Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Uncertainties of 3-D Motion Prediction From a Single Virtual Accelerometer During Walking and Running

Although studies have demonstrated the potential of using a single inertial sensor for walking and running motion prediction, further analysis of sensor position and training dataset size is required. This study investigates the accuracies and two types of uncertainties associated with using a single virtual accelerometer for whole-body motion predictions. Motion capture data during walking and running on a treadmill at four speeds were obtained from 198 participants. A Bayesian neural network (BNN) was trained to predict kinematic gait parameters from virtual accelerometer data. The root-mean-squared error (RMSE) ranged from 1.7° to 10.0° depending on three sensor positions– left wrist, lower back, and right shank. As the dataset size increased from 20 to 160 subjects, error and epistemic uncertainty decreased (<inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">${p} < 0.001$ </tex-math></inline-formula>). However, aleatoric uncertainty remained constant (<inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">${p}$ </tex-math></inline-formula> = 0.247) based on the linear mixed-effect model. We observed sensor positions that predicted each gait parameter with the lowest error and uncertainty. For example, the sensor on the lower back showed less right hip flexion prediction errors (RMSE <inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$4.04^{\circ }{)}$ </tex-math></inline-formula> than those on the left wrist (RMSE <inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$5.10^{\circ }{)}$ </tex-math></inline-formula> and right shank (RMSE <inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$4.29^{\circ }{)}$ </tex-math></inline-formula>. The two uncertainties corresponded to different sources of prediction error. The optimal sensor position was found for each target joint motion along with the uncertainties. We suggested a regression network that can quantify errors from two different sources, training dataset size, and system limitations such as sensor position. It can be used to improve data-driven motion prediction using wearable devices by understanding the limitations.
Isotope Effects on Confinement and Turbulence in ECRH Plasma of LHD

The positive isotope effects have been found in ECRH plasma of LHD. The enhancement factor of global energy confinement time (tauE) to ISS04 scaling in deuterium (D) plasma is about 17% better than in hydrogen (H) plasma. Ion scale density fluctuation level is higher in D plasma. Core fluctuation level in D decreases rapidly with increase of tauE. Both tokamak scaling (ITER98y2) and helical scaling (ISS04) follow gyro-Bohm (GB) scaling with the exception of ion mass and ion charge number. While GB scaling predicts enhanced transport in D plasma, many experiments show better confinement (in tokamak) in D or comparable confinement (in medium-sized helical devices). In this paper, we report the first results of the improved confinement due to the isotope effects in ECRH plasma of LHD. In the dataset, the injection power of 77 and 154GHz gyrotron was 0.6-3.9MW in D, 0.8-3.8MW in H, n e bar was 0.6-3.7x10 19 m -3 in D, 0.3-3.8x1019m-3 in H. The one path absorption power was 92+-4% of injection power both for H and D plasma. The magnetic axis was 3.6m and Bt was 2.75T. tauE is systematically higher in D. This is more apparent in the high collisionality regime.The enhancement factors are tauE/tauE ISS04 =1.27+-0.12 in D and 1.09+-0.02 in H plasma. Thus, improvement of tauE in D to H is 17%. For fixed injection power, Te and Ti profiles are almost identical. However, ne profile is more hollowed in D plasma. The higher ne in the edge region results in the higher stored energy and better confinement. Ion scale turbulence was measured by two-dimensional phase contrast imaging. Themeasured normalized wavenumber was around 0.4. Surprisingly, it is found that the fluctuation level is higher in D, while tauE is higher in D plasma. However, the fluctuation level reduces with increase of tauE. This dependence is clearer in D plasma. Recent gyrokinetic study shows stronger collisional stability of TEM in D than in H plasma. Also, hollow density gradient reduces growth rate both of TEM and ITG. The quicker reduction of fluctuation level the core of D qualitatively agrees with collisional dependence of TEM and more hollowed density profiles in D.
On the Physical Layer of Digital Twin: An Integrated Sensing and Communications Perspective

