Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Network Intrusion Detection Using Machine Learning Techniques

: In this work, I compare the utilization of assorted machine learning techniques for detecting intrusions in networks. The dataset that we used is NSL-KDD dataset, this dataset may be a refined version of KDD’99 dataset. Firstly, I analyze the dataset, to spot the quantity of examples and features that are present in it, to spot the amount of categorical features versus continuous features. Secondly, I perform preprocessing on the dataset, as a part of preprocessing step, I perform feature selection, followed by feature encoding, followed by feature scaling. I used Extra Trees Classifier feature selection technique, to extract those features which contribute the foremost. I used One Hot Encoder feature encoding technique, to encode the categorial features. I used Standard Scaler feature scaling technique, to scale the numerical features, so all the numerical features are within the same range. Thirdly, I apply various machine learning techniques like Decision Tree, Random Forest Classifier, Gaussian Naïve Bayes and KNN on this preprocessed dataset for training the models to classify normal and attack network traffic. Then i exploit these trained models on a test dataset, to perform classification of normal and attack network traffic. so we compare the accuracy achieved by each of those machine learning models, to spot the simplest machine learning model. Finally, compared the test accuracy achieved by the simplest machine learning model that's identified in previous step, and that we propose that, KNN classifier gives better accuracy for network intrusion detection.
Integrating phonological and phonetic aspects of Mandarin Tone 3 sandhi in auditory sentence disambiguation

This study investigates whether Mandarin listeners integrate a prosody-covarying phonological variable, the Chinese Tone 3 sandhi (T3S), into auditory sentence disambiguation. The T3S process changes the first of two consecutive low tones (T3) into a rising tone. It applies obligatorily within a foot and optionally across feet. When T3S is optional, it is more likely to apply to Tone 3 syllables across smaller prosodic boundaries than larger ones; the smaller the boundary, the sharper the T3S pitch rise. Participants listened to twenty-seven structurally ambiguous sentences and identified from two written interpretations the one consistent with what they heard. Each sentence contains two consecutive Tone 3 syllables, and posing different prosodic boundaries between the Tone 3 syllables would result in different interpretations. The first Tone 3 syllable was manipulated into three tone shapes (sharp-rising, shallow-rising, low) and two duration types (long, short). The results show higher major-juncture interpretation rates when the first Tone 3 is long than short, when T3S does not apply than when it applies, and when T3S has a shallower than sharper pitch slope. The tone effect further interacts with the foot formation of Tone 3 syllables in each sentence. We propose that listeners have sophisticated knowledge of prosodic variables and use it efficiently in linguistically meaningful contexts.
Common Indications and Techniques in Prenatal MRI

Fetal and perinatal diagnostic imaging with MRI has evolved and expanded during recent times, allowing more widespread use and availability. Common indications are for neurodevelopmental conditions that are inconclusive with ultrasonography. The modality is pivotal in treatment planning for in utero interventions, such as repair of neural tube defects, and for particular obstetrical complications. The technique is also useful for identifying neurological sequelae from conditions like congenital heart defects and maternal viral infections. Many other applications are not indicated for routine use, particularly due to the high cost, but show much promise in research applications. Recently, complications associated with COVID-19 have been an area of interest, with prenatal MRI cohorts and case studies reporting obstetrical complications and neurodevelopmental effects. This review is aimed at highlighting common indications for the use of MRI in maternal-fetal medicine, including the MRI sequences and physics often implemented. Also, an in-depth analysis of the SARSCoV-2 virus is discussed; in addition to pregnancy-related complications and the role of prenatal MRI in diagnosis and treatment.
Landscape pattern characteristics of northern foothill belts along Tianshan mountains

