Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Code Design as an Optimization Problem: from Mixed Integer Programming to an Improved High Performance Randomized GRASP like Algorithm and from This One to an Improved Genetic Algorithm

We begin to show that the design of optimum codes is a very difficult task by a set of preliminary brute force experiments where we generate all the possible optimum codes of a given length and minimum Hamming distance and then estimate the probability of finding one of these codes filling randomly the matrix that defines the code. Then we develop a novel approach to the code design problem based on the well known optimization technique of Mixed Integer Programming. Unfortunately the GAMS optimization software package limitation of 10 indexes imposes a limit of a maximum length 5 in the code to be designed. We show some results confirmed by the literature with this MIP model. Finally we develop a high performance randomized algorithm that surprisingly has much better runtimes than the MIP model.
A 22-nm damascene-gate MOSFET fabrication with 0.9-nm EOT and local channel implantation

We introduce a novel CMOS transistor fabrication technique using damascene gate with local channel implantation (LCI). This transistor has a benefit to reduce the resistance of source/drain extension (SDE) localizing the severe blanket channel implantation under the channel only. It can reduce the junction capacitance as well. This process technology is reliable for the formation of channel length down to 22 nm with smooth gate line edge roughness. Some unique processes for the small transistor fabrication are also introduced. The 22-nm nMOSFET with 0.9 nm RTO is achieved with the drive current of 930 /spl mu/A//spl mu/m for the off-current of 100 nA//spl mu/m at 1.0 V. Hot carrier reliability exceeding 10 years for 1.0 V operation is also obtained.
Optimizing queries with materialized views

While much work has addressed the problem of maintaining materialized views, the important question of optimizing queries in the presence of materialised views has not been resolved. In this paper, we analyze the optimization question and provide a comprehensive and efficient solution. Our solution has the desirable property that it is a simple generalization of the traditional query optimization algorithm. <<ETX>>
Cinema, Bell Bottoms, and Miniskirts: Struggles Over Youth and Citizenship in Revolutionary Zanzibar

Young people in Zanzibar after the 1964 Revolution matured during a period of ambitious nation-building projects inspired by an official development discourse that made heavy demands on the physical resources of island citizens. All citizens, including elders, women and juniors, were supposed to be fully engaged in the construction of a new revolutionary society. This society, ruling party leaders argued, would be based upon local understandings of what constituted African, Islamic, and socialist discipline. It would be the fulfillment of the people's revolutionary conflict against colonialism and capitalism. Despite such official discourse, Zanzibar's political elite continued through the 1960s and 1970s to tolerate the daily showing of Western films in the capital that paid no deference to socialist development or Islamic standards of decency, and made no reference to the islands' historic race and class conflicts. These film narratives instead offered images of societies experiencing forms of consumption and individualism unacceptable within revolutionary Zanzibar.
Event‐related potentials to tones in the absence and presence of sleep spindles

The present study focused on event‐related potentials to tones in the presence and absence of sleep spindles. Six undergraduates were studied throughout an experimental night, following an adaptation session. The event‐related potentials to tone stimuli were averaged for each subject. Separate averages were determined for trials on which no sleep spindle occurred 2 s before or after a tone and trials in which spindle activity was present. Both voltage distribution maps and multivariate analysis of the waveforms produced significant differences between these conditions, which could be seen as a higher initial positive component and sustained positivity over the averaged epoch in the presence of spindles. Spectral analysis indicated that this result could not solely be ascribed to residual sigma activity in the spindle‐present average. The results may provide insights into the functional role of sleep spindles in humans in addition to that suggested by a neurophysiological model of inhibition.
Robust structural analysis of native biological macromolecules from multi-crystal anomalous diffraction data

Anomalous diffraction signals from typical native macromolecules are very weak, frustrating their use in structure determination. Here, native SAD procedures are described for enhancing the signal to noise in anomalous diffraction by using multiple crystals are described. Five applications demonstrate that truly routine structure determination is possible without the need for heavy atoms.
HexaMorph: A reconfigurable and foldable hexapod robot inspired by origami

