Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Intrusion Detection System using Self Organizing Maps

With the rapid expansion of computer usage and computer network the security of the computer system has became very important. Every day new kind of attacks are being faced by industries. Many methods have been proposed for the development of intrusion detection system using artificial intelligence technique. In this paper we will have a look at an algorithm based on neural networks that are suitable for Intrusion Detection Systems (IDS) [1] [2]. The name of this algorithm is “Self Organizing Maps” (SOM). Neural networks method is a promising technique which has been used in many classification problems. The neural network component will implement the neural approach, which is based on the assumption that each user is unique and leaves a unique footprint on a computer system when using it. If a user's footprint does not match his/her reference footprint based on normal system activities, the system administrator or security officer can be alerted to a possible security breach. At the end of the paper we will figure out the advantages and disadvantages of Self Organizing Maps and explain how it is useful for building an Intrusion Detection System.
Abuse liability and safety of oral lisdexamfetamine dimesylate in individuals with a history of stimulant abuse

Abstract Lisdexamfetamine dimesylate (LDX) is the first prodrug stimulant and is indicated for the treatment of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. A single-centre, double-blind, randomised, placebo-controlled, 6-period crossover study evaluated the abuse potential of single oral doses of 50, 100 (equivalent to 40 mg d-amphetamine), and 150 mg LDX, 40 mg d-amphetamine and 200 mg diethylpropion in 36 individuals with a history of stimulant abuse. On the primary abuse liability measure, maximum change of the Drug Rating Questionnaire-Subject Liking Scale compared with placebo, d-amphetamine and diethylpropion showed significant differences of 4.5 and 4.0 units, respectively (P < 0.001 for both vs placebo). LDX, administered at 50, 100 and 150 mg, showed nonsignificant differences of 2.0 and 2.1 units, respectively, at the two lower doses but a significant (P < 0.001 vs placebo) difference of 6.1 units at the highest dose. Subjects significantly favoured d-amphetamine 40 mg versus LDX 100 mg (2.4 units difference; P < 0.05). There was no significant difference in liking scores between d-amphetamine 40 mg and LDX 150 mg. Drug Rating Questionnaire-Subject Feel-Drug-Effect score was significantly lower for 100 mg LDX than for 40 mg d-amphetamine. There were no statistically significant differences between LDX and diethylpropion hydrochloride, a Schedule IV amphetamine-like stimulant, on abuse-related liking scores. Cardiovascular responses of LDX and d-amphetamine were similar at equivalent doses. In conclusion, at an equivalent amount of amphetamine base taken orally, LDX 100 mg had attenuated responses on measures of abuse liability compared with immediate-release d-amphetamine 40 mg. Abuse-related liking scores of LDX at a dose corresponding to a 50% higher amphetamine base (LDX 150 mg) were similar to d-amphetamine 40 mg.
Increased airway epithelial and T-cell apoptosis in COPD remains despite smoking cessation

There is heterogeneity in the propensity of smokers to develop chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), and improved treatment strategies are hindered by limited understanding of COPD pathogenesis, especially as distinct from the effects of smoking per se. Although apoptosis is essential for tissue homeostasis, increased apoptosis may cause tissue damage and inflammation. This study addressed whether airway T-lymphocytes and airway epithelial cells (AEC) show an increased likelihood of undergoing apoptosis in COPD and if this was related to smoking. Apoptosis (7-amino-actinomycin D, Annexin, single-stranded DNA and caspase), Bcl-2, Bax and p53 were assessed in cells obtained from bronchial bushing and bronchoalveolar lavage from ex- and continuing smokers with COPD, and nonsmoking controls, using flow cytometry. A mean 87% increase in apoptosis of AEC and a 103% increase in T-lymphocyte apoptosis were found in COPD. There were no significant differences in apoptosis of AEC between current and ex-smokers with COPD. Apoptosis may contribute to chronic obstructive pulmonary disease pathogenesis, and continued excess apoptosis after smoking cessation may offer a new target for therapeutic interventions. Whether the persistence of increased apoptosis after smoking cessation results from changes in the pulmonary milleau after years of noxious insult, or whether some individuals have a natural predisposition toward increased apoptosis and possible development of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease remains to be determined.
Conservative cascades: an invariant of Internet traffic

