Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Remanent magnetization, cooling history, and paleomagnetic record of the Marys Peak Sill, Oregon

A paleomagnetic investigation of the middle Oligocene (29.6 m.y.) Marys Peak sill (44°30′N, 123°35′W) demonstrates a relationship between the intrusion's cooling history and its remanent magnetization. The 390-meter-thick sill is vertically differentiated, varying in compositon from a gabbro to a diorite with associated pegmatite and aplite facies. From 7 to 10 cores per sampling site were taken at 26 sites separated vertically by 7 to 10 meters along a traverse through the sill. Directions and intensities of remanent magnetization were measured for all specimens at the original magnetization level and after alternating-field demagnetization at 100−, 200−, and 400-oe peak demagnetizing fields. Demagnetization behavior. Curie temperatures, and polished section examinations indicate that the remanence is stable. The directions of natural remanent magnetization (NRM) at individual sites are well grouped and significantly different from the present field. The site mean direction pattern changes systematically from D ≅ 20°, I ≅ 50°, in the lower portion to D ≅ 10°, I ≅ 50°, in the central region to D ≅ 25°, I ≅ 50°, at the top. A mathematical approximation of the cooling history permits the transformation from the geometric record of the sill to a time record of the earth's magnetic field that existed when the sill cooled. Several models were evaluated and the results indicate that the range of the paleomagnetic record is approximately 2000 to 6000 years. It is concluded that the change in remanent magnetization direction could have been caused by a large nondipole field component or an excursion of the main dipole field.
44.5: Dynamic Wide‐Color‐Gamut RGBW Display

LCD displays with an additional white primary (RGBW displays) have some clear advantages over conventional RGB displays. Firstly, they can transmit 50% more light and secondly they can have 50% more resolution compared to a conventional RGB display. RGBW displays also have a clear disadvantage; the display gamut does not match with the standard three‐primary (RGB) input gamut. Up to now, this resulted in rather poor color rendition of such displays, which prevented mass‐introduction in the (high‐end) LCD‐TV market. This paper presents the Philips Dynamic Gamut concept that solves the color rendition issues and describes the technical details of a 26″ demonstrator that proves the concept.
Microtopographical and canopy cover controls on moss carbon dioxide exchange in a western Boreal Plain peatland

Climate change may have profound impacts on the maintenance of peatlands and surface water systems in the sub‐humid western Boreal Plain (WBP) of Northwestern Canada. Wetlands in the WBP, whereas significant carbon stocks are sensitive to changes in climate, because in most years potential evapotranspiration (ET) exceeds precipitation. In this study, a dynamic closed chamber technique was used to examine the relative midday (10:00–16:00 h) growing season (April–October) contributions of heterotrophic and autotrophic respiration (Rtot) and moss photosynthesis (gross ecosystem production, GEP) to net ecosystem exchange (NEE) of CO2 at the soil surface of different degrees of spruce forest canopy cover and microtopography (lawn and depression) in two peatland–pond complexes in the WBP, north–central Alberta, Canada. Results demonstrate that Sphagnum lawns showed the greatest amount of uptake, and dominant surface cover plant communities (Sphagnum and feather mosses) were associated more with canopy cover and incident radiation (photosynthetically active radiation, PAR) than microclimate and hydrology. Although microclimate and hydrology varied spatially, no major changes in plant communities were observed across microtopographic gradients (lawns and depression). Differences in NEE with hydrology and microclimate were observed between microtopographic units (depression and lawns), but this was not consistent with surface cover plant community types, which makes generalized fluxes in this landscape particularly challenging. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
AD-CAM: Enhancing Interpretability of Convolutional Neural Networks With a Lightweight Framework - From Black Box to Glass Box

In the realm of machine vision, the convolutional neural network (CNN) is a frequently used and significant deep learning method. It is challenging to comprehend how predictions are formed since the inner workings of CNNs are sometimes seen as a black box. As a result, there has been an increase in interest among AI experts in creating AI systems that are easier to understand. Many strategies have shown promise in improving the interpretability of CNNs, including Class Activation Map (CAM), Grad-CAM, LIME, and other CAM-based approaches. These methods do, however, have certain drawbacks, such as architectural constraints or the requirement for gradient computations. We provide a simple framework termed Adaptive Learning based CAM (Adaptive-CAM) to take advantage of the connection between activation maps and network predictions. This framework includes temporarily masking particular feature maps. According to the Average Drop-Coherence-Complexity (ADCC) metrics, our method outperformed Score-CAM and another CAM-based activation map strategy in Residual Network-based models. With the exception of the VGG16 model, which witnessed a 1.94% decline in performance, the performance improvement spans from 3.78% to 7.72%. Additionally, Adaptive-CAM generates saliency maps that are on par with CAM-based methods and around 153 times superior to other CAM-based methods.
Sodium in carbonate sediments and rocks; a possible index to the salinity of diagenetic solutions

