Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Change in optical activity of a lobster nerve associated with excitation.

1. To record the change in optical rotation of a nerve fibre associated with excitation, an optical apparatus was constructed using a polarizer, a photo‐elastic modulator, an analyser and a lock‐in amplifier. The apparatus was calibrated with the sucrose solution as the standard. 2. When a lobster leg nerve was dissected and mounted on the sample stage of the apparatus, stimulation elicited a transient change in the lock‐in amplifier output. The signal (here called the 'R‐signal') had a rapid time course, formed a peak during the rising phase of the birefringence signal, and often quickly returned to the base line, but sometimes showed a long‐lasting later phase. 3. The R‐signal arose at about the time when the compound action potential of slowly conducting fibres passed through the window of the chamber for the optical experiment, suggesting that it originates mainly in the smaller fibres. 4. The R‐signal reversed its sign when the azimuth of the polarizer was changed by 90 deg, indicating that the R‐signal was not due to electrical artifacts. Simultaneously recorded changes in the intensity of the transmitted light had a different time course and an amplitude too small to explain the appearance of the R‐signal. 5. When the azimuth of the nerve was changed, the later phase of the R‐signal changed its amplitude and direction, but the initial phase of the R‐signal was much less influenced, suggesting that the birefringence signal was a component of the later phase. 6. The later phase of the R‐signal could be reconstructed as a sum of an R‐signal at a different azimuth and the birefringence signal, if the amplitude and direction of the latter were adjusted by multiplication of a factor. 7. Assuming that the nerve is a homogeneous, linearly and circularly birefringent and linearly and circularly dichroic material, the lock‐in output was described by mathematical equations. From one of them the birefringence signal could be deduced from a series of R‐signals observed at various nerve azimuths. The time course of the calculated birefringence signal agreed well with that of the experimentally recorded birefringence signals. 8. Utilizing the same equations, the contribution of the birefringence change to the R‐signal was estimated and subtracted. The remaining part was independent of the nerve azimuth, and could be regarded as representing the time course of the change in optical rotation of the nerve. (ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
The structure of employee attitudes to safety: A European example

Abstract This paper concerns organizational safety culture and the structure or architecture of employee attitudes to safety as part of that culture. It begins by reviewing the somewhat scant literature relevant to this area, and then reports a study, conducted in a European company, which collected and factor analysed data on employee attitudes to safety. The framework provided for the study was that offered by Purdham (1984), and the results suggested that employees' attitudes to safety, within this company (across occupation/occupational level and country), could be mapped By five orthogonal factors: personal scepticism, individual responsibility, the safeness of the work environment, the effectiveness of arrangements for safety, and personal immunity. The theoretical and practical implications of these findings are discussed, and attention is drawn to their subsequent use in an intervention to enhance safety culture within the organization by attacking supervisors' attitudes to safety.
Vibration Energy Scavenging System With Maximum Power Tracking for Micropower Applications

In this work, we present a vibration-based energy scavenging system based on piezoelectric conversion for micropower applications. A novel maximum power point (MPP) tracking scheme is proposed to harvest the maximum power from the vibration system. A time-multiplexing mechanism is employed to perform energy harvesting and MPP tracking alternately. In the MPP tracking mode, a voltage reference that represents the optimal output voltage at the MPP is generated. A control unit then uses this reference to track the system operation around the MPP. The proposed system is capable of self-starting up without the help of an energy buffer. As a result, it is suitable for battery-less applications or when the energy buffer is completely drained. This tracking scheme has very small power overhead and is simple to implement in VLSI. Hence, it is especially applicable for micropower systems. The entire design was fabricated in a 0.35-μ m CMOS process. Experimental results verified the proposed MPP tracking scheme and demonstrated the system operation. Measurement results show that the power harvesting efficiency of the electrical circuitry is higher than 90%.
Reciprocal Teaching and Reading Comprehension: A Review.

