Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
EEG Source Localization Using the Inverse Problem Methods

Summary An Electroencephalography (EEG) inverse solution technique can be seen as a way to add spatial information to extra-cranial measurements. In other words, it is a mathematical/physical way to expand the dimensionality of scalp measurements so as to embed intra-cranial spatial information. This paper presents the new sLORETA-FOCUSS approach estimating the current density distribution in the brain. A comparative study of the sLORETA, FOCUSS, sLORETA-FOCUSS and its recursive version is also performed using the ROC curve analysis. The results demonstrate that the recursive sLORETA-FOCUSS method gives good solutions in terms of localization error, simulation time, and reconstruction precision in 3D. Key words: EEG, Inverse Problem, Localization, sLORETA-FOCUSS. 1. Introduction EEG is a recording of electrical potentials at a set of electrodes placed on the scalp. Though it is a measurement at the surface of the head, EEG can still be used in an attempt to infer the location of the neural electrical sources within the brain, such as epileptic spikes or somatosensory evoked potentials [1, 2]. This localization problem is commonly referred to as the inverse problem [3-5] of electroencephalography. The inverse problem is ill-posed as there are an infinite number of source configurations that can produce the same and exact potential at the surface of the head. The resolution methods can be classified into two main categories: dipolar model which assumes that the electric sources are equivalent to one or few dipoles, and distributed source model which consider that the dipoles are distributed regularly in cerebral volume according to a 3D grid. The positions of the dipoles are then fixed and their amplitudes should be estimated. In order to solve the inverse problem, it is necessary to perform the forward problem [6] to construct the lead field matrix that would be inversed to compute the potential over the scalp surface from simulated dipoles whose position and strength are known. Several methods of the resolution of the inverse problem, such as the LOw-Resolution Electromagnetic TomogrAphy algorithm LORETA [7, 8], the standard form of LORETA method: sLORETA [9], the focal underdetermined system solver FOCUSS [10-12] can be found. The latter repeats the procedure of the WMN [13-15] method, recursively adjusting the weighting matrix until most elements of the solution become nearly zero. However, the final solution depends, to some degree, on the assumed initial current distribution. Moreover, we present our method named sLORETA-FOCUSS witch represent a combination method between the sLORETA and FOCUSS [16] can be found. Finally, an amelioration of the sLORETA-FOCUSS method is given by the recursive sLORETA-FOCUSS that gives best results in terms of sources reconstruction and computing time. This paper is organized as follows. Section 2 presents the mathematical steps, the advantages and the disadvantages of each inverse problem method. Results and discussion are presented in section 3. Section 4 provides a comparative study.
Analysis of phase Locked Loop using Ring Voltage Controlled Oscillator

There is several application of phase locked loop in the field of communication. It depends on the mixed signal operation. It is capable of fast locking capability. present work based on redesign of the PLL system using 90nm technology process at frequency 1 GHz and the lock time is 179.5 ns and transient analysis of the PLL is simulate between 1ns to 1000ns.it consumes the 179.5 mW power at 1.8V D.C. supply. VCO design which is used as main part of the PLL present design of PLL using Ring VCO design it consumes 1.409 watt power Keywords— PLL (Phase locked loop), PFD (phase frequency detector), VCO (voltage controlled oscillator), CP (charge pump).
A Novel Low-IF Topology for High Performance Integrated Receivers

As conventional low-IF (intermediate frequency) receivers have the main drawback that they are more sensitive to good mirror signal suppression, a novel low-IF receiver topology that has the ability of mirror signal suppression was proposed, and analyzed. Then the proposed low-IF receiver topology was validated both by analytical method and time domain transient simulation. From the results of analytical and time domain simulation, the validity of the novel low-IF receiver is approved. As the proposed low-IF receiver combines advantages of both classical IF receiver and zero-IF receiver: an excellent performance and a high degree of integration. Using the novel low-IF topology, it becomes possible to realize a fully integrated receiver front-end that does not require a single external component.
After the boom : the politics of Generation X

