Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Quarks as topological defects or what is confined inside a hadron

We present a picture of confinement based on representation of quarks as pointlike topological defects. The topological charge carried by quarks and confined in hadrons is explicitly constructed in terms of Yang - Mills variables. In 2+1 dimensions we are able to construct a local complex scalar field $V(x)$, in terms of whichthe topological charge is $Q=-\frac{i}{4\pi}\int d^2x \epsilon_{ij}\partial_i(V^*\partial_i V -c.c.)$. The VEV of the field $V$ in the confining phase is nonzero and the charge is the winding number corresponding to homotopy group $\pi_1(S^1)$. Qurks carry the charge $Q$ and therefore are topological solitons. The effective Lagrangian for $V$ is derived in models with adjoint and fundamental quarks. In 3+1 dimensions the explicit expression for $V$ and therefore a detailed picture is not available. However, assuming the validity of the same mechanism wepoint out several interesting qualitative consequences. We argue that in the Georgi - Glashow model or any grand unified model the photon (in the Higgs phase) should have a small nonperturbative mass and $W^\pm$ should be confined although with small string tension.
Triadic interaction among young children and their mothers and fathers

Recent research into the interaction which occurs between mother, father and child has tended to view the interaction as two dyadic interactions, one occurring between the mother and the child and the other occurring between the father and the child (Barton and Tomesello, 1994). None of these studies have viewed the triadic interaction which exists when mother, father and child are present as anything other than a series of dyadic interactions. In this study, three groups of children aged 12 months, 24 months and 36 months were videotaped for 15 minutes with their fathers and mothers while they ate lunch. Three additional children and their parents were followed in a longitudinal study. The interactions were coded from the videotapes. Included in the coding were turns that were monadic, dyadic, double dyadic and triadic and thus incorporated interactions which are exclusive to polyadic interaction. It was found necessary to include non-verbal behaviors to assist in the definition of the turn and its direction within the interaction. The work examines the way infants and young children gain access to the triad and how the interactive behavior changes as the child's communicative competence develops. The changes in parental interaction styles are also analyzed as a function of the age of the child.
Production, Quality Control and Pharmacokinetic Studies of 177Lu-EDTMP for Human Bone Pain Palliation Therapy Trials

Developing new bone pain palliation agents is a mandate in handling end-stage cancer patients around the world. Possibly, Lu-177 ethylenediaminetetramethylene phosphonic acid (177Lu-EDTMP) is a therapeutic agent which can be widely used in bone palliation therapy. In this study, 177Lu-EDTMP complex was prepared successfully using synthesized EDTMP ligand and 177LuCl3. Lu-177 chloride was obtained by thermal neutron irradiation (4 × 1013 n.cm-2s-1) of natural Lu2O3 samples. Radiochemical purity of 177Lu-EDTMP was determined by ITLC (more than 99%). Stability studies of the final preparations in the presence of human serum were performed. The biodistribution of 177Lu-EDTMP and 177LuCl3 in wild-type rats was studied by SPECT imaging. A comparative accumulation study for 177Lu-EDTMP and 177LuCl3 was performed for vital organs up to 7 days. The complex was obtained in high radiochemical purity (more than 99%). The complex was stable in vitro in presence of human serum as well as final formulation. Significant bone uptake (> 70%) was observed for the radiopharmaceutical. Due to better physical properties of Lu-177 compared to Sm-153 and acceptable biodistribution results of the compound, 177Lu-EDTMP seemed to be an interesting new candidate for clinical trials for bone pain palliation therapy.
InGaN devices for high temperature photovoltaic applications

In this work we present the temperature-dependent photovoltaic behavior of InGaN homojunction structures confirming the feasibility of these materials for use in high temperature photovoltaics. Homojunction p-n and p-i-n structures from materials with In content >30% have been processed into PV test devices and, despite being not optimized, without surface passivation or anti-reflection coating (ARC), demonstrated significant spectral response at energies above 2.0 eV. J-V curves under AM0 or concentrated UV illumination were performed at temperatures from 25 °C up to 250 °C. Devices exhibited fractional Jsc reduction of ∼15% of their room temperature value at 200 °C, and ∼20% at 250 °C. Although typical Si-and GaAs-based solar cells tend to increase Jsc slightly when heated, the drop for the InGaN devices is a very encouraging result, since their lack of passivation and other optimizations will have an effect on their temperature dependent behavior.
Differential Generation of High‐Density Lipoprotein by Endogenous and Exogenous Apolipoproteins in Cultured Fetal Rat Astrocytes

