Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
EXPLORING PROCESSES OF RESOURCE EXCHANGE AND CO-CREATION IN STRATEGIC PARTNERING FOR NEW PRODUCT DEVELOPMENT

This study articulates and explains the process of resource evolution in long-term new product development collaboration between competing large firms. By adopting a resource-based view of collaboration, the study maps, at a micro level, the evolution of R&D skills within an Italian manufacturer (Olivetti), co-developing mid-range photocopiers with a Japanese manufacturer (Canon), throughout four periods of time (from 1985 to 1998). The study identifies and explores activities leading to resource changes in each period and unravels the underlying explanatory processes behind such behaviour and outcomes. Findings from the study indicate that value in long-term co-development derives from the enduring exchange processes developed throughout the collaboration. The results suggest that investment in processes and mechanisms to adapt and evaluate resources, over time, acts as a critical precursor to effective resource exchange and value creation.
The Productivity of Public Capital: Evidence from the 1994 Electoral Reform of Japan

This paper attempts to estimate the causal effect of public capital stock on production using Japanese prefectural data. We first articulate the difficulty of consistently estimating the regional-level production function with public capital due to the endogeneity of the public capital stock amount. As the central government allocates most of the public capital across regions in Japan, the stock amount of public capital could be endogenous because it could be allocated to either booming regions to support private activity or to stagnating regions to help them become more productive. The endogeneity of public capital is more serious when local governments make decisions regarding public capital investments, as in the US, because such decisions are directly affected by local governments' budgetary constraints. We need an exogenous variation of public capital investment across regions in order to estimate the causal effect of public capital on production. Japan's electoral reform in 1994 offers an exogenous variation of this sort. The reform drastically changed the distribution of political representation in the Lower House across regions, and it accordingly changed the allocation of public capital across regions as well. The productivity of public capital based on this natural experimental identification strategy indicates higher productivity due to public capital than indicated by the OLS estimation.
A Subhertz Nanopower Low-Pass Filter

This brief presents a first-order low-pass filter topology capable of providing cutoff frequencies down to 2 mHz with power consumption of 5 nW. The circuit is intended for signal conditioning applications, particularly for use with very low frequency physiological signals in low-power portable medical equipment. To achieve a low-frequency cutoff, the filter is based around the use of a clocked transconductor, which provides low transconductance while using a relatively high bias current level. The circuit is implemented in a 0.35-μm technology with a 1-V supply and has 32- μVRMS measured noise and a 64-dB dynamic range. In terms of power consumption and cutoff frequency the reported filter outperforms previous filters from the literature.
Using a trusted WLAN network to offload mobile traffic and leverage deployed broadband network gateways

This paper introduces the concept and architecture for the Alcatel-Lucent solution to wireless local area network (WLAN) offload in a case where the WLAN network can be considered as trusted by the home operator of the user. Leveraging up-to-date WLAN access points (APs) that provide both support for strong user equipment (UE) authentication — Universal Subscriber Identity Module (USIM) based- and ciphering (AES-based), WLAN access can offer “trusted” access to the Evolved Packet Core (EPC). This trusted access to the EPC can provide Internet Protocol (IP) address preservation when the terminal moves between 3rd Generation Partnership Project (3GPP) access and WLAN access without requiring the UE to support IPsec tunnels to the EPC or Dual Stack Mobile IP version 6 (DSMIPv6). A WLAN gateway (WLAN-GW) acting as an edge router for the UE is able to get policies from the home operator's authorization, authentication, and accounting (AAA) server at UE authentication, and based on these policies, to either send the user traffic to the EPC anchor point — the Packet Data Network Gateway (P-GW) — or to offload such traffic, for example, to the Internet. © 2012 Alcatel-Lucent.
NATURAL GENOMIC AND ANTIGENIC VARIATION IN WHITEFLY-TRANSMITTED GEMINIVIRUSES (BEGOMOVIRUSES).

Begomoviruses have circular single-stranded DNA genomes, cause many diseases of dicotyledons in areas with warm climates and are transmitted by whiteflies of the Bemisia tabaci complex. Their genomic and antigenic variation represents geography-related lineages that have little relation to host range. Genomic variation resulting from mutation is amplified by acquisition of extra DNA components, pseudo-recombination and recombination, both intraspecific and interspecific. Recombination, especially interspecific recombination, seems the key mechanism for generating novel virus forms, for enhancing biological fitness of pseudo-recombinants derived from closely related species and for maintaining the flow of genetic material among different geminiviruses occurring in the same geographical region. Recent begomovirus epidemics reflect favorable conjunctions of plant, vector, and viral (e.g. emergence of a novel recombinant virus) factors. Such epidemics typically result in co-infection of plants with different begomoviruses, leading to the appearance of further variants, especially recombinants. In their patterns of variation and evolution, begomoviruses differ greatly from plant viruses with RNA genomes.
Energy and economic impacts of an international multi-regional carbon market

