Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
A Qualitative and Quantitative Systematic Review of Preemptive Analgesia for Postoperative Pain Relief: The Role of Timing of Analgesia

THE concept of preemptive analgesia to reduce the magnitude and duration of postoperative pain was paved in 1983 by Woolf, who showed evidence for a central component of postinjury pain hypersensitivity in experimental studies. Subsequently, an overwhelming amount of experimental data demonstrated that various antinociceptive techniques applied before injury were more effective in reducing the postinjury central sensitization phenomena as compared with administration after injury. Finally, these promising experimental findings were taken into clinical testing of the hypothesis. Although early reviews of clinical findings were mostly negative, there is still a widespread belief of the efficacy of preemptive analgesia among clinicians. The definition of preemptive analgesia has varied, thereby causing confusion and misunderstanding of the concept. Because the original observations in experimental studies suggested that timing of analgesic treatment was important to obtain efficient reduction of postinjury pain hypersensitivity phenomena, we performed an updated review of studies to compare the role of timing of analgesia i.e., preoperative versus intraoperative or postoperative initiation of analgesia. In this review we are not considering studies designed to compare preemptive analgesia versus no treatment. We have only included double-blind, randomized, controlled trials of identical or very similar analgesic regimens, where the only difference between study groups was timing of analgesia.
Exploring the distribution and dynamics of functional regions using mobile phone data and social media data

How different functional regions in urban space are distributed and dynamically changing is determined by how their residents interact with them, which is crucial for urban managers to make urban planning decisions, respond to emergency quickly. Based on these, this paper proposed a novel approach for the probability based labelling individual activities which can be further used to explore the distribution of social land use at base tower station (BTS) level using a combination of multi-source spatiotemporal data, namely, call data and checkin data. We applied an experiment in Shenzhen, China, and the result is compared to Tencent Street View to demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed approach to infer urban functional regions. _______________________________________________________ Jinzhou CAO State Key Laboratory of Information Engineering in Surveying, Mapping and Remote Sensing, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430079, P. R. China Email: caojinzhou@whu.edu. cn Wei TU (Corresponding author) Key Laboratory for Geo-Environment Monitoring of Coastal Zone of the National Administration of Surveying, Mapping and GeoInformation, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, P.R. China Email: tuwei@szu.edu. cn Qingquan LI (Corresponding author) Key Laboratory for Geo-Environment Monitoring of Coastal Zone of the National Administration of Surveying, Mapping and GeoInformation, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, P.R. China. Email: liqq@szu.edu. cn Meng ZHOU Department of Geography, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong, P.R. China. Email: zhoumeng@life.hkbu. edu.hk Rui CAO School of Geodesy and Geometics, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430079, P. R. China Email: cr@whu.edu. cn CUPUM 2015 264-Paper
What makes whiskers shake? Focus on "Current flow in vibrissa motor cortex can phase-lock with exploratory rhythmic whisking in rat".

As one researcher once put it—“to beat the night with sticks” (D. Kleinfeld, personal communication)—might be only option for a small mammal to find its way through the dark holes it is living in. Rats employ such a strategy and explore their environment by fast rhythmic whisker movements.
Changes in Electromyographic Activity Associated with Occupational Stress and Poor Performance in the Workplace

A shift in the power spectrum of surface electromyographic (EMG) activity, recorded during machine-paced keyboard operation and indicative of localized muscle fatigue in the forearms, clearly distinguished two groups of operators who sorted mail in accordance with different work practices. The group exhibiting these fatigue-related changes in EMG activity also (1) had much greater difficulty in meeting the accuracy requirements of the keyboard function; (2) rated visual, mental, and keying-related workload as objectionably high; (3) exhibited greater tremor in a post-work test of hand steadiness; and (4) reported greater physical discomfort in the fingers, hands, wrists, and arms. These results demonstrate that physiological data can increase our understanding of the effects of occupational stress on performance in the workplace.
Simultaneous Retrieval of Land Surface Temperature and Soil Moisture Using Multichannel Passive Microwave Data

