Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Epistemic search sequences in peer interaction in a content-based language classroom

Epistemics in interaction refers to how participants display, manage, and orient to their own and others' states of knowledge. This article applies recent conversation analytical work on epistemics to classrooms where language and content instruction are combined. It focuses on Epistemic Search Sequences (ESSs) through which students in peer interaction collectively resolve emerging knowledge gaps while working on pedagogic tasks. ESSs are initiated when a speaker displays an "unknowing" epistemic stance by making an information request about some aspect of language or the content being worked on. We examine three different types of ESS: those in which a "knowing" response is accepted by the initiator of the sequence; those in which there is an "unknowing" response; and those where "knowing" responses are contested. The findings have implications for understanding peer interaction in content-based classrooms in three areas: the affordances of peer interaction for learning in contrast with teacher-led "known-answer" sequences; how learners manage rights and responsibilities around knowing or not knowing; and how learners discover and work on their own learning objects.
Antioxidant Protective Mechanisms against Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS) Generated by Mitochondrial P450 Systems in Steroidogenic Cells

Mitochondrial P450 type enzymes catalyze central steps in steroid biosynthesis, including cholesterol conversion to pregnenolone, 11β and 18 hydroxylation in glucocorticoid and mineralocorticoid synthesis, C-27 hydroxylation of bile acids, and 1α and 24 hydroxylation of 25-OH-vitamin D. These monooxygenase reactions depend on electron transfer from NADPH via FAD adrenodoxin reductase and 2Fe-2S adrenodoxin. These systems can function as a futile NADPH oxidase, oxidizing NADPH in absence of substrate, and leak electrons via adrenodoxin and P450 to O2, producing superoxide and other reactive oxygen species (ROS). The degree of uncoupling depends on the P450 and steroid substrate. Studies with purified proteins and overexpression in cultured cells show consistently that adrenodoxin, but not reductase, is responsible for ROS production that can lead to apoptosis. In the ovary and corpus luteum, antioxidant enzyme activities superoxide dismutase, catalase, and glutathione peroxidase parallel steroidogenesis. Antioxidant β-carotene, α-tocopherol, and ascorbate can protect against oxidative damages of P450 systems. In testis Leydig cells, steroidogenesis is associated with aging of the steroidogenic capacity.
Feelings Into Words

A growing body of research has revealed that labeling an emotion, or putting one’s feelings into words, can help to downregulate that affect, as occurs with intentional forms of emotion regulation, such as reappraisal and distraction. We translated this basic research to a real-world clinical context, in which spider-fearful individuals were repeatedly exposed to a live spider. Using a between-subjects design, we compared the effects of affect labeling, reappraisal, distraction from the feared stimulus, and exposure alone during this brief course of exposure therapy on subsequent fear responding. At a 1-week posttest involving a different spider in another context, the affect-labeling group exhibited reduced skin conductance response relative to the other groups and marginally greater approach behavior than the distraction group; however, the affect-labeling group did not differ from the other groups in self-reported fear. Additionally, greater use of anxiety and fear words during exposure was associated with greater reductions in fear responding. Thus, perhaps surprisingly, affect labeling may help to regulate aspects of emotion in a clinical context.
Maternal Perceptions of Care‐Giving of Children with Developmental Disabilities in the United Arab Emirates

Background This qualitative study discusses family care-giving of children with developmental disabilities in the United Arab Emirates. Findings were reviewed in terms of the influence of culture on gender norms governing parental behaviour and aspirations. Method An ethnographic approach is used in which parent participants were interviewed intensively. The data were then analysed commensurate with ethnographic methodology in which parental care was considered in terms of gender differentials, in addition to other factors. Results Although mothers carried the main burden of support, this is ameliorated by cultural interpretations of the role of motherhood as well as practical coping strategies. Discrimination towards disability as well as gender is evident although countered by maternal strategies of resistance. Conclusions These indicate that daughters with disabilities are subject to oppressive attitudes and commensurate behaviour within the family setting, as well as in the wider society. However, such measures may in turn be challenged by mothers who demonstrate parental coping strategies that are both influenced by as well as subversive of cultural norms.
A Research on Technological Innovation, External Social Capital and Growth of Firm: An Empirical Study Based on the Resource-Based Enterprises

Based on the study sample of 108 resource-based enterprises and the integration of internal growth mechanism and external growth mechanism of enterprises, this paper explores mutual relationship among technological innovation, external social capital and growth of firm. The results show that technological innovation and external social capital have significant affect on growth of firm. It also concludes that external social capital enhances technological innovation directly and improves growth of firm indirectly.
WOMEN FULL-TIME FACULTY OF COLOR IN 2-YEAR COLLEGES: A TREND AND PREDICTIVE ANALYSIS