Conservative cascades are among the class of multiscaling processes that accommodate the two competing objectives of deterministic and random cascades. This paper discusses in what sense the cascade model can be seen as an invariant of the Internet traffic. It explains why conservative cascades model the time-invariant properties of the Internet traffic at timescales up to hundreds of milliseconds. Furthermore, it shows the limitations of the conservative cascades to model part of the time-dependent scaling properties of Internet traffic.
City Research Online

Background Living in socio-economically disadvantaged areas is associated with increased childhood mortality risks. As city-living becomes the predominant social context in low- and middle-income countries, the resulting rapid urbanization together with the poor economic circumstances of these countries greatly increase the risks of under-five mortality. Objective This study examined the trends in urban population growth and urban under-five mortality between 1983 and 2003 in Nigeria. We assessed whether urban area socio-economic disadvantage has an impact on under-five mortality. Urban was on
Distributed Receding Horizon Control With Application to Multi-Vehicle Formation Stabilization

We consider the control of interacting subsystems whose dynamics and constraints are uncoupled, but whose state vectors are coupled non-separably in a single centralized cost function of a finite horizon optimal control problem. For a given centralized cost structure, we generate distributed optimal control problems for each subsystem and establish that the distributed receding horizon implementation is asymptotically stabilizing. The communication requirements between subsystems with coupling in the cost function are that each subsystem obtain the previous optimal control trajectory of those subsystems at each receding horizon update. The key requirements for stability are that each distributed optimal control not deviate too far from the previous optimal control, and that the receding horizon updates happen sufficiently fast. The theory is applied in simulation for stabilization of a formation of vehicles.
Cobra: flexible displays for mobilegaming scenarios

We discuss Cobra, a handheld peripheral for computer games that applies flexible display design principles to provide a highly intuitive, mobile gaming experience. Cobra is a flexible plastic board interface that uses bends as input to the gaming device. The display is provided by a shoulder-mounted Pico projector. In this paper, we will present our prototype, the motives behind it, and its immediate applications.
Seroepidemiology of hepatitis C and its risk factors in Khuzestan Province, south-west of Iran: a case-control study.

AIM To evaluate possible risk factors for the spread of hepatitis C infection and to analyze the characteristics of the epidemiological and clinical patterns among the patients with hepatitis C infection. METHODS During a five-year period a cross-sectional study was conducted among HCV positive individuals referred to the Ahwaz JundiShapour University Hospitals (AJSUH) and Hepatitis Clinic from 1 Sept 1999 to 1 Sept 2003. The control group consisted of first time blood donors referred to the Regional Blood Transfusion organization. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and recombinant immunoblot assay anti-hepatitis C virus (HCV) tests were performed for two groups. Positive serum specimens were retested using polymerase chain reaction (PCR) for HCV RNA. Risk factors were evaluated using a questionnaire. Reported risk factors among infected subjects ("HCV-positive") were compared to those of subjects never exposed ("HCV-negative") to HCV. RESULTS A total of 514 subjects were studied for HCV, of which 254 were HCV-positive and 260 HCV-negative donors comprised the control group. Mean age of the patients was 28.4 (Std 15.22) years. HCV-positive subjects were more likely to be of male gender (63% versus 37%). Transfusion 132 (52%), non-intravenous (n-i.v.) drug abuse and i.v. drug abuse 37 (14.5%), haemodialysis 25 (10%), receiving wounds at war and extramarital sexual activities (2.4%), tattooing (3.6%) were found to be independent risk factors of being HCV-positive. No apparent risk factors could be demonstrated in 29 (11.2%) of the positive cases. CONCLUSION Our data indicate that a history of transfusion and i.v. drug abuse and haemodialysis are important risk factors for HCV infection in our area and that more careful pretransfusion screening of blood for anti-HCV must be introduced in our blood banks. Improvements in certain lifestyle patterns, and customs in this area may be essential to prevent transmission of the infection.
COMBINATORIAL GENERATION OF MATROID REPRESENTATIONS: THEORY AND PRACTICE

