Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
One Market? Stocks, Futures, and Options During October 1987

The authors provide new evidence regarding the degree of integration among markets for stocks, futures, and options prior to and during the October 1987 market crash. Where previous analyses have resulted in recommendations for the implementation of circuit breakers, the coordination of margin requirements across markets, and changes in regulatory jurisdiction, their analysis indicates that delinkage between markets during the crash was primarily caused by an antiquated mechanism for processing stock-market orders. The results suggest that market integration may be better served by efficient order execution than by further restricting markets. Copyright 1992 by American Finance Association.
Action du pouvoir public, IDE, Contrôle de la corruption et Croissance économique dans la région MENA

The objective of this article is to show the effect of the action of public power on economic growth, control of corruption and foreign direct investment (FDI) in the MENA region. Our study focuses on the various aspects of the influence of two important aspects of institutional quality, namely government effectiveness and control of corruption and one of the most important aspects of global economic integration in the MENA region during the 1984-2012 period while using the model of simultaneous equations
General finite-element modeling of 2-D magnetophotonic crystal waveguides

A new finite-element method for characterizing magnetophotonic crystal (MPC) waveguides with polarization conversion properties is proposed. To treat arbitrarily anisotropic magnetophotonic materials, a vector Helmholtz equation in terms of three components of electric or magnetic fields is discretized with the so-called edge/nodal hybrid elements. Nonreciprocal lightwave propagation properties are obtained by using an asymmetrical input condition. This method is validated by simulation of an optical isolator based on an MPC waveguide with a compensation wall exhibiting inclined magnetization.
The New Consensus on Monetary Policy and its Post-Keynesian Critique

Abstract This paper seeks to look at the underlying framework of the New Consensus models, providing a Post-Keynesian critique. In the light of this critique, the model is reformulated, with its basic structure intact, but with alternative post-Keynesian specifications of the Phillips curve being considered. It is shown that such modifications, either allow a long run trade-off between the rate of inflation and the level of output, the rate of capacity utilization and, therefore, unemployment, or, in our preferred specification, changes in output and capacity have no implications for inflation over a large range of capacity utilization.
Production of hydrocephalus by increased cephalic-venous pressure.

The relationship of increased cerebral venous pressure to ventricular enlargement and hydrocephalus has never been satisfactorily worked out. The interdependence of intracranial pressure and cerebral venous pressure has been recognized both in clinical problems and in experimental studies, but the possibility of cerebral venous pressure as a primary cause of ventricular enlargement has remained a controversial issue. Dandy 2 stated that the occlusion of the vein of Galen would cause hydrocephalus. Others have tried this and other types of experimental venous occlusions, with varying results. Russell, 4 in her monograph on hydrocephalus, reviewed much of this work, including some experimental work of her own, and concluded that, while hydrocephalus had apparently been produced in some instances, the results were, in general, equivocal. These experimental attempts to produce hydrocephalus from increased venous pressure were all based upon local occlusion of a cerebral vein or dural sinus. This allowed the possibility that
Acute infection with influenza virus enhances susceptibility to fatal pneumonia following Streptococcus pneumoniae infection in mice with chronic pulmonary colonization with Pseudomonas aeruginosa

We established a mouse model in which fatal pneumonia was induced by pneumococcal superinfection following influenza virus infection in chronic Pseudomonas aeruginosa infected mice. In this mouse model, influenza virus infection caused a significant increase in inflammatory cells, cytokines and severe tissue damage in the lungs of these P. aeruginosa infected mice, before pneumococcal infection. Intrapulmonary virus titres were significantly increased in mice with chronic P. aeruginosa infection, compared with control mice. Neutrophil function analysis showed significant reduction of myeloperoxidase (MPO) activity and lysozyme secretion by influenza virus infection in these mice. Our results suggest that influenza virus infection may play an important role in inducing pneumococcal pneumonia in chronic P. aeruginosa infected mice. Our results suggested that our mouse model is useful for investigating the pathogenesis of influenza virus infection in patients with chronic lung infection.
Anomie and Violence: Non-truth and Reconciliation in Indonesian Peacebuilding