The establishment of a global multi-regional carbon market is considered to be a cost effective approach to facilitate global emission abatement and has been widely concerned. The ongoing planned linkage between the European Union’s carbon market and a new emission trading system in Australia in 2015 would be an important attempt to the practice of building up an international carbon market across different regions. To understand the abatement effect of such a global carbon market and to study its energy and economic impact on different market participants, this article adopts a global dynamic computable general equilibrium model with a detailed representation of the interactions between energy and economic systems. Our model includes 20 economic sectors and 19 regions, and describes in detail 17 energy technologies. Bundled with fossil fuel consumptions, the emission permits are considered to be essential inputs in each of the production and consumption activities in the economic system to simulate global carbon market policies. Carbon emission permits are endogenously set in the model, and can be traded between sectors and regions. Considering the current development of the global carbon market, this study takes 2020 as the study period. Four scenarios (reference scenario, independent carbon market scenario, Europe Union (EU)–Australia scenario, and China-EU-Australia scenario) are designed to evaluate the impact of the global carbon market involving China, the EU, and Australia. We find that the carbon price in the three countries varies a lot, from $32/tCO2 in Australia, to $17.5/tCO2 in the EU, and to $10/tCO2 in China. Though the relative emission reduction (3%) in China is lower than that in the EU (9%) and Australia (18%), the absolute emission reduction in China is far greater than that in the EU and Australia. When China is included in the carbon market, which already includes the EU and Australia, the prevailing global carbon price falls from $22 per ton carbon dioxide (CO2) to $12/tCO2, due to the relatively lower abatement cost in China. Seventy-one percent of the EU’s and eighty-one percent of Australia’s domestic reduction burden would be transferred to China, increasing 0.03% of the EU’s and 0.06% of Australia’s welfare. The emission constraint improves the energy efficiency of China’s industry sector by 1.4%, reduces coal consumption by 3.3%, and increases clean energy by 3.5%.
What makes a board independent? Australian evidence

Purpose - The purpose of this paper is to determine what aspects of board independence, in terms of board structure and characteristics of non-executive directors (NEDs), are associated with effective monitoring of management, as evidenced through lower levels of earnings management. Design/methodology/approach - This paper examines the effectiveness of board independence requirements under the 2003 Australian Stock Exchange (ASX) Findings - The results of the paper indicate a positive relation between earnings management and share ownership of NEDs, particularly that of grey directors. There is a negative relation between NED compensation and the level of earnings management, particularly the fixed compensation component for independent directors. Practical implications - This paper is important to shareholders, academics and policy makers because it shows the type of remuneration and ownership levels for NEDs that are consistent with good corporate governance. NEDs are more effective monitors when independent directors are compensated more as a fixed amount that is not related to the firm's performance. The compensation of grey directors is not associated with the level of earnings management. On the other hand, NEDs are less effective monitors as share ownership by grey directors increases. The share ownership of independent directors is not associated with the level of earnings management. To ensure the independence of the board and enhance its ability and incentives to effectively monitor management, the paper recommends that remuneration of NEDs should be a fixed amount, and the share ownership of NEDs should be limited. Originality/value - The findings provide guidance as to the meaning of board independence, in terms of the payments and returns that NEDs receive from a company. The results provide support for recommendation 2.1 in the ASX's
Optimal Tax-Transfer Policies, Life-Cycle Labour Supply and Present-Biased Preferences

Using a two-period model with two types of agents that are characterized by present-biased preferences second-best optimal tax-transfer policies are considered. The paternalistic optimal tax-transfer policy has two main concerns: Income redistribution from high to low ability households and correction of undersaving due to present-biasedness. Policies must comply with incentive-compatibility constraints that restricts both how much income redistribution that can take place and how much savings should be subsidized. A main result is that the degree of present-biasedness has important consequences not only for optimal subsidies to savings but also for optimal marginal income taxes.
K-mean clustering based cooperative spectrum sensing in generalized к-μ fading channels

Machine learning based approaches for spectrum sensing and spectrum occupancy prediction in cognitive radio applications appear to have attracted sufficient interest in the current literature. In this paper, K-mean clustering based unsupervised learning method has been adopted for the performance enhancement of cooperative spectrum sensing in generalized κ-μ fading channels. Extensive simulation has been carried out for different system parameter trade-off in characterizing the receiver operating characteristics.
Looking for contagion in currency futures markets

