Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
The influential factors of SMS usage among youth: an exploratory study to Western exchanging students in Asia

This research is related to investigation of the reason why youth use short message service (SMS) by conducting intensive in-depth interviews during 2008 to 2009. It found that affordability, convenience, flexibility, indirectness, recreation, and certainty are the major reasons to use SMS among Western exchanging students who study in Asia. Cultural phenomenon, like attachment, happiness, attitude, and so on, due to SMS usage is another highlight to follow. Furthermore, a conceptual model is initially introduced after summarizing the research conclusion.
Optimal decoder for channels with estimation errors

Gaussian inputs and nearest neighbor decoder are optimal choices for the transceiver when perfect channel information is available. However, channel uncertainty is inevitable in practical systems due to additive noise and channel variation. Under such circumstances, Gaussian inputs are no longer optimal whereas the nearest neighbor decoder even loses part of the mutual information provided by Gaussian codebooks. In this letter, we tackle the issue of decoder optimization for channels with Gaussian inputs and channel estimation errors. The result is a normalized nearest neighbor decoder which is proved, by a semi-analytical method, capable of fully obtaining the mutual information with Gaussian inputs. We further show that the proposed decoder is capable of achieving the performance improvement provided by a better non-Gaussian codebook.
Symmetric Key Image Encryption Scheme with Key Sequences Derived from Random Sequence of Cyclic Elliptic Curve Points over GF(p)

Until recently, Cryptography has been of interest primarily to the military and diplomatic communities. But the dawning of the information age has revealed an urgent need for cryptography in the private sector too. Cryptography is the study of techniques for ensuring the secrecy and authentication of the information. In this paper, cyclic elliptic curve of the form y2 = x3 + ax + b, a, b ∈ GF(p) with order M is considered and key Sequences are derived from random sequence of cyclic elliptic Curve points. Elliptic Curve is a cubic equation in two variables, x and y, with coefficients from a field satisfying certain conditions. For cryptographic applications the coefficients are chosen from finite fields. A point on the Elliptic curve is a pair of (x, y) which satisfies the Elliptic curve equation. The total number of points (x, y) which satisfy the elliptic curve equation along with x=∞, y=∞ is called the Order of the curve `M'. The least integer N for which NP is equal to point at infinity O is called order of the point P. Elliptic curves for which there exists a point P having the same order N, as that of the curve M are called cyclic elliptic curves. A pseudorandom sequence generator based on chaotic function and Elliptic Curve arithmetic over GF(p) is proposed here. The logistic Map is used as a chaotic function which generates a random sequence of real numbers. This random real sequence is converted to binary which drives an Elliptic Curve arithmetic module generating a random sequence of Elliptic Curve points. The sequence of points {P, 2P, . , NP} is calculated from a base point P, and stored in a file. Every element in this sequence is a point on the cyclic elliptic curve. The Chaotic binary sequence selects x or y-coordinates of elliptic curve points, pre-computed and stored. This forms a random integer sequence. The randomness properties of this sequence have been tested using various techniques like, autocorrelation distribution, crosscorrelation distribution and first return map. It is observed that the sequence generated satisfies the required randomness properties. These sequences find applications in Stream Cipher Systems. An additive Stream Cipher system is designed using this sequence as the key sequence to encrypt images. Results of image encryption and decryption for a medical image is discussed and analyzed in this paper. The results are also compared with the scheme proposed by Lap-Piu Lee and Kwok-Wo Wong [1]. The security analysis of the proposed system is also discussed. It is interesting to observe that, proposed algorithm is superior compared to Lap-Piu Lee scheme [1].
Categorization and Graphical Models -1 Psychological Theories of Categorization as Probabilistic Graphical Models

