Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Civil society and the search for justice in Russia

Chapter 1 Introduction: Civil Society and Russia's Elusive Search for Justice: Concepts, Traditions, and Contemporary Issues Part 2 Lessons from History and Culture Chapter 3 Revisiting the Russian "Constrained Autocracy": "Absolutism" and Natural Rights Theories in Russia and the West Chapter 4 A Russian Model of Development: What Novgorod Can Teach the West Part 5 Freedom of Religion and Civil Society Chapter 6 Nationalism and Religion in Russian Civil Society: An Inquiry into the 1997 Law "On Freedom of Conscience" Chapter 7 "Managed Pluralism" and Civil Religion in Post-Soviet Russia Part 8 The Role of Media and Education Chapter 9 The Russian Press and Civil Society: Freedom of Speech vs. Freedom of Market Chapter 10 The Independent Press in Russia: Integrity and the Economics of Survival Chapter 11 Higher Education and Russia's Dual Transition: Inequality, Inefficency, and Social Justice Part 12 Marginalized Voices in Civil Society Chapter 13 Ethnic and Religious Minorities and their Search for Justice: The Case of Chechnya Chapter 14 Women's Experiences of Justice and Injustice in Russia
Energy efficient rate coverage with base station switching and load sharing in cellular networks

During low user demand, significant energy can be saved in a cellular network by using base station switching (BSS). However, coverage restrictions limit the number of base stations (BSs) a cellular operator can turn off. In this work, we examine the scenario when multiple cellular operators cooperate by sharing the load of their users with BSS (for example, on weekends). We show that significantly more energy can be saved by performing BSS with load sharing between the cellular operators. We formulate this cooperative BSS as an optimization problem. Further, for suitable service level agreements between the cellular operators, we show that the proposed optimization problem is real time solvable. Finally, we present results that quantify the achievable gains obtained by BSS with cooperation among the cellular operators. We also present the rate and coverage trade-off results which can be used by the cooperative cellular operators to find suitable points of operation.
Participação política e juventude: do mal-estar à responsabilização frente ao destino comum

O artigo analisa a relacao entre juventude e politica contemporânea, tendo como foco de discussao o processo de subjetivacao politica, discutindo, inicialmente, como esse processo implica a construcao do pertencimento a coletividade e responsabilizacao pela vida em comum, como aspectos primordiais do processo de assumir-se como membro da sociedade e que circunscrevem modos de participacao e acao. As possibilidades de acao engajada e seu sentido politico sao discutidos frente a aparente inercia e apatia dos jovens de hoje em relacao a politica. Um estudo empirico qualitativo com cerca de 25 jovens e apresentado, baseado em entrevistas realizadas tanto com jovens militantes em organizacoes estudantis e em partidos politicos, como com aqueles que se engajam no trabalho social voluntario. Na analise, evidenciam-se convergencias e divergencias entre os dois grupos nos sentidos e objetivos da acao engajada e das formas convencionais de militância e discutem-se as relacoes entre as trajetorias desses jovens e o abracamento de determinadas “causas” que os mobilizam a acao e participacao na sociedade. Tais dificuldades remetem a distincao entre a politica e o politico, tendo em vista que a forma institucionalizada de fazer politica hoje parece nao dar mais conta das demandas da vida em comum; ao mesmo tempo, as novas formas de participacao politica podem insular-se nas acoes pontuais. Conclui-se que, para os jovens aqui entrevistados, as formas de participacao e engajamento social enveredam por caminhos diversos, sejam os da politica institucional, sejam os da acao militante no trabalho social voluntario.
Invited reaction: Reaction to holton article

