Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
From Divergence to Convergence: Reevaluating the History behind China's Economic Boom

China’s long-term economic dynamics pose a formidable challenge to economic historians. The Qing Empire (1644-1911), the world’s largest national economy before 1800, experienced a tripling of population during the 17th and 18th centuries with no signs of diminishing per capita income. While the timing remains in dispute, a vast gap emerged between newly rich industrial nations and China’s lagging economy in the wake of the Industrial Revolution. Only with an unprecedented growth spurt beginning in the late 1970s did this great divergence separating China from the global leaders substantially diminish, allowing China to regain its former standing among the world’s largest economies. This essay develops an integrated framework for understanding that entire history, including both the divergence and the recent convergent trend. We explain how deeply embedded political and economic institutions that contributed to a long process of extensive growth before 1800 subsequently prevented China from capturing the benefits associated with the Industrial Revolution. During the 20th century, the gradual erosion of these historic constraints and of new obstacles erected by socialist planning eventually opened the door to China’s current boom. Our analysis links China’s recent development to important elements of its past, while using recent success to provide fresh perspectives on the critical obstacles undermining earlier modernization efforts, and their eventual removal.
CHANGE IN ROOT RESTRICTIONS ON BASQUE ALLOCUTIVITY

This paper examines variation and change in embedding restrictions on Basque allocutive morphemes—person clitics marking non-thematic addressees. Recent work has described cross-speaker variation in whether allocutive mor-phemes are restricted to root clauses or may appear in embeddings. This paper reports on a recent survey that suggests change in progress toward loss of the root restriction. The results, moreover, indicate no cross-speaker correlation in acceptance of embedded vocatives with acceptance or use of embedded allocutives. We take the different cross-speaker distribution of allocutive morphemes and vocatives to reflect partially different representations for these forms, with vocative morphemes bearing richer functional structure and different licensing conditions
Quantum speedup of the traveling-salesman problem for bounded-degree graphs. Physical Review A 95 (3),

The Travelling Salesman Problem is one of the most famous problems in graph theory. However, little is currently known about the extent to which quantum computers could speed up algorithms for the problem. In this paper, we prove a quadratic quantum speedup when the degree of each vertex is at most 3 by applying a quantum backtracking algorithm to a classical algorithm by Xiao and Nagamochi. We then use similar techniques to accelerate a classical algorithm for when the degree of each vertex is at most 4, before speeding up higher-degree graphs via reductions to these instances.
Characterization of Unimodality Constraint as an E ﬀ ective Chemistry-based Condition in Resolving of Chemical Processes Data

Multivariate curve resolution (MCR) techniques are powerful methods for qualitative and quantitative analyses of spectral data. However, MCR methods su ﬀ er from non-unique solutions - instead of a unique solution usually a continuum of possible pure component decomposition exists. This ambiguity is covered in a low-dimensional way by the so-called area feasible solutions (AFS). In the quantitative purpose, the rotational ambiguity has a negative e ﬀ ect on the accuracy of the results. By applying additional constraints on the proﬁles the range of feasible solutions can considerably improve the reliability of quantitative results. Another approach to analyze the size of the continuum of possible pure component proﬁles is to compute the extrema of the signal contribution function (SCF). The SCF can also be applied under additional constraints. In this study we analyze the restriction of the AFS and the change of the SCF-extrema under additional unimodality constraints. An interesting e ﬀ ect is stated for two examples namely that the unimodality constraint can divide a single subset of the AFS into two parts. In such cases the SCF cannot resolve the ambiguity completely. The e ﬀ ect of the unimodality constraints has been systematically investigated on two-and three-component simulation data sets. This phenomenon are also studied for an experimental data set related to the spectrophotometric titration of a mixture of ligand (3 , 7-diazanonanedioic acid diamide) and Cu 2 + with varying degrees of acidity. Imposing of unimodality constraints as an e ﬀ ective chemically meaningful limitation on the feasible solutions of MCR methods is strongly recommended.
The Stochastic Dynamics of Tethered Microcantilevers in a The Stochastic Dynamics of Tethered Microcantilevers in a Viscous Fluid Viscous Fluid

