Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
The legitimacy of social enterprise

Social enterprise has emerged as a businesslike contrast to the traditional nonprofit organization. This article develops an explanatory direction for social enterprise based on institutional perspectives rather than more traditional rational economic concepts. Through Suchman's typology of legitimacy (1995), the article argues that the origin and evolution of social enterprise is put into dramatically different focus, particularly through the concept of moral legitimacy. Moral legitimacy not only connects the overall emergence of social enterprise with neoconservative, pro-business, and promarket political and ideological values that have become central in many nations in the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development but also explains the observation that social enterprise is being more frequently understood and practiced in more narrow commercial and revenue-generation terms.
Quantitative analysis of amoxycillin and its major metabolites in animal tissues by liquid chromatography combined with electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry.

A sensitive and specific method for the quantitative determination of amoxycillin and its major metabolites (amoxycilloic acid, amoxycillinpiperazine-2',5'-dione) in animal tissue samples using liquid chromatography combined with positive electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry (LC/ESI-MS/MS) is presented. A liquid extraction using an aqueous 0.01 M potassium dihydrogenphosphate solution as the extraction solvent was performed for a preliminary sample cleanup. The extracts were further purified by a solid-phase extraction using an octadecyl (C18) column. Ampicillin was used as the internal standard. Chromatographic separation of the analytes of interest was achieved on a reversed-phase Hypersil column (100 x 3 mm i.d., dp, 5 microm), using a mixture of 9.6 mM pentafluoropropionic acid in water and acetonitrile as the mobile phase. Gradient elution was performed. To obtain as high sensitivity and selectivity as possible, the mass spectrometer was operated in the multiple reaction monitoring mode. The method was validated for the analysis of amoxycillin and its investigated metabolites in various porcine tissues, kidney, liver, muscle, and fat, according to the requirements defined by the European Community. Calibration graphs were prepared for all tissues, and good linearity was achieved over the concentration range tested (25-500 ng/g, r > or = 0.9974, and goodness of fit < or = 9.6). A limit of quantification of 25 ng/g was obtained for amoxycillin and its metabolites in all tissues, which corresponds to half the maximum residue limit for amoxycillin. Limits of detection ranged from 2.3 to 12.0 ng/g for amoxycillin and from 1.1 to 15.1 ng/g and 0.2 to 2.4 ng/g for amoxycilloic acid and amoxycillinpiperazine-2',5'-dione, respectively. The results for the within-day precision and the trueness fell within the ranges specified. The method has been successfully used for the quantitative determination of amoxycillin and its major metabolites in tissue samples from pigs medicated via the drinking water, proving the usefulness of the developed method for application in the field of residue analysis.
The One-Dimensional Dirac Equation With Concentrated Nonlinearity

We define and study the Cauchy problem for a one-dimensional (1-D) nonlinear Dirac equation with nonlinearities concentrated at one point. Global well-posedness is provided and conservation laws for mass and energy are shown. Several examples, including nonlinear Gesztesy--Seba models and the concentrated versions of the Bragg resonance and 1-D Soler (also known as massive Gross--Neveu) type models, all within the scope of the present paper, are given. The key point of the proof consists in the reduction of the original equation to a nonlinear integral equation for an auxiliary, space-independent variable.
Exploring Scientific Literature Search through Topic Models

With the fast growing amount of scientific literature, browsing through it can be a dicult task: formulating a precise query may be problematic as new research areas emerge quickly and different terms are often used to describe the same concept. To tackle some of these issues, we built a system for exploratory scientific search based on topic models. An initial short user study shows that through visualizing the relationship between keyphrases, documents and authors, the system allows the user to better explore the document search space compared to traditional systems based solely on search query.
SPARSE HYPERSPECTRAL UNMIXING

Given a set of mixed spectral vectors, spectral mixture analysis (or spectral unmixing) aims at estimating the number of reference materials, also called endmembers, their spectral signatures, and their fractional abundances. A semi-supervised approach to deal with the linear spectral unmixing problem consists in assuming that the observed spectral vectors are linear combinations of a small number of spectral signatures known in advance. Unmixing then amounts to find a small number of materials in the spectral library that best represent the observed data. Finding a small number of signatures in a large library is a combinatorial problem which calls for efficient sparse regression techniques. In this study, we compare four unmixing algorithms with the ultimate goal of analyzing their potential in solving sparse hyperspectral unmixing problems. The algorithms compared are: 1) Moore-Penrose pseudoinverse; 2) Orthogonal Matching Pursuit algorithm (Y. Pati, et al. ,1993); 3) ISMA – Iterative Spectral Mixture Analysis (D. Rogge, et al., 2006); 4) TwIST (Two-Step Iterative Shrinkage/Thresholding Algorithms for Image Restoration) algorithm (J. Bioucas-Dias and M. Figueiredo, 2007). After conducting a quantitative and comparative analysis of the above-mentioned algorithms, we conclude that the 1 2 l l − sparse regression techniques and the respective algorithms, of which TwIST is an example, yield state-of-the-art performance in hyperspectral sparse unmixing; this conclusion is in line with the success that these optimization methods have achieved in the area of compressed sensing. * Corresponding author
Chandra Observation of SNR G54.1+0.3 -- a Close Cousin of the Crab Nebula

