Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
The routing algorithms for maximum probability paths under degree constraints in networks

ABSTRACT Driven by the rapid development of information technology, the network has been researched extensively and the efficient routing design has become particularly important and valuable. Since the data transmission in networks is mainly based on the establishment of communication, the instability of links and the capacity of nodes should be considered. Motivated by this, considering the routing optimization under the degree constraints, we formulate the problem of designing paths with maximum probability in the network from a single source node to all other nodes. Then we propose five polynomial-time algorithms for this problem by using the technical methods of bidirectional optimization, probability first strategy, the selection of the node with the maximum number of degrees and the restriction of the depth. In addition, the simulations and comparative analysis show that the algorithms have obvious advantages in practice.
On Optical Synchrotron Emission of Radio Pulsars

It is well known that the distribution function of relativistic particles is one-dimensional at the pulsar surface. Any transverse momentum will be lost via synchrotron emission during a very short time (≤10-20 s). However, the cyclotron instability causes an appearance of transverse momenta of relativistic particles in the outer parts of pulsar magnetospheres. We formulate the equation controlling such processes, and obtain the solution of this equation. It gives the distribution of pitch angles ψ for particles emitting the synchrotron radiation. We show that this radiation is generated near the light cylinder. The mean value of the pitch angle corresponds to optical frequencies in this region. For example, ~ 10-6 for the radio pulsar PSR B0656+14 (in the observer's frame), and the frequency of the spectral peak is equal to 3 × 1014 Hz. The flux observed in the optical range requires for this pulsar a density of radiating electrons ~109 cm-3. Some other models of synchrotron emission are discussed. We show that optical emission will be observed in pulsars with small angles β between the rotation and magnetic axes. Pulsars with shorter periods must have harder spectra.
Long-time evolution of an unstable water-wave train

The long-time evolution of an unstable wave train, consisting of a carrier wave and two 'side-band’ components, is investigated analytically. Mathematical expressions, involving Jacobian elliptic functions, for the wave envelope characteristics are derived. The solution yields the dependence of the long-time evolution on the initial disturbance. Of special interest is the simple formula for the modulation-demodulation recurrence period. The latter is shown to yield results in good agreement with those obtained from numerical solutions of the nonlinear Schrödinger equation.
Further Studies on a Transient Cumulus Cloud Ensemble and Its Large–Scale Interaction

Abstract A parametric model of a transient cumulus cloud with the related cloud population is introduced. A closure condition is presented which couples the statistical, physical and geometrical parameters of the cloud ensemble with the large-scale circulation. The large-scale sources of latent and sensible heat, as well as the vorticity due to the convective activity of the transient cloud ensemble, can be deduced either with the aid of direct cloud observations or by using the closure condition. The latter approach is applied to undisturbed ATEX 1969 data.
OH Emission and the Nature of Minkowski's Footprint (M1-92)

VLA observations of the 1667 and 1612 MHz OH brightness distribution in the bipolar nebula M1-92 are presented. The OH emission originates in the circumstellar gas disk whose axis coincides with that of the bipolar lobes. No OH emission is found in the lobes themselves. A simple axisymmetric model which describes the main features of this emission consists of a fan-shaped disk undergoing pure radial expansion at a velocity of 18 km/s. In this model, the radius of the disk is 2.4 arcsec (1.6 x 10 to the 17th cm) and the opening angle of the fan is 70 deg (FWHM). The bipolar axis is inclined at 35 deg to the line of sight. The mass-loss rate in the disk is estimated to be 5.6 x 10 to the -6th solar mass/yr for an assumed distance of 4.5 kpc, and the kinematic age of the disk is about 3000 yr. The properties of M1-92 are reviewed, including the mass-loss rate, the kinematic age, the IR characteristics, and the radio continuum emission, and all are found to be consistent with the view that M1-92 is a young planetary nebula. 25 refs.
End-to-End Implementation of a Convolutional Neural Network on a 3D-Integrated Image Sensor with Macropixel Array

Three-dimensional-integrated focal-plane array image processor chips offer new opportunities to implement highly parallelised computer vision algorithms directly inside sensors. Neural networks in particular can perform highly complex machine vision tasks, and therefore their efficient implementation in such imagers are of significant interest. However, studies with existing pixel-processor array chips have focused on the implementation of a subset of neural network components—notably convolutional kernels—on pixel processor arrays. In this work, we implement a continuous end-to-end pipeline for a convolutional neural network from the digitisation of incoming photons to the output prediction vector on a macropixel processor array chip (where a single processor acts on group of pixels). Our implementation performs inference at a rate between 265 and 309 frames per second, directly inside of the sensor, by exploiting the different levels of parallelism available.
Hybrid Transmission Scheme for Improving Link Reliability in mmWave URLLC Communications

