Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
You are Not Your Developer, Either: A Research Agenda for Usable Security and Privacy Research Beyond End Users

While researchers have developed many tools, techniques, and protocols for improving software security, exploits and breaches are only becoming more frequent. Some of this gap between theoretical security and actual vulnerability can be explained by insufficient consideration of human factors, broadly termed usability, when developing these mechanisms. In particular, security mechanisms may be difficult to use, may conflict with other priorities, or may assume more security knowledge than users possess. For almost 20 years, the usable security community has investigated how to improve the usability of security tools and interfaces aimed at end users. More recently, the community has begun to apply similar techniques in the context of improving security tools — such as APIs and bug-finding software — aimed not at end users but at developers, whose security errors are magnified across all users of their products. In this paper, we review key lessons learned from usable security for end users and consider how to apply them in the context of developers. We propose a research agenda aimed at developing a high-quality, comprehensive literature for usable security for developers, including: investigating how to conduct reliable research in this context, understanding developers' attitudes, knowledge, and priorities, measuring the status quo, and developing improved tools and interventions in the future.
Antibodies to varicella-zoster virus modulate antigen distribution but fail to induce viral persistence in vitro

Varicella-zoster virus (VZV) persists in human sensory ganglia. One of the hypotheses to explain the induction or the maintenance of VZV latency is that it could be promoted by the immune response itself. It is known that in the case of viruses which bud off the infected cell membrane, virus-specific antibodies can induce antigenic modulation, i.e., spatial redistribution of viral antigens and modulation of their synthesis. To determine whether antigenic modulation occurs during VZV infection in vitro and could possibly be involved in viral persistence, we have grown infected cells in the presence of anti-VZV antibodies either transiently or permanently. The distribution of immune complexes and viral proteins was then analyzed. In transient immunomodulation experiments, the distribution of one or more viral antigens was modified not only in the cytoplasmic membranes but also in the cytoplasm and nucleoplasm of infected cells. When infected cells were kept permanently in the presence of antibodies, the same pattern of redistribution of immune complexes was observed and the localization of internal viral glycoproteins was significantly modified. However, antibodies did not prevent the lytic effect of infection; they altered neither the infectious virus yield nor the Western immunoblot pattern of viral proteins, suggesting that immunomodulation is not the primary effector of viral persistence.
Image and Brain: The Resolution of the Imagery Debate . By S. M. Kosslyn. (Pp. 516; £40.50.) MIT Press: Cambridge, Mass. 1994.

organization, the Learning, Hyperactivity and Attention Deficit Disorders Association (LADDER), has been formed. The media have become interested in the concept of an illness being the cause of poor attention and worsethan-expected achievement. Articles have appeared in the health section of the daily papers and discussions have been held on national radio. Be warned. A new wave of people who wonder if this is the cause of their dissatisfaction with their lives, seeking a new wonder drug, is slowly breaking on the health service in this country. Books such as this will increase consumer pressure. What is needed is a calm, rigorously scientific examination of ADHD in adults.
Proposal Systems Optimization in Mobility Management

Mobile networking technology seeks to preserve the user experience as the user moves and thereby crosses from one network into another. A mobility event is the result of one network connection path being replaced by another via the rebinding of common system properties that may happen at any one of several protocol layers of the mobile. The rebinding is a sequential process and each process takes finite amount of time. This overall process results in generating a period of time in which network service is degraded by transient data loss and increased end-to-end delay. Formal techniques to characterize this problem and to develop optimization methodologies for these processes have never been studied as part of a systematic framework for mobility solutions. This dissertation develops a systematic systems model that analyzes the systems properties associated with a mobility event and characterizes several systems optimization techniques for these processes. The proposed formal mobility systems model represents these common properties in terms of a set of communicating finite state machines. I analyze this general mobility systems framework and develop several methodologies that can model the systems optimization techniques. In particular, I develop methodologies to model the optimization for many of these properties such as discovery, configuration, binding update, media rerouting and apply these methodologies to prototype mobility systems that can support subnet, domain and inter-technology roaming for realtime and streaming application in the wireless Internet. Some of these methodologies include proactive network and resource discovery, pre-authentication, pre-configuration, reduction of binding delay and minimizing the effect of media redirection delay by means of dynamic buffering and multicasting. I validate the mobility system model by using it to analytically assess related mobility protocols. The model will result in an analytical assessment of the techniques that can be directly compared to our experimental results taking into account several parameters such as mobility rate, packet-tomobility ratio, simultaneous mobility, distance between communicating nodes and network bandwidth. I perform a comparative analysis of our optimized mobility management schemes with the similar network layer mobility protocols and other fast-handoff mechanism.
Comparing assessments of students' knowledge by computerized open‐ended and multiple‐choice tests

