Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
P and S velocity tomography of the Mariana subduction system from a combined land‐sea seismic deployment

Seismic imaging provides an opportunity to constrain mantle wedge processes associated with subduction, volatile transport, arc volcanism, and back‐arc spreading. We investigate the seismic velocity structure of the upper mantle across the Central Mariana subduction system using data from the 2003–2004 Mariana Subduction Factory Imaging Experiment, an 11 month deployment consisting of 20 broadband seismic stations installed on islands and 58 semibroadband ocean bottom seismographs. We determine the three‐dimensional VP and VP/VS structure using over 25,000 local and over 2000 teleseismic arrival times. The mantle wedge is characterized by slow velocity and high VP/VS beneath the fore arc, an inclined zone of slow velocity underlying the volcanic front, and a strong region of slow velocity beneath the back‐arc spreading center. The slow velocities are strongest at depths of 20–30 km in the fore arc, 60–70 km beneath the volcanic arc, and 20–30 km beneath the spreading center. The fore‐arc slow velocity anomalies occur beneath Big Blue seamount and are interpreted as resulting from mantle serpentinization. The depths of the maximum velocity anomalies beneath the arc and back arc are nearly identical to previous estimates of the final equilibrium depths of mantle melts from thermobarometry, strongly indicating that the low‐velocity zones delineate regions of melt production in the mantle. The arc and back‐arc melt production regions are well separated at shallow depths, but may be connected at depths greater than 80 km.
Pleiotropy allows recovery of phenotypic 2 plasticity in constant environments 3

11 12 Phenotypic plasticity confers a fitness advantage to an organism by tailoring phenotype 13 to environmental circumstances. The extent to which phenotypic plasticity emerges as 14 an adaptive response is still unknown, however it is predicted that the emergence and 15 maintenance of phenotypic plasticity occurs only during evolution in fluctuating 16 environments. Interestingly, experimental studies have shown that phenotypic plasticity 17 can be preserved for several generations during evolution in a constant environment. 18 Here, we evolve a mutant strain of Saccharomyces cerevisiae that has reduced plasticity 19 in a constant and fluctuating environment. Subsequently we compared the adaptive 20 response of the evolved cell, both at the phenotype and genotype level. As predicted by 21 current theory, we find that evolution in a fluctuating environment results in a recovery 22 of phenotypic plasticity. Surprisingly, evolution in a constant environment can lead to a 23 similar recovery of plasticity due to a pleiotropic coupling of different traits. Thus, 24 plasticity can emerge in both fluctuating and constant environments and its prevalence 25 may mainly be determined by network structure. In addition, pleiotropic interactions
Explorer In vivo imaging of the tumor and its associated microenvironment using combined CARS / two-photon microscopy

The use of confocal and multi-photon microscopy for intra-vital cancer imaging has impacted on our understanding of cancer cell behavior and interaction with the surrounding tumor microenvironment in viv o. However, many studies to-date rely on the use ﬂ uorescent dyes or genetically encoded probes that enable visualization of a structure or cell population of interest, but do not illuminate the complexity of the surrounding tumor microenvironment. Here, we show that multi-modal microscopy combining 2-photon ﬂ uorescence with CARS can begin to address this de ﬁ cit, enabling detailed imaging of the tumor niche without the need for additional labeling. This can be performed on live tumor-bearing animals through optical observation windows, permitting real-time and longitudinal imaging of dynamic processes within the tumor niche.
The Variscan orogeny: extent, timescale and the formation of the European crust

This volume summarizes the state of the art of Variscan geology from Iberia to the Bohemian Massif. The European Variscan belt consists of two orogens: the older, northern and the younger, southern. The northern Variscan realm was dominated by Late Devonian–Carboniferous rifting, subduction and collisional events as defined by sedimentary records, crustal growth, recycling of continental crust and large-scale deformations. In contrast, the southern European crust was reworked by major Late Carboniferous collision followed by Permian wrenching. The Late Carboniferous–Permian orogeny overprinted the previously accreted system in the north, but with much lower intensity, resulting in magmatic recycling and extensional tectonics. These two main orogenic cycles do not reflect episodic evolution of a single orogenic system but a complete change in orientation of stress field, thermal regime, degree of reworking and recycling of European crust, reflecting a major switch in plate configurations at the Early–Late Carboniferous boundary.
GDNF and GFR a 1 Are Required for Proper Integration of Adult-Born Hippocampal Neurons

reveals that GFR a 1 is required for their integration into preexisting circuits. Moreover, conditional mutant mice for GFR a 1 show deﬁcits in behavioral pattern separation, a task in which adult neurogenesis is known to play a critical role. We also ﬁnd that running increases GDNF in the dentate gyrus and promotes GFR a 1-dependent CREB (cAMP response element-binding protein) activation and dendrite maturation. Together, these ﬁndings indicate that GDNF/GFR a 1 signaling plays an essential role in the plasticity of adult circuits, controlling the integration of newly generated neurons.
A Monadic Framework for Name Resolution in Multi-phased Type Checkers

