Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Client and Provider Perspectives on New HIV Prevention Tools for MSM in the Americas

Men who have sex with men (MSM) in the Americas require targeted, combination HIV prevention approaches. We solicited client and provider perspectives on emerging prevention interventions including HIV pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) and HIV self-tests through focus groups and in-depth interviews with 130 MSM and 41 providers across four sites: New York, San Francisco, Lima, and Rio de Janeiro. Among the MSM participants, we identified three prevention typologies: non-condom users, inconsistent condom users, and consistent condom users. Northern and Southern MSM differed in the variety of harm reduction strategies utilized: where U.S. MSM relied on condom use as well as disclosure and seroadaptive behaviors for prevention, condom use without disclosure or serostatus discussions was the norm in South America. Interest in new prevention technologies was shaped by the social context. U.S. MSM preferences differed by typology, such that non-condom users were interested in taking PrEP and using home HIV tests. MSM in Brazil, regardless of typology, were interested in exploring new prevention options. MSM in Peru demonstrated moderate interest but were less comfortable with adopting new strategies. MSM and providers’ opinions differed substantially with respect to new prevention options. Across sites, most providers were reticent to engage with new prevention options, though some NGO-based providers were more supportive of exploring new prevention tools. Both clients and providers will need to be engaged in developing integrated prevention strategies for MSM.
Physical and Chemical Castration of Sex Offenders: A Review.

ABSTRACT Castration, or removal of the testes, has been documented throughout history, occurring for a variety of social, punishment, and medical reasons. Currently, both “physical” and “chemical” castration are being hotly debated with respect to sex offenders, as the public and legislators are calling for actions to reduce sexual violence. Chemical castration has been proposed as a reversible alternative; its effectiveness, side-effects, risks, and recidivism rates have been studied extensively over the last 25 years. Physical castration, on the other hand, has been used primarily in Europe, has not been rigorously investigated, and remains a highly controversial and irreversible procedure. However, reported recidivism rates are strikingly better than those for chemical castration. Testosterone lowering therapy does offer a way to decrease and control the deviant sexual fantasies and urges of hard-core perpetrators. Ethical and scientific guidelines should be developed to investigate whether physical or.
Design of learning objects for concept learning: effects of multimedia learning principles and an instructional approach

Literature suggests using multimedia learning principles in the design of instructional material. However, these principles may not be sufficient for the design of learning objects for concept learning in mathematics. This paper reports on an experimental study that investigated the effects of an instructional approach, which includes two teaching techniques – (a) variation theory and (b) representations of subject matter – on the design of learning objects for secondary school algebra concept learning. The results of this study showed that the experimental group performed significantly better than the control group on algebra learning achievement. The results also showed that only the experimental design with the addition of the instructional approach resulted in higher-order mathematical thinking skills and improved procedural skills of the students. Further analysis reveals that concept learning was simplified when multimedia learning principles were applied and the information was presented by the instructional approach.
Exploring Post-Development: Theory and Practice, Problems and Perspectives

Part 1: Introduction 1. Development Discourse and its Critics: An Introduction to Post-Development, Aram Ziai 2. 'Post-Development' as Concept and Social Practice, Arturo Escobar Part 2: Theory 3. Development: The Devil We Know, Knut G. Nustad 4. Post-Development and the Discourse-Agency Interface, Jon Harald Sande Lie 5. On the Singular Name of Post-Development: Serge Latouche's Destruktion of Development and the Possibility of Emancipation, Yoshihiro Nakano Part 3: Problems 6. Pacific Indigenous Development and Post-International Realities, Susan Maiava and Trevor King 7. Post-Development and Further: Difference from 'Inside' and Autonomy Luciole Sauviat 8. The Ambivalence of Post-Development: Between Reactionary Populism and Radical Democracy, Aram Ziai Part 4: Practice 9. What, Then, Should We Do? : Insights and Experiences of a Senegalese NGO, Sally Matthews 10. Surplus Possibilities: Post-Development and Community Economies, J. K. Gibson-Graham 11. Plachimada Resistance: A Post-Development Social Movement Metaphore, K. Ravi Raman 12. Comida: A Narrative Mirror for the Universal Concept of Nutrition, Martina Kaller-Dietrich Part 5: Perspectives 13. Post-Development: Unveiling Clues for a Possible Future, Ana Agostino 14. Development, Internationalism and Social Movements: A View From the North, Friederike Habermann and Aram Ziai 15. Concluding the Exploration: Post-Development Reconsidered, Aram Ziai
LIGHT: A Query-Efficient Yet Low-Maintenance Indexing Scheme over DHTs

