Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Making the Most of It: Word Sense Annotation and Disambiguation in the Face of Data Sparsity and Ambiguity

Author(s): Jurgens, David Alan | Advisor(s): Dyer, Michael G | Abstract: Natural language is highly ambiguous, with the same word having different meanings depending on the context. While human readers often have no trouble interpreting the correct meaning, semantic ambiguity poses a significant problem for many natural language systems, such as those that translate text or perform machine reading. The task of identifying which meaning of a word is present in a given context is known as Word Sense Disambiguation (WSD), where a word's meanings are discretized into units referred to as senses. Because languages contain hundreds of thousand of unique words and each of those words can have multiple meanings, comprehensive sense-annotated corpora are often sparse, with only tens to low-hundreds of annotated examples of each word. As a result, creating high performance WSD systems requiring overcoming this data sparsity.This thesis provides a three-fold approach to improving WSD performance in the face of data sparsity. First, we introduce two new algorithms that take the role of a lexicographer and automatically learn the senses of a word from example uses in a fully unsupervised way. We then demonstrate that these unsupervised systems can be combined with a limited amount of annotated data to create a semi-supervised WSD system that significantly outperforms a state-of-the-art supervised WSD system trained on the same data. Second, we propose a novel method for gathering high-quality sense annotations from large numbers of untrained, online workers, commonly referred to as crowdsourcing. Our method lowers the time and cost of building sense-annotated corpora, while maintaining as high a level of agreement between annotators, comparable with that of trained experts. Third, we analyze cases of ambiguity in sense annotations, when two annotators differ about which sense best describes the meaning of a particular usage of a word. To perform this analysis, we built the largest sense-annotated corpus where cases of semantic ambiguity are explicitly marked. Our analysis of this corpus revealed multiple causes for this ambiguity as well as how the ambiguity may be interpreted and resolved by natural language applications using ambiguous data. To complement this work on ambiguity, we have also introduced a new methodology for evaluating WSD systems that explicitly report ambiguous instances.
Sequence stratigraphy and the habitat of hydrocarbons, Gippsland Basin, Australia

Abstract The Gippsland Basin is Australia’s most prolific oil and gas province, with initial reserves estimated at 3.6 billion barrels crude/condensate, 0.6 billion barrels liquid petroleum gas (LPG) and 8.3 TCF dry gas. It is located in southeastern Australia, mainly offshore. Significant hydrocarbons were first discovered in 1964, in large structures at the top of the Late Cretaceous-Eocene Latrobe Group. All of the large structures have now been drilled, with current exploration concentrating on fault-dependent and combined stratigraphic structural traps within the Latrobe Group. Hydrocarbon, source rock and maturation data suggest that there is a widespread and uniform non-marine source of Late Cretaceous age. The concentration of hydrocarbons at the top of the Latrobe Group is due to the presence of large structures, an excellent cap seal, and the relatively sandy nature of the underlying, intra-Latrobe section. The distribution of oil versus gas at this level is largely explained by maturation variations and migration pathways within the basin. Vertical migration of up to 2 km is required in most cases. The distribution of oil versus gas is also influenced by minor source rock variations, fresh water washing, biodegradation, and the variable quality of fault seal. Recent exploration studies have concentrated on locating stratigraphic and combination traps, especially within the Latrobe Group. Prediction and subsequent discovery of these traps is a challenging task that has been aided by sequence-stratigraphic and seismic-stratigraphic analysis of the rock record. This has allowed the prediction of reservoir, source and seal geometries and distributions. The techniques used to construct this chronostratigraphic framework are presented, together with examples of its application within fields and on a regional basis.
A simple model for simulation of water content, soil frost, and soil temperatures in boreal mixed mires