Matroids (also called combinatorial geometries) present a strong combinatorial generalization of graphs and matrices. Unlike isomorph-free generation of graphs, which has been extensively studied both from theoretical and practical points of view, not much research has been done so far about matroid generation. Perhaps the main problem with matroid generation lies in a very complex internal structure of a matroid. That is why we focus on generation of suitable matroid representations, and we outline a way how to exhaustively generate matroid representations over finite fields in reasonable computing time. In particular, we extend here some enumeration results on binary (over the binary field) combinatorial geometries by Kingan et al.
Sputum Microbiota in Tuberculosis as Revealed by 16S rRNA Pyrosequencing

Background Tuberculosis (TB) remains a global threat in the 21st century. Traditional studies of the disease are focused on the single pathogen Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Recent studies have revealed associations of some diseases with an imbalance in the microbial community. Characterization of the TB microbiota could allow a better understanding of the disease. Methodology/Principal Findings Here, the sputum microbiota in TB infection was examined by using 16S rRNA pyrosequencing. A total of 829,873 high-quality sequencing reads were generated from 22 TB and 14 control sputum samples. Firmicutes, Proteobacteria, Bacteroidetes, Actinobacteria, and Fusobacteria were the five major bacterial phyla recovered, which together composed over 98% of the microbial community. Proteobacteria and Bacteroidetes were more represented in the TB samples and Firmicutes was more predominant in the controls. Sixteen major bacterial genera were recovered. Streptococcus, Neisseria and Prevotella were the most predominant genera, which were dominated by several operational taxonomic units grouped at a 97% similarity level. Actinomyces, Fusobacterium, Leptotrichia, Prevotella, Streptococcus, and Veillonella were found in all TB samples, possibly representing the core genera in TB sputum microbiota. The less represented genera Mogibacterium, Moryella and Oribacterium were enriched statistically in the TB samples, while a genus belonging to the unclassified Lactobacillales was enriched in the controls. The diversity of microbiota was similar in the TB and control samples. Conclusions/Significance The composition and diversity of sputum microbiota in TB infection was characterized for the first time by using high-throughput pyrosequencing. It lays the framework for examination of potential roles played by the diverse microbiota in TB pathogenesis and progression, and could ultimately facilitate advances in TB treatment.
DomainProfiler: Discovering Domain Names Abused in Future

Cyber attackers abuse the domain name system (DNS) to mystify their attack ecosystems, they systematically generate a huge volume of distinct domain names to make it infeasible for blacklisting approaches to keep up with newly generated malicious domain names. As a solution to this problem, we propose a system for discovering malicious domain names that will likely be abused in future. The key idea with our system is to exploit temporal variation patterns (TVPs) of domain names. The TVPs of domain names include information about how and when a domain name has been listed in legitimate/popular and/or malicious domain name lists. On the basis of this idea, our system actively collects DNS logs, analyzes their TVPs, and predicts whether a given domain name will be used for malicious purposes. Our evaluation revealed that our system can predict malicious domain names 220 days beforehand with a true positive rate of 0.985.
Kindergartenkinder als Zeugen von Mobbing

