Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
The comparison of creativity , resiliency and attributive style in students with high and low self-concept

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Adversity and challenge in life in the new Germany and in England

Preface - Notes on the Contributors - Introduction: The Life Course and Social Change J.Bynner & R.K. Silbereisen - PART 1: SYSTEMS, STRUCTURES AND SOCIAL LIFE - Educational Systems and Transition K.Evans - Europe's Choice: Regulation or Deregulation of Youth Labour Markets? Old Alternatives and New Test Cases K.Roberts & K.Foti - Social Structures and Individual Lives: Effects of Participation on the Institutions of Family, Education and Work N.Emler - PART 2: SOCIAL CHANGE AND INDIVIDUAL DEVELOPMENT - Subjective Experience of Social Change in Individual Development G.Trommsdorff - Adapting to Social Change: Adolescent Values in Eastern and Western Germany M.Rietzle & R.K. Silbereisen - Consequences of Economic Pressure for Adolescent Xenophobia in East and West Germany K.Boehnke & P.Butz - On the Realisation of Scientific Talent I.Schoon - PART 3: SOCIAL CHANGE AND SOCIAL EXCLUSION - Moral Obligation and Values in an Individualised Society H.Bertram - Social Capital and Intergenerational Transmission of Cultural Capital within a Regional Context B.Nauck - Continuities and Breaks in Occupational Careers and Subjective Control: The Case of the East German Transformation M.Diewald - Changing Patterns of Youth Transitions: Vulnerable Groups, Welfare Careers and Social Exclusion B.Coles - Postscript: Meeting Challenges in the New Germany and in England: New Directions for Theory and Data Collection F.W. Vondracek - Index
A New Four-Fingered Robot Hand with Dual Turning Mechanism

This paper newly proposes the four-fingered robot hand with dual turning mechanism where two and two other fingers can independently rotate inner and outer circles with the common center, respectively. Due to this mechanical configuration, it has the particular rotating axis where the manipulation around the axis can be completely decomposed into the velocity control around the axis and the internal force control in the contact plane. We achieved a manipulation task around the axis with the time of 0.8[sec] for one rotation, while it is relatively slow for another axis.
The Efficacy and Safety of Saxagliptin When Added to Metformin Therapy in Patients With Inadequately Controlled Type 2 Diabetes With Metformin Alone

OBJECTIVE This 24-week trial assessed the efficacy and safety of saxagliptin as add-on therapy in patients with type 2 diabetes with inadequate glycemic control with metformin alone. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS This was a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study of saxagliptin (2.5, 5, or 10 mg once daily) or placebo plus a stable dose of metformin (1,500–2,500 mg) in 743 patients (A1C ≥7.0 and ≤10.0%). Efficacy analyses were performed using an ANCOVA model using last observation carried forward methodology on primary (A1C) and secondary (fasting plasma glucose [FPG] and postprandial glucose [PPG] area under the curve [AUC]) end points. RESULTS Saxagliptin (2.5, 5, and 10 mg) plus metformin demonstrated statistically significant adjusted mean decreases from baseline to week 24 versus placebo in A1C (−0.59, −0.69, and −0.58 vs. +0.13%; all P < 0.0001), FPG (−14.31, −22.03, and −20.50 vs. +1.24 mg/dl; all P < 0.0001), and PPG AUC (−8,891, −9,586, and −8,137 vs. −3,291 mg · min/dl; all P < 0.0001). More than twice as many patients achieved A1C <7.0% with 2.5, 5, and 10 mg saxagliptin versus placebo (37, 44, and 44 vs. 17%; all P < 0.0001). β-Cell function and postprandial C-peptide, insulin, and glucagon AUCs improved in all saxagliptin treatment groups at week 24. Incidence of hypoglycemic adverse events and weight reductions were similar to those with placebo. CONCLUSIONS Saxagliptin once daily added to metformin therapy was generally well tolerated and led to statistically significant improvements in glycemic indexes versus placebo added to metformin in patients with type 2 diabetes inadequately controlled with metformin alone.
IL-4 Up-Regulates MiR-21 and the MiRNAs Hosted in the CLCN5 Gene in Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia

Interleukin 4 (IL-4) induces B-cell differentiation and survival of chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) cells. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) regulate mRNA and protein expression, and several miRNAs, deregulated in CLL, might play roles as oncogenes or tumor suppressors. We have studied the miRNA profile of CLL, and its response to IL-4, by oligonucleotide microarrays, resulting in the detection of a set of 129 mature miRNAs consistently expressed in CLL, which included 41 differentially expressed compared to normal B cells (NBC), and 6 significantly underexpressed in ZAP-70 positive patients. IL-4 stimulation brought about up-regulation of the 5p and 3p mature variants of the miR-21 gene, which maps immediately downstream to the VMP1 gene, and of the mature forms generated from the miR-362 (3p and 5p), miR-500a (3p), miR-502 (3p), and miR-532 (3p and 5p) genes, which map within the third intron of the CLCN5 gene. Both genes are in turn regulated by IL-4, suggesting that these miRNAs were regulated by IL-4 as passengers from their carrier genes. Their levels of up-regulation by IL-4 significantly correlated with cytoprotection. MiR-21 has been reported to be leukemogenic, associated to bad prognosis in CLL, and the miRNA more frequently overexpressed in human cancer. Up-regulation by IL-4 of miR-21 and the miRNAs hosted in the CLCN5 locus may contribute to evasion of apoptosis of CLL cells. These findings indicate that the IL-4 pathway and the miRNAs induced by IL-4 are promising targets for the development of novel therapies in CLL.
Shaping the Future of Mobile Devices Results of the CHI 2000 Workshop on : ‘ ‘ Future Mobile Device User Interfaces ’ ’

Mobile communication and information processing is different from stationary communication and information access in its inherent nature of variable contexts of use, affecting the way in which the terminal is operated via its user interface, the quantity and quality of the content which user needs to access through the terminal, and the interconnections to other devices and services in users environment.
Automated online news classification with personalization

Classification of online news, in the past, has often been done manually. In our proposed Categorizor system, we have experimented an automated approach to classify online news using the Support Vector Machine (SVM). SVM has been shown to deliver good classification results when ample training documents are given. In our research, we have applied SVM to personalized classification of online news. In personalized classification, users can define their personalized categories using a few keywords. By constructing search queries using these keywords, Categorizor obtains both positive and negative training documents required for the construction of personalized classifiers. In this paper, we describe the preliminary version of Categorizor and present its system architecture.
Networking the unemployed: Can policy interventions facilitate access to employment through informal channels?

It is widely known that informal contacts and networks constitute a major advantage when searching for a job. Unemployed people are likely to benefit from such informal contacts, but building and sustaining a network can be particularly difficult when out of employment. Interventions that allow unemployed people to effectively strengthen their networking capability could as a result be promising. Against this background, this article provides some hints in relation to the direction that such interventions could take. First, on the basis of data collected on a sample of 4,600 newly-unemployed people in the Swiss Canton of Vaud, it looks at the factors that influence jobseekers' decisions to turn to informal contacts for their job search. The article shows that many unemployed people are not making use of their network because they are unaware of the importance of this method. Second, it presents an impact analysis of an innovative intervention designed to raise awareness of the importance of networks which is tested in a randomized controlled trial setting.
Demographic Characteristics and Population Dynamical Patterns of Solitary Birds

In birds and many other animals, there are large interspecific differences in the magnitude of annual variation in population size. Using time-series data on populations of solitary bird species, we found that fluctuations in population size of solitary birds were affected by the deterministic characteristics of the population dynamics as well as the stochastic factors. In species with highly variable populations, annual variation in recruitment was positively related to the return rate of adults between successive breeding seasons. In stable populations, more recruits were found in years with low return rates of breeding adults. This identifies a gradient, associated with the position of the species along a “slow-fast” continuum of life history variation, from highly variable populations with a recruitment-driven demography to stable, strongly density-regulated populations with a survival-restricted demography. These results suggest that patterns in avian population fluctuations can be predicted from a knowledge of life-history characteristics and/or temporal variation in certain demographic traits.
PROVING CORRECTNESS OF REFINEMENT AND IMPLEMENTATION hy

The notions of state and observable behaviour are fundamental to many areas of computer scjpnce. Hidden sorted algebra, an extension of many sorted al~bra. captures these notions through hidden sorts and the behavioural satisfaction of equations. This makes it a powerful formalisation of abstract machines, and many results suggest that it is also suitable for the semanticl:i of the object paradigm. Another extension of many sorted algebra, namely order sorted algebra, hM proved useful in system specification and prototyping because of the way it handles subtypes and errors. The combination of these two algebraic approaches, hidden order sorted algebra, has also heen proposed as a foundation for object paradigm. and has mnch promise as a foundation for Software Engineering. This paper extends recent work on hidden order sorted algebra by investigat.ing: tbe re­ finement and implementation of bidden order sort.ed specificatious. We present definitions of rpfint'ment and implementatiou for such sppcifications, and tl'{:hniques for proving tbat one specification refines or implements another. It is important that the notions of relinement and implementation be tractable, in the sense that there are efficient techniques for proving their correctnpss. The proof techniques given in this paper lead, we believe, to correctness proofs that are much simpler than others in the literature. \Ve found that proving refinement is an effective way to prove implementation correctness. Some examples are given. AllY foundation for the spmantks of programming should also support modular specifi­ cations. The 'institutions' developed hy Goguen and Bllrstall are useful for this purpose. Institutions formalise the notion of logical system, and provide an encapsulation property for specifications: when oue specification is imported into another, properties that hold of that specification in isolation remain true in its uew context. An important technical r€Sult of this paper is that hidden order sorted algebra forms au institution, and therefore supports the modular specification of systems of objects. The paper also includes an exposition of hidden order sorted algebra, and brief introductions to many sorted algebra, order sorted algebra, and institutions.
ActionGSR: A Combination Galvanic Skin Response-Accelerometer for Physiological Measurements in Active Environments