We present a Chandra ACIS observation of SNR G54.1+0.3. This supernova remnant is resolved into several distinct X-ray emitting components: a central bright point-like source (CXOU J193030.13+185214.1), a surrounding ring, bipo-lar elongations, plus low surface brightness diffuse emission. The spectra of these components are all well described by power-law models; the spectral index steep-ens with increasing distance from the point-like source. We find no evidence for any thermal plasma emission that would correspond to shocked interstel-lar medium or ejecta. The observed morphological and spectral characteristics suggest that G54.1+0.3 is the closest " cousin " of the Crab Nebula — a pulsar wind nebula driven by a combination of equatorial and polar outflows from the putative pulsar represented by the point-like X-ray source.
The role of race: should race be a factor in health care screening and treatment?

© 2008, AWHONN 465 pPopulation genetics is the “branch of genetics that studies inherited variation in populations of individuals and the forces that alter gene frequency” (Cummings, 2009, p. 499). Human beings all belong to one species—Homo sapiens—and yet when we look at each other we see variations. One of the goals of population genetics is to determine whether the variations that we see are important or whether our similarities outweigh our differences. Or, stated more bluntly, is there such a thing as race and, if there is, is it important for nurses taking prenatal health histories to question clients about their and their partner’s racial background? The Human Genome Diversity Project was started subsequent to the Human Genome Project. It’s “an international project that seeks to understand the diversity and unity of the entire human species” (Stanford University, Morrison Institute for Population and Research Studies, 1999, p. 1). The goal of the project is to analyze the genetic code of a number of relatively isolated peoples to determine the evolutionary patterns of their DNA as well as their “susceptibility or resistance to disease” (Cummings, 2009, p. 456). Rosenberg et al. (2002), who studied more than 1,000 individuals from more than 50 different population groups, found that less than 5 percent of the subjects’ genomes showed any variation and, in fact, that the differences within groups was as important in explaining the genetic variations as the differences between The Role of Race
Family Configuration and Achievement: Effects of Birth Order and Family Size in a Sample of Brothers.

Working with a sample of brothers, we assess the effects of birth order among individuals and within families on tested ability, educational attainment, occupational status, and earnings. Apparent birth order effects derive in large measure from differences in family size, and disappear to statistical and substantive insignificance when brothers are compared with one another. On the other hand, family size effects persist, even with other measures of socioeconomic background controlled. Nor can family size effects be explained by parental ability. Questioning social psychological explanations that stress variations in parental time inputs or other finite psychological variables and that imply significant birth order effects as well, we suggest the importance of unmeasured preferences or of economic resources that vary across but not within families.
Research on privacy disclosure detection in microblog

In order to detect privacy which could by any possibility disclose in microblog and avoid to harm users, this paper proposes a privacy disclosure detection method for microblog. In this method, it implements personalized privacy disclosure detection by combining detecting privacy disclosure in microblog content and computing privacy concerns of users. In fact, user privacy concerns have a significant impact on risk warning on privacy disclosure. Once privacy disclosure occurs, users with high privacy concerns should be given a serious risk warnings. To implement this method, firstly, it uses convolutional neural network to classify the categories of privacy and non-privacy for microblog, and then applies the support vector machine method to detect privacy in the category of privacy microblog. Meanwhile, it uses decision tree method to determine the privacy concerns of users. The comparison experiment results show that the accuracy of privacy disclosure detection method proposed in this paper is to 91. 6% which have obvious effect.
The Influence of Lifelong Musicianship on Neurophysiological Measures of Concurrent Sound Segregation

