Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Entropy and the species accumulation curve: a novel entropy estimator via discovery rates of new species

Estimating Shannon entropy and its exponential from incomplete samples is a central objective of many research fields. However, empirical estimates of Shannon entropy and its exponential depend strongly on sample size and typically exhibit substantial bias. This work uses a novel method to obtain an accurate, low‐bias analytic estimator of entropy, based on species frequency counts. Our estimator does not require prior knowledge of the number of species. We show that there is a close relationship between Shannon entropy and the species accumulation curve, which depicts the cumulative number of observed species as a function of sample size. We reformulate entropy in terms of the expected discovery rates of new species with respect to sample size, that is, the successive slopes of the species accumulation curve. Our estimator is obtained by applying slope estimators derived from an improved Good‐Turing frequency formula. Our method is also applied to estimate mutual information. Extensive simulations from theoretical models and real surveys show that if sample size is not unreasonably small, the resulting entropy estimator is nearly unbiased. Our estimator generally outperforms previous methods in terms of bias and accuracy (low mean squared error) especially when species richness is large and there is a large fraction of undetected species in samples. We discuss the extension of our approach to estimate Shannon entropy for multiple incidence data. The use of our estimator in constructing an integrated rarefaction and extrapolation curve of entropy (or mutual information) as a function of sample size or sample coverage (an aspect of sample completeness) is also discussed.
Enhanced Vehicle Re-Identification for Smart City Applications Using Zone Specific Surveillance

Vehicle re-identification is an important feature of an intelligent transportation system as part of a smart city application. Vehicle re-identification aims at matching vehicles from images acquired by surveillance cameras at different locations. During rush hours, vehicles are densely occupied across regions such as entry/exit of gated campuses, railways, airports, educational institutions, etc. Due to this uneven flow of traffic, there is a possibility of violation of traffic rules by the vehicles that lead to a security breach. In such scenarios to speed up the re-identification process, it is justified to look into a specific group of surveillance cameras to detect and re- identify vehicles on day to day basis in near real-time. However, the existing vehicle re-identification datasets do not contain zone specific information and therefore can not be used to evaluate the performance of re-identification algorithms in different zones. In the proposed work for re-identification, a framework is developed that performs vehicle re-identification across a group of cameras that monitors varying traffic movements over an area. These areas defined as “strategic zones” comprise a subset of non-overlapping cameras that are installed to monitor non-uniform vehicle movements. The re-identification framework is evaluated on a novel dataset developed to understand the performance of vehicle re-identification across strategic zones. The dataset consists of videos of vehicles captured through 20 CCTV surveillance cameras that are grouped into four different zones. Various experiments are conducted to study the performance of re-identification across four zones using a deep neural network with triplet loss, L2 regularization, and re- ranking. The experiments conducted with an image dimension of $224\times224$ have demonstrated an overall mAP of 77.22%. Also, for each of the four zones a mAP of 82.16%, 69.1%, 66.5%, and 75.76% is achieved. The experimental results demonstrate huge variations in the accuracy of vehicle re-identification method across different zones. Therefore, the study assess the possible measures that can be taken to improve the performance in individual zones for an accurate vehicle re-identification in intelligent transport system.
Patterns of bubble desorption during the solidification of a multicomponent melt

