Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
The W cell pathway to cat primary visual cortex

The thalamic input to area 17 in the cat can be divided into at least three parallel pathways, the W, X, and Y. Although the latter two are some of the best studied synaptic connections in the brain, the former remains poorly understood both in structure and in function. By combining light and electron microscopy, we have reconstructed in 3‐D single W axons and described quantitatively the synapses that they form. We have also made a structural comparison of reconstructed synapses from the three visual pathways. Thalamic axons were labeled in vivo by injections of biotinylated dextran amine into the dLGN. W axons originating from C laminae injections arborized in layers 1, 2/3, and 5. Axons that traversed layer 1 supplied a few descending collaterals to layer 2/3, but the most extensive innervation in layer 2/3 was provided by axons ascending from the white matter. Most W boutons formed a single synapse, dendritic spines being the most common target, with dendritic shafts forming the remaining targets. In layer 1, the area of the postsynaptic density of spine synapses (0.16 μm2) was significantly larger than that of layers 2/3 (0.11 μm2) and 5 (0.09 μm2). Synapses from X and Y axons in layer 4 were similar in size to synapses formed by W boutons in layer 1. In layer 1, the main targets of the W axons are likely the apical dendrites of pyramidal cells, so that both proximal and distal regions of pyramidal cell dendritic trees can be excited by the W pathway. J. Comp. Neurol. 516:20–35, 2009. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Reproductive Biology and Endocrinology Open Access Mrna Expression and Localization of Bnos, Enos and Inos in Human Cervix at Preterm and Term Labour

Background: Preterm birth is the primary cause of the neonatal mortality and morbidity. There will be no preterm birth without a cervical softening. Nitric oxide (NO) is shown to be a mediator of term cervical ripening. The aim of this study was to investigate mRNA expression of the three isomers of NO synthases (NOS) and to identify them by immunohistochemistry in the human cervix at preterm birth compared to term.
Luminescent Properties of Silicon Nanocrystals:Spin on Glass Hybrid Materials

The photoluminescence characteristics of films consisting of Si nanocrystals either coated with or embedded into Spin on Glass (SOG) were studied. Si nanocrystals showing red or blue luminescence when suspended in alcohol solution were obtained from porous silicon films. These were then either deposited in Si substrates and coated with SOG, or mixed in an SOG solution that was later spun on Si substrates. Both types of films were thermally annealed at 1100 °C for three hours in N2 atmosphere. Transmission electron microscopy measurements showed a mean diameter of 2.5 nm for the Si nanocrystals, as well as the presence of polycrystalline Si nanoagglomerates. These results were confirmed by X-ray diffraction studies, which revealed the (111), (220) and (311) Bragg peaks in Si nanocrystals. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy studies showed that the coated films present higher chemical reactivity, promoting the formation of non-stoichiometric SiO2, while the embedded films behave as a stoichiometric SiO2 after the thermal annealing. The PL (photoluminescence) characterization showed that both embedded and coated films present emission dominated by the Quantum Confinement Effect before undergoing any thermal treatment. After annealing, the spectra were found to be modified only in the case of the coated films, due to the formation of defects in the nanocrystals/SiO2 interface.
Anomaly based detection of Black Hole Attack on leach protocol in WSN

Wireless sensor network is one of the developing ranges of research in present situation. A Wireless sensor network comprises of geographically dispersed self-governing tiny sensor nodes with little battery life to screen and control over the physical parameters or ecological conditions, for example, temperature, sound, pressure, humidity and so on and this data is gone by the sensor nodes in the network to a next area. Amid transmission, the sensor nodes devour impressive measure of energy. There are numerous requirements on these sensor nodes, for example, constrained memory, restricted battery power, and constrained processing capacity. At the point when sensor nodes send the data to the base station (BS), routing protocols assumes critical part to convey the data at the BS. Low Energy Adaptive Clustering Hierarchy (LEACH) is the surely understood distributed and centralized clustering routing protocol. Wireless Sensor Networks are inclined to different attacks. Black hole a sort of Denial of Service attack is extremely hard to identify and protect. Black Hole attack happens, when a intruder catches and re-programs a set of nodes in the network to block the packets as opposed to sending them towards the base station in wireless sensor network. In this paper, we show the effect of black hole on LEACH protocol researched by the dynamic authors. Likewise we have proposed an algorithm for the identification of the black hole attack.
Non-Principal Ultrafilters, Program Extraction and Higher-order Reverse Mathematics

We investigate the strength of the existence of a non-principal ultrafilter over fragments of higher-order arithmetic. Let be the statement that a non-principal ultrafilter on ℕ exists and let be the higher-order extension of ACA0. We show that is -conservative over and thus that is conservative over PA. Moreover, we provide a program extraction method and show that from a proof of a strictly statement ∀ f ∃ g Aqf(f, g) in a realizing term in Godel's system T can be extracted. This means that one can extract a term t ∈ T, such that ∀ f Aqf(f, t(f)).
The Role of Hormones in the Differences in the Incidence of Breast Cancer between Mongolia and the United Kingdom

