Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Comparative Histology of Intradermal Implantation of Mono and Biphasic Hyaluronic Acid Fillers

BACKGROUND Hyaluronic acid (HA) gels have been used as filler material in the aesthetic field. Although the native HA molecule is without specificity of species and organs, synthetic cross‐linked gels have differences in chemical composition and three‐dimensional structure. Different technologies are employed in cross‐linking, and the products have varying rheological properties. OBJECTIVE To determine whether the gels with differing chemical composition have differing histologic behavior when injected into human skin to determine if the histology changes after 14 days of implantation. MATERIALS AND METHODS Human volunteers consented to having controlled placement of HA intradermally into forearm or buttock skin. The trials were conducted in a single clinic in association with the Hôpitaux Universitaires de Genève, Geneva, Switzerland. The biopsies were taken immediately after implantation of the product and at day 14. Standard paraffin sections were prepared and stained with hematoxylin and eosin and Alcian blue and examined by an independent pathologist. RESULTS Results show that each type of HA has a predictable histologic behavior in the skin. Biphasic gel has demonstrated deposition in big pools, often deep in the reticular dermis. The pools compress the collagen fibers. The papillary dermis and superficial reticular dermis are free of HA. Monophasic monodensified gels show large pools of hyaluronans throughout all the thickness of the reticular dermis. This material breaks up the collagen fibers of most of the dermal plane. The papillary dermis is free of exogenous hyaluronans. Monophasic polydensified cohesive gel penetrates into the dermis in a diffuse, evenly distributed manner, except in the papillary dermis, which remains free of exogenous material. CONCLUSION The different types of cross‐linked HA have different behaviors in the dermis immediately after their injection. The patterns are consistent between patients and are predictable. These histologic patterns do not change when biopsies are examined at 2 weeks. Dr. Flynn serves as a researcher for Merz.
Modeling and Analysis of a Blade/Receptacle Pair for the Prediction of Vibration-Induced Fretting Degradation

Vibration-induced fretting can be a major problem for connector systems used in vehicle electronics. However, at present much of the evaluation of fretting propensity for particular connector designs and the influence of variations in those designs on fretting performance is conducted through exhaustive experimental testing. A simulation-based method would be of great value to those responsible for connector design and application. An earlier initial study was conducted in which a simplified finite element model was developed and experimentally validated for a blade/receptacle pair. The present study is the next step in this effort. A highly detailed 3-D model for this same connector system has been developed and analyzed to evaluate the threshold vibration levels as a function of excitation frequency, wire tie-off length, wire mass, interface friction coefficient, and normal force. A series of experiments were also conducted to validate and test the simulation. It was demonstrated that, for this limited system, finite element modeling and analysis have potential for the evaluation of the influence of design variation on the fretting behavior.
Immunocytochemical staining of p16ink4a protein as an adjunct test in equivocal liquid‐based cytology

For cervical cancer screening, HPV‐DNA test is expensive and is not easily available in all clinical situations. Thus, we investigated the role of p16ink4a immunostaining as another adjunct test to diagnose cervical neoplasia in equivocal liquid based cytology. Eighty‐seven patients were randomly selected for this study (3 patients with normal, 84 patients with abnormal including 24 ASCUS, 30 LSIL, and 30 HSIL). We performed p16ink4a immunostaining on ThinPrep® slide and on each case from the corresponding cervical biopsy tissues. High‐risk HPV‐DNA testing was also performed on all the subjects. We found that the immunoreactivity of p16ink4a is strongly correlated with the grade of cytologic and histologic diagnoses as well as with Hybrid Capture 2. In comparing the p16ink4a immunostaining with the Hybrid Capture 2 for accuracy of the diagnosis of CIN II/III or a higher‐grade disease in the case of ASCUS/LSIL on ThinPrep®, no significant differences were observed. Our data implies that p16ink4a immunocytochemical staining in liquid‐based cytology specimens might be used as a good adjunct test to predict cervical histology in equivocal ThinPrep® tests. Diagn. Cytopathol. 2008;36:311–316. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
An Investigation into the Major Causes 01 Australia's Recent Inflation and Some Policy Implications*

This paper investigates the major causes of Australia's recent inflation with special emphasis on the 1970s and early 1980s A general model of inflation is formulated based upon a vector auto-regression The main empirical finding is that increases in wages and import prices and more recently in money have been significant causal factors of Australia's inflationary experience. Government current expenditure is found to contribute passively to cost-push inflation
Research on pasted FBG-based accelerometer's sensitization process method and its characteristics

