Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Analysis of motor vehicle emissions during the Nashville/Middle Tennessee Ozone Study

On-road gasoline and diesel-powered vehicle emissions in Nashville, Tennessee, were characterized using fuel sales as a measure of vehicle activity, and emission factors derived from infrared remote sensing, ambient air concentration ratios, and roadway tunnel measurements. On-road vehicle emissions of carbon monoxide (CO), nonmethane hydrocarbons (NMHC), and oxides of nitrogen (NOx) on weekdays during summer 1995 were estimated to be 270±60, 43±13, and 53±9 metric tons per day, respectively. Diesel engines were a minor source of CO and NMHC, but were responsible for ∼50% of NOx emissions from on-road vehicles. The Environmental Protection Agency's MOBILE 5B emission model predictions were similar to fuel-based estimates for all pollutants, except for NOx where the MOBILE model predicted a smaller contribution to total on-road vehicle emissions from diesel engines. Chemical composition profiles for hydrocarbon emissions were developed based on tunnel air and fuel samples collected in Nashville during summers 1995 and 1999. More than half of the tunnel NMHC mass was liquid fuel that escaped combustion; the remaining mass came from products of incomplete combustion such as ethane, acetylene, C2-C4 alkenes, and 1,3-butadiene. No major changes in the composition of vehicle-related NMHC emissions were observed between 1995 and 1999 in Nashville.
Functional role of microRNA in the regulation of biotic and abiotic stress in agronomic plants

The increasing demand for food is the result of an increasing population. It is crucial to enhance crop yield for sustainable production. Recently, microRNAs (miRNAs) have gained importance because of their involvement in crop productivity by regulating gene transcription in numerous biological processes, such as growth, development and abiotic and biotic stresses. miRNAs are small, non-coding RNA involved in numerous other biological functions in a plant that range from genomic integrity, metabolism, growth, and development to environmental stress response, which collectively influence the agronomic traits of the crop species. Additionally, miRNA families associated with various agronomic properties are conserved across diverse plant species. The miRNA adaptive responses enhance the plants to survive environmental stresses, such as drought, salinity, cold, and heat conditions, as well as biotic stresses, such as pathogens and insect pests. Thus, understanding the detailed mechanism of the potential response of miRNAs during stress response is necessary to promote the agronomic traits of crops. In this review, we updated the details of the functional aspects of miRNAs as potential regulators of various stress-related responses in agronomic plants.
Gravity survey in northwestern Shikoku, Japan, and subsurface structure of the Median Tectonic Line

We carried out a gravity survey by means of LaCoste and Romberg gravity meters in northwestern Shikoku, Japan, and presented a detailed Bouguer anomaly map. The most significant feature of the . map is the anomaly pattern along the Median Tectonic Line (MTL). We regarded it as a pattern due to the sharp density contrast between both sides of the MTL, and analyzed it assuming a simple step model of a uniform horizontal slab with a dipped end. We also measured densities of rocks that are distributed in the surveyed area. Optimum models obtained on three profiles are 2 km in thickness, 22° in dip, and 0.30 g/cm3 in density contrast approximately.
A Method for Producing Photorealistic Digital Outcrop Models

Outcrop studies can be substantially improved by use of photorealistic digital outcrop models. A method is presented that has been tested for decametre to hectometre long outcrops. The models have accuracy and resolution around one decimeter and the models are conveniently scaled and oriented, allowing for comparison to geological data that were directly acquired in the field. The gear involved is lightweight and low cost when compared to LIDAR. The geologist can backpack this gear, decide acquisition on the flight, and finish the computer processing back in the base camp or in the office. The experiments have been carried in a series of Spanish outcrops that represent a variety of depositional settings: alluvial fan, fluvial fan, point bar deposits, fan-delta, and deepwater. The output models will be discussed in in terms of their quality by report to LIDAR data.
A desestruturação do mundo rural em áreas de montanha e o risco de incêndio: O caso da serra da Cabreira (Vieira do Minho)

