Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Regulation of crop growth and development based on environmental factors

Production of h.orticultural crops by growers is becoming increasingly difficult as markets write detailed specifications for products both in time of delivery and quality factors such height and flower number. Such specifications require growers perform proper cultural procedures at the proper time. Environmental variation between and among seasons means proper cultural procedures will vary with every crop. All growers, especially those with little experience in a crop, benefit from information that assist in making proper cultural-procedure decisions. Decision-support tools based on environmental, chemical, or biological data can help provide such information. This presentation will describe examples of biological concepts associated with plant growth and developmental processes that especially lend themselves to decision-support. Types of decision-support tools developed from this information will be presented. For example, development of plants is highly temperature dependent. Relationships between temperature and development rate are often useful as they can be described by a linear relationship over a wide temperature range from the base temperature to near the optimum temperature. Degree-day decision-support tools can be developed from such information. Growth retardant chemicals are used widely in commercial production of flowering plants to meet height-control specifications. Simulation models incorporated into decision-support tools may be useful to maximize efficacy of applications as there is increasing pressure to minimize the use of growth retardants. Biological models relating plant morphological development to the environment, e.g., bud length and temperature to time to flower, can also be useful in creating decision-support tools for accurate crop timing. Proc. XXV IHC Part 4
Impacts of climate change on water resources in the Mediterranean Basin: a case study in Catalonia, Spain

Abstract Most climate change projections show important decreases in water availability in the Mediterranean region by the end of this century. We assess those main climate change impacts on water resources in three medium-sized catchments with varying climatic conditions in northeastern Spain. A combination of hydrological modelling and climate projections with B1 and A2 IPCC emission scenarios is performed to infer future streamflows. The largest reduction (34%) in mean streamflows (for 2076–2100) is expected in the headwaters of the two wettest catchments, while lower decreases (25% of mean value for 2076–2100) are expected in the drier one. In all three catchments, autumn and summer are the seasons with the most notable projected decreases in streamflow, of 50% and 30%, respectively. Thus, ecological flows in the study area might be noticeably influenced by climate change, especially in the headwaters of the wet catchments.
New time-domain clutter-lock algorithm

The authors present a new clutter-lock algorithm to estimate the Doppler spectrum centre frequency. The algorithm is based on the fact that the number of zero crossings in the in-phase and quadrature channels is minimum when the azimuth received signal is base-band converted by using the correct Doppler centroid. Although the problem of estimating the Doppler centre frequency is of interest in many fields, the authors investigated the performance of the proposed algorithm when used in the context of SAR data focussing. First, the authors briefly recall the problem of SAR signal processing, then they introduce the proposed algorithm. Its validity is demonstrated by applying it both to simulated and real data. Finally, the algorithm is compared to existing clutter-lock techniques in terms of both estimation accuracy and processing time.
Mesopleistocene loess deposits in the Mamalyha 2 profile of Ukraine — interlaboratory comparison of the thermoluminescence dating results

The history of the interlaboratory comparison of TL dating results in Poland started in the 1980s. At that time the Lublin, Warsaw and Silesian laboratories made the first attempts at TL dating of the same loess samples from the Odonów profile. However, the cooperation ceased for many years due to great differences in the obtained TL age estimates. The next interlaboratory comparisons were made in the years 2000–2009 for the loess samples from several Polish (Dybawka, Tarnawce, Dankowice, Biały Kościół) and Ukrainian (Boyanychi, Halych, Velykyj Hlybochok, Yezupil) profiles. Most of the compared dates, obtained for the loess deposits from the Upper Pleistocene and younger part of the Middle Pleistocene, were consistent. This encouraged us to undertake the Gdańsk-Lublin interlaboratory cooperation in dating of 200-700 ka old loess deposits. Nine samples were taken from the Ukrainian profile Mamalyha 2 in 2009 for this purpose. The TL dating results indicate that comparable dates are obtained in two laboratories for loess deposits younger than 300 ka BP. The TL signal obtained in the Gdańsk laboratory for the samples older than 300 ka BP was saturated so such samples should not be dated by the multi-aliquot regeneration method. The results obtained in the Lublin laboratory for these deposits (489–682 ka) confirm that it is possible to date loess deposits older than 500 ka. It probably results from the use of total-bleach method with preheating at 160°C for the equivalent dose determination.
Violent pyro‐convective storm devastates Australia's capital and pollutes the stratosphere

