Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Orientations and transfers in cohomology of algebraic varieties

Algebro-geometric cohomology theories are described axiomatically, with a systematic treatment of their orientations. For every oriented theory, transfer mappings are constructed for mappings of smooth varieties that are proper on supports. In some basic cases, transfers are calculated. The presentation is illustrated by motivic cohomology, K-theory, algebraic cobordism, and other examples. The present paper concerns cohomology theories for algebraic varieties. Among these we can name étale cohomology and algebraic K-theory, known for a long time, as well as more recent theories such as motivic cohomology and algebraic cobordism. In topology, a cohomology theory is described either by a representing spectrum in the stable homotopy category or axiomatically. By Brown’s representability theorem, these approaches are equivalent. An algebraic counterpart of the stable homotopy category was found by Voevodsky and Morel in [1] and [2]. In the present paper, we present an algebraic analog of the Steenrod–Eilenberg axioms. Our main goal in this paper is to study oriented theories. In topology, an orientation of a theory is a set of data that makes it possible to choose compatible fundamental classes (orientations) of the fibers of spherical bundles related to complex vector bundles. The same approach is used in the present paper, though a more conceptual definition of orientation would have been obtained by introducing a module structure over cobordism theory. An essential advantage of oriented theories in topology is the computability of cohomology and related operations, e.g., the characteristic classes and transfers. In this paper, we present an algebraic version of these operations and develop appropriate computational tools. To apply these tools, it is necessary to know how to orient specific theories. For this, we present a natural orientation of algebraic cobordism and describe all orientations of an arbitrary theory (from this description it follows, in particular, that a theory with Chern classes is orientable). Furthermore, we introduce the notion of a transfer (an analog of the integral for cohomology classes as functions on spaces) and prove the main result, namely, the existence of a transfer for an orientable theory. Now, we describe the content of the present paper in more detail. In Subsection 1.2, we define a cohomology theory and give basic examples; in Subsection 1.3, we present general properties of cohomology theories and describe some constructions (of considerable importance here is the deformation to the normal cone, see Subsection 1.3.6); in Subsection 1.4, we introduce products; in Subsections 1.5 and 1.6, we discuss suspension and group structures. 2000 Mathematics Subject Classification. Primary 14F99.
An electric circuit model for Darrieus-type vertical axis wind turbine rotors: The Tchakoua model

The complex and unsteady aerodynamics of vertical axis wind turbines (VAWTs) pose significant challenges for simulation tools. Recently, significant research efforts have focused on the development of new methods for analysing and optimising the aerodynamic performance of VAWTs. This paper presents an electric circuit model for Darrieus-type vertical axis wind turbine (DT-VAWT) rotors. The novel Tchakoua model is based on the mechanical description given by the Paraschivoiu double-multiple streamtube model using a mechanical-electrical analogy. Model simulations were conducted using MATLAB for a three-blade NACA0012 aerofoil with an average Reynolds number of 40000 for the blade and a tip speed ratio of 5. The results obtained show strong agreement with findings from both aerodynamic and CFD models in the literature.
The Mib30 index and futures relationship: econometric analysis and implications for hedging

The interactions between the Mib30 stock market index and its future contract are examined. Using daily data for the 1994–2002 period, it is found that the cost-of-carry model holds as an equilibrium relationship between spot and futures prices. Deviations from equilibrium are corrected by movements in the spot market, but cross-market dynamics are also important in the short run. We model the time-varying volatility of daily returns’ as an autoregressive conditional heteroscedastic process; this model used to estimate minimum-variance hedge ratios. In- and out-of-sample comparisons with static hedging show that, by carefully choosing the ARCH specification, a significant improvement in variance reduction can be achieved.
Progressive Patronage? Municipalities, NGOs, CBOs and the Limits to Slum Dwellers’ Empowerment

Abstract: Efforts aimed at urban poverty reduction and service delivery improvement depend critically on slum dwellers’ collective agency. Adding to a long history of community participation approaches, there is a now growing incidence of so-called ‘partnerships’ between municipal agencies, non-governmental organizations (NGOs) and slum organizations. Such approaches require a fair representation of a majority of the poor by local community-based organizations (CBOs), the potential and interest of both poor men and women to organize pro-actively in collective action, and a CBO leadership that works for the common good. This article puts some key assumptions underlying grassroots-based strategies under scrutiny. That relations amongst the urban poor are unequal and that they are divided in terms of income, gender and ethnicity has been well documented, but there has been less attention for the fact that the poor, facing conditions of scarcity and competition, rely on vertical relations of patronage and brokerage which may hinder or prevent horizontal mobilization. Rather than being vehicles of empowerment and change, CBOs and their leadership often block progress, controlling or capturing benefits aimed at the poor and misusing them for private (political) interests. Presenting evidence from community-based projects in the slums of three large Indian cities, the article argues that municipal agencies, donors and NGOs cannot easily escape the logic of patronage and often themselves become part of a system of vertical dependency relations.
Towards Adaptive Enterprises A Generic Architecture and Its Model-Based Realization