The digital twin (DT), which effectively represents the actual real-world physical system or process, has reshaped the classic manufacturing, construction, as well as healthcare industry. As for realizing DT, both sensing and communication functionalities are demanded, which fully builds the connectivity between the physical world and the digital world. We first conducted a survey on the current situation of DT combined with communication and sensing. Inspired from this survey and the current development of communication and sensing, in this paper, we attempt to study the communication annd sensing technologies of physical layer in DT, to reduce the hardware and spectrum overhead. First, we studied the degree of freedom (DoF) problem in general communication and sensing system, and contribute to the DoF definition in the sensing system. Then, in order to improve the spectrum efficiency in DT system, we proposed an iterative optimization framework to address the coexistence of communication and sensing, and some examples are provided. Finally, in order to pursue a better integration gain, we proposed a new waveform design method based on DoF completion. The proposed optimization method can achieve the mean square error (MSE) lower bound. Simulation results demonstrate the effectiveness of various problems in the above scenarios.
A Benchmark Study of Protein–Fragment Complex Structure Calculations with NMR2

Protein–fragment complex structures are particularly sought after in medicinal chemistry to rationally design lead molecules. These structures are usually derived using X-ray crystallography, but the failure rate is non-neglectable. NMR is a possible alternative for the calculation of weakly interacting complexes. Nevertheless, the time-consuming protein signal assignment step remains a barrier to its routine application. NMR Molecular Replacement (NMR2) is a versatile and rapid method that enables the elucidation of a protein–ligand complex structure. It has been successfully applied to peptides, drug-like molecules, and more recently to fragments. Due to the small size of the fragments, ca < 300 Da, solving the structures of the protein–fragment complexes is particularly challenging. Here, we present the expected performances of NMR2 when applied to protein–fragment complexes. The NMR2 approach has been benchmarked with the SERAPhic fragment library to identify the technical challenges in protein–fragment NMR structure calculation. A straightforward strategy is proposed to increase the method’s success rate further. The presented work confirms that NMR2 is an alternative method to X-ray crystallography for solving protein–fragment complex structures.
Analysis and Design of a 15.2-to-18.2-GHz Inverse-Class-F VCO With a Balanced Dual-Core Topology Suppressing the Flicker Noise Upconversion

This paper presents the theory and implementation of a balanced dual-core inverse-class-F (class-F <inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$^{\mathrm{ -1}}$ </tex-math></inline-formula>) voltage-controlled oscillator (VCO). The class-F <inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$^{\mathrm{ -1}}$ </tex-math></inline-formula> topology supports high-quality-factor (high-<inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$Q$ </tex-math></inline-formula>) differential switched-capacitors (SCs) for both fundamental and 2 <inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$^{\mathrm{ nd}}$ </tex-math></inline-formula>-harmonic frequency tuning, which is beneficial for improving the phase noise (PN). However, the unequal parasitic capacitors from the NMOS and PMOS negative <inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">${g}$ </tex-math></inline-formula> textsubscript m transistors make it impossible to minimize their flicker noise upconversions simultaneously, especially at high operating frequencies. The mechanism of this effect is analyzed qualitatively with the model of coupled oscillators and verified using the impulse-sensitivity function (ISF) approach. To address this issue, we propose a dual-core class-F <inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$^{\mathrm{ -1}}$ </tex-math></inline-formula> VCO that leverages a balanced coupling scheme to minimize the flicker noise upconversions of NMOS and PMOS transistors simultaneously and still keep the advantage of tuning the 2 <inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$^{\mathrm{ nd}}$ </tex-math></inline-formula>-harmonic frequency with differential SCs offered by the class-F <inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$^{\mathrm{ -1}}$ </tex-math></inline-formula> topology. Additionally, the symmetrical circuit topology aids in improving the differential output balancing. Prototyped in a 28-nm CMOS process without ultra-thick metal, the balanced dual-core class-F <inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$^{\mathrm{ -1}}$ </tex-math></inline-formula> VCO dissipates 19.7-mW and achieves a PN of <inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$\! -\! 113.9/\! -\! 135.8$ </tex-math></inline-formula>-dBc/Hz at 1/10-MHz offset from an 18.23-GHz carrier. Tuned from 15.22 to 18.23-GHz, the proposed VCO exhibits superior figure-of-merits (FoMs) at 1/10-MHz offset from 185.3/187.0 to 186.2/188.1-dBc/Hz.
Analysis of Geometry Verification of X, Y, Z Correction Values with Megavoltage Computed Tomography Using Lower Extremity Positioning System in Prostate Cancer

