Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Cloning and regulation of expression of the rat kidney urea transporter (rUT2).

In mammals, urea is the predominant end-product of nitrogen metabolism and plays a central role in the urinary-concentrating mechanism. Urea accumulation in the renal medulla is critical to the ability of the kidney to concentrate urine to an osmolality greater than systemic plasma. Regulation of urea excretion and accumulation in the renal medulla depends on the functional state of specialized phloretin-sensitive urea transporters. To study these transporters and their regulation of expression we isolated a cDNA which encodes the rat homologue (rUT2) of rabbit UT2 (You, G., C.P. Smith, Y. Kanai, W.-S. Lee, M. Stelzner, and M.A. Hediger, et al. Nature (Lond.). 1993. 365:844-847). Rat UT2 has 88% amino acid sequence identity to rabbit UT2 and 64% identity to the recently cloned human erythrocyte urea transporter, HUT11 (Olives, B., P. Neav, P. Bailly, M.A. Hediger, G. Rousselet, J.P. Cartron, and P. Ripoch J. Biol. Chem. 1994. 269:31649-31652). Analysis of rat kidney mRNA revealed two transcripts of size 2.9 and 4.0 kb which had spatially distinct distributions. Northern analysis and in situ hybridization showed that the 4.0-kb transcript was primarily responsive to changes in the protein content of the diet whereas the 2.9-kb transcript was responsive to changes in the hydration state of the animal. These studies reveal that the expression levels of the two rUT2 transcripts are modulated by different pathways to allow fluid and nitrogen balance to be regulated independently. Our data provide important insights into the regulation of the renal urea transporter UT2 and provide a basis on which to refine our understanding of the urinary concentrating mechanism and its regulation.
A survey of unicast routing protocols basedgreedy forwarding strategies for vehicular ad-hoc networks in urban scenario

A vehicular ad hoc network (VANET) is a new technology that allows vehicles to form a self-organized network without reliance on permanent infrastructure. The characteristics of VANET such as rapid topology changes, high mobility, and frequent link disconnections makes it difficult to design an efficient routing protocol for routing data among vehicle to vehicle communication (V2V). Existing greedy routing protocols for VANET are not efficient to meet every traffic scenario such as low traffic densities. There are large numbers of surveys that have studied different greedy routing protocol categories. We select a limited, but representative number of these surveys to be reviewed in our work. This survey intends to provide a comprehensive review of these categories of greedy routing protocols. In this paper we provide a survey of greedy routing protocols for a vehicular ad-hoc network, and present a timeline of the development of existing greedy routing protocols. We discuss the advantages and disadvantages of these routing protocols and define some current issues and possible directions of future research related to using greedy routing protocols. Finally, we investigate and compare several greedy algorithms designed for urban VANET. A qualitative comparison of these approaches can serve as a guideline for network designers to choose appropriate greedy routing protocols to meet network application objectives.
Frequency impact on the bistatic radar scattering from an ocean surface

In this paper we study the frequency impact on the normalized bistatic cross section (NBCS) of the sea surface. Numerical simulations are presented and analyzed in the frequency range from 1 to 14 GHz (L- to Ku-band). We treat this problem with the unifying scattering model denoted small slope approximation (SSA). The computations were made assuming the surface-height spectrum of Elfouhaily et al. for fully developed seas. Numerical results are obtained and discussed in both forward and fully bistatic configurations for different sea states and polarizations.
Changes in Human Cerebral Blood Flow and Cerebral Blood Volume during Hypercapnia and Hypocapnia Measured by Positron Emission Tomography

