Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Muscle activation patterns in healthy subjects and stroke survivors in an unpredictable robotic environment

The purpose of this study was to describe muscle activity changes during learning of reaching movements in unpredictable dynamic environments. Healthy subjects and stroke survivors performed reaching tasks with a robotic manipulandum in a force field whose magnitude was randomised. In healthy subjects, electromyographic (EMG) activity of the biceps, triceps, anterior and posterior deltoid showed an effect of training on EMG onset time, peak onset time and integrated EMG. Differences in EMG tuning effects were also observed with training. In stroke survivors, only the biceps muscle showed reduction in EMG onset. Moreover, distinct target direction effects were noted. Differences in EMG tuning effects with training were conserved after stroke. In an unpredictable dynamic environment, healthy human subjects demonstrate motor adaptation by reducing their EMG onset times and stabilising the EMG directional effect of dynamic training. These characteristic effects are compromised albeit present in stroke survivors.
Real time clustering of time series using triangular potentials

Motivated by the problem of computing investment portfolio weightings we investigate various methods of clustering as alternatives to traditional mean-variance approaches. Such methods can have significant benefits from a practical point of view since they remove the need to invert a sample covariance matrix, which can suffer from estimation error and will almost certainly be non-stationary. The general idea is to find groups of assets which share similar return characteristics over time and treat each group as a single composite asset. We then apply inverse volatility weightings to these new composite assets. In the course of our investigation we devise a method of clustering based on triangular potentials and we present associated theoretical results as well as various examples based on synthetic data.
USING AND DOING SCIENCE: GENDER, SELF-EFFICACY, AND SCIENCE IDENTITY OF UNDERGRADUATE STUDENTS IN STEM

This study investigated the extent to which male and female students in science, technology, engineering, and mathematics (STEM) fields identify as scientists, and how their self-efficacy and science identity impacts using and doing science. Self-efficacy is an individual’s perception of his or her ability to perform designated tasks to accomplish a particular goal or identified outcome, and science identity is an individual’s competence, performance, and recognition in a STEM-related field. The study draws upon online survey results of 1,881 undergraduate students. Differences in science identity and selfefficacy are explored by type of STEM major. The results indicate that differences exist between males and females in their science identity and perceived self-efficacy. Additionally, although science identity and self-efficacy both positively impact using and doing science, self-efficacy has the largest impact on using and doing science when compared to the other statistically significant variables in the regression model. Findings from the study seek to inform programs and practices that aim to increase student persistence and practice in the STEM fields.
Educational Administration — A Twenty-Five Year Perspective

Recently, in connection with the twenty-fifth annual meeting of the National Conference of Professors of Educational Administra tion, the author had the opportunity and the challenge to contrast some of the ideas affecting the field in 1947 and in 1971. The paper prepared for that occasion, with some adaptations, appears here. Roald F. Campbell is currently Fawcett Professor of Educational Administration at The Ohio State University.
Test-retest reliability of computerized, everyday memory measures and traditional memory tests

Abstract Test-retest reliabilities and practice effect magnitudes are considered for nine computer-simulated tasks of everyday cognition and five traditional neuropsychological tests. Most measures showed significant practice effects upon reevaluation. Test-retest reliabilities of the computerized recall measures were equal to or superior to the traditional memory tests, but traditional measures of attention and concentration had superior reliabilities to the everyday tests. Test-retest reliabilities of everyday recognition memory tests were disappointing. Advantages of computerization of psychometric assessment and the need for multiple test forms are discussed.
Differential physiological responses to environmental change promote woody shrub expansion

