Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
From the Editors Everything You've Always Wanted to Know about Amj (but May Have Been Afraid to Ask) What Are the Criteria for Publishing Articles in Amj? What Are the Major Causes of Rejection?

As our editorial team completes its first year of receiving manuscripts, we believe it would be helpful to reflect upon and share answers to the most frequently asked questions regarding publication goals and processes at AMJ. During the recent Academy meetings in Honolulu, we individually participated in many symposia and consortia fo-cusing on publication policies at AMJ and other journals. In comparing notes, we realized that there is considerable overlap among the questions asked and explored during these various sessions. In addition , we realized that we have made a number of recent changes to Journal policies and operations that are not yet widely recognized. As such, it seems a good time to touch base with readers, reviewers , and both published and prospective authors about AMJ's mission, aspirations, policies, and operations. We begin by reiterating AMJ's mission , from which most of our other policies and practices flow. What Is AMJ's Mission? AMJ's mission, updated in 2004, is this: " to publish empirical research that tests, extends, or builds management theory and contributes to management practice. All empirical methods—including, but not limited to, qualitative, quantitative, field, laboratory, and combination methods—are welcome. To be published in AMJ, a manuscript must make strong empirical and theoretical contributions and highlight the significance of those contributions to the management field. Thus, preference is given to submissions that test, extend, or build strong theoretical frameworks while empirically examining issues with high importance for management theory and practice. AMJ is not tied to any particular discipline, level of analysis, or national context. " Is AMJ a " Micro " Journal, a " Macro " Journal, or Both? AMJ is clearly micro and macro in both mission and content. As a " big tent " journal with readers spanning multiple areas of management, we are committed to publishing articles with a broad range of appeal and impact. Furthermore, we seek to publish articles in the domain of every division inside the Academy of Management. Given this commitment, we have undertaken a number of investigations to see if there has been systematic bias in our publications in any direction. Rynes's (2005) " From the Editors " column revealed that in 2002–04, approximately half the articles published were micro and the other half macro (as assessed via levels of analysis). A similar analysis by Marshall Schminke and Marie Mitchell (2003) covering earlier (but much longer) periods of time …
Temperature-Dependent Sex Determination in

Captive husbandry programs in zoos have documented nesting behavior and have successfully hatched Manouria emys emys, but data on sex determining mechanisms and sex ratios are absent. A total of 30 M. e. emys eggs were artificially incubated at five different temperatures in constant humidity. Mean incubator temperatures were 24.99°C, 25.06°C, 27.18°C, 28.00°C, and 30.79°C. Incubation duration ranged from 60 days to 92 days, and hatching success was 50%. Sex determined by histology and laparoscopy resulted in male differentiation at low temperatures (24.99°C, 27.18°C) and female differentiation at high temperatures (30.79°C). Pivotal temperature was estimated to be 29.29°C. The following investigation into temperature-dependent sex determination (TSD), including its presence or absence, pattern, and pivotal temperature, has implications for studies of adaptive significance of reproductive behaviors and of chelonian phylogenetic history. Additionally, the proposed study can provide foundations for conservation management decisions, and for captive breeding programs.
Delta Opioid Receptor and Its Peptide: A Receptor-Ligand Neuroprotection

In pursuit of neurological therapies, the opioid system, specifically delta opioid receptors and delta opioid peptides, demonstrates promising therapeutic potential for stroke, Parkinson’s disease, and other degenerative neurological conditions. Recent studies offer strong evidence in support of the therapeutic use of delta opioid receptors, and provide insights into the underlying mechanisms of action. Delta opioid receptors have been shown to confer protective effects by mediating ionic homeostasis and activating endogenous neuroprotective pathways. Additionally, delta opioid agonists such as (D-Ala 2, D-Leu 5) enkephalin (DADLE) have been shown to decrease apoptosis and promote neuronal survival. In its entirety, the delta opioid system represents a promising target for neural therapies.
Robustness of Dynamical Systems Attraction Basins Against State Perturbations: Theoretical Protocol and Application in Systems Biology

