Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Role of the kidney in the pathogenesis of hypertension: time for a neo-Guytonian paradigm or a paradigm shift?

The "Guytonian paradigm" places the direct effect of arterial pressure, on renal excretion of salt and water, at the center of long-term control of blood pressure, and thus the pathogenesis of hypertension. It originated in the sixties and remains influential within the field of hypertension research. However, the concept of one central long-term feedback loop, through which arterial pressure is maintained by its influence on renal function, has been questioned. Furthermore, some concepts in the paradigm are undermined by experimental observations. For example, volume retention and increased cardiac output induced by high salt intake do not necessarily lead to increased arterial pressure. Indeed, in multiple models of salt-sensitive hypertension the major abnormality appears to be failure of the vasodilator response to increased cardiac output, seen in salt-resistant animals, rather than an increase in cardiac output itself. There is also evidence that renal control of extracellular fluid volume is driven chiefly by volume-dependent neurohumoral control mechanisms rather than through direct or indirect effects of changes in arterial pressure, compatible with the concept that renal sodium excretion is controlled by parallel actions of different feedback systems, including hormones, reflexes, and renal arterial pressure. Moreover, we still do not fully understand the sequence of events underlying the phenomenon of "whole body autoregulation. " Thus the events by which volume retention may develop to hypertension characterized by increased peripheral resistance remain enigmatic. Finally, by definition, animal models of hypertension are not "essential hypertension;" progress in our understanding of essential hypertension depends on new results on system functions in patients.
Weak Informativity and the Information in One Prior Relative to Another

A question of some interest is how to characterize the amount of information that a prior puts into a statistical analysis. Rather than a general characterization, we provide an approach to characterizing the amount of information a prior puts into an analysis, when compared to another base prior. The base prior is considered to be the prior that best reflects the current available information. Our purpose then is to characterize priors that can be used as conservative inputs to an analysis relative to the base prior. The characterization that we provide is in terms of a priori measures of prior-data conflict.
Organization of Porcine Platelet‐Activating Factor Receptor Gene

Abstract Four exons of porcine platelet‐activating factor receptor (PAFr) gene expressing transcript 1 and transcript 2 were determined previously. In this study, we cloned and sequenced a new exon, which also initiates transcript 2, and determined the order of 5 exons in the PAFr gene. In addition, two other variants of transcript 2 were found, but no additional variants of transcript 1 were found. Transcript 2 has three variants that were detected in porcine tissues other than in white blood cells.
Efficient Gröbner basis reductions for formal verification of galois field multipliers

Galois field arithmetic finds application in many areas, such as cryptography, error correction codes, signal processing, etc. Multiplication lies at the core of most Galois field computations. This paper addresses the problem of formal verification of hardware implementations of (modulo) multipliers over Galois fields of the type F(2k), using a computer-algebra/algebraic-geometry based approach. The multiplier circuit is modeled as a polynomial system in F(2k)[x1, x2, . , xd] and the verification problem is formulated as a membership test in a corresponding (radical) ideal. This requires the computation of a Gröbner basis, which can be computationally intensive. To overcome this limitation, we analyze the circuit topology and derive a term order to represent the polynomials. Subsequently, using the theory of Gröbner bases over Galois fields, we prove that this term order renders the set of polynomials itself a Gröbner basis of this ideal - thus significantly improving verification. Using our approach, we can verify the correctness of, and detect bugs in, upto 163-bit circuits in F(2163); whereas contemporary approaches are infeasible.
A Soft Modular Manipulator for Minimally Invasive Surgery: Design and Characterization of a Single Module

This paper presents the concept design of a modular soft manipulator for minimally invasive surgery. Unlike traditional surgical manipulators based on metallic steerable needles, tendon-driven mechanisms, or articulated motorized links, we combine flexible fluidic actuators to obtain multidirectional bending and elongation with a variable stiffness mechanism based on granular jamming. The idea is to develop a manipulator based on a series of modules, each consisting of a silicone matrix with pneumatic chambers for 3-D motion, and one central channel for the integration of granular-jamming-based stiffening mechanism. A bellows-shaped braided structure is used to contain the lateral expansion of the flexible fluidic actuator and to increase its motion range. In this paper, the design and experimental characterization of a single module composed of such a manipulator is presented. Possible applications of the manipulator in the surgical field are discussed.
The GLOSSARI Project : Initial Findings from a System-Wide Research Initiative on Study Abroad Learning Outcomes

Higher education in general (Bogue, 1998) and study abroad programming in particular (Gillespie, Braskamp & Braskamp, 1999) are hardly strangers to stringent demands for accountability. What is new to higher education and to study abroad is the demand for accountability in terms of measurable student learning outcomes. This article is a first report from a system-wide initiative to document learning outcomes accruing from participation in study abroad. It focuses on one element of that initiative, a comparison of several outcomes between study abroad participants and non-participants attending sixteen varied public institutions within a state university system.
What Are We Searching For ? Analyzing User Objectives When Searching Relational Data

