Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Fast phrase querying with combined indexes

Search engines need to evaluate queries extremely fast, a challenging task given the quantities of data being indexed. A significant proportion of the queries posed to search engines involve phrases. In this article we consider how phrase queries can be efficiently supported with low disk overheads. Our previous research has shown that phrase queries can be rapidly evaluated using nextword indexes, but these indexes are twice as large as conventional inverted files. Alternatively, special-purpose phrase indexes can be used, but it is not feasible to index all phrases. We propose combinations of nextword indexes and phrase indexes with inverted files as a solution to this problem. Our experiments show that combined use of a partial nextword, partial phrase, and conventional inverted index allows evaluation of phrase queries in a quarter the time required to evaluate such queries with an inverted file alone; the additional space overhead is only 26% of the size of the inverted file.
Security of distributed intrusion detection system based on multisensor fusion

Intrusion detection is a system pointed to identification of unauthorized use, or intrusion attempt in computer network environment. IDS systems are based on behavior prediction of attacker and legitimate user of computer network. For more accurately identification of security events, this proposal suggests use of customized DIDS (distributed intrusion detection systems), which combines distributed monitoring using external sensors and centralized data analysis. The main problem in this project is fusion and interpretation of events from multiple sensor networks. For this purpose are applied alignment methods, data fusion and filtration on elements of sensor system. This proposal is the part of the project dealing with design of the security model within the Department of Computers and Informatics.
Time constant for the once-oriented last passage site percolation in high dimensions

Let η be a real random variable whose logarithmic moment generating function λ(β) := ln(E exp(βη)) exists for all β > 0, and also such that E|η| < ∞. Let νd denote the point to line last passage time constant of a once-oriented first passage site percolation in d + 1 dimensions. Here once-oriented refers to the condition that it is always the first coordinate of a path that is increased among oriented paths along sites in Z. One can relate νd to the free energy of a directed polymer model in the random field of i.i. d. copies of η at low temperature (inverse temperature β near infinity). Here we define the partition function of the directed polymer in the random environment {η(k, y)}, k ≥ 0, y ∈ Z, by Zn(β) = E exp(β ∑n k=1 η(k, Sk)) for a random walk {Sk} in Z, where E denotes the expectation relative to this random walk. The free energy is then given by f(β) := limn→∞ (ln Zn(β)) /n. The connection between νd and f(β), namely limβ→∞ f(β)/β = νd, was already recognized by Comets and Yoshida [6]. Here we emphasize the fact that for a class of distributions with upper tail P(η > x) = exp(−xv(x) + δ(x)), such that: v(x) ↗ ∞ and δ(x) = O(x) as x → ∞, u(x) := xv(x) is strictly convex for large x, lim infx→∞ xv ′(x) > 0, and v satisfies a regularity condition that makes exp(−u(x)) convex for large x, we may obtain an asymptotic evaluation of νd as d → ∞. These conditions admit the Poisson case where v(x) = ln(x) − 1 and δ(x) = O(ln(x)). The proof involves a simple linear estimate on the free energy of the directed polymer model, namely, f(β) ≥ νdβ − ln(2d), that is valid for all d ≥ 1. Our condition on the upper tail of η is reminiscent but more detailed than a similar condition given by Ben-Ari [1]. We show that νd ∼ Emax(η1, . . . , η2d) ∼ U(ln(2d)), where U is the inverse of u. In the Poisson and Gaussian cases we obtain νd ∼ ln(2d)/ ln ln(2d) and νd ∼ √ 2 ln(2d), respectively, as d → ∞. It follows in particular that if a given distribution of the above class is mixed with a distribution with a lighter upper tail in an appropriate sense then the last passage time constant is ruled asymptotically as d → ∞ by the distribution with the heavier upper tail.
Adaptive Robust Distributed Learning in Diffusion Sensor Networks

