Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Phase relations of interneuronal activity relative to theta rhythm

The theta rhythm plays a crucial role in synchronizing neural activity during attention and memory processes. However, the mechanisms behind the formation of neural activity during theta rhythm generation remain unknown. To address this, we propose a mathematical model that explains the distribution of interneurons in the CA1 field during the theta rhythm phase. Our model consists of a network of seven types of interneurons in the CA1 field that receive inputs from the CA3 field, entorhinal cortex, and local pyramidal neurons in the CA1 field. By adjusting the parameters of the connections in the model. We demonstrate that it is possible to replicate the experimentally observed phase relations between interneurons and the theta rhythm. Our model predicts that populations of interneurons receive unimodal excitation and inhibition with coinciding peaks, and that excitation dominates to determine the firing dynamics of interneurons.
Adaptive optics self-calibration using differential OTF (dOTF)

We demonstrate self-calibration of an adaptive optical system using differential OTF [Codona, JL; Opt. Eng. 0001; 52(9):097105-097105. doi:10.1117/1.OE. 52.9. 097105]. We use a deformable mirror (DM) along with science camera focal plane images to implement a closed-loop servo that both flattens the DM and corrects for non-common-path aberrations within the telescope. The pupil field modification required for dOTF measurement is introduced by displacing actuators near the edge of the illuminated pupil. Simulations were used to develop methods to retrieve the phase from the complex amplitude dOTF measurements for both segmented and continuous sheet MEMS DMs and tests were performed using a Boston Micromachines continuous sheet DM for verification. We compute the actuator correction updates directly from the phase of the dOTF measurements, reading out displacements and/or slopes at segment and actuator positions. Through simulation, we also explore the effectiveness of these techniques for a variety of photons collected in each dOTF exposure pair.
The spatiotemporal richness of hummingbird wing deformations

Animals exhibit rich diversity in form, including in tissues whose function depends on deforming. In fluidic locomotion, deformations contribute to aspects of performance ranging from propulsive efficiency to environmental navigation, but it is challenging to quantify and compare dynamic morphological variation. There are many possible ways to quantify morphology but their correspondence to dynamic variation among distinct behaviours is unclear. We contrasted dynamic wing shape variation of hoverfeeding hummingbirds during distinct flight challenges to assess how morphological plasticity contributes to their aerial agility. We sought to quantify the principal axes of shape variation (shape variables) and their relationships to conventional descriptors of wing shape like wing twist and area. The first four shape variables collectively explained >95% of the dynamical variation in wing shape and decomposed shape changes into a frequency spectrum of in- and out-of-plane deformation components. To varying degrees, these shape variables were interpretable as aspects of conventional two- and three-dimensional morphology, particularly the dominant contributions of wing twisting (∼80% of shape variation) and area changes (∼10% of shape variation). However, variation in wing morphology among behaviours was not predicted by each shape variable’s explained variance, but instead by stroke cycle subintervals associated with specific shape changes. We identified pronounced out-of-plane deformations throughout the stroke cycle while hoverfeeding in front of a visual barrier, whereas in-plane deformations during the upstroke and pronation were especially prominent during submaximum load lifting. Our study highlights the complexity of shape changes in biological tissues during active behaviour, and how dynamic morphology contributes to agile fluidic locomotion.
Metabolic flux regulates growth transitions and antibiotic tolerance in uropathogenic Escherichia coli

Reducing growth and limiting metabolism are strategies that allow bacteria to survive exposure to environmental stress and antibiotics. During infection, uropathogenic Escherichia coli (UPEC) may enter a quiescent state that enables them to reemerge after completion of successful antibiotic treatment. Many clinical isolates, including the well characterized UPEC strain CFT073, also enter a metabolite-dependent, quiescent state in vitro that is reversible with cues, including peptidoglycan-derived peptides and amino acids. Here, we show that quiescent UPEC is antibiotic tolerant and demonstrate that metabolic flux in the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle regulates the UPEC quiescent state via succinyl-CoA. We also demonstrate that the transcriptional regulator complex IHF and the FtsZ-interacting protein ZapE, which is important for E. coli division during stress, are essential for UPEC to enter the quiescent state. Notably, in addition to engaging FtsZ and late-stage cell division proteins, ZapE also interacts directly with TCA cycle enzymes in bacterial two hybrid assays. We report direct interactions between succinate dehydrogenase complex subunit SdhC, the late-stage cell division protein FtsN, and ZapE. These interactions likely enable communication between oxidative metabolism and the cell division machinery in UPEC. Moreover, these interactions are conserved in an E. coli K-12 strain. This work suggests that there is coordination among the two fundamental and essential pathways that regulate overall growth, quiescence, and antibiotic susceptibility. Importance Uropathogenic Escherichia coli (UPEC) are the leading cause of urinary tract infections (UTIs). Upon invasion into bladder epithelial cells, UPEC establish quiescent intracellular reservoirs that may lead to antibiotic tolerance and recurrent UTIs. Here, we demonstrate using an in vitro system that quiescent UPEC cells are tolerant to ampicillin and have decreased metabolism characterized by succinyl-CoA limitation. We identify the global regulator the IHF complex and the cell division protein ZapE as critical regulators of quiescence and antibiotic tolerance. Lastly, we show ZapE interacts with components of both the cell division machinery and the TCA cycle, and this interaction is conserved in non-pathogenic E. coli, establishing a novel link between cell division and metabolism.
Testing and Revising the Human Development Sequence Theory using Agent-Based Simulation and Data

