Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
The epicenter of linguistic behavior

Speaking, listening, reading, and reasoning all depend on common, fundamental aspects of linguistic structure. This common structure is defined by the grammar, and so Bever (1970) calls grammar ‘the epicenter of all language behavior’ in his pioneering study of how grammar and the structures it defines may relate to other cognitive abilities. Computational models with this perspective have become more sophisticated since 1970. While many fundamental questions remain open, a substantial, non-trivial consensus about the nature of linguistic structure has emerged, and a wide range of methods for computing that structure are well understood. Much less is established about how the structure or content of grammar may be grounded in other cognitive abilities, but here again there is a much better understanding of how these could be related, and some proposals are getting sophisticated enough for preliminary empirical assessments. The influence of language on normal human cognition is vast and varied. We hear, speak, read, write, notice clever turns of phrase, chant incantations, sing and dance to rhymes. The idea that all this activity is governed by just one, uniform cognitive mechanism is plainly a non-starter, and yet in all these activities the distinctively linguistic structure is largely shared. For Bever (1970), this common structure is the ‘epicenter of language’, the grammar, and the project of identifying its role in mental life has been a fundamental part of constructing “an experimental mentalism” (Fodor, Bever, and Garrett, 1974, p.xi). But in the past decades, besides all the expected vicissitudes of experimental science, this project
Robust stability and control for uncertain neutral time delay systems

In this article, the problem of robust stability and stabilisation for a class of uncertain neutral systems with discrete and distributed time delays is considered. By utilising a new Lyapunov functional based on the idea of delay partitioning approach, we employ the linear matrix inequality technique to derive delay-dependent criteria which ensures the robust stability of uncertain neutral systems. The obtained stability conditions are formulated in terms of linear matrix inequalities that can easily be solved by using standard software packages. Further, the result is extended to study the robust stabilisation for uncertain neutral systems with parameter uncertainties. A state feedback controller is proposed to guarantee the robust asymptotic stabilisation for uncertain systems and the controller is constructed in terms of the solution to a set of matrix inequalities. Finally, numerical examples are presented to illustrate the effectiveness and conservatism of the obtained results. It is shown that the results developed in this article can tolerate larger allowable delay than some existing works in the literature. Further, it is proved that the proposed criterion is also computationally less conservative when compared to some existing results.
SiO2-based variable microfluidic lenses fabricated by femtosecond laser lithography-assisted micromachining

SiO2-based variable microfluidic lenses were fabricated by femtosecond laser lithography-assisted micromachining (FLAM). Optofluidic devices have attracted much interest because the adaptive nature of liquids in microfluidics enables unique optical performance that is not achievable within all solid state devices. SiO2-based microfluidic devices are, particularly, attractive due to high transparency, physical and chemical stabilities. However, it is generally rather difficult to form the microstructures in microchannels because photolithography process is limited to planar substrates. In our study, we fabricated SiO2-based variable microfluidic lenses, which had micro-Fresnel lenses inside the channels, by using FLAM, which was a combined process of nonlinear lithography and plasma etching. The resist patterns of the Fresnel lenses were directly written inside chemically amplified negative-tone photoresist on SiO2-based microchannels of 250 μm width and 6 μm depth using femtosecond laser-induced nonlinear optical absorption. Following that, the patterns were transferred to the bottom of the channels by using CHF3 and O2 mixed plasma. SiO2-based Fresnel lenses with smooth surface were formed on the bottoms. When the channel was filled with the air, the focal spot was observed 2020 μm from the lens surface. By injecting silicone oil into the channel, the incident light was switched to the dispersed.
The evolution of hope and despair

