Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Paradoxical shifts in human color sensitivity caused by constructive and destructive interference between signals from the same cone class

Paradoxical shifts in human color (spectral) sensitivity occur on deep-red (658 nm) background fields. As the radiance of the deep-red background is increased from low to moderate levels, the spectral sensitivity for detecting 15-Hz flicker shifts toward shorter wavelengths, although by more than is predicted by selective chromatic adaptation (e.g., Eisner & MacLeod, 1981; Stromeyer et al., 1987; Stockman et al., 1993). Remarkably, though, at higher background radiances, the spectral sensitivity then shifts precipitously back towards longer wavelengths. Here, we show that both effects are due in large part to destructive and constructive interference between signals generated by the same cone type. Contrary to the conventional model of the human visual system, the M- and L-cone types contribute not just the customary fast signals to the achromatic or luminance pathway, but also slower signals of the same or opposite sign. The predominant signs of the slow M- and L-cone signals change with background radiance, but always remain spectrally opposed (M-L or L-M). Consequently, when the slow and fast signals from one cone type destructively interfere, as they do near 15 Hz, those from the other cone type constructively interfere, causing the paradoxical shifts in spectral sensitivity. The shift in spectral sensitivity towards longer wavelengths is accentuated at higher temporal frequencies by a suppression of fast M-cone signals by deep-red fields.
Raytracing prefiltered occlusion for aggregate geometry

We prefilter occlusion of aggregate geometry, e.g., foliage or hair, storing local occlusion as a directional opacity in each node of a bounding volume hierarchy (BVH). During intersection, we terminate rays early at BVH nodes based on ray differential, and composite the stored opacities. This makes intersection cost independent of geometric complexity for rays with large differentials, and simultaneously reduces the variance of occlusion estimates. These two algorithmic improvements result in significant performance gains for soft shadows and ambient occlusion. The prefiltered opacity data depends only on geometry, not lights, and can be computed in linear time based on assumptions about the statistics of aggregate geometry.
Low Power Glitch Free Modeling in Vlsi Circuitry Using Feedback Resistive Path Logic

Low power has emerged as a principal theme in today‟s electronics industry. This work focus on the development of low power VLSI design methodology on system level modeling and circuit level modeling for power optimization. This work develops a power optimization approach in bus transitions using hamming coding scheme called „Unbounded Lagger algorithm‟ for transition power reduction in VLSI design. The developed transition optimization approach further merged with circuit level power optimization using Glitch minimization technique. A resistive feed back method is developed for the elimination of glitches in the CMOS circuitry which result in power consumption and reducing performance of VLSI design. The proposed system is developed on Active HDL for designing a Bus transition Optimization algorithm using Unbounded Lagger algorithm, where an encoder and decoder units are designed for the minimization of transition for parallel bus transition in data transfer.
Aneurysmal Subarachnoid Hemorrhage

&NA; To be able to understand and manage the devastating condition of subarachnoid hemorrhage due to ruptured aneurysm, the neuroscience practitioner needs to be throroughly cognizant of its causes. symptoms, diagnosis and treatment. This article presents a descriptive review and current update of these factors The hign morbidity and mortality in survivors of initial subarachnoid hemorrnage is mainly due to development of complications of hydrocephalus, hypothalamic dysfunction, rebleeding and vasospasm A thorough knowledge of their causes, symptoms, times of occurrence and treatment is vitally important. This article also discusses complications with emphasis upon studies being done and proposed new methods of therapy.
Closing the Book on the Cybercrime Debate : Comments from the CIP paper series 1