The immobilization tool is used to minimize the movement caused while doing irradiation, one of the immobilization tools is the Lower Extremity Positioning System (LEPS) which is used to minimize movement in the Pelvis area. This research was conducted at Dr. Cipto Mangunkusumo Central General Hospital. The type of this research is analytics quantitative. This research used 15 samples with secondary data, which were selected based on inclusion and exclusion criteria’s. The secondary data will be analyzed namely the consistency between the Set-Up value (Couch Position before verification) and the MVCT (Couch Position after verification) value using the Non-Parametric Wilcoxon statistical test, and evaluating the shifting values of X, Y and Z with tolerance standards from AAPM TG-148 which is 2 mm. The results obtained are based on statistical analysis of the Set-Up value with the MVCT results obtained that there is no significant difference, and based on the overall substance, the total that exceeds the tolerance of X coordinates is 92 times with a percentage of 68%, from Y coordinates that is 80 times with a percentage of 59%, from the Z coordinate which is 51 times with a percentage of 38% there is a shift that exceeds tolerance. The conclusion is that the results of MVCT verification still occur that exceed the tolerance standard so that LEPS is still not effective in preventing shifts that occur during radiation therapy.
Traumatic brain injury-associated epigenetic changes and the risk for neurodegenerative diseases

Epidemiological studies have shown that traumatic brain injury (TBI) increases the risk for developing neurodegenerative diseases (NDs). However, molecular mechanisms that underlie this risk are largely unidentified. TBI triggers widespread epigenetic modifications. Similarly, NDs such as Alzheimer’s or Parkinson’s are associated with numerous epigenetic changes. Although epigenetic changes can persist after TBI, it is unresolved if these modifications increase the risk of later ND development and/or dementia. We briefly review TBI-related epigenetic changes, and point out putative feedback loops that might contribute to long-term persistence of some modifications. We then focus on evidence suggesting persistent TBI-associated epigenetic changes may contribute to pathological processes (e.g., neuroinflammation) which may facilitate the development of specific NDs – Alzheimer’s disease, Parkinson’s disease, or chronic traumatic encephalopathy. Finally, we discuss possible directions for TBI therapies that may help prevent or delay development of NDs.
Consumed from within? Social and ecological drivers of internal clearings in Ethiopian Orthodox church forests

In a largely deforested landscape, thousands of small pockets of indigenous forest remain in Ethiopia's northern highlands. These “church forests” are maintained by Ethiopian Orthodox church communities, and they provide valuable reserves of indigenous species diversity and ecosystem services. However, there are important trade‐offs between the different ecosystem services church forests provide: the size of community‐made clearings within church forests used for prayer and other church services have to be balanced with services derived from intact forest cover and dense vegetation. This research uses a spatial, social–ecological model to examine patterns in church forest size and vegetation density across 2743 church forests in the Amhara Region. Results suggest that larger internal clearings correlate with larger forest area, and clearings also scale with population size. We also find that greater elevation and distance to population centers are associated with higher church forest density, while greater community wealth is associated with reduced forest density and area. These trends initially suggest that internal clearings can support conservation efforts, but they are nuanced by prevalent non‐native Eucalyptus planting and increasing internal deforestation for graveyard space for wealthier communities. Additionally, we find that internal clearings are an important source of omitted variable bias in estimating the relationship between density and area in church forests. As a consequence, incorporating church clearings into social–ecological models leads to meaningful differences in church forest density and area estimates. Ultimately, this study suggests that church forests in Ethiopia may be sustained rather than consumed from within.
Endommagement de stratifiés aéronautiques à fibres de carbone et matrice polymère soumis à des chargements monotones ou cycliques à plusieurs températures. Expériences et modélisation

