Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Identification of enteroviral infection among infants and children admitted to hospital with acute gastroentritis in Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam

A total of 276 fecal specimens collected from infants and children admitted to hospital with acute gastroenteritis in Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam from October 2002 to September 2003, were tested for the presence of enteroviruses by RT‐PCR and virus isolation. Enteroviruses were detected in 27 patients by RT‐PCR corresponding to 9.8%. However, only four enterovirus strains could be isolated by cell culture with two different cell lines CaCo2 and Vero, showing specific cytopathic effect (CPE). The results clearly indicate that RT‐PCR is a sensitive, specific assay to investigate the true burden of acute gastroenteritis due to enteroviruses in clinical fecal specimens. In the present study, enteroviruses were identified throughout the year except in May and the highest number was in December. Enteroviruses were subjected to molecular analysis by sequencing. It was found that enterovirus strains detected were classified further into two distinct genetic clusters (I, II) and demonstrated the great genetic diversity among them. Based on genetic analysis, 5′ noncoding region (5′ NCR) sequences suggested the predominant presence of Vietnamese enteroviruses with the greatest similarities to coxsakieviruses (51.9%) and echoviruses (29.6%). Interestingly, two of the sequenced specimens of enteroviruses were similar to a new strain called enterovirus 74. This report is the first detection of enteroviral infection in feces from infants and children admitted to hospital with acute gastroenteritis in Vietnam. J. Med. Virol. 77:257–264, 2005. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Metadata for Distributed Visual Database Access

With the advances in multimedia technology and the popularization of the Internet, it is now possible to access a large number of image or video repositories (visual databases) distributed throughout the world. To facilitate such access, a challenging problem is how the capability of each database can be adequately summarized to enable the query distributing server to perform an intelligent selection of relevant databases. In this paper, we investigate the metadata needed to support intelligent site selection over Internet that is geared towards handling visual content-based queries. The capability of each database is summarized using image templates as mediums of visual abstractions. We have designed a metadata architecture that includes four basic components: metadata collector, metadatabase, template builder, and metadata refinement module. The collector gathers the metadata from visual databases. The metadatabase houses the metadata and templates needed for database site selection. The template builder organizes and creates image templates. Finally, the refinement module updates the metadata. The metadata architecture is implemented in a web-based multimedia information retrieval environment. Copyright 1997 IEEE. Personal use of this material is permitted. However, permission to reprint/republish this material for advertising or promotional purposes or for creating new collective works for resale or redistribution to servers or lists, or to reuse any copyrighted component of this work in other works must be obtained from the IEEE.
3D Surface Reconstruction Using a Generalized Distance Function

We define a generalized distance function on an unoriented 3D point set and describe how it may be used to reconstruct a surface approximating these points. This distance function is shown to be a Mahalanobis distance in a higher‐dimensional embedding space of the points, and the resulting reconstruction algorithm a natural extension of the classical Radial Basis Function (RBF) approach. Experimental results show the superiority of our reconstruction algorithm to RBF and other methods in a variety of practical scenarios.
Posttraumatic Stress Disorder in Children: What Elementary Teachers Should Know

Abstract Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is not limited to the men and women who have been exposed to the horrors of war through military service. Children who are exposed to traumatic and life-threatening events, such as school shootings, physical and sexual abuse, and community violence, also can suffer from PTSD. This article explores the causes, prevalence, symptoms, and treatments of PTSD in children and provides suggestions for what teachers can do to help.
Teachers' and Pupils' Experiences of Integrated Education in Uganda

