Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Folded, Spindled, and Mutilated: Economic Analysis and U.S. V. IBM . By Franklin M. Fisher, John McGowan, and Joen E. Greenwood. (Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press, 1983. xvi + 443 pp. $25.00.)

fifteen chapters. Johnson is not at his best in trying to draw together the individual pieces of business history he has told so well in many places. Although the book is carefully researched with regard to Sun Oil records, interviews, and the oil-industry press, government documents and secondarysource material are thin in a number of places, occasionally leaving the author with holes in his story. The author seems to accept at face value the ideological assertions of Howard Pew and Robert Dunlop regarding their commitment to an unfettered market. But nothing in the book suggests that Sun Oil is any less quick to pursue government subsidies, price stabilization, and beneficial loopholes than Exxon or any other of the major companies. Throughout, the author exhibits a sort of ambivalence in judging the performance of Sun Oil's management. Although his rhetoric frequently suggests successful and progressive decision making, his analysis usually reveals strategic blunders and a propensity to make changes several years too late. Business historians rarely make so serious an effort to integrate a corporate history with its broader economic and political context, without diluting the substantive managerial issues involved. Arthur Johnson has undertaken this difficult and valuable task with a large measure of success. For anyone seriously interested in the links between the firm and its political-economic environment, this book is an important study, worth reading carefully.
The Welfare Effects of a Capital Income Tax in an Open Economy

International capital mobility has typically been ignored in discussions of the welfare effects of the capital income tax. In the a typical analysis which does consider the open economy it is recognized that highly-elastic capital flows could significantly alter the usual conclusions. While there have been strenuous debates about the elasticity of international capital flows, there can be little disagreement that international ownership of capital is an important and growing phenomenon. In this paper, we explore the welfare effects of changes in the capital income tax from a different perspective: that of a country in which foreign ownership of a portion of the capital stock and foreign owners' payment of taxesis a reality. With this modification in emphasis, a simple graphical analysis is sufficient to indicate that international capital ownership could easily dominate other welfare effects of tax changes. At least, the arguments presented in this paper raise a caution about ignoring the openness of the economy simply because elasticities are believed small.
Training of executive functions in healthy elderly: Results of a pilot study

Executive functions (EF) refer to the cognitive skills necessary to formulate a goal, plan, execute plans effectively, and to perform self-monitoring and self-correction. Several aspects of EF change during the normal aging process. Objectives To train skills associated with executive functions in the elderly and to detect possible impact on objective EF tests and self-reports of functional status. Methods A cross-sectional study involving an intervention and pre and post testing was carried out. Study participants included 26 seniors assigned to an experimental group (EG) and given six sessions of cognitive intervention, and 17 seniors assigned to a control group (CG) who completed pre and post testing only. All participants were enrolled in an Open University for the Third Age. The following tests were used to measure outcome: the Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE), the Geriatric Depression Scale (GDS), the Story subtest of the Rivermead Behavioral Memory Test (RBMT) (versions A and B), semantic verbal fluency fruit category, and verbal fluency with phonological constraints (FAS), WAIS-III Digit Span, Clock Drawing Test (CDT), Trail Making Part A and the Pfeffer Functional Assessment Questionnaire (PFAQ). Delta scores were calculated (post-test score minus pretest score) to assess the impact of the intervention. Results In the post test, the CG showed significant improvement on the RBMT Story recall and Digit Span but a decline in verbal fluency. The EG remained stable in terms of pre and post test scores. Conclusions The intervention did not enhance performance on the EF tests. It is noteworthy that the EG received only a small number of sessions which may not have been sufficient to generate improvement. Alternatively, the lack of group differences observed could be associated to participation in other workshops offered at the university.
Innovation and technology in Europe : from the eighteenth century to the present day

