Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Racial centrality may be linked to mistrust in healthcare institutions for African Americans

Evidence suggests that racial identity is an important component to African Americans’ self-concepts and therefore may be relevant to patients’ trust in healthcare, yet little is known as to how racial identity may influence trust or mistrust. African American adults (N = 220) in the greater Portland, Oregon, area provided survey reports of healthcare-related attitudes and experiences. Those who reported higher racial centrality had lower trust in healthcare institutions. Based on these findings, clinicians employing patient-centered care approaches should recognize racial identity as an important component to patients’ experiences when they seek to deliver equitable care to African American patients.
Transferring Friendship: Girls' and Boys' Friendships in the Transition from Primary to Secondary School.

This paper seeks to explore the issues and concerns that impact upon girls' and boys' friendship groups as they transfer from primary to secondary school. Using the girls' and boys' own voices, we document the extent to which their existing social relationships are disrupted as they adapt to and engage with a new school setting. Through semi-structured interviews and questionnaires conducted in the final year of primary school and the first year of secondary school, we identify students' concerns regarding their attitudes to friendship. We consider the extent to which account is taken of this aspect of children's friendships and explore and analyse commonalities and differences in their responses. We argue that the priorities of our student groups are different to those advocated by the school. We further attempt to examine how the girls and boys in our sample negotiate their new environment.
Fly Prepupae as a Feedstuff for Rainbow Trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss

Fly larvae may provide an effective method to mitigate two large and growing global concerns: the use of fish meal derived from capture fisheries in aquaculture diets and manure management in livestock and poultry facilities. A 9-wk feed trial was conducted to determine whether fly larvae could be used as a partial fish meal and fish oil replacement in rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss, diets. A trout diet was formulated to contain 40% crude protein and 15% fat. Sixty-seven percent of the protein in the control diet was derived from fish meal, and all the fat was derived from fish oil. Two of the test diets included using the black soldier fly, Hermetia illucens, prepupae, which are 40% protein and 30% fat, as 25 and 50% replacement for the fish meal component of the control diet. The total protein derived from black soldier fly prepupae in these two test diets was 15 and 34%, respectively. A third test diet included using housefly, Musca domestica, pupae, which is 70% protein and 16% fat, as 25% replacement for the fish meal component of the control diet. Data suggest that a rainbow trout diet where black soldier fly prepupae or housefly pupae constitute 15% of the total protein has no adverse effect on the feed conversion ratio of fish over a 9-wk feeding period. In addition, the diet with black soldier fly prepupae permitted a 38% reduction in fish oil (i.e., from 13 to 8%); however, fish fed black soldier fly diets low in fish oil had reduced levels of omega-3 fatty acids in their muscle fillets. The findings from this study suggest that either the black soldier fly or the housefly may be a suitable feedstuff for rainbow trout diets.
Multiracial feminist theorizing about eating problems: Refusing to rank oppressions

Abstract In the past few years, there has been increasing recognition that eating problems affect a diverse group. However, this awareness has not significantly changed theories about etiology. Most research focuses on the impact of gender on women's eating patterns, while placing issues of race, class, and sexuality outside the frame of reference. This article, based on life history interviews with African American, Latina, and white women (both lesbian and heterosexual), scrutinizes the standard profile of eating problems and offers a theory that refuses to rank oppression. A multiracial focus demonstrates that the origins of eating problems have little to do with vanity or an obsession with appearance. Rather, they begin as survival strategies in response to racism, homophobia, classism, the stress of acculturation, and emotional, physical, and sexual abuse. A multiracial focus also underscores why the prevention of eating problems depends not simply upon individual healing but also on changing the soc.
An Economic View of the Acquisition of Reasoning Skills: Agenda for Research in the Information Age

Readers might well wonder why economists should be asked to discuss the acquisition of reasoning skills. Such a subject seems more properly the domain of psychology. To be sure, educators could have some practical insights on the matter; even philosophers might help by telling us what reasoning is. But economists? There is, after all, little or no formal economics literature directly on the topic. Yet in an important sense, much of analytical economics is precisely germane. This becomes clearer when one realizes that a good working definition of economics is "the study of reasoning applied to ordinary choices faced by individuals and by groups. " According to this definition, economics is an analytical, normative, and positivist discipline. It uses reason to study the application of reason; it makes prescriptions about how to make "reasonable" choices; and it conducts tests of the correspondence between mundane events and theories of rational individual and collective choice in order to revise those theories and improve its prescriptions. (For a related discussion of how economists argue, see McCloskey, 1983.) Indeed, the very root of the word for our discipline suggests the application of higher order reasoning to the orderly running of everyday household affairs. So despite the fact that few economists have written formally on the subject, understanding the acquisition of reasoning skills is as central to the intellectual lives of economists as water is to the lives of fish. (Readers interested in an account of the development of economic analysis could still do little better than Schumpeter, 1954.) Our essay considers four questions about the acquisition of reasoning skills. Each represents an area where economists might provide some useful guidance to educational researchers. Together, they span the natural set of questions that economists would ask about this topic. The questions are as follows:
Outcomes of the Minnesota Smoking Prevention Program

