Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Line-focusing electromagnetic acoustic transducers for the detection of slit defects

This paper describes the design principles of a line-focusing electromagnetic acoustic transducer (LF-EMAT) and the results of a feasibility test for detecting slit-type defects in metals. The LF-EMAT excites shear vertical (SV) elastic waves and focuses them to a line in a metal body. It consists of a permanent magnet block and a meanderline coil, whose spacing is continuously varied so that the excited SV waves become coherent on a focal line after traveling oblique paths. The measured directivity of generation and reception show a sharp peak at the designed focal line. The LF-EMATs are then applied to detecting slit defects in the bottom surface of steel blocks, on which the focal lines are located. Portions of the scattered defect signals are received by the same EMAT. When operated at 4 MHz, the LF-EMATs are capable of detecting slits deeper than 0.05 mm. The sensitivity decreases with liftoff and the LF-EMATs are usable with liftoff up to 0.6 mm.
Mining Large Graphs

Graphs provide a general representation or data model for many types of data where pair-wise relationships are known or thought to be particularly important.1 Thus, it should not be surprising that interest in graph mining has grown with the recent interest in “big data. ” Much of the big data generated and analyzed involves pair-wise relationships among a set of entities. For example, in e-commerce applications such as with Amazon’s product database, customers are related to products through their purchasing activities; on the web, web pages are related through hypertext linking relationships; on social networks such as Facebook, individuals are related through their friendships; and so on. Similarly, in scientific applications, research articles are related through citations; proteins are related via metabolic pathways, co-expression, and regulatory network effects within a cell; materials are related through models of their crystalline structure; and so on. While many graphs are small, many large graphs are now extremely LARGE. For example, in early 2008, Google announced that it had indexed over 1 trillion URLs on the internet, corresponding to a graph with over 1 trillion nodes [Alpert and Hajaj, 2008]; in 2012, the Facebook friendship network spanned 721 million individuals and had 137 billion links [Backstrom et al., 2012]; phone companies process a few trillion calls a year [Strohm and Homan, 2013]; the human brain has around 100 billion neurons and 100 trillion neuronal connections [Zimmer, 2011]; one of the largest reported graph experiments involved 4.4 trillion nodes and around 70 trillion edges in a synthetic experiment that required one petabyte of storage [Burkhardt and Waring, 2013]; and one of the largest reported experiments with a real-world graph involved over 1.5 trillion edges [Fleury et al., 2015]. Given the ubiquity, size, and importance of graphs in many application areas, it should come as no surprise that large graph mining serves numerous roles within the large-scale data analysis ecosystem. For example, it can help us learn new things about the world, including both the chemical and biological sciences [Martin et al., 2012; Stelzl et al., 2005] as well as results in the social and economic sciences such as the Facebook study that showed that any two people in the(ir) world can be connected through approximately four intermediate individuals [Backstrom et al., 2012]. Alternatively, large graph mining produces similarity information for recommendation, suggestion, and prediction from messy data [Boldi et al., 2008; Epasto et al., 2014]; it can also tell us how to optimize a data infrastructure to improve response time [Ugander and Backstrom, 2013]; and it can tell us when and how our data are anomalous [Akoglu et al., 2010].
On a confusion about a function of consciousness

Abstract Consciousness is a mongrel concept: there are a number of very different “consciousnesses. ” Phenomenal consciousness is experience; the phenomenally conscious aspect of a state is what it is like to be in that state. The mark of access-consciousness, by contrast, is availability for use in reasoning and rationally guiding speech and action. These concepts are often partly or totally conflated, with bad results. This target article uses as an example a form of reasoning about a function of “consciousness” based on the phenomenon of blindsight. Some information about stimuli in the blind field is represented in the brains of blindsight patients, as shown by their correct “guesses. ” They cannot harness this information in the service of action, however, and this is said to show that a function of phenomenal consciousness is somehow to enable information represented in the brain to guide action. But stimuli in the blind field are both access-unconscious and phenomenally unconscious. The fallacy is: an obvious function of the machinery of accessconsciousness is illicitly transferred to phenomenal consciousness.
Advances in the Pharmacotherapy of Bipolar Affective Disorder

Bipolar affective disorder is a chronic, relapsing and remitting mental illness with lifetime risk between 0.5 and 1.6% worldwide (Weissman et al. 1996). This prevalence increases to 5.5% for bipolar spectrum disorders comprising bipolar I, bipolar II and other subtypes (Reegeer et al. 2004). Bipolar disorder is a significant source of distress, disability, and loss of life through suicide (Woods 2000). It causes significant psychological and socioeconomic burden both to the patients and their carers. It remains as the sixth leading cause of disability among neuropsychiatric disorders in the world (WHO 1996). Almost 80% of the costs of bipolar disorder are indirect and only 5% is spent on drugs and another 15% on hospital charges (Dardennes et al 2006). If bipolar disorder is not treated adequately, relapses will occur more frequently with longer duration of episodes, decreased intervals between episodes and increased number of hospitalisation. In this chapter we review the recent advances in the pharmacotherapy of bipolar affective disorder, the management of which is constantly evolving due to better understanding of its pathophysiology and introduction of new drug treatments.
New infection rate of bovine mammary quarters after application of a bismuth subnitrate-free internal teat sealant at dry-off

