Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Avoiding Some Common Preprocessing Pitfalls with Feature Queries

Preprocessors (e.g., cpp) provide simple means to manage software product variants by including/excluding required feature code to/from base program. Feature-related customizations occur at variation points in base program marked with preprocessing directives. Problems emerge when the number of inter-dependent features grows, and each feature maps to many variation points in many base program components. Component-based and architecture-centric techniques promoted by a Software Product Line approach to reuse help us contain the impact of some features in small number of base components. Still, accommodating other features into product variants requires fine granular code changes in many components, at many variation points. Fine granular code level changes are often handled by preprocessors, which becomes a source of well-known complications during component customization for reuse. In this paper, we show how some of the common preprocessing problems can be alleviated with a query-based environment that assists programmers in analysis of features handled with preprocessor’s directives. We describe problems of preprocessing that can be aided by tool like ours, and problems that we believe are inherent in approaches that attempt to manage features in the base code.
Phage Therapy: Eco-Physiological Pharmacology

Bacterial virus use as antibacterial agents, in the guise of what is commonly known as phage therapy, is an inherently physiological, ecological, and also pharmacological process. Physiologically we can consider metabolic properties of phage infections of bacteria and variation in those properties as a function of preexisting bacterial states. In addition, there are patient responses to pathogenesis, patient responses to phage infections of pathogens, and also patient responses to phage virions alone. Ecologically, we can consider phage propagation, densities, distribution (within bodies), impact on body-associated microbiota (as ecological communities), and modification of the functioning of body “ecosystems” more generally. These ecological and physiological components in many ways represent different perspectives on otherwise equivalent phenomena. Comparable to drugs, one also can view phages during phage therapy in pharmacological terms. The relatively unique status of phages within the context of phage therapy as essentially replicating antimicrobials can therefore result in a confluence of perspectives, many of which can be useful towards gaining a better mechanistic appreciation of phage therapy, as I consider here. Pharmacology more generally may be viewed as a discipline that lies at an interface between organism-associated phenomena, as considered by physiology, and environmental interactions as considered by ecology.
Parallel visual pathways from the retina to the visual cortex – how do they fit?

Which roles are played by subcortical pathways in models of cortical streams for visual processing? Through their thalamic relays, magnocellular (M) and parvocellular (P) projecting ganglion cells send complementary signals to V1, where their outputs are combined in several different ways. The synergic role of M and P cells in vision can be understood by estimating cell response entropy in all domains of interest.
Contribution of timetabled physical education to total physical activity in primary school children: cross sectional study

A recent survey of children at primary schools in England found a marked decline in timetabled physical education between 1994 and 1999.1 Sport England expressed concern about the impact of competing priorities, such as numeracy and literacy, on curricular physical education and concluded that children from poorer backgrounds would be worst affected. We used accelerometers to measure the impact of timetabled physical education at school on overall physical activity in children. We monitored physical activity during waking hours for seven days using accelerometers (Manufacturing Technology, Fort Walton Beach, FL2) in 215 children (120 boys and 95 girls aged 7.0-10.5 (mean 9.0) years) from three schools with different sporting facilities and opportunity for physical education in the curriculum. School 1, a private preparatory school with some boarding pupils, had extensive facilities and 9.0 hours a week of physical education in the curriculum. School 2, a village school awarded Activemark gold status …
Caveolin-1 is a negative regulator of tumor growth in glioblastoma and modulates chemosensitivity to temozolomide

Caveolin-1 (Cav-1) is a critical regulator of tumor progression in a variety of cancers where it has been shown to act as either a tumor suppressor or tumor promoter. In glioblastoma multiforme, it has been previously demonstrated to function as a putative tumor suppressor. Our studies here, using the human glioblastoma-derived cell line U-87MG, further support the role of Cav-1 as a negative regulator of tumor growth. Using a lentiviral transduction approach, we were able to stably overexpress Cav-1 in U-87MG cells. Gene expression microarray analyses demonstrated significant enrichment in gene signatures corresponding to downregulation of MAPK, PI3K/AKT and mTOR signaling, as well as activation of apoptotic pathways in Cav-1-overexpressing U-87MG cells. These same gene signatures were later confirmed at the protein level in vitro. To explore the ability of Cav-1 to regulate tumor growth in vivo, we further show that Cav-1-overexpressing U-87MG cells display reduced tumorigenicity in an ectopic xenograft mouse model, with marked hypoactivation of MAPK and PI3K/mTOR pathways. Finally, we demonstrate that Cav-1 overexpression confers sensitivity to the most commonly used chemotherapy for glioblastoma, temozolomide. In conclusion, Cav-1 negatively regulates key cell growth and survival pathways and may be an effective biomarker for predicting response to chemotherapy in glioblastoma.
The Western reception of Buddhism as a psychological and ethical system: developments, dialogues, and perspectives