JCjMOTIONS can be useful only if they influence the future, so it is not surprising that they are aroused mainly by events that change our appraisals of whether we will be able to reach our goals. Events that indicate that our efforts will succeed arouse hope. Events that suggest that our efforts are futile foster despair. We experience hope and despair, not at the beginning or end, but in the midst of our long-term efforts. These efforts arise from the deep values of cultures and their individuals, so social attitudes toward hope for their success and despair at their likely failure are not taken lightly. In fact, most cultures have norms that specify the correct attitude towards hope and despair. Attempts, such as this article, to think about hope and despair outside of these norms, tend to arouse opposition. So, we will proceed slowly at first.
Expanding the Event Horizon in Parallelized Network Simulations

The simulation models of wireless networks rapidly increase in complexity to accurately model wireless channel characteristics and the properties of advanced transmission technologies. Such detailed models typically lead to a high computational load per simulation event that accumulates to extensive simulation runtimes. Reducing runtimes through parallelization is challenging since it depends on detecting causally independent events that can execute concurrently. Most existing approaches base this detection on lookaheads derived from channel propagation latency or protocol characteristics. In wireless networks, these lookaheads are typically short, causing the potential for parallelization and the achievable speedup to remain small. This paper presents Horizon, which unlocks a substantial portion of a simulation model's workload for parallelization by going beyond the traditional lookahead. We show how to augment discrete events with durations to identify a much larger horizon of independent simulation events and efficiently schedule them on multi-core systems. Our evaluation shows that this approach can significantly cut down the runtime of simulations, in particular for complex and accurate models of wireless networks.
The role of nanoparticles in visible transparent nanocomposites

Metal oxide nanoparticles can be used in thin film polymer systems to engineer specific material properties while maintaining visible transparency. High loadings of nanoparticles in a polymer can manipulate refractive index, modulus, and UV absorption over a wide range. Because the polymer binders can be allowed to dominate the physical properties, these systems are ideal where materials undergo large strains. While stable dispersions of sub-100nm diameter CeO2, ZnO, and SiO2 are well understood and commercially available, our group also developed a stable dispersion of TiO2 nanoparticles. These metal oxides are significantly harder than the host polymer, have high UV absorption, and cover a large refractive index range. Our group has successfully incorporated these materials into PMMA thin films with loadings up to 60% by volume (approaching the theoretical close packing of spheres). These thin film nanocomposites have been successfully incorporated into 30 layer, sharp cut optical filters that easily withstand large strains induced by mechanical loading and thermal cycling. In these films we have adhered to the rule that nanoparticle diameter should be one-tenth the wavelength of visible light. As the thickness of the overall filter stack increases, light scattering is intensified, so the dimensions and refractive indices of the nanoparticles become critical for highly transparent systems. We study here the interactions of particle dimensions, refractive index, loading, thickness, and transparency in nanocomposites.
Force plate gait analysis to assess limb function after tibial tuberosity advancement in dogs with cranial cruciate ligament disease

Summary Objective: To assess functional outcome in dogs with cranial cruciate ligament (CrCL) disease after tibial tuberosity advancement (TTA) using force plate gait analysis, and to evaluate parameters potentially influencing outcome. Study design: Prospective clinical study. Animals: Consecutive clinical patients (n=37) with CrCL-deficient stifles (n=40). Methods: The stifle joints were examined arthroscopically prior to TTA. Meniscal release was not performed if the medial meniscus was intact. Open medial arthrotomy and partial meniscectomy were performed in the presence of meniscal tears. Vertical ground reaction forces were measured preoperatively and at follow-up examinations four to 16 months postoperatively (mean: 5.9 months). The ground reaction forces of a group of 65 healthy dogs were used for the comparison. The potential effects of clinical parameters on functional outcome were evaluated statistically. Results: Complete CrCL rupture was identified in 28 joints, and partial CrCL rupture in 12 joints. The medial meniscus was damaged in 21 stifles. Vertical ground reaction forces were significantly higher at follow-up (P<0.01), but remained significantly lower than those of control dogs (P<0.01). Complications were identified in 25% of joints, and the dogs with complications had significantly lower peak vertical forces at follow-up than the dogs without complications (P=0.04). Other clinical parameters did not influence outcome. Conclusions: Tibial tuberosity advancement significantly improved limb function in dogs with CrCL disease, but did not result in complete return to function. Complications adversely affected functional outcome. Clinical significance: A return to a function of approximately 90% of normal can be expected in dogs with CrCL disease undergoing TTA.
Rainbow Effect in Channeling of High Energy Protons in (10, 0) Single-Wall Carbon Nanotubes

