Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Near-infrared line and continuum emission from the blue dwarf galaxy II Zw 40

A multicolor analysis of new near-infrared line and continuum measurements indicates that nebular recombination emission and photospheric radiation from young blue stars produce most of the near-infrared continuum emission in the central 6 arcsec of the dwarf galaxy II Zw 40. The derived nebular recombination level is in excellent agreement with independent observations of the radio free-free continuum. It is found that evolved stars, which dominate the near-infrared emission from normal galaxies, contribute no more than 25 percent of the total 2.2 micron flux in the central region of II Zw 40. It is concluded that the total mass of the evolved stellar population in the central 400 pc of the galaxy is less than about two hundred million solar. The total mass of recently formed stars is about two million solar, and the stellar mass ratio is exceptionally large. Thus, II Zw 40 is a quintessential starburst galaxy. 27 references.
Diffusion Tensor MR Imaging

This unit reviews the physical principles and methodologies involved in diffusion‐weighted imaging (DWI) and diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) for clinical applications. Diffusion‐sensitive MRI noninvasively provides insight into processes and microscopic cellular structures that alter molecular water mobility. Formalism to extend the Bloch equation to include effects of random translational motion through field gradients is reviewed. Definition of key acquisition parameters is also reviewed along with common methods to calculate and display tissue diffusion properties in a variety of image formats. Characterization of potential directional‐dependence of diffusion (i.e., anisotropy), such as that which exists in white matter, requires DTI. Diffusion tensor formalism and measurement techniques then reduce the diffusion tensor into standard anisotropy quantities that are summarized along with commonly used methods to depict directional information in an image format.
Translocation Relative to Range A Standardized Index for Effect Intensity

A standardized index for effect intensity, the translocation relative to range (TRR), is discussed. TRR is defined as the difference between the expectations of an outcome under two conditions (the absolute increment) divided by the maximum possible amount for that difference. TRR measures the shift caused by a factor relative to the maximum possible magnitude of that shift. For binary outcomes, TRR simply equals the risk difference, also known as the inverse number needed to treat. TRR ranges from –1 to 1 but is – unlike a correlation coefficient – a measure for effect intensity, because it does not rely on variance parameters in a certain population as do effect size measures (e.g., correlations, Cohens d). However, the use of TRR is restricted on outcomes with fixed and meaningful endpoints given, for instance, for meaningful psychological questionnaires or Likert scales. The use of TRR vs. Cohens d is illustrated with three examples from Psychological Science 2006 (issues 5 through 8). It is argued .
H ∞ PID controller design for Lur’e systems and its application to a ball and wheel apparatus

In this paper, we consider the problem of synthesizing proportional-integral-derivative (PID) controllers for a given Lur’e system in the presence of exogenous energy-bounded disturbance. Based on the circle criterion, sufficient conditions for guaranteeing closed-loop absolute stability and achieving disturbance attenuation are given in terms of the multi-objective H ∞ specifications. The results from the earlier work are then used to solve the resulting multi-objective H ∞ PID design problem. It is shown that for a fixed proportional gain, and by sweeping over a variable, the set of admissible integral and derivative gain values can be determined constructively using linear-programming techniques. The proposed synthesis method is used to design a PID controller for the ball and wheel system and the experimental results are presented to show effectiveness of the proposed method.
Recurrence approach and higher rank cubic algebras for the N-dimensional superintegrable systems

By applying the recurrence approach and coupling constant metamorphosis, we construct higher order integrals of motion for the Stackel equivalents of the N-dimensional superintegrable Kepler–Coulomb model with non-central terms and the double singular oscillators of type ( n , N − n ? > ). We show how the integrals of motion generate higher rank cubic algebra C ( 3 ) ⊕ L 1 ⊕ L 2 ? > with structure constants involving Casimir operators of the Lie algebras L1 and L2. The realizations of the cubic algebras in terms of deformed oscillators enable us to construct finite dimensional unitary representations and derive the degenerate energy spectra of the corresponding superintegrable systems.
Novel methods to improve the measurement accuracy and the dynamic range of Shack–Hartmann wavefront sensor

As a wavefront sensor, the Shack–Hartmann wavefront sensor plays an important role in the wavefront measurement of human eyes. However, the low measurement accuracy and the small dynamic range of Shack–Hartmann wavefront sensor limit its application. In this paper, we present a matched-filter algorithm to improve the measurement accuracy by more than an order of magnitude. Moreover, we also introduce a new algorithm to extend the dynamic range of Shack–Hartmann wavefront sensor. With this method, the recorded spots of Shack–Hartmann wavefront sensor are not constrained to stay in the corresponding pixel area of the microlens. The result shows that the dynamic range can be extended from 57.1 to 160% for the first 24 items of Zernike wavefronts, respectively. The improvement by our methods makes the Shack–Hartmann more suitable for the measurement of highly aberrated eyes.
Tunable Lateral Shift through Nonlinear Composites of Nonspherical Particles

