Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Modulation of Learning and Anxiety by Corticotropin-Releasing Factor (CRF) and Stress: Differential Roles of CRF Receptors 1 and 2

The differential modulation of learning and anxiety by corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF) through CRF receptor subtypes 1 (CRFR1) and 2 (CRFR2) is demonstrated. As learning paradigm, context- and tone-dependent fear conditioning of the mouse was used. Injection of CRF into the dorsal hippocampus before training enhanced learning through CRFR1 as demonstrated by the finding that this effect was prevented by the local injection of the unselective CRFR antagonist astressin, but not by the CRFR2-specific antagonist antisauvagine-30 (anti-Svg-30). In contrast, injection of CRF into the lateral intermediate septum impaired learning through CRFR2, as demonstrated by the ability of antisauvagine-30 to block this effect. When antisauvagine-30 was injected alone into the lateral intermediate septum, learning was enhanced. Such tonic control of learning was not observed when astressin or antisauvagine-30 was injected into the dorsal hippocampus. Injection of CRF after the training into the dorsal hippocampus and the lateral intermediate septum also enhanced and impaired learning, respectively. Thus, it was indicated that CRF acted on memory consolidation. It was concluded that the observed effects reflected changes of associative learning and not arousal, attention, or motivation. Although a dose of 20 pmol human/rat CRF was sufficient to affect learning significantly, a fivefold higher dose was required to induce anxiety by injection into the septum. Immobilization for 1 hr generated a stress response that included the induction of anxiety through septal CRFR2 and the subsequent enhancement of learning through hippocampal CRFR1. The involvement of either receptor subtype was demonstrated by region-specific injections of astressin and antisauvagine-30.
Increased aortic pulse wave velocity is associated with the presence of angiographic coronary artery disease in overweight and obese patients.

BACKGROUND Increased arterial stiffness assessed by carotid-femoral pulse wave velocity (CFPWV) and central augmentation index (AIx), has been associated with a worse cardiovascular prognosis and increased prevalence of angiographic coronary artery disease (CAD). Obesity, a well-recognized cardiovascular risk factor, has been related to increased arterial stiffness, although not consistently. The aim of this work was to investigate the association of arterial stiffness indices with obesity measures in patients undergoing coronary angiography and to study any potential association of arterial stiffness with angiographic CAD in relation to obesity. METHODS Three hundred ninety-three patients with suspected stable CAD (aged 61±10 years; n = 303 men) referred for diagnostic coronary angiography were included. Body mass index (BMI), waist circumference (WC), and traditional cardiovascular risk factors were measured. Arterial stiffness was assessed by CFPWV and AIx using applanation tonometry in all patients. RESULTS CFPWV was not associated with obesity measures in multiple-adjusted logistic regression analysis (P > 0.05), whereas AIx was inversely associated with BMI and WC (P < 0.05 for both). Increased CFPWV was associated with CAD in overweight and obese patients (BMI ≥25kg/m(2); WC ≥94cm in men and ≥80cm in women; P < 0.05). No association of AIx with CAD was found (P > 0.05). CONCLUSIONS Arterial stiffness indices were not consistently associated with obesity, opposite to what might have been expected. The association of increased CFPWV with the presence of angiographic CAD in patients with increased BMI or WC values warrants further research.
The feasibility of clinical endpoint trials in HIV infection in the highly active antiretroviral treatment (HAART) era

