Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Quantum mechanical continuum solvation models.

6.2. 2. Definition of Effective Properties 3064 6.3. Response Properties to Magnetic Fields 3066 6.3. 1. Nuclear Shielding 3066 6.3. 2. Indirect Spin−Spin Coupling 3067 6.3. 3. EPR Parameters 3068 6.4. Properties of Chiral Systems 3069 6.4. 1. Electronic Circular Dichroism (ECD) 3069 6.4. 2. Optical Rotation (OR) 3069 6.4. 3. VCD and VROA 3070 7. Continuum and Discrete Models 3071 7.1. Continuum Methods within MD and MC Simulations 3072
Comparison of a verbal numeric rating scale with the visual analogue scale for the measurement of acute pain.

OBJECTIVES To test the agreement between the visual analogue scale (VAS) and a verbal numeric rating scale (VNRS) in measuring acute pain, and measure the minimum clinically significant change in VNRS. METHODS Patients scored their pain by the VAS and the VNRS, then re-scored their pain every 30 min for up to 2 h. Patients also recorded whether their pain had improved or worsened. Agreement between scores was evaluated, and where patients scored their pain as 'a bit worse' or 'a bit better' the mean change in VNRS was calculated. RESULTS A total of 309 paired observations were obtained from 79 patients. The VAS and VNRS were highly correlated (r = 0.95, 95% CI 0.94-0.96). The VNRS was significantly higher than the VAS for the paired observations, with 95% of the differences between VAS and VNRS lying between -2.3 and 1.3 cm. The minimum clinically significant difference in VNRS was 1.4 cm (95% CI 1.2-1.6). CONCLUSIONS The VNRS performs as well as the VAS in assessing changes in pain. However, although the VAS and VNRS are well correlated, patients systematically score their pain higher on the VNRS, with an unacceptably wide distribution of the differences.
Distribution of the maxillary artery as it relates to sinus floor augmentation.

PURPOSE Knowledge of the blood supply to the sinus is of importance in sinus augmentation, both as it pertains to vascularization of the sinus graft and as its location relates to the position of the required lateral osteotomy. The purpose of this study was to investigate the distribution of the endosseous branches of the maxillary artery in the area of the proposed lateral window. MATERIALS AND METHODS Fifty computerized tomographic (CT) scans from 625 available patients undergoing sinus augmentation surgery at the New York University Department of Implant Dentistry were chosen at random for evaluation. In those cases where the maxillary artery could be identified, measurements were taken to determine the distance between the alveolar crest and the lower border of the vessel. RESULTS The vessel was radiographically identified in 51.4% of right sinuses and 54.3% of left sinuses in the 50 CT scans. The average height of the artery from the alveolar crest was 16 mm (+/- 3.5 mm). DISCUSSION and CONCLUSIONS Because of its location, the intraosseous artery has the potential to cause bleeding complications in approximately 20% of normally positioned lateral window osteotomies. Although a previous anatomic study on cadavers identified the vessel in 100% of the specimens, it could only be visualized in 53% of the CT scans in the present series.
A ranking of accounting research output in the European region

Abstract This study provides a ranking in accounting research output in Europe during 1991-2002. We use a set of 19 accounting journals to rank accounting programmes for 253 European universities. UK universities are overwhelmingly represented in the top ranking. Over the entire period, the top three universities are the University of Manchester. London School of Economics and the University of Edinburgh. Some leading European accounting programmes made good progress in research output during the 12-year period. The distribution of publication is highly skewed. The top-5, top-10, and top-25 universities account for 21%, 30%. and 54% of the total weighted number of articles, respectively.
Basis expansion model for underwater acoustic channels?

