Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
A clustering algorithm for binary protocol data frames based on principal component analysis and density peaks clustering

Binary protocols lack session flow characteristics and its frequent patterns extracting is difficult. In order to achieve binary protocol data frames identification, an unsupervised clustering algorithm based on improved principal component analysis (PCA) and density peaks clustering (DPC) is proposed. We improve PCA by determining the dimensionality for PCA based on information gain. The improved PCA can remove redundant information and retain the characteristics of original data. Meanwhile, we improve DPC based on distance index weighting. The improved DPC can select cluster centers automatically and enhance the distinction between cluster centers and other data frames effectively. Experimental results show that the proposed algorithm works effectively for binary protocol data frames clustering.
Gr upSM Opioid Receptor Antagonists and Alcohol Dependence Treatment PART

One of the features of human and animal behavior is the disposition for behaviours experienced as reinforcing to be more likely to occur in the future. In the case of alcohol consumption, the reinforcing effect can happen for two reasons: a) positive reinforcement: alcohol induces satisfying conditions that stimulate new consumptions; with repeated use of alcohol, drinking and stimuli associated with it gradually become more attractive, leading to a loss of control and creation of an impulse focused on alcohol consumption; b) negative reinforcement: alcohol is consumed to relieve or avoid withdrawal symptoms; the reduction or suspension of the substance gives rise to neurodegenerative and affective disorders, with alcohol consumption arising from the need to suppress such negative changes [1]. AnibalFonte1* and Patrick Alves1 1Department of Psychiatry and Mental Health, Hospital Santa Luzia, Portugal *Corresponding author: Aníbal Fonte, Head of Psychiatry and Mental Health Department at Local Health Unit of the Alto Minho, EPE (ULSAM). Hospital Santa Luzia, Viana do Castelo, Portugal. Email: afonte@mail.telepac. pt
Field methods for sampling tree height for tropical forest biomass estimation

Quantifying the relationship between tree diameter and height is a key component of efforts to estimate biomass and carbon stocks in tropical forests. Although substantial site‐to‐site variation in height–diameter allometries has been documented, the time consuming nature of measuring all tree heights in an inventory plot means that most studies do not include height, or else use generic pan‐tropical or regional allometric equations to estimate height. Using a pan‐tropical dataset of 73 plots where at least 150 trees had in‐field ground‐based height measurements, we examined how the number of trees sampled affects the performance of locally derived height–diameter allometries, and evaluated the performance of different methods for sampling trees for height measurement. Using cross‐validation, we found that allometries constructed with just 20 locally measured values could often predict tree height with lower error than regional or climate‐based allometries (mean reduction in prediction error = 0.46 m). The predictive performance of locally derived allometries improved with sample size, but with diminishing returns in performance gains when more than 40 trees were sampled. Estimates of stand‐level biomass produced using local allometries to estimate tree height show no over‐ or under‐estimation bias when compared with biomass estimates using field measured heights. We evaluated five strategies to sample trees for height measurement, and found that sampling strategies that included measuring the heights of the ten largest diameter trees in a plot outperformed (in terms of resulting in local height–diameter models with low height prediction error) entirely random or diameter size‐class stratified approaches. Our results indicate that even limited sampling of heights can be used to refine height–diameter allometries. We recommend aiming for a conservative threshold of sampling 50 trees per location for height measurement, and including the ten trees with the largest diameter in this sample.
With Spatiotemporal Occlusion Compensation for 3 D Video Coding /

The future of novel 3D display technologies largely depends on the design of efficient techniques for 3D video representation and coding. Recently, multiple view plus depth video formats have attracted many research efforts since they enable intermediate view estimation and permit to efficiently represent and compress 3D video sequences. In this paper we present Spatio-Temporal Occlusion compensation with Panorama view (STOP), a novel 3D video coding technique based on the creation of a panorama view and occlusion coding in terms of spatio-temporal offsets. The panorama picture represents most of the visual information acquired from multiple views using a single virtual view, characterized by a larger field of view. Encoding the panorama video with state of the art HECV and representing occlusions with simple spatio-temporal ancillary information STOP achieves high compression ratio and good visual quality with competitive results with respect to competing techniques. Moreover, STOP enables free view point 3D TV applications whilst allowing legacy display to get a bi-dimensional service by using a standard video codec and simple cropping operations.
Common and Rare Variants Genetic Association Analysis of Cigarettes per Day Among Ever-Smokers in Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease Cases and Controls.

