Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Maternal invasion history of Aedes aegypti and Aedes albopictus into the Isthmus of Panama: Implications for the control of emergent viral disease agents

Despite an increase in dengue outbreaks and the arrival of chikungunya and Zika disease in Panama, studies on the demographic history of the invasive Aedes mosquitoes that are the principle vectors of these diseases are still lacking in this region. Here, we assess the genetic diversity of these mosquitoes in order to decipher their invasion histories into the Isthmus of Panama. DNA sequences from the mitochondrial cytochrome C oxidase I gene obtained from 30 localities in 10 provinces confirmed the presence of more than one mitochondrial haplogroup (i.e., maternal lineage) in each species. The invasion of Aedes albopictus was likely from temperate European countries, as the most frequent and widespread haplogroup in Panama harbored variants that are uncommon elsewhere in the Americas. Two infrequent and geographically restricted Ae. albopictus haplotypes appear to have subsequently invaded Panama from neighboring Costa Rica and the USA, respectively. In addition, we recovered two deeply divergent mitochondrial clades in Panamanian Aedes aegypti. The geographic origins of these clades is unknown, given that divergence in the mitochondrial genome is probably due to ancient population processes within the native range of Ae. aegypti, rather than due to its global expansion out of Africa. However, Panamanian Ae. aegypti mitochondrial sequences within the first clade were closely related to others from Colombia, Bolivia, Brazil, Mexico and the USA, suggesting two separate invasions from Western Hemisphere source populations. The pattern of increased genetic diversity in Aedes mosquitoes in Panama is likely facilitated by the numerous land and water inter-connections across the country, which allows them to enter via sea- and land-transportation from Europe, North, Central and South America. Our results here should be considered in disease mitigation programs if emergent arboviruses are to be effectively diminished in Panama through vector suppression.
Anomalous Branching Patterns of the Axillary Artery

Las variaciones arteriales en los miembros superiores pueden causar lesiones iatrogenicas al realizarse procedimientos invasivos. Durante una diseccion de rutina de los patrones de ramificacion de la arteria axilar, se encontro una disposicion aun no informada. En primer lugar, la segunda porcion de la arteria axilar se presento dividida en tres troncos. El tronco lateral se desplazo hacia abajo como una arteria braquiorradial superficial (arteria radial originandose de la arteria axilar). El tronco medial dio origen a la arteria toracica lateral, y se dividio en arteria subescapular y arteria circunfleja humeral posterior. El tronco intermedio dio origen a la arteria circunfleja humeral anterior como se espera para una arteria axilar. En un segundo cadaver, encontramos un tronco comun entre la arteria toracoacromial y una arteria de mayor tamano que se dividio en tres arterias: subescapular, circunfleja humeral posterior y toracica lateral. Consideradas estas variaciones arteriales en conjunto, se discuten las implicaciones clinicas y posibles origenes del desarrollo de las variaciones en la ramificacion de la arteria axilar y su trayecto.
IP packet interleaving: Bridging the gap between theory and practice

The bursty nature of losses over the Internet is constantly asking for effective solutions. Packet interleaving or time diversity allows to cope with loss burstiness, at the cost of an additional delay. In this work, after determining the loss burstiness degree of real networks, we implement a real interleaver (we called TimeD), and we tackle the problem of how to apply such a transmission schema to UDP flows in real networks. For this aim, we propose a methodology composed of the following steps: (i) firstly, we develop a simulator to study the potential benefits of TimeD, understanding its loss decorrelation power and determining the interleaving configurations most suited to different network conditions and loss burstiness degree; (ii) then, using an emulated network, we validate TimeD and derive important operating parameters; (iii) finally, we study TimeD over a real satellite network. Thanks to this multifarious analysis we are able to move step-by-step from the theory to the practice, showing how it is possible — using TimeD — to actually decorrelate bursty losses and increase the performance of real applications.
Offloading cellular networks with Information-Centric Networking: The case of video streaming

In this paper we present a cooperative video streaming application running on top of an “Information Centric Network” (ICN). The application could be used on mobile devices to offload the cellular radio interface. We demonstrate our application in a test-bed exploiting the CCNx software implementation of an ICN, the VideoLan tool and the Apple HTTP Live Streaming format.
Racial differences in response to antiretroviral therapy for HIV infection: an AIDS clinical trials group (ACTG) study analysis.