This study involved trend and predictive analyses to examine changes in the proportional representation of women full-time faculty by race/ethnicity from 1991 to 1997 in a sample of 1,024 matched two-year colleges. Large, Hispanic-serving, Historically Black, and California two-year colleges, along with the percentage of women administrators of color entered as significant positive predictors of change in the proportional representation of women full-time faculty of color. These findings open the door, not only to new ways of informing policy development and practice, but also to future research that can uncover new understandings of gender and race-equitable practices in two-year colleges.
Polysaccharide Responsiveness Is Not Biased by Prior Pneumococcal-Conjugate Vaccination

Polysaccharide responsiveness is tested by measuring antibody responses to polysaccharide vaccines to diagnose for humoral immunodeficiency. A common assumption is that this responsiveness is biased by any previous exposure to the polysaccharides in the form of protein-coupled polysaccharide vaccines, such as those used in many childhood vaccination programmes. To examine this assumption, we investigated the effect of protein-coupled polysaccharide vaccination on subsequent polysaccharide responsiveness. HIV-infected adults (n = 47) were vaccinated twice with protein-coupled polysaccharides and six months later with pure polysaccharides. We measured immunoglobulin G responses against three polysaccharides present in only the polysaccharide vaccine (non-memory polysaccharides) and seven recurring polysaccharides (memory polysaccharides). Responsiveness was evaluated according to the consensus guidelines published by the American immunology societies. Impaired responsiveness to non-memory polysaccharides was more frequent than to memory polysaccharides (51% versus 28%, P = 0.015), but the individual polysaccharides did not differ in triggering sufficient responses (74% versus 77%, P = 0.53). Closer analysis revealed important shortcomings of the current evaluation guidelines. The interpreted responseś number and their specificities influenced the likelihood of impaired responsiveness in a complex manor. This influence was propelled by the dichotomous approaches inherent to the American guidelines. We therefore define a novel more robust polysaccharide responsiveness measure, the Z-score, which condenses multiple, uniformly weighted responses into one continuous variable. Using the Z-score, responsiveness to non-memory polysaccharides and memory-polysaccharides were found to correlate (R2 = 0.59, P<0.0001). We found that polysaccharide responsiveness was not biased by prior protein-coupled polysaccharide vaccination in HIV-infected adults. Studies in additional populations are warranted.
Risk variables associated with the outcome of kidney recipients >70 years of age in the new millennium.

BACKGROUND New and more potent immunosuppressive protocols have markedly reduced the occurrence of rejections following organ transplantation. Accordingly, survival of elderly kidney transplant recipients has been substantially improved in the new millennium. The present study was performed to identify variables associated with the outcome of kidney transplant recipients >70 years of age in the modern era. METHODS A single center retrospective study was performed, evaluating clinical and survival data from all patients >70 years of age receiving their first kidney transplant between 2000 and 2005. Survival data were analyzed using Cox proportional hazard models and the Kaplan-Meier method. RESULTS During the time period, 160 recipients >70 years of age received their first transplant. The following factors were negatively associated with patient survival: age at transplantation; hazard ratio (HR) 1.09 per year, 95% confidence interval (CI) (1.01-1.18), time on dialysis before transplantation; HR 1.29 per year 95% CI (1.06-1.59) and presence of diabetes at transplantation; HR 1.78 95% CI (1.00-3.16). Thirty-five patients (22%) experienced an acute rejection episode during the first 90 days post-transplant. Acute rejection episodes did not influence on patient or graft survival. Patients with post-transplant pathological oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) at 10 weeks after transplantation had significantly inferior survival compared to patients with normal OGTT. CONCLUSIONS In a population of kidney transplant recipients >70 years of age with relatively low incidence of acute rejection episodes, age, time on dialysis before transplantation, concomitant diabetes mellitus and development of a pathological OGTT 10 weeks after transplantation were associated with inferior patient survival.
Traumatic Stress, Family Separations, and Attachment Among Latin American Immigrants:

This study investigates traumatic stress, family separations, and attachment among Latin American immigrants. Those separated from family and those who are minors have a higher incidence of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) than their counterparts. Exposure to violence is the most bothersome event reported. Family separation has a significant effect on attachment anxiety. Marital status has a significant effect on attachment avoidance. Clinical implications are discussed.
The Effects of Cold Immersion on Muscle Strength