Chapter 1 Generations and Change: Some Initial Observations Chapter 2 The "Age of Indifference" Revisited: Patterns of Political Interest/ Media Exposure/ and Knowledge Among Generation X Chapter 3 The Partisanship Puzzle: Identification and Attitudes of Generation X Chapter 4 Political Issues and Political Choice: Belief Systems/ Generations/ and the Potential for Realignment in American Politics Chapter 5 Mixed Signals: Generation X's Attitudes Toward the Political System Chapter 6 Generations and Tolerance: Is Youth Really a Liberalizing Factor? Chapter 7 Hazards Lie Ahead: Economic Prospects for Generation X Chapter 8 Losing Canada? Generation X and the Constitutional Crisis
On Linear Complexity of Binary Sequences Generated Using Matrix Recurrence Relation Defined Over Z 4

This paper discusses the linear complexity property of binary sequences generated using matrix recurrence relation defined over Z4. Generally algorithm to generate random number is based on recursion with seed value/values. In this paper a linear recursion sequence of matrices or vectors over Z 4 is generated from which random binary sequence is obtained. It is shown that such sequences have large linear complexity.
Review: Scots' Crisis of Confidence

I doubt whether anyone who is interested in the study of Scottish society and culture could be indifferent to or agnostic about this book. One would either nod happily at its parade of familiar and cliched stereotypes — antisyzygy, fear of failure, suspicion of success, Presbyterian inhibition — as at old, familiar and comfortable friends. Or, like this reviewer, you would 'harrumph' cholerically at the author's misconceived theory and the concoction of simplistic generalisations which she adduces as evidence to support it.
The Role of Dynamic Capabilities in Creating Business Value from IS Assets

This paper draws on and extends the emerging literature on dynamic capabilities to understand and explain the role of information systems (IS) assets in creating business value. Our analysis identifies the critical roles of managerial actions and the organizational context in identifying, resourcing and implementing IS-enabled competitive actions in delivering business value. This paper extends earlier treatments of the relationship between IS assets and organizational strategy and performance by explicitly accounting for the roles of human agency and context, which have not been adequately addressed in prior literature. A research model for future research is proposed.
Glutamate Decarboxylase by HLA-DM Editing of an Immunodominant Epitope of

HLA-DM stabilizes peptide-receptive class II (cid:1)(cid:2) dimers and facilitates the capture of high afﬁnity peptides, thus inﬂuencing the peptide repertoire presented by class II molecules. Variations in DM levels may therefore have a profound effect on the antigenic focus of T cell-mediated immune responses. Speciﬁcally, DM expression may inﬂuence susceptibility and resistance to autoimmune diseases. In this study the role of DM in HLA-DR4-restricted presentation of an insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus autoantigen, glutamate decarboxylase (GAD), was tested. Presentation of immunodominant GAD epitope 273–285 was regulated by endogenous DM levels in human B lymphoblasts. T cell responses to exogenous GAD as well as an endogenous cytoplasmic form of this Ag were signiﬁcantly diminished with increasing cellular expression of DM. Epitope editing by DM was observed only using Ag and not small synthetic peptides, suggesting that this process occurred within endosomes. Results with cytoplasmic GAD also indicated that peptides from this compartment intersect class II proteins in endocytic vesicles where DM editing was facilitated. Changes in DM levels within APC may therefore inﬂuence the presentation of autoantigens and the development of autoimmune disorders such as type I diabetes. The Journal of Immunology, 2003, 171: 853–859. MD) supplemented with 10% heat-inactivated calf serum, 100 U/ml penicillin, and 100 (cid:3) g/ml streptomycin. For functional assays, the following T cell hybridomas were used: 33.1, speciﬁc for GAD 273–285 ; 17.9, speciﬁc for human serum albumin (HSA) 64–76 ; and 2.18, speciﬁc for Ig (cid:4) 188–203 (33– 35). The T cell hybridomas used in this study recognize their cognate peptide presented in the context of HLA-DR4 and were maintained in RPMI (Life Technologies) supplemented with 10% FCS, 0.1% (cid:2) -ME, 100 U/ml penicillin, and 100 (cid:3) g/ml streptomycin. Control studies with the class II-negative cell line, T2, conﬁrmed the DR4 restriction of these hybridomas.Therecombinant 65-kDa form of human GAD was produced in bacteria and was puriﬁed to homogeneity using afﬁnity chromatography as previously published (36). GAD 273–285 (IAFTSEHSHFSLK) was synthesized using an ABI peptide synthesizer (PE Applied Biosystems, Foster City, CA) and F-moc technology. Peptide purity and structure were conﬁrmed by reverse phase HPLC and mass spectroscopy.
A new watermarking attack based on content-aware image resizing