Reading researchers recently have turned their attention to co-operative forms of learning and teaching. One particular form of co-operative teaching is reciprocal teaching which involves the reciprocal interaction of experts and novices in explicit, overt demonstrations of strategy use. Scaffolding, active meaningful involvement, feedback, and fading of the expert's leading the interactions are seen as critical elements of the technique. This paper outlines the theoretical underpinnings of the technique and reviews research examining the effects of reciprocal teaching of comprehension strategies (summarising, predicting, clarifying, questioning) on comprehension disabled subjects. In general the findings show powerful effects, effects that transfer and generalise. The potential of the technique for enhancing other reading skills is discussed.
A Preliminary Evaluation of Timing-Speculative Instruction Collapsing

The deep submicron semiconductor technologies will make the worst-case design impossible, since they can not provide design margins that it requires. We are investigating a typical-case design methodology, which we call the Constructive Timing Violation (CTV). This paper extends the CTV concept to collapse dependent instructions, resulting in performance improvement and power reduction. Based on detailed simulations, we find the proposed mechanism effectively collapses dependent instructions.
Design and Evaluation of a Buckled Strip Compliant Actuator

A novel compliant actuator based upon the compliance of a buckled thin strip is presented. It is suggested that the actuator can be used for a point contact attachment or to generate a 2-D or 3-D compliant surface. Compliance variation was obtained by changing the distance between the ends of the buckled strip using a linear actuator and by altering the end attachments from hinged to clamped. A mathematical model is developed and experimentally validated to predict the shape of the compliant surface so that its profile can be controlled and matched to a target surface shape. The general characterization of the actuator is presented here in terms of compliance modification and frequency response. Results demonstrated that actuator compliance could be increased 2× by adjustment of the end boundary attachments, and 8× by adjusting the end displacement as well. These increases could be achieved “on-the-fly”, without reconfiguring the system. The actuator also generated a stable, linear response in the design range of up to 4.0 Hz. In conclusion, we have shown that a buckled strip/linear motor combination can produce an accurate, predictable, and controlled active compliance actuator suitable for a range of applications, but designed here for applications involving interaction with or simulation of biological tissues.
Terpenoid Composition of the Essential Oils of Teucrium royleanum and T. quadrifarium

Teucrium royleanum Wall ex. Benth. and T. quadrifarium Buch. -Ham. , growing wild in the Central Himalayan region of Uttarakhand (India), yielded, on steam distillation, 0.07% and 0.09%, respectively of essential oil. The oil samples were analyzed by GC and GC-MS. By GC, both oil samples showed remarkable similarity with respect to the major peaks. Fifty-seven constituents were identified in both the oils representing 96.0% and 96.6% of the total, respectively. The oils were rich in sesquiterpene hydrocarbons (~76.0%). β-Caryophyllene (23.6% and 38.3%), germacrene D (28.9% and 9.4%), α-humulene (5.7% and 5.9%), linalool (4.8% and 1.5%), and 1-octen-3-ol (8.5% and 0.7%) were common to both oils and were the principal constituents. The genus can be classified into two groups on the basis of the present and previous reports on the essential oil composition and chemical markers.
Work adjustment after combat deployment: reservist repatriation

A longitudinal, qualitative study was conducted with United States (US) Army reservists to explore the concerns and obstacles in the process of returning to the civilian workforce following a combat deployment. A person–environment fit perspective is used to explain the adjustment process and obstacles encountered by the returning reservists. Seven waves of interviews over a 12-month period were conducted. These interviews resulted in the development of a process model of reintegration to work. This process model consists of four phases: Return Home, Return to Work, Activation, and Settling In. We discuss the factors and events that characterize each phase and provide some practical recommendations for employers of military reservists.
Adenovirus Type 37 Uses Sialic Acid as a Cellular Receptor