The mainsprings of technological progress in Europe 1750-1850, Patrick O'Brien resources and technology, Peter Mathias revisions and revolutions - technology and productivity change in manufacture in 18th- century England, Maxine Berg the constraints of a proto-industrial society on the development of heavy industry - the case of coal-mining in south East of France 1773-1791, Gwynne Lewis technology and economic growth in 19th century Italy - the case of an industrial late-comer, John A.Davia technical and structural factors in British industrial decline 1870 to the present, Derek H.Aldcraft crisis and continuity - innovation in the British Automobile Industry 1896-1986, Richard Whipp technology and the export of industrial culture - problems of the German-American relationship 1900-1960, Volker R.Berghahn technological diffusion - the viewpoint of economic theory, Paul L.Stoneman.
Serial Entrepreneurship: Learning by Doing?

Among typical entrepreneurs, is serial entrepreneurship common? Is the serial entrepreneur more likely to succeed? If so, why? These questions are addressed using data on all establishments started between 1990 and 2011 to sell retail goods and services in Texas. An entrepreneur is the owner of a new business. A serial entrepreneur is one who opens repeat businesses. We find that 25.6% of businesses are operated by serial entrepreneurs. These are the more successful businesses: prior business experience increases the longevity of the next business opened. Results with owner fixed effects suggest that past experience imparts valuable business skills.
Regulating ‘university’ and degree‐granting authority: Changing of the guard

This paper describes the changes in the recognition of universities made or proposed in England, Australia and the USA since 2004, and posits a broad shift from the permanent designation of institutional types to the periodic recognition of qualification‐granting authority. This is associated with increased private funding and operation of universities, which in turn is associated with a shift from elite to mass higher education.
fusilli, an essential gene with a maternal role in Drosophila embryonic dorsal-ventral patterning.

The Drosophila fusilli (fus) gene was identified in a genetic screen for dominant maternal enhancers of an unusual dorsalizing mutation in the cactus gene, cact(E10). While females that are heterozygous for the cact(E10) allele produce embryos with wild-type dorsal-ventral patterning, more than 90% of the embryos produced by females that are heterozygous for both cact(E10) and the fus(1) mutation are weakly dorsalized. Loss of fusilli activity causes lethality during embryogenesis but not dorsal-ventral patterning defects, indicating that fusilli is important in more than one developmental process. The fusilli gene encodes a protein with RNA binding motifs related to those in mammalian hnRNP F and H, which play roles in regulated RNA splicing. The fusilli RNA is not present in the oocyte or early embryo, and germ-line clones of fusilli mutations have no maternal effect on dorsal-ventral patterning, indicating that the fusilli maternal effect does not depend on germ-line expression of the gene. Because the fusilli RNA is present in ovarian follicle cells, we propose that fusilli acts downstream of the Drosophila EGF receptor to control the biogenesis of follicle cell transcripts that control the initial dorsal-ventral asymmetry of the embryo.
Treatment of obesity: need to focus on high risk abdominally obese patients

Editorial by Little and Byrne It is generally accepted that obesity is a health hazard because of its association with numerous metabolic complications such as dyslipidaemia, type 2 diabetes, and cardiovascular diseases.1 On that basis, health agencies 2 3 have proposed that obesity should be defined on the basis of weight in kg expressed over height in m2, the so called body mass index,4 initially described by Quetelet in 1869 (table). Epidemiological studies have reported a progressive increase in the incidence of chronic diseases such as hypertension, diabetes, and coronary heart disease with increasing body mass index.1-3 However, despite this well documented evidence, physicians are, in their daily practice, perplexed by the remarkable heterogeneity found in their obese patients. For instance, some patients show a relatively “normal” profile of metabolic risk factors despite the presence of substantial excess body fat, whereas others who are only moderately overweight can nevertheless be characterised by a whole cluster of metabolic complications, increasing the risk of type 2 diabetes, coronary atherosclerosis, and cardiovascular disease. View this table: Classification of obesity based on body mass index (BMI)2 3 #### Summary points A simple measurement such as waist circumference can indicate accumulation of abdominal fat Viscerally obese men are characterised by an atherogenic plasma lipoprotein profile A triad of non-traditional markers for coronary heart disease found in viscerally obese middle aged men (hyperinsulinaemia, raised apolipoprotein B concentration, and small LDL particles) increases the risk of coronary heart disease 20-fold Four out of five middle aged men with a waist measurement ≥90 cm and triglyceride concentrations ≥2 mmol/l are characterised by this triad Even in the absence of hypercholesterolaemia, hyperglycaemia, or hypertension, obese patients could be at high risk of coronary heart disease if they have this “hypertriglyceridaemic waist” phenotype In this regard, epidemiological and metabolic studies …
The curse of accountability: Assessing relationships in the delivery of employment services

