Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
On the importance of idempotence

Range searching is among the most fundamental problems in computational geometry. An n-element point set in Rd is given along with an assignment of weights to these points from some commutative semigroup. Subject to a fixed space of possible range shapes, the problem is to preprocess the points so that the total semigroup sum of the points lying within a given query range η can be determined quickly. In the approximate version of the problem we assume that η is bounded, and we are given an approximation parameter ε > 0. We are to determine the semigroup sum of all the points contained within η and may additionally include any of the points lying within distance ε • diam(η) of η's boundar.In this paper we contrast the complexity of range searching based on semigroup properties. A semigroup (S,+) is idempotent if x + x = x for all x ∈ S, and it is integral if for all k ≥ 2, the k-fold sum x + . + x is not equal to x. For example, (R, min) and (0,1, ∨) are both idempotent, and (N, +) is integral. To date, all upper and lower bounds hold irrespective of the semigroup. We show that semigroup properties do indeed make a difference for both exact and approximate range searching, and in the case of approximate range searching the differences are dramatic.First, we consider exact halfspace range searching. The assumption that the semigroup is integral allows us to improve the best lower bounds in the semigroup arithmetic model. For example, assuming O(n) storage in the plane and ignoring polylog factors, we provide an Ω*(n2/5) lower bound for integral semigroups, improving upon the best lower bound of Ω*(n1/3), thus closing the gap with the O(n1/2) upper bound.We also consider approximate range searching for Euclidean ball ranges. We present lower bounds and nearly matching upper bounds for idempotent semigroups. We also present lower bounds for range searching for integral semigroups, which nearly match existing upper bounds. These bounds show that the advantages afforded by idempotency can result in major improvements. In particular, assuming roughly linear space, the exponent in the ε-dependencies is smaller by a factor of nearly 1/2. All our results are presented in terms of space-time tradeoffs, and our lower and upper bounds match closely throughout the entire spectrum.To our knowledge, our results provide the first proof that semigroup properties affect the computational complexity of range searching in the semigroup arithmetic model. These are the first lower bound results for any approximate geometric retrieval problems. The existence of nearly matching upper bounds, throughout the range of space-time tradeoffs, suggests that we are close to resolving the computational complexity of both idempotent and integral approximate spherical range searching in the semigroup arithmetic model.
Making the Robust Tensor Estimation Approach: "RESTORE" more Robust

Methods & Materials: The original RESTORE algorithm used a threshold criterion for outlier identification. The criterion is based on the estimation of signal standard deviation assuming signal variability is affected by the thermal noise in magnetic resonance images (MRIs). The signal standard deviation caused by the white noise is a constant; however, signal variability in non-DWIs are generally much greater than in DWIs in several regions of human brain. The higher signal variability in T2 weighted images may be caused by the high frequency spin inflow effects or due to physiological fluctuations. This fact can be easily observed by comparing the signal intensity in a series of DWIs and non-DWIs, or by comparing the statistics of residuals obtained from the nonlinear least squares fitting. Therefore, the same outlier identification criterion for DWIs may not be suitable for non-DWIs, and a wider tolerance of signal variability should be used for non-DWIs, i.e., the signal standard deviation for non-DWIs will be adjusted based on the following formula: DWIs DWIs non SD ratio signal kappa noise SD × × = − _ _
Modulation of Learning and Memory in Dahl Rats by Dietary Salt Restriction

Abstract—The Dahl rat represents a robust animal model of salt-sensitive hypertension, with Dahl S rats being salt sensitive and Dahl R rats (the Dahl S counterparts) being salt resistant for the development of hypertension. Here we evaluate the effect of reduced dietary salt intake on learning and memory in the Dahl rat model. Salt restriction produced a significant impairment in social transmission of food preference and social recognition memory in Dahl S rats without affecting spatial learning. In contrast, social transmission of food preference and social recognition memory remained unaffected in Dahl R rats, whereas navigation performance was significantly improved. This effect on learning and memory was not generalized because sodium restriction did not influence object recognition memory in either Dahl S or Dahl R rats. The significant decrement in select cognitive functions in Dahl S rats produced by salt restriction are in sharp contrast to the well known positive effect of dietary salt restriction in alleviating high blood pressure and associated target organ complications, suggesting that caution must be exercised when weighing the benefits of salt restriction in improving cardiovascular health in salt-sensitive hypertension against the potential undesirable effects of reduced cognitive function.
Step by Recursive Step: Church's Analysis of Effective Calculability

