Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Proton MR spectroscopic findings correspond to neuropsychological function in traumatic brain injury.

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Traumatic brain injury (TBI) causes substantial irreversible damage to neurons. Our aim was to investigate whether proton MR spectroscopic measures of diffuse cellular integrity were related to neuropsychological dysfunction after TBI. METHODS Twelve patients with TBI (mean, 53 +/- 23 days postinjury) and 14 control subjects were included in the study using paired MR spectroscopy and neuropsychological assessment. N-acetylaspartate (NAA), creatine, and choline were measured in normal-appearing occipitoparietal white and occipital gray matter using short-echo quantitative spectroscopy. A composite measure of neuropsychological function was calculated from z-scored individual tests probing the major functional domains commonly impaired after head trauma. RESULTS Patients with TBI displayed reduced NAA in white matter and elevated choline in gray matter, suggestive of neuronal injury and inflammation, respectively. NAA and creatine in white and gray matter were significantly associated with composite neuropsychological function and many individual neuropsychological tests. Gray matter choline, although abnormal, was not related to neuropsychological function. CONCLUSION The concordance between neurometabolic levels and behavioral function supports the hypothesis that diffuse axonal injury is an important contributor to brain dysfunction after TBI.
Interaction in Spanish–English bilinguals’ acquisition of syllable structure

Aims and objectives/purpose/research questions: This study investigated whether language-specific syllable type frequency and complexity exerted cross-language influence on Spanish–English bilingual children’s acquisition of syllable structure. Design/methodology/approach: We compared the accuracy of bilingual and monolingual children’s singleton coda and onset cluster productions from Spanish and English single words elicited via a picture-naming task. Task stimuli provided multiple opportunities to produce all possible singleton coda and onset cluster types in each language. Data and analysis: Ten typically developing Spanish–English bilingual children (ages: 2;01–4;08) completed the task in each language. Five Spanish and 12 English age-matched monolingual peers completed the same task in their respective languages. Data were analyzed using mixed effects logistic regression. Analyses compared bilinguals’ Spanish and English singleton coda and onset cluster production accuracy rates to those of monolinguals. Findings/conclusions: Our results indicate that interaction occurred in bilinguals’ syllable structure acquisition in both languages. Bilinguals’ acquisition of singleton codas was accelerated relative to monolinguals’ in Spanish. Furthermore, bilinguals’ acquisition of complex onsets was accelerated in both Spanish and English. Results did not suggest that bilinguals’ acquisition of English singleton codas was delayed. Originality: This is the first study to show that exposure to patterns of linguistic complexity specific to each language can accelerate bilinguals’ acquisition of phonological structure in both languages. Significance/implications: Our findings demonstrate that cross-language differences in complexity influence how interaction appears during bilinguals’ phonological acquisition, and suggest further investigation regarding the influence of frequency.
사회사업에서의 Participatory Action Research(PAR)와 Action Research(AR) 모델 적용 필요성에 관한 연구

