Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry Organic Chemistry Division Commission on Photochemistry* Terminology, Relative Photonic Efficiencies and Quantum Yields in Heterogeneous Photocatalysis. Part I: Suggested Protocol † Terminology, Relative Photonic Efficiencies and Quantum Yields in He

to solicit comments and critiques from the scientific and engineering community. Moreover, during the preparation the draft proposal was submitted to a number of distinguished photochemists and photocatalycists to obtain their views. Republication or reproduction of this report or its storage and/or dissemination by electronic means is permitted without the need for formal IUPAC permission on condition that an acknowledgement, with full reference to the source along with use of the copyright symbol ᭧, the name IUPAC and the year of publication are prominently visible. Publication of a translation into another language is subject to the additional condition of prior approval from the relevant IUPAC National Adhering Organization. Abstract: The term photocatalysis is one amongst several in a quagmire of labels used to describe a photon-driven catalytic process; a simple description of photocatalysis is proposed herein. Other labels such as quantum yield and/or quantum efficiency used in solid/liquid and solid/gas heterogeneous photocatalytic systems to express process efficiencies have come to refer (incorrectly) to the ratio of the rate of a given event to the rate of incident photons impinging on the reactor walls and typically for broadband radiation. There is no accord on the expression for process efficiency. At times quantum yield is defined; often, it is ill-defined and more frequently how it was assessed is not described. This has led to much confusion in the literature, not only because of its different meaning from homogeneous photochemistry, but also because the description of photon efficiency precludes comparison of results from different laboratories owing to variations in light sources, reactor geometries, and overall experimental conditions. The previously reported quantum yields are in fact apparent quantum yields, i.e. lower limits of the true quantum yields. We address this issue and argue that any reference to quantum yields or quantum efficiencies in a heterogeneous medium is inadvisable until the number of photons absorbed by the light harvester (the photocatalyst) is known. A practical and simple alternative is proposed for general use and in particular for processes employing complex reactor geometries: the concept of relative photonic efficiency (␰ r) is useful to compare process efficiencies using a given photocatalyst material and a given standard test molecule. A quantum yield can subsequently be calculated since ⌽ ¼ ␰ r ⌽ phenol , where ⌽ phenol denotes the quantum yield for the photocatalyzed oxidative transformation of phenol used as the standard secondary actinometer and Degussa P-25 …
Non-random asynchronous replication at 22q11.2 favours unequal meiotic crossovers leading to the human 22q11.2 deletion

Background: Analyses of the replication timing at 22q11.2 were prompted by our finding of a statistically significant bias in the origin of the regions flanking the deletion site in patients with 22q11.2 deletions, the proximal region being in the majority of cases of grandmaternal origin. We hypothesised that asynchronous replication may be involved in the formation of the 22q11.2 deletion, the most frequently occurring interstitial deletion in humans, by favouring the mispairing of low-copy repeats. Methods: Replication timing during S phase at 22q11.2 was investigated by fluorescent in situ hybridisation on interphase nuclei. We report on the detection of non-random asynchronous replication at the human chromosome region 22q11.2, an autosomal locus believed not to contain imprinted genes. Results: Asynchronous replication at 22q11.2 was observed without exception in all 20 tested individuals; these comprised individuals with structurally normal chromosomes 22 (10 cases), individuals with translocations involving the locus 22q11.2 (eight cases), and patients with a 22q11.2 deletion (two cases). The non-random nature of the asynchronous replication was observed in all individuals for whom the chromosomes 22 were distinguishable. The earlier replicating allele was found to be of paternal origin in all cases where the parental origin of the translocation or deletion was known.
Links-1 - a parallel pipelined multimicrocomputer system for image creation

A multimicrocomputer system is described, stressing mainly software and hardware architectures, which has been constructed mainly for image creation. This system is distinctive mainly in that (i) 64 unit computers are interconnected with a root computer, each of equal performance, such that a number of unit computers constitute a pipelined computer and such pipelined computers work in parallel, all controlled by the root computer, and (ii) an intercomputer memory swapping unit is introduced, which is to be linked with a pair of unit computers to transfer a great amount of data at a time from one to the other through the use of a bus exchange switch.
The escher document imaging model