Abstract Alonzo Church's mathematical work on computability and undecidability is well-known indeed, and we seem to have an excellent understanding of the context in which it arose. The approach Church took to the underlying conceptual issues, by contrast, is less well understood. Why, for example, was “Church's Thesis” put forward publicly only in April 1935, when it had been formulated already in February/March 1934? Why did Church choose to formulate it then in terms of Gödel's general recursiveness, not his own λ-definability as he had done in 1934? A number of letters were exchanged between Church and Paul Bernays during the period from December 1934 to August 1937; they throw light on critical developments in Princeton during that period and reveal novel aspects of Church's distinctive contribution to the analysis of the informal notion of effective calculability. In particular, they allow me to give informed, though still tentative answers to the questions I raised; the character of my answers is reflected by an alternative title for this paper, Why Church needed Gödel's recursiveness for his Thesis. In Section 5, I contrast Church's analysis with that of Alan Turing and explore, in the very last section, an analogy with Dedekind's investigation of continuity.
Review an Automatic Detection of Epilepsy in Human brain signal Research Review an Automatic Detection of Epilepsy in Human brain signal

Electroencephalogram (EEG) is a medical imaging technique that records the electrical activity in the brain. Epilepsy, the most common neurological disorder characterized by sudden and recurrent neuronal firing in the brain can be detected by analyzing EEG of the subject. Electroen-cephalography (EEG) measures the electrical activity of the brain and represents a summation of post-synaptic potentials from a large number of neurons. Over a past few decades many researches all over the world, focusing and working to automate the analysis of EEG signals to identify and categorized the diseases. In this paper, we present a review of the significant researches associated with the automated detection of epileptic seizures and brain tumor using EEG signals .
Effects of emotional and scriptural cues in auditory and visual speech perception

The general aim of this thesis was to test the effects of paralinguistic (emotional) and prior contextual (topical) cues on perception of poorly specified visual, auditory, and audiovisual speech. The specific purposes were to (1) examine if facially displayed emotions can facilitate speechreading performance; (2) to study the mechanism for such facilitation; (3) to map information-processing factors that are involved in processing of poorly specified speech; and (4) to present a comprehensive conceptual framework for speech perception, with specification of the signal being considered. Experi¬mental and correlational designs were used, and 399 normal-hearing adults participated in seven experiments. The main conclusions are summarised as follows. (a) Speechreading can be facilitated by paralinguistic information as constituted by facial displayed emotions. (b) The facilitatory effect of emitted emotional cues is mediated by their degree of specification in transmission and ambiguity as percepts; and by how distinct the perceived emotions combined with topical cues are as cues for lexical access. (c) The facially displayed emotions affect speech perception by conveying semantic cues; no effect via enhanced articulatory distinctiveness, nor of emotion-related state in the perceiver is needed for facilitation. (d) The combined findings suggest that emotional and topical cues provide constraints for activation spreading in the lexicon. (e) Both bottom-up and top-down factors are associated with perception of poorly specified speech, indicating that variation in information-processing abilities is a crucial factor for perception if there is paucity in sensory input. A conceptual framework for speech perception, comprising specification of the linguistic and paralinguistic information, as well as distinctiveness of primes, is presented. Generalisations of the findings to other forms of paralanguage and language processing are discussed.
ICFHR 2012 Competition on Writer Identification Challenge 1: Latin/Greek Documents

Writer identification is important for forensic analysis, helping experts to deliberate on the authenticity of documents. The general objective of the ICFHR 2012 Writer Identification Contest is to record recent advances in the field of writer identification using established evaluation performance measures. Challenge 1 of the contest deals specifically with Latin scripts. The benchmarking dataset of challenge 1 of the contest was created with the help of 100 writers that were asked to copy four parts of text in two languages (English and Greek). This paper describes the contest details for this challenge including the evaluation measures used as well as the performance of the seven submitted methods along with a short description of each method.
De sterkte van het HRM systeem: Een empirische test van het Bowen & Ostroff model

In het onderzoek naar de wijze waarop HRM invloed kan hebben op de resultaten van de organisatie is de ‘resource-based’ theorie de meest dominante benadering (Boxall & Purcell, 2003). In de ‘resource-based’ theorie wordt aangenomen dat HRM niet direct van invloed is op de resultaten van de organisatie, maar dat HRM van invloed is op de unieke en moeilijk door de concurrentie te imiteren interne resources, zoals de houdingen en de gedragingen van medewerkers. Deze onderscheidende houdingen en gedragingen van medewerkers worden op hun beurt verondersteld van invloed te zijn op de effectiviteit van de organisatie in het geheel. HRM kan bijvoorbeeld van invloed zijn op de arbeidstevredenheid en het welzijn van medewerkers waardoor ze harder werken en zich minder ziek melden, en dit is weer positief gerelateerd aan het uiteindelijke organisatieresultaat. Deze indirecte relaties en processen staan bekend als de ‘black box’, vanwege de onduidelijkheid die er bestaat over hoe interne resources er nu toe doen en hoe HRM dus van invloed kan zijn op het resultaat.
Cerebellar neurophysiology in Gilles de la Tourette syndrome and its role as a target for therapeutic intervention

