Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
GIS for Coastal Zone Management

Foreword, R. Furness and A. Sherin Preface, D. Bartlett and J. Smith Coastal Spatial Data Infrastructure, R. Longhorn Bridging the Land-Sea Divide Through Digital Techologies, S. Gomm A Comparative Study of Shoreline Mapping Techniques, R. Li, K. Di and R. Ma Monitoring Coastal Environments Using Remote Sensing and GIS, P.S. Y. Pan Spatial Uncertainty in Marine and Coastal GIS, E. Bruce New Directions for Coastal and Marine Monitoring: Web Mapping and Mobile Application Technologies, S. Ng'ang'a Macharia Exploring the Optimum Spatial Resolution for Satellite Imagery: a Coastal Area Case Study, C. -s.Hwang and C. Yong Ku Visualisation for Coastal Zone Management, S.R. Jude, A.P. Jones, and J.E. Andrews Application of a Decision Support System in the Development of a Hydrodynamic Model for a Coastal Area, R. Mayerle, and F. Toro Decision-Making in the Coastal Zone using Hydrodynamic Modelling with a GIS interface, J. Populus, L. Loubersac, J.-F. Le Roux, F. Dumas, V. Cummins, and . Sutton Towards an Institutional GIS for the Iroise Sea (France), F. Gourmelon and I. Le Berre Culture Intermixing, the Diffusion of GIS and its Application to Coastal Management in Developing Countries, D. Bartlett and R. Sudarshana The Use of GIS to Enhance Communications of Cultural and Natural Resources and Contamination, J.A. Lindsay, T.J. Simon, A.D. Lestenkof, and P.A. Zavadil GIS Applications in Coastal Management: A View from the Developing World, P.C. Nwilo High-Resolution Elevation and Image Data Within the Bay of Fundy Coastal Zone, Nova Scotia, Canada, T. Webster, M. Christian, C. Sangster, and D. Kingston Mapping and Analysing Historical Shoreline Changes Using GIS, C.A. Schupp, E.R. Thieler, and J.F. O'Connell GIS for Assessing Land-Based Activities that Pollute Coastal Environments, J.I. Euan-Avila, M.A. Liceaga-Correa, and H. Rodriguez-Sanchez Applying the Geospatial Technologies to Estuary Environments, D.R. Green and S.D. King A Territorial Information System (TIS) for the Management of the Seine Estuary - Environmental and Management Applications, J.-C. Bourcier Developing and Environmental Oil Spill Sensitivity Atlas for the West Greenland Coastal Zone, A. Mosbech, D. Boertmann, L. Grondahl, F. von Platen, S.S. Nielsen, N. Nielsen, M. Rasch and H. Kapel Environment Canada's Atlantic Sensitivity Mapping Program, A. Laflamme, S.R. Leblanc, R.J. Percy Epilogue: Addressing the Challenge of Integrated Coastal Zone Management, J. Smith and D. Bartlett
Overview of the NARSTO-NE-OPS Program.

The NARSTO-NE-OPS (NorthEast Oxidant and Particle Study) is an investigation of the coupling of the meteorological and chemical processes that control the evolution of air pollution events. The project includes three major field programs carried out at a field site in northeast Philadelphia during the summers of 1998, 1999 and 2001. The activity brings together the research groups from 13 universities, 5 government laboratories and representatives of the electric power industry to apply the most advanced measurement techniques to understanding the physical and chemical processes contributing to air quality issues. Results have been obtained from three ground sites, two instrumented aircraft, many different instrumented balloon platforms, and several remote sensing techniques including satellites. In addition, the database used includes the ground-based measurements conducted at several surrounding state and city operated sites in Pennsylvania, New Jersey, Delaware, New York and Maryland. The results have shown the importance of developing the 3-dimensional regional scale picture of the atmosphere to understand and properly model air pollution events. It has been shown that only from such a perspective, which includes the vertical distribution and a regional context, can one hope to properly model and predict ozone and particulate pollution. A combination of photochemical and dynamical processes transport, both horizontal and vertical, accumulate pollutants that then mix with the locally produced chemical species to cause the more severe episodes of air pollution. Efforts have also focused on developmental testing of several new approaches to improved measuring techniques for better understanding of the physical and chemical properties of the airborne particulate matter.
Downstream Hydraulic Geometry ForIncised Channels

