Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Proposed StochasticQuantumCascade Model

PVb prqpose a new nuclear reaction simulation, tenned the stochtzytic quantum cascade modeL which deals with proton-nucleus elastic scattering and multiple inelastic reactions. for the purpose qfmore precise dose estimation in particle cancer therapy. Based on stochastic guantization theor},, we describe the wave motion ofprotons using particie motion, i.e., IVbwtonian mechanics, and then incorporate eldstic scattering into the17'amework ofthe intranuclear cascade modeL IVtimerical caiculations are carried out and compared with experimental angular distributions of cross sections. Reasonabie agreements are demonstrated which verij}es the high predictive ability and usojiilness ofthe moclel. Kep,worttsStochastic quantization, Particle cancer therapM Proton nucleus elastic scattering, Particle clynamics, IVave dynamics, Cross section, Angular disti'ibution, Intranuclear cascade modeL Stochastic guantum cascade modeL
Intergovernmental Fiscal Relations and Local Financial Management Subnational Revenues: Realities and Prospects "subnational Revenues: Realities and Prospects"

The traditional theory of fiscal federalism prescribes a very limited tax base for subnational governments. The only "good" local taxes are said to be those (1) that are easy to administer locally, (2) that are imposed solely (or mainly) on local residents, and (3) that do not raise problems of "harmonization" or "competition" between subnational governments or between subnational and national governments. 2 The only major revenue source usually seen as passing these stringent tests is the property tax, with perhaps a secondary role for taxes on vehicles, but not much else other than user fees. Since this conclusion fits in well with the reluctance of most central governments to provide subnational governments access to more lucrative sales or income taxes, it is not surprising that it has become conventional wisdom. Subnational governments almost everywhere are thus urged to make more use of property taxes, and criticized when they do not do so enthusiastically. Up to a point, there is much to be said for this argument. Unfortunately, that point falls far short of the task facing subnational governments in many countries for a number of reasons. First, the conventional case for property taxes is to some extent flawed. Such taxes are in fact costly and difficult to administer well, and these problems are greatly exacerbated as the tax burden increases. Moreover, in practice political realities mean that increases in property taxes are often concentrated primarily on non-residential properties that most lend themselves to tax exporting, thus undercutting one of the principal arguments for local use of this tax base. Second, even a well-administered local property tax cannot finance major social expenditures (education, health, social assistance) except perhaps in the richest (and usually largest) communities. To the extent it is desirable for governments to finance from their own revenues the services they provide, either local governments financed by property taxes are confined to providing "local" services (street cleaning, refuse removal, etc.), or they are inevitably heavily dependent on transfers from higher levels of government. This is the pattern in most developed countries, including even the relatively few in which the property tax is the mainstay of local finance. In most other OECD countries, to the extent they are not dependent on national transfers. local governments impose significant direct taxes on business or levy surcharges on national income taxes (Bird and Slack, 1991). Third, the conventional argument does not take adequately …
Fabrication and characterization of Si nanotip arrays for Si-based nano-devices

A simple and efficient technique for fabricating two-dimensional arrays of silicon nanotips by using electron beam lithography (EBL) and reactive ion etching (RIE) was reported. For the RIE processes, two kind of reactive gases, CHF3 and SF6, were used as plasma etching source for Si. The experiment results indicate that the reactive ion etching mechanism is different: the isotropic process for SF6 and anisotropic for CHF3. It is found that the mixed O2/SF6 plasma etching can improve the properties of profile and surface of Si nanotips. Under the condition of ratio ~15%, the 10 nm top size of Si nanotips was obtained.
The laws of excluded middle and contradiction in checklist paradigm based fuzzy interval logic

This paper continues a study in fuzzy interval logic based on the Checklist Paradigm(CP) semantics of Bandler and Kohout. The law of excluded middle and the law of contradiction are investigated in the fuzzy interval logic system of negation, [¬<sub>Bot</sub>, ¬<sub>Top</sub>], which was defined by the Nicod(NOR) and the Sheffer(NAND) connectives of m<sub>1</sub> interval system, respectively. Both laws don't hold in the fuzzy logic with a classic negation, ¬<sub>a</sub> = 1 - a; however, they do hold both with ¬<sub>Bot</sub> and with ¬<sub>Top</sub> in the checklist paradigm based fuzzy interval logic.
On the Index Coding Problem and Its Relation to Network Coding and Matroid Theory

