Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Approximate Inference by Intersecting Semidefinite Bound and Local Polytope

Inference in probabilistic graphical models can be represented as a constrained optimization problem of a free-energy functional. Substantial research has been focused on the approximation of the constraint set, also known as the marginal polytope. This paper presents a novel inference algorithm that tightens and solves the optimization problem by intersecting the popular local polytope and the semidefinite outer bound of the marginal polytope. Using dual decomposition, our method separates the optimization problem into two subproblems: a semidefinite program (SDP), which is solved by a low-rank SDP algorithm, and a free-energy based optimization problem, which is solved by convex belief propagation. Our method has a very reasonable computational complexity and its actual running time is typically within a small factor ( 10) of convex belief propagation. Tested on both synthetic data and a real-world protein sidechain packing benchmark, our method significantly outperforms tree-reweighted belief propagation in both marginal probability inference and MAP inference. Our method is competitive with the state-of-the-art in MRF inference, solving all protein tasks solved by the recently presented MPLP method [19], and beating MPLP on lattices with strong edge potentials.
Emily Brontë's homesickness.

she was six years old, she followed her older sisters Maria, Elizabeth, and Charlotte to the Clergy Daughters School at Cowan Bridge in nearby Kirkby Lonsdale. After about six months Elizabeth and Maria contracted typhoid, and Emily went home. Ten years later in 1835, she accompanied Charlotte on her first teaching position to Roe Head, a boarding school; and for some months between 1837 and 1839, Emily herself taught briefly at Miss Elizabeth Patchett's school at Law Hill near Halifax, eight miles from Haworth. Again she accompanied Charlotte to Brussels in 1842, intending to prepare herself to run a boarding school with her sisters, but she returned to England only nine months later when her aunt, Elizabeth Branwell, died. She was then twenty-four years old, and she did not leave Haworth again. In accounts of her life, Emily Bronte did not adapt to the regimen of the school day away from home, and at the time Charlotte blamed most of her declining health on overwork and exhaustion; homesickness was a posthumous diagnosis. ' Of her sister's "white face, attenuated form, and failing strength" during the sojourn at Roe Head, Charlotte remembered, in 1850, "Nobody knew what ailed her but me [. ] I felt in my heart she would die if she did not go home, and with this conviction obtained her recall" (473). Charlotte did not use the current medical term for homesickness, "nostalgia. " Nor did Emily or many English persons; sometimes called the "Wasting Disease" (Hofer 380), nostalgia was not considered a condition to which the English, a notoriously melancholic people, were susceptible. (In works by both
Worker caste determination in the army ant Eciton burchellii

Elaborate division of labour has contributed significantly to the ecological success of social insects. Division of labour is achieved either by behavioural task specialization or by morphological specialization of colony members. In physical caste systems, the diet and rearing environment of developing larvae is known to determine the phenotype of adult individuals, but recent studies have shown that genetic components also contribute to the determination of worker caste. One of the most extreme cases of worker caste differentiation occurs in the army ant genus Eciton, where queens mate with many males and colonies are therefore composed of numerous full-sister subfamilies. This high intracolonial genetic diversity, in combination with the extreme caste polymorphism, provides an excellent test system for studying the extent to which caste determination is genetically controlled. Here we show that genetic effects contribute significantly to worker caste fate in Eciton burchellii. We conclude that the combination of polyandry and genetic variation for caste determination may have facilitated the evolution of worker caste diversity in some lineages of social insects.
Recreating heritage in the southwest of Scotland

This paper studies the role of heritage tourism in the creation of uniform identity. The recently developed heritage tourism products in the southwest of Scotland are encouraging the promotion of the dominant heritage of Scotland, largely marginalising the regional one. This paper examines the cases of the heritage of Robert the Bruce that stresses Scotland's militaristic tradition, the eventful organisation of the Border Gathering which showcases Highland culture and the marginalisation of the Covenanting heritage of the region. The data are gathered through a questionnaire survey, in-depth interview, non-participant observation, archival records and other secondary sources. It shows how tourism is gearing towards recreating and establishing heritage which is largely new to the region. The paper argues that the promotion of dominant heritage is meaningfully directed towards forming a uniform and homogenous identity. The introduction of the dominant heritage in the region is important because it encourages commonality within Scotland, which plays an enormous part in advancing Scottish nationalism. This study helps us understand how tourism can be a medium to advance a nationalistic message.
Instant anonymization

