Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
O-Mycoloylated Proteins from Corynebacterium

O-Acylation of proteins was known only in a few eukaryotic proteins but never in bacteria. We demonstrate, using a combination of protein chemistry and mass spectrometry, the occurrence of three O-acylated polypeptides in Corynebacterium glutamicum, PorA, PorH, and an unknown small protein. The three polypeptides are O-substituted by mycolic acids, long chain α-alkyl and β-hydroxy fatty acids specifically produced by members of the Corynebacterineae suborder. To date these acids were described only as esterifying trehalose and arabinogalactan, and less frequently glycerol, important components of the highly impermeable outer barrier of Corynebacterineae. We show that the post-translational mycoloylation of PorA occurs at Ser-15 and is necessary for the pore-forming activity of C. glutamicum.
Constrained trade and creative exchange on the barima river, guyana

This article examines entrepreneurial activities among Amerindian residents of the Barima River, Guyana. It argues that Barima residents create entrepreneurial opportunities by exploiting a trading system constructed by a French palm-heart processing company as rigidly non-negotiable. This mercantilism is further enabled by the fact that the river itself constitutes an artery of neighbouring economic zones, in which distinct regimes of production, exchange, and consumption dominate at different points along the waterway. By moving exchange goods along this river, entrepreneurs are able to use a particular location, a centre of small-scale gold-mining, as an economic amplifier which allows them to realize profits. A cherished tenet of neo-liberal economics holds that the most fruitful conditions for creative entrepreneurial activity are to be found in the'free market', an abstract network of exchange relations which, ideally, is self-regulating and minimally encumbered by the bureaucracy of state. What shape does entrepreneurial activity take, then, within an economic system which, although not overly controlled by the state, is none the less highly constrained by a company? ' How can individuals manipulate the rules of a constrained trade system to their advantage? In this article, I propose to address these questions by examining the economic activities of Amerindians living along the Barima River of the North West District, Guyana. I will argue that, ironically, a system of petty commodity production and trade constructed by an expatriate extractivist corporation as assertively monolithic in fact engenders the very conditions required for creative entrepreneurial activity among the indigenous residents of the area. In the course of this discussion, I will show that the Barima River itself constitutes a zoned artery of contiguous but distinct economic activities, and that this juxtaposition of traversable economic landscape and inelastic economic systems serves to create a particularly viable and profitable trade route. Following Kellerman's (1997) discussion of the concept offrontier, we could describe the Barima River area as a whole variously as a settlement frontier, an extractive frontier, and a national frontier. In Amazonia, theories of the political economy have framed the frontier (periphery) as the salient point of an expanding capitalism (core). Like Cleary (1993), I regard this as an oversimplified construction which fails to take account of the complexity of economic networks in space and time. Capitalism and the market have not
Price movement and trade size on the National Stock Exchange of India

Using data for the National Stock Exchange of India, we examine three hypotheses about which trades move prices. The Stealth Trading Hypothesis proposes that cumulative price changes (CPCs) are concentrated in particular trade sizes due to the strategic trading of informed traders. We find that depending on market conditions, from 60% to 80% of the CPC is concentrated in small trade sizes, with almost all of the remaining price change concentrated in medium trade sizes. These results support the Stealth Trading Hypothesis.
Significance of endotoxaemia in experimental "galactosamine-hepatitis" in the rat.

The course of galactosamine hepatitis induced by 1.0 g/kg i.p. injected galactosamine (Ga1N) was investigated a sequential study in normal rats, in colectomized rats, and in rats being endotoxin resistent against both exogenous and endogenous endotoxin. Clinical symptoms of Ga1N-hepatitis such as pyrogen reaction, disseminated intravascular coagulation, arterial hypotension, and hypoglycaemia correlated significantly with the development of endotoxaemia, which was detected by means of the limulus gelation test (L.G.T.) Ga1N refractoriness was found after colectomy, a situation, in which gram negative bacterias and their endotoxins were eliminated. Ga1N refractoriness was also observed in case of endotoxin resistence. It is concluded that endotoxins contribute significantly to the pathogenesis of "Ga1N-hepatitis" and its clinical symptoms.
Energy availability in athletes

Abstract This review updates and complements the review of energy balance and body composition in the Proceedings of the 2003 IOC Consensus Conference on Sports Nutrition. It argues that the concept of energy availability is more useful than the concept of energy balance for managing the diets of athletes. It then summarizes recent reports of the existence, aetiologies, and clinical consequences of low energy availability in athletes. This is followed by a review of recent research on the failure of appetite to increase ad libitum energy intake in compensation for exercise energy expenditure. The review closes by summarizing the implications of this research for managing the diets of athletes.
Mean Reversion with Drift and Real Options in Steel Industry

Steel is a commodity with significant price volatility and the choice of stochastic process that better describes its price performance is a fundamental issue in real options valuation in steel industry projects. As verified with other commodities, it is assumed that steel prices can be led partially by a mean reversion component, but the analysis of some economic issues related to production indicates that steel prices may also have a rising drift component. This, in practical terms, would increase the long term mean with time. This work presents a model that we call Mean Reversion with Drift (MRM-D), in which a deterministic tendency is attached to the long term equilibrium level in order to capture the increase of steel production marginal cost. It then evaluates the implications of using this model in valuation of steel sector projects.
Pet therapy effects on oncological day hospital patients undergoing chemotherapy treatment.

