Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Outcomes of Medically Indicated Preterm Births Differ by Indication

Abstract Objective We aim to examine whether outcomes of preterm birth (PTB) are further modified by the indication for delivery. Study Design We performed a retrospective cohort study of all singletons delivered at 23 to 34 weeks from 2011 to 2014. Women were classified by their primary indication for delivery: maternal (preeclampsia) or fetal/obstetric (growth restriction, nonreassuring fetal status, and vaginal bleeding). The primary neonatal outcome was a composite of neonatal death, cord pH <7 or base excess < − 12, 5-minute Apgar ≤3, C-reactive protein during resuscitation, culture-proven sepsis, intraventricular hemorrhage, and necrotizing enterocolitis. Secondary outcomes included the individual components of the primary outcome. Groups were compared using Student's t-test and chi-squared tests. Logistic regression was used to adjust for confounding variables. Results Of 528 women, 395 (74.8%) were delivered for maternal and 133 (25.2%) for fetal/obstetric indications. Compared with those delivered for a maternal indication, those with a fetal/obstetric indication for delivery had an increased risk of the composite neonatal outcome (adjusted odds ratio [AOR]: 1.9, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.13–3.21) and acidemia at birth (AOR: 4.2, 95% CI: 1.89–9.55). Conclusion Preterm infants delivered for fetal/obstetric indications have worsened outcomes compared with those delivered for maternal indications. Additional research is needed to further tailor counseling specific to the indication for delivery.
The Domestic and Global Origins of Transnational Advocacy

This article explains varying levels of transnational advocacy initiated by domestic organized interests. Theoretically, we integrate the constraining and enabling impact of the domestic context with factors related to global opportunity structures. We test our hypotheses with an original data set consisting of all national organized interests that attended the Ministerial Conferences of the World Trade Organization (WTO) in the period 1995 through 2011. Instead of viewing transnational advocacy as a reaction to a lack of domestic political attention and an attempt to compensate for domestic deprivation, our analyses actually show the opposite. Organized interests that originate from democratic, mostly wealthy countries, and that enjoy robust access to domestic resources, are much more responsive to shifts in the global policy agenda. More generally, our analysis of the factors that drive transnational advocacy point at the irrelevance to artificially juxtapose domestic and global explanations.
Cloaked dagger: tRNA slicing by an unlikely culprit

ABSTRACT The unusually high number of toxin-antitoxin (TA) systems in Mycobacterium tuberculosis, the etiological agent of tuberculosis, is thought to contribute to the unique ability of this pathogen to evade killing by the immune system and persist as a latent infection. One TA family, designated mazEF (for the MazE antitoxin and MazF toxin), comprises 10 of the >80 TA systems in the M. tuberculosis genome. Here we discuss the significance of our recent Nucleic Acids Res. paper that reports a surprising enzymatic activity for the MazF-mt9 toxin—sequence- and structure-specific cleavage of tRNA to generate tRNA halves—that underlies the growth-regulating properties of this toxin. This activity is distinct from all characterized MazF family members in M. tuberculosis and other bacteria; instead it is strikingly similar to that documented for members of another toxin family, VapC, despite the absence of sequence or structural similarity.
The Role of Hybridization in the Evolution of Reef Corals

The importance of hybridization in the evolution of plant species is widely accepted, but its contributions to animal species evolution remain less recognized. Here we review evidence that hybridization has contributed to the evolution of reef corals, a group underpinning the coral reef ecosystem. Increasingly threatened by human and climate-related impacts, there is need to understand the evolutionary processes that have given rise to their diversity and contribute to their resilience. Reticulate evolutionary pathways among the ecologically prominent, mass-spawning genus Acropora suggest that hybridization, although rare on ecological timescales, has been instrumental in their diversification on evolutionary timescales. Evidence that coral hybrids colonize marginal habitats distinct from those of parental species’ and that hybridization may be more frequent at peripheral boundaries of species’ ranges supports a role for hybridization in range expansion and adaptation to changing environments. We conclude that outcomes of hybridization are significant for the future resilience of reef corals and warrant inclusion in conservation strategies.
Crossing Smads.

The transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-beta) superfamily of secreted polypeptide growth factors exerts extensive control over all aspects of development and homeostasis, and components of this pathway are often mutated in cancers and in several hereditary disorders. Apart from TGF-beta, the superfamily also includes the activins and the bone morphogenetic proteins. These factors signal through heteromeric complexes of type II and type I serine-threonine kinase receptors, which activate the downstream Smad signal transduction pathway. Three classes of Smads have been defined: the receptor-regulated Smads (R-Smads), the common-mediator Smads (co-Smads), and the antagonistic or inhibitory Smads (I-Smads). Receptor complexes activate the Smad pathway by interacting and phosphorylating specific R-Smads. Phosphorylation of the R-Smads causes dissociation from the receptor and induces assembly into complexes with Smad4, a co-Smad. This heteromeric complex then translocates into the nucleus, where the Smads function as transcriptional comodulators by recruiting coactivators or corepressors to Smad DNA binding partners. Thus, Smads transmit signals directly from the receptor kinase into the nucleus. Crosstalk between Smads and other signaling pathways occurs both in the cytosol and in the nucleus. In the cytosol, Smad translocation might be inhibited by mitogen-activated protein kinase-dependent phosphorylation, whereas in the nucleus Smads interact with a number of transcription factors that themselves are primary targets of other signaling pathways. Furthermore, Smad-dependent regulation of these targets often requires input from the primary signaling pathway. In these examples, Smad signaling may represent a secondary signal that modifies the output of the primary pathway. Consequently, the transcriptional response to TGF-beta family ligands may be dependent on what other signals are being received by the cell. Crosstalk may thus provide one explanation for the long-standing observation that the biological response to TGF-beta is often dependent on the extracellular environment of the cell.
Urban Regeneration: From the Arts `Feel Good' Factor to the Cultural Economy: A Case Study of Hoxton, London

This paper seeks to examine critically the role of culture in the continued development, or regeneration, of `post-industrial' cities. First, it is critical of instrumental conceptions of culture with regard to urban regeneration. Secondly, it is critical of the adequacy of the conceptual framework of the `post-industrial city' (and the `service sector') as a basis for the understanding and explanation of the rise of cultural industries in cities. The paper is based upon a case study of the transformation of a classic, and in policy debates a seminal, `cultural quarter': Hoxton Square, North London. Hoxton, and many areas like it, are commonly presented as derelict parts of cities which many claim have, through a magical injection of culture, been transformed into dynamic destinations. The paper suggests a more complex and multifaceted causality based upon a robust concept of the cultural industries as industry rather than as consumption.
Verbraucherpolitik im Bereich der Finanzdienstleistungen muss mehr sein als Bereitstellung von Information

Zusammenfassung: Der Beitrag stellt den derzeitigen deutschen und europaischen verbraucherpolitischen Ansatz im Bereich der Finanzdienstleistungen vor. Verschiedene Informationspfl ichten sind hier das masgebliche Instrument zur Unterstutzung der Entwicklung eines funktionierenden Marktes. Informationsangebote passen zwar in die dominierende okonomische Theorie des Neoliberalismus, eine einseitige Ausrichtung der Verbraucherpolitik ausschlieslich auf mehr oder auch ubersichtlichere Information ignoriert jedoch systematisch die Schwachen dieses Instruments. Erst mit der aktuellen Finanz- und Wirtschaftskrise und mit der Kritik an bislang vorherrschenden okonomischen Konzepten wird uber die Grenzen von Information diskutiert. Informationsangebote werden in der Verbraucherpolitik auch weiterhin eine wichtige Rolle spielen, die Wirkungen dieses Instruments mussen aber relativiert werden, und die Verbraucherpolitik muss weiterhin andere staatliche Masnahmen als Rahmenbedingungen nutzen. Summary: The article uses the example of fi services to demonstrate the relevance of consumer policy for the market. It discusses the recent political approach to consumer protection and their effectiveness in relation to fi nancial services and the retail credit market. Of greatest importance was the emphasis placed on the implementation of new information requirements. Disclosures fi t to the established neoliberal economic theories. But this unilateral approach ignores systematically the weakness of these instruments. Only with the recent fi nancial and economic crises and the critic of the dominant economic concepts a discussion about the limits of information seems to be possible. Information provision will continue to play an important role, but the impact of such instruments must be put into perspective and consumer policy must be accomplished by additional government measures.
Performance metrics for assessment of distribution system protection schemes