This paper attempts to complete the laissez faire analysis of cybercrime begun by the Critical Infrastructure Protection Project presented at George Mason University in the Spring 2005 semester. First, a five section analytical outline is presented which organizes the CIP material in a cohesive manner. By concluding the analytical outline this paper hopes to define and explain the justification for laissez faire policy promotion by using the CIP presented material as its foundation. Two critical areas expanded beyond the CIP material include distinctions made between ex-ante and ex-post mechanisms of enforcing justice and the unavoidable differences of enforcement at play in the context of intellectual v. tangible property claims. By filling in these implied but missing aspects of analysis this paper hopes to strengthen the case for laissez faire policy suggestions in both the cybercrime context and beyond. 1 Much appreciation is shown to the Mercatus Institute and the Earhart Foundation for financial support of this research. A special note of thanks is also due to the Ludwig von Mises Institute for housing and support throughout the 2005 summer months, during which much of the research for this paper was performed. Thank you also to all of the helpful suggestions and comments I have received from workshop participants including but not limited to: Peter Boettke, Richard Wagner, Nick Schandler, Mike Makowsky, Jennifer Dirmeyer, Geoff Lea, Josh Hill, Nicolai Wenzel, and Jen Smith, and all of the original participants of the CIP presentations as listed in the reference sheet. Any errors contained within this draft are of course my own. This paper is also scheduled to be presented at the Austrian Students Scholars Conference, and an earlier presentation of the material here is available at: http://austrianaddiction.rationalmind. net/archives/2005/07/cybercrime_pres. html
IN VITRO METABOLISM STUDY OF BUPRENORPHINE: EVIDENCE FOR NEW METABOLIC PATHWAYS

Buprenorphine (BUP) is a synthetic derivative of the morphine alkaloid thebaine. BUP is metabolized by N-dealkylation to form the active metabolite nor-buprenorphine (Nor-BUP), and both undergo subsequent glucuronidation. Although BUP has been used clinically for years, its metabolism has still not been fully elucidated. The aim of this study was to clarify the identity of the human hepatic cytochromes P450 (P450s) involved in BUP metabolism and to investigate other potential metabolites. The metabolism of BUP was examined using human liver microsomes (HLM) and Ad293 P450-transfected cell lines, as well as CYP 3A4 and 2C8 recombinant isoforms. The kinetic parameters of metabolite formation were calculated for HLM and competent isoforms. Individual contribution of P450 isoforms in BUP metabolism as well as Nor-BUP production was evaluated using chemical inhibition experiments, as well as the relative activity factor approach. The analytical method used was based on liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry. Among the 13 P450 isoforms tested, CYP 3A4, 2C8, 3A5, and 3A7 produced Nor-BUP. Based on the results of chemical inhibition, CYP 3A4 accounts for about 65% of Nor-BUP production and CYP 2C8 for about 30%. BUP utilization by either HLM or P450-transfected cells revealed that another oxidative metabolic pathway exists, which was found to involve CYP 2C9, 2C18, 2C19, and mainly CYP 3A. Incubation of BUP or Nor-BUP with HLM led to the formation of new metabolites, identified by tandem mass spectrometry as being hydroxy-BUP and hydroxy-Nor-BUP. Hydroxy-BUP was produced by the CYP 3A, but not the 2C isoforms.
Edmonds, Matching and the Birth of Polyhedral Combinatorics

In the summer of 1961, Jack Edmonds, a twenty-seven year old mathematician, was attending a high powered workshop on combinatorics at the Rand Corporation in Santa Monica, California. His participation had been arranged by Alan Goldman, his manager at the National Bureau of Standards (now NIST), supported by Edmonds’ Princeton mentor, A.W. Tucker. It seemed to Edmonds that every senior academician doing combinatorics was there. This included such luminaries as George Dantzig, Alan Hoffman, Ray Fulkerson, Claude Berge and Bill Tutte. The only “kids” participating were Michel Balinski, Larry Brown, Chris Witzgall, and Edmonds, who shared an office during the workshop. Edmonds was scheduled to give a talk on his research ideas. At that time, he was working on some big questions. He had become intrigued by the possibility of defining a class of algorithms which could be proven to run more efficiently than exhaustive enumeration, and by showing that such algorithms existed. This was a novel idea. At this time, people were generally satisfied with algorithms whose running times could be proved to be finite, such as Dantzig’s Simplex Algorithm for linear programming. In 1958, Ralph Gomory [14], [15] had developed an analogue of the Simplex Algorithm that he showed solved integer programs in finite time, similar to the Simplex Algorithm. Many people in the Operations Research community viewed a problem as “solved” if it could be formulated as an integer programming problem. However, unlike the Simplex Algorithm, Gomory’s integer programming algorithm seemed to take so long on some problems that it was often unusable in practice. At this time, the combinatorics community was not very interested in algorithms. Generally, graphs considered were finite and so most problems had
Comparative Study between Measurement Data and Treatment Planning System (TPS) in Small Fields for High Energy Photon Beams