Hypercapnia induces cerebral vasodilation and increases cerebral blood flow (CBF), and hypocapnia induces cerebral vasoconstriction and decreases CBF. The relation between changes in CBF and cerebral blood volume (CBV) during hypercapnia and hypocapnia in humans, however, is not clear. Both CBF and CBV were measured at rest and during hypercapnia and hypocapnia in nine healthy subjects by positron emission tomography. The vascular responses to hypercapnia in terms of CBF and CBV were 6.0 ± 2.6%/mm Hg and 1.8 ± 1.3%/mm Hg, respectively, and those to hypocapnia were −3.5 ± 0.6%/mm Hg and −1.3 ± 1.0%/mm Hg, respectively. The relation between CBF and CBV was CBV = 1.09 CBF0.29. The increase in CBF was greater than that in CBV during hypercapnia, indicating an increase in vascular blood velocity. The degree of decrease in CBF during hypocapnia was greater than that in CBV, indicating a decrease in vascular blood velocity. The relation between changes in CBF and CBV during hypercapnia was similar to that during neural activation; however, the relation during hypocapnia was different from that during neural deactivation observed in crossed cerebellar diaschisis. This suggests that augmentation of CBF and CBV might be governed by a similar microcirculatory mechanism between neural activation and hypercapnia, but diminution of CBF and CBV might be governed by a different mechanism between neural deactivation and hypocapnia.
4th international workshop on adoption-centric software engineering

The ACSE series of events aims to advance the adoption of software engineering tools and techniques by bringing together researchers and practitioners who investigate novel approaches to fostering the transition between limited-use research prototypes and broadly applicable practical solutions. One proven technique to aid adoption is to leverage existing commercial platforms and infrastructure. The key objective of ACSE 2004 is to explore innovative approaches to the adoption of proofof- concept systems by embedding them in extensions of Commercial Off-The-Shelf (COTS) products and/or using middleware technologies to integrate the prototypes into existing toolsets.
Interactional empowerment

We propose that an interactional perspective on how emotion is constructed, shared and experienced, may be a good basis for designing affective interactional systems that do not infringe on privacy or autonomy, but instead empowers users. An interactional design perspective may make use of design elements such as open-ended, ambiguous, yet familiar, interaction surfaces that users can use as a basis to make sense of their own emotions and their communication with one-another. We describe the interactional view on design for emotional communication, and provide a set of orienting design concepts and methods for design and evaluation that help translate the interactional view into viable applications. From an embodied interaction theory perspective, we argue for a non-dualistic, non-reductionist view on affective interaction design.
The Difference between English and Math High School Teachers' Attitudes and Perceptions toward the Inclusion of English Language Learner Students

Within the last 10 years, the United States experienced an influx of non-English speaking students, which challenged teachers, administrators, and other educational stakeholders on how to successfully accommodate these English Language Learners (ELL). This causal-comparative study examined the attitudes and perceptions of secondary English and math teachers in relation to ELL inclusion. Specifically, the study presented the main question of whether there is a difference between English and math teachers’ attitudes and perceptions toward the inclusion of ELLs. Teacher attitudes have been found to play a role in determining student academic achievement; therefore, assessing teacher attitudes toward ELLs could be a factor in determining how best to educate ELLs. The convenience sample of 122 teachers was comprised of secondary English and math teachers in a northeast Alabama school district. A 40-question survey determined teacher attitudes toward ELL inclusion and was adapted from a previous study that focused on mainstream teacher attitudes. The survey was administered to and collected from participants electronically. The survey was scored utilizing a four-point Likert scale collecting an average score for each item. Data analysis was conducted using SPSS® software, in which a t-test analyzed and determined the difference of means between teacher attitudes. The research concluded that the vast majority of English and math teachers had positive attitudes regarding ELL inclusion; however, English teachers were found to have slightly negative attitudes regarding inclusion and perceptions of language and language learning. Recommendations for future research include implementation of teacher education programs to focus coursework on ELL students and ELL inclusion, as well as more professional development opportunities regarding ELL students.
Key Management in Wireless Sensor Networks Using a Modified Blom Scheme

