Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Assessing the effect of climate natural variability in water resources evaluation impacted by climate change

Water resource assessment on climate change is crucial in water resource planning and management. This issue is becoming more urgent with climate change intensifying. In the current research of climate change impact, climate natural variability (fluctuation) has seldom been studied separately. Many studies keep attributing all changes (e.g. runoff) to climate change, which may lead to wrong understanding of climate change impact assessment. Because of lack of long enough historical series, impacts of climate variability have been always avoided deliberately. Based on Latin hypercube sampling technique, a block sampling approach was proposed for climate variability simulation in this study. The widely used time horizon (1961–1991) was defined as baseline period, and the runoff variation probability affected by climate natural variability was analysed. Allowing for seven future climate projections in total of three GCMs (CSIRO, NCAR, and MPI) and three emission scenarios (A1B, A2, and B1), the impact of future climate change on water resources was estimated in terms of separating the contribution from climate natural variability. Based on the analysis of baseline period, for the future period from 2021 to 2051, the impact of climate natural variability may play a major part, whereas for the period from 2061 to 2091, climate change attributed to greenhouse gases may dominate the changing process. The results show that changes from climate variability possess a comparable magnitude, which highlights the importance to separate impacts of climate variability in assessing climate change, instead of attributing all changes to climate change solely. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The 1996 Biescas campsite disaster in the Central Spanish Pyrenees, and its temporal and spatial context

On the evening of the 7 August 1996 an intense storm occurred over the Aras catchment near Biescas in the central Pyrenees. Eighty-seven people were killed as a result of the subsequent flood, which hit a campsite located on the alluvial fan at the outlet of the 18·8 km2 catchment. This paper presents the main results of a hydromorphological study of the event. The Betes subcatchment received the most intense rainfall, estimated at somewhat in excess of 250 mm, which resulted in a peak flow from this tributary of 300 m3 s−1. Just downstream from the Betes river junction, flow in the main channel reached 400 m3 s−1, increasing to around 500 m3 s−1 further downstream. Rainfall in the larger Aso tributary was less intense, and in the head reaches flow remained within-bank, representing a one in two-year return period event. Flow from this tributary did not exceed 100 m3 s−1, indicating that the Betes subcatchment supplied some 75% of the flow from just 28·7% of the catchment area. The extreme flows caused the collapse of a series of sediment trap dams in the Aras channel downstream of the Betes junction. This resulted in the addition of 68 000 m3 of sediment to an already disastrous event. Data from other rain gauges in the area showed both the extremely local nature of the event, and the problems of return period analysis for such storms, whose peaks are rarely observed at gauges. Together with the high geomorphological risks of the zone, this leads to the conclusion that a new method of spatial and temporal risk analysis is required for infrastructure planning. © 1997 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Discrete-Event Simulation: A First Course

1. Models 1.1. Introduction 1.2. A Single-Server Queue 1.3. A Simple Inventory System 2. Random Number Generation 2.1. Lehmer Random Number Generation: Introduction 2.2. Lehmer Random Number Generation: Implementation 2.3. Monte Carlo Simulation 2.4. Monte Carlo Simulation Examples 3. Discrete-Event Simulation 3.1. Discrete-Event Simulation 3.2. Multi-Stream Lehmer Random Number Generation 3.3. Discrete-Event Simulation Models 4. Statistics 4.1. Sample Statistics 4.2. Discrete-Data Histograms 4.3. Continuous-Data Histograms 4.4. Correlation 5. Next-Event Simulation 5.1. Next-Event Simulation 5.2. Next-Event Simulation Examples 5.3. Event List Management 6. Discrete Random Variables 6.1. Discrete Random Variables 6.2. Generating Discrete Random Variables 6.3. Discrete Random Variable Applications 6.4. Discrete Random Variable Models 6.5. Random Sampling 7. Continuous Random Variables 7.1. Continuous Random Variables 7.2. Generating Continuous Random Variables 7.3. Continuous Random Variable Applications 7.4. Continuous Random Variable Models 7.5. Nonstationary Poisson Processes 7.6. Acceptance-Rejection 8. Input Modeling 8.1. Error in Discrete-Event Simulation 8.2. Modeling Stationary Processes 8.3. Modeling Nonstationary Processes 9. Output Analysis 9.1. Interval Estimation 9.2. Monte Carlo Estimation 9.3. Finite-Horizon and Infinite-Horizon Statistics 9.4. Batch Means 9.5. Steady-State Single-Server Service Node Statistics 10. Projects 10.1. Empirical Tests of Randomness 10.2. Birth-Death Processes 10.3. Finite-State Markov Chains 10.4. A Network of Single-Server Service Nodes Appendices: A. Simulation Languages B. Integer Arithmetic C. Parameter Estimation Summary D. Random Variate Models E. Random Variate Generators F. Correlation and Independence References
Evidence for mechanical decoupling of the upper plate at the Nankai subduction zone: Constraints from core‐scale faults at NantroSEIZE Sites C0001 and C0002

