Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Analysis of Stroke Dependency Modeling in Bayesian Network Based On-line Handwriting Recognition System

In this paper, we analyze the contribution of dependency modeling to on-line handwriting recognition. In our Bayesian network based recognition system, a character model consists of stroke models with inter-stroke dependencies. Also, a stroke model consists of point models with within-stroke dependencies. Dependencies of strokes are represented by arcs in Bayesian networks. While adjusting the number of the arcs, we tested the recognition performance with on-line handwritten digits. The result showed that dependencies within strokes are essential and those between strokes are also helpful for recognition.
Distributed power allocation in fast fading MIMO multiple access channels

In this paper we design distributed power allocation algorithms for multiple access channels. Considering competing transmitting users, equipped with several antennas each and common multiple antennas at the receiver, a game theoretic framework is conducted to derive the optimum precoding matrices such that each user maximizes his own ergodic transmission rate from the sole knowledge of the overall channel statistics. Both in the scenario with no coordination and single-user decoding at the base station and that with coordination and successive decoding there exists a unique equilibrium point. The corresponding power allocation policies are obtained by exploiting random matrix theory. Numerical results validate the large system assumption in relatively small multiple input multiple output systems and show the benefits of sharing optimally the power between the transmit antennas versus the uniform scheme and also the gain in terms of sum-rate brought by an equiprobable coordination signal. Several extensions of this work are proposed (new elements on these extensions will be provided in the final version).
Deterministic platform software for hard real-time systems using multi-core COTS

Future generations of avionic equipments are expected to embed multi-core processors. Using Components Off-The-Shelf (COTS) processors is considered both by the industrial and academic communities, as well as certification authorities. However, in the safety-critical domain, a common issue with COTS multi-core processors is their lack of predictability, directly linked to the difficulty to foresee and manage inter-core interferences due to shared hardware resources. A possible solution consists in defining a Usage Domain that constrains the use of shared resources down to a level for which interference situations are known and their impact on software execution time is acceptable. Nevertheless, COTS processors have not been designed to see their behavior restricted by such usage domains, and do not provide dedicated mechanisms for that purpose. Hence the usage domains are enforced by more complex mechanisms implemented in dedicated pieces of software running below the applicative level. We call them Deterministic Platform Software (DPS). The objective of this paper is to propose an overview of existing DPS solutions, and propose criteria leading to a uniform classification. Additionally, we propose a mapping of these solutions to a selection of avionic use cases.
Drosophila Miro Is Required for Both Anterograde and Retrograde Axonal Mitochondrial Transport

Microtubule-based transport of mitochondria into dendrites and axons is vital for sustaining neuronal function. Transport along microtubule tracks proceeds in a series of plus and minus end-directed movements that are facilitated by kinesin and dynein motors. How the opposing movements are controlled to achieve effective transport over large distances remains unclear. Previous studies showed that the conserved mitochondrial GTPase Miro is required for mitochondrial transport into axons and dendrites and serves as a Ca2+ sensor that controls mitochondrial mobility. To directly examine Miro's significance for kinesin- and/or dynein-mediated mitochondrial motility, we live-imaged movements of GFP-tagged mitochondria in larval Drosophila motor axons upon genetic manipulations of Miro. Loss of Drosophila Miro (dMiro) reduced the effectiveness of both anterograde and retrograde mitochondrial transport by selectively impairing kinesin- or dynein-mediated movements, depending on the direction of net transport. Net anterogradely transported mitochondria exhibited reduced kinesin- but normal dynein-mediated movements. Net retrogradely transported mitochondria exhibited much shorter dynein-mediated movements, whereas kinesin-mediated movements were minimally affected. In both cases, the duration of short stationary phases increased proportionally. Overexpression (OE) of dMiro also impaired the effectiveness of mitochondrial transport. Finally, loss and OE of dMiro altered the length of mitochondria in axons through a mechanistically separate pathway. We suggest that dMiro promotes effective antero- and retrograde mitochondrial transport by extending the processivity of kinesin and dynein motors according to a mitochondrion's programmed direction of transport.
Poverty in Europe