Abstract: Most peripheral cells generate cholesterol‐rich high‐density lipoprotein (HDL) with exogenous apolipoprotein as one of the mechanisms for the maintenance of cellular cholesterol homeostasis. Astrocytes isolated from fetal rat brain showed a unique behavior in this reaction. Consistent with previous findings, the astrocytes synthesized apolipoprotein (apo) E and generated cholesterol‐rich pre‐β‐HDL‐like lipoprotein with this apoE, and cellular cholesterol and phospholipids. When exogenous apoA‐I and E were added to the medium, they caused generation of additional HDL with cellular phospholipid. It is interesting that this additional part was very poor in cholesterol except for the generation of relatively cholesterol‐rich HDL only in the initial few hours of the incubation. The mobilization of intracellular cholesterol for this reaction was also very limited, reflecting the poor cholesterol incorporation into the HDL. Thus, the results demonstrated a unique profile of HDL generation and cholesterol efflux by apolipoproteins in rat astrocytes, with endogenous apoE producing cholesterol‐rich HDL and exogenous apolipoproteins producing cholesterol‐poor HDL. These lipoproteins may play differential roles in cholesterol transport in the CNS.
Acute sustained hypoxia suppresses the cough reflex in healthy subjects.

RATIONALE An intact cough reflex is important to protect the lung from injurious substances and to clear excess secretions. A blunted cough reflex may be harmful or even fatal in respiratory disease. Hypoxia is common in respiratory disorders and has been shown to have depressant effects on respiratory sensation and ventilation. We hypothesized that it might also suppress the cough reflex. OBJECTIVES To determine if acute hypoxia increases cough threshold and cough tachyphylaxis to inhaled capsaicin. METHODS On two occasions, 16 healthy subjects inhaled a saline control followed by doubling doses of capsaicin aerosol (range, 0.49-500 microM) every minute for 15 s during controlled ventilation (approximately 190% baseline) with isocapnic hypoxia (SpO2, approximately 80%) or isocapnic normoxia, in random order. When a subject responded to a dose with five or more coughs, the next doubling dose of capsaicin was administered continuously for 60 s to assess acute tachyphylaxis. MAIN RESULTS The capsaicin concentration required to elicit five coughs was significantly higher during isocapnic hypoxia compared with normoxia (29.6 +/- 16.0 vs. 23.4 +/- 15.6 microM, p = 0.01). During continuous capsaicin inhalation, significantly more coughs were evoked in the first 10 s compared with the last (2.3 +/- 0.3 vs. 1.3 +/- 0.3, p < 0.01), indicating cough tachyphylaxis. However, the decrease was the same during hypoxia and normoxia (-1.3 +/- 0.4 vs. -0.9 +/- 0.6, p = 0.54). CONCLUSIONS Acute isocapnic hypoxia suppresses cough reflex sensitivity to inhaled capsaicin. This finding raises the possibility that the cough reflex may be impaired during acute exacerbations of hypoxic-respiratory disorders.
Antibacterial activity of phytochemicals isolated from Erythrina zeyheri against vancomycin‐resistant enterococci and their combinations with vancomycin

