Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
LNA, oscillator and mixer co-design for compact RF-CMOS ISM receivers

A co-design strategy for the implementation of a low-voltage fully integrated CMOS receiver is presented. This co-design approach allows the design of a compact direct-conversion receiver by avoiding 50 Ω matching buffers and networks, and AC coupling capacitors between mixer inputs and LNA and oscillator outputs. Moreover, the proposed circuit does not require DC choke inductors for mixer biasing. Since a 1.2 V power supply is used, a current bleeding technique is applied in the LNA and in the mixer. To avoid inductors and obtain differential quadrature outputs, an RC two-integrator oscillator is employed, in which, a filtering technique is applied to reduce phase noise and distortion. The proposed receiver is designed and simulated in a 130 nm standard CMOS technology. The overall conversion voltage gain is higher than 35.8 dB and the noise figure is 5.3 dB.
Fractal pore structure of sedimentary rocks: Simulation by ballistic deposition

[1] Experimental studies show that porous sedimentary rocks have a fractal pore-grain interface. The bidisperse ballistic deposition model (BBDM) generates a porous structure by computer simulation. The model is able to reproduce the behavior of several macroscopic properties of sedimentary rocks quite well. In the present paper we show that the microstructure of the pore space created in BBDM is also realistic. Two-point correlations of the pore space agree qualitatively with results for real rocks, and the sample spanning pore has a fractal dimension in the range 2.29–2.99 for different porosities. We also study diffusion in the pore space by a random walk and show that it is anomalous at low porosities.
Community Based Forest Management Systems in Developing Countries and Eligibility for Clean Development Mechanism

Concerns have been raised among the scientific communities about the increased atmospheric concentration of carbon dioxide (CO2). Carbon sequestration rates can be maintained or increased by afforestation, reforestation, avoided deforestation, forest preservation and particular tending and cultural operations on existing forests. Of these, afforestation and reforestation are the only eligible project activities under the Clean Development Mechanism (CDM). Of the three market-based mechanisms of the Kyoto Protocol (KP), CDM is the only one designed for developing countries where, coincidently, community based forest management systems (CBFMS) are becoming the main form of forest management. Under these systems, enhanced natural regeneration, forest preservation and wise utilization through different sets of cultural and tending operations are widely practiced in Africa, Asia and Latin America. These systems are often more compatible with the essence of the Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD) than are alternative management systems. Using Nepal as a case study, this paper highlights the importance of community forests in developing countries and then explains why many of them may not be eligible for CDM project activities. After that, some reasons why enhanced natural regeneration and forest preservation activities should be considered under the CDM project activities will be discussed. If community forests contribute to achieving the main objectives of CDM program as well as providing biodiversity benefits, and if they are the only socially acceptable and economically viable option, then they should be eligible under the CDM project activities. In particular, the CDM forest definition (>10% crown cover) should not be a barrier to their eligibility.
Automatic detection algorithm of intracranial pressure waveform components

We describe an automated detection algorithm that may be used to identify the percussion peak (P), tidal peak (T), dichrotic notch (N), and dichrotic peak (D) components of the intracranial pressure (ICP) signal. The algorithm uses a moving average filter to remove quantization error, a lowpass filter to identify the beat series, and a local search to identify the components of each beat. The algorithm was compared with two experts' visual identification of the percussion components of 997 beats recorded from three subjects. The algorithm accuracy rate was 99.3% with an acceptance interval of 8 ms (/spl plusmn/1 sample).
Accounting for design in the analysis of spatial data

The fundamental objective of geostatistical data analysis is to estimate the continuous spatial process μ(s) over a domain of interest D. Estimation is based on measurements y1, . , yn taken at locations s1, . , sn. It is typically assumed that the measurement locations are fixed when conducting the analysis. However, in some situations this assumption is untenable. For example, the United States Environmental Protection Agency (US EPA) maintains a nationwide network of measurement stations to monitor ambient air quality. The locations of these stations were not selected at random. They were selected to best achieve the EPA’s scientific objectives, including to intensely monitor regions that may be out of compliance with EPA air quality standards and to monitor air quality in areas with high population density. In both cases, monitors are placed in locations where the process of interest is likely to be high, and areas with good air quality are under-represented in this sample. This may result in a positive bias when interpolating from the measurement locations to locations without monitors. While there is a vast literature on methods for designing networks to best meet the scientific objectives of a spatial analysis (e.g., Muller 2007), there has until recently been little work on accounting for these design factors in
Focal depths and mechanisms of large earthquakes on the Arctic Mid‐Ocean Ridge System