The Goos-Hanchen (GH) shifts of the re∞ected waves from nonlinear nanocomposites of interleaved nonspherical metal and dielectric particles are investigated both theoretically and numerically. First, based on spectral representation theory and efiective medium approximation, we derive the fleld-dependent efiective permittivity of nonlinear composites. Then, the stationary phase method is adopted to study the GH shifts from nonlinear composites. It is found that for a given volume fraction, there exist two critical polarization factors Lc1 and Lc2, and bistable GH shifts appear only when L Lc2. Moreover, both giant negative and positive GH shifts accompanied with large re∞ectivity are found, hence they can be easily observed in experiments. The reversal of the GH shift may be controlled by adjusting both the incident angle and the applied fleld. Numerical simulations for Gaussian-type incident beam are performed, and good agreement between simulated data and theoretical ones is found especially for large waist width.
Electromagnetic wave propagation in and scattering from random media

We have developed a model for electromagnetic wave propagation in and scattering from random media. Scattering potentials are introduced to account for the reflections and refractions from boundaries. The differential cross sections for backscatter are calculated in the Kirchhoff approximation. We find that, in single scattering processes, the polarizations of differential cross sections are conserved and the differential cross sections are independent of the polarizations. The cross-polarized differential cross sections are symmetric and solely attributed to multi-scattering processes. Our results are in good agreement with experimental measurements.
Remarks on Ruled surfaces and rank two bundles with canonical determinant and 4 sections

Let $C$ be a smooth irreducible complex projective curve of genus $g$ and let $B^k(2,K_C)$ be the Brill-Noether loci parametrizing classes of (semi)-stable vector bundles $E$ of rank two with canonical determinant over $C$ with $h^0(C,E)\geq k$. We show that $B^4(2,K_C)$ it has an irreducible component $\mathcal B$ of dimension $3g-13$ on a general curve $C$ of genus $g\geq 8$. Moreover, we show that for the general element $[E]$ of $\mathcal B$, $E$ fits in a exact sequence $0\to\mathcal O_C(D)\to E\to K_C(-D)\to 0$, with $D$ a general effective divisor of degree three, and the corresponding coboundary map $\partial: H^0(C,K_C(-D))\to H^1(C,\mathcal O_C(D))$ has cokernel of dimension three.
Paley problem for plurisubharmonic functions of finite lower order

For plurisubharmonic functions of lower order estimates of the growth of their maximum value on the sphere of radius with centre at the origin in terms of the growth of the Nevanlinna characteristics are obtained. These estimates are best possible for . The results are new even in the case of functions of the form , where is an entire function in , 1$ SRC=http://ej.iop. org/images/1064-5616/190/2/A07/tex_sm_387_img8. gif/>.
Tunable ultracompact chip-integrated multichannel filter based on plasmon-induced transparencies

Nanoscale multichannel filter is realized in plasmonic circuits directly, which consists of four plasmonic nanocavities coupled via a plasmonic waveguide etched in a gold film. The feature device size is only 1.35 μm, which is reduced by five orders of magnitude compared with previous reports. The optical channels are formed by transparency windows of plasmon-induced transparencies. A shift of 45 nm in the central wavelengths of optical channels is obtained when the plasmonic coupled-nanocavities are covered with a 100-nm-thick poly(methyl methacrylate) layer. This work opens up the possibility for the realization of solid quantum chips based on plasmonic circuits.
Soliton processing element for all-optical switching and logic

A new type of all-optical processing element is proposed, based on nonlinear fiber waveguides. The device utilizes soliton propagation in the two arms of a Mach–Zehnder configuration. The device displays excellent switching characteristics for envelope pulses of the sech form and illustrates the necessity for using solitons as the essential bits in ultrafast optical switching and logic.
The photoionization of cadmium and mercury vapours

A windowless vacuum ultra-violet monochromator was used for the study of the photoionization curves of cadmium and mercury. The energy range covered was from the onsets of ionization to 19 ev and 17.7 ev for cadmium and mercury, respectively. Several autoionization peaks were observed. These correspond to excitations of inner d electrons of the neutral atoms. Oscillator strengths are given for the autoionization peaks in cadmium.
Acoustic coefficients of P_2O_5-doped silica fiber: the strain-optic and strain-acoustic coefficients

We present measurements and modeling of the effect of P2O5 doping on the strain sensitivity coefficients of silica fibers. In particular, the Brillouin gain spectrum of a heavily P2O5-doped fiber is measured and investigated at different strains. We provide measurements of the strain-optic coefficient (SOC) and the strain-acoustic coefficient (SAC), obtained to be + 0.139 and + 9854m/sec/e, respectively, both of which are less than the pure silica values. The Pockels’ coefficients p11 and p12 for bulk P2O5 are also estimated via Brillouin gain measurements. Using the strain coefficients, the modeled and unique slopes of the Stokes’-shift-versus-strain curves for the four observed acoustic modes in the fiber each lie within 2% of the measured values.
A local distribution based spatial clustering algorithm