This study examined the effects of cold water immersion on isokinetic and isometric strength on 10 physically active male college students. Isokinetic knee extension strength (30,180,300, and 400 · sec−1) and isometric strength were assessed. Isometric testing consisted of 5-see isometric knee extension muscle actions at a 45° angle. Subjects randomly performed all three treatment conditions: a cold treatment (12°C), thermal neutral treatment (35.5°C), or nonimmersion room temperature treatment (22–23°C). For the cold and thermal neutral treatments both thighs were immersed in a whirlpool tank with moving water leveled to each subject's gluteal fold. Treatments lasted 45 min. Higher isokinetic velocities demonstrated a significant decrease in average peak torque, average power, and total work. No significant changes were observed for isometric force or low velocity movements. No significant decreases were observed for the angle of peak torque or for time to peak torque. This study demonstrated that if the thighs are immersed in cold water, functional strength performance at higher movement velocities will be impaired.
Frequency prediction of the channel transfer function in multiple antenna systems

Having the channel state information of the channels over which the signals propagate from the transmitter to the receiver available at both sides of the transmission link is beneficial in many wireless applications. However, in frequency division duplex systems, a base station can only estimate the channel transfer function of the uplink channel based on the transmission of a-priori known training signals from the mobile station. A mobile station can only estimate the channel transfer function of the downlink channel based on the transmission of a-priori known training signals from the base station. Due to the frequency selective behavior of the mobile radio channel, the channel transfer functions of the uplink channel are different from the channel transfer functions of the downlink channel. In order to obtain the channel state information of the downlink channel in the base station or the channel state information of the uplink channel in the mobile station it is possible to feed back this information from the mobile station to the base station or from the base station to the mobile station. However, this feedback of the channel state information decreases the spectral efficiency. This paper introduces novel techniques to obtain the channel state information of the downlink channel in the base station based on the channel state information of the uplink channel in multiple antenna systems. Measurement results show the good performance of the investigated techniques. Thus, the signalling overhead can be reduced.
Language, Thought, and Reality: Selected Writings of Benjamin Lee Whorf

The pioneering linguist Benjamin Whorf (1897--1941) grasped the relationship between human language and human thinking: how language can shape our innermost thoughts. His basic thesis is that our perception of the world and our ways of thinking about it are deeply influenced by the structure of the languages we speak. The writings collected in this volume include important papers on the Maya, Hopi, and Shawnee languages as well as more general reflections on language and meaning.
On the graph and systems analysis of reversible chemical reaction networks with mass action kinetics

Motivated by the recent progresses on the interplay between the graph theory and systems theory, we revisit the analysis of reversible chemical reaction networks described by mass action kinetics by reformulating it using the graph knowledge of the underlying networks. Based on this formulation, we can characterize the space of equilibrium points and provide simple dynamical analysis on the state space modulo the space of equilibrium points.
T Cell Receptor (TCR) Mini-Gene mRNA Expression Regulated by Nonsense Codons: A Nuclear-associated Translation-like Mechanism

Premature termination codons (PTCs) are known to decrease mRNA levels. Here, we report our investigation of the mechanism for this downregulation using the TCR-β gene, which acquires PTCs as a result of programmed rearrangements that occur during normal thymic development. We found that a mini-gene version of this gene, which contains only three TCR-β exons, exhibited efficient downregulation in response to PTCs. This demonstrates that the full coding sequence is not necessary for appropriate regulation. Mutation of the translation start AUG and a downstream in-frame AUG that displayed similarity to the Kozak consensus sequence reversed the downregulatory response to PTCs. Thus, an AUG start codon is required to define the reading frame of a PTC. Specific suppressor tRNAs also reversed the downregulatory response, strongly implicating the involvement of a translation-like process. Remarkably, the addition of suppressor tRNAs or the inactivation of the start AUGs caused a dramatic rise in the levels of PTC-bearing transcripts in the nuclear fraction prepared by two independent methods. Collectively, our results provide evidence for a codon-based surveillance mechanism associated with the nucleus that downregulates aberrant transcripts encoding potentially toxic polypeptides from nonproductively rearranged genes.
Improved representation of plant functional types and physiology in the Joint UK Land Environment Simulator (JULES v4.2) using plant trait information