Land surface temperature (LST) and soil moisture (SM) are two important parameters in land surface ecosystem at the regional and global scale. The accurate acquisition of LST and SM can benefit various fields, including agriculture and climate which are closely related to human life. The independent retrievals of LST and SM from passive microwave observations are mutually restricted and highly dependent on auxiliary data. To solve this problem, a simulation retrieval method of LST and SM was proposed based on the characteristics of multifrequency and dual-polarization. The simultaneous solution of LST and SM was realized by approximating and correcting the radiative transfer equation (RTE). The performance of the proposed method was evaluated using simulated data, resulting in a root mean square error (RMSE) of approximately 1.63 K and 0.063 $\text{m}^{3}/\text{m}^{3}$ . This method was further used to retrieve LST and SM from advanced microwave scanning radiometer for EOS (AMSR-E) observations. The retrieved LST was compared to the MODIS LST product under clear sky, with an RMSE of 5.68 K. The retrieved LST was validated using the Integrated Surface Database (ISD) air temperature under cloudy sky, with an RMSE of 4.29 K. The accuracy of retrieved LST changes with the variation of vegetation. The retrieved SM was evaluated using the Climate Change Initiative (CCI) SM product and in situ observations. The result shows that the accuracy ranges from 0.0157 to 0.1115 $\text{m}^{3}/\text{m}^{3}$ with the change of vegetation. This study gives a feasible method to retrieve LST and SM simultaneously with reasonable accuracy.
A semantic lexicon for medical language processing.

OBJECTIVE Construction of a resource that provides semantic information about words and phrases to facilitate the computer processing of medical narrative. DESIGN Lexemes (words and word phrases) in the Specialist Lexicon were matched against strings in the 1997 Metathesaurus of the Unified Medical Language System (UMLS) developed by the National Library of Medicine. This yielded a "semantic lexicon," in which each lexeme is associated with one or more syntactic types, each of which can have one or more semantic types. The semantic lexicon was then used to assign semantic types to lexemes occurring in a corpus of discharge summaries (603,306 sentences). Lexical items with multiple semantic types were examined to determine whether some of the types could be eliminated, on the basis of usage in discharge summaries. A concordance program was used to find contrasting contexts for each lexeme that would reflect different semantic senses. Based on this evidence, semantic preference rules were developed to reduce the number of lexemes with multiple semantic types. RESULTS Matching the Specialist Lexicon against the Metathesaurus produced a semantic lexicon with 75,711 lexical forms, 22,805 (30.1 percent) of which had two or more semantic types. Matching the Specialist Lexicon against one year's worth of discharge summaries identified 27,633 distinct lexical forms, 13,322 of which had at least one semantic type. This suggests that the Specialist Lexicon has about 79 percent coverage for syntactic information and 38 percent coverage for semantic information for discharge summaries. Of those lexemes in the corpus that had semantic types, 3,474 (12.6 percent) had two or more types. When semantic preference rules were applied to the semantic lexicon, the number of entries with multiple semantic types was reduced to 423 (1.5 percent). In the discharge summaries, occurrences of lexemes with multiple semantic types were reduced from 9.41 to 1.46 percent. CONCLUSION Automatic methods can be used to construct a semantic lexicon from existing UMLS sources. This semantic information can aid natural language processing programs that analyze medical narrative, provided that lexemes with multiple semantic types are kept to a minimum. Semantic preference rules can be used to select semantic types that are appropriate to clinical reports. Further work is needed to increase the coverage of the semantic lexicon and to exploit contextual information when selecting semantic senses.
Role of Arg123 in Light‐driven Anion Pump Mechanisms of pharaonis Halorhodopsin †

