Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Why Wasn't O. J. Convicted? Emotional Coherence in Legal Inference

In 1995, O. J. Simpson was tried for the murder of his ex-wife, Nicole Brown Simpson, and her friend, Ron Goldman, both of whom had been found with multiple knife wounds. To the surprise of many, the jury found Simpson not guilty of the crime, and many explanations have been given for the verdict, ranging from emotional bias on the part of the jury to incompetence on the part of the prosecution. Of course, there is also the possibility that, given the evidence presented to them, the jury rationally made the decision that Simpson was not guilty beyond a reasonable doubt. This paper evaluates four competing psychological explanations for why the jury reached the verdict they did: 1. Explanatory coherence. The jury found O. J. Simpson not guilty because they did not find it plausible that he had committed the crime, where plausibility is determined by explanatory coherence. 2. Probability theory. The jury found O. J. Simpson not guilty because they thought that it was not sufficiently probable that he had committed the crime, where probability is calculated by means of Bayes's theorem. 3. Wishful thinking. The jury found O. J. Simpson not guilty because they were emotionally biased toward him and wanted to find him not guilty. 4. Emotional coherence. The jury found O. J. Simpson not guilty because of an interaction between emotional bias and explanatory coherence. I will describe computational models that provide detailed simulations of juror reasoning for explanatory and emotional coherence, and argue that the latter account is the most plausible. Application to the Simpson case requires expansion of my previous theory of 2 emotional coherence to introduce emotional biasing of judgments of explanatory coherence. Social psychologists distinguish between " hot " and " cold " cognition, which differ in that the former involves motivations and emotions The first two explanations above involve cold cognition, the third based on wishful thinking involves only hot cognition, but my preferred emotional-coherence explanation shows how hot and cold cognition can be tightly integrated. Explanatory Coherence At first glance, the evidence that O. J. Simpson was the murderer of his ex-wife was overwhelming. Shortly after the time that the murder took place, he caught a plane to Chicago carrying a bag that disappeared, perhaps because it contained the murder weapon and bloody clothes. Police who came to Simpson's house found drops of blood in his car that matched his …
Acidification of Lower St. Lawrence Estuary Bottom Waters

Accumulation of metabolic CO2 can acidify marine waters above and beyond the ongoing acidification of the ocean by anthropogenic CO2. The impact of respiration on carbonate chemistry and pH is most acute in hypoxic and anoxic basins, where metabolic CO2 accumulates to high concentrations. The bottom waters of the Lower St. Lawrence Estuary (LSLE), where persistently severe hypoxia has developed over the last 80 years, is one such case. We have reconstructed the evolution of pH in the bottom waters from historical and recent data, and from first principles relating the stoichiometry of CO2 produced to oxygen consumed during microbial degradation of organic matter. Based on the value of the atmospheric partial pressure of CO2 that best reproduces the preformed dissolved inorganic carbon concentration in the bottom waters, we estimate the average ventilation age of the bottom waters to be 16 ± 3 years. The pH of the bottom waters has decreased by 0.2 to 0.3 over the last 75 years, which is four to six times greater than can be attributed to the uptake of anthropogenic CO2. The pH decrease is accompanied by a decline in the saturation state with respect to both calcite and aragonite. As of 2007, bottom waters in the LSLE are slightly supersaturated with respect to calcite (Ωc ≈ 1.06 ± 0.04) but are strongly undersaturated with respect to aragonite (Ωa ≈ 0.67 ± 0.03).
Relationships between Chlorophyll-a, Phosphorus and Nitrogen as Fundamentals for Controlling Phytoplankton Biomass in Lakes

valuable for the control of water quality in lakes to grasp the global functional relationship between phytoplankton biomass (Chlorophyll-a; Chl-a), total phosphorous (TP) and total nitrogen (TN) in lake ecosystems. This paper aims at developing a comprehensive model that explains the relationship between Chl-a, TP and TN in lakes under a wide range of environments. Three regression models, the conventional Ordinary Least Squares (OLS) model, random effect panel model and dynamic panel model are compared. Estimation based on water quality data from 396 lakes in 18 European countries reveals that OLS estimation gives comparable parameters to those of many earlier studies, in which both TP and TN are significant determinants of Chl-a. Application of the non-conventional estimation methods alters this parameter structure radically. Station-specific effects being controlled, TN/TP is not a significant factor. The inclusion of auto-regressive effects makes TN insignificant. These results suggest that the concentration of Chl-a could be controlled by reducing the concentration of TP, rather than TN, the effect of which might however be offset by the past concentration of Chl-a. These models were tested by applying them to simulate the relationship for 9 Japanese lakes to show the superior performance of the non-conventional dynamic model. with an average observa-tion of the
Simulations of continental ice sheet growth over the last glacial-interglacial cycle: Experiments with a one-level seasonal energy balance model including realistic geography

