Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Determinants of Economic Growth : Will Data Tell ? †

Why does income grow faster in some countries than others? Most empirical research addressing this question has in common that only a few explanatory variables are considered, but differs in the variables selected (e.g., Roger C. Kormendi and Philip G. Meguire 1985; Kevin B. Grier and Gordon Tullock 1989; Robert J. Barro 1991; for a review, see Steven N. Durlauf, Paul A. Johnson, and Jonathan R. W. Temple 2005). Researchers select explanatory variables because there are almost as many candidate variables as countries, and classical regression analysis yields inconclusive or fragile results in this case. The literature’s focus on regression models with few explanatory variables has raised concerns that findings are non-robust to variable selection (e.g., Ross Levine and David Renelt 1992). These concerns appear especially relevant in growth economics as researchers’ choices point to a wide range of priors regarding relevant explanations, and the availability of multiple measures for each explanation leaves room for data mining. As a result, many economists appear to be discounting the cross-country evidence on growth determinants (e.g., Dani Rodrik 2006; Commission on Growth and Development 2008). Should cross-country growth evidence be discounted? Are there no growth determinants that are robust to variable selection? Carmen Fernandez, Eduardo Ley, and Mark F. J. Steel (2001b) and Xavier Sala-i-Martin, Gernot Doppelhofer, and Ronald I. Miller (2004) propose to answer these questions using Bayesian model averaging
Case report: Fatal neonatal sepsis associated with Escherichia fergusonii infection in a common bottlenose dolphin (Tursiops truncatus)

A 25-day-old male common bottlenose dolphin (Tursiops truncatus) died suddenly while swimming at a dolphinarium. The gross examination revealed ulceration on the dorsal and pectoral fins and rostrum. Severe congestion, hemorrhage, and edema were observed in the gastrointestinal tract, liver, mesenteric lymph nodes, lungs, and kidneys. Fibrinosuppurative arthritis of the atlantooccipital joint and extension of fibrin into the spinal canal caused compression of the spinal cord. Histopathological examination revealed tracheitis, fibrinosuppurative bronchopneumonia and enteritis. In the central nervous system, meningeal vessel congestion in the brain, and intraparenchymal hemorrhages with neurodegeneration were observed in the spinal cord. Based on the histopathological findings, representative samples, including lung, liver, mesenteric lymph node, blood obtained from the jugular vein, and fluid sample of the ascites, were inoculated on tryptic soy agar and blood agar for routine bacterial isolation. Each isolated bacterial colony was streaked aseptically onto tryptic soy agar and blood agar for pure culture. After then, polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was performed for further identification of pathogenic microorganisms. PCR identified Escherichia fergusonii, Shewanella haliotis, Enterococcus faecalis, and Staphylococcus schleiferi. E. fergusonii was considered the primary etiologic agent in this case since it was the only species identified in all representative samples. The cause of death in this animal was E. fergusonii sepsis. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first case of neonatal sepsis associated with E. fergusonii infection in a dolphin, and suggests E. fergusonii as an opportunistic pathogen associated with sepsis in dolphins.
How does thickness aﬀect magnetic coupling in Ti-based MXenes †

