Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Modeling Sea‐Water Intrusion with Open Boundary Conditions

The present study concerns the application of a new numerical approach to describe the fresh‐water /sea‐water relationships in coastal aquifers. Essentially, a solution to the partial differential equation governing the regional motion of a phreatic surface and the resulting interface between fresh water and salt water is analyzed by a Galerkin finite‐element formulation. A single‐phase steady numerical model was applied to approximate, with simple triangular elements, the regional behavior of a coastal aquifer under appropriate sinks, sources, Neumann, outflow face, and open boundary conditions. On the one hand, outflow open boundaries at the coastline were not treated with other classical boundary conditions (Dirichlet or the outflow face approach), but instead with a formal numerical approach for open boundaries inspired in this particular case by the Dupuit approximation of horizontal outflow at the boundary. The solution to this numerical model, together with the Ghyben‐Herzberg principle, allows the correct simulation of fresh‐water heads and the position of the salt‐water interface for a steeply sloping coast. Although the solutions were precise and do not present classical numerical oscillations, this approach requires a previous solution with Dirichlet boundary conditions at the coastline in order to find a good convergence of the solution algorithm. On the other hand, the same precise results were obtained with a more restrictive open boundary condition, similar in a way to the outflow face approach, which required less computer time, did not need a prior numerical solution and could be extended to different coastline conditions. The steady‐state problem was solved for different hypothetical coastal aquifers and fresh‐water usage through three types of numerical tests. Calculated fresh‐water heads, interface positions and discharges show very precise results throughout the domain and especially at the coastline when compared to analytical, experimental, and numerically correct solutions. Therefore, interface positions, fresh‐water heads, and discharges originating from the steady regional behavior of coastal aquifers can be precisely predicted by numerical modeling when open boundaries towards the sea are properly treated for the likely conditions of the coastline.
Basic theory of the magneto-telluric method of geophysical prospecting

From Ampere’s Law (for a homogeneous earth) and from Maxwell’s equations using the concept of Hertz vectors (for a multilayered earth), solutions are obtained for the horizontal components of the electric and magnetic fields at the surface due to telluric currents in the earth. The ratio of these horizontal components, together with their relative phases, is diagnostic of the structure and true resistivities of subsurface strata. The ratios of certain other pairs of electromagnetic elements are similarly diagnostic. Normally, a magneto‐telluric sounding is represented by curves of the apparent resistivity and the phase difference at a given station plotted as functions of the period of the various telluric current components. Specific formulae are derived for the resistivities, depths to interfaces, etc. in both the two‐ and three‐layer problems. For two sections which are geometrically similar and whose corresponding resistivities differ only by a linear factor, the phase relationships are the same and t.
Chronic Cannabigerol as an Effective Therapeutic for Cisplatin-Induced Neuropathic Pain

Cannabigerol (CBG), derived from the cannabis plant, acts as an acute analgesic in a model of cisplatin-induced peripheral neuropathy (CIPN) in mice. There are no curative, long-lasting treatments for CIPN available to humans. We investigated the ability of chronic CBG to alleviate mechanical hypersensitivity due to CIPN in mice by measuring responses to 7 and 14 days of daily CBG. We found that CBG treatment (i.p.) for 7 and 14 consecutive days significantly reduced mechanical hypersensitivity in male and female mice with CIPN and reduced pain sensitivity up to 60–70% of baseline levels (p < 0.001 for all), 24 h after the last injection. Additionally, we found that daily treatment with CBG did not evoke tolerance and did not incur significant weight change or adverse events. The efficacy of CBG was independent of the estrous cycle phase. Therefore, chronic CBG administration can provide at least 24 h of antinociceptive effect in mice. These findings support the study of CBG as a long-lasting neuropathic pain therapy, which acts without tolerance in both males and females.
3D profilometry system based on absolute phase calibration

