Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Exploring the role of voluntary sustainability standards in women’s economic empowerment in the agriculture sector in developing countries

Women are equally as important economic actors as men, yet they suffer gross inequalities such as gender gaps in income and human capital, despite rapid improvements in global living standards and educational attainment. The compilation of evidence and data presented in this report proves that the many gender-related gaps identified in the agriculture sector in developing countries often lead to missed economic opportunities. Market demand tools such as Voluntary Sustainability Standards (VSS) have been identified as having the potential to contribute to achieving gender equality and women’s empowerment, while fulfilling parity in the economy. These positive contributions, as identified in this paper includes possible equality in wages and income, and skills upgrading, and the externalities that expand from having better wages and skills. However, research indicating the socioeconomic impacts of VSS is limited in nature and often offers mixed results. Thus, the challenge of ‘qualifying’ these positive contributions of VSS have yet to be assessed when more independent empirical studies are available. While there are specific examples reported from certain countries, wider research in particular on Women´s Economic Empowerment (WEE) and the role of VSS is very limited if not non-existent. Thus, this report aims to first demonstrate the role VSS plays in fostering WEE; and second illustrate the contribution of VSS to the global agenda of SDG 5: Gender Equality with the available empirical findings on the impact of VSS on gender equality and WEE. The report also presents case studies where this link was investigated.
Asymptotic upper bounds for the errors of Richardson extrapolation with practical application in approximate computations

The results produced by Richardson extrapolation, though, in general, very accurate, are inexact. Numerical evaluation of this inexactness and implementation of the evaluation in practice are the objectives of this paper. First, considering linear changes of errors in the convergence plots, asymptotic upper bounds are proposed for the errors. Then, the achievement is extended to the results produced by Richardson extrapolation, and finally, an error‐controlling procedure is proposed and successfully implemented in approximate computations originated in science and engineering. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Nonlinear Wave Equation for Ultrasound Beam in Nonuniform Bubbly Liquids

In our previous paper (Kanagawa et al., J. Fluid Sci. Tech., 5, 2010), we have proposed a systematic method for derivation of various types of nonlinear wave equations for plane waves in bubbly liquids. The method makes use of an asymptotic expansion with multiple scales in terms of a small wave amplitude as an expansion parameter and a set of scaling relations of physical parameters, based on basic equations of two-fluid model of bubbly flows. In this paper, we extend the method so as to handle a weakly diffracted ultrasound beam in a quiescent liquid containing a number of spherical gas bubbles distributed with a weak nonuniformity. Because of the high expandability of the original method, the extension can be accomplished by adding a scaling relation of the diameter of the beam to the original set of scaling relations. As a result, we derive a generalized Khokhlov—Zabolotskaya—Kuznetsov (KZK) equation [or a generalized Kadomtsev—Petviashvili (KP) equation] for a long wave and low frequency case.
Bayesian Local Influence for the Growth Curve Model with Rao's Simple Covariance Structure

In this paper, the Bayesian local influence approach is employed to diagnose the adequacy of the growth curve model with Rao's simple covariance structure, based on the Kullback? Leibler divergence. The Bayesian Hessian matrices of the model are investigated in detail under an abstract perturbation scheme. For illustration, covariance-weighted perturbation is considered particularly and used to analyze two real-life biological data sets, which shows that the criteria presented in this article are useful in practice.
Atomic structure, mechanical quality, and thermodynamic property of TiHx phases

Titanium hydrides TiHx (x = 1, 1.25, 1.5, 1.75, and 2) with the cubic fluorite-type (face-centered cubic, δ phase) and face-centered-tetragonal (e phase, c/a 1) structures were systematically investigated and compared through first-principles calculation. The H location of TiHx was carefully determined by comparing the calculated properties with experimental results. Moreover, the mechanical properties of e and γ phases were calculated and found to play an important role in the brittle/ductile behavior of TiHx phases. In addition, the thermodynamic quantities were also derived for providing a deeper understanding of TiHx phases. The calculated results were widely compared with the available experimental results in the literature, and could clarify the three controversies regarding atomic configuration, stability, and hydrogen embrittlement of TiHx phases in the literature.
Electromagnetic effects in high-frequency capacitive discharges used for plasma processing

In plasma processing, capacitive discharges have classically been operated in the electrostatic regime, for which the excitation wavelength λ is much greater than the electrode radius, and the plasma skin depth δ is much greater than the electrode spacing. However, contemporary reactors are larger and excited at higher frequencies which leads to strong electromagnetic effects. This paper gives a review of the work that has recently been carried out to carefully model and diagnose these effects, which cause major uniformity problems in plasma processing for microelectronics and flat panel displays industries.
Open-ocean convection in the Greenland Sea: preconditioning through a mesoscale chimney and detectability in SAR imagery studied with a hierarchy of nested numerical models