Agent-based modeling is a promising tool for studying emergent macro-phenomena from micro-level mechanisms. We propose a methodology for converting theories about social change into mathematical agent-based models. These models are then analyzed to identify specific relationships between macro and micro variables, allowing us to identify which micro-level mechanisms are best supported by the available data. We apply our method to the human development sequence theory, showing that although the theory is supported by correlational evidence, the sequence of economic growth, democracy and emancipation stated by the theory is not entirely consistent with data. We then use the data and agent-based modeling to propose several plausible modifications of the theory, including the role of elites and economic inequality, which better explain the data. In general, we provide a framework in which macro-level non-linearities allow to derive and test theory's micro-level implications empirically and formally.
A comparative study of long-time series of global-scale albedo products

ABSTRACT Albedo is a key variable in the study of global or regional earth system models. High-quality albedo products are helpful for the accurate analysis and prediction of the Earth’s environment and climate. This paper analyzes the similarities and differences in several global-scale albedo products. The conclusions are as follows: (1) Ignoring the downward radiation weight leads to a maximum deviation of ±0.2 in the mean albedo in space and time; (2) Most of the products have good consistency at the global scale, especially after 2000, the consistency in the middle latitudes is better than that in the low latitudes and high latitudes; (3) Although there are obvious inter-annual variations and zonal differences in global mean albedo data from 2000 to 2020, the overall trend is not significant. The complex spatio-temporal variation of albedo requires high-quality remote sensing products to characterize its details. However, existing datasets do not show good agreement in these details, and more efforts are needed in this area.
Force tracking control of an electro-hydraulic control loading system on a flight simulator using inverse model control and a damping compensator

The electro-hydraulic control loading system (EHCLS) of a flight simulator is mainly used to simulate the force feel of flying a real airplane. A double-loop model, including control and hydraulic mechanism of the EHCLS, is established and its force–displacement impedance is analysed to evaluate force tracking performances and its stability. An approximated feed-forward inverse model controller is designed using a zero phase error compensation method for expanding the frequency bandwidth of the inner loop because the identified force closed-loop model is a nonminimum phase system and its direct inverse model is unstable. Modelling error between the designed feed-forward inverse model and the actual plant is discussed and a damping compensator is presented to increase stability of the EHCLS. Theoretical analysis, simulation and experimental results show that the control methods presented are feasible and can effectively improve force feel fidelity and stability of the EHCLS.
Comparing the Lifetimes of two Brands of Batteries

In this paper, we report a case study that illustrates the importance in interpreting the results from statistical tests, and shows the difference between practical importance and statistical significance. This case study presents three sets of data concerning the performance of two brands of batteries. The data are easy to describe and understand, familiar to students, and allow a range of analyses, from simple to more complex. The data were the basis of a claim made in an advertisement, and this claim is re-assessed using the data to show that the company undersold the performance of their batteries from a statistical point-of-view in one of the three tests. However, a challenge is how such a conclusion can be communicated to the public succinctly but correctly.
Search for pair production of vector-like partners of the top quark (T), with T -> tH, H->gamma gamma

