Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Microdiamond discovered in the Seve Nappe (Scandinavian Caledonides) and its exhumation by the "vacuum-cleaner" mechanism

When a continent collides with an island arc or other continent, continental crust of the subducted continent may be buried to depths exceeding 100 km, and exposed to pressures that can cause formation of coesite and diamond. This process leads to substantial density increase in SiO2-rich rocks and, in turn, to a reduction of the buoyancy of the subducted material, which should inhibit exhumation. Nevertheless, coesite- and diamond-bearing continental crustal rocks are known from several occurrences worldwide. We report on the discovery of microdiamond in kyanite-garnet gneiss from allochthonous metasediments of the Seve Nappe Complex in the Scandinavian Caledonides. Our discovery calls for general reconsideration of existing exhumation models of deeply subducted continental crust. We propose that the diamond-bearing rocks were subducted in an arc-continent collision setting, and their exhumation was facilitated by local pressure reduction resulting from extraction of the forearc lithospheric block.
NEMO ocean engine

Résumé The ocean engine of NEMO (Nucleus for European Modelling of the Ocean) is a primitive equation model adapted to regional and global ocean circulation problems. It is intended to be a flexible tool for studying the ocean and its interactions with the others components of the earth climate system over a wide range of space and time scales. Prognostic variables are the three-dimensional velocity field, a linear or non-linear sea surface height, the temperature and the salinity. In the horizontal direction, the model uses a curvilinear orthogonal grid and in the vertical direction, a full or partial step z-coordinate, or s-coordinate, or a mixture of the two. The distribution of variables is a three-dimensional Arakawa C-type grid. Various physical choices are available to describe ocean physics, including TKE, GLS and KPP vertical physics. Within NEMO, the ocean is interfaced with a sea-ice model (LIM v2 and v3), passive tracer and biogeochemical models (TOP) and, via the OASIS coupler, with several atmospheric general circulation models. It also support two-way grid embedding via the AGRIF software. Le moteur océanique de NEMO (Nucleus for European Modelling of the Ocean) est un modèle aux équations primitives de la circulation océanique régionale et globale. Il se veut un outil flexible pour étudier sur un vaste spectre spatiotemporel l’océan et ses interactions avec les autres composantes du système climatique terrestre. Les variables pronostiques sont le champ tridimensionnel de vitesse, une hauteur de la mer linéaire ou non, la temperature et la salinité. La distribution des variables se fait sur une grille C d’Arakawa tridimensionnelle utilisant une coordonnée verticale z à niveaux entiers ou partiels, ou une coordonnée s, ou encore une combinaison des deux. Différents choix sont proposés pour décrire la physique océanique, incluant notamment des physiques verticales TKE, GLS et KPP. A travers l’infrastructure NEMO, l’océan est interfacé avec des modèles de glace de mer, de biogéochimie et de traceurs passifs, et, via le coupleur OASIS, à plusieurs modèles de circulation générale atmosphérique. Il supporte également l’emboı̂tement interactif de maillages via le logiciel AGRIF.
Multiscale graph cut based classification of urban hyperspectral imagery

This paper proposes a novel multiscale graph cut based analysis framework for the supervised classification of hyperspectral imagery. This framework is aimed at obtaining accurate and reliable maps by properly considering the spatial-context information. It is made up of two main blocks: 1) a feature-extraction block exploits an object-oriented analysis and representation of hyperspectral imagery that is obtained by multiscale graph cut (MGC) based segmentation; 2) a classifier, based on support vector machines (SVMs), capable of analyzing hyperdimensional feature spaces. Experimental results confirm the effectiveness of the proposed system for the analysis of hyperspectral imagery.
Discretization Error Analysis and Adaptive Meshing Algorithms for Fluorescence Diffuse Optical Tomography: Part I

For imaging problems in which numerical solutions need to be computed for both the inverse and the underlying forward problems, discretization can be a major factor that determines the accuracy of imaging. In this work, we analyze the effect of discretization on the accuracy of fluorescence diffuse optical tomography. We model the forward problem by a pair of diffusion equations at the excitation and emission wavelengths and consider a finite element discretization method for the numerical solution of the forward problem. For the inverse problem, we use an optimization framework which allows incorporation of a priori information in the form of zeroth- and first-order Tikhonov regularization terms. Next, we convert the inverse problem into a variational problem and use Galerkin projection to discretize the inverse problem. Following the discretization, we analyze the error in reconstructed images due to the discretization of the forward and inverse problems and present two theorems which point out the factors that may lead to high error such as the mutual dependence of the forward and inverse problems, the number of sources and detectors, their configuration and their positions with respect to fluorophore concentration, and the formulation of the inverse problem. Finally, we demonstrate the results and implications of our error analysis by numerical experiments. In the second part of the paper, we apply our results to design novel adaptive discretization algorithms.
A Numerical Investigation of Wet and Dry Onset Modes in the North American Monsoon Core Region. Part I: A Regional Mechanism for Interannual Variability

