Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Explorer Improving Word Sense Disambiguation in Neural Machine Translation with Sense Embeddings

Word sense disambiguation is necessary in translation because different word senses often have different translations. Neural machine translation models learn different senses of words as part of an endto-end translation task, and their capability to perform word sense disambiguation has so far not been quantified. We exploit the fact that neural translation models can score arbitrary translations to design a novel cross-lingual word sense disambiguation task that is tailored towards evaluating neural machine translation models. We present a test set of 7,200 lexical ambiguities for German→English, and 6,700 for German→French, and report baseline results. With 70% of lexical ambiguities correctly disambiguated, we find that word sense disambiguation remains a challenging problem for neural machine translation, especially for rare word senses. To improve word sense disambiguation in neural machine translation, we experiment with two methods to integrate sense embeddings. In a first approach we pass sense embeddings as additional input to the neural machine translation system. For the second experiment, we extract lexical chains based on sense embeddings from the document and integrate this information into the NMT model. While a baseline NMT system disambiguates frequent word senses quite reliably, the annotation with both sense labels and lexical chains improves the neural models’ performance on rare word senses.
An overview of the diurnal cycle of the atmospheric boundary layer during the West African monsoon season: results from the 2016 observational campaign

Abstract. A ground-based field campaign was conducted in southern West Africa from mid-June to the end of July 2016 within the framework of the Dynamics–Aerosol–Chemistry–Cloud Interactions in West Africa (DACCIWA) project. It aimed to provide a high-quality comprehensive data set for process studies, in particular of interactions between low-level clouds (LLCs) and boundary-layer conditions. In this region missing observations are still a major issue. During the campaign, extensive remote sensing and in situ measurements were conducted at three supersites: Kumasi (Ghana), Save (Benin) and Ile-Ife (Nigeria). Daily radiosoundings were performed at 06:00 UTC, and 15 intensive observation periods (IOPs) were performed during which additional radiosondes were launched, and remotely piloted aerial systems were operated. Extended stratiform LLCs form frequently in southern West Africa during the nighttime and persist long into the following day. They affect the radiation budget and hence the evolution of the atmospheric boundary layer and regional climate. The relevant parameters and processes governing the formation and dissolution of the LLCs are still not fully understood. This paper gives an overview of the diurnal cycles of the energy-balance components, near-surface temperature, humidity, wind speed and direction as well as of the conditions (LLCs, low-level jet) in the boundary layer at the supersites and relates them to synoptic-scale conditions (monsoon layer, harmattan layer, African easterly jet, tropospheric stratification) in the DACCIWA operational area. The characteristics of LLCs vary considerably from day to day, including a few almost cloud-free nights. During cloudy nights we found large differences in the LLCs' formation and dissolution times as well as in the cloud-base height. The differences exist at individual sites and also between the sites. The synoptic conditions are characterized by a monsoon layer with south-westerly winds, on average about 1.9 km deep, and easterly winds above; the depth and strength of the monsoon flow show great day-to-day variability. Within the monsoon layer, a nocturnal low-level jet forms in approximately the same layer as the LLC. Its strength and duration is highly variable from night to night. This unique data set will allow us to test some new hypotheses about the processes involved in the development of LLCs and their interaction with the boundary layer and can also be used for model evaluation.
Wavelet estimation for derivative of a density in a GARCH-type model

Abstract We consider the GARCH-type model S = σ2Z where σ2 and Z are independent random variables. We assume that the density of σ2 is unknown with support [0, 1] but differentiable whereas the density fS of S is bounded. We will also assume that the probability density function of the random variable Z is known and has the same distribution as the ν-fold product of independent random variables uniformly distributed on the interval [0, 1]. We want to estimate the derivative of the density of σ2 from n independent and identically distributed observations of S. We will construct adaptive and non adaptive wavelet estimators for the derivative of the density and obtain sharp upper bounds on their mean integrated squared errors.
profiling of whole blood in 22q11.2 reciprocal copy number variants reveals that cell

