Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Pre-clusterization in emerging markets: the Toyota group's entry process in China

Drawing on network analysis and informing the internationalization process of Japanese firms, this study introduces an ad hoc entry strategy, termed ‘pre-clusterization’. Unlike conventional keiretsu firms, competitive suppliers in a well-integrated network can enter a new market and begin clustering in a location that the core firm targets before the full entry of the core firm. The process of pre-clusterization is illustrated using a case study of the Toyota Group in China. A number of testable propositions are presented. Findings reveal the importance of strategic collective actions when coping with intensive competition and uncertainty in emerging market contexts.
Incentive-Compatible And Efficient Resource Allocation In Large Economies: An Exact And Local Approach

The main result of this paper characterizes possibly non-symmetric strategy-proof and efficienct choice functions as Perfectly Competitive. Efficiency is defined as impossibility of improvement by reallocation of commodity among finite sets of agents, and largeness of the economy is captured by a weak aggregation-condition called ""local separability. "" Individual rationality constraints with respect to an assignment of endowments imply that the resulting allocations must be Walrasian relative to the assignment of endowments. The exact, local approach combined with a normality assumption on the domain of preferences allows the proofs to remain elementary throughout.
The Capital Crunch: Neither a Borrower nor a Lender Be

The dramatic reduction in the growth rate of bank lending associated with the 1990-91 recession, particularly in New England, has evoked claims by many observers of a credit crunch. However, because of the difficulty in determining whether the observed slow credit growth is a demand or supply phenomenon, convincing evidence of the practical importance of credit crunches for economic activity remains elusive. We overcome this obstacle by examining a cross-section of banks in New England that have experienced the same economic downturn, effectively controlling for changes in demand. We find empirical support for a capital crunch, whereby poorly capitalized institutions shrink to satisfy capital requirements. This alone is not a sufficient condition for a credit crunch. However, we find s6me additional evidence that the capital crunch may have limited credit availability in New England.
Micro active catheter using ICPF actuator-characteristic evaluation, electrical model and operability evaluation

The authors have proposed a new prototype model of a micro-catheter with an active guide wire that has two bending degrees of freedom using an ICPF (ionic conducting polymer film) actuator on its front end as the servo actuator. In this paper, the bending characteristics of the micro-catheter have been measured by the application of electricity in a physiological saline solution. By using simulators (whose conditions are similar to those of a body cavity), the authors also carried out simulation experiments "in vitro" and the contrast experiments of operability between the proposed catheter and conventional guide wire catheter. The experimental results indicate that the proposed micro-catheter is applicable to intracavity operations.
Playing monopoly with the government: Time inconsistency of industrial policy revisited

Tornell (1991) analyzes how strategic investment behavior by the protected …rm renders the optimal employment-enhancing industrial policy time inconsistent when the government’s demand for employment is perfectly inelastic and the product demand is perfectly elastic. By allowing more general functions in describing the government’s demand for employment, we show that time inconsistency prevails, but that its cause changes from strategic behavior by the …rm to governmental opportunism. Moreover, we show that the form of the time inconsistency problem depend on demand conditions and production technology, and that increasing the number of plants of the regulated monopoly may increase the time inconsistency problem. (102 words)
Residual Earnings Valuation With Risk and Stochastic Interest Rates

This paper provides a general version of the accounting‐based valuation model that equates the market value of a firm's equity to book value plus the present value of expected abnormal earnings. Prior theoretical work (e.g., Ohlson 1995; Feltham and Ohlson 1995, 1996) assumes investors are risk neutral and interest rates are nonstochastic and flat. Our more general analysis rests on only two assumptions: no arbitrage in financial markets and clean surplus accounting. These assumptions imply a risk‐adjusted formula for the present value of expected abnormal earnings. The risk adjustments consist of certainty‐equivalent reductions of expected abnormal earnings. A key issue deals with the capital charge component of abnormal earnings. It is measured by applying the (uncertain) riskless spot interest rate to start‐of‐period book value. Risks do not affect the rate used in the capital charge, and accounting policies do not affect the formula's constructs. An application of the general formula shows how the cla.
Absolute Versus Relative Risk Perceptions: An Application To Economic Values Of Seafood Safety

