Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Reward hierarchical temporal memory

In humans and animals, reward prediction error encoded by dopamine systems is thought to be important in the temporal difference learning class of reinforcement learning (RL). With RL algorithms, many brain models have described the function of dopamine and related areas, including the basal ganglia and frontal cortex. In spite of this importance, how the reward prediction error itself is computed is not understood well, including the problem of how the current states are assigned to a memorized states and how the values of the states are memorized. In this paper, we describe a neocortical model for memorizing state space and computing reward prediction error, known as `reward hierarchical temporal memory' (rHTM). In this model, the temporal relationships among events are hierarchically stored. Using this memory, rHTM computes reward prediction errors by associating the memorized sequences to rewards and inhibits the predicted reward. In a simulation, our model behaved similarly to dopaminergic neurons. We suggest that our model can provide a hypothetical framework of interaction between cortex and dopamine neurons.
Object detection and tracking in night time video surveillance

Object tracking is always a challenging research to the computer vision community. It becomes more difficult at night video systems due to low contrast against the background. This paper is proposing a framework that detects object and tracks it at low contrast night surveillance video. A robust intensity statistics based detection method has been designed for processing low contrast frame and detect object structure from it. Based on successful detection, it tracks the object using Kalman filter algorithm.
Arctic Stratus Cloud Properties and Radiative Forcing Derived from Ground-Based Data Collected at Barrow, Alaska

Abstract A record of single-layer and overcast low-level Arctic stratus cloud properties has been generated using data collected from May to September 2000 at the Atmospheric Radiation Measurement (ARM) North Slope of Alaska (NSA) (71.3°N, 156.6°W) site near Barrow, Alaska. The record includes liquid-phase and liquid dominant mixed-phase Arctic stratus macrophysical, microphysical, and radiative properties, as well as surface radiation budget and cloud radiative forcing. The macrophysical properties consist of cloud fractions, cloud-base/top heights and temperatures, and cloud thickness derived from a ground-based radar and lidar pair, and rawinsonde sounding. The microphysical properties include cloud liquid water path and content, and cloud-droplet effective radius and number concentration obtained from microwave radiometer brightness temperature measurements, and the new cloud parameterization. The radiative properties contain cloud optical depth, effective solar transmission, and surface/cloud/top-of-.
The Neuropsychiatric Inventory

Article abstract-The Neuropsychiatric Inventory (NPI) was developed to assess psychopathology in dementia patients. It evaluates 12 neuropsychiatric disturbances common in dementia: delusions, hallucinations, agitation, dysphoria, anxiety, apathy, irritability, euphoria, disinhibition, aberrant motor behavior, night-time behavior disturbances, and appetite and eating abnormalities. The severity and frequency of each neuropsychiatric symptom are rated on the basis of scripted questions administered to the patient's caregiver. The NPI also assesses the amount of caregiver distress engendered by each of the neuropsychiatric disorders. A total NPI score and a total caregiver distress score are calculated, in addition to the scores for the individual symptom domains. Content validity, concurrent validity, inter-rater reliability, and test-retest reliability of the NPI are established. Different neurologic disorders have characteristic neuropsychiatric manifestations and distinctive NPI profiles. The NPI is sensitive to treatment effects and has demonstrated the amelioration of behavioral symptoms in Alzheimer's disease by cholinergic agents. The NPI is a useful instrument for characterizing the psychopathology of dementia syndromes, investigating the neurobiology of brain disorders with neuropsychiatric manifestations, distinguishing among different dementia syndromes, and assessing the efficacy of treatment. NEUROLOGY 1997;48(Suppl 6): S10-S16
Implementation of a dSPACE DSP-based state feedback with state observer using Matlab/Simulink for a speed control of DC motor system

This paper presents design and implements the state feedback controller to design using Matlab/simulink for a speed control system of DC motor. The proposed controller will be a state feedback with state observer controller incorporating integrator. The controller design by pole placement technique is also introduced to the system for regulates and tracking speed response. The overall control system is implemented on dSPACE DSP DS1104 controller board. This scheme leads to be able to adjust the speed of the motor by control the input voltage of power amplified. The experimental results in testing the 48 watt DC motor system from no load condition to rated condition show the effectiveness of the proposed control scheme. It is found that the motor speed can be controlled to be constant in the operating range of 0-3200 rpm at no load and full load.
How Inventory Is (Should Be) Financed: Trade Credit in Supply Chains with Demand Uncertainty and Costs of Financial Distress

