Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
SPQR: flexible automated design pattern extraction from source code

Previous automated approaches to discovering design patterns in source code have suffered from a need to enumerate static descriptions of structural and behavioral relationships, resulting in a finite library of variations on pattern implementation. Our approach, system for pattern query and recognition, or SPQR, differs in that we do not seek statically to encode each variant of the patterns that we wish to find. Our system finds pattern variants that were not explicitly defined, but instead are inferred dynamically during code analysis by a theorem prover, providing practical tool support for software construction, comprehension, maintenance, and refactoring. We use a logical inference system to reveal large numbers of patterns and their variations from a small number of definitions by encoding in a formal denotational semantics a small number of fundamental OO concepts (elemental design patterns), encode the rules by which these concepts are combined to form patterns (reliance operators), and encode the structural/behavioral relationships among components of objects and classes (rho-calculus). A chain of fully automated tools provides a path from source code to revealed patterns. We describe our approach in this paper with a concrete example to drive the discussion, accompanied by formal treatment of the foundational topics.
Carbon Nanotubes Blowing New Life Into NP Dynamic CMOS Circuits

Low-power, compact, and high-performance NP dynamic CMOS circuits are presented in this paper assuming a 16 nm carbon nanotube transistor technology. The performances of two-stage pipeline 32-bit carry lookahead adders are evaluated based on HSPICE simulation with the following four different implementations: silicon MOSFET (Si-MOSFET) domino logic, Si-MOSFET NP dynamic CMOS, carbon nanotube MOSFET (CN-MOSFET) domino logic, and CN-MOSFET NP dynamic CMOS. While providing similar propagation delay, the total area of CN-MOSFET NP dynamic CMOS adder is reduced by 35.53%, 77.96%, and 15.52% as compared to the Si-MOSFET domino, Si-MOSFET NP dynamic CMOS, and CN-MOSFET domino adders, respectively. Miniaturization of the CN-MOSFET NP dynamic CMOS circuit reduces the dynamic switching power consumption by 80.54%, 95.57%, and 25.66% as compared to the Si-MOSFET domino, Si-MOSFET NP dynamic CMOS, and CN-MOSFET domino circuits, respectively. Furthermore, the CN-MOSFET NP dynamic CMOS adder provides up to 99.98% savings in leakage power consumption as compared to the other adder circuits that are evaluated in this study.
Automatic Control Music Amplifier Using Speech Signal Utilizing by TMS320C6713

In a radio station when the announcer wants to Broadcast an urgent message to the listeners, the announcer must set manually the volume of background music while it has been playing. This process has disadvantages such as the volume of background music being either too loud or too weak. This effect can be minimized by adjusting music volume automatically using human speech signals. In this research TMS320C6713 DSP Starter Kit (DSK) as a signal processor is used. The incoming human speech signal will be detected by using voice activity detection (VAD) which consists of Short Term Energy and Zero Crossing Rate, the process is to identify the characteristics of the human speech signals. If the input signal is the human speech signal it will affect to decreasing volume of background music and will be maintained at a certain minimum level during speech. By using an energy threshold value of 60 dB and ZCR values between 20 and 45 times the system can recognize the input signal and the signal is human speech signals. Furthermore, voice signals can be used to adjust the volume of the background music as a given gain parameter.
Morphable guidelines for the human head

We present a system to help users achieve better face warping on 2D portrait images. Faces can be difficult to warp accurately because the rotation of the head affects the shape of the facial features. We bypass this problem by utilizing the Loomis 'ball and plane' head drawing method as a proxy structure. The resulting 'morphable guidelines' consist of a simple 3D head model. This proxy model can be reshaped by the user to mimic the positioning and proportions of a face in their input image. The vertices of the model act as deformation points for a 2D image deformation algorithm. Thus, the user can seamlessly transform the face proportions in the 2D image by transforming the proportions of the morphable guidelines. This technique can be used for both retouching and caricature warping purposes, as it is well-suited for both subtle and extreme modifications. Our system is advantageous over previous work in face warping because our morphable guidelines can be used on a wide range of head orientations and do not require the generation and reintegration of a full 3D model.
A Multiresolution Stereo Vision System for Mobile Robots

