Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Metamorphic Code Generator based on bytecode of LLVM IR

Metamorphic Code Generator based on bytecode of LLVM IR by Arjun Shah Metamorphic software is famous for changing the internal structure of the code while keeping the functionality same. In order to escape the signature detection along with some advanced detection techniques, many malware writers have used metamorphism as the means. On the other hand, code morphing technique increases the diversity of the software which is considered to be a potential security advantage. In our paper, we have developed a metamorphic code generator based on the LLVM framework. The architecture of LLVM has a three-phase compiler design which includes the front end, the optimizer and the back end. It also gives assistance to various source languages and designs which can be considered as a target. LLVM Intermediate Representation(IR) is the most important aspect of LLVM that uses a common IR bytecode within its optimizer. As a result of this, the compilation process of LLVM can transform any high-level language to its IR bytecode. The metamorphic code generator that we have developed works at this IR bytecode level. Leveraging on the dead code obfuscation technique from the previous research, we have implemented a much more difficult technique of instruction substitution at the IR bytecode level. Hence this paper discusses the implementation of obfuscation techniques like dead code insertion, subroutine reordering, and instruction substitution. The effectiveness of these techniques have been tested by using the Hidden Markov Model.
The Role of Moist Entropy on Termination of Madden-Julian Oscillation Events

The Madden-Julian oscillation (MJO) is the leading mode of intraseasonal variability in the tropics. Although many studies have examined the MJO, few have considered its termination. Multiple indices exist to track and forecast the MJO although the details of each index to MJO decay have not been documented. This study presents an intercomparison of several MJO indices for a 34-year period to examine the evolution of MJO events and comprise an index-specific climatology for MJO termination. We present an analysis of common indices including the OLRbased MJO Index (OMI) and filtered OMI (FMO) in addition to the Real-time Multivariate MJO (RMM) and velocity potential MJO (VPM) index. Normalized EOF comparisons reveal only minor longitudinal and time shifts in the corresponding convection and circulation anomalies between indices. The absolute and fractional daily rate-of-change (ROC) of each index is derived and the RMM and VPM indices experience nearly twice the daily amplitude changes than the univariate indices. Results from the ROC analysis are implemented in an MJO event identification algorithm to study the sensitivity of MJO termination to changes in the temporary minimum amplitude and threshold used to define MJO events. The corresponding counts of primary, continuing, and circumnavigating events were recorded with primary events being insensitive to buffer changes, generally less than 5% among indices. Finally, an MJO climatology is created that presents MJO termination as a function of phase for each index. Recent studies have also examined moist entropy (ME) as a proxy for moist static energy (MSE) and the relative role of the underlying processes responsible for changes in ME that potentially affect MJO propagation in GCMs. We present an analysis of the intraseasonally varying (ISV) ME throughout the lifetime of MJO events. A climatology of primary, continuing,
PROBLEMY EKOROZWOJU – PROBLEMS OF SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT

Extreme climatic catastrophes and increasing emission levels demonstrate that humanity and nature are in confrontation. In this situation, the responsibility falls on intellectuals who engage in critical thinking, research, and innovation, propose solutions to problems, and bring society together to pursue a common goal. The present study assesses the role of education and Innovation in climate change mitigation in OECD and BRICS countries, where the use of renewable energy and decreasing the use of non-renewable energy are considered climate change mitigation strategies. The GMM approach is used to test the empirical model. The results indicate that increasing education and innovation levels in OECD and BRICS countries positively impact renewable energy consumption. However, the role of education and innovation in reducing the use of non-renewable energy consumption in the BRICS is insignificant, while in OECD countries, it is found significant. Thus, this study recommends that environmental education and green innovation be the focus to get sustainable development.
Cost-Effectiveness Analysis of Nirsevimab and RSVpreF Vaccine Prevention Strategies for Respiratory Syncytial Virus Disease: A Canadian Immunisation Research Network (CIRN) Study

