Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Supporting Online Material Materials and Methods Figs. S1 and S2 References Efficient Tandem Polymer Solar Cells Fabricated by All-solution Processing

method on carbon-terminated SiCð0001Þ substrates (4), indicating a very low density of in-plane atomic scattering centers in those samples. Thus, the transport properties in epitaxial gra-phene are critically influenced by the microscopic properties of the sample, determined (at least) by the substrate and growth conditions. For carbon-based electronics, this work highlights the need for further microscopic studies that are correlated closely with macroscopic transport measurements. The identification of monolayer and bilayer graphene is made from counting the number of atomic steps from the SiC substrate layer combined with STS measurements. Layers are also differentiated by the appearance of Si adatom interface states visible on monolayer graphene (18). Tandem solar cells, in which two solar cells with different absorption characteristics are linked to use a wider range of the solar spectrum, were fabricated with each layer processed from solution with the use of bulk heterojunction materials comprising semiconducting polymers and fullerene derivatives. A transparent titanium oxide (TiO x) layer separates and connects the front cell and the back cell. The TiO x layer serves as an electron transport and collecting layer for the first cell and as a stable foundation that enables the fabrication of the second cell to complete the tandem cell architecture. We use an inverted structure with the low band-gap polymer-fullerene composite as the charge-separating layer in the front cell and the high band-gap polymer composite as that in the back cell. Power-conversion efficiencies of more than 6% were achieved at illuminations of 200 milliwatts per square centimeter. P olymer solar cells based on conjugated polymer and fullerene composites offer special opportunities as renewable energy sources because they can be fabricated to extend over large areas by means of low-cost printing and coating technologies that can simultaneously pattern the active materials on lightweight flexible substrates (1–4). Although encouraging progress has been made with power-conversion efficiencies (h e) of 5% having been reported (5–9), the limited efficiency has hindered the path toward commercialization. The " tandem cell " architecture, a multilayer structure that is equivalent to two photovoltaic cells in series, offers a number of advantages. Because the two cells are in series, the open-circuit voltage (V oc) is increased to the sum of the V oc 's of the individual cells. The use of two semiconductors with different band gaps enables absorption over a broad range of photon energies within the solar emission spectrum; the two cells typically …
Time-to-line crossing and vehicle dynamics for lane departure avoidance

This paper analyses time-to-line crossing sensitivity with respect to the vehicle parameters. Both straight and curved vehicle paths are considered. An evaluation over a digitalized test track is performed. An observer for the road curvature estimation is also proposed. In this paper TLC computation is presented on the basis of geometric kinematic formula and dynamic trajectory prediction.
Parental labor market success and children's education attainment

This study examines the effects of parental labor market activities on children's education attainment. In contrast to the existing literature we consider parental experiences until the children graduate from school. In addition, the effects of the regional economic environment during teacher's decision about the secondary school track are analyzed. Using data drawn from the German Socio-Economic Panel an ordered probit estimator is used to model children's education attainment. With respect to parental labor market participation we find that father's full-time and mother's part-time employment have significant positive effects on children's education attainment. Furthermore, we obtain evidence that the regional GDP growth rate and the regional unemployment rate when children are 10 years old are significantly related to the education that these children ultimately achieve. Our interpretation is that regional economic conditions affect teachers'recommendations for the secondary school track, which are given during the last year of primary school. The results reveal the less successful parents are on the labor market, the lower the average education level of their children. A second important conclusion is that children who live in regions which experience a poor economic performance over a longer period are, on average, less educated than children who live in more affluent regions.
Surface reconstruction from multiple aerial images in dense urban areas

Accurate 3D surface models of dense urban areas are essential for a variety of applications, such as cartography, urban planning and monitoring mobile communications, etc. Since manual surface reconstruction is very costly and time-consuming, the development of automated algorithms is of great importance. While most of existing algorithms focus on surface reconstruction either in rural or sub-urban areas, we present an approach dealing with dense urban scenes. The approach utilizes different image-derived cues, like multiview stereo and color information, as well as the general scene knowledge, formulated in data-driven reasoning and geometric constraints. Another important feature of our approach is simultaneous processing of 2D and 3D data. Our approach begins with two independent tasks: stereo reconstruction using multiple views and region-based image segmentation, resulting in generation disparity and segmentation maps, respectively. Then, the information derived from the both maps is utilized for generation of a dense elevation map, through robust verification of planar surface approximations for the detected regions and imposition of geometric constraints. The approach has been successfully tested on complex residential and industrial scenes.
Ethical behaviour on holiday and at home: combining behaviour in two contexts