An important aspect of type checking is name resolution --- i.e., determining the types of names by resolving them to a matching declaration. For most languages, we can give typing rules that define name resolution in a way that abstracts from what order different units of code should be checked in. However, implementations of type checkers in practice typically use multiple phases to ensure that declarations of resolvable names are available before names are resolved. This gives rise to a gap between typing rules that abstract from order of type checking and multi-phased type checkers that rely on explicit ordering. This paper introduces techniques that reduce this gap. First, we introduce a monadic interface for phased name resolution which detects and rejects type checking runs with name resolution phasing errors where names were wrongly resolved because some declarations were not available when they were supposed to be. Second, building on recent work by Gibbons et al., we use applicative functors to compositionally map abstract syntax trees onto (phased) monadic computations that represent typing constraints. These techniques reduce the gap between type checker implementations and typing rules in the sense that (1) both are given by compositional mappings over abstract syntax trees, and (2) type checker cases consist of computations that roughly correspond to typing rule premises, except these are composed using monadic combinators. We demonstrate our approach by implementing type checkers for Mini-ML with Damas-Hindley-Milner type inference, and LM, a toy module language with a challenging import resolution policy.
The International Exposure of U.S. Banks

This paper documents the changing international exposures of U.S. bank balance sheets since the mid-1980s. U.S. banks have foreign positions heavily concentrated in Europe, with more volatile flows to other regions of the world. In recent years some cross-border claims on Latin American countries have declined, while claims extended locally by the branches and subsidiaries of U.S. banks have grown. The foreign exposures of larger U.S. banks tend to be less volatile than claims of smaller banks, and locally-issued claims tend to be more stable than cross-border flows. Business cycle variables have mixed influence on U.S. bank cross-border and local claims. The cross-border claims of U.S. banks on European customers tend to be procyclical. By contrast, locally generated and cross border claims on Latin American customers of U.S. banks are not robustly related to either U.S. or country-specific business cycle variables. U.S. banks do not appear to be strong conduits for transmitting U.S. cycles to these smaller markets, and may instead serve a positive role in stabilizing the amplitude of foreign country cycles.
The structural, geometric and volumetric changes of a polythermal Arctic glacier during a surge cycle: Comfortlessbreen, Svalbard

Various parameters of the most recent surge of the polythermal glacier Comfortlessbreen in northwest Svalbard, have been assessed through a combination of remote sensing and ground observations. Analysis of a digital elevation model time‐series shows a marked change in the geometry of the glacier from quiescence (1990 and earlier) into the late surge phase (2009). The transfer of 0.74 km3 of ice caused up to 80 m of surface drawdown in the reservoir area, above the equilibrium line, whilst ice built up in a spatially concentrated manner in the receiving zone, below the equilibrium line. A ramp of ice, c. 100 m above quiescent level, developed in the lower reaches of the glacier late in the surge. Also in the lower reaches of the glacier, structures attributable to the passage of a kinematic wave are identified and the migration of a surge front on the glacier is thus inferred. In a conceptual model, we consider that a bend in the valley, in which the glacier resides, and convergence with tributary glaciers, to be significant factors in the style of surge evolution. Their flow‐restrictive interference results in slow initial mass‐transfer and the growth of a surge front within 3–4 km of the terminus. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The Development, Validation, and Standardization of a New Tool: The Dyscalculia Test

This paper describes a study that focused on developing, validating and standardizing a dyscalculia test, henceforth called the Dyscalculia Test. Out of the 4,758,800 students in Nigeria's upper primary and junior secondary schools, l randomly drew a sample of 2340 students, using a multistage sampling procedure that applied various sampling techniques. For data collection, I used the Test of General Reasoning Ability and Paper 1 of the Mathematics Achievement Test section of the 2021 National Common Entrance Examination, as well as the Dyscalculia Test introduced in this paper, which was developed and standardized in stages. My analysis shows that the Dyscalculia Test items effectively zero in on three components: number sense, arithmetic operation, and working memory. Based on my findings, I recommend that school administrators and counselors adopt the Dyscalculia Test to assess students who may be having difficulty in mathematics and arithmetic for proper diagnosis.
Probiotics - What They Are, Their Benefits and Challenges