Background: The cost-effectiveness of immunisation strategies with a long-acting monoclonal antibody (nirsevimab) and a protein-based vaccine (RSVpreF) for protecting infants from Respiratory Syncytial Virus (RSV)-associated illness remains undetermined in Canada. Objective: To estimate the health benefits and cost-effectiveness of seasonal immunisation of infants with nirsevimab and year-round vaccination of pregnant women with RSVpreF. Design: Agent-based simulation model. Data Sources: Published studies and the Canadian Institute for Health Information. Target Population: Twelve monthly birth cohorts and pregnant women. Time Horizon: One year. Perspective: Healthcare and societal. Intervention: Administration of nirsevimab to infants and vaccination of pregnant women. Outcome Measures: Outpatient care, hospitalisation, death, and associated costs. Results: Using a willingness-to-pay of $50,000 per quality-adjusted life-year gained, we found that immunising the entire Canadian birth cohort with nirsevimab would be cost-effective from a societal perspective for a price-per-dose (PPD) of under $420, with a budget impact of $292,925 per 100,000 population. An alternative strategy of immunising high-risk infants and vaccinating pregnant women would lead to a lower budget impact of $288,776 per 100,000 population with a PPD of $420 and $355 for nirsevimab and RSVpreF, respectively. This strategy would reduce infant mortality by over 89%, significantly higher than 58% achieved through a nirsevimab-only program. Results of Sensitivity Analysis: PPD for cost-effective programs was sensitive to the target population among infants and vaccination of pregnant women. Limitations: No clinical trials have reported efficacy estimates of nirsevimab for infants born at less than 29 weeks of gestation. Conclusion: Immunisation of infants under 6 months of age and vaccination of pregnant women could be a suitable replacement for palivizumab to protect infants during their first RSV season.
Exploring Perceptions and Experiences of ChatGPT in Medical Education: A Qualitative Study Among Medical College Faculty and Students in Saudi Arabia

Background: With the rapid development of artificial intelligence (AI) technologies, there is a growing interest in the potential use of AI-based tools like ChatGPT in medical education. However, there is limited research on the perceptions and experiences of faculty and students with ChatGPT, particularly in Saudi Arabia. Objective: This study aimed to explore the knowledge, perceived benefits, concerns, and limitations of using ChatGPT in medical education, among faculty and students at a leading Saudi Arabian university. Methods: A qualitative study was conducted, involving focused meetings with medical faculty and students with varying levels of ChatGPT experience. A thematic analysis was used to identify key themes and subthemes emerging from the discussions. Results: Participants demonstrated good knowledge of ChatGPT and its functions. The main themes were: (1) knowledge and perception of ChatGPT, and (2) roles of ChatGPT in research and medical education. The perceived benefits included collecting and summarizing information and saving time and effort. However, concerns and limitations centered around the potential lack of critical thinking in the information provided, the ambiguity of references, limitations of access, trust in the output of ChatGPT, and ethical concerns. Conclusions: This study provides valuable insights into the perceptions and experiences of medical faculty and students regarding the use of ChatGPT in medical education. While the benefits of ChatGPT were recognized, participants also expressed concerns and limitations requiring further studies for effective integration into medical education, exploring the impact of ChatGPT on learning outcomes, student and faculty satisfaction, and the development of critical thinking skills.
Validity and reliability of an app-based medical device to empower individuals in evaluating their physical capacities