Direct and indirect effects of warming are increasingly modifying the carbon-rich vegetation and soils of the Arctic tundra, with important implications for the terrestrial carbon cycle. Understanding the biological and environmental influences on the processes that regulate foliar carbon cycling in tundra species is essential for predicting the future terrestrial carbon balance in this region. To determine the effect of climate change impacts on gas exchange in tundra, we quantified foliar photosynthesis (Anet), respiration in the dark and light (RD and RL, determined using the Kok method), photorespiration (PR), carbon gain efficiency (CGE, the ratio of photosynthetic CO2 uptake to total CO2 exchange of photosynthesis, PR, and respiration), and leaf traits of three dominant species – Betula nana, a woody shrub; Eriophorum vaginatum, a graminoid; and Rubus chamaemorus, a forb – grown under long-term warming and fertilization treatments since 1989 at Toolik Lake, Alaska. Under warming, B. nana exhibited the highest rates of Anet and strongest light inhibition of respiration, increasing CGE nearly 50% compared with leaves grown in ambient conditions, which corresponded to a 52% increase in relative abundance. Gas exchange did not shift under fertilization in B. nana despite increases in leaf N and P and near-complete dominance at the community scale, suggesting a morphological rather than physiological response. Rubus chamaemorus, exhibited minimal shifts in foliar gas exchange, and responded similarly to B. nana under treatment conditions. By contrast, E. vaginatum, did not significantly alter its gas exchange physiology under treatments and exhibited dramatic decreases in relative cover (warming: −19.7%; fertilization: −79.7%; warming with fertilization: −91.1%). Our findings suggest a foliar physiological advantage in the woody shrub B. nana that is further mediated by warming and increased soil nutrient availability, which may facilitate shrub expansion and in turn alter the terrestrial carbon cycle in future tundra environments.
Divergent Chemosymbiosis-Related Characters in Thyasira cf. gouldi (Bivalvia: Thyasiridae)

Within the marine bivalve family Thyasiridae, some species have bacterial chemosymbionts associated with gill epithelial cells while other species are asymbiotic. Although the abundance of symbionts in a particular thyasirid species may vary, the structure of their gills (i.e., their frontal-abfrontal thickening) does not. We examined gill structure in a species tentatively identified as Thyasira gouldi from a Northwest Atlantic fjord (Bonne Bay, Newfoundland) and found remarkable differences among specimens. Some individuals had thickened gill filaments with abundant symbionts, while others had thin filaments and lacked symbionts. We could differentiate symbiotic and asymbiotic specimens based on the size and outline of their shell as well as 18S rRNA, 28S rRNA and CO1 sequences. The wide morphological, genetic and symbiosis-related disparity described herein suggests that chemosymbiosis may influence host divergence, and that Thyasira gouldi forms a cryptic species complex.
School-Community-Based Organization Partnerships for Language Minority Students' School Success

Because language minority students, including immigrants and the U.S.-born children of immigrants, may have to contend with a mismatch between the language and culture of their schools and those of their communities, as well as the schools' difficulty in addressing their academic needs appropriately, some schools have been partnering with community-based organizations (CBOs) to broaden the base of support for these students. This article outlines findings from a study of school-CBO partnerships that promote the academic achievement of language minority students. It describes the types of CBOs that partner with schools, the ways partners work together, and the work that they do. Crucial elements in program success are discussed, as well as challenges that partnerships may face.
Developmental expression, intracellular localization, and selenium content of the cysteine‐rich protein associated with the mitochondrial capsules of mouse sperm

