Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Respiratory syncytial virus infection in elderly adults.

422 n engl j med 353;4 www.nejm. org july 28, 2005 chloroquine–chloroguanide (a drug combination used successfully by travelers for several decades but now abandoned because of poor protective efficacy) are similar. On the basis of adverse-event profiles, mefloquine clearly is associated with a statistically significant higher risk of neuropsychiatric symptoms than other antimalarial drugs, as I explained in my review. For most travelers who are considered good candidates for mefloquine prophylaxis, including pregnant women and young children, the regimen carries distinct advantages in terms of cost, convenience, proven efficacy, and demonstrated safety. The suggestion that the safety and adverse-event profiles of mefloquine hinge on very early and limited clinical trials in special populations may mislead readers; mefloquine has been widely used by the traveling public for more than a decade. The responsibility for the decision to recommend mefloquine as first-line or as alternative prophylaxis rests with the national authorities weighing factors of safety, efficacy, cost, and other determinants of effectiveness in the context of the populations they serve.
Knowledge, attitude and practice of tobacco smoking by medical students in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia

BACKGROUND: Tobacco consumption is associated with considerable negative impact on health. Health professionals, including future doctors, should have a leading role in combating smoking in the community. OBJECTIVES: The aims of the study were to assess the prevalence of smoking among medical students of newly established medical colleges in Riyadh city, the capital of Saudi Arabia, as well as to assess students' attitude, practice and their knowledge on the risk factors of tobacco consumption. METHODS: A cross-sectional, questionnaire-based study of students from two medical colleges in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia was carried out. The questionnaire used was anonymous, self-administered and developed mainly from Global Adult Tobacco Survey (GATS). RESULTS: A total of 215 students participated in this study. Forty students (19%) indicated that they smoke tobacco at the time of the study. All of them were males, which raise the prevalence among male students to 24%. Tobacco smoking was practiced by males more than females (P value <0.0001) and by senior more than junior students (<0.0001). About 94% of the study sample indicated that smoking could cause serious illnesses. About 90% of the students indicated that they would advice their patients to quit smoking in the future and 88% thought that smoking should be banned in public areas. Forty-four students (20%) thought that smoking has some beneficial effects, mainly as a coping strategy for stress alleviation. CONCLUSION: Despite good knowledge about the hazards of tobacco consumption, about 25% of the medical students in this study continue to smoke. The main reported reasons should be addressed urgently by policy-makers. Special efforts should be taken to educate medical students on the effective strategies in managing stress during their study as they thought that tobacco smoking could be used as a coping strategy to face such a stress.
Amplification of signaling via cellular allosteric relay and protein disorder

Historical perspectives and the underlying mechanisms of allostery have been recently reviewed (1–4), increasingly highlighting conformation selection and population shift (5). A classical example is transcription factor (TF) catabolite activator protein (CAP) activation by cAMP in response to extracellular stimuli (6). cAMP–CAP–DNA complex was the first TF with 3D structure (7), and it was postulated that cAMP binding causes structural rearrangements allowing CAP to bind DNA (6, 8). Twenty-eight years later, NMR structures have confirmed the allosteric transition paradigm; as reported in this issue of PNAS, Popovych et al. (9) found that without cAMP binding, the CAP apo form loses 3 helical turns and the DNA binding domain rotates, shifting from its DNA binding-ready state. Consistent with theoretical expectation, some mutations shifted the ensemble toward a DNA-compatible active state even without cAMP binding (9). Coiled-coil order-disorder transition coupled with cAMP binding permits efficient allo steric control; yet, it is not necessarily used in other structurally similar cAMP binding domains (10). Protein kinase A undergoes a kink transition sufficient to break the inactive protein kinase A (PKA) tetramer complex on cAMP binding (11). In the CAP/fumarate and nitrate reduction regulator (FNR) superfamily, the CooA (effector: CO) does not involve an order–disorder transition but dissimilative nitrate respiration regulator (DNR) (effector: NO) does (9).
Radiocarbon variability in the western equatorial Pacific inferred from a high-resolution coral record

