Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Rights protection for discrete numeric streams

Today's world of increasingly dynamic environments naturally results in more and more data being available as fast streams. Applications such as stock market analysis, environmental sensing, Web clicks, and intrusion detection are just a few of the examples where valuable data is streamed. Often, streaming information is offered on the basis of a nonexclusive, single-use customer license. One major concern, especially given the digital nature of the valuable stream, is the ability to easily record and potentially "replay" parts of it in the future. If there is value associated with such future replays, it could constitute enough incentive for a malicious customer (Mallory) to record and duplicate data segments, subsequently reselling them for profit. Being able to protect against such infringements becomes a necessity. In this work, we introduce the issue of rights protection for discrete streaming data through watermarking. This is a novel problem with many associated challenges including: operating in a finite window, single-pass, (possibly) high-speed streaming model, and surviving natural domain specific transforms and attacks (e.g., extreme sparse sampling and summarizations), while at the same time keeping data alterations within allowable bounds. We propose a solution and analyze its resilience to various types of attacks as well as some of the important expected domain-specific transforms, such as sampling and summarization. We implement a proof of concept software (wms.*) and perform experiments on real sensor data from the NASA Infrared Telescope Facility at the University of Hawaii, to assess encoding resilience levels in practice. Our solution proves to be well suited for this new domain. For example, we can recover an over 97 percent confidence watermark from a highly down-sampled (e.g., less than 8 percent) stream or survive stream summarization (e.g., 20 percent) and random alteration attacks with very high confidence levels, often above 99 percent.
The Evaluation of Pro-Cognitive and Antiamnestic Properties of Berberine and Magnoflorine Isolated from Barberry Species by Centrifugal Partition Chromatography (CPC), in Relation to QSAR Modelling

Civilization diseases associated with memory disorders are important health problems occurring due to a prolonged life span. The manuscript shows the results of an in vivo study targeting the emergence of two drug candidates with anti-amnestic properties. The preceding quantitative structure–activity relationship (QSAR) studies provided information on the ability of berberine and magnoflorine to cross the blood–brain barrier (BBB). In the light of these findings, both compounds were purified from crude plant extracts of barberries: berberine—from Berberis siberica using a method published earlier, and magnoflorine—from Berberis cretica by centrifugal partition chromatography (solvent system: ethyl acetate:butanol:water-0.6:1.5:3 v/v/v). Both the compounds were evaluated for their memory enhancing and scopolamine inhibitory properties in an in vivo passive avoidance (PA) test on mice towards short-term and long-term memory. Cognition enhancing properties were observed at the following doses: 5 mg/kg (i.p.) for berberine and 20 mg/kg (i.p.) for magnoflorine. In addition, both the tested isoquinolines with the co-administered scopolamine were found to block long-term but not short-term memory impairment. No influence on the locomotor activity was observed for the tested doses. The results confirmed a marked central activity of magnoflorine and showed the necessity to lower the dosage of berberine. Optimized purification conditions have been elaborated for magnoflorine.
Downsizing and Corporate Restructuring : A Case Study

Both media coverage and economic research suggest that there has been an increase in corporate restructuring and layoffs at healthy companies. This paper studies the restructuring and downsizing process at a financial services firm and its effects on the firm’s workers, both before and after these layoffs. I show that there were no major changes in pay or turnover leading up to the layoffs. The criteria by which employees were chosen for displacement varied between layoffs and there is no evidence that the firm systematically used these layoffs to get rid of poor performers. The financial effects of job loss vary widely. Some of this variation is evident in differences in the average effect of the four layoffs. However, there is also large variation in the fortunes of individuals laid off at the same time in the same place. Overall, the analysis suggests that, even at this single firm, workers affected by corporate restructuring are a highly heterogeneous group and the effects of displacement vary substantially. I thank Daniel Hamermesh and seminar participants at Berkeley, Claremont, and UCLA/RAND for suggestions. Generous financial support was provided by the Citigroup Behavioral Research Council and the Institute for Policy Research at Northwestern University.
Defining the Protein Complex Proteome of Plant Mitochondria1[W]

