Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Combination of Tense and Modality *

Richmond Thomason’s article Combinations of tense and modality provides the first clear exposition of T × W semantics. A T × W frame is defined in terms of a set T of times, a set W of worlds, a linear order < on T , and a set {≈t: t ∈ T} of equivalence relations on W. A T × W structure is defined by specifying a valuation on the frame that assigns truth-values to formulas relative to time-world pairs. Thus, a formula α turns out true or false at any pair (t, w), where t ∈ T and w ∈ W. The temporal operators behave as in linear tense logic. For example, Fα is true at (t, w) if and only if α is true at (tʹ, w) for some tʹ such that t < tʹ. In addition, a modal operator □ is defined in such a way that □α holds at (t, w) when α holds at (t, wʹ) for all wʹ such that w ≈t wʹ. 1 Thomasonʹs exposition is accompanied by some comments that are far from enthusiastic. About the systems based on T × W semantics, Thomason says that they “do not seem particularly interesting from a philosophical point of view”. According to him, the only interesting case is that in which the set {≈t: t ∈ T} is so defined that for any t, tʹ, if w ≈t wʹ and tʹ < t then w ≈tʹ wʹ. For in that case the relation ≈t obtains between w and wʹ when w and wʹ “share the same past up to and including tʹʹ. This way □ expresses historical necessity, the property that is usually indicated by words such as ‘settled’ or ‘inevitable’ . Moreover, not even in that case Thomason is satisfied with T × W semantics. He finds more congenial tree-like semantics, where a frame is defined in terms of a set T of times and a nonlinear order < on T that branches forward, that is, such that it may happen for distinct t, tʹ, tʹʹ ∈ T that t < tʹ and t < tʹʹ but neither tʹ < tʹʹ nor tʹʹ < tʹ. Thomason says “I like to think of possible worlds as overlapping, so that the same moment may have alternative futures”. And again: “Intuitions may differ, but to me the natural notion is that of a possible future -not that of a possible course of events” . Tomasonʹs attitude towards T × W semantics is largely shared. Although some technical work has been done to investigate the properties of systems based on T × W structures, in the current debate on time T × W semantics is either ignored or treated with nonchalanche. Tree-
QSO clustering and the AAT 2dF QSO Redshift Survey

We review the latest results on large–scale structure based on observations of QSO clustering. We also present initial results from the 2dF QSO redshift survey. This survey currently contains over 1200 QSOs and, when complete, will comprise almost 30,000 QSOs. The 2dF QSO redshift survey will be used to provide new information on the nature and evolution of LSS over scales of 10 to 1000 Mpc.
A Language-Based Approach to Protocol Stack Implementation in Embedded Systems

Network software is typically organized according toa layered architecture that is well understood. However, writingcorrect and efficient code that conforms with the architecture stillremains a problem. To overcome this problem we propose to usea domain specific language based approach. The architecturalconstraints are captured in a domain specific notation that can beused as a source for automatic program generation. Conformancewith the architecture is thus assured by construction. Knowledgefrom the domain allows us to generate efficient code. In addition,this approach enforces reuse of both code and designs, one ofthe major concerns in software architecture. In this paper, weillustrate our approach with PADDLE, a tool that generates packetprocessing code from packet descriptions. To describe packets weuse a domain specific language of dependent types that includespacket overlays. From the description we generate C librariesfor packet processing that are easy to integrate with other partsof the code. We include an evaluation of our tool.
X-Ray-emitting Ejecta in Puppis A Observed with Suzaku