Under the Universal Primary Education (UPE) programme in Uganda, which was implemented in 1997, the idea of integrated education was put into practice. Today children with disabilities are enrolled in regular primary schools in the whole country. After three years of experience with UPE, the aim of this study was to examine the views of teachers about their needs for training and support regarding the task of teaching children with disabilities in ordinary classrooms. A qualitative approach was chosen using individual interviews, focus group discussions with teachers, pupils and head teachers, and observations in classrooms. Three primary schools in different districts of Uganda were selected as research sites. For a number of reasons data collection from the pupils proved problematic but generally the findings confirmed the information drawn from the review of literature. In addition to the high teacher-pupil ratio, there is an alarming lack of resources in the schools and an urgent need for teacher training to meet special needs in the classroom. Despite these difficult conditions found in schools, many teachers had positive attitudes towards integrating children with disabilities, but only a few examples from the classroom observations showed good practice for meeting a diversity of needs.
Probleme der Kategorisierung deutscher Partizipien

0. Einfuhrung 1. Partizip I und Partizip II 2. Aktivund Passiv-Partizipien 3. Vorgangsund Zustandspassiv 4. Verbales und adjektivisches Partizip 5. Prototypen 6. Kategorisierung der Passiv-Partizipien 6.1 Kontextuelle Kriterien 6.2 Semantische Kriterien 6.3 Typen und Prototypen 7. Zusammenfassung _ ', »^ · {£'*· * ^ *~ £4 ' t '* "^ 8. Literaturnachweis „ . //,. "; £^ ̂ > ' [ /f . y -,· / " . / . · ' >"'· '''" V /r-W
A Multitarget Active Backscattering 2-D Positioning System With Superresolution Time Series Post-Processing Technique

An active backscattering 2-D positioning system is studied and demonstrated in this paper. The hardware is based on an investigated principle of switched injection phase locking for wireless ranging. A new post-processing technique and a system modeling for multitarget time-of-arrival (TOA) and direction-of-arrival (DOA) estimations are proposed and studied. The technique features a joint singular value decomposition-based ESPRIT algorithm and a matrix diagonalization technique using Moore–Penrose pseudoinverse for model order estimation as well as the TOA/DOA extraction. They make use of the shift invariant property of a backscattered signal in the time-domain. The accuracy and resolution are studied and are shown to be superior to those of the conventional frequency-domain technique using a fast Fourier transform (FFT). Moreover, the proposed algorithms take full advantage of the chirp bandwidth and allow all the targets to operate at the same modulation frequency and arbitrary carrier frequency. These merits avoid a commonly exercised compromise of the FFT method among the resolution, target quantity, signal-to-noise ratio, and other critical specifications. The system is simulated, and the demonstrator is constructed for experimental verifications in both indoor and outdoor environments, with a bandwidth of 600 MHz centered at 5.6 GHz.
Deriving Low-Level Steering Behaviors from Trajectory Data

Emergent behavior, such as flocks and swarms appears in numerous multi-agent systems in nature. Such behaviors emerge not through centralized high-level control, but through low-level local interactions between each agent and its immediate environment. The understanding of individual local interactions between agents within a group is therefore essential for the understanding of emergent group behaviors. The focus of recent work has been primarily on developing tools for the detection and mining of group behaviors (e. g., spatiotemporal clusters), without offering the ability to link such behaviors to individual agent behavior. Focusing on steering behaviors, this work aims to address this gap by developing a methodology for estimating agent steering behaviors that would explain the emergent group behavior observed in trajectory data. In particular, we present a particle swarm optimization-based tracking scheme for deriving agent steering behaviors based on Reynolds' boids model. The paper formally outlines the low-level agent behavior derivation problem and discusses our proposed methodology. In addition, results from implementing our approach on real-world data are presented.
Characterization and Recognition of Brachyspira hampsonii sp. nov., a Novel Intestinal Spirochete That Is Pathogenic to Pigs

