Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Continuity of care in dermatology residency programs in the United States.

PURPOSE As established by the AccreditationCouncil for Graduate Medical Education (ACGME),dermatology residents in the United States must participate in continuity clinic. This requirement may be achieved through multiple means, allowing for program variation. To better assess continuity clinic's role in resident learning, more data on this component of graduate medical education is needed. METHODS An anonymous online survey was distributed via the American Board of Dermatology list serv to all U.S. dermatology residents. Continuity clinic organization, setting, frequency, and patient and preceptor characteristics were assessed; resident satisfaction and learning were compared. RESULTS Of 231 responses, 7.8% reported continuity clinic daily, 77.1% weekly, 9.1% every other week, 3.0%monthly, 0.4% once every several months, and 2.2%only during certain blocks. Of the clinics reported,80.1% were "resident-run with attending" and 11.3%were attending-run. The rest were "resident-run with no attending" (0.9%), both resident and attending run(3.0%), or "other" (4.8%). Trainees in resident-run clinics (with attendings) reported greater continuity of care than those in attending-run clinics (p<0.001). Residents reported better teaching with attending presence during patient encounters than when attendings were present only if concerns were raised(p<0.01).
A neural basis for password-based species recognition in an avian brood parasite

ABSTRACT Obligate avian brood parasites are raised by heterospecific hosts and, therefore, lack crucial early exposure to relatives and other conspecifics. Yet, young brood parasites readily recognize and affiliate with others of their own species upon independence. One solution to this social recognition paradox is the ontogenetic ‘password’ mechanism used by obligate parasitic brown-headed cowbirds (Molothrus ater), whereby conspecific identification is initially mediated through the cowbird chatter: a non-learned vocal cue. We explored the neural basis of such password-based species recognition in juvenile and adult male cowbirds. We found that cowbird auditory forebrain regions express greater densities of the protein product of the immediate-early gene ZENK in response to the password chatter call relative to control sounds of mourning dove (Zenaida macroura) coos. The chatter-selective induction of ZENK expression occurs in both the caudal medial nidopallium (NCM) and the caudal medial mesopallium (CMM) in adults, but only within the NCM in juveniles. In contrast, we discovered that juvenile cowbirds exhibit neural selectivity to presentations of either conspecific or heterospecific songs, but only in CMM and only after recent experience. Juvenile cowbirds that did not have previous experience with the song type they were exposed to during the test period exhibited significantly lower activity-dependent gene expression. Thus, in juvenile male cowbirds, there is early onset of species-specific selective neural representation of non-learned calls in NCM and recently experienced song in CMM. These results suggest that NCM is evolutionarily co-opted in parasitic cowbirds to selectively recognize the password chatter, allowing juvenile cowbirds to identify adult conspecifics and avoid mis-imprinting upon unrelated host species. These ontogenetic comparisons reveal novel insights into the neural basis of species recognition in brood parasitic species. Summary: Obligate avian brood parasites are not raised by their own species, yet upon independence, they recognize conspecifics. The auditory system aids juvenile birds with this challenge by selective responses to non-learned vocalizations.
Modeling Students' Memory for Application in Adaptive Educational Systems

Human memory has been thoroughly studied and modeled in psychology, but mainly in laboratory setting under simplified conditions. For application in practical adaptive educational systems we need simple and robust models which can cope with aspects like varied prior knowledge or multiple-choice questions. We discuss and evaluate several models of this type. We show that using the extensive data sets collected by online educational systems it is possible to build well calibrated models and get interesting insight, which can be used for improvement of adaptive educational systems.
Chapter 4 Soil and Belowground Processes

Soil characteristics and functions are critical determinants of rangeland systems and the ecosystem services that they provide. Rangeland soils are extremely diverse, but an emerging understanding is that paradigms developed in more mesic forest ecosystems may not be applicable. Vascular plants, biological soil crusts, and the soil microbial community are the three major functional groups of organisms that influence rangeland soils through their control over soil structure and soil carbon, water, and nutrient availability. Rangelands occur across a broad range of precipitation regimes, but local water status can be modified by management and land use. Important processes in carbon and nutrient cycling can be unique to arid rangelands. Physical drivers such as UV radiation and soil–litter mixing can be important factors for decomposition. Precipitation, vascular species composition and spatial pattern, presence of biological soil crusts, and surface disturbance interact to determine rates of carbon and nutrient cycling. The low resource availability in rangeland soils makes them very vulnerable to drivers of global change, and also excellent indicators of small changes in resource availability. Recent large-scale experiments demonstrate that rangelands are very susceptible to changes in precipitation regimes, warming, and atmospheric carbon dioxide. Growth of molecular tools in combination with other techniques has allowed scientists to increasingly link microbial community composition and function, thereby shedding light on what was formerly R.D. Evans (*) School of Biological Sciences and WSU Stable Isotope Core Laboratory, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, USA e-mail: rdevans@wsu.edu R.A. Gill Department of Biology and Evolutionary Ecology Laboratory, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT, USA e-mail: rgill@byu.edu V.T. Eviner Department of Plant Sciences, University of California, Davis, CA, USA e-mail: veviner@ucdavis.edu V. Bailey Biological Sciences Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA, USA e-mail: Vanessa.Bailey@pnnl.gov
Evaluation of Real-time Ultrasound and Carcass Characteristics for Assessing Carcass Composition in Swine