We examine the impact of multiple risks of related goods on consumption of a risky good. We argue that the consumption of a risky good depends on both its absolute risk level and its relative risks to other risky goods. Seafood consumption in eastern North Carolina is studied. We elicit, in a survey, the individual perceived risks as the reference points to derive the economic value of reducing health risk in seafood consumption. Revealed and stated data are combined to trace out demand changes in response to absolute and relative risk reductions. Our results show that seafood consumption is affected by the perceived absolute risk and by the relative risk to poultry, which confirms that individuals react to the multiple risks in a nonlinear way--as predicted by our analytical model.
INTEREST RATE VOLATILITY AND EXCHANGE RISK: NEW RULES FOR A COMMON MONETARY STANDARD

How does the choice of an exchange rate regime influence the volatility of interest rates? Are floating exchange rates useful “shock absorbers” that dampen fluctuations in domestic interest rates and prices or do they create additional risk that increases interest rate volatility and segments the international capital market? The answers are best seen in historical perspective.
Employment Growth in Newly Established Firms - Is There Evidence for Academic Entrepreneur's Human Capital Depreciation?

Human capital is known to be one of the most important predictors of a person's earnings. With regard to entrepreneurial success, founders' human capital is an important determinant of firm's employment growth as well. This paper investigates if the depreciation of a founder's academic knowledge affects a start-up's employment growth. The depreciation of academic knowledge is investigated by quantifying the effect of the time period which elapses after the founder has left university until the start-up is founded on firm's employment growth. Using quantile regressions, human capital depreciation is found to be of crucial importance for both ordinary academic start-ups and academic spin-offs, the founders of the latter suffering even more from human capital depreciation.
Localization of cardiac vagal preganglionic motoneurones in the rat: Immunocytochemical evidence of synaptic inputs containing 5‐hydroxytryptamine

The origin of cardiac vagal preganglionic motoneurones in the rat is still controversial and knowledge of the chemistry of synaptic inputs onto these neurones is limited. In this investigation vagal preganglionic motoneurones innervating the heart were identified by the retrograde transport of cholera toxin conjugated to horseradish peroxidase (CT‐HRP) combined with the immunocytochemical localization of 5‐hydroxytryptamine. Injection of CT‐HRP into the myocardium resulted in the retrograde labelling of neurones primarily in the ventral regions of the nucleus ambiguus (75.1%). Labelled neurones were also distributed in a narrow band through the reticular formation extending between the dorsal motor nucleus of the vagus nerve and the nucleus ambiguus (17.3%) as well as in the dorsal motor nucleus itself (7.6%).
Five Ws, one H and many tweets

Widespread using of microblogs leads to have tremendous user generated data available which may characterize the social behavior and relationship of users. Beside the chance to extract some valuable information from the huge amount of data, there are a lot of non-trivial, task specific issue have to be solved to get real value. Detecting and characterizing events, defining users and their relationships, concluding on the reasons are all important questions, have to be understood well, to get a clear picture on the social network behavior of users and to answer WHO, WHEN, WHERE, WHAT, WHY and HOW questions.
Underwriters, Auditors, and other Usual Suspects: Elements of Third Party Enforcement in US and European Securities Law

The financial scandals of the last decade have called into question the effectiveness of the system of securities regulation in many countries. Articles that have examined the origins of the regulatory crisis have concluded that the classical tools of corporate governance for the supervision of management have lost their force as a result of new incentive structures in the financial markets. They see as the solution to the regulatory lacunae the utilisation of financial intermediaries as gatekeepers, i. e. as agents that ensure compliance of the primary market actor (the issuer) with applicable rules by reviewing its disclosures and withholding their participation in transactions if violations occur. This essay analyses the most important liability provisions of US and European securities regulation in light of the gatekeeper theory. It identifies deficiencies in the current regulatory regime, suggests that some aspects of US securities regulation may serve as an example for a development of the European system, and highlights the dangers that a lack of legislative attention and a reorientation of the judiciary towards general principles of tort law create. It concludes by advancing a tentative explanation of certain trends of convergence between US and European regulatory mechanisms that can be observed.
Developing a techno entrepreneurial workforce for effective technological innovation: its necessity for the sustainable development of SSEs in India

Due to the application of new technologies, changes in tasks and organisational structures, a shorter product lifetime cycle, and changing customer requirements of product and services, as well as liberalisation and globalisation, entrepreneurs in the small-scale sector are confronted with new qualification demands. The typical technical/scientific qualification has to be extended by interdisciplinary knowledge and skills, which enables creative problem solutions, cooperative social behaviour with leadership qualities and effective communication competencies, as well as a holistic view of technical problems.
Decision support requirements for wind farm placement planning in Alberta