We report the detection and localization of X-ray-emitting ejecta in the middle-aged Galactic supernova remnant Puppis A using five observations with the Suzaku X-Ray Imaging Spectrometer to survey the eastern and middle portions of the remnant. A roughly 3′ × 5′, double-peaked region in the north center is found to be highly enriched in Si and other elements relative to the rest of the remnant. The X-ray-fitted abundances are otherwise well below the solar values. While the ejecta-enhanced regions show some variation of relative element abundances, there is little evidence for a very strong enhancement of one element over the others in the imaged portion of the remnant, except possibly for a region of O and Ne enhancement in the remnant’s south center. There is no general spatial correlation between the compact [O III]-emitting ejecta knots seen optically and the abundance enhancements seen in X-rays, although they are located in the same vicinity. The map of fitted column density shows strong variations across the remnant that echo earlier X-ray spectral hardness maps. The ionization age (as fitted for single-temperature models) is sharply higher in a ridge behind the northeast-east boundary of the remnant, and is probably related to the strong molecular cloud interaction along that boundary. The temperature map, by comparison, shows relatively weak variations.
Herpesvirus hominis Infection in Patients with Myeloproliferative and Lymphoproliferative Disorders

Infection with Herpesvirus hominis, often associated with oral ulceration, was found to be more frequent in patients with myeloproliferative and lymphoproliferative disorders than in normal populations or patients with other diseases. This increased frequency was not associated with any deficiency of the humoral antibody response, suggesting a possible impairment of cell-mediated immunity. The otherwise untreatable oral lesions appeared to respond effectively to local irradiation.
Automatic recognition of lung lobes and fissures from multislice CT images

Computer-aided diagnosis (CAD) has been expected to help radiologists to improve the accuracy of abnormality detection and reduce the burden during CT image interpretations. In order to realize such functions, automated segmentations of the target organ regions are always required by CAD systems. This paper describes a fully automatic processing procedure, which is designed to identify inter-lobe fissures and divide lung into five lobe regions. The lung fissures are disappeared very fuzzy and indefinite in CT images, so that it is very difficult to extract fissures directly based on its CT values. We propose a method to solve this problem using the anatomy knowledge of human lung. We extract lung region firstly and then recognize the structures of lung vessels and bronchus. Based on anatomy knowledge, we classify the vessels and bronchus on a lobe-by-lobe basis and estimate the boundary of each lobe region as the initial fissure locations. Within those locations, we extract lung fissures precisely based on an edge detection method and divide lung regions into five lung lobes lastly. The performance of the proposed method was evaluated using 9 patient cases of high-resolution multi-slice chest CT images; the improvement has been confirmed with the reliable recognition results.
Cardiorespiratory fitness and vigorous leisure-time physical activity modify the association of small size at birth with the metabolic syndrome.

OBJECTIVE Small size at birth has been associated with components of the metabolic syndrome, but little is known about the association with the metabolic syndrome itself or whether leisure-time physical activity (LTPA) and cardiorespiratory fitness modify that association. We studied the association of size at birth with the metabolic syndrome. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS Birth weight and length, the metabolic syndrome (World Health Organization criteria), LTPA over the previous 12 months, and VO(2max) were assessed in 462 nondiabetic middle-aged Finnish men who were part of a population-based cohort study. RESULTS Men with a ponderal index (kg/m(3)) at birth in the lower third had higher fasting insulin and glucose levels than men in the upper third in age-adjusted analyses and were at least twofold more likely to have the metabolic syndrome, even in men without cardiovascular disease. Adjustment for childhood or adult socioeconomic status or adult BMI did not attenuate the association. Thinness at birth was even more clearly associated with hyperinsulinemia and the metabolic syndrome in men engaging in <25 min/wk of vigorous LTPA and in men with a VO(2max) <28.6 ml x kg(-1) x min(-1) or <2.44 l/min. In active and fit men, however, the association was absent. CONCLUSIONS Small size at birth was associated with the metabolic syndrome in middle-aged men already before development of diabetes or cardiovascular disease. Thinness at birth may carry with it lifelong metabolic consequences, but regular strenuous physical activity and maintenance of cardiorespiratory fitness may alleviate or eliminate those consequences.
Robust control of a humanoid robot using a bio-inspired approach based on central pattern generators, reflexes, and proprioceptive feedback

This paper presents a biologically inspired control approach for the locomotion of humanoid robots based on a central pattern generator concept with additional balancing behavior which was tested on BIN-HUR, a modified Kondo KHR-1 robot equipped with a custom-made micro-controller board. The software concept is built up on a new behavior-based microkernel named Monster.
Malicious bots threaten network security

