Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
In vivo alterations in cardiac metabolism and function in the spontaneously hypertensive rat heart.

AIMS The aim of this work was to use hyperpolarized carbon-13 ((13)C) magnetic resonance (MR) spectroscopy and cine MR imaging (MRI) to assess in vivo cardiac metabolism and function in the 15-week-old spontaneously hypertensive rat (SHR) heart. At this time point, the SHR displays hypertension and concentric hypertrophy. One of the cellular adaptations to hypertrophy is a reduction in β-oxidation, and it has previously been shown that in response to hypertrophy the SHR heart switches to a glycolytic/glucose-oxidative phenotype. METHODS AND RESULTS Cine-MRI (magnetic resonance imaging) was used to assess cardiac function and degree of cardiac hypertrophy. Wistar rats were used as controls. SHRs displayed functional changes in stroke volume, heart rate, and late peak-diastolic filling alongside significant hypertrophy (a 56% increase in left ventricular mass). Using hyperpolarized [1-(13)C] and [2-(13)C]pyruvate, an 85% increase in (13)C label flux through pyruvate dehydrogenase (PDH) was seen in the SHR heart and (13)C label incorporation into citrate, acetylcarnitine, and glutamate pools was elevated in proportion to the increase in PDH flux. These findings were confirmed using biochemical analysis of PDH activity and protein expression of PDH regulatory enzymes. CONCLUSIONS Functional and structural alterations in the SHR heart are consistent with the hypertrophied phenotype. Our in vivo work indicates a preference for glucose metabolism in the SHR heart, a move away from predominantly fatty acid oxidative metabolism. Interestingly, (13)C label flux into lactate was unchanged, indicating no switch to an anaerobic glycolytic phenotype, but rather an increased reliance on glucose oxidation in the SHR heart.
A Kernel Embedding–Based Approach for Nonstationary Causal Model Inference

Although nonstationary data are more common in the real world, most existing causal discovery methods do not take nonstationarity into consideration. In this letter, we propose a kernel embedding–based approach, ENCI, for nonstationary causal model inference where data are collected from multiple domains with varying distributions. In ENCI, we transform the complicated relation of a cause-effect pair into a linear model of variables of which observations correspond to the kernel embeddings of the cause-and-effect distributions in different domains. In this way, we are able to estimate the causal direction by exploiting the causal asymmetry of the transformed linear model. Furthermore, we extend ENCI to causal graph discovery for multiple variables by transforming the relations among them into a linear nongaussian acyclic model. We show that by exploiting the nonstationarity of distributions, both cause-effect pairs and two kinds of causal graphs are identifiable under mild conditions. Experiments on synthetic and real-world data are conducted to justify the efficacy of ENCI over major existing methods.
T cell growth factor receptors. Quantitation, specificity, and biological relevance

To examine directly the hypothesis that T cell growth factor (TCGF) interacts with target cells in a fashion similar to polypeptide hormones, the binding of radiolabeled TCGF to various cell populations was investigated. The results indicate that TCGF interacts with activated T cells via a receptor through which it initiates the T cell proliferative response. Internally radiolabeled TCGF, prepared from a human T leukemia cell line and purified by gel filtration and isoelectric focusing, retained biological activity and was uniform with respect to size and charge. Binding of radiolabeled TCGF to TCGF-dependent cytolytic T cells occurred rapidly (within 15 rain at 37 degrees C) and was both saturable and largely reversible. In addition, at 37 degrees C, a receptor- and lysosome-dependent degradation of TCGF occurred. Radiolabeled TCGF binding was specific for activated, TCGF-responsive T cells. Whereas unstimulated lymphocytes of human or murine origin and lipopolysaccharide-activated B cell blasts expressed few if any detectable binding sites, lectin- or alloantigen-activated cells had easily detectable binding sites. Moreover, compared with lectin- or alloantigen-activated T cells, long-term TCGF-dependent cytolytic and helper T cell lines and TCGF-dependent neo-plastic T cell lines bound TCGF with a similar affinity (dissociation constant of 5-25 pM) and expressed a similar number of receptor sites per cell (5,000-15,000). In contrast, a number of TCGF-independent cell lines of T cell, B cell, or myeloid origin did not bind detectable quantities of radiolabeled TCGF. Binding of radiolabeled TCGF to TCGF-responsive cells was specific, in that among several growth factors and polypeptide hormones tested, only TCGF competed for binding. Finally, the relative magnitude of T cell proliferation induced by a given concentration of TCGF closely paralleled the fraction of occupied receptor sites. As the extent of T cell clonal expansion depends on TCGF and on the TCGF receptor, the dissection of the molecular events surrounding the interaction of TCGF and its receptor that these studies permit, should provide new insight into the hormonelike regulation of the immune response by this lymphokine.
Insurability of electronic commerce risks