In der vorliegenden Studie wurde untersucht, wie Kinder reagieren, wenn sie Zeugen von Mobbing werden. 968 Kinder aus 59 Kindergarten, in denen Mobbing stattfand, nahmen an der Studie teil. Es zeigten sich Alters- und Geschlechtseffekte bei Mobber- und Opfer-unterstutzendem Zeugenverhalten sowie beim Ausmas an hilflosen Reaktionen. Zudem variierte das Zeugenverhalten in Abhangigkeit von der Mobbingrolle: Mobber zeigten mehr Mobber-unterstutzende, nicht-involvierte Kinder mehr Opfer-unterstutzende und passive Opfer mehr hilflose Reaktionen. Auch das habituelle Verhalten der Kinder in der Gruppe hing mit den Zeugenreaktionen der einzelnen Kindern zusammen: Viel aggressives Verhalten in der Kindergartengruppe ging mit mehr Mobber-unterstutzenden Reaktionen einher, wahrend es mehr Opfer-unterstutzende Reaktionen in Gruppen gab, in welchen Konfliktsituationen eher positiv gehandhabt wurden. Die Rolle der Zeugen wird im Rahmen praventiver Ansatze diskutiert. (DIPF/Orig.) The present study investigates the reactions children show when witnessing victimization. It was carried out with 968 children from 59 kindergartens, in which victimization occurred. Effects of age and gender are found on both behavior supporting the bully and behaviour supporting the victim, as well as helpless behaviour. Moreover, witnessing behaviour varies as a function of bully/victim role: Bullies display more behaviour supporting the (actual) bully; children usually not involved in bullying show more behaviour supporting the victim; and passive victims exhibit more helplessness. Behaviour in the classroom is also related to witnessing reactions: High levels of aggression in the classroom are associated with more reactions supporting the bully, whereas more reactions supporting the victim are found in groups with higher levels of positive conflict solving. The role of the witnesses is discussed within the framework of bullying prevention. (DIPF/Orig.)
Test-Retest Reliability of fMRI During Nonverbal Semantic Decisions in Moderate-Severe Nonfluent Aphasia Patients

Cortical reorganization in poststroke aphasia is not well understood. Few studies have investigated neural mechanisms underlying language recovery in severe aphasia patients, who are typically viewed as having a poor prognosis for language recovery. Although test-retest reliability is routinely demonstrated during collection of language data in single-subject aphasia research, this is rarely examined in fMRI studies investigating the underlying neural mechanisms in aphasia recovery. The purpose of this study was to acquire fMRI test-retest data examining semantic decisions both within and between two aphasia patients. Functional MRI was utilized to image individuals with chronic, moderate-severe nonfluent aphasia during nonverbal, yes/no button-box semantic judgments of iconic sentences presented in the Computer-assisted Visual Communication (C-ViC) program. We investigated the critical issue of intra-subject reliability by exploring similarities and differences in regions of activation during participants' performance of identical tasks twice on the same day. Each participant demonstrated high intra-subject reliability, with response decrements typical of task familiarity. Differences between participants included greater left hemisphere perilesional activation in the individual with better response to C-ViC training. This study provides fMRI reliability in chronic nonfluent aphasia, and adds to evidence supporting differences in individual cortical reorganization in aphasia recovery.
Consensus document on the diagnosis of severe uncontrolled asthma.

BACKGROUND The concepts of asthma severity, control, and exacerbation are important in the evaluation of patients and their response to treatment. However, terminology is not standardized, and terms are often used interchangeably. Patients with uncontrolled severe asthma pose a major health care problem. Over the last decade, it has become increasingly clear that, in order to facilitate the development of novel targeted therapies, patients must be further characterized and classified. OBJECTIVE To draft a consensus statement on the diagnosis, management, and treatment of severe uncontrolled asthma. The statement is meant to serve as a guideline for health professionals and clinical researchers. METHODS The consensus was led by the Severe Asthma Working Group of the Spanish Society of Allergology and Clinical ImmunologyAsthma Committee. A review was conducted of the best available scientific evidence (until December 2011) on severe asthma in adults and children. RESULTS Definitions for severe asthma, level of control, and exacerbation are developed. Different phenotypes and endophenotypes of severe uncontrolled asthma and new specific therapeutic interventions are presented. A systematic algorithm for the evaluation of patients presenting with severe persistent asthma symptoms is proposed. CONCLUSIONS A consensus statement on the diagnosis, management, and treatment of severe uncontrolled asthma is presented.
The Chandra High‐Energy Transmission Grating: Design, Fabrication, Ground Calibration, and 5 Years in Flight

