Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Anorexia Nervosa and Hyperthyroidism

Anorexia nervosa is a disorder characterized by a disturbed sense of body image, a morbid fear of obesity, a refusal to maintain a minimally normal body weight, and in women, amenorrhea. Except for patients with binge-purge behavior, they restrict the amount of food they eat and exercise excessively to control weight. Patients usually show bradycardia, low blood pressure, hypothermia, and endocrine changes such as low levels of thyroxine and triiodothyronine, all reflecting the adaptive response to starvation [1-6]. We have recently experienced a 19-year-old girl with restrictive anorexia nervosa who initially showed the loss of 50% of body weight with no apparent symptoms and signs of hyperthyroidism. Her TSH, free T3, and free T4 levels were 3.09 μU/ml (normal range, 0.30-4.00), 2.0 pg/ml (normal range, 2.4-4.3), and 1.2 ng/dl (normal range, 0.9-1.8), respectively. She thus showed decreased triiodothyronine levels as in most anorectic patients, but developed hyperthyroidism during the course of restoring her body weight (TSH 0.05 μU/ml (normal range, 0.30-4.00), free T3 11.4 pg/ml (normal range, 2.4-4.3), and free T4 3.8 ng/dl (normal range, 0.9-1.8)). She was treated with an antithyroid drug, methimazole (30 mg po daily), with ß-blocker for the management of tachycardia, heat intolerance, and sweating.
Urban ecological systems: linking terrestrial ecological, physical, and socioeconomic components of metropolitan areas

Ecological studies of terrestrial urban systems have been approached along several kinds of contrasts: ecology in as opposed to ecology of cities; biogeochemical compared to organismal perspectives, land use planning versus biological, and disciplinary versus interdisciplinary. In order to point out how urban ecological studies are poised for significant integration, we review key aspects of these disparate literatures. We emphasize an open definition of urban systems that accounts for the exchanges of material and influence between cities and surrounding landscapes. Research on ecology in urban systems highlights the nature of the physical environment, including urban climate, hydrology, and soils. Biotic research has studied flora, fauna, and vegetation, including trophic effects of wildlife and pets. Unexpected interactions among soil chemistry, leaf litter quality, and exotic invertebrates exemplify the novel kinds of interactions that can occur in urban systems. Vegetation and faunal responses suggest that the configuration of spatial heterogeneity is especially important in urban systems. This insight parallels the concern in the literature on the ecological dimensions of land use planning. The contrasting approach of ecology of cities has used a strategy of biogeochemical budgets, ecological footprints, and summaries of citywide species richness. Contemporary ecosystem approaches have begun to integrate organismal, nutrient, and energetic approaches, and to show the need for understanding the social dimensions of urban ecology. Social structure and the social allocation of natural and institutional resources are subjects that are well understood within social sciences, and that can be readily accommodated in ecosystem models of metropolitan areas. Likewise, the sophisticated understanding of spatial dimensions of social differentiation has parallels with concepts and data on patch dynamics in ecology and sets the stage for comprehensive understanding of urban ecosystems. The linkages are captured in the human ecosystem framework.
IL-4–producing CD4+ T cells in reactive lymph nodes during helminth infection are T follicular helper cells

Interleukin (IL)-4 is the quintessential T helper type 2 (Th2) cytokine produced by CD4+ T cells in response to helminth infection. IL-4 not only promotes the differentiation of Th2 cells but is also critical for immunoglobulin (Ig) G1 and IgE isotype-switched antibody responses. Despite the IL-4–mediated link between Th2 cells and B lymphocytes, the location of IL-4–producing T cells in the lymph nodes is currently unclear. Using IL-4 dual reporter mice, we examined the Th2 response and IL-4 production in the draining mesenteric lymph nodes during infection with the enteric nematode Heligmosomoides polygyrus. We show that although IL-4–competent Th2 cells are found throughout the B and T cell areas, IL-4–producing Th2 cells are restricted to the B cell follicles and associate with germinal centers. Consistent with their localization, IL-4 producers express high levels of CXCR5, ICOS, PD-1, IL-21, and BCL-6, a phenotype characteristic of T follicular helper (Tfh) cells. Although IL-4 was dispensable for the generation of Th2 and Tfh cells, its deletion resulted in defective B cell expansion and maturation. Our report reveals the compartmentalization of Th2 priming and IL-4 production in the lymph nodes during infection, and identifies Tfh cells as the dominant source of IL-4 in vivo.
A Flexible Framework for Integrating Annotations from Different Tools and Tag Sets