Six phytochemicals were isolated from the roots of Erythrina zeyheri (Leguminosae) by repeated silica gel column chromatography using various eluting solvents. Extensive spectroscopic studies revealed that all were isoﬂavonoids. The antibacterial activity of the six compounds against vancomycin‐resistant enterococci (VRE) was estimated by determining the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC). Of the six isoﬂavonoids, erybraedin A ((6aR, 11aR)‐3,9‐dihydroxy‐4,10‐di(γ,γ‐dimethylallyl)pterocarpan) exhibited the highest growth inhibitory potency against VRE with an MIC value of 1.56–3.13 µg/mL, followed by eryzerin C ((3R)‐7,2′,4′‐trihydroxy‐6,8‐di(γ,γ‐dimethylallyl)isoﬂavan) (MIC 6.25 µg/mL). These compounds also inhibited the growth of methicillin‐resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) at 3.13–6.25 µg/mL. The antibacterial effects of the two compounds against VRE and MRSA were based on bacteriostatic action. When erybraedin A or eryzerin C was combined with vancomycin, the fractional inhibitory concentration (FIC) index against VRE ranged from 0.5306 to 1.0 and from 0.5153 to 0.75, respectively. The combinations also showed FIC indices of 0.6125–1.0 against MRSA. The results indicate that, depending on the case, both compounds act either synergistically or additively with vancomycin against VRE and MRSA. Erybraedin A and eryzerin C show evidence of being potent phytotherapeutic agents against infections caused by VRE and MRSA. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Scene-driven Cues for Viewpoint Classification for Elongated Object Classes

Motivation Object viewpoint classification, also referred to as object pose estimation, is a task of interest for several applications. However, since the early days of computer vision, it has been addressed from a very “local” perspective. This perspective focuses on learning from the features on the object itself, e.g. color, texture, or gradients [1, 2], to identify the different viewpoints in which an object may appear in an image. Lately, this trend has been extended from reasoning about local visual properties of the object in the image space to properties in the 3D scene [3, 4, 5]. Despite the effectiveness of the mentioned methods, they have the weakness of ignoring scene-related cues that can assist the classification process.
Emulating Autostereoscopic Lenticular Designs

Optimizing performance of autostereoscopic lenticular displays can be achieved by altering specific interdependent design parameters, e.g., width and number of views, screen disparity and lenticular slant, resulting in different crosstalk distributions and amounts of banding and consequently, different percepts. To allow the evaluation of an autostereoscopic lenticular display, before a costly physical sample is produced, an emulator was build. This emulator consisted of a goggle-based striped polarized display, a camera-based head tracker and software for generating L/R stereo pairs in real-time as a function of head-location. This paper addresses the development of the emulator, its validation with respect to an existing physical prototype, and the perceptual evaluation of three emulated fundamental design extremes: 1) a 9-view low-cross-talk system; 2) a 9-view intermediate crosstalk system; and 3) a 17-view high crosstalk system.
Intracellular Patterns of Her-2/neu, ras, and Ploidy Abnormalities in Primary Human Breast Cancers Predict Postoperative Clinical Disease-Free Survival

Purpose: In an earlier study (S. E. Shackney et al., Cancer J. Sci. Am., 2: 106, 1996), the presence of aneuploidy, Her-2/neu overexpression, and ras overexpression in the same cells (triple-positive cells) was of prognostic significance (P < 0.015) in 91 patients with localized breast cancer (median follow up, 32 months). Here, we present results involving a larger group of patients with longer follow-up. Experimental Design: Fixed cell suspensions prepared from primary tumors of 189 patients with early breast cancer were studied prospectively by multiparameter flow cytometry. Correlated intracellular fluorescence-based measurements of cell DNA content and Her-2/neu and ras protein were obtained on each of >2000 cells in each tumor. Intracellular combinations of abnormalities in these measurements were correlated with subsequent patient disease-free survival (DFS). Median time on study was 54 months (range, 7–128 months). Results: DFS of patients with ≥5% triple-positive tumor cells was shorter than those who did not meet this criterion (P = 0.004). The difference remained statistically significant after accounting for nodal status, tumor size, and each of the component abnormalities (P = 0.006). Node-negative patients whose tumors had fewer than 2 abnormalities/cell had an especially favorable clinical course, with a 5-year DFS of 96% (lower confidence bound, 86%). Conclusions: Patterns of accumulated intracellular molecular abnormalities in cells of primary human breast cancers are predictive for subsequent DFS independently of the abnormalities themselves taken individually.
Disembodied Spirits and Deanimated Bodies: The Psychopathology of Common Sense

