Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Play profiles: The effect of infinite-length games on evolution in the iterated Prisoner's Dilemma

It is well-known that the correct strategy in iterated Prisoner's Dilemma with a finite known number of rounds is to always defect. Evolution of Prisoner's Dilemma playing agents mirrors this: the more rounds the agents play against each other per encounter, the more likely the population will evolve to a cooperative state. Prior work has demonstrated that the result of evolution changes dramatically from very short games up to about 60-85 rounds, which yields substantially similar populations as those using 150 rounds. We extend this study using more powerful statistical tests and mathematical tools, including fingerprinting and play profiles, to consider the problem in the opposite direction: as the correct strategy in infinitely iterated Prisoner's Dilemma is to always cooperate, how many rounds are needed until evolution reflects this empirically? Within a very large plateau, from around 150 to a million rounds, evolution does not significantly change its behaviour. Surprisingly, behaviour does change again from millions to billions of rounds, but not further from billions to infinite-round games. This suggests that evolution operates on nontrivial categories of cooperativity depending on the number of rounds and the details of the representation.
Effects of autonomous motivational priming on motivation and affective responses towards high-intensity interval training

ABSTRACT This study examined the effect of autonomous motivational priming on motivation, attitudes and intentions towards high-intensity interval training (HIT). Participants (N = 42) performed a graded exercise test to determine their peak aerobic power (WPEAK). At a subsequent testing session, participants were randomised to complete either an autonomous or neutral motivational priming task followed by a 10 × 1 HIT exercise protocol, alternating 1-min bouts of hard (70% WPEAK) and light (12.5% WPEAK) exercises for 20 min. Participants primed with autonomous motivation reported greater enjoyment, P = . 009, ηp2 = . 16, and perceived competence, P = . 005, ηp2 = . 18, post-exercise compared to those in the neutral priming condition. Participants in the autonomous motivational priming condition also reported more positive attitudes, P = . 014, ηp2 = . 14, towards HIT; however, there was no difference between the conditions for task motivation during HIT or intentions, P = . 53, ηp2 = . 01, to engage in HIT. These findings highlight autonomous motivational priming as a method of enhancing affective and motivational experiences regarding HIT.
A new strategy for the application of CA19-9 in the differentiation of pancreaticobiliary cancer: analysis using a receiver operating characteristic curve

OBJECTIVES:Clinicians might be misled in interpreting an elevated CA19-9 when differentiating pancreaticobiliary cancer from benign clinical conditions such as acute cholangitis or cholestasis, because in these conditions, the concentration of CA19-9 may also be elevated. The aims of our study were to calculate new individual cutoff values for CA19-9 according to clinical situations using a receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve and to define a new strategy for interpreting CA19-9 in pancreaticobiliary cancer.METHODS:One hundred sixty patients with pancreatic diseases (cancer 90, benign disease 70), 322 patients with biliary tract diseases (biliary cancer 152, benign disease 170), and 20,035 asymptomatic controls were enrolled in the present study. An ROC curve was described by plotting the sensitivity on the y-axis against 1-specificity on the x-axis for each of several cutoff values.RESULTS:The area under the ROC curve was significantly greater for pancreatic cancer than for biliary cancer (p < 0.05). For patients with pancreatic cancer, CA19-9 proved to be useful. At a cutoff value of 37 U/ml, sensitivity and specificity were 76.7% and 87.1%, respectively. For patients with biliary cancer, CA19-9 was not helpful. However, when patients with biliary disease were divided into two groups according to the presence of cholangitis or cholestasis, CA19-9 proved to be more useful for the group without cholangitis or cholestasis than for the group with cholangitis or cholestasis (p < 0.05). In the former group, the sensitivity and specificity of CA19-9 were 77.6% and 83%, respectively, at the cutoff value of 37 U/ml. For the latter group, the sensitivity and specificity of CA19-9 were 74% and 41.5% respectively, whereas the specificity reached 87% at 300 U/ml. CA19-9 in diagnosing pancreatic cancer was useful regardless of accompanying acute pancreatitis or cholestasis. The serum concentration of CA19-9 in asymptomatic individuals was 9.42 ± 9.95 U/ml. Only 1 of 157 patients with a concentration of CA19-9 above 37 U/ml was found to have gallbladder cancer. The positive and negative predictive values were 0.65% and 0.78%, respectively.CONCLUSIONS:The use of CA19-9 for the differentiation of pancreaticobiliary cancer should be applied individually, depending on the clinical situation.
Effect of Protein Binding on the Activity of Penicillins in Combination with Gentamicin Against Enterococci