Improvement of absolute phase calibration in phase-measuring profilometry is presented. In order to calculate the absolute phase of calibration plane, linear interpolation of unwrapping phase of reference point is introduced. Accuracy of height calibration and measurement is improved. A novel 3D surface shape measurement system is designed. Experiments of given height plane are presented. The mean of measurement error of conventional algorithm is about 0.5 mm. That of the novel algorithm introduced in this paper is reduced to about 0.2 mm.
A research product for tropospheric NO2 columns from Geostationary Environment Monitoring Spectrometer based on Peking University OMI NO2 algorithm

Abstract. Tropospheric vertical column densities (VCDs) of nitrogen dioxide (NO2) retrieved from sun-synchronous satellite instruments have provided abundant NO2 data for environmental studies, but such data are limited by retrieval uncertainties and insufficient temporal sampling (e.g., once a day). The Geostationary Environment Monitoring Spectrometer (GEMS) launched in February 2020 monitors NO2 at an unprecedented hourly resolution during the daytime. Here we present a research product for tropospheric NO2 VCDs, referred to as POMINO–GEMS (where POMINO is the Peking University OMI NO2 algorithm). We develop a hybrid retrieval method combining GEMS, TROPOMI (TROPOspheric Monitoring Instrument) and GEOS-CF (Global Earth Observing System Composition Forecast) data to generate hourly tropospheric NO2 slant column densities (SCDs). We then derive tropospheric NO2 air mass factors (AMFs) with explicit corrections for surface reflectance anisotropy and aerosol optical effects through parallelized pixel-by-pixel radiative transfer calculations. Prerequisite cloud parameters are retrieved with the O2–O2 algorithm by using ancillary parameters consistent with those used in NO2 AMF calculations. The initial retrieval of POMINO–GEMS tropospheric NO2 VCDs for June–August 2021 exhibits strong hotspot signals over megacities and distinctive diurnal variations over polluted and clean areas. POMINO–GEMS NO2 VCDs agree with the POMINO–TROPOMI v1.2. 2 product (R=0.98; NMB = 4.9 %) over East Asia, with slight differences associated with satellite viewing geometries and cloud and aerosol properties affecting the NO2 retrieval. POMINO–GEMS also shows good agreement with the following: OMNO2 (Ozone Monitoring Instrument (OMI) NO2 Standard Product) v4 (R=0.87; NMB = −16.8 %); and GOME-2 (Global Ozone Monitoring Experiment-2) GDP (GOME Data Processor) 4.8 (R=0.83; NMB = −1.5 %) NO2 products. POMINO–GEMS shows small biases against ground-based MAX-DOAS (multi-axis differential optical absorption spectroscopy) NO2 VCD data at nine sites (NMB = −11.1 %), with modest or high correlation in diurnal variation at six urban and suburban sites (R from 0.60 to 0.96). The spatiotemporal variation in POMINO–GEMS correlates well with mobile car MAX-DOAS measurements in the Three Rivers source region on the Tibetan Plateau (R=0.81). Surface NO2 concentrations estimated from POMINO–GEMS VCDs are consistent with measurements from the Ministry of Ecology and Environment of China for spatiotemporal variation (R=0.78; NMB = −26.3 %) and diurnal variation at all, urban, suburban and rural sites (R≥0.96). POMINO–GEMS data will be made freely available for users to study the spatiotemporal variations, sources and impacts of NO2.
Geological processes on continental margins: sedimentation, mass-wasting and stability: an introduction

Continental margins form the relatively narrow transition zones between the markedly different domains of land masses and deep-ocean basins. They are the main regions of input and transfer of sediments to the oceans and, as such, they represent important zones of sediment flux. Continental shelves are generally the immediate storage area for material derived from the continents, although this commonly only represents a temporary resting place for sediments. The interaction of factors such as sediment supply, tectonic activity and relative sea-level fluctuations largely determine whether the sediment remains on the shelf or is moved, either by currents or gravity, beyond the shelf onto the continental slope. Once on the slope, material is commonly transferred farther into deeper-water environments, such as the continental rise, ocean trench or abyssal plain, through resedimentation by gravity-transport or bottomcurrent processes. The sedimentary sequence on continental margins thus is rarely simple, for the sedimentation processes and post-depositional changes create complex results. There has lately been a growth in the level of study of this critical zone. Apart from increased scientific interest, primarily from university and governmental organizations, studies of the margin have now taken on a much higher commercial profile, largely because of the oil industry’s move off the shelf into increasingly deeper waters world-wide. The variation and disturbance of sediments on slopes make them ideal areas for the generation, migration and entrapment of hydrocarbons. This volume addresses three topics of particular significance to continental margin development: sedimentation, mass-wasting and stability. The 19 papers published
Controls on Methane Adsorption Capacity of Lower Cretaceous Coals from Northeastern British Columbia, Canada: Part 1—Geology, Rank Variation, and Adsorption Isotherms