A classical approach, protein separation by two-dimensional blue native/sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, was combined with tandem mass spectrometry and up-to-date computer technology to characterize the mitochondrial “protein complex proteome” of Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) in so far unrivaled depth. We further developed the novel GelMap software package to annotate and evaluate two-dimensional blue native/sodium dodecyl sulfate gels. The software allows (1) annotation of proteins according to functional and structural correlations (e.g. subunits of a distinct protein complex), (2) assignment of comprehensive protein identification lists to individual gel spots, and thereby (3) selective display of protein complexes of low abundance. In total, 471 distinct proteins were identified by mass spectrometry, several of which form part of at least 35 different mitochondrial protein complexes. To our knowledge, numerous protein complexes were described for the first time (e.g. complexes including pentatricopeptide repeat proteins involved in nucleic acid metabolism). Discovery of further protein complexes within our data set is open to everybody via the public GelMap portal at www.gelmap. de/arabidopsis_mito.
A sorting classification of parallel rendering

We describe a classification scheme that we believe provides a more structured framework for reasoning about parallel rendering. The scheme is based on where the sort from object coordinates to screen coordinates occurs, which we believe is fundamental whenever both geometry processing and rasterization are performed in parallel. This classification scheme supports the analysis of computational and communication costs, and encompasses the bulk of current and proposed highly parallel renderers - both hardware and software. We begin by reviewing the standard feed-forward rendering pipeline, showing how different ways of parallelizing it lead to three classes of rendering algorithms. Next, we consider each of these classes in detail, analyzing their aggregate processing and communication costs, possible variations, and constraints they may impose on rendering applications. Finally, we use these analyses to compare the classes and identify when each is likely to be preferable. <<ETX>>
Under-recognition and reporting of dengue in Cambodia: a capture–recapture analysis of the National Dengue Surveillance System

SUMMARY Robust disease burden estimates are important for decision-making concerning introduction of new vaccines. Dengue is a major public health problem in the tropics but robust disease burden estimates are lacking. We conducted a two-sample, capture–recapture study in the largest province in Cambodia to determine disease under-recognition to the National Dengue Surveillance System (NDSS). During 2006–2008, community-based active surveillance for acute febrile illness was conducted in 0- to 19-year-olds in rural and urban areas combined with testing for dengue virus infection. Of 14 354 individuals under active surveillance (22 498 person-seasons), the annual incidence ranged from 13·4 to 57·8/1000 person-seasons. During the same period, NDSS incidence rates ranged from 1·1/1000 to 5·7/1000, which was 3·9- to 29·0-fold lower than found in the capture–recapture study. In hospitalized cases, the rate of under-recognition was 1·1- to 2·4-fold. This study shows the substantial degree of under-recognition/reporting of dengue and that reported hospitalized cases are not a good surrogate for estimating dengue disease burden.
Genetic programming in the wild: evolving unrestricted bytecode

We describe a methodology for evolving Java bytecode, enabling the evolution of extant, unrestricted Java programs, or programs in other languages that compile to Java bytecode. Bytecode is evolved directly, without any intermediate genomic representation. Our approach is based upon the notion of compatible crossover, which produces correct programs by performing operand stack-, local variables-, and control flow-based compatibility checks on source and destination bytecode sections. This is in contrast to existing work that uses restricted subsets of the Java bytecode instruction set as a representation language for individuals in genetic programming. Given the huge universe of unrestricted Java bytecode, as is programs, our work enables the applications of evolution within this realm. We experimentally validate our methodology by both extensively testing the correctness of compatible crossover on arbitrary bytecode, and by running evolution on a program that exploits the richness of the Java virtual machine architecture and type system.
Immediate Hemodynamic Effects of Beta‐Adrenergic Blockade with Propranolol in Normotensive and Hypertensive Man