Executable modeling will be necessary to arrive at the right analysis and simulation models for the enterprise and model-driven engineering (MDE) will be used to transform them into a software implementation. As pioneers in bringing software product line ideas to MDE, we are extending the present capabilities of our model-driven engineering platform to support rigorous analysis and simulation. Simulatable nature of these models enables “in silico” validation of the proposed change, rather, a set of relevant changes. As these models are amenable to model-based code generation, the changes can be automatically reflected into implementation. IN B R IE F
Digital static calibration technology used for 16-bit DAC

In this study, the digital static calibration technique used for 400MSPS, 16-bit high-resolution current steering DAC is described. The calibration technique uses address generator, comparator, SAR register, and calibration DAC to comprise successive approximation calibration loop. With the calibration loop, the respective calibration of array units of current source can be implemented automatically one by one, thus improving greatly matchability of current source. The differential nonlinearity error of 16-bit current steering DAC with the calibration technology reaches a true 16-bit relative static resolution with DNL<±0.5LSB.
Disciplinary Observance and Sanctions on German and Danish Auditors

This paper presents the results of a comparative study on disciplinary observance systems of the auditing profession within two member states of the European Union: Germany and Denmark. Disciplinary observance is an important factor in reducing the hidden action problem, but could also be used by the profession to signal quality. In Germany, the Wirtschaftspruferkammer is the supervisory body which oversees compliance with standards and professional duties. It is entitled to sanction the minor violations of duties by auditors. Only more severe types of misbehaviour are dealt with by courts. In Denmark, a special court (Disciplinaeernaevn) is concerned with disciplinary actions against auditors. The results of this study will demonstrate that audit regulations and in particular disciplinary laws remain basically national, despite efforts to harmonise auditing. This study identifies characteristics of disciplinary systems common to both countries and provides information on the functioning of both systems that may be useful in a number of ways. The results presented might initiate a more systematic comparison of disciplinary systems within member states of the European Union, which would enhance institutional knowledge of the European market for auditing services. This in turn could promote the process of achieving a single European market for auditing services and thus reduce market inefficiencies.
The Clinical Diagnosis and Misdiagnosis of Senile Dementia of Lewy Body Type (SDLT)

Background Current clinical classifications do not contain specific diagnostic categories for patients with senile dementia of the Lewy body type (SDLT), recently proposed as the second commonest neuropathological cause of dementia in the elderly. This study determines how existing clinical diagnosis systems label SDLT patients and suggests how such patients may be identified. Method A range of clinical diagnostic criteria for dementia were applied to case notes of autopsy-confirmed SDLT (n = 20), dementia of Alzheimer type (DAT; n = 21) and multi-infarct dementia (MID; n = 9) patients who had received psychogeriatric assessment. The predictive validity of each set of clinical criteria was calculated against the external criterion of neuropathological diagnosis. Results Many SDLT patients erroneously met criteria for MID (35% with Hachinski scores ≥ 7) or for DAT (15% by NINCDS ‘probable AD’, 35% by DSM–III–R DAT and 50% by NINCDS ‘possible AD’). Up to 85% of SDLT cases could be correctly identified using recently published specific criteria. Conclusions DLT usually has a discernible clinical syndrome and existing clinical classifications may need revision to diagnose correctly such patients.
Environmental Valuation: A Brief Overview of Options

This paper provides a brief overview of the options available for environmental valuation and is organised as follows. After an introduction, section 2 discusses the concept of total economic value that provides a framework for describing, in economic terms, the ways in which environmental changes might affect peoples’ well-being. Sections 3 and 4 then review the main techniques that have been used to estimate total economic value (or its components). Some of these techniques estimate original values while others make use of (or ‘transfer’ to use the jargon) the findings of existing studies and apply to a new policy or project context. Finally, some concluding comments are offered.
Non-Monotone Liquidity Under-Supply

