Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Finite Element Modeling of Three-Dimensional Milling Process of Ti–6Al–4V

Titanium and its alloys are widely used in aerospace and medical implants due to their excellent mechanical and chemical properties. Titanium is light, strong, corrosion resistant, and biocompatible; however, it has poor machinability. The low thermal conductivity and high strength result in large cutting forces and elevated temperatures during machining, as well as a reduced tool life and a poor machined surface. The current work is based on a 3D finite element method (FEM) modeling of dry milling processes on a Ti–6Al–4V workpiece. The FEM solver Abaqus Explicit® was used with the Johnson–Cook plasticity model to describe the deformation of the workpiece. Experimental work was carried out to validate the simulated cutting forces and chip morphology; the error in the predicted cutting forces in feed and normal to feed direction was in the range of 1–34%, which was mostly within the experimental variation. The measured chip morphology showed good agreement with the simulated data in terms of the chip size and shape. A parametric study of the effect of the machining parameters on the cutting forces was carried out, where the cutting speed, depth of cut, and feed rate were varied, and the radial, tangential, and axial cutting forces were measured. An increase in the feed rate from 50 µm/tooth/rev to 200 µm/tooth/rev resulted in an increase in the tangential and axial forces of 143% and 239%, respectively. An increase in the depth of cut from 50 µm to 200 µm resulted in an increase in the tangential and axial forces of 237% and 100%, respectively. We found that increasing the feed rate was preferable to increasing the depth of cut, as it led to a smaller tangential force.
Epineural Sleeve Neurorrhaphy: Surgical Technique and Functional Results—A Preliminary Report

This study was conducted to evaluate the effect of epineural sleeve neurorrhaphy on peripheral nerve regeneration. A total of 12 Lewis rats were divided in two groups of 6 rats each. In group 1, the rat sciatic nerve was transected and repaired using the conventional epineural technique with four sutures. In group 2, the epineural sleeve technique was introduced with two sutures only. Functional recovery was evaluated at 1, 2, 4, 8, and 12 weeks by walking track analysis (sciatic function index [SFI]), mean limb circumference ratio, and severity of toe contracture. Although the SFI at 12 weeks revealed no difference between the two groups (−88.39 ± 10.75 conventional group, −77.35 ± 17.06 epineural sleeve group), significant differences in SFIs were detected at 4 and 8 weeks, with better functional recovery in group 2 rats (4 weeks: 125.92 ± 22.73 conventional group, −99.17 ± 5.45 epineural sleeve group; 8 weeks: −96.65 ± 4.73 conventional group, −72.82 ± 17.11 epineural group;p < 0.05 for both time points). Mean limb circumference ratio was not significant at all time points. At 12 weeks, all animals in the conventional nerve repair group developed severe toe contractures whereas only 2 animals in epineural sleeve repair group had contracture (p < 0.05). In this study, the epineural sleeve technique demonstrated a faster functional recovery when compared with the conventional technique, as confirmed by SFI and toe contracture grading.Siemionow M, Tetik C, Ozer K, Ayhan S, Siemionow K, Browne E. Epineural sleeve neurorrhaphy: surgical technique and functional results—a preliminary report.
Comparative sequencing of human and chimpanzee MHC class I regions unveils insertions/deletions as the major path to genomic divergence

Despite their high degree of genomic similarity, reminiscent of their relatively recent separation from each other (≈6 million years ago), the molecular basis of traits unique to humans vs. their closest relative, the chimpanzee, is largely unknown. This report describes a large-scale single-contig comparison between human and chimpanzee genomes via the sequence analysis of almost one-half of the immunologically critical MHC. This 1,750,601-bp stretch of DNA, which encompasses the entire class I along with the telomeric part of the MHC class III regions, corresponds to an orthologous 1,870,955 bp of the human HLA region. Sequence analysis confirms the existence of a high degree of sequence similarity between the two species. However, and importantly, this 98.6% sequence identity drops to only 86.7% taking into account the multiple insertions/deletions (indels) dispersed throughout the region. This is functionally exemplified by a large deletion of 95 kb between the virtual locations of human MICA and MICB genes, which results in a single hybrid chimpanzee MIC gene, in a segment of the MHC genetically linked to species-specific handling of several viral infections (HIV/SIV, hepatitis B and C) as well as susceptibility to various autoimmune diseases. Finally, if generalized, these data suggest that evolution may have used the mechanistically more drastic indels instead of the more subtle single-nucleotide substitutions for shaping the recently emerged primate species.
How does auxin turn on genes?