The magnetic nature of Ti 2 C, Ti 3 C 2 , and Ti 4 C 3 MXenes is determined from periodic calculations within density functional theory and using the generalized gradient approximation based PBE functional, the PBE0 and HSE06 hybrids, and the on-site Hubbard corrected PBE+ U one, in all cases using a very tight numerical setup. The results show that all functionals consistently predict a magnetic ground state for all MXenes, with spin densities mainly located at the Ti surface atoms. The analysis of solutions corresponding to diﬀerent spin orderings consistently show that all functionals predict an antiferromagnetic conducting ground state with the two ferromagnetic outer (surface) Ti layers being antiferromagnetically coupled. A physically meaningful spin model is proposed, consistent with the analysis of the chemical bond, with closed shell, diamagnetic, Ti 2+ like ions in inner layers and surface paramagnetic Ti + like centers with one unpaired electron per magnetic center. From a Heisenberg spin model, the relevant isotropic magnetic coupling constants are extracted from an appropriate mapping of total energy diﬀerences per formula unit to the expected energy values of the spin Hamiltonian. While the numerical values of the magnetic coupling constants largely depend on the used functional, the nearest neighbor intralayer coupling is found to be always ferromagnetic, and constitutes the dominant interaction, although two other non-negligible interlayer antiferromagnetic terms are involved, implying that the spin description cannot be reduced to NN interaction only. The influence of the MXene thickness is noticeable for the dominant ferromagnetic interaction, increasing its value with the MXene width. However, the interlayer interactions are essentially due to the covalency eﬀects observed in all metallic solutions which, as expected, decay with distance. Within the PBE+ U approach, a U value of 5 eV is found to closely simulate the results from hybrid functionals for Ti 2 C and less accurately for Ti 3 C 2 and Ti 4 C 3 .
Determination of the wind field over sea

A Doppler lidar can measure wind profiles in the atmosphere with excellent accuracy. Lidars are proposed for spaceborne application. The backscatter lidar technology experiment in space LITE was successfully tested in 1994. A Doppler lidar in space can give both, wind and backscatter information. Existing spaceborne instruments to measure wind velocity over sea are proposed for a synergetic application together with the planned Doppler lidar.
Tectonic evolution of the eastern margin of the Thaumasia Plateau (Mars) as inferred from detailed structural mapping and analysis

[1] The eastern margin of the Thaumasia Plateau (EMTP) is characterized by a diversity of tectonic features, which recorded its complex, and still controversial, tectonic history. A detailed structural survey and analyses have been carried out in order to assess the kinematics and relative age of the main deformational events. Combining results from statistics of lineament orientations and density of fault length for each geologic unit and taking into account crosscutting relationships among tectonic structures, three main deformational events have been recognized. The early stage of the tectonic evolution of EMTP is recorded by Noachian units at the southern edge of Melas Dorsa and is represented by N-S oriented grabens sutured by Early Hesperian formations. Starting from Late Noachian, the extensional stress field became NE-SW oriented and resulted in the formation of NW-SE striking sets of grabens. At the boundary between Noachian and Hesperian, the most important change in tectonic regime occurred. The Hesperian tectonics are characterized by an E-W shortening possibly related to an eastward motion of the Thaumasia Plateau. This tectonic phase likely produced a N-S-oriented wrinkle ridges as well as regional folds and thrust faults. E-W-oriented preexisting tectonic lineaments could have been reactivated forming regional transfer zones. In this scenario, Coprates Rise, Melas Dorsa, and Thaumasia Ridge could be interpreted as mountain belts resulting from buckling and thrust faulting of the eastern and southern margins of the Thaumasia plateau. The proto-Valles Marineris could have experienced a left-lateral component of displacement and played a role of a transfer shear zone.
Dimethylsulfide/cloud condensation nuclei/climate system - Relevant size-resolved measurements of the chemical and physical properties of atmospheric aerosol particles

