Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Detecting and tracking moving humans from a moving vehicle

In September 2007 the Army Research Laboratory (ARL) Robotics Collaborative Technology Alliance (CTA) conducted an assessment of multiple pedestrian detection algorithms based upon LADAR or video sensor data. Eight detection algorithms developed by the Robotics CTA member organizations, including ARL, were assessed in an experiment conducted by the National Institute of Science & Technology (NIST) and ARL to determine the probability of detection/misclassification and false alarm rate as a function of vehicle speed, degree of environmental clutter, and pedestrian speeds. The study is part of an ongoing investigation of safe operations for unmanned ground vehicles. This assessment marked the first time in this program that human movers acted as targets for detection from a moving vehicle. A focus of the study was to choreograph repeatable human movement scenarios relative to the movement of the vehicle. The resulting data is intended to support comparative analysis across treatment conditions and to allow developers to examine performance with respect to specific detection and tracking events. Events include humans advancing and retreating from the vehicle at different angles, humans crossing paths in close proximity and occlusion situations where sight to the mover from the sensor system is momentarily lost. A detailed operational procedure ensured repeatable human movement with independent ground truth supplied by a NIST ultra wideband wireless tracking system. Post processing and statistical analysis reconciled the tracking algorithm results with the NIST ground truth. We will discuss operational considerations and results.
Loading effect of water table variation and density effect on tidal head fluctuations in a coastal aquifer system

Water table variation will result in considerable variation of the weight of the pore water, which has loading effects on the groundwater flow in the underlying confined aquifer. Here we present an analytical solution on such a loading effect in a coastal aquifer system consisting of an unconfined aquifer, a confined aquifer, and an impermeable layer between them, with the two lower layers extending under the sea. The solution generalizes several existing ones in the literature. The water table variation's loading effects tend to enhance the amplitude and to reduce the phase shift of the tide‐induced head fluctuation. These effects become considerable when the tidal loading coefficient is large, the aquifer's offshore extending length is long, and the unconfined aquifer has large values of hydraulic conductivity and specific yield. Numerical examination indicated that the assumption of ignoring the density variation causes an error not greater than 2.5% of the tidal amplitude.
Cluster-Based Back-Pressure Routing Algorithm

The back-pressure algorithm introduced in 1992 by Tassiulas and Ephremides is a well-known distributed and adaptive routing/scheduling algorithm where nodes only need the queue-length information of neighboring nodes to make routing decisions. Packets are adaptively routed in the network according to congestion information, which makes the algorithm resilient to traffic and topology changes. However, the back-pressure algorithm requires routers to maintain a separate queue for each destination, which precludes its implementation in large-scale networks. In this paper, we propose a distributed cluster-based back-pressure routing algorithm that retains the adaptability of back-pressure routing while significantly reducing the number of queues that have to be maintained at each node.
Information Source Detection in the SIR Model: A Sample-Path-Based Approach

This paper studies the problem of detecting the information source in a network in which the spread of information follows the popular Susceptible-Infected-Recovered (SIR) model. We assume all nodes in the network are in the susceptible state initially, except one single information source that is in the infected state. Susceptible nodes may then be infected by infected nodes, and infected nodes may recover and will not be infected again after recovery. Given a snapshot of the network, from which we know the graph topology and all infected nodes but cannot distinguish susceptible nodes and recovered nodes, the problem is to find the information source based on the snapshot and the network topology. We develop a sample-path-based approach where the estimator of the information source is chosen to be the root node associated with the sample path that most likely leads to the observed snapshot. We prove for infinite-trees, the estimator is a node that minimizes the maximum distance to the infected nodes. A reverse-infection algorithm is proposed to find such an estimator in general graphs. We prove that for g+1-regular trees such that gq > 1, where g+1 is the node degree and q is the infection probability, the estimator is within a constant distance from the actual source with a high probability, independent of the number of infected nodes and the time the snapshot is taken. Our simulation results show that for tree networks, the estimator produced by the reverse-infection algorithm is closer to the actual source than the one identified by the closeness centrality heuristic. We then further evaluate the performance of the reverse infection algorithm on several real-world networks.
PENGGUNAAN JARAK DYNAMIC TIME WARPING (DTW) PADA ANALISIS CLUSTER DATA DERET WAKTU

