Objectives: Search of the available literature to assess remifentanil AOT and OIH based on available published data. Methods: We reviewed articles analyzing remifentanil AOT and OIH, and focused our literature search on evidence based information. Experimental and clinical studies were identified using electronic searches of Medline (PubMed, Ovid, Springer, and Elsevier, ClinicalKey). Results: Our results showed that the development of remifentanil AOT and OIH is a clinically significant phenomenon requiring further research. Discussions and Conclusions: AOT – defined as an increase in the required opioid dose to maintain adequate analgesia, and OIH – defined as decreased pain threshold after chronic opioid treatment, should be suspected with any unexplained pain report unassociated with the disease progression. The clinical significance of these findings was evaluated taking into account multiple methodological issues including the dose and duration of opioids administration, the different infusion mode, the co-administrated anesthetic drug’s effect, method assessing pain sensitivity, and the repetitive and potentially tissue damaging nature of the stimuli used to determine the threshold during opioid infusion. Future studies need to investigate the contribution of remifentanil induced hyperalgesia to chronic pain and the role of pharmacological modulation to reverse this process.
EARLY YEARS EDUCATION AND CHILDREN WITH BEHAVIOURAL AND EMOTIONAL DIFFICULTIES: NURTURING PARENTAL INVOLVEMENT?

The involvement of parents in early years education has increasingly been advocated as a strategy for meeting the needs of young emotionally disturbed children. We summarise the ideal of parental involvement in the early years as expressed within recent government initiatives. We also draw on a case study of a nurture group in a primary school situated in an inner‐city area of severe deprivation. Against this background, we explore notions of the involvement of parents as a partnership. We suggest that, in providing education for young children with emotional and behavioural difficulties, the nurturing of parental involvement is inherently problematic.
The lunar atmosphere: History, status, current problems, and context

After decades of speculation and fruitless searches by observers, the lunar atmosphere was first observed by Apollo surface and orbital instruments beginning in 1971. With the end of Apollo missions in 1972 and the termination of funding for Apollo lunar ground station observations in 1977 the field withered for many years, but it has recently enjoyed a renaissance. This renewal was initiated by the discovery of lunar atmospheric sodium and potassium by ground‐based observers and was furthered by the in situ detection of metal ions derived from the Moon in interplanetary space, the possible discoveries of H2O ice at the poles of the Moon and Mercury, and the detection of tenuous atmospheres around other remote sites in the solar system, including Mercury and several Galilean satellites. In this review I attempt to summarize the present state of knowledge about the lunar atmosphere, describe the important physical processes taking place within it, and compare the lunar atmosphere with other tenuous atmospheres in the solar system.
The Sociology of Nonprofit Organizations and Sectors

Interest in and research on nonprofit organizations and sectors have developed rapidly in recent years. Much of this work by sociologists has focussed on particular subsectors rather than on nonprofits as a class. This review attempts to extract from a large and varied literature a distinctively sociological perspective on nonprofits, which it contrasts to influential work in economics. Two questions—“Why (and where) are there nonprofit organizations” and “What difference does nonprofitness make? ”—are addressed at the levels of organization, industry, and firm. Three central conclusions, each with research implications, emerge from this review: (a) The origins and behavior nonprofit organizations reflect institutional factors and state policies as well as the social-choice processes and utility functions emphasized by economists. (b) Understandingth e origins of nonprofit sectors and behavioral differences between nonprofits and for-profit or government organizations requires an industry-level ecological .
How to extend battery life in location alarm

Location Alarm application notifying user of an alarm at the locations where user registered events causes serious battery drain because the current location should be continuously monitored with turning on the GPS or WPS. This paper proposes a scheme to extend battery life that minimizes the access to the GPS or WPS considering the user's moving state recognized by various sensors in mobile device.
Estimates of bare soil surface parameters from multi-polarization and multi-angle SAR data

Abstract - Because soil moisture as well as surface roughness affect radar backscatter of bare soils, any practical application of radar must be able to account for these two target properties. The new generation of SAR satellites like ENVISAT, RADARSAT-2 and ALOS permit the acquisition of two or more images with different sensor configurations over the same target. Using this capacity, it is possible to retrieve both of these soil surface parameters simultaneously from a combination of images with different polarizations and/or different incidence angles. This study addresses the problem of the estimation of bare soil surface parameters (roughness and moisture). It applies the inversion algorithms of backscattering models to this estimation based on multi polarization and multi angle SAR data. As our preliminary results are suggesting, the accuracy of the estimated surface parameters strongly depends on the performance of backscattering models and data configuration. Therefore, the best fitted model with the best sensor configuration are being chosen and tested over several experimental sites in order to estimate soil moisture and surface roughness.
Lessons From La Maestra Miriam: Developing Literate Identities Through Early Critical Literacy Teaching