New kinds of risks increasingly threaten electronic commerce. The traditional instrument for risk transfer is insurance. Research is needed to determine whether new Internet risks are insurable. In this article, starting with damage scenarios and damage dimensions, Internet risks are classified and their properties are evaluated by means of decision-oriented insurability criteria. The definition of basic goal-oriented risk sees risk as a violation of the technical protection goals of the multilateral security concept (confidentiality, integrity, availability, accountability). These technical security risks, which form the foundation for further economic and social risks, are being further examined. On the basis of the protection goals of multilateral security, existing insurance offers are analysed and statements regarding the insurability of potential violation of individual protection goals are made. The article works out problems resulting from insurability and shows solution approaches regarding the insurability.
User interest modeling by labeled LDA with topic features

As well known, the user interest is carried in the user's web browsing history that can be mined out. This paper presents an innovative method to extract user's interests from his/her web browsing history. We first apply an efficient algorithm to extract useful texts from the web pages in user's browsed URL sequence. We then proposed a Labeled Latent Dirichlet Allocation with Topic Feature (LLDA-TF) to mine user's interests from the texts. Unlike other works that need a lot of training data to train a model to adopt supervised information, we directly introduce the raw supervised information to the procedure of LLDA-TF. As shown in the experimental results, results given by LLDA-TF fit predefined categories well. Furthermore, LLDA-TF model can name the user interests by category words as well as a keyword list for each category.
Ventilatory effects of morphine, pethidine and methadone in children.

The ventilatory effects of single i.v. doses of morphine 0.1 mg kg-1, pethidine 0.67 mg kg-1 and methadone 0.1 mg kg-1 were compared after ophthalmic surgery in an open, randomized study in 30 children aged 3-8 yr. Ventilatory changes after each drug had distinctive profiles, with appreciable individual variation. Acutely, the decrease in ventilatory frequency was greater with pethidine and methadone than with morphine. The acute decrease in oxygen saturation was greater with methadone and pethidine than with morphine. Methadone produced a greater and longer lasting increase in end-tidal carbon dioxide and greater decrease in end-tidal oxygen than morphine or pethidine. Changes in end-tidal carbon dioxide and oxygen concentrations and saturation were most transient after pethidine and of longest duration after methadone. No child developed apnoea or hypoventilation requiring assistance.
Developing customer positive word-of-mouth and loyalty in mobile banking services by considering the role of trust and security

The number of people involved in electronic commerce is growing. Mobile banking, which was introduced by developing mobile technology, is a newly adopted technology in electronic commerce. Mobile banking is accepted as part of the daily lives of people, but focusing on merely adopting this technology is insufficient. Managers should go far beyond to increase the number of their customers. In addition, increasing the number of customers in an online business without considering several factors is difficult. Therefore, the importance of investigating the development of customer loyalty and positive word-of-mouth (WOM) as two major concerns of online managers is remarkable. Trust and security are the two principal technical factors cited by most researchers in adopting mobile banking needs. Several studies have focused on the relationships between customers and banks through mobile technologies, but research that analyzes the formation of both concepts is scant. Hence, this paper investigates the relationship of security and trust for developing customer loyalty and positive WOM in mobile banking services. Data are collected from mobile banking users in Malaysia through questionnaires. The data are subsequently analyzed through SPSS and LISREL software. Results indicate a direct and positive relationship between security and trust in developing customer loyalty and positive WOM.
Engrailed Homeobox Genes Determine the Organization of Purkinje Cell Sagittal Stripe Gene Expression in the Adult Cerebellum

