Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
The hyperellipsoidal clustering using genetic algorithm

Hyperellipsoidal clustering can characterize the distribution of the clusters better than common hyperspherical clustering. In this paper, it is proved that the direct application of Mahalanobis distance instead of Euclidean distance as the similarity measure cannot acquire the hyperellipsoidal clustering. Based on the analysis a new similarity measure suitable to hyperellipsoidal clustering is presented and a genetic algorithm is applied to optimize the modified clustering cost function. The simulation experiments show the efficiency of the new algorithm.
Homogeneous J,H,K,L Photometry of a Sample of BL Lac Objects

Homogeneous J, H, K, L, photometry of 42 BL Lacertae objects is presented. The observations cover a period of 3 yr with typical time interval of 6 months. We show that the near-IR nonthermal emission of all the objects but two is well described by a single power law (f ν ∞ν −α ) after accounting for host galaxy contribution. In spite of large flux variability, changes of spectral index are small and rare. In the few cases where significant variations of α are observed, no evidence of correlation with the flux level is found.
Comparison of advanced propulsion concepts for deep space exploration.

Equations and charts are presented which permit rapid estimation of propulsion system performance requirements for some typical deep space missions. The simplicity results from use of gravity-free equations of motion, which are shown to yield good approximations to trip times obtained with solar gravity and planetary motion included. The agreement is satisfactory for missions that do not enter or depart from low orbits about the major planets. A number of advanced propulsion concepts for which performance estimates are available are compared with respect to their capability for fly-by, rendezvous, and round-trip planetary missions. Based on these estimates, the gas-core nuclear fission rocket and the pulsed fusion rocket yield the fastest trip times to the near planets. For round trips to Jupiter and beyond, the controlled fusion rocket shows progressively superior capabilities. Several propulsion concepts based on use of impinging laser beams are found to be noncompetitive with the other advanced concepts for deep space missions.
Explicit Points-of-Interest Driven Siamese Transformer for 3D LiDAR Place Recognition in Outdoor Challenging Environments

Place recognition plays a crucial role in simultaneous localization and mapping. Unfortunately, however, changes in viewpoints and conditions in large-scale environments impose tricky challenges for PR. To this end, this article specifically proposes an explicit points-of-interest driven PR method, which consists of a road segmentation module based on grid-wise patch U-transformer and a PR module based on regions of interest siamese transformer NetVLAD (RI_STV). Especially for RI_STV, in the individual dimension, it is dedicated to exploring the local topological features of nonroad regions of interest. In the spatial dimension, an improved Transformer is introduced to capture the global interactions between features of interest. In the cluster dimension, NetVLAD embedded with weighted pooling is created to perform weighted aggregation of feature clusters to generate discriminative and general descriptors. Evaluation on various datasets shows that our customized method is not only impressively competitive, but also strikes the best balance between accuracy and real-time performance.
Modelling and simulation of photovoltaic cell in MATLAB

Photovoltaic cell has unique features of harnessing solar energy by absorbing the falling irradiance on its surface and converting it into useful electrical energy. In this study a robust model is built with Tag tools in Simulink environment based on mathematical equations considering all the parameters including shunt and series resistance etc. which affects the performance of the photovoltaic cell. The study shows the variation in irradiance at cell temperature of 25 oC. The variation in current is also significant from 2A to 7.98A. Additionally at STC, the irradiance of 1000W/m2 and temperature variation from 25 oC to 75 oC shows a significant drop in voltage with insignificant current increment leading to occurrence in power drop.
NeuPot: A Neural Network-Based Honeypot for Detecting Cyber Threats in Industrial Control Systems