Realtime stereoscopic analysis is becoming a realty as microcomputer speeds increase. There are now opportunities for applying stereo ranging to problems in mobile robot navigation. We describe an implemented stereo system for robot map-making and localization, in which the main task is to put together a oor plan of the environment using data from a passive stereo head. We develop several techniques to make the stereo system usable for this task; the primary ones are a fast multiresolution method for extending the range of the stereo system, and an easy calibration method for setting and maintaining calibration. The resultant system has su cient accuracy, range, and robustness to extract oor plans as the robot navigates the environment.
Production of Functional Wheat Flour by Heat Moisture Treatment using optimization by Response Surface Methodology

The functionalization of native wheat flours was carried out by using the heat moisture treatment (HMT). This HMT process was executed according a full factorial design and the independent variables selected were initial moisture content of flours, temperatures and the duration of treatment. The heat moisture treatment was optimized by using response surface method (RSM) for three different responses: gelatinization temperature, swelling capacity and lightness color of flours. The effects of three factors were found to be significant at different level for all responses. The optimal HMT process conditions for having functional flours with high gelatinization temperature, high swelling capacity and high lightness of color, were found at 27.5% (db) for initial moisture content of native flour treated at 120°C during 1 hour. The predictable values of the response variables were 67.95 °C for gelatinization temperature, 7.49 g/g for swelling capacity and 67.67 for lightness of color. Keywords— optimization, heat moisture treatment, wheat flour, full factorial design, response surface method.
Oral Human Papillomavirus and Human Herpesvirus-8 Infections Among Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1–Infected Men and Women in Italy

Background Oral human papillomavirus (HPV) and human herpesvirus-8 (HHV8) infections are sexually transmitted and respectively associated with the development of oropharyngeal carcinoma and Kaposi sarcoma. The aim of the study was to evaluate HPV prevalence and its possible correlation with HHV8 oral shedding, in relation to sex, human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) behavioral risk factor, and immune function. Methods The study population comprised 100 HIV-infected individuals divided into 3 groups: (1) 38 men who have sex with men (MSM), (2) 24 heterosexual men, and (3) 38 women. DNA was obtained from cells of unstimulated whole saliva. Human papillomavirus sequences were searched for by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) with MY09/MY11 primers or by nested PCR with GP5+/GP6+ primers as the second step. Typing was accomplished by restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis or by direct sequencing or by reverse line blot. Human herpesvirus-8 sequences were detected and quantified by nested PCR and real-time PCR, respectively. Results Oral HPV infection was present in 37 (prevalence, 37%) of 100 (13 with high-risk and 24 with low-risk types) patients; the most frequent types were HPV16, HPV6, HPV10, HPV61, HPV66, and HPV83. Human herpesvirus-8 DNA was detected in 46 (46%) of 100 subjects. Both infections had the highest prevalence among MSM and the lowest among women; women had a lower prevalence of high-risk HPV types than did both male groups (P = 0.05). An inverse correlation was observed with concomitant oral HHV8 infection (P = 0.007). Conclusions High prevalence of oral HPV and HHV8 infections was observed; MSM had the highest figures, despite better control of HIV infection.
Dynamic Feature Selection Applied to the Recognition of Grasping Movements in the Control of Bioprosthetic Hand

The paper presents novel method of dynamic feature selection (DFS) and its application in the problem of recognition of patient intent in the bioprosthesis control system. In the proposed approach features are selected dynamically, i.e. separately for each classified object according to the local value of usability measure of primary features. The usability measure is determined in the supervised learning procedure using randomized reference model. The performance of the DFS method was experimentally compared with four other feature selection algorithms. The approach developed achieved the highest classification accuracy demonstrating the potential of the DSF method for the control of bioprosthetic hand.
Solid-state 13C nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopic study on amorphous solid complexes of tolbutamide with 2-hydroxypropyl-alpha- and -beta-cyclodextrins.

