Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Neural Lineages of the Drosophila Brain: A Three-Dimensional Digital Atlas of the Pattern of Lineage Location and Projection at the Late Larval Stage

The late larval brain consists of embryonically produced primary neurons forming a deep core cortex, surrounded at the surface by ∼100 secondary lineages. Each secondary lineage forms a tract (secondary lineage tract) with an invariant and characteristic trajectory. Within the neuropile, tracts of neighboring lineages bundle together to form secondary tract systems. In this paper, we visualized secondary lineages by the global marker BP106 (neurotactin), as well as green fluorescent protein-labeled clones and thereby establish a comprehensive digital atlas of secondary lineages. The information contained in this atlas is the location of the lineage within the cortex, the neuropile compartment contacted by the lineage tract, and the projection pattern of the lineage tract within the neuropile. We have digitally mapped the expression pattern of three genes, sine oculis, period, and engrailed into the lineage atlas. The atlas will enable us and others to analyze the phenotype of mutant clones in the larval brain. Mutant clones can only be interpreted if the corresponding wild-type clone is well characterized, and our lineage atlas, which visualizes all wild-type lineages, will provide this information. Secondly, secondary lineage tracts form a scaffold of connections in the neuropile that foreshadows adult nerve connections. Thus, starting from the larval atlas and proceeding forward through pupal development, one will be able to reconstruct adult brain connectivity at a high level of resolution. Third, the atlas can serve as a repository for genes expressed in lineage-specific patterns.
Deep learning and shapes similarity for joint segmentation and tracing single neurons in SEM images

Extracting the structure of single neurons is critical for understanding how they function within the neural circuits. Recent developments in microscopy techniques, and the widely recognized need for openness and standardization provide a community resource for automated reconstruction of dendritic and axonal morphology of single neurons. In order to look into the fine structure of neurons, we use the Automated Tape-collecting Ultra Microtome Scanning Electron Microscopy (ATUM-SEM) to get images sequence of serial sections of animal brain tissue that densely packed with neurons. Different from other neuron reconstruction method, we propose a method that enhances the SEM images by detecting the neuronal membranes with deep convolutional neural network (DCNN) and segments single neurons by active contour with group shape similarity. We joint the segmentation and tracing together and they interact with each other by alternate iteration that tracing aids the selection of candidate region patch for active contour segmentation while the segmentation provides the neuron geometrical features which improve the robustness of tracing. The tracing model mainly relies on the neuron geometrical features and is updated after neuron being segmented on the every next section. Our method enables the reconstruction of neurons of the drosophila mushroom body which is cut to serial sections and imaged under SEM. Our method provides an elementary step for the whole reconstruction of neuronal networks.
Integrating Choice-Making Opportunities within Teacher-Assigned Academic Tasks to Facilitate the Performance of Children with Autism

Providing opportunities to make choices has received increasing support as an antecedent intervention to improve the performance of students with disabilities. Additional research in this area is needed to determine under what circumstances the application of choice making as a curricular intervention is appropriate and produces meaningful outcomes. The present study extended this line of research and investigated how providing choice opportunities to children with autism impacted their performance during teacher-assigned homework activities. An ABAB design was utilized to evaluate the effects of choice making (student vs. tutor) on the academic performance of four children with autism. Results showed that providing students with opportunities to make choices regarding the order of task completion and use of stimulus materials improved participants' accuracy, productivity, affect, and reduced their disruptive behaviors. These findings support the use of child choice as a teaching strategy to improve the academic performance of children with autism during curricular activities. The functional properties of choice making and considerations for its use as a curricular-based antecedent intervention are discussed.
DEVELOPMENT OF PRACTICE

In this paper it is described how the work of the Balay Rehabilitation Centre in the Philippines has changed over time as the political and human rights conditions of the country's affected areas have changed. Balay's psychosocial rehabilitation programmes address the needs of individuals and communities and offer support and healing. Originally Balay focused on individual and family-level psychological and social intervention in accordance with clinical diagnoses; however, as the political and human rights situation of the Philippines changed and large numbers of people became victims of trauma and displacement the intervention strategies changed. Balay became increasingly interested in assisting communities to become empowered to participate in their own healing and the frameworks of community research and participatory action research (PAR) are now being explored by Balay as valid methods of integrating research with rehabilitation activities on the community level.
Durations and Contexts as Cues to Word-Final Cognate Opposition in English