Honeypots have proven to be an effective defense method for industrial control systems (ICSs). However, as attacker skills become more sophisticated, it becomes increasingly difficult to develop honeypots that can effectively recognize and respond to such attacks. In this article, we propose a neural network-based ICS honeypot scheme named NeuPot that improves security from two aspects: 1) honeypot interaction; and 2) cyber threats detection capability. NeuPot can respond to attacker requests depending on a specific industrial scenario without constant communication with the ICS and detect malicious traffic. To create this honeypot scheme, a new seq2seq time-series forecast model guided by Huber loss is designed to simulate the long-term changes in actual ICS physical processes. Second, a Modbus honeypot framework is created to react to changes in these ICS physical processes in their interactions with attackers and to capture various cyber threats against the ICS. Further, a novel loss function for industrial protocol-level malicious traffic detection is devised to identify known and unknown threats. According to our experiments, the proposed honeypot scheme is highly effective and outperforms state-of-the-art schemes in terms of interactivity and in detecting cyber threats.
METROMEX: an Investigation of Inadvertent Weather Modification

Abstract METROMEX, a field project designed and now in progress at St. Louis, involves 4 research groups planning and working cooperatively to study inadvertent weather modification by urban-industrial effects, and, in particular, man-made changes of precipitation. Urban areas affect most forms of weather and some, such as winds, temperature, and visibility, are obvious and their changes are easily measured. inadvertent precipitation changes are harder to measure, and except for the well-documented La Porte anomaly, urban-related rain changes have had only limited study. Examination of historical data at St. Louis has revealed summer increases in the immediate downwind area of. 1) rainfall (10–17%); 2) moderate rain days (11–23%); 3) heavy rainstorms (80%) 4) thunderstorms (21%); and 5) hailstorms (30%). METROMEX field measurements in the summer of 1971 involved 220 raingages and hailpads, 3 radar sets, 70 rainwater collectors, 14 pibal stations, 4 meteorological aircraft, unique atmospheric tracers, and .
Measuring the depth of an impact crater using an internal shadow

The introduction of a planetary science topic into teaching provides an opportunity for teachers to broaden the science base and offer an enrichment activity outside the National Curriculum. It enables students to undertake independent learning by engaging in a scientific investigation relevant to the real world. Here, more able students are given the opportunity to carry out a classroom-based investigation to measure the depth of an impact crater using the length of a shadow and the angle of the source rays of light. This investigation provides the opportunity for teaching staff to extend the traditional impact cratering practical and demonstrate how scientific knowledge expands. Students also learn the importance of evaluating conclusions by comparing data which have been analysed using different techniques.
Measuring elastic contrast in tissue using OCT needle probes

Optical coherence elastography (OCE) provides images of tissue elasticity and has potential for several clinical applications, including guidance of tumor resection. However, advancement toward clinical implementation of OCE is currently limited by the technique’s small imaging depth in tissue (1-2 mm), as well as a lack of validation of the elastic contrast generated in OCE. We have overcome the depth limitation of current OCE techniques by developing a method for performing OCE via a needle probe. Our technique, needle OCE, uses an OCT needle probe to perform axial measurements of tissue deformation during needle insertion, and has demonstrated potential for subsurface detection of the boundaries of diseased tissue. In this paper, we demonstrate how elastic contrast is generated in needle OCE by performing measurements in tissue phantoms and porcine airway wall. In addition, we have developed a finite element model of tissue deformation in compression OCE as a first step toward better understanding of the generation and interpretation of contrast in OCE images. We show initial results demonstrating excellent agreement between measured and simulated deformation in a tissue phantom.
A Millimeter-Wave Three-Way Doherty Power Amplifier for 5G NR OFDM

This article presents a millimeter-wave (mmWave) three-way Doherty output network and its silicon implementation at 38 GHz for 5G new radio (NR) orthogonal frequency-division multiplexing (OFDM). The proposed network synthesis methodology can realize impedance levels that are close to the ideal three-way Doherty operation, reduce the impedance transformation ratio at back-off, and directly absorb the device’s parasitic capacitance. Its design procedure and tradeoffs are discussed in detail. A 38-GHz power amplifier (PA) prototype is implemented in the GlobalFoundries 45-nm CMOS SOI process, achieving 13.7%/11.0% power-added efficiency (PAE) at the 9.5-/11.5-dB back-off, which is among the highest compared with recently reported silicon PAs operating at 35 GHz and above. Tested under 1- and 2-component carrier (CC) 5G NR FR2 64-QAM OFDM signals in the Band n260, the PA demonstrates state-of-the-art average output power (11.3 dBm) and average efficiency (14.7%) with −25-dB error vector magnitude (EVM). The design robustness and reliability are further demonstrated through the testing of multiple samples and PA lifetime.
A remark concerning Chandrasekhar's derivation of the pulsation equation for relativistic stars

