Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Isolation and characterization of the Fc receptor from the fetal yolk sac of the rat

The yolk sac of the fetal rat and the proximal small intestine of the neonatal rat selectively transport maternal IgG. IgG-Fc receptors are thought to mediate transport across the epithelium of both tissues. We used a mouse mAb (MC-39) against the 45-54-kD component of the Fc receptor of the neonatal intestine to find an antigenically related protein that might function as an Fc receptor in fetal yolk sac. In immunoblots of yolk sac, MC-39 recognized a protein band with apparent molecular mass of 54-58 kD. MC-39 bound to the endoderm of yolk sac in immunofluorescence studies. In immunogold-labeling experiments MC-39 was associated mainly with small vesicles in the apical cytoplasm and in the region near the basolateral membrane of endodermal cells. The MC- 39 cross-reactive protein and beta 2-microglobulin, a component of the intestinal Fc receptor, were copurified from detergent-solubilized yolk sac by an affinity purification that selected for proteins which, like the intestinal receptor, bound to IgG at pH 6.0 and eluted at pH 8.0. In summary, the data suggest that we have isolated the Fc receptor of the yolk sac and that this receptor is structurally and functionally related to the Fc receptor of the neonatal intestine. An unexpected finding is that, unlike the intestinal receptor which binds maternal IgG on the apical cell surface, the yolk sac receptor appears to bind IgG only within apical compartments which we suggest represent the endosomal complex.
An Economist's Guide to U.S. V Microsoft

We analyze the central economic issues raised by U.S. v Microsoft. Network effects and economies of scale in applications programs created a barrier to entry for new operating system competitors, which the combination of Netscape Navigator and the Java programming language potentially could have lowered. Microsoft took actions to eliminate this threat to its operating system monopoly, and some of Microsoft's conduct very likely harmed consumers. While we recognize the risks of the government's proposed structural remedy of splitting Microsoft in two, we are pessimistic that a limited conduct remedy would be effective in this case.
Modelling spatial variability of saturated hydraulic conductivity using Fourier series analysis

Abstract A study was conducted to develop a computer model to simulate the spatial variability of field-measured saturated hydraulic conductivity (Ks ) using Fourier series analysis. Ks measurements, both in situ and in the laboratory, were made at 150 and 300 mm depths at regular intervals of 4.6 m on two perpendicular transects crossing each other at the centre of a no-till field. Three Fourier series models, with a finite number of harmonics, were developed to simulate the variability in Ks values. These models included the regular Fourier series model, the half-range Fourier series model with only cosine terms, and the half-range Fourier series model with only sine terms. Also, a test of significance was conducted with the first five and eight terms of the Fourier series models. This test indicated that with only five or eight terms model performances were not significantly different from each other at the 0.05 level. The overall results of this study indicated that spatial variability in the Ks measu.
On the Volume and Resolution of 3-Dimensional Convex Graph Drawing ( Extended Abstract )

We address the problem of drawing a 3-connected planar graph as a convex polyhedron in R 3. We give an eecient algorithm for producing such a realization using O(n) volume under the vertex-resolution rule. Each vertex in the drawing resulting from this method is guaranteed to need no more than O(n logn) bits to represent (as a pair of rational numbers). This solves an open problem of Cohen, Eades, Lin, and Ruskey. We also show that under the angular-resolution rule drawing a 3-connected planar graph as a convex polyhedron in R 3 requires at least exponential volume in the worst case.
Do we mean the same?: disambiguation of extracted keyword queries for database search

Users often try to accumulate information on a topic of interest from multiple information sources. In this case a user's informational need might be expressed in terms of an available relevant document, e.g. a web-page or an e-mail attachment, rather than a query. Database search engines are mostly adapted to the queries manually created by the users. In case a user's informational need is expressed in terms of a document, we need algorithms that map keyword queries automatically extracted from this document to the database content. In this paper we analyze the impact of selected document and database statistics on the effectiveness of keyword disambiguation for manually created as well as automatically extracted keyword queries. Our evaluation is performed using a set of user queries from the AOL query log and a set of queries automatically extracted from Wikipedia articles both executed against the Internet Movie Database (IMDB). Our experimental results show that (1) knowledge of the document context is crucial in order to extract meaningful keyword queries; (2) statistics which enable effective disambiguation of user queries are not sufficient to achieve the same quality for the automatically extracted requests.
Appendix 1 Storyboard , the Birth of an Age of Conan Guild