Prologue - the tattooed room 1. The genealogy of psychopathology 2. The origins of the psychopathology of the social being 3. The ascetic misunderstanding and social phenomenology 4. Aporias of intersubjectivity 5. The social world of melancholic and schizophrenic persons 6. The senses of common sense 7. The internal statue 8. Cyborgs and scanners 9. Voices and consciousness 10. This is not a delusion Epilogue
Perception and the Physical World: Psychological and Philosophical Issues in Perception

About the Editors About the Authors Preface Part I From Sensory Codes to Perceptual Congnition The Origins of the Sensation/Perception Distinction (M. Atherton) Cognition as Code-Breaking (H. Barlow) Comparative Overview of Perception of Distal and Proximal Visual Atributes (D. Todotovic) The Physicalistic Trap in Perception Theory (R. Mausfeld) Part II Unconscious Inference and Bayesian Approaches Perception as Unconscious Inference (G. Hatfield) Statistical Decision Theory and Biological Vision (L. Maloney) Pattern Inference Theory: A Probabilistic Approach to Vision (D. Kersten and P. Schrater) Perception and Evolution (B. Bennett et al) The Very Idea of Perception as a Process of Unconscious Probabilistic Inference (M. Kaplan) Part III Aspects of Picture Perception Two Paradigms of Picture Perception (R. Schwartz) Ecological Optics and the Creative Eye (J. Koenderink et al) IV Epilogue Hidden Agenda: A Sceptical View of the Privacy of Perception (H. Barlow) Index
Usefulness of phase spectrum in human speech perception

Short-time Fourier transform of speech signal has two components: magnitude spectrum and phase spectrum. In this paper, relative importance of short-time magnitude and phase spectra on speech perception is investigated. Human perception experiments are conducted to measure intelligibility of speech tokens synthesized either from magnitude spectrum or phase spectrum. It is traditionally believed that magnitude spectrum plays a dominant role for shorter windows (20-30 ms); while phase spectrum is more important for longer windows (128-3500 ms). It is shown in this paper that even for shorter windows, phase spectrum can contribute to speech intelligibility as much as the magnitude spectrum if the shape of the window function is properly selected.
4-(Methylnitrosamino)-I-(3-Pyridyl)-1-Butanone Enhances the Expression of Apolipoprotein A-I and Clara Cell 17-kDa Protein in the Lung Proteomes of Rats Fed a Corn Oil Diet but not a Fish Oil Diet

The nicotine-derived nitrosamine 4-(methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanone (NNK) is one of the most potent lung carcinogens in rodents. Several epidemiologic studies indicated that the development of lung cancer in smokers is influenced by the type and amount of dietary polyunsaturated fatty acids. A high corn oil diet has been shown to increase lung tumor volume and to decrease tumor latency in rats treated with NNK. In this study, we investigated the effects of dietary polyunsaturated fatty acids in the form of corn oil or fish oil on lung proteomes in F344 rats treated with or without NNK. The fish oil diet contained 17% fish oil and 3% corn oil, and the corn oil diet contained 20% corn oil. Rats were sacrificed after 3 months, and lungs were excised. Whole lung tissue proteins were separated by two-dimensional liquid chromatography, and differentially expressed proteins were identified by trypsin digestion and tandem mass spectrometry. Apolipoprotein A-I and Clara cell 17-kDa protein were overexpressed in the lungs of rats fed corn oil diet, compared with fish oil diet. NNK further enhanced their expression in rats fed corn oil diet; this effect was not observed in animals fed fish oil diet. The results suggest that the elevated levels of apolipoprotein A-I and Clara cell 17-kDa protein may be involved in the development of NNK-induced lung cancer in rats fed a high corn oil diet. Therefore, we propose that both proteins may serve as potential biomarkers in future molecular epidemiologic and clinical chemoprevention intervention studies. (Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2007;16(2):228–35)
Optimized strategies for mapping three-dimensional FFTs onto CUDA GPUs