In this paper, the problem of adaptive distributed learning in diffusion networks is considered. The algorithms are developed within the convex set theoretic framework. More specifically, they are based on computationally simple geometric projections onto closed convex sets. The paper suggests a novel combine-project-adapt protocol for cooperation among the nodes of the network; such a protocol fits naturally with the philosophy that underlies the projection-based rationale. Moreover, the possibility that some of the nodes may fail is also considered and it is addressed by employing robust statistics loss functions. Such loss functions can easily be accommodated in the adopted algorithmic framework; all that is required from a loss function is convexity. Under some mild assumptions, the proposed algorithms enjoy monotonicity, asymptotic optimality, asymptotic consensus, strong convergence and linear complexity with respect to the number of unknown parameters. Finally, experiments in the context of the system-identification task verify the validity of the proposed algorithmic schemes, which are compared to other recent algorithms that have been developed for adaptive distributed learning.
Quantum entanglement in electric circuits: From anomalous crosstalk to electromagnetic compatibility in nano-electronics

We show that the electromagnetic coupling at the nanoscale may be accompanied by another coupling mechanism, related to quantum entanglement. Consequently, a combined "electromagnetic-quantum" coupling is created, which stipulates long-distance and long-living interactions in electric circuits. Manifestation of this effect in electromagnetic compatibility (EMC) is discussed. An efficient theoretical framework for EMC analysis in nanoelectronics is developed based on the generalized theory of electric circuits. It is shown that the action of quantum entanglement is equivalent to an addition of the supplementary elements in electric circuit with the effective admittances defined as general susceptibilities that can be calculated using the Kubo-technique.
Naturalized Philosophy of Science, History of Science, and the Internal/External Debate

The paper begins with a discussion of the significance of the naturalized turn for the philosophy of science. Two points are argued for. One, the naturalized turn requires a new understanding of the projects and relations between history of science and philosophy of science. Two, given the naturalized turn, it is unlikely that a purely internalist account of theory development will be found adequate. I specifically discuss Lakatos' and Shapere's accounts. Using the case of Newton's posit of active principles in nature, I argue that an adequate account of theory development will trace both internal and external reasons.
Tumor necrosis factor receptor-associated factors (TRAFs)--a family of adapter proteins that regulates life and death.

The signaling pathways that regulate cell survival are beginning to be defined. Receptors such as Fas and tumor necrosis factor receptor type I (TNFRI) have been shown to be capable of initiating programmed cell death. These death receptors initiate signal transduction pathways that culminate in caspase activation and apoptosis. A number of the intracellular molecules in these signaling pathways have been identified and characterized. In contrast to death receptors, other cell surface receptors appear to be capable of initiating signaling pathways that promote cell survival. The components of survival signal transduction are less well characterized. Recently a family of cytoplasmic proteins has been identified that appears to be capable of both negatively regulating apoptotic pathway(s) as well as inducing the expression of genes that promote cell survival. Members of this family of signal transduction molecules were first described because of their ability to bind to TNFRII and, therefore, were given the name TNF receptor-associated factors (TRAFs). Subsequent studies have demonstrated that TRAFs serve as adapter proteins for a wide variety of cell surface receptors and play important roles in regulating not only apoptosis but also stress responses. In this review we hope to provide an overview of current knowledge concerning the expression and function of this important family of proteins. Identification of the TRAF family Members of the recently described family of TRAF proteins are cytoplasmic adapter proteins that can interact directly with the intracellular domains of cell surface receptors. Among the receptors that have been shown to recruit TRAF proteins are members of the TNFR superfamily, the Epstein‐Barr virus protein LMP1, and the interleukin-1 receptor (IL-1R). To date, six distinct TRAF molecules have been identified in mammalian species (Fig. 1). TRAF1 and TRAF2 were cloned by biochemical
Building bridges: Person-centered therapy with older adults

he growth of the older population has accentuated the need for consideration of how to manage stressors that compromise successful living across the aging continuum and that affect older adults’ successful aging. This paper, of theoretical reach, comes to explain some of the most pertinent older adults’ issues in the context of person-centered therapy (PCT), as well as research to sustain person-centered approach to older populations. First we examine some of older adults’ main contributors and limits to successful aging, based on growing literature. Then, we introduce PCT and its potential for addressing older adults and finally we explore older adults’ issues while discussing them within the PCT context. The value of this paper is to deepen the understanding of older adults’ distinctive reality and to help health care and medical professionals to better understand older adults’ needs. As professionals adapt to the shifting demographic composition of reality, it should be of importance to comprehend what old age might mean to older adults, to whom we are attending. Interventions with older adults may benefit from clearly understanding PCT as an important approach for promoting successful aging and reducing health and medical disparities.
Mood Influences Supraspinal Pain Processing Separately from Attention