The index coding problem has recently attracted a significant attention from the research community due to its theoretical significance and applications in wireless ad hoc networks. An instance of the index coding problem includes a sender that holds a set of information messages X={x1,. ,xk} and a set of receivers R. Each receiver (x,H) in R needs to obtain a message x X and has prior side information consisting of a subset H of X . The sender uses a noiseless communication channel to broadcast encoding of messages in X to all clients. The objective is to find an encoding scheme that minimizes the number of transmissions required to satisfy the demands of all the receivers. In this paper, we analyze the relation between the index coding problem, the more general network coding problem, and the problem of finding a linear representation of a matroid. In particular, we show that any instance of the network coding and matroid representation problems can be efficiently reduced to an instance of the index coding problem. Our reduction implies that many important properties of the network coding and matroid representation problems carry over to the index coding problem. Specifically, we show that vector linear codes outperform scalar linear index codes and that vector linear codes are insufficient for achieving the optimum number of transmissions.
Catechol Quinones of Estrogens in the Initiation of Breast, Prostate, and Other Human Cancers

Abstract: Estrogens can be converted to electrophilic metabolites, particularly the catechol estrogen‐3,4‐quinones, estrone(estradiol)‐3,4‐quinone [E1(E2)‐3,4‐Q], which react with DNA to form depurinating adducts. These adducts are released from DNA to generate apurinic sites. Error‐prone repair of this damage leads to the mutations that initiate breast, prostate, and other types of cancer. The reaction of E1(E2)‐3,4‐Q with DNA forms the depurinating adducts 4‐hydroxyE1(E2)‐1‐N3adenine [4‐OHE1(E2)‐1‐N3Ade] and 4‐OHE1(E2)‐1‐N7guanine(Gua). These two adducts constitute >99% of the total DNA adducts formed. The E1(E2)‐2,3‐Q forms small amounts of the depurinating 2‐OHE1(E2)‐6‐N3Ade adducts. Reaction of the quinones with DNA occurs more abundantly when estrogen metabolism is unbalanced. Such an imbalance is the result of overexpression of estrogen‐activating enzymes and/or deficient expression of deactivating (protective) enzymes. Excessive formation of E1(E2)‐3,4‐Q is the result of this imbalance. Oxidation of catechols to semiquinones and quinones is a mechanism of tumor initiation not only for endogenous estrogens, but also for synthetic estrogens such as hexestrol and diethylstilbestrol, a human carcinogen. This mechanism is also involved in the initiation of leukemia by benzene, rat olfactory tumors by naphthalene, and neurodegenerative diseases such as Parkinson's disease by dopamine. In fact, dopamine quinone reacts with DNA similarly to the E1(E2)‐3,4‐Q, forming analogous depurinating N3Ade and N7Gua adducts. The depurinating adducts that migrate from cells and can be found in body fluids can also serve as biomarkers of cancer risk. In fact, a higher level of estrogen‐DNA adducts has been found in the urine of men with prostate cancer and in women with breast cancer compared to healthy controls. This unifying mechanism of the origin of cancer and other diseases suggests preventive strategies based on the level of depurinating DNA adducts that generate the first critical step in the initiation of diseases.
Risk factors of long-term graft loss in renal transplant recipients with chronic allograft dysfunction.