The galvanic skin response (GSR), also known as elec- trodermal response, measures changes in electrical resistance across two regions of the skin. Galvanic skin response can measure arousal levels in children with autism; however, the GSR signal may be overwhelmed by the vigorous movements of the children. This paper introduces ActionGSR, a wireless sensor capable of measuring both GSR and acceleration simultaneously in an attempt to dis ambiguate valid GSR signals from motion artifacts.
Beech Fructification and Bank Vole Population Dynamics - Combined Analyses of Promoters of Human Puumala Virus Infections in Germany

The transmission of wildlife zoonoses to humans depends, amongst others, on complex interactions of host population ecology and pathogen dynamics within host populations. In Europe, the Puumala virus (PUUV) causes nephropathia epidemica in humans. In this study we investigated complex interrelations within the epidemic system of PUUV and its rodent host, the bank vole (Myodes glareolus). We suggest that beech fructification and bank vole abundance are both decisive factors affecting human PUUV infections. While rodent host dynamics are expected to be directly linked to human PUUV infections, beech fructification is a rather indirect predictor by serving as food source for PUUV rodent hosts. Furthermore, we examined the dependence of bank vole abundance on beech fructification. We analysed a 12-year (2001-2012) time series of the parameters: beech fructification (as food resource for the PUUV host), bank vole abundance and human incidences from 7 Federal States of Germany. For the first time, we could show the direct interrelation between these three parameters involved in human PUUV epidemics and we were able to demonstrate on a large scale that human PUUV infections are highly correlated with bank vole abundance in the present year, as well as beech fructification in the previous year. By using beech fructification and bank vole abundance as predictors in one model we significantly improved the degree of explanation of human PUUV incidence. Federal State was included as random factor because human PUUV incidence varies considerably among states. Surprisingly, the effect of rodent abundance on human PUUV infections is less strong compared to the indirect effect of beech fructification. Our findings are useful to facilitate the development of predictive models for host population dynamics and the related PUUV infection risk for humans and can be used for plant protection and human health protection purposes.
Call invariants : An approach to the frame problem for procedure calls

The problem of preserving unmodified facts across a statement is often referred to as the frame problem in program verification. The problem manifests most often while reasoning about procedure calls, because of scoping and modification of possibly unbounded set of heap locations. Existing approaches to deal with the frame problem are either too imprecise, require specialized extension to the assertion logic or require introducing untrusted assumptions in the verifier. In this work, we propose a frame rule for arbitrary statements, without requiring specialized assertion logic. We show how to exploit this frame rule for procedure calls to deal with scoping. We also provide a new annotation called call invariants that allows the user to specify the frame when dealing with unbounded updates in a call. Our approach allows us to leverage existing techniques for reasoning about call-free programs to precisely reason about programs with procedure calls. We have implemented the approach and applied it to the verification of examples containing dynamic memory allocations, linked lists, and arrays. We observe that most call invariants have a fairly simple shape and discuss ways to reduce the annotation overhead.
SPECIAL ISSUES IN JUVENILE JUSTICE

From the original juvenile court founded in Cook County, Illinois, to current juvenile court systems across the United States, the philosophy of juvenile justice has reflected society’s predominant views on youth and adolescence. The first juvenile courts developed during the industrial revolution when social reformers were concerned about the dangers children faced in the workplace. In the early 1900s, compulsory education was promoted as a mechanism to improve the status of poor and immigrant children as well as a tool of social control (Steinberg, 2002). G. Stanley Hall had defined the boundaries of adolescence and described the ensuing “storm and stress” as a universal experience of all youth. Under the doctrine of parens patriae, juvenile court systems were developed with the primary goal of rehabilitating wayward youth.
Anomaly detection through outlier and neighborhood data in Wireless Sensor Networks

Anomaly detection through finding outlier measurements is an important issue for monitoring application using a large databases gathered by Wireless Sensor Network (WSN) like medicine and military. In this paper, we evaluate a detection of outliers based on the distance between the current measurement and its neighbors. Our detailed evaluation supports a synthetic database generated with random values inserted into a real database from Intel Berkeley lab. In each round test, we increment the size of the learning window in order to have more outliers measurements. The study of results highlights the importance of accuracy of detection that its average is 89%. Moreover, the detector provides a low false alarm rate with an average of 10% and a sufficient detection rate that can reach 100%.
User's manual operation for vectors in interactive differential evolution for optimizing fragrance composition

