Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Poor Man's OCR Post-Correction: Unsupervised Recognition of Variant Spelling Applied to a Multilingual Document Collection

The accuracy of Optical Character Recognition (OCR) is sets the limit for the success of subsequent applications used in text analyzing pipeline. Recent models of OCR postprocessing significantly improve the quality of OCR-generated text but require engineering work or resources such as human-labeled data or a dictionary to perform with such accuracy on novel datasets. In the present paper we introduce a technique for OCR post-processing that runs off-the-shelf with no resources or parameter tuning required. In essence, words which are similar in form that are also distributionally more similar than expected at random are deemed OCR-variants. As such it can be applied to any language or genre (as long as the orthography segments the language at the word-level). The algorithm is illustrated and evaluated using a multilingual document collection and a benchmark English dataset.
Deqi Sensations of Transcutaneous Electrical Nerve Stimulation on Auricular Points

Deqi sensation, a psychophysical response characterized by a spectrum of different needling sensations, is essential for Chinese acupuncture clinical efficacy. Previous research works have investigated the component of Deqi response upon acupuncture on acupoints on the trunk and limbs. However, the characteristics of Deqi sensations of transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation (TENS) on auricular points are seldom reported. In this study, we investigated the individual components of Deqi during TENS on auricular concha area and the superior scapha using quantitative measurements in the healthy subjects and depression patients. The most striking characteristics of Deqi sensations upon TENS on auricular points were tingling, numbness, and fullness. The frequencies of pressure, warmness, heaviness, and soreness were relatively lower. The dull pain and coolness are rare. The characteristics of Deqi were similar for the TENS on concha and on the superior scapha.
Mechanisms for converting bioactive silicate, borate, and borosilicate glasses to hydroxyapatite in dilute phosphate solution

The mechanisms by which a bioactive silicate glass (designated 45S5), a borate glass, and two intermediate borosilicate glass compositions convert to hydroxyapatite (HA) in dilute phosphate solutions were investigated. The borate and borosilicate glasses were derived from the silicate glass by fully or partially replacing the SiO 2 with B 2 O 3 . Kinetic, chemical and microstructural changes accompanying the conversion of the glasses to HA were comprehensively characterized. Increasing the B 2 O 2 content of the glass produced an increase in the conversion rate and a decrease in the pH of the solution. The conversion started at the surface of the glass and moved inwhrd. For particles with a size of 150-300 μm, conversion of the borate glass went to completion within 3 days, yielding pseudomorphic HA particles with a nanoscale structure, but the silicate and borosilicate glasses were only partially converted even after 75 days, giving a composite structure consisting of a SiO 2 -rich core surrounded by a HA layer. Regardless of the composition, all the Na 2 O and B 2 O 3 present in the glass particles dissolved into solution, but the CaO either reacted to form HA or remained in the unconverted SiO 2 -rich core. A qualitative model is developed to describe the conversion of the glasses to HA.
Delayed Latency of Postural Muscles of Individuals with Intellectual Disabilities

Individuals with intellectual disabilities (ID) (50 < IQ < 79) show impaired motor and postural control, these impairments are highly related to falls and injuries. Recent studies demonstrated these impairments are related with fine and gross motor development, which are more strongly associated with cognition, and consequently language for individuals with ID than for without ID. Despite these studies, little is known about the structure and functioning of this population's spinal cord, which is highly involved in postural control. The aim of our study was to assess the latency of the reflex responses in postural muscles after unexpected lateral external perturbations, in individuals with intellectual disabilities compared to typically developed participants. We assessed 16 participants with intellectual disabilities, 9 males and 7 females (aged 24.06 ± 8.66 years) and 20 typical developed participants (CG), 11 females, 9 males, (aged 21.20±1.96 years). While the participants were in an upright standing position electromyography was used to collect data from M. obliquus externus abdominis (OE) muscles, which were activated by unpredictable perturbations applied by a servomotor on a hand-held grip, following the lateral external perturbation to the trunk. The intellectual disabilities group presented contralateral OE muscles latency of 85.71±27.24 ms, and CG group presented 68.62±10.25 ms, no differences was found. Ipsilateral OE muscles latency also did not differs between the groups, ID group showed 96.60±30.20 ms and CG group showed 95.57±33.53 ms. Our study furthers the knowledge about the muscular activity of individuals with intellectual disabilities. The present experimental results may suggest unique spinal cord processing of individuals with intellectual disabilities when they are faced with unexpected lateral external perturbations.
Xylanase Gene Transcription in Trichoderma reesei Is Triggered by Different Inducers Representing Different Hemicellulosic Pentose Polymers