To achieve tumor control for radiotherapy, a dose distribution is planned which has a good chance of sterilizing all cancer cells without causing unacceptable normal tissue complications. The aim of the present study was to achieve an accurate calculation of dose for small field dimensions and perform this by evaluating the accuracy of planning system calculation. This will be compared with real measurement of dose for the same small field dimensions using different detectors. Practical work was performed in two steps: (i) determination of the physical factors required for dose estimation measured by three ionization chambers and calculated by treatment planning system (TPS) based on the latest technical report series (IAEATRS-398) and (ii) comparison of the calculated and measured data. Our data analysis for small field is irradiated by photon energy matched with the data obtained from the ionization chambers and the treatment planning system. Radiographic films were used as an additional detector for the obtained data and showed matching with TPS calculation. It can be concluded that studied small field dimensions were averaged 6% and 4% for 6 MV and 15 MV, respectively. Radiographic film measurements showed a variation in results within ±2% than TPS calculation.
Haptic cooperation between people, and between people and machines

Haptic interaction between people and machines might benefit from an understanding of haptic communication between one person and another. We recently reported results showing that two people performing a physically shared dyadic task can outperform either person alone, even when the perception of each participant is that the other is a hindrance. Evidently a dyad quickly negotiates a more efficient motion strategy than is available to individuals. This negotiation must take place through a haptic channel of communication, and it is apparently at a level below the awareness of the participants. Here we report results on the motion strategy that emerged. By recording forces and motions we show that the dyads "specialized" temporally such that one member took on early parts of the motion and the other late parts. Tests in which one participant's contribution was surreptitiously replaced by a motor did not elicit a similar cooperative response from the remaining human participant, showing that the language of haptic communication between people must be rather subtle
European Conference on Information Systems ( ECIS ) 2010 IT-Driven Execution Opportunities in Securities Trading : Insights into the Innovation Adoption of Institutional Investors

Technological innovations change the intermediation relationships within securities trading. Thus, the question arises which factors drive or hinder their adoption. This paper develops a model to evaluate institutional investors' intentions to adopt the meta-technology we call non-delegated order handling. It focuses on the usage of IT-driven trading systems which enable investors to control the choice of trading venue, order slicing, and timing themselves instead of delegating the execution of stock trading to an intermediary. Therefore the theory of task-technology-fit is integrated into the technology acceptance model. Further, it was successfully tested on data from the largest European institutional investors. The results outline that the perceived fit among the system‟s capabilities and individual trading requirements is the main driver for adoption. Secondly, performance expectations fuel the intention to use trading innovations. Thirdly, for the expected efforts only a weak effect could be shown. Finally, factors like contractual barriers and competitive pressure which investors cannot control do not substantially affect their adoption decision.
Effect of phosphate surface pretreatment on corrosion resistance and adhesion of PI coating on Mg-5 wt.% Sn alloy