Indonesia suffered an explosion of religious violence, ethnic violence, separatist violence, terrorism, and violence by criminal gangs, the security forces and militias in the late 1990s and early 2000s. By 2002 Indonesia had the worst terrorism problem of any nation. All these forms of violence have now fallen dramatically. How was this accomplished? What drove the rise and the fall of violence? Anomie theory is deployed to explain these developments. Sudden institutional change at the time of the Asian financial crisis and the fall of President Suharto meant the rules of the game were up for grabs. Valerie Braithwaite’s motivational postures theory is used to explain the gaming of the rules and the disengagement from authority that occurred in that era. Ultimately resistance to Suharto laid a foundation for commitment to a revised, more democratic, institutional order. The peacebuilding that occurred was not based on the high-integrity truth-seeking and reconciliation that was the normative preference of these authors. Rather it was based on non-truth, sometimes lies, and yet substantial reconciliation. This poses a challenge to restorative justice theories of peacebuilding.
Tunable work function molybdenum gate technology for FDSOI-CMOS

A simple technique for tuning the work function of molybdenum (Mo) gate material over a wide range (4.5 V-4.9 V) is investigated. Ultra-low energy (/spl les/3 keV) Ar/sup +/ and N/sup +/ ion implantation is used to selectively induce structural and/or chemical changes in Mo gate films. These changes are shown to directly affect the Mo gate work function, so that it can be adjusted by adjusting the implant parameters and annealing conditions. The mechanism behind this phenomenon is investigated using X-ray diffraction (XRD) and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). The applicability of this technique for threshold voltage (V/sub TH/) control, particularly in fully-depleted SOI CMOS devices, is demonstrated with Mo gated ultra-thin body (UTB) SOI MOSFETs and double-gate FinFETs.
The Insurance of Bank Deposits

P UBLIC interest in deposit insurance, stimulated by the seriousness of bank failures in recent years, led to the inclusion of provisions for the insurance of bank deposits in the Banking Act of I933. ' Many bankers and economists protested. The unfortunate experience of several states with various forms of deposit insurance, the huge losses involved in widespread bank failures, and the fear that insurance would affect banking adversely have led critics to assert that the insurance of bank deposits is unsound. Discouraged by the failure of state-operated plans, no one has considered what might have happened in the better regulated and supervised national banking system had it been subjected to a deposit insurance requirement at an early date. The purpose of the present paper is to outline that consideration. Statistics of deposits, losses, earnings, and investments in national banks have been considered during the period from the establishment of the national banking system through I932 in an effort to determine whether or not the cost of operating a deposit insurance plan would have been excessive. Some available statistics of the record of state banks are also presented, but, because incomplete, they cannot be considered significant. Unless insurance operated to increase losses, the cost of a deposit insurance plan within the national system would have been surprisingly low. Table I shows the average percentage of losses to deposits in national banks from i863 to I932. In no decade prior to I930 did the average annual loss exceed i/io of i per cent of average annual deposits. Bank losses at no time during this period appeared as general catastrophes from an insurance point of view. Peak losses, which, by the way, seemed to recur cyclically about the middle of each decade, showed a marked tendency to decline prior to I920. The only years in which losses exceeded 4 of i per
Reabsorptive and secretory 5-methyltetrahydrofolate transport pathways in cultured human proximal tubule cells.