BACKGROUND Pet therapy is utilised to improve the quality of life of patients with chronic diseases. The impact of AAA (animal-assisted activities), a kind of pet therapy, on oncological patients submitted to chemotherapy was evaluated. PATIENTS AND METHODS Two groups of patients receiving chemotherapy with (experimental group) or without AAA (control group) were compared. The 2 participating dogs have been trained by a cynophilist behaviourist and examined by a veterinarian. Before and after chemotherapy both groups of patients were asked to fill out a A.De. Ss.O. test questionnaire, a simplified Italian version of Kellner's Symptom Questionnaire. Arterial blood pressure, heart rate and arterial oxygen saturation were recorded. RESULTS Depression improved only in the AAA group (p=0.01). Arterial oxygen saturation increased in the experimental group (p=0.004), while it decreased in the controls. CONCLUSION AAA during chemotherapy reduces depression of patients and increases their arterial oxygen saturation.
Profits and Rates of Return in OECD Countries

There is widespread concern, particularly in Europe, about the possibility of a secular decline in profits and rates of return. The purpose of this study is to assess whether there has been a decline and to quantify it as far as possible, taking measurement problems into account. It also considers summarily the significance of observed trends and the reasons for them. Profits are generally seen as an essential feature of market economies. When they are low, it is feared that enterprise and innovation will falter and the rate of investment decline, leading to sluggish growth in output and capacity. Low growth may also lead to low profits. The precise links between profits and economic performance are, however, theoretically complicated and difficult to establish empirically. This is because both economic and accounting definitions of profit cover heterogeneous phenomena and are calculated as a residual. Conceptual and measurement issues are important in assessing the evolution of .
Learning, Policy Making, and Market Reforms

In the 1980s and 1990s, market reforms swept the world. It is widely believed that the reformist wave can be partly explained in terms of the lessons learned from policy failures of the past. Whereas this interpretation of events is well established, it has never been empirically proved. Learning, Policy Making, and Market Reforms is the first study that tests the impact of policy learning on economic policy choices across time and space. The study supports the popular explanation that, on average, governments around the world adopted privatization and trade liberalization, and sustained open capital accounts, as a result of learning from the experience of others.
Driving Force in Investment

We study investment strategy in different models of financial markets, where the investors cannot attain a perfect knowledge about available assets. The investor spends a certain effort to get information; this allows him to better choose the investment strategy, and puts a selective pressure upon assets. The best strategy is then a compromise between diversification and effort to get information.
Getting Rich and Eating Out: Consumption of Food Away from Home in Urban China

The overall goal of this study is to better understand food-away-from-home (FAFH) consumption in urban China. We use national statistical sources and our own data to examine the trends in FAFH during the late reform period and to analyze the determinants of FAFH demand, examining how different groups of consumers have participated in this new area of consumption. Besides the normal Tobit model for total food expenditure away from home, a system of multivariate Tobit equations was estimated simultaneously for three categories of foods consumed outside of the home. The results show that the rapid increase of FAFH demand, a rise that is fueled by higher incomes, is changing consumption patterns in Chinai¾’s post-reform urban economy. We also use our findings to illustrate how omission of accounting for FAFH trends by Chinai¾’s official statisticians has affected the reported trends in national meat supply and demand statistics.
Effects of scFOS on the composition of fecal microbiota and anxiety in patients with irritable bowel syndrome: a randomized, double blind, placebo controlled study

Short‐chain fructooligosaccharides (scFOS) have beneficial effects in subjects with minor digestive complaints, but the potential mechanisms involved have not been elucidated. The aim of the study was to evaluate changes in rectal sensitivity related to the clinical effects of scFOS in a selected group of patients with irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) and rectal hypersensitivity.
Formula Feedback and Central Cities

This study critically examines the measurement of the Comprehensive Employment and Training Act's key allocation variable, unemployment. The analysis indicates that (1) actual unemployment rates during the study period (September-November 1975) in the research site (City of St. Louis), as measured by three independently conducted surveys, are much higher than the official government estimates; and (2) the methods used by the U.S. Bureau of the Census and the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics to measure state and local unemployment have several weaknesses, some of which apparently lead to an under estimation of unemployment in older central cities.
Shifts in diagnostic frequencies of schizophrenia and major affective disorders at six North American psychiatric hospitals, 1972-1988.