This study examines the high-pressure methane adsorption capacity of coals in the Gething Formation, Peace River coalfield, northeastern British Columbia, Canada. The Gething coals have higher than expected methane adsorptive capacity based on their rank. For example, at 1,000 m depth and 1.7% Ro,max methane adsorption capacity ranges from 22–27 cc/g (daf) (700–870 scf/ton), whereas gas content estimated using the Eddy curves and the Ryan Equation is about 17 cc/g (daf) (545 scf/ton). This study also describes the geology, regional rank variations, maceral composition, and coal quality characteristics of the Gething coals in an attempt to rationalize the adsorption isotherm data of the coals.
Translation and psychometric testing of Indonesian Version of Chronic Kidney Disease– Symptom Burden Index

Introduction: Chronic Kidney Disease Symptom Burden Index (CKD-SBI) is an instrument measuring symptom burden developed by Almutary and colleagues in 2015 to refine the identification of symptom burden in chronic kidney disease population. This instrument has not been tested for Indonesian language, thus, the aim of study was to translate and psychometrically testing the Indonesian version of CKD-SBI. Methods: This study design was cross-sectional study. The study methods were divided into translation and psychometric testing. The translation was conducted by adapting Guillemin and Beaton's guidelines. The psychometric properties determined 320 hemodialysis patients with several inclusion criteria such as above 18 years old, regularly receiving hemodialysis for more than 3 months. Patients with cognitive impairment, psychiatric patients, and in critical condition were excluded. Results: The item content validity index of the Indonesian version was 0.92, and the subscale content validity was 0.78. The instrument demonstrated convergent validity with the Kidney Disease Quality of Life. Excellent internal consistency was demonstrated based on a Cronbach’s alpha coefficient of . 91 and a subscale ranging from 0.86 to 0.92. The confirmatory factor analysis showed that the five factors of English Version did not fit the Indonesian version. Conclusions: Translated Indonesian versions of CKD-SBI can be used as instruments to assess symptom burden among patients with hemodialysis. By assessing symptom burden, we hope nurses in the hospital are able to decide effective symptom management to increase the health-related quality of life among these populations.
Sensitivity of cognitive function tests to acute hypoxia in healthy subjects: a systematic literature review

Acute exposure to hypoxia can lead to cognitive impairment. Therefore, hypoxia may become a safety concern for occupational or recreational settings at altitude. Cognitive tests are used as a tool to assess the degree to which hypoxia affects cognitive performance. However, so many different cognitive tests are used that comparing studies is challenging. This structured literature evaluation provides an overview of the different cognitive tests used to assess the effects of acute hypoxia on cognitive performance in healthy volunteers. Less frequently used similar cognitive tests were clustered and classified into domains. Subsequently, the different cognitive test clusters were compared for sensitivity to different levels of oxygen saturation. A total of 38 articles complied with the selection criteria, covering 86 different cognitive tests. The tests and clusters showed that the most consistent effects of acute hypoxia were found with the Stroop test (where 42% of studies demonstrated significant abnormalities). The most sensitive clusters were auditory/verbal memory: delayed recognition (83%); evoked potentials (60%); visual/spatial delayed recognition (50%); and sustained attention (47%). Attention tasks were not particularly sensitive to acute hypoxia (impairments in 0%–47% of studies). A significant hypoxia level-response relationship was found for the Stroop test (p = 0.001), as well as three clusters in the executive domain: inhibition (p = 0.034), reasoning/association (p = 0.019), and working memory (p = 0.024). This relationship shows a higher test sensitivity at more severe levels of hypoxia, predominantly below 80% saturation. No significant influence of barometric pressure could be identified in the limited number of studies where this was varied. This review suggests that complex and executive functions are particularly sensitive to hypoxia. Moreover, this literature evaluation provides the first step towards standardization of cognitive testing, which is crucial for a better understanding of the effects of acute hypoxia on cognition.
An analysis of the history of dust activity on Mars