The desorption of bubbles during solidification of a melt occurs in processes as diverse as the making of ice cubes, the formation of igneous rocks and the casting of metals. In both the metal casting and rock formation processes, careful observation of the final solid suggests that the desorbed bubbles often form regular spatial patterns. Understanding and quantifying the mechanisms by which such patterns arise is important. In the geological context, comparison between field measurements and the predictions of a model will allow geologists to estimate in-situ magma properties. In the metal casting context, engineers would like to be able to specify mould geometries and cooling conditions to ensure that the distribution of bubbles will not compromise the strength of critical sections of the casting. In the present study, we develop a detailed mathematical model to predict the distribution of desorbed bubbles in a solidified melt. Our new model builds upon previous knowledge on this phenomenon in the geological context (Toramaru et al. 1996, 1997). We describe desorption of a dissolved gas in a semi-infinite melt, solidified by a one-dimensional heat flux. In the absence of convection, the transfer of heat and solute occurs mainly by a diffusive mechanism and the crystallization proceeds most rapidly near the cooled boundary. The crystals formed contain almost no dissolved gas and hence the concentration of gas dissolved in the melt increases progressively towards the cooled boundary. Diffusion of dissolved gas from the crystallizing zone is slow and, as a result, the local melt becomes supersaturated and gas bubbles desorb. The full equations for this coupled solidification and desorption processes are solved numerically. We find that bubbles desorb forming a sequence of layers parallel to the cooled boundary. The spacing between these bubble layers increases geometrically from the cooled boundary. We give a physical interpretation for this geometric pattern and analyse the effect of physical parameters on the layer spacing. We show that our theoretical model captures the important physical mechanisms involved in the solidification and desorption processes by comparing its predictions with available measurements from a geological formation.
How future climate and tree distribution changes shape the biodiversity of macrofungi across Europe

Climate change is affecting biodiversity at an accelerating rate. Despite the importance of fungi in ecosystems in general, and in the global carbon and nitrogen cycle in particular, there is little research on the response of fungi to climate change compared with plants and animals. Earlier studies show that climatic factors and tree species are key determinants of macrofungal diversity and distribution at large spatial scales. However, our knowledge of how climate change will affect macrofungal diversity and distribution in the future remains poorly understood.
Broad Serotonergic Actions of Vortioxetine as a Promising Avenue for the Treatment of L-DOPA-Induced Dyskinesia

Parkinson’s Disease (PD) is a neurodegenerative disorder characterized by motor symptoms that result from loss of nigrostriatal dopamine (DA) cells. While L-DOPA provides symptom alleviation, its chronic use often results in the development of L-DOPA-induced dyskinesia (LID). Evidence suggests that neuroplasticity within the serotonin (5-HT) system contributes to LID onset, persistence, and severity. This has been supported by research showing 5-HT compounds targeting 5-HT1A/1B receptors and/or the 5-HT transporter (SERT) can reduce LID. Recently, vortioxetine, a multimodal 5-HT compound developed for depression, demonstrated acute anti-dyskinetic effects. However, the durability and underlying pharmacology of vortioxetine’s anti-dyskinetic actions have yet to be delineated. To address these gaps, we used hemiparkinsonian rats in Experiment 1, examining the effects of sub-chronic vortioxetine on established LID and motor performance. In Experiment 2, we applied the 5-HT1A antagonist WAY-100635 or 5-HT1B antagonist SB-224289 in conjunction with L-DOPA and vortioxetine to determine the contributions of each receptor to vortioxetine’s effects. The results revealed that vortioxetine consistently and dose-dependently attenuated LID while independently, 5-HT1A and 5-HT1B receptors each partially reversed vortioxetine’s effects. Such findings further support the promise of pharmacological strategies, such as vortioxetine, and indicate that broad 5-HT actions may provide durable responses without significant side effects.
Overexpression of the Wheat TaPsb28 Gene Enhances Drought Tolerance in Transgenic Arabidopsis

Psb28 is a soluble protein in the photosystem II (PSII) complex, but its role in the drought stress response of wheat remains unclear. Here, we functionally characterized the TaPsb28 gene, which positively regulates drought tolerance in wheat. When the full-length 546-bp TaPsb28 cDNA was transferred into Arabidopsis thaliana, it was located in the guard cell chloroplast around the stroma. Overexpression of TaPsb28 conferred drought tolerance, as exhibited by the increases in the survival rate. Transgenic plants maintained lower MDA content and higher chlorophyll content by inducing chlorophyll synthase (ChlG) gene transcription. The content of abscisic acid (ABA) and zeatin increased significantly in wild-type (WT) plants under drought stress, and the transcriptional expression levels of RD22, dihydroflavonol 4-reductase (DFR) and anthocyanin reductase (ANR) genes were induced, thus enhancing the contents of endogenous cyanidin, delphinidin, and proanthocyanidins. However, in transgenic plants, although anthocyanins were further aggregated, the ABA increase was inhibited, zeatin was restored to the control level under drought stress, and stomatal closure was promoted. These findings indicate ABA and zeatin have opposite synergistic effects in the process of drought tolerance caused by TaPsb28 because only after the effect of zeatin is alleviated can ABA better play its role in promoting anthocyanin accumulation and stomatal closure, thus enhancing the drought tolerance of transgenic plants. The results suggest that overexpression of TaPsb28 exerts a positive role in the drought response by influencing the functional metabolism of endogenous hormones. The understanding acquired through the research laid a foundation for further in-depth investigation of the function of TaPsb28 in drought resistance in wheat, especially its relationship with anthocyanidin accumulation.
Sliding Mode Control of Boost Converter Based on Exact Feedback Linearization

