Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Physiotherapists use a great variety of motor learning options in neurological rehabilitation, from which they choose through an iterative process: a retrospective think-aloud study

Abstract Purpose: The goal of this study was to examine which motor learning options are applied by experienced physiotherapists in neurological rehabilitation, and how they choose between the different options. Methods: A descriptive qualitative approach was used. A purposive sample of five expert physiotherapists from the neurological ward of a rehabilitation center participated. Data were collected using nine videotaped therapy situations. During retrospective think-aloud interviews, the physiotherapists were instructed to constantly “think aloud” while they were watching their own videos. Results: Five “operators” were identified: “act”, “know”, “observe”, “assess” and “argue”. The “act” operator consisted of 34 motor learning options, which were clustered into “instruction”, “feedback” and “organization”. The “know”, “observe”, “assess” and “argue” operators explained how therapists chose one of these options. The four operators seem to be interrelated and together lead to a decision to apply a particular motor learning option. Conclusions: Results show that the participating physiotherapists used a great variety of motor learning options in their treatment sessions. Further, the decision-making process with regard to these motor learning options was identified. Results may support future intervention studies that match the content and process of therapy in daily practice. The study should be repeated with other physiotherapists. Implications for Rehabilitation The study provided insight into the way experienced therapist handle the great variety of possible motor learning options, including concrete ideas on how to operationalize these options in specific situations. Despite differences in patients’ abilities, it seems that therapists use the same underlying clinical reasoning process when choosing a particular motor learning option. Participating physiotherapists used more than the in guidelines suggested motor learning options and considered more than the suggested factors, hence adding practice based options of motor learning to the recommended ones in the guidelines. A think-aloud approach can be considered for peer-to-peer and student coaching to enhance discussion on the motor learning options applied and the underlying choices and to encourage research by practicing clinicians.
Neural signature of behavioural inhibition in women with bulimia nervosa.

BACKGROUND Impaired inhibitory control is considered a behavioural phenotype in patients with bulimia nervosa. However, the underlying neural correlates of impaired general and food-specific behavioural inhibition are largely unknown. Therefore, we investigated brain activation during the performance of behavioural inhibition to general and food-related stimuli in adults with bulimia nervosa. METHODS Women with bulimia and healthy control women underwent event-related fMRI while performing a general and a food-specific no-go task. RESULTS We included 28 women with bulimia nervosa and 29 healthy control women in our study. On a neuronal level, we observed significant group differences in response to general no-go stimuli in women with bulimia nervosa with high symptom severity; compared with healthy controls, the patients showed reduced activation in the right sensorimotor area (postcentral gyrus, precentral gyrus) and right dorsal striatum (caudate nucleus, putamen). LIMITATIONS The present results are limited to adult women with bulimia nervosa. Furthermore, it remains unclear whether impaired behavioural inhibition in patients with this disorder are a cause or consequence of chronic illness. CONCLUSION Our findings suggest that diminished frontostriatal brain activation in patients with bulimia nervosa contribute to the severity of binge eating symptoms. Gaining further insight into the neural mechanisms of behavioural inhibition problems in individuals with this disorder may inform brain-directed treatment approaches and the development of response inhibition training approaches to improve inhibitory control in patients with bulimia nervosa. The present study does not support greater behavioural and neural impairments to food-specific behavioural inhibition in these patients.
Affordance triggering for arbitrary states based on robot exploring

An affordance-based method is a biology-inspired way to promote the cognitive capabilities of robots. Affordances encode the relationships between a robot and environment in terms of actions that the robot is able to perform. The most notable feature of affordance-based perception is that an object is perceived by its functional attributes (e.g., reachable, graspable, etc) instead of its visual attributes (e.g., size, shape, etc). Most existing works treat affordance prediction as a binary classification problem and assume that an affordance never hides. However, sometimes the robot needs to adapt itself, i.e., rotate its wrist or turn left, to trigger the hidden affordance because the interaction point is very important and the object might be placed in any state. In this paper, we consider affordance triggering for arbitrary states as a regression problem. In the experiment, a manipulative robot could rotate its wrist to find the graspable affordance regardless the state of an object.
Mortality effects of containing moral hazard: Evidence from disability insurance reform

We exploit an age discontinuity in a Dutch disability insurance reform to identify the health impact of stricter eligibility criteria and reduced generosity. Our results show substantial adverse effects on life expectancy for women subject to the more stringent criteria. A €1,000 reduction in annual benefits leads to a 2.4 percentage points higher probability of death more than 10 years after the reform. This negative health effect is restricted to women with low pre-disability earnings. We find that the mortality rate of men subject to the stricter rules is reduced by 0.7 percentage points. The evidence for the existence of substantial health effects implies that policymakers considering a disability insurance reform should carefully balance the welfare gains from reduced moral hazard against losses not only from less coverage of income risks but also from deteriorated health.
'Guanxi' as a shock Absorber: Lessening the detrimental effect of Structural Holes on the Acquisition and Integration of Knowledge