ABSTRACT Two cellular receptors for adenovirus, coxsackievirus-adenovirus receptor (CAR) and major histocompatibility complex class I (MHC-I) α2, have recently been identified. In the absence of CAR, MHC-I α2 has been suggested to serve as a cellular attachment protein for subgenus C adenoviruses, while members from all subgenera except subgenus B have been shown to interact with CAR. We have found that adenovirus type 37 (Ad37) attachment to CAR-expressing CHO cells was no better than that to CHO cells lacking CAR expression, suggesting that CAR is not used by Ad37 during attachment. Instead, we have identified sialic acid as a third adenovirus receptor moiety. First, Ad37 attachment to both CAR-expresing CHO cells and MHC-I α2-expressing Daudi cells was sensitive to neuraminidase treatment, which eliminates sialic acid on the cell surface. Second, Ad37 attachment to sialic acid-expressing Pro-5 cells was more than 10-fold stronger than that to the Pro-5 subline Lec2, which is deficient in sialic acid expression. Third, neuraminidase treatment of A549 cells caused a 60% decrease in Ad37 replication in a fluorescent-focus assay. Moreover, the receptor sialoconjugate is most probably a glycoprotein rather than a ganglioside, since Ad37 attachment to sialic acid-expressing Pro-5 cells was sensitive to protease treatment. Ad37 attachment to Pro-5 cells occurs via α(2→3)-linked sialic acid saccharides rather than α(2→6)-linked ones, since (i) α(2→3)-specific but not α(2→6)-specific lectins blocked Ad37 attachment to Pro-5 cells and (ii) pretreatment of Pro-5 cells with α(2→3)-specific neuraminidase resulted in decreased Ad37 binding. Taken together, these results suggest that, unlike Ad5, Ad37 makes use of α(2→3)-linked sialic acid saccharides on glycoproteins for entry instead of using CAR or MHC-I α2.
Adolescent Help‐seeking for Major and Minor Problems

Abstract One thousand and twenty-two secondary school aged adolescents identified a major and a minor problem that they experienced in the previous 6 months. The adolescents indicated if they had sought help for their problems, and, if so, from whom. They also indicated how intimate, serious, and stigmatising the problems were as well as the degree to which they were responsible for the cause of the problems. Most problems were in the domains of family, interpersonal relationships, education, and health. Approximately one third of the respondents reported both their major and their minor problem from within the same domain. The majority of adolescents sought help from the nonprofessional help sources of parents and friends. It was possible to identify consistent help-seekers, occasional help-seekers, and the help-avoiders. Neither the type of problem nor the school year level differentiated between the groups. Females were more likely than males to seek help on both occasions.
Effect of pH on sulfite oxidation by Thiobacillus thiooxidans cells with sulfurous acid or sulfur dioxide as a possible substrate

The oxidation of sulfite by Thiobacillus thiooxidans was studied at various pH values with changing concentrations of potassium sulfite. The optimal pH for sulfite oxidation by cells was a function of sulfite concentrations, rising with increasing substrate concentrations, while that by the cell extracts was unaffected. The sulfite oxidation by cells was inhibited at high sulfite concentrations, particularly at low pH values. The results from kinetic studies show that the fully protonated form of sulfite, sulfurous acid or sulfur dioxide, is the form which penetrates the cells for the oxidation.
"We just mix": code switching in a South African township

This study concentrates on the interaction between languages with similar morphological and syntactic structures. It will show that code switching between morphosyntactically similar languages ofequal social function has certain implicationsfor the matrix language-frame modelfor code switching which has been developed by Myers-Scotton (1993b). The two languages under scrutiny here are Southern Sotho and Tswana, two very closely related and functionally equivalent languages spoken in South Africa. In certain contexts the Speakers ofthese languages will switch frequently from the one language to the o t her. The paper will investigate how the matrix language in this multiple switching can be determined and whether the distinction between the matrix and the embedded language is still relevant in such a Situation. Given the relatedness ofthe two languages, the implicationsfor the constraints which the matrix language-frame model proposes will also be examined. The paper concludes that in this case an interlanguage has developed which must be regarded as a merger between the two languages. This is particularly salient in the South African context since the harmonisation of the Sotho and Nguni languages respectively has been put forward as the Nhlapo-Alexander proposal (Alexander 1989).
Classifying Welfare States: a Two-dimension Approach

