Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Recent Progress in Single-Nucleotide Polymorphism Biosensors

Single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs), the most common form of genetic variation in the human genome, are the main cause of individual differences. Furthermore, such attractive genetic markers are emerging as important hallmarks in clinical diagnosis and treatment. A variety of destructive abnormalities, such as malignancy, cardiovascular disease, inherited metabolic disease, and autoimmune disease, are associated with single-nucleotide variants. Therefore, identification of SNPs is necessary for better understanding of the gene function and health of an individual. SNP detection with simple preparation and operational procedures, high affinity and specificity, and cost-effectiveness have been the key challenge for years. Although biosensing methods offer high specificity and sensitivity, as well, they suffer drawbacks, such as complicated designs, complicated optimization procedures, and the use of complicated chemistry designs and expensive reagents, as well as toxic chemical compounds, for signal detection and amplifications. This review aims to provide an overview on improvements for SNP biosensing based on fluorescent and electrochemical methods. Very recently, novel designs in each category have been presented in detail. Furthermore, detection limitations, advantages and disadvantages, and challenges have also been presented for each type.
First Bovine Vaccine to Prevent Human Schistosomiasis - A First Bovine Vaccine to Prevent Human Schistosomiasis - A Cluster Randomised Phase 3 Clinical Trial Cluster Randomised Phase 3 Clinical Trial

Objective: Schistosomiasis is a neglected tropical parasitic disease caused by blood ﬂukes of the genus Schistosoma. Schistosoma japonicum is zoonotic in China, the Philippines, and Indonesia, with bovines acting as major reservoirs of human infection. The primary objective of the trial was to examine the impact of a combination of human mass chemotherapy, snail control through mollusciciding, and SjCTPI bovine vaccination on the rate of human infection. Methods: A 5-year phase IIIa cluster randomized control trial was conducted among 18 schistosomiasis-endemic villages comprising 18,221 residents in Northern Samar, The Philippines. Results: Overall, bovine vaccination resulted in a statistically signiﬁcant decrease in human infection (relative risk [RR] = 0.75; 95% conﬁdence interval [CI] = 0.69 to 0.82) across all trial follow-ups. The best outcome of the trial was when bovine vaccination was combined with snail mollusciciding. This combination resulted in a 31% reduction (RR = 0.69; 95% CI = 0.61 to 0.78) in human infection. Conclusion: This is the ﬁrst trial to demonstrate the effectiveness of a bovine vaccine for schistosomiasis in reducing human schistosome infection. The trial is registered with Australian New Zealand Clinical Trials Registry (ACTRN12619001048178). © 2023 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Ltd on behalf of International Society for Infectious Diseases.
On the Implicit Bias of Adam

In previous literature, backward error analysis was used to find ordinary differential equations (ODEs) approximating the gradient descent trajectory. It was found that finite step sizes implicitly regularize solutions because terms appearing in the ODEs penalize the two-norm of the loss gradients. We prove that the existence of similar implicit regularization in RMSProp and Adam depends on their hyperparameters and the training stage, but with a different"norm"involved: the corresponding ODE terms either penalize the (perturbed) one-norm of the loss gradients or, on the contrary, hinder its decrease (the latter case being typical). We also conduct numerical experiments and discuss how the proven facts can influence generalization.
Sport and Politics in Modern Britain: The Road to 2012

Acknowledgements Abbreviations Introduction Sport and Politics in Austerity Britain, 1945-51 Britain in the World of Sport,1951-59 The Impact of the Wolfenden Report, 1960-64 Creating and Running the Sports Council, 1964-67 'Ballyhoo' about Sport in the Late 1960s Battling for 'Sport and Recreation' in the 1970s The Olympics and International Sport The 1980s: 'Years of Concern' Raising the Game, 1990-97 Regions and Localities New Labour and Sport, 1997-2010 Epilogue: Towards 2012 Chronology of Main Events Notes Select Bibliography Index
Global yearly observation of different phytoplankton groups using PhytoDOAS on SCIAMACHY data: validation and first application.

