Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Structural basis for alcohol modulation of a pentameric ligand-gated ion channel

Despite its long history of use and abuse in human culture, the molecular basis for alcohol action in the brain is poorly understood. The recent determination of the atomic-scale structure of GLIC, a prokaryotic member of the pentameric ligand-gated ion channel (pLGIC) family, provides a unique opportunity to characterize the structural basis for modulation of these channels, many of which are alcohol targets in brain. We observed that GLIC recapitulates bimodal modulation by n-alcohols, similar to some eukaryotic pLGICs: methanol and ethanol weakly potentiated proton-activated currents in GLIC, whereas n-alcohols larger than ethanol inhibited them. Mapping of residues important to alcohol modulation of ionotropic receptors for glycine, γ-aminobutyric acid, and acetylcholine onto GLIC revealed their proximity to transmembrane cavities that may accommodate one or more alcohol molecules. Site-directed mutations in the pore-lining M2 helix allowed the identification of four residues that influence alcohol potentiation, with the direction of their effects reflecting α-helical structure. At one of the potentiation-enhancing residues, decreased side chain volume converted GLIC into a highly ethanol-sensitive channel, comparable to its eukaryotic relatives. Covalent labeling of M2 positions with an alcohol analog, a methanethiosulfonate reagent, further implicated residues at the extracellular end of the helix in alcohol binding. Molecular dynamics simulations elucidated the structural consequences of a potentiation-enhancing mutation and suggested a structural mechanism for alcohol potentiation via interaction with a transmembrane cavity previously termed the “linking tunnel. ” These results provide a unique structural model for independent potentiating and inhibitory interactions of n-alcohols with a pLGIC family member.
Growth performance and longissimus muscle fatty acid composition Interactive effects of dietary fat source and slaughter weight in growing-finishing

Crossbred pigs (n = 288) were used to test the interactive effects of dietary fat source and slaughter weight on live performance, carcass traits, and fatty acid composition of the LM. Pigs were blocked by initial BW, and, within each of 9 blocks, pens (8 pigs/ pen) were randomly assigned to either control cornsoybean meal grower and finisher diets devoid of added fat (Ctrl) or diets formulated with 5% beef tallow (BT), poultry fat (PF), or soybean oil (SBO). Immediately after treatment allotment, as well as at mean block BW of 45.5, 68.1, 90.9, and 113.6 kg, 1 pig was randomly selected from each pen, slaughtered, and allowed to chill for 48 h at 1°C. Backfat was measured on the right sides, and a sample of the LM was removed for fatty acid composition analysis. Regardless of source, inclusion of fat in swine diets did not (P ≥ 0.349) affect ADG, ADFI, or G:F. Furthermore, carcasses from pigs fed diets formulated with 5% fat had greater (P = 0.013) average backfat depths than those from pigs fed the Ctrl diet. Body weight, carcass weight, and backfat depths increased (P < 0.001) as slaughter weight increased from 28.1 to 113.6 kg. The proportion of SFA in the LM increased (P < 0.001) with increasing slaughter weight from 28.1 to 68.1 kg, but SFA percentages were similar between 68.1 and 113.6 kg, and pigs fed the Ctrl diet had greater (P = 0.032) proportions of SFA than pigs fed the SBO and PF diets. Moreover, the proportion of all MUFA increased (P < 0.001) by 9.4 percentage units from 28.1 to 113.6 kg; however, only pigs fed the SBO diet had reduced (P = 0.004) MUFA percentages than those fed the Ctrl, BT, and PF diets. Even though the proportion of PUFA in the LM decreased with increasing slaughter weight, pigs fed SBO had greater PUFA percentages, a greater PUFA-to-SFA ratio, and greater iodine values than pigs fed all other dietary treatments when slaughtered at BW of 45.5 kg or greater (fat source × slaughter weight, P < 0.001). Results of this study indicate that fat source had little to no impact on live pig performance, but feeding a polyunsaturated fat source altered the fatty acid profile of the LM within the first 17.4 kg of BW gain; more specifically, including 5% SBO in swine diets could lead to economical ramifications associated with soft pork or fat.
Surgery of the Inferior turbinates: How Much and When?

Surgery of the inferior turbinates should be performed only after a trial period of medical therapy. Surgical reduction in turbinate size may be accomplished by outfracture crushing, cauterization, cryotherapy, laser vaporization, submucous resection, partial turbinate resection, turbinoplasty, or total turbinectomy. The procedure chosen should be the most conservative one consistent with obtaining a good airway.
The Psychological Assessment of Language: A Philosophical Critique of the Illinois Test of Psycholinguistic Abilities.