Anonymization-based privacy protection ensures that data cannot be traced back to individuals. Researchers working in this area have proposed a wide variety of anonymization algorithms, many of which require a considerable number of database accesses. This is a problem of efficiency, especially when the released data is subject to visualization or when the algorithm needs to be run many times to get an acceptable ratio of privacy/utility. In this paper, we present two instant anonymization algorithms for the privacy metrics k-anonymity and ℓ-diversity. Proposed algorithms minimize the number of data accesses by utilizing the summary structure already maintained by the database management system for query selectivity. Experiments on real data sets show that in most cases our algorithm produces an optimal anonymization, and it requires a single scan of data as opposed to hundreds of scans required by the state-of-the-art algorithms.
Detection of Latent Autoimmune Diabetes of Adults among Type 2 Diabetic Patients Using Glutamic Acid Decarboxylase Antibodies

Background: Latent autoimmune diabetes of adults (LADA) is a slowly progressive form of autoimmune diabetes initially managed with diet and oral hypoglycemic agents before becoming insulin requiring. GADA are used for differential diagnosis between LADA and type 2 diabetes. Objectives: To assess the prevalence of LADA among type 2 diabetic patients using glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD) antibodies. Methods: Cross sectional study conducted on 100 patients with primary diagnosis of T2DM, 52 female and 48 male, aged 30-70 years. The GADA test is used for diagnosis of LADA patients. Results: Out of 100 patients with primary diagnosis of T2DM , 14 patients (14%) were positive for GADA. Conclusions: LADA patients accounts for 14% of T2DM using GADA assay. Age, sex, and BMI had no significant effect on the prevalence of LADA patients among T2DM.
Incentive Compatible Market Design with an Application to Matching with Wages

This paper studies markets for heterogeneous goods using mechanismdesign theory. For each combination of desirable properties, I derive an assignment process with these properties in the form of a corresponding direct-revelation game, or I show that it does not exist. Each participant’s preferences are quasi-linear in money, and depend upon the allocation that he gets — thus, a participant’s privately known ‘type’ is multidimensional. The key properties are individual rationality, incentive compatibility, budget balance, efficiency, and stability against coalitional deviations. The main results characterize mechanisms that are ex post incentive compatible in combination with other properties. JEL: C71, C78, D82, D44.
OPTIMAL PRODUCITON CONTROL OF A MANUFACTURING SYSTEM WITH CUSTOMER BALKING BEHAVIOR

In this paper, we consider a single-stage manufacturing system with one machine, which makes a single product to stock to satisfy random demand. Customers inter-arrival times and production times are all exponential random variables. In order to represent customer impatience behavior caused by backlog, we employ a balking function, which is an arbitrary non-decreasing function of the backlogged number for characterizing the customer’s response to the backlog. First, we formulate the problem as a Markov decision process and use it to characterize the structure of the optimal production policy. We find that the optimal production policy is the base-stock policy. Then, the effects of system parameters on the optimal base-stock level are investigated. Lastly, we illustrate the impacts of customer balking behavior on the system’s cost and optimal base-stock level by the numerical examples in which linear and convex balking functions are employed respectively. Numerical examples show that customer balking has a significant impact on the optimal base-stock level as well as the optimal average cost.
Time Orientation During the Day in the Elderly with Dementia

ABSTRACT Objective: We evaluated the ability to estimate the time of day in the elderly with dementia during the daytime in a care facility. Methods: Time orientation was sequentially tested by asking 26 elderly with mild to severe dementia the time of day seven times a day. The Mini-Mental State examination (MMSE) and a time estimation test for 1 min were also conducted. Results: Time orientation was affected more in the morning than in the afternoon, and meals did not have a significant effect on time orientation. The accuracy of time estimation for 1 min was correlated with the MMSE score, and with time orientation at 14:00. Conclusion: Impaired time orientation was more evident in the morning than in the afternoon. This characteristic should be taken into account when conducting cognitive tests including time orientation for patients with dementia. Interventions facilitating time orientation might be arranged preferentially in the morning for patients with dementia.
Mapping paradigm ontologies to and from the brain

Imaging neuroscience links brain activation maps to behavior and cognition via correlational studies. Due to the nature of the individual experiments, based on eliciting neural response from a small number of stimuli, this link is incomplete, and unidirectional from the causal point of view. To come to conclusions on the function implied by the activation of brain regions, it is necessary to combine a wide exploration of the various brain functions and some inversion of the statistical inference. Here we introduce a methodology for accumulating knowledge towards a bidirectional link between observed brain activity and the corresponding function. We rely on a large corpus of imaging studies and a predictive engine. Technically, the challenges are to find commonality between the studies without denaturing the richness of the corpus. The key elements that we contribute are labeling the tasks performed with a cognitive ontology, and modeling the long tail of rare paradigms in the corpus. To our knowledge, our approach is the first demonstration of predicting the cognitive content of completely new brain images. To that end, we propose a method that predicts the experimental paradigms across different studies.
A case study on the effects of campus climate to the cross-cultural norms of Taiwanese students

