Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Increasing Women's Leadership in Academic Medicine: Report of the AAMC Project Implementation Committee

The AAMC's Increasing Women's Leadership Project Implementation Committee examined four years of data on the advancement of women in academic medicine. With women comprising only 14% of tenured faculty and 12% of full professors, the committee concludes that the progress achieved is inadequate. Because academic medicine needs all the leaders it can develop to address accelerating institutional and societal needs, the waste of most women's potential is of growing importance. Only institutions able to recruit and retain women will be likely to maintain the best housestaff and faculty. The long-term success of academic health centers is thus inextricably linked to the development of women leaders. The committee therefore recommends that medical schools, teaching hospitals, and academic societies (1) emphasize faculty diversity in departmental reviews, evaluating department chairs on their development of women faculty; (2) target women's professional development needs within the context of helping all faculty maximize their faculty appointments, including helping men become more effective mentors of women; (3) assess which institutional practices tend to favor men's over women's professional development, such as defining “academic success” as largely an independent act and rewarding unrestricted availability to work (i.e., neglect of personal life); (4) enhance the effectiveness of search committees to attract women candidates, including assessment of group process and of how candidates' qualifications are defined and evaluated; and (5) financially support institutional Women in Medicine programs and the AAMC Women Liaison Officer and regularly monitor the representation of women at senior ranks.
CALI: An Online Scribble Recognizer for Calligraphic Interfaces

CALI is a fast, simple and compact online recognizer that identifies Scribbles (multi-stroke geometric shapes) drawn with a stylus on a digitizing tablet. Our method is able to identify shapes of different sizes and rotated at arbitrary angles, drawn with dashed, continuous strokes or overlapping lines. We use temporal adjacency to allow users to input the most common shapes in drawing such as triangles, lines, rectangles, circles, diamonds and ellipses, using multiple strokes. We have further extended this approach to identify useful shapes such as arrows, crossing lines and unistroke gesture commands and have developed a library of software components to make this software generally available. The recognition algorithm uses Fuzzy Logic and geometric features, combined with an extensible set of heuristics to classify scribbles. More recently we developed a trainable version of the recognizer to allow users to easily add new shape classes to the initial core set. Evaluation results show recognition rates over 97% for the non-trainable and 95% for the trainable version.
Putting the War Back in Just War Theory: A Critique of Examples

Analytic just war theorists often attempt to construct ideal theories of military justice on the basis of intuitions about imaginary and sometimes outlandish examples, often taken from non-military contexts. This article argues for a sharp curtailment of this method and defends, instead, an empirically and historically informed approach to the ethical scrutiny of armed conflicts. After critically reviewing general philosophical reasons for being sceptical of the moral-theoretic value of imaginary hypotheticals, the article turns to some of the special problems that this method raises for appraisals of warfare. It examines some of the hypothetical examples employed in the construction of Jeff McMahan’s revisionist just war theory, and finds that they sometimes stipulate incomprehensible conditions, lead to argumentative impasses of diverging yet uncertain intuitions, and distract attention away from the real problems of war as we empirically know it. In contrast, empirical and historical studies of warfare reinforce the deep connections between facts and values, and compel theorists to face uncomfortable moral ambiguities. Perhaps most importantly, the analytic method of focusing on imaginary hypothetical examples can not only be distracting, but it can also be genuinely dangerous. Hence, the article pays special attention to the way in which a seemingly innocuous fiction like the famous Ticking Time Bomb scenario can come to frame a new paradigm of inhumanity in the treatment of prisoners of war.
Weight spectral sequences and independence of

Let K be a complete discrete valuation field with finite residue field F of order q. We call such a field a local field. The geometric Frobenius FrF is the inverse of the map a → a in the absolute Galois group GF = Gal(F̄ /F ). The Weil group WK is defined as the inverse image of the subgroup 〈FrF 〉 ⊂ GF by the canonical map GK = Gal(K̄/K) → GF . For an element σ ∈ WK , let n(σ) denote the integer such that the image of σ in GF is Fr n(σ) F . For a scheme XK of finite type over K, the -adic etale cohomology H(XK̄ ,Q ) is an -adic representation of the absolute Galois group GK . For σ ∈ GK , the right action σ∗ on XK̄ = X ⊗K K̄ induces the left action σ∗ = (σ∗)∗ on H(XK̄ ,Q ). For an algebraic correspondence Γ ∈ CH(XK ×K XK) on XK , the endomorphism Γ ∗ of H(XK̄ ,Q ) is defined as pr1∗ ◦ ([Γ]∪ ) ◦ pr∗ 2.
Intrusion detection systems and multisensor data fusion

