Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
A system for inducing the phonology and inflectional morphology of a natural language

A system for inducing the phonology and inflectional morphology of a natural language Scott Nathanael McClure 2011 This thesis presents a machine learner that uses morphologically tagged data to induce clusters of words that take on similar inflections, while at the same time identifying sets of morphological rules that are associated with each cluster. The learner also identifies simple phonological alternations. This work is significant because it uses a relatively simple framework to discover prefixes, suffixes, and infixes, each of which may be associated with one or more morphological feature values, while simultaneously discovering certain simple phonological alternations. The learner makes use of Bayesian principles to determine which grammar, out of several, is the most apt, while the search is performed in a greedy manner: starting from an initial state in which every lemma is assigned to its own inflection class, the learner attempts to merge existing inflection classes while improving the posterior probability of the hypothesis. As these inflection classes are merged, the learner develops a more and more accurate picture of the morphological rules associated with each inflection class, as well as of the surface-true phonological alternations that apply throughout the language. This work demonstrates that many of the principles of word formation posited by linguists can indeed be induced using probabilistic methods, and it also serves as a key step in improving the level of detail in the grammars of word formation returned by an automatic learner. Dissertation Directors: Gaja Jarosz and Stephen R. Anderson A system for inducing the phonology and inflectional morphology of a natural language A Dissertation Presented to the Faculty of the Graduate School of Yale University in Candidacy for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy by Scott Nathanael McClure Dissertation Directors: Gaja Jarosz and Stephen R. Anderson
Effect of Pravastatin on Rate of Kidney Function Loss in People With or at Risk for Coronary Disease

Background—Limited data suggest that HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors (statins) reduce rates of kidney function loss. We performed this analysis to determine whether pravastatin reduced the rate of kidney function loss over ≈5 years in people with or at high risk for coronary disease. Methods and Results—This was a post hoc subgroup analysis of data from 3 randomized double-blind controlled trials comparing pravastatin 40 mg/d and placebo in subjects with a previous acute coronary syndrome or who were at high cardiovascular risk. The primary outcome was the rate of change in estimated glomerular filtration rate (GFR; in mL/min per 1.73 m2/y). The Modified Diet and Renal Disease Study (MDRD) and Cockcroft-Gault equations were used to estimate GFR. We studied 18 569 participants, 3402 (18.3%) of whom had moderate chronic kidney disease as defined by an estimated GFR of 30 to 59.9 mL/min per 1.73 m2 body surface area. In subjects with moderate chronic kidney disease at baseline, pravastatin reduced the adjusted rate of kidney function loss by ≈34%, although the absolute reduction in the rate of loss was small (0.22 mL/min per 1.73 m2/y by MDRD-GFR; 95% CI, 0.07 to 0.37). Pravastatin did not reduce the frequency of ≥25% decreases in kidney function in this group when MDRD-GFR was used to estimate GFR (relative risk [RR], 0.84; 95% CI, 0.66 to 1.06). When all 18 569 subjects were considered, pravastatin reduced the adjusted rate of kidney function loss by 8% (0.08 mL/min per 1.73 m2/y by MDRD-GFR; 95% CI, 0.01 to 0.15) and the risk of acute renal failure (RR, 0.60; 95% CI, 0.41 to 0.86) but did not significantly reduce the frequency of a ≥25% decline in kidney function by MDRD-GFR (RR, 0.94; 95% CI, 0.88 to 1.01). Conclusions—Pravastatin modestly reduced the rate of kidney function loss in people with or at risk for cardiovascular disease. However, the primary indication for the use of statins in people with or at risk for coronary events remains the reduction in mortality that results from their use.
Real-time validation of a dual neural network controller for a low-cost UAV