Background There are striking differences in breast cancer incidence between Asian and western women. Rates vary substantially within Asia also, with Mongolia's even lower than China's. These profound differences have been speculated to be due in part to diet, mediated by circulating hormone concentrations. Methods Sex steroid hormone concentrations were measured in women living in Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia and the United Kingdom (U.K.). Diet was obtained by interview and national survey data. Mean hormone differences were compared by country, and systematic variation by number of days since last menstrual period was modeled and adjusted for age and parity; difference in overall area under the curves was assessed. Findings The diet in Mongolia was higher in meat and dairy than in the U.K. Mean testosterone concentrations were 18.5% lower (p<0.0001) while estradiol concentrations were 19.1% higher (p = 0.02) in Mongolian than British women, adjusted for age and parity. Progesterone was almost 50% higher in Mongolian women (p = 0.04), particularly during the follicular phase and early luteal surge. Hormone concentrations generally were similar in Mongolian women born in Ulaanbaatar compared with those born in rural areas, although there was a decreasing progesterone trend by degree of westernization (rural Mongolia; urban Mongolia; U.K.). Mean hormone differences were similar when restricted to parous women, and with further adjustment for body mass index, height, and smoking status. Interpretation These data augment accumulating evidence that circulating estrogens are unlikely to explain reduced breast cancer rates in Asia compared with the west, and suggest casting a wider net with respect to biomarkers. Lower testosterone and higher progesterone in Mongolian women raise the possibility that these hormones may be important to consider. In addition, the almost exclusive dietary reliance of Mongolians on meat and dairy argues against beneficial effects of a low-fat diet on circulating hormones explaining international breast cancer differences.
Cerebral edema in childhood diabetic ketoacidosis: natural history, radiographic findings, and early identification.

OBJECTIVE Children who develop cerebral edema (CE) during diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA) exhibit definable signs and symptoms of neurological collapse early enough to allow intervention to prevent brain damage. Our objective was to develop a model for early detection of CE in children with DKA. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS A training sample of 26 occurrences of DKA complicated by severe CE and 69 episodes of uncomplicated DKA was reviewed. Signs of neurological disease were incorporated into a bedside evaluation protocol that was applied to an independent test sample of 17 patients previously reported to have developed symptomatic CE during treatment for DKA. Head computed tomograms and their reports were reviewed. RESULTS The protocol allowed 92% sensitivity and 96% specificity for the recognition of CE sufficiently early for intervention. The diagnostic criteria were fulfilled in two temporal patterns, defining early- and late-onset CE. Although initial computed tomograms were often normal, the findings also included diffuse CE and focal brain injury, the latter only in patients with an early onset of abnormal neurological signs. CONCLUSIONS CE may occur in the absence of acute changes on head computed tomograms. Early detection of CE at the bedside using an evidence-based protocol permits intervention in time to prevent permanent brain damage.
Aldehyde dehydrogenase 2 activation in heart failure restores mitochondrial function and improves ventricular function and remodelling.

AIMS We previously demonstrated that pharmacological activation of mitochondrial aldehyde dehydrogenase 2 (ALDH2) protects the heart against acute ischaemia/reperfusion injury. Here, we determined the benefits of chronic activation of ALDH2 on the progression of heart failure (HF) using a post-myocardial infarction model. METHODS AND RESULTS We showed that a 6-week treatment of myocardial infarction-induced HF rats with a selective ALDH2 activator (Alda-1), starting 4 weeks after myocardial infarction at a time when ventricular remodelling and cardiac dysfunction were present, improved cardiomyocyte shortening, cardiac function, left ventricular compliance and diastolic function under basal conditions, and after isoproterenol stimulation. Importantly, sustained Alda-1 treatment showed no toxicity and promoted a cardiac anti-remodelling effect by suppressing myocardial hypertrophy and fibrosis. Moreover, accumulation of 4-hydroxynonenal (4-HNE)-protein adducts and protein carbonyls seen in HF was not observed in Alda-1-treated rats, suggesting that increasing the activity of ALDH2 contributes to the reduction of aldehydic load in failing hearts. ALDH2 activation was associated with improved mitochondrial function, including elevated mitochondrial respiratory control ratios and reduced H2O2 release. Importantly, selective ALDH2 activation decreased mitochondrial Ca(2+)-induced permeability transition and cytochrome c release in failing hearts. Further supporting a mitochondrial mechanism for ALDH2, Alda-1 treatment preserved mitochondrial function upon in vitro aldehydic load. CONCLUSIONS Selective activation of mitochondrial ALDH2 is sufficient to improve the HF outcome by reducing the toxic effects of aldehydic overload on mitochondrial bioenergetics and reactive oxygen species generation, suggesting that ALDH2 activators, such as Alda-1, have a potential therapeutic value for treating HF patients.
Distributed OFDM-MIMO radar track-before-detect based on second order target state model

