Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Efficient Implementations of Apriori and Eclat Christian Borgelt

Apriori and Eclat are the best-known basic algorithms for mining frequent item sets in a set of transactions. In this paper I describe implementations of these two algorithms that use several optimizations to achieve maximum performance, w.r. t. both execution time and memory usage. The Apriori implementation is based on a prefix tree representation of the needed counters and uses a doubly recursive scheme to count the transactions. The Eclat implementation uses (sparse) bit matrices to represent transactions lists and to filter closed and maximal item sets.
Functional Dissociations within the Ventral Object Processing Pathway: Cognitive Modules or a Hierarchical Continuum?

We examined the organization and function of the ventral object processing pathway. The prevailing theoretical approach in this field holds that the ventral object processing stream has a modular organization, in which visual perception is carried out in posterior regions and visual memory is carried out, independently, in the anterior temporal lobe. In contrast, recent work has argued against this modular framework, favoring instead a continuous, hierarchical account of cognitive processing in these regions. We join the latter group and illustrate our view with simulations from a computational model that extends the perceptual-mnemonic feature-conjunction model of visual discrimination proposed by Bussey and Saksida [Bussey, T. J., & Saksida, L. M. The organization of visual object representations: A connectionist model of effects of lesions in perirhinal cortex. European Journal of Neuroscience, 15, 355–364, 2002]. We use the extended model to revisit early data from Iwai and Mishkin [Iwai, E. , & Mishkin, M. Two visual foci in the temporal lobe of monkeys. In N. Yoshii & N. Buchwald (Eds.), Neurophysiological basis of learning and behavior (pp. 1–11). Japan: Osaka University Press, 1968]; this seminal study was interpreted as evidence for the modularity of visual perception and visual memory. The model accounts for a double dissociation in monkeys' visual discrimination performance following lesions to different regions of the ventral visual stream. This double dissociation is frequently cited as evidence for separate systems for perception and memory. However, the model provides a parsimonious, mechanistic, single-system account of the double dissociation data. We propose that the effects of lesions in ventral visual stream on visual discrimination are due to compromised representations within a hierarchical representational continuum rather than impairment in a specific type of learning, memory, or perception. We argue that consideration of the nature of stimulus representations and their processing in cortex is a more fruitful approach than attempting to map cognition onto functional modules.
A novel design of anti-falling mechanism for tree pruning robot

This paper presents a mechanism of a novel tree pruning robot that is designed to climb up a tree. The unique feature of the proposed design is the passive and active anti-falling mechanism. The passive anti-falling mechanism relies on the frictional forces to overcome the robot gravity force while the active anti-falling function uses the power provided by two steppers that is able to adjust the normal forces between the tire surfaces of the wheels and the tree trunk. The design of the pruning robot is modelled in SolidWorks and simulated using Simmechanics. The outcome of the simulation matches with the analysis result.
Policy applications of a global macroeconomic model

In this Economic Letter, we summarize the key components of the GVAR model and discuss its usefulness for monetary policy applications and for credit risk management issues faced by financial institutions and their government supervisors. We argue that while the GVAR model is probably useful for credit risk management and could potentially have some use for bank supervision, it is unlikely to be as useful for monetary policy applications.
Actin microfilaments play a critical role in endocytosis at the apical but not the basolateral surface of polarized epithelial cells