This paper describes a novel indirect adaptive control technique based on neural networks for Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAV). Two neural networks are amalgamated to provide faster tracking of the commanded reference. A pre-trained internal model network and an online trained controller network form the core of the dual neural network (DNN) architecture. A Telemaster UAV equipped with various sensors and an onboard data-logger and control (ODC) unit forms the experimental platform. The plant model and the controller are designed in numerical simulations based on data obtained from experimental flights of the UAV. The DNN controller is validated on a real-time hardware in loop (HIL) simulation. Results from the numerical simulations and HIL validations are provided.
Seroprevalence of Rickettsia spp. infection among tick-bitten patients and blood donors in Sweden

Serum samples from 236 Swedish patients with symptoms of infectious disease appearing after a tick bite were analysed for the presence of antibodies to Rickettsia helvetica, the only rickettsial species so far isolated from ticks in Sweden. Of these subjects, 137 had tested seropositive for Borrelia burgdorferi. For control purposes, sera from 161 healthy blood donors were examined. A total of 10/397 samples (2.6%) showed IgG-antibodies to R. helvetica at or above a titre of 1/80 as cut-off. 6/137 (4.4%) belonged to the Borrelia positive group, 3/99 (3.0%) to the tick-bitten but Borrelia negative group and 1/161 (0.6%) to the control group. The difference between the tick-exposed groups and the control group was significant in Pearson's 2-sided χ2 test. In 1 serum sample the presence of antibodies to R. helvetica was further confirmed by Western immunoblot. The study shows that infection with Rickettsia spp. as well as coinfection with Lyme borreliosis needs to be considered in the diagnosis of tick-transmitted infections in Sweden. Owing to a known occurrence of immunological cross-reactivites, however, the results must be cautiously interpreted with regard to species of Rickettsia involved.
Mobile Search With Multimodal Queries

The popularity of mobile devices, such as PDAs and SmartPhones, has grown rapidly over the last couple of years. Though most users still perform searches using desktop computers, it is expected that more and more people will also search the Web while they are on the move. In addition to text-based keyword queries, mobile devices can support richer and hybrid queries such as images, audio, video, and their combinations. In this paper, we will discuss mobile search systems that support image queries and audio queries, covering typical designs for mobile visual and audio search, as well as the opportunities and challenges. Specifically, we will present an in-depth study of two real systems we have developed: product image categorization and mobile ringtone search, which use image queries and audio queries, respectively. Experimental results on real-life data demonstrate their effectiveness and efficiency.
The internal transcribed spacer 2 database—a web server for (not only) low level phylogenetic analyses

The internal transcribed spacer 2 (ITS2) is a phylogenetic marker which has been of broad use in generic and infrageneric level classifications, as its sequence evolves comparably fast. Only recently, it became clear, that the ITS2 might be useful even for higher level systematic analyses. As the secondary structure is highly conserved within all eukaryotes it serves as a valuable template for the construction of highly reliable sequence-structure alignments, which build a fundament for subsequent analyses. Thus, any phylogenetic study using ITS2 has to consider both sequence and structure. We have integrated a homology based RNA structure prediction algorithm into a web server, which allows the detection and secondary structure prediction for ITS2 in any given sequence. Furthermore, the resource contains more than 25 000 pre-calculated secondary structures for the currently known ITS2 sequences. These can be taxonomically searched and browsed. Thus, our resource could become a starting point for ITS2-based phylogenetic analyses and is therefore complementary to databases of other phylogenetic markers, which focus on higher level analyses. The current version of the ITS2 database can be accessed via .
Analysis of Retinal Development and Diseases Using RNA-Seq.