I didn't know whether to laugh or cry when I read the title to Holton's article, "The Flawed Four-Level Evaluation Model. " After I read the article, I still didn't know how to feel. But when I thought about how Holton had "proved"— through various research papers—that the Kirkpatrick model wasn't really a model at all but only a "taxonomy," I decided not to do either. I v U admit that I was a little upset when he listed the six components of a model described by Klimoski (1991) and Dubin (1996) and then stated that "the four-level model' does not meet any of these criteria. " He might at least have said that it met the second criterion of "relationships between the units" because my model (or my taxonomy, if you prefer) does show the relationships among the four levels. I admit that Holton's article is a scholarly work: Certainly cites to other articles are plentiful. Many of them have nothing to do with evaluation, but the list is impressive! The funny thing is that I personally have never called my framework "a model. " Someone else described it that way For example, in a case study presented in Evaluating Training Programs: The Four Levels. (Kirkpatrick, 1994), Dave Basarab, head of the evaluation department at Motorola stated, "Motorola University has adopted the Kirkpatrick model for training evaluation" throughout the world. In another case study presented in the book, the authors from CIGNA Corporation called my model "the CIGNA CMD&T Impact Model. " The case study by Patrick O'Hara of First Union National Bank referred to it as "the Four-Level Kirkpatrick Evaluation Model. " And Eric Freitag of Intel Corporation wrote an article for the book entitled "Implementing the Kirkpatrick Model as an Up-Front Analysis and Evaluation Tool. " My purpose in offering these illustrations is to demonstrate that, in the real world where training evaluation takes place, the word "model" is commonly used to describe a systematic way of doing something. It may or may not meet the six criteria listed by Klimoski. Personally I don't care whether my work is called a model or a taxonomy as long as it helps to clarify the meaning of
Objective scoring of hidradenitis suppurativa reflecting the role of tobacco smoking and obesity

Background Hidradenitis suppurativa (HS) is a long‐standing disease with abscess and often fistula formation, predominantly in the axillae and groins. The disease is difficult to treat and has a severe impact on quality of life. A clinically relevant system for scoring disease severity is lacking in HS.
Eosinophilic granulomatosis with polyangiitis (Churg-Strauss): clinical characteristics and long-term followup of the 383 patients enrolled in the French Vasculitis Study Group cohort.

OBJECTIVE Earlier studies of eosinophilic granulomatosis with polyangiitis (Churg-Strauss) (EGPA), with limited patient numbers and followup durations, demonstrated that clinical presentation at diagnosis, but not outcome, differed according to antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibody (ANCA) status. This study was undertaken to describe the main characteristics of a larger patient cohort and their long-term outcomes. METHODS A retrospective study of EGPA patients in the French Vasculitis Study Group cohort who satisfied the American College of Rheumatology criteria and/or Chapel Hill definitions was conducted. Patient characteristics and outcomes were compared according to ANCA status and year of diagnosis. RESULTS We identified 383 patients diagnosed between 1957 and June 2009 (128 [33.4%] before 1997 or earlier) and followed up for a mean±SD of 66.8±62.5 months. At diagnosis, their mean±SD age was 50.3±15.7 years, and 91.1% had asthma (duration 9.3±10.8 years). Main manifestations included peripheral neuropathy (51.4%); ear, nose, and throat (ENT) signs (48.0%); skin lesions (39.7%); lung infiltrates (38.6%); and cardiomyopathy (16.4%). Among the 348 patients tested at diagnosis for ANCA, the 108 ANCA-positive patients (31.0%) had significantly more frequent ENT manifestations, peripheral neuropathy, and/or renal involvement, but less frequent cardiac manifestations, than the ANCA-negative patients. Vasculitis relapses occurred in 35.2% of the ANCA-positive versus 22.5% of the ANCA-negative patients (P=0.01), and 5.6% versus 12.5%, respectively, died (P<0.05). The 5-year relapse-free survival rate was 58.1% (95% confidence interval [95% CI] 45.6-68.6) for ANCA-positive and 67.8% (95% CI 59.8-74.5) for ANCA-negative patients (P=0.35). Multivariable analysis identified cardiomyopathy, older age, and diagnosis during or prior to 1996 as independent risk factors for death and lower eosinophil count at diagnosis as predictive of relapse. CONCLUSION The characteristics and long-term outcomes of EGPA patients differ according to their ANCA status. Although EGPA relapses remain frequent, mortality has declined, at least since 1996.
[Research on nourishing and tonifying blood effects of the herb pair consisting of Angelica sinensis and Ligusticum chuanxiong on the basis of drug interaction].