We explore and quantify the coupled dynamics of a pair of micron scale cantilevers immersed in a viscous ﬂuid that are also directly tethered to one another at their tips by a spring force. The spring force, for example, could represent the molecular stiffness or elasticity of a biomolecule or material tethered between the cantilevers. We use deterministic numerical simulations with the ﬂuctuation-dissipation theorem to compute the stochastic dynamics of the cantilever pair for the conditions of experiment when driven only by Brownian motion. We validate our approach by comparing directly with experimental measurements in the absence of the tether which shows excellent agreement. Using numerical simulations, we quantify the correlated dynamics of the cantilever pair over a range of tether stiffness. Our results quantify the sensitivity of the auto-and cross-correlations of equilibrium ﬂuctuations in cantilever displacement to the stiffness of the tether. We show that the tether affects the magnitude of the correlations which can be used in a measurement to probe the properties of an attached tethering substance. For the conﬁgurations of current interest using micron scale cantilevers in water, we show that the magnitude of the ﬂuid coupling between the cantilevers is sufﬁciently small such that the inﬂuence of the tether can be signiﬁcant. Our results show that the cross-correlation is more sensitive to tether stiffness than the auto-correlation indicating that a two-cantilever measurement has improved sensitivity when compared with a measurement using a single cantilever. V C 2014 AIP Publishing LLC . [http:/
Implanted Electrical Stimulator for Spinal Cord

and meta-analysis on individual patient data from RCTs to assess the effectiveness of SCS for the management of PDN. Two eligible RCTs (total of 93 patients) and 2 long-term follow-up studies of one of the RCTs. Meta-analysis showed reductions in pain intensity for SCS compared with best medical therapy alone, on a 10-point scale at the 6-month follow-up. More patients receiving SCS achieved at least a 50% reduction in pain intensity compared with best medical therapy. Increases were observed for health-related QoL assessed as EuroQol 5-Dimension Questionnaire (EQ-5D) utility score and visual analogue scale (VAS). The authors concluded that the findings demonstrated that SCS is an effective therapeutic adjunct to best medical therapy in reducing pain intensity and improving health related QoL for individuals with PDN. Large well-reported RCTs with long-term follow-up are required to confirm these results
THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN STRIDE MECHANICS AND SHOULDER DISTRACTION FORCE IN COLLEGIATE SOFTBALL PITCHERS

The purpose of this study was to determine the relationship between stride mechanics and shoulder distraction force in softball pitchers. Sixty-three collegiate softball pitchers participated and threw three maximal effort fastballs for a strike. Kinematic data were collected using an electromagnetic tracking system with a sampling frequency of 100 Hz. Regression analysis revealed a significant positive relationship between stride length and shoulder distraction force [R 2 = . 11; F (1, 61) = 7.345, p = . 009], where stride length accounted for 11% of the variation in shoulder distraction force. Specifically, shoulder distraction force increased by . 94 N/kg for every 10% increase in stride length normalized as a percentage of body height. Coaches and players should be aware of the negative effect of greater stride length on susceptibility to upper extremity injury.
The Friendship Paradox: An Analysis on Signed Social Networks with Positive and Negative Links

Given the ubiquity and significance of social network systems, comprehending the network topology is essential for a deeper understanding of these networks. One notable phenomenon in social networks, Friendship Paradox (FP), has been extensively studied and has led to the Generalized Friendship Paradox (GFP), which states that an individual’s neighbors, on average, have more of some measurable characteristic or quantity than the individual (e.g., friends/degree in the original FP). However, most of the existing works on FP and GFP naturally focus on positive relationships while in the real world, negative relations are also ubiquitous. To bridge this crucial gap, we investigate (G)FP in signed networks which contain both positive and negative relationships (e.g., friends and foes). Specifically, we propose a first-order signed neighbor metric based on the traditional (G)FP that not only considers undirected homogeneous link relations (e.g., comparing an individual’s foes to the foes of their foes), but also directed heterogeneous link relation (e.g., comparing an individual’s friends to the friends of their foes). Furthermore, we develop a second-order metric to further study the relationship between an individuals positive and negative neighborhood sets (e.g., comparing the average number of friends from an individuals set of foes to that of their friends). Finally we perform an empirical analysis of these proposed metrics in signed networks across a representative set of real-world datasets.
Dynamic Sparse Pre-Training of BERT