Key establishment between any pair of nodes is an essential requirement for providing secure services in wireless sensor networks. Blom's scheme is a prominent key management scheme but its shortcomings include large computation overhead and memory cost. We propose a new scheme in this paper that modifies Blom's scheme in a manner that reduces memory and computation costs. This paper also provides the value for secure parameter t such that the network is resilient.
Eyeblink Conditioning Contingent upon Hippocampal Theta Enhances Hippocampal and Medial 1 Prefrontal Responses 2 3 Theta-triggered Hippocampal and Medial Prefrontal Responses 2

1 prefrontal responses 2 3 Ryan D. Darling 4 Kanako Takatsuki 5 Amy L. Griffin 6 Stephen D. Berry 7 8 a. Department of Psychology and Center for Neuroscience, Miami University, Oxford, OH 9 45056 10 b. Laboratory of Neurobiophysics, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of 11 Tokyo, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan 12 c. Department of Psychology, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware 19716 13 14 *Corresponding Author: 15 Stephen D. Berry 16 Miami University 17 216 Department of Psychology 18 Oxford, OH 45056 19 Phone 513-529-6941 20 Fax 513-529-2420 21 berrysd@muohio.edu 22 23 24 Running Head: Theta-triggered hippocampal and medial prefrontal responses 25 26 27 Abbreviations: tEBCC, trace eyeblink classical conditioning; LFP, local field potential; mPFC, 28 medial prefrontal cortex; CS, conditioned stimulus; US, unconditioned stimulus; CR, 29 conditioned response; ACC, anterior cingulate cortex; LPN, lateral pontine nuclei; EP, evoked 30 potential 31 32 33 Articles in PresS. J Neurophysiol (February 23, 2011). doi:10.1152/jn.00801. 2010
Competitive Decomposition of Input Space in a Competitive Modular Multinet System

A competitive modular multinet structure is introduced as a local learning framework. Here, there is not a control switching mechanism between modules. Instead, the modules are encouraged to specialize in sub-regions of feature space competitively. In my decomposition scheme, the sub-regions are created, developed, shrunk or vanished during learning process, based on an interaction in a pool of networks. Just after specialization of networks in certain sub-regions, a selector is trained to learn the mapping between sub-regions and experts, which helps the multinet system to be used over test set. In my model, there is a balance between quantity as well as learning capacity of networks and complexity of feature space. Furthermore, task simplification and decision-making efficiency are both achieved. I also show that my model benefits from a smooth transition in the boundary of neighbor experts that improves the performance at boundary patterns. The proposed method is used for a regression toy problem as well as a Persian handwritten digit recognition task. The results of a comparative study reveal the superior performance-to-cost ratio of the proposed method.
Churn, Baby, Churn: Strategic Dynamics Among Dominant and Fringe Firms in a Segmented Industry

This paper integrates and extends the literatures on industry evolution and dominant firms to develop a dynamic theory of dominant and fringe competitive interaction in a segmented industry. It argues that a dominant firm, seeing contraction of growth in its current segment(s), enters new segments in which it can exploit its technological strengths, but that are sufficiently distant to avoid cannibalization. The dominant firm acts as a low-cost Stackelberg leader, driving down prices and triggering a sales takeoff in the new segment. We identify a “churn” effect associated with dominant firm entry: fringe firms that precede the dominant firm into the segment tend to exit the segment, while new fringe firms enter, causing a net increase in the number of firms in the segment. As the segment matures and sales decline in the segment, the process repeats itself. We examine the predictions of the theory with a study of price, quantity, entry, and exit across 24 product classes in the desktop laser printer industry from 1984 to 1996. Using descriptive statistics, hazard rate models, and panel data methods, we find empirical support for the theoretical predictions.
Research on the Informatization of Shipbuilding Industry Based on the Investigation on Wuchang Shipyard

Information construction is a revolution of business management. It has a realistic and profound significance for promoting enterprise management modernization, building a modern enterprise system, enhancing market competitiveness and increasing economic benefits. Taking Wuchang (of China) Shipyard as an example, this paper describes the organization system and training system of shipbuilding informatization, issues concerning key link informatization, and discusses the performance of informatization, promotes the informatization of the shipbuilding industry to provide reference information. Finally, through analysis of problems in the process of informatization, put forward proposals to promote shipbuilding information construction. The authors
Asymmetrical Support Vector Machine Based on Moving Optimal Separating Hyperplane