Treatment with cytochalasin D, a drug that acts by inducing the depolymerization of the actin cytoskeleton, selectively blocked endocytosis of membrane bound and fluid phase markers from the apical surface of polarized MDCK cells without affecting the uptake from the basolateral surface. Thus, in MDCK cell transformants that express the VSV G protein, cytochalasin blocked the internalization of an anti-G mAb bound to apical G molecules, but did not reduce the uptake of antibody bound to the basolateral surface. The selective effect of cytochalasin D on apical endocytosis was also demonstrated by the failure of the drug to reduce the uptake of 125I-labeled transferrin, which occurs by receptor-mediated endocytosis, via clathrin-coated pits, almost exclusively from the basolateral surface. The actin cytoskeleton appears to play a critical role in adsorptive as well as fluid phase apical endocytic events, since treatment with cytochalasin D prevented the apical uptake of cationized ferritin, that occurs after the marker binds to the cell surface, as well as uptake of Lucifer yellow, a fluorescent soluble dye. Moreover, the drug efficiently blocked infection of the cells with influenza virus, when the viral inoculum was applied to the apical surface. On the other hand, it did not inhibit the basolateral uptake of Lucifer yellow, nor did it prevent infection with VSV from the basolateral surface, or with influenza when this virus was applied to monolayers in which the formation of tight junctions had been prevented by depletion of calcium ions. EM demonstrated that cytochalasin D leads to an increase in the number of coated pits in the apical surface where it suppresses the pinching off of coated vesicles. In addition, in drug-treated cells cationized ferritin molecules that were bound to microvilli were not cleared from the microvillar surface, as is observed in untreated cells. These findings indicate that there is a fundamental difference in the process by which endocytic vesicles are formed at the two surfaces of polarized epithelial cells and that the integrity and/or the polymerization of actin filaments are required at the apical surface. Actin filaments in microvilli may be part of a mechanochemical motor that moves membrane components along the microvillar surface towards intermicrovillar spaces, or provides the force required for converting a membrane invagination or pit into an endocytic vesicle within the cytoplasm.
Measuring the Performance of Beat Tracking Algorithms Using a Beat Error Histogram

We present a new evaluation method for measuring the performance of musical audio beat tracking systems. Central to our method is a novel visualization, the beat error histogram, which illustrates the metrical relationship between two qausi-periodic sequences of time instants: the output of beat tracking system and a set of ground truth annotations. To quantify beat tracking performance we derive an information theoretic statistic from the histogram. Results indicate that our method is able to measure performance with greater precision than existing evaluation methods and implicitly cater for metrical ambiguity in tapping sequences.
Description of a Nanobody-based Competitive Immunoassay to Detect Tsetse Fly Exposure

Background Tsetse flies are the main vectors of human and animal African trypanosomes. The Tsal proteins in tsetse fly saliva were previously identified as suitable biomarkers of bite exposure. A new competitive assay was conceived based on nanobody (Nb) technology to ameliorate the detection of anti-Tsal antibodies in mammalian hosts. Methodology/Principal Findings A camelid-derived Nb library was generated against the Glossina morsitans morsitans sialome and exploited to select Tsal specific Nbs. One of the three identified Nb families (family III, TsalNb-05 and TsalNb-11) was found suitable for anti-Tsal antibody detection in a competitive ELISA format. The competitive ELISA was able to detect exposure to a broad range of tsetse species (G. morsitans morsitans, G. pallidipes, G. palpalis gambiensis and G. fuscipes) and did not cross-react with the other hematophagous insects (Stomoxys calcitrans and Tabanus yao). Using a collection of plasmas from tsetse-exposed pigs, the new test characteristics were compared with those of the previously described G. m. moristans and rTsal1 indirect ELISAs, revealing equally good specificities (> 95%) and positive predictive values (> 98%) but higher negative predictive values and hence increased sensitivity (> 95%) and accuracy (> 95%). Conclusion/Significance We have developed a highly accurate Nb-based competitive immunoassay to detect specific anti-Tsal antibodies induced by various tsetse fly species in a range of hosts. We propose that this competitive assay provides a simple serological indicator of tsetse fly presence without the requirement of test adaptation to the vertebrate host species. In addition, the use of monoclonal Nbs for antibody detection is innovative and could be applied to other tsetse fly salivary biomarkers in order to achieve a multi-target immunoprofiling of hosts. In addition, this approach could be broadened to other pathogenic organisms for which accurate serological diagnosis remains a bottleneck.
Vagal afferent activation decreases brown adipose tissue (BAT) sympathetic nerve activity and BAT thermogenesis

