Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Photodiagnosis of White Spot Lesions after Orthodontic Treatment with a Quantitative Light-induced Fluorescence-Digital System: A Pilot Study.

PURPOSE To confirm that the quantitative light-induced fluorescence-digital (QLF-D) system is an adequate tool for monitoring changes in the mineral contents of white spot lesions. MATERIALS AND METHODS Twenty-three anterior teeth from five orthodontic patients were selected for the samples. Initial fluorescent images were taken with the QLF-D system immediately after removing the fixed orthodontic appliances, and the white spot lesions were visualised in the fluorescent images that were selected. Subsequently, a fluoride varnish containing 0.1% fluoride was applied to all white spot lesions, and the final QLF-D images were taken two weeks after fluoride treatment. Finally, the following four parameters were compared between the images taken at baseline and two weeks after the treatment with paired t-tests: the mean fluorescence loss (∆F), maximum fluorescence loss (∆Fmax), lesion area (area), and lesion volume (∆Q). RESULTS All the parameters obtained by QLF-D after two weeks had improved significantly when compared with baseline (p < 0.01). The recovery rates of the ∆F, ∆Fmax, area, and ∆Q were 11.4%, 17.1%, -37.5%, and 42.1%, respectively. Shallow lesions (∆Fi ≥ -15%) were better remineralized than deep lesions (∆Fi < -15%). The ratios of the ∆F, ∆Fmax, area, and ∆Q parameters between the shallow and deep lesions were 2.86, 3.30, 2.20, and 1.88, respectively. CONCLUSION The QLF-D system is a sensitive tool for the assessment of small levels of mineral changes in carious lesions after the removal of orthodontic appliances.
Scalable Content-aware Request Distribution in Cluster-based Network Servers

We present a scalable architecture for content-aware request distribution in web server clusters. In this architecture, a level-4 switch acts as the point of contact for the server on the Inernet and distributes the incoming requests to a number of back-end nodes. The switch does not perform any contect-based distribution. This function is performed by each of the back-end nodes, which may forward the incoming request to another back-end based on the requested contect. In terms of scalability, this architecture compares favorably to existing approaches where a front-end node performs contect-based distribution. In our architecture, the expensive operations of TCP connection estabilishment and handoff are distributes among the back-ends, rather than being centralized in the front-end node. Only a minimal additional latency penatly is paid for much improved scalability. We have implemented this new architecture, and we demonstrate its superior scalability by comparing it to a system that performs contect-aware distribution in the front-end, both under synthetic and trace-drive workloads.
A novel cross-shear metric for application in computer simulation of ultra-high molecular weight polyethylene wear

Wear testing of polyethylene in total joint replacements is common and required for any new device. Computational wear modelling has obvious utility in this context as it can be conducted with much greater economy than physical testing. Archard's law has become the accepted standard for wear simulation in total joints but it does not account for cross-shear, which is known to increase wear significantly relative to unidirectional sliding. The purpose of this study was to develop a robust cross-shear model applicable to any interface geometry under any kinematic conditions. The proposed metric, x *, is distinguished from existing cross-shear models by the fact that it measures cross-path motion incrementally throughout a motion cycle and quantifies cross-shear based on incremental changes in sliding direction. Validation showed strong support for the predictive capability of x * when applied to pin-on-disc test data.
Scalable Completion of Nonnegative Matrix with Separable Structure

Matrix completion is to recover missing/unobserved values of a data matrix from very limited observations. Due to widely potential applications, it has received growing interests in fields from machine learning, data mining, to collaborative filtering and computer vision. To ensure the successful recovery of missing values, most existing matrix completion algorithms utilise the low-rank assumption, i.e., the fully observed data matrix has a low rank, or equivalently the columns of the matrix can be linearly represented by a few numbers of basis vectors. Although such low-rank assumption applies generally in practice, real-world data can process much richer structural information. In this paper, we present a new model for matrix completion, motivated by the separability assumption of nonnegative matrices from the recent literature of matrix factorisations: there exists a set of columns of the matrix such that the resting columns can be represented by their convex combinations. Given the separability property, which holds reasonably for many applications, our model provides a more accurate matrix completion than the low-rank based algorithms. Further, we derives a scalable algorithm to solve our matrix completion model, which utilises a randomised method to select the basis columns under the separability assumption and a coordinate gradient based method to automatically deal with the structural constraints in optimisation. Compared to the state-of-the-art algorithms, the proposed matrix completion model achieves competitive results on both synthetic and real datasets.
Face Recognition in the Machine Reveals Properties of Human Face Recognition

Psychophysical studies suggest that face recognition takes place in a narrow band of low spatial frequencies (“critical band”). Here, we examined the recognition performance of an artificial face recognition system as a function of the size of the input images. Recognition performance was quantified with three discriminability measures: Fisher Linear Discriminant Analysis, non Parametric Discriminant Analysis, and mutual information. All of the three measures revealed a maximum at the same image sizes. Since spatial frequency content is a function of image size, our data consistently predict the range of psychophysical found frequencies. Our results therefore support the notion that the critical band of spatial frequencies for face recognition in humans and machines follows from inherent properties of face images.
Characteristics of visual field progression in medically treated normal-tension glaucoma patients with unstable ocular perfusion pressure.

