Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Schema Level and Data Level Mapping Composition

Schema mappings and data mappings constitute essential building blocks of data integration, data exchange and peer-to-peer data sharing systems. At present, either schema-level mappings or datalevel mappings are used for data sharing purposes. In this paper we consider the semantics of bi-level mapping that combines the schema-level and data-level mappings. Tabular representation of the mappings helps to solve many mapping-related algorithmic and semantic problems, like mapping composition. Composition of mappings between sources has several computational advantages in a peer data sharing system, such as yielding more efficient query translation and pruning redundant paths. Considering the need of mapping composistion, this paper presents a mechanism for composing two bi-level mappings by using tableaux.
Pressure tensor for inhomogeneous fluids.

We develop a simple, efficient, and general statistical mechanical technique for calculating the pressure tensor of an atomic fluid. The method is applied to the case of planar Poiseuille flow through a narrow slit pore, and the results indicate that our technique is accurate and relatively efficient. A second method to calculate shear stress is derived from the momentum continuity equation. This mesoscopic method again is seen to be accurate with low statistical uncertainty. Using both approaches, the viscosity is calculated as a function of position across the pore, and is seen to oscillate because of a wall-induced local structure in the fluid. We discuss these methods in relation to the well-known ambiguity of the pressure tensor.
Small Stochastic Average Gradient Steps

The stochastic average gradient (SAG) method was the first of its kind achieving linear convergence based on cheap-to-evaluate stochastic gradients. As such it established a milestone of optimization techniques for machine learning. In the few years since its inception is has spawned a large amount of related work. In this short paper we analyze the behavior of the SAG algorithm when operated in a non-standard regime, namely with learning rates smaller than the default by a factor of roughly the data set size. The resulting analysis is far more simple and intuitive than the (more powerful) original proof. As a very practical benefit, the optimization scheme enjoys a rigorously justified stopping criterion.
urn Injury Pain : The Continuing Challenge

The development of more effective methods of relieving pain associated with burn injury is a major unmet medical need. Not only is acute burn injury pain a source of immense suffering, but it has been linked to debilitating chronic pain and stress-related disorders. Although pain management guidelines and protocols have been developed and implemented, unrelieved moderate-tosevere pain continues to be reported after burn injury. One reason for this is that the intensity of pain associated with wound care and rehabilitation therapy, the major source of severe pain in this patient population, varies widely over the 3 phases of burn recovery, making it difficult to estimate analgesic requirements. The effects of opioids, the most commonly administered analgesics for burn injury procedural pain, are difficult to gauge over the course of burn recovery because the need for an opioid may change rapidly, resulting in the overmedication or undermedication of burn-injured patients. Understanding the mechanisms that contribute to the intensity and variability of burn injury pain over time is crucial to its proper management. We provide an overview of the types of pain associated with a burn injury, describe how these different types of pain interfere with the phases of burn recovery, and summarize pharmacologic pain management strategies across the continuum of burn care. We conclude with a discussion and suggestions for improvement. Rational management, based on the underlying mechanisms that contribute to the intensity and variability of burn injury pain, is in its infancy. The paucity of information highlights the need for research that explores and advances the identification of mechanisms of acute and chronic burn injury pain. Perspective: Researchers continue to report that burn pain is undertreated. This review examines burn injury pain management across the phases of burn recovery, emphasizing 3 types of pain that require separate assessment and management. It provides insights and suggestions for future research directions to address this significant clinical problem. © 2007 by the American Pain Society
The Wisdom of Wizards—and Muggles and Squibs: Proverb Use in the World of Harry Potter

In this article, the use of proverbs in J. K. Rowling's Harry Potter series is analyzed and compared to the use of proverbs by J. R. R. Tolkien. The use of proverbs is especially interesting in fantasy contexts such as these because of the inherent juxtaposition that occurs between the familiar and traditional language of the proverb and the "otherness" of the created fantasy world. One important function of proverbs in fantasy literature, then, may be to provide the reader with a familiar link to the unfamiliar world, often while simultaneously distinguishing between that world and the reader's everyday life. But proverbs may also serve two other functions, both of which could occur in other forms of literature as well. First, proverb use may be a mechanism by which authors reveal their characters' personalities, attitudes, and views of the world. Second, authors may also draw on proverbs to help communicate the themes of the works. This article explores the ways that Tolkien and Rowling use proverbs to these ends.
Advances in Understanding Early Agriculture in Japan