In this paper we present a model that can reconstruct water table position and soil temperature profiles to 3 m depth in boreal mixed mire systems using the readily available climate data on air temperature and precipitation as driving variables. The model simulates complete, multiple annual cycles including winter conditions and freeze‐thaw processes. The major requisite for an accurate description of the soil heat flux in a mire is an accurate description of the water content of the profile because of the high porosity of the soil and the thermal properties of water. The soil moisture profile in this model is described as a function of water table position derived from empirical published data of soil moisture profile measurements at different water table positions. The parameters of the model were set and tested for a lawn community, one of the most dominant plant communities occurring in boreal mixed mires. The model is optimized for the period 1995–1997 at the mixed mire Degerö Stormyr and was validated for the period 1997–1998 at the same location and for 1991–1993 at Storåmyran, 60 km away. The mean deviation of simulated to measured soil temperature from 10 cm to 3 m depth in the validation data sets was <1.6°C with a maximal standard deviation of 1.8°C. A response analysis of the amount of winter precipitation showed the influence of snow cover depth on soil frost fluctuations. A simulated precipitation corresponding to 25% of the measured precipitation during winter 1995–1996, with all other factors unchanged, prolonged the period of frozen ground in the model from June 8 to August 1. With a doubling of the winter precipitation the modeled period of frozen ground lasted only until May 6.
Awareness and risk perception to climate variability among Baiga and Gond tribes in Chhattisgarh state of India

This study has attempted to find out the level of awareness among tribal respondents of Chhattisgarh with respect to climate variability and perceived risks due to changes in climate attributes. The study was carried out in kabirdham district of Chhattisgarh state. Data were collected from 120 tribal respondents from 6 village of kabirdham district. The study revealed that majority of female and male farmers hailing from tribal areas were not aware about concepts of climate change and global warming. Eleven per cent female and 16.67 per cent male respondents were aware about the causes of changes in climate. Female and male respondents did not differ significantly in their perception on changes in climate attributes due to change in precipitation, length of summer days and winter days, water level, heat waves and moisture level. However perceptions differed significantly between female and male respondents with respect to changes in temperature, monsoon and number of rainy days at 5 per cent level of significance.
An improved 1D filtering method for LIDAR point cloud

This paper discusses how to separate non-ground points from raw LIDAR point cloud. For the purpose of improving processing efficiency and precision, an improved 1-D filtering method is proposed. The entire filtering process is divided into eight steps and non-ground points are eliminated progressively. In these processing steps, a key-point detection technique is used to segment points in profile. Based on these profile segments, detailed analysis is utilized to implement segment-oriented filtering innovatively. This method makes use of entire features of segmental points for classification, so it is more accuracy and robust than traditional point-by-point classification. Two different scale datasets are used to test our method. Compared to 1-D labeling method, the proposed method is more effective and efficiency.
Krit1 interactions with microtubules and membranes are regulated by Rap1 and ICAP-1.

Sophie Beraud-Dufour, Romain Gautier, Corinne Albiges-Rizo*, Pierre Chardin and Eva Faurobert. UMR 6097 CNRS-UNSA, Institut de Pharmacologie Moleculaire et Cellulaire, 660 route des lucioles, 06560 Vabonne, France, * CRI U823 Universite Joseph Fourier, Institut Albert Bonniot equipe 1 DYSAD, Site Sante La Tronche, 38042 Grenoble, France. Address correspondence to: Eva Faurobert, CRI U8 23 Universite Joseph Fo urier, Institut Albert Bonniot equipe 1 DYSAD, Site Sante La Tronc he BP170, 38042 Grenoble CEDEX 9, France Tel: 00-33-476-54-94-74; Fax: 00-33-476-54-94-25; E-Mail: faurobert@ipmc.cnrs. fr inserm-00322435, version 1 - 17 Sep 2008 Short title: Rap1 regulates Krit 1 microtubule and lipid binding
Characteristics and fine structure of the large cosmic‐ray fluctuations in November 1960

Measurements obtained at Deep River, Canada, from two large neutron monitors, and at Cambridge, Massachusetts, from a high counting rate meson monitor, during the solar cosmic-ray injections of November 12 and 15, 1960, are reported. In addition, rate-meter pen traces of the neutron increases and a magnetometer trace of H, obtained at Deep River, are reproduced. The solar cosmic-ray increase of November 12 appears to be unique in that while it was in progress a sharp Forbush decrease happened to occur as shown by the MIT meson intensity. Half an hour before the onset of the Forbush decrease, and coincident with a conspicuous increase of H, the intensity of the solar cosmic radiation doubled and then exhiblted strong rapid oscillations. Arguments are advanced that the changes of intensity of the solar cosmic rays observed at high latitudes at the time of the magnetic disturbance and Forbush decrease are due to the earth sampling solar cosmic rays trapped in the gas cloud responsible for these latter effects. The events of November 12 and 15 are both shown to be in agreement with a recent model for the magnetic fields in the inner solar system. At the time of the solar cosmic-raymore » increase of November 15, the earth was already inside a trapping region, and periodic osclllations of the solar cosmic-ray intensity were observed lasting for about 2 hours. It is suggested that these oscillations may be closely connected with the storage mechanism. (auth)« less
The Impact of Agriculture on Soil Texture Due to Wind Erosion

