Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Transmission line fault detection and classification using wavelet analysis

The paper proposes a new technique for fast and accurate detection as well as classification of power system faults using modern signal processing techniques The technique involves wavelet analysis of faulty voltage and current waveforms, which are recorded at a suitable monitoring location in multi-bus power system to gather valuable information required in detection and classification of faults. The application of wavelet analysis helps in accurate classification of the various fault patterns. In MATLAB Simulink a multi bus system has been modeled for case study and various possible fault types and their combinations were simulated. The results indicate that the proposed technique is capable of classifying all fault categories including multiple faults.
Economic impacts associated with bovine somatotropin (BST) use based on survey of US dairy herds

_________________________________________________ Stephen L. Ott is an Agricultural Economist with the Centers for Epidemiology and Animal Health in Fort Collins, CO, and C. Matthew Rendelman is an Associate Professor with the Department of Agribusiness Economics at Southern Illinois University-Carbondale.  2000 AgBioForum. ECONOMIC IMPACTS ASSOCIATED WITH BOVINE SOMATOTROPIN (BST) USE BASED ON SURVEY OF US DAIRY HERDS
Forecasting With Nonspurious Factors in U.S. Macroeconomic Time Series

This study examines the practical implications of the fact that structural changes in factor loadings can produce spurious factors (or irrelevant factors) in forecasting exercises. These spurious factors can induce an overfitting problem in factor-augmented forecasting models. To address this concern, we propose a method to estimate nonspurious factors by identifying the set of response variables that have no structural changes in their factor loadings. Our theoretical results show that the obtained set may include a fraction of unstable response variables. However, the fraction is so small that the original factors are able to be identified and estimated consistently. Moreover, using this approach, we find that a significant portion of 132 U.S. macroeconomic time series have structural changes in their factor loadings. Although traditional principal components provide eight or more factors, there are significantly fewer nonspurious factors. The forecasts using the nonspurious factors can significantly improve out-of-sample performance.
Crop‐sharing economics in mandatory Palestine — part I

The first part of this article showed that crop division in Mandatory Palestine incorporated two superimposed principles of tenure. The first of these was the crop-sharing compact between the traditionally acknowledged factors of production that shared in the produce: land, seed, ploughing stock and labour. In Northern Samaria both capital factorsseed and ploughing stock-were contributed by one party, who was said to have been awarded the shadd or cultivation. In other words, he was the farmer. The second principle of tenure was the muzara'a or co-cultivation compact between landowner and cultivator. In this compact the cultivator (the farmer) represented the other factors of production as far as the landowner was concerned, and assigned him his rent-share of the crop. Only as a second step was the rest of the crop divided among the other factors of production: and here the farmer represented the landlord. All in all, the farmer constituted the link between the two compacts and the linchpin of the landholding system. Accordingly, it is in terms of where the capital came from under each form of tenure, that we have found it most productive to visualize agrarian institutions and to follow the evolution of the land system in this article. We then classified the forms of tenure in Northern Samaria under the Mandate in descending order of involvement in farming on the part of the landowner: (a) cropping: the landowner retained the capital (the stock) the labour being performed by croppers; (b) joint-farming (partnership in the shadd): the landowner, who owned the stock, appointed a villager to operate the farm, made over a share in the stock to him, debited him its value, and split with him the crop share due to the seed and to the ploughing stock under the crop-sharing compact. The operator, whom we shall call jointfarmer, could either perform the labour himself or take on croppers; (c) share-rent farming: the landowner provided only the land, the farmer supplying the whole capital. The farmer in turn could, if he wished, take on joint-farmers or croppers or sub-farm out the land; (d) tenancy, in which cash replaced the share-rent. We were able to analyse crop division procedures on the basis of the accounts of Nazmi Hajj Tawfeeq 'Abdul Hadi who owned extensive lands both in the hill village of 'Arrabeh in Northern Samaria and in the lowland settlement of Zar'een in the Plain of Esdraelon. We learned from them that Nazmi awarded the croppers (crop-sharing labourers) a much larger part of his share of the crop than did Nazmi's joint-farmers. This differential persisted until the mid-1930's when the croppers apparently secured its elimination-again, at the expense of Nazmi, not of his joint-farmers. We also saw that while in principle the joint-farming form of association
Prospects for the Eurozone

