Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Blockchain Assisted Hybrid Intrusion Detection System in Autonomous Vehicles for Industry 5.0

Industry 5.0 integrates human ability with machines to satisfy the increasing demands of automation. Autonomous Vehicles (AVs) are vital in Industry 5.0 due to their high mobility and intelligent decision-making. Data collected from AVs using Road Side Units (RSUs) aid in enhanced delivery, automated ride-sharing and minimized latency travel. The AVs are reticent to exchange information with other vehicles to ensure data privacy. As there is no trusted environment for data exchange, the AV data are vulnerable to cyber infiltration due to the widespread use of software and the activation of wireless connections. Identifying the source of data that has been shared without authorization is challenging. In this paper, we exploit Machine Learning (ML) with an Intrusion Detection System (IDS) that incorporates Stochastic Gradient Descent (SGD) for detecting intrusions in assistance with blockchain for an enhanced trust evaluation in a 5G-V2X Internet of Vehicles (IoV) environment. A detailed analysis demonstrates that the proposed Blockchain assisted IDS (BIDS) is efficient and secures 98% accuracy compared with the other state-of-the-art solutions.
Modeling the radiative impact of mineral dust during the Saharan Dust Experiment (SHADE) campaign

[1] The Oslo chemical transport model (Oslo CTM2) is driven by meteorological data to model mineral dust during the Saharan Dust Experiment (SHADE) campaign in September 2000. Model calculations of the optical properties and radiative transfer codes are used to assess the direct radiative impact in the solar and terrestrial regions of the spectrum. The model calculations are compared to a wide range of measurements (satellite, ground-based, and aircraft) during the campaign. The model reproduces the main features during the SHADE campaign, including a large mineral dust storm. The optical properties and the vertical profiles are in reasonable agreement with the measurements. There is a very good agreement between the modeled radiative impact and observations. The strongest local solar radiative impact we model is around −115 Wm−2. On a global scale the radiative effect of mineral dust from Sahara exerts a significant negative net radiative effect.
Design of the spectroscopic ultraviolet multi-object observatory (SUMO) prototype for deployment on the INFUSE sounding rocket

We present the design of the Spectroscopic Ultraviolet Multi-object Observatory (SUMO) prototype and our plan to deploy this instrument on the INFUSE sounding rocket as an independent fly-along instrument. The SUMO prototype is part of the technology maturation program of SUMO - a mission concept designed for a future small satellite platform. SUMO is designed for astrophysics research in the Far-Ultraviolet (FUV) and Near-Ultraviolet (NUV) regimes encapsulating a wide range of programs, including efforts to understand the processes of star formation and galaxy evolution. Since the last major UV NASA missions, FUSE and GALEX, NASA has invested significantly into technology development for the UV bandpass. As a result, high reflectance mirror coatings and state-of-the-art detectors are now available. These technologies, along with the developed optical design, allow SUMO to achieve effective areas that are comparable to those achieved by FUSE and GALEX, at a fraction of the size and cost. The SUMO prototype consists of an 8 cm Cassegrain telescope and a Digital Micromirror Device (DMD)-based Multi-Object Spectrometer (MOS), with parallel imaging and spectroscopic channels. As part of this work, we are also developing a custom DMD controller, which is suitable for operation in the space environment. Given that current DMD-based spectrographs have been solely ground-based, this will be the first time a DMD-based instrument is deployed in space. Because the SUMO prototype will be deployed as a secondary payload, the spectrograph is also designed for completely autonomous operation. The SUMO prototype is tentatively scheduled for flight in 2025.
Structure and properties of the subsolar magnetopause for northward IMF: ISEE observations

