Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Finding a Husband: Using Explainable AI to Define Male Mosquito Flight Differences

Simple Summary Mosquitoes are vectors of some of the world’s deadliest diseases. A wide range of intervention tools are available, but the majority of these depend on insecticides and must be updated frequently in response to the rise of insecticide resistance in the targeted mosquito populations. The behaviour of mosquitoes is an important factor to add to their ongoing understanding as a vector for disease. The method presented within this paper is able to identify key behavioural differences between male, female, and in copula mosquito pairs by analysing their flight tracks. To identify these differences, we developed a framework that extracts features from track segments. Track segments are used to unify durations and each segment is individually classified as either male or non-male by a machine learning model. The segments for each track are combined to return an overall prediction of the class of the track. This approach is one of the first applications of machine learning to mosquito trajectory analysis. The framework can be extended to analyse differences between other classes of trajectories. Abstract Mosquito-borne diseases account for around one million deaths annually. There is a constant need for novel intervention mechanisms to mitigate transmission, especially as current insecticidal methods become less effective with the rise of insecticide resistance among mosquito populations. Previously, we used a near infra-red tracking system to describe the behaviour of mosquitoes at a human-occupied bed net, work that eventually led to an entirely novel bed net design. Advancing that approach, here we report on the use of trajectory analysis of a mosquito flight, using machine learning methods. This largely unexplored application has significant potential for providing useful insights into the behaviour of mosquitoes and other insects. In this work, a novel methodology applies anomaly detection to distinguish male mosquito tracks from females and couples. The proposed pipeline uses new feature engineering techniques and splits each track into segments such that detailed flight behaviour differences influence the classifier rather than the experimental constraints such as the field of view of the tracking system. Each segment is individually classified and the outcomes are combined to classify whole tracks. By interpreting the model using SHAP values, the features of flight that contribute to the differences between sexes are found and are explained by expert opinion. This methodology was tested using 3D tracks generated from mosquito mating swarms in the field and obtained a balanced accuracy of 64.5% and an ROC AUC score of 68.4%. Such a system can be used in a wide variety of trajectory domains to detect and analyse the behaviours of different classes, e.g., sex, strain, and species. The results of this study can support genetic mosquito control interventions for which mating represents a key event for their success.
Interest rates and information geometry

The space of probability distributions on a given sample space possesses natural geometric properties. For example, in the case of a smooth parametric family of probability distributions on the real line, the parameter space has a Riemannian structure induced by the embedding of the family into the Hilbert space of square–integrable functions, and is characterized by the Fisher–Rao metric. In the non–parametric case the relevant geometry is determined by the spherical distance function of Bhattacharyya. In the context of term–structure modelling, we show that the derivative of the discount function with respect to the time left until maturity gives rise to a probability density. This follows as a consequence of the positivity of interest rates. Therefore, by mapping the density functions associated with a given family of term structures to Hilbert space, the resulting metrical geometry can be used to analyse the relationship of yield curves to one another. We show that the general arbitragefree yield–curve dynamics can be represented as a process taking values in the convex space of smooth density functions on the positive real line. It follows that the theory of interest rate dynamics can be represented by a class of processes in Hilbert space. We also derive the dynamics for the central moments associated with the distribution determined by the yield curve.
Optical forces on a Mie spheroidal particle arbitrarily oriented in a counterpropagating trap

The axial and transverse optical forces exerted by Gaussian beams on an arbitrarily oriented and homogeneous spheroid are calculated and studied within the framework of the Mie theory. The results are applied to study the behavior of the forces in a counterpropagating optical trap. We calculate the trapping efficiencies for a wide range of physical parameters, including the beam waist separation distance, the equivalent spheroid radius, the spheroid eccentricity, and the refractive index ratio between the particle and the surrounding medium.
Profiling Experiences of Bullying in the Elementary School: The Role of Gender

The purpose of the present study was to profile bullying behaviors in elementary schools in Saudi Arabia. A secondary purpose was to examine differences in bullying behaviors across gender. Participants were 3867 fourth graders who completed surveys during the TIMSS 2019 survey. An 11-item bullying experience scale was utilized with good internal consistency reliability. Data were analyzed using latent class analysis with Mplus 8.9 to identify profiles of bullying experiences. The results indicated the presence of five profiles with levels of low, medium, and high bullying experiences, as well as two profiles with no cyberbullying experiences and medium high and medium low physical and verbal instances of bullying. Gender effects were highly pronounced, with most maladaptive bullying profiles being predominantly male. It is concluded that physical bullying is mainly occupied by males and the levels of cyberbullying are generally low in the elementary school grades. Implications for educational policy can clearly direct the development of support groups and expert counseling for both bullies and victims, staff training for identification and course of action, and the development of standardized school policies when such incidences occur.
Fuzzy models for quasi‐static calculations of single ground plane coupled CPW by CADMFILT software