One natural representation of a category C is as a probability distribution (density) over the observed features. In this perspective, optimal categorization amounts to calculating the probability of that distribution given some novel observation. This paper focuses on probability distributions that can be represented using probabilistic graphical models, principally Bayesian networks and Markov random fields. The principal mathematical results in this paper prove that three prominent classes of psychological categorization models—those based on exemplars, prototypes, and causal models—are equivalent to optimal categorization in which the underlying probability distribution is restricted to (a subclass of) a particular type of probabilistic graphical model. That is, these psychological theories are all optimal categorizers, though they make different assumptions about the underlying structure of the world. The final section of this paper explores the significant theoretical and experimental implications of these equivalencies.
S PIKE : Intelligent Scheduling of Hubble Space Telescope Observations

This paper describes the S PIKE system, a general framework for scheduling which has been developed by the Space Telescope Science Institute for NASA’s Hubble Space Telescope (HST). Efficient use of astronomical observatories is very important to the scientific community: the demand for research-grade telescopes far exceeds the supply. The need for efficient scheduling is especially keen for space-based facilities due to their very high cost, limited numbers, and unique scientific potential. The S PIKE scheduler was developed for Hubble Space Telescope but was designed for generality and flexibility: it has since been adapted for several other astronomical scheduling problems, as well as to problems unrelated to astronomy. While the general approach taken in S PIKE was motivated by the paradigm of scheduling as constraint-directed search (e.g. Fox 1987, Smith et al. 1986, Fox et al. 1989), S PIKE incorporates novel approaches to both the quantitative representation and propagation of hard constraints and “soft” preferences, and to the use of scheduling search strategies based on multistart stochastic repair.
Etude des besoins en azote des levures non-Saccharomyces en vinification : impact sur les fermentations séquentielles

Etude des interactions entre les levures non-saccharomyces et Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Cette etude a pour objectif de decrire les changements du profil aromatique du vin du vin d'une part et de reduire le pourcentage d'alcool d'autre part. Pour cela, la maitrise des levures non-Saccharomyces est necessaire. Ainsi, les principales molecules aromatiques seront dosees en fonction des conditions de cultures (culture pure - culture sequentielle) et leurs consequences sur les proprietes organoleptiques seront evaluees. En parallele, leur besoins en sucre, azote, oxygene et vitamines seront determines dans la perspective de diminuer le pourcentage d'alcool dans les vins.
How Does the Dependence between Inspectors Impact Capture-Recapture Estimation? An Empirical Study

Studies on Capture-recapture (CRC) method in software engineering suggested that the accuracy of the estimates were still far from satisfying. Although debates exist, researchers believe the dependence between different inspectors is one of the factors impacting the accuracy of CRC estimates. In this study, we apply linear correlation to measure the degree of dependence (measured by correlation coefficient, i.e., COV) between inspectors, based on which, we investigate the relation between COV and estimation accuracy (measure by Relative Error, i.e., RE) using the Unconditional Maximum Likelihood Estimator (Mt-UMLE) through nine sets of data from five papers. Besides, the confidence interval (CI)-(which is also an important indicator to reflect CRC estimating accuracy), may also be impacted by COV, to this end, we also investigated the relation between COV and CI. The major results show that: a) It is clear that there is an obviously inverse proportion on COV and CI, and when the COV=0, the radius of CI is almost in interval [1, 6] (exclude the outliers). b) There has also an inverse proportion with COV and RE, and the absolute value of RE increased with the absolute value of COV increased. So we can conclude that the accuracy of CRC estimates had been impacted by the dependence of inspectors. Our study suggested that the correlation cannot be ignored in the study of CRC.
A small-area faint KX redshift survey for QSOs in the ESO Imaging Survey Chandra Deep Field South

ABSTRA C T In this paper we present preliminary spectroscopic results from a small-area faint K-excess (KX) survey, and compare KX selection against UVX selection. The aim of the KX method is to produce complete samples of QSOs that are flux-limited in the K band, in order to minimize any selection bias in samples of QSOs from the effects of reddening and extinction.
A Mindmap-like Chat Interface Problem Statement