L'objectif principal de ce travail est d'etudier la cinetique d'endommagement par multifissuration matricielle de stratifies croises [0m/90n]S, carbone/epoxyde IM7/977-2 ou IMS/M21 utilises dans l'industrie aeronautiques, a partir d'essais de traction sous chargement monotone et de fatigue, a plusieurs temperatures. L'evolution de la densite de fissures dans des stratifies [0m/90n]S sous chargement monotone est etudiee experimentalement puis decrite par un critere energetique faisant intervenir l'energie de rupture. Plusieurs expressions du taux de restitution d'energie ont ete compares pour obtenir une bonne evaluation de l'energie de rupture en fonction de la densite de fissures. L'influence du delaminage et de la temperature sur les courbes de fissuration a aussi ete consideree. Pour le composite IM7/977-2, l'influence de la temperature est decrite au moyen du principe de superposition temps-temperature, en cherchant a construire des courbes maitresses d'iso-endommagement. Un passage de l'etude de la fissuration sous chargement monotone a l'etude de la fissuration progressive sous chargement de fatigue a ete etudie. Une etude experimentale et une simulation de l'evolution de la densite de fissures transverses en fonction du nombre de cycles sont presentees. Dans le critere de fissuration, une loi de degradation de l'energie de rupture en fatigue du materiau qui repose sur une generation de l'hypothese simple de Vinogradov concernant la forme des courbes S-N de premiere fissuration et qui prend en compte l'effet de courbe «R» a ete utilisee.
Laser-Induced Plasma Measurements Using Nd:YAG Laser and Streak Camera: Timing Considerations

We describe a streak camera system that is capable of both spatial and spectral measurements of laser-induced plasma. The system is based on a Hamamatsu C4334 streak camera and SpectraPro 2300i spectrograph. To improve the analysis of laser-induced plasma development, it is necessary to determine the timing of laser excitation in regard to the time scale on streak images. We present several methods to determine the laser signal timing on streak images—one uses the fast photodiode, and other techniques are based on the inclusion of the laser pulse directly on the streak image. A Nd:YAG laser (λ = 1064 nm, Quantel, Brilliant B) was employed as the excitation source. The problem of synchronization of the streak camera with the Q-switched Nd:YAG laser is also analyzed. A simple modification of the spectrograph enables easy switching between the spectral and spatial measurement modes.
Effect of environmental contaminants on the health of Mytilus edulis from Puget Sound, Washington, USA. I. Cytochemical measures of lysosomal responses in the digestive cells using automatic image analysis

Lysosomal responses in the digestive cells of Mytilus eduljs from 9 sites in Puget Sound, Washington. USA, with varying degrees of sediment contamination were measured using automatic image analysis. Mussels from urban-associated sltes (areas with elevated sediment concentration of anthropogenic contaminants such as PAHs, PCBs. DDTs, and toxic elements) showed pathological changes in the lysosomes (reduced lysosomal labilization period, reduced lysosomal stability and increased N-acetyl P-hexosaminidase activity), enhanced lipofuscin deposition and increased accumu-lat~on of lysosomal and cytoplasmic unsaturated neutral lipids. Morphometric measures of growth showed that mussels were generally smaller in size and that somatic tissue weight relative to shell length was lower in mussels from urban-associated sites relative to those from minimally contaminated sites. Highly significant correlations were observed between concentrations of tissue PAH, PCB, and selected toxic elements (measures of anthropogenic exposure) and lysosomal labil~zation period. Pathological alterations in the lysosomal system of mussels from the urban-associated sites were probably induced by the high tissue concentrations of organic and inorganic contaminants rather than as a result of potential confounding biotic (spawning stress) or abiotic (temperature, salinity and food availability) factors. The results show that cytochemical measurement of lysosomal responses combined with automatic image analysis have the potential to be used as sensitive, accurate and rapid techniques for assessing the biological impact of environmental contaminants in mussels in the near coastal environment.
THE CORINE LAND COVER 2000 PROJECT

