Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Bilingualism and bilingual education in China

China is a multiethnic, socialist country. The equality of all nationalities and their respective languages is the basic principle of the Party and the State. This is guaranteed by the Chinese Constitution: 'All of the nationalities of China are equaP; 'every ethnic minority is to use and develop their language'. In order to meet the needs of bilingualism in ethnic-minority areas and to promote bilingual education, the Program for the Implementation of Regional Autonomy for Ethnic Minorities stipulates, in Article 37, 'In schools where the majority of students belong to an ethnic minority, the language of textbooks and instruction should be the language of that minority, if conditions permit. The Chinese language (Mandarin) should be taught in the last two years of primary school and in middle school in order to promote the national language. ' Article 49 states, 'The administration of autonomous regions should encourage the study of ethnic languages. Chinese cadres should learn the local language of the ethnic group, and the cadres of ethnic minorities, while studying their own language, shall also learn to speak and write the Standard national language. ' Bilingualism has thus been legally promoted for a variety of functions in education and soeiety. In future, this will play an increasingly significant role in the development of ethnic-minority education, in the unity of ethnic groups, and in improving the cultivation of the whole nation.
Lipids and lipid metabolism in the eye

The vertebrate eye is a complex sensory organ consisting of multiple, distinct tissues, each having its own unique biochemical composition, structure, and physiological function. Key among these are the retina, lens, and cornea, working in concert to bring photons of light into the eye, focus them correctly on the retina, and convert their energy into electrochemical signals that are conveyed to the brain where, ultimately, they are processed into a coherent visual image. Defects in any or all of these tissues, whether inborn or acquired, whether through a disease process or by traumatic injury, can compromise vision and, eventually, may result in complete and irreversible blindness. The study of lipids and lipid metabolism in relation to ocular tissues has not been reviewed heretofore in any single text or organized collection of monographs or review articles. Such discussions are usually relegated to a relatively small subsection of a review article or text that more broadly addresses the biochemistry of the eye or one of its constituent tissues. Yet, lipids and lipid-soluble compounds are essential constituents of the cells and tissues that comprise the eye, and defects in their synthesis, intracellular and extracellular transport, and turnover underlie a variety of signifi cant, common, and often severely debilitating eye diseases. Classical “ grind and fi nd ” lipid composition analyses have given way more recently to detailed lipidomic, metabolomic, and lipid-dependent signaling studies, linking a detailed, quantitative knowledge of lipids
Jasmonate and Phytochrome A Signaling in Arabidopsis Wound and Shade Responses Are Integrated through JAZ1 Stability[C][W]

This work examines the interaction between jasmonate (JA) and light signaling. It finds that attenuation of shade responses by low red/far-red light requires the JA signal component COI1 and that some responses to JA are partly dependent on the light signal component phyA. The JA and phyA pathways are integrated through stability of the repressor protein JAZ1. Jasmonate (JA) activates plant defense, promotes pollen maturation, and suppresses plant growth. An emerging theme in JA biology is its involvement in light responses; here, we examine the interdependence of the JA- and light-signaling pathways in Arabidopsis thaliana. We demonstrate that mutants deficient in JA biosynthesis and signaling are deficient in a subset of high irradiance responses in far-red (FR) light. These mutants display exaggerated shade responses to low, but not high, R/FR ratio light, suggesting a role for JA in phytochrome A (phyA) signaling. Additionally, we demonstrate that the FR light–induced expression of transcription factor genes is dependent on CORONATINE INSENSITIVE1 (COI1), a central component of JA signaling, and is suppressed by JA. phyA mutants had reduced JA-regulated growth inhibition and VSP expression and increased content of cis-(+)-12-oxophytodienoic acid, an intermediate in JA biosynthesis. Significantly, COI1-mediated degradation of JASMONATE ZIM DOMAIN1-β-glucuronidase (JAZ1-GUS) in response to mechanical wounding and JA treatment required phyA, and ectopic expression of JAZ1-GUS resulted in exaggerated shade responses. Together, these results indicate that JA and phyA signaling are integrated through degradation of the JAZ1 protein, and both are required for plant responses to light and stress.
Telomeric Expression Sites Are Highly Conserved in Trypanosoma brucei