This paper investigates the metrics for assessing the performance of alternative protection schemes for a distribution feeder. In addition to the main criterion which is the system reliability, the paper considers the other important factors as well which include stress on the substation transformer and the impact of momentary interruptions on customer load. Traditional reliability assessment indices, most commonly used amongst utilities, consider sustained interruptions only and hence they do not capture the advantages brought forth due to faster speed of protection schemes. To include the momentary events and their impact, an index `SARFI-ITIC' based on the `ITIC curve' is considered. Test cases illustrate the use of these metrics especially in assessing the advantages of fast speed protection schemes.
Trade and competition policies: concordia discors>

Home In a simple model of trade and competition policies we show that the abolition of trade restrictions may lead to governments independently choosing more competitive competition policies. Subsequent co-ordination of competition policy involves encouraging less competitive behaviour than when such policies are not coordinated and may involve disharmonisation, in a sense made clear in the paper. Adding a third country, simulation results indicate that nonmember concerns about customs union formation may be well-founded, particularly when the union goes beyond mere trade policy co-ordination (which may be needed to make it attractive to members in the first place). Copyright 1999 by Royal Economic Society.
Analysis of Marginal Zone B Cell Development in the Mouse with Limited B Cell Diversity: Role of the Antigen Receptor Signals in the Recruitment of B Cells to the Marginal Zone1

The quasimonoclonal (QM) mouse provides an intelligible model to analyze the B cell selection as the competition between two major 4-hydroxy-3-nitrophenylacetyl-specific B cell populations whose BCR are comprised of the knockin VH17.2. 25 (VHT)-encoded H chain and the λ1 or λ2 L chain. In this study, we show the QM system is useful to examine how BCR signals guide a subset of B cells to the marginal zone (MZ). Compared with the control C57BL/6 mice, the QM mice had ∼2.7-fold increased number of B cells exhibiting the MZ B cell phenotype and a larger MZ area in the spleen. Interestingly, VHT/λ2 B cells significantly predominated over VHT/λ1 B cells in MZ-(VHT/λ1:VHT/λ2 ≈ 3:7) and transitional 2-B cell subsets, while these two populations were comparable in immature, transitional 1, and mature counterparts. Thus, the biased use of λ2 in the MZ B cells may be the result of selection in the periphery. The enlargement of MZ B cell compartment and the preferred recruitment of the VHT/λ2 B cells were further augmented by doubling the VHT gene, but dampened by the dysfunction of Bruton’s tyrosine kinase, suggesting a positive role of BCR signaling in this selection. Comparison of Ag specificity between VHT/λ1 and VHT/λ2 IgM mAbs revealed a polyreactive nature of the VHT/λ2 BCR, including the reactivity with ssDNA. Taken together, it is suggested that polyreactivity (including self-reactivity) of BCR is crucial in driving B cells to differentiate into the MZ phenotype.
Payoff Effects in Information Cascade Experiments

Error rates are estimated using data from "information cascade" experiments. The econometric estimation assumes a logistic error structure and error rates are compared across three experimental treatments that differ only with respect to payoff structure. In a "no payoff" treatment subjects receive a fixed payment for participating in the experiment and earnings do not vary with decisions. In "payoff" and "double payoff" treatments earnings depend on each subject's decisions. The results indicate that rewarding correct decisions reduces the amount of decision error. However, increasing the payment for a correct decision does not reduce errors over the range of payoffs considered. Copyright 2001 by Oxford University Press.
The Formation of Cooperatives: A Game-Theoretic Approach with Implications for Cooperative Finance, Decision Making, and Stability

