Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Are power calculations useful? A multicentre neuroimaging study

There are now many reports of imaging experiments with small cohorts of typical participants that precede large‐scale, often multicentre studies of psychiatric and neurological disorders. Data from these calibration experiments are sufficient to make estimates of statistical power and predictions of sample size and minimum observable effect sizes. In this technical note, we suggest how previously reported voxel‐based power calculations can support decision making in the design, execution and analysis of cross‐sectional multicentre imaging studies. The choice of MRI acquisition sequence, distribution of recruitment across acquisition centres, and changes to the registration method applied during data analysis are considered as examples. The consequences of modification are explored in quantitative terms by assessing the impact on sample size for a fixed effect size and detectable effect size for a fixed sample size. The calibration experiment dataset used for illustration was a precursor to the now complete Medical Research Council Autism Imaging Multicentre Study (MRC‐AIMS). Validation of the voxel‐based power calculations is made by comparing the predicted values from the calibration experiment with those observed in MRC‐AIMS. The effect of non‐linear mappings during image registration to a standard stereotactic space on the prediction is explored with reference to the amount of local deformation. In summary, power calculations offer a validated, quantitative means of making informed choices on important factors that influence the outcome of studies that consume significant resources. Hum Brain Mapp 35:3569–3577, 2014. © 2014 The Authors. Human Brain Mapping Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Floor interaction HCI reaching new ground

Within architecture, there is a long tradition of careful design of floors. The design has been concerned with both decorating floors and designing floors to carry information. Ubiquitous computing technology offers new opportunities for designing interactive floors. This paper presents three different interactive floor concepts. Through an urban perspective it draws upon the experiences of floors in architecture, and provides a set of design issues for designing interactive floors.
School development planning in a small primary school ‐ Addressing the challenge in rural NSW

School development planning (SDP) is one outcome of education being managed by modes of management that originate in the corporate world of private enterprise. While the rhetoric indicates strongly that modes of management such as SDP are supportive of efficiency, effectiveness and public accountability, empirical evidence is slight. Provides a case study of SDP in a small rural disadvantaged primary school called Meiki in which SDP has proved to be a rewarding process for staff and has had a positive impact on student outcomes. However, it raises serious questions about the connection between SDP and claims for enhanced efficiency.
Maternal age specific rates for chromosome aberrations and factors influencing them: Report of a collaborative european study on 52 965 amniocenteses

Maternal age specific rates for all major chromosome aberrations have been determined in 52 965 pregnancies in mothers 35 years of age and over at the time of amniocentesis. Rates increase exponentially with advancing maternal age for trisomies 21, 18 and 13, and for the XXX and XXY syndromes, but in the autosomal trisomies this rise appears to be followed by a levelling off at the upper end of the age range. A significant inverse relationship with maternal age is found for 45,X cases. It is postulated that these various patterns are the result of the interaction of three principal factors: a maternal age effect acting particularly on first meiotic nondisjunction: a higher spontaneous abortion rate with advancing maternal age for aneuploid as compared to euploid conceptions; and an increased probability of spontaneous abortion before the time of amniocentesis for conceptions with more extensive chromosome imbalance. A stepwise logistic regression analysis of 13 299 pregnancies in which both parental ages are known shows that the father's age does not influence these maternal age specific rates, with the possible exception of the 47,XXY syndrome.
Semi-Structured Information: A Modal Logic Approach

This paper has been inspired by 5] where the notion of a database scheme was generalised to deal with arbitrary collections of data. I propose a diierent way of describing the format of such collections of data which uses extended modal logic and compare the results to the results of 5]. In some cases an improvement in complexity and expressive power can be achieved by using the modal logic approach.
CHARACTERISTICS OF COAGULASE POSITIVE AND COAGULASE NEGATIVE STAPHYLOCOCCI IN SERUM-SOFT AGAR