We ﬁ rst characterized transcriptomic dysregulation in peripheral blood from reciprocal 22q11.2 CNV carriers using differential expression analysis and weighted gene co-expression network analysis (WGCNA) to identify modules of co-expressed genes. We also assessed for group differences in cell composition and re-characterized transcriptomic differences after accounting for cell type proportions and medication usage. Finally, to explore whether CNV-related transcriptomic changes relate to downstream phenotypes associated with 22q11.2 CNVs, we tested for associations of gene expression with neuroimaging measures and behavioral traits, including IQ and psychosis or ASD diagnosis. 22q11.2 deletion carriers (22qDel) showed widespread expression changes at the individual gene as well as module eigengene level compared to 22q11.2 duplication carriers (22qDup) and controls. 22qDup showed increased expression of 5 genes within the 22q11.2 locus, and CDH6 located outside of the locus. Downregulated modules in 22qDel implicated altered immune and in ﬂ ammatory processes. Celltype deconvolution analyses revealed signi ﬁ cant differences between CNV and control groups in T-cell, mast cell, and macrophage proportions; differential expression of individual genes between groups was substantially attenuated after adjusting for cell composition. Individual gene, module eigengene, and cell proportions were not signi ﬁ - cantly associated with psychiatric or neuroanatomic traits. Our ﬁ ndings suggest broad immune-related dysfunction in 22qDel and highlight the importance of understanding differences in cell composition when interpreting transcriptomic changes in clinical populations. Results also suggest novel directions for future investigation to test whether 22q11.2 CNV effects on macrophages have implications for brain-related microglial function that may contribute to psychiatric phenotypes in 22q11.2 CNV carriers.
Behavioural Characteristics and Financial Distress

Using a new nationally representative survey of financial capability and experience in the UK and Ireland, I investigate the key factors that cause individuals to experience financial distress. In this context, a key area that I focus on is whether individuals’ behavioural traits, such as their capacities for self-control, planning, and patience, affect their ability to stay out of financial trouble. I find that the variables that proxy for these behavioural characteristics are both statistically significant and economically important for predicting both mild and extreme forms of financial distress, in a regression controlling for demographic and socio-economic factors. Furthermore, behavioural traits emerge as having a stronger impact on the incidence of financial distress than education or financial literacy. The results raise questions about whether policy can be oriented towards improving financial habits and mitigating the impact of behavioural characteristics on personal finances.
General practice Randomised controlled trial of the READER method of critical appraisal in general practice

Objective: To evaluate the READER model for critical reading by comparing it with a free appraisal, and to explore what factors influence different components of the model. Design: A randomised controlled trial in which two groups of general practitioners assessed three papers from the general practice section of the BMJ. Setting: Northern Ireland. Subjects: 243 general practitioners. Main outcome measures: Scores given using the READER model (Relevance, Education, Applicability, Discrimination, overall Evaluation) and scores given using a free appraisal for scientific quality and an overall total. Results: The hierarchical order for the three papers was different for the two groups, according to the total scores. Participants using the READER method (intervention group) gave a significantly lower total score (P<0.01) and a lower score for the scientific quality (P<0.0001) for all three papers. Overall more than one in five (22%), and more men than women, read more than 5 articles a month (P<0.05). Those who were trainers tended to read more articles (P<0.05), and no trainers admitted to reading none. Overall, 58% (135/234) (68% (76/112) of the intervention group) believed that taking part in the exercise would encourage them to be more critical of published articles in the future (P<0.01). Conclusion: Participants using the READER model gave a consistently lower overall score and applied a more appropriate appraisal to the methodology of the studies. The method was both accurate and repeatable. No intrinsic factors influenced the scores, so the model is appropriate for use by all general practitioners regardless of their seniority, location, teaching or training experience, and the number of articles they read regularly.
Nonlinear high‐resolution three‐dimensional seismic travel time tomography

A tomographic inversion procedure is described and applied to a synthetic three-dimensional (3-D) seismic refraction data set, demonstrating that tomography is capable of determining a densely sampled velocity model with large velocity contrasts. Forward and inverse modeling procedures are chosen to minimize the computational costs of the inversion. Parameterizing the linearized inversion using functions defined along the ray paths, simple backprojection with zero pixel size is shown to exactly solve the linear problem, producing the smallest model for the slowness perturbation. For small grid cells, simple backprojection closely approximates the exact solution and is a sufficient solution for an iterative nonlinear inversion. This eliminates the need to store or solve a large system of linear equations. Accurate first arrival travel times are rapidly computed using a finite difference algorithm. Forward modeling between each simple backprojection allows the procedure to correctly account for the locations of the rays. This becomes more important as the spatial resolution of the model is improved. The computational efficiency of the entire nonlinear procedure allows the model to be densely sampled, providing a spatially well-resolved 3-D tomographic image. The synthetic refraction survey is designed to be similar to a published 3-D survey over the East Pacific Rise. Tests based on this example and others show that 3-D tomography is capable of inverting a large travel time data set for detailed earth structure with large lateral velocity variations and is stable in the presence of noisy data.
The breakup of the South Atlantic Ocean: formation of failed spreading axes and