We address in this paper the problem of mapping three-dimensional Fast Fourier Transforms (FFTs) onto the recent, highly multithreaded CUDA Graphics Processing Units (GPUs) and present some of the fastest known algorithms for a wide range of 3-D FFTs on the NVIDIA Tesla and Fermi architectures. We exploit the high-degree of multi-threading offered by the CUDA environment while carefully managing the multiple levels of the memory hierarchy in such a way that: (i) all global memory accesses are coalesced into 128-byte device memory transactions issued in such a way as to optimize effects related to partition camping [19], locality [22], and associativity. and (ii) all computations are carried out on the registers with effective data movement involved in shared memory transposition. In particular, the number of global memory accesses to the entire 3-D dataset is minimized and the FFT computations along the X dimension are almost completely overlapped with global memory data transfers needed to compute the FFTs along the Y or Z dimensions. We were able to achieve performance between 135 GFlops and 172 GFlops on the Tesla architecture (Tesla C1060 and GTX280) and between 192 GFlops and 290 GFlops on the Fermi architecture (Tesla C2050 and GTX480). The bandwidths achieved by our algorithms reach over 90 GB/s for the GTX280 and around 140 GB/s for the GTX480.
On the power of multivariate latent growth curve models to detect correlated change.

We evaluated the statistical power of single-indicator latent growth curve models (LGCMs) to detect correlated change between two variables (covariance of slopes) as a function of sample size, number of longitudinal measurement occasions, and reliability (measurement error variance). Power approximations following the method of Satorra and Saris (1985) were used to evaluate the power to detect slope covariances. Even with large samples (N = 500) and several longitudinal occasions (4 or 5), statistical power to detect covariance of slopes was moderate to low unless growth curve reliability at study onset was above . 90. Studies using LGCMs may fail to detect slope correlations because of low power rather than a lack of relationship of change between variables. The present findings allow researchers to make more informed design decisions when planning a longitudinal study and aid in interpreting LGCM results regarding correlated interindividual differences in rates of development.
Behavior Model of Sigma Delta Modulator for Mobile Digital TV

The paper presents the behavior model of sigma delta modulator implemented in the MATLAB SIMULINK environment. The proposed model takes into account most of the sigma delta modulator non-idealities, such as KT/C noise, and operational amplifier parameters (white noise, finite dc gain, finite bandwidth, slew rate and saturation voltages). Simulation results on a third-order four-bit low pass sigma delta modulator demonstrate the validity of the models proposed. The proposed model attains a good accuracy, while maintaining the fast simulation speed, which greatly improves the design efficiency.
On the integration of the actor model in mainstream technologies: the scala perspective

Integrating the actor model into mainstream software platforms is challenging because typical runtime environments, such as the Java Virtual Machine, have been designed for very different concurrency models. Moreover, to enable integration with existing infrastructures, execution modes and constructs foreign to the pure actor model have to be supported. This paper provides an overview of past and current efforts to address these challenges in the context of the Scala programming language.
Clonal analysis and cell lineages of the vertebrate central nervous system.

Very little progress in tracing cell lineages in the CNS of vertebrates had been made before the introduction of horseradish peroxidase (HRP) as an intra­ cellular lineage tracer in the frog embryo (Jacobson & Hirose 1978, 1981, Hirose & Jacobson 1979). Conceptual weaknesses and lack of adequate tech­ niques reinforced one another to ensure slow progress (Jacobson 1978, p. 98). Thus, a distinction has traditionally been made between embryos that have "mosaic" development, in which lineage determines cell fate, and those with "regulative" development, in which cell interactions determine cell fate, but, in fact, most if not all embryos show a combination of both (Harrison 1933, Weiss 1939, Davidson 1976). I shall propose that there are several lineage modes with different degrees of autonomy. In addition to the determinate lineage mode. which is completely autonomous and in which the relationship between a given progenitor and the phenotype(s) of its descendants is all-or­ none, there are others called indeterminant lineage modes in which the rela­ tionship between ancestral cells and the phenotypes of their descendants is contingent on external conditions to some degree. It is now clear that cell interactions can result in changes in of cellular fates in Uroand Cephalo­ chordates (Tung et a11958, 1960, Nakauchi & Takashita 1983), in which there is rigorous proof that materials localized in the egg and differentially distrib­ uted into different lineages determine the ultimate fates of the differentiated cells (Whittaker 1973, 1979. Jeffery 1983, Jeffery et al 1983). Such unim­ peachable evidence of extensive regulation in mosaic embryos should help to open the minds of those who have been unwilling to admit that determination