Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Why does the gaze of others direct visual attention?

Viewing another person directing his or her gaze can produce automatic shifts of covert visual attention in the same direction. This holds true even when the task‐relevant target is much more likely to occur at the uncued location. These findings, along with other evidence, have been taken to suggest that gaze represents a “special” stimulus—the foundation of a social cognition system that can make inferences about the mental states of other people. However, gaze‐driven cueing effects could simply be due to spatial compatibility between cue and target. We compared the attentional effects of gaze shifts to a face with the tongue extended laterally to the left or right. When tongue direction was a nonpredictive cue, we found cueing effects from tongues that were indistinguishable from those produced by gaze. However, in contrast to previous findings with gaze, tongue cues did not overcome a validity manipulation in which targets were four times more likely to appear at the uncued location. We conclude that simple attentional cueing effects from gaze may be better explained by spatial compatibility, and that more complex, unique features of cueing from gaze may be better indices into perceptual systems specialized for social cognition.
Effect of Prime Type on Lexical Decision Time

The present investigation concerns the issues of the control condition and type of related prime-target relationship operationalization in the lexical-decision paradigm. It is shown that the use of a row of asterisks produces strong inhibitory effects on reaction time to the target relative to a control condition formed with the word “neutro” (“neutral”). The operationalization of prime-target relatedness by means of association of category norms seems equally adequate, although category exemplars do not prime category exemplar targets. Both sets of data are discussed in relation to current research trends using lexical-decision time.
Role as Resource in the Hollywood Film Industry

The theoretical concept of role as resource is introduced and illustrated. The concept combines critical elements of the structural, interactionist, and network approaches to role. A role is a resource in two senses: it is a means to claim, barbain for, and gain membership and acceptance in a social community, and it grants access to social, cultura, and material capital that incumbents and claimants exploit in order to pursue their interests. This article examines the impact of a major transformation-the rise of the blockbuster-on roles and positions in Hollywood filmmaking and discerns two processes underlying the growth and decline of roles in culture production. Through adaptation, filmmakers adopt role combinations with intrinsic capabilities of solving technical and organizational problems. Through imitation, filmmakers copy the role combinations associated with early blockbusters and gain legitimacy in Hollywood's institutional environment. These responses resulted in two fundamental trends: the increasing specialization of the producer and separation of the business and artistic domains, and the increasing fusion of artistic roles.
Atmospheric Flow over Terrain using Hybrid RANS/LES

A hybrid RANS/LES model capable of simulating neutral atmospheric wind over natural terrain is presented. To reduce the computational cost of traditional LES the proposed method combines LES and a RANS wall model. Close to walls, where LES is computational expensive, the ﬂow is treated with the RANS equations and this layer act as wall model for the outer ﬂow handled by LES. The proposed model is based on the well-known two-equation k − ǫ RANS model and can either be run in LES-mode with wall modelling or in pure RANS mode. Calculations with RANS and the new LES model are presented for wind ﬂow over the Askervein hill located in Scotland, and results are compared with measurements. Compar-isons show that both RANS and the new LES model are able to capture the simple ﬂow windward of the hill. In the complex wake region, however, only LES captures the high turbulence levels. The presented results are for a relative mild conﬁguration of complex terrain, but the proposed method can also be used for highly complex terrain.
Global synchronization of delayed reaction-diffusion neural networks via impulsive control

This paper presents a new impulsive synchronization criterion of two identical reaction-diffusion neural networks with discrete and unbounded distributed delays. The new criterion is established by applying an impulse-time-dependent Lyapunov functional combined with the use of a new type of integral inequality for treating the reaction-diffusion terms. The impulse-time-dependent feature of the proposed Lyapunov functional can capture more hybrid dynamical behaviors of the impulsive reaction-diffusion neural networks than the conventional impulse-time-independent Lyapunov function-s/functionals, while the new integral inequality, which is derived from Wirtinger inequality, overcomes the conservatism introduced by the integral inequality used in the previous results. Numerical example demonstrates the effectiveness of the proposed method.
Diabetic Retinopathy in 2011: Further Insights From New Epidemiological Studies and Clinical Trials

