Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Congestion Detection and Control with Control Plane Functionality (CDC-CPF) in Cross Layer Designing of Multihop Networks

is primarily due to link failure and congestion. Most of the existing congestion control solutions do not possess the ability to distinguish between packet loss due to link failure and packet loss due to congestion. As a result these solutions aim towards action against packet drop due to link failure which is an unnecessary effort and may result in loss of resources. The other limit in most of the existing solutions is the utilization of energy and resources to detect congestion state, degree of congestion and alert the source node about congestion in routing path. A cross layered model of congestion detection and control mechanism is proposed that includes energy efficient congestion detection, Intra level Congestion Evaluation Algorithm [ICEA] and Intra level Egress Regularization Algorithm [IERA], which is a hierarchical cross layer based congestion detection and control model, in short referred as CDC-CPF (Congestion Detection and Control with Control Plane Functionality). This paper is supported by the experimental and simulation results showing better resource utilization, energy efficiency in congestion detection and congestion control is possible by the proposed model.
Estimating Search Tree Size

We propose two new online methods for estimating the size of a backtracking search tree. The first method is based on a weighted sample of the branches visited by chronological backtracking. The second is a recursive method based on assuming that the unexplored part of the search tree will be similar to the part we have so far explored. We compare these methods against an old method due to Knuth based on random probing. We show that these methods can reliably estimate the size of search trees explored by both optimization and decision procedures. We also demonstrate that these methods for estimating search tree size can be used to select the algorithm likely to perform best on a particular problem instance.
The Motion Dynamics Approach to the PnP Problem

We propose a new motion dynamics approach to solve the PnP problem, where a dynamic simulation system is constituted by springs and balls. The equivalence between minimizing the energy of the dynamic system and solving the PnP problem is proved. With the assumption of the existence of resistances, the solution of the original PnP problem can be solved through the simulation of the process of the movement of the balls.
Vandermonde matrix packet-level FEC for joint recovery from errors and packet loss

Due to layer interactions, packets in cross layer protocol designs are impaired with both errors and packet loss, where the latter is also referred to as a packet erasure. In real-time applications, packet-level forward error correction (FEC) schemes are favorable candidates to enhance the performance of such protocols without retransmission. This paper proposes to use one type of code to recover from both impairments. In particular, the approach builds on recently introduced packet oriented systematic block codes in which parity matrix depends on the Vandermonde structure with shift operators. These codes are maximum distance separable (MDS) and have the advantage over other MDS codes of simple encoding/decoding processes. At the packet level, de-coupling of erasure recovery and the error correction processes is a challenging task, and this paper explores the advantages of packet-level product of two codes: one for erasure recovery and the other for error correction. Monte Carlo simulations show that the throughput of the proposed system improves when applying both error correction and erasure recovery compared to a system applying erasure-only recovery with equivalent overall minimum distance.
Anemia Among Hospitalized Children at a Multispecialty Hospital, Bangalore (Karnataka), India

Background: Due to the limited availability of data related to anemia in hospitalized children, this research was conducted to study the occurrence, morphological patterns, distribution in different age groups, sex, and severity of anemia among children aged 6 months-12 years. Setting: Inpatients in department of pediatrics at a multispecialty hospital, Bangalore. Study Design: Descriptive cross sectional study from Oct, 2011 to Sep, 2012. Materials and Methods: Ethical clearance was obtained from the ethical committee of the hospital as per 1964 Declaration of Helsinki. Unrestricted random sampling method was used to select the study group consisting of 882 children between the age of 6 months and 12 years. After obtaining the consent, data were obtained and statistically analyzed using statistical tools like mean, median, standard deviation, and Chi-square test. Results: Out of 882 children selected, 642 (72.79%) were anemic, out of which a majority of 629 (98%) children suffered from nonhemoglobinopathies and a meagre 13 (2%) suffered from hemoglobinopathies. Children in the age group of 6 months-1 year were most affected with nonhemoglobinopathies (33%). Moderate degree of anemia (hemoglobin = 7-9.9 g/dL) was the commonest grade of anemia (80%), while microcytic hypochromic anemia was commonest morphological type of anemia (48%). Among hemoglobinopathies, thalassemia major was the most common (69%, that is 9 out of 13 patients). Conclusion: The occurrence of anemia among children aged between 6 months and 12 years is high and nonhemoglobinopathies predominate over the hemoglobinopathies.
The Polycomb Protein and E3 Ubiquitin Ligase Ring1B Harbors an IRES in its Highly Conserved 5′ UTR