Detailed analyses of cores from two drill sites landward of the Nankai trough provide constraints on the evolution of stress across the SW Japan subduction zone. Core‐scale faults at Sites C0001 and C0002 suggest changing stress geometries that shed light on mechanical coupling across this plate boundary. Normal faults dominate the record of brittle strain in both the sedimentary cover and the upper accretionary prism, and these cut older shear zones and vein structures. Based on cross‐cutting relations normal faults postdate thrust faults with the latter interpreted to be inactive. The normal faults, in contrast, are consistent with contemporary stress proxies such as borehole breakout and anelastic strain recovery data. Stress inversion for faults that are restored to original orientations using paleomagnetic data reveal that thrusting has accommodated trench subperpendicular shortening associated with interplate coupling. This phase of deformation is overprinted by normal faulting attributed to mechanical decoupling of the upper plate from the lower plate in response to the underplating of anomalously weak sediments between an out‐of‐sequence thrust and the décollement. These observations suggest that core‐scale faults record a stress history that is, to date, not apparent from in situ stress proxies such as borehole breakout data or anelastic strain recovery data. We conclude that the brittle faults provide a unique record of changing stress conditions that can be recognized only through coring.
Alcohol consumption in later life and mortality in the United States: Results from nine waves of the Health and Retirement Study

Background. —Alcohol consumption in later life has increased in the past decade, and the relationship between alcohol consumption and mortality is controversial. Recent studies suggest little, if any, health benefit to alcohol. Yet most rely on single time-point consumption assessments, and minimal confounder adjustments. Methods. —We report on 16 years of follow-up from the Health and Retirement Study (HRS) cohorts born 1931–1941 (N=7,904, baseline mean age=61, SD=3.18). Respondents were queried Corresponding author: Katherine M. Keyes, PhD, Associate Professor of Epidemiology, Columbia University, Department of Epidemiology, Mailman School of Public Health, 722 West 168th Street, Suite 724, New York, NY 10032, Tel: (212) 304-5652, kmk2104@columbia.edu. Conflict of interest: The authors report no conflicts of interest. HHS Public Access Author manuscript Alcohol Clin Exp Res. Author manuscript; available in PMC 2020 August 01. Athor M anscript
STRAIN RATE DEPENDENCY OF COHESIVE SOILS IN CONSOLIDATION SETTLEMENT

ABSTRACT It has been revealed from the long term consolidation test that the e-logp relation is linearly shifted with decrease in the strain rate in logarithm scale. The minimum strain rate measured by the conventional long term consolidation test is at most in the order of 10-9s-1. Question arises whether such a shift of the e-logp relation continues at even the infinite small strain rate, for example, smaller than 10-9s-1. To investigate the strain rate dependency of cohesive soil, the relaxation test was carried out for Osaka Pleistocene clays. It may be considered that in relaxation test, recoverable strain decreases due to decrease in acting pressure, and the irrecoverable strain equally increases, because the total strain remains constant. In this paper, assuming that the isotaches model can be applied to the irrecoverable strain, the strain rate dependency at very small strain rate was obtained from a series of relaxation tests. In this investigation the “strain rate dependency ratio” (SRDR) is defined as the ratio of the stress in the same e or e under the objective strain rate, based on the strain rate of 3.3×10-6s-1. It is revealed that the SRDR at infinite small strain rate is about 0.7.
Recent theoretical advances in analysis of AIRS/AMSU sounding data