Immediate hemodynamic effects of beta-adrenergic blockade were determined in six normal subjects and 21 hypertensive patients following intravenous administration of propranolol. Arterial pressure was not reduced, but cardiac output fell by approximately 20% in both groups. Nevertheless, beta-adrenergic inhibition seemed to have different effects in the two groups: Propranolol produced a greater inhibition of chronotropic activity in the hypertensive patients, and of stroke volume in the normotensive individuals whose pretreatment heart rate was slower than that of the hypertensives. This difference suggests that chronotropic beta-adrenergic activity may be increased in hypertension but does not explain reduction in arterial pressure following oral treatment with propranolol.
Ivory poaching, sociality, and the role of behavior in conservation

ii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS . iv 1. CHAPTER 1: Introduction . 1 2. CHAPTER 2: Controlling for behavioral state reveals social dynamics among male African elephants, Loxodonta africana . 5 3. CHAPTER 3: Vertical transmission of social roles drives resilience to poaching in elephant networks . 35 4. CHAPTER 4: The social costs of being an orphan in elephant society . 52 5. CHAPTER 5: Challenges of using behavior to monitor anthropogenic impacts on wildlife: a case study on illegal killing of African elephants . 77 6. CHAPTER 6: Evidence of strong spatial segregation between elephant subpopulations in the contiguous Laikipia-Samburu ecosystem in Kenya . 97 7. CHAPTER 7: Conclusion and future directions . 103 8. REFERENCES . 105 9. APPENDIX I: Chapter 4 model results . 115 10. APPENDIX II: Copyright information . 131
Sharp kernel clustering algorithms and their associated Grothendieck inequalities

In the kernel clustering problem we are given a (large) n × n symmetric positive semidefinite matrix A = (aij) with \documentclass{article}\usepackage{mathrsfs, amsmath, amssymb}\pagestyle{empty}\begin{document}\begin{align*}\sum_{i=1}^n\sum_{j=1}^n a_{ij}=0\end{align*}\end{document} and a (small) k × k symmetric positive semidefinite matrix B = (bij). The goal is to find a partition {S1,…,Sk} of {1,…n} which maximizes \documentclass{article}\usepackage{mathrsfs, amsmath, amssymb}\pagestyle{empty}\begin{document}\begin{align*}\sum_{i=1}^k\sum_{j=1}^k \left(\sum_{(p,q)\in S_i\times S_j}a_{pq}\right)b_{ij}\end{align*}\end{document}. We design a polynomial time approximation algorithm that achieves an approximation ratio of \documentclass{article}\usepackage{mathrsfs, amsmath, amssymb}\pagestyle{empty}\begin{document}\begin{align*}\frac{R(B)^2}{C(B)}\end{align*}\end{document}, where R(B) and C(B) are geometric parameters that depend only on the matrix B, defined as follows: if bij = 〈vi,vj〉 is the Gram matrix representation of B for some \documentclass{article}\usepackage{mathrsfs, amsmath, amssymb}\pagestyle{empty}\begin{document}\begin{align*}v_1,\ldots,v_k\in \mathbb{R}^k\end{align*}\end{document} then R(B) is the minimum radius of a Euclidean ball containing the points {v1,…,vk}. The parameter C(B) is defined as the maximum over all measurable partitions {A1,…,Ak} of \documentclass{article}\usepackage{mathrsfs, amsmath, amssymb}\pagestyle{empty}\begin{document}\begin{align*}\mathbb{R}^{k-1}\end{align*}\end{document} of the quantity \documentclass{article}\usepackage{mathrsfs, amsmath, amssymb}\pagestyle{empty}\begin{document}\begin{align*}\sum_{i=1}^k\sum_{j=1}^k b_{ij}\langle z_i,z_j\rangle\end{align*}\end{document}, where for i∈{1,…,k} the vector \documentclass{article}\usepackage{mathrsfs, amsmath, amssymb}\pagestyle{empty}\begin{document}\begin{align*}z_i\in \mathbb{R}^{k-1}\end{align*}\end{document} is the Gaussian moment of Ai, i.e., \documentclass{article}\usepackage{mathrsfs, amsmath, amssymb}\pagestyle{empty}\begin{document}\begin{align*}z_i=\frac{1}{(2\pi)^{(k-1)/2}}\int_{A_i}xe^{-\|x\|_2^2/2}dx\end{align*}\end{document}. We also show that for every ε > 0, achieving an approximation guarantee of \documentclass{article}\usepackage{mathrsfs, amsmath, amssymb}\pagestyle{empty}\begin{document}\begin{align*}(1-\varepsilon)\frac{R(B)^2}{C(B)}\end{align*}\end{document} is Unique Games hard. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Random Struct. Alg. , 2013
Exploring moral heuristics in managerial decision-making. The dialectic of duty and consequence

