Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
PREWETTED SALT VERSUS BRINE ON MOTORWAY.

The effects of winter road maintenance methods using sodium chloride in the form of brine (22% salt solution) and prewetted salt (70% dry salt plus 30% brine) were assessed in Denmark. The residual quantity of residual salt on the road was higher when using brine than when using prewetted salt. A reduction of salt consumption was possible by adding more liquid to the dry salt or by spreading the salt in the form of a concentrated saline solution. The possibilities of saving salt were evaluated on a motorway in Funen, Denmark during 2000-2002. The advantages of liquid spreading are outlined. The results obtained in hoar frost and snow conditions are outlined. There were no differences between the efficiencies of prewetting spreading and liquid spreading in hoar frost conditions. In snow conditions, prewetted spreading was more effective than liquid spreading.
Multimodal assessment of microscopic morphology and retinal function in patients with geographic atrophy.

PURPOSE To correlate retinal function and visual sensitivity with retinal morphology revealed by ultrahigh-resolution imaging with adaptive optics-optical coherence tomography (AO-OCT), on patients with geographic atrophy. METHODS Five eyes from five subjects were tested (four with geographic atrophy [66.3 ± 6.4 years, mean ± 1 SD] and one normal [61 years]). Photopic and scotopic multifocal electroretinograms (mfERGs) were recorded. Visual fields were assessed with microperimetry (mP) combined with a scanning laser ophthalmoscope for high-resolution confocal retinal fundus imaging. The eye tracker of the microperimeter identified the preferred retinal locus that was then used as a reference for precise targeting of areas for advanced retinal imaging. Images were obtained with purpose-built, in-house, ultrahigh resolution AO-OCT. Fundus autofluorescence (FAF) and color fundus (CF) photographs were also acquired. RESULTS The AO-OCT imaging provided detailed cross-sectional structural representation of the retina. Up to 12 retinal layers were identified in the normal subject while many severe retinal abnormalities (i.e., calcified drusen, drusenoid pigment epithelium detachment, outer retinal tubulation) were identified in the retinae of the GA patients. The functional tests showed preservation of sensitivities, although somewhat compromised, at the border of the GA. CONCLUSIONS The images provided here advance our knowledge of the morphology of retinal layers in GA patients. While there was a strong correlation between altered retinal structure and reduction in visual function, there were a number of examples in which the photoreceptor inner/outer segment (IS/OS) junctions lost reflectivity at the margins of GA, while visual function was still demonstrated. This was shown to be due to changes in photoreceptor orientation near the GA border.
Differences in craving for cannabis between schizophrenia patients using risperidone, olanzapine or clozapine

Substance abuse and psychotic disorders have a high rate of comorbidity. Both disorders are associated with changes in the dopaminergic transmission in the mesocorticolimbic pathways of the brain. Since antipsychotic medications interact with the dopamine receptors in these pathways, these medications could affect craving for substances. In the current study, the effect of clozapine ( n ¼ 27, mean dosage 350mg), risperidone ( n ¼ 54, mean dosage 3.46mg) and olanzapine (n ¼ 60, mean dosage 13.78mg) on subjective craving for cannabis was compared in 123 patients with cannabis dependence and psychotic disorder. Patients treated with risperidone reported significantly more craving compared with patients treated with clozapine ( Z ¼(cid:2) 3.19, p ¼ . 001) or olanzapine ( Z ¼(cid:2) 2.24, p ¼ . 025). No significant differences in craving between clozapine and olanzapine were found. These results are in concordance with findings in the literature on this subject and could be explained by differences in three dopamine mediated mechanisms of these compounds: 1) occupancy rate of dopamine D 2 receptors, 2) dissociation rate of dopamine D 2 receptors, 3) D 1 /D 2 occupancy ratio. Risperidone and clozapine show a maximal difference in D 2 receptor occupancy rate, dissociation rate and D 1 /D 2 ratio. Olanzapine is intermediate between risperidone and clozapine in these characteristics.
Only One Earth: The Long Road via Rio to Sustainable Development