INTRODUCTION Cigarette smoking is a major environmental risk factor for many diseases, including chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). There are shared genetic influences on cigarette smoking and COPD. Genetic risk factors for cigarette smoking in cohorts enriched for COPD are largely unknown. METHODS We performed genome-wide association analyses for average cigarettes per day (CPD) across the Genetic Epidemiology of COPD (COPDGene) non-Hispanic white (NHW) (n = 6659) and African American (AA) (n = 3260), GenKOLS (the Genetics of Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease) (n = 1671), and ECLIPSE (the Evaluation of COPD Longitudinally to Identify Predictive Surrogate Endpoints) (n = 1942) cohorts. In addition, we performed exome array association analyses across the COPDGene NHW and AA cohorts. We considered analyses across the entire cohort and stratified by COPD case-control status. RESULTS We identified genome-wide significant associations for CPD on chromosome 15q25 across all cohorts (lowest p = 1.78 × 10-15), except in the COPDGene AA cohort alone. Previously reported associations on chromosome 19 had suggestive and directionally consistent associations (RAB4, p = 1.95 × 10-6; CYP2A7, p = 7.50 × 10-5; CYP2B6, p = 4.04 × 10-4). When we stratified by COPD case-control status, single nucleotide polymorphisms on chromosome 15q25 were nominally associated with both NHW COPD cases (β = 0.11, p = 5.58 × 10-4) and controls (β = 0.12, p = 3.86 × 10-5) For the gene-based exome array association analysis of rare variants, there were no exome-wide significant associations. For these previously replicated associations, the most significant results were among COPDGene NHW subjects for CYP2A7 (p = 5.2 × 10-4). CONCLUSIONS In a large genome-wide association study of both common variants and a gene-based association of rare coding variants in ever-smokers, we found genome-wide significant associations on chromosome 15q25 with CPD for common variants, but not for rare coding variants. These results were directionally consistent among COPD cases and controls. IMPLICATIONS We examined both common and rare coding variants associated with CPD in a large population of heavy smokers with and without COPD of NHW and AA descent. We replicated genome-wide significant associations on chromosome 15q25 with CPD for common variants among NHW subjects, but not for rare variants. We demonstrated for the first time that common variants on chromosome 15q25 associated with CPD are similar among COPD cases and controls. Previously reported associations on chromosome 19 showed suggestive and directionally consistent associations among common variants (RAB4, CYP2A7, and CYP2B6) and for rare variants (CYP2A7) among COPDGene NHW subjects. Although the genetic effect sizes for these single nucleotide polymorphisms on chromosome 15q25 are modest, we show that this creates a substantial smoking burden over the lifetime of a smoker.
Tilde MT Platform for Developing Client Specific MT Solutions

In this paper, we present Tilde MT, a custom machine translation (MT) platform that provides linguistic data storage (parallel, monolingual corpora, multilingual term collections), data cleaning and normalisation, statistical and neural machine translation system training and hosting functionality, as well as wide integration capabilities (a machine user API and popular computer-assisted translation tool plugins). We provide details for the most important features of the platform, as well as elaborate typical MT system training workﬂows for client-speciﬁc MT solution development
Unlocking the FVA Debate