Headline‐making firestorms in southeast Australia in 2003, responsible for at least 500 destroyed buildings and four lost lives, culminated with pyro‐cumulonimbus (pyroCb) “eruptions” that ravaged Canberra on 18 January. Here we reveal that in their 3‐hour lifetime, the Canberra pyroCbs also produced a stratospheric smoke injection that perturbed the hemispheric background analogous to the theorized “nuclear winter. ” We use an unprecedented array of data to analyze the Canberra pyroCbs' distinctive stratospheric impact, microphysics, energetics, and surface manifestations—including suppressed precipitation, an F2 tornado, and black hail.
Estimating 1992-2000 average active layer thickness on the Alaskan North Slope from remotely sensed surface subsidence

[1] The measurement of temporal changes in active layer thickness (ALT) is crucial to monitoring permafrost degradation in the Arctic. We develop a retrieval algorithm to estimate long-term average ALT using thaw-season surface subsidence derived from spaceborne interferometric synthetic aperture radar (InSAR) measurements. Our algorithm uses a model of vertical distribution of water content within the active layer accounting for soil texture, organic matter, and moisture. We determine the 1992–2000 average ALT for an 80 × 100 km study area of continuous permafrost on the North Slope of Alaska near Prudhoe Bay. We obtain an ALT of 30–50 cm over moist tundra areas, and a larger ALT of 50–80 cm over wet tundra areas. Our estimated ALT values match in situ measurements at Circumpolar Active Layer Monitoring (CALM) sites within uncertainties. Our results demonstrate that InSAR can provide ALT estimates over large areas at high spatial resolution.
Intelligent Fault Diagnosis of Robotic Strain Wave Gear Reducer Using Area-Metric-Based Sampling

The main challenge with rotating machine fault diagnosis is the condition monitoring of machines undergoing nonstationary operations. One possible way of efficiently handling this situation is to use the deep learning (DL) method. However, most DL methods have difficulties when the issue of imbalanced datasets occurs. This paper proposes a novel framework to mitigate this issue by developing an area-metric-based sampling method. In the proposed process, the new sampling scheme can identify which locations of the datasets can potentially have a high degree of surprise. The basic idea of the proposed method is whenever significant deviations from the area metrics are observed to populate more sample points. In addition, to improve the training accuracy of the DL method, the obtained sampled datasets are transformed into a continuous wavelet transform (CWT)-based scalogram representing the time–frequency component. The dilated convolutional neural network (CNN) is also introduced as a classification process with the altered images. The efficacy of the proposed method is demonstrated with fault diagnosis problems for welding robots. The obtained results are also compared with existing methods.
Linguistic Issues in Language Technology – LiLT

This article introduces Discourse Combinatory Categorial Grammar (DCCG) and shows how it can be used to generate multisentence paraphrases, flexibly incorporating both intraand intersentential discourse connectives. DCCG employs a simple, practical approach to extending Combinatory Categorial Grammar (CCG) to encompass coverage of discourse-level phenomena, which furthermore makes it possible to generate clauses with multiple connectives and — in contrast to approaches based on Rhetorical Structure Theory — with rhetorical dependencies that do not form a tree. To do so, it borrows from Discourse Lexicalized Tree Adjoining Grammar (D-LTAG) the distinction between structural connectives and anaphoric discourse adverbials. Unlike D-LTAG, however, DCCG treats both sentential and discourse phenomena in the same grammar, rather than employing a separate discourse grammar. A key ingredient of this single-grammar approach is cue threading, a tightly constrained technique for extending the semantic scope of a discourse connective beyond the sentence. As DCCG requires no additions to the CCG formalism, it can be used to generate paraphrases of an entire dialogue turn using the OpenCCG realizer as-is, without the need to revise its architecture. In addition, from an interpretation perspective, a single grammar enables easier management of ambiguity across discourse and sentential levels using 1 LiLT Volume 4, Issue 1, September 2010. Generating with Discourse Combinatory Categorial Grammar. Copyright c © 2010, CSLI Publications. 2 / LiLT volume 4, issue 1 September 2010 standard dynamic programming techniques, whereas D-LTAG has required a potentially complex interaction of sentential and discourse grammars to manage the same ambiguity. As a proof-of-concept, the article demonstrates how OpenCCG can be used with a DCCG to generate multi-sentence paraphrases that reproduce and extend those in the SPaRKy Restaurant Corpus.
Critical Steps for the Continuing Advancement of Hydrogeophysics

Special hydrogeophysics issues published by hydrology and geophysics journals, special sessions and workshops at conferences, and an increasing number of short courses demonstrate the growing interest in the use of geophysics for hydrologic investigations. The formation of the hydrogeophysics technical subcommittee of AGU's Hydrology section adds further evidence of the recognized significance of this growing interdisciplinary field. Given the clear value of nondestructive and nonintrusive imaging for subsurface investigations, we believe the advances in the adoption of existing geophysical methods, the development of novel methods, and the merging of geophysical and other data made in hydrogeophysics could be applied to a wide range of geological, environmental, and engineering applications.
A Model of Self-Organizing Head-Centered Visual Responses in Primate Parietal Areas