Aspects of the hydrodynamics of the Greenland Sea were investigated through a hierarchy of nested numerical models. The simulations were particularly conceived to study, under realistic conditions, the hydrodynamics induced by the presence of a convectively generated oceanic mesoscale chimney as well as its long-term influence on the local convective activity. To this purpose, a very high resolution, fully non-hydrostatic 3D model capable of simulating submesoscale convective vertical plumes was nested into an ocean-ice, regional hydrostatic 3D model which was initialised and forced through the global, coupled atmosphere ocean 3D REMO/MPI-OM model. In the central part of the Greenland Sea, the hydrological structure of an observed, convectively generated oceanic mesoscale chimney and a corresponding reconstructed velocity field were imposed as a part of the forcing for the non-hydrostatic numerical model. Two different, short-term realistic scenarios were simulated corresponding, respectively, to episodes characterized by a strong mean oceanic heat loss and by a weak mean oceanic heat gain in the central Greenland Sea. In order to evaluate the role played by mesoscale convective chimneys in promoting preconditioning to open-ocean deep-penetrating convection, two long-term simulations of the hydrodynamics of the Greenland Sea were performed using the same model hierarchy and the forcing as described above. The two runs differed merely in that only in one of them the hydrological and velocity structure of a convective chimney were inserted in the central Greenland Sea as a part of the forcing. The dependence of simulated surface convergence patterns on grid step in the central Greenland Sea was also investigated in order to assess the capability of numerical models of predicting the detectability of convective events in synthetic aperture radar imagery.
Combining radar and rain gauge rainfall estimates using conditional merging

The Hydrologist's traditional tool for measuring rainfall is the rain gauge. Rain gauges are relatively cheap, easy to maintain and provide a direct and suitably accurate estimate of rainfall at a point. What rain gauges fail to capture well is the spatial variability of rainfall with time, an important aspect for the credible modelling of a catchment's response to rainfall. This spatial variability is particularly evident at short timescales of up to several days. As the period of accumulation increases, the expected spatial variability is reduced and rain gauges provide improved spatial rainfall estimates. Because of the fractal variability of rainfall in space, simple interpolation between rain gauges does not provide an accurate estimate of the true spatial rainfall field, at short time scales.
Trabecular Bone Image Segmentation Using Wavelet and Marker-Controlled Watershed Transformation

This paper presents a new strategy for the segmentation of trabecular bone image. This kind of image is acquired with microcomputed tomography (micro-CT) to assess bone microarchitecture based chiefly on bone mineral density (BMD) measurements to improve fracture risk prediction. Disease osteoporosis can be predicted from features of CT image where a bone region may consist of several disjoint pieces. It relies on a multiresolution representation of the image by the wavelet transform to compute the multiscale morphological gradient. The coefficients of detail found at the different scales are used to determine the markers and homogeneous regions that are extracted with the watershed algorithm. The method reduces the tendency of the watershed algorithm to oversegment and results in closed homogeneous regions. The performance of the proposed segmentation scheme is presented via experimental results obtained with a broad series of images.
An extended plasma model for Saturn

The Saturn magnetosphere model of Richardson and Sittler [1990] is extended to include the outer magnetosphere. The inner magnetospheric portion of this model is updated based on a recent reanalysis of the plasma data near the Voyager 2 ring plane crossing. The result is an axially symmetric model of the plasma parameters which is designed to provide accurate input for models needing either in situ or line-of-sight data and to be a useful tool for Cassini planning.
Climate change multi‐model projections for temperature extremes in Portugal

Climate change projections for spatial‐temporal distributions of temperatures in Portugal are analysed using a 13‐member ensemble of regional climate model simulations (A1B scenario for 2041–2070). Bias corrections are carried out using an observational gridded dataset (E‐OBS) and equally‐weighted ensemble statistics are discussed. Clear shifts toward higher future seasonal mean temperatures, in central tendency and also in both tails of the distributions, are found (2–4 °C), particularly for summer and autumn maximum temperatures. Furthermore, frequencies of occurrence of daily extremes are projected to increase, particularly in summer maximum temperatures over inland Portugal. Wintertime changes are weaker than in other seasons.
Duration control methods for HMM phoneme recognition