The plant hormone auxin (or IAA) plays a key role in a wide variety of growth and developmental processes. At the cellular level, auxin acts as a signal for division, extension, and differentiation during the course of the plant life cycle. At the whole-plant level, auxin plays an important role in
Enhanced RANSAC sampling based on non-repeating combinations

RANSAC (RANdom SAmple Consensus) is a popular approach for robust model parameter estimation and data point filtering from noise or outlier contaminated data. In a repeating hypothesize-and-verify procedure, RANSAC selects minimal sets of random data points until a certain confidence level that a good model has been chosen is reached. Like all its descendants however, the reselection of already evaluated hypotheses causes worthless recalculations without any gain in information. Without any prior information and under the assumption that the order of data points in minimal sample sets is irrelevant, this paper proposes a new sampling strategy, which avoids the reselection of already chosen data point combinations at the cost of higher memory consumption. Using P-RANSAC, which is a close relative of RANSAC based on samples without identical data points, as an example for enhanced sampling, the increase in efficiency to be expected is theoretically analysed and confirmed in a stereo camera re-localisation experiment. Results demonstrate that for applications with few model parameters and inliers the proposed NRC-RANSAC (Non-Repeating Combinations RANSAC) is able to perform up to 5 times faster than P-RANSAC.
Sentence context induces lexical bias in audiovisual speech perception

The present study investigated whether semantic context enhances accuracy of word perception or merely induces a bias to perceive any speech input as a contextually appropriate word. Audiovisual speech tokens that were typically perceived as coherent words were compared with dubbed comparison stimuli that were not perceived as coherent words, either because they did not allow for the fusion of the auditory and visual speech inputs (Experiment 1), or because successful fusion resulted in a lexically inappropriate phoneme (Experiment 2). These dubbed speech tokens were presented as endings of semantically congruent versus incongruent sentences as subjects were asked to rate their lexical status (i.e., the word-likeness of the tokens). Results showed that subjects rendered enhanced lexicality ratings in semantically congruent conditions relative to incongruent conditions, whether or not the evaluated token was perceived as a word, and whether or not it allowed for audiovisual fusion. This reflects an effect of sentence context on lexical bias, not sensitivity (i.e., accuracy). Results speak against a clear distinction between lexical and semantic levels of analysis and are therefore inconsistent with models locating word recognition prior to semantic activation.
A New Scheme to Check ARP Spoofing : Prevention of MAN-INTHE-MIDDLE Attack

The Address Resolution Protocol (ARP) is a computer networking protocol for determining a network host's Link Layer address when only its Internet Layer (IP) or Network Layer address is known. Address Resolution Protocol (ARP) spoofing is a technique used to attack an Ethernet wired or wireless network. It also known as ARP flooding, ARP poisoning or ARP Poison Routing (APR). ARP Spoofing may allow an attacker to sniff data frames on a local area network (LAN), modify the traffic, or stop the traffic altogether. The principle of ARP spoofing is to send fake, or "spoofed", ARP messages to an Ethernet LAN. In this paper, we present a novel approach that is an extension of the original ARP that came into existence in 1982, where we feel that if within a network , when a communicating node identifies the correct Media Access Control (MAC) address from a given IP address through request and response mechanism, it is made to store that in a IP/MAC address mapping table for the entire while that machine is alive. By doing this we can put a check to the MAN-IN-THE-MIDDLE (MITM) attack for that IP address. The proposed scheme goes further by taking into consideration a probability based voting resolution mechanism for new IP addresses based is backward compatible with existing ARP.
Robust large-area synthetic dry adhesives

