Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Decomposition of multicomponent mass spectra using Bayesian probability theory.

We present a method for the decomposition of the mass spectra of mixed gases using Bayesian probability theory. The method works without any calibration measurement and therefore applies also to the analysis of spectra containing unstable species. For the example of mixtures of three different hydrocarbon gases the algorithm provides concentrations and cracking coefficients of each mixture component and also their confidence intervals. The amount of information needed to obtain reliable results and its relation to the accuracy of our analysis are discussed.
A Study on the Pythonic Functional Constructs’ Understandability

The use of functional constructs in programming languages such as Python has been advocated to help write more concise source code, improve parallelization, and reduce side effects. Nevertheless, their usage could lead to understandability issues. This paper reports the results of a controlled experiment conducted with 209 developers to assess the understandability of given Pythonic functional constructs—namely lambdas, comprehensions, and map/reduce/- filter functions—if compared to their procedural alternatives. To address the study’s goal, we asked developers to modify code us-ing functional constructs or not, to compare the understandability of different implementations, and to provide insights about when and where it is preferable to use such functional constructs. Re-sults of the study indicate that code snippets with lambdas are more straightforward to modify than the procedural alternatives. However, this is not the case for comprehension. Regarding the perceived understandability, code snippets relying on procedural implementations are considered more readable than their functional alternatives. Last but not least, while functional constructs may help write compact code, improving maintainability and performance, they are considered hard to debug. Our results can lead to better education in using functional constructs, prioritizing quality assurance activities, and enhancing tool support for developers.
Information the X-Rays Give Head CT: Toward Making Full Use of the

SUMMARY: Although clinical head CT images are typically interpreted qualitatively, automated methods applied to routine clinical head CTs enable quantitative assessment of brain volume, brain parenchymal fraction, brain radiodensity, and brain radiomass. These metrics gain clinical meaning when viewed relative to a reference database and expressed as quantile regression values. Quantitative imaging data can aid in objective reporting and in the identi ﬁ cation of outliers, with possible diagnostic implications. The comparison to a reference database necessitates standardization of head CT imaging parameters and protocols. Future research is needed to learn the effects of virtual monochromatic imaging on the quantitative characteristics of head CT images.
Title: Choice of sprint start performance measure affects the performance-based ranking within a group of sprinters: which is the most appropriate measure?

Sprint start performance has previously been quantified using several different 2 measures. This study aimed to identify whether different measures could influence 3 the performance-based ranking within a group of 12 sprinters and if so, to identify the 4 most appropriate measure. None of the ten performance measures ranked all 5 sprinters in the same order; Spearman’s rho correlations between different block 6 phase measures ranged from 0.50 to 0.94, and between block phase measures and 7 those obtained beyond block exit from 0.66 to 0.85. Based on consideration of what 8 each measure quantifies, normalised average horizontal external power was 9 identified as the most appropriate, incorporating both block velocity and the time 10 spent producing this velocity. The accuracy with which these data could be obtained 11 in an externally valid field setting was assessed against force platform criterion data. 12 For an athlete producing 678 ± 40 W of block power, a carefully set-up manual high- 13 speed video analysis protocol produced systematic and random errors of +5 W 14 and ± 24 W, respectively. Since the choice of performance measure could affect the 15 conclusions drawn from a technique analysis, for example the success of an 16 intervention, it is proposed that external power is used to quantify start performance. 198
Development of warning criteria for severe pulse thunderstorms in the Northeastern United States using the WSR-88D

In recent years, identification and warning skill for significant, well organized severe convective systems have improved steadily in the northeast United States. Derechos, tornadoes, and supercell thunderstorms are relatively easily identified and often warned for with lead times in excess of 30 minutes as a result of improved understanding of these systems and the environments they evolve in. (LaPenta et al. 2000a; LaPenta et al. 2000b; Cannon et al. 1998).
Association between the Albumin-to-Globulin Ratio and Atrial Fibrillation in Patients with Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy

Background : Atrial fibrillation (AF), which occurs four to six times more frequently in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM) patients than in the general population, is the most common persistent arrhythmia and has a substantial therapeutic consequence. In HCM patients, there are currently no discovered signs that could be utilized to identify AF. Methods : From 2018 to 2022, 493 individuals with a continuous diagnosis of HCM were examined at Beijing Anzhen Hospital. AF was proven using routine electrocardiography (ECG), 24-hour Holter ECGs, or bedside ECGs. Echocardiography and blood tests were performed for all patients. Analysis and comparison of the traits were performed in HCM patients with AF (n = 77) and without AF (n = 416). Results : Age ( p < 0.001), prevalence of ventricular tachycardia (VT, p < 0.001), prevalence of pulmonary artery hypertension ( p = 0.027), and albumin-to-globulin ratio (AGR, p = 0.046) were all significantly higher in patients with AF, compared to patients without AF. In multivariate logistic analysis, age (odds ratio [OR], 1.063; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.032–1.095; p < 0.001), history of VT (OR, 2.702; 95% CI, 1.007–7.255; p = 0.048), AGR (OR, 3.477; 95% CI, 1.417–8.536; p = 0.007), left atrial diameter (OR, 1.132; 95% CI, 1.073–1.194; p < 0.001), left ventricular end-diastolic diameter (OR, 0.861; 95% CI, 0.762–0.974; p = 0.017), left ventricular end-systolic diameter (OR, 1.239; 95% CI, 1.083– 1.417; p = 0.002), and peak A wave velocity (OR, 0.983; 95% CI, 0.972–0.994; p = 0.002) were independently associated with AF in HCM patients. In the receiver operating characteristic curve analysis, the area under the curve for the established model was 0.819 (95% CI, 0.755–0.883, p = 0.033), with a sensitivity and specificity of 0.763 and 0.816, respectively, for AF occurrence in HCM patients.
DVABatch: Diversity-aware Multi-Entry Multi-Exit Batching for Efficient Processing of DNN Services on GPUs

The DNN inferences are often batched for better utilizing the hardware in existing DNN serving systems. However, DNN serving exhibits diversity in many aspects, such as input, operator, and load. The unawareness of these diversities results in inefficient processing. Our investigation shows that the inefficiency roots in the feature of the existing batching mechanism: one entry and one exit. Therefore, we propose DVABatch, a runtime batching system that enables the multi-entry multiexit batching scheme. We first abstract three meta operations, new, stretch, and split, for adjusting the ongoing batch of queries to achieve the multi-entry multi-exit scheme. The meta operations could be used to form different scheduling logics for different diversities. To deliver the meta operations to an ongoing batch, we slice the DNN models into multiple stages. Each stage corresponds to one executor, which is managed by a state transition diagram. Compared with state-of-the-art solutions, our experimental results show that DVABatch reduces 46.4% average latency and achieves up to 2.12× throughput improvement.
Local Features and Kernels for Classification of Texture and Object Categories: An In-Depth Study

: Recently, methods based on local image features have shown promise for texture and object recognition tasks. This paper presents a large-scale evaluation of an approach that represents images as distributions (signatures or histograms) of features extracted from a sparse set of keypoint locations and learns a Support Vector Machine classi(cid:12)er with kernels based on two e(cid:11)ective measures for comparing distributions, the Earth Mover’s Distance and the chi-square distance. We (cid:12)rst evaluate the performance of our approach with di(cid:11)erent keypoint detectors and descriptors, as well as di(cid:11)erent kernels and classi(cid:12)ers. We then conduct a comparative evaluation with several state-of-the-art recognition methods on four texture and (cid:12)ve object databases. On most of these databases, our implementation exceeds the best reported results and achieves comparable performance on the rest. Finally, we investigate the in(cid:13)uence of background correlations on recognition performance via extensive tests on the PASCAL database, for which ground-truth object localization information is available. Our experiments demonstrate that image representations based on distributions of local features are surprisingly e(cid:11)ective for classi(cid:12)cation of texture and object images under challenging real-world conditions, including signi(cid:12)cant intra-class variations and substantial background clutter
Worst-Case Conditional Value at Risk for Asset Liability Management: A Novel Framework for General Loss Functions