Subtelomeric regions are often under-represented in genome sequences of eukaryotes. One of the best known examples of the use of telomere proximity for adaptive purposes are the bloodstream expression sites (BESs) of the African trypanosome Trypanosoma brucei. To enhance our understanding of BES structure and function in host adaptation and immune evasion, the BES repertoire from the Lister 427 strain of T. brucei were independently tagged and sequenced. BESs are polymorphic in size and structure but reveal a surprisingly conserved architecture in the context of extensive recombination. Very small BESs do exist and many functioning BESs do not contain the full complement of expression site associated genes (ESAGs). The consequences of duplicated or missing ESAGs, including ESAG9, a newly named ESAG12, and additional variant surface glycoprotein genes (VSGs) were evaluated by functional assays after BESs were tagged with a drug-resistance gene. Phylogenetic analysis of constituent ESAG families suggests that BESs are sequence mosaics and that extensive recombination has shaped the evolution of the BES repertoire. This work opens important perspectives in understanding the molecular mechanisms of antigenic variation, a widely used strategy for immune evasion in pathogens, and telomere biology.
Ottoman and Turkish Orientalism

Since the early decades of the 19th century, Turkey has undergone successive programmes of modernisation that have closely identified reform with Westernisation and its implied European ‘success and superiority’ over Turkish culture. Here Edhem Eldem reveals both the external and internal dynamic of Turkish Orientalism, which has proved such a complex multilayered process with an enduring influence on how Turkish society and elites view themselves today. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Liposome-mediated gentamicin delivery: development and activity against resistant strains of Pseudomonas aeruginosa isolated from cystic fibrosis patients.

OBJECTIVES Chronic pulmonary infection by Pseudomonas aeruginosa in cystic fibrosis patients is virtually impossible to eradicate by means of existing free antibiotics. We sought to assess the antibacterial activities of liposomal gentamicin against clinical isolates of P. aeruginosa. METHODS Gentamicin was encapsulated into liposomes with different lipid compositions (1,2-dimyristoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine, 1,2-dipalmitoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine and 1,2-distearoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine) and cholesterol in the molar ratio of 2:1 by sonication. The in vitro stability of liposome-encapsulated gentamicin was studied over a 48 h period at 4 and 37 degrees C in PBS and at 37 degrees C in pooled plasma. The MICs of free and liposomal gentamicin for clinical isolates of P. aeruginosa were assessed by broth dilution. RESULTS The encapsulation efficiency of all liposomal preparations was 4%-5.18% of the initial amount of the drug in solution. The liposomes retained 60%-70% of the encapsulated gentamicin for 48 h when they were incubated in normal human pooled plasma or PBS at 4 or 37 degrees C. The MICs of liposomal gentamicin for all clinical isolates of P. aeruginosa were lower than the MICs of free gentamicin. Importantly, liposomal gentamicin altered the susceptibilities of these clinical isolates from gentamicin resistant to either intermediate or susceptible. CONCLUSIONS Taken together, these data indicate that liposomal gentamicin formulations could be more effective than the free drug in controlling pulmonary infections due to P. aeruginosa.
Business Artifacts: A Data-centric Approach to Modeling Business Operations and Processes

Traditional approaches to business process modeling and wo rkflow are based on activity flows (with data often an afterthought) or documents (with processing o ften an afterthought). In contrast, an emerging approach uses(business) artifacts, that combine data and process in an holistic manner as the ba sic building block. These correspond to key business entities w hich evolve as they pass through the business’s operation. This short paper motivates the approach,surveys research and its applications, and discusses how principles and techniques from database mana gement research can further develop the artifact-centric paradigm.
A Systemic Inspection of Affectional Preference Orientation and the Family of Origin