Diabetic retinopathy (DR) is a common and specific microvascular complication of diabetes and one of the leading global causes of preventable blindness. Population-based studies suggest that about one-third of the diabetic population have signs of DR and approximately one-tenth have vision-threatening stages of retinopathy, such as diabetic macular edema and proliferative retinopathy (1,2). Notwithstanding its effects on vision, DR is costly (3), substantially impacts on the patient's quality of life (4), and is linked with a greater risk of life-threatening systemic vascular complications (5). Because blindness from DR is preventable from both public health screening and clinical management perspectives, it is important to precisely identify persons at risk for developing DR and those most likely to progress to severe vision-threatening stages. In this issue of Diabetes Care , Zavrelova et al. (6) present a fascinating and informative article that discusses people with diabetes having distinct developmental patterns of DR and that there may be specific risk factors associated with different patterns of progression. From a large group of patients with type 2 diabetes ( N = 3,343), the authors identified five clusters of developmental patterns of DR. The largest (cluster A) included patients who did not develop any form of DR over a 6-year period (“persistent no retinopathy”). Cluster B included patients with a high probability of a mild form of DR, which disappeared over time and thus are not at risk for vision loss. Two progressive clusters (C and D) were identified and differed from each other in severity and in speed of developing retinopathy. Finally, a fifth cluster (E) consisted of patients who had persistent proliferative DR, including previous laser treatment. Perhaps the most important finding was that almost 90% of this population (cluster A) were …
Misappraisal of Time Perspective and Suicide in the Anxiety Disorders: The Multiplier Effect of Looming Illusions

Abstract A voluminous clinical and epidemiological extant literature showing a link between anxiety disorders and increased suicidality has remained controversial due to the observation that the presence of psychiatric comorbidities usurps this association when examined directly. However, recent population–based, prospective research has provided strong support for elevated suicide risk in individuals with anxiety disorders independent of other psychiatric conditions. This article considers the psychological mechanisms that may, in part, account for the association between anxiety disorders and suicide. In addition to examining the role of nonspecific psychological vulnerabilities such as hopelessness and self–criticism, we explore the contributions of an anxiety–specific cognitive factor, looming vulnerability. Cognitive appraisals and images of a maladaptive looming cognitive style involve perceptions of rapidly mounting, escalating, and unmanageable threat and adversity that may serve to facilitate hop.
Design of tree-structured multiple description vector quantizers

We present a new multiple description source coding scheme based on tree-structured vector quantization (TSVQ). In this scheme, the codebook of each decoder is organized in a binary tree. The encoding is greedy and based on a sequence of binary decisions as in traditional TSVQ. Each binary decision of the encoder corresponds to adding information on one of the available channels and the encoding complexity can be shown to be proportional to the total bitrate. We describe the encoder structure for the two-channel case, and propose an entropy-constrained design algorithm based on marginal return analysis. Experimental results on a Gaussian source are presented for various design parameters and the generalization of the scheme to more than two channels is outlined.
The Distribution of Dropout and Turnover Rates among Urban and Suburban High Schools.

Although school dropout remains an important policy issue and has generated considerable research, little of this research has examined dropout as a measure of school performance. Even less attention has been paid to student turnover, another, related measure of how well schools are keeping students enrolled. This study examined the distributions of both dropout and turnover rates among a large sample of U.S. high schools and tested a series of models to explain these differences, using data from the NELS High School Effectiveness Study and non linear multilevel modeling. The results revealed substantial variability in school dropout and turnover rates among the high schools. Moreover, consistent with other work in this area, much of the variation in school dropout and turnover rates could be attributed to differences in the background characteristics of the students. Yet student composition, school resources, and school processes-factors that policy makers and educators control-also influenced dropout and turnover rates
Approximate Nearest Neighbor Queries Revisited

Abstract. This paper proposes new methods to answer approximate nearest neighbor queries on a set of n points in d -dimensional Euclidean space. For any fixed constant d , a data structure with O( $\varepsilon$(1-d)/2n log n) preprocessing time and O( $\varepsilon$(1-d)/2log n) query time achieves an approximation factor 1+ $\varepsilon$ for any given 0 < $\varepsilon$ < 1; a variant reduces the $\varepsilon$ -dependence by a factor of $\varepsilon$-1/2 . For any arbitrary d , a data structure with O(d2n log n) preprocessing time and O(d2log n) query time achieves an approximation factor O(d3/2) . Applications to various proximity problems are discussed.
Immature Neutrophils Mediate Tumor Cell Killing via IgA but Not IgG Fc Receptors1

Antitumor Abs are promising therapeutics for cancer. Currently, most Ab-based therapies focus on IgG Ab, which interact with IgG FcR (FcγR) on effector cells. In this study, we examined human and mouse neutrophil-mediated tumor cell lysis via targeting the IgA FcR, FcαRI (CD89), in more detail. FcαRI was the most effective FcR in triggering tumor cell killing, and initiated enhanced migration of neutrophils into tumor colonies. Importantly, immature neutrophils that are mobilized from the bone marrow upon G-CSF treatment efficiently triggered tumor cell lysis via FcαRI, but proved incapable of initiating tumor cell killing via FcγR. This may provide a rationale for the disappointing results observed in some earlier clinical trials in which patients were treated with G-CSF and antitumor Ab-targeting FcγR.
Cumulant-based parameter estimation using structured networks