This paper investigates the oasis expansion and land use changes in arid Manas River Valley using imageries of Landsat MSS, TM and ETM, land use and topographic maps. Over last 50 years, oasis area increased from 156.385km2 in 1949 to 5042.440 km2 in 2001. Oasis expansion process over last 50 years can be divided into oasization and urbanization stages according to the rate of increase. Farmland quickly increased from 156.4 km2 in 1949 to 3639.5 km2 in 1976 during the oasization stage with an annual increase rate of 129.004 km2/a. In urbanization stage from 1976 to 2001, urban area increased from 22.481 km2 to 75.257 km2 with an annual increase rate of 2.111 km2/a. The driving-force analysis reveals that human activities of reclamation and population growth played a major role in oasis expansion in Manas River Valley. With the oasis expansion, a series of eco-environment problems such as sand invasion, pasture degeneration, soil saltization and land abandonment have become more and more seriously. The issues of how to improve the efficiency of water resource usage, protect mountain and desert environments, deal with saltization problems in oasis have become the most important research topics of oasis expansion and sustainable development over these oasis.
First order controls of avulsion in river deltas

Changed hydrological regimes, sea-level rise, and accelerated subsidence are all putting river deltas at risk across the globe. Deltas may respond to these stressors through the mechanism of avulsion. Decades of delta avulsion studies have resulted in conflicting hypotheses that avulsion frequency and location are upstream (water and sediment discharge) or downstream (backwater and sea-level rise) controlled. In this study, we use Delft3D morphodynamic simulations to investigate the main controls over delta avulsion. Avulsion timing and location were recorded in six scenarios modelled over a 400-year period with varying alluvial slopes upstream of a delta slope break (1.13x10-4 to 3.04x10-3) within a range representative global deltas. We measure several independent morphometric variables including avulsion length, delta lobe width, channel width at avulsion, delta topset slope and sediment load. Correlating these variables with the avulsion timescales observed in our model shows that avulsion timescale is mostly controlled by sediment load, which in turn is controlled by the alluvial slope upstream of a delta slope break. With higher stream power index in steeper alluvial slopes, more sediment can be carried within a channel, resulting in more frequent avulsions. Our results are consistent with the avulsion timescale derived from an analytical solution, 19 natural deltas and downscaled physical laboratory deltas. These results help mitigate delta avulsion risk by focusing management efforts on variables that primarily control avulsion in a river delta, but also induce further debate over whether sea-level rise may, or may not, trigger more avulsions in river deltas.
Diffuse emission of carbon dioxide, methane, and helium‐3 from Teide Volcano, Tenerife, Canary Islands

Diffuse emission of CO2, CH4 and ³He was investigated in the summit crater of Teide volcano, Tenerife, Canary Islands. The results indicate that Teide volcano releases abundant CO2 not only from its active crater, but also from its flanks as diffuse soil emanations. The spatial distribution of these emanations correlates quite closely with that of geothermal anomalies and manifestations. Our flux measurements indicate a total output of 380 ton·day−1 of CO2 and 1.6 on·day−1 of CH4 by diffuse degassing. From the ³He/CO2 ratios and the CO2 flux we estimate a diffuse ³He flux of 0.052 mol·year−1. Isotopic analysis of carbon in soil gas samples from sites of high soil CO2 flux indicates a magmatic origin for the CO2, also reported by high ³He/ 4He ratios of 5.50 and 5.87 Ra. The origin of methane is more uncertain with low δ13C values suggesting a biogenic contribution.
Quantification of soil erosion by dust devil in the Jordan Badia

