Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
The control of atmospheric pCO2 by ocean ventilation change: The effect of the oceanic storage of biogenic carbon

A simple analytical framework is developed relating the atmospheric partial pressure of CO2 to the globally‐averaged concentrations of respired carbon () and dissolved carbonate () in the ocean. Assuming that the inventory of carbon is conserved in the ocean‐atmosphere system (i.e. no seawater‐sediment interactions), the resulting formula of = −0. 0053Δ + 0. 0034Δ suggests that atmospheric pCO2 would decrease by 5.3% and increase by 3.4% when and increase by 10 μmol kg−1, respectively. Using this analytical framework along with a 3‐D global ocean biogeochemistry model, we show that the response of atmospheric pCO2 to changes in ocean circulation is rather modest because ∼30% of the change in atmospheric pCO2 caused by the accumulation of respired carbon is countered by a concomitant accumulation of dissolved carbonate in deep waters. Among the suite of circulation models examined here, the largest reduction in atmospheric pCO2 of 44–88 ppm occurs in a model where reduced overturning rates of both southern and northern sourced deep waters result in a four‐fold increase in the Southern Ocean deep water ventilation age. On the other hand, when the ventilation rate of the southern‐sourced water decreases, but the overturning rate of North Atlantic Deep Water increases, the resulting decrease in atmospheric pCO2 is only 14–34 ppm. The large uncertainty ranges in atmospheric pCO2 arise from uncertainty in how surface productivity responds to circulation change. Although the uncertainty is large, this study suggests that a synchronously reduced rate for the deep water formation in both hemispheres could lead to the large glacial reduction in atmospheric pCO2 of 80–100 ppm.
Seasonal distribution of pasture production in New Zealand

Abstract Pasture growth rates over 6 years are presented for 2 sites at Kowhitirangi near Hokitika on the West Coast of the South Island, on a gley recent soil and at Ahaura near Greymouth on a yellow brown earth soil. Growth rates from grazed pastures were assessed by a standardised cutting method at 4-weekly intervals using a moveable cage technique. At both sites, pasture growth rate peaked in late spring, declined to a steady level from January to the end of March, and then declined further to a low level from May to September. The seasonal distribution of pasture growth was similar at both sites. On average, 5% of the anual yield was produced during winter, 37% in spring, 37% in summer, and 21% in autumn. The mean annual production was 8100 kg DM/ha at Kowhitirangi and 9370 kg DM/ha at Ahaura. Climatological data are given for each site or from nearby meteorological stations.
Cross-medium imaging model and calibration method based on refractive optical path for underwater morphology measurement

Full-field optical morphology measurement methods are widely used in the shape measurement of underwater targets. The existing models and calibration methods in air could be invalid due to the refraction of light. To deal with these problems, this paper develops a cross-medium imaging model and a relative calibration method. In the modeling, the actual refraction optical path is considered when using arbitrary transparent structures. In the calibration, the accurate parameters of the model are first determined in the air environment and then updated by the refraction index replacement strategy. By using these methods, the accurate restoration of the morphology of objects in any medium is realized, and the inconvenience of underwater calibration process in prior methods can be avoided. The results of conducted experiments show that the accuracy of measurement can achieve 0.42%, which illustrates the validity of the proposed model and the precision of the proposed calibration method.
The use of Vietnamese in English phonology classes: Voices from tertiary teachers and students

Using the mother tongue (L1) to improve four English language skills, namely listening, reading, writing, and speaking for English as a Foreign Language (EFL) students, and to enhance their understanding and learning process has been investigated throughout the years. However, very few studies focus on the context of Vietnamese as the L1 in a course related to English language components such as an English phonology course. Therefore, this research focuses on the use of Vietnamese by lecturers and students in this course. Specifically, the study explores teachers’ and students’ perceptions of using Vietnamese and how they used it in these courses. A five-point Likert scale questionnaire was distributed to 238 students majoring in English language studies at one of the universities in Vietnam to determine their perception and practice. Meanwhile, semi-structured interviews were also conducted with five lecturers of an English phonology course. The data from the questionnaire was analyzed descriptively and thematic analysis was used to analyze the responses from the interviews. The findings revealed that all the lecturers and students used Vietnamese primarily for academic purposes, strongly supporting its use in an English Phonology class. The results also showed that L1 played an important role in learning and teaching. In addition, students showed considerably positive attitudes towards the use of Vietnamese in this classroom context. The study provides some suggestions to enhance the use of L1 in classes related to English language components, and recommendations for future research.
Seven new species of Tetranemertes Chernyshev, 1992 (Monostilifera, Hoplonemertea, Nemertea) from the Caribbean Sea, western Pacific, and Arabian Sea, and revision of the genus