OBJECTIVE This study tested the impression that there have been significant shifts in the relative diagnostic frequencies of schizophrenia and major affective disorders. METHOD Data on discharge diagnoses from 1972 to 1988 were gathered from six North American psychiatric teaching hospitals (data from one extended through 1991), and rates for schizophrenia and major mood disorders were evaluated. RESULTS Total annual discharges increased by 6.6% during the study period. Large reciprocal shifts in the frequencies of diagnoses of schizophrenia and major affective disorders were found; schizoaffective disorder was a minor diagnosis. Beginning in the early 1970s, a gradual increase in the frequency of diagnoses of major affective disorders at all sites was accompanied by a corresponding decrease in diagnoses of schizophrenia at five of the six centers. Schizophrenia diagnoses decreased from a peak of 27% in 1976 to 9% in 1989 (a threefold decrease), and diagnoses of major affective disorders rose from a low of 10% in 1972 to 44% in 1990 (a fourfold increase). CONCLUSIONS Several forces may have influenced these changes. 1) DSM-III narrowed the definition of schizophrenia and broadened the category of major affective disorders. 2) Treatment-oriented diagnostic bias associated with the availability of lithium and other mood-altering agents may have encouraged consideration of affective disorders. 3) Economic and social forces, including better third-party reimbursement rates, may have favored affective diagnoses. 4) True increases in the incidence of affective disorders may have occurred. 5) Although a real decrease in new cases of schizophrenia may have occurred, this effect was probably minor and dominated by a larger shift of such diagnoses to affective categories.
Beta-7 integrin controls enterocyte migration in the small intestine.

AIM To hypothesize that beta-7 integrin affects cellular migration of both, lymphocytes and enterocytes. METHODS The nucleoside analog BrdU was ip injected in beta-7-deficient mice (C57BL/6-Itgb(tmlcgn)/J) of male gender and age-matched male C57BL/J J mice (wild type) 4, 20, or 40 h before analysis. The total small intestine was isolated, dissected, and used for morphometrical studies. BrdU-positive epithelial cells were numbered in at least 15 hemi-crypts per duodenum, jejunum, and ileum of each animal. The outer most BrdU-positive cell (cell(max)) was determined per hemi-crypt, numerically documented, and statistically analysed. RESULTS Integrins containing the beta-7-chain were exclusively expressed on leukocytes. In the small intestinal mucosa of beta-7 integrin-deficient mice the number of intraepithelial lymphocytes was drastically decreased. Moreover, the Peyer's patches of beta-7 integrin-deficient mice appeared hypoplastic. In beta-7 integrin-deficient mice the location of cell(max) was found in a higher position than it was the case for the controls. The difference was already detected at 4 h after BrdU application, but significantly increased with time (40 h after BrdU injection) in all small intestinal segments investigated, i.e., duodenum, jejunum, and ileum. Migration of small intestinal enterocytes was different between the experimental groups measured by cell(max) locations. CONCLUSION The E-cadherin beta-7 integrin pathway probably controls migration of enterocytes within the small intestinal surface lining epithelial layer.
The effect of time pressure, task complexity and litigation risk on auditors' reliance on decision aids

Auditors’ reliance on decision aids has been the subject of much research in the decision-aid literature. Extant literature shows that auditors are somewhat reluctant to rely on decision aids throughout the audit process, despite potential improvement in decision accuracy. The objective of this study is to empirically examine the extent to which auditors’ reliance on decision aids is associated with the perceived levels of time pressure, task complexity and litigation risk—decision aid reliance factors that have been understudied in the auditing literature. In a 2 x 2 x 2 between-subjects experimental design, the independent variables were manipulated as follows: time pressure (high, low), task complexity (high, low) and litigation risk (high, low). The dependent variable reflects the level of reliance on a decision aid. Study results indicate a positive relationship between each of the three factors and decision aid reliance. A three-way interaction was also indicated, suggesting that the joint effect of litigation risk and task complexity depends on the level of perceived time pressure. Study findings hold implications for both practicing auditors and audit researchers, particularly in the increasingly litigious environment in which auditors are immersed.
Cost-Effective Active Learning for Melanoma Segmentation

We propose a novel Active Learning framework capable to train effectively a convolutional neural network for semantic segmentation of medical imaging, with a limited amount of training labeled data. Our contribution is a practical Cost-Effective Active Learning approach using dropout at test time as Monte Carlo sampling to model the pixel-wise uncertainty and to analyze the image information to improve the training performance. The source code of this project is available at this https URL .
The Unshackled Organization: Facing the Challenge of Unpredictability Through Spontaneous Reorganization

Using leading-edge scientific and social theories about change, including nonlinear, far-from-equilibrium, chaos theory, and system dynamics it is shown that only through 'self-organization' can natural, lasting change ever occur. This is a dramatic new way or looking at change and rethinking how change happens within an organization. This book is a pragmatic guide for managers, executives, consultants and other change agents. Filled with real-world examples about types of change in a variety of business and service organizations, this is information you can start using today to support true change within your organization.
Electrophysiological and pharmacological characterization of perforant path synapses in CA1: mediation by glutamate receptors.