Preliminary experiments revealed that coagulase positive staphylococci could be distinguished culturallv from coagulase negative staphylococci in a soft agar medium containing a small amount of normal human or rabbit plasma. In a medium of suitably low viscosity, staphylococci produce elongated diffuse feathery colonies. When coagulable plasma is incorporated in such a medium, the colonies of coagulase positive staphylococei are compact and spherical, whereas colonies of coagulase negative staphylococei are essentially unaltered. It was considered, at this point, that coagulase elaborated by microcolonies affected the plasma resulting in increased viscosity in the immediate colonial environment which, in turn, influences the morphology of the developing colony. Although this premise may be untenable, some observations made in an attempt to elucidate the mechanism of this phenomenon are of interest and may find application in studies of staphylococei and other bacteria. The use of soft or semisolid agar media in the differentiation of microorganisms is not unique. Pike (1946) used a modification of the soft agar medium of Ward and Rudd (1938) in differentiating streptococci. MIorphological changes of colonies in a semisolid medium were used as an indication of pneumococcus transformations (MIcCarty et al., 1946). This technique was later applied by Ravin (1954). Pittman and Davis (1950) used growth characteristics in semifluid media to distinguish species of Haemophilus. A double layer technique with antiserum-containing soft agar was utilized by Stocker (1949) in studies on flagellar antigenic phases in Salmonella. Knox et al. (1956) recently reported on characteristics of growth of Mycobacterium tuberculosis in semisolid agar media. Lankford et al. (1955) successfullly used soft agar, with and without antiserum, for demonstrating antigenic variation
A tumor escape variant that has lost one major histocompatibility complex class I restriction element induces specific CD8+ T cells to an antigen that no longer serves as a target

After loss of expression of a major histocompatibility complex class I Kk allele, the escape variant of an immunogenic tumor grows progressively in normal mice. This progressor variant is resistant to killing by cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs) directed against the A and B antigens presented by Kk. Although the variant retains the expression of the Dk allele and is sensitive to CTLs directed against the C antigen presented by Dk, the variant failed to induce CTLs to this antigen in vivo. Instead, the variant induced CD8+ T cells directed to the A antigen. This was shown at the molecular level by T cell receptor beta chain sequence analysis of the responding cells. Further evidence for the presence of A antigen in the variant came from the finding that spleen cells of mice injected intraperitoneally with the variant tumor cells were primed for an anti-A CD8+ CTL response in vivo. Thus, in contrast to other variants that lost a target antigen and induced a CTL response to remaining target antigens, the Kk loss variant continued to induce an immune response to a tumor antigen that is no longer presented on the tumor cell surface. Even though the variant escapes in a single step because an effective CTL response to secondary antigens is prevented, these secondary antigens remain as potential targets of immunotherapy on the variant's cell surface.
Joint Power and Rate Control for Device-to-Device Communications in Cellular Systems

This paper investigates device-to-device (D2D) communication nested in a cellular network, where a pair of D2D users directly exchanges their information using the uplink frequency band of the cellular network. When the D2D user treats the interference from the cellular user as noise, power control at the cellular user is optimal for maximizing the rate of the cellular user while controlling the interference to the D2D user. However, if the D2D user can perform successive interference cancelation (SIC), the cellular user needs to adjust both transmit power and rate to maximize its rate, because the decodability of the interfering signals at the D2D user depends not only on the signal power but also on the rate of the cellular user. To control the interference from the cellular user, we propose a joint transmit power and rate control scheme at the cellular user. Forcing the cellular user to transmit with a reduced data rate compared with the maximum possible rate, given its transmit power, the proposed joint power and rate control scheme efficiently enables SIC at the D2D user. To reduce the computational complexity, we also propose a near-optimal scheme that employs either power control or rate control depending on the channel conditions.
14.4: Polychromatic High‐Frequency Steady‐State Visual Evoked Potentials for Brain‐Display Interaction

An oncoming interactive platform integrated with LCD provides another option not only for handicapped but public to make our daily lives more convenient. Steady‐state visual evoked potentials (SSVEPs) are human brain responses to visual stimulation at specific light flashing frequencies. With the improvement of brain‐computer interface (BCI) applications in mind, this paper proposed effective and comfortable SSVEP stimuli of high‐frequency and polychromatic encoded lights with tunable duty cycles and phases.
Challenges of Serendipity in Recommender Systems

: Most recommender systems suggest items similar to a user proﬁle, which results in boring recommendations limited by user preferences indicated in the system. To overcome this problem, recommender systems should suggest serendipitous items, which is a challenging task, as it is unclear what makes items serendipitous to a user and how to measure serendipity. The concept is difﬁcult to investigate, as serendipity includes an emotional dimension and serendipitous encounters are very rare. In this paper, we discuss mentioned challenges, review deﬁnitions of serendipity and serendipity-oriented evaluation metrics. The goal of the paper is to guide and inspire future efforts on serendipity in recommender systems.
Transmission of hepatitis C virus--route, dose, and titer.