사회사업 조사연구는 복잡하고 다양한 인간의 욕구와 문제들을 해결하고 예측하기 위하여 과학적 방법론을 적극 활용하여 왔다. 과학적 방법론은 인간행동의 기준을 설정하고 결과를 제시하는데 객관성을 제공한다는 이유로 선호되고 있다. 그러나 이러한 과학적 방법론을 사회사업실천영역에서 사용하는데 있어서 간과해서 안 될 점은 클라이언트를 중심에 놓고 조사연구를 실행할 수 있어야 한다는 것이다. 즉, 개입을 계량화하는데 초점을 두지 않고 클라이언트를 중심에 두고 역량 강화할 수 있는 방법이 필요한 것이다. 이러한 맥락에서 본 연구는 사회사업 본연의 가치인 클라이언트 중심의 조사연구 접근과 이론과 실천의 간극을 메우는 하나의 교량으로서 실행연구(AR: action research)와 참여적 실행연구(PAR: participatory action research)의 개념과 과정을 소개하고 한국 사회사업실천에의 적용가능성을 모색하였다. AR과 PAR의 개념과 역사, 실행과정을 분석하고 사회사업실천에의 필요성과 적용점을 분석해본 결과, 필요성에 있어서는 실천현장에서의 적용용이성, 지역사회기반의 일반주의 실천접근과의 적합성, 조사연구와 실천의 통합, AR기술의 실천기술로서의 활용성 등으로 나타났다. 적용상의 이점으로는 클라이언트 문제와 욕구에 대한 보다 깊은 이해, 다각적인 맥락에 의거한 해결방법 모색, 조사자 곧 실천가 자신의 반성과 성장, 임파워먼트 실행의 촉매제로서의 기능, 조사연구의 확대가능성, 지역사회기반의 조사연구 확대, 효과적인 사회복지 조직관리에 있어서의 적용 등인 것으로 나타났다. 마지막으로 한국 현장에 AR을 도입하기 위해서 유의할 점으로 조사연구자로서의 실천가의 역량강화, 공동협력연구의 필요, 현장과 실천중심 연구를 강조하는 인센티브 제공, 구체적인 액션리서치의 한국형 모델 구축 등 4개의 과제를 제언하였다.
Cooperative spectrum sharing with bi-directional secondary transmissions

In this paper, we propose a new cooperative spectrum sharing scheme that allows bi-directional transmission of the secondary users (SUs) while serving as a relay to the primary link. Specifically, we consider the network consisting of a primary transmitter PT, primary receiver PR and two SUs S1 and S2. Due to the unfavorable propagation condition of the primary link from PT to PR, the primary would like to seek help from the SUs to relay its signal. As a return, secondary terminals can gain opportunity for transmission. We propose a two-slot transmission strategy. In the first time slot, both PT and S2 transmit. In the second time slot, S1 will relay the primary signal as well as transmit its own signal to S2. Both the amplify-and-forward and decode-and-forward relay operations at S1 are considered. We derive the achievable rate regions for the sum-rate of the secondary links versus the primary link. Numerical results show that the proposed scheme can better explore the spectrum opportunity for the SUs as compared to the existing schemes. Furthermore, the improvement in spectrum utilization is not only from allowing the SU to transmit in the first time slot but also from the cooperation of the primary transmitter to control its power.
The structure and peroxidase activity of a 33‐kDa catalase‐related protein from Mycobacterium avium ssp. paratuberculosis

True catalases are tyrosine‐liganded, usually tetrameric, hemoproteins with subunit sizes of ∼55–84 kDa. Recently characterized hemoproteins with a catalase‐related structure, yet lacking in catalatic activity, include the 40–43 kDa allene oxide synthases of marine invertebrates and cyanobacteria. Herein, we describe the 1.8 Å X‐ray crystal structure of a 33 kDa subunit hemoprotein from Mycobacterium avium ssp. paratuberculosis (annotated as MAP‐2744c), that retains the core elements of the catalase fold and exhibits an organic peroxide‐dependent peroxidase activity. MAP‐2744c exhibits negligible catalatic activity, weak peroxidatic activity using hydrogen peroxide (20/s) and strong peroxidase activity (∼300/s) using organic hydroperoxides as co‐substrate. Key amino acid differences significantly impact prosthetic group conformation and placement and confer a distinct activity to this prototypical member of a group of conserved bacterial “minicatalases”. Its structural features and the result of the enzyme assays support a role for MAP‐2744c and its close homologues in mitigating challenge by a variety of reactive oxygen species.
Cardamonin Suppresses TGF-β1-Induced Epithelial Mesenchymal Transition via Restoring Protein Phosphatase 2A Expression