Detailed magnetopause structure and properties for the magnetic field, electric field and plasma are examined for an ISEE 1 magnetopause crossing which occurred near the subsolar point when the interplanetary magnetic field (IMF) was strongly northward. Because the crossing is slow, the spatial variations in the plasma are clearly resolved. This example illustrates the nature of the steady state interface of two magnetized thermal plasma populations with parallel fields and can serve as a guide to theoretical modeling and simulations. The authors have found that the magnetopause is composed of three layers, a sheath transition layer, an outer boundary layer and an inner boundary layer. In the sheath transition layer, there is a gradual density decrease without a change in temperature. The transition layer occurs totally within the magnetosheath plasma. The outer boundary layer and the inner boundary layer are dominated by magnetosheath and magnetospheric particles, respectively. In each of the boundary layers, the plasma can be interpreted as simple mixtures of the magnetosheath and magnetospheric populations. No significant heating or cooling is seen across the magnetopause during this crossing. The plasma within each of these layers is quite uniform and their boundaries are sharp, suggesting that there is verymore » little diffusion present. The sharp boundaries between the transition layer, the boundary layers and the magnetosphere are all thinner than an ion gyroradius. Transverse waves with right hand or linear polarization near the ion gyrofrequency are observed in the transition layer. These appear to be generated in the transition layer and to be a common feature of this layer when the IMF is northward. « less
Origin and Offshore Extent of Floating Algae in Olympic Sailing Area

Extensive patches of floating algae have appeared since mid-June in coastal waters off Qingdao, China, where the Olympic sailing competitions will be held on 9–23 August. By 27 June, field surveys showed that the patches occupied about 30%, or 15 square kilometers, of the 50-square-kilometer region designated for the competitions, posing potential problems for them, according to reports in local news media. The floating algae, whose spatial extent is the largest ever reported in the literature for the world's oceans (as revealed by satellite estimates indicated below), have attracted wide national and international attention since late June.
Applying SAR Interferometry for ground deformation detection in China

This paper applies SAR Interferometry for ground deformation in two cases: the 1998 Zhangbei-Shangyi Earthquake in Northern China and the urban subsidence in Suzhou City from 1993 to 2000. It is concluded that SAR interferometry may provide valuable information for understanding the spatial patterns and progress of natural hazards. SAR interferometry is also critical for mechanism studies and hazard mitigation.
Large discharges from ships in the Black Sea studied by synthetic aperture radar with the support of automated identification systems

During routine oil spill monitoring in the eastern Black Sea in 2011 and 2012 by RDC ScanEx, unprecedentedly large patches of oil of shipping origin were detected on synthetic aperture radar (SAR) images. The oil spills were detected mostly in the Russian sector of the sea or on its borders. The presence of large oil spills was confirmed using Terra and Aqua optical images. Using automated identification systems data, the vessel candidates were identified, and two of them were inspected. This paper presents for the first time the results of monitoring that show that the central part of the Black Sea is used for tank-washing operations and illegal dumping of oily products. The legality of producing these spills in the framework of the International Convention for the Prevention of Pollution from Ships (MARPOL) is also discussed. These and other similar events registered during the monitoring require the attention of environmental and nature conservation organizations. Summary maps of large oil spills detected in the Eastern Black Sea in 2011 and 2012 are presented and discussed.
Drought in the United States: 1895–1981

Statewide averages of temperature and precipitation, from January 1895 to April 1981, were interpolated to a grid and Palmer Drought Severity Indices (PDSI) calculated for each of the grid points. Principal component (PC) analysis was performed on the gridded values of PDSI. By rotating the PC, nine readily identifiable patterns of drought are delineated. Each PC relates to different regions of the country, and is characterized by a distinct annual oscillation of monthly average precipitation. A high degree of confidence is placed in the state gridded data as patterns compare favourably to those derived using smaller averaging areas. Univariate and multivariate autoregressive spectral estimation procedures together with the traditional spectral estimation techniques were used to investigate the spectra and coherence of the PC scores. No significant cycles were found in the 86-year (1036 months) data set. Coherence was very low (<0.30) for all frequencies between the various patterns depicted by the PC. Both the spectra of PC scores and drought duration statistics point to the major difference in droughts across the United States; droughts persist much longer in the interior portions of the country than in areas closer to the coasts. Sensitivity tests on the PDSI indicate that this is not directly attributable to the spatially varying available soil water capacity parameter used in the PDSI calculations. This is not to say that soil moisture evaporation does not indirectly influence drought duration, but merely that the differing lengths of droughts in the United States are real and not an artefact of the mechanics in the PDSI calculations.
AMMONOIDS ACROSS THE PERMIAN/TRIASSIC BOUNDARY: A CLADISTIC PERSPECTIVE

