Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Breeding and selection goals and animal welfare

Contemporary concerns with animal welfare are increasingly being expressed through reference to the Five Freedoms, paraphrased as animal needs. However, in addition to providing for the needs of livestock, breeding animals to suit the environment, especially in extensive farming systems, is an inherent quality of good stockmanship. Although most farm animal breeding goals are directed at increasing productivity, some, for example resistance to disease or ease of giving birth, also contribute to enhanced animal health and welfare. Increasingly societal expectations are shaping the practices of animal rearing and management, and more recently breeding. It is suggested that those responsible for breeding and selection acknowledge the potential animal health and welfare consequences, both positive and negative, of breeding goals. In so doing that they be prepared for the need to articulate those goals in terms of animal health and welfare, or the need for relevant animal husbandry skills and resources. Subsequently, where necessary they incorporate animal welfare objectives into their breeding programmes. In addition, animal welfare interests need to be aware of the limitations of relying solely on the Five Freedoms, or needs of animals, and acknowledge the wider aspects of good animal husbandry which contribute to animal welfare.
Changes in women's sexual interests and their partner's mate–retention tactics across the menstrual cycle: evidence for shifting conflicts of interest

Because ancestral women could have obtained genetic benefits through extra–pair sex only near ovulation, but paid costs of extra–pair sex throughout the cycle, one might expect selection to have shaped female interest in partners, other than primary partners, to be greater near ovulation than during the luteal phase. Because men would have paid heavier costs if their partners had extra–pair sex near ovulation, one might also expect selection to have shaped male's efforts to track their primary partners' whereabouts to be increased near ovulation, relative to the luteal phase. Women filled out questionnaires about their sexual interests and their partners' mate–retention tactics twice: once within 5 days before a lutenizing hormone surge and once during the luteal phase. Results showed that: (i) women reported greater sexual interest in, and fantasy about, non–primary partners near ovulation than during the luteal phase; (ii) women did not report significantly greater sexual interest in, and fantasy about, primary partners near ovulation; (iii) women reported that their primary partners were both more attentive and more proprietary near ovulation.
The pathogenesis of transfusion‐related acute lung injury (TRALI)

In recent years, transfusion‐related acute lung injury (TRALI) has developed from an almost unknown transfusion reaction to the most common cause of transfusion‐related major morbidities and fatalities. A clinical definition of TRALI was established in 2004, based on acute respiratory distress, non‐cardiogenic lung oedema temporal association with transfusion and hypoxaemia. Histological findings reveal lung oedema, capillary leucostasis and neutrophil extravasation. However, the pathogenesis of TRALI remains controversial. Leucocyte antibodies, present in fresh frozen plasma and platelet concentrates from multiparous donors, and neutrophil priming agents released in stored cellular blood components have been considered to be causative. As neutrophils and endothelial cells are pivotal in the pathogenesis of TRALI, a threshold model was established to try to unify the various reported findings on pathogenesis. This model comprises the priming of neutrophils and/or endothelium by the patient's co‐morbidity, neutrophil and/or endothelial cell activation by the transfused blood component, and the severity of the TRALI reaction.
Sources of Public Opinion on Taxes: the Florida Case

THE NATIONAL CONTROVERSY over taxes has stimulated considerable interest in public opinion towards tax issues. Most recent studies are based on data from national surveys, necessitating a primary focus on federal taxes and non-contextual explanations of state and local tax attitudes. ' Yet the controversy has involved taxes at all levels of government and has taken on vastly different form and intensity from one state to another. Studies dealing directly with the tax attitudes of state publics have been conducted only in California and Michigan where state and local taxes had become a "hot" issue, principally because tax questions were resolved through popular referenda.2
From jambanja to planning: the reassertion of technocracy in land reform in south-eastern Zimbabwe?

This paper examines the land occupations and fast-track resettlement process in Chiredzi district in Zimbabwe's southeast lowveld, and argues that their broad-brush representation as chaotic, violent and unplanned is misleading. In Zimbabwe the instruments and mechanisms of order assert themselves even in the midst of violent disorder. The on-going deployment of the formal and technical tools and discourses of land-use planning have been instrumental in securing the visibility and legitimacy of Zimbabwe's new settlers. The speed and short cuts of the fast-track land reform process and vagueness of policies to date have in the short term opened up a certain amount of space for negotiation and a degree of leeway and flexibility in land-use planning and allocation. But the danger for the settlers is that, by deploying a discourse rooted in long-held and institutionally embedded Rhodesian traditions of planning and control, they have played into a process that – as so often in Zimbabwe's history – will re-impose coercive land-use regulations that are at odds with their livelihood strategies and seek to vet settlers and so undermine populist claims of redressing inequalities and providing land to the landless and poor.
DNA2 Cooperates with the WRN and BLM RecQ Helicases to Mediate Long-range DNA End Resection in Human Cells*

