Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
A Greedy Link Scheduler for Wireless Networks with Gaussian Multiple Access and Broadcast Channels

Information theoretic Broadcast Channels (BC) and Multiple Access Channels (MAC) enable a single node to transmit data simultaneously to multiple nodes, and multiple nodes to transmit data simultaneously to a single node respectively. In this paper, we address the problem of link scheduling in multihop wireless networks containing nodes with BC and MAC capabilities. We first propose an interference model that extends protocol interference models, originally designed for point to point channels, to include the possibility of BC and MAC. Due to the high complexity of optimal link schedulers, we introduce the Multiuser Greedy Maximum Weight algorithm for link scheduling in multihop wireless networks containing BCs and MACs. Given a network graph, we develop new local pooling conditions} and show that the performance of our algorithm can be fully characterized using the associated parameter, the multiuser local pooling factor. We provide examples of some network graphs, on which we apply local pooling conditions and derive the multiuser local pooling factor. We prove optimality of our algorithm in tree networks and show that the exploitation of BCs and MACs improve the throughput performance considerably in multihop wireless networks.
Flavonoids, Flavonoid Subclasses and Breast Cancer Risk: A Meta-Analysis of Epidemiologic Studies

Background Studies have suggested the chemopreventive effects of flavonoids on carcinogenesis. Yet numbers of epidemiologic studies assessing dietary flavonoids and breast cancer risk have yielded inconsistent results. The association between flavonoids, flavonoid subclasses (flavonols, flavan-3-ols, etc.) and the risk of breast cancer lacks systematic analysis. Objective We aimed to examine the association between flavonoids, each flavonoid subclass (except isoflavones) and the risk of breast cancer by conducting a meta-analysis. Design We searched for all relevant studies with a prospective cohort or case-control study design published before July 1st, 2012, using Cochrane library, MEDLINE, EMBASE and PUBMED. Summary relative risks (RR) were calculated using fixed- or random-effects models. All analyses were performed using STATA version 10.0. Results Twelve studies were included, involving 9 513 cases and 181 906 controls, six of which were prospective cohort studies, and six were case-control studies. We calculated the summary RRs of breast cancer risk for the highest vs lowest categories of each flavonoid subclass respectively. The risk of breast cancer significantly decreased in women with high intake of flavonols (RR = 0.88, 95% CI 0.80–0.98) and flavones (RR = 0.83, 95% CI: 0.76–0.91) compared with that in those with low intake of flavonols and flavones. However, no significant association of flavan-3-ols (RR = 0.93, 95% CI: 0.84–1.02), flavanones (summary RR = 0.95, 95% CI: 0.88–1.03), anthocyanins (summary RR = 0.97, 95% CI: 0.87–1.08) or total flavonoids (summary RR = 0.98, 95% CI: 0.86–1.12) intake with breast cancer risk was observed. Furthermore, summary RRs of 3 case-control studies stratified by menopausal status suggested flavonols, flavones or flavan-3-ols intake is associated with a significant reduced risk of breast cancer in post-menopausal while not in pre-menopausal women. Conclusions The present study suggests the intake of flavonols and flavones, but not other flavonoid subclasses or total flavonoids, is associated with a decreased risk of breast cancer, especially among post-menopausal women.
Impact of various measures to optimize the air velocity in an industrial wood-drying process

Abstract The relationship between fan speed and electrical energy consumption, and the price of energy, justify studies on the possibilities for reducing air velocity during the wood-drying process. In this study, effects of air velocity were examined to determine when and how much it can be reduced, without affecting the drying rate of the sawn timber. The first experiments were performed in a laboratory kiln, and 36 samples of 50×100 mm boards (2×log) of Norway spruce [Picea abies (L.) Karst. ] were dried at 70°C with varying air velocity. Results show that too early or too sharp a reduction in air velocity gives a reduced drying rate and a large variation in moisture content. The next step in the project was a full-scale industrial study in kilns at a Norwegian sawmill. To optimize air velocity conditions, batten spaces were sealed. This had no significant effect on air velocity in the kiln. A reduction in air velocity in the kiln to 60% frequency at 40% moisture content and to 40% frequency at 20% moisture content, without considerable changes in the drying schedule, resulted in an increase in final moisture content.
Tap, swipe, or move: attentional demands for distracted smartphone input