Three dimensions of how Buddhism is received in the West as a psychological and ethical system are outlined, based on the connection between mental balance and ethical behaviour in the Buddhist system: Buddhism as an indigenous psychology; parts of the system of Buddhism integrated in Western psychotherapy; and new movements in Western Buddhism, which are in critical dialogue with scientific methodologies and findings. The article tackles questions of how the reception and integration of Buddhism as a psychological ethical system might continue to have an impact on Western cultures and societies, especially regarding epistemological questions that underlie (post-)modern sciences. Buddhist phenomenological psychology is a tool for analysing scientific and social developments, referring to the Buddhist ethical notion of non-distinction between individual and collective wellbeing.
Programming languages and lambda calculi

These are the basic thoughts that should go into the preface. It is not a final version. In a series of papers in the mid-1960's, Landin expounded two important observations about programming languages. First, he argued that all programming languages share a basic set of facilities for specifying computation but differ in their choice of data and data primitives. The set of common facilities contains names, procedures, applications, exception mechanisms, mutable data structures, and possibly other forms of non-local control. Languages for numerical applications typically include several forms of numerical constants and large sets of numerical primitives, while those for string manipulation typically offer efficient string matching and manipulation primitives. Second, he urged that programmers and implementors alike should think of a programming language as an advanced, symbolic form of arithmetic and algebra. Since all of us are used to calculating with numbers, booleans, and even more complex data structures from our days in kindergarten and highschool, it should be easy to calculate with programs too. Program evaluation, many forms of program editing, program transformations, and optimizations are just different, more elaborate forms of calculation. Instead of simple arithmetic expressions, such calculations deal with programs and pieces of programs. Landin defined the programming language Iswim. The basis of his design was Church's λ-calculus. Church had proposed the λ-calculus as a calculus of functions 1. Given Landin's insight on the central role of procedures as a facility common to all languages, the λ-calculus was a natural starting point. However, to support basic data and related primitives as well as assignments and control constructs, Landin extended the λ-calculus with appropriate constructions. He specified the semantics of the extended language with an abstract machine because he did not know how to extend the equational theory of the λ-calculus to a theory for the complete programming language. Indeed, it turned out that the λ-calculus does not even explain the semantics of the pure functional sub-language because Iswim always evaluates the arguments to a procedure. Thus, Landin did not accomplish what he had set out to do, namely, to define the idealized core of all programming languages and an equational calculus that defines its semantics. Starting with Plotkin's work on the relationship of abstract machines to equational 1 With the goal of understanding all of mathematics based on this calculus 5 6 CONTENTS calculi in the mid-1970's, the gap in Landin's work has been filled …
New Light on Chromotherapy: Grakov's ‘Virtual Scanning’ System of Medical Assessment and Treatment

Virtual Scanning incorporates novel uses of colored light into its system of health assessment and therapy. Independent investigations of its effectiveness in Russia and the UK have revealed unique abilities to correct incipient and fully developed chronic conditions. As such it forms an important new addition to the field of Chromotherapy. It differs from most others, in that its development depended on discoveries in neuroscience by its inventor, and subsequent application of new models in computational neuroscience.
Fabrication of two-point-supported annular-type microresonators with capacitive transducer gaps

Disk microresonators employing in-plane resonant modes are promising candidates as functional elements for high-sensitive mass sensing applications because they provide a high quality factor (Q) in air at atmospheric pressure. The authors have newly designed and fabricated single crystal silicon (SCS) annular micromechanical resonators with an inner to outer radius ratio of 0.17. The beam structures to support the resonator were connected to the two nodal points expected for a specified in-plane resonant mode. The resonator was electrostatically driven and detected with 150-nm-wide vertical transducer gaps that were fabricated by trench etching of the SCS using deep reactive ion etching (D-RIE) with a resist mask patterned by electron beam lithography. The fabricated resonators show a resonant peak at 50.10 MHz with a Q of 3000 in air. The measured peak resonant frequency agreed well with the frequency predicted by finite element simulations.
Nociception and pain: lessons from optogenetics

The process of pain perception begins in the periphery by activation of nociceptors. From here nociceptive signals are conveyed via the dorsal horn of the spinal cord to multiple brain regions, where pain is perceived. Despite great progress in pain research in recent years, many questions remain regarding nociceptive circuitry and behavior, in both acute nociception and chronic pain states. Techniques that allow for selective activation of neuronal subpopulations in vivo can provide a better understanding of these complex pathways. Here we review the studies to date that have employed novel optogenetic tools to improve our understanding of the pain pathway at the peripheral, spinal and supraspinal levels.
Exposure to toluene in a photogravure printing plant. Concentration in ambient air and uptake in the body.