Asset-liability management (ALM) is a challenging task faced by pension funds due to the uncertain nature of future asset returns and interest rates. To address this challenge, this paper presents a new mathematical model that uses a Worst-case Conditional Value-at-Risk (WCVaR) constraint to ensure that the funding ratio remains above a regulator-mandated threshold with a high probability under the worst-case probability distribution that plausibly explains historical sample data. A tractable reformulation of this WCVaR constraint is developed based on the deﬁnition and a new reformulation/approximation of the Worst-case Lower Partial Moment (WLPM) for a general loss function. Additionally, a new data-driven moment-based ambiguity set is developed to capture uncertainty in the moments of random variables in the ALM problem. The proposed approach is evaluated using real-world data from the Canada Pension Plan (CPP) and is shown to outperform classical ALM models, based on either CVaR or WCVaR with ﬁxed moments, on out-of-sample data. The proposed framework for handling correlated uncertainty using WCVaR with nonlinear loss functions can be used in other application areas.
An Interpretation of Proppant Transport Within the Stimulated Rock Volume at the Hydraulic-Fracturing Test Site in the Permian Basin

We collected more than 500 ft of through-fracture core in the Upper Wolfcamp (UWC) and Middle Wolfcamp (MWC) formations in the Permian Basin. As part of core characterization, we analyzed the core-sludge samples for the presence of proppant and natural-calcite particles. Apart from sample preparation and imaging, we designed and developed a novel image-processing work flow to detect and classify the particles. We used the observations from the identified particle distribution within the stimulated rock volume to understand proppant-transport behavior. We used relative distributions of smaller 100-mesh- and larger 40/70-mesh-proppant particles to interpret proppant placement in relation to perforation clusters. Finally, we used the relative distribution of particles to understand the interaction between natural and hydraulic fractures. We observe that stress variations and the degree of natural fracturing have a bearing on local proppant-screenout behavior. Smaller 100-mesh proppant seems to dominate at larger lateral offsets from the hydraulically fractured wells. We also observe indications of heel-side bias according to lateral proppant distribution. We share our work flow for particle detection and classification, which can serve as a template for proppant analysis in the future if significant through-fracture cores are collected in similar field experiments.
A new perspective of intensified impact of El Niño‐Southern Oscillation Modoki on tropical cyclogenesis over the western North Pacific around 1990s

Previous study detected an intensified impact of the El Niño‐Southern Oscillation (ENSO) Modoki sea surface temperature (SST) anomalies on the tropical cyclone (TC) activity over the western North Pacific (WNP) after the early 1990s and attributed it to an expansion in areal coverage of the equatorial central Pacific (ECP) SST anomalies. This study identifies the contribution of SST anomalies in several other regions to this inter‐decadal change in the relationship between ENSO Modoki SST and the WNP TC genesis. Before the early 1990s, the positive ECP SST anomalies induce an anomalous lower‐level cyclone and consequently an increase in the TC genesis frequency over the southern part of the WNP, and the positive ECP and tropical Indian Ocean SST anomalies together induce an anomalous lower‐level anticyclone and accordingly a decrease in the TC genesis frequency over the northern part of the WNP. As such, the relationship between the ECP SST and the WNP TC genesis frequency is weak. After the early 1990s, the positive ECP SST anomalies with a large areal coverage induce a large anomalous lower‐level cyclone covering most of the WNP and thus an increase in the TC genesis frequency over the WNP. Meantime, the tropical northern Atlantic and western South Pacific SST anomalies during spring enhance the succeeding summer–autumn WNP atmospheric circulation response to the ECP SST anomalies through an Atlantic–Pacific teleconnection and a wind‐evaporation positive feedback, respectively. This strengthens the relationship between the ECP SST and the WNP TC genesis frequency.
Young mare volcanism in the Orientale region contemporary with the Procellarum KREEP Terrane (PKT) volcanism peak period ∼2 billion years ago

The crater retention ages of the mare deposits within the Orientale multi‐ring impact basin are investigated using 10‐m resolution images obtained by the SELENE (Kaguya) spacecraft, in order to constrain the volcanic history of the Moon around the nearside‐farside boundary. Precise crater‐counting analyses reveal that mare deposits in the Orientale region are much younger than previously estimated: ∼2.9 Ga mare basalt in the eastern part of Mare Orientale and ∼1.8–2.2 Ga mare deposits in Lacus Veris and Lacus Autumni, maria along the northeastern rings of the basin. The latter age estimates indicate that the Orientale region experienced volcanic activities ∼2 billion years after the basin‐formation impact. The dominance of a uniform surface age across the mare deposits in the peripheral regions strongly suggests that these volcanic eruptions are contemporary with the elevated volcanic activity episode proposed for the Procellarum KREEP Terrane on the lunar nearside at ∼2 Ga and that this activity peak is much more widespread than previously estimated. The longevity of mare volcanism in the Orientale region further suggests high initial temperatures and/or high content of heat‐producing elements in the underlying mantle of this region.
Inversion Issues for the SW06 Data