DHT is a widely used building block for scalable P2P systems. However, as uniform hashing employed in DHTs destroys data locality, it is not a trivial task to support complex queries (e.g., range queries and k-nearest-neighbor queries) in DHT-based P2P systems. In order to support efficient processing of such complex queries, a popular solution is to build indexes on top of the DHT. Unfortunately, existing over-DHT indexing schemes suffer from either query inefficiency or high maintenance cost. In this paper, we propose LIGhtweight Hash Tree (LIGHT)-a query-efficient yet low-maintenance indexing scheme. LIGHT employs a novel naming mechanism and a tree summarization strategy for graceful distribution of its index structure. We show through analysis that it can support various complex queries with near-optimal performance. Extensive experimental results also demonstrate that, compared with state of the art over-DHT indexing schemes, LIGHT saves 50-75 percent of index maintenance cost and substantially improves query performance in terms of both response time and bandwidth consumption. In addition, LIGHT is designed over generic DHTs and hence can be easily implemented and deployed in any DHT-based P2P system.
Blunting of Furosemide Diuresis by Aspirin in Man

Experiments were performed on humans to study the blunting on the diuretic action of furosemide by prostaglandin synthetase inhibitors. Maximal water diuresis was instituted. At the peak of urine flow, clearance periods were performed during baseline conditions and repeated after the injection of aspirin and, subsequently, of furosemide. Control subjects did not receive aspirin. Urine flow rate (V), Cosm, and Na excretion (UNa) . V were significantly lower when the administration of the diuretic had been preceded by that of aspirin. In the absence of furosemide, however, aspirin did not influence renal hemodynamics nor Na and water reabsorption. Therefore, the same experimental protocol was repeated in paired experiments where each normal subject served as his own control, being studied twice, in the presence and absence of aspirin, respectively. The average changes in water and Na excretion induced by furosemide were not different when the patients were pretreated with aspirin as compared with those measured in the absence of prostaglandin inhibition. Changes occurring in individual experiments were significantly correlated (r = 0.95, P less than 0.01) with those in calculated furosemide clearance. Since aspirin, indomethacin, and meclophenamate are secreted by the organic acid transport system of the proximal tubule, competition for a common secretory mechanism, rather than prostaglandin inhibition, could mediate the blunting of furosemide diuresis.
Dual Infection with HIV and Malaria Fuels the Spread of Both Diseases in Sub-Saharan Africa

Mounting evidence has revealed pathological interactions between HIV and malaria in dually infected patients, but the public health implications of the interplay have remained unclear. A transient almost one-log elevation in HIV viral load occurs during febrile malaria episodes; in addition, susceptibility to malaria is enhanced in HIV-infected patients. A mathematical model applied to a setting in Kenya with an adult population of roughly 200,000 estimated that, since 1980, the disease interaction may have been responsible for 8,500 excess HIV infections and 980,000 excess malaria episodes. Co-infection might also have facilitated the geographic expansion of malaria in areas where HIV prevalence is high. Hence, transient and repeated increases in HIV viral load resulting from recurrent co-infection with malaria may be an important factor in promoting the spread of HIV in sub-Saharan Africa.
Cardiac Fibroblast: The Renaissance Cell

The permanent cellular constituents of the heart include cardiac fibroblasts, myocytes, endothelial cells, and vascular smooth muscle cells. Previous studies have demonstrated that there are undulating changes in cardiac cell populations during embryonic development, through neonatal development and into the adult. Transient cell populations include lymphocytes, mast cells, and macrophages, which can interact with these permanent cell types to affect cardiac function. It has also been observed that there are marked differences in the makeup of the cardiac cell populations depending on the species, which may be important when examining myocardial remodeling. Current dogma states that the fibroblast makes up the largest cell population of the heart; however, this appears to vary for different species, especially mice. Cardiac fibroblasts play a critical role in maintaining normal cardiac function, as well as in cardiac remodeling during pathological conditions such as myocardial infarct and hypertension. These cells have numerous functions, including synthesis and deposition of extracellular matrix, cell–cell communication with myocytes, cell–cell signaling with other fibroblasts, as well as with endothelial cells. These contacts affect the electrophysiological properties, secretion of growth factors and cytokines, as well as potentiating blood vessel formation. Although a plethora of information is known about several of these processes, relatively little is understood about fibroblasts and their role in angiogenesis during development or cardiac remodeling. In this review, we provide insight into the various properties of cardiac fibroblasts that helps illustrate their importance in maintaining proper cardiac function, as well as their critical role in the remodeling heart.
Attention and working memory: two basic mechanisms for constructing temporal experiences

Various kinds of observations show that the ability of human beings to both consciously relive past events – episodic memory – and conceive future events, entails an active process of construction. This construction process also underpins many other important aspects of conscious human life, such as perceptions, language, and conscious thinking. This article provides an explanation of what makes the constructive process possible and how it works. The process mainly relies on attentional activity, which has a discrete and periodic nature, and working memory, which allows for the combination of discrete attentional operations. An explanation is also provided of how past and future events are constructed.
From Science to Emancipation: Alienation and the Actuality of Enlightenment