Overview This design project addresses the inherent ambiguities of text chat interfaces concerning which messages relate to which. Due to their linear nature, the relationship between two messages is not always obvious. A prototype of an application has been developed that allows users to structure their conversations in a mindmap or tree layout. Its use of space and color is designed to make it easier for users to follow and remember discussions. The unclear relationship between messages in linear chat environments is a widely studied problem. Because of the quasi-synchronous nature of text chat, users often talk about several things at once. The following screenshot of an Internet Relay Chat (IRC) session about the Apache webserver illustrates the confusion that can arise when many users talk at once.
Optimal Approximation on

The theory of functions on the two-dimensional sphere was initiated in the 18th century in the works of Laplace and Legendre. The general theory for the d-dimensional sphere was started at the beginning of this century. Due to the technical difficulties involved, the general theory is relatively incomplete, as compared to the theory of functions on the circle. We are introducing a wide range of smooth functions on the d-dimensional sphere and considering asymptotic behavior of n-widths of function sets on spheres. These function sets may have finite or infinite smoothness, the latter including either analytic or entire functions. Let us first recall the definitions of linear and Kolmogorov n-widths that will be studied. Let X be a Banach space, BX :=[x # X : &x& 1] be the unit ball of X, and A be a (convex, compact, centrally symmetric) subset of X. doi:10.1006 jcom.2000. 0543, available online at http: www.idealibrary. com on
Financial Asset Prices and Monetary Policy: Theory and Evidence

The work presented in this paper falls into two parts. First, using a simple model and within the context of the central bank's objective of price stability, it is shown that the optimal monetary response to unexpected changes in asset prices depends on how these changes affect the central bank's inflation forecast, which in turn depends on two factors: the role of the asset price in the transmission mechanism and the typical information content of innovations in the asset price. In this context, the advantages and disadvantages of setting monetary policy in terms of a weighted average of a short-term interest rate and an asset price such as the exchange rate - a Monetary Conditions Index (MCI) - are discussed. The second, more empirical, part of the paper documents, using an estimated policy reaction function, the short-term response to financial asset prices, including the exchange rate, in two countries with inflation targets (Australia and Canada) and suggests that the different response to exchange rate changes in these countries can in part be explained by differences in their underlying sources.
Urban Sprawl: Lessons from Urban Economics

strong sentiment against the phenomenon known as “urban sprawl” has emerged in the United States over the past few years. Critics of sprawl argue that urban expansion encroaches excessively on agricultural land, leading to a loss of amenity benefits from open space as well as the depletion of scarce farmland resources. The critics also argue that the long commutes generated by urban expansion create excessive traffic congestion and air pollution. In addition, growth at the urban fringe is thought to depress the incentive for redevelopment of land closer to city centers, leading to decay of downtown areas. Finally, some commentators claim that, by spreading people out, lowdensity suburban development reduces social interaction, weakening the bonds that underpin a healthy society.1 To make their case, sprawl critics point to a sharp imbalance between urban spatial expansion and underlying population growth in U.S. cities. For example, the critics note that the spatial size of the Chicago metropolitan area grew by 46 percent between 1970 and 1990, while the area’s population grew by only 4 percent. In the Cleveland metropolitan area, spatial growth of 33 percent occurred over this period even though population declined by 8 percent.2 Similar comparisons are possible for other cities.
Linear lambda terms as invariants of rooted trivalent maps