PURPOSE The objective of the study was to obtain structural information of inclusion complexes of tolbutamide with HP-alpha- and -beta-cyclodextrins in amorphous state. METHOD The solid complexes of tolbutamide with HP-alpha- and -beta-CyDs in molar ratios of 1:1 and 1:2 (guest:host) were prepared by the spray-drying method, and their interactions were investigated by solid-state 13C nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy. RESULTS The solid 1:1 and 1:2 tolbutamide/HP-CyD complexes showed halo pattern on the powder X-ray diffractogram and no thermal change in DSC curves, indicating they are in an amorphous state. 13C NMR signals of the butyl moiety were broader than those of the phenyl moiety in the HP-alpha-CyD solid complex, whereas the phenyl moiety showed significantly broader signals than the butyl moiety in the HP-beta-CyD solid complex. As temperature increased, signals of the phenyl carbons became markedly sharper, whereas the butyl carbons only sharpen slightly in the HP-d-CyD complex. In contrast, signals of the butyl carbons became significantly sharper whereas those of phenyl carbons only slightly changed in the HP-beta-CyD complex. CONCLUSIONS Solid state 13C NMR spectroscopic studies indicated that the butyl moiety of tolbutamide is predominantly included in the HP-alpha-CyD cavity, whereas the phenyl moiety in the HP-beta-CyD cavity in amorphous complexes.
The fimbrial and non-fimbrial haemagglutinins of Escherichia coli.

Both cultures of Escherichia coli were examined for mannose-sensitive (MS) haemagglutinin in rocked-tile tests with guinea-pig red cells at ambient temperature, and agar plate cultures were examined for mannose-resistant eluting (MRE) haemagglutinins against 14 species of red cells in tests mixed at 3--5 degrees C in the presence of . 05% (w/v) D-mannose. Ox, sheep, human, pig, horse, guinea-pig, and fowl red cells were required to detect the various patterns of MRE haemagglutination with the different species of cells. Of 387 strains in 155 O serogroups, 95 formed both MS and MRE haemagglutinins (MS+/MRE+), 198 formed only MS (MS+/MRE-), 21 only MRE (MS+/MRE+), and 73 neither (MS-/MRE-). Strains of more than one of these types, and MRE+ strains with different cell specificities were found in many of the serogroups. Some strains in 144 O serogroups had MS haemagglutinin and some in 50 an MRE haemagglutinin. The presence of MS haemagglutinin in a culture was invariably associated with the presence of type-1 fimbriae on the bacteria. All MS+ strains shared a common antigen in their type-1 fimbriae and three groups of these strains possessed also a group-specific fimbrial antigen. The presence of certain kinds of MRE haemagglutinin in over half the MRE+ strains was associated with that of type-MRE fimbriae, but fimbriae were not detected in the other MRE+ strains. The antigens of the MRE haemagglutinins in different strains were heterogeneous and differed from those of the type-1 fimbriae of MS+ strains. Three series of strains from normal faeces, and from patients with infantile diarrhoea and urinary-tract infections each included a minority possessing neither type of haemagglutinin, but this observation did not preclude a role of the haemagglutinins in colonization or pathogenicity.
Increased Dietary Salt Enhances Sympathoexcitatory and Sympathoinhibitory Responses From the Rostral Ventrolateral Medulla

Increased dietary salt exaggerates arterial blood pressure (ABP) responses evoked from the rostral ventrolateral medulla (RVLM). The present study determined whether these enhanced pressor responses were directly attributable to a greater increase in sympathetic nerve activity (SNA) and whether these enhanced responses were balanced by a greater responsiveness of RVLM neurons to inhibitory input. Male Sprague-Dawley rats were fed normal chow and given access to either water or a 1% NaCl solution for 14 days. Injection of l-glutamate (0.03, 0.1, 1.0, and 3.0 nmol) into the RVLM produced a significantly greater increase in renal SNA, splanchnic SNA, and ABP in rats drinking 1% NaCl versus water. Conversely, injection of the inhibitory amino acid &ggr;-aminobutyric acid (0.1, 1.0, and 10 nmol) into the RVLM produced significantly greater decreases in renal SNA, splanchnic SNA, and ABP of rats drinking 1% NaCl versus water. These enhanced SNA and ABP responses to l-glutamate and &ggr;-aminobutyric acid were not observed in rats drinking 1% NaCl for 1 or 7 days but were present in rats drinking 1% NaCl for 21 days. Moreover, the dietary salt-induced enhancement of both sympathoexcitatory and sympathoinhibitory responses from the RVLM persisted after the 1% NaCl solution was replaced with water for 1, but not 7, days. These findings indicate that the potentiated ABP responses observed previously are mediated by parallel changes in SNA, and these responses depend on a slowly developing and reversible form of neuronal plasticity.
Physiological sphingosine 1‐phosphate requirement for optimal activity of mouse CD4+25+ regulatory T Cells

