Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Insurance with borrowing: first- and second-order approximations

We consider the operation of an insurer with a large initial surplus x>0. The insurer's surplus process S(t) (with S(0)=x) evolves in the range S(t)≥ 0 as a generalized renewal process with positive mean drift and with jumps at time epochs T 1,T 2,…. At the time T η(x) when the process S(t) first becomes negative, the insurer's ruin (in the ‘classical’ sense) occurs, but the insurer can borrow money via a line of credit. After this moment the process S(t) behaves as a solution to a certain stochastic differential equation which, in general, depends on the indebtedness, -S(t). This behavior of S(t) lasts until the time θ(x,y) at which the indebtedness reaches some ‘critical’ level y>0. At this moment the line of credit will be closed and the insurer's absolute ruin occurs with deficit -S(θ(x,y)). We find the asymptotics of the absolute ruin probability and the limiting distributions of η(x), θ(x,y), and -S(θ(x,y)) as x → ∞, assuming that the claim distribution is regularly varying. The second-order approximation to the absolute ruin probability is also obtained. The abovementioned results are obtained by using limiting theorems for the joint distribution of η(x) and -S(T η(x)).
Rilotumumab Resistance Acquired by Intracrine Hepatocyte Growth Factor Signaling

Simple Summary Drug resistance is a long-standing impediment to effective systemic cancer therapy and acquired drug resistance is a growing problem for new therapeutics that otherwise have shown significant successes in disease control. Hepatocyte growth factor (HGF)/Met receptor pathway signaling is frequently involved in cancer and is widely targeted in drug development. We found that resistance to the HGF-neutralizing antibody drug candidate rilotumumab in glioblastoma cells was acquired through HGF overproduction and misfolding, which led to stress-response signaling and redirected transport inside cells that sequestered rilotumumab and misfolded HGF from native HGF and activated Met receptor. Resistant cells were more malignant but retained their sensitivity to Met kinase inhibition and gained sensitivity to inhibition of stress signaling and cholesterol biosynthesis. Defining this rapidly acquired, multisystem scheme improves our understanding of drug resistance and suggests strategies for early detection and intervention. Abstract Drug resistance is a long-standing impediment to effective systemic cancer therapy and acquired drug resistance is a growing problem for molecularly-targeted therapeutics that otherwise have shown unprecedented successes in disease control. The hepatocyte growth factor (HGF)/Met receptor pathway signaling is frequently involved in cancer and has been a subject of targeted drug development for nearly 30 years. To anticipate and study specific resistance mechanisms associated with targeting this pathway, we engineered resistance to the HGF-neutralizing antibody rilotumumab in glioblastoma cells harboring autocrine HGF/Met signaling, a frequent abnormality of this brain cancer in humans. We found that rilotumumab resistance was acquired through an unusual mechanism comprising dramatic HGF overproduction and misfolding, endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress-response signaling and redirected vesicular trafficking that effectively sequestered rilotumumab and misfolded HGF from native HGF and activated Met. Amplification of MET and HGF genes, with evidence of rapidly acquired intron-less, reverse-transcribed copies in DNA, was also observed. These changes enabled persistent Met pathway activation and improved cell survival under stress conditions. Point mutations in the HGF pathway or other complementary or downstream growth regulatory cascades that are frequently associated with targeted drug resistance in other prevalent cancer types were not observed. Although resistant cells were significantly more malignant, they retained sensitivity to Met kinase inhibition and acquired sensitivity to inhibition of ER stress signaling and cholesterol biosynthesis. Defining this mechanism reveals details of a rapidly acquired yet highly-orchestrated multisystem route of resistance to a selective molecularly-targeted agent and suggests strategies for early detection and effective intervention.
Cholesterol Biosynthesis Inhibitor RO 48–8071 Suppresses Growth of Epithelial Ovarian Cancer Cells in Vitro and In Vivo