and Implications Results of this study indicate that correlations between real-time ultrasound loin depth and carcass loin muscle area and between carcass loin depth and carcass loin muscle area are high. However, using carcass loin muscle area as the true value, the standard error of prediction for real-time ultrasound loin muscle area was lower than those for loin muscle areas predicted from either real-time ultrasound loin depth or carcass loin depth. Real-time ultrasound and carcass depth or length or a combination thereof is a less accurate predictor of carcass loin muscle area than simply real-time ultrasound loin muscle area alone.
Joint Spatial and Spectral Low-Rank Regularization for Hyperspectral Image Denoising

Hyperspectral image (HSI) noise reduction is an active research topic in HSI processing due to its significance in improving the performance for object detection and classification. In this paper, we propose a joint spectral and spatial low-rank (LR) regularized method for HSI denoising, based on the assumption that the free-noise component in an observed signal can exist in latent low-dimensional structure while the noise component does not have this property. The proposed HSI denoising method not only considers the traditional LR property across the spectral domain but also leverages nonlocal LR property over the spatial domain. The main contribution of this paper is the incorporation of the low-rankness-based nonlocal similarity into sparse representation to characterize the spatial structure. Specially, the similar patches in each cluster usually contain similar sharp structure such as edges and textures; LR performed on cluster entitles to achieve a lower rank than that on the global spectral correlation. To make the proposed method more tractable and robust, we develop a variable splitting-based technique to solve the optimization problem. Experiment results on both simulated and real hyperspectral data sets demonstrate that the proposed method outperforms state-of-the-art methods with significant improvements both visually and quantitatively.
Risk Factors for Gastric Cancer: A Systematic Review

Objective: Gastric cancer is one of the leading causes of death worldwide, with many influences contributing to the disease. The aim of this study was to identify the most important risk factors. Methods: This study was conducted in 2017 with a structured overview in the Science Directe, Scopus, PubMed, Cochrane, Web of Science (ISI) databases. In the first step, articles were extracted based on their titles and abstracts; the quality of 43 articles was evaluated using the STORBE tool. Inclusion criteria were studies carried out on human, English language (first step), year of the study and the study type (second step). Results: Finally, 1,381 articles were found, of which 1,269 were excluded in primary and secondary screening. In reviewing the references of the remaining 44 papers, 4 studies were added. Finally, 43 articles were selected for the quality assessment process. A total of 52 risk factors for gastric cancer were identified and classified into nine important categories: diet, lifestyle, genetic predisposition, family history, treatment and medical conditions, infections, demographic characteristics, occupational exposures and ionizing radiation’. Conclusion: Several environmental and genetic factors are involved in the development of gastric cancer. Regarding the role of changes in ‘diet and lifestyle’, considering appropriate nutrition and improving the level of education and awareness of people is vital for early diagnosis and timely treatment of this disease, especially in people with a family history and genetic predisposition.
Mechanisms for ·O2- and ·OH Production on Flowerlike BiVO4 Photocatalysis Based on Electron Spin Resonance

Many studies have focused on the use of BiVO4 as a photocatalyst, but few have investigated the production of free radicals during the photocatalytic process. Following synthesis of flowerlike BiVO4 and characterization by X-ray diffraction (XRD), Raman spectroscopy, Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) Scanning electron microscopy (EDX), UV-Vis and XPS, we successfully prepared BiVO4. Then we used electron spin resonance (ESR) to determine the production and degradation of individual active free radicals, including the superoxide radical (·O2-) and the hydroxyl radical (·OH). In the first experiment, we used ESR to detect the signals of free radicals (·O2- and ·OH) under varying oxygen conditions. The results shown that in addition to production by ·O2-, ·OH could also be produced by oxidation of h+ to OH−. In the next experiment, we detected ·OH under varying pH to identify the result of the first experiment, and found that signal intensities increased with increasing pH, indicating the mechanism for ·OH production. Finally, we conducted a trapping experiment to examine free radical degradation mechanisms. We identified ·OH and h+ as the main active free radicals and showed the complete production about ·OH. These results improve current knowledge of free radical production mechanisms, which can be used to enhance the photocatalytic performance of BiVO4.
Force tracking impedance control with moving target