Origami affords the creation of diverse 3D objects through explicit folding processes from 2D sheets of material. Originally as a paper craft from 17th century AD, origami designs reveal the rudimentary characteristics of sheet folding: it is lightweight, inexpensive, compact and combinatorial. In this paper, we present “HexaMorph”, a novel starfish-like hexapod robot designed for modularity, foldability and reconfigurability. Our folding scheme encompasses periodic foldable tetrahedral units, called “Basic Structural Units” (BSU), for constructing a family of closed-loop spatial mechanisms and robotic forms. The proposed hexapod robot is fabricated using single sheets of cardboard. The electronic and battery components for actuation are allowed to be preassembled on the flattened crease-cut pattern and enclosed inside when the tetrahedral modules are folded. The self-deploying characteristic and the mobility of the robot are investigated, and we discuss the motion planning and control strategies for its squirming locomotion. Our design and folding paradigm provides a novel approach for building reconfigurable robots using a range of lightweight foldable sheets.
Fake Guns and Stone Lions: Conceptual Blending and Privative Adjectives

Kamp (1975) defines a privative adjective as one for which, given adjective A and noun N, the claim 'No AN is a N' is necessarily true.For example, 'fake' is a privative because 'No fake gun is a gun,' is true by definition. In order to explain how 'fake' acts as a modifier, the semanticist's job has been to provide a mechanism for specifying the similarities and differences between real and fake guns. Because, at least at first blush, privatives pose a greater problem for the semanticist than, say 'brown cow,' Franks (1995) has argued that privative constructions should be employed as a test for models of conceptual combination.One such model is Franks' (1995) sense generation model. Another is offered by conceptual blending theory (Coulson, 1997; Fauconnier & Turner, 1996). In this paper we contrast the treatment of privative adjectives in these two models. Specifically, we compare how the examples 'fake gun' and 'stone lion' are dealt with in conceptual blending theory and in the sense generation model. Although both models are motivated by the observation of substantial flexibility and context-sensitivity in actual instances of meaning construction, these phenomena are dealt with differently in the two models. While Franks' approach is an attempt to extend objectivist semantics to explain data which resist a strictly compositional account, our own model is motivated by ideas in cognitive semantics. In contrast to the view of language as a code which combines context-invariant meanings, the cognitive semanticist argues that language provides clues for the language user to flexibly address her knowledge base so as to construct a contextually appropriate message-level representation.
THE PLASMA LEVEL OF PARATHORMON AND HOMOCYSTEINE IN MIGRAINE PATIENTS ; ANOTHER ASPECT ON MIGRAINE-STROKE ASSOCIATON

SEFER VAROL1, ESREF AKIL1, MUHARREM YUNCE2, BRAHIM KAPLAN2, HASAN HÜSEYIN ÖZDEMIR1, DEMET ARSLAN1, AHMET YILMAZ3, MEHMET HALIS TANRIVERDI3 1Department of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine, Dicle University Hospital, Diyarbakir 2Department of Medical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Dicle University, Diyarbakir 3Department of Family Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Dicle University, Diyarbakir, Turkey
Active Object Recognition Integrating Attention and Viewpoint Control

We present an active object recognition strategy which combines the use of an attention mechanism for focusing the search for a 3-D object in a 2-D image, with a viewpoint control strategy for disambiguating recovered object features. The attention mechanism consists of a probabilistic search through a hierarchy of predicted feature observations, taking objects into a set of regions classified according to the shapes of their bounding contours. If the features recovered during the attention phase do not provide a unique mapping to the 3-D object being searched, the probabilistic feature hierarchy can be used to guide the camera to a new viewpoint from where the object can be disambiguated.
High frequency LNA design in Standard CMOS process

The high frequency LNA design in standard CMOS process is discussed. The traditional cascode architecture is compared to the common source configuration. It is shown that at high frequency of operation the use of a common source first stage leads to a lower noise figure. Design of two K-band LNAs with lumped elements matching cells or distributed matching cells is presented in a 0.13 mum standard CMOS process. Simulations show a noise factor of 3.1 dB with a power gain of 18.6 dB for 30 mW power consumption
Group Ratio Round-Robin: O(1) Proportional Share Scheduling for Uniprocessor and Multiprocessor Systems