As part of a global study of the source characteristics and tectonic implications of large earthquakes on mid-ocean ridges, we report on the focal depths and mechanisms of the six largest earthquakes that have occurred in the last 20 years on the Arctic mid-ocean ridge system. For each earthquake we invert the long-period P and SH waveforms to estimate the parameters of the best fitting point source, including seismic moment, centroid depth, double-couple source orientation, and source time function. Three of the earthquakes occurred on the oceanic spreading center in the Eurasian Basin, along ridge segments spreading at half rates of 4–6 mm/yr. These events have mechanisms very similar to those of ridge crest earthquakes on the Mid-Atlantic Ridge: almost pure normal faulting on planes that dip at approximately 45° and strike parallel to the rift axis, moments of 4–5 × 1024 dyn cm, centroid depths of 1–2 km beneath the seafloor, and water depths (inferred from the predominant period of water column reverberations) appropriate to epicentral locations within the median valley. The remaining three earthquakes, also characterized by normal faulting, are associated with the continuation of the divergent plate boundary (2–3 mm/yr half rate) onto the continental shelf of the Laptev Sea, where the crust becomes transitional in nature. One of the largest known spreading center earthquakes (August 25, 1964, M0 = 1 × 1026 dyn cm) occurred where the oceanic ridge intersects the outer edge of the continental slope. Waveform inversion for this event can resolve unilateral rupture from north to south (landward) along a fault at least 30 km in length. The preferred centroid depth is 5 km beneath the seafloor in crustal material with an unusually low shear velocity, but a centroid depth as great as 15 km cannot be ruled out. Two earthquakes beneath the continental shelf have significantly greater centroid depths (10–20 km) than mid-ocean ridge earthquakes, indicating a thicker brittle regime and a cooler thermal structure than are typical of oceanic spreading centers. The tectonic environment of these events is more representative of rifted continental lithosphere than of a mid-ocean ridge.
THE OAK ORCHARD SOIL WATER ASSESSMENT TOOL A decision support system for watershed management Part 1: Calibration and Validation

A hydrologic model (SWAT) was developed and calibrated for the Oak Orchard watershed to evaluate sources and sinks of sediment and nutrients. The model included the most important anthropogenic features that impacted water flow and nonpoint source pollution in the watershed. These features included reservoirs at the Iroquois National Wildlife Refuge, Waterport and Medina; point sources such as the Erie Canal, US Gypsum, Allen Canning, wastewater treatment plants at Medina, Oakfield and Elba, and tiledrains at the mucklands, an intensely farmed area that was drained to combat malaria in the 19 century. The model included point sources for every subbasin so that the effects of future point sources can be evaluated. The model was calibrated for waterflow and sediment using observed loading data collected by Makarewicz and Lewis (2000, 2009). To achieve the proper water balance observed at the watershed, seasonal inputs of water had to be added from the Erie Canal and the Onondaga escarpment. This water came from outside of the watershed. The resulting calibration had a Nash-Sutcliffe (NS) prediction efficiency of 0.81 for the calibration period (1997-1999). The total cumulative sediment loading was within 2%, of observed and the monthly sediment loads fell within the uncertainty of the observed data (NS=0.31). Cumulative total phosphorous loads were within 2% of observed and the NS prediction efficiency was 0.91. The model validated very poorly in the 2008 time period primarily because of inaccurate precipitation data and incorrect groundwater fluxes from the escarpment. Further research needs to evaluate the timing and amount of groundwater flow from the escarpment because it has a significant impact on monthly flows in this watershed. It is likely that other watersheds that are nestled against the Onondaga escarpment are impacted by spring flows from this geologic feature.
Assimilating NOAA’s SST data and in situ T, S profiles into the BSH operational circulation model for the North and Baltic Seas

The operational circulation model of the German Federal Maritime and Hydrographic Agency (BSH) has been augmented by a data assimilation (DA) system in order to improve the hydrography forecast of the North and Baltic Seas. The DA system has been developed based on the Singular Evolution Interpolated Kalman (SEIK) filter algorithm (Pham et al., 1998) coded within the Parallel Data Assimilation Framework (Nerger et al., 2004, Nerger and Hiller, 2012). The quality of the forecast has been previously improved by assimilating sea surface temperature (SST) measurements obtained with the Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer (AVHRR) aboard polar orbiting NOAA’s satellites (Losa et al., 2012). We investigate possible further improvements using in situ observational temperature and salinity data: MARNET time series and CTD and Scanfish measurements. The study addresses the problem of the local SEIK analysis accounting for the data within a certain radius. The localisation radius is considered spatially variable and dependent on the system local dynamics. As such, we define the radius of the data influence based on the energy superposition of the baroclinic and barotropic flows.
Rice cutgrass growth as affected by simulated flooding and water nitrogen concentration under greenhouse conditions