ABSTRACT Ethical consumption behaviour, on holiday and at home, is required to minimize future environmental and social damage. Ethical consumption is a prominent issue in the media and in academic research, but ethical behaviours remain limited among the general population. This research explores whether an underlying propensity to act ethically can be extended to behaviour across two life contexts, Ethical Tourist Behaviour (ETB) and Everyday Ethical Consumption Behaviour (ECB). We also examine whether ethical behaviour decreases on holiday as suggested by previous research. Using the Rasch Model, ethical behaviour on holiday and at home is combined into one ETB/ECB continuum and ethical behaviours in both life contexts are directly compared. In line with other research, our subjects undertake only a limited number of ethical behaviours, on holiday and at home. We find that tourists engage in ethical behaviours, but spill-over of ethical behaviour across the two contexts only occurs between situationally/environmentally similar behaviours, ethical behaviours whose underlying barriers are of similar difficulty in both life contexts. These results and this methodology can be used by tourism managers and policy-makers to explore current ethical behaviour and offer the next ethical steps to citizens.
Higher order statistics applied to wavelet identification of marine seismic signals

The purpose of this paper is to present the use of higher order statistics to solve the blind identification problem of reflection seismic data. We develop and compare some non-parametric and parametric methods based on higher order statistics. To compare these methods, non-minimum phase wavelet and non-gaussian reflectivity function are simulated. They are then applied to real data of high resolution marine seismic reflection.
THE INFRARED REFLECTION NEBULA AROUND THE EMBEDDED SOURCES IN S 140

We have observed the protostellar system in S 140 at 2.2, 3.1 and 3.45 μm using a 128x128 InSb array camera with the Lick Observatory 3m telescope. We have developed a simple model of this region which has been used to derive the physical conditions of the dust and gas. IRS1 is surrounded by a dense dusty disk viewed almost edge-on. Photons leaking out through the poles of the disk illuminate the inner edge of a surrounding shell of molecular gas as seen at locations NW and VLA4. The optical depth at K through the poles of the disk is about 0.22, while AV =30 towards IRS1. Analysis of the observed colors and intensities of the NIR light, using Mie scattering theory, reveals that the dust grains in the molecular cloud are somewhat larger than in the general diffuse interstellar medium. Moreover, the incident light has a “cool” color temperature,' 850−900K, and likely originates from a dust photosphere close to the protostar. There is little H2O ice associated with the dusty disk around IRS1. Most of the 3.1 μm ice extinction arises instead from cool intervening molecular cloud material. We have also compared our infrared dust observations with millimeter and radio observations of molecular gas associated with this region. The large scale structure observable in the molecular gas is indicative of the interaction between the protostellar wind and the surrounding molecular cloud rather than the geometry of the protostellar disk. We conclude that S 140 is a young blister formed by this outflow on the side of a molecular cloud and viewed edge-on.
Nonlinear model predictive control of a multistage evaporator system using recurrent neural networks

The use of multistage evaporators, motivated by the energy economy from reusing the flashed steam is common in a wide range of process industries. Such evaporators however present several control problems which manifest in the form of strong interactions among the many process variables, significant dead times, tendency to open-loop instability and severe nonlinearities. In this paper, a nonlinear model predictive control (NMPC) scheme utilizing a proportional-integral (PI) controller in its inner loop is developed for a simulated industrial-scale five-stage evaporator using a continuous-time recurrent neural network in state space as its internal model. Input-output data obtained from closed-loop system identification experiments are used in training the network by the Levenberg-Marquardt algorithm with automatic differentiation. A similar approach is used in developing an optimal control law for the plant based on the model predictions. The effectiveness of this scheme is tested by simulating various control problem scenarios involving set-point tracking and disturbance rejection and comparing performance with that of decentralized PI controllers developed earlier. Results show significant improvements in control performance, particularly in terms of settling time.
Rank attack using objective function in RPL for low power and lossy networks

The Routing Protocol for Low power and lossy network (RPL) is recommended by Internet Engineering Task force (IETF) for IPv6 based Low Power Personal Area Network (6LoWPAN). RPL is a proactive routing protocol for Internet of Things (IoT) that has applications in smart homes, smart cities and smart world. RPL creates a Directed Acyclic Graph (DAG) of the network topology. Rank in a primitive construct in RPL and it defines the relative position of node within the DAG. It is used for topology formation, maintenance and prevention of loops in routing paths. Few internal attacks are identified in existing literatures which maliciously use the rank property within RPL networks. In this paper, we introduce a new rank attack in RPL networks that modifies Objective Function (OF) along with rank value. The OF is used by RPL nodes to select forwarding nodes based on application defined routing metric e. g. , expected transmission count, residual energy etc. The proposed rank attack is more distractive in nature because the attacking node can easily force its neighboring nodes to route their data through the attacking node. Comprehensive simulation analysis has shown that the proposed rank attack can be used to introduce false routing path for decreasing network throughput and increasing latency of communication.
Preclinical Studies Identify Non-Apoptotic Low-Level Caspase-3 as Therapeutic Target in Pemphigus Vulgaris

