Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Modeling Fluorescence Detection for Microfluidic Card

Simple fluorescence detection system and disposable microfluidic card have been developed and tested. A blue LED, optical fiber, CCD detector, Mylar and PMMA, and fluorescein and BSA-FITC were used as an excitation source, waveguide, detector, microfluidic substrate, and sample, respectively. The results show the system can detect 0.01–1000 ng/ml of fluorescein solutions with linear response. A technique to avoid cross-talks between the adjacent channels in a multi-channel microfluidic card is also addressed. The test using BSA as a model analyte demonstrates its feasibility for on-chip biosensor applications. This prototype can be used as a platform to develop a compact bio-fluorescence sensor for microfluidic analysis systems.
Relationships Among Coefficients of Vectors Used In Principal Components

This paper discusses, in terms of correlations, the relation between coefficients of the characteristic vectors used in principal component analysis, both within each vector and among vectors. These relationships will be illllstrated with examples (1) where the variates represent a battery of physical tests related to rocket testing and (2) where they represent equally spaced observations on a continuous curve, a case related to film measurements.
Current-injection spiral-shaped microcavity disk laser diodes with unidirectional emission

A spiral-shaped microcavity heterojunction laser diode fabricated with InGaN multiple quantum wells is demonstrated to operate under current injection conditions and emit unidirectionally. Room-temperature laser operation was achieved for microcavity disk radii ranging from 50 to 350 μm and threshold current densities as low as 4.6 kA/cm2. Unidirectional laser emission is clearly revealed in the far-field pattern with the lateral divergence angle ranging from 60° to 75°. Output power of more than 25 mW was obtained for emission wavelengths near 400 nm.
Method in Cultural Anthropology

Those-other social scientists as well as laymen-who have read recent studies of national character and culture by anthropologists, while not having had experience in this field themselves, often seem to believe that the results which such anthropological investigators obtain are interesting, but that the methods used were intuitional, magical, or just invisible. The status of the work is cast in doubt, as falling short of an ideal that scientific description and analysis must be reproducible by any observer to whom a set of techniques of the discipline has been communicated. This paper attempts to show why and how such a belief is erroneous, and then to describe some of the fundamentals of method in current cultural anthropology as used in research and as related to the general structure of scientific method today. * It is important to realize that these principles are often only implicit in anthropological work and writings. This, and other sources of the misconception noted, go back largely to three characteristics of this field; it is new in many ways, rapidly developing, and enormous in scope of data, techniques of study, and hypotheses formulated. Anthropology now deals with matters of human life lying largely between traditionally demarcated areas: between "pure science" and practical affairs on the one hand, between science and the arts-especially literature (4)-on the other. The attempt to link these somewhat has given rise to ready accusations of trespass from all sides. The newness and rapid development of the field leave within it loose ends of content and method as yet not systematized and related to other work, while those active in the field pursue new and enticing insights that seem more interesting than discussing how the accomplishments are being made, or correcting some errors which have occurred, but are now left behind anyway. All this, of course, seems far more haphazard from outside the field than from within it. The volume of data that go into anthropological hypotheses, and the practical interest of the end product help to hinder one thing which might clarify the situation: considerable publication of detailed works documenting the whole actual course of researches rather than summaries devoted largely to conclusions. All these understandable deficiencies lead to a largely unreasonable situationthe implicit demand of other social sciences that anthropologists make their methods thoroughly clear and convincing in a brief verbal statement. No discipline ever does this, especially no new one. The ideal that any scientific work must be reproducible and have methods open to anyone to whom the proper
Ramaswami's duality and probabilistic algorithms for determining the rate matrix for a structured GI/M/1 Markov chain

Abstract We show that Algorithm H* for the determination of the rate matrix of a block-GI/M/1 Markov chain is related by duality to Algorithm H for the determination of the fundamental matrix of a block-M/G/1 Markov chain. Duality is used to generate some efficient algorithms for finding the rate matrix in a quasi-birth-and-death process.
Erratum: “Sensitivity Analysis of a Cracked Atomic Force Microscope Cantilever”