Smartphones are frequently used in environments where the user is distracted by another task, for example by walking or by driving. While the typical interface for smartphones involves hardware and software buttons and surface gestures, researchers have recently posited that, for distracted environments, benefits may exist in using motion gestures to execute commands. In this paper, we examine the relative cognitive demands of motion gestures and surface taps and gestures in two specific distracted scenarios: a walking scenario, and an eyes-free seated scenario. We show, first, that there is no significant difference in reaction time for motion gestures, taps, or surface gestures on smartphones. We further show that motion gestures result in significantly less time looking at the smartphone during walking than does tapping on the screen, even with interfaces optimized for eyes-free input. Taken together, these results show that, despite somewhat lower throughput, there may be benefits to making use of motion gestures as a modality for distracted input on smartphones.
Hutcheon et al. Respond to “Maternal Influenza Immunization and Birth Outcomes”

© The Author 2016. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of the Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health. This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0), which permits non-commercial re-use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. For commercial re-use, please contact journalpermissions@oup.com. Vol. 184, No. 11 DOI: 10.1093/aje/kww111 Advance Access publication: October 26, 2016
Deep Descriptor Transforming for Image Co-Localization

Reusable model design becomes desirable with the rapid expansion of machine learning applications. In this paper, we focus on the reusability of pre-trained deep convolutional models. Specifically, different from treating pre-trained models as feature extractors, we reveal more treasures beneath convolutional layers, i.e., the convolutional activations could act as a detector for the common object in the image co-localization problem. We propose a simple but effective method, named Deep Descriptor Transforming (DDT), for evaluating the correlations of descriptors and then obtaining the category-consistent regions, which can accurately locate the common object in a set of images. Empirical studies validate the effectiveness of the proposed DDT method. On benchmark image co-localization datasets, DDT consistently outperforms existing state-of-the-art methods by a large margin. Moreover, DDT also demonstrates good generalization ability for unseen categories and robustness for dealing with noisy data.
Future Directions for the Study of Suicide and Self-Injury

The death of a child is one of the most tragic events imaginable. Even more gut-wrenching is when a child intentionally chooses to end his or her own life in order to escape from unbearable suffering. Unfortunately, the occurrence of self-harm behaviors increases dramatically and occurs at elevated rates during adolescence (Nock et al., 2008), and suicide currently is the fourth leading cause of all death among U.S. children and adolescents aged 10 to 14 years, third among those 15 to 24 years, and second among those 25 to 34 years (National Center for Health Statistics, 2011). As a parent, this state of affairs is unacceptable. As psychological scientists, we must do more to decrease this tragic loss of precious life. Fortunately, the past few decades have brought significant advances in the understanding of suicide and other forms of self-inflicted injury. For instance, we have learned that suicidal behavior seems to run in families and the risk of suicidal behavior that is transmitted across generations exists above and beyond that of psychiatric disorders such as depression (Brent & Mann, 2006; Gureje et al., 2011). We also have learned that the experience of serious adversities during childhood significantly increases one’s risk of the onset and persistence of suicidal behavior (Bruffaerts et al., 2010; Dube et al., 2001). We also are starting to see more complex models that examine the interaction of risk factors, such as those combining the findings previously mentioned to suggest that some inherited genetic factors (e.g., a functional polymorphism of the serotonin transporter gene) may interact with environmental risk factors (e.g., childhood maltreatment) to increase the risk of depression and suicidal behavior (Caspi et al., 2003; although such models currently are being debated and reexamined in the literature; Karg, Burmeister, Shedden, & Sen, 2011; Risch et al., 2009). Despite these and other important advances, there is still a great deal that remains unknown about even some of the most fundamental characteristics of self-harm. The enormous lacunae in our current understanding of self-harm provide a research agenda for future directions in the study of suicidal self-injury and nonsuicidal self-injury (NSSI). In this article, I outline what I perceive to be some of the most important future directions in this effort.
On structure preserving sampling and approximate partitioning of graphs

