Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
The Gilles De La Tourette syndrome: the current status

Gilles de la Tourette syndrome (GTS) is characterised by multiple motor and one or more vocal/phonic tics. GTS was once thought to be rare, but many relatively recent studies suggest that the prevalence is about 1% of the worldwide community, apart from in Sub-Saharan Black Africa. Comorbidity and coexistent psychopathology are common, occurring in about 90% of clinical cohorts and individuals in the community. The most common comorbidities are attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, obsessive-compulsive behaviours, and disorder, and autistic spectrum disorders, while the most common coexisting psychopathologies are depression, anxiety and behavioural disorders such as oppositional defiant and conduct disorder. There has been an increasing amount of evidence to show that the quality of life in young people is reduced when compared with normative data or healthy control populations. It is widely accepted that most cases of GTS are inherited, but the genetic mechanisms appear much more complex than previously understood, as evidenced by many recent studies; indeed, there have been suggestions of ‘general neurodevelopmental genes’ which affect the brain development after which the ‘specific GTS gene(s)’ may further affect the phenotype. Other aetiopathogenetic suggestions have included environmental factors such as neuro-immunological factors, infections, prenatal and peri-natal difficulties and androgen influences. Few studies have addressed aetiology and phenotype, but initial results are exciting. The search for endophenotypes has followed subsequently. Intriguing neuroanatomical and brain circuitry abnormalities have now been suggested in GTS; the most evidence is for cortical thinning and a reduction in the size of the caudate nucleus. Thorough assessment is imperative and multidisciplinary management is the ideal. Treatment should be ‘symptom targeted’, and in mild cases, psycho-education and reassurance for the patient and the family may be sufficient. Behavioural treatments such as Comprehensive Behavioural Intervention for Tics including Habit Reversal Training have been shown to be significantly better than other behavioural/psychological treatments and ‘placebo’. Medication is often necessary for moderately affected individuals. In more severe cases, medical treatment is not simple and referral to an expert may be advisable. In general, neuroleptics and clonidine or guanfacine are the medications of choice for the tics. Other treatments which may be needed for loud and severe phonic tics include botulinum toxin. In severe adult GTS patients who are refractory to medication and other therapies, deep brain stimulation looks promising.
An Initial, Qualitative Investigation of Patient-Centered Education in Dentistry

Patient education plays an important role in the delivery of dental care. Current evidence suggests that the emergence of the Internet and other electronic resources are significantly influencing how patients learn about their healthcare. We conducted a qualitative inquiry using a combination of interviews with patients and clinicians, and direct observation of patient education episodes, to begin identifying requirements for customized, patient-centered approaches to education at the point of care. Most patients in our study felt comfortable with the amount and method of education during the dental visit, but 38% sought additional information on the Internet. Dentists and their team members provided patient education mostly verbally, supported by media such as radiographs, images and models. Electronic means, especially the Internet, were little used. Patient education occupied a significant portion of the time of initial comprehensive examination (29%) and routine (7%) dental visits. A deeper understanding of patient knowledge deficits and information needs will be needed to design effective educational interventions. Patient education should be meaningfully integrated into the workflow shared by dentists, their team members and patients, in order to maximize its outcomes.
The economic impact and cost of visual impairment in Australia

Aims: To quantify the total economic costs of vision loss in Australia. Methods: Prevalence data of visual impairment, unpublished data on indirect costs, and national healthcare cost databases were used. Results: Vision disorders cost Australia an estimated A$9.85 billion in 2004. A$4.8 billion is the loss of wellbeing (years of life lost as a result of disability and premature mortality). Vision disorders rank seventh and account for 2.7% of the national loss of wellbeing. Direct health system costs total A$1.8 billion. They have increased by A$1 billion over the last 10 years and will increase a further A$1–2 billion in the next 10 years. Cataract, the largest direct cost, takes 18% of expenditure. The health system costs place vision disorders seventh, ahead of coronary heart disease, diabetes, depression, and stroke. Indirect costs, A$3.2 billion, include carers’ costs, low vision aids, lost earnings, and other welfare payments and taxes. Conclusions: Even a developed economy such as Australia’s cannot afford avoidable vision loss. Priority needs to be given to prevent preventable vision loss; to treat treatable eye diseases; and to increase research into vision loss that can be neither prevented nor treated.
Measuring the Informative and Persuasive Roles of Detailing on Prescribing Decisions