Decreases in plasma folate levels leading to folate deficiency can result from increased urinary loss of folate, due to changes in either the renal reabsorption or secretion of folate. Hence, human proximal tubule (HPT) cells were cultured on microporous membranes to separate apical (AP) and basolateral (BL) domains and to assess the transport of 5-methyltetrahydrofolate from AP-to-BL (i.e., reabsorptive) and BL-to-AP (secretory) directions. Cellular uptake of alpha-methylglucoside occurred specifically from the AP direction, and transport of p-aminohippurate occurred more readily from the BL direction, demonstrating cell polarity similar to that in vivo. Under tight monolayer conditions, binding of folate to the AP membrane occurred more readily from the AP direction, although AP binding also occurred from the BL chamber. Intracellular transport occurred equally from both AP and BL directions. When loaded from either direction, folate was effluxed from HPT cells into both AP and BL chambers. About 20-30% of the internalized substrate was converted to nonfolate catabolites. Thus HPT cells readily take up folate via both the AP and BL membranes, metabolize it intracellularly and secrete the products across both membranes. These studies suggest that renal folate homeostasis is regulated bidirectionally.
Design and implementation of automatic transmission electronic control system for mining trucks

Based on the algorithm and control strategies of automatic transmission in the Truck, electronic control unit (ECU) are designed. Furthermore, a design model is applied to optimize shift quality and also to reduce test time. The circuit diagram of electronic control unit (ECU) hardware composes of power supply module, signal input channels, signal output channels, data storage module, driver circuits, and communication interface module. They are designed and then ECU hardware is manufactured. Installed in TEREX TR100 mining truck, the test results of ECU system is satisfied and worked stably and reliably.
Nail-Biting Stuff? The Effect of N-acetyl Cysteine on Nail-Biting

ABSTRACT N-acetyl cysteine (NAC) is a widely available nutraceutical with a variety of actions. As a precursor of cysteine and glutathione, it has antioxidant properties that may impact on mood and contribute to an effect on impulsivity and obsessive behaviour. Via its additional effect on glutamate via the cystine-glutamate exchange system, NAC has been shown to mediate impulsivity in preclinical models of addiction, reduce craving, and cue extinction. Further, by boosting glutathione, NAC acts as a potent antioxidant and has been shown in two positive, large-scale randomized placebo-controlled trials to affect negative symptoms in schizophrenia and depression in bipolar disorder. We describe three cases in which its actions specifically on nail-biting and associated anxiety may offer a potential treatment. The spontaneous findings are reported as part of an ongoing treatment trial examining the utility of NAC in bipolar disorder. Its actions, if robustly replicated, also point to potential treatment targets in glutathione or glutamate pathways in the brain.
Economic Cooperation in 19th Century Taiwan: Religion and Informal Enforcement

In the pre-20th-century Taiwanese economy, religious corporations played a primary role in providing informal enforcement services. This paper presents evidence that many of these religious corporations were important to commerce and investment in Chinese society, but agency problems limited their size and they thus tended to fragment society into rival groups making the broad transparent markets necessary for economics development difficult to establish.
Finance and rural governance: centralization and local challenges

The ability of local governments to raise revenues has been dramatically altered over the last several decades in rural China, and this has had a significant influence on local governance. The fiscal reforms in 1994 and after 2002 significantly strengthened central government capacity to collect revenues at the provincial, county and township levels. The centralization of tax policies has also fundamentally changed the relationship between central and local administrative levels. This paper examines the cost and benefits of strengthening central government capacity and the increasing reach of the state in rural China. One of the challenges facing local officials is to provide social services and at the same time deal with underfunded mandates from higher authorities. Local officials and villagers have adjusted to changes in finance and tax policies in diverse ways. Moreover, when analyzing fiscal reforms and local governance it is important to take into account the differing perspectives from the village, township, county and center.
In vitro metabolism of a novel JNK inhibitor tanzisertib: interspecies differences in oxido-reduction and characterization of enzymes involved in metabolism