EnglishThe destructuring of rural areas, particularly in mountain areas, led to a sharp increase in the number of forest fires as well as of the areas burned, and Cabreira Mountain it is an excellent example of this reality. portuguesA desestruturacao do mundo rural, em particular em areas de montanha, levou a um forte incremento do numero de deflagracoes de incendios florestais, bem como da respectiva area ardida, constituindo a serra da Cabreira um excelente exemplo dessa realidade.
A Compact Single-Phase Cascaded Three-Level AC/DC Converter With Variable DC Bus Voltage and Low CM Noise

This article proposes a new topology technology of a two-stage ac/dc converter with variable dc bus voltage control. The technology is a cascaded combination of a new type of single-inductor-based cascaded three-level totem-pole power-factor-correction (PFC) circuit and a three-level LLC half-bridge converter. Although the existing variable dc bus voltage control strategy based on a two-level ac/dc converter exhibits better overall efficiency than fixed dc bus control, it faces problems such as high withstand voltage stress of the power semiconductor device and large inductance volt-second product and filter volume. In order to address these issues, a novel cascaded three-level ac/dc converter with 600 V withstand voltage devices and phase-shift modulation technology is proposed. The new single-inductor-based mirror-symmetric cascaded three-level totem-pole PFC can achieve low common-mode electromagnetic interference without relying on impedance balance. As verification of the proof-of-concept, a hardware prototype of a scale-down 1 kW ac/dc converter is developed. The experimental results show that the converter can operate in an ultrawide battery terminal voltage range of 220–420 V, with a peak efficiency of 96.35%, and a power density of 28% higher than the traditional two-level converter.
Vorticity and Instability during Flow Reversals on the Continental Shelf

Abstract Flow reversals during relaxation of the equatorward wind on the northern California shelf are studied with observations and a simple numerical model. Data from the CODE experiment are used to document the changes in the cross-shelf profiles of alongshelf currents and potential vorticity when the wind forcing changes from upwelling-favorable to near-zero. Upwelling vorticity dynamics are considered using a simple equation, where also the importance of stress curls is discussed. During the wind relaxation events, the usually equatorward flow reveres to poleward on the inner shelf, resulting in a region of high shear and occasionally a localized maximum in potential vorticity on the shelf. In the course of such an episode, a single eddylike structure on the shelf was observed with satellite imagery. In order to simulate the basic dynamics of the flow reversals and instability, a contour dynamics model is developed for barotropic flow on an exponentially sloping bottom, in which potential vorticity i.
Broadband All-Metal Vivaldi Array Antenna with Pyramidal-Shaped Wings for LEO Satellite Applications

In this paper, we propose an all-metal Vivaldi antenna with pyramidal-shaped conductive wings for use in satellite signal intelligence applications. The inner metal Vivaldi antenna consists of radiating flares and a transition part between the feeder and the flares. The curvature of the inner flares is optimized, while the outer edges of the radiating flares are connected to the pyramidal-shaped wings to obtain a higher antenna gain over the entire operating frequency band. To verify the antenna’s feasibility, performance aspects such as the reflection coefficient, the radiation patterns, and the boresight gain are measured in a full anechoic chamber. The fractional bandwidth of the proposed antenna is 54%, while the boresight gain is greater than 7.3 dBi in the frequency range from 8 GHz to 12 GHz. To examine array performance aspects such as the total gain and beam steering, the proposed Vivaldi antenna is extended to a 4 × 1 linear array configuration. When the main beam is steered from 0° to 15°, the maximum gain is varied from 14.5 dBi to 13.7 dBi, while the side lobe level is decreased from 11.2 dB to 6.3 dB.
The Use of Innovative Diagnostics to Inform Sustainable Control of Equine Helminth Infections

