Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Time-based Fairness Improves Performance in Multi-Rate WLANs

The performance seen by individual clients on a wireless local area network (WLAN) is heavily influenced by the manner in which wireless channel capacity is allocated. The popular MAC protocol DCF (Distributed Coordination Function) used in 802.11 networks provides equal long-term transmission opportunities to competing nodes when all nodes experience similar channel conditions. When similar-sized packets are also used, DCF leads to equal achieved throughputs (throughput-based fairness) among contending nodes. Because of varying indoor channel conditions, the 802.11 standard supports multiple data transmission rates to exploit the trade-off between data rate and bit error rate. This leads to considerable rate diversity, particularly when the network is congested. Under such conditions, throughput-based fairness can lead to drastically reduced aggregate throughput. In this paper, we argue the advantages of time-based fairness, in which each competing node receives an equal share of the wireless channel occupancy time. We demonstrate that this notion of fairness can lead to significant improvements in aggregate performance while still guaranteeing that no node receives worse channel access than it would in a single-rate WLAN. We also describe our algorithm, TBR (Time-based Regulator), which runs on the AP and works with any MAC protocol to provide time-based fairness by regulating packets. Through experiments, we show that our practical and backward compatible implementation of TBR in conjunction with an existing implementation of DCF achieves time-based fairness.
Suicidal Behavior Among Gay Male Youth

ABSTRACT Suicide has been purported to be a major problem among gays and lesbians in general, and rates of suicidal behavior (suicide attempts and ideation) are said to be even higher among adolescent samples. While most studies have consistently found rates of suicide attempts among gay and lesbian adolescent populations to be two to three times higher than their heterosexual peers, these findings have not been supported by all studies, particularly those which have relied upon the findings of psychological autopsies. In a comprehensive review of the literature, over 100 sources are examined to determine: (a) whether suicidal behaviors are greater among gay male youths than among heterosexuals, (b) if, in fact, homosexuality is nonpathological, can the higher rates of purported suicide be explained if supported by the literature, and (c) can findings contradicting the higher rates of suicidal behavior among gay male youth be explained? It is hypothesized that the higher rates of suicidal behavior among gay male youth are not due to a homosexual orientation per se, but to the societal hatred and prejudice inflicted upon gay youth.
Avoidance of achromatic colours by bees provides a private niche for hummingbirds

SUMMARY That hummingbird-pollinated plants predominantly have red flowers has been known for decades, but well-investigated research studies are still rare. Preference tests have shown that hummingbirds do not have an innate preference for red colours. In addition, hummingbirds do not depend solely upon red flowers, because white-flowered hummingbird-pollinated plants are also common and temporarily abundant. Here we show that both white and red hummingbird-pollinated flowers differ from bee-pollinated flowers in their reflection properties for ultraviolet (UV) light. Hummingbird-pollinated red flowers are on average less UV reflective, and white hummingbird-pollinated flowers are more UV reflective than the same coloured bee-pollinated ones. In preference tests with artificial flowers, neotropical orchid bees prefer red UV-reflecting artificial flowers and white UV-nonreflecting flowers over red and white flowers with the opposite UV properties. By contrast, hummingbirds showed no preference for any colour in the same tests. Plotting floral colours and test stimuli into the honeybees' perceptual colour space suggests that the less attractive colours are achromatic for bees and therefore more difficult to detect against the background. This underlying colour preference in bees might provide hummingbirds with a private niche that is not attractive to bees.
Systemic carboplatin for retinoblastoma: change in tumour size over time

