Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Routes to Better Judging -workshop Draft

A strikingly small fraction of the scholarly literature on judging and law asks how well judges perform their work and how their performance might be improved. The aim of this essay is to explore the prospects for an ambitious normative, empirical, and prescriptive project that would set out criteria for good judging, evaluate actual judicial performance against these criteria, and suggest reforms to produce higher or steadier levels of performance. As of now, although there are scattered writings (discussed below) that would seem to belong to such a project, there is hardly any evidence that a project like this has captured the attention of the field as a whole. It's true that we write a lot about how judges decide cases, which decisions we think are wise or foolish, and even what methods we think judges should use to decide cases. But these are not the same thing. Why hasn't the problem of judicial performance attracted more sustained attention from researchers? It does not seem plausible that people who spend their lives studying judges are uninterested in how well judges do their work. Rather, I suspect that the difficulties involved in such project-from laying out decisional norms capable of wide acceptance to familiarizing ourselves with huge chunks of literatures in which we lack expertise-appear insurmountable. I am not prepared to say with certainty that the obstacles can be overcome, and I readily concede that the job is too big for one study, scholar, or small team of scholars, if only because the potentially relevant literatures from psychology, law, and political science are enormous. And yet I am inclined to believe that a community of scholars working steadily on the project and content to divide the
BIASES IN THE GRAVITATIONAL LENS POPULATION INDUCED BY HALO AND GALAXY TRIAXIALITY

The lensing cross section of triaxial halos depends on the relative orientation between a halo’s principal axes and its line of sight. Consequently, a lensing subsample of randomly oriented halos is not, in general, randomly oriented. Using an isothermal mass model for the lensing galaxies and their host halos, we show that the lensing subsample of halos that produces doubles is preferentially aligned along the lines of sight, whereas halos that produce quads tend to be projected along their middle axes. These preferred orientations result in different projected ellipticity distributions for quad, doubles, an d random galaxies. We show that ≈ 300 lens systems must be discovered to detect this effect at the 95% confidence level. We also investigate the importance of halo shape for predicting the quad-to-double ratio and find that t he latter depends quite sensitively on the distribution of the short-to-long axis ratio, but is otherwise nearly ind ependent of halo shape. Finally, we estimate the impact of the preferred orientation of lensing galaxies on t heir projected substructure mass fraction, and find that the observed alignment between the substructure distribution and the mass distribution of halos result in a negligible bias. Subject headings: galaxies, halos, lensing
Gravitational Dust Collapse with Cosmological Constant

In this paper, we study the effect of a positive cosmological constant on spherically symmetric dust collapse. We take the FRW metric in the interior region whereas Schwarzschild-de Sitter in the exterior region. The matching conditions between exterior and interior space- times are given in the presence of a cosmological constant. We also discuss the apparent horizons and their physical significance.
The quantum Schur and Clebsch-Gordan transforms: I. efficient qudit circuits

We present an efficient family of quantum circuits for a fundamental primitive in quantum information theory, the Schur transform. The Schur transform on n d-dimensional quantum systems is a transform between a standard computational basis to a labelling related to the representation theory of the symmetric and unitary groups. If we desire to implement the Schur transform to an accuracy of ε-1, then our circuit construction uses a number of gates which is polynomial in n, d and log(ε-1). The key tool in our construction is a poly(d, log n, log(ε-1)) algorithm for the ud Clebsch-Gordan transform. Our efficient circuit construction renders numerous protocols in quantum information theory computationally tractable and yields a new possible approach to quantum algorithms which is distinct from the standard paradigm of the quantum Fourier transform.
The Most Completely Sampled Rotation Curves for Galaxies

