Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Toward Opaque Typedefs for C++1Y

Although this paper is self-contained, it logically follows our discussion, begun several years ago in N1706 and continued in N1891, of a feature oft-requested for C++: an opaque typedef , sometimes termed a strong typedef . The earlier of those works was presented to WG21 on 2004-10-20 during the Redmond meeting, and the later work was presented during the Berlin meeting on 2005-04-06. Both presentations resulted in very strong encouragement to continue development of such a language feature.1 Alas, the press of other obligations has until recently not permitted us to resume our explorations.
Balancing Exposed and Hidden Nodes in Linear Wireless Networks

Wireless networks equipped with the CSMA protocol are subject to collisions due to interference. For a given interference range, we investigate the tradeoff between collisions (hidden nodes) and unused capacity (exposed nodes). We show that the sensing range that maximizes throughput critically depends on the activation rate of nodes. For infinite line networks, we prove the existence of a threshold: When the activation rate is below this threshold, the optimal sensing range is small (to maximize spatial reuse). When the activation rate is above the threshold, the optimal sensing range is just large enough to preclude all collisions. Simulations suggest that this threshold policy extends to more complex linear and nonlinear topologies.
A multilingual perspective on phonological development and disorders

Book synopsis: This book critically examines the effects of language specificity on phonological acquisition and disorder through a collection of empirical studies of children learning typologically very different languages. The studies address many theoretical, clinical and methodological issues, such as: What role do developmental universals and the ambient language play in language acquisition? How should one account for the similarities and differences in the phonological development between normally and atypically developing children, between monolingual and bilingual children, and between bilingual children sharing one language? What implications do these similarities and differences have for clinical assessment and diagnosis? The book provides much-needed baseline information for clinical assessment and diagnosis.
Scalable Verification for Outsourced Dynamic Databases

Query answers from servers operated by third parties need to be verified, as the third parties may not be trusted or their servers may be compromised. Most of the existing authentication methods construct validity proofs based on the Merkle hash tree (MHT). The MHT, however, imposes severe concurrency constraints that slow down data updates. We introduce a protocol, built upon signature aggregation, for checking the authenticity, completeness and freshness of query answers. The protocol offers the important property of allowing new data to be disseminated immediately, while ensuring that outdated values beyond a pre-set age can be detected. We also propose an efficient verification technique for ad-hoc equijoins, for which no practical solution existed. In addition, for servers that need to process heavy query workloads, we introduce a mechanism that significantly reduces the proof construction time by caching just a small number of strategically chosen aggregate signatures. The efficiency and efficacy of our proposed mechanisms are confirmed through extensive experiments.
Advances in the treatment of behavioral disturbances in Alzheimer’s disease

The randomized trial of risperidone, placebo, and haloperidol for behavioral symptoms in dementia reported by De Deyn et al. in this issue of Neurology provides critically important information on the use of risperidone and haloperidol in the treatment of behavioral abnormalities in patients with dementia.1 Behavioral disturbances are an important manifestation of AD, including aggression, agitation, delusions, depression, anxiety, disinhibition, irritability, and apathy.2 Behavioral disturbances cause substantial patient distress, increase caregiver burden, and precipitate institutionalization of AD patients.3,4 There are few studies of the optimal management of behavioral disturbances in AD using psychotropic medications; controlled trials of medications for specific behavioral indications of AD are essential. The eight-country study by De Deyn et al. involved 344 patients with AD, vascular dementia, or AD plus cerebrovascular disease. The average age of the patients was 81 years and the average Mini-Mental State Examination scores in the three groups ranged from 7.9 to 8.8. The patients were all living in nursing homes, and the behavioral ratings used to assess the outcome of treatment were based on interviews of nursing staff by investigators trained to use the Behave-AD and the Cohen-Mansfield Agitation Inventory (CMAI). The Behave-AD measures a variety of behavioral disturbances including psychosis, purposeless activity, aggression, mood disturbances, and anxiety. The CMAI measures verbal and physical aggression. Risperidone and haloperidol both reduced the Behave-AD total score and the Behave-AD aggression subscore …
Reemergence and amplification of tuberculosis in the Canadian arctic.

