Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Multiscale Dynamics of Aseismic Slip on Central San Andreas Fault

Understanding the evolution of aseismic slip enables constraining the fault's seismic budget and provides insight into dynamics of creep. Inverting the time series of surface deformation measured along the Central San Andreas Fault obtained from interferometric synthetic aperture radar in combination with measurements of repeating earthquakes, we constrain the spatiotemporal distribution of creep during 1992–2010. We identify a new class of intermediate‐term creep rate variations that evolve over decadal scale, releasing stress on the accelerating zone and loading adjacent decelerating patches. We further show that in short‐term (<2 year period), creep avalanches, that is, isolated clusters of accelerated aseismic slip with velocities exceeding the long‐term rate, govern the dynamics of creep. The statistical properties of these avalanches suggest existence of elevated pore pressure in the fault zone, consistent with laboratory experiments.
Body size changes in bivalves of the family Limidae in the aftermath of the end‐Triassic mass extinction: the Brobdingnag effect

Reduction in body size of organisms following mass extinctions is well‐known and often ascribed to the Lilliput effect. This phenomenon is expressed as a temporary body size reduction within surviving species. Despite its wide usage the term is often loosely applied to any small post‐extinction taxa. Here we assess the size of bivalves of the family Limidae (Rafineque) prior to, and in the aftermath of, the end‐Triassic mass extinction event. Of the species studied only one occurs prior to the extinction event, though is too scarce to test for the Lilliput effect. Instead, newly evolved species originate at small body sizes and undergo a within‐species size increase, most dramatically demonstrated by Plagiostoma giganteum (Sowerby) which, over two million years, increases in size by 179%. This trend is seen in both field and museum collections. We term this within‐species size increase of newly originated species in the aftermath of mass extinction, the Brobdingnag effect, after the giants that were contemporary with the Lilliputians in Swift's Gulliver's Travels. The size increase results from greater longevity and faster growth rates. The cause of the effect is unclear, although it probably relates to improved environmental conditions. Oxygen‐poor conditions in the Early Jurassic are associated with populations of smaller body size caused by elevated juvenile mortality but these are local/regional effects that do not alter the long‐term, size increase. Although temperature‐size relationships exist for many organisms (Temperature‐Size Rule and Bergmann's Rule), the importance of this is unclear here because of a poorly known Early Jurassic temperature record.
Sixth, seventh and eighth year students' knowledge levels about greenhouse effect, ozone layer and acid rain

The aim of this study is to investigate second stage primary school (6th, 7th and 8th year) students’ knowledge levels about three important environmental topics, namely, the greenhouse effect, the ozone layer and acid rain. The study was carried out with 204 6th, 7th and 8th year students (11-14 year olds) in Turkey. A 25item scale developed by Khalid (1999) was used as a data collection instrument. The instrument was adapted to the Turkish language and culture, was validated and its reliability co-efficiency was determined. The results of the study showed that 6th, 7th and 8th year students have a very low level of knowledge about the greenhouse effect, the ozone layer and acid rain. The results of this study can be used by experts of environmental education to focus on starting the teaching of environmental topics – like greenhouse effect, ozone layer and acid rain – thoroughly from the primary school to develop more environmentally sensitive citizens.
The Influence of Urban Development Patterns on Streamflow Characteristics in the Charlanta Megaregion