PURPOSE To investigate the characteristics of visual field (VF) progression in medically treated normal-tension glaucoma (NTG) patients (Koreans) with unstable ocular perfusion pressure (OPP). METHODS One hundred one eyes of 101 NTG patients followed up for more than 4 years (mean follow-up, 6.2 years ± 12.1 months) were included. Modified Anderson criteria (MC) and linear regression analysis (LA) of VF mean deviation (MD) within the central 10° and 10° to 24° area were assessed for determining VF progression in groups with lowest (LMF) and highest (HMF) 24-hour mean OPP [MOPP = 2/3;(mean arterial pressure - IOP)] fluctuation. Kaplan-Meier analyses were used to compare the elapsed time of confirmed VF progression in the two groups. Hazard ratios (HRs) for the association between clinical risk factors including 24-hour MOPP and central VF progression were obtained by using Cox proportional hazards models. RESULTS Three of 33 eyes in the LMF progressed, whereas 12 of 34 eyes in the HMF progressed within the central 10° according to the MC; the between-group difference was significant (P = 0.010). By LA within the central 10°, two eyes from the LMF and nine from the HMF groups showed progression (P = 0.025). The HMF showed a greater cumulative probability of central VF progression than the LMF, by both LA and MC (Kaplan-Meier analysis, P = 0.003, 0.015, log-rank test). In multivariate analysis, only 24-hour MOPP fluctuation was significantly associated with central VF progression (P = 0.014). CONCLUSIONS The 24-hour MOPP fluctuation was the most consistent prognostic factor among various IOP, blood pressure, and clinical factors for central VF glaucomatous progression in our series of NTG eyes.
Lexical access and the brain: anatomical constraints on cognitive models of word recognition.

Recent studies in the cognitive psychology of reading and many other skilled performances have been dominated by models inspired by neural connectivity (e.g., McClelland & Rumelhart, 1986). Such models have not yet begun to consider the accumulating evidence of considerable anatomical localization of component cognitive operations in the human brain (e.g., Posner, Petersen, Fox, & Raichle, 1988). In this article we apply anatomical findings to the job of building computational models of visual word recognition. Brain imaging studies already provide important constraints on how lexical access should be defined in terms of isolable encoding operations that compute the visual form, phonology, and semantics of words. Brain imaging studies also speak to issues of modularity versus interaction between these encoding operations, distribution versus localization of processing within the operations, and orchestration of operations to accomplish different word processing tasks. We conclude that a combined cognitive and anatomical analysis may be of considerable benefit in developing more adequate models of human information processing.
I/o-eecient Dynamic Planar Point Location

We present the rst provably I/O-eecient dynamic data structure for point location in a general planar subdivision. Our structure uses O(N=B) disk blocks to store a subdivision of size N, where B is the disk block size. Queries can be answered in O(log 2 B N) I/Os in the worst-case, and insertions and deletions can be performed in O(log 2 B N) and O(log B N) I/Os amortized, respectively. Previously, an I/O-eecient dynamic point location structure was only known for monotone subdivisions. Part of our data structure is based on a new external version of the so-called logarithmic method which allows for eecient dynamization of static external-memory data structures with certain characteristics. We believe that this method could prove helpful in the dynamization of other external memory structures. Another important part of our structure is an external data structure for vertical ray-shooting among line segments in the plane (with endpoints on p B+1 vertical lines), developed using a new external version of dynamic fractional cascading. Direct use of fractional cascading on line segment data structures is complicated by the fact that not all segments are comparable according to an above/below relation, i.e., more than one total order can exist on a set of segments in the plane. We believe that the ideas used in this data structure are of independent interest and that they can prove helpful in the development of other external memory line segment data structures.
Potential Antiosteoporotic Agents from Plants: A Comprehensive Review

Osteoporosis is a major health hazard and is a disease of old age; it is a silent epidemic affecting more than 200 million people worldwide in recent years. Based on a large number of chemical and pharmacological research many plants and their compounds have been shown to possess antiosteoporosis activity. This paper reviews the medicinal plants displaying antiosteoporosis properties including their origin, active constituents, and pharmacological data. The plants reported here are the ones which are commonly used in traditional medical systems and have demonstrated clinical effectiveness against osteoporosis. Although many plants have the potential to prevent and treat osteoporosis, so far, only a fraction of these plants have been thoroughly investigated for their physiological and pharmacological properties including their mechanism of action. An attempt should be made to highlight plant species with possible antiosteoporosis properties and they should be investigated further to help with future drug development for treating this disease.
Lithium-Ion Battery Aspects on Fires in Electrified Vehicles on the Basis of Experimental Abuse Tests