This paper proposes a dynamic programming track-before-detect (DP-TBD) method using distributed multiple-input and multiple-output (MIMO) radar with orthogonal frequency-division multiplexing (OFDM) waveform, i.e., distributed OFDM-MIMO radar. This method exploits second order Markov target state model, which fully considers the relativity of target states between multi-scan, it's helpful to avoid association error in low signal-to-clutter (SCR) scenarios. Meanwhile, this method can shorten processing time due to spatially accumulation using coordinate transformation in distributed OFDM-MIMO radar system.
Extensions to McDiarmid's inequality when dierences are bounded with high probability

The method of independent bounded differences (McDiarmid, 1989) gives largedeviation concentration bounds for multivariate functions in terms of the maximum effect that changing one coordinate of the input can have on the output. This method has been widely used in combinatorial applications, and in learning theory. In some recent applications to the theory of algorithmic stability (Kutin and Niyogi, 2002), we need to consider the case where changing one coordinate of the input usually leads to a small change in the output, but not always. We prove two extensions to McDiarmid’s inequality. The first applies when, for most inputs, any small change leads to a small change in the output. The second applies when, for a randomly selected input and a random one-coordinate change, the change in the output is usually small.
Personal Information Dashboard - Me, At a Glance

Our use and interaction with computers creates a lot of information about our activities, interactions with others and, ultimately, about ourselves. However, this personal information is often spread over many different places making it difﬁcult to visualize and control. Personal Information is not usually processed nor cross-referenced with information from other sources. We present Personal Information Dashboard, a web application that allows users to see, at a glance, various facets of their lives. We show people’s life patterns using and combining several sources of personal information in a more nat-ural and graphical way. Imagine waking up in the morning and, just by looking at the computer, immediately know, not only how many emails you have on your incoming box, but also which ones are of most interest to you based on several aspects of yourself and the email itself. User tests show that the interface has hood usability and that, indeed, the users can ﬁnd meaningful personal patterns in the visualizations, proviting them with unexpected insights.
Collapse of a Rotating Supermassive Star to a Supermassive Black Hole: Fully Relativistic Simulations

We follow the collapse in axisymmetry of a uniformly rotating, supermassive star (SMS) to a supermassive black hole in full general relativity. The initial SMS of arbitrary mass M is marginally unstable to radial collapse and rotates at the mass-shedding limit. The collapse proceeds homologously early on and results in the appearance of an apparent horizon at the center. Although our integration terminates before final equilibrium is achieved, we determine that the final black hole will contain about 90% of the total mass of the system and will have a spin parameter J/M2 ~ 0.75. The remaining gas forms a rotating disk about the nascent hole.
Epistemology as Education: Know Thyself

In his Introduction to this Special Edition of Education Sciences, Andrew Stables points out that often, epistemological questions in education have been pursued in isolation from ethics and other social concerns. In part, this problem has been addressed by ‘local’ epistemologies—feminist,queer, post-colonial, postmodern and others—which try to establish how different knowledge can look when not grounded in presuppositions of consciousness, or rationality, or gender, colour, etc., all of which exclude and suppress that which they deem to be ‘other’. However, perhaps it is not just these local knowledges that are excluded from epistemological work in education. Perhaps, remarkably, epistemological questions pursued in education are habitually carried out in isolation from education, as if education were nothing in its own right. This ‘otherness’ of education to philosophy in general, and to epistemology in particular, contributes to the latter often seeming to be nugatory with regard to the inequalities borne within modern social and political relations. With this is mind, the following contribution reflects not so much on the relation of epistemology and education, or on epistemology in education, but rather on epistemology as education. Primarily this concerns the question of how epistemology, the science of knowledge, can have knowledge of itself and of the educational significance carried in trying to do so. This challenge of epistemology as education commends epistemology to heed the Delphic maxim: know thyself. It is to these efforts that the following essay is directed.
Velocity-Aware Handover Management in Two-Tier Cellular Networks

While network densification is considered an important solution to cater the ever-increasing capacity demand, its effect on the handover (HO) rate is overlooked. In dense 5G networks, HO delays may neutralize or even negate the gains offered by network densification. Hence, user mobility imposes a nontrivial challenge to harvest capacity gains via network densification. In this paper, we propose a velocity-aware HO management scheme for two-tier downlink cellular network to mitigate the HO effect on the foreseen densification throughput gains. The proposed HO scheme sacrifices the best base station (BS) connectivity, by skipping HO to some BSs along the user trajectory, to maintain longer connection durations and reduce HO rates. Furthermore, the proposed scheme enables cooperative BS service and strongest interference cancellation to compensate for skipping the best connectivity. To this end, we consider different HO skipping scenarios and develop a velocity-aware mathematical model, via stochastic geometry, to quantify the performance of the proposed HO schemes in terms of the coverage probability and user throughput. The results highlight the HO rate problem in dense cellular environments and show the importance of the proposed HO schemes. Finally, the value of BS cooperation along with handover skipping is quantified for different user mobility profiles.
Mucin glycan foraging in the human gut microbiome