Clinical intervention with families of origin where a child has a same-gender affectional preference orientation has led to the synthesis of a five-staged developmental model reflective of the systemic changes that the family undergoes as it attempts to cope with the affectional preference issue. The first three stages of the process attempt to maintain homeostatic function, whereas, the latter two bring about resolution and integrate the child back into the system. The three system variables that have a profound effect on the outcome of the family's movements are cohesion, regulative structure and family themes. Strategies for positive intervention are presented.
Chiral symmetry breaking by spatial confinement in tactoidal droplets of lyotropic chromonic liquid crystals

In many colloidal systems, an orientationally ordered nematic (N) phase emerges from the isotropic (I) melt in the form of spindle-like birefringent tactoids. In cases studied so far, the tactoids always reveal a mirror-symmetric nonchiral structure, sometimes even when the building units are chiral. We report on chiral symmetry breaking in the nematic tactoids formed in molecularly nonchiral polymer-crowded aqueous solutions of low-molecular weight disodium cromoglycate. The parity is broken by twisted packing of self-assembled molecular aggregates within the tactoids as manifested by the observed optical activity. Fluorescent confocal microscopy reveals that the chiral N tactoids are located at the boundaries of cells. We explain the chirality induction as a replacement of energetically costly splay packing of the aggregates within the curved bipolar tactoidal shape with twisted packing. The effect represents a simple pathway of macroscopic chirality induction in an organic system with no molecular chirality, as the only requirements are orientational order and curved shape of confinement.
Advancing mental toughness research and theory using personal construct psychology

This review is designed to advance current conceptualizations of mental toughness in sport as well as identify avenues for future research by offering a fresh perspective using Kelly's (1955/1991) personal construct psychology (PCP). After reviewing sport-general and sport-specific research contributing to current perspectives on mental toughness, we highlight the need for theoretically driven research in the area. Following this, we provide an overview PCP and offer a conceptual model grounded in PCP which attempts to organize the knowledge base as well as provide a platform for future research. In integrating previous research with PCP, we propose a construct definition in which the multidimensional nature of mental toughness, its usefulness for dealing with and thriving through both positively and negatively construed situations, and the processes by which this occurs are highlighted. Specifically, mental toughness is defined as a collection of values, attitudes, emotions, and cognitions that influence the way in which an individual approaches, responds to, and appraises demanding events to consistently achieve his or her goals. To conclude, methodological and conceptual limitations associated with previous research are examined and the PCP model of mental toughness presented here is employed to identify avenues for future research.
Applications of tree/link partitioning for moment computations of general lumped RLC networks with resistor loops

A new moment computation technique for general lumped circuits with resistor loops is proposed. Using the concept of tearing, a lumped network can be portioned into a spanning tree and several resistor links. The contributions of network moments from each tree and the corresponding links can be determined independently. By combining the conventional moment computation algorithms and the reduced ordered binary decision diagram (ROBDD), the proposed method can compute system moments efficiently.
Transnational Mobilities, Migration Research and Intersectionality

Transnational Mobilities, Migration Research and Intersectionality Transnational migration studies need to be framed within a contextual, dynamic and processual analysis that recognises the interconnectedness of different identities and hierarchical structures relating to, for example, gender, ethnicity, ‘race’ and class at different levels in society. This article looks at a range of problematic issues in migration studies while also engaging with migration as a gendered phenomenon. I propose a particular analytical sensitivity, which attends to the centrality of power and social hierarchy, building on the idea of intersectionality as a heuristic device. Finally, I consider the potential of using a translocational lens, which is also able to pay attention to the challenges posed by transnationalism.
Report of the Detailed Calculation of the Effective Potential in Spacetimes with $S^1\times R^d$ Topology and at Finite Temperature