Many sources of information available online cannot be accessed using Internet search engines, yet their users desire the same high-quality search results that they have come to expect when searching the web. Keyword search techniques for relational databases hold promise for filling this void, but existing ad-hoc evaluations pose a major barrier to improvement in this field. In this paper, we investigate the types of queries that users might submit to a relational keyword search system. We develop a framework for analyzing queries in this context, which is similar to existing taxonomies for web searches. Our analysis of search engine query logs reveals considerable variation among queries for different datasets. We show how to use our framework to create representative query workloads to evaluate relational keyword search techniques and illustrate the differences between our workloads and those used previously in the literature. This work closes an important gap in the existing evaluation methodology and promotes continued improvement to relational keyword search techniques.
Resolution Control for Size Bias Elimination in Multi-resolution Visual Matching

Visual matching for tracking and recognition, for example in video indexing, often uses image features measured at multiple resolutions. As a tracked object moves away from the camera, appearing progressively smaller, the higher resolutions consecutively become unavailable for matching, causing step changes in the similarity or “match score” of the tracked object. If several candidate matches (hypotheses) are maintained for a tracked region, this effect causes a bias toward larger region hypotheses that match at one extra resolution relative to even slightly smaller hypotheses. The effect is subtle and appears intermittent because it occurs only around a specific discrete set of object sizes. We describe the problem and the class of visual matching methods that it affects, and propose a solution. We present experimental results from a real video indexing system to illustrate both the problem and the effectiveness of the proposed solution.
Mediating and Metasearching on the Internet

The Internet emerges as the largest database. Increasingly, users want to issue complex queries across Internet sources to obtain the data they require. However, finding relevant information sources and querying them manually is problematic: there are numerous sources, and they vary in the type of information objects they contain and in the interface they present to their users. Some sources contain text documents and support simple query models where a query is just a list of keywords. Other sources contain more structured data and provide query interfaces in the style of relational query languages. Furthermore, users have to manually fuse the query results by merging information, removing redundancies, ranking the answer objects in the appropriate order, and so on. Since it is tedious to contact several heterogeneous sources, users can benefit from metasearchers and mediators, which are services that provide users with a virtual integrated view of the heterogeneous sources. Users access the view using a unified query interface that offers location, model, and interface transparency, i.e., users have the illusion of a single database and do not have to be aware of the location and interface of the sources. Although users and applications might access data directly through wrappers, mediators and metasearchers offer an integrated view of the world, where information related to the same entity has been fused together, redundancies have been eliminated, and inconsistencies have been removed. The architecture of metasearchers and mediators are virtually identical (Figure 1). Wrappers export a common data model view of each source’s data. Wrappers also provide a common query interface. After receiving a query, a wrapper translates it into a source-specific query or command, hence giving interface transparency to the user. Then, the wrapper translates the query results from the underlying source into the common data model or format. To evaluate a user query over multiple heterogeneous databases, both metasearchers and mediators will typically perform three main tasks:
Annual mass drownings of the Serengeti wildebeest migration influence nutrient cycling and storage in the Mara River

Significance Much research has focused on the influence of animal migrations on terrestrial ecosystems. Mass drownings are an understudied phenomenon associated with migrations that may have substantial impacts on aquatic ecosystems. Here, we show that mass drownings of wildebeest occur nearly annually during the Serengeti wildebeest migration, and these mass drownings contribute the equivalent biomass of 10 blue whale carcasses per year to this moderately sized river. Soft tissues of the carcass decompose within several weeks and are assimilated by both in-stream and terrestrial consumers. Bones decompose over years, which may influence nutrient cycling and food webs in the river on decadal time scales. The loss of migrations and associated mass drownings may fundamentally alter river ecosystems in ways previously unrecognized. The annual migration of ∼1.2 million wildebeest (Connochaetes taurinus) through the Serengeti Mara Ecosystem is the largest remaining overland migration in the world. One of the most iconic portions of their migration is crossing of the Mara River, during which thousands drown annually. These mass drownings have been noted, but their frequency, size, and impact on aquatic ecosystems have not been quantified. Here, we estimate the frequency and size of mass drownings in the Mara River and model the fate of carcass nutrients through the river ecosystem. Mass drownings (>100 individuals) occurred in at least 13 of the past 15 y; on average, 6,250 carcasses and 1,100 tons of biomass enter the river each year. Half of a wildebeest carcass dry mass is bone, which takes 7 y to decompose, thus acting as a long-term source of nutrients to the Mara River. Carcass soft tissue decomposes in 2–10 wk, and these nutrients are mineralized by consumers, assimilated by biofilms, transported downstream, or moved back into the terrestrial ecosystem by scavengers. These inputs comprise 34–50% of the assimilated diet of fish when carcasses are present and 7–24% via biofilm on bones after soft tissue decomposition. Our results show a terrestrial animal migration can have large impacts on a river ecosystem, which may influence nutrient cycling and river food webs at decadal time scales. Similar mass drownings may have played an important role in rivers throughout the world when large migratory herds were more common features of the landscape.
Time-frequency signal processing approaches with applications to heart sound analysis