Analisis cluster merupakan analisis multivariat yang bertujuan untuk mengelompokan objek berdasarkan karakteristik yang dimiliki. Analisis cluster data deret waktu merupakan salah satu teknik data mining yang dikembangkan untuk mengelompokan objek berdasarkan data deret waktunya. Data deret waktu digunakan di berbagai bidang diantaranya bisnis, teknik, dan ekonomi. Pengelompokan data deret waktu dilakukan dengan menggunakan jarak Autocorrelation-based, Complexity Invariant, Periodogram-based, dan Dynamic Time Warping(DTW). Dynamic Time Warping merupakan teknik pemrograman dinamis yang dapat menemukan jarak optimal antara dua deret waktu. Pemilihan jarak terbaik menggunakan korelasi cophenetic hasil analisis cluster hirarki menggunakan average linkage pada jarak Autocorrelation-based, Complexity Invariant, Periodogram-based, dan Dynamic Time Warping. Optimalisasi hasil analisis cluster hirarki menggunakan algoritma K-means dengan jumlah kelompok yang didapatkan melalui cluster hirarki. Validasi pengelompokan dengan algoritma K-means menggunakan koefisien silhouette. Nilai korelasi copheneticmenunjukkan bahwaDynamic Time Warping merupakan jarak terbaik dengan nilai korelasi cophenetic sebesar 0,9775802. Validasi pengelompokan menggunakan algoritma K-means menunjukkan jarak Dynamic Time Warping menghasilkan pengelompokan yang cukup baik dengan nilai koefisien silhouette sebesar 0,257.
On Combining Shortest-Path and Back-Pressure Routing Over Multihop Wireless Networks

Back-pressure-type algorithms based on the algorithm by Tassiulas and Ephremides have recently received much attention for jointly routing and scheduling over multihop wireless networks. However, this approach has a significant weakness in routing because the traditional back-pressure algorithm explores and exploits all feasible paths between each source and destination. While this extensive exploration is essential in order to maintain stability when the network is heavily loaded, under light or moderate loads, packets may be sent over unnecessarily long routes, and the algorithm could be very inefficient in terms of end-to-end delay and routing convergence times. This paper proposes a new routing/scheduling back-pressure algorithm that not only guarantees network stability (throughput optimality), but also adaptively selects a set of optimal routes based on shortest-path information in order to minimize average path lengths between each source and destination pair. Our results indicate that under the traditional back-pressure algorithm, the end-to-end packet delay first decreases and then increases as a function of the network load (arrival rate). This surprising low-load behavior is explained due to the fact that the traditional back-pressure algorithm exploits all paths (including very long ones) even when the traffic load is light. On the other-hand, the proposed algorithm adaptively selects a set of routes according to the traffic load so that long paths are used only when necessary, thus resulting in much smaller end-to-end packet delays as compared to the traditional back-pressure algorithm .
Hygroscopicity and cloud condensation nucleus activity of marine aerosol particles over the western North Pacific

Received 14 July 2010; revised 12 October 2010; accepted 27 October 2010; published 19 March 2011. [1] Hygroscopic growth of aerosol particles at 85% relative humidity and the number fraction of cloud condensation nuclei (CCN; 0.42%, 0.23%, and 0.10% supersaturation) as a function of dry diameter (24.1–359 nm) were measured simultaneously on board R/V Hakuho‐Maru over the western North Pacific during August–September 2008. Highly hygroscopic and unimodal growth distributions were observed, except for aerosols, which showed lower hygroscopic growth over the northern Pacific. The measured particle hygroscopicity, CCN activation diameters, and chemical composition data suggest the dominance of internally mixed sulfate aerosols. Backward air mass trajectory analysis exhibits an intrusion of free tropospheric aerosol, which was likely influenced by Kasatochi’s volcanic plume and which was linked to the low‐hygroscopicity event. Frequent observation of the Hoppel minimum suggests that in‐cloud processing over the Pacific enhanced and/or maintained the high hygroscopicity of accumulation mode particles. The CCN activation diameters predicted from median hygroscopic growth factors (gmedian) agreed well with those determined from the CCN efficiency spectra, without assuming surface tension reduction caused by organics or enhancement of bulk hygroscopicity at high RH caused by sparingly soluble or polymeric compounds. The CCN spectra predicted from gmedian and measured CCN activation diameters suggest that the high CCN activities of particles over the North Pacific are sustained by high hygroscopicity, while sporadic changes of aerosol origins produce the diversity of the aerosol properties.
Variabilidad en la respuesta de Pheidole Pallidula (NYL.) como dispersante de semillas de especies del género Euphorbia L