As governments move from being both a funder and provider of human services to a purchaser of services in private sector markets or quasi-markets, ensuring that providers do what they are supposed to do becomes more difficult. Agency theory and stewardship theory have been suggested as ways of overcoming this problem. This article argues that both are inadequate, particularly because they conceptualise the relationship as bilateral (government funding department and service provider), ignoring the role of clients in achieving organisational objectives. Co-production that recognises the role played by clients in the production of employment outcomes can provide a more useful way of thinking about relationships among key actors involved in the provision of employment services.
Development of Baroreflex Activity in Unanesthetized Fetal and Neonatal Lambs

Baroreflex activity was assessed in 10 fetal lambs at 85−145 days of gestation. ECG leads sewn to the fetal chest wall, vinyl catheters in brachial artery and femoral vein, and a balloon catheter in the descending aorta were exteriorized through the ewe's flank. After at least 36 hours, the reflex bradycardia, in response to increased blood pressure by balloon inflation, was measured. Baroreflex sensitivity was expressed as the slope of the beat-to-beat relationship between systolic (S.P.) or pulse (P.P.) pressure and the subsequent R-R interval or instantaneous heart rate (H.R.). Baroreflex activity was considered absent if the slope did not differ significantly from zero or if the correlation coefficient was less than 0.7. Throughout gestation baroreceptors could respond to pressure elevation, but the proportion of positive responses increased with age. Baroreflex sensitivity increased up to term when either S.P. or P.P. were plotted against the next R-R interval. Regression analysis of S.P. or P.P. vs. R-R interval, or of P.P. vs. H.R showed increasing baroreflex sensitivity with maturation Analysis of S.P. vs. H.R. showed no significant increase in response with advancing gestation; however, this type of analysis does not take into account the slower resting heart rates of older animals.
RFID Chipless Tag Based on Substrate Integrated Triangular Cavity

This paper presents an optimized Radio Frequency Identification chipless tag based on substrate integrated waveguide technology with a reduced size, and a high quality factor. The tag operates in a sub-band of the Ultra Wide Band from 7 to 7.5 GHz. It consists of using the frequency encoding approach based on frequency shifting technique; allows obtaining an important number of encoding states by changing the resonant peak position in the operation band. The frequency shift is achieved when changing the substrate parameters by drilling via holes or metalized via. The tag is designed; simulated and optimized ensuring improved results compared to existed designs based on the same used techniques, which proves that the proposed configuration is very suitable for short range applications of identification.
Local Government and the Governing of Climate Change in Germany and the UK

This paper argues that, in order to address the challenges of climate change, attention needs to be focused not only at the international level but also on how climate protection policy is taking shape locally. It provides a comparative analysis of local climate change policy in Germany and the UK. By moving the focus from an analysis of the formal competencies of local government to the multiple modes of governing through which climate protection is taking place, the similarities between the two countries are brought into view. In both cases, actions are concentrated in the energy sphere and municipalities are increasingly deploying self-governing and enabling approaches to undertaken emissions reductions. The paper argues that the impacts of EU policies, financial crises and the political challenges of implementing climate change policies are changing the capacity for local intervention, with potentially significant consequences for medium- and long-term goals for climate protection.
Fault detection for singular switched linear systems with multiple time-varying delay in finite frequency domain