OBJECTIVES Graft loss owing to chronic allograft dysfunction is a major concern in renal transplant recipients. We assessed the affect of immune and nonimmune risk factors on death-censored graft loss in renal transplant recipients with chronic allograft dysfunction. MATERIALS AND METHODS We performed a retrospective, single-center study on 214 renal transplant recipients with chronic allograft dysfunction among 1534 renal transplant recipients at the Urmia University Hospital from 1997 to 2005. Data registry includes details from all renal transplants. The renal transplant recipient information is regularly updated to determine current graft function, graft loss, or renal transplant recipient's death. The selection criteria were a functional renal allograft for at least 1 year and a progressive decline in allograft function. RESULTS Increasing donor age (RR=1.066; P < .001), recipient age (RR=1.021, P = .00), recipient weight (RR=1.024; P = .029), and waiting time on dialysis to transplant (RR=1.047; P = .006), pretransplant hypertension (RR=3.126; P < .001), pretransplant diabetes (RR=5.787; P < .001), delayed graft function (RR=6.087; P < .001), proteinuria (RR=2.663; P = .001), posttransplant diabetes (RR=2.285; P = .015), posttransplant hypertension (RR=2.047; P = .017), and AR (RR=3.125; P < .001). Patients in stage 2 at the beginning of chronic allograft dysfunction relative to stage 1 (RR=4.823; P < .001) and patients in stage 3 at the beginning of chronic allograft dysfunction relative to stage 1 (RR=123.06; P < .001) were significant risk factors for death-censored graft loss. Using mycophenolate mofetil versus azathioprine reduced death-censored graft loss (RR=0.499; P = .001). CONCLUSION We found that age of donor, pretransplant hypertension, pretransplant diabetes, type of immunosuppression (mycophenolate mofetil vs azathioprine), delayed graft function, proteinuria, and stage of allograft dysfunction at the start of chronic allograft dysfunction are the major risk factors for late renal allograft dysfunction.
Report on the TREC-5 Experiment: Data Fusion and Collection Fusion

Summary This paper describes and evaluates a retrieval model that considers the problem of data fusion and collection fusion as two faces of the same coin. To establish a clear theoretical foundation for combining various sources of evidence provided either by different search schemes (data fusion) or by distributed information services (collection fusion), we have implemented a retrieval model based on the logistic regression methodology.
Optimization of optical switches in ROADM with different operating conditions

Reconfigurable Optical Add/Drop Multiplexers (ROADMs) are optical modules capable of adding/dropping or passing through any or all wavelengths present in DWDM signal with remote management capability. In performance of ROADMs, routing power `R' which is a figure of merit has been used. The wavelength routing performance of ROADMs has been improved by inclusion of dynamic traffic under different traffic models like Bernoulli and Pascal models which depends on traffic peakedness “Z”. The proposed model is valid for all existing ROADM architectures involved in practical networks and acts as a useful tool for cost-effective network designs. The routing performance is analyzed under different operating conditions of the system like traffic peakedness (Z), number of switches and wavelengths at different stages of the system.
Milestones toward Majorana-based quantum computing

We introduce a scheme for preparation, manipulation, and readout of Majorana zero modes in semiconducting wires with mesoscopic superconducting islands. Our approach synthesizes recent advances in materials growth with tools commonly used in quantum-dot experiments, including gate-control of tunnel barriers and Coulomb effects, charge sensing, and charge pumping. We outline a sequence of milestones interpolating between zero-mode detection and quantum computing that includes (1) detection of fusion rules for non-Abelian anyons using either proximal charge sensors or pumped current; (2) validation of a prototype topological qubit; and (3) demonstration of non-Abelian statistics by braiding in a branched geometry. The first two milestones require only a single wire with two islands, and additionally enable sensitive measurements of the system's excitation gap, quasiparticle poisoning rates, residual Majorana zero-mode splittings, and topological-qubit coherence times. These pre-braiding experiments can be adapted to other manipulation and readout schemes as well.
Existence of complete Kahler Ricci-flat metrics on crepant resolutions

In this note, we obtain existence results for complete Ricci-flat Kahler metrics on crepant resolutions of singularities of Calabi-Yau varieties. Furthermore, for certain asymptotically flat Calabi-Yau varieties, we show that the Ricci-flat metric on the resolved manifold has the same asymptotic behavior as the initial variety.
Strict 2-Surface Proximal Classification of Knee-joint Vibroarthrographic Signals