Introduction: Epithelial Ovarian Cancer (EOC) cells express enzymes in the cholesterol biosynthetic pathway, making this pathway an attractive therapeutic target for controlling ovarian cancer. Potent small molecule inhibitors of one biosynthetic enzyme, Oxidosqualene Cyclase (OSC), have been identified, and RO 48–8071 (4′-[6-(allylmethylamino)hexyloxy]-4-bromo-2′-fluorobenzophenone fumarate) (RO), has emerged as a useful chemotherapeutic agent for breast and prostate cancer. Methods: Cell viability assays were performed to determine effects of RO 48–8071 on growth of EOC cells. Aldehyde Dehydrogenase (ALDH) assay was conducted to determine the effects of drug on reducing stem cell like properties of EOC cells. Finally, xenograft studies were performed to assess the ability of RO 48–8071 to inhibit the growth of EOC cells in vivo. Results: We found that short-term (24–48 h) administration of pharmacological doses of RO effectively reduced the viability of drug-resistant EOC cells (SK-OV-3 and OVCAR-3), as determined with sulforhodamine B colorimetric assays. In 7-day assays, nanomolar concentrations of RO effectively inhibited the growth of EOC cells. RO also suppressed ALDH activity, a marker of stem cells. Importantly, RO significantly suppressed growth of xenografts derived from EOC cells when given to mice intraperitoneally (20–40 mg kg−1 day−1) for 27 days once tumors reached 100 mm3 (controls: 336 + 60 mm3; treated: 171 + 20 mm3) with no toxicity to the experimental animals. Mechanistically, RO induced apoptosis in tumor cells in vivo as shown with immunohistochemistry. Conclusion: Cholesterol biosynthesis inhibitor RO 48–8071 is thus a novel and potent inhibitor of human EOC, including EOC stem cells.
Evolution of Luminous Infrared Galaxies Revealed by Near-Infrared Multi-Band Imaging of Their Hosts

We present the result of our near infrared J(λ = 1.25 μm), H(λ = 1.63 μm), and Ksband (λ = 2.14 μm) imaging of ultraluminous (LIR >10 L ) and luminous (LIR = 1011−12 L ) infrared galaxies (ULIRGs and LIRGs), to investigate their relationship through properties of their host galaxies. We find that (1) for single-nucleus ULIRGs and LIRGs, their spheroidal host galaxies have similar properties, but ULIRGs display a substantially higher level of nuclear activity than LIRGs, suggesting that their infrared luminosity difference comes primarily from the different level of current nuclear activity. We infer that LIRGs and ULIRGs have similar progenitor galaxies, follow similar evolutionary processes, and may evolve into optically-selected QSOs. (2) Largely-separated multiple-nuclei ULIRGs have significantly brighter host galaxies than single-nucleus ULIRGs and LIRGs in Ks-band, indicating that multiple-nuclei ULIRGs have a bias towards mergers of intrinsically large progenitor galaxies, in order to produce high infrared luminosity (LIR >10 L ) even at the early merging stage. (3) We derive dust extinction of host galaxies of ULIRGs and LIRGs to be AV ∼ 14 mag in the optical or equivalently AK ∼ 0.8 mag in the near-infrared Ks-band, based on the comparison of host galaxy’s luminosities in the J-, H-, and Ks-bands.
Identification of 3-Methoxyphenylacetic Acid as a Phytotoxin, Produced by Rhizoctonia solani AG-3 TB

Tobacco target spot disease is caused by Rhizoctonia solani AG-3 TB, which causes serious harm to the quality and yield of tobacco. In this study, thin layer chromatography (TLC), high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), infrared absorption spectroscopy (IR), and nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (NMR) were used to purify and identify the potential phytotoxin produced by R. solani AG-3 TB. The result indicated that the purified toxin compound was 3-methoxyphenylacetic acid (3-MOPAA) (molecular formula: C9H10O3). The exogenous purified compound 3-MOPAA was tested, and the results revealed that 3-MOPAA can cause necrosis in tobacco leaves. 3-MOPAA is a derivative of phenylacetic acid (PAA), which should be produced by specific enzymes, such as hydroxylase or methylase, in the presence of PAA. These results enrich the research on the pathogenic phytotoxins of R. solani and provide valuable insights into the pathogenic mechanism of AG-3 TB.
The scattering of electrons from inert gases. I. Absolute differential elastic cross sections for argon atoms