OBJECTIVE To study the pharmacodynamic interaction of nourishing and tonifying blood effects of the herb pair consisting of Angelica sinensis and Ligusticum chuanxiong by response surface method. METHODS The blood deficiency rat model was induced by injecting N-acetylphenylhydrazine and cyclophosphamide. The effects of Angelica sinensis and Ligusticum chuanxiong in different proportions (0:1, 1:5, 2:5, 2:3, 1:1, 3:2, 5:2, 5:1, and 1:0) and at different concentrations on the peripheral blood index and the organ indices were observed. Then all indices were integrated to the total nourishing effect value by comprehensive index method. The interaction was analyzed by response surface method. The model parameters were estimated with nonlinear regression. The three-dimensional response surfaces were constructed with Matlab Software. RESULTS In the response surface, most compatibility of Angelica sinensis and Ligusticum chuanxiong showed synergistic action, some showed addition action, and few of them showed obvious antagonist action. The proportion of Angelica sinensis and Ligusticum chuanxiong from 4:1 to 2:1 and the dose of Angelica sinensis and Ligusticum chuanxiong from low to high showed addition action, while the other proportions showed obvious addition action at low dose and synergistic action at high dose. CONCLUSIONS The research results could provide scientific evidence for reasonable application of Angelica sinensis and Ligusticum chuanxiong in clinics of Chinese medicine. The quantitative analysis on drug interactions of herbal compatibility by response surface method could provide reference for relative studies.
Deceptive Behavior in Social Relationships: A Consequence of Violated Expectations

Abstract Deceptive behavior is viewed as a mechanism by which a threat to the maintenance of a social relationship is temporarily resolved. In this study, we investigated two social relationships: parent-child and employer-employee. Eighty American students evaluated 32 behaviors from the perspective of a son or daughter and from the perspective of an employee. The students made judgments regarding the extent to which the employer and the parent expected them to avoid engaging in certain behaviors, and the extent to which they would lie about involvement in each behavior. Students also indicated how guilty they would feel about lying. Results indicated that the students used deception when their behavior violated the perceived expectancy of their role partner. The students experienced guilt, however, only with a violation of their own expectations, their role partner's expectations, and a match between their own and their role partner's expectations.
Special Issue on Terra Matta

In 2007 Einaudi published a book entitled Terra matta, by an unknown Sicilian author, Vincenzo Rabito, which would rapidly become a bestseller. In 2012 a film derived from the book, Terramatta; Il Novecento italiano di Vincenzo Rabito analfabeta siciliano, was presented at the Venice Film Festival to great acclaim. In introducing our analyses of that cultural phenomenon, I describe the nature of the typescript and set it in the context of other writings by Italy's diversamente colti. I chart the passage from typescript to book to film and outline the interventions – explored in detail by the protagonists in the contributions that follow – shaping its successive incarnations.
Importance and advantages of rice biofortification with iron and zinc

Rice (Oryza sativa) being the staple food for almost twothirds of the population plays a pivotal role in Indian economy. Moreover, India ranks first in the world in area of rice cultivation with 43.97 million ha and second in production with 104.32 million tons (Anonymous 2013). Almost 31% of calories of Indian diet are supplied through rice. Research efforts focused on development of high-yielding varieties and adoption of modern production technologies resulted in enhanced production leading to self-sufficiency in the country. Along with yield, grain and nutritional quality has also become a primary consideration in rice breeding programs not only in India but also in various rice growing countries across the world. Rice biofortification program aims at biological and genetic enrichment of food products with vital nutrients, vitamins and proteins. Ideally, once rice is biofortified with vital nutrients, the farmer can grow the variety indefinitely without any additional input to produce nutrient packed rice grains in a sustainable way so that the produce reaches the malnourished population in rural India. Plant breeding is an excellent ‘tool’ for micronutrient nutritional enhancement in combating the problem of malnutrition. The micronutrient density traits are stable across environments and it is possible to improve the content of several limiting micronutrients together. High nutrient density not only benefits the consumer but also produces more vigorous seedlings in the next generation. Malnutrition is the most common cause of zinc deficiency and 25% of the world’s population is at risk of zinc deficiency (Maret and Sandstead 2006). In Asia and Africa, it is estimated that 500 to 600 million people are at risk for low zinc intake (Source: http://
Resolving enantiomers using the optical angular momentum of twisted light