Background Planning clinical-endpoint trials in patients with HIV remain difficult as long-term follow-up of many patients is required. Cohort studies of patients with HIV can provide key estimates of the likely disease progression, required sample size and follow-up. Objectives To verify the assumptions used in designing ESPRIT, a large randomized clinical trial assessing the clinical benefit of interleukin-2 treatment in patients with HIV infection, to use EuroSIDA to mimic the inclusion criterion of ESPRIT in order to compare the observed event rate in ESPRIT with the projected rate in EuroSIDA, and to project the required length of ESPRIT. Methods Patients in EuroSIDA who satisfied the ESPRIT recruitment criteria were selected. Patients were followed from baseline to new AIDS or death. Results The incidence of clinical progression in the selected EuroSIDA patients ( N - 4482) was 1.5 per 100 PYFU (95% CI 1.3–1.7), and did not increase with increasing time from baseline, contrary to what was assumed in the design of the ESPRIT trial. In ESPRIT (N - 4150), for which the comparative data remain blinded, the incidence was 1.1 per 100 PYFU (95% CI 0.9–1.3), with no increase over time. The average follow-up required to complete ESPRIT and accrue the 320 events required by protocol would be seven years, 10 months using the projected rates from the EuroSIDA study, and seven years, 11 months if the observed event rate in ESPRIT continued unchanged. Limitations Differences between patients recruited to observational studies or clinical trials cannot always be adjusted for. Conclusions Event rates in EuroSIDA were similar in the first two years to those used in the design of ESPRIT, but did not increase over time, leading to an increase in the expected duration of ESPRIT. Clinical endpoint trials in HIV infection remain feasible, and large cohort studies are critical to the planning and ongoing assessment of design assumptions in such trials. The underlying assumptions of the clinical trial should be re-examined to ensure the original trial assumptions remain valid.
Effective Coverage Control for Mobile Sensor Networks With Guaranteed Collision Avoidance

This paper studies the problem of dynamically covering a given region in the plane using a set of mobile sensor agents. A novel problem formulation is proposed that addresses a number of important multiagent missions. The coverage goal, which is to cover a given search domain using multiple mobile sensors such that each point is surveyed until a certain preset level is achieved, is formulated in a mathematically precise problem statement. A control law is developed that guarantees to meet the coverage goal. This control law is modified to guarantee that a partially connected fleet also attains the coverage goal. Finally, a collision avoidance component is added to the controller to guarantee that the agents do not collide. The new controller is shown to safely achieve coverage. Several numerical examples are provided to illustrate the main results.
Transtorno de estrés postraumático en víctimas de maltrato doméstico: Evaluación de un programa de intervención

El objetivo de este trabajo es establecer un programa de tratamiento breve y eficaz para victimas de maltrato domestico que sufren trastorno de estres postraumatico (TEPT). La muestra estuvo constituida por 9 participantes, todas ellas con diagnostico de TEPT segun criterios DSM-IV. El programa de tratamiento, que se aplico en grupos de 3, constaba de 8 sesiones (2 meses) cuyos componentes fundamentales eran psicoeducacion, relajacion, terapia cognitiva y terapia de exposicion. Los resultados en el postratamiento y en los seguimientos al mes y a los tres meses de concluida la intervencion indican que el programa fue efectivo para la reduccion del trastorno de estres postraumatico en el 100% de los casos. Tambien se produjo la mejora en otras variables: Depresion, autoestima, inadaptacion social y cogniciones postraumaticas. Se discuten las implicaciones de este estudio para la practica clinica e investigaciones futuras.
Son preference and the marriage squeeze in China -- an integrated analysis of the first marriage and remarriage market.

In China strong son preference and discrimination against girls have resulted in male squeeze in the marriage market. Using projection data and marriage information in 2000 census we devise a series of indexes taking account of both first marriage and remarriage measure the extent of male squeeze in Chinas market from 2001 through 2050 and analyze the impact of son preference and remarriage on marriage squeeze. The results show that the index of potential sex ratio of first marriage partners used by Tuljapurkar et al. (1995) without taking account of the relative numbers of males and females in the baseline year underestimate the male squeeze extent. After adjusting the index there will be server male squeeze from 2000 onwards in China and after 2013 annual proportion of excess males hold above 10% and 15% during 2015 to 2045. Annual excess males are 1.2 million. Still the SRBs of the birth cohorts born after 2000 exert significant influence on the marriage market. To the total marriage market remarriage (to first married spouse) takes up only a small proportion of the total first marriage market but it exerts great impact on the numbers and proportions of excess males. (authors)
Neuronal Repellent Slit2 Inhibits Dendritic Cell Migration and the Development of Immune Responses1