: A pasted FBG based cantilever beam accelerometer ’ s sensitization process method has been proposed in this paper. We have built the pasted FBG-based cantilever beam accelerometer ’ s sensitization process model. The sensor ’ s sensitivity was improved by adjusting glue thickness between FBG and cantilever beam. Theoretical model has been proved by ANSYS simulation and experimental analysis: Simulation analysis shows that when distance between ﬁ ber core and cantilever beam is greater than 0.4 mm, it can be used to enhance sensitivity. Experimental analysis shows that when distance between ﬁ ber core and cantilever beam is 1 mm, sensitivity of sensor is increased by 2.9 times compared with the conventional process, but it has no effect on the sensor dynamic characteristics. Compared with conventional sensitization method, it ’ s more general, and can be applied to all pasted FBG accelerometer for enhancing sensitivity.
Responsibility to Respect: Why the Core Company Should Act When Affiliates Infringe Human Rights

This chapter discusses the treatment that Professor Ruggie’s Guiding Principles offer for the responsibility to respect human rights (RtR) as applied to core companies whose affiliates’ operations infringe human rights. The issue is about a core company’s responsibility to act to address abuses that occur towards the periphery of its group or network. The fairness of globalisation is often questioned with examples from industries where business enterprises are structured along buyer-supplier, parent-subsidiary and joint venture arrangements. The concern here is that the RtR raises difficult issues when applied to a business group or network as opposed to a single business entity. The Guiding Principles are critically reviewed in section 2 for how they deal with the issue of a core company’s responsibility to act. Section 3 seeks inspiration in tort jurisprudence in an attempt to justify a responsibility to act and thus reinforce Ruggie’s foundational work on the RtR. Section 4 identifies some outstanding issues related to the RtR that could benefit from further research and attention in the post-Ruggie period.
Labor Quality, Returns to Scale and the Elasticity of Factor Substitution

The problem was reduced to the apparently simple one of estimating the elasticity of substitution between capital and labor in the production functions of differing industries and determining whether these elasticities varied widely or were basically the same. After a lapse of eight years, however, the existence of factor reversal is still an unresolved question. In his 1967 summary article Marc Nerlove could write:
The Certification Hypothesis of Fairness Opinions for Acquiring Firms

We study the certification role of fairness opinions in corporate transactions in a simple non-cooperative setting with asymmetric information and possibly misaligned managerial incentives, and discuss the effect of different regulatory scenarios. Specifically, we compare three settings: one in which no third-party fairness opinion is available, one in which the management is required to obtain a fairness opinion before any transaction, and one in which the management’s decision to require a fairness opinion is voluntary. We compare shareholder value in each of the three scenarios and discuss implications for the optimal design of regulatory environments for fairness opinions.
Civilian power and ‘history‐making’ decisions: German agenda‐setting on Europe

This article examines ‘history‐making’ decisions on Europe by the German government, drawing on the concept of civilian power, which has been refined by international relations theorists, subjecting it to a political science critique. Three case studies ‐ of economic and monetary union (EMU), dual enlargement and European defence and security policy ‐ are discussed and compared with the aim of assessing the value of civilian power for the analysis and explanation of key German decisions. The focus is on agenda‐setting in relation to key ‘history‐making’ decisions. It is argued that German European policy behaviour is better explained by civilian power than realism or neo‐liberal institutionalism. However, civilian power does not adequately capture the complex attitudes and values at work in Germany, the interests brought to bear in a fragmented, sectoralised policy process, the resource limitations on pursuing this approach, and the external conditions for sustaining such a role.
Anti-inflammatory and anticancer properties of dichloromethane and butanol fractions from the stem bark of Broussonetia papyrifera

Broussonetia papyrifera radix, fruits, leaves, and stems exhibit antioxidant, antinociceptive, antityrosinase, anti-inflammatory, and antiplatelet activities. However, studies of the anticancer and anti-inflammatory activities of B. papyrifera stem bark are limited. Yet it is important to evaluate these activities to isolate active compounds for potential medicines and food additive. The dichloromethane fraction of B. papyrifera stem bark was found to induce apoptosis-related DNA fragmentation, increase sub-G1 accumulation, increase morphological changes, and inhibit the proliferation of human colon cancer HT-29 cells. Moreover, it significantly increased p53, caspase-3, and Bax expression in HT-29 cells. In addition, the n-butanol fraction inhibited nitric oxide production in RAW 264.7 macrophages by suppressing iNOS expression. These results suggest that B. papyrifera is a potential natural resource for treating cancer and inflammatory diseases.
Transarterial chemoembolization of hepatocellular carcinoma. Agents and drugs: an overview. Part 1