Externally detected vibroarthrographic (VAG) signals contain information that can be used to characterize certain pathological aspects of the knee joint. To classify VAG signals as normal or abnormal, we propose to apply both the linear and nonlinear strict 2-surface proximal (S2SP) classifiers based on statistical parameters derived from VAG signals and selected by using a genetic algorithm (GA). A database of VAG signals of 89 human knee joints (51 normal and 38 abnormal) was studied. The classification performance of the linear S2SP classifier reached 0.82 in terms of the area under the receiver operating characteristics curve (Az) and 74.2% in average classification accuracy with the leave-one-out (LOO) procedure. The classification performance of the nonlinear S2SP classifier reached 0.95 in Az value and 91.0% in average classification accuracy using the Gaussian kernel with the LOO procedure, and possessed good robustness around the selected kernel parameter.
Analysis of the effect of Daqu's physical and chemical parameters on liquor production yield using rough sets and fuzzy cluster

Daqu is important for Chinese liquor production, and it determine the yield as well as quality of Chinese liquor. Daqu can be evaluated through the physical and chemical indicators such as the esterifying power(EP), liquefying power(LP), saccharifying power(SP), fermenting power(FP), acidity, starch and moisture. These characters have different effect in liquor production. Duqu's significant physical and chemical attributes affected on liquor production yield are studied using rough set theory. The information table has been built with these seven physical and chemical indicators of Daqu as conditional attributes, with the Chinese liquor production yield as decision attribute. Total of 180 samples from nine wine cellar are collected and preprocessed using fuzzy cluster, and the cluster centers are obtained and used as condition and decision attributes in information table after being quantized. The table has been reduced, then it is shown that the acidity, liquefying power and fermenting power are the main indicators impacting on the liquor production yield. Based on the conception of weight, we find that the weights of three indicators are 23%, 30.8% and 46.2%, which indicates that, the fermenting power has most effect on the liquor yield.
Turning Flows into Trees : Graph Analytics for Aerodynamic Flows

Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) provides valuable simulation tools to the industry. In recent years, the development of the underlying algorithms and hardware resulted in a steep increase in the size of the data generated by CFD-solvers. The resulting I/O bottleneck can be alleviated by the use of contour trees : trees that capture the nesting relationship of isosurfaces of scalar fields, and thus describe the structure of data sets in a compact way. Recent works have demonstrated the possibility of computing contour trees in-situ at the time of the simulation. In this project we investigated how PyFR, a CFD-solver developed at Imperial College could be extended with in-situ contour tree analysis capabilities. In order to do so, we implemented a number of contour tree related algorithms and evaluated their performance. We also proposed a data structure called the Compact Format that uses the contour tree to index subregions of the data. After discarding insignificant regions of the data, this format can be up to 80% smaller than a full mesh, yet it is able preserve all the important information required. We demonstrated this by building a visual interface and implementing a tracking algorithm, both using the Compact Format as the only input.
Grid-Current-Feedback Control for LCL-Filtered Grid Converters With Enhanced Stability

This paper proposes a second-order-generalized-integrator (SOGI)-based time-delay compensation method for extending the stable region of a dual-loop grid-current-feedback (GCF) control system. According to the analysis, stable region of the dual-loop system should be designed below a certain critical frequency, before time-delay compensation method can be applied. To always meet the requirement, relationship between single-loop converter-current-feedback and dual-loop GCF control is clarified, before a robust inner-loop gain for the dual-loop GCF scheme is determined. Enforcing this gain allows the converter to remain in its stable region, regardless of how its LCL -filter parameters and grid impedance vary. The SOGI-based delay compensation method can then be applied for widening the stable region of the dual-loop GCF scheme, as proven through s-domain Bode diagrams and z -domain root loci. These theoretical proofs are eventually validated by experimental results obtained in the laboratory.
Whole‐blood viscosity increases significantly in small arteries and capillaries in hemodiafiltration. Does acute hemorheological change trigger cardiovascular risk events in hemodialysis patient?