One of the essential functions of dendritic cells is to take up Ags in peripheral tissues and migrate into secondary lymphoid organs to present Ags to lymphocytes for the induction of immune responses. Although many studies have demonstrated that the migration of dendritic cells is closely associated with the development of immune responses, little is known about factors that inhibit dendritic cell migration and control the extent of immune responses to Ag stimulation. We show that Slit2, a neuronal repellent factor, is up-regulated in the skin by allergen sensitization and down-regulates the migration of Langerhans cells. The effect is mediated by direct interaction of Slit2 with cells that express a Slit-specific receptor, Robo1. Slit2-mediated inhibition of Langerhans cell migration results in suppression of contact hypersensitivity responses. These findings provide insights into a novel mechanism by which Slit2 functions as an anti-inflammatory factor for the initiation of immune responses.
Selective Golgi export of Kir2.1 controls the stoichiometry of functional Kir2.x channel heteromers

Surface expression of ion channels and receptors often depends on intrinsic sequence motifs that control their intracellular transport along the secretory pathway. Although members of the Kir2.x subfamily share two such motifs – a diacidic ER export motif and a positively charged Golgi export motif – they strongly differ in their surface expression. Whereas Kir2.1 shows prominent plasma membrane localization, Kir2.4 channels accumulate within the Golgi complex. By constructing chimeras between Kir2.1 and Kir2.4 subunits, a stretch of 20 amino acids was identified in the Kir2.1 C-terminus that is both necessary and sufficient to promote anterograde transport of Kir channel subunits at the level of trafficking from the Golgi to the plasma membrane. The core element of the identified sequence bears a tyrosine-dependent YXXΦ consensus motif for adaptin binding, with the flanking residues determining its functional efficiency. As the signal is dominant in promoting surface transport of Kir2.1/Kir2.4 channel heteromers and is recognized by both the epithelial and neuronal intracellular sorting machinery, the preferential Golgi export of Kir2.1 will control the stoichiometry of Kir2.x heteromers expressed on the cell surface.
TYROSINE HYDROXYLASE. THE INITIAL STEP IN NOREPINEPHRINE BIOSYNTHESIS.

After demonstration of the decarboxylation of 3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine (dopa)’ to dopamine (I), the pathway for biosynthesis of norepinephrine shown in Fig. 1 was proposed. Although evidence for this pathway was well established by isot,opic procedures (2, 3), it was not until 1960 that Levin, Levenberg, and Kaufman (4) succeeded in isolating and characterizing the third enzyme in the series, dopamine-B-oxidase (@hydroxylase). The enzyme responsible for converting tyrosine to dopa has, however, proved elusive. The enzyme tyrosinase was considered in this role, but no evidence for it could be obtained in sympathetically innervated tissues. Reports of the enzymatic conversion of tyrosine to catecholamines by tissue slices and minces have generally been unconvincing owing to large and variable blanks with boiled preparations (5, 6). It has now been possible to demonstrate that brain, adrenal medulla, and sympathetically innervated tissues contain a specific hydroxylase that catalyzes the conversion of L-tyrosine to dopa. A short report on the properties of a particle-bound preparation from brain has already appeared (7). The present communication describes the isolation, purification, and charact#erization of a soluble tyrosine hydroxylase from beef adrenal medulla. The soluble tyrosine hydroxylase requires for activity tetrahydropteridine derivatives comparable to those previously observed for phenylalanine hydroxylase (8).
Papio cynocephalus age determination.

The age of non-domesticated primates has always been a question to the scientific investigator. This question was magnified in the early 1960's when primate research hit a new peak. Age development standards became necessary to conduct many projects demanding developmental information. This project utilized known aged Papio cynocephalus baboons. Skull, muzzle, long bone and tooth development measurements were taken on a linear growth program for five years. These data, when programed for the computer, gave a reliable regression curve age predictability of one month up to 40 months and a three month age predictability up to 72 months for P. cynocephalus. Data taken from known-aged animals not in the survey proved the reliability of the project.
Latent Tree Analysis

Latent tree analysis seeks to model the correlations amonga set of random variables using a tree of latent variables. It was proposed as an improvement to latent class analysis—a method widely used in social sciences and medicine to identify homogeneous subgroups in a population. It provides new and fruitful perspectives on a number of machine learningareas, including cluster analysis, topic detection, and deep probabilistic modeling. This paper gives an overview of the research on latent tree analysis and various ways it is used inpractice.
A HIGH RESOLUTION FLUORESCENCE DECAY AND DEPOLARIZATION STUDY OF HUMAN PLASMA APOLIPOPROTEINS

