Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Zwischen Nord- und Süddeutschland: Die Überwindung räumlicher Distanzen bei der Arbeitsmarktmobilität (Between northern and southern Germany: overcoming spatial distances in labour market mobility)

"This paper analysing the regional mobility of labour uses the IAB regional sample (west) to examine changes of job involving a move from north to south. From an action-theory point of view, attention is paid not only to the people's individual factors such as level of education/training, income or unemployment, but also in particular the spatial context conditions which have an influence on the rates of mobility between the north and the south. The focus of attention is both the level of regional unemployment and the distance from the particular boundary between the north and the south. The findings of a time-discrete rate model, which takes into account the clustering of observations within the contexts, show among other things that the rate of mobility from north to south decreases as the distance increases. However, this negative effect is counteracted above all by a higher level of education/training, and only to a very small extent does the willingness to overcome distances between north and south increase due to long-term unemployment. On the whole it becomes clear that regional labour-market mobility over greater distances seems to be a costly investment which is afforded principally by people who have the appropriate material and education-related resources. Especially for northern Germany's low-skilled people, long-term unemployed and people in poorly-paid jobs, who represent the actual (potential) problem cases on the labour market, moving to the far better labour markets of southern Germany is unlikely. " (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
Cloud formation, convection, and stratospheric dehydration

Using the Modern‐Era Retrospective Analysis for Research and Applications (MERRA) reanalysis winds, temperatures, and anvil cloud ice, we use our domain‐filling, forward trajectory model combined with a new cloud module to show that convective transport of saturated air and ice to altitudes below the tropopause has a significant impact on stratospheric water vapor and upper tropospheric clouds. We find that including cloud microphysical processes (rather than assuming that parcel water vapor never exceeds saturation) increases the lower stratospheric average H2O by 10–20%. Our model‐computed cloud fraction shows reasonably good agreement with tropical upper troposphere (TUT) cloud frequency observed by the Cloud‐Aerosol Lidar with Orthogonal Polarization (CALIOP) instrument in boreal winter with poorer agreement in summer. Our results suggest that over 40% of TUT cirrus is due to convection, and it is the saturated air from convection rather than injected cloud ice that primarily contributes to this increase. Convection can add up to 13% more water to the stratosphere. With just convective hydration (convection adds vapor up to saturation), the global lower stratospheric modeled water vapor is close to Microwave Limb Sounder observations. Adding convectively injected ice increases the modeled water vapor to ~8% over observations. Improving the representation of MERRA tropopause temperatures fields reduces stratospheric water vapor by ~4%.
Diatom‐based reconstruction of summer sea‐surface salinity in the South China Sea over the last 15 000 years

We present a new reconstruction of summer sea‐surface salinity (SSS) over the past 15 000 years based on a diatom record from piston core 17940, located on the northern slope of the South China Sea (SCS). The reconstructed diatom‐based summer SSS values for the modern period are in accord with instrumental observations of summer SSS in the area. Here, the modern summer SSS is primarily controlled by river runoff, in particular from the Pearl River. The reconstruction presented in this study shows that the summer SSS varied between 33.3 and 34.2 psu over the past 15 000 years. The long‐term summer SSS trend closely followed the trend of the orbitally controlled solar insolation at 20°N, suggesting that orbital forcing was the dominant driver of changes in summer SSS in this area. Comparisons to speleothem δ18O data and studies of surface hydrography in the region suggest that changes in solar insolation affected the summer SSS through changes in the East Asian Monsoon and sea‐level changes associated with the last deglaciation. Univariate spectral analyses indicate that centennial‐scale oscillatory variations in summer SSS were superimposed on the long‐term trend. During the deglacial period (c. 12 000–9000 cal. a BP), the dominant periodicity was centred around 230–250 years, whereas a ∼350‐year oscillation dominated in the period 2200–4500 cal. a BP. The balance of evidence suggests that these centennial‐scale changes in summer SSS may have been driven by solar‐induced changes in the East Asian Monsoon, but further evidence is needed to firmly establish this relationship.
Biometric personal identification based on gait pattern using both feet pressure change

