Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
The Business School Business: Some Lessons from the U.S. Experience

U.S. business schools dominate the business school landscape, particularly for the MBA degree. This fact has caused schools in other countries to imitate the U.S. schools as a model for business education. But U.S. business schools face a number of problems, many of them a result of offering a value proposition that primarily emphasizes the career-enhancing, salary-increasing aspects of business education as contrasted with the idea of organizational management as a profession to be pursued out of a sense of intrinsic interest or even service. We document some of the problems confronting U.S. business schools and show how many of these arise from a combination of a market-like orientation to education coupled with an absence of a professional ethos. In this tale, there are some lessons for educational organizations both in the U.S. and elsewhere that are interested in learning from the U.S. experience.
Risk factors for hip fracture in white women. Study of Osteoporotic Fractures Research Group.

BACKGROUND Many risk factors for hip fractures have been suggested but have not been evaluated in a comprehensive prospective study. METHODS We assessed potential risk factors, including bone mass, in 9516 white women 65 years of age or older who had had no previous hip fracture. We then followed these women at 4-month intervals for an average of 4.1 years to determine the frequency of hip fracture. All reports of hip fractures were validated by review of x-ray films. RESULTS During the follow-up period, 192 women had first hip fractures not due to motor vehicle accidents. In multivariable age-adjusted analyses, a maternal history of hip fracture doubled the risk of hip fracture (relative risk, 2.0; 95 percent confidence interval, 1.4 to 2.9), and the increase in risk remained significant after adjustment for bone density. Women who had gained weight since the age of 25 had a lower risk. The risk was higher among women who had previous fractures of any type after the age of 50, were tall at the age of 25, rated their own health as fair or poor, had previous hyperthyroidism, had been treated with long-acting benzodiazepines or anticonvulsant drugs, ingested greater amounts of caffeine, or spent four hours a day or less on their feet. Examination findings associated with an increased risk included the inability to rise from a chair without using one's arms, poor depth perception, poor contrast sensitivity, and tachycardia at rest. Low calcaneal bone density was also an independent risk factor. The incidence of hip fracture ranged from 1.1 (95 percent confidence interval, 0.5 to 1.6) per 1,000 woman-years among women with no more than two risk factors and normal calcaneal bone density for their age to 27 (95 percent confidence interval, 20 to 34) per 1,000 woman-years among those with five or more risk factors and bone density in the lowest third for their age. CONCLUSIONS Women with multiple risk factors and low bone density have an especially high risk of hip fracture. Maintaining body weight, walking for exercise, avoiding long-acting benzodiazepines, minimizing caffeine intake, and treating impaired visual function are among the steps that may decrease the risk.
Smallholder Household Maize Production and Marketing Behavior in Zambia and Its Implications for Policy.

The ability of agricultural policy makers to promote national development objectives requires an accurate and reasonably current picture of what crops farmers grow, what they eat, the importance of various crops in their incomes, and how they spend their money. In Zambia’s case, there is reasonably accurate information on production levels and trends in a specific set of crops grown by smallholder farmers, but very little knowledge of how important these specific crops are in smallholders’ total crop incomes, the importance of crop production in total smallholder incomes (which include livestock and non-farm activities), and how changes in crop prices affect smallholders’ welfare. This paper presents a comprehensive picture of crop production and marketing patterns in Zambia’s small- and medium-scale farm sector, examines how these patterns vary regionally, and examines differences between poor and non-poor strata of the rural farm sector. The data presented comes from the 1999/00 and 2002/03 production years, corresponding to the 2000/01 and 2003/04 marketing years. Because so much policy attention in Zambia is focused on maize, the study provides a particular emphasis on small farmers’ maize production and marketing behavior, and discusses their implications for policy.
Management of energy produced by a wind turbine connected to the network in order to inject a constant power

The integration of renewable energy to the network still limited due to their irregular production. This paper was interested to the study of renewable energy source, which is represented by a wind turbine connected to a permanent magnet synchronous generator (PMSG), and a storage system represented by the battery and the super capacitor. The purpose of this article is to study, model and control this system of energy production to incorporate constant power into the electrical network.
Micro-macro linkages in financial markets: the impact of financial liberalization on access to rural credit in four African countries