Abstract The main aim of the paper is to give a simple and conceptual account for the correspondence (originally described by Bodini, Gardy, and Jacquot) between α-equivalence classes of closed linear lambda terms and isomorphism classes of rooted trivalent maps on compact-oriented surfaces without boundary, as an instance of a more general correspondence between linear lambda terms with a context of free variables and rooted trivalent maps with a boundary of free edges. We begin by recalling a familiar diagrammatic representation for linear lambda terms, while at the same time explaining how such diagrams may be read formally as a notation for endomorphisms of a reflexive object in a symmetric monoidal closed (bi)category. From there, the “easy” direction of the correspondence is a simple forgetful operation which erases annotations on the diagram of a linear lambda term to produce a rooted trivalent map. The other direction views linear lambda terms as complete invariants of their underlying rooted trivalent maps, reconstructing the missing information through a Tutte-style topological recurrence on maps with free edges. As an application in combinatorics, we use this analysis to enumerate bridgeless rooted trivalent maps as linear lambda terms containing no closed proper subterms, and conclude by giving a natural reformulation of the Four Color Theorem as a statement about typing in lambda calculus.
Hypothetical and Real Choice Differentially Activate Common Valuation Areas

Hypothetical reports of intended behavior are commonly used to draw conclusions about real choices. A fundamental question in decision neuroscience is whether the same type of valuation and choice computations are performed in hypothetical and real decisions. We investigated this question using functional magnetic resonance imaging while human subjects made real and hypothetical choices about purchases of consumer goods. We found that activity in common areas of the orbitofrontal cortex and the ventral striatum correlated with behavioral measures of the stimulus value of the goods in both types of decision. Furthermore, we found that activity in these regions was stronger in response to the stimulus value signals in the real choice condition. The findings suggest that the difference between real and hypothetical choice is primarily attributable to variations in the value computations of the medial orbitofrontal cortex and the ventral striatum, and not attributable to the use of different valuation systems, or to the computation of stronger stimulus value signals in the hypothetical condition.
Optimal dispatch of regulation reserves for power balance control in transmission system

An automatic control concept for power balance control in a transmission system is proposed in this paper. Activation (dispatch) of some regulation reserves traditionally done manually by the operator is substituted by optimization task with an aim to minimize the costs for balancing energy. The optimal dispatch is expected to work on a moving horizon in conjunction with the current PI controller performing secondary frequency control.
VOT Production in English and Arabic Bilingual and Monolingual Children

This paper presents findings from an instrumental study of Voice Onset Time (VOT) production in 3 English-Arabic bilingual children and 3 monolingual controls from each language. The subjects were all aged between 5 and 10, and the recordings were made in England and Lebanon. The aim was to find out whether bilinguals acquire separate VOT patterns for each language and whether these patterns are parallel to the monolingual ones. Results showed that the 3 bilinguals did acquire distinct VOT patterns for each language, but the patterns did not always resemble monolingual ones. The main affected feature was voicing lead in Arabic, as it was often replaced with short lag. However, similar behaviour was found in the young monolingual children, which helped interpret some of the bilingual patterns in terms of normal developmental features rather than resorting to the usual explanations based on ‘language interference’. Results from both monolinguals and bilinguals showed that the differences between the two languages are finer than the three VOT categories suggest, particularly with respect to short lag. Finally developmental changes for two of the bilingual subjects over a period of 18 months revealed the importance of an interrelation between input and age for the acquisition of two independent phonological systems.
Convergence of String-Averaging Projection Schemes for Inconsistent Convex Feasibility Problems

We study iterative projection algorithms for the convex feasibility problem of finding a point in the intersection of finitely many nonempty, closed and convex subsets in the Euclidean space. We propose (without proof) an algorithmic scheme which genenralizes both the string-averaging algorithm and the block-iterative projections (BIP) method with fixed blocks and prove convergence of the string-averaging method in the inconsistent case by translating it into a fully sequential algorithm in the product space.
A Hydrologic/Water Quality Model Applicati1 1