Spatial clustering is an important means for spatial data mining and spatial analysis, and it can be used to discover the potential spatial association rules and outliers among the spatial data. Most existing spatial clustering algorithms only utilize the spatial distance or local density to find the spatial clusters in a spatial database, without taking the spatial local distribution characters into account, so that the clustered results are unreasonable in many cases. To overcome such limitations, this paper develops a new indicator (i.e. local median angle) to measure the local distribution at first, and further proposes a new algorithm, called local distribution based spatial clustering algorithm (LDBSC in abbreviation). In the process of spatial clustering, a series of recursive search are implemented for all the entities so that those entities with its local median angle being very close or equal are clustered. In this way, all the spatial entities in the spatial database can be automatically divided into some clusters. Finally, two tests are implemented to demonstrate that the method proposed in this paper is more prominent than DBSCAN, as well as that it is very robust and feasible, and can be used to find the clusters with different shapes.
Covariant kinetic dispersion theory of linear transverse waves parallel propagating in magnetized plasmas with thermal anisotropy

The properties of transverse waves parallel propagating in magnetized plasmas with arbitrary composition and thermally anisotropic, are investigated on the basis of relativistic Vlasov-Maxwell equations. The transverse dispersion relations for plasmas with arbitrary distribution functions are derived. These dispersion relations describe the linear response of the system to the initial perturbations and thus define all existing linear (transverse) plasma modes in the system. By analytic continuation the dispersion relations in the whole complex frequency plane are constructed. Further analysis is restricted to the important case of anisotropic bi-Maxwellian equilibrium plasma distribution functions. Explicit forms of the relativistically correct transverse dispersion relations are derived that hold for any values of the plasma temperatures and the temperature anisotropy. In the limit of nonrelativistic plasma temperatures the dispersion relations are expressed in terms of plasma dispersion function, howeve.
A new approach to pulse signal rhythmic structure analysis

A new approach to investigate a radial artery pulse signal rhythmic structure is considered based on a simultaneous analysis of a set of oscillatory components determined by parameters of various elements of unit oscillations. Based on a comparative analysis of the spectral density types defined by different parameters of a pulse signal, an essential distinction between them has been revealed. An opportunity of increasing the number of informative features by means of simultaneous analysis of pulse signal rhythmic structure oscillatory component set is shown. The study has been carried out using experimental material obtained during children’s clinical examinations focused on detecting the initial stage arterial hypertension in infancy and adolescence. The informativeness of the pulse signal rhythmic structure parameters was estimated as applied to this task, showing that maximum informativeness is inherent to indicators defined by oscillatory components of the pulse signal dicrotic wave temporal parameter.
About small eigenvalues of the Witten Laplacian

We study the eigenvalues of the semiclassical Witten Laplacian $\Delta_\phi$ associated to a potential $\phi$. We consider the case where the sequence of Arrhenius numbers $S_1\leq \ldots\leq S_n$ associated to $\phi$ is degenerated, that is the preceding inequality are not necessarily strict.
Supplement to Neuschel's paper "Asymptotics for M\'enage polynomials and certain hypergeometric polynomials of type ${}_3 F_1$"

In an article that appeared in Journal of Approximation Theory, Neuschel investigated the asymptotic expansion of certain hypergeometric polynomials of type ${}_3 F_1$ inside and outside a closed curve. We supplement this result by studying a subfamily of those polynomials on a part of the closed curve.
Fast Kinetic Scheme: Efficient MPI Parallelization Strategy for 3D Boltzmann Equation

In this paper we present a parallelization strategy on distributed memory systems for the Fast Kinetic Scheme --- a semi-Lagrangian scheme developed in [J. Comput. Phys., Vol. 255, 2013, pp 680-698] for solving kinetic equations. The original algorithm was proposed for the BGK approximation of the collision kernel. In this work we deal with its extension to the full Boltzmann equation in six dimensions, where the collision operator is resolved by means of fast spectral method. We present close to ideal scalability of the proposed algorithm on tera- and peta-scale systems.
The Effect of Nonlinearities on the Evolution of Barotropic Easterly Waves in a Nonuniform Environment

