Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Propagation and influence on tropical precipitation of intraseasonal variation over mid-latitude East Asia in boreal winter

ABSTRACT The authors investigate the characteristics of propagation and the influence on tropical precipitation of 9–29-day intraseasonal variation over midlatitude East Asia during boreal winter, and find that the intraseasonal wind signal can propagate both eastward and southward. In the case of eastward propagation, the intraseasonal wind signal is mainly confined to the midlatitudes, featuring eastward migration of anomalous cyclones and anticyclones. In the case of southward propagation, intraseasonal meridional wind perturbations may extend from the mid to the low latitudes, and even the equatorial region. The accompanying wind convergence/divergence induces anomalous precipitation in the near-equatorial regions, forming a north–south dipole precipitation anomaly pattern between the southern South China Sea and the eastern China–Japan region. An anomalous meridional overturning circulation plays an important role in linking tropical and midlatitude intraseasonal wind and precipitation variations. Graphical Abstract
Compact structures for single-beam magneto-optical trapping of ytterbium

Today's best optical lattice clocks are based on the spectroscopy of trapped alkaline-earth-like atoms such as ytterbium and strontium atoms. The development towards mobile or even space-borne clocks necessitates concepts for the compact laser-cooling and trapping of these atoms with reduced laser requirements. Here we present two compact and robust achromatic mirror structures for single-beam magneto-optical trapping of alkaline-earth-like atoms using two widely separated optical cooling frequencies. We have compared the trapping and cooling performance of a monolithic aluminium structure that generates a conventional trap geometry to a quasi-planar platform based on a periodic mirror structure for different isotopes of Yb. Compared to prior work with strontium in non-conventional traps, where only bosons were trapped on a narrow line transition, we demonstrate two-stage cooling and trapping of a fermionic alkaline-earth-like isotope in a single-beam quasi-planar structure.
Closed system behaviour of argon in osumilite records protracted high‐T metamorphism within the Rogaland–Vest Agder Sector, Norway

Here, we present results of the first 40Ar/39Ar dating of osumilite, a high‐T mineral that occurs in some volcanic and high‐grade metamorphic rocks. The metamorphic osumilite studied here is from a metapelitic rock within the Rogaland–Vest Agder Sector, Norway, an area that experienced regional granulite facies metamorphism and subsequent contact metamorphism between 1,100 Ma and 850 Ma. The large grain size (~1 cm) of osumilite in the studied rock, which preserves a nominally anhydrous assemblage, increases the potential for large portions of individual grains to have remained essentially unaffected by the effects of diffusive argon loss, potentially preserving prograde ages. Step‐heating diffusion experiments yielded a maximum activation energy of ~461 kJ/mol and a pre‐exponential factor of ~8.34 × 108 cm2/s for Ar diffusion in osumilite. These parameters correspond to a relatively high closure temperature of ~620°C for a cooling rate of 10°C/Ma in an osumilite crystal with a 175 µm radius. Fragments of osumilite separated from the sample preserve a range of ages between c. 1,070 and 860 Ma. The oldest ages are inferred to date the growth of coarse‐grained osumilite during prograde granulite facies regional metamorphism, which pre‐date contact metamorphism that has historically been ascribed to the growth of osumilite in the region. The majority of fragments record ages between c. 920 and 860 Ma, inferred to reflect the growth of osumilite and/or diffusive argon loss during contact metamorphism. The retention of old 40Ar/39Ar dates was facilitated by the low diffusivity of Ar in osumilite (i.e. a closed system), large grain sizes, and anhydrous metamorphic conditions. The ability to date osumilite with the 40Ar/39Ar method provides a valuable new thermochronometer that may constrain the timing and duration of high‐T magmatic and metamorphic events.
A 60-Minute Design Rainstorm for the Urban Area of Yangpu District, Shanghai, China

Rainfall with varied temporal distribution is an essential input to urban flood models. In this study, a 60-min design rainstorm with different return periods for the urban area of Yangpu District, Shanghai, China was derived. The design of areal rainfall amounts with given return periods was calculated through frequency analysis. The temporal distribution of the hyetograph was derived using the Pilgrim and Cordery method, combined with the fuzzy identification of seven mode hyetographs for single-peak and double-peak rainstorms separately. The derived hyetographs using the Pilgrim and Cordery method were compared with the classic Chicago rainstorm method. The results indicated that: (1) separating single-peak and double-peak rainstorms to derive respective hyetographs is more practical and rational; (2) a design rainstorm using the proposed methodology is superior to the Chicago rainstorm method.
Does Formal Credit Lead to More Financial Inclusion or Distress? Results Using a Strict Scoring Rule among Marginal Clients in Paraguay