ABSTRACT The ascomycete Trichoderma reesei is a paradigm for the regulation and production of plant cell wall-degrading enzymes, including xylanases. Four xylanases, including XYN1 and XYN2 of glycosyl hydrolase family 11 (GH11), the GH10 XYN3, and the GH30 XYN4, were already described. By genome mining, we identified a fifth xylanase, XYN5, belonging to GH11. Transcriptional analysis reveals that the expression of all xylanases but xyn3 is induced by d-xylose, dependent on the cellulase and xylanase regulator XYR1 and negatively regulated by the carbon catabolite repressor CRE1. Impairment of d-xylose catabolism at the d-xylose reductase and xylitol dehydrogenase step strongly enhanced induction by d-xylose. Knockout of the l-xylulose reductase-encoding gene lxr3, which connects the d-xylose and l-arabinose catabolic pathways, had no effect on xylanase induction. Besides the induction by d-xylose, the T. reesei xylanases were also induced by l-arabinose, and this induction was also enhanced in knockout mutants in l-arabinose reductase (xyl1), l-arabitol dehydrogenase (lad1), and l-xylulose reductase (lxr3). Induction by l-arabinose was also XYR1 dependent. Analysis of intracellular polyols revealed accumulation of xylitol in all strains only during incubation with d-xylose and accumulation of l-arabitol only during incubation with l-arabinose. Induction by l-arabinose could be further stimulated by addition of d-xylose. We conclude that the expression of the T. reesei xylanases can be induced by both d-xylose and l-arabinose, but independently of each other and by using different inducing metabolites.
The State-of-the-Art Research Progress on Motion Segmentation

Motion segmentation is currently one of the most active research topics in the areas of computer vision and multimedia. It has a wide spectrum of potential applications, including action recognition, visual surveillance, video indexing, video compression, and many other applications. In this paper, we review the recent developments (especially for those in recent five years) of motion segmentation methods and analyze their respective pros and cons. Several valuable research directions are discussed and some suggestions are put forward in the end.
The role of Rpgrip1l, a component of the primary cilium, in adipocyte development and function

Genetic variants within the FTO (α‐ketoglutarate‐dependent dioxygenase) gene have been strongly associated with a modest increase in adiposity as a result of increased food intake. These risk alleles are associated with decreased expression of both FTO and neighboring RPGRIP1L (retinitis pigmentosa GTPase regulator‐interacting protein 1 like). RPGRIP1L encodes a protein that is critical to the function of the primary cilium, which conveys extracellular information to the cell. Rpgrip1l+/− mice exhibit increased adiposity, in part, as a result of hyperphagia. Here, we describe the effects of Rpgrip1l in adipocytes that may contribute to the adiposity phenotype observed in these animals and possibly in humans who segregate for FTO risk alleles. Loss of Rpgrip1l in 3T3‐L1 preadipocytes increased the number of cells that are capable of differentiating into mature adipocytes. Knockout of Rpgrip1l in mature adipocytes using Adipoq‐Cre did not increase adiposity in mice that were fed chow or a high‐fat diet. We also did not observe any effects of Rpgrip1l knockdown in mature 3T3‐L1 adipocytes. Thus, to the extent that Rpgrip1l affects cell‐autonomous adipose tissue function, it may do so as a result of the effects conveyed in preadipocytes in which the primary cilium is functionally important. We propose that decreased RPGRIP1L expression in preadipocytes in humans who segregate for FTO obesity risk alleles may increase the storage capacity of adipose tissue. —Martin Carli, J. F. , LeDuc, C. A. , Zhang, Y. , Stratigopoulos, G. , Leibel, R. L. The role of Rpgrip1l, a component of the primary cilium, in adipocyte development and function. FASEB J. 32, 3946–3956 (2018). www.fasebj. org
Fatty acid acylation regulates trafficking of the unusual Plasmodium falciparum calpain to the nucleolus