Introduction: Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is one of the most common lethal malignancies. The prognosis is poor despite progress in early diagnosis. The initial treatment of choice is hepatic resection; unfortunately, not all patients are eligible for liver resection. Moreover, there are significant recurrences. Different liver-directed therapies have been developed to increase the number of patients eligible for liver resection. Among them, transarterial chemoembolization (TACE) is a technique of improving importance that involves the intra-arterial administration of anticancer drugs and embolization agents into the liver tumor. In the first part of this review, an overview of the present situation in the field of TACE has been made, referring in particular to the use of Lipiodol. Areas covered: Clinical overview of TACE with attention to the present limits and problems of this technique. Expert opinion: The use of TACE techniques is important in the treatment of HCCs. However, this technique needs to be improved in particular taking into account the use of new materials for the preparation of embolizing agents able to control the drug release.
VSC-Based MVDC Railway Electrification System

This paper proposes a new railway electrification system in which the voltage-source converter (VSC) becomes the basic building block. This will allow existing railways, comprising several ac and dc subsystems, to be transformed into simpler medium-voltage dc (MVDC) multiterminal power systems feeding mobile loads. Moreover, the VSC-based unified scheme will substantially facilitate the connectivity among otherwise heterogeneous railway systems, while the integration of distributed generation and storage is achieved in a straightforward fashion. In addition to the general MVDC architecture, details are provided about the dc catenary layout, dual-voltage locomotive configurations, and dc-dc links between urban and long-distance railways. The need for a supervisory control system, and its role in coordinating local VSC controllers, so that the resulting power flows are optimized while the catenary voltage is kept within limits, are discussed. The proposed railway electrification paradigm is compared with the standard 25-kV, ac electrification system by means of a real case study.
P-Glycoprotein Efflux and Other Factors Limit Brain Amyloid β Reduction by β-Site Amyloid Precursor Protein-Cleaving Enzyme 1 Inhibitors in Mice

Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disease. Amyloid β (Aβ) peptides are hypothesized to cause the initiation and progression of AD based on pathologic data from AD patients, genetic analysis of mutations that cause early onset forms of AD, and preclinical studies. Based on this hypothesis, β-site amyloid precursor protein (APP)-cleaving enzyme 1 (BACE1) inhibitors are an attractive therapeutic approach for AD because cleavage of the APP by BACE1 is required to form Aβ. In this study, three potent BACE1 inhibitors are characterized. All three inhibitors decrease Aβ formation in cultured cells with IC50 values less than 10 nM. Analysis of APP C-terminal fragments by immunoblotting and Aβ peptides by mass spectrometry showed that these inhibitors decreased Aβ by inhibiting BACE1. An assay for Aβ1–40 in mice was developed and used to show that these BACE1 inhibitors decreased plasma Aβ1–40, but not brain Aβ1–40, in wild-type mice. Because these BACE1 inhibitors were substrates for P-glycoprotein (P-gp), a member of the ATP-binding cassette superfamily of efflux transporters, these inhibitors were administered to P-gp knockout (KO) mice. These studies showed that all three BACE1 inhibitors decreased brain Aβ1–40 in P-gp KO mice, demonstrating that P-gp is a major limitation for development of BACE1 inhibitors to test the amyloid hypothesis. A comparison of plasma Aβ1–40 and brain Aβ1–40 dose responses for these three compounds revealed differences in relative ED50 values, indicating that factors other than P-gp can also contribute to poor brain activity by BACE1 inhibitors.
Lateral Membrane-Specific MAGUK CASK Down-Regulates NaV1.5 Channel in Cardiac Myocytes.

RATIONALE Mechanisms underlying membrane protein localization are crucial in the proper function of cardiac myocytes. The main cardiac sodium channel, NaV1.5, carries the sodium current (INa) that provides a rapid depolarizing current during the upstroke of the action potential. Although enriched in the intercalated disc, NaV1.5 is present in different membrane domains in myocytes and interacts with several partners. OBJECTIVE To test the hypothesis that the MAGUK (membrane-associated guanylate kinase) protein CASK (calcium/calmodulin-dependent serine protein kinase) interacts with and regulates NaV1.5 in cardiac myocytes. METHODS AND RESULTS Immunostaining experiments showed that CASK localizes at lateral membranes of cardiac myocytes, in association with dystrophin. Whole-cell patch clamp showed that CASK-silencing increases INa in vitro. In vivo CASK knockdown similarly increased INa recorded in freshly isolated myocytes. Pull-down experiments revealed that CASK directly interacts with the C-terminus of NaV1.5. CASK silencing reduces syntrophin expression without affecting NaV1.5 and dystrophin expression levels. Total Internal Reflection Fluorescence microscopy and biotinylation assays showed that CASK silencing increased the surface expression of NaV1.5 without changing mRNA levels. Quantification of NaV1.5 expression at the lateral membrane and intercalated disc revealed that the lateral membrane pool only was increased upon CASK silencing. The protein transport inhibitor brefeldin-A prevented INa increase in CASK-silenced myocytes. During atrial dilation/remodeling, CASK expression was reduced but its localization remained unchanged. CONCLUSION This study constitutes the first description of an unconventional MAGUK protein, CASK, which directly interacts with NaV1.5 channel and controls its surface expression at the lateral membrane by regulating ion channel trafficking.
Natural history and epidemiological features of genital HPV infection.