Fragrance is one of important media types that have effect on human psycho-physiological states. Using fragrance suited to each user's preference and feelings seems important, however, adjustment of fragrance composition is difficult for most of users. Interactive Evolutionary Computation (IEC) is known as an effective approach optimizing media contents, and IECs for optimizing fragrance composition have been proposed. To enhance the optimization ability of IEC, the author proposed an IEC optimizing fragrance composition with user's operation by referring to previous IECs that accept user's active intervention as operations on solution candidate. In the proposed IEC, Tabu Search was employed as evolutionary algorithm. Based on these previous IEC studies, this study proposes a new IEC for optimizing fragrance composition with user's manual operation. Differential Evolution (DE) was employed as evolutionary algorithm. DE's vector was corresponded to values of intensity of aroma sources. To construct a system based on the proposed method, paired comparison based Interactive Differential Evolution (IDE) was employed. While the user just evaluates the presented fragrances with paired comparison in the conventional IDE, the user not only evaluates the fragrance but also operates the composition of selected fragrance of DE's vector.
Nutrient release rates and ratios by two stream detritivores fed leaf litter grown under elevated atmospheric CO 2

We examined how nutrient release by two common stream detritivores, Asellus and Gammarus, was affected by the consumption of aspen leaf litter from trees grown under elevated CO 2 . We measured excretory release of dissolved organic carbon (DOC), ammonia (NH 4 ), and soluble reactive phosphorus (SRP) from consumers fed senesced leaves of Populus tremuloides (trembling aspen) trees grown under elevated (720 ppm) and ambient (360 ppm) CO 2 . Contrary to predictions based on ecological stoichiometry, elevated CO 2 leaves caused greater NH 4 and SRP release from both animals but did not affect the release of DOC. Elevated CO 2 leaves reduced DOC: NH 4 and DOC: SRP ratios released from Asellus but did not affect these ratios from Gammarus. Both animals showed lower NH 4 : SRP release ratios after eating elevated CO 2 leaves. A mass balance model of consumer N and P release demonstrated that increased excretion rates likely resulted from reduced absorption efficiencies (and unchanged or higher digestive efficiencies) in these aquatic detritivores. Our results indicate that changes in leaf biochemistry resulting from elevated atmospheric CO 2 will strongly affect the ability of stream consumers to retain important biogenic elements. Increased release rates of NH 4 and SRP are another indication, along with reduced growth and reproduction, that litter produced under elevated CO 2 has strong effects on key physiological processes in detritivores with potentially strong consequences for nutrient cycling in streams of forested regions.
Evaluation of Toxicological Effects of an Aqueous Extract of Shells from the Pecan Nut Carya illinoinensis (Wangenh.) K. Koch and the Possible Association with Its Inorganic Constituents and Major Phenolic Compounds

Background. Industrial processing of the pecan nut Carya illinoinensis K. Koch generated a large amount of shells, which have been used to prepare nutritional supplements and medicinal products; however, the safe use of shells requires assessment. This study evaluated the toxic, genotoxic, and mutagenic effects of pecan shell aqueous extract (PSAE) and the possible contribution of phenolic compounds, ellagic and gallic acids, and inorganic elements present in PSAE to induce toxicity. Results. Levels of inorganic elements like K, P, Cl, and Rb quantified using the Particle-Induced X-Ray Emission method were higher in PSAE than in pecan shells, while Mg and Mn levels were higher in shells. Mice showed neurobehavioral toxicity when given high PSAE doses (200–2,000 mg kg−1). The LD50 was 1,166.3 mg kg−1. However, PSAE (50–200 mg·kg−1) and the phenolic compounds (10–100 mg·kg−1) did not induce DNA damage or mutagenicity evaluated using the comet assay and micronucleus test. Treatment with ellagic acid (10–100 mg·kg−1) decreased triglyceride and glucose levels, while treatments with PSAE and gallic acid had no effect. Conclusion. Pecan shell toxicity might be associated with high concentrations of inorganic elements such as Mn, Al, Cu, and Fe acting on the central nervous system, besides phytochemical components, suggesting that the definition of the safe dose should take into account the consumption of micronutrients.
Comparing collaborative and independent search in a recall-oriented task

Search interfaces are mainly designed to support a single searcher at a time. We therefore have a limited understanding of how an interface can support search where more than one searcher concurrently pursues a shared information need. This paper investigated the performance and user behaviour of concurrent search. Based on a recall-oriented search task, a user study was carried out to compare an independent search condition to collaborative search conditions. The results show that the collaborative conditions helped searchers diversify search vocabulary while reducing redundant documents to be bookmarked within teams. However, these effects were found to be insufficient to improve the retrieval effectiveness. We discussed the implications for concurrent search support based on our findings.