For Wim Duisenberg, the euro’s perceived independence from the nation state was a path-breaking achievement, to be proud of and to cherish. Little more than a decade later—and three years into the deepest economic crisis Europe has known since the Great Depression—Duisenberg’s elation rings strangely anachronistic, since what the ‘nationless’ euro seems to have achieved, above all, is to undermine whatever ‘mutual confidence at the heart of our community’ there may have been at the start. This Special Issue takes stock of the euro crisis so far. It is concerned with the in-depth analysis of its main causes, policy proposals for a recovery from the crisis and reform strategies for the reconstruction of a more viable and egalitarian eurozone in the future. This Introduction provides an overview of both core features of the euro crisis and related debates, as well as individual contributions to this Special Issue. Section 1 examines the origins of the euro crisis; Section 2 reviews key policy developments in the evolution of the crisis, from its onset in May 2010 to the adoption of outright monetary transactions (OMTs) by the European Central Bank (ECB) in September 2012; and Section 3 provides an overview of the contributions to the Special Issue.
Soil Amendments Reduce Roof Garden Weight and Influence the Growth Rate of Lantana

Four substrates were investigated for their efficacy as roof garden vegetative layers. The substrates comprised a sandy loam soil (S), sandy loam soil amended with urea formaldehyde resin foam (S:F) in a proportion of 60-40 v/v, sandy loam soil amended with peat and perlite (S:P:Per) in a proportion of 50-30-20 v/v and peat amended with urea formaldehyde resin foam (P:F) in a proportion of 60-40 v/v. The substrates were evaluated for their physical and chemical properties and their capacity to sustain growth of Lantana camara L. Physical and chemical evaluation included weight determination at saturation and at field capacity, bulk density determination, water retention, air filled porosity at 40 cm, pH and EC. When compared to the control (S) a weight reduction of 16.8%, 23.9% and 70.3% was obtained at field capacity with S:F, S:P:Per and P:F substrates respectively. Bulk density was reduced by 46%, 43% and 95%, in substrates S:F, S:P:Per and P:F, respectively, compared to the control substrate S. Air-filled porosity at 40 cm was slightly increased for substrate S:F while it was substantially increased for substrate P:F. The pH response between the initiation and the termination of the study was similar for the four substrates. EC decreased in substrates S and S:P:Per but increased in substrates S:F and P:F. Plant growth was monitored as shoot length, shoot number, main shoot diameter and the number of buds and flowers. Substrates S and S:F resulted in similar plant growth, while substrate S:F promoted flowering. Substrate S:P:Per induced slow plant growth during the first 6 months which subsequently increased resulting in a final growth that was satisfactory and comparable to the S and S:F substrates. Substrate P:F did not support sufficient plant growth and its use should be considered only in special cases where reduced weight of the roof garden is imperative.
Concentration risk model for Greek bank's credit portfolio