We present Group Ratio Round-Robin (GR3), the first proportional share scheduler that combines accurate proportional fairness scheduling behavior with O(1) scheduling overhead on both uniprocessor and multiprocessor systems. GR3 uses a simple grouping strategy to organize clients into groups of similar processor allocations which can be more easily scheduled. Using this strategy, GR3 combines the benefits of low overhead round-robin execution with a novel ratio-based scheduling algorithm. GR3 introduces a novel frontlog mechanism and weight readjustment algorithm to operate effectively on multiprocessors. GR3 provides fairness within a constant factor of the ideal generalized processor sharing model for client weights with a fixed upper bound and preserves its fairness properties on multiprocessor systems. We have implemented GR3 in Linux and measured its performance. Our experimental results show that GR3 provides much lower scheduling overhead and much better scheduling accuracy than other schedulers commonly used in research and practice.
Screening for Barrett's esophagus in colonoscopy patients with and without heartburn.

BACKGROUND & AIMS The population prevalence of Barrett's esophagus (BE) is uncertain. Our aim was to describe the prevalence of BE in a volunteer population. METHODS Upper endoscopy (EGD) was performed in 961 persons with no prior history of EGD who were scheduled for colonoscopy. Symptom questionnaires were completed prior to endoscopy. Biopsy specimens were taken from the gastric cardia and any columnar mucosa extending > or =5 mm into the tubular esophagus and from the stomach for H. pylori infection in the last 812 patients. RESULTS The study sample was biased toward persons undergoing colonoscopy, males, and persons with upper GI symptoms. The prevalence of BE was 65 of 961 (6.8%) patients, including 12 (1.2%) with long-segment BE (LSBE). Among 556 subjects who had never had heartburn, the prevalences of BE and LSBE were 5.6% and 0.36%, respectively. Among 384 subjects with a history of any heartburn, the prevalences of BE and LSBE were 8.3% and 2.6%, respectively. In a univariate analysis, LSBE was more common in those with any heartburn vs. those with no heartburn (P = 0.01), but the sample size was insufficient to allow multivariate analysis of predictors of LSBE. In a multivariate analysis, BE was associated with increasing age (P = 0.02), white race (P = 0.03), and negative H. pylori status (P = 0.04). Overall, BE was not associated with heartburn, although heartburn was more common in persons with LSBE or circumferential short segments. CONCLUSIONS LSBE is very uncommon in patients who have no history of heartburn. SSBE is relatively common in persons age > or =40 years with no prior endoscopy, irrespective of heartburn history.
State of the Art Therapy of Advanced Hodgkin Lymphoma

Given that a clear, universal definition of advanced Hodgkin lymphoma does not exist, it comes as no surprise that the treatment of this disease is a controversial subject. Currently, the cure rate of advanced Hodgkin lymphoma is relatively high, although most physicians and patients confronting this disease recognize that the cure rate is less than ideal and the costs of treatment are substantial in terms of morbidity and mortality. The current research focus in this disease, as with any oncologic disorder, is to maximize the curative potential of treatment while minimizing patient suffering.
Butanol ingestion in an airport hangar

