Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Decision Procedures for Openness and Local Injectivity

Let F be a cellular automaton on the space of all sequences from a finite alphabet. From the local description of F a finite labeled digraph is constructed with a distinguished subdi graph. The surjectivity and openness of F are proved to correspond to properties of these digraphs. Similarly, another finite labeled digraph is constructed with a distin guished subset of its vert ex set . Th e injectivit y and local injectivity of F are proved to correspond to properties of this digraph and its subset . All the relevant prop erties can be checked in finitely many steps. Analogous results are also obta ined for biinfinite sequences,
Whistling Vivaldi: How Stereotypes Affect Us and What We Can Do

Claude M. Steele, who has been called "one of the few great social psychologists," offers a vivid first-person account of the research that supports his groundbreaking conclusions on stereotypes and identity. He sheds new light on American social phenomena from racial and gender gaps in test scores to the belief in the superior athletic prowess of black men, and lays out a plan for mitigating these "stereotype threats" and reshaping American identities.
Low-Voltage 96 dB Snapshot CMOS Image Sensor with 4.5 nW Power Dissipation per Pixel

Modern “smart” CMOS sensors have penetrated into various applications, such as surveillance systems, bio-medical applications, digital cameras, cellular phones and many others. Reducing the power of these sensors continuously challenges designers. In this paper, a low power global shutter CMOS image sensor with Wide Dynamic Range (WDR) ability is presented. This sensor features several power reduction techniques, including a dual voltage supply, a selective power down, transistors with different threshold voltages, a non-rationed logic, and a low voltage static memory. A combination of all these approaches has enabled the design of the low voltage “smart” image sensor, which is capable of reaching a remarkable dynamic range, while consuming very low power. The proposed power-saving solutions have allowed the maintenance of the standard architecture of the sensor, reducing both the time and the cost of the design. In order to maintain the image quality, a relation between the sensor performance and power has been analyzed and a mathematical model, describing the sensor Signal to Noise Ratio (SNR) and Dynamic Range (DR) as a function of the power supplies, is proposed. The described sensor was implemented in a 0.18 um CMOS process and successfully tested in the laboratory. An SNR of 48 dB and DR of 96 dB were achieved with a power dissipation of 4.5 nW per pixel.
Knotting and unknotting proteins in the chaperonin cage: Effects of the excluded volume

Molecular dynamics simulations are used to explore the effects of chaperonin-like cages on knotted proteins with very low sequence similarity, different depths of a knot but with a similar fold, and the same type of topology. The investigated proteins are VirC2, DndE and MJ0366 with two depths of a knot. A comprehensive picture how encapsulation influences folding rates is provided based on the analysis of different cage sizes and temperature conditions. Neither of these two effects with regard to knotted proteins has been studied by means of molecular dynamics simulations with coarse-grained structure-based models before. We show that encapsulation in a chaperonin is sufficient to self-tie and untie small knotted proteins (VirC2, DndE), for which the equilibrium process is not accessible in the bulk solvent. Furthermore, we find that encapsulation reduces backtracking that arises from the destabilisation of nucleation sites, smoothing the free energy landscape. However, this effect can also be coupled with temperature rise. Encapsulation facilitates knotting at the early stage of folding and can enhance an alternative folding route. Comparison to unknotted proteins with the same fold shows directly how encapsulation influences the free energy landscape. In addition, we find that as the size of the cage decreases, folding times increase almost exponentially in a certain range of cage sizes, in accordance with confinement theory and experimental data for unknotted proteins.
The role of gemtuzumab ozogamicin in acute leukaemia therapy