In this paper, it is demonstrated that time-frequency techniques may be used for an enhanced diagnosis of the heart disease. Three time-frequency analysis techniques are compared: spectrogram, Wigner distribution and S- method. The results show that the S-method could be used in the heart sounds analysis, and that is also capable of enhancing the diagnostic techniques available to medical personnel.
Towards elastic transactional cloud storage with range query support

Cloud storage is an emerging infrastructure that offers Platforms as a Service (PaaS). On such platforms, storage and compute power are adjusted dynamically, and therefore it is important to build a highly scalable and reliable storage that can elastically scale on-demand with minimal startup cost. In this paper, we propose ecStore -- an elastic cloud storage system that supports automated data partitioning and replication, load balancing, efficient range query, and transactional access. In ecStore, data objects are distributed and replicated in a cluster of commodity computer nodes located in the cloud. Users can access data via transactions which bundle read and write operations on multiple data items stored on possibly different cluster nodes. The architecture of ecStore follows a stratum design that leverages an underlying distributed index with a replication layer in the middle and a transaction management layer on top. ecStore provides adaptive read consistency on replicated data. We also enhance the system with an effective load balancing scheme using a self-tuning replication technique that is specially designed for large-scale data. Furthermore, a multi-version optimistic concurrency control scheme matches well with the characteristics of data in cloud storages. To validate the performance of the system, we have conducted extensive experiments on various platforms including a commercial cloud (Amazon's EC2), an in-house cluster, and PlanetLab.
The national protocol for paediatric amplification in Australia

Abstract This document describes the national protocol for the selection, fitting, verification, and evaluation of amplification for hearing-impaired children in Australia. It also outlines the approach to management of children who have auditory neuropathy spectrum disorder, children who have mild and unilateral hearing loss, and children who require cochlear implantation. Audiological management of all Australian citizens and permanent residents under twenty-one years of age who have a hearing loss is carried out by the national hearing service provider, Australian Hearing. It is funded by the Australian Government's Hearing Services Program to provide fully subsidised hearing aids, frequency modulated (FM) systems and ongoing audiological management. All hearing aids for children are multi-channel devices that offer wide dynamic range compression, directional microphone technology and feedback cancellation as well as access to multiple listening programs, telecoil and audio-input facilities. Hearing aid gain, frequency response and maximum power output are derived according to the NAL-NL1 prescription procedure and verified using real ear measurements. Amplification benefit is evaluated using a range of speech perception tests and functional assessment questionnaires. Sumario Este documento describe el protocolo nacional para la selección, la adaptación, la verificación y la evaluación de la amplificación en niños hipoacúsicos en Australia. También esboza el acercamiento para el tratamiento de niños con el espectro de desórdenes de neuropatía auditiva, niños con hipoacusia moderada y unilateral y niños que requieren implante coclear. El tratamiento audiológico de todos los ciudadanos australianos y residentes permanentes menores de veintiún años de edad con hipoacusia se lleva a cabo por el proveedor nacional de servicios auditivos: Australian Hearing. Es financiado por el Programa del Gobierno Australiano de Servicios Auditivos para otorgar auxiliares auditivos, sistemas de frecuencia modulada (FM) y tratamiento audiológico subsidiados. Todos los auxiliares auditivos para niños son de tipo multicanal que ofrecen un amplio rango de compresión, tecnología de micrófono direccional y de cancelación de la retroalimentación, así como acceso a múltiples programas, telecoil y múltiples propiedades de ingreso de la señal. La ganancia del auxiliar auditivo, la frecuencia de respuesta y la máxima salida derivan de acuerdo a los procedimientos de las prescripciones NAL-NL1 y se verifican utilizando las mediciones de oído real. El beneficio de la amplificación se evalúa utilizando un rango de pruebas de habla y cuestionarios prescripción de la prueba de rango de habla y cuestionarios de desempeño funcional.
A Novel Approach to Texture classification using statistical feature

Texture is an important spatial feature which plays a vital role in content based image retrieval. The enormous growth of the internet and the wide use of digital data have increased the need for both efficient image database creation and retrieval procedure. This paper describes a new approach for texture classification by combining statistical texture features of Local Binary Pattern and Texture spectrum. Since most significant information of a texture often appears in the high frequency channels, the features are extracted by the computation of LBP and Texture Spectrum and Legendre Moments. Euclidean distance is used for similarity measurement. The experimental result shows that 97.77% classification accuracy is obtained by the proposed method.
Pattern of Drug Use by Advanced Cancer Patients Followed at Home

