Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Kinesin motor mechanics: binding, stepping, tracking, gating, and limping.

This critical review was motivated by the 10th Biophysical Discussions meeting, “Molecular Motors: Point Counterpoint”, held in Asilomar, CA, during October 19–22, 2006. Biophysical Discussions are meetings that focus on cutting-edge or emerging topics in biophysics that can benefit from intense discussions. Streaming videos of the speaker presentations at this conference, including a synopsis of this review, are available through the Biophysical Society's web site at http://www.biophysics. org/discussions. In keeping with the spirit of a discussions meeting, I present here a personal perspective on the current state of kinesin motor mechanics. Nearly a generation has passed since the discovery of the motor named kinesin (1), and the subsequent development of the very first single-molecule gliding-filament and bead assays for motility (2,3), which helped to establish the modern field of single-molecule biophysics. Discrete steps of single molecules were first measured for kinesin (4), followed shortly thereafter by reports of similar steps for myosin (5,6). Since then, literally thousands of single-molecule experiments have been performed on a whole variety of molecular motors, all with the aim of discovering how these remarkable protein machines function. Considerable and impressive progress has been achieved, but key questions still abound, and this remains a very lively field of endeavor. I discuss below my current thinking on several questions concerned with kinesin mechanics, listed in no particular order of precedence. I wade into controversy holding no illusions that everyone will share my views on the answers to these questions, but I do hope to provoke a more thoughtful examination, and set the record straight on at least a few points. By choice, and in keeping with the topic of the meeting session where this was presented (“Motor Walking Mechanisms”), the questions that I've posed relate directly to the nanoscale mechanics of kinesin motion. However, these same questions are intimately and inevitably linked to other aspects of kinesin structure, biochemistry, and cellular function.
Rats that differentially respond to cocaine differ in their dopaminergic storage capacity of the nucleus accumbens

Cocaine (COC) inhibits the re‐uptake of dopamine. However, the dopamine response to COC also depends on dopamine inside storage vesicles. The aim of this study was to investigate whether rats that differentially respond to COC differ in their dopaminergic storage capacity of the nucleus accumbens. Total and vesicular levels of accumbal dopamine as well as accumbal vesicular monoamine transporter‐2 levels were established in high (HR) and low responders (LR) to novelty rats. Moreover, the effects of reserpine (RES) on the COC‐induced increase of extracellular accumbal dopamine were investigated. HR displayed higher accumbal levels of total and vesicular dopamine than LR. Moreover, HR displayed more accumbal vesicular monoamine transporters‐2 than LR. COC increased extracellular accumbal dopamine more strongly in HR than in LR. A low dose of RES prevented the COC‐induced increase of accumbal dopamine in LR, but not in HR. A higher dose of RES was required to inhibit the COC‐induced increase of accumbal dopamine in HR. These data demonstrate that HR were marked by a larger accumbal dopaminergic storage pool than LR. It is hypothesized that HR are more sensitive to COC than LR, because COC can release more dopamine from accumbal storage vesicles in HR than in LR.
A Novel Turbo-TCM Scheme Based on Concatenated Tree Codes

Tree codes are introduced in [4]. As examples, the encoding principles of two different tree codes are shown in Fig. 1 using Bayesian networks. Here, every node represents a bit in the code, distinguished by a white one (such as dk,0) for an information bit and a black one (such as qk ) for a parity bit. The latter is the parity check of the starting nodes of its incoming edges. Denote the kth information symbol by ) , ( 1 , 0 , k k k d d = d . The correspond-
Handbook of ataxia disorders

Handbook of ataxia disorders . Edited by thomas klockgether(pp 689, US$215). Published by Marcel Dekker Inc, New York, 2000. ISBN0-8247-0381-2. There is a constant debate as to the value of textbooks in general in this information technology age. This is perhaps most marked in the field of molecular genetics, which is moving at such a pace that a chapter could almost be redrafted or updated on a weekly or at least monthly basis given the rapidity of new developments. Nevertheless there is value in collating all the current information and attempting to put a field in context. I think that such is the intention of a volume such as this. Klockgether has amassed an impressive field of contributors to this large volume on ataxic disorders. The book spans some basic neuroanatomy and neurophysiology of the cerebellum through clinical approaches …
Smith Forms of Palindromic Matrix Polynomials

