Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
A Study to Compare Single Piece IOL (SN60WF) Vs. Multipiece IOL (MA30AC) in Accommodation Using Cycloplegic Auto Refraction

Purpose: This study intend to determine which Acrysoft monofocal IOL between single-piece (SN60WF) and multipiece (MA30AC) is better in terms of accommodation and refractive stability using an objective techniques (Autorefractor) after 1% Tropicamide eye drops to relax ciliary muscle [1]. The better ability of accommodation in monofocal standard IOL will be better to apply to minimonovision (blended monovision) formula for presbyopia correction. Method: This is a prospective randomized control study of 42 eyes implanted with SN60WF versus 43 eyes of MA30AC by a single surgeon. Both groups were Male 45%, female 55% and the same mean age of 76 years old. The mean post-op was 30 weeks. The refraction was done by Zeiss Autorefractor before cycloplegic drop (have instrument accommodation) and after cycloplegic drop (pharmacologically relax accommodation). The diopter change in spherical equivalent is considered as accommodation. The refractive data was converted to spherical equivalent and transferred to SPSS 16 for statistic study. Pair t-test and Independent t-test was done to compare the mean spherical equivalent. The Autorefractor can be suitable for objective measurement of accommodation was concluded in Win-Hall’s study. Result: The paired t-test showed statistically significant change (P<0.01) in spherical equivalent of refraction before and after cycloplegic drop for both of the IOLs, mean change was -0.21D. (95% Confidence interval=-0.11 to- 0.30) The independent t-test to compare two IOLs showed significant more negative accommodative change after cycloplegic drop for MA30AC mean change was -0.74D ( P<0.01), versus SN60WF mean change was -0.39D ( P<0.03). Conclusion: Since we used cycloplegic drops to relax the ciliary muscle, we expected that the refraction diopter change from before to after the drop should be plus if there were positive accommodation. In comparison to Pilocarpine drops to induce accommodation, the change in refraction should be in minus. There were negative accommodations for both IOL 30 weeks after surgery. However, it was more on the MA30AC (5.5 mm optic, 12.5 mm in length and 5 degree angulation) versus SN60WF (6.0 mm optic, 13.0 mm in length, no angulation). This matches other studies using different method of measuring accommodation. The accommodation more likely is a psudo accommodation rather than a psudophakic accommodation according to previous studies.
The Local Group as an astrophysical laboratory: Primordial nucleosynthesis

The primordial abundances of deuterium, helium-3, helium-4, and lithium-7 probe the baryon density of the Universe only a few minutes after the Big Bang. Of these relics from the early Universe, deuterium is the baryometer of choice. After reviewing the current observational status of the relic abundances (a moving target! ), the baryon density determined by big bang nucleosynthesis (BBN) is derived. The temperature fluctuation spectrum of the cosmic background radiation (CBR), established several hundred thousand years later, probes the baryon density at a completely different epoch in the evolution of the Universe. The excellent agreement between the BBN- and CBR-determined baryon densities provides impressive confirmation of the standard model of cosmology, permitting the study of extensions of the standard model. In combination with the BBN- and/or CBR-determined baryon density, the relic abundance of 4He provides an excellent chronometer, constraining those extensions of the standard model which lead to a nonstandard early-Universe expansion rate.
Laser-based localization of vehicles and robots in natural and unstructured environments

The use of Laser Range Finder or LADAR for localization of mobile robots has been increasing the last decade. One of the reasons for this increase in popularity is that the LADAR algorithms are faster and more robust than competing technology, such as video cameras. Another advantage is the independence of lighting conditions. The aim of this report is to test different 2D LADAR-based methodologies to evaluate its value for localization in outdoor environments. The first part of the report presents experiments to establish the general characteristics of the LADAR. In the following sections, feature-and pixel-based localization techniques are implemented and tested. We found that the pixel-based localization methodology proposed by Jorma Selkäinaho in his PhD. dissertation is simple and reliable. The report suggests and tests a number of changes and improvements in the original algorithm.
Automatic Probabilistic Program Verification through Random Variable Abstraction

The weakest pre-expectation calculus has been proved to be a mature theory to analyze quantitative properties of probabilistic and nondeterministic programs. We present an automatic method for proving quantitative linear properties on any denumerable state space using iterative backwards fixed point calculation in the general framework of abstract interpretation. In order to accomplish this task we present the technique of random variable abstraction (RVA) and we also postulate a sufficient condition to achieve exact fixed point computation in the abstract domain. The feasibility of our approach is shown with two examples, one obtaining the expected running time of a probabilistic program, and the other the expected gain of a gambling strategy. Our method works on general guarded probabilistic and nondeterministic transition systems instead of plain pGCL programs, allowing us to easily model a wide range of systems including distributed ones and unstructured programs. We present the operational and weakest precondition semantics for this programs and prove its equivalence.
A Non-Linear Neural D/A Converter for Direct Digital Frequency Synthesizers