Therapy resistance of approximately one-third of patients with Gilles de la Tourette syndrome (GTS) requires consideration of alternative therapeutic interventions. The article demonstrates the role of the cerebellum in neuropsychiatric disorders and GTS in particular, specifically its role in functions relating to motor and cognitive symptoms. Certain circuits in the cerebellum have been shown to undergo learning-induced changes during conditioning, with cells in the cortex of the cerebellum appearing to decrease their activity whilst those in deep nuclei seem to do the inverse. Evidence exists showing that abnormal excitability of the motor cortex via the cerebellum could be expected to participate in motor tics in GTS possibly due to aberrations in certain structures of involved circuits. The role of the cerebellum in learning and plasticity processes renders it a strategic and valuable structure to consider for brain stimulation when investigating potential treatment options for neuropsychiatric disorders such as GTS. This article puts forth the concept of using non-invasive and invasive brain stimulation techniques as a novel platform for non-pharmacological neuromodulation of GTS symptoms.
Why views do not provide logical data independence

Most information systems are subject to changing requirements that often necessitate alterations of the underlying database schema. Part of these alterations are information-preserving and can therefore be regarded as schema restructuring. One of the objectives of the relational model is to provide logical data independence, i.e., to insulate application programs and terminal users from the negative effects of information-preserving changes of the logical database schema. It is claimed that the relational view mechanism is crucial to achieve logical data independence. This paper argues that the relational view mechanism fails to fulfil this claim in both a theoretical and a practical sense. <<ETX>>
Comparing Two Motor Assessment Tools to Evaluate Neurobehavioral Intervention Effects in Infants With Very Low Birth Weight at 1 Year

Background Infants with very low birth weight (VLBW) are at increased risk for motor deficits, which may be reduced by early intervention programs. For detection of motor deficits and to monitor intervention, different assessment tools are available. It is important to choose tools that are sensitive to evaluate the efficacy of intervention on motor outcome. Objective The purpose of this study was to compare the Alberta Infant Motor Scale (AIMS) and the Psychomotor Developmental Index (PDI) of the Bayley Scales of Infant Development–Dutch Second Edition (BSID-II-NL) in their ability to evaluate effects of an early intervention, provided by pediatric physical therapists, on motor development in infants with VLBW at 12 months corrected age (CA). Design This was a secondary study in which data collected from a randomized controlled trial (RCT) were used. Methods At 12 months CA, 116 of 176 infants with VLBW participating in an RCT on the effect of the Infant Behavioral Assessment and Intervention Program were assessed with both the AIMS and the PDI. Intervention effects on the AIMS and PDI were compared. Results Corrected for baseline differences, significant intervention effects were found for AIMS and PDI scores. The highest effect size was for the AIMS subscale sit. A significant reduction of abnormal motor development in the intervention group was found only with the AIMS. Limitations No Dutch norms are available for the AIMS. Conclusions The responsiveness of the AIMS to detect intervention effects was better than that of the PDI. Therefore, caution is recommended in monitoring infants with VLBW only with the PDI, and the use of both the AIMS and the Bayley Scales of Infant Development is advised when evaluating intervention effects on motor development at 12 months CA.
Barriers faced by healthcare professionals when managing falls in older people in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia: a qualitative study

Objective To explore the barriers faced by healthcare professionals (HCPs) in managing falls among older people (aged above 60 years) who have a high risk of falling. Research design The study used a qualitative methodology, comprising 10 in-depth interviews and two focus group discussions. A semistructured topic guide was used to facilitate the interviews, which were audio recorded, transcribed verbatim and checked for accuracy. Data were analysed thematically using WeftQDA software. Participants 20 HCPs who managed falls in older people. Setting This study was conducted at the Primary Care Clinic in the University Malaya Medical Centre (UMMC), Malaysia. Results Four categories of barriers emerged—these were related to perceived barriers for older people, HCPs’ barriers, lack of caregiver support and healthcare system barriers. HCPs perceived that older people normalised falls, felt stigmatised, were fatalistic, as well as in denial regarding falls-related advice. HCPs themselves trivialised falls and lacked the skills to manage falls. Rehabilitation was impeded by premature decisions to admit older people to nursing homes. Lastly, there was a lack of healthcare providers as well as a dearth of fall education and training on fall prevention for HCPs. Conclusions This study identified barriers that explain poor fall management in older people with a high risk of falls. The lack of structured fall prevention guidelines and insufficient training in fall management made HCPs unable to advise patients on how to prevent falls. The findings of this study warrant evidence-based structured fall prevention intervention targeted to patients as well as to HCPs.
Lossless data compression with error correcting codes

Existing zero-error variable-length data compression algorithms suffer from sensitivity to transmission errors and error propagation across packets when used in packet-based data transmission through noisy channels. We propose a new approach to lossless data compression based on error correcting codes and the block-sorting transform. The proposed data compression scheme is compared with the universal algorithm for a four-state Markov chain in comparison with LZ (gzip) and a conventional BWT-based compressor (bzip). Although the comparison is quite encouraging, the main motivation and advantages of our scheme over the conventional separation-based approach accrue in the joint source/channel setting.
Pre- and postoperative imaging of the Rex shunt in children: what radiologists should know.