Abstract Many perceptual and acoustic studies of word-final cognate opposition have relied mainly on isolated synthetic utterances and have usually concluded that one or another of the potential cues is primary. Recent studies of natural speech segment durations in samples of connected discourse have raised questions about the efficacy of such cues. In the experiments reported here, naturally produced tokens of the word peg were excised from two different contexts and acoustically analyzed. One representative token from each context was then edited in several ways in order to ascertain the cue values of a number of variables. The stimuli were tested in isolation, in their original contexts and in contexts from which the word peck had been deleted. The results of the experiments indicate that a number of variables can be sufficient cues to cognate opposition, and that the efficacy of a particular cue depends in a large measure both on the context from which it was extracted and on the context in which it is heard. The potentially large number of cues, their temporal distribution and their variable effectiveness suggest that future research should be focussed on discovering and describing a general articulatory strategy underlying both the production and perception of cognate oppositions.
Juxtacellular Recording/Labeling Analysis of Physiological and Anatomical Characteristics of Rat Intergeniculate Leaflet Neurons

The thalamic intergeniculate leaflet (IGL) is involved in mediating effects of both photic and nonphotic stimuli on mammalian circadian rhythms. IGL neurons containing neuropeptide Y (NPY) have been implicated in mediating nonphotic effects, but little is known about those involved in photic entrainment. We used juxtacellular recording/labeling in rats to characterize both photic responses and neurochemical phenotypes of neurons in the lateral geniculate area, focusing on the IGL and ventral lateral geniculate (VLG). Single neurons were recorded to characterize photic responsiveness and were labeled with Neurobiotin (Nb); tissue was stained for Nb, NPY, and in some cases for orexin A. Three classes of neurons were identified in the IGL/VLG. Type I neurons lacked NPY and showed sustained activations during retinal illumination and moderate firing rates in darkness. Type II neurons contained large amounts of NPY throughout the soma and showed varied responses to illumination: suppression, complex responses, or no response. Type III neurons had patches of NPY both on the external soma surface and within the soma, apparently representing internalization of NPY. Type III neurons resembled type I cells in their sustained activation by illumination but were virtually silent during the intervening dark period. These neurons appear to receive NPY input, presumably from other IGL cells, which may suppress their activity during darkness. These results demonstrate the presence of several classes of neurons in the IGL defined by their functional and anatomical features and reinforce the role of the IGL/VLG complex in integrating photic and nonphotic inputs to the circadian system.
Direct measurement of oxidative metabolism in the living brain by microdialysis: a review

This review summarizes microdialysis studies that address the question of which compounds serve as energy sources in the brain. Microdialysis was used to introduce 14C‐labeled glucose, lactate, pyruvate, glutamate, glutamine, and acetate into the interstitial fluid of the brain to observe their metabolism to 14CO2. Although glucose uptake from the systemic system supplies the carbon source for these compounds, compounds synthesized from glucose by the brain are subject to recycling including complete metabolism to CO2. Therefore, the brain utilizes multiple compounds in its domain to provide the energy needed to fulfill its function. The physiological conditions controlling metabolism and the contribution of compartmentation into different brain regions, cell types, and subcellular spaces are still unresolved. The aconitase inhibitor fluorocitrate, with a lower inhibition threshold in glial cells, was used to identify the proportion of lactate and glucose that was oxidized in glial cells versus neurons. The fluorocitrate data suggest that glial and neuronal cells are capable of utilizing both lactate and glucose for energy metabolism.
A Neuroquantologic Approach to How Human Thought Might Affect the Universe

The cerebral processes of observation and measurement are associated with the action potential whose energy of about 10 -20 J matches the magnitude associated with electric forces between ions on the neuronal membrane's surface. Both intrinsic gravitational forces and the density of force within the domain of Planck's length indicate the width of a membrane is resonant with all space within the universe. The required disparities near the velocity of light to explain the discrepancy between the Compton (wavelength) width and the classical width of the electron is about 10 -20 J. The calculations and their resultant hypotheses in this paper suggest that human thought, as the wave form associated with action potentials, might affect matter and that the act of observation might dissociate fundamental forces anywhere and anytime within the universe due to entanglement because of the paradoxical time of expansion of Planck's length from the smallest to largest increments of space.
The QT Interval Throughout the First 6 Months of Life: A Prospective Study