Absolute angular differential cross sections for the elastic scattering of electrons from argon atoms have been measured for incident electron energies from 20 to 400 eV over the angular range 20 degrees to 150 degrees . The experimental method is based on the crossed electron and modulated atom beams techniques with an electron energy resolution of 0.095 eV and an angular resolution of 2 degrees for both the incident and scattered electron beams. The experimental cross section values have been calibrated absolutely by a phaseshift analysis over the (3s23p54s2) 2P1/2, 2P3/2 resonance doublet in argon at 11.0 and 11.27 eV. At 11.18 eV, the measured phaseshifts are delta 0=5.063+or-0.050 rad, delta 1=2.533+or-0.020 rad, delta 2=1.092+or-0.020 rad, delta 3=0.112+or-0.018 rad and higher phaseshifts were calculated from an effective range expansion. These values are in good agreement with the measured values of Andrick and Bitsch (1975), but the s and d wave phaseshifts of Weingartshofer et al. (1974) are outside the experimental limits.
Pressure variation about the ear

The pressure variation in the region of the ear near the surface of the head was measured on KEMAR, a manikin especially constructed to duplicate the acoustic performance of the human head and body. The purpose of the experiment was to compare the response in various locations so that a single curve could be selected as being representative and used as the free field to human‐head correction curve. Twenty‐five curves on a 5 × 5 matrix with a 2‐cm separation were recorded. Results indicated a variation with both frequency and spatial location. An attempt was made, therefore, to mathematically represent the data in a single equation using frequency and spatial location as variables This would serve as both a means for interpolation between curves and as a mathematical model for the acoustic interactions involved.
On certain regular graphs of girth 5

Let f(v,5) be the number of vertices of a (v,5)-cage (v≥3). We give an upper bound for f(v,5) which is considerably better than the previously known upper bounds. In particular, when v=7, it coincides with the well-known Hoffman- Singleton graph.
The interaction of solar p-modes with a sunspot. I - Observations

Time series of velocity maps of two isolated sunspots and their surroundings were recorded in the Fe I line and the umbral line Ti I. Both 3 and 5 min umbral oscillations were detected at photospheric heights. The 5 min oscillations have reduced amplitude in the umbra, which appears to act as a filter in transmitting selected frequencies in the power spectrum of 5 min p-mode oscillations of the surrounding convection zone. The k-omicron power spectrum of the umbral oscillations shows this selective transmission and also shows a shift of power to longer horizontal wavelengths. This behavior is exhibited by a simple theoretical model of the interaction of p-modes with a sunspot. The 3 min umbral oscillations are concentrated in the dark central part of the umbra. In both sunspots, the kinetic energy density of the 3 min umbral oscillation in the photosphere is much greater than the corresponding kinetic energy density at chromospheric heights measured in other sunspots. 26 references.
Encoder–decoder semantic segmentation models for pressure wound images

ABSTRACT Segmentation of wound images is important for efficient wound treatment so that appropriate treatment methods can be recommended quickly. Wound measurement, is subjective for an overall assessment. The establishment of a high-performance automatic segmentation system is of great importance for wound care. The use of machine learning methods will make performing wound segmentation with high performance possible. Great success can be achieved with deep learning, which is a sub-branch of machine learning and has been used in the analysis of images recently (classification, segmentation, etc.). In this study, pressure wound segmentation was discussed with different encoder-decoder based segmentation models. All methods are implemented on the Medetec pressure wound image dataset. In the experiments, FCN, PSP, UNet, SegNet and DeepLabV3 segmentation architectures were used on a five-fold cross-validation. Performances of the models were measured in the experiments and it was demonstrated that the most successful architecture was MobileNet-UNet with 99.67% accuracy.
Analysis of Orbital Dynamic Equation in Navigation for a Mars Gravity-Assist Mission

Gravity Assist (GA) is a kind of transfer orbit technology widely used in interplanetary missions, which highly depends on navigation performance to succeed. The Orbital Dynamic Equation is an essential component in the navigation system, affected by factors including the numerical integrator, perturbing planets, integration step size, gravitational constant and planet ephemerides. To analyse the impact factors mentioned above and investigate an ef ﬁ cient system model, the propagation and navigation results are carried out in a Mars-assist explorer scenario; a speci ﬁ c case study is also provided in this paper. The results indicate that the planetary ephemeris uncertainty and integration size are the dominant error sources, and the integration step size is the dominant impact factor on the real-time performance. In this speci ﬁ c case, the ‘ Orbital Dynamic Equation ’ considering Sun and Mars perturbation is suggested for integration by RK4 with 60 s integration step size. The conclusions drawn by this study are particularly useful in the design, construction, and analysis of an autonomous navigation system for a GA explorer.
The formation and characterization of silver clusters in zirconia