New introduction by Mervyn Hartwig, 1. From a Philosophy of Science to a Philosophy of Universal Self-realisation, 2. Critical Realism and Marxism, 3. Critical Realism and Discourse Theory: Debate with Ernesto Laclau, 4. Critical Realism and Ethnomethodology: Debate with Rom Harre, 5. Critical Realism and Ethics: Introducing Transcendental Dialectical Critical Realism, 6. Critical Realism, Co-presence and Making a Difference, 7. Part I: Reality Check, Part II: Critical Realism and the Left, 8. Critical Realism, Postmodernism and the Global Crisis, 9. Left versus Right Brain, Creativity and Emancipation, 10. The Philosophy of metaReality: Identity, Spirituality, System, 11. Educating the Educators - Or, Empowering Teachers, 12. The Limits of Thought, 13. Unconditionality in Love.
Conductance and convergence of Markov chains-a combinatorial treatment of expanders

A direct combinatorial argument is given to bound the convergence rate of Markov chains in terms of their conductance (these are statements of the nature 'random walks on expanders converge fast'). In addition to showing that the linear algebra in previous arguments for such results on time-reversible Markov chains was unnecessary, the direct analysis applies to general irreversible Markov chains. <<ETX>>
A distributed top-k query algorithm integrated k-Cone structure for DHT overlay networks

The top-k query algorithm is a useful tool to lookup the best k results from candidate dataset for inquiring action. However, majority top-k query algorithms are applied to client/server networks rather than distributed networks specifically DHT overlay networks. This paper thinks about this problem to design a distributed top-k query algorithm for DHT overlay networks. It first constructs a unique k-Cone structure. And then designs a distributed top-k query algorithm for DHT overlay networks. Finally, an effective offset degree method is also applied to a collection of simulating experiments for verifying efficient as well as reliable of designed algorithm in different network scales. Luckily, a series of experiments give a fact that this distributed top-k query algorithm is a kind of efficient and reliable query algorithm in DHT overlay networks.
Przerysować mapę i przestawić czas: fenomenologia i nauki kognitywne

Uważamy, że fenomenologia może posiadać centralne znaczenie dla nauk kognitywnych, a także może czerpać z badań empirycznych prowadzonych w ramach tych nauk. Omawiamy projekt naturalizacji fenomenologii oraz drogi do jego najlepszego rozwiązania. Pokazujemy na kilku przykładach, jak mogą łączyć się badania fenomenologiczne i kognitywne. Rozważamy głównie kwestie związane z ucieleśnionym poznaniem oraz intersubiektywnością. Przedstawiamy dokładną analizę aspektów związanych ze świadomością czasu, w odniesieniu do rozumienia schizofrenii i utraty poczucia sprawstwa. Proponujemy pozytywne rozwiązanie tych zagadnień, oparte na neurobiologicznym modelu systemów dynamicznych.
The Atopic March: Progression from Atopic Dermatitis to Allergic Rhinitis and Asthma

The development of atopic dermatitis (AD) in infancy and subsequent allergic rhinitis and asthma in later childhood is known as the atopic march. This progressive atopy is dependent on various underlying factors such as the presence of filaggrin mutations as well as the time of onset and severity of AD. Clinical manifestations vary among individuals. Previously it was thought that atopic disorders may be unrelated with sequential development. Recent studies support the idea of a causal link between AD and later onset atopic disorders. These studies suggest that a dysfunctional skin barrier serves as a site for allergic sensitization to antigens and colonization of bacterial super antigens. This induces systemic Th2 immunity that predisposes patients to allergic nasal responses and promotes airway hyper reactivity. While AD often starts early in life and is a chronic condition, new research signifies that there may be an optimal window of time in which targeting the skin barrier with therapeutic interventions may prevent subsequent atopic disorders. In this review we highlight recent studies describing factors important in the development of atopic disorders and new insights in our understanding of the pathogenesis of the atopic march.
DNA Barcoding Reveals Cryptic Diversity within Commercially Exploited Indo-Malay Carangidae (Teleosteii: Perciformes)