To assess the effect of protein binding by human serum on the synergistic interaction of penicillins with gentamicin, time-kill curves were determined for four penicillins alone and in combination with gentamicin against 10 blood isolates of enterococci. Killing curves demonstrated synergism with penicillin G plus gentamicin against all 10 strains in either broth or 50% human serum. In broth the combinations of nafcillin plus gentamicin and oxacillin plus gentamicin were synergistic against 10 of 10 strains and 4 of 10 strains, respectively. However, in serum, nafcillin plus gentamicin was synergistically bactericidal against only two strains and oxacillin plus gentamicin against none. Methicillin plus gentamicin was synergistic against none of the enterococci in either medium. Thus, the semisynthetic, penicillinase-resistant penicillins are unlikely to be effective in the therapy of patients with enterococcal endocarditis.
An Intrinsic Adrenergic Vasodilator Mechanism in the Coronary Vascular Bed of the Dog

The question of whether the coronary blood vessels contain an intrinsic adrenergic mechanism for vasodilatation has been examined by studying the response of the coronary vessels of the dog to isoproterenol. Initially, coronary blood flow, coronary sinus PO2, mean arterial pressure, and heart rate were measured continuously in anesthetized, open-chest animals. When isoproterenol, 0.1 to 0.3 μg/kg/min, was given intravenously, coronary flow and coronary sinus PO2 always increased in spite of tachycardia and a reduced or unchanged arterial pressure. Although this response suggested a primary vasodilating effect of isoproterenol, a vasodilatation consequent to increased myocardial activity or an extracardiac factor could not be eliminated. Accordingly, additional studies were performed in an isolated heart arrested with potassium and perfused with whole blood at constant rates of flow. Isoproterenol was given by single injections and constant infusions and always produced a decrease of perfusion pressure. These decreases could be blocked by nethalide and, as indicated by measurements of myocardial oxygen uptake and coronary venous PO2, did not depend upon increased myocardial metabolism or decreased myocardial oxygenation. With injections of 0.01, 0.1, 1.0, and 10.0 μg of isoproterenol, the decreases averaged respectively 3, 8, 14, and 26% of the control pressures. It is concluded that the coronary vessels of the dog do contain an intrinsic adrenergic mechanism for vasodilatation.
A Hybrid Vintage Growth Model with Heterogeneous Capital-Preliminary and Incomplete -

This paper develops and analyzes a neoclassical vintage growth model that features two distinct types of capital in two aspects; different depreciation rates and different obsolescence. I show that when two types of capital have different depreciation rates and there is no vintage specific technological change: (i) the ratio of stock of capital with lower depreciation rate (A) to capital with higher rate (B) is higher than the ratio of capital shares of A to B; and in a steady state (ii) the ratio of investment of those is lower than the ratio of capital shares; and (iii) a change in rate of neutral technological progress has a negative association with the ratio of stock and a positive association with the ratio of investment. I show, assuming one of capital is vintage specific and another is not, and that there are both neutral and vintage specific technological changes, that the aggregate production function is the same form of vintage production function with aggregate capital across vintage that is evaluated at market value. I further show that when those two types of capital depreciate at different rates in terms of the net of physical depreciation and obsolescence, depending on the combination of parameters, the model generates unique allocation patterns of new investment and existing capital stock across the two types of capital. In particular, in a steady state: (i) all the new investment goes to vintage non-specific capital, and to vintage specific capital with the newest technology; (ii) a part of the existing stock of vintage non-specific capital is either reinvested or disinvested depending on the relationship of net depreciation rates of capital; and (iii) a change in the rate of vintage specific technological progress, in contrast to a change in the rate of neutral technological progress above, might have either positive or negative associations with the ratio of stock and that of investment. Assuming that structure is not vintage specific and has a lower depreciation rate, and that equipment is vintage specific and has a higher ∗Department of Economics, University of Michigan, and Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology, Japan. Any opinions expressed are those of the author and not of these institutions. Email: oaruga@umich.edu † c © 2005 by Osamu Aruga. All rights reserved.
Alteration of Leaf Surface Structures of Poplars under Elevated Air Temperature and Carbon Dioxide Concentration