Background/aim: Chemotherapy for intraocular retinoblastoma is used to shrink individual retinal tumours to a size amenable to focal treatments. Quantitative data regarding retinal tumour response following treatment with primary systemic carboplatin are reported. Methods: Changes in area and largest basal diameter of tumours that were exposed to carboplatin, had no concomitant focal treatment, and had digital funduscopic photography performed before and after treatment, were measured. Response was evaluated. Results: 36 tumours were measured following one treatment: 34/36 (94.4%) responded, with a 37.1% mean decrease in area (median = 37.0%; range 4.0%–76.7%). Mean reduction in basal diameter was 21.3% (med = 21.0%; −7.9%–52.5%). 20 tumours were treated with a second cycle: 15/20 (75.0%) responded. Mean decrease in area was 17.8% (med = 15.3%; −7.0%–49.7%). The mean cumulative decrease in area after two treatments was 55.1% (med = 56.2%; 33.0%–74.5%). Mean cumulative reduction in basal diameter was 33.6% (med = 33.6%; 10.9%–53.2%). 12 tumours were treated with a third cycle: 3/12 (25.0%) responded, 8/12 were stable, and one progressed. Mean decrease in area was 5.4% (med = 7.2%; −17.7%–20.6%). Cumulative decrease in area after three treatments was 58.1% (med = 57.3%; 34.8%–77.2%). Mean cumulative reduction in basal diameter was 38.8% (med = 38.2%; 19.1%–54.1%). Conclusions: Carboplatin caused measurable shrinkage of retinoblastoma tumours. Response was greatest following the initial treatment and decreased with subsequent treatments.
Optogenetic elevation of endogenous glucocorticoid level in larval zebrafish

The stress response is a suite of physiological and behavioral processes that help to maintain or reestablish homeostasis. Central to the stress response is the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis, as it releases crucial hormones in response to stress. Glucocorticoids (GCs) are the final effector hormones of the HPA axis, and exert a variety of actions under both basal and stress conditions. Despite their far-reaching importance for health, specific GC effects have been difficult to pin-down due to a lack of methods for selectively manipulating endogenous GC levels. Hence, in order to study stress-induced GC effects, we developed a novel optogenetic approach to selectively manipulate the rise of GCs triggered by stress. Using this approach, we could induce both transient hypercortisolic states and persistent forms of hypercortisolaemia in freely behaving larval zebrafish. Our results also established that transient hypercortisolism leads to enhanced locomotion shortly after stressor exposure. Altogether, we present a highly specific method for manipulating the gain of the stress axis with high temporal accuracy, altering endocrine and behavioral responses to stress as well as basal GC levels. Our study offers a powerful tool for the analysis of rapid (non-genomic) and delayed (genomic) GC effects on brain function and behavior, feedbacks within the stress axis and developmental programming by GCs.
Evidence of indirect transmission of classical swine fever virus through contacts with people

A strict system for visiting experimentally inoculated and susceptible weaner pigs was used to examine the potential indirect transmission of classical swine fever (csf) virus by people wearing contaminated boots, gloves and coveralls. The inoculated and susceptible pigs were housed in separate compartments, between which the airborne transmission of the virus was impossible. A worst-case scenario with an intensive visiting protocol and no form of disinfection or hygiene was established. Fifteen days after the pigs were inoculated, infection was detected in one contact pig, and it was concluded that under the conditions of the experiment csf virus could be transmitted by contact with people.
Reframing the climate change challenge in light of post-2000 emission trends

The 2007 Bali conference heard repeated calls for reductions in global greenhouse gas emissions of 50 per cent by 2050 to avoid exceeding the 2°C threshold. While such endpoint targets dominate the policy agenda, they do not, in isolation, have a scientific basis and are likely to lead to dangerously misguided policies. To be scientifically credible, policy must be informed by an understanding of cumulative emissions and associated emission pathways. This analysis considers the implications of the 2°C threshold and a range of post-peak emission reduction rates for global emission pathways and cumulative emission budgets. The paper examines whether empirical estimates of greenhouse gas emissions between 2000 and 2008, a period typically modelled within scenario studies, combined with short-term extrapolations of current emissions trends, significantly constrains the 2000–2100 emission pathways. The paper concludes that it is increasingly unlikely any global agreement will deliver the radical reversal in emission trends required for stabilization at 450 ppmv carbon dioxide equivalent (CO2e). Similarly, the current framing of climate change cannot be reconciled with the rates of mitigation necessary to stabilize at 550 ppmv CO2e and even an optimistic interpretation suggests stabilization much below 650 ppmv CO2e is improbable.
Categorization vs. inference: Shift in attention or representation?