Halorhodopsin (HR) acts as a light‐driven chloride pump which transports a chloride ion from the extracellular (EC) to the cytoplasmic space during a photocycle reaction that includes some photointermediates initiated by illumination. To understand the chloride uptake mechanisms, we focused on a basic residue Arg123 of HR from Natronomonas pharaonis (NpHR), which is the only basic residue located in the EC half ion channel. By the measurements of the visible absorption spectra in the dark and the light‐induced inward current through the membrane, it was shown that the chloride binding and transport ability of NpHR completely disappeared by the change of arginine to glutamine. From flashphotolysis analysis, the photocycle of R123Q differed from that of wildtype NpHR completely. The response of the R123H mutant depended on pH. These facts imply that the positive charge at position 123 is essential for chloride binding in the ground state and for the chloride uptake under illumination. On the basis of the molecular structures of HR and the anion‐transportable mutants of bacteriorhodopsin, the effects of the positive charge and the conformational change of the Arg123 side chain as well as the chloride‐pumping mechanism are discussed.
Seasonal and environmental influences on recruitment patterns and habitat usage among resident and transient fishes in a World Heritage Site subtropical estuary.

This study investigated whether the fish communities inhabiting shallow non-vegetated habitats in two divergent bays in a subtropical World Heritage Site estuarine system differed according to wet (spring-summer) and dry (autumn-winter) seasons or polyhaline and mesohaline zones, within the broader objective of facilitating spatio-temporal management. Species richness (total of 74 taxa; total length, LT = 11-552 mm) and abundance (51 109 individuals) were mostly greater in the wet than dry season and in polyhaline than mesohaline areas. There was a major effect of rainfall on recruitment, particularly among transient fishes, which could be the result of enhanced survival of young via greater productivity (food resources) and protection from predators (via turbidity reducing visual cues). Salinity had strong interactive effects with rainfall and temperature in one bay, with greater species richness and overall abundances as well as large abundances of four key species [Anchoa januaria and Atherinella brasiliensis (pelagic residents), Cetengraulis edentulus (pelagic transient) and Diapterus rhombeus (demersal transient)] during the wet season in polyhaline areas; possibly reflecting a biodiversity hotspot that might be affected by distance to the estuary mouth and convergence hydrology. Regionally, the results support enforcing spatio-temporal restrictions to minimize anthropogenic activities within statutory (but not always enforced) protected areas. Globally, the data reiterate the need to identify and understand biotic and abiotic effects on estuarine ichthyofaunal distributions and abundances as a precursor to their management.
Im2Fit: Fast 3D Model Fitting and Anthropometrics using Single Consumer Depth Camera and Synthetic Data

Recent advances in consumer depth sensors have created many opportunities for human body measurement and modeling. Estimation of 3D body shape is particularly useful for fashion e-commerce applications such as virtual try-on or fit personalization. In this paper, we propose a method for capturing accurate human body shape and anthropometrics from a single consumer grade depth sensor. We first generate a large dataset of synthetic 3D human body models using real-world body size distributions. Next, we estimate key body measurements from a single monocular depth image. We combine body measurement estimates with local geometry features around key joint positions to form a robust multi-dimensional feature vector. This allows us to conduct a fast nearest-neighbor search to every sample in the dataset and return the closest one. Compared to existing methods, our approach is able to predict accurate full body parameters from a partial view using measurement parameters learned from the synthetic dataset. Furthermore, our system is capable of generating 3D human mesh models in real-time, which is significantly faster than methods which attempt to model shape and pose deformations. To validate the efficiency and applicability of our system, we collected a dataset that contains frontal and back scans of 83 clothed people with ground truth height and weight. Experiments on real-world dataset show that the proposed method can achieve real-time performance with competing results achieving an average error of 1.9 cm in estimated measurements.
Market-Level Implications of Regulating Forest Carbon Storage and Albedo for Climate Change Mitigation