China’s digital ventures are becoming increasingly popular on the global landscape, attracting signif-icant attention on their digital innovation ecosystem; meanwhile, the reduction of communication cost and the convergence of digital technology are distributing the control over innovation activities and amplifying the knowledge heterogeneity, inducing a serious challenge. Facing this problem, collaborative knowledge activities could provide a solution, but in China, there is very limited under-standing of this due to the existence of “guanxi”influential relationships in Chinese culture. To address the gap, we adopt a mixed-methods research approach to explore how guanxi and structural holes affect knowledge acquisition and knowledge integration among Chinese digital ventures at dif-ferent stages in doubly distributed innovation networks. Our findings indicate that guanxi fosters the acquisition and integration of knowledge by creating a buffer zone, around which knowledge re-sources flow in the form of favor exchange, ‘renqing’ (favor) accumulation, and ‘mianzi’ (face) preservation. Hence we make three contributions: 1) recognizing guanxi as a shock absorber to lessen the detrimental impacts induced by excessive structural holes situated in innovation networks; 2) iden-tifying the significance of integrators in Chinese culture; 3) uncovering when and what type of guanxi is utilized the most for China’s digital ventures.
Static versus vacuum cell seeding on high and low porosity ceramic scaffolds

An adequate cell seeding technique is essential for effective bone regeneration on cell seeded constructs of porous tricalcium phosphates. In previous studies, dynamic cell seeding, in which an external force is applied to seed cells on a biomaterial, resulted in more homogeneous cell seeding in low porosity scaffolds than static seeding. The optimal cell seeding technique for high porosity scaffolds has not been defined yet. Human mesenchymal stem cells were isolated from bone marrow and characterized. The cells were seeded on low porosity (45%) and high porosity (90%) tricalcium phosphate scaffolds using a static and a vacuum seeding technique. LIVE/DEAD® staining of the cell-scaffold complexes followed by confocal laser scanning microscopy was used to measure cell proliferation, cell distribution and cell viability one, three and seven days after seeding. Cell proliferation was also quantified using a DNA quantification assay. Neither static nor vacuum seeding resulted in homogeneous cell seeding on both low and high porosity scaffolds. Cell density was lower on the inside than on the outside of the scaffolds. On low porosity scaffolds, the vacuum method yielded the highest numbers of cells compared to the static method. Low porosity scaffolds were seeded most homogeneously using the static seeding method. Seven days after seeding, numbers of adherent cells were comparable for both scaffold types and independent of the cell seeding technique used. In conclusion, on high porosity scaffolds, static seeding results in more homogeneous cell seeding and it is easier to use than a vacuum seeding technique.
Strategies to encourage physical activity in patients with Parkinson's disease: improving quality of life

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Diversity in Relation to Body Size in Mammals: A Comparative Study

A wide variety of higher taxa show right‐skewed frequency distributions of species' body sizes, and a negative relationship is often found between the number of species within a taxonomic group and its mean size. These patterns may arise from essentially random cladogenesis and extinction, from the tendency of organisms to anagenetically track a relatively small optimal size, or from high rates of cladogenesis at relatively small sizes. We used body mass data for about 65% of the world's mammal species to test the predictions of these alternative mechanisms. Using phylogenetically independent contrasts to control for phylogeny and clade age, we found that although size does not appear to be a general correlate of diversity, large radiations of species do tend to be small bodied. This pattern seems most consistent with the hypothesis that the number of niches is potentially greatest for small‐bodied taxa.
Sarcopenic Obesity in Elderly Korean Women: A Nationwide Cross-sectional Study

Background Sarcopenia causes loss of muscle mass in the elderly and is associated with development of metabolic syndrome in those with obesity. This study evaluated the prevalence of sarcopenic obesity (SO) in healthy Korean elderly women. Methods This study was based on data from the Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey IV and V, 2008–2011. Whole body dual energy X-ray absorptiometry and body mass index measurement were performed for all patients. Women aged 65 years or older were included in this study. Total appendicular extremity muscle mass was used to determine the skeletal muscle mass index. Results Of 2,396 women aged 65 years or older, a total of 1,491 (62.2%) were underweight, normal weight, or overweight, while 905 (37.8%) were obese. The prevalence of sarcopenia using a cut-off value of 5.4 kg/m2 was 64.9% (63/97) in underweight women, 38.2% (320/838) in normal weight women, 17.1% (95/556) in overweight women, and 6.1% (55/905) in obese women. Conclusions The prevalence of sarcopenia was different among groups. The prevalence rate in obese women was lower than that in non-obese women. SO is a new category of obesity in older adults with high adiposity coupled with low muscle mass. The prevalence of SO was lower than that in previous studies because of differences in the definition. A consensus definition of SO needs to be established.
ELMO1 Regulates Autophagy Induction and Bacterial Clearance During Enteric Infection

