Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Oblique waves in boundary layer transition

Traditional research on laminar-turbulent transition has focused on scenarios that are caused by the exponential growth of eigensolutions to the linearized disturbance equations, e.g. two-dimensional Tollmien-Schlichting waves. Recent research has reveled the existence of other non-modal growth mechanisms, for example associated with the transient growth of streamwise streaks. Oblique waves may trigger transition in which the new mechanisms is an important ingredient. We have investigated the role of oblique waves in boundary layer transition, using an efficient spectral code for direct numerical simulations.In the initial stage of this transition scenario oblique waves have been found to interact nonlinearly and forte streamwise vortices, which in turn forte growing stream wise streaks. If the streak amplitude reaches a threshold value, transition from laminar to turbulent flow Will take place.In the late transition stage, large velocity fluctuations are found at flow positions associated with steep spanwise gradients between the streaks. At those positions we have also found h-vortices, structures that are also characteristic for traditional sec ondary instability transition. The h-vortices are shown to be due to the interaction of oblique waves and streaks that seem to play a more important role in the late stage of transition than previously appreciated.The numerical results are compared in detail with experimental results on oblique transition and good agreement is found.A new nonlinear receptivity mechanism is found that can trigger boundary layer transition from oblique waves in the free-stream. The mechanism continuously interact with the boundary layer and the resulting transition scenario is characterized by the growth of streamwise streaks. The same structures that are observed in experiments on transition caused by free-stream turbulente. A linear receptivity mechanism that interact with the boundary layer downstream of the leading edge is also identified. It is related to linear receptivity mechanisms previously studied at the leading edge. The nonlinear and linear mechanisms are of comparable strength for moderate free-stream disturbance levels.Two strategies for control of oblique transition are investigated, both based on spanwise flow oscillations. The longest transition delay was found when the flow oscil lations were generated by a body forte. When the control was applied to a transition scenario initiated by a random disturbance it was more successful and transition was prevented.
Incorporation of Precipitation Data Into FIA Analyses: A Case Study of Factors Influencing Susceptibility to Oak Decline in Southern Missouri, U.S.A.

The Forest Inventory and Analysis program at the North Central Research Station focuses on understanding the forested ecosystems in the North Central and Northern Great Plains States through analyzing the results of annual inventories. The program also researches techniques for data collection and analysis. The FIA process measures the above-ground vegetation and the site (soils) factors, but not climatic data. This pilot study, centered around three inventory units in southern Missouri, assigned weather data obtained from the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration to particular forest inventory plots, based on nearest distance. We incorporated precipitation and maximum and minimum temperatures into a temporary database, then analyzed the growth and forest health data for the plots for any relationships among the climate data. We found an apparent relationship between precipitation and the hypothesized relationship between the variables believed to predispose the stand toward oak decline and mortality variables, particularly in larger, older trees. Adding precipitation as an independent variable helped increase the quality of the predictions of the mortality models in situations where we concentrate on size/age groups more prone to forest health problems. Finally, we found evidence of spatial patterns of precipitation across the Ozark Plateau in southern Missouri that appear to be correlated with landscape-level patterns of mortality. Management activities need to address the role of the predisposing variables in influencing susceptibility to oak decline. As the level of precipitation seems to exacerbate the predisposing variables? effects, historical patterns of rainfall and soil moisture retention need to be taken into account when regenerating and managing oak forests in the Missouri Ozarks.
Digital Sexual Publics: Understanding Do-It-Yourself Gay Porn and Lived Experiences of Sexuality in China