Studies show that inducing a positive mood or diverting attention from pain decreases pain perception. Nevertheless, induction manipulations, such as viewing interesting movies or performing mathematical tasks, often influence both emotional and attentional states. Imaging studies have examined the neural basis of psychological pain modulation, but none has explicitly separated the effects of emotion and attention. Using odors to modulate mood and shift attention from pain, we previously showed that the perceptual consequences of changing mood differed from those of altering attention, with mood primarily altering pain unpleasantness and attention preferentially altering pain intensity. These findings suggest that brain circuits involved in pain modulation provoked by mood or attention are partially separable. Here we used functional magnetic resonance imaging to directly compare the neurocircuitry involved in mood- and attention-related pain modulation. We manipulated independently mood state and attention direction, using tasks involving heat pain and pleasant and unpleasant odors. Pleasant odors, independent of attentional focus, induced positive mood changes and decreased pain unpleasantness and pain-related activity within the anterior cingulate (ACC), medial thalamus, and primary and secondary somatosensory cortices. The effects of attentional state were less robust, with only the activity in anterior insular cortex (aIC) showing possible attentional modulation. Lateral inferior frontal cortex [LinfF; Brodmann's area (BA) 45/47] activity correlated with mood-related modulation, whereas superior posterior parietal (SPP; BA7) and entorhinal activity correlated with attention-related modulation. ACC activity covaried with LinfF and periacqueductal gray activity, whereas aIC activity covaried with SPP activity. These findings suggest that separate neuromodulatory circuits underlie emotional and attentional modulation of pain.
Local CSI Based Selection Beamforming for Amplify-and-Forward MIMO Relay Networks

We investigate selection beamforming for a cooperative network that consists of a source, a destination, and two amplify-and-forward (AF) relays, which are all equipped with multiple antennas. The transmit and receive beamforming techniques are respectively applied at the source and destination, and the linear processing operator of the selected AF multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) relay is optimized. We consider that the source has the instantaneous channel state information (CSI) of the channels from the source to relays but no information regarding the CSI of the channels from the relays to the destination. Partial relay selection (PRS) is employed, i.e., the source routes its information signal to the relay which offers better first-hop signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). Considering a Rayleigh fading environment, we derive an exact closed-form expression for the outage probability at the destination. The validity of the outage probability expression has been confirmed with numerical simulations. We also present the asymptotic analysis of the PRS scheme for the considered multiantenna system and derive the expressions of diversity gain. It is shown that, the overall diversity gain is min(min(n<sub>r,1</sub>n<sub>d</sub>,n<sub>r,2</sub>n<sub>d</sub>), n<sub>r,1</sub>n<sub>s</sub> +n<sub>r,2</sub>n<sub>s</sub>) where n<sub>s</sub>, n<sub>d</sub>, and n<sub>r,q</sub> are, respectively, the numbers of antennas at the source, destination and the qth relay. For the condition C : min(n<sub>r,1</sub>n<sub>d</sub>,n<sub>r,2</sub>n<sub>d</sub>) ≥ n<sub>r,1</sub>n<sub>s</sub> + n<sub>r,2</sub>n<sub>s</sub> that can be easily met with practically realizable antenna configurations, it is shown that PRS provides the same diversity order as opportunistic relaying (OR).
Laser thermal ablation of multidrug-resistant bacteria using functionalized gold nanoparticles