In the 1990s, teacher educators began to hear about the importance of studying and reporting on "best practices" in literacy learning to narrow the gap between high- and low-performing students. Of the studies produced, few of them looked to research in areas such as bilingual education for guidance on how to improve teaching reading for Spanish-dominant children. This year-long, qualitative study attempts to offer insight about how an exemplary Mexican bilingual teacher mobilizes her 1st-grade students' linguistic and cultural resources in Spanish to develop critical literacy skills that foster healthy literate identities and classroom communities for these Latino students.
Malignant spinal cord compression

Malignant spinal cord compression Background. Malignant spinal cord compression (MSCC) is a common and debilitating neurological complication of cancer. Because of the rapid progression of the neurological dysfunction, it is considered a medical emergency that demands a prompt diagnosis and treatment. Almost all of the MSCC are caused by an epidural compression from a tumour or a bony fragment from the collapsed vertebra affected by the metastasis. The most common of the tumours that metastasize to the spinal cord are breast and lung cancer, followed by lymphoma, myeloma, prostate cancer and sarcoma. Conclusions. The most common symptom of MSCC is pain, followed by muscular weakness and autonomic dysfunction. MRI provides the best information regarding MSCC, so all patients should have a MRI as soon as possible. If the MRI is contraindicated, patients should have the CT scan done. All patients with newly diagnosed MSCC should receive corticosteroids immediately, even before the definitive diagnosis is made. Other treatment options are surgery with postoperative radiotherapy, radiotherapy only, specific medical therapies according to the tumour type and symptomatic therapy, (mainly opiates). The decision of treatment modalities should be made according to the NOMS (neurological, oncological, mechanical and systemic) principles. In spite of the advances, the treatment is still palliative and many patients with MSCC have a poor prognosis and a short survival.
Images of changing practice through reflective action research

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to review action research approaches to changing practice through reflection, identifying themes, issues and questions relevant to a broader community of research practitioners. It invites additional layering in concept, enactment and account.Design/methodology/approach – A framework for considering interwoven dimensions of action research as first‐, second‐ and third‐person inquiry is presented. The paper then works through stories to explore the complementarities of action research with other genres of research, addressing developments of practice through reflection. Questions of general relevance are identified.Findings – Action research is a richly diverse range of approaches having much in common with a broader community who seek to develop embodied practice and practical knowing, work in collaboration, respect multiple ways of knowing, and influence change in social systems. Frames, approaches, practices and questions from action research can be applied more ge.
Spectrum access models and auction mechanisms

The demand for spectrum is growing rapidly as data intensive mobile communications and high-definition television are getting more popular. The spectrum regulators are preparing for flexible spectrum use and the implementation of new technologies. To make the appropriate decisions, the regulators need to identify and evaluate the different alternatives. In this paper, we examine a systematic classification of the spectrum access models that can be used together with suitable auctions in order to evaluate and decide between the different models. The basic idea of the taxonomy is to distinguish the different forms of spectrum sharing. For example, multiple systems may coexist in the same frequency band so that the low priority systems may transmit only if the high priority systems are not occupying the band. The hierarchy of the systems can be implemented by using a variety of technologies like centralized databases or distributed sensing devices. The taxonomy clarifies the regulatory alternatives and highlights the differences in ownership and usage rights. We also discuss how to incorporate the new spectrum access models in the auction design and how to support spectrum management using economic modeling and mechanism design framework.
Humanitarianism versus Restrictionism: The United States and the Hungarian Refugees

The waning days of October 1956 marked the start of what President Dwight David Eisenhower referred to in his memoirs as "the most crowded and demanding three weeks of my entire Presidency. " The presidential election was entering its final most hectic stage a severe drought was menacing agriculture in the Southwest the Suez War was raging and threatening to cut off vital oil supplies to Western Europe and the President’s chief foreign policy advisor Secretary of State John Foster Dulles had been taken to Walter Reed Army Hospital to undergo a serious emergency operation for cancer of the intestine. Finally to further compound this domestic uncertainty and foreign turmoil American policymakers were confronted with the Russian suppression of a revolution which had erupted in the Soviet Eastern European satellite of Hungary. Despite some hawkish saber-rattling in the American press and in the Congress the United States says Eisenhower "could do nothing" to aid the rebels because of the danger of a war with the Soviet Union. However the President felt that it was imperative for the United States to help "in every way possible" those refugees fleeing from "the criminal action of the Soviets. " (excerpt)