Silver clusters with size ranging from a few nanometers to several nanometers are formed in zirconia matrix and have been characterized by low frequency Raman scattering (LFRS), transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and X-ray diffraction (XRD) studies. Surface acoustic vibrational modes of the Ag nanoclusters are observed in the LFRS measurements and the estimated size of silver clusters is of the order of a few nm. XRD measurements indicate the presence of silver clusters in the matrix having a mean size of 20 nm. TEM observations on the zirconia powder indicate the presence of silver clusters as deduced by selected area diffraction pattern analysis. The microscopic structure of the reference ZrO2 sample indicates oxygen related disorder which might act as the heterogeneous nucleating centers of silver clusters as studied by time differential perturbed angular correlation. Based on the experimental results in the present study, it is proposed that the diffusion of Ag atoms through grain boundaries and p.
Growing, Structure and Optical Properties of LiNbO3:B Crystals, a Material for Laser Radiation Transformation

Physical and chemical properties have been studied in lithium niobate (LiNbO3, LN) crystals grown by Czochralski from a boron doped melt. Optical uniformity and optical damage resistance of LiNbO3:B crystals have been compared with control crystals of nominally pure congruent (CLN) and near-stoichiometric (NSLN K2O) composition. LiNbO3:B crystals structure has been studied. Studied LiNbO3:B crystals have been grown from differently synthesized charges. The charges have been synthesized from a mixture Nb2O5:B-Li2CO3 using homogeneously doped Nb2O5:B precursor (sample 1, (B) = 0.0034 wt% in the charge) and by a direct solid phase synthesis from Nb2O5-Li2CO3-H3BO3 mixture (sample 2, (B) = 0.0079 wt% in the charge). Only traces of boron (10−5–10−4 wt%) have been detected in the samples. We have established that concentration of anti-site defects NbLi is lower in both LiNbO3:B than in CLN crystals. XRD analysis has confirmed that B3+ cations localize in faces of tetrahedral voids O4 of LN structure. The voids act as buffers at the anion sublattice distortion. Sample 1 has been shown to have a structure closer to NSLN K2O crystal than sample 2. We have also shown that the chemical purity of LN crystal increases compared to the melt purity because boron creates strong compounds with impurities in the melt system Li2O-Nb2O5-B2O3. Metals impurities thus stay in the melt and do not transfer to the crystal.
Positive matrix factorization: A non-negative factor model with optimal utilization of error estimates of data values†

A new variant ‘PMF’ of factor analysis is described. It is assumed that X is a matrix of observed data and σ is the known matrix of standard deviations of elements of X. Both X and σ are of dimensions n × m. The method solves the bilinear matrix problem X = GF + E where G is the unknown left hand factor matrix (scores) of dimensions n × p, F is the unknown right hand factor matrix (loadings) of dimensions p × m, and E is the matrix of residuals. The problem is solved in the weighted least squares sense: G and F are determined so that the Frobenius norm of E divided (element-by-element) by σ is minimized. Furthermore, the solution is constrained so that all the elements of G and F are required to be non-negative. It is shown that the solutions by PMF are usually different from any solutions produced by the customary factor analysis (FA, i.e. principal component analysis (PCA) followed by rotations). Usually PMF produces a better fit to the data than FA. Also, the result of PF is guaranteed to be non-negative, while the result of FA often cannot be rotated so that all negative entries would be eliminated. Different possible application areas of the new method are briefly discussed. In environmental data, the error estimates of data can be widely varying and non-negativity is often an essential feature of the underlying models. Thus it is concluded that PMF is better suited than FA or PCA in many environmental applications. Examples of successful applications of PMF are shown in companion papers.
Systematic identification of smORFs in domestic silkworm (Bombyx mori)