This article begins with a survey of some influential classifications of welfare states based on different dimensions of social policy. Advantages and shortcomings are pointed out in relation to each classification reviewed. It is argued that none of these single-dimension classifications is in fact adequate to understand past and current developments in European social policy. An alternative classification, which combines elements of the ones reviewed above into a two-dimension approach, is proposed. This two-dimension classification is then related to past developments and current debates in European welfare states. The strength of this approach is its ability to reflect social policy developments in terms of both the expansion/contraction of state welfare and the convergence/divergence of European social policies.
Moving From Outsider to Insider

In addition to examining musical practices of students’ cultural heritages, general music educators can teach the value and meaning of music in their own lives by finding ways to integrate a particular “foreign” music into their own experience. Moving from a cultural outsider to more of an insider is illustrated through tales of the journey of a North American music educator learning, performing, and teaching Afro-Peruvian music and dance in the United States and Peru.
Loss of heterozygosity in 73 human thyroid tumors.

OBJECTIVES The aim of the study was to establish the LOH frequency of selected polymorphic markers in different histological types of thyroid tumors: 18 colloid goiters (CG), five follicular adenomas (FA), nine follicular carcinomas (FTC), 40 papillary carcinomas (PTC), and one anaplastic carcinoma (ATC). For PTC, tumors negative for RET/PTC rearrangements were preferred. METHODS LOH studies were performed using 14 highly polymorphic markers previously described as frequently lost in thyroid tumors. RESULTS In 20 cases (27%) the loss of at least one marker was found. No difference between the frequency of the LOH in FTC and PTC tumors was revealed (33% v. 33%). No differences between histopathological subtypes of PTC in LOH were found. Papillary thyroid carcinomas showed a tendency to higher LOH frequency from patients older than 45 years of age compared to younger ones (9/23 v. 4/17) although it was not statistically significant. CONCLUSIONS We conclude that papillary thyroid cancers, particularly those diagnosed in patients older than 45 years of age, do exhibit LOH at least with the same frequency as follicular cancers. This increased number of LOH events may contribute to the clinical aggressiveness of cancer in older patients.
Past tense formation in Williams syndrome

It has been claimed that in the language systems of people with Williams syndrome (WS), syntax is intact but lexical memory is impaired. Evidence has come from past tense elicitation tasks with a small number of participants where individuals with WS are said to have a specific deficit in forming irregular past tenses. However, typically developing children also show poorer performance on irregulars than regulars in these tasks, and one of the central features of WS language development is that it is delayed. We compared the performance of 21 participants with WS on two past tense elicitation tasks with that of four typically developing control groups, at ages 6, 8, 10, and adult. When verbal mental age was controlled for, participants in the WS group displayed no selective deficit in irregular past tense performance. However, there was evidence for lower levels of generalisation to novel strings. This is consistent with the hypothesis that the WS language system is delayed because it has developed under different constraints, constraints that perhaps include atypical phonological representations. The results are discussed in relation to dual-mechanism and connectionist computational models of language development, and to the possible differential weight given to phonology versus semantics in WS development.
Relative Myocardial Blood Flow by Dynamic Computed Tomographic Perfusion Imaging Predicts Hemodynamic Significance of Coronary Stenosis Better Than Absolute Blood Flow