In this paper, a new non-linear D/A converter (DAC) is presented. This D/A converter uses neural network to approximate a sine function. It is targeted for direct digital frequency synthesizers in which the phase to sine amplitude conversion is usually performed using a ROM. Utilizing the proposed DAC, the power hungry ROM is removed. A design example is presented and the performance of the DAC is compared to the conventional method. The impact of non-idealities on the performance of the system is also investigated.
Leptin Counteracts the Hypoxia-Induced Inhibition of Spontaneously Firing Hippocampal Neurons: A Microelectrode Array Study

Besides regulating energy balance and reducing body-weight, the adipokine leptin has been recently shown to be neuroprotective and antiapoptotic by promoting neuronal survival after excitotoxic and oxidative insults. Here, we investigated the firing properties of mouse hippocampal neurons and the effects of leptin pretreatment on hypoxic damage (2 hours, 3% O2). Experiments were carried out by means of the microelectrode array (MEA) technology, monitoring hippocampal neurons activity from 11 to 18 days in vitro (DIV). Under normoxic conditions, hippocampal neurons were spontaneously firing, either with prevailing isolated and randomly distributed spikes (11 DIV), or with patterns characterized by synchronized bursts (18 DIV). Exposure to hypoxia severely impaired the spontaneous activity of hippocampal neurons, reducing their firing frequency by 54% and 69%, at 11 and 18 DIV respectively, and synchronized their firing activity. Pretreatment with 50 nM leptin reduced the firing frequency of normoxic neurons and contrasted the hypoxia-induced depressive action, either by limiting the firing frequency reduction (at both ages) or by increasing it to 126% (in younger neurons). In order to find out whether leptin exerts its effect by activating large conductance Ca2+-activated K+ channels (BK), as shown on rat hippocampal neurons, we applied the BK channel blocker paxilline (1 µM). Our data show that paxilline reversed the effects of leptin, both on normoxic and hypoxic neurons, suggesting that the adipokine counteracts hypoxia through BK channels activation in mouse hippocampal neurons.
Notice of RetractionIntegrated evaluation of candidate partners' achievement of dynamic alliance based on PCA-SVR

Based on the index system of candidate partners' achievement of dynamic alliance, a integrated evaluation model is established by using principal component analysis and support vector machine. The method has advantages of accuracy, convenience, reliability and rapidity. Through principal component analysis, we have synthesized numerous criteria, eliminated information overlapping of the samples, and reduced the input dimension of SVM. The method is illustrated through examples, the results obtained by using principal component analysis and support vector machine method are compared with that from neural network method and empirical analysis, and the results show that the conjoint method (PCA-SVR) is more precise and fits better.
Radiation and Mass Transfer Effects on MHD Free Convective Flow of a Micropolar Fluid past an Infinite Vertical Porous Moving Plate Embedded in a Porous Medium with Viscous Dissipation

The objectives of the present study are investigate the unsteady two-dimensional laminar flow of a viscous dissipative micropolar fluid past a semi-infinite, vertical porous plate moving steadily and subjected to a thermal radiation and mass transfer. The plate moves with constant velocity in the longitudinal direction and free stream velocity follows an exponentially small perturbation law. The Rosseland approximation is used to describe radiative heat transfer in the limit of optically thick fluids. The method of solution can be applied for small perturbation approximation. Numerical results of velocity profiles of micropolar fluids are compared with the corresponding flow problems for a Newtonian fluid. Also, the results of the skin friction coefficient, the couple stress coefficient, the rate of heat and mass transfers at the wall are prepared with various values of the fluid properties and flow conditions.
Indicators of convection derived from a bulk explicit microphysics scheme

There has been much progress in mathematical representation of microphysical processes in atmospheric models, including, for example, work by Marshall and Palmer (1948), Bigg (1953), Kessler (1969) and Wisner et al. (1972). Fortunately, developments in computing have been sufficient to allow development, implementation and execution of microphysical models based on the work of these, and other, authors. Operating at very high spatial resolutions, such models were used to produce simulations of cloud and hydrometeor evolutions, as presented by Orville and Kopp (1977), Hsie et al. (1980) and Lin et al. (1983). Despite these advances, detailed models were not used in operational forecasting due mainly to the inherent time constraints of such environments. However, in recent years, computational resources have reached a level that allows some inclusion of parametrisation of ice-phase particles in the microphysics component of operational models (Hong et al. 1998; Wilson and Ballard 1999; Bélair et al. 2000). In an operational environment, it is required, of course, that the microphysics scheme functions as an efficient component of the numerical model, producing an appropriate representation of moist processes (evolution of moisture distributions and latent heating) and an estimate of surface precipitation. Time constraints of this streamlined system prevent the depth of analysis that is possible during case studies, such as those discussed by Rutledge and Hobbs (1983). Further, while Rutledge and Hobbs Aust. Met. Mag. 53 (2004) 149-162
Occluded Object Motion Estimation System based on Particle Filter with 3D Reconstruction