We have compiled high-resolution position-velocity diagrams observed along the major axes of nearby spiral galaxies in the CO-line emission, and derived rotation curves for the inner regions of the galaxies. We have combined the inner rotation curves with the outer HI and optical rotation curves to obtain the total rotation curves. The inner rotation curves are characterized by a steep increase within a few hundred pc radius, indicating a compact massive concentration near the nucleus. We fit the obtained rotation curves for individual galaxies by a modified Miyamoto-Nagai's potential by assuming existence of four mass components; a nuclear mass component with a scale radius of 100-150 pc and a mass of $\sim 3-5\times 10^{9}Msun$; a central bulge of 0.5 to 1 kpc radius of a mass $\sim 10^{10}Msun$; a disk with scale radius 5 to 7 kpc and thickness 0.5 kpc of a mass $\sim 1-2 Mgal$; and a massive halo of scale radius 15 to 20 kpc with a mass $\sim 2-3 Mgal$. We discuss the implication of the nuclear compact mass component for the formation mechanism of multiple structures within the galactic bulge during its formation.
Improved Partial Fingerprint Matching Based on Score Level Fusion Using Pore and SIFT Features

Fingerprints are being extensively used for person identification in a number of commercial, civil, and forensic applications. Most of the current fingerprint verification systems utilize features that are based on minutiae points and ridge patterns. However, this technology suffers from the problem of handling incomplete prints and often discards any partial fingerprints obtained. The major challenges faced in partial fingerprint matching are the absence of sufficient level 2 features (minutiae) and other structures such as core and delta. In a multimodal biometric system, the effective fusion method is necessary for combining information from various single modality systems. In this paper we propose a method for partial fingerprint matching based on score level fusion by using pore and SIFT features. In this work involves extract the pore feature and SIFT feature points, then Matching algorithm is performed and matching score is calculated. Then score level fusion is applied. The experimental results are demonstrated on NIST SD30 database and achieves significantly better performance with low EER than either of the individual scheme. This novel method outperforms the traditional uni-matcher based scheme over a wide range of FAR and FRR values. The accuracy of proposed method is observed to be 97.32% for image size of 60%of original image partial with 1000ppi resolution fingerprint image and 97.15% for image size of 60%of original image partial with 500ppi resolution fingerprint image
The association of alcohol drinking pattern and self-inflicted intentional injury in Korea: a cross-sectional WHO collaborative emergency room study

Objectives Self-inflicted intentional injuries are increasing at an alarming rate in the Republic of Korea, yet few reports describe their relationship with alcohol consumption. The aim of this study was to characterise the association of alcohol drinking patterns and self-inflicted intentional injury in Korean emergency departments (EDs) using WHO collaborative study protocol. Design Cross-sectional study. Setting Data were collected from four general hospital EDs in four geographically diverse regions of Korea: Seoul, Suwon, Chuncheon and Gwangju. Participants Information was collected on 1989 patients aged 18 and above. A representative probability sample was drawn from patients admitted to each ED for the first time within 6 h of injury. Primary and secondary outcome measures Alcohol-related non-fatal injuries. Results Among 467 persons with alcohol-related injuries, 33 (7.1%), were self-inflicted intentional injuries and 137 (29.3%) were intentional injuries caused by someone else. The adjusted odds of self-inflicted intentional injury verses unintentional injury were calculated for heavy (OR 1.764; 95% CI 0.783 to 3.976), binge (OR 2.125; 95% CI 0.930 to 4.858) and moderate drinking (OR 3.039; 95% CI 1.129 to 8.178) after controlling for demographic variables. Similar odds were reported for pooled intentional injury data (self-inflicted and caused by someone else) and drinking patterns. Conclusions These data show a strong association between all patterns of acute alcohol consumption and self-inflicted intentional injury in the Republic of Korea.
Replenishment Policies for Deteriorating Items with Ramp Type Demand and a Fixed Shelf-Life under Shortage

