Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
The Role of Aerosol-Cloud-Radiation Interactions in Regional Air Quality—A NU-WRF Study over the United States

This work assessed the impact of aerosol-cloud-radiation (ACR) interactions on U.S. regional ozone and PM2.5 using the NASA Unified Weather Research and Forecasting modeling system. A series of three-month simulations have been carried out for the year 2010, in which the factor separation method has been applied in order to isolate the contributions from aerosol-radiation (AR), aerosol-cloud (AC), and their synergistic effects. The overall ACR effects were to reduce the average cloud liquid water path by 25 g·m−2 (ca. 40% of the baseline) and to increase the downward shortwave radiation by 8 W·m−2 (ca. 3% of the baseline). The spatial difference in response to ACR was large, with ca. 50 W·m−2, 1 K, and 100 m increases in downward shortwave radiation, surface temperature, and planetary boundary layer height (PBLH), respectively, while ca. 60 g·m−2 decrease in cloud liquid water path in central Texas. The AC effect dominated for changes in downward shortwave radiation, cloud liquid water path, wind, and temperature, while both AC and AR effects contributed profoundly to PBLH change. As a result, surface ozone and PM2.5 changed with large temporal-spatial variations. More than a 10 ppbv of surface ozone and a 5 μg·m−3 of PM2.5 difference induced by ACR occurred frequently in the eastern U.S.
Flaps and other variants of /t/ in American English: Allophonic distribution without constraints, rules, or abstractions

Abstract The distribution of the flap allophone [ɾ] of American English, along with the other allophones of /t/,[th,t=, ʔ, t] has been accounted for in various formal frameworks by assuming a number of different abstract mechanisms and entities. The desirability or usefulness of these formalisms is not at issue in the present paper. Instead, a computationally explicit model of categorization is used (Skousen 1989, 1992) in order to account for the distribution of the allophones of /t/ without recourse to such formalisms. The simulations that were carried out suggest that they are not needed because analogy to surface apparent variables such as phones and word boundaries is sufficient to predict allophony. In analogy, the particular allophone of /t/ (i.e. [ɾ, th, t=, ʔ, t]) that appears in a given context is determined on the basis of similarity to stored exemplars in the mental lexicon. From an acquisitional standpoint, categorization by analogy to stored exemplars dispenses with the need for rule induction although it does suggest that speakers group functionally related sounds into mental categories, a process that is influenced to a great deal by orthography. Analogy also explains the stochastic nature of linguistic performance. In the present study, 3,719 tokens of the allophones of the phoneme /t/ were extracted from the TIMIT corpus and constitute the database from which analogs were chosen. The variables used included the three phones or boundaries on either side of /t/, and the stress of the syllables preceding and following /t/. The model proves quite successful in predicting the correct allophone, and the errors made are generally possible alternative pronunciations (e.g. moun[ʔ]ain, moun[th]ain). The success rate changes little when only small sub-samples of the database are incorporated. In addition, exemplar-modeling is found to be quite robust because even when a feature such as stress is eliminated, (a feature which is critical in most rule approaches), allophony is still highly predictable.
Curatable Named-Entity Recognition Using Semantic Relations

Named-entity recognition (NER) plays an important role in the development of biomedical databases. However, the existing NER tools produce multifarious named-entities which may result in both curatable and non-curatable markers. To facilitate biocuration with a straightforward approach, classifying curatable named-entities is helpful with regard to accelerating the biocuration workflow. Co-occurrence Interaction Nexus with Named-entity Recognition (CoINNER) is a web-based tool that allows users to identify genes, chemicals, diseases, and action term mentions in the Comparative Toxicogenomic Database (CTD). To further discover interactions, CoINNER uses multiple advanced algorithms to recognize the mentions in the BioCreative IV CTD Track. CoINNER is developed based on a prototype system that annotated gene, chemical, and disease mentions in PubMed abstracts at BioCreative 2012 Track I (literature triage). We extended our previous system in developing CoINNER. The pre-tagging results of CoINNER were developed based on the state-of-the-art named entity recognition tools in BioCreative III. Next, a method based on conditional random fields (CRFs) is proposed to predict chemical and disease mentions in the articles. Finally, action term mentions were collected by latent Dirichlet allocation (LDA). At the BioCreative IV CTD Track, the best F-measures reached for gene/protein, chemical/drug and disease NER were 54 percent while CoINNER achieved a 61.5 percent F-measure. System URL: http://ikmbio.csie. ncku.edu. tw/coinner/ introduction.htm.
Multiple-cluster adaptive training schemes