Massive graphs are becoming increasingly common in a variety of domains such as social networks and web analytics. One approach to overcoming the challenges of size is to sample the graph, and perform analytics on the smaller graph. However, to be useful, the sample must maintain the properties of interest in the original graph. In this paper, we analyze the quality of five representative sampling algorithms in how well they preserve graph structure, the bisimulation structure of graphs in particular. As part of this study, we also develop a new scalable algorithm for computing bisimulation partitions of massive graphs. We empirically demonstrate the superior performance of our new algorithm in both sequential and distributed settings.
Antioxidative and Anti-Melanogenic Activities of Bamboo Stems (Phyllostachys nigra variety henosis) via PKA/CREB-Mediated MITF Downregulation in B16F10 Melanoma Cells

Phyllostachys nigra var. henosis, a domestic bamboo species, has been attracting much attention; its bioactive compounds (especially in the leaf) show antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and anti-obesity activities. Little information is available on the antioxidative and anti-melanogenetic activities of the bioactive compounds in bamboo stems. The anti-melanogenic and antioxidative activities of the EtOAc fraction (PN3) of a P. nigra stem extract were investigated in a cell-free system and in B16F10 melanoma cells. PN3 consisted of a mixture of flavonoids, such as catechin, chlorogenic acid, caffeic acid, and p-coumaric acid. The antioxidant activity (2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), 2,2′-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid (ABTS)), and hydroxyl radical scavenging) was evaluated, as well as the inhibition of reactive oxygen species (ROS) produced by the Fenton reaction. PN3 showed in vitro tyrosinase inhibition activity with the half maximal inbihitory concentration (IC50) values of 240 μg/mL, and in vivo cytotoxic concentration ranges > 100 μg/mL. The protein expression levels and mRNA transcription levels of TYR, TRP-1, and MITF were decreased in a dose-dependent manner by the treatment with PN3. PN3 interfered with the phosphorylation of intracellular protein kinase A (PKA)/cAMP response element-binding protein (CREB), demonstrating potent anti-melanogenic effects. PN3 could inhibit PKA/CREB and the subsequent degradation of microphthalmia-associated transcription factor (MITF), resulting in the suppression of melanogenic enzymes and melanin production, probably because of the presence of flavonoid compounds. These properties make it a candidate as an additive to whitening cosmetics.
Physiological Slowing and Upregulation of Inhibition in Cortex Are Correlated with Behavioral Deficits in Protein Malnourished Rats

Protein malnutrition during early development has been correlated with cognitive and learning disabilities in children, but the neuronal deficits caused by long-term protein deficiency are not well understood. We exposed rats from gestation up to adulthood to a protein-deficient (PD) diet, to emulate chronic protein malnutrition in humans. The offspring exhibited significantly impaired performance on the ‘Gap-crossing’ (GC) task after reaching maturity, a behavior that has been shown to depend on normal functioning of the somatosensory cortex. The physiological state of the somatosensory cortex was examined to determine neuronal correlates of the deficits in behavior. Extracellular multi-unit recording from layer 4 (L4) neurons that receive direct thalamocortical inputs and layers 2/3 (L2/3) neurons that are dominated by intracortical connections in the whisker-barrel cortex of PD rats exhibited significantly low spontaneous activity and depressed responses to whisker stimulation. L4 neurons were more severely affected than L2/3 neurons. The response onset was significantly delayed in L4 cells. The peak response latency of L4 and L2/3 neurons was delayed significantly. In L2/3 and L4 of the barrel cortex there was a substantial increase in GAD65 (112% over controls) and much smaller increase in NMDAR1 (12-20%), suggesting enhanced inhibition in the PD cortex. These results show that chronic protein deficiency negatively affects both thalamo-cortical and cortico-cortical transmission during somatosensory information processing. The findings support the interpretation that sustained protein deficiency interferes with features of cortical sensory processing that are likely to underlie the cognitive impairments reported in humans who have suffered from prolonged protein deficiency.
Infant temperament and anxious symptoms in school age children