Practical challenges exist in minimizing the ecological impact of conventional agricultural systems, which often depend upon the intense usage of irrigation and agrochemicals in order to maximize the level of food production. Significant amounts of nitrogen fertilizer is lost and transported into drainage ditches. Increasingly, research has focused on the efficacy of plants to mitigate and diffuse agricultural runoff in drainage ditches to better manage and protect fresh water. By assessing plant responses, we will gain a better understanding of specific services a particular species may offer as a buffer plant. The objective of this greenhouse study was to determine the growth and physiological responses of a ditch plant, rice cutgrass (Leersia oryzoides), to a range of flooding and nitrogen input regimes, in order to gain a better understanding of why this species is well adapted to ditch environments. The experiment was a complete 3 × 3 factorial design with three levels of flooding intensity and three levels of nitrogen addition in the form of ammonium nitrate (NH4NO3-N). Each treatment was replicated 15 times for 135 plants total. The study was terminated six weeks after flooding treatment initiation. Plants were able to modify their physiological responses in order to withstand environmental stress. When grown in partially flooded conditions, individuals produced more aboveground (37.52% and 38.42%) and belowground biomass (48.05% and 87.81%), compared to other treatments (control and continuously flooded, respectively). There was a 58.5% and 30.1% increase in shoot-to-root ratio as both flooding and aqueous nitrogen concentration increased. The increased productivity of rice cutgrass in partially flooded treatments and its capacity to survive increased nitrogen concentrations may explain the persistence of this species in agricultural ditches.
Seismic heterogeneity and anisotropy of the Honshu arc from the Japan Trench to the Japan Sea

SUMMARY We determinedP-andS-wave tomography andP-wave anisotropic structure under the Honshu arcfromtheJapanTrenchtothebackarcareaundertheJapanSeausing310749P-and150563 S-wave arrivals from 4655 local earthquakes recorded by 982 seismograph stations. Arrival timesfrom1451suboceanicearthquakesrelocatedwithsPdepthphasesenableustodetermine the structures under the Pacific Ocean and Japan Sea, which expand the study region from the land area to the whole arc from the Japan Trench to the Japan Sea with a width of more than 500 km. The results show strong heterogeneities above the subducting Pacific slab under the PacificOceanandmostlargethrust-typeearthquakesoccurredinthehigh-velocityareaswhere the Pacific slab and the overriding continental plate may be strongly coupled. Low-velocity (low-V) zones are imaged in the mantle wedge with significant along-arc variations under the volcanic front. The mantle-wedge low-V zone extends westwards under the Japan Sea and it is connected with the subducting Pacific slab at depths of 150–200 km under the backarc. The results indicate that the H2O and fluids brought downwards by the subducting Pacific slab are released into the mantle wedge by dehydration and are subsequently transported to the surface by the upwelling flow in the mantle wedge. Significant P-wave anisotropic anomalies are revealed under the Honshu arc. The predominant fast velocity direction (FVD) is E–W in the mantle wedge while it is N–S in the subducting Pacific slab. The anisotropy in the mantle wedgeistheresultofdeformationcausedbythesubductionofthePacificplateandtheinduced mantle-wedge convection, while the FVD pattern in the middle of the mantle wedge argues for the 3-D mantle flow or the specific alignment of the olivine in the partial-melting mantle. The N–S (trench-parallel) FVD in the subducting Pacific slab represents either the original fossil anisotropy when the Pacific plate formed or the trench-parallel crystallographic and shaped preferred orientation in the subducting slab due to the slab bending. The present results shed new light on the structural heterogeneities and seismic anisotropy under the Honshu arc, which may improve our understanding of the dynamic processes of subduction zones.
Using High Resolution Seismic Reflection for Imaging of a Shallow Gas Horizon within Urban Vienna, Austria

The current subway network of Vienna should be expanded to the south. For the planning it was necessary to drill several exploratory wells along possible corridors. In one of these exploratory wells gas was encountered in a 20 cm thick sand layer at a depth of 38 m below ground elevation. The gas bearing layer consists mainly of sand and gravel and might be part of braided stream deposits of Pannon D. In the course of this research project the lateral extension of this gas bearing layer should be mapped. Considering the resolution potential of seismic reflection at these depths and the strong velocity/density contrast the gas bearing sand would provide we decided to use this geophysical method for delineating the lateral extension of the gas bearing horizon.
Local Solutions of the Optimal Power Flow Problem

The existence of locally optimal solutions to the AC optimal power flow problem (OPF) has been a question of interest for decades. This paper presents examples of local optima on a variety of test networks including modified versions of common networks. We show that local optima can occur because the feasible region is disconnected and/or because of nonlinearities in the constraints. Standard local optimization techniques are shown to converge to these local optima. The voltage bounds of all the examples in this paper are between ±5% and ±10% off-nominal. The examples with local optima are available in an online archive (http://www.maths.ed.ac.uk/optenergy/LocalOpt/) and can be used to test local or global optimization techniques for OPF. Finally we use our test examples to illustrate the behavior of a recent semi-definite programming approach that aims to find the global solution of OPF.
The Burn-to-Claim cross-blockchain asset transfer protocol