We take advantage of the fact that a formal bank in Paraguay deployed a new credit product using a strict assignment scoring rule and look at the individual-level impact of being offered that credit through a regression discontinuity. Using administrative data from the country’s credit bureau, we ﬁnd that applicants who were deemed loan-eligible saw a substantial and long-lasting increase in the number of information requests made to the bureau, particularly from formal sources (ﬁnance companies and cooperatives). We ﬁnd limited evidence that this increased interaction with the credit market increased the amount of debt declared as unpaid two to three years after the loan was offered, but that it did lower loan-eligible individuals’ average credit score. Heterogeneity analysis suggests that applicants who were previously unknown to the ﬁnancial sector beneﬁted more from being granted loan eligibility without falling into default, while those who had previously had more interactions with the credit market simply worsened their ﬁnancial situation. Self-reported outcomes for a subset of applicants suggest signiﬁcant economic beneﬁts for those who became loan-eligible, the main channel being lower credit costs.
Identiﬁcation of appropriate housekeeping genes for quantitative RT-PCR analysis in MDA-MB-231 and NCI-H460 human cancer cell lines under hypoxia and serum deprivation

Gene expression studies aimed at analyzing cancer cells under hypoxia and serum deprivation conditions show major potential for understanding molecular mechanisms associated with tumor progression as well as resistance to antitumor agents. To the best of our knowledge, a study for the identiﬁcation of appropriate housekeeping genes in breast and lung cancer cells under hypoxia and serum deprivation conditions is currently missing. Given the relevance of a reliable and accurate normalization, we herein aimed to identify the appropriate housekeeping genes for breast and lung cancer cell lines cultured under hypoxia and/or serum deprivation. The stability of ﬁve commonly used housekeeping genes (ACTB, β 2M, GUSB, 18S rRNA, and PPIA) was assessed after reverse-transcription quantitative real-time PCR in MDA-MB-231 and NCI-H460 cancer cell lines using GeNorm, NormFinder and BestKeeper software. GeNorm and NormFinder ranking revealed ACTB, GUSB and PPIA as the most stable genes for both tumor cell lines. Our results support the use of ACTB/PPIA for MDA-MB-231 and GUSB/PPIA for NCI-H460 cells as the most stable combination for normalization of gene expression under hypoxic and serum deprivation conditions. Our results highlight the importance of the selection of the housekeeping genes in cancer cells subjected to different physiological stresses, such as hypoxia and serum deprivation.
Scalable Monocular SLAM

Localization and mapping in unknown environments becomes more difficult as the complexity of the environment increases. With conventional techniques, the cost of maintaining estimates rises rapidly with the number of landmarks mapped. We present a monocular SLAM system that employs a particle filter and top-down search to allow realtime performance while mapping large numbers of landmarks. To our knowledge, we are the first to apply this FastSLAM-type particle filter to single-camera SLAM. We also introduce a novel partial initialization procedure that efficiently determines the depth of new landmarks. Moreover, we use information available in observations of new landmarks to improve camera pose estimates. Results show the system operating in real-time on a standard workstation while mapping hundreds of landmarks.
Review Paper Gap in Noise Auditory Brainstem Responses: A Systematic Review