The sensitivity of flexural vibration for an atomic force microscope (AFM) cantilever with a crack has been studied. An explicit expression for the sensitivity of vibration modes of the cracked cantilever has been obtained using the relationship between the resonant frequency and contact stiffness of the cantilever and sample. Results show that the sensitivities of the three modes of the cracked cantilever are higher than those of the cantilever without crack when the contact stiffness is low. When the contact stiffness is high, however, the situation is reverse. Therefore, a cracked AFM cantilever can be used for imaging soft samples such as biological molecules and polymers. In addition, the crack near the free end of cantilever that leads to a higher sensitivity. This is useful for the design of a highly sensitive cantilever.
The MOST Asteroseismology Mission: Ultraprecise Photometry from Space

The Microvariablity and Oscillations of Stars (MOST) mission is a low‐cost microsatellite designed to detect low‐degree acoustic oscillations (periods of minutes) with micromagnitude precision in solar‐type stars and metal‐poor subdwarfs. There are also plans to detect light reflected from giant, short‐period, extrasolar planets and the oscillations of roAp stars and the turbulent variability in the dense winds of Wolf‐Rayet stars. This paper describes the experiment and how we met the challenge of ultraprecise photometry despite severe constraints on the mass, volume, and power available for the instrument. A side‐viewing, 150 mm aperture Rumak‐Maksutov telescope feeds two frame‐transfer CCDs, one for tracking and the other for science. There is a single 300 nm wide filter centered at 525 nm. Microlenses project Fabry images of the brighter (V≤10) target stars onto the science CCD. Fainter target stars will be focused directly elsewhere on the CCD. MOST was launched on 2003 June 30 into a low‐Earth, Sun‐synchronous, polar orbit allowing stars between −19° and +36° declination to be viewed continuously for up to 60 days. Attitude is controlled by reaction wheels and magnetotorquers. A solar safety shutter over the telescope diagonal is the only other moving part. Accumulated photometry will be used to calibrate response across the target field stop, and data will be compressed and downloaded to three dedicated ground stations.
Predicting Biological Age from a Skin Surface Capacitive Analysis

The skin is the largest (and the most exposed) organ of the body both in terms of surface area and weight. Its care is of great importance for both aesthetics and health issues. Often, the skin appearance gives us information about the skin health status as well as hints at the biological age. Therefore, the skin surface characterization is of great significance for dermatologists as well as for cosmetic scientists in order to evaluate the effectiveness of medical or cosmetic treatments. So far, no in vivo measurements regarding skin topography characterization could be achieved routinely to evaluate skin aging. This work describes how a portable capacitive device, normally used for fingerprint acquisition, can be utilized to achieve measures of skin aging routinely. The capacitive images give a high resolution (50 μm) representation of skin topography, in terms of wrinkles and cells. In this work, we have addressed the latter: through image segmentation techniques, cells have been localized and identified and a feature related to their area distribution has been generated. Accurate experiments accomplished in vivo show how the feature we conceived is linearly related to skin aging. Besides, since this finding has been achieved using a low cost portable device, this could boost research in this field as well as open doors to an application based on an embedded system.
Biharmonic Green function and biharmonic Neumann function in a sector

In this article, a biharmonic Green function and a biharmonic Neumann function in a sector with angle θ = π/n (n ∈ ℕ) are studied, and then we investigate the related Dirichlet problem and Neumann problem for the bi-Poisson equation, respectively.
The Implementation of the Semi-Implicit Scheme in Cell-Integrated Semi-Lagrangian Models