We investigate theoretically the angular distributions and the rainbows of 1 GeV protons channeled in the ropes of (10, 0) single-wall carbon nanotubes. The rope length is varied between 0.53 and 5.29 µm. The angular distributions of channeled protons are generated using the numerical solution of the proton equations of motion in the transverse plane and the computer simulation method. We use Molière’s expression for the continuum interaction potential of the proton and the rope. The rainbow lines in the impact parameter plane and scattering angle plane are also determined numerically. We show that these lines ensure the full explanation of the angular distributions. The possible applications of these results are discussed.
Study on the electrical and surface properties of Polyamide 6 woven fabrics using pen-type radio frequency plasma treatment

This study showed an improvement in how functional groups activate on to the polymer surface by using the pen-type plasma treatment. These functional groups will graft on to the original polymer bonds and activate the surfaces of polymer products such as synthetic fabrics, films, and plastics. This research discussed the modifications of the hydrophilicity and conductivity in Polyamide 6 woven fabrics prior to and following the surface plasma treatment. First, without considering any processing, such as calendering, fabrics with the same denier but different numbers of filament were compared after the plasma treatment. The analysis of the experiment verifies that after the plasma treatment, the finer the filament the fiber has, the better improvements are obtained in the surface properties, such as hydrophilicity and surface resistivity. Next, after including the factor of calendering, the experiment also confirmed that the Polyamide 6 fabric processed with calendering exhibits better modification affects than those without it. In addition, the hydrophilicity modification result increases with irradiation time for fabrics treated with pen-type plasma, where the hydrophilicity modification benefit improves by 20–30%. Moreover, fabrics coated with poly-3, 4-ethylenedioxythiophene (PEDOT) are tested by washing. It has been confirmed that the washing resistance of the conductivity benefit appears to improve with the number of calendering times and irradiation time. The spectra show formation of COOH-groups (3300–2400 cm−1), after impregnated acrylic acid process, and also show formation of O–H (alcohol) groups (3650–3200 cm−1), after PEDOT coating.
Job Selection in a Network of Autonomous UAVs for Delivery of Goods

This article analyzes two classes of job selection policies that control how a network of autonomous aerial vehicles delivers goods from depots to customers. Customer requests (jobs) occur according to a spatio-temporal stochastic process not known by the system. If job selection uses a policy in which the first job (FJ) is served first, the system may collapse to instability by removing just one vehicle. Policies that serve the nearest job (NJ) first show such threshold behavior only in some settings and can be implemented in a distributed manner. The timing of job selection has significant impact on delivery time and stability for NJ while it has no impact for FJ. Based on these findings we introduce a methodological approach for decision-making support to set up and operate such a system, taking into account the trade-off between monetary cost and service quality. In particular, we compute a lower bound for the infrastructure expenditure required to achieve a certain expected delivery time. The approach includes three time horizons: long-term decisions on the number of depots to deploy in the service area, mid-term decisions on the number of vehicles to use, and short-term decisions on the policy to operate the vehicles.
MAGNETIC RESONANCE NEUROGRAPHY AND DIFFUSION TENSOR IMAGING: ORIGINS, HISTORY, AND CLINICAL IMPACT OF THE FIRST 50 000 CASES WITH AN ASSESSMENT OF EFFICACY AND UTILITY IN A PROSPECTIVE 5000‐PATIENT STUDY GROUP