Although bioinspired dry adhesives are nearly a decade old, there are to date no available commercial products based on these materials. Although commercialization is a while off, great strides have been made with respect to physical modeling of actual gecko adhesion, synthetic fabrication methods, and introduction of capabilities like self-cleaning, directional behavior, and superhydrophobic behavior into synthetic variations. Despite the large number of fabrication methods available, there are still specific difficulties in manufacturing these materials that limit their use in commercial applications. In this paper, we describe how a simple manufacturing technology can be adapted to create relatively high-strength adhesives at low costs on large areas. Our focus is on determining how larger diameter, easily manufactured fiber shapes can be best designed to adhere to smooth surfaces. This manufacturing method has been used to successfully produce adhesives from a variety of materials, and we demonstrate how it can be adapted to form the microscale mushroom-shaped fibers necessary for strong adhesion without needing vacuum casting. Additionally, we present practical lessons learned in what makes an effective dry adhesive for industrial applications, where the expected surfaces to be encountered are mostly flat and rigid in comparison to the adhesive material. Finally, the importance of tip roughness due to manufacturing methods is demonstrated to be a significant source of adhesion reduction which must be accounted for when designing these materials.
Valuating Privacy with Option Pricing Theory WORKING PAPER

One of the key challenges of the information society is responsible handling of personal data. An often-cited reason why people fail to make rational decisions regarding their own informational privacy is the high uncertainty about future consequences of information disclosures today. This paper builds an analogy to financial options and draws on principles of option pricing to account for this uncertainty in the valuation of privacy. For this purpose, the development of a data subject’s personal attributes over time and the development of the attribute distribution in the population are modelled as two stochastic processes, which fit into the Binomial Option Pricing Model (BOPM). Possible applications of such valuation methods to guide decision support in future privacy-enhancing technologies (PET) are sketched.
Differentiation of CD 8 memory T cells depends on Foxo 1

The Rockefeller University Press $30.00 J. Exp. Med. 2013 www.jem. org/cgi/doi/10.1084/jem.20130392 Cite by DOI: 10.1084/jem.20130392 of 2 Intracellular infectious agents stimulate several thousand antigen-specific naive CD8+ T cells to expand up to 10,000-fold resulting in lymphocytosis and lymphadenopathy (Wirth and Harty, 2009). Within this expanded T cell population, there exist several distinct subsets that can be characterized by both function and phenotype. Cells exhibiting strong cytotoxicity to the instigating agent express high levels of perforin, granzymes, and the killer cell lectin–like receptor G1 (KLRG1). With sterilizing immunity, many of these terminally differentiated effector cells die at a high rate over a 2-wk period after the peak of the expansion. In contrast, a subset of T cells does not express KLRG1, displays a relatively reduced rate of cell death, and preferentially contributes to indelible antigen-specific immune memory (Sarkar et al., 2008; Parish and Kaech, 2009). Experiments with single-cell transfers show that these diverse populations arise from a common precursor (Stemberger et al., 2007; Gerlach et al., 2010), and this commitment may be influenced early in the process of naive T cell activation (Celli et al., 2008; Beuneu et al., 2010). The differentiation and expansion of CD8+ effector T cells depends on co-stimulation, growth factors such as IL-2 (Williams et al., 2006; Bachmann et al., 2007; Obar et al., 2010; Pipkin et al., 2010), and inflammatory cytokines, especially IL-12, that promote the expression of TBX21 (Curtsinger et al., 2003; Takemoto et al., 2006; Joshi et al., 2007; Pearce and Shen, 2007). Further studies have shown that IL-2 acts, in part, through the transcriptional repressor BLIMP1 (encoded by Prdm1); accordingly, Prdm1/ T cells display a defect in effector cell differentiation and more readily form memory-precursor cells. The pro-memory transcriptional profile that includes Bcl6, Tcf7, and Eomes is inhibited by BLIMP1, whereas a transcription factor associated with effector T cells, TBX21, is enhanced by BLIMP1 (Kallies et al., 2009; Rutishauser et al., 2009; Shin et al., 2009; Ji et al., 2011; Yang et al., 2011). CORRESPONDENCE S. M. Hedrick: shedrick@ucsd.edu
Dynamic Energy Router

