Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Performance characteristics of endoscopic ultrasound in the staging of pancreatic cancer: a meta-analysis.

CONTEXT The optimal approach to pre-operative imaging assessment of pancreatic cancer is unknown. OBJECTIVE The aim of this meta-analysis was to assess accuracy and performance characteristics of EUS in determining nodal staging, vascular invasion, and prediction of resectability of pancreatic cancer. A secondary aim was to perform head to head comparison of performance characteristics between EUS and CT for nodal staging, vascular invasion and resectability. DESIGN Data from EUS studies were pooled according to bivariate generalized random effects model. Pooled estimates for CT were obtained from studies which performed head to head comparison between EUS and CT. PATIENTS Patients with pancreatic cancer undergoing pre-operative imaging assessment. INTERVENTION EUS. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE Pooled sensitivity, specificity, positive and negative predictive values of EUS for nodal staging, vascular invasion and resectability. RESULTS Forty-nine studies were considered of which 29 met inclusion criteria with a total of 1,330 patients. Pooled summary estimates for EUS-nodal staging were 69% for sensitivity and 81% for specificity. For vascular invasion, sensitivity was 85% and specificity was 91%. The sensitivity and specificity for resectability was 90% and 86%, respectively. CT scan showed lower sensitivity than EUS for nodal staging (24% vs. 58%) and vascular invasion (58% vs. 86%); however, the specificities for nodal staging (88% vs. 85%) and vascular invasion (95% vs. 93%) were comparable in studies where both imaging techniques were performed. The sensitivity and specificity of CT in determining resectability (90% and 69%) was similar to that of EUS (87% and 89%). CONCLUSIONS EUS is an accurate pre-operative tool in the assessment of nodal staging, vascular invasion and resectability in patients with pancreatic cancer.
Social and Cognitive Correlates of Utah Residents' Acceptance of the Lethal Control of Wolves

The objectives of this study were to: (a) determine the acceptability of several methods of lethal and non-lethal wolf control, (b) identify factors that explain acceptability of lethal control, and (c) test a model for predicting acceptability of lethal control. Data were obtained from a mail survey of Utah residents (n = 709). Non-lethal forms of control were more acceptable than lethal forms control. Acceptability of lethal controls varied among stakeholder groups. No such variation existed for non-lethal methods, suggesting these methods are less controversial. Stakeholder group identification (i.e., agricultural, environmental, hunting, wildlife advocacy) impacted acceptability of lethal control. These effects, however, were reduced when beliefs about wolf impacts and attitude toward wolves were controlled. These two factors explained 42% of the variance in the acceptability of lethal wolf control. Path analysis supported the proposed model, suggesting effects of stakeholder identification on acceptability of lethal control are mediated by cognitive factors.
Saccadic Vector Optokinetic Perimetry (SVOP): A novel technique for automated static perimetry in children using eye tracking

Perimetry is essential for identifying visual field defects due to disorders of the eye and brain. However, young children are often unable to reliably perform the preferred method of visual field assessment known as automated static perimetry (ASP). This paper introduces a novel method of ASP specifically developed for children called Saccadic Vector Optokinetic Perimetry (SVOP). SVOP uses eye tracking to detect the natural saccadic eye response of gaze orientation towards visual field stimuli if they are seen. In this paper, the direction and magnitude of a sample of subject gaze responses to visual field stimuli is used to construct a software decision algorithm for use in SVOP. SVOP was clinically evaluated in a group of 24 subjects, comprising children and adults, with and without visual field defects, by comparison with an equivalent test on the Humphrey Field Analyser (HFA). SVOP provides promising visual field test results when compared with the reference HFA test, and has proven extremely useful in detecting visual field defects in children unable to perform traditional ASP.
A Comparison of False-negative Responses for Full Threshold and SITA Standard Perimetry in Glaucoma Patients and Normal Observers