A new comprehensive list of possible and probable dust activity has been compiled from various published lists and additional data. All previously listed events have been reviewed and evaluated. For uniformity and clarity, each event is classified using a new system that includes a well-defined nomenclature. Maps showing the reported locations of individual major events, as well as a summary map of the smaller “local” events, have been compiled. Detailed commentaries describe the events and/or circumstances of their observation. The seasonal distribution of Martian dust events is diagrammed and discussed together with a seasonal and annual (Mars years) timeline that includes the frequency of photographic coverage. The new compilation shows that major dust storms have originated in many different regions across the planet, with some evidence of more activity in the southern hemisphere generally and in specific regions like Hellas. Regional dust storms have been observed in nearly all seasons, except for two relatively narrow periods which occur near times when the polar caps have reached their maximum/minimum extent. Regional dust storms tend to occur most frequently, and all planet-encircling dust storms have been observed during the southern spring and summer seasons, although there is significant interannual variability.
The Effect of Annual Apparent Motion of the Sun on the Early Oscillation of Shubuh Prayer Time (Case Study of Pontianak City)

This Study aims to determine the effect of the Sun's annual apparent motion on the oscillations of the Subuh prayer time, especially in the city of Pontianak. The research method used is the literature review or reference method. In the literature review, the things that were done included: looking for the schedule of the dawn prayer in the city of Pontianak over one year, knowing the geographical position of the city of Pontianak, the apparent annual motion of the Sun, and the effect of the annual apparent motion of the Sun on the initial oscillation of the Subuh prayer time. Apart from that, another thing done in the literature review was to look for the influence of the earth-sun distance on the oscillations of the dawn prayer time. The results showed that there were similarities between the oscillations of the annual apparent motion of the Sun and the oscillations of the dawn prayer time in the city of Pontianak. However, there is a time difference with an average of 41 days between the oscillation of the Sun's annual apparent motion and the oscillation of the time of the Subuh prayer. The results of the Study also show that the distance from the Earth to the Sun (aphelion and perihelion) affects the initial oscillation of the dawn prayer time. When the Earth is at the aphelion point, the time for the Subuh prayer falls later than usual. Meanwhile, when the Earth is at perihelion, the time for the dawn prayer falls faster than usual.
Multi‐genetic origin of the continental Moho: insights from Lithoprobe

This paper reviews four hypotheses for the origin of the continental crust–mantle boundary and discusses seismic parameters with which these hypotheses might be tested. The relict Moho hypothesis posits that the oceanic Moho is preserved during continental assembly; the magmatic underplating hypothesis posits formation of a new Moho by episodic emplacement of sill‐like intrusive bodies; the metamorphic (or metasomatic) front hypothesis posits that the Moho is overprinted by a phase transformation; and the regional décollement hypothesis posits that the Moho behaves as a structural detachment. These hypotheses are not mutually exclusive, and examples from the Canadian Lithoprobe program suggest that all four may be applicable in different regions of North America. Comparison of seismic images from a fossil subduction zone with modern subduction at Cascadia suggests that serpentinization of the forearc mantle, a previously unrecognized mechanism for overprinting and erasing the reflection Moho, may have occurred in the Proterozoic.
SEX IDENTIFICATION OF SLAVE SACRIFICE VICTIMS FROM QIN STATE TOMBS IN THE SPRING AND AUTUMN PERIOD OF CHINA USING ANCIENT DNA