Two kinds of duration control for HMM (hidden Markov model) phoneme recognition are proposed: phoneme duration control for an HMM phone model and an event duration control for an HMM state. The phoneme duration control is carried out by combining an HMM output probability with a phoneme duration probability. The phoneme duration probability is calculated using a phoneme duration histogram obtained from training samples. Phoneme duration control is effective in discriminating phonemes with different durations such as /n/ and /N/. Event duration control is realized as a state duration penalty calculated from an HMM state duration probability of training samples. Event duration control is effective in discriminating phonemes with different event structures such as /s/ and /ts/. Recognition experiments are carried out using Japanese phonemes extracted from an isolated word database uttered by one male speaker. The phoneme recognition rate is improved from 84.8%–90.0% using these duration control techniques.
Optical analogues of nanostructures with Rashba–Dresselhaus interactions

We demonstrate that light propagation through uniaxial crystals with suitably oriented optical axes is quantitatively analogous to electron propagation in a two-dimensional electron gas in the presence of Rashba and/or Dresselhaus effects. It is shown that, through an appropriate shaping of light beams and a rigorous control of their incidence angle on properly oriented uniaxial crystals, it is possible to investigate independently the effects of angular divergence and energy broadening on electron wavefunction evolution. Such optical analogues could be useful in designing spintronic devices, in particular those relying on the equality of Rashba and Dresselhaus coefficients.
Sharp waveguide bends induced by spatial solitons

We experimentally demonstrate the ability of a self-guided laser beam to induce waveguides with sharp bends. The beam is a two-dimensional photorefractive screening-photovoltaic bright spatial soliton generated inside a biased lithium-niobate crystal shaped as a prism. The soliton robustness against total internal reflections is shown to leave place to a low-loss unimodal waveguide undergoing multiple zero-radius 90° turns.
A New Image Irradiance Equation for Perspective Shape from Shading of Hybrid Surfaces

Shape from shading (SFS) is a classical and important problem in the domain of computer vision. This paper presents a new image irradiance equation for perspective SFS method to reconstruct the hybrid surfaces that have both diffuse reflection and specular reflection. The hybrid reflectance model composed of a linear combination of Oren-Nayar model and Ward model is used to express the hybrid surfaces. An imaging model incorporating near point light source, perspective camera projection and the hybrid reflectance model is established. Under this model, the image irradiance equation has been derived as a non-linear partial differential equation (PDE). The resulting PDE is associated with a static Hamilton-Jacobi (H-J) equation considering the boundary conditions. Thus, the image irradiance equation of hybrid surfaces can be solved further.
Simultaneous reconstruction and segmentation for tomography data

We present a Mumford‐Shah like approach for the inversion of CT and SPECT‐data (Single Photon Emission Computerized Tomography). With this approach we aim at the simultaneous reconstruction and segmentation of activity and density distribution from given tomography data. We assume the functions to be piecewise constant with respect to a set of contours. Shape sensitivity analysis is used to find a descent direction for the cost functional which leads to an update formula for the contour in a level set framework. (© 2008 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Trapped torsional modes in solid cylinders

An approximate theory is presented for torsional modes in a solid cylinder having a larger‐diameter central section. Modes in a narrow frequency range just above the cutoff of each branch are ‘‘trapped’’ such that, in long samples, the amplitudes decay exponentially with distance from the central section. To confirm the theory, measurements were performed on aluminum alloy cylinders using noncontacting electromagnetic‐acoustic transduction. Vibrational amplitudes of a trapped mode measured as a function of position along the length of a sample are in good agreement with theoretical calculations. The resonant frequencies of three samples with different dimensions also closely match the theory for trapped modes. Additional generally weak resonances that are observed may be associated with torsional modes that vary sinusoidally along the entire length of the samples.
On the fate of Galactic Centre molecular clouds

One third of the CO-emitting gas within 500 pc of the Galactic Center is in a few massive clouds. If these clouds have masses of the expected order (3 × 10 6 M ○. ), even the outermost is doomed to spiral into the center within a Gyr. The subsequent evolution is unclear, but it will almost certainly be violent. This suggest that the Galactic Center is subject to starbursts.
Response of a Langmuir Probe in a Strong Magnetic Field

A comparison was made of plasma density measurements obtained using cylindrical Langmuir probes and a high‐sensitivity microwave interferometer in magnetic fields between 1 and 7 kG. The experiment was carried out in a current‐free stream of ionized hydrogen with electron densities ranging from 3×109 to 4×1011 cm−3. A set of probes of different sizes was used so that the ratio of probe diameter to ion gyroradius 2rp/ρi covered the critical range from 0.2 to 5 or more. It was found that (1) the shape of the probe characteristics was not affected very much by the presence of the strong magnetic field; (2) the electron temperature derived from the slope seemed to be the true temperature; but (3) the apparent ion density inferred from the characteristic using Laframboise's calculation, which applies in the absence of magnetic fields, was consistently low by a factor which depended primarily on the ratio rp/ρi and seemed nearly independent of the Debye length. This reduction factor was considerably larger in t.
Riemann-Roch variations