The growing role of communication using computers in people’s everyday lives is reflected by the debates about massive multiplayer online role playing games (MMOs) like World of Warcraft and the Internet as a whole. While people may be driven by the same psychological drives that have spurred interaction between people in the past, this interaction is increasingly facilitated with the use of computer mediated communication (CMC). Can strong relations form between people that are separated by great distances in space using CMC? The presence of strong relations in MMOs could open the possibility for MMO communities to thrive. A social network analysis of a MMO guild with 50 members was conducted using an online survey, which produced a non-response rate of 50 percent. Participants were asked about their age, the time they had spent in the guild and their gender in order to explain the social structure of the networks. They were then asked to state the strength of their relations with each of the other members of the guild on a scale from ―one, neutral‖ to ―five, strong friendship‖. The social network analysis program Pajek was used to investigate the characteristics of the social network using so called sociograms. The essay concludes that numerous strong relations exist within the guild and that a long time spent in the guild increases the number of strong relations a guild member has. The results show that guilds may form the cohesive backbone of MMO communities and proposes that future research be conducted on the brokerage between guilds in MMO communities in order to produce a comprehensive view of the social structure of MMO communities.
Transient Receptor Potential A1 Is a Sensory Receptor for Multiple Products of Oxidative Stress

Transient receptor potential A1 (TRPA1) is expressed in a subset of nociceptive sensory neurons where it acts as a sensor for environmental irritants, including acrolein, and some pungent plant ingredients such as allyl isothiocyanate and cinnamaldehyde. These exogenous compounds activate TRPA1 by covalent modification of cysteine residues. We have used electrophysiological methods and measurements of intracellular calcium concentration ([Ca2+]i) to show that TRPA1 is activated by several classes of endogenous thiol-reactive molecules. TRPA1 was activated by hydrogen peroxide (H2O2; EC50, 230 μm), by endogenously occurring alkenyl aldehydes (EC50: 4-hydroxynonenal 19.9 μm, 4-oxo-nonenal 1.9 μm, 4-hydroxyhexenal 38.9 μm) and by the cyclopentenone prostaglandin, 15-deoxy-Δ12,14-prostaglandin J2 (15d-PGJ2, EC50: 5.6 μm). The effect of H2O2 was reversed by treatment with dithiothreitol indicating that H2O2 acts by promoting the formation of disulfide bonds whereas the actions of the alkenyl aldehydes and 15d-PGJ2 were not reversed, suggesting that these agents form Michael adducts. H2O2 and the naturally occurring alkenyl aldehydes and 15d-PGJ2 acted on a subset of isolated rat and mouse sensory neurons [∼25% of rat dorsal root ganglion (DRG) and ∼50% of nodose ganglion neurons] to evoke a depolarizing inward current and an increase in [Ca2+]i in TRPA1 expressing neurons. The abilities of H2O2, alkenyl aldehydes and 15d-PGJ2 to raise [Ca2+]i in mouse DRG neurons were greatly reduced in neurons from trpa1−/− mice. Furthermore, intraplantar injection of either H2O2 or 15d-PGJ2 evoked a nocifensive/pain response in wild-type mice, but not in trpa1−/− mice. These data demonstrate that multiple agents produced during episodes of oxidative stress can activate TRPA1 expressed in sensory neurons.
Fair Scheduling Strategy for Delay-Sensitive Handover of IEEE 802.16 Real-Time Communications