Viruses, worms, Trojan horses, and network intrusions are among the threats that security administrators worry about on a regular basis. However, there is a less familiar threat that many experts say could be just as dangerous: malicious bot software. A bot is a program that operates automatically as an agent for a user or another program. Hackers forward bots to victims by a number of means, and the software automatically infects vulnerable computers. The bots then wait for commands from a hacker, who can manipulate them and the infected systems without the user's knowledge. A hacker can install bots on multiple computers to set up botnets that they can use for massive distributed-denial-of-service (DDoS) attacks that overwhelm victimized systems' defenses. Botnets can also be used for mass spam mailings, installing key-logging software that can steal victims' passwords and data, and compromising computers to prepare them for infection by future viruses.
BMI, Health Behaviors, and Quality of Life in Children and Adolescents: A School-Based Study

OBJECTIVE: To explore the relationship between weight status (BMI) and health-related quality of life in children and adolescents through application of the Child Health Utility 9D, a new generic preference-based instrument. METHODS: Data were collected from primary and high school students in rural and metropolitan regions of South Australia. Consenting participants (2588 in grades 4–6 and 765 in grades 9–10) were weighed and measured and categorized as underweight, healthy weight, overweight, or obese according to International Obesity Taskforce BMI cutoff points (primary outcome). Participants also completed a questionnaire including the Child Health Utility 9D and standardized measures of physical activity, sedentary behavior, sleep patterns, and eating behavior (secondary outcomes). Descriptive and multivariate linear regression analyses were undertaken to calculate mean utility differences. RESULTS: In comparison with healthy-weight primary school students, adjusted mean utilities were lower for overweight (−0.016, P = .02) or obese (−0.039, P = .001) students. For high school students, the adjusted mean utilities were also lower for overweight and obese students but were nonsignificant (−0.018, P > .10). Physical activity, sedentary behavior, sleep patterns, and eating behavior were all found to be significantly associated with utilities. CONCLUSIONS: Irrespective of BMI, young people engaging in more physical activities or less sedentary behavior, and having healthier sleep patterns or eating behavior exhibited higher utilities. Associations between utilities and sleep patterns or eating behavior were stronger than the associations with BMI. Future economic evaluations for obesity interventions should more formally investigate the relationship between changes over time in weight status and health-related quality of life for children and adolescents.
On Graph Stream Clustering with Side Information

Graph clustering becomes an important problem due to emerging applications involving the web, social networks and bio-informatics. Recently, many such applications generate data in the form of streams. Clustering massive, dynamic graph streams is significantly challenging because of the complex structures of graphs and computational difficulties of continuous data. Meanwhile, a large volume of side information is associated with graphs, which can be of various types. The examples include the properties of users in social network activities, the meta attributes associated with web click graph streams and the location information in mobile communication networks. Such attributes contain extremely useful information and has the potential to improve the clustering process, but are neglected by most recent graph stream mining techniques. In this paper, we define a unified distance measure on both link structures and side attributes for clustering. In addition, we propose a novel optimization framework DMO, which can dynamically optimize the distance metric and make it adapt to the newly received stream data. We further introduce a carefully designed statistics SGS(C) which consume constant storage spaces with the progression of streams. We demonstrate that the statistics maintained are sufficient for the clustering process as well as the distance optimization and can be scalable to massive graphs with side attributes. We will present experiment results to show the advantages of the approach in graph stream clustering with both links and side information over the baselines.
The Modem Nation: A First Study on Twitch.TV Social Structure and Player/Game Relationships

With millions of users and intense interactions among them, Twitch.TV has become the largest online gaming community in history. So far there is not much research studying this new merging and prosperous online community. In this paper, we examine various entities, such as steamers and gaming franchises, in Twitch and how they interact with each other. Using Twitch's API services, we first collect data about Twitch entities and then use this data to answer two interesting questions: i) what game franchises attract similar audiences, and ii) how connected/segregated are different predominate subcultures of gamers. To capture the structural relationships, we classify game streamers into three types and develop two novel community visualization methods. These methods help to gain insight into the connectivity and trends of this online community. Our research uncovers valuable information on better understanding gaming communities.
Hydroxytyrosol Protects against Oxidative DNA Damage in Human Breast Cells