Background and Objectives: The gap in noise auditory brainstem responses (GIN-ABR) is a valuable assessment tool for auditory temporal processing, offering non-invasive and objective measurements encompassing the entire auditory system from the cochlea to the brainstem. This method has been utilized in investigating various factors, including age-related effects, hearing loss, and tinnitus. This systematic review was conducted to present a thorough examination of (GIN-ABR), encompassing its methodology, applications, and inherent limitations. Methods: This study was conducted based on preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and meta-analyses (PRISMA) guidelines. Cochrane, PubMed, and Ovid databases were used to extract English articles from 1990 to June 2023. The search terms used were “gap in noise auditory brainstem response”, “ABR gap detection”, “ABR gap duration”, “ABR gap threshold”, and “ABR temporal processing”. Articles were included if gap-evoked ABR was used, investigating the effect of any factor on the responses, and using any gapped stimulus type. Articles whose evoked potentials did not include ABR waves were excluded. The outcome of interest was gap-evoked ABR in different participant groups. Results: A total of 10 studies were deemed suitable for inclusion in the review. The articles were reviewed that including the study population, the methods, and the results. Despite the variability in the results of the studies, in the aged group, longer latency shifts and decreased peak amplitude were reported compared to the young group. Correspondence of behavioral thresholds with GIN-ABR has also been mentioned in studies. Conclusion: The GIN-ABR method has been extensively utilized in investigating various factors, including age-related effects, hearing loss, and tinnitus. Notably, GIN-ABR has several clinical advantages, such as cost-effectiveness, shorter test duration, independence from alertness levels, attention, sleep depth fluctuations
Information Processing and Management

MOOCs (Massive Open Online Courses) offer tens of thousands of courses and attract hundreds of millions of online learners. After years of development, these platforms have accumulated a large number of learning action data. These data imply learners’ engagement with the enrolled courses, reflecting whether learners are willing to spend time on the courses. Meanwhile, the MOOC dropout rate remains chronically high. This paper experimentally finds that using the relationship between engagement and dropout rate can help MOOC platforms develop effective methods to reduce the dropout rate. Firstly, this paper proposes a new Quantified Engagement method named QE by using learning action data and learning duration to quantify learners’ engagement in enrolled courses. Next, an Engagement Neural Network prediction model named ENN is proposed to predict learners’ engagement in unenrolled courses. Then, applying QE, the predicted engagement by ENN, and the aforementioned relationship to personalized course recommendations to learners, ensuring that the recommended courses are likely to be completed by learners as much as possible, thus effectively reducing the dropout rate. Finally, the proposed method is evaluated on two large real-world datasets in XuetangX and KDDCUP. The RMSE and MAE of ENN are 0.1066 and 0.0727 on XuetangX and 0.062411 and 0.039621 on KDDCUP, respectively. Dropout rates were reduced by 46.99% and 10.34%, respectively, when 5% of the courses were recommended. These results demonstrate that the quantification method of engagement is valid, applying predicted engagement to personalized course recommendations and reducing dropout rates is available.
Local-Global Interval MDPs for Efficient Motion Planning with Learnable Uncertainty

—We study the problem of computationally efficient control synthesis for Interval Markov Decision Processes (IMDPs), that is, MDPs with interval uncertainty on the transition probabilities, against tasks specified in linear temporal logic. To address the scalability challenge when synthesizing this control policy in a holistic way, we propose decomposing the monolithic global IMDP into a collection of interconnected local IMDPs. We focus on the problem of robotic motion planning. Specifically, we assume a setting in which the transition probabilities can be learned and their interval uncertainty reduced by observing the dynamics of the system at runtime. This creates an objective of exploration to ensure that the planning task can be completed with sufficient probability of success. We perform decoupled exploration and learning on the local IMDPs and then combine local control policies to guarantee global task satisfaction. In a simulation-based case study, we show that, compared to existing approaches, our proposed decomposition leads to faster learning and satisfaction of the planning task and provides a feasible controller when other methods are infeasible.
Where The Wild Things Are: Brute-Force SSH Attacks In The Wild And How To Stop Them

SSH (Secure Shell) is widely used for remote access to systems and cloud services. This access comes with the persistent threat of SSH password-guessing brute-force attacks (BFAs) directed at sshd -enabled devices connected to the Internet. In this work, we present a comprehensive study of such attacks on a production facility (CloudLab), offering previously unreported insight. Our study provides a detailed analysis of SSH BFAs occurring on the Internet today through an in-depth analysis of sshd logs collected over a period of four years from over 500 servers. We report several patterns in attacker behavior, present insight on the targets of the attacks, and devise a method for tracking individual attacks over time across sources. Leveraging our insight, we develop a defense mechanism against SSH BFAs that blocks 99.5% of such attacks, signiﬁcantly outperforming the 66.1% coverage of current state-of-the-art rate-based blocking while also cutting false positives by 83%. We have deployed our defense in production on CloudLab, where it catches four-ﬁfths of SSH BFAs missed by other defense strategies.
1 BACKGROUND AND UPDATED DEFINITION OF AN AI SYSTEM IN THE OECD RECOMMENDATION ON AI

system that can, for a given set of human-defined explicit or implicit objectives, infers, from the input it receives, how to generate outputs such as makes predictions, content, recommendations, or decisions that can influencinge physical real or virtual environments. Different AI systems are designed to operate with varying in their levels of autonomy and adaptiveness after deployment
Mobility Data Science: Perspectives and Challenges ∗