The silkworm (Bombyx mori) is not only an excellent model species, but also an important agricultural economic insect. Taking it as the research object, its advantages of low maintenance cost and no biohazard risks are considered. Small open reading frames (smORFs) are an important class of genomic elements that can produce bioactive peptides. However, the smORFs in silkworm had been poorly identified and studied. To further study the smORFs in silkworm, systematic genome-wide identification is essential. Here, we identified and analyzed smORFs in the silkworm using comprehensive methods. Our results showed that at least 738 highly reliable smORFs were found in B. mori and that 34,401 possible smORFs were partially supported. We also identified some differentially expressed and tissue-specific-expressed smORFs, which may be closely related to the characteristics and functions of the tissues. This article provides a basis for subsequent research on smORFs in silkworm, and also hopes to provide a reference point for future research methods for smORFs in other species.
Intensity ratio and center wavelengths of (O II) (7320--7330 A) Line emissions

Measurements of intensity ratio r=I (7320)/I (7330), made during a period of low-energy electron precipitation in the terrestrial atmosphere, yield a value of 1.55 +- 0.05, which is significantly higher than expected if the population of the /sup 2/P levels were proportional to their statistical weights. We examine the possibilities that the discrepancy is due to errors in calculated transition probabilities and to unexpected level populations. The latter may be altered by virtue of electron excitation probabilities from the ground term of O.Accurate wavelength determination of the doublets yields 7330.2 +- 0.2A for the blend of the (/sup 2/P/sub 1/2,3/2/.-->./sup 2/D/sub 3/2/) lines and 7320.1 +- 0.2A for the blend of the (/sup 2/P/sub 1/2,3/2/.-->./sup 2/D/sub 5/2/) lines.
Exploring the interplay between fat talk, social media use and body image among young women: New opportunities for health education?

Background: ‘Fat Talk’, or the act of negatively discussing one’s own or another person’s body, is linked to body image constructs, body dissatisfaction, low self-esteem and disordered eating. The spaces in which young women talk about the body are changing, as social media use escalates. Understanding the interplay between social media use, body image and fat talk, in different contexts, is needed. Method: Focus group interviews were used to explore how young women (aged 15–19) experience fat talk while using social media and the possible effect on body image constructs. Using purposive convenience sampling, young women who regularly used social media and were living in an inner city of England were recruited. Thematic analysis was used for analysis and six themes were identified, both a priori and inductively, to explore the interplay between them. Findings: Over 35 women were successfully recruited into the study, with 18 of these finally participating in focus group interviews. Among participants, social media use was linked to increased self-evaluation of the body, engagement in social comparative behaviour and negative self-talk about the body. Although fat talk was reportedly common and widespread, it was unacceptable in the online space. However, body talk, other than size or shape, was permissible. Conclusion: Fat talk can be divisive; however, if it becomes unacceptable in the online space, negative self-talk may increase. If fat talk is replaced by an all-encompassing ‘body talk’, then this too may exacerbate existing pressures on young people and their mental health and well-being. Understanding the relationship between social media, body dissatisfaction and body talk may provide new opportunities for health education to promote a more constructive prevention discourse of the body, including body talk, in or around the online space.
An autonomous ground robot to support firefighters' interventions in indoor emergencies

Intervention teams act in hostile scenarios where reducing mission times and accident risks is critical. In these situations, the availability of accurate information about the environment plays a key role in ensuring the well‐being of rescuers and victims. This information required to plan the interventions in indoor emergencies encompasses the location of fires and the presence of dangerous gases. Robotics and remote sensing technologies can help emergency teams to obtain this information in real‐time without exposing themselves. Additionally, the accurate simulation of the environments allows the teams to plan their interventions, creating routes to safely access the affected areas and evacuate the victims. This article presents a robotic solution developed to satisfy the demands of intervention teams. More specifically, it describes an autonomous ground robot that can obtain real‐time location and environmental data from indoor fires, as well as a simulator that reproduces these emergency scenarios and facilitates mission planning. In this way, emergency teams can know the conditions in the scenario before, during, and after the intervention. Thus, risks are minimized by improving their situational awareness and reducing their exposure times during the mission. The system has been developed and validated in collaboration with the end‐users and under realistic harsh environments. During these experiments, the robot was used to detect fire sources and cold smoke and provide environmental information to firefighters. Additionally, the simulator provided alternative routes for accessing and exiting the scene faster and safer by dodging potentially dangerous areas.