Escher, named after the Dutch artist M. C. Escher, is a graphics language designed to support applications for composing complex, publishing quality documents for high resolution printers and displays. These documents may consist of images, text, and graphics (collectively called graphic elements). In Eseher, graphic elements are represented by typed graphic values in the same way that numbers are represented by values of type Integer or Real. For example, Escher has data types for pictures, paths, and transformations. The operations on the graphic data types are purely functional, that is applicative. These operations have no side effects; they only return values. Thus, the graphic data types together with their operations form an algebra of graphic elements. There are two benefits of eliminating side effects in a document description language. First, it is possible to compose a document from existing fragments of text, images and graphics without unwanted interactions among the assembled fragments. Since there is no state component, there is no possibility of one part affecting another part. The second benefit arises in the implementation of the language. Considerable progress has been made in the capabilities of the hardware used to render documents. In particular, parallel architectures are finding more use. Sequential, state oriented languages, such as GKS [1] (with a Fort ran binding) or PostScript ru! [2][3], may limit the amount of parallelism that can be realized. These languages have a graphics state which can be modified between any
A Mesh-Buffer Displacement Optimization Strategy

Clock meshes are an important resource for high performance circuit designers due to its robustness to variability. Until recently, there were no tools able to support the use of clock meshes in automated synthesis flows. In the last years commercial tools were adapted to support clock meshes [1]and the academia has addressed the problems of clock mesh design automation and optimization. However, current optimization techniques are still very preliminary. Many other aspects of the clock mesh design can be explored besides of edge removal and buffer placement explored by [2] and [3]. This paper proposes an algorithm to move the mesh buffers over the mesh wires to a position that minimizes the clock skew at the clock sinks. Experimental data show significant skew reduction using the algorithm presented in this paper. The clock mesh area and capacitance are unaffected by this strategy, therefore no overhead is introduced.
Colorization-Based Compression Using Optimization

In this paper, we formulate the colorization-based coding problem into an optimization problem, i.e., an L1 minimization problem. In colorization-based coding, the encoder chooses a few representative pixels (RP) for which the chrominance values and the positions are sent to the decoder, whereas in the decoder, the chrominance values for all the pixels are reconstructed by colorization methods. The main issue in colorization-based coding is how to extract the RP well therefore the compression rate and the quality of the reconstructed color image becomes good. By formulating the colorization-based coding into an L1 minimization problem, it is guaranteed that, given the colorization matrix, the chosen set of RP becomes the optimal set in the sense that it minimizes the error between the original and the reconstructed color image. In other words, for a fixed error value and a given colorization matrix, the chosen set of RP is the smallest set possible. We also propose a method to construct the colorization matrix that colorizes the image in a multiscale manner. This, combined with the proposed RP extraction method, allows us to choose a very small set of RP. It is shown experimentally that the proposed method outperforms conventional colorization-based coding methods as well as the JPEG standard and is comparable with the JPEG2000 compression standard, both in terms of the compression rate and the quality of the reconstructed color image.
Energy Efficient Optical Burst Switched (OBS)Networks

This paper presents an energy saving technique for optical burst switched networks that reduces energy consumption without significantly degrading the quality of service (QoS) and the connectivity of the network. We propose a distributed algorithm using anycasting an communication paradigm, where the wavelength routed nodes (WRNs) adopt a sleep mode cutting the traffic routed through them. This paper also provides a mathematical framework for calculating the energy per bit (Ebit) across the fiber and the wavelength routed node.
Research Coordination Networks: a phylogeny for kingdom Fungi (Deep Hypha)