We define liquidity as the flexibility to move goods (money) from one project (investment) to another. We show that credit constraints on demand by themselves can cause an under-supply of liquidity, without the uncertainty, intermediation, asymmetric information or complicated international financial framework used in other models in the literature. In this respect liquidity is like a commodity: according to our offsetting distortions principle, a distortion in the demand for any good can often be understood as an inefficiency of supply. We show that the liquidity under-supply is a non-monotone function of the credit constraint. This result is also a particular case of a more general principle applying to any commodity with supply alternatives: second best supply inefficiency is non-monotone in the demand distortion. Defining liquidity as flexibility ensures that there will be alternatives, and thus non monotonicity. If we interpret the credit constraints as the degree of financial development in the economy, our second proposition suggests that when financial markets are very undeveloped, as in some emerging markets, financial innovation may paradoxically make government intervention (taxation) more necessary. Finally, we think about the magnitude of the under-supply in the context of a specific demand distortion. We model the credit constraint by assuming that borrowers will default unless their promises are covered by collateral. Further, we assume that only an exogenous proportion beta of a durable good can serve as collateral. This parameter will represent the degree of financial development of the economy. We show that when the price of the collateral is endogenous, the magnitude of the under supply can be much larger. Any policy intervention that affects the interest rate in equilibrium will have two effects on the borrowing constraint: a direct effect, also present in the case when the credit constraint is exogenous, and an indirect effect through the price of the collateral. We explore our findings by solving and simulating a particular case in which utilities for the consumption good and collateral are quadratic.
Performance comparison of spatial diversity array topologies in an OFDM based wireless LAN

Spatial diversity is well known to provide improved coverage and capacity for wireless systems. With the increasing demand for wireless LANs, the robust provision of its services to users is becoming increasingly important. This paper examines the performance of spatial diversity in an OFDM based wireless LAN for various antenna topologies. It is shown that a circular array topology at the access point provides the best performance when operating in an indoor office environment compared with linear and semi-circular topologies. It is also shown that such a configuration improves the service provision by more than 10 dB compared to a single antenna system.
On the Validity of Season of Birth as an Instrument in Wage Equations: A Comment on Angrist & Krueger&Apos;S "Does Compulsory School Attendance Affect Scho

In an important and provocative paper, `Does Compulsory School Attendance Affect Schooling and Earnings? ', Angrist and Krueger use quarter of birth as an instrument for educational attainment in wage equations. To support a causal interpretation of their estimates, they argue that compulsory school attendance laws alone account for the association between quarter of birth and earnings. In this note we present evidence that the association between quarter of birth and earnings is too strong to be fully explained by compulsory school attendance laws in the samples studied by Angrist and Krueger. Moreover, while the association between quarter of birth and educational attainment was weaker for more recent cohorts, we found no evidence that the strength of the relationship between quarter of birth and earnings was also weaker in those cohorts. In addition, we present evidence that suggests the association between quarter of birth and earnings or other labor market outcomes existed for cohorts that were not bound by compulsory school attendance laws. Our results call into question the validity of any causal inferences based on Angrist and Krueger's estimates regarding the effect of education on earnings.
Tourism and Innovation in China and Spain: A Review of Innovation Research on Tourism

Given the current economic contribution of tourism to the Chinese and Spanish national economies, tourism innovation in these two countries becomes a vehicle for improving tourism competitiveness and sustainability. This article presents a comparative analysis of the relevance, recent growth and particularities of tourism and innovation in China and Spain, with the objective of identifying the tourism innovation needs of each country. Innovation research on tourism is also reviewed as a means to a better understanding of tourism innovation activities in each country. This review of the academic literature further examines the levels of analysis, the research topics and the major conclusions. In light of their findings, the authors then offer recommendations on how to enhance the tourism innovation performance and improve research on tourism innovation in China and Spain.
Counting to Nowhere: Social Media Adoption and Use as an Opportunity for Public Scholarship and Engagement

Counting social media site users is popular yet fraught with challenges. Scholars can help illuminate public discussion of social media use. An open access journal like Social Media + Society provides a platform for scholarly public engagement. This essay highlights some of the challenges of understanding social media adoption and suggests opportunities for scholars to become part of public deliberation.
Activation of Interferon Regulatory Factor 3 Is Inhibited by the Influenza A Virus NS1 Protein

ABSTRACT We present a novel mechanism by which viruses may inhibit the alpha/beta interferon (IFN-α/β) cascade. The double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) binding protein NS1 of influenza virus is shown to prevent the potent antiviral interferon response by inhibiting the activation of interferon regulatory factor 3 (IRF-3), a key regulator of IFN-α/β gene expression. IRF-3 activation and, as a consequence, IFN-β mRNA induction are inhibited in wild-type (PR8) influenza virus-infected cells but not in cells infected with an isogenic virus lacking the NS1 gene (delNS1 virus). Furthermore, NS1 is shown to be a general inhibitor of the interferon signaling pathway. Inhibition of IRF-3 activation can be achieved by the expression of wild-type NS1 intrans, not only in delNS1 virus-infected cells but also in cells infected with a heterologous RNA virus (Newcastle disease virus). We propose that inhibition of IRF-3 activation by a dsRNA binding protein significantly contributes to the virulence of influenza A viruses and possibly to that of other viruses.
Intermolecular versus intramolecular interactions of the vinculin binding site 33 of talin