Underwater acoustic communications (UAC) channels are widely perceived as being doubly selective in both time and frequency domain. Basis expansion model (BEM) is an approximation of the time-varying channel with a parsimonious set of BEM coefficients, which facilitates coherent and differential schemes resilient to doubly selectivity of UAC channels. Different BEMs not only approximate the channels with different accuracy levels, but also induce different effects on the model fitting bias and the additive noise. In this paper, we will first show how our previously proposed coherent and differential schemes based on discrete Fourier transform (DFT) BEM can be modified to accommodate other BEMs. We will then analyze the tradeoff between the channel modeling accuracy and bias/noise effect. Our analyses, simulations and experiment results confirm that BEM is a powerful tool in UAC. Additionally, in the choice among various BEM options, not only the modeling accuracy has to be considered, the nature of the model fitting bias and the noise effect also have to be taken into account.
Association of cholesteryl ester transfer protein genotypes with CETP mass and activity, lipid levels, and coronary risk.

CONTEXT The importance of the cholesteryl ester transfer protein (CETP) pathway in coronary disease is uncertain. Study of CETP genotypes can help better understand the relevance of this pathway to lipid metabolism and disease risk. OBJECTIVE To assess associations of CETP genotypes with CETP phenotypes, lipid levels, and coronary risk. DATA SOURCES Studies published between January 1970 and January 2008 were identified through computer-based and manual searches using MEDLINE, EMBASE, BIOSIS, Science Citation Index, and the Chinese National Knowledge Infrastructure Database. Previously unreported studies were sought through correspondence with investigators. STUDY SELECTION Relevant studies related principally to 3 common (TaqIB [rs708272], I405V [rs5882], and -629C>A [rs1800775]) and 3 uncommon (D442G [rs2303790], -631C>A [rs1800776], and R451Q [rs1800777]) CETP polymorphisms. DATA EXTRACTION Information on CETP genotypes, CETP phenotypes, lipid levels, coronary disease, and study characteristics was abstracted from publications, supplied by investigators, or both. RESULTS Ninety-two studies had data on CETP phenotypes, lipid levels, or both in 113,833 healthy participants, and 46 studies had data on 27,196 coronary cases and 55,338 controls. For each A allele inherited, individuals with the TaqIB polymorphism had lower mean CETP mass (-9.7%; 95% confidence interval [CI], -11.7% to -7.8%), lower mean CETP activity (-8.6%; 95% CI, -13.0% to -4.1%), higher mean high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) concentrations (4.5%; 95% CI, 3.8%-5.2%), and higher mean apolipoprotein A-I concentrations (2.4%; 95% CI, 1.6%-3.2%). The pattern of findings was very similar with the I405V and -629C>A polymorphisms. The combined per-allele odds ratios (ORs) for coronary disease were 0.95 (95% CI, 0.92-0.99) for TaqIB, 0.94 (95% CI, 0.89-1.00) for I405V, and 0.95 (95% CI, 0.91-1.00) for -629C>A. CONCLUSIONS Three CETP genotypes that are associated with moderate inhibition of CETP activity (and, therefore, modestly higher HDL-C levels) show weakly inverse associations with coronary risk. The ORs for coronary disease were compatible with the expected reductions in risk for equivalent increases in HDL-C concentration in available prospective studies.
Is There Money to Be Made Investing in Options? A Historical Perspective

This paper examines the historical performance of 12 portfolios that include S&P 100/500 index options. Each option portfolio is formed using options with different maturities and moneyness, while incorporating bid-ask spreads, transaction costs, and margin requirements. Raw and risk-adjusted returns of option portfolios are compared to a benchmark portfolio that is only long the underlying asset. This allows the marginal impact of including options in the portfolio to be examined. The analysis reveals that including options in the portfolio most often results in underperformance relative to the benchmark portfolio. However, a portfolio that incorporates written options can outperform the benchmark on a raw and risk-adjusted basis. This result is dependent on restricting option investment relative to the maximum allowable margin. While positive and significant risk-adjusted performance is observed for some option portfolios, greater risk tolerance relative to the long index benchmark portfolio is required.
A 14b 3/6GHz current-steering RF DAC in 0.18μm CMOS with 66dB ACLR at 2.9GHz