This chapter reviews literature on probiotics. Probiotics are defined and different microbial cultures used as probiotics will be considered. It further discusses delivery vehicles for probiotic cultures, with their advantages and disadvantages. Since the presence of viable probiotic cultures in products is vital to their functionality, different methods used for their detection in products will be examined. The beneficial health effects of probiotics, the methods that are currently used in an attempt to overcome some of the challenges faced will also be discussed. Different strategies for protection of probiotic cultures and challenges for the probiotic industry are highlighted. In addition to these, alternative strategies increasing numbers of beneficial microorganisms through administration of prebiotics and synbiotics are briefly mentioned.
Spatial arrangement of genetic variation in the marine bivalve Macoma balthica (L.)

Phenotypic similarities come in two kinds: those that are partially based on genetic differences and those that are not. Genetic variation is inherently heritable and without it, evolution by means of natural selection could not occur. It is therefore important to understand the origin and maintenance of heritable genetic variation. The main theme of the research presented here is non-random spatial arrangement of genetic variation. Spatially differentiated genetic variation has two sides, it can maintain variation for selection and it can also be the result of selection. Zie: Summary
Services in Mobile Ad Hoc Networks

mobile ad hoc network is a wireless communication network which does not rely on a fixed infrastructure and is lack of any centralized control. It is vulnerable to security attacks, so protecting the security of the network is essential. Like many distributed systems, security in ad hoc networks widely relies on the use of key management mechanisms. However, traditional key management systems are not appropriate for them. Our research aims at providing a secure and distributed authentication service in the ad hoc networks. We propose a secure public key authentication service based on a trust model and a network model to prevent nodes from obtaining false public keys of the others when there are malicious nodes in the networks. We perform an overall evaluation of our proposed approach by simulations. The experimental results indicate clear advantages of our approach in providing effective security in mobile ad hoc networks.
New insights into autophagy regulation using yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae

The biogenesis of autophagosomes depends on the conjugation of Atg8-like proteins with phosphatidylethanolamine. Atg8 processing by the cysteine protease Atg4 is required for its covalent linkage to phosphatidylethanolamine, but it is also necessary for Atg8 deconjugation from this lipid to release it from membranes. How these two cleavage steps are coordinated is unknown. Here we show that phosphorylation by Atg1 inhibits Atg4 function, an event that appears to exclusively occur at the site of autophagosome biogenesis. These results are consistent with a model where the Atg8-phosphatidylethanolamine pool essential for autophagosome formation is protected at least in part by Atg4 phosphorylation by Atg1 while newly synthesized cytoplasmic Atg8 remains susceptible to constitutive Atg4 processing.
Computer Vision and Image Understanding

Existing logo detection methods mostly rely on supervised learning with a large quantity of labelled training data in limited classes. This restricts their scalability to a large number of logo classes subject to limited labelling budget. In this work, we consider a more scalable open logo detection problem where only a fraction of logo classes are fully labelled whilst the remaining classes are only annotated with a clean icon image (e.g. 1-shot icon supervised). To generalise and transfer knowledge of fully supervised logo classes to other 1-shot icon supervised classes, we propose a Multi-Perspective Cross-Class (MPCC) domain adaptation method. In a data augmentation principle, MPCC conducts feature distribution alignment in two perspectives. Specifically, we align the feature distribution between synthetic logo images of 1-shot icon supervised classes and genuine logo images of fully supervised classes, and that between logo images and non-logo images, concurrently. This allows for mitigating the domain shift problem between model training and testing on 1-shot icon supervised logo classes, simultaneously reducing the model overfitting towards fully labelled logo classes. Extensive comparative experiments show the advantage of MPCC over existing state-of-the-art competitors on the challenging QMUL-OpenLogo benchmark (Su et al., 2018).
SUN proteins belong to a novel family of -(1,3)-glucan-modifying enzymes involved in fungal morphogenesis.