This paper explores the use of moral heuristics within a large public sector organisation in the UK. Managers within the case study organisation were interviewed and directly observed over a four-year period, using a grounded theory methodology, to examine the ways in which they made decisions. Whereas the extant literature primarily focuses on hypothetical situations, this paper delves into the application of the heuristic in real-world situations. The results reveal widespread use of moral heuristics within the organization, accompanied by a clear dichotomy between ‘soft’ and ‘hard’ business units. Moral heuristics find extensive application in the former but encounter opposition in the latter. Consequently, the paper argues that managers in ‘soft’ work environments are more inclined to employ moral heuristics compared to their counterparts in other parts of the workplace. This study contributes to knowledge in three ways: proposing a new conceptualization of the moral heuristic, identifying instances of its use, and illustrating how it operates in real-world situations. The significance of this paper lies in its demonstration of how the heuristic is practically employed to make crucial, potentially life-changing decisions.
Avian magnetite-based magnetoreception: a physiologist's perspective

It is now well established that animals use the Earth's magnetic field to perform long-distance migration and other navigational tasks. However, the transduction mechanisms that allow the conversion of magnetic field variations into an electric signal by specialized sensory cells remain largely unknown. Among the species that have been shown to sense Earth-strength magnetic fields, birds have been a model of choice since behavioural tests show that their direction-finding abilities are strongly influenced by magnetic fields. Magnetite, a ferromagnetic mineral, has been found in a wide range of organisms, from bacteria to vertebrates. In birds, both superparamagnetic (SPM) and single-domain magnetite have been found to be associated with the trigeminal nerve. Electrophysiological recordings from cells in the trigeminal ganglion have shown an increase in action potential firing in response to magnetic field changes. More recently, histological evidence has demonstrated the presence of SPM magnetite in the subcutis of the pigeon's upper beak. The aims of the present review are to review the evidence for a magnetite-based mechanism in birds and to introduce physiological concepts in order to refine the proposed models.
Optimizing resource utilization using transformations

A transformational approach aimed at improving the resource utilization in high level synthesis is introduced. The current implementation combines retiming and associativity in a single framework. This combination of transformations results in considerable area improvements, as is amply demonstrated by benchmark examples. A novel learning while searching iterative improvement probabilistic algorithm has been developed and is used to resolve the associated NP-complete combinatorial optimization problem. The effectiveness of the proposed algorithms and the transformations is demonstrated using standard benchmark examples, with the aid of statistical analysis, and through a comparison with estimated minimal bounds. The proposed algorithm has proven to be very effective in reaching the optimal solution as well as in runtime. <<ETX>>
A class-specific copy network for handling the rare word problem in neural machine translation

Neural machine translation (NMT) has shown promising results and rapidly gained adoption in many large-scale settings. With the NMT model being widely used in empirical productions, its long-standing weakness in handling the rare and out of vocabulary words has been amplified a lot. In order to release the model from the stress of “understanding” the rare words, copy mechanism has been proposed to deal with the rare and unseen words for the neural network models using attention. However the negative side of the copy mechanism is that the model is only able to decide whether to copy or not. It is unable to detect which class should the rare word be copied to, such as person, location, and organization. This paper deeply investigates this limitation of the NMT model. As a result, we propose a new NMT model by novelly incorporating a class-specific copy network. With the network, the proposed NMT model is able to decide which class the words in the target belong to and which class in the source should be copied to. Experimental results on Chinese-English translation tasks show that the proposed model outperforms the traditional NMT model with a large margin especially for sentences containing the rare words.
Intermittent Stem Cell Cycling Balances Self-Renewal and Senescence of the C. elegans Germ Line