This article puts forward “digital sexual publics” as an interpretive framework through which to understand do-it-yourself porn production and consumption practices that have recently proliferated on domestic and international digital platforms in China. Drawing on semi-structured in-depth interviews with 12 Chinese porn producers and consumers, we explore the relationship between digital media use and lived experiences of sexuality. We identify three characteristics of digital sexual publics. The first is a hybridity of media, where “old” and “new” digital technologies coexist to produce an array of sexual representations that creatively negotiate with censorship. The second is the emergence of a truly “digital” intimacy that produces flexible public spaces to embody queer desires. The third is the digital sexual publics’ ambivalent politics that at once transform sexual identities and constrain sexual imaginaries. Through these discussions, we direct attention to the situatedness of lived experiences of sexuality and advance the agenda of Asian porn studies by changing the focus from the existence and political significance of sexually explicit media to the transformations they bring to individual lives.
Comparison of estimating vegetation index for outdoor free-range pig production using convolutional neural networks

This study aims to predict the change in corn share according to the grazing of 20 gestational sows in a mature corn field by taking images with a camera-equipped unmanned air vehicle (UAV). Deep learning based on convolutional neural networks (CNNs) has been verified for its performance in various areas. It has also demonstrated high recognition accuracy and de - tection time in agricultural applications such as pest and disease diagnosis and prediction. A large amount of data is required to train CNNs effectively. Still, since UAVs capture only a lim - ited number of images, we propose a data augmentation method that can effectively increase da ta. And most occupancy prediction predicts occupancy by designing a CNN-based object detector for an image and counting the number of recognized objects or calculating the number of pixels occupied by an object. These methods require complex occupancy rate calculations; the accuracy depends on whether the object features of interest are visible in the image. How - ever, in this study, CNN is not approached as a corn object detection and classification problem but as a function approximation and regression problem so that the occupancy rate of corn objects in an image can be represented as the CNN output. The proposed method effectively estimates occupancy for a limited number of cornfield photos, shows excellent prediction accu - racy, and confirms the potential and scalability of deep learning.
Precautionary Saving over the Business Cycle ∗ ( Short title : Precautionary Saving over the Cycle )

We study the macroeconomic implications of time-varying precautionary savings within a general equilibrium model with borrowing constraints, aggregate shocks, and uninsurable idiosyncratic unemployment risk. Our framework generates limited crosssectional household heterogeneity as an equilibrium outcome, thereby making it possible to analyze the role of precautionary saving over the business cycle in an analytically tractable way. The time-series behavior of aggregate consumption generated by our model is closer to the data than that implied by the hand-to-mouth and representativeagent models, and it is comparable to that produced by the Krusell-Smith (1998) model. How important are changes in precautionary asset accumulation for the propagation of business cycle shocks? In this paper, we attempt to answer this question by constructing a tractable model of time-varying precautionary saving behavior driven by countercyclical ∗Corresponding author: Edouard Challe, Ecole Polytechnique, Departement of Economics, Route de Saclay, 91128 Palaiseau, France; Email: edouard.challe@gmail.com. We are particularly grateful to three anonymous referees for their comments as well as to the editor for his guidance. We also thank Olivier Allais, Paul Beaudry, Hafedh Bouakez, Nicola Pavoni, Sergio Rebelo and Pontus Rendahl for their detailed comments at various stages of this project. We also benefited from comments by conference participants at the 2012 Hydra Workshop, the EABCN/CEPR Conference on Disaggregating the Business Cycle, the 2012 ASSA Meetings, the 2011 SED Congress, the 2011 NBER SI, the 2011 Paris Macro Finance Workshop, the 2010 Minnesota Macro Workshop, and the 2010 Philadelphia Fed Search and Matching Workshop; and by seminar participants at Ecole Polytechnique, Sciences Po, EIEF, LBS, INSEAD, HEC Paris, HEC Lausanne, ECB, Banque de France, Bank of Portugal, Université du Mans, AMSE, IIES, Tilburg University, and the University of Cambridge. Eric Mengus provided outstanding research assistance. The French Agence Nationale pour la Recherche (grant no 06JCJC0157) and chaire FDIR provided funding.
HTLV-I-associated myelopathy : Are ferritin , S 100 ̄ protein , or guanine nucleotides CSF markers of disease ?