This paper presents a method for occluded object based motion estimation and tracking system in dynamic image sequences using particle filter with 3D reconstruction. A unique characteristic of this study is its ability to cope with partial occlusion based continuous motion estimation using particle filter inspired from the mirror neuron system in human brain. To update a prior knowledge about the shape or motion of objects, firstly, fundamental 3D reconstruction based occlusion tracing method is applied and object landmarks are determined. And optical flow based motion vector is estimated from the movement of the landmarks. When arbitrary partial occlusions are occurred, the continuous motion of the hidden parts of object can be estimated by particle filter with optical flow. The resistance of the resulting estimation to partial occlusions enables the more accurate detection and handling of more severe occlusions.
Sparse Bayesian Distributed Least-Squares Strategies for Adaptive Networks

In this work we present a sparse distributed recursive least-squares (dRLS) algorithm for adaptive sensor networ ks. The algorithm allows to prune weights by exploiting sparse Bayesian learning, while at the same time adding automatic regularization to improve numerical stability. With this r eduction of computational complexity, the amount of energy consumpt ion and data to be transmitted between neighboring nodes will decrease. This makes it suitable for the use in wireless sens or networks (WSNs), where energy and bandwidth constraints ar e typically of a great concern. Furthermore, the proposed algorithm works totally decentralized with no need for a fusion center . I. I NTRODUCTION The standard RLS algorithm is well known in the field of adaptive signal processing. However, without proper regularization, it suffers from numerical instabilities in cas e of poor excitation signals. To overcome this problem, a sparse Bayesian method for automatic regularization adjustment a nd weight pruning was developed in [1]. In this contribution, following the approach of the relevance vector machine [2], the authors start from a linear-in-parameters model and defi ne independent zero-mean Gaussian priors over all the weights . Solving for the precision parameters (inverse variances) o f the priors using the Bayesian evidence procedure leads to a method to obtain these coefficients. In case of a sparse weight vector, some precision parameters, also called hype rparameters, tend to very large numbers, which means that the corresponding weights are unimportant since their distrib u ions are highly peaked at zero. By pruning these weights (and as the consequence, the corresponding entries in the input aut ocorrelation matrix) sparse estimation is implemented. Sin ce WSNs are typically characterized by limited communication capabilities and energy constraints, pruning of irrel evant weights would lead to a reduced communication load and lower energy requirements. In [3], a distributed RLS scheme is presented, where each node in a sensor network has an access to input measurement data and a desired signal. The proposed algorithm works decentralized with a collaboration path through the networ k, shown in Figure 1. The aim is to estimate a global weight vector that is least-squares optimal over the errors of all n odes. This work was supported by the FWF under Award S10604-N13 wit hin the National Research Network SISE. {d1[i], x1[i]} {d2[i], x2[i]} {d3[i], x3[i]} {dk[i], xk[i]} {dN [i], xN [i]}
Appendix 2.4 Stopping Rule 2.3 Fine Tuning Using the Basic Lvq1 or Lvq2.1 Lvq Pak: a Program Package for the Correct Application of Learning Vector Quantization Algorithms

The program package is available at the Internet site "cochlea.hut. " and will be updated continuously. The indexing of the latest release will always be of the form "lvq pak-X.Y". The instructions below are indexed as in the version lvq pak-1.1, which was released on December 31, 1991. The programs are available in two archive formats, one for the UNIX-environment, the other for MS-DOS, respectively. Both archives contain exactly the same les. These les can be accessed via FTP as follows: 1. Create an FTP connection from wherever you are to machine "cochlea.hut. ". The Internet address of this machine is 130.233. 168.48, for those who need it. 2. Log in as user "anonymous" with your own e-mail address as password. 3. Change the remote directory to "/pub/lvq pak". 4. At this point the FTP should be able to get a listing of les in this directory with DIR and fetch the ones you want with GET. (The exact FTP commands depend on your local FTP program.) Remember to use the binary transfer mode for compressed les. The LVQ PAK program package includes the following les:-Documentation: README short description of the package and installation instructions document.ps documentation in (c) Postcript format document.ps. Z same as above but compressed document.txt documentation in ASCII format-Source le archives (which contain the documentation, too): lvq p1r1.exe self-extracting MS-DOS archive le lvq pak-1.1. tar UNIX tape archive le lvq pak-1.1. tar.Z same as above but compressed An example of FTP access is given below: unix> ftp cochlea.hut. Password: <your e-mail address> ftp> cd /pub/lvq pak ftp> binary ftp> get lvq pak-1.1. tar.Z ftp> quit unix> uncompress lvq pak-1.1. tar.Z unix> tar xvfo lvq pak-1.1. tar 3.3 Test data les The package also contains two data sets, ex1.dat and ex2.dat, which can be used to experiment with the programs. An exemplary procedure is given in the documentation of the package. All data les (input vectors and codebooks) are stored in ASCII format for their easy editing and checking. 3.4 Diagnostics With all the programs, it is possible to set the verbose parameter (-v n), where the value of n determines the amount of diagnostic output the program generates. For the visualization of topological relationships of data and codebook vectors, the monitoring program sammon generates a list of coordinates of points that can be displayed two-dimensionally by any standard graphics program. The two-dimensional Sammon mapping approximates to Euclidean distances of the data space, and thus visualizes …
Adaptive transmit power allocation scheme for V-BLAST system under imperfect channel state information