Preface. List of Tables. List of Figures. Introduction: Poverty in Rich Countries. Part I: Political Arithmetic: Financial Poverty in the European Union: 1. The Measurement of Poverty: A Cautionary Tale of Comparing France and the United Kingdom. 2. Absolute and Relative Standards. 3. Expenditure versus Income, Households versus Families, and Choice of Equivalent Scale. 4. Differing Judgements and Dominance Criteria. 5. National Studies of Poverty. Part II: Economics of Poverty and Exclusion: 6. Unemployment and Exclusion in the Labour Market. 7. Pricing and Exclusion from the Goods Market. 8. Exclusion, Rising Living Standards and the Availability of Products. 9. Household Production, Time and the Take-Up Problem. Part III: Political Economy of Poverty: 10. The Political Economy of an Official Poverty Line. 11. Macro-Economic Policy and Poverty. 12. Targeting and Efficiency in Alleviating Poverty. 13. The Limits of Targeting via Means Tests. 14. Towards a European Minimum. Envoi: Poverty, Policy and Mainstream Economics. Appendix on Statistical Sources.
FAASTA: A fast solver for total-variation regularization of ill-conditioned problems with application to brain imaging

The total variation (TV) penalty, as many other analysis-sparsity problems, does not lead to separable factors or a proximal operatorwith a closed-form expression, such as soft thresholding for the $\ell\_1$ penalty. As a result, in a variational formulation of an inverse problem or statisticallearning estimation, it leads to challenging non-smooth optimization problemsthat are often solved with elaborate single-step first-order methods. When thedata-fit term arises from empirical measurements, as in brain imaging, it isoften very ill-conditioned and without simple structure. In this situation, in proximal splitting methods, the computation cost of thegradient step can easily dominate each iteration. Thus it is beneficialto minimize the number of gradient steps.We present fAASTA, a variant of FISTA, that relies on an internal solver forthe TV proximal operator, and refines its tolerance to balance computationalcost of the gradient and the proximal steps. We give benchmarks andillustrations on "brain decoding": recovering brain maps from noisymeasurements to predict observed behavior. The algorithm as well as theempirical study of convergence speed are valuable for any non-exact proximaloperator, in particular analysis-sparsity problems.
The Mental State of Influencers

Most analysis of influence looks at the mechanisms Used, and how effectively they work on the intended audience. Here we consider influence from another perspective: what do the language choices made by influencers enable us to detect about their internal mental state, strategies and assessments of success. We do this by examining the language used by the U.S. presidential candidates in the high-stakes attempt to get elected. Such candidates try to influence potential voters, but must also pay attention to the parallel attempts by their competitors to influence the same pool. We examine seven channels: persona deception, the attempt by each candidate to seem as attractive as possible, nouns, as surrogates for content; positive and negative language; and three categories that have received little attention, verbs, adverbs, and adjectives. Although the results are preliminary, several intuitive and expected hypotheses are supported, but some unexpected and surprising structures also emerge. The results provide insights into related influence scenarios where open-source data is available, for example marketing, business reporting, and intelligence.
Verifying the Rényi Dependence Axioms for a Non-Linear Bivariate Comovement Index

In a recent paper, a simple index able to evaluate the non-linear bivariate comovement between two asset prices has been proposed. In this paper we assess if that index satisfies the classical seven axioms formulated by R�nyi that a measure of dependence should meet. Further, in the cases in which the index does not fulfil an axiom, we propose a weakened version of the original statement that the index satisfies.
Nature of the enigmatic pseudogap state: novel magnetic order in superconducting HgBa2CuO4+d