A global, two-dimensional, one-level seasonal energy balance model (linear in temperature) is asynchronously coupled to vertically integrated ice-flow models (which depend on latitude and longitude) in order to study the response of the atmosphere-ocean-cryosphere-lithosphere system to variable solar forcing during the last ice age cycle of late Pleistocene time. At the last glacial maximum, the model is shown to satisfactorily simulate both the geographic distribution of ice volume and the individual ice sheet masses within the North American and European ice sheet complexes as they have recently been inferred on the basis of relative sea level data (Tushingham and Peltier, 1991). Because the energy balance model employed here does not take mean ocean currents into account, the absence of the moderating influence of the warm currents in the North Atlantic Ocean leads to a simulation such that surface temperatures are too cold over Scandinavia and the Barents and Kara seas, which leads to an erroneous European ice sheet even in the interglacial phase of the glacial-interglacial cycle. The sensitivity of the coupled model to variable solar forcing is also insufficient to explain the terminations that are such a striking feature of individual ice age cycles (e.g., Broecker and van Donk, 1970), and this suggests that further physical mechanisms will have to be added to the model in order to explain this important phenomenon. Suggestions are provided as to what these missing physical ingredients might be.
Remotely Sensed Estimates of Solar Radiation in the Tropics Using Infrared Satellite Imagery

A statistical method is presented for the estimation of global solar radiation at the ground surface. Daytime averaged “infrared” data taken by a geostationary meteorological satellite are applied to estimate the daily amount of global solar radiation around the tropics. In order to use the infrared equivalent blackbody temperature (IR TBB) data as an indicator of cloud amount and activity in the daytime, the satellite data on each point of a 0.1×0.1 degree grid are averaged from 06 to 18 LST in one hour intervals. Surface solar irradiance is evaluated with the averaged TBB and a calculated solar radiation at the top of the atmosphere. Results are compared with measured radiation values over the ocean and on islands in the tropics. From the results of the estimation, the correlation coefficient is 0.88 and the root mean square error is 2.41MJ/m2 for daily estimation over the ocean, and 0.79 and 2.78MJ/m2 on islands.
GSWM-98: Results for migrating solar tides

We report on new global-scale wave model (GSWM) predictions for the migrating solar tide in the troposphere, stratosphere, mesosphere and lower thermosphere. The model revision, hereafter GSWM-98, includes an updated gravity wave (GW) stress parameterization and modifications to the background atmosphere based on 6-year monthly averaged Upper Atmosphere Research Satellite (UARS) climatologies. UARS Halogen Occultation Experiment and Microwave Limb Sounder ozone data are used to define the strato-mesospheric tidal source, while GSWM-98 background winds are based on UARS High Resolution Doppler Interferometer (HRDI) zonal mean zonal wind data. We quantify and interpret differences between previous diurnal and semidiurnal predictions, hereafter GSWM-95, and GSWM-98 results. The revised GW stress parameterization accounts for the most profound changes and leads to seasonal variability predictions that are consistent with diurnal amplitudes observed in the upper mesosphere and lower thermosphere. Unresolved differences between HRDI and other wind climatologies significantly affect MLT tidal predictions.
[Prophylactic analgesia in functional endoscopic sinus surgery. Hemodynamics, surgical conditions, stress response].

OBJECTIVE Sufficient control of intraoperative bleeding in functional endoscopic sinus surgery is essential for obtaining adequate surgical results. The necessity of hypotensive anesthetic techniques is a controversial topic among anesthesiologists and ENT-surgeons. This prospective, randomized study compared N2O-supplemented intravenous anesthesia with propofol and fentanyl or sufentanil with respect to hemodynamic reactions, endocrine stress response, blood loss and surgical conditions, and recovery. METHODS After obtaining informed consent, 32 patients undergoing endoscopic sinus procedures were anesthetized with N2O, propofol, and fentanyl or sufentanil (dosage ratio fentanyl:sufentanil = 7:1). Arterial blood pressure was measured via an arterial line, blood samples for ACTH, AVP, and cortisol were obtained pre-, intra-, and post-operatively, and a psychomotor function test was conducted pre- and postoperatively. The ENT-surgeon estimated the dryness of the surgical field on a numeric scale ranging from 1 to 5, and intraoperative blood loss was measured. RESULTS Hemodynamic reactions to surgical simulation were blunted more sufficiently in the sufentanil group. Surgical conditions were satisfactory in all patients, but significantly better in the sufentanil group; differences in blood loss did not prove statistically significant. The endocrine stress response was efficiently blunted without significant differences between the groups. Post-operative psychomotor testing showed better recovery in the sufentanil group. CONCLUSIONS N2O-supplemented intravenous anesthesia is suitable for functional endoscopic sinus procedure without any further need for induced hypotension; sufentanil seems to be superior in regard to hemodynamic stability, surgical conditions, and psychomotor recovery.
A third paradox in catchment hydrology and biogeochemistry: decoupling in the riparian zone