Effects of elevated air temperature and carbon dioxide () concentration on the leaf surface structures were investigated in Liriodendron tulipifera (yellow poplar) and Populus tomentiglandulosa (Suwon poplar). Cuttings of the two tree species were exposed to elevated air temperatures at (day/night) and concentrations at 770/790 ppm for three months. The abaxial leaf surface of yellow poplar under an ambient condition ( and 380/400 ppm) had stomata and epicuticular waxes (transversely ridged rodlets). A prominent increase in the density of epicuticular waxes was found on the leaves under the elevated condition. Meanwhile, the abaxial leaf surface of Suwon poplar under an ambient condition was covered with long trichomes. The leaves under the elevated condition possessed a higher amount of long trichomes than those under the ambient condition. These results suggest that the two poplar species may change their leaf surface structures under the elevated air temperature and concentration condition for acclimation of increased photosynthesis.
Principles of motor learning in treatment of motor speech disorders.

PURPOSE There has been renewed interest on the part of speech-language pathologists to understand how the motor system learns and determine whether principles of motor learning, derived from studies of nonspeech motor skills, apply to treatment of motor speech disorders. The purpose of this tutorial is to introduce principles that enhance motor learning for nonspeech motor skills and to examine the extent to which these principles apply in treatment of motor speech disorders. METHOD This tutorial critically reviews various principles in the context of nonspeech motor learning by reviewing selected literature from the major journals in motor learning. The potential application of these principles to speech motor learning is then discussed by reviewing relevant literature on treatment of speech disorders. Specific attention is paid to how these principles may be incorporated into treatment for motor speech disorders. CONCLUSIONS Evidence from nonspeech motor learning suggests that various principles may interact with each other and differentially affect diverse aspects of movements. Whereas few studies have directly examined these principles in speech motor (re)learning, available evidence suggests that these principles hold promise for treatment of motor speech disorders. Further research is necessary to determine which principles apply to speech motor (re)learning in impaired populations.
Improved bounds and constructions for granular media coding

Improved bounds on the rates of grain-correcting codes are presented. The lower bounds are Gilbert-Varshamov-like ones combined with a construction by Gabrys et al.; additionally, two asymptotically equivalent upper bounds are presented. Both the lower and the upper bounds improve on the previously known results for certain ranges of parameters. Constructions of 1-grain-correcting codes which are based on a partitioning technique are presented for lengths up to 18.
Molecular Characterization and Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing of Escherichia coli Isolates from Patients with Urinary Tract Infections in 20 Chinese Hospitals