Foreword Maurice Strong. Introduction. Part 1: The Journey from Stockholm 1. Reflections on How We Arrived Here (1972) 2. The Journey to Rio (1973-1991). 3. An Earth Summit (1992) 4. Implementing Rio (1993-1996) 5. A Wake-up Call (1997) 6. Rebuilding Momentum (1998- 2001) 7. Johannesburg - Dealing with New Realities (2002) 8. Chasing Dreams (2003-2012) Part 2: The Challenges for the Future. 9. The Governance Gap 10. The Implementation Gap 11. The Democracy Gap. 12. The Economic Gap: Transforming the Econom 13. A Survival Agenda - Twenty-one Actions to Help Save the Planet Index.
Taking the Temperature of Past Ocean Surfaces

Accurate reconstructions of past climatic conditions on Earth are important for modeling future climate change. Researchers use climate "proxies" from deep-sea sediments, corals, or ice cores to reconstruct these past climatic conditions, but as Nürnberg explains in this Perspective, different techniques often give different answers. A relatively new technique, Mg/Ca paleothermometry, is a particularly promising tool, especially in conjunction with oxygen isotope measurements on the same planktonic foraminiferal specimens. The power of this method is exemplified by the study by Lea et al.
A Rules Based System for Named Entity Recognition in Modern Standard Arabic

The amount of textual information available electronically has made it difficult for many users to find and access the right information within acceptable time. Research communities in the natural language processing (NLP) field are developing tools and techniques to alleviate these problems and help users in exploiting these vast resources. These techniques include Information Retrieval (IR) and Information Extraction (IE). The work described in this thesis concerns IE and more specifically, named entity extraction in Arabic. The Arabic language is of significant interest to the NLP community mainly due to its political and economic significance, but also due to its interesting characteristics. Text usually contains all kinds of names such as person names, company names, city and country names, sports teams, chemicals and lots of other names from specific domains. These names are called Named Entities (NE) and Named Entity Recognition (NER), one of the main tasks of IE systems, seeks to locate and classify automatically these names into predefined categories. NER systems are developed for different applications and can be beneficial to other information management technologies as it can be built over an IR system or can be used as the base module of a Data Mining application. In this thesis we propose an efficient and effective framework for extracting Arabic NEs from text using a rule based approach. Our approach makes use of Arabic contextual and morphological information to extract named entities. The context is represented by means of words that are used as clues for each named entity type. Morphological information is used to detect the part of speech of each word given to the morphological analyzer. Subsequently we developed and implemented our rules in order to recognise each position of the named entity. Finally, our system implementation, evaluation metrics and experimental results are presented.
Statistical Analysis of Epidemiologic Data

Analytic procedures suitable for the study of human disease are scattered throughout the statistical and epidemiologic literature. Explanations of their properties are frequently presented in mathematical and theoretical language. This well-established text gives readers a clear understanding of the statistical methods that are widely used in epidemiologic research without depending on advanced mathematical or statistical theory. By applying these methods to actual data, Selvin reveals the strengths and weaknesses of each analytic approach. He combines techniques from the fields of statistics, biostatistics, demography and epidemiology to present a comprehensive overview that does not require computational details of the statistical techniques described. For the Third Edition, Selvin took out some old material (e.g. the section on rarely used cross-over designs) and added new material (e.g. sections on frequently used contingency table analysis). Throughout the text he enriched existing discussions with new elements, including the analysis of multi-level categorical data and simple, intuitive arguments that exponential survival times cause the hazard function to be constant. He added a dozen new applied examples to illustrate such topics as the pitfalls of proportional mortality data, the analysis of matched pair categorical data, and the age-adjustment of mortality rates based on statistical models. The most important new feature is a chapter on Poisson regression analysis. This essential statistical tool permits the multivariable analysis of rates, probabilities and counts
The concept of 'agroenergy district': a relevant tool for sustainable development in rural areas