This paper describes a 14b 3.0/6.0GS/S DAC implemented in 0. 18μm CMOS capable of directly synthesizing multi-carrier standards directly at RF frequencies, as well as the 1GHz broadband cable spectrum. Modifications are made to the quad switch structure to support higher-speed operation and improve dynamic performance.
Finite Mixture of Generalized Semiparametric Models: Variable Selection via Penalized Estimation

Selection of the important variables is one of the most important model selection problems in statistical applications. In this article, we address variable selection in finite mixture of generalized semiparametric models. To overcome computational burden, we introduce a class of variable selection procedures for finite mixture of generalized semiparametric models using penalized approach for variable selection. Estimation of nonparametric component will be done via multivariate kernel regression. It is shown that the new method is consistent for variable selection and the performance of proposed method will be assessed via simulation.
Male Nonemployment in White, Black, Hispanic, and Multiethnic Urban Neighborhoods, 1970−2000

Many social problems in urban neighborhoods are rooted in high rates of male nonemployment. Past research suggests that male joblessness is a problem largely in low−income, Black neighborhoods. In contrast, this study reports that increases in male nonemployment over the past 30 years have been more widely distributed across urban neighborhoods. Although rates of male joblessness rose most sharply in low−income Black neighborhoods, more advantaged Black neighborhoods and low−income to moderate−income Hispanic and multiethnic neighborhoods also experienced substantial increases. Multivariate models highlight the important role that changes in the economy played in the growth of male nonemployment in low−income and moderate− income neighborhoods.
Friedman's Money Supply Rule versus Optimal Interest Rate Policy

Using New Keynesian models, we compare Friedman's k-percent money supply rule to optimal interest rate setting, with respect to determinacy, stability under learning and optimality. First we review the recent literature: open-loop interest rate rules are subject to indeterminacy and instability problems, but a properly chosen expectations-based rule yields determinacy and stability under learning, and implements optimal policy. We show that Friedman's rule also can generate equilibria that are determinate and stable under learning. However, computing the mean quadratic welfare loss, we find for calibrated models that Friedman's rule performs poorly when compared to the optimal interest rate rule.
Employment Effects of Product and Process Innovation in Europe

This paper develops a model of the employment impact of innovation considering, on the one hand, the interactions with demand and labour costs and, on the other, the variety of patterns of technological change. Different technological strategies are considered. First, a search for technological competitiveness is based on product innovation and productivity rooted in quality advantages; second a strategy of active price competitiveness has productivity growth rooted in process innovation-based restructuring; third a passive price competitiveness strategy is pursued by non-innovators relying on cost-cutting. The new European innovation database drawn from the Community Innovation Survey 1994-96, merged with structural and macroeconomic data 1994-99 drawn from the OECD are analysed at a sectoral level across eight European countries: Italy, France, Germany, Denmark, Netherlands, Finland, the UK, and Sweden. The innovation survey data provide information on several quantitative and qualitative aspects of firms' innovative activities. A comparison of the results from the first (1990-92) and second (1994-96) Community innovation survey data is also carried out. The results show that, in the last decade, technological change has had a major impact on employment in manufacturing industry, associated with the dominance of an active price competitiveness strategy.
Visibility, Values, and Voters: The Informational Role of the Welfare State

How do citizens’ preferences over social policy shape their vote choice? In this article, I argue that the relationship between individuals’ values and voting behavior is powerfully conditioned by the informational structure of the welfare state. More visible welfare states provide citizens with greater information on social policy, allowing them to more easily connect these preferences to the political process. Where visibility is low, voters place less importance on social-policy issues in voting. I test this claim against data from 55 elections from the Comparative Study of Electoral Systems and the 1996 and 2006 International Social Survey Program. I find compelling evidence that where welfare-state visibility is high, voters attach more weight to spatial distance from parties in voting, are more likely to see welfare related issues as important, are better able to place parties on a left-right spectrum, and have more consistent policy preferences.
Basketball Activity Recognition using Wearable Inertial Measurement Units