Identifying algorithms for compute efﬁcient unsupervised training of large language models is an important and active area of research. In this work, we develop and study a simple, dynamic always-sparse pre-training approach for BERT language models, which leverages periodic compression steps based on magnitude pruning followed by random parameter re-allocation. As a result, we achieve Pareto improvements in terms of number of ﬂoating-point operations (FLOPs) over both static and dense baselines across model sizes. Furthermore, we demonstrate that training remains FLOP-efﬁcient when using coarse-grained block sparsity, making it particularly promising for efﬁcient execution on modern hardware accelerators.
Enrichment analysis and chromosomal distribution of gout susceptible loci identified by genome-wide association studies

Gout is an inherited and common inflammatory arthritic disease. Many researchers will identify polymorphic loci of gout susceptibility by conducting genome-wide association studies (GWAS). In the present study, the enrichment analysis and chromosomal distribution were performed using predicted polymorphic loci associated with gout risk. The polymorphic loci associated to gout were obtained from the GWAS database. Overall, this database contains 64,806 gout patients and 2,856,174 controls. Gene ontology functional annotation and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathway analysis were performed by using the Enrichr online server. A total of 110 common polymorphic protein-coding loci associated with gout risk were identified and included in the analysis. The results of the KEGG analysis showed that the gout-associated loci were mainly related to ABC transporters, endocrine and other factor-regulated calcium reabsorption, and gastric acid secretion pathways. The gene ontology analysis showed that the biological processes of the gout-associated loci were vascular transport, transport across the blood-brain barrier, positive regulation of transporter activity, and positive regulation of transcription by RNA polymerase II. The top cellular component was the external side of the apical plasma membrane. Statistical analysis revealed that the human chromosome segments 1q22, 4p16.1, 6p21.1-p21.2, 11q13.1-q13.2, 12q13.11-q13.3, and 12q24.1 had significantly bearing higher numbers of gout susceptibility loci.
Locked mode disruptions in DIII-D and application to ITER

Disruptions are rapid loss of plasma conﬁnement in tokamaks, which could damage large tokamaks like ITER. Recent work identiﬁed the thermal quench in JET locked mode disruptions with a resistive wall tearing mode. New research ﬁnds a similar instability in a DIII-D locked mode shot. The instability is studied with simulations, theory, and comparison to experimental data. Linear theory is extended to include resistive wall modes with a rational surface in the plasma. Linear simulations show the mode is stable for an ideal wall, and unstable with a resistive wall. Nonlinear simulations show that the mode grows to large amplitude, causing a thermal quench. The mode onset occurs when the radius of the q = 2 rational surface is sufﬁciently close to the plasma edge. These results are important for ITER, greatly mitigating the effects of disruptions. Disruptions are rapid loss of plasma conﬁnement in tokamaks, which could damage damage large tokamaks such as ITER, unless mitigated. The cause of tokamak disruptions has not been well understood. Recent work identiﬁed the thermal quench (TQ) in JET locked mode disruptions with a resistive wall tearing mode (RWTM) [1]. The RWTM was also predicted in ITER disruptions New research ﬁnds a similar instability in DIII-D locked mode shot 154576 [3]. The instability is studied with simulations, theory, and comparison to experimental data. Linear theory is extended to include resistive wall modes with a rational surface in the plasma. Linear simulations show the mode is stable for an ideal wall,
Personality and Individual Di ﬀ erences

