Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
National Red Lists in Fennoscandian Conservation: how spatio-temporal dynamics of red-listed species and geographical scale matter for site selection and conservation priorities

1 List of individual papers . 5 Specifications of contributions to the individual papers . 7 Synopsis . 9 Challenges in using national Red Lists for setting conservation priorities . 11 The issue of scale . 12 Using criteria documentation to characterize red-listed species . 13 Spatio-temporal dynamics of species and site selection . 15 Main objectives . 18 Materials and methods summary . 19 Fennoscandian Red List Dataset (Paper I and II) . 19 Observational small-scale data (Paper III and IV) . 22 Results and discussion . 25 The Fennoscandian perspective . 25 Spatio-temporal dynamics of red-listed species and site selection . 29 Conclusions . 33 Literature cited . 36 Paper I-IV . 41
The Effects of Coastal Dune Volume and Vegetation on Storm-Induced Property Damage: Analysis from Hurricane Ike

ABSTRACT Sigren, J.M. ; Figlus, J.; Highfield, W. ; Feagin, R.A. , and Armitage, A.R. , 2018. The effects of coastal dune volume and vegetation on storm-induced property damage: Analysis from Hurricane Ike. In response to numerous recent high-profile cases of tropical storm and hurricane damage to coastal communities, there has been increasing attention on the storm protection services provided by coastal ecosystems. However, substantial knowledge gaps exist regarding the quantitative economic benefits of such services, particularly for coastal vegetated dune ecosystems. A novel geographic information system (GIS)-based technique for delineating, quantifying, and relating coastal dune volume, vegetation area, and geographic and built-environment covariates to sustained property damage was used for the upper Texas coast following Hurricane Ike in 2008. The multivariate regression analysis contained more than 1000 homes spanning both sides of the storm's path. Dune volume and vegetation were both significantly related to reduced sustained property damage for the west side of the storm. For this area, model results showed that dune sediment was worth roughly $50 per cubic meter and dune vegetation was worth roughly $140 per square meter. However, because these variables were collinear and modeled separately, these amounts should not be viewed additively. The total property damage offset value of dunes across the study area was estimated to be more than $8 million, or approximately $8200 per homeowner. Based on the frequency of storms for this area over the last 115 years, coastal vegetated dunes were valued at roughly $86,000 per hectare per year. The results indicate that dunes could play an integral role in coastal hazard mitigation strategies and offer a unique opportunity where bioengineered, green infrastructure can be used as an alternative to hard coastal structures.
Warm Eocene climate enhanced petroleum generation from Cretaceous source rocks: A potential climate feedback mechanism?

Earth surface temperatures, including in the deep sea increased by 5–10°C from the late Paleocene ca. 58 Myr ago to the Early Eocene Climatic Optimum (EECO) centered at about 51 Myr ago. A large (∼2.5‰) drop in δ13C of carbonate spans much of this interval. This suggests a long‐term increase in the net flux of13C‐depleted carbon to the ocean and atmosphere that is difficult to explain by changes in surficial carbon cycling alone. We reveal a relationship between surface temperature increase and increased petroleum generation in sedimentary basins operating on 100 kyr to Myr time scales. We propose that early Eocene warming has led to a synchronization of periods of maximum petroleum generation and enhanced generation in otherwise unproductive basins through extension of the volume of source rock within the oil and gas window across hundreds of sedimentary basins globally. Modelling the thermal evolution of four sedimentary basins in the southwest Pacific predicted an up to 50% increase in petroleum generation that would have significantly increased leakage of light hydrocarbons and oil degeneration products into the atmosphere. Extrapolating our modelling results to hundreds of sedimentary basins worldwide suggests that globally increased leakage could have caused a climate feedback effect, driving or enhancing early Eocene climate warming.
Mining the Biomedical Literature in the Genomic Era: An Overview