ABSTRACT In urethane/α-chloralose anesthetized rats, electrical stimulation of cervical vagal afferent fibers inhibited the increases in brown adipose tissue sympathetic nerve activity and brown adipose tissue thermogenesis evoked by cold exposure, by nanoinjection of the GABAA receptor antagonist, bicuculline, in the dorsomedial hypothalamus, and by nanoinjection of N-methyl-D-aspartate in the rostral raphe pallidus. Vagus nerve stimulation-evoked inhibition of brown adipose tissue sympathetic nerve activity was prevented by blockade of ionotropic glutamate receptors in the termination site of vagal afferents in the nucleus of the solitary tract, and by nanoinjection of GABAA receptor antagonists in the rostral raphe pallidus. In conclusion, the brown adipose tissue sympathoinhibitory effect of cervical afferent vagal nerve stimulation is mediated by glutamatergic activation of second-order sensory neurons in the nucleus of the solitary tract and by a GABAergic inhibition of brown adipose tissue sympathetic premotor neurons in the rostral raphe pallidus, but does not require GABAergic inhibition of the brown adipose tissue sympathoexcitatory neurons in the dorsomedial hypothalamus.
Prevalence of asthma and allergic disorders among children in united Germany: a descriptive comparison.

OBJECTIVES--To compare the prevalence of asthma and allergic disorders among children in Munich, western Germany, and Leipzig, eastern Germany, where environmental exposure, particularly air concentrations of sulphur dioxide and particulate matter, and living conditions have differed over the past 45 years. DESIGN--Prevalence surveys among school-children aged 9-11 years in Leipzig and Munich. Self completion of written questionnaire by the children's parents and lung function measurements. SUBJECTS--1051 children in Leipzig and 5030 in Munich. SETTING--Primary schools. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES--Reported lifetime prevalence of asthma and allergic disorders, and bronchial hyperresponsiveness assessed by cold air inhalation challenge. RESULTS--The lifetime prevalence of asthma diagnosed by a doctor was 7.3% (72) in Leipzig and 9.3% (435) in Munich; prevalence of wheezing were 20% (191) and 17% (786) respectively. The prevalence of diagnosed bronchitis was higher in Leipzig than Munich (30.9% (303) v 15.9% (739); p < 0.01). A significant drop in forced expiratory volume (> 9%) after cold air challenge was measured in 6.4% (57) of children in Leipzig and in 7.7% (345) of those in Munich. Hay fever (2.4% (24) v 8.6% (410); p < 0.01) and typical symptoms of rhinitis (16.6% (171) v 19.7% (961); p < 0.05) were reported less often in Leipzig than in Munich. CONCLUSIONS--No significant differences were seen in the lifetime prevalence of asthma, wheezing, and bronchial hyperresponsiveness between children in Leipzig and Munich. The lifetime prevalence of bronchitis was higher in Leipzig than in Munich. The lower prevalence rates of allergic disorders in Leipzig could point toward aetiological factors that are associated with Western lifestyle and living conditions.
Anti-apoptotic signaling as a cytoprotective mechanism in mammalian hibernation

In the context of normal cell turnover, apoptosis is a natural phenomenon involved in making essential life and death decisions. Apoptotic pathways balance signals which promote cell death (pro-apoptotic pathways) or counteract these signals (anti-apoptotic pathways). We proposed that changes in anti-apoptotic proteins would occur during mammalian hibernation to aid cell preservation during prolonged torpor under cellular conditions that are highly injurious to most mammals (e.g. low body temperatures, ischemia). Immunoblotting was used to analyze the expression of proteins associated with pro-survival in six tissues of thirteen-lined ground squirrels, Ictidomys tridecemlineatus. The brain showed a concerted response to torpor with significant increases in the levels of all anti-apoptotic targets analyzed (Bcl-2, Bcl-xL, BI-1, Mcl-1, cIAP1/2, xIAP) as well as enhanced phosphorylation of Bcl-2 at S70 and T56. Heart responded similarly with most anti-apoptotic proteins elevated significantly during torpor except for Bcl-xL and xIAP that decreased and Mcl-1 that was unaltered. In liver, BI-1 increased whereas cIAP1/2 decreased. In kidney, there was an increase in BI-1, cIAP and xIAP but decreases in Bcl-xL and p-Bcl-2(T56) content. In brown adipose tissue, protein levels of BI-1, cIAP1/2, and xIAP decreased significantly during torpor (compared with euthermia) whereas Bcl-2, Bcl-xL, Mcl-1 were unaltered; however, Bcl-2 showed enhanced phosphorylation at Thr56 but not at Ser70. In skeletal muscle, only xIAP levels changed significantly during torpor (an increase). The data show that anti-apoptotic pathways have organ-specific responses in hibernators with a prominent potential role in heart and brain where coordinated enhancement of anti-apoptotic proteins occurred in response to torpor.
Corrections to linear methods for diffuse optical tomography using approximation error modelling