Safety issues concerning the use of large lithium-ion (Li-ion) batteries in electrified vehicles are discussed based on the abuse test results of Li-ion cells together with safety devices for cells. The presented abuse tests are: overcharge, short circuit, propane fire test and external heating test (oven). It was found that in a fire, cells with higher state of charge (SOC) gave a higher heat release rate (HRR), while the total heat release (THR) had a lower correlation with SOC. One fire test resulted in a hazardous projectile from a cylindrical cell. In the fire tests, toxic gas emissions of hydrogen fluoride (HF) were measured for 100%, 50% and 0% SOC.
Finger Vein Image Retrieval via Coding Scale-varied Superpixel Feature

Finger vein image retrieval is one significant technique for performing fast identification especially in large-scale applications. However, most existing retrieval methods were based on fixed-scale feature of non-overlapped rectangular image block, in which the representation ability of feature and the local consistency of vein pattern were both overlooked. And the weak encoding (e.g., predefined threshold based binarization) was also limited the retrieval performance. Focusing on these problems, this paper proposes a novel finger vein image retrieval framework based on similarity-preserving encoding of scale-varied superpixel feature. In the framework, locally consistent pixels in one superpixel are used as a unit of feature representation, and the feature length is varied with the category of the superpixel classified by the variance of lowest dimensional feature. Additionally, the feature compaction and feature rotation based encoding can minimize the quantization loss and preserve the similarity between the scale-varied feature and the encoded binary codes. Experimental results on six public finger vein databases demonstrate that the superiority of the proposed coding scale-varied superpixel feature based retrieval approach over the state-of-the-arts.
Prevention and management of work-related cardiovascular disorders

Cardiovascular disorders (CVDs) constitute a major burden for health of working populations throughout the world with as much as 50% of all causes of death and at least 25% of work disability. There are some changes in CVD risk factors among occupational classes. This is mainly due to the new types of work-related causes of morbidity associated with the recent developments in global work life, particularly in the industrialized countries. Meanwhile, in the developing countries or those in transition (e.g., in Eastern Europe), CVD mortality is increasing due to major socioeconomic changes, the demographic transition and rapid industrialisation and urbanisation, all leading to growing challenges to cardiovascular health. Better control of known risk factors (i.e., smoking, obesity, physical inactivity, high cholesterol, high blood pressure, and high blood glucose) is effective to prevent CVD incidence. But the expected improvement has not been achieved. The obstacles of achieving such impact are due to lack of awareness, lack of policies and their implementation into practice and shortage of infrastructures and human resources. These are needed for wide-scale and long-term programme implementation. Considering the WHO Global Strategy on Occupational Health for All, the WHO Global Action Plan on Workers’ Health, the WHO Programme on Prevention of Non-communicable Diseases and the ILO Decent Work agenda, the 6th ICOH International Conference on Work Environment and Cardiovascular Diseases adopted the Tokyo Declaration.
Kind Types in Knowledge Representation

This paper describes Kind Types (KT), a system which uses commonsense knowledge to reason about natural language text. KT encodes some of the knowledge underlying natural language understanding, including category distinctions and descriptions differentiating real-world objects, states and events. It embeds an ontology reflecting the ordinary person's top-level cognitive model of real-world distinctions and a database of prototype descriptions of real-world entities. KT is transportable, empirically-based and constrained for efficient reasoning in ways similar to human reasoning processes.
Astaxanthin Structure , Metabolism , and Health Benefits