This paper aims at giving a general and precise method to achieve a good understanding of discrete dynamical systems by focusing on their attraction basins. This work is the result of a previous one which has permitted to show that the structural changes introduced by fixed boundary conditions on regulatory networks could directly and strongly influence the properties of their attraction basins. In this paper, we give an exhaustive stochastic study protocol to understand what happens on attraction basins of dynamical systems when the latter are subjected to state perturbations. Then, we give an application of this protocol by giving the results obtained on a specific system which is a model of the Arabidopsis thaliana flowerpsilas morphogenesis, depending on a specific boundary condition.
Testing InterLayer and Inter-Task Interactions in Real-Time Embedded Systems

Real-time embedded systems are becoming increasingly ubiquitous, controlling a wide variety of popular and safety-critical devices. Testing is the most commonly used method for validating software systems, and effective testing methodologies could be helpful for improving the dependability of these systems. In this paper we present a methodology for testing real-time embedded systems, directed specifically at exercising the interactions between system layers, and between the multiple user tasks that enact application behaviors, from the application layer. We augment this with a dynamic analysis on testing data that can detect failures related to incorrect usage of resources within critical sections. We show that our methodology can effectively detect faults in these systems.
Maternal cotinine level during pregnancy and birthweight for gestational age.

BACKGROUND Recent studies have found that cotinine is a better predictor of birthweight than the number of cigarettes smoked in pregnancy. In this paper we test this hypothesis and use cotinine to explore the effect of environmental tobacco smoke (ETS) on birthweight. METHODS In all, 1254 white women were interviewed at booking, 28 and 36 weeks about the number and brand of cigarette smoked. Cotinine was assayed from blood samples taken on the day of interview. The outcome was birthweight for gestational age. RESULTS There was good agreement between self-reported smoker/non-smoker status and maternal cotinine with 1.3% women mis-reported as non-smokers at booking, 0.6% and 1.8% mis-reported at 28 and 36 weeks respectively. Among smokers, cotinine was more closely related to birthweight than the number of cigarettes smoked at all three time points (r = -0.25 versus r = -0.16 at booking). A reduction in cotinine between booking and 28 weeks was associated with increased birthweight but the effect was not statistically significant. Among non-smokers the association between birthweight and cotinine was not statistically significant after adjusting for maternal height, parity, sex and gestational age. Difference in mean birthweight between non-smokers in the lower and upper quintiles of cotinine was 0.2% (95% CI: -2.4, 2.8). Pooling the results of 10 studies plus our own gave an estimated difference in mean birthweight between women unexposed and exposed to passive smoke of 31 g (95% CI: 19, 44). CONCLUSIONS Cotinine is a better predictor of birthweight than the reported number of cigarettes smoked. If biochemical analysis is impossible, then self-reported smoking habit should be obtained prospectively using a structured approach. Any effect on birthweight of maternal passive smoking during pregnancy is small compared with the effects of maternal active smoking.
Fabrication of spherical particles with mixed amorphous / crystalline nanostructured cores and insulating oxide shells

By spark-eroding Fe75Si15B10 in water/ethanol mixtures, spherical particles with nanostructured cores consisting of mixed amorphous and crystalline phases were produced. The relative volume fractions of the amorphous and crystalline phases were dependent on the water/ethanol ratio. In the same process, continuous oxide layers were formed on the particle surfaces. The basic mechanisms responsible for the formation of the surface oxide layers and the core nanostructures were modeled. At frequencies ranging from 1 to 100 MHz, the combination of the core nanostructures and the insulating oxide shells yielded exceptionally low-loss magnetic behavior.
A layered model for non-thermal radio emission from single O stars