ABSTRACT The cell-integrated semi-Lagrangian method, in which trajectories from the corner points of a grid cell define its extent at a previous time, may be applied to a set of equations in Lagrangian form derived from the complete set of primitive equations to construct a numerical model which conserves exactly the discrete forms of the global integral constraints of mass, momentum, entrophy and total energy. Due to the fulfilment of these integral constraints one should expect the numerical model to be absolutely stable. Experiments with a simple one-dimensional shallow water model show, however, that a time step dependent instability develops when a CFL criterion for gravity waves is exceeded. Analysis of experiments with one-dimensional shallow water models unveils the mechanism of the instability. Using again for simplicity one-dimensional models a main achievement is a successful implementation of the semi-implicit time stepping scheme in the cell-integrated models.
A Kinetic Energy Analysis of the Meso β-Scale Severe Storm Environment

Abstract An area of intense thunderstorms occurred within the special rawinsonde network collecting data on 20–21 May 1979, the fifth day of the Atmospheric Variability Experiment-Severe Environmental Storms and Mesoscale Experiment (AVE-SESAME). The data are at the meso β-scale, i.e., 75 km spacing and 3 or 1.5 h intervals. They are used to perform a kinetic energy analysis of the near storm environment. The mesoscale storm environment is characterized by cross-contour generation of kinetic energy, transfers of energy to nonresolvable scales of motion (negative dissipation), horizontal flux divergence and upward transport of energy. These processes are maximized within the upper troposphere and are greatest during times of strongest convection. Current mesoscale values are much larger than previous results based on synoptic-scale data. Energy budgets are obtained at 3 h intervals from the routine National Weather Service rawinsonde network. A comparison of results from the same analysis region, but deriv.
Tubular optical waveguide particle plasmon resonance biosensor for multiplex real-time and label-free detection

A tubular optical waveguide particle plasmon resonance (TW-PPR) sensor is demonstrated for higher-throughput and sensitive label-free biochemical detections. Compared to other evanescent field absorption sensors, the TW-PPR sensor possesses merits of itself being a microchamber of a defined sample volume, a mechanical support for sensor coatings, and ease of systematic multichannel expansion. The sensor resolution is estimated to be 2.6 × 10−6 RIU in measuring solutions of various refractive indices (RIs). Additionally, the multichannel TW-PPR sensing system can perform independent measurements simultaneously and its limit of detection (LOD) of anti-DNP antibody and streptavidin separately measured by DNP-functionalized and biotin-functionalized TW-PPR microchambers is demonstrated to be 1.21 × 10−10 and 2.27 × 10−10 g/ml, respectively. Accurate determinations of these molecules with known concentrations spiked in artificial urine are examined and the sensor responses give excellent correlation with results demonstrated in standard buffer examinations, supporting the utility of the device for analyte screening in more complex media. The TWPPR sensor can be inexpensively fabricated and has a special niche as high-sensitivity refractive index sensor as well as biosensor for label-free monitoring biomolecular interactions in real-time. It is ideally suitable for disposable uses, especially promising for convenient higher-throughput biochemical sensing applications.
Electro-magneto-encephalography for the three-shell model: minimal L2-norm in spherical geometry

The problem of determining a continuously distributed neuronal current inside the brain within the framework of the three-shell model was analysed in Fokas (2009 J. R. Soc. Interface 6 479–88), where it was shown that the simultaneous use of electro-encephalography and magneto-encephalography yields information about two of the three scalar functions specifying the interior current. In particular, for the spherical and ellipsoidal geometries, it is possible to determine the angular parts of these two functions, as well as to obtain certain explicit constraints satisfied by their radial parts. The complete determination of the radial parts of these two functions, as well as the determination of the third unknown function, requires some a priori assumption about the current. One such possible assumption is that the current minimizes the L2-norm. It is shown here that in the case of spherical geometry this assumption yields a unique and explicit formula for the current.
Robust Design in Delta Domain for SISO Plants∶ PI and PID Controllers

This paper is concerned with a unified methodology for sub-optimal design of proportional-integral and proportional-integral-derivative delta domain controllers for SISO plants. Problems of how to satisfy both the nominal as well as robust closed-loop stability and performance are also addressed. The resulting robust delta domain controllers of assumed simple structure can thus be recognised as ones that provide the required stability margin for maximally achievable closed-loop bandwidth in the presence of plant uncertainty. The method is illustrated by numerical examples.
Beyond Baker's Technique