We present a hypothesis for how head-centered visual representations in primate parietal areas could self-organize through visually-guided learning, and test this hypothesis using a neural network model. The model consists of a competitive output layer of neurons that receives afferent synaptic connections from a population of input neurons with eye position gain modulated retinal receptive fields. The synaptic connections in the model are trained with an associative trace learning rule which has the effect of encouraging output neurons to learn to respond to subsets of input patterns that tend to occur close together in time. This network architecture and synaptic learning rule is hypothesized to promote the development of head-centered output neurons during periods of time when the head remains fixed while the eyes move. This hypothesis is demonstrated to be feasible, and each of the core model components described is tested and found to be individually necessary for successful self-organization.
TSAFE: Building a Trusted Computing Base for Air Traffic Control Software

The Tactical Separation Assisted Flight Environment, or TSAFE, is a new tool designed to aid air traffic controllers in detecting and resolving short-term conflicts between aircraft. Conceived at NASA Ames Research Center, TSAFE was proposed as a principle component of a larger Automated Airspace Computing System, whose goal it was to shift the burden of maintaining aircraft separation from controllers to computers. This paper retraces the history of TSAFE, examines the motivation for such a tool, and fully discusses the design and implementation of a TSAFE prototype. In doing so, it seeks to illustrate how one can turn a potentially complex system into a simple and intuitive Trusted Computing Base. Lastly, it proposes future avenues for research involving TSAFE. Thesis Supervisor: Daniel N. Jackson Title: Associate Professor
Mechanics of coal mine bumps and the interaction between coal pillars mine roof and floor. Research report, 1971--1972

The report describes research done on the mechanics of coal mine bumps over a 26-month period at the University of Minnesota. The general term 'coal mine bump' refers to the sudden and violent failure of in situ coal. The objective of the research was to develop computational procedures for predicting coal mine bumps in particular mining situations. Such procedures presumably would prove beneficial for planning extraction sequences - and perhaps even mining methods - in bump-prone coal deposits. Although no single set of circumstances is solely responsible for causing coal mine bumps, it is generally agreed that at least one of five conditions is necessary in order for them to occur: (1) the depth of cover exceed 500 ft. , (2) the overlying strata are relatively strong and stiff, (3) the coal is structurally strong, (4) the floor does not heave readily, and (5) the mining method produces high stresses over a large area of the seam. Except for the last, these conditions relate to geological factors that are difficult to control. Control measures concern mining techniques. (GRA)
Anomalous pre-seismic transmission of VHF-band radio waves resulting from large earthquakes, and its statistical relationship to magnitude of impending earthquakes

SUMMARY To confirm the relationship between anomalous transmission of VHF-band radio waves and impending earthquakes, we designed a new data-collection system and have documented the anomalous VHF-band radio-wave propagation beyond the line of sight prior to earthquakes since 2002 December in Hokkaido, northern Japan. Anomalous VHF-band radio waves were recorded before two large earthquakes, the Tokachi-oki earthquake (Mj= 8.0, Mj: magnitude defined by the Japan Meteorological Agency) on 2003 September 26 and the southern Rumoi sub-prefecture earthquake (Mj= 6.1) on 2004 December 14. Radio waves transmitted from a given FM radio station are considered to be scattered, such that they could be received by an observation station beyond the line of sight. A linear relationship was established between the logarithm of the total duration time of anomalous transmissions (Te) and the magnitude (M) or maximum seismic intensity (I) of the impending earthquake, for M4-M5 class earthquakes that occurred at depths of 48–54 km beneath the Hidaka Mountains in Hokkaido in 2004 June and 2005 August. Similar linear relationships are also valid for earthquakes that occurred at different depths. The relationship was shifted to longer Te for shallower earthquakes and to shorter Te for deeper ones. Numerous parameters seem to affect Te, including hypocenter depths and surface conditions of epicentral area (i.e. sea or land). This relationship is important because it means that pre-seismic anomalous transmission of VHF-band waves may be useful in predicting the size of an impending earthquake.
The Genesis of the North Pennine Ore Deposits