Abstract The nonlinear evolution of a barotropic Rossby wave in a nonuniform basic state is studied numerically. The simulations are designed to isolate and clarify the role of advective nonlinearities in the development process. The model is barotropic, nondivergent and inviscid, on a beta-plane. The steady basic flow is zonally and meridionally nonuniform, and is maintained by a specified steady vorticity source. The wave propagates through an isolated inhomogeneity and interacts with the basic flow. Nonlinear effects are isolated by suppressing the nonlinear terms in the equations. Two sets of experiments have been carried out. In the first the basic state is an isolated steady vortex embedded in a uniform easterly flow. A single plane wave propagates through the isolated vortex inhomogeneity. In the second the basic state is a zonally varying unstable easterly jet. The inhomogeneity is an isolated region of enhanced instability of the jet. The linearly most unstable wave mode is allowed to evolve to f.
A study of the quantitative impact of pump-pump interaction in wide-band Raman amplifiers in the S, C and L bands

A quantitative study on the impact of pump-pump interaction in wide band Raman amplifiers in the S, C and L bands is reported here. For this purpose, the nonlinear coupled Raman equations are written in a novel format separating the different mechanisms which contribute to gain profile, among them, pump-pump interaction. The study is applied to a modern low loss fiber under three pump excitation. The minimum total pump power required to pump-pump interaction mechanisms is investigated for the co and couter propagating amplifier configuration. These threshold power level is significantly different for both configurations. In the co propagating configuration it is independent on the amplifier length while for the counter propagating configuration it is dependent on the amplifier length. to affect gain profile is dependent on fiber length for the counter propagation amplifier configuration while it is independent on fiber length for the co-propagating configuration. Further, a sensitivity analysis of gain flatness as a function of the central pump wavelength power is conduction for both amplifier configurations. The counter propagation configuration is less sensitive to center wavelength power level variation when compared to the co propagating configuration.
Structural topology design with multiple thermal criteria

This paper shows how the evolutionary structural optimization (ESO) algorithm can be used to achieve a multiple criterion design for a structure in a thermal environment. The proposed thermal ESO procedure couples an evolutionary iterative process of a finite element heat conduction solution and a finite element thermoelastic solution. The overall efficiency of material usage is measured in terms of the combination of thermal stress levels and heat flux densities by using a combination strategy with weighting factors. The ESO method then works by eliminating from the structural domain under‐utilized material. In this paper, a practical design example of a printed circuit board substrate is presented to illustrate the capabilities of the ESO algorithm for thermal design optimization in multiple load environments.
A FEM Analysis of Open Boundary Structures Using Edge Elements and a Cylindrical Harmonics Expansion

A finite element formulation for the solution of two-dimensional open field problems is proposed. The structure to be analyzed is enclosed in a circular contour C, and a vector electric field formulation based on hybrid node–edge elements is employed inside C, while the field outside C is expanded into an infinite sum of circular harmonics. The weighting factors of the expansion are evaluated by enforcing the field continuity conditions on the contour C. A generalized eigenvalue problem is finally formulated for the propagation constant along the axial direction (β-formulation), which is solved employing the QZ decomposition algorithm. The validity of the proposed method is established through comparisons with numerical and experimental results available in the published literature
Stress in metal lines under passivation; comparison of experiment with finite element calculations

The elastic strain in Al‐0.5% Cu metal lines under silicon nitride passivation has been determined by x‐ray diffraction. The experimental stress tensor calculated from these strain values is in excellent agreement with the results of a finite element model calculation. The intrinsic stress in the dielectric plays no role in influencing the stress in the metal; only thermal stress effects are important.
On well-posedness of Bayesian data assimilation and inverse problems in Hilbert space

Bayesian inverse problem on an infinite dimensional separable Hilbert space with the whole state observed is well posed when the prior state distribution is a Gaussian probability measure and the data error covariance is a cylindric Gaussian measure whose covariance has positive lower bound. If the state distribution and the data distribution are equivalent Gaussian probability measures, then the Bayesian posterior measure is not well defined. If the state covariance and the data error covariance commute, then the Bayesian posterior measure is well defined for all data vectors if and only if the data error covariance has positive lower bound, and the set of data vectors for which the Bayesian posterior measure is not well defined is dense if the data error covariance does not have positive lower bound.
Hall-Littlewood symmetric functions via Yamanouchi toppling game

We define a solitary game, the Yamanouchi toppling game, on any connected graph of n vertices. The game arises from the well-known chip-firing game when the usual relation of equivalence defined on the set of all configurations is replaced by a suitable partial order. The set all firing sequences of length m that the player is allowed to perform in the Yamanouchi toppling game is shown to be in bijection with all standard Young tableaux whose shape is a partition of the integer m with at most n-1 parts. The set of all configurations that a player can obtain from a starting configuration is encoded in a suitable formal power series. When the graph is the simple path and each monomial of the series is replaced by a suitable Schur polynomial, we prove that such a series reduces to Hall-Littlewod symmetric polynomials. The same series provides a combinatorial description of orthogonal polynomials when the monomials are replaced by products of moments suitably modified.