In this study, phosphate surface pretreatment (PSPT) and poly[pyromellitic dianhydride-co-4,4ʹ-oxydianiline] polyimide (PMDA-ODA PI) coating were used to provide corrosion protection for Mg-5 wt. % Sn alloy. PSPT enhanced the adhesion of PI coating by mechanical interlocking and chemical anchoring. Surface roughness was increased and provided stronger mechanical interlocking. Phosphates were formed on the alloy surface to act as anchor groups. Energy dispersive X-ray spectrometer and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy results indicated that bonds formed between anchor groups and PI coating. The bonds provided chemical anchoring and enhanced the adhesion of PI coating. The increase of corrosion resistance of PI coating on Mg-5 wt. % Sn alloy (Ecorr = −0.86 V/SCE, µA cm−2 and corrosion rate far less than showed the bonds were stable enough to stand the attack of electrolyte and inhibit the electrochemical reaction at the interface.
Analyzing and Exploring Fault-tolerant Distributed Memories for NoCs

Advances in technology scaling increasingly make Network-on-Chips (NoCs) more susceptible to failures that cause various reliability challenges. With increasing area occupied by different on-chip memories, strategies for maintaining faulttolerance of distributed on-chip memories become a major design challenge. We propose a system-level design methodology for scalable fault-tolerance of distributed on-chip memories in NoCs. We introduce a novel reliability clustering model for faulttolerance analysis and shared redundancy management of onchip memory blocks. We perform extensive design space exploration applying the proposed reliability clustering on a block-redundancy fault-tolerant scheme to evaluate the tradeoffs between reliability, performance, and overheads. Evaluations on a 64-core chip multiprocessor (CMP) with an 8x8 mesh NoC show that distinct strategies of our case study may yield up to 20% improvements in performance gains and 25% improvement in energy savings across different benchmarks, and uncover interesting design configurations.
MHD Mixed Convective Peristaltic Motion of Nanofluid with Joule Heating and Thermophoresis Effects

The primary objective of present investigation is to introduce the novel aspect of thermophoresis in the mixed convective peristaltic transport of viscous nanofluid. Viscous dissipation and Joule heating are also taken into account. Problem is modeled using the lubrication approach. Resulting system of equations is solved numerically. Effects of sundry parameters on the velocity, temperature, concentration of nanoparticles and heat and mass transfer rates at the wall are studied through graphs. It is noted that the concentration of nanoparticles near the boundaries is enhanced for larger thermophoresis parameter. However reverse situation is observed for an increase in the value of Brownian motion parameter. Further, the mass transfer rate at the wall significantly decreases when Brownian motion parameter is assigned higher values.
Research on the Impact of DFIG Virtual Inertia Control on Power System Small-Signal Stability Considering the Phase-Locked Loop

Doubly fed induction generator (DFIG) wind turbines with virtual inertia control are coupled to power system in dynamic characteristics, and the control input of virtual inertia control is directly affected by the tracking ability of phase-locked loop (PLL). Thus, it is urgent to study the impact of DFIG wind turbines with virtual inertia control on power system small-signal stability considering the effects of PLL. First, based on DFIG operation characteristic and control strategy, a small-signal model of interconnected system with DFIG integration considering PLL and virtual inertial control is established. Second, the attenuation time constants of DFIG state variables are calculated, and according to the attenuation speeds of different state variables and the coupling between them, it is found out that PLL and virtual inertia are the main factors that affect the coupling between DFIG and synchronous generators. And then, considering that both PLL and virtual inertia control will affect the oscillation modes of synchronous generators, analytical method is used to reveal system small-signal stability under the joint effects of the two factors quantitatively. Analysis results show that, for DFIG wind turbines with virtual inertial control, PLL affects system damping mainly by affecting the participation of virtual inertia in the system. The smaller the PI parameters of PLL are, the smaller the participation factor of virtual inertia control state variables in the interarea oscillation mode is, and the bigger the electromechanical oscillation mode damping ratio is. Simulation results verify the reasonableness of the established model and the possibility that virtual inertia control may cause system small-signal stability to deteriorate in multimachine system.
Cosintering of a Bimodal Pore Distribution Layered Structure: Constitutive Models and Experiments