In this paper, we propose a new method for damaging and destroying robust invisible watermarks using an image resizing technique which is named seam carving. By using this method we are able to resize watermarked images in a content-aware manner so that the synchronization of the embedder and extractor of watermarking system is broken and the watermark detection becomes impossible. In contrast to the available benchmarks like Stirmark, proposed attack does not severely reduce the quality of the watermarked image. Therefore it maintains the commercial value of the watermarked image. We have tested the proposed method to attack 3 recent and robust watermarking methods and the results sound impressive. The NC for all extracted watermarks after applying this attack is lowers than predefined threshold 0.4, so they are not detectable. The proposed method is a generic attack which does not consider any knowledge about the underlying watermarking algorithm.
Intelligent audit code generation from free text in the context of neurosurgery

Clinical auditing requires codified data for aggregation and analysis of patterns. However in the medical domain obtaining structured data can be difficult as the most natural, expressive and comprehensive way to record a clinical encounter is through natural language. The task of creating structured data from naturally expressed information is known as information extraction. Specialised areas of medicine use their own language and data structures; the translation process has unique challenges, and often requires a fresh approach. This research is devoted to creating a novel semi-automated method for generating codified auditing data from clinical notes recorded in a neurosurgical department in an Australian teaching hospital. The method encapsulates specialist knowledge in rules that instantaneously make precise decisions for the majority of the matches, followed up by dictionary-based matching of the remaining text.
Promotion Tournaments and Individual Performance Pay

We analyze the optimal combination of promotion tournaments and linear individual performance pay in an employment relationship. An agent's effort is nonobservable and he has private information about his suitability for promotion. Thus, the two incentive schemes need to be combined to serve both incentive and selection purposes. If harder working agents respond less to intensified effort incentives, we find that the principal puts less emphasis on individual performance pay when selection becomes more important. Thus, we provide a possible explanation as to why, in practice, individual performance pay is less prevalent than promotion-based incentives.
Listeriolysin O Affects the Permeability of Caco-2 Monolayer in a Pore-Dependent and Ca2+-Independent Manner

Listeria monocytogenes is a food and soil-borne pathogen that secretes a pore-forming toxin listeriolysin O (LLO) as its major virulence factor. We tested the effects of LLO on an intestinal epithelial cell line Caco-2 and compared them to an unrelated pore-forming toxin equinatoxin II (EqtII). Results showed that apical application of both toxins causes a significant drop in transepithelial electrical resistance (TEER), with higher LLO concentrations or prolonged exposure time needed to achieve the same magnitude of response than with EqtII. The drop in TEER was due to pore formation and coincided with rearrangement of claudin-1 within tight junctions and associated actin cytoskeleton; however, no significant increase in permeability to fluorescein or 3 kDa FITC-dextran was observed. Influx of calcium after pore formation affected the magnitude of the drop in TEER. Both toxins exhibit similar effects on epithelium morphology and physiology. Importantly, LLO action upon the membrane is much slower and results in compromised epithelium on a longer time scale at lower concentrations than EqtII. This could favor listerial invasion in hosts resistant to E-cadherin related infection.
Synthesis of cartilage matrix by mammalian chondrocytes in vitro. III. Effects of ascorbate