We present a model for the non-thermal radio emission from bright O stars, in terms of synchrotron emission from wind-embedded shocks. The model is an extension of an earlier one, with an improved treatment of the cooling of relativistic electrons. This improvement limits the synchrotron-emitting volume to a series of fairly narrow layers behind the shocks. We show that the width of these layers increases with increasing wavelength, which has important consequences for the shape of the spectrum. We also show that the strongest shocks produce the bulk of the emission, so that the emergent radio flux can be adequately described as coming from a small number of shocks, or even from a single shock. A single shock model is completely determined by four parameters: the position of the shock, the compression ratio and velocity jump of the shock, and the surface magnetic field. Applying a single shock model to the O5 If star Cyg OB2 No. 9 allows a good determination of the compression ratio and shock position and, to a lesser extent, the magnetic field and velocity jump. Our main conclusion is that strong shocks need to survive out to distances of a few hundred stellar radii. Even with multiple shocks, the shocks needed to explain the observed emission are stronger than predictions from time-dependent hydrodynamical simulations.
A PubMed-Wide Associational Study of Infectious Diseases

Background Computational discovery is playing an ever-greater role in supporting the processes of knowledge synthesis. A significant proportion of the more than 18 million manuscripts indexed in the PubMed database describe infectious disease syndromes and various infectious agents. This study is the first attempt to integrate online repositories of text-based publications and microbial genome databases in order to explore the dynamics of relationships between pathogens and infectious diseases. Methodology/Principal Findings Herein we demonstrate how the knowledge space of infectious diseases can be computationally represented and quantified, and tracked over time. The knowledge space is explored by mapping of the infectious disease literature, looking at dynamics of literature deposition, zooming in from pathogen to genome level and searching for new associations. Syndromic signatures for different pathogens can be created to enable a new and clinically focussed reclassification of the microbial world. Examples of syndrome and pathogen networks illustrate how multilevel network representations of the relationships between infectious syndromes, pathogens and pathogen genomes can illuminate unexpected biological similarities in disease pathogenesis and epidemiology. Conclusions/Significance This new approach based on text and data mining can support the discovery of previously hidden associations between diseases and microbial pathogens, clinically relevant reclassification of pathogenic microorganisms and accelerate the translational research enterprise.
Approximation Algorithms for the Asymmetric Traveling Salesman Problem : Describing two recent methods

The paper provides a description of the two recent approximation algorithms for the Asymmetric Traveling Salesman Problem, giving the intuitive description of the works of Feige-Singh[1] and Asadpour et.al\ [2]. \newline [1] improves the previous $O(\log n)$ approximation algorithm, by improving the constant from 0.84 to 0.66 and modifying the work of Kaplan et. al\ [3] and also shows an efficient reduction from ATSPP to ATSP. Combining both the results, they finally establish an approximation ratio of $\left(\frac{4}{3}+\epsilon \right)\log n$ for ATSPP,\ considering a small $\epsilon>0$,\ improving the work of Chekuri and Pal. [4]\newline Asadpour et.al, in their seminal work\ [2], gives an $O\left(\frac{\log n}{\log \log n}\right)$ randomized algorithm for the ATSP, by symmetrizing and modifying the solution of the Held-Karp relaxation problem and then proving an exponential family distribution for probabilistically constructing a maximum entropy spanning tree from a spanning tree polytope and then finally defining the thin-ness property and transforming a thin spanning tree into an Eulerian walk. \ The optimization methods used in\ [2] are quite elegant and the approximation ratio could further be improved, by manipulating the thin-ness of the cuts.
GSK-3 activity and hyperdopamine-dependent behaviors

Dopamine plays important roles in normal brain function and many neuropsychiatric disorders. Classically, dopamine receptors are positively coupled to G protein-mediated signaling to regulate cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP)–protein kinase A (PKA)–dopamine and cAMP-regulated phosphoprotein of 32 kDa (DARPP-32) and Ca2+ pathways. However, emerging evidence indicates that under hyperdopaminergic conditions, the protein kinase B (Akt)–glycogen synthase kinase 3 (GSK-3 ) signaling cascade may mediate dopamine actions via D2-like receptors. This cAMP-independent signaling pathway involves the regulation of downstream synaptic targets, e.g., AMPA receptor, NMDA receptors, and thus synaptic plasticity. Here we provide an overview of how this novel signaling pathway relays dopamine receptor-mediated responses, particularly hyperdopamine-dependent behaviors. We discuss the relevance of the Akt/GSK-3 signaling cascade for the expression of dopamine-dependent behaviors and the drug actions associated with dopaminergic systems. © 2010 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
A Stochastic Approach to Parsing