Recently it has been found that people that learn through in-ference create qualitatively different cognitive representations than those who learn through categorization. The present study addresses the question of whether the findings support-ing this claim generalize to a design where both learning tasks have a probabilistic relation between each stimulus cue and the category label. It was shown that participants in the cate-gorization condition learned faster than participants in the in-ference condition. Further, participants in the inference condi-tion did not rely on prototypical values when making one-cue categorizations. The results suggest that shifts in attention must be considered as a viable explanation of some of the re-sults in studies that investigate differences between inference and categorization.
MOOD DISORDERS: BIPOLAR AND MAJOR DEPRESSIVE DISORDERS

1. Articulate the differences between the clinical presentation and course of illness for unipolar and bipolar disorders. 2. Formulate appropriate treatment recommendations, including the rationale for treatment selection, for a patient experiencing an acute exacerbation of a mood disorder. 3. Provide appropriate monitoring parameters for pharmacological treatment, target symptoms, and potential strategies to minimize adverse effects. 4. Formulate recommendations for optimizing and discontinuing a given pharmacotherapy regimen. 5. Identify potential drug-drug interactions and discuss the clinical significance of these interactions.
Achieving Fault Tolerance on Grids with the CPPC Framework and the GridWay Metascheduler

Grids have brought a significant increase in the number of available resources that can be provided to applications. In the last decade, an important effort has been made to develop middleware that provides grids with functionalities related to application execution. However, support for fault-tolerant executions is either lacking or limited. This paper presents an experience to endow with fault tolerance support parallel executions on grids through the integration of CPPC, a check pointing tool for parallel applications, and Grid Way, a well-known met scheduler provided with the Globus Toolkit. Since both tools are not immediately compatible, a new architecture, called CPPC-GW, has been designed and implemented to allow for the transparent execution of CPPC applications through Grid Way. The performance of the solution has been evaluated using the NAS Parallel Benchmarks. Detailed experimental results show the low overhead of the approach.
A Note on Efficient Computation of Haplotypes via Perfect Phylogeny

The problem of inferring haplotype phase from a population of genotypes has received a lot of attention recently. This is partly due to the observation that there are many regions on human genomic DNA where genetic recombination is rare (Helmuth, 2001; Daly et al., 2001; Stephens et al., 2001; Friss et al., 2001). A Haplotype Map project has been announced by NIH to identify and characterize populations in terms of these haplotypes. Recently, Gusfield introduced the perfect phylogeny haplotyping problem, as an algorithmic implication of the no-recombination in long blocks observation, together with the standard population-genetic assumption of infinite sites. Gusfield's solution based on matroid theory was followed by direct theta(nm2) solutions that use simpler techniques (Bafna et al., 2003; Eskin et al., 2003), and also bound the number of solutions to the PPH problem. In this short note, we address two questions that were left open. First, can the algorithms of Bafna et al. (2003) and Eskin et al. (2003) be sped-up to O(nm + m2) time, which would imply an O(nm) time-bound for the PPH problem? Second, if there are multiple solutions, can we find one that is most parsimonious in terms of the number of distinct haplotypes. We give reductions that suggests that the answer to both questions is "no." For the first problem, we show that computing the output of the first step (in either method) is equivalent to Boolean matrix multiplication. Therefore, the best bound we can presently achieve is O(nm(omega-1)), where omega < or = 2.52 is the exponent of matrix multiplication. Thus, any linear time solution to the PPH problem likely requires a different approach. For the second problem of computing a PPH solution that minimizes the number of distinct haplotypes, we show that the problem is NP-hard using a reduction from Vertex Cover (Garey and Johnson, 1979).
INTERPERSONÁLNE CIELE: DYNAMIKA A PÔVOD COMPASSIONATE CIEĽA A SELF-IMAGE CIEĽA

