Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Impacts of Nano SiO 2 Addition on the Formation of Ultrafine Particulate Matter during Coal Combustion

: Clay minerals composed of Si and Al could help reduce ultrafine particulate matter (PM) formation as an additive during coal combustion while currently unacceptable high adding dosages (normally 3–5 wt.%) are required due to their inadequate capture efficiency. To find additives that could effectively reduce the formation of ultrafine PM, coal combustion with a novel nano SiO 2 ad ‐ ditive (<100 nm) was performed to evaluate its effects on reducing ultrafine PM. The generated PM 10 was sampled to characterize their particle size distribution, mass yield, size ‐ resolved composition and micromorphology. The results showed that adding a small dosage (0.6%) of nano SiO 2 reduced the mass yield of ultrafine PM by 30.70%, showing a much higher ultrafine PM capture efficiency than an existing micron ‐ sized natural clay mineral. However, its performance on different coals varied due to disparities in ash content and composition in coal. A composition analysis revealed that the Na content in the ultrafine PM was decreased after adding nano SiO 2 , indicating that nano SiO 2 inhibited the migration of volatile alkali metals such as Na into ultrafine PM because the Na ‐ containing mineral vapor reacted with the nano SiO 2 additive particles with a large specific surface area at a high temperature and inhibited their transformation into ultrafine PM via homogenous nucleation. Changes in the element size distributions and micromorphology showed that the ma ‐ jority of the added nano SiO 2 particles reacted or coalesced with each other and/or the minerals embedded in coal, finally growing into a larger PM. performed with a lab ‐ scale drop tube furnace system. PM an aerodynamic diameter of <10 μ m (i.e., PM ) was collected to evaluate the effects of nano SiO 2 on ultrafine PM formation, and detailed analyses of the particle size distribution, mass yield, element size distribution and micromorphology were conducted to reveal the underlying mechanism. The results showed that adding a small dose (0.6%) of nano SiO 2 reduced the mass yield of ultrafine PM by 30.70%, showing a much higher ultrafine PM capture efficiency than an existing micron ‐ sized natural clay mineral. However, its performance on different coals varied due to the disparities in ash content and composition in coal. A composition anal revealed that the Na content in the ultrafine PM was reduced after nano , 2 alkali
Detecting entanglement with partial state information

We introduce a sequence of numerical tests that can determine the entanglement or separability of a state even when there is not enough information to completely determine its density matrix. Given partial information about the state in the form of linear constraints on the density matrix, the sequence of tests can prove that either all states satisfying the constraints are entangled, or there is at least one separable state that satisfies them. The algorithm works even if the values of the constraints are only known to fall in a certain range. If the states are entangled, an entanglement witness is constructed and lower bounds on entanglement measures and related quantities are provided; if a separable state satisfies the constraints, a separable decomposition is provided to certify this fact.
Stabilizing entanglement in the presence of local decay processes

We investigate to what extent a suitably chosen system Hamiltonian can counteract local dissipative processes and preserve entanglement in the stationary state. The results determine prospects and limitations of dissipative state preparation schemes based on natural dissipative processes\char22{}in contrast to engineered, typically nonlocal dissipative schemes. As an exemplary case, we determine the stationary state of two spontaneously decaying two-level systems with optimal entanglement properties. The corresponding system Hamiltonian is derived, and its possible experimental implementation is discussed in detail. Finally, we discuss generalizations for $N$ qubits.
Operator Theory for Electromagnetics: An Introduction

I. BASIC THEORY Chapter 1: Electromagnetic Fundamentals / Chapter 2: Introductory Functional Analysis / Chapter 3: Introductory Linear Operator Theory / Chapter 4: Spectral Theory of Linear Operators / Chapter 5: Sturm-Liouville Operators II. APPLICATIONS IN ELECTROMAGNETICS Chapter 6: Poisson's and Laplace's Boundary-Value Problems: Potential Theory / Chapter 7: Transmission Line Analysis / Chapter 8: Planarly-Layered Media Problems / Chapter 9: Cylindrical Waveguide Problems / Chapter 10: Electromagnetic Cavities
CQM robust : A Chinese Dataset of Linguistically Perturbed Natural Questions for Evaluating the Robustness of Question Matching Models

