Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Experiences of Hope for Youth Workers Engaging At-Risk and Street-Involved Young People: Applications to the Field of Counselling and Psychotherapy

Working with at-risk youth can be rewarding, but it can sometimes become difficult to maintain hope. This study used basic interpretive inquiry to explore and understand the experience of hope for 4 youth workers at a community organization in a large Canadian city. The authors used thematic analysis to examine data from semi-structured interviews. Three categories were constructed from the data: nourishing the hopeful self, maintaining a culture of hope, and holding hopeful perspectives. Taken in tandem with extant literature on hope, a discussion of the findings reflects on provocative ideas related to the nature of hope and the self, as well as the place of hope at work. Implications for future research and practice are explored with a focus on promoting hope for helping professionals.
The U.S.-European Union Banana Dispute

The United States and the European Union (EU) reached an agreement in April 2001 that resolved a long-standing dispute over the EU’s rules for importing bananas. Objections to the agreement by other banana exporting countries, such as Ecuador and Caribbean banana exporters, have been withdrawn. The U.S.-EU banana agreement provides for a transition to a tariff-only system of imports in 2006. In the meantime, the EU will establish quotas and a licensing system based on historical trade shares that should increase the prospects for Latin American banana imports in the EU market, especially bananas marketed by U.S. firms like Chiquita Brands International. In November 2001, the WTO granted waivers of WTO rules allowing the EU to continue preferential treatment for banana exports of developing countries that are former EU member country colonies. These waivers paved the way for full implementation of the agreement by January 2002. Trade policy officials on both sides of the Atlantic expressed hopes that the banana agreement would contribute to a climate for resolving other thorny trade disputes and for bilateral and multilateral cooperation. Members and committees of the 107 Congress will be monitoring implementation of the agreement and its effects on U.S-EU trade relations.
Trustworthiness is a social norm, but trusting is not

Previous literature has demonstrated the important role that trust plays in developing and maintaining well-functioning societies. However, if we are to learn how to increase levels of trust in society, we must first understand why people choose to trust others. One potential answer to this is that people view trust as normative: there is a social norm for trusting that imposes punishment for noncompliance. To test this, we report data from a survey with salient rewards to elicit people’s attitudes regarding the punishment of distrusting behavior in a trust game. Our results show that people do not behave as though trust is a norm. Our participants expected that most people would not punish untrusting investors, regardless of whether the potential trustee was a stranger or a friend. In contrast, our participants behaved as though being trustworthy is a norm. Most participants believed that most people would punish someone who failed to reciprocate a stranger’s or a friend’s trust. We conclude that, while we were able to reproduce previous results establishing that there is a norm of reciprocity, we found no evidence for a corresponding norm of trust, even among friends.
Detecting the effect of climate change on Canadian forest fires

The area burned by forest fires in Canada has increased over the past four decades, at the same time as summer season temperatures have warmed. Here we use output from a coupled climate model to demonstrate that human emissions of greenhouse gases and sulfate aerosol have made a detectable contribution to this warming. We further show that human‐induced climate change has had a detectable influence on the area burned by forest fire in Canada over recent decades. This increase in area burned is likely to have important implications for terrestrial emissions of carbon dioxide and for forest ecosystems.
New STIFF-FLOP module construction idea for improved actuation and sensing

MRI compatibility, which often is a requirement for the new medical soft robot projects, greatly reduces available actuation methods and sensors. An example of such project is STIFF-FLOP, which aims to develop a soft silicone manipulator actuated by pressure. The current arm construction and method of actuation cause several undesirable effects, which pose problems for actuation and sensing. In this paper, the authors identify the source of those negative effects and propose improvements over the current construction to eliminate or limit their influence. The new construction concept is tested and compared with the current one. Possible ideas for further development are also proposed.
On the Initial Mass Function of Population III Stars

The collapse and fragmentation of filamentary primordial gas clouds are explored using one- and two-dimensional hydrodynamical simulations coupled with the nonequilibrium processes of hydrogen molecule formation. The cloud evolution is computed from the initial central density nc = 10-106 cm-3. The simulations show that depending on the initial density, there are two occasions for the fragmentation of primordial filaments. If a filament has relatively low initial density such as nc ≲ 105 cm-3, the radial contraction is slow as a result of less effective H2 cooling and appreciably decelerates at densities higher than a critical density, where LTE populations are achieved for the rotational levels of H2 molecules and the cooling timescale becomes accordingly longer than the free-fall timescale. This filament tends to fragment into dense clumps before the central density reaches 108-109 cm-3, where H2 cooling by three-body reactions is effective and the fragment mass is more massive than some tens of M☉. In contrast, if a filament is initially as dense as nc ≳ 105 cm-3, the more effective H2 cooling with the help of three-body reactions allows the filament to contract up to n ~ 1012 cm-3. After the density reaches n ~ 1012 cm-3, the filament becomes optically thick to H2 lines and the radial contraction subsequently almost stops. At this final hydrostatic stage, the fragment mass is lowered down to ≈1 M☉ because of the high density of the filament. The dependence of the fragment mass upon the initial density could be translated into the dependence on the local amplitude of random Gaussian density fields or the epoch of the collapse of a parent cloud. Hence, it is predicted that the initial mass function of Population III stars is likely to be bimodal with peaks of ≈102 and ≈1 M☉, where the relative heights could be a function of the collapse epoch. Implications for the metal enrichment by Population III stars at high redshifts and baryonic dark matter are briefly discussed.
On the magnetic structure and wind parameter profiles of Alfvén wave driven winds in late‐type supergiant stars