The vast majority of security professionals would agree that real-time ID systems are not technically advanced enough to detect sophisticated cyberattacks by trained professionals. For example, during the Langley cyberattack the ID systems failed to detect substantial volumes of email bombs that crashed critical email servers. Coordinated efforts from various international locations were observed as hackers worked to understand the rules-based filter used in counterinformation operations against massive email bomb attacks [1]. At the other end of the technical spectrum, false alarms from ID systems are problematic, persistent, and preponderant. Numerous systems administrators have been the subject of an ID system reporting normal work activities as hostile actions. These types of false alarms result in financial losses to organizations when technical resources are denied access to computer systems or security resources are misdirected to investigate nonintrusion events. In addition, when systems are prone to false alarms, user confidence is marginalized and misused systems are poorly maintained and underutilized. ID systems that examine operating system audit trails, or network traffic [3, 8] and other similar detection systems, have not matured to a level where sophisticated attacks are reliably detected, verified, and assessed. Comprehensive and reliable systems are complex and the technological designs of these advanced
Cultural Technological Futures

International development agencies have become increasingly concerned about the relationship between culture and economic develop ment. In particular, one conclusion of the UNESCO report Priority Future oriated Studies for the Year 2000 was the need to identify alternative paths of cultural development. “For culture in the face of the trend towards cultural homogenization, the main challenge consists of guaranteeing cultural plurality, that is, ensuring the exercise, maintenance and betterment of diverse cultural alternatives in a new political and social order, that articulates them in conditions of equality and makes possible their mutual enrichment. Thus, cultural plurality is seen not as an obstacle, but as a resource, the basis and a promise for the construction of societies that are fairer, more democratic and more creative. ”’ This same motivation is apparent in the Committee for Development Planning of the United Nations (CDP) view of the human resources approach offered in the 1988 report Human Resources: A Neglected Dimension of D ~ e @ m a t * in suggesting that “human resources may be dormant waiting to be tapped, lacking perhaps an organizational initiative. Sometimes these capabilities can be tapped thrbugh participation at the grass roots level. The obstacles may arise from gross inequalities in power, wealth, and income between different classes in society. A lack of freedom of association and organization may constitute a barrier in some cases. Discriminatory practices based on gender, race, Caste, [and] religion effectively preclude equal ezonomic or social participation by some groups. Illiteracy, limited education and knowledge, lack of confidence, passivity, etc. also constitute barriers to the participation of individuals and groups in society. ” A recent UNESCO position paper, Human fisources Development:
Performance evaluation of multiple-valued logic circuits using statistical approach

Since there are no standard benchmark functions available for comparing multiple-valued logic (MVL) designs, benchmark functions for binary logic design are often used for performance analysis of MVL circuits. An alternative would be to test all the possible multiple-valued logic functions for different input variables. Considering the fact that for r-valued logic, there are rr2 possible 2-input functions, testing of all functions is too much time consuming. Therefore, a choice has to be made between random functions and benchmark functions. This paper presents a statistical approach for fast comparison of MVL designs. The result shows that 150 random functions are sufficient to obtain an average circuit size of 2-input, 4-valued logic functions
Direct link-aware relay selection for average interference-constrained underlay cognitive radio

Cooperative relaying combined with selection exploits spatial diversity to significantly improve the performance of interference-constrained secondary users in an underlay cognitive radio network. We present a novel and optimal relay selection (RS) rule that minimizes the symbol error probability (SEP) of an average interference-constrained underlay secondary system that uses amplify-and-forward relays. A key point that the rule highlights - for the first time - is that, for the average interference constraint, the signal-to-interference-plus-noise-ratio (SINR) of the direct source-to-destination (SD) link affects the choice of the optimal relay. Furthermore, as the SINR increases, the odds that no relay transmits increase. We also propose a simpler, more practical, and near-optimal variant of the optimal rule that requires just one bit of feedback about the state of the SD link to the relays. Compared to the SD-unaware ad hoc RS rules proposed in the literature, the proposed rules markedly reduce the SEP by up to two orders of magnitude.
Implementation of Component-based Systems by Systematic Refinement and Translation Steps

The component paradigm promises to address many of the productivity and quality problems currently faced by the software industry. It is hindered in doing so by the "binary-module" model of components that prevails in contemporary component technologies as well as by the limited support for systematically implementing UML models of higher level components. This paper describes a technique, known as SORT, which is part of a larger method for component-based software development, known as KobrA. KobrA is based on the development and deployment of component-based frameworks in conjunction with a high-level, UML-based representation of components. It provides a reasonable degree of support for implementation that is based on the concept of strictly separating refinement steps from translation steps, and on the provision of patterns to guide the application of these steps. The method also defines a profile of the UML, known as the Normal Object Form (NOF). The NOF defines the appropriate level of abstraction at which refinement should end and translation into a tool-comprehensible form should begin. In addition to the usual source code, therefore, the implementation of a component will typically also contain refined, "implementation-level" UML class and object diagrams to describe the "as is" implementation of the application.
Relational and Semantic Data Mining for Biomedical Research