Our proposal is linked with an European cooperation project bound to Mediterranean agriculture. The paper aims to develop a partially renewed approach of the district concept as a development model for rural areas, applied to the organization of the agroenergy sector. Originally developed by Marshall, the concept of district was reactualized by Italian researchers in the 70's (Beccatini). In France, the concept of Industrialized Productive System was notably developed by Courlet and Pecqueur (1992) to analyse local dynamics of development based on the cooperation between small firms, R&D institutions and public local authorities. Our paper aims to discuss the relevance of the concept of district in the implementation of an agroenergy activity at local scale: -to what extent this concept can contribute to strengthen the collective capacity of local stakeholders? (organization of an agroenergy chain), -to what extent the concept can bring answers to stakes bound to agroenergy sector? (competitivity of rural areas, employment, farmers income, preservation of natural resources, climate change, cohesion and standard of living), -to what extent the concept can encourage a development based on local resource valuation (spatial and social proximity between stakeholders) and avoid the drifts bound to competition between food and agroenergy productions? In this perspective, the ambition of the paper is also to illustrate the territorial anchoring of an agroenergy district, in particular through: -the Mediterranean dimensions of the regions involved in the project (natural and social aspects), -the public policies supporting agroenergy sector, and notably the role of regional institutions in the implementation of such districts. This analysis will bring us to mobilize the theoretical model of territorial footing developed during our Ph.D in Geography dedicated to the link between origin labeled products and rural development. Finally, the objective is to promote an operational methodology able to help local actors to implement a Sustainable Mediterranean Agroenergy District (SMAD). This initiative is an opportunity for the development of rural areas and the elaboration of agroenergy strategies able to conform to the sustainability criteria evoked in the European directive bound to renewable energies.
Depressive symptoms and clinical status during the Treatment of Adolescent Suicide Attempters (TASA) Study.

OBJECTIVE To examine the course of depression during the treatment of adolescents with depression who had recently attempted suicide. METHOD Adolescents (N = 124), ages 12 to 18 years, with a 90-day history of suicide attempt, a current diagnosis of depressive disorder (96.0% had major depressive disorder), and a Children's Depression Rating Scale-Revised (CDRS-R) score of 36 or higher, entered a 6-month treatment with antidepressant medication, cognitive-behavioral therapy focused on suicide prevention, or their combination (Comb), at five academic sites. Treatment assignment could be either random or chosen by study participants. Intent-to-treat, mixed effects regression models of depression and other relevant ratings were estimated. Improvement and remission rates were computed with the last observation carried forward. RESULTS Most patients (n = 104 or 84%) chose treatment assignment, and overall, three fourths (n = 93) received Comb. In Comb, CDRS-R declined from a baseline adjusted mean of 49.6 (SD 12.3) to 38.3 (8.0) at week 12 and to 27.0 (10.1) at week 24 (p < .0001), with a Clinical Global Impression -defined improvement rate of 58.0% at week 12 and 72.2% at week 24 and a remission (CDRS-R ≤ 28) rate of 32.5% at week 12 and 50.0% at week 24. The CDRS-R and the Scale for Suicidal Ideation scores were correlated at baseline (r = 0.43, p < .0001) and declined in parallel. CONCLUSIONS When vigorously treated with a combination of medication and psychotherapy, adolescents with depression who have recently attempted suicide show rates of improvement and remission of depression that seem comparable to those observed in nonsuicidal adolescents with depression.
The Agromere "Arena" : bridging the boundaries between the urban environment and agriculture in Almere (NL)

Highly urbanised countries like The Netherlands tend towards a sharp delineation between the rural and urban environment, between food production and food consumption. Growing concerns about food prices, food security and the sustainability of the contemporary agri-food system reluctantly places food worldwide on the agendas of the cities. Could applied agricultural researchers play a role in bridging the boundaries between both environments? Agromere (2005-2009) shows a successful first step in bridging these boundaries in the Dutch city of Almere. Agromere is in this paper described as a research and design ‘Arena’. The Agromere ‘Arena’ fuelled importantly the municipality of Almere to incorporate urban agriculture in the future development of the Almere Oosterwold area. The Agromere ‘Arena’ interfered with the existing networks in Almere using the stakeholder management approach of R. Edward Freeman. To interpret the value of this approach, the work of Mark Granovetter on the relation between interpersonal ties and information transmitting between social networks is used. Trusting a stakeholder as knowledge source is the key factor in transferring new knowledge, suggesting that the role of applied research could lay in creating a ‘trustful’ atmosphere using this stakeholder management approach.
A Topographic Latent Source Model for Fmri Data