Many applications give rise to matrix polynomials whose coefficients have a kind of reversal symmetry, a structure we call palindromic. Several properties of scalar palindromic polynomials are derived, and together with properties of compound matrices, used to establish the Smith form of regular and singular $T$-palindromic matrix polynomials over arbitrary fields. The invariant polynomials are shown to inherit palindromicity, and their structure is described in detail. Jordan structures of palindromic matrix polynomials are characterized, and necessary conditions for the existence of structured linearizations established. In the odd degree case, a constructive procedure for building palindromic linearizations shows that the necessary conditions are sufficient as well. The Smith form for $*$-palindromic polynomials is also analyzed. Finally, results for palindromic matrix polynomials over fields of characteristic two are presented.
College Programs for High-risk and Disadvantaged Students: A Meta-analysis of Findings

This meta-analytic synthesis of findings from 60 evaluation studies showed that special college programs for high-risk students have had basically positive effects on students. High-risk students who enrolled in such programs stayed in college somewhat longer than control students did, and they received somewhat better grades in regular college work. Although such program effects were statistically reliable, they were fairly small in size in the typical study. Size of effect varied, however, as a function of the type and the age of the program being evaluated. Size of effect was also a function of document type; effects reported in clearing-house documents were smaller than those in published articles and dissertations.
Screening of Thermophilic Anaerobic Bacteria for Solid Substrate Cultivation on Lignocellulosic Substrates

Interest in solid substrate cultivation (SSC) techniques is gaining for biochemical production from renewable resources; however, heat and mass transfer problems may limit application of this technique. The use of anaerboic thermophiles in SSC offers a unique solution to overcoming these challenges. The production potential of nine thermophilic anaerobic bacteria was examined on corn stover, sugar cane bagasse, paper pulp sludge, and wheat bran in submerged liquid cultivation (SmC) and SSC. Production of acetate, ethanol, and lactate was measured over a 10 day period, and total product concentrations were used to compare the performance of different organism‐substrate combinations using the two cultivation methods. Overall microbial activity in SmC and SSC was dependent on the organism and growth substrate. Clostridium thermocellum strains JW20, LQRI, and 27405 performed significantly better in SSC when grown on sugar cane bagasse and paper pulp sludge, producing at least 70 and 170 mM of total products, respectively. Growth of C. thermocellum strains in SSC on paper pulp sludge proved to be most favorable, generating at least twice the concentration of total products produced in SmC (p‐value < 0.05). Clostridium thermolacticum TC21 demonstrated growth on all substrates producing 30–80 and 60–116 mM of total product in SmC and SSC, respectively. Bacterial species with optimal growth temperatures of 70 °C grew best on wheat bran in SmC, producing total product concentrations of 45–75 mM. For some of the organism‐substrate combinations total end product concentrations in SSC exceeded those in SmC, indicating that SSC may be a promising alternative for microbial activity and value‐added biochemical production.
Collaborating for Usable Knowledge: A Work in Progress by the Nonprofit Sector Research Fund

In response to the persistent gap between scholarly research and “real world” practitioners in the nonprofit sector, the Nonprofit Sector Research Fund (NSRF) of The Aspen Institute launched a series of practitioner-researcher collaborations aimed at producing more usable research. This article provides an overview of NSRF’ scoll aborative programs in the areas of research agenda-setting, grant making, the conduct of research, and dissemination of research findings. It also discusses how NSRF came to adopt this approach, the benefits and challenges presented by collaboration, and ways to overcome these challenges. The authors conclude that despite the difficulties surrounding the collaborative process, collaboration should be attempted in research because it taps the knowledge and experience of both scholars and practitioners to help ensure that research is focused on issues of concern to nonprofit managers and leaders, is methodologically sound, and produces findings that reach appropriate audiences.
Trusted execution environments on mobile devices