A two-level three-layer structured network is developed to estimate the moving-average model parameters based on second-order and third-order cumulant matching. The structured network is a multilayer feedforward network composed of linear summers in which the weights of these summers have a clear physical meaning. The first level is composed of random access memory units, which are used to control the connectivities of the second-level summers. The second level is composed of three layers of linear summers in which the weight of any summer represents the moving-average parameter to be estimated. The connectivities among these summers are controlled by the first-level memory units in such a way that the outputs of the second-level structured network equal the desired second-order or third-order statistics if the summer weights equal their corresponding true moving-average parameter values. Each second-order and third-order cumulant is viewed as a pattern which the structured network needs to learn, and a steepest-descent algorithm is proposed for training the structured network. The author also presents extensions to particular sorts of estimation, and results of simulations.
Treatment of pneumococcic meningitis with penicillin compared with penicillin plus aureomycin; studies including observations on an apparent antagonism between penicillin and aureomycin.

PNEUMOCOCCIC meningitis is well known as one of the most serious forms of bacterial meningitis. Before the sulfonamides were used pneumococcic meningitis was almost always fatal. With the advent of penicillin an era of more successful therapy was started. Originally it was established that when small systemic doses of penicillin were given the result could be greatly improved by administering the antibiotic intrathecally. It was later shown1that the administration of large doses of penicillin systemically gave still better results and that intrathecal penicillin therapy was unnecessary when this regimen was employed. In spite of these advances, however, approximately one of three persons with pneumococcic meningitis still died, as shown on analysis of series of unselected cases. Consequently, when aureomycin became available and was shown to be effective in therapy of isolated cases of pneumococcic meningitis, we decided to test its efficacy by treating alternate patients with either penicillin
Use of elastic waves for the detection of buried land mines

A prototype system that employs seismic surface (Rayleigh) waves and non-contact displacement sensors for the detection of buried landmines is being developed. The operating principle of this system is to interrogate the ground surface motion, resulting from a remote seismic source, in a region surrounding, and immediately above, a mine using a two-dimensional array of non-contact sensors. The data from this array are then processed in the space and time domains to form images. These images emphasize specific features of the ground motion, which have been linked empirically, through both numerical modeling and experimental studies, to the presence of landmines. The images formed in this way show a large contrast (/spl sim/30 dB) between mines and background reverberation and a large contrast (>20 dB) between mines and mine-sized clutter objects. They also appear to be robust in simulations of realistic burial scenarios involving a variety of mine sizes and depths along with clutter objects in close proximity.
Method for Investigation of Competition between Bacteria as a Function of Three Environmental Factors Varied Simultaneously

Competition between microorganisms as affected by temperature, pH, and the sodium chloride (NaCl) concentration was investigated by selective replication from gradient plates. Salmonella typhimurium was inhibited by Pseudomonas putida at 20 and 23°C but not 30 and 35°C. P. putida no longer grew at the extremes of pH and NaCl concentration, particularly at 30 and 35°C.
A Study on Stereoscopic X-ray Imaging Data Set on the Accuracy of Real-Time Tumor Tracking in External Beam Radiotherapy

At external beam radiotherapy, stereoscopic X-ray imaging system is responsible as tumor motion information provider. This system takes X-ray images intermittently from tumor position (1) at pretreatment step to provide training data set for model construction and (2) during treatment to control the accuracy of correlation model performance. In this work, we investigated the effect of imaging data points provided by this system on treatment quality. Because some information is still lacking about (1) the number of imaging data points, (2) shooting time for capturing each data point, and also (3) additional imaging dose delivered by this system. These 3 issues were comprehensively assessed at (1) pretreatment step while training data set is gathered for prediction model construction and (2) during treatment while model is tested and reconstructed using new arrival data points. A group of real patients treated with CyberKnife Synchrony module was chosen in this work, and an adaptive neuro-fuzzy inference system was considered as consistent correlation model. Results show that a proper model can be constructed while the number of imaging data points is highly enough to represent a good pattern of breathing cycles. Moreover, a trade-off between the number of imaging data points and additional imaging dose is considered in this study. Since breathing phenomena are highly variable at different patients, the time for taking some of imaging data points is very important, while their absence at that critical time may yield wrong tumor tracking. In contrast, the sensitivity of another category of imaging data points is not high, while breathing is normal and in the control range. Therefore, an adaptive supervision on the implementation of stereoscopic X-ray imaging is proposed to intelligently accomplish shooting process, based on breathing motion variations.
Developing children's language learner strategies at primary school