*Correspondence to: T. P. Burt, Department of Geography, University of Durham, Durham DH1 3HP, UK. E-mail: t.p.burt@durham.ac. uk If the rapid mobilization of large amounts of ‘old’ water (of variable chemistry) during times of storm runoff does indeed remain paradoxical (Kirchner, 2003), then a satisfactory mechanistic explanation seems likely to demand a distributed perspective. The variable chemistry of stream water can, of course, be successfully modelled using end-member mixing models as a combination of various source waters, but such an approach is essentially lumped and the influence of spatial pattern on processes of interest ignored. Pilgrim et al. (1979) showed some time ago that the chemistry of individual stores can vary over time; this may not just be a question of residence time, but also of changing conditions along a flow path. Falkenmark and Chapman (1989) distinguished between ‘vertical’ hydrological processes, like rainfall and evaporation, and the ‘horizontal’ elements of runoff production. In ecology, a similar distinction may be drawn: Reynolds and Wu (1999) note that, whereas the study of patch dynamics emphasizes vertical fluxes, the landscape perspective is more horizontal. This approach promotes an ordered, pattern-oriented, or geographical analysis, emphasizing the spatial distribution of (and interactions among) ecological entities so that, rather than viewing a landscape as simply a random mosaic of patches, the emphasis is on organization and linkage, with hydrological flow paths providing the functional structure. Put another way, the landscape system is more than just the sum of the individual patches. The words ‘order’, ‘organization’ and ‘linkage’ suggest a functional entity: the key factor is the degree of connectivity between the landscape elements. Reference here to ecological systems is deliberate: the chemistry of stream water, of course, reflects the biogeochemical processes operating within the catchment. However, the previous paragraph makes it clear that there is more to understanding the changing composition of stream water than just chemistry and biology. The functional behaviour of a catchment system depends on the hydrological processes operating (surely a worthy topic for discussion in this journal more than any other! ). Having just emphasized functional linkage, it might seem self-contradictory to argue that ‘desirable’ catchment behaviour (i.e. pollution mitigation) can apparently arise from lack of connection, rather than the converse. The point is that the chemical composition of flow lines can be reset within the near-stream zone. Thus, the riparian zone is perhaps the most important element
Visualizing structure in earthquake data

Our goal is to visualize the shape and structure in a data set of earthquake hypocenters collected from the island of Hawaii over a twenty-three year period. The earthquakes provide information about the magma system in this region and define a collection of conduits and reservoirs around the active volcanos. Because the data is scattered, traditional visualization methods are difficult to use (without interpolation). In this paper, we present some preliminary efforts to extract and define the structures within the data set.
Primary analysis of the ocean color remote sensing data of the HY-1B/COCTS

China had successfully launched her second ocean color satellite HY-1B on 11 Apr., 2007, which was the successor of the HY-1A satellite launched on 15 May, 2002. There were two sensors onboard HY-1B, named the Chinese Ocean Color and Temperature Scanner (COCTS) and the Coastal Zone Imager (CZI) respectively, and COCTS was the main sensor. COCTS had not only eight visible and near-infrared wave bands similar to the SeaWiFS, but also two more thermal infrared wave bands to measure the sea surface temperature. Therefore, COCTS had broad application potentiality, such as fishery resource protection and development, coastal monitoring and management and marine pollution monitoring. In this paper, the main characteristics of COCTS were described firstly. Then, using the crosscalibration method, the vicarious calibration of COCTS was carried out by the synchronous remote sensing data of SeaWiFS, and the results showed that COCTS had well linear responses for the visible light bands with the correlation coefficients more than 0.98, however, the performances of the near infrared wavelength bands were not good as visible light bands. Using the vicarious calibration result, the operational atmospheric correction (AC) algorithm of COCTS was developed based on the exact Rayleigh scattering look-up table (LUT), aerosol scattering LUT and atmosphere diffuse transmission LUT generated by the coupled ocean-atmospheric vector radiative transfer numerical model named PCOART. The AC algorithm had been validated by the simulated radiance data at the top-of-atmosphere, and the results showed the errors of the water-leaving reflectance retrieved by the AC algorithm were less than 0.0005, which met the requirement of the exactly atmospheric correction of ocean color remote sensing. Finally, the AC algorithm was applied to the HY-1B/COCTS remote sensing data, and the corresponding ocean color remote sensing products have been generated.
From Salience to Saccades: Multiple-alternative Gated Stochastic Accumulator Model of Visual Search Corresponding Author

