Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Efficacy of Mass Spectrometry Versus 1H Nuclear Magnetic Resonance With Respect to Denaturant Dependent Hydrogen-Deuterium Exchange in Protein Studies

Understanding how proteins fold holds the key to many crucial advancements in the medical field, such as the treatment of chronic diseases. Measuring the rate of hydrogen-to-deuterium exchange for labile hydrogens within proteins exposed to deuterium oxide (D2O) can help elucidate the folding pathway of a protein. Mass spectrometry can be used to determine the extent of deuterium exchange by calculating ΔGHX (mass-to-charge ratio) values. These values were then compared the mass spectrometry results to previous exchange measurements taken by 1H NMR to investigate if mass spectrometry can be a viable method for measuring hydrogen-deuterium exchange in proteins. Once all of the reactions at different time points (10 seconds to 172,800 seconds) were conducted in the mass spectrometer in a 1.5M guanidine hydrochloride and D2O solution, the plotted data resulted in sigmoidal curves which showed dissimilar exchange rates to the previously archived 1H NMR data. After completion of the experiment, we concluded that further studies are necessary to draw a sound conclusion, as the field of study in which we tested solely 1.5M guanidine hydrochloride was too narrow. If reactions at other concentrations of guanidine hydrochloride yield the same exchange rates, denaturant-dependent hydrogen-deuterium exchange techniques can be applied in novel protein studies.
Preface to special section on ILAS‐II: The Improved Limb Atmospheric Spectrometer–II

[1] The Improved Limb Atmospheric Spectrometer–II (ILAS-II) was a solar-occultation satellite sensor designed to measure minor constituents associated with polar ozone depletion. ILAS-II was placed on board the Advanced Earth Observing Satellite–II (ADEOS-II, “Midori-II”), which was successfully launched on 14 December 2002 from the Tanegashima Space Center of the Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA). After an initial check of the instruments, ILAS-II made routine measurements for about 7 months, from 2 April 2003 to 24 October 2003, a period that included the formation and collapse of an Antarctic ozone hole in 2003, one of the largest in history. This paper introduces a special section containing papers on ILAS-II instrumental and on-orbit characteristics, several validation results of ILAS-II data processed with the version 1.4 data processing algorithm, and scientific analyses of polar stratospheric chemistry and dynamics using ILAS-II data.
A New Slurry-Based Method of Preparation of Specimens of Sand Containing Fines

A new method of specimen reconstitution is presented that is appropriate for element testing of sands containing either plastic or nonplastic fines. The method allows reconstitution of homogeneous, saturated specimens of sands containing fines whose stress-strain response closely resembles the stress-strain response of natural soil deposits formed underwater (e.g., alluvial and offshore submarine deposits, hydraulic fills, and tailings dams). A procedure is described to evaluate the maximum void ratio (emax) of sands containing fines under conditions that more appropriately represent soil deposition at its loosest state in aquatic environments. For soils deposited in water, the data obtained with the procedure proposed in this paper suggest that ASTM D 4254 overestimates the emax of sands containing plastic fines and underestimates the emax of sands containing nonplastic fines.
The chemical composition of cold events within the Eemian section of the Greenland Ice Core Project ice core from Summit, Greenland

Selected segments from the Eemian period of the Greenland Ice Core Project (GRIP) core from Summit, Greenland, have been analyzed by ion chromatography and Coulter Multisizer. The results will be discussed with special emphasis on the sudden cooling events, event 1 and event 2, in the record as observed in the δ18O profile [GRIP members, 1993; Dansgaard et al., 1993]. Whether the sudden cooling events of the Eemian represent a real climatic signal or they are a consequence of disturbed ice core st ratigraphy is still a matter of debate [Chappellaz et al., this issue]. However, several features of the chemical profiles across these cooling events are difficult to explain if they were a result of disturbed stratigraphy. We will focus our discussion on the unique profiles of nitrate, methane sulfonic acid (MSA), and ammonium across event 1 and argue that even if we allow for movement of ions by diffusion or displacement of ions by physical or chemical interactions, events 1 and 2 are not likely to consist of ice from other climatic periods which have been inserted in the Eemian strata by folding processes. Furthermore, our records do not show any layers in the vicinity of the Eemian strata which can be a possible source of the ice in event 1. We believe that the events represent a climate signal, and we will discuss other possible explanations of the profiles. Our conclusion that the cold events in the Eemian represent a real climatic signal runs counter to other evidence from gas measurements. However, whatever their cause, the unusual chemical signals require further discussion and explanation.
High-frequency ground motion amplification during the 2011 Tohoku earthquake explained by soil dilatancy