Helical dichroism to resolve enantiomers using twisted light carrying only optical orbital angular momentum. Circular dichroism and optical rotation are crucial for the characterization of chiral molecules and are of importance to the study of pharmaceutical drugs, proteins, DNA, and many others. These techniques are based on the different interactions of enantiomers with circularly polarized components of plane wave light that carries spin angular momentum (SAM). For light carrying orbital angular momentum (OAM), for example, twisted or helical light, the consensus is that it cannot engage with the chirality of a molecular system as previous studies failed to demonstrate an interaction between optical OAM and chiral molecules. Using unique nanoparticle aggregates, we prove that optical OAM can engage with materials’ chirality and discriminate between enantiomers. Further, theoretical results show that compared to circular dichroism, mainly based on magnetic dipole contributions, the OAM analog helical dichroism (HD) is critically dependent on fundamentally different chiral electric quadrupole contributions. Our work opens new venues to study chirality and can find application in sensing and chiral spectroscopy.
Effects of Epinephrine on the Pacemaker Potassium Current of Cardiac Purkinje Fibers

Epinephrine promotes spontaneous activity in cardiac Purkinje fibers through its action on the pacemaker potassium current (i KK2). The mechanism of the acceleratory effect was studied by means of a voltage clamp technique. The results showed that the hormone speeds the deactivation of i KK2 during pacemaker activity by displacing the kinetic parameters of i KK2 toward less negative potentials. This depolarizing voltage shift is the sole explanation of the acceleratory effect since epinephrine did not alter the rectifier properties of i KK2, or the underlying inward leakage current, or the threshold for i NNa. The dose dependence of the voltage shift in the i KK2 activation curve was similar in 1.8 and 5.4 mM [Ca]o. The maximal voltage shift (usually ∼20 mV) was produced by epinephrine concentrations of > 10-6 M. The half-maximal effect was evoked by 60 nM epinephrine, nearly an order of magnitude lower than required for half-maximal effect on the secondary inward current (Carmeliet and Vereecke, 1969). The β-blocker propranolol (10-6 M) prevented the effect of epinephrine (10-7M) but by itself gave no voltage shift. Epinephrine shifted the activation rate coefficient α8 to a greater extent than the deactivation rate coefficient β8, and often steepened the voltage dependence of the steady-state activation curve. These deviations from simple voltage shift behavior were discussed in terms of possible mechanisms of epinephrine's action on the i KK2 channel.
Distinguishing Among Models of Contextually Induced Preference Reversals

Previous research has demonstrated that adding a 3rd (decoy) alternative that is dominated by only 1 of the other 2 alternatives in a choice set increases the preference for the dominating alternative (J. Huber, Payne, & Puto, 1982; Tyszka, 1983). By manipulating decoys within subjects, significant preference reversals have been obtained. The processes of 3 classes of models can account for these reversals: (a) The decoy affects the weights assigned to different dimensions, (b) the decoy produces range-frequency effects on the dimensional values of the alternatives, and (c) the perception of dominance directly increases the attractiveness of the targeted alternative. The results of 3 experiments designed to test these models favored a direct effect of dominance. When a dominated decoy was added to a choice set, asymmetrical dominance was demonstrated to be a necessary and sufficient condition for producing the predicted preference reversals. Preference reversals have intrigued decision scientists in much the same way that visual illusions have captured the attention of researchers investigating visual perception. In each case, the respective cognitive system appears to operate reasonably well in the normal environment. Yet, when brought into a laboratory situation in which stimulus information can be selectively manipulated, the systems can be made to break down, resulting in behaviors (or perceptions) that sometimes defy common sense. If one focuses only on these results, it is tempting to conclude that the cognitive system is poorly designed. However, the functional adequacy of the system under normal conditions implies that this is not the case. Instead, these systemic breakdowns provide theoretical leverage for better understanding the processes that govern decision making under normal conditions. Three broad classes of preference reversals have been reported in the literature. By far, the most extensively researched of these is the task-induced preference reversal, in which preference ordering is demonstrated to differ depending on
Synergy of itraconazole with macrophages in killing Blastomyces dermatitidis