Cool stars at giant and supergiant evolutionary phases present low-velocity and high-density winds, responsible for the observed high mass-loss rates. Although presenting high lumi- nosities, radiation pressure on dust particles is not sufficient to explain the wind acceleration process. Among the possible solutions to this still unsolved problem, Alfven waves are, prob- ably, the most interesting for their high efficiency in transfering energy and momentum to the wind. Typically, models of Alfven wave driven winds result in high-velocity winds if they are not highly damped. In this work, we determine self-consistently the magnetic field geometry and solve the momentum, energy and mass conservation equations, to demonstrate that even a low-damped Alfven wave flux is able to reproduce the low-velocity wind. We show that the magnetic flux tubes expand with a super-radial factor of S > 30 near the stellar surface, larger than that used in previous semi-empirical models. The rapid expansion results in a strong spa- tial dilution of the wave flux. We obtained the wind parameter profiles for a typical supergiant star of 16 M� . The wind is accelerated in a narrow region, coincident with the region of high divergence of the magnetic field lines, up to 100 km s −1 . For the temperature, we obtained a slight decrease near the surface for low-damped waves, because the wave heating mechanism is less effective than the radiative losses. The peak temperature occurs at r � 1.5 r 0 reaching 6000 K. Propagating outwards, the wind cools down mainly due to adiabatic expansion.
Patterns for automated software diversity to support security and reliability

Many approaches for increasing the security and/or fault tolerance of software systems are based on introducing "diversity in execution". This means that different versions of the same software show different characteristics during the execution while retaining the same functionality. For example, they can have diverse timing behaviors, access different memory regions, etc. In this paper, we present two patterns describing commonly used practices of realizing automated software diversity. The first pattern is static randomization that creates multiple execution variants of the same source code before distributing these variants. The second one is dynamic randomization, where only one single version of an executable program is able to perform its executions differently.
Optimal selection of speech data for automatic speech recognition systems

This paper presents a method designed to select a limited set of maximally information rich speech data from a database for optimal training and diagnostic testing of Automatic Speech Recognition (ASR) systems. The method uses Principal Component Analysis (PCA) to map the variance of the speech material in a database into a low-dimensional space, followed by clustering and a selection technique. It appears that a very straightforward implementation of this procedure automatically detects at least two criteria for a classification of speakers of standard Dutch, viz. gender and the way in which the /r/ is produced. To verify the power of the technique to improve ASR, data sets of equal size selected with this method and obtained randomly were used to train a recognition system on Dutch connected digits. The results show an improvement in the recognition performance when optimal data sets were used, especially for the conditions where the sub-corpora used for training were relatively small.
On Educational Neuroscience. An Interview with Paul Howard-Jones

Paul Howard-Jones is an expert in Educational Neuroscience, who lectures at the Graduate School of Education, University of Bristol. In the following interview given in May 2013, he shares his thoughts on a number of topics he has researched over many years. First off, he insists on defining the limitations of the neurosciences in their dialogue with the realm of education(a famous example is his pars destruens on “neuro-myths” in his essay Introducing Neuroeducational Research: Neuroscience, Education and the Brain from Contexts to Practice, published by Routledge in 2010). He then addresses more recent areas of research: evaluating the impact of teaching strategies involving movement, games and creativity.At the end of the interview, Howard-Jones states: “At the end of the day, neuroscience can only tell us what we can do, not what we should do.These decisions about balancing learners’ experience and the curriculum need to be made by educators, although hopefully educators informed by neuroscience”. Howard-Jones argues that the concept of Neuroeducation should be conceived as a two-way dialogue between the laboratory and the classroom, without either realm eclipsing the other. Thus, though the neurosciences are known for their efficacy as a demonstrative platform, the educational sciences, too, must be recognized for their mastery of designing learning experiences
Feature Articles: Multimedia Communications