This study aims to provide a quantitative estimate of the amount of erosion caused by dust devils in the Jordan Badia, and to find the meteorological variables that drive the formation of these dust devils. To achieve this goal a field study was done in Al-Majidyya, Jordan, on 9 days in the period of July 23 – August 5, 2012, during which a total of 518 dust devils were observed. Dust devils were observed between 09:09 and 17:34, were most active between 12:00 and 13:00, and were significantly more active during the first than during the second part of day. Temperature lapse rates of at least 0.76 °C/m were required for dust devil formation, and dust devils became more frequent with temperature lapse rates increasing up to a value of 1.2 °C/m. Dust devil frequency remained constant with further increases in temperature lapse rate. Dust devils were observed in the wind speed range of 0.1 – 7.5 m/s, and showed a positive relation with wind speed up to a value of 2 m/s. For values of the wind speed higher than 3 m/s, the relation became negative. A cyclic pattern was observed in the lower 2.5 m of the atmosphere during which temperature lapse rate and wind speed were highly correlated and showed a cyclic pattern of rising and falling values. This cyclic pattern was proposed to negatively influence dust devil frequency. Annual amounts of erosion for the Jordan Badia were estimated at 9.79 kg/ha of locally and 0.03 kg/ha of regionally lost soil. These values were found to be low compared to other dust devil studies and other dust events. Compared to normal wind erosion, dust devils were found to be of low importance in this area. However, dust devils do contribute to atmospheric dust loading, which affects the atmospheric radiation balance, may pose health issues to humans and livestock, and may cause a loss of primary nutrients from the area. This study provides the only estimation of erosion by dust devils available for the Jordan Badia.
E NERGY B UDGETS AND P ERFORMANCE D EVELOPMENT OF T URBULENT B OUNDARY -L AYER C ONTROL ON A IRFOILS

We present a comprehensive parametric study on the ﬂow-control scheme denoted as wall-normal uniform blowing and suction in turbulent boundary layers around airfoils. The focus is primarily put on the inﬂuence of the drag caused by the power consumption of the support system. We also assess the theoretical background of the momentum budget including free-stream and boundary-layer control ﬂux. It is shown that this assessment is crucial if a complete understanding and a reliable measurement of the drag in such system is desired in practice.
From snow X-ray microtomograph raw volume data to micromechanics modeling: first results

Abstract The new approaches in absorption X-ray microtomography allow snow-volume image acquisition in the cm3 range without destroying snow structure, and make it possible to perform micromechanical studies with the real geometry. The main objective of this paper is to introduce the development of a new three-dimensional (3-D) geometry modeling and finite-element analysis simulation package adapted to these scales. These new code modules and procedures are briefly described using an isothermal metamorphism snow experiment (–2°C, 3 months). This sample of aged snow (3.375mm3; 3003 voxels) allows simulation of a simple hypothetical uniaxial compressive stress experiment. The constitutive equations, boundary conditions, basic assumptions and the result showing the stress field over the 3-D data are discussed. The first qualitative results show a maximum stress of 6–9MPa in some small bonds, showing the potential of these codes to simulate the micromechanical behavior of complex materials.
Shallot (Allium cepa var. ascolonicum) responses to plant nutrients and soil moisture in a sub-humit tropical climate

Shallot requirements of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium fertilizers were studied under rain-fed and irrigated conditions on heavy clay soils with low to medium organic matter contents in a sub-humid tropical climate of eastern Ethiopia. Influences of varying levels of irrigation water in combination with nitrogen fertilizer were assessed. Impacts of soil moisture stresses at different growth stages of the plant were evaluated in greenhouse and under field conditions. Different types of mulching materials were evaluated for their effect on the shallot crop and some soil characteristics. Parameters of plant growth, yield and bulb quality and storability were assessed in relation to applied treatments. The results showed the significance of soil moisture for shallot production in the sub-tropical climate. All mulching treatments improved shallot yields during the short season. During the main season, however, straw and clear plastic mulches favoured heavy weed infestation and reduced yields. Black plastic mulches increased yield up to three-fold without negative effects on the quality of bulbs. Soil moisture stresses at all growth stages severely affected shallot yield and quality. Frequent irrigation at 25% depletion of available moisture throughout the growing season was required to achieve high yields. However, frequent irrigation was also found to reduce the quality and storability of the bulbs. Nitrogen fertilization promoted vegetative growth, delayed bulb development and exposed plants to soil moisture stresses ahead of maturity and, thus, reduced yield of rain-fed shallots. When supplemental irrigation was provided, however, yield increases of about 10-15% from nitrogen fertilization in the range 75-150 kg ha -1 were achieved. The different nitrogen sources caused few and small differences in internal and external bulb quality. On the other hand, there were more storage losses in nitrogen-fertilized shallots. Phosphorus fertilization at rates of 25 or 50 kg ha -1 increased yield and bulb weight even when soil analysis did not show deficiency. On the other hand, potassium was not found to be a limiting nutrient in the clay soil used in this study. The potential for shallot yield improvements through irrigation and nitrogen fertilization needs consideration of better storage facilities. The advantages gained would otherwise be lost within few weeks after harvest as both conditions may increase storage losses and reduce bulb quality. Assessment of cultivars with better storability would also deserve further assessment.
Solar activity dependence of the electron density in the equatorial anomaly regions observed by CHAMP