Mobility data captures the locations of moving objects such as humans, animals, and cars. With the availability of GPS-equipped mobile devices and other inexpensive location-tracking technologies, mobility data is collected ubiquitously. In recent years, the use of mobility data has demonstrated significant impact in various domains including traffic management, urban planning
Atlantic-Pacific Asymmetry in Deep Water Formation

While the Atlantic Ocean is ventilated by high-latitude deep water formation and exhibits a pole-to-pole overturning circulation, the Pacific Ocean does not. This asymmetric global overturning pattern has persisted for the past 2–3 million years, with evidence for different ventilation modes in the deeper past. In the current climate, the Atlantic-Pacific asymmetry occurs because the Atlantic is more saline, enabling deep convection. To what extent the salinity contrast between the two basins is dominated by atmospheric processes (larger net evaporation over the Atlantic) or oceanic processes (salinity transport into the Atlantic) remains an outstanding question. Numerical simulations have provided support for both mechanisms; observations of the present climate support a strong role for atmospheric processes as well as some modulation by oceanic processes. A major avenue for future work is the quantification of the various processes at play to identify which mechanisms are primary in different climate states.
Chaco Canyon, New Mexico: A Caretaker City and aPilgrimage Destination

Follow this and additional works at: http://digitalcommons.unl. edu/usgsstaffpub Part of the Archaeological Anthropology Commons, Geology Commons, History of Art, Architecture, and Archaeology Commons, Indigenous Studies Commons, Oceanography and Atmospheric Sciences and Meteorology Commons, Other Earth Sciences Commons, Other Environmental Sciences Commons, and the Social and Cultural Anthropology Commons
Comptes Rendus Mathématique

WecompletetheworkofLanneau–Möller[4]toshowthattherearenoprimitiveTeichmüllercurves in Prym(2,2). Résumé. NousterminonsuntravailinitiéparLanneauetMöller[4]enmontrantqu’iln’existepasdecourbes de Teichmüller primitives dans Prym(2,2).
The effect of intravitreal anti-VEGF agents on peripheral wound healing in a rabbit model

Purpose: To investigate the effect of intravitreal pegaptanib, bevacizumab, and ranibizumab on blood-vessel formation during cutaneous wound healing in a rabbit model and to compare this effect to placebo controls. Methods: Forty New Zealand albino rabbits underwent full thickness cutaneous wounds using 6-mm dermatologic punch biopsies. The rabbits were assigned to four groups of ten, each receiving intravitreal injections of pegaptanib, bevacizumab, ranibizumab, or no injection (untreated controls). Five rabbits from each group underwent wound harvesting on day 7 and five from each group on day 14. The skin samples were stained with hematoxylin and eosin (HE), Masson’s trichrome (MT), and CD34 for vascular endothelial cells. Semiquantitative evaluation of HE- and MT-stained slides was performed by one pathologist. Quantitative assessment of mean neovascularization (MNV) scores was obtained from five contiguous biopsy margin 400 × fields of CD34-stained sections by four independent observers. Results: Week 1 MNV scores in CD-34 stained sections were: untreated controls: 11.51 ± 4.36; bevacizumab: 7.41 ± 2.82 ( P = 0.013); ranibizumab: 8.71 ± 4.08 ( P = 0.071); and pegaptanib: 10.15 ± 5.59 ( P = 0.378). Week 2 MNV data were: untreated controls: 6.14 ± 2.25; bevacizumab: 7.25 ± 2.75 ( P = 0.471); ranibizumab: 4.53 ± 3.12 ( P = 0.297); and, pegaptanib: 6.35 ± 3.09 ( P = 0.892). Interobserver variability using intraclass correlation coefficient was 0.961. Conclusions: At week 1, all three anti-VEGF agents had suppressed MNV scores compared to controls. Although not statistically significant, there was an inhibitory trend, particularly with bevacizumab and ranibizumab. These effects were diminished at 2 weeks, reflecting a transition between the proliferative and remodeling phases of wound healing.
Mindfulness and acceptance: Expanding the cognitive-behavioral tradition.