We examined in vitro interaction between the azole antifungal agents itraconazole and ketoconazole and macrophages and their activities against Blastomyces dermatitidis. Fungistatic and fungicidal concentrations for B. dermatitidis in vitro were assessed in a microculture system in which fungistasis was measured as inhibition of multiplication and fungicidal activity was measured as reduction of inoculum CFU. Resident peritoneal murine macrophages, which surround but do not phagocytize the fungus, were not fungicidal for B. dermatitidis isolates but were fungistatic for some isolates studied. Synergy was demonstrated when fungistatic concentrations (e.g., 0.01 micrograms/ml) of itraconazole, which limited growth 55% compared with that of controls, were cocultured with macrophages; this resulted in fungicidal activity (85% killing) against B. dermatitidis (ATCC 26199) in 72-h assays. This synergy could occur even if itraconazole was added after the macrophages had surrounded the fungus. Ketoconazole at fungistatic concentrations did not act synergistically with macrophages to kill B. dermatitidis. Lymph node lymphocytes could not substitute for macrophages in synergy with itraconazole to kill B. dermatitidis. When B. dermatitidis was separated by a filter from macrophages in Transwell cultures, fungicidal synergy with itraconazole was less efficient. Pretreatment of B. dermatitidis with itraconazole for 24 h did not render the fungus susceptible to killing by macrophages in the absence of itraconazole, whereas pretreatment of nonfungistatic macrophages with itraconazole rendered them fungistatic in a dose-dependent manner. Three other isolates were killed by otherwise fungistatic concentrations of itraconazole when the isolates were cocultured with macrophages. These findings indicate that one basis for the efficacy of itraconazole versus ketoconazole in treating blastomycosis could be synergy of a fungistatic concentration of itraconazole with macrophages in killing of B. dermatitidis.
London 2012, Chariots of Fire resurrected and Colombes Stadium today: hype, history and Olympic realities

The London 2012 Olympics resurrected Chariots of Fire as a theme and symbol for the Olympic ideal, glorifying the story of how Harold Abrahams, a British Jew of Lithuanian origin, and Eric Liddell, a Christian Scot, overcame religious and personal obstacles to win Olympic gold at Paris 1924. Unfortunately, the film is no more valid now than it was three decades ago when critics universally berated its historicity. It stands as a hollow reflection of the actual events – much like the real Colombes Stadium, where Abrahams and Liddell achieved their Olympic immortality, does today in Paris.
Dandelion: a compiler and runtime for heterogeneous systems

Computer systems increasingly rely on heterogeneity to achieve greater performance, scalability and energy efficiency. Because heterogeneous systems typically comprise multiple execution contexts with different programming abstractions and runtimes, programming them remains extremely challenging. Dandelion is a system designed to address this programmability challenge for data-parallel applications. Dandelion provides a unified programming model for heterogeneous systems that span diverse execution contexts including CPUs, GPUs, FPGAs, and the cloud. It adopts the . NET LINQ (Language INtegrated Query) approach, integrating data-parallel operators into general purpose programming languages such as C# and F#. It therefore provides an expressive data model and native language integration for user-defined functions, enabling programmers to write applications using standard high-level languages and development tools. Dandelion automatically and transparently distributes data-parallel portions of a program to available computing resources, including compute clusters for distributed execution and CPU and GPU cores of individual nodes for parallel execution. To enable automatic execution of . NET code on GPUs, Dandelion cross-compiles . NET code to CUDA kernels and uses the PTask runtime [85] to manage GPU execution. This paper discusses the design and implementation of Dandelion, focusing on the distributed CPU and GPU implementation. We evaluate the system using a diverse set of workloads.