Research in fungal phylogenetics and systematics progressed rapidly in the past decade due to advances in DNA sequencing technologies and analytical methods. A newfound wealth of sequence data acquired through community-wide initiatives has advanced the process of acquiring a stable phylogenetic classification of many fungal taxa. Financial support from the National Science Foundation Research Coordination Networks: a phylogeny for kingdom Fungi (Deep Hypha) for 5 y enabled more than 100 fungal systematists to assess the taxon sampling, molecular markers and analytical methods necessary to facilitate such a project. Later a second NSF program provided financial support for the Assembling the Fungal Tree of Life (AFTOL) project to accomplish much of the research. Deep Hypha may be viewed as an involved parent of AFTOL with a continuing role as coordinator of likeminded workers. Many questions posed at the beginning of the Deep Hypha project have been addressed, at least in part, although some details remain to be clarified. Many of the main branches of the fungal tree are stable and well supported, often as a result of multigene analyses that involved collaboration of many laboratories. More work is necessary, however, to resolve certain branching events near the base of the tree, as well as to reconstruct relationships in some terminal groups. The phylogenetic classification in this issue of Mycologia is a product of the AFTOL project and many other independent research initiatives, and it is an initial synthesis of a working classification designed to be used for all majorPUBLICations that require a phylogenetic classification of fungi.
The Implicit Methods for the Study of Tolerance

Tolerance is a tool for achieving a social cohesion, particularly, among individuals and groups with different values. The aim is to study the characteristics of the ethnic tolerance, the inhabitants of Latvia. The ethnic tolerance is taught as a set of conscious and unconscious orientations of the individual in social interaction and inter-ethnic communication. It uses the tools of empirical studies of the ethnic tolerance which allows to identify the explicitly and implicitly levels of the emotional component of Latvia's residents. Explicit measurements were made using the techniques of self-report which revealed the index of the ethnic tolerance and the ethnic identity of the participants. The implicit component was studied using methods based on the effect of the emotional priming. During the processing of the results, there were calculated indicators of the positive and negative implicit attitudes towards members of their own and other ethnicity as well as the explicit parameters of the ethnic tolerance and the ethnic identity of Latvia’s residents. The implicit measurements of the ratio of neighboring ethnic groups against each other showed a mutual negative attitude whereas the explicit measurements indicate a neutral attitude. The data obtained contribute to a further study of the ethnic tolerance of Latvia's residents. Keywords—ethnic tolerance, implicit measure, priming, ethnic
Flying-Fox Species Density - A Spatial Risk Factor for Hendra Virus Infection in Horses in Eastern Australia

Hendra virus causes sporadic but typically fatal infection in horses and humans in eastern Australia. Fruit-bats of the genus Pteropus (commonly known as flying-foxes) are the natural host of the virus, and the putative source of infection in horses; infected horses are the source of human infection. Effective treatment is lacking in both horses and humans, and notwithstanding the recent availability of a vaccine for horses, exposure risk mitigation remains an important infection control strategy. This study sought to inform risk mitigation by identifying spatial and environmental risk factors for equine infection using multiple analytical approaches to investigate the relationship between plausible variables and reported Hendra virus infection in horses. Spatial autocorrelation (Global Moran’s I) showed significant clustering of equine cases at a distance of 40 km, a distance consistent with the foraging ‘footprint’ of a flying-fox roost, suggesting the latter as a biologically plausible basis for the clustering. Getis-Ord Gi* analysis identified multiple equine infection hot spots along the eastern Australia coast from far north Queensland to central New South Wales, with the largest extending for nearly 300 km from southern Queensland to northern New South Wales. Geographically weighted regression (GWR) showed the density of P. alecto and P. conspicillatus to have the strongest positive correlation with equine case locations, suggesting these species are more likely a source of infection of Hendra virus for horses than P. poliocephalus or P. scapulatus. The density of horses, climate variables and vegetation variables were not found to be a significant risk factors, but the residuals from the GWR suggest that additional unidentified risk factors exist at the property level. Further investigations and comparisons between case and control properties are needed to identify these local risk factors.
Histological analysis of fruit development between two melon (Cucumis melo L. reticulatus) genotypes setting a different size of fruit