Force control can help a robot to deal with unexpected events and uncertainty in applications such as flexible manufacturing. For example, motion of a workpiece can be handled by tracking the moving object with a manipulator. In this paper, we present a position-based force control scheme for tracking a moving target with the robotic manipulator using force feedback. Stability and convergence of the proposed control scheme are analyzed for a stable force tracking execution. Simulation studies are shown to demonstrate the robustness of the proposed scheme under unknown environment stiffness and variable environment position. The experimental results support the claim that the approach could be successfully applied to track a moving target with a constant force.
Gut Integrity of Neonatal Piglets: A Histomorphological Analysis

The present study was undertaken to elaborate histomorphological status of different segments of small intestine of eight apparently healthy Hampshire piglets, irrespective of sex. They were divided into two age groups of 0 day and 7 days, consisting of four animals in each group. After sacrifice at the respective age the different segments of the small intestine were studied for histomorphological structures. The small intestinal wall is composed of four layers viz. tunica mucosa, tunica submucosa, tunica musculosa and tunica serosa from inside to outside. The shape, size, length and width of the villi present at the mucosal surface varied in different regions of the small intestine. The Peyer’s patches were composed of four distinct compartments, viz., follicle/lymphatic nodules, a zone of small lymphocytes, an internodular region and the dome area. The Brunner’s glands were present in the tunica sub mucosa layer of duodenum. The collagen fibres were prominent in the basement membrane of the lining epithelium and connective tissue covering the lymphoid nodule. The reticular fibres were recorded in the basement membrane of the lining epithelium, periphery of the intestinal glands and lymphoid nodules. The elastic fibres were found in negligible amount in the different segments of the small intestine except at the inner side of the blood vessels. The nerve fibres were seen mostly in the dome and interfollicular area.
TAAR1 in Addiction: Looking Beyond the Tip of the Iceberg

Trace-amine associated receptor 1 (TAAR1) is the best-characterized member of the family of TAARs. TAAR1 is broadly expressed in the brain, especially within the monoaminergic systems. Evidence from electrophysiological and neurochemical studies evaluating the effects of genetic and pharmacological interventions on TAAR1 revealed that TAAR1 modulates transmission of monoamines, especially dopamine. TAAR1 agonists dampened drugs of abuse-induced dopamine accumulation. In general, TAAR1 agonists specifically inhibited the rewarding and reinforcing effects of drugs of abuse and drug-abuse related behaviors. Details of the mechanism of TAAR1 remain elusive; however, it is thought to be regulated by its interactions with D2 receptors. In addition, the alternative cellular mechanism such as an interaction between TAAR1 and D3 may also participate in the action of TAAR1 agonists. Further studies are required to investigate the role of TAAR1 in other drugs of abuse-related behaviors and the underlying neural mechanisms. Collectively, TAAR1 negatively modulates dopaminergic systems and dopamine-related behaviors and TAAR1 agonists are promising pharmacotherapy to treat drug addiction and relapse.
Energy Efficient Device to Device Communication by Resource Efficiency Optimization

Device-to-Device (D2D) communication is one of the technologies for next generation communication system. Unlike traditional cellular network, D2D allows proximity users to communicate directly with each other without routing the data through a base station. In this paper, we propose a resource allocation scheme for energy efficiency (EE) optimization in cellular network with overlaying D2D communication. The objective of this work is to maximize the overall EE of the network while satisfying the rate and power constraints for all users. We decompose the main problem into two subproblems; resource efficiency (RE) optimization for cellular user in the first stage and EE optimization for D2D pair in the second stage. The RE optimization problem is solved using the bisection method while Dinkelbach and interior point method are implemented to solve the EE optimization problem. Simulation results demonstrate that the proposed scheme outperforms the cellular mode and dedicated mode of communication and the performance is close to the global optimal solution.
Characterization of Interply Shear Behaviour of Out-of-Autoclave Thermosetting Prepreg Composites

