Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Inertia Emulation in AC/DC Interconnected Power Systems Using Derivative Technique Considering Frequency Measurement Effects

Virtual inertia is known as an inevitable part of the modern power systems with high penetration of renewable energy. Recent trend of research is oriented in different methods of emulating the inertia to increase the sustainability of the system. In the case of dynamic performance of power systems especially in Automatic Generation Control (AGC) issue, there are concerns considering the matter of virtual inertia. This paper proposes an approach for analyzing the dynamic effects of virtual inertia in two-area AC/DC interconnected AGC power systems. Derivative control technique is used for higher level control application of inertia emulation. This method of inertia emulation is developed for two-area AGC system, which is connected by parallel AC/DC transmission systems. Based on the proposed technique, the dynamic effect of inertia emulated by storage devices for frequency and active power control are evaluated. The effects of frequency measurement delay and phase-locked loop effect are also considered by introducing a second-order function. Simulations performed by MATLAB software demonstrate how virtual inertia emulation can effectively improve the performance of the power system. A detailed eigenvalue analysis is also performed to support the positive effects of the proposed method.
Beneficial hemodynamic and renal effects of intravenous enalaprilat following coronary artery bypass surgery complicated by left ventricular dysfunction*

ObjectiveAngiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors are an effective therapy for all stages of heart failure due to reduced systolic left ventricular function. Because sufficient data on intravenous angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors following coronary artery bypass surgery complicated by postoperative left ventricular dysfunction are unavailable, the efficacy and safety of intravenously administered enalaprilat were evaluated. DesignA placebo-controlled, randomized, double-blind protocol. SettingPostoperative intensive care unit at the German Heart Institute Berlin. PatientsForty patients with a left ventricular ejection fraction <35% following coronary artery bypass surgery on the second postoperative day or after weaning from intra-aortic balloon counterpulsation. InterventionsA loading dose of enalaprilat 0.625 mg infused over 1 hr was followed by 5 mg/24 hrs administered continuously for up to 72 hrs. Measurements and Main ResultsSystemic and pulmonary hemodynamic variables, blood gases, hormonal variables, renal function, and electrolytes were measured before and repeatedly during therapy. Acute effects were as follows: At 1 hr, enalaprilat increased the cardiac index (p < .001), stroke volume index (p < .001), and right ventricular stroke work index (p < .03) compared with placebo, whereas mean arterial pressure (p < .008) and both systemic (p < .001) and pulmonary (p < .02) vascular resistance decreased. Continuous effects were as follows: Over 72 hrs, enalaprilat decreased diastolic pulmonary artery pressure (p < .019), pulmonary artery occlusion pressure (p < .02), and central venous pressure (p < .02). The cardiac and stroke volume indexes were consistently higher in the enalaprilat group, whereas systemic and pulmonary vascular resistances were lower. The arterial blood-pressure lowering effect was blunted and heart rate remained unchanged. Mixed venous oxygenation (p < .02) was higher and arterial oxygenation was not modified. Finally, enalaprilat increased creatinine clearance (p < .002) and decreased creatinine (p < .02) and urea (p < .03). ConclusionsIntravenous enalaprilat safely and effectively improves cardiac and renal function following coronary artery bypass surgery complicated by postoperative left ventricular dysfunction.
Comparing transposition in the 27 member states of the EU: the impact of discretion and legal fit

Transposition performance differs significantly across countries and policy sectors in the EU. In this article we analyse the transposition efforts of all 27 member states with regard to four EC directives expected to create considerable difficulties for compliance at the national level. Using Cox proportional hazards regression, we find that discretion and legal fit are significant factors in explaining transposition. Furthermore, we discover that the new member states from Central and Eastern Europe are not doing any worse than the rest of the EU in terms of transposition timeliness. Surprisingly, government effectiveness has a negative relationship with compliance, while periods of absence of functioning government do not increase transposition time. Our findings emphasize the importance of legal-administrative factors for compliance with EU law.
Comments on "Workplace Training in Europe" by Bassanini et al.

This report brings together a wealth of material on workplace training: it surveys a wide literature, both theoretical and empirical, and it provides some new data and empirical results for a large number of European countries on training. In my discussion, I would like to touch on four of the areas highlighted in the report: measurement and data issues, estimates of the returns to training, theoretical issues, and training policy. I feel what I have to say more often complements the report, than being critical of it. In fact, where I am critical, it is more of the work done in this area and its shortcomings, and this includes my own work.
Histamine release by Western red cedar (Thuja plicata) from lung tissue in vitro

Evans, Elizabeth and Nicholls, P. J. (1974). British Journal of Industrial Medicine,31, 28-30. Histamine release by Western red cedar(Thuja plicata)from lung tissue in vitro. Various respiratory symptoms have previously been observed in workers exposed to dust from Western red cedar (Thuja plicata). Although an allergic basis for these effects has been proposed, the possibility that the dust may contain a pharmacologically active agent was investigated. Aqueous extracts of two samples of red cedar released significant amounts of histamine from pig and human lung in vitro. For one of these samples, using pig lung, a dose-response relation was found over a narrow range of concentrations. These dusts possessed the same order of histamine-releasing activity as a sample of cotton dust. Potassium cyanide reduced the release of histamine caused by low concentrations of Western red cedar. Similar effects of cyanide on the histamine-releasing activity of cotton dust and compound 48/80 were observed. It is possible that release of histamine in the lungs and upper respiratory tract occurs on inhalation of dust from Western red cedar and this may be a contributory factor to the development of respiratory symptoms in workers exposed to the dust of this wood.
Hedging under counterparty credit uncertainty

This study investigates optimal production and hedging decisions for firms facing price risk that can be hedged with vulnerable contracts, i.e., exposed to nonhedgeable endogenous counterparty credit risk. When vulnerable forward contracts are the only hedging instruments available, the firm's optimal level of production is lower than without credit risk. Under plausible conditions on the stochastic dependence between the commodity price and the counterparty's assets, the firm does not sell its entire production on the vulnerable forward market. When options on forward contracts are also available, the optimal hedging strategy requires a long put position. This provides a new rationale for the hedging role of options in the over‐the‐counter markets exposed to counterparty credit risk. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Jrl Fut Mark 28: 248–263, 2008
Occurrence of sympatric charr groups, Salvelinus, Salmonidae, in the lakes of Kamchatka: a legacy of the last glaciations.

Six postglacial lakes were studied along both sides of the Kamchatka central mountain range, Russia. Pairs of local morphotypes of species of Arctic charrs, Salvelinus spp. , have previously been described from the southernmost lakes while the fish fauna of the four northernmost lakes was studied here for the first time. Phenotypic data support the division of Kamchatkan lacustrine charrs into two groups according to the number of gill rakers and pyloric caeca, as well as snout-dorsal and snout-ventral distances (MANOVA, P < 0·001). These groups respectively correspond to phenotypes commonly referred to as Salvelinus malma and Salvelinus taranetzi. To clarify the identity of these groups, D-loop and cytochrome b (cytb) region sequences were analysed. Haplotype network analysis of mtDNA shows the salmonids inhabiting four lakes on the south and north are phylogenetically close to either Beringian S. malma or to S. taranetzi from the Chukotka and Kolyma River basins (the mean ± s.e. pairwise per cent sequence divergence is 0·006 ± 0·001). Phenotype-genotype discordance suggests that mitochondrial introgression between species has occurred in the two smallest lakes (<0·5 km2 ) in the central part of the peninsula. Identical haplotypes of D-loop and cytb regions were found for the populations of S. taranetzi from the most distant southern and northern lakes, indicating all lakes were colonized by both species simultaneously after the last glacial maximum. Salvelinus taranetzi may have colonized the Kamchatka peninsula from one or both of two different source regions: the Arctic Beringia and the northern coast of the Okhotsk Sea.
The Formation of Company Budgeting System: Importance, Problems and Solutions

The primary purpose of a corporate budget is to aid the planning of the business operations. Budgets are recognised as tools assisting in establishing the scope of business activities, the required resources and the efficiency of their use. However analysis of scientific works shows that their importance is much greater: they promote harmonisation of business activities and cooperation between business units, delegate duties and allocate the incurred expenses, help to motivate and evaluate the staff performance, and support the objectives of the internal control system of the organisation. The said traditional approach towards budgeting and its importance in company management presupposed the need of a theoretical analysis and a systematic assessment of the budgeting significance in the business management system. On the other hand, results of recent scientific research show that businesses are still facing budgeting problems and deficiencies. Therefore, the aim of this research is to reveal the importance of budgeting to a company, to analyse common budgeting problems and to suggest solutions. The methods employed in the research include scientific literature analysis and synthesis, induction and deduction, comparison, and graphic imaging. Scientific literature analysis reveals two possible ways of solving budgeting problems: management beyond budgeting and activity based budgeting. In the suggested a budgeting system logical scheme, activity based budgeting is linked to strategic management and reflection of operational flexibility in the budgets. By virtue of its weakness and the need of the whole management system transformation, which requires substantial investments, the management beyond budgeting pattern was declined. The authors see potential continuity of the study: subsequent to the performed analysis of the budgeting system formation practise at Lithuanian organisations and a case study, a budgeting system logical scheme can be used to produce a budgeting system formation model.
Business Model Innovation – State of the Art and Future Challenges for the Field

Business model innovation is receiving increased attention in corporate practice and research alike. We propose in this article a role‐based approach to categorize the literature and argue that the respective roles of explaining the business, running the business, and developing the business can serve as three interrelated perspectives to present an overview of the current business model innovation field and to accommodate the selected contributions of this special issue. We refer to contributions from entrepreneurship, innovation and technology management, and corporate strategy to explicate the three elaborated perspectives and to summarize the main contents of the special issue articles. We conclude by reflecting on main theoretical challenges for studies on business model innovation which stem from the uncertain boundaries of the phenomenon, and we propose some theoretical stances and analytic levels to develop future avenues for research.
JOURNAL OF FINANCIAL AND QUANTITATIVE ANALYSIS January 1972 RUIN CONSIDERATIONS AND DEBT ISSUANCE

The current literature or business finance states that debt is a cheaper source of capital than stock (tending to reduce the firm's cost of capital), because interest is deductible for income tax purposes while the return to common stockholders is subject to tax. It is even possible to issue debt without increasing the risk to the owners (the debt is issued to stockholders in proportion to the ownership of stock, or equivalently investors buy a mixture of stocks and bonds on the market). However, it is argued in this paper that if we assume that the present stockholders have no further resources available for investment in the firm, but the enterprise needs additional resources, then the present stockholders have to make a basic decision about whether to issue stock or debt to raise the additional needed capital. The issuance of debt in this situation increases risk, and the issuance of stock dilutes ownership. Even when bondholders require a much lower contractual return than the expected annual return of stockholders, the issuance of more stock may be preferred to the issuance of debt.
Vertical Diffusion and the Policy-Making Process

This article examines the influence of national government activity on the politics of embryonic stem cell research in the American states. Its analysis of bill introduction patterns between 1999 and 2008 suggests that President Bush’s nationally televised address on stem cell research and the debate over the Stem Cell Research Enhancement Act increased the probability that officials in a state would introduce stem-cell-related legislation in a given year. National activity also seemed to increase the number of bills that legislators introduced. These results illustrate how political forces can increase the salience of public policies and thereby serve as diffusion mechanisms during the agenda-setting process.
A Morphometric Study of the Structural Characteristics of the Aorta in Pigs Using an Image Analysis Method

The objective of this study was to evaluate multiple structural characteristics, in addition to vasa vasorum density, in different aortic regions. The aorta of healthy Landrace pigs was divided into four thoracic and three abdominal segments. Transverse sections were reserved for morphometric analysis. Image analysis showed the aortic diameter, the thickness of the media, the number of elastic lamellae and the thickness of elastic membranes being reduced with increased distance from the heart (P < 0.05). The average thickness of lamellar units remained constant in the thoracic, but increased in the abdominal aorta (P < 0.05). The number of lamellar units, contained in the avascular zone of the media, and the density of vasa vasorum decreased peripherally (P < 0.05), still the average thickness of the avascular zone was invariant. In conclusion, the anatomical properties of the vessel wall alter through the aorta, being optimal for the varying stresses to which the aorta is subjected along its length. The distinct aortic parts may exhibit inherent morphological features, responsible for the various pathological processes that affect the aorta.
Investigating the structural relationship between loyalty programme service quality, satisfaction and loyalty for retail loyalty programmes: evidence from Malaysia

Purpose – Retaining and cultivating customer loyalty has become increasingly important for loyalty programme providers and retailers due to the highly competitive environment. The purpose of this paper is to develop and test a model investigating how loyalty programme service quality (LPSQual) enhances programme perceived value and programme satisfaction to win loyalty among cardholders.Design/methodology/approach – Quota sampling technique, using a self‐administered questionnaire survey, was used with a total of 400 respondents who are card holders of loyalty programmes from departments and superstores in the capital of Malaysia.Findings – It is found that all the loyalty programme service attributes (policy, reward, tangibility, information usefulness, courteousness/helpfulness and communication quality), with the exception of personalization, have a significant positive influence on perceived value. The positive relationship between perceived value‐programme loyalty and programme satisfaction‐programme.
Modeling the effect of NMOS gate capacitance in an on-chip decoupling capacitor PAA countermeasure

In this paper we develop a general model based on the width of a decoupling NMOS gate capacitor for use in the design of decoupling based Power Analysis Attack (PAA) countermeasures. A polynomial equation was determined based on experimental data to link the width of the decoupling element with the data security provided by the countermeasure architecture. The proposed model is meant to act as a tool for a designer when considering the incurred design overheads when allocating area during the initial planning phase. Experimental data was collected from the simulation of a partial decoupling countermeasure test bench implemented in 65 nm TSMC technology with Correlation Power Analysis (CPA) attacks performed on traces collected at the power supply pin.
Regulation of Proliferation and Differentiation of Human Fetal Pancreatic Islet Cells by Extracellular Matrix, Hepatocyte Growth Factor, and Cell-Cell Contact

Ex vivo expansion of human fetal pancreatic endocrine cells is important for biological studies and as a potential tissue source for transplantation in insulin-deficient states. In tissue culture experiments involving the use of hepatocyte growth factor/scatter factor and selected extracellular matrices, we obtained a 30-fold increase in cell number of human fetal pancreatic epithelial cells. This proliferation in monolayer culture was associated with marked downregulation of insulin and glucagon gene expression. However, gene expression increased when the cells were combined into three-dimensional aggregates, suggesting that cell-cell contact mediated mechanisms regulate the transcription of islet-specific genes, a process enhanced by nicotinamide (NIC). After transplantation into nude mice, either as cell suspensions or aggregates, only the cell aggregates treated with NIC developed into mature functional islet-like structures. These are the first experiments to describe the interactions of specific matrices and growth factors in the ex vivo expansion of human fetal pancreatic cells, and they also show the importance of cell aggregates in the context of cellular and molecular events that might positively influence islet cell transplantation.
Androgens, Androgen Receptors, and Male Gender Role Behavior

Studies of genetic males with single gene mutations that impair testosterone formation or action and consequently prevent development of the normal male phenotype provide unique insight into the control of gender role behavior. 46,XY individuals with either of two autosomal recessive mutations [17 beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase 3 (17 beta-HSD3) deficiency or steroid 5 alpha-reductase 2 (5 alpha-R2) deficiency] have a female phenotype at birth and are raised as females but frequently change gender role behavior to male after the expected time of puberty. In contrast, genetic males with mutations that impair profoundly the function of the androgen receptor are also raised as females and have consistent female behavior as adults. Furthermore, the rare men with mutations that impair estrogen synthesis or the estrogen receptor have male gender role behavior. These findings indicate that androgens are important determinants of gender role behavior (and probably of gender identity) and that this action is mediated by the androgen receptor and not the result of conversion of androgen to estrogen. The fact that all genetic males with 17 beta-HSD3 or 5 alpha-R2 deficiency do not change gender role behavior indicates that other factors are also important determinants of this process.
Killing Kony

Is there a relationship between leadership change and the probability of conflict termination in civil war? This article uses an original data set on the leaders of rebel groups combined with existing data on state leaders to determine whether leadership change in states or rebel groups affects the probability that a civil war will end. Three results emerge: (1) when the leader of a rebel group is captured or killed, wars are 398 percent more likely to end, (2) conflicts are less likely to end while rebel groups are being led by their founder, and (3) the leader of a state that presided over the beginning of the conflict is significantly more likely to bring the conflict to an end than a replacement leader. The results are robust to the use of matching techniques and other tests of endogeneity.
Four Phragmalin Orthoesters from the Chinese Mangrove Xylocarpus granatum

Abstract Four new 8,9,30-phragmalin orthoesters (1–4), along with six related known compounds, namely xyloccensins O–S (5–9) and V (10), were isolated and characterized from the twigs and leaves of the Chinese mangrove Xylocarpus granatum. The structures of the new compounds were determined on the basis of extensive spectroscopic analysis and by comparison with those of related known compounds in the literature. The absolute configuration of xyloccensin Q (7) was revised as its enantiomer by X-ray diffraction analysis employing graphite monochromated Cu Kα radiation (λ = 1.54 178 Å) with a Flack parameter of − 0.04 and was further secured by a time-dependent density functional theory electronic circular dichroism (TDDFT ECD) calculation. Consequently, the absolute configurations of xyloccensins O (5), P (6), R (8), S (9), and V (10) were all corrected as their corresponding enantiomers, respectively. Xyloccensin S (9) exhibited inhibitory activity against protein tyrosine phosphatase 1B, a potential drug target for the treatment of type II diabetes and obesity, with an IC50 value of 8.72 µg/mL.
Disruption of the Ether-à-go-go K+ Channel Gene BEC1/KCNH3 Enhances Cognitive Function

The K+ channel, one of the determinants for neuronal excitability, is genetically heterogeneous, and various K+ channel genes are expressed in the CNS. The therapeutic potential of K+ channel blockers for cognitive enhancement has been discussed, but the contribution each K+ channel gene makes to cognitive function remains obscure. BEC1 (KCNH3) is a member of the K+ channel superfamily that shows forebrain-preferential distribution. Here, we show the critical involvement of BEC1 in cognitive function. BEC1 knock-out mice performed behavioral tasks related to working memory, reference memory, and attention better than their wild-type littermates. Enhanced performance was also observed in heterozygous mutants. The knock-out mice had neither the seizures nor the motor dysfunction that are often observed in K+ channel-deficient mice. In contrast to when it is disrupted, overexpression of BEC1 in the forebrain caused the impaired performance of those tasks. It was also found that altering BEC1 expression could change hippocampal neuronal excitability and synaptic plasticity. The results indicate that BEC1 may represent the first K+ channel that contributes preferentially and bidirectionally to cognitive function.