Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Smarter Lunchrooms: Using Behavioral Economics to Improve Meal Selection

At the same time, strong demands are placed on district school lunch programs to be financially solvent. With declines in property values and other income, school budgets are declining. While not run for profit, school lunch programs must keep participation levels high and must meet costs in order to preserve the education budget of the school district. Thus, school lunch administrators must also worry about what will sell. It may be possible to replace the standard cheese pizza on white flour crust with pizza smothered in spinach, artichoke hearts, and other vegetables on a whole wheat flaxseed crust. But the healthier pizza is more expensive, and fewer children may want to eat it. Hence many school districts walk a tightrope. School districts must increase the health content of their sales while trying to avoid any reduction in their financial viability. Eliminating the less nutritional items often means eliminating the meal budget’s highest margin items. Further, child patronage of the school lunch program is understandably dependent upon schools offering foods that students are familiar with and that they like, and that will satisfy their appetites. Economists and psychologists are developing a new set of tools that promise to help relax the tension between these two competing views of school lunches. These new tools are based in the emerging discipline of behavioral economics. Behavioral economics combines the behavioral models of psychology with the decision models of economics to help highlight how biases in perception, memory, or thought processes may influence purchasing decisions. This new approach helps us to identify the behavioral triggers that lead to the selection and consumption of healthier foods and healthier quantities of food. As well, we can determine the subtle and inadvertent signals that school cafeterias may send that trigger less nutritional eating. Moreover, many of the factors identified by behavioral economics can be exploited with very little investment. Much of the apparent tension between health and cost is due to the particular approaches taken to each problem. Introducing ultra-nutritious products into the lunchroom requires a significant increase in spending while risking reductions in unit sales and total participation levels. Banning popular items for their content also directly reduces sales. But suppose that instead of these drastic measures, we could simply rearrange items that are currently offered within the school to encourage children to buy more of the more nutritional items and less of the less nutritional items. Such a strategy costs very little, has a negligible impact on overall revenue, and may provide a way for school districts to show a demonstrable increase in the nutritional content of their meals. By using tools that will both increase the sales of more nutritional foods and decrease the sales of less nutritional foods, behavioral tools can achieve nutritional goals while having a minimal impact on the bottom line.
LEADER-FOLLOWING DISCRETE-TIME CONSENSUS PROTOCOL IN A BUYER-SELLER NETWORK

A discrete-time consensus protocol with the leader-following control is proposed, which is for agents to follow either static or time-varying reference state of the leader. An agent updates its state based on only the current information available from its neighbors. This proposed protocol is applied to the problem of the buyer-seller network, and simulations will illustrate the effectiveness of the proposed consensus protocol.
Entrepreneurial Innovation, Patent Protection, and Industry Dynamics

We assess the effects of imitation and intellectual property (IP) protection in a model of industry dynamics in which the value of IP is eroded by further innovations and imitations. Innovations result from the development of ideas engendered by entrepreneurs. We find that innovation and welfare are decreasing in the protection of IP against further innovations, while their relationship with the protection against imitations typically has an inverted-U shape (partly because imitation reduces the resistance of incumbents to innovators). We also find that the welfare gains from increasing IP protection increase if entrepreneurs are financially constrained.
The Influence of Slip Condition on the Thin Film Flow of a Third Order Fluid

This paper deals with the influence of slip condition on a thin film flow of a third order fluid. We investigate the thin film flow of non-Newtonian fluid (i) when moves down an inclined plane and (ii) when moves on a moving belt with slip condition using the traditional perturbation technique and HPM. The results obtained using both techniques are compared. The expressions for volume flux and average film velocity are also expressed.
The Bax Subfamily of Bcl2-Related Proteins Is Essential for Apoptotic Signal Transduction by c-Jun NH2-Terminal Kinase

ABSTRACT Targeted gene disruption studies have established that the c-Jun NH2-terminal kinase (JNK) signaling pathway is required for stress-induced release of mitochondrial cytochrome c and apoptosis. Here we demonstrate that activated JNK is sufficient to induce rapid cytochrome c release and apoptosis. However, activated JNK fails to cause death in cells deficient of members of the Bax subfamily of proapoptotic Bcl2-related proteins. Furthermore, exposure to stress fails to activate Bax, cause cytochrome c release, and induce death in JNK-deficient cells. These data demonstrate that proapoptotic members of the Bax protein subfamily are essential for JNK-dependent apoptosis.
Venus records a rich early history