In this paper, two new subdesign tools including the quasi‐static and fuzzy model calculations for the electrical parameters of the coupled planar transmission lines used in the design of microwave communication subsystems including resonators, filters, and multiplexers are presented for CADMFILT software. Proposed subdesign tools have properties such as electrical parameter calculations for microwave circuit analysis/synthesis, fuzzy logic model applications, comparisons, and graphical demonstrations. The first subdesign tool can calculate the electrical parameters of the coupled planar transmission lines by using the quasi‐static analysis method. The other tool is based on subtractive fuzzy clustering, which can offer approximate solutions as an alternative to numerical and analytical closed‐form expressions of quasi‐static analysis. The proposed subdesign tools have a competent and efficient algorithm to provide fast, accurate, and sensitive results. To test the accuracy of these tools, a coupled coplanar waveguide with a single ground plane structure has been performed. The results obtained from the subdesign tools for both approaches have been compared. The proposed fuzzy logic models use the electrical parameters calculated from the quasi‐static analysis as training and control data files. The accuracy of each model has been tested by error analysis and the validity of the model results has been demonstrated by comparing them with the results of the quasi‐static approach. It is expected that the developed efficient, fast, and versatile subdesign tools will help researchers to simplify their designs by providing a control mechanism in the RF/microwave circuit design processes.
The Moderating Effect of Subjective Well-Being and Proactive Personality in the Relationship between Job Insecurity and Turnover Intention Among Auditors

This study examines whether job insecurity among auditors who work at a public accounting firm in Jakarta associates with their turnover intention and whether subjective well-being and proactive personality have a moderating effect. The data of the study were collected from a web-based questionnaire that amounted to 166 auditors in Jakarta, Indonesia, and used the SEM-PLS approach in testing the hypotheses. This study found that job insecurity has a positive relationship with turnover intention as well as a proactive personality relationship with turnover intention. This study found a negative relationship between subjective well-being and turnover intention. However, the moderating effect of subjective well-being and proactive personality was not proven in this study. Therefore, future studies are recommended to explore external turnover and test the construct in different fields or areas to get more significant results.
Chemical Abundances of Old Metal-rich Stars in the Solar Neighborhood

We report on chemical abundances for 15 old metal-rich stars in the solar neighborhood based on high-resolution, high signal-to-noise ratio observations. It is found that [O/Fe], [S/Fe], and probably [Ba/Fe] decrease with increasing metallicity, while the remaining elements, C, Na, Mg, Al, Si, Ca, Sc, Ti, V, Cr, Mn, Co, and Ni, generally have solar [X/Fe] ratios irrespective of metallicity. The kinematic data indicate a slight lag in the Galactic rotation for most stars. In combination with their low maximum distance perpendicular to the Galactic plane, Zmax, we suggest that most of the sample stars originate from the inner thin disk. This suggestion is supported by the similar abundance pattern of these stars as that of thin-disk stars. The connection of the old metal-rich stars with the old population of the inner disk suggests an inside-out formation of the disk. One exceptional case in our sample is HD 190360. It is suspected to be a thick-disk star based on the enhanced O, S, Mg, and Si abundances as well as the special kinematics, VLSR = -40 km s-1 and Zmax = 1.0 kpc. It shows that stars from a population other than the thin disk exist among old metal-rich stars in the solar neighborhood. The location of these stars, presently in the solar neighborhood, may indicate that orbit diffusion effects of old stars are quite significant.
Extending Interrupted Feature Point Tracking

Feature point tracking over a video sequence fails when the points go out of the field of view or behind other objects. Motivated by 3-D reconstruction applications, we extend such interrupted tracking by imposing the constraint that under the ane camera model feature trajectories should be in an ane space in the parameter space. Our method consists of iterations for optimally extending the trajectories so that they are compatible with the estimated ane space and for optimally estimating the ane space from the extended trajectories, coupled with an outlier removal process based on a statistical model of image noise. Using real video images, we demonstrate that our method can restore a sucient number of trajectories for detailed 3-D reconstruction.
An Empirical Study on the Information Formality Motivation, Social Influence, and Goal Commitment of Knowledge Workers