The theoretical models providing mathematical abstractions for several significant optimization problems in machine learning, combinatorial optimization, computer vision and statistical physics have intrinsic similarities. We propose a unified framework to model these computation tasks where the structures of these optimization problems are encoded by functions attached on the vertices and edges of a graph. We show that computing MAX 2-CSP admits polynomial-time approximation scheme (PTAS) on planar graphs, graphs with bounded local treewidth, $H$-minor-free graphs, geometric graphs with bounded density and graphs embeddable with bounded number of crossings per edge. This implies computing MAX-CUT, MAX-DICUT and MAX $k$-CUT admits PTASs on all these classes of graphs. Our method also gives the first PTAS for computing the ground state of ferromagnetic Edwards-Anderson model without external magnetic field on $d$-dimensional lattice graphs. These results are widely applicable in vision, graphics and machine learning.
Pattern formation and propagation during microwave breakdown

During microwave breakdown at atmospheric pressure, a sharp plasma front forms and propagates toward the microwave source at high velocities. Experiments show that the plasma front may exhibit a complex dynamical structure or pattern composed of plasma filaments aligned with the wave electric field and apparently moving toward the source. In this paper, we present a model of the pattern formation and propagation under conditions close to recent experiments. Maxwell's equations are solved together with plasma fluid equations in two dimensions to describe the space and time evolution of the wave field and plasma density. The simulation results are in excellent agreement with the experimental observations. The model provides a physical interpretation of the pattern formation and dynamics in terms of ionization-diffusion and absorption-reflection mechanisms. The simulations allow a good qualitative and quantitative understanding of different features such as plasma front velocity, spacing between filaments, maximum plasma density in the filaments, and influence of the discharge parameters on the development of well-defined filamentary plasma arrays or more diffuse plasma fronts.
Statistical analysis of medical data : new developments

Written at a level suitable for graduate students working in medical statistics, this collection highlights four areas of active research: survival analysis, longitudinal data analysis, Bayesian methods, and imaging. Each article has been commissioned from leaders in the fields, and the collection reflects the rapid growth and wide application of statistical methods in medicine. Equally valuable for students and researchers, the book provides a practical introduction to current methods.
A note about a theorem of R. Harte

Let A and B be unital Banach algebras and T : A → B be a unital continuous homomorphism. Put J = Ker T. Let FredT (A) = {x e A|T (x) is invertible in B} and Fred0T(A) = {x + k|x is invertible in A, k e J}. In this note, we prove that if T has Property (F), then FredT (A) ∩ GL(A) = Fred0T (A) iff ltsr (J) = 1.
Design of a Wide-Stopband Bandpass Filter by Using Different Feeding Positions of the I/O Ports

In this paper, a wide-stopband bandpass filter is presented. The proposed filter only used two stepped-impedance resonators (SIRs) with a simple electric-coupling structure to accomplish a wide-stopband response. The passband of the proposed filter is designed for global system for mobile communications (GSM) at 1.8 GHz. The spurious responses of the SIRs are suppressed by controlling the locations of the transmission zeros effectively. The measured results show the passband at 1.8 GHz with a low insertion loss 1.18 dB, and the 3 dB fractional bandwidth (FBW) of 14.1%. The rejection of the stopband is greater than 14 dB from 2.1 to 17.7 GHz, a stopband bandwidth of 9.8 times of the fundamental frequency. The measured result of the fabricated filter also shows a good agreement with the simulated result.
Nanoprecipitation versus two step desolvation technique for the preparation of gelatin nanoparticles

