Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Anterior Cruciate Ligament Injury in National Collegiate Athletic Association Basketball and Soccer: A 13-Year Review

Background Female collegiate athletes have been reported to have a higher rate of anterior cruciate ligament injury compared to male collegiate athletes. This finding has spawned a branch of research focused on understanding and preventing this injury pattern. Purpose To determine if the trends reported in 1994 have continued. Study Type Descriptive epidemiology study. Methods The National Collegiate Athletic Association Injury Surveillance System database was reviewed for all data relating to men's and women's basketball and soccer anterior cruciate ligament injuries for 1990 to 2002. Results No significant difference was seen in basketball comparing frequency of contact versus noncontact injuries between men (70.1%) and women (75.7%). Male basketball players sustained 37 contact injuries and 78 noncontact injuries. Female basketball players sustained 100 contact injuries and 305 noncontact injuries. In soccer, there was a significant difference in frequency of injury for male (49.6%) and female (58.3%) athletes when comparing contact and noncontact injuries (χ2 = 4.1, P <. 05). Male soccer players sustained 72 contact injuries and 66 noncontact injuries. Female soccer players sustained 115 contact injuries and 161 noncontact injuries. The magnitude of the difference in injury rates between male and female basketball players (0.32-0.21, P =. 93) remained constant, whereas the magnitude of the difference in the rate of injuries between male and female soccer players (0.16-0.21, P =. 08) widened. Comparing injury within gender by sport, soccer players consistently sustained more anterior cruciate ligament injuries than did basketball players. The rate of anterior cruciate ligament injury for male soccer players was 0.11 compared to 0.08 for male basketball players (P =. 002). The rate of anterior cruciate ligament injury for female soccer players was 0.33 and for female basketball players was 0.29 (P =. 04). The rates for all anterior cruciate ligament injuries for women were statistically significantly higher (P <. 01) than the rates for all anterior cruciate ligament injuries for men, regardless of the sport. In soccer, the rate of all anterior cruciate ligament injuries across the 13 years for male soccer players significantly decreased (P =. 02), whereas it remained constant for female players. Conclusions In this sample, the rate of anterior cruciate ligament injury, regardless of mechanism of injury, continues to be significantly higher for female collegiate athletes than for male collegiate athletes in both soccer and basketball. Clinical Relevance Despite vast attention to the discrepancy between anterior cruciate ligament injury rates between men and women, these differences continue to exist in collegiate basketball and soccer players. Also demonstrated is that although the rate of injury for women is higher than for men, the actual rate of injury remains low and should not be a deterrent to participation in sports.
Technical review of the energy and protein requirements of growing pigs: food intake

A review of work reported in the literature was used to present quantitative descriptions of protein use in the growing pig. These are detailed in the text, which also points to preferred values, and to anomalies and lacunae. The review was prepared with the objective of allowing from its content the inclusive and quantitative modelling of amino acid requirement. Requirement was approached as the sum of the component factors: maintenance and protein retention. Ileal true digestible protein and amino acid requirements are presented in a form consistent with that forwarded for energy. Thus both energy and protein elements can be conceptualized within a single coherent framework. Priority uses for absorbed amino acids were assumed to be (a) to support endogenous protein losses resultant from the passage of food and incomplete re-absorption prior to the terminal ileum, (b) to replace lost hair and skin, and (c) to cover the basic maintenance losses which will occur as a result of minimal protein turn-over even when protein retention is zero. The bulk of the protein requirement was directly linked to the daily rate of protein retention, for which the linear-plateau response was accepted. For determination of the maximum rate of protein retention the Gompertz function was proposed, although the use of a single value throughout the growth period was not dismissed. The balance of amino acids for protein retention is specified as different from that for maintenance. Central to the approach was the proposal that the inefficiency of use of ileal digested ideal protein, even when not supplied in excess, was an expression of protein losses occurring as a result of protein turn-over. The requirement for the satisfaction of the losses from protein turn-over occurring as a consequence of protein retention, and therefore additional to the requirements for maintenance, was identified. Quantification was attempted with sufficient success to warrant its inclusion into requirement estimation. It was concluded that this element addressed previously inadequately explained protein utilization inefficiencies. Algorithms are presented based upon protein turn-over which appear to be consistent with empirical findings.
Online cost minimization for operating geo-distributed cloud CDNs