The Plasmodium falciparum genome encodes a single calpain. By generating P. falciparum clones expressing C‐terminally tagged calpain, we localized this protein to the nucleolus. Pf_calpain possesses an unusual and long N‐terminal domain in which we identified three subregions that are highly conserved among Plasmodium species. Two have putative targeting signals: a myristoylation motif and a nuclear localization sequence. We assessed their functionality. Our data show that the nuclear localization sequence is an active nuclear import motif that contains an embedded signal conferring nucleolar localization on various chimeras. The N‐terminus is myristoylated at Gly2 and palmitoylated at Cys3 and Cys22. Palmitoylation status has an important role in dictating P. falciparum calpain localization. The targeting signals function in mammalian cells as well as in the parasite. P. falciparum calpain is a unique nucleolar protein with an interesting mechanism of targeting.
Effect of AlN buffer layer properties on the morphology and polarity of GaN nanowires grown by molecular beam epitaxy

Low-temperature AlN buffer layers grown via plasma-assisted molecular beam epitaxy on Si (111) were found to significantly affect the subsequent growth morphology of GaN nanowires. The AlN buffer layers exhibited nanowire-like columnar protrusions, with their size, shape, and tilt determined by the AlN V/III flux ratio. GaN nanowires were frequently observed to adopt the structural characteristics of the underlying AlN columns, including the size and the degree of tilt. Piezoresponse force microscopy and polarity-sensitive etching indicate that the AlN films and the protruding columns have a mixed crystallographic polarity. Convergent beam electron diffraction indicates that GaN nanowires are Ga-polar, suggesting that Al-polar columns are nanowire nucleation sites for Ga-polar nanowires. GaN nanowires of low density could be grown on AlN buffers that were predominantly N-polar with isolated Al-polar columns, indicating a high growth rate for Ga-polar nanowires and suppressed growth of N-polar nanowires under typical growth conditions. AlN buffer layers grown under slightly N-rich conditions (V/III flux ratio = 1.0 to 1.3) were found to provide a favorable growth surface for low-density, coalescence-free nanowires.
Multicriteria optimization for volumetric-modulated arc therapy by decomposition into a fluence-based relaxation and a segment weight-based restriction.

PURPOSE To develop a method for inverse volumetric-modulated arc therapy (VMAT) planning that combines multicriteria optimization (MCO) with direct machine parameter optimization. The ultimate goal is to provide an efficient and intuitive method for generating high quality VMAT plans. METHODS Multicriteria radiation therapy treatment planning amounts to approximating the relevant treatment options by a discrete set of plans, and selecting the combination thereof that strikes the best possible balance between conflicting objectives. This approach is applied to two decompositions of the inverse VMAT planning problem: a fluence-based relaxation considered at a coarsened gantry angle spacing and under a regularizing penalty on fluence modulation, and a segment weight-based restriction in a neighborhood of the solution to the relaxed problem. The two considered variable domains are interconnected by direct machine parameter optimization toward reproducing the dose-volume histogram of the fluence-based solution. RESULTS The dose distribution quality of plans generated by the proposed MCO method was assessed by direct comparison with benchmark plans generated by a conventional VMAT planning method. The results for four patient cases (prostate, pancreas, lung, and head and neck) are highly comparable between the MCO plans and the benchmark plans: Discrepancies between studied dose-volume statistics for organs at risk were-with the exception of the kidneys of the pancreas case-within 1 Gy or 1 percentage point. Target coverage of the MCO plans was comparable with that of the benchmark plans, but with a small tendency toward a shift from conformity to homogeneity. CONCLUSIONS MCO allows tradeoffs between conflicting objectives encountered in VMAT planning to be explored in an interactive manner through search over a continuous representation of the relevant treatment options. Treatment plans selected from such a representation are of comparable dose distribution quality to conventionally optimized VMAT plans.
Molecular Mechanisms of Cardiotoxicity : A Review on the Major Side-effect of Doxorubicin