Global information on the quantitative distribution of major functional phytoplankton types (PFTs) of the world ocean is important for understanding the marine phytoplankton’s role in the global marine ecosystem. This study shows global biomass distributions from 2008 of different dominant PFTs analysed with PhytoDOAS, a method of Differential Optical Absorption Spectroscopy (DOAS) currently specialized for diatoms and cyanobacteria [1] from satellite data of SCIAMACHY (Scanning Imaging Absorption Spectrometer for Atmospheric Cartography) on ENVISAT. PhytoDOAS global maps of phytoplankton distribution are validated with collocated pigment water samples analyzed via HPLC. The global PFT satellite data sets are used as input data for and for validation of a biogeochemical model.
Petrology, Mineralogy and Genesis ofWadi Dana Cambrian Manganese Deposit, Central Wadi Araba Region, Jordan

خامات المنغنيز في الأردن تتكشف في وادي ضانا (وسط وادي عربه )، وتكون متوضعه بشكل رئيسي داخل صخور الكامبري الأوسط مميزات هذه الخامات البترولوجية والمعدنية كانت هدف هذا البحث للوصول إلى معرفة نشأه وتكون التمعدن بشكل عام . والدراسة بينت وجود ظاهرة متجهية من الغرب إلى الشرق خلال طبقات الخام وذلك فيما يتعلق بشكل وتركيز ودرجة التبلور للخام ، حيث لوحظ التغير من خام قليل التركيز إلى خام عالي التركيز كلما اتجهنا إلى الشرق حتى نصل إلى جسم الخام الرئيسي في وادي ضبعه ، حيث يكون الخام على شكل حزام تبلغ سماكته 2-3 م . مجموعة المعادن المكونة للخام تدل بشكل قاطع على أنه علوي النشأة . الدراسة المجهرية وكذلك المشاهدات الميدانية تدل على وجود ثلاث مراحل بنيوية للخام ، المرحلة الابتدائية وكانت سائدة في الكامبري الأسفل وتتميز بتراكمات رسوبية للخام تحت ظروف بحرية ضحلة. تبعها في الكامبري الأوسط مرحلة تكون طبقات الخام الرئيسي علوي النشأة، وهي المرحلة الأكثر شيوعا وتطمس أو تكاد كل معالم المرحلة الأولى. وفي فترة لاحقة تأثرت الطبقات العليا من الخام بتمعدن لاحق حدثت تحت ظروف مناخية وتجويه حادة، مما أدى إلى تكون معدن الكورونادايت وكذلك أدت إلى تركيز الحديد في هذه الطبقات العليا، بجانب هذه الأدلة دلت نتائج التحليل بواسطة جهاز (المايكوربروب ) على وجود سلسلة من المحاليل الصلبة بين المعادن الرئيسية للخام مما يضيف أدلة أخرى على تطور الخام من خلال هذه المراحل الثلاث.
Journal of Neuroscience Methods

brain slice is challenging. This article critically reviews the methods used to generate and calibrate a uniform dcEF. We use finite element analysis (FEA) to evaluate the widely used parallel electrode configuration and show that it may not reliably generate uniform dcEF within a brain slice inside an open interface or submerged chamber. Moreover, equivalent circuit analysis and measurements inside a testing chamber suggest that calibrating the dcEF intensity with two recording electrodes can inaccurately capture the true EF magnitude in the targeted tissue when specific criteria are not met. Finally, we outline why microfluidic chambers are an effective and calibration-free approach of generating spatiotemporally uniform dcEF for DCS in vitro studies, facilitating accurate and fine-scale dcEF adjustments. We are convinced that improving the precision and addressing the limitations of current experimental platforms will substantially improve the reproducibility of in vitro experimental results. A better mechanistic understanding of dose–response relations will ultimately facilitate more effective non-invasive stimulation therapies in patients.
Package ‘kSamples’