BACKGROUND Between November 2011 and November 2012, a Canadian village of 933 persons had 50 culture-positive cases of tuberculosis, with 49 sharing the same genotype. METHODS We performed Illumina-based whole-genome sequencing on Mycobacterium tuberculosis isolates from this village, during and before the outbreak. Phylogenetic trees were generated using the maximum likelihood method. RESULTS Three distinct genotypes were identified. Strain I (n = 7) was isolated in 1991-1996. Strain II (n = 8) was isolated in 1996-2004. Strain III (n = 62) first appeared in 2007 and did not arise from strain I or II. Within strain III, there were 3 related but distinct clusters: IIIA, IIIB, and IIIC. Between 2007 and 2010, cluster IIIA predominated (11 of 22 vs 2 of 40; P < .001), whereas in 2011-2012 clusters IIIB (n = 18) and IIIC (n = 20) predominated over cluster IIIA (n = 11). Combined evolutionary and epidemiologic analysis of strain III cases revealed that the outbreak in 2011-2012 was the result of ≥6 temporally staggered events, spanning from 1 reactivation case to a point-source outbreak of 20 cases. CONCLUSIONS After the disappearance of 2 strains of M. tuberculosis in this village, its reemergence in 2007 was followed by an epidemiologic amplification, affecting >5% of the population.
On the Oracle Complexity of First-Order and Derivative-Free Algorithms for Smooth Nonconvex Minimization

The (optimal) function/gradient evaluations worst-case complexity analysis available for the adaptive regularization algorithms with cubics (ARC) for nonconvex smooth unconstrained optimization is extended to finite-difference versions of this algorithm, yielding complexity bounds for first-order and derivative-free methods applied on the same problem class. A comparison with the results obtained for derivative-free methods by Vicente [Worst Case Complexity of Direct Search, Technical report, Preprint 10-17, Department of Mathematics, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal, 2010] is also discussed, giving some theoretical insight into the relative merits of various methods in this popular class of algorithms.
WATER ABSORPTION IN GALACTIC TRANSLUCENT CLOUDS: CONDITIONS AND HISTORY OF THE GAS DERIVED FROM HERSCHEL/HIFI PRISMAS OBSERVATIONS

We present Herschel/HIFI observations of the three ground state transitions of H2O (556, 1669, and 1113 GHz) and H218O (547, 1655, and 1101 GHz)—as well as the first few excited transitions of H2O (987, 752, and 1661 GHz)—toward six high-mass star-forming regions, obtained as part of the PRISMAS (PRobing InterStellar Molecules with Absorption line Studies) Guaranteed Time Key Program. Water vapor associated with the translucent clouds in Galactic arms is detected in absorption along every line of sight in all the ground state transitions. The continuum sources all exhibit broad water features in emission in the excited and ground state transitions. Strong absorption features associated with the source are also observed at all frequencies except 752 GHz. We model the background continuum and line emission to infer the optical depth of each translucent cloud along the lines of sight. We derive the column density of H2O or H218O for the lower energy level of each transition observed. The total column density of water in translucent clouds is usually about a few 1013 cm−2. We find that the abundance of water relative to hydrogen nuclei is 1 × 10−8 in agreement with models for oxygen chemistry in which high cosmic ray ionization rates are assumed. Relative to molecular hydrogen, the abundance of water is remarkably constant through the Galactic plane with X(H2O) =5 × 10−8, which makes water a good traced of H2 in translucent clouds. Observations of the excited transitions of H2O enable us to constrain the abundance of water in excited levels to be at most 15%, implying that the excitation temperature, Tex, in the ground state transitions is below 10 K. Further analysis of the column densities derived from the two ortho ground state transitions indicates that Tex ≃ 5 K and that the density n(H2) in the translucent clouds is below 104 cm−3. We derive the water ortho-to-para ratio for each absorption feature along the line of sight and find that most of the clouds show ratios consistent with the value of 3 expected in thermodynamic equilibrium in the high-temperature limit. However, two clouds with large column densities exhibit a ratio that is significantly below 3. This may argue that the history of water molecules includes a cold phase, either when the molecules were formed on cold grains in the well-shielded, low-temperature regions of the clouds, or when they later become at least partially thermalized with the cold gas (∼25 K) in those regions; evidently, they have not yet fully thermalized with the warmer (∼50 K) translucent portions of the clouds.
Correlation between lead and cadmium concentration and semen quality

There are contrary reports of association of lead and cadmium with the decline in semen quality. This study evaluates whether seminal lead (Pb) and cadmium (Cd) at environmental concentration are associated with altered semen quality. We conducted a study of healthy fertile and infertile men 20–43 years of age attending the Andrology Laboratory of Reproductive Biology Department for semen analysis. The semen analysis was carried out according to the WHO 2010 guidelines. Seminal lead and cadmium were estimated by ICP‐AES. The lead and cadmium values were significantly higher in infertile subjects. A negative association between seminal lead or cadmium concentration and sperm concentration, sperm motility and per cent abnormal spermatozoa was found. This study shows that exposure to Pb (5.29–7.25 μg dl−1) and cadmium (4.07–5.92 μg dl−1) might affect semen profile in men. Age, diet, smoking and tobacco chewing habits may have an influence on the increase in exposure to Pb and Cd in the individual subjects.
Wristband Vital: A wearable multi-sensor microsystem for real-time assistance via low-power Bluetooth link