This paper examines the training of multiple-cluster systems using adaptive training schemes. Various forms of transformation and canonical model are described in a consistent framework allowing re-estimation formulae for all cases to be simply derived. Initial experiments using these various schemes on a large vocabulary speech recognition task are presented. The initial experiments indicate that to achieve best performance when adapting these multiple-cluster systems requires the use of adaptive training schemes rather than using simpler cluster initialisation schemes.
Cross-reference weighted least square estimates for positron emission tomography

An efficient new method, termed as the cross-reference weighted least square estimate (WLSE) [CRWLSE], is proposed to integrate the incomplete local smoothness information to improve the reconstruction of positron emission tomography (PET) images in the presence of accidental coincidence events and attenuation. The algebraic reconstruction technique (ART) is applied to this new estimate and the convergence is proved. This numerical technique is based on row operations. The computational complexity is only linear in the sizes of pixels and detector tubes. Hence, it is efficient in storage and computation for a large and sparse system. Moreover, the easy incorporation of range limits and spatially variant penalty will not deprive the efficiency. All this makes the new method practically applicable. An automatically data-driven selection method for this new estimate based on the generalized cross validation is also studied. The Monte Carlo studies demonstrate the advantages of this new method.
Colocalization of ionotropic glutamate receptor subunits with NADPH‐diaphorase‐containing neurons in the rat mesopontine tegmentum

Tegmental cholinergic neurons vary their discharge patterns across the sleep‐wake cycle, and glutamate is suggested to play an important role in determining these firing patterns. Cholinergic and noncholinergic neurons in the mesopontine tegmentum have different susceptibilities to various excitotoxins, presumably because of heterogeneity in the expression of glutamate receptor subtypes in this area. By using a double‐labeling procedure that combines nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate diaphorase (NADPH‐diaphorase) histochemistry and avidin‐biotin‐peroxidase immunocytochemistry with diaminobenzidine as the chromogen, we compared the colocalization of AMPA receptor subunits GluR1, GluR2/3, and GluR4, kainate receptor subunits GluR5/6/7, and an NMDA receptor subunit NMDAR1 on NADPH‐diaphorase‐positive (cholinergic) neurons in the mesopontine tegmentum. Throughout the brainstem, neurons immunoreactive for GluR2/3 and NMDAR1 were most numerous, whereas neurons labeled for GluR1, GluR4, and GluR5/6/7 were less common. Specifically within the mesopontine tegmentum, the proportion of double‐labeled neurons in the diaphorase‐containing cell population was highest with GluR1 (43%) and lowest with GluR5/6/7 (12%). Regardless of the receptor subunit type, the greatest numbers of double‐labeled neurons were observed in the pedunculopontine tegmental nucleus pars compacta and the fewest in the dorsal aspect of the laterodorsal tegmental nucleus. In addition, there were regional differences in the relative expression of receptor subunits and diaphorase‐positive neurons across the subdivisions of the tegmental cholinergic column. Because each ionotropic subunit confers distinctive properties to a receptor channel, the present results suggest that mesopontine cholinergic neurons have nonuniform responses to glutamate and are also discriminable from basal forebrain cholinergic neurons in terms of glutamate receptor configuration. © 1996 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
L'appropriation de la télévision mobile personnelle autour des réseaux de communication