Although it is widely recognized that urbanization has a notable impact on streamflow characteristics, the relative influence of the extent, spatial configuration, and positioning of urban development on low, high, and peak flow regimes is still not fully understood. The overarching research objective of this study was to clarify these relationships by analyzing 119 watersheds throughout the Charlanta megaregion, which stretches from Charlotte, NC to Atlanta, GA. Spatial metrics were derived from land use/land cover data sets to quantify the urban development patterns of each watershed while the streamflow characteristics were evaluated using mean daily discharge and annual peak streamflow data. Analysis of variance tests, bivariate correlations, and multivariate regression models were used to identify intraregional variability and quantify the impact of urban development patterns on streamflow characteristics while controlling for the physical differences between watersheds. The statistical analysis revealed that increasing the extent of urban development enhanced high and low flow frequency as well as annual peak unit discharge. Therefore, urbanization within Charlanta generally produced a more extreme streamflow regime. In terms of the spatial configuration of urban development, the models indicated that more contiguous developed open space increased high and low flow frequency. Finally, the positional analysis suggested that clustering impervious surfaces in source areas distant from streams increased the frequency of high flows. The study highlights the overall importance of considering the extent, configuration, and positioning of urban development when devising land use policies aimed at minimizing streamflow alteration due to urbanization.
2D cooperative inversion of direct current resistivity and gravity data: A case study of uranium bearing target rock

Interpretation of a single geophysical data set is not sufficient to get complete subsurface information. Cooperative or joint inversion of geophysical data sets is the preferred method for most case studies. In the present study, we present the results of the cooperative inversion approach of direct current resistivity and gravity data. The algorithm uses fuzzy c‐means clustering to determine the petrophysical relationship between density and resistivity to obtain the similarity. Synthetic data set has demonstrated that the cooperative inversion approach can produce more reliable and better resistivity and density models of the subsurface as compared to those obtained through individual inversions. To utilize the presented cooperative inversion algorithm, the number of geologic units (number of clusters) in the study region must be known a priori. As a field study, the cooperative inversion approach was used to identify the extension of uranium‐bearing target rock around the Beldih open cast mine. We noted the inconsistencies in both resistivity and density models obtained from the individual inversions. However, the presented cooperative inversion approach was able to produce similar resistivity and density models while maintaining the same error level of the respective individual inversions. We have considered four geologic units in the presented cooperative inversion as a field case study. We have also compared our cooperative results with drilled borehole and found to be a reliable tool to differentiate between the target rocks (kaolinite and quartz–magnetite–apatite rocks) and the ultramafic rock (host rock quartzite/alkaline granite). However, this study is subject to certain limitations such as the inability to differentiate between closely spaced kaolinite and quartz–magnetite–apatite rocks.
A socially interdependent choice framework for social influences in healthcare decision-making: a study protocol

Objectives Current choice models in healthcare (and beyond) can provide suboptimal predictions of healthcare users’ decisions. One reason for such inaccuracy is that standard microeconomic theory assumes that decisions of healthcare users are made in a social vacuum. Healthcare choices, however, can in fact be (entirely) socially determined. To achieve more accurate choice predictions within healthcare and therefore better policy decisions, the social influences that affect healthcare user decision-making need to be identified and explicitly integrated into choice models. The purpose of this study is to develop a socially interdependent choice framework of healthcare user decision-making. Design A mixed-methods approach will be used. A systematic literature review will be conducted that identifies the social influences on healthcare user decision-making. Based on the outcomes of a systematic literature review, an interview guide will be developed that assesses which, and how, social influences affect healthcare user decision-making in four different medical fields. This guide will be used during two exploratory focus groups to assess the engagement of participants and clarity of questions and probes. The refined interview guide will be used to conduct the semistructured interviews with healthcare professionals and users. These interviews will explore in detail which, and how, social influences affect healthcare user decision-making. Focus group and interview transcripts will be analysed iteratively using a constant comparative approach based on a mix of inductive and deductive coding. Based on the outcomes, a social influence independent choice framework for healthcare user decision-making will be drafted. Finally, the Delphi technique will be employed to achieve consensus about the final version of this choice framework. Ethics and dissemination This study was approved by the Erasmus School of Health Policy and Management Research Ethics Review Committee (ESHPM, Rotterdam, The Netherlands; reference ETH2122-0666).
Non-unions and wound infections do not differ following intramedullary nailing and plate osteosynthesis for distal third femur fractures: a meta-analysis

