Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Spectral–spatial classification of hyperspectral image using three-dimensional convolution network

Abstract. Recently, hyperspectral image (HSI) classification has become a focus of research. However, the complex structure of an HSI makes feature extraction difficult to achieve. Most current methods build classifiers based on complex handcrafted features computed from the raw inputs. The design of an improved 3-D convolutional neural network (3D-CNN) model for HSI classification is described. This model extracts features from both the spectral and spatial dimensions through the application of 3-D convolutions, thereby capturing the important discrimination information encoded in multiple adjacent bands. The designed model views the HSI cube data altogether without relying on any pre- or postprocessing. In addition, the model is trained in an end-to-end fashion without any handcrafted features. The designed model was applied to three widely used HSI datasets. The experimental results demonstrate that the 3D-CNN-based method outperforms conventional methods even with limited labeled training samples.
Response of Water Stress and Bacterial Fertilizer Addition to the Structure of Microbial Flora in the Rhizosphere Soil of Grapes Under Delayed Cultivation

ABSTRACT The objectives of this study were to reveal the soil microbial structures in the rhizosphere soil of the delayed cultivation and to evaluate the effects of water stress and bacterial fertilizer on major bacteria. The experiment was conducted in 2019 in Yongdeng County, Gansu Province. Three treatments of water regulation were set, including the moderate water stress, mild water stress and adequate water supply treatment with the bacterial fertilizer added at the levels of no addition (0 g), small addition (75 g) and large addition (150 g), respectively. The results showed that the relative abundance of dominant species of soil microorganisms was significantly higher under sufficient water supply and mild water stress treatment than under moderate water stress treament. Under the mild water stress condition, the relative abundance of the most dominant species in each classification level sequentially decreased with the bacterial fertilizer added increasingly. Adding a small amount of bacterial treatment fertilizer to moderate water stress can improve the overall abundance of soil microbial communities during the growth period of new shoots. It was found that Proteobacteria, Bacteroidetes, Gemmatimonadetes, Actinobacteria, Firmicutes, Acidobacteria, Chloroflexi, Planctomycetes, Thaumarchaeota, Verrucomicrobia, and the other bacteria were the major bacterial phyla in the rhizosphere soil of delayed cultivation grapes, among, which Proteobacteria were the most dominant group. Therefore, adding a small amount of bacterial fertilizer under the mild water stress treatment can not only improve the diversity and richness of soil microorganisms during the fruit expansion period, but also significantly save water resources compared with the traditional irrigation regimes.
Non-abelian correction to the Poisson approximation for multi-gluon bremsstrahlung

We present a technique that we are developing to compute the non-abelian effects to the well-known poisson distribution from QED results to obtain the QCD momentum distribution. We first introduce the MHV method used compute scattering amplitudes in gauge theory, especially 𝒩 = 4 SYM, then we discuss the case of massless QCD. In second part we present why the irreducible representation of the symmetric group is the natural framework to obtain the non-abelian correction to the QED distribution.
Consumer Perception Towards Sustainable Packaging in E-Commerce Industry: A Factor Analytic Approach

Sustainable packaging is an eco-friendly alternative to traditional plastic packaging that reduces carbon footprint and promotes human and ecological longevity. As the green supply chain concept gains popularity, companies worldwide are embracing sustainable and environmentally friendly packaging practices. According to the Sustainability Annual Trends report, e-commerce platforms are experiencing substantial growth and having an enormous environmental impact. The e-commerce industry's rapid expansion has significant environmental consequences because the majority of products sold on these platforms are packaged in harmful plastic materials that are detrimental to the ecosystem. The supply chain network's devastating effect on the environment has forced e-commerce companies to re-evaluate their strategies and adopt sustainable policies that prioritize eco-friendly packaging. As a result, e-commerce companies are seeking alternatives to traditional plastic packaging to minimize their environmental impact. This shift towards sustainable practices will help reduce the industry's negative environmental impact, which has been a significant concern in recent years. The objective of this study is to investigate consumer perceptions of sustainable packaging in e-commerce platforms. The study will use the Factor Analytic Approach to identify the critical factors that influence consumers' attitudes towards sustainable packaging. Additionally, this study will offer recommendations on sustainable packaging solutions that e-commerce companies can adopt to reduce their environmental impact. By analysing consumer perceptions of sustainable packaging, this study will help e-commerce companies understand the factors that affect their customers' decision-making processes when it comes to eco-friendly packaging. As a result, e-commerce companies can take steps to adopt sustainable packaging practices that align with consumer preferences, reduce their environmental footprint, and promote their brand's commitment to sustainability
Q-valued functions and approximation of minimal currents