Abstract 1. In vitro metabolism of Tanzisertib [(1S,4R)-4-(9-((S)tetrahydrofuran-3-yl)-8-(2,4,6-trifluorophenylamino)-9H-purin-2-ylamino) cyclohexanol], a potent, selective c-Jun amino-terminal kinase (JNK) inhibitor, was investigated in mouse, rat, rabbit, dog, monkey and human hepatocytes over 4 h. The extent of metabolism of [14C]tanzisertib was variable, with <10% metabolized in dog and human, <20% metabolized in rabbit and monkey and >75% metabolized in rat and mouse. Primary metabolic pathways in human and dog hepatocytes, were direct glucuronidation and oxidation of cyclohexanol to a keto metabolite, which was subsequently reduced to parent or cis-isomer, followed by glucuronidation. Rat and mouse produced oxidative metabolites and cis-isomer, including direct glucuronides and sulfates of tanzisertib and cis-isomer. 2. Enzymology of oxido-reductive pathways revealed that human aldo-keto reductases AKR1C1, 1C2, 1C3 and 1C4 were responsible for oxido-reduction of tanzisertib, CC-418424 and keto tanzisertib. Characterizations of enzyme kinetics revealed that AKR1C4 had a high affinity for reduction of keto tanzisertib to tanzisertib compared to other isoforms. These results demonstrate unique stereoselectivity of the reductive properties documented by human AKR1C enzymes for the same substrate. 3. Characterization of UGT isoenzymes in glucuronidation of tanzisertib and CC-418424 revealed that, tanzisertib glucuronide was catalyzed by: UGT1A1, 1A4, 1A10 and 2B4, while CC-418424 glucuronidation was catalyzed by UGT2B4 and 2B7.
Retinoid X Receptor Signalling in the Specification of Skeletal Muscle Lineage

Pluripotent stem cells have the capacity to develop into different cell lineages, and can be promoted into skeletal muscle lineage through the use of small molecule inducers. Retinoic acid (RA) signaling through the retinoic acid receptor (RAR) and retinoid X receptor (RXR), is important for embryonic development, and is able to enhance myogenic differentiation in vitro if used in combination with other small molecule inducers. Nevertheless, it only yields moderate results in promoting the differentiation of embryonic stem (ES) cells into skeletal myocytes. RXR is also known to be essential for embryonic development, but it is generally considered to act as a silent partner for other nuclear receptors such as RAR. We recently discovered that RXR selective ligand efficiently induces myogenic differentiation in mouse ES cells which respond poorly to RA. In addition, myogenic differentiation, enhanced by the RXR ligand, is mediated through a RAR independent mechanism, and recapitulates closely the sequential events observed in vivo. Since ES cell differentiation represents the properties of early developing embryo, efficiently generating skeletal myocytes with RXR selective ligand provides means to further scrutinize signaling pathways in skeletal myogenesis, in view of developing cell-based therapies for skeletal muscle-related diseases. In this chapter, we attempt to provide an in-depth analysis of recent research findings and the current stage of knowledge in the field of skeletal myogenesis.
The failure of Lehman Brothers and its impact on other financial institutions

The failure of Lehman Brothers in 2008 was the largest bankruptcy in US history. Financial markets did not respond well to the news of this bankruptcy filing as the Dow Jones Industrial Average (DJIA) declined by more than 500 points by the end of the trading session that day. We identify key dates surrounding the final months of Lehman Brothers’ existence and study the wealth effects experienced by shareholders of other financial institutions’ stocks. At one of the first signs of trouble for the 158 year old investment bank, we find that when Lehman Brothers announced their first quarterly loss, the stocks of depository institutions and primary dealers declined. Ultimately, on 15 September 2008 when Lehman Brothers filed for bankruptcy, the stocks of banks and primary dealers declined by −2.90% and −6.00%, respectively, and were the biggest losers that day. We also study how the size of the depository institutions may have played a role in the adverse effects they experienced surrounding Lehman's troubles. We present evidence that it was primarily large banks, savings and loans and brokerage firms who were impacted the most.
High-Frequency Time Series Prediction Based on Wavelet Transform and ARMA Model

