Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Extension of an Existing Model for Soil Water Evaporation and Redistribution under High Water Content Conditions

Most crop, hydrology, and water quality models require the simulation of evaporation from the soil surface. A model developed by J.T. Ritchie in 1972 provides useful algorithms for estimating soil evaporation, but it does not calculate the soil water redistribution resulting from evaporation. A physically-based model using diffusion theory, described previously by Suleiman and Ritchie in 2003, provides effi cient algorithms for soil water redistribution and soil evaporation. However, the model is appropriate only for second stage drying when the soil in the entire profi le being simulated is below the drained upper limit (θ DUL ) and no more drainage occurs due to gravity. This paper extends the Suleiman–Ritchie model for soil water contents higher than θ DUL where soil evaporation rates are usually higher than second stage drying. New algorithms were developed for these wetter conditions that are functions of soil depth and the wetness of the near-surface soil. New model parameters were calibrated with data measured in laboratory soil column studies. The resulting model was integrated into DSSAT-CSM (Decision Support System for Agrotechnology Transfer Cropping Systems Model). Simulated soil evaporation rates and soil water contents obtained using the Suleiman–Ritchie model with the developed extensions and the previous DSSAT soil evaporation model were compared and evaluated with fi eld measurements of soil water content during several drying cycles for parts of 3 yr in North Central Florida. Computed soil water contents from the model agreed well with the measured soil water contents near the surface, and provided more accurate estimations than the original DSSAT soil evaporation model, especially for the 5-cm surface layer.
LONG‐TERM COTTONWOOD FOREST DYNAMICS ALONG THE UPPER MISSOURI RIVER, USA

The upper Missouri River bottomland in north‐central Montana, USA, retains much of the physical character it had when traversed by Lewis and Clark around 1805. We used geospatial data to quantify long‐term changes in the distribution of bottomland vegetation, land use patterns and channel planform for a 257‐rkm segment of the Missouri River above Fort Peck Reservoir. This segment is less ecologically altered than downstream segments, but two dams completed in the mid‐1950s have decreased the frequency and magnitude of floods. The area of forest is sparse because of geomorphic setting but, contrary to public perception, has remained relatively constant during the past century. However, the stability of forest area obscures its spatial and temporal dynamics. We used state and transition models to quantify fates and sources of forest during two periods: 1890s–1950s and 1950s–2006. Total forest area was 6% greater in 2006 than it was in the 1890s, largely due to reduced forest loss to erosional processes and gains related to progressive channel narrowing. Channel narrowing resulted in part from human‐caused peak flow attenuation. A modified transition matrix, used to examine future steady‐state conditions, projected little change in forest area; however, these projections are likely an overestimate. The extent to which 2006 forest area represents a transient adjustment to a new flow regime versus a dynamic, quasi–steady state will be determined by the long‐term interplay among hydrologic factors, channel processes, water management and land use practices. Published 2012. This article is a U.S. Government work and is in the public domain in the USA.
Modified denatured lysozyme effectively solubilizes fullerene c60 nanoparticles in water

Fullerenes, allotropic forms of carbon, have very interesting pharmacological effects and engineering applications. However, a very low solubility both in organic solvents and water hinders their use. Fullerene C60, the most studied among fullerenes, can be dissolved in water only in the form of nanoparticles of variable dimensions and limited stability. Here the effect on the production of C60 nanoparticles by a native and denatured hen egg white lysozyme, a highly basic protein, has been systematically studied. In order to obtain a denatured, yet soluble, lysozyme derivative, the four disulfides of the native protein were reduced and exposed cysteines were alkylated by 3-bromopropylamine, thus introducing eight additional positive charges. The C60 solubilizing properties of the modified denatured lysozyme proved to be superior to those of the native protein, allowing the preparation of biocompatible highly homogeneous and stable C60 nanoparticles using lower amounts of protein, as demonstrated by dynamic light scattering, transmission electron microscopy and atomic force microscopy studies. This lysozyme derivative could represent an effective tool for the solubilization of other carbon allotropes.
Latitudinal Change of Tropical Cyclone Maximum Intensity in the Western North Pacific

This study obtained the latitude where tropical cyclones (TCs) show maximum intensity and applied statistical change-point analysis on the time series data of the average annual values. The analysis results found that the latitude of the TC maximum intensity increased from 1999. To investigate the reason behind this phenomenon, the difference of the average latitude between 1999 and 2013 and the average between 1977 and 1998 was analyzed. In a difference of 500 hPa streamline between the two periods, anomalous anticyclonic circulations were strong in 30°–50°N, while anomalous monsoon trough was located in the north of South China Sea. This anomalous monsoon trough was extended eastward to 145°E. Middle-latitude region in East Asia is affected by the anomalous southeasterlies due to these anomalous anticyclonic circulations and anomalous monsoon trough. These anomalous southeasterlies play a role of anomalous steering flows that make the TCs heading toward region in East Asia middle latitude. As a result, TCs during 1999–2013 had higher latitude of the maximum intensity compared to the TCs during 1977–1998.
Relations among Map Objects in Cartographic Generalization

