Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Investigation on the feasibility of fusion in a compressed beam of ions subject to an electrostatic field

The paper reports a new electrostatic-confinement-based fusion approach, where a new non-equilibrium distribution function for an ion-beam compressed by an external electric force has been derived. This distribution function allows the system to possess appreciably low and insignificant thermal energy irrespective of the energy per particle. The spread of energy among particles in the non-equilibrium state is attributed to collisions in the presence of external force, whereas for equilibrium, the spreading of energy is due to the absence of force. The reactivity for a deuterium--deuterium fusion, using the proposed distribution function, has been computed. It is shown that for initiating fusion among the particles, the fusion time is comparable with the energy confinement time of ions for beam energy greater than 160 keV. The estimated energy gain factor Q (ratio of the output fusion power to the power consumed by the system) is around 12 for beam energy 170 keV and ion density 1015 cm−3. The energy loss due to particle scattering is estimated and is taken into consideration for the estimation of energy gain. An outline of a conceptual model of a device is proposed in accordance with the proposed theory and the device is not similar to the one used conventionally in Inertial Electrostatic Confinement systems based on collisions of a beam with a reflex beam or with background gas or plasma.
Characterization of the detector subsystem for the near-infrared spectrograph (NIRSpec) on the James Webb Space Telescope

We present interim results from the characterization test development for the Detector Subsystem of the Near-Infrared Spectrograph (NIRSpec). NIRSpec will be the primary near-infrared spectrograph on the James Webb Space Telescope (JWST). The Detector Subsystem consists of a Focal Plane Assembly containing two Teledyne HAWAII-2RG arrays, two Teledyne SIDECAR cryogenic application specific integrated circuits, and a warm Focal Plane Electronics box. The Detector Characterization Laboratory at NASA's Goddard Space Flight Center will perform the Detector Subsystem characterization tests. In this paper, we update the initial test results obtained with engineering grade components.
Chaotic Expansion of Elements of the Universal Enveloping Algebra of a Lie Algebra Associated with a Quantum Stochastic Calculus

The functional Ito formula, in the form df(Λ) = f(Λ + d Λ) −f(Λ), is formulated and proved in the context of a Lie algebra L associated with a quantum (non‐commutative) stochastic calculus. Here f is an element of the universal enveloping algebra U of L, and f(Λ) + d(Λ) − f(Λ) is given a meaning using the coproduct structure of U even though the individual terms of this expression have no meaning. The Ito formula is equivalent to a chaotic expansion formula for f(Λ) which is found explicitly. 1991 Mathematics Subject Classification: primary 81S25; secondary 60H05; tertiary 18B25.
YouTube™ as a Source of Information on Acupuncture for Correction of Breech Presentation

Background and Aim: Breech presentation is a condition that occurs in rare cases in pregnancy. Although guidelines recommend a cesarian section or an external cephalic version in case of breech, alternative procedures like acupuncture, are also available. Information on this approach is mostly found by patients through social media; we aimed to study content quality and the reliability of information present on YouTube™ (Google LLC, Mountain View, California, United States), one of the most popular. Methods: Two gynecologists and an anesthesiologist, who was qualified as an acupuncturist, rated the reliability and the content quality of 23 of the first 100 results from YouTube. Normal data distribution was tested with the Shapiro-Wilk test. General features of videos, reliability, and content quality were compared with the Wilcoxon-Mann-Whitney test (continuous variables) and the Chi-square test (categorical variables). All tests were two-sided, and the statistical significance level was determined at p<0.05. Results: Concerning reliability, all videos were rated poorly while only one was judged as sufficiently high in quality content. Lower scores in terms of reliability and content quality resulted from the reviewers' evaluation with no videos reported as suggestable to patients. Two videos were considered fit to be suggested to patients by the gynecologist reviewers. Conclusions: Information about the role and the success rate of acupuncture for converting breech presentation found on YouTube are poorly reliable, low-quality, and not valid for patients. It should be a physician's duty to provide correct information to patients.
Heat generation in semiconductor devices

A general and practical model for heat generation that can be used in the heat conduction equation for nonisothermal semiconductor device simulations is presented. The model is developed for cubic semiconductors with position‐dependent, multivalley, and multiband band structures, Fermi‐Dirac statistics and an accurate treatment of electron‐hole scattering. Starting from the Boltzmann transport equations for electrons, holes, and phonons, an internal energy balance equation, consistent with basic thermodynamic principles, is derived. By applying the linear phenomenological equations of irreversible thermodynamics and Onsager’s relations, the energy balance equation is reformulated into a heat conduction equation, and a heat generation source term is identified. The Peltier coefficients appearing in the model are analyzed, and thermal boundary conditions are given. The influence from optical effects, in particular photon reabsorption, is also discussed. Finally, physical insight into the mechanisms governin.
Star clusters in the starburst galaxy M82

