Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
The Cost of Capital, Corporation Finance and the Theory of Investment

The potential advantages of the market-value approach have long been appreciated; yet analytical results have been meager. What appears to be keeping this line of development from achieving its promise is largely the lack of an adequate theory of the effect of financial structure on market valuations, and of how these effects can be inferred from objective market data. It is with the development of such a theory and of its implications for the cost-of-capital problem that we shall be concerned in this paper. Our procedure will be to develop in Section I the basic theory itself and to give some brief account of its empirical relevance. In Section II we show how the theory can be used to answer the cost-of-capital questions and how it permits us to develop a theory of investment of the firm under conditions of uncertainty. Throughout these sections the approach is essentially a partial-equilibrium one focusing on the firm and "industry". Accordingly, the "prices" of certain income streams will be treated as constant and given from outside the model, just as in the standard Marshallian analysis of the firm and industry the prices of all inputs and of all other products are taken as given. We have chosen to focus at this level rather than on the economy as a whole because it is at firm and the industry that the interests of the various specialists concerned with the cost-of-capital problem come most closely together. Although the emphasis has thus been placed on partial-equilibrium analysis, the results obtained also provide the essential building block for a general equilibrium model which shows how those prices which are here taken as given, are themselves determined. For reasons of space, however, and because the material is of interest in its own right, the presentation of the general equilibrium model which rounds out the analysis must be deferred to a subsequent paper.
THE CITIES: REACTORS OF ECONOMIC TRANSACTIONS

The distribution of persons in each economy by their incomes is similar to the Maxwell-Boltzmann equilibrium distribution encountered in various physical systems. The transactions the persons are making to buy things that make them survive (in all sort of ways) are making them ‘poorer’, as they diminish the amount of money they have. The ‘work and get paid’ type of transactions are rebuilding the financial capacity of the persons. Describing this process as a diffusion equation, in a cylindrical geometry, results in a Bessel function J0(r) solution which matches the density distribution of persons in Paris (as a typical circular pattern city). The analysis of the decrease in income shows a saving/spending behavior function which saturates around 15% - 20% of the total income. This is a possible explanation of the frequent savings value of 15%-22% of GDP found in various economies. Moreover, a simple equation for the dynamic behavior of a city, on which a 365 days period is imposed, results in one week as the time after which persons have to be paid to restart transactions. The transaction cross section s is shown to have a “1/income” behavior, being a measure of the capability to make transactions, proportional to the probability of enterprises to have an income greater than a given value – this behavior has recently been shown to happen in various economies and it is known as the Zipf’s law. Using neutron physics methods in describing the economic transactions environment opens an alternative view on the forecasting models of an economic system’s behavior, and shows that the geographical dimension of a city is determined by the economic transaction behavior/environment in that city.
Effects of coenzyme Q10 supplementation on activities of selected antioxidative enzymes and lipid peroxidation in hypertensive patients treated with indapamide. A pilot study

Introduction An increase in oxidative stress is strongly documented in hypertensive patients. In blood vessels, oxidative stress increases the production of superoxide anion (O2•−) that reacts with nitric oxide (NO) and impairs the ability of endothelium to relax. Many reports indicate a beneficial effect of coenzyme Q10 (CoQ) in hypertension. Coenzyme Q10 therapy may lower O2•− and thus decrease the complications associated with hypertension. The aim of our study was to evaluate the effects of CoQ supplementation on antioxidative enzyme activities and lipid peroxidation in elderly hypertensive patients. Material and methods We determined the activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD-1) and glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) and the concentration of malondialdehyde (MDA) in erythrocytes of 27 elderly (mean age 72.5 ±6.1 year) hypertensive patients treated with indapamide at baseline and after 12 weeks of CoQ supplementation (60 mg twice a day) in comparison with 30 healthy elderly volunteers (mean age 76.8 ±8.5 year). Results Decrease of SOD-1 (p < 0.001) and insignificant reduction of GSH-Px activities and increase of MDA (p < 0.001) level were observed in hypertensive patients in comparison to healthy volunteers before supplementation. Coenzyme Q10 administration resulted in a significant increase only in SOD-1 activity (p < 0.001). Conclusions The present study indicates that CoQ improves the most important component of the antioxidant defence system – SOD-1, which is responsible for O2•− scavenging. Coenzyme Q10 may be used as an additional therapeutic agent for prophylaxis and treatment of hypertension in elderly patients.
Productivity, the stock market and monetary policy in the new economy