OBJECTIVEMethods were invented that made it possible to image peripheral nerves in the body and to image neural tracts in the brain. The history, physical basis, and dyadic tensor concept underlying the methods are reviewed. Over a 15-year period, these techniques—magnetic resonance neurography (MRN) and diffusion tensor imaging—were deployed in the clinical and research community in more than 2500 published research reports and applied to approximately 50 000 patients. Within this group, approximately 5000 patients having MRN were carefully tracked on a prospective basis. METHODSA uniform Neurography imaging methodology was applied in the study group, and all images were reviewed and registered by referral source, clinical indication, efficacy of imaging, and quality. Various classes of image findings were identified and subjected to a variety of small targeted prospective outcome studies. Those findings demonstrated to be clinically significant were then tracked in the larger clinical volume data set. RESULTSMRN demonstrates mechanical distortion of nerves, hyperintensity consistent with nerve irritation, nerve swelling, discontinuity, relations of nerves to masses, and image features revealing distortion of nerves at entrapment points. These findings are often clinically relevant and warrant full consideration in the diagnostic process. They result in specific pathological diagnoses that are comparable to electrodiagnostic testing in clinical efficacy. A review of clinical outcome studies with diffusion tensor imaging also shows convincing utility. CONCLUSIONMRN and diffusion tensor imaging neural tract imaging have been validated as indispensable clinical diagnostic methods that provide reliable anatomic pathological information. There is no alternative diagnostic method in many situations. With the elapsing of 15 years, tens of thousands of imaging studies, and thousands of publications, these methods should no longer be considered experimental.
Study of Sol-Gel/Powder Metallurgy Technique for Processing Titanium Parts

The powder metallurgy processing of titanium devices for biomedical applications has complex steps. In order to introduce a new processing route, this work studied a sol-gel technique combined with powder metallurgy for producing porous titanium samples. The process involves the mixture of titanium powders with sodium alginate suspension, which undergoes reticulation by calcium salt solution contact, forming a titanium/calcium alginate hydrogel in granule shape. Later, the hydrogel granules were dried and sintered in a high vacuum furnace for titanium particles consolidation and calcium alginate removal. The samples characterization was performed by scanning electron microscopy, optical microscopy, metallographic analysis, semi-quantitative X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy and X-ray diffraction. The results showed that the methodology used is adequate for producing porous titanium parts, since the samples presented no contamination, a uniform shape, particle consolidation and interconnected porosity. The research continues aiming to obtain samples with different bulk morphology, like, discs or bars for surgical implant applications.
Nano-biotechnology: carbon nanofibres as improved neural and orthopaedic implants

For the continuous monitoring, diagnosis, and treatment of neural tissue, implantable probes are required. However, sometimes such neural probes (usually composed of silicon) become encapsulated with non-conductive, undesirable glial scar tissue. Similarly for orthopaedic implants, biomaterials (usually titanium and/or titanium alloys) often become encapsulated with undesirable soft fibrous, not hard bony, tissue. Although possessing intriguing electrical and mechanical properties for neural and orthopaedic applications, carbon nanofibres/nanotubes have not been widely considered for these applications to date. The present work developed a carbon nanofibre reinforced polycarbonate urethane (PU) composite in an attempt to determine the possibility of using carbon nanofibres (CNs) as either neural or orthopaedic prosthetic devices. Electrical and mechanical characterization studies determined that such composites have properties suitable for neural and orthopaedic applications. More importantly, cell adhesion experiments revealed for the first time the promise these materials have to increase neural (nerve cell) and osteoblast (bone-forming cell) functions. In contrast, functions of cells that contribute to glial scar-tissue formation for neural prostheses (astrocytes) and fibrous-tissue encapsulation events for bone implants (fibroblasts) decreased on PU composites containing increasing amounts of CNs. In this manner, this study provided the first evidence of the future that CN formulations may have towards interacting with neural and bone cells which is important for the design of successful neural probes and orthopaedic implants, respectively.
Simulating Diffusion with Conflicting Knowledge

