Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Formulation development and optimization of palm kernel oil esters-based nanoemulsions containing sodium diclofenac

Response surface methodology was employed to study the effect of formulation composition variables, water content (60%–80%, w/w) and oil and surfactant (O/S) ratio (0.17–1.33), as well as high-shear emulsification conditions, mixing rate (300–3,000 rpm) and mixing time (5–30 minutes) on the properties of sodium diclofenac-loaded palm kernel oil esters-nanoemulsions. The two response variables were droplet size and viscosity. Optimization of the conditions according to the four variables was performed for preparation of the nanoemulsions with the minimum values of particle size and viscosity. The results showed that the experimental data could be sufficiently fitted into a third-order polynomial model with multiple regression coefficients (R2) of 0.938 and 0.994 for the particle size and viscosity, respectively. Water content, O/S ratio and mixing time, quadrics of all independent variables, interaction between O/S ratio and mixing rate and between mixing time and rate, as well as cubic term of water content had a significant effect (P<0.05) on the particle size of nanoemulsions. The linear effect of all independent variables, quadrics of water content and O/S ratio, interaction of water content and O/S ratio, as well as cubic term of water content and O/S ratio had significant effects (P<0.05) on the viscosity of all nanoemulsions. The optimum conditions for preparation of sodium diclofenac nanoemulsions were predicted to be: 71.36% water content; 0.69 O/S ratio; 950 rpm mixing rate, and 5 minute mixing time. The optimized formulation showed good storage stability in different temperatures.
HIV among out-of-school youth in Eastern and Southern Africa: a review

The overall decline of the HIV epidemic in Sub-Saharan Africa conceals how the HIV burden has shifted to fall on areas that have been more difficult to reach. This review considers out-of-school youth, a category typically eluding interventions that are school-based. Our review of descriptive studies concentrates on the most affected region, Southern and Eastern Africa, and spans the period between 2000 and 2010. Among the relatively small but increasing number of studies, out-of-school youth was significantly associated with risky sexual behavior (RSB), more precisely with early sexual debut, high levels of partner concurrency, transactional sex, age-mixing, low sexually transmitted infection (STI)/HIV risk perception, a high lifetime number of partners, and inconsistent condom use. Being-in-school not only raises health literacy. The in-school (e.g., age-near) sexual network may also be protective, an effect which the better-studied (and regionally less significant) variable of educational attainment cannot measure. To verify such double effect of being-in-school we need to complement the behavioral research of the past decade with longitudinal cohort analyses that map sexual networks, in various regions.
Trends, similarities, and differences in the usage of teen and senior public online newsgroups

This article presents an analysis of the human to human interactions in two public online newsgroups, one targeting the young generation and the other the elderly. The main goal of this study was to establish a better understanding of similarities and differences in the ways of interacting among the participants of these two newsgroups. A series of analytical/statistical techniques, like Social Network Analysis (SNA), were used in order to get a better understanding of the online communities that have emerged around the participants of these two newsgroups. The SNA analysis showed that the teens newsgroup is more highly connected, has more messages sent and received and has a higher reciprocity. On the other hand, the senior newsgroup has more central dominant people who tend to make the rest of the network dependent on them for communication.
The Matching Law: Papers In Psychology And Economics

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The sociology of news

The Sociology of News reviews and synthesizes not only what is happening to journalism but also what is happening to the scholarly understanding of journalism. In the Second Edition, each chapter of the book has been updated to account for the radical changes that have reshaped the news industry over the last decade. With a new chapter on the sharp contraction of the news business in the United States since 2007, The Sociology of News examines journalism as a social institution and analyzes the variety of forces and factors-economic, technological, political, cultural, organizational-that shape the news media today.
Hybrid Clustering and Classification Using Weighted K Mean, Neural Networks and SVM

Clustering is very helpful in the analysis of raw data. As the clustering is unsupervised learning technique so in order to optimize the results we use classifier with clustering. This paper proposes hybrid technique in which weighted k mean is used for clustering whereas neural networks and SVM are used as classifiers . Weighted k mean results in unlabelled data by calculating the feature weights of clusters. Neural networks and SVM will label the unlabelled data as they have the ability to recognize the patterns. Optimized results will have the less entropy which is the randomness in the retrieved results. Also we have optimized the 8 performance measures of clustering and classification.
A Semiexact Degree Condition for Hamilton Cycles in Digraphs