In this paper, we focus on studying robustness 001 evaluation of Chinese question matching. Most 002 of the previous work on analyzing robustness 003 issue focus on just one or a few types of arti-004 ficial adversarial examples. Instead, we argue 005 that it is necessary to formulate a comprehen-006 sive evaluation about the linguistic capabilities 007 of models on natural texts. For this purpose, 008 we create a Chinese dataset namely CQM robust 009 which contains natural questions with linguis-010 tic perturbations to evaluate the robustness of 011 question matching models. CQM robust contains 012 3 categories and 13 subcategories with 32 lin-013 guistic perturbations. The extensive experi-014 ments demonstrate that CQM robust has a better 015 ability to distinguish different models. Impor-016 tantly, the detailed breakdown of evaluation by 017 linguistic phenomenon in CQM robust helps us 018 easily diagnose the strength and weakness of 019 different models. Additionally, our experiment 020 results show that the effect of artificial adversar-021 ial examples does not work on the natural texts. 022 The dataset and baseline codes will be publicly 023 available in the open source community. 024
GestureMaster: Graph-based Speech-driven Gesture Generation

This paper describes the GestureMaster entry to the GENEA (Generation and Evaluation of Non-verbal Behaviour for Embodied Agents) Challenge 2022. Given speech audio and text transcriptions, GestureMaster can automatically generate a high-quality gesture sequence to accompany the input audio and text transcriptions in terms of style and rhythm. GestureMaster system is based on the recent ChoreoMaster publication[12]. ChoreoMaster can generate dance motion given a piece of music. We make some adjustments to ChoreoMaster to suit for the speech-driven gesture generation task. We are pleased to see that among the participating systems, our entry attained the highest median score in the human-likeness evaluation. In the appropriateness evaluation, we ranked first in upper-body study and second in full-body study.
Learning to Correct Mistakes: Backjumping in Long-Horizon Task and Motion Planning

As robots become increasingly capable of manipulation and long-term autonomy, long-horizon task and motion planning problems are becoming increasingly important. A key challenge in such problems is that early actions in the plan may make future actions infeasible. When reaching a dead-end in the search, most existing planners use backtracking, which exhaustively reevaluates motion-level actions, often resulting in inefficient planning, especially when the search depth is large. In this paper, we propose to learn backjumping heuristics which identify the culprit action directly using supervised learning models to guide the task-level search. Based on evaluations on two different tasks, we find that our method significantly improves planning efficiency compared to backtracking and also generalizes to problems with novel numbers of objects.
Effects of Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation on Sleep in Athletes: A Protocol of a Randomized Controlled Trial

Background: Sleep disturbances are common among athletes. There is recently a growing interest in improving sleep quality by using noninvasive brain stimulation techniques such as transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS). We hypothesized that bilateral dorsolateral prefrontal cortex anodal tDCS could improve sleep in different sports athletes. A randomized controlled trial is to be conducted to test this hypothesis. Methods: Eighty-four athletes are selected based on specific eligibility criteria and randomly allocated to the intervention or control group. Each participant will receive a 20-min session of bilateral anodal tDCS with an intensity of 1.5 mA (0.057 mA/cm2) in density 3 times a week for 2 weeks. The tDCS current will be delivered only for 30 seconds in the control group. This study’s outcome is a set of subjective and objective sleep parameters. Conclusion: This study assessed the effect of a novel tDCS protocol represented by bilateral anodal stimulation and may result in important advances in sleep management among athletes. Because of the high incidence and impact of athletes’ poor sleep quality, it is particularly important to explore effective interventions. Trial Registration: ClinicalTrials.gov: NCT05318352.
LinkBERT: Language Model Pretraining with Document Link Knowledge