We present a low-cost light-weight wristband Vital as the basic element for emergency response network, which senses and reports hazardous surroundings for people who need immediate assistance such as children and seniors. Based on a multi-sensor Arduino microsystem and a low-power Bluetooth 4.1 module [1], the Vital band samples data from multiple sensors and reports to a base station, such as the guardian's cell phone or the emergency response network, for an emergency situation. With a 3D-printed case and a lithium-ion coin battery, the Vital case is weighed 13 grams and sized 35 × 30 × 11 mm3. With 10 ms short sampling pulses and adaptive sampling rates, the estimated battery lifetime can be extended to more than 100 hours for activity tracking.
Intra-AS cooperative caching for content-centric networks

The default caching scheme in CCN results in a high redundancy along the symmetric request-response path, and makes the caching system inefficient. Since it was first proposed, much work has been done to improve the general caching performance of CCN. Most new caching schemes attempt to reduce the on-path redundancy by passing information on content redundancy and popularity between nodes. In this paper, we tackle the problem from a different perspective. Instead of curbing the redundancy through special caching decisions in the beginning, we take an orthogonal approach by pro-actively eliminating redundancy via an independent intra-AS procedure. We propose an \textit{intra-AS cache cooperation} scheme, to effectively control the redundancy level within the AS and allow neighbour nodes in an AS to collaborate in serving each other's requests. We show via trace-driven simulation, that intra-AS cache cooperation improves the system caching performance and reduces considerably the traffic load on the AS gateway links, which is very appealing from an ISP's perspective.
Formation tracking control of unicycle-type mobile robots

A constructive method is presented to design cooperative controllers that force a group of N unicycle-type mobile robots with limited sensing ranges to perform desired formation tracking, and guarantee no collisions between the robots. Robot physical dimensions and dynamics are considered in the control design, p times differential bump functions are introduced and incorporated into novel potential functions for control design. Despite the robot limited sensing ranges, no switchings are needed to solve the collision avoidance problem.
Reduced light energy density decreases post-gel contraction while maintaining degree of conversion in composites.

The objective of the study was to evaluate the relationship between curing light intensity and (1) linear post-gel polymerization contraction strain, and (2) degree of conversion of a dental composite. Cylindrical specimens of a dental resin composite were cured from a distance of 7 mm for 40 s at four attenuated light intensities (71%, 49%, and 34% of control intensity and for 20 s at 71% plus 20 s at 100% intensity). A group cured at full intensity served as a control. Degree of conversion (DC) was measured at the top and bottom and linear contraction strain was measured at the bottom of the composite samples. DC at the sample top was significantly different (P < 0.05) between all groups except the 71% and 49% intensity groups. At the sample bottom, DC resulting from the two highest intensities (71% and 100%) were not significantly different from each other (P > 0.05). All other groups were significantly different from each other (P < 0.05). DC for the sample cured at two light intensities was not significantly different from those cured at the lower intensity or higher intensity for 40 s (P > 0.05). The sample cured with two intensities showed a 21.8% reduction from the contraction strain predicted by a light energy density calculation. Application of light at less than the maximum intensity of the curing light resulted in significant reduction of polymerization contraction strain without significantly affecting the degree of conversion.
Sense disambiguation of simple prepositions in English to Kannada Machine Translation

The preposition sense disambiguation is a critical task in any reliable Machine Translation (MT) system. The pervasive use of preposition or its equivalent in most of the languages makes it a crucial element during translation. Unlike English, there is no concept of preposition in Kannada. English prepositions are translated to Kannada by attaching appropriate inflections to the head noun of the prepositional phrase. Further post-positional words may also appear in Kannada translation for some prepositions. The choice of the appropriate post-positional word depends on the WordNet synset information of the head noun. The paper proposes an algorithm to disambiguate sense of a simple preposition in English to Kannada MT. It uses properties of the head noun and complement of the preposition for disambiguation. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first attempt towards introducing an algorithm to disambiguate sense of the preposition during English to Kannada MT. Experiments were conducted and the result obtained has been described. The performance of an algorithm is proved to be reliable and scalable.
An analytical closed-form expression for the ergodic capacity of Rayleigh fading MIMO channels and optimal antenna allocation

In this paper, we derive an exact closed-form expression for the ergodic capacity of an i.i. d. Rayleigh fading MIMO channels when the transmitter has no channel knowledge (no CSIT) and when transmitter has channel distribution side information (CDIT). This new expression is in terms of the sum of two polynomials that one of them is multiplied by the exponential integral. The coefficients of these polynomials are characterized and recursive formulas are derived to evaluate them. Additionally, by placing an additional antenna at either transmitter or receiver, the achieved ergodic capacity is analytically and asymptoticly compared, and accordingly the antenna allocation that maximizes the ergodic capacity is determined.
An Acoustical Study of English Diphthongs Produced by American Males and Females