Internal teat sealants (ITS) are applied to prevent new intrammary infection during the dry period in dairy cattle. The common ITS products with confirmed efficacy contain the heavy metal salt bismuth subnitrate. The aim of this field study was to determine the efficacy of a novel bismuth subnitrate-free ITS prototype (BSFITS) in reducing new infections in comparison to untreated quarters (control). Therefore 50 cows from two organic German farms were treated with the BSFITS in a split-udder design. Cows included in the trial were free of clinical mastitis in the previous lactation and had a somatic cell count < 200,000 cells/mL in the last three dairy herd improvement tests. Quarter milk samples were collected at dry-off, within 5 to 12 d in milk (DIM) and 7 d later. The new infection rate (NIR) did not differ between treated and untreated quarters (12.6%). The predominant new infection causing agents were coryneforms and coagulase-negative staphylococci. The probability of developing NI during the dry period was higher in quarters infected with minor pathogens at dry-off. Within the first 100 DIM no case of clinical mastitis was reported in treated and untreated quarters. The present study could not determine a positive effect of the BSFITS in reducing the NIR in comparison to untreated quarters. Future studies with novel ITS should be performed on farms with a high incidence of IMI caused by environmental pathogens and further research about the relationship of causing agents and the sealing effect is recommended.
Clustering Sentence-Level Text Using a Novel Fuzzy Relational Clustering Algorithm

In comparison with hard clustering methods, in which a pattern belongs to a single cluster, fuzzy clustering algorithms allow patterns to belong to all clusters with differing degrees of membership. This is important in domains such as sentence clustering, since a sentence is likely to be related to more than one theme or topic present within a document or set of documents. However, because most sentence similarity measures do not represent sentences in a common metric space, conventional fuzzy clustering approaches based on prototypes or mixtures of Gaussians are generally not applicable to sentence clustering. This paper presents a novel fuzzy clustering algorithm that operates on relational input data; i.e., data in the form of a square matrix of pairwise similarities between data objects. The algorithm uses a graph representation of the data, and operates in an Expectation-Maximization framework in which the graph centrality of an object in the graph is interpreted as a likelihood. Results of applying the algorithm to sentence clustering tasks demonstrate that the algorithm is capable of identifying overlapping clusters of semantically related sentences, and that it is therefore of potential use in a variety of text mining tasks. We also include results of applying the algorithm to benchmark data sets in several other domains.
Architecture Support for Reconfigurable Multithreaded Processors in Programmable Communication Systems

Explicitly multithreaded processors and reconfigurable hardware have individually proven to be useful in the design of wireless communication systems. However, new techniques are needed to satisfy the processing requirements of emerging wireless communication standards, which have high throughput requirements for a wide variety of algorithms. This paper presents an efficient technique for adding reconfigurable functional units, called Polymorphic Hardware Accelerators (PHAs), to multicore, multithreaded Digital Signal Processors (DSPs). This paper discusses architectural support to facilitate management and sharing of PHAs on a multithreaded system. The proposed technique shows an average speedup of 6.8 on important wireless communication algorithms in the EEMBC Telecom Benchmark Suite and Department of Defense's Joint Tactical Radio System Software Communication Architecture (JTRS SCA) Hardware Supplement.
Adobe's Secure Real-Time Media Flow Protocol

This memo describes Adobe's Secure Real-Time Media Flow Protocol (RTMFP), an endpoint-to-endpoint communication protocol designed to securely transport parallel flows of real-time video, audio, and data messages, as well as bulk data, over IP networks. RTMFP has features that make it effective for peer-to-peer (P2P) as well as client-server communications, even when Network Address Translators (NATs) are used.
Bribe and Punishment: An Evolutionary Game-Theoretic Analysis of Bribery

Harassment bribes, paid by citizens to corrupt officers for services the former are legally entitled to, constitute one of the most widespread forms of corruption in many countries. Nation states have adopted different policies to address this form of corruption. While some countries make both the bribe giver and the bribe taker equally liable for the crime, others impose a larger penalty on corrupt officers. We examine the consequences of asymmetric and symmetric penalties by developing deterministic and stochastic evolutionary game-theoretic models of bribery. We find that the asymmetric penalty scheme can lead to a reduction in incidents of bribery. However, the extent of reduction depends on how the players update their strategies over time. If the interacting members change their strategies with a probability proportional to the payoff of the alternative strategy option, the reduction in incidents of bribery is less pronounced. Our results indicate that changing from a symmetric to an asymmetric penalty scheme may not suffice in achieving significant reductions in incidents of harassment bribery.
Increased Circulation of Galectin-3 in Cancer Induces Secretion of Metastasis-Promoting Cytokines from Blood Vascular Endothelium