Sphingosine 1‐phosphate (S1P) evokes T cell chemotaxis at 1–100 nM and inhibits chemotaxis to chemokines at 300 nM–1 uM through their predominant S1P1 G protein‐coupled receptor (R). Mouse CD4+25+ regulatory T cells now are shown to express the same pattern of S1P1 > S1P4 >>other S1P Rs as other CD4 T cells. CD4+25+ T cell suppression of 3H‐thymidine uptake and IL‐2 generation by CD4+25− T cells stimulated with anti‐T cell receptor antibodies without S1P was enhanced significantly by S1P at normal blood and lymph concentrations. These levels of S1P also enhanced IL‐10 generation by CD4+25+ T cells by up to threefold compared with that without S1P but decreased IL‐10 from CD4+25− T cells. That IL‐10 from CD4+25+ T cells incubated with S1P mediates suppressive activity was demonstrated by prevention with neutralizing anti‐IL‐10 or anti‐IL‐10 receptor antibodies. Extracellular fluid S1P thus is required for optimal activity of CD4+25+ T cells.
Research on Voice Signal Acquisition and Recovery Algorithm Based on Compressive Sensing

This paper introduces a method based on compressive sensing to acquire voice signals from distributed wireless sensors. The method uses compressive sensing technology to sample, transmit and recover data to reduce the sampling rate and further compress the data. As the voice signals in the discrete cosine transform domains are approximately sparse, this paper builds a JSM-1 based model and uses the random Gaussian measurement matrix to measure the signal and recovers the signal using SOMP algorithm. The method can be applied to Internet of things in agriculture to monitor wireless sensor signals, which can significantly lower hardware costs and reduce power consumption. What's more, the method can prevent the network structure damage caused by unbalanced power consumption and can be widely used.
Astrocytes protect neurons from ethanol‐induced oxidative stress and apoptotic death

Ethanol induces oxidative stress in cultured fetal rat cortical neurons and this is followed by apoptotic death, which can be prevented by normalization of cell content of reduced glutathione (GSH). Because astrocytes can play a central role in maintenance of neuron GSH homeostasis, the following experiments utilized cocultures of neonatal rat cortical astrocytes and fetal cortical neurons to determine if astrocytes could protect neurons from ethanol‐mediated apoptotic death via this mechanism. In cortical neurons cultured in the absence of astrocytes, ethanol (2.5 and 4 mg/ml; 6‐, 12‐, and 24‐hr exposures) decreased trypan blue exclusion and the MTT viability measures by up to 45% (P < 0.05), increased levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS) by up to 81% (P < 0.05), and decreased GSH within 1 hr of treatment by 49 and 51% for 2.5 and 4 mg/ml, respectively (P < 0.05). This was followed by onset of apoptotic cell death as determined by increased Annexin V binding and DNA fragmentation by 12 hr of ethanol exposure. Coculturing neurons with astrocytes prevented GSH depletion by 2.5 mg/ml ethanol, whereas GSH content was increased over controls in neurons exposed to 4 mg/ml ethanol (by up to 341%; P < 0.05). Ethanol generated increases in neuron ROS and apoptosis; decreases in viability were also prevented by coculture. Astrocytes were largely insensitive to ethanol, using the same measures. Only exposure to 4.0 mg/ml ethanol decreased GSH content in astrocytes, concomitant with a 204% increase in GSH efflux (P < 0.05). These studies illustrate that astrocytes can protect neurons from ethanol‐mediated apoptotic death and that this may be related to maintenance of neuron GSH. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Concurrent transformation components using contention context sensors