The AIRS Science Team Version 5.0 retrieval algorithm will become operational at the Goddard DAAC in early 2007 in the near real-time analysis of AIRS/AMSU sounding data. This algorithm contains many significant theoretical advances over the AIRS Science Team Version 4.0 retrieval algorithm used previously. Three very significant developments are: 1) the development and implementation of a very accurate Radiative Transfer Algorithm (RTA) which allows for accurate treatment of non-Local Thermodynamic Equilibrium (non-LTE) effects on shortwave sounding channels; 2) the development of methodology to obtain very accurate case by case product error estimates which are in turn used for quality control; and 3) development of an accurate AIRS only cloud clearing and retrieval system. These theoretical improvements taken together enabled a new methodology to be developed which further improves soundings in partially cloudy conditions, without the need for microwave observations in the cloud clearing step as has been done previously. In this methodology, longwave CO2 channel observations in the spectral region 700 cm-1 to 750 cm-1 are used exclusively for cloud clearing purposes, while shortwave CO2 channels in the spectral region 2195 cm-1 to 2395 cm-1 are used for temperature sounding purposes. The new methodology is described briefly and results are shown, including comparison with those using AIRS Version 4, as well as a forecast impact experiment assimilating AIRS Version 5.0 retrieval products in the Goddard GEOS 5 Data Assimilation System.
Title Crystallographic characterization of the high-potential iron-sulfur protein in the oxidized state at 0 . 8 Å resolution

High-potential iron-sulfur protein (HiPIP) is a soluble electron carrier protein of photosynthetic bacteria with an Fe4S4 cluster. Although structural changes accompanying the electron transfer are important for understanding of the functional mechanism, the changes have not been clarified in sufficient detail. We previously reported the high-resolution crystal structures of HiPIP from a thermophilic purple bacterium Thermochromatium tepidum in the reduced state. In order to perform a detailed comparison between the structures in different redox states, the oxidized structure should also be revealed at high resolution. Therefore, in the present study we performed a crystallographic analysis of oxidized HiPIP and a structural comparison with the reduced form at a high resolution of 0.8 Å. The comparison highlighted small but significant contraction in the iron-sulfur cluster. The changes in Fe-S bond lengths were similar to that predicted by theoretical calculation, although some discrepancies were also found. Almost distances between the sulfur atoms of the iron-sulfur cluster and the protein environment are elongated upon the oxidation. Positional changes of hydrogen atoms in the protein environment, such as on the amide-hydrogen of Cys75 in the proximity of the iron-sulfur cluster, were also observed in the accurate analyses. None of the water molecules exhibited significant changes in position or anisotropy of atomic displacement parameter between the two states, while the orientations of some water molecules were different.
Gas-Liquid Chromatographic Differentiation Between <i>Salmonella gallinarum</i> and <i>Salmonella pullorum</i>

Salmonella gallinarom and Salmonella pullorom have been considered as one serovar, S. gallinarom-pullorom or S. gallinarom. This serovar possesses group D somatic antigens with no flagellar antigen. Reportedly S. gallinarom differs from S. pullorom in dulcitol fermentation. This reaction is positive, but delayed up to 5 d for S. gallinarom and negative for S. pullorom. Gas-liquid chromatography of organic acid byproducts from a dulcitol medium was performed on 10 isolates of each biovar. Viable plate counts confirmed approximately the same number of organisms per ml of culture. Results of pH determinations supported gas-liquid chromatographic analysis of more acid formation in all S. gallinarom cultures as compared with the S. pullorom cultures after incubation for 24 h. A quantitative measurement of succinic acid resulted in confirmation of the differences in metabolic function of both biovars. The additional test procedure of gas-liquid chromatography of organic acid by-products aids the clinician or researcher in rapidly and accurately distinguishing these two similar biovars. The association of Salmonella with poultry and eggs has been recognized for many years. Other avian species including ducks, pigeons, and canaries also are susceptible and outbreaks are frequently encountered. Two biotypes of Salmonella, S. gallinarum and S. pullorum, have been associated with chicken infections. S. pullorum has been reported to cause salmonellosis in man (6). These two biovars, S. pullorum and S. gallinarum, are serologically identical. Both organisms possess group D somatic antigens 1, 9, 12 with no flagellar antigen {1,4). These biovars are the only known Salmonella to possess no flagella. Some rapid salmonellae detection systems use motility as a characteristic of the organism. Examples include the immobilization technique {5) and flagellar H antigen Also affiliated with The Ohio Department of Health Laboratory, Columbus, Ohio. detection. Serotyping, which includes 0 and H antigenantibody reactions, is used by epidemiologists to determine the serovar causing the outbreak. This helps to identifY the source ofthe outbreak. S. gallinarum and S. pullorum may be differentiated by biochemical tests. Two tests which are employed in this differentiation are dulcitol fermentation and d-tartrate utilization. Both tests may show delayed positive results requiring up to 5 d (1,4). Gas-liquid chromatography (GLC) of organic acid by-products is already a useful technique in the identification of anaerobic bacteria (3). An additional test procedure such as the one described in this paper would aid in differentiation of these two biovars. MATERIALS AND METHODS
Droplet evaporation residue indicating SARS-COV-2 survivability on surfaces.