Ultra-Reliable and Low-Latency Communication (URLLC) represents a key ingredient of current 5G and future 6G mobile communication networks. The demanding reliability requirement set for URLLC claims for novel techniques that can deliver the necessary level of reliability without sacrificing the overall system capacity. In this context, this work presents and analyses a hybrid transmission scheme for improved reliability in millimetre wave bands with adaptive diversity combining. The proposed scheme is based on a hybrid approach that combines two links, one in the FR1 band (characterised by lower capacity but higher reliability due to more favourable propagation) and one in the FR2 band (offering higher capacity but experiencing a less reliable connectivity). The proposed scheme dynamically adapts the usage of both links in order to exploit the complementary characteristics of both bands (reliability of FR1 bands and capacity of FR2 bands) by switching between FR2-only and joint FR1-FR2 transmission according to the instantaneous channel quality in the main FR2 link. The performance is evaluated under two popular and well-known diversity combining techniques, namely Selection Combining (SC) and Maximal Ratio Combining (MRC). The obtained results demonstrate that the proposed scheme can achieve the same level of reliability as a continuous dual-link transmission scheme but with a much lower level of links usage and without sacrificing (and indeed enhancing) the capacity, thus making it a suitable candidate to deliver URLLC services in a resource-efficient manner.
Radial functions on compact support

In this paper, radial basis functions that are compactly supported and give rise to positive definite interpolation matrices for scattered data are discussed. They are related to the well-known thin plate spline radial functions which are highly useful in applications for gridfree approximation methods. Also, encouraging approximation results for the compactly supported radial functions are shown.
Evaluation of backpropagation methods for transmit focus compensation

A method for compensation of ultrasonic wavefront distortion produced by a thin time-shift screen distant from the aperture is extended to transmit focusing. In this technique, time shifts are estimated after numerical backpropagation of pulse-echo data acquired with a two-dimensional array, and the results are used to specify compensated transmit pulses. The backpropagation method was less effective for transmit focusing than anticipated from receive focusing experiments. The results indicate that transmit focus characteristics below the -20-dB level are highly sensitive to differences between the propagation medium and the assumed aberration model.
Evaluation of Delay of a Teleultrasound Robotic System for Musculoskeletal Imaging

Teleoperated systems are used in multiple fields since they allow the user to remotely work in locations where it would otherwise be infeasible due to cost, safety, or accessibility. However, due to the vast distances involved, teleoperated systems suffer from degraded communication between the operator and end device. This often takes the form of either delay or loss in the control signal. Understanding this degradation is necessary to advance the development of teleoperated systems. The objective of this research is to identify how normal operation of a teleoperated device is altered by delay in the communication signal and how system performance can be improved. A 4-degrees-of-freedom (4-DOF) teleultrasound robot was used to measure the time delay between a command and its response as well as the position error resulting from the time delay. The delay was measured by both a video recording and a network analysis software. The position error was measured by comparing physical coordinates of the actual robot with position of a simulated robot. These tests were then moved from a Wireless Local Area Network (WLAN) to a Virtual Local Area Network (VLAN) to see if there is a noticeable change from the different network topology. This study verified that the communication channel between the operator and robot is a significant source of delay. In the experimental WLAN setup, the system experienced an average of about 300 milliseconds of delay. It was verified that signal degradation affects operation of the system. The error in displacement was found to have a quadratic relation with signal delay. It was found that a VLAN network performed better than a WLAN network, with about 40% reduction in average delay time and 70% reduction in maximum displacement error. Contribution of this work was on quantifying effects of delay in position of a 4-DOF end-effector in a teleultrasound robot.
The influence of secondary flows induced by normal stress differences on the shear-induced migration of particles in concentrated suspensions

It was first demonstrated experimentally by H. Giesekus in 1965 that the second normal stress difference in polymers can induce a secondary flow within the cross-section of a non-axisymmetric conduit. In this paper, we show through simulations that the same may be true for suspensions of rigid non-colloidal particles that are known to exhibit a strong negative second normal stress difference. Typically, the magnitudes of the transverse velocity components are small compared to the average axial velocity of the suspension; but the ratio of this transverse convective velocity to the shear-induced migration velocity is characterized by the shear-induced migration Péclet number χ which scales as B2/a2, B being the characteristic length scale of the cross-section and a being the particle radius. Since this Péclet number is kept high in suspension experiments (typically 100 to 2500), the influence of the weak circulation currents on the concentration profile can be very strong, a result that has not been appreciated in previous work. The principal effect of secondary flows on the concentration distribution as determined from simulations using the suspension balance model of Nott & Brady (J. Fluid Mech. vol. 275, 1994, p. 157) and the constitutive equations of Zarraga et al. (J. Rheol. vol. 44, 2000, p. 185) is three-fold. First, the steady-state particle concentration distribution is no longer independent of particle size; rather, it depends on the aspect ratio B/a. Secondly, the direction of the secondary flow is such that particles are swept out of regions of high streamsurface curvature, e.g. particle concentrations in corners reach a minimum rather than the local maximum predicted in the absence of such flows. Finally, the second normal stress differences lead to instabilities even in such simple geometries as plane-Poiseuille flow.
Principal Component Analysis of Ground Level Enhancement of Cosmic Ray Events