October 13, 2022 Type Package Title K-Sample Rank Tests and their Combinations Version 1.2-9 Date 2019-05-20 Author Fritz Scholz [aut, cre], Angie Zhu [aut] Maintainer Fritz Scholz <fscholz@u.washington. edu> Depends SuppDists Imports methods, graphics, stats Description Compares k samples using the Anderson-Darling test, Kruskal-Wallis type tests with different rank score criteria, Steel's multiple comparison test, and the Jonckheere-Terpstra (JT) test. It computes asymptotic, simulated or (limited) exact P-values, all valid under randomization, with or without ties, or conditionally under random sampling from populations, given the observed tie pattern. Except for Steel's test and the JT test it also combines these tests across several blocks of samples. Also analyzed are 2 x t contingency tables and their blocked combinations using the Kruskal-Wallis criterion. Steel's test is inverted to provide simultaneous confidence bounds for shift parameters. A plotting function compares tail probabilities obtained under asymptotic approximation with those obtained via simulation or exact calculations. License GPL (>= 2) LazyLoad yes NeedsCompilation yes Repository CRAN Date/Publication 2019-05-20 21:50:03 UTC
Design and validation of standardized clinical and functional remission criteria in schizophrenia

Background: International Remission Criteria (IRC) for schizophrenia were developed recently by a group of internationally known experts. The IRC detect only 10%–30% of cases and do not cover the diversity of forms and social functioning. Our aim was to design a more applicable tool and validate its use – the Standardized Clinical and Functional Remission Criteria (SCFRC). Methods: We used a 6-month follow-up study of 203 outpatients from two Moscow centers and another further sample of stable patients from a 1-year controlled trial of atypical versus typical medication. Diagnosis was confirmed by International Classification of Diseases Version 10 (ICD10) criteria and the Mini-International Neuropsychiatric Interview (MINI). Patients were assessed by the Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale, including intensity threshold, and further classified using the Russian domestic remission criteria and the level of social and personal functioning, according to the Personal and Social Performance Scale (PSP). The SCFRC were formulated and were validated by a data reanalysis on the first population sample and on a second independent sample (104 patients) and in an open-label prospective randomized 12-month comparative study of risperidone long-acting injectable (RLAI) versus olanzapine. Results: Only 64 of the 203 outpatients (31.5%) initially met the IRC, and 53 patients (26.1%) met the IRC after 6 months, without a change in treatment. Patients who were in remission had episodic and progressive deficit (39.6%), or remittent (15%) paranoid schizophrenia, or schizoaffective disorder (17%). In addition, 105 patients of 139 (51.7%), who did not meet symptomatic IRC, remained stable within the period. Reanalysis of data revealed that 65.5% of the patients met the SCFRC. In the controlled trial, 70% of patients in the RLAI group met the SCFRC and only 19% the IRC. In the routine treatment group, 55.9% met the SCFRC and only 5.7% the IRC. Results of the further independent sample demonstrated that 35% met the IRC, 65% the SCFRC, and 56% of patients met both the symptomatic and functional criteria. In the controlled trial of RLAI and olanzapine, 40% and 35% of patients, respectively, met the IRC, while 70% and 55%, respectively, met the SCFRC. Conclusion: In schizophrenia outpatients, a greater proportion of stable cases is detected in remission by SCFRC in comparison with IRC. The SCFRC were more sensitive to the full spectrum of schizophrenia. The SCFRC appear to be valid as a tool and clinically useful as they produce a comprehensive assessment of treatment effectiveness for a wide range of patients.
Antiretroviral Therapy for HIV Infection in 1997: Updated Recommendations of the International AIDS Society—USA Panel

Objective. —To provide current recommendations for antiretroviral therapy for human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) disease. Participants. —The original International AIDS Society—USA 13-member panel representing international expertise in antiretroviral research and care of patients with HIV infection. Evidence. —The following were considered: Newly available clinical and basic science study results, including phase 3 controlled trials; clinical, virological, and immunologic end-point data; interim analyses of studies presented at national and international research conferences; studies of HIV pathophysiology; and expert opinions of panel members. Recommendations were limited to the drugs available in mid 1997. Process. —The full panel met on a regular basis (July 1996, September 1996, November 1996, January 1997, and April 1997) since the publication of its initial recommendations in mid 1996 to review new research reports and interim results. The panel discussed whether and how new information changed its initial recommendations. The recommendations contained herein were determined by group consensus. Conclusions. —New data have provided a stronger rationale for earlier initiation of more aggressive therapy than previously recommended and reinforce the importance of careful selection of initial drug regimen for each patient for optimal long-term clinical benefit and adherence. The plasma viral load is a crucial element of clinical management for assessing prognosis and the effectiveness of therapy, and such testing must be done properly. Treatment failure is most readily indicated by a rising plasma HIV RNA level and should be confirmed prior to a change of treatment. Therapeutic approaches must be updated as new data, particularly on the long-term clinical effect of aggressive antiretroviral treatment, continue to emerge.
Evaluation of a Three-Dimensional Chemical Transport Model (PMCAMx) in the Mexico City Metropolitan Area