The past decade has seen a tremendous growth in the amount of experimental and computational biomedical data, specifically in the areas of genomics and proteomics. This growth is accompanied by an accelerated increase in the number of biomedical publications discussing the findings. In the last few years, there has been a lot of interest within the scientific community in literature-mining tools to help sort through this abundance of literature and find the nuggets of information most relevant and useful for specific analysis tasks. This paper provides a road map to the various literature-mining methods, both in general and within bioinformatics. It surveys the disciplines involved in unstructured-text analysis, categorizes current work in biomedical literature mining with respect to these disciplines, and provides examples of text analysis methods applied towards meeting some of the current challenges in bioinformatics.
Analysis and Simulation of Subthreshold Leakage Current Reduction in IP3 SRAM Bit-Cell at 45nm CMOS Technology for Multimedia Applications

currents in deep sub-micrometer regimes is becoming a significant contributor to power dissipation in CMOS digital circuits as the threshold voltage, channel length, and gate oxide thickness are reduced. Therefore, the identification and modeling of different leakage components is very important for the estimation and reduction of leakage power consumption, especially for battery powered and portable low-power applications. In this work we have performed an analysis and circuit level simulation at Deep Sub-Micron stability loss with a small area penalty. The standby leakage power is better in P4, and P3 cells by 59%, and 23% to IP3 cell but at the cost of degraded cells' data retentation and stability. The standby leakage power in IP3 is reduced by 36% and 52% in comparison with 6T and PP cell with improved cell stability and performance. The simulation has been carried out on t ox = 2.
Psychiatric and Psychosocial Issues

Central nervous system (CNS) cancer, including primary brain tumors, CNS metastases, and nonmetastatic effects of cancer on the CNS, often has serious psychiatric and psychosocial consequences for the patient and for caregivers (Passik and Ricketts, 1998). The psychiatric impact of CNS cancer and associated treatment is unique because of direct effects on the brain and, thus, on mind, personality, memory, and self-concept. Patients often experience dramatic changes in mood and cognition, as well as decreased ability to function independently. Patients and family members are often unprepared for the neurologic sequelae of systemic cancer (Patchell and Posner, 1989). The same is true of behavioral consequences of primary or metastatic CNS cancer, possibly because of associated stigma or because of difficulties interpreting implications of the clinical presentations. The social impact of these diseases affect the spouse or significant other, as well as family members and caregivers, all of whom may be called on to provide a greater level of support than is typically required for cancer patients. Understanding the psychiatric and psychosocial impacts of neuro-oncologic illnesses on patients, families, and healthcare providers is essential to effectively treat cancer in this setting. Comprehensive treatment of CNS cancer entails use of appropriate psychopharmacologic, psychotherapeutic, cognitive, and behavioral interventions for the patient, as well as group and individual interventions for caregivers and staff. The psychiatric and psychosocial effects of CNS cancer may be modest or subtle in initial stages of involvement. Long-term sequelae are often complex and severe. Patients are particularly vulnerable to such difficulties because a progressive disease course is generally characterized by an incipient cognitive and functional decline, along with multiple neurologic deficits. Coping with issues such as loss of independence is made more difficult by the effects of organic mental syndromes, including delirium, dementia, and mood disorders. Because most forms of CNS cancer have a poor prognosis, grief and mourning are central issues for the patient and close supporters (Passik et al., 1994). We describe in this chapter the common psychiatric disorders (and some uncommon neuropsychiatric syndromes) encountered in neuro-oncology, as well as psychosocial problems facing patients and caregivers. Psychopharmacologic and psychotherapeutic interventions for the patient are discussed, as are individual and group psychotherapeutic interventions for caregivers and staff. In all cases, the intent is to improve quality of life, palliate distressing symptoms, and minimize adverse effects on treatment or end-of-life care.
Population Pharmacokinetics of Oseltamivir: Pediatrics through Geriatrics