Moral licensing occurs when someone who initially behaved morally or cooperatively, later behaves less morally, as if they had a “ license ” to act badly. On the ﬂ ipside, moral cleansing occurs when someone ﬁ rst behaves immorally, which prompts them to later behaves more morally. To-date, few studies have investigated individual di ﬀ erences in the moral licensing and cleansing e ﬀ ects. This paper bridges this gap by investigating how co-operative preferences, as measured by social value orientation (SVO), in ﬂ uence engagement in these e ﬀ ects. We hypothesized that prosocial participants would be less likely to license, but more likely to cleanse. Contrary to predictions, we did not replicate the moral licensing or moral cleansing e ﬀ ects, and cooperative preferences did not in ﬂ uence engagement in the e ﬀ ect. However, checks suggest that our manipulations were successful. We postulate that licensing and cleansing e ﬀ ects are unlikely to be elicited online.
Journal of Membrane Science Letters

Due to the global epidemic outbreak in recent years, membrane research and membrane-derived products have been of increasingly wide interest for medical applications. Currently, a new but important development direction of membranes in medicine goes beyond the separation function of the membrane itself to realize multifunctional integration. With the introduction of additional functions such as scaﬀold, responsiveness, and sensing, membranes have exhibited excellent performance in the areas of tissue engineering, drug delivery and disease diagnosis. From this perspective, we will review the recent progress made by membranes in the medical ﬁeld and emphasize the principles of function integration and separation. Possible challenges will be proposed, and future development directions for medicine-related membranes will be discussed.
Effect of a Nursing Protocol on Clinical Outcomes of Patients’ with Respiratory Failure Post-weaning from Mechanical Ventilation

: The nurse plays an important role in caring for patients with respiratory failure Disease post-weaning from Mechanical Ventilation to improve of the respiratory function for better health status. Aim: The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of a nursing protocol on clinical outcomes of patients with respiratory failure disease post-weaning from mechanical ventilation. Subjects and Methods: Design: A quasi experimental design was used. Setting: This study was conducted at Chest Intensive Care Unit affiliated to Ain Shams University Hospital. Sample: A purposive sample included 60 adult patients, diagnosed with respiratory failure disease, immediately post-weaning from mechanical ventilation. Tools of data collection:Patient's structured interview questionnaire, Clinical outcome assessment tool, the respiratory exercises observational checklist, Range of motion exercises observational checklist, Modified Borg Fatigue Scale, Dyspnea scale, and Hamilton anxiety scale. Results: The patients’ clinical outcomes among the study and control group were improved from the second day to the fourth day. Also, there was a statistically significant difference regarding total patients’ knowledge and practice pre-and post nursing intervention protocol between study and control group. Conclusions: Nursing protocol affected positively on the clinical outcomes of patients with respiratory failure disease post-weaning from mechanical ventilation. Recommendations: It was recommended to replicate of the current study on a larger probability sample to achieve generalization of the results and wider utilization of the nursing protocol.
Explainable AI to Predict Bloodstream Infection in the Intensive Care Unit

This paper uses an explainable machine-learning method to address the challenge of diagnosing bloodstream infections (BSI), infectious diseases caused by bacterial or fungal microorganisms in the blood. These infections can lead to sepsis, a life-threatening condition, and cause increased mortality, longer hospital stays, and higher treat-ment costs. Central venous catheters, used extensively in intensive care units (ICU) for administering medication, fluids, and nutrition, are a primary source of BSI. Early detection of BSI is crucial for improved clinical outcomes; however, current methods using blood cultures have limitations such as long processing time, risk of contamination, and low negative predictive value. Machine learning models have been developed for early BSI detection to overcome these challenges. However, the complexity of these models often limits their utility, as their decision-making process is difficult to explain and hence hard to trust in clinical settings. To this end, we explore the concept of explainable artificial intelligence (AI) and its potential to diagnose BSI. We further present our results from applying a technique known as local interpretable model-agnostic explanations (LIME) to our best predictive models, suggesting a potential path towards creating trustworthy and understandable machine learning models for BSI detection.
Impact of climate change and electricity market liberalization on hydropower plants with reservoir