ABSTRACT A total of 222 urinary Escherichia coli isolates from 20 tertiary hospitals in 15 different provinces and 4 municipalities in mainland China were characterized by antimicrobial susceptibility, phylogrouping, and the presence of plasmid-mediated quinolone resistance genes. A subset of 138 suspected extended-spectrum cephalosporinase (ESC) producers were examined for genes encoding cephalosporin resistance. Forty-three isolates harboring bla CTX-M-14 or bla CTX-M-15 were analyzed by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE), and plasmids containing these genes were typed using PCR-based replicon typing (PBRT). Thirteen phylogroup B2 bla CTX-M-14- and bla CTX-M-15-positive isolates were analyzed by multilocus sequence typing (MLST). A frequent occurrence of resistance (>46%) was observed toward cephalosporins, gentamicin, and fluoroquinolones. Among the 222 isolates, 4 qnrS1, 4 qepA, and 16 aac(6′)-Ib-cr genes were confirmed. Four major phylogroups (A, B1, B2, and D) and nontypeable isolates (NTs) were found among the isolates, with phylogroup D (54%) being the most common phylogroup. A total of 110 (80%) of the 138 screened isolates harbored bla CTX-M genes, with bla CTX-M-14 (71%) and bla CTX-M-15 (24%) being the most prevalent of these genes. Nine of the 13 CTX-M-15- or CTX-M-14-containing B2 isolates belonged to ST131. PFGE typing showed a high level of diversity, and plasmid analysis indicated a very large pool of different resistance plasmids mediating the spread of bla CTX-M genes in mainland China. An equally very high frequency of resistance and equally high levels of diversity in phylogroups, PFGE types, and plasmids were observed among community- and hospital-acquired E. coli isolates, indicating the presence of a large reservoir in the community and a long-term spread of cephalosporin resistance in China.
Prevention of Hypoglycemia While Achieving Good Glycemic Control in Type 1 Diabetes

Insulin therapy in diabetes, both at onset and after several years’ duration, is primarily directed to maintain near-normoglycemia to prevent the onset and/or delay progression of long-term complications (1,2). However, it is important that regimens of insulin therapy are designed not only to aim at near-normalizing blood glucose, but also to minimize the risk of hypoglycemia. Subjects with type 1 diabetes continuously drift between hyperglycemia and hypoglycemia. If the former prevails, long-term complications are frequently expected (1). On the other hand, hypoglycemia is not only dangerous and unpleasant, but may over time lead to the syndrome of hypoglycemia unawareness (3). This is relevant in type 1 diabetes but also in type 2 diabetes, since over time, many type 2 diabetic subjects develop progressive pancreatic β-cell dysfunction requiring insulin therapy. Because in subjects with advanced type 2 diabetes the neuroendocrine responses to hypoglycemia are as abnormal as in type 1 diabetic patients (4), insulin therapy may become responsible for frequent and/or severe hypoglycemia in type 2 diabetic patients as well. The goal of minimizing the risk of hypoglycemia while achieving good glycemic control is feasible as long as 1 ) a rational plan of insulin therapy is adopted, 2 ) blood glucose is properly monitored, 3 ) blood glucose targets are individualized, and 4 ) education programs are widely implemented. In the present article, the importance of the use of insulin analogs as a key tool to achieve good glycemic control and prevent hypoglycemia is emphasized. Normal nondiabetic subjects maintain plasma glucose <100 mg/dl in the fasting and <135 mg/dl in the postprandial period. In the fasting state, this is due to the continuous release of insulin from the pancreas, which results in steady plasma insulin, thus restraining hepatic glucose production and thereby preventing fasting hyperglycemia. At mealtime, the normal pancreas releases …
Profile Matching Across Unstructured Online Social Networks: Threats and Countermeasures

In this work, we propose a profile matching (or deanonymization) attack for unstructured online social networks (OSNs) in which similarity in graphical structure cannot be used for profile matching. We consider different attributes that are publicly shared by users. Such attributes include both obvious identifiers such as the user name and non-obvious identifiers such as interest similarity or sentiment variation between different posts of a user in different platforms. We study the effect of using different combinations of these attributes to the profile matching in order to show the privacy threat in an extensive way. Our proposed framework mainly relies on machine learning techniques and optimization algorithms. We evaluate the proposed framework on two real-life datasets that are constructed by us. Our results indicate that profiles of the users in different OSNs can be matched with high probability by only using publicly shared attributes and without using the underlying graphical structure of the OSNs. We also propose possible countermeasures to mitigate this threat in the expense of reduction in the accuracy (or utility) of the attributes shared by the users. We formulate the tradeoff between the privacy and profile utility of the users as an optimization problem and show how slight changes in the profiles of the users would reduce the success of the attack. We believe that this work will be a valuable step to build a privacy-preserving tool for users against profile matching attacks between OSNs.
A comparative study of microstructure and mechanical properties among Cu/Sn/Cu, Ni/Sn/Ni and Cu/Sn/Ni solder joints