In southern Brazil, there is an endemic high prevalence foci of HTLV-I and HTLV-II infection. HTLV-infected individuals may develop HAM / TSP. Little is known about HAM/TSP pathogenesis and there is a lack of disease progression markers. This study investigated ferritin, S-100 ̄ protein, and guanine nucleotides (GN) concentrations in the CSF of 18 patients with HAM / TSP. In HAM / TSP patients, concentrations of ferritin and S100 ̄ were increased, whereas GMP was reduced. CSF ferritin, S100 ̄, and GN are potential markers for HAM / TSP. Journal of NeuroVirology (2002) 8, 64–67.
Research on the optical system of single-band all-sky airglow imager

The middle and upper atmosphere is an important part of atmosphere of the earth. In this region, there are many photochemical phenomena and dynamical processes. One of the photochemical phenomena is airglow. When excited atmospheric molecule or atom transmits to lower level, the light with some wavelength will emit. The light is referred to as airglow. Airglow is therefore a powerful tool in investigations of atmospheric composition, temperature, and density in the emission region, and mass and energy movements to or from this region. Tracing the airglow emission, all-sky airglow imagers are widely used for imaging the atmospheric airglow. The characters of the imager are: wide field of view, fast, high resolution, low cost. This paper systematically studies the basic principle of the imager, completes the calculation of the key parameters, designs the optical system structure of the imager and optimizes the system image quality to obtain an ideal design result. The main contents can be list as follow. All-sky imaging technology records the optical phenomena in the 180° range above the ground plane with imaging and storage media. Use the fisheye lens to realize the 180° of the field of view. Different airglow layers correspond to different radiation peak heights. In order to obtain the atmospheric airglow signal at a certain height, it is necessary to filter the airglow radiation of different bands. The intensity of airglow information using narrow-band filter extraction feature height region of the upper atmosphere. High-sensitivity CCD were used to record all-sky airglow intensity distributions. The system consists of fisheye lens, telecentric imaging lens, filter, imaging lens and CCD. Through the analysis of recorded images, obtained observation data of regional atmospheric fluctuations of airglow height. The central wavelength of the imaging system is 630.5 nm, the bandwidth is 2 nm, the field of view is 180° the focal length is 5 mm, and the relative aperture is 1:1.9; The modulation transfers function (MTF) is more than 0.75 at the Nyquist spatial frequency of 37 lp/mm. The root-mean-square (RMS) radius of spot diagram is less than half of the pixel. 80% of the energy is enclosed in a pixel, and the uniformity of image illumination is 89%. The design requirements are satisfied. And based on the final design, the lens is simplified and the glass material is simplified. Finally, optimization of tolerance analysis is used to guide actual production. The final system structure compact, low cost, high resolution, suitable for airglow atmospheric radiation detection.
A hybrid model of auxiliary contraction: evidence in children’s speech

The present study ﬁnds parallel patterns of auxiliary contraction in a corpus study of children’s speech and an earlier corpus study of adults’ speech (Bresnan 2021). The combination of probabilistic and near-categorical patterns is accounted for by the hybrid model of auxiliary contraction of Bresnan (2021). These ﬁndings show that children’s language, like that of adults, depends on both the usage probabilities of multiword sequences and their prosodic and rhythmic patterns re-ﬂecting the syntactic context. The hybrid formal and usage-based model of auxiliary contraction of Bres-nan (2021) combines the formal grammar of lfg including lexical sharing, and a dynamic, exemplar-based lexicon. † It accounts for contraction phenomena unexplained by either of the component theories alone: (1) the usage-based lexicalization of contractions, (2) the probability of cooccurrence of word and auxiliary predicting the probability of their contraction, (3) the prosodic word-hood of contractions, and (4) the rightward metrical dependence of unstressed auxiliaries in weak positions. The present study ﬁnds similar patterns of auxiliary contraction in a corpus study of children’s speech, showing that children’s language, like that of adults, depends on both the usage probabilities of multiword sequences and their prosodic and rhythmic patterns reﬂecting the syntactic context.
Image reconstruction from undersampled confocal microscopy data using multiresolution based maximum entropy regularization