SUMMARY Ground motions of the 2011 Tohoku earthquake recorded at Onahama port (Iwaki, Fukushima prefecture) rank among the highest accelerations ever observed, with the peak amplitude of the 3-D acceleration vector approaching 2 g . The response of the site was distinctively non-linear, as indicated by the presence of horizontal acceleration spikes which have been linked to cyclic mobility during similar observations. Compared to records of weak ground motions, the response of the site during the M w 9.1 earthquake was characterized by increased ampliﬁcation at frequencies above 10 Hz and in peak ground acceleration. This behaviour contrasts with the more common non-linear response encountered at non-liqueﬁable sites, which results in deampliﬁcation at higher frequencies. We simulate propagation of SH waves through the dense sand deposit using a non-linear ﬁnite difference code that is capable of modelling the development of excess pore water pressure. Dynamic soil parameters are calibrated using a direct search method that minimizes the difference between observed and simulated acceleration envelopes and response spectra. The ﬁnite difference simulations yield surface acceleration time-series that are consistent with the observations in shape and amplitude, pointing towards soil dilatancy as a likely explanation for the high-frequency pulses recorded at Onahama port. The simulations also suggest that the occurrence of high-frequency spikes coincided with a rapid increase in pore water pressure in the upper part of the sand deposit between 145 and 170 s. This sudden increase is possibly linked to a burst of high-frequency energy from a large slip patch below the Iwaki region.
Rhizosphere metagenome analysis and wet-lab approach to derive optimal strategy for lead remediation in situ

The Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) reports a significant number of heavy metal-contaminated sites across the United States. To address this public health concern, rhizoremediation using microbes has emerged as a promising solution, considering the limitations and inefficiencies of current approaches. We hypothesized that if Pseudomonas fluorescens, Burkholderia vietnamiensis, and Rhizobium leguminosarum are cultivated in the rhizospheres (area around the plant roots) of Brassica juncea, Oryza sativa, or Pisum sativum in lead-contaminated soil, then a significant reduction in soil-lead content should be observed. To determine the most effective soil microbe, we obtained raw sequences of 16s rRNA from 96 soil samples from the National Center for Biotechnology Information and processed the sequences through Qiime2 to examine bacterial taxonomy in lead-contaminated and uncontaminated rhizospheres. A combination of soil microbes – P. fluorescens, B. vietnamiensis, and R. leguminosarum – were inoculated in the rhizosphere of B. juncea, O. sativa, and P. sativum in soil contaminated with 500 parts per million (ppm) of lead. Soil lead content was measured at various stages of plant growth. After four weeks, we noticed a 70% decline in the lead content with P. fluorescens-B. juncea combination and a 90% decline with P. fluorescens-R. leguminosarum-B. vietnamiensis triple combination with B. juncea. Chlorophyll content analysis of the dried leaves of plant groups showed similar optical density to control leaves, indicating that lead decontamination in the soil did not negatively affect plant health. Therefore, rhizoremediation is an effective bioremediation strategy and may increase crop productivity by converting nonarable lands into arable lands.
SEGMENTATION OF MULTIGRADATION IMAGES BASED ON SPATIAL CONNECTIVITY FEATURES