This paper departs from the traditional organization-oriented approach to cooperative analysis. It exploits cooperation's functional similarity to vertical integration to examine individuals' incentives to form cooperatives. A model of formation of a purchasing cooperative is presented and developed as an n-person game with the core as a solution concept. Core existence is examined for both single- and multiple-cooperative configurations, and cooperative finance methods are examined relative to finding core-compatible allocation rules. The results provide insight into a cooperative's equilibrium output, stability, decision making, financing methods, and choice of open or restricted membership.
The Islands of Kalangala District and Access to Antiretroviral Treatment: A Question of Human Rights and Global Health Justice

Antiretroviral therapy (ARV) is one of the most effective methods of treating and suppressing the human immunodeficiency virus HIV/AIDS a virus that attacks and weakens the human immune system. It is known worldwide for saving lives, preventing HIV/AIDS related illness and new HIV AIDS infections, thus keeping the people living with HIV/AIDS (PLWHA) healthy as long as they have adequate and constant supply of ARVs. Therefore the research will analyse the health inequalities faced by the Fish folk community (FFC) of Kalangala district created as a result of unequal access to ARVs within the public hospitals. This paper will examines the concept of global health justice and Article 12 of ICESCR to establish the violation of the right to Equal access to medicine as an integral right to the right to health by looking at the structural setting of the people living in Kalangala fishing communities and the government response to this population in regard to HIV/AIDS treatment.
Isobaric yield curves at A=72 from the spallation of medium mass isotopes by intermediate energy protons.

Cross sections of radionuclides in the /ital A/approx.72 mass region produced by the interaction 800 MeV protons with /sup 89/Y, /sup 92,96,100/Mo, and /sup 130/Te were measured. Particular emphasis was paid to the measurement of short-lived products far from . beta. stability. The cross sections were used to generate isobaric yield curves at /ital A/=72. Precise characterization of these curves showed that the distribution parameters (mean, standard deviation, skewness) vary in a regular fashion with target /ital N///ital Z/. For /sup 89/Y, relative isobaric curves produced by 500 and 800 MeV protons were found to be identical within experimental error. The yield distributions for the /sup 92,96,100/Mo targets also scaled with those from an earlier alpha-induced spallation study. These findings lend strong support to the argument that the spallation mechanism is independent of projectile energy and target composition.
Major Recessions: Britain and the World, 1920-1995

In the twentieth century there have been five major recessions: two in the interwar period, and three more starting 1973, 1979, and 1989. This book focuses on events in the UK, but sets them in their international context and makes frequent comparisons with other countries. Major recessions happened at a similar time in all major countries, and the lessons are general. Three main conclusions are reached: (1) major recessions reflect abrupt fallings off in demand, not supply; (2) these are due to identifiable demand shocks and by swings in consumer and business confidence which amplify the direct effects of demand shock; (3) major recessions are not predictable. In the final chapter, Christopher Dow puts forward an insider's view on how to avoid future severe recessions: action must be taken to control booms, which if uncontrolled will lead to a period of bust, and once a major recession has begun, fiscal and monetary policy must be adjusted to mitigate the downturn. Often unpopular with economists, this is the line which many governments and central banks take: Major Recessions will help them to have more success.
Social Media and the Rise of Surveillance-based Advertising

The rapid rise of surveillance-based advertising has sparked heated debate, albeit one devoid of historical context. This paper traces the connections between surveillance in advertising and the development of social media, arguing that the two are born of common economic, technological, and cultural conditions. The Internet businesses that emerged most successful from the dot-com bust of 2000 found ways to flourish amidst a general profitability crisis by changing the relationship between producer and consumer, and, ultimately, embracing surveillance as a business model. This surveillance has intimate connections to the social media discourses of openness and empowerment, and developed as a response to tensions in the commodification of information.
Speech Acquisition in Older Nonverbal Individuals With Autism: A Review of Features, Methods, and Prognosis

