Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Long-term fate of Ra-226 originating from offshore produced water discharges

Formation water in oil and gas fields contain elevated concentrations of several radionuclides compared with seawater. It is therefore of interest to track the fate of these radionuclides when they are released into the ocean along with the produced water stream. In this work we have simulated the fate of radionuclides in produced water discharge from all relevant installations on the Norwegian continental shelf for periods up to 20 years. We investigated separately the fate of the radionuclide Ra-226 in solid and in dissolved phase. Our findings show that when Ra-226 spreads as a solid it has the highest potential for reaching the sediments in the areas around the Oseberg and Ekofisk fields. The estimated contribution above background at these sites over a 30 year period was estimated to be from 2 Bq/kg to 10 Bq/kg, depending on the degree of burial, bioturbation and sediment mixing. Our simulations of dissolved Ra-226 showed transport along the Norwegian coast up past Svalbard. We found that the maximal contribution of dissolved Ra-226 to radioactivity in sediments over a 30 year period lies in the range 0.6 2 Bq/kg at several locations along the Norwegian coast.
Effects of adipose-derived cell supplementation on tendon-bone healing in a rat model of chronic rotator cuff tear with suprascapular nerve injury

Objective To investigate the effect of adipose-derived cells (ADCs) on tendon-bone healing in a rat model of chronic rotator cuff tear (RCT) with suprascapular nerve (SN) injury. Methods Adult rats underwent right shoulder surgery whereby the supraspinatus was detached, and SN injury was induced. ADCs were cultured from the animals’ abdominal fat. At 6 weeks post-surgery, the animals underwent surgical tendon repair; the ADC (+ve) group (n = 18) received an ADC injection, and the ADC (−ve) group (n = 18) received a saline injection. Shoulders were harvested at 10, 14, and 18 weeks and underwent histological, fluorescent, and biomechanical analyses. Results In the ADC (+ve) group, a firm enthesis, including dense mature fibrocartilage and well-aligned cells, were observed in the bone-tendon junction and fatty infiltration was less than in the ADC (−ve) group. Mean maximum stress and linear stiffness was greater in the ADC (+ve) compared with the ADC (−ve) group at 18 weeks. Conclusion ADC supplementation showed a positive effect on tendon-bone healing in a rat model of chronic RCT with accompanying SN injury. Therefore, ADC injection may possibly accelerate recovery in massive RCT injuries.
Lower-Limb Myoelectric Calibration Postures for Transtibial Prostheses

The use of an agonist-antagonist muscle pair for myoelectric control of a transtibial prosthesis requires normalizing the myoelectric signals and identifying their co-contraction signature. Extensive literature has explored the relationship between body posture and lower-limb muscle activation level using surface electromyography (EMG), but it is unknown how these relationships hold after amputation. Using a virtual tracking task, this study compares the effect of three different calibration postures (seated, standing, dynamic) on user tracking ability while in two tracking postures (seated, standing) for 18 able-bodied (AB) subjects and 9 subjects with transtibial (TT) amputation. As expected, AB subjects produced statistically significant differences in muscle activation for gastrocnemius (GAS) when seated vs. standing during calibration (p = 8.8e-4), but not for tibialis anterior (TA) (p = 0.76). TT subjects, however, showed no significant differences in GAS or TA between seated and standing (p = 0.90, 0.60 respectively). It was also determined that normalizing EMG by the global maximum signal observed (standard in biomechanic analysis) is undesirable for myoelectric control. For best general results with this framework, calibration in both seated and dynamic postures is recommended, taking the normalization information from the seated posture and the narrowest co-contraction slopes from the two.
The Orientational Resolution of Human Texture