Southwest Economy January/February 2000 NE OF THE new economy’s defining features is faster productivity growth. The new economy’s most prominent (and, to many, most worrisome) feature is a booming stock market. Of the new economy’s implications, those for monetary policy are among the most controversial. In this article I discuss productivity growth—what it is, why it’s important and evidence that it has recently been increasing. I also touch on the stock market and what it’s saying about expectations for future growth in productivity. However, the bulk of the article is devoted to an analysis of the connection between productivity growth and monetary policy. The main conclusion is that, for policymakers, whether productivity growth is high or low is less important than whether productivity growth is rising or falling. Rising productivity growth means good times for central bankers. It means the Federal Reserve can realistically hope to deliver low unemployment, rising wages and more rapid output growth, all without any acceleration in consumer prices. Once productivity growth stabilizes—even at a high level —policy choices become more difficult. The good news is we’re experiencing faster productivity growth and have reason to believe this faster growth will continue. Over time, even a small increase in productivity growth can lead to a huge improvement in living standards for Americans. Unfortunately, although productivity can keep rising forever, productivity growth cannot. Hence, we must be prepared for a shift to a less favorable policy environment. Looking ahead, the days of low unemployment without inflation are probably numbered, even if the days of rapid output growth and high stock prices are not. The big challenge will be recognizing the shift in the policy environment when it occurs.
ON THE HORSESHOE DRAG OF A LOW-MASS PLANET. II. MIGRATION IN ADIABATIC DISKS

We evaluate the horseshoe drag exerted on a low-mass planet embedded in a gaseous disk, assuming the disk's flow in the co-orbital region to be adiabatic. We restrict this analysis to the case of a planet on a circular orbit, and we assume a steady flow in the corotating frame. We also assume that the corotational flow upstream of the U-turns is unperturbed, so that we discard saturation effects. In addition to the classical expression for the horseshoe drag in barotropic disks, which features the vortensity gradient across corotation, we find an additional term which scales with the entropy gradient, and whose amplitude depends on the perturbed pressure at the stagnation point of the horseshoe separatrices. This additional torque is exerted by evanescent waves launched at the horseshoe separatrices, as a consequence of an asymmetry of the horseshoe region. It has a steep dependence on the potential's softening length, suggesting that the effect can be extremely strong in the three-dimensional case. We describe the main properties of the co-orbital region (the production of vortensity during the U-turns, the appearance of vorticity sheets at the downstream separatrices, and the pressure response), and we give torque expressions suitable to this regime of migration. Side results include a weak, negative feedback on migration, due to the dependence of the location of the stagnation point on the migration rate, and a mild enhancement of the vortensity-related torque at a large entropy gradient.
Multinational Firms and the Theory of International Trade and Investment

tinational corporation in the arena of economic activity and political influence, trade theorists have either ignored it or expressed unguarded skepticism at the ability of the conventional trade models to successfully capture and analyze the features of this new phenomenon. ' The purpose of this paper is twofold: first, by building upon the contribution by Richard Caves, we will show that the traditional trade models can be adapted in a way that preserves most, if not all, of the attributes introduced by international firms.2 Second, we will conduct a comparative statics analysis to explore the implications of tariffs and taxes for resource allocation and international capital movements. Our results here confirm what has already been well established in myriad empirical studies, that maturation of the international firm has vastly increased economic interdependence among trading countries, and that few nations can eschew the ripples caused by economic policies of other nations.3
ISTehnology – integrated Approach to IS Development and Benefits of its Using

The system ISTechnology and benefits of its usage are analyzed in the paper. ISTechnology provides an integrated approach to business modeling and development of information systems. The system consists of a meta-model and applications. The meta-model enables defining of a platform independent business model of the organization. The applications provide the definition and interpretation of the business model. Interpretation of the business model provides functionality of the information system in the selected platform. The lessons learned confirm that the development and maintenance cost of information systems can be significantly reduced by use of the ISTechnology. The paper describes additional benefits of using ISTechnology like generation of documentation and easy system migration to another platform.
Draft Genome of Toxocara canis, a Pathogen Responsible for Visceral Larva Migrans

This study aimed at constructing a draft genome of the adult female worm Toxocara canis using next-generation sequencing (NGS) and de novo assembly, as well as to find new genes after annotation using functional genomics tools. Using an NGS machine, we produced DNA read data of T. canis. The de novo assembly of the read data was performed using SOAPdenovo. RNA read data were assembled using Trinity. Structural annotation, homology search, functional annotation, classification of protein domains, and KEGG pathway analysis were carried out. Besides them, recently developed tools such as MAKER, PASA, Evidence Modeler, and Blast2GO were used. The scaffold DNA was obtained, the N50 was 108,950 bp, and the overall length was 341,776,187 bp. The N50 of the transcriptome was 940 bp, and its length was 53,046,952 bp. The GC content of the entire genome was 39.3%. The total number of genes was 20,178, and the total number of protein sequences was 22,358. Of the 22,358 protein sequences, 4,992 were newly observed in T. canis. Following proteins previously unknown were found: E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase cbl-b and antigen T-cell receptor, zeta chain for T-cell and B-cell regulation; endoprotease bli-4 for cuticle metabolism; mucin 12Ea and polymorphic mucin variant C6/1/40r2.1 for mucin production; tropomodulin-family protein and ryanodine receptor calcium release channels for muscle movement. We were able to find new hypothetical polypeptides sequences unique to T. canis, and the findings of this study are capable of serving as a basis for extending our biological understanding of T. canis.
A fully integrated open-source toolkit for mining healthcare big-data: architecture and applications