Abstract: The rapid diversification of ceratitid ammonoids during the earliest Mesozoic has been taken at face value as an example of explosive radiation following the Permian/Triassic mass extinction. However, the validity of this interpretation has never been tested within a phylogenetic framework. A total evidence cladistic analysis of Mid–Late Permian and Induan (earliest Triassic) ammonoids confirms the monophyly of the Ceratitida. Partitioned phylogenetic analysis of suture line characters vs. shell shape and ornament characters confirms the importance of suture‐line characters for resolving the higher taxonomy of ammonoids. When the cladogram is compared with the observed fossil record, the resultant tree implies that the divergence of a number of early Triassic lineages actually occurred during the latest Permian. If these range extensions are taken into account the ammonoid per‐genus extinction rate across the Permian/Triassic boundary drops from c. 85 per cent to c. 60 per cent.
Evaluation for Ion Heating of H2A-H2B Dimer in Ion Mobility Spectrometry–Mass Spectrometry

Ion mobility spectrometry–mass spectrometry (IMS-MS) provides m/z values and collision cross sections (CCSs) of gas-phase ions. In our previous study, an intrinsically disordered protein, the H2A-H2B dimer, was analyzed using IMS-MS, resulting in two conformational populations of CCS. Based on experimental and theoretical approaches, this resulted from a structural diversity of intrinsically disordered regions. We predicted that this phenomenon is related to ion heating in the IMS-MS instrument. In this study, to reveal the effect of ion heating from parameters in the IMS-MS instrument on the conformational population of the H2A-H2B dimer, we investigated the arrival time distributions of the H2A-H2B dimer by changing values of three instrumental parameters, namely, cone voltage located in the first vacuum chamber, trap collision energy (trap CE) for tandem mass spectrometry, and trap bias voltage for the entrance of IMS. These results revealed that the two populations observed for the H2A-H2B dimer were due to the trap bias voltage. Furthermore, to evaluate the internal energies of the analyte ions with respect to each parameter, benzylpyridinium derivatives were used as temperature-sensitive probes. The results showed that the trap CE voltage imparts greater internal energy to the ions than the trap bias voltage. In addition, this slight change in the internal energy caused by the trap bias voltage resulted in the structural diversity of the H2A-H2B dimer. Therefore, the trap bias voltage should be set with attention to the properties of the analytes, even if the effect of the trap bias voltage on the internal energy is negligible.
Geology, structure, and tectonics of the Pajarito fault zone in the Española basin of the Rio Grande rift, New Mexico

The Pajarito fault zone forms the western border of the Velarde graben, the presently active, central subbasin of the Espanola basin section of the Rio Grande rift in north-central New Mexico. The fault zone is a north-northeast-trending zone of predominantly down-to-the-east faults that cut Miocene to Pliocene volcanic rocks along the eastern flank of the Jemez Mountains. Where the fault zone cuts the 1.1-m.y. -old Tshirege Member of the Bandelier Tuff, it has produced a steep, 50- to 100-m-high fault scarp. The total displacement across the fault zone during its 5-m.y. history is between 200 and 600 m. Rates of displacement for the time periods 0–5, 0–1.1, and 1.1–5 m.y. ago range from 0.02 to 0.136 mm/yr. Abrupt facies changes between older volcanics and volcaniclastic sediments of the Jemez Mountains appear to have controlled the local position, trend, and character of the Pajarito fault zone. The fault zone bows and/or steps eastward where two large volcanic complexes are present but is found farther west in between and at either end of the volcanic complexes. One complex was sufficiently massive to interfere with the development of the Velarde graben. Slickensides on mesoscopic faults in the Tshirege Member of the Bandelier Tuff indicate that the Pajarito fault zone has undergone extension in two directions during the past 1.1 m.y. , approximately parallel and perpendicular to the local trend of the fault zone. These directions indicate that the Pajarito fault zone has reoriented the regional minimum and intermediate stress directions to perpendicular and parallel, respectively, to the local trend of the fault zone, and that both minimum and intermediate stress directions are tensional. A tectonic history for the Pajarito fault zone area of the Espanola basin begins with relatively stable accumulation of prerift and synrift sediments from Eocene to Oligocene time. Sedimentation concomitant with faulting, unrelated to the Pajarito fault zone, filled deep central depressions within the Espanola basin. This faulting ceased prior to the end of the filling of the basin, around 10 m.y. ago in the local area. Jemez Mountain volcanism began about this time, before movement along the western-margin border faults of the Espanola basin caused west-tilting of old volcanics and sediments, about 7.5 m.y. ago. Volcanism continued under relatively stable conditions until ∼5 m.y. ago. At this time, the Pajarito fault zone and Velarde graben formed. Faulting has continued to the present, localized along this central subbasin.
A Scientometric Analysis and Visualization of Prosthetic Foot Research Work: 2000 to 2022