The DEC Project data was used to develop several regression relationships for incised channels (CEM Type IV or V). The shape factor that was developed for downstream hydraulic geometry regression analysis of CEM Types IV and V incised channel data is ψ = 0.206 0.114 29.39 s S d − . The shape factor (W/d) is directly proportional to the bed material size and inversely proportional to the slope. The effect of discharge on the shape factor is negligible. The physical meaning of this equation is that small slopes and coarse grain sizes produce large width/depth ratios, and steep slopes and fine grain sizes produce small width/depth ratios. Two regression equations were developed for the hydraulic geometry for top width and mean depth with 95% upper and lower confidence interval for incised channels (CEM Types IV and V) in the DEC Project. There were minor differences between the exponents of flow discharge and channel slope between this study and the study of other investigators.
Age of the Steens Mountain geomagnetic polarity transition

The paleomagnetism of a series of lavas outcropping on Steens Mountain, southeastern Oregon, is consistent with a change in the geomagnetic field from reversed to normal polarity. Potassium-argon analyses of nineteen specimens from six lavas indicate that this polarity change occurred at t = 15.1 ± 0.3 m.y. Devitrified glass and slightly altered feldspars in one of the lavas have not adversely affected argon retention properties.
Stratigraphy and Depositional Cycles in the N.E. Kalimantan Basin

Abstract The stratigraphic subdivision and nomenclature in the N.E. Kalimantan Basin have always been problematic. Although much data of variable quality was gained from work carried out since the 19th Century through the present very little, however, has been published on this area. In order to more efficiently explore the N.E. Kalimantan Basin for hydrocarbons, it was necessary to build an integrated stratigraphic and sedimentary picture of this area. In establishing the stratigraphy and depositional cycles of N.E. Kalimantan, the authors were basically guided by the regional depositional cycles in Sundaland (Baumann, 1982) and the conceptual model of Vail's global sea level changes (1977). However, this new study suggests that the stratigraphy of the N.E. Kalimantan Basin can be grouped into simplified lithologic units, which reflect five major depositional cycles. The main regressional phase of each cycle normally is evidenced by the development of littoral/paralic facies, delta complexes or unconformities while the following transgressive phase was accompanied by deposition of carbonates and marine shales. This paper hopefully will contribute to the recognition of new exploration targets and help to justify a new round of exploration in N.E. Kalimantan.
A two-dimensional P-SV hybrid method and its application to modeling localized structures near the core-mantle boundary

A P-SV hybrid method is developed for calculating synthetic seismograms involving two-dimensional localized heterogeneous structures. The finite difference technique is applied in the heterogeneous region and generalized ray theory solutions from a seismic source are used in the finite difference initiation process. The seismic motions, after interacting with the heterogeneous structures, are propagated back to the Earth's surface analytically with the aid of the Kirchhoff method. Anomalous long-period SKS-SPdKS observations, sampling a region near the core-mantle boundary beneath the southwest Pacific, are modeled with the hybrid method. Localized structures just above the core-mantle boundary, with lateral dimensions of 250 to 400 km, can explain even the most anomalous data observed to date if S velocity drops up to 30% are allowed for a P velocity drop of 10%. Structural shapes and seismic properties of those anomalies are constrained from the data since synthetic waveforms are sensitive to the location and lateral dimension of seismic anomalies near the core-mantle boundary. Some important issues, such as the density change and roughness of the structures and the sharpness of the transition from the structures to the surrounding mantle, however, remain unresolved due to the nature of the data.
Toward linking weather and climate in the interactive ensemble NCAR climate model