A major determinant of human texture segregation and discrimination is the orientational content of the stimuli ~used. We have investigated the ability of observers to resolve features defined in the orientation domain in a variety of textures. It was found that features had to be separated by at least 13 deg for subjects to discriminate orientationally bimodal textures from same-variance unimodal textures. For larger separations, the determinant of performance was the magnitude of the central "dip" in the probability density functions determining the bimodal textures. Resolution performance can be modelled by assuming that a filtering process over orientation demodulates the central dip in the bimodal texture and that discrimination depends on criterion depth in the resulting function. Such modelling produces relatively broad estimates of the bandwidth ranging from about 10-20 deg. Performance was similar for both line and Gabor micropattern stimuli. © 1997 Elsevier Science Ltd Texture Psyclhophysics Orientation Filtering Resolution INTRODUCTION The textural content of an image region is a cue that the visual system can use for segmentation and identification (Beck, 1966; Julesz, 1962), as well as surface orientation estimation (Gibson, 1950). It is widely believed that the orientational properties of a texture are particularly important in this regard (Beck
Building extraction for 3D city modelling using airborne laser scanning data and high-resolution aerial photo

Light detection and ranging (LiDAR) technology has become a standard tool for three-dimensional mapping because it offers fast rate of data acquisition with unprecedented level of accuracy. This study presents an approach to accurately extract and model building in three-dimensional space from airborne laser scanning data acquired over Universiti Putra Malaysia in 2015. First, the point cloud was classified into ground and non-ground xyz points. The ground points was used to generate digital terrain model (DTM) while digital surface model (DSM) was produced from the entire point cloud. From DSM and DTM, we obtained normalise DSM (nDSM) representing the height of features above the terrain surface. Thereafter, the DSM, DTM, nDSM, laser intensity image and orthophoto were combined as a single data file by layer stacking. After integrating the data, it was segmented into image objects using Object Based Image Analysis (OBIA) and subsequently, the resulting image object classified into four land cover classes: building, road, waterbody and pavement. Assessment of the classification accuracy produced overall accuracy and Kappa coefficient of 94.02% and 0.88 respectively. Then the extracted building footprints from the building class were further processed to generate 3D model. The model provides 3D visual perception of the spatial pattern of the buildings which is useful for the management to plan future expansion of the Engineering Complex and for simulating disaster scenario for emergency management.
Multicomponent and source-free converted-wave reverse time migration for VSP

VSP has advantages to detect and monitor the objects around the borehole due to its geometry. Multicomponent VSP can add rich information about the elastic properties of the subsurface near wellbore. However, the elastic wave imaging has been challenging due to the complexities in wave physics. The uncertainties in near surface structure will also affect the image accuracy. In this abstract we utilize the elastic image conditions with scalar wave equations for VSP reverse-time migration (RTM) to image the complex structures. We also provide an alternative way of using the source-free convertedwave (SFCW) RTM imaging for VSP to avoid the complex overburden structures. With multiple numerical examples, the PP, PS and SFCW images demonstrate the ability to image the complex sediment layers around the wellbore. Using both PP and PS image can provide a good interpretation for the complex subsurface but they rely on a relatively correct velocity model. The SFCW image is target oriented and is robust for the complex overburden velocity issue, while it has a lack of illumination for the areas further away from the borehole.
Enhanced Hydrogen Evolution Catalysis of Pentlandite due to the Increases in Coordination Number and Sulfur Vacancy during Cubic-Hexagonal Phase Transition.

The search for new phases is an important direction in materials science. The phase transition of sulfides results in significant changes in catalytic performance, such as MoS2 and WS2 . Cubic pentlandite [cPn, (Fe, Ni)9 S8 ] can be a functional material in batteries, solar cells, and catalytic fields. However, no report about the material properties of other phases of pentlandite exists. In this study, the unit-cell parameters of a new phase of pentlandite, sulfur-vacancy enriched hexagonal pentlandite (hPn), and the phase boundary between cPn and hPn are determined for the first time. Compared to cPn, the hPn shows a high coordination number, more sulfur vacancies, and high conductivity, which result in significantly higher hydrogen evolution performance of hPn than that of cPn and make the non-nano rock catalyst hPn superior to other most known nanosulfide catalysts. The increase of sulfur vacancies during phase transition provides a new approach to designing functional materials.
Perceiving a need for dietary change in adults living with and beyond cancer: A cross‐sectional study