Atmospheric aerosol particles resulting from the oxidation of dimethylsulfide (DMS) may have an impact on global climate if they result in an enhancement in the cloud condensation nuclei (CCN) number concentration and shortwave cloud albedo. To characterize and quantify relationships within the DMS/CCN/climate system, simultaneous measurements were made over the northeastern Pacific Ocean in April and May 1991 of particulate non-sea-salt sulfate, methanesulfonate, and ammonium mass size distributions, number size distributions of particles having diameters between 0.02 and 9.6 μm, CCN concentrations at 0.3% supersaturation, relative humidity, and temperature. Comparisons between particle mass and surface area indicate that non-sea-salt sulfate, methanesulfonate, and ammonium were not involved in new particle production on the 12- to 24-hour time scale of the measurements. Instead, high levels of available particulate surface area resulted in the condensation of the gas phase precursors onto existing aerosol. A doubling of non-sea-salt sulfate, methanesulfonate, and ammonium mass corresponded to a 40 to 50% increase in number in the accumulation mode size range. Likewise, a doubling of the non-sea-salt sulfate mass corresponded to a 40% increase in the CCN number concentration. As methanesulfonate made up a very small fraction of the soluble particulate mass, no correlations were found between methanesulfonate mass and CCN number. In a separate experiment, measurements were made of particulate non-sea-salt sulfate, methanesulfonate, and ammonium mass size distributions over the central Pacific Ocean during February 1991. The percent of methanesulfonate in the supermicrometer particle size fraction was greater in these samples than in those collected over coastal waters of the northeastern Pacific. In both regions the non-sea-salt sulfate mass size distributions were bimodal, while ammonium was found to be concentrated in larger accumulation mode particles.
Mechanisms of formation of the Arabian Sea mini warm pool in a high-resolution Ocean General Circulation Model

An Ocean General Circulation Model of the Indian Ocean with high horizontal (0.25 degrees x 0.25 degrees) and vertical (40 levels) resolutions is used to study the dynamics and thermodynamics of the Arabian Sea mini warm pool (ASMWP), the warmest region in the northern Indian Ocean during January-April. The model simulates the seasonal cycle of temperature, salinity and currents as well as the winter time temperature inversions in the southeastern Arabian Sea (SEAS) quite realistically with climatological forcing. An experiment which maintained uniform salinity of 35 psu over the entire model domain reproduces the ASMWP similar to the control run with realistic salinity and this is contrary to the existing theories that stratification caused by the intrusion of low-salinity water from the Bay of Bengal into the SEAS is crucial for the formation of ASMWP. The contribution from temperature inversions to the warming of the SEAS is found to be negligible. Experiments with modified atmospheric forcing over the SEAS show that the low latent heat loss over the SEAS compared to the surroundings, resulting from the low winds due to the orographic effect of Western Ghats, plays an important role in setting up the sea surface temperature (SST) distribution over the SEAS during November March. During March-May, the SEAS responds quickly to the air-sea fluxes and the peak SST during April-May is independent of the SST evolution during previous months. The SEAS behaves as a low wind, heat-dominated regime during November-May and, therefore, the formation and maintenance of the ASMWP is not dependent on the near surface stratification.
Multi-view and multi-scale behavior recognition algorithm based on attention mechanism

Human behavior recognition plays a crucial role in the field of smart education. It offers a nuanced understanding of teaching and learning dynamics by revealing the behaviors of both teachers and students. In this study, to address the exigencies of teaching behavior analysis in smart education, we first constructed a teaching behavior analysis dataset called EuClass. EuClass contains 13 types of teacher/student behavior categories and provides multi-view, multi-scale video data for the research and practical applications of teacher/student behavior recognition. We also provide a teaching behavior analysis network containing an attention-based network and an intra-class differential representation learning module. The attention mechanism uses a two-level attention module encompassing spatial and channel dimensions. The intra-class differential representation learning module utilized a unified loss function to reduce the distance between features. Experiments conducted on the EuClass dataset and a widely used action/gesture recognition dataset, IsoGD, demonstrate the effectiveness of our method in comparison to current state-of-the-art methods, with the recognition accuracy increased by 1–2% on average.
Proceedings of the Annual Meeting of the Cognitive Science Society