We construct a mirror-type correspondence that assigns variations (that is, local systems, -modules or -adic sheaves) to pairs , where is a variety and is a complex of densely filtered vector bundles over . We consider Calabi-Yau complete intersections in projective spaces. In the particular case when the complex is quasi-isomorphic to the tangent bundle on a generic Calabi-Yau complete intersection, this construction yields the variation that arises in the relative cohomology of the mirror-dual pencil. We call it the Riemann-Roch variation. The Riemann-Roch data of the divisorial sublattice in the -group can be read off the Riemann-Roch local system since it encodes the information about the Euler characteristics of all sheaves (in an essentially non-commutative way).
Verification and validation of a method for the simulation of turbulent mixing

We present the highlights of and supplementary material related to two recent studies yielding verification and validation of a new approach to the simulation of turbulent mixing. The verification is based on (i) a mesh refinement study of the circular Richtmyer–Meshkov unstable flow, (ii) comparison of the code to a well-documented code and (iii) comparison to a simple analytic model. The validation is based on the simulation's agreement with the Rayleigh–Taylor unstable experiments of Smeeton–Youngs and of Mueschke–Andrews. The mesh refinement verification gives convergence for such molecular level variables as the probability density functions for concentration, temperature and a chemical reaction rate. The validation study, beyond obtaining nearly perfect agreement with experiment, explores the various factors in the simulations that lead to the agreement and to differences between the two experiments. The important variables are fluid transport parameters, dimensionless groups (not widely recognized to be significant) to characterize the dominant short-wavelength initial perturbations and experimentally measured (long-wavelength) initial perturbations.
The velocity autocorrelation function of an overdamped Brownian system with hard-core intraction

The velocity autocorrelation function is calculated exactly for a system of Brownian particles interacting through hard-core potentials to lowest order in the volume concentration on the basis of the Smoluchowski equation. A quantity of basic interest in the dynamics of a particle interacting with many other particles in a liquid-like system is the velocity autocorrelation function (VAF). It is closely connected to other important quantities such as the mean square displacement and the self-diffusion coefficient of a tagged particle. Of particular interest is the long-time behaviour of the VAF after Alder and Wainwright (1967) discovered by means of computer experiments the algebraic t-3'2 tail for hard-core fluids (in three dimensions). This phenomenon has since been investigated in great detail and applies to all fluids with short-ranged interactions (Pomeau and RCsibois 1975). Only in fluids in which the particles interact through Coulomb potentials are the long-time tails of a different type (Baus and Hansen 1980). In this paper we investigate the VAF for a particular overdamped Brownian system. In recent years there has been great interest both experimentally and theoretically in understanding the dynamical properties of interacting large spherical particles immersed in a solvent (Pusey and Tough 1981). For many purposes the dynamical properties of such systems can well be described on the basis of the N-particle Smoluchowski equation. We calculate the VAF for a system of macroparticles interac- ting only through their hard cores on this basis exactly to first order in the volume concentration. Let rl(t) be the position of the tagged particle at time t. Then
NUMERICAL SIMULATION OF TRAPPED DIPOLAR QUANTUM GASES: COLLAPSE STUDIES AND VORTEX DYNAMICS

We numerically study the three dimensional Gross-Pitaevskii equation for dipolar quantum gases using a time-splitting algorithm. We are mainly concerned with numerical investigations of the possible blow-up of solutions, i.e. collapse of the condensate, and the dynamics of vortices.
Linear Hamiltonian Hopf bifurcation for point–group–invariant perturbations of the 1:1:1 resonance

We consider G×R–invariant Hamiltonians H on complex projective 2–space, where Gis a point group and R is the time–reversal group. We find the symmetry–induced stationary points of H and classify them in terms of their linear stability. We then determine those points that can undergo a linear Hamiltonian Hopf bifurcation.
Divertor Langmuir Probe Measurements in JET

In this paper, results from the array of fixed Langmuir probes in the JET Mark I divertor are presented. During low density discharges there is good agreement between single and triple probes. At higher density, near the onset of divertor detachment, very low values of the electron to ion saturation current (even < 1) are observed which results in an overestimation of the electron temperature, particularly by the triple probe. Alternative methods of probe interpretation are applied and comparisons carried out with independent measurements. The consistency of probe measurements during H-mode discharges are also briefly discussed.