Background DNA barcodes, typically focusing on the cytochrome oxidase I gene (COI) in many animals, have been used widely as a species-identification tool. The ability of DNA barcoding to distinguish species from a range of taxa and to reveal cryptic species has been well documented. Despite the wealth of DNA barcode data for fish from many temperate regions, there are relatively few available from the Southeast Asian region. Here, we target the marine fish Family Carangidae, one of the most commercially-important families from the Indo-Malay Archipelago (IMA), to produce an initial reference DNA barcode library. Methodology/Principal Findings Here, a 652 bp region of COI was sequenced for 723 individuals from 36 putative species of Family Carangidae distributed within IMA waters. Within the newly-generated dataset, three described species exhibited conspecific divergences up to ten times greater (4.32–4.82%) than mean estimates (0.24–0.39%), indicating a discrepancy with assigned morphological taxonomic identification, and the existence of cryptic species. Variability of the mitochondrial DNA COI region was compared within and among species to evaluate the COI region's suitability for species identification. The trend in range of mean K2P distances observed was generally in accordance with expectations based on taxonomic hierarchy: 0% to 4.82% between individuals within species, 0% to 16.4% between species within genera, and 8.64% to 25.39% between genera within families. The average Kimura 2-parameter (K2P) distance between individuals, between species within genera, and between genera within family were 0.37%, 10.53% and 16.56%, respectively. All described species formed monophyletic clusters in the Neighbour-joining phylogenetic tree, although three species representing complexes of six potential cryptic species were detected in Indo-Malay Carangidae; Atule mate, Selar crumenophthalmus and Seriolina nigrofasciata. Conclusion/Significance This study confirms that COI is an effective tool for species identification of Carangidae from the IMA. There were moderate levels of cryptic diversity among putative species within the central IMA. However, to explain the hypothesis of species richness in the IMA, it is necessary to sample the whole family across their broad geographic range. Such insights are helpful not only to document mechanisms driving diversification and recruitment in Carangidae, but also to provide a scientific framework for management strategies and conservation of commercially-important fisheries resources.
An Evolving Network Model With Local-World Structure ∗

In this paper, a new local-world evolving network model including triad formation mechanism is proposed and studied. Analytical expressions for degree distribution and cluster- ing coefficient are derived using continuum theory. It is shown that the degree distribution transfers from exponential to power-law scaling, and the clustering coefficient is tunable with known param- eters. Finally, the numerical simulations of degree distribution are given, and we can observe our analytical results are in good agreement with the simulations.
A Comparison of Learning Disabled and Nondisabled Adolescent Motivational Processes.

This research explored cognitive-motivational patterns of learning-disabled and nondisabled adolescents by employing the theoretical model of C. S. Dweck, which posits that a "learning goal" orients students toward the development of competence, whereas a "performance goal" orients students toward the documentation of competence, and that these different goals result in different interpretations of the achievement context. Specifically, this study examined whether the experimental manipulation of the achievement context enhanced or impaired 63 learning-disabled and 69 nondisabled adolescents' cognitions, affective responses, and task choice behavior when confronted with success and failure feedback on a complex and ambiguous problem-solving task. Data indicate that Dweck's sociel-cognitive model holds explanatory value for conceptualizing cognitive-motivational processes. Nondisabled . 1olescents were found to feel better after success and to use more low-effort attributions after failure than learning-disabled subjects. Learning-disabled subjects tended to blame inadequate ability more for their failure than nondisabled subjects did. A belief in the fixed, static nature of intelligence promoted negative affect in the face of achievement obstacles. Level of confidence mediated future challenge-seeking for adolescents who subscribe to a belief in the stable nature of intelligence. (24 references) (JDD) Reproductions supplied by EDRS are the best that can be made from the original document.
Learning to Align the Source Code to the Compiled Object Code

We propose a new neural network architecture and use it for the task of statement-by-statement alignment of source code and its compiled object code. Our architecture learns the alignment between the two sequences – one being the translation of the other – by mapping each statement to a context-dependent representation vector and aligning such vectors using a grid of the two sequence domains. Our experiments include short C functions, both artificial and human-written, and show that our neural network architecture is able to predict the alignment with high accuracy, outperforming known baselines. We also demonstrate that our model is general and can learn to solve graph problems such as the Traveling Salesman Problem.
RESURF stepped oxide (RSO) MOSFET for 85V having a record-low specific on-resistance

A RESURF stepped oxide (RSO) transistor is presented and electrically characterised. The processed RSO MOSFET includes a trench field-plate network in the drift region that is isolated with a thick oxide layer. This trench network has a hexagonal layout that induces an improved RESURF effect at breakdown compared with the more common stripe (2D) layout. Consequently, the effective doping can be two times higher for the hexagonal layout. We have obtained a record value for the specific on-resistance (R/sub ds,on/) of 58 m/spl Omega/. mm/sup 2/ at V/sub gs/=10 V for a breakdown voltage (BV/sub ds/,) of 85 V. These values have been obtained for devices having a 4.0 /spl mu/m cell pitch and a 5 /spl mu/m long drift region with a doping level of 2.10/sup 16/ cm/sup -3/. Measurements of the gate-drain charge density (Q/sub gd/) for these devices show that Q/sub gd/ is fully dominated by the oxide capacitance of the field-plate along the drift region.