1. Acceptance and Commitment Therapy and the New Behavior Therapies: Mindfulness, Acceptance, and Relationship, Steven C. Hayes2. Dialectical Behavior Therapy: Synthesizing Radical Acceptance with Skillful Means, Clive J. Robins, Henry Schmidt III, and Marsha M. Linehan3. Mindfulness-Based Cognitive Therapy: Theoretical Rationale and Empirical Status, Zindel V. Segal, John D. Teasdale, and J. Mark G. Williams4. Acceptance, Mindfulness, and Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy: Comparisons, Contrasts, and Application to Anxiety, Susan M. Orsillo, Lizabeth Roemer, Jennifer Block Lerner, and Matthew T. Tull5. Functional Analytic Psychotherapy, Cognitive Therapy, and Acceptance, Robert J. Kohlenberg, Jonathan W. Kanter, Madelon Bolling, Reo Wexner, Chauncey Parker, and Mavis Tsai6. Values Work in Acceptance and Commitment Therapy: Setting a Course for Behavioral Treatment, Kelly G. Wilson and Amy R. Murrell7. Finding the Action in Behavioral Activation: The Search for Empirically Supported Interventions and Mechanisms of Change, Christopher Martell, Michael Addis, and Sona Dimidjian8. Mindfulness, Acceptance, Validation, and "Individual" Psychopathology in Couples, Alan E. Fruzzetti and Kate M. Iverson9. Acceptance, Mindfulness, and Trauma, Victoria M. Follette, Kathleen M. Palm, and Mandra L. Rasmussen Hall10. Generalized Anxiety Disorder: Bringing Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy into the Valued Present, T. D. Borkovec and Brian Sharpless11. Acceptance and Change in the Treatment of Eating Disorders: The Evolution of Manual-Based Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy, G. Terence Wilson12. Vipassana Meditation as a Treatment for Alcohol and Drug Use Disorders, G. Alan Marlatt, Katie Witkiewitz, Tiara M. Dillworth, Sarah W. Bowen, George A. Parks, Laura Marie Macpherson, Heather S. Lonczak, Mary E. Larimer, Tracy Simpson, Arthur W. Blume, and Rick Crutcher13. Acceptance, Mindfulness, and Change in Couple Therapy, Andrew Christensen, Mia Sevier, Lorelei E. Simpson, and Krista S. Gattis
the choice based sample bias in probabilistic bankruptcy prediction”

Probabilistic bankruptcy prediction models based on accounting numbers and other financial information are commonly estimated from non-random samples of firms, where the proportion of bankrupt firms is much larger than in most real world situations. This “choice based sample bias” leads to estimated bankruptcy probabilities that are biased. Given that unbiased probabilities are required in risk assessments or discounted cash flow valuation modelling, such probabilities can be severely misleading. The purpose of the paper is to analyze this bias in probabilistic bankruptcy prediction models (typically probit/logit analysis), and to investigate whether it can be mitigated without having to resort to cumbersome model re-estimations. The authors show that there is a clear-cut linkage between sample based probabilities and the corresponding unbiased probabilities. Also, the authors show that sample based probabilities can be calibrated for the choice based sample bias, provided that randomly selected firms from the sub-populations of bankrupt and survival firms are used in the estimation of a prediction model. Non-calibrated bankruptcy probabilities are commonplace in previous empirical research, implying that reported misclassification errors and/or misclassification costs can be more or less misleading. Observed regularities in previous studies are in line with the presented analyses, demonstrating a need for a more insightful treatment of this bias in future research.
Explaining spatial patterns of foreign employment in Germany

ABSTRACT This paper investigates the main determinants of the representation of foreign employees across German regions. Since migration determinants are not necessarily the same for workers of different nationalities, spatial patterns are explained not only for total foreign employment but also for the 35 most important migration countries to Germany. Based on a total census for all 402 German districts, the paper starts by showing the spatial distributions of workers with different nationalities and explains the emerging patterns by spatial error models. Although large heterogeneity in determinants across nationalities are found, similarities between country groups prevail. Economic conditions matter for most nationalities, whereas the importance of amenities and openness differ.