Purpose - – The IRB capital requirements of Basel II define the minimum level of capital that the bank has to retain to cover the current risks of its portfolio. The major risk that many banks are facing is credit risk and Basel II provides an approach to calculate its capital requirement. It is well known that Pillar I Basel II approach for credit risk capital requirements does not include concentration risk. The paper aims to propose a model modifying Basel II methodology (IRB) to include name concentration risk. Design/methodology/approach - – The model is developed on data based on a portfolio of Greek companies that are financed by Greek commercial banks. Based on the initial portfolio, new portfolios were simulated having a range of different credit risk parameters. Subsequently, the credit VaR of various portfolios was regressed against the credit risk indicators such as Basel II capital requirements, modified Herfindahl Index and a non-linear model was developed. This model modifies the Pillar I IRB capital requirements model of Basel II to include name concentration risk. Findings - – As the Pillar I IRB capital requirements model of Basel II does not include concentration risk, the credit VaR calculations performed in the present work appeared to have gaps with the Basel II capital requirements. These gaps were more apparent when there was high concentration risk in the credit portfolios. The new model bridges this gap providing with a correction coefficient. Practical implications - – The credit VaR of a loan portfolio could be calculated from the bank easily, without the use of additional complicated algorithms and systems. Originality/value - – The model is constructed in such a way as to provide an approximation of credit VaR satisfactory for business loan portfolios whose risk parameters lie within the range of those in a realistic bank credit portfolio and without the application of Monte Carlo simulations.
Nitric oxide activates multiple potassium channels in canine colonic smooth muscle.

1. Nitric oxide (NO), an inhibitory neurotransmitter released from peripheral neurones, hyperpolarizes smooth muscle cells and inhibits contraction. The mechanism of this hyperpolarization is unknown. 2. We have identified three classes of K+ channels activated by NO and NO donors in colonic smooth muscle cells. NO and NO donors increased the open probability of 80 pS channels (KNO1), very small channels (< 4 pS, KNO2), and 270 pS Ca(2+)‐activated K+ channels (BK channels) in cell‐attached patches. 3. Dibutyryl cGMP and 8‐bromo cGMP also increased the open probability of KNO1 and KNO2 in cell‐attached patches. 4. In excised patches of membrane, direct application of NO or the NO donor, S‐nitroso‐N‐acetyl penicillamine (SNAP), increased the open probability of KNO1 and KNO2, but cGMP or dibutyryl cGMP had no effect. SNAP had no effect on the open probability of BK channels in excised patches. 5. The reducing agent dithiothreitol and the alkylating agent N‐ethylmaleimide blocked NO‐induced channel openings. 6. In summary, the hyperpolarization response to NO in smooth muscles may be mediated by multiple K+ channels. At least two of these classes of channels may be activated by dual pathways involving direct activation by NO and cGMP‐mediated mechanisms.
Is There a Signaling Effect of Underwriter Reputation

In this article we examine the effect of underwriter reputation on the abnormal return due to an announcement to issue seasoned new equity. After controlling for other factors that relate asymmetric information to abnormal returns, underwriter reputation still significantly reduces the magnitude of the negative announcement effect. We also develop a procedure to extract a signaling component from the measure of underwriter reputation. We show that the signaling component of underwriter reputation positively and significantly affects abnormal returns. This result supports the notion that issuing firms use underwriter reputation as an effective instrument to signal that their stocks are not overvalued.
Unravelling biodiversity, evolution and threats to conservation in the Sahara‐Sahel