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to identify the solder joint with optimal mechanical properties among Cu/Sn/Cu, Ni/Sn/Ni and Cu/Sn/Ni solder joints.Design/methodology/approach – Solder joints with the same specimen shape were prepared by reflow. The microstructures were observed and analyzed by scanning electron microscopy and tensile testing was carried out to investigate the mechanical properties.Findings – The mechanical properties of solder joint correlate closely with the intermetallic compounds (IMC) layer structure and the dissociative IMC particles in the solder bulk. Under the influence of the opposite Cu bar, the Cu/Sn/Ni has a duplex IMC layer structure at the Ni side, involving a thin Ni‐Cu‐Sn IMC layer and a faceted (Cu,Ni)6Sn5 layer. The mechanical connection of the duplex IMC layers is weak due to the pores in the layers. The Cu/Sn/Ni fractures in the IMC layers in a brittle mode under tensile testing. Comparatively, the Ni/Sn/Ni also has duplex Ni3Sn4 layers, and they connect firmly.
Parallel solver for semidefinite programming problem having sparse Schur complement matrix

SemiDefinite Programming (SDP) problem is one of the most central problems in mathematical programming. SDP provides a practical computation framework for many research fields. Some applications, however, require solving large-scale SDPs whose size exceeds the capacity of a single processor in terms of computational time and available memory. SDPARA (SemiDefinite Programming Algorithm paRAllel version) developed by Yamashita et al. was designed to solve such large-scale SDPs. Its parallel performance is remarkable for general SDPs in most cases. However, the parallel implementation is less successful in some sparse SDPs from the latest applications such as for Polynomial Optimization Problems (POPs) or Sensor Network Location (SNL) problems, since the previous SDPARA can not directly handle sparse Schur complement matrices (SCMs). In this paper, we focus on the sparsity of the SCM and propose new parallel implementations, the formula-cost-based distribution, and the replacement of the dense Cholesky factorization. Through numerical results, we confirm that these features are keys to solve SDPs having sparse SCMs faster on parallel computer systems, and they are further enhanced by multi-threading. In fact, SDPARA is implemented in order to explore parallelism in two fronts: MPI-based and multi-threading of CPU cores. The new SDPARA attains a good scalability in general, and found solutions of extremely large-scale SDPs arising from POPs which other solvers could not obtain before. † Department of Mathematical and Computing Sciences, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 2-12-1-W8-29 Ookayama, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 152-8552, Japan. This research was partially supported by Grant-in-Aid for Young Scientists (B) 21710148. Makoto.Yamashita@is.titech. ac.jp ‡ Department of Industrial and Systems Engineering, Chuo University, 1-13-27 Kasuga, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 112-8551, Japan. K. Fujisawa’s research was partially supported by Grant-in-Aid for Scientific Research (C) 20510143. fujisawa@indsys.chuo-u.ac.jp ] Department of Mathematical and Computing Sciences, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 2-12-1-W8-41 Ookayama, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 152-8552, Japan. M. Fukuda’s research was partially supported by Grant-in-Aid for Scientific Research (B) 20340024. mituhiro@is.titech. ac.jp \ Department of Industrial Engineering and Management, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 2-12-1-W9-60 Ookayama, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 152-8552, Japan. K. Nakata’s research was partially supported by Grant-in-Aid for for Young Scientists (B) 22710136. nakata.k. ac@m.titech. ac.jp ∗ Advanced Center for Computing and Communication, RIKEN, 2-1 Hirosawa Wakocity, Saitama 351-0198, Japan. M. Nakata’s research was partially supported by Grant-in-Aid for Scientific Research (B) 21300017.