Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Contrasting effects of landscape features on genetic structure in different geographic regions in the ornate dragon lizard, Ctenophorus ornatus

Habitat fragmentation can have profound effects on the distribution of genetic variation within and between populations. Previously, we showed that in the ornate dragon lizard, Ctenophorus ornatus, lizards residing on outcrops that are separated by cleared agricultural land are significantly more isolated and hold less genetic variation than lizards residing on neighbouring outcrops connected by undisturbed native vegetation. Here, we extend the fine‐scale study to examine the pattern of genetic variation and population structure across the species' range. Using a landscape genetics approach, we test whether land clearing for agricultural purposes has affected the population structure of the ornate dragon lizard. We found significant genetic differentiation between outcrop populations (FST = 0.12), as well as isolation by distance within each geographic region. In support of our previous study, land clearing was associated with higher genetic divergences between outcrops and lower genetic variation within outcrops, but only in the region that had been exposed to intense agriculture for the longest period of time. No other landscape features influenced population structure in any geographic region. These results show that the effects of landscape features can vary across species' ranges and suggest there may be a temporal lag in response to contemporary changes in land use. These findings therefore highlight the need for caution when assessing the impact of contemporary land use practices on genetic variation and population structure.
Progesterone and 3α,5α-THP enhance sexual receptivity in mice.

Progesterone (P) and its metabolites' effects on sexual receptivity (lordosis) of mice was examined. P dosages that produced normal circulating concentrations of P and 5alpha-pregnan-3alpha-ol-20-one (3alpha,5alpha-THP) enhanced lordosis of ovariectomized, sexually experienced C57BL/6J (C57), +/+ C57BL/6Jx129SvEv (C57x129), and -/- C57BL/6Jx129SvEv (PRKO) mice. Only C57 and C57x129 mice had increases in progestin receptor (PR)-immunoreactivity (PR-IR) in the hypothalamus. RU38486, a PR antagonist, attenuated lordosis of C57 and C57x129, but not PRKO, mice; epostane, a progestin biosynthesis inhibitor, reduced plasma progestins; and finasteride, a P metabolism inhibitor, reduced plasma 3alpha,5alpha-THP and attenuated lordosis of all mice. For sexually naive mice, greater lordosis on initial sexual experience corresponded to greater concentrations of plasma and central progestins and increased central binding of a GABAA agonist, muscimol, compared with that seen in mice with lower lordosis on initial mating. Thus, P-facilitated receptivity in mice involves P and 3alpha,5alpha-THP and their actions at PRs and GABAA receptors.
A HIERARCHICAL RISK MODEL FOR TRAFFIC PARTICIPANTS

Abstract As traffic participation is inherently a risky activity, traffic psychology has generated a great number of so-called risk models, i.e. models in which the risk concept plays a major role. Three of these models are attracting a great deal of attention these days: Naatanen and Summala's ‘Model of drivers’ decision making and behaviour', Wilde's ‘Theory of risk homeostasis’ and Fuller's ‘Threat-avoidance model of driver behaviour’. All three models emphasize motivational aspects with regard to risk and they claim to be generally applicable to a large array of traffic situations. In an attempt to use these models for quantitative predictions in a concrete example (an overtaking manoeuvre), we found that many model components had not been defined at all, or had been defined only partially, or in a contradictory fashion. We have therefore developed our own model which allows quantitative calculations in terms of behaviour alternatives, subjective probabilities of events, and utilities of the outcomes .
Profile of injures prevalence in athletes who participated in SESC Triathlon Caiobá-2011

OBJECTIVE: To identify the prevalence of injuries occurred during training and/or competition in triathlon athletes at SESC Triathlon Caiobá-2011. METHODS: One hundred and ninety athletes participated in the study (153 males and 37 females). RESULTS: Athletes reported time of practice between 3 to 6 years (20%), training frequency of 5 days per week (48%), at least one injury during trainings (76%). The prevalence of injuries according to the sports category was: running (79%), cycling (16%) and swimming (5%). The most injured region during training (39%) and competition (46%) was the calf. Female athletes reported 92% of injuries during running training and 35% of those injuries were on ankle and foot. During competition only two athletes reported injuries. Muscle injury was the most prevalent (54%) among male athletes, followed by tendon (19%), ligament (17%) and bone (9%) injuries. Among female athletes prevalent injuries were: 32% muscle, 32% bone, 32% tendon and only 4% ligament injuries. CONCLUSION: Skeletal muscle injuries were the most commom lesions during running training, however, male athletes reported mostly calf injuries, while female had mostly ankle and foot injuries. Level of Evidence III. Study of Non-Consecutive Patients; Without Consistently Applied Reference ''Gold'' Standard.
Choices for Potent Platelet Inhibition in Patients With Diabetes Mellitus