Almost every programme of economic reform contains a financial liberalization component; but little work has been done to assess the effects of financial liberalization on access to credit in individual markets. We present a model of this linkage, which predicts that conventional financial de-repression will have no significant effect on the price and availability of credit in the informal sector, but that financial innovation in the informal sector will affect such availability considerably. We test this proposition specifically against data for the period of financial reform in four African countries: Uganda, Kenya, Malawi and Lesotho. Such reforms had significant effects on interest rates, but except in Uganda these effects did not feed through into an increase in savings rates or in access to rural credit. Such access was, however, favourably influenced by institutional innovation on the supply side of the market for small-business and small-farm credit. Likewise, in two of the case-study countries-Malawi and Uganda-financial de-repression had insignificant effects on poverty and privatisation of the bottom end of the credit market on its own had disastrous effects, but expansion of the supply of smallholder credit had a highly positive poverty-reduction effect. Copyright © 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Copper-mediated Amyloid-β Toxicity Is Associated with an Intermolecular Histidine Bridge*

Amyloid-β peptide (Aβ) is pivotal to the pathogenesis of Alzheimer disease. Here we report the formation of a toxic Aβ-Cu2+ complex formed via a histidine-bridged dimer, as observed at Cu2+/peptide ratios of >0.6:1 by EPR spectroscopy. The toxicity of the Aβ-Cu2+ complex to cultured primary cortical neurons was attenuated when either the π -or τ-nitrogen of the imidazole side chains of His were methylated, thereby inhibiting formation of the His bridge. Toxicity did not correlate with the ability to form amyloid or perturb the acyl-chain region of a lipid membrane as measured by diphenyl-1,3,5-hexatriene anisotropy, but did correlate with lipid peroxidation and dityrosine formation. 31P magic angle spinning solid-state NMR showed that Aβ and Aβ-Cu2+ complexes interacted at the surface of a lipid membrane. These findings indicate that the generation of the Aβ toxic species is modulated by the Cu2+ concentration and the ability to form an intermolecular His bridge.
Neurological Condition of Infants Born After In Vitro Fertilization With Preimplantation Genetic Screening

Aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of preimplantation genetic screening (PGS) on neurodevelopmental outcome in children. We conducted a prospective follow-up study of children born to women randomly assigned to in vitro fertilization with or without PGS. Primary outcome was adverse neurologic outcome at 18 mo; secondary outcomes were types of minor neurologic dysfunction (MND), neurologic outcome before 18 mo, neonatal intensive care admission, and congenital malformations. Twenty women in the PGS group participated with 25 children and 26 women in the control group participated with 31 children. Five PGS pregnancies (25%) and four control pregnancies (15%) resulted in birth of at least one child with an adverse neurologic outcome (adjusted odds ratio: 2.3 [0.4–12.0]). Dysfunction in fine motor abilities and posture and muscle tone dysregulation tended to be present more frequently after PGS. Neurologic outcome before 18 mo, neonatal intensive care admission, and prevalence of congenital malformations were similar in study and control pregnancies. Nevertheless, at child level, rates of adverse outcome were higher after PGS. In conclusion, outcome in pregnancies after in vitro fertilization (IVF) with and without PGS was similar. The small sample size precludes the conclusion that PGS is not associated with less favorable neurologic outcome. Safety of new assisted reproductive techniques should be evaluated before large-scale implementation.
Emissions trading and technological change

Emissions trading programmes have grown in number and scope over the last forty years, and in the last decade they have become a centrepiece of global climate change policy. Emissions trading can in principle offer policy makers a flexible mechanism to reduce harmful emissions - polluters can choose their own emissions abatement strategy, and the trading mechanism can reduce overall abatement cost by flexibly redistributing emissions permits to those polluters that find abatement costliest. In the context of climate policy, though, it is the potential to stimulate innovation and technological change that is most alluring. Without transforming production, the quantity of emissions abatement will be insufficient; without technological change, the cost will be prohibitive. Emissions trading programmes are clearly not the only policy that affect technological change, but the extent to which these programmes encourage low-carbon technological change is perhaps still the most important criterion on which to judge their success or failure. Advances in monitoring, greater data availability, and improvements in statistical and computational techniques have only recently made it possible to systematically study the impacts of emissions trading on a large scale. In recent years, researchers have studied the impact of emissions trading programmes on company profitability, on employment, and on capital investment. This thesis aims to advance this research programme by contributing a systematic analysis of how emissions trading affects technological change. This thesis comprises four essays. The first essay examines past emissions trading programmes and the extent to which these experiences provide guidance on the ability of emissions trading programmes to affect low-carbon technological change in the future. The second essay investigates the degree to which economic theory can help constrain the range of expected impacts in a world of at east moderate complexity. The third and fourth essays present the first comprehensive empirical assessment of how the world's largest emissions trading programme, the EU Emissions Trading Scheme, has affected technological change, measured in terms of carbon dioxide intensity output, research and development, and patenting.
Assessing the impacts of international volunteer tourism in host communities: a new approach to organizing and prioritizing indicators