Astaxanthin (ASTX), a xanthophyll carotenoid, has a unique structure featured by the presence of polar moieties on both end of its polyene chain. This structural property of ASTX confers a great antioxidant activity and allows it to align in the cell membrane for various biological activities. ASTX has been suggested to have health benefits for the prevention of inflammatory diseases, diabetes, cardiovascular disease, nonalcoholic fatty liver disease and nonalcoholic steatohepatitis, which are the major obesity-related health problems in the developed countries. This review discusses the chemical properties of ASTX and its metabolism. It also addresses the current knowledge on the mechanisms for the protective effects of ASTX against oxidative stress, inflammation, insulin resistance as well as the development of the aforementioned metabolic diseases. ABBREVIATIONS: AP-1: Activator Protein-1; apoE-/-: apolipoprotein E knockout, ASTX: Astaxanthin; CVD: Cardio Vascular Disease; COX-2: Cyclooxygenase; CYP: Cytochrome P450; DEN: Diethylnitrosamine; GSH: Glutathione; H. pylori: Helicobacter pylori; HDL: High-Density Lipoprotein; 8-OHdG: 8-hydroxy-2doxyguanosine; iNOS: inducible Nitric Oxide Synthase; IκBα: Inhibitor of NF-κBα; IRS: Insulin Receptor Substrates; IL: Interleukin; Keap1: Kelch-like ECH-associated protein 1; LDL: Low-Density Lipoprotein; LPS: Lipopolysaccharide; MMP: Matrix Metalloproteinase, NO: Nitric Oxide; NAFLD: Non Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease; NASH: Non Alcoholic Steatohepatitis; NRF2: Nuclear Factor E2 related factor 2; NF-κB: Nuclear Factor kappa B; PPAR: Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptor; PI3K: Phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase; PGE2: Prostaglandin E 2; PTECs: Proximal Tubularpithelial Cells; ROS: Reactive Oxygen Species; SR-BI: Scavenger Receptor class B, type I; SHR: SpontaneouslyHypertensive Rats; SOD: Superoxide Dismutase; TNFα: Tumor necrosis factor α; UV: Ultraviolet; VLDL: Very Low-Density Lipoprotein.
Pimozide for schizophrenia or related psychoses.

BACKGROUND Pimozide was first formulated in the late 1960s and continues to be marketed for the care of those with schizophrenia or related psychoses such as delusional disorder. Pimozide is generally well tolerated apart from extrapyramidal side effects. It has, however, been associated with cardiotoxicity and sudden unexplained deaths and electrocardiogram monitoring is now required before and during its use. OBJECTIVES To assess the effects of pimozide for people with schizophrenia, non-affective psychotic mental illness and delusional disorder in terms of clinical, social and economic outcomes. SEARCH STRATEGY Electronic searches of Biological Abstracts (1982-1995), The Cochrane Schizophrenia Group's Register, EMBASE (1980-1995), Janssen-Cilag UK's register of studies (1999), MEDLINE (1966-1995), PsycLIT (1974-1995), hand-searching the references of all included studies and contacting the manufacturers of the compound. SELECTION CRITERIA All randomised trials relating to people with schizophrenia, or similar disorders comparing pimozide to other drug treatments were sought. Studies where randomisation was implied rather than stated were included if they did not change the results. Primary outcomes were clinically significant change in global function, mental state, relapse, hospital admission, death, adverse events and acceptability of treatment. DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS Studies were selected, rated and data extracted. For dichotomous data Relative Risks (RR) based on a random effects model with 95% confidence intervals (CI) were estimated. The number needed to treat statistic (NNT) was calculated where indicated. Analysis was by intention-to-treat. MAIN RESULTS This review currently includes 34 studies focusing on those with schizophrenia, none on people with delusional disorder. Few people have been randomised to pimozide versus placebo. Data from two longer term studies does suggest that the active drug prevents relapse (n=66, RR 0.45 CI 0.24-0.86, NNT 4, CI 3-22) but the confidence interval is wide. Pimozide has similar efficacy to that of typical antipsychotic drugs for the outcomes of change in global functioning, mental state, relapse and leaving the study early. People allocated to pimozide did not have a higher mortality than those taking other antipsychotics. Pimozide was more likely to cause parkinsonian tremor (RR 1.6 CI 1.1-2.3, NNH 6 CI 3-44) and lead to a requirement for antiparkinsonian medication more frequently (RR 1.8, CI 1.2-2.6, NNH 3 CI 2-5) than other drugs. It was, however, less likely to cause sedation (RR 0.38 CI 0.2-0.7, NNH 6 CI 4-16). REVIEWER'S CONCLUSIONS Although there are shortcomings in the data there is enough overall consistency, over different outcomes and time scales, to confirm that pimozide is a drug with similar efficacy to other more commonly used antipsychotics such as chlorpromazine for those with schizophrenia. There are no data to support or refute its use for those with delusional disorder.
Performance Analysis of mmWave LOS-MIMO Systems with Uniform Circular Arrays

Multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) with spatial multiplexing can enable the maximum capacity transmission in a line-of-sight (LOS) environment using a feasible array size for millimeter-wave (mmWave). Typical applications for mmWave LOS-MIMO are fixed wireless access such as small cell backhaul and data centers for high data rate wireless communications. In this paper, we derive exact expressions of eigenvalues, capacity, signal-to-interference-plus-noise ratio (SINRs) and bit error rate (BER) of zero forcing (ZF) linear receiver as a function of array design for 3×3 and 4×4 UCAs in LOS-MIMO channels. The expressions of capacity and BER are validated via simulations and tested under different array parameters. We show that simulation results are closely agreement with the analytical results, and mmWave LOS-MIMO with UCAs is not sensitive to deviations from the optimal array parameters.