Ring1B is an essential member of the highly conserved Polycomb group proteins, which orchestrate developmental processes, cell growth and stem cell fate by modifying local chromatin structure. Ring1B was found to be the E3 ligase that monoubiquitinates histone H2A, which adds a new level of chromatin modification to Polycomb group proteins. Here we report that Ring1B belongs to the exclusive group of proteins that for their translation depend on a stable 5′ UTR sequence in their mRNA known as an Internal Ribosome Entry Site (IRES). In cell transfection assays the Ring1B IRES confers significantly higher expression levels of Ring1B than a Ring1B cDNA without the IRES. Also, dual luciferase assays show strong activity of the Ring1B IRES. Although our findings indicate Ring1B can be translated under conditions where cap-dependent translation is impaired, we found the Ring1B IRES to be cap-dependent. This raises the possibility that translational control of Ring1B is a multi-layered process and that translation of Ring1B needs to be maintained under varying conditions, which is in line with its essential role as an E3 ligase for monoubiquitination of histone H2A in the PRC1 Polycomb protein complex.
Motion processing in children with autism

It has often been reported that individuals with autism process visual motion information atypically. This thesis uses psychophysical methods and a parent-report questionnaire to characterise better the nature of atypical motion processing in children with autism. In Chapter 1, I review the evidence for atypical sensory perception in autism, focusing on the processing of dynamic information. In Chapter 2, I show that children with autism are just as sensitive to speed information as typically developing (TD) children, but have elevated motion coherence thresholds specifically for slow stimuli. In Chapter 3, I analyse questionnaire results which suggest that children with autism have difficulties processing speed-related information in everyday life. In Chapters 4 and 5 I use an equivalent noise direction integration task alongside a standard motion coherence paradigm to determine whether local and/or global factors limit sensitivity to coherent motion information in TD children and children with autism. In Chapter 4, I show that the ability to average motion information drives age-related increases in coherent motion sensitivity in TD children. In Chapter 5, I present the unexpected finding that children with autism have enhanced integration of motion information compared to TD children. In an attempt to resolve discrepant motion coherence findings, I reveal that children with autism are equally susceptible to correspondence noise as TD children in Chapter 6. In Chapter 7, I discuss the importance of these findings within the context of current theoretical accounts, and suggest that we need a more nuanced account of motion processing abilities in autism. In particular, I argue that motion processing in autism may be characterised by increased integration and reduced segregation of signal from noise.
Expression of the membrane mucins MUC4 and MUC15, potential markers of malignancy and prognosis, in papillary thyroid carcinoma.