The FVA debate is dead-locked: naysayers are quiet down, acceptors disagree among themselves on methodologies. This article identifies three camps: no-FVA, FVA-without-LOP (law of one price), and FVA-with-LOP, and three key obstacles: a poor FVA definition based on a fully collateralized or CCP swap backed by an uncollateralized swap, failure to acknowledge the competitive market force that would enforce LOP in the liquid segment of the bilateral cleared, uncollateralized OTC derivatives market, and an inflexible accounting rulebook that does not allow recognition of private value of derivatives in the illiquid segment of the market. To overcome the second obstacle, we demonstrate the market mechanism that turns a private bid into a market value in a competitive market. With regard to the last obstacle, a new accounting category – the banking book derivatives – is proposed to allow derivatives deemed either illiquid or non-trading intent to be carried on the banking book at a firm’s own carrying costs, leading to FVA but not LOP. Lower and upper bounds are established to ensure such a private value is commercially reasonable. For trading book derivatives, market is shown to price at the liability-side’s funding, resulting in LOP adhering FVA. FVA with or without LOP camps can coexist, though with separate FVA definitions, models, and capital treatments.
The effect of different hormonal contraceptives on plasma levels of free protein S and free TFPI

Summary Use of combined oral contraceptives is associated with a three- to sixfold increased risk of venous thrombosis. Hormonal contraceptives induce acquired resistance to activated protein C (APC), which predicts the risk of venous thrombosis. The biological basis of the acquired APC resistance is unknown. Free protein S (PS) and free tissue factor pathway inhibitor (TFPI) are the two main determinants of APC. Our objective was to assess the effect of both hormonal and non-hormonal contraceptives with different routes of administration on free TFPI and free PS levels. We conducted an observational study in 243 users of different contraceptives and measured APC sensitivity ratios (nAPCsr), free TFPI and free PS levels. Users of contraceptives with the highest risk of venous thrombosis as reported in recent literature, had the lowest free TFPI and free PS levels, and vice versa, women who used contraceptives with the lowest risk of venous thrombosis had the highest free TFPI and free PS levels. An association was observed between levels of free TFPI and nAPCsr, and between free PS and nAPCsr. The effect of oral contraceptives on TFPI and PS is a possible explanation for the increased risk of venous thrombosis associated with oral contraceptives.
Simulated work loops predict maximal human cycling power

ABSTRACT Fish, birds and lizards sometimes perform locomotor activities with maximized muscle power. Whether humans maximize muscle power is unknown because current experimental techniques cannot be applied non-invasively. This study leveraged simulated muscle work loops to examine whether voluntary maximal cycling is characterized by maximized muscle power. The simulated work loops used experimentally measured joint angles, anatomically realistic muscle parameters (muscle–tendon lengths, velocities and moment arms) and a published muscle model to calculate power and force for 38 muscles. For each muscle, stimulation onset and offset were optimized to maximize muscle work and power for the complete shortening/lengthening cycle. Simulated joint power and total leg power (i.e. summed muscle power) were compared with previously reported experimental joint and leg power. Experimental power values were closely approximated by simulated maximal power for the leg [intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC)=0.91], the hip (ICC=0.92) and the knee (ICC=0.95), but less closely for the ankle (ICC=0.74). Thus, during maximal cycling, humans maximize muscle power at the hip and knee, but the ankle acts to transfer (instead of maximize) power. Given that only the timing of muscle stimulation onset and offset were altered, these results suggest that human motor control strategies may optimize muscle activation to maximize power. The simulations also provide insight into biarticular muscle function by demonstrating that the power values at each joint spanned by a biarticular muscle can be substantially greater than the net power produced by the muscle. Our work-loop simulation technique may be useful for examining clinical deficits in muscle power production. Summary: Simulated maximized work loops closely predict experimental joint power during maximal voluntary cycling, demonstrating that, like birds and fish, humans are capable of maximizing muscle power.
Deep-learning Based Modeling of Fault Detachment Stability for Power Grid