Hydropower is a very important component of the Swiss energy mix, but its future is jeopardized by several factors. To clarify the long-term scenarios, an assessment of the risks and opportunities is necessary. This thesis analyses these complex dynamics, and focuses more particularly on the problems related to climate change and the liberalization of electricity markets. A general analysis of all the drivers that can affect hydropower is first carried out on the basis of a rich literature. Then, the impacts of climate change and market liberalization are analysed by means of specific quantitative methods. The case studies in Switzerland and Italy show that the impact of climate change is relatively low. Local characteristics are important. In addition, an appropriate management may significantly reduce energy production and revenue losses. Uncertainties about runoff are also relatively low, because long-term forecasting is only slightly affected by the different greenhouse gas scenarios. Electricity prices create more uncertainty. Results from a pumped-storage project upstream from the Mauvoisin dam show that present market conditions jeopardize investment in energy storage.
Efﬁcient Tensor Cores support in TVM for Low-Latency Deep learning

—Deep learning algorithms are gaining popularity in autonomous systems. These systems typically have stringent latency constraints that are challenging to meet given the high computational demands of these algorithms. Nvidia introduced Tensor Cores (TCs) to speed up some of the most commonly used operations in deep learning algorithms. Compilers (e.g., TVM) and libraries (e.g., cuDNN) focus on the efﬁcient usage of TCs when performing batch processing. Latency sensitive applications can however not exploit large batch processing. This paper presents an extension to the TVM compiler that generates low latency TCs implementations particularly for batch size 1. Experimental results show that our solution reduces the latency on average by 14% compared to the cuDNN library on a Desktop RTX2070 GPU, and by 49% on an Embedded Jetson Xavier GPU.
Marshall Digital Scholar Marshall Digital Scholar

Introduction: The United States Society of Critical Care Medicine has announced a shortage of all critical care intensivists due to the increased need for critical care for the aging population with comorbidities and improved life expectancy. This shortage has led to tele-ICU programs that have allowed intensivists to care for patients simultaneously remotely. Methods: This study aimed to assess the potential for the hospital implementation of tele-ICU to determine its overall healthcare cost-effectiveness. The methodology was a review that followed a systematic search approach utilizing 42 sources. Results: The study findings showed that tele-ICU contributed to reduced hospital LOS by 36% and positive financial outcomes of return of investment and cost-effectiveness. These reduced LOS stay times have allowed for savings up to $11.5 million. Discussion: The Tele-ICU program's implementation has positively impacted financial and clinical areas, reducing mortality and reduced hospital LOS. Furthermore, it has reduced improved patient safety, care quality, and decreased ventilator days, contributing to a cost-efficient technology.
Quotient Haskell Lightweight Quotient Types for All

Subtypes and quotient types are dual type abstractions. However, while subtypes are widely used both explicitly and implicitly, quotient types have not seen much practical use outside of proof assistants. A key difficulty to wider adoption of quotient types lies in the significant burden of proof-obligations that arises from their use. In this article, we address this issue by introducing a class of quotient types for which the proof-obligations are decidable by an SMT solver. We demonstrate this idea in practice by presenting Quotient Haskell , an extension of Liquid Haskell with support for quotient types.
TranscriptionPath™: A Method for RNA-free Transcription Profiling

across the genome. The assay can be combined with Next-Generation sequencing (TranscriptionPath-Seq) for a genome-wide readout, or it can be used with qPCR for a gene-specific readout. TranscriptionPath offers several advantages when compared to RNA-based approaches including the ability to look at early time points that are not accurately measured with mRNA approaches and the ability to measure gene expression in the same sample as was used to measure transcription factor (TF) binding by ChIP. In this study, TranscriptionPath data was compared to mRNA data to provide evidence that RNAPII occupancy is a reliable measure of transcription rates