This paper explores the use of indicators to evaluate the impacts of volunteer tourism in host communities, based on an online questionnaire sent to 183 volunteer tourism organizations. Little research exists demonstrating how volunteer tourism programs impact host communities or how impacts can be assessed, but the literature suggests the use of indicators to do so. Social indicator research and systems thinking assert that impact evaluation must be comprehensive and that indicators must consider interconnectivities present in the tourist system; we propose a framework of indicator development that addresses this. Data analysis focuses on volunteer tourist activities and how organizations prioritize indicators to assess diverse impacts of volunteer tourism in host communities. Comparisons are drawn between organizations in Latin America and international organizations (based in the USA, Canada, the UK, Australia and New Zealand) that send volunteers abroad. Differing volunteer activities suggest unique approaches between in-country and international organizations. The usefulness and degree of assessment of diverse indicators of the local impacts of volunteer tourism are quantified, while discrepancies between indicator usefulness and assessment raise questions. Comparisons between international and in-country organizations, large and small organizations, and organizations focusing on long-term vs. short-term trips suggest differing organizational priorities and impacts of volunteer tourism.
Control design in a distributed WNCS using energy optimal scheduled medium access

In Wireless Networked Control Systems (WNCS) with more than one concurrent control loop accessing the network, we need a control design that incorporates effects from the communication protocol (delays, packet dropouts, jitter) as well as energy and computation restrictions of the network nodes (e.g. bandwidth, node energy, transmission power). In practice, increasing communication frequency leads to a decreasing network lifetime and vice versa. In literature this joint design approach is referred to as control-communication or control-scheduling co-design. In this work, we present a new approach for the synthesis of robust or gain-scheduled controllers in a distributed WNCS, depending only on the sampling period. We use a scheduling policy computed by an iterative optimization algorithm to maximize the network lifetime and guarantee Lyapunov stability of the selected feedback control law with bounded delay and sampling intervals.
Capital Inflows, Exchange Rate Flexibility, and Domestic Credit

Protracted expansionary monetary policies in advanced countries have renewed the debate over policy options to cope with large capital inflows that drive credit expansions in emerging economies. In a forthcoming paper, we show that during capital inflow bonanzas credit grows more rapidly and its composition tilts to foreign currency in economies with less flexible exchange rate regimes. Hence, carefully crafted macro-prudential measures may complement macroeconomic policies.
Performance management: is it enough?

Performance management literature often presents a 'how-to', discussing solitary concepts and practices that are labelled as keys to optimisation. When coupled with lay literature and performance management software, these solitary concepts incorporate a cookbook approach that nullifies the complexity of those humans who are being managed. This article examines management from a different perspective in exploring management's many facets using the example of one practitioner (AM) to highlight the need to recognise the complexities found in a holistic approach to effective and efficient management. These complexities require the recognition of multiple aspects of the personality of the management as well as the actions of the manager and the organisation.
A Hydrogen Peroxide-Inactivated Virus Vaccine Elicits Humoral and Cellular Immunity and Protects against Lethal West Nile Virus Infection in Aged Mice

ABSTRACT West Nile virus (WNV) is an emerging pathogen that is now the leading cause of mosquito-borne and epidemic encephalitis in the United States. In humans, a small percentage of infected individuals develop severe neuroinvasive disease, with the greatest relative risk being in the elderly and immunocompromised, two populations that are difficult to immunize effectively with vaccines. While inactivated and subunit-based veterinary vaccines against WNV exist, currently there is no vaccine or therapy available to prevent or treat human disease. Here, we describe the generation and preclinical efficacy of a hydrogen peroxide (H2O2)-inactivated WNV Kunjin strain (WNV-KUNV) vaccine as a candidate for further development. Both young and aged mice vaccinated with H2O2-inactivated WNV-KUNV produced robust adaptive B and T cell immune responses and were protected against stringent and lethal intracranial challenge with a heterologous virulent North American WNV strain. Our studies suggest that the H2O2-inactivated WNV-KUNV vaccine is safe and immunogenic and may be suitable for protection against WNV infection in vulnerable populations.
Moderating Effects of Entrepreneurial Orientation on Market Orientation‐Performance Linkage: Evidence from Chinese Small Firms*