Background: DNA end resection is a critical step in the homology-directed repair of DNA double strand breaks (DSBs). Results: Human WRN helicase stimulates the DNA2-catalyzed resection of DNA ends and acts in concert with DNA2 to promote DSB repair by single strand annealing. Conclusion: DNA2 cooperates with WRN or BLM to mediate the resection of DSBs in mammalian cells. Significance: Defects in DNA end resection might, in part, account for the genomic instability phenotype of Werner syndrome. The 5′-3′ resection of DNA ends is a prerequisite for the repair of DNA double strand breaks by homologous recombination, microhomology-mediated end joining, and single strand annealing. Recent studies in yeast have shown that, following initial DNA end processing by the Mre11-Rad50-Xrs2 complex and Sae2, the extension of resection tracts is mediated either by exonuclease 1 or by combined activities of the RecQ family DNA helicase Sgs1 and the helicase/endonuclease Dna2. Although human DNA2 has been shown to cooperate with the BLM helicase to catalyze the resection of DNA ends, it remains a matter of debate whether another human RecQ helicase, WRN, can substitute for BLM in DNA2-catalyzed resection. Here we present evidence that WRN and BLM act epistatically with DNA2 to promote the long-range resection of double strand break ends in human cells. Our biochemical experiments show that WRN and DNA2 interact physically and coordinate their enzymatic activities to mediate 5′-3′ DNA end resection in a reaction dependent on RPA. In addition, we present in vitro and in vivo data suggesting that BLM promotes DNA end resection as part of the BLM-TOPOIIIα-RMI1-RMI2 complex. Our study provides new mechanistic insights into the process of DNA end resection in mammalian cells.
Modelling monetary policy in South Africa : focus on inflation targeting era using a simple learning rule

A simple empirical nonlinear framework is used to analyse monetary policy between 1983 and 2007 in South Africa, focusing on the policy of in? ation targeting introduced in Feb 2000, more precisely when the South African Reserve Bank (SARB) announced that an inflation zone targeting regime of 3-6% would be in place. We find that a model specification embodying a simple inflation learning rule for the future inflation rate seems to provide a better understanding of the decision process made by the SARB in its interest rate setting policy. The main findings are that the adoption of inflation targeting led to significant changes in monetary policy, secondly, post-2000 monetary policy is asymmetric as policy-makers respond more to downward deviation of inflation away from the target, thirdly, post-2000 policy-makers may be attempting to keep inflation within the 4.5%-6.9% range rather than pursuing a target zone of 3-6% as generally pre- announced and fourthly, the response of monetary policy to in? ation is nonlinear as interest rates respond more when inflation is further from the target.
The Repositioning of American Public Administration

Public Administration Younger public administration scholars may not regard this lecture and the public administration panels at this conference as remarkable. I do, and I suspect others of my generation would agree. Twenty years ago, public administration had all but disappeared as a field of political science and in the affairs of the American Political Science Association. Now, the Annual Meeting of APSA is a primary venue for the presentation of serious research on public administration by whatever nomenclature— public management, bureaucracy, policy implementation, governance. Recent presidents of APSA have been associated with the field of public administraby H. George Frederickson, University of Kansas tion and the PA section is large and vibrant. In the reemergence of public administration in APSA, it is essential to point out, however, that there are still too few pages dealing with the field in the American Political Science Review and the APSR needs a book review section dedicated to public administration. It is a particular pleasure for me to have witnessed the reemergence of the field of public administration in political science and especially to have been selected to give the last Gaus Lecture of the twentieth century. This is a kind of public administration millennial moment, which tempts me to give a Gaus Lecture that takes stock of the field. I shall not resist that temptation. The title of my lecture is "The Repositioning of American Public Administration. "
RACE TO THE TOP: DRIVING AMBITION IN THE POST-2020 INTERNATIONAL CLIMATE AGREEMENT

Disclaimer: Working Papers contain preliminary research, analysis, findings, and recommendations. They are circulated to stimulate timely discussion and critical feedback and to influence ongoing debate on emerging issues. Most working papers are eventually published in another form and their content may be revised. The views and opinions expressed in this paper are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the official policy or position of members of the ACT 2015 Initiative.
The impact of market and policy instability on price transmission between wheat and flour in Ukraine