We create an analytics toolkit based on open-source modules that facilitate the exploration of healthcare-related datasets. We illustrate our framework by providing a detailed analysis of physician and hospital ratings data. Our technique should prove valuable to software developers, big-data architects, hospital administrators, policy makers and patients. As an illustration of the capabilities of our toolkit, we examine a controversial issue in the medical field regarding the relationship between seniority of medical professionals and clinical outcomes. We use a publicly available dataset of national hospital ratings in the USA to suggest that there is no significant association between experience of medical professionals and hospital ratings as defined by the US government.
USING POSITIONING REQUIREMENTS IN ENTERPRISE SYSTEM PROJECTS

Managing requirements in Enterprise System Projects should be easier using a more precise visualization tool as the current ones. Within Enterprise System projects, it is only possible for the decision makers to select the adequate requirements when they don’t only consider the balance but also the importance of the implied organizational changes as well as the depth of the Enterprise System customization in a specific project situation. Our approach is based on industrial projects and suggests a tool called the Requirements Positioning. It considers the importance of the implied organizational changes and the Enterprise Systems customization and helps to visualize requirements for a specific project situation.
Mechanical Control of Whole Body Shape by a Single Cuticular Protein Obstructor-E in Drosophila melanogaster

Body shapes are much more variable than body plans. One way to alter body shapes independently of body plans would be to mechanically deform bodies. To what extent body shapes are regulated physically, or molecules involved in physical control of morphogenesis, remain elusive. During fly metamorphosis, the cuticle (exoskeleton) covering the larval body contracts longitudinally and expands laterally to become the ellipsoidal pupal case (puparium). Here we show that Drosophila melanogaster Obstructor-E (Obst-E) is a protein constituent of the larval cuticle that confers the oriented contractility/expandability. In the absence of obst-E function, the larval cuticle fails to undergo metamorphic shape change and finally becomes a twiggy puparium. We present results indicating that Obst-E regulates the arrangement of chitin, a long-chain polysaccharide and a central component of the insect cuticle, and directs the formation of supracellular ridges on the larval cuticle. We further show that Obst-E is locally required for the oriented shape change of the cuticle during metamorphosis, which is associated with changes in the morphology of those ridges. Thus, Obst-E dramatically affects the body shape in a direct, physical manner by controlling the mechanical property of the exoskeleton.
Linear-Time Text Compression by Longest-First Substitution

We consider grammar-based text compression with longest first substitution (LFS), where non-overlapping occurrences of a longest repeating factor of the input text are replaced by a new non-terminal symbol. We present the first linear-time algorithm for LFS. Our algorithm employs a new data structure called sparse lazy suffix trees. We also deal with a more sophisticated version of LFS, called LFS2, that allows better compression. The first linear-time algorithm for LFS2 is also presented.
A Reexamination of the Nature of Male Parental Investment

The role of male parental investment has recently been the subject of much research and debate in anthropology. By understanding the role of male parental care, its evolutionary development, function to the individual, and implications to the larger society, anthropologists can make better sense of observed cultural phenomena. This paper reviews the anthropological literature published on the different facets of male parental investment, and provide an overview of major trends in the research. The role of mating and parenting effort, cross-species comparisons of male parental care, and possible hormonal causations for male parental care are addressed As a proxy for investment male hunting is examined against two competing hypotheses used to elucidate that activity, the cooperative pair-bonding model and the signaling model. It is demonstrated that the assumptions found in the "show-off" hypothesis do not adequately explain hunting in terms of male parental investment. From this analysis, it is proposed that male parental investment is best explained in terms of a combination of the pair­ bonding model and a bargaining-model wherein males seek equilibrium between mating and parenting effort based on available environmental, constraints, both physical and social. Only by a4justing to these given circumstances can males effectively maximize their reproductive potential.
Redesigning Asian Business: In the Aftermath of Crisis

Preface Why Asian Management? The Legacy of Confucianism The Three Intrinsic Characteristics of Asian Management Confucian Management The History of the Asian Economic Crisis Economic Development and State-Intervention The Dark Side of Asian Management Japanese Keiretsu Korean Chaebol Overseas Chinese Business Groups Management in China Hybrid Management Recent Developments across the Region Short-Term Agenda: Fixing the Weakness of Asian Management Long-Term Agenda: Editing the Strengths of Asian Management Women and Asian Management Conclusion: Confucius in the Spotlight Selected Bibliography Index
Implications of a Rotating Mass Matrix