I. Simulated annealing (e.g. Kirkpatrick et alo 1983, Bridle & Moore 1984, Ackley et al. 1985) is a stochastic computational technique for finding optimal solutions to combinatorial problems for which the combinatorial explosion phenomenon rules out the possibility of systematically examining each alternative. It is currently being applied to the practical problem of optimizing the physical design of computer circuitry, and to the theoretical problems of resolving patterns of auditory and visual stimulation into meaningful arrangements of phonemes and three-dimensional objects. Grammatical parsing -resolving unanalysed linear sequences of words into meaningful grammatical structures -can be regarded as a perception problem logically analogous to those just cited, and simulated annealing holds great promise as a parsing technique.
3D Semantic Parameterization for Human Shape Modeling: Application to 3D Animation

Statistical human body models, like SCAPE, capture static 3D human body shapes and poses and are applied to many Computer Vision problems. Defined in a statistical context, their parameters do not explicitly capture semantics of the human body shapes such as height, weight, limb length, etc. Having a set of semantic parameters would allow users and automated algorithms to sample the space of possible body shape variations in a more intuitive way. Therefore, in this paper we propose a method for re-parameterization of statistical human body models such that shapes are controlled by a small set of intuitive semantic parameters. These parameters are learned directly from the available statistical human body model. In order to apply any arbitrary animation to our human body shape model we perform retargeting. From any set of 3D scans, a semantic parametrized model can be generated and animated with the presented methods using any animation data. We quantitatively show that our semantic parameterization is more reliable than standard semantic parameterizations, and show a number of animations retargeted to our semantic body shape model.
Detecting Low-Profile Probes and Novel Denial-of-Service Attacks

Attackers use probing attacks to discover host addresses and services available on each host. Once this information is known, an attacker can then issue a denial-ofservice attack against the network, a host, or a service provided by a host. These attacks prevent access to the attacked part of the network. Until recently, only simple, easily defeated mechanisms were used for detecting probe attacks. Attackers defeat these mechanisms by creating stealthy low-profile attacks that include only a few, carefully crafted packets sent over an extended period of time. Furthermore, most mechanisms do not allow intrusion analysts to trade off detection rates for false alarm rates. We present an approach to detect stealthy attacks, an architecture for achieving real-time detections with a confidence measure, and the results of evaluating the system. Since the system outputs confidence values, an analyst can trade false alarm rate against detection rate.
Low-Cost Narrowed Dielectric Microstrip Line— A Three-Layer Dielectric Waveguide Using PCB Technology for Millimeter-Wave Applications

We investigated a dielectric transmission line consisting of three dielectric substrate layers for millimeter-wave (mmW) applications. This line is referred to as a narrowed dielectric microstrip line (N-DML). The effective dielectric constant method is used to analyze the propagation characteristics of the N-DML. The result of the analysis of the normalized phase constant is consistent with the simulation. For demonstration, two $J$ -band N-DML prototypes of different lengths with transitions to rectangular waveguides were designed, fabricated, and measured. Good agreement between the simulated and measured results is observed. In particular, due to its nonmetal structure, the N-DML shows a low average attenuation constant of only 0.52 dB/cm over 220–280 GHz in the experiment. Due to its good performance, ease of fabrication, low loss, and low cost, the N-DML is a suitable candidate for various mmW applications.
Optimizing Branching Path Expressions