The distribution and character of Venus's impact craters led to the widely accepted idea that Venus underwent global catastrophic resurfacing ca. 500 Ma, and thus Venus records only a short history, encompassing surface evolution since postulated catastrophic resurfacing. Ribbon tessera terrain (RTT), a structurally distinctive unit, represents some of Venus's old- est surfaces, and is widely accepted as forming prior to postulated global catastrophic resur- facing. We constructed a global geologic map of RTT unit exposures and structural trends using National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) Magellan data. Map relations illustrate that RTT displays planet-scale patterns that, together with altimetry, record a rich geologic history that predates proposed global catastrophic resurfacing.
The Optimal Refactoring Selection Problem – A Multi-Objective Evolutionary Approach

Refactoring is a commonly accepted technique to improve the structure of object-oriented software. The Optimal Refactoring Selection Problem (ORSP) is the general identification problem of the optimal refactorings that may be applied to software entities, such that the internal structure is kept or improved in order to meet the requested demands. ORSP is an example of a Feature Transformation Subset Selection (FTSS) search problem in the Search-Based Software Engineering (SBSE) field. The paper states a special case of ORSP, the Multi-Objective Single Refactoring Selection Problem (MOSgRSP), that treats the refactoring cost and refactoring impact as conflicting selection criteria. MOSgRSP is based on the general form of the Single Refactoring Selection Problem (SgRSP). A weighted objective genetic algorithm is proposed. Different weight-based experiments on a didactic case study are presented and compared.
Recurrent Neural Network Based Narrowband Channel Prediction

In this contribution, the application of fully connected recurrent neural networks (FCRNNs) is investigated in the context of narrowband channel prediction. Three different algorithms, namely the real time recurrent learning (RTRL), the global extended Kalman filter (GEKF) and the decoupled extended Kalman filter (DEKF) are used for training the recurrent neural network (RNN) based channel predictor. Our simulation results show that the GEKF and DEKF training schemes have the potential of converging faster than the RTRL training scheme as well as attaining a better MSE performance
Associative Information Spaces

We present the concept of associative information spaces and their use for group collaboration in interactive spaces. This concept is based on the associative network, which we have shown to be beneficial to the user in the domain of personal information management. We propose to extend this network to allow connections between multiple information spaces, to allow seamless information sharing and discovery. Here, the interactive space should act as a mediator between clients in its presence. We conclude the paper with a list of research questions of broader scope, which we hope will encourage the active development of the proposed concept.
Equilibrium Vertical Foreclosure

The authors formulate a complete, but analytically simple, equilibrium model of vertical mergers to evaluate the logic of standard vertical foreclosure claims and the criticisms made of those claims. The model includes incentives of the integrated firm and unintegrated input suppliers to exclude rivals, and the potential holdout problem. In this fully specified model, vertical foreclosure can emerge in equilibrium. Copyright 1990 by American Economic Association.
Chemically primed bone-marrow derived mesenchymal stem cells show enhanced expression of chemokine receptors contributed to their migration capability

Objective(s): The limited homing potential of bone-marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells (BM-MSC) is the key obstacle in MSC-based therapy. It is believed that chemokines and chemokine receptor interactions play key roles in cellular processes associated with migration. Meanwhile, MSCs express a low level of distinct chemokine receptors and they even lose these receptors on their surface after a few passages which influence their therapeutic applications negatively. This study investigated whether treatment of BM-MSCs with hypoxia-mimicking agents would increase expression of some chemokine receptors and cell migration. Materials and Methods: BM-MSCs were treated at passage 2 for our gene expression profiling. All qPCR experiments were performed by SYBR Green method in CFX-96 Bio-Rad Real-Time PCR. The Boyden chamber assay was utilized to investigate BM-MSC homing. Results: Possible approaches to increasing the expression level of chemokine receptors by different hypoxia-mimicking agents such as valproic acid (VPA), CoCl2, and desferrioxamine (DFX) are described. Results show DFX efficiently up-regulate the CXCR7 and CXCR4 gene expression while VPA increase only the CXCR7 gene expression and no significant change in expression level of CXCR4 and the CXCR7 gene was detectable by CoCl2 treatment. Chemotaxis assay results show that pre-treatment with DFX, VPA, and Cocl2 enhances significantly the migration ability of BM-MSCs compared with the untreated control group and DFX treatment accelerates MSCs homing significantly with a higher rate than VPA and Cocl2 treatments. Conclusion: Our data supports the notion that pretreatment of MSC with VPA and DFX improves the efficiency of MSC therapy by triggering homing regulatory signaling pathways.
Biochemical Evaluation of Fermented White Maize (Zea Mays L.) Blended with Scarlet Runner Bean (Phaseolus Coccineus L.) Flour