Workers in the photogravure printing industry were studied concerning exposure of toluene. The study included determination of exposure with personal air sampling and with direct reading physical instruments and determination of the concentration in alveolar air. Uptake of toluene in the body was ascertained with a direct and an indirect method. The physiological work load was determined with pulmonary ventilation measurements, and the toluene concentration in the blood was determined. The results showed that there was no appreciable difference between exposure determined with personal air sampling and with stationary direct reading physical instruments. The study also showed that alveolar air sampling during exposure can be used when the uptake of toluene is being estimated. The alveolar air concentrations after the end of exposure reflected the uptake during exposure, but the correlation to the concentration in the inspiratory air was low. The results also showed a correlation between the concentration in alveolar air and the concentration in blood. Estimations made showed that the uptake in the body was of such a magnitude that there could be a risk of central nervous disturbances. No change in the uptake of toluene, as the percentage of the given amount, could be seen, neither during a day`s exposure nor from day to day during a week. The authors recommend measurements of alveolar air concentrations as a method for biologically monitoring toluene uptake.
Examining Sense of Community in Sport: Developing the Multidimensional ‘SCS’ Scale

As scholars conduct more research on the social benefits of community sport, the need for an instrument to measure sense of community is increasingly necessary. Utilizing previous grounded theory research specific to sport and community building, the purpose of this study was to test previous sport and sense of community theory through the creation and validation of a measurement scale to gauge sense of community. The authors tested a 21-item tool comprised of 6-subscales (i.e., Administrative Consideration, Common Interest, Competition, Equity in Administrative Decisions, Leadership, and Social Spaces) among samples of young sport participants using the three-phase method of item generation, confirmatory analyses, and concurrent validation. The resulting analyses yielded a valid and reliable instrument to measure sense of community in sport. This research suggests refinement to previous sport and sense of community theory and provides needed utility for this theory that has been grounded in the sport experience
Store-Operated Channels Mediate Ca2+ Influx and Contraction in Rat Pulmonary Artery

Cation channels activated by Ca2+ store depletion have been proposed to mediate Ca2+ influx in vascular smooth muscle cells. The aim of this study was to determine if store-operated channels have a functional role in pulmonary artery smooth muscle cells (PASMCs). In intact rat pulmonary artery rings, cyclopiazonic acid (CPA) produced a sustained contraction that was resistant to inhibition by nifedipine, but abolished in Ca2+-free solution and 50% blocked in the presence of 6 &mgr;mol/L Cd2+, 10 &mgr;mol/L Ni2+, 600 &mgr;mol/L La3+, and 7 &mgr;mol/L SKF96365. In freshly isolated PASMCs loaded with fura-2, CPA increased the intracellular Ca2+ concentration by stimulating dihydropyridine-resistant Ca2+ influx, which was ≈50% blocked by 10 &mgr;mol/L Ni2+ and 7 &mgr;mol/L SKF96365. In perforated-patch recordings, CPA activated a sustained inward current at negative membrane potentials, which persisted in cells dialyzed with BAPTA, showed a near linear dependence on membrane potential when Cs+ was the main intracellular cation, and was blocked by Ni2+, Cd2+, and SKF96365 at concentrations preventing contraction. The current showed a bimodal dependence on extracellular Ca2+, being enhanced 2-fold in the absence of Ca2+ and around 10-fold on reducing Ca from 1.8 to 0.2 mmol/L. RT-PCR revealed the expression of Trp1, Trp3, Trp4, Trp5, and Trp6 mRNA, whereas immunostaining identified Trp1, Trp3, Trp4, and Trp6 channel proteins in isolated PASMCs. At least one of these subunits may contribute to cation channels in PASMCs, which are activated by store depletion to bring about Ca2+ influx and contraction.
Transient inactivation of the thylakoid photosystem II light-harvesting protein kinase system and concomitant changes in intramembrane particle size during photoinhibition of Chlamydomonas reinhardtii