This theoretical article describes two interpersonal goals: compassionate goal and self-image goal. Previous studies show their different interpersonal dynamics which has a major impact on the quality of relationships and emotional feeling. These differences highlight the need for the study of these goals. In the first part of this article we present the results of previous studies of these goals; we describe the basics of different dynamics, and also describe them in the context of other related theories and relevant variables. The second part of this paper seeks an answer to the question whether these two goals are fulfilling the same need.
Antibodies against macrophages that overlap in specificity with fibroblasts.

BACKGROUND Fibroblasts can be misidentified as macrophages because both cell types share antigens that are associated with popular antibodies targeting the monocyte/macrophage lineage. With the recent description of fibroblast-specific protein 1 (FSP1), we revisited the specificity of antibodies directed against macrophages to determine systematically which antibodies best distinguish both cell types in fibrotic tissues. METHODS Tissue fibrosis was produced in mice carrying the GFP transgene encoding green fluorescent protein under the control of the FSP1 promoter. Single cell suspensions from these marked tissues were submitted for flow cytometry using antibodies against Mac-1, Mac-2, Mac-3, F4/80, CD68, major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class II, and CD45, and cDNA amplification of mRNA encoding the above target antigens was performed using specific primer sets in sorted pools of cells. Fibrotic tissues were also stained by immunohistochemistry with the same antibodies and examined under confocal microscopy. RESULTS Comparison overlap between FSP1(+) fibroblasts with each of the macrophage markers demonstrated that all antimacrophage antibodies (Mac-1, Mac-2, Mac-3, CD68, MHC class II, and CD45) except one (F4/80) recognize both cell types. CONCLUSION Antibodies directed against F4/80 clearly distinguish macrophages from FSP1(+) fibroblasts in fibrotic tissues and is the preferred antibody in mice.
Dialysis Composite Rate Bundling: Potential Effects on the Utilization of Home Hemodialysis, Daily and Nocturnal Hemodialysis, and Peritoneal Dialysis

Home hemodialysis was introduced because it was less expensive than center dialysis, so allowing more patients to be treated with the limited funds available in the 1960s. The start of the Medicare ESRD Program in July 1973, with almost universal entitlement, removed the financial barriers, and had many other effects including reducing the use of home dialysis. Bundled payment for dialysis, including necessary dialysis supplies and laboratory tests, was introduced as the “composite” rate in 1983. Over the ensuing years, the costs of providing dialysis treatment increased, and expensive new drugs were introduced, particularly erythropoietin. As a result, the government introduced a more extensive bundle at the beginning of this year, aimed at better control of costs. This article considers the potential effect of this reimbursement change on home dialysis.
Vertebral anatomy in the Florida manatee, Trichechus manatus latirostris: A developmental and evolutionary analysis

The vertebral column of the Florida manatee presents an unusual suite of morphological traits. Key among these are a small precaudal count, elongate thoracic vertebrae, extremely short neural spines, lack of a sacral series, high lumbar variability, and the presence of six instead of seven cervical vertebrae. This study documents vertebral morphology, size, and lumbar variation in 71 skeletons of Trichechus manatus latirostris (Florida manatee) and uses the skeletons of Trichechus senegalensis (west African manatee) and Dugong dugon (dugong) in comparative analysis. Vertebral traits are used to define morphological, and by inference developmental, column modules and to propose their hierarchical relationships. A sequence of evolutionary innovations in column morphology is proposed. Results suggest that the origin of the fluke and low rates of cervical growth originated before separation of trichechids (manatees) and dugongids (dugongs). Meristic reduction in count is a later, trichechid innovation and is expressed across the entire precaudal column. Elongation of thoracic vertebrae may be an innovative strategy to generate an elongate column in an animal with a small precaudal count. Elimination of the lumbus through both meristic and homeotic reduction is currently in progress. Anat Rec, 290:624–637, 2007. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Low power consumption scheduling based on software Fault-tolerance