The outer membranes of mitochondria of mammalian sperm are encased in a keratinous structure known as the mitochondrial capsule. The experiments in the present study were designed to resolve a controversy surrounding the intracellular localization, developmental expression, and selenium‐content of a cysteine‐rich 17–20 kD protein that has been reported to constitute the major structural protein in the mitochondrial capsule of mammals. An antibody to a synthetic oligopeptide based on the predicted sequence of mouse cysteine‐rich protein recognizes a 24 kD protein in epididymal sperm tails of mice. The 24 kD protein does not appear to be a selenoprotein because: (1) it is not labeled with 75Se‐selenite in seminiferous tubule culture; (2) cleavage with cyanogen bromide and translation of T7 RNA polymerase transcripts in vitro indicate that the translation start site is located downstream of potential UGA selenocysteine codons in the mouse cysteine‐rich mRNA; (3) the reading frame encoding the cysteine‐rich protein in rat lacks in‐phase UGA selenocysteine codons. Light and electron microscopy immunocytochemistry detects the cysteine‐rich protein first during step 11 of spermiogenesis in the mouse demonstrating that the cysteine‐rich protein mRNA is under temporal translational control. Electron microscope immunocytochemistry reveals that the cysteine‐rich protein is evenly distributed in the cytoplasm in spermatids in steps 11 through early step 16 in mouse, and that it is associated with the outer mitochondrial membranes of spermatids in late step 16 and epididymal spermatozoa. © 1996 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Stated Preference for Pedestrian Proximity: An Assessment of New Urbanist Sense of Community

New urbanist sociospatial reforms, like previ ous urban planning and design syntheses such as the superblock, rely on the assumption that the physical design of communities results in social sense of community. New urbanism's sense of community relies on developing pe destrian-friendly neighborhoods and assumes that suburbanites are so deprived of physical sense of community that they would gladly trade-off the lot size found in ordinary subur bia for pedestrian proximity to shared neigh borhood amenities. Using a consumer-attitude survey of Floridians, this work investigates the likelihood that individuals would exchange a large yard for pedestrian proximity to five community amenities The analysis finds contradicting evidence for new urbanist as sumptions about suburban preferences, but also finds some groups favorably responding to the trade-offs. The paper ends with a dis cussion of implications of findings and needs for future research.
Right ventricular involvement in anterior myocardial infarction: a translational approach.

AIMS The aim of the present study was to evaluate the involvement of the right ventricle (RV) in reperfused anterior ST-elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI). METHODS AND RESULTS Left anterior descending (LAD)-perfused area (using thioflavin-S staining after selective infusion in proximal LAD artery, %), infarct size (using triphenyltetrazolium chloride staining, %), and salvaged myocardium (% of LAD-perfused area) in the right and left ventricle (LV) were quantified in a 90-min LAD occlusion 3-day reperfusion model in swine (n = 8). Additionally, we studied, using cardiovascular magnetic resonance, 20 patients with a first STEMI due to proximal LAD occlusion treated with primary angioplasty. Area at risk (T2-weighted sequence, %), infarct size (late enhancement imaging, %), and salvaged myocardium (% of area at risk) in the right and LV were quantified. In swine, a large LAD-perfused area was detected both in the right and LV (30 +/- 5 vs. 62 +/- 15%, P< 0.001) but more salvaged myocardium (94 +/- 6 vs. 73 +/- 11%, P< 0.001) resulted in a smaller right ventricular infarct size (2 +/- 1 vs. 16 +/- 5%, P< 0.001). Similarly, in patients a large area at risk was detected both in the right and LV (34 +/- 13 vs. 43 +/- 12%, P = 0.02). More salvaged myocardium (94 +/- 10 vs. 33 +/- 26%, P < 0.001) resulted in a smaller infarct size (2 +/- 3 vs. 30 +/- 16%, P< 0.001) in the RV. CONCLUSION In reperfused extensive anterior STEMI, a large area of the RV is at risk but the resultant infarct size is small.
Beliefs about beliefs [P&W, SR&B]