Recently, there is great interest in using the peer-to-peer (P2P) network in media streaming. A great number of P2P media streaming systems have been developed. In this paper, we first give a brief survey on some key techniques and algorithms in the field of P2P streaming research. We also analyze the market view of P2P streaming media service, and give a brief description about the current mainstream P2P streaming systems deployed in China.
Poster: ParkMaster: Leveraging Edge Computing in Visual Analytics

In this work we propose ParkMaster, a low-cost crowdsourcing architecture which exploits machine learning techniques and vision algorithms to evaluate parking availability in cities. While the user is normally driving ParkMaster enables off the shelf smartphones to collect information about the presence of parked vehicles by running image recognition techniques on the phones camera video streaming. The paper describes the design of ParkMaster's architecture and shows the feasibility of deploying such mobile sensor system in nowadays smartphones, in particular focusing on the practicability of running vision algorithms on phones.
Metaphoric Perceptions of High School Students about Nomophobia

The present study was conducted to reveal high school students’ feelings regarding their experiences of being deprived of their smartphones (nomophobia). The study group of the study was comprised of 158 students attending a high school in a city center in the central Anatolian region in Turkey. One of the qualitative research methods, namely the phenomenology research design, was employed. The data of the research were collected by means of a questionnaire, comprised of open ended questions, and a metaphor form. The data obtained were analyzed using the content analysis technique by the researchers simultaneously. As a result of the analyses, it is possible to say that the participants (i) generally underwent a psychological breakdown, or felt furious, or sad in some of the nomophobia scenarios they experienced, (ii) frequently experienced intense negative feelings, such as anxiety, anger, and/or boredom, and (iii) sometimes refrain from expressing their feelings by saying “it doesn’t affect me”. The present study yielded striking and equally thought-provoking findings such that the smartphone has a central place in the lives of the participants, who consider being deprived of a telephone equivalent to the loss of their most beloved ones.
Towards a Lexical-Constructional Account of the Locative Alternation

Following Fillmore’s (1968) discussion of verbs exhibiting different argument realization patterns, a number of syntactic studies have analyzed the spray-load alternation (e.g., Pinker 1989, Levin 1993, Dowty 2000) in different ways. One account that differs from primarily syntactically oriented analyses is Goldberg’s (1995) Construction Grammar approach. It proposes that multiple argument realization patterns are best accounted for in terms of independently existing argument structure constructions that specify how a verb’s arguments may be expressed. On this view, the locative variants in (1a) and (2a) and the withvariants in (1b) and (2b) are licensed by different types of argument structure constructions in combination with lexical entries representing the meanings of load and spray. This paper offers a critical review of Goldberg’s constructional account of the locative alternation in order to see whether it is capable of accounting for the full range of argument realization patterns of verbs participating in the spray-load alternation. The remainder of the paper is structured as follows. Section two gives an overview of Goldberg’s analysis of sentences such as in (1) and (2). Section three discusses data that are problematic for Goldberg’s constructional analysis of the locative alternation. Section four outlines an alternative approach towards the locative alternation. It suggests a less prominent role for independently existing constructions in determining a verb’s ability to participate in the locative alternation.
Finite Element Modeling of 2‐D Transducer Arrays

Active sonar detects objects underwater by sending out sound waves in pulses, scientists could measure the time it takes these pulses to travel through the water, reflect off of an object, and return to the ship. There are a number of factors limiting the performance of low frequency transducer arrays for active sonar systems including the crosstalk and housing interactions which affects the directivity pattern and the sensitivity. Many important issues in transducer arrays design, such as crosstalk, cannot be accurately studied using analytic method due to the complexity of the partial differential equations involved. Finite element method is the only appropriate way to gain more detailed information. In this paper, a 2‐D finite element model is constructed to analyze the crosstalk and structure interactions, using ATILA code and GiD graphical interface, of transducer arrays, consists of six active piezoceramic bars, and developed for shallow water use. The directivity pattern strongly depends on the tra.
Burgage Plots at Burton-in-Lonsdale

Grenville defines a burgage plot as a long narrow plot of land running at right angles from the street frontage in a town (Ref [1] p198) . Two fields of such characteristically long rectangular shape, perpendicular to High Street, are still clearly visible, both bounded to the north by the beck at the foot of Breastfield Hill. One is to the north of The Manor House/The Cross (originally a single building believed to be that referred to as the Earl of Derby's Courthouse cf. [2], [3],[15]) and the other to the north of Bull Farm House. These are, respectively, field 0734 (about 30 metres wide of 1 acre) and field 0934 (about 18 metres wide of 2/3 acre), as shown on the 1:25000 OS SD67 map and the current Conservation Area map. Both fields have persisting old hedges, apparently marking precisely the width of the original two properties in line with the persisting old walls of the present gardens. On the 1952 1:25000 SD67 Ordnance Survey map these fields are clearly indicated, and the original track of the footpath can be seen to have been just to the east of field 0934 before being moved to lie in Manor Close.
Bosonic and k-fermionic coherent states for a class of polynomial Weyl–Heisenberg algebras