The analysis and evaluation of human movement is a growing research area within the field of sports monitoring. This analysis can help support the enhancement of an athlete's performance, the prediction of injuries or the optimization of training programs. Although camera-based techniques are often used to evaluate human movements, not all movements of interest can be analyzed or distinguished effectively with computer vision only. Wearable inertial systems are a promising technology to address this limitation. This paper presents a new wearable sensing system to record human movements for sports monitoring. A new paradigm is presented with the purpose of monitoring basketball players with multiple inertial measurement units. A data collection plan has been designed and implemented, and experimental results show the potential of the system in basketball activity recognition.
Resource Curse or Not: A Question of Appropriability

This paper shows that whether natural resources are good or bad for a country’s development crucially depends on the interaction between institutional setting and the type of resources possessed by the country. Some natural resources are, for economical and technical reasons, more likely to cause problems such as rent-seeking and conflicts than others. This potential problem can, however, be countered by good institutional quality. In contrast to the traditional resource curse hypothesis, we show the impact of natural resources on economic growth to be non-monotonic in institutional quality. Countries rich in minerals are cursed only if they have low quality institutions, while the curse is reversed if institutions are sufficiently good.
Measurement and Management Issues in Customer Satisfaction Research: Review, Critique and Research Agenda: Part One

Abstract Customer satisfaction research has become the most frequent application of market research in the 1990s. There are however a number of issues imposing difficulties on its measurement and manage ment. This two-part article provides a synthesis of various conceptual and practical issues that exist in the customer satisfaction assessment literature in order to identify where we stand today and create a sense of direction for future research. The issues to be discussed include: (1) What is customer satisfaction ? (2) Are customer satisfaction and service quality concepts distinguishable? (3) How one can and ought to measure customer satisfac tion? (4) Who determines satisfaction: the researcher or the customer? (5) Are customers' expectations for and assessment of hospitality and tourism services culture-driven? And finally (6) is measuring customer satisfaction an end in itself?
Biofuels and developing economies: is the timing right?

In this article, we discuss some key aspects of biofuel production in developing countries, and where constraints and tradeoffs are likely to occur. We use the example of two countries, Senegal and India, to highlight some of the issues of cost competitiveness, problems with ensuring stable supply of feedstock as well as critical missing links in the biofuels value chain that pose problems to scaling up national programs in these countries. We discuss the particularly problematic nature of jatropha, as a biodiesel feedstock, and underline some helpful guiding principles that can help country-level policy. We point to an underlying “duality” between a well-functioning food system and favorable conditions for agribusiness enterprises, such as biofuels, and the relevance it has to achieving food security goals.
Trust-based fault tolerance in mobile ad-hoc networks using adaptive monitoring

Mobile ad hoc networks (MANETs) is the collection of wireless nodes. The wireless nodes communicate with each other without any fixed infrastructure. One of the major challenges in ad hoc network is to make the network fault tolerant and provide the trustworthiness to the mobile nodes. Nowadays, the MANETs is widely used in the different field's applications, but the failure of these nodes is the main concern. So currently the researchers are focusing on designing a model which provides trustworthiness to the mobile nodes. In this paper, we modified the existing AODV routing protocol incorporating the enhanced trust value to deal with the faulty node detection and correction and ensure secure routing in mobile ad-hoc networks. This paper proposed a trust-based model which provides the trust value to every node on the basis of their energy, hop count and number of packets sent, here we also introduce a normalizing constant which normalizes the trust value. The performance of trust based model evaluated by throughput and packet delivery ratio, packet delay through the simulation set, which evidence better performance if load or traffic in the network increases. Proposed work shows enhancement over standard AODV protocol in terms of diverse network performance parameters.
CDX2, a Highly Sensitive and Specific Marker of Adenocarcinomas of Intestinal Origin: An Immunohistochemical Survey of 476 Primary and Metastatic Carcinomas