It is shown that Chandrasekhar gives some misleading comments concerning his method to derive the pulsation equation for relativistic stars. Strictly following his procedure and approximations, we find that this equation should contain an extra term which destroys the beauty and simplicity of the pulsation equation. However, using a better approximation, we find that just this extra term cancels, and the nice original version of the pulsation equation is correct after all.
Radiative Torque and Partial Spin-Down of Winds from Rotating Hot Stars

We examine the degree to which the azimuthal component of the line-driving force can remove angular momentum from the equatorial wind of a rapidly rotating hot star, using a straightforward extension of the standard CAK formalism. We illustrate how even in a wind that is azimuthally symmetric, such a net azimuthal line force results from the prograde/retrograde velocity gradient asymmetries that are inherent to a non-rigidly rotating outflow. In particular, we show that the sense of the associated line torque always acts against the rotation whenever (as is generally the case) the azimuthal velocity falls below the linear outward increase (vϕ ~ r) associated with rigid rotation. Through a parameter study based on two-dimensional numerical hydrodynamical simulations, we find that the net loss of wind angular momentum is significant but generally quite moderate, about 30%-40%, for a wide range of conditions. We then present an extensive analytic analysis that further illuminates the physical nature of the wind spin-down and its robust net magnitude. This emphasizes the inherent dynamical feedback between line driving and flow acceleration, which allows the radiative force to effectively amplify the Coriolis force in the rotating frame, and so cause the rotation speed to decrease even more steeply with radius than required to conserve angular momentum. A general conclusion is that, while the moderate net spin-down of the wind is not likely to have a major impact on the overall wind dynamics, it should be observable from emission line diagnostics, and that doing so would provide an independent test of line-driven wind theory.
Near-threshold femtosecond laser fabrication of one-dimensional subwavelength nanogratings on a graphite surface

Superimposed one-dimensional quasiperiodic gratings with multiple periods (cid:2) ≈ 110–800 nm well below or comparable to the pump laser wavelength of 744 nm, and ridge orientations perpendicular to the linear polarization of infrared femtosecond laser pulses, were fabricated after multiple near-threshold laser shots on a planar surface of quasimonocrystalline graphite in ambient air. The broad range of the grating periods corresponds to the large number of spatial Fourier harmonics of the ﬁnal nanorelief (up to m = 7th order, (cid:2) m ≈ 800 nm / m = 110–800 nm), qualitatively representing the nonsinusoidal proﬁle of the laser-induced intermediate surface relief (the set of periodic, broadly spaced narrow nanotrenches), which provides the corresponding multiangle diffraction of the incident femtosecond laser pulses. Experimental measurements and modeling of the transient optical constants of the photoexcited graphite justify the excitation, at the ﬁrst stage, of the ﬁrst-order ( (cid:2) 1 ≈ 800 nm) surface plasmon-polaritonic (SPP) wave on the photo-excited initial planar graphite surface becoming metallic via photo-generation of dense electron hole plasma ( ∼ 10 21 cm − 3 ). Such an SPP wave provides intermediate nanorelief in the form of the nonsinusoidal surface grating via its interference with the incident laser wave, resulting under near-threshold laser irradiation conditions in the highly localized surface ablation of the material in the interference maxima. During the next stage, the multiperiod subwavelength nanogratings develop through the multiangle diffraction of the multiple incident laser pulses on the intermediate nonsinusoidal surface grating.
Does Social Desirability Bias Distort Survey Analyses of Ideology and Self-Interest? Evidence from a List Experiment on Progressive Taxation