In this paper we review the calculations that are needed to obtain the bosonic and fermionic effective potential at finite temperature and volume (at one loop). The calculations at finite volume correspond to S ×R topology. These calculations appear in the calculation of the Casimir energy and of the effective potential of extra dimensional theories. In the case of finite volume corrections we impose twisted boundary conditions and obtain semi-analytic results. We mainly focus in the details and validity of the results. The zeta function regularization method is used to regularize the infinite summations. Also the dimensional regularization method is used in order to renormalize the UV singularities of the integrations over momentum space. The approximations and expansions are carried out within the perturbative limits. After the end of each section we briefly present applications associated to the calculations. Particularly the calculation of the effective potential at finite temperature for the Standard Model fields, the effective potential for warped and large extra dimensions and the topological mass creation. In the end we discuss on the convergence and validity of one of the obtained semi-analytic results.
Cell Type-Specific Long-Term Plasticity at Glutamatergic Synapses onto Hippocampal Interneurons Expressing either Parvalbumin or CB1 Cannabinoid Receptor

Different GABAergic interneuron types have specific roles in hippocampal function, and anatomical as well as physiological features vary greatly between interneuron classes. Long-term plasticity of interneurons has mostly been studied in unidentified GABAergic cells and is known to be very heterogeneous. Here we tested whether cell type-specific plasticity properties in distinct GABAergic interneuron types might underlie this heterogeneity. We show that long-term potentiation (LTP) and depression (LTD), two common forms of synaptic plasticity, are expressed in a highly cell type-specific manner at glutamatergic synapses onto hippocampal GABAergic neurons. Both LTP and LTD are generated in interneurons expressing parvalbumin (PV+), whereas interneurons with similar axon distributions but expressing cannabinoid receptor-1 show no lasting plasticity in response to the same protocol. In addition, LTP or LTD occurs in PV+ interneurons with different efferent target domains. Perisomatic-targeting PV+ basket and axo-axonic interneurons express LTP, whereas glutamatergic synapses onto PV+ bistratified cells display LTD. Both LTP and LTD are pathway specific, independent of NMDA receptors, and occur at synapses with calcium-permeable (CP) AMPA receptors. Plasticity in interneurons with CP-AMPA receptors strongly modulates disynaptic GABAergic transmission onto CA1 pyramidal cells. We propose that long-term plasticity adjusts the synaptic strength between pyramidal cells and interneurons in a cell type-specific manner and, in the defined CA1 interneurons, shifts the spatial pattern of inhibitory weight from pyramidal cell dendrites to the perisomatic region.
Amobarbital effects on the posterior hippocampus during the intracarotid amobarbital test

Objective: To relate functional effects on the hippocampus during the intracarotid amobarbital test (IAT) to its direct perfusion with amobarbital. Methods: In 17 patients with intractable temporal lobe epilepsy, 28 hemispheres were perfused with 2.3 mL of 10% solution of 200 mg amobarbital and 37 MBq 99mTc-hexamethylpropylene amine oxime (HMPAO). For evaluation of amobarbital effects, data were combined from stereo-EEG (S-EEG) recordings from intrahippocampal depth electrodes and high-resolution SPECT after intracarotid injection of HMPAO. Results: Perfusion of the entire hippocampus was observed only in hemispheres with a fetal origin of the posterior cerebral artery (PCA). In 10 hemispheres, S-EEG recordings could not unequivocally be assigned to either the anterior or the posterior part of the hippocampus. In the remaining 18 hemispheres, only the two with a fetal type of PCA showed perfusion of the entire hippocampus. In both, hippocampal electrical activity changed under the influence of amobarbital but did not differ in anterior and posterior contacts. In 15 of 16 hemispheres in which SPECT demonstrated perfusion of the anterior hippocampus only, amobarbital injection resulted in significant S-EEG activity change in both the anterior and the posterior parts of the hippocampus. Conclusion: S-EEG effects on the posterior hippocampus during the IAT can occur without direct perfusion of those brain areas.
Analysis of Combinatorial Loss-of-Function Mutants in the Arabidopsis Ethylene Receptors Reveals That the ers1 etr1 Double Mutant Has Severe Developmental Defects That Are EIN2 Dependent Article, publication date, and citation information can be found at www.plantcell.org/cgi/doi/10.1105/tpc.013060.