Light-dependent reduction of the plastoquinone pool regulates the activity of the thylakoid-bound protein kinase which phosphorylates the light harvesting chlorophyll a,b-protein complex (LHC II) and regulates energy distribution between photosystems II (PS II) and I (Staehelin, L. A., and C. J. Arntzen, 1983, J. Cell Biol., 97:1327-1337). Since reduction of plastoquinone by PS II is abolished in photoinhibited thylakoids due to loss of the secondary electron acceptor QB protein (Kyle, D. J., I. Ohad, and C. J. Arntzen, 1984, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 81:4070-4074), it was of interest to examine the activity of the LHC II protein kinase system during photoinhibition and recovery of PS II activity. The kinase activity was assessed both in vivo and in vitro in Chlamydomonas cells exposed to high light intensity (photoinhibition) and recovery at low light intensity. The kinase activity was progressively reduced during photoinhibition and became undetectable after 90 min. The inactive LHC II-kinase system could not be reactivated in vitro either by light or by reduction of the plastoquinone pool following addition of reduced duroquinone (TMQH2). The LHC II polypeptides were dephosphorylated in vivo when cells, prelabeled with [32P]orthophosphate before exposure to high light intensity, were transferred to photoinhibiting light in the presence of [32P]orthophosphate. In vivo recovery of the LHC II-kinase activity, elicited by the addition of TMQH2 to the assay system, did not require restoration of QB-dependent electron flow or de novo protein synthesis, either in the cytoplasm or in the chloroplast. Mild sonication of thylakoids isolated from photoinhibited cells restored the ability of the LHC II protein kinase system to be activated in vitro by addition to TMQH2. Restoration of the light-activated LHC-II kinase required recovery of QB-dependent electron flow. At the structural level, photoinhibition did not affect the ratio of grana/stroma thylakoids. A reduction of approximately 20% of the 11-17-nm intramembrane particles and an equivalent increase in the number of 6-10.5-nm particles was observed on the E-fracture faces of stacked thylakoid membranes. Similar but smaller changes were observed also on the E-fracture faces of unstacked thylakoid membranes (more 10-14-nm and less 6-9-nm particles) and P-fracture faces of stacked thylakoid membranes (more 6- 8- and less 9.5-13-nm particles). All these structural changes were reversed to normal values during recovery of PS II activity. (ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
Optimal energy-efficient transmission for fading channels with an energy harvesting transmitter

This paper investigates the optimal energy-efficient transmission policy of multi-channels in energy harvesting systems. We configure the transmitter with the active mode in which the energy cost includes the basic operation cost and transmission cost and signal processing cost, while with the sleep mode only counting the basic operation cost. Then the energy efficiency maximization problem of joint transmission time and power allocation is formulated and studied in the offline manner. Based on the fractional optimization theory, we transform the original fractional optimization problem into a series of subtractive-form optimization problems which are then further transformed into convex optimization problems. Then characteristics of the optimal solution are described based on the analysis of transmission time and power allocation. Finally, a special case without considering the basic operation cost as previous works assumed is studied. We find that the optimal policy results a best subchannel scheduling which can be viewed as the peaky transmission. Through this, the energy cost of the sleep mode in previous case can be interpreted as the switching operation cost.
Antimicrobial Resistance Markers of Class 1 and Class 2 Integron-bearing Escherichia coli from Irrigation Water and Sediments

Municipal and agricultural pollution affects the Rio Grande, a river that separates the United States from Mexico. Three hundred and twenty-two Escherichia coli isolates were examined for multiple antibiotic resistance phenotypes and the prevalence of class 1 and class 2 integron sequences. Thirty-two (10%) of the isolates were resistant to multiple antibiotics. Four (13%) of these isolates contained class 1–specific integron sequences; one isolate contained class 2 integron–specific sequences. Sequencing showed that the class 1 integron–bearing strain contained two distinct gene cassettes, sat-1 and aadA. Although three of the four class 1 integron–bearing strains harbored the aadA sequence, none of the strains was phenotypically resistant to streptomycin. These results suggest that integron-bearing E. coli strains can be present in contaminated irrigation canals and that these isolates may not express these resistance markers.
China and Japan in Myanmar: Aid, Natural Resources and Influence

Abstract This article highlights the parallels between Japan’s leveraging of foreign aid to secure access to strategic natural resources in the post-World War II period, and China’s similar use of foreign aid since the early 1990s. It then shows how both countries have applied similar strategies in their aid programs in Myanmar, and points out how dramatic shifts in Myanmar’s domestic politics have shaped their opportunities for economic engagement. China seized upon Myanmar’s political transition in 1988 to expand its aid program, while Japan has responded to Myanmar’s reform measures since 2010 by resuming its aid efforts. The article concludes by considering the potential for China–Japan cooperation through their aid programs in Myanmar.
German Children's Behavior Towards Their Mothers at 12 Months and Their Fathers at 18 Months in Ainsworth's Strange Situation

Fourty-nine 12 months old children and their mothers were videotaped in Ainsworth's Strange Situation. Fourty-six of them were videotaped again in the same situation at 18 months with their fathers. Quality of attachment was determined by using Ainsworth's criteria. Fewer children had 'secure' relationships to their parents than in comparable U.S. samples. There was no correlation between infant-mother and infant-father quality of attachment relationship. The results are discussed in terms of parental attempts to cope with cultural demands imposed on them. These specific cultural demands may frequently interfere with the establishment of a securely attached relationship. On the other hand, they may be only transitory and appropriate from an adaptation to culture-specific expectancies point of view.