The article aims to study the multi-level segmentation process of images of arbitrary configuration and placement based on features of spatial connectivity. Existing image processing algorithms are analyzed, and their advantages and disadvantages are determined. A method of organizing the process of segmentation of multi-gradation halftone images is developed and an algorithm of actions according to the described method is given.
School Principals Technological Leadership Self-Efficacies and 21st Century Teacher Skills

This research aims to explore the technological leadership self-efficacy (TLS) of school principals and their use of 21st-century teacher skills (CTS). Furthermore, the study investigates potential variations in self-efficacy and teacher skills among school principals based on certain variables, including gender, administrative seniority, teaching seniority, education status, participation in in-service training on information technologies, and daily average internet use. The research employs a correlational survey model, a quantitative methodology, to scrutinize the interplay between school principals' TLS and their proficiency in 21st CTS. The study encompasses 102 voluntary school principals employed in public schools during the 2021-2022 academic year as participants. Three data collection instruments are utilized within the study. The data analysis involves descriptive statistics, t-tests for unrelated samples, ANOVA, Pearson correlation analysis, and regression analysis. The research findings indicate that the mean scores for school principals' TLS and their use of 21st CTS are notably high. A moderate, positive, and statistically significant correlation is observed between school principals' technological leadership self-efficacy and their utilization of 21st CTS. Additionally, it is deduced that school principals' 21st CTS significantly predict their TLS. Seminars could be considered to enhance the competencies of school principals in adapting to changing learning-teaching environments driven by technology.
The Geochemistry of the Amazon River System: Part I. The Factors that Control the Salinity and the Composition and Concentration of the Suspended Solids

On the basis of wet- and dry-season sampling along the Amazon River, at its mouth, and from its 16 large tributaries, the factors that control the salinity and the composition and concentration of the suspended solids of the Amazon River were determined. The multiple regression analysis of the analytical results of 74 river-water samples and numerous in situ measurements revealed: (1) of the 92 percent of the variability of the salinity accounted for, 85 percent was accounted for by relief—86 percent of the total dissolved salts discharged by the Amazon was supplied from the 12 percent of the total area of the Basin comprising the mountainous-environment type; (2) of the 62 percent of the variability of the concentration of the suspended solids accounted for, 43 percent was accounted for by relief—82 percent of the total suspended solids discharged by the Amazon was supplied from the mountainous environment-type. The multiple regression analysis of the analytical results obtained by X-ray diffraction from 50 suspended solids samples revealed: (1) increased-relief physical weathering controlled the percentages of quartz, plagioclase, K-feldspar, mica, chlorite, and amphibole; (2) the percentage of “calcic” rocks in the upper portions of tributary basins controlled montmorillonite concentrations; and (3) a combination of low-relief chemical weathering and the percentage of igneous and metamorphic rocks controlled the percentages kaolinite and gibbsite. The increased-relief physical weathering dominant in the Andean mountainous environment controls the geochemistry of the Amazon River, indicated by the following observations: (1) the over-all composition of the suspended solids discharged by the Amazon differs only slightly from that of the suspended solids eroded from the mountainous environment; and (2) 84 percent of the total amount of dissolved salts and suspended solids discharged is eroded from the 12 percent of the total area of the Amazon Basin comprising the mountainous Andean environment-type.
A METHOD OF COMPUTING TRUE INTERVAL VELOCITIES FROM EXPANDING SPREAD DATA IN THE CASE OF ARBITRARY LONG SPREADS AND ARBITRARILY DIPPING PLANE INTERFACES

The method presented takes the influence of refraction rigidly into account. All travel-times available are used in an application of the method of least squares. The solution is illustrated by a computer flow diagram. ZUSAMMENFASSUNG Die angegebene Methode berucksichtigt streng den Einflus der Brechung. Durch Anwendung der Methode der kleinsten Quadrate werden alle verfugbaren Laufzeiten berucksichtigt. Die Losung wird an einem Ablaufdiagramm erlautert.
Zonation of Ordovician and Silurian Graptolites of Northern Yukon, Canada