The paper first outlines subgroup discovery and selected relational data mining approaches, with the emphasis on propositionalization and relational subgroup discovery, which prove to be effective for data analysis in biomedical applications. The core of this paper describes recently developed approaches to semantic data mining which enable the use of domain ontologies as background knowledge in data analysis. The use of described techniques and tools is illustrated on selected biomedical applications.
Using Lexical Knowledge in Text Classification

This paper describes several experiments in text classification using WordNet, a rich source of lexical background knowledge available in the public domain. WordNet is used to map the original words from a text into sets based on synonym and hypernym relationships. This information is used to compute a change of representation from bag of words to hypernym density. Six binary classification tasks of varying difficulty are defined, and the Ripper system is used to produce discrimination rules for each task using each representation. Experiments show that for some of the more difficult tasks the hypernym density representation leads to significantly more accurate and more comprehensible rules.
Dynamic Path Determination of Mobile Beacons Employing Reinforcement Learning for Wireless Sensor Localization

Wireless sensor networks (WSN) are extensively applied in civil and military areas. Localization is an essential prerequisite for many WSN applications, and is often based on beacons that provide geographical information in real time. Mobile Beacons (MB) can be used to replace many static beacons with paths that can be controlled in real-time. Robotic and/or flight vehicles can work as MBs. In this paper we consider the use of reinforcement learning (RL) (a significant branch of machine learning) to control MBs. Usually, RL needs an infinite series of episodes to determine an optimal policy. We propose however a method of localization employing mobile beacon whose behavior will be controlled by an adapted RL algorithm. A MB learns and makes decisions based on weighted information collected from unknown sensors. Simulation results show that the adapted RL algorithm provides sufficient information to the MB to localise unknown sensors in a lightweight but effective way.
Mycotoxins Affecting the Kidney

Although their existence and, indeed, some of their effects on human and animal health have been known for some time, the first mycotoxin was positively identified and chemically characterized in the early 1960s (Nesbit et al., 1962). Mycotoxins have been linked to one of the ‘‘ten plagues of Egypt’’ as described in both the Ipuwer papyrus and the Bible. In recent times, numerous additions have been made to the evergrowing list of mycotoxins and their analogues. This list currently encompasses more than 300 substances which have been isolated and chemically characterized from pure cultures (Steyn, 1995).
Timed Petri Nets

In the early 60’s a young researcher in Darmstadt looked for a good representation for communicating systems processes that were mathematically sound and had, at the same time, a visual intuitive flavor. This event marked the beginning of a schematic approach that become very important to the modeling of distributed systems in several and distinct areas of knowledge, from Engineering to biologic systems. Carl Adam Petri presented in 1962 his PHD which included the first definition of what is called today a Petri Net. Since its creation Petri Nets evolved from a sound representation to discrete dynamic systems into a general schemata, capable to represent knowledge about processes and (discrete and distributed) systems according to their internal relations and not to their work domain. Among other advantages, that feature opens the possibility to reuse some experiences acquired in the design of known and well tested systems while treating new challenges.
Family relationships: should consensus reign? - consensus clustering for protein families

MOTIVATION Reliable identification of protein families is key to phylogenetic analysis, functional annotation and the exploration of protein function diversity in a given phylogenetic branch. As more and more complete genomes are sequenced, there is a need for powerful and reliable algorithms facilitating protein families construction. RESULTS We have formulated the problem of protein families construction as an instance of consensus clustering, for which we designed a novel algorithm that is computationally efficient in practice and produces high quality results. Our algorithm uses an election method to construct consensus families from competing clustering computations. Our consensus clustering algorithm is tailored to serve the specific needs of comparative genomics projects. First, it provides a robust means to incorporate results from different and complementary clustering methods, thus avoiding the need for an a priori choice that may introduce computational bias in the results. Second, it is suited to large-scale projects due to the practical efficiency. And third, it produces high quality results where families tend to represent groupings by biological function. AVAILABILITY This method has been used for Génolevures project to compute protein families of Hemiascomycetous yeasts. The data are available online at http://cbi.labri. fr/Genolevures/fam/
Medial-to-lateral gradient of neostriatal NGF receptors: relationship to cholinergic neurons and NGF-like immunoreactivity