A prospective electrocardiographic study was designed to establish baseline values for electrocardiographic measurements, with specific reference to the QT interval during infancy, and to test the "QT hypothesis" for the sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS). In this ongoing study, ECGs are recorded on the fourth day of life and in the second, fourth and sixth months. The state of health at 1 year is ascertained by a phone call. So far, 4205 newborns have been enrolled. The mean QTc (QT interval corrected for heart rate) was 397 ± 18 msec (± SD) at the fourth day, 409 ± 15 msec (p < 0.0001) at the second month, and 406 ± 15 msec at the fourth month; by the sixth month, it returned to 400 14 msec. In 88 newborns, the QTc increased by over 40 msec at the second month. Among the 2000 infants checked at year, there have been three sudden and unexpected deaths. The QTc of one'of the victims at the fourth day was 563 msec, which exceeded the mean by more than 9 standard deviations, while the QTc of the other SIDS victims exceeded the mean by more than 2 and 3 standard deviations. These results are consistent with the “QT hypothesis,” but more data are necessary before any conclusion on the potential relationship between QT interval prolongation and SIDS can be'drawn. This study provides definitive waking normal values for' QT interval in infancy and indicates that the QT interval lengthens physiologically and temporarily during the first months of life. In some infants, this lengthening may transiently impair cardiac electrical stability.
A new approach for energy management in user-centric applications

Energy reduction has become an important design problem. Although most of consumer electronic systems are user centric, existing energy management methods are device centric. These methods either assume unchangeable operational environment or rely on very simplified policies, which eventually lead to large energy losses. In this paper, we present a new energy management approach that allows systems to monitor their users for energy saving. We discuss applications of this approach in personal computers, TV sets and home automation system and show the experimental results.
OsWRKY45 alleles play different roles in abscisic acid signalling and salt stress tolerance but similar roles in drought and cold tolerance in rice

Although allelic diversity of genes has been shown to contribute to many phenotypic variations associated with different physiological processes in plants, information on allelic diversity of abiotic stress-responsive genes is limited. Here it is shown that the alleles OsWRKY45-1 and OsWRKY45-2 play different roles in abscisic acid (ABA) signalling and salt stress adaptation in rice. The two alleles had different transcriptional responses to ABA and salt stresses. OsWRKY45-1-overexpressing lines showed reduced ABA sensitivity, whereas OsWRKY45-1-knockout lines showed increased ABA sensitivity. OsWRKY45-1 transgenic plants showed no obvious difference from negative controls in response to salt stress. In contrast, OsWRKY45-2-overexpressing lines showed increased ABA sensitivity and reduced salt stress tolerance, and OsWRKY45-2-suppressing lines showed reduced ABA sensitivity and increased salt stress tolerance. OsWRKY45-1 and OsWRKY45-2 transgenic plants showed differential expression of a set of ABA- and abiotic stress-responsive genes, but they showed similar responses to cold and drought stresses. These results suggest that OsWRKY45-1 negatively and OsWRKY45-2 positively regulates ABA signalling and, in addition, OsWRKY45-2 but not OsWRKY45-1 negatively regulates rice response to salt stress. The different roles of the two alleles in ABA signalling and salt stress may be due to their transcriptional mediation of different signalling pathways.
Can noninvasive follicular thyroid neoplasm with papillary‐like nuclear features be distinguished from classic papillary thyroid carcinoma and follicular adenomas by fine‐needle aspiration?

Noninvasive encapsulated follicular variant of papillary thyroid carcinoma, a diagnosis implying malignancy as a variant of papillary thyroid carcinoma (PTC), has recently been reclassified to noninvasive follicular thyroid neoplasm with papillary‐like nuclear features (NIFTP) on surgical pathology. Due to the effects of such a recategorization on rate of malignancy and clinical management algorithms, it is imperative that we explore whether presurgical fine‐needle aspiration can differentiate NIFTP from PTC and follicular adenoma (FA).
Mutagens manufactured in fungal culture may affect DNA/RNA of producing fungi

Self‐produced mutagens in culture by fungi may affect DNA analysis of the same fungi. This has not been considered previously. Many fungi produce numerous mutagenic secondary metabolites (SM) in culture. There is a paradox of growing fungi in media to produce representative DNA which also support mutagenic SM. This is a crucial issue in developing diagnostic and phylogenetic methods, especially for closely‐related fungi. For example, idh gene analysis of the patulin metabolic pathway in fungi can be interpreted as producing some false negative and positive results in terms of possession, or nonpossession, of the gene from mutated strains. The most obvious mycotoxins and fungi to consider in this regard are aflatoxins and Aspergillus, as aflatoxins are the most mutagenic natural compounds. Many other fungi and SM are relevant. Conditions to grow fungi have not been selected to inhibit SM production although relevant data exist. In fact, fungi repair damaged nucleic acid (NA) and are capable of removing toxins by employing transporter proteins. These and NA repair mechanisms could be inhibited by secondary metabolites. Mutagenic effects may involve inhibition of DNA stabilizing enzymes. There may be an equivalent situation for bacteria. Researchers need to devise methods to reduce SM for valid protocols. More work on how mutagens affect the NA of producing fungus in vitro is required. The current review assesses the potential seriousness of the situation with selected papers.
Probabilistic inference for computing optimal policies in MDPs