Twenty-two graptolite zones are recognized in the Ordovician and Silurian graptolitic shales of northern Yukon and their geographical distribution, faunal assemblages, and correlation with Europe and Arctic Islands are commented upon. All the stages and sub-series in the Ordovician and Silurian of Britain are recognized. A new formational name, Road River, is proposed for the Siluro-Ordovician graptolitic shales and carbonates of the region. At its type locality, the formation is underlain conformably by Cambrian (? ) shales and argillites, and overlain disconformably by Devonian Fort Creek shale. The formation is Tremadocian to Ludlovian in age and the Siluro-Ordovician boundary is located on a faunal break.
Influence of the shape of the friction law and fault finiteness on the duration of initiation

We consider the two-dimensional (2-D) elastic problem of slip instability under slip dependent friction. This paper concentrates on the parameters that determine the duration of the initiation phase, that is, the delay between an initial small perturbation of the system at the metastable equilibrium and the onset of dynamic rupture propagation. We first consider the case of a homogeneous fault (i.e., with infinite length) with a slip dependent friction with varying weakening rate. We show that different laws associated with the same values of stress drop and critical slip lead to a broad range of initiation duration. The duration is mainly governed by the slope of the friction law at the origin. We interpret these results using the analytical solution proposed by Campillo and Ionescu [1997] for the case of a constant weakening rate. These late results suggest a definition of a characteristic length associated with the rate of weakening at the origin. When the region of slip is limited to a finite weak patch, we found that the duration of initiation varies rapidly when the fault length is of the order of the characteristic length. Under these conditions the initiation duration increases extremely rapidly with decreasing fault length up to about 100 s in the numerical experiments we carried out. These results suggest that very simple elastic models with slip dependent friction and realistic values of the parameters could explain a broad range of delay of the onset of rupture propagation.
Atmospheric particle number size distribution in central Europe: Statistical relations to air masses and meteorology

Atmospheric particle number size distributions determined over 1.5 years at a central European site were statistically analyzed in terms of their relation to time of day, season, meteorology, and synoptic-scale air masses. All size distributions were decomposed into lognormal particle modes corresponding to the accumulation, Aitken, aged nucleation, and nucleation modes. The concentration of nucleation mode particles ( 30 nm) lacked such diurnal behavior, and proved to be indicative of different synoptic-scale air mass types. Over 70% of the time, air masses of Atlantic origin and maritime character prevailed, showing obvious signs of anthropogenic influence most of the time (accumulation mode: 500 cm−3; Aitken mode: 2300 cm−3). During a limited period of time (10%), however, continentally aged air with significantly enhanced concentrations of aerosol was observed (accumulation mode: 1200 cm−3; Aitken mode: 3300 cm−3). These air masses were advected from source regions in Russia, and eastern, southeastern, and central Europe, mainly under anticyclonic and high-pressure influence. The analysis provides a refined picture of the behavior of the particle number size distribution and provides parameterizations that are representative for a variety of air masses in Europe and thus suitable for future climate modeling applications.
Diagnostic Model of the Three-Dimensional Circulation in the Upper Equatorial Pacific Ocean

Abstract To investigate the processes that maintain the large-scale, annual-average thermal structure of the equatorial Pacific, the three-dimensional ocean circulation for a large area is determined from a diagnostic model applied to repeated, meridional hydrographic sections along 150°W and 11O°W from 5°N to 5°S. Geostrophic balances are used to determine velocity profiles from 0 to 500 db across the boundaries of the region: zonal velocities across 150°W and 110°W at approximately 1° -lattitude intervals from 5°N to 5°S and meridional velocities across 5°N and 5°S averaged over the zonal distance between 150°W and 110°W. Poleward wind-driven flows across 5°N and 5°S based on climatological zonal wind stress are added to the geostrophic velocities in the mixed layers. To achieve overall mass conservation, the reference dynamic height field at 500 db is adjusted at four of the 21 stations by about 1 dyn cm. Horizontal nondivergence is used to determine meridional velocities between 0.75° and 5° latitudes.
3D prestack plane-wave, full-waveform inversion