Abstract We present a study of star clusters in the starburst galaxy M82 using the BVI mosaic images taken with the Hubble Space Telescope's Advanced Camera for Surveys. We have selected about 850 clusters with V < 23 mag based on their morphological information. The brightest cluster is as bright as V ~ 16.5 mag (MV ~ −11.2 mag) and most clusters are fainter than V = 18 mag (MV = −9.7 mag). The V-band luminosity function is represented by a power law with a slope α ~ −2.0 in the range of −9.5 < MV < −7 mag. The star clusters in M82 are mainly distributed in the galaxy's disk. However, about a dozen clusters are found far from the disk and are considered to belong to the halo of M82. The color–magnitude diagrams of star clusters show that most star clusters are highly reddened. We have derived the age of the star clusters using a spectral-energy-distribution fitting method with Bruzual & Charlot simple stellar population models. We discuss the age distribution as well as the photometric properties of the star clusters in regard to the formation history of the M82 cluster population.
Parents’ and children’s affectionate communication and risky driving behaviors: a dyadic investigation

ABSTRACT This dyadic study of middle-aged parents and young adult children tested if perceptions of receiving affectionate communication were associated with tendencies to (a) exceed the speed limit when driving and (b) drive after consuming alcohol. Among other findings, children’s perceptions of receiving verbal affection, nonverbal affection, and social support from their parent were negatively associated with children’s tendency to drive after consuming one or two alcoholic drinks. Applying affection exchange theory to explain engagement in risky behaviors may comprise a nascent area of the theory’s development. Future researchers can consider if the type of relational partner whose perspective is being considered (e.g. a parent versus a child) bears implications for the extent to which affectionate communication is associated with risky behaviors.
Grain Boundary Diffusion in Metals: Recent Developments

An overview on recent progress in grain boundary (GB) diffusion study is presented with emphasis on physical phenomena encountered in GB diffusion experiments such as the linear and non-linear segregation effects. Systematic investigations on pure and alloyed poly- and bicrystals gave conclusive information on the solute segregation behavior and allowed to extract the segregation isotherm solely from GB diffusion studies. Recent progress in fundamental understanding of diffusion processes in two-scale materials with two types of short-circuit diffusion paths is discussed on the basis of GB self-diffusion experiments and Monte-Carlo simulations in powder sintered nanocrystalline material.
Doob: a half-century on

Probability theory, and its dynamic aspect stochastic process theory, is both a venerable subject in that its roots go back to the midseventeenth century, and a young one in that its modern formulation is comparatively recent { well within living memory. The year 2003 marks the seventieth anniversary of Kolmogorov’s Grundbegrifie, usually regarded as inaugurating modern { measure-theoretic { probability theory (for historical background, see e.g. Bingham (2000)). It also marks the flftieth anniversary of Doob’s Stochastic Processes (‘Doob’ below, unless it is clear from context that we refer to J. L. Doob the person). The profound and continuing in∞uence of this classic work prompts the present piece.
High resolution magnetic force microscopy of domain wall fine structures (invited)

Magnetic force microscope (MFM) images of various domain wall structures will be discussed. The systems studied in this work include single crystals of magnetite (Fe/sub 3/O/sub 4/) and a 0.5 /spl mu/m single crystal iron (Fe) film. In general, the observed structures can be explained in terms of a bulk Bloch wall terminated at the surface by a Neel cap. A model of the MFM response to such a structure has been fitted to the measured response, demonstrating the utility of MFM data for testing micromagnetic models. >
Polydrug use in Australian 12-14 year olds from 2006 to 2017: an examination of drug use profiles, emotional control problems, and family relationship characteristics

ABSTRACT Objective This study examined the nature and prevalence of polydrug use in 12–14 year old Australians. Method Three Australian school surveys (2006, n=4091; 2009, n=5635; 2017, n=1539; age 12–14 years) spanning 11 years were used. Substances included alcohol, tobacco, cannabis, inhalant, and other illicit substances. Risk factors included depressed mood, low emotional control, poor family management and conflict, and academic performance. Latent class analysis was used to discern classes. Regression analyses were used to test the association of risk factors with classes. Results Consistent across surveys, there was a class of adolescents who engaged in wide-ranging polydrug use, with prevalences ranging from 0.44% (2006) to 1.78% (2017). Emotional control problems, low academic performance, and poor family management were elevated in the polydrug class. Conclusion A small proportion of 12–14-year-old adolescents engage in polydrug use. Interventions focusing on family risks and emotional control problems may be beneficial. Key points What is already known about this topic In Australia, adolescents have generally reduced their use of alcohol and tobacco over recent decades. Most research is based on patterns of use of single substances in mid-to-late adolescence, but we know that a significant proportion of older Australian adolescents engage in polydrug use. Family relationship quality has been associated with drug use amongst older adolescents and young adults but may have an especially significant association with polydrug use amongst younger adolescents given key biopsychosocial transitions occurring around this age. What this research adds: A small but meaningful proportion of Australian 12–14-year-olds engage in polydrug use. The nature of polydrug use amongst young Australian adolescents has shifted since 2006, with profiles showing decreased tobacco use and continuing challenges in addressing alcohol, cannabis and inhalant use amongst young adolescents. This group also reported poor family management, poor emotional control, and academic failure. The results highlight the importance of detection and targeted early intervention for a subgroup of young adolescents who may have developed risky drug use patterns across the transition to high school.
Electroactivate shape-memory polymer filled with nanocarbon particles and short carbon fibers