Aiming at the problem about classifying two samples, support vector machine (SVM) put forward by Vapnik didn't think over the difference of two classes of classification error, so a new method, asymmetrical support vector machine (A-SVM), is given. The optimal separating hyperplane was deviated from the optimal support hyperplane of some kind of sample set by parallel moving the optimal separating hyperplane, and then this kind of sample set could be recognized with higher accurate ratio. Example result shows that A-SVM is similar to SVM for the total recognizing performance of both learning and testing. However, A-SVM is better than SVM when separating the kind of sample set
Effects of Using Simultaneous Prompting and Computer-Assisted Instruction During Small Group Instruction

The current study investigated the relation between simultaneous prompting (SP), computer-assisted instruction (CAI), and the receptive identification of target pictures (presented on laptop computer) for four preschool students with developmental disabilities. The students’ acquisition of nontarget information through observational learning also was examined. A multiple probe design across target skills was used to evaluate the intervention. The students learned to receptively identify pictures of household items when SP and CAI were used together in small group instructional sessions. In addition, students maintained and generalized behaviors across adult implementers. Furthermore, students learned nontarget information. Finally, the social validity of the intervention was assessed by graduate students and all viewed the procedures positively.
Identification of cis-Acting RNA Leader Elements Required for Chloroplast psbD Gene Expression in Chlamydomonas

The psbD mRNA of Chlamydomonas reinhardtii is one of the most abundant chloroplast transcripts and encodes the photosystem II reaction center polypeptide D2. This RNA exists in two forms with 5′ untranslated regions of 74 and 47 nucleotides. The shorter form, which is associated with polysomes, is likely to result from processing of the larger RNA. Using site-directed mutagenesis and biolistic transformation, we have identified two major RNA stability determinants within the first 12 nucleotides at the 5′ end and near position −30 relative to the AUG initiation codon of psbD. Insertion of a polyguanosine tract at position −60 did not appreciably interfere with translation of psbD mRNA. The same poly(G) insertion in the nac2-26 mutant, which is known to be deficient in psbD mRNA accumulation, stabilized the psbD RNA. However, the shorter psbD RNA did not accumulate, and the other psbD RNAs were not translated. Two other elements were found to affect translation but not RNA stability. The first comprises a highly U-rich sequence (positions −20 to −15), and the second, called PRB1 (positions −14 to −11), is complementary to the 3′ end of the 16S rRNA. Changing the PRB1 sequence from GGAG to AAAG had no detectable effect on psbD mRNA translation. However, changing this sequence to CCUC led to a fourfold diminished rate of D2 synthesis and accumulation. When the psbD initiation codon was changed to AUA or AUU, D2 synthesis was no longer detected, and psbD RNA accumulated to wild-type levels. The singular organization of the psbD 5′ untranslated region could play an important role in the control of initiation of psbD mRNA translation.
On the Visualization of Honeypot Data through Projection Techniques

A crucial aspect in network monitoring for security purposes is the visual inspection of traffic patterns, which chiefly provides the network manager with a synthetic and intuitive representation of the current situation. In keeping with this idea, neural projection techniques can adaptively map highdimensional data into a low-dimensional space, for the userfriendly visualization of data collected by different security tools. Different projection methods for the visual inspection of honeypot data are applied in this study, which may be seen as a complementary network security tool that sheds light on internal data structures through visual inspection. Empirical verification of the proposed projection methods was performed in an experimental domain where 1-month data sets were captured and stored for analysis. Experiments showed that whereas an Intrusion Detection System may only identify a low percentage of the malicious traffic, a deeper understanding of attack patterns could easily be gained by means of visual inspections. On the Visualization of Honeypot Data through Projection Techniques
Reexpression of Myogenic Proteins in Mature Electric Organ after Removal of Neural Input