ABSTRACT This paper deals with the problem of the fault detection (FD) for continuous-time singular switched linear systems with multiple time-varying delay. In this paper, the actuator fault is considered. Besides, the systems faults and unknown disturbances are assumed in known frequency domains. Some finite frequency performance indices are initially introduced to design the switched FD filters which ensure that the filtering augmented systems under switching signal with average dwell time are exponentially admissible and guarantee the fault input sensitivity and disturbance robustness. By developing generalised Kalman–Yakubovic–Popov lemma and using Parseval's theorem and Fourier transform, finite frequency delay-dependent sufficient conditions for the existence of such a filter which can guarantee the finite-frequency H− and H∞ performance are derived and formulated in terms of linear matrix inequalities. Four examples are provided to illustrate the effectiveness of the proposed finite frequency method.
La formation du prix du riz : théorie et application au cas d'Antananarivo (Madagascar) .

Résumé Un petit modèle intertemporel de marché d'actif est analysé pour expliquer la formation du prix du riz à Antananarivo (Madagascar). L'écart entre le prix à la récolte et le prix à la soudure est expliqué par les coûts physiques et financiers du stockage, et par les erreurs de prévision. Le modèle est utilisé pour discuter divers problèmes de politique économique relative au marché du riz, et une application économétrique suggère une certaine inertie des prévisions des marchands. On montre aussi comment la concurrence imparfaite sur ce marché accroît la variabi­lité du prix, et non son niveau moyen.
An Examination of the Monopoly Zoning Hypothesis

There have been several studies that have investigated the effect of zoning on housing prices. One hypothesis is that the restrictiveness of zoning laws will vary with the monopoly power of a town. The degree of monopoly power varies with the number of towns in the urban area. Urban areas with few zoning jurisdictions are likely to have higher housing prices than more fragmented urban areas. Previous research on this topic has shown mixed results. The results in this article suggest that towns with more monopoly power do tend to have significantly higher housing prices than more fragmented urban areas.
A constitutively active dioxin/aryl hydrocarbon receptor induces stomach tumors

The dioxin/aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) functions as a ligand-activated transcription factor regulating transcription of a battery of genes encoding xenobiotic metabolizing enzymes. Known receptor ligands are environmental pollutants including polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and polychlorinated dioxins. Loss-of-function (gene-disruption) studies in mice have demonstrated that the AhR is involved in toxic effects of dioxins but have not yielded unequivocal results concerning the physiological function of the receptor. Gain-of-function studies therefore were performed to unravel the biological functions of the AhR. A constitutively active AhR expressed in transgenic mice reduced the life span of the mice and induced tumors in the glandular part of the stomach, demonstrating the oncogenic potential of the AhR and implicating the receptor in regulation of cell proliferation.
THE Z-TRANSFORM AND COMPARATIVE DYNAMICS IN DISCRETE-TIME MODELS

This paper develops a general technique for the computation of comparative dynamics in perfect-foresight discrete-time models. The method developed here is both applicable and general; it can be used to analyze the effects of the perturbation of parameters on endogenous variables and the welfare of an economic system derived from more general multisector models. It is neither restricted to the system's dimensions nor restricted by the assumption of distinct eigenvalues in the system.
Sclerostin Binds to LRP5/6 and Antagonizes Canonical Wnt Signaling*