The nature of the enigmatic pseudogap region of the phase diagram is the most important and intriguing unsolved puzzle in the field of high transition-temperature (Tc) superconductivity. This region, the temperature range above Tc and below a characteristic temperature T*, is characterized by highly anomalous magnetic, charge transport, thermodynamic and optical properties. Associated with the pseudogap puzzle are open questions pertaining to the number of distinct phases and the presence of a quantum-critical point underneath the superconducting dome. Here we use polarized neutron diffraction to demonstrate for the model superconductor HgBa2CuO4+d (Hg1201) that T* marks the onset of an unusual magnetic order, and hence a novel state of matter with broken time-reversal symmetry. Together with prior results for YBa2Cu3O6+d (YBCO), this observation constitutes an essential and decisive demonstration of the universal existence of such a state. The new findings appear to rule out a large class of theories that regard T* as a crossover temperature rather than a phase transition temperature. Instead, they are consistent with a variant of previously proposed charge-current-loop order that involves apical oxygen orbitals, and with the notion that many of the unusual properties arise from the presence of a quantum-critical point.
When is a Gap Function Good for Error Bounds ?

It is well known that gap functions play a major role in developing error bounds for strongly monotone and affine monotone variational inequalities. However the error bound would be important from the point of view of computation if the gap function values diminishes on sequence of points which converge to a solution of the variational inequality. A gap function exhibiting such behavior is termed as a well-behaved gap function. In this article we would like to consider some important gap functions for both variational inequalities with single-valued maps and set-valued maps and see what additional conditions one must impose on them so that they are well behaved.
The Trips Regime of Trademarks and Designs

The same author who wrote "The TRIPS Regime of Patent Rights", a thorough commentary on the patent and test data-related provisions of the TRIPS Agreement that in just three years has become a classic work in its field (already in its second edition), offers us now "The TRIPS Regime of Trademarks and Designs". With the authority and in-depth experience of a WIPO official whose daily work is to assist developing countries implementing TRIPS obligations in the area of industrial property, the author examines with the same accuracy and expertise the intricacies of the TRIPS provisions concerning trademarks and industrial designs. Associating practical experience with academic scholarship, this book provides simple and enlightening guidance to complex questions, such as: Can WTO Members envisage a third modality of exhaustion that retains the benefits of the two known modalities (national and international exhaustion) and yet overcomes the shortcomings of both? Are WTO Members obliged to register color marks? And what about sounds, smells and tastes? What are WTO Members' obligations as regards marks that relate to goods and services that offend religious and moral values? Are they obliged to register and protect them? What are the requisites for marks to become well-known? Is notoriety enough? Can a WTO Member require that they convey some sort of reputation? Can a WTO Member make protection of well-known marks dependent on actual use in their territory? How strict is the TRIPS Agreement as regards the use of industrial property in relation to public policies? Are private rights limitless? Are they enforceable no matter what? How can WTO Members meet their obligations as regards the facilitated registration of textile designs? Lawyers, judges, scholars and government officials will find a wealth of information and legal analysis in "The TRIPS Regime of Trademarks and Designs" that will help them identify new approaches and solutions to problems of trademark and design law posed by the implementation of the TRIPS Agreement. This book combines a practically-focused article-by-article commentary on the TRIPS Agreement with a theoretical scholarly analysis that makes of it an invaluable resource to all those who wish to understand industrial property at a deeper level.
A Local Hubble Bubble from SNe Ia