Used the differential geometry theory,the nonlinear coordinate change matrix and the nonlinear state variable feedback equations were proposed based on the affine nonlinear model of boost converters.Then the exact feedback linearization model was obtained.On this basis,a sliding mode controller was designed by selecting linear sliding surface and exponent reaching law.The research result shows that the control method for the exact feedback linearization sliding mode is superior to the current control method in terms of dynamic response performance and steady-stage error regulating characteristics.At the same time,the method overcomes the inherent disadvantage,which is the dependence on the model accuracy of the existing feedback linearization control method,and demonstrates a stronger robustness.So it is a theory with generality and practical significance.
Diagnostics of TM/sub 010/-mode microwave cavity discharges in CO/sub 2/-N/sub 2/-He laser gas mixtures. I. Measurement of dielectric constant

Plasma parameters in the microwave discharged CO/sub 2/ laser gas mixtures of CO/sub 2/-N/sub 2/-He=0.9/2.5/20 at 25 Torr obtained using the perturbation method for a TM/sub 010/-mode cylindrical resonant cavity were examined. From the changes in resonant frequencies and Q values of the cavity, dielectric constant of the discharged plasma under the condition of RF to laser output power conversion ratio of 14% at mass flow rate of 4.2 kg/h was determined to be nearly 0.96-0.01j. It was also obtained from the dielectric constants of the plasma that electron number density, the electron temperature, and discharge parameters (E/n) were (0.3-3)/spl times/10/sup 15/m/sup -3/, 0.5-2.7 eV, and (0.5-2)/spl times/10/sup -/15 Vcm/sup 2/, respectively. >
Color image segmentation using watershed and Nyström method based spectral clustering

Color image segmentation draws a lot of attention recently. In order to improve efficiency of spectral clustering in color image segmentation, a novel two-stage color image segmentation method is proposed. In the first stage, we use vector gradient approach to detect color image gradient information, and watershed transformation to get the pre-segmentation result. In the second stage, Nyström extension based spectral clustering is used to get the final result. To verify the proposed algorithm, it is applied to color images from the Berkeley Segmentation Dataset. Experiments show our method can bring promising results and reduce the runtime significantly.
Polarized light in turbid medium transmission characteristics

the polarized light in the atmosphere, water and human tissue is more application. For polarized light in turbid medium of different integrated transmission characteristics, this paper adopts the mie scattering theory polarized light scattering method research in turbid medium, the transmission characteristics of polarized light in turbid medium is given in the model, the change law of polarization light intensity change. Finally based on the coherent polarization theory, USES the cross spectral density partially coherent light polarization characteristics of transmission in the transmission process changes to make predictions.
Study on cooling regularity for Newton's law of cooling

This paper introduces the contents and the applying range of Newton's law of cooling.The application on thermal dissipation's correction in the thermal experiments is inquiried in detail.At the same time,the authors put forward a kind of method in which the Newton's law of cooling solving the material specific heat is taken into use.
Comprehensive bioinformatic analysis constructs a CXCL model for predicting survival and immunotherapy effectiveness in ovarian cancer