Abstract. Dynamic global vegetation models are used to predict the response of vegetation to climate change. They are essential for planning ecosystem management, understanding carbon cycle–climate feedbacks, and evaluating the potential impacts of climate change on global ecosystems. JULES (the Joint UK Land Environment Simulator) represents terrestrial processes in the UK Hadley Centre family of models and in the first generation UK Earth System Model. Previously, JULES represented five plant functional types (PFTs): broadleaf trees, needle-leaf trees, C3 and C4 grasses, and shrubs. This study addresses three developments in JULES. First, trees and shrubs were split into deciduous and evergreen PFTs to better represent the range of leaf life spans and metabolic capacities that exists in nature. Second, we distinguished between temperate and tropical broadleaf evergreen trees. These first two changes result in a new set of nine PFTs: tropical and temperate broadleaf evergreen trees, broadleaf deciduous trees, needle-leaf evergreen and deciduous trees, C3 and C4 grasses, and evergreen and deciduous shrubs. Third, using data from the TRY database, we updated the relationship between leaf nitrogen and the maximum rate of carboxylation of Rubisco (Vcmax), and updated the leaf turnover and growth rates to include a trade-off between leaf life span and leaf mass per unit area. Overall, the simulation of gross and net primary productivity (GPP and NPP, respectively) is improved with the nine PFTs when compared to FLUXNET sites, a global GPP data set based on FLUXNET, and MODIS NPP. Compared to the standard five PFTs, the new nine PFTs simulate a higher GPP and NPP, with the exception of C3 grasses in cold environments and C4 grasses that were previously over-productive. On a biome scale, GPP is improved for all eight biomes evaluated and NPP is improved for most biomes – the exceptions being the tropical forests, savannahs, and extratropical mixed forests where simulated NPP is too high. With the new PFTs, the global present-day GPP and NPP are 128 and 62 Pg C year−1, respectively. We conclude that the inclusion of trait-based data and the evergreen/deciduous distinction has substantially improved productivity fluxes in JULES, in particular the representation of GPP. These developments increase the realism of JULES, enabling higher confidence in simulations of vegetation dynamics and carbon storage.
Discussion of 'National Saving: Trends and Policy'

Saving is not an end in itself, but rather a means to a higher goal of maximising consumption, and the utility it provides, over time. An important role for saving is intertemporal consumption smoothing for unanticipated adverse effects, over the business cycle (clearly documented for both private and public saving by Edey and Gower) and over the life cycle. It also has been argued that even for a relatively open capital market economy, including Australia, the observed close relationship between domestic investment and domestic saving (as illustrated in Figure 13 of Edey and Gower) due to high implicit transaction costs associated with different legal systems, distance and so forth, requires Australia to save to fund current investment. However, given the quite wide swings in Australia’s dependence on overseas savings, from 2 to 6 per cent of GDP, it seems reasonable to ignore the investment argument for savings and concentrate the discussion on the use of savings for intertemporal consumption smoothing.
Changing state, changing society in India

Most historians of twentieth century India have confined themselves to the years before independence in 1947, although we are beginning to see some welcome exceptions to this. They usually leave the postindependence period to social scientists. This is unfortunate, especially now that more than a half-century has passed since independence, because we need their insights on more recent events. Social scientists often pay too little attention to change over time, and our understanding is impoverished as a result. This paper seeks to encourage historians to focus on post-independence events by examining changes within the state, within society, and in relations between the two in India. It concentrates mainly on the period since 1989 when the era of majority governments in New Delhi led by single parties came to an end, at least for the time being.
Female administrative managers in Australian universities: not male and not academic

Women make up 65 per cent of the staff in Australian universities who do not perform academic work. While there is a growing body of research on women in senior management and the experiences of female academics in Australian universities, there is less literature on women working in the administrative stream, especially those in middle management. Using a national sample of 172 university female middle managers, the paper reports on issues for this under-researched cohort. Despite a prevailing Australian paradigm of equal opportunity and anti-discrimination, women commented on many instances of discrimination, masculine culture, inflexibility regarding their carer responsibilities, lack of recognition and opportunity and an academic/administrative divide that was gender inflected. A number of women also queried whether female managers should adopt masculine management styles. Despite indications from this research and the literature that gender issues are worse in other sectors, the numerous comments in this research paint a picture of continued male hegemony that devalues and marginalises administrative women's contribution in the management of Australian universities.
Interventions for Hispanic Caregivers of Patients with Dementia

Background: The number of Hispanics/Latinos living with dementia in the United States is expected to rise from 200,000 to 1.3 million by 2050, which will result in large numbers of Hispanics/Latinos assuming the role of caregiver. The demands of caregiving can negatively impact caregivers' health. The purpose of this review was to identify intervention strategies that can help Hispanics/Latinos deal with the burden associated with providing care for older adults with dementia. Methods: The authors critically reviewed and analyzed the literature for interventions and their relevance to these caregivers. The search engines and electronics databases of Google Scholar; Social Gerontology; Health Source: Nursing/Academic Edition; MEDLINE; PsycARTICLES; CINAHL; and PubMed, were used to locate articles published between 1999 and 2011. Results: Ten intervention studies published between 2000 and 2011 were identified that targeted Hispanic/Latino caregivers: most were from one clinical trial (REACH). Discussion: Future studies should consider culturally tailoring interventions for Hispanic/Latino caregivers from differing subcultures, utilizing relevant technology in studies, and evaluating the functional level of the care receiver and assess where he/she is in the disease process continuum. A better understanding of within-group differences among Hispanic/Latino caregivers, especially with respect to acculturation, could lead to better tailoring of interventions. Future research should consider the possibility of discovery-based participatory approaches. Few studies have addressed these areas of concern in this population.