This study proposes a single-supplier, single-retailer inventory and pricing strategies for deteriorating items with ramp type demand and a fixed shelf-life u nder s hortage . In practice, there are many commodity such as food, medication exist the shelf life . Therefore the shelf life expiration date has become an important research topic in inventory management. We will discuss three cases. We assume that the inventory objective is to minimize the total cost per unit time of the system. By using the subroutine FindRoot in commercial software Mathematica 5.2, we obtain the optimal solutions
Behavioural and neural changes after a “choice” therapy for naming deficits in aphasia: preliminary findings

Background: Anomia, difficulty producing words, is a pervasive symptom of many individuals with aphasia. We have developed a treatment for naming deficits—the Phonological Components Analysis (PCA) protocol—that has proven efficacious in improving word-finding abilities for individuals with post-stroke aphasia. Aims: The aim of this investigation is to present preliminary findings exploring the potential influence of choice—that is the active engagement of a participant in therapy—on our PCA treatment. Methods & Procedures: Five individuals with aphasia were treated in one of two conditions—Choice or No Choice. Potential changes in neural activation as a function of the treatment were also investigated. Two individuals (one from each condition) underwent functional MRI (fMRI) pre- and post-therapy. Outcomes & Results: All the individuals demonstrated a significant treatment effect immediately post-treatment and at a 4-week follow-up and four of the five participants at an 8-week follow-up. Three also demonstrated generalisation to untrained items. Unfortunately, no clear-cut patterns emerged to allow us to make claims about the influence of choice, per se, on the behavioural manifestations of improved naming. Interestingly, the participant from the Choice condition showed neural activation changes post-treatment in frontal and parietal regions that were not evident for the participant in the No Choice condition. Moreover, these changes were accompanied by a larger treatment effect for that individual and generalisation to a novel naming task. Conclusion: The efficacy of PCA treatment for naming deficits is further supported. In addition, the neuroimaging data suggest the possibility that active engagement of an individual in his/her therapy (in this case choosing phonological attributes of a target word) may exercise executive functions important for success in treating anomia. Also, continued exploration of task factors that may promote even better treatment effects using this protocol is warranted, as is continued investigation of the neural underpinnings associated with treatment effects.
Intelligent Web Push Architecture with Push Flow Control and Push Continuity

In this paper we present a Smart Push system with feedback enabled flow control suitable for web enabled mobile and IoT devices. Our push architecture incorporates a gateway client and gateway server component. The flow of the web push notifications is controlled so that they are delivered to the device when the user is most likely to open them. We present an overview and implementation details of the Smart Push system with enhanced web push features, and describe the algorithm running on the gateway server to enable the push flow control. This architecture also provides flexibility for users to move seamlessly across different geographies and mobile operating systems like Android and Tizen without any changes at the content provider's applications servers. We also present results of an experiment performed on multiple users to measure the effectiveness of the system to perform flow control of the notifications to ensure that more of them are clicked.
A new design of OTA for Sigma-Delta ADC

Sigma-Delta Analog-to-Digital converter (ADC), is widely used in portable electronic products. An operational transconductance amplifier (OTA) is one of the most important components of this ADC. This paper reports a new design of low power fully differential OTA. In this design authors have used adaptive biasing technique and DC gain enhancement technique for improving design parameters as compared to earlier reported work. The design is simulated in 0. 18μm UMC CMOS technology with supply voltage 1.2V. Simulation results are obtained with load capacitor and achieved improvement in results which are: DC gain 44.7dB, GBW 44.167MHz, the average power consumption is about 19μW and slew rate of 7.698V/μsec.
Ring oscillators: Characteristics and applications

The structure and operating principle of ring oscillators (RO) have been described. The expression for the frequency of oscillation of a complementary metal oxide semiconductor (CMOS) delay cell based conventional ring oscillator is presented and propagation delay of the delay stages is calculated. The limitations of a conventional RO have been studied and a few techniques to overcome these limitations have been mentioned. In this context, some modified structures of ring oscillators such as negative skewed delay RO, multi feedback RO, coupled RO are described for high frequency oscillation. The effect of noise sources on the output of ring oscillators has also been studied. Some potential applications of such ring oscillator based on its voltage tuning characteristics and multiphase outputs are also mentioned.
Is the Organizational Culture of the U.S. Army Congruent with the Professional Development of Its Senior Level Officer Corps