The existing IEEE 802.16 is a series of Wireless Broadband standards known as WiMAX as an important technology for providing high-speed Internet access to home and business subscribers in a wide area cellular network. It has defined real time and non-real time services. But the standard does not specify transmission scheduling schemes to support the services. In order to support the delay sensitive handover calls with multiple quality of service (QoS) of the services with fairness, this paper divides a waiting queue into a sleep queue and a ready queue. Our simulation results show that the analytical model is good agreement with the simulation model, and the proposed scheme can improves the fairness index at the expense of increasing that of higher delay-sensitive traffics without degrading the new call blocking probability, and the carried traffic.
Comparative analysis of choice reaction times with randomly variable foreperiods in normal individuals and schizophrenic patients

Background: Reaction time (RT) is an index of brains biological efficiency. RT can indicate sensorimotor variability with varying foreperiods (FPs) and can indicate mental dysfunction like schizophrenia. Aims and Objective: Objective was to analyze the effect variable FPs on RTs in controls and schizophrenic patients. Materials and Methods: The study was conducted at Topiwala National Medical College, Mumbai, on 80 normal controls and 80 schizophrenic patients in the age group of 20-50 years. Digital RT apparatus (RTM-608) manufactured by Bio-Tech., with a maximum resolution time of 0.0001 s was used. Auditory RT (ART) and visual RT (VRT) with randomly variable FPs (2, 4, and 6 s) were recorded in controls and schizophrenic patients. Results: Two-way ANOVA with replication in MS Office Excel was used to analyze results. ARTs and VRTs in schizophrenic patients were significantly slower than that in controls with P = 1.4336E-215 with F = 6779.53969 and P = 2.5966E-209 with F = 6161.152654, respectively. The condition effect was also significant with ARTs and VRTs, increasing in patients with increase in the FPs with P = 4.84285E-16 with F = 73.35131426 (ART) and P = 2.72532E-14 with F = 63.68037666 (VRT), respectively. The Group X condition interaction also was significant with P = 8.80207E-12 with F = 50.27084108 in case of ARTs and P = 1.21054E-10 with F = 44.36301991 in case of VRTs. Conclusion: This shows that variation in FPs results in slower RTs in schizophrenic patients than in controls.
KCL-MTH-04-03 hep-th/0402140 The IIA, IIB and eleven dimensional theories and their common E11 origin.

We show that the commonly considered half BPS solutions of eleven dimensional super-gravity and the ten dimensional type II theories, when expressed in terms of E 11 group elements, take the universal form exp(− 1 2 lnN β · H) exp((1 − N)E β). Using this formula we find new potential solutions to the E 11 non-linearly realisations corresponding to active fields which are beyond those in the supergravity approximations. These include the space filling nine brane of the IIB theory. We use E 11 to give a correspondence between the fields of the eleven dimensional and the IIA and IIB non-linear realisations without assuming any dimensional reduction. As one consequence, we find the eleven dimensional origin of the eight brane solution of the massive IIA theory.
Cluster and super cluster based intrusion detection and prevention techniques for JellyFish Reorder Attack

Denial of service (DoS) is malignant attack in MANET which is difficult to detect and defend. Jellyfish is a new DoS attack which is categorized as JF Reorder Attack, JF Periodic Dropping Attack, JF Delay Variance Attack. Out of these three, JF Reorder is the most effective one. It disrupts the whole functionality of TCP and further produces zero goodput. So its detection and prevention becomes very crucial. In this paper we have proposed two novel JF Reorder attack detection techniques i.e. Cluster Based Intrusion Detection and Prevention Technique (CBIDPT) and Super Cluster Based Intrusion Detection and Prevention Technique (SCBIDPT) and also calculated the improvement done by these techniques on the performance of the network. These techniques improve the goodput of the network while introducing some delay.
An FDI approach for aircraft actuator lock-in-place fault