The future of multi-blockchain architecture depends on the emergence of new protocols that achieve communication between trustless cross-chain participants. However, interoperability between blockchains remains an open problem. Existing approaches provide integration through solutions using a middleware system, which makes it harder to gain confidence mainly in terms of security and correctness of the process. A cross-chain protocol needs to provide a self-verifiable state-proof that embeds trust in the transfer process. We propose a Burn-to-Claim cross-chain protocol to seamlessly exchange assets between networks. Our scheme transfers assets from one blockchain system to another in a way that the asset is burned from the source blockchain and claimed on the destination blockchain. Our mechanism employs combinations of crypto mechanisms such as digital signatures and time lock to operate the protocol in a distributed manner. We provide an analysis which proves that our cross-chain protocol transfers assets correctly and securely.
Constant input power control of a three phase isolated buck+boost rectifier

A novel control method is proposed for single-stage three-phase isolated buck+boost rectifier. The control method is based on the conventional cascade two-loop control structure and is modified to achieve constant instantaneous input power. Input voltages, output voltage, and DC-link inductor current are measured to control the power switches to achieve output voltage regulation as well as input power factor correction. In the proposed method, input currents are controlled such that input power is constant even for unbalanced mains. Thus for balanced mains converter behaves like an ideal rectifier, and for unbalanced mains, low-frequency harmonics of the output voltage are suppressed. The performance of the proposed control structure is verified by numerical simulation of a 6 kW, 380V/48Vdc designed prototype.
Pore‐scale simulation of mixing‐induced calcium carbonate precipitation and dissolution in a microfluidic pore network

We develop a 2‐D pore scale model of coupled fluid flow, reactive transport, and calcium carbonate (CaCO3) precipitation and dissolution. The model is used to simulate transient experimental results of CaCO3 precipitation and dissolution under supersaturated conditions in a microfluidic pore network (i.e., micromodel) in order to improve understanding of coupled reactive transport systems perturbed by geological CO2 injection. In the micromodel, precipitation is induced by transverse mixing along the centerline in pore bodies. The reactive transport model includes the impact of pH upon carbonate speciation and a CaCO3 reaction rate constant, the effect of changing reactive surface area upon the reaction, and the impact of pore blockage from CaCO3 precipitation on diffusion and flow. Overall, the pore scale model qualitatively captured the precipitate morphology, precipitation rate, and maximum precipitation area using parameter values from the literature. In particular, we found that proper estimation of the effective diffusion coefficient (Deff) and the reactive surface area is necessary to adequately simulate precipitation and dissolution rates. In order to match the initial phase of fast precipitation, it was necessary to consider the top and bottom of the micromodel as additional reactive surfaces. In order to match a later phase when dissolution occurred, it was necessary to increase the dissolution rate compared to the precipitation rate, but the simulated precipitate area was still higher than the experimental results after ∼30 min, highlighting the need for future study. The model presented here allows us to simulate and mechanistically evaluate precipitation and dissolution of CaCO3 observed in a micromodel pore network. This study leads to improved understanding of the fundamental physicochemical processes of CaCO3precipitation and dissolution under far‐from‐equilibrium conditions.
Millimeter-Wave 45° Linearly Polarized Corporate-Fed Slot Array Antenna With Low Profile and Reduced Complexity

A millimeter-wave 45° linearly polarized corporate-fed slot array antenna is presented in this communication. A key feature is the much reduced number of metallic layers and, therefore, the complexity of the array, as compared with other competitive designs. With the reduced antenna profile, high cross-polarization discrimination (XPD) and low sidelobe level (SLL) are still achieved by a combination of techniques. The back cavity of the <inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$2 \times 2$ </tex-math></inline-formula> slot subarray is optimized to confine the <inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">${H}$ </tex-math></inline-formula>-field along the direction of the radiation slots, enhancing its XPD. Stubs are loaded in the same cavity to compensate for the phase imbalance, suppressing both cross-polarization and grating lobes without introducing additional metallic layers. Combining these features, the proposed array antenna demonstrates high performance with only three essential metallic layers. A prototype with <inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$8 \times 8$ </tex-math></inline-formula> radiation slots at the <italic>Ka</italic>-band is implemented for demonstration. Experimental results show that the grating lobes are suppressed to below −30.5 dB, and the first SLL (FSLL) of less than −26.2 dB. XPD of more than 31.3 dB is achieved over the frequency range of 26.5–32 GHz. The peak gain of better than 25 dBi and antenna efficiency of over 71.7% are also obtained over the same frequency range.