A trusted execution environment (TEE) is a secure processing environment that is isolated from the normal processing environment where the device operating system and applications run. The first mobile phones with hardware-based TEEs appeared almost a decade ago, and today almost every smartphone and tablet contains a TEE like ARM TrustZone. Despite such a large-scale deployment, the use of TEE functionality has been limited for developers. With emerging standardization this situation is about to change. In this tutorial, we explain the security features provided by mobile TEEs and describe On-board Credentials (ObC) system that enables third-party TEE development. We discuss ongoing TEE standardization activities, including the recent Global Platform standards and the Trusted Platform Module (TPM) 2.0 specification, and identify open problems for the near future of mobile hardware security.
Contractile protein gene expression in primary myotubes of embryonic mouse hindlimb muscles.

The time course of contractile protein [actin, myosin heavy chain (MHC) and myosin light chain (MLC)] gene expression in the hindlimb muscles of the embryonic mouse (< 15 days gestation) has been correlated with the expression of genes for the myogenic regulatory factors, myogenin and MyoD, and with morphogenetic events. At 14 days gestation, secondary myotubes are not yet present in crural muscles (M. Ontell and K. Kozeka (1984) Am. J. Anat. 171, 133-148; M. Ontell, D. Bourke and D. Hughes (1988) Am. J. Anat. 181, 267-278); therefore, all transcripts for contractile proteins found in these muscles must be produced in primary myotubes. In situ hybridization, with 35S-labeled antisense cRNAs, demonstrates the versatility of primary myotubes in that transcripts for (1) alpha-cardiac and alpha-skeletal actin, (2) MHCembryonic, MHCperinatal and MHC beta/slow, and (3) MLC1A, MLC1F and MLC3F are detectable at 14 days gestation. While the general patterns of early activation of the cardiac genes and early activation of the genes for the developmental isoforms are preserved in both myotomal and limb muscles (D. Sassoon, I. Garner and M. Buckingham (1988) Development 104, 155-164 and G. E. Lyons, M. Ontell, R. Cox, D. Sassoon and M. Buckingham (1990) J. Cell Biol. 111, 1465-1476 for myotomal muscle), there are a number of differences in contractile protein gene expression. For example, in the myotome, when myosin light chain genes are initially transcribed, hybridization signal with probe for MLC1A mRNA is greater than that with probe for MLC1F transcripts, whereas the relative intensity of signal with these same probes is reversed in the hindlimb. The order in which myosin heavy chain genes are activated is also different, with MHCembryonic and MHCperinatal preceding the appearance of MHC beta/slow transcripts in limb muscles, while MHCembryonic and MHC beta/slow appear simultaneously in the myotomes prior to MHCperinatal. In the myotome, an intense hybridization signal for alpha-cardiac and a weak signal for alpha-skeletal actin transcripts are detectable prior to myosin mRNAs, whereas in the limb alpha-cardiac actin transcripts accumulate with myosin transcripts before alpha-skeletal actin mRNA is detectable. These differences indicate that there is no single coordinate pattern of expression of contractile protein genes during initial formation of the muscles of the mouse. (ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
Changing Patterns of Retirement Migration

Rates of migration between metropolitan and nonmetropolitan areas are compared for males over 45 years of age who are in or out of the labor force. Three time periods are considered: 1955-1960, 1965-1970, and 1970-1975. Results indicate that males are more likely to move between areas if they are retired, especially for those who move from metropolitan areas. Over time, the rising probability of retirement has had a modest positive effect on migration. Together these results suggest that noneconomic motivations for migration are becoming more salient. Finally, comparisons between those aged 45-64 and 65 and over imply that changes in retirement status are having their greatest effect on migration in the younger age group.
Marine tidal current systems: State of the art

