Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Scorched Earth : how will changes in the strength of the vegetation sink to ozone deposition affect human health and ecosystems ?

This study investigates the effect of ozone (O 3) deposition on ground level O 3 concentrations and subsequent human health and ecosystem risk under hot summer “heat wave” type meteorological events. Under such conditions, extended drought can effectively “turn off” the O 3 vegetation sink leading to a substantial increase in ground level O 3 concentrations. Two models that have been used for human health (the CMAQ chemical transport model) and ecosystem (the DO3SE O3 deposition model) risk assessment are combined to provide a powerful policy tool capable of novel integrated assessments of O 3 risk using methods endorsed by the UNECE Convention on Long-Range Transboundary Air Pollution. This study investigates 2006, a particularly hot and dry year during which a heat wave occurred over the summer across much of the UK and Europe. To understand the influence of variable O3 dry deposition three different simulations were investigated during June and July: (i) actual conditions in 2006, (ii) conditions that assume a perfect vegetation sink for O3 deposition and (iii) conditions that assume an extended drought period that reduces the vegetation sink to a minimum. The risks of O 3 to human health, assessed by estimating the number of days during which running 8 h mean O3 concentrations exceeded 100 μg m −3, show that on average across the UK, there is a difference of 16 days exceedance of the threshold between the perfect sink and drought conditions. These average results hide local variation with exceedances between these two scenarios reaching as high as 20 days in the East Midlands and eastern UK. Estimates of acute exposure effects show that O 3 removed from the atmosphere through dry deposition during the June and July period would have been responsible for approximately 460 premature deaths. Conversely, reduced O 3 dry deposition will decrease the amount of O 3 taken up by vegetation and, according to flux-based assess ents of vegetation damage, will lead to a reduction in the impact of O 3 on vegetation across the UK. The new CMAQ-DO 3SE model was evaluated by comparing observation vs. modelled estimates of various health related metrics with data from both urban and rural sites across the UK; although these comparisons showed reasonable agreement ther were some biases in the model predictions with attributable deaths at urban sites being over predicted by a small margin, the converse was true for rural sites. The study emphasises the importance of accurate estimates of O3 deposition both for human health and ecosystem risk assessments. Extended periods of drought and heat wave type conditions are likely to occur with more frequency in coming decades, therefore understanding the importance of these effects will be crucial to inform the development of appropriate national and international policy to mitigate against the worst consequences of this air pollutant.
On a conjecture on pattern-avoiding machines

Let $s$ be West's stack-sorting map, and let $s_{T}$ be the generalized stack-sorting map, where instead of being required to increase, the stack avoids subpermutations that are order-isomorphic to any permutation in the set $T$. In 2020, Cerbai, Claesson, and Ferrari introduced the $\sigma$-machine $s \circ s_{\sigma}$ as a generalization of West's $2$-stack-sorting-map $s \circ s$. As a further generalization, in 2021, Baril, Cerbai, Khalil, and Vajnovski introduced the $(\sigma, \tau)$-machine $s \circ s_{\sigma, \tau}$ and enumerated $|\Sort_{n}(\sigma,\tau)|$ -- the number of permutations in $S_n$ that are mapped to the identity by the $(\sigma, \tau)$-machine -- for six pairs of length $3$ permutations $(\sigma, \tau)$. In this work, we settle a conjecture by Baril, Cerbai, Khalil, and Vajnovski on the only remaining pair of length $3$ patterns $(\sigma, \tau) = (132, 321)$ for which $|\Sort_{n}(\sigma, \tau)|$ appears in the OEIS. In addition, we enumerate $|\Sort_n(123, 321)|$, which does not appear in the OEIS, but has a simple closed form.
The genomics and physiology of abiotic stressors associated with global elevation gradients in Arabidopsis thaliana