Hepatitis C virus (HCV) is a blood-borne virus that generally circulates in low titers in infected serum. Epidemiologic studies show that the most efficient transmission of HCV is through the transfusion of blood or blood products or the transplantation of organs from infected donors and through the sharing of contaminated needles among injection-drug users1. However, less than half of patients with acute hepatitis C report a history of such exposure. A small number of epidemiologic studies demonstrate that perinatal, sexual, household, and occupational transmission occurs, but our understanding of the risks of transmission in these settings has been limited .
Identification of functional links between genes using phylogenetic profiles

MOTIVATION Genes with identical patterns of occurrence across the phyla tend to function together in the same protein complexes or participate in the same biochemical pathway. However, the requirement that the profiles be identical (i) severely restricts the number of functional links that can be established by such phylogenetic profiling; (ii) limits detection to very strong functional links, failing to capture relations between genes that are not in the same pathway, but nevertheless subserve a common function and (iii) misses relations between analogous genes. Here we present and apply a method for relaxing the restriction, based on the probability that a given arbitrary degree of similarity between two profiles would occur by chance, with no biological pressure. Function is then inferred at any desired level of confidence. RESULTS We derive an expression for the probability distribution of a given number of chance co-occurrences of a pair of non-homologous orthologs across a set of genomes. The method is applied to 2905 clusters of orthologous genes (COGs) from 44 fully sequenced microbial genomes representing all three domains of life. Among the results are the following. (1) Of the 51 000 annotated intrapathway gene pairs, 8935 are linked at a level of significance of 0.01. This is over 30-fold greater than the 271 intrapathway pairs obtained at the same confidence level when identical profiles are used. (2) Of the 540 000 interpathway genes pairs, some 65 000 are linked at the 0.01 level of significance, some 12 standard deviations beyond the number expected by chance at this confidence level. We speculate that many of these links involve nearest-neighbor path, and discuss some examples. (3) The difference in the percentage of linked interpathway and intrapathway genes is highly significant, consistent with the intuitive expectation that genes in the same pathway are generally under greater selective pressure than those that are not. (4) The method appears to recover well metabolic networks. This is illustrated by the TCA cycle which is recovered as a highly connected, weighted edge network of 30 of its 31 COGs. (5) The fraction of pairs having a common pathway is a symmetric function of the Hamming distance between their profiles. This finding, that the functional correlation between profiles with near maximum Hamming distance is as large as between profiles with near zero Hamming distance, and as statistically significant, is plausibly explained if the former group represents analogous genes.
Daily spermatozoal production, epididymal spermatozoal reserves and transit time of spermatozoa through the epididymis of the rhesus monkey.

Experiments were performed to establish the daily level of testicular production of spermatozoa, the distribution of spermatozoa within the epididymis, and the time required for transport of spermatozoa through the epididymis in 8 sexually rested rhesus monkeys (Macaca mulatta) of at least 6 years of age. The daily production of spermatozoa was similar among all animals, averaging a production rate of 23 times 10 (6) sperm/gm of testicular parenchyma per day. However, the weight of testicular parenchyma ranged from 15 to 32 gm. Per testis , the average daily spermatozoal production was found to be 547 plus or minus 69 tomes 10(6). Consequently, the normal average production of spermatozda for the rhesus monkey per day during the breeding seasson is about 1.1 times 10(9). The number of sperm in the caput, corpus, and cauda epididymis was found to be . 6 plus or minus . 1, 2.1 plus or minus . 3, and 2.9 plus or minus . 3 times 10(9), respectively. 1 plus or minus . 1 times 10(9) sperm were found in the proximal 49-70 mm of the ductus deferens. The mean transport times of sperm through the caput, corpus, and cauda epididymis were approximately 1.1, 3.8, and 5.6 days, respectively. The rate of transport of sperm through the epididymis was virtually the same between 2-5.5 days, even though a 265-fold difference in epididymal reserves was found. The results indicate that sperm matures within the epididymis of this species within 5 days.
The Varieties of Consumption Experience: Comparing Two Typologies of Emotion in Consumer Behavior

Consumer researchers have recently turned their attention toward exploring the imaginative, emotional, and evaluative components of the consumption experience. Nevertheless, considerable work remains to be done on the emotional aspects of consumer behavior. Toward that end, this paper assesses the comparative reliabilities and validities of two competing typologies of emotion when they are applied to the representation of experiences associated with consumption activities. Specifically, independent samples of judges rated real experiential descriptions on either Mehrabian and Russell's (1974) PAD dimensions or Plutchik's (1980) emotional categories. Further, separate samples of judges evaluated artificial descriptions on the same competing frameworks. These data permit comparisons of reliability, internal validity, and external convergent validity for the two alternative schemes. The results favor Mehrabian and Russell's PAD paradigm and suggest the need for further research exploring types of emotional responses to the varieties of consumption experience.
Attitudes towards Tax Reform and Progressive Taxation: Sweden 1991-96