Abstract— Human plasma apolipoprotein A‐I (apoA‐I) and apolipoprotein C‐I (apoC‐I) were investigated by time‐resolved fluorescence decay and depolarization. The tryptophyl fluorescence of apoA‐I undergoes a double‐exponential decay with lifetimes of 1.07 and 3.43 ns which remain unchanged over the range of apoA‐I concentration studied.
Marital status and longevity in the United States population

Purpose: To investigate the relation between marital status and survival. Data sources: The US 1989 national health interview survey (NHIS) merged with the 1997 US national death index. Results: Among 1989 NHIS respondents, 5876 (8.77%) died before 1997 and 61 123 (91.23%) were known to be alive. Controlling for demographic and socioeconomic characteristics, the death rate for people who were unmarried was significantly higher than it was for those who were married and living with their spouses. Although the effect was significant for all categories of unmarried, it was strongest for those who had never married. The never married effect was seen for both sexes, and was significantly stronger for men than for women. For the youngest age group (19–44), the predominant causes of early death among adults who had never married were infectious disease (presumably HIV) and external causes. In the middle aged and older men and women, the predominant causes were cardiovascular and other chronic diseases. Conclusion: Current marriage is associated with longer survival. Among the not married categories, having never been married was the strongest predictor of premature mortality. It is difficult to assess the causal effect of marital status from these observational data.
MARMOT: A Toolkit for Translation Quality Estimation at the Word Level

We present Marmot~― a new toolkit for quality estimation (QE) of machine translation output. Marmot contains utilities targeted at quality estimation at the word and phrase level. However, due to its flexibility and modularity, it can also be extended to work at the sentence level. In addition, it can be used as a framework for extracting features and learning models for many common natural language processing tasks. The tool has a set of state-of-the-art features for QE, and new features can easily be added. The tool is open-source and can be downloaded from https://github.com/qe-team/marmot/
May 13: a review of some controversies in accounts of the riots

The riots that took place in Kuala Lumpur on May 13, 1969, are one of the most momentous events in Malaysia's history as an independent state. The purpose of this chapter is to critique books and articles that attempt to describe and explain what happened on that day. The chapter outlines the range of arguments that have been presented over the years and identifies inconsistencies, questionable assumptions, and important gaps in the literature. Particular attention is devoted to the question of whether the riots were, as usually portrayed, a conflict between Malays and Chinese or, as a small number of writers have suggested, a vehicle by which one faction within the ruling UMNO party created the circumstances by which they challenged the faction that had ruled Malaysia since independence.
Rationale: Blood flow–induced shear stress controls endothelial cell (EC) physiology during atherosclerosis via transcriptional mechanisms that are incompletely TWIST1 Integrates Endothelial Responses to Flow in Vascular Dysfunction and Atherosclerosis

understood. The mechanosensitive transcription factor TWIST is expressed during embryogenesis, but its role in EC responses to shear stress and focal atherosclerosis is unknown. Objective: To investigate whether TWIST regulates endothelial responses to shear stress during vascular dysfunction and atherosclerosis and compare TWIST function in vascular development and disease. Methods and Results: The expression and function of TWIST1 was studied in EC in both developing vasculature and during the initiation of atherosclerosis. In zebrafish, twist was expressed in early embryonic vasculature where it promoted angiogenesis by inducing EC proliferation and migration. In adult porcine and murine arteries, TWIST1 was expressed preferentially at low shear stress regions as evidenced by quantitative polymerase chain reaction and en face staining. Moreover, studies of experimental murine carotid arteries and cultured EC revealed that TWIST1 was induced by low shear stress via a GATA4-dependent transcriptional mechanism. Gene silencing in cultured EC and EC-specific genetic deletion in mice demonstrated that TWIST1 promoted atherosclerosis by inducing inflammation and enhancing EC proliferation associated with vascular leakiness. Conclusions: TWIST expression promotes developmental angiogenesis by inducing EC proliferation and migration. In addition to its role in development, TWIST is expressed preferentially at low shear stress regions of adult arteries where it promotes atherosclerosis by inducing EC proliferation and inflammation. Thus, pleiotropic functions of TWIST control vascular disease and development. ( Circ Res . 2016;119:450-462. DOI: 10.1161/CIRCRESAHA.116.308870.)
Are viruses a source of new protein folds for organisms? – Virosphere structure space and evolution