Background: SUN proteins are involved in yeast morphogenesis, but their function is unknown. Results: SUN protein plays a role in the Aspergillus fumigatus morphogenesis. Biochemical properties of recombinant SUN proteins were elucidated. Conclusion: Both Candida albicans and Aspergillus fumigatus SUN proteins show a recombinant proteins were obtained after culturing the transformed P. pastoris in buffered complex methanol medium (Invitrogen) at 30 for 72 followed by the addition of methanol (1%) to the culture medium every 24 h. Purification of secreted r- Af Sun1p and r- Ca Sun41p was performed using ProBond nickel beads following the manufactur-er’s instructions (Invitrogen), and the eluates containing recombinant proteins were dialyzed against sodium acetate buffer (pH 6.5).
The Effect of Clay Content on Filter-Cake Formation in Highly Permeable Gravel

Yangtze River tunnel in Nanjing, China, was constructed by slurry shield tunnelling method. Along the 3020m tunnel, one of the construction difficulties is to pass through a gravelly sand stratum. As this stratum is highly permeable subjected to an elevated water pressure, one of the key issues is the formation of filter cake for a stable cutting face during tunnel excavation. To solve this specific engineering problem, a series of permeability tests were carried out on samples taken from the gravelly sand stratum and slurry materials used in the Yangtze River tunnel project. A new apparatus was developed to simulate the filter cake formation on the surface of the gravelly sand under elevated pressure, through which the quantities of the discharged water were measured. The effects of clay content of the slurry on the thickness and permeability of filter cake were studied. The test results indicated that the clay content of the slurry played an important role in the filter cake formation. The amount of seepage through the gravelly sand and the thickness of the filter cake decreased with the increasing of the clay content in slurry.
Economic Commission for Europe Conference of European Statisticians

Since the last Census based on a complete enumerati on was held in 1971, the willingness of the population in the Netherlands to participate ha s decreased tremendously. Statistics Netherlands found an alternative in a Virtual Censu s, by using available registers and surveys as alternative data sources. Advantages of a Virtual Census are that it is cheaper and more socially acceptable. The combined use of r gisters and surveys for composing the Census however also leads to several methodological ch lenges. One of them is determining the effect of the quality of the source s. For registers, for instance, the collection and maintenance is beyond the control of the Statistical Agency. It is therefore important that the Statistical Agency is able to de termine the quality of the sources used. Insight into the quality of the sources used enable s a well thought-out comparison between comparable information in various sources.
Is Gold a Safe Haven? International Evidence

The aim of this paper is to examine the role of gold in the global financial system. We test the hypothesis that gold represents a safe haven against stocks of major emerging and developing countries. A descriptive and econometric analysis for a sample spanning a 30Â year period from 1979 to 2009 shows that gold is both a hedge and a safe haven for major European stock markets and the US but not for Australia, Canada, Japan and large emerging markets such as the BRIC countries. We also distinguish between a weak and strong form of the safe haven and argue that gold may act as a stabilizing force for the financial system by reducing losses in the face of extreme negative market shocks. Looking at specific crisis periods, we find that gold was a strong safe haven for most developed markets during the peak of the recent financial crisis.
Twenty‐five years of Atlantic basin seasonal hurricane forecasts (1984–2008)

The Tropical Meteorology Project at Colorado State University, led by Dr. William Gray, has been issuing Atlantic basin seasonal hurricane forecasts in early June and early August since 1984. This paper examines the skill of these forecasts over the past twenty‐five years (1984–2008) compared with climatology and a previous 3‐year, 5‐year and 10‐year mean. Seasonal forecasts are shown to have smaller mean‐squared errors than any of these metrics for most parameters, although improvements have been modest. The forecast models used by the Tropical Meteorology Project have changed over time, and the current early June and early August model's skill at hindcasting the past twenty‐five years are investigated using cross‐validation. Preliminary research indicates that using these new models may result in more significant skill improvements in future years.
Seasonal variability and export of dissolved organic nitrogen in the northwestern Mediterranean Sea

[1] Hydrodynamic and biogeochemical monthly time series were carried out in the Gulf of Lions (northwestern Mediterranean) between 1993 and 1994. Detailed analysis of vertical profiles of dissolved organic nitrogen (DON) revealed an accumulation of nitrogen in the Upper Mixed Layer (UML) above the seasonal thermocline. DON was not corrected for ammonia concentration because of negligible concentrations of this element during the whole year in the studied area. In midwinter (January–February), DON concentrations were quasi-homogeneous throughout the water column (about 3.5 μM). Subsequently, surface DON concentrations increased up to autumn, with a subsurface maximum greater than 6.0 μM observed in September. During this time, inorganic nutrients became virtually undetectable in the UML. The total DON content (0–1000 m) increased by about 784 mmol m−2 from winter through to the end of summer. At this time, labile and semilabile DON represented a maximum of 20% of the bulk DON. Assuming that DON was essentially removed from surface water by diffusive process during the stratified period and by vertical mixing during the rest of the year, 210 to 723 mmol m−2 a−1 was exported as DON, which represented 40–90% of the total new production. Following this DON export enabled us to balance the nitrogen budget of the area studied over the duration of the experiment.