Underlying the seemingly uniform cellular composition of the adult mammalian cerebellum (Cb) are striking parasagittal stripes of gene expression along the medial-lateral (ML) axis that are organized with respect to the lobules that divide the Cb along the anterior–posterior (AP) axis. Although there is a clear correlation between the organization of gene expression stripes and Cb activity patterns, little is known about the genetic pathways that determine the intrinsic stripe molecular code. Here we establish that ML molecular code patterning is highly dependent on two homeobox transcription factors, Engrailed1 (En1) and En2, both of which are also required for patterning the lobules. Gene expression analysis of an allelic series of En1/2 mutant mice that have an intact Purkinje cell layer revealed severe patterning defects using three known components of the ML molecular code and a new marker of Hsp25 negative stripes (Neurofilament heavy chain, Nfh). Importantly, the complementary expression of ZebrinII/PhospholipaseCβ4 and Hsp25/Nfh changes in unison in each mutant. Furthermore, each En gene has unique as well as overlapping functions in patterning the ML molecular code and each En protein has dominant functions in different AP domains (subsets of lobules). Remarkably, in En1/2 mutants with almost normal foliation, ML molecular code patterning is severely disrupted. Thus, independent mechanisms that use En1/2 must pattern foliation and spatial gene expression separately. Our studies reveal that En1/2 are fundamental components of the genetic pathways that pattern the two intersecting coordinate systems of the Cb, morphological divisions and the molecular code.
Introduction to Computational Social Choice

Computational Social Choice at a Glance Social choice theory is the field of scientific inquiry that studies the aggregation of individual preferences toward a collective choice. For example, social choice theorists— who hail from a range of different disciplines, including mathematics, economics, and political science—are interested in the design and theoretical evaluation of voting rules. Questions of social choice have stimulated intellectual thought for centuries. Over time, the topic has fascinated many a great mind, from the Marquis de Condorcet and Pierre-Simon de Laplace, through Charles Dodgson (better known as Lewis Carroll, the author of Alice in Wonderland ), to Nobel laureates such as Kenneth Arrow, Amartya Sen, and Lloyd Shapley. Computational social choice (COMSOC), by comparison, is a very young field that formed only in the early 2000s. There were, however, a few precursors. For instance, David Gale and Lloyd Shapley's algorithm for finding stable matchings between two groups of people with preferences over each other, dating back to 1962, truly had a computational flavor. And in the late 1980s, a series of papers by John Bartholdi, Craig Tovey, and Michael Trick showed that, on the one hand, computational complexity, as studied in theoretical computer science, can serve as a barrier against strategic manipulation in elections, but on the other hand, it can also prevent the efficient use of some voting rules altogether. Around the same time, a research group around Bernard Monjardet and Olivier Hudry also started to study the computational complexity of preference aggregation procedures. Assessing the computational difficulty of determining the output of a voting rule, or of manipulating it, is a wonderful example of the importation of a concept from one field, theoretical computer science, to what at that time was still considered an entirely different one, social choice theory. It is this interdisciplinary view on collective decision making that defines computational social choice as a field. But, importantly, the contributions of computer science to social choice theory are not restricted to the design and analysis of algorithms for preexisting social choice problems. Rather, the arrival of computer science on the scene led researchers to revisit the old problem of social choice from scratch. It offered new perspectives, and it led to many new types of questions, thereby arguably contributing significantly to a revival of social choice theory as a whole.
Improving Evolution Strategies through Active Covariance Matrix Adaptation