Purpose: Cytokines such as interleukin (IL)-6 and granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF) are important metastasis promoters. This study has investigated the functional significance of the increased circulation of galectin-3, a common feature in patients with cancer and in particular those with metastasis, on cytokine secretion from the blood vascular endothelium in cancer. Experimental Design: The effects of galectin-3 on secretion of cytokines from human microvascular lung endothelial cells were assessed in vitro by cytokine array and in vivo in mice. The consequences of galectin-3–induced cytokine secretion on endothelial cell behaviors were determined, and the relationship between the levels of circulating galectin-3 and cytokines in patients with colorectal cancer with and without metastasis was investigated. Results: Galectin-3 at pathologic concentrations found in patients with cancer induces secretion of IL-6, G-CSF, sICAM-1, and granulocyte macrophage colony-stimulating factor from blood vascular endothelial cells in vitro and in mice. These cytokines autocrinely/paracrinely interact with the vascular endothelium to increase the expressions of endothelial cell surface adhesion molecules integrinαvβ1, E-selectin, ICAM-1, and VCAM-1, resulting in increased cancer cell–endothelial adhesion and increased endothelial cell migration and tubule formation. In patients with metastatic colon cancer, higher serum galectin-3 levels correlated significantly with increased serum G-CSF, IL-6, and sICAM1 concentrations. Conclusion: The increased circulation of galectin-3 in patients with cancer induces secretion of several metastasis-promoting cytokines from the blood vascular endothelium that enhances endothelial cell activities in metastasis. Targeting the actions of circulating galectin-3 in patients with cancer therefore represents a promising therapeutic strategy to reduce metastasis and improve survival. Clin Cancer Res; 19(7); 1693–704. ©2013 AACR.
Anonymous publish/subscribe in P2P networks

One of the most important issues to deal with in peer-to-peer networks is how to disseminate information. In this paper, we use a completely new approach to solving the information dissemination problem. Our approach uses the publish/subscribe paradigm. The publish/subscribe method is the most inclusive strategy to establish communication between the information providers (publishers) and the information consumers (subscribers). We give a formal definition of publish/subscribe systems. We then use the publish/subscribe communication paradigm to design deterministic protocols (topic and content-based) for peer-to-peer networks. Our protocols are designed on top of an innovative information dissemination scheme, and can cope with the anonymity and mobility of both publishers and subscribers, weak-connectivity, and polarization, which are some of the characteristics of peer-to-peer networks. Moreover, in our solutions, every node could play a role of both publisher and subscriber The algorithms are designed completely independent of the underlying routing substrates. The key advantage of our protocols is that they are scalable without additional re-organization cost. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first time the content-based subscription has been addressed in peer-to-peer networks.
A new efficient cross-correlation based image registration technique with improved performance

In many applications the image registration task turns out to be a fundamental prerequisite for any further processing and analysis. In the proposed paper a new efficient technique is presented, appropriate for registering images which are translated and rotated versions of a reference image. The technique consists of two main parts: an efficiently implemented prewhitening part, and an iterative part which yields the unknown displacements after a few iterations. The cross-correlation operations involved in the iterative part are performed efficiently via a new scheme based on a proper partitioning of the images and the use of the FFT. Note that this efficient scheme is also applicable to the conventional spatial cross-correlation method. The new registration technique exhibits a superior performance as compared to the conventional cross-correlation method.
Immunomodulatory drugs in multiple myeloma: from molecular mechanisms of action to clinical practice

Multiple myeloma (MM) is a clonal disorder of plasma cells that is considered incurable using the currently available treatments. Cytogenetic, molecular and proteonomic techniques have contributed toward a better understanding of the pathophysiology and prognostic factors of this heterogeneous malignancy, whose management has rapidly evolved over the years. The introduction of thalidomide, and the development of safer and more effective thalidomide analogues, represents the major therapeutic advances. Thalidomide, initially used in the treatment of MM because of its angiogenic properties, has considerable therapeutic activity (alone or in combination with other drugs) at all stages of the disease. However, a number of new analogues, such as lenalidomide and pomalidomide, have been developed and are known as “immunomodulatory drugs” (IMIDs). Although they are analogues of thalidomide, they have direct anti-tumor properties, a better tolerability profile and specific activity in both relapsing refractory MM and newly diagnosed disease. The mechanisms of action of IMIDs are still being investigated, but recent studies suggest that, in addition to their anti-angiogenic activity, they have anti-inflammatory and immunomodulatory properties, and directly and indirectly target tumor activity by interfering with various components of the bone marrow (BM) micro-environment. In this paper, we review the pharmacology, mechanisms of action, pre-clinical and clinical efficacy, and the current status of IMIDs in the treatment of MM.
Perspectives Anecdotal, Historical and Critical Commentaries on Genetics Chlamydomonas: the Cell and Its Genomes Evidence That Chloroplasts Maintained a Separate Ge- Nome and That Recombination Could Occur Between