ABSTRACT Swine dysentery (SD) is a mucohemorrhagic colitis of swine classically caused by infection with the intestinal spirochete Brachyspira hyodysenteriae. Since around 2007, cases of SD have occurred in North America associated with a different strongly beta-hemolytic spirochete that has been molecularly and phenotypically characterized and provisionally named “Brachyspira hampsonii. ” Despite increasing international interest, B. hampsonii is currently not recognized as a valid species. To support its recognition, we sequenced the genomes of strains NSH-16T, NSH-24, and P280/1, representing B. hampsonii genetic groups I, II, and III, respectively, and compared them with genomes of other valid Brachyspira species. The draft genome of strain NSH-16T has a DNA G+C content of 27.4% and an approximate size of 3.2 Mb. Genomic indices, including digital DNA-DNA hybridization (dDDH), average nucleotide identity (ANI), and average amino acid identity (AAI), clearly differentiated B. hampsonii from other recognized Brachyspira species. Although discriminated genotypically, the three genetic groups are phenotypically similar. By electron microscopy, cells of different strains of B. hampsonii measure 5 to 10 μm by 0.28 to 0.34 μm, with one or two flat curves, and have 10 to 14 periplasmic flagella inserted at each cell end. Using a comprehensive evaluation of genotypic (gene comparisons and multilocus sequence typing and analysis), genomic (dDDH, ANI, and AAI) and phenotypic (hemolysis, biochemical profiles, protein spectra, antibiogram, and pathogenicity) properties, we classify Brachyspira hampsonii sp. nov. as a unique species with genetically diverse yet phenotypically similar genomovars (I, II, and III). We designate the type strain NSH-16 (= ATCC BAA-2463 = NCTC 13792).
Blueprint of a Cost Analysis Approach for Early Intervention: Application to a Home Visiting Program to Prevent Child Abuse and Neglect

In the current context of accountability, analysis of early intervention program costs can help decision makers allocate resources. This paper describes a cost analysis approach, known as the ingredient method, and demonstrates its applicability for evaluating the costs of a universal home visiting program designed to reduce child abuse and neglect. Results of the cost analysis showed the average cost was ,$4,970 per family per year (in 2005 dollars). This included, on average, 2 visits by the public health nurse and 29 home visits by paraprofessional family visitors. The cost of enrolling a new family in the program, consisting of 1 initial visit by the nurse followed by weekly visits by family visitors, was $7,835. Families with the most risk for abuse and neglect were more likely to take advantage of family visitor services and enroll in more intensive services. Implications for conducting similar cost analysis studies in early intervention using the ingredient method are discussed.
Desired or deserving leadership? A reflection on the leadership exercised in local governments of Uganda

Abstract The article presents survey findings of the leadership styles exercised in local governments and examines whether leadership influences organisational performance in Uganda's local governments. Based on survey findings from Bushenyi District, both transactional and transformational leadership styles are evidently exercised in Uganda's local governments. The study findings further reveal that leadership behaviours in Bushenyi District are often characterised by idealised influence (behaviour), inspirational motivation, high laissez-faire leadership and high management-by-exception (passive). As a result, there is increasing job insecurity among subordinates, which undermines the internal organisational ability to perform. Four sub-counties in Bushenyi District were selected for the purpose of this research. Using Multifactor Leadership Questionnaires (MLQs), data were derived from 123 respondents (36 leaders and 87 raters).
Characterisation of the Wildlife Reservoir Community for Human and Animal Trypanosomiasis in the Luangwa Valley, Zambia