The recent discovery of a Higgs boson at the LHC sets strong constraints on a simple, sequential third generation of quarks. Still, the presence of new physics is necessary to stabilize the mass of the Higgs boson, if one wants to avoid an unnaturally highlevel of fine tuning of the theory. In supersymmetry, bosonic top quark partners would cancel the loops that induce this large instability. Similarly, fermionic top quark partner quarks can also serve this purpose.We present a search for a new T particle, which is a vector-like partner of the top quark, focusing on the T quark pair production.We use data collected with the CMS experiment during the year 2012, in proton-proton collisions at the LHC at a centre-of-mass energy of 8 TeV.Older searches for heavy vector-like-quarks focused separately either on the T -¿ bW or T -¿ tZ final states. The precise knowledge of the Higgs boson mass now allows to target the T -¿ tH decay as well.Here we focus exclusively on events with at least one top partner undergoing the T -¿ tH decay chain; in order to ensure a Higgs bosonis actually present in the final state, we exploit the Higgs to diphoton final state. Presented at EPS-HEP 2015 European Physical Society Conference on High Energy Physics 2015 Search for pair production of vector-like partners of the top quark (T), with T→ tH,H→γγ G. Fasanella on behalf of the CMS collaboration∗ IIHE-ULB, Université Libre de Bruxelles and Università Sapienza di Roma E-mail: gfasanel@cern.ch We present a search for a heavy vector-like quark with charge 2/3 (top partner, T). We search for events where the top partner is produced in pairs and where at least one of them decays into a top quark and a Higgs boson. We focus on the decays of the Higgs boson to photons to allow for full mass reconstruction. The observed data are in agreement with the standard model prediction. We proceed to set observed (expected) 95% confidence level upper limits on the production cross section of strong TT̄ production, excluding the existence of top quark partners with mass up to 540 (607) GeV using 19.7 fb−1 of integrated luminosity. The European Physical Society Conference on High Energy Physics 22–29 July 2015 Vienna, Austria ∗Contribution to the poster session c © Copyright owned by the author(s) under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License (CC BY-NC-ND 4.0). http://pos.sissa. it/ Search for vector-like partners of the top quark
The lattice gauge theory approach to quantum chromodynamics

The author reviews in a pedagogical fashion some of the recent developments in lattice quantum chromodynamics. This review emphasizes explicit examples and illustrations rather than general proofs and analyses. It begins with a discussion of the heavy-quark potential in continuum quantum chromodynamics. Asymptotic freedom and renormalization-group improved perturbation theory are discussed. A simple dielectric model of confinement is considered as an intuitive guide to the vacuum of non-Abelian gauge theories. Next, the Euclidean form of lattice gauge theory is introduced, and an assortment of calculational methods are reviewed. These include high-temperature expansions, duality, Monte Carlo computer simulations, and weak coupling expansions. A Λ- parameter calculation for asymptotically free-spin models is presented. The Hamiltonian formulation of lattice gauge theory is presented and is illustrated in the context of flux tube dynamics. Roughening transitions, Casimir forces, and the restoration of rotational symmetry are discussed. Mechanisms of confinement in lattice theories are illustrated in the two-dimensional electrodynamics of the planar model and the U(1) gauge theory in four dimensions. Generalized actions for SU(2) gauge theories and the relevance of monopoles and strings to crossover phenomena are considered. A brief discussion of the continuity of fields and topological charge in asymptotically free lattice models is presented. The final major topic of this review concerns lattice fermions. The species doubling problem and its relation to chiral symmetry are illustrated. Staggered Euclidean fermion methods are discussed in detail, with an emphasis on species counting, remnants of chiral symmetry, Block spin variables, and the axial anomaly. Numerical methods for including fermions in computer simulations are considered. Jacobi and Gauss-Siedel inversion methods to obtain the fermion propagator in a background gauge field are reviewed. Langevin, pseudofermion Monte Carlo methods, and random walk methods are discussed, as are proposals for including the fermion determinant in computer simulations. Finally, spontaneous chiral symmetry breaking in lattice models is discussed. The review ends with brief remarks about present research directions.
The Structure, Energetics and Propagation of Rotating Convective Storms. Part II: Helicity and Storm Stabilization

Abstract Rotating “supercell” thunderstorms are shown to be characterized by high helicity, the vector inner product of velocity and vorticity, which is obtained both from the mean flow in which they are embedded and from buoyancy enrichment. Some unique properties of supercell helical flow are described, including a tendency for trajectory rotation to be reversed from parcel vorticity. A simple helical (Beltrami) flow model resembles gross supercell structure and also provides a prediction of storm motion. Since theory, closure model calculations and numerical simulations indicate that helicity suppresses turbulent dissipation, it is suggested that supercells owe their noted stability and long life to this effect. Enhanced predictability of such storms is then expected and is apparently seen in some results of Wilhelmson and Klemp. It is concluded that rotating storm structure and propagation must involve a compromise between the energetic effects discussed by Lilly in Part I of this study and those cons.
Eigenvalue and nodal properties on quantum graph trees

We consider the Schrödinger operator on a finite tree with linear separate (e.g. Dirichlet or Neumann) conditions at the boundary. The potential q is assumed to be real-valued, positive and finite. At the interior vertices the solution has to be continuous and smooth in a certain way (Kirchhoff's or δ-type condition). Using oscillation theory we derive first for radial and then for general trees the interlacing property: the eigenvalues of the tree problem lie between the eigenvalues of the problems of subtrees joining at an arbitrary vertex. From this we can derive some eigenvalue asymptotics. Moreover we can generalize Sturm's Theorem from the interval to a tree: the nth eigenfunction has n nodal domains. *In memoriam Z. E. Schapotschnikow.
UAV-Assisted Wireless Networks for Stringent Applications: Resource Allocation and Positioning