Gemtuzumab ozogamicin (GO) is an immunoconjugate that binds to CD33 on the surface of acute myeloid leukaemia (AML) blasts and, after internalisation, releases a cytotoxic drug, calicheamicin. GO is approved by the US Food and Drug Administration for the treatment of CD33‐positive AML at first relapse in patients 60 years and older who are not candidates for other cytotoxic therapy. GO as a single agent has low antileukaemic activity. When given to patients meeting the criteria noted above, it produces a complete response (CR) rate of only 12%, with another 12% achieving CR with inadequate platelet recovery (CRp). The median survival of patients treated with GO monotherapy is 11·2 months. GO therapy at 9 mg/m2 is complicated with hepatic veno‐occlusive disease in 5–10% of patients, particularly prior to or following stem cell transplantation. GO at lower doses combined with chemotherapy as induction or postremission therapy is promising, however, and phase III trials are ongoing. GO is probably most active in acute promyelocytic leukaemia (APL). It is used for induction regimens in high‐risk APL and for the elimination of minimal residual APL. Case reports suggest that GO also has activity in CD33‐positive acute lymphoblastic leukaemia. In conclusion, single agent GO can induce responses in patients with CD33‐positive AML in first recurrence. The future of GO is its use in combination with other cytotoxic agents. Ongoing clinical trials may better define the role of GO combinations, particularly in untreated AML.
A SVM-based method for detecting computer virus

In this paper, we propose a polymorphic viruses detection method based on support vector machine (SVM) in the Windows platform. Our approach rests on an analysis using the Windows API calling sequence that reflects the behavior of a particular piece of code. By extracting the variable-length system calling sequence or patterns in system calling sequence as the SVM training data and employing the ReliefF algorithm for estimating attributes previously obtained, then using cross-validation to experiment the arguments, the experimental results indicate that this method generates a relative small training data and higher accuracy than traditional ways which using fixed length of system calling sequence.
Learning Emotion-Focused Therapy: The Process-Experiential Approach to Change

This book provides a user-friendly introduction to emotion-focused treatment, presenting PE emotion theory and the basics of the approach in an organized, streamlined fashion. Furthermore, in the 10 years since Greenberg, Rice and Elliott's (1993), Facilitating Emotional Change appeared, PE therapy has continued to develop rapidly: The theory has become more clearly articulated; the treatment has been applied to new clinical populations (such as PTSD and borderline processes); more has been learned about the original six therapeutic tasks; and new therapeutic tasks have been added.
Optics for Low Vision Enabling

For people with central visual field loss, eccentric vision is all that they have to rely on. Even for those who learn how to correctly utilize their eccentric vision, it will never be as good as the central for two entirely different reasons: the off-axis optics of the eye can result in large refractive errors, and the low function of the peripheral retina. This thesis deals with the first of these factors: how to study and correct the eccentric aberrations in people with low vision by measuring the optics of their eyes, correcting the aberrations, particularly astigmatism, and evaluating improvements in visual functions. The individual variations are large for both astigmatism and higher order aberrations such as coma. The main results of this research show that visual improvements through eccentric corrections are possible in spite of the retina’s poor function outside of the macula. Eccentric optical correction affects both resolution and detection capacities. A person’s visual ability can also be influenced by their awareness and training of eccentric viewing.
[Clinical study on hematocrit used as a predictor for evaluation of resuscitation effect in the early shock stage after burn].

OBJECTIVE To explore the clinical significance of hematocrit used as a predictor for diagnosis and evaluation of resuscitation effect in the early shock stage after burn. METHODS Clinical data of 131 severely burned patients admitted to our burn unit from January 2000 to December 2011 were retrospectively analyzed. The burn patients were divided into group A (n = 80) and group B (n = 51) based on the hematocrit level at post burn hour (PBH) 24. The hematocrit levels in group A were less than or equal to 0.50, which in group B were higher than 0.50. There were no statistically significant differences between two groups in age, gender, body weight, admission time after burn, total burn area, full-thickness burn area, and degree of inhalation injury (P values all above 0.05). Hematocrit levels in the shock stage were recorded. Total urine output, base excess, and the volume of fluid infused per kg per %TBSA at PBH 24 were recorded. Rates of complication and mortality were recorded. Data were processed with t test, chi-square test, and Wilcoxon rank sum test. RESULTS Hematocrit level of group A at PBH 24 was decreased to about 0.45, while that of group B was decreased to about 0.55. The urine output in group A at PBH 24 [(61 ± 22) mL/h] was higher than that in group B [(53 ± 20) mL/h, t = 2.212, P < 0.05]. Base excess in group A at PBH 24 [(-6.1 ± 2.9) mmol/L] was significantly higher than that in group B [(-9.0 ± 3.8) mmol/L, t = 4.888, P < 0.01]. The volume infused per kg per %TBSA was higher in group A [(1.9 ± 0.4) mL·kg(-1)·%TBSA(-1)] than in group B [(1.7 ± 0.4) mL·kg(-1)·%TBSA(-1), t = 2.472, P < 0.05]. The rates of complication and mortality in group A [11.3%(9/80), 8.8%(7/80), respectively] were significantly lower than those in group B [27.5%(14/51), 21.6%(11/51), with χ(2) values respectively 5.648 and 4.318, P values all below 0.05]. CONCLUSIONS Hematocrit can indirectly reflect resuscitation effect in the burn shock stage. Whether hematocrit level can be lowered to 0.45-0.50 during the first 24 hours after burn may be an important index for evaluation of fluid resuscitation effect in the early shock stage after severe burn.
The Design of Broadband 60 GHz AMC Antenna in Multi-Chip RF Data Transmission