A knowledge worker's goal commitment is critical to the success of system implementation in the organization. This paper investigates an individual's information formality motivation and social influence as important determinants in developing goal commitment in the system implementation based on the social psychology and information management literature. An empirical test of the proposed model was conducted in the field test (n = 148). PLS was used to analyze the model and supported the validity of the results. Social influence and information formality influence knowledge worker's goal commitment (R2 = 0.36) as expected. Social influence has a higher effect on goal commitment than information formality motivation. The results of this study will help us understand the antecedents of goal commitment in the system implementation based on the social influence theory and personal information management model. The paper includes implications for the designers and information system (IS) managers to effectively understand knowledge worker's goal commitment in the organization.
RESEARCH NOTE: EXPERIMENTAL AND NUMERICAL STUDY OF A TURBULENT AXISYMMETRIC JET IMPINGING ONTO A CIRCULAR CYLINDER IN OFFSET AND NON-OFFSET SITUATIONS

In this study, an experimental and numerical analysis is done to study the flow characteristics of an offset and non-offset axisymmetric jet impingement on a circular cylinder. The purpose of this study is investigation of the behavior of the cutting gas jets and finding the optimum distance between nozzle and cylinder to achieve maximum cutting performance. Finite volume approach is used to solve the governing equations for a turbulent, incompressible jet numerically. According to the literature the suitable turbulence model for this purpose is realizable k-e. Velocity and pressure fields around the cylinder and pressure and shear stress distribution on the cylinder surface are determined for various cases. Also, some experiments are done to validate repeatability of experiments and numerical results. Comparisons between numerical results and experimental measurements validate the accuracy of numerical results. Also, results show that if the horizontal distance between the nozzle outlet and the stagnation point of cylinder is 2.5D, the shear stress on the cylinder surface has maximum value. Therefore in this situation jet has a maximum performance in cutting procedure. Keywords– Impinging jet, axisymmetric jet, offset/non-offset impinging, circular cylinder
Genetic Relationships of 118 Castanea Specific Germplasms and Construction of Their Molecular ID Based on Morphological Characteristics and SSR Markers

To understand the genetic relationships of Castanea species, 16 phenotypic traits were measured, simple sequence repeat (SSR) markers were analyzed, and molecular identity cards (IDs) were constructed for 118 Castanea materials using fluorescent capillary electrophoresis. The coefficient of variation values of the 16 morphological traits of the test materials ranged from 11.11% to 60.38%. A total of 58 alleles were detected using six pairs of SSR core primers, with an average number of 9.7 alleles per locus. The average number of valid alleles per locus was 3.9419 and the proportion of valid alleles was 40.78%. A total of 105 genotypes were detected, and the number of genotypic species that could be amplified per primer pair ranged from 8 to 26. The mean value of the observed heterozygosity was 0.4986. The variation in the He, H, and PIC values was similar; the size of I value was approximately 2.21 times larger, and its mean number of variations was 0.7390, 0.7359, 0.6985, and 1.6015, respectively. The classification of 118 Castanea species was performed using three analytical methods: structure analysis, neighbor-joining (NJ) cluster analysis, and principal coordinate analysis (PCoA), and the results of the three methods were in high agreement. Six pairs of SSR core primers with high polymorphism and strong discriminatory properties were used to identify 118 Castanea plants, and a unique molecular ID card was constructed for each material. These results provide insight into the genetic diversity and population structure of Castanea plants and a theoretical basis for improving the phenomenon of mixed varieties and substandard plants in the Castanea plant market.
Nonparametric estimation of the maximum of conditional hazard function under dependence conditions for functional data

The maximum of the conditional hazard function is a parameter of great impor- tance in statistics, in particular in seismicity studies, because it constitutes the maximum risk of occurrence of an earthquake in a given interval of time. Using the kernel nonparamet- ric estimates based on convolution kernel techniques of the rst derivative of the conditional hazard function, we establish the asymptotic behavior of a hazard rate in the presence of a functional explanatory variable and asymptotic normality of the maximum value in the case of a strong mixing process. R
A Method for Evaluating Surrogate Markers When Measured with Error Using the Cox Model