1,320 seventh-graders from a large midwestern public school district participated in a 6-hr. session of the Minnesota Smoking Prevention Program. Responses from students of the four trained and three control junior high schools indicated that the Minnesota program did not prevent students from becoming new users but rather encouraged those who were regular users to quit.
Sensing Solutions for Collecting Spatio-Temporal Data for Wildlife Monitoring Applications: A Review

Movement ecology is a field which places movement as a basis for understanding animal behavior. To realize this concept, ecologists rely on data collection technologies providing spatio-temporal data in order to analyze movement. Recently, wireless sensor networks have offered new opportunities for data collection from remote places through multi-hop communication and collaborative capability of the nodes. Several technologies can be used in such networks for sensing purposes and for collecting spatio-temporal data from animals. In this paper, we investigate and review technological solutions which can be used for collecting data for wildlife monitoring. Our aim is to provide an overview of different sensing technologies used for wildlife monitoring and to review their capabilities in terms of data they provide for modeling movement behavior of animals.
Are Female Supervisors More Female-Friendly? †

We introduce the idea that easily inferable demographic characteristics such as gender may not be sufficient to define type in the supervisor-employee mentoring relationship. We use longitudinal data on athletic directors at NCAA Division I programs to identify through observed mobility the propensity of top-level administrators to hire and retain female head coaches, above and beyond an organization’s culture. We show that supervisor gender appears to be unrelated to female friendliness in this setting. Overall, our findings indicate that more focus should be placed on the more complex manager type defined by attitudes in addition to attributes.
Protecting the robustness of ADSL and VDSL DMT modems when applying DSM

Recent techniques for ADSL and VDSL like power backoff (PBO) and dynamic spectrum management (DSM) focus on the crosstalk and try to operate with lower noise margin to increase the performance of the network. However, if the noise increases, the DSM modem may lose showtime, unless the modem can adapt its PSD to compensate for the increase of noise. The intent of the paper is to know what the impact is of DSM on the robustness of these systems (if and how fast the DSM modem can adapt its PSD). Both in ADSL and VDSL there exist reconfiguration protocols that take care of changing noise environments. In this paper, we investigate for DSM the speed and robustness of various online reconfiguration protocols that exist today.
Localized vulvar pemphigoid in a child misdiagnosed as sexual abuse.

BACKGROUND Various primary dermatoses can affect the vulva of children and be misdiagnosed as child abuse, with devastating social consequences. OBSERVATION A 3-year-old girl with vulvar erosions was removed from her parent's care after a pediatrician and gynecologist diagnosed child abuse. Histopathologic and immunofluorescence studies were consistent with vulvar pemphigoid. CONCLUSION Localized pemphigoid should be added to the differential diagnosis of vulvar lesions. Dermatologists, pediatricians, and gynecologists should be familiar with nonvenereal diseases that can exclusively affect this area. The dermatologist's expertise is particularly valuable in differentiating between primary diseases and sexual abuse.
Applying machine learning to Amharic text classification

The goal of this work has been to investigate how well a high-level task like text classification can be carried out on Amharic text. We have also investigated the effect that operations like stemming or part-of-speech tagging can have on text classification performance for such a highly inflectional language like Amharic. Amharic is the official working language of the federal government of the Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia and spoken by well over 20 million people as a first or second language. The actual size of the Amharic speaking population has to be based on estimates: Hudson (1999) analyzed the latest national Ethiopian census from 1994 and indicated that more than 40% of the (then) 53 million Ethiopians understood Amharic, with at the time about 17 million first language speakers. The current size of the Ethiopian population is estimated to be some 75 million people (CIA 2006). Amharic is the second most spoken Semitic language in the world (after Arabic) and closely related to Tigrinya. It is today probably the second largest language in Ethiopia (after Oromo, a Cushitic language) and possibly one of the five largest languages on the African continent. Following the Constitution drafted in 1993, Ethiopia is divided into nine fairly independent regions, each with its own nationality language. However, Amharic is the language for country-wide communication and was also for a long period the principal literal language and medium of instruction in primary and secondary schools of the country, while higher education is carried out in English. In spite of the relatively large number of speakers, Amharic is still a language for which very few computational linguistic resources have been developed, and very little has been done in terms of making useful higher level Internet or computer based applications available to those who only speak Amharic. It is generally believed that applications such as information retrieval, text classification, or document filtering could benefit from the existence and availability of basic tools such as stemmers, morphological analyzers or part-of-speech taggers. However, since so few language processing resources for Amharic are available, very little is known about their effect on retrieval or classification performance for this language. It has been argued that stemming can improve text categorization performance, especially for highly inflected languages like Amharic, and it has therefore been the goal of this work to explore this issue further.
Read-Tuned STT-RAM and eDRAM Cache Hierarchies for Throughput and Energy Enhancement