In natural disasters and unforeseen incidents, such as floods, earthquakes and hurricanes, the traditional communication infrastructure may become unavailable to support the emergency tele-operations. Under such circumstances, deploying unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) as small flying base stations is seen as a promising solution to provide real-time data communication between physicians and remote robots in both up-link and down-link directions with strict transmission requirements. This paper studies the joint optimization problem of resource allocation and UAVs positioning in UAV-assisted wireless networks with the goal of minimizing the number of deployed UAVs. Since the formulated problem is a non-convex mixed-integer non-linear programming problem, efficient heuristic and genetic solutions are proposed. Simulation results show that the proposed heuristic algorithm approaches the genetic one with an important reduction in computational complexity.
Combining Full Wafer Inspection with Deep Learning to Recognize Wafers with Critical Defects

The paper will present an approach to automate and accelerate detection of defective wafers in high-volume manufacturing by innovatively complementing fast, non-contact and non-destructive photoluminescence wafer mapping with smart image classification using deep learning methods. Specific focus is on distinguishing wafers with regularly occurring defect patterns in the measurement from those revealing atypical patterns from buried, electrically active defects, which are hard to detect by visual inspection of the photoluminescence map. The latter should be reliably and automatically identified after the measurement, thus preventing decrease of production reliability or even product failure through the introduction of further measures on the affected wafers.This task has been treated as an image classification problem for which neural networks-based algorithms were developed. On the one hand, these algorithms deliver promising classification results for the use-case specific wafer maps that are ready for critical assessment by process experts and for comparison to other defect identification techniques. On the other hand, the developed algorithms were verified to perform well on commonly available reference data.
Performance Investigation of Switched Reluctance Motor Drive System Under Firing Angles Variation

In average torque control system of switched reluctance motor (SRM), the phase currents are shaped to meet specific speed and torque. This should be realized at high efficiency and with low torque ripple over a wide range of operating conditions. In this context, the firing angles, turn-on ($\theta_{on}$), turn-off ($\theta_{off)}$, and accordingly dwell ($\theta_{dwe}$n) angles, should be selected to maximize the performance of the motor at various operating conditions. Practically, optimization is used to determine the firing angles that are suitable for each operating point on the torque speed map. In this regard, many conflicting objectives should be considered when choosing the optimal conduction angles. Among these objectives, reducing the torque ripple and maximizing the torque per ampere are the most important. In this work, the effects of turn-on and turn-off angles on these objectives will be investigated. For this purpose, simulation two SRM converters are considered.
Propulsion System Based on the NPC Multi-Source Inverter for Battery Hybrid Trams: Experimental Validation

Hybrid tram vehicles with a connection to the overhead line and onboard batteries present many advantages, including effective braking energy recovery, reduced current absorption from the overhead wire, and partial catenary-free operation. For their connection to the vehicle dc bus, the batteries require bulky and heavy dc/dc converters that are sized for the peak power rating of the storage system. This paper presents the experimental validation of a non-conventional battery hybrid propulsion system employing the NPC Multi-Source Inverter. The Multi-Source Inverter provides an additional connection between the battery and the traction motors and can thus be used to partly bypass the dc/dc converter and reduce its power rating. The experiments on a small-scale lab prototype validate the envisioned control of the architecture and attest to its potential of reducing significantly the peak current rating of the dc/dc converter, with expected savings in terms of weight, volume, and power losses.
Performance Comparison of Six-Phase PM Machine with Several Winding Layouts for EV Applications

This paper presents integrated on-board battery charging of electric vehicles (EVs) utilizing a six-phase drivetrain; namely, a six-phase permanent magnet (PM) machine equipped with fractional slot concentrated winding (FSCW) and a six-phase inverter. Integrated chargers outperform conventional on-board battery chargers (OBCs) since they exploit the propulsion elements in the charging process, which yields a reduction in the cost and weight of the EVs. Various FSCW slot/pole combinations have shown promise in EV applications, such as 12-slot/l0-pole and 18-slot/l6-pole. However, six-phase windings, i.e., dual threephase (D3P), symmetrical six-phase (S6P), and asymmetrical sixphase (A6P), are not viable for all slot/pole combinations. For example, the six-phase 18-slot/l6-pole machine can only be configured with a D3P winding configuration. Moreover, it is proven in the literature that the A6P is better than the D3P under the EV charging process from the radial forces’ perspective. Thus, this paper presents a comprehensive comparison of two six-phase integrated battery chargers using surface-mount permanent magnet (SPM) machines with D3P and pseudo six-phase (P6P) winding arrangements. The machine is first designed based on the magnetic equivalent circuit (MEC) model and optimized based on multi-objective genetic algorithm (MOGA). Finally, finite element (FE) simulations have been carried out to assess the two winding layouts under both operational modes. The P6P winding layout outperforms the D3P in the propulsion mode, offering a6% torque density enhancement, and in the charging mode, offering a much lower radial force.