We consider the problem of reconstructing 2D images from randomly under-sampled confocal microscopy samples. The well known and widely celebrated total variation regularization, which is the ℓ1 norm of derivatives, turns out to be unsuitable for this problem; it is unable to handle both noise and under-sampling together. This issue is linked with the notion of phase transition phenomenon observed in compressive sensing research, which is essentially the break-down of total variation methods, when sampling density gets lower than certain threshold. The severity of this breakdown is determined by the so-called mutual incoherence between the derivative operators and measurement operator. In our problem, the mutual incoherence is low, and hence the total variation regularization gives serious artifacts in the presence of noise even when the sampling density is not very low. There has been very few attempts in developing regularization methods that perform better than total variation regularization for this problem. We develop a multi-resolution based regularization method that is adaptive to image structure. In our approach, the desired reconstruction is formulated as a series of coarse-to-fine multi-resolution reconstructions; for reconstruction at each level, the regularization is constructed to be adaptive to the image structure, where the information for adaption is obtained from the reconstruction obtained at coarser resolution level. This adaptation is achieved by using maximum entropy principle, where the required adaptive regularization is determined as the maximizer of entropy subject to the information extracted from the coarse reconstruction as constraints. We also utilize the directionally adaptive second order derivatives for constructing the regularization with directions guided by the given coarse reconstruction, which leads to an improved suppression of artifacts. We demonstrate the superiority of the proposed regularization method over existing ones using several reconstruction examples.
What is the El Niño–Southern Oscillation?

The strongest impacts are experienced by those countries near the tropical Pacific origin of ENSO. Changes in surface temperature, wind and moisture affect rainfall intensity and patterns, which can lead to extreme events such as flooding and drought. During an El Niño event, Peru, Ecuador and southeastern parts of South America receive heavy rainfall. In northern Brazil, drier conditions or even drought may result. Indonesia, South Asia and parts of Australia are also more likely to experience drought during the El Niño phase. The change in weather patterns associated with El Niño can greatly impact the economy, in particular agriculture, water resources, How do we measure El Niño?
Analysis of the physical activity level, depression, anxiety and stress according to sex in adolescent students: cross-sectional study

Objective : to compare the level of physical activity and symptoms of depression, anxiety and stress according to sex in school adolescents. Methods: cross-sectional study with students from public high schools. For data collection were used: Sociodemographic and lifestyle questionnaire, International Physical Activity Questionnaire (IPAQ) and Depression Anxiety Stress Scale for Youth (DASS-Y). Pearson’s chi-square or Fisher’s exact tests and the univariate General Linear Model were used in the analysis. Results: participation of 516 adolescents, 214 male and 302 female adolescents. Both sexes present less physical activity practice than that recommended for adolescents. Male participants have a greater practice of physical activity outside of school compared to female adolescents, predominantly soccer (33.0%). Female participants had more severe levels of depression ( p = 0.002), anxiety ( p = 0.013) and stress ( p = 0.004) compared to male adolescents (weak Cohen’s d). Conclusion: there is no difference in the level of physical activity in school adolescents according to sex. Male adolescents present greater practice of physical activities outside of school. Female adolescents present higher levels of depression, anxiety and stress.
An Assessment of Environmental DNA as a Tool to Detect Fish Species in Headwater Streams