Details of the design, fabrication, and ground and flight calibration of the High Energy Transmission Grating (HETG) on the Chandra X‐Ray Observatory are presented after 5 years of flight experience. Specifics include the theory of phased transmission gratings as applied to the HETG, the Rowland design of the spectrometer, details of the grating fabrication techniques, and the results of ground testing and calibration of the HETG. For nearly 6 years the HETG has operated essentially as designed, although it has presented some subtle flight calibration effects.
Do Presidential Debates Matter? Examining a Decade of Campaign Debate Effects

This study responds to The Racine Group's (2002) call for campaign debate research that explores “the trans-campaign effects of debates on such matters as voting behavior, image formation, and attitude change” (p. 199). Our analysis of debate effects from 2000 to 2012 provides a number of important insights into how presidential campaign debates function in different campaign contexts. Specifically, we examine debate effects across multiple campaign periods, including analysis of the presidential election cycles and debates in 2000, 2004, 2008, and 2012; and we also explore campaign contexts in which incumbents are seeking reelection (2004 and 2012) as well as “open” races with no incumbent president engaged in general election debates. Finally, our analysis allows for comparative assessments across different types of debates as we include viewer responses to both Democrat and Republican primary and general election debates, as well as vice presidential debates. Overall, our findings support existing presidential debate research, provide a greater understanding of specific debate effects, and also raise a number of intriguing questions for future research.
Coronary artery stents microfabricated from planar metal foil: design, fabrication, and mechanical testing

This paper presents a new approach to the design and manufacture of coronary artery stents, which permits the use of planar batch fabrication technologies. Stent samples with different wall patterns have been fabricated from 50-/spl mu/m thick stainless steel foil using micro-electro-discharge machining, and expanded to tubular shapes by using angioplasty balloons. The stents exhibit diameter variations of </spl plusmn/4 %, almost zero radial recoil after deflation of the balloon, and longitudinal shrinkage of <3 % upon expansion. Loading tests reveal that the radial strengths match commercially available stents which have twice the wall thickness, while longitudinal compliance, at 0.02 m/N for a 4-mm long section of the stent, is >10/spl times/ higher.
Mortality in Italy: contours of a century of evolution.

The authors construct contour maps of Italian male and female mortality rates for ages 0-79 for the years 1870-1979 using life table data from published sources. The maps "display persistent global and prominent local patterns of mortality, simultaneously over age, by period, and for cohorts. " Previously documented aspects of the evolution of Italian mortality are highlighted graphically, and new areas for study are indicated. (summary in FRE, ITA)
Regulation of CYP27B1 and CYP24A1 hydroxylases limits cell‐autonomous activation of vitamin D in dendritic cells

The active vitamin D metabolite 1α,25‐dihydroxyvitamin D (1,25[OH]2D) potently inhibits DC priming of T‐cell activation, suggesting that it mediates a homeostatic role in this context. Therefore, careful regulation of 1,25[OH]2D levels is necessary to avoid inappropriate inhibition of T‐cell activation. Cell‐autonomous control of vitamin D activity can be modulated by the action of the vitamin D‐activating and ‐inactivating hydroxylases, CYP27B1, and CYP24A1, respectively. We show that in comparison to macrophages, human monocyte‐derived DCs exhibit significantly less activation of 25‐dihydroxyvitamin D to 1,25[OH]2D, and that DCs predominantly express a truncated CYP27B1 transcript that may contribute to the deficiency in activation of vitamin D. Furthermore, in response to stimulation with 1,25[OH]2D, upregulation of the inactivating enzyme CYP24A1 curtailed the functional effects of vitamin D in DCs, but not macrophages. Production of 1,25[OH]2D by macrophages was adequate to induce expression of vitamin D‐responsive genes by DCs, inhibit DC maturation in response to innate immune stimulation and DC‐dependent T‐cell responses. Our data suggest that in comparison to macrophages, differential regulation of hydroxylases limits autocrine vitamin D activity in DCs, and that paracrine activation of vitamin D exerts a more potent mechanism for homeostatic control of DC function.