It is argued in this paper that the Illinois Test of Psycholinguistic Abilities (ITPA), a test widely used in the assessment of certain language abilities in children, does not measure what it purports to measure; in psychometric terminology, it does not have construct validity. Specifically it is contended that the inferences concerning the processing of language which are made on the basis of children's performance on the tasks of the test are not warranted. Three competing versions of the intended inferences are characterized • at the outset of the paper, with particular attention being paid to the logical relations obtaining between a given inference and the test performance on which it is based. Central among these competing interpretations is that wherein the psycholinguistic processes postulated by Charles E. Osgood in his mediational response (neobehaviorist) theory of communication are taken to be under assessment. Considerable attention and criticism is brought to bear on Osgood's theory because of the central role it played in the development of the ITPA and because, at least on one interpretation of the test, the processes specified by him are under assessment. The latter interpretation is rejected on the grounds that Osgoodian theory is incorrect, vitiated by an equivocation on his central theoretical construct. The two other interpretations of the test, which do not depend upon the correctness of Osgood's theory for their own validity, are challenged and rejected independently. The conclusion reached is that under none of the adopted formulations, all of which are supported by the ITPA literature and have adherents amono the test's many commentators, does the ITPA succeed in providing the information about children's processinc of language which-it purports to provide. The manifest consequences for educational decisions and programs predicated on the belief that the test doeS do so are noted.
Transaction Privacy in Wireless Networks

An electronic transaction involves the exchange or transfer of information, services, or funds between two or more parties by digital means. We consider privacy protection of such transactions in wireless untrusted networks and propose a solution for integrating existing schemes of data, source and destination, location, and time privacy. The solution is based on strong encryption, the Non-Disclosure Method, and threshold cryptography and meets the requirements of transaction atomicity, consistency, and robustness.
A Review of “No longer separate, not yet equal: Race and class in elite college admission and campus life”

In No Longer Separate, Not Yet Equal: Race and Class in Elite College Admission and Campus Life, Espenshade and Radford investigate how race and class are associated with transitioning into and experiencing elite higher education in the United States. The authors ambitiously and thoroughly explore many stages of the college-going process by more-or-less chronologically studying application, admission, and matriculation, followed by the college experience. This book is rich with data and statistical results as well as important policy discussions, serving as a useful resource for understanding trends in the academic experiences of underrepresented students. The authors provide vital insight into the most selective colleges and universities’ efforts to create (or failure to create) diversity through the complex systems of admissions and student life. Specifically, the authors aim to address three main questions related to race and class at American elite higher education institutions: (1) how well do they promote social mobility via access, (2) how do they use affirmative action, and (3) what is campus life like? Given the breadth and scope of this work, we review only a few key findings and limitations for each question, followed by a discussion of the complicated nature of social class and a caution about interpretations based on the data used by the authors.
The Commonwealth of Nations and the EU after the ‘Global’ Crisis: Rethinking Post-2015 ‘Global’ Development?

Abstract The continuing ‘global’ crisis has accelerated divergences between regions, especially between the ‘rising’ global South, the European Union (EU) of the PIIGS (Portugal, Ireland, Italy, Greece and Spain) and Cyprus, which belongs to both the Commonwealth and the EU. This article studies the emerging ‘vertical’ divergences between the EU and the global South, especially around the so-called Economic Partnership Agreements, and the parallel ‘horizontal’ divergences among Anglophone, Francophone (the Organisation Internationale de la Francophonie) and Lusophone (the Comunidade dos Países de Língua Portuguesa) Commonwealths, with their inheritance of emulation and competition. It focuses on the possibilities of enhanced human/citizen security to propose an analysis that challenges established perspectives and points towards prospects for Commonwealth ‘schools’ of international relations/development.
Large-scale participation: a case study of a participatory approach to developing a new public library

In this paper, we present a case study of a participatory project that focuses on interaction in large-scale design, namely, the development of the new Urban Mediaspace Aarhus. This project, which has been under way for ten years, embodies a series of issues that arise when participatory design approaches are applied to large-scale, IT-oriented projects. At the same time, it highlights the issues public knowledge institutions face, when interactive technologies challenge their fundamental roles and practices; by extension, this case offers examples of how these challenges may be explored and addressed through IT-based participatory initiatives. We present a range of such activities carried out during the past ten years, and present the main lessons from the project, based on interviews with three key stakeholders. These lessons focus on how to make participation work in practice, how to align different paradigms of inquiry and practice in a project of this scale, and how to capture and anchor the insights from participatory events to inform the ongoing design process.
Beliefs Regarding Diet During Childhood Illness