Abstract Background Many people living with and beyond cancer (LWBC) do not meet dietary recommendations. To implement a healthier diet, people LWBC must perceive a need to improve their diet. Methods Participants included people diagnosed with breast, prostate or colorectal cancer in the UK. Two binary logistic regression models were conducted with perceived need for dietary change as the outcome (need to improve vs. no need). Predictor variables included demographic and clinical characteristics, receipt of dietary advice, and either body mass index (BMI) or adherence to seven relevant World Cancer Research Fund (WCRF) dietary recommendations. Results The sample included 5835 responses. Only 31% perceived a need to improve their diet. Being younger (odds ratio [OR] 0.95, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 94–0.95), female (OR = 1.33, 95% CI = 1.15–1.53), not of white ethnicity (OR = 1.8, 95% CI = 1.48–2.27), not married/cohabiting (OR = 1.32, 95% CI = 1.16–1.52) and having received dietary advice (OR = 1.36, 95% CI = 1.43–1.86) was associated with an increased odds of perceiving a need to improve diet. This association was also seen for participants with two or more comorbidities (OR = 1.31, 95% CI = 1.09–1.57), those not meeting the recommendations for fruit and vegetables (OR = 0.47, 95% CI = 0.41–0.55), fat (OR = 0.67, 95% CI = 0.58–0.77), and sugar (OR = 0.86, 95% CI = 0.75–0.98) in the dietary components model and those who had a higher BMI (OR = 1.53, 95% CI = 1.32–1.77) in the BMI model. Conclusions Most of this sample of people LWBC did not perceive a need to improve their diet. More research is needed to understand the reasons for this and to target these reasons in dietary interventions.
TARGET: A Randomized, Noninferiority Trial of a Pretest, Patient-Driven Genetic Education Webtool Versus Genetic Counseling for Prostate Cancer Germline Testing

PURPOSE Germline genetic testing (GT) is important for prostate cancer (PCA) management, clinical trial eligibility, and hereditary cancer risk. However, GT is underutilized and there is a shortage of genetic counselors. To address these gaps, a patient-driven, pretest genetic education webtool was designed and studied compared with traditional genetic counseling (GC) to inform strategies for expanding access to genetic services. METHODS Technology-enhanced acceleration of germline evaluation for therapy (TARGET) was a multicenter, noninferiority, randomized trial (ClinicalTrials.gov identifier: NCT04447703) comparing a nine-module patient-driven genetic education webtool versus pretest GC. Participants completed surveys measuring decisional conflict, satisfaction, and attitudes toward GT at baseline, after pretest education/counseling, and after GT result disclosure. The primary end point was noninferiority in reducing decisional conflict between webtool and GC using the validated Decisional Conflict Scale. Mixed-effects regression modeling was used to compare decisional conflict between groups. Participants opting for GT received a 51-gene panel, with results delivered to participants and their providers. RESULTS The analytic data set includes primary outcome data from 315 participants (GC [n = 162] and webtool [n = 153]). Mean difference in decisional conflict score changes between groups was –0.04 (one-sided 95% CI, –∞ to 2.54; P = .01), suggesting the patient-driven webtool was noninferior to GC. Overall, 145 (89.5%) GC and 120 (78.4%) in the webtool arm underwent GT, with pathogenic variants in 15.8% (8.7% in PCA genes). Satisfaction did not differ significantly between arms; knowledge of cancer genetics was higher but attitudes toward GT were less favorable in the webtool arm. CONCLUSION The results of the TARGET study support the use of patient-driven digital webtools for expanding access to pretest genetic education for PCA GT. Further studies to optimize patient experience and evaluate them in diverse patient populations are warranted.
MEASUREMENT OF WATER VAPOR DIFFUSION THROUGH LAMINATED FABRICS AND MEMBRANES USING A DIODE LASER SPECTROSCOPE

Abstract : A spectroscopic system based on vapor phase absorption of infrared radiation produced by a diode laser is shown to be useful for measuring water vapor diffusion rates through materials in sheet form. Measurements of water vapor diffusion through four polymer membranes and membrane laminates showed an excellent correlation with an existing water vapor transport apparatus that uses hygroscopic polymer film capacitance sensors. The diode laser spectrometer eliminates sorption hysteresis artifacts present in the capacitance sensors.
Unethical amnesia brain: Memory and metacognitive distortion induced by dishonesty