Phenotypic and genetic diversity in Arabidopsis thaliana may be associated with adaptation along its wide elevational range. We took a multi-regional view of elevational adaptation and in a diverse panel of ecotypes measured plant responses to high elevation stressors: low partial CO2 pressure, high light, and night freezing. We conducted genome-wide association studies (GWAS) and found evidence of contrasting locally adaptive clines between regions. Western Mediterranean ecotypes showed low δ13C/early flowering at low elevations to high δ13C/late flowering at high elevations, while Asian ecotypes showed the opposite pattern. We mapped different candidate genes for each region, and trait-associated SNPs often showed elevational clines likely maintained by selection. Antioxidants and pigmentation showed regional differentiation but rarely elevational clines. GWAS for antioxidants identified an ascorbate transporter PHT4;4 (AT4G00370), which we show alters non-photochemical quenching kinetics under high light and may be involved in local adaptation to Moroccan mountains. The low-antioxidant PHT4;4 GWAS allele was associated with lower PHT4;4 expression and this haplotype was characterized by binding sites of a transcription factor family, DOF, involved in light response. Our results highlight how physiological and genomic elevational clines in different regions can be unique, underlining the complexity of local adaptation in widely distributed species.
Examining Practices of Staff Recruitment and Retention in Four High-Functioning Afterschool Programs: Extended Study from the National Afterschool Partnership Report. CRESST Report 769.

This study describes how staff qualifications, decisions on staffing procedures, and professional development opportunities support the recruitment and retention of quality staff members. Four high-functioning programs were identified. Qualitative procedures and instruments were designed to capture staff and parents’ emic perspectives about relationships and professional development. Study findings revealed that all staff across the four afterschool programs consistently reported an intrinsic reason for working in their program. Interview data implied that program incentives such as a career ladder and an ascending pay scale were not enticing enough to recruit or retain staff. The decisions to stay with a program tend to be altruistic in nature, such as to provide academic, social, or emotional support for the students. Thus, at these four programs, the motivation for the staff to stay with the programs could be the organized environments, clear program structures, open communication, clear program goals, consistent expectations, positive relationships, and program climates that foster staff efficacy in “making a difference” in their students’ lives. Thus, promoting strategies in enhancing staff efficacy, such as empowering staff with decision-making and providing professional development opportunities to enhance their professional skills could help programs to recruit and retain quality staff members.
Near-Optimal Parameterization of the Intersection of Quadrics : III . Parameterizing Singular Intersections

In Part II [3] of this paper, we have shown, using a classification of pencils of quadrics over the reals, how to determine quickly and efficiently the real type of the intersection of two given quadrics. For each real type of intersection, we design, in this third part, an algorithm for computing a near-optimal parameterization. We also give here examples covering all the possible situations, in terms of both the real type of intersection and the number and depth of square roots appearing in the coefficients. Key-words: Intersection of surfaces, quadrics, pencils of quadrics, curve parameterization, singular intersections. ∗ Project Vegas, LORIA (UMR CNRS, INPL, INRIA Lorraine, Universités Nancy 1 & 2), Nancy, France; Firstname.Lastname@loria.fr. † Project Salsa and LIP6 (UMR Université Pierre et Marie Curie and CNRS), Paris, France; Daniel.Lazard@lip6.fr. Paramétrisation quasi-optimale de l’intersection de quadriques : III. Paramétrisation des courbes d’intersection singulières Résumé : Dans la partie II [3] de cet article, nous avons montré, en se basant sur une classification des faisceaux de quadriques de P3(R) sur les réels, comment déterminer rapidement et efficacement le type réel de l’intersection de deux quadriques données. Dans cette troisième partie, nous utilisons l’information collectée pendant la phase de détection du type pour diriger le paramétrage de l’intersection. Dans chaque cas possible, nous donnons la trame d’un algorithme quasi-optimal pour paramétrer la partie réelle de l’intersection et donnons des exemples couvrant toutes les situations possibles en terme de nombre et de profondeur de radicaux impliqués. Mots-clés : Intersection de surfaces, quadriques, faisceaux de quadriques, paramétrisation, intersections singulières. Near-Opt. Param. of the Intersection of Quadrics: III. Parameterizing Singular Intersections 3
Near-Optimal Parameterization of the Intersection of Quadrics : IV . An Efficient and Exact Implementation Sylvain Lazard —