A major issue in plant development in higher plants is the determination of fruit size. In order to address the mechanism, the histological observation of cells during fruit development between two melon (Cucumis melo L. reticulatus) genotypes, Fuyu A and Natsu 4, was used. Although the two genotypes have nearly identical genetic backgrounds, the fruit of Fuyu A is larger than that of Natsu 4 when grown under the same conditions. The microscopic observation of pericarp cells in several developmental stages showed that there were clear differences in cell size between the two genotypes. In spite of its smaller fruit size, the cell size of Natsu 4 was somewhat larger than that of Fuyu A. The cell proliferation period of Fuyu A was longer than that of Natsu 4, which may account for the difference in the cell number between both genotypes. Surprisingly, the difference in fruit size could also be defined by the number of the cells when each genotype was cultivated in different temperatures. These results suggest that fruit size is determined by the amount of cell proliferation in the early stage of fruit development and that the factor which regulates the amount of cell proliferation is affected by temperature.
Mathematical Morphology: Star/Galaxy Differentiation & Galaxy Morphology Classification

Abstract We present an application of Mathematical Morphology (MM) for the classification of astronomical objects, both for star/galaxy differentiation and galaxy morphology classification. We demonstrate that, for CCD images, 99.3 ± 3.8% of galaxies can be separated from stars using MM, with 19.4 ± 7.9% of the stars being misclassified. We demonstrate that, for photographic plate images, the number of galaxies correctly separated from the stars can be increased using our MM diffraction spike tool, which allows 51.0 ± 6.0% of the high-brightness galaxies that are inseparable in current techniques to be correctly classified, with only 1.4 ± 0.5% of the high-brightness stars contaminating the population. We demonstrate that elliptical (E) and late-type spiral (Sc-Sd) galaxies can be classified using MM with an accuracy of 91.4 ± 7.8%. It is a method involving fewer ‘free parameters’ than current techniques, especially automated machine learning algorithms. The limitation of MM galaxy morphology classification based on seeing and distance is also presented. We examine various star/galaxy differentiation and galaxy morphology classification techniques commonly used today, and show that our MM techniques compare very favourably.
Incorporating guidelines for health assistance into a socially intelligent robot

The world population is getting older and more and more people suffer from a chronic disease such as diabetes. The need for medical (self-)care therefore increases, and we think a personal (robot) assistant could help. This paper gives guidelines for self-care that supports and shows how it could be incorporated in a (embodied) personal assistant. These guidelines were derived from motivational interviewing, persuasive technology, and from existing guidelines for personal assistants. Questions this paper addresses include: Is it possible to incorporate them in a personal assistant? Can a robot have the same kind of dialogs as a text interface? A first experiment, conducted with young participants, showed that the guidelines were best expressed in a socially intelligent iCat in comparison with a nonsocially intelligent iCat, a social and nonsocially intelligent Tiggie, and a text interface. Furthermore it showed that people indeed preferred the iCat over the text interface, possibly because the iCat's social intelligence
Autophagy receptor CALCOCO2/NDP52 takes center stage in Crohn disease

To advance understanding of the complex genetics of Crohn disease (CD) we sequenced 42 whole exomes of patients with CD and five healthy control individuals, resulting in identification of a missense mutation in the autophagy receptor calcium binding and coiled-coil domain 2 (CALCOCO2/NDP52) gene. Protein domain modeling and functional studies highlight the potential role of this mutation in controlling NFKB signaling downstream of toll-like receptor (TLR) pathways. We summarize our recent findings and discuss the role of autophagy as a major modulator of proinflammatory signaling in the context of chronic inflammation.
Modern Systems of Government: Exploring the Role of Bureaucrats and Politicians