﻿Abstract The marine ribbon worm genus Tetranemertes Chernyshev, 1992 currently includes three species: the type species T.antonina (Quatrefages, 1846) from the Mediterranean Sea, T.rubrolineata (Kirsteuer, 1965) from Madagascar, and T.hermaphroditica (Gibson, 1982) from Australia. Seven new species are described: T.bifrostsp. nov., T.ocelatasp. nov., T.majinbuuisp. nov., and T.pastafariensissp. nov. from the Caribbean Sea (Panamá), and three species, T.unistriatasp. nov., T.paulayisp. nov., and T.arabicasp. nov., from the Indo-West Pacific (Japan and Oman). As a result, an amended morphological diagnosis of the genus is offered. To improve nomenclatural stability, a neotype of Tetranemertesantonina is designated from the Mediterranean. The newly described species, each characterized by features of external appearance and stylet apparatus, as well as by DNA-barcodes, form a well-supported clade with T.antonina on a molecular phylogeny of monostiliferan hoplonemerteans based on partial sequences of COI, 16S rRNA, 18S rRNA, and 28S rRNA. Six of the seven newly described species, as well as T.rubrolineata, possess the unusual character of having a central stylet basis slightly bilobed to deeply forked posteriorly in fully grown individuals, a possible morphological synapomorphy of the genus. In addition, an undescribed species of Tetranemertes is reported from the Eastern Tropical Pacific (Panamá), increasing the total number of known species in the genus to eleven.
Mechanical and Metallurgical Properties of Dissimilar Joining of 304 ASS: A Review

The mechanical and metallurgical properties of dissimilar joining of 304 stainless steel (SS) and other alloys have been extensively studied in recent years. Stainless steel is a widely used material in various industries such as aerospace, chemical processing and transportation. The austenitic Chromium-Nickel stainless steel AISI 304 provides the best balance of corrosion resistance, endurance, and ductility. Due to the low carbon content, carbide precipitation during welding is less likely. The dissimilar welding of AISI 304 austenitic stainless steel using various welding techniques with various materials was thoroughly reviewed in the current paper. According to the review, the optimum material to use when intergranular corrosion is a concern is AISI 304 austenitic stainless steel. It is also among the best materials usually utilised in the production of components that cannot be heated.
The dynamics of extrusion tectonics: Insights from numerical modeling

To elucidate the dynamics of extrusion tectonics, I investigate the relation between subduction processes and intraplate deformation. Three‐dimensional numerical models of subducting upper plate systems show that subduction of a heterogeneous buoyancy slab, that is, hosting continental and oceanic lithosphere, causes the retreat of the oceanic trench and the localization of deformation in the back arc. Similar trench evolution is found when the subducting slab partially detaches from the impinging continent; however, deformation in the upper plate interiors widens, with indentation, plastic yielding and rotation of a large block extruding laterally toward the retreating margin. Indentation stresses are consequence of the partial slab breakoff at depth and vanish when the detached slablet reaches the mantle transition zone, resulting in transient extrusion tectonics. The distance to which indentation deformation propagates depends on the ability of subducting lithosphere to propagate stress laterally and is linear with the lithospheric strength. While in the stretching back arc the plate deformation and the underlying mantle flow are coupled, they are uncoupled in the extrusion tectonics, where mostly stresses propagated through the margin drive rotations. The potential role of these diverse subduction processes in the eastern Mediterranean is discussed, suggesting that different mechanisms likely drive the tectonics of this area.
Coex-Rank: An approach for microarray combined analysis - applications to PPARgamma related datasets

Microarrays have been widely used to study differential gene expression at the genomic level. They can also provide genome-wide co-expression information. Robust approaches are needed for integration and validation of independently-collected datasets which may contribute to a common hypothesis. Previously, attempts at meta-analysis have contributed to solutions to this problem. As an alternative, for microarray data from multiple highly similar biological experimental designs, a more direct combined approach is possible. In this thesis, a novel approach is described for microarray combined analysis, including gene-level unification into a virtual platform followed by normalization and a method for ranking candidate genes based on co-expression information – called Coex-Rank. We applied this approach to our Sppar (a PPARγ mutant) dataset, which illustrated an improvement in statistical power and a complementary advantage of the Coex-Rank method from a biological perspective. We also performed analysis to other PPARγ-related microarray datasets. From the perspective of gene sets, we observed that up-regulated genes from mice treated with the PPARγ ligand rosiglitazone were significantly down-regulated in mice with a global knock-in dominant-negative mutation of PPARγ. Integrated with publicly available PPRE (PPAR Response Element) datasets, we found that the genes which were most upregulated by rosiglitazone treatment and which were also down-regulated by the global knock-in mutation of PPARγ were robustly enriched in PPREs near transcription start sites. In addition, we identified several potential PPARγ targets in the aorta and mesenteric artery for further experimental validation, such as Rhobtb1 and Rgs5.
Evaluating Biological Change in New Zealand Marine Reserves