Diagnosing how much low frequency climate variability is due to intrinsic coupled (i.e., interactions among the components of the climate system) modes and how much is stochastically forced by internal dynamics (e.g., weather noise forcing ocean variability or ocean dynamics associated with western boundary current forcing atmospheric variability) remains a challenge in climate research. Here we present a methodology for separating the intrinsic coupled modes from the stochastically forced variability that can be applied at the air‐sea, air‐land, air‐ice or ice‐ocean interface. In the results presented here, we focus on the air‐sea interface and apply the approach to the National Center for Atmospheric Research Community Climate System Model. We find that coupled ocean‐atmosphere feedbacks contribute to a significant fraction of the sea surface temperature variability worldwide with increasing importance in the tropics. One of the by‐products of the experiments presented here is an improved diagnostic tool for understanding atmospheric teleconnections. In this regard, we find that the mid‐latitude atmospheric response to tropical forcing is not simply a function of the magnitude of the forcing.
Shear deformation zones along major transform faults and subducting slabs

Summary. Narrow zones of intense shear deformation, i.e. viscous slip zones, are studied analytically with a one-dimensional time-dependent model of two half-spaces of identical or contrasting rheologies and ambient temperatures in relative motion. The rheologies of the half-spaces are strongly temperature-dependent and viscous heating maintains a thin zone of high temperature, low viscosity and large strain rate. The mathematical model is used to describe the structures of slip zones at ridge and plate-boundary transform faults, major continental strike—slip faults and at the top of subducting oceanic crust. No a priori assumption about slip-zone width or shear-stress magnitude is necessary; the thermal-mechanical structure of the slip zone evolves in time and all its characteristics are self-consistently determined. Slip-zone widths and shear stresses depend on the ambient temperatures, the relative velocity, the rheology and the length of time following the onset of relative motion; for reasonable geologic times, 0.1–10 M yr for example, slip zones are generally several kilometres wide and shear stresses are several hundred bars (tens of MPa). The region of intense shear in a viscous slip zone is an order of magnitude narrower than the width of the accompanying thermal anomaly. The maximum temperature generated by viscous dissipation in a slip zone depends only on the relative motion and the creep properties of the rocks; it is independent of slip-zone age and ambient temperature. Maximum temperatures associated with frictional heating are always less than those required for partial melting. The slip zone on a descending slab is influenced most strongly by the contrast in creep behaviour between the relatively soft oceanic crustal rocks and the hard, overlying mantle rocks; as a result, the slip zone is confined entirely within the oceanic crustal layer. Oceanic crustal rocks deform so readily that frictional heating in a slip zone on a descending slab cannot by itself lead to partial melting and thermal conduction from the hotter overriding mantle must play an essential role in heating the descending crust if melting is to occur therein. Because of the increase in the mantle temperature with depth, narrow slip zones in oceanic regions probably do not exist below depths of about 100 km; they may extend to greater depths beneath continents.
The Effects of Resolution and Viscosity in an Isopycnic-Coordinate Model of the Equatorial Pacific

Abstract The circulation of the equatorial Pacific is simulated with an implementation of the Miami Isopycnic-Coordinate Ocean Model in a Pacific basin extending from 40°N to 40°S. At a horizontal resolution of 1.25° the annual mean temperature structure on the equator in the model is close to the climatology, with a realistically sharp thermocline, but the speed and mass transport of the Equatorial Undercurrent (EUC) are only 50%–60% of those observed. Decreasing the Smagorinsky shear-dependent viscosity coefficient at this resolution does not increase the EUC speed or transport, but instead increases the grid-scale noise in the eastern part of the undercurrent. Sensitivity studies are carried out in which the resolution is increased in stages up to 0.3125° and the model's two viscosity parameters are reduced. Once the resolution is higher than 1°, the EUC becomes narrower, faster, and stronger as the viscosity is reduced, with the transport increasing more strongly with the decreasing viscosity than wit.
Chlorofluorocarbons in a global ocean eddy‐resolving OGCM: Pathway and formation of Antarctic Bottom Water