Unethical actions and decisions may distort human memory in two aspects: memory accuracy and metacognition. However, the neural and computational mechanisms underlying the metacognition distortion caused by repeated dishonesty remain largely unknown. Here, we performed two fMRI studies, including one replication study, with an information-sending task in the scanner. The main moral decision task in the scanner involves consistency and reward as two main factors, combined with a pre-scan and post-scan memory test together with mouse tracking. With multiple dimensions of metrics to measure metacognition, we test whether the inter-subject metacognition change correlates with how participants trade off consistency and reward. We find that the compression of representational geometry of reward in the orbitofrontal cortex (OFC) is correlated with both immediate and delayed metacognition changes. Also, the functional connectivity between the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) and the left temporoparietal junction (lTPJ) under dishonest responses can predict both immediate and delayed metacognition changes in memory. These results suggest that decision-making, emotion, and memory-related brain regions together play a key role in metacognition change after immoral action, shedding light on the neural mechanism of the complex interplay between moral decisions, cognitive processes, and memory distortion. ‘I did that’, says my memory. ‘I could not have done that’, says my pride, and remains inexorable. Eventually - the memory yields. —Nietzsche[1]
Relative rDNA copy number is not associated with resistance training-induced skeletal muscle hypertrophy and does not affect myotube anabolism in vitro

Ribosomal DNA (rDNA) copies are organized in tandem repeats across multiple chromosomes, and inter-individual variation in rDNA copy number has been speculated to be a modifier of the hypertrophic responses to resistance training. In the current study, 82 apparently healthy participants (n=53 males, 21±1 years old; n=29 females, 21±2 years old) performed 10-12 weeks of supervised full-body resistance training. Whole-body, mid-thigh, and histological skeletal muscle hypertrophy outcomes were determined, as was relative rDNA copy number from pre-intervention vastus lateralis (VL) biopsies. Pre- and post-intervention VL biopsy mRNA/rRNA markers of ribosome content and biogenesis were assayed in all participants, and these targets were also assayed in the 29 females 24 hours following their first workout bout. Across all 82 participants, no significant associations were evident between relative rDNA copy number and training-induced changes in whole body lean mass (r = -0.034, p=0.764), vastus lateralis thickness (r = 0.093, p=0.408), mean myofiber cross-sectional area (r = -0.128, p=0.259), or changes in muscle RNA concentrations (r = 0.026, p=0.818). Several significant, positive associations in females support ribosome biogenesis being linked to training-induced myofiber hypertrophy. Follow-up studies using LHCN-M2 myotubes demonstrate a reduction in relative rDNA copy number induced by bisphenol A (BPA). However, BPA did not significantly affect myotube diameter or prevent insulin-like-growth factor-induced hypertrophy. These findings provide strong evidence that relative rDNA copy number is not associated with myofiber anabolism and provide further mechanistic evidence for ribosome biogenesis being involved in this phenomenon.
Closed-loop auditory stimulation targeting alpha and theta oscillations during REM sleep induces phase-dependent power and frequency changes

Background Alpha and theta oscillations characterize the waking human electroencephalogram (EEG) and can be modulated by closed-loop auditory stimulation (CLAS). These oscillations also occur during rapid eye movement (REM) sleep, but whether they can be modulated by CLAS is not known. Objective Investigate whether CLAS can modulate alpha and theta oscillations during REM sleep in a targeted phase-dependent manner. Methods We recorded high-density EEG during an extended overnight sleep period in 18 healthy young adults. Auditory stimulation was delivered during both phasic and tonic REM sleep in alternating 6 s ON and 6 s OFF windows. During the ON windows, stimuli were phase-locked to four orthogonal phases of ongoing alpha or theta oscillations detected in a frontal electrode (Fz). Results During ON windows, the four orthogonal phases of ongoing alpha and theta oscillations were targeted with high accuracy. Alpha and theta CLAS induced phase-dependent changes in power and frequency at the target location. Frequency-specific effects were observed for alpha trough (speeding up) and rising (slowing down) and theta trough (speeding up) conditions. These phase-dependent changes of CLAS were observed during both REM sleep substages, even though the amplitude evoked by auditory stimuli which were not phase-locked was very much reduced in phasic compared to tonic REM sleep. Conclusions This study provides evidence that faster REM sleep rhythms can be modulated by CLAS in a phase-dependent manner. This offers a new approach to investigate how modulation of REM sleep oscillations affects the contribution of this vigilance state to brain function. Highlights - REM sleep alpha and theta oscillations can be modulated using phase-locked CLAS - Phase-dependent changes in power and frequency are observed in the target area - Phase-dependent modulation occurs in phasic and tonic REM sleep Graphical Abstract
Temporal attention recruits fronto-cingulate cortex to amplify stimulus representations