The Ocean, which covers two-thirds of the world, captures and stores huge amounts of energy. Several sources of energy can be used. This paper presents a brief review of state of the art on the marine tidal current generation technology. The purposes are as follow: the first part concerns the conversion of marine current energy into mechanical energy, a synthesis of the existing methods of the modeling of the resource and of the marine current turbine are presented. The second part is dedicated to the conversion of the mechanical energy to electrical energy by taking into account the power converters for the control and the grid connection. Some simulation results are briefly shown for each part.
Mnemonic Multiplication Fact Instruction for Students With Learning Disabilities

Mnemonic instruction has been shown to improve memory and learning in a variety of academic subjects involving semantic memory in students with learning disabilities (LD). The purpose of this study was to broaden the application of this instructional intervention to an academic task involving mathematics memory. Twenty-three elementary and middle school students with LD were taught 14 difficult-to-memorize multiplication facts with a combination of mnemonic and traditional instruction. Results of the study revealed that mnemonic training enhances learning and that the benefits of mnemonic instruction are retained over time. Mnemonic interventions may prove helpful in building foundation skills needed by students with LD for performing more advanced mathematical operations.
Classroom-Level Positive Behavior Supports in Schools Implementing SW-PBIS

This study evaluated the use of classroom-level behavior management strategies that align with School-Wide Positive Behavioral Interventions and Supports (SW-PBIS). Direct observations of universal classroom management strategies were conducted across 33 elementary classrooms in elementary schools implementing SW-PBIS with high fidelity. Findings indicate that classrooms had posted positively stated classroom rules at high rates, whereas teacher use of specific praise and the ratio of positive to negative interactions were less than optimal. Furthermore, classroom teachers with higher rates of general praise were found to report being more efficacious with regard to classroom management. In turn, teachers in classrooms with higher rates of disruptive behavior reported feeling less efficacious. In addition, teachers with lower rates of positive to negative interaction, who used higher rates of harsh reprimands and had higher rates of disruptions, reported higher levels of emotional exhaustion. Implications for developing supports to assist teachers struggling with universal classroom management strategies are described.
Drop impact reliability of Cu-Zn/Sn-Ag-Cu/Cu-Zn solder joints

The intermetallic growth in the Sn-Ag-Cu (SAC) solder joints fabricated on Cu or Cu-Zn solder wetting layer and its effect on the drop impact reliability have been studied. The drop test specimens were fabricated by connecting two printed circuit boards by reflowing SASC 405 solder balls on Cu or Cu-Zn wetting layers. And the drop test specimens were aged at 150degC up to 500 hrs. The well known bi-layer of Cu6Sn5 and Cu3Sn with microvoids was formed at the SAC/Cu interfaces during aging. On the other hand, only Cu6Sn5 formed at the SAC/Cu-Zn interfaces with aging. No Cu3Sn and microvoids were observed and the formation of large Ag3Sn plates was suppressed remarkably. Also, the growth rate of IMCs at the SAC/Cu-Zn interface was much slower than that at the SAC/Cu interface. The number of drops to failure in the Cu-Zn/SAC/Cu-Zn solder joints was higher than that in the Cu/SAC/Cu solder joints before and after aging. The microstructure developed in the solder interfaces greatly influenced the drop impact reliability.
Creative People Use Nonconscious Processes to Their Advantage

Although contentious, there is evidence to suggest that nonconscious processes contribute to creative output, particularly during refractory periods. However, no one has examined whether this break benefit differs as a function of creative ability. To address these issues, this investigation examined Wallas's (1926) seminal theoretical framework of creativity. More specifically, the most controversial stage postulated by Wallas, the incubation phase, was empirically tested. A regression analysis demonstrated that productivity is significantly increased when creative people activate nonconscious processes in off-task or incubation periods. There is ongoing debate about the cause(s) of this incubation effect. This research provides evidence that the incubation effect results, at least partially, from nonconscious processing and that it provides greater benefit to more creative individuals. This suggests that highly creative people should be exposed to focus problems/challenges well in advance of objective deadlines, and have freedom to generate solutions outside of structured evaluation times.
Older professional workers and continuous learning in new capitalism

