Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Benchmark dose profiles for joint‐action continuous data in quantitative risk assessment

Benchmark analysis is a widely used tool in biomedical and environmental risk assessment. Therein, estimation of minimum exposure levels, called benchmark doses (BMDs), that induce a prespecified benchmark response (BMR) is well understood for the case of an adverse response to a single stimulus. For cases where two agents are studied in tandem, however, the benchmark approach is far less developed. This paper demonstrates how the benchmark modeling paradigm can be expanded from the single‐agent setting to joint‐action, two‐agent studies. Focus is on continuous response outcomes. Extending the single‐exposure setting, representations of risk are based on a joint‐action dose–response model involving both agents. Based on such a model, the concept of a benchmark profile—a two‐dimensional analog of the single‐dose BMD at which both agents achieve the specified BMR—is defined for use in quantitative risk characterization and assessment.
Acupuncture of LI-4 in Anesthetized Healthy Humans Decreases Cerebral Blood Flow in the Putamen Measured with Positron Emission Tomography

To minimize the influence of exogenous factors, 13 volunteers were anesthetized with sevoflurane 1 MAC while exposed to manual acupuncture stimulation of LI-4 (Group 1, n = 7) or a placebo point in the space between the third and fourth metacarpals (Group II, n = 6). During anesthesia (baseline) and anesthesia + acupuncture, one H215O scan was performed, respectively. Group I demonstrated a significant decrease in regional cerebral blood flow in the right medial frontal gyrus (20%) and in the left putamen (17%). In Group II regional cerebral blood flow was decreased in the right medial frontal gyrus (22%); in the putamen no significant changes were observed. These data suggest that needle penetration of the skin affects the medial frontal gyrus, whereas acupuncture of LI-4 influences the putamen.
Privacy-Preserving Bayesian Network Learning From Heterogeneous Distributed Data

In this paper, we propose a post randomization technique to learn a Bayesian network (BN) from distributed heterogeneous data, in a privacy sensitive fashion. In this case, two or more parties own sensitive data but want to learn a Bayesian network from the combined data. We consider both structure and parameter learning for the BN. The only required information from the data set is a set of sufficient statistics for learning both network structure and parameters. The proposed method estimates the sufficient statistics from the randomized data. The estimated sufficient statistics are then used to learn a BN. For structure learning, we face the familiar extra-link problem since estimation errors tend to break the conditional independence among the variables. We propose modifications of score functions used for BN learning, to solve this problem. We show both theoretically and experimentally that post randomization is an efficient, flexible, and easy-to-use method to learn Bayesian network from privacy sensitive data.
Optimal control problem for rectangular descriptor systems via dynamic output feedback

This paper deals with the optimal control problem by dynamic output feedback for rectangular descriptor system with disturbance. The design of dynamic output feedback contains two parts. The first one is given to make the rectangular descriptor system to be squared and the poles of the closed-loop system can be placed at arbitrarily approximation to the given positions. The other one is composed of Proportional-Integral (PI) observer and state feedback controller. The full-order PI observer which can estimate the state variables and disturbances is constructed to obtain the state information. Using the state information from the observer, the optimal disturbance rejection control law is proposed and the given quadratic performance index can be described in a simple form related to the solution and the initial value of the closed-loop system. Then a corresponding algorithm to minimize the quadratic performance index is proposed in which an optimal controller can be obtained. Finally, a numerical example is given to show the effectiveness and correctness of the proposed method.
Activation‐induced cytidine deaminase: structure–function relationship as based on the study of mutants