Adequate representation of cartographic expert knowledge is essential if maps are to be created in an automated way. Part of this expert knowledge is made up by the structural knowledge embedded in the relations that exist among the objects depicted on a map, as these define the structures and patterns of the corresponding real-world objects that should be maintained and emphasized in the cartographic generalization process. With this article we aim to provide a foundation for the analysis and representation of such relations among objects in thematic and topographic maps, which we term horizontal relations. We start off by defining the terminology underlying map object relations and by discussing how these relations interact with map constraints and cartometric measures. We then present a typology of horizontal relations that may be found in a map with respect to map generalization. The typology is the result of a study of thematic and topographic maps, as well as an analysis of the literature on the use of map object relations. Five different types of horizontal relations are identified: geometric, topological, semantic, statistical and structural. Some of these can be based on standard operations available in commercial GIS or mapping systems, while others are less easily accessible. To demonstrate the use of our typology and show how complex horizontal relations can be formalized, we present an application of the typology to the grouping and generalization of islands. Subsequently, we discuss the various steps involved in the usage of horizontal relations in map generalization, as well as their associated roles.
Location of the ancient Tindari harbour from geoarchaeological investigations (NE Sicily)

Abstract In the Greek and Roman periods, the fortified town of Tindari's military and trading importance combined with its strategic location in north-east Sicily allowed it to control traffic on the Tyrrhenian Sea for many centuries. Historical sources (Polybius, Cicero, Livy and Appian) testify to the flourishing maritime activity of the ancient town, but do not supply any information on the location, size or configuration of its harbour. Because a town as important as Tindari must have had a landing place for ships, we examined new sources of information with the aim of identifying its location. Historiographical and archaeological surveys produced evidence of a well-organised harbour. Geomorphological investigations, performed along the Tindari Promontory, identified Holocene uplifted and submerged notches indicating past sea level changes. Furthermore, it was found that in the last four centuries the combined actions of marine and fluvial dynamics had produced a progressive filling of the Oliveri lowland and a progradation of the shoreline, which was responsible for the burial of ancient buildings. The palaeotopographic reconstruction of the Tindari Cape Promontory and Oliveri coastal plain in the 4th century BC shows a safe landing place south-east of the Tindari Cape that was suitably protected from prevailing winds.
Practical Inverse Approach for Forecasting Nonlinear Hydrological Time Series

This paper presents a practical inverse approach for forecasting nonlinear hydrological time series. The proposed approach involves: (1) calibrating the delay time, embedding dimension and number of nearest neighbors simultaneously using a single definite criterion, namely, optimum prediction accuracy; (2) verifying that the optimal parameters have wider applicability outside the scope of calibration; and (3) demonstrating that chaotic behavior is present when optimal parameters are used in conjunction with existing system characterization tools. The proposed approach was shown to be better than the standard approach for a theoretical chaotic time series (Mackey-Glass) and two real runoff time series (Tryggevaelde catchment in Denmark and Altamaha river at Doctortown, Ga.).
Evaluation of the agreement between the first global remotely sensed soil moisture data with model and precipitation data

[1] The lack of global soil moisture data has spurred research in the field of microwave remote sensing. Both passive (radiometers) and active (scatterometer) microwave data are very sensitive to the moisture content of the surface soil layer. To retrieve soil moisture, the effects of vegetation, surface roughness, and heterogeneous land cover must be taken into account. Field experiments have shown that passive microwave data at long wavelengths (L-band) are best suited for soil moisture retrieval. Nevertheless, the first global, multiannual soil moisture data set (1992–2000) has been derived from active microwave data acquired by the European Remote Sensing Satellites (ERS) ERS-1 and ERS-2 scatterometer (C-band). The retrieval algorithm is based on a change detection approach that naturally accounts for surface roughness and heterogeneous land cover. In this paper the scatterometer-derived soil moisture data are compared to gridded precipitation data and soil moisture modeled by a global vegetation and water balance model. The correlation between soil moisture and rainfall anomalies is observed to be best over areas with a dense rainfall gauge network. Also, the scatterometer-derived and modeled soil moisture agree reasonably well over tropical and temperate climates. The fact that the algorithm performs equally well for regions with summer rain and Mediterranean areas indicates that dynamic vegetation effects are correctly represented in the retrieval. More research is needed to better understand the backscattering behavior over dry (steppe, deserts) and cold (boreal zone, tundra) climatic regions. The scatterometer-derived soil moisture data are available to other research groups at http://www.ipf. tuwien.ac. at/radar/ers-scat/home.htm.
Simulation of evapotranspiration and carbon dioxide flux in the wheat‐maize rotation croplands of the North China Plain using the Simple Biosphere Model

