Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Commentary: Childhood abuse: new insights into its association with posttraumatic stress, suicidal ideation, and aggression.

The publication of the Battered Child Syndrome (Kempe, Silverman, Steele, Droegemueller, & Silver, 1962) opened our eyes to the large number of abused children. With this awareness came the dawning realization that exposure to early adversity is a major risk factor for psychopathology and poor health. The most sobering statistics arise from the Adverse Childhood Experiences Study. Based on retrospective reports from 17,337 adult HMO members they concluded that exposure to early abuse and adversity accounted for 50–78% of the population attributable risk for drug abuse, depression, alcoholism, and suicide attempts [see (Anda et al., 2006) for a review]. Further, early adversity leads to the adoption of unhealthy habits (e.g., smoking, risky sex) associated with premature death. To paraphrase Fellitti, ‘‘what we recognize as common disorders in adult medicine and psychiatry are likely the result of what we fail to recognize or address in childhood (Felitti, 2002). ’’ Developmental traumatology is still in its infancy. We do not understand why exposure to abuse appears to profoundly affect some individuals but not others, or why it may be associated with posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) in some; depression, substance abuse, or antisocial behaviors in others still. The articles in this issue bring new findings to bear on these questions.
Romania and the Euro’s Adoption. Between Real and Nominal Convergence

Romania is one of the least developed countries of the EU, with a level of GDP/capita three times lower than the EU average (1:2,9 GDP/head and 1:6,8 GDP/person employed), with a relatively low contribution of services to the PIB achievement, having an excessive labor force in agriculture, a reduced potential of the educational and research infrastructure and the lowest convergence level compared to the EU. According to the Convergence Programme, published at the beginning of 2007, Romania will not accede to the EMU-2 sooner than 2012, which means that 2014 becomes for Romania the most appropriate period for the adoption of euro (The Romanian Government, Convergence Programme, 2007). According to the Government, this period appears to be necessary for the continuation of the structural reform process, necessary for the economy to support euro.
Lung stress and strain during mechanical ventilation for acute respiratory distress syndrome.

RATIONALE Lung injury caused by a ventilator results from nonphysiologic lung stress (transpulmonary pressure) and strain (inflated volume to functional residual capacity ratio). OBJECTIVES To determine whether plateau pressure and tidal volume are adequate surrogates for stress and strain, and to quantify the stress to strain relationship in patients and control subjects. METHODS Nineteen postsurgical healthy patients (group 1), 11 patients with medical diseases (group 2), 26 patients with acute lung injury (group 3), and 24 patients with acute respiratory distress syndrome (group 4) underwent a positive end-expiratory pressure (PEEP) trial (5 and 15 cm H2O) with 6, 8, 10, and 12 ml/kg tidal volume. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS Plateau airway pressure, lung and chest wall elastances, and lung stress and strain significantly increased from groups 1 to 4 and with increasing PEEP and tidal volume. Within each group, a given applied airway pressure produced largely variable stress due to the variability of the lung elastance to respiratory system elastance ratio (range, 0.33-0.95). Analogously, for the same applied tidal volume, the strain variability within subgroups was remarkable, due to the functional residual capacity variability. Therefore, low or high tidal volume, such as 6 and 12 ml/kg, respectively, could produce similar stress and strain in a remarkable fraction of patients in each subgroup. In contrast, the stress to strain ratio-that is, specific lung elastance-was similar throughout the subgroups (13.4 +/- 3.4, 12.6 +/- 3.0, 14.4 +/- 3.6, and 13.5 +/- 4.1 cm H2O for groups 1 through 4, respectively; P = 0.58) and did not change with PEEP and tidal volume. CONCLUSIONS Plateau pressure and tidal volume are inadequate surrogates for lung stress and strain. Clinical trial registered with www.clinicaltrials. gov (NCT 00143468).
The Effect of Culture on Consumers' Willingness to Punish Irresponsible Corporate Behaviour: Applying Hofstede's Typology to the Punishment Aspect of Corporate Social Responsibility