Cloud-based content delivery networks (Cloud CDN) cache and deliver contents from geo-distributed cloud data centers to end users across the globe, exploiting "infinite" on-demand cloud resources to address volatile user demands. It is critically important to efficiently manage cloud resources in different locations over time, for minimization of the operational cost of the CDN provider, while delivering short response delay to user requests. Although many have studied cost-aware replica placement and request redirection in CDN systems, most are restricted to an offline or one-time setting, or resort to greedy heuristics for online operation. This work proposes an efficient online algorithm for dynamic content replication and request dispatching in cloud CDNs operating over a long time span, targeting overall cost minimization with performance guarantees. Our online algorithm consists of two main modules: (1) a regularization method from the online learning literature to convert the offline cost-minimization optimization problem into a sequence of regularized problems, each to be efficiently solvable in one time slot; (2) a randomized approach to convert the optimal fractional solutions from the regularized problems to integer solutions of the original problem, achieving a good competitive ratio. The effectiveness of our online algorithm is validated through solid theoretical analysis and trace-driven simulations.
Individuals Negotiating Demands of Social and Economic Change: A Control-Theoretical Approach

We investigated how individuals negotiated demands of social change in the domains of work and family life in terms of primary and secondary control strategies of goal engagement and disengagement. A sample of N = 2,153 adults from East and West Germany was interviewed on demands they experienced, related primary and secondary control strategies, occupational and relationship status, and primary and secondary appraisals of demands. Results show little specific variance in the control strategies between the domain of work and the domain of family and a general preference for goal engagement over goal disengagement in dealing with demands of social change. Participants outside the labor market and singles reported relatively less engagement and more disengagement strategies. More favorable primary and secondary appraisals were associated with more engagement and less disengagement whereas a higher load of demands of social change predicted all control strategies in a positive way.
SQLI-Dagger, a Multilevel Template based Algorithm to Detect and Prevent SQL Injection

injection attacks are often found within the dynamic pages of a web application that exploit the security vulnerability of the database layers of an application. In this attack category a specifically crafted SQL command is entered in the form field of a web application instead of the expected information. SQL injection takes advantages of the design flaws in poorly designed web applications to poison SQL statements and bypass the normal methods of accessing the database content . In these types of Injection attempt the database server execute undesirable SQL Code to steal, manipulate or delete the content of a database. The proposed algorithm is implemented on an application which is placed on a proxy server kept between the Database server and a web server. It is working on multi-level template based approach, which is a model based approach to detect the illegal queries before they are executed on the database server. With the support of the query evaluation engine it can detect and block the injected query. Only the benign query is allowed to get the access to the back end database server. An alert message is generated if there is an Injection.
Synthesis , part of a Special Feature on Urban Sprawl Urban Landscapes and Sustainable Cities

Ecological research targeting sustainable urban landscapes needs to include findings and methods from many lines of ecological research, such as the link between biodiversity and ecosystem function, the role of humans in ecosystems, landscape connectivity, and resilience. This paper reviews and highlights the importance of these issues for sustainable use of ecosystem services, which is argued to be one aspect of sustainable cities. The paper stresses the need to include social and economic factors when analyzing urban landscapes. Spatially explicit data can be used to assess the roles different green areas have in providing people with ecosystem services, and whether people actually have access to the services. Such data can also be used to assess connectivity and heterogeneity, both argued to be central for continuous, long-term provision of these services, and to determine the role urban form has for sustainability.
Why are orchid flowers so diverse? Reduction of evolutionary constraints by paralogues of class B floral homeotic genes.

BACKGROUND The nearly 30 000 species of orchids produce flowers of unprecedented diversity. However, whether specific genetic mechanisms contributed to this diversity is a neglected topic and remains speculative. We recently published a theory, the 'orchid code', maintaining that the identity of the different perianth organs is specified by the combinatorial interaction of four DEF-like MADS-box genes with other floral homeotic genes. SCOPE Here the developmental and evolutionary implications of our theory are explored. Specifically, it is shown that all frequent floral terata, including all peloric types, can be explained by monogenic gain- or-loss-of-function mutants, changing either expression of a DEF-like or CYC-like gene. Supposed dominance or recessiveness of mutant alleles is correlated with the frequency of terata in both cultivation and nature. Our findings suggest that changes in DEF- and CYC-like genes not only underlie terata but also the natural diversity of orchid species. We argue, however, that true changes in organ identity are rare events in the evolution of orchid flowers, even though we review some likely cases. CONCLUSIONS The four DEF paralogues shaped floral diversity in orchids in a dramatic way by modularizing the floral perianth based on a complex series of sub- and neo-functionalization events. These genes may have eliminated constraints, so that different kinds of perianth organs could then evolve individually and thus often in dramatically different ways in response to selection by pollinators or by genetic drift. We therefore argue that floral diversity in orchids may be the result of an unprecedented developmental genetic predisposition that originated early in orchid evolution.
AlN solidly mounted resonators for high temperature applications