a r t i c l e i n f o We describe and evaluate a new statistical generative model of functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) data. The model, topographic latent source analysis (TLSA), assumes that fMRI images are generated by a covariate-dependent superposition of latent sources. These sources are defined in terms of basis functions over space. The number of parameters in the model does not depend on the number of voxels, enabling a parsimonious description of activity patterns that avoids many of the pitfalls of traditional voxel-based approaches. We develop a multi-subject extension where latent sources at the subject-level are perturbations of a group-level template. We evaluate TLSA according to prediction, reconstruction and reproducibility. We show that it compares favorably to a Naive Bayes model while using fewer parameters. We also describe a hypothesis testing framework that can be used to identify significant latent sources. Introduction Most current approaches to functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) take the basic spatial unit of analysis to be the voxel, and attempt to learn a set of parameters characterizing the voxel's response to a set of covariates (e.g., experimental manipulations). Traditionally, each voxel's response is assumed to be independent of all the other voxels, and is modeled as a linear function of the covariates convolved with a hemodynamic response function (Friston et al., 1994). Although this approach, which we refer to as the mass-univariate general linear model (MU-GLM), has been productive, it suffers from two shortcomings. First, the assumption that responses of voxels are independent of one another is rarely true, necessitating post-hoc correction procedures to account for these dependencies (Friston et al., 1996). Second, and more fundamentally, modeling neural responses at the voxel level does not enable direct inferences about what are arguably the variables of real interest, the responses of the underlying neuroanatomical regions. To sidestep this issue, regionally specific activations are typically extracted from the voxel-specific parameters by looking for spatially extended excursions from a null distribution (Worsley et al. More recently, two modeling trends have emerged that attempt to move beyond the mass-univariate GLM towards more realistic spatial assumptions. The first retains the GLM, but assumes that the parameters vary smoothly over voxels within a spatial neighborhood. The smoothness assumption is enforced in a Bayesian framework by encoding spatial dependencies between voxels in the prior (Woolrich et al. We refer to this approach as the spatially regularized GLM …
INACTIVATION OF ENDOTOXIN BY A HUMORAL COMPONENT IV. ALTERATION IN THE IMMUNOLOGICAL PROPERTIES OF TYPHOID ENDOTOXIN* BY MAURICE LANDY, P~LD., ROBERT-JOHN TRAPANI, AND MURRAY J. SHEAR, ProD

Endotoxins evoke in mammals the same pattern of host responses regardless of their source, provided they are obtained from Gram-negative bacteria (1). In addition to the phenomena they elicit in common they also possess specific antigenic properties characteristic for each endotoxin. I t is generally agreed that these immunologic specificities are dominated by the polysaccharide moiety (2), which constitutes the greatest part of the isolated somatic antigens. I t is still a moot question whether the toxicity characteristic of the endotoxins is responsible for, or inextricably bound up with, their antigenicity. Although many attempts have been made, by physical or chemical means, to effect separation of these properties, this has not yet been achieved as regards removal of toxicity without concomitant loss of anfigenicity. Mammalian blood contains (3) a component capable of detoxifying endotoxins: under suitable conditions, interaction so alters them that they no longer (4) elicit their various toxic responses. Serum from most species exhibited little or no activity in vitro in this regard, but addition of citrate, or other calciumbinding agents, made it manifest; this activity was also made evident upon removal of divalent cation from the serum; addition of divalent cations suppressed it (5). This finding--that serum contains an "endotoxin-detoxifying component" (EDC) 1 which so alters these bacterial products that the host no longer responds
HP1α recruitment to DNA damage by p150CAF-1 promotes homologous recombination repair