We have investigated the pathway of Antarctic Bottom Water (AABW) using simulated chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) distribution in a global eddy‐resolving OGCM. Our goal is to improve our understanding of the processes and pathways determining the distribution of CFCs in the Southern Ocean, where much of this tracer is entrained by formation of the deep and bottom water. The model exhibits considerable skill in reproducing the section along the Greenwich Meridian (AJAX) and 170°W (WOCE P15S). In the South Atlantic, the model indicates two pathways transporting CFC‐11 from the Weddell Sea to the AJAX section: an upper pathway through the Scotia Sea, and a lower pathway south along the South Scotia Ridge. The simulated CFC‐11 inventory along the two sections is much like that observed.
Master Computer Science Data Augmentation for training Audio Classifiers

Data augmentation plays a pivotal role in improving the performance of machine learning models, especially in domains where data scarcity is a prevalent issue. In recent years, audio classification has gained significant attention due to its wide range of applications, such as speech analysis, music genre classification, and environmental sound analysis. However, the limited availability of annotated audio data often poses a significant challenge in training accurate and robust audio classifiers. This paper focuses on the utilization of data augmentation techniques to address the data scarcity problem in audio classification tasks. The objective is to enhance the generalization capability of audio classifiers by artificially expanding the training dataset through various augmentation strategies. The study explores techniques for applying the various available audio augmentation methods such as time stretching, pitch shifting, noise injection, and spectrogram manipulations. This paper proposes an effective modification called Itermixup of well known data augmentation method Mixmatch. IterMixup uses the multiple iterations of the Mixup Functions using different mixing ratios.The proposed augmentation technique are evaluated on the Urban-Sound8K benchmark audio dataset using WideResNet, MobileNetv1 and VGG Neural Networks for classification. The experimental results demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed data augmentation technique in improving the performance of audio classifiers across the Environmental Sound Classification task.
An overview of GOES‐8 diurnal fire and smoke results for SCAR‐B and 1995 fire season in South America

The launch of the eighth Geostationary Operational Environmental Satellite (GOES-8) in 1994 introduced an improved capability for diurnal fire and smoke monitoring throughout the western hemisphere. In South America the GOES-8 automated biomass burning algorithm (ABBA) and the automated smoke/aerosol detection algorithm (ASADA) are being used to monitor biomass burning. This paper outlines GOES-8 ABBA and ASADA development activities and summarizes results for the Smoke, Clouds, and Radiation in Brazil (SCAR-B) experiment and the 1995 fire season. GOES-8 ABBA results document the diurnal, spatial, and seasonal variability in fire activity throughout South America. A validation exercise compares GOES-8 ABBA results with ground truth measurements for two SCAR-B prescribed burns. GOES-8 ASADA aerosol coverage and derived albedo results provide an overview of the extent of daily and seasonal smoke coverage and relative intensities. Day-to-day variability in smoke extent closely tracks fluctuations in fire activity.
Soluble, light! absorbing species in snow at Barrow, Alaska

[1] As part of the international multidisciplinary Ocean - Atmosphere - Sea Ice - Snowpack (OASIS) program we analyzed more than 500 terrestrial (melted) snow samples near Barrow, AK between February and April 2009 for light absorption, as well as H2O2 and inorganic anion concentrations. For light absorption in the photochemically active region (300–450 nm) of surface snows, H2O2 and NO3− make minor contributions (combined < 9% typically), while HUmic LIke Substances (HULIS) and unknown chromophores each account for approximately half of the total absorption. We have identified four main sources for our residual chromophores (i.e., species other than H2O2 or NO3−): (1) vegetation and organic debris impact mostly the lowest 20 cm of the snowpack, (2) marine inputs, which are identified by high Cl− and SO42− contents, (3) deposition of diamond dust to surface snow, and (4) gas-phase exchange between the atmosphere and surface snow layers. The snow surfaces, and accompanying chromophore concentrations, are strongly modulated by winds and snowfall at Barrow. However, even with these physical controls on light absorption, we see an overall decline of light absorption in near-surface snow during the 7 weeks of our campaign, likely due to photo-bleaching of chromophores. While HULIS and unknown chromophores dominate light absorption by soluble species in Barrow snow, we know little about the photochemistry of these species, and thus we as a community are probably overlooking many snowpack photochemical reactions.
Evaluating the impact of orbital sampling on satellite–climate model comparisons