I. Introduction The North Pennine area of northern England, drained by the Tyne, Wear, and Tees and their tributaries, is a dissected plateau, uplifted along the Pennine fault-line to the west, and sloping gently down to the lowlands of East Durham. Its physiographic boundaries are, on the north, the main valley of the Tyne; on the west, the Pennine escarpment, overlooking the Vale of Eden; and on the south, the natural pass of Stainmoor. This region has been called the “Alston Block” by F. M. Trotter and S. E. Hollingworth (1928). Gently domed Carboniferous sediments resting on an eroded surface of closely folded Lower Palæozoic slates and volcanic rocks form the country-rock, and the area is structurally a fault-block, the limits of which correspond closely with the physiographic boundaries. The Carboniferous limestones, sandstones, shales, and coals have a total thickness of more than 5000 feet, and throughout their whole thickness rhythmic alternations of beds are well exhibited. In the Carboniferous Limestone series (S1-D1), which is the lowest Carboniferous member, limestones predominate. Limestones are co-important with sandstones and shales in the overlying Yoredale series (D1-D3), but are absent from the higher horizons. Coal seams alternating with sandstones and shales make up the Upper Carboniferous succession. As a result of the gentle outward inclination of the beds from the highest part of the dome, near Cross Fell, progressively higher horizons outcrop round the northern, eastern, and southern margins of the area. The Millstone Grit thus appears along the Tyne valley and over
Athena Microscopic Imager investigation

[1] The Athena science payload on the Mars Exploration Rovers (MER) includes the Microscopic Imager (MI). The MI is a fixed-focus camera mounted on the end of an extendable instrument arm, the Instrument Deployment Device (IDD). The MI was designed to acquire images at a spatial resolution of 30 microns/pixel over a broad spectral range (400–700 nm). The MI uses the same electronics design as the other MER cameras but has optics that yield a field of view of 31 × 31 mm across a 1024 × 1024 pixel CCD image. The MI acquires images using only solar or skylight illumination of the target surface. A contact sensor is used to place the MI slightly closer to the target surface than its best focus distance (about 66 mm), allowing concave surfaces to be imaged in good focus. Coarse focusing (∼2 mm precision) is achieved by moving the IDD away from a rock target after the contact sensor has been activated. The MI optics are protected from the Martian environment by a retractable dust cover. The dust cover includes a Kapton window that is tinted orange to restrict the spectral bandpass to 500–700 nm, allowing color information to be obtained by taking images with the dust cover open and closed. MI data will be used to place other MER instrument data in context and to aid in petrologic and geologic interpretations of rocks and soils on Mars.
Review of flanking structures in meso- and micro-scales

Abstract A variety of host-fabric elements (HE) cut by cross-cutting elements (CE) in rocks defines flanking structures (FS) on mesoscopic and microscopic scales. There has been renewed interest in studying and classifying the FS for their morphologies, useful as shear sense indicators and geneses. Existing non-genetic morphologic parameters for the FS are reviewed, and two new classification schemes are presented. One of these is based on the nature of the CE and whether HE penetrates it. The other scheme takes account of all the potential combinations of drag/no drag and slip/no slip of the HE. Deciphering the shear sense of the rock body from FS is complicated because the angular relationship between the CE and the primary shear planes might be opposite to what is found between S- and C- ductile shear fabrics. Further, single CEs can curve and several similar FS occur in reverse forms. As with mineral fish, the shape asymmetries of microscopic CEs indicate the shear sense. Conjugate FS (with non-parallel CEs) with interfering perturbation fields around the CEs are more reliable shear-sense indicators than FS with single CE. During low but increasing bulk strains, FS may evolve from one type to another, e.g. from a- to s-type. At high strain, FS can resemble intrafolial or sheath fold. Whether the drag is normal or reverse depends fundamentally on the initial angle between the HE and the CE and the relative magnitudes of throw and vertical separation.
Rapid organic aerosol formation downwind of a highway: Measured and model results from the FEVER study

The Fast Evolution of Vehicle Emissions from Roadway (FEVER) study was undertaken to strategically measure pollutant gradients perpendicular to a major highway north of Toronto, Canada. A case study period was analyzed when there was an average perpendicular wind direction. Two independent, fast response measurements were used to infer rapid organic aerosol (OA) growth on a spatial scale from 34 m to 285 m at the same time as a decrease was observed in the mixing ratio of primary emitted species, such as CO2 and NOx. An integrated organic gas and particle sampler also showed that near the highway, the aerosol had a larger semivolatile fraction than lower volatile fraction, but over a relatively short distance downwind of the highway, the aerosol transformed to being more low volatile with the change being driven by both evaporation of semivolatile and production of lower volatile organic aerosol. A new 1‐D column Lagrangian atmospheric chemistry model was developed to help interpret the measured increase in the ∆OA/∆CO2 curve from 34 m to 285 m downwind of highway, where the ∆ refers to background‐corrected concentrations. The model was sensitive to the assumptions for semivolatile organic compounds (SVOCs). Different combinations of SVOC emissions and background mixing ratios were able to yield similar model curves and reproduce the observations. Future measurements of total gas‐phase SVOC in equilibrium with aerosol both upwind and downwind of the highway would be helpful to constrain the model.