Language model (LM) pretraining can learn various knowledge from text corpora, helping down-stream tasks. However, existing methods such as BERT model a single document, and do not capture dependencies or knowledge that span across documents. In this work, we propose LinkBERT , an LM pretraining method that leverages links between documents, e.g., hyperlinks. Given a text corpus, we view it as a graph of documents and create LM inputs by placing linked documents in the same context. We then pretrain the LM with two joint self-supervised objectives: masked language modeling and our new proposal, document relation prediction. We show that LinkBERT outperforms BERT on diverse downstream tasks across two domains: a general domain (pretrained on Wikipedia with hyperlinks) and biomedical domain (pre-trained on PubMed with citation links). LinkBERT is especially effective for multi-hop reasoning and few-shot QA (+5% absolute improvement on HotpotQA and TriviaQA), and the biomedical LinkBERT also sets new states of the art on various BioNLP tasks (+7% on BioASQ and USMLE). We release our pretrained models, LinkBERT and BioLinkBERT , as well as code and data at https: //github.com/michiyasunaga/LinkBERT .
DiffStack: A Differentiable and Modular Control Stack for Autonomous Vehicles

Autonomous vehicle (AV) stacks are typically built in a modular fashion, with explicit components performing detection, tracking, prediction, planning, control, etc. While modularity improves reusability, interpretability, and generalizability, it also suffers from compounding errors, information bottlenecks, and integration challenges. To overcome these challenges, a prominent approach is to convert the AV stack into an end-to-end neural network and train it with data. While such approaches have achieved impressive results, they typically lack interpretability and reusability, and they eschew principled analytical components, such as planning and control, in favor of deep neural networks. To enable the joint optimization of AV stacks while retaining modularity, we present DiffStack, a differentiable and modular stack for prediction, planning, and control. Crucially, our model-based planning and control algorithms leverage recent advancements in differentiable optimization to produce gradients, enabling optimization of upstream components, such as prediction, via backpropagation through planning and control. Our results on the nuScenes dataset indicate that end-to-end training with DiffStack yields substantial improvements in open-loop and closed-loop planning metrics by, e.g., learning to make fewer prediction errors that would affect planning. Beyond these immediate benefits, DiffStack opens up new opportunities for fully data-driven yet modular and interpretable AV architectures. Project website: https://sites.google. com/view/diffstack
Polar caps in the presence of an induction field

Following the early paper of Goldreich & Julian (1969), polar-cap models have usually assumed that the closed sector of a pulsar magnetosphere corotates with the neutron star. Recent work by Melrose & Yuen has been a reminder that in an oblique rotator, the induction field arising from the time-varying magnetic flux density cannot be completely screened. The principal consequence is that the plasma does not corotate with the star. Here it is shown that the physics of the polar cap is not changed at the altitudes of the radio emission source. But the presence of a plasma drift velocity in the corotating frame of reference does provide a mechanism whereby the net charge of the star can be maintained within a stable band of values. It also shows directly how electron injection and acceleration occur in the outer gap of the magnetosphere. It is consistent with radio-loud pulsars in the Fermi LAT catalogue of gamma-emitters all having positive polar-cap charge density.
Inverse-Compton ghosts and double-lobed radio sources in the X-ray sky

In this study we predict the total distributions of powerful [Fanaroff and Riley Class II (FR II)] active double-lobed radio galaxies and ghost sources, and their observable distribution in the X-ray sky. We develop an analytic model for the evolution of the lobe emission at radio and X-ray energies. During jet activity, a double radio source emits synchrotron radiation in the radio and X-ray emission due to inverse-Compton (IC) upscattering by γ ∼ 10 3 electrons of the cosmic microwave background. After the jets switch off, the radio luminosity (due to higher γ electrons) falls faster than the X-ray luminosity and for some time the source appears as an IC ghost of a radio galaxy before becoming completely undetectable in the X-ray. With our model, for one set of typical parameters, we predict radio lobes occupy a volume fraction of the Universe of 0.01, 0.03, 0.3 at z = 2 (during the quasar era) of the filamentary structures in which they are situated, for typical jet lifetimes 5 × 10 7 yr, 10 8 yr, 5 × 10 8 yr; however since the inferred abundance of sources depends on how quickly they fall below the radio flux limit the volume filling factor is found to be a strong function of radio galaxy properties such as energy index and minimum γ factor of injected particles, the latter not well constrained by observations. We test the predicted number density of sources against theChandra X-ray Deep Field North survey and also find the contribution to the unresolved cosmic X-ray background by the lobes of radio galaxies. 10–30 per cent of observable double-lobed structures in the X-ray are predicted to be IC ghosts. The derived X-ray luminosity function of our synthetic population shows that double-lobed sources have higher space densities than X-ray clusters at redshifts z ≥ 2 and X-ray luminosities above 10 44 erg s −1 .
Distinguishing `disks' from `mergers': tracing the kinematic asymmetries in local (U)LIRGs using `kinemetry'-based criteria