The loss of the SOST gene product sclerostin leads to sclerosteosis characterized by high bone mass. In this report, we found that sclerostin could antagonize canonical Wnt signaling in human embryonic kidney A293T cells and mouse osteoblastic MC3T3 cells. This sclerostin-mediated antagonism could be reversed by overexpression of Wnt co-receptor low density lipoprotein receptor-related protein (LRP) 5. In addition, we found that sclerostin bound to LRP5 as well as LRP6 and identified the first two YWTD-EGF repeat domains of LRP5 as being responsible for the binding. Although these two repeat domains are required for transduction of canonical Wnt signals, canonical Wnt did not appear to compete with sclerostin for binding to LRP5. Examination of the expression of sclerostin and Wnt7b, an autocrine canonical Wnt, during primary calvarial osteoblast differentiation revealed that sclerostin is expressed at late stages of osteoblast differentiation coinciding with the expression of osteogenic marker osteocalcin and trailing after the expression of Wnt7b. Given the plethora of evidence indicating that canonical Wnt signaling stimulates osteogenesis, we believe that the high bone mass phenotype associated with the loss of sclerostin may be attributed, at least in part, to an increase in canonical Wnt signaling resulting from the reduction in sclerostin-mediated Wnt antagonism.
Cdc73 Subunit of Paf1 Complex Contains C-terminal Ras-like Domain That Promotes Association of Paf1 Complex with Chromatin*

Background: The Paf1 complex associates with RNA polymerase II during elongation. Results: The Cdc73 C-domain adopts a Ras-like fold that contributes to histone methylation and Paf1C recruitment to active genes. Conclusion: Cdc73 C-domain is important for Paf1 complex recruitment to genes. Significance: Rtf1 and Cdc73 C-domain combine to couple Paf1 complex to elongating polymerase. The conserved Paf1 complex localizes to the coding regions of genes and facilitates multiple processes during transcription elongation, including the regulation of histone modifications. However, the mechanisms that govern Paf1 complex recruitment to active genes are undefined. Here we describe a previously unrecognized domain within the Cdc73 subunit of the Paf1 complex, the Cdc73 C-domain, and demonstrate its importance for Paf1 complex occupancy on transcribed chromatin. Deletion of the C-domain causes phenotypes associated with elongation defects without an apparent loss of complex integrity. Simultaneous mutation of the C-domain and another subunit of the Paf1 complex, Rtf1, causes enhanced mutant phenotypes and loss of histone H3 lysine 36 trimethylation. The crystal structure of the C-domain reveals unexpected similarity to the Ras family of small GTPases. Instead of a deep nucleotide-binding pocket, the C-domain contains a large but comparatively flat surface of highly conserved residues, devoid of ligand. Deletion of the C-domain results in reduced chromatin association for multiple Paf1 complex subunits. We conclude that the Cdc73 C-domain probably constitutes a protein interaction surface that functions with Rtf1 in coupling the Paf1 complex to the RNA polymerase II elongation machinery.
How Pervasive Are Abuses in Fundraising Among Nonprofits

This article explores selected fundraising information for charitable nonprofits, asking whether widespread abuses might exist in this sector. After examining the pervasiveness of fundraising and its relation to mission, we show that a few nonprofits raise a majority of sector charitable revenues, and we present the ratio of funds raised to funds spent on fundraising by mission categories. We find that 72 percent of charitable nonprofits do not report direct fundraising expenditures, 5 percent of the active fundraising nonprofits obtain 90 percent of total funds raised, mission is related to a nonprofit's ability to raise funds, the median nonprofit spends about 9.6 percent of total raised funds for fundraising, and only one in five nonprofits hires a professional fundraiser. At least in terms of the measures used in this report, widespread abuses are not obvious.
Lyapunov approach to boundary stabilization of an anti-stable heat equation with boundary disturbance

In this paper, we are considered with the boundary output feedback stabilization of a one-dimensional anti-stable heat equation subject to general control matched disturbance. The active disturbance rejection control (ADRC) approach is proposed in investigation. Using output of the system, we first design a variable structure state observer to the original system which is proved to be exponentially convergent. Next, the estimation of the disturbance is obtained by extended state observer for an ODEs obtained from the observer. Finally, the estimation of disturbance is used to cancel the disturbance in the output feedback controller. The stability of the resulting closed-loop system is proven.