iii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I would like to thank my advisor, Andrew Whiteley, for the opportunity to work on the projects contained in this manuscript. I am also grateful for his guidance throughout. He was always available when I needed to talk. Thanks also to my committee members, Ben Letcher and Winsor Lowe for further guidance throughout this project. Special thanks to Ben Letcher for giving me a foot in the door when I needed one. constructed the cage used to hold fish in Chapter 3. That it held up throughout the project, even in storm level stream flows, attests to the quality of the job. Their feedback and input vastly improved the final version of the work found in Chapter 3. Funding for this work also came through the USFS, without which, this project would not have been possible. Thanks to the folks in the USFS Northern Research Station who provided logistical support and transportation. In particular, thanks to Jason Coombs, who located the study sites used in Chapter 3. Keith Nislow was always approachable and ready to lend a hand with transportation and field equipment. Sakrejda provided much needed assistance with the statistical analysis in Chapter 3. Thanks to my coworkers in Andrew's lab, who made it a joy to come to the lab every day. Thanks for your patience as I obsessed over contamination issues. Several of my coworkers provided assistance in the field, including Matt Burak, Maili Paige, and Matt Cembrola. iv Thanks to my parents and all of my family for love and support throughout all my varied wanderings. Thanks to Lauren Sompayrac for being a friend as well as a mentor in science through the years and always encouraging me to use my God given abilities. Thanks to and other co-workers at Stroger Hospital for providing much needed spiritual support when I was trying to find my way. Thanks to the cities of Northampton and Amherst for providing access to their properties. Proper management of species relies on accurate assessment of their distributional range. When species are rare, monitoring techniques can fail to detect them. This is particularly true in aquatic environments where the underwater environment hides organisms from view. Recent work using DNA suspended in the water column, otherwise known as environmental DNA (eDNA), has indicated that such techniques have greater sensitivity than traditional techniques in lentic systems. In this thesis, I explore the potential …
Preparation and Testing of Ice-Enriched Lunar Regolith Simulant for RESOLVE OVEN

The RESOLVE (Regolith and Environment Science and Oxygen and Lunar Volatile Extraction) project seeks to deploy a robotic ISRU lander at the lunar south pole to determine the accessibility of frozen ice and the resource potential at various locations. The OVEN (Oxygen and Volatiles Extraction Node) component will be used to heat samples to 150 C or higher in order to drive off ice and other volatiles, which will then be identified and measured. An ice volatilization system has been developed to specifically collect data on the extraction of water vapor from a sample. Testing of the system was begun in April of this year. This report addresses our current work to test the system in a relevant environment in this case, using simulants with up to 10wt% water ice at 76K, in reduced atmosphere.
Lumbar spine: reliability of MR imaging findings.

PURPOSE To characterize the inter- and intraobserver variability of qualitative, non-disk contour degenerative findings of the lumbar spine at magnetic resonance (MR) imaging. MATERIALS AND METHODS The case accrual method used to perform this institutional review board-approved, HIPAA-compliant retrospective study was the random selection of 111 interpretable MR examination cases of subjects from the Spine Patient Outcomes Research Trial. The subjects were aged 18-87 years (mean, 53 years +/- 16 [standard deviation]). Four independent readers rated the cases according to defined criteria. A subsample of 40 MR examination cases was selected for reevaluation at least 1 month later. The following findings were assessed: spondylolisthesis, disk degeneration, marrow endplate abnormality (Modic changes), posterior anular hyperintense zone (HIZ), and facet arthropathy. Inter- and intraobserver agreement in rating the data was summarized by using weighted kappa statistics. RESULTS Interobserver agreement was good (kappa = 0.66) in rating disk degeneration and moderate in rating spondylolisthesis (kappa = 0.55), Modic changes (kappa = 0.59), facet arthropathy (kappa = 0.54), and posterior HIZ (kappa = 0.44). Interobserver agreement in rating the extent of Modic changes was moderate: kappa Values were 0.43 for determining superior anteroposterior extent, 0.47 for determining superior craniocaudal extent, 0.57 for determining inferior anteroposterior extent, and 0.48 for determining inferior craniocaudal extent. Intraobserver agreement was good in rating spondylolisthesis (kappa = 0.66), disk degeneration (kappa = 0.74), Modic changes (kappa = 0.64), facet arthropathy (kappa = 0.69), and posterior HIZ (kappa = 0.67). Intraobserver agreement in rating the extent of Modic changes was moderate, with kappa values of 0.54 for superior anteroposterior, 0.60 for inferior anteroposterior, 0.50 for superior craniocaudal, and 0.60 for inferior craniocaudal extent determinations. CONCLUSION The interpretation of general lumbar spine MR characteristics has sufficient reliability to warrant the further evaluation of these features as potential prognostic indicators.