AbstractIn this study the results of two regional fifth-generation Pennsylvania State University–NCAR Mesoscale Model (MM5) simulations forced at their boundaries with low-pass-filtered North American Regional Reanalysis (NARR) composite fields from which synoptic-scale variability was removed are presented. The filtered NARR data are also assimilated into the inner domain through the use of field nudging. The purpose of this research is to investigate wet and dry onset modes in the core region of the North American monsoon (NAM). Key features of the NAM that are present in the NARR fields and assimilated into the regional simulations include the position of the midlevel anticyclone, low-level circulation over the Gulf of California, and moisture flux patterns into the core monsoon region, for which the eastern Pacific is the likely primary source of moisture. The model develops a robust diurnal cycle of deep convection over the peaks of the Sierra Madre Occidental (SMO) that results solely from its radia.
Current state and conceptual framework of assistive technology provision in Saudi Arabia

Abstract Purpose Assistive Technology (AT) devices provide essential means of mobility, employment, communication, social engagement for older adults and people with different disabilities, if prescribed correctly to match users’ needs and goals. Regardless of the setting or location, a successful AT service delivery model includes the multidisciplinary collaboration of the people with disabilities and the specialists who have knowledge and expertise in the design and application of AT. In Saudi Arabia, unfortunately, the availability of AT devices is mainly limited to basic mobility and daily living aids such as wheelchairs and seating systems, prosthetics and orthotics, communication devices, low-vision devices, and adapted transportation equipment. The aim of this perspective is to provide clinicians and healthcare professionals in Saudi Arabia with a model for the optimisation of the provision of AT devices decision making regarding AT devices for people with disabilities by adhering to a user-centered team approach throughout the service delivery process Method The policy, human, activity, assistance, technology, and environment (PHAATE) model is used as a conceptual framework and guideline for this paper. Results and conclusion The PHAATE components could serve as a guideline for a wide range of stakeholders in Saudi Arabia (e.g., researchers, product developers, practitioners, clinicians, third-party reimbursement entities, consumers, and educators) when developing service delivery systems. IMPLICATION FOR REHABILITATION Despite the support and funding resources of AT devices by the Saudi government, there is still the needs to increase awareness and knowledge about AT application and services, as well as optimal service delivery models of AT devices. AT service delivery provision models such as PHAATE model may help clinicians and other medical professionals in Saudi Arabia to make informed decisions about the provision of AT device services.
Downstream benthic responses to small dam removal in a coldwater stream

Increased awareness of the negative effects of dams combined with an aging dam infrastructure has led to an increase in dam removals. However, ecological responses of downstream biota to such actions are poorly understood. We examined the influence of a pair of small dam removals on downstream periphyton and macroinvertebrates in Boulder Creek, WI (USA). The dams were 180 m apart and both were removed on 9 July 2003. We monitored algae and macroinvertebrates as well as habitat characteristics for approximately 2 months before and after the removals upstream and downstream from the two dams, and continued our observations over a similar period (mid‐May to mid‐July) the following summer. After the removals, an initial release of sediment significantly increased the proportion of fine sediments in the downstream reach and buried benthic substrate. This burial led to a 60% reduction in chlorophyll in the downstream reach the week following removal, while concentrations increased in the upstream reference reach. Similarly, macroinvertebrate densities 2 weeks post‐removal were lower relative to pre‐removal densities and were associated with declines of ephemeropterans, trichopterans and dipterans. Examination of Trichoptera genera demonstrated substantial changes in this assemblage associated with diminished densities of the formerly dominant genus Brachycentrus. Algal and invertebrate populations increased in the weeks after the dam removal, but did not reach densities similar to the upstream reference reach. In the following year, both periphyton and invertebrate densities were lower in the downstream reach, suggesting a long‐term effect of the removal. Thus, effects of the dam removal were alternatively positive or negative over time, and indicate that the time scale of consideration has a strong effect on the interpretation of the consequences of this management activity. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Calibration of a Numerical Model with a Limited Number of Tidal Constituents