A simulation model is developed and used to better understand the diffusion of conflicting knowledge in a social network. Within the simulation, correct and incorrect knowledge diffuse simultaneously, however, simulation agents are not explicitly made aware that contradictory information exists. Instead, they may become aware of this by obtaining both correct and incorrect knowledge of the same piece of information. The agent must then determine what knowledge to accept. We implement various models of how people react to conflicting knowledge, which we refer to as intrapersonal conflict resolution strategies (ICRS). We analyze these ICRS with respect to the speed and breadth of correct and incorrect knowledge spread and how often agents find themselves holding conflicting knowledge. We also consider the effect of varying the odds of incorrect knowledge existing in the system, the network structure and the differentials in trust between agents. We find evidence that our model is consistent with many real-world notions of diffusion. Consequently, we make tentative conclusions about the effect of our various experimental conditions on the spread of conflicting knowledge in a social network. We note that conflicting knowledge spreads more slowly and persists longer than knowledge which cannot be conflicted.
Performance of RCCE Broadcast Algorithm in SCC

RCCE is a small library for many-core communication created for the Single-Chip Cloud Computer (SCC) processors. RCCE has two basic communication primitives, which are point-to-point communication and broadcast. Collective communication are an important aspect of most of the message-passing programming. The Broadcast function is the most heavily used collective operation for the widely used message programming paradigm. In this work, we have implemented, optimized, and compressed RCCE bcast performance on the SCC. This paper looks at the broadcast function of RCCE and explores some alternative implementations for the SCC architecture. It then compares these implementations to the build-in broadcast RCCE implementation and propose a new implementation for the optimization of one-to-many operation. This proposed algorithm improves 95% of communication time over current broadcast algorithm with large number of cores and message size.
A universal constraint between charge and rotation rate for degenerate black holes surrounded by matter

We consider stationary, axially and equatorially symmetric systems consisting of a central rotating and charged degenerate black hole and surrounding matter. We show that a2 + Q2 = M2 always holds provided that a continuous sequence of spacetimes can be identified, leading from the Kerr–Newman solution in electrovacuum to the solution in question. The quantity a = J/M is the black hole's intrinsic angular momentum per unit mass, Q its electric charge and M is the well-known black hole mass parameter introduced by Christodoulou and Ruffini.
The Calcineurin-NFAT Axis Controls Allograft Immunity in Myeloid-Derived Suppressor Cells through Reprogramming T Cell Differentiation

ABSTRACT While cyclosporine (CsA) inhibits calcineurin and is highly effective in prolonging rejection for transplantation patients, the immunological mechanisms remain unknown. Herein, the role of calcineurin signaling was investigated in a mouse allogeneic skin transplantation model. The calcineurin inhibitor CsA significantly ameliorated allograft rejection. In CsA-treated allograft recipient mice, CD11b+ Gr1+ myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs) were functional suppressive immune modulators that resulted in fewer gamma interferon (IFN-γ)-producing CD8+ T cells and CD4+ T cells (TH1 T helper cells) and more interleukin 4 (IL-4)-producing CD4+ T cells (TH2) and prolonged allogeneic skin graft survival. Importantly, the expression of NFATc1 is significantly diminished in the CsA-induced MDSCs. Blocking NFAT (nuclear factor of activated T cells) with VIVIT phenocopied the CsA effects in MDSCs and increased the suppressive activities and recruitment of CD11b+ Gr1+ MDSCs in allograft recipient mice. Mechanistically, CsA treatment enhanced the expression of indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase (IDO) and the suppressive activities of MDSCs in allograft recipients. Inhibition of IDO nearly completely recovered the increased MDSC suppressive activities and the effects on T cell differentiation. The results of this study indicate that MDSCs are an essential component in controlling allograft survival following CsA or VIVIT treatment, validating the calcineurin-NFAT-IDO signaling axis as a potential therapeutic target in transplantation.