At the State University of New York at Buffalo School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, interactive computerized tests that accept unrestricted natural-language input were used to assess the knowledge of medical students in a sophomore course on clinical biophysics in 1989. The course covered the physical bases, scopes, and limitations of the most widely used diagnostic, therapeutic, and prosthetic technologies. The test was composed of both open-ended sequential questions and multiple-choice questions on the same material. The scores for the two testing modes were correlated, paying special attention to answers that demonstrated a flagrant lack of knowledge, corroborated by subsequent answers. The correlation between the qualities of the answers for the two testing modalities was found to be significantly positive for the lower half of the class of students and negative for the upper half, suggesting that the two modes of testing measure different aspects of competence. The implications of the findings to medical education and accreditation are discussed.
Different central and peripheral responses to leptin in rhesus monkeys: brain transport may be limited.

The purpose of this experiment was to determine the effect of leptin administration on food intake and energy expenditure in rhesus monkeys. Four adult male rhesus monkeys, cannulated in the left lateral cerebral ventricle, were used for all phases of this experiment. Food intake was measured following intracerebroventricular injections of vehicle or three doses (500 ng, 2 micrograms, and 22 micrograms) leptin. Leptin administration resulted in a dose-dependent decrease in food intake (P < 0.05), with food intake decreased by an average of 54% at 22 micrograms leptin. Energy expenditure was also measured at two intracerebroventricular doses of leptin. Energy expenditure was not different (P > 0.10) between placebo and leptin injections at either dose. Food intake was also measured following i.v. injection of 3 mg leptin. In this case, leptin did not alter (P > 0.10) food intake, despite increasing serum leptin levels by as much as 100-fold. These results suggest that leptin is a potent inhibitor of food intake in rhesus monkeys, but this effect requires elevation of leptin concentrations in the cerebrospinal fluid or critical brain sites. The transport system for movement of leptin across the blood-brain barrier may limit the influence of circulating leptin on food intake in monkeys.
Towards a smooth design process for static communicative node‐link diagrams

Node‐link infographics are visually very rich and can communicate messages effectively, but can be very difficult to create, often involving a painstaking and artisanal process. In this paper we present an investigation of node‐link visualizations for communication and how to better support their creation. We begin by breaking down these images into their basic elements and analyzing how they are created. We then present a set of techniques aimed at improving the creation workflow by bringing more flexibility and power to users, letting them manipulate all aspects of a node‐link diagram (layout, visual attributes, etc.) while taking into account the context in which it will appear. These techniques were implemented in a proof‐of‐concept prototype called GraphCoiffure, which was designed as an intermediary step between graph drawing/editing software and image authoring applications. We describe how GraphCoiffure improves the workflow and illustrate its benefits through practical examples.
The roots of root infinitives: remarks on infinitival main clauses in adult and child language

The past decade has produced various theories for explaining why children learning certain languages will often use infinitival utterances. One class of these approaches shares the property that a period in language acquisition is assumed during which the marking of finiteness on the verb is optional in the children's grammar. In these theories, finiteness marking on the verb is considered obligatory in the corresponding adult languages. Another class of acquisition accounts attributes infinitival main clauses to processing overload. I argue here that both types of theory are insufficient, because they are based on ill-conceived assumptions about adult languages. Consequently, they make inadequate predictions about children's linguistic behavior SUBSEQUENT to the so-called optional-infinitive stage. In the final section, I sketch out the ingredients of an approach to infinitival utterances that promises to explain not only why children use them in relatively large proportions, but also how they get rid of some of them, while keeping the option of using them, as is required in the target languages.
Why Won’t They Listen to Us?

This article discusses the need for authentic social research with children given the fact that increasingly such research is being relied on to inform social policy which profoundly affects the lives of children. Authentic research is operationalized in this article as that research which gives power and voice to child research participants and which provides insights into their subjective world. Such research allows the children to a degree to be ‘subject’ or ‘collaborator’ in the research process rather than simply study ‘object’. Giving power and voice to children in the research context involves issues of research methodology and opportunities to contribute to research agendas and ethics guidelines such that the need and right to be heard is better met. Empathetic understanding in research with children as a byproduct of combining quantitative approaches with the phenomenological perspective is also discussed.
An Accelerated Hybrid Proximal Extragradient Method for Convex Optimization and Its Implications to Second-Order Methods