ABSTRACT Sodium is present in the Recent marine carbonate minerals aragonite, calcite, Mg-calcite and dolomite greatly in excess of equimolar chloride concentration. The bulk sodium content of Recent carbonate sediments is greater than 1,000 ppm and decreases along with Sr, Mg, 18O, and 13C as meteoric diagenesis takes place. The low sodium content of most ancient dolomites suggests they are either primary products of solutions containing little sodium or they have re-equilibrated with a solution low in sodium.
Early Results In Forest Conditions From a Single-Pass L-Band Airborne PolInSAR System

The creation of high quality Digital Surface Models (DSMs) using X-Band and C-Band InSAR is well established. However many applications require bare-earth Digital Terrain Models (DTMs) in the presence of forest canopy. L-Band is an attractive candidate, but the derived interferometric phase represents a combination of ground and volume scattering contributions from the canopy above. The use of PolInSAR techniques, and the Random Volume Over Ground (RVOG) Model has had considerable success in model inversion studies where the objective has been to extract tree height. A major problem for the robust application of this technique is the presence of temporal decorrelation, caused by the use of repeat-pass interferometry. In this paper we will present the first results obtained from tests in forested areas using an experimental airborne, single-pass, L-Band PolInSAR system. The primary objective will be to determine the quality of DTMs extracted beneath forest canopy in a range of forest conditions, in the absence of issues created by temporal decorrelation and uncompensated motion effects.
Origin of Caballos and Arkansas Novaculite Formations

The Caballos and Arkansas novaculite formations are thick, areally extensive cherts characterized by massive white "novaculite" chert. Field study of the formations shows common depositional features and highly variable bedding and coloration. Laboratory studies by petrographic, geochemical, X-ray, and electron-microscopic techniques show that the chert of these formations is composed of close-fitting quartz blocks 1-10 µ in size. Common small-scale depositional features, well-preserved siliceous fossils, and many beds containing dark sapropelic material are present. The writers believe that the chert and novaculite formed from organically precipitated silica particles in the 1-10 µ size range. These particles accumulated below wave base where little detrital material was deposited and where current action was infrequent. In diagenesis, selective solution and redeposition on crystallization centers formed close-fitting blocks. The unusual thickness of siliceous rocks is partly due to the long time span (at least the Devonian Period) during which these formations were deposited.
Combining Tsunami Hazard and Vulnerability on the Assessment of Tsunami Inundation Probability in Taiwan

As earthquake and tsunami are closely related, the probability of tsunami hazard had been done by extending the approach used in earthquakes. However, the hazard of tsunami depends also on the vulnerability of neighboring structures and hence its hazard and vulnerability should not be assessed separately. The distribution of tsunami height varies so significantly that the traditional definition parallel to that in seismic risk should be modified. Besides, previous studies on the probability of tsunami focused on the occurrence possibility of tsunami hazard in a fixed period of time, but this information is not applicable for a specific tsunami incidence. For the above-mentioned problems, a new algorithm that comprises two components is proposed in the present study. The first component, the Probabilistic Forecast of Tsunami Inundation (PFTI), is the conditional inundation probability once a tsunami of a specific height occurs, or an earthquake is detected at some specific location with a specific magnitude. PFTI comprises the assessments of both tsunami hazard and vulnerability, and can be directly applied to a specific tsunami incidence. The second component treats the Tsunamigenic Earthquake Number (TEN) modified from previous studies on tsunami hazard. These two components are combined to give the inundation possibility in a fixed period of time dubbed Earthquake-induced Tsunami Inundation Probability (ETIP) and the result can be used in urban planning or disaster mitigation guidelines. Application of this methodology to the coast of Taiwan is also discussed.
Principal features (master curve) of geomagnetic field variations in Belorussia during the last 12 thousand years

This paper presents the results of the paleomagnetic studies of the Naroch and Svir lake bottom deposits in Belorussia. The objects of study were nine columns of lake-floor sediments, totaling 6.50 m in thickness, collected using a special-type core sampler which did not disturb the structure of the sample material. The absolute dating of the sediments was performed by a radiocarbon method using the macroremains of the organic matter (grass). The columns of the sediments were correlated using their absolute ages, lithologies, and magnetic susceptibility values. All sedimentary rock columns showed a good agreement of the inclination and declination components of the natural remanent magnetization (ChRM) distinguished in all sedimentary rock columns using alternative magnetic field cleaning. The data obtained for all rock columns were summed up to produce the composite curves of ChRM declination and inclination variation for the sediments of these lakes. These data were compared with the archeomagnetic and limnomagnetic data available for Central and East Europe. All records of the paleosecular geomagnetic variations (PSV) showed a good agreement in terms of the morphology of the ChRM declination and inclination. At the same time the sediments of the Belorussian lakes showed a systematically older age and the lower magnitudes of the ChRM declination and inclination variations compared to the other PSV records available. These eects can be explained by the presence of some postdeposition remanent magnetization (PDRM) in the sediments of the Belorussian lakes and by the addition of some "aged" carbon (without 14 C) to the lake from the surrounding carbonate rocks. The basic features of the geomagnetic field variations in Europe are discussed for the last 10-12 thousand years.
“Leader–Follower” Dynamic Perturbation Manipulates Multi-Item Working Memory in Humans