High-affinity binding sites for recombinant human NGF (rhNGF) were studied in the caudate-putamen of the adult rat and rabbit. Displaceable 125I-rhNGF binding sites were densely distributed throughout the caudate-putamen and were 2–3-fold more prevalant in the ventrolateral and lateral than in the medial caudate-putamen. The amount of nondisplaceable binding did not vary throughout the caudate- putamen. The medial-to-lateral receptor gradient was correlated (r = +0.99) with a 2–3-fold medial-to-lateral increase in ChAT activity. In contrast, NGF-like immunoreactivity (NGF-LI) was prevalent but uniformly distributed in the caudate-putamen. Lesions of intrinsic cholinergic neurons by quinolinic acid produced extensive gliosis in the medial, central, and lateral caudate-putamen, yet 125I-rhNGF binding was decreased in each of these regions. The activity of ChAT and 125I-rhNGF binding throughout the caudate-putamen were each decreased by 40% following quinolinic acid. Binding was not changed after 70–77% dopamine nerve terminal depletions induced by 6- hydroxydopamine, demonstrating a nonglial, nondopaminergic locus for striatal NGF binding sites. The cholinergiclike topography of NGF binding sites throughout the intact caudate-putamen, the parallel decreases of cholinergic neurons and NGF binding sites following intrinsic neuronal loss, and the uniform neostriatal gradient of NGF-LI are consistent with the trophic role of endogenous NGF for cholinergic interneurons of the caudate-putamen.
Innocence and Guilt Detection in High-Stakes Television Appeals

The present thesis explored the cognitive and affective mechanisms underlying the cues used to make innocence-guilt decisions in the high-stakes situation of television appeals in which people appeal publicly for the return of a loved one. Two aspects of the processes involved in making judgements of veracity were studied. Part 2 examined the interaction between explicit and implicit judgments. The studies in Part 2 experimentally manipulated aspects of 12 appeals to test hypotheses about the heuristics judges used to determine veracity. The hypotheses in these studies were initially based on the central assumption that in the absence of unambiguous information judges will draw on heuristics to make veracity judgments. These cognitive shortcuts were hypothesised to lead to biases in innocence-guilt judgments. The innocence bias was introduced as a potential predisposition that stood to be tested. Results did not reveal a consistent innocence or guilt bias. Rather, while all four experiments in Part 2 indicated the presence of different underlying cognitive processes across all experimental conditions, the results from these studies would appear to challenge the existence of any intrinsic tendency towards biases. In Part 3, the context of the appeals was taken as the basis for the assumption that truthful people would give clearer indications of grief than ones who were lying. Multivariate cues were analysed simultaneously using 39 appeals, with a theoretical basis drawn from the grief literature. Eight previously unidentified aspects consisting of verbal cues drawn from grief literature are found to distinguish honest and deceptive appeals with high accuracy and reliability. The work thus contributed to the initial understanding of the interaction between explicit and implicit decisions in making innocence-guilt judgments. Standing models of cognitive processing and their implications for the present thesis were also discussed. Contingent upon further clarification of cognitive processes involved during innocence and guilt verdict decision-making, the findings are particularly germane to the area of televised press conferences and have implications for police and practice.
Study on energy recuperation for swing motion in electro-hydraulic excavator

Due to rising energy consumption and natural resource prices, the demand of improving energy efficiency has been highlighted. Even though many researchers have contribute to the development of technology, energy efficiency of heavy machinery is still low. To increase energy efficiency in construction machinery, it is necessary to apply hybrid system and recover wasting energy. For this reason, this paper focuses on energy recuperation system for swing motion in electro-hydraulic excavator. New structures with accumulator and reusing valve are added from conventional system in order to save wasting energy and reuse saved energy. To run similar swing motion, joystick signal is set respectively. As a result, input energy can be compared to each system. The proposed system has been designed by using AMESim software and compared with the conventional one through simulation results.
Electric vehicles: Approaching the tipping point

ABSTRACT A revolution is underway in transportation, with a variety of electric vehicles rapidly coming to the fore. The switch from internal combustion engines to electric motors will change the world in many ways and is expected to help reduce the world’s carbon dioxide emissions. Inspired by this vision, leaders in China, France, and Britain have all proclaimed that they will effectively ban cars that aren’t electric by about 2040, while Volvo says all of its vehicles will be powered by electric motors in a few years. Other automakers have also announced that they are headed that way. But how far along is this revolution really? What challenges still need to be overcome to gain truly widespread acceptance on a scale that can combat climate change? Will the costs and the benefits of these new vehicles be equally spread among countries and companies? And while we all benefit in the long term, who will be the winners and the losers in our short-term world where Wall Street thinking predominates?