The aim of this study was to document the drugs most commonly prescribed to control symptoms in advanced cancer patients being followed at home. We analyzed data for 128 patients admitted to a home palliative care program from January 1993 to January 1995. All patients were followed at home until death by a team consisting of doctors and nurses, and were given two or three medical examinations a week. The most frequently prescribed drugs were analgesics and drugs commonly used to prevent NSAID-induced gastric toxicity. Slow-release morphine was the analgesic used most often. Most patients received more than four drugs. Younger people received morphine more often than did older patients. Conclusions Drug monitoring is a useful audit tool for verifying the quality and quantity of drugs prescribed for advanced cancer patients being followed at home. Pharmacological usage should be reviewed periodically and should reflect evidence-based practice.
Common Variation in the Fat Mass and Obesity-Associated (FTO) Gene Confers Risk of Obesity and Modulates BMI in the Chinese Population

OBJECTIVE— Genetic variants in the fat mass and obesity-associated (FTO) gene have been linked with obesity and type 2 diabetes in European populations. We aimed to test the role of FTO genetic variants in obesity and type 2 diabetes in the Chinese population. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS— We genotyped 19 single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) spanning from the 3′ end of the neighboring RPGRIP1L gene to the 5′ flanking region of the FTO gene. We analyzed their associations with obesity (638 case and 1,610 control subjects), type 2 diabetes (759 case and 784 control subjects), and obesity-related traits in nondiabetic subjects. RESULTS— Among the 19 SNPs, the rs9939609 A allele was strongly associated with obesity (P = 7.0 × 10−4) and BMI (P = 0.0024) in the Chinese population. The odds ratio for obesity was 2.60 (95% CI 1.24–5.46) (P = 0.011) for the AA genotype and 1.32 (1.05–1.66) (P = 0.018) for the AT genotype compared with the TT genotype. Each additional copy of the rs9936609 A allele was associated with a BMI increase of ∼0.37 kg/m2. The rs9939609 A allele was substantially less common in the Chinese population than in the European population (12.6 vs. 45%). We did not find significant associations of the 19 SNPs with type 2 diabetes or other obesity-related traits. CONCLUSIONS— Genetic variation in the FTO gene is strongly associated with obesity and BMI in the Chinese population. The risk variant is less common in the Chinese population, but its effect size on BMI is comparable with that in the European population.
Baff Mediates Survival of Peripheral Immature B Lymphocytes

B cell maturation is a very selective process that requires finely tuned differentiation and survival signals. B cell activation factor from the TNF family (BAFF) is a TNF family member that binds to B cells and potentiates B cell receptor (BCR)-mediated proliferation. A role for BAFF in B cell survival was suggested by the observation of reduced peripheral B cell numbers in mice treated with reagents blocking BAFF, and high Bcl-2 levels detected in B cells from BAFF transgenic (Tg) mice. We tested in vitro the survival effect of BAFF on lymphocytes derived from primary and secondary lymphoid organs. BAFF induced survival of a subset of splenic immature B cells, referred to as transitional type 2 (T2) B cells. BAFF treatment allowed T2 B cells to survive and differentiate into mature B cells in response to signals through the BCR. The T2 and the marginal zone (MZ) B cell compartments were particularly enlarged in BAFF Tg mice. Immature transitional B cells are targets for negative selection, a feature thought to promote self-tolerance. These findings support a model in which excessive BAFF-mediated survival of peripheral immature B cells contributes to the emergence and maturation of autoreactive B cells, skewed towards the MZ compartment. This work provides new clues on mechanisms regulating B cell maturation and tolerance.
A survey of older Hong Kong people's perceptions of telecommunication technologies and telecare devices

We investigated how older Hong Kong people perceive the application of telecommunication technologies in products that could enhance their safety at home. The telecare devices in the present study were: (1) the Personal Emergency Link Service (PELS), a 24-hour personal emergency link service; (2) a home-based non-intrusive motion monitoring system; and (3) a wearable vital signs monitoring system. Data were collected from a convenience sample of 368 elderly persons aged 65 years or above from 15 District Elderly Community Centres in Hong Kong, through a structured questionnaire administered during face-to-face interviews by trained interviewers. All three telecare devices were generally perceived as useful by the elderly participants: the PELS by 96% of them, the home-based non-intrusive monitoring system by 91% and the wearable vital signs monitoring system by 84%. However, although many respondents were positive about the function and usefulness of these devices, they stated that they would not personally use them. Technological innovations need to be perceived by the elderly as relevant to their everyday lives.