We show that for each $\beta > 0$, every digraph $G$ of sufficiently large order $n$ whose outdegree and indegree sequences $d_1^+ \leq \cdots \leq d_n^+$ and $d_1^- \leq \cdots \leq d_n^-$ satisfy $d_i^+, d_i^- \geq \min{\{i + \beta n, n/2\}}$ is Hamiltonian. In fact, we can weaken these assumptions to (i) $d_i^+ \geq \min{\{i + \beta n, n/2\}}$ or $d^-_{n - i - \beta n} \geq n-i$, (ii) $d_i^- \geq \min{\{i + \beta n, n/2\}}$ or $d^+_{n - i - \beta n} \geq n-i$, and still deduce that $G$ is Hamiltonian. This provides an approximate version of a conjecture of Nash-Williams from 1975 and improves a previous result of Kuhn, Osthus, and Treglown.
The Complexity of Verifying Ground Tree Rewrite Systems

Ground tree rewrite systems (GTRS) are an extension of pushdown systems with the ability to spawn new sub threads that are hierarchically structured. In this paper, we study the following problems over GTRS:(1) model checking EF-logic, (2)weak bi similarity checking against finite systems, and (3) strong similarity against finite systems. Although they are all known to be decidable, we show that problems (1) and (2) have nonelementbisimilarityy, whereasproblem (3) is shown to be in $\coNEXP$ by finding a syntactic fragment of EFwhose model checking complexity is complete for $\P^\NEXP$. The same problems are studied over a more general but decidable extension of GTRS called regular GTRS (RGTRS), where regular rewriting is allowed. Over RGTRS we show that all three problems have non elementary complexity. We also apply our techniques to problems over PA-processes, a well-known class of infinite systems in Mayr's PRS (Process Rewrite Systems) hierarchy. For example, strong bi similarity checking of PA-processes against finite systems is shown to be in$\coNEXP$, yielding a first elementary upper bound for this problem.
Evaluation of error bound for a DT sliding mode control with disturbance observer

In this paper an estimate of the upper bound of control error for discrete-time implementation of a sliding mode control (DTSMC) combined with disturbance observer is investigated. Having in mind application to PZT high bandwidth actuators and since high accuracy is required the special attention is paid to avoid chattering. Selected structure of proposed SMC controller is proven to offer chattering-free motion. The proposed structure also avoids deadbeat poles that are the cause of large control action which is not desirable in practical applications. The proposed scheme is shown to allow a maximum error bound of O(T) for the system with disturbance. The main disturbances are represented by hysteresis and the time variation of the piezo stack parameters. The evaluation of the upper bound of error in such a system is shown and experimentally verified. Closed-loop experiments are presented using the proposed method to verify the theoretical results
Dual band connectivity of cognitive radio networks

Dual band capable cognitive radio networks (CRNs) have the advantage of being able to fall back to the secondary frequency band when the primary user (PU) is active. We analyze the connectivity of dual band capable CRNs and show the effect of primary user activity, CRN node density and transmission range. We show that the dual band capability of CRNs makes them more robust to the PU activity. We propose two routing strategies, single frequency routing (SFR) and dual frequency routing (DFR). We show that DFR can outperform SFR in terms of connectivity and route finding probability.
Neolithic and Bronze Age migration to Ireland and establishment of the insular Atlantic genome

Significance Modern Europe has been shaped by two episodes in prehistory, the advent of agriculture and later metallurgy. These innovations brought not only massive cultural change but also, in certain parts of the continent, a change in genetic structure. The manner in which these transitions affected the islands of Ireland and Britain on the northwestern edge of the continent remains the subject of debate. The first ancient whole genomes from Ireland, including two at high coverage, demonstrate that large-scale genetic shifts accompanied both transitions. We also observe a strong signal of continuity between modern day Irish populations and the Bronze Age individuals, one of whom is a carrier for the C282Y hemochromatosis mutation, which has its highest frequencies in Ireland today. The Neolithic and Bronze Age transitions were profound cultural shifts catalyzed in parts of Europe by migrations, first of early farmers from the Near East and then Bronze Age herders from the Pontic Steppe. However, a decades-long, unresolved controversy is whether population change or cultural adoption occurred at the Atlantic edge, within the British Isles. We address this issue by using the first whole genome data from prehistoric Irish individuals. A Neolithic woman (3343–3020 cal BC) from a megalithic burial (10.3× coverage) possessed a genome of predominantly Near Eastern origin. She had some hunter–gatherer ancestry but belonged to a population of large effective size, suggesting a substantial influx of early farmers to the island. Three Bronze Age individuals from Rathlin Island (2026–1534 cal BC), including one high coverage (10.5×) genome, showed substantial Steppe genetic heritage indicating that the European population upheavals of the third millennium manifested all of the way from southern Siberia to the western ocean. This turnover invites the possibility of accompanying introduction of Indo-European, perhaps early Celtic, language. Irish Bronze Age haplotypic similarity is strongest within modern Irish, Scottish, and Welsh populations, and several important genetic variants that today show maximal or very high frequencies in Ireland appear at this horizon. These include those coding for lactase persistence, blue eye color, Y chromosome R1b haplotypes, and the hemochromatosis C282Y allele; to our knowledge, the first detection of a known Mendelian disease variant in prehistory. These findings together suggest the establishment of central attributes of the Irish genome 4,000 y ago.
GP Kernels for Cross-Spectrum Analysis