Individuals with autism often fail to develop useful speech. If they have not done so by age 5, the prognosis for future development has been thought to be poor. However, some cases of later development of speech have been reported. To quantify and document the nature of later speech development and the factors that might be important for prognosis, we reviewed the extant literature. We searched both manually and electronically, examining all literature with at least an English-language abstract, through March 2008. The search identified a total of 167 individuals with autism who reportedly acquired speech at age 5 or older. Most of the cases of reported late speech development occurred in the younger age groups; no case older than 13 was reported. Behavioral modification was the most frequently reported training program used, although there was a wide range of interventions reported to be associated with late speech development. Given the underreporting of such cases in the literature, and the likelihood that more intensive and more focused training might be more successful, the prognosis for late development of speech in such individuals may now be better than was historically thought to be the case.
On the Empirical Significance of the Hotelling Rule

The Hotelling Rule—that price net of marginal cost must rise at the rate of interest in nonrenewable resource markets—forms the theoretical core of the economics of nonrenewable resources. It is present in one form or another in every modern paper on nonrenewable resource economics, and is the conceptual and theoretical framework used by economists to understand and model the long-run evolution of prices and supplies for nonrenewable resources. But what do we know about the empirical significance of the Hotelling Rule? What practical insights has it provided for understanding what we have actually observed in nonrenewable resource markets and how has it stood up to empirical scrutiny? These are the questions addressed in this paper. I review the evidence on the behavior of market prices over time, the evidence on the effects of technological change, direct tests of the Hotelling Rule, and the performance of the Hotelling Valuation Principle.
The evolutionary history of ferns inferred from 25 low-copy nuclear genes.

UNLABELLED • PREMISE OF THE STUDY Understanding fern (monilophyte) phylogeny and its evolutionary timescale is critical for broad investigations of the evolution of land plants, and for providing the point of comparison necessary for studying the evolution of the fern sister group, seed plants. Molecular phylogenetic investigations have revolutionized our understanding of fern phylogeny, however, to date, these studies have relied almost exclusively on plastid data. • METHODS Here we take a curated phylogenomics approach to infer the first broad fern phylogeny from multiple nuclear loci, by combining broad taxon sampling (73 ferns and 12 outgroup species) with focused character sampling (25 loci comprising 35877 bp), along with rigorous alignment, orthology inference and model selection. • KEY RESULTS Our phylogeny corroborates some earlier inferences and provides novel insights; in particular, we find strong support for Equisetales as sister to the rest of ferns, Marattiales as sister to leptosporangiate ferns, and Dennstaedtiaceae as sister to the eupolypods. Our divergence-time analyses reveal that divergences among the extant fern orders all occurred prior to ∼200 MYA. Finally, our species-tree inferences are congruent with analyses of concatenated data, but generally with lower support. Those cases where species-tree support values are higher than expected involve relationships that have been supported by smaller plastid datasets, suggesting that deep coalescence may be reducing support from the concatenated nuclear data. • CONCLUSIONS Our study demonstrates the utility of a curated phylogenomics approach to inferring fern phylogeny, and highlights the need to consider underlying data characteristics, along with data quantity, in phylogenetic studies.
Introducing Relative Prices into the Discounting Debate

The Stern Review (2006) has come to symbolize something of a dividing line in the evolution of the common appreciation of the climate problem. It is fair to say that during the last decade there has been a gradual but uneven increase in the perceived gravity of anthropogenic climate change, both among scientists and, with some time lag, the general public. However, save the United Nations Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) assessments, the Stern Review is the first major, official report to give climate change a really prominent place among global problems. The political backing of the Stern Review in the UK is impressive. At its first presentation Sir Nicholas Stern was flanked by both Prime Minister Blair and Gordon Brown.