May-June 2017 Indian Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences 335 Doxorubicin is a secondary metabolite produced by Streptomyces peucetius var. caesius and belongs to anthracyclines (ANTs) family. It is an efficient antineoplastic agent used for the treatment of child and adult cancers such as solid tumours, leukaemia, lymphoma and breast cancer. Optimal administration of doxorubicin is hampered due to some toxicity such as hematopoietic suppression, nausea, vomiting, extravasation, alopecia, and cardiotoxicity[1]. Cytotoxic chemotherapy-induced cardiotoxicity has a high incidence[2]. Cardiotoxicity included shortand longterm toxic effects in the heart ranging from alterations in myocardial structure and function to severe cardiomyopathy and heart failure that may result in cardiac transplantation or death. Chronic cardiotoxicity occurred after prolonged administration of doxorubicin. Although the possibility of cardiotoxicity development is dose dependent, but it could occur even at lower dose due to individual variations[3].
Mouse population-based evaluation of urinary protein and miRNA biomarker performance associated with cisplatin renal injury

Discovery and qualification of novel biomarkers with improved specificity and sensitivity for detection of xenobiotic-induced injuries is an area of active research across multiple sectors. However, the majority of efforts in this arena have used genetically limited rodent stocks that lack variability in xenobiotic responses inherent to genetically heterogeneous human populations. In this study, genetically diverse Diversity Outbred (DO) mice were used as a surrogate for human clinical populations to investigate performance of urinary kidney biomarkers against classical preclinical kidney injury biomarkers (blood urea nitrogen [BUN] and serum creatinine). In this study, cisplatin was used as a paradigm kidney toxicant, with female adult DO mice exposed to a single injection (5 mg/kg) of cisplatin or vehicle and necropsied 72 h post-exposure and 18 h following overnight urine collection. Interindividual variability in kidney toxicity was observed, with DO mice experiencing either no tubule cell necrosis or minimal-mild necrosis. A panel of urinary protein biomarkers and profiled miRNAs were assessed by receiver-operating characteristic curves as to their ability to distinguish non-responder versus responder animals, as defined by histopathological evidence of renal tubule cell necrosis. A surprising outcome of these studies was that BUN was elevated alongside of urinary miRNA and protein biomarkers in animals with grade 2 proximal tubular cell necrosis; but not elevated with grade 1 necrosis. These studies demonstrate a novel approach for using a rodent population to better assess sensitivity of candidate biomarkers, especially for proposed clinical applications. Impact statement Recent studies have indicated that several urinary proteins and miRNA species may be suitable as biomarkers for acute kidney injury. A major focus on biomarker qualification is demonstrating improved specificity and sensitivity over gold standard tests. In this study, a mouse population model, Diversity Outbred mice, was used to demonstrate that neither the urinary protein markers nor the miRNA species assayed in urine could reliably detect low severity kidney injury better than blood urea nitrogen. This study has implications for use of these biomarkers in the clinic, where interindividual heterogeneity is present within patient populations and for which the underlying tissue pathology may not be known.
Thermal‐Shock Damage in SiC

Two silicon carbides with different fracture surface energies were subjected to increasingly severe thermal shock; the damage was monitored by changes in the specific damping capacity, elastic modulus, and fracture strength. The fracture strength followed predicted trends, but the strength losses did not correlate with the changes observed in damping and modulus. The differences in thermal-shock resistance of the materials were related to the fracture surface energy; the body with the higher fracture energy had superior resistance to thermal-shock damage.
Podocyte‐specific soluble epoxide hydrolase deficiency in mice attenuates acute kidney injury