1–Butanol is a colourless organic solvent with a rancid sweet odour. 1–Butanol ingestion may result in vomiting, abdominal pain, headache, drowsiness and unconsciousness. We present a 47–year–old male with no previous medical history, who was found comatose and soiled after having vomited while unconscious. On arrival, he had a Glasgow coma scale of 3, tachycardia, hypotension, shallow tachypnoic breathing, hypotonic muscles, absent myotatic reflexes and aromatic odour. The patient was intubated and treated with oxygen, dopamine and volume replacement therapy. Gastric lavage was performed and activated charcoal was given. His initial laboratory test revealed hypokaliemia, renal failure, acidosis with elevated lactate and hypercapnic respiratory insufficiency. Twelve hours after admission, the patient started to respond to a painful stimulus and 4 h later he was conscious. He was extubated 23 h after admission. All pathological laboratory results gradually returned within normal limits. The subsequent toxicological examination of gastric content and urine sample by gas chromatography revealed 1–butanol. On awakening, he confirmed ingestion of a solvent stored in an airport hangar. In conclusion, we describe a patient who ingested an unknown dose of 1–butanol. Symptoms were headache, vomiting, abdominal pain, coma, muscular hypotonus, hypotension, respiratory insufficiency and mixed acidosis. The patient totally recovered after supportive therapy over 30 h. In future cases, intravenous administration of ethanol or even hemodialysis can be considered analogous to the treatment of methanol and ethylene glycol poisoning.
Family Structure, Educational Attainment, and Socioeconomic Success: Rethinking the "Pathology of Matriarchy"1

The effect of alternative family structures on children's educational and occupational success has been constant over the past 30 years. Higher rates of unemployment and lower‐status occupational positions could account for the negative effect of single‐mother families on children's attainment throughout the period. Children from single‐father families and stepfamilies have consistently had lower attainments than children from both two‐biological‐parent and single‐mother families. The influence of many other dimensions of children's family background declined from the 1960s to the 1980s but has declined no further since. Among six candidate theoretical frameworks, the findings are most consistent with an evolutionary view of parental investment.
Application of redundant computation in software performance analysis

Redundant computation is an execution of a program statement(s) that does not contribute to the program output. The same statement on one execution may exhibit redundant computation whereas on a different execution, it contributes to the program output. A redundant (dead) statement always exhibits redundant computation, i.e., its execution is always redundant. However, a statement that exhibits redundant computation is not necessarily a redundant statement. Redundant computation represents a partial redundancy of a statement. A high degree of redundant computation in a program may indicate a performance deficiency. Therefore, elimination (or reduction) of redundant computation may improve program's performance. In this paper we present an approach of automated detection of redundant computation in programs and show its application in performance analysis. We developed a tool that automatically detects redundant computations in C programs and identifies potential performance deficiencies related to redundant computation. We have performed an experimental study that showed that redundant computation is a commonly occurring phenomenon in programs, and it is frequently a source of performance deficiency.
Productive Infection of Neonatal CD8+ T Lymphocytes by HIV-1

CD8+ T lymphocytes confer significant but ultimately insufficient protection against HIV infection. Here we report that activated neonatal CD8+ T cells can be productively infected in vitro by macrophage-tropic (M-tropic) HIV-1 isolates, which are responsible for disease transmission, whereas they are resistant to T cell–tropic (T-tropic) HIV strains. Physiological activation of CD8-α/β+ CD4− T cell receptor–α/β+ neonatal T cells, including activation by allogeneic dendritic cells, induces the accumulation of CD4 messenger RNA and the expression of CD4 Ag on the cell surface. The large majority of anti-CD3/B7.1–activated cord blood CD8+ T cells coexpress CD4, the primary HIV receptor, as well as CCR5 and CXCR4, the coreceptors used by M- and T-tropic HIV-1 strains, respectively, to enter target cells. These findings are relevant to the rapid progression of neonatal HIV infection. Infection of primary HIV-specific CD8+ T cells may compromise their survival and thus significantly contribute to the failure of the immune system to control the infection. Furthermore, these results indicate a previously unsuspected level of plasticity in the neonatal immune system in the regulation of CD4 expression by costimulation.
Thalamocortical contributions to spatial working memory in the rat