1. With the use of hippocampal slices from adult rats, we studied monosynaptic potentials in CA1 evoked by stimulating either the perforant pathway or the Schaffer collaterals. Excision of region CA3 and the dentate gyrus prevented polysynaptic excitation of CA1 and facilitated interpretation of the extracellular potentials. 2. Laminar profiles distinguished the population excitatory postsynaptic potentials (pEPSPs) in CA1 evoked by stimulating the Schaffer collaterals and the perforant path. Stimulating the perforant path evoked short-latency negative-going pEPSPs in s. lacunosum-moleculare of CA1 and positive-going pEPSPs in s. radiatum. Stimulating the Schaffer collaterals evoked negative-going pEPSPs in s. radiatum. 3. A pharmacological manipulation also distinguished the two pathways in CA1. The selective GABAB agonist baclofen greatly decreased the slope of pEPSPs evoked by stimulating the Schaffer collaterals but did not decrease the slope of pEPSPs evoked by stimulating the perforant path. 4. Combined bath application of the glutamate receptor antagonists 6,7-dinitroquinoxaline-2,3-dione (DNQX) and 2-amino-5-phosphonopentanoic acid (APV) abolished the negative-going pEPSPs in s. lacunosum-moleculare evoked by stimulating the perforant pathway. This application of DNQX and APV revealed a positive-going field potential that was blocked by bath application of the gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) receptor antagonists picrotoxin or bicuculline. 5. Although the glutamate-mediated component of the response evoked by stimulating the perforant path was apparently excitatory, we never observed a population spike in s. pyramidal evoked by stimulating the perforant path. (ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Floccular efferents in the rhesus macaque as revealed by autoradiography and horseradish peroxidase

To fulfill its putative role in short‐ and long‐term modification of the vestibulo‐ocular reflex, the flocculus of the cerebellum must send efferents to brainstem nuclei involved in the control of eye movements. In order to reveal the sites of these interactions, we determined the projections of the flocculus by autoradiography and orthograde transport of horseradish peroxidase in five rhesus macaques.
Prostate development requires Sonic hedgehog expressed by the urogenital sinus epithelium.

The prostate gland develops from the urogenital sinus by a testosterone-dependent process of ductal morphogenesis. Sonic hedgehog (Shh) is expressed in the urogenital sinus epithelium and the time course of expression coincides with the formation of the main prostatic ducts. Expression is most abundant in the lumen of the urogenital sinus and in the contiguous proximal duct segments. The initial upregulation of Shh expression in the male urogenital sinus depends on the presence of testosterone. The function of Shh was examined in the male urogenital sinus which was transplanted under the renal capsule of an adult male host mouse. Blockade of Shh function by a neutralizing antibody interferes with Shh signaling and abrogates growth and ductal morphogenesis in the transplanted tissue. These observations show that testosterone-dependent Shh expression in the urogenital sinus is necessary for the initiation of prostate development.
Restructuring Sovereign Debt

This paper provides new empirical evidence relevant to the debate over the desirability of reforms to the way that financial markets and the international community deal with sovereign debt crises. In particular, given the ongoing opposition of investors and some sovereigns to greater use of collective action clauses (CACs) in emerging market bonds, we present new evidence on the way that financial markets have priced the use or non-use of CACs.
Circumpolar Deep Water Circulation and Variability in a Coupled Climate Model

Abstract The natural variability of Circumpolar Deep Water (CDW) is analyzed using a long-term integration of a coupled climate model. The variability is decomposed using a standard EOF analysis into three separate modes accounting for 68% and 82% of the total variance in the upper and lower CDW layers, respectively. The first mode exhibits an interbasin-scale variability on multicentennial time scales, originating in the North Atlantic and flowing southward into the Southern Ocean via North Atlantic Deep Water (NADW). Salinity dipole anomalies appear to propagate around the Atlantic meridional overturning circulation on these time scales with the strengthening and weakening of NADW formation. The anomaly propagates northward from the midlatitude subsurface of the South Atlantic and sinks in the North Atlantic before flowing southward along the CDW isopycnal layers. This suggests an interhemispheric connection in the generation of the first CDW variability mode. The second mode shows a localized θ−S varia.