The availability of host and dietary carbohydrates in the gastrointestinal (GI) tract plays a key role in shaping the structure-function of the microbiota. In particular, some gut bacteria have the ability to forage on glycans provided by the mucus layer covering the GI tract. The O-glycan structures present in mucin are diverse and complex, consisting predominantly of core 1-4 mucin-type O-glycans containing α- and β- linked N-acetyl-galactosamine, galactose and N-acetyl-glucosamine. These core structures are further elongated and frequently modified by fucose and sialic acid sugar residues via α1,2/3/4 and α2,3/6 linkages, respectively. The ability to metabolize these mucin O-linked oligosaccharides is likely to be a key factor in determining which bacterial species colonize the mucosal surface. Due to their proximity to the immune system, mucin-degrading bacteria are in a prime location to influence the host response. However, despite the growing number of bacterial genome sequences available from mucin degraders, our knowledge on the structural requirements for mucin degradation by gut bacteria remains fragmented. This is largely due to the limited number of functionally characterized enzymes and the lack of studies correlating the specificity of these enzymes with the ability of the strain to degrade and utilize mucin and mucin glycans. This review focuses on recent findings unraveling the molecular strategies used by mucin-degrading bacteria to utilize host glycans, adapt to the mucosal environment, and influence human health.
Visualisation Effectiveness

Providing evaluations of visualisations is one way to demonstrate that they support a purpose and are adequate for the role claimed for them. The problem in doing so is that there is no central source of evaluation issues that one can use a subset of for this purpose. There is also very little in the way of agreement over what constitutes a good visualisation hence the evaluation criteria differ. There are the human-computer interaction ideals, the slightly differing ones from usability engineering, those from the visualisation community, and also the need to be able to support the variable abilities of the users. Graphics, as the medium behind visualisation, may support greater bandwidth, but is also prone to more likes and dislikes than other forms of interface. The concept of visualisation effectiveness and therefore ways of evaluating visualisations provide the focus for this paper.
FILAMENT-STRETCHING RHEOMETRY OF COMPLEX FLUIDS

▪ Abstract Filament-stretching rheometers are devices for measuring the extensional viscosity of moderately viscous non-Newtonian fluids such as polymer solutions. In these devices, a cylindrical liquid bridge is initially formed between two circular end-plates. The plates are then moved apart in a prescribed manner such that the fluid sample is subjected to a strong extensional deformation. Asymptotic analysis and numerical computation show that the resulting kinematics closely approximate those of an ideal homogeneous uniaxial elongation. The evolution in the tensile stress (measured mechanically) and the molecular conformation (measured optically) can be followed as functions of the rate of stretching and the total strain imposed. The resulting rheological measurements are a sensitive discriminant of molecularly based constitutive equations proposed for complex fluids. The dynamical response of the elongating filament is also coupled to the extensional rheology of the polymeric test fluid, and this can.
Temporal and rate decoding in spiking neurons with dendrites

How could synapse number and position on a dendrite affect neuronal behavior with respect to the decoding of firing rate and temporal pattern? We developed a model of a neuron with a passive dendrite and found that dendritic length and the particular synapse positions directly determine the behavior of the neuron in response to patterns of received inputs. We revealed two distinct types of behavior by simply modifying the position and the number of synapses on the dendrite. In one setting - spatio-temporally sensitive - the neuron responds to a precise spatio-temporal pattern of spikes, but shows little change following an increase in the average frequency of the same input pattern. In the other setting - frequency sensitive - the neuron is insensitive to the precise arrival time of each spike but responds to changes in the average firing rate. This would allow neurons to detect different spatio-temporal patterns.
Use of Social Media for the Detection and Analysis of Infectious Diseases in China

Social media activity has become an important component of daily life for many people. Messages from Twitter (US) and Weibo (China) have shown their potential as important data sources for detecting and analyzing infectious diseases. Such emerging and dynamic new data sources allow us to predict how infectious diseases develop and evolve both spatially and temporally. We report the dynamics of dengue fever in China using messages from Weibo. We first extract and construct a list of keywords related to dengue fever in order to analyze how frequently these words appear in Weibo messages based on the Latent Dirichlet Allocation (LDA). Spatial analysis is then applied to detect how dengue fever cases cluster spatially and spread over time.