Wind erosion produces textural changes on topsoil of semiarid and arid environments; however, the selection of particles on different textured soils is unclear. Our objectives were to evaluate textural changes induced by wind erosion on cultivated soils of different granulometry and to asses if textural changes produced by wind erosion are linked to aggregation of granulometric particles into different sizes of aggregates formed in contrasting textured soils. Considering this, we studied the particle size distribution (PSD) with full dispersion (PSDF) of 14 cultivated (CULT) and uncultivated (UNCULT) paired soils and, on selected sites, the PSD with minimum dispersion (PSDMIN) and the quotient PSDMIN/F. Results showed that the content of silt plus clay was lower in CULT than in UNCULT in most of the sites. The highest removal of silt was produced in soils with low sand and high silt content; meanwhile, the highest removal of clay was observed in soils with medium sand content. According to PSDMIN, particles of 250–2,000 μm predominated in the sandy soil, in the loamy soil particles between 50 and 250 μm and in the silty loam soil particles between 2 and 50 μm. For clay sized particles, PSDMIN/F was lower than 1 in all soils and managements, but this quotient was higher in CULT compared with UNCULT only in the loamy soil. This means a decrease of clay accumulation in aggregates of larger sizes produced by agriculture, which indicates an increase in the risk of removal of these particles by wind in loamy soils. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Imaging magma storage below Teide volcano (Tenerife) using scattered seismic wavefields

SUMMARY Tenerife (Canary Islands, Spain) is a volcanic island dominated by the Teide-Pico Viejo complex, with a summit height of 3718 m. After renewed signs of activity starting in 2004, an active seismic experiment was performed in 2007 to derive a tomographic model and identify seismic anomalies possibly associated with the magmatic system. To complement the tomography, a double beam-forming analysis is applied on two orthogonal 2-D profiles crossing the island to look for evidence of the existence of a magma chamber. Numerical tests allow us to investigate the best measure of coherency between traces, and show that the correlation and nth root semblance methods give better results than the classical semblance. They also demonstrate that the technique is reliable for locating scattering structures at depth, even when the velocity model is imperfect. Applying this technique to the Tenerife data set, two main anomalies can be identified: one at approximately 7–9 km b.s.l. depth in the northern part of the island, and one shallower (1–4 km b.s.l.) beneath the main summit. These structures could be linked to the magmatic system, in good agreement with previous studies. The shallowest one may be the phonolitic storage area feeding the Teide-Pico Viejo complex, while the deepest structure may be related to the basaltic system.
Broken K Pueblo: Prehistoric Social Organization in the American Southwest

This report presents an analysis of a prehistoric Pueblo community in structural, functional, and evolutionary terms; it is a sequel to William A. Longacre's Archaeology as Anthropology. The emphasis is on social organization (including the patterning of community activities) and on understanding changes in this organization in terms of adaptive responses to a shifting environment.
Coordination Tunes Selectivity: Two-Electron Oxygen Reduction on High-Loading Molybdenum Single-Atom Catalysts

kV, operated at 120.0 kV, and a FEI Titan Cubed G2 300 double spherical aberration corrected STEM operated at 120.0 kV. XRD data were collected on a Rigaku MiniFlex 600 X-ray Diffractometer. Raman spectra were collected using a Horiba LabRAM HR Evolution Raman spectrometer with a 532 nm laser. XPS measurements were carried out by Escalab 250xi. All XPS spectra were calibrated using C 1s line at 284.6 eV and fitted using XPSPEAK program. The Mo content was analyzed using an inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometer (IRIS Intrepid II XSP, ThermoFisher, USA). The Mg content was detected by an inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometer (Agilent 8900x QQQ-ICP-MS, Agilent, USA). XAS measurement was undertaken on the soft X-ray beamline at Australian Synchrotron. The X-ray absorption fine structure spectroscopy (XAFS) experiments were carried out at beam line 7-BM (QAS) of the National Synchrotron Light Source II (NSLS-II). The Mo K-edge (20000 eV) XAFS spectrum was
An analytical model to relate the vertical root distribution to climate and soil properties