This study aims to highlight recent research work on topics around prosthetic feet through a scientometric analysis and historical review. The most cited publications from the Clarivate Analytics Web of Science Core Collection database were identified and analyzed from 1 January 2000 to 31 October 2022. Original articles, reviews with full manuscripts, conference proceedings, early access documents, and meeting abstracts were included. A scientometric visualization analysis of the bibliometric information related to the publications, including the countries, institutions, journals, references, and keywords, was conducted. A total of 1827 publications met the search criteria in this study. The related publications grouped by year show an overall trend of increase during the two decades from 2000 to 2022. The United States is ranked first in terms of overall influence in this field (n = 774). The Northwestern University has published the most papers on prosthetic feet (n = 84). Prosthetics and Orthotics International has published the largest number of studies on prosthetic feet (n = 151). During recent years, a number of studies with citation bursts and burst keywords (e.g., diabetes, gait, pain, and sensor) have provided clues on the hotspots of prosthetic feet and prosthetic foot trends. The findings of this study are based on a comprehensive analysis of the literature and highlight the research topics on prosthetic feet that have been primarily explored. The data provide guidance to clinicians and researchers to further studies in this field.
Dianulites (Trepostomata, Bryozoa) from the Early Ordovician of Severnaya Zemlya, Arctic Russia

Abstract Trepostome bryozoan Dianulites borealis Astrova, 1965, the earliest known member of this genus, has been identified from the Early Ordovician of Severnaya Zemlya, Arctic Russia. This species developed hemispherical colonies which indicate that it lived on a relatively soft substrate with moderately low rates of sedimentation and erosion. The new record from Severnaya Zemlya expands the palaeogeographical distribution of Dianulites, known before from the Early Ordovician of Novaya Zemlya, Arctic Russia.
Characterization of the Paleoproterozoic Mantle beneath the Fennoscandian Shield: Geochemistry and Isotope Geology (Nd, Sr) of ~ 1.8 Ga Mafic Plutonic Rocks from the Transscandinavian Igneous Belt in Southeast Sweden

Geochemistry and Sr-Nd isotope geochemistry of ca. 1.8 Ga, mafic intrusions of the Transscandinavian Igneous Belt (TIB-1) in the Fennoscandian shield were studied in southeastern Sweden. These rocks show LILE-LREE-enriched, HFSE-depleted, calc-alkaline, continental arc signatures in the north, grading to slightly less enriched, oceanic affinities southward. εNd(1.80) values range from +2.0 to +0.7 and 87Sr/86Sr(1.80) from 0.7022 to 0.7029 (with one outlier at 0 and 0.7033), without correlation to fractionation (e.g., Mg#) or crustal contamination, indicating sources that are mildly depleted. The most depleted ratios occur in the south, trending with the geochemistry toward more enriched compositions northward. The sources represent depleted mantle wedge material that was subjected to enrichment not long before (TDM ca. 2.0 Ga), i.e., during the preceding arc subduction (2.1-1.82 Ga), and/or during the TIB-1 magmatism itself, by hydrous fluids with a sediment and/or melt input increasing northward. The TIB-1 magmatism occurred above a south(west)ward-retreating subduction zone along the continental margin of the juvenile Svecofennian continent at 1.81-1.76 Ga.
Effects of observational errors on the resolution of surface waves at intermediate distances