The kinematic characterization of different galaxy populations is a key observational input to distinguish between different galaxy evolutionary scenarios, since it helps to determine the number ratio of rotating disks to mergers at different cosmic epochs. Local (U)LIRGs offer a unique opportunity to study at high linear resolution and S/N extreme star forming events and compare them with those observed at high-z. We obtained Very Large Telescope (VLT) VIMOS optical integral field spectroscopy (IFS) data of a sample of 38 (U)LIRGs. The `unweighted' and `weighted' {kinemetry}-based methods are used to kinematically classify our galaxies in `disk' and `merger'. We simulate our systems at z=3 to evaluate how a loss of angular resolution affects our results. From the kinemetry-based analysis we are able classify our local (U)LIRGs in three distinct kinematic groups according to their total kinematic asymmetry values (K$_{tot}$) as derived when using the weighted (unweighted) method: 1) 25 out of 50 galaxies are kinematically classified as `disk', with a K$_{tot}\leq$ 0.16 (0.14); 2) 9 out of 50 galaxies are kinematically classified as `merger', with a K$_{tot}\geq$ 0.94 (0.66); 3) 16 out of 50 galaxies lie in the `transition region', in which disks and mergers coexist, with 0.16 (0.14) $<$ K$_{tot}$ $<$ 0.94 (0.66). When we apply our criteria to the high-z simulated systems, a lower total kinematic asymmetry frontier value (K$_{tot}$ $\sim$ 0.16 ($\sim$ 0.14)) is derived with respect to that found locally. The loss of angular resolution smears out the kinematic features, thus making objects to appear more kinematically regular than actually they are.
Efficacy and safety of endocrine therapy after mastectomy in patients with hormone receptor positive breast ductal carcinoma in situ: Retrospective cohort study

Background: More than half of Chinese patients with hormone receptor positive (HR+) ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS) are treated with mastectomy, and usually followed by endocrine therapy (ET). Given that long-term ET can cause severe adverse effects it is important to determine the beneficial effect and safety of adjuvant ET after mastectomy on the disease-free survival (DFS) and adverse events in patients with HR+ DCIS.Methods: To explore beneficial effect and safety of ET after mastectomy in patients with HR+ DCIS, we performed a multicenter, population-based study. This retrospective study analyzed the DFS and adverse events in 1037 HR+ DCIS Chinese patients with or without post-mastectomy ET from eight Breast Centers between 2006-2016. The median follow-up time was 86 months.Results: There were 791 DCIS patients receiving ET (ET group). Those patients were followed-up for a median of 86 months (range, 60-177 months). There were 23 cases with tumor recurrence or distant metastasis. There were similar 5-year DFS rates and DFS between the ET and non-ET groups, even for those with high risk factors. Conversely, 37.04% of patients suffered from adverse events after ET, which were significantly higher than those in the non-ET group.Conclusion: ET after mastectomy did not benefit patients with HR+ DCIS for their DFS, rather increased adverse events in those patients. Therefore, ET after mastectomy may not be recommended for patients with HR+ DCIS, even for those with high-risk factors, such as multifocal, microinvasive and higher T stage.Funding? This study was supported by grants from Outstanding Scientific Fund of Shengjing Hospital (201803) and Outstanding Young Scholars of Liaoning Province (2019-YQ-10).
Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of the Efficacy and Effectiveness of Pneumococcal Vaccines in Adults