We present the first complete, robust, and efficient C++ implementation for parameterizing the intersection of two implicit quadrics with integer coefficients of arbitrary size. It is based on the near-optimal algorithm presented in Parts I, II, and III [5, 6, 7] of this paper. Our implementation correctly identifies and parameterizes all the algebraic components of the intersection in all cases, returning parameterizations with rational functions whenever such parameterizations exist. In addition, the field of the coefficients of the parameterizations is either of minimal degree or involves one possibly unneeded square root. We also prove upper bounds on the size of the coefficients of the output parameterizations and compare these bounds to observed values. We give other experimental results and present some examples. Key-words: Intersection of surfaces, quadrics, curve parameterization, implementation. ∗ Project Vegas, LORIA (UMR CNRS, INPL, INRIA Lorraine, Universités Nancy 1 & 2), Nancy, France; Firstname.Lastname@loria.fr. † Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Ingeniería y Agrimensura, Universidad Nacional de Rosario, Rosario, Argentina. Work done while this author was visiting LORIA (supported by the International Relations Delegation of INRIA). Paramétrisation quasi-optimale de l’intersection de quadriques : IV. Une implantation exacte et efficace Résumé : Nous présentons la première implantation complète, robuste et efficace pour calculer une paramétrisation exacte de l’intersection de deux quadriques données sous forme implicite avec coefficients entiers. Cette implantation est basée sur l’algorithme présentée dans les Parties I, II et III [5, 6, 7] de cet article. Notre implantation identifie dans tous les cas chaque composante algébrique de l’intersection et en calcule une paramétrisation avec des fonctions rationnelles lorsqu’une telle paramétrisation existe. De plus, le corps des coefficients de la paramétrisation est soit de degré minimal, soit contient une racine carrée qui peut éventuellement être évitée. Nous calculons des bornes supérieures sur la taille des coefficients des paramétrisations calculées et comparons ces bornes aux tailles observées expérimentalement. Nous présentons également d’autres résultats expérimentaux et des exemples. Mots-clés : Intersection de surfaces, quadriques, paramétrisation, implantation. Near-Opt. Param. of the Intersec. of Quadrics: IV. An Efficient and Exact Implementation 3
THYROID NODULE MALIGNANCY BY ULTRASOUND FINDINGS IN A TERTIARY CARE TEACHING HOSPITAL

Background: According to the American Thyroid Association, thyroid nodules are "single lesions inside the thyroid gland, radiologically distinguishable from surrounding thyroid parenchyma" (ATA). Thyroid nodules are critical for a number of clinical applications. Undoubtedly, a dysfunctional thyroid is one of the most common endocrine illnesses in the world. India is not a unique case. According to estimates based on several studies, 42 million people in India are believed to have thyroid disease. Materials and Methods: The Department of Radiodiagnosis at the Kanti Devi Medical College and Research Center in Mathura, India, conducted this cross-sectional investigation. This study comprised 195 females who underwent ultrasonography and had thyroid nodules measuring greater than 1 cm, either suspected or confirmed. Result: Thyroid sonography was performed on 18% of the research participants due to nonspecific indications. Thyroid sonography was performed on the remaining 82 percent of patients due to visual and palpable abnormalities. Additionally, shows that 88.2% and 11.8 percent of the patients, respectively, had benign and malignant tumours. On the other hand, histopathological analyses showed that 90.3% and 9.7%, respectively, of the tumours were benign and malignant. In the present investigation, susceptibility, selectivity, and significant predictive values were 91%, 8.5%, and 50%, respectively. On the other side, the negative predictive value was 47%. In the current study, it was discovered that microcalcifications, solid nodules taller than wide, uneven borders, and increased blood flow within the nodule were all valid indicators of thyroid cancer. Conclusion: According to the findings of this analysis, radiographic evidence is sufficient to distinguish between benign and malignant thyroid tumours. Larger-scale investigations are necessary to develop criteria for thyroid tumour radiological diagnosis.
Optimal statistical inference for subdiffusion processes