One of the most debated elements of the Social Democratic reform of the Swedish tax system was the lowered income tax rate, which mainly affected the upper tax brackets. An analysis of public attitudes to the tax reform during three time periods reveals that attitudinal patterns are characterized by stability, both on aggregate and individual levels, and by profound social divisions. Support is more prevalent among more affluent social strata and those affiliated with Bourgeoisie parties compared to workers, low- income earners and those with left-wing preferences. Following attitudinal developments in the aftermath of the tax reform, social conflicts - mainly structured along class dimensions - as well as demands for tax progression tended to increase between 1991 and 1996.
Microbial Biogeography along an Estuarine Salinity Gradient: Combined Influences of Bacterial Growth and Residence Time

ABSTRACT Shifts in bacterioplankton community composition along the salinity gradient of the Parker River estuary and Plum Island Sound, in northeastern Massachusetts, were related to residence time and bacterial community doubling time in spring, summer, and fall seasons. Bacterial community composition was characterized with denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE) of PCR-amplified 16S ribosomal DNA. Average community doubling time was calculated from bacterial production ([14C]leucine incorporation) and bacterial abundance (direct counts). Freshwater and marine populations advected into the estuary represented a large fraction of the bacterioplankton community in all seasons. However, a unique estuarine community formed at intermediate salinities in summer and fall, when average doubling time was much shorter than water residence time, but not in spring, when doubling time was similar to residence time. Sequencing of DNA in DGGE bands demonstrated that most bands represented single phylotypes and that matching bands from different samples represented identical phylotypes. Most river and coastal ocean bacterioplankton were members of common freshwater and marine phylogenetic clusters within the phyla Proteobacteria, Bacteroidetes, and Actinobacteria. Estuarine bacterioplankton also belonged to these phyla but were related to clones and isolates from several different environments, including marine water columns, freshwater sediments, and soil.
Prospective Teachers' Perspectives on Teaching Diverse Children: A Review with Implications for Teacher Education and Practice.

I am a teacher educator who aims to prepare prospective teachers to work effectively with all children regardless of their life experiences, language backgrounds, skin colors, or family socioeconomic status. In my work, I have observed that prospective teachers often turn to experiences from their own pasts for clues on how to interpret and respond to the contemporary behaviors of the children whom they teach. My White, middle-class, English-speaking university students often believe that their particular personal experiences from their own suburban midwestern childhoods are directly transferrable to the situations they encounter in teaching children unlike themselves living in another time and place. Reliance on these experiences frequently leads to prospective teachers' failure to support or to increase the learning and achievement of the increasingly heterogeneous student population with which they work. As I pondered the dilemmas of new teachers at my university and the challenges that they pose for me as a teacher educator, I sought information regarding the perspectives of other new teachers about the children whom they will teach. I searched for the responses of other teacher educators who had also taken these perspectives into account in their programs of teacher preparation. ' The following questions guided my investigations: Who are prospective teachers in the United States and what are their perspectives on the diverse children they teach? How have other teacher educators developed campus and classroom
Encoding Strategies for Tonal and Atonal Melodies

In this experiment, strategies of pitch encoding in the processing of melodies were investigated. Twenty-six students who were highly trained in music and twenty-six who were less well trained were instructed to make recognition judgments concerning melodies after a 12-sec retention interval. During each retention interval, subjects were exposed to one of four conditions (pause, listening to an interfering melody, shadowing nonsense syllables, and shadowing note names). Both the standard and the comparison melodies were six-tone series that had either a high- tonality structure ("tonal melody") or a low-tonality structure ("atonal melody"). The results (obtained by Newman-Keuls method) showed that recognition performance for the musically highly trained group was severely disrupted by the note names for the tonal melodies, while it was disrupted by the interfering melody for the atonal melodies. On the other hand, for the musically less well trained group, whose recognition performance was significantly worse than that of the highly trained group even in the Pause condition, there were no significant differences in disruptive effects between the different types of interfering materials. These findings suggest that the highly trained group could use a verbal (note name) encoding strategy for the pitches in the tonal melodies, and also rehearsal strategies (such as humming and whistling) for the atonal melodies, but that subjects in the less well trained group were unable to use any effective strategies to encode the melodies.