Amidst projected shortages of skilled workers, policy measures to retain older workers in employment include increasing their participation in learning. However, the few studies produced to date examining older workers’ learning suggest complexities not recognized in human capital conceptions of skill development and assumptions of declining seniors’ participation. To build on these studies, particularly in older professionals’ learning, which has received little attention despite concerns regarding professional transitions in a knowledge economy, this article examines older professionals’ approaches to and conceptions of learning. The study involved 816 accountants’ survey responses and 60 interviews with older (50+) Certified Management Accountants in Canada. Far from withdrawing from learning, these older professionals are particularly focused in what, when and how they engage. Their enactments are complex, and demonstrate ambivalences related to discourses of both age and learning. More fundamentally, they negotiate the various pressures associated with new capitalism strategically: deliberately complying with some, refusing others, and generally resisting subjectification either as excluded ‘older workers’ or as continuous learners.
Long-Term, Explicit Memory in Rituals

This article reconsiders the problem of memorization in rituals in light of recent empirical work in memory research. Four hypotheses are put forward in particular: (1) Emotionally laden details will enhance the formation of memories about any detail of the ritual; (2) harsh sensory stimuli will function as attention-magnets, resulting in increased memorization of the stimuli at the cost of remembering other elements of the ritual; (3) the self-relatedness of a ritual will enhance the formation of memories about the ritual, although the positive effect might be limited to details that are self-related; and (4) stress can be understood to function as a “zoom,” limiting the range of details remembered. The effects of stress will be modulated by gender differences and the timing of the ritual within the circadian cycle. The consequences of the four hypotheses are compared with the predictions of the Modes Theory and the Ritual Form Theory.
An Agenda to Strengthen Culturally Responsive Pedagogy.

Over the last two decades in many countries, culturally responsive, multicultural and bilingual approaches to teaching have largely been replaced by standardised curricula and pedagogy, rooted in a political shift toward neoliberalism that has pushed business models of school reform. I argue that neoliberal reforms, by negating the central importance of context, culture and racism, are reversing the empowered learning that culturally responsive pedagogy supports. To address these problems, I argue that educators who work with culturally responsive pedagogy must engage in three areas. First, a persistence of faulty and simplistic conceptions of what culturally responsive pedagogy is must be directly confronted and replaced with more complex and accurate views. Second, the research base that connects culturally responsive pedagogy with student learning must be strengthened. Third, the political backlash from work that empowers minoritised communities must be anticipated and addressed.
Comparison of Efficacy Between Endoscopic Cyclophotocoagulation and Alternative Surgeries in Refractory Glaucoma

AbstractRefractory glaucoma refers to uncontrolled intraocular pressure (IOP) despite anti-glaucoma medication and surgical treatment, which remains a challenge to be treated. The objective of this study is to evaluate and statistically compare the clinical efficacy between endoscopic cyclophotocoagulation (ECP) and alternative surgical techniques in the treatment of refractory glaucoma in this article, as a meta-analysis.Data sources are China Biomedical Database (Sinomed, online version), China National Knowledge Infrastructure (CNKI), Cqvip, Wanfang database, and PubMed.The randomized controlled trial (RCT) and case–control study literatures evaluating the clinical efficacy between ECP and other surgical techniques were searched electronically from public databases. The methodology quality of the retrieved articles was evaluated according to the RCT or case–control study criteria. The success rate of treatment, intraocular pressure (IOP) and visual acuity were statistically compared. RevMan 5.3 software was used for the meta-analysis.In total, 6 relevant control studies were selected in this study with a total sampling of 429 cases (429 eyes), including 204 eyes in the ECP group and 225 in the non-ECP group. Meta-analysis demonstrated that the clinical efficacy did not significantly differ between 2 groups (P > 0.05). Postoperative IOP was dramatically reduced in both groups. However, it was difficult to evaluate the combined influence of ECP and non-ECP therapies upon IOP reduction.In conclusion, ECP and non-ECP treatment yielded almost equivalent clinical efficacy in treating refractory glaucoma. The IOP-lowering degree, safety, and incidence of complications remain to be further elucidated by RCTs with a larger sample size.