Purpose The fixation method of distal, extra-articular femur fractures is a controversially discussed. To ensure better stability itself, earlier mobilization and to prevent blood loss – all these are justifications for addressing the femur via reamed intramedullary nailing (RIMN). Anatomical reposition of multifragmentary fractures followed by increased risks of non-union are compelling reasons against it. The purpose of this study was to systematically review the literature for rates of non-union and wound infection, as well as blood loss and time of surgery. Methods According to the PRISMA guidelines we conducted this systematic review by searching the Cochrane, PubMed, Ovid, MedLine, and Embase databases. Inclusion criteria were the modified Coleman methodology score (mCMS) >60, age >18 years, and extra-articular fractures of the distal femur. Biomechanical and animal studies were excluded. By referring to title and abstract relevant articles were reviewed independently. In the consecutive meta-analysis, we compared 9 studies and 639 patients. Results There is no statistically significant difference comparing superficial wound infections when RIMN was performed (OR = 0.50; 95% CI: 0.18 – 1.42; P = 0.19) as well as in deep wound infections (OR = 0.74; 95% CI: 0.19–2.81; P = 0.62). However, these results were not significant. We also calculated for potential differences in the rate of non-unions depending on the surgical treatment applied. Data of 556 patients revealed an overall number of 43 non-unions. There was no significant difference in rate of non-unions between both groups (OR = 0.97; 95% CI: 0.51–1.85; P = 0.92). Conclusion No statistical difference was found in our study among RIMN and plate fixation in the treatment of distal femoral fractures with regard to the incidence of non-union and wound infections. Therefore, the indication for RIMN or plating should be made individually and based on the surgeon’s experience.
Operative management of osteochondral lesions of the talus: 2024 recommendations of the working group ‘clinical tissue regeneration’ of the German Society of Orthopedics and Traumatology (DGOU)

The working group ‘Clinical Tissue Regeneration’ of the German Society of Orthopedics and Traumatology (DGOU) issues this paper with updating its guidelines. Literature was analyzed regarding different topics relevant to osteochondral lesions of the talus (OLT) treatment. This process concluded with a statement for each topic reflecting the best scientific evidence available with a grade of recommendation. All group members rated the statements to identify possible gaps between literature and current clinical practice. Fixation of a vital bony fragment should be considered in large fragments. In children with open physis, retrograde drilling seems to work better than in adults, but even there, the revision rate reaches 50%. The literature supports debridement with bone marrow stimulation (BMS) in lesions smaller than 1.0 cm² without bony defect. The additional use of a scaffold can be recommended in lesions larger than 1.0 cm². For other scaffolds besides AMIC®/Chondro-Gide®, there is only limited evidence. Systematic reviews report good to excellent clinical results in 87% of the patients after osteochondral transplantation (OCT), but donor site morbidity is of concern, reaching 16.9%. There is no evidence of any additional benefit from autologous chondrocyte implantation (ACI). Minced cartilage lacks any supporting data. Metallic resurfacing of OLT can only be recommended as a second-line treatment. A medial malleolar osteotomy has a minor effect on the clinical outcome compared to the many other factors influencing the clinical result.
Temporally Compound Heat Wave Events and Global Warming: An Emerging Hazard

The temporal structure of heat waves having substantial human impact varies widely, with many featuring a compound structure of hot days interspersed with cooler breaks. In contrast, many heat wave definitions employed by meteorologists include a continuous threshold‐exceedance duration criterion. This study examines the hazard of these diverse sequences of extreme heat in the present, and their change with global warming. We define compound heat waves to include those periods with additional hot days following short breaks in heat wave duration. We apply these definitions to analyze daily temperature data from observations, NOAA Geophysical Fluid Dynamics Laboratory global climate model simulations of the past and projected climate, and synthetically generated time series. We demonstrate that compound heat waves will constitute a greater proportion of heat wave hazard as the climate warms and suggest an explanation for this phenomenon. This result implies that in order to limit heat‐related mortality and morbidity with global warming, there is a need to consider added vulnerability caused by the compounding of heat waves.
Carbonate reservoir characterization with pore type inversion using differential effective medium (DEM) model at "X" field, East Java