The identification of a surrogate marker for a clinical endpoint is very important from an ethical as well as a cost containment point of view. In most clinical trials markers are measured periodically with error. In the presence of measurement error, the naive method of using the observed marker values in the Cox model to evaluate the relationship between the marker and clinical outcome produces biased estimates and can lead to incorrect conclusions when evaluating a potential surrogate. A two-stage approach for estimating the association of clinical outcome to the time-varying covariates and treatment is proposed. In the first stage, an empirical Bayes estimate of the time dependent covariate is computed at each event time. In the second stage, these estimates are imputed in the Cox proportional hazards model to estimate the regression parameter of interest. It is clearly demonstrated through extensive simulations that this methodology greatly reduces the bias of the regression estimate and correctly identifies good surrogate markers much more often than the naive approach.
Some Effects of Finite Sample Size and Persistence on Meteorological Statistics.Part II: Potential Predictability

Abstract Potential predictability of a meteorological time series can be estimated from the ratio of the actual interannual variability to the natural variability associated with climatic noise. The extent to which this ratio is larger than one is taken as a measure of the climatic signal-to-noise variance ratio. However, there are major problems in separating out the signal from the noise which are compounded by persistence in the time series, the presence of an annual cycle and the effects of finite sample size. An F test may be used to deduce that a signal is present by rejecting the null hypothesis of no signal. However, it is shown that, generally, the null hypothesis should not be accepted just because it cannot be rejected. Confidence limits can be very large when a signal is present in a finite sample since the signal will be fictitiously correlated with the noise due to sampling in a manner that is unknown. Although the correlation coefficient is statistically not significant, there is a large im.
Autonomic dysregulation and self‐injurious thoughts and behaviours in children and young people: A systematic review and meta‐analysis

Abstract Background Self‐injurious thoughts and behaviours (SITBs) have been associated with dysfunction of the Autonomic Nervous System (ANS) in children and young people, suggesting that objective ANS measures may aid assessment of suicide risk, but a systematic synthesis of this literature is currently lacking. Methods Following a pre‐registered protocol (PROSPERO CRD42022327605), we conducted a systematic search of PubMed, Medline, Embase, PsycINFO, and Web of Science, for empirical studies published until 10th May 2022 that compared indices of ANS functioning in individuals aged 0–25 years with versus without SITBs, or reported continuous associations between ANS measures and SITBs. Study quality was assessed with the Newcastle‐Ottawa Scales. Pooled effect sizes (Hedge's g) were estimated with random‐effects meta‐analytic models. Results Twenty studies (1979 participants) were included in our systematic review, with 16 included in meta‐analyses. Results suggested that SITBs were associated with altered cardiac indices of arousal (g = −0.328, p < 0.001), which was driven by lower heart rate variability in individuals with SITBs (g = −0.375, p = 0.025). Overall results for electrodermal activity were not significant (g = 0.026, p = 0.857), but subgroup analyses showed increased activity in studies of individuals who engaged specifically in non‐suicidal self‐harm (g = 0.249, p = 0.014) but decreased activity in the remaining studies (g = −0.567, p = 0.004). Conclusions Our systematic review and meta‐analysis found evidence of reduced parasympathetic regulation as well as more tentative evidence of altered electrodermal activity in children and young people displaying SITBs. Future longitudinal studies should test the clinical utility of these markers for detecting and monitoring suicide risk.
Interplay between cross sectional analysis of risk factors associated with Toxoplasma gondii infection in pregnant women and their domestic cats

Toxoplasmosis is a global zoonotic disease caused by Toxoplasma gondii (T. gondii). The primary aim of this study was to identify hygienic and cat management practices that could affect the occurrence of T. gondii in cats and their owners in Sharqia Governorate, Egypt. T. gondii infection was evaluated in 80 pregnant women and 29 domestic cats using Real-time PCR. A questionnaire was administered to obtain information regarding the risk factors associated with T. gondii infection. Blood samples were collected from enrolled pregnant women, and fecal samples were collected from their pet cats. Firth logistic regression model complemented with random forest (RF) analysis was used to evaluate the association of different hygiene and cat management practices with T. gondii infection in pregnant women. T. gondii infection was identified in 27.5% of pregnant women and 17% of domestic cats. Drinking raw milk and contacting stray and pet cats were significantly associated with higher odds of T. gondii infection. The proportion of T. gondii-positive women who ate raw meat (60.0%) was higher than those ate heat-cooked meat (25.3%). Moreover, women who did not wash their hands after contact with cats were 6 times (OR 6.12; CI: 3.03–9.21) more likely to experience T. gondii infection than those washed their hands after cat contact. The RF analysis showed that washing hands constitute a serious yet preventable public health concern that requires targeted, community-specific efforts. Cat owners, particularly pregnant women, need to be aware about the risk of T. gondii infection, while handling cat and pet's owner should be advised to take necessary hygienic measures to prevent its infection.