Background Animal and human trypanosomiasis are constraints to both animal and human health in Sub-Saharan Africa, but there is little recent evidence as to how these parasites circulate in wild hosts in natural ecosystems. The Luangwa Valley in Zambia supports high densities of tsetse flies (Glossina species) and is recognised as an historical sleeping sickness focus. The objective of this study was to characterise the nature of the reservoir community for trypanosomiasis in the absence of influence from domesticated hosts. Methodology/Principal Findings A cross-sectional survey of trypanosome prevalence in wildlife hosts was conducted in the Luangwa Valley from 2005 to 2007. Samples were collected from 418 animals and were examined for the presence of Trypanosoma brucei s.l. , T. b. rhodesiense, Trypanosoma congolense and Trypanosoma vivax using molecular diagnostic techniques. The overall prevalence of infection in all species was 13.9% (95% confidence interval [CI]: 10.71–17.57%). Infection was significantly more likely to be detected in waterbuck (Kobus ellipsiprymnus) (Odds ratio [OR] = 10.5, 95% CI: 2.36–46.71), lion (Panthera leo) (OR = 5.3, 95% CI: 1.40–19.69), greater kudu (Tragelaphus strepsiceros) (OR = 4.7, 95% CI: 1.41–15.41) and bushbuck (Tragelaphus scriptus) (OR = 4.5, 95% CI: 1.51–13.56). Bushbucks are important hosts for T. brucei s.l. while the Bovidae appear the most important for T. congolense. The epidemiology of T. vivax was less clear, but parasites were detected most frequently in waterbuck. Human infective T. b. rhodesiense were identified for the first time in African buffalo (Syncerus caffer) and T. brucei s.l. in leopard (Panthera pardus). Variation in infection rates was demonstrated at species level rather than at family or sub-family level. A number of significant risk factors interact to influence infection rates in wildlife including taxonomy, habitat and blood meal preference. Conclusion and Significance Trypanosoma parasites circulate within a wide and diverse host community in this bio-diverse ecosystem. Consistent land use patterns over the last century have resulted in epidemiological stability, but this may be threatened by the recent influx of people and domesticated livestock into the mid-Luangwa Valley.
Factors influencing Agrobacterium-mediated transformation of monocotyledonous species

SummarySince the success of Agrobacterium-mediated transformation of rice in the early 1990s, significant advances in Agrobacterium-mediated transformation of monocotyledonous plant species have been achieved. Transgenic plants obtained via Agrobacterium-mediated transformation have been regenerated in more than a dozen monocotyledonous species, ranging from the most important cereal crops to ornamental plant species. Efficient transformation protocols for agronomically important cereal crops such as rice, wheat, maize, barley, and sorghum have been developed and transformation for some of these species has become routine. Many factors influencing Agrobacterium-mediated transformation of monocotyledonous plants have been investigated and elucidated. These factors include plant genotype, explant type, Agrobacterium strain, and binary vector. In addition, a wide variety of inoculation and co-culture conditions have been shown to be important for the transformation of monocots. For example, antinecrotic treatments using antioxidants and bactericides, osmotic treatments, desiccation of explants before or after Agrobacterium infection, and inoculation and co-culture medium compositions have influenced the ability to recover transgenic monocols. The plant selectable markers used and the promoters driving these marker genes have also been recognized as important factors influencing stable transformation frequency. Extension of transformation protocols to elite genotypes and to more readily available explants in agronomically important crop species will be the challenge of the future. Further evaluation of genes stimulating plant cell division or T-DNA integration, and genes increasing competency of plant cells to Agrobacterium, may increase transformation efficiency in various systems. Understanding mechanisms by which treatments such as desiccation and antioxidants impact T-DNA delivery and stable transformation will facilitate development of efficient transformation systems.
Asymptotic Optimality of Massive MIMO Systems Using Densely Spaced Transmit Antennas

This paper investigates the performance of a massive multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) system that uses a large transmit antenna array with antenna elements spaced densely. Under the assumption of idealized uniform linear antenna arrays without mutual coupling, precoded quadrature phase-shift keying (QPSK) transmission is proved to achieve the channel capacity of the massive MIMO system when the transmit antenna separation tends to zero. This asymptotic optimality is analogous to that of QPSK faster-than-Nyquist signaling.
FPGA based accelerator for parallel DBSCAN algorithm

Data mining is playing a vital role in various application fields. One important issue in data mining is clustering, which is a process of grouping data with high similarity. Density-based clustering is an effective method that can find clusters in arbitrary shapes in feature space, and DBSCAN (Density-Based Algorithm for Discovering Clusters in Large Spatial Databases with Noise) is a basic one. With the tremendous increase of data sizes, the processing time taken by clustering algorithms can be several hours or more. In recent years, FPGA has provided a notable accelerating performance in data mining applications. In this paper, we study parallel DBSCAN algorithm and map it to FPGA based on the task-level and data-level parallelism architecture. Experimental results show that this accelerator can provide up to 86x speedup over a software implementation on general-purpose processor and 2.9x over a software implementation on graphic processor.
A Quorum-Sensing-Induced Bacteriophage Defense Mechanism