Abstract : ORGANIZATIONAL CULTURE. "Studies of organizational culture share a common goal: to uncover and interpret aspects of organizational life so that we can better understand the perceptions, beliefs, and actions of organizational members" (Martin et al., 1997, p. 3). An organization's culture enables its members to work through the basic problems of survival in and adaptation to the external environment as well as to develop and maintain internal processes that perpetuate adaptability and promote the organization's continued existence (Parsons, 1951; Merton, 1957; Schein, 1985, Martin, 2002). Some organizational leaders and researchers might ask why the study of organizational culture and its impact on the professional development of an organization's leaders is so important. Schein states that it is important because organizational culture is the property of a group and that: . it is a powerful, latent, and often unconscious set of forces that determine both our individual and collective behavior, ways of perceiving, thought patterns, and values. Organizational culture in particular matters because cultural elements determine strategy, goals, and modes of operating. The values and thought patterns of leaders and senior managers are partially determined by their own cultural backgrounds and their shared experience. If we want to make organizations more efficient and effective, then we must understand the role that culture plays in organizational life (1999, p. 14).
Adipose Tissue-Derived Human Serum Amyloid A Does Not Affect Atherosclerotic Lesion Area in hSAA1+/−/ApoE−/− Mice

Chronically elevated serum levels of serum amyloid A (SAA) are linked to increased risk of cardiovascular disease. However, whether SAA is directly involved in atherosclerosis development is still not known. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of adipose tissue-derived human SAA on atherosclerosis in mice. hSAA1+/− transgenic mice (hSAA1 mice) with a specific expression of human SAA1 in adipose tissue were bred with ApoE-deficient mice. The hSAA1 mice and their wild type (wt) littermates were fed normal chow for 35 weeks. At the end of the experiment, the mice were euthanized and blood, gonadal adipose tissue and aortas were collected. Plasma levels of SAA, cholesterol and triglycerides were measured. Atherosclerotic lesion areas were analyzed in the aortic arch, the thoracic aorta and the abdominal aorta in en face preparations of aorta stained with Sudan IV. The human SAA protein was present in plasma from hSAA1 mice but undetectable in wt mice. Similar plasma levels of cholesterol and triglycerides were observed in hSAA1 mice and their wt controls. There were no differences in atherosclerotic lesion areas in any sections of the aorta in hSAA1 mice compared to wt mice. In conclusion, our data suggest that adipose tissue-derived human SAA does not influence atherosclerosis development in mice.
Dynamic Emission of CH4 from a Rice-Duck Farming Ecosystem

Global climatic change induced by emissions of greenhouse gases from human activities is an issue of increasing in-ternational environmental concerns, and agricultural practices and managements are the important contributors for such emissions. This study investigated dynamic emission of methane (CH4) from a paddy field in a rice-duck farming ecosystem. Three different cultivation treatments, namely the organic fertilizer + duck (OF+D), chemical fertilizer + duck (CF + D), and chemical fertilizer (Control) treatments, were employed in this study. Experimental data showed that hourly variations of CH4 emission from the paddy field during the day were somewhat positively correlated (R2 = 0.7 for the OF + D treatment and R2 = 0.6 for the CF+D treatment) to the hourly changes in air temperatures in addi-tion to the influences of the duck activities. The rate of CH4 emission for the CF+D treatment was higher than that of the Control treatment at the tillering stage, whereas the opposite was true at the heading stage. In contrary, the rate of CH4 emission for the OF + D treatment was always higher than that of the Control treatment regardless the tillering or heading stage. Our study revealed that the rate of CH4 emission depended not only on air temperature but also on the rice growth stage. A 6.7% increase in CH4 emission and in global warming potential (GWP) was observed for the CF + D treatment as compared to the Control treatment. This study suggested that although the impacts of duckling on the emission of CH4 depended on the rice growth stage and air temperature regime, the introduction of ducks into the rice farming system in general mitigated the overall CH4 emission and thereby the GWP.
Signatures of Stellar Reionization of the Universe