Literature revealed that an appropriate alignment between firm strategic orientation and market positioning is critical because of its impact on firm performance. The alignment is especially crucial for small businesses as a result of their limited resource base. However, studies have not adequately accounted for the joint effect of entrepreneurial orientation (EO) and market orientation (MO) on firm performance in different institutional environments, such as transitional economies. In this study, we examine the moderating effect of EO on the linkage between MO and firm performance among small enterprises in China. We have found that MO, alone and in conjunction with certain EO dimensions, is positively related to firm performance. More specifically, innovativeness and proactiveness have positively moderated the relationship between MO and performance. We discuss managerial implications and offer suggestions for future research.
The Radioprotective Effect of Resveratrol Against Genotoxicity Induced by γ-Irradiation in Mice Blood Lymphocytes

In this study, we evaluated whether the protective potential of resveratrol (RSV; 3,5,4′-trihydroxy-trans-stilbene) against γ-radiation caused damages in peripheral blood lymphocyte of mice. Resveratrol as a polyphenolic compound scavenges free radicals. Various doses of RSV were administered intraperitoneally 2 hours to adult male mice before a single dose of whole-body γ-irradiation (2 Gy). To assess the protective ability of RSV, the alkaline comet assay in blood lymphocyte of mice was performed and the total comet score was evaluated. The results of the alkaline comet assay showed that RSV significantly inhibited radiation-induced DNA damage. We observed that RSV protects blood lymphocyte against radiation-induced damage in mice.
Role of the nitric oxide on rosuvastatin-induced relaxation of the calf cardiac vein during cooling.

OBJECTIVE 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A (HMG-CoA) reductase inhibitors including rosuvastatin do not only lower plasma cholesterol but also have non-cholesterol lowering effects on the vessel wall, which decrease cardiovascular complications. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the effect of cooling (to 28 °C) on the vasodilatation induced by rosuvastatin (10-9-3x10-4M) on serotonin-pre-contracted calf cardiac vein and the role of nitric oxide in these effects. MATERIAL AND METHODS Ring preparations of veins obtained from calf hearts were suspended in organ baths containing 25 ml of Krebs-Henseleit solution, maintained at 37 °C and continuously gassed with 95% O(2)-5% CO(2). After a resting period, preparations were contracted with serotonin (10-6 M) at 37 °C. RESULTS Rosuvastatin produced concentration-dependent relaxation of calf cardiac vein precontracted with serotonin (10-6 M). During cooling, the pIC(50) value, but not the maximal response, to rosuvastatin was significantly higher than at 37 °C. Cooling to 28 °C in the presence of NG-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester (L-NAME, 10-4 M) decreased the pIC(50) values to rosuvastatin. CONCLUSION The results of the present study suggested that nitric oxide played an essential role in the cooling-induced changes of rosuvastatin in calf cardiac vein (Fig. 1, Ref. 23).
Extrapancreatic, extraintestinal gastrinoma: effective treatment by surgery.

OPTIMAL therapy for patients with the Zollinger– Ellison syndrome due to gastrinoma is currently in a state of evolution and reevaluation. Although treatment must be directed toward correction of gastric acid hypersecretion, selection of therapy must also take into consideration the malignant potential of these gastrin-releasing tumors (gastrinomas). 1 2 3 Until recently, total gastrectomy was uniformly accepted as appropriate treatment for these patients.4 However, with the development of the histamine H2-receptor antagonist cimetidine, a medical therapeutic alternative to surgery became available.5 , 6 Treatment with cimetidine has been shown to be effective in reducing gastric acid hypersecretion, improving symptoms, and inducing ulcer .
Rent under the Assumption of Exhaustibility

The abstract character of the conception of land as the basis of rent, 466. — Modification of the rent theory according to the possibility of preventing exhaustion, 469. — Effect of the assumption of exhaustion upon the economic intensity of utilization, 471. — Influence of the rate of interest on intensity of utilization, 474. — Influence of prices on intensity of utilization, 477. — Determination of the extensive margin, 480. — The so-called royalty from mines forms a part of economic rent; Ricardo's discussion, 481. — Relation of royalties and rents to prices, 485. — Incidence of taxation under the modified assumptions, 486. — Conclusion, 488.
Long-term interest rates, asset prices, and personal saving ratio: Evidence from the 1990s

This article investigates the personal saving ratio in the US economy in the last two decades. We examine whether the mortgage equity withdrawal (MEW) mechanism – the cash out from refinancing home mortgage conditions – is useful for explaining the saving ratio’s declining pattern. Empirically, we find that MEW depends on house price inflation and mortgage rates. We construct a VEC model among the two variables explaining MEW, the saving ratio and the stock price. We obtain a significant cointegrating relationship. We then estimate a structural form imposing restrictions, suggested by theoretical or empirical literature, on the long-run impact matrix. We find a negative response of the saving ratio to positive shocks in asset prices, whereas there is an opposite effect in the case of a positive shock in mortgage rates, according to the theoretical expectations.