In the pharmaceutical industry, measuring the importance of informative and persuasive roles of detailing is crucial for both drug manufacturers and policy makers. However, little progress has been made in disentangling these two roles of detailing in empirical research. In this paper, we provide a new identification strategy to address this problem. Our key identification assumptions are that the informative component of detailing is chemical specific and the persuasive component is brand specific. Our strategy is to focus on markets where some drug manufacturers engage in a comarketing agreement, under which two or more companies market the same chemical using their own brand names. With our identification assumptions, the variation in the relative market shares of these two brands, together with their brand specific detailing efforts, would allow us to measure the persuasive component of detailing. The variation in the market shares of chemicals, and the detailing efforts summed across brands made of the same chemical, would allow us to measure the informative component of detailing. Using the data for angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor with diuretic in Canada, we find evidence that our identification strategy can help disentangle these two effects. Although both effects are statistically significant, we find that the persuasive function of detailing plays a very minor role in determining the demand at the chemical level---the informative role of detailing is mainly responsible for the diffusion patterns of chemicals. In contrast, the persuasive role of detailing plays a crucial role in determining the demand for brands that comarket the same chemical. This paper was accepted by Pradeep Chintagunta, marketing.
Phase 1 study of concurrent RMP‐7 and carboplatin with radiotherapy for children with newly diagnosed brainstem gliomas

Ninety percent of children with diffuse intrinsic brainstem tumors will die within 18 months of diagnosis. Radiotherapy is of transient benefit, and one way to potentially improve its efficacy is to add radiosensitizers. Carboplatin is antineoplastic and radiosensitizing. However, delivery to the primary tumor site is problematic. RMP‐7 is a bradykinin analog that causes selective permeability of the blood‐brain‐tumor interface. The goal of the current Phase I study was to determine the toxicity and feasibility of delivering RMP‐7 and carboplatin for 5 successive days during radiotherapy.
Mass Outflow from the Nucleus of the Seyfert 1 Galaxy NGC 4151

We present an analysis of UV and optical spectra of NGC 4151 obtained at high spectral and angular resolutions with the Hubble Space Telescope Space Telescope Imaging Spectrograph (HST STIS). We identify a kinematic component of the emission lines that has a width of 1170 km s-1 (FWHM), intermediate between those from the broad and narrow (emission) line regions (BLRs and NLRs). We present evidence that these emission lines arise from the same gas responsible for most of the high-column UV and X-ray absorption (component "D+E") that we see in outflow at a distance of ~0.1 pc from the central nucleus. The gas in this intermediate-line region (ILR) shields the NLR and has a global covering factor of ~0.4, based on the observed C IV fluxes, indicating mass outflow over a large solid angle centered on the accretion disk's axis. A large transverse velocity (vT ≳ 2100 km s-1) compared to the radial velocity centroid (vr = -490 km s-1) indicates that the kinematics is dominated by rotation at this distance, but has a significant outflow component. The mass outflow rate at 0.1 pc is ~0.16 M☉ yr-1, which is about 10 times the accretion rate. Based on physical conditions in the gas and dynamical considerations, models that invoke magnetocentrifugal acceleration (e.g., in an accretion disk wind) are favored over those that rely on radiation driving or thermal expansion as the principal driving mechanism for the mass outflow.
The history of computer graphics standards development

In keeping with the retrospective theme of this issue of Computer Graphics, Standards Pipeline takes a long look back at the history of the development of formal standards for computer graphics. As is fitting for a retrospective, there is a focus on where we have succeeded and where we have failed.Three guest authors contributed to this column. First, Andy van Dam takes us back to the early beginnings of standards for computer graphics and the forces that led to the first attempts at standards. Andy ends by describing the beginnings of the PHIGS and PHIGS+ standards efforts. Our second contributor, Richard F. Puk, who was the editor of the ISO PHIGS standard, describes its development in more detail, ending with its successes and its failures and a vision for the future. Our final contributor, Lofton Henderson brings us up to date on the development of the Computer Graphics Metafile and its amendments.
Neutrophil elastase activity in pulmonary venous blood during lung resection.

OBJECTIVES Neutrophil elastase has been reported to play an important role in acute lung injury, which is a major cause of postoperative mortality after pulmonary resection. Neutrophil elastase released in the lungs reaches the peripheral circulation via the pulmonary veins. This study was performed to compare neutrophil elastase activity in pulmonary venous blood (collected during lobectomy) with that in the peripheral blood, and to determine the perioperative changes of neutrophil elastase activity. METHODS In 34 patients undergoing lobectomy with mediastinal lymph node dissection, the leucocyte count, neutrophil count, neutrophil elastase activity and levels of tumour necrosis factor-α, interleukin-6 and interleukin-8 were measured in the pulmonary venous blood and peripheral arterial blood before and after surgery. Then, these parameters were compared between before and after surgery with peripheral and pulmonary blood. RESULTS Neutrophil elastase activity was found to be significantly higher in pulmonary venous blood at the completion of surgery than at the start (during thoracotomy), while the neutrophil elastase activity of peripheral arterial blood showed no significant change between the start and completion of surgery. CONCLUSIONS In conclusion, measurement of neutrophil elastase activity in pulmonary venous blood revealed changes associated with lobectomy.
The Scale-free Network of Passwords : Visualization and Estimation of Empirical Passwords