BACKGROUND In the United States, black individuals infected with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) have higher rates of virologic failure on antiretroviral therapy (ART) and of death compared to white individuals. The cause for these disparities is uncertain. We sought to examine differences in virologic outcomes among antiretroviral-naive clinical trial participants starting randomized ART and to investigate factors to explain the differences. METHODS Individual-level data from participants initiating ART in 5 AIDS Clinical Trials Group studies were analyzed. Included studies were those conducted during 1998-2006 with a primary outcome of virologic failure. The primary outcome measure was time to virologic failure, regardless of ART changes. RESULTS A total of 2495 individuals (1151 black; 1344 white) were included with a median follow-up of 129 weeks. Compared to whites, blacks had an increased hazard of virologic failure (hazard ratio [HR]; 1.7; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.4-1.9; P < .001), with no evidence of heterogeneity across regimens (P = .97); the association remained after adjustment for measured confounders (HR, 1.4; 95% CI, 1.2-1.6; P < .001). Increased hazard of virologic failure was associated with younger age, higher pretreatment HIV type 1 RNA level, lower pretreatment CD4 cell count, hepatitis C antibody, less education, and recent nonadherence to treatment. Sensitivity analyses with different endpoint definitions demonstrated similar results. CONCLUSIONS In this analysis, blacks had a 40% higher virologic failure risk than whites that was not explained by measured confounders. The observation was consistent over a range of regimens, suggesting that the difference may be driven by social factors; however, biological factors cannot be ruled out. Further research should identify the sources of racial disparities and develop strategies to reduce them.
Apathy Diagnosis , Assessment , and Treatment in Alzheimer ’ s Disease

doi: 10.1111/j.1755-5949.2009. 00132.x Apathy is defined as a disorder of motivation. There is wide acknowledgement that apathy is an important behavioral syndrome in Alzheimer’s disease and in various neuropsychiatric disorders. In light of recent research and the renewed interest in the correlates and impacts of apathy and in its treatments, it is important to develop criteria for apathy that will be widely accepted, have clear operational steps, and be easy to apply in clinical practice and in research settings. Meeting these needs was the focus for a task force that included members of the European Psychiatric Association, the European Alzheimer’s Disease Consortium and experts from Europe, Australia and North America.
Determining the Benefits of Massage Mechanisms: A Review of Literature

Many coaches, athletes, and sports medicine professionals hold the perception, based on observations and encounters, that massage can provide several benefits to the body. These include improved blood flow, reduced muscle pressure and neurological excitability, and increased sense of well being. Massage can produce mechanical pressure, which is expected to increase muscle mass, compliance, resulting in increased collection of joint motion, decreased unaggressive stiffness, and decreased energetic stiffness, known as biomechanical mechanisms. Mechanised pressure might help to enhance blood circulation by increasing the arteriolar pressure, and accumulating muscle tissue temperature from rubbing. Regarding the massage technique, mechanical pressure on the muscle is likely to increase or decrease nerve organs excitability as measured by H-reflex, which is known as neurological mechanisms. This is seen in parasympathetic activity (as assessed by heart rate, blood pressure, and heart rate variability) and junk levels (as simply measured by cortisol levels following therapeutic massage, causing a relaxation response), known as physiological mechanisms. A reduction in anxiety and an improvement in mood condition also cause relaxation, which is referred to as psychological mechanisms after the massage. Post-exercise, therapeutic massage has been recognized to lessen the severity of muscle soreness, but massage does not have any effects on muscle practical loss. Nevertheless, regarding the belief that massage therapy has benefits for sports athletes, there are no clear effects of different types of massage (Petrissage, Effleurage, Friction) or the appropriate timing of massage (pre-exercise and post-exercise) on performance, recovery from injury, or as a personal injury prevention method. Explanations are lacking because the mechanisms of each massage technique have not been broadly investigated. Therefore, this article investigates the possible mechanisms of massage and provides a discourse on the limited evidence of therapeutic massage on performance, recovery, and muscle injury prevention. The main purpose of this article is to examine mechanisms of massage and its benefits in performance, muscle recovery, and injury prevention. This study may help coaches, sport and health professionals, and researchers to understand massage mechanisms and benefits for performance, muscle recovery, and injury prevention.
The Effect of Endoscopic Resection on Short-Term Surgical Outcomes in Patients with Additional Laparoscopic Gastrectomy after Non-Curative Resection for Gastric Cancer