Purpose:To compare false-negative (FN) rates for Full Threshold (FULL) and Swedish Interactive Threshold Algorithm (SITA) Standard automated perimetry in healthy control subjects and glaucoma patients. Methods:One eye of 19 glaucoma patients and 5 normal control subjects underwent 5 visual field examinations within 6 weeks on the Humphrey Field Analyzer II using the 24-2 FULL and SITA testing procedures. The order of presentation of test procedures was counterbalanced across participants. We obtained FN response procedures that presented stimuli 9 dB greater than a previously determined threshold value at specific locations in the visual field (FULL) or up to 20 dB greater than the threshold value (SITA), and evaluated whether the patient responded to these suprathreshold stimuli. We compared the percentage of FN responses for the FULL and SITA tests before (Peridata output) and after postprocessing of data. Results:The percentage of FNs was almost twice as high for FULL testing compared with the 2 SITA analyses. The SD of FN percentages was half as large for SITA postprocessing compared with FULL and SITA Peridata procedures. Because the distributions were not normally distributed, a Kruskal-Wallis analysis of variance was performed and revealed a statistically significant difference (H=13.094, P<0.001) for FN percentages among the 3 evaluations. Conclusions:FULL test procedures yield about twice as many FNs as SITA procedures. This may be related to the SITA method of testing for FN in relatively normal areas as opposed to any location (even if it has low sensitivity) with FULL. Because FN responses can be due to either high variability in damaged areas or pathologic variations, these revised FN procedures provide greater assistance in properly interpreting visual field results.
The two faces of leadership: considering the dark side of leader‐follower dynamics

A number of years ago, David McClelland, in his studies of managerial motivation, identified two types of power: egoistic (using others for personal gain) and social (facilitating group cooperation and effort for the achievement of the general good). Clearly, the power motive is intimately related to the concept of leadership. However, over the last several decades, a school of thought has arisen which equates leadership with “doing the right thing”. Defining leadership in such an ethical light is both misleading and dangerous. At the same time, little has been done to address the role of followers in the influence process, and transformational models of leadership have exacerbated this problem. Failure to acknowledge the role of followers and to examine the “dark side” of leader‐follower dynamics can distort efforts to understand influence processes in an authentic way. This paper provides balance to this discussion and identifies a number of critical implications for leadership education.
Racial/Ethnic Differences in FIM™ Scores and Length of Stay for Underinsured Patients Undergoing Stroke Inpatient Rehabilitation

Chiou-Tan F, Keng MJ Jr, Graves DE, Chan K-T, Rintala DH: Racial/ethnic differences in FIM™ scores and length of stay for underinsured patients undergoing stroke inpatient rehabilitation. Am J Phys Med Rehabil 2006;85:415–423. Objective:To explore racial/ethnic differences in FIM™ data from admission to discharge in underinsured patients undergoing inpatient stroke rehabilitation. Design:This is a retrospective analysis of the Uniform Data System for Medical Rehabilitation (UDSMR®) database of an inpatient rehabilitation unit of a county hospital in a large urban city. Data included 171 adult patients admitted to the stroke rehabilitation unit between January 2000 and October 2003. Main outcome measures included admission and discharge total FIM™ score, FIM™ gain, FIM™ efficiency, and length of stay (LOS). Data were analyzed using &khgr;2 analyses, t tests, univariate analysis of variance, binary logistic regression, and hierarchical multiple regression. Results:Data from 68 Hispanic, 83 black, and 20 white patients were included in the study. Univariate tests revealed that race/ethnicity groups differed significantly on admission FIM™ score (F = 5.38, P < 0.005), FIM™ gain (F = 4.35, P < 0.014), and FIM™ efficiency (F = 3.42, P < 0.035). Post hoc pairwise comparisons revealed that Hispanics had lower admission FIM™ scores than blacks (58.9 vs. 68.9). However, Hispanics had higher FIM™ gain scores than blacks (26.8 vs. 21.5). Race/ethnicity was not significantly related to age, gender, side of stroke, type of stroke, time from onset of stroke to rehabilitation admission, discharge FIM™ score, or LOS. Multiple regression analyses revealed that after controlling for all other available factors, race/ethnicity accounted for a significant amount of additional variance in admission FIM™ score (5.8%) and FIM™ efficiency (4.6%), but not in discharge FIM™ score, FIM™ gain, or LOS. Race/ethnicity was not predictive of discharge disposition. Conclusions:Differences in functional independence at admission to poststroke rehabilitation and the average daily improvement in function are related, in part, to patients' race/ethnicity. Differences in change in functional independence from admission to discharge (FIM™ gain) are not related to race/ethnicity once other factors, particularly admission FIM™ score, are taken into account. Future studies should identify reasons why Hispanics have lower admission FIM™ scores because demographic and stroke-related variables were not related to ethnicity yet have outcomes similar to blacks and whites at discharge.
REPRESENTING PREFERENCES WITH A UNIQUE SUBJECTIVE STATE SPACE