Fermented maize product, ogi, is a popular weaning and breakfast cereal in west coasts of Africa. In the study proximate, mineral and amino acid compositions of ogi from a composite mixture of white maize (Zea mays L.) and scarlet runner bean (Phaseolus coccineus L.) flours were evaluated using standard processing techniques. Maize ogi was substituted with scarlet runner bean flour at ratios of 90:10, 80:20, 70:30 and 60:40 maize : scarlet runner bean; with 100% maize ogi flour as control. The results showed that protein, ash and crude fibre contents increased progressively with increased scarlet runner bean flour substitution, reaching 192.0%, 187.5% and 170.0% dry weight, respectively at 60:40 ratio. The macro minerals such as Mg, Na and P also recorded increase in concentrations in the fortified products. Harmful heavy metals like Pb and Cd were below detection limit of the AAS. The total essential amino acids (TEAA) ranged from 20.37 - 27.59 g/100g crude protein or from 41.40 - 43.10% of the total amino acid while the limiting amino acid (LAA) was Met + Cys. It was also found that fortified samples had progressive increase in the concentration levels of total amino acid (TAA), total essential amino acid (TEAA), essential aromatic amino acid (EArAA) and total sulphur amino acid (TSAA). Generally, the present study indicates that at � 40% scarlet runner bean seed substitution of the ogi mass, the quality attributes of ogi can be maintained, with higher nutrient content.
Exchange Rate Pass-Through to Domestic Prices in Pakistan

This paper assesses the extent to which the movements in exchange rate affect domestic wholesale and consumer prices in Pakistan by analyzing data from January 1988 to September 2003. The empirical model is a recursive VAR, suggested by McCarthy (2000), incorporating a distribution chain of pricing. Impulse response function and variance decomposition are used to measure the exchange rate pass-through to domestic prices. The major findings of this paper are: (1) the exchange rate movements have only a moderate effect on domestic prices, i.e., exchange rate pass-through is low; (2) the exchange rate pass-through is more stronger in wholesale price index (WPI) relative to consumers price index (CPI); (3) the impact of pass-through on domestic prices spreads over 12 months, however, the effect is mostly felt in the first four months; (4) the exchange rate pass-through to consumer prices have further weakened after the free float of Rupee/Dollar parity in July 2000; (5) within the WPI commodity groups, the exchange rate pass- through is stronger in ‘Fuel & Lighting’ and ‘Manufactures’ groups while in the case of CPI, pass-through is more pronounced in ‘Transport & Communication’ and ‘Fuel & Lighting’ group. Furthermore, the exchange rate pass-through to domestic prices is much stronger in higher inflationary environment during Jan-88 to Dec-97 relative to lower inflationary environment down the road.
Toward an integrative theory of training motivation: a meta-analytic path analysis of 20 years of research.

This article meta-analytically summarizes the literature on training motivation, its antecedents, and its relationships with training outcomes such as declarative knowledge, skill acquisition, and transfer. Significant predictors of training motivation and outcomes included individual characteristics (e.g., locus of control, conscientiousness, anxiety, age, cognitive ability, self-efficacy, valence, job involvement) and situational characteristics (e.g., climate). Moreover, training motivation explained incremental variance in training outcomes beyond the effects of cognitive ability. Meta-analytic path analyses further showed that the effects of personality, climate, and age on training outcomes were only partially mediated by self-efficacy, valence, and job involvement. These findings are discussed in terms of their practical significance and their implications for an integrative theory of training motivation.
Isolation and phenotypic characterisation of stem cells from late stage osteoarthritic mesenchymal tissues.

INTRODUCTION Osteoarthritis (OA) represents an increasing health issue worldwide. Regenerative medicine (RM) has raised the hope for introducing revolutionary therapies in clinical practice. Detection of autologus cell sources can improve accessibility to RM strategies. OBJECTIVES To assess the presence and biological potential of mesehchymal stem cells in three tissues (subchondral bone, synovial layer, periarticular adipose tissue) in late stages osteoarthritic patients. MATERIAL AND METHODS Samples were collected from subjects undergoing total knee replacement (TKR). MSCs were isolated and cultured in complete αMEM with β FGF. Cell morphology and growth potential was assessed. Flow cytometry was used for detection of several relevant cell surface markers. Quantitative and qualitative assessment of differentiation potential towards three mesenchymal lineages (osteogenesis adipogenesis chondrogenesis) was performed. Time lapse life cell imaging of nondiferentiated cells over 24 hours period was used to determine cell kinetics. RESULTS Mesenchymal cells derived from all donors and tissue types showed morphology, growth and surface cell markers associated with stemness. All cell types underwent differentiation toward three mesenchymal lineages with significant differences between tissues of origin, not between donors. Cell kinetics, as derived from life imaging records, was variable with tissue of origin, significant higher for adipose derived MSCS. CONCLUSION Human late stage OA mesenchymal tissues, contain progenitors with proliferative and differentiation potential of MSCs. These populations can be used for research and autologus regenerative therapies. Further comparative studies with age matched non OA samples has the potential of contributing to deepening knowledge about disease occurrence and progression.
Contesting Capitalism?: Left Parties and European Integration