Ancient DNA (aDNA) analysis was employed to determine the sex of slave sacrifice victims from Qin State tombs during the Spring and Autumn Period of China. It is difficult to obtain sex information from fragmentary skeleton samples with the aid of skeletal morphology methods. aDNA was extracted from the dentine in selected tooth samples of sacrificial slaves using a modified traditional method, which combines together phenol/chloroform extraction, silicon dioxide adsorption and ultrafiltration concentration. Based on the sequence differences between the amelogenin homologous gene in the X and that in the Y chromosome, a pair of specific primers was designed to identify the sex of the selected samples. In the selected eight typical samples, the aDNA analytical results revealed that three were males and two were females. These findings indicate that molecular sex identification might provide more valuable information for archaeological research on the institution of slave sacrifice in the Spring and Autumn Period of China.
Investigation of the mechanism of the olivine‐spinel transition in fayalite by synchrotron radiation

Evidence for a martensitic type mechanism for the olivine-spinel (α − γ) transition in Fe2SiO4 has resulted from an investigation by rapid acquisition of diffraction data collected on fayalite subjected to high temperature and pressure in a diamond anvil cell using an intense X ray beam from the Cornell High Energy Synchrotron Source (CHESS). An energy-dispersive technique employing a white X ray beam and a solid-state detector made it possible to collect a complete diffraction pattern every 2 min as pressure was increased across the phase transition at 520°C. The series of patterns clearly showed that the γ phase peaks which appeared first were those also compatible with a structure whose unit cell dimensions are half those of the spinel unit cell. After the time of three to four spectrum acquisitions, all of the peaks of the spinel structure were present. This same effect was observed in two other series. An additional series was run at 400°C. As soon as the γ phase peaks appeared, the run was halted, and the sample was quenched and examined by the Debye-Scherrer method. The only γ phase peaks observed were those also allowed for a structure with the smaller unit cell. These results are consistent with a restacking of the anions from the approximately hexagonal close-packed (hcp) arrangement in the olivine structure to the nearly cubic close-packed (ccp) arrangement in the spinel structure, followed later by a reordering of the cations.
Wintertime Interactions of the Atmosphere with the Mediterranean Sea

Abstract The net loss of heat by the Mediterranean Sea was determined for February 1969 while oceanographers observed the cooling and sinking of the water south of France. The heat loss during the four preceding months was found to be sufficient to produce the unstable stratification necessary for the sinking of the water. The mistral wind removed most of the heat through evaporation and sensible heat flux. On days when the mistral was blowing 1200 cal cm−2 day−1 of heat and 1.5 cm day−1 of water were removed from the sea. Throughout the winter season an average of 400 cal cm−2 day−1 was lost by the sea through sensible and latent heat fluxes. About half of the solar radiation absorbed by the water in the winter was lost through infrared radiation. Monthly heat exchanges are computed for an area south of France which show the dominant roles of latent heat exchange and solar radiation absorption in determining the temperature cycle and circulation of Mediterranean water. The flow patterns, turbulence and e.
Towards an African Green Revolution?: an anthropology of rice research in Sierra Leone.

Scientific plant improvement dates from the beginning of the twentieth century. Application of the principles of selection and breeding to the rice plant yielded modest results in the period up until the 1950s. In the following decade, breeders working in Southeast Asia focused their attention on a new plant ideotype - the semi-dwarf rice type. 1 Earlier improved rices out-yielded farmer’s selections by 10-20%, but the productivity gains with semi-dwarf types were much greater. In some cases yields were doubled or trebled. The uptake of semi-dwarf varieties by farmers in better-favored environments of South and Southeast Asia was dramatic during the 1960s and early 1970s. The resulting leap in productivity was dubbed the “Green Revolution. �? Development agencies then set about the task of replicating the technical success of the Green Revolution in other humid tropical regions. Despite concerted attempts to introduce the new rice technologies to small-scale farmers through integrated agricultural development projects in the 1970s and 1980s, success in Africa’s traditional rice regions has proved especially elusive. The present chapter, a case study of rice research and its impact in the nodal country of the West African rice region - Sierra Leone - is an attempt to assess some of the strengths and weaknesses of the Green Revolution approach to plant improvement in Africa, and to consider alternatives.