ABSTRACT One of the key determinants of the size, composition, structure, and development of a microbial community is the predation pressure by bacteriophages. Accordingly, bacteria have evolved a battery of antiphage defense strategies. Since maintaining constantly elevated defenses is costly, we hypothesize that some bacteria have additionally evolved the abilities to estimate the risk of phage infection and to adjust their strategies accordingly. One risk parameter is the density of the bacterial population. Hence, quorum sensing, i.e., the ability to regulate gene expression according to population density, may be an important determinant of phage-host interactions. This hypothesis was investigated in the model system of Escherichia coli and phage λ. We found that, indeed, quorum sensing constitutes a significant, but so far overlooked, determinant of host susceptibility to phage attack. Specifically, E. coli reduces the numbers of λ receptors on the cell surface in response to N-acyl-l-homoserine lactone (AHL) quorum-sensing signals, causing a 2-fold reduction in the phage adsorption rate. The modest reduction in phage adsorption rate leads to a dramatic increase in the frequency of uninfected survivor cells after a potent attack by virulent phages. Notably, this mechanism may apply to a broader range of phages, as AHLs also reduce the risk of χ phage infection through a different receptor. IMPORTANCE To enable the successful manipulation of bacterial populations, a comprehensive understanding of the factors that naturally shape microbial communities is required. One of the key factors in this context is the interactions between bacteria and the most abundant biological entities on Earth, namely, the bacteriophages that prey on bacteria. This proof-of-principle study shows that quorum sensing plays an important role in determining the susceptibility of E. coli to infection by bacteriophages λ and χ. On the basis of our findings in the classical Escherichia coli-λ model system, we suggest that quorum sensing may serve as a general strategy to protect bacteria specifically under conditions of high risk of infection. To enable the successful manipulation of bacterial populations, a comprehensive understanding of the factors that naturally shape microbial communities is required. One of the key factors in this context is the interactions between bacteria and the most abundant biological entities on Earth, namely, the bacteriophages that prey on bacteria. This proof-of-principle study shows that quorum sensing plays an important role in determining the susceptibility of E. coli to infection by bacteriophages λ and χ. On the basis of our findings in the classical Escherichia coli-λ model system, we suggest that quorum sensing may serve as a general strategy to protect bacteria specifically under conditions of high risk of infection.
The Role of Opportunities for Recall in Learning to Retrieve.

Three theories of learning hold that test trials are equally effective on errors or successes; that test trials are effective only for successfully recalled material; or, by Restle's strategy-selection model, that presentations are effective only following failures of recall. The implications of these three theories were developed for the parameters of a two-stage Markov model of learning. An application of the model to the RTT paradigm in free recall provided support for the strategyselection theory, as did two experiments involving error-contingent presentation. The paper concludes with a theory relating organi7ational aspects of free recall to the strategy-selection theory.
Disentangling Mathematics Target and Access Skills: Implications for Accommodation Assignment Practices

Appropriate assignment of accommodations is predicated on a clear distinction between target skills and access skills. In this study, we examine the agreement between test developer/researchers’ and educators’ classification of target and access skills as a possible explanatory mechanism for assigning accommodations. Findings indicate that participants with expertise in mathematics education had the highest agreement when classifying target skills, as evidenced by a higher overall sensitivity value and the greatest number of items with the highest sensitivity value. Conversely, special education faculty members had the highest overall agreement when classifying access skills, as evidenced by a higher overall specificity value. Mathematicians, however, had the highest sensitivity values for the greatest number of items. Implications for accommodation assignment practices are discussed.