English vowels can be divided into monophthongs and diphthongs depending on the number of vocal tract shapes. Diphthongs are usually produced with more than one shape. This study attempts to collect acoustical data of English diphthongs published by Hillenbrand et al.(1995) online and to examine acoustic features of the diphthongs for phoneticians and English teachers. Sixty three American males and females were chosen after excluding those subjects with different target vowels or ambiguous formant tracks. The author used Praat to obtain the acoustical data systematically at eleven equidistant timepoints over the diphthongal segment. Obvious errors were corrected based on the spectrographic display of each diphthong. Results show that the formant trajectories of the diphthongs produced by the American males and females appeared quite similar. When the female formant values were uniformly normalized to those of the males, almost a perfect collapse occurred. Secondly, the diphthongal movements on the vowel space appeared not linear due to the coarticulatory gesture for the following consonant. Thirdly, the average duration of the diphthongs produced by the females was 1.156 times longer than that of the males while the pitch ratio between the two groups turned out to be 1.746 with a similar contour over measurement points. The author concludes that English diphthongs produced by various groups can be compared systematically when the acoustical values are obtained at proportional timepoints. Further studies will be desirable on the comparison of English diphthongs produced by native and nonnative speakers.
Association Study of MAO-A and DRD4 Genes in Schizophrenic Patients with Aggressive Behavior

Genes involved in dopamine neurotransmission are interesting candidates to be analyzed in schizophrenia and aggressive behavior. Therefore, we analyzed the functional polymorphisms of the dopamine receptor D4 (DRD4) and monoamine oxidase A (MAO-A) genes in a sample of 71 schizophrenic patients assessed with the Overt Aggression Scale to measure aggressive behavior. CLUMP analysis of the DRD4 48-bp repeat-exon III polymorphism in schizophrenic patients showed significant differences between the aggressive behavior and the nonaggressive groups (T1 = 18.77, d.f. = 6, p = 0.0046; T3 = 6.54, p = 0.0195). However, analysis of the promoter polymorphism of the MAO-A gene revealed no significant association between aggressive and nonaggressive patients. Finally, analysis of Overt Aggression Scale dimensions exhibited significant differences for the DRD4 and MAO-A genes. Our preliminary findings suggest that the DRD4 and MAO-A genes may be involved in aggressive schizophrenic patients.
Radar 101: Celebrating 101 Years of Development

Most inventions that are relevant to practical applications in our society are recognized from the start, with a few exceptions. The invention and development of radar was one of the notable exceptions, which is all the more remarkable considering the newer and more widespread applications of this technology in many areas, including as an anti-collision device in the automobile. And yet, incredibly, the cutting-edge application of this technology was demonstrated more than 100 years ago. Christian Hulsmeyer, from Germany, was responsible for this achievement.
Elevated core and muscle temperature to levels comparable to exercise do not increase heat shock protein content of skeletal muscle of physically active men

Aim: Exercise‐associated hyperthermia is routinely cited as the signal responsible for inducing an increased production of heat shock proteins (HSPs) following exercise. This hypothesis, however, has not been tested in human skeletal muscle. The aim of the present study was to therefore investigate the role of increased muscle and core temperature in contributing to the exercise‐induced production of the major HSP families in human skeletal muscle.
The Mutational Consequences of Plant Transformation

Plant transformation is a genetic engineering tool for introducing transgenes into plant genomes. It is now being used for the breeding of commercial crops. A central feature of transformation is insertion of the transgene into plant chromosomal DNA. Transgene insertion is infrequently, if ever, a precise event. Mutations found at transgene insertion sites include deletions and rearrangements of host chromosomal DNA and introduction of superfluous DNA. Insertion sites introduced using Agrobacterium tumefaciens tend to have simpler structures but can be associated with extensive chromosomal rearrangements, while those of particle bombardment appear invariably to be associated with deletion and extensive scrambling of inserted and chromosomal DNA. Ancillary procedures associated with plant transformation, including tissue culture and infection with A tumefaciens, can also introduce mutations. These genome-wide mutations can number from hundreds to many thousands per diploid genome. Despite the fact that confidence in the safety and dependability of crop species rests significantly on their genetic integrity, the frequency of transformation-induced mutations and their importance as potential biosafety hazards are poorly understood.
Ptidej : A Tool Suite

Ptidej is a tool suite dedicated to the analysis and maintenance of object-oriented architectures. It includes four tools: (1) SAD, a tool for the detection and correction of software architecture defects; (2) EPI, a tool for the efficient identification of design patterns occurrences in a program; (3) DRAM, a tool for the visualisation of the static and dynamic data of programs with adjacency matrices; and (4) Aspects, a tool for modeling and computing metrics on aspect-oriented abstractions.