In addition to the fabrication of shape-memory thermoset polymer nanocomposites filled with conductive nanoparticles and fiber fillers, this paper is focused on factors which would influence the electrical property of this type of material. It is shown that the particulate additives are dispersed homogeneously within the matrix and served as interconnections between the fibers, while the fibrous additives act as long distance charge transporter by forming local conductive paths. The electrical conductivity of the nanocomposite which contains 5wt% carbon nanoparticles and 2wt% short carbon fiber is 2.32S∕cm by four-point van der Pauw method, and can be induced by 24V voltages.
Genetic fuzzy clustering

This paper describes a genetic guided fuzzy clustering algorithm. The fuzzy-c-means functional J/sub m/ is used as the fitness function. In two domains the approach is shown to avoid some higher values of J/sub m/ to which the fuzzy-c-means algorithm will converge under some initializations. Hence, the genetic guided approach shows promise as a clustering tool. <<ETX>>
Calculation of superconducting generator constants by 3-dimensional electromagnetic field analysis

Superconducting generator (SC generator) has a multi-damper circuit which protects the quench of superconducting wires from power system disturbance caused by lightning on transmission lines. In this paper, a new equivalent circuit is developed and the constants of a SC generator are calculated by 3-D electromagnetic field analysis.
Markov chain order estimation based on the chi‐square divergence

In the selection model context, several alternatives for estimating the order of a Markov chain have been proposed. The Akaike's information criterion, AIC, is the best known and most used alternative, in spite of its inconsistency. The Bayesian information criterion (BIC) and the efficient determination criterion (EDC) have been stated as strong consistent approaches. The success of the AIC is mainly a result of its better performance when compared with the widely known consistent alternatives. In this work, we define a few objects which capture relevant information from the sample of a finite Markov chain and we use the chi‐square divergence to define a new estimator for the Markov chain order, named GDL. Finally, we show numerical simulations and a simple application to compare the proposed alternative with AIC, BIC and EDC. The Canadian Journal of Statistics 42: 563–578; 2014 © 2014 Statistical Society of Canada
A Novel Ultra-short-term Photovoltaic Power Generation Forecasting Method Based on Seasonal Autoregressive Integrated Moving Average

This study suggests an ultra-short-term photovoltaic (PV) energy generation forecasting model based on Seasonal Autoregressive Integrated Moving Average (SARIMA) and Support Vector Machine (SVM). It can further increase the predictive performance of PV electricity generation electrical output and address the issue of significant fluctuation and instability of PV power generation output power. To achieve combined prediction, SVM is employed in this study to model the nonlinear SARIMA prediction residuals. In comparison to the traditional SVM method and the SARIMA method, the mixed forecasting method has a good forecasting consequence and can serve as a favorable basis for the safe operation and scheduling of the PV grid, according to the results of the simulation of actual data.
Probabilistic eigenvalue sensitivity analysis and PSS design in multimachine systems

This paper presents an application of probabilistic theory to the selection of robust PSS locations and parameters. The aim is to enhance the damping of multiple electromechanical modes in a multimachine system over a large and prespecified set of operating conditions. Conventional eigenvalue analysis is extended to the probabilistic environment in which the statistical nature of eigenvalues corresponding to different operating conditions is described by their expectations and variances. Probabilistic sensitivity indices to facilitate "robust PSS" site selection and a probabilistic eigenvalue-based objective function for coordinated synthesis of PSS parameters are then proposed. The quasi-Newton technique of nonlinear programming is used to solve the objective function and its convergence properties are discussed and compared with the conventional steepest descent approach. The effectiveness of the proposed stabilizers, with a classical lead/lag structure, is demonstrated on an eight-machine system.
Machine Vision-Based Hook Defect Detection

Due to the harsh working environment of crane equipment, regular safety inspection is essential. The hook is one of the most frequently used parts of crane equipment. Therefore, if the hook lacks regular and standardized safety inspection, it can easily cause casualties. However, traditional machine vision techniques still face many challenges, making it difficult to extract the target object from the complex scene. In this paper, we propose a combination of machine vision techniques based on deep learning and traditional methods to extract hooks from complex construction site scenes and detect whether the hooks meet the criteria for proper operation.
An NPE-PCA-based Detection Method of Distribution Transformer Closing Surge Waveform