The human anterograde amnesic syndrome is a condition whereby the person can no longer learn new facts or pieces of information, and yet retains short-term memory processing, and older memories learnt before the onset of the syndrome. Both human case studies, and experimental animal models of this condition, have strongly indicated that damage to certain closely interrelated structures and cortical areas may be responsible for this failure to learn new information. Particular emphasis has been placed on the hippocampus, the mammillary bodies, certain thalamic nuclei, and those regions of cortex (particularly rhinal cortex and parts of prefrontal and cingulate cortices) that receive strong connections from the hippocampus and selective thalamic nuclei. While the evidence for the role of the hippocampus in mnemonic processing (especially regarding rats performing spatial tasks) is strong, the evidence is less certain concerning the involvement of the other structures and regions. This thesis has directly attempted to ascertain the relative contributions of certain thalamic nuclei, one region of cortex (the cingulate region), and a fibre pathway (the cingulum bundle) which connects the hippocampus and thalamus with cingulate cortex. The contribution of this fibre bundle received particularly close experimental scrutiny in this thesis as it's possible role in the neuroanatomical circuitry governing certain forms of mnemonic processing may have been underestimated. A series of five related experiments are described, each involving the DA pigmented strain of rat, whose spatial working memory processing was evaluated using a range of automated and maze-type tasks. These animals received a variety of lesions to the hippocampus, thalamus, cingulate cortex or the cingulum bundle, created by either neurotoxic or radiofrequency methods. Two forms of spatial memory processing were assessed; these consisted of egocentric and allocentric processing, and evidence is presented that they may be mediated by dissociable neuroanatomical circuits. Lesions of the mediodorsal thalamic nucleus and cingulate cortex had no effect on tasks assessing egocentric or allocentric processing. However, bilateral lesions of the cingulum bundle, whilst having no effect upon egocentric tasks, caused a severe impairment on tasks assessing allocentric processing. Lesions of the hippocampal system (the fornix) caused a severe impairment on both types of tasks. The nature of the putative neuroanatomical circuitry governing both allocentric and egocentric memory processing is discussed.
In vitro studies on the binding, antioxidant, and cytotoxic actions of punicalagin.

The protective bioactivity of punicalagin, a high molecular weight polyphenol isolated from pomegranate fruit pith and carpellary membrane, against oxidative damages to lipids, amino acids constituting the proteins, and guanosine as a model for DNA has been investigated. The ABTS*-, guanosine, and tryptophan radical generated pulse radiolytically were repaired by punicalagin, k = (0.9-15) x 10(7) dm3 mol-1 s-1. The results are rationalized on the basis of the scavenging activity of punicalagin against various one-electron oxidizing radicals, namely, . OH, N3. , and NO2. The formation of the transient species in these reactions and the rate constants of the scavenging reactions have been probed using a time-resolved kinetic spectrophotometric technique. The antioxidant action of punicalagin is expressed not only through its scavenging reactions but also by its ability to form metal chelates. Binding of punicalagin with bovine serum albumin and metal ions such as iron and copper revealed different binding affinities, whereas its binding with DNA was very weak and nonspecific. In vitro cytotoxic studies against three cell lines, namely, Vero (normal African green monkey kidney cell line), Hep-2 (human larynx epithelial cancer cell line), and A-549 (human small cell lung carcinoma cell line) showed that this polyphenol is toxic only at higher concentration.
Cognitive and emotional consequences of binge drinking: role of amygdala and prefrontal cortex

Binge drinking is an increasingly recognized problem within the UK. We have studied the relationship of binge drinking to cognitive and emotional functioning in young adults, and have found evidence for increased impulsivity, impairments in spatial working memory and impaired emotional learning. Since in human studies it is difficult to understand whether such behavioural changes pre-date or are a consequence of binge drinking, we have also studied parallel behaviours in a rodent model, in which rats are exposed to intermittent episodes of alcohol consumption and withdrawal. In this model, and in parallel with our findings in human binge drinkers, and alcoholic patients who have undergone multiple episodes of detoxification, we have found evidence for impairments in aversive conditioning as well as increased impulsivity. These behavioural changes are accompanied by facilitated excitatory neurotransmission and reduced plasticity (long-term potentiation (LTP)) in amygdala and hippocampus. The impaired LTP is accompanied by both impaired associative learning and inappropriate generalization of previously learned associations to irrelevant stimuli. We propose that repeated episodes of withdrawal from alcohol induce aberrant neuronal plasticity that results in altered cognitive and emotional competences.