Atmospheric aerosols have adverse effects on human health, contribute to the visibility reduction and influence the energy balance of the planet. A threedimensional chemical transport model (PMCAMx) (Gaydos et al., 2007) is used to simulate the particular matter (PM) mass composition distribution in the Mexico City Metropolitan Area (MCMA). PMCAMx uses the framework of CAMx (ENVIRON, 2002) modelling the processes of horizontal and vertical advection, horizontal and vertical dispersion, wet and dry deposition, and gas-phase chemistry. In addition to the above, PMCAMx includes three detailed aerosol modules: inorganic aerosol growth (Gaydos et al., 2003; Koo et al., 2003a), aqueous-phase chemistry (Fahey and Pandis, 2001), and secondary organic aerosol formation and growth (Koo et al., 2004). The aerosol thermodynamic model ISORROPIA has been improved as it now simulates explicitly the chemistry of Ca, Mg, and K salts and is linked to PMCAMx. The hybrid approach (Koo et al., 2003b) for modelling aerosol dynamics is applied in order to accurately simulate the inorganic components in coarse mode. This approach assumes that the smallest particles are in equilibrium while the condensation/evaporation equation is solved for the larger ones. The new CMU organic aerosol model, which is based on the splitting of the organic aerosol volatility range in discrete bins, is also used. The model predictions are evaluated against the PM and vapour concentration measurements from the MCMA-2003 Campaign (Molina et al., 2007).
Operations Research Letters

Operations Research Letters is a publication for literature on all aspects of operations research and the management and decision sciences. The features distinguishing it from other journals in the field are * concise articles, generally limited to 6 journal pages * rapid review and fast publication * broad coverage of the literature. Apart from the page limitation, originality, relevance, quality and clarity are the only criteria for selecting the material to be published. The journal covers continuous and discrete optimization, stochastic models, and situations with multiple decision makers. The subject matter can be theory, methodology, empirical studies, and applications. The mainstream of contributions focuses on new models, theorems, algorithms, and experimental work that the author wants to disseminate rapidly. We will publish theory and methodology with proofs only sketched, provided that the author submits support material that enables us to verify the findings. We will also publish computational and experimental studies that are not necessarily based on new theory or methodology, but are of significant scientific value because they confirm or refute prior results. Similarly, we will publish reports on applications and case studies that demonstrate a novel use of existing techniques or contain significant ideas about data collection and analysis, modelling, or implementation.
Why do People Reject Technologies? - Towards an Understanding of Resistance to IT-induced Organizational Change

Research on resistance to information technology is characterized by the fact that there is still no unified understanding about resistance to change of IT-induced organizational change projects (Vithessonthi 2007). In order to provide a deeper understanding why people reject technologies when introduced in organizations this paper develops a Model of Resistance to IT-induced Organizational Change based on micro-organizational change (Oreg 2006) and technology acceptance literature (Venkatesh and Bala 2008). The model posits that work, technology and process related outcomes of business process change are determined by a tri-dimensional resistance to change conceptualization (Piderit 2000; Oreg 2006) and evaluation of process and technology characteristics (Venkatesh 2006). Moreover these dimensions are determined by the context of the change and individual differences such as personality traits. First case study results show that the model is appropriate to gain a deeper understanding why people reject technologies.
Application of the Agricultural Non-Point Source Pollution (AGNPS) model for sediment yield and nutrient loss prediction in the Dumpul sub-watershed, Central Java, Indonesia.