The dawn of the age of globalization has brought forth the trend in cross-border mobility of population, more specifically for educational purposes, commerce, employment opportunities, and relocation. These phenomena fostered the development of a more diverse culture and multi-language global society. In Taiwan, an increase in international students is observed. In addition, the recent heightened volume of new migrant spouses has triggered the rise in emphasis on cross-cultural related researches. However, most studies are geared towards the cross-cultural adaptability of the visiting individual. In light of these issues, this case study details an empirical analysis of the cross-cultural norms of a host country’s individuals. Participants are 100 randomly selected English as Foreign Language (EFL) students of a Science and Technology University in Taiwan. The mixed-method research paradigm was adapted, with focus-group interviews accomplished to gather insights from Taiwanese students regarding the factors that influenced their cross-cultural flexibility. A survey questionnaire was then generated from the focus-group results and later administered to the participants. Descriptive data analyses were accomplished using the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) software, while the multivariate analysis method Structured Equation Modeling (SEM) was achieved using the Analysis of Moment Structures (AMOS) software to analyze the causal relationships between the students’ campus environment and cross-cultural norms. Results show that the students’ exposure to a cross-cultural accepting environment has greatly enhanced their cross-cultural sensitivity and flexibility. In addition, results of SEM show a significant path from the students’ campus environment, individual perspective, and cross-cultural flexibility. Implications suggest that EFL students in Taiwan should be exposed to more cross-cultural opportunities, in order to enhance their cross-cultural competencies.
Implementation of an Antiretroviral Access Program for HIV-1-Infected Individuals in Resource-Limited Settings: Clinical Results From 4 African Countries

Background:We assessed the effectiveness and safety of highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) in HIV-1-infected patients in resource-limited African countries. HIV-1 screening, therapy, counseling, monitoring, training, and education were provided free of charge. Methods:In an open-label cohort program, 206 antiretroviral-naive HIV-1-infected patients who could not afford HAART were recruited in 4 urban clinics in Senegal, Côte d'Ivoire, Uganda, and Kenya and were treated with saquinavir boosted with ritonavir (1600/100 mg once daily), lamivudine (150 mg twice daily), and zidovudine (300 mg twice daily). The primary outcome was a plasma viral load (pVL) of <400 copies/mL after 96 weeks of treatment. Secondary analyses included CD4 cell count changes and the occurrence of treatment-emergent adverse events. Results:The median age of the patient group was 36 years, 38% were male, 35% of the patients had AIDS, the median CD4 count was 119 cells/μL, and the median pVL was 304,210 copies/mL. Overall, 65%/52% (on treatment [OT]/intent to treat [ITT]) of the patients had a pVL <400 copies/mL after 96 weeks of follow-up. This proportion varied significantly between sites, however; although in Nairobi and Dakar, 51%/40% and 56%/46% (OT/ITT) were found, respectively, Abidjan and Kampala showed proportions of 69%/54% and 83%/69% (OT/ITT), respectively. The median increase in the CD4 count was 198 cells/μL (interquartile range: 86-319 cells/μL), ranging from 191 to 292 cells/μL between the sites. Fourteen patients (6.8%) died between 8 and 96 weeks of follow-up, whereas 18 (9%) developed an AIDS-defining event between 8 and 96 weeks of follow-up. Non-HIV-related serious adverse events occurred in 55 patients (26.7%), of whom 13 were diagnosed with severe anemia. Thirty-five patients (17%) changed treatment for toxicity reasons. Conclusions:Although a statistically significant difference was observed between sites with respect to virologic success, overall virologic and immunologic responses to HAART in resource-limited African settings can be as good as in Western settings. There were some difficulties (eg, laboratory, logistics, proper training) during the early phase of the program. Therefore, provision of adequate medical care, counseling, proper instruction, and education of patients and medical staff during the entire study is warranted in such programs, with special care in the early phase.
Synergy between pathogen release and resource availability in plant invasion

Why do some exotic plant species become invasive? Two common hypotheses, increased resource availability and enemy release, may more effectively explain invasion if they favor the same species, and therefore act in concert. This would be expected if plant species adapted to high levels of available resources in their native range are particularly susceptible to enemies, and therefore benefit most from a paucity of enemies in their new range. We tested this possibility by examining how resource adaptations influence pathogen richness and release among 243 European plant species naturalized in the United States. Plant species adapted to higher resource availability hosted more pathogen species in their native range. Plants from mesic environments hosted more fungi than plants from xeric environments, and plants from nitrogen-rich environments hosted more viruses than plants from nitrogen-poor environments. Furthermore, plants classified as competitors hosted more than 4 times as many fungi and viruses as did stress tolerators. Patterns of enemy release mirrored those of pathogen richness: competitors and species from mesic and nitrogen-rich environments were released from many pathogen species, while stress tolerators and species from xeric and nitrogen-poor environments were released from relatively few pathogen species. These results suggest that enemy release contributes most to invasion by fast-growing species adapted to resource-rich environments. Consequently, enemy release and increases in resource availability may act synergistically to favor exotic over native species.
OWA based Fuzzy Time Series Forecasting Model