This paper presents an accelerated variant of the hybrid proximal extragradient (HPE) method for convex optimization, referred to as the accelerated HPE (A-HPE) framework. Iteration-complexity results are established for the A-HPE framework, as well as a special version of it, where a large stepsize condition is imposed. Two specific implementations of the A-HPE framework are described in the context of a structured convex optimization problem whose objective function consists of the sum of a smooth convex function and an extended real-valued nonsmooth convex function. In the first implementation, a generalization of a variant of Nesterov's method is obtained for the case where the smooth component of the objective function has Lipschitz continuous gradient. In the second implementation, an accelerated Newton proximal extragradient (A-NPE) method is obtained for the case where the smooth component of the objective function has Lipschitz continuous Hessian. It is shown that the A-NPE method has a ${\cal O}.
The managerial decision to implement electronic surveillance at work: A research framework

In recent years, electronic performance monitoring (EPM) has increased dramatically. The managerial decision to implement an EPM system is important for it has significant implications for an organization. Even so, little attention has been paid by researchers to this decision. The present paper reviews the published research on EPM and identifies factors that probably impact this decision. A model is offered to help researchers identify relevant psychological and organizational variables that may impact the decision to implement an EPM system. Psychologically, issues of trust, privacy, social facilitation, justice beliefs and stress reactions must be considered. Organizationally, a firm's Human Resource strategy, organizational culture, and anticipated consequences of EPM (i.e., increasing performance, reducing theft) are also discussed.
The effect of parent–child attachment relationships on child biopsychosocial outcomes: a review

Initial progress has been made in the conceptualization and study of attachment stability over time, and substantial evidence has accumulated on the association between attachment classification and biopsychosocial functioning (including social–emotional competence, cognition, physical health and mental health). The literature supports the intuitive belief that parent–child attachment representations affect infant and child development in a variety of domains and across several developmental periods. There is substantial evidence that children with secure attachments in childhood develop more positive social–emotional competence, cognitive functioning, physical health and mental health, whereas children with insecure attachments are more at risk for negative outcomes in these domains. However, problems still remain in controlling for variables that may affect attachment classification throughout the lifespan (e.g. changes in life circumstances, stress, caregiving) and in determining how these variables influence later outcomes. Findings from this review are discussed in terms of health promotion and prevention, and areas for future research are outlined.
Towards Formal Verification of Analog and Mixed-Signal Designs

This paper examines the use of formal verification methods in the analog design process. To apply formal techniques such as model checking we must abstract the analog circuit at the behavioral level, express its behavior as a state transition system while retaining the essential nonlinear properties, and use a verification tool with specifications that represent the desired analog behavior. We model circuits behaviorally in Simulink (MATLAB), and perform model checking using CheckMate, a nonlinear control system verification tool developed at CMU. To illustrate the opportunities in this very new verification arena, we work through a formal verification for an elementary oscillator circuit. We show how to answer exactly and formally questions such as: Can this circuit oscillate? Where? And where not? CheckMate successfully answers these for both the oscillating and non-oscillating cases.
Accelerated Corneal Collagen Cross-Linking in Pediatric Patients: Two-Year Follow-Up Results

Purpose. To evaluate the effectiveness and safety of accelerated corneal collagen cross-linking (ACXL) in patients below 14 years of age with progressive keratoconus. Materials and Methods. Thirty eyes of 18 patients with established progressive keratoconus underwent preoperative and postoperative visual acuity assessment, topography, and specular microscopy prior to ACXL and were followed up for 24 months. Results. Mean age of the patients was 12.7 years with ten males and eight females. There was an improvement in the mean postoperative uncorrected distant visual acuity (from 0.76 ± 0.26 to 0.61 ± 0.25; P = 0.005), mean corrected distant visual acuity (from 0.24 ± 0.19 to 0.12 ± 0.12; P < 0.001), mean spherical refraction (from −3.04 DS ± 3.60 to −2.38 DS ± 3.37; P = 0.28), mean cylinder (from −3.63 DC ± 1.82 to −2.80 DC ± 1.48; P = 0.008), and spherical equivalent (from −4.70 D ± 3.86 to −3.75 D ± 3.49; P = 0.15). Three eyes of two patients with vernal keratoconjunctivitis (VKC) showed progression. There were no intra- or postoperative complications. Conclusion. In pediatric patients ACXL is an effective and safe procedure for the management of keratoconus. Optimal management of VKC is important to arrest the progression of keratoconus.
SPECTRAL VEGETATION INDICES AND ITS RESPONSE TO IN-SITU MEASURED LEAF AREA INDEX OF COTTON