Background: Fifty percent to 70% of the burden of childhood diarrhea and respiratory infections is attributable to undernutrition. It is compounded by food restriction during illness due to false beliefs, leading to a vicious cycle of malnutrition and infection. In the long run, it decreases the child's productivity, which is an obstacle to sustainable socioeconomic development. Objectives: To assess the dietary practices during different illnesses, to study the role of education, culture and religion in feeding an ill child and to create awareness against detrimental practices. Materials and Methods: A cross-sectional study was undertaken among 126 caregivers of ill children using an open-ended pretested questionnaire. Statistical package for social sciences software was used for data analysis. Simple proportions, percentages and Chi-square were used. Results: Caregivers believed that a child must be fed less during illness. Educational status did not play a role in maintaining beliefs, but elders and religion did. Doctors too were responsible for unwanted dietary restrictions. Media did not have an impact in spreading nutrition messages. Decreased breast feeds, initiating bottle feeds, feeding diluted milk and reducing complementary feeds during illness was widely practiced. Calorie intake during illness was very less and statistically significant. Firmly rooted beliefs about “hot” and “cold” foods lead to restriction of food available at home. Conclusions: Healthy feeding practices were few, and inappropriate ones predominant. Dietary education was overlooked. While planning community-based nutrition programs, firmly rooted beliefs should be kept in mind. Involving the elderly caregivers and mothers actively along with the health workers is the need of the hour.
Measuring the Cognitive Effort of Literal Translation Processes

It has been claimed that human translators rely on some sort of literal translation equivalences to produce translations and to check their validity. More effort would be required if translations are less literal. However, to our knowledge, there is no established metric to measure and quantify this claim. This paper attempts to bridge this gap by introducing a metric for measuring literality of translations and assesses the effort that is observed when translators produce translations which deviate from the introduced literality definition.
Research on Flexibility of the Workflow Reference Model

Workflow Management System is a software systemthat runs on one or more work flow engines that used todefine, implement and manage the workflow, interacts withworkflow executors, facilitates the workflow instance’sexecution and monitors the state during the workflowexecution. Mobile Agent system supporting workflowmanagement can make the distributed workflow in OASystem more simple and flexible.
Bullying: Revisão Sistematizada acerca da Vitimização, Agressão e Ações Preventivas

O presente estudo objetivou analisar a ocorrencia de vitimizacao e agressao por meio do bullying e as recomendacoes de intervencao no combate a essa problematica, inferidas pelas pesquisas empiricas concluidas. Trata-se de uma revisao sistematizada de literatura com busca realizada nas bases de dados LILACS e Pubmed, por meio das combinacoes de descritores, “bullying” e “estudantes”, “bullying” e “schools” tendo como limites de busca publicacoes no formato de artigos cientificos disponiveis em texto completo com livre acesso, escritos em lingua inglesa, espanhola e portuguesa, publicados a partir do ano de 2008 ate maio de 2013. A maioria dos estudos exibiu dados de ocorrencia de vitimas e agressores de bullying entre 10 e 30% e foram desenvolvidos em diversos paises, sugerindo recomendacoes de combate ao bullying, quase na totalidade, com base em adocao de medidas preventivas voltadas aos escolares, familiares, profissionais, integrando escola com setores sociais e de saude. A literatura cientifica revelou ainda o bullying como componente do cenario escolar no qual os meninos mais novos sao os principais envolvidos, tornando necessaria a implementacao de intervencoes com potencial de tratar, de maneira precoce, o que exige a articulacao de diversos atores e setores.
Changes in the Distribution of Children's Family Income over the 1990's

While the 1990’s were a good decade for many U.S. families, there has been an ongoing debate about how children, particularly poor children, have been faring. Child poverty rates did not fall substantially in the economic expansion of the 1980’s and rose to the very high rate of 23 percent in 1993. Furthermore, substantial changes in public assistance programs were implemented over this decade; major legislative reform in 1996 increased work mandates on welfare-recipient families and gave states much greater discretion to enforce these mandates and actually terminate assistance. These changes could make at least some poor families worse off if they lost public assistance and were unable to find steady employment. We propose to investigate changes in the entire distribution of children’s family income over the 1990’s, which allows us to observe the relative changes in income experienced among children in higherand lower-income families. We are particularly interested in two questions: (i) How has the economic status of children changed at different points in the income distribution? (ii) Is there any evidence that welfare reform contributed to the observed changes? Some evidence on changes in child wellbeing over the 1990’s suggests good news. Child poverty rates fell to 16 percent by 2001, and poverty rates among black children hit a historical low of 30 percent in that year. Blank (2002) and Jeffrey Grogger et al. (2002) provide a complete set of citations to the growing literature that looks at changes in income and consumption over the past decade. At least some of this research indicates that not all low-income families experienced economic gains. In this paper, we use data on children’s household income from the March Current Population Survey (CPS) and average together information from 1992–1995 and 1997–2000. By averaging four years of data, we have an adequate number of observations to observe income reliably at each centile (1/100) in the distribution. We focus on these comparison years because they both bracket the economic expansion of the 1990’s and they bracket the 1996 legislative changes in welfare programs. To account for differences in family size across families, our focus is on the income-to-needs ratio (defined as the income level of the child’s family divided by the official poverty line for that family), rather than on actual income levels. We compare data from two samples, one that includes all children and another that includes only children in families without both parents present. This latter sample is largely composed of children in single-parent families but also includes children who live with neither parent (about 3 percent of all children in the mid-1990’s).
The Importance of Physicians' Nutrition Literacy in the Management of Diabetes Mellitus