We present a general framework for integrating annotations from different tools and tag sets. When annotating corpora at multiple linguistic levels, annotators may use different expert tools for different phenomena or types of annotation. These tools employ different data models and accompanying approaches to visualization, and they produce different output formats. For the purposes of uniformly processing these outputs, we developed a pivot format called PAULA, along with converters to and from tool formats. Different annotations are not only integrated at the level of data format, but are also joined on the level of conceptual representation. For this purpose, we introduce OLiA, an ontology of linguistic annotations that mediates between alternative tag sets that cover the same class of linguistic phenomena. All components are integrated in the linguistic information system ANNIS : Annotation tool output is converted to the pivot format PAULA and read into a database where the data can be visualized, queried, and evaluated across multiple layers. For cross-tag set querying and statistical evaluation, ANNIS uses the ontology of linguistic annotations. Finally, ANNIS is also tied to a machine learning component for semiautomatic annotation.
The Invariant Extended Kalman Filter as a Stable Observer

We analyze the convergence aspects of the invariant extended Kalman filter (IEKF), when the latter is used as a deterministic nonlinear observer on Lie groups, for continuous-time systems with discrete observations. One of the main features of invariant observers for left-invariant systems on Lie groups is that the estimation error is autonomous. In this paper we first generalize this result by characterizing the (much broader) class of systems for which this property holds. For those systems, the Lie logarithm of the error turns out to obey a linear differential equation. Then, we leverage this “log-linear” property of the error evolution, to prove for those systems the local stability of the IEKF around any trajectory, under the standard conditions of the linear case. One mobile robotics example and one inertial navigation example illustrate the interest of the approach. Simulations evidence the fact that the EKF is capable of diverging in some challenging situations, where the IEKF with identical tuning keeps converging.
Analysis of problem structuring methods to improve decisions in environmental planning

This paper discusses the importance of information and knowledge of the stakeholders' expectations in the environmental planning process to improve the making of decisions. When decisions do not include all required information and/or do not properly analyze the interrelationship between them, the consequences can be disastrous. This paper presents how the Problem Structuring Method (PSM) can help in a better understanding of the problem by considering the exploration of views of the members involved, highlighting some methods, and discussing how their use can contribute to satisfactory decisions in environmental planning.
User intent in a shared control framework for pedestrian mobility aids

This paper presents a novel approach to infer navigational intent of the user of a walker, based on measuring forces and moments applied to the walker's handles. While there are many types of "intent" that could be inferred for a given user action, the experiments conducted here focused on the determining user's navigational intent, i.e. their desired heading. Our experiments used two 6-DOF force/moment sensors on the walker's handles and a digital motion capture system to correlate applied force with actual motion. Preliminary results revealed that the intent to turn, represented by changes in the heading angle, highly correlates with the overall turning moment around the vertical axis as well as the side forces applied by the user. Other force/moment components reveal additional information, such as support needs. The inferred user intent will be incorporated into a passive shared steering control system for the walker.
Suprachoroidal fluid as a complication of 23-gauge vitreous surgery

The popularity of transconjunctival sutureless vitreoretinal surgery has been increasing recently.1 2 Eckardt designed a 23-gauge instrument system for transconjunctival sutureless vitrectomy.3 Howard et al reported on the effectiveness and safety of 23-gauge instrument for a variety of vitreoretinal conditions.4 However, the complications involving the cannula remain problematic. In the current study, we report the accumulation of suprachoroidal fluid as an intraoperative complication of vitrectomy using the 23-gauge system. We performed a retrospective, noncomparative case review of the operative reports of 392 patients (442 eyes) who underwent 23-gauge vitrectomy by one surgeon (HT) between November 2005 and March 2007 at Hyogo Prefectural Amagasaki Hospital. Institutional review board approval and complete informed consent was obtained from all patients. Vitrectomy was performed using a 23-gauge …
Long-short term memory neural networks language modeling for handwriting recognition

Unconstrained handwritten text recognition systems maximize the combination of two separate probability scores. The first one is the observation probability that indicates how well the returned word sequence matches the input image. The second score is the probability that reflects how likely a word sequence is according to a language model. Current state-of-the-art recognition systems use statistical language models in form of bigram word probabilities. This paper proposes to model the target language by means of a recurrent neural network with long-short term memory cells. Because the network is recurrent, the considered context is not limited to a fixed size especially as the memory cells are designed to deal with long-term dependencies. In a set of experiments conducted on the IAM off-line database we show the superiority of the proposed language model over statistical n-gram models.
Emergency staff reactions to suicidal and self-harming patients

Staff in the emergency departments of hospitals are reported as being negative or ambivalent toward suicidal or self-harming individuals. According to the literature, these patients are subjected to stigmatization and lack of empathy. This phenomenon has been linked to a decreased quality of care offered to these individuals and to missing an important opportunity to prevent further suicidal behavior or repetition of deliberate self-harm. Also, protocols, proper guidelines and education for the emergency staff call for a revision and an implementation. In this paper, evidence suggesting staff attitudes toward suicidal and self-harming patients is reviewed. An overview of related issues such as clinical judgment, the use of scales and nurses' role is also included in this report.
Application of e-commerce personality searching based on RSS

RSS (most commonly expanded as "Really Simple Syndication") is a family of web feed formats used to publish frequently updated works-such as blog entries, news headlines, audio, and video-in a standardized format. For some in order to release the contents of the RSS format, a search using general search engine is inefficient, slow updates, while the RSS search engines to overcome these shortcomings to achieve high efficiency, high-speed searching of this page is published through the RSS seeds. This paper describes the concept of RSS and RSS search engine, the concept, RSS search engine, personalized search in e-commerce applications.
Joint source-channel coding for the multiple-access relay channel

Reliable transmission of arbitrarily correlated sources over multiple-access relay channels (MARCs) and multiple-access broadcast relay channels (MABRCs) is considered. In MARCs, only the destination is interested in a reconstruction of the sources, while in MABRCs, both the relay and the destination want to reconstruct the sources. We allow an arbitrary correlation among the sources at the transmitters, and let both the relay and the destination have side information that are correlated with the sources. Two joint source-channel coding schemes are presented and the corresponding sets of sufficient conditions for reliable communication are derived. The proposed schemes use a combination of the correlation preserving mapping (CPM) technique with Slepian-Wolf (SW) source coding: the first scheme uses CPM for encoding information to the relay and SW source coding for encoding information to the destination; while the second scheme uses SW source coding for encoding information to the relay and CPM for encoding information to the destination.
Methods for exploring expressive stance

The postures a character adopts over time are a key expressive aspect of her movement. While IK tools help a character achieve positioning constraints, there are few tools that help an animator with the expressive aspects of a character's poses. Three aspects are combined in good pose design: achieving a set of world space constraints, finding a body shape that reflects the character's inner state and personality, and making adjustments to balance that act to strengthen the pose and also maintain realism. This is routinely done in the performing arts, but is uncommon in computer graphics. Our system combines all three components within a single body shape solver. The system combines feedback based balance control with a hybrid IK system that utilizes optimization and analytic IK components. The IK system has been carefully designed to allow direct control over various aesthetically important aspects of body shape, such as the type of curve in the spine and the relationship between the collar bones. The system allows for both low-level control and for higher level shape sets to be defined and used. Shape sets allow an animator to use a single scalar to vary a character's pose within a specified shape class, providing an intuitive parameterization of a posture. Changing shape sets allows an animator to quickly experiment with different posture options for a movement sequence, supporting rapid exploration of the aesthetic space.
A multicenter study of azithromycin, alone and in combination with chloroquine, for the treatment of acute uncomplicated Plasmodium falciparum malaria in India.

BACKGROUND Azithromycin has demonstrated in vitro and in vivo activity against Plasmodium falciparum, but small treatment studies have given mixed results. METHODS Participants with fever and with both a blood smear and a rapid diagnostic test positive for falciparum malaria were randomly assigned to groups that were treated with either azithromycin or chloroquine or to matched groups receiving a placebo. After an interim analysis, open-label combination therapy with both drugs was initiated. RESULTS At day 28, 5 (33%) of 15 participants in the azithromycin-treated group had remained free of fever, compared with 4 (27%) of 15 in the chloroquine-treated group. All subsequently enrolled participants then received combination therapy with azithromycin and chloroquine. In 61 (97%) of 67 participants, resolution of fever and parasitemia had occurred by day 7, and, through day 28, no clinical or parasitologic relapse had occurred in them. CONCLUSIONS Resolution of parasitemia was inadequate with monotherapy with either azithromycin or chloroquine, but combination therapy provided substantially improved clinical and parasitologic outcomes. The combination of azithromycin and chloroquine may be an effective alternative treatment for falciparum malaria and deserves further study.
Exposure to cigarette smoke alters AgNOR number and HIF-1 alpha expression in colorectal tubular adenocarcinoma in rats

The relationship between exposure to tobacco and colorectal cancer development emerges in the longterm, leading to hypoxia and changes in the number of nucleolar organizer regions. There is evidence that this exposure influences on tumor characteristics, culminating in malignancy and poorer prognosis. This article aims at evaluating the influence of cigarette smoke exposure in HIF-1alpha hypoxia marker expression and AgNOR count, as well as the relationship between these two markers and tubular adenocarcinoma differentiation level in an experimental colorectal cancer model. Rats were induced colorectal cancer through 1, 2-dimethylhydrazine and randomly allocated into two groups: exposed and control. Exposed group was then, directly exposed to burning cigarette smoke. Tubular adenocarcinoma obtained was subjected to AgNOR counting technique and immunoblotted for HIF1alpha protein. Smoke exposed groups had lower AgNOR numbers (P = 0.00017) and HIF-1alpha highest score (P = 0.00017). The average relationship between AgNOR and HIF-1alpha is weak in both groups and the differentiation level is not influenced by the AgNOR count in both groups. Notwithstanding this weak relationship, well-differentiated tumors in the control group have shown HIF-1alpha higher scores. In the smoke exposed group, as HIF-1alpha score increases, the tumor differentiation grade decreases. Thus, HIF-1alpha and AgNOR have shown themselves as biomarker study targets for diagnosis, prognosis and treatment response in colorectal tubular adenocarcinomas, since they tended to be related to the degree of tumor malignancy.
Simulation of motion on the skin. I. Receptive fields and temporal frequency coding by cutaneous mechanoreceptors of OPTACON pulses delivered to the hand.

1. Tactile discrimination of form requires motion of the hand across the object scanned. To dissociate lateral distortion of the skin from neuronal processing mechanisms involving multiple receptor classes and parallel central networks, we have simulated motion of bar patterns across the fingers and palm by the use of a computer-controlled grid of sequentially activated probes (OPTACON stimulator). Horizontal bar patterns have been swept across the hand at speeds of 30-120 mm/s to quantitatively characterize responses of cutaneous mechanoreceptive afferents recorded in the median and ulnar nerves. 2. Mechanoreceptors with phasic responses to pressure are activated by spatial patterns on the OPTACON, whereas those with tonic pressure responses are not; moving-bar patterns strongly excite both Meissner's afferents [rapidly adapting (RA) mechanoreceptors] and Pacinian corpuscles (PCs) but fail to excite slowly adapting (SA) afferents. OPTACON-type stimulators thus allow selective activation of phasic mechanoreceptor channels with spatially complex stimuli. 3. RA afferents respond in an all-or-none fashion to activation of two to five adjacent rows spanning 1-5 mm on the finger, with nearly identical latencies on all trials; response profiles are remarkable for their regularity and reproducibility. PCs have larger fields (4-13 rows) and stronger but more irregular responses than RAs. 4. Uniform sensitivity throughout the receptive field is a consistent feature of RA responses. Individual mechanoreceptor terminals appear to have equal access to the spike initiation zone and provide the same amplitude input as the fiber discharges 1 spike/pulse at each field location in 75% of the RAs tested. Uniform sensitivity allows each afferent to transmit a repetitive signal of the parameter of interest such as object speed, contour, or texture. 5. One-quarter of RAs fire two spikes to probe indentation and retraction at the field center. Such graded responses are usually observed in only one direction of motion, reflecting a preferred sequence of receptor activation rather than a specific location on the skin. PCs fire bursts of two to four spikes throughout most of their receptive fields; sensitivity is broadly distributed rather than peaked. Thus phasic mechanoreceptors fail to provide a precise signal of stimulus location; localization at the level of individual papillary ridges appears to be signaled by a population mechanism involving unique combinations of RA, SA, and PC afferents. (ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
5:1 Bandwidth Dielectric Rod Antenna Using a Novel Feed Structure

We present an ultrawideband dielectric rod antenna using a novel V-shaped twin-wire tapered transverse electromagnetic waveguide as the feed structure. The new feed taper allows for much wider bandwidth and resolves the pattern degradation in higher frequencies, which is typically encountered in endfire mode dielectric rod antennas. The three sections of the antenna geometry, namely, the feed taper, the rod body, and the radiation taper, are concurrently designed to achieve a 5:1 frequency bandwidth covering 6–30 GHz, 17-dB maximum gain and sidelobe levels below −20 dB over the entire band. The design is fabricated using Rexolit_1422 (epsilon_<inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$r = 2.53$ </tex-math></inline-formula>) and measured performance is compared with simulation results, illustrating the effectiveness of the new feed structure in providing 5:1 bandwidth with stable radiation patterns within the entire band.
Sensitivity of the Quantiferon-Gold In-Tube Assay in Sputum Smear Positive TB Cases in Indonesia

Background As part of a formal evaluation of the Quantiferon-Gold in-tube assay (QFT-IT) for latent TB infection we compared its sensitivity to the tuberculin skin test (TST) in confirmed adult TB cases in Indonesia. Smear-positive TB disease was used as a proxy gold standard for latent TB infection. Methods and Findings We compared the sensitivity of QFT-IT and TST in 98 sputum smear and chest x-ray positive TB cases and investigated risk factors for negative and discordant results in both tests. Both tests showed high sensitivity; (QFT-IT; 88.7%: TST; 94.9%), not significantly different from each other (p value 0.11). Very high sensitivity was seen when tests were combined (98.9%). There were no variables significantly associated with discordant results or with a negative TST. For QFT-IT which particular staff member collected blood was significantly associated with test positivity (p value 0.01). Study limitations include small sample size and lack of culture confirmation or HIV test results. Conclusions The QFT-IT has similar sensitivity in Indonesian TB cases as in other locations. However, QFT-IT, like the TST cannot distinguish active TB disease from LTBI. In countries such as Indonesia, with high background rates of LTBI, test specificity for TB disease will likely be low. While our study was not designed to evaluate the QFT-IT in the diagnosis of active TB disease in TB suspects, the data suggest that a combination of TST and QFT-IT may prove useful for ruling out TB disease. Further research is required to explore the clinical role of QFT-IT in combination with other TB diagnostic tests.
Small-Gain Conditions and the Comparison Principle

The general input-to-state stability (ISS) small-gain condition for networks in a trajectory formulation is shown to be equivalent to the requirement that a discrete-time comparison system induced by the gain matrix of the network is ISS. This leads to a comparison principle, relating input-to-state stability of an artificial discrete-time system to the same stability property of a continuous-time nominal system. As a consequence, general small-gain conditions can now be verified by finding ISS Lyapunov functions.