The North China Plain, which is critical for food production in China, is encountering serious water shortage due to heavy agricultural water requirement. The accurate modelling of carbon dioxide flux and evapotranspiration (ET) in croplands is thus essential for yield prediction and water resources management. The land surface model is powerful in simulating energy and carbon dioxide fluxes between land and atmosphere. Some key processes in the Simple Biosphere Model (Version 2, SiB2) were parameterized based on the observations. The simulated fluxes were tested against the eddy covariance flux measurements over two typical winter wheat/maize double cropping fields. A simple diagnostic parameterisation of soil respiration, not included in SiB2, was added and calibrated using the observations to model the carbon budget. The Ball‐Berry stomatal conductance model was calibrated using observed leaf gas exchange rate, showing that the original SiB2 could significantly underpredict the ET in the wheat field. SiB2 significantly underpredicted soil resistance at the Weishan site, leading to overpredict the ET. Overall, there was a close agreement between the simulated and observed latent heat fluxes and net CO2 exchange using the re‐parameterized SiB2. These findings are important when the model is used for the regional simulation in the North China Plain. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Interannual variability and controls of the Sydney wave climate

A multi‐decadal beach survey dataset at a coastal embayment in Sydney, Australia, identifies erosion/accretion cycles coinciding with phase shifts in the El Niño/Southern Oscillation (ENSO). In an attempt to explain the processes governing these cycles, this study explores the interannual variability and controls of the Sydney wave climate using ECMWF ERA‐40 and corrected ERA‐40 (C‐ERA‐40) reanalysis data. Comparisons with wave measurements collected by the Sydney waverider buoy show that these datasets represent the Sydney wave climate reasonably well, although westerly waves are significantly over‐predicted. Removing these values strengthens correlations between predicted and measured wave heights. A summary of the Sydney wave climate from 1957 to 2002 is presented, which highlights the high degree of variability in storm events. Controls of interannual variability are investigated by comparing values in Sydney with regional mean sea level pressure anomalies, the Southern Oscillation Index (SOI) and the Southern Annular Mode (SAM). Austral summer wave heights over this 45‐year period increase/decrease with positive/negative phases of the SOI and the SAM. An inverse relationship is found between wave directions and the SOI for the austral autumn and spring; and between wave directions and the SAM for the austral winter. Variability of storm events in Sydney is significantly correlated with the SOI, but not the SAM. In particular, La Niña phases are generally associated with longer duration, higher‐energy events from a more easterly direction when compared to those during El Niño phases. Copyright © 2009 Royal Meteorological Society
Recent increase in high tropical cyclone heat potential area in the Western North Pacific Ocean

The Main Development Region (MDR) for tropical cyclones (TCs) in the western North Pacific Ocean is the most active TC region in the world. Based on synergetic analyses of satellite altimetry and gravity observations, we found that the subsurface ocean conditions in the western North Pacific MDR has become even more favorable for the intensification of typhoons and supertyphoons. Compared to the early 1990s, a 10% increase in both the depth of the 26°C isotherm (D26) and Tropical Cyclone Heat Potential (TCHP) has occurred in the MDR. In addition, the areas of high TCHP (≥ 110 kJ cm−2) and large D26 (≥ 110 m) have 13% and 17% increases, respectively. Because these high TCHP and large D26 regions are often associated with intensification of the most intense TCs (i.e. supertyphoons), this recent warming requires close attention and monitoring.
On the bulk‐skin temperature difference and its impact on satellite remote sensing of sea surface temperature

Satellite infrared sensors only observe the temperature of the skin of the ocean rather than the bulk sea surface temperature (SST) traditionally measured from ships and buoys. In order to examine the differences and similarities between skin and bulk temperatures, radiometric measurements of skin temperature were made in the North Atlantic Ocean from a research vessel along with coincident measurements of subsurface bulk temperatures, radiative fluxes, and meteorological variables. Over the entire 6-week data set the bulk-skin temperature differences (ΔT) range between −1.0 and 1.0 K with mean differences of 0.1 to 0.2 K depending on wind and surface heat flux conditions. The bulk-skin temperature difference varied between day and night (mean differences 0.11 and 0.30 K, respectively) as well as with different cloud conditions, which can mask the horizontal variability of SST in regions of weak horizontal temperature gradients. A coherency analysis reveals strong correlations between skin and bulk temperatures at longer length scales in regions with relatively weak horizontal temperature gradients. The skin-bulk temperature difference is parameterized in terms of heat and momentum fluxes (or their related variables) with a resulting accuracy of 0.11 K and 0.17 K for night and daytime. A recommendation is made to calibrate satellite derived SST's during night with buoy measurements and the additional aid of meteorological variables to properly handle ΔT variations.
A Scale of Grade and Class Terms for Clastic Sediments