In this paper, we propose a personal identification by sole pressure change. We obtain sole pressure change of multiple steps by using two pressure sensor sheets. Each pressure sensor sheet is inserted into each shoe as an inner sock. Then, we extract characteristics of sole pressure change from the obtained data. We make template data of both feet from the extracted characteristics. We propose a Euclidean distance based method for personal identification. As the experimental result, we have recognized one of ten volunteers with over 90% accuracy.
The Application of Organic Matter Temporarily Shifts Carrot Prokaryotic Communities in the Endosphere but Not in the Rhizosphere

Endophytic prokaryotes, bacteria, and archaea, are important microorganisms that benefit host plants by promoting plant growth and reducing stress. The objective of this study was to evaluate temporal shifts in the root endophytic prokaryotic communities associated with carrots (Daucus carota subsp. sativus) and the effect of organic matter application on them. Carrots were grown in a planter under five fertilizer treatments (weed compost, bark compost, cattle manure, chemical fertilizer, and no-fertilizer control) and the compositions of rhizosphere and root endosphere prokaryotic communities were determined via amplicon sequencing analysis targeting the 16S rRNA gene at 60 and 108 days after sowing. The results showed that the rhizosphere prokaryotic community compositions were stable despite different sampling times and fertilizer treatments; however, a greater temporal shift and an effect of the type of organic matter applied were observed in the endosphere prokaryotic communities. The differences in treatments resulted in significant differences in the abundance and Faith pyrogenetic diversity of the endosphere prokaryotic community. Genera, such as Burkholderia, Sphingomonas, and Rhodanobacter, that exhibit plant-growth-promoting and biocontrol activities, were detected regardless of the treatments, suggesting that they may play an important ecological role as the core endophytes in carrot roots.
Novel Organic Amendments To Improve Soil Fertility and Plant Nutrition

ii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS . v TABLE OF CONTENTS . vi LIST OF TABLES . viii LIST OF FIGURES . x LIST OF SYMBOLS AND ABBREVIATIONS . xv 1.0 INTRODUCTION . 1 2.0 LITERATURE REVIEW . 5 2.1 Soils and organic amendments . 5 2.2 Novel organic amendments . 7 2.2.1 Dried distillers’ grains and solubles-fed cattle manure and compost . 8 2.2.2 Alfalfa pellets . 12 2.2. 3 Biochar . 14 3.0 BEHAVIOR OF DIFFERENT DDGS-FED FRESH AND COMPOSTED CATTLE MANURES . 17 3.
Constraints to School Excursions: An Australian Case Study

Educational tourism, and school excursion tourism in particular, is a relatively under researched and poorly understood segment of the tourism industry. This growing potential market for the travel and tourism industry amongst schools, universities and other educational institutions is one that needs to be better understood. This paper examines constraints to overnight school excursions in Australia. A self-completed online survey measured the importance of constraints to overnight school excursions, together with information on various school characteristics. Participants were registered schools (primary and secondary) Australia wide from a database of 7,196 with deliverable email addresses. Responses numbered 1,314, a response rate of 16%. Analysis revealed the nature of overnight school excursion constraints, and compared overnight school excursion constraints within school characteristics, re-confirming that the school market is not a homogenous one, and that target marketing is vital to convert latent demand into actual demand. The study produced recommendations for destination managers who are interested in attracting or increasing school excursion visitation to their region.
Decoupling of Pacific subduction zone guided waves beneath central Japan: Evidence for thin slab