In order to effectively detect the waveform characteristics of the closing inrush current of distribution transformers and distinguish between the magnetizing inrush current and the fault current when closing, this paper proposes a new method based on neighborhood preserving embedding (NPE) and principal component analysis (PCA) transformer closing inrush current detection method. This method can detect and process the global and local feature information of the data. First, the NPE-PCA algorithm is used to reduce the current data to two-dimensional space, and then the fitting error σ is obtained by fitting the two-dimensional space data. The relationship between σ and a given threshold is used to identify the magnetizing inrush current when closing. Finally, a model is built on the ATP/EMTP platform to test the proposed method for detecting the waveform characteristics of the closing inrush current. The simulation results show that the NPE-PCA inrush current waveform detection algorithm proposed in this paper can effectively identify the waveform characteristics of the transformer closing inrush current, which is consistent with the second harmonic wave. Algorithm comparison analysis shows that the performance of this algorithm is better.
Short-term Load Forecasting Based on Multiple PSO-LSSVM under Electricity Market Environment

Affected by the development of the electricity market and many other factors, it is very difficult to obtain high-performance short-term load forecasting methods. The day-ahead load forecasting of the power grid is deeply studied by dividing 24 hours forecast outputs into several groups and optimizing them respectively. As a result, a new short-term load forecasting method is proposed by considering the load variation trend in different periods. First, through the historical load variation trend analysis, the 24 hours load forecasting output is divided into several sets. Then, the prediction algorithm combining multi-group particle swarm optimization and least squares support vector machine is proposed. Finally, the improved algorithm and the original particle swarm optimization, and the least squares support vector machine algorithm are used to predict the short-term load data of Jiangxi Province. The experiment results show that the improved algorithm can identify the load characteristics of a different time with high prediction accuracy, which has practical application value.
A Nonlinear Shock-Refracted Acoustic Wave Model for the Prediction of Screech Amplitude in Underexpanded Supersonic Jets

A physical model is proposed for the estimation of the screech amplitude in underexpanded supersonic jets. The model is based on the hypothesis that the interaction of a plane acoustic wave with stationary shock waves provides amplification of the transmitted acoustic wave upon traversing the shock. Powell’s discrete source model for screech incorporating a stationary array of acoustic monopoles is extended to accommodate variable source strength. The proposed model reveals that the acoustic sources are of increasing strength with downstream distance. It is shown that the screech amplitude increases with the fully expanded jet Mach number. Preliminary comparisons of predicted screech amplitude with available test data show satisfactory agreement. The effect of variable source strength on directivity of the fundamental and the harmonic is found to be unimportant with regard to the principal lobe, and is appreciable only in the secondary lobes.
Phase synthesis of conformal array antennas

A new phase synthesis method for planar and conformal arrays is presented. The method is based on approximate linearized equations for small phase changes in the excitations, which can be determined by the least-squares method and used iteratively to obtain the final solutions for the excitation phases. Several different kinds of contoured beams can be used in the same array by using only phase shifters in the elements, as demonstrated in the calculated synthesis examples.
Inference About the First-Order Autoregressive Coefficient

ABSTRACT Several estimators of the coefficient of an AR(1) process can be expressed as the ratio of two quadratic forms. In this article, we are considering the ordinary least-squares, a modified least-squares, the Yule–Walker, and Burg's estimators. It will be shown that the modified least-squares estimator is the least biased and that the ordinary least-squares and Burg's estimators share very similar distributional properties. An integral representation of the moments of these estimators is provided and a methodology is proposed for correcting their bias. Bounds for the supports of the Yule–Walker and Burg's estimators are determined and the density functions of those estimators are then approximated in terms of Jacobi polynomials. Finally, confidence intervals for the autoregressive coefficient are determined from replicated series.
Thermal integration in laser pulse heating : a kinetic-theory approach

In laser surface treatment, the metallurgical changes depend upon the heating and cooling rate of the process. However, laser pulse heating is popular due to the ease and low cost of its operation. Consequently, thermal integration of the heating process becomes important insofar as pulse heating of surfaces is concerned. The present study was carried out to examine the thermal integration process during the pulse laser heating. An electron-kinetic-theory approach is introduced when modelling the heat-transfer mechanism. To determine the effect of the laser pulses on the thermal integration process, pulses having different power intensities, pulse lengths and repetition rates are taken into account. In the first case, a high intensity pulse followed by a series of pulses having the same pulse length and repetition rate, but different intensities, is considered. In the second case, a high pulse intensity followed by a series of pulses with the same intensity and pulse length, but different repetition rates, is considered. It is found that the thermal integration is possible for repetitive pulse heating and the second attempt introduced in the present study gives an improved thermal integration process.