This book is the first study to focus upon parties to the left of social democracy-communist, 'new left' and 'green left' parties. It highlights the broad range of responses to European integration formulated by these parties, looking closely at factors influencing the evolution of the parties' policies on Europe. Dunphy examines the left parties' views on building an 'alternative Europe' going beyond free market capitalism, investigating whether these parties have yet formulated a unique response to European integration.
From Formal Requirements to Implementation: a Java Targeted Development Method

The aim of this thesis is to provide a speci cation methodology for reactive and concurrent systems that covers the whole process of designing a system. Starting from a high-level (very abstract) description we want to give the formal tools and guidelines to develop several steps in the re nement process of the speci cation. We would like to reach, as the nal step of that process, an implementation in a "real" programming language as Java.
Moment-Based Density Approximants

It is often the case that the exact moments of a statistic of the continuous type can be explicitly determined, while its density function either does not lend itself to numerical evaluation or proves to be mathematically intractable. The density approximants discussed in this article are based on the first n exact moments of the corresponding distributions. A unified semiparametric approach to density approximation is introduced. Then, it is shown that the resulting approximants are mathematically equivalent to those obtained by making use of certain orthogonal polynomials, such as the Legendre, Laguerre, Jacobi, and Hermite polynomials. Several examples illustrate the proposed methodology.
Walksat in the 2004 SAT Competition

The ﬁrst convincing demonstration that lo-cal search could be used to solve challenging sat-isﬁability problems was provided by the GSATalgorithm [9]. GSAT performs gradient descentsearch in the space of complete truth assign-ments, where adjacent assignments diﬀer on asingle variable and the objective function is thenumber of clauses not satisﬁed by the assign-ment. Like all local search routines GSAT canbecome trapped in a local minima. One tech-nique for reducing this problem is to randomlyalternate between greedy minimizing moves and“noisy” moves that are randomly selected fromthe variables that appear in unsatisﬁed clauses[7]. The Walksat algorithm [8] is based on theinsight that such noisy moves could be madethe basis for local search. Rather than tryingto globally determine the best move, Walksatﬁrst randomly chooses an unsatisﬁed clause, andthen selects a variable to ﬂip within the clause.Because Walksat may overlook the best globalmove it is said to perform hill-climbing ratherthan gradient descent. The fact that a clause isunsatisﬁed means that at least one of the vari-ables in the clause must be ﬂipped in order toreach a global solution. If variables are chosenrandomly from the clause and the clause lengthis bounded by a constant k it is easy to see thateach ﬂip as a 1/k or better chance of being cor-rect. When k = 2 a pure random walk strategywill solve a satisﬁable formula over n variableswith high probability in O(n
Increasing the information capacity of the interface of the control system for multyparameter objects

The paper is devoted to the problem of information capacity of human-computer interface. The author suggests the new method of calculation for radial basis functions. This method could significantly decrease complexity of calculations. New type of blending functions - blending functions of orthogonal basis is offered. These suggestions allow constructing the model of complex 3D objects in a real time mode and increasing the information capacity of interface of the control system.
A new agenda for research in educational leadership

This book, the product of the task force on research co-sponsored by the American Educational Research Association Division A and the University Council on Educational Administration, sets an ambitious agenda for research in educational leadership. Prominent scholars in the field review current knowledge about leadership, frame new questions to generate important research in the field, and direct researchers and policymakers to rethink how educational administration, leadership, and policy should be understood. Covering a broad range of topics, from accountability systems and school - community relationships to the education of students from diverse backgrounds, the authors submit current research to critical scrutiny in order to develop frameworks for new research that can have a significant impact on policy and practice.
Modeling Cross-Architecture Co-Tenancy Performance Interference

Cloud computing has become a dominant computing paradigm to provide elastic, affordable computing resources to end users. Due to the increased computing power of modern machines powered by multi/many-core computing, data centers often co-locate multiple virtual machines (VMs) into one physical machine, resulting in co-tenancy, and resource sharing and competition. Applications or VMs co-locating in one physical machine can interfere with each other despite of the promise of performance isolation through virtualization. Modelling and predicting co-run interference therefore becomes critical for data center job scheduling and QoS (Quality of Service) assurance. Co-run interference can be categorized into two metrics, sensitivity and pressure, where the former denotes how an application's performance is affected by its co-run applications, and the latter measures how it impacts the performance of its co-run applications. This paper shows that sensitivity and pressure are both application-and architecture dependent. Further, we propose a regression model that predicts an application's sensitivity and pressure across architectures with high accuracy. This regression model enables a data center scheduler to guarantee the QoS of a VM/application when it is scheduled to co-locate with another VMs/applications.