BACKGROUND Papillary thyroid carcinoma (PTC) is the most frequent carcinoma of the thyroid gland and has a relatively good prognosis. However, it is important to identify PTC characteristics that indicate high risk for recurrence and metastasis. To date, overexpression of the membrane mucin, MUC1, has been investigated as a key molecular event in the pathogenesis of aggressive PTC. However, other membrane-associated mucins, matrix metalloproteinase-13 (MMP-13) and tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase-13 (TIMP-3), have not been studied yet. The aim of this study was to evaluate the expression levels of MUC4, MUC15, MMP-13, and TIMP-3 and their prognostic significance in PTC. METHODS We analyzed MUC4, MUC15, MMP-13, and TIMP-3 expression in 10 PTC and 10 normal thyroid tissue samples using real-time reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction. Tissue array blocks were obtained from 98 PTC cases. Tumor regions and nontumor regions were analyzed in tissue array blocks and immunohistochemistry studies were conducted using sectioned slides. Semiquantitative scores were correlated with clinicopathological factors of 98 PTC patients. RESULTS MUC4- and MUC15-specific mRNA was increased by 78-fold and 4.75-fold, respectively, in PTC samples compared with normal thyroid tissues. MMP-13 and TIMP-3 gene expression levels were decreased by approximately 0.39-fold and 0.53-fold, respectively. By immunohistochemistry, MUC4 and MUC15 expression levels were increased in PTC samples compared with normal thyroid tissues (p < 0.001). MMP-13 and TIMP-3 expression levels were decreased in PTC samples compared with normal thyroid tissues (p < 0.001). High MUC4 scores were significantly correlated with small tumor size and papillary thyroid microcarcinoma subtype. High MUC15 scores were significantly correlated with age (≥45 years), distant metastasis, and multifocality. CONCLUSIONS MUC4 and MUC15 were overexpressed in PTC, and high MUC15 expression was associated with high malignant potential. MUC15 may serve as a prognostic marker and potential novel therapeutic target in PTC.
Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress and Diabetic Cardiomyopathy

The endoplasmic reticulum (ER) is an organelle entrusted with lipid synthesis, calcium homeostasis, protein folding, and maturation. Perturbation of ER-associated functions results in an evolutionarily conserved cell stress response, the unfolded protein response (UPR) that is also called ER stress. ER stress is aimed initially at compensating for damage but can eventually trigger cell death if ER stress is excessive or prolonged. Now the ER stress has been associated with numerous diseases. For instance, our recent studies have demonstrated the important role of ER stress in diabetes-induced cardiac cell death. It is known that apoptosis has been considered to play a critical role in diabetic cardiomyopathy. Therefore, this paper will summarize the information from the literature and our own studies to focus on the pathological role of ER stress in the development of diabetic cardiomyopathy. Improved understanding of the molecular mechanisms underlying UPR activation and ER-initiated apoptosis in diabetic cardiomyopathy will provide us with new targets for drug discovery and therapeutic intervention.
In vitro and in vivo removal of oral Candida from the denture base.

OBJECTIVES To clarify the effectiveness of ultrasonic cleaning for removing Candida lodged in the denture base. MATERIALS AND METHODS In vitro - Specimens of acrylic resin for denture plates contaminated with Candida cells were ultrasonically cleaned for 30 min. Washings were sampled every 5 min and cultured to investigate residual contamination, measured as colony forming units/ml, and the surfaces of the specimens were subjected to low-vacuum scanning electron microscopy (LV-SEM). In vivo - A total of 24 maxillary denture bases were brushed for 2 min under running tap water, then ultrasonically cleaned for 30 min. The washings were sampled every 5 min and cultured to investigate residual contamination. RESULTS In vitro - Maximum removal was achieved during the first 5 min of cleaning, with the mean CFU/ml counts significantly declining over time. More than 85% of all Candida was removed within the first 15 min in specimens inoculated with phosphate-buffered saline suspensions of Candida albicans and Candida glabrata. LV-SEM revealed a decreased number of Candida on the surface of the specimens after 30 min of ultrasonic cleaning. In vivo - Maximum removal was achieved during the first 5 min of cleaning, then the mean CFU/ml count significantly declined during the first 10 min. Ultrasonic cleaning for 15 min removed 88.4% of Candida species from the denture base. CONCLUSIONS Ultrasonic cleaning is a reliable and simple method for removing Candida lodged in the denture base.
Magnetic Fields and Ionized Gas in the Inner Galaxy: An Outer Scale for Turbulence and the Possible Role of H II Regions