The relative importance of ideological orientations and material self-interest as determinants of political attitudes is still discussed. Using a novel list experiment on opposition to progressive taxation embedded in a large representative Danish online survey (N = 2,010), I study how social desirability concerns bias the conclusions survey researchers draw regarding the influence of self-interest (gauged by income) and ideology (measured by left-right self-identifications) on public opinion. I find that right-wingers are much less opposed to progressive taxation when attitudes are measured indirectly and unobtrusively by means of the list experiment relative to asking directly about their opinions. In fact, rightists are no more against progressive taxation than leftists and centrists. Furthermore, opposition to tax progressivity is considerably lower among low-income individuals when social desirability bias is addressed, thereby increasing the attitudinal gap between low- and high-income individuals. The implications of the findings are that survey research risks exaggerating the importance of ideological orientations and underestimating how much political views reflect material self-interest.
Particle simulation of magnetic reconnection in the magnetotail configuration

We investigate the time development of a magnetotail like plasma sheet equilibrium, using the two-dimensional implicit electromagnetic particle code VENUS. As a starting point, we treat the simplified case of equal ion and electron masses. It is shown that a tearing instability develops if the magnetic field component perpendicular to the sheet is small enough and if the ion gyroradius is comparable to the plasma sheet thickness. An earlier estimate of the stability criterion has been confirmed approximately. In contrast to the case of a one-dimensional sheet equilibrium, the instability does not saturate. Instead, the unstable dynamics continues to evolve by formation, acceleration, and ejection of a plasmoid structure. The analysis of the distribution function in the nonlinear stage shows anisotropic heating and the generation of a bulk flow in the tail direction, caused by the development of the plasmoid structure. There is a local enhancement of the drift velocity in the cross-tail direction in the vicinity of the neutral line. Detailed investigation of the particles at the neutral line presents evidence that the current is significantly carried by resonant particles, which is typical for a kinetic tearing instability. We briefly address the case of an ion to electron mass ratio of 10, where the ion tearing instability still develops. Compared to the case of equal masses, electron stabilization leads to smaller growth rate and to an enhanced wavelength, according to theory.
Effectiveness of clown therapy on procedural pain in children with cerebral palsy. A meta-analysis

BACKGROUND:Nearly 10% of the pain that affects children with cerebral palsy (CP) results from a medical procedure. Clown therapy is a popular distraction technique to reduce pain; some systematic reviews evaluate the efficacy of this intervention in the pediatric setting, but none on children with CP. AIM:To evaluate the effect of clown therapy on procedural pain in children with CP. METHODS:Systematic review with meta-analysis of clinical trials with control group. Retrieval of studies by querying biomedical databases, online resources and trial registers. Clown therapy was compared with standard care. The primary outcome was the pain level after surgery. The risk of bias was assessed with RoB 2. Effect size was calculated with a random effects model. RESULTS:Three studies with 164 patients were included. The risk of bias is high for two studies and raises some concerns for one. All studies analyzed the effect of clown therapy on procedural pain after botulinum toxin injection. There was a statistically non significant reduction in pain in the intervention group compared to the control group (SMD: -0.20, 95% CI: -0.56, 0.17). The heterogeneity between studies is high. CONCLUSION:Clown therapy for procedural pain from botulinum toxin injections in children with CP seems effective but the methodological limitations of the studies do not allow a definitive judgment. There is a lack of studies evaluating the effect of the intervention on other procedures that children with CP undergo periodically.
Kα and bremsstrahlung x-ray radiation backlighter sources from short pulse laser driven silver targets as a function of laser pre-pulse energy