The ability to separate concurrent sounds based on periodicity cues is critical for parsing complex auditory scenes. This ability is enhanced in young adult musicians and reduced in older adults. Here, we investigated the impact of lifelong musicianship on concurrent sound segregation and perception using scalp-recorded ERPs. Older and younger musicians and nonmusicians were presented with periodic harmonic complexes where the second harmonic could be tuned or mistuned by 1–16% of its original value. The likelihood of perceiving two simultaneous sounds increased with mistuning, and musicians, both older and younger, were more likely to detect and report hearing two sounds when the second harmonic was mistuned at or above 2%. The perception of a mistuned harmonic as a separate sound was paralleled by an object-related negativity that was larger and earlier in younger musicians compared with the other three groups. When listeners made a judgment about the harmonic stimuli, the perception of the mistuned harmonic as a separate sound was paralleled by a positive wave at about 400 msec poststimulus (P400), which was enhanced in both older and younger musicians. These findings suggest attention-dependent processing of a mistuned harmonic is enhanced in older musicians and provides further evidence that age-related decline in hearing abilities are mitigated by musical training.
Affective influences on risk perceptions and risk intention

The effects of affect, as measured by the dispositional traits of positive affectivity (PA) and negative affectivity (NA), on risk perceptions and risk intentions were tested among 149 managers from a variety of industries and companies. A risk‐assessment instrument consisting of systematically varied business scenarios was used to measure managerial perceptions of the risk dimensions of uncertainty, gains/losses, framing and personal involvement. Findings suggest that positive affect (high PA) managers viewed risk‐related uncertainty and personal involvement more optimistically, but were not more willing to seek risk. Negative affect (high NA) decision makers perceived risk‐related gains more negatively and were also significantly more likely to avoid risk.
'Inside' and 'Outside' in Cora Grammar

0. The problem. Cora grammar is striking in its profusion of devices for marking location.1 Besides postpositions, these devices include locative particles and an elaborate set of verb prefixes. Central to this locative system is a basic 'inside'/'outside' contrast symbolized respectively by the morphemes u and a, one of which is found in virtually every particle and prefix combination in the system. The sentences in (1) are typical
Accelerated Electromechanical Modeling of a Distributed Internal Combustion Engine Generator Unit

Distributed generation with a combustion engine prime mover is still widely used to supply electric power in a variety of applications. These applications range from backup power supply systems and combined wind-diesel generation to providing power in places where grid connection is either technically impractical or financially uneconomic. Modelling of such systems as a whole is extremely difficult due to the long-time load profiles needed and the computational difficulty of including small time-constant electrical dynamics with large time-constant mechanical dynamics. This paper presents the development of accelerated, reduced-order models of a distributed internal combustions engine generator unit. Overall these models are shown to achieve a massive improvement in the computational time required for long-time simulations while also achieving an extremely high level of dynamic accuracy. It is demonstrated how these models are derived, used and verified against benchmark models created using established techniques. Throughout the paper the modelling set as a whole, including multi level detail, is presented, detailed and finally summarised into a crucial tool for general system investigation and multiple target optimisation.
The Heterologous Transplantation of Human Cancers

T h e capacity of some h u m a n tumors to survive and to grow in the anterior chambers of the eyes of animals of alien species was reported in a previous paper (1). The failure of later attempts to transplant morphologically benign tumors in this manner suggested that heterotransplantability might be a characteristic property of cancer. Accordingly, a series of experiments was instituted in an attempt to investigate this suggestion and, al though the results to date are confirmatory, the group of benign tumors tested is not yet sufficiently inclusive to allow generalization. However, a fairly comprehensive group of cancers has been tested and their successful transplantation appears of sufficient interest to warrant an independent report. The transfer of 4 human tumors was described in the paper noted above and the present report will be concerned with the pr imary transplantation of 10 additional cancers. Several of the tumors have been maintained by serial transfer and more detailed studies of their behavior will be presented in later papers.
The Effects of Text Messaging on Young Drivers

Objective: This study investigated the effects of using a cell phone to retrieve and send text messages on the driving performance of young novice drivers. Background: Young drivers are particularly susceptible to driver distraction and have an increased risk of distraction-related crashes. Distractions from in-vehicle devices, particularly, those that require manual input, are known to cause decrements in driving performance. Method: Twenty young novice drivers used a cell phone to retrieve and send text messages while driving a simulator. Results: The amount of time that drivers spent not looking at the road when text messaging was up to ~400% greater than that recorded in baseline (no-text-messaging) conditions. Furthermore, drivers’ variability in lane position increased up to ~50%, and missed lane changes increased 140%. There was also an increase of up to ~150% in drivers’ variability in following distances to lead vehicles. Conclusion: Previous research has shown that the risk of crashing while dialing a handheld device, such as when text messaging and driving, is more than double that of conversing on a cell phone. The present study has identified the detrimental effects of text messaging on driving performance that may underlie such increased crash risk. Application: More effective road safety measures are needed to prevent and mitigate the adverse effects on driving performance of using cell phones to retrieve and send text messages.
Sensing-based spectrum awareness in Cognitive Radio: Challenges and open research problems