The effect of orbital sampling is one of the chief uncertainties in satellite–climate model comparisons. In the context of an ongoing activity to make satellite data more accessible for model evaluation (i.e., obs4MIPs), six variables (temperature, specific humidity, ozone, cloud water, cloud cover, and ocean surface wind) associated with six satellite instruments are evaluated for the orbital sampling effect. Comparisons are made between reanalysis and simulated satellite‐sampled data in terms of bias and pattern similarity. It is found that the bias introduced by orbital sampling for long‐term annual means, monthly climatologies, and monthly means is largely negligible, which is within ~3% of the standard deviation of the three quantities for most fields. The bias for 2‐hPa temperature and specific humidity, while relatively large (9–10%), is within the estimated observational uncertainty. In terms of pattern similarity, cloud water and upper level specific humidity are the most sensitive to orbital sampling among the variables considered, with the magnitude of the sampling effect dependent on the spatial resolution—insignificant at 1.25° × 1.25° resolution for both. For all variables considered, orbital sampling effects are not an important consideration for model evaluation at 1.25° × 1.25° resolution. At 0.5° × 0.5°, orbital sampling is potentially important for cloud water and upper level specific humidity when evaluating model long‐term annual means and monthly climatologies, and for cloud water when evaluating monthly means, all in terms of pattern similarities. Orbital sampling is not an important factor for evaluating zonal means in call cases considered.
Transient Inverse Calibration of Hanford Site-Wide Groundwater Model to Hanford Operational Impacts - 1943 to 1996

This report describes a new initiative to strengthen the technical defensibility of predictions made with the Hanford site-wide groundwater flow and transport model. The focus is on characterizing major uncertainties in the current model. PNNL will develop and implement a calibration approach and methodology that can be used to evaluate alternative conceptual models of the Hanford aquifer system. The calibration process will involve a three-dimensional transient inverse calibration of each numerical model to historical observations of hydraulic and water quality impacts to the unconfined aquifer system from Hanford operations since the mid-1940s.
Radiative forcing by mineral dust aerosols : sensitivity to key variables

We examine diurnally averaged radiative forcing by mineral dust aerosols in shortwave and longwave spectral regions using a one-dimensional column radiation model. At the top of the atmosphere (TOA), net (shortwave plus longwave) dust radiative forcing can be positive (heating) or negative (cooling) depending on values of key variables. We derive an analytical expression for the critical single-scattering albedo at which forcing changes sign for an atmosphere containing both cloud and aerosol layers. At the surface, net dust forcing can be positive or negative under clear-sky conditions, whereas it is always cooling in the presence of a low-level stratus cloud. Longwave radiative forcing is essentially zero when clouds are present. We also study the sensitivity of dust diurnally averaged forcing to the imaginary part of refractive index (k), height of the dust layer, dust particle size, and dust optical depth. These variables play different roles as follows: (1) under both clear- and cloudy sky conditions, net TOA forcing is more sensitive to k than net surface forcing; (2) clear-sky longwave forcing and cloudy-sky TOA shortwave forcing are very sensitive to the altitude of the dust layer; although clear-sky shortwave forcing is not sensitive to it; (3) clear-sky shortwave forcing is much more sensitive to particle size than cloudy-sky shortwave forcing; longwave forcing is not sensitive to particle size; and (4) all forcings are sensitive to optical depth except cloudy-sky longwave forcing.
Precise and Dynamic Road Mapping Creation

Today, road agencies face the problem of precise positioning of the roads (From 3m to 1 m precision) on a map, as well as the complexity of existing road referential. Road agencies are working with out-dated referential. The purchase of new maps or updates represents a high cost most road agencies cannot invest in. Existing maps vectors are not precise enough, precision is not homogenous and road agencies need curvilinear abscissas for their maps. An illustration of the maps update need is the new A65 French highway between Langon and Pau. This highway was opened mid-December 2010 and maps were not available on geo-positioning systems and maps before mid-January 2011. However, the agency operating this highway needs a map background for the vehicles patrolling every 4 hours.