The Rockefeller University Press $30.00 J. Cell Biol. Vol. 193 No. 1 81–95 www.jcb. org/cgi/doi/10.1083/jcb.201101030 JCB 81 Correspondence to Geneviève Almouzni: genevieve.almouzni@curie.fr C. Baldeyron’s present address is Translational Research Dept., Breast Cancer Biology Group, F-75248 France. Abbreviations used in this paper: 6,4-PP, pyrimidine 6,4-pyrimidone photoproduct; ATM, ataxia telangiectasia mutated; CPD, cyclobutane pyrimidine dimer; CtIP, C-terminal binding protein interacting protein; DDR, DNA damage response; DSB, DNA double strand break; HR, homologous recombination; IB, immunoblotting; IF, immunofluorescence; IR, ionizing radiation; MEF, mouse embryonic fibroblast; NER, nucleotide excision repair; NHEJ, nonhomologous end-joining; UTR, untranslated region; wt, wild type. Introduction
Superstitiousness in obsessive-compulsive disorder

It has been speculated that superstitiousness and obsessivecompulsive disorder (OCD) exist along a continuum. The distinction between superstitious behavior italic>and superstitious belief, however, is crucial for any theoretical account of claimed associations between superstitiousness and OCD. By demonstrating that there is a dichotomy between behavior and belief, which is experimentally testable, we can differentiate superstitious behavior from superstitious belief, or magical ideation. Different brain circuits are responsible for these two forms of superstitiousness; thus, determining which type of superstition is prominent in the symptomatology of an individual patient may inform us about the primarily affected neurocognitive systems.
Active tectonics of the Seattle fault and central Puget Sound

We use an extensive network of marine high-resolution and conventional industry seismic-reflection data to constrain the location, shallow structure, and displacement rates of the Seattle fault zone and crosscutting high-angle faults in the Puget Lowland of western Washington. Analysis of seismic profiles extending 50 km across the Puget Lowland from Lake Washington to Hood Canal indicates that the west-trending Seattle fault comprises a broad (4–6 km) zone of three or more south-dipping reverse faults. Quaternary sediment has been folded and faulted along all faults in the zone but is clearly most pronounced along fault A, the northernmost fault, which forms the boundary between the Seattle uplift and Seattle basin. Analysis of growth strata deposited across fault A indicate minimum Quaternary slip rates of about 0.6 mm/yr. Slip rates across the entire zone are estimated to be 0.7–1.1 mm/yr. The Seattle fault is cut into two main segments by an active, north-trending, high-angle, strike-slip fault zone with cumulative dextral displacement of about 2.4 km. Faults in this zone truncate and warp reflections in Tertiary and Quaternary strata and locally coincide with bathymetric lineaments. Cumulative slip rates on these faults may exceed 0.2 mm/yr. Assuming no other crosscutting faults, this north-trending fault zone divides the Seattle fault into 30–40-km-long western and eastern segments. Although this geometry could limit the area ruptured in some Seattle fault earthquakes, a large event ca. A.D. 900 appears to have involved both segments. Regional seismic-hazard assessments must (1) incorporate new information on fault length, geometry, and displacement rates on the Seattle fault, and (2) consider the hazard presented by the previously unrecognized, north-trending fault zone.
Cryogenic Deformation Structures in Late Cenozoic Unconsolidated Sediments of the Tunka Depression in the Baikal Rift Zone

The Late Cenozoic alluvial deposits in the Tunka depression of the Baikal Rift Zone, Russia, contain wedge‐shaped structures and involutions that provide valuable palaeogeographic information about the southern part of eastern Siberia. The structure of the unconsolidated host deposits, the shape and size of the deformation structures (wedge shaped, wave like or drop like) and the physical‐mechanical properties of the sediments (particle size, density, porosity, water content and colour) point to a cryogenic origin of the deformation structures, as ice wedge pseudomorphs and cryoturbations, rather than an origin associated with seismic activity or sedimentation. The oldest pseudomorphs and cryoturbations developed during climate‐warming periods of the subboreal climatic phase (3600–2600 years ago). Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.