A new substantially revised version of this paper under the title of "Trade Credit, Risk Sharing, and Inventory Financing Portfolios" is available for download at: http://ssrn.com/abstract=2746645.As an integrated part of a supply contract, trade credit has intrinsic connections with supply chain contracting and inventory management. Using a model that explicitly captures the interaction of firms’ operations decisions and financial risks, this paper attempts to develop a deeper understanding of trade credit from an operational perspective. Revolving around the question of what role trade credit plays in channel coordination and inventory financing, we demonstrate that with demand uncertainty, trade credit enhances supply chain efficiency by serving as a risk-sharing mechanism. When offering trade credit, the supplier balances its impact on operational profit and costs of financial distress. Facing a trade credit contract, the retailer finances inventory using a portfolio of cash, trade credit, and short-term debt, where the structure of this inventory financing portfolio depends on the retailer’s financing need and bargaining power. Additionally, our model suggests that financial diversification, that is, employing multiple financing sources, provides an alternative explanation for the use of factoring in accounts receivable management and the decentralization of some supply chains. Finally, using a sample of firm-level data from Compustat, we find that the inventory financing pattern our model predicts exists in a wide range of firms.
Scene Labeling by Relaxation Operations

Given a set of objects in a scene whose identifications are ambiguous, it is often possible to use relationships among the objects to reduce or eliminate the ambiguity. A striking example of this approach was given by Waltz [13]. This paper formulates the ambiguity-reduction process in terms of iterated parallel operations (i.e., relaxation operations) performed on an array of (object, identification) data. Several different models of the process are developed, convergence properties of these models are established, and simple examples are given.
Preference Assessment Method Affects Decision-Analytic Recommendations: A Prostate Cancer Treatment Example

Purpose. To evaluate the effect of preference assessment method on treatment recommended by an individualized decision-analytic model for early prostate cancer. Methods. Health state preferences were elicited by time tradeoff, rating scale, and a power transformation of the rating scale from 63 men ages 55 to 75. The authors used these values in a Markov model to determine whether radical prostatectomy or watchful waiting yielded the greater quality-adjusted life expectancy. Results. Time tradeoff and transformed rating scale recommendations differed widely. Time tradeoff and transformed rating scale utilities differed in their treatment recommendation for 21% to 52% of men, and the mean difference in quality-adjusted life years varied from less than 0.5 to greater than 1.0. Conclusions. Treatment recommendations from the prostate cancer decision model were sensitive to the method of preference assessment. If decision analysis is used to counsel individual patients, careful considerationmust be given to the method of preference elicitation.
Traceability and Reproducability in Integrated System Test Environments

The Motorola Automated Test Environment (MATE) provides a means of automating the test process and integrating tools to support required testing capabilities across the lifecycle. The MATE architecture is provided as a foundation to discuss the issues of test tool integration with COTS products that automate the full system test lifecycle. Specific tool integration issues include data, control, process, platforms and user-interface integration issues. The software architecture of MATE can facilitate or impede analysis of desired system properties and performance requirements. Architectural analysis is conducted to provide insight into the properties of the Motorola Automated Test Environment.
Cell Breathing and Coverage Prediction in WCDMA

Cell breathing technique is commonly used in cellular network such as Wide Code Division Multiple Access (WCDMA) to overcome load congestion by expanding or shrinking the cell coverage. This paper presents the study of the cell breathing boundary of urban environment for WCDMA. The base station cell coverage may expand or shrink depending on the number of mobile station being served. The COST231 HATA model is used in this study to predict the cell coverage for urban environment. The actual received signal strength indicator (RSSI) obtained by conducting drive test measurement are compared to the received signal code power (RSCP) of the COST231 HATA propagation model. The error calculated in the measurements enables to determine the minimum discrepancy between RSSI and RSCP data. Thus the COST231 HATA model can be used to predict correctly the cell coverage for urban environment. The result also shows that during light load the cell coverage radius is 0.18km and then decreases to 0.15km so as to limit soft handover and hence reduces load congestion.
A signal processing algorithm for multi-constant modulus equalization

This work introduces an adaptive equalizer, namely the multi-constant modulus algorithm (MCMA), for blind equalization of QAM signals. The novelty of our approach is to combine, by means of its new cost function, the fast convergence performance of the constant modulus algorithm (CMA), as well as the ability of joint blind equalization and carrier-phase recovery of the multi-modulus algorithm (MMA). The performance of the new equalizer is then investigated in terms of robustness against the effect of interference, as well as in terms of convergence rate and opening of the eye of the communication system. The numerical results obtained from wide simulation trials evidence the effectiveness of the proposed MCMA approach for blind equalization of QAM signals.
The Economic Role of the State