We have generated a high resolution coral {Delta}{sup 14}C record spanning the last 50 years to document the seasonal and interannual redistribution of surface waters in the western tropical Pacific. Prebomb (1947{endash}1956) {Delta}{sup 14}C values average {minus}63{per_thousand} and have a total range of 30{per_thousand}. Values begin to increase in 1957, reaching a maximum of 137{per_thousand} in mid-1983. Large interannual variability of up to 80{per_thousand} closely follows the El Ni{tilde n}o-Southern Oscillation (ENSO). During each ENSO warm phase, {Delta}{sup 14}C values begin to increase, reflecting the reduction of low-{sup 14}C water upwelling in the east and the invasion of subtropical water into the western equatorial tropical Pacific. Maximum {Delta}{sup 14}C values are in phase or lag the corresponding sea surface temperature maxima in the eastern tropical Pacific, whereas the rapid return to more negative {Delta}{sup 14}C is in phase with eastern Pacific ENSO indices. The highest-amplitude excursions occur during the 1965/1966 and 1972/1973 events, when the {sup 14}C contrast is highest between the eastern Pacific and subtropics. The 1982/1983 El Ni{tilde n}o, although a larger ENSO event, has a lower {Delta}{sup 14}C amplitude, reflecting the penetration of bomb radiocarbon into the equatorial undercurrent and the reduced contrast in {Delta}{sup 14}C betweenmore » thermocline and subtropical surface waters at that time. This coral record demonstrates the potential for using similar radiocarbon time series for documenting variability in Pacific shallow circulation over interannual and decadal timescales. {copyright} 1998 American Geophysical Union« less
Vitamin D Receptor Expression in Plasmablastic Lymphoma and Myeloma Cells Confers Susceptibility to Vitamin D

Plasmablastic B-cell malignancies include plasmablastic lymphoma and subsets of multiple myeloma and diffuse large B-cell lymphomaDLBCL. These diseases can be difficult to diagnose and treat, and they lack well-characterized cell line models. Here, immunophenotyping and FOXP1 expression profiling identified plasmablastic characteristics in DLBCL cell lines HLY-1 and SU-DHL-9, associated with CTNNAL1, HPGD, RORA, IGF1, and/or vitamin D receptor (VDR) transcription. We demonstrated VDR protein expression in primary plasmablastic tumor cells and confirmed in cell lines expression of both VDR and the metabolic enzyme CYP27B1, which catalyzes active vitamin D3 production. Although Vdr and Cyp27b1 transcription in normal B cells were activated by interleukin 4 (IL-4) and CD40 signaling, respectively, unstimulated malignant plasmablastic cells lacking IL-4 expressed both VDR and CYP27B1. Positive autoregulation evidenced intact VDR function in all plasmablastic lines, and inhibition of growth by active vitamin D3 was both dependent on MYC protein inhibition and could be enhanced by cotreatment with a synthetic ROR ligand SR-1078. Furthermore, a VDR polymorphism, FOK1, was associated with greater vitamin D3–dependent growth inhibition. In summary, HLY-1 provides an important model of strongly plasmablastic lymphoma, and disruption of VDR pathway activity may be of therapeutic benefit in both plasmablastic lymphoma and myeloma.
Morphological features of wheat grain and genotype affecting flour yield

Although the wheat grain comprises 82 - 86% starchy endosperm, only approximately 76 - 78% is able to be separated using current milling technology. Suitability for primary processing depends on three main characteristics that are in turn influenced to varying degrees by the genetic origin of wheat and agro-climatic conditions during plant development: the endosperm to bran ratio, kernel hardness and ease of separation of bran and endosperm. Among these, hardness appears to be an essential factor in wheat milling behavior also important to the food processing industries. Accumulated evidence supports the prominent influence of the puroindoline (pin) proteins on grain hardness though additional factors influence milling quality. The general aim of this project was to increase the understanding of grain characteristics in hard wheat varieties that influence flour yield. The first research question involved the validation of the rheological information derived from the Single Kernel Characterisation System (SKCS) as the most suitable indicator of milling quality for small sample quantities. The methodologies initially involved correlation of fragment/particle size distribution of conditioned and unconditioned hard wheat varieties produced by first break rolls and the SKCS. The use of the SKCS for studies in milling quality was validated (Chapter 4). This was followed by a process relating qualitative observations gained from light microscopy, conventional and environmental electron microscopy with the crush response profiles produced by the SKCS. This study generated an hypothesis involving starch granule size distribution (SGSD) which was tested by correlating quantitative data produced by a laser diffraction technique with small scale milling and SKCS data. SGSD has generally been disregarded as having a significant influence on hardness or milling quality with much investigative effort instead directed towards the puroindolines. However the results presented indicate the contrary with significant correlations with hardness and flour yield across a range of hard varieties. This is partially a reflection of positive relationships between bonding area and cohesion within composite materials (Chapter 5). Finally, standard DNA sequencing methods were used to screen puroindoline sequence variation in 120 varieties from the Australian Winter Cereal Collection harvested and milled from two different environments. Further SGSD analysis indicated significant correlations with flour yield though differing between pin genotypes. In addition quantitative analysis of starch granule-bound puroindoline using a micro-capillary electrophoresis method (Lab-on-chip) demonstrated a significant negative correlation with flour yield in the premium milling quality varieties with pin genotype, Pina-D1a, Pinb-D1b (Chapter 6). Several alternative influences on milling quality such as lipid content, cell wall characteristics, the regulation of the hardness locus (Ha) and function of the grain softness proteins require further investigation. …
The need for obtaining accurate nationwide estimates of diabetes prevalence in India - Rationale for a national study on diabetes