This paper tests whether there are pure contagion effects in both conditional means and volatilities among British pound, Canadian dollar, Deutsche mark, and Swiss franc futures markets during the 1992 ERM crisis. A conditional version of international capital asset pricing model (ICAPM) in the absence of purchasing power parity (PPP) is used to control for economic fundamentals. The empirical results indicate that overall there are no mean spillovers among those futures markets, but they are detected during the crisis period. That is, past return shocks originating in any one of the four markets have no impact on the other three markets during the entire sample period, suggesting that these markets are weak-form efficient. However, this weak-form market efficiency fails to hold during the market turmoil, especially for British pound and Swiss franc. As for the contagion-in-volatility, it is detected for British pound only because its conditional volatility is influenced by the negative volatility shocks from Canadian dollar, Deutsche mark, and Swiss franc, with Deutsche mark playing the dominant role in generating these shocks.
The Psychometric Properties of CollaboRATE: A Fast and Frugal Patient-Reported Measure of the Shared Decision-Making Process

Background Patient-centered health care is a central component of current health policy agendas. Shared decision making (SDM) is considered to be the pinnacle of patient engagement and methods to promote this are becoming commonplace. However, the measurement of SDM continues to prove challenging. Reviews have highlighted the need for a patient-reported measure of SDM that is practical, valid, and reliable to assist implementation efforts. In consultation with patients, we developed CollaboRATE, a 3-item measure of the SDM process. Objective There is a need for scalable patient-reported measure of the SDM process. In the current project, we assessed the psychometric properties of CollaboRATE. Methods A representative sample of the US population were recruited online and were randomly allocated to view 1 of 6 simulated doctor-patient encounters in January 2013. Three dimensions of SDM were manipulated in the encounters: (1) explanation of the health issue, (2) elicitation of patient preferences, and (3) integration of patient preferences. Participants then completed CollaboRATE (possible scores 0-100) in addition to 2 other patient-reported measures of SDM: the 9-item Shared Decision Decision Making Questionnaire (SDM-Q-9) and the Doctor Facilitation subscale of the Patient’s Perceived Involvement in Care Scale (PICS). A subsample of participants was resurveyed between 7 and 14 days after the initial survey. We assessed CollaboRATE’s discriminative, concurrent, and divergent validity, intrarater reliability, and sensitivity to change. Results The final sample consisted of 1341 participants. CollaboRATE demonstrated discriminative validity, with a significant increase in CollaboRATE score as the number of core dimensions of SDM increased from zero (mean score: 46.0, 95% CI 42.4-49.6) to 3 (mean score 85.8, 95% CI 83.2-88.4). CollaboRATE also demonstrated concurrent validity with other measures of SDM, excellent intrarater reliability, and sensitivity to change; however, divergent validity was not demonstrated. Conclusions The fast and frugal nature of CollaboRATE lends itself to routine clinical use. Further assessment of CollaboRATE in real-world settings is required.
AN ACADEMY CLASSIC On the folly of rewarding A, while hoping for B

Executive Overview This article, updated for AME, needs no introduction.1 Even today, the original article is still widely reprinted. Now part of the lexicon, it truly qualifies as an Academy of Management Classic. For almost twenty years, its title has reminded executives and scholars alike—“it's the reward system, stupid! ” We hope you enjoy the update! Editor
Consumption of durable goods and tests of the permanent income hypothesis: evidence from Korean macro data

Quarterly aggregate data from Korean urban households is used to test the restrictions on the vector autoregressive (VAR) representation of the permanent income hypothesis (PIH). In testing these restrictions, an alternative consumption measure is proposed which takes account of the flow of services from durable goods. For comparison, two commonly used measures - total consumption expenditures and expenditures on non-durables and services - are also employed in the empirical analysis, and the results show that the choice of consumption measures could have a significant effect on the results of the tests, leading to a false conclusion with the improper consumption variables.
Microeconomics of Agricultural Grading: Impacts on the Marketing Channel

In this paper I focus on how grade prices affect the provision of product transformation skills in the food marketing system. A self-protection model is used to show how resources are allocated to protect the potential value of commodities in the marketing channel. Resource allocations may be complementary, and complementarity may be exploited to expand an industry. Further, uncertainty concerning skill levels may inhibit expansion. Because two primary objectives of agricultural extension involve facilitating skill acquisition and disseminating market information, the model confirms roles for extension personnel. The optimal location of transformation skills in a sequence of operations is also studied. Key words: grading, industry structure, multiple equilibria, quality, self-protection.
The Happiness of Young Australians: Empirical Evidence on the Role of Labour Market Experience