DISSERTATION ZUR EINLANGUNG DER ¨ NATURWISSENSCHAFTLICHEN DOKTORWURDE Q-VALUED FUNCTIONS AND APPROXIMATION OF MINIMAL CURRENTS EMANUELE NUNZIO SPADARO Zusammenfassung Im letzen Jahrhundert wurden Fl¨chen, die von minimalem Fl¨cheninhalt sind, a a ausgibig untersucht. Solche Fl¨chen waren entscheidend zum Verst¨ndinis einiger a a wichtiger Klassen von partiellen Diﬀerentialgleichungen sowie der Geometrie des Raumes bei. Ausgehend von klassischen Plateau-Problem betrachten wir Fl¨chen von min- a imalem Fl¨cheninhalt, die von einer gegebener Kurve berandet seien sollen, und a gehen der Frage nach der Regularit¨t solcher Fl¨chen nach. Den Arbeiten von F. a a Almgren folgend versuchen wir solche Fl¨chen lokal durch Graphen mehrwertiger a Funktionen zu approximieren, wobei diese Funktionen einem geeigneten Variation- sprinzip gen¨gen sollen, und analysieren anschliesend ihre Regularit¨t. u a Abstract In the last century, the study of surfaces minimizing the area has been one of the main active research ﬁeld in mathematical analysis and geometry, and the investi- gation of some of the properties of such surfaces contributed to the understanding of certain classes of partial diﬀerential equations and of the geometric properties of the space. Starting from the by now well-known Plateau’s problem, we consider the surfaces of minimal area spanning a given contour and question about their regularity. In particular, following the works of F. Almgren, we consider the problem of the local approximation of such surfaces through the graphs of multiple valued functions satisfying an opportune variational principle and analyze the regularity properties of such functions. 1
Debris‐Flow Process Controls on Steepland Morphology in the San Gabriel Mountains, California

Steep landscapes evolve largely by debris flows, in addition to fluvial and hillslope processes. Abundant field observations document that debris flows incise valley bottoms and transport substantial sediment volumes, yet their contributions to steepland morphology remain uncertain. This has, in turn, limited the development of debris‐flow incision rate formulations that produce morphology consistent with natural landscapes. In many landscapes, including the San Gabriel Mountains (SGM), California, steady‐state fluvial channel longitudinal profiles are concave‐up and exhibit a power‐law relationship between channel slope and drainage area. At low drainage areas, however, valley slopes become nearly constant. These topographic forms result in a characteristically curved slope‐area signature in log‐log space. Here, we use a one‐dimensional landform evolution model that incorporates debris‐flow erosion to reproduce the relationship between this curved slope‐area signature and erosion rate in the SGM. Topographic analysis indicates that the drainage area at which steepland valleys transition to fluvial channels correlates with measured erosion rates in the SGM, and our model results reproduce these relationships. Further, the model only produces realistic valley profiles when parameters that dictate the relationship between debris‐flow erosion, valley‐bottom slope, and debris‐flow depth are within a narrow range. This result helps place constraints on the mathematical form of a debris‐flow incision law. Finally, modeled fluvial incision outpaces debris‐flow erosion at drainage areas less than those at which valleys morphologically transition from near‐invariant slopes to concave profiles. This result emphasizes the critical role of debris‐flow incision for setting steepland form, even as fluvial incision becomes the dominant incisional process.
The Negative Binomial-Sushila Distribution with Application in Count Data Analysis

In this paper, we introduce a negative binomial-Sushila distribution which is a new mixed negative binomial distribution. The probability mass function (pmf) has been expressed as mixtures of the negative binomial and the Sushila distribution. The factorial moments, the first four moments, variance and skewness have been derived. Moreover, we found that the negative binomial-Lindley distribution is its special case. We also discuss maximum likelihood estimation of the model parameters. For application to real data set, it shows that the new distribution can provide a better fit the data than the Poisson and negative binomial distributions. We hope that this distribution may be an alternative model to over-dispersed count data analysis.
Distribution of Primary Healthcare Centers Between 2017 and 2021 Across Saudi Arabia

Background and aim: Access to adequate healthcare systems is seen as a fundamental human right. Therefore, healthcare services must be distributed and accessible in the most efficient way possible to those who need them the most. Primary healthcare centers are the backbone of any healthcare system as they provide essential healthcare services to the general population. Inequalities in the distribution of primary healthcare centers can lead to disparities in healthcare access and outcomes. This study aimed to assess the equity of primary healthcare centers distribution, we analyzed and evaluated the allocation of primary healthcare centers in Saudi Arabia from 2017 to 2021. Method: This cross-sectional study utilized data from the Health Statistical Yearbook published by the Ministry of Health, Saudi Arabia, during the period of 2017-2021. The number of primary healthcare centers per 10,000 population was calculated for the 20 health regions. We used the Gini index to measure inequality in the distribution of primary healthcare centers. The Pearson coefficient was calculated to assess the correlation between the number of primary healthcare centers and the population in each health region. Result: The overall ratio of primary healthcare centers to population decreased from 0.72 to 0.62 between 2017 and 2021. The Gini index showed relative equality in the distribution of primary healthcare centers from 2017 to 2021 with values between 0.2 and 0.3. There was a positive correlation between the population and the primary healthcare centers in Jeddah, Tabouk, and the Northern Region. However, in Riyadh, Makkah, Taif, Madinah, Qaseem, Eastern Region, Al-Ahsa, Aseer, Hail, Jazan, Najran, Al-Baha, and Al-Jouf, the correlation was found to be negative. Conclusion: From 2017 to 2021, primary healthcare facilities are distributed fairly throughout 20 health regions of Saudi Arabia. However, there are still some disparities between provinces, and efforts must be made to ensure that primary healthcare centers are distributed equitably across the country to improve healthcare access and outcomes for all.
The Estimation of Fracture Intensity and Pressure Distribution using Analysis of Shear Wave Splitting on “Landak” Geothermal Field

Shear wave splitting is a study that utilizes the differences between arrival times of two shear waves (slow and fