Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
What time scales are important for monitoring tidally influenced submarine groundwater discharge? Insights from a salt marsh

Submarine groundwater discharge (SGD) varies significantly across time scales ranging from hours to years, but studies that allow quantitative comparisons between different time scales are few. Most of these studies have focused on beach settings, where the combined variations in fresh and saline SGD can be difficult to interpret. We calculated variations in saline SGD based on a 1 year record of hydraulic head in a salt marsh, where we could isolate variations in saline, tidally driven SGD. Observed SGD varied by an order of magnitude over the course of the year. Groundwater discharge was proportional to tidal amplitude and varied by at least a factor of 2 between spring and neap tides. Monthly average SGD was inversely proportional to average sea level; it increased by nearly a factor of 2 as sea level declined by ∼50 cm from late summer to late winter. This variation was far larger than that predicted by analytic models, owing to the flat topography and inundation of the marsh platform. The effect of short‐term (days) variations in sea level associated with wind events and storms was small in comparison. SGD is probably proportional to tidal amplitude in nearly all coastal settings, including beaches. Seasonal variations in sea level may not affect the volume of SGD as significantly in coastal settings where the slope of the intertidal zone is relatively constant, but such variations have the potential to strongly affect the composition of SGD.
First ionospheric images of the seismic fault slip on the example of the Tohoku‐oki earthquake

1Hz GPS measurements from the Japanese GPS network GEONET allowed to retrieve information on the seismic fault of the great M9.0 Tohoku‐oki earthquake from the ionosphere total electron content (TEC) measurements. The first arrival of the TEC perturbation was registered 464 seconds after the earthquake ∼140 km on the east from the epicenter. Within next 45 seconds the distribution of ionospheric points imaged a rectangular area (37.39 ‐ 39.28°N; 142.8 – 143.73°E), which coincides with the area of the coseismic crustal uplift. From this source region, the coseismic ionospheric perturbation further propagated at 1.3‐1.5 km/s. Such velocity values are 30‐40% higher than previously reported for acoustic waves. It is likely that we observed shock‐acoustic waves propagating at supersonic speed and having blown all the electrons available between the ground and the height of detection. This fact is coherent with registration of the first arrival of perturbation 464 sec after the earthquake that is, generally speaking, too short time for a regular acoustic wave to reach the ionosphere. Our findings show that the real‐time GPS monitoring of seismo‐active areas could inform about the parameters of coseismic crustal displacements and can be, subsequently, used for short‐term tsunami warnings. In the case of the 03/11/2011 earthquake, the first ionosphere perturbations were registered ∼17 minutes before the tsunami arrived on the east coast of Honshu.
Complexity of homeowner wildfire risk mitigation: an integration of hazard theories

Eachyearwildfire affectscommunitiesinCanada, resultinginevacuationsand,insomecases, loss of homes. Several Canadian wildfire management agencies have initiated mitigation programs aimed at reducing wildfire risk. Successful wildfire mitigation involves both community-level and homeowner action. This paper examines factors that influence wildfire mitigation by homeowners. We draw upon the general hazards and wildfire management literature to developandtestatheoreticalmodelforhomeownerwildfiremitigationthatincludesperceivedrisk,anevaluationofthreat significance and the influence of perceived costs and benefits of mitigation. We used a mail survey to collect data from 1265residents insixinterfacecommunitiesintheprovinceofAlberta.Resultsshowedahighlevelofcompletionformost mitigationactivities.Astructuralequationmodelprovidedsupportforthehypothesisthattheevaluationofthreatinvolves weighingthe negative effectsofmitigation onhomeowners' feelingsof connectedness tonatureandthe costof mitigation with the positive influences of fear, a sense of responsibility and perceived effectiveness of mitigation. Considering the total effects, threat assessment had the greatest effect on mitigation by homeowners, followed by perceived effectiveness of mitigation in reducing damage and not having financial resources for mitigation. Additional keywords: natural hazard, risk perception, wildland-urban interface.
Short Note: Preliminary Observations on the Daily Variation of Ice Albedo

Abstract A preliminary assessment of the daily variation of ice albedo in the 285-2 800 nm range was made using field data collected over snow ice and refrozen slush. Significant diurnal variations could be attributed to changing low solar altitude under clear skies or to decay of the ice surface. Changes in albedo due to changes in cloud cover were observed for the most part to be slight. The measurements provide a base for a program of wider scope which would consider other types of ice under a variety of natural conditions.
Consequences of broad auditory filters for identification of multichannel-compressed vowels.

PURPOSE In view of previous findings (Bor, Souza, & Wright, 2008) that some listeners are more susceptible to spectral changes from multichannel compression (MCC) than others, this study addressed the extent to which differences in effects of MCC were related to differences in auditory filter width. METHOD Listeners were recruited in 3 groups: listeners with flat sensorineural loss, listeners with sloping sensorineural loss, and a control group of listeners with normal hearing. Individual auditory filter measurements were obtained at 500 and 2000 Hz. The filter widths were related to identification of vowels processed with 16-channel MCC and with a control (linear) condition. RESULTS Listeners with flat loss had broader filters at 500 Hz but not at 2000 Hz compared with listeners with sloping loss. Vowel identification was poorer for MCC compared with linear amplification. Listeners with flat loss made more errors than listeners with sloping loss, and there was a significant relationship between filter width and the effects of MCC. CONCLUSIONS Broadened auditory filters can reduce the ability to process amplitude-compressed vowel spectra. This suggests that individual frequency selectivity is a factor that influences benefit of MCC when a high number of compression channels are used.
Standardised Research Methods and Documentation in Cultural Adaptation: The Need, the Potential and Future Steps

Background Refugees and asylum seekers in Europe are affected by high prevalence of common mental disorders. Under the call ‘mental health of refugee populations’, the German Federal Ministry of Education and Research (FMER) funded a series of research projects to test evidence-based psychological interventions among refugee populations in Germany. In addition, the “Task force for cultural adaptation of mental health interventions for refugees” was established to develop a structured procedure for harmonising and documenting cultural adaptations across the FMER-funded research projects. Method A template for documenting cultural adaptations in a standardised manner was developed and completed by researchers in their respective projects. Documentation contained original data from formative research, as well as references and other sources that had been used during the adaptation process. All submitted templates and additional materials were analysed using qualitative content analysis. Results Research projects under the FMER call include minors, adults, and families from different origins with common mental disorders. Two studies used and adapted existing manuals for the treatment of PTSD. Four studies adapted existing transdiagnostic manuals, three of which had already been developed with a culture-sensitive focus. Four other studies developed new intervention manuals using evidence-based treatment components. The levels of cultural adaptation varied across studies, ranging from surface adaptations of existing manuals to the development of new, culture-sensitive interventions for refugees. Conclusions Cultural adaptation is often an iterative process of piloting, feedback, and further adaptation. Having a documentation system in place from start helps structuring this process and increases transparency.
A continuous probabilistic scene model for aerial imagery

Providence, Rhode Island as part of the Laboratory for Engineering Man/Machine Systems (LEMS). During his time at Brown he has been both a teaching assistant and a research assistant working in the field of computer vision. He has presented peer-reviewed work on a variety of topics including camera networks, multi-view object reconstruction, and video registration at several conferences and workshops. iv This thesis is dedicated to Donald and Jean Crispell, whose love, support, and guidance throughout my academic career has led to this culminating work. v Acknowledgements I would like to thank my family for providing the best support structure any person could ever ask for, as well as my friends from Wallkill, Northeastern, Brown, and everywhere in between for making my academic experience such an enjoyable one. I would also like to thank Lindsay Slivka for all of her support and encouragement over the past two and a half years. I would like to thank Professors Gabriel Taubin and Joseph Mundy, both of whom provided daily support and always had my best interests at heart. I have been extremely fortunate to have had the opportunity to learn from and work with both of them.
Localizing parts of faces using a consensus of exemplars

We present a novel approach to localizing parts in images of human faces. The approach combines the output of local detectors with a non-parametric set of global models for the part locations based on over one thousand hand-labeled exemplar images. By assuming that the global models generate the part locations as hidden variables, we derive a Bayesian objective function. This function is optimized using a consensus of models for these hidden variables. The resulting localizer handles a much wider range of expression, pose, lighting and occlusion than prior ones. We show excellent performance on a new dataset gathered from the internet and show that our localizer achieves state-of-the-art performance on the less challenging BioID dataset.
Obstructive apnea hypopnea index estimation by analysis of nocturnal snoring signals in adults.

STUDY OBJECTIVE To develop a whole-night snore sounds analysis algorithm enabling estimation of obstructive apnea hypopnea index (AHI(EST)) among adult subjects. DESIGN Snore sounds were recorded using a directional condenser microphone placed 1 m above the bed. Acoustic features exploring intra-(mel- cepstability, pitch density) and inter-(running variance, apnea phase ratio, inter-event silence) snore properties were extracted and integrated to assess AHI(EST). SETTING University-affiliated sleep-wake disorder center and biomedical signal processing laboratory. PATIENTS Ninety subjects (age 53 ± 13 years, BMI 31 ± 5 kg/m(2)) referred for polysomnography (PSG) diagnosis of OSA were prospectively and consecutively recruited. The system was trained and tested on 60 subjects. Validation was blindly performed on the additional 30 consecutive subjects. MEASUREMENTS AND RESULTS AHI(EST) correlated with AHI (AHI(PSG); r(2) = 0.81, P < 0.001). Area under the receiver operating characteristic curve of 85% and 92% for thresholds of 10 and 20 events/h, respectively, were obtained for OSA detection. Both Altman-Bland analysis and diagnostic agreement criteria revealed 80% and 83% agreements of AHI(EST) with AHI(PSG), respectively. CONCLUSIONS Acoustic analysis based on intra- and inter-snore properties can differentiate subjects according to AHI. An acoustic-based screening system may address the growing needs for reliable OSA screening tool. Further studies are needed to support these findings.
Determination of soil carbon stocks and changes

INTRODUCTION Soil carbon pools and the global carbon cycle In terrestrial ecosystems soils represent the major reservoir of organic carbon (Table 4.1), but with large and yet unquantified uncertainties in their estimates (mainly due to low soil sample numbers used for global up-scaling and assumptions on mean soil depths). At the global level, the soil organic matter (SOM) pool (estimated to 1 m depth) contains about 1580 Pg of carbon (Pg = 10 15 g), about 610 Pg are stored in the vegetation and about 750 Pg are present in the atmosphere (Schimel, 1995). Carbon is found in soils both in organic and inorganic forms (Table 4.2). Organic carbon is commonly classified into three ‘arbitrary’ pools, mostly for modelling purposes (such as in CENTURY), i.e. fast, slow and passive reflecting the rate of turnover. However, it is difficult to relate these pools to soil carbon fractions (see Section 4.1.5). The total amount of carbonate carbon to 1 m depth is estimated at 695–748 Pg carbon (Batjes, 1996). About one third of organic soil carbon occurs in forests and another third in grasslands and savannas, the rest in wetlands, croplands and other biomes (Janzen, 2004). The global soil organic carbon map (Fig. 4.1, ISLSCP II; ORNL DAAC, http://daac.ornl.gov/) shows the areas of high soil organic carbon predominantly in cold boreal (e.g. Northern Canada) and warm and humid tropical regions (e.g. South-East Asia), reflecting areas of deep organic soils (i.e. peatlands).
Deep Semantic Image Interpolation

Image datasets often live on a continuum: Images from an outdoor scene vary from day to night, across diﬀerent weather conditions, and over the course of seasons. Faces age and exhibit diﬀerent expressions. We consider the problem of taking individual images from these datasets and explicitly manipulating those images to change where they lie on the continuum. We focus on a version of this problem that requires as little input as possible, and we build oﬀ of previous work using CNN features to construct an intermediate image manifold on which to manipulate the images. We also investigate a novel way of reconstructing images from their CNN features using alpha compositions of the input images. These technique produce convincing semantic interpolations of images and timelapse video from a variety of sources.
Carotid atherosclerotic plaque progression and change in plaque composition over time: A 5-year follow-up study with serial CT angiography

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: Serial in vivo imaging of atherosclerosis is important for understanding plaque progression and is potentially useful in predicting cardiovascular events and monitoring treatment efficacy. This prospective study aims to quantify temporal changes in carotid atherosclerotic plaque volume and plaque composition using MDCTA. MATERIALS AND METHODS: In 109 patients with TIA or ischemic stroke, serial MDCTA of the carotid arteries was performed after 5.3 (cid:1) 0.7 years. The carotid bifurcation was semiautomatically registered for paired baseline follow-up datasets. Outer vessel wall and lumen boundaries were defined using semiautomated segmentation tools. Plaque component volumes were measured using HU thresh-olds. Annual changes in plaque volume and plaque component proportions were calculated. RESULTS: One-hundred-ninety-three carotid arteries were analyzed. Plaque volume decreased in 31% and increased in 69% of vessels (range (cid:2) 5.6–10.1%/year). Overall, plaque volume increased 1.2% per year (95% CI, 0.8–1.6, P (cid:1) . 001). Plaque composition changed significantly from BL (fibrous 66.4%, lipid 28.8%, calcifications 4.8%): fibrous tissue decreased by 1.5%, lipid decreased by 1.8%, and calcification increased by 3.3% ( P (cid:3) . 001). Intraobserver reproducibility of all volume and proportion measurements was good (ICC 0.78–1.00) and interobserver reproducibility was moderate (ICC 0.76–0.99). CONCLUSIONS: Changes in carotid plaque burden and plaque composition can be quantified by using serial MDCTA. Plaque burden development is a heterogeneous
BCIRG 001 Molecular Analysis: Prognostic Factors in Node-Positive Breast Cancer Patients Receiving Adjuvant Chemotherapy

Purpose: There are currently no validated factors predictive of response to taxanes in patients with breast cancer. We analyzed specimens from patients included in the Breast Cancer International Research Group (BCIRG) 001 trial, a randomized study which showed the superiority of docetaxel/doxorubicin/cyclophosphamide over fluorouracil/doxorubicin/cyclophosphamide as adjuvant therapy for node-positive operable breast cancer in terms of disease-free survival (DFS) and overall survival (OS). Experimental Design: Immunohistochemical assessment of biological markers included histologic grade, tumor size, estrogen and progesterone receptors, lymph node status, HER2, MUC1, Ki-67/MIB-1, p53, Bcl-2, Bax, Bcl-XL, BAG-1, β-tubulin isotypes II, III and IV, τ protein, and detyrosinated α tubulin. Associations between selected parameters and survival were tested through univariate analyses, then completed with multivariate analyses and a bootstrap resampling technique. Results: In univariate analysis histologic grade, tumor size, number of involved nodes, estrogen and progesterone receptor status, p53, Ki-67, tubulin III, and τ protein were associated both with DFS and with OS. In multivariate analysis estrogen and progesterone receptors, tumor size, number of involved nodes, and Ki-67 protein were associated both with DFS and with OS, whereas τ protein levels were correlated with DFS and tubulin III and P53 were correlated with OS. No interaction was observed between Ki-67 and treatment allocation. Conclusions: We conclude that the expression in primary tumors of Ki-67 and p53 protein, as well as of the microtubule-related parameters τ protein and tubulin III, are independent prognostic factors in patients receiving adjuvant chemotherapy for node-positive breast cancer but are not predictive of benefit from docetaxel-containing adjuvant chemotherapy. Clin Cancer Res; 16(15); 3988–97. ©2010 AACR.
Neural and Behavioral Correlates of Intentional Actions

An essential characteristic of human behavior is the ability to act out of intrinsic motivation to achieve desired goals. These kinds of actions have been classed as intentional or voluntary. They contrast with actions that are performed in response to external stimuli. Recent research has begun to explore the functional underpinnings of internally guided actions and how they differ from externally guided actions. From these studies, one can conclude that the two action modes differ with respect to their neural and behavioral correlates. Most importantly, functional neuroimaging and also lesion studies point to a crucial role of the frontomedian cortex in intentional actions. The present paper reviews the neuroanatomi-cal, behavioral, electroencephalographical and functional neuroimaging findings related to intentional actions.The reviewed data suggest two dimensions for the control of action: First, a medial-lateral dimension with regard to intentional vs. stimulus-based action control. Second, an anterior–posterior dimension related to more abstract vs. specific decisions of action parameters.
Meteorite bombardment and dating of planetary surfaces

Dating by measurement of impact crater frequencies developed in the past years primarily on the basis of the data from the missions to the Moon and Mars. The method allows a good relative dating to be obtained and the moons of Jupiter and Saturn through photographic analyses. A cratering chronology was obtained for the period between the oldest Moon crust (4.3 to 4.4 billion years) to the present time which gives a good absolute dating of any areas of the Moon's surface.
Improving image quality of thermal imaging system by dynamically evening local histogram

Under the condition of being covered by anti-infrared smoke screen, the grayscales of infrared image becomes fairly concentrated, thus the contrast will be worse. In order to improve the image quality of thermal image of target and decrease the time of being covered by anti-infrared smoke, a new method of improving quality of thermal image by evening dynamic local histogram is presented in this paper. A slide window is used for selecting the interested range of target. The histogram ofthe window is calculated by a program first, then the local histogram is evened so as to modify the grayscale of the center pixel of the window. The grayscales distribution of the infrared thermal image changes continuously under the condition of being covered with anti-infrared smoke, so the program will calculates the transformation function of evening dynamic local histogram of the selected window continuously, and modify the whole displaying image. The infrared image quality ofthe target in selected area is improved by using this method. The effective covering time ofanti-infrared image decreases 3 to 4 seconds, and this is very valuable for tracking target.
Distributions of UK37 and UK37′ in the surface waters and sediments of the Nordic Seas: Implications for paleoceanography

In this paper we revise the application of the UK37′ and UK37 indices as sea surface temperature (SST) proxies in the Nordic Seas. In the summer of 1999 and 2000 we obtained samples of filtered particulate organic matter (POM) from surface waters (∼6 m depth) of the Nordic Seas. A number of samples were collected from polar waters with up to 80% of sea ice cover. Alkenones were detected in all of the major water masses of the Nordic seas, across a spectrum of SST values from −0.5 to 13°C and SSS values from 29.6 to 35.6 (psu). Concentrations of alkenones were similar in magnitude to those reported previously for the North Atlantic and the Southern Ocean. Values of UK37′ from the new Nordic Seas POM data show no correlation with SST below 8°C. In contrast, below this temperature a linear correlation exists between UK37 and regional SST, supporting previous suggestions that, overall, UK37 may be a more appropriate SST index for the region. It must be noted however that UK37 is calculated using the tetraunsaturated alkenone, and the dominant control on this compound is not yet fully understood. The new data highlight major differences between distributions of UK37 and UK37′ in the water column POM and surficial sediments of the Nordic Seas. We also examine the geographical dependence of the UK37′ versus SST relationship in the region's surficial sediments. Some areas are associated with unreliable SST estimates, whereas in others the UK37′ versus SST relationship falls within the range of a global core top calibration. It is suggested that the breakdown of the UK37′‐SST relationship in some regions is due to ecological and sedimentological factors. The latter relates to the extension of the habitats of alkenone producers in polar waters. The former to the resuspension of sediments and laterally transported alkenone inputs. This suggests that accurate alkenone derived SST estimates in the Nordic seas are geographically constrained.