Abstract Manipulating working memory (WM) is a central yet challenging notion. Previous studies suggest that WM items with varied memory strengths reactivate at different latencies, supporting a time-based mechanism. Motivated by this view, here we developed a purely bottom-up “Leader–Follower” behavioral approach to manipulate WM in humans. Specifically, task-irrelevant flickering color disks that are bound to each of the memorized items are presented during the delay period, and the ongoing luminance sequences of the color disks follow a Leader–Follower relationship, that is, a hundreds of milliseconds temporal lag. We show that this dynamic behavioral approach leads to better memory performance for the item associated with the temporally advanced luminance sequence (Leader) than the item with the temporally lagged luminance sequence (Follower), yet with limited effectiveness. Together, our findings constitute evidence for the essential role of temporal dynamics in WM operation and offer a promising, noninvasive WM manipulation approach.
Strategically Siting Constructed Wetlands to Target Nitrate Removal in Tile-Drained Agricultural Watersheds

McCahon, Margaret. M.S.E. , Purdue University, August, 2010. Strategically Siting Constructed Wetlands to Target Nitrate Removal in Tile-Drained Agricultural Watersheds. Major Professor: Indrajeet Chaubey. Wetlands offer a variety of services, such as pollutant removal from point and nonpoint sources, flood attenuation, and habitat for biodiversity. Constructed wetlands can be used in agricultural watersheds to protect surface waters from pollution by agricultural activities. A particular concern for the agricultural Midwest is the high nitrate export from agricultural fields that affects water quality at local and regional scales, including hypoxia in the Gulf of Mexico. Nitrogen export primarily originates in the Upper Mississippi and Ohio River Basins. Tiledrained lands, characteristic of west central Indiana, have greater nitrate losses than un-tiled lands. Constructed wetlands have been proposed as a partial solution to intercept nitrate between agricultural lands and downstream waters. In order to most efficiently use constructed wetlands to treat nitrate exported from tile-drained lands, these wetlands should be carefully placed in the landscape to intercept high nitrate loads and sized according to their contributing areas. In this thesis a methodology is presented for strategically placing constructed wetlands in the landscape, and this methodology is applied to an 8-digit hydrologic unit (HUC) in west central Indiana. Results showed 19 sites that are suitable for wetland placement, requiring conversion of 0.1% of the entire 8-digit watershed. These wetlands would intercept approximately 3% of nitrate-rich waters from tiledrained lands, removing approximately 1% of all nitrate exported.
Comparing Tropical Forest Projections from Two Generations of Hadley Centre Earth System Models, HadGEM2-ES and HadCM3LC

AbstractFuture changes in atmospheric greenhouse gas concentrations and associated influences on climate could affect the future sustainability of tropical forests. The authors report on tropical forest projections from the new Hadley Centre Global Environmental Model version 2 Earth System configuration (HadGEM2-ES) and compare them to results from the previous generation model [third climate configuration of the Met Office Unified Model in lower resolution with carbon cycle (HadCM3LC)], which had projected near-complete dieback of the Amazon rain forest for a business as usual scenario. In contrast, HadGEM2-ES projects minimal change in Amazon forest extent. The main aim of this study is a preliminary investigation of this difference between the two models. It is found that around 40% of the difference in forest dieback projections is associated with differences in the projected change in dry-season length. Differences in control climatologies of temperature and dry-season length, projected regional war.
LONG-TERM VARIABILITY IN PRECIPITATIONS IN TURDA (ROMANIA)

This study has as main purpose the analysis of long-term precipitations variability in Turda. The analysis is based on the time series of climatic data from Turda weather station which covers a period of 56 years (1951-2006). The non- parametric tests to determine temporal trends in climatic data sets are used. The evolution of the observed parameter was complemented by the analysis of the secular trend. Extreme precipitation events were identified using the Standardized Precipitation Index (SPI) computed for a period of 48 months. For each season of drought or wet events, the interval for the accumulation of the deficit or excess of precipitation was at least 4 years. The parametric analysis of long-term drought and wet events proves that the greatest part of the major and medium intensity events are associated with the same periods of pluvial deficit or excess.
Stratigraphy of Upper Nehalem River Basin, Northwestern Oregon