Whole‐blood viscosity is increasingly being recognized as a factor implicated in the vascular disease progression in high‐risk chronic kidney disease patients. Intermittent hemodialysis and hemodiafiltration sessions, characterized by rapid volume changes and anemia correction by erythropoietin stimulating agents, are favorable conditions for enhancing whole‐blood viscosity changes and consequently triggering cardiovascular events. To evaluate whole‐blood viscosity changes induced by hemodiafiltration, a cross‐sectional study has been performed in a group of 28 stable patients. In order to assess the impact of vessel size on whole‐blood viscosity changes, we performed a dynamic whole viscosity analysis on a wide spectrum of shear rates reproducing vasculature hemorheologic conditions. Blood viscosity changes are dependent on patient characteristics, hemoglobin, and total plasma protein concentrations. Whole blood viscosity increases significantly during hemodiafiltration over the complete spectrum of shear rates. Dynamic whole‐blood viscosity (WBV) increases up to 60%, predominantly at low shear rates in small arterioles and capillary beds. This observation underlines the potential pathogenic contribution of WBV increase in capillaries triggering cardiovascular events in the postdialysis period. Eight patients died from cardiovascular events. Higher WBV increase was noted in this group but did not reach statistical significance due to the insufficient power of the study. Hemorheological changes associated with WBV increase in capillary beds may contribute to aggravate silent tissue hypoxemia and precipitate cardiovascular events in chronic kidney disease patients. Prospective studies specifically designed and powered to evaluate the impact of WBV changes on cardiovascular events in dialysis patients are required.
Leading electroweak correction to Higgs boson production at proton colliders.

At proton colliders, Higgs particles are dominantly produced in the gluon-gluon fusion mechanism. The Higgs-boson--gluon coupling is mediated by heavy quark loops, and the process can serve to count the number of heavy strongly interacting particles whose masses are generated by the Higgs mechanism. We present the two-loop leading electroweak radiative correction to this coupling, which is quadratically proportional to the heavy quark masses. It turns out that this correction is well under control across the physically interesting quark mass ranges.
Diabetes in Non-Hispanic White Youth

OBJECTIVE—To investigate the incidence, prevalence, and clinical characteristics of diabetes among U.S. non-Hispanic white (NHW) youth. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS—Data from the SEARCH for Diabetes in Youth Study (SEARCH study), a multicenter study of diabetes among youth aged 0–19 years, were examined. Incidence rates were calculated per 100,000 person-years across 4 incident years (2002–2005), and prevalence in 2001 was calculated per 1,000 youths. Information obtained by questionnaire, physical examination, and blood and urine collection was analyzed to describe the characteristics of youth who completed an in-person visit. RESULTS—The prevalence of type 1 diabetes (at ages 0–19 years) was 2.00/1,000, which was similar for male (2.02/1,000) and female (1.97/1,000) subjects. The incidence of type 1 diabetes was 23.6/100,000, slightly higher for male compared with female subjects (24.5 vs. 22.7 per 100,000, respectively, P = 0.04). Incidence rates of type 1 diabetes among youth aged 0–14 years in the SEARCH study are higher than all previously reported U.S. studies and many European studies. Few cases of type 2 diabetes in youth aged <10 years were found. The prevalence of type 2 diabetes (at ages 10–19 years) was 0.18/1,000, which is significantly higher for female compared with male subjects (0.22 vs. 0.15 per 1,000, P = 0.01). Incidence of type 2 diabetes was 3.7/100,000, with similar rates for female and male subjects (3.9 vs. 3.4 per 1,000, respectively, P = 0.3). High levels of abnormal cardiometabolic and behavioral risk factor profiles were common among youth with both type 1 and type 2 diabetes. For example, within each of four age-groups for youth with type 1 diabetes and two age-groups for youth with type 2 diabetes, >40% had elevated LDL cholesterol, and <3% of youth aged >10 years met current recommendations for intake of saturated fat. Among youth aged ≥15 years, 18% with type 1 and 26% with type 2 diabetes were current smokers. CONCLUSIONS—The SEARCH study is one of the most comprehensive studies of diabetes in NHW youth. The incidence of type 1 diabetes in NHW youth in the U.S. is one of the highest in the world. While type 2 diabetes is still relatively rare, rates are several-fold higher than those reported by European countries. We believe efforts directed at improving the cardiometabolic and behavioral risk factor profiles in this population are warranted.