Self-renewing organs often experience a decline in function in the course of aging. It is unclear whether chronological age or external factors control this decline, or whether it is driven by stem cell self-renewal—for example, because cycling cells exhaust their replicative capacity and become senescent. Here we assay the relationship between stem cell cycling and senescence in the Caenorhabditis elegans reproductive system, defining this senescence as the progressive decline in “reproductive capacity,” i.e. in the number of progeny that can be produced until cessation of reproduction. We show that stem cell cycling diminishes remaining reproductive capacity, at least in part through the DNA damage response. Paradoxically, gonads kept under conditions that preclude reproduction keep cycling and producing cells that undergo apoptosis or are laid as unfertilized gametes, thus squandering reproductive capacity. We show that continued activity is in fact beneficial inasmuch as gonads that are active when reproduction is initiated have more sustained early progeny production. Intriguingly, continued cycling is intermittent—gonads switch between active and dormant states—and in all likelihood stochastic. Other organs face tradeoffs whereby stem cell cycling has the beneficial effect of providing freshly-differentiated cells and the detrimental effect of increasing the likelihood of cancer or senescence; stochastic stem cell cycling may allow for a subset of cells to preserve proliferative potential in old age, which may implement a strategy to deal with uncertainty as to the total amount of proliferation to be undergone over an organism’s lifespan.
CORONARY ARTERY DISEASE Original Studies The Impact of Micro Troponin Leak on Long-Term Outcomes Following Elective Percutaneous Coronary Intervention

Objective: To evaluate the clinical impact of microleaks of troponin, which are below the reference standard defining troponin elevation, on cardiovascular outcomes in stable coronary patients undergoing elective percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI). Background: Troponin elevation, either preor post-PCI, has been shown to predict poor cardiovascular outcomes. However, troponin measurements that are above the limit of detection but below the 99th percentile limit defining elevation (‘‘microleak’’) have uncertain clinical significance. Methods: We assessed subsequent myocardial infarction (MI) and death over a mean follow-up of 4.2 years in 2,272 patients undergoing elective PCI, where baseline troponins were normal and follow-up troponins were obtained 12–24 hr post-PCI. Patients were divided into three groups based on post-PCI troponin levels: Group 1 (n 5 1,313) nondetectable; group 2 (n 5 587) microleak, and group 3 (n 5 372) elevated suggesting myocardial necrosis. Results: The combined endpoint of MI and death was similar in groups 2 and 3 (50.3 vs. 51.9%, respectively, P 5 NS), which was significantly more than group 1 patients (35.6%, P < 0.01) over the follow-up period. Multivariate analysis of patients in groups 1 and 2 demonstrated that troponin microleak was an independent predictor of MI and death (P 5 0.01). Conclusions: Microleak of troponin following elective PCI suggests myocardial injury and predicts an increased risk of subsequent MI and death. Troponins should be routinely assessed following PCI, and preventive therapies are needed to reduce micro and macro troponin elevation in the PCI setting. VC 2009 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
The Indian Seaweed Resource: Their Nutritive Importance to Human Beings and Threats

Seaweeds were the microalgae observed along the coastal ocean waters. They were observed near the coastal waters, mostly attached to any substratum. Ecologically they provides living and feeding habitat to the most of the aquatic animals. They are of three types-green, brown and red seaweeds. For human population they are useful for various purposes like food, fertilizers, medicines etc. In the present review article, reported studies from Indian as well as different waters throughout the world were discussed. Overall it was stated that, there was good amount of proximate and minerals composition of some scrutinized seaweed species, so in future it can be considered as food resource. The mineral and proximate composition comparison with terrestrial vegetables plants varieties reports, the good amount of these components in some of the analyzed seaweed species. Presently, the concept of Seaweed Aquaculture is one of the option to increase the seaweed production from country, but the unsuitable environmental and coastal oceanic conditions limits to such activities. To overcome this problem proper study were required and at the moment CMFRI, CSMCRI, NIO, etc. like institutes were came forward and they led research for the development of Seaweed Aquaculture. So this review article describe the importance of seaweeds for future generations as food as well as their medicinal importance, also explains status of the seaweed diversity along the Indian coast. The description about their threats represents how to take control measures over the seaweed cultivation, which will be useful for future seaweed cultivation prospective.