Abstract The response of numerical models to small variations in depth, coefficient of bottom friction and the number of tidal harmonics is considered with particular reference to a model of the Bristol Channel. The model is tuned by using an input of 23 largest gravitational and non-linear constituents from a continental shelf model at its open boundary along the longitude 5° west. In the process of tuning the drag coefficient of the bottom friction, water depth and grid scales are adjusted. The modified version of the model has considerably improved the distribution of the M 2 and S 2 tidal constituents. Subsequently, the model is tuned for the M 2 and S 2 tides alone to investigate the essential adjustments. The results suggest that some additional changes in the parameters are essential when the model is driven with an individual constituent. Small constituents such as the S 2 and N 2 can also be reproduced quite accurately in addition to the dominant constituent. However, the increase required in the drag coefficient of the bottom stress is very large when a small constituent is considered alone. In the case of the Bristol Channel model, it is found that the drag coefficient of friction should be increased by a factor of 1·20 and 4·33 for the M 2 and S 2 constituents, respectively. This factor increases almost linearly with the ratio of the total variance in the tidal spectrum to the variance of the constituent under investigation when the ratio exceeds 7. The influence of all the constituents in the tidal spectrum on the bottom stress of each constituent can be estimated by computer simulations. The adjustments required to improve results for the principal constituents and non-linear constituents are contradictory. The model results conform to analytical approximations. It is shown that non-linear constituents generated by a model driven by a single constituent are unreliable. Even those non-linear constituents that appear to be generated by the principal constituent under investigation in the model are not reliable. The results from this investigation provide some insight into the problem of choosing the value of drag coefficient of bottom friction for large-scale (ocean-wide) models. These models cover regions where the tidal regime changes from semi-diurnal to diurnal and bottom topography varies significantly in the continental shelf and coastal areas. Under those circumstances, a model may require a spatially variable drag coefficient when driven by a limited number of constituents (e.g. M 2 or K 1 ).
Geophysical studies in the intermontane basins in southern California

Geophysical surveys were made by the U. S. Geological Survey in Searles Lake basin and in the Mojave Desert near Barstow, California to test the application of geophysical exploration to the study of the geologic problems associated with the intermontane basins of southern California. In Searles Lake basin a coordinated gravity and seismic reflection and refraction survey indicated that the fill in the basin is about 3,300 feet thick with the greatest thickness occurring east of the center of the basin. The regional gravity data from the area near Barstow can be used to estimate the thickness and extent of the Tertiary and Quaternary deposits.
member of the family Flavobacteriaceae, isolated from the West Paci�c Ocean

Gram-stain-negative, aerobic and yellow-pigmented bacterium, designated A3-108 T , was isolated from seawater of the West Paci�c Ocean. Cells were non-motile and rod-shaped, with carotenoid-type pigments. The strain A3-108 T grew at pH 6.0-8.5 (optimum 6.5) and 15–40 ℃ (optimum 28 ℃ ), in the presence of 0.5–10% (w/v) NaCl (optimum 1.0%). It possessed the ability to produce H 2 S. Based on the 16S rRNA gene analysis, strain A3-108 T exhibited highest similarity with Aureisphaera salina A6D-50 T (90.6%). Phylogenetic analysis shown that strain A3-108 T a�liated with the family Flavobacteriaceae and represented an independent lineage. The principal fatty acids were iso-C 15:0 , iso-C 17:0 3-OH, iso-C 15:1 G and summed feature 3 (C 16:1 ω7c and/or C 16:1 ω6c). The sole isoprenoid quinone was MK-6. The major polar lipids were phosphatidylethanolamine, one unidenti�ed aminophospholipid, one unidenti�ed aminolipid and one unidenti�ed lipid. The ANIb, in silico DDH and AAI values among the genomes of strain A3-108 T and the reference strains were 67.3–71.1%, 18.7–22.1% and 58.8–71.4%, respectively. The G + C content was 41.0%. Differential phylogenetic distinctiveness, chemotaxonomic differences as well as phenotypic properties revealed that strain A3-108 T represented a novel genus and species of the family Flavobacteriaceae, for which the name Luteorhabdos pelagi gen. nov., sp. nov. is proposed (type strain, A3-108 T = CGMCC 1.18821 T = KCTC 82563 T ).
Quantifying the impact of forest management practice on the runoff of the surface‐derived suspended sediment using fallout radionuclides

In order to quantify the impact of the abandonment of forest management practices on the runoff of surface‐derived suspended sediment at the catchment scale, we compared the relative contributions of surface soil erosion among Japanese cypress plantation catchments with different stand densities and surface coverage in a 4·9‐ha nested catchment. Source fingerprinting of suspended sediments was conducted using the fallout radionuclides Cs‐137 and Pb‐210ex. Eroded material from hillslope plots having different forest conditions and stream bank material were used as surface and subsurface sediment sources, respectively. The nested watershed monitoring of erosional behaviour and particulate runoff of radionuclides demonstrated decreases in the activities of radionuclides at downstream sampling sites. Hence, the scaling effect of catchments and forest conditions can affect the development of the concentration of surface‐derived material in stream water. An indicator of the forest condition, particularly the surface coverage, light condition of the forest floor was quantified. At the catchment of a thinned plantation with dense understory vegetation, all suspended sediment was calculated to be derived only from subsurface erosion. In contrast, at the catchment of a slightly thinned plantation, the highest proportion of surface erosion (67·8 ± 3·7%) was estimated. Therefore, the forest condition, particularly the light condition at the forest floor, which is related to the ground surface coverage, affects the magnitude of surface soil erosion and the particulate runoff of surface soil. It is suggested that forest management can affect the overland flow generation, stability of the surface soil and associated elements, and downstream water quality. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Integration of aerial remote sensing imaging data in a 3D-GIS environment