The issue of multidrug resistance (MDR) has become an increasing threat to public health. One alternative strategy against MDR bacteria would be to construct therapeutic vectors capable of physically damaging these microorganisms. Gold nanoparticles hold great promise for the development of such therapeutic agents, since the nanoparticles exhibit impressive properties, of which the most important is the ability to convert light into heat. This property has scientific significance since is exploited to develop nano-photothermal vectors to destroy bacteria at a molecular level. The present paper summarizes the latest advancements in the field of nanotargeted laser hyperthermia of MDR bacteria mediated by gold nanoparticles.
Role of Osmotic and Salt Stress in the Expression of Erythrose Reductase in Candida magnoliae

The osmotolerant yeast, Candida magnoliae, which was isolated from honeycomb, produces erythritol from sugars such as fructose, glucose, and sucrose. Erythrose reductase in C. magnoliae (CmER) reduces erythrose to erythritol with concomitant oxidation of NAD(P)H. Sequence analysis of the 5'-flanking region of the CmER gene indicated that one putative stress response element (STRE, 5'-AGGGG3'), found in Saccharomyces cerevisiae, exists 72 nucleotides upstream of the translation initiation codon. An enzyme activity assay and semiquantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction revealed that the expression of CmER is upregulated under osmotic and salt stress conditions caused by a high concentration of sugar, KCl, and NaCl. However, CmER was not affected by osmotic and oxidative stress induced by sorbitol and H2O2, respectively. The basal transcript level of CmER in the presence of sucrose was higher than that in cells treated with fructose and glucose, indicating that the response of CmER to sugar stress is different from that of GRE3 in S. cerevisiae, which expresses aldose reductase in a sugarindependent manner. It was concluded that regulation of CmER differs from that of other aldose reductases in S. cerevisiae.
Tauvel ’ s Height Formula in Iterated Differential Operator Rings

Let k be a field of positive characteristic, R an associative algebra over k and let ∆1,n = {δ1, . , δn} be a finite set of k-linear derivations from R to R. Let A = Rn = R[θ1, δ1] · · · [θn, δn] be an iterated differential operator k-algebra over R such that δj(θi) ∈ Ri−1θi + Ri−1; 1 ≤ i < j ≤ n. As central result we show that if R is noetherian affine ∆1,n-hypernormal and if Tauvel’s height formula holds for the ∆1,n-prime ideals of R, then Tauvel’s height formula holds in A. In particular, let g be a completely solvable finite-dimensional k-Lie algebra acting by derivations on R and let U(g) be the enveloping algebra of g. If R is noetherian affine g-hypernormal and if Tauvel’s height formula holds for the g-prime ideals of R, then Tauvel’s height formula holds in the crossed product of R by U(g).
Distribution of venlafaxine and its O-desmethyl metabolite in human milk and their effects in breastfed infants.

AIMS To characterize milk/plasma (M/P) ratio and infant dose, for venlafaxine (V) and its O-desmethyl metabolite (ODV), in breastfeeding women taking venlafaxine for the treatment of depression, and to determine the plasma concentration and effects of these drugs in their infants. METHODS Six women (mean age 34.5 years, mean weight 84.3 kg) taking venlafaxine (median dose 244 mg day(-1), range 225-300 mg day(-1)) and their seven infants (mean age 7.0 months, mean weight 7.3 kg) were studied. V and ODV in plasma and milk were measured by high-performance liquid chromatography over a 12 h dose interval at steady-state. Infant exposure was estimated as the product of estimated milk production rate (0.15 l kg(-1)day(-1)) and average drug concentration in milk, normalized to body weight and expressed as a percentage of the weight-adjusted maternal dose. RESULTS Mean M/PAUC values of 2.5 (range 2.0-3.2) and 2.7 (range 2.3-3.2) were calculated for V and ODV, respectively. The mean maximum concentrations (95% CI) of V and ODV in milk were 1161 (95% CI, 588, 1734) microg l(-1) and 796 (362, 1230) microg l(-1). Mean infant exposure was 3.2% (1.7, 4.7%) for V and 3.2% (1.9, 4.9%) for ODV (as V equivalents). V was detected in the plasma of one out of seven infants studied (5 microg l(-1)), while ODV was detected in four of the infants, at concentrations ranging from 3 to 38 microg l(-1). All of the infants in the study were healthy, as reported by their mothers and/or by clinical examination on the study day. CONCLUSIONS The concentrations of V and ODV in breast milk were 2.5 and 2.7 times those in maternal plasma. The mean total drug exposure (as venlafaxine equivalents) of the breastfed infants was 6.4% (5.5-7.3%), which is below the 10% notional level of concern. There were no adverse effects in any of the infants. The data support the use of V in breastfeeding. Nevertheless, since low concentrations of ODV were detected in the plasma of four out of the seven infants studied, we recommend breastfed infants should be monitored closely. Each decision to breast feed should be made as an individual risk:benefit analysis.
Paramutation’s Properties and Puzzles