First, a (range-independent) scenario mimicing a SW06 scenario published by Jiang and Chapman (2007) was simulated via a time domain, broadband (BB, 50-800 Hz) PE model (Collins, ’93). The parameters for this simulation (assuming a bottom consisting of one sediment layer over a half-space) are shown in Fig. 1 with the simulated PE time domain signal for range 1 km seen on the array phones shown in Fig. 2.
Application of lumbar drainage based on flow control in patients with intracranial infection after craniocerebral surgery

: To explore the application effect of lumbar cistern based on flow control in patients with intracranial infection, 40 patients with postoperative intracranial infection and lumbar cistern surgery in our hospital from January 2021 to December 2023 were selected as the study subjects. The random number table method was used to divide the participants into an observation group and a control group. The control group received routine drainage, while the observation group received flow control. Both groups were intervened until the end of drainage, then the drainage situation, incidence of complications, and cerebrospinal fluid characteristics were compared. There was no statistically significant difference in drainage speed, drainage time, and total drainage volume between the two groups. The observation group showed lower white blood cell count, intracranial pressure, protein and glucose quantification, and overall incidence of complications compared to before drainage, and was superior to the control group. The lumbar cistern based on flow control is more stable in patients with intracranial infection after craniotomy, and has positive significance in improving cerebrospinal fluid indicators, reducing complications, and patient prognosis.
ASPHALTIC ROAD MATERIALS IN FATIGUE

RESULTS AND ANALYSES ARE PRESENTED OF RESEARCH CONDUCTED AT THE UNIVERSITY OF NOTTINGHAM ON ASPHALT PAVEMENT WEARING AND BASE COURSE MIXES AS USED IN PRACTICE. MIXED VARIABLES WHICH AFFECT STIFFNESS ALSO AFFECT THE FATIGUE LIFE. THESE VARIABLES ARE AGGREGATE TYPE AND GRADING INCLUDING FILLER, BITUMIN TYPE, PENETRATION AND CONTENT, DEGREE OF MIX COMPACTION AND RESULTING AIR VOIDS CONTENT. A MACHINE WAS DEVELOPED TO MEASURE THE DYNAMIC STIFFNESS OF SPECIMENS UNDER LOADING AND ENVIRONMENTAL CONDITIONS SIMILAR TO THOSE USED IN THE FATIGUE TEST. MATERIALS AND MIXES, AND TEST METHODS WERE INVESTIGATED AND EVALUATED. CONCLUSIONS ARE OBTAINED FROM THE STUDY OF THE FACTORS AFFECTING THE FATIGUE BEHAVIOR OF ASPHALTIC ROAD MATERIALS INDICATE THAT : (1) A LINEAR RELATIONSHIP EXISTS BETWEEN THE LOGARITHM OF THE AMPLITUDE OF THE APPLIED STRESS LEVEL, AND THE LOGARITHM OF THE NUMBER OF CYCLES TO FAILURE, (2) THE FATIGUE LIFE OF BASE COURSE MIXES TESTED UNDER CONTROLLED STRESS CONDITIONS IS HIGHLY TEMPERATURE DEPENDENT, (3) THE ADDITION OF SOME FILLER TO B.S. 594 BASE COURSE MIXES RESULTS IN LONGER FATIGUE LIVES, DUE TO A REDUCTION IN VOIDS AND AN INCREASE IN STIFFNESS, (4) THE ADDITION OF MORE BITUMIN TO B.S. 594 BASE COURSE MIXES RESULTS IN AN INCREASE IN FATIGUE LIFE, BUT AN OPTIMUM BITUMIN CONTENT EXISTS, (5) THE TYPE AND GRADING OF THE COURSE AGGREGATE, WITHIN THE LIMITS OF THE MIXES INVESTIGATED, DOES NOT GREATLY INFLUENCE THE FATIGUE LIFE, (6) VOIDS HAVE A DETRIMENTAL EFFECT UPON FATIGUE LIFE, AN INCREASE IN VOID CONTENT BEING ASSOCIATED WITH A DECREASE IN FATIGUE LIFE, (7) THE DISTRIBUTION OF A SET OF OBSERVED FATIGUE LIVES CAN BE ASSUMED TO FOLLOW THE LOG NORMAL DISTRIBUTION LAW, (8) AN INCREASE IN SPEED OF LOADING PRODUCES AN INCREASE IN THE OBSERVED FATIGUE LIFE, (9) THE FATIGUE LIFE OF B.S. 594 BASE COURSE TYPE MIXES IS PRIMARILY CONTROLLED BY THE MAGNITUDE OF THE TENSILE STRAIN, THE EFFECTS OF TEMPERATURE AND SPEED OF LOADING BEING ACCOUNTED FOR BY THEIR EFFECT ON THE STIFFNESS OF THE MIX, (10) THE TYPE OF BEHAVIOR DISPLAYED BY A MIX FOR THE PARTICULAR CONDITIONS BEING INVESTIGATED HAS A PROFOUND INFLUENCE UPON THE SLOPE OF THE RESULTING STRESS-LIFE OR STRAIN-LIFE FATIGUE LINES, AND (11) FATIGUE RESULTS SHOULD BE CONSIDERED IN TWO PARTS, ONE IN WHICH ONLY LINEAR MIX BEHAVIOR IS DISPLAYED AND THE OTHER IN WHICH NON-LINEAR BEHAVIOR IS DISPLAYED.
EFL Students’ Interest and Their Reasons towards Recreational Reading Activity