Copyright: © 2012 Cai L, et al. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited. Before the introduction of the high throughput mRNA sequencing method (RNA-seq), genome-wide gene expression studies largely relied on DNA microarray [1], SAGE (Serial Analysis of Gene Expression) [2], CAGE (Cap Analysis of Gene Expression) [3-5], and MPSS (Massively Parallel Signature Sequencing) [6], etc. These technologies were limited by their ability to analyze only a portion of the transcriptome [7]. RNAseq analysis provides a new strategy for transcriptome profiling that can reveal more complex information on expression levels, differential splicing, allele-specific expression, RNA editing and fusion transcripts resulted from chromosome translocations, etc., [7,8]. With RNAseq analysis, a complete genome-wide transcriptional architecture of genes can be characterized, which is central for the understanding of development, physiology and diseases.
Phosphate transporters in marine phytoplankton and their viruses: cross-domain commonalities in viral-host gene exchanges

Phosphate (PO4) is an important limiting nutrient in marine environments. Marine cyanobacteria scavenge PO4 using the high-affinity periplasmic phosphate binding protein PstS. The pstS gene has recently been identified in genomes of cyanobacterial viruses as well. Here, we analyse genes encoding transporters in genomes from viruses that infect eukaryotic phytoplankton. We identified inorganic PO4 transporter-encoding genes from the PHO4 superfamily in several virus genomes, along with other transporter-encoding genes. Homologues of the viral pho4 genes were also identified in genome sequences from the genera that these viruses infect. Genome sequences were available from host genera of all the phytoplankton viruses analysed except the host genus Bathycoccus. Pho4 was recovered from Bathycoccus by sequencing a targeted metagenome from an uncultured Atlantic Ocean population. Phylogenetic reconstruction showed that pho4 genes from pelagophytes, haptophytes and infecting viruses were more closely related to homologues in prasinophytes than to those in what, at the species level, are considered to be closer relatives (e.g. diatoms). We also identified PHO4 superfamily members in ocean metagenomes, including new metagenomes from the Pacific Ocean. The environmental sequences grouped with pelagophytes, haptophytes, prasinophytes and viruses as well as bacteria. The analyses suggest that multiple independent pho4 gene transfer events have occurred between marine viruses and both eukaryotic and bacterial hosts. Additionally, pho4 genes were identified in available genomes from viruses that infect marine eukaryotes but not those that infect terrestrial hosts. Commonalities in marine host-virus gene exchanges indicate that manipulation of host-PO4 uptake is an important adaptation for viral proliferation in marine systems. Our findings suggest that PO4-availability may not serve as a simple bottom-up control of marine phytoplankton.
Sugarcane Borer (Lepidoptera: Crambidae) Management Threshold Assessment on Four Sugarcane Cultivars

Abstract This research assesses the potential for using different economic injury thresholds in management of a key insect pest on susceptible and resistant commercially produced cultivars of sugarcane (Saccharum spp. hybrids). In a 2-yr sugarcane borer, Diatraea saccharalis (F.) (Lepidoptera: Crambidae), study involving four commercially produced sugarcane cultivars and four insecticide treatment thresholds, ‘LCP 85-384’ and ‘HoCP 91-555’ were the most susceptible based on percentage of bored internodes compared with the more resistant ‘HoCP 85-845’ and ‘CP 70-321’. In 2001, the 10% infested stalks threshold was not as effective as the 5% early season-10% late season and 5% full season for HoCP 91-555. Based on D. saccharalis injury under natural infestation conditions, susceptible cultivars seem to require a lower infestation threshold than the more resistant cultivars to achieve adequate injury reduction. Among yield components, only the theoretical recoverable sugar per stalk was significantly increased by applying insecticides. With the resistant HoCP 85-845, differences were not detected for percentage of bored internodes among treated versus untreated management regimes. The resistant HoCP 85-845 had higher levels of fiber in our study; however, no clear pattern on resistance mechanisms was established, because the resistant cultivar CP 70-321 had comparatively low levels of fiber. The development of cultivar-specific thresholds is expected to lower the amount of insecticide used for D. saccharalis management in the sugarcane industry, reduce selection pressure, and delay the development of insecticide resistance.
Automated Test Case Generation Based on Coverage Analysis

We present a tool for the automated generation of unit tests. It symbolically executes Java bytecode in order to find execution paths through a program. To efficiently accomplish this task, it uses constraint solving, choice-point generation and backtracking. As the number of test cases found might be very high and most of them are redundant, we propose a novel way to eliminate test cases based on their contribution to the global coverage of the control-flow and data-flow. Besides discussing the techniques used to achieve this, we present experimental results to prove the feasibility of our approach.
Development of original metabolically stable apelin‐17 analogs with diuretic and cardiovascular effects