The 13-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (PCV13) and 23-valent pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccine (PPSV23) were previously recommended for adults in the United States. To help inform discussions on recently licensed 15- and 20-valent pneumococcal vaccine use among adults, we conducted a systematic review of PCV13 and PPSV23 efficacy or effectiveness. We conducted a search on PCV13 and PPSV23 efficacy or effectiveness (VE) studies against vaccine type (VT) invasive pneumococcal disease (IPD) and VT-pneumococcal pneumonia in adults. Nineteen studies were included: 13 on VT-IPD (four on PCV13, nine on PPSV23) and eight on VT- pneumococcal pneumonia (three on PCV13, four on PPSV23, one on PCV13 and PPSV23). One randomized-controlled trial (RCT) evaluated PCV13 and observed an efficacy of 75% and 45% against VT-IPD and VT-pneumococcal pneumonia, respectively. No RCTs reported PPSV23 efficacy. PCV13 effectiveness estimates against VT-IPD ranged from 47% to 68%. Pooled PPSV23 effectiveness against VT-IPD was 45% (95% CI: 37%, 51%; I2=0%). PCV13 VE estimates against VT-pneumonia ranged from -2 to 46%. Pooled PPSV23 VE against VT-pneumococcal pneumonia was 18% (95% CI: -4%, 35%; I2=0%). Evidence suggests PCV13 and PPSV23 are effective against VT-IPD and VT-pneumococcal pneumonia in adults; this was used to inform PCV15 and PCV20 policy decisions.
The performance study of developed cost-effective Compton Camera based on Ce:GAGG scintillator using experimental measurements and CCMod of GATE simulation module

In our previous work, a cost-effective Compton camera (CC) using Ce doped Gd3(Al,Ga)5O12(Ce:GAGG) scintillator consisting of two detectors, scatterer (20.8 × 20.8 × 5 mm3) and absorber (41.7 × 41.7 × 10 mm3), was developed to image gamma rays having energy more than 511 keV. This study fabricated a newly developed CC with a larger scatterer and thinner absorber. The system consists of two detectors: a scatterer and an absorber of Ce:GAGG scintillator. The size of the scatterer and absorber is the same; a 40-mm × 40-mm × 5-mm array block consists of 40 × 40 pixels. The size of each scintillator pixel is 0.85 mm × 0.85 mm for both systems. Imaging experiments of Na-22 and Cs-137 point sources were performed to investigate the imaging capability of the new camera, and then the obtained data were compared to the previous CC. The current CC's absolute detection efficiency (DE a ) and photopeak detection efficiency (DE p ) are improved by 1.6 and 2 times greater than the previous one. At the same time, both systems' spatial and angular resolutions are almost the same value at 511 keV. The Compton camera module (CCMod) in GATE v9.0 was employed for Monte Carlo simulations to reproduce the experimental data showing a good agreement.
G^1 Continuity Conditions of B－spline Surfaces

According to the B-spline theory and Boehm algorithm,this paper presents several necessary and sufficient G^1 continuity conditions betwwen two adjacent B-spline surfaces,In Order to meet the need of application,a kind of sufficient conditions of G^1 continuity are developed,and a kind of sufficient conditions of G^1 continuity among N(N>2) patch B-shline surfaces meeting at a common corner are given at the end.
Theory of electronic relaxation in a metal excited by an ultrashort optical pump

The theory of the electron relaxation in metals excited by an ultrashort optical pump is developed on the basis of the solution of the linearized kinetic equation. The kinetic equation includes both the electron-electron and the electron-phonon collision integrals. The widely used two temperature model follows from the theory as the limiting case, when the thermalization due to the electronelectron collisions is fast with respect to the electron-phonon relaxation. It is demonstrated that the energy relaxation has two consecutive processes. The first and most important step describes the emission of phonons by the photo-excited electrons. It leads to the relaxation of 90% of the energy before the electrons become thermalized among themselves. The second step describes electronphonon thermalization and may be described by the two temperature model. The second stage is difficult to observe experimentally because it involves the transfer of only a small amount of energy from electrons. Thus the theory explains why the divergence of the relaxation time at low temperatures was never observed experimentally.