Analysis of price transmission in transition countries is often complicated by unstable policy environments. We use a Markov-switching vector error-correction model (MSVECM) to model multiple regime shifts in the relationship between wheat and wheat flour prices in Ukraine from June 2000 to November 2004. Unlike common alternative error correction specifications, the MSVECM does not require an explicit transition variable but rather permits changes between regimes to depend on an unobserved state variable. The analysis reveals four regimes whose timing coincides with political and economic events in Ukraine. Strong coincidence between a 'high-uncertainty' regime and discretionary policy interventions suggests that policy responses to fluctuations in Ukrainian harvests may have amplified instability. Oxford University Press and Foundation for the European Review of Agricultural Economics 2009; all rights reserved. For permissions, please email journals.permissions@oxfordjournals.org, Oxford University Press.
Structural adjustment and the peasantry in Morocco: A computable household model

A computable nonseparable household (CNH) model approach is used as a tool to analyze, at the microlevel, the impacts of changes in macro and sectoral policies. Nonseparability originates in market failures for some products and factors and in a binding credit constraint. While the results are only suggestive until this type of model is consistently estimated, they indicate the tremendous heterogeneity of impacts across household types. For Morocco, they show that, while higher cereals prices displace resources from livestock to grains, rising prices of animal feeds induce a shift in how livestock is produced toward the use of factors with market failures, in this case child labor for herding and grazing in the commons. Copyright 1992 by Oxford University Press.
Evaluation of LBS-1 Teacher Preparation in Inclusive Practices, Reading, and Classroom Organization-Behavior Management

Executive Surrlrr~ary lllinois higher education programs preparing teachers for the Learning Behavior Specialist-l license were studied to determine if mandated inclusive practices principles under Corey H. were included in required courses. Preparation of LBS-I teachers in other essential content related to successful integration of students with disabilities in general education classrooms and environments also was evaluated. Innovation configurations (IC) in Inclusive Practices, Scientifically-based Reading Instruction, and Classroom Organization-Behavior Management were developed for this study. ICs are formed by a matrix of essential principles on one dimension and levels of implementation on the other. A rating procedure was developed and applied to course syllabi from lllinois Institu,tions of Higher Education (IHE). Twenty-seven of 31 lllinois lHEs participated in this study. The course syllabi (N=514) for courses required in the IHE LBS-I teacher preparation programs were collected by project staff under the direction of Dan Reschly. Positive results emerged from these analyses regarding the implementation of inclusive practices principles in the preparation of LBS-I teachers. The inclusive practices are closely related to the intent of Corey H. concerning the preparation of teachers to support the successful integration of students with disabilities in general education classrooms and environments. Illinois lHEs have been responsive to teacher licensure changes made by the Illinois State Board of Education in 2000 requiring greater implementation of inclusive practices and principles. Preparation of LBS-I teachers in scientifically-based reading instruction and classroom organizationlbehavior management was more variable across lHEs and generally less adequate. These two areas are critical to the successful integration of students with disabilities in general education classrooms. A few programs do very well in these areas. Most do not. Preparation in scientifically-based reading instruction and, to a lesser extent, principles of classroom organization-behavior management, needs significant improvement. Poor reading instruction preparation compromises results for students with disabilities in a critical life skill and diminishes access to the general education curriculum. IHE faculty and ISBE officials are encouraged to study these results and consider implications for improving teacher education. Highly prepared teachers are essential to realizing the intent of Corey H. and to ensuring an effective, appropriate education for students with disabilities in the least restrictive environment. This is a report of a study of lllinois Institutions of Higher Education (IHE) preparation of teachers for the Learning Behavior Specialist I license. Changes in teacher preparation and licensure were required as part of the Corey H. (1 999) consent …
The sensitivity of German and British tourists to news shocks

Purpose – This study aims to investigate the impact of news shocks on the growth rate of German and British tourist arrivals in Turkey.Design/methodology/approach – This research utilizes GARCH as a detection device to distinguish the sensitivity of German and British tourists to news shocks, and employs monthly log‐differenced tourist arrivals covering the period from January 1996 to December 2006.Findings – The uncertainty about future British arrival rates does not follow any specific pattern. The impact of news shocks seems to have an asymmetric, long‐lasting, but decaying, effect on German tourists. The national culture seems to modify the impact of news shocks on visiting decisions; German tourists seem to be more sensitive to news shocks than British tourists.Research limitations/implications – The research covers only British and German tourists' decisions to visit Turkey. The question of whether the composition of the mean equation substantially alters the variance structure merits further study.
Grassroots attitudes to the positioning of English as a language for international development