Chondrocytes isolated from bovine articular cartilage were plated at high density and grown in the presence or absence of ascorbate. Collagen and proteoglycans, the major matrix macromolecules synthesized by these cells, were isolated at times during the course of the culture period and characterized. In both control and ascorbate-treated cultures, type II collagen and cartilage proteoglycans accumulated in the cell-associated matrix. Control cells secreted proteoglycans and type II collagen into the medium, whereas with time in culture, ascorbate-treated cells secreted an increasing proportion of types I and III collagens into the medium. The ascorbate-treated cells did not incorporate type I collagen into the cell-associated matrix, but continued to accumulate type II collagen in this compartment. Upon removal of ascorbate, the cells ceased to synthesize type I collagen. Morphological examination of ascorbate-treated and control chondrocyte culture revealed that both collagen and proteoglycans were deposited into the extracellular matrix. The ascorbate-treated cells accumulated a more extensive matrix that was rich in collagen fibrils and ruthenium red-positive proteoglycans. This study demonstrated that although ascorbate facilitates the formation of an extracellular matrix in chondrocyte cultures, it can also cause a reversible alteration in the phenotypic expression of those cells in vitro.
Statistical Analysis of a Mobile-to-Mobile Rician Fading Channel Model

Mobile-to-mobile communication is an important application for intelligent transport systems and mobile ad hoc networks. In these systems, both the transmitter and receiver are in motion, subjecting the signals to Rician fading and different scattering effects. In this paper, we present a double-ring with a line-of-sight (LOS) component scattering model and a sum-of-sinusoids simulation method to characterize the mobile-to-mobile Rician fading channel. The developed model can facilitate the physical-layer simulation for mobile ad hoc communication systems. We also derive the autocorrelation function, level crossing rate (LCR), and average fade duration (AFD) of the mobile-to-mobile Rician fading channel and verify the accuracy by simulations.
A Critical Review and Synthesis of Research on Advertising in a Recession

Based on an extensive review of research on advertising in a recession, the authors identify over 40 related studies. Ten of these studies involve original empirical analyses of cross-sectional or time series data. The rest are theoretical discussions, reviews, cases, or opinions. The studies may be classified into four groups based on the dependent variable analyzed: 1) Sensitivity of advertising expenditures to the economy; 2) Sensitivity of brand versus private label share to economic expansions and contractions; 3) Impact of advertising in a recession to sales or market share during or after a recession; 4) Impact of advertising in a recession to profits during and after the recession. The authors critically review these studies and synthesize the major findings.
Singularity Theory and Symplectic Topology

It is mandatory to begin a lecture with something transparent for any undergraduate math major. Preparing this talk I tried to recall what I myself was able to understand twenty years ago when I first came to V. Arnold’s seminar on singularity theory. My choice of the subject area was due to an advice of a senior student who explained that singularity theory is worth studying because it is situated on the intersection of virtually all branches of mathematics. In this lecture, I will try to show that the advice was not so bad indeed.
Glacimarine sedimentation processes at Kronebreen and Kongsvegen, Svalbard

Abstract Tidewater glaciers deposit sediment at their terminus, thereby reducing the relative water depth. Reduced water depth can lead to increased glacier stability through decreased rates of iceberg calving, glacier thinning and submarine melting. Here we investigate sedimentation processes at the termini of Kronebreen and Kongsvegen, Svalbard. We mapped the fjord floor bathymetry in August 2009 and calculate sedimentation rates based on our bathymetry and that from a similar study in 2005. A grounding-line fan is developing near the current position of the subglacial stream. An older, abandoned grounding-line fan that likely formed between ∼1987 and 2001 is degrading near the middle of the ice front. Our findings indicate that sediment gravity flows reduce the height of the sediment mound forming at the glacier terminus. The future impact of glacimarine sedimentation processes on glacier stability will depend on the net balance between the observed gravity flows and sediment deposition.
Effect of Oil Price Shocks in the U.S. For 1985-2004, Using VAR, Mixed Dynamic and Granger Causality Approaches