We describe a stochastic accumulator model demonstrating that visual search performance can be understood as a gated feed-forward cascade from a salience map to multiple competing accumulators. The model quantitatively accounts for behavior and predicts neural dynamics of macaque monkeys performing visual search for a target stimulus among different numbers of distractors. The salience accumulated in the model is equated with the spike trains recorded from visually-responsive neurons in the frontal eye field. Accumulated variability in the firing rates of these neurons explains choice probabilities and the distributions of correct and error response times with search arrays of different set sizes if the accumulators are mutually inhibitory. The dynamics of the stochastic accumulators quantitatively predict the activity of presaccadic movement neurons that initiate eye movements if gating inhibition prevents accumulation before the representation of stimulus salience emerges. Adjustments in the level of gating inhibition can control tradeoffs in speed and accuracy that optimize visual search performance. Many models of visual search and attention assume a map that combines bottom-up and top-down salience (also referred to as priority) to guide shifts of attention and eye movements Visually-responsive neurons in frontal eye field (FEF), superior colliculus (SC) and posterior parietal cortex modulate their firing rate according to both physical conspicuity (bottom-up salience) and behavioral relevance (top-down salience; However, it is poorly understood how neurons that encode salience are read out to guide saccades. Furthermore, no current model of
Greenland mass variation from time‐variable gravity in the absence of GRACE

In a recent paper, the authors succeeded in the inference of time‐variable gravity from orbit analysis of the CHAMP satellite. The authors demonstrated the potential of the adopted methods by validation against GRACE data and surface height changes from GPS ground stations. This paper presents the capability of orbit analysis for the spatiotemporal quantification of Greenland mass change trends. Based on CHAMP time‐variable gravity fields from January 2003 to December 2009, we estimated the ice mass loss over the entire of Greenland to 246±10 Gt/yr. This result is in line with the findings from GRACE data analysis (223±10 Gt/yr) over the same period; the trend estimates differ by only 10%. Moreover, for some areas, the spatial mass variation patterns are in good agreement, pinpointing dominant deglaciation along the Greenland coastline. We conclude that orbit analysis of low‐Earth orbiting spacecraft is suitable to assess Greenland mass balance in the absence of the GRACE satellites.
Phospholipid Turnover in Soybean Tissue Cultures1

The degradation rates of phospholipids in soybean (Glycine max L. Merrill) suspension cultures were studied by pulse-chase experiments. The only chloroform-soluble product of incorporation of radioactive choline was phosphatidylcholine, the bulk of which had a half-life of 36 bour. Ethanolamine was incorporated primarily into pbosphatidyletha-nolamine, phosphatidylcholine at an intermediate level, and phosphati- dylmonomethylethanolamine to a small extent. The phosphatidylethanolamine decayed in a triphasic fashion with half-lives of 12, 34, and 136 hour. Phosphatidylcholine in this case increased in radioactivity up to day 4 and thereafter declined with a 92-hour half-Wfe. The radioactivity rose sUghtly to day 4 in phosphatidylmonomethyletha- nolamine after an initial rapid decline. When serine was used as a substnte, half-lves simbar to those obtained with ethanolamine were obtained. Phosphatidyklcoline contained the greatest amount of label, however, with phosphatidylethanolamine containing sightly less, and pbospbatidylserine contained the least. Data also are presented for glycerol and acetate phospholipid product degradation.
Global distribution of seamounts from Seasat profiles

Bathymetrie profiles and contour charts have been used to study the distribution of seamounts in the deep ocean basins, but only a small fraction of the seafloor has been sampled by ships. At the present exploration rate it will take several centuries to map significant portions of the seafloor topography. Satellite altimetry, which maps the topography of the equipotential sea surface, is a promising tool for studying the gravity fields of seamounts because all ocean basins can be sampled in a couple of years. Using a model of a Gaussian-shaped seamount loading a thin elastic lithosphere, we develop a new technique for measuring basic characteristics of a seamount from a single satellite altimeter profile. The model predicts that the seamount diameter is equal to the peak-to-trough distance along the vertical deflection profile and that the overall diameter of the signature reveals the age of the lithosphere when the seamount formed. Moreover, the model suggests that these two measurements are relatively insensitive to the cross-track location of the seamount. We confirm these model predictions using Seasat altimeter profiles crossing 14 well surveyed seamounts in the Pacific. We then apply the measurement technique to 26 × 106 million kilometers of Seasat profiles resulting in a new global set of seamount locations. Approximately one quarter of the seamounts identified in Seasat profiles were previously uncharted. Modeling suggests that there is no direct relationship between the size of a seamount and its signature in the geoid; therefore the set of locations is not a straightforward sampling of the total seamount population, but is weighted toward seamounts which are poorly compensated. A preliminary analysis indicates considerable variations in population density and type across the oceans; most notable among them are the absence of seamounts in the Atlantic, variations in population density across large age-offset fracture zones in the Pacific, the prevalence of small signatures in the Indian Ocean, and the existence of linear trends in the large seamounts of the west Pacific.