Human learning is often motivated by self-imposed challenges, which guide behavior even in the absence of external rewards. Previous studies have shown that humans can use personal goals to “hack” the definition of reward, warranting an extension of the classic reinforcement learning framework to account for the flexible attribution of value to outcomes according to current goals. However, learning through goal-derived outcomes is less efficient than learning through more established reinforcers, such as numeric points. At least three possible explanations exist for this sort of impairment, or “bug”. First, occasional lapses in executive function, which is required to encode and recognize goals, may result in subsequent failure to update values accordingly. Second, the higher working memory load required to encode novel stimuli as desirable outcomes may impair people’s ability to update and re-member correct stimulus-reward associations. Third, a weaker commitment to arbitrary goals may result in dimmer appetitive signals. By extending existing experimental paradigms that include learning from both familiar rewards and abstract, goal-contingent outcomes and combining them with computational modeling techniques, we find evidence for each of the proposed accounts. While other factors might also play a role in this process, our results provide an initial indication of the key elements supporting (or impairing) the attribution of re-warding properties to otherwise neutral stimuli, which enable humans to better pursue arbitrarily set goals.
Determining Distinct Suicide Attempts From Recurrent Electronic Health Record Codes: Classification Study

Background Prior suicide attempts are a relatively strong risk factor for future suicide attempts. There is growing interest in using longitudinal electronic health record (EHR) data to derive statistical risk prediction models for future suicide attempts and other suicidal behavior outcomes. However, model performance may be inflated by a largely unrecognized form of “data leakage” during model training: diagnostic codes for suicide attempt outcomes may refer to prior attempts that are also included in the model as predictors. Objective We aimed to develop an automated rule for determining when documented suicide attempt diagnostic codes identify distinct suicide attempt events. Methods From a large health care system’s EHR, we randomly sampled suicide attempt codes for 300 patients with at least one pair of suicide attempt codes documented at least one but no more than 90 days apart. Supervised chart reviewers assigned the clinical settings (ie, emergency department [ED] versus non-ED), methods of suicide attempt, and intercode interval (number of days). The probability (or positive predictive value) that the second suicide attempt code in a given pair of codes referred to a distinct suicide attempt event from its preceding suicide attempt code was calculated by clinical setting, method, and intercode interval. Results Of 1015 code pairs reviewed, 835 (82.3%) were nonindependent (ie, the 2 codes referred to the same suicide attempt event). When the second code in a pair was documented in a clinical setting other than the ED, it represented a distinct suicide attempt 3.3% of the time. The more time elapsed between codes, the more likely the second code in a pair referred to a distinct suicide attempt event from its preceding code. Code pairs in which the second suicide attempt code was assigned in an ED at least 5 days after its preceding suicide attempt code had a positive predictive value of 0.90. Conclusions EHR-based suicide risk prediction models that include International Classification of Diseases codes for prior suicide attempts as a predictor may be highly susceptible to bias due to data leakage in model training. We derived a simple rule to distinguish codes that reflect new, independent suicide attempts: suicide attempt codes documented in an ED setting at least 5 days after a preceding suicide attempt code can be confidently treated as new events in EHR-based suicide risk prediction models. This rule has the potential to minimize upward bias in model performance when prior suicide attempts are included as predictors in EHR-based suicide risk prediction models.
Mapping irrigation area of winter wheat farmland in North China Plain using MODIS remote sensing data

North China Plain was the most important cropping region in China with severe challenges of water shortage. Cropping in the plain required large amount of irrigation water to support harvest. However, water resource was very limited due to high evaporation and unbalanced precipitation. Both surface and underground water resources in the region had been over-extracted. Since agriculture consists of the largest component of water uses, mapping irrigation area for estimation of agricultural water demand was urgently required to improve the administration of water resource for effective utilization in the region. We presented our systematic investigation of mapping the irrigation area in the plain using MODIS remote sensing data. Winter wheat had been identified as the main cropping systems requiring intensive irrigation during the growing season from March to early June. The normalized difference of vegetation index (NDVI) had been used to identify winter wheat and forest, which could then be used as the input for irrigation mapping. Then Vegetation supply water index (VSWI) had been used for identifying irrigated area in winter wheat field, which combined the information of temperature and growing condition of vegetation together. According to our study in North China plain, irrigation area could be properly mapped for estimation of agricultural water demand using the MODIS data. Total irrigation area of the region was about 5.9 million ha in 2006. The results indicated that the spatial variation of irrigation area was very obvious in the region. More intensive irrigation could be observed in southern Hebei and northeast Henan of the region. Irrigation percentage in these areas might reach up to 70% for winter wheat in 2006. Therefore, our study demonstrated that MODIS data could be useful for irrigation mapping in regional scale.
Gas‐phase reaction of N2O5 with water vapor: Importance of heterogeneous hydrolysis of N2O5 and surface desorption of HNO3 in a large Teflon chamber