Path expressions form the basis of most query languages for semistructured data and XML, specifying traversals through graph-based data. We consider the query optimization problem for path expressions that "branch," or specify traversals through two or more related subgraphs; such expressions are common in nontrivial queries over XML data. Searching the entire space of query plans for branching path expressions is generally infeasible, so we introduce several heuristic algorithms and post-optimizations that generate query plans for branching path expressions. All of our algorithms have been implemented in the Lore database system for XML, and we report experimental results over a variety of database and query shapes. We compare optimization and execution times across our suite of algorithms and post-optimizations, and for small queries we compare against the optimal plan produced by an exhaustive search of the plan space.
The role of financial communication in public share issues

Purpose – The first public share offer represents a crucial step in the life of a company. When the firm places shares linked to its business activity on sale in the financial markets, it is taking a strategic decision of major importance because this is going to involve shareholders who will subsequently become real partners in the organisation. This paper attempts to determine the place of financial communication in the company with regard to its general situation.Design/methodology/approach – Analyses the key role played by the financial communicator and the organisation he represents in determining the type of communication needed so as to prepare for the first public share issue. Examines the initial results of a quantitative analysis (carried out by means of a questionnaire) of the importance attached to financial communication by managers of firms present on the Belgian financial market.Findings – Financial communication is a form of communication that is still growing. The appearance of new techno.
Impaired Autoregulation of Cerebral Blood Flow During Rewarming from Hypothermic Cardiopulmonary Bypass and Its Potential Association with Stroke

BACKGROUND: Patient rewarming after hypothermic cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) has been linked to brain injury after cardiac surgery. In this study, we evaluated whether cooling and then rewarming of body temperature during CPB in adult patients is associated with alterations in cerebral blood flow (CBF)–blood pressure autoregulation. METHODS: One hundred twenty-seven adult patients undergoing CPB during cardiac surgery had transcranial Doppler monitoring of the right and left middle cerebral artery blood flow velocity. Eleven patients undergoing CPB who had arterial inflow maintained at >35°C served as controls. The mean velocity index (Mx) was calculated as a moving, linear correlation coefficient between slow waves of middle cerebral artery blood flow velocity and mean arterial blood pressure. Intact CBF–blood pressure autoregulation is associated with an Mx that approaches 0. Impaired autoregulation results in an increasing Mx approaching 1.0. Comparisons of time-averaged Mx values were made between the following periods: before CPB (baseline), during the cooling and rewarming phases of CPB, and after CPB. The number of patients in each phase of CPB with an Mx >4.0, indicative of impaired CBF autoregulation, was determined. RESULTS: During cooling, Mx (left, 0.29 ± 0.18; right, 0.28 ± 0.18 [mean ± sd]) was greater than that at baseline (left, 0.17 ± 0.21; right, 0.17 ± 0.20; P ≤ 0.0001). Mx increased during the rewarming phase of CPB (left, 0.40 ± 0.19; right, 0.39 ± 0.19) compared with baseline (P ≤ 0.001) and the cooling phase (P ≤ 0.0001), indicating impaired CBF autoregulation. After CPB, Mx (left, 0.27 ± 0.20; right, 0.28 ± 0.21) was higher than at baseline (left, P = 0.0004; right, P = 0.0003), no different than during the cooling phase, but lower than during rewarming (left, P ≤ 0.0001; right, P ≤ 0.0005). Forty-three patients (34%) had an Mx ≥0.4 during the cooling phase of CPB and 68 (53%) had an average Mx ≥0.4 during rewarming. Nine of the 11 warm controls had an average Mx ≥0.4 during the entire CPB period. There were 7 strokes and 1 TIA after surgery. All strokes were in patients with Mx ≥ 0.4 during rewarming (P = 0.015). The unadjusted odds ratio for any neurologic event (stroke or transient ischemic attack) for patients with Mx ≥ 0.4 during rewarming was 6.57 (95% confidence interval, 0.79 to 55.0, P < 0.08). CONCLUSIONS: Hypothermic CPB is associated with abnormal CBF–blood pressure autoregulation that is worsened with rewarming. We found a high rate of strokes in patients with evidence of impaired CBF autoregulation. Whether a pressure-passive CBF state during rewarming is associated with risk for ischemic brain injury requires further investigation.