According to the World Diabetes Atlas, India is projected to have around 51 million people with diabetes. However, these data are based on small sporadic studies done in some parts of the country. Even a few multi-centre studies that have been done, have several limitations. Also, marked heterogeneity between States limits the generalizability of results. Other studies done at various time periods also lack uniform methodology, do not take into consideration ethnic differences and have inadequate coverage. Thus, till date there has been no national study on the prevalence of diabetes which are truly representative of India as a whole. Moreover, the data on diabetes complications is even more scarce. Therefore, there is an urgent need for a large well-planned national study, which could provide reliable nationwide data, not only on prevalence of diabetes, but also on pre-diabetes, and the complications of diabetes in India. A study of this nature will have enormous public health impact and help policy makers to take action against diabetes in India.
Alleviation of gram-negative bacterial lung inflammation by targeting HECTD2.

Lung injury remains a significant clinical problem worldwide. The nature and pathogenesis of the injury is highly multifactorial as it can be acute or chronic, triggered by bacteria, viruses, fungi, transfusions, sepsis, multiple fractures, aspiration and several other factors. In the case of invading pathogens and sepsis, the innate immune system may get overwhelmed, resulting in the secretion of large amounts of proinflammatory cytokines which mediate pulmonary edema, shock and potentially, multi-organ failure (1,2).
Projecting Changes in Societally Impactful Northeastern U.S. Snowstorms

The northeastern United States is vulnerable to many impacts from snowfall‐producing winter cyclones that are amplified by the proximity of population centers to storm tracks. Historically, climatic snowfall assessments have centered around seasonal means even though local impacts typically occur at scales of hours to days. To detect snowstorms at the event level, an objective algorithm is defined based on the Regional Snowfall Index. The metric collocates storm snowfall with population to produce statistics of snowstorms with societal impacts. When applied to the Community Earth System Model Large Ensemble, broad declines in snowstorm frequency are projected by the later 21st century. These decreases are primarily due to a warmer atmosphere less conducive to snowfall as the predominant precipitation type. However, reductions are less significant for major events, since more hostile thermodynamic environments are partially offset by increased precipitation associated with cyclones that dynamically drive high‐impact snowstorms.
Kabuki syndrome: clinical and molecular characteristics

Kabuki syndrome (KS) is a rare syndrome characterized by multiple congenital anomalies and mental retardation. Other characteristics include a peculiar facial gestalt, short stature, skeletal and visceral abnormalities, cardiac anomalies, and immunological defects. Whole exome sequencing has uncovered the genetic basis of KS. Prior to 2013, there was no molecular genetic information about KS in Korean patients. More recently, direct Sanger sequencing and exome sequencing revealed KMT2D variants in 11 Korean patients and a KDM6A variant in one Korean patient. The high detection rate of KMT2D and KDM6A mutations (92.3%) is expected owing to the strict criteria used to establish a clinical diagnosis. Increased awareness and understanding of KS among clinicians is important for diagnosis and management of KS and for primary care of KS patients. Because mutation detection rates rely on the accuracy of the clinical diagnosis and the inclusion or exclusion of atypical cases, recognition of KS will facilitate the identification of novel mutations. A brief review of KS is provided, highlighting the clinical and genetic characteristics of patients with KS.
The Growth of Low Skill Service Jobs and the Polarization of the U.S. Labor Market

We offer an integrated explanation and empirical analysis of the polarization of U.S. employment and wages between 1980 and 2005, and the concurrent growth of low skill service occupations. We attribute polarization to the interaction between consumer preferences, which favor variety over specialization, and the falling cost of automating routine, codifiable job tasks. Applying a spatial equilibrium model, we derive, test, and confirm four implications of this hypothesis. Local labor markets that were specialized in routine activities differentially adopted information technology, reallocated low skill labor into service occupations (employment polarization), experienced earnings growth at the tails of the distribution (wage polarization), and received inflows of skilled labor.
Evaluation of a Framework for Dynamic Source Selection in Stream Processing

The volume of stream data delivered from different information sources is increasing. There are a variety of demands to utilize such stream data for applications. Stream processing systems can continuously process stream data according to user requests. In conventional frameworks,the user must explicitly specify information sources in advance, and the user cannot change information sources during query processing. However, there are many cases in which target information sources the user is most interested in change over time. We therefore need an additional framework to deal with changes of the target information sources in the same query. We propose dynamic source selection.Our proposal consists of two functions: The first is a new operator to switch information sources dynamically. The second is connection management to reduce connections to unnecessary information sources. We have implemented the proposed framework in a stream processing system and have evaluated the efficiency of our proposed method in stream data simulator.
Dynamique turbulente de la couronne et du vent solaires