Apelin, a (neuro)vasoactive peptide, plays a prominent role in controlling cardiovascular functions and water balance. Because the in vivo apelin half‐life is in the minute range, we aimed to identify metabolically stable apelin‐17 (K17F) analogs. We generated P92 by classic chemical substitutions and LIT01–196 by original addition of a fluorocarbon chain to the N terminus of K17F. Both analogs were much more stable in plasma (half‐life >24 h for LIT01–196) than K17F (4.6 min). Analogs displayed a subnanomolar affinity for the apelin receptor and behaved as full agonists with regard to cAMP production, ERK phosphorylation, and apelin receptor internalization. Ex vivo, these compounds induced vasorelaxation of rat aortas and glomerular arterioles, respectively, precontracted with norepinephrine and angiotensin II, and increased cardiac contractility. In vivo, after intracerebroventricular administration in water‐deprived mice, P92 and LIT01–196 were 6 and 160 times, respectively, more efficient at inhibiting systemic vasopressin release than K17F. Administered intravenously (nmol/kg range) in normotensive rats, these analogs potently increased urine output and induced a profound and sustained decrease in arterial blood pressure. In summary, these new compounds, which favor diuresis and improve cardiac contractility while reducing vascular resistances, represent promising candidates for the treatment of heart failure and water retention/ hyponatremic disorders. —Gerbier, R. , Alvear‐Perez, R. , Margathe, J.‐F. , Flahault, A. , Couvineau, P., Gao, J., De Mota, N. , Dabire, H. , Li, B. , Ceraudo, E. , Hus‐Citharel, A. , Esteoulle, L. , Bisoo, C. , Hibert, M. , Berdeaux, A. , Iturrioz, X. , Bonnet, D. , Llorens‐Cortes, C. Development of original metabolically stable apelin‐17 analogs with diuretic and cardiovascular effects. FASEB J. 31, 687–700 (2017). http://www.fasebj. org
A Survey on Different Hybrid Routing Protocols of MANET

Dispensing with the need for hardwire-based infrastructure, MANET is a self-organized and selfconfigurable network of mobile nodes with wireless connectivity, where the nodes move arbitrarily. Routing is a critical issue in Mobile Adhoc Network. Therefore, Routing protocols for this network have to face the challenge of frequently changing topology. Both proactive and reactive routing protocols prove to be inefficient under these circumstances. Third category, Hybrid routing protocols combines the advantage of Proactive as well as the reactive protocols. This paper describes the various Hybrid protocols with their advantages and Disadvantages. KeywordsMANET, ZRP, IARP, IERP, Routing
An alternative to the Youla parameterization for H∞ controller design

All ℋ∞ controllers of a SISO LTI system are parameterized thanks to the relation between the Bounded Real Lemma and the Positive Real Lemma. This new parameterization shares the features of Youla parameterization, namely the convexity of ℋ∞ norm constraints for the closed-loop transfer functions. However, by contrast to Youla parameterization, it can deal with any controller order and any controller structure, e.g. PID controllers. Moreover, it can be easily used for systems with polytopic uncertainty. For polytopic systems, the proposed parameterization provides a convex inner approximation of the set of all ℋ∞ controllers, which can be enlarged by increasing the controller order. The effectiveness of the proposed method is shown via simulation results.
Digital Watermarking: A Tutorial