Pore system in the carbonate reservoirs is very complex than in clastic rocks. There are three types of classification of pore types in carbonate rocks: interparticle, stiff, and crack. The complexity of the pore types can cause changes in P-wave velocity by 40 %, as well as create a carbonate reservoir characterization becomes difficult when the S wave estimation is done only with the type of dominant pore (interparticle). Therefore, modeling the elastic moduli of rocks become essential to solve the problem of complexity of pore types in carbonate rocks. Differential Effective Medium (DEM) is a method of modeling the elastic moduli of rocks that takes into account the heterogeneity of types of pores in carbonate rocks by adding pore-type inclusions little by little into the parent material (host material) until the proportion of the material is reached. In addition, to the elastic moduli which have taken into account the heterogeneity of pore type. The inversion result shows that carbonate reservoir at “X” field is dominated by crack pore type and the relation between S wave and P wave is expressed by VS=−0.05VP2+VP−1.1 and not in linear correlation.Pore system in the carbonate reservoirs is very complex than in clastic rocks. There are three types of classification of pore types in carbonate rocks: interparticle, stiff, and crack. The complexity of the pore types can cause changes in P-wave velocity by 40 %, as well as create a carbonate reservoir characterization becomes difficult when the S wave estimation is done only with the type of dominant pore (interparticle). Therefore, modeling the elastic moduli of rocks become essential to solve the problem of complexity of pore types in carbonate rocks. Differential Effective Medium (DEM) is a method of modeling the elastic moduli of rocks that takes into account the heterogeneity of types of pores in carbonate rocks by adding pore-type inclusions little by little into the parent material (host material) until the proportion of the material is reached. In addition, to the elastic moduli which have taken into account the heterogeneity of pore type. The inversion result shows that carbonate reservoir at “.
Succinate utilisation by Salmonella is inhibited by multiple regulatory systems

Succinate is a potent immune signalling molecule that is present in the mammalian gut and within macrophages. Both of these infection niches are colonised by the pathogenic bacterium Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium during infection. Succinate is a C4-dicarboyxlate that can serve as a source of carbon for bacteria. When succinate is provided as the sole carbon source for in vitro cultivation, Salmonella and other enteric bacteria exhibit a slow growth rate and a long lag phase. This growth inhibition phenomenon was known to involve the sigma factor RpoS, but the genetic basis of the repression of bacterial succinate utilisation was poorly understood. Here, we use an experimental evolution approach to isolate fast-growing mutants during growth of S. Typhimurium on succinate containing minimal medium. Our approach reveals novel RpoS-independent systems that inhibit succinate utilisation. The CspC RNA binding protein restricts succinate utilisation, an inhibition that is antagonised by high levels of the small regulatory RNA (sRNA) OxyS. We discovered that the Fe-S cluster regulatory protein IscR inhibits succinate utilisation by repressing the C4-dicarboyxlate transporter DctA. Furthermore, the ribose operon repressor RbsR is required for the complete RpoS-driven repression of succinate utilisation, suggesting a novel mechanism of RpoS regulation. Our discoveries shed light on the redundant regulatory systems that tightly regulate the utilisation of succinate. We speculate that the control of central carbon metabolism by multiple regulatory systems in Salmonella governs the infection niche-specific utilisation of succinate.
Classification of occupations for economically active: Factor analysis of Registration Sub-Districts (RSDs) in 1891