We analyze the monopole in the peculiar velocities of 44 Type Ia supernovae (SNe Ia) to test for a local void. The sample extends from 20 to 300 Mpc/h, with distances, deduced from light-curve shapes, accurate to ~6%. Assuming Omega_m=1 and Omega_lambda=0, the most significant deviation we find from the Hubble law is an outwards flow of (6.6+/-2.2)% inside a sphere of radius 70 Mpc/h as would be produced by a void of ~20% underdensity surrounded by a dense shell. This shell roughly coincides with the local Great Walls. Monte Carlo analyses, using Gaussian errors or bootstrap resampling, show the probability for chance occurrence of this result out of a pure Hubble flow to be ~2%. The monopole could be contaminated by higher moments of the velocity field, especially a quadrupole, which are not properly probed by the current limited sky coverage. The void would be less significant if Omega_m is low and Omega_lambda is high. It would be more significant if one outlier is removed from the sample, or if the size of the void is constrained a-priori. This putative void is not in significant conflict with any of the standard cosmological scenarios. It suggests that the Hubble constant as determined within 70 Mpc/h could be overestimated by ~6% and the local value of Omega may be underestimated by ~20%. While the present evidence for a local void is marginal in this data set, the analysis shows that the accumulation of SNe Ia distances will soon provide useful constraints on elusive and important aspects of regional cosmic dynamics.
Shannon Information Theory Without Shedding Tears Over Delta \& Epsilon Proofs or Typical Sequences

This paper begins with a discussion of integration over probability types (p-types). After doing that, the paper re-visits 3 mainstay problems of classical (non-quantum) Shannon Information Theory (SIT): source coding without distortion, channel coding, and source coding with distortion. The paper proves well-known, conventional results for each of these 3 problems. However, the proofs given for these results are not conventional. They are based on complex integration techniques (approximations obtained by applying the method of steepest descent to p-type integrals) instead of the usual delta & epsilon and typical sequences arguments. Another unconventional feature of this paper is that we make ample use of classical Bayesian networks (CB nets). This paper showcases some of the benefits of using CB nets to do classical SIT.
Audit: New Synchronization for the GET/PUT Protocol

The GET/PUT protocol is considered as an effective communication API for parallel computing. However, the one-sided nature of the GET/PUT protocol lacks the synchronization functionality on the target process. So far, several techniques have been proposed to tackle this problem. The APIs for the synchronization proposed so far have failed to hide the implementation details of the synchronization. In this paper, a new synchronization API for the GET/PUT protocol is proposed. The idea here is to associate the synchronization flags with the GET/PUT memory regions. By doing this, the synchronization flags are hidden from users, and users are free from managing the associations between the memory regions and synchronization flags. The proposed API, named "Audit," does not incur additional programing and thus enables natural parallel programing. The evaluations show that {it Audit} exhibits better performance than the Notify API proposed in ARMCI.
Macroeconomic Policy and Performance in the Nordic EU Countries in the 1990s

This paper reviews the macroeconomic policies and performance of the three Nordic EU countries. The experiences of Denmark, Finland and Sweden from the turbulent economic developments of the 1990s and from adjusting their public sectors to fiscal consolidation are illustrating, not least for the discussion of the future challenges of. The economic crises and structural changes of the 1990s as well as the choices done in monetary and fiscal policies can be viewed as a part of adjustment to integration and globalisation, especially to financial deregulation. In this paper the monetary and fiscal policies of the three Nordic EU countries is compared to the averages of EU15. The economic performance of these countries is assessed in terms of growth and employment. The main conclusions of the paper are: (i) the fixed (but adjustable) exchange rate regimes may be costly in terms of output and employment if they are not fully credible; and (ii) large economic fluctuations create easily equally large changes in fiscal balances, which may exceed the limits of the Stability and Growth Pact.
Conventional papillary thyroid carcinoma: effects of cystic changes visible on ultrasonography on disease prognosis