The electric organ (EO) of the weakly electric fishSternopygus macrurus derives from striated myofibers that fuse and suppress many muscle properties. Mature electrocytes are larger than muscle fibers, do not contain sarcomeres, or express myosin heavy chain (MHC) or tropomyosin. Furthermore, electrocytes express keratin, a protein not expressed in muscle. In S. macrurus the EO is driven continuously at frequencies higher than those of the intermittently active skeletal muscle. The extent to which differences in EO and muscle phenotype are accounted for by activity patterns, or innervation per se, was determined by assessing the expression of MHC, tropomyosin, and keratin 2 and 5 weeks after the elimination of (1) activity patterns by spinal transection or (2) all synaptic input by denervation. Immunohistochemical analyses showed no changes in muscle fiber phenotypes after either experimental treatment. In contrast, the keratin-positive electrocytes revealed an upregulation of MHC and tropomyosin. Nearly one-third of all electrocytes expressed MHC (35%) and tropomyosin (25%) 2 weeks after spinal transection, whereas approximately two-thirds (61%) expressed MHC 2 weeks after denervation. After 5 weeks of denervation or spinal transection, all electrocytes contained MHC and tropomyosin. Newly formed sarcomere clusters also were observed in denervated electrocytes. The MHC expressed in electrocytes corresponded to that present in a select population of muscle fibers, i.e., type II fibers. Thus, the elimination of electrical activity or all synaptic input resulted in a partial reversal of the electrocyte phenotype to an earlier developmental stage of its myogenic lineage.
CHAPTER 11 CIE COLOUR APPEARANCE MODELS AND ASSOCIATED COLOUR SPACES

In 1931, the Commission Internationale de l’Eclairage (CIE) recommended a colour specification system. After various additions over the years it now includes a series of colorimetric measures such as the tristimulus values ( XYZ ), chromaticity coordinates, dominant wavelength, and excitation purity for colour specification and colour matching, CIELAB and CIELUV colour spaces for presenting colour relationships, and CIELAB, CIELUV, and more recently the CIEDE2000 formulae, for evaluating colour differences (see chapters 3 and 4).
Attribute‐oriented fuzzy generalization in proximity‐ and similarity‐based relational database systems

In this article we investigate an attribute‐oriented induction approach for acquisition of abstract knowledge from data stored in a fuzzy database environment. We utilize a proximity‐based fuzzy database schema as the medium carrying the original information, where lack of precise information about an entity can be reflected via multiple attribute values, and the classical equivalence relation is replaced with the broader fuzzy proximity relation. We analyze in detail the process of attribute‐oriented induction by concept hierarchies, utilizing the original properties of fuzzy databases to support this established data mining technique. In our approach we take full advantage of the implicit knowledge about the similarity of original attribute values, included by default in the investigated fuzzy database schemas. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Int Syst 22: 763–779, 2007.
Decoupling contention management from scheduling

Many parallel applications exhibit unpredictable communication between threads, leading to contention for shared objects. The choice of contention management strategy impacts strongly the performance and scalability of these applications: spinning provides maximum performance but wastes significant processor resources, while blocking-based approaches conserve processor resources but introduce high overheads on the critical path of computation. Under situations of high or changing load, the operating system complicates matters further with arbitrary scheduling decisions which often preempt lock holders, leading to long serialization delays until the preempted thread resumes execution. We observe that contention management is orthogonal to the problems of scheduling and load management and propose to decouple them so each may be solved independently and effectively. To this end, we propose a load control mechanism which manages the number of active threads in the system separately from any contention which may exist. By isolating contention management from damaging interactions with the OS scheduler, we combine the efficiency of spinning with the robustness of blocking. The proposed load control mechanism results in stable, high performance for both lightly and heavily loaded systems, requires no special privileges or modifications at the OS level, and can be implemented as a library which benefits existing code.