Data from the Longitudinal Surveys of Australian Youth are used to investigate factors that influence young Australians' self-reported levels of 'happiness' during the school-to-work transition, focusing on the role of labour market experience. Panel logit models are fitted to control for individual effects. Fixed individual personality traits and marital status strongly influence reported happiness. There is evidence of declining well-being with duration of unemployment and of the importance of job quality, rather than just having a job. The validity of Clark and Oswald's (1994) assertion that empirical findings from happiness research show that unemployment is involuntary is questioned. Copyright 2005 The Economic Society Of Australia.
Intraorganisational power and the adoption of interorganisational IT innovations: The inside story of Covisint

The failure of Covisint to establish a standardised e-commerce platform for the automotive industry has been widely documented in the literature. Generally, its failure is explained based on the external dynamics of conflicts between industry actors. Based on an in-depth ethnographic case study, this paper uncovers the inside story of Covisint, looking at the distribution of power within the organisational actors involved in the development and adoption of Covisint. The study finds that the adoption of Covisint has altered the power distribution not only at the level of the industry, but also within the adopting organisations themselves. The introduction of a new e-commerce platform to mediate supplier relationships threatens the position of various organisational departments. Power struggles result in significant compromises over the original objectives of the platform, ultimately leading to localised adaptations of what was envisaged to be a global standardised e-commerce platform.
Development of a sexually dimorphic neuromuscular system in male rats after spinal transection: Morphologic changes and implications for estrogen sites of action

The lumbar spinal cord of rats contains the sexually dimorphic, steroid‐sensitive spinal nucleus of the bulbocavernosus (SNB). In male rats, SNB motoneurons exhibit a biphasic pattern of dendritic growth, having an initial period of exuberant growth followed by a period of retraction to mature lengths by 7 weeks of age. This growth is steroid dependent: dendrites fail to grow after castration, but growth is supported in castrates treated with estradiol. In this experiment, we examined whether supraspinal afferent input by means of descending spinal tracts to the SNB was involved in the normal postnatal development of SNB motoneurons, and whether the effect of estradiol on SNB dendritic growth could be explained by an indirect action of estradiol on supraspinal afferents. Motoneuron morphology was assessed in normal males, early‐ or late‐postnatally transected males, castrated males left untreated or treated with estradiol, and transected castrates treated with estradiol. SNB motoneurons were retrogradely labeled with cholera toxin–horseradish peroxidase during both the growth and retraction phases of dendritic development and reconstructed in three dimensions. The removal of supraspinal afferents resulted in extremely local effects within the developing SNB arbor, as well as transient alterations in somal growth. Furthermore, spinal transection did not block the trophic effect of estradiol on supporting SNB dendritic growth, indicating that estrogens do not act by means of supraspinal input to support SNB motoneuron development. J. Comp. Neurol. 467:80–96, 2003. © 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Hiring Women: The Effects of Canada's Employment Equity Act

Organizations in Canada's federal jurisdiction are required to adopt Employment Equity Programs (EEPs) designed to increase the presence of four traditionally underrepresented groups: women, aboriginal peoples, disabled persons, and visible minorities. This article reports the results of a study that examines the effect of EEPs on the hiring of women. Results suggest that organizations that adopt EEPs that are more formalized, more comprehensive, and better supported are more likely to hire a more representative number of women. The effects of EEPs, however, differ across occupational groups and among women with and without dual status (visible minorities, aboriginals, disabled).
Standardizing assessment practices of undergraduate medical competencies across medical schools: challenges, opportunities and lessons learned from a consortium of medical schools in Uganda

Introduction Health professions education is gradually moving away from the more traditional approaches to new innovative ways of training aimed at producing professionals with the necessary competencies to address the community health needs. In response to these emerging trends, Medical Education for Equitable Services to All Ugandans (MESAU), a consortium of Ugandan medical schools developed key competencies desirable of graduates and successfully implemented Competency Based Education (CBE) for undergraduate medical students. Objectives To examine the current situation and establish whether assessment methods of the competencies are standardized across MESAU schools as well as establish the challenges, opportunities and lessons learned from the MESAU consortium. Methods It was a cross-sectional descriptive study involving faculty of the medical schools in Uganda. Data was collected using focus group discussions and document reviews. Findings were presented in form of themes. Results Although the MESAU schools have implemented the developed competencies within their curricular, the assessment methods are still not standardized with each institution having its own assessment procedures. Lack of knowledge and skills regarding assessment of the competencies was evident amongst the faculty. The fear for change amongst lecturers was also noted as a major challenge. However, the institutional collaboration created while developing competencies was identified as key strength. Conclusion Findings demonstrated that despite having common competencies, there is no standardized assessment blue print applicable to all MESAU schools. Continued collaboration and faculty development in assessment is strongly recommended.