For some years sensor systems have been available providing digital images of a new quality. Especially aerial stereo scanners acquire digital multispectral images with an extremely high ground resolution of about 0.10 - 0.15m and provide in addition a Digital Surface Models (DSM). These imaging products both can be used for a detailed monitoring at scales up to 1:500. The processed georeferenced multispectral orthoimages can be readily integrated into GIS making them useful for a number of applications. The DSM, derived from forward and backward facing sensors of an aerial imaging system provides a ground resolution of 0.5 m and can be used for 3D visualization purposes. In some cases it is essential, to store the ground elevation as a Digital Terrain Model (DTM) and also the height of 3-dimensional objects in a separated database. Existing automated algorithms do not work precise for the extraction of DTM from aerial scanner DSM. This paper presents a new approach which combines the visible image data and the DSM data for the generation of DTM with a reliable geometric accuracy. Already existing cadastral data can be used as a knowledge base for the extraction of building heights in cities. These elevation data is the essential source for a GIS based urban information system with a 3D visualization component.
A correlated‐k distribution scheme for overlapping gases suitable for retrieval of atmospheric constituents from moderate resolution radiance measurements in the visible/near‐infrared spectral region

An accurate and fast radiative transfer scheme for the simulation of the spectral radiance measurements of a new generation of multichannel moderate resolution satellite spectrometers, such as GOME/ERS-2 (240–790 nm) and SCIAMACHY/ENVISAT-1 (240–2385 nm), has been developed. Representative absorption cross sections of the individual molecular line-absorbers CH4, CO, CO2; H2O, N2O, and O2 for relatively narrow spectral intervals (≤0.2 nm) have been determined using a combined correlated-k (c-k) distribution and exponential sum fitting of transmittances (ESFT) scheme. The speed of the c-k calculations mainly depends on the channel-dependent spectral resolution of the instruments. For the measurements to be made by SCIAMACHY, this may be up to 800 times faster than line-by-line calculations. The agreement between c- k radiances and line-by-line reference radiances is in the range 1–2%. The dominant error (∼1%) is attributed to the correlation assumption made when applying the k distribution method to inhomogeneous atmospheres. As the commonly used c-k methods for overlapping gases are shown to result in large radiance errors at SCIAMACHY spectral resolution or do not permit individual representative absorption cross sections to be defined for each absorber separately, a new and novel method for the accurate simulation of overlapping absorption has been developed, verified, and validated. This technique enables overlapping line absorption to be considered for arbitrary spectral correlation of the monochromatic absorption cross sections of the individual gases. The new c-k scheme is based on a linear mixing of two radiance terms determined assuming correlation and anticorrelation of the monochromatic absorption cross sections of the overlapping gases.
A km-scale illite alteration zone in sedimentary wall rocks adjacent to a hydrothermal fluorite vein deposit

Abstract in a study of wall-rock alteration in the 1.4 km long Wümtal adit at the Käersteige hydrothermal vein deposit (northern Black Forest, Germany) illite was found to be the only clay mineral within the Bunter sandstone and intercalated claystone. Illite occurs mainly as a detrital mineral in the claystone, whereas it is hydrothermally neoformed in the sandstone, either in the pores or as an alteration product of K-feldspar. The extensive occurrence of authigenic illite along the entire 1.4 km long profile confirms that the fluids migrated far into the sandstone. The authigenic illite formed during a first pulse of high-temperature fluids (Th of ~220°C) with a low salinity (~1 wt.% NaCleq). These fluids also dissolved Sr and Rb from detrital illite of the claystones at the vein. A later hydrothermal pulse with a lower temperature (~70-150°C) and higher salinity (21-28 wt.% NaCleq) silicified the sandstone adjacent to the vein and caused partial substitution of OH− by F− in the structure of the detrital and neoformed illite along the profile. Within analytical error, the K-Ar dates for the neoformed illite of the <2 μm fraction are the same along the profile (~150 Ma). During this hydrothermal process, the age of the detrital illite within the claystone was reset from 310 to 190 Ma. The illite-rich <0.2 μm fractions yield ages of ~142 Ma (sandstone) indicating a Jurassic origin. The uniform age data for illite in the sandstone and in the claystone are probably due to extensive migration of hot fluids through the wall rocks. The hydrothermal fluids are attributed to recycled meteoric water and brines that ascended from the basement into the cover rocks during the opening of the North Atlantic and/or the nearby Tethys area.