PURPOSE To investigate the characteristics of papillary thyroid carcinoma (PTC) with cystic changes visible on ultrasonography (US). METHODS This study included 553 PTCs in 553 patients between January 2003 and August 2004. One radiologist with 10 years of experience in thyroid imaging retrospectively reviewed the preoperative US images. Two different groups were formed according to two different reference points (group 1, 25%; group 2, 50%) of the cystic component. Patients between the groups were compared according to their clinicopathologic characteristics. Disease-free survival (DFS) was estimated. Cox's multivariate proportional hazards regression model was used to identify the effect of variable factors on the recurrence risk. RESULTS Fifty-six patients (10.1%) were confirmed to have tumor recurrence within the follow-up period. Thirty-five patients had regional metastasis, one had distant metastasis, eight had multiple site metastases, and 12 had biochemical recurrence. PTC patients with a ≤ 50% or PTC patients with a ≤ 25% cystic component did not have a statistically significant longer DFS than those with a >50% (hazard ratio [HR], 1.118; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.255 to 4.910; P=0.883) or those with a >25% cystic component (HR, 0.569; 95% CI, 0.164 to 1.976; P=0.375), respectively. Moreover, independent predictors of recurrence were pathologic size, male gender, and lymph node metastasis, not a >50% or >25% cystic component. CONCLUSION The proportion of the cystic component in PTCs did not affect DFS.
Different presurgical characteristics and seizure outcomes in children with focal cortical dysplasia type I or II

Purpose: Cortical dysplasia (FCD) is a frequent cause of epilepsy in childhood. Two major pathological variants are distinguished, FCD type I and II. The aim of the study was to characterize differences between FCD type I and II with respect to imaging and EEG findings, clinical and neuropsychological presentations, and surgical outcome.
Stellar Cluster Fiducial Sequences with the Advanced Camera for Surveys

We present color-magnitude diagrams of five Galactic globular clusters and one Galactic open cluster spanning a wide range of metallicity (-2.1 ≲ [Fe/H] ≲ +0.3), as observed in the F606W (broad V) and F814W (I) bands with the Advanced Camera for Surveys (ACS) on the Hubble Space Telescope. These clusters are part of two large ACS programs measuring the star formation history in the Andromeda halo, tidal stream, and outer disk. In these programs, the clusters serve as empirical isochrones and as calibrators for the transformation of theoretical isochrones to the ACS bandpasses. To make these data more accessible to the community, for each cluster we provide a ridgeline tracing the stars on the main sequence, subgiant branch, and red giant branch, plus the locus of stars on the horizontal branch. In addition, we provide the transformation of the Victoria-Regina isochrones to the ACS bandpasses.
Role of microRNAs involved in plant response to nitrogen and phosphorous limiting conditions

Plant microRNAs (miRNAs) are a class of small non-coding RNAs which target and regulate the expression of genes involved in several growth, development, and metabolism processes. Recent researches have shown involvement of miRNAs in the regulation of uptake and utilization of nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) and more importantly for plant adaptation to N and P limitation conditions by modifications in plant growth, phenology, and architecture and production of secondary metabolites. Developing strategies that allow for the higher efficiency of using both N and P fertilizers in crop production is important for economic and environmental benefits. Improved crop varieties with better adaptation to N and P limiting conditions could be a key approach to achieve this effectively. Furthermore, understanding on the interactions between N and P uptake and use and their regulation is important for the maintenance of nutrient homeostasis in plants. This review describes the possible functions of different miRNAs and their cross-talk relevant to the plant adaptive responses to N and P limiting conditions. In addition, a comprehensive understanding of these processes at molecular level and importance of biological adaptation for improved N and P use efficiency is discussed.
News topic detection based on hierarchical clustering and named entity

News topic detection is the process of organizing news story collections and real-time news/broadcast streams into news topics. While unlike the traditional text analysis, it is a process of incremental clustering, and generally divided into retrospective topic detection and online topic detection. This paper considers the feature changes of modern news data experienced from the past, and presents a new topic detection strategy based on hierarchical clustering and named entities. Topic detection process is also divided into retrospective and online steps, and named entities in the news stories are employed in the topic clustering algorithm. For the online step's efficiency and precision, this paper first clusters news stories in each time window into micro-clusters, and then extracts three representation vectors for each micro-cluster to calculate the similarity to existing topics. The experimental results show remarkable improvement compared with recently most applied topic detection method.