OBJECTIVE The objective of this article is to illustrate the imaging features of patients with extrahepatic portal venous obstruction who are evaluated before or after a Rex shunt surgery. CONCLUSION The Rex shunt is a potentially curative surgical procedure that reestablishes physiologic hepatopetal portal flow. It is typically accomplished by interposing a vascular conduit between the superior mesenteric vein to the still patent intrahepatic portal venous system. This procedure results in resolution of portal hypertension.
Primate vocal and gestural communication

One way to investigate animal cognition is to investigate acts of social communication. In the broadest definition of the term, many acts of communication do not involve complex cognitive processes, since they are simply involuntary behavioral reactions or emotional displays in social situations. But especially in the case of primates, there are many acts of communication that clearly do involve complex cognitive processes, since they are undoubtedly "flexible behavioral adaptations in which individual organisms make informed choices based on mental representations" (Tomasello and Call 1997, p. 12). Here we review -very schematically -what is currently known about the cognitive processes involved in primate communication. Based on the above definition, we focus on two key aspects: (1) the flexibility with which individuals use their communicative signals; and (2) the mental representations that might underlie this signal use. We review findings first for vocal communication, which mostly involve monkeys, and then for gestural communication, which mostly involve apes.
Experimental Validation of Bayesian Nonparametric Adaptive Control Using Gaussian Processes

Many current model reference adaptive control methods employ parametric adaptive elements in which the number of parameters are fixed a priori and the hyperparameters, such as the bandwidth, are predefined, often through expert judgment. As an alternative to these methods, a nonparametric model using Gaussian processes was recently proposed. Using Gaussian processes, it is possible to maintain constant coverage over the operating domain by adaptively selecting new kernel locations as well as adapt hyperparameters in an online setting to improve model prediction. In this work, the first extensive experimental flight results are presented using Gaussian process/model reference adaptive control. Experimental results show that Gaussian process/model reference adaptive control outperforms traditional model reference adaptive control methods that use radial basis function neural networks in terms of tracking error as well as transient behavior on trajectory following using a quadrotor. Results show an improveme.
TNFα Increases RANKL Expression via PGE2-Induced Activation of NFATc1

Tumor necrosis factor α (TNFα) is known to upregulate the expression of receptor activator of NF-κB ligand (RANKL). We investigated the role of the calcineurin/nuclear factor of activated T-cells (NFAT) signaling pathway in TNFα-induced RANKL expression in C2C12 and primary cultured mouse calvarial cells. TNFα-induced RANKL expression was blocked by the calcineurin/NFAT pathway inhibitors. TNFα increased NFAT transcriptional activity and subsequent RANKL promoter binding. Mutations in the NFAT-binding element (MT(N)) suppressed TNFα-induced RANKL promoter activity. TNFα increased prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) production, which in turn enhanced NFAT transcriptional activity and binding to the RANKL promoter. MT(N) suppressed PGE2-induced RANKL promoter activity. TNFα and PGE2 increased the expression of RANKL, NFAT cytoplasmic-1 (NFATc1), cAMP response element-binding protein (CREB), and cyclooxygenase 2 (COX2); which increment was suppressed by indomethacin, a COX inhibitor. Mutations in the CRE-like element blocked PGE2-induced RANKL promoter activity. PGE2 induced the binding of CREB to the RANKL promoter, whereas TNFα increased the binding of both CREB and NFATc1 to this promoter through a process blocked by indomethacin. The PGE2 receptor antagonists AH6809 and AH23848 blocked TNFα-induced expression of RANKL, NFATc1, and CREB; transcriptional activity of NFAT; and binding of NFATc1 or CREB to the RANKL promoter. These results suggest that TNFα-induced RANKL expression depends on PGE2 production and subsequent transcriptional activation/enhanced binding of NFATc1 and CREB to the RANKL promoter.
CMOS gate delay models for general RLC loading

Gate and cell level timing analysis remains popular yet inherently incompatible with RC and RCL interconnect loads. The Ceff concept was proposed in Qian et. al. (1994) to model the interaction of empirical gate/cell delay models and RC loads. The most efficient Ceff model works in terms of precharacterizing the parameters of a time varying Thevenin voltage source model (in series with a fixed resistor) over a wide range of effective capacitance load values. In this paper we generalize this Thevenin equivalent Ceff model to enable future technologies which may include reduced supply voltages and RCL loads, without further complicating the Ceff algorithm or iterations.