Background: Immunotherapy has limited effectiveness in ovarian cancer (OC) patients, highlighting the need for reliable biomarkers to predict the effectiveness of these treatments. The C-X-C motif chemokine ligands (CXCLs) have been shown to be associated with survival outcomes and immunotherapy efficacy in cancer patients. In this study, we aimed to evaluate the predictive value of 16 CXCLs in OC patients. Methods: We analyzed RNA-seq data from The Cancer Genome Atlas, Gene Expression Omnibus, and UCSC Xena database and conducted survival analysis. Consensus cluster analysis was used to group patients into distinct clusters based on their expression patterns. Biological pathway alterations and immune infiltration patterns were examined across these clusters using gene set variation analysis and single-sample gene set enrichment analysis. We also developed a CXCL scoring model using principal component analysis and evaluated its effectiveness in predicting immunotherapy response by assessing tumor microenvironment cell infiltration, tumor mutational burden estimation, PD-L1/CTLA4 expression, and immunophenoscore analysis (IPS). Results: Most CXCL family genes were overexpressed in OC tissues compared to normal ovarian tissues. Patients were grouped into three distinct CXCL clusters based on their CXCL expression pattern. Additionally, using differentially expressed genes among the CXCL clusters, patients could also be grouped into three gene clusters. The CXCL and gene subtypes effectively predicted survival and immune cell infiltration levels for OC patients. Furthermore, patients with high CXCL scores had significantly better survival outcomes, higher levels of immune cell infiltration, higher IPS, and higher expression of PD-L1/CTLA4 than those with low CXCL scores. Conclusion: The CXCL score has the potential to be a promising biomarker to guide immunotherapy in individual OC patients and predict their clinical outcomes and immunotherapy responses.
THE GEOMETRY OF CANONICAL VARIATE ANALYSIS

The geometry of canonical variate analysis is described as a two-stage orthogonal rotation. The first stage involves a principal component analysis of the original variables. The second stage involves a principal component analysis of the group means for the orthonormal variables from the first-stage eigenanalysis. The geometry of principal component analysis is also outlined. Algebraic aspects of canonical variate analysis are discussed and these are related to the geometrical description. Some practical implications of the geometrical approach for stability of the canonical vectors and variable selection are presented. [Multivariate analysis; canonical variate analysis; discriminant analysis; principal component analysis. ]
Statistical models of brittle fragmentation

Recent developments in statistical models for fragmentation of brittle material are reviewed. The generic objective of these models is understanding the origin of the fragment size distributions (FSDs) that result from fracturing brittle material. Brittle fragmentation can be divided into two categories: (1) Instantaneous fragmentation for which breakup generations are not distinguishable and (2) continuous fragmentation for which generations of chronological fragment breakups can be identified. This categorization becomes obvious in mining industry applications where instantaneous fragmentation refers to blasting of rock and continuous fragmentation to the consequent crushing and grinding of the blasted rock fragments. A model of unstable cracks and crack-branch merging contains both of the FSDs usually related to instantaneous fragmentation: the scale invariant FSD with the power exponent (2−1/D) and the double exponential FSD which relates to Poisson process fragmentation. The FSDs commonly related to continuous fragmentation are: the lognormal FSD originating from uncorrelated breakup and the power-law FSD which can be modeled as a cascade of breakups. Various solutions to the generic rate equation of continuous fragmentation are briefly listed. Simulations of crushing experiments reveal that both cascade and uncorrelated fragmentations are possible, but that also a mechanism of maximizing packing density related to Apollonian packing may be relevant for slow compressive crushing. Contents PAGE 1. Introduction 248 2. Instantaneous fragmentation 249 2.1. Background 249 2.2. Criticality in instantaneous fragmentation 250 2.3. Numerical models of fragmentation 251 2.4. The beam model 251 2.5. Rheology of cracks 252 2.6. Instability of fast cracks 253 2.7. Side branches form fragments 256 2.8. 2D objects in 3D space 262 2.9. The transition point 262 2.10. Simulations 263 2.11. Experiments 265 3. Continuous fragmentation 268 3.1. Background 268 3.2. Uncorrelated breakup history 268 3.3. Cascade fragmentation 269 3.4. Rate equations for fragmentation 269 3.5. Fragmentation of granular packings 270 4. Summary and discussion 271 Acknowledgements 273 Appendix 273 References 276
RoPriv: Road Network-Aware Privacy-Preserving Framework in Spatial Crowdsourcing