A group of 164 children from different infant temperament categories were seen at 7 years of age for a laboratory battery that included behavioral and physiological measurements. The major results indicated that children who had been classified as high reactive infants at 4 months of age, compared with infants classified as low reactive, (a) were more vulnerable to the development of anxious symptoms at age 7 years, (b) were more subdued in their interactions with a female examiner, (c) made fewer errors on a task requiring inhibition of a reflex, and (d) were more reflective. Further, the high reactives who developed anxious symptoms differed from the high reactives without anxious symptoms with respect to fearful behavior in the second year and, at age 7 years, higher diastolic blood pressure, a narrower facial skeleton, and greater magnitude of cooling of the temperature of the fingertips to cognitive challenge. Finally, variation in magnitude of interference to fearful or aggressive pictures on a modified Stroop procedure failed to differentiate anxious from nonanxious or high from low reactive children.
Quantitative phosphoproteomics identifies SnRK2 protein kinase substrates and reveals the effectors of abscisic acid action

Sucrose nonfermenting 1 (SNF1)-related protein kinase 2s (SnRK2s) are central components of abscisic acid (ABA) signaling pathways. The snrk2.2/2.3/2.6 triple-mutant plants are nearly completely insensitive to ABA, suggesting that most of the molecular actions of ABA are triggered by the SnRK2s-mediated phosphorylation of substrate proteins. Only a few substrate proteins of the SnRK2s are known. To identify additional substrate proteins of the SnRK2s and provide insight into the molecular actions of ABA, we used quantitative phosphoproteomics to compare the global changes in phosphopeptides in WT and snrk2.2/2.3/2.6 triple mutant seedlings in response to ABA treatment. Among the 5,386 unique phosphorylated peptides identified in this study, we found that ABA can increase the phosphorylation of 166 peptides and decrease the phosphorylation of 117 peptides in WT seedlings. In the snrk2.2/2.3/2.6 triple mutant, 84 of the 166 peptides, representing 58 proteins, could not be phosphorylated, or phosphorylation was not increased under ABA treatment. In vitro kinase assays suggest that most of the 58 proteins can serve as substrates of the SnRK2s. The SnRK2 substrates include proteins involved in flowering time regulation, RNA and DNA binding, miRNA and epigenetic regulation, signal transduction, chloroplast function, and many other cellular processes. Consistent with the SnRK2 phosphorylation of flowering time regulators, the snrk2.2/2.3/2.6 triple mutant flowered significantly earlier than WT. These results shed new light on the role of the SnRK2 protein kinases and on the downstream effectors of ABA action, and improve our understanding of plant responses to adverse environments.
Development of Mechanically Stable Polymer-Based Silica Aerogel

Silica aerogels have attracted attention for many applications due to their unique properties such as low density (0.003 g/cm), mesoporosity (pore size 2–50 nm), high thermal insulation and high surface area (500–1200 m2/g). However, their fragility and environmental sensitivity restricts the use of monolithic silica aerogel. In this paper, silica aerogel that is crosslinked with diisocyanate is introduced and the effects of polymer concentration on aerogel properties, especially mechanical strength are discussed. Fracture of silica aerogel mainly occurs at the interface of secondary particles that are formed during aging. It is believed that if the surface of silica aerogel is covalently bonded to nanocast polymer coating, the interparticle necks become wider and can reinforce the structure of the aerogel. In this study, several characterizations are performed to investigate the properties of the aerogel. First, bulk density is measured to visualize the change in density with increase in crosslinker concentration. Brunauer Emmett and Teller (BET) illustrated the pore size, bulk density and surface area. The critical temperature up to which polymer crosslinked aerogel decompose was investigated by Thermogravimetric Analysis (TGA). The phase change in the aerogel was studied with Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC) testing. Using Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM), the nanoscale pore size and pore distribution throughout the aerogel surface were investigated. Furthermore, compression tests were performed to study the effect of crosslinking polymer on mechanical strength over non-crosslinked framework.
Transitions to valence-bond solid order in a honeycomb lattice antiferromagnet