High-frequency time series prediction method based on wavelet transform and ARMA model (WARMA) is proposed. By wavelet decomposition and reconstruction, the original time series is decomposed into an approximate series and several detail series, the reconstructed series is more unitary than the original series in frequency, so it can be predicted with ARMA model. The prediction result of the original series can be obtained by the superposition predicting value of each reconstructed series. Experiment results show that the method gains advantage over the ARMA solely.
International competition and real wages

Myriad politicians express concern over increased competition from abroad, but among economists the home economy is widely believed to benefit from improvement in foreign economies (Jeffrey Williamson, 1991). Work by a few economists (John R. Hicks, 1953; Ronald Jones, 1979; Paul Krugman, 1979) suggests that there is some truth to popular concerns over "competitiveness. " The effect of foreign competition in reducing the relative price of the goods that the United States formerly exported can lower aggregate real income in the United States even as world income rises. Accordingly, the success of Japan, Western Europe, and more recently many other nations in producing goods that were, as of the end of World War II, virtual monopolies of the United States is another potential candidate for explaining the fall (relative to trend) of the average living standard or real wage in the United States.
Analysis on spatial and temporal features of gait kinematics

Gait kinematics features, which concerns its geometry, can be represented using its spatial and temporal characteristics; namely moments of silhouette and angular displacements of limb. Limb angular displacements data are manual labeled hip angle, knee angle, and ankle angle data and silhouette moments data are simple centralized moments of binary image data. This paper presents an analysis on spatial and temporal features of gait kinematics. A standard approach of using PCA (principal component analysis) and CA (canonical analysis) algorithms are used for the analysis. To ensure an invariant analysis due to differences in walking speed, a cycle extraction procedure, which consists of interpolation and resampling, is performed beforehand. Results from this paper can suggest that angular displacements data can be a better feature representation in comparison to the simple silhouette moments data.
Keynes ve Refah Devleti

Dunya siyasal, ekonomik kulturel vs. pek cok alanda hizli degisimler gecirmektedir. Bu hizli degisimler devlet, ekonomi ve toplum iliskisine yeni bir yapi kazandirmaktadir. Kapitalizmin yapisal krizi, 1929 yilinda yasanan ekonomik bunalimla devletin ekonomide varliginin gerekliligi tekrar gundeme getirmistir. Bu baglamda Keynes, ekonomide etkin kaynak kullaniminin saglanmasi, ekonomik buyume ve kalkinmanin gerceklestirilmesi, adil bir gelir ve servet dagiliminin temini ve ekonomik istikrarin saglanmasi icin devletin yonlendirici kararlar almasini onermistir. Sermaye, birikim krizini asmak icin devlete yonelmis ve refah devleti modelini hedef almistir. Bu calismada Keynes ve refah devleti konusu incelenmistir
Equality at work in UK public-service and hotel organizations: inclining towards managing diversity?

Despite some progress, the issue of equality at work remains more of an aspiration than achievement for organizations in developed economies across the world. In the UK, the debate on equality at work has been rekindled with a Labour government taking office, in 1997, with a commitment to equality generally and for women specifically. Fuelling the debate is the notion of managing diversity, which has emanated from the USA in recent years. This article seeks to explore the current nature of equality at work in the UK and gauge if managing diversity is in any way manifest in current organizational approaches to equality management. The exploration is rooted in four case-study organizations and is conducted through the lens of key organizational stakeholders. Beyond exposing the contemporary nature of equality at work in the case-study organizations, the empirical work allows the issues involved in the implementation of managing diversity in the UK context to be signalled.
An analysis of the degree of small companies' dissatisfaction with ISO 9000 certification

Abstract The aim of this research is to analyse the dissatisfaction that ISO 9000 has created in small companies. Certification is only a guarantee that the company is using a quality management system according to a list of requisites and procedures. However, the benefits that have been attributed to ISO 9000 have often been overstated, so that companies tend to generate high expectations that are difficult to realize completely. This idea is tested over a sample of 131 small certified companies in Spain. The effect of time on the achievement of advantages and the satisfaction of expectations from ISO 9000 is also tested.