Ž. We extend Kreps’ 1979 analysis of preference for flexibility, reinterpreted by Kreps Ž. 1992 as a model of unforeseen contingencies. We enrich the choice set, consequently obtaining uniqueness results that were not possible in Kreps’ model. We consider several representations and allow the agent to prefer commitment in some contingencies. In the representations, the agent acts as if she had coherent beliefs about a set of possible future Ž. ex post preferences, each of which is an expected-utility preference. We show that this set of ex post preferences, called the subjectie state space, is essentially unique given the restriction that all ex post preferences are expected-utility preferences and is minimal even without this restriction. Because the subjective state space is identified, the way ex post utilities are aggregated into an ex ante ranking is also essentially unique. Hence when a representation that is additive across states exists, the additivity is meaningful in the sense that all representations are intrinsically additive. Uniqueness enables us to show that the size of the subjective state space provides a measure of the agent’s uncertainty about future contingencies and that the way the states are aggregated indicates whether these contingencies lead to a desire for flexibility or commitment.
The control of neglected zoonotic diseases A route to poverty alleviation

The designations employed and the presentation of the material in this publication do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the World Health Organization concerning the legal status of any country, territory, city or area or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries. Dotted lines on maps represent approximate border lines for which there may not yet be full agreement. The mention of specific companies or of certain manufacturers' products does not imply that they are endorsed or recommended by the World Health Organization in preference to others of a similar nature that are not mentioned. Errors and omissions excepted, the names of proprietary products are distinguished by initial capital letters. All reasonable precautions have been taken by the World Health Organization to verify the information contained in this publication. However, the published material is being distributed without warranty of any kind, either expressed or implied. The responsibility for the interpretation and use of the material lies with the reader. In no event shall the World Health Organization be liable for damages arising from its use. The control of neglected zoonotic diseases : a route to poverty alleviation : report of a joint WHO/DFID-AHP meeting, 20 and 21 September 2005, WHO Headquarters, Geneva, with the participation of FAO and OIE. Preface iii As we enter the second phase of our attempt to meet the Millennium Development Goals, it is important to identify special areas where targeted interventions can have a real impact in reducing poverty in households and communities. Because they affect both people and animals, especially where they involve livestock, interventions to control zoonoses require concerted action between the veterinary and the human health sectors, while also offering substantial benefits to both sectors. WHO has long taken the lead in bringing together international and national organizations to deal with the problems posed by both emerging and endemic zoonoses. Although much publicity has been accorded to the emerging zoonotic diseases, it is the endemic, and occasionally epidemic zoonoses, which year in, year out affect poor livestock keepers in marginalized communities. These diseases were the focus of this meeting. Meanwhile, the DFID Animal Health Programme (DFID-AHP) has been engaged in research on zoonotic disease for two-and-a-half decades. It has become increasingly obvious that the results obtained in the field of animal health need to be very firmly linked with the work …
From Hegemony to Governmentality: Changing Conceptions of Power in Social History