Paramutation refers to the process by which homologous DNA sequences communicate in trans to establish meiotically heritable expression states. Although mechanisms are unknown, current data are consistent with the hypothesis that the establishment and heritable transmission of specific chromatin states underlies paramutation. Transcribed, noncoding tandem repeats and proteins implicated in RNA-directed transcriptional silencing in plants and yeast are required for paramutation, yet the specific molecules mediating heritable silencing remain to be determined.
A theory for cerebral neocortex

It is proposed that the learning of many tasks by the cerebrum is based on using a very few fundamental techniques for organizing information. It is argued that this is made possible by the prevalence in the world of a particular kind of redundancy, which is characterized by a ‘Fundamental Hypothesis’. This hypothesisis used to found a theory of the basic operations which, it is proposed, are carried out by the cerebral neocortex. They involve the use of past experience to form so-called ‘classificatory units’ with which to interpret subsequent experience. Such classificatory units are imagined to be created whenever either something occurs frequently in the brain’s experience, or enough redundancy appears in the form of clusters of slightly differing inputs. A(non-Bayesian) information theoretic account is given of the diagnosis of an input as an instance of an existing classificatory unit, and of the interpretation as such of an incompletely specified input. Neural models are devised to implement the two operations of diagnosis and interpretation, and it is found that the performance of the second is an automatic consequence of the model’s ability to perform the first. The discovery and formation of new classificatory units is discussed within the context of these neural models. It is shown how a climbing fibre input (of the kind described by Cajal) to the correct cell can cause that cell to perform a mountain-climbing operation in an underlying probability space, that will lead it to respond to a class of events for which it is appropriate to code. This is called the ‘spatial recognizer effect’. The structure of the cerebral neocortex is reviewed in the light of the model which the theory establishes. It is found that many elements in the cortex have a natural identification with elements in the model. This enables many predictions, with specified degrees of firmness, to be made concerning the connexions and synapses of the following cortical cells and fibres: Martinotti cells; cerebral granule cells; pyramidal cells of layers III, V and II; short axon cells of all layers, especially I, IV and VI; cerebral climbing fibres and those cells of the cortex which give rise to them; cerebral basket cells; fusiform cells of layers VI and VII. It is shown that if rather little information about the classificatory units to be formed has been coded genetically, it may be necessary to use a technique called codon formation to organize structure in a suitable way to represent a new unit. It is shown that under certain conditions, it is necessary to carry out a part of this organization during sleep. A prediction is made about the effect of sleep on learning of a certain kind.
Transitions in the model of epithelial patterning

We analyze pattern formation in the model of cell communication in Drosophila egg development. The model describes the regulatory network formed by the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) and its ligands. The network is activated by the oocyte‐derived input that is modulated by feedback loops within the follicular epithelium. We analyze these dynamics within the framework of a recently proposed mathematical model of EGFR signaling (Shvartsman et al. [2002] Development 129:2577–2589). The emphasis is on the large‐amplitude solutions of the model that can be correlated with the experimentally observed patterns of protein and gene expression. Our analysis of transitions between the major classes of patterns in the model can be used to interpret the experimentally observed phenotypic transitions in eggshell morphology in Drosophila melanogaster. The existence of complex patterns in the model can be used to account for complex eggshell morphologies in related fly species. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.