Linear reconstruction methods in diffuse optical tomography have been found to produce reasonable good images in cases in which the variation in optical properties within the medium is relatively small and a reference measurement with known background optical properties is available. In this paper we examine the correction of errors when using a first order Born approximation with an infinite space Green’s function model as the basis for linear reconstruction in diffuse optical tomography, when real data is generated on a finite domain with possibly unknown background optical properties. We consider the relationship between conventional reference measurement correction and approximation error modelling in reconstruction. It is shown that, using the approximation error modelling, linear reconstruction method can be used to produce good quality images also in situations in which the background optical properties are not known and a reference is not available.
The quantum 2D-harmonic oscillator in 1:1 resonance with time-dependent perturbation : averaging applied to slowly varying quantum systems

In this paper we will study the 2D-harmonic oscillator in 1:1 resonance. We add a general third- and fourth order perturbation which is slowly time-dependent, and are interested in the resulting interaction between the unperturbed orbits (states). By treating this system quantummechanically we get a linear system (Schrodingers equation) on the infinite dimensional space . We show that this system can be reduced to a large finite dimensional system by bounding the perturbation suitably at infinity. By applying perturbation theory and averaging we are able to split this large system into smaller subsystems. We keep track of all error terms and show explicitly under which conditions they can be neglected. By applying adiabatic perturbation theory we finally transform the positive time-axis into a finite time-interval. We conclude by indicating how the theory can be extended to other resonances and to the 3D harmonic oscillator.
Successful entrepreneurs minimize risk

Many scholars see entrepreneurs as action-oriented individuals who use rules of thumb and other mental heuristics to make decisions, but who do little systematic planning and analysis. We argue that what distinguishes successful from unsuccessful entrepreneurs is precisely that the former vary their decision-making styles, sometimes relying on heuristics and sometimes relying on systematic analysis. In our proposed framework, successful entrepreneurs assess their level of expertise and the level of ambiguity in a particular decision context and then tailor their decision-making process to reduce risk.
Aligning Software Development Investment Decisions with the Markets

Risk, or exposure to uncertainty, is an inherent part of software development. Therefore, risk is an important factor in making investment decisions about software development. This position paper illustrates a disciplined approach to treating risk, an approach that allows software development decisions to be aligned with the capital markets. We start from the premise that uncertainty creates value when managed properly. Then we show using a real options approach that if the markets contain traded assets whose values depend on the source of uncertainty to which the investment is subject, we can estimate the resulting risk, and then use this estimate to determine the value of the investment. The approach is applied to a familiar software development scenario involving technology risk, namely that of Java.
Evaluating Algorithms for the Generation of Referring Expressions: Going beyond Toy Domains.