This article discusses the strategy repertoires and strategy development of six English children who learned foreign languages at primary school. My study differs from mainstream research, in that it focuses on young children and on the development of their strategies, draws on sociocultural theory and uses ethnographic methods. My findings show that the six children developed a range of strategies over the course of a calendar year in spite of receiving no direct strategy instruction. The primary classroom encouraged learner autonomy and stimulated children to reflect on their learning which, in turn, enabled them to refine their strategies.
Tissue histopathology, clinical chemistry and behaviour of adult comt‐gene‐disrupted mice

Catechol‐O‐methyltransferase (COMT) enzyme is a widely distributed enzyme that catalyses O‐methylation of catecholamines and other compounds having a catechol structure. Because there has been some concern about the consequences of a low COMT activity in the development of oestrogen‐dependent cancers and because one of the COMT inhibitors, tolcapone, has caused serious liver injuries in Parkinsonian patients, the histopathology and clinical chemistry of Comt‐gene‐disrupted mice were studied at the age of 12 months. Owing to the high COMT activities in liver and kidney and the role of COMT in the metabolism of catechol oestrogens, special emphasis was given to the histology of the liver, kidney and oestrogen‐dependent organs such as mammary glands and uterus.
A Semantic Translation Service using Ontologies

In this paper, a preliminary model is proposed for a semantic translation service using ontologies. Messages can be encoded using an ontology. The model provides the user with the interfaces and tools to translate these messages using ontologies and mappings, that can be pointed out by the user. Currently, all techniques exist to actually build such a system, but to obtain real good results, mapping techniques need to be further improved.
Changes in Alcohol Consumption and Subsequent Risk of Type 2 Diabetes in Men

OBJECTIVE The objective of this study was to investigate the association of 4-year changes in alcohol consumption with a subsequent risk of type 2 diabetes. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS We prospectively examined 38,031 men from the Health Professionals Follow-Up Study who were free of diagnosed diabetes or cancer in 1990. Alcohol consumption was reported on food frequency questionnaires and updated every 4 years. RESULTS A total of 1,905 cases of type 2 diabetes occurred during 428,497 person-years of follow-up. A 7.5 g/day (approximately half a glass) increase in alcohol consumption over 4 years was associated with lower diabetes risk among initial nondrinkers (multivariable hazard ratio [HR] 0.78; 95% CI: 0.60–1.00) and drinkers initially consuming <15 g/day (HR 0.89; 95% CI: 0.83–0.96), but not among men initially drinking ≥15 g/day (HR 0.99; 95% CI: 0.95–1.02; Pinteraction < 0.01). A similar pattern was observed for levels of total adiponectin and hemoglobin A1c, with a better metabolic profile among abstainers and light drinkers who modestly increased their alcohol intake, compared with men who either drank less or among men who were already moderate drinkers and increased their intake. Likewise, compared with stable light drinkers (0–4.9 g/day), light drinkers who increased their intake to moderate levels (5.0–29.9 g/day) had a significantly lower risk of type 2 diabetes (HR 0.75; 95% CI: 0.62–0.90). CONCLUSIONS Increases in alcohol consumption over time were associated with lower risk of type 2 diabetes among initially rare and light drinkers. This lower risk was evident within a 4-year period following increased alcohol intake.
Decentralized Navigation for Heterogeneous Swarm Robots With Limited Field of View

This letter proposes a navigation method for multirobots with heterogeneous abilities. In this method, a single leader navigates other robots that have different translational and rotational velocity and acceleration, sensing distance and angle while maintaining global connectivity. In particular, this method is decentralized in which the leader does not need real-time information on the whole swarm, and all followers use only locally available information to follow a target. Validity and effectiveness of the proposed method are demonstrated by theoretical analysis, and in a simulation and an experiment with real robots.
On-line social interactions and executive functions

A successful social interaction often requires on-line and active construction of an ever-changing mental-model of another person’s beliefs, expectations, emotions, and desires. It also requires the ability to maintain focus, problem-solve, and flexibly pursue goals in a distraction-rich environment, as well as the ability to take-turns and inhibit inappropriate behaviors. Many of these tasks rely on executive functions (EF) – working memory, attention/cognitive control, and inhibition. Executive functioning has long been viewed as relatively static. However, starting with recent reports of successful cognitive interventions, this view is changing and now EFs are seen as much more open to both short- and long-term “training,” “warm-up,” and “exhaustion” effects. Some of the most intriguing evidence suggests that engaging in social interaction enhances performance on standard EF tests. Interestingly, the latest research indicates these EF benefits are selectively conferred by certain on-line, dynamic social interactions, which require participants to mentally engage with another person and actively construct a model of their mind. We review this literature and highlight its connection with evolutionary and cultural theories emphasizing links between intelligence and sociality.