We propose an analytical model to relate the vertical distribution of plant roots in water controlled ecosystems to the local climatic and pedologic conditions. We find that the shape of the root profile is determined by the distribution of the incoming rainfall pulses, and that the rooting systems are deeper where the soils are coarse‐textured and the evaporative demand slightly exceeds precipitation.
Relation between meteorological conditions and the catching of red tuna (Thunnus thynnus) from the measurements of the TOVS and AVHRR sensors of the NOAA satellites

During the second half of the month of June 1997, a massive catch of red tuna (Thunnus thynnus) took place off the coast of Babarte (Spain), in contrast to the first half of that month when there was hardly any presence of this species. The aim of this paper was to examine the relation between the high fishing productivity and the meteorological conditions under which the oceanic events to which the tuna fisheries were attracted took place. This was carried out through the analysis of Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer (AVHRR) sensor data and the data from the Tiros‐N Operational Vertical Sounder (TOVS) probe of the NOAA‐14 satellite from 10 to 24 June 1997. Results show that the formation of the fishing front was caused by an ocean–atmosphere energetic exchange, which was localized and described through the data transmitted from the NOAA satellites.
Continental scale models of water balance and fluvial transport: An application to South America

A coupled water balance and water transport model (WBM / WTM) was constructed as part of a larger study of global biogeochemistry. The WBM / WTM provides critical hydrologic information to models of terrestrial primary production, organic matter decay, riverine nutrient flux and trace gas exchanges with the troposphere. Specifically, it creates high-resolution data sets for monthly soil moisture, evapotranspiration, runoff, river discharge and floodplain inundation. As a first step toward eventual global coverage, the WBM / WTM was applied to South America, represented by more than 5700 1/2° (latitude / longitude) grid cells. The WBM transforms spatially complex data on long-term climate, vegetation, soils and topography into predictions of soil moisture (SM), evapotranspiration (ET) and runoff (RO). For South America, field capacity in soils ranged from 27 to 582 mm of water, and computed values for mean annual SM, ET and RO were 284 mm, 1059 mm/yr and 619 mm/yr, respectively. There were large differences regionally and over the year. The transport model uses WBM-derived runoff, information on fluvial topology, linear transfer through river channels and a simple representation of floodplain inundation to generate monthly discharge estimates for any cell within a simulated catchment. The WTM successfully determined the timing and magnitude of discharge at selected locations within the Amazon / Tocantins basin. It also demonstrated the importance of floodplain inundation in defining flow regime on the mainstem Amazon. Estimated mean annual discharge was 207,000 m3/s for the Amazon River and 17,000 m3/s for the Tocantins. In these basins, 45% of the incident precipitation emerges as river flow; 55% is lost to ET. The model described in this paper will be expanded to include the dynamics of carbon, major nutrients and sediments. It will serve as a semimechanistic tool to quantify the transport of materials from the landscape to the world's oceans. Such a capability becomes increasingly important as we seek to understand the impacts of climate and land use change on major river systems of the globe.
Environmental Settings of Selected Streams Sampled for Mercury in Oregon, Wisconsin, and Florida, 2002-06

From 2002 through 2006, the U.S. Geological Survey National Water-Quality Assessment Program conducted studies investigating mercury biogeochemistry and food-web bioaccumulation in eight streams from three distinct geographic areas of the United States. These streams varied greatly in environmental characteristics, including land-cover, hydrologic, climatic, and chemical characteristics. They ranged from a clear-water, high-gradient, low-percentage wetland stream in the Cascade Mountains of Oregon, to an urban stream near Milwaukee, Wisconsin, to a low-gradient, blackwater stream draining the Okefenokee and Pinhook Swamps along the Georgia-Florida border. This report summarizes the environmental settings of these eight streams.
Evaluation of reanalysis rainfall estimates over Ethiopia