ABSTRACT Oseltamivir is a potent inhibitor of influenza virus neuraminidase enzymes essential for viral replication. This study aimed to investigate the impact of covariates on pharmacokinetic (PK) variability of oseltamivir and its active metabolite form, oseltamivir carboxylate (OC). Dosing history, plasma drug concentrations, and demographic information were pooled from 13 clinical trials providing data for 390 healthy and infected subjects ranging in age from 1 to 78 years and given oseltamivir doses of 20 to 1,000 mg. Candidate population PK models simultaneously characterizing the time course of oseltamivir and OC in plasma were evaluated by using the NONMEM software program, and subject covariates were assessed using stepwise forward selection (α = 0.01) and backward elimination (α = 0.001). A two-compartment model with first-order absorption of oseltamivir and first-order conversion of oseltamivir to OC and a one-compartment model with first-order elimination of OC were utilized. Body weight when evaluated using a power function was a significant predictor of the apparent oseltamivir clearance and both apparent OC clearance (CLm/F) and central volume of distribution (Vcm/F). Creatinine clearance was a significant predictor of CLm/F, while Vcm/F also decreased linearly with age. A visual predictive check indicated that the final model described oseltamivir and OC concentrations in plasma adequately across dose regimens and subject covariate ranges. Concordance of population mean and individual post hoc predictions of maximum concentration of drug at steady state (Cmax) and area under the plasma drug concentration-time curve from 0 to 24 h at steady state (AUC0–24) was high (r2 = 0.81 and 0.71, respectively). In conclusion, a comprehensive population PK model was constructed to bridge the adult to pediatric oseltamivir PK data, allowing for reasonable estimation of the PK of OC using subject demographic data alone.
Size and anatomic location of ruptured intracranial aneurysms in patients with single and multiple aneurysms: a retrospective study from a single center

Background and purpose The difference in the relationship between the size of intracranial aneurysms (IAs) and their risk of rupture in patients with singe IAs versus those with multiple IAs is unclear. We sought to retrospectively analyze the size of ruptured IAs (RIAs) in patients with single and multiple IAs in order to study this relationship further. Methods We retrospectively measured the size and location of RIAs in all patients who presented to our institute with an acute subarachnoid hemorrhage between 1 January 2005 and 31 December 2010. The IAs were classified by size into very small IAs or VSAs (≤3 mm), small IAs or SAs (>3 mm but ≤7 mm) and others (>7 mm). Results 379 patients (281 with a single IA, Group 1 and 98 with multiple IAs, Group 2) with 419 treated RIAs were included in the study. VSAs and SAs constituted the majority of RIAs in both groups (33.5% and 45.2% in Group 1 and 24.6% and 50.7% in Group 2) and the mean size of the RIAs was not different between the two groups. VSAs constituted almost two-thirds of all RIAs in certain locations whereas IAs > 7 mm in size did not constitute more than a third of the RIAs at any of the arterial locations. Conclusions The high incidence of VSAs, particularly in certain locations in both patient subgroups, suggests that current diagnostic, prognostic and therapeutic options in the management of IAs should be more tailored towards the management of these difficult-to-treat lesions.
Optimal V/sub th/ assignment and buffer insertion for simultaneous leakage and glitch minimization though integer linear programming (ILP)

This paper addresses the problem of minimizing both leakage and glitch power by appropriately using dual-V/sub th/ and buffer insertion (for path balancing) techniques, respectively. The problem is formulated as an integer linear program (ILP) with the objective of optimally assigning threshold voltage to the gates to minimize total leakage power and then inserting delay buffers at appropriate positions to minimize glitches. The ILP allows for tradeoff analysis by including constraints where user specified thresholds for total leakage power as well as circuit performance can be inserted. The ILP is solved using CPLEX. Simulation results with ISCAS'85 benchmark circuits indicate that significant savings in leakage power is achieved with minimal number of inserted buffers.
Inoculating SSH Against Address Harvesting