In this paper, we present a novel vision of large scale of empirical password sets available and improve the understanding of passwords by revealing their interconnections and considering the security on a level of the whole password set instead of one single password level. Through the visualization of Yahoo, Phpbb, 12306, etc. we, for the first time, show what the spatial structure of empirical password sets are like and take the community and clustering patterns of the passwords into account to shed lights on the definition of popularity of a password based on their frequency and degree separately. Furthermore, we propose a model of statistical guessing attack from the perspective of the data's topological space, which provide an explanation of the "cracking curve". We also give a lower bound of the minimum size of the dictionary needed to compromise arbitrary ratio of any given password set by proving that it is equivalent to the minimum dominating set problem, which is a NP-complete problem. Hence the minimal dictionary problem is also NP-complete.
An experience sampling study of associations between affect and alcohol use and problems among college students.

OBJECTIVE This study used experienced sampling methodology to examine the relationship between affective functioning and alcohol consumption and problems. METHOD Fifty-six college students provided baseline data on measures of impulsivity and distress tolerance and provided experience sampling data for 2 weeks on measures of negative affect, positive affect, and alcohol consumption and problems. Women made up 54% of the sample. The sample ranged in age from 21 to 23 (mean [SD] = 21.50 [0.57]); 98% were white and 2% were Asian. RESULTS As predicted, higher levels of both positive and negative affect during the day were associated with higher rates of consumption that night. In contrast, negative, but not positive, affect was associated with alcohol-related problems after controlling for alcohol consumption. Impulsivity was associated with higher consumption and problems and moderated the relationships between negative affect and problems and also between alcohol consumption and problems. Low distress tolerance was associated with a decreased association between positive affectivity and alcohol consumption. CONCLUSIONS This study replicated and extended previous research on affective models of alcohol use and problems through the use of experience sampling methodology. The results demonstrated associations between affective variables and alcohol consumption and problems measured through near real-time assessment. The results suggest a functional association between alcohol consumption and problems and both within-person changes in affect and between-person differences in impulsivity and distress tolerance.
Common Bacterial Isolates Associated with Semen of Men Complaining of Infertility in University of Benin Teaching Hospital (U.B.T.H), Benin City, Nigeria

Fifty (50) seminal samples were studied to determine the microbial influence in male infertility as well as the qualitative and quantitative features of the semen. Among the three bacterial isolates isolated from the sample, Staphylococcus aureus 7(77.8%) was found to be the most predominant isolate, other isolates were Escherichia coli 1(11.1%) and Citrobacter spp. In relation to semen concentration Staphylococcus aureus was observed to be most frequently distributed among the characterized semen. The recovery frequency of organisms associated with the semen types revealed that 2(40%) of organisms were recovered of azoospermia, 6(20.68%) oligozoospermia and 1(6.25%) normozoospermia. The motility of the semen was greatly influenced by the presence of the bacterial isolates. The motility of semen was recorded to be 20%, 10% and 45% for Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli and Citrobacter sp. respectively, as against the normal semen motility of 50% or more. The presence and profound influence of microorganisms in semen is evidence that microorganisms played significant role in male infertility.
TYING THE KNOT: WHY REPRESENTATIONALISTS SHOULD ENDORSE THE SENSORIMOTOR THEORY OF CONSCIOUS FEEL

The sensorimotor theory of perception and consciousness is frequently presented as a variety of antirepresentationalist cognitive science, and there is thus a temptation to suppose that those who take representation as bedrock should reject the approach. This paper argues that the sensorimotor approach is compatible with representationalism, and moreover that representationalism about phenomenal qualities, such as that advocated by Tye, would be more complete and less vulnerable to criticism if it incorporated the sensorimotor account of conscious feel. The paper concludes by arguing that the project of naturalizing phenomenal qualities would nonetheless be better served by abandoning ‘representation’ talk altogether, a move that would require only a small modification of existing representationalist accounts.
Mutational Analysis of the STAT6 SH2 Domain*