Introduction - Ali Farazmand PART ONE: PROFESSIONALISM, BUREAUCRACY, AND MODERN GOVERNANCE Coups and Crashes - Fred W Riggs Lessons for Public Administration Professionalism, Bureaucracy, and Modern Governance - Ali Farazmand A Comparative Analysis Professionalism in Bureaucracy - Renu Khator Some Comparisons Based on the Indian Case The US Civil Service 1883-1993 (RIP) - Frederick Thayer Political Power and the Centrality of Administration - Matthew Holden Jr PART TWO: BUREAUCRATS AND POLITICIANS IN PRESIDENTIAL SYSTEMS The US Constitutional Separation of Powers and Federal Administration - David H Rosenbloom Politics and Bureaucracy - Francis E Rourke Their Impact on Professionalism The Pendleton Act of 1883 and Professionalism in the US Public Service - Paul P Van Riper Transients and Careerists in Latin America - Lawrence S Graham PART THREE: BUREAUCRATS AND POLITICIANS IN PARLIAMENTARY SYSTEMS Bureaucrats and Political Appointees in European Democracies - B Guy Peters Who Is Who and Does It Make Any Difference? Getting On in Government - Francis Terry Political Priorities and Professional Civil Servants PART FOUR: THE STATE OF THE CURRENT STATE 'Honey, I Shrank the State' - Bert A Rockman
Scientific Reasoning and Belief Structure

important to be able to express which theory is believed to be fundamental and which theory is thought to be true. To achieve this expressive power, I propose theory of belief structures (TBS) that describes belief states not in terms of a set of sentences but by a structure. The dominant formal approach of belief revision, the AGM theory, adopts a conservative strategy. However, this does not always conform to the praxes of scientists. Contrarily, TBS admits to taking a progressive strategy and can describe different kinds of belief states. To demonstrate the descriptive power of TBS, it is applied to a description of change in astronomical theory. 1 Theory of Belief Structures In this paper, theory of belief structures (TBS) is proposed. TBS treats a bundle of statements as a unit of belief and takes evaluations of beliefs into consideration. TBS expresses an epistemic state not through a set of sentences but through a structure constructed from a set of sets of sentences and an ordering among them. An early version of TBS was proposed in [6]. (1) Definition of belief structure Let L be a language. The total information that an agent A has at time t is called the belief universe of A at t and denoted by Belief-Universe(A, t). The belief structure of A at time t, denoted by Belief-Structure(A, t), is a two-i) S is a set of sets of sentences in L, and S = Belief-Universe(A, t).
Evading the CKM hierarchy: Intrinsic charm in B decays

We show that the presence of intrinsic charm in the hadrons' light-cone wave functions, even at a few percent level, provides new, competitive decay mechanisms for B decays which are nominally CKM-suppressed. For example, the weak decays of the B-meson to two-body exclusive states consisting of strange plus light hadrons, such as B\to\pi K, are expected to be dominated by penguin contributions since the tree-level b\to s u\bar u decay is CKM suppressed. However, higher Fock states in the B wave function containing charm quark pairs can mediate the decay via a CKM-favored b\to s c\bar c tree-level transition. Such intrinsic charm contributions can be phenomenologically significant. Since they mimic the amplitude structure of ``charming'' penguin contributions, charming penguins need not be penguins at all.
Design of a diagnostic tool to improve the quality of the functional measurement

This document presents the design of a diagnostic tool to assist measurers in applying consistently and systematically a functional measurement method. The design of the diagnostic tool is based on the UML (Unified Mark-up Language) method [7] and a specific application of van Heijst knowledge modeling method [3]. The result is a hybrid diagnostic tool using CBR and rule based techniques.
SSGK: Secure Self-Healing Group Keying for Wireless Sensor Networks

Self-healing key distribution enables users in a large and dynamic group to establish session keys for secure group communication over an unreliable network. The main property of self-healing key distribution is that the users are capable of recovering lost session keys on their own, without requesting additional transmissions from the group manager. In this paper, we propose a self-healing key distribution scheme, called Secure Self-healing Group Keying, for wireless sensor networks. Under an appropriately defined security model, we show that our scheme outperforms previous research work in terms of storage and communication overhead.