Podocytes play an important role in maintaining glomerular function, and podocyte injury is a significant component in the pathogenesis of proteinuria. Soluble epoxide hydrolase (sEH) is a cytosolic enzyme whose genetic deficiency and pharmacological inhibition have beneficial effects on renal function, but its role in podocytes remains unexplored. The objective of this study was to investigate the contribution of sEH in podocytes to lipopolysaccharide (LPS)‐induced kidney injury. We report increased sEH transcript and protein expression in murine podocytes upon LPS challenge. To determine the function of sEH in podocytes in vivo we generated podocyte‐specific sEH‐deficient (pod‐sEHKO) mice. Following LPS challenge, podocyte sEH‐deficient mice exhibited lower kidney injury, proteinuria, and blood urea nitrogen concentrations than controls suggestive of preserved renal function. Also, renal mRNA and serum concentrations of inflammatory cytokines IL‐6, IL‐1β, and TNFα were significantly lower in LPS‐treated pod‐sEHKO than control mice. Moreover, podocyte sEH deficiency was associated with decreased LPS‐induced NF‐κB and MAPK activation and attenuated endoplasmic reticulum stress. Furthermore, the protective effects of podocyte sEH deficiency in vivo were recapitulated in E11 murine podocytes treated with a selective sEH pharmacological inhibitor. Altogether, these findings identify sEH in podocytes as a contributor to signaling events in acute renal injury and suggest that sEH inhibition may be of therapeutic value in proteinuria.
Analytical Model of Large Data Transactions in CoAP Networks

We propose a novel analytical model to study fragmentation methods in wireless sensor networks adopting the Constrained Application Protocol (CoAP) and the IEEE 802.15. 4 standard for medium access control (MAC). The blockwise transfer technique proposed in CoAP and the 6LoWPAN fragmentation are included in the analysis. The two techniques are compared in terms of reliability and delay, depending on the traffic, the number of nodes and the parameters of the IEEE 802.15. 4 MAC. The results are validated trough Monte Carlo simulations. To the best of our knowledge this is the first study that evaluates and compares analytically the performance of CoAP blockwise transfer and 6LoWPAN fragmentation. A major contribution is the possibility to understand the behavior of both techniques with different network conditions. Our results show that 6LoWPAN fragmentation is preferable for delay-constrained applications. For highly congested networks, the blockwise transfer slightly outperforms 6LoWPAN fragmentation in terms of reliability.
Connected lighting system data analytics

With the exponential increase of connected products and cheap digital data storage capabilities, applying data analysis and machine learning techniques on commercial datasets has been playing an important role to understand customer behavior. This understanding helps commercial decision-making in various aspects such as suitable time for product promoting or products placement in supermarkets. Nowadays, Intelligent lighting systems generate large amount of data that include product information, usage patterns and timestamp, etc. Such data can be used to solve several interesting business problems. In this study, three business questions are proposed based on business interests and data available, then answered by analyzing a sample dataset derived from real-world data of an connected lighting system. An ad-hoc data analysis framework is built for this aim. The framework is based on frequent pattern mining, which discovers frequent patterns in a given dataset. Three branches of frequent pattern mining: association rule mining, sequential pattern mining and frequent episodes mining are introduced to answer each question respectively. The generated patterns provide a clear understanding of the transactions happening in the data, which also provide a potential for decision making when using factual commercial and system data.
Synthesis of a perylene-diimide derivative: Small organic molecule and its characterization towards organic electronics application

In this report, we explain the synthesis scheme and characterization of one derivative of the perylene diimide and its approach towards the organic electronics application, especially, in opto-electronics. The self-assembly and π-π stacking property of this Tryptophan based derivative of perylene diimide has been studied in detail. Along with this, influence of side chain substitution at imide position has been examined. The shape, size and the topography of these small molecules with fiber like structures have been analyzed with the help of FESEM and TEM in different organic solvents. The molecular interaction in the π-π stacking between the side chains was consequently investigated with the help of UV and fluorescence spectrometer to examine the absorption and emission properties. Investigation of the electron transfer ability was done with the help of the DFT calculations and the cyclic voltammetry characterizations. The plane of the molecular stacking was scrutinized with the assistance of XRD analysis.