The major objective of this study was to develop site-specific spectral vegetation index-LAI relationship for two cotton varieties cultivated in the Central State Farm (CSF) Hisar, using multi-date radiometric and LAI measurements as well as digital data of LISSIII onboard Indian Remote Sensing Satellite (IRS). The field-level LAI was measured using LAI-2000 Plant Canopy Analyser and Aerosol optical thickness (AOT) and water vapour content were measured using hand-held Microtops-II Sunphotometer. The radiometric measurements were carried out using Ground Truth Radiometer (GTR). The results of linear regression analysis indicated that among various SVIs, the NIR – SWIR based indices performed slightly better as compared to NIR Red based indices. However, there was not much variation among different SVIs with relatively high R in most cases. The relationship developed between LAI and NDVI of cotton varieties was used to predict LAI, which resulted in R of 0.82, however most of the predicted LAI values were underestimated by 8.4 percent. This relationship was used to generate LAI map of cotton areas in the Hisar district. The results of exponential relationship between IRS LISS-III derived NDVI and yields in the farmer’s fields resulted in R of 0.73 and between LAI and cotton yields resulted in R of 0.79. These results are encouraging in terms of their utility in retrieving LAI from IRS LISS-III derived NDVI and indirectly to estimate cotton yields at the regional scale using LAI and yield relationships.
What do newly-qualified nurses expect from preceptorship? Exploring the perspective of the preceptee.

Preceptorship plays an important role in ensuring the smooth transition from student to registered nurse (UKCC 1993). To date, there has been little evidence to demonstrate the extent to which preceptorship has been introduced, and scant research into newly-qualified nurses' expectations and experiences of preceptorship. A longitudinal, questionnaire survey is exploring the expectations of preceptorship, from the perspective of newly qualified nurses, as part of a Department of Health funded study into the careers of people qualifying from nursing diploma courses. The paper demonstrates how pilot work with a cohort of newly qualified nurses, combined with literature on preceptorship, enabled the identification of key aspects of preceptorship. Findings are presented on the expectations of adult branch nurses at the point of qualification. There was an overwhelming demand for preceptorship, and the majority of respondents anticipated that all identified aspects of preceptorship would be important in their first job. Aspects identified as particularly important were 'constructive feedback on my clinical skills' and 'teaching new clinical skills'. Future questionnaires will reveal the extent to which these expectations are met.
Benchmarking Operations to Promote Learning: An Internal Supply Chain Perspective.

Despite the widespread discussion of organisational learning, there is little scholarly contribution on promoting learning through the practical application of management tools. This is especially true in a complex internal supply chain context of an organisation. This paper seeks to address this gap by exploring and analysing the capability of the benchmarking tool to promote learning in the internal supply chain context of a large organisation. A longitudinal in-depth case study of a project that benchmarked the filling and packing internal supply chain with its internal and external interfaces was conducted within the German chemical company BASF. Four key management areas were identified to facilitate learning during a benchmarking project: knowledge management, change management, project management, and leadership. This research proposes a set of propositions combining benchmarking and learning within the context of internal supply chains that are grounded in the empirical data and the extant learning theory.
The OSCE suspension of the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia

Introduction The suspension of the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia (FRY)' was one of the most difficult, and in some ways, controversial decisions the OSCE has made since its establishment. The decision entailed consideration of several different issues, including the notion of consensus and 'consensus minus one', humanitarian crisis response and responsibility, and national sovereignty. The decision has also forced the OSCE to consider the most effective and appropriate method of dealing with crises occurring within the borders of participating States. As informal discussions regarding the status of the FRY'S suspension and possible full-reinstatement into the OSCE have become more frequent in 1998, and in light of the crisis in the Kosovo region of the FRY, a review of the debate leading up to the suspension, the terms of the suspension, and the issues surrounding the re-evaluation of the suspension will provide useful and necessary background information for analysis and decision. Decision-makers within the OSCE must ask a wide variety of questions pertaining to this issue. Should the OSCE continue the suspension, allowing the FRY'S chair at Permanent Council meetings to remain empty, as a statement against the FRY'S violations of OSCE principles and norms? Or is this status quo an empty symbol of a flawed past decision that has proven to be ineffective? Should the OSCE continue to speak out against regional atrocities and policies in the absence of authorities from Belgrade? Or would it be more effective to engage FRY representatives in the OSCE forum, so that the concerns and statements made by the participating States reach the appropriate audience? While immediately relevant to the particular relationship between the