This paper proposes a novel modification to the derandomised covariance matrix adaptation algorithm used in connection with evolution strategies. In existing variants of that algorithm, only information gathered from successful offspring candidate solutions contributes to the adaptation of the covariance matrix, while old information passively decays. We propose to use information about unsuccessful offspring candidate solutions in order to actively reduce variances of the mutation distribution in unpromising directions of the search space. The resulting strategy is referred to as Active-CMA-ES. In experiments on a standard suite of test functions, Active-CMA-ES consistently outperforms other strategy variants.
Sensing-enabled channels for hard-to-detect command and control of mobile devices

The proliferation of mobile computing devices has enabled immense opportunities for everyday users. At the same time, however, this has opened up new, and perhaps more severe, possibilities for attacks. In this paper, we explore a novel generation of mobile malware that exploits the rich variety of sensors available on current mobile devices. Two properties distinguish the proposed malware from the existing state-of-the-art. First, in addition to the misuse of the various traditional services available on modern mobile devices, this malware can be used for the purpose of targeted context-aware attacks. Second, this malware can be commanded and controlled over context-aware, out-of-band channels as opposed to a centralized infrastructure. These communication channels can be used to quickly reach out to a large number of infected devices, while offering a high degree of undetectability. In particular, unlike traditional network-based communication, the proposed sensing-enabled channels cannot be detected by monitoring the cellular or wireless communication networks. To demonstrate the feasibility of our proposed attack, we present different flavors of command and control channels based on acoustic, visual, magnetic and vibrational signaling. We further build and test a proof-of-concept Android application implementing many such channels.
The Bureaucratic Model and the Nature of the Soviet system

During the past fifty years, many persons have noted the presence of large-scale organization-of bureaucracy-in the Soviet Union and have placed this phenomenon at the center of their analysis of the present or the future. In the early years of the Soviet regime, Lenin himself had worried about the dangers of &dquo;bureaucratization,&dquo; and Trotsky (1937) had asserted that the bureaucracy had become the ruling element in Soviet society. Just prior to World War II, James Burnham (1941) developed the Trotsky analysis further, asserted that a &dquo;managerial revolution&dquo; had occurred in the Soviet Union, and contended that it would spread (and, indeed, was spreading) throughout the world. ’ Shortly after the fall of Stalin, Barrington Moore (1954) relied heavily upon Max Weber’s theory of bureaucracy in developing a model of &dquo;rationaltechnical society&dquo; which he believed to provide the best clue to
Monoterpenes induce the heat shock response in Arabidopsis

Abstract Monoterpenes are common constituents of essential oils produced by plants. Although it has been reported that monoterpenes enhanced the heat tolerance of plants, the mechanism has not been elucidated. Here, we tested whether 13 monoterpenes promoted the heat shock response (HSR) in Arabidopsis. To assess the HSR-inducing activity of monoterpenes, we produced transgenic Arabidopsis, which has the β-glucuronidase gene driven by the promoter of a small heat shock protein (HSP17.6C-CI) gene. Results indicated that two monocyclic and four bicyclic monoterpenes showed HSR-inducing activities using the reporter gene system. In particular, (−)-perillaldehyde, which is a monocyclic monoterpene, demonstrated the most potent HSR-inducing activity. (−)-Perillaldehyde significantly inhibited the reduction of chlorophyll content by heat shock in Arabidopsis seedlings. Our previous study indicated that chemical HSR inducers such as geldanamycin and sanguinarine inhibited the activity of plant chaperones in vitro. (−)-Perillaldehyde also inhibited chaperone activity, indicating that it might promote the expression of heat shock protein genes by inhibiting chaperones in the plant cell.
National trends in the outpatient treatment of children and adolescents with antipsychotic drugs.