We investigate how the problem of planning in a stochastic environment can be translated into a problem of inference. Previous work on planning by probabilistic inference was limited in that a total time T has to be fixed and that the computed policy is not optimal w.r. t. expected rewards. The generative model we propose considers the total time T as a random variable and we show equivalence to maximizing the expected future return for arbitrary reward functions. Optimal policies are computed via Expectation-Maximization.
during split-belt treadmill walking in humans Muscle activation patterns are bilaterally linked

limbs during quadrupedal split-belt locomotion in intact adult cats Modulation of phase durations, phase variations, and temporal coordination of the four including high resolution figures, can be found at: Updated information and services publishes original articles on the function of the nervous system. It is published 12 times a year Journal of Neurophysiology
Improved accuracy of cortical bone mineralization measured by polychromatic microcomputed tomography using a novel high mineral density composite calibration phantom.

PURPOSE Microcomputed tomography (micro-CT) is increasingly used as a nondestructive alternative to ashing for measuring bone mineral content. Phantoms are utilized to calibrate the measured x-ray attenuation to discrete levels of mineral density, typically including levels up to 1000 mg HA/cm3, which encompasses levels of bone mineral density (BMD) observed in trabecular bone. However, levels of BMD observed in cortical bone and levels of tissue mineral density (TMD) in both cortical and trabecular bone typically exceed 1000 mg HA/cm3, requiring extrapolation of the calibration regression, which may result in error. Therefore, the objectives of this study were to investigate (1) the relationship between x-ray attenuation and an expanded range of hydroxyapatite (HA) density in a less attenuating polymer matrix and (2) the effects of the calibration on the accuracy of subsequent measurements of mineralization in human cortical bone specimens. METHODS A novel HA-polymer composite phantom was prepared comprising a less attenuating polymer phase (polyethylene) and an expanded range of HA density (0-1860 mg HA/cm3) inclusive of characteristic levels of BMD in cortical bone or TMD in cortical and trabecular bone. The BMD and TMD of cortical bone specimens measured using the new HA-polymer calibration phantom were compared to measurements using a conventional HA-polymer phantom comprising 0-800 mg HA/cm3 and the corresponding ash density measurements on the same specimens. RESULTS The HA-polymer composite phantom exhibited a nonlinear relationship between x-ray attenuation and HA density, rather than the linear relationship typically employed a priori, and obviated the need for extrapolation, when calibrating the measured x-ray attenuation to high levels of mineral density. The BMD and TMD of cortical bone specimens measured using the conventional phantom was significantly lower than the measured ash density by 19% (p < 0.001, ANCOVA) and 33% (p < 0.05, Tukey's HSD), on average, respectively. The BMD and TMD of cortical bone specimens measured using the HA-polymer phantom with an expanded range of HA density was significantly lower than the measured ash density by 8% (p < 0.001, ANCOVA) and 10% (p < 0.05, Tukey's HSD), on average, respectively. CONCLUSIONS The new HA-polymer calibration phantom with a less attenuating polymer and an expanded range of HA density resulted in a more accurate measurement of micro-CT equivalent BMD and TMD in human cortical bone specimens compared to a conventional phantom, as verified by ash density measurements on the same specimens.
The Impact of Varying Levels of Confidentiality on Disclosure of Suicidal Thoughts in a Sample of United States National Guard Personnel.

OBJECTIVES Increasing rates of suicide in the military indicate current assessment approaches are not yielding accurate determinations of risk. Concern that endorsement of suicidal ideation may result in obstacles to career advancement may be resulting in nondisclosure. METHOD To test this, we recruited a sample of US National Guard personnel (n = 789; 81.7% male; 63.2% white) and administered two measures of current thoughts of suicide. One measure was integrated into our risk assessment protocol and soldiers were thus aware that answers could result in referral to on site military mental health professionals. The other measure was not integrated into the risk assessment protocol and soldiers were thus aware that results would not be reported to on site military mental health professionals. RESULTS As hypothesized, a higher proportion of individuals reported current thoughts of suicide on the measure not integrated into the risk protocol (9.4%) than on the measure that was (6.0%). Also as hypothesized, a higher proportion of those willing to endorse current thoughts of suicide on the measure not integrated into the risk protocol denied current thoughts of suicide on the one that was (61.5%) than vice versa (39.0%). Limitations include cross-sectional self-report data and a lack of counter-balancing of measures. CONCLUSIONS The results indicate that increasing the confidentiality of risk assessments within the National Guard increases the likelihood of reporting of current thoughts of suicide.