This paper explores the relationship between attitudes to corporate social responsibility (CSR) and the cultural dimensions of business activity identified by Hofstede & Hofstede using a sample of nearly 90,000 stakeholders drawn from 28 countries. We develop five general propositions relating attitudes to CSR to aspects of culture. We show that the propensity of consumers to punish firms for bad behaviour varies in ways that appear to relate closely to the cultural characteristics identified by Hofstede. Furthermore, this variation appears to be understandable in terms of the standard interpretation of the Hofstede dimensions, suggesting that cultural variation in the attitudes of consumers may play an important role in helping us to understand variations in CSR across countries. This in turn has implications for how managers of multinational companies should implement CSR strategies in different cultural contexts.
Multi-prototype based semantic similarity of concepts in ontology

In this paper, we propose a new measure of semantic similarity based on multi-prototype concepts. Our proposed concept semantic similarity is based on the prototype view in cognitive psychology, and it can measure the semantic similarity between two concepts in a way which is approaching human cognition. It provides a novel way to measure semantic similarity based on prototypes in concepts and provides a new perspective in semantic similarity measure.
The Impact of Conditional Cash Transfers on Educational Inequality of Opportunity

Most conditional cash transfer evaluations have focused on estimating program effects on schooling, consumption, and labor supply. Fewer studies have addressed these outcomes using a distributive lens. This article uses data from three programs in Latin America to obtain evidence of their impact on educational inequality of opportunity, measured using primary enrollment. The main results indicate that groups considered vulnerable gain more in terms of access to education and that these interventions help level the playing field. They do not eliminate inequality of opportunity but are certainly a useful complement to equity-enhancing policies.
A rare incidence of metal artifact on MRI.

We present a rare example of metal artifacts observed in magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). A 32-year-old male patient was referred to our radiology department for brain MRI. T1-weighted spin echo, T2-weighted turbo spin echo, diffusion-weighted, and fluid attenuated inversion recovery (FLAIR) images were acquired on a 1.5 Tesla scanner (Magnetom Aera, Siemens Erlangen, Germany). Unusual circular shapes resembling water bubbles were observed at the vertex on the conventional MR images ( Figure 1 ). The patient was contacted if he had anything on his head, such as hair gel, etc. during MR imaging. It was found out that the patient was a metal worker who cuts metals and shapes things out of them and there were residual metal dusts on his scalp despite he had a shower before coming to the hospital.
The Impact of Annotation on the Performance of Protein Tagging in Biomedical Text

In this paper we discuss five different corpora annotated forprotein names. We present several within- and cross-dataset proteintagging experiments showing that different annotation schemes severelyaffect the portability of statistical protein taggers. By means of adetailed error analysis we identify crucial annotation issues thatfuture annotation projects should take into careful consideration.
Efficient hardware implementation of the hyperbolic tangent sigmoid function

Efficient implementation of the activation function is important in the hardware design of artificial neural networks. Sigmoid, and hyperbolic tangent sigmoid functions are the most widely used activation functions for this purpose. In this paper, we present a simple and efficient architecture for digital hardware implementation of the hyperbolic tangent sigmoid function. The proposed method employs a piecewise linear approximation as a foundation, and further improves the results using a lookup table. Our design proves to be more efficient considering area × delay as a performance metric when compared to similar proposals. VLSI implementation of the proposed design using a 0. 18µm CMOS process is also presented, which shows a 35% improvement over similar recently published architectures.
The Mediating Roles of Intrinsic and Extrinsic Motivation Between Classroom Learning Environment and Creativity among Hospitality Students in Taiwan

Creativity is generally regarded both as an essential capability for hospitality graduates that will enable them to meet the challenges they will face, in the initial years and beyond, as career professionals and as a key element in enabling hospitality managers to operate businesses successfully. Many studies have already found that creativity can be promoted or fostered and is not a special talent found in only a few individuals. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to investigate the influences of the classroom learning environment (CLE) and motivation to learn on hospitality students' creativity. The findings of this study revealed two critical insights: (1) the important direct and indirect effects of CLE on creativity and (2) the mediating effect of intrinsic motivation (IM) on creativity. This study found that both CLE and IM to learn can independently and interactively affect hospitality students' creativity.
HAR: hierarchy-based anycast routing protocol for wireless sensor networks