Monitoring under harsh environments, particularly high temperatures (> 600°C), is on high demand nowadays. Applications such as gas control in propulsion systems or fire detection in early stages are good examples. During the last decades, materials and devices have been extensively investigated for these applications. Few have proven thermal and chemical stability. Among the most used devices are surface acoustic wave (SAW) resonators using a langasite (LGS) substrate. Their main disadvantage is related to their transducer topology. Their long and narrow electrode strips are subjected to destructive agglomeration. In order to solve this problem, solidly mounted bulk resonators (SMR) are here proposed as an alternative. They provide rigidity, high performance and large electrodes. Here we investigate the performance of SMR devices after annealing under vacuum condition at 700°C for a cumulative time of 24h. SMRs are composed of porous-SiO2/Mo Bragg mirrors and Ir or Mo electrodes. Their performance shows and initial overall improvement with subsequent stabilization. Qp×keff2 in the order of 72 are achieved. Further investigations on full dielectric Bragg mirrors will be performed. With this initial study we demonstrate that SMRs can be a good alternative to SAWs for high temperature applications.
Towards the Solution of Power Dissipation in Electronics Systems through Thermodynamics

Power loss in the electronic system is a very crucial limiting factor that can be reduced or minimized with the help of using the reversible logics "a concept came from Thermodynamics". In this paper the authors shows the concept of reversible logics for the Electronics system. The logical and physical designing approach is given in the paper in detail. The contradiction of logical and physical reversibility with the conventional CMOS designing is also shows and the solution of that contradiction is also proposed by the authors using adiabatic logic. This Paper gives a complete and clear idea if the thermodynamical concept for the electronics industries for power reduction.
Do “they” threaten “us” or do “we” disrespect “them”: Majority perceptions of intergroup relations and everyday contacts with immigrant minorities

The present study examined how majority perceptions of intergroup relations afford different contact experiences with immigrant minorities. Majority students attending culturally diverse high schools first completed a survey that measured the extent to which they perceived immigrant minorities as either threatening to the majority or discriminated by the majority. Two weeks later, the same majority students kept a 1-week diary of their contacts with immigrant minorities. As expected, perceived threat at premeasurement was positively associated with situated threat-related appraisals and emotions (e.g., fear) during everyday contacts with immigrant minorities 2–3 weeks later. In contrast, acknowledgment of discrimination at premeasurement was positively associated with perspective taking and enrichment-related appraisals and emotions (e.g., admiration). These findings suggest that generalized threat perceptions can become self-enforcing through repeated threatening contact experiences; but also that an alternative perception of minorities as disrespected by the majority may underlie more positive contact experiences.
Parents' reasons for brushing or not brushing their child's teeth: a qualitative study.

BACKGROUND Despite recent improvements in oral health, dental caries remains a significant source of morbidity for young children. Research has shown that regular toothbrushing with fluoride toothpaste reduces the risk of dental caries, but the factors that influence parental decisions about whether or not to brush their infant children's teeth at home are poorly understood. AIM To develop an in-depth understanding of the issues that parents face from socio-economically deprived areas when trying to brush their young children's teeth at home. DESIGN Fifteen parents of children aged 3-6 years took part in semi-structured telephone interviews, discussing factors relating to brushing their child's teeth at home. Thematic analysis was used to develop three themes. RESULTS Parents discussed the difficulty of brushing their children's teeth in the evening, due to changing day-to-day routines, and the subsequent difficulty of forming a toothbrushing habit. Motivating factors for brushing children's teeth were largely short term. Satisfaction with brushing frequency was influenced more by perceptions of how often other parents brushed children's teeth than by the 'twice a day' norm or health outcomes. CONCLUSION Results are discussed in relation to research and theories from the psychology and behavioural economics literature, and comparisons are drawn with assumptions inherent in more traditional oral health promotion messages.
Helping Other CEOs Avoid Bad Press