The human brain receives a continuous stream of input, but it faces significant constraints in its ability to process every item in a sequence of stimuli. Voluntary temporal attention can alleviate these constraints by using information about upcoming stimulus timing to selectively prioritize a task-relevant item over others in a sequence. But the neural mechanisms underlying this ability remain unclear. Here, we manipulated temporal attention to successive stimuli in a two-target temporal cueing task, while controlling for temporal expectation by using fully predictable stimulus timing. We recorded magnetoencephalography (MEG) in human observers and measured the effects of temporal attention on orientation representations of each stimulus using time-resolved multivariate decoding in both sensor and source space. Voluntary temporal attention enhanced the orientation representation of the first target 235-300 milliseconds after target onset. Unlike previous studies that did not isolate temporal attention from temporal expectation, we found no evidence that temporal attention enhanced early visual evoked responses. Instead, and unexpectedly, the primary source of enhanced decoding for attended stimuli in the critical time window was a contiguous region spanning left frontal cortex and cingulate cortex. The results suggest that voluntary temporal attention recruits cortical regions beyond the ventral stream at an intermediate processing stage to amplify the representation of a target stimulus, which may serve to protect it from subsequent interference by a temporal competitor.
External task switches activate default mode regions without enhanced processing of the surrounding scene

Default mode network (DMN) activity, measured with fMRI, typically increases during internally directed thought, and decreases during tasks that demand externally focused attention. However, Crittenden et al. (2015) and Smith et al. (2018) reported increased DMN activity during demanding external task switches between different cognitive domains, compared to within-domain switches and task repeats. This finding is hard to reconcile with many dominant views of DMN function. Here, we aimed to replicate this DMN task-switch effect in a similar paradigm and test whether it reflects increased representation of broader context, specifically of a scene presented behind the focal task. In Core DMN, we found significant activity for all task switches, compared to task repeats, and stronger activity for switches between rest and task. Although the content of the background scene was attended, recalled, and neurally decodable, there was no evidence that this differed by switch type. Therefore, external task switches activated DMN without enhanced processing of the surrounding scene. Surprisingly, DMN activity at within-domain switches was no less than at between-domain switches. We suggest that modulation of DMN activity by task switches reflects a shift in the current cognitive model and depends on the overall complexity of that model.
Developmental trajectory of cortical somatostatin interneuron function

GABAergic inhibition is critical to the proper development of neocortical circuits. However, GABAergic interneurons are highly diverse and the developmental roles of distinct inhibitory subpopulations remain largely unclear. Dendrite-targeting, somatostatin-expressing interneurons (SST-INs) in the mature cortex regulate synaptic integration and plasticity in excitatory pyramidal neurons (PNs) and exhibit unique feature selectivity. Relatively little is known about early postnatal SST-IN activity or impact on surrounding local circuits. We examined juvenile SST-INs and PNs in mouse primary visual cortex. PNs exhibited stable visual responses and feature selectivity from eye opening onwards. In contrast, SST-INs developed visual responses and feature selectivity during the third postnatal week in parallel with a rapid increase in excitatory synaptic innervation. SST-INs largely exerted a multiplicative effect on nearby PN visual responses at all ages, but this impact increased over time. Our results identify a developmental window for the emergence of an inhibitory circuit mechanism for normalization.