The fermion mass matrix, in addition to having eigenvalues (masses) which run, also changes its orientation (rotates) with changing energy scales. This means that its eigenstates at one scale will no longer be eigenstates at another scale, leading to effects where fermions of different flavours can ``transmute'' into one another. In this paper, the implications of a rotating mass matrix are analysed and possible transmuation effects are investigated both in the Standard Model (SM) and in the so-called Dualized Standard Model (DSM) that we advocate, arriving at the conclusion that some transmutational decays such as $\psi \longrightarrow \mu \tau$, $\Upsilon \longrightarrow \mu \tau$ or $\pi^0 \longrightarrow e \mu$ may be within experimental range, if not immediately, then in the near future.
Sex Attracts: Investigating Individual Differences in Attentional Bias to Sexual Stimuli

We investigated the impact of sexual stimuli and the influence of sexual motivation on the performance in a dot-probe task and a line-orientation task in a large sample of males and females. All pictures (neutral, erotic) were rated on the dimensions of valence, arousal, disgust, and sexual arousal. Additionally, questionnaires measuring sexual interest/desire/motivation were employed. The ratings of the sexual stimuli point to a successful picture selection because sexual arousal did not differ between the sexes. The stimuli were equally arousing for men and women. Higher scores in the employed questionnaires measuring sexual interest/desire/motivation led to higher sexual arousal ratings of the sex pictures. Attentional bias towards sex pictures was observed in both experimental tasks. The attentional biases measured by the dot-probe and the line-orientation task were moderately intercorrelated suggesting attentional bias as a possible marker for a sex-attention trait. Finally, only the sexual sensation seeking score correlated with the attentional biases of the two tasks. Future research is needed to increase the predictive power of these indirect measures of sexual interest.
Wiping out memories: New support for a mental context change account of directed forgetting

Costs and benefits of directed forgetting are observed when a between-list instruction to forget List 1 impairs List 1 recall while enhancing List 2 recall. These effects are often ascribed to intentional inhibition of List 1. Contrary to this inhibition account, we found that a forget instruction did not produce costs unless an explicit instruction to concentrate on List 2 was used (Experiment 1). Alternatively, costs may be ascribed to a shift in mental context between encoding and retrieval. Consistent with this mental context-change account, an unexpected task (wiping the computer screen and one's hands) produced costs comparable to a forget instruction, as did as a brief chat between lists (Experiment 2). A number-search task between lists produced neither costs nor benefits (Experiment 3), suggesting that mere distraction is insufficient for inducing mental context change. Our findings support the claim that mental context change underlies both intentional and unintentional forgetting.
Authorship Attribution based on Data Compression for Telugu Text

Authorship attribution (AA) can be defined as the task of inferring characteristics of a document’s author from the textual characteristics of the document itself. In this paper we evaluated the compression model for AA on Telugu text. We considered six different compressors namely Zip, BZip, GZip, LZW, PPM and PPMd in combination with three different compression distance measures such as Normalized Compressor Distance (NCD), Compression Dissimilarity Measure (CDM) and Conditional Complexity of Compression (CCC). The result shows that the compression models are good alternatives for Authorship attribution instead of classification model with various features.
An On-Chip PVT Compensation Technique with Current Monitoring Circuit for Low-Voltage CMOS Digital LSIs

SUMMARY An on-chip process, supply voltage, and temperature (PVT) compensation technique for low-voltage CMOS digital circuits was proposed. Because the degradation of circuit performance originates from the variation of the saturation current in transistors, we developed a compensation circuit consisting of a reference current that is independent of PVT variations. The circuit is operated so that the saturation current in digital circuits is equal to the reference current. The operations of the circuit were confirmed by SPICE simulation with a set of 0.35-μm standard CMOS parameters. Monte Carlo simulations showed that the proposed technique effectively improves circuit performance by 71%. The circuit is useful for on-chip compensation to mitigate the degradation of circuit performance
Energy Harvesting Technology for Maintenance-free Sensors

Energy harvesting is a technology that gathers energy such as sunlight, artificial light, and vibration and heat from machinery to obtain electric power. Applying this technology to wireless sensor modules in a machine-to-machine (M2M) wireless sensor network will eliminate the need for grid-based power and primary batteries and create new value in the form of maintenance-free, battery-free, and cable-free operation. Energy harvesting can also promote environment-friendly, clean technology that saves energy and reduces CO2 emissions, which makes it a useful technology for achieving the next-generation smart city and sustainable society. This paper introduces oxide-based thermoelectric material, all-solid-state secondary battery technology, and energy-harvesting tester technology now being researched and developed at Fujitsu Laboratories as elemental technologies for applying energy harvesting technology to M2M wireless sensor modules and achieving maintenance-free operation.