Purpose Endoscopic submucosal dissection (ESD) in early gastric cancer causes an artificial gastric ulcer and local inflammation that has a negative intraprocedural impact on additional laparoscopic gastrectomy in patients with noncurative ESD. In this study, we analyzed the effect of ESD on short-term surgical outcomes and evaluated the risk factors. Materials and Methods From January 2003 to January 2013, 1,704 patients of the National Cancer Center underwent laparoscopic gastrectomy with lymph node dissection because of preoperative stage Ia or Ib gastric cancer. They were divided into 2 groups: (1) with preoperative ESD or (2) without preoperative ESD. Clinicopathologic factors and short-term surgical outcomes were retrospectively evaluated along with risk factors such as preoperative ESD. Results Several characteristics differed between patients who underwent ESD-surgery (n=199) or surgery alone (n=1,505). The mean interval from the ESD procedure to the operation was 43.03 days. Estimated blood loss, open conversion rate, mean operation time, and length of hospital stay were not different between the 2 groups. Postoperative complications occurred in 23 patients (11.56%) in the ESD-surgery group and in 189 patients (12.56%) in the surgery-only group, and 3 deaths occurred among patients with complications (1 patient [ESD-surgery group] vs. 2 patients [surgery-only group]; P=0.688). A history of ESD was not significantly associated with postoperative complications (P=0.688). Multivariate analysis showed that male sex (P=0.008) and laparoscopic total or proximal gastrectomy (P=0.000) were independently associated with postoperative complications. Conclusions ESD did not affect short-term surgical outcomes during and after an additional laparoscopic gastrectomy.
Measurement and improvement of indoor air quality in an information technology classroom

With the rapid development of information technology equipment and its use in the teaching and learning activities, the working environment (especially indoor air quality) in which students and pupils spend a great deal of time in educational institutions has been changing. Therefore, special attention must be paid to indoor air quality and comfort. It is of great importance to maintain indoor air quality in an object, such as information technology classrooms, where a large number of students spend long periods of time. Poor indoor environment can negatively affect scholarly performances and cause discomfort and poor work performance. The problem of indoor air quality in educational institutions can be more serious than in other types of objects, because of the higher concentration of students and information technology equipment. This paper analyzes the changes in air quality in an information technology classrooms, when occupied with students, for the period from March to April. The changes of indoor air temperature, relative humidity, and carbon dioxide concentration are monitored in the classroom, as well as outdoor temperature and relative humidity. Several cases are studied: the classroom with closed windows and doors (closed classroom), the classroom with natural ventilation, the classroom cooled with a split system (cooled classroom). Responses of students are followed for each case. The analysis is performed based on the measurement results and numerical simulations using the computational fluid dynamics package, and measures are proposed to improve the indoor air quality in the considered classroom.
Nanolattices: An Emerging Class of Mechanical Metamaterials