The fine‐scale seismic structure of the northeast Japan subduction zone is studied based on waveform analyses of moderate‐sized (M4.5–6), deep‐focus earthquakes (h >350 km) and the finite difference method (FDM) simulation of high‐frequency (up to 8 Hz) wave propagation. Strong regional S wave attenuation anomalies for specific source‐receiver paths connecting the cluster of events occurring in central part of the Sea of Japan recorded at fore arc stations in northern and central Japanese Islands (Honshu) are used to model the deeper structure of the subducting Pacific Plate, where recent teleseismic tomography has shown evidence for a possible slab tear westward beneath the Sea of Japan. The character of the observed anomalous S wave attenuation and the following high‐frequency coda can be captured with the two‐dimensional (2‐D) FDM simulation of seismic waves in heterogeneous plate model, incorporating the thinning of the plate at depth, which is also compared with other possible causes of dramatic attenuation of high‐frequency S wave due to low‐Q or much weaker heterogeneities in the slab. The results of simulation clearly demonstrate that the dramatic loss of high‐frequency S wavefield from the plate into the surrounding mantle occurred due to the variation in the plate geometry (i.e., thinning of the plate) at depth near the source rather than due to variation in physical properties, such as due to the lowered‐Q and weaker heterogeneities in the plate. The presence of such a thin zone defocuses the high‐frequency slab‐guided S wave energy from the subducting plate into the surrounding mantle and acts as a geometric antiwaveguide. Based on the sequence of simulation results obtained, we propose thinning of Pacific Plate at depth subducting beneath northeastern Japan, localized to central part of Honshu, in agreement with the observations.
Assessment of biases in merchant ship surface temperatures

Weather observations from Voluntary Observing Ships (VOS) have been analysed in an attempt to identify biases resulting from different observing practices. The observations were taken from the Comprehensive Ocean Atmosphere Dataset (COADS) for the period 1980 to 1997. A new quality control procedure was developed and implemented based on a comparison of local data rather than on climatological limits and individual ships were tracked to remove data with corrupt positions. Metadata containing information on measurement methods from a World Meteorological Organisation catalogue of VOS was associated with individual ship observations to enhance the information already contained within the COADS. Observational pairs were constructed from the COADS where reports were colocated within 50 km and 1 hour. This procedure reduced uncertainty about the comparisons of different measurement methods due to spatial and temporal variability. Sea surface temperature (SST) reports made using a bucket and thermometer were shown to be biased cool in conditions where surface heat loss was expected to be large. Bucket SST reports, which sample only the near surface, were relatively warm under conditions where a shallow diurnal warm layer in the ocean might be expected to form. Biases in the nighttime bucket SST reports were quantitatively assessed using a statistical technique that accounted for the error structure of the dataset. This suggested that at moderate wind speeds bucket SST data are biased by an approximately constant fraction of the air - sea temperature difference. SST derived from the engine intake thermometer were much noisier than those measured using buckets but, on average, no significant bias could be detected. This contradicts earlier studies which are comprehensively reviewed. Biases in air temperature measurements depend on the exposure of the sensor (which depends on recruiting country), on the incident shortwave radiation, the ventilation of the sensor and the past heating of the sensor. Regional variations in the height of the air temperature measurement are shown to be significant as are changes in observation height with time.
Evidence of wind‐evaporation‐sea surface temperature (WES) feedback in the western Pacific warm pool during the mature phase of the 1997–98 El Niño

Certain features of the wind‐evaporation‐sea surface temperature (WES) feedback on the 1997–98 El Niño event are demonstrated by observations of sea surface temperature (SST), wind, and heat flux. Anomalous distributions of these parameters are recognized during the December‐January‐February season. A high‐SST (>28°C) region expanded southeastward over 170°W and underscored the SST contrast between the both hemispheres. As a result, cross‐equatorial northerly winds with relatively weak easterly winds are dominant within the equatorial band. Concerning heat flux, the latent heat flux from the ocean, which is increased (decreased) north (south) of the equator, is associated with net heat gain (loss) of the ocean in the north (south). These distributions are characteristics of the WES feedback. Temporal evolution of these parameters revealed intensification of cross‐equatorial northerly winds and the decrease (increase) in SST at around 3°N (3°S) from January to February.
Fluorescent Molecules That Help Reveal Previously Unidentified Neural Connections in Adult, Neonatal and Peripubertal Mammals