We propose an adaptive transmit power allocation (ATPA) scheme for vertical Bell laboratories layered space-time (V-BLAST) system in the presence of channel state information (CSI) imperfection. The proposed ATPA scheme is aimed at minimizing the bit error rate (BER). At the transmitter, subjected to the total transmit power constraint, the proposed ATPA scheme is used to allocate proper power for every sub-stream based on imperfect channel state information (I-CSI) and the statistical characteristic of channel estimation errors. At the receiver the modified minimum mean square error (MMSE) detector which takes into account the errors of channel estimation is used to remove the co-antenna interference (CAI) in order to improve BER performance further. Simulation results show that the proposed ATPA algorithm is effective for V-BLAST system under imperfect CSI, the BER performance is better than that with equal power allocation. Moreover, corresponding capacity is approximate equal to that of equal power allocation scheme.
The Market Revolution and its Limits: A Price for Everything

The Market Revolution and its limits summarises why many economists believe that markets are best. It explores how even 'market failures' can be given market solutions, and asks why market ideas seem to have taken such a firm hold. Non-polemical in its approach, this book provides a comprehensive appraisal of the market and its alternatives, backed up with empirical international illustrations. Shipman concludes that the 'revolution' lies in redefining the market process rather than the market outcome.
Multi-Domain Sandboxing: An Overview

In today’s computing world, computer code is most often developed on one computer and run on another. Code is increasingly downloaded and run on a casual basis, as the line between code and data is blurred and executable code is found in web pages, spreadsheets, word processor documents, etc. Not having the knowledge or resources to verify the lack of malicious intent of that code, the user must rely on here say and technological solutions to ensure that casually downloaded code does not damage his computer or steal his data. Building on the past concepts of sandboxing and multi-level security, we propose multi-domain sandboxing. This security system allows programs more flexibility than traditional sandboxing, while preventing them from malicious actions. We propose applications of this new technology to the web, increasing the functionality and security possible in web applications.
Regression Optimizer a Multi Coverage Criteria Test Suite Minimization Technique

Regression test suites are developed and maintained throughout the lifetime of the software product. For testers, it is common practice to add new testcases to the existing regression test suite, with intent to test new features in the software product or to capture any newly discovered fault. Many a times the intention is to check whether the program is sufficiently tested or not. This is done by measuring code coverage. In case if not, then additional tests are added until the test suite has achieved a specified coverage level according to a specific criterion. Due to this continuous addition of testcases, regression test suites tend to grow in size. As a result, multiple testcases may exist which may test the same feature or same set of requirements. Test Suite minimization techniques identify redundant test cases from a test suite based on some criterion. In this paper we propose a novel test suite minimization technique which identifies redundancy in a given test suite based on multiple coverage criteria for example function, function call stack, line and branch coverage of given test cases. Paper also talks about the benefits of our approach over other existing test suite minimization techniques. General Terms Regression test suite minimization technique.
Study of avalanche effect in AES using binary codes

With the fast progression of digital data exchange in electronic way, security of information is becoming more important in data storage and transmission. Cryptography has come up as a solution which plays a vital role in information security system against malicious attacks. This security system uses some algorithms to scramble data into scribbled text which can be only being decoded or decrypted by party those possesses the associated key. These algorithms consume a significant amount of computing resources such as CPU time, memory and computation time. In this paper a most widely used symmetric encryption techniques i.e. advanced encryption standard (AES) have been implemented using MATLAB software. After the implementing this encryption technique, analysis is done by using a parameter called Avalanche effect. Plaintext and encryption key are mapped in binary code before encryption process. Avalanche Effect is calculated by changing one bit in plaintext keeping the key constant and by changing one bit in encryption key keeping the key constant, Experimental results shows that the proposed algorithm exhibit significant high Avalanche Effect which improves the level of the security.