The majority of pemphigus vulgaris (PV) patients suffer from a live-threatening loss of intercellular adhesion between keratinocytes (acantholysis). The disease is caused by auto-antibodies that bind to desmosomal cadherins desmoglein (Dsg) 3 or Dsg3 and Dsg1 in mucous membranes and skin. A currently unresolved controversy in PV is whether apoptosis is involved in the pathogenic process. The objective of this study was to perform preclinical studies to investigate apoptotic pathway activation in PV pathogenesis with the goal to assess its potential for clinical therapy. For this purpose, we investigated mouse and human skin keratinocyte cultures treated with PV antibodies (the experimental Dsg3 monospecific antibody AK23 or PV patients IgG), PV mouse models (passive transfer of AK23 or PVIgG into adult and neonatal mice) as well as PV patients’ biopsies (n=6). A combination of TUNEL assay, analyses of membrane integrity, early apoptotic markers such as cleaved poly-ADP-ribose polymerase (PARP) and the collapse of actin cytoskeleton failed to provide evidence for apoptosis in PV pathogenesis. However, the in vitro and in vivo PV models, allowing to monitor progression of lesion formation, revealed an early, transient and low-level caspase-3 activation. Pharmacological inhibition confirmed the functional implication of caspase-3 in major events in PV such as shedding of Dsg3, keratin retraction, proliferation including c-Myc induction, p38MAPK activation and acantholysis. Together, these data identify low-level caspase-3 activation downstream of disrupted Dsg3 trans- or cis-adhesion as a major event in PV pathogenesis that is non-synonymous with apoptosis and represents, unlike apoptotic components, a promising target for clinical therapy. At a broader level, these results posit that an impairment of adhesive functions in concert with low-level, non-lethal caspase-3 activation can evoke profound cellular changes which may be of relevance for other diseases including cancer.
Exact triangles in monopole homology and the Casson-Walker invariant

The purpose of this paper is to give a general outline of the problem of the exact triangles in Seiberg–Witten–Floer theory. We present here the most general case, where the problem consists of producing a surgery formula relating the monopole homology of a compact oriented 3–manifold Y with an embedded knot K, and the monopole homologies of some 3–manifolds obtained by Dehn surgery on K.
Contrast sensitivity and emotion recognition across the menstrual cycle

Findings within the current literature demonstrate that certain aspects of female perception may be influenced by fluctuation in reproductive hormones associated with the menstrual cycle. Cyclic shifts in female mate preferences, facial recognition and low-level visual processing have been attributed to such hormonal variations. The cycle shift hypothesis posits that such systematic shifts in female perception provide an evolutionarily valuable function, selected by nature to harness females’ inclusive fitness. However, there are a number of limitations facing this evolutionary account, one of which is the lack of a mechanistic explanation of such changes in female perception. In a novel approach to investigating candidate mechanisms of this cyclic variation, experiment 1 measured contrast sensitivity across the menstrual cycles of naturally cycling women and women using combined-oral contraception, and also in males. Findings showed no difference in contrast sensitivity between male and female participants, where no differences were observed across the menstrual cycles in either female group. The second experiment was an extension of this, based on a growing body of evidence suggesting that higher-level perceptual processes such as facial emotion perception are driven wholly by low-level processing of basic visual properties. The second experiment investigates the role of low-level visual processing in emotion detection both between and within men and women. It also measures these low-level processes between ovulating and menstruating women as an investigation of the role that variation in female fertility may play in such basic processes. Findings from experiment 2 were consistent with current evidence of low-level visual processes accounting for aspects of facial emotion perception, however revealed no differences between or within sexes. Together these results are discussed within context to current evolutionary theories of facial processing in women.
A Programmable Impedance Matching Circuit for Voiceband Modems

A line impedance-matching circuit for a voiceband modem is described. The circuit can be programmed to realize four different impedances. A switched-capacitor filter is used to generate the required transfer functions. The impedance-matching concept and circuits are described. Measured results are presented that show that the four impedances are realized with sufficient accuracy for voiceband modems. The circuit was fabricated in a standard 0.35-mum mixed-signal CMOS process.
No Weight Catch-Up Growth of SGA Infants Is Associated with Impaired Insulin Sensitivity during the Early Postnatal Period