Background. Cardiorespiratory fitness and muscle strength are valid markers of health and strong predictors of mortality and morbidity. The tests used to measure these variables require in-person visits with specialized equipment and trained personnel, leading to organizational constraints both for patients and hospitals, and making them difficult to implement at a large scale. In this context, technologies embedded in smartphones offer new opportunities to develop remote tests. Objectives. This study aimed to test the validity and reliability of MediEval, a newly developed app-based medical device that allows individuals to perform the 6-minute walk test (6MWT) and the 30-second sit-to-stand (30s-STS) test on their own using GPS signal and camera detection with a skeleton extraction algorithm. Methods. A total of 53 healthy adults performed the two tests in three different sessions to determine the intra- and inter-day reproducibility. Test validity was assessed by comparing the results obtained from the app to gold standard measures. Pearson correlations and concordance correlation coefficients, the relative measurement error, intraclass correlation coefficients, the standard error of measure and the minimal detectable change were computed for each test. Results. The results revealed high to excellent validity of the app in comparison to gold standards ({rho}=0.84 for the 6MWT and {rho}=0.99 for the 30s-STS test) with low relative measurement error. The mean differences between the app and the gold standard measures were 8.96m for the 6MWT and 0.28 repetition for the 30s-STS test. Both tests had good test-retest reliability (ICCs = 0.77). The minimal detectable changes were respectively 97.56 meters for the 6MWT and 7.37 repetitions for the 30s-STS test. Discussion. The MediEval medical device proposes valid and reproducible measures of the 6MWT and the 30s-STS test. This device holds promise for monitoring the physical activity of large epidemiologic cohorts while refining patient experience and improving the scalability of the healthcare system. Considering minimal detectable change values, it may be important to ask participants to perform several tests and average them to improve accuracy. Future studies in clinical context are needed to evaluate the responsiveness and the smallest detectable changes of the device for specific populations with chronic diseases.
Comparison of approaches to control for intracranial volume in research on the association of brain volumes with cognitive outcomes

Background: Consistent methods for evaluating the link between brain structure and cognition are essential for understanding determinants of neurologic outcomes. Studies examining associations between brain volumetric measures and cognition use various statistical approaches to account for variation in intracranial volume (ICV). It is unclear if commonly used approaches yield consistent results. Methods: Using a brain-wide association approach in the MRI substudy of UK Biobank (N=41,964; mean age=64.5 years), we used regression models to estimate the associations of 58 regional brain volumetric measures with eight cognitive outcomes, comparing no correction and five ICV correction approaches. Approaches evaluated included: no correction; dividing regional volumes by ICV, with and without further adjustment for ICV (proportional approach); including ICV as a covariate in the regression (adjustment approach); and regressing the regional volumes against ICV in different normative samples and using calculated residuals to determine associations (residual approach). We used Spearman-rank correlations and two consistency measures to quantify the extent to which associations were inconsistent across ICV correction approaches for each possible brain region and cognitive outcome pair across 2,784 regression models. Findings: The adjustment and residual approaches typically produced similar estimates, which were inconsistent with results from the crude and proportional approaches. Inconsistencies across approaches were largest when estimates from the adjustment and residual approaches were further from the null. That is, the approach used was least important when the association between brain volume and cognitive performance was close to null; in this case, all approaches tend to estimate a null association. Interpretation: Commonly used methods to correct for ICV yield inconsistent results and the proportional method diverges from other methods. Adjustment methods are the simplest to implement while producing biologically plausible associations.
Honey Experiment on LeProsy Ulcer (HELP): A Randomised Control Trial of Raw, Unadulterated African Honey for Ulcer Healing in Leprosy: A Study Protocol

Background: As in diabetes, ulcers in leprosy occur as a result of nerve damage and loss of sensation due to neuropathy. The aim of this study is to evaluate the healing properties of raw, undiluted African honey in comparison with normal saline dressing of leprosy ulcers. Methods: This is a multi-centre, comparative, prospective, single-blinded, parallel-group, 1:1 individually randomised controlled trial to be conducted at The Leprosy Referral Hospital, Chanchaga, Niger state in central Nigeria and St. Benedict Hospital, Ogoja, Cross River state, South-south Nigeria. Raw, unadulterated honey will be used in the ulcer dressing of the eligible consenting participants in the intervention group while those in the control group will be treated by dressing with normal saline. The main outcomes will be the proportion of complete healing and the rate of healing up to 84 days post-randomization. Follow-up will be for 6 months from randomization. We aim to enter 90-130 participants into the study. Observations will be made by blinded observers examining photographs of ulcers. Discussion: Our study will provide an unbiased estimate of the effect of honey on the healing of neuropathic ulcers.
Dynamics of T-cell Responses Following COVID-19 mRNA Vaccination and Breakthrough Infection in Older Adults