In the 1960s and 1970s the emergent domain of social history was marked by a reconceptualisation of the concept of power. The dimensions of power and its operations were no longer understood to be confined to elite institutions such as parliament, but extended to the relations and institutions of everyday life. In the process, social historical writing helped to redefine the notion of the political itself. Since this early phase a number of different conceptions of power have been utilised by social historians, including the Gramscian notion of hegemony and, more recently, the Foucauldian idea of governmentality. This article explores the theoretical implications of these concepts and looks at how ideas associated with governmentality in particular have been operationalised in recent historical writing, including the work of Mary Poovey and Patrick Joyce. In conclusion, the article identifies some of the problems arising from governmentality approaches and sketches briefly an alternative way of thinking about power centred on analysis of the body.
Understanding the reasons for loss to follow-up in patients with glaucoma at a tertiary referral teaching hospital in Korea

Background/aims To assess the reasons and factors for discontinuation of follow-up among patients with glaucoma at a tertiary referral teaching hospital in Seoul, Korea. Methods We identified all adult patients with glaucoma (≥18 years), who had visited the glaucoma clinic of Seoul National University Hospital between April 2012 and March 2014 and had missed an appointment by at least 12 months. These patients were traced via cellular phone, and their true status and reasons for discontinuation of follow-up were documented. Results A total of 6848 patients with glaucoma (3512 men and 3336 women) were considered. Among them, 247 (3.61%) had missed a scheduled appointment by 12 months or more. Among 230 (93.1%) who were successfully traced, 4 (1.7%) had died and 96 (41.7%) had self-transferred to another glaucoma clinic. Of the 130 patients left, 123 (94.6%) had treatment and follow-up interruptions, and 7 (5.4%) had been treated with alternative medicine. The two main reasons cited for treatment and follow-up interruptions were lack of understanding regarding the necessity of follow-up (46.3%) and unawareness of appointment schedule (30.9%). In stepwise linear regression analysis, older age (p=0.001. β=0.13), male gender (p=0.013, β=0.08) and lower baseline intraocular pressure (p=0.005, β=0.11) were independently associated with follow-up loss involving treatment interruptions. Conclusions This study's results emphasise the need for ongoing educational support and improved appointment notification, especially for the elderly, men and patients with low baseline intraocular pressure.
Composition and toxicity of petroleum products and their additives

1 All petroleum based products are highly complex chemical mixtures. Although almost exclusively composed of hydrocarbons, the composition varies with the crude oil source. 2 Their toxicity for man is generally low but there are exceptions. Although irritancy and sensitization to specific ingredients may be demonstrated in animals, animal experiments are not a reliable indicator of sensitization potential in man. 3 Both product complexity and commercial considerations can make acceptable and meaningful compositional disclosures difficult. A nomenclature system exists which solves these problems. 4 Frame formulations would have some value to poisons centres dealing with petroleum product enquiries. 5 As legislation for the European Union is developed, the balance must be reached between disclosure of the (often confidential) precise chemical composition of products and a practical and useful composition for the guidance of users and medical personnel. This is a key issue with some petroleum products, mainly due to the additives used in them. 6 For several reasons, such as climatic conditions or logistics of supply, the various components, including additives, used in a branded product may vary because the final product composition is determined not by chemistry but by performance in service. 7 Lubricants may contain between 10 and 20% of additives; fuels contain additives only at parts per million levels. However, for both fuels and lubricants, toxicity from additives is rarely a matter of concern.
Sex Differences in Cognitive Abilities

1. Why Should We Study Sex Differences in Cognitive Abilities? 2. Searching For Sex Differences in Cognitive Abilities. 3. Empirical Evidence for Cognitive Sex Differences. 4. Biological Hypotheses Part I: Genes and Hormones. 5. Biological Hypotheses Part II: Brains, Evolutionary Pressures, and Brain-Behavior Relationships. 6. Psychosocial Hypotheses Part I: Sex Role Stereotypes Throughout the Life Span. 7. Psychosocial Hypotheses Part II: Theoretical Perspectives for Understanding the Role of Psychosocial Variables. 8. Using a Biopsychosocial Perspective to Understand Cognitive Sex Differences.
Fast and Cautious: Leveraging Multi-path Diversity for Transport Loss Recovery in Data Centers