Statistical inference for subdiffusion processes is a growing topic of research spurred on by the advent single particle tracking technologies which allow for direct observation of the trajectories of many particles at a time. Often statistical inference is performed using methods derived from the non-ergodicity properties of subdiffusion processes. However, these estimators require in-principle continuous sampling of many long trajectories which is not implementable without introducing some discretisation error, and once the discretisation is performed, the process is more data intensive than methods which require only a single data point per trajectory. Therefore, we consider as an alternative the classical approach to statistical inference using a single long or short increment as data, which is free from these drawbacks. We investigate the Fisher information for the diffusion coefficient and the stability index in order to quantify how much information is available when sampling in these regimes. We observe that the Fisher information for the respective parameters is the same regardless of whether they sampled in the short or long trajectory regime, implying that in the best case scenario a great deal of experimental expense could be saved without the loss of any statistical information regarding the parameters by observing only short increments rather than long ones.
Integrating Complementary and Alternative Medicine Into Conventional Health Care System in Developing Countries

Complementary and alternative medicine has been a part of human life and practices since the beginning of time. The role of complementary and alternative medicine for the health of humans is undisputed particularly in light of its role in health promotion and well-being. This article discusses ways through which complementary and alternative medicine can be promoted and sustained as an integrated element of health care in developing countries. We specifically present the exemplary of Amchi traditional doctors of Northern Himalayas.
A Model for Large Multivariate Spatial Datasets

Multivariate spatial modeling is a rapidly growing field, but most extant models are infeasible for use with massive spatial processes. In this work we introduce a highly flexible, interpretable and scalable multiresolution approach to multivariate spatial modeling. Relying on compactly supported basis functions and Gaussian Markov random field specifications for coefficients results in efficient and scalable calculation routines for likelihood evaluations and co-kriging. We analytically show that special parameterizations approximate popular existing models. Moreover, the multiresolution approach allows for arbitrary specification of scale dependence between processes. We illustrate our approach through Monte Carlo studies to illustrate implied stochastic behavior and test our ability to recover scale dependence, and moreover examine a complex large bivariate observational minimum and maximum temperature dataset over the western United States.
El Niño in a changing climate : a multi-model study

El Niño in a changing climate: a multi-model study G. J. van Oldenborgh, S. Philip, and M. Collins KNMI, De Bilt, The Netherlands Hadley Centre for Climate Prediction and Research, Met Office, Exeter, UK Received: 18 May 2005 – Accepted: 1 June 2005 – Published: 10 June 2005 Correspondence to: G. J. van Oldenborgh (oldenborgh@knmi.nl) © 2005 Author(s). This work is licensed under a Creative Commons License.
Mind Your Mind

A brain-computer interface (BCI) system is a system that leverages brainwave information acquired by a designated brain monitoring device to interact with a computerized system. Over the past 40 years, many BCI applications have been developed in a variety of domains, from entertainment to medical field and even to computer security mechanisms. Until now, the development of BCI systems has focused on improving their accuracy, functionality, and ease of use, and not enough effort and attention has been invested in securing these systems and the sensitive data they acquire. In this article, we present the principles of brain activity data acquisition, with a special focus on EEG, and we present a taxonomy of BCI applications and domains. We also provide a comprehensive survey that covers eight possible attacks aimed at BCI systems. For each BCI application, we created an ecosystem and data and attack flow-diagram, which comprehensively describes the roles and interactions of the players associated with the BCI application and presents the most vulnerable vectors and components within its ecosystem; we identified gaps between existing security solutions and the presented attacks and vulnerabilities. Finally, we provide several concrete suggestions for improving the security of BCI systems in cyber-space.
Automated nutrient analyses in seawater

This manual was assembled for use as a guide for analyzing the nutrient content of seawater samples collected in the marine coastal zone of the Northeast United States and the Bering Sea. Some modifications (changes in dilution or sample pump tube sizes) may be necessary to achieve optimum measurements in very pronounced oligotrophic, eutrophic or brackish areas. Information is presented under the following section headings: theory and mechanics of automated analysis; continuous flow system description; operation of autoanalyzer system; cookbook of current nutrient methods; automated analyzer and data analysis software; computer interfacing and hardware modifications; and trouble shooting. The three appendixes are entitled: references and additional reading; manifold components and chemicals; and software listings. (JGB)
Flow ﬂuctuations in Pb + Pb collisions at √ s NN = 5 . 02 TeV with the ATLAS detector