We explore the optimal regulation of forest carbon and albedo for climate change mitigation. We develop a partial equilibrium market-level model with socially optimal carbon and albedo pricing and characterize optimal land allocation and harvests. We numerically assess the policy's market-level impacts on land allocation, harvests, and climate forcing, and evaluate how parameter choices (albedo strength, productivity of forest land, and carbon and albedo prices) affect the outcomes. Carbon pricing alone leads to an overprovision of climate benefits at the expense of food and timber production. Complementing the policy with albedo pricing reduces these welfare losses.
Astrogliosis: A review of the astrocytic mechanisms, imaging modes, and treatments in spinal cord injury patients

Astrocytes are cells in the central nervous system (CNS) that are responsible for many things, such as maintaining blood brain barrier (BBB), regulating synapses in the spinal cord, and responding to spinal cord injury (SCI). Astrogliosis, the astrocytic response to spinal cord injuries (SCIs), helps repair CNS damages by regulating different protein filaments, thus limiting axonal growth. Former studies that were demonstrated through laser capture microdissection and immunohistochemistry (IHC) helped to identify important genes involved in experimental therapies for SCIs. Additionally, there are potential clinical treatments options for SCIs such as hydrogels, mesenchymal stem cells and steroids. Increased imaging modalities indicate that excessive astrogliosis can have adverse effects. These imaging techniques include positron emission tomography (PET), magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), and two-photon laser-scanning microscopy (TPLSM). These techniques illuminate greater details of the astrocytic response to SCIs. Despite these findings, astrogliosis is not well understood by the research community. Many of the studies presented in this literature review are experimental attempts to understand the mechanisms of astrogliosis in SCIs. This literature review aims to summarize the methods of each study in visualizing the mechanisms of astrogliosis and how they play a role in SCIs. Furthermore, this paper is aimed to comprehensively bridge the developments in the treatment for SCI patients based on innovative imaging modalities. Compared to prior studies, this review utilizes more recent understandings of the astrogliosis mechanisms to highlight insights into targeted developments, both clinically and preclinically. Some limitations of this literature review include the limited studies on astrogliosis and its impact on SCIs. Nonetheless, there is ongoing potential in the search for treatments for SCIs.
Shoot, shovel and shut up: cryptic poaching slows restoration of a large carnivore in Europe

Poaching is a widespread and well-appreciated problem for the conservation of many threatened species. Because poaching is illegal, there is strong incentive for poachers to conceal their activities, and consequently, little data on the effects of poaching on population dynamics are available. Quantifying poaching mortality should be a required knowledge when developing conservation plans for endangered species but is hampered by methodological challenges. We show that rigorous estimates of the effects of poaching relative to other sources of mortality can be obtained with a hierarchical state–space model combined with multiple sources of data. Using the Scandinavian wolf (Canis lupus) population as an illustrative example, we show that poaching accounted for approximately half of total mortality and more than two-thirds of total poaching remained undetected by conventional methods, a source of mortality we term as ‘cryptic poaching’. Our simulations suggest that without poaching during the past decade, the population would have been almost four times as large in 2009. Such a severe impact of poaching on population recovery may be widespread among large carnivores. We believe that conservation strategies for large carnivores considering only observed data may not be adequate and should be revised by including and quantifying cryptic poaching.
Real-Time Cone-Growth Model for Determination of Pharmaceutical Powder Flow Properties

The flow properties of pellets or granules are crucial for further processing drug dosage forms. Optimal compression or filling of multiparticulate dosage forms into capsules is influenced by forces between discrete particles, which could be partially characterized by flow properties. Several techniques have been developed to examine flowability, including static and dynamic methods applying empirical studies and up-to-date chaos theory; however, the newest methods seem only to be powerful with the supplementation of empirical principles. Our experiments try to refine both the technique of analysis and the methods, by finding new, alternative ways. Our approach to the flowability measurements was to set up a dynamic time-dependent model that combined empirical observations and chaos theory on a geometrical basis, thus finding new characteristics regarding the flow properties of pellets and granules that could be relevant for drug developers. Our findings indicate that sphericity and particle size are the most significant factors influencing the flowability of pharmaceutical multiparticular preparations. Furthermore, this study confirms that integrating chaos theory and empirical observations in a time-dependent dynamic model provides a comprehensive understanding of particle flow behavior, pivotal for optimizing manufacturing processes.
The development of the mammalian outer and middle ear