SARS-CoV-2 survives and remains viable on surfaces for several days under different environments as reported in recent studies. However, it is unclear how the viruses survive for such a long time and why their survivability varies across different surfaces. To address these questions, we conduct systematic experiments investigating the evaporation of droplets produced by a nebulizer and human-exhaled gas on surfaces. We found that these droplets do not disappear with evaporation, but instead shrink to a size of a few micrometers (referred to as residues), persist for more than 24 hours, and are highly durable against changes of environmental conditions. The characteristics of these residues change significantly across surface types. Specifically, surfaces with high thermal conductivity like copper do not leave any resolvable residues, while stainless steel, plastic, and glass surfaces form residues from a varying fraction of all deposited droplets at 40% relative humidity. Lowering humidity level suppresses the formation of residues while increasing humidity level enhances it. Our results suggest that these microscale residues can potentially insulate the virus against environmental changes, allowing them to survive inhospitable environments and remain infectious for prolonged durations after deposition. Our findings can also be extended to other viruses transmitted through respiratory droplets (e.g., SARS-CoV, flu viruses, etc.), and can thus lead to practical guidelines for disinfecting surfaces and other prevention measures (e.g., humidity control) for limiting viral transmission.
ICOADS release 2.1 data and products

The International Comprehensive Ocean–Atmosphere Data Set (ICOADS), release 2.1 (1784–2002), is the largest available set of in situ marine observations. Observations from ships include instrument measurements and visual estimates, and data from moored and drifting buoys are exclusively instrumental. The ICOADS collection is constructed from many diverse data sources, and made inhomogeneous by the changes in observing systems and recording practices used throughout the period of record, which is over two centuries. Nevertheless, it is a key reference data set that documents the long‐term environmental state, provides input to a variety of critical climate and other research applications, and serves as a basis for many associated products and analyses.
Changes in bedrock channel morphology driven by displacement rate increase during normal fault interaction and linkage

We attribute changes in the morphology of relay ramp channels (increased slope and decreased width) to variations in displacement rate on ramp‐adjacent normal faults. We map the faults and fluvial channels associated with four sites in different stages of fault interaction and linkage on the Volcanic Tableland, a Late Pleistocene ash‐flow tuff in east‐central California. Because these channels are inactive today, we estimate downstream changes in channel width and depth using HEC‐RAS, a one‐dimensional open channel flow model. Our results show that channel slope must be greater than about 0.05 before there are substantial decreases in width or substantial increases in depth. Displacement rate increases during interaction between en echelon segments results in the increases in channel slope and decreases in channel width. Moreover, our data show that these changes begin to occur during the very early stages of fault interaction, well before the fault geometry would indicate ongoing or imminent linkage.
Can the injected dose be reduced in 68 Ga-PSMA-11 PET/CT maintaining high image quality for lesion detection? Brief Communication