This paper presents the design of a 60 GHz antenna to be used in multi-core multi-chip (MCMC) computing systems. The antenna in package (AiP) solution has a ground-shielded metal and a periodically-patched artificial magnetic conductor (AMC) structure to widen the reflection coefficient bandwidth. The designed antenna with AMC layer broadcasts signals in the horizontal direction. Both simulated and measured results demonstrate that a <formula formulatype="inline"> <tex Notation="TeX">$-10~{\hbox {dB}}$</tex></formula> reflection coefficient is achieved for a 10 GHz bandwidth and that radiation in the horizontal (chip-to-chip) direction is maintained.
Conflicting Phylogenies for Early Land Plants are Caused by Composition Biases among Synonymous Substitutions

Plants are the primary producers of the terrestrial ecosystems that dominate much of the natural environment. Occurring approximately 480 Ma (Sanderson 2003; Kenrick et al. 2012), the evolutionary transition of plants from an aquatic to a terrestrial environment was accompanied by several major developmental innovations. The freshwater charophyte ancestors of land plants have a haplobiontic life cycle with a single haploid multicellular stage, whereas land plants, which include the bryophytes (liverworts, hornworts, and mosses) and tracheophytes (also called vascular plants, namely, lycopods, ferns, and seed plants), exhibit a marked alternation of generations with a diplobiontic life cycle with both haploid and diploid multicellular stages and where the embryo remains attached to, and is nourished by, the gametophyte (Haig 2008). The interjection of a multicellular diploid phase into the land–plant life cycle was an important adaptation that enabled long-distance dispersal via mitotic spores where waterborne male gametes have restricted motility in dry terrestrial environments. Despite the similarity among land–plant life cycles, they differ in one significant aspect: in the three bryophyte groups, the haploid gametophytic stage is the dominant vegetative stage, whereas in vascular plants the diploid sporophyte dominates. A common assumption, and one implied by the tradition of referring to bryophytes as “lower plants”—in contrast to the “higher” tracheophytes—is that the bryophytes and their life cycle are primitive (Kato and Akiyama 2005). However, without a strong phylogenetic hypothesis of land–plant relationships, it is not clear which (if either) of the gametophyte or sporophyte was the dominant ancestral vegetative state present in the earliest land plants (Renzaglia et al. 2007; Qiu et al. 2012).
The Elongate Hemlock Scale, Fiorinia externa Ferris (Homoptera: Diaspididae): A New Look at an Old Nemesis