Since the Great Depression the legitimacy of the state has become closely linked to its economic performance. Recently, public choice, monetarism and the New Classical macroeconomics have all questioned the efficiency and desirability of State intervention in the economy. This book, founded on an essay by Professor Joseph E. Stiglitz aims to provide an insight into the positive and normative aspects of the evolving role of the State. Professor Stiglitz's essay is taken up and discussed by a group of economists who address the crucial question of whether there can be an optimum with respect to the size and character of the public sector.
Label-free and dynamic detection of biomolecular interactions for high-throughput microarray applications

Direct monitoring of primary molecular-binding interactions without the need for secondary reactants would markedly simplify and expand applications of high-throughput label-free detection methods. A simple interferometric technique is presented that monitors the optical phase difference resulting from accumulated biomolecular mass. As an example, 50 spots for each of four proteins consisting of BSA, human serum albumin, rabbit IgG, and protein G were dynamically monitored as they captured corresponding antibodies. Dynamic measurements were made at 26 pg/mm2 SD per spot and with a detectable concentration of 19 ng/ml. The presented method is particularly relevant for protein microarray analysis because it is label-free, simple, sensitive, and easily scales to high-throughput.
MICROWAVE‐INDUCED ACOUSTIC EFFECTS IN MAMMALIAN AUDITORY SYSTEMS AND PHYSICAL MATERIALS *

One of the most widely observed and accepted biologic effects of low average power electromagnetic (em) energy is the auditory sensation evoked in man exposed to pulsed microwaves.l-e The effect appears as an audible clicking or buzzing sensation that originates from within and near the back of the head and that corresponds in frequency to the recurrence rate of the microwave pulses. The effect is of great interest, because it can be elicited by average incident power levels far below those believed to be of thermal significance. The mechanism of the effect, however, has remained obscure. Sommer and Von Gierke' have suggested that radiation pressure may be sufficiently high to couple acoustic energy to the inner ear by bone conduction. Freya has discounted this hypothesis, however, and does not believe the interaction is due to transduction of em to acoustic energy. His belief is based on his failure to observe cochlear microphonic potentials associated with the pulsed microwave stimulation of the auditory systems of cats and guinea pigs and on the low levels of incident power at the threshold for perception by the human subject. Frey and Messenger' have observed that the loudness of the sensation was proportional to the peak power, whereas Guy and colleagues5 have observed that the threshold of the sensation is proportional to energy per pulse. It is important that the origin and threshold of the microwave interaction be identified and understood to assess potential hazards of pulsed microwave power. The present ANSI safety standarde does not restrict the peak power density as long as the power density, as averaged over any 6-min period, does not exceed I mW hr/cmz, or 3.6 J/cm2. This value is five orders of magnitude greater than the threshold level for producing an audible sensation by a single short pulse. The work reported here was formulated to apply a bioengineering approach for establishing the threshold of the effect in man and animals as a function of pulse power or energy, pulse shape, and carrier frequency; the locus of action of the effect, that is, whether it is initiated at a central or a t a peripheral site; and whether the stimulation is due to direct action of the em fields on the nervous system or to transduced acoustic energy acting on the auditory system. The studies involved the following procedures: establishment of incident field and modulation characteristics a t the threshold for auditory sensation in humans; com-
Indices, Institutions and Economic Growth: In Search of Reliable Indicators (Recount)

The ratings of economic and political institutions are well-known and widely used in the Social Science literature. These ratings are heavily relied on Experts' evaluations with subjective ordinal ranking (i.g., from -10 to 10 points). Such evaluations can be occasionally driven by ideological considerations. Much worse – they are essentially incompatible with each other, and therefore inapplicable in a comparative study at some one specific point in time chosen for observation (i.e., for a cross-section analysis). In this paper we propose two new indicators of institutional quality for 154 countries. These indicators are constructed in a way that minimizes the subjectivity of the evaluations. Only the presence or absence of a particular institutional phenomenon is identified. This puts much less weight on possible bias and makes it easy to verify. We show that these indices predict economic growth at least not worse, than those commonly used. The indicators proposed, include information about institutions that has been accumulated over a period of approximately two centuries and our expert’s evaluations are less vulnerable to political bias and provide better compatibility of the estimations of various experts for various countries.
Network as-a-service: The WebRTC case: How SDN & NFV set a solid Telco-OTT groundwork

In this paper, we consider networking technologies like Software-Defined Networks (SDN) and Network Functions Virtualization (NFV) to analyze, as a first step, the opportunities that directly address the limitations of today's network architectures and lay a foundation for concrete interactions between network providers and Over-The-Top (OTT) service providers. To study the strength of adopting these two emerging technologies in operator networks, we apply this analysis on the case of WebRTC communication services. Indeed, WebRTC presents significant changes in the communication model which makes it an interesting case of study. Thus, our work initiates and discusses the importance of a “Network-as-a-Service” model between network operators and OTT Communication Service Providers (CSPs) in an SDN-NFV network environment.
Community-Based Strategy to Prevent Deliberate Self-Harm in Adolescence: An Inquiry to Find Risk Factors at School