We applied principal component analysis (PCA) to the study of five ground level enhancements (GLEs) of cosmic ray (CR) events. The nature of the multivariate data involved makes PCA a useful tool for this study. A subroutine program written and implemented in the R software environment generated interesting principal components. Analysis of the results shows that the method can distinguish between neutron monitors (NMs) that observed Forbush decreases from those that observed GLEs at the same time. The PCA equally assigned NMs with identical signal counts with the same correlation factor (r) and those with close r values equally have a close resemblance in their CR counts. The results further indicate that while NMs that have the same time of peak may not have the same r, most NMs that had the same r also had the same time of peak. Analyzing the second principal components yielded information on the differences between NMs having opposite but the same or close values of r. NMs that had the same r equally had the tendency of being close in latitude.
Self-Powered Biosensors for Monitoring Human Physiological Changes

Human physiological signals have an important role in the guidance of human health or exercise training and can usually be divided into physical signals (electrical signals, blood pressure, temperature, etc.) and chemical signals (saliva, blood, tears, sweat). With the development and upgrading of biosensors, many sensors for monitoring human signals have appeared. These sensors are characterized by softness and stretching and are self-powered. This article summarizes the progress in self-powered biosensors in the past five years. Most of these biosensors are used as nanogenerators and biofuel batteries to obtain energy. A nanogenerator is a kind of generator that collects energy at the nanoscale. Due to its characteristics, it is very suitable for bioenergy harvesting and sensing of the human body. With the development of biological sensing devices, the combination of nanogenerators and classical sensors so that they can more accurately monitor the physiological state of the human body and provide energy for biosensor devices has played a great role in long-range medical care and sports health. A biofuel cell has a small volume and good biocompatibility. It is a device in which electrochemical reactions convert chemical energy into electrical energy and is mostly used for monitoring chemical signals. This review analyzes different classifications of human signals and different forms of biosensors (implanted and wearable) and summarizes the sources of self-powered biosensor devices. Self-powered biosensor devices based on nanogenerators and biofuel cells are also summarized and presented. Finally, some representative applications of self-powered biosensors based on nanogenerators are introduced.
Multi-Logic Sense Amplifier (MLSA) Design for In-Memory Computing

The widely used Von Neumann architecture must move data between memory and the computation unit when performing operations, which causes a performance bottleneck. In-memory computing is an effective way to reduce the bottleneck; therefore, we design an in-memory Boolean computing architecture based on static random access memory (SRAM). We also propose a new multi-logic sense amplifier (MLSA) design, an improvement over conventional sense amplifiers that only perform a single logical operation, either NOR/OR or NAND/AND. Our design can generate multiple logical outputs, including OR/NOR, AND/NAND, and XOR/XNOR, with a lower compute delay, lower power consumption, and less transistor count. In the experimental results, the proposed MLSA design reduces the NAND, AND, and XNOR delay by 62%, 39%, and 30%, and it also decreases the static power consumption by 40% and dynamic power consumption in computing operations by 22% compared to the conventional sensing method.
‘5T’ Approach to Governance Transformation: Finding a Doctrinal Basis for Further Research

Public management reform is a continuum that accommodates various reform approaches with the passage of time. The basic objective of such approaches is to transform governance by enabling the swifter and better delivery of public services to citizens. In 2019, the government of Odisha, a state in India, introduced teamwork, transparency, technology and a time-bound programme for transforming governance (popularly called the 5Ts), aiming to provide good governance to its citizens. This article searches for a proper theory to fit this popular practice of the 5Ts approach to governance and also proposes models for carrying out further research.
Development of Hybrid Materials Based on Chitosan, Poly(Ethylene Glycol) and Laponite® RD: Effect of Clay Concentration