Six episodes—the Jomon, Yayoi, Tohoku Yayoi, Satsumon and Ainu, Okhotsk, and Gusuku—of agricultural development are examined. These events involve both indigenous adaptations as well as migration and diffusion to and within the Japanese archipelago. All but Jomon subsistence adaptations began as a result of migration and diffusion. Jomon populations engaged in niche construction/anthropogenesis that ranged from annual plant encouragement and probably management, lacquer tree (Toxicodendron verniciflua) and nut tree (Castanea crenata and Aesculus turbinata) management, and probable domestication of barnyard millet and soybean as well as cultivation of bottle gourd and hemp and possible cultivation of Perilla and adzuki. These characteristics place the Jomon in a middle ground that is neither hunting and gathering nor traditionally conceptualized agriculture. A brief comparison with China shows late Upper Paleolithic and Early Neolithic/Early Jomon similarities that can inform discussions about agricultural origins. The Okhotsk raised pigs, grew a few crops, hunted and gathered; this culture also does not fit traditional definitions of an agricultural economy. The other episodes involve forms of agriculture similar to those found in mainland East Asia.
A framework for designing digital health interventions

The only sustainable way to provide more effective healthcare and at the same time to reduce soaring healthcare costs is by keeping people healthier. Digitally Based Change Interventions (DBCI) are interventions that utilise digital technologies to promote and maintain health and wellbeing through monitoring, managing and preventing personal health problems. DBCIs are typically automated, interactive, and personalized ‘just-in-time’ adaptive interventions (JITAIs) that provide real time support to individuals especially during moments when they have the greatest opportunity to engage in a healthier behaviour (or are most vulnerable to engaging in a negative behaviour). To date, the potential of DBCIs has scarcely been realized, partly because of difficulties in generating an accumulating knowledge base for guiding their design. As a result, most designers do not use theory as a basis for developing new interventions or for analysing why some interventions fail and others succeed. In this paper, we bring together insights from a number of theories in order to bridge this gap and to produce a “theory-based” framework for assisting with their design. In turn, we demonstrate the power of this framework by using it to review the design of a digital programme previously described in a well cited paper.
Two Drug Interaction Studies of Sirolimus in Combination with Sorafenib or Sunitinib in Patients with Advanced Malignancies

Purpose: Sirolimus is the prototypical mTOR inhibitor. Sorafenib and sunitinib are small molecule inhibitors of multiple kinases including VEGF receptor (VEGFR) kinases. These agents have different mechanisms of action, providing a strong rationale for combination. Experimental Design: Patients with advanced cancer were assigned to receive either sirolimus or the VEGFR inhibitor alone for a 2-week lead-in period, followed by combination therapy. The primary end point of each trial was to determine whether a drug interaction exists between sirolimus and either sorafenib or sunitinib, as defined by a difference in Cmax for each drug alone compared with its Cmax during combination therapy. Results: The sorafenib and sunitinib trials enrolled 34 and 23 patients, respectively. There were no clinically significant differences in Cmax for any of the drugs alone compared with the Cmax during combination therapy. Toxicity profiles were similar to those expected for each drug alone. One patient with adrenal cortical cancer had a partial response to sirolimus and sunitnib. Conclusions: Sirolimus can be safely combined with sorafenib or sunitinib. Our trial design is feasible and informative in screening for potential drug–drug interactions, using a relatively small number of patients and limited pharmacokinetic sampling. Clin Cancer Res; 17(7); 1956–63. ©2011 AACR.
Pendred Syndrome in a Newborn with Neck Swelling: A Case Report.

BACKGROUND Pendred syndrome is a rare autosomal recessive condition, characterized by functional impairment of thyroid gland and sensorineural hearing loss. The syndrome presents in patients with homozygous or compound heterozygous mutation. The presentation in the form of neck mass in a newborn is rare. CASE CHARACTERISTICS A 1 month old baby presented to us with neck mass, which was found to be an enlarged thyroid gland. Thyroid function tests were consistent with hypothyroidism. Further evaluation revealed moderate sensorineural hearing loss; genetic analysis showed that baby was homozygous for the known mutations causing the disease. INTERVENTION Thyroid hormone replacement and hearing habilitation were done. Follow up showed regression of the neck mass and normalization of thyroid function tests. Genetic counseling of the family was done. MESSAGE Identification of the exact cause of congenital hypothyroidism can prevent grave consequences later on for the patient as well as for the family.
A Large-scale Recipe and Meal Data Collection as Infrastructure for Food Research

Everyday meals are an important part of our daily lives and, currently, there are many Internet sites that help us plan these meals. Allied to the growth in the amount of food data such as recipes available on the Internet is an increase in the number of studies on these data, such as recipe analysis and recipe search. However, there are few publicly available resources for food research; those that do exist do not include a wide range of food data or any meal data (that is, likely combinations of recipes). In this study, we construct a large-scale recipe and meal data collection as the underlying infrastructure to promote food research. Our corpus consists of approximately 1.7 million recipes and 36000 meals in cookpad, one of the largest recipe sites in the world. We made the corpus available to researchers in February 2015 and as of February 2016, 82 research groups at 56 universities have made use of it to enhance their studies.
Do personal assistance activities promote participation for persons with disabilities in Sweden?