8 mol% yttria-stabilized zirconia (8YSZ) dense layer and porous 8YSZ layer with bimodal pore distribution were laminated into bilayers to study the cosintering behavior of layered system. Densification and grain growth characteristics of the cosintered layers were investigated and characterized. A sintering model for cosintering was established, and applied to predict the densifications of the layered system. The theoretical predictions were found to be in good agreement with the experimental results. The mismatch stresses induced by the shrinkage rate mismatch between the two layers were also evaluated using the developed sintering model. Additionally, the developed sintering model was further used to estimate the curvature development of layered system.
Improved Gene Selection for Classification of Microarrays

In this paper we derive a method for evaluating and improving techniques for selecting informative genes from microarray data. Genes of interest are typically selected by ranking genes according to a test-statistic and then choosing the top k genes. A problem with this approach is that many of these genes are highly correlated. For classification purposes it would be ideal to have distinct but still highly informative genes. We propose three different pre-filter methods--two based on clustering and one based on correlation--to retrieve groups of similar genes. For these groups we apply a test-statistic to finally select genes of interest. We show that this filtered set of genes can be used to significantly improve existing classifiers.
Expression and Localization of Aquaporins in Benign Prostate Hyperplasia and Prostate Cancer

The aquaporin (AQP) families of water channels are intrinsic membrane proteins that facilitate selective water and small solute movement across the plasma membrane. The purposes of this study were to determine the expression and localization of AQPs in benign prostatic hyperplasia and prostate cancer. Prostatic tissue was collected from patients with benign prostatic hyperplasia or prostate cancer by transurethral resection of the prostate. The expression and cellular localization of the AQPs were determined in the human prostate by Western blot and immunohistochemistry. AQP1, 3, and 9 were expressed in the human prostate. Western blot analysis revealed bands at 28-36 kDa for the AQP1, 3, and 9 proteins. Of these proteins, AQP3 and 9 were expressed in the epithelium. Immunolabeling showed that AQP1 was mainly expressed in the capillaries and venules of the prostate, AQP9 was expressed in the cytoplasm of the epithelium, and AQP3 was mainly associated with the plasma membrane of the prostatic epithelium. Only AQP3 expression was localized in the cell membrane, and expressed AQP3 was translocated to the cytoplasm in prostate cancer. The epithelium in the human prostate expresses AQP3 and 9 proteins, and the capillaries and venules of the prostate express AQP1. Characterizing or modifying the expression of AQP3 may lead to an understanding of the role of the AQPs in human prostatic disease.
Nonadrenergic sympathetic neural influences on basal pancreatic hormone secretion.

Evidence for peptidergic innervation of the islets of Langerhans is increasing, yet the role of neuropeptides in mediating neurally induced changes of islet function is not clear. To determine if nonadrenergic transmitters make an important contribution to sympathetic neural effects on basal pancreatic hormone secretion, we examined the effect of local sympathetic nerve stimulation (SNS) on the output of immunoreactive insulin (IRI), immunoreactive glucagon (IRG), and somatostatin (SLI) from the duodenal lobe of the pancreas in situ in halothane-anesthetized dogs, under conditions where the actions of the classical transmitter norepinephrine (NE) should be blocked by propranolol (PROP) and yohimbine (YO). In the absence of adrenergic antagonists, SNS rapidly reduced the output of IRI (delta = -1.34 +/- 0.91 mU/min) and SLI (delta = -600 +/- 350 fmol/min) and stimulated that of IRG (delta = +1.39 +/- 0.57 ng/min). In the presence of PROP and YO, SNS induced similar changes of hormone secretion: delta IRI, -1.30 +/- 0.53 mU/min; delta SLI, -480 +/- 180 fmol/min; delta IRG = +1.89 +/- 0.63 ng/min. Because PROP and YO abolished the pancreatic effects of high dose infusions of NE (1 microgram.kg-1.min-1 iv), we suggest that the antagonists produced sufficient, combined adrenergic blockade at the level of the islet, and we conclude that a nonadrenergic neurotransmitter or modulator plays a major role in mediating sympathetic neural effects on basal islet hormone secretion.