In this paper a simple procedure is shown that permits the estimation of resolution for a given set of data having specified measurement errors. For estimation of the resolution obtainable with a given set of data, it is not sufficient to combine the partial derivatives of the observed quantities with respect to the parameters at depth; since the resolution is severely limited by the errors of measurement, these errors must also be considered. The determination of shear velocity for the crust and upper mantle from surface-wave observations is considered as an example. The relative effectiveness of various combinations of modes for the determination of shear velocity is discussed.
Prevalence of SARS-CoV-2 Omicron Sublineages and Spike Protein Mutations Conferring Resistance against Monoclonal Antibodies in a Swedish Cohort during 2022–2023

Monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) are an important treatment option for COVID-19 caused by SARS-CoV-2, especially in immunosuppressed patients. However, this treatment option can become ineffective due to mutations in the SARS-CoV-2 genome, mainly in the receptor binding domain (RBD) of the spike (S) protein. In the present study, 7950 SARS-CoV-2 positive samples from the Uppsala and Örebro regions of central Sweden, collected between March 2022 and May 2023, were whole-genome sequenced using amplicon-based sequencing methods on Oxford Nanopore GridION, Illumina MiSeq, Illumina HiSeq, or MGI DNBSEQ-G400 instruments. Pango lineages were determined and all single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) mutations that occurred in these samples were identified. We found that the dominant sublineages changed over time, and mutations conferring resistance to currently available mAbs became common. Notable ones are R346T and K444T mutations in the RBD that confer significant resistance against tixagevimab and cilgavimab mAbs. Further, mutations conferring a high-fold resistance to bebtelovimab, such as the K444T and V445P mutations, were also observed in the samples. This study highlights that resistance mutations have over time rendered currently available mAbs ineffective against SARS-CoV-2 in most patients. Therefore, there is a need for continued surveillance of resistance mutations and the development of new mAbs that target more conserved regions of the RBD.
Microscale spatial variability of snowpack: isotopic and chemical heterogeneity of a firn pack at Qomolangma (Mount Everest), central Himalaya

Abstract For a better understanding of snow metamorphosing processes and more precise snow-ice-core interpretations, it is necessary to know the extent of microscale spatial variability of isotopic and chemical distributions in a snowpack. This work presents an investigation on the horizontal heterogeneity of the isotopic and chemical distributions in a firn pack on East Rongbuk Glacier at Qomolangma (Mount Everest), central Himalaya. One pit wall of 1.2 ×1.2m2 at 6520ma.s. l. was sampled at intervals of 10 cm in a matrix pattern with a total of 144 samples collected. All the samples were analyzed for δ18O and ionic concentrations. Small horizontal isotopic and large chemical heterogeneities were found. The averaged coefficient of variation (CV) of the twelve 10 cm thick layers for δ18O is 0.052, and in the whole snow thickness of 120 cm it is 0.016, which is in the range of analytic precision and thus indicates complete homogeneity. However, the ionic distribution shows considerable heterogeneity. The averaged CV values of the 10 cm thick layers for ionic concentrations vary in the range 0.628–1.477 depending on the ions. Based on these CV values, the heterogeneity sequence is: Mg2+ > Ca2+ > K+ > Na+ > Cl– > SO42– > PO4 3 – > NO3 – > NH4 +. The averaged CV values for all the ions, except for NH4 +, decrease with increasing snow thickness, although the decreasing rates and extents are different. However, the CV values of different ions are still large and in the range 0.183–1.116 when the snow thickness increases to 120 cm. The heterogeneity sequence becomes: K+ > Mg2+ > Ca2+ > NH4 + > Na+ > Cl– > PO4 3– > NO3 – > SO4 2–. The CV average change with thickness is different for NH4 +. From 20 to 100 cm it increases slightly with increasing thickness, but all the values are lower than the average of 10cm thick layers.