Deserts and arid regions are generally perceived as bare and rather homogeneous areas of low diversity. The Sahara is the largest warm desert in the world and together with the arid Sahel displays high topographical and climatic heterogeneity, and has experienced recent and strong climatic oscillations that have greatly shifted biodiversity distribution and community composition. The large size, remoteness and long‐term political instability of the Sahara‐Sahel, have limited knowledge on its biodiversity. However, over the last decade, there have been an increasing number of published scientific studies based on modern geomatic and molecular tools, and broad sampling of taxa of these regions. This review tracks trends in knowledge about biodiversity patterns, processes and threats across the Sahara‐Sahel, and anticipates needs for biodiversity research and conservation. Recent studies are changing completely the perception of regional biodiversity patterns. Instead of relatively low species diversity with distribution covering most of the region, studies now suggest a high rate of endemism and larger number of species, with much narrower and fragmented ranges, frequently limited to micro‐hotspots of biodiversity. Molecular‐based studies are also unravelling cryptic diversity associated with mountains, which together with recent distribution atlases, allows identifying integrative biogeographic patterns in biodiversity distribution. Mapping of multivariate environmental variation (at 1 km × 1 km resolution) of the region illustrates main biogeographical features of the Sahara‐Sahel and supports recently hypothesised dispersal corridors and refugia. Micro‐scale water‐features present mostly in mountains have been associated with local biodiversity hotspots. However, the distribution of available data on vertebrates highlights current knowledge gaps that still apply to a large proportion of the Sahara‐Sahel. Current research is providing insights into key evolutionary and ecological processes, including causes and timing of radiation and divergence for multiple taxa, and associating the onset of the Sahara with diversification processes for low‐mobility vertebrates. Examples of phylogeographic patterns are showing the importance of allopatric speciation in the Sahara‐Sahel, and this review presents a synthetic overview of the most commonly hypothesised diversification mechanisms. Studies are also stressing that biodiversity is threatened by increasing human activities in the region, including overhunting and natural resources prospection, and in the future by predicted global warming. A representation of areas of conflict, landmines, and natural resources extraction illustrates how human activities and regional insecurity are hampering biodiversity research and conservation. Although there are still numerous knowledge gaps for the optimised conservation of biodiversity in the region, a set of research priorities is provided to identify the framework data needed to support regional conservation planning.
Induced Mutations for Elevated Oleic Acid and Reduced Linolenic Acid Content in Soybean Seeds

The high linolenic acid content (7-9%) is associated with poor flavor of soybean oil. Soybean oil with less than 2% linolenic acid would be desirable for improving the quality. Oil in which the linolenic acid (18:3) content has been reduced from 8 to 1% makes it possible to reduce or eliminate the need for chemical hydrogenation and henceforth can achieve the stability and increased shelf life. Oil with elevated levels of oleic acid is less susceptible to oxidative changes during refining, storage and frying. Oil in which the oleic acid (18:1) has been increased from 25 to 80% also have increased stability and longer shelf life. Natural genetic variability for fatty acid composition in commercial soybean seed oil is limited, therefore, additional variability for increasing economical usage is to be created. In this augmentation, induced mutagenesis has been seen to be an excellent tool for creating variability for fatty acid contents in soybean. Induced mutagenesis is regarded as a supplement to the conventional breeding method used to alter the concern genes for reduced linolenic acids and elevated oleic acid content in the cultivars currently grown for commercial production. A significant positive correlation of 100-seed weight with oleic acids and negative correlation with linolenic acids is also useful to select elevated oleic acid and low linolenic acid lines indirectly. The purpose of this paper is to review the methods that have been used to develop the fatty acid modifications, the inheritance of the modifications, the impact of the trait on agronomic and seed characteristics, the methods of phenotypic and genotypic selection, and the commercial status of the modified oils. _____________________________________________________________________________________________________________
Postverbal behavior

published by CSLI Publications. ©2002 by CSLI Publications. All rights reserved. This text may be used and shared in accordance with the fair-use provisions of U.S. copyright law, and it may be archived and redistributed in electronic form, provided that this entire notice, including copyright information, is carried and provided that CSLI Publications is notified and no fee is charged for access. Archiving, redistribution, or republication of this text on other terms, in any medium, requires the consent of CSLI Publications. Postverbal Behavior
The Cytoplasmic Tail of Infectious Bronchitis Virus E Protein Directs Golgi Targeting

ABSTRACT We have previously shown that the E protein of the coronavirus infectious bronchitis virus (IBV) is localized to the Golgi complex when expressed exogenously from cDNA. Here, we report that neither the transmembrane domain nor the short lumenal domain of IBV E is required for Golgi targeting. However, an N-terminal truncation containing only the cytoplasmic domain (CTE) was efficiently localized to the Golgi complex, and this domain could retain a reporter protein in the Golgi. Thus, the cytoplasmic tail of the E protein is necessary and sufficient for Golgi targeting. The IBV E protein is palmitoylated on one or two cysteine residues adjacent to its transmembrane domain, but palmitoylation was not required for proper Golgi targeting. Using C-terminal truncations, we determined that the IBV E Golgi targeting information is present between tail amino acids 13 and 63. Upon treatment with brefeldin A, both the E and CTE proteins redistributed to punctate structures that colocalized with the Golgi matrix proteins GM130 and p115 instead of being localized to the endoplasmic reticulum like Golgi glycosylation enzymes. This suggests that IBV E is associated with the Golgi matrix through interactions of its cytoplasmic tail and may have interesting implications for coronavirus assembly in early Golgi compartments.
Effect of Recent Changes in Atomic Bomb Survivor Dosimetry on Cancer Mortality Risk Estimates