Abstract The occurrence of failed breakup basins and deepwater blocks of thinned continental crust is commonplace in the rifting and breakup of continents, as part of passive margin development. This paper examines the rifting of Pangaea–Gondwanaland and subsequent breakup to form the South Atlantic Ocean, with development of a failed breakup basin and seafloor spreading axis (the deepwater Santos Basin) and an adjacent deepwater block of thinned continental crust (the Sao Paulo Plateau) using a combination of 2D flexural backstripping and gravity inversion modelling. The effects of the varying amounts of continental crustal thinning on the contrasting depositional and petroleum systems in the Santos Basin and on the Sao Paulo Plateau are discussed, the former having a predominant post-breakup petroleum system compared with a pre-breakup system in the latter. An analogy is also made to a potentially similar failed breakup basin/thinned continental crustal block pairing in the Faroes region in the NE Atlantic Ocean.
PROGRAM ON HOUSING AND URBAN POLICY

The residential housing market can play an important role in the reduction of global carbon emissions. This paper reports the first evidence on the market adoption and economic implications of energy performance certificates implemented by the European Union. The results show that adoption rates are low and declining over time, coinciding with negative sentiment regarding the label in the popular media. Labels are clustered among smaller, post-war homes in neighborhoods with more difficult selling conditions. We also document that the adoption rates of energy labels have a positive relation to the number of “green” voters during the 2006 national elections. Within the sample of labeled homes, the energy label creates transparency in the energy performance of dwellings. Our analysis shows that consumers capitalize this information into the price of their prospective homes. JEL codes: D12, Q51, R21
Variaciones morfológicas del tarsometatarso de los pingüinos(Aves, Sphenisciformes) de la secuencia estratigráfica de la Formación Pisco (Mioceno-Plioceno), Perú

The morphological variation presents in the penguin tarsometatarsi from Pisco Formation (Miocene-Pliocene) from Peru assigned to Spheniscus Brisson, 1760 is analyzed. Metrics and geometric techniques to quantify the diversity present in each of the nine sites localities at the south-central coast were applied. A comparative description of Spheniscus and its Miocene morphologically closest genus Palaeospheniscus Moreno and Mercerat, 1891 is also provided. They together constitute the penguin avifauna of the Miocene of Peru. The results allow us to recognize that the intra-speciﬁ c diversity is at the same level of variation than the inter-speciﬁ c one. At least ﬁ ve species of Spheniscus are hereby recognized: Spheniscus urbinai Stucchi 2002, S. megaramphus Stucchi, Urbina and Giraldo 2003, S. muizoni Gohlich 2007 and two innominated species. Each one of these species transgresses the boundaries between the localities, being represented in more than one locality. It was not possible to distinguish S. chilensis Emslie and Guerra Correa, 2003 from its tarsometatarso. The presence of six species in this unit could be related to the establishment of cold water and the advent of favorable conditions for diversiﬁ cation.
Groundwater-dependency and water relations of four Myrtaceae shrub species during a prolonged summer drought

Seasonal water relations and water source (δ2H analysis) data were examined for four Myrtaceae shrub species inhabiting a winter-wet depression (dampland) and surrounding landscape on Perth’s coastal sandplain. Data were collected during an exceptionally dry spring-autumn period in 2000/2001. The two species occurring within the dampland, Astartea fascicularis and Pericalymma ellipticum, were probably accessing shallow soil moisture or groundwater (at a depth of 0.35 m) during October 2000 (spring), but were not accessing groundwater (at a depth of 1.45 m) during the summer drought (March 2001). Species occurring on the dampland embankment (Hypocalymma angustifolium, Eremaea pauciflora) and at a site further upslope (E. pauciflora only) had a significant reduction in predawn xylem water potential and morning stomatal conductance in response to the summer drought, with neither species accessing groundwater during summer. The dampland species were able to maintain summer morning stomatal conductances similar or greater than the conductance measured during the previous spring, implying that shallow soil moisture (gravimetric content of 10–20%) was sufficient to sustain their summer water-use requirements. δ2H data suggests that P. ellipticum may have been utilising groundwater in early winter (July 2001), implying that the minimum accessible groundwater depth for this species at the study dampland is approximately 1.4 m.
Evolutionary Programming for Estimating Nitrate Concentration in Water

The study of contamination levels in wastewater is very important for health, economic and legal reasons. European Directive 2000/60/CE establishes the quality levels for groundwater. It also binds control between other nitrate concentration. In this work, we show a method based on evolutionary programming for estimating nitrate concentration in a sample of wastewater treated by a non conventional system such as land application.
Fluxes of Atmospheric Methane Using Novel Instruments, Field Measurements, and Inverse Modeling