Helminths are commonly found in grazing equids, with cyathostomin nematodes and the cestode Anoplocephala perfoliata being the most prevalent. Most horses harbour low burdens of these parasites and do not develop signs of infection; however, in a small number of animals, high burdens can accumulate and cause disease. Cyathostomins are associated with a syndrome known as larval cyathostominosis. This occurs when large numbers of larvae emerge from the large intestinal wall. This disease has a case fatality rate of up to 50%. A. perfoliata infection has been associated with various types of colic, with burdens of >20 worms associated with pathogenicity. Anthelmintic resistance is a serious problem in cyathostomins and is emerging in A. perfoliata. Control methods that reduce reliance on anthelmintics now need to be applied, especially as no new dewormer compounds are on the horizon. Sustainable control methods must employ diagnostics to identify horses that require treatment. Coprological tests (faecal egg counts, FECs) have been used for several decades to inform treatment decisions to reduce helminth egg shedding. These tests cannot be used to assess host burdens as FECs do not correlate with cyathostomin or A. perfoliata burdens. In the last decade, new tests have become available that measure parasite-specific antibodies, the levels of which have been shown to correlate with parasite burden. These tests measure antigen-specific IgG(T) and are available in serum (cyathostomin, A. perfoliata) or saliva (A. perfoliata) formats. Tests for other helminths have been developed as research tools and need to be translated to support equine clinicians in practice. A key element of sustainable control strategies is that diagnostics must be used in combination with management approaches to reduce environmental transmission of helminths; this will help limit the proportion of horses harbouring parasite burdens that need to be targeted by treatment. This manuscript provides a review of the development, performance and general utility of various diagnostic methods for informing equine helminth management decisions.
K‐Ar dating of rocks on Mars: Requirements from Martian meteorite analyses and isochron modeling

Abstract— Radiometric age dating of Martian rocks and surfaces at known locations for which crater densities can be determined is highly desirable in order to fully understand Martian history. Performing K‐Ar age dating of igneous rocks on Mars by robots, however, presents technical challenges. Some of these challenges can be defined by examining Ar‐Ar data acquired on Martian meteorites, and others can be evaluated through numerical modeling of simulated K‐Ar isochrons like those that would be acquired robotically on Martian rocks. Excess 40Ar is present in all shergottites. Thus for Martian rocks, the slopes of K‐Ar isochrons must be determined to reasonable precision in order to calculate reliable ages. Model simulations of possible isochrons give an indication of some requirements in order to define a precise rock age: Issues addressed here are: how many K‐Ar analyses should be made of rocks thought to have the same age; what range of K concentrations should these analyzed samples have; and what analytical uncertainty in K‐Ar measurements is desirable. Meteorite data also are used to determine the D/a2 diffusion parameters for Ar in plagioclase and pyroxene separates of several shergottites and nakhlites. These data indicate the required temperatures and times for heating similar Martian rocks in order to extract Ar. Quantitatively extracting radiogenic 40Ar could be difficult, and degassing cosmogenic Ar from mafic phases even more so. Considering all these factors, robotic K‐Ar dating of Martian rocks may be achievable, but will be challenging.
Hypoxia-improving strategy based on human-derived hemoglobin-based oxygen carriers for breast cancer monitored in vivo by functional photoacoustic mesoscopy

Hypoxia in malignant tumors can have an inhibitory effect on photodynamic therapy, chemotherapy, radiotherapy, immunotherapy, and chemodynamic therapy. In previous studies, nanoparticle platforms combined with drugs or direct oxygen-carrying to increase oxygen content are usually used. Here, we designed to improve tumor hypoxia by injecting human-derived hemoglobin-based oxygen carriers (h-HBOC) synthesized from expired human blood or human placental blood, and real-time quantitative oxygen concentration monitoring was achieved with the help of photoacoustic mesofunctional imaging, and the oxygen concentration was calculated using a multispectral unmixing method. Firstly, we combined photoacoustic mesoscopy to monitor the blood oxygen concentration of the same batch of mice injected with different concentrations of h-HBOC, and verified the positive correlation between the h-HBOC concentration and the blood oxygen level without affecting the hemoglobin of the animals themselves. The relative optimal dose of h- HBOC for targeting 4T1 tumor line mice was determined to be 600 mg/kg, with the sixth hour after h-HBOC injection being the relative optimal moment of treatment. A method for determining the optimal moment of tumor microenvironment by real-time monitoring of blood oxygenation in malignant tumors has been developed to determine the optimal time of treatment for therapeutic means. This therapeutic strategy can formulate differentiated and visualized therapeutic strategies for individual individuals according to different tumor lineages and bio-individuals, bridging the individual differences and obtaining the optimal therapeutic plan. Since the improvement of tumor microenvironment by h-HBOC is sustained in the long term and can be used to improve photodynamic therapy, and chemotherapy and radiotherapy have positive effects, this strategy has great potential and application for improving multimodal treatment of malignant tumors in the future.
Impacts of Land-Use and Climate Changes on Hydrologic Processes in the Qingyi River Watershed, China