The aim of this paper is to construct coherent states à la Perelomov and à la Barut–Girardello for a polynomial Weyl–Heisenberg algebra. This generalized Weyl–Heisenberg algebra, denoted by , depends on r real parameters and is an extension of the one-parameter algebra (Daoud and Kibler 2010 J. Phys. A: Math. Theor. 43 115303) which covers the cases of the su(1, 1) algebra (for κ > 0), the su(2) algebra (for κ < 0) and the h4 ordinary Weyl–Heisenberg algebra (for κ = 0). For finite-dimensional representations of and , where is a truncation of order s of in the sense of Pegg–Barnett, a connection is established with k-fermionic algebras (or quon algebras). This connection makes it possible to use generalized Grassmann variables for constructing certain coherent states. Coherent states of the Perelomov type are derived for infinite-dimensional representations of and for finite-dimensional representations of and through a Fock–Bargmann analytical approach based on the use of complex (or bosonic) variables. The same approach is applied for deriving coherent states of the Barut–Girardello type in the case of infinite-dimensional representations of . In contrast, the construction of coherent states à la Barut–Girardello for finite-dimensional representations of and can be achieved solely at the price of replacing complex variables by generalized Grassmann (or k-fermionic) variables. Some of the results are applied to su(2), su(1, 1) and the harmonic oscillator (in a truncated or not truncated form). This article is part of a special issue of Journal of Physics A: Mathematical and Theoretical devoted to ‘Coherent states: mathematical and physical aspects’.
Spatial Organization of Large-Scale Chromatin Domains in the Nucleus: A Magnified View of Single Chromosome Territories

We have analyzed the spatial organization of large scale chromatin domains in chinese hamster fibroblast, human lymphoid (IM-9), and marsupial kidney epithelial (PtK) cells by labeling DNA at defined stages of S phase via pulsed incorporation of halogenated deoxynucleosides. Most, if not all, chromosomes contribute multiple chromatin domains to both peripheral and internal nucleoplasmic compartments. The peripheral compartment contains predominantly late replicating G/Q bands, whereas early replicating R bands preferentially localize to the internal nucleoplasmic compartment. During mitosis, the labeled chromatin domains that were separated in interphase form a pattern of intercalated bands along the length of each metaphase chromosome. The transition from a banded (mitotic) to a compartmentalized (interphasic) organization of chromatin domains occurs during the late telophase/early G1 stage and is independent of transcriptional activation of the genome. Interestingly, generation of micronuclei with a few chromosomes showed that the spatial separation of early and late replicating chromatin compartments is recapitulated independently of chromosome number, even in micronuclei containing only a single chromosome. Our data strongly support the notion that the compartmentalization of large-scale (band size) chromatin domains seen in the intact nucleus is a magnified image of a similar compartmentalization occurring in individual chromosome territories.
Prevalence and determinants of stunting and overweight in 3-year-old black South African children residing in the Central Region of Limpopo Province, South Africa

Abstract Objectives To determine the prevalence of stunting, wasting and overweight and their determinants in 3-year-old children in the Central Region of Limpopo Province, South Africa. Design Prospective cohort study. Setting Rural villages in the Central Region of the Limpopo Province, South Africa. Subjects One hundred and sixty-two children who were followed from birth were included in the study. Anthropometric measurements and sociodemographic characteristics of the children were recorded. Results Height-for-age Z-scores were low, with a high prevalence of stunting (48%). The children also exhibited a high prevalence of overweight (22%) and obesity (24%). Thirty-one (19%) children were both stunted and overweight. Gaining more weight within the first year of life increased the risk of being overweight at 3 years by 2.39 times (95% confidence interval (CI) 1.96–4.18) while having a greater length at 1 year was protective against stunting (odds ratio (OR) 0.41; 95% CI 0.17–0.97). Having a mother as a student increased the risk for stunting at 3 years by 18.21 times (95% CI 9.46–34.74) while having a working mother increased the risk for overweight by 17.87 times (95% CI 8.24–38.78). All these factors also appeared as risks or as being protective in children who were both overweight and stunted, as did living in a household having nine or more persons (OR 5.72; 95% CI 2.7–12.10). Conclusion The results of this study highlight the importance of evaluating anthropometric status in terms of both stunting and overweight. Furthermore, it is important to realise the importance of normal length and weight being attained at 1 year of age, since these in turn predict nutritional status at 3 years of age.