ObjectivesQuantitative myocardial perfusion imaging by computed tomography (CT) was recently introduced to calculate myocardial blood flow (MBF). Because absolute MBF thresholds may be affected by technique, methodology, and the microvasculature, we investigated whether a relative measure of MBF improves accuracy to identify hemodynamically significant coronary stenosis. Materials and MethodsIn this prospective study, 42 patients (mean [SD] age, 62.3[8.7] years; 8 women) with suspected or known coronary disease underwent dynamic CT myocardial perfusion imaging using adenosine vasodilation, before invasive angiography (coronary angiography) with fractional flow reserve (FFR). Within each myocardial territory MBF, the MBF relative to remote myocardium (MBFratio) was calculated and compared with coronary angiography and FFR. ResultsOf the 91 vessels interrogated by FFR (median, 0.81; interquartile range, 0.73–0.94), 45 vessels (49%) had an FFR value lower than 0.8 and were considered hemodynamically significant. Hyperemic MBF was lower in ischemic territories: 75.6 ± 22.5 mL per 100 mL/min versus 98.3 ± 23.1 mL per 100 mL/min (P < 0.0001). The MBFratio correlated better with FFR (P = 0.76) than the absolute MBF did (P = 0.52). Receiver operating curve analysis showed better discrimination by MBFratio: area under the curve of 0.85 versus 0.75 (P = 0.02). The MBF of remote myocardium varied between 60.7 and 167.2 mL per 100 mL/min and was lower in patients without heart rate acceleration (P = 0.0035). ConclusionsThe MBFratio seems to better identify hemodynamically significant coronary artery disease than does the absolute MBF determined by dynamic CT perfusion imaging. This may be caused by microvascular status or related to the methodology.
Theories and Values of Local Government

WHATEVER the dangers may be in politics of arguing from ‘an abstract principle, or a set of related abstract principles which has been independently premeditated’,l it is evident that the British as a nation, if not their academics, are well aware of them. Few countries can be as reluctant to theorize about their political institutions and their local government in particular. We have usually managed to get along with what W. J. M. Mackenzie in the best historical account of British ideas, if not theories, of local government has dubbed ‘an ethical commitment to an extremely vague notion of local selfgovernment’. Z Here the validity of past theories for modern conditions in a democracy rather than their history will be examined and, tentatively, additional theories suggested. The discussion will be mostly confined to the British experience although foreign experience will be discussed where it seems to be relevant. Probably much of it will be applicable to ‘advanced industrial’ democracies, and at the very least, the foregoing seems unlikely to be applicable to societies dominated by subsistence farming. The last point needs perhaps further emphasis. There is clearly a very powerful link between urbanism and local government; the great bulk of the activities of most local government systems are closely associated with providing common services for people living in close proximity to one another who could not provide these services for themselves individually. This is not to say that local government is of no account in a wholly rural society, there is still at the very minimum a need for schools and roads in even the most widely dispersed rural society. But it does mean that most of the following discussion is applicable to urban and mixed societies more than it is to predominantly rural societies. If such an exercise requires a justification it is that proposals for the first complete overhaul of the present local government system of the United
The transferability of management practices: Examining cross-national differences in reward preferences

This study examines the multi-dimensional nature of reward preferences (i.e. types, systems, and criteria) in the cross-border context, an area not sufficiently addressed by prior research. We found empirical evidence to suggest both similarities and differences in employee reward preferences. Although culture may impinge on reward preferences, this study suggests that its influence may be diminishing or giving way to a range of other contextual forces. Directions for future research are also presented.
Sociocultural Influences on German and Turkish Immigrant Mothers’ Long-Term Socialization Goals

The major aims of this study were (a) to investigate the differences and similarities in long-term socialization goals of German mothers and Turkish immigrant mothers living in Germany and (b) to examine socialization goals of Turkish immigrant mothers in relation to their acculturation attitudes. Participants were composed of 79 Turkish mothers who were either raised in Germany or migrated to Germany and 91 German mothers of preschoolers living in Germany. Turkish immigrant mothers were more likely to expect their children to have close relations with the family and to be well-mannered and they were less likely to value autonomy than were German mothers. Turkish mothers who were more integrated into German culture were found to value individualistic goals such as self-control more than Turkish mothers who were more separated from the German culture, yet both groups valued mutual support within the family very highly. The findings reveal that socialization goal patterns of Turkish immigrant mothers represent the pattern depicted in the psychological interdependence model proposed by Kagitcibasi (2007).