In the context of increasing interest in biomaterials with applicability in cosmetics and medicine, this research aims to obtain and characterize some hybrid materials based on chitosan (CS) (antibacterial, biocompatible, and biodegradable), poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) (non-toxic and prevents the adsorption of protein and cell) and Laponite® RD (Lap) (bioactive). The rheological properties of the starting dispersions were investigated and discussed related to the interactions developed between components. All samples exhibited gel-like properties, and the storage modulus of CS/PEG dispersion increased from 6.6 Pa to 657.7 Pa by adding 2.5% Lap. Structural and morphological characterization of the films, prepared by solution casting method, was performed by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX), and polarized light microscopy (POM). These analyses proved the incorporation of Lap into CS/PEG films and revealed the morphological changes of the films by the addition of clay. Thereby, at the highest Lap concentration (43.8%), the “house of cards” structure formed by Lap platelets, which incorporate chitosan chains, as evidenced by SEM and POM. Two stages of degradation between 200 °C and 410 °C were evidenced for the films with Lap concentration higher than 38.5%, explained by the existence of a clay-rich phase (given by the clay network) and chitosan-rich one (due to the intercalation of chitosan in the clay network). CS/PEG film with 43.8% Lap showed the highest swelling degree of 240.7%. The analysis of the obtained results led to the conclusion that the addition of clay to the CS/PEG films increases their stability in water and gives them greater thermal stability.
Genetic Diversity and Population Structure of Common Bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) Landraces in the Lazio Region of Italy

Common bean cultivation has historically been a typical component of rural economies in Italy, particularly in mountainous and hilly zones along the Apennine ridge of the central and southern regions, where the production is focused on local landraces cultivated by small-scale farmers using low-input production systems. Such landraces are at risk of genetic erosion because of the recent socioeconomic changes in rural communities. One hundred fourteen accessions belonging to 66 landraces still being grown in the Lazio region were characterized using a multidisciplinary approach. This approach included morphological (seed traits), biochemical (phaseolin and phytohemagglutinin patterns), and molecular (microsatellite loci) analyses to investigate their genetic variation, structure, and distinctiveness, which will be essential for the implementation of adequate ex situ and in situ conservation strategies. Another objective of this study was to determine the original gene pool (Andean and Mesoamerican) of the investigated landraces and to evaluate the cross-hybridization events between the two ancestral gene pools in the P. vulgaris germplasm in the Lazio region. Molecular analyses on 456 samples (four for each of the 114 accessions) revealed that the P. vulgaris germplasm in the Lazio region exhibited a high level of genetic diversity (He = 0.622) and that the Mesoamerican and Andean gene pools were clearly differentiated, with the Andean gene pool prevailing (77%) and 12% of landraces representing putative hybrids between the two gene pools. A model-based cluster analysis based on the molecular markers highlighted three main groups in agreement with the phaseolin patterns and growth habit of landraces. The combined utilisation of morphological, biochemical, and molecular data allowed for the differentiation of all landraces and the resolution of certain instances of homonymy and synonymy. Furthermore, although a high level of homozygosity was found across all landraces, 32 of the 66 examined (49%) exhibited genetic variability, indicating that the analysis based on a single or few plants per landrace, as usually carried out, may provide incomplete information.
Molybdenum Carbide Nanoflakes Synthesized Using a Facile Method for 2-Nitrotoluene Sensing at Room Temperature

This work reports the synthesis of nanoflakes of molybdenum carbide (Mo<inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$_{{2}}\text{C}$ </tex-math></inline-formula>), a transition metal carbide using a simple liquid exfoliation technique. Three different samples were synthesized by varying the sonication time from 3 to 8 h–Mo<inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$_{{2}}\text{C}$ </tex-math></inline-formula>@3 h, Mo<inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$_{{2}}\text{C}$ </tex-math></inline-formula>@5 h, and Mo<inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$_{{2}}\text{C}$ </tex-math></inline-formula>@8 h. As the sonication time increases, the thicknesses of the Mo<inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$_{{2}}\text{C}$ </tex-math></inline-formula> samples were found to decrease from 700 nm for Mo<inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$_{{2}}\text{C}$ </tex-math></inline-formula>@3 h to 80 nm for Mo<inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$_{{2}}\text{C}$ </tex-math></inline-formula>@8 h when studied using atomic force microscopy. A similar trend in the lateral dimensions was also observed in electron microscopy. In contrast to the bulk Mo<inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$_{{2}}\text{C}$ </tex-math></inline-formula>, a conductor, finite bandgap (1.8–1.9 eV) was observed in the exfoliated samples when characterized using ultraviolet–visible (UV–Vis) spectroscopy. All the Mo<inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$_{{2}}\text{C}$ </tex-math></inline-formula> samples were tested for 2-nitrotoluene (2-NT) at room temperature. The response of Mo<inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$_{{2}}\text{C}$ </tex-math></inline-formula>@5 h was found to be the highest (−2.14% to −27.33% for 10–100 ppm of 2-NT). The Mo<inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$_{{2}}\text{C}$ </tex-math></inline-formula>@5 h sample was also tested for NO2, NH3, and CO and was observed to exhibit −1.5% to −10.77%, 1.01% to 8.34%, and 4.89% to 8.17% response, respectively to 25–100 ppm of the gases. A novel method of discriminating between the gases using weighted response times of a single Mo2C@5 h sensor was developed. The reasons behind the observed sensing performances are described.