The cytoskeletal proteins talin and vinculin are localized at cell‐matrix junctions and are key regulators of cell signaling, adhesion, and migration. Talin couples integrins via its FERM domain to F‐actin and is an important regulator of integrin activation and clustering. The 220 kDa talin rod domain comprises several four‐ and five‐helix bundles that harbor amphipathic α‐helical vinculin binding sites (VBSs). In its inactive state, the hydrophobic VBS residues involved in binding to vinculin are buried within these helix bundles, and the mechanical force emanating from bound integrin receptors is thought necessary for their release and binding to vinculin. The crystal structure of a four‐helix bundle of talin that harbors one of these VBSs, coined VBS33, was recently determined. Here we report the crystal structure of VBS33 in complex with vinculin at 2 Å resolution. Notably, comparison of the apo and vinculin bound structures shows that intermolecular interactions of the VBS33 α‐helix with vinculin are more extensive than the intramolecular interactions of the VBS33 within the talin four‐helix bundle.
Do Bank Capital and Liquidity Affect Real Economic Activity in the Long Run? A VECM Analysis for the US

This paper analyses the long-term economic costs of the new regulatory standards (the so‐called Basel III reform) for the US. Using a Vector Error Correction Model that estimates long‐run relationships among a small set of macro‐variables over the period 1994-2008, it shows that tighter capital and liquidity requirements have negative (but rather limited) effects on the level of long-run steady-state output and more sizeable effects on banks’ return on equity. The economic costs are considerably below the estimated positive benefit that the reform should have by reducing the probability of banking crises and the associated banking losses (BCBS, 2010b).
Pharmacological activation of PPAR promotes rapid and calcineurin- dependent fiber remodeling and angiogenesis in mouse skeletal muscle

Gaudel C, Schwartz C, Giordano C, Abumrad NA, Grimaldi PA. Pharmacological activation of PPAR promotes rapid and calcineurin-dependent fiber remodeling and angiogenesis in mouse skeletal muscle. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 295: E297–E304, 2008. First published May 20, 2008; doi:10.1152/ajpendo.00581. 2007. — Recent studies have shown that administration of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor(PPAR ) agonists enhances fatty acid oxidation in rodent and human skeletal muscle and that musclerestricted PPAR overexpression affects muscle metabolic profile by increasing oxidative myofiber number, which raises the possibility that PPAR agonists alter muscle morphology in adult animals. This possibility was examined in this study in which adult mice were treated with a PPAR agonist, and the resulting changes in myofiber metabolic phenotype and angiogenesis were quantified in tibialis anterior muscles. The findings indicate a muscle remodeling that is completed within 2 days and is characterized by a 1.63-fold increase in oxidative fiber number and by a 1.55-fold increase in capillary number. These changes were associated with a quick and transient upregulation of myogenic and angiogenic markers. Both myogenic and angiogenic responses were dependent on the calcineurin pathway, as they were blunted by cyclosporine A administration. In conclusion, the data indicate that PPAR activation is associated with a calcineurin-dependent effect on muscle morphology that enhances the oxidative phenotype.
Short-chain fatty acids in control of energy metabolism

ABSTRACT Short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs), especially acetate, propionate and butyrate, are the end products from the intestinal microbial fermentation of dietary fibers and resistant starch. It has been well documented that plasma and colonic SCFAs are associated with metabolic syndromes. Recently, the involvement of SCFAs in energy homeostasis regulation has been extensively studied. The importance of SCFAs on energy metabolism has highlighted the potential of modulating SCFAs as a nutritional target to prevent and counteract metabolism disorders and its associated diseases such as obesity and type 2 diabetes. Here, we summarize the current knowledge about the biological properties of SCFAs with their impact on the energy homeostasis.
Parameter Risks of Surplus Management Under a Stochastic Process

To hedge the interest-rate risk against a firmfs surplus, insurance companies commonly set the firmfs asset duration equal to the debt ratio times the firmfs liability duration. However, this strategy focuses only on the fluctuation of interest rates; it does not address any of the uncertainty in the underlined factors, which guide the changes in interest rates. This paper first identifies parameter risks against a firmfs surplus. We further propose to use goal programming to integrate the traditional immunization strategy against interest-rate risk and the strategies against parameter risks. Since the goal programming suggested in our paper is an integrated model of immunization strategies against interest-rate risk and parameter risks, the immunization strategy suggested here includes classical immunization strategy as a special case. Moreover, the results of our simulation show that, compared to classical immunization, the goal programming proposed in this paper can reduce significantly the overall risks against an insurance companyfs surplus. Key words: asset and liability management, immunization strategy, parameter risks