Abstract Preston, D. L. , Pierce, D. A. , Shimizu, Y. , Cullings, H. M. , Fujita, S. , Funamoto, S. and Kodama, K. Effect of Recent Changes in Atomic Bomb Survivor Dosimetry on Cancer Mortality Risk Estimates. Radiat. Res. 162, 377–389 (2004). The Radiation Effects Research Foundation has recently implemented a new dosimetry system, DS02, to replace the previous system, DS86. This paper assesses the effect of the change on risk estimates for radiation-related solid cancer and leukemia mortality. The changes in dose estimates were smaller than many had anticipated, with the primary systematic change being an increase of about 10% in γ-ray estimates for both cities. In particular, an anticipated large increase of the neutron component in Hiroshima for low-dose survivors did not materialize. However, DS02 improves on DS86 in many details, including the specifics of the radiation released by the bombs and the effects of shielding by structures and terrain. The data used here extend the last reported follow-up for solid cancers by 3 years, with a total of 10,085 deaths, and extends the follow-up for leukemia by 10 years, with a total of 296 deaths. For both solid cancer and leukemia, estimated age–time patterns and sex difference are virtually unchanged by the dosimetry revision. The estimates of solid-cancer radiation risk per sievert and the curvilinear dose response for leukemia are both decreased by about 8% by the dosimetry revision, due to the increase in the γ-ray dose estimates. The apparent shape of the dose response is virtually unchanged by the dosimetry revision, but for solid cancers, the additional 3 years of follow-up has some effect. In particular, there is for the first time a statistically significant upward curvature for solid cancer on the restricted dose range 0–2 Sv. However, the low-dose slope of a linear-quadratic fit to that dose range should probably not be relied on for risk estimation, since that is substantially smaller than the linear slopes on ranges 0–1 Sv, 0–0.5 Sv, and 0– 0.25 Sv. Although it was anticipated that the new dosimetry system might reduce some apparent dose overestimates for Nagasaki factory workers, this did not materialize, and factory workers have significantly lower risk estimates. Whether or not one makes allowance for this, there is no statistically significant city difference in the estimated cancer risk.
Did fertility go up after the oklahoma city bombing? An analysis of births in metropolitan counties in Oklahoma, 1990–1999

Political and sociocultural events (e.g., Brown v. Board of Education in 1954 and the German reunification in 1989) and natural disasters (e.g., Hurricane Hugo in 1989) can affect fertility. In our research, we addressed the question of whether the Oklahoma City bombing in April 1995, a man-made disaster, influenced fertility patterns in Oklahoma. We defined three theoretical orientations—replacement theory, community influence theory, and terror management theory—that motivate a general expectation of birth increases, with different predictions emerging from time and geographic considerations. We used two different empirical methodologies. First, we fitted dummy-variable regression models to monthly birth data from 1990 to 1999 in metropolitan counties. We used birth counts to frame the problem and general fertility rates to address the problem formally. These analyses were organized within two design structures: a control-group interrupted time-series design and a difference-in-differences design. In these analyses, Oklahoma County showed an interpretable, consistent, and significant increase in births. Second, we used graphical smoothing models to display these effects visually. In combination, these methods provide compelling support for a fertility response to the Oklahoma City bombing. Certain parts of each theory helped us organize and understand the pattern of results.