The spectrum of genital HPV infections comprises clinical, subclinical, and latent disease in addition to HPV-associated neoplasia. The definition of subclinical and latent HPV infection is still incomplete and awaits clarification by highly sensitive HPV detection systems that preserve the morphology of the tissue. Genital HPVs infect the human body mainly by sexual transmission, but other pathways of HPV transmission may be possible as suggested by (a) high prevalences of antibody reactivity in children; (b) lack of association of HPV seropositivity with sexual activity; (c) presence of HPV DNA in oral cavity scrapings of children and adults; and (d) development of recurrent respiratory papillomatosis among children exposed to HPV 6 or 11 during birth. Successful infection depends on the infection site and the immunological state of the host: susceptibility to genital HPVs seems highest for the squamous epithelium of the lower genital tract. HPV DNA is also present in extragenital sites but this is rarely accompanied by clinical or subclinical lesions. The molecular basis for this specific tropism is unknown. The immune response in HPV-infected tissues is characterized by depletion of T helper/inducer cells or Langerhans cells and an impaired immunological function of natural killer cells or the infected keratinocyte. Epidemiological studies indicate that individuals with cell-mediated immunodeficiencies are at increased risk for genital HPV infections. Data about the biological course of genital HPV infections are just beginning to emerge. Regression or persistence of subclinical and latent genital HPV infections as analysed in longitudinal investigations show a constant come-and-go of HPV presence. In an infected individual, complete clearing of the virus seems rather exceptional. With respect to progression, the biological potential of cervical HPV infections is characterized by an increased risk for development of HPV-associated neoplasia, especially in lesions infected with high-risk HPV types (e.g., HPV 16 and 18). Demographic data of genital HPV infections are very variable due to differences in the HPV detection assays used and in the populations examined; the prevalence of subclinical and latent genital HPV infections appears to be at least three times higher compared with clinical HPV infections. This rate increases by a further 3-5-fold when patients are examined several times. Seroreactivity against genital HPV types may be due to an active infection or the result of contact with HPV earlier in life. (ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
Lisbon Agenda, Regional Innovation System and the New EU Cohesion Policy

The EU’s cohesion policy should now be confluent with the goals of the Lisbon strategy by promoting growth and employment. In this context, the promotion of a concept called regional innovation system has recently become important in the EU for guaranteeing long-term regional economic growth. This paper attempts to explain the determinants of the varying degrees of innovation promotion by the EU from one region to another. Since regional-policy strategies should have been subject to a new orientation towards more innovation promotion, we are particularly interested in whether the EU’s co-financing policy of innovation projects changed for the 2007-2013 program period compared with the 2000-2006 period. According to our empirical analysis, which controls for various determinants of innovation promotion, there has been no significant change in the EU’s regional policy strategy in general. We confirm this result when focusing on less-developed Objective 1 regions, where we would have expected the new policy strategy to show up more pronounced in particular.
Illegal Immigration, Border Enforcement, and Relative Wages: Evidence from Apprehensions at the U.S.-Mexico Border

This paper examines the determinants of illegal immigration in the United States from Mexico from 1976 to 1995. The main challenge in the empirical work is that the observations are not the number of individuals that attempt to enter the United States illegally, but rather the number of individuals apprehended attempting to cross the U. S. -Mexico border illegally. Based on a simple model of the individual migration decision, we postulate the existence of an apprehensions function, which expresses the number of apprehensions at the U. S. -Mexico border as a function of the number of illegal attempts to cross the border an the level of border-enforcement effort exerted by the U. S. government.
Ethnic disparities in use of public mental health case management services among patients with schizophrenia.

OBJECTIVES This study examined case management service use by ethnic group in a sample of 4,249 European-American, Latino, and African-American patients with a diagnosis of schizophrenia or schizoaffective disorder who were receiving services in the public mental health sector of San Diego County during fiscal year 1998-1999. METHODS Data on demographic and clinical variables were obtained from the public mental health services database of the San Diego County Mental Health Department. Multivariate logistic regression analyses were used to determine the relationship between the demographic and clinical variables and use of case management services. RESULTS The ethnic composition of the sample was 64 percent European American, 20 percent Latino, and 17 percent African American. Overall, 1,100 patients (26 percent) received case management services. A disproportionately greater percentage of service use occurred among European Americans (30 percent) than among patients from ethnic minorities (19 percent for Latinos and 17 percent for African Americans). The results also indicated that Spanish-speaking Latinos underused case management services; however, the underuse was less dramatic than anticipated. CONCLUSIONS The results of this study underscore the need for continuing concern about the use of case management and other mental health services by persons from ethnic minorities.