Address harvesting is the act of searching a compromised host for the names and addresses of other targets to attack, such as occurs when an email virus locates target addresses from users’ address lists or mail archives. We examine how host addresses harvested from Secure Shell (SSH) clients’ known hosts files can aid those attacking SSH servers. Each user’s known hosts file contains the names of every host previously accessed by its owner. Thus, when an attacker compromises a user’s password or identity key, the known hosts file can be used to identify those hosts on a network that are most likely to accept this compromised credential. Such attacks are not theoretical – a single attacker who targeted host authentication via SSH and employed known hosts address harvesting was able to gain access to a multitude of academic, commercial, and government systems. To show the value of known hosts files to such attackers, we present results of a study of known hosts files and other data collected from 173 hosts distributed over 25 top level domains. We also collected data on users’ credential management practices, and discovered that 61.7% of the identity keys we encountered were stored unencrypted. To show how host authentication attacks via SSH could evolve if automated, we survey mechanisms used to attack and their suitability for use in self-propagating code. Finally, we present countermeasures devised to defend against address harvesting, which have been adopted by the OpenSSH team and one of the two main commercial SSH software vendors.
Channel assignment in cognitive wireless mesh networks

In this paper we consider a cognitive wireless mesh network where unlicensed users (secondary users, SUs) can use the unused licensed spectrum allocated to primary users (PUs). Wireless mesh networks (WMNs) have emerged recently to improve internet access and other networking services. WMNs routers provide network access to the clients and other networking functions such as routing, and packet forwarding. Spectrum scarcity is the main challenge that limits the performance of WMNs. Although considerable research has been conducted on spectrum allocation, spectrum assignment is still considered an important open problem. This problem can be solved using cognitive radio technology that allows radios to intelligently locate free frequencies and assign them to users. In addition to consider quality of service (QoS) of users, our scheme uses several heuristics for allocating channels. These heuristics include channel error rate, PUs activities, channel capacity and channel switching time. Performance evaluation of the proposed scheme shows that the scheme is able to allocate the unused spectrum for SUs efficiently.
Treating glioblastoma multiforme with selective high-dose liposomal doxorubicin chemotherapy induced by repeated focused ultrasound

Background High-dose tissue-specific delivery of therapeutic agents would be a valuable clinical strategy. We have previously shown that repeated transcranial focused ultrasound is able to increase the delivery of Evans blue significantly into brain tissue. The present study shows that repeated pulsed high-intensity focused ultrasound (HIFU) can be used to deliver high-dose atherosclerotic plaque-specific peptide-1 (AP-1)-conjugated liposomes selectively to brain tumors. Methods Firefly luciferase (Fluc)-labeled human GBM8401 glioma cells were implanted into NOD-scid mice. AP-1-conjugated liposomal doxorubicin or liposomal doxorubicin alone was administered followed by pulsed HIFU and the doxorubicin concentration in the treated brains quantified by fluorometer. Growth of the labeled glioma cells was monitored through noninvasive bioluminescence imaging and finally the brain tissue was histologically examined after sacrifice. Results Compared with the control group, the animals treated with 5 mg/kg injections of AP-1 liposomal doxorubicin or untargeted liposomal doxorubicin followed by repeated pulsed HIFU not only showed significantly enhanced accumulation of drug at the sonicated tumor site but also a significantly elevated tumor-to-normal brain drug ratio (P < 0.001). Combining repeated pulsed HIFU with AP-1 liposomal doxorubicin or untargeted liposomal doxorubicin has similar antitumor effects. Conclusion This study demonstrates that targeted or untargeted liposomal doxorubicin, followed by repeated pulsed HIFU, is a promising high-dose chemotherapy method that allows the desired brain tumor region to be targeted specifically.
Coral habitats in submarine canyons of the Bay of Biscay : distribution, ecology and vulnerability