Over recent years, several studies have related olive oil ingestion to a low incidence of several diseases, including breast cancer. Hydroxytyrosol and tyrosol are two of the major phenols present in virgin olive oils. Despite the fact that they have been linked to cancer prevention, there is no evidence that clarifies their effect in human breast tumor and non-tumor cells. In the present work, we present hydroxytyrosol and tyrosol’s effects in human breast cell lines. Our results show that hydroxytyrosol acts as a more efficient free radical scavenger than tyrosol, but both fail to affect cell proliferation rates, cell cycle profile or cell apoptosis in human mammary epithelial cells (MCF10A) or breast cancer cells (MDA-MB-231 and MCF7). We found that hydroxytyrosol decreases the intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) level in MCF10A cells but not in MCF7 or MDA-MB-231 cells while very high amounts of tyrosol is needed to decrease the ROS level in MCF10A cells. Interestingly, hydroxytyrosol prevents oxidative DNA damage in the three breast cell lines. Therefore, our data suggest that simple phenol hydroxytyrosol could contribute to a lower incidence of breast cancer in populations that consume virgin olive oil due to its antioxidant activity and its protection against oxidative DNA damage in mammary cells.
Pragmatic Interpretation and Signaler-Receiver Asymmetries in Animal Communication

5 Abstract: Researchers have converged on the idea that a pragmatic understanding of 6 communication can shed important light on the evolution of language. Accordingly, 7 animal communication scientists have been keen to adopt insights from pragmatics 8 research. Some authors couple their appeal to pragmatic aspects of communication with 9 the claim that there are fundamental asymmetries between signalers and receivers in non10 human animals. For example, in the case of primate vocal calls, signalers are said to 11 produce signals unintentionally and mindlessly, whereas receivers are thought to engage 12 in contextual interpretation to derive the significance of signals. We argue that claims 13 about signaler-receiver asymmetries are often confused. This is partly because their 14 authors conflate two conceptions of pragmatics, which generate different accounts of the 15 explanatory target for accounts of the evolution of language. Here we distinguish these 16 conceptions, in order to help specify more precisely the proper explanatory target for 17 language evolution research. 18
Energy-spectral efficiency trade-off for a massive SU-MIMO system with transceiver power consumption

We consider a single user (SU) massive MIMO system with multiple antennas at the transmitter (base station) and a single antenna at the user terminal (UT). Taking transceiver power consumption into consideration, for a given spectral efficiency (SE) we maximize the energy efficiency (EE) as a function of the number of base station (BS) antennasM, resulting in a closed-form expression for the optimal SE-EE trade-off. It is observed that in contrast to the classical SE-EE trade-off (which considers only the radiated power), with transceiver power consumption taken into account, the EE increases with increasing SE when SE is sufficiently small. Further, for a fixed SE we analyze the impact of varying cell size (i.e., equivalently average channel gain Gc) on the optimal EE. We show the interesting result that for sufficiently small Gc, the optimal EE decreases as O(√Gc) with decreasing Gc. Our analysis also reveals that for sufficiently small SE (or large Gc), the EE is insensitive to the power amplifier efficiency.
Intermittent Hypoxia-Induced Spinal Inflammation Impairs Respiratory Motor Plasticity by a Spinal p38 MAP Kinase-Dependent Mechanism