Article, see p 780 Diabetes mellitus provides challenges to clinicians seeking to optimize the efficacy of pharmacological therapies for the management and prevention of atherothrombotic events. On the one hand, it drives the progression of atherosclerosis, leading to the highly thrombogenic rupture and erosion of plaques, at the same time as increasing the thrombogenicity of blood through modulation of platelet reactivity, enhancement of plasma coagulability, and impairment of endogenous fibrinolysis.1 On the other hand, it is associated with reduced pharmacodynamic action of traditional oral antiplatelet therapies (aspirin and clopidogrel) through increased platelet turnover and, in the case of clopidogrel, impairment of hepatic active metabolite generation, thus rendering these therapies less effective despite the clinical imperative for more effective treatment.1 It was therefore inevitable that more effective treatments should be developed for patients who have diabetes mellitus, and others at high risk of atherothrombotic events, as well. This concept is well illustrated in the work of Franchi and colleagues2 who, in this issue of Circulation , have compared the pharmacodynamic properties of prasugrel and ticagrelor in patients with diabetes mellitus. A key component of the rationale for comparing the effects of prasugrel and ticagrelor in patients who have diabetes mellitus is the different patterns of benefits seen in the diabetes subgroups in the pivotal phase 3 studies of these drugs in comparison with clopidogrel.3,4 With prasugrel, a particularly marked early benefit in reduced thrombotic events was seen in the diabetes subgroup, whereas, with ticagrelor, there was a more progressive accrual of benefit over 1 year, including progressive reduction in mortality. However, differences in study design can explain much of the difference in the patterns of early benefit: the clopidogrel regimen was substantially different between the 2 studies, with prasugrel being compared with a 300-mg loading …
A Grammar of Jewish Educational Research

In a seminal article, Tyack and Tobin (1994) characterize the “grammar of schooling” as a phenomenon that has frustrated generations of educational reformers. By “grammar” they mean the “regular structures and rules that organize the work of instruction [such as] standardized organizational practices in dividing time and space and [that splinter] knowledge into ‘subjects’” (p. 454). These continuities, they demonstrate, have been highly resistant to change despite repeated challenges to them. Of course, grammar need not only be seen as an obstructive force; it can provide the building blocks that enable highly developed practices to occur. In this sense, grammar provides what the Oxford English Dictionary (1973) calls, “the fundamental principles or rules of an art or science. ” These principles enable human activities to occur in a systematic and sophisticated fashion. There is a grammar of educational research, too. It is observed in the consistent patterns around which almost all graduate programs of education are designed: core courses in quantitative research, in qualitative research, and in humanities-based educational research. Graduate students might bewail the subjectivity of qualitative research, the dryness of quantitative research, and the irrelevance of historical research; but no matter how distinctive the educational vision of the programs in which they enroll, graduate-level students are almost always required to take foundational courses in these same broad disciplines. These different modes of research, and the interplay between them, are the grammatical elements from which our professional practices are composed. I draw attention to these understandings of grammar because, I think, the articles in this issue of the Journal of Jewish Education exemplify the positive contribution that can be made by these foundational practices. Unlike those articles gathered together in a themed issue of this journal, these three articles were not specifically solicited to address a common concern or topic. By chance these articles successfully reached the conclusion of the peerreview and revision process at a similar moment in time. That’s how they came to be grouped together for publication in the same issue.
Quantrill George Marshall John Dewey Rachel Carson William Randolph Hearst George Mason John Foster Dulles Ralph Nader William Tecumseh Sherman George McClellan John Humphrey Noyes Ralph Waldo Emerson Woodrow Wilson

Differences in political orientation are partly rooted in personality, with liberalism predicted by Openness to Experience and conservatism by Conscientiousness. Since Openness is positively associated with intellectual and creative activities, these may help shape political orientation. We examined whether exposure to cultural activities and historical knowledge mediates the relationship between personality and political orientation. Specifically, we examined the mediational role of print exposure (Study 1), film exposure (Study 2), and knowledge of American history (Study 3). Studies 1 and 2 found that print and film exposure mediated the relationships Openness to Experience and Conscientiousness have with political orientation. In Study 3, knowledge of American history mediated the relationship between Openness and political orientation, but not the association between Conscientiousness and political orientation. Exposure to culture, and a corollary of this exposure in the form of acquiring knowledge, can therefore partially explain the associations between personality and political orientation.
What We Know about the Public’s Level of Concern for Farm Animal Welfare in Food Production in Developed Countries