Current trends in Alberta require the involvement of multiple stakeholders and decision support tools in planning the placement of wind farms. While the use of decision support tools can assist stakeholders in making decisions, developing useful tools for a domain as complex as wind farm placement planning is challenging. In addition, few design requirements exist to ensure that decision support tools are specific to local needs, and that they have capabilities to support stakeholders in making informed decisions about placement locations. To this end, we conducted a study, using questionnaires and interviews, to: (1) identify the main issues that influence wind farm placement and land use decisions in Alberta; (2) identify stakeholders’ decision support needs for evaluating wind farm placement decisions, and how these needs can be incorporated in a decision support tool; (3) gain a deeper understanding of how stakeholders in Alberta currently interact with existing tools, and identify areas where design can improve usability; and (4) derive usability attributes that can inform the development of a decision support tool for wind farm placement planning in Alberta. Based on the study findings, we propose some design recommendations which highlight the relevance of a place-based decision support tool with visual and analytical attributes.
In Vitro, Pharmacokinetic, and Pharmacodynamic Interactions of Ketoconazole and Midazolam in the Rat

Interactions of midazolam and ketoconazole were studied in vivo and in vitro in rats. Ketoconazole (total dose of 15 mg/kg intraperitoneally) reduced clearance of intravenous midazolam (5 mg/kg) from 79 to 55 ml/min/kg (p < 0.05) and clearance of intragastric midazolam (15 mg/kg) from 1051 to 237 ml/min/kg (p< 0.05), increasing absolute bioavailability from 0.11 to 0.36 (p < 0.05). Presystemic extraction occurred mainly across the liver as opposed to the gastrointestinal tract mucosa. Midazolam increased electroencephalographic (EEG) amplitude in the β-frequency range. Ketoconazole shifted the concentration-EEG effect relationship rightward (increase in EC50), probably because ketoconazole is a neutral benzodiazepine receptor ligand. Ketoconazole competitively inhibited midazolam hydroxylation by rat liver and intestinal microsomes in vitro, with nanomolarK i values. At a total serum ketoconazole of 2 μg/ml (3.76 μM) in vivo, the predicted reduction in clearance of intragastric midazolam by ketoconazole (to 6% of control) was slightly greater than the observed reduction in vivo (to 15% of control). However, unbound serum ketoconazole greatly underpredicted the observed clearance reduction. Although the in vitro and in vivo characteristics of midazolam in rats incompletely parallel those in humans, the experimental model can be used to assess aspects of drug interactions having potential clinical importance.
Trade Liberalization and Pro-Poor Growth in South Africa

Abstract Trade liberalization has been at the center of South Africa’s post-Apartheid development strategy. However, despite reforms, the country has failed to generate pro-poor growth, with both unemployment and inequality worsening over the last ten years. This raises concern that liberalization may have undermined the country’s development objectives. This study uses a general equilibrium and microsimulation model to assess the effects of liberalization on growth, employment and poverty. The results indicate that liberalization has not increased poverty and has accelerated growth. However, liberalization has altered production structures and exacerbated inequality. Coloured households in the coastal provinces have borne most of the structural adjustment costs. Trade reforms also contributed to the rising capital and skill-intensity of production, so that the decline in poverty has been small. Therefore, while there may not be a trade-off between trade reform and poverty reduction, the country should not overemphasize the role of further liberalization in generating pro-poor growth.
Optimal controller design and constraints analysis of a sea wave energy converter

This paper studies the optimal control of a sea wave energy converter (WEC). A linear optimal controller is designed for the WEC to maximise the energy output. Rather than regulating states and control inputs as a conventional optimal controller normally does, the proposed optimal controller aims to maximise the energy output. The maximum output admissible set method is employed to estimate the feasibility of the proposed linear optimal controller when the input and state constraints need to be considered for safe operation of the WEC.
Incidence and prevalence of mucopolysaccharidosis type 1 in the Irish republic

Mucopolysaccharidosis type 1 (MPS1) is an autosomal recessive disorder with severe, moderate and mild phenotypes: Hurler, Hurler-Scheie and Scheie syndromes. We estimated incidence (2001–2006) and prevalence (2002 census) of MPS1 in the Irish Republic (ROI) using population data, database and chart review of all live MPS1 patients attending two specialised centres. Patient genotypes, ethnicity, province of origin, age at diagnosis and presenting features were recorded. Thirty-one patients (14 females, 17 males) were alive, 27 of whom were <15 years. Twenty-six patients had Hurler syndrome, four had Hurler-Scheie and one had Scheie syndrome. The birth incidence was 1 in 26 206 births with a carrier frequency of 1 in 81. Of note, 19/26 (73%) Hurler patients were Irish Travellers. Amongst Irish Travellers the incidence was 1 in 371 with a carrier frequency of 1 in 10. This is the highest recorded incidence worldwide. Given the morbidity and mortality associated with delayed treatment we recommend targeted newborn screening for this population.
Variability aware modeling of SoCs: From device variations to manufactured system yield