Macrophages are specialized phagocytic cells involved in clearing invading pathogens. Previously we reported that engulfment and cell motility protein 1 (ELMO1) in macrophages mediates bacterial internalization and intestinal inflammation. Here we studied the role of ELMO1 in the fate of internalized targets. ELMO1 is present in the intracellular vesicles and enhances accumulation of the protein LC3B following engulfment of Salmonella or treatment with autophagy-inducing rapamycin. The protein ATG5 and the kinase ULK1 are involved in classical autophagy, while LC3-associated phagocytosis is ULK1 independent. ATG5 but not ULK1 cooperated with ELMO1 in LC3 accumulation after infection, suggesting the ELMO1 preferentially regulated LC3-associated phagocytosis. Because LC3-associated phagocytosis delivers cargo for degradation, the contribution of ELMO1 to the lysosome degradation pathways was evaluated by studying pH and cathepsin B activity. ELMO1-depleted macrophages showed a time-dependent increase in pH and a decrease in cathepsin B activity associated with bacterial survival. Together, ELMO1 regulates LC3B accumulation and antimicrobial responses involved in the clearance of enteric pathogens. This paper investigated how innate immune pathways involving ELMO1 work in a coordinated fashion to eliminate bacterial threats. ELMO1 is present in the phagosome and enhances bacterial clearance by differential regulation of lysosomal acidification and enzymatic activity.
Contribution of canonical nonhomologous end joining to chromosomal rearrangements is enhanced by ATM kinase deficiency

Significance Chromosomal rearrangements, such as large deletions, can cause loss of tumor suppressor genes. Rearrangements can be formed by aberrant end-joining (EJ) repair that ligates ends from different double-strand breaks. Two distinct EJ pathways could potentially cause rearrangements [canonical nonhomologous end joining (C-NHEJ) and alternative EJ], which are mediated by different factors and cause distinct repair junction patterns. Using a reporter for a 0.4-Mbp deletion rearrangement, we found that cells deficient in the Ataxia Telangiectasia Mutated (ATM) signaling pathway show an increase in the frequency of this rearrangement and a shift toward C-NHEJ–mediated rearrangements. Thus, the relative contribution of distinct EJ pathways to rearrangement formation is affected by ATM signaling, which provides insight into the tumor suppressor function of ATM. A likely mechanism of chromosomal rearrangement formation involves joining the ends from two different chromosomal double-strand breaks (DSBs). These events could potentially be mediated by either of two end-joining (EJ) repair pathways [canonical nonhomologous end joining (C-NHEJ) or alternative end joining (ALT-EJ)], which cause distinct rearrangement junction patterns. The relative role of these EJ pathways during rearrangement formation has remained controversial. Along these lines, we have tested whether the DNA damage response mediated by the Ataxia Telangiectasia Mutated (ATM) kinase may affect the relative influence of C-NHEJ vs. ALT-EJ on rearrangement formation. We developed a reporter in mouse cells for a 0.4-Mbp deletion rearrangement that is formed by EJ between two DSBs induced by the Cas9 endonuclease. We found that disruption of the ATM kinase causes an increase in the frequency of the rearrangement as well as a shift toward rearrangement junctions that show hallmarks of C-NHEJ. Furthermore, ATM suppresses rearrangement formation in an experimental condition, in which C-NHEJ is the predominant EJ repair event (i.e., expression of the 3′ exonuclease Trex2). Finally, several C-NHEJ factors are required for the increase in rearrangement frequency caused by inhibition of the ATM kinase. We also examined ATM effectors and found that H2AX shows a similar influence as ATM, whereas the influence of ATM on this rearrangement seems independent of 53BP1. We suggest that the contribution of the C-NHEJ pathway to the formation of a 0.4-Mbp deletion rearrangement is enhanced in ATM-deficient cells.
A novel structure for carbon nanotube reinforced alumina composites with improved mechanical properties