Abstract: This paper presents a procedure for standard application of hydrologic/water quality models. To date, most hydrologic/water quality modeling projects and studies have not utilized formal protocols, but rather have employed ad hoc approaches. The procedure proposed is an adaptation and extension of steps identified from relevant literature including guidance provided by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. This protocol provides guidance for establishing written plans prior to conducting modeling efforts. Eleven issues that should be addressed in model application plans were identified and discussed in the context of hydrologic/water quality studies. A graded approach for selection of the level of documentation for each item was suggested. The creation and use of environmental modeling plans is increasingly important as the results of modeling projects are used in decision‐making processes that have significant implications. Standard modeling application protocols similar to the proposed procedure herein provide modelers with a roadmap to be followed, reduces modelers’ bias, enhances the reproducibility of model application studies, and eventually improves acceptance of modeling outcomes.
GLOBAL MOTION ESTIMATION OF HUMAN HEAD BY USING OPTICAL FLOW

In this paper an estimation of tree dimensional (3D) global motion of human head in model based coding of videotelephone signals is presented. 6 parameters of global motion are estimated by using optical flow, 3 rotation angels and 3 translations. An least-squares (LS) method was used for solving the motion parameters of the human head between two successive frames in videosequence.
KOMITMEN ORGANISASI DAN KINERJA PENDIDIK DALAM DUNIA PENDIDIKAN

Kinerja adalah perilaku nyata yang ditampilkan setiap orang sebagai prestasi kerja yang dihasilkan oleh karyawan sesuai dengan perannya dalam perusahaan/organisasi. Dengan demikian dapat dikatakan bahwa kinerja merupakan suatu kondisi yang harus diketahui dan dikonfirmasikan kepada pihak tertentu untuk mengetahui tingkat pencapaian hasil suatu organisasi atau lembaga. Dalam tulisan ini, yang dimaksud dengan organisasi adalah lembaga pendidikan. Sementara, karyawan adalah guru atau dosen. Konsep komitmen organisasi penting bagi karyawan dalam menjalankan tugas sehari-hari di tempat kerja. Bila seorang karyawan memiliki komitmen tinggi terhadap organisasi tentu dia akan menjalankan tugasnya secara profesional, sehingga kualitas karyawan tersebut tercermin dalam perilakunya di tempat kerja. Komitmen merupakan rasa keterikatan dan kesetiaan yang ditujukan oleh seorang karyawan terhadap perusahaan/lembaga. Sementara, kinerja merupakan jawaban dari berhasil atau tidaknya tujuan organisasi yang telah ditetapkan. Kinerja (prestasi kerja) adalah hasil kerja secara kualitas dan kuantitas yang dicapai oleh seorang pegawai/karyawan dalam melaksanakan tugas sesuai dengan tanggung jawab yang diberikan kepadanya. Komitmen guru atau dosen merupakan rasa keterikatan dan kesetian yang ditunjukkan oleh seorang guru atau dosen terhadap institusi pendidikan tempat ia bertugas, sedangkan kinerja adalah jawaban dari berhasil atau tidaknya, baik secara kualitas maupun kuantitas, seorang guru atau dosen terhadap tugas dan tanggung jawab yang diberikan oleh institusi pendidikan kepadanya. Performance is a tangible behavior that everyone displays as work performance generated by employees in accordance with its role in the company / organization. Thus it can be said that performance is a condition that must be known and confirmed to certain parties to know the level of achievement of an organization or institution. In this paper the author intent with the organization is an educational institution. While the employee is a teacher or lecturer. The concept of organizational commitment is very important for employees in carrying out daily tasks in the workplace. When an employee has a high commitment to the organization of course he will perform their duties professionally, so that the quality of employees is reflected in his behavior in the workplace. Commitment is a sense of attachment and loyalty directed by an employee to a company / institution ". While performance is the answer to the success or failure of organizational goals that have been established. Performance (performance work) is the work of quality and quantity achieved by an employee / employee inperforming tasks in accordance with the responsibilities given to him. The commitment of teachers or lecturers is a sense of attachment and loyalty shown by a teacher or lecturer to the educational institution in which he is in charge, while performance is the answer of the success or failure of both the quality and quantity of a teacher or lecturer to the tasks and responsibilities provided by educational institutions to her.