Multi-output Gaussian processes provide a convenient framework for multi-task problems. An illustrative and motivating example of a multi-task problem is multi-region electrophysiological time-series data, where experimentalists are interested in both power and phase coherence between channels. Recently, Wilson and Adams (2013) proposed the spectral mixture (SM) kernel to model the spectral density of a single task in a Gaussian process framework. In this paper, we develop a novel covariance kernel for multiple outputs, called the cross-spectral mixture (CSM) kernel. This new, flexible kernel represents both the power and phase relationship between multiple observation channels. We demonstrate the expressive capabilities of the CSM kernel through implementation of a Bayesian hidden Markov model, where the emission distribution is a multi-output Gaussian process with a CSM covariance kernel. Results are presented for measured multi-region electrophysiological data.
FT-Grid: A Fault-Tolerance System for e-Science

The FT-Grid system introduces a multi-version design -based fault tolerance framework that allows faults occurring in service-based systems to be tolerated, thus increasing the dependability of such systems. This paper details the progress that has been made in the development of FT-Grid, including both a GUI client and also a web service interface. We show empirical evidence of the dependability benefits offered by FT-Grid, by performing a dependability analysis using fault injection testing performed with the WS-FIT tool. We then illustrate a potential problem with voting based fault tolerance approaches in the service-oriented paradigm – namely, that individual channels within fault-tolerant systems may invoke common services as part of their workflow, thus increasing the potential for common-mode failure. We propose a solution to this issue by using the technique of provenance to provide FT-Grid with topological awareness. We implement a large test system, and – with the use of the PreServ provenance system developed as part of the PASOA project at the University of Southampton – perform a large number of experiments which show that a topologically-aware FT-Grid system results in a much more dependable system than any other configuration tested, whilst imposing a negligible timing overhead.
Clinical Psychology: A Modern Health Profession

1. The Profession 2. Career Planning 3. Psychological Tests 4. Ethics 5. Psychological Problems that Clinical Psychologists Focus On 6. Psychological Assessment 7. Psychodiagnostic Assessment 8. Intellectual Assessment 9. Behavioral Assessment 10. Psychotherapy 11. Psychoanalysis 12. Behavior Therapy 13. Therapy Outcome Research 14. Treatment Specificity 15. Developmental Stages and Child Psychopathology 16. Forensic Psychology 17. Health and the Causation of Disesase 18. Clinical Case Scenario 19. Changes in Health Care
Identification of Putative Potassium Channel Homologues in Pathogenic Protozoa

K+ channels play a vital homeostatic role in cells and abnormal activity of these channels can dramatically alter cell function and survival, suggesting that they might be attractive drug targets in pathogenic organisms. Pathogenic protozoa lead to diseases such as malaria, leishmaniasis, trypanosomiasis and dysentery that are responsible for millions of deaths each year worldwide. The genomes of many protozoan parasites have recently been sequenced, allowing rational design of targeted therapies. We analyzed the genomes of pathogenic protozoa and show the existence within them of genes encoding putative homologues of K+ channels. These protozoan K+ channel homologues represent novel targets for anti-parasitic drugs. Differences in the sequences and diversity of human and parasite proteins may allow pathogen-specific targeting of these K+ channel homologues.
Metaphor: A Practical Introduction

1. What Is Metaphor? 2. Common Source and Target Domains 3. Kinds of Metaphor 4. Metaphor in Literature 5. Nonlinguistic Realizations of Conceptual Metaphors 6. The Basis of Metaphor 7. The Partial Nature of Metaphorical Mappings 8. Cognitive Models, Metaphors, and Embodiment 9. Metaphorical Entailments 10. The Scope of Metaphor 11. Metaphor Systems 12. Another Figure: Metonymy 13. The Universality of Conceptual Metaphors 14. Cultural Variation in Metaphor and Metonymy 15. Metaphor, Metonymy, and Idioms 16. Metaphor and Metonymy in the Study of Language 17. Metaphors and Blends 18. Metaphor in Discourse 19. How Does All This 20. Hang Together? GLOSSARY SOLUTIONS TO EXERCISES REFERENCES GENERAL INDEX METAPHOR AND METONYMY INDEX
Robust Output Command Tracking for Linear Systems with Nonlinear Uncertain Structure with Application to Flight Control