capacity to match across modality (Davenport and Rogers, 1970), so the match from tool to function is a reasonable possibility. This does not detract from the clever experiments of SR&B and of P&W, but I would have preferred more context from the rich literature on animal cognition. Griffin presents no new data and omits much of the progress in animal cognition over the past twenty years. Also, he plays the intellectual game of shooting down a theoretical position which is already dead and inventing an imaginary field. This generalization obviously omits his own brilliant work on navigation in birds and echo-location in bats, and his more complete earlier attempt to raise the question of animal awareness (1976 op. at. G, SR&B). Behaviorism was never as monolithic as G's straw man. It lacked adequate technology, data, and theory to justify expending much time or effort in contemplating nonobservables when there were so many interesting things to observe, measure, and control. However, as technology advanced and data were collected, many theoretical structures associated with behaviorism had to be discarded. This resulted in a neobehaviorism with many ideas concerning animal cognition. Much of this work on animal cognition was done with the behavioristic penchant for careful control and was even conducted in alley mazes (Gleitman and Steinman, 1963) and Skinner boxes (Gleitman and Bemheim, 1963). Space does not permit full development of this argument, but a few examples may suffice to illustrate that comparative psychologists have been studying cognitive problems during the past twenty years and are much more in need of a theoretical structure than a fictional field such as cognitive ethology or sociobiology. To illustrate that my own contention is not just an attack on another straw man, the following are areas in which psychologists have recently studied cognitive experiences by animals: (1) cross-modal transfer; (2) surgical and optical sensory recombination; (3) several hundred papers on memory and its development, including reinstatement, rehearsal, and the use of surprising cues; (4) transposition; (5) conditional reaction problems; (6) perceptual constancies; and (7) the perception of barriers and detours. Probably I should also have included Harlow's (1949) formation of learning sets, which bridges the gap between incremental learning and insight. This is a considerable commitment to a comparative and evolutionary analysis of cognition. We need to organize animal cognition into a coherent theoretical structure using the presently abundant data.
Discovery, mechanisms of action and combination therapy of artemisinin

Despite great international efforts, malaria still inflicts an enormous toll on human lives, especially in Africa. Throughout history, antimalarial medicines have been one of the most powerful tools in malaria control. However, the acquisition and spread of parasite strains that are resistant to multiple antimalarial drugs have become one of the greatest challenges to malaria treatment, and are associated with the increase in morbidity and mortality in many malaria-endemic countries. To deal with this grave situation, artemisinin-based combinatory therapies (ACTs) have been introduced and widely deployed in malarious regions. Artemisinin is a new class of antimalarial compounds discovered by Chinese scientists from the sweet wormwood Artemisia annua. The potential development of resistance to artemisinins by Plasmodium falciparum threatens the usable lifespan of ACTs, and therefore is a subject of close surveillance and extensive research. Studies at the Thai–Cambodian border, a historical epicenter of multidrug resistance, have detected reduced susceptibility to artemisinins as manifested by prolonged parasite-clearance times, raising considerable concerns on resistance development. Despite this significance, there is still controversy on the mode of action of artemisinins. Although a number of potential cellular targets of artemisinins have been proposed, they remain to be verified experimentally. Here, we review the history of artemisinin discovery, discuss the mode of action and potential drug targets, and present strategies to elucidate resistance mechanisms.
Relativization and Thematization in Tayo and the Implications for Creole Genesis

Relative clauses in Tayo, the French-lexicon Creole of St-Louis (New Caledonia) which emerged in the late 19th century, reflect in their construction and their distribution typically Melanesian patterns, including a sub-ordinator derived from a personal pronoun, sa. Thematization similarly reflects Melanesian strategies, but may also be handled by clefting using a subordinator ki (< French qui). While this construction shows how the lexifier may be modifying Tayo, the emergence of a complex system of relativization and thematization, over three generations after the settlement of St-Louis in 1860, shows that French was not the "motor" of creolization, and suggests that creolization is, in effect, a special case of language shift and creation over some 50 or so years.
A hybrid adaptive fuzzy control for a class of nonlinear MIMO systems

A hybrid indirect and direct adaptive fuzzy output tracking control schemes are developed for a class of nonlinear multiple-input-multiple-output (MIMO) systems. This hybrid control system consists of observer and other different control components. Using the state observer, it does not require the system states to be available for measurement. Assisted by observer-based state feedback control component, the adaptive fuzzy system plays a dominant role to maintain the closed-loop stability. Being the auxiliary compensation, H/sup /spl infin// control and sliding mode control are designed to suppress the influence of external disturbance and remove fuzzy approximation error, respectively. Thus, the system performance can be greatly improved. The simulation results demonstrate that the proposed hybrid fuzzy control system can guarantee the system stability and also maintain a good tracking performance.
The Role of Women in the Yakan Weaving the Maintenance and Preservation of Cultural Heritage