Cold-water coral (CWC) habitats formed by colonial scleractinians, gorgonians, antipatharians and sea pens are biodiversity and biomass hotspots that provide important functions, such as shelter and feeding grounds, to other organisms. But, they are also vulnerable to human activities, because they are long-lived, grow slowly and have a low resistance. Submarine canyons may offer the environmental conditions needed for CWC habitat development, due to their steep topography, complex hydrodynamics and substrate heterogeneity. In the Bay of Biscay, which margin is incised by hundreds of canyons, CWCs are known to exist since the late 19th century, but their distribution, density and functional role remained largely unknown, which impaired their preservation.To increase this knowledge, 24 canyons and three locations between adjacent canyons were visited with an ROV and a towed camera system during 46 dives on 7 cruises. Images were analysed for CWC habitats using the CoralFISH classification system. Within these habitats, corals, associated fauna were identified and substrate cover measured. Litter was identified in 15 out of 24 canyons.Eleven coral habitats constructed by 62 coral morphotypes were observed in the canyons of the Bay of Biscay hosting 191 associated megafaunal morphotypes, including 160 unique morphotypes. The distribution patterns at regional and local scales could be linked to hydrodynamics and sedimentary regimes. Substrate type was an important driver for coral and associated faunal assemblages, distinguishing biogenic, hard substrate and soft substrate habitats. Coral assemblages were similar between biogenic and hard substrate habitats, but the associated fauna was more abundant and diverse on biogenic habitats. The alpha, beta and gamma diversity was surprisingly high on soft substrate habitats, equalling or exceeding that of biogenic habitats.Marine litter was abundant and was mainly composed of plastic items and fishing gear. Litter could co-occur with CWCs and impact them: litter and most CWC habitats were observed at similar water depths and litter was more abundant in areas with a seafloor relief created by biological or geological features. Observations of coral reefs on steeper areas in the canyons and coral debris on flatter areas on the interfluve/upper slope may indicate a potential impact of the fishing industry. This study supports the ongoing effort to create a Natura 2000 network that will protect biogenic and hard substrate habitats, but also points out the need to develop a framework for the preservation of coral habitats on soft substrate.
Minimizing environmental impact whilst securing drinking water quantity and quality demands from a reservoir

Complying with the demands of drinking water supply whilst minimizing environmental impact poses a great challenge in water management. This study investigates the potential of withdrawal management of drinking water reservoirs to alleviate the disruption of the river continuum by a reservoir dam with respect to temperature and discharge. The aim is the identification of an optimal withdrawal strategy to provide a near‐natural discharge temperature and flow for the downstream river without jeopardizing drinking water production. First, we identify the applicability of new withdrawal regimes for raw water security and downstream river demands. Second, we search for an ideal withdrawal regime in scenario simulations using a numerical reservoir model (“General Lake Model”). The scenarios on a drinking water reservoir in Germany demonstrate that we are able to derive an optimized reservoir management. The numerical model is provided for operators as a simple and efficient tool for optimizing the withdrawal strategy within reservoir management.
Maintaining Cooperation in Noisy Environments

To prevent or alleviate conflicts in multi-agent environments, it is important to distinguish between situations where another agent has misbehaved intentionally and situations where the misbehavior was accidental. One situation where this problem arises is the Noisy Iterated Prisoner's Dilemma, a version of the Iterated Prisoner's Dilemma (IPD) in which there is a nonzero probability that a "cooperate" action will accidentally be changed into a "defect" action and vice versa. Tit-For-Tat and other strategies that do quite well in the ordinary (non-noisy) IPD can do quite badly in the Noisy IPD. This paper presents a technique called symbolic noise detection, for detecting whether anomalies in player's behavior are deliberate or accidental. This idea to use player's deterministic behavior to tell whether an action has been affected by noise. We also present DBS, an algorithm that uses symbolic noise detection in the Noisy IPD. DBS constructs a model of the other agent's deterministic behavior, and watches for any deviation from this model. If the other agent's next action is inconsistent with this model, the inconsistency can be due either to noise or to a genuine change in their behavior; and DBS can often distinguish between two cases by waiting to see whether this inconsistency persists in next few moves. This technique is effective because many IPD players often have clear deterministic patterns of behavior. We entered several different implementations of DBS in the 2005 Iterated Prisoner's Dilemma competition, in Category 2 (noisy environments). Out of the 165 contestants in this category, most of DBS implementations ranked among top ten. The best one ranked third, and it was beaten only by two "master-and-slaves strategy" programs that each had a large number of "slave" programs feeding points to them.