Abstract Purpose: To examine how the right to participation according to Article 19 of the United Nations’ Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities (UNCRPD) is promoted by personal assistance use in Sweden across age, gender and eligible person categories. Method: Register data and data from a questionnaire were used (N = 15,289). Principal component analysis was performed and the internal consistency was tested. Descriptive statistics (χ2 test) were used across age, gender and eligible person categories and components. Results: An uneven distribution of personal assistance across the components Health and Care; Home, Leisure and Social Interaction; and Daily Occupation was found. Significant differences in personal assistance reported were found between children and adults, men and women and between the three eligible person categories. Conclusions: The discrepancy between reported and expected outcome of personal assistance indicates that Article 19 of the UNCRPD has not been met. The unequal access to participation across age, gender and eligible person categories would seem to further signify that the Act concerning Support and Service for Persons with Certain Functional Impairments is promoting activities of a caring nature rather than fulfilling Article 19 of the UNCRPD, i.e. ensuring full participation in society. IMPLICATIONS FOR REHABILITATION Government assistance allowance were granted for predominantly health and care, i.e. basic needs presenting risk of undermining the intention of participation in society. Men reported more personal assistance use for activities promoting participation than women. The discrepancy found between reported and expected outcome of personal assistance underlines the importance of service providers and administrative officials being sensitive to policy intentions. There is a need of guidelines for service providers and administrative officials to promote disability rights of participation for persons eligible for personal assistance.
How adaptive behavior is produced: a perceptual-motivational alternative to response reinforcements

Abstract The sway that the response-reinforcement framework (Spencer, Thorndike, Hull, Skinner) has held on the behavioral sciences for nearly a hundred years is finally ending. The strength of this framework lay in providing concepts and methods for studying the effects of hedonic (reinforcing) stimuli on the repetition of specified responses acquired in instrumental training situations of various kinds. Its weakness lay in the invalidity of its central assumptions, stimulus-response association and response-reinforcement, which could not deal with motor-equivalence and flexibility (or “intelligence”) in behavior. To the four decades of incisive criticism on particular theoretical and empirical grounds, a more comprehensive challenge to the response-reinforcement framework is now added by the newer ideas about the nature of cognitive, motivational, and response-production processes that have emerged from the work of ethologists, neuroscientists, and cognitive psychologists. An alternative framework, incorporating the newer ideas, is clearly needed. The particular framework proposed here is based on the ideas of perceptual learning of stimulus-stimulus correlations and of a motivational (rather than reinforcing) role of hedonic (incentive) stimuli. According to it, an act is produced when its act-assembly is activated by a pexgo (perceptual representation) of a certain eliciting stimulus complex (ES). When certain eliciting stimuli are correlated with incentive stimuli, they acquire motivational properties that serve to strengthen the pexgos generated by those eliciting stimuli and thereby increase the probability of activation of the corresponding act-assemblies. Motivation thus influences response production, not by directly instigating “existing” responses, but by modulating the strength of pexgos of eliciting stimuli for the succession of acts that comprise a response. Therefore, a response is always constructed afresh on the basis of current perceptions; not even a stable and stereotyped response occurs as a mere activation of a preformed motor program. The topography of any response that emerges is determined by the nature of the motivational state and the momentary spatiotemporal distribution of eliciting stimuli of changing motivational valence. By suggesting that the animal learns the overlapping and nested correlations between the stimulus events that commonly occur in a given situation, and by separating what is learned from the processes of response production, the proposed perceptual-motivational framework seems capable of dealing with the problems of motor equivalence and flexibility in adaptive behavior. Some implications of this approach for further behavioral and brain research on such problems as behavior modification, learning by observation of models, analysis of causality, and search for neural substrates of learning and response production, are outlined.
Trust, calculativeness, and relationships: A special issue 20 years after Williamson's warning

This article addresses the relationship between trust and calculativeness. It summarises the arguments put forward by Oliver Williamson in 1993 (Williamson, O. E. [1993]. Calculativeness, trust, and economic organization. The Journal of Law and Economics, 36, 453–486) and the debate that followed in the two decades afterwards. This includes a citation analysis of 432 articles from Web of Science indices. The article then introduces and discusses the five contributions to the Journal of Trust Research Special Issue on this topic. Overall, the debate points to pivotal issues for the conceptualization and empirical study of trust, especially the experience of Knightian uncertainty and the variety of bases for human relationships and interactions.
Feminist language planning