Abstract Despite pharmacological advances in diabetes treatment, medical nutrition therapy (MNT) continues to be an essential component of diabetes management. Nonetheless, physicians have missed opportunities to provide nutrition counseling to their patients. This presents a problem because type 2 diabetes is an epidemic with severe consequences that result from non-adherence to nutrition protocols. The goals of this article are: 1) to explore reasons for the continued paucity of nutrition education in medical training programs, 2) to describe how a power educative approach can be used to improve patient outcomes, and 3) to identify considerations for improving nutrition literacy among physicians. These analyses lead to several recommendations for improving nutrition education for physicians.
TESTING THE MUSLIM STUDENTS' ATTITUDE TOWARDS WEARING HIJAB AT PRINCE OF SONGKLA UNIVERSITY PATTANI CAMPUS, THAILAND

The study investigated the attitude towards wearing Hijab of the Muslim students putting on a Hijab at Prince of Songkla University, Pattani campus. The participants were 367 Muslim women students of the first semester of academic year 2012. The findings showed that the interaction of attitude towards wearing Hijab between the students? hometown and students? group year was no statistically significant relationship and there was no statistical difference of the attitude generated by differences of their hometown. However, the students in different group years had various attitudes towards wearing Hijab with the statistical significance.
On the partition of classes for specific class extraction from remote sensing imagery

Specific class extraction from remote sensing image is an essential task. The accuracy of specific class extraction is relative to the class partition in an image. This paper studies the effect of class partition on specific class extraction firstly. Based on Bayesian decision rule, specific class extraction with different partitions of classes was theoretically analyzed and an experiment was performed to verify the theory. Then, a scheme of class partition for specific class extraction from remote sensing image was proposed. The scheme of partition is based on clustering technique and an experiment verified its validity in a specific class extraction from a high resolution remote sensing image.
Effects on diabetes management of a health-care provider mediated, remote coaching system via a PDA-type glucometer and the Internet

We conducted a randomized controlled trial for 12 weeks in patients with type 2 diabetes living in a rural part of Korea. The intervention group (n = 35) was managed by a diabetes centre which provided specialized management mediated by a primary health-care nurse who used a PDA-type blood glucometer with a bar code detector to measure the capillary glucose levels. The control group (n = 36) received usual care. Compared with baseline, HbA1c was significantly reduced at three-month follow-up in the intervention group (8.0% vs. 7.5%; P < 0.01), but not in the control group. Total cholesterol was significantly reduced in the intervention group (10.7 mmol/L vs. 10.4 mmol/L; P = 0.043). Fasting plasma glucose and triglyceride levels were lower at follow-up in both groups, but the difference was not significant. The new system could be implemented widely and would contribute to improving the quality of diabetes care, even in isolated rural areas.
System Identification and Robustness Analysis of the Circadian Regulatory Network via Microarray Data in Arabidopsis Thaliana

The circadian regulatory network is one of the main topics of plant investigations. The intracellular interactions among genes in response to the environmental stimuli of light are related to the foundation of functional genomics in plant. However, the sensitivity analysis of the circadian system has not analyzed by perturbed stochastic dynamic model via microarray data in plant. In this study, the circadian network is constructed for Arabidopsis thaliana using a stochastic dynamic model with sigmoid interaction, activation delay, and regulation of input light taken into consideration. The describing function method in nonlinear control theory about nonlinear limit cycle (oscillation) is employed to interpret the oscillations of the circadian regulatory networks from the viewpoint that nonlinear network will continue to oscillate if its feedback loop gain is equal to 1 to support the oscillation of circadian network. Based on the dynamic model via microarray data, the system sensitivity analysis is performed to assess the robustness of circadian regulatory network via biological perturbations. We found that the circadian network is more sensitive to the perturbation of the trans-expression threshold, is more sensitive to the activation level of steady state, rather than the trans-sensitivity rate.
Introduction to Political Psychology

Political Psychology: Introduction and Overview. Personality and Politics. Cognition, Social Identity, Emotions, and Attitudes in Political Psychology. The Political Psychology of Groups. The Study of Political Leaders. The Political Psychology of Mass Politics: How Do People Decide for Whom to Vote? The Political Psychology of the Media in Politics. The Political Psychology of Race. From Ethnic Conflict to Genocide. The Political Psychology of Nationalism. The Political Psychology of Social Movements. The Political Psychology of Terrorism. The Political Psychology of International Security and Conflict. Conflict Resolution and Reconciliation. Glossary.