The mammalian ear is a complex structure divided into three main parts: the outer; middle; and inner ear. These parts are formed from all three germ layers and neural crest cells, which have to integrate successfully in order to form a fully functioning organ of hearing. Any defect in development of the outer and middle ear leads to conductive hearing loss, while defects in the inner ear can lead to sensorineural hearing loss. This review focuses on the development of the parts of the ear involved with sound transduction into the inner ear, and the parts largely ignored in the world of hearing research: the outer and middle ear. The published data on the embryonic origin, signalling, genetic control, development and timing of the mammalian middle and outer ear are reviewed here along with new data showing the Eustachian tube cartilage is of dual embryonic origin. The embryonic origin of some of these structures has only recently been uncovered (Science, 339, 2013, 1453; Development, 140, 2013, 4386), while the molecular mechanisms controlling the growth, structure and integration of many outer and middle ear components are hardly known. The genetic analysis of outer and middle ear development is rather limited, with a small number of genes often affecting either more than one part of the ear or having only very small effects on development. This review therefore highlights the necessity for further research into the development of outer and middle ear structures, which will be important for the understanding and treatment of conductive hearing loss.
Towards a Conceptual Model of Users’ Expectations of an Autonomous In-Vehicle Multimodal Experience

People are expected to have more opportunities to spend their free time inside the vehicle with advanced vehicle automation in the near future. This will enable people to turn their attention to desirable activities other than driving and to have varied in-vehicle interactions through multimodal ways of conveying and receiving information. Previous studies on in-vehicle multimodal interactions primarily have focused on making users evaluate the impacts of particular multimodal integrations on them, which do not fully provide an overall understanding of user expectations of the multimodal experience in autonomous vehicles. The research was thus designed to fill the research gap by posing the key question “What are the critical aspects that differentiate and characterise in-vehicle multimodal experiences? ” To answer this question, five sessions of design fiction workshops were separately conducted with 17 people to understand the users’ expectations of the multimodal experience in autonomous vehicles. Twenty-two subthemes of users’ expected tasks of multimodal experience were extracted through thematic analysis. The research found that two dimensions, attention and duration, are critical aspects that impact in-vehicle multimodal interactions. With this knowledge, a conceptual model of the users’ in-vehicle multimodal experience was proposed with a two-dimensional spectrum, which populates four different layers: sustained, distinct, concurrent, and coherent. The proposed conceptual model could help designers understand and approach users’ expectations more clearly, allowing them to make more informed decisions from the initial stages of the design process.
Structural Basis for Species-specific Differences in the Phosphorylation of Na,K-ATPase by Protein Kinase C (*)

There is considerable evidence that protein kinases play a role in regulation of the activity of the Na,K-ATPase, but the characteristics of direct kinase phosphorylation of Na,K-ATPase subunits are still not well understood. There are 36 sites that could qualify as protein kinase C motifs in rat α1. Here we have used protein fragmentation with trypsin to localize the site of phosphorylation of the rat Na,K-ATPase α1 subunit to within the first 32 amino acids of the N terminus and then used direct sequencing of the phosphorylated protein to determine which of two candidate serine residues was modified. The result was that at most 25% of the P was found on Ser-11, a site that is well conserved in Na,K-ATPase α1 subunits. The remaining 75% or more of the P was found on Ser-18, a site that is absent in many Na,K-ATPase α subunit sequences. This accounts for the observation that dog and pig α1 subunits can be phosphorylated by protein kinase C only to much lower levels than can rat α1. It is also likely to be relevant to other known species-specific effects of protein kinase C on Na,K-ATPase.