In this paper we have proposed Fuzzy Time Series and Ordered Weight Aggregation (OWA) based forecasting model. Accuracy is one of the most important factors when dealing with forecasts. Accuracy depends on relative weight of past observations used to predict forecasted value. Method of aggregation of past observation is important factor in forecasting models where next prediction depends only on past observations. OWA has been proved most efficient tool for aggregation of data. In this study, aggregation of fuzzy relationships generated at prior times (t, t-1, t-2) is performed using OWA to predict value at time t+1. Experimental study reveals how OWA coalesce with fuzzy time series to design forecasting model. It can be observed from comparative study that use of OWA considerably reduces Mean Square Error (MSE) and Mean Absolute Percentage Error (MAPE). KeywordsForecasting, Fuzzy, Aggregation, Time Series
Abdominal pain in physical therapy practice: 3 patient cases.

STUDY DESIGN Resident's case problem. BACKGROUND Abdominal pain is a common symptom, but not a common diagnosis, of patients referred to physical therapists for examination and intervention. For patients with primary symptoms of abdominal pain, a thorough evaluation must be performed to determine if symptoms are musculoskeletal in nature or of a nonmusculoskeletal origin that would warrant a referral to a different healthcare provider. This report describes the management of 3 adults with primary complaints of abdominal pain who were referred for physical therapy evaluation and treatment. DIAGNOSIS Two of the patients had secondary symptoms of hip and/or low back pain and had previously undergone extensive medical testing for their chronic abdominal pain, without a definitive diagnosis having been determined. A physical therapy evaluation was conducted, and treatment, including manual physical therapy and exercise, was administered to address all relative impairments, once the physical therapist had determined that the patients' symptoms were of musculoskeletal origin. The third patient included in this series was referred to a physical therapist with a diagnosis of greater trochanteric versus iliopsoas bursitis. However, the patient had abdominal pain that was more acute in nature and a history and physical examination findings that were concerning for abdominal pain of nonmusculoskeletal origin. Both patients with abdominal pain of musculoskeletal origin showed marked improvement in pain and disability after 7 treatment sessions. The third patient was referred to her primary care physician, and ultrasound examination of the abdomen revealed several intrauterine masses that were consistent with uterine fibroids. Following uterine fibroid embolization, the patient was symptom free. DISCUSSION Although not routinely managed by physical therapists, abdominal pain is a relatively common patient symptom that can have several causes, both musculoskeletal and nonmusculoskeletal. This paper emphasizes the importance of physical therapists having the necessary differential diagnostic skills to determine if patients with primary symptoms of abdominal pain require physician referral or physical therapist intervention.
TaADF3, an Actin-Depolymerizing Factor, Negatively Modulates Wheat Resistance Against Puccinia striiformis

The actin cytoskeleton has been implicated in plant defense against pathogenic fungi, oomycetes, and bacteria. Actin depolymerizing factors (ADFs) are stimulus responsive actin cytoskeleton modulators. However, there is limited evidence linking ADFs with plant defense against pathogens. In this study, we have isolated and functionally characterized a stress-responsive ADF gene (TaADF3) from wheat, which was detectable in all examined wheat tissues. TaADF3 is a three-copy gene located on chromosomes 5AL, 5BL, and 5DL. A particle bombardment assay in onion epidermal cells revealed the cytoplasmic and nuclear localization of TaADF3. The expression of TaADF3 was inducible by abscisic acid (ABA), as well as various abiotic stresses (drought and cold) and virulent Puccinia striiformis f. sp. tritici (Pst) but was down regulated in response to avirulent Pst. Virus-induced silencing of TaADF3 copies enhanced wheat resistance to avirulent Pst, with decreased reactive oxygen species (ROS) accumulation and hypersensitive response (HR). Upon treatment with virulent Pst, TaADF3-knockdown plants exhibited reduced susceptibility, which was accompanied by increased ROS production and HR. Interestingly, the silencing of TaADF3 resulted in hindered pathogen penetration and haustoria formation for both avirulent and virulent Pst. Moreover, the array and distribution of actin filaments was transformed in TaADF3-knockdown epidermal cells, which possibly facilitated attenuating the fungus penetration. Thus, our findings suggest that TaADF3 positively regulates wheat tolerance to abiotic stresses and negatively regulates wheat resistance to Pst in an ROS-dependent manner, possibly underlying the mechanism of impeding fungal penetration dependent on the actin architecture dynamics.