Purpose: To define a clinically useful lower limit of injected dose for 68 Ga-PSMA11 PET/CT imaging of prostate cancer. Methods: 68 Ga-PSMA-11 PET/CT was performed in eleven patients. PET was acquired in list-mode and reconstructed using 3 min full acquisition, 2 min and 1 min to generate 3/3 (standard dose), 2/3 (low-dose) and 1/3 (very low-dose) of injected dose. Overall image quality (5-point scale) was assessed and detectability of PSMA-positive lesions was determined by three readers and compared to reference standard. Results: Image quality declined with decreasing dose (mean score standard dose: 4.1±0.4, low-dose: 3.4±0.7, very low-dose: 1.9±0.4; all p<0.05). Lesions (n=21) were identified correctly in 100%, 100% and 95% on standard dose, in 95%, 81% and 90% on low-dose and in 71%, 76% and 59% on very low-dose images, by reader 1, 2 and 3, respectively. Conclusion: 68 Ga-PSMA-11 dose reduction is not feasible without negative impact on image quality and lesion detectability.
Electrocardiographic effects of four antimalarials for pregnant 1 women with uncomplicated malaria on the Thailand-Myanmar 2 border: a randomised controlled trial

Quinoline antimalarials cause drug-induced electrocardiograph QT prolongation, 24 a potential risk factor for torsade de pointes. The effects of currently used antimalarials 25 on the electrocardiogram were assessed in pregnant women with malaria. Pregnant 26 women with microscopy-confirmed parasitaemia of any malaria species were enrolled 27 in an open-label randomised controlled trial on the Thailand-Myanmar border in 2010– 28 2016. Patients were randomised to the standard regimen dihydroartemisinin-piperaquine 29 (DP), artesunate-mefloquine (ASMQ), or an extended regimen of artemether- 30 lumefantrine (AL+). Recurrent vivax infections were treated with chloroquine. Standard 31 12-lead electrocardiograms were assessed on day 0, 4-6 hour following the last dose and 32 day 7. QT was corrected for the heart rate by a linear mixed-effects model derived 33 population-based correction formula (QTcP = QT/RR 0.381 ). A total of 86 AL+, 82 34 ASMQ, 88 DP and 21 chloroquine treated episodes were included. No patients had an 35 uncorrected QT interval nor QTcP > 480ms at any time. QTcP corresponding to peak 36 drug concentration was longer in DP group (adjusted predicted mean difference 17.84 37 ms, 95% CI 11.58 to 24.10, p<0.001) and chloroquine group (18.31 ms, 95% CI 8.78 to 38 27.84, p<0.001) than in the AL+ group, but not different in the ASMQ group (2.45 ms, 39 95% CI -4.20 to 9.10, p=0.47). There was no difference between DP and chloroquine 40
Behavior Disorder and Social Function Impairment in Children with Basal Ganglia Germ Cell Tumors

Purpose Basal ganglia intracranial germ cell tumors (iGCTs) can specifically destroy the basal ganglia network, leading to several cognitive, learning, behavioral, and social impairments. This study aimed to investigate the behavior and social disorders of patients with basal ganglia iGCTs. Patients and Methods We recruited 30 newly diagnosed iGCTs patients (and their parents) for the current study. The Child Behavior Checklist/6–18 was used to evaluate emotional and behavioral problems. The Conner’s Parent Rating Scales was used to assess symptoms of hyperactivity/impulsivity and conduct problems. The health-related quality of life (HRQoL) was assessed using the Pediatric Quality of Life Inventory 4.0 Generic Core Scale. Performance status was assessed using the Lansky play-performance scale and Karnofsky performance scale. The effects of basal ganglia lesions on these scores were examined. Results Patients with basal ganglia iGCTs (n = 10) had more behavioral problems (attention problems, aggressive behavior, learning problems, hyperactivity index), social function impairment, anxiety/depression, and poorer HRQoL compared to patients with non-basal ganglia iGCTs (n = 20). There was no significant difference in the Lansky play-performance/Karnofsky performance scale scores. Conclusion This study demonstrates the effects of basal ganglia lesions on behavioral and emotional outcomes, social functions, and HRQoL of patients with iGCTs. The results may help to understand the function of basal ganglia and provide evidence for the benefit of early psychological intervention to improve the treatment for this rare disease.