A crucially important part of the biosphere – the virosphere – is too often overlooked. Inclusion of the virosphere into the global picture of protein structure space reveals that 63 protein domain superfamilies in viruses do not have any structural and evolutionary relatives in modern cellular organisms. More than half of these have functions which are not virus‐specific and thus might be a source of new folds and functions for cellular life. The number of viruses on the planet exceeds that of cells by an order of magnitude and viruses evolve up to six orders of magnitude faster. As a result, cellular species are subject to a constitutive ‘flow‐through’ of new viral genetic material. Due to this and the relaxed evolutionary constraints in viruses, the transfer of domains between host‐to‐virus could be a mechanism for accelerated protein evolution. The virosphere could be an engine for the genesis of protein structures, and may even have been so before the last universal common ancestor of cellular life.
MVNC: A Multiview Network Computer Architecture

In this paper, MVNC, a multiview network computer system for a high usability thin-client computing environment, is introduced. MVNC uses a revised SBC model to offer a new framework for thin client computing. MVNC can be used as a full functional Windows machine, or used as a Linux workstation, or a~graphic terminal. Its multiview work style is achieved by the attempts on GUI seamless integration technology, device integration technology and local video playback support. MVNC is implemented in an embedded Linux environment using a MIPS-4KC microprocessor. Test results on video application show that MVNC system uses its client hardware more efficiently and the load of MVNC server is lightened.
Excitation of the squid giant axon by general anaesthetics.

1. The effects of ‘clinical’ concentrations of some general anaesthetics on the minimum stimulus required to produce an action potential in the squid giant axon have been examined as a function of time from exposure to the anaesthetic. The resting potential in these experiments was also monitored. 2. The minimum stimulus varied with time in different ways for different anaesthetics. For chloroform, diethyl ether, n‐pentanol, halothane and cyclopropane the stimulus initially declined, reached a minimum after about 3 min and then recovered to near‐normal values at 10‐15 min. For n‐pentane, cyclopentane and, to a lesser extent methoxyflurane, the stimulus often declined to such low values that the axon exhibited spontaneous action potentials which persisted until the anaesthetic was removed. For one substance, the experimental local anaesthetic diheptanoyl phosphatidylcholine, the stimulus increased considerably over the 10‐15 min required to reach the steady state. In all instances the axons reverted to normal behaviour after removal of the anaesthetic although the time course by which they did so was more variable than for the initial exposure. 3. For all anaesthetics the resting potential changed in the positive direction monotonically by ca. 1‐5 mV and reached a steady state in approximately 3 min. On removal of the anaesthetic the resting potential returned to normal, also monotonically. 4. The voltage‐gated Na+ and K+ currents were significantly affected even at the low anaesthetic concentrations used. Estimates of the changes in the Hodgkin‐Huxley parameters were obtained partly by direct experiment and partly from results previously obtained for higher anaesthetic concentrations. 5. The time dependencies of the minimum stimuli have been accounted for semi‐quantitatively in terms of the resting potential changes and the voltage shifts in the Na+ current steady‐state activation, and the time dependencies respectively of these two parameters. 6. Quantitative calculations of the resting potential changes for comparison with experiment have been made based on the changes in K+ conductance determined in the preceding paper (Haydon, Requena & Simon, 1988) and changes in the Hodgkin‐Huxley parameters of the Na+ and delayed‐rectifier K+ currents. 7. Calculations of the minimum stimulus in the steady state have been made from the experimental resting potential changes and from the anaesthetic‐affected Hodgkin‐Huxley parameters. Good agreement with the experimental stimuli was found, especially in the prediction of high and low values.