espanolSe presentan los resultados de la interaccion de la hormiga Pheidole pallidula (Nyl.) con semillas de varias especies de euforbiaceas en lugares donde coexisten ambas y la respuesta de diferentes poblaciones de P. pallidula frente a semillas de una de las especies estudiadas, E. characias. Hormigas mantenidas en nidos artificiales en laboratorio no consumieron semillas de E. characias, E. serrata y E. nicaeensis durante un periodo de observacion de dos meses. Pheidole pallidula se comporta como dispersante de E. characias, E. serrata serrata, E. serrata phylloclada, E. nicaeensis y E. biumbellata. Las pequenas semillas de E. helioscopia (longitud 1.73 mm) provocan una respuesta de transporte en P. pallidula menor; en este caso la posibilidad de granivoria no puede ser rechazada catalaEs presenten els resultats de la interaccio de la formiga Pheidole pallidula (Nyl.) amb granes de diferents especies de lleterasses en llocs on coexisteixen totes dues i la resposta de diferents poblacions de P. pallidula davant de granes d'una de les especies estudiades, E. characias. Formigues instal.lades en nius artificials al laboratori no van consumir granes d'E. characias, E. serrata i E. nicaeensis durant un periode d'observacio de dos mesos. Pheidole pallidula es comporta com a dispersant d'E, characias, E. serrata serrata, E. serrata phylloclada, E. nicaeensis i E. biumbellata. Les petites granes d'E. helioscopia (longitud 1,73 mm) provoquen una resposta de transport en P. pallidula menor; en aquest cas la possibilitat de granivoria no pot ser rebutjada EnglishVariation in the myrmecochorous response of Pheidole pallidula (Nyl.) as disperser of Euphorbia species seeds. We document the outcome of the interaction of the ant Pheidolepallidula (Nyl.) with seeds of several Euphorbia species at sites where both partners coexist and the response of different P. pallidula populations to seeds of a single spurge (E. characias). Ants at laboratory nests did not consume seeds of E. characias, E. serrata, and E. nicaeensis during an obsewation period of two months. Pheidole pallidula behaves as seed disperser of E. characias, E. serrata serrata, E. serrata phylloclada, E. nicaeensis and E. biumbellata. The smaller seeds of E. helioscopia (1.73 mm length) release a less strong transport to the nest. In this last case an eventual granivory cannot be rejected.
Enhancing the Expression and Purification of IL-29: A study of autoinduction and one-step Purification Methods

ackground: Cytokines have long been viewed as a sign of hope due to their immunomodulatory and therapeutic characteristics. Developing simple, economical and readily scaled technologies to simplify their manufacturing is a critical challenge. Method: In this study we have used a customized medium to automatically induce the expression of the IL-29 in E. coli expression system from the T7 promoter, allowing for higher yields as compared to the traditional technique of IPTG induction. Similarly, one-step purification method is employed to make the fermentation process cost-effective, along with enhancing its efficiency. Results: From 1 L batches of IPTG-induced and autoinduced media, the harvested biomass was 11.8 g and 13.4 g, respectively and their corresponding IBs were 3.8 g and 4.8 g. Total protein purified from 1 L batch was 132 mg, at a concentration of 13 mg/mL, with an indicated high purity of 97%. IL-29 significantly decrease the metabolic activity of HepG2 cells. Specifically, 50% of the cells died at a concen tration of 0.156 μg/mL, while 80% of the cells died at a concentration of 5 μg/mL. Conclusion: This study presents an economical solution for producing and purifying IL-29 in E. coli, resulting in higher yields of biomass and IBs than expensive traditional method. The purified protein was highly pure and had immunomodulatory effects on HepG2 cells. These findings have important implications for developing simplified and scalable technologies for cytokine production with therapeutic potential.
Geophysical mapping of palsa peatland permafrost