Measurements of four-particle cumulants c n { 4 } for n = 1 , 2 , 3 , 4 are presented using 470 µ b − 1 of Pb + Pb collisions at √ s NN = 5 . 02 TeV with the ATLAS detector at the LHC. These cumulants provide information on the event-by-event ﬂuctuations of single harmonics p ( v n ). For the ﬁrst time, a negative c 1 { 4 } is observed. The c 4 { 4 } is found to be negative in central collisions but changes sign around 20 − 25% centrality. This behavior is consistent with a nonlinear contribution to v 4 that is proportional to v 22 . c 2 { 4 } and c 3 { 4 } are calculated using two reference event classes in order to investigate the inﬂuence of volume ﬂuctuations. Over most of the centrality range, c 2 { 4 } and c 3 { 4 } are found to be negative, while in the ultra-central collisions, c 2 { 4 } changes sign and becomes positive, suggesting a deviation from Gaussian behavior in the event-by-event ﬂuctuation of v 2 . The magnitudes of the sign change are also found to be dependent of the event class deﬁnition.
International Conference on Ultrarelativistic Nucleus-Nucleus Collisions ( Quark Matter 2018 ) Dielectron measurements in pp and Pb – Pb colllisions with ALICE at the LHC R

The production of low-mass dielectrons is one of the most promising tools for the investigation of chiral symmetry restoration and thermal radiation from the QGP created in heavy-ion collisions. To single out the signal characteristics of the QGP, it is crucial to understand the primordial e+e− pair production in vacuum, i.e. in inelastic proton-proton (pp) collisions. Low-mass dielectrons have been measured with ALICE at the LHC in pp collisions at √ s = 7 and 13 TeV, and in Pb–Pb collisions at √ sNN = 2.76 TeV. An overview of the results on dielectron production is presented, together with their implications for the direct-photon and heavy-quark production.
Impaired Control of Visual Attention in Schizophrenia

To investigate the attentional impairment in schizophrenia, we examined the performance of 22 schizophrenia patients and 16 healthy control participants in four visual search tasks that varied in perceptual requirements and in the need for precise attentional control. The rate of search was slowed in the patients in all tasks. However, the degree of slowing was largest in tasks requiring precise attentional control and smallest in tasks that were perceptually difficult but required less attentional control. This pattern of results indicates that the primary impairment of attention in schizophrenia lies in the control of attention and not in the selection processes that operate once attention has been directed to an object. Almost every description of the cognitive deficits in schizophrenia highlights the importance of impairments in attention, beginning with the rich clinical descriptions of Kraepelin (1919) and Bleuler (1911). These clinical observations have been amply supported by an enormous experimental literature demonstrating a wide variety of behavioral impairments that are thought to reflect deficits in attention. However, the concept of an attention impairment has been used to describe very different patterns of behavioral performance. Consider, for example, these three examples: a) deficits in detecting targets from a series of visual stimuli in continuous performance (CPT) tasks are typically described as resulting from a failure of sustained attention (Cornblatt & Keilp, 1994); b) difficulties reporting cued stimuli when presented with dichotic stimuli are attributed to a failure of selective attention (Baribeau-shift to a new category in the Wisconsin Card Sorting Test (WCST) are often discussed as representing a failure in the ability to shift attention Note that in each of these examples, a deficit in attention is inferred from the failure of a different cognitive system: the CPT involves visual perceptual and motor systems; dichotic listening involves auditory perception and memory; and the WCST primarily involves conceptual representations and response selection. In each instance, it is difficult to disentangle the role of impairments within these cognitive systems from those that might represent the failure of attention to modulate the functioning of these systems. Thus, in light of the range of behavioral abnormalities attributed to some form of attentional dysfunction in the clinical research literature, it is not surprising that cumulative progress in identifying the critical cognitive elements and neural substrate implicated by abnormalities in attention has been slow. In the present study, we sought to isolate more clearly the nature of …