En s'appuyant sur des enregistrements video, cette etude traite des usages de la Television Mobile Personnelle (TMP) en situation de mobilite. Elle montre comment les utilisateurs delimitent, dans les environnements urbains, les " places " d'usage de la TMP autour de la disponibilite du reseau telephonique. Et, par consequent, comment ils redelimitent les places d'usage des anciens medias autour de cette meme mediation technique. Cette modalite d'engagement dans les activites mediatiques renvoie a un format d'attachement opportuniste qui consiste a exploiter les opportunites technologiques d'usage des environnements urbains augmentes. C'est a travers lui que nous rendrons compte du renouvellement des preferences mediatiques, par leur ancrage dans les situations de mobilite.
Impaired Endothelium‐Dependent Vasodilation in Patients With Insulin‐Dependent Diabetes Mellitus

BackgroundEndothelium-dependent vasodilation is abnormal in experimental models of diabetes mellitus. We postulated that abnormalities of endothelial function are also present in patients with insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus and may contribute to the pathogenesis of vascular disease in these individuals. Methods and ResultsVascular reactivity was measured in the forearm resistance vessels of 15 patients with insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus and 16 age-matched normal subjects. No patient had hypertension or dyslipidemia. Each subject was pretreated with aspirin to inhibit endogenous production of prostanoids. Methacholine chloride (0.3 to 10 pg/min) was administered via the brachial artery to assess endothelium-dependent vasodilation. Sodium nitroprusside (0.3 to 10 pg/min) and verapamil (10 to 300, μ/min) were infused intra-arterially to assess endothelium-independent vasodilation; phenylephrine (0.3 to 3 jig/min) was administered to examine vasoconstrictor responsiveness. Forearm blood flow was determined by venous occlusion plethysmography, and dose-response curves were generated for each drug. Basal forearm blood flow in diabetic and normal subjects was comparable (2.6±0.2 versus 2.1±0.3 mL 100 mL' min', respectively; P=NS). The forearm vasodilative response to methacholine was less in diabetic than in normal subjects. At the highest dose of methacholine, the forearm blood flow increased 9.5±1.1 mL* 100 mL−1 in diabetic subjects and 15.3±1.4 mL* 100 mL. * min'1 in normal subjects (P<.01). The forearm blood flow responses to nitroprusside and verapamil and the forearm vasoconstrictor responses to phenylephrine were similar in diabetic and healthy subjects. In diabetic subjects, endothelium-dependent vasodilation correlated inversely with serum insulin concentration but not with glucose concentration, glycosylated hemoglobin, or duration of diabetes. ConclusionsEndothelium-dependent vasodilation is abnormal in forearm resistance vessels of patients with insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. This abnormality may be relevant to the high prevalence of vascular disease that occurs in these individuals.
Memory dependence prediction using store sets

For maximum performance, an out-of-order processor must issue load instructions as early as possible, while avoiding memory-order violations with prior store instructions that write to the same memory location. One approach is to use memory dependence prediction to identify the stores upon which a load depends, and communicate that information to the instruction scheduler. We designate the set of stores upon which each load has depended as the load's "store set". The processor can discover and use a load's store set to accurately predict the earliest time the load can safely execute. We show that store sets accurately predict memory dependencies in the context of large instruction window, superscalar machines, and allow for near-optimal performance compared to an instruction scheduler with perfect knowledge of memory dependencies. In addition, we explore the implementation aspects of store sets, and describe a low cost implementation that achieves nearly optimal performance.
Robust scene text detection using integrated feature discrimination

Scene text detection in images of cluttered backgrounds and/or multilingual context is very challenging. In this paper, we propose a discriminative approach that integrates appearance and consensus features for robust scene text detection. We propose an integrated discrimination model to perform text classification as well as control component grouping. We design shape, stroke and structural features to describe text component appearance and the consensus among them. Experimental results on three public datasets show that the proposed approach is robust to cluttered backgrounds, and is applicable in multilingual environments.
Associations Between Observed Mother–Adolescent Interactions and Adolescent Information Management

Associations between observed mother–adolescent interactions during a conflict task and adolescents’ information management strategies were examined in 108 primarily middle class, European-American adolescents (M = 13.80 years, SD = 1.52) and their mothers. Teens who communicated more clearly disclosed more about personal and multifaceted activities, lied less about personal activities, and engaged in less avoidance regarding multifaceted and prudential activities. Mothers’ clear communication was associated with less adolescent disclosure and more avoidance about personal and multifaceted activities. Teens with more receptive mothers omitted less prudential information but avoided discussing prudential issues more. Maternal warmth was not associated with information management. The results highlight the need to distinguish between parent and teen behaviors and between affective quality and specific communicative behaviors.
Cytokine Profiles of T-lymphocytes from Gingival Tissues with Pathological Pocketing