Background: Self-harm behaviors consist of parasuicidal behaviors, which represent “a deliberate destruction of body tissue, with or without suicidal intent”. A theoretical model is the Experiential Avoidance Model. The most frequent risk factors are school distress, poor social integration, poor social and family support, drugs use, sexual abuse, altered sense of life and death, bad relationship with the body and unsolved body mentalization process. Objectives: The objective of the present study was to perform an analysis of risk factors for self-harm behaviors, to help plan preventive actions. Patients and Methods: One questionnaire with specific scales was employed for students, whereas three semi-structured interviews were employed for teachers, all on distress perception and self-harm in school. Results: Data analysis confirms an association between self- cutting and alcohol use, sexual harassments, school dropout, threatening people, incommunicability with family members and negative relationship with the body and suicide attempts, with a clear tendency for males. In the interviews, teachers highlight self-injury as a dysfunctional relationship with the body and observe several risk markers of psychological distress. Conclusions: The results confirm the available literature data, while noting that self-harming is a preponderantly male behavior. The results also signal the need to create opportunities to instruct teachers to combat the resistances and stereotypes of psychological distress.
Integrating Augmented Reality into Yoga Experience

Consumers care about “experiencing” more than ever nowadays. It is hard to survive for companies using traditional sales methods only, so the marketing technologies must be changed. “Customer experience” has become a contemporary popular trend these days. When consumers’ aesthetic sense becomes mature in a society, companies often have to hold different activities for consumers to experience products or services. Besides, little things such as the product packaging have to be designed with the idea of consumer experience as well. Yoga is the most popular exercise to improve fitness currently. It is a simple fact that women gather in yoga classes everywhere. Augmented Reality (AR) is an extension of virtual reality (VR), which focuses on the real-time interaction under real environment. Our study will focus on yoga experience integrated with AR, utilizing the AR system to increase interaction with yoga experience operating model and process. We hope the study will provide valuable information for future digitized yoga business and consumer-related studies.
Trajectory planning and control of parallel manipulators

Kinematics based trajectory planning for parallel manipulators has been studied extensively, e.g., to determine a singularity-free path. Dynamics based trajectory planning, however, gains little concern. In order to fully exploit capacity of parallel robots, it is inevitable to conduct motion planning considering both kinematic and dynamic constraints. In this paper, three dynamics based trajectory planning methods, the time-optimal, the jerk-bounded, and the cubic polynomial planning, are investigated and implemented. The Orthopod, a 3-DoF purely translational parallel manipulator, is used as the experimental plant. The computed-torque control scheme is applied to follow the computed trajectory. In stead of manually tuning, control parameters are determined by formulating an optimization problem. Optimal parameters are thus obtained systematically. This study provides a quantitative comparison of the three planning methods and an engineering method to obtain optimal control parameters. The experimental results provide a guideline to choose an appropriate planning method for practical industrial applications.
High-Order Multiscale Finite Element Method for Elliptic Problems

In this paper, a new high-order multiscale finite element method (MsFEM) is developed for elliptic problems with highly oscillating coefficients. The method is inspired by the MsFEM developed in [G. Allaire and R. Brizzi, Multiscale Model. Simul. , 4 (2005), pp. 790--812], but a more explicit multiscale finite element space is constructed. The approximation space is nonconforming when an oversampling technique is used. We use a Petrov--Galerkin formulation suggested in [T. Y. Hou, X. -H. Wu, and Y. Zhang, Commun. Math. Sci., 2 (2004), pp. 185--205] to simplify the implementation and to improve the accuracy. The method is natural for high-order finite element methods used with the advantage of solving the coarse grained problem. We prove optimal error estimates in the case of periodically oscillating coefficients and support the findings by various numerical experiments.
Engineering Statistical Dialog State Trackers: A Case Study on DSTC

We describe our experience with engineering the dialog state tracker for the first Dialog State Tracking Challenge (DSTC). Dialog trackers are one of the essential components of dialog systems which are used to infer the true user goal from the speech processing results. We explain the main parts of our tracker: the observation model, the belief refinement model, and the belief transformation model. We also report experimental results on a number of approaches to the models, and compare the overall performance of our tracker to other submitted trackers. An extended version of this paper is available as a technical report (Kim et al., 2013).