The space computer puts forward high demands on the performance. Therefore, the high-performance digital signal processors are increasingly used in the space computer. However, the single particle effects caused by the cosmic radiation make the reliability of the space computer become a huge challenge. The COTS DSP chip has a huge advantage compared to the antiradiation DSP chip in performance, price, size and weight. The software implemented fault-tolerance technique can protect the program, but degrade the system performance and increase the power consumption. According to the DSP structural characteristics and in the premise of not reducing the detecting error ratio, this paper proposes an instruction scheduling method for the low power consumption, to reduce the overheads in terms of the performance and the energy incurred by the fault-tolerance technique.
The Neuroleptic-nonresponsive patient : characterization and treatment

Part 1 Clinical and biological studies of poorly responsive patients: characteristics of Kraepilinian Schixophrenia and their relation to pre-morbid socio-sexual functioning, Richard S.E. Keefe et al Catecholamine Metabolites in plasma as correlates of neuroleptic response, Malcolm B.Bowers Jr, M.D. positron emission tomography in the study of neuroleptic response, Adam Wolkin M.D. Part 2 Refinements of neuroleptic treatment: schizophrenia - alternative neuroleptic strategies, Celeste A.Johns et al neuroleptic plasma levels in treatment-resistant schizophrenic patients, Theodore Van Putten, et al. Part 3 Treatment for neuroleptic refractory patients: Benzodiazepine augmentation of neuroleptics, Owen M.Wolkowitz et al lithium and carbamazepine augmentation in treatment-refractory schizophrenia, S.Charles Schulz et al pre-synaptic modulators of dopamine synthesis in the treatment of chronic schizophrenia, Jeffrey L.Berland M.D., Ph.D. Clozapine in refractory schizophrenia, John M.Kane et al.
A Novel Method for Simulating the Extracellular Matrix in Models of Tumour Growth

A novel hybrid continuum-discrete model to simulate tumour growth on a cellular scale is proposed. The lattice-based spatiotemporal model consists of reaction-diffusion equations that describe interactions between cancer cells and their microenvironment. The fundamental ingredients that are typically considered are the nutrient concentration, the extracellular matrix (ECM), and matrix degrading enzymes (MDEs). The in vivo processes are very complex and occur on different levels. This in turn leads to huge computational costs. The main contribution of the present work is therefore to describe the processes on the basis of simplified mathematical approaches, which, at the same time, depict realistic results to understand the biological processes. In this work, we discuss if we have to simulate the MDE or if the degraded matrix can be estimated directly with respect to the cancer cell distribution. Additionally, we compare the results for modelling tumour growth using the common and our simplified approach, thereby demonstrating the advantages of the proposed method. Therefore, we introduce variations of the positioning of the nutrient delivering blood vessels and use different initializations of the ECM. We conclude that the novel method, which does not explicitly model the matrix degrading enzymes, provides means for a straightforward and fast implementation for modelling tumour growth.
Power line communication network for a customer-end AC grid in an LVDC distribution system

Communication is needed in modern smart grids (SGs) for instance in load control, automatic metering infrastructure (AMI), and grid monitoring and protection. Power line communication (PLC) is studied as the data transmission solution for a low-voltage direct current (LVDC) electricity distribution system in the DC grid; channel analysis, noise in the channel, and the performance of both the narrowband and broadband PLC have been studied previously. However, the applicability and performance of PLC in the grid end from the customer-end inverter (CEI), which converts the low-voltage DC back to 230/400 AC, to the customer loads has not been studied. The load control takes place in the customer utility box (CUB) on the customer premises. The channel in the grid end is challenging; the CEI, implemented with power-electronic switches, generates impulsive noise both to the DC and AC networks, and presents the major noise source in the PLC channel. Thus, the customer-end AC network is studied by measurements and data transmission tests. In addition, the PLC network architecture for the whole LVDC system is proposed.