As capacity and complexity of on-chip cache memory hierarchy increases, the service cost to the critical loads from Last Level Cache (LLC), which are frequently repeated, has become a major concern. The processor may stall for a considerable interval while waiting to access the data stored in the cache blocks in LLC, if there are no independent instructions to execute. To provide accelerated service to the critical loads requests from LLC, this work concentrates on leveraging the additional capacity offered by replacing SRAM-based L2 with Spin-Transfer Torque Random Access Memory (STT-RAM) to accommodate frequently accessed cache blocks in exclusive read mode in favor of reducing the overall read service time. Our proposed technique partitions L2 cache into two STT-RAM arrangements with different write performance and data retention time. The retention-relaxed STT-RAM arrays are utilized to effectively deal with the regular L2 cache requests while the high retention STT-RAM arrays in L2 are selected for maintaining repeatedly read accessed cache blocks from LLC by incurring negligible energy consumption for data retention. Our experimental results show that the proposed technique can reduce the mean L2 read miss ratio by 51.4% and increase the IPC by 11.7% on average across PARSEC benchmark suite while significantly decreasing the total L2 energy consumption compared to conventional SRAM-based L2 design.
An empirical study of F2FS on mobile devices

Flash Friendly File System (F2FS) is getting popular among mobile devices. However, lack of empirical and comprehensive analysis for characteristics of F2FS prohibits better application of F2FS. In this paper, we present a set of comprehensive experimental studies on mobile devices and show several counterintuitive observations on F2FS, including imprecise hot/cold data separation, unexpected trigger condition of background GC, impact of fragmentation on read performance and impact of readahead by fragments and available space. Based on these observations, we further provide several pilot solutions to improve the performance of these mobile devices. The objective is to inspire researchers and users to pay attention to F2FS characteristics, and further optimize its performance.
Risk assessment model for development of advanced age-related macular degeneration.

OBJECTIVE To design a risk assessment model for development of advanced age-related macular degeneration (AMD) incorporating phenotypic, demographic, environmental, and genetic risk factors. METHODS We evaluated longitudinal data from 2846 participants in the Age-Related Eye Disease Study. At baseline, these individuals had all levels of AMD, ranging from none to unilateral advanced AMD (neovascular or geographic atrophy). Follow-up averaged 9.3 years. We performed a Cox proportional hazards analysis with demographic, environmental, phenotypic, and genetic covariates and constructed a risk assessment model for development of advanced AMD. Performance of the model was evaluated using the C statistic and the Brier score and externally validated in participants in the Complications of Age-Related Macular Degeneration Prevention Trial. RESULTS The final model included the following independent variables: age, smoking history, family history of AMD (first-degree member), phenotype based on a modified Age-Related Eye Disease Study simple scale score, and genetic variants CFH Y402H and ARMS2 A69S. The model did well on performance measures, with very good discrimination (C statistic = 0.872) and excellent calibration and overall performance (Brier score at 5 years = 0.08). Successful external validation was performed, and a risk assessment tool was designed for use with or without the genetic component. CONCLUSIONS We constructed a risk assessment model for development of advanced AMD. The model performed well on measures of discrimination, calibration, and overall performance and was successfully externally validated. This risk assessment tool is available for online use.
High efficiency 0.4 /spl mu/m gate LDMOS power FET for low voltage wireless communications

A low cost, high efficiency 4th generation silicon MOSFET using RFLDMOS (LV4) 0.4 /spl mu/m technology is presented which has been developed for high frequency (1-2 GHz) and low voltage (2.2-12.5 V) applications. Key results include 78% PAE at 31.8 dBm for 3.6 V, 900 MHz AMPS applications, and 63% PAE, 12.5 dB gain, 30.5 dBm for 2.4 V, 900 MHz for 2-way paging applications.
Familial or sporadic clusters of presenile Alzheimer's disease in Scotland: II. Case kinship