Abstract. Permafrost peatlands are hydrological and biogeochemical hotspots in the discontinuous permafrost zone. Non-intrusive geophysical methods offer a possibility to map current permafrost spatial distributions in these environments. In this study, we estimate the depths to the permafrost table and base across a peatland in northern Sweden, using ground penetrating radar and electrical resistivity tomography. Seasonal thaw frost tables (at ~0.5 m depth), taliks (2.1–6.7 m deep), and the permafrost base (at ~16 m depth) could be detected. Higher occurrences of taliks were discovered at locations with a lower relative height of permafrost landforms, which is indicative of lower ground ice content at these locations. These results highlight the added value of combining geophysical techniques for assessing spatial distributions of permafrost within the rapidly changing sporadic permafrost zone. For example, based on a back-of-the-envelope calculation for the site considered here, we estimated that the permafrost could thaw completely within the next 3 centuries. Thus there is a clear need to benchmark current permafrost distributions and characteristics, particularly in under studied regions of the pan-Arctic.
A Novel Metagenomic Short-Chain Dehydrogenase/Reductase Attenuates Pseudomonas aeruginosa Biofilm Formation and Virulence on Caenorhabditis elegans

In Pseudomonas aeruginosa, the expression of a number of virulence factors, as well as biofilm formation, are controlled by quorum sensing (QS). N-Acylhomoserine lactones (AHLs) are an important class of signaling molecules involved in bacterial QS and in many pathogenic bacteria infection and host colonization are AHL-dependent. The AHL signaling molecules are subject to inactivation mainly by hydrolases (Enzyme Commission class number EC 3) (i.e. N-acyl-homoserine lactonases and N-acyl-homoserine-lactone acylases). Only little is known on quorum quenching mechanisms of oxidoreductases (EC 1). Here we report on the identification and structural characterization of the first NADP-dependent short-chain dehydrogenase/reductase (SDR) involved in inactivation of N-(3-oxo-dodecanoyl)-L-homoserine lactone (3-oxo-C12-HSL) and derived from a metagenome library. The corresponding gene was isolated from a soil metagenome and designated bpiB09. Heterologous expression and crystallographic studies established BpiB09 as an NADP-dependent reductase. Although AHLs are probably not the native substrate of this metagenome-derived enzyme, its expression in P. aeruginosa PAO1 resulted in significantly reduced pyocyanin production, decreased motility, poor biofilm formation and absent paralysis of Caenorhabditis elegans. Furthermore, a genome-wide transcriptome study suggested that the level of lasI and rhlI transcription together with 36 well known QS regulated genes was significantly (≥10-fold) affected in P. aeruginosa strains expressing the bpiB09 gene in pBBR1MCS-5. Thus AHL oxidoreductases could be considered as potent tools for the development of quorum quenching strategies.
Effects of a Floodwater-Retarding Structure on the Hydrology and Ecology of Trout Creek in Southwestern Wisconsin

Abstract: The primary effect of a floodwater-retarding structure (FRS) on the flow of Trout Creek, Wisconsin, is attenuation of flood peaks. Reduction of flood peaks ranged from 58 to 91 percent during the study period, 1975 to 1979. An inverse relationship exists between sediment concentration and outflow from the FRS during floods. Most sediment stored in the flood pool during floods is released from the reservoir during subsequent reduced discharge. Sediment-trapping efficiency of the FRS was 7 percent during the 4-year study. The bankfull capacity of the channel was reduced from 154 cubic feet per second upstream from the FRS to 65 cubic feet per second downstream. Mean bankfull depth downstream from the FRS has adjusted to a value 45 percent less than upstream from the structure due to the sedimentation of materials transported from the FRS during reduced flows. The FRS was not found to have any significant adverse effect on the arthropod fauna or trout reproduction in Trout Creek from 1975 to 1979. During 1960-1979, winter floods seem to have had the greatest adverse effect on the survival of brown trout eggs and sac fry.
N I / 06 04 01 7 v 3 7 D ec 2 00 6 AS Relationships : Inference and Validation