Spatial Crowdsourcing (SC) has been an indispensable Location-based Service where the SC server assigns tasks to workers based on the locations of task requesters and workers, raising strong privacy concerns. Limited by the computational and time complexity, existing works prefer differential privacy-based methods to protect location privacy. However, most differential privacy-based works ignore the road network, perturbing locations on two-dimensional plane, resulting in more failures in tasks and moreover extensive privacy disclosure in practice. This paper aims to implement a multi-task assignment with both high utility and efficiency while protecting the location privacy of both task requesters and workers on road networks. Specifically, we design a Road Network-aware Exponential Mechanism and propose an Obfuscated Locations Selection algorithm to guarantee location privacy of all participants and extensive privacy. Then, we propose region distance. Based on this, we further formulate multi-task assignment as a Binary Linear Programming problem and a utility-aware optimization problem. We solve the first problem to obtain optimal efficiency and then propose a utility-aware optimization algorithm for the second problem to improve the utility. Our experiments demonstrate sufficient and stable privacy guarantee and the well-performance on both utility and efficiency of our framework.
Activation of endothelial NO synthase and P2X7 receptor modification mediates the cholinergic control of ATP-induced interleukin-1β release by mononuclear phagocytes

Objective The pro-inflammatory cytokine interleukin-1β (IL-1β) plays a central role in host defense against infections. High systemic IL-1β levels, however, promote the pathogenesis of inflammatory disorders. Therefore, mechanisms controlling IL-1β release are of substantial clinical interest. Recently, we identified a cholinergic mechanism inhibiting the ATP-mediated IL-1β release by human monocytes via nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (nAChR) subunits α7, α9 and/or α10. We also discovered novel nAChR agonists that trigger this inhibitory function in monocytic cells without eliciting ionotropic functions at conventional nAChRs. Here, we investigate the ion flux-independent signaling pathway that links nAChR activation to the inhibition of the ATP-sensitive P2X7 receptor (P2X7R). Methods Different human and murine mononuclear phagocytes were primed with lipopolysaccharide and stimulated with the P2X7R agonist BzATP in the presence or absence of nAChR agonists, endothelial NO synthase (eNOS) inhibitors, and NO donors. IL-1β was measured in cell culture supernatants. Patch-clamp and intracellular Ca2+ imaging experiments were performed on HEK cells overexpressing human P2X7R or P2X7R with point mutations at cysteine residues in the cytoplasmic C-terminal domain. Results The inhibitory effect of nAChR agonists on the BzATP-induced IL-1β release was reversed in the presence of eNOS inhibitors (L-NIO, L-NAME) as well as in U937 cells after silencing of eNOS expression. In peripheral blood mononuclear leukocytes from eNOS gene-deficient mice, the inhibitory effect of nAChR agonists was absent, suggesting that nAChRs signal via eNOS to inhibit the BzATP-induced IL-1β release. Moreover, NO donors (SNAP, S-nitroso-N-acetyl-DL-penicillamine; SIN-1) inhibited the BzATP-induced IL-1β release by mononuclear phagocytes. The BzATP-induced ionotropic activity of the P2X7R was abolished in the presence of SIN-1 in both, Xenopus laevis oocytes and HEK cells over-expressing the human P2X7R. This inhibitory effect of SIN-1 was absent in HEK cells expressing P2X7R, in which C377 was mutated to alanine, indicating the importance of C377 for the regulation of the P2X7R function by protein modification. Conclusion We provide first evidence that ion flux-independent, metabotropic signaling of monocytic nAChRs involves eNOS activation and P2X7R modification, resulting in an inhibition of ATP signaling and ATP-mediated IL-1β release. This signaling pathway might be an interesting target for the treatment of inflammatory disorders.
Fast iterative coding for feedback channels

A class of practical, very low-complexity, variable-rate coding schemes is developed for communication over channels with feedback. It is shown that for arbitrary discrete memoryless channels (DMCs) with noise-free feedback, these schemes achieve error probabilities that decay exponentially with block-length at any rate below the channel capacity. Extensions of the strategy for use on finite-state channels, known and unknown (universal communication), with feedback are also developed.