In this study, we examine the determinants and consequences of impression management (IM) support in communications between CEOs and journalists, whereby CEOs of other firms provide positive statements about a focal CEO’s leadership and strategy and/or external attributions for low performance at the focal CEO’s firm. Drawing from social exchange theory, our theoretical perspective suggests how IM support may result from norms of reciprocity among corporate leaders. We consider the potential for direct and generalized reciprocity in the provision of IM support, including generalized reciprocity in which CEOs who received IM support previously pay the support forward to another third-party CEO, and a second form of generalized reciprocity in which CEOs reciprocate IM support to fellow CEOs whom they believe have given similar support to other CEOs in the past. We also draw from the social psychological literature on persuasion to suggest why IM support for another CEO may have a more positive influence on the tenor of journalists’ coverage about the firm’s leadership than impression management by the CEO about his or her own leadership and strategy. We test our hypotheses with data from large and mid-sized public U.S. companies from 1999 to 2007, including original survey data from a large sample of CEOs and journalists. The results supported our hypotheses, and additional findings suggested that the apparent effects of impression management by leaders and staff about their own firms following a negative earnings surprise may be partially attributable to the effects of IM support.
Calls for Reform of Medical Education by the Carnegie Foundation for the Advancement of Teaching: 1910 and 2010

The Carnegie Foundation for the Advancement of Teaching, which in 1910 helped stimulate the transformation of North American medical education with the publication of the Flexner Report, has a venerated place in the history of American medical education. Within a decade following Flexner's report, a strong scientifically oriented and rigorous form of medical education became well established; its structures and processes have changed relatively little since. However, the forces of change are again challenging medical education, and new calls for reform are emerging. In 2010, the Carnegie Foundation will issue another report, Educating Physicians: A Call for Reform of Medical School and Residency, that calls for (1) standardizing learning outcomes and individualizing the learning process, (2) promoting multiple forms of integration, (3) incorporating habits of inquiry and improvement, and (4) focusing on the progressive formation of the physician's professional identity. The authors, who wrote the 2010 Carnegie report, trace the seeds of these themes in Flexner's work and describe their own conceptions of them, addressing the prior and current challenges to medical education as well as recommendations for achieving excellence. The authors hope that the new report will generate the same excitement about educational innovation and reform of undergraduate and graduate medical education as the Flexner Report did a century ago.
We the media - grassroots journalism by the people, for the people

"We the Media, has become something of a bible for those who believe the online medium will change journalism for the better. " - "Financial Times". Big Media has lost its monopoly on the news, thanks to the Internet. Now that it's possible to publish in real time to a worldwide audience, a new breed of grassroots journalists are taking the news into their own hands. Armed with laptops, cell phones, and digital cameras, these readers-turned-reporters are transforming the news from a lecture into a conversation. In "We the Media", nationally acclaimed newspaper columnist and blogger Dan Gillmor tells the story of this emerging phenomenon and sheds light on this deep shift in how we make - and consume - the news. Gillmor shows how anyone can produce the news, using personal blogs, Internet chat groups, email, and a host of other tools. He sends a wake-up call to newsmakers - politicians, business executives, celebrities - and the marketers and PR flacks who promote them. He explains how to successfully play by the rules of this new era and shift from "control" to "engagement. " And, he makes a strong case to his fell journalists that, in the face of a plethora of Internet-fueled news vehicles, they must change or become irrelevant. Journalism in the 21st century will be fundamentally different from the Big Media oligarchy that prevails today. "We the Media" casts light on the future of journalism, and invites us all to be part of it. Dan Gillmor is founder of Grassroots Media Inc., a project aimed at enabling grassroots journalism and expanding its reach. The company's first launch is Bayosphere.com, a site "of, by, and for the San Francisco Bay Area. " From 1994-2004, Gillmor was a columnist at the "San Jose Mercury News", Silicon Valley's daily newspaper, and wrote a weblog for SiliconValley.com. He joined the "Mercury News" after six years with the Detroit Free Press. Before that, he was with the "Kansas City Times" and several newspapers in Vermont. He has won or shared in several regional and national journalism awards. Before becoming a journalist, he played music professionally for seven years.
Benign renal neoplasms in adults: cross-sectional imaging findings.

OBJECTIVE A broad spectrum of benign renal neoplasms in adults shows characteristic ontogeny, histology, and tumor biology. Benign renal tumors are classified into renal cell tumors, metanephric tumors, mesenchymal tumors, and mixed epithelial and mesenchymal tumors. Select benign tumors show characteristic anatomic distribution and imaging features. However, because of overlapping of findings between benign and malignant renal tumors, histologic evaluation may be required to establish a definitive diagnosis. Accurate preoperative characterization facilitates optimal patient management. CONCLUSION We attempt to provide a comprehensive, contemporary review of benign renal neoplasms that occur in adults, focusing on cross-sectional imaging characteristics.