Laboratory measurements of the gas‐phase hydrolysis of N2O5 are always preturbed by wall reactions. Their contribution could be quantified in a large double‐walled teflon bag chamber by introducing HNO3 into the chamber and analysing its temporal evolution in the gas‐phase at low and high relative humidities, and by varying the surface‐to‐volume ratio of the chamber. By fitting a model to the experimental results, a consistent set of rate coefficients for adsorption and desorption of HNO3 from the chamber walls could be obtained. The desorption is so slow that the gas‐phase hydrolysis of N2O5 via the reactions N2O5 + H2O → 2HNO3 (k1 = 2.5 · 10−22cm³molec.−1s−1) and N2O5 + 2H2O → 2HNO3 + H2O (k2 = 1.8 · 10−39cm6molec.−2s−1) is influenced by wall effects to less than 5%. The importance of the gas‐phase N2O5 hydrolysis in the troposphere is discussed.
Zircon U-Pb SHRIMP dating for the volcanic rocks of the Xiong＇er Group： Constraints on the initial formation age of the cover of the North China Craton

The volcanic rocks of the Xiong'er Group occur widely in the southern part of the North China Craton, which mark the beginning of the cover in the southern part of the North China Craton. The age of the volcanic rocks is thus crucial to understand the tectonic regime and evolutionary history of the North China Craton in the Proterozoic age. Zircons from five volcanic rocks and intrusions were dated by U-Pb SHRIMP method. The results indicate that the Xiong'er Group formed in 1.80--1.75 Ga of Paleo-Proterozoic. Since the Xiong'er Group formed earlier than the Changcheng System, the earliest rocks in the Changcheng System is therefore assumed to be formed in 1.75 Ga. A thermal-tectonic event of ca. 1.84 Ga is indicated by new zircon U-Pb SHRIMP ages in the southern part of the North China Craton. The volcanic rocks of the Xiong'er Group thus represent the initial magmatism of the Paleo-Proterozoic breakup of the North China Craton. Numerous inherited zircons in the volcanic rocks mainly formed in ～2.20 Ga, indicating that the source magma of the volcanic rocks may be derived from the ～2.20 Ga crust, or from a mantle magma with significant contamination of the ～2.20 Ga crust.
The Skógar Tephra, a Younger Dryas marker in North Iceland

A composite stratigraphical sequence, the Fnjoskadalur Sequence, reveals ten cycles of glacier advances and formation of ice-dammed lakes in Fnjoskadalur in central North Iceland. Chemical analyses of the Skogar Tephra, with its type locality in this valley, have enabled a correlation with Ash zone I in deep sea sediments of the North Atlantic and with the Vedde Ash Bed on land in western Norway, where it is dated to 10,600 BP. The Skogar Tephra is composed of two layers, a basaltic tephra (STP-1) and a rhyolitic tephra (STP-2) erupted almost simultaneously from two different Icelandic volcanoes. The STP-1 tephra originates from the Katla volcano in South Iceland, and the oraefajokull volcano in Southeast Iceland is considered a plausible source of the STP-2 tephra. This new dating of the Skogar Tephra puts the three youngest glacier advances of the Fnjoskadalur Sequence within a 1000 year period between 10,600 and 9650 BP. The redated Late Weichselian glacial history now extracted from the Fnjoskadalur Sequence shows that glaciers in North Iceland were more extended in Younger Dryas and Preboreal times than previously assumed. This fits with the revised deglaciation pattern which has evolved in recent years.