—Due to high speed computer networks, the use of digitally formatted data has increased many folds. The digital data can be duplicated and edited with great ease which has led to a need for effective copyright protection tools. The process of embedding additional data along with the digital audio, images and video is called digital watermarking. A number of watermarking techniques have been proposed in literature. This paper is a tutorial in general watermarking principles and focuses on describing various watermarking techniques. I. INTRODUCTION In recent times, due to great developments in computer and internet technology, multimedia data i.e. audio, images and video have found wide applications. Digital watermarking is one of the best solutions to prevent illegal copying, modifying and redistributing multimedia data. Encryption of multimedia products prevents an intruder from accessing the contents without a proper decryption key. But once the data is decrypted, it can be duplicated and distributed illegally. To enforce IP rights and to prevent illegal duplication, interpolation and distribution of multimedia data, Digital watermarking is an effective solution. Copyright protection, data authentication, covert communication and content identification can be achieved by Digital watermarking. Digital watermarking is a technique to embed copyright or other information into the underlying data. The embedded data should maintain the quality of the host signal. In order to achieve the copyright protection, the algorithm should meet few basic requirements i) Imperceptibility: The watermark should not affect the quality of the original signal, thus it should be invisible/ inaudible to human eyes/ ears. ii) Robustness: The watermarked data should not be removed or eliminated by unauthorized distributors, thus it should be robust to resist common signal processing manipulations such as filtering, compression, filtering with compression. iii) Capacity: the number of bits that can be embedded in one second of the host signal. iv) Security: The watermark should only be detected by authorized person. v) Watermark detection should be done without referencing the original signals. vi) The watermark should be undetectable without prior knowledge of the embedded watermark sequence.
Using OpenStack to improve student experience in an H.E. environment

The cloud computing paradigm promises to deliver hardware to the end user at a low cost with an easy to use interface via the internet. This paper outlines an effort at the University of Huddersfield to deploy a private Infrastructure as a Service cloud to enhance the student learning experience. The paper covers the deployment methods and configurations for OpenStack along with the security provisions that were taken to deliver computer hardware. The rationale behind the provisions of virtual hardware and OS configurations have been defined in great detail supported by examples. This paper also covers how the resource has been used within the taught courses as a Virtual Laboratory, and in the research projects. A second use case of the cloud for Automated Formative Assesment (AFA) by using JClouds and Chef for Continuous Integration is presented. The AFA deployment is an example of a Software as a Service offering that has been added on to the IaaS cloud. This development has led to an increase in freedom for the student.
Benzene Exposures and Risk Potential for Vehicle Mechanics from Gasoline and Petroleum-Derived Products

Benzene exposures among vehicle mechanics in the United States and abroad were characterized using available data from published and unpublished studies. In the United States, the time-weighted-average (TWA) airborne concentration of benzene for vehicle mechanics averaged 0.01–0.05 ppm since at least the late 1970s, with maximal TWA concentrations ranging from 0.03 to 0.38 ppm. Benzene exposures were notably lower in the summer than winter and in the Southwest compared to other geographic regions, but significantly higher during known gasoline-related tasks such as draining a gas tank or changing a fuel pump or fuel filter. Measured airborne concentrations of benzene were also generally greater for vehicle mechanics in other countries, likely due to the higher benzene content of gasoline and other factors. Short-term airborne concentrations of benzene frequently exceeded 1 ppm during gasoline-related tasks, but remained below 0.2 ppm for tasks involving other petroleum-derived products such as carburetor and brake cleaner or parts washer solvent. Application of a two-zone mathematical model using reasonable input values from the literature yielded predicted task-based benzene concentrations during gasoline and aerosol spray cleaner scenarios similar to those measured for vehicle mechanics during these types of tasks. When evaluated using appropriate biomarkers, dermal exposures were found to contribute little to total benzene exposures for this occupational group. Available data suggest that vehicle mechanics have not experienced significant exposures to benzene in the workplace, except perhaps during short-duration gasoline-related tasks, and full-shift benzene exposures have remained well below current and contemporaneous occupational exposure limits. These findings are consistent with epidemiology studies of vehicle mechanics, which have not demonstrated an increased risk of benzene-induced health effects in this cohort of workers. Data and information presented here may be used to assess past, current, or future exposures and risks to benzene for vehicle mechanics who may be exposed to gasoline or other petroleum-derived products.