In this paper, we present hierarchy-based any-cast routing (HAR), a routing protocol for collecting data over multihop, wireless sensor networks. The design of the protocol aims to satisfy the requirements of sensor networks that every sensor transmits sensed data to the base station periodically or spontaneously. The base station constructs hierarchical tree by finding its child nodes which in turn discover their own child nodes and so on. HAR avoids both flooding and periodic updating of routing information but the tree will be reconstructed upon node failures or adding of new nodes. By knowing only its own parent and grandparent, each sensor can make forwarding decisions regardless of the knowledge on other neighboring nodes or geographical information. We evaluate the performance of HAR by using the ns-2 simulator and comparing with those of both DSR and AODV. The simulation results demonstrate that HAR achieves much higher delivery ratio and lower latency on various scenarios.
The relationship between gross motor skills and school readiness in early childhood: making the case in South Africa

Early childhood development (ECD) has gained substantial recognition in South Africa (SA) as a key issue to be addressed, but inequities and deficits remain evident, despite progressive policy and widespread effort by a range of role players in the non-governmental sector. ECD in SA requires far more attention if these are to be rectified, and school readiness is a particular area of concern. Previous research indicates that gross motor skills may positively impact on school readiness outcomes in disadvantaged SA children. This paper outlines school readiness deficits in disadvantaged SA children and presents an argument for using gross motor skill interventions to address these. This argument can hopefully form the basis for future gross motor skill interventions aimed at improving school readiness among disadvantaged children in a range of settings. Insight gained from the situation in SA may serve to assist those in other countries facing similar challenges with ECD.
The role of growth differentiation factor 15 in the pathogenesis of primary myelofibrosis

Growth differentiation factor 15 (GDF15) is a pleiotropic cytokine that belongs to the transforming growth factor‐β superfamily. Elevated serum concentrations of this cytokine have been reported in patients with various malignancies. To assess the potential roles of GDF15 in hematologic malignancies, we measured its serum levels in patients with these diseases. We found that serum GDF15 levels were elevated in almost all these patients, particularly in patients with primary myelofibrosis (PMF). Immunohistochemical staining of bone marrow (BM) specimens revealed that GDF15 was strongly expressed by megakaryocytes, which may be sources of increased serum GDF15 in PMF patients. Therefore, we further assessed the contribution of GDF15 to the pathogenesis of PMF. Recombinant human (rh) GDF15 enhanced the growth of human BM mesenchymal stromal cells (BM‐MSCs), and it enhanced the potential of these cells to support human hematopoietic progenitor cell growth in a co‐culture system. rhGDF15 enhanced the growth of human primary fibroblasts, but it did not affect their expression of profibrotic genes. rhGDF15 induced osteoblastic differentiation of BM‐MSCs in vitro, and pretreatment of BM‐MSCs with rGDF15 enhanced the induction of bone formation in a xenograft mouse model. These results suggest that serum levels of GDF15 in PMF are elevated, that megakaryocytes are sources of this cytokine in BM, and that GDF15 may modulate the pathogenesis of PMF by enhancing proliferation and promoting osteogenic differentiation of BM‐MSCs.
Convergence of Viscosity Iteration Process for a Finite Family of Generalized Asymptotically Quasi-Nonexpansive Mappings

We introduce a general iteration method for a finite family of generalized asymptotically quasi-nonexpansive mappings. The results presented in the paper extend and improve some recent results in the works by Shahzad and Udomene (2006); L. Qihou (2001); Khan et al. (2008).
The use of serum TA‐4 in monitoring patients with malignant transformation of ovarian mature cystic teratoma