In this paper, an adaptive observer approach is developed to detect and isolate aircraft actuator faults. Particularly, the fault of actuator locked in place is considered. In a multiple-model scheme, a bank of parallel observers are constructed, each of which is based on a model that describes the system in the presence of a particular actuator fault. The observers are designed by eigenstructure assignment based on a modified form of the standard observer to generate fault-dependant residual signals, such that when a model matches the system, the residual signal will be zero. Otherwise, the residual will be non-zero and governed uniquely by the faulty signal. For locked actuators in which the locked position is additional unknown, we develop an adaptive scheme to estimate the unknown parameter. We prove that the proposed adaptive algorithm guarantees the convergence of residual signal when a model matches the plant. By further designing a model-matching index, the fault can be isolated accurately.
D-brane chemistry

We study several different kinds of bound states built from D-branes and orientifolds. These states are to atoms what branonium — the bound state of a brane and its anti-brane — is to positronium, inasmuch as they typically involve a light brane bound to a much heavier object with conserved charges which forbid the system's decay. We find the fully relativistic motion of a probe Dp'-brane in the presence of source Dp-branes is integrable by quadratures. Keplerian conic sections are obtained for special choices for p and p' and the systems are shown to be equivalent to non-relativistic systems. Their quantum behaviour is also equivalent to the corresponding non-relativistic limit. In particular the p = 6, p' = 0 case is equivalent to a non-relativistic dyon in a magnetic monopole background, with trajectories in the surface of a cone. We also show that the motion of probe branes about D6-branes in IIA theory is equivalent to the motion of the corresponding probes in the uplift to M theory in 11 dimensions, for which there are no D6-branes but their fields are replaced by a particular Taub-NUT geometry. We further discuss the interactions of D-branes and orientifold planes having the same dimension. This system behaves at large distances as a brane-brane system but at shorter distances it does not have the tachyon instability.
Lysosomal storage disease upon disruption of the neuronal chloride transport protein ClC-6

Mammalian CLC proteins function as Cl− channels or as electrogenic Cl−/H+ exchangers and are present in the plasma membrane and intracellular vesicles. We now show that the ClC-6 protein is almost exclusively expressed in neurons of the central and peripheral nervous systems, with a particularly high expression in dorsal root ganglia. ClC-6 colocalized with markers for late endosomes in neuronal cell bodies. The disruption of ClC-6 in mice reduced their pain sensitivity and caused moderate behavioral abnormalities. Neuronal tissues showed autofluorescence at initial axon segments. At these sites, electron microscopy revealed electron-dense storage material that caused a pathological enlargement of proximal axons. These deposits were positive for several lysosomal proteins and other marker proteins typical for neuronal ceroid lipofuscinosis (NCL), a lysosomal storage disease. However, the lysosomal pH of Clcn6−/− neurons appeared normal. CLCN6 is a candidate gene for mild forms of human NCL. Analysis of 75 NCL patients identified ClC-6 amino acid exchanges in two patients but failed to prove a causative role of CLCN6 in that disease.
Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine

Basic Biochemistry | www.austinpublishinggroup. com/ebooks Copyright  Hosseini SM. This book chapter is open access distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which allows users to download, copy and build upon published articles even for commercial purposes, as long as the author and publisher are properly credited. Seyed Mojtaba Hosseini1* and Parisa Tabeshmehr2 1Department of Agricultural Extension & Education, University of Tehran, Iran 2Student Research Committee, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran *Corresponding author: Seyed Mojtaba Hosseini, Student Research Committee, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran. Email ID: hoseini2010m@gmail.com
Toward a More Conclusive Understanding of the Relationship between Musical Training and Reading