In no other science does the problem of terminology present so many difficulties as in geology. With the growth of knowledge in any field of investigation, men devise new terms or redefine old ones in the attempt to convey more precise and definite ideas. In all the branches of science much confusion has followed the redefinition of old terms because of the indiscriminate use of the terms both in the old and the new senses. But in geology, difficulties of this kind are peculiarly great. Because geology is a field science and has followed in the footsteps of exploration, it has acquired terms from all parts of the world. Many of the names for the less common special features have come from the dialect or colloquial speech of that part of the world where they are best developed. With the use of these terms of geologists of other regions, much irregularity of usage and hence much confusion has arisen. Since '917, the writer had been engaged in the study of abrasion and shaping of cobbles and pebbles by the action of running water. In the course of this study the loose usage of cobble, pebble, and related terms (in which his own practice was no exception) has impressed him with the need of greater uniformity of usage and
Carbon dioxide dynamics in Kelud volcanic lake

[1] In November 2007, the extrusion of a new lava dome evaporated Kelud volcanic lake in Java, Indonesia. Four months before a detailed echo sounding survey of the volcanic lake coupled to floating accumulation chamber measurements detected abnormally high carbon dioxide emissions. It constituted the earliest sign of the volcanic unrest; well before any other monitored parameter. CO2 flux is quantified using an empirical equation based on the volume of bubbles backscattered in the water column. Its comparison with the fluxes retrieved from the floating chamber method better constrain carbon dioxide dynamics in the volcanic lake. It reveals that 70% of the carbon dioxide enters the lake in a dissolved form, while the remaining 30% is supplied to the lake on a gaseous state. Almost three-quarter of the ascending bubbles dissolve in the water column leaving the majority of the 330 Tons day−1 of carbon dioxide diffusing at the air-water interface.
Structural brain alterations associated with suicidal thoughts and behaviors in young people: results across 21 international studies from the ENIGMA Suicidal Thoughts and Behaviours consortium

Objective Identifying brain differences associated with suicidal thoughts and behaviors (STBs) in young people is critical to understanding their development and generating effective approaches to early intervention and prevention. The ENIGMA Suicidal Thoughts and Behaviours (ENIGMA-STB) consortium analyzed neuroimaging data harmonized across sites to examine brain morphology associated with STBs in youth. Methods First, we examined associations among regional brain structure and STBs, which were assessed in six samples of youth with mood disorders, using the Columbia Suicide Severity Rating Scale (C-SSRS; N=577). Second, we combined this sample with a larger sample (total 21 sites) in which STBs were assessed using various instruments. MRI metrics were compared among healthy controls without STBs (HC; N=688), clinical controls without STBs (CC; N=648), and young people with psychiatric diagnoses and current suicidal ideation (N=406). In separate analyses, MRI metrics were compared among HCs (N=335), CCs (N=768), and suicide attempters (N=254). Results In the homogeneous C-SSRS sample, surface area of the frontal pole was lower in young people with mood disorders and history of actual suicide attempts (N=163) than those without (N=394; FDR-p<.001; Cohens d=.334). When expanding to more clinically heterogeneous samples, we also found lower surface area of the frontal pole in those with a history of suicide attempts (Cohens d=.22). Conclusions Lower frontal pole surface area may represent a vulnerability for a suicide attempt; however, more research is needed to understand the nature of its relationship to suicide risk.
Bred Vector and ENSO Predictability in a Hybrid Coupled Model during the Period 1881–2000

Abstract In this study, a breeding analysis was conducted for a hybrid coupled El Nino–Southern Oscillation (ENSO) model that assimilated a historic dataset of sea surface temperature (SST) for the 120 yr between 1881 and 2000. Meanwhile, retrospective ENSO forecasts were performed for the same period. For a given initial state, 15 bred vectors (BVs) of both SST and upper-ocean heat content (HC) were derived. It was found that the average structure of the 15 BVs was insensitive to the initial states and independent of season and ENSO phase. The average structure of the BVs shared many features already seen in both the final patterns of leading singular vectors and the ENSO BVs of other models. However, individual BV patterns were quite different from case to case. The BV rate (the average cumulative growth rate of BVs) varied seasonally, and the maximum value appeared at the time when the model ran through the boreal spring and summer. It was also sensitive to the strength of the ENSO signal (i.e., the st.