We present an analysis of rotation measure (RM) fluctuations from the test region of the Southern Galactic Plane Survey (SGPS), along with emission measure (EM) fluctuations in the same field taken from the Southern Hα Sky Survey Atlas. The structure function of RM fluctuations shows a relatively steep slope at small scales (1'-5'), a break in slope to a flatter structure function at intermediate scales (5'-60'), and a systematic variation of the strength of fluctuations as a function of position angle on the sky at the largest scales (60'-200'). The structure function of EM fluctuations shows similar behavior, although the lower resolution of the data prevents detection of a possible break in the spectrum. We interpret the anisotropy in RM/EM structure on large scales as resulting from a large-scale gradient in electron density (and possibly magnetic field) across the region. The break in the slope of the RM structure function at scales of ~5' can be explained by contributions from two spatially distinct magnetoionized screens, most likely in the Local and Carina spiral arms. The observed structure function then implies that the outer scale of RM fluctuations in these screens is ~2 pc. Such behavior is in striking contrast to the expectation that interstellar turbulence forms an unbroken spectrum from kiloparsec down to AU scales. We conclude that we have identified an additional source of enhanced turbulence, injected on scales of a few pc, possibly seen only in the Galactic plane. The most likely source of such turbulence is individual H II regions from relatively low mass stars, whose characteristic scale size is similar to the outer scale of turbulence inferred here. These sources may be the dominant source of density and velocity fluctuations in warm ionized gas in the Galactic plane.
Three Regions of the pRB Pocket Domain Affect Its Inactivation by Human Papillomavirus E7 Proteins

ABSTRACT A critical event in papillomavirus transformation of human cells is the inactivation of pRB by the E7 protein. E7, like many other viral oncoproteins, possesses a well-characterized LXCXE peptide motif that interacts with the pocket domain of pRB. Disruption of the LXCXE-binding cleft on pRB renders it resistant to E7 binding and inactivation. Such binding cleft mutants of pRB are capable of inducing a G1 arrest in the human papillomavirus 18-transformed HeLa cell line. We show here that the efficient inactivation of pRB in HeLa cells does not simply depend on the integrity of the LXCXE-binding cleft. Multiple site-directed mutants that alter conserved surfaces of the pRB pocket domain cause HeLa cells to accumulate in G1. We divide these mutants into two classes: those that can be bound by E7 and those that cannot. The E7 interacting mutants include changes in conserved residues that lie in a groove between the A and B halves of the pocket. Surprisingly, none of these mutants show a clear defect in any of the known mechanisms for pRB inactivation by E7. Analysis of mutants that are compromised for E7 binding reveals that this interaction depends on both the LXCXE-binding cleft and on a conserved group of lysines adjacent to the cleft. These basic amino acids on pRB define a discrete interaction point with E7. These residues most likely form ionic interactions with conserved acidic amino acids on E7 since a stable pRB/E7 interaction was restored when the lysine residues on pRB and the acidic residues on E7 were interchanged.
Fat Prospects for Healing Cutaneous Wounds: New Activities Under the Sheets

In this issue of Diabetes , Kato et al. (1) describe new results for dermal wound healing in full-thickness skin defects in Zucker diabetic fatty (ZDF) rats. The team fabricated and applied transplanted living cell sheets comprising allogeneic adipose-derived stem cells (ASCs) harvested from the inguinal fat pads of normal rats. They attempt to address the current challenges with abnormal wound healing in increasing numbers of patients with diabetes who present with difficult cutaneous wound healing problems (2,3). This deficiency is often clinically characterized by persistent inflammation, hypergranulation, excessive tissue bed exudates, and chronic inability to resolve, resulting in enhanced bacterial burdens, infections, ulcerations, and more serious complications. Delayed cutaneous healing in these patients is attributed to combinations of predisposing factors associated with chronic diabetes pathology, including oxidative imbalance, vascular abnormalities, neuropathy, infection, and local metabolic deficiencies intrinsic to diabetes. Pathological disruption of normal regenerative and degenerative extracellular matrix processing alters the dermal matrix composition, resulting in reduced amounts and quality of tissue matrix (2,3). Natural balances between proinflammatory cytokines (e.g., interleukin [IL]-1α and -1β and tumor necrosis factor-α) stimulating endogenous protease activities and prohealing cytokines (e.g., IL-4, IL-8, IL-10, IL-11, IL-13, granulocyte macrophage colony-stimulating factor, MCP-1, and macrophage inflammatory protein 2) apparently do not exist in diabetic tissues. Additionally, reduced levels of potent growth factors platelet-derived growth factor, basic fibroblast growth factor, epidermal growth factor, and transforming growth …
Terrain-based Adaptive Compression and Real-time Visualization