Introduction: While older adults generally mount weaker antibody responses to a primary COVID-19 vaccine series, T-cell responses remain less well characterized in this population. We compared SARS-CoV-2 spike-specific T-cell responses after two- and three-dose COVID-19 mRNA vaccination and subsequent breakthrough infection in older and younger adults. Methods: We quantified CD4+ and CD8+ T-cells reactive to overlapping peptides spanning the ancestral SARS-CoV-2 spike protein in 40 older adults (median age 79) and 50 younger health care workers (median age 39), all COVID-19 naive, using an activation induced marker assay. T-cell responses were further assessed in 24 participants, including 8 older adults, who subsequently experienced their first SARS-CoV-2 breakthrough infection. Results: A third COVID-19 mRNA vaccine dose significantly boosted spike-specific CD4+ and CD8+ T-cell frequencies to above two-dose levels in older and younger adults. T-cell frequencies did not significantly differ between older and younger adults after either dose. Multivariable analyses adjusting for sociodemographic, health and vaccine-related variables confirmed that older age was not associated with impaired cellular responses. Instead, the strongest predictors of CD4+ and CD8+ T-cell frequencies post-third-dose were their corresponding post-second-dose frequencies. Breakthrough infection significantly increased both CD4+ and CD8+ T cell frequencies, to comparable levels in older and younger adults. Exploratory analyses revealed an association between HLA-A*02:03 and higher post-vaccination CD8+ T-cell frequencies, which may be attributable to numerous strong-binding HLA-A*02:03-specific CD8+ T-cell epitopes in spike. Conclusion: Older adults mount robust T-cell responses to two- and three-dose COVID-19 mRNA vaccination, which are further boosted following breakthrough infection.
Solution to prevent human organ loss due to unviable logistics for air transport

Air transport of human organs, tissues and medical teams for the purpose of transplants have more than doubled over the past decade in Brazil, where airlines contribute with the public health system by donating all airline tickets and cargo shipments needed by the Ministry of Health to assist human organ transplants. Along with the increase on demand for air transport, there is a need to match the supply and guarantee the fastest and most efficient delivery possible, considering the unpredictability and urgency inherent to organ transport. This study aims to investigate the process of organ transport to identify a solution to help prevent human organ loss due to poor transport logistics. The solution must identify the fastest routes available to deliver organs, tissues and medical teams to their destination under the Cold Ischemia Time (CIT). Since the majority (77%) of the organ transports are done by commercial airlines, Four Shortest path algorithm will be applied to identify the list of viable connections on a graph based on the airport network and the airline schedules, then the best results will be presented and the Origin-Destination (OD) pairs will be presented on a Compatibility Matrix, that displays viable paths according to the type of solid organ being transported (Heart, Lungs, Liver, Kidney and Pancreas).
Nature based solutions for flood risks: What insights do the social representations of experts provide?

In the context of intensification of flood risks, Nature Based Solutions constitute an interesting approach to conciliate population’s protection and biodiversity. While this recently emerging concept has been the subject of studies in social sciences, there is no work yet with a social representation approach. In this work, we propose to study Nature Based Solutions for flood risk management through the prism of social representations and how they frame the implementation of Nature Based Solutions projects in the field (obstacles and levers). We interviewed 19 flood experts who can be divided into two groups regarding Nature Based Solutions: theorists and practitioners. We studied their discourses using two types of analyses: a lexicometric analysis of the similarities and a thematic analysis. The results showed that Nature Based Solution is a social representation object in its complexity, the polarisation it creates and its technicality. The two groups of participants have different representations. The practitioners may consider the Nature Based Solutions as "greenwashing" since they are presented as new and innovative, while the theorists contrast their Nature Based Solutions’ vision with a "grey" vision influenced by French civil engineering culture and a need to control ecosystems. Both groups agree that Nature Based Solutions thinking is about "leaving more room for nature", which echoes Dunlap’s New Environmental Paradigm. Moreover, the results suggest that the expression “Nature Based Solutions” is not well suited to all actors. We encourage using the expression “vegetal engineering” which may provide an opportunity to reconnect with the techniques applied in the field. It also enhances the value of ancestral knowledge, which allows the general public to better connect with the concept.
GRAPH BASESD WORD SENSE DISAMBIGUATION FOR CLINICAL ABBREVIATIONS USING APACHE SPARK