This paper uses bivariate VAR, Mixed Dynamic and Granger Causality Approaches, to analyze the news effect of oil prices on the stock market index in the U.S during the recent oil price hikes from the late eighties up to date. All used models show similar evidence. They suggest that oil shock negatively affect the stock market returns in the U.S. Oil prices granger cause movements in the stock market index. The Stock market index will absorb the information of oil price shocks and incorporate it into the stock price instantaneously. Oil price shocks have an immediate negative effect on the U.S stock market.
A Business Analysis of Cloud Computing: Data Security and Contract Lock-In Issues

The widespread adoption of cloud computing services has a wide range of sourcing issues that companies must take into consideration when they standardize and automate their IT service delivery. In this respect, our paper identifies risks and opportunities of cloud computing which affect organisations' cloud adoption decisions. The research method used is based on a quantitative online survey questionnaire of 114 UK business respondents including IT professionals, managers, and decision-makers. The study results show that despite the business benefits for moving IT service consumption and delivery from on-premise to the cloud environment, the following risks are exacerbated: security, data privacy and contract lock-in. The outcome of the survey suggests that related concerns can be strategically mitigated. This can be done by negotiating cloud contracts to be more closely aligned to address business specific security and lock-in risks in cloud-based sourcing. Based on the outcome, the paper provides guidance to support the decision-making process on investment into cloud computing implementation to meet the organisations' business objectives with related concerns.
Effect of Processing Parameters on the Physical Stability of Silicone Coatings

Prefilled syringes have emerged as a container of choice for the storage and delivery of protein pharmaceuticals. This is due to a number of factors including greater medication safety resulting from reduced dosage errors, ease of use, and significantly reduced overfill requirements (1,2). Proper functionality of the prefilled syringes is achieved by lubricating the syringe barrel and plunger tip. For the past several decades, silicone oil has been the material of choice for this purpose. Recently, silicone oil has been implicated in causing enhanced protein aggregation in formulations delivered through prefilled syringes (3–5). The process of protein aggregation in formulations stored in prefilled syringes can, in general, be ascribed to the following steps: protein adsorption to the hydrophobic silicone oil/water interface, surface-induced protein denaturation, desorption of the denatured species, and aggregate formation following association with similar molecules in the bulk. Since protein binding to the silicone oil constitutes the earliest step in this aggregation process, it is critical to inhibit/reduce this binding. In prefilled syringes, silicone oil is available in two forms with which a protein can interact: surface bound and free. Surface-bound silicone oil provides a static interface with water in a device. Free silicone oil is present because of the application of excess silicone oil or a poor coating process, which may leach into the bulk. The leached silicone oil poses an additional concern as it provides an increased interfacial area for protein adsorption. Moreover, from a regulatory perspective, the enhanced particulate load because of silicone oil leaching can be a problem (6). Since the only purpose of silicone oil in prefilled syringes is to provide lubricity for a smooth plunger movement, it is important to optimize the amount of silicone oil that is applied to the surface to maintain an optimum syringe gliding force without generating any excess silicone oil on the surface. Excluding this excess silicone oil, which is prone to leaching, will result in a reduction in the silicone oil/water interfacial area with which a protein can interact, making the protein binding to the silicone oil a rate-limiting step in the process of silicone oil-induced protein aggregation. As more and more biologics are becoming available in prefilled syringes, it is critical to reassess the process of silicone oil coating in syringes. In a recent study, silicone migration from cyclic olefin copolymer syringes, coated with silicone, was studied as a function of curing process and formulation parameters (7); however, most of the work done by the industries in this area is proprietary and is seldom published. From a point of gaining a mechanistic understanding about the effect of different parameters on the stability of silicone coating at a surface against leaching, we evaluated the physical stability of silicone films in distilled water as a function of curing temperature, the applied amount, and viscosity of silicone fluid.