This study illustrates the importance of baseline surveys, why they are necessary and how best to conduct them. A proposed marine reserve site (the south coast of Wellington) was monitored for three years to establish a comprehensive baseline study. The results were used to recommend appropriate methodology for sampling in this area and also to establish which species are the best to use as indicator species to detect any possible change occurring in this area due to future reservation status. The 11 km stretch of coast surveyed, which included future reserve and control sites, was tested for heterogeneity, to prevent any future differences in sites being attributed to reservation status as opposed to natural variation. It was determined that an environmental gradient exists along the south coast, from east to west, most likely due to increasing wave exposure and increasingly strong tides and currents towards the west. An established marine reserve (Kapiti Marine Reserve) was also monitored over the same period of time to establish what differences existed in size and abundance of key species between reserve and control sites. The data collected in this investigation were also compared to data collected immediately prior to reserve establishment to determine what changes had occurred over time. Results showed that sites inside the marine reserve supported a greater species abundance, and in some cases, larger size classes. There was some evidence for a general shift in the community structure particularly in algal plants. However, these results may have been confounded by the effect of one site that appeared to have a very high natural species diversity and abundance (even before reservation status). It was concluded that the one-off survey conducted before establishment of this reserve was inadequate to use as a baseline against which to detect changes. No changes were found between the present study and the preliminary survey, although specific data analysis indicated a reserve effect. Continued sampling methodology for Kapiti Marine Reserve area was suggested. Raw data, on two key species (blue cod and rock lobster) from six marine reserves in New Zealand were investigated in an attempt to perform a statistical "meta-analysis" of the effects of marine reserves in New Zealand. A meta-analysis is different from a narrative review as it uses statistical methods to compare results across studies. This methodology has not been applied to studies of marine reserves before. The meta analysis conducted in the present investigation showed that generally marine reserves in New Zealand are having a positive effect, in terms of increasing size and abundance of individual species, as compared to control areas. There is some evidence for a latitudinal trend influencing the "effect size" (a statistical term indicating the magnitude of the treatment tested - in this case, reservation) of the reserves.
A Comparative Study of Two Multiresolution Methods for the Mapping of a Large Coastal Zone Area from a Synthetic Aperture Radar Image

Abstract The problem which worries us in this study is the mapping of an Atlantic coastal zone from a synthetic aperture radar (SAR) image of very great size. It is known that reducing the size of very great size images by the multiresolution techniques allows to resolve problems of slowness when such images are processed with a weak capacity computer. However, reducing the size of an image causes a loss of information. In this study, the technique of reducing images by the Burt's method and the technique of wavelets by the Haar's method are compared, using as an example, an unsupervised classification of a SAR ERS-1 image on the Cameroonian Atlantic coast. The loss of information of the image is estimated as it is reduced, for each of these methods. This loss of information shows itself by an alteration of the ground's occupation area of the various classes resulted from the unsupervised classification. An extrapolation of the results is then made to allow a valuation of the ground's occupation surfaces on the original image which was not able to be processed because of its very great size. Within the framework of this study, the method of the Haar's wavelets offers a better stability of the results compared with the Burt's method and it allows to have a good valuation of the real ground's surfaces of the various classes of the image.
Is the deformation rate of the Longmenshan fault zone really small? Insight from seismic data at the two-decade time scale

Local earthquake catalogues complete down to ML 2.5 are used to calculate the cumulative Benioff strain along the central- and north-Longmenshan fault zone which accommodated the May 12, 2008, Wenchuan MS 8.0 earthquake. The nearby Xianshuihe, Anninghe, and Zemuhe fault zone are used for comparison. The data revealed that at the two-decade time scale which is different from geological process and GPS measurement, considering both horizontal and vertical deformation, and comparing with the neighboring active fault systems, the Longmenshan fault zone seems not as ‘quiet’ as traditionally assessed, providing a lesson for future seismic hazard analysis.
Multi Dimensional Deprivation in the Awakening Giants: A Comparative Study on Micro Data

This paper evaluates and compares multidimensional deprivation in India and China during the 1990s and beyond. The exercise is conducted on two micro data sets that have been tailor made for this study. It departs from the recent comparisons between India and China that are based on macro aggregates such as trade, investment and growth rates and undertakes a systematic and comprehensive analysis of living standards in the two countries based on unit record data. The paper disaggregates the overall deprivation by categories, and compares the deprivation distribution between the two countries. This study reports that the high growth rates did not translate into an unambiguous improvement in living standards in either country. Deprivation is still unacceptably high in some categories. While rural deprivation is much higher in India than in China, they face similar levels of urban deprivation. Special attention is paid to a comparison of child health, and its link with motherâ€™s health, between the two countries. China outperforms India on child health with lower incidence of stunting and wasting. While both countries still record high rates of child stunting in the new millennium, wasting is much more of an issue in India than in China. The study provides evidence of strong link between deprivation in access to basic facilities, such as drinking water and clean fuel for cooking, and child undernourishment. The Indian evidence suggests that children of undernourished mothers are at high risk from stunting and wasting, but this does not extend to China. Notwithstanding evidence of decline in motherâ€™s BMI over this period, China outperforms India on womenâ€™s health as well.
Antiproliferative, antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects of Boswellia Sacra on human pancreatic cancer cells