AbstractThe impacts of human-induced land-use and climate changes on hydrologic processes have become a great challenge and attracted widespread attention of many researchers. Dramatic changes in land use and climate have occurred in the mountainous Qingyi River watershed in southwest China in the last three decades. Variable infiltration capacity (VIC), a large-scale hydrologic model, was used in this study to assess the impacts of land-use and climate changes on surface runoff, base flow, streamflow, and evapotranspiration (ET) of this watershed. The analysis for this study includes (1) investigation of change in historical land-use patterns, (2) detection of climate change (precipitation and mean temperature), and (3) simulation and assessment of hydrologic responses to these changes. The Mann-Kendall test was used to identify the long-term monotonic trends in precipitation and temperature for the period of 1980–2005. The results suggest no significant change in annual precipitation and a significant i.
Enabling HW-Based Task Scheduling in Large Multicore Architectures

Dynamic Task Scheduling is an enticing programming model aiming to ease the development of parallel programs with intrinsically irregular or data-dependent parallelism. The performance of such solutions relies on the ability of the Task Scheduling HW/SW stack to efficiently evaluate dependencies at runtime and schedule work to available cores. Traditional SW-only systems implicate scheduling overheads of around 30K processor cycles per task, which severely limit the (core count, task granularity) combinations that they might adequately handle. Previous work on HW-accelerated Task Scheduling has shown that such systems might support high performance scheduling on processors with up to eight cores, but questions remained regarding the viability of such solutions to support the greater number of cores now frequently found in high-end SMP systems. The present work presents an FPGA-proven, tightly-integrated, Linux-capable, 30-core RISC-V system with hardware accelerated Task Scheduling. We use this implementation to show that HW Task Scheduling can still offer competitive performance at such high core count, and describe how this organization includes hardware and software optimizations that make it even more scalable than previous solutions. Finally, we outline ways in which this architecture could be augmented to overcome inter-core communication bottlenecks, mitigating the cache-degradation effects usually involved in the parallelization of highly optimized serial code.
Wet removal of black carbon in Asian outflow: Aerosol Radiative Forcing in East Asia (A‐FORCE) aircraft campaign

[1] The Aerosol Radiative Forcing in East Asia (A-FORCE) aircraft campaign was conducted over East Asia in March–April 2009. During the A-FORCE campaign, 120 vertical profiles of black carbon (BC) and carbon monoxide (CO) were obtained in the planetary boundary layer (PBL) and the free troposphere. This study examines the wet removal of BC in Asian outflow using the A-FORCE data. The concentrations of BC and CO were greatly enhanced in air parcels sampled at 3–6 km in altitude over the Yellow Sea on 30 March 2009, associated with upward transport due to a cyclone with modest amounts of precipitation over northern China. In contrast, high CO concentrations without substantial enhancements of BC concentrations were observed in air parcels sampled at 5–6 km over the East China Sea on 23 April 2009, caused by uplifting due to cumulus convection with large amounts of precipitation over central China. The transport efficiency of BC (TEBC, namely the fraction of BC particles not removed during transport) in air parcels sampled above 2 km during the entire A-FORCE period decreased primarily with the increase in the precipitation amount that air parcels experienced during vertical transport, although their correlation was modest (r2 = 0.43). TEBC also depended on the altitude to which air parcels were transported from the PBL and the latitude where they were uplifted locally over source regions. The median values of TEBC for air parcels originating from northern China (north of 33°N) and sampled at 2–4 km and 4–9 km levels were 86% and 49%, respectively, during the A-FORCE period. These median values were systematically greater than the corresponding median values (69% and 32%, respectively) for air parcels originating from southern China (south of 33°N). Use of the A-FORCE data set will contribute to the reduction of large uncertainties in wet removal process of BC in global- and regional-scale models.
THD Reduction of Improved Single Source MLI Using Upgraded Black Widow Optimization Algorithm