Periodontal disease is an infection in which destruction occurs at sites remote from the infection, resulting in pathological pocketing. Intervening between the infection and the destruction is a dense mononuclear inflammatory infiltrate. It has been suggested that this infiltrate might have characteristics and the destructive potential of Th1-type T lymphocytes. To ascertain the nature of the infiltrates we investigated the expression of mRNA for IL-2, IL-5, and IFN-γ by gingival mononuclear cells (GMC) from healthy (n = 8) or adult periodontitis (AP) patients (n = 25) by using cytokine-specific reverse-transcription/polymerasechain-reaction (RT-PCR). GMC, as obtained from patients' tissues, expressed IL-2, IFN-y, or IL-5 mRNA. Significantly higher proportions of GMC from AP patients expressed IL-2 and IFN-γ mRNA than did those from healthy subjects. TFN-γ was the most consistent cytokine message detected. In other experiments, gingival T-lymphocytes (n = 12) and CD4+ and CD8+ gingival T-lymphocytes (n = 16) were isolated from gingival tissues removed surgically from AP patients. AP gingival T-lymphocytes expressed mRNA for IL-2, IFN-γ, or IL-6 prior to stimulation. After stimulation with Con A, the cells significantly up-regulated IL-5 and IL-6 message expression. Both CD4+ and CD8+ gingival T-lymphocytes expressed IFN-γ, IL-5, and some IL-2. This cumulative cytokine profile observed in these experiments is consistent with the predominance of Th1-type cells in pathological tissues and with Th2-type cells, which can also be present, being up-regulated under appropriate stimulation. Importantly, CD4+ and CD8+ lymphocytes were shown to express T1- and T2-type cytokine message, emphasizing the potential for CD8- T-lymphocytes to participate in periodontal disease pathology.
Interaction of ResD with regulatory regions of anaerobically induced genes in Bacillus subtilis

The two‐component regulatory proteins ResD and ResE are required for anaerobic nitrate respiration in Bacillus subtilis. ResD, when it undergoes ResE‐dependent phosphorylation, is thought to activate transcriptionally anaerobically induced genes such as fnr, hmp and nasD. In this report, deletion analysis of the fnr, hmp and nasD promoter regions was carried out to identify cis‐acting sequences required for ResDE‐dependent transcription. The results suggest that the hmp and nasD promoters have multiple target sequences for ResDE‐dependent regulation and that fnr has a single target site. Gel mobility shift assays and DNase I footprinting analyses were performed to determine whether ResD interacts directly with the regulatory regions of the three genes. Our results indicate that ResD specifically binds to sequences residing upstream of the hmp and nasD promoters and that phosphorylation of ResD significantly stimulates this binding. In contrast, a higher concentration of ResD is required for binding to the fnr promoter region and no stimulation of the binding by ResD phosphorylation was observed. Taken together, these results suggest that ResD activates transcription of fnr, hmp and nasD by interacting with DNA upstream of these promoters. Our results suggest that phosphorylation of ResD stimulates binding to multiple ResD binding sites, but is much less stimulatory if only a single binding site exists.
The Care and Education of Young Bilinguals: An Introduction for Professionals

Getting to know bilingual children the advantage of the bilingual child the everday language use of bilinguals bilingual children and families bilingual children and communities bilingual children and thinking the education of bilingual children the bilingual classroom developing biliterate children bilingual children with special needs the assessment and education of bilingual children with special needs multiculturalism, racism and bilingual children the politics surrounding bilingual children.
Global atmospheric change and human health.