Activation‐induced cytidine deaminase (AID; gene symbol AICDA) is the key molecule required to induce immunoglobulin (Ig) class switch recombination (CSR) and somatic hypermutation (SHM) of the variable regions of Ig genes. Its deficiency causes a form of hyper‐IgM (HIGM) syndrome. The study of natural AID mutants associated with HIGM as well as engineered mutants led to the characterization of the active domains of the protein. AID, through its cytidine deaminase activity, induces a targeted DNA lesion as an early step required for both CSR and SHM. Besides its cytidine deaminase activity, AID plays a further essential role in CSR, likely by recruiting CSR‐specific cofactors by its C‐terminus. A similar binding of SHM‐specific cofactors to the N‐terminal part is suggested by the functional characteristics of Nter AID artificial mutants. These data require confirmation in vivo. Finally, AID acts as a homo‐, di‐, or multimeric complex. Together, these data strongly suggest that AID, a master molecule for antibody diversification, exerts its activity on CSR not only as a cytidine deaminase enzyme but also as a docking protein, recruiting specific cofactors to a multimeric complex. Hum Mutat 27(12), 1185–1191, 2006. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
The Relative Effects of Principal and Teacher Sources of Leadership on Student Engagement with School

Survey data from an achieved sample of 1,762 teachers and 9,941 students in one large Canadian school district were used to explore the relative effects of principal and teacher leadership on student engagement with school. Results demonstrated greater effects of principal as compared to teacher sources of leadership on student engagement. The effects of principal leadership were weak but significant, whereas the effects of teacher leadership were not significant. Both forms of leadership were mediated by many of the same elements of the school organization.
Testing the effect of the rock record on diversity: a multidisciplinary approach to elucidating the generic richness of sauropodomorph dinosaurs through time

The accurate reconstruction of palaeobiodiversity patterns is central to a detailed understanding of the macroevolutionary history of a group of organisms. However, there is increasing evidence that diversity patterns observed directly from the fossil record are strongly influenced by fluctuations in the quality of our sampling of the rock record; thus, any patterns we see may reflect sampling biases, rather than genuine biological signals. Previous dinosaur diversity studies have suggested that fluctuations in sauropodomorph palaeobiodiversity reflect genuine biological signals, in comparison to theropods and ornithischians whose diversity seems to be largely controlled by the rock record. Most previous diversity analyses that have attempted to take into account the effects of sampling biases have used only a single method or proxy: here we use a number of techniques in order to elucidate diversity. A global database of all known sauropodomorph body fossil occurrences (2024) was constructed. A taxic diversity curve for all valid sauropodomorph genera was extracted from this database and compared statistically with several sampling proxies (rock outcrop area and dinosaur‐bearing formations and collections), each of which captures a different aspect of fossil record sampling. Phylogenetic diversity estimates, residuals and sample‐based rarefaction (including the first attempt to capture ‘cryptic’ diversity in dinosaurs) were implemented to investigate further the effects of sampling. After ‘removal’ of biases, sauropodomorph diversity appears to be genuinely high in the Norian, Pliensbachian–Toarcian, Bathonian–Callovian and Kimmeridgian–Tithonian (with a small peak in the Aptian), whereas low diversity levels are recorded for the Oxfordian and Berriasian–Barremian, with the Jurassic/Cretaceous boundary seemingly representing a real diversity trough. Observed diversity in the remaining Triassic–Jurassic stages appears to be largely driven by sampling effort. Late Cretaceous diversity is difficult to elucidate and it is possible that this interval remains relatively under‐sampled. Despite its distortion by sampling biases, much of sauropodomorph palaeobiodiversity can be interpreted as a reflection of genuine biological signals, and fluctuations in sea level may account for some of these diversity patterns.
Dynamics of social comparison in counter‐stereotypic domains: Stereotype boost, not stereotype threat, for women engineering majors

Previous research has shown that when explicitly compared with men, women's performance on math tests is adversely affected (a “stereotype threat” effect). This research investigated the impact of such comparisons on a group of women who we expected to react differently to such comparisons. We hypothesized that women who have successfully entered a gender counter‐stereotypic quantitative domain would show enhanced, rather than deleterious, performance in a relevant testing situation. In two experiments that compared reactions to negative gender comparisons we observed lowered math performance for female psychology majors, but a performance boost for female engineering majors. We discuss the potential of these findings to inform the development of intervention strategies to combat the pernicious effects of negative stereotypes on performance.
2 : Conditional Random Fields