The study was conducted in Highland Village, Upper Calarian Zamboanga City to analyze the role of women in the Yakan weaving particularly in the maintenance and preservation of cultural heritage. Specifically the study aimed to describe the role of women in the Yakan weaving, describe the Yakan weaving as it relates to the culture of the people in the Yakan village of Upper Calarian, Zamboanga City, determine the factors that preserve the Indigenous knowledge that is unique to the Yakan culture. Dtermine the perceived contribution of Yakan weaving to the social, economic and environmental aspects of the Yakan community; and Reommend development strategies and policies to ensure the sustainability of the weaving industry. Survey was used with a total enumeration of 52 household respondents in assessing the preservation of cultural heritage. An FGD with 15 weavers residing in the village was conducted. Questionnaire was administered on the Samal settlement to test the reliability of the instrument. Data was processed and analyzed using Statistical Package for Social Science (SPSS) software. Results of the study revealed that the continuous weaving activities of the local people developed the trait of the next generation. It developed a shared responsibility of maintaining the knowledge and preserving the endogenous craft in the Yakan tribe. Weaving portrays the condition and relevance of community life as well as understanding the nature and cultural characteristics of the Yakan people. Keywords - Cultural technology, Social capital, Cultural Heritage, Indigenous knowledge Cooperation and collaboration, self reliance and community control, Capacity building and Living with ecological limits
Designing an effective sexuality education curriculum for schools: lessons gleaned from the South(ern) African literature

Sexuality education forms part of the national school curricula of most sub-Saharan African countries, yet risk-related sexual behaviour among young people continues to fuel the HIV pandemic in this part of the world. One of the arguments put forward to explain why sexuality education seems to have had little impact on sexual risk-taking is that existing curricula have neglected to take into account the complexity of the social, cultural and gender norms that influence the behaviour of school-going young people in sub-Saharan Africa. Over the past few years, the Department of Basic Education in South Africa has recognised the need to provide guidance to teachers on the content, pedagogical processes and messages that are relevant to their specific context. This paper critically reflects on findings from a literature-based study conducted to identify the cognitive and social factors influencing the behaviour of school-going young people in South Africa and the risk and protective factors that might be particular to their circumstances. The findings provide helpful guidelines about the development, content and implementation of sexuality education curricula more likely to be relevant in contexts of serious poverty and disadvantage. Although based on the South African literature, the findings may also offer useful lessons for curriculum designers in other developing countries.
External Assets as Predictors of Positive Emotions Among At‐Risk Youth in Malaysia

The present study is among the first to examine external assets as predictors of positive emotions among at-risk youth. The study aims to examine the associations of external assets with positive emotions, determine external assets as a predictor of positive emotions in phase 1, and see if these predictors were consistently established in phase 2. At first contact, 403 participants from low-income apartments in the suburbs of Kuala Lumpur, aged 13–25 years were asked to complete the 25 Developmental Assets, Malaysian version. The participants were also invited to participate in social activities organized by the PERMATA community. The same participants were approached four months later to examine the stability of measures. Multiple regression analysis revealed support is the most significant predictor of positive emotions at phase 1 whilst positive peer influence, family boundaries and caring neighborhood are the significant predictors at phase 2. Results suggested that the presence of other external assets can enhance the positive development of at-risk youth, however, the support must be present to some extent in the first place.
Scan design at NEC

The authors describe scan path, NEC's implementation of the scan design approach to design for testability. Designers at NEC have found that scan path greatly contributes to the reduced testing and maintenance cost of their products. The authors discuss several implementations of scan design and compare four implementations, including two scan-path techniques. <<ETX>>