Inflammation is characteristic of most clinical disorders that challenge the neural control of breathing. Since inflammation modulates neuroplasticity, we studied the impact of inflammation caused by prolonged intermittent hypoxia on an important form of respiratory plasticity, acute intermittent hypoxia (three, 5 min hypoxic episodes, 5 min normoxic intervals) induced phrenic long-term facilitation (pLTF). Because chronic intermittent hypoxia elicits neuroinflammation and pLTF is undermined by lipopolysaccharide-induced systemic inflammation, we hypothesized that one night of intermittent hypoxia (IH-1) elicits spinal inflammation, thereby impairing pLTF by a p38 MAP kinase-dependent mechanism. pLTF and spinal inflammation were assessed in anesthetized rats pretreated with IH-1 (2 min hypoxia, 2 min normoxia; 8 h) or sham normoxia and allowed 16 h for recovery. IH-1 (1) transiently increased IL-6 (1.5 ± 0.2-fold; p = 0.02) and inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) (2.4 ± 0.4-fold; p = 0.01) mRNA in cervical spinal homogenates, (2) elicited a sustained increase in IL-1β mRNA (2.4 ± 0.2-fold; p < 0.001) in isolated cervical spinal microglia, and (3) abolished pLTF (−1 ± 5% vs 56 ± 10% in controls; p < 0.001). pLTF was restored after IH-1 by systemic NSAID administration (ketoprofen; 55 ± 9%; p < 0.001) or spinal p38 MAP kinase inhibition (58 ± 2%; p < 0.001). IH-1 increased phosphorylated (activated) p38 MAP kinase immunofluorescence in identified phrenic motoneurons and adjacent microglia. In conclusion, IH-1 elicits spinal inflammation and impairs pLTF by a spinal p38 MAP kinase-dependent mechanism. By targeting inflammation, we may develop strategies to manipulate respiratory motor plasticity for therapeutic advantage when the respiratory control system is compromised (e.g., sleep apnea, apnea of prematurity, spinal injury, or motor neuron disease).
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1  Abstract—Compactness and efficiency are the two basic considerations of the wireless battery chargers for electric vehicles (EVs) and plug-in hybrid electric vehicles (PHEVs). The double-sided LCC compensation topology for wireless power transfer (WPT) has been proved to be one of the efficient solutions lately. However, with the increase of the numbers of compensation components, the volume of the system may become larger, which makes it less attractive. To improve the compactness, a bipolar coupler structure with a compensation-integrated feature is proposed. The inductors of the LCC compensation networks are designed as planar-type and attached to the power-transferring main coils. Extra space and magnetic cores for the compensated inductors outside of the coupler are saved. The cost is that extra couplings between the compensated coils (inductors) and the main coils are induced. To validate the feasibility, the proposed coupler is modeled and investigated by 3D finite-element analysis (FEA) tool first. The positioning of the compensated coils, the range of the extra couplings, and the tolerance to misalignment are studied. This is followed by the circuit modeling and characteristic analysis of the proposed WPT topology based on the fundamental harmonic approximation (FHA). At last, a 600mm*600mm with a nominal 150mm-gap wireless charger prototype, operated at a resonant frequency of 95 kHz and a rated power of 5.6kW has been built and tested. A peak efficiency of 95.36% from a DC power source to the battery load is achieved at rated operation condition.
Medial prefrontal cortex dopamine controls the persistent storage of aversive memories

Medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) is essential for initial memory processing and expression but its involvement in persistent memory storage has seldom been studied. Using the hippocampus dependent inhibitory avoidance learning task and the hippocampus-independent conditioned taste aversion paradigm together with specific dopamine receptor agonists and antagonists we found that persistence but not formation of long-term aversive memories requires dopamine D1/D5 receptors activation in mPFC immediately after training and, depending on the task, between 6 and 12 h later. Our results indicate that besides its well-known participation in retrieval and early consolidation, mPFC also modulates the endurance of long-lasting aversive memories regardless of whether formation of the aversive mnemonic trace requires the participation of the hippocampus.
Relationship between socioeconomic status and high school dropout retention plans

v List of Figures . viii Chapter 1: Introduction . 1 Need for Study . 1 Purpose . 2 Hypothesis. 2 Operational Definitions . 2 Socioeconomic Status . 2 Dropout . 2 Assumptions . 3 Limitations . 3 Chapter 2: Literature Review . 4 Socioeconomic Status Effect on Education . 4 Quality of Education’s Effect on Education Attainment . 11 Cost of Education Relation to Family Background . 12 School Accountability . 14 Social Aspects of Dropout Rates . 18