Toxic nitric oxide (NO) levels can regulate gene expression. Using a novel protein/DNA array, we show that toxic NO levels regulate the binding of trans-factors to various cis-elements in neuroblastoma cells, including CRE and those recognized by the transcription factors AP1, AP2, Brn-3a, EGR, E2F1 and SP1. Functionality of some of the cis-elements was confirmed by electro mobility shift and reporter assays. Interestingly, CREB, AP-1, Brn-3a, EGR and E2F1 can control mammalian cell viability. NO induced the anti-apoptotic Bcl-2 protein and its mRNA prior to the onset of death of 30–60% of the cells. Promoter analysis of the bcl-2 gene confirmed the involvement of a CRE in NO-dependent bcl-2 transcription. Neuroblastoma cells over-expressing bcl-2 became much more resistant to NO-induced apoptosis; conversely, Bcl-2 knockdown cells were rendered markedly more sensitive to NO. Together these results suggest that Bcl-2 counteracts NO-induced apoptosis in a fraction of the cell population. Thus, NO stimulates the binding of many trans-factors to their cognate cis-elements, some of which can regulate cell viability through transcriptional activation of target genes. Our results emphasize that a DNA/protein array approach can reveal novel, global transcription factor activities stimulated by cell death-regulating molecules.
Developmental Psychopathology: Epidemiology, Diagnostics and Treatment

1. Introduction and General Issues, Cecilia Ahmoi Essau and Franz Petermann 2. Classification and Assessment Strategies, Cecilia Ahmoi Essau, Michael Feehan and Bedirhan Ustun 3. Research Methods and Designs, Cecilia Ahmoi Essau, Franz Petermann and Michael Feehan 4. Conduct and Oppositional Defiant Disorders, Wendy M. Craig and Debra J. Pepler 5. Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder, Cecilia Ahmoi Essau, Rob McGee and Michael Feehan 6. Pervasive Developmental Disorders, Michael Kusch and Franz Petermann 7. Anxiety Disorders, Paul Emmelkamp and Agnes Scholing 8. Mood Disorders, Cecilia Ahmoi Essau and Ulrike Petermann 9. Substance Use Disorders, Lisa Dierker, Kathleen R. Merlkangas and Cecilia Ahmoi Essau 10. Feeding and Eating Disorders, Julie IIakim-Larson, Sylvia Voelker, Cheryl Thomas and Linda Reinstein 11. Elimination Disorders, Richard J. Butler 12. Progress and Unresolved Issues in Developmental Psychopathology, Joseph A. Sergeant and Pier J.M. Prins
Susceptibility of Anopheles stephensi to Plasmodium gallinaceum: A Trait of the Mosquito, the Parasite, and the Environment

Background Vector susceptibility to Plasmodium infection is treated primarily as a vector trait, although it is a composite trait expressing the joint occurrence of the parasite and the vector with genetic contributions of both. A comprehensive approach to assess the specific contribution of genetic and environmental variation on “vector susceptibility” is lacking. Here we developed and implemented a simple scheme to assess the specific contributions of the vector, the parasite, and the environment to “vector susceptibility. ” To the best of our knowledge this is the first study that employs such an approach. Methodology/Principal Findings We conducted selection experiments on the vector (while holding the parasite “constant”) and on the parasite (while holding the vector “constant”) to estimate the genetic contributions of the mosquito and the parasite to the susceptibility of Anopheles stephensi to Plasmodium gallinaceum. We separately estimated the realized heritability of (i) susceptibility to parasite infection by the mosquito vector and (ii) parasite compatibility (transmissibility) with the vector while controlling the other. The heritabilities of vector and the parasite were higher for the prevalence, i.e., fraction of infected mosquitoes, than the corresponding heritabilities of parasite load, i.e., the number of oocysts per mosquito. Conclusions The vector's genetics (heritability) comprised 67% of “vector susceptibility” measured by the prevalence of mosquitoes infected with P. gallinaceum oocysts, whereas the specific contribution of parasite genetics (heritability) to this trait was only 5%. Our parasite source might possess minimal genetic diversity, which could explain its low heritability (and the high value of the vector). Notably, the environment contributed 28%. These estimates are relevant only to the particular system under study, but this experimental design could be useful for other parasite-host systems. The prospects and limitations of the genetic manipulation of vector populations to render the vector resistant to the parasite are better considered on the basis of this framework.