A burgeoning question in understanding literacy development is whether engaging in musical training directly transfers benefits to reading-related skills. Although, there is considerable data examining transfer effects of musical training on literacy skills, results from these studies have been largely inconclusive (Anvari et al. To further delineate the potential effects that musical training has on developing reading skills Gordon et al. (2015) reviewed controlled training studies and evaluated whether the research demonstrated positive evidence for a direct transfer hypothesis. Using a meta-analytic approach to evaluate the efficacy of musical training for language outcomes and identify the attributes of music training paradigms that are relevant to specific reading outcomes, the authors focused on literature that addressed training, pre-post-assessment designs, and constancy of reading instruction. This work is an important touchstone for future work for two reasons. First, it highlights with greater specificity what skills may be transferred between musical training and reading. Second, it promotes further investigation of the impact of musical training on literacy skills by outlining potential moderators and study design factors central for future longitudinal work. Initial results from Gordon et al.'s (2015) meta-analysis show that broad category Phonological Awareness outcomes were slightly greater for children who received musical training vs. control groups. Their results reaffirm existing findings demonstrating that musical training and aptitude may enhance language skills. Notably, musicians show improved phonological awareness skills compared to their non-musician counterparts (Forgeard et al., and the positive effects of intensive musical training on phonological representations in dyslexics and normal reading children (Chobert et al., 2014; Habib et al., 2016). However, Gordon and colleagues distinguish their work from previous studies by creating subcategories for Rhyming and Other Phonological outcomes that allowed them to more clearly identify the reading-related skills that may benefit from musical training. Gordon et al.'s approach revealed that 40 h or more of musical training specifically improved rhyming skills. Although, they are cautious to not overstate
A Generalized DAMRF Image Modeling for Superresolution of License Plates

In this paper, we propose a novel superresolution (SR) reconstruction algorithm to handle license plate texts in real traffic videos. To make license plate numbers more legible, a generalized discontinuity-adaptive Markov random field (DAMRF) model is proposed based on the recently reported bilateral filtering, which not only preserves edges but is robust to noise as well. Moreover, instead of looking for a fixed value for the regularization parameter, a method for automatically estimating it is applied to the proposed model based on the input images. Information needed to determine the regularization parameter is updated at each iteration step, which is based on the available reconstructed image. Finally, we use the graduated nonconvexity optimization procedure to minimize the cost function. Results on synthetic and real traffic sequences are presented, which show the effectiveness of the proposed method and demonstrate its superiority to the conventional DAMRF SR method.
Spatial Attention Deficits in Patients with Acquired or Developmental Cerebellar Abnormality

Recent imaging and clinical studies have challenged the concept that the functional role of the cerebellum is exclusively in the motor domain. We present evidence of slowed covert orienting of visuospatial attention in patients with developmental cerebellar abnormality (patients with autism, a disorder in which at least 90% of all postmortem cases reported to date have Purkinje neuron loss), and in patients with cerebellar damage acquired from tumor or stroke. In spatial cuing tasks, normal control subjects across a wide age range were able to orient attention within 100 msec of an attention-directing cue. Patients with cerebellar damage showed little evidence of having oriented attention after 100 msec but did show the effects of attention orienting after 800–1200 msec. These effects were demonstrated in a task in which results were independent of the motor response. In this task, smaller cerebellar vermal lobules VI–VII (from magnetic resonance imaging) were associated with greater attention-orienting deficits. Although eye movements may also be disrupted in patients with cerebellar damage, abnormal gaze shifting cannot explain the timing and nature of the attention-orienting deficits reported here. These data may be consistent with evidence from animal models that suggest damage to the cerebellum disrupts both the spatial encoding of a location for an attentional shift and the subsequent gaze shift. These data are also consistent with a model of cerebellar function in which the cerebellum supports a broad spectrum of brain systems involved in both nonmotor and motor function.
“I'm Here Because of Christ and Worshipping God …”

Many people like to identify as belonging to one church or another. Previous studies have explored the process of switching from one religious group to another, and this process has identified various factors that determine the likelihood and reasons for switching. Although this has been explored, little is known about the factors that influence switching among charismatic Christians in Ghana, and the potential implications of such switching on mental well-being. Our study therefore explored the reasons given by members of selected neo-Pentecostal/charismatic churches in Ghana for their decision to switch to these churches. The study was conducted in six neo-Pentecostal churches in Accra and Kumasi through the use of individual and focus group interviews as well as observations of church activities. A total of 86 respondents cited reasons such as geographic mobility, marriage, answers to prayer, as well as miracles and prophecies as their determining factors. These are discussed with emphasis on the potential implications for mental health such as psychological distress, blind faith, and individual agency.