[1] We have investigated the solar activity dependence of the electron density at equatorial and low latitudes using 6 years (a) of measurements between 1 August 2000 and 1 August 2006 from CHAMP and compared it with the international reference ionosphere (IRI) model. The solar activity dependence observed by CHAMP at 400 km altitude exhibits significant variation with latitude, season, and local time. First, the electron density in the crest regions of the equatorial ionization anomaly (EIA) grows roughly linearly from solar minimum to solar maximum, with a higher growth rate than that in the EIA trough region. Second, the solar activity dependence in the EIA crest regions varies strongly with season. The growth rate of the electron density with increasing solar activity around equinoxes is about 1.5 to 2 times greater than that near solstices. Third, the solar activity dependence of the EIA structure varies significantly with local time. In the noon sector the crest-to-trough ratio (CTR) obtained at 400 km altitude varies within only a small range between 1.14 and 1.43 from solar minimum to solar maximum. In the postsunset local time sector, however, the CTR grows remarkably with solar activity level, reaching values of above 3.9 at solar maximum. These differences are attributed to the different solar activity dependence of the vertical plasma drift in corresponding local time sectors. The IRI model was found to reproduce the equatorial electron density well near 400 km in the noon sector at all solar activity levels. However, it significantly overestimates it in the postsunset to premidnight sector at high solar activity levels. The major cause for this overestimation has been found to be the IRI's inadequate representation of the F2 layer maximum height (hmF2) in this sector, while the IRI's lack of equatorial spread F seems to play only a minor role.
Viscous and Two-Phase Debris Flows in Southern China's Yunnan Plateau

Abstract Debris flows are often triggered by heavy rainfall and flash floods in mountainous areas. Generally, debris flows are the most disastrous event associated with floods and cause most of the fatalities resulting from flood events. This paper reports a study of debris flows by filed investigations at the Xiaojiang watershed, which is in the upper Yangtze River basin, and flume experiments. Two types of debris flows—viscous debris flows and two-phase debris flows — occur on the Yunnan Plateau in south China. Viscous debris flows consist of clay, silt, sand, and gravel. This kind of flow is non-Newtonian and often develops into roll waves. They sometimes exhibit drag reduction and extremely high super-elevation. The drag reduction is mainly due to the effects of air cushions and the bed smoothening. Two-phase debris flows consist of gravel and boulders and show obvious relative movement between the solid particles and the liquid. Flume experiments show that debris flows may be triggered by torrential floods if the channel bed's slope is over a critical value. The height of the debris flow head is proportional to the size of the gravel. A striking phenomenon was observed, in which the velocity of particles in the surging head is much lower than those in the following part. The velocity profile of particles in the head is linear and that in the following main flow shows an inverted “s” shape. For the same bed material, the resistance of a two-phase debris flow is higher than the resistance of a water flow because the collisions among the particles create great resistance. The resistance increases with the diameter of solid materials.
Experiments on mixing due to internal solitary waves breaking on uniform slopes