As CMOS technology feature sizes decrease, random within-die and inter-die process variations more and more jeopardize SoC parametric and functional yield. Largely neglected in the State-Of-the-Art, dynamic energy consumption and power dissipation becomes heavily affected. This paper describes a technique to systematically bring statistically correlated timing/energy variations all the way up from the device to the SoC level. We propose a flow for Variability Aware Modeling (VAM) and apply it to a case study using a industrial test vehicle.
FGFR3 targeting strategies for achondroplasia

Mutations that exaggerate signalling of the receptor tyrosine kinase fibroblast growth factor receptor 3 (FGFR3) give rise to achondroplasia, the most common form of dwarfism in humans. Here we review the clinical features, genetic aspects and molecular pathogenesis of achondroplasia and examine several therapeutic strategies designed to target the mutant receptor or its signalling pathways, including the use of kinase inhibitors, blocking antibodies, physiologic antagonists, RNAi and chaperone inhibitors. We conclude by discussing the challenges of treating growth plate disorders in children.
Intensity of physical activity and risk of coronary heart disease.

To the Editor: Dr Lee and colleagues found that at least 1 hour of recreational walking per week was associated with lower rates of coronary heart disease (CHD) in healthy female professionals aged 45 years and older who participated in no other vigorous activity. 1 We are concerned that health professionals and the public could easily misinterpret the appealing take-home message of Lee et al that “no pain, no gain is passe ´” and assume that 1 h/wk of any walking is sufficient for reducing the risk of chronic disease. Because the cardiovascular benefits reported in the study by Lee et al occurred in minimally active women compared with women who do no activity at all, such benefits cannot be generalized to the population as a whole. We are especially concerned because the majority of US adults report they already walk at least 1 h/wk. During 19992000, we used a national random-digit dial survey to ask 7529 adults aged 18 years and older, “In a usual week, do you walk for at least 10 minutes at a time while at work, for recreation, exercise, to get to and from places or for any other reason? ” Sixty-nine percent of both male and female respondents reported walking at least 60 min/wk (95% confidence interval, 67.8%-70.4%). Based on the main finding in the study by Lee et al, these respondents might erroneously conclude that there is little additional benefit to be obtained from further increasing their activity level.
The Impact of Debt Financing on Entry and Exit in a Duopoly

This article investigates the interaction between market entry, company foreclosure, and capital structure in a duopoly. We find that the order in which firms foreclose is determined not only by differences in firm-specific factors, but also by common economic factors, such as the interest rate and the market profit volatility. We extend the exit model by allowing financially distressed firms to renegotiate their debt contracts through a one-off debt exchange offer. We find that firms with high bankruptcy costs or with prospects of profit improvement can get bigger reductions on their debt repayments. Investigating market entry, we find that financial vulnerability of the incumbent induces earlier entry. Article published by Oxford University Press on behalf of the Society for Financial Studies in its journal, The Review of Financial Studies.
Reception staff and the guest complaint: problem‐solving response styles among potential employees

Investigates problem‐solving response styles among a sample of school leavers, many of whom will soon seek employment in the hospitality/tourism industry. Also explores a range of human resource management variables which may predict major response styles. Notes the emergence of two fundamental response styles, one involving avoidance of the problem and one involving the acquisition of more information in the solution of the problem. A variety of hospitality/tourism industry occupational and work context preferences has been found to predict both response styles, as has a range of service quality ideals such as being calm in a crisis, neat appearance and being blunt. Finally, examines the implications of these findings for management within the hospitality/tourism industry and for individual employees.
Operationalizing Pain Treatment in the Biopsychosocial Model: Take a Daily “SWEM”—Socialize, Work, Exercise, Meditate

ABSTRACT In the United States, chronic pain is often poorly treated at an exceedingly high cost. The use of the biomedical model to manage pain is frequently ineffective, and evidence suggests that the biopsychosocial (BPS) model is a better choice. A problem with the BPS model is that it has not been operationalized in terms of patient behavior. This commentary addresses that issue by suggesting that people with chronic pain and illness participate daily in four self-management health behaviors: socialize, work, exercise, and meditation, and discusses evidence that supports these recommendations. These self-management behaviors may decrease pain and thus reduce the need for pain medications and other medical interventions. Additional topics include patient adherence and health coaching.