One hundred and twenty-five years ago there was a lively discussion between Hungarian and Spanish neuroscientists on the nature of neural connections. The question was whether the neurofibrils run from one neuron to the next and connect neurons as a continuous network or the fibrils form an internal skeleton in the neurons and do not leave the cell; however, there is close contact between the neurons. About 50 years later, the invention of the electron microscope solved the problem. Close contacts between individual neurons were identified and named as synapses. In the following years, the need arose to explore distant connections between neuronal structures. Tracing techniques entered neuroscience. There are three major groups of tracers: (A) non-transsynaptic tracers used to find direct connections between two neuronal structures; (B) tracers passing gap junctions; (C) transsynaptic tracers passing synapses that are suitable to explore multineuronal circuits. According to the direction of the transport mechanism, the tracer may be ante- or retrograde. In this review, we focus on the ever-increasing number of fluorescent tracers that we have also used in our studies. The advantage of the use of these molecules is that the fluorescence of the tracer can be seen in histological sections without any other processes. Genes encoding fluorescent molecules can be inserted in various neuropeptide or neurotransmitter expressing transcriptomes. This makes it possible to study the anatomy, development or functional relations of these neuronal networks in transgenic animals.
A coefficient of agreement as a measure of thematic classification accuracy.

The classification error matrix typically contains tabulated results of accuracy evaluation for a thematic classification, such as a land-use and land-cover map. Diagonal elements of the matrix represent counts correct. The usual designation of classification accuracy has been total percent correct. Nondiagonal elements of the matrix have usually been neglected. A coefficient of agreement is determined for the interpreted map as a whole, and individually for each interpreted category. These coefficients utilize all cell values in the matrix. A conditional coefficient of agreement for individual categories is compared to other methods for expressing category accuracy which have already been published in remote sensing literature. A Coefficient of Agreement as a Measure of Thematic Classification Accuracy
A cross-cultural study of parents' estimates of their own and their children's intelligence in a sample of Black and Indian South Africans.

This study investigated Black and Indian South African's estimates of their own intelligence and that of their first two children. Parents gave estimates for seven types of intelligence (Gardner's theory of multiple intelligences) and overall intelligence. The purpose of this study was to establish if gender and/or cultural differences existed in the estimates of intelligence. The participants were asked to complete a brief one-page questionnaire, the 'estimates of intelligence' questionnaire, which has been used in previous studies in this field (Furnham et al, 2004; Furnham et al, 2002a; Furnham & Mkhize, 2002; Furnham, 2000; Furnham et al, 1999; Furnham & Baguma, 1999, Furnham & Gasson, 1998). The results indicated that Indian South Africans gave higher estimates of intelligence than Black South Africans for their own intelligence and that of their children (first and secondborn children). In addition, mothers were found to give higher self-estimates for musical intelligence than their male counterparts. No gender differences were found for parents' estimates of their first and second-born children. In comparing parents' estimates of their own intelligence as compared to their children, parents gave higher estimates of their own intelligence. The predictors of overall intelligence were also explored. Parents were also asked to answer six close-ended questions, which investigated their views of intelligence and intelligence tests.
Stress changes, focal mechanisms, and earthquake scaling laws for the 2000 dike at Miyakejima (Japan)