Owing to the opportunistic nature of its operation principle, the performance of Dynamic Spectrum Access/Cognitive Radio (DSA/CR) systems depends on the spectrum occupancy pattern of primary systems. DSA/CR systems can monitor periodically the occupancy state of licensed channels in order to gain statistical information on their occupancy patterns, and exploit this information in decision-making processes. This paper provides an overview of relevant research topics related with the problem of providing DSA/CR systems with the ability to gain accurate, reliable and exploitable information on realtime spectrum occupancy. In particular, this paper reviews the following problems: i) spectrum sensing algorithms for spectrum occupancy estimation; ii) estimation of spectrum occupancy statistics based on spectrum sensing; and iii) statistical models for spectrum occupancy. Existing solutions are reviewed and open research problems are discussed as well.
Prenatal LPS increases Inflammation in the Substantia Nigra of Gdnf Heterozygous Mice

Prenatal systemic inflammation has been implicated in neurological diseases, but optimal animal models have not been developed. We investigated whether a partial genetic deletion of glial cell line‐derived neurotrophic factor (Gdnf+/−) increased vulnerability of dopamine (DA) neurons to prenatal lipopolysaccharide (LPS). LPS [0.01 mg/kg intraperitoneal (i.p.)] or saline was administered to wild‐type (WT) or Gdnf+/− pregnant mice on gestational day 9.5. Male offspring were examined at 3 weeks, 3 and 12 months of age. There was a progressive degeneration of tyrosine hydroxylase (TH)‐positive neurons in the substantia nigra (SN) with age in Gdnf+/− but not in WT mice, with no observed effects on locus coeruleus (LC) noradrenergic neurons or DA neurons of the ventral tegmental area. Inflammatory markers were elevated in SN of LPS treated offspring, with exacerbation in Gdnf+/− mice. Intracellular accumulation of α‐synuclein (α‐syn) immunoreactivity in DA neurons of SN was observed in all groups of Gdnf+/− and in WT mice with prenatal LPS, with altered distribution between pars reticulata (pr) and pars compacta (pc). The findings suggest that prenatal LPS leads to accelerated neuropathology in the SN with age, and that a partial loss of GDNF exacerbates these effects, providing a novel model for age‐related neuropathology of the nigrostriatal DA system.
A Longitudinal Study of Bullying, Victimization, and Peer Affiliation During the Transition From Primary School to Middle School1

The intent of this longitudinal, multi-method, multi-agent study was to examine changes in bullying, victimization, and aggressive victimization as well as changes in peer affiliation as youngsters made the transition from primary school through the first year of middle school. Results indicated that bullying and aggressive victimization were relatively stable across time, possibly due to temperamental factors. Changes in peer affiliation indicated that youngsters' casual contacts with peers initially decreased from primary to the beginning of middle school but recovered by the end of the year. Close relationships, however, decreased, and number of youngsters nominated as isolates increased. Being embedded in an affiliative network of peers, in turn, inhibited victimization. School environmental factors did not make significant contributions to bullying or victimization. Results are discussed in terms of the importance of social affiliations in minimizing victimization in early adolescence. Limitations of the research were noted and suggestions for future research were also made.
Reversal of stress‐induced arousal in sleeping rats by some imidazopyrimidine benzodiazepine receptor ligands

Five selected imidazopyrimidine ligands for benzodiazepine receptors which show nonsedative anxiolytic behavioral profiles, were tested for their ability to reverse arousal induced by intermittent footshock stress in sleeping rats. RU32698, RU32759, RU33203, and RU33543 showed dose‐related inhibition of stress‐induced arousal in the dose range 2–10 mg/kg orally, as did chlordiazepoxide. After 14 daily doses there was little or no decrease in the magnitude of this effect with RU32759 and RU32698, respectively. In contrast, RU32514 only weakly reversed stress‐induced arousal at 10 mg/kg, a dose which is maximally active in a conflict procedure in rats. It is suggested that RU32514 possesses only weak agonist activity at benzodiazepine receptors and this is insufficient for it to be effective in this test. RU32698 and RU32759 show potential for development as non‐sedative anxiolytics and the sub‐acute dosing experiment suggests that they may not show marked tolerance.