The objective of the European Environment Agency (EEA) is to provide policy makers with timely and relevant environmental information. Regarding land cover (LC), EEA aims at providing those responsible for and interested in European policy on the environment with qualitative and quantitative LC data, which is consistent and comparable across the continent. As part of the EEA mandate, the CORINE Land Cover (CLC) database initiated by the Commission in 1985 should be further maintained and updated regularly. Consistent geo-referenced LC information has been identified by different national and European policies as a key database for integrated environmental assessment. In order to reach this goal EEA and the Joint Research Centre (JRC) launched the IMAGE2000 and CLC2000 Project (I&CLC2000), which includes the updating of the CLC database. The satellite image 'snap shot' of Europe (IMAGE2000) is the principal material to undertake the updating of CLC database for the year 2000 (CLC2000) and to identify the main LC changes that occurred in Europe within the period 1990-2000. Presently 29 European countries are participating in the project. The database, which will be finished by the end of 2004, covers about 4.5 million km with 25 ha spatial resolution. The CLC-changes database has a 5 ha spatial resolution. The paper introduces the methodology of deriving the CLC2000 databases. Some preliminary results are presented with emphasis on major land cover changes in some countries.
Microseismic Monitoring of the Fracture Nucleation Mechanism and Early Warning for Cavern Rock Masses

The rock mass is susceptible to instability and damage during cavern construction. The blast-induced cracking process of the rock mass contains a wealth of information about the precursors of instability, and the identification of fracture nucleation signals is a prerequisite for effective hazard warning. A laboratory mechanical test and microseismic (MS) monitoring were carried out in the Baihetan Cavern to investigate the fracture nucleation process in the rock mass. MS monitoring shows that pre-existing microcracks were closed or new cracks were generated under the action of high stress, which caused the migration of microcracks. As the crack density increases, the fracture interaction gradually increases. The study of the rock fracture nucleation mechanism helps to reveal the MS sequences during the rock fracture process, and the fore-main shock was found in the MS sequence during access tunnel excavation. This study can effectively provide guidance for the early warning of rock mass failure and the stability analysis of underground caverns under blasting excavation disturbance.
Optimization of extracted building footprints from UAV images

Building footprints is important information in many types of applications, including optimization of rescuer response in case of catastrophic events, urban planning, urban dynamic monitoring, 3D building modeling etc. Traditionally, in remote sensing, building footprints are detected from very high-resolution images or point clouds. Convolution Neural Network (CNN) based semantic image segmentation model has become a common way to extract buildings footprints from remote sensing data with high accuracy regardless of differences in landscapes, shapes, texture, and used materials. However, the results of extraction usually represent rooftop outlines with overhangs rather than true building footprints. This paper presents the methodology for the optimization of building footprints by using contour information, which is derived from the UAV point cloud. First, the CNN model was used to extract rooftops from high-resolution UAV-based orthophoto. After that, the cross-section of the mesh model was performed in order to detect the outline of the building. The optimum height of the mesh cross section was derived based on an analysis of the Digital Elevation Model and Digital Surface Model. The generated results were compared with Open Street Map (OSM) and reference cadastral datasets. Quantitative and qualitative evaluations show that the proposed methodology can significantly improve the accuracy of CNN-extracted building footprints (and OSM data) compared to cadastral data. In addition, the high of buildings is simultaneously derived. Therefore, our approach opens up the possibility to use the full potential of UAV products for generating accurate building footprints and 3D building models of LoD1 with compatible accuracy as cadastral.