Ethylene responses in Arabidopsis are controlled by the ETR receptor family. The receptors function as negative regulators of downstream signal transduction components and fall into two distinct subfamilies based on sequence similarity. To clarify the levels of functional redundancy between receptor isoforms, combinatorial mutant lines were generated that included the newly isolated ers1-2 allele. Based on the etiolated seedling growth response, all mutant combinations tested exhibited some constitutive ethylene responsiveness but also remained responsive to exogenous ethylene, indicating that all five receptor isoforms can contribute to signaling and no one receptor subtype is essential. On the other hand, light-grown seedlings and adult ers1 etr1 double mutants exhibited severe phenotypes such as miniature rosette size, delayed flowering, and sterility, revealing a distinct role for subfamily I receptors in light-grown plants. Introduction of an ein2 loss-of-function mutation into the ers1 etr1 double mutant line resulted in plants that phenocopy ein2 single mutants, indicating that all phenotypes observed in the ers1 etr1 double mutant are EIN2 dependent.
Image tamper detection algorithm based on Radon and Fourier-Mellin transform

Copy and Move is a very common way of image tampering. In order to detect images through rotation, scaling and other operations quickly and efficiently, image tamper detection based on Radon and Fourier-Mellin transform is presented. First calculate the testing image blocks through the Radon and Fourier-Mellin transform, and then extract the characteristic value of transformation results, finally obtain the value of the correlation moment features. It does not require binarization and normalization of gray image, but directly forms the graphics Radon transform and Fourier-Mellin transform to extract invariant features of the results. The theoretical analysis and experimental results show that the proposed algorithm is better than detection method based on orthogonal moments.
Renocardiovascular Biomarkers: from the Perspective of Managing Chronic Kidney Disease and Cardiovascular Disease

Mortality among the patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD) and end-stage renal disease (ESRD) remains high because of the very high incidence of cardiovascular disease (CVD) such as coronary artery disease, cardiac hypertrophy, and heart failure. Identifying CVD in patients with CKD/ESRD remains a significant hurdle and the early diagnosis and therapy for CVD is crucial in these patients. Therefore, it is necessary for the better management to identify and utilize cardiovascular (CV) biomarkers in profiling CVD risk and enabling stratification of early mortality. This review summarizes current evidence about renocardiovascular biomarkers: CV biomarkers in patients with CKD as well as with ESRD, emphasizing on the emerging biomarkers: B-type natriuretic peptide, cardiac troponins, copeptin, the biomarker of renal injury (neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin), and the mineral and bone disorder hormone/marker (fibroblast growth factor-23). Furthermore, it discusses their potential roles especially in ESRD and in future diagnostic and therapeutic strategies for CVD in the context of managing cardiorenal syndrome.
Proliferative involvement of ENX‐1, a putative human Polycomb group gene, in haematopoietic cells

Homeobox genes have important roles in haematopoiesis and are regulated in an activated state by the trithorax group (trxG) of genes. In a repressed state, they are regulated by the Polycomb group (PcG) of genes. ENX‐1, a putative human PcG gene product, interacts with the proto‐oncogene product Vav. We report an investigation of the role of ENX‐1 in human haematopoiesis. CD34+ cells mobilized to peripheral blood strongly expressed ENX‐1. When stimulated to proliferate, both T and B lymphocytes rapidly up‐regulated ENX‐1. ENX‐1 was expressed in all cell lines of the various lineages examined. When HL‐60 cells were differentiated to mature granulocytes with all‐trans retinoic acid, ENX‐1 was down‐regulated. Moreover, ENX‐1 antisense oligodeoxynucleotide suppressed DNA synthesis in HL‐60 cells. Our data indicate that ENX‐1 is involved in the proliferation of both normal and malignant haematopoietic cells.