The problem of asymptotic robust output command tracking is studied for the case of linear systems with nonlinear uncertain structure. The problem is solved using a compensator with static state feedback, unity output feedback and integral action. The controller is restricted to be independent from the uncertainties. The output of the closed loop system tracks polynomial type reference signals. Sufficient conditions for the problem to have a solution are established. The result of asymptotic robust output command tracking is applied to control the short period longitudinal motion of an aircraft. In the mathematical description of the aircraft an uncertain stability derivative is included. The steps to determine the controller are analytically presented. The effectiveness of the controller over a wide range of the system uncertainty, wind disturbances and actuator failure is illustrated through simulation to the nonlinear model.
Multicolor urn models with reducible replacement matrices

Consider the multicolored urn model where, after every draw, balls of the different colors are added to the urn in a proportion determined by a given stochastic replacement matrix. We consider some special replace ment matrices which are not irreducible. For three- and four-color ums, we derive the asymptotic behavior of linear combinations of the number of balls. In particular, we show that certain linear combinations of the balls of different colors have limiting distributions which are variance mixtures of normal distributions. We also obtain almost sure limits in certain cases in contrast to the corresponding irreducible cases, where only weak limits are known.
Quantitative proton MR techniques for measuring fat

Accurate, precise and reliable techniques for the quantification of body and organ fat distributions are important tools in physiology research. They are critically needed in studies of obesity and diseases involving excess fat accumulation. Proton MR methods address this need by providing an array of relaxometry‐based (T1, T2) and chemical shift‐based approaches. These techniques can generate informative visualizations of regional and whole‐body fat distributions, yield measurements of fat volumes within specific body depots and quantify fat accumulation in abdominal organs and muscles. MR methods are commonly used to investigate the role of fat in nutrition and metabolism, to measure the efficacy of short‐ and long‐term dietary and exercise interventions, to study the implications of fat in organ steatosis and muscular dystrophies and to elucidate pathophysiological mechanisms in the context of obesity and its comorbidities. The purpose of this review is to provide a summary of mainstream MR strategies for fat quantification. The article succinctly describes the principles that differentiate water and fat proton signals, summarizes the advantages and limitations of various techniques and offers a few illustrative examples. The article also highlights recent efforts in the MR of brown adipose tissue and concludes by briefly discussing some future research directions. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Historical Land Cover Assessment: Challenges and Achievements

This study aimed to develop a method for assessing changes in vegetation greenness and land cover over time at both landscape scales and for individual land parcels. It is hoped that an improved understanding of land cover history will increase understanding of soil condition, and linkages between soil health and productive capacity in Victorian agricultural landscapes. Gradual changes and differences in vegetation biomass can occur due to climatic and geomorphological factors. Sharper transitions in vegetation biomass coincident with cadastral boundaries and paddock fences also occur as a result of management history. Understanding the earlier land use history with respect to these parcels may reveal causal factors with respect to cover growth (e.g. extended fallow periods) that would explain, in part, the reasons for differences in current land productivity. This study utilised the historical Landsat archive to produce land cover and vegetation greenness information over a 38 year period in a localised area of the Wimmera region of Victoria. Data generated by this project will support efforts to examine the influences of farming systems on productivity and soil resources over time frames equivalent to soil change. The likely causes for local differentiation could include seasonal climatic variability, crop/soil management practices or local soil constraints. This paper presents some preliminary findings in this ongoing study. The work presented here focussed on creating land cover and production histories for the study area and selected paddocks from satellite imagery. The project made use of the USGS Landsat archive that yielded 54 images from July 1973 to November 2011, which were largely clear of cloud cover. For each image, Normalised Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) was calculated and a land cover classification using spectral signatures was generated. These data were interpreted in a number of ways. A time series of NDVI values for paddocks of interest was created, which showed varied patterns between paddocks. Cumulative NDVI across the landscape was also calculated which revealed distinct paddock boundaries as a result of land management history. These data also revealed a north-south transition across the study area from mostly low NDVI to mostly high NDVI, which is likely the result of climatic and soil property variation. Analysis of land cover also allowed land management history to be interpreted in terms of crop rotation and paddock fallow duration. The results so far provide clear evidence that the influence of long term management practices on productivity (vegetation cover) can be mapped using satellite imagery.
Analysis of air-gap influence on a large hydro generator's parameters using sudden symmetrical short-circuit test

Accurate alternator's parameters are important for driving, simulating, planning and protecting power systems. These parameters are related to the geometry of the machines and depend on many factors. One of the most important is the effective air gap. In this paper, the influence of the variation of the latter on transient parameters is analysed. To this end, a sudden three-phase short circuit is simulated using a 3D FEM approach coupled to the electric circuit elements and the classical lumped parameters are determined for a variation of the air gap up to 20% of the manufacturer given value. The methodology, from modeling of the short-circuit test to the processing of the waveforms, in relation to previous works, is exposed.