We describe a corpus-based evaluation method- ology, applied to a number of classic algorithms in the generation of referring expressions. Fol- lowing up on earlier work involving very simple domains, this paper deals with the issues asso- ciated with domains that contain ‘real-life’ ob- jects of some complexity. Results indicate that state of the art algorithms perform very differ- ently when applied to a complex domain. More- over, if a version of the Incremental Algorithm is used then it becomes of huge importance to se- lect a good preference order, because some pref- erence orders are prone to generating very un- natural output. Finding good preference orders, however, can be difficult, as we show. These re- sults should contribute to a growing debate on the evaluation of nlg systems, arguing in favour of carefully constructed balanced and semanti- cally transparent corpora.
Exposing non-standard architectures to embedded software using compile-time virtualisation

The architectures of embedded systems are often application-specific, containing multiple heterogenous cores, non-uniform memory, on-chip networks and custom hardware elements (e.g. DSP cores). Standard programming languages do not use these many of these features natively because they assume a traditional single processor and a single logical address space abstraction that hides these architectural details. This paper describes Compile-Time Virtualisation, a technique which uses a virtualisation layer to map software onto the target architecture whilst allowing the programmer to control the virtualisation mappings in order to effectively exploit custom architectures.
Significant Factors of Sense of Place That Makes Jeron Beteng Yogyakarta Sustainable as a Historical Place

Jeron Beteng in Yogyakarta have evolved throughout history in relation to the existence of the Palace of Yogyakarta. Inhabitants of Jeron Beteng have been living there for generations and their activities are reflecting the support to the preservation of court culture. Some inhabitants are still dedicating their life as court servants (abdi dalem) and some are still performing the traditional art of dancing, batik and wood puppets. Jeron Beteng is under pressure of the modern art of living, yet inhabitants are eager to preserve the inherited culture. The purpose of this paper is to explore the sense of place from the perspective of residents that makes Jeron Beteng appealing as a well-preserved historic place. The study is qualitative in its approach, and conducted through field observation and unstructured interviews with residents who are court servants and engaged with cultural activities. The locus of the study is distinct settlements in Jeron Beteng: Kampung Kadipaten, Kampung Nogosari, Kampung Taman, Kampung Patehan, Kampung Gamelan, and Kampung Mantrigawen. The results of the study indicated that Jeron Beteng is sustained as a historical place because residents are continuing cultural activities that are related to the court culture. Besides that, history of place, spirituality, cultural values, and social life of residents are significant factors that have created the sense of place in Jeron Beteng. Keywords—sense of place, historical place, sustainability, Jeron Beteng
ELISA for Determination of Human Growth Hormone: Recognition of Helix 4 Epitopes

Human growth hormone (hGH) signal transduction initiates with a receptor dimerization in which one molecule binds to the receptor through sites 1 and 2. A sandwich enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay was developed for quantifying hGH molecules that present helix 4 from binding site 1. For this, horse anti-rhGH antibodies were eluted by an immunoaffinity column constituted by sepharose-rhGH. These antibodies were purified through a second column with synthetic peptide correspondent to hGH helix 4, immobilized to sepharose, and used as capture antibodies. Those that did not recognize synthetic peptide were used as a marker antibody. The working range was of 1.95 to 31.25 ng/mL of hGH. The intra-assay coefficient of variation (CV) was between 4.53% and 6.33%, while the interassay CV was between 6.00% and 8.27%. The recovery range was between 96.0% to 103.8%. There was no cross-reactivity with human prolactin. These features show that our assay is an efficient method for the determination of hGH.
Unraveling Natural Interfaces for Co-Located Groupware: Lessons Learned in an Experiment with Music

The computer is an ubiquitous element of modern society, nonetheless, human computer interaction is still rather inflexible. Particularly in local collaborative environments, like office meetings, the property that the mouse and keyboard exhibit of being a gateway for the individual to act upon a workspace, has barred the way to the production of co-located collaboration technologies, because the users have to time-share their actions upon the workspace. Despite recent developments in touch sensitive multi-user tabletops, we still believe the portability, low cost and potentially large input area of vision sensors presents the most promising approach to unravel natural human computer interfaces. We present in this paper our design of a computationally inexpensive vision based interface that allows multiple users to interact simultaneously with a single computer by performing hand gestures, which are filmed by a static video camera. This interface attempts to continuously recognize predefined postures and movements using a view-dependent method. We also present A.C. O, a co-located groupware application that receives input from the vision-based interface and allows users around a table to collaborate playing synthesized music instruments by moving their hands. This prototype gave us important hints on the more immediate obstacles the technology must overcome.