In this article we consider the objective of efficient transfer of electric en1 ergy between subsystems, where each 1 subsystem can generate, store, or conl sume energy. An application example is a multidomain system consisting of a fuelcell-based generating unit, batteries, super capacitors, and electric motors or generators; this topology is used in some electric cars. Depending on the operation regime, energy must be transferred between the various units, which we refer to as multiports, according to some energy-management policy. To ensure energy exchange, the interconnection of the storage and load devices is performed by using power converters. These subsystems are electronically switched circuits capable of adapting the port voltage or current magnitudes to a desired value.
Fracture strength of micro- and nano-scale silicon components

Silicon devices are ubiquitous in many micro- and nano-scale technological applications, most notably microelectronics and microelectromechanical systems (MEMS). Despite their widespread usage, however, issues related to uncertain mechanical reliability remain a major factor inhibiting the further advancement of device commercialization. In particular, reliability issues related to the fracture of MEMS components have become increasingly important given continued reductions in critical feature sizes coupled with recent escalations in both MEMS device actuation forces and harsh usage conditions. In this review, the fracture strength of micro- and nano-scale silicon components in the context of MEMS is considered. An overview of the crystal structure and elastic and fracture properties of both single-crystal silicon (SCS) and polycrystalline silicon (polysilicon) is presented. Experimental methods for the deposition of SCS and polysilicon films, fabrication of fracture-strength test components, and analysis.
Supporting a reconfigurable real-time service-oriented middleware with FTT-CORBA

Modern distributed real-time systems (DRTS) are typically formed by several heterogeneous networked devices. Sometimes these devices must adapt to dynamic environments in which devices may join or leave the network and must respond in run-time to changing requirements ensuring certain levels of QoS. These characteristics yield to systems that are intrinsically complex to develop, test and maintain. In this scenario middleware platforms, and particularly Service-Oriented Architectures (SOA), are becoming increasingly popular because they ease the creation of complex distributed applications and reduce the time-to-market. In this paper we show how the recently developed Flexible Time-Triggered CORBA (FTT-CORBA) can be used to support real-time Service-Oriented Architectures that are deterministically and dynamically reconfigurable.
A physiological dose of triiodothyronine normalizes cardiac myosin adenosine triphosphatase activity and changes myosin isoenzyme distribution in semistarved rats.

The possibility that the lowering of thyroid hormone levels which occurs in the nonthyroidal illness syndrome results in a hypothyroid state at the cardiac tissue level was examined in semistarved rats. Rats were fed 50% of their normal food intake in the form of a regular diet (R. diet) or low carbohydrate diet (L.C. diet) for 8 weeks. Animals semistarved for 8 weeks on the R. diet lost 42% of their body weight, while plasma T3 and T4 levels decreased by 45-50%. Semistarvation on the L.C. diet resulted in a 19% weight loss and a similar 46-49% decrease in plasma T3 and T4 levels. Ca++-activated myosin ATPase activity declined by 28% and 48% with the R. and L.C. diets, respectively [normal rats myosin ATPase, 1.30 +/- 0.18 mumol Pi/(mg protein . min) (mean +/- SD); semistarvation R diet, 0.93 +/- 0.15; semistarvation L.C. diet, 0.67 +/- 0.15]. The administration of physiological amounts of T3 (0.3 micrograms T3/100 g BW daily) restored the cardiac myosin ATPase activity in both groups. To confirm that the T3 effect was due to a normalization of the thyroid status at the tissue level, hypothyroid animals on a normal diet were injected with 0.3 micrograms T3 for 4 weeks, which resulted in normalization of myosin ATPase activity levels. Thyroidectomized rats receiving daily T3 injections, and when placed on a 50% reduction of food intake for 4 weeks still maintained normal myosin ATPase activity even though they lost 36% of their body weight. Distribution of cardiac myosin isoenzymes was determined by pyrophosphate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. In normal cardiac ventricles, myosin isoenzyme V1 predominates and represents 68 +/- 7% (+/- SD) of the total myosin. Semistarvation resulted in a redistribution of myosin isoenzymes so that V3 myosin was the predominant species (53 +/- 3% of the total myosin). The administration of 0.3 microgram T3/100 g BW daily for 4 weeks to semistarved rats reverted myosin isoenzyme distribution to V1 predominance (V1 myosin, 54 +/- 3% of the total myosin). These results indicate that the semistarvation-induced lowering plasma T3 and T4 levels is an important determinant of myosin ATPase activity and myosin isoenzyme distribution. Restoration of myosin ATPase activity to its normal level and return to myosin V1 predominance after T3 administration make it likely that these changes are related to the lowering of thyroid hormone levels.
A novel function of WAVE in lamellipodia: WAVE1 is required for stabilization of lamellipodial protrusions during cell spreading