To achieve low TCP flow completion time (FCT) in data center networks (DCNs), it is critical and challenging to rapidly recover loss without adding extra congestion. Therefore, in this paper we propose a novel loss recovery approach FUSO that exploits multi-path diversity in DCN for transport loss recovery. In FUSO, when a multi-path transport sender suspects loss on one sub-flow, recovery packets are immediately sent over another sub-flow that is not or less lossy and has spare congestion window slots. FUSO is fast in that it does not need to wait for timeout on the lossy sub-flow, and it is cautious in that it does not violate congestion control algorithm. Testbed experiments and simulations show that FUSO decreases the latency-sensitive flows' 99th percentile FCT by up to ∼82.3% in a 1Gbps testbed, and up to ∼87.9% in a 10Gpbs large-scale simulated network.
Evaluating Cross-Language Annotation Transfer in the MultiSemCor Corpus

In this paper we illustrate and evaluate an approach to the creation of high quality linguistically annotated resources based on the exploitation of aligned parallel corpora. This approach is based on the assumption that if a text in one language has been annotated and its translation has not, annotations can be transferred from the source text to the target using word alignment as a bridge. The transfer approach has been tested in the creation of the MultiSemCor corpus, an English/Italian parallel corpus created on the basis of the English SemCor corpus. In MultiSemCor texts are aligned at the word level and semantically annotated with a shared inventory of senses. We present some experiments carried out to evaluate the different steps involved in the methodology. The results of the evaluation suggest that the cross-language annotation transfer methodology is a promising solution allowing for the exploitation of existing (mostly English) annotated resources to bootstrap the creation of annotated corpora in new (resource-poor) languages with greatly reduced human effort.
Political consumerism between individual choice and collective action : social movements, role mobilization and signalling

The notion of political consumerism has two implications. First, consumers wield some kind of power that they can use to effect social change through the marketplace. Second, political consumerism refers to and somehow combines the rationalities of two subsystems, politics and the economy. Yet regarding their everyday, individualized shopping decisions, consumers do not appear to command a great deal of power. What kind of influence, then, can individual economic decisions have on producers? Is that influence robust enough to attribute power to consumers? And if consumers do indeed have power, how can we conceive the implied translation of political concerns into the monetary logic of the economy? An answer to those questions needs to take into account the societal context of political consumerism. This paper analyses how political consumerism relates to the functional differentiation of modern society and how social movements are fundamental to understanding it. Through what I shall call role mobilization, social movements turn the role sets of their supporters into transmission belts for political objectives, and by authoritatively communicating those objectives, they provide signals to producers, who otherwise would not know a great deal about their consumers’ preferences.
Keratinocyte‐specific ablation of Stat3 exhibits impaired skin remodeling, but does not affect skin morphogenesis

To elucidate the biological role of Stat3 in the skin, conditional gene targeting using the Cre‐loxP system was performed as germline Stat3 ablation leads to embryonic lethality. K5‐Cre;Stat3flox/− transgenic mice, whose epidermal and follicular keratinocytes lack functional Stat3, were viable and the development of epidermis and hair follicles appeared normal. However, hair cycle and wound healing processes were severely compromised. Furthermore, mutant mice expressed sparse hair and developed spontaneously occurring ulcers with age. Growth factor‐dependent in vitro migration of Stat3‐disrupted keratinocytes was impaired despite normal proliferative responses. We therefore conclude that Stat3 plays a crucial role in transducing a signal required for migration but not for proliferation of keratinocytes, and that Stat3 is essential for skin remodeling, including hair cycle and wound healing.