Epithelial mesenchymal transition (EMT) is the first step in metastasis and implicated in the phenotype of cancer stem cells. Therefore, understanding and controlling EMT, are essential to the prevention and cure of metastasis. In the present study, we examined, by Western blot, reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR), and confocal microscopy, the effects of cardamonin (CDN) on transforming growth factor-β1 (TGF-β1)-induced EMT of A549 lung adenocarcinoma cell lines. TGF-β1 induced expression of N-cadherin and decreased expression of E-cadherin. CDN suppressed N-cadherin expression and restored E-cadherin expression. Further, TGF-β1 induced migration and invasion of A549 cancer cells, which was suppressed by CDN. TGF-β1 induced c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) activation during EMT, but CDN blocked it. Protein serine/threonine phosphatase 2A (PP2A) expression in A549 cancer cells was reduced by TGF-β1 but CDN restored it. The overall data suggested that CDN suppresses TGF-β1-induced EMT via PP2A restoration, making it a potential new drug candidate that controls metastasis.
Prevalence of diabetes and impaired glucose tolerance in patients with schizophrenia

Background A number of studies have examined the prevalence of diabetes mellitus and impaired glucose tolerance in general populations and in those with schizophrenia and other forms of serious mental illness. Aims To establish whether it is possible to describe accurately comparative rates of diabetes mellitus and impaired glucose tolerance in populations of people with schizophrenia and those without mental illness. Method Review of current literature. Results Research published in the pre-neuroleptic era suggested that people with severe mental illness were at increased risk of developing glycaemic abnormalities. Recent studies appear to confirm that the prevalence of diabetes and impaired glucose tolerance may be higher in people with schizophrenia than in the general population, and suggest that patients with schizophrenia have impaired glucose tolerance even before they begin treatment. Conclusions Schizophrenia may be a significant and independent risk factor for both diabetes and impaired glucose tolerance. Current data preclude precise estimates of the prevalence of these conditions among people with schizophrenia.
The type of English used in TOEIC classrooms can improve ELS learner motivation and achievement

The debate surrounding the status of learning English as a second language (ESL) has evolved greatly over the past twenty years. During this period, both the identification and classification of new varieties of English, such as Hawaiian, Maltese and Filipino English, has garnered considerable attention around the world from many educators. The spread of new Englishes has had a large impact on teaching, allowing educators to target their teaching methods more accurately to meet the needs of their learners. However, this has not always been the case, as notable examples of Englishes can be found that seem to buck this trend such as Hong Kong English. In the case of non-native Englishes, the question of what is the best approach for educators to adopt; whether or not to teach the local variety or a native speaker model, is worthy of attention. Previous studies into attitudes towards new varieties of Englishes have generally followed a quantitative approach focusing on speakersâ€™ attitudes towards a given English, with few detailed qualitative studies conducted. Furthermore, the current classifications for the emergence and development of new varieties of English have dismissed the importance of speakersâ€™ sense of the value, usefulness and importance of the language they use, or their sense ownership of their English. Little in-depth research has been conducted into how notions of ownership may develop with the development of a new variety of English. To address this lack of data and provide educators with practical suggestions for teaching students of new Englishes, this presentation sets out to explore and examine the language attitudes of young professionalsâ€™ attitudes toward the English that they use and how these attitudes can affect ESL learnersâ€™ attitudes toward World Englishes. In addition, data from this presentation will add further to the body of the literature concerning the factors affecting new English speakersâ€™ sense of ownership.The results show that when the learners believe their English is inferior to native models, then the notion of ownership suffers, often as a result of learners sensing no usefulness in their English. The motivational level of learners lacking this sense of value in learning a specific variety of English will suffer, and they will search for a more prestigious model of English to study. In such cases educators should change their teaching methods to better meet learnersâ€™ language ambitions and abilities.
Maternal Smoking and Environmental Tobacco Smoke Exposure and the Risk of Orofacial Clefts