A large scale terrain adaptive compression method with high compression rate is proposed in this paper.It combines integer wavelet transform and restricted quadtree triangulation based on the terrain variation characteristic.Having efficient computing and multi-resolution attributes,it can decompress the wavelet coefficients at any viewpoint and render the terrain in real time by fast updating strategy.The wavelet coefficients indicate multi-resolution terrain variation.Simulation results demonstrate that this method can compress the data efficiently and render the terrain scene smoothly in real time.
Analysis and Simulation of an Exoskeleton Controller that Accommodates Static and Reactive Loads

Exoskeletons are structures of rigid links mounted on the body that promise to restore, rehabilitate, or enhance the human motor function. A major challenge in the practical use of exoskeletons for daily activities relate to the coupled control of human-exoskeleton system. This paper provides a method to resolve the control problem by relegation of the human control and exoskeleton control to two control subsystems. The first subsystem represents the execution of voluntary control from commands generated from the central nervous system. This subsystem is responsible primarily for the kinetic or dynamic components of the motion, including motion generation. The second subsystem represents the exoskeleton controller, responsible for joint level accommodation of all gravitational, static, and certain reactive forces. If all such forces are static, the exoskeleton controller can be viewed as a compensator that maintains the body in static equilibrium. The proposed strategy provides a clear partition between natural voluntary control by the CNS, and artificial assist by the exoskeleton controller. Two methods are presented for implementation of the proposed control algorithm. The first method is based on the principal of virtual work. The second method is a recursive algorithm based on force and moment balance equations. Analytical results are presented to study feasibility regions of exoskeleton control strategies in terms of mechanical efficiency. Finally, simulation results are presented to demonstrate the efficacy of the algorithm for a powered ankle-foot orthosis application.
A STUDY OF TREATMENT COMPLIANCE FOLLOWING KIDNEY TRANSPLANTATION

Kidney transplantation is a successful treatment for end-stage renal disease. We studied demographic and psychosocial variables that relate to compliance behaviors following renal transplant. One hundred and five renal allograft recipients, with a minimum of 18 months follow-up, were studied. A biographical questionnaire, the Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale, the Multidimensional Health Locus of Control Scale, and the Social Support Appraisals Questionnaire were used as measuring instruments. Specifically for this study, we designed a Health Belief Model Questionnaire, a Patient and Provider Relationship Questionnaire, a Compliance Self-Report Questionnaire, and a Self-Efficacy Questionnaire. Compliance was determined by cyclosporine whole blood levels >30 ng/ml, maintenance of ideal body weight (<20% gain), and percentage of missed clinic visits (<20%). Data was analyzed using discriminant analysis, Pearson's correlation, and chi-square. Four groups were identified, i.e., overall compliant (n=25), noncompliant with diet (n=29), noncompliant with medication (n=27), and overall noncompliant (n=29). No patient missed >20% of clinic visits. Discriminant function analysis distinguished patients who were compliant from those who were not. Males were more likely to be noncompliant with medication, whereas females were more likely to be noncompliant with diet. Noncompliance was also associated with increased numbers of prescribed medications, depression, black race, locus of control attributed to powerful others, unemployment, as well as the perceived amount of social and family support. Patients with failed grafts (n=14) were more depressed (P<0.05), perceived less benefit from the treatment regimen (P<0.01), and had less confidence in their care providers (P<0.05) than those recipients of successful grafts (n=91). In conclusion, this study identifies a number of psychosocial and demographic variables that impact on patient compliance behaviors after renal transplant. Interventional strategies to obviate noncompliance will need to consider these heterogeneous variables in order to maximize long-term renal allograft survival.