Objective. To investigate the relationship between weight catch-up growth and insulin sensitivity in small for gestational age (SGA) infants. Methods. Forty-four singleton SGA subjects met the inclusion criteria and finished-3-month followup. Body weight, length, fasting glucose, and fasting insulin (FI) levels were measured at 3 days and 3 months. Insulin sensitivity was evaluated by FI and homeostasis model assessment (HOMA). Results. According to the change of weight Z-score, forty-four subjects were divided into two groups: noncatch-up growth (NCUG) and catch-up growth (CUG). By 3 months of age, the body weight, body length and BMI of NCUG group were significantly lower than those of CUG group. The FI and HOMA were significantly higher in NCUG group. The change of weight Z-score during 3 months was inversely related to the HOMA at 3 months. Conclusion. Our data exemplified that no weight catch-up growth during the first 3 months was associated with impaired insulin sensitivity in SGA infants.
Pragmatic Frames for Teaching and Learning in Human–Robot Interaction: Review and Challenges

One of the big challenges in robotics today is to learn from human users that are inexperienced in interacting with robots but yet are often used to teach skills flexibly to other humans and to children in particular. A potential route toward natural and efficient learning and teaching in Human-Robot Interaction (HRI) is to leverage the social competences of humans and the underlying interactional mechanisms. In this perspective, this article discusses the importance of pragmatic frames as flexible interaction protocols that provide important contextual cues to enable learners to infer new action or language skills and teachers to convey these cues. After defining and discussing the concept of pragmatic frames, grounded in decades of research in developmental psychology, we study a selection of HRI work in the literature which has focused on learning–teaching interaction and analyze the interactional and learning mechanisms that were used in the light of pragmatic frames. This allows us to show that many of the works have already used in practice, but not always explicitly, basic elements of the pragmatic frames machinery. However, we also show that pragmatic frames have so far been used in a very restricted way as compared to how they are used in human–human interaction and argue that this has been an obstacle preventing robust natural multi-task learning and teaching in HRI. In particular, we explain that two central features of human pragmatic frames, mostly absent of existing HRI studies, are that (1) social peers use rich repertoires of frames, potentially combined together, to convey and infer multiple kinds of cues; (2) new frames can be learnt continually, building on existing ones, and guiding the interaction toward higher levels of complexity and expressivity. To conclude, we give an outlook on the future research direction describing the relevant key challenges that need to be solved for leveraging pragmatic frames for robot learning and teaching.
The Differential Effects of Malpractice Reform : Defensive Medicine in Obstetrics ∗

Recent studies have argued that different types of patients are affected differently by changes in malpractice pressure, which could explain conflicting evidence from the literature regarding the impact of tort reform. This paper argues that defensive medicine causes these differential effects. It constructs a model of defensive medicine predicting that reduced malpractice pressure results in decreased health care spending among patients with good access to care, but increased spending among those with poor access. This theory is tested by estimating the effects of various tort reforms on the incidence of birth by cesarean section. The findings support the predictions of the model, uncovering differential effects consistent with the practice of defensive medicine. For example, noneconomic damages decrease C-section rates by 3% for mothers with timely initiation of prenatal care, but increase them by 5% for mothers with late or no prenatal care. Further estimation of the effects on access proxies and prevalence of birth abnormalities suggests that tort reform (i) improves access to health care for vulnerable populations, and (ii) reduces utilization among well-served populations.
Efficient traitor tracing for clone attack in content protection

In this paper we design efficient traitor tracing scheme for a pirate clone attack against a broadcast-encryption-based content protection system. In this content protection system, each user(device) is assigned a set of secret keys. In a clone attack, pirates (legitimate users) compromise their devices, extract their secret keys and use those keys to build a clone device. The clone device allows decryption of content that is originally only accessible by legitimate devices. The pirates can sell the clone device for profits. When a clone device is recovered, a traitor tracing scheme could identify which compromised devices' (called traitors) keys are in the clone. Once the compromised keys are detected, they can be disabled for future content access. In the process of tracing traitors, a series of carefully constructed cipher text is fed into the clone device and the reaction of the clone device is observed and used to deduce which keys are contained inside the clone. The traceability of a tracing scheme is measured by the number of testing cipher texts needed to identify the traitors. The state-of-art traitor tracing schemes in the symmetric key setting achieve O(t3 log t) traceabilities for t traitors. Unfortunately the theoretically efficient polynomial traceability could convert to years' tracing time in reality. In this paper, we present a practical approach that combines traditional traitor tracing scheme design with system security engineering consideration by introducing a "software key conversion data" virtual program. This combination enables our approach to drastically improve traceability over the state-of-art traitor tracing scheme existed in applied cryptography community. The traceabilities for clone attack is improved from O(t3 log t) to O(t) which converts the tracing time from the original 15 years to 4 hours for a clone attack of 100 traitors. Our much improved traceabilities makes them ultimately adopted to use in AACS [1], the new industry content protection standard for next generation high definition DVDs.