Thermoforming of composite materials includes deforming the flat sheets of prepreg laminates into complex shaped composite parts. This deformation of flat laminates into complex shapes can cause wrinkles in the final part. External processing conditions of forming process must be chosen in a way to minimize wrinkles. This dissertation describes the experimental technique to measure friction between two plies of thermoset prepreg. A test rig was designed and constructed which can provide different temperatures and different normal pressures to the prepreg sample. This test rig was installed on a tensile testing machine which can provide different pulling rates and measure the frictional resistance between prepreg layers. It was observed that a yield shear stress level associated with each set of external processing conditions exists which has to be overcome to begin the layer slippage. Further continuing the slippage requires less force than the initial yield shear force. The results show that the temperature is the most influencing external processing parameter as the coefficient of friction decreases significantly with increase in temperature. This is due to the resin viscosity reduction. Forming rate which was simulated by pulling velocity in experimental set up has less effect on the interply friction. Larger friction coefficient was found at higher pulling velocities and vice versa. With the increase in normal pressure, the coefficient of friction decreases. By comparing the 8HS, 5HS and UD prepregs, frictional resistance was found to be the largest in unidirectional composites, followed by 8-harness and 5-harness composites respectively. It was observed that change in the fabric (fiber) orientation of the prepreg plies has effect on interply friction. Interestingly, experimental results show that friction mechanism between prepreg plies is mixed friction i.e. it is dominated by coulomb friction as well as hydrodynamic friction. To draw Stribeck curves, Hersey number was calculated and plotted against the coefficient of friction. A friction model was developed based on the linear relationship between friction coefficient and Hersey number. By deriving the relationship between angle θ and the two variables from linear equations, a general equation was developed which could be used to predict coefficient of friction for any set of processing conditions at any fabric (fiber) orientation. A design of experiments technique, Taguchi method, was adopted to find the optimum processing parameters in thermoforming of composites. Analysis of Variance was used to find the contribution of each parameter.
Adaptive digital predistorter with improving feedback signal distortion over-compensation

In this paper, a method for improving feedback signal distortion over-compensation of a digital pre-distortion(DPD) system is presented. The method comprises the following steps: acquiring a distortion compensation characteristic parameter of an input signal in a forward channel of the digital pre-distortion system to form a forward channel distortion compensation lookup table(LUT), and compensating the input signal before digit-analog converter (DAC); acquiring an ideal compensation characteristic parameter of the input signal in a small closed loop without power amplification to form a feedback signal distortion compensation LUT for compensating in a feedback signal; and acquiring an ideal compensation characteristic parameter of the input signal in a big closed loop with power amplification to form a digital pre-distortion LUT dealing with power amplification non-linear distortion for compensating in the forward signal. Through the method, the over-compensation characteristic of the feedback signal can be further effectively counter balanced based on compensation to forward channel distortion to achieve the aim of improving the performance of the digital pre-distortion system.
Contemporary Definitions of Suicidal Behavior: A Systematic Literature Review

To address the lack of comparability around the world, we conducted a systematic review of existing definitions of suicide and suicidal behaviors. In the literature, four key features appear to cover the vast majority of concepts underpinning definitions: agency, knowledge of a potential fatal outcome, intent, and outcome. Intent and outcome appear to be the most consensual features of definitions of suicide, albeit revealing interesting conceptual variations. The four key features could be used to devise a research tool able to explore the meanings of suicide across different countries and different cultures.
Kindling as a Model for Alcohol Withdrawal Syndromes

Summary Periodic brain stimulation, particularly in the limbic system, at stimulus intensities initially too low to produce any behavioural or EEG effects, progressively produces EEG changes, motor automatisms, and eventually convulsions, an effect called kindling. Data are presented and reviewed that suggest that the severity of alcohol withdrawal symptoms progressively increases over years of alcohol abuse in a stepwise fashion similar to the kindling process. The model is presented that the limbic system hyperirritability which accompanies each alcohol withdrawal serves over time to kindle increasingly widespread subcortical structures. These long-term changes in neuronal excitability might relate to the progression of alcohol withdrawal symptoms from tremor to seizures and delirium tremens, as well as the alcoholic personality changes between episodes of withdrawal.
Strategic Minimization of High Level Waste From Pyroprocessing of Spent Nuclear Fuel

The pyroprocessing of spent nuclear fuel results in two high-level waste streams--ceramic and metal waste. Ceramic waste contains active metal fission product-loaded salt from the electrorefining, while the metal waste contains cladding hulls and undissolved noble metals. While pyroprocessing was successfully demonstrated for treatment of spent fuel from Experimental Breeder Reactor-II in 1999, it was done so without a specific objective to minimize high-level waste generation. The ceramic waste process uses “throw-away” technology that is not optimized with respect to volume of waste generated. In looking past treatment of EBR-II fuel, it is critical to minimize waste generation for technology developed under the Global Nuclear Energy Partnership (GNEP). While the metal waste cannot be readily reduced, there are viable routes towards minimizing the ceramic waste. Fission products that generate high amounts of heat, such as Cs and Sr, can be separated from other active metal fission products and placed into short-term, shallow disposal. The remaining active metal fission products can be concentrated into the ceramic waste form using an ion exchange process. It has been estimated that ion exchange can reduce ceramic high-level waste quantities by as much as a factor of 3 relative to throw-away technology.