The elongate hemlock scale, Fiorinia externa Ferris, and a circular one, Nuculaspis tsugae (Marlatt) (Homoptera: Diaspididae) attack eastern hemlock, Tsuga canadensis Carriere in the eastern United States. They often co-exist with hemlock woolly adelgid, Adelges tsugae Annand, and hasten the decline of hemlock. Aspidiotiphagus citrinus Craw (Hymenoptera: Aphelinidae) was the only parasitoid species recovered from emergence cages or observed during microscopic examination of samples taken from five hemlock forests in Connecticut and one in New York during 2001. Parasitization rates of F. externa by A. citrinus were highly variable at all six sites. In Connecticut, parasitization on new needles (indicative of 2001 parasitoid activity only) averaged 6.3% (range 3.4% to 9.4%) and on old needles (indicating cumulative parasitoid activity during the past two years) averaged 16.2% (range of 10.2% to 24.2%). Parasitization rates of F. externa were substantially higher at the site in New York (18.6% and 40.6% for scales on new and old needles, respectively). These levels of parasitization are similar to those reported in Connecticut decades ago and are insufficient for biological control of F. externa. Larvae and adults of C. stigma and unidentified lacewing species were collected at each site, but in insufficient numbers to suggest their importance in biological control at this time. No pathogens of F. externa or N. tsugae have previously been reported. Microscopic examination of samples collected from 20 trees along a 2.5 km transect through the hemlock forest at Mianus River Gorge Preserve in Bedford, New York on 31 October 2001 revealed that an unknown fungal pathogen has established an epizootic on F. externa and on N. tsugae. The highest infection rates observed for F. externa on the new needles (indicative of 2001 fungal activity only) and the old needles (indicating cumulative fungal activity during the past two years) were 13% and 27%, respectively. Infection rates for N. tsugae were 7.5% and 43.0% on new and old needles, respectively.
The Motion of Point Particles in Curved Spacetime

This review is concerned with the motion of a point scalar charge, a point electric charge, and a point mass in a specified background spacetime. In each of the three cases the particle produces a field that behaves as outgoing radiation in the wave zone, and therefore removes energy from the particle. In the near zone the field acts on the particle and gives rise to a self-force that prevents the particle from moving on a geodesic of the background spacetime. The self-force contains both conservative and dissipative terms, and the latter are responsible for the radiation reaction. The work done by the self-force matches the energy radiated away by the particle.The field’s action on the particle is difficult to calculate because of its singular nature: the field diverges at the position of the particle. But it is possible to isolate the field’s singular part and show that it exerts no force on the particle — its only effect is to contribute to the particle’s inertia. What remains after subtraction is a regular field that is fully responsible for the self-force. Because this field satisfies a homogeneous wave equation, it can be thought of as a free field that interacts with the particle; it is this interaction that gives rise to the self-force.The mathematical tools required to derive the equations of motion of a point scalar charge, a point electric charge, and a point mass in a specified background spacetime are developed here from scratch. The review begins with a discussion of the basic theory of bitensors (Part I). It then applies the theory to the construction of convenient coordinate systems to chart a neighbourhood of the particle’s word line (Part II). It continues with a thorough discussion of Green’s functions in curved spacetime (Part III). The review presents a detailed derivation of each of the three equations of motion (Part IV). Because the notion of a point mass is problematic in general relativity, the review concludes (Part V) with an alternative derivation of the equations of motion that applies to a small body of arbitrary internal structure.
Work–Home Interaction and Psychological Strain: The Moderating Role of Sleep Quality

Sleep has been considered crucial for recovery, but little is known about the specific associations between the work–family interface and sleep quality. Based on COR theory, the goal of this study is to examine the moderating role of sleep quality on the relationship between work–home interaction (i.e. negative work–home interaction, negative home–work interaction, positive work–home interaction, and positive home–work interaction) and psychological strain. A total of 273 ambulance workers from Spain participated in the study. Multiple regression analyses revealed that sleep quality moderated the relationship between negative and positive home–work interaction and psychological strain. Findings are discussed in terms of their theoretical and practical implications.
Layer-specific regulation of cortical neurons by interhemispheric inhibition

Processing of sensory information from both sides of the body requires coordination of sensory input between the two hemispheres. This coordination is achieved by transcallosal (interhemispheric) fibers that course though the upper cortical layers. In a recent study by Palmer et al. (2012), we investigated the role of this interhemispheric input on the dendritic and somatic activity of cortical pyramidal neurons. This study showed that interhemispheric input evokes GABAB-mediated inhibition in the distal dendrites of layer 5 pyramidal neurons, decreasing the action potential output when paired with contralateral sensory stimulation. In contrast, layer 2/3 pyramidal neurons were not inhibited by interhemispheric input, possibly due to transcallosal fibers evoking more excitation in these neurons than layer 5 neurons. These results highlight both the precise nature of the microcircuitry of interhemispheric inhibition and how the balance between excitation and inhibition is different in the different layers of the cortex. Identifying the cellular and molecular elements involved in interhemipsheric inhibition is crucial not only for understanding higher brain function and but also dysfunction in the diseased brain.
The Ocular Hypertension Treatment Study: baseline factors that predict the onset of primary open-angle glaucoma.