Background: Smoking during pregnancy has been associated with orofacial clefts in numerous studies. However, most previous studies have not been able to assess the relation between maternal smoking and specific phenotypes (eg, bilateral clefts). Methods: We examined the association between periconceptional maternal smoking, environmental tobacco smoke (ETS) exposure, and cleft lip with or without cleft palate (CLP) (n = 933) and cleft palate only (CPO) (n = 528) compared with infants with no major birth defects (n = 3390). Infants were born between 1 October 1997 and 31 December 2001, and exposures were ascertained from maternal telephone interviews for the National Birth Defects Prevention Study. We excluded infants who had a first-degree relative with an orofacial cleft. Effect estimates were adjusted for folic acid use, study site, prepregnancy obesity, alcohol use, gravidity, and maternal age, education, and race/ethnicity. Results: Periconceptional smoking was associated with CLP (odds ratio = 1.3; 95% confidence interval = 1.0–1.6), and more strongly associated with bilateral CLP (1.7; 1.2–2.6), with a weaker association observed for CPO. Heavy maternal smoking (25+ cigarettes/day) was associated with CLP (1.8; 1.0–3.2), bilateral CLP (4.2; 1.7–10.3), and CPO with Pierre Robin sequence (2.5; 0.9–7.0). ETS exposure was not associated with CLP or CPO. Conclusions: This study confirmed the modest association between smoking and orofacial clefts that has been consistently reported, and identified specific phenotypes most strongly affected.
Cross-sectional survey of owner knowledge and husbandry practices, tack and health issues affecting working horses in Lesotho.

REASONS FOR PERFORMING STUDY To establish baseline parameters of equine health, owner knowledge and husbandry practices and tack against which benefits to local horses arising from an equine charity's training programme in Lesotho could be measured. OBJECTIVES To describe and investigate associations between owner knowledge and equine husbandry practices, horse health and tack-related parameters prior to the start of the training programme. METHODS A cross-sectional survey was undertaken in the catchment area of students attending the first training course. Owners from randomly selected villages were interviewed about horse care using a standardised, structured questionnaire, administered face to face in local language. Horses were clinically examined and tack assessed according to standardised protocols. RESULTS Clinical examinations were performed on 312 horses and 287 owners were interviewed. Owners had variable knowledge of equine husbandry and limited understanding of appropriate primary and preventive healthcare. Equine health problems identified included ecto- and endoparasite infestation, mouth lesions, overgrown and unbalanced feet and tack-associated wounds. The majority of tack was in poor condition, dirty and ill-fitting. With the exception of below-average body condition score, no associations were found between key adverse horse-related clinical findings and owners reporting their horse as being 'unhealthy'. CONCLUSIONS Working horses in Lesotho have a range of physical problems, many of which could be ameliorated through targeted owner education. With limited access to veterinary advice and scarce resources, improved availability of affordable local equine trade skills is key to improving equine health. POTENTIAL RELEVANCE Findings could be used to inform and direct training programmes to maximise benefits to equine health and to serve as a baseline against which to monitor effects of educational and other interventions.
RDF Data Indexing and Retrieval: A survey of Peer-to-Peer based solutions

The Semantic Web enables the possibility to model, create and query resources found on the Web. Enabling the full potential of its technologies at the Internet level requires infrastructures that can cope with scalability challenges and support various types of queries. The attractive features of the Peer-to-Peer (P2P) communication model such as decentralization, scalability, fault-tolerance seems to be a natural solution to deal with these challenges. Consequently, the combination of the Semantic Web and the P2P model can be a highly innovative attempt to harness the strengths of both technologies and come up with a scalable infrastructure for RDF data storage and retrieval. In this respect, this survey details the research works that adopt this combination and gives an insight on how to deal with the RDF data at the indexing and querying levels.
Towards a Neuroscience of Mind-Wandering

Mind-wandering (MW) is among the most robust and permanent expressions of human conscious awareness, classically regarded by philosophers, clinicians, and scientists as a core element of an intact sense of self. Nevertheless, the scientific exploration of MW poses unique challenges; MW is by nature a spontaneous, off task, internal mental process which is often unaware and usually difficult to control, document or replicate. Consequently, there is a lack of accepted modus operandi for exploring MW in a laboratory setup, leading to a relatively small amount of studies regarding the neural basis of MW. In order to facilitate scientific examination of MW the current review categorizes recent literature into five suggested strategies. Each strategy represents a different methodology of MW research within functional neuroimaging paradigms. Particular attention is paid to resting-state brain activity and to the “default-mode” network. Since the default network is known to exert high activity levels during off-task conditions, it stands out as a compelling candidate for a neuro-biological account of mind-wandering, in itself a rest-based phenomenon. By summarizing the results within and across strategies we suggest further insights into the neural basis and adaptive value of MW, a truly intriguing and unique human experience.
Authenticity as a eudaimonic construct: The relationships among authenticity, values, and valence