1 Hidden Markov Model 1.1 General parametric form In hidden Markov model (HMM), we have three sets of parameters, transition probability matrix A : p(y t = 1|y t−1 = 1) = ai,j , initialprobabilities : p(y1) ∼ Multinomial(π1, π2, ., πM ), emission probabilities : p(xt|y t) ∼ Multinomial(bi,1, bi,2, ., bi,K). 1.2 Inference The inference can be done with forward algorithm which computes α t ≡ μt−1→t(k) = P (x1, ., xt−1, xt, y t = 1) recursively by α t = p(xt|y t = 1) ∑
Diagnostic Performance of the New Version (v2.0) of GenoType MTBDRsl Assay for Detection of Resistance to Fluoroquinolones and Second-Line Injectable Drugs: a Multicenter Study

ABSTRACT Resistance to fluoroquinolones (FLQ) and second-line injectable drugs (SLID) is steadily increasing, especially in eastern European countries, posing a serious threat to effective tuberculosis (TB) infection control and adequate patient management. The availability of rapid molecular tests for the detection of extensively drug-resistant TB (XDR-TB) is critical in areas with high rates of multidrug-resistant TB (MDR-TB) and XDR-TB and limited conventional drug susceptibility testing (DST) capacity. We conducted a multicenter study to evaluate the performance of the new version (v2.0) of the Genotype MTBDRsl assay compared to phenotypic DST and sequencing on a panel of 228 Mycobacterium tuberculosis isolates and 231 smear-positive clinical specimens. The inclusion of probes for the detection of mutations in the eis promoter region in the MTBDRsl v2.0 test resulted in a higher sensitivity for detection of kanamycin resistance for both direct and indirect testing (96% and 95.4%, respectively) than that seen with the original version of the assay, whereas the test sensitivities for detection of FLQ resistance remained unchanged (93% and 83.6% for direct and indirect testing, respectively). Moreover, MTBDRsl v2.0 showed better performance characteristics than v1.0 for the detection of XDR-TB, with high specificity and sensitivities of 81.8% and 80.4% for direct and indirect testing, respectively. MTBDRsl v2.0 thus represents a reliable test for the rapid detection of resistance to second-line drugs and a useful screening tool to guide the initiation of appropriate MDR-TB treatment.
Non-Invasive Brain Computer Interface for Mental Control of a Simulated Wheelchair

This poster presents results obtained from experiments of driving a brain-actuated simulated wheelchair that incorporates the shared-control intelligence method. The simulated wheelchair is controlled offline using band power features. The task is to drive the wheelchair along a corridor avoiding two obstacles. We have analyzed data from 4 nai? ½ve subjects during 25 sessions carried out in two days. To measure the performance of the brain-actuated wheelchair we have compared the final position of the wheelchair with the end point of the desired trajectory. The experiments show that the incorporation of a higher intelligence level in the control device significantly helps the subject to drive the robot device.
The Contours of Crowd Capability

In this work we use the theory of Crowd Capital as a lens to compare and contrast a number of IS tools currently in use by organizations for crowd-engagement purposes. In doing so, we contribute to both the practitioner and research domains. For the practitioner community we provide decision-makers with a convenient and useful resource, in table-form, outlining in detail some of the differing potentialities of crowd-engaging IS. For the research community we begin to unpack some of the key properties of crowd-engaging IS, including some of the differing qualities of the crowds that these IS application engage.
Cellular machine-type comm unications: physical challenges and solutions