When a cell spreads and moves, reorganization of the actin cytoskeleton pushes the cell membrane, and the resulting membrane protrusions create new points of contact with the substrate and generate the locomotive force. Membrane extension and adhesion to a substrate must be tightly coordinated for effective cell movement, but little is known about the mechanisms underlying these processes. WAVEs are critical regulators of Rac‐induced actin reorganization. WAVE2 is essential for formation of lamellipodial structures at the cell periphery stimulated by growth factors, but it is thought that WAVE1 is dispensable for such processes in mouse embryonic fibroblasts (MEFs). Here we show a novel function of WAVE in lamellipodial protrusions during cell spreading. During spreading on fibronectin (FN), MEFs with knockouts (KOs) of WAVE1 and WAVE2 showed different membrane dynamics, suggesting that these molecules have distinct roles in lamellipodium formation. Formation of lamellipodial structures on FN was inhibited in WAVE2 KO MEFs. In contrast, WAVE1 is not essential for extension of lamellipodial protrusions but is required for stabilization of such structures. WAVE1‐deficiency decreased the density of actin filaments and increased the speed of membrane extension, causing deformation of focal complex at the tip of spreading edges. Thus, at the tip of the lamellipodial protrusion, WAVE2 generates the membrane protrusive structures containing actin filaments, and modification by WAVE1 stabilizes these structures through cell‐substrate adhesion. Coordination of WAVE1 and WAVE2 activities appears to be necessary for formation of proper actin structures in stable lamellipodia.
Redundancy and inconsistency detection in large and semi-structured case bases

With the dramatic proliferation of case based reasoning sys tem in commercial applications, many case bases are now becoming legacy systems. They represent a significant po rtion of an organization’s assets, but they are large and difficult to maintain. One of the contributing factors is tha these case bases are often large and yet unstructured or semi-structured; they are represented in natural language text. Adding to the complexity is the fact that the case bases are often authored and updated by different people from a var iety of knowledge sources, making it highly likely for a case base to contain redundant and inconsistent knowledge. In this paper, we present methods and a system for maintainin g large and semi-structured case bases. We focus on two difficult problems in case-base maintenance: redundanc y d inconsistency detection. These two problems are particularly pervasive when one deals with an semi-structu red case base. We will discuss both algorithms and a system for solving these problems. As the ability to contain the kno wledge acquisition problem is of paramount importance, our methods allow one to express relevant domain expertise f or detecting both redundancy and inconsistency naturally and effortlessly. Empirical evaluations of the system demo nstrate the effectiveness of the methods in several large domains.
Incremental Localization Algorithm Based on Regularized Iteratively Reweighted Least Square

Abstract Incremental localization algorithm is a distributed localization method with excellent characteristics for wireless network. However, its estimated result is generally influenced by the heteroscedasticity arising from cumulative errors and the collineation among anchor nodes. We have proposed a novel incremental localization algorithm with consideration to cumulative errors and collinearity among anchors. Using iteratively reweighted and regularized method, the algorithm reduces the influences of errors accumulation and avoids collinearity problem between anchors. Simulation experiment results show that compared with the previous incremental localization algorithms, the proposed algorithm obtains a localization solution which not only has high accuracy but also high stability. Therefore, the proposed algorithm is suitable for different deployment environments and has high adaptability.