The project intends to model the stability of power system with a deep learning algorithm to the problem, aiming to delay the removal of the fault. The so-called "fail-delay cut-off" refers to the occurrence of N-1 backup protection action on the backbone network of the system, resulting in longer time for the removal of the fault. In practice, through the analysis and calculation of a large number of online data, we have found that the N-1 failure system of the main protection action will not be unstable, which is also a guarantee of the operation mode arrangement. In the case of the N-1 backup protection action, there is an approximately 2.5% probability that the system will be destabilized. Therefore, research is needed to improve the operating arrangement.
Illustrative cases to support the Cal-VAT guidelines

There is increasing interest in developing more nuanced methods for managing aggression and violence in long-term psychiatric inpatient settings. However, the dearth of controlled studies has, at times, hampered presentation of viable options. Following the publication of guidelines developed in the California State Hospital forensic system, the authors present a group of 7 cases illustrating different approaches to violence management, including pharmacological, psychotherapeutic, and environmental interventions.
Unconventional Choices for Unconventional Times Credit and Quantitative Easing in Advanced Economies

This paper examines the unconventional monetary policy actions undertaken by G-7 central banks and assesses their effectiveness in alleviating financial market pressures and facilitating credit flows to the real economy. Central banks acted nimbly, decisively, and creatively in their response to the deepening of the crisis. They embarked on a number of unconventional policies, some of which had been tried before, while others were new. The scale and scope of unconventional measures have differed substantially across major central banks. Massive asset purchases have boosted the size of the central bank balance sheets the most in the United States and the United Kingdom. However, the Bank of England has relied primarily on the purchases of government bonds, while the Fed has acquired a variety of assets, including commercial paper and mortgage-backed securities and providing financing for acquisition of other asset-backed securities. Central bank interventions, along with government actions, have been broadly successful in stabilizing financial conditions over time.
Just Around the Corner: The Future of U.S. Public Transportation

Nearly 40 years ago when I was contemplating my first full-time job offer from a highly regarded transit agency, many folks told me what an exciting time it was for public transportation, as we were “just around the corner” from a revolution and renaissance. Growth, urbanization, fuel availability and price concerns, environmental sensitivities, and a growing reluctance to presume that urban roadway expansion could meet travel needs provided a logical basis for such prognostications. The compelling appeal of the personally owned automobile has repeatedly been underestimated—there was no turning point. Transit’s relative role in terms of market share faded through the mid-1970s, followed by fluctuations and a modest overall growth trend in total ridership but slightly declining per capita use. More recently, the recessionary increase in ridership has been offset by decline during the recent economic recovery.
On the multiplicity of supernovae within host galaxies

Aims. We investigate the nature of multiple supernova hosting galaxies, and the types of events which they produce. Methods. Using all known historical supernovae, we split host galaxies into samples containing single or multiple events. These samples are then characterised in terms of their relative su pernova fractions, and host properties. Results. In multiple supernova hosts the ratio of type Ia to core-coll apse events is lower than in single supernova hosts. For core collapse events there is a suggestion that the ratio of types Ibc to type II events is higher in multiples than within singl e supernova hosts. This second increase is dominated by an increase in the number of SNIb. Within multiple supernova hosts, supernovae of any given type appear to ‘prefer’ to explode in galaxies that are host to the same type of SN. We also find that multiple SN hosts h ave higher T-type morphologies. Conclusions. While our results suffer from low number statistics, we speculate that their simpl est interpretation is that star formation within galaxies is generally of an episodic and bursty natur e. This leads to the supernovae detected within any particul ar galaxy to be dominated by those with progenitors of a specific age, rather than a random selection from standard relative supernova ra tes, as the latter would be expected if star formation was of a long-term continuous nature. We further discuss the supernova progenitor and star format ion properties that may be important for understanding thes e trends, and also comment on a range of important selection effects within our sample.
Finding Normal: Natural Rates and Policy Prescriptions