In 1903, Alexander Graham Bell developed a design principle to generate lightweight, mechanically robust lattice structures based on triangular cells; this has since found broad application in lightweight design. Over one hundred years later, the same principle is being used in the fabrication of nanolattice materials, namely lattice structures composed of nanoscale constituents. Taking advantage of the size‐dependent properties typical of nanoparticles, nanowires, and thin films, nanolattices redefine the limits of the accessible material‐property space throughout different disciplines. Herein, the exceptional mechanical performance of nanolattices, including their ultrahigh strength, damage tolerance, and stiffness, are reviewed, and their potential for multifunctional applications beyond mechanics is examined. The efficient integration of architecture and size‐affected properties is key to further develop nanolattices. The introduction of a hierarchical architecture is an effective tool in enhancing mechanical properties, and the eventual goal of nanolattice design may be to replicate the intricate hierarchies and functionalities observed in biological materials. Additive manufacturing and self‐assembly techniques enable lattice design at the nanoscale; the scaling‐up of nanolattice fabrication is currently the major challenge to their widespread use in technological applications.
Online multiple classifier boosting for object tracking

This paper presents a new online multi-classifier boosting algorithm for learning object appearance models. In many cases the appearance model is multi-modal, which we capture by training and updating multiple strong classifiers. The proposed algorithm jointly learns the classifiers and a soft partitioning of the input space, defining an area of expertise for each classifier. We show how this formulation improves the specificity of the strong classifiers, allowing simultaneous location and pose estimation in a tracking task. The proposed online scheme iteratively adapts the classifiers during tracking. Experiments show that the algorithm successfully learns multi-modal appearance models during a short initial training phase, subsequently updating them for tracking an object under rapid appearance changes.
Sentence classification experiments for legal text summarisation

We describe experiments in building a classifier which determines the rhetorical status of sentences. The research is part of a text summarisation project for the legal domain and we use a newly compiled and annotated corpus of judgments of the UK House of Lords. Rhetorical role classification is an initial step which pro- vides input to the sentence selection component of the system. We report results from experiments with four classifiers from the Weka package (C4.5, naive Bayes, Winnow and SVMs). We also report results using maximum entropy models both in a standard classification framework and in a sequence labelling framework. The SVM classifier and the maximum entropy sequence tagger yield the most promising results.
Integrated surveillance and potential sources of Salmonella Enteritidis in human cases in Canada from 2003 to 2009

SUMMARY Salmonella Enteritidis has emerged as the most prevalent cause of human salmonellosis in Canada. Recent trends of S. Enteritidis subtypes and their potential sources were described by integrating Salmonella data from several Canadian surveillance and monitoring programmes. A threefold increase in S. Enteritidis cases from 2003 to 2009 was identified to be primarily associated with phage types 13, 8 and 13a. Other common phage types (4, 1, 6a) showed winter seasonality and were more likely to be associated with cases linked to international travel. Conversely, phage types 13, 8 and 13a had summer seasonal peaks and were associated with cases of domestically acquired infections. During agri-food surveillance, S. Enteritidis was detected in various commodities, most frequently in chicken (with PT13, PT8 and PT13a predominating). Antimicrobial resistance was low in human and non-human isolates. Continued integrated surveillance and collaborative prevention and control efforts are required to mitigate future illness.
Understanding Noise and Interference Regimes in 5G Millimeter-Wave Cellular Networks

With the severe spectrum shortage in conventional cellular bands, millimeter-wave (mmWave) frequencies have been attracting growing attention for next-generation micro- and picocellular wireless networks. A fundamental and open question is whether mmWave cellular networks are likely to be noise- or interference-limited. Identifying in which regime a network is operating is critical for the design of MAC and physical-layer procedures and to provide insights on how transmissions across cells should be coordinated to cope with interference. This work uses the latest measurement-based statistical channel models to accurately assess the Interference-to-Noise Ratio (INR) in a wide range of deployment scenarios. In addition to cell density, we also study antenna array size and antenna patterns, whose effects are critical in the mmWave regime. The channel models also account for blockage, line-of-sight and non-line-of-sight regimes as well as local scattering, that significantly affect the level of spatial isolation.
P 2 PWNED : Modeling and Evaluating the Resilience of Peer-to-Peer Botnets