The shoaling and breaking of an internal solitary wave of depression on a uniform slope were studied experimentally. The waves were generated with as large an amplitude as possible while minimizing mixing at the generation site, thus maximizing the amount of energy propagating onto the slope in the experiment. Various bottom slopes, fluid layer thickness ratios, and density ratios were investigated. The mechanism leading to breaking was examined with flow visualization and particle image velocimetry. Since the layer thickness ratio primarily controls the length (LW) of the solitary wave (for a given amplitude a), it is found that the ratio of LW and the characteristic length of the slope LS determines the amount of energy reflected from the slope. The mixing efficiency of the breaking event, defined as the ratio of the increase of potential energy divided by the amount of wave energy lost at the slope, peaks at a maximum of 25% when LW/LS = 0.5, with a decrease in efficiency for points on either side of this peak value.
A new rapid prospecting method for submarine hydrothermal activity by determining lipopolysaccharide as bacterial biomass

Submarine hydrothermal activity can hardly be detected by measuring water temperature or found by conventional methods like 3He, CH4 and/or metal ions measurements except through time consuming procedures. We applied a rapid and ultra-sensitive colorimetric method to measure the concentration of lipopolysaccharide (LPS), an indicator of bacterial biomass, in seawater around the Izu-Ogasawara Arc, northwestern Pacific, where the presence of hydrothermal activity is suggested. High anomalies of LPS at ca. 50 m-water layer above the sea bottom were discovered in a submarine caldera along the volcanic front and in a back-arc depression. Many extraordinarily large-sized bacteria were also discovered in the sample containing high LPS concentration. It takes only about an hour to analyze LPS after obtaining a sample, and a mere 100 μl of seawater sample is enough for this method. This method should be very effective for the purposes of prospecting the hydrothermal activity.
Optical tomography with MRI anatomical information based on the transport equation

The main disadvantage of optical tomography is the low spatial resolution, in order to conquer it, a new combination reconstruction algorithm is proposed, where the MRI anatomical structural information is incorporated into the optical tomography based on the transport equation. In the process of reconstruction, the structural information from MRI is used to determine the initial distribution of optical properties and the specific steps are presented in detail. The Levenberg Marquardt algorithm is introduced to implement the optimized computation of the objective function, in which the values of hyper parameters are critical to the reconstructed results. In experiments, phantoms simulating the breast tissue are presented to verify this algorithm, and the corresponding images reconstructed by algorithms with and without MRI prior information are given. And then, the impacts of hyper parameters and the number of source-detector pairs on reconstructed results are discussed, and a few criteria are presented to evaluate the quality of reconstructed images. Finally, by the comparison of reconstructed results, it can be concluded that this new reconstruction algorithm with MRI prior information can achieve more accurate reconstructed results, improve the spatial resolution of images and the localization of abnormal region.
Structural and functional

The article substantiates the structural and functional model of formation of the readiness of future specialists in computer technologies for professional activity by means of digital technologies. To achieve the goal of the article, the methodology is applied, which consists in conducting an analysis of the research of the problem of pedagogical modeling of the formation of the readiness of future specialists in computer technologies for professional activities in the field of digital technologies. On the basis of the conducted analysis, the concept of «structural-functional model», its structure and prospects of introduction into the educational process of future specialists in computer technologies are defined. It has been established that models in pedagogical science are successfully used for high-quality planning
Hydraulics of Resting Pools for Denil Fishways

This paper presents the results of an exploratory laboratory study on the hydraulics of fish resting pools that are built between two Denil fishways, making a full turn or arranged in a folded-back pattern. These experiments show that the flow from the Denil entering the pool diffuses as a surface jet, with an increased growth rate, possibly because of the circulation and turbulence in the pool. This diffusing jet impinges on the backwall and dives into the pool. The flow formation in the vicinity of the outflowing Denil appears to occur in a relatively small region. The energy dissipation in the pool is significant. To provide some resting areas for fish ascending the multiple Denils, it is necessary to provide some depth below the common invert of the two Denils. Some suggestions have been made for determining the size of these resting pools.