Engineering ceramics have high stiffness, excellent thermostability, and relatively low density, but their brittleness impedes their use as structural materials. Incorporating carbon nanotubes (CNTs) into a brittle ceramic might be expected to provide CNT/ceramic composites with both high toughness and high temperature stability. Until now, however, materials fabrication difficulties have limited research on CNT/ceramic composites. The mechanical failure of CNT/ceramic composites reported previously is primarily attributed to poor CNT–matrix connectivity and severe phase segregation. Here we show that a novel processing approach based on the precursor method can diminish the phase segregation of multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs), and render MWCNT/alumina composites highly homogeneous. The MWCNTs used in this study are modified with an acid treatment. Combined with a mechanical interlock induced by the chemically modified MWCNTs, this approach leads to improved mechanical properties. Mechanical measurements reveal that only 0.9 vol% acid-treated MWCNT addition results in 27% and 25% simultaneous increases in bending strength (689.6 ± 29.1 MPa) and fracture toughness (5.90 ± 0.27 MPa m1/2), respectively.
A secure protocol consisting of two different security-level message authentications over CAN

In the presented paper, we will propose a secure protocol against tampering and replay attacks for the data frame over Controller Area Network (CAN). Our proposal consists of two authentication methods preventing tampering attacks. The first method is to generate a message authentication code (MAC) for each message in CAN data frame. This method uses the truncated MAC in order to send the message and a part of MAC in one data frame. The second one is to calculate a MAC for some messages. In this method, some data frames are transmitted in order to send full of the MAC. The first method can be performed with high frequency, although it has low security because of a truncation of the MAC. In the other hand, the second method is high security, although it can be performed with low frequency. For replay attacks, our proposal uses transaction numbers and the common key, which a sender and a receiver shared in advance.
Detection of procoagulant imbalance

Summary Each individual possesses his/her own endogenous-thrombin-potential (ETP) (i. e. the ability to generate thrombin) which depends on the relative strength of the pro- and anticoagulant drivers operating in plasma. This ability depends in turn on the clinical conditions in which the balance between the two drivers is variably affected. One of the major determinants of this balance is the factor (F)VIII-protein C(PC) axis and its effect can be conveniently explored by the thrombin generation procedures with results expressed as ETP ratio with/without thrombomodulin (TM) (ETP-TM ratio). Furthermore, owing to the many feedback mechanisms mediated by thrombin (e. g. activation of PC, FXI, FV, FVIII, platelets etc.) it is also possible that any perturbation of the balance between pro- and anticoagulants that may occur in plasma even outside the FVIII-PC axis could result in an increased ETPTM ratio and therefore may suggest a procoagulant imbalance. Indeed, other non-coagulation moieties (e. g. microparticles, neutrophil extracellular traps, pro-inflammatory cytokines and others) circulating in blood of patients with various clinical conditions may also contribute to the procoagulant imbalance even when FVIII and/or PC are apparently normal. It can be postulated that dual ETP measurements performed in the presence and absence of TM with results expressed as their ratio may be the candidate procedure to detect subtle procoagulant imbalance in many clinical conditions characterised by an increased risk of thromboembolism. This article aimed at reviewing the clinical conditions in which evidence for the value of the ETP-TM ratio has been provided.
Population dynamics of the diamondback moth, Plutella xylostella (L.), in northern China: the effects of migration, cropping patterns and climate.

BACKGROUND The diamondback moth, Plutella xylostella (L.), is the most widely distributed pest of Brassica vegetables. Control of P. xylostella has relied on insecticides and it has developed resistance to most insecticides. Although research has clarified the resistance status of P. xylostella and the mechanisms of its resistance in northern China, little work has been conducted on long-term population dynamics in the key vegetable-growing areas of the region. RESULTS We reviewed and summarized the history of P. xylostella field management practices in northern China (Haidian, Changping, Xuanhua and Zhangbei). Moths were caught in pheromone traps throughout the cropping season and P. xylostella phenology and the general trends in abundance were analysed using DYMEX modelling software. The initial input in the spring determined population size in all years. The seasonal phenology and variation in abundance in most years and sites were simulated, suggesting that the suitable climate creates the conditions for population outbreaks, and growers' actual management level (spraying and crop hygiene) influenced population abundance. CONCLUSION Based on climate and using the timing of the initial peak in pheromone trap captures as a biofix, the timing of emergence of the next generation can be forecast, and more effective scouting and regional management strategies against this pest can be developed. © 2018 Society of Chemical Industry.
Removing Monte Carlo Noise with Compressed Sensing and Feature Information

Monte Carlo renderings suffer noise artifacts at low sampling rates. In this paper, a novel rendering algorithm that combines compressed sensing (CS) and feature buffers is proposed to remove the noise. First, in the sampling stage, the image is divided into patches that each one corresponds to a fixed resolution. Second, each pixel value in the patch is reconstructed by calculating the related coefficients in a transform domain, which is achieved by a CS-based algorithm. Then in the reconstruction stage, each pixel is filtered over a set of filters that use a combination of colors and features. The difference between the reconstructed value and the filtered value is used as the estimated reconstruction error. Finally, a weighted average of two filters that return the smallest error is computed to minimize output error. The experimental results show that the new algorithm outperforms previous methods both in visual image quality and numerical error.