The high ionization level and nonzero metallicity (~1% Z☉) of the intergalactic gas at redshifts z ≲ 5 implies that nonlinear structure had started to form in the universe at earlier times than we currently probe. In cold dark matter (CDM) cosmologies, the first generation of baryonic objects emerges at redshifts z ~ 10-50. Here we examine the observable consequences of the possibility that an early generation of stars reionized the universe and resulted in the observed metallicity of the Lyα forest. Forthcoming microwave anisotropy experiments will be sensitive to the damping of anisotropies caused by scattering off free electrons from the reionization epoch. For a large range of CDM models with a Scalo stellar mass function, we find that reionization occurs at a redshift z ≳ 10 and damps the amplitude of anisotropies on angular scales ≲10° by a detectable amount, ~10%-25%. However, reionization is substantially delayed if the initial stellar mass function transformed most of the baryons into low-mass stars. In this case, the mass fraction of pregalactic stars could be constrained from the statistics of microlensing events in galactic halos or along lines of sight to quasars. Deep infrared imaging with future space telescopes (such as the Space Infrared Telescope Facility or the Next Generation Space Telescope) will be able to detect bright star clusters at z ≳ 5. The cumulative bremsstrahlung emission from these star clusters yields a measurable distortion to the spectrum of the microwave background.
Towards Class-Based Dynamic Voltage Scaling for Multimedia Applications

Video display has significant, but highly variable, CPU requirements. As such, it is an attractive target for power management via dynamic voltage scaling. In previous work, we have proposed a dynamic voltage scaling algorithm directed to the context of video kiosks, in which a minimal frequency for each frame can be determined experimentally based on observations taken during the first few iterations of the video. In this paper, we review that work, and begin to consider how such an approach can be adapted to the more common case where a video is only played once, on hardware that is not known in advance.
A Numerical Scheme for Three-Dimensional Front Propagation and Control of Jordan Mode

As an example of a front propagation, we study the propagation of a three-dimensional nonlinear wavefront into a polytropic gas in a uniform state and at rest. The successive positions and geometry of the wavefront are obtained by solving the conservation form of equations of a weakly nonlinear ray theory. The proposed set of equations forms a weakly hyperbolic system of seven conservation laws with an additional vector constraint, each of whose components is a divergence-free condition. This constraint is an involution for the system of conservation laws, and it is termed a geometric solenoidal constraint. The analysis of a Cauchy problem for the linearized system shows that when this constraint is satisfied initially, the solution does not exhibit any Jordan mode. For the numerical simulation of the conservation laws we employ a high resolution central scheme. The second order accuracy of the scheme is achieved by using MUSCL-type reconstructions and Runge-Kutta time discretizations. A constrained transport-type technique is used to enforce the geometric solenoidal constraint. The results of several numerical experiments are presented, which confirm the efficiency and robustness of the proposed numerical method and the control of the Jordan mode.
Balance control of robot and human-robot interaction with haptic sensing foots

This paper presents a haptic sensor foot system for humanoid robot and an active tactile sensing technique to balance the humanoid robot with two legs for human and robot interaction task. The proposed sensors are implemented on two robotic foots. The sensor unit contains three thin sheets of force sensitive resistors. Those elements are arranged triangularly on the back of each foot. The research objective is to produce an artifact, which can be operated in a natural and intuitive manner by utilizing the haptic information to control a robot motion to keep the balance on the different contacted ground slopes with their both legs. As a possible application, we also attempted to let the robot avoid the falling down due to the external force by the unpredicted pushing action apply to the robot during human-robot interaction. In these applications, the information about the contacted ground floor or robot orientation is not required in advance.