Over the past several years, the Federal Open Market Committee’s longer-run forecasts of the short-term interest rate and unemployment rate have steadily declined. These forecasts reflect the Committee’s views about the levels of the policy interest rate and unemployment rate that will eventually prevail when the economy returns to normal. A simple monetary policy rule illustrates how the reductions in these forecasts can imply a lower projected path for the policy rate.
Productivity Analysis of AODV and DSDV Routing Protocols In MANETs

The study of routing protocols in MANETs is one that requires a great deal of research due to the challenges it poses as a consequence of continuous mobility and lack of infrastructure. Several factors such as throughput, packet delivery ratio, end to end delay, overhead and so on need to be considered to decide upon the most suitable protocol for Ad hoc communication. Basically, the routing protocols of MANETs can be categorized as proactive and reactive. In this paper, our main focus has been to select a category of protocol out of two (i.e. proactive & reactive). For this we have selected, implemented and analyzed the best protocols of these categories and compared the results, using NS2, NAM and AWK. The protocols that we have selected are DSDV and AODV from proactive and reactive categories respectively, based on their relative advantages and disadvantages in comparison to the other protocols of their category.
Small Rho GTPases and the Effector VipA Mediate the Invasion of Epithelial Cells by Filamentous Legionella pneumophila

Legionella pneumophila (Lp) exhibits different morphologies with varying degrees of virulence. Despite their detection in environmental sources of outbreaks and in respiratory tract secretions and lung autopsies from patients, the filamentous morphotype of Lp remains poorly studied. We previously demonstrated that filamentous Lp invades lung epithelial cells (LECs) and replicates intracellularly in a Legionella containing vacuole. Filamentous Lp activates β1integrin and E-cadherin receptors at the surface of LECs leading to the formation of actin-rich cell membrane structures we termed hooks and membrane wraps. These structures entrap segments of an Lp filament on host cell surface and mediate bacterial internalization. Here we investigated the molecular mechanisms responsible for the actin rearrangements needed for the formation and elongation of these membrane wraps and bacterial internalization. We combined genetic and pharmacological approaches to assess the contribution of signaling downstream of β1integrin and E-cadherin receptors, and Lp Dot/Icm secretion system- translocated effectors toward the invasion process. Our studies demonstrate a multi-stage mechanism of LEC invasion by filamentous Lp. Bacterial attachment to host cells depends on signaling downstream of β1integrin and E-cadherin activation, leading to Rho GTPases-dependent activation of cellular actin nucleating proteins, Arp2/3 and mDia. This mediates the formation of primordial membrane wraps that entrap the filamentous bacteria on the cell surface. Following this, in a second phase of the invasion process the Dot/Icm translocated effector VipA mediates rapid membrane wrap elongation, leading to the engulfment of the filamentous bacteria by the LECs. Our findings provide the first description of Rho GTPases and a Dot/Icm effector VipA regulating the actin dynamics needed for the invasion of epithelial cells by Lp.
A performance spectrum for parallel computational frameworks that solve PDEs

Important computational physics problems are often large‐scale in nature, and it is highly desirable to have robust and high performing computational frameworks that can quickly address these problems. However, it is no trivial task to determine whether a computational framework is performing efficiently or is scalable. The aim of this paper is to present various strategies for better understanding the performance of any parallel computational frameworks for solving PDEs. Important performance issues that negatively impact time‐to‐solution are discussed, and we propose a performance spectrum analysis that can enhance one's understanding of critical aforementioned performance issues. As proof of concept, we examine commonly used finite element simulation packages and software and apply the performance spectrum to quickly analyze the performance and scalability across various hardware platforms, software implementations, and numerical discretizations. It is shown that the proposed performance spectrum is a versatile performance model that is not only extendable to more complex PDEs such as hydrostatic ice sheet flow equations but also useful for understanding hardware performance in a massively parallel computing environment. Potential applications and future extensions of this work are also discussed.