Tertiary sedimentary strata are well exposed in the upper Nehalem River basin. They have been known for many years to geologists interested in West Coast Tertiary marine deposits but until recently no systematic study of the stratigraphy of the region has been attempted. The rock sequence of the upper Nehalem River basin is here divided into three district groups separated by unconformities. The oldest group, the Tillamook volcanic series (Eocene), forms rugged highlands in the southwestern part of the area and represents the core of the Coast Range geanticline. Bordering the Tillamook volcanic series is a belt of Tertiary sedimentary strata ranging in age from Upper Eocene to possibly lower Miocene, constituting the second group. The third and youngest group is the Columbia River basalt, a sequence of lava flows of middle Miocene age. These flows cap hills along the east side of the area and form extensive uplands. The sequence of Tertiary rocks lying between the Tillamook volcanic series and the Columbia River basalt consists of about 5,000 feet of gently warped marine and brackish-water clastic sedimentary beds which are of interest as a possible source of petroleum and natural gas. These beds, beginning with the oldest, are divided into four formations; Cowlitz, Keasey, Pittsburg Bluff, and Scappoose, and each is characterized by a distinct assemblage of fossils. The Cowlitz and Keasey formations, together, represent at least 2,700 feet of marine strata, variable in composition but dominantly shaly and tuffaceous. Mollusks and foraminifers characteristic of shallow to moderately deep water are fairly abundant. Overlying the Cowlitz and Keasey formations are approximately 2,300 feet of dominan ly arenaceous, marine to brackish-water beds of the Pittsburg Bluff and Scappoose formations which contain near-shore megafaunas. Each of the sedimentary formations represents an advance of the sea into embayments covering the area of the present upper Nehalem River basin. Into these embayments streams from the east brought the products of normal erosion as well as varying contributions of contemporaneous volcanic ash and lapilli.
BUSHFIRES IN THE KRACHI DISTRICT: THE SOCIO-ECONOMIC AND ENVIRONMENTAL IMPLICATIONS

Bushfires are becoming one of the environmental challenges confronting Ghana and increasingly it has become difficult for the Government to control it because this activity is deeply rooted in the socio-cultural and economic systems of the people. The effects of bushfire on rural livelihoods and on the ecosystem in Ghana are extensive and damaging. Bushfires have accelerated environmental degradation especially in the fragile savannah ecosystem, yet there is very little in the form of public education, published data and information concerning the frequency, intensity, duration and effects of bushfire on the environment and human welfare in Ghana. The study did a change detection of biomass cover using pre and post fire normalized burnt ratio of Landsat TM+ imageries of 2002 and 2003 to determine fire severity on vegetative cover. The socio-economic impact of this disaster was collected using social survey approaches such as interviews and focus group meetings. Some of the consequences of the bushfire include the burning of food stuffs, houses as well as domestic animals. The environmental impacts of these bushfires have been very devastating and these involve the lost of biodiversity (plants and animals) and the depletion of organic matter of the soil thus impoverishing the soils. The research found out that, the continuous prevalence of this activity was due to the laxity in the implementation of bye-laws regulating bushfire burning due to the lack of personnel and logistics to state agencies in the District to combat the problem.
The role of geopressure zones in the formation of hydrothermal Pb-Zn Mississippi Valley type mineralization in sedimentary basins

Abstract Geopressure zones immediately subjacent to platform carbonate rocks can be modelled to serve as proximal sources of hydrothermal fluids for epigenetic Pb-Zn deposits in sedimentary basins. In some geopressure zones of the Gulf of Mexico, geothermal gradients can be as high as 10°C 100 m−1. This arises because the water-saturated geopressured shale masses act as thermal insulators. Geopressure zones may have sufficient fluid pressure to rupture overlying strata, providing a vertical conduit for hot mineralized brine to migrate directly into carbonate host rocks.
Associations between lithology and land-use in a wine production region (Bairrada region, Portugal)

In this work, we analyze the spatial relationships between land-use and lithology in the wine production region of Bairrada (Portugal) and present a new lithological map (1:50,000) created for the region, highlighting the associations with specific types of land-use. The study was focused on the area of Bairrada that establishes the appellation DOC-VQPRD wines. The region shows a heterogeneous lithology and land-use and it is found that these two variables are not independent. Three different zones with characteristic land-use and geology can be distinguished in Bairrada: a western zone where aeolian sand deposits are associated with coniferous forests; an eastern zone with Precambrian and Paleozoic metasedimentary units associated with broad leaf forests; and a central zone with diversified Mesozoic and Cenozoic units in which most vineyards are placed. There is a clear association between a Jurassic marly and dolomitic unit and an occupation by vineyards, which is particularly obvious when larger vineyards are considered. The vineyards are also common when these Jurassic units are covered by relatively thin siliciclastic sediments.