Cellular communication technologies are developed mainly for "human-type" communications, while enabling machine-type communication (MTC) with cellular networks (e.g., 3GPP LTE) not only improves the accessibility, availability, and reliability of an MTC network, but also has the potential to further drive down the operation cost. However, the application of LTE to MTC poses some unique challenges due to the large performance mismatch between the LTE user equipment and the MTC device, caused mainly by the physical limitations of most MTC devices. This article addresses these limitations, and examines their impact on the link performance and the corresponding link budget. The focus of this article is on the physical control channels. We address the issues of the existing LTE control channels, and propose an enhanced design specifically tailored for overcoming the limitations of MTC devices and meeting the stringent link budget requirement by applying repeated transmissions, spatial precoding, frequency hopping, and joint channel estimation. Finally, the design concept is extended to other channels such as the random access channel and the data channels.
The International Baccalaureate in the United States: From Relative Inactivity to Imbalance

Abstract The International Baccalaureate® (IB) examination system has grown exponentially in the United States from 268 schools involved in 1999 to 1,090 schools in 2009. The fact that 49,100 students of a total of 87,800 students in 122 countries were from U.S. schools in 2009 has posed problems in strategic planning, assessment and training, the ability of the program to remain politically neutral, and the ability of the program to remain international and not take on an American persona.
Smart Multi-Array Routing Table

It is known that the routing table based on multibit trie, in other words, multiple levels of arrays (hereafter let us call it MART, Multi-Array Routing Table) has a very low and deterministic search cost of modestly higher memory consumption compared to other routing table approaches. The search cost of MART is typically 2 to 4 routing table memory accesses for IPv4. MART has the additional benefits that it is easy to implement in hardware and its determinism allows for pipelining route lookups in hardware. The primary drawback of MART is that update operations, namely adding and deleting routes, are highly costly relative to the route lookup operation. In particular, MART has a problem at deletion which no paper has addressed. This paper proposes an extension to MART, called “Smart Multi-Array Routing Table” or just SMART, which gives a solution for this issue. SMART not only has the low cost and determinism of route lookups but also provides low cost route update operations, which always have lower than 256 routing table memory accesses regardless of both the number of routes in the routing table and the prefix length for IPv4. 1This work was performed while the author was with MAYAN Networks, Corp., San Jose, CA SMART – Smart Multi-Array Routing Table, Yoichi Hariguchi (2001/04/10 at 18:35) 1
The Sting of Organization: Command, Reciprocity and Change Management

Examines the structure of command in organizations and the use of “fear” to bring people into line during periods of rapid change. Details problems experienced by organizations who, though good at coping with crises, do not know what to do to maintain momentum without engineering the next crisis. Goes on to consider the implications of structure to organizational relationships and uses the concept of the “sting” to illustrate this – whereby an individual acts on a command, but the sting is an objection to such an obeyed command or act of deference, which can impede later organizational relationships between individuals and groups. A short case study of Hong Kong Telecom is used to highlight reactions to change.
The Many Facets of Unawareness in Huntington Disease

Background Unawareness or diminished awareness is present when a patient's perception of obvious disease manifestations and impact differ from that of observers such as clinicians or family members. Methods We examined studies that specifically investigate unawareness in Huntington disease (HD). Results Unawareness of motor, cognitive, behavioral, and functional aspects of HD has been documented throughout the disease course. This can occur at motor and cognitive onset but is more pronounced as the disease progresses. Discussion We discuss the implications for diagnosis, symptom report at presentation, timing of diagnosis, acceptance of symptomatic care strategies, and reporting in clinical trials. Assessments of work place competency, discrimination, driving, and the particular challenges of isolated patients without caregivers are described. Engaging with a person who is unaware of their disease or its impact presents a number of conflicts, including maintaining the right to autonomy, privacy, confidentiality, and independence while recognizing concerns for the wellbeing of the vulnerable person with HD and their caregiver when the unaware person refuses assistance. Unawareness is seen increasingly as neurologically based due to the impairment of functional networks, predominantly in nondominant frontostriatal pathways.
Out-migration from rural Scotland: The importance of family and social networks