Simple Summary The production of food from animals poses many ethical challenges. This review explores what we know about different levels of concern for animal welfare in food production by such stakeholders as veterinarians, farmers, and the general public. Despite the general public’s level of concern for animal welfare in food production being high, their understanding and knowledge is poor. Thus, it is suggested that through widespread consciousness raising we can encourage the public to accurately translate their concerns into market drivers, in turn improving the welfare of billions of animals. Abstract Population growth and rising consumption of meat, dairy, eggs and fish are forcing the world to face the intersecting challenges of how to sustainably feed a population expected to exceed 9 billion by 2050, while also controlling the impact of food production on the planet, on people and on animals. This review acknowledges the absence of a globally accepted definition of animal welfare and then explores the literature regarding different levels of concern for animal welfare in food production by such stakeholders as veterinarians, farmers, and the general public. It focuses on the evidence that the general public’s level of concern for animal welfare is linked to various demographic and personal characteristics, such as age, gender, religion, location, meat eating, and knowledge of animal welfare. Certain animals have characteristics that influence concern for their welfare, with those species that are considered more intelligent being afforded more concern. There is compelling evidence that the general public’s understanding of animal welfare in food production is poor. Acknowledging that public concern can be a driving force to change current production methods, the authors suggest widespread consciousness raising to redefine socially acceptable methods of food production from animals and to ensure that it remains in step with societal concerns.
Quantitative and qualitative differences in bronchoalveolar inflammatory cells in Pseudomonas aeruginosa‐resistant and ‐susceptible mice

The difference in severity of Pseudomonas aeruginosa‐induced chronic lung infection may be determined by differences in host inflammatory responses. In the present study we investigate this possibility using BALB/c and C57Bl/6 mice, resistant and susceptible, respectively, to chronic lung infection with P. aeruginosa. Following intratracheal inoculation of P. aeruginosa‐impregnated agar beads, C57Bl/6 mice mounted a stronger inflammatory response with significantly higher total cell numbers in the bronchoalveolar lavage fluid compared with BALB/c mice. While polymorphonuclear leucocytes were the predominant cell in C57Bl/6 mice, macrophages constituted the majority in BALB/c mice at day 7 post‐infection. Alveolar macrophages from C57Bl/6 mice showed significantly higher spontaneous production of nitric oxide (NO) at day 7 post‐infection compared with BALB/c mice. Following in vitro stimulation with heat‐killed Pseudomonas antigen, these cells produced significantly higher NO compared with cells from BALB/c mice at day 21 post‐infection. Production of tumour necrosis factor‐alpha (TNF‐α) by alveolar macrophages was significantly higher at day 7 in BALB/c mice compared with C57Bl/6 mice, which showed significantly higher levels at day 28 post‐infection. Taken together, these results suggest that defects in the host inflammatory process contribute to the variable outcome of chronic lung infection with P. aeruginosa. An exaggerated inflammatory response dominated by polymorphonuclear cells correlates with susceptibility to infection, whilst a modest inflammatory response dominated by macrophages correlates with resistance. Moreover, the quantity and timing of production of NO and TNF‐α by alveolar macrophages may modulate the course and outcome of infection.
Space Velocities of L- and T-Type Dwarfs

We have obtained radial velocities of a sample of 18 ultracool dwarfs (M6.5-T8) using high-resolution, near-infrared spectra obtained with NIRSPEC and the Keck II telescope. We have confirmed that the radial velocity of Gl 570D is coincident with that of the K-type primary star Gl 570A, thus providing additional support for their true companionship. The presence of planetary-mass companions around 2MASS J05591914-1404488 (T4.5 V) has been analyzed using five NIRSPEC radial velocity measurements obtained over a period of 4.37 yr. We have computed UVW space motions for a total of 21 L and T dwarfs within 20 pc of the Sun. This population shows UVW velocities that nicely overlap the typical kinematics of solar to M-type stars within the same spatial volume. However, the mean Galactic and tangential velocities of the L and T dwarfs appear to be smaller than those of G to M stars. A significant fraction (~40%) of the ultracool dwarfs lie near the Hyades moving group (0.4-2 Gyr), which contrasts with the 10%-12% found for earlier type stellar neighbors. In addition, the distributions of the UVW components and the distributions of the total Galactic and tangential velocities derived for the L and T sample are narrower than those measured for nearby G-, K-, and M-type stars, but similar to the dispersions obtained for F stars. This suggests that, in the solar neighborhood, the population of L- and T-type ultracool dwarfs (including brown dwarfs) is kinematically younger than solar-type to early M stars, with likely ages in the interval 0.5-4 Gyr.
Dissection of the Burkholderia intracellular life cycle using a photothermal nanoblade