Measurements of silver K-shell and bremsstrahlung emission from thin-foil laser targets as a function of laser prepulse energy are presented. The silver targets were chosen as a potential 22 keV backlighter source for the National Ignition Facility Experiments. The targets were irradiated by the Titan laser with an intensity of 8 × 1017 W/cm2 with 40 ps pulse length. A secondary nanosecond timescale laser pulse with controlled, variable energy was used to emulate the laser prepulse. Results show a decrease in both Kα and bremsstrahlung yield with increasing artificial prepulse. Radiation hydrodynamic modeling of the prepulse interaction determined that the preplasma and intact target fraction were different in the three prepulse energies investigated. Interaction of the short pulse laser with the resulting preplasma and target was then modeled using a particle-in-cell code PSC which explained the experimental results. The relevance of this work to future Advanced Radiographic Capability laser x-ray backli.
Cu−In−Ga−S quantum dot composition-dependent device performance of electrically driven light-emitting diodes

Colloidal synthesis of ternary and quaternary quantum dots (QDs) of In/Ga ratio-varied Cu−In1−x−Gax−S (CIGS) with nominal x = 0, 0.5, 0.7, and 1 and their application for the fabrication of quantum dot-light-emitting diodes (QLEDs) are reported. Four QLEDs having CIGS QDs with different compositions are all solution-processed in the framework of multilayered structure, where QD emitting layer is sandwiched by hybrid charge transport layers of poly(9-vinlycarbazole) and ZnO nanoparticles. The device performance such as luminance and efficiency is found to be strongly dependent on the composition of CIGS QDs, and well interpreted by the device energy level diagram proposed through the determination of QD valence band minima by photoelectron emission spectroscopic measurement.
Nutrients-Rich Food Index Scores and the Overall Survival of Ovarian Cancer Patients: Results from the Ovarian Cancer Follow-Up Study, a Prospective Cohort Study

Background: The nutrients-rich food (NRF) index provides a score of diet quality. Although high diet quality is associated with survival of ovarian cancer (OC), the associations between NRF index scores and OC survival remain unevaluated. Methods: The prospective cohort study enrolled 703 women with newly diagnosed epithelial OC to assess the correlations between NRF index scores and overall survival (OS) in OC patients. Dietary consumption was evaluated through a food frequency questionnaire and diet quality was calculated based on NRF index scores, including three limited nutrients and six (NRF6.3), nine (NRF9.3), or eleven (NRF11.3) benefit nutrients. All-cause deaths were ascertained through medical records combined with active follow-up. Immunohistochemistry (IHC) analyses were conducted to evaluate the expression of IHC indicators (including Estrogen Receptor, Progesterone Receptor, p53, Vimentin, and Wilms’ tumor 1), which were identified by two independent pathologists. The Cox proportional hazards regression models were applied for estimating the hazard ratios (HRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs). Moreover, we performed the penalized cubic splines model to assess the curvilinear associations of NRF index scores with OC survival. Results: During the median follow-up of 37.17 (interquartile: 24.73–50.17) months, 130 deaths were documented. Compared to the lowest tertiles, the highest tertile of index scores [NRF9.3 (HR = 0.63, 95% CI = 0.41–0.95), NRF6.3 (HR = 0.59, 95% CI = 0.39–0.89), and NRF11.3 (HR = 0.57, 95% CI = 0.38–0.87)] were correlated to better OS, showing an obvious linear trend (all p trend < 0.05). Interestingly, the curvilinear association between the NRF6.3 index score and OC survival was also observed (p non-linear < 0.05). Subgroup analyses, stratified by clinical, demographic, and IHC features, showed similar risk associations as the unstratified results. Furthermore, there were significant multiplicative interactions between NRF index scores and Progestogen Receptors as well as Wilms’ tumor 1 expressions (all p interaction < 0.05). Conclusions: Higher NRF index scores were associated with an improved OS in OC patients.
The Moving-Estimates Test for Parameter Stability

In this paper a new class of tests for parameter stability, the moving-estimates (ME) test, is proposed. It is shown that in the standard situation the ME test asymptotically equivalent to the maximal likelihood ratio test under the alternative of a temporary parameter shift. It is also shown that the asymptotic null distribution of the ME test is determined by the increments of a vector Brownian bridge and that under a broad class of alternatives the ME test is consistent and has nontrivial local power in general. Our simulations also demonstrate that the proposed test has power superior to other competing tests when parameters are temporarily instable.