Faulting processes in volcanic areas result from a complex interaction of pressurized fluid‐filled cracks and conduits with the host rock and local and regional tectonic setting. Often, volcanic seismicity is difficult to decipher in terms of the physical processes involved, and there is a need for models relating the mechanics of volcanic sources to observations. Here we use focal mechanism data of the energetic swarm induced by the 2000 dike intrusion at Miyakejima (Izu Archipelago, Japan), to study the relation between the 3‐D dike‐induced stresses and the characteristics of the seismicity. We perform a clustering analysis on the focal mechanism (FM) solutions and relate them to the dike stress field and to the scaling relationships of the earthquakes. We find that the strike and rake angles of the FMs are strongly correlated and cluster on bands in a strike‐rake plot. We suggest that this is consistent with optimally oriented faults according to the expected pattern of Coulomb stress changes. We calculate the frequency‐size distribution of the clustered sets finding that focal mechanisms with a large strike‐slip component are consistent with the Gutenberg‐Richter relation with a b value of about 1. Conversely, events with large normal faulting components deviate from the Gutenberg‐Richter distribution with a marked roll‐off on its right‐hand tail, suggesting a lack of large‐magnitude events (Mw > 5.5). This may result from the interplay of the limited thickness and lower rock strength of the layer of rock above the dike, where normal faulting is expected, and lower stress levels linked to the faulting style and low confining pressure.
Structural analysis of interior layered deposits in north and south Coprates Chasma, Mars

Interior layered deposits within an embayment in the northern as well as near the southern wall of Coprates Chasma in the Valles Marineris, Mars are studied using HRSC, CTX, HiRISE and CRISM data. In the northern embayment, layered deposits outcrop in three separate locations (a western deposit, a central deposit and an eastern deposit). The central layered deposit in the north has a stratigraphic thickness of 2 km. The western layered deposit abuts against the chasma wall appearing to have a relatively un-eroded depositional surface. The eastern deposit is near a landslide scar which appears to have exposed basement layering showing downward displacement. This northern embayment is suggested to have been an ancestral basin. The triangular edged deposit near the southern wall of Coprates Chasma has an elongated mound protruding from the central edge and is suggested to be the outer limits of a fault block which is back rotated 6° south. The rotation may be the result of the Valles Marineris opening.
Earth System History

PART I: MATERIALS, PROCESSES, AND PRINCIPLES Earth as a System Rock-Forming Minerals and Rocks The Diversity of Life Environments and Life Sedimentary Environments Correlation and Dating of the Rock Record Evolution and the Fossil Record The Theory of Plate Tectonics Continental Tectonics and Mountain Chains Major Chemical Cycles PART II: THE STORY OF EARTH The Hadean and Archean Eons of Precambrian Time The Proterozoic Eon of Precambrian Time The Early Paleozoic World The Middle Paleozoic World The Late Paleozoic World The Early Mesozoic World The Cretaceous World The Paleogene World The Neogene World The Holocene
After the Rain – learning the lessons from flood recovery in Hull

The report shows that it is often not so much the floods themselves, but what comes afterwards, that people find so difficult to deal with. The research on which this report is based aimed to undertake a real-time longitudinal study to document and understand the everyday experiences of individuals following the floods of June 2007 in interaction with networks of actors and organisations, strategies of institutional support and investment in the built environment and infrastructure. It had the following objectives: - To identify and document key dimensions of the longer term experience of flood impact and flood recovery, including health, economic and social aspects. - To examine how resilience and vulnerability were manifest in the interaction between everyday strategies of adaptation during the flood recovery process, and modes of institutional support and the management of infrastructure and the built environment. -To explore to what extent the recovery process entailed the development of new forms of resilience and to identify the implications for developing local level resilience for flood recovery in the future. To develop an archive that will be accessible for future research into other aspects of flood recovery. The flooding which affected the city of Kingston-upon-Hull took place in June 2007. Over 110mm of rain fell during the biggest event, overwhelming the city‟s drainage system and resulting in widespread pluvial flooding. The floods affected over 8,600 households and one person was killed. Our research used in-depth, qualitative methods where 44 people kept weekly diaries and participated in interviews and group discussions over an 18-month period.
Asymmetric substitutability: theory and some applications

Economists usually describe goods as being either (gross) complements or (gross) substitutes. Yet, what is less known is that one good may be a gross substitute for a second good, while the second good is a gross complement to the first good. This article develops a theory of asymmetric gross substitutability and suggests some potential examples and applications. (JEL D11)