We use quantum Monte Carlo methods to study the ground-state phase diagram of a $S=1/2$ honeycomb lattice magnet in which a nearest-neighbor antiferromagnetic exchange $J$ (favoring N\'eel order) competes with two different multispin interaction terms: a six-spin interaction ${Q}_{3}$ that favors columnar valence-bond solid (VBS) order, and a four-spin interaction ${Q}_{2}$ that favors staggered VBS order. For ${Q}_{3}\ensuremath{\sim}{Q}_{2}\ensuremath{\gg}J$, we establish that the competition between the two different VBS orders stabilizes N\'eel order in a large swath of the phase diagram even when $J$ is the smallest energy scale in the Hamiltonian. When ${Q}_{3}\ensuremath{\gg}({Q}_{2},J)$ $\mathrm{[}{Q}_{2}\ensuremath{\gg}({Q}_{3},J)\text{]}$, this model exhibits at zero temperature phase transition from the N\'eel state to a columnar (staggered) VBS state. We establish that the N\'eel-columnar VBS transition is continuous for all values of ${Q}_{2}$, and that critical properties along the entire phase boundary are well characterized by critical exponents and amplitudes of the noncompact ${\mathrm{CP}}^{1}$ $({\mathrm{NCCP}}^{1})$ theory of deconfined criticality, similar to what is observed on a square lattice. However, a surprising threefold anisotropy of the phase of the VBS order parameter at criticality, whose presence was recently noted at the ${Q}_{2}=0$ deconfined critical point, is seen to persist all along this phase boundary. We use a classical analogy to explore this by studying the critical point of a three-dimensional $XY$ model with a fourfold anisotropy field which is known to be weakly irrelevant at the three-dimensional $XY$ critical point. In this case, we again find that the critical anisotropy appears to saturate to a nonzero value over the range of sizes accessible to our simulations.
Translating Lung Microbiome Profiles into the Next-Generation Diagnostic Gold Standard for Pneumonia: a Clinical Investigator’s Perspective

Severe bacterial pneumonia is a major global cause of morbidity and mortality, yet current diagnostic approaches rely on identification of causative pathogens by cultures, which require extended incubation periods and often fail to detect relevant pathogens. Consequently, patients are prescribed broad-spectrum antibiotics in a “one-size-fits-all” manner, which may be inappropriate for their individual needs and promote antibiotic resistance. ABSTRACT Severe bacterial pneumonia is a major global cause of morbidity and mortality, yet current diagnostic approaches rely on identification of causative pathogens by cultures, which require extended incubation periods and often fail to detect relevant pathogens. Consequently, patients are prescribed broad-spectrum antibiotics in a “one-size-fits-all” manner, which may be inappropriate for their individual needs and promote antibiotic resistance. My research focuses on leveraging next-generation sequencing of microbial DNA directly from patient samples for the development of new, culture-independent definitions of pneumonia. In this perspective article, I discuss the current state of the field and focus on the conceptual and research design challenges for clinical translation. With ongoing technological advancements and application of computational biology methods for assessing clinical validity and utility, I anticipate that sequencing-based diagnostics will soon be able to positively disrupt the way we think about, diagnose, and treat pulmonary infections.
Effect of delayed‐release dimethyl fumarate on no evidence of disease activity in relapsing–remitting multiple sclerosis: integrated analysis of the phase III DEFINE and CONFIRM studies

Significant effects on clinical/neuroradiological disease activity have been reported in patients with relapsing–remitting multiple sclerosis treated with delayed‐release dimethyl fumarate (DMF) in phase III DEFINE/CONFIRM trials. We conducted a post hoc analysis of integrated data from DEFINE/CONFIRM to evaluate the effect of DMF on achieving no evidence of disease activity (NEDA) in patients with relapsing–remitting multiple sclerosis.