The atmospheric concentration of methane (CH4) – the most significant non-CO2 anthropogenic long-lived greenhouse gas – stabilized between 1999 and 2006 and then began to rise again. Explanations for this behavior differ but studies agree that more measurements and better modeling are needed to reliably explain the model-data discrepancies and predict future change. This dissertation focuses on measurements of CH4 and inverse modeling of atmospheric CH4 fluxes using field measurements at a variety of spatial scales. We first present a new fast-response instrument to measure the isotopic composition of CH4 in ambient air. The instrument was used to characterize mass fluxes and isofluxes (a isotopically-weighted mass flux) from a well-studied research fen in New Hampshire. Eddycovariance and automatic chamber techniques produced consistent estimates of both the CH4 fluxes and their isotopic composition at sub-hourly resolution. We then characterize fluxes of CH4 from aircraft engines using measurements made with the same instrument during the Alternative Aviation Fuel Experiment (AAFEX), a study that aimed to determine the atmospheric impacts of alternative fuel use in the growing aviation industry. Emissions of CO2, CH4, and N2O from different synthetic fuels were statistically indistinguishable from those of the widely used JP-8 jet fuel. We then present airborne observations of the long-lived greenhouse gas suite – CO2, CH4, N2O, and CO – during two aircraft campaigns, HIPPO and CalNex, made using a similar instrument built specifically for the NCAR HIAPER GV aircraft. These measurements are
Spatial modelling of vegetation change in dynamic landscapes: a review of methods and applications

Because of the spatiotemporal scales involved and the logistical constraints in collecting landscape-level data, spatially explicit simulation models have become important tools in ecological and biogeographical studies conducted over broad extents. Here we review the methods used and some of the applications of landscape-level models of succession and disturbance dynamics. Mechanistic and stochastic models are compared and contrasted and the development, over the last 15 years, of spatial landscape models of ecological change is discussed. Coarse-grained spatial landscape models are compared with finer-grained individual-based approaches (eg, forest gap models). Management and monitoring applications of landscape models are considered alongside a discussion of the appropriate use of models in this context. A key area where spatial landscape models of the type described here need to develop is improved integration with the social sciences - both in terms of the parameters and the processes that the models incorporate. Finally issues related to scale and scaling are outlined and, in particular, the utility of methods for linking ecological models operating at disparate scales (eg, forest gap models versus landscape models) is examined.
A Potential High-Score Scheme for the Prediction of Atlantic Storm Activity

Abstract A new empirical approach for the seasonal prediction of annual Atlantic tropical storm number (ATSN) was developed using precipitation and 500 hPa geopotential height data from the preceding January-February and April-May. The 2.5°×2.5° resolution reanalysis data from both the US National Center for Environmental Prediction/the National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCEP/NCAR) and the European Center for Medium-Range Weather Forecasting (ECMWF) were applied. The model was cross-validated using data from 1979-2002. The ATSN predictions from the two reanalysis models were correlated with the observations with the anomaly correlation coefficients (ACC) of 0.79 (NCEP/NCAR) and 0.78 (ECMWF) and the multi-year mean absolute prediction errors (MAE) of 1.85 and 1.76, respectively. When the predictions of the two models were averaged, the ACC increased to 0.90 and the MAE decreased to 1.18, an exceptionally high score. Therefore, this new empirical approach has the potential to improve the operational prediction of the annual tropical Atlantic storm frequency.
A discrete Bayesian network to investigate suspended sediment concentrations in an Alpine proglacial zone

In this study, a Bayesian Network (BN) is used to model the suspended sediment concentrations (SSC) in the catchments of the glaciers Noir and Blanc in the Ecrins National Park, France, and at the distal end of the proglacial zone into which both torrents drain. Relationships between air temperature, glacier discharge and SSC are represented as random variables; thereby taking the natural next step from proposed modified rating curve methods which increasingly approximate random variable approaches. Hydrological relationships are propagated through the network via conditional probability distributions computed from 980 field records obtained at three monitoring sites during July 2005. Rainfall affected data are removed from the modelling process. A two‐sample Kolmogorov–Smirnov goodness‐of‐fit (two‐sample KS) test (n = 5) shows good agreement between the probability distributions of SSC predicted by the BN, and those recorded in the field at the outflow of the proglacial zone over an air temperature range of 5–25 °C. The BN performs poorly for air temperatures between 25 and 30 °C and this is attributed to limited field records covering this temperature range. Discussion of the significant limitations surrounding the widespread application of BNs in hydrological modelling are offered with a focus on data volume and temporal limitations. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Reactivation of latent HIV-1 in central memory CD 4 + T cells through TLR-1 / 2 stimulation

Reactivation of latent HIV-1 in central memory CD4+ T cells through TLR-1/2 stimulation Retrovirology 2013, 10:119 doi:10.1186/1742-4690-10-119 Camille Novis (camille.novis@path.utah.edu) Nancie M Archin (nancie_archin@med.unc.edu) Maria J Buzon (mbuzon@partners.org) Eric Verdin (eric.verdin@gladstone.ucsf.edu) June Round (june.round@path.utah.edu) Mathias Lichterfeld (mlichterfeld@partners.org) David M Margolis (dmargo@med.unc.edu) Vicente Planelles (vicente.planelles@path.utah.edu) Alberto Bosque (alberto.bosque@path.utah.edu)