Abstract The construct of authenticity is thought of as an expression of individuality and eudaimonic well-being. Yet, previous research has related state authenticity more to positive affect and pleasant behavior. We examine the extent to which feeling authentic is a reflection of personally held standards of worth (values) and authenticity’s relationship with affective states. We also examine whether feelings of authenticity are facilitated by dispositional authenticity. Study 1 had participants debate benevolent behavior (N = 199). In study two (N = 124) and three (N = 146), participants described memories where they acted in concordance or against their values, in both pleasant and unpleasant contexts. We found a relationship between acting in accordance with one’s values and experiencing authenticity, thus demonstrating that authenticity is a form of eudaimonic well-being, which is closely related to, but distinct from, affective states. We found less consistent associations between dispositional authenticity and momentary authentic feelings.
Privacy in a networked world: effects of reciprocity and imitation on location sharing

This position paper argues that location sharing has dramatically changed in recent years, becoming yet one more shareable aspect of people’s online profiles. As a result, multiple effects from the social network may now be influencing people’s decisions on if and how to share their location. Here we identify two important issues, reciprocity and imitation, which we argue are crucial in shaping people’s location sharing behaviour. Finally, the paper outlines an ongoing study aiming to systematically vary these and tease apart their effects on location-sharing behaviour.
Migraine and Cerebral Hypoxia: A Hypothesis With Pharmacotherapeutic Implications

It is postulated that a migraine attack is a specific reaction pattern to an episode of focal cerebral hypoxia. This hypothesis holds that any type of focal brain hypoxia (and thus not only a vasospasm) may provoke a migraine attack. Indeed, as hypoxia is a result of an imbalance between energy supply and energy use, the former can be decreased and/or the latter be increased. Spreading cortical depression, leading to the aura, is believed to be another consequence of brain hypoxia occurring in classical migraine. There are no other genuine differences between classical and common migraine, according to the cerebral hypoxia theory. The latter theory may improve our understanding of the mode of action of anti-migraine drugs. Certain calcium entry blockers have a direct protective effect on brain hypoxia, but some other pharmacotherapeutic approaches may also prevent cerebral hypoxia via an effect on brain metabolism, vasomotion or platelet behavior.
Logic Programming for Robot Control

This paper proposes logic programs as a specification for robot control. These provide a formal specification of what an agent should do depending on what it senses, and its previous sensory inputs and actions. We show how to axiomatise reactive agents, events as an interface between continuous and discrete time, and persistence, as well as axiomatising integration and differentiation over time (in terms of the limit of sums and differences). This specification need not be evaluated as a Prolog program; we use can the fact that it will be evaluated in time to get a more efficient agent. We give a detailed example of a nonholonomic maze travelling robot, where we use the same language to model both the agent and the environment. One of the main motivations for this work is that there is a clean interface between the logic programs here and the model of uncertainty embedded in probabilistic Horn abduction. This is one step towards building a decision-theoretic planning system where the output of the planner is a plan suitable for actually controlling a robot.
Health Service Delivery in China: A Literature Review

We report the results of a review of the Chinese- and English-language literatures on service delivery in China, asking how well China's health-care providers perform and what determines their performance. Although data and methodological limitations suggest caution in drawing conclusions, a critical reading of the available evidence suggests that current health service delivery in China leaves room for improvement, in terms of quality, responsiveness to patients, efficiency, cost escalation, and equity. The literature suggests that these problems will not be solved by simply shifting ownership to the private sector or by simply encouraging providers -- public and private -- to compete with one another for individual patients. By contrast, substantial improvements could be (and in some places have already been) made by changing the way providers are paid -- shifting away from fee-for-service and the distorted price schedule. Other elements of 'active purchasing' by insurers could further improve outcomes. Rigorous evaluations, based on richer micro-level data, could considerably strengthen the evidence base for service delivery policy in China.