Prestack depth migration has been used for decades to derive velocity distributions in depth. Numerous tools and methodologies have been developed to reach this goal. Exploration in geologically more complex areas exceeds the abilities of existing methods. New data-acquisition and data-processing methods are required to answer these new challenges effectively. The recently introduced wide-azimuth data acquisition method offers better illumination and noise attenuation as well as an opportunity to more accurately determine velocities for imaging. One of the most advanced tools for depth imaging is full-waveform inversion. Prestack seismic full-waveform inversion is very challenging because of the nonlinearity and nonuniqueness of the solution. Combined with multiple iterations of forward modeling and residual wavefield back propagation, the method is computer intensive, especially for 3D projects. We studied a time-domain, plane-wave implementation of 3D waveform inversion. We found that plane-wave gathers.
MEASURING THE EFFECT OF REVEALED CULTURAL PREFERENCES ON TOURISM EXPORTS 1

The aim of this article is to propose a novel method for measuring the effect of cultural preference on bilateral tourism receipts. The method applied is inspired from Disdier et al. (2010). Using the UNESCO classification and data on bilateral trade in cultural product, a proxy for cultural preferences is constructed. The variable is used in a gravity model for tourism trade, which is estimated using a two-step procedure to avoid issues of endogeneity. The dataset used is a panel of 12 OECD countries for the period of 11 years. The variable for cultural preferences eliminates the problems with traditional methods, which by using dummy variables to account for cultural preferences, assume that the latter are time invariant and symmetrical. The cultural variable constructed is found to be significant in explaining bilateral tourism exports with an elasticity of 0.39.
Product Service Systems and supply network relationships: an exploratory case study

Purpose – In recent years there has been increasing interest in Product Service Systems (PSS) as a business model for selling integrated product and service offerings. To date there has been extensive research into the benefits of PSS to manufacturers and their customers, but there has been limited research into the effect of PSS on the upstream supply chain. It is this gap that this research seeks to address. Design/Methodology/Approach – The research uses case based research which is appropriate for exploratory research of this type. In depth interviews were conducted with key personnel in a focal firm and two members of its supply chain and the results were analysed to identify emergent themes. Findings – The research has identified differences in supplier behaviour dependent on their role in PSS delivery and their relationship with the PSS provider. In particular it suggests that for a successful partnership it is important to align the objectives between PSS provider and suppliers. Originality/ value – This research provides a detailed investigation into a PSS supply chain and highlights the complexity of roles and relationships among the organisations within it. It will be of value to other PSS researchers and organisations transitioning to the delivery of PSS.
Introduction to widely used regression models in medical research using R, STATA, and SPSS : A tutorial

Background : Regression models are often used to discover the relationship between variables. According to the type and scale of response variables, there are different type of regression models. Determining the type of regression is difficult for medical researchers. Methods : In this tutorial, How to use different regressions models (ie, linear Regression , Ridge Regression, Polynomial Regression, Lasso Regression, Bayesian Linear Regression, Principal Components Regression , Partial Least Squares Regression, Elastic Net Regression, Support Vector Regression , Logistic Regression , Quantile Regression, Ordinal Regression , Poisson regression , Negative binomial regression , Quasi Poisson Regression, Fractional Regression , Cox Regression , Tobit Regression ), their computational difficulties and their assumptions are shown. The application of each regression model is also specified with a medical example, then the model is implemented in different software (ie, SPSS, STATA, R) and its output is described. Results : The models in this study are introduced according to the dependent variable’s type and scale; some models were used to increase the efficiency and improve the estimation of the relationship between specific types of variables. Conclusion : Today, the use of regression models is growing and new statistical methods such as data mining basically use regression as a tool for forecasting. In this tutorial, we tried to help researchers to gain a better understanding of the computational implementation of different regression models by introducing widely used regression models, providing software instructions and interpretation.