CDX2 is a recently cloned homeobox gene that encodes an intestine-specific transcription factor, expressed in the nuclei of epithelial cells throughout the intestine, from duodenum to rectum. While expression of CDX2 protein in primary and metastatic colorectal carcinomas has been previously documented, neither the sensitivity nor the specificity of CDX2 expression, as determined by immunohistochemistry, for colorectal adenocarcinoma has been determined. We performed an immunohistochemical survey of 476 tumors with a monoclonal antibody, CDX2–88, including 89 tumors from the colon and duodenum and 95 tumors from other gastrointestinal sites, including the esophagus, stomach, pancreatobiliary system, gastrointestinal carcinoids, and liver. CDX2 was expressed uniformly (that is, in 76–100% of tumor cells) in all but one of the evaluated colorectal and duodenal tumors. High-level expression of CDX2 was also found, however, in mucinous ovarian carcinomas and adenocarcinomas primary to the urinary bladder of which 64% and 100% were positive, respectively. Gastric, gastroesophageal, and pancreatic adenocarcinomas and cholangiocarcinomas all showed similar, heterogeneous patterns of CDX2 expression. Most tumors in each group showed CDX2 expression by a minority of cells, whereas a substantial minority of cases in each group was completely negative and a smaller minority was uniformly positive. Gastrointestinal carcinoids gave similarly varied results, but the majority (58%) was negative. Hepatocellular carcinomas showed no expression of CDX2. Only very rare examples of carcinomas of the genitourinary and gynecologic tracts, breast, lung, and head and neck showed significant levels of CDX2 expression. In this study of primary and metastatic epithelial tumors, uniform CDX2 expression is demonstrated to be an exquisitely sensitive and highly, but incompletely, specific marker of intestinal adenocarcinomas. Compared with villin, a previously described marker of GI adenocarcinomas, CDX2 demonstrated superior sensitivity and comparable specificity. CDX2 expression can be seen, however, in selected non-GI adenocarcinomas such as mucinous ovarian carcinomas and adenocarcinomas of the urinary bladder.
Candesartan cilexetil: development and preclinical studies.

The nonpeptide AT(1) receptor antagonist candesartan is generated from the prodrug candesartan cilexetil during gastrointestinal absorption. In vitro studies have shown that candesartan acts as an insurmountable, tightly bound antagonist at the AT(1) receptor, producing a dose-dependent reduction in the maximal responses to angiotensin II (AII) and virtually an elimination of the AT(1) receptor-mediated effects of AII at high concentrations. The binding of candesartan to the AT(1) receptor is highly selective, and the drug dissociates slowly from the receptor. Candesartan cilexetil produces the expected changes in the parameters of the renin-angiotensin system. Plasma renin activity and plasma AII concentrations were increased and aldosterone levels decreased following drug application. As a consequence, stimulation of AT(2) receptor-mediated actions of AII, such as growth inhibition and vasodilation, may contribute to the overall effects of the AT(1) antagonist, since the AT(2) receptors are left unopposed by candesartan. The antihypertensive efficacy of candesartan cilexetil has been demonstrated in different animal models of hypertension including 2 kidney-1 clip and 1 kidney-1 clip hypertensive rats and spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR). Candesartan cilexetil produced a slow onset, long-lasting antihypertensive action at a dose range of 0.1-10 mg/kg with no rebound effect upon drug withdrawal. A growing number of studies indicate that candesartan cilexetil can produce end organ protection in addition to lowering blood pressure. In preclinical studies, candesartan cilexetil caused prevention and regression of left ventricular hypertrophy and cardiac fibrosis, protected the heart against ischemia-reperfusion injury and reduced myocardial damage during myocarditis. In different animal models of renal dysfunction, candesartan cilexetil reduced proteinuria and albuminuria, inhibited histopathological renal changes and controlled the renal expression of TGF-beta1 and collagen types I and III. Finally, in stroke prone SHR, candesartan cilexetil markedly attenuated the incidence of stroke even at low doses, with minimal blood pressure lowering effects, and fully protected against stroke at higher doses.