Students’ interest in reading has been studied by many researchers. However, there is little attention given to examining the interest of EFL students on recreational reading activity. Additionally, few studies have documented why EFL students have certain interests on the recreational reading activity. To fill this gap, why students have certain interest in recreational reading and the reasons why students have. This paper aims at describing the EFL students' interest of choosing recreational reading and their reasons for choosing the activity. To achieve this aim, the research used qualitative case study. By administering purposive sampling technique, five EFL students at the sixth grade were selected as the research participants. Data were collected from interview. The collected data were analyzed by following thematic analysis. The result found that a) the students’ high interest in recreational reading activity, and b) the reasons why they had high interest were caused by some advantages they agreed can develop their cognitive and affective aspects.
Uganda chicken genetic resources: II. genetic diversity and population demographic history inferred from mitochondrial DNA D-loop sequences

The genetic diversity of indigenous chickens, which comprise over 80% of the chicken resources in Uganda, is largely not well-characterized for their genetic contribution. This study assessed the genetic diversity and population structure of the indigenous chicken population in Uganda to serve as an essential component for improvement and conservation strategies. A set of 344 mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) D-loop sequences among 12 Ugandan chicken populations was evaluated. Twenty-eight polymorphic sites, accounting for 4.26% of the total analyzed loci of 658 bp, defined 32 haplotypes. The haplotype diversity (Hd) was 0.437, with a nucleotide diversity (π) of 0.0169, while the average number of nucleotide differences (k) was 0.576, indicating a population that is moderately genetically diverse. Analysis of molecular variance found 98.39% (ρ < 0.01) of the total sequence variation among the chicken haplotypes within populations, 1.08% (ρ < 0.05) among populations, and 0.75% (ρ > 0.05) among populations within regions. This revealed subtle genetic differentiation among the populations, which appeared to be influenced by population fragmentation, probably due to neutral mutation, random genetic drift, and/or balancing selection. All the haplotypes showed affinity exclusively to the haplogroup-E mtDNA phylogeny, with haplotype UGA01 signaling an ancestral haplotype in Uganda. Neutrality tests Tajima’s D (−2.320) and Fu’s Fs (−51.369), augmented with mismatch distribution to measure signatures of recent historical demographic events, supported a population expansion across the chicken populations. The results show one matrilineal ancestry of Ugandan chickens from a lineage widespread throughout the world that began in the Indian subcontinent. The lack of phylogeographic signals is consistent with recent expansion events with extensive within-country genetic intermixing among haplotypes. Thus, the findings in this study hold the potential to guide conservation strategies and breeding programs in Uganda, given that higher genetic diversity comes from within the chicken population.