Research on performance, robustness, and evolution of the global Internet is fundamentally handicapped without accurate and thorough knowledge of the nature and structure of the contractual relationships between Autonomous Systems (ASs). In this work we introduce novel heuristics for inferring AS relationships. Our heuristics improve upon previous works in several technical aspects, which we outline in detail and demonstrate with several examples. Seeking to increase the value and reliability of our inference results, we then focus on validation of inferred AS relationships. We perform a survey with ASs' network administrators to collect information on the actual connectivity and policies of the surveyed ASs. Based on the survey results, we find that our new AS relationship inference techniques achieve high levels of accuracy: we correctly infer 96.5% customer to provider (c2p), 82.8% peer to peer (p2p), and 90.3% sib-ling to sibling (s2s) relationships. We then cross-compare the reported AS connectivity with the AS connectivity data contained in BGP tables. We find that BGP tables miss up to 86.2% of the true adjacencies of the surveyed ASs. The majority of the missing links are of the p2p type, which highlights the limitations of present measuring techniques to capture links of this type. Finally, to make our results easily accessible and practically useful for the community, we open an AS relationship repository where we archive, on a weekly basis, and make publicly available the complete Internet AS-level topology annotated with AS relationship information for every pair of AS neighbors. Permission to make digital or hard copies of all or part of this work for personal or classroom use is granted without fee provided that copies are not made or distributed for profit or commercial advantage and that copies bear this notice and the full citation on the first page. To copy otherwise, to republish, to post on servers or to redistribute to lists, requires prior specific permission and/or a fee.
Open to Interpretation: Multiple Intelligences Theory in Adult Literacy Education. Findings from the Adult Multiple Intelligences Study. NCSALL Reports.

Betsy Cornwell’s research project is motivated by a desire to gain a better understanding of why some seemingly motivated and capable students appeared to be unable or unwilling to do the academic work necessary to reach their own goals. She sets out to assist her students in developing their intelligence profiles, expecting “the intelligence profiles to be a self-reflection tool that would help my students determine their most effective problem-solving techniques. ” She discovers that “what had appeared to be ineffective problem-solving techniques turned out to be a series of complex decisions and survival skills. ” Betsy finds herself compelled to examine her own assumptions and values related to teaching and learning. She comes to terms with the fact that, in many instances, they are different from those of her students. “Rather than forcing a student to choose between ‘my way,’ and ‘your way,’ I found that honoring my students’ assumptions can be a starting point for expanding their understanding. ” This realization leads her to seek and create other tools besides intelligence profiles to help her students meet their basic needs for security and dignity while reaching their academic goals. Relying on insights gained through student logs, her own journals, and observations from her one-to-one or small-group tutoring sessions, Betsy develops MI-based ways to counter student resistance. The report profiles five students as well as specific learning activities informed by MI theory that proved to be turning points in these students’ learning process. Betsy concludes, “When my students feel threatened by an academic task, I can now look at the task through the lens of different intelligences and find optional ways to approach it. Often, just a change in materials can provide the way out that allows everyone to maintain their dignity and security. ”
Title: The Dissemination of Problematic News on Facebook: A Large-Scale, Longitudinal Study

Social media in general, and Facebook in particular, have been clearly identified as important platforms for the dissemination of misand disinformation and related problematic content. However, the patterns and processes of such dissemination are still not sufficiently understood. This is in part because existing studies often focus only on the dissemination of such content in the context of major events (national elections, the COVID-19 pandemic, etc.) or restrict their attention to content that has been explicitly identified as incorrect.