BACKGROUND The Ocular Hypertension Treatment Study (OHTS) has shown that topical ocular hypotensive medication is effective in delaying or preventing the onset of primary open-angle glaucoma (POAG) in individuals with elevated intraocular pressure (ocular hypertension) and no evidence of glaucomatous damage. OBJECTIVE To describe baseline demographic and clinical factors that predict which participants in the OHTS developed POAG. METHODS Baseline demographic and clinical data were collected prior to randomization except for corneal thickness measurements, which were performed during follow-up. Proportional hazards models were used to identify factors that predicted which participants in the OHTS developed POAG. RESULTS In univariate analyses, baseline factors that predicted the development of POAG included older age, race (African American), sex (male), larger vertical cup-disc ratio, larger horizontal cup-disc ratio, higher intraocular pressure, greater Humphrey visual field pattern standard deviation, heart disease, and thinner central corneal measurement. In multivariate analyses, baseline factors that predicted the development of POAG included older age, larger vertical or horizontal cup-disc ratio, higher intraocular pressure, greater pattern standard deviation, and thinner central corneal measurement. CONCLUSIONS Baseline age, vertical and horizontal cup-disc ratio, pattern standard deviation, and intraocular pressure were good predictors for the onset of POAG in the OHTS. Central corneal thickness was found to be a powerful predictor for the development of POAG.
Exploring positive relationships at work : building a theoretical and research foundation

Contents: Series Foreword. Part I: Introduction. B.R. Ragins, J.E. Dutton, Positive Relationships at Work: An Introduction and Invitation. Part II: Positive Relationships: Individuals and Dyads. L.M. Roberts, From Proving to Becoming: How Positive Relationships Create a Context for Self-Discovery and Self-Actualization. E.D. Heaphy, Bodily Insights: Three Lenses on Positive Organizational Relationships. R.W. Quinn, Energizing Others in Work Connections. B.R. Ragins, A.K. Verbos, Positive Relationships in Action: Relational Mentoring and Mentoring Schemas in the Workplace. M.G. Pratt, K.T. Dirks, Rebuilding Trust and Restoring Positive Relationships: A Commitment-Based View of Trust. M.N. Davidson, E.H. James, The Engines of Positive Relationships Across Difference: Conflict and Learning. J. Greenberg, Positive Organizational Justice: From Fair to Fairer-and Beyond. S. Duck, Commentary: Finding Connections at the Individual/Dyadic Level. Part III: Positive Relationships: Groups and Communities. W.A. Kahn, Meaningful Connections: Positive Relationships and Attachments at Work. M. Higgins, A Contingency Perspective on Developmental Networks. D. Ancona, W. Isaacs, Structural Balance in Teams. R. Blatt, C.T. Camden, Positive Relationships and Cultivating Community. K.L. McGinn, History, Structure, and Practices: San Pedro Longshoremen in the Face of Change. W.A. Kahn, Commentary: Positive Relationships in Groups and Communities. Part IV: Positive Relationships: Organizations and Organizing. K. Golden-Biddle, K. GermAnn, T. Reay, G. Procyshen, Creating and Sustaining Positive Organizational Relationships: A Cultural Perspective. M.A. Glynn, K. Wrobel, My Family, My Firm: How Familial Relationships Function as Endogenous Organizational Resources. W. Baker, J.E. Dutton, Enabling Positive Social Capital in Organizations. J.K. Fletcher, Leadership, Power, and Positive Relationships. D.M. Rousseau, K. Ling, Commentary: Following the Resources in Positive Organizational Relationships. Part V: Conclusion. J.E. Dutton, B.R. Ragins, Moving Forward: Positive Relationships at Work as a Research Frontier.