There is a pressing need for good rainfall data for the African continent both for humanitarian and climatological purposes. Given the sparseness of ground‐based observations, one source of rainfall information is Numerical Weather Prediction (NWP) model outputs. The aim of this article is to investigate the quality of two NWP products using Ethiopia as a test case. The two products evaluated are the ERA‐40 and NCEP reanalysis rainfall products. Spatial, seasonal and interannual variability of rainfall have been evaluated for Kiremt (JJAS) and Belg (FMAM) seasons at a spatial scale that reflects the local variability of the rainfall climate using a method which makes optimum use of sparse gauge validation data.
Nucleotide Sequence of a Rice (Oryza sativa) Prolamin Storage Protein Gene, RP6

Glutelins and prolamins are the major storage proteins of rice (Oryza sativa) seeds. These proteins have been extensively studied recently at the molecular level. To date, more than 10 rice prolamin cDNA clones (Kim and Okita, 1988; Masumura et al., 1990), but far fewer genomic clones (Kim and Okita, 1988; Feng et al., 1990), have been described. In this report we describe another rice prolamin genomic nucleotide sequence with its 5'-flanking region containing putative regulatory sequences. The RP6 prolamin gene contains a single open reading frame encoding 156 amino acids, 672 bp of 5'-flanking region, and 1058 bp of 3'-flanking region; no introns are present (Table I). The transcribed region of the RP6 nucleotide sequence exactly matches the rice prolamin XRM7 cDNA, except that the dinucleotide GC replaces CG at position 49, causing a predictable amino acid change from Arg to Ala in the 19-amino acid signal peptide of RP6 (Masumura et al., 1990). Downstream from the stop codon, TAG, there are two poly(A) signals and a hairpin loop that may be formed right after the first poly(A) signal at position 508. In comparison with the previously described rice prolamin gene LProl 4a (Kim and Okita, 1988), 22 and 133 nucleotides in the 5' flanking regions have been deleted at positions -96 and -244, respectively, from the translation starting site of RP6. In other regions, they exhibit 70% homology. In addition to the CAAT and TATA boxes, the 5 ' upstream regions of RP6 and LProl 4a (Kim and Okita, 1988) contain the '-300 element" (Forde et al., 1985), which is in consensus with other cereal prolamin genes such as wheat a-gliadin (Rafalski et al., 1984) and barley B1 hordein (Forde et al., 1985). The upstream highly conserved motif, TAAAGTGA in RP6, also shares some homology with its two direct-repeat sequences at -542 and -386. Colot et al. (1989) reported that this motif was essential for endosperm-specific expression of cereal prolamin genes in transformed tobacco. The downstream conserved motif, TGAGTCAT, appears to be the Jun/GCN4-binding site important for gene expression in a variety of eukaryotes (Curran and Franza, 1988). Kim and Wu (1990) suggested that this motif may play an important role in rice glutelin gene tissue-specific expression. There are 10 consecutive repeats (beginning at -633) of the trinucleotide, TTA, in addition to two 13-nucleotide (GTAA-
Nucleotide sequence of a complementary DNA encoding tobacco chloroplastic carbonic anhydrase.

the re-versible hydration of CO2 to HCO3- and is one of the more abundant soluble proteins in the leaves of higher plants In the chloroplast of C3 CA catalyzes the dehydration of HCO3- and thus maintains the supply of CO2 for Rubisco cytosolic is speed the hydration HCO3-is the for phosphoenolpyruvate carboxyl-ase
Follicular Papules and Erythematous Plaques on the Back

distribution and with minimal epidermal involvement (Fig. 2). The hair follicles presented a lymphoproliferative infiltrate, with the presence of mucin that stained intensely positive with Alcian blue at pH 2.5. Immunohistochemistry was positive for CD3 (Fig. 3), CD5, and CD7, with deletion of CD2 and partial deletion of CD4. The proliferating cells were negative for CD30, CD56, TIA-1, perforin, and granzyme B. Molecular study showed clonal rearrangement of the gamma chain of the T-cell receptor.