Out-Migration from Rural Scotland: The Importance of Family and Social Networks Out-migration from Rural Scotland: The importance of family and social networks The decision-making processes involved at various stages in the out-migration of individuals from remote parts of rural Scotland are examined. Some two hundred migrants, now residing throughout the United Kingdom, were traced using a variety of means. Quantitative and qualitative research methods were incorporated so that the advantages and disadvantages of these approaches complement and counterbalance each other. The investigation focuses on the changing role of family and other networks at each stage. It is found that there is a general expectation and acceptance of the need for young adults to leave rural areas. Initially, individual migrants benefit from the role of immediate or extended family and social networks, although the individual is not always conscious of their role. With time away from the home area these networks decline in importance, only to re-emerge later in life. At this stage the individual is more likely to be a benefactor than a beneficiary in the process.
Measuring CPU Overhead for I/O Processing in the Xen Virtual Machine Monitor

Virtual Machine Monitors (VMMs) are gaining popularity in enterprise environments as a software-based solution for building shared hardware infrastructures via virtualization. In this work, using the Xen VMM, we present a light weight monitoring system for measuring the CPU usage of different virtual machines including the CPU overhead in the device driver domain caused by I/O processing on behalf of a particular virtual machine. Our performance study attempts to quantify and analyze this overhead for a set of I/O intensive workloads.
TCR-MHC class II interaction is required for peripheral expansion of CD4 cells in a T cell-deficient host.

It is well established that T cell-deficient nude and SCID mice can be reconstituted by i.v. injection of small numbers of purified peripheral CD4+ T cells; however, the requirements for expansion of the transferred T cells in such systems are not clear. We show here that blood and lymphoid organs of MHC class II-deficient mice (which selectively lack mature CD4+ T cells) cannot be reconstituted by transfer of purified splenic CD4+ T cells, whereas TCRalpha-deficient mice (which lack both CD4+ and CD8+ mature T cells) are readily reconstituted. The failure of CD4+ T cell reconstitution in MHC class II-deficient mice was not due to the presence of CD8+ T cells, since similar results were obtained in TCRalpha-MHC class II double-deficient mice. Consistent with most previous studies CD4+ T cells in reconstituted TCRalpha-deficient mice had a diverse TCR Vbeta repertoire and were predominantly of an activated/memory (CD44high) phenotype. Collectively our data demonstrate that the expansion of peripheral CD4+ T cells in a T cell-deficient host is dependent upon interactions of the TCR with MHC class II.
Travelling the world of gene-gene interactions

Over the last few years, main effect genetic association analysis has proven to be a successful tool to unravel genetic risk components to a variety of complex diseases. In the quest for disease susceptibility factors and the search for the 'missing heritability', supplementary and complementary efforts have been undertaken. These include the inclusion of several genetic inheritance assumptions in model development, the consideration of different sources of information, and the acknowledgement of disease underlying pathways of networks. The search for epistasis or gene-gene interaction effects on traits of interest is marked by an exponential growth, not only in terms of methodological development, but also in terms of practical applications, translation of statistical epistasis to biological epistasis and integration of omics information sources. The current popularity of the field, as well as its attraction to interdisciplinary teams, each making valuable contributions with sometimes rather unique viewpoints, renders it impossible to give an exhaustive review of to-date available approaches for epistasis screening. The purpose of this work is to give a perspective view on a selection of currently active analysis strategies and concerns in the context of epistasis detection, and to provide an eye to the future of gene-gene interaction analysis.
A computational model for character recognition based on multi-resolution channels and

A computational model to recognize Korean characters is presented. The model is based on IAM but improves the input processing part. We excluded the assumption that all the characters are of a standard template. Also we incorporated the multi-resolution channel theory so that we can improve the performance. We simulated the model and tried it to real data. The simulation results show that the model has a practical significance and the multi-resolution channels actually improve the performance. Key-Words: Character recognition, IAM, Multi-resolution, Human visual processing, Neocognitron