CONTEXT Although there are indications that antipsychotic drugs are increasingly used to treat children and adolescents, little is known about the characteristics of those who receive them. OBJECTIVE To examine national trends and patterns in antipsychotic treatment of youth seen by physicians in office-based medical practice. DESIGN Analysis of national trends of visits (1993-2002) that included prescription of antipsychotics, and comparison of the clinical and demographic characteristics of visits (2000-2002) that included or did not include antipsychotic treatment. SETTING Outpatient visits to physicians in office-based practice. PARTICIPANTS Patient visits by persons 20 years and younger from the National Ambulatory Medical Care Surveys from 1993 to 2002. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Visits that included prescription of antipsychotics. RESULTS In the United States, the estimated number of office-based visits by youth that included antipsychotic treatment increased from approximately 201,000 in 1993 to 1,224,000 in 2002. From 2000 to 2002, the number of visits that included antipsychotic treatment was significantly higher for male youth (1913 visits per 100,000 population) than for female youth (739 visits per 100,000 population), and for white non-Hispanic youth (1515 visits per 100,000 population) than for youth of other racial or ethnic groups (426 visits per 100,000 population). Overall, 9.2% of mental health visits and 18.3% of visits to psychiatrists included antipsychotic treatment. From 2000 to 2002, 92.3% of visits with prescription of an antipsychotic included a second-generation medication. Mental health visits with prescription of an antipsychotic included patients with diagnoses of disruptive behavior disorders (37.8%), mood disorders (31.8%), pervasive developmental disorders or mental retardation (17.3%), and psychotic disorders (14.2%). CONCLUSIONS There has been a sharp national increase in antipsychotic treatment among children and adolescents in office-based medical practice. Second-generation antipsychotics are being widely prescribed, and emerging empirical evidence provides a base of support that is limited to short-term safety and efficacy.
The embodied and situated nature of computer game play.

This thesis addresses computer game play activities from the perspective of embodied and situated cognition. From such a perspective, game play can be divided into the physical handling of the game and the players' understanding of it. Game play can also be described in terms of three different levels of situatedness "high-level" situatedness, the contextual "here and now", and "low-level" situatedness. Moreover, theoretical and empirical implications of such a perspective have been explored more in detail in two case studies.
Aeaeøùööð Ëëññòøø Blockin× Óö Aeóò¹¹¹øøöññòò×ñ

We present a natural semantics for the untyped lazy -calculus plus McCarthy's amb, a nondeterministic choice operator. The natural semantics includes rules for both convergent behaviour (de ned inductively) and divergent behaviour (de ned co-inductively). This semantics is equivalent to a small step reduction semantics that corresponds closely to our operational intuitions about McCarthy's amb. We present equivalences for convergent and divergent behaviour based on the natural semantics and prove a Context Lemma for the convergence equivalence. We then give a -theory l8, based on the equivalences for convergent and divergent behaviour. Since it is able to distinguish between programs that di er only in their divergent behaviour, the -theory is more discriminating than equational theories based on current domain-theoretic models. It is therefore more suitable for reasoning about functional programs containing McCarthy's amb.
Detection and Tracking the Vanishing Point on the Horizon

In advanced driver assistance systems and autonomous driving vehicles, many computer vision applications rely on knowing the location of the vanishing point on a horizon. The horizontal vanishing point’s location provides important information about driving environments, such as the instantaneous driving direction of roadway, sampling regions of the drivable regions’ image features, and the search direction of moving objects. To detect the vanishing point, many existing methods work frame-by-frame. Their outputs may look optimal in that frame. Over a series of frames, however, the detected locations are inconsistent, yielding unreliable information about roadway structure. This paper presents a novel algorithm that, using line segments, detects vanishing points in urban scenes and, using Extended Kalman Filter (EKF), tracks them over frames to smooth out the trajectory of the horizontal vanishing point. The study demonstrates both the practicality of the detection method and the effectiveness of our tracking method, through experiments carried out using thousands of urban scene images.