A recent consequence of the positioning of English as the pre-eminent language of international communication has been a trend for language education policies in developmental contexts to promote English as a vital element in the skill-set necessary for successful participation in twenty-first century society. This trend has resulted in an emergent discourse of ‘English as a language for international development’, which is evident both in the objectives of and rationales for large-scale development programmes such as ‘English in Action’ (Bangladesh) and ‘Project English’ (India and Sri Lanka), and in the rhetoric of the official language policies which direct these projects (Seargeant and Erling, forthcoming). Taking this discourse as its context of investigation, the presentation considers the extent to which the assumptions about English that are articulated in such ‘official’ language policies (i.e. those produced by governmental organisations, funding bodies, and academic institutions) relates to the grassroots discourse on English that is constructed by those people at whom the development initiatives are aimed (i.e. teachers, parents, and students). This grassroots discourse comprises what Kachru (1991) has termed “invisible language policies”, and is likely to have a significant bearing on the manner in which official policy initiatives are adopted by the local community. Drawing on data collected from the ‘English in Action’ project, the presentation explores these local language ideologies and juxtaposes them with the discourse of ‘English as a language for international development’ that is articulated at the policy level. The analysis is used as a means of addressing the question of what sort of contribution English language education can productively make to development agendas.
Global CO2 Agreements: A Cost-Effective Approach

In this paper I specify CO2 abatement cost functions for five different world regions. A cost-effective CO2 agreement is defined by the emissions that follow from minimising the total abatement costs, given a specified CO2 emission limit. Under the cost-effective agreement, the industrialised countries bear all reductions, while developing countries are actually allowed to increase emissions compared to the 1990 level. The developing countries will, nevertheless, bear the highest burdens under this treaty. The agreement is also analysed under different tradeable permit regimes and compared to uniform percentage reductions. The transfers from tradeable permit systems are high, and may be difficult for political leaders to justify. An allocation based on historical CO2 emissions is the only simple rule which ensures every region is better off than under uniform percentage reductions.
Online programming tutors or paper study guides?

An undergraduate data structures course is challenging to teach due to the vast number of complex topics that need to be covered. The use of instructional tools, such as an online programming tutor, can reinforce topics students typically find difficult. Prior research has shown using programming tutors can have a positive impact on student learning in an introductory Computer Science course. We hypothesized that we would see similar results using an online tutor in a second year programming course. Our study used an existing programming tutor, Problets, to supplement course instruction on two identified topics (functions and pointers) over one semester in two sections of a data structures course. In the first part of the study, we compared the optional use of an online tutor to no supplemental instruction. In the second part of the study, we compared the use of the online tutor to paper study guides. We conducted a two-tailed unpaired t-test on the students' midterm examination scores. The results from the first module showed that simply providing an optional tool had limited value. Surprisingly, the results from the second module showed no significant difference based on the type of practice. We discuss possible explanations for these results.
The Distortion of a Managerial Technique? The Case of Clinical Networks in UK Health Care

Managed networks are increasingly common in the British National Health Service (NHS) as a means of streamlining and standardizing patient care across organizational and professional boundaries. However, there has been limited research regarding whether this technique is the most appropriate management style for delivery of health services. This article draws upon the authors' research on managed clinical networks for cancer in the UK–a model that set out to guide and develop knowledge flows across cancer service providers. It examines how the initial purpose of these networks was distorted by the broader function of New Labour's ‘modernization agenda’, which has ultimately focused on organizational restructuring and adhering to government targets. Our analysis, which develops Lozeau, Langley and Denis's model of the corruption of managerial techniques, suggests that the initial knowledge-sharing purpose of networks underwent top-down ‘distortion’ by the demands of central government. This resulted in superficial bottom-up adoption of the networks model and limited impact upon organizational processes.
Currency Boards, Dollarized Liabilities, and Monetary Policy Credibility

The recent collapse of the Argentine currency board raises new questions about the desirability of formal fixed exchange rate regimes in modern developing economies. This paper examines the impact of dollarized liabilities with potential default for a currency board with costly abandonment. We compare the performance of a currency board to a central bank with full discretion in two environments: One with only idiosyncratic firm shocks, and one with both idiosyncratic shocks and shocks to the dollar-euro rate. We show that the possibility of default with peso-valued exports generates a risk premium on borrowing tied to expected future monetary policy. In addition, the presence of dollarized liabilities mitigates the time-inconsistency problem faced by the monetary authority. Finally, our numerical results demonstrate that the relative performance of the central bank under discretion compared to a currency board is ambiguous with only firm shocks, but that discretion unambiguously dominates when we also introduce shocks to the dollar-euro rate.
Insertion/deletion channels: reduced-state lower bounds on channel capacities

We use Monte-Carlo methods to compute lower bounds on information rates of insertion/deletion channels. The information rate computation methods we propose are based on reduced-state trellis techniques. We compare the newly obtained bounds to some previously derived bounds (specifically for the deletion channel) and show that the new bounds are (much) sharper. In some regions, the new bound almost meets a known upper bound.