Abstract Pancreatic cancer is a highly lethal and malignant tumor with high occurrence worldwide. Natural products such as essential oils with a lack of side effects may benefit pancreatic cancer supplementary therapy. Essential oil of BS was prepared by distillation of the gum resin and also has been shown to have anti-cancer and antioxidant activities. The present study aimed to determine the anti-cancer, antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities in PANC-1 cells. Chemical Functional Moieties of Boswellia sacra essential oil were determined by Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy. The essential oil was simultaneously analyzed by GC/MS and GC-FID. Cell viability was determined by MTT assay. Anti-cancer activity of BS essential oil was investigated by immunocytochemistry using antibodies against STAT-3, IHH, β-catenin, CD133, and Ki-67. The antioxidant activity of BS essential oil was tested by DPPH method. 41 compounds were identified in the essential oil. The IC50 value of BS essential oil was found as 130 μg/mL in PANC-1 cells. Ki-67 immunoreactivity significantly decreased in BS essential oil-treated PANC-1 cells. STAT-3 and β-catenin immunoreactivities significantly increased in BS essential oil-treated PANC-1 cells. Also, BS essential oil showed antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities. We conclude that BS essential oil may suppress proliferation via the β-catenin activation pathway in PANC-1 cells.
Adaptive Network Intrusion Detection Learning : Attribute Selection and Classification

In this paper, a new learning approach for network intrusion detection using naïve Bayesian classifier and ID3 algorithm is presented, which identifies effective attributes from the training dataset, calculates the conditional probabilities for the best attribute values, and then correctly classifies all the examples of training and testing dataset. Most of the current intrusion detection datasets are dynamic, complex and contain large number of attributes. Some of the attributes may be redundant or contribute little for detection making. It has been successfully tested that significant attribute selection is important to design a real world intrusion detection systems (IDS). The purpose of this study is to identify effective attributes from the training dataset to build a classifier for network intrusion detection using data mining algorithms. The experimental results on KDD99 benchmark intrusion detection dataset demonstrate that this new approach achieves high classification rates and reduce false positives using limited computational resources. Keywords—Attributes selection, Conditional probabilities, information gain, network intrusion detection.
Eﬃcient big data analysis for ergodic diﬀusion models on the basis of discrete data. ∗

We consider a big data analysis problem for diﬀusion processes in the framework of nonparametric estimation for ergodic diﬀusion processes based on observations at discrete time moments in the case when diﬀusion coeﬃcients are unknown. To this end we use the model selection method developed in [21]. In this paper through the oracle inequalities from [21] we show that the constructed model selection procedures are asymptotically eﬃcient in adaptive setting, i
Comparative analysis of SRTM–NED vegetation canopy height to LIDAR‐derived vegetation canopy metrics

Vegetation canopy heights derived from the SRTM 30 m grid DEM minus USGS National Elevation Data (NED) DTM were compared to three vegetation metrics derived from a medium footprint LIDAR data (LVIS) for the US Sierra Nevada forest in California. Generally the SRTM minus NED was found to underestimate the vegetation canopy height. Comparing the SRTM–NED‐derived heights as a function of the canopy percentile height (shape/vertical structure) derived from LVIS, the SRTM SAR signal was found to penetrate, on average, into about 44% of the canopy and 85% after adjustment of the data. On the canopy type analysis, it was found that the SRTM phase scattering centres occurred at 60% for red fir, 53% for Sierra mixed conifer, 50% for ponderosa pine and 50% for montane hardwood‐conifer. Whereas analysing the residual errors of the SRTM–NED minus the LVIS‐derived canopy height as a function of LVIS canopy height and cover it was observed that the residuals generally increase with increasing canopy height and cover. Likewise, the behaviour of the RMSE as a function of canopy height and cover was observed to initially increase with canopy height and cover but saturates at 50 m canopy height and 60% canopy cover. On the other hand, the behaviour of the correlation coefficient as a function of canopy height and cover was found to be high at lower canopy height (<15 m) and cover (<20%) and decrease rapidly making a depression at medium canopy heights (>15 m and <50 m) and cover (>20% and <50%). It then increases with increasing canopy height and cover yielding a plateau at canopies higher than 50 m and cover above 70%.