Soil erosion is one of Indonesia’s most serious environmental degradation problems. Reliable measurements of erosion rates, however, remain uncommon, and estimates of soil productivity are even more rare. Assessing the extent and seriousness of erosion therefore remains a difficult task. Nevertheless, identification and assessment of erosion problems play an important role in bringing about better land-use and conservation practices. The Agricultural Non-Point Sources Pollution Model (AGNPS) model can be used for developing drainage basin management plans. The model was used to identify critical areas within the drainage basin where land treatment should be focused for optimal results. Furthermore, land and water conservation measures can be implemented in critical areas, while taking into consideration the bio-geophysical conditions in the drainage basin. Application of the AGNPS model to the Dumpul sub-drainage basin in central Java resulted in a coefficient of determination of 0.94 between observations and AGNPS results when the model was used for computing sedimentation rates. The relationship between modelled vs measured nutrient and phosphorus loss and chemical oxygen demand has a coefficient of determination of 0.98. Sediment yield, nutrient loss, phosphorus loss, and chemical oxygen demand calculated by the AGNPS model have values of 420, 6.8, 4.3 and 0.1 kg ha, respectively. The modelling result for the Dumpul sub-drainage basin indicates that changing land use to housing areas would increase peak runoff volume, peak runoff flow rate, sediment yield, nitrogen loss, phosphorus loss, and chemical oxygen demand by 37, 40, 118, 87, 91 and 110%, respectively. Conversely, implementing land and water conservation in the form of contouring of the entire drainage basin would decrease these variables by 33, 30, 57, 46, 47 and 41%, respectively. AGNPS results indicate that a combination of contouring and terracing would decrease these losses by 52, 51, 77, 68, 69 and 72%, respectively.
The Contribution of Motor Vehicle and Other Sources to Ambient Air Pollution: Report #16 in the series: The Annualized Social Cost of Motor-Vehicle Use in the United States, based on 1990-1991 Data

This report is the 16th in the series: The Annualized Social Cost of Motor-Vehicle Use in the United States, based on 1990-1991 Data. In this report, the authors explain how they model the contribution of motor vehicles and other emissions sources to ambient air pollution. They estimate the health, agriculture, or visibility effects of the difference between total air pollution, including motor-vehicle-related emissions, and air pollution with 10 percent of 100 percent of motor-vehicle-related emissions eliminated. To estimate the difference in pollution due to motor vehicle emissions, they use data on ambient air quality, a detailed emissions inventory, emissions correction factors, and a simple air-quality dispersion model.
Schweizerische Zeitschrift für Volkswirtschaft und Statistik Revue suisse d'Economie politique et de Statistique Herausgegeben von der Schweizerischen Gesellschaft für Statistik und Volkswirtschaft Publiée par la Société suisse de Statistique et d'Economie politique

For the last decade and a half the Swiss National Bank (SNB) pursued its policy objective of price stability by targeting narrow monetary aggregates. The 1973 switch to floating exchange rates allowed countries to follow more independent monetary policies, initiating the SNB's course for targeting Ml. However, hampered with difficulties in predicting the money multiplier, the SNB elected to target the monetary base in 1980. The success of Swiss monetarism under base targeting, measured by hitting its growth targets and keeping inflation at bay, began to wane in the last two years. The 1988 and 1989 deviations between the actual growth rate of the monetary base relative to its targeted value were nearly —7 % and —4 %. A chief reason for the sharp reduction in base growth was the combined introduction of the new liquidity prescriptions (Birchler, 1988) and the Swiss Interbank Clearing System (Vital/Mengle, 1988). These changes in bank operating procedures produced large shifts in the narrow monetary aggregates, however the evidence for M3 is less clear. The brief, yet disenchanting episodes of monetarism in foreign countries (particularly in the United States and in the United Kingdom) induced many central banks to adhere to their "old remedies" with an eye for larger monetary aggregates. Whereas the SNB has played down the significance of larger aggregates, the events abroad and the troublesome experience of the last two years have begun to kindle interest in the attractiveness of money demand functions for larger monetary aggregates.
Digital Integrated Circuit Design: From VLSI Architectures to CMOS Fabrication

VLSI circuits are ubiquitous in the modern world, and designing them efficiently is becoming increasingly challenging with the development of ever smaller chips. This practically oriented textbook covers the important aspects of VLSI design using a top-down approach, reflecting the way digital circuits are actually designed. Using practical hints and tips, case studies and checklists, this comprehensive guide to how and when to design VLSI circuits, covers the advances, challenges and past mistakes in design, acting as an introduction to graduate students and a reference for practising electronic engineers.