GRAPH BASESD WORD SENSE DISAMBIGUATION FOR CLINICAL ABBREVIATIONS USING APACHE SPARK Identification of the correct sense for an ambiguous word is one of the major challenges for language processing in all domains. Word Sense Disambiguation is the task of identifying the correct sense of an ambiguous word by referencing the surrounding context of the word. Similar to the narrative documents, clinical documents suffer from ambiguity issues that impact automatic extraction of correct sense from the document. In this project, we propose a graph-based solution based on an algorithm originally implemented by Osmar R. Zaine et al. for word sense disambiguation specifically focusing on clinical text. The algorithm makes use of proposed UMLS Metathesaurus as its source of knowledge. As an enhancement to the existing implementation of the algorithm, this project uses Apache Spark A Big Data Technology for cluster based distributed processing and performance optimization.
On Conformal Mappings Onto Compact Einstein Manifolds

In the present paper we prove non-existence theorems for conformal mappings of compact (pseudo-)Riemannian manifolds onto Einstein manifolds without boundary. We obtained certain conditions for which these mappings are only trivial. MSC : 53C20, 53C24, 53C25
WRF-Chem 3.9.1 on the dust simulation over East Asia

Dust emission refers to the spatial displacement process of soil particles with the influence 14 of wind. The quantitative and accurate description of dust emission is the basis of dust simulation in the 15 modeling. The previous studies always employed static land cover in the numerical models, ignoring 16 dynamic variations in the surface bareness and leading to large uncertainties in the dust simulation. We 17 build six sets of dynamic dust sources functions, which shows a pronounced monthly and annual 18 variability with the influence of seasonal change. Compared that in July, the dynamic dust source in 19 March shows an expanding pattern to the edge of the deserts. Moreover, the dust source function in the 20 Taklimakan Desert and Gobi Desert decrease at an annual rate of 2.42 × 10-4 and 3.06 × 10-4. The 21 Weather Research and Forecasting model coupled to Chemistry (WRF-Chem) coupled with dynamic 22 dust sources can effectively reproduce the spatiotemporal distribution of aerosol within satellite and 23 ground-based observations. Our results show that the surface bareness and topographic characteristics 24 jointly control the spatial distribution and value of dynamic dust sources. Further, the dynamic change 25 of dust source further affects the dust emission and dust cycle. This study highlights the importance of 26 surface bareness and the topographic characteristics on the dynamic dust source, and effectively 27 improves dust cycle simulation over East Asia. 28
A framework for implementing best laboratory practices for non-integrated point of care tests in low resource settings

The method we respond to pandemics is still inadequate for dealing with the point of care testing (POCT) requirements of the next large epidemic. The proposed framework highlights the importance of having defined policies and procedures in place for non-integrated POCT to protect patient safety. In the absence of a pathology laboratory, this paradigm may help in the supply of diagnostic services to low-resource centers. A review of the literature was used to construct this POCT framework for non-integrated and/or unconnected devices. It also sought professional advice from the Chemical Pathology faculty, quality assurance laboratory experts and international POCT experts from the International Federation of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine (IFCC). Our concept presents a comprehensive integrated and networked approach to POCT with direct and indirect clinical laboratory supervision, particularly for outpatient and inpatient care in low-resource health care settings.