Various techniques have been used for preparation of gelatin nanoparticles, such as coacervation, emulsion/solvent evaporation, reverse phase preparation, inverse miniemulsion and two step desolvation. Both methods are based on different mechanisms of nanoparticle formation. The main goal of this study was to systematically compare the performance of nanoprecipitation and the most widely utilized two step desolvation methods with respect to effect of gelatin concentration on nanoparticle size and polydispersity index. Particles size was determined by dynamic light scattering, and the morphology by atomic force microscopy. It was observed that gelatin concentration 20 mg/ml yielded nanoparticles of around 60 nm size by two step desolvation, on the other hand nanoprecipitation produced 210 nm particles with the same gelatin concentration.
Infrared Observations of an Energetic Outburst in GRS 1915+105

In the course of an intense X-ray and radio outburst of GRS 1915+105, we observed a pair of radio-emitting clouds emerging from the compact core in opposite directions at relativistic speeds. At near-infrared wavelengths we observed the time-delayed reverberation of this radio flare/ejection event. Five days after the radio outburst, the source became redder as it brightened by ~1 mag in K(2.2 μm), which suggests the appearance of a warm dust component. The enhanced infrared emission was close to 10% of the X-ray luminosity of the source and amounts to about 0.1% of the typical kinetic energy in the bulk motion of the relativistic ejecta in GRS 1915+105.
Field line diffusion in solar wind magnetic turbulence and energetic particle propagation across heliographic latitudes

The transport of energetic particles in the heliosphere is strongly influenced by the magnetohydrodynamic turbulence found in the solar wind. This turbulence causes a magnetic field line random walk, which can explain the Ulysses observations at high heliographic latitudes of particles accelerated at corotating interaction regions (CIRs). A three-dimensional model of magnetic turbulence allows us to evaluate a nonquasi-linear magnetic field line diffusion coefficient, even in the case of anisotropic turbulence, as observed in the solar wind. The excursion in latitude of a magnetic field line starting from a CIR located at a large heliospheric distance r0 ∼ 8–10 AU, and at the limiting latitude for the direct observation of CIRs, ϑ ∼ 35°, is evaluated with a Monte Carlo simulation. In the calculations the random “force” terms are proportional to the square root of the diffusion coefficient in each direction. Considering that the correlation length in the latitudinal direction is larger than the one in the direction perpendicular to the mean magnetic field, we find that the magnetic field lines travel faster in the latitudinal direction. The implications for energetic particle transport are discussed and compared to the observation of energetic particle events at high solar latitudes by the Ulysses spacecraft. Both ion observations and electron observations can be explained by field line random walk.
Split-Plot Model With Covariate

Consider a split-plot model with one whole-plot factor, one sub-plot factor, and a covariate that does not depend on the subplot factor. We discuss the following three key areas where errors in the analysis of this simple model may occur: (1) correct specification of the model, (2) parameterization of variance components, and (3)the final analysis using PROC MIXED (SASv8.2). A further complication arises in cases where the within-whole-plot variability is larger than the between-whole-plot variability. We suggest two options, based on different assumptions, to accommodate cases like these, and the user is to decide which is most appropriate.
Semi-insulating In0.49Ga0.51P grown at reduced substrate temperature by low-pressure metalorganic chemical vapor deposition

High-resistivity unintentionally-doped In0.49Ga0. 51P lattice matched to GaAs has been grown via low-pressure metalorganic chemical vapor deposition at a reduced growth temperature. These layers have excellent surface quality and are single crystal. The resistivity increases exponentially as the growth temperature is decreased from 550 to 490 °C, resulting in a resistivity of ∼109 Ω cm for samples grown at 490 °C. In addition, the photoluminescence intensity decreases exponentially for growth temperatures below 550 °C, indicating an increase in nonradiative recombination related to an increasing trap concentration. For samples grown at 550 °C, constant capacitance deep level transient spectroscopy measurements show a strong broad peak at ∼200 °K with an ionization energy of 0.40±0.04 eV, verifying the presence of an electron trap. The gummel plot and I–V characteristics of an InGaP/GaAs heterojunction bipolar transistor (HBT) with a 2000-A-thick InGaP buffer layer grown at 500 °C are identical to that of a.