An upgraded Black Widow Optimization algorithm for obtaining the ideal switching angles of a reduced structure multilevel inverter is proposed in this paper with minimum voltage THD. The conventional BWO algorithm has been modified and proposed to solve the THD minimization problem with faster convergence rate, lesser tuning variables, and lesser number of equations than the other existing nature inspired algorithms. The reduced structure MLI is designed with three asymmetrical DC voltage sources of ratio 1 : 2 : 4 to generate 15-level output voltage which requires reduced number of switching devices in comparison with the existing topologies of equivalent voltage level. The asymmetrical DC voltage sources to the MLI are derived from a single DC voltage source using a multisecondary winding DC-DC converter in order to provide the isolation between the load side and source side. The proposed modified BWO algorithm reduces the complexity of solving the nonlinear equations to achieve the best result by avoiding the local optima. To verify the effectiveness of the upgraded BWO algorithm, the optimization problem for three phase fifteen level MLI has been solved using the genetic algorithm, BFO algorithm, and PSO algorithm. The results for the above three applied algorithms are compared with the upgraded BWO and presented. The proposed algorithm has minimized the output voltage THD to 1.83% at 0.88 modulation index. The developed scheme has been corroborated with the help of MATLAB simulation and the results have been verified through a hardware model developed in laboratory.
Taxonomies of Intelligence: A Comprehensive Guide to the Universe of Minds

This paper explores the landscape of potential mind architectures by initially conceptualizing all minds as software. Through rigorous analysis, we establish intriguing properties of this intellectual space, including its infinite scope, variable dimensions of complexity, and representational intricacies. We then provide an extensive review of existing taxonomies for mind design. Building on this foundation, the paper introduces 'Intellectology' as a new field dedicated to the systematic study of diverse forms of intelligence. A compendium of open research questions aimed at steering future inquiry in this nascent discipline is also presented.
Charcoal Distribution Affects Carbon and Nitrogen Contents in Forest Soils of California

Fire is the dominant natural disturbance regime in most ecosystems of California. The long-term relict of fire is charcoal, which has been shown to increase N mineralization and also represents a pool of chemically stabilized C whose quantity and spatial distribution have not been well characterized in forest soils. We examined the charcoal content in three different ecosystems of the Sierra Nevada, including oak woodland (low elevation), mixed conifer (middle elevation), and red fir (high elevation). Using a fine-scale (2.5-m minimum resolution) spatially explicit sampling protocol applied to plots ranging between 0.25 to 0.5 ha, we examined the autocorrelation of forest floor and mineral soil properties including charcoal C. Charcoal C content ranged from 1000 to 5000 kg ha -1 in the surface 6 cm of soil and increased with increasing elevation and latitude. Spatial patterns of forest floor and mineral soil properties were generally patchy at a scale of 5 to 20 m, except in the mixed conifer ecosystem (no pattern). The patchiness that existed at the other sites was largely a result of the distribution of total C and total N in the mineral soil. A spatial mixed-effect ANOVA indicated that charcoal had a 10 to 20% effect on C and N contents in both forest floor and mineral soil surface horizons, independent of other parameters including ecosystem type and total C or N. These results provide evidence that charcoal has a relationship with soil C and N content, which may influence soil biogeochemistry.