© Robert J. Bennett, Harry Smith, and Dragana Radicic, University of Cambridge, members of the Cambridge Group for the History of Population and Social Structure assert their legal and moral rights to be identified as the authors of this paper; it may be referenced provided full acknowledgement is made: Cite (Harvard format): Bennett, Robert J., Smith, Harry, and Radicic, Dragana (2017) Classification of occupations for economically active: Factor analysis of Registration Sub-Districts (RSDs) in 1891. Working Paper 8: ESRC project ES/M010953: ‘Drivers of Entrepreneurship and Small Businesses’, University of Cambridge, Department of Geography and Cambridge Group for the History of Population and Social Structure.
Link Between Arctic Tropospheric BrO Explosion Observed From Space and Sea‐Salt Aerosols From Blowing Snow Investigated Using Ozone Monitoring Instrument BrO Data and GEOS‐5 Data Assimilation System

Bromine radicals (Br + BrO) are important atmospheric species owing to their ability to catalytically destroy ozone as well as their potential impacts on the oxidative pathways of many trace gases, including dimethylsulfide and mercury. Using space‐based observations of BrO, recent studies have reported rapid enhancements of tropospheric BrO over large areas (so called “BrO explosions”) connected to near‐surface ozone depletion occurring in polar spring. However, the source(s) of reactive bromine and mechanism(s) that initiate these BrO explosions are uncertain. In this study, we investigate the relationships between Arctic BrO explosions and two of the proposed sources of reactive bromine: sea‐salt aerosol (SSA) generated from blowing snow and first‐year (seasonal) sea ice. We use tropospheric column BrO derived from the Ozone Monitoring Instrument (OMI) in conjunction with the Goddard Earth Observing System Version 5 (GEOS‐5) data assimilation system provided by National Aeronautics and Space Administration Global Modeling and Assimilation Office. Case studies demonstrate a strong association between the temporal and spatial extent of OMI‐observed BrO explosions and the GEOS‐5 simulated blowing snow‐generated SSA during Arctic spring. Furthermore, the frequency of BrO explosion events observed over the 11‐year record of OMI exhibits significant correlation with a time series of the simulated SSA emission flux in the Arctic and little to no correlation with a time series of satellite‐based first‐year sea ice area. Therefore, we conclude that SSA generated by blowing snow is an important factor in the formation of the BrO explosion observed from space during Arctic spring.
Gastrointestinal involvement in patients with vasculitis: IgA vasculitis and eosinophilic granulomatosis with polyangiitis

Abstract Background and study aims Among vasculitides, IgA vasculitis (IgAV) and eosinophilic granulomatosis with polyangiitis (EGPA) frequently damage the gastrointestinal tract. However, only a few studies have investigated the entire gastrointestinal tract in patients with IgAV or EGPA by endoscopy. The aim of this study was to clarify endoscopic characteristics of patients with IgAV and those with EGPA. Patients and methods Clinicopathological and endoscopic findings were retrospectively compared between 33 patients with IgAV and 19 patients with EGPA. Results Gastrointestinal involvement was observed in 33 patients with IgAV (100 %) and in 8 patients with EPGA (42 %; P = 0.0001). Duodenal involvement was more frequent in patients with IgAV (75.8 %) than in those with EGPA (21.1 %, P = 0.0002). Jejunoileal involvement was frequent in both groups (IgAV 94.4 %; EGPA 77.8 %). Gastric mucosal erythema was more frequent in patients with IgAV (18.2 %) than in those with EGPA (0 %, P = 0.0481). Duodenal mucosal erythema (IgAV 54.6 %; EGPA 21.1 %, P = 0.0227), ulcer (IgAV 33.3 %; EGPA 0 %, P = 0.0041), and hematoma-like protrusion (IgAV 21.1 %; EGPA 0 %, P = 0.039) were more frequently observed in patients with IgAV than in those with EGPA. Conclusions Frequent duodenal involvement, gastric mucosal erythema, and duodenal lesions including erythema, ulcer, and hematoma-like protrusion are characteristic of patients with IgAV. Because jejunoileal involvement was frequent in both groups of patients, small-bowel endoscopies should be performed for diagnosis of small-bowel lesions in patients with IgAV and EGPA.