Burkholderia pseudomallei and Burkholderia thailandensis are related pathogens that invade a variety of cell types, replicate in the cytoplasm, and spread to nearby cells. We have investigated temporal and spatial requirements for virulence determinants in the intracellular life cycle, using genetic dissection and photothermal nanoblade delivery, which allows efficient placement of bacterium-sized cargo into the cytoplasm of mammalian cells. The conserved Bsa type III secretion system (T3SSBsa) is dispensable for invasion, but is essential for escape from primary endosomes. By nanoblade delivery of B. thailandensis we demonstrate that all subsequent events in intercellular spread occur independently of T3SSBsa activity. Although intracellular movement was essential for cell–cell spread by B. pseudomallei and B. thailandensis, neither BimA-mediated actin polymerization nor the formation of membrane protrusions containing bacteria was required for B. thailandensis. Surprisingly, the cryptic (fla2) flagellar system encoded on chromosome 2 of B. thailandensis supported rapid intracellular motility and efficient cell–cell spread. Plaque formation by both pathogens was dependent on the activity of a type VI secretion system (T6SS-1) that functions downstream from T3SSBsa-mediated endosome escape. A remarkable feature of Burkholderia is their ability to induce the formation of multinucleate giant cells (MNGCs) in multiple cell types. By infection and nanoblade delivery, we observed complete correspondence between mutant phenotypes in assays for cell fusion and plaque formation, and time-course studies showed that plaque formation represents MNGC death. Our data suggest that the primary means for intercellular spread involves cell fusion, as opposed to pseudopod engulfment and bacterial escape from double-membrane vacuoles.
Attitudes Toward Using Social Networking Sites in Educational Settings With Underperforming Latino Youth

The researchers examined the online social networking attitudes of underperforming Latino high school students in an alternative education program that uses technology as the prime venue for learning. A sequential explanatory mixed methods study was used to cross-check multiple sources of data explaining students’ levels of comfort with utilizing a social networking site platform as a supplemental communication tool in connection with their schoolwork. Students were found to be significantly less comfortable using social networking sites than other online communication tools in connection with their schoolwork, and females were significantly more uncomfortable than males using such sites in school.
Frequency-based object orientation and scaling determination

A major disadvantage of image retrieval systems is their lack of objects orientation and scaling matching. This paper addresses the issue of accurate, effective, computationally efficient, fast and fully-automated 2D object orientation and scaling determination. The approach relies on the objects frequency-based features. The frequency-based features used by the proposed technique, are extracted by a 2D physics-based deformable model that parameterizes the objects shape. The method was evaluated on synthetic and real images. The experimental results demonstrate the accuracy of the method, both in orientation and the scaling estimations
FRETtranslator: translating FRET traces into RNA structural pathways

Recent genome and transcriptome sequencing projects have unveiled a plethora of highly structured RNA molecules as central mediators of cellular function. Single molecule Forster Resonance Energy Transfer (smFRET) is a powerful tool for analyzing the temporal evolution of the global structure of individual RNA molecules, in pursuit of understanding their essential structure-dynamics-function relationships. In contrast to enzymatic and chemical footprinting, NMR spectroscopy and X-ray crystallography, smFRET yields temporally resolved, quantitative information about single molecules rather than only time and ensemble averages of entire populations. This enables unique observations of transient and rare conformations under both equilibrium and non-equilibrium conditions.
Emerging treatments for essential thrombocythemia

In 1934, Epstein and Goedel used the term hemorrhagic thrombocythemia to describe a disorder characterized by permanent elevation of a platelet count to more than three times normal, hyperplasia of megakaryocytes, and the tendency for venous thrombosis and spontaneous hemorrhage. Over the last 75 years, and particularly in the past 6 years, major progress has been made in our understanding of essential thrombocythemia (ET) and its pathogenesis with the identification of the highly prevalent JAK-2 V617F and other mutations. Current management of this condition is based upon historical data and with treatments that have not changed significantly for nearly two decades. This study discusses this and recent progress, highlighting exciting new data with old and new drugs, as well as which patients in particular should be evaluated for these new therapies.
Selling Silicon Valley: Frederick Terman's Model for Regional Advantage

This paper explores the origins of the Silicon Valley model for regional economic development, and attempts to deploy this model elsewhere in the United States and abroad. Frederick Terman, Stanford's provost, first envisioned its unique partnership of academia and industry, and trained the first generation of students who effected it. He patiently cultivated an aggressively entrepreneurial culture in what he called “the newly emerging community of technical scholars. ” Beginning in the 1960s, business groups elsewhere set out to build their own versions of Silicon Valley, some enlisting the assistance of Terman and his proteges. After discussing the emergence of the Stanford-Silicon Valley effort, the paper examines in detail the New Jersey Institute of Science and Technology, an effort led by Bell Laboratories; the Graduate Research Center of the Southwest and the SMU Foundaton for Science and Engineering in Dallas, Texas; and the Korea Advanced Insitute of Science and Technology, Terman's last and arguably most successful attempt. The paper discusses the reasons for the difficulties in creating new versions, and suggests explanations for the apparent success of the Korean experiment.