Sometimes components are conservatively implemented as thread-safe, while during the actual execution they are only accessed from one thread. In these scenarios, overly conservative assumptions lead to suboptimal performance. The contribution of this paper is a component architecture that combines the benefits of different synchronization mechanisms to implement thread-safe concurrent components. Based on the thread contention monitored at runtime, context-aware composition and optimization select the appropriate mechanism. On changing contention, it revises this decision automatically and transforms the components accordingly. We implemented this architecture for concurrent queues, sets, and ordered sets. In all three cases, experimental evaluation shows close to optimal performance regardless of the actual contention. As a consequence, programmers can focus on the semantics of their systems and, e.g., conservatively use thread-safe components to assure consistency of their data, while deferring implementation and optimization decisions to contention-context-aware composition at runtime.
Evolutionary Dynamics of GII.4 Noroviruses over a 34-Year Period

ABSTRACT Noroviruses are a major cause of epidemic gastroenteritis in children and adults, and GII.4 has been the predominant genotype since its first documented occurrence in 1987. This study examined the evolutionary dynamics of GII.4 noroviruses over more than three decades to investigate possible mechanisms by which these viruses have emerged to become predominant. Stool samples (n = 5,424) from children hospitalized at the Children's Hospital in Washington, DC, between 1974 and 1991 were screened for the presence of noroviruses by a custom multiplex real-time reverse transcription-PCR. The complete genome sequences of five GII.4 noroviruses (three of which predate 1987 by more than a decade) in this archival collection were determined and compared to the sequences of contemporary strains. Evolutionary analysis determined that the GII.4 VP1 capsid gene evolved at a rate of 4.3 × 10−3 nucleotide substitutions/site/year. Only six sites in the VP1 capsid protein were found to evolve under positive selection, most of them located in the shell domain. No unique mutations were observed in or around the two histoblood group antigen (HBGA) binding sites in the P region, indicating that this site has been conserved since the 1970s. The VP1 proteins from the 1974 to 1977 noroviruses contained a unique sequence of four consecutive amino acids in the P2 region, which formed an exposed protrusion on the modeled capsid structure. This protrusion and other observed sequence variations did not affect the HBGA binding profiles of recombinant virus-like particles derived from representative 1974 and 1977 noroviruses compared with more recent noroviruses. Our analysis of archival GII.4 norovirus strains suggests that this genotype has been circulating for more than three decades and provides new ancestral strain sequences for the analysis of GII.4 evolution.
Study of the Perception of 3 D Spatial Relations for a Volumetric Display

We test perception of 3D spatial relations in 3D images rendered by a 3D display and compare it to that of a high-resolution flat panel display. Our 3D display is a device that renders a 3D image by displaying, in rapid succession, radial slices through the scene on a rotating screen. The image is contained in a glass globe and can be viewed from virtually any direction. We conducted a psychophysical experiment where objects with varying complexity were used as stimuli. On each trial an object or a distorted version is shown at an arbitrary orientation. The subject’s task is to decide whether the object is distorted or not, under several viewing conditions (monocular/binocular, with/without motion parallax, and near/far). The subject’s performance is measured by the detectability d’, a conventional dependent variable in signal detection experiments. Highest d’ values were measured for the 3D display when the subject is allowed to walk around the display. a Work supported in part by NSF grants DMS-0138098, DCNS-0216131, DHER-0227828, DSC-0325227, DCMS-0443148, EEC-0227828, EIA-0216131, and ACI-0325227. Hoffmann is also supported in part by an IBM Faculty Award.
The Cytolethal Distending Toxin Effects on Mammalian Cells: A DNA Damage Perspective

The cytolethal distending toxin (CDT) is produced by many pathogenic Gram-negative bacteria and is considered as a virulence factor. In human cells, CDT exposure leads to a unique cytotoxicity associated with a characteristic cell distension and induces a cell cycle arrest dependent on the DNA damage response (DDR) triggered by DNA double-strand breaks (DSBs). CDT has thus been classified as a cyclomodulin and a genotoxin. Whereas unrepaired damage can lead to cell death, effective, but improper repair may be detrimental. Indeed, improper repair of DNA damage may allow cells to resume the cell cycle and induce genetic instability, a hallmark in cancer. In vivo, CDT has been shown to induce the development of dysplastic nodules and to lead to genetic instability, defining CDT as a potential carcinogen. It is therefore important to characterize the outcome of the CDT-induced DNA damage and the consequences for intoxicated cells and organisms. Here, we review the latest results regarding the host cell response to CDT intoxication and focus on DNA damage characteristics, cell cycle modulation and cell outcomes.