La variabilite de l'heliosphere et en particulier la «meteorologie de l'espace» sont le resultat de toute une chaine de processus impliquant notamment la couronne et le vent solaires. La turbulence y joue un role fondamental, mais rend ces milieux (ainsi que leurs analogues stellaires) tres complexes, avec un grand intervalle d'echelles et un grand nombre de mecanismes physiques impliques. La couronne peut ainsi etre chauffee a plus d'un million de kelvins par la dissipation de structures de petite echelle creees par la turbulence. Des observations nous ont permis d'investiguer certaines proprietes de la turbulence et des evenements de chauffage, ainsi que la structure thermique de la region de transition entre la couronne ainsi chauffee et les regions inferieures qui sont plus froides. J'ai modelise le chauffage turbulent dans le cas des regions magnetiquement fermees (les boucles coronales) et ouvertes (les trous coronaux) de la couronne. Dans les boucles coronales, j'ai montre l'existence d'une retro-action des processus de refroidissement sur le chauffage, et j'ai obtenu des signatures spectroscopiques du chauffage turbulent. Dans les trous coronaux, nous avons montre que ce chauffage permettait d'accelerer le vent, et nous avons egalement obtenu des spectres de turbulence en MHD-Hall et en MHD anisotrope. A l'interface entre ces deux types de regions coronales, nous avons observe un jet de matiere et determine quelle proportion de sa masse contribue effectivement au vent. Le champ magnetique maintient aussi en suspension des filaments de matiere plus froides que la couronne environnante, et dont les eruptions peuvent provoquer de fortes perturbations du vent; nous avons observe une telle eruption en detail, et nous developpons un code permettant de detecter automatiquement ces objets avant leur eruption.
The genomic landscape of pediatric Ewing sarcoma.

UNLABELLED Pediatric Ewing sarcoma is characterized by the expression of chimeric fusions of EWS and ETS family transcription factors, representing a paradigm for studying cancers driven by transcription factor rearrangements. In this study, we describe the somatic landscape of pediatric Ewing sarcoma. These tumors are among the most genetically normal cancers characterized to date, with only EWS-ETS rearrangements identified in the majority of tumors. STAG2 loss, however, is present in more than 15% of Ewing sarcoma tumors; occurs by point mutation, rearrangement, and likely nongenetic mechanisms; and is associated with disease dissemination. Perhaps the most striking finding is the paucity of mutations in immediately targetable signal transduction pathways, highlighting the need for new therapeutic approaches to target EWS-ETS fusions in this disease. SIGNIFICANCE We performed next-generation sequencing of Ewing sarcoma, a pediatric cancer involving bone, characterized by expression of EWS-ETS fusions. We found remarkably few mutations. However, we discovered that loss of STAG2 expression occurs in 15% of tumors and is associated with metastatic disease, suggesting a potential genetic vulnerability in Ewing sarcoma.
Rotor position and speed estimation of a variable structure direct torque controlled IPM synchronous motor drive at very low speeds

The performance of a speed sensorless variable structure direct torque controlled interior permanent magnet synchronous motor drive at very low speeds including standstill is investigated in this paper. The rotor position and speed are estimated using a high frequency signal injection algorithm at low speeds and a sliding observer at medium to high speeds. The changeover between these two algorithms is performed using a weighting function which smoothly hands over estimated flux and speed information for torque estimation and speed feedback purposes respectively. Experiments were performed to test the effectiveness of the proposed high frequency signal injection algorithm and results show that the sensorless drive is capable of accurately estimating position and speed at very low speeds including standstill.
A framework for building intelligent manufacturing systems

The paper describes a systematic approach to design and development of software for intelligent manufacturing systems. The approach is based on a multilevel, general object oriented model of intelligent systems. Current methods and software design and development tools for intelligent manufacturing systems either stress particular components of intelligence (e.g., high level domain expertise, or learning capabilities, or fuzziness of decisions), or their domain dependence (e.g., monitoring and control systems, or CAPP systems). It is usually difficult to make extensions of such methods and tools, nor is it easy to reuse their components in developing intelligent manufacturing systems. Considerable efforts are being dedicated to the development of interoperable software components, distributed object environments, and flexible and scalable applications to overcome some of these problems. The approach described in the paper starts with a well founded software engineering principle, making clear distinction between generic, low level intelligent software components, and domain-dependent, high level components of an intelligent manufacturing system. It is extensible and adjustable. It also suggests some steps toward design of future software development tools for intelligent manufacturing systems. Several intelligent systems have been developed using the approach. One of these systems, in the cement manufacturing domain, is briefly overviewed, illustrating how the approach is used in practice. Finally, some informal discussion on the performance and complexity of the approach is presented.