Clusters of high incidence areas of presenile Alzheimer's disease were found in Scotland between 1974 and 1988. We present a novel index of case kinship based on the number of observed common ancestors of cases compared with the number expected in order to evaluate whether these cluster are attributable to familial cases. One county with high incidence was Lanarkshire, with 69 of the 451 national presenile Alzheimer's disease cases and 185 of the 1794 any-cause dementia cases. None of the 69 presenile Alzheimer's disease cases shared a common great-grandmother and there was no instance where an individual case's great-grandmother was another case's grandmother. Five pairs of dementia cases shared a great-grandmother; for two pairs, one case's great-grandmother was another's grandmother. We estimated the ‘at-risk’ ancestral population as 46 000 for the midpoint census of 1861 for the cross-sectional estimate, 155 812 for the cumulative estimate between 1831 and 1891, and 90 282 for the cumulative estimate between 1841 and 1871. Hence, we expected a maximum of 0.29 shared great-grandmothers for presenile Alzheimer's disease cases, and 2.13 shared great-grandmothers for dementia cases. Case-kinship is 2.35 more than expected (estimated range 1.84–3.18). We conclude that familial factors contribute to the incidence of dementia in Lanarkshire.
A novel and scalable communication-history-based Knapsack authentication framework for IEEE 802.11 networks

Wi-Fi technology is one of the key enablers of the Internet-of-Things (IoT) revolution that will allow the interaction of tens of billions of smart devices. The lack of authentication for management frames in IEEE 802.11 creates a major cyber-security vulnerability for the IoT and the whole Wi-Fi ecosystem. While in recent amendments WPA2 may be used to encrypt and authenticate deauthentication/disassociation management frames if a shared secret key has already been established, no such mechanism exists to verify the legitimacy of an AP with a known name, i.e, an AP with a history of legitimate connections in the past, at the time a client is trying to establish a connection. We propose a novel authentication framework for 802.11 that solves this problem by utilizing the communication history information readily available at the transmitter and receiver in establishing a shared key and protects all management frames from spoofing attacks. A management frame authentication code is generated at the transmitter using this information, and attached to the management frame in order to be verified at the receiver. Our framework is flexible enough to work with various types of application and PHY layer data, and is scalable enough to be applied to devices with different computing and processing capabilities. We have adapted the well-known Knapsack cryptosystem to our communication history-based authentication scheme, as it is simple to implement and provides strong security for our application scenarios. We evaluate our authentication scheme using application layer history with and without RSSI information, and show that using RSSI in addition to data packet history can provide the combined benefits of high entropy secret bit generation and increased protection against packet sniffing attacks. Through experimental work, we show that our communication history based approach provides a robust, low-complexity, and scalable authentication method for management frames in 802.11, and potentially other wireless networks.
Kinematic reconfigurability of mobile robots on irregular terrains

This paper considers the active control problem of reconfigurable mobile robots on irregular terrain. A kinematic control strategy to improve robot mobility (stability and traction) is proposed. The proposed control is validated through numerical simulations and experimental tests using an amphibious wheel-legged robot, named Environmental Hybrid Robot, recently developed by Petrobras S.A. (Brazilian Petroleum Company) for environmental monitoring in the Amazon rain forest.
Dynamic VMs placement for energy efficiency by PSO in cloud computing

Recently, cloud computing is growing fast and helps to realise other high technologies. In this paper, we propose a hieratical architecture to satisfy both providers' and consumers' requirements in these technologies. We design a new service in the PaaS layer for scheduling consumer tasks. In the providers' perspective, incompatibility between specification of physical machine and user requests in cloud leads to problems such as energy-performance trade-off and large power consumption so that profits are decreased. To guarantee Quality of service of users' tasks, and reduce energy efficiency, we proposed to modify Particle Swarm Optimisation to reallocate migrated virtual machines in the overloaded host. We also dynamically consolidate the under-loaded host which provides power saving. Simulation results in CloudSim demonstrated that whatever simulation condition is near to the real environment, our method is able to save as much as 14% more energy and the number of migrations and simulation time significantly reduces compared with the previous works.
A comprehensive Bangla spelling checker

We present a comprehensive Bangla spelling checker that improves the quality of suggestions for misspelled words. The complex rules for Bangla spelling presents a significant challenge in producing suggestions for a misspelled word when employing the traditional methods; one must take phonetic similarity into account for suggested alternatives to be reasonably accurate. In Bangla there are several algorithms available for spell checking, however, none of these considers the complex orthographic rules of Bangla. As a result, spelling checker application does not perform well. In this paper, we describe the process of checking the spelling of a Bangla document (i.e. detecting misspelled words, generating suggestions for misspelled word, and ranking the suggestions), compare the methodologies with existing solutions available in the literature, and then propose solutions for each step. Finally, we conclude by showing the performance and evaluation of our proposed solution.