Feminist linguistics as the study of the representation of women and men in language dates from the middle of the 1970s when linguists began to consider the relationship between language, communicative practice and gender (see Cameron, 1998; Eckert & McConnell-Ginet, 1992; Mills, 2003 for overviews of feminist linguistics). The main concerns of the early research in feminist linguistics was to expose twofold: it sought to make visible the unequal ways in which language use and language systems represented men and women and it sought to expose myths around how men and women communicate. In both of these concerns there was a strong perception that language contributes to and/or produces the gender inequalities which exist in society. A growing body of research which identified language as a site of sexism gave rise to proposals for language reform to address such sexism and it at this point that feminist linguistics can be seen to begin to address language planning. Feminist language planning is an active engagement with the ways in which language represents and reproduces gender. It is not specifically a concerned with the ways in which language presents women, although this is a major focus, but rather how language positions both males and females and how it enters into the social practices that gender people and their activities and ideas. It is centred on a desire for equality between men and women as an overall social objective and for language to both support and reflect such equality. For some languages, notably English, feminist language planning has been the main language planning focus influencing the form of language in recent decades.
The genetics of folate metabolism and maternal risk of birth of a child with Down syndrome and associated congenital heart defects

Almost 15 years ago it was hypothesized that polymorphisms of genes encoding enzymes involved in folate metabolism could lead to aberrant methylation of peri-centromeric regions of chromosome 21, favoring its abnormal segregation during maternal meiosis. Subsequently, more than 50 small case-control studies investigated whether or not maternal polymorphisms of folate pathway genes could be risk factors for the birth of a child with Down syndrome (DS), yielding conflicting and inconclusive results. However, recent meta-analyses of those studies suggest that at least three of those polymorphisms, namely MTHFR 677C>T, MTRR 66A>G, and RFC1 80G>A, are likely to act as maternal risk factors for the birth of a child with trisomy 21, revealing also complex gene-nutrient interactions. A large-cohort study also revealed that lack of maternal folic acid supplementation at peri-conception resulted in increased risk for a DS birth due to errors occurred at maternal meiosis II in the aging oocyte, and it was shown that the methylation status of chromosome 21 peri-centromeric regions could favor recombination errors during meiosis leading to its malsegregation. In this regard, two recent case-control studies revealed association of maternal polymorphisms or haplotypes of the DNMT3B gene, coding for an enzyme required for the regulation of DNA methylation at centromeric and peri-centromeric regions of human chromosomes, with risk of having a birth with DS. Furthermore, congenital heart defects (CHD) are found in almost a half of DS births, and increasing evidence points to a possible contribution of lack of folic acid supplementation at peri-conception, maternal polymorphisms of folate pathway genes, and resulting epigenetic modifications of several genes, at the basis of their occurrence. This review summarizes available case-control studies and literature meta-analyses in order to provide a critical and up to date overview of what we currently know in this field.
Investigating the Application of the European Spatial Development Perspective (ESDP) to Regional Planning in the United Kingdom

This paper considers how the emerging European spatial development policy agenda is influencing the performance of regional strategic planning in the United Kingdom. The European Spatial Development Perspective (ESDP) was agreed in 1999 as a non-binding and indicative framework intended to guide institutions in the exercise of their spatially significant competences. This paper explores the way in which and the extent to which the spatial planning policy messages and approach of the ESDP have been integrated into the planning process in England and how they have helped to inform the development of substantive objectives for regional planning policy. The research revealed considerable variation in the way that different regions had considered the European agenda and the ESDP as important contexts which can be used to inform strategy and policy development. Overall, the findings suggested that the European context and the ESDP are beginning to be accepted as important frames of reference in the production o.
Student Status aspirations

In this research note we present an empirical analysis of the impacts of colleges on students’ career plans and ambitions. We replicate and extend earlier work in this area. Previous work on college effects indicates that the proportion of variance in status outcomes attributed to betweenschool differences is relatively modest (Alwin, 1974, 1976; Drew and Astin, 1972; Hauser, 1969; Solomon and Wachtel, 1975). Hence, the effects of school characteristics will necessarily be small. However, as Alexander and Eckland (1975: 403) argue, it may in fact be necessary to incorporate these influences into our models if we are to adequately understand the process of educational attainment. Two sets of ideas concerning the effects of college social organization have dominated the literature: (a) relative deprivation theory, and (b) &dquo;environmental press&dquo; explanations. The first, associated with Davis (1966), is the well-known &dquo;frog pond&dquo; theory of relative deprivation. The main research findings in this tradition, however, present a paradox: (1) students