Centralized botnets are easy targets for takedown efforts by computer security researchers and law enforcement. Thus, botnet controllers have sought new ways to harden the infrastructures of their botnets. In order to meet this objective, some botnet operators have (re)designed their botnets to use Peer-to-Peer (P2P) infrastructures. Many P2P botnets are far more resilient to takedown attempts than centralized botnets, because they have no single points of failure. However, P2P botnets are subject to unique classes of attacks, such as node enumeration and poisoning. In this paper, we introduce a formal graph model to capture the intrinsic properties and fundamental vulnerabilities of P2P botnets. We apply our model to current P2P botnets to assess their resilience against attacks. We provide assessments on the sizes of all eleven active P2P botnets, showing that some P2P botnet families contain over a million bots. In addition, we have prototyped several mitigation strategies to measure the resilience of existing P2P botnets. We believe that the results from our analysis can be used to assist security researchers in evaluating mitigation strategies against current and future P2P botnets.
Metabolite Safety in Drug Development

Change, whether social or technological, often is catalyzed by a convergent set of events and influences. Drug testing using animals became important in the twentieth century. In 1937 a preparation of sulfanilamide, using diethylene glycol (DEG) as a solvent and called the preparation “elixir sulfanilamide,” was marketed. DEG is highly toxic and the preparation led to the deaths of more than a hundred people. No animal testing had been conducted, a step that would have highlighted the risks. The public outcry caused by this incident led to the passing of the 1938 Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act requiring safety testing of drugs on animals before they could be marketed. This event would have remained perhaps as a footnote, with drug metabolism remaining an academic pastime of minor note, but further events and people would catalyze dramatic change. Richard Tecwyn Williams was one of the founding scientists in the systematic study of the metabolism of chemicals including drugs. He detailed this in a major book Detoxication Mechanisms which was published in 1947. His work led to the widely adopted phase 1 (oxidation, hydrolysis, etc.) and phase 2 (conjugation) divisions of drug metabolism. Following his appointment in 1949 to Chair of Biochemistry at St Mary’s Hospital Medical School in London, a growing group of
Image Retrieval Using Natural Language and Content-Based Techniques

This paper deals with the application of Natural Language Processing and Content-Based Image Retrieval to the practical problem of finding database images to answer user queries. The data collection used contains about 50,000 digital images linked to a large text database, but typically not having individual descriptive captions. A number of different techniques were explored, in particular the combination of traditional IR techniques with Named Entity Recognition, CBIR and relational database tools. Some methods combined well and others did not. Integrating normal database joins with external inverted text indexes built on NE-marked text worked well on the material. Combining these techniques with CBIR ones, that look at the physical characteristics of images in terms of colour, shape and so forth, was less successful; although circumstances were identified in which it is useful.
Dual bronchodilator therapy: A review

Inhaled bronchodilators with or without inhaled steroids (IGCs) are the mainstay of pharmacological treatment for stable obstructive airway diseases, including beta2agonists and muscarinic antagonists. Long-acting muscarinic antagonist bronchodilators (LAMA) and long-acting β2-agonists (LABA) are the treatment of choice for moderate to severe chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). Also, some studies have demonstrated the benefit of LAMA in the treatment of difficult-tocontrol asthma and the potential use in asthma-COPD overlap syndrome (ACOS). Control of airway tone in health and disease states, cholinergic and adrenergic receptors, signaling, molecular biology of mediators, and airway muscle contraction / relaxation mechanisms are reviewed concisely and as they may be handled pharmacologically. Subsequently, the evidence of the role of the LABA / LAMA combination in the aforementioned entities, their complementary mechanisms of action and other alternative mechanisms of action as well as potential deleterious effects is discussed. Correspondence to: Alcibey Alvarado. Internal Medicine and Neumology. Clínica de Diagnóstico Médico. San José, Costa Rica, América Central, Tel: 50622237134; 50622566439; 50687351858; Fax: 50622216754; E-mail: alcialvagonza@yahoo.com. mx