The SH2 domain of the STAT family of transcription factors is essential for STAT binding to phosphorylated cytoplasmic domains of activated cytokine receptors. Furthermore, the same domain mediates dimerization of activated STAT monomers, a prerequisite for DNA binding by this family of proteins. To identify amino acid residues within the STAT protein that mediate these various interactions, we have carried out an extensive mutational analysis of the Stat6 SH2 domain. Recombinant proteins carrying C-terminal deletions or double alanine substitutions were expressed in mammalian and insect cells and assayed for DNA binding, transcription activation, tyrosine phosphorylation, and the ability to interact with a tyrosine-phosphorylated peptide derived from the interleukin-4 receptor signaling chain. From these studies, we have identified amino acids that are required for both DNA binding and interleukin-4 receptor interaction, as well as residues that when mutated impair only one of the two functions. Our results suggest that the structural homology between the SH2 domain of Stat6 and that of the distantly related Src protein may be higher than predicted on the basis of primary amino acid sequence comparisons. However, the two types of SH2 domains may differ at their C-terminal ends.
Analysis of MinD Mutations Reveals Residues Required for MinE Stimulation of the MinD ATPase and Residues Required for MinC Interaction

ABSTRACT The MinD ATPase is critical to the oscillation of the Min proteins, which limits formation of the Z ring to midcell. In the presence of ATP, MinD binds to the membrane and recruits MinC, forming a complex that can destabilize the cytokinetic Z ring. MinE, which is also recruited to the membrane by MinD, displaces MinC and stimulates the MinD ATPase, resulting in the oscillation of the Min proteins. In this study we have investigated the role of lysine 11, present in the deviant Walker A motif of MinD, and the three residues in helix 7 (E146, S148, and D152) that interact electrostatically with lysine 11. Lysine 11 is required for interaction of MinD with the membrane, MinC, MinE, and itself. In contrast, the three residues in helix 7 that interact with lysine 11 are not required for binding to the membrane or activation of MinC. They are also not required for MinE binding; however, they are required for MinE to stimulate the MinD ATPase. Interestingly, the D152A mutant self-interacts, binds to the membrane, and recruits MinC and MinE in the presence of ADP as well as ATP. This mutant provides evidence that dimerization of MinD is sufficient for MinD to bind the membrane and recruit its partners.
Peers and Faculty as Predictors of Learning for Community College Students

This study tested the extent to which student interaction with faculty, student peer teaching situations, student organization involvement, and discussion with diverse others contributed to self-reported learning for students involved in an ethnic-specific or multicultural student organization. The Community College Student Experiences Questionnaire (CCSEQ) was used to collect data from 239 students who were involved in an ethnic-specific or multicultural student organization at 1 of 12 different community colleges. Self-reported learning was reported in the following domains: general education, intellectual skills, science and technology, personal development, and career preparation. For each of the five learning outcomes, frequent interaction with faculty was the strongest predictor in the model. Engagement with peers contributed to most outcomes, but not as strongly as student–faculty interaction. Thus, the study extends the contribution of faculty interaction to the arena outside the classroom and suggests further research about the ways student–faculty interaction benefits students at the community college level.
Electronic medical records for discovery research in rheumatoid arthritis

Electronic medical records (EMRs) are a rich data source for discovery research but are underutilized due to the difficulty of extracting highly accurate clinical data. We assessed whether a classification algorithm incorporating narrative EMR data (typed physician notes) more accurately classifies subjects with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) compared with an algorithm using codified EMR data alone.
Improving implementation of code generators: A regular-expression approach

Code generators are important tools in software development, to automate repetitive coding tasks, facilitate portability, abstract implementation details, and reduce development costs. However, as the complexity of code generators grow, they tend to be harder to maintain, especially when there is a large amount of templates involved. This paper proposes an approach for code generation based on regular expression substitution. Instead of using templates for code generation, this approach transforms existing source code, using regular expression substitution, to implement the required functionality. We are currently applying this technique to strengthen the code generation framework of Heinsohn Business Technology, as part of the “Lion” project co-financed by Colciencias. Our experience shows that, although this approach has a steeper learning curve, it facilitates capitalization of the experience of software development organizations, selecting successfully modules that are taken as a reference source for code generation in future projects.
1 “ Dimensional Attention Effects in Humans and Neural Networks ”

This paper provides experimental and computational support for the hypothesis that categorization is 1 accomplished by modifying the similarity space underlying perception by investigating the change in the initial 2 structure of perceived similarity of objects after perceptual learning and categorization. Data from two human 3 experiments on discrimination and categorization of multi-dimensional stimuli were modeled with a 4 connectionist model, in order to determine how the initial structure of perceived similarity between stimuli 5 influences the final structure of the similarity space after categorization. An interesting finding was that, on the 6 one hand, categorization based on a salient dimension may improve discrimination along dimensions that are not 7 salient for the task, and, on the other hand, categorization based on a non-salient dimension may still reveal 8 separation along salient dimensions. The results of the reported study may provide additional insights into a 9 possible mechanism of categorization. 10 1 Theoretical overview