G REAT strides in understanding fundamental pro-and function, using the powerful techniques of micro-cesses in eukaryotic cells have come from genetic bial genetics. studies on budding and fission yeasts and other fungi. The genetic analysis of the flagellar apparatus of Chla-The exquisite experimental tools developed for use with mydomonas, including the flagella, basal bodies, and these systems have made them the undisputed first connecting structures, has been developing for a num-choice for studying a variety of metabolic pathways and ber of years. The flagella are not necessary for cell other cellular processes, such as cell cycle control, cell growth, but they are required for motility, providing a signaling, and the regulation of gene expression. How-powerful screen for mutations that affect these organ-ever, these systems represent only a small fraction of elles specifically. To date, more than 80 different mutant the immense diversity of form and function found in loci have been shown to affect the assembly and function eukaryotic systems (see Margulis and Schwartz of the flagellar apparatus. Biochemical analyses of wild-1982). To understand this diversity at the molecular type and mutant flagella have demonstrated that the level, experimentalists must tap the vast array of unicel-flagellar axoneme alone is composed of more than 200 lular eukaryotes, many of which provide insights into proteins, most of which appear to be unique to the biological processes that cannot be studied in the usual axoneme (reviewed by Dutcher 1995). The basal bod-fungal systems. Recent advances in the genetic analysis ies and their connecting structures are at least as com-of protistans, including Dictyostelium (e.g., Kuspa and plex as the flagella, structurally and biochemically. Loomis 1996); Physarum (reviewed by Burland et al. Early investigators studying photosynthesis also took 1993); and the ciliates Tetrahymena (e.g., Brickner et advantage of the fact that this process is not essential al. 1996) and Paramecium (reviewed by Preer 1997), in Chlamydomonas. Probably the single most important have provided the tools for studying fascinating cellular experimental opportunity offered by Chlamydomonas processes exhibited by these systems. In this article we in the analysis of photosynthesis is its ability to grow will focus on the unicellular eukaryote Chlamydomonas either photosynthetically or on a carbon source. Be-reinhardtii by looking back at recent technical advances cause Chlamydomonas is a facultative heterotroph, mu-and ahead to the prospect of functional genomics being tations affecting genes required for photosynthesis are applied to this powerful model system. not lethal …
Epstein–Barr virus protein EB2 stimulates cytoplasmic mRNA accumulation by counteracting the deleterious effects of SRp20 on viral mRNAs

The Epstein–Barr Virus (EBV) protein EB2 (also called Mta, SM and BMLF1), is an essential nuclear protein produced during the replicative cycle of EBV. EB2 is required for the efficient cytoplasmic accumulation of viral mRNAs derived from intronless genes. EB2 is an RNA-binding protein whose expression has been shown to influence RNA stability, splicing, nuclear export and translation. Using a yeast two-hybrid screen, we have identified three SR proteins, SF2/ASF, 9G8 and SRp20, as cellular partners of EB2. Then, by using siRNA to deplete cells of specific SR proteins, we found that SRp20 plays an essential role in the processing of several model mRNAs: the Renilla luciferase reporter mRNA, the human β-globin cDNA transcript and two EBV late mRNAs. These four mRNAs were previously found to be highly dependent on EB2 for their efficient cytoplasmic accumulation. Here, we show that SRp20 depletion results in an increase in the accumulation of these mRNAs, which correlates with an absence of additive effect of EB2, suggesting that EB2 functions by antagonizing SRp20. Moreover, by using RNA-immunoprecipitation assays we found that EB2 enhances the association of SRp20 with the β-globin transcript suggesting that EB2 acts by stabilizing SRp20’s labile interactions with the RNA.
Continuous measurement of self-report of emotional response

There has been substantial recent interest in measurement of emotional responses to advertising. One of the promising methods recently introduced has been the continuous measurement of specific feelings through a “warmth monitor” introduced by Aaker, Stayman, and Hagerty (1986). This article reports research extending the work of Aaker, Stayman, and Hagerty (1986) in two ways. First, it tests whether the warmth monitor method distinguishes feelings from the global reactions that are more commonly measured with continuous self-report measures. Second, it tests the extension of the method to a general emotion monitor that measures feelings other than warmth. Support is found for discrimination between feelings and overall liking and for the validity of a humor, but possibly not irritation, monitor. © 1993 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.