The development of cancer in mature cystic teratomas of the ovary is rare and sometimes difficult to detect because of sampling errors. Six cases of squamous cell carcinoma arising in ovarian mature cystic teratomas were studied, five of which showed an elevated level of a squamous cell carcinoma‐associated antigen, TA‐4, in the sera obtained preoperatively; the preoperative determination was not performed in the sixth case. However, no elevated TA‐4 level was detected in the sera of 28 patients with mature cystic teratomas of the ovary. Moreover, serial determination of the serum TA‐4 level showed a good correlation between the clinical course and the serum TA‐4 level. Interestingly, an abnormal TA‐4 level preceded the clinical detection of recurrence by 2 months in two patients. Thus, determination of the serum TA‐4 concentration may be useful for diagnosing and monitoring patients with squamous cell carcinoma arising in mature cystic teratomas of the ovary.
Elevated Glucose Represses Liver Glucokinase and Induces Its Regulatory Protein to Safeguard Hepatic Phosphate Homeostasis

OBJECTIVE The induction of hepatic glucose 6-phosphatase (G6pc) by glucose presents a paradox of glucose-induced glucose intolerance. We tested whether glucose regulation of liver gene expression is geared toward intracellular homeostasis. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS The effect of glucose-induced accumulation of phosphorylated intermediates on expression of glucokinase (Gck) and its regulator Gckr was determined in hepatocytes. Cell ATP and uric acid production were measured as indices of cell phosphate homeostasis. RESULTS Accumulation of phosphorylated intermediates in hepatocytes incubated at elevated glucose induced rapid and inverse changes in Gck (repression) and Gckr (induction) mRNA concomitantly with induction of G6pc, but had slower effects on the Gckr-to-Gck protein ratio. Dynamic metabolic labeling in mice and liver proteome analysis confirmed that Gckr and Gck are low-turnover proteins. Involvement of Max-like protein X in glucose-mediated Gck-repression was confirmed by chromatin immunoprecipitation analysis. Elevation of the Gck-to-Gckr ratio in hepatocytes was associated with glucose-dependent ATP depletion and elevated urate production confirming compromised phosphate homeostasis. CONCLUSIONS The lowering by glucose of the Gck-to-Gckr ratio provides a potential explanation for the impaired hepatic glucose uptake in diabetes. Elevated uric acid production at an elevated Gck-to-Gckr ratio supports a role for glucose regulation of gene expression in hepatic phosphate homeostasis.
Calcium Intake and Lung Cancer Risk Among Female Nonsmokers: A Report from the Shanghai Women's Health Study

Background: Calcium has been implicated in carcinogenesis and linked to the risk of several cancers in epidemiologic studies; however, few studies have investigated the association of calcium intake with lung cancer risk, particularly among nonsmokers. Methods: We evaluated the association of intakes of calcium and related minerals, assessed through a food frequency questionnaire, with lung cancer risk among 71,267 female nonsmokers who were cancer free at baseline in the Shanghai Women's Health Study, a population-based, prospective cohort study. Multivariate Cox regression was used to calculate hazard ratios (HR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI). Results: During follow-up through December 2009 (median follow-up time: 11.2 years), 428 incident lung cancer cases accrued. The median intakes of dietary calcium, magnesium, and phosphorus were 441, 266, and 935 mg/d, respectively. Intakes of calcium, phosphorus, and the calcium-to-magnesium (Ca:Mg) ratio were inversely associated with lung cancer risk. The corresponding HRs (95% CIs) for the highest compared with the lowest quartile were 0.66 (0.48, 0.91) for calcium, 0.55 (0.36, 0.85) for phosphorus, and 0.62 (0.47, 0.82) for the Ca:Mg ratio. No association was observed for dietary magnesium intake or the use of calcium- or vitamin D-containing supplements. Conclusions and Impact: Our study provides some of the first evidence suggesting a possible role for increasing dietary calcium intake in lung cancer prevention among female nonsmokers, especially in populations with relatively low calcium intake. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev; 22(1); 50–7. ©2012 AACR.
Kenya: Back From the Brink?

Previously considered one of Africa’s few emerging democracies with a growing market-economy, Kenya was rocked by the most violent inter-ethnic killings in her history following the December 2007 general elections. Far from being old-fashioned “tribal conflict” that is said to afflict Africa, the violence was in the first instance a reaction by supporters of the opposition Orange Democratic Movement to the disputed presidential election results in which their candidate, Raila Odinga, was declared to have lost. The violence turned into calculated attacks targeting the country’s economically-dominant minority, the Kikuyu, to which the declared winner, Mwai Kibaki belongs. International mediation stopped the mayhem just as it was turning into a civil war. Kenyan could revitalize her democracy and economy by devising a new constitution and electoral system better suited to her ethnically pluralistic character.
Simultaneous Absolute Protein Quantification of Carboxylesterases 1 and 2 in Human Liver Tissue Fractions using Liquid Chromatography-Tandem Mass Spectrometry

The aims of this study were to develop a robust method for simultaneous quantification of carboxylesterases (CESs) 1 and 2 and to quantify those absolute protein levels in human liver tissue fractions. Unique peptide fragments of CES1 and CES2 in tryptically digested human liver microsomes (HLMs) and cytosol (HLC) were simultaneously quantified by liquid chromatography coupled with tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) using corresponding stable isotope-labeled peptides as internal standards. Bovine serum albumin was used as a blank matrix for the calibration curve samples. Our procedure showed good digestion efficiency, sensitivity, linearity of calibration curve, and reproducibility. The protein levels of CES1 and CES2 in 16 individual HLMs varied 4.7-fold (171–801 pmol/mg) and 3.5-fold (16.3–57.2 pmol/mg), respectively, that are approximately 10 times higher than the expression levels in HLC. The CES1/CES2 level ratio varied substantially from 3.0 to 25, and the correlation between the protein levels of CES1 and CES2 was negative, indicating significant interindividual variability and independence in their expression levels. CES1 levels significantly correlated with hydrolysis of the CES1 substrates, clopidogrel (5 μM) and oxybutynin (10 μM), whereas CES2 levels correlated strongly with hydrolysis of the CES2 substrate, irinotecan (1 μM), indicating that quantified protein levels are highly reliable. This is the first report to demonstrate the absolute protein levels of CESs quantified by LC-MS/MS.
Do Moral Choices Make Us Feel Good? The Development of Adolescents' Emotions Following Moral Decision Making.

Some people believe that making the morally right decision makes people feel good. However, until now, there has been no empirical evidence in support of this belief. In a representative two-wave longitudinal study of 995 15-year-old adolescents followed for 3 years (until the age of 18) in Switzerland, adolescents were asked about their decisions and emotions following hypothetical dilemmas involving moral obligations versus self-interest. Adolescents predominantly made moral decisions and reported feeling good following these decisions. With age, participants reported more positive emotions following moral decisions. A small number of adolescents made selfish decisions and reported feeling good following these decisions.
Daytime Naps, Motor Memory Consolidation and Regionally Specific Sleep Spindles

Background Increasing evidence demonstrates that motor-skill memories improve across a night of sleep, and that non-rapid eye movement (NREM) sleep commonly plays a role in orchestrating these consolidation enhancements. Here we show the benefit of a daytime nap on motor memory consolidation and its relationship not simply with global sleep-stage measures, but unique characteristics of sleep spindles at regionally specific locations; mapping to the corresponding memory representation. Methodology/Principal Findings Two groups of subjects trained on a motor-skill task using their left hand – a paradigm known to result in overnight plastic changes in the contralateral, right motor cortex. Both groups trained in the morning and were tested 8 hr later, with one group obtaining a 60–90 minute intervening midday nap, while the other group remained awake. At testing, subjects that did not nap showed no significant performance improvement, yet those that did nap expressed a highly significant consolidation enhancement. Within the nap group, the amount of offline improvement showed a significant correlation with the global measure of stage-2 NREM sleep. However, topographical sleep spindle analysis revealed more precise correlations. Specifically, when spindle activity at the central electrode of the non-learning hemisphere (left) was subtracted from that in the learning hemisphere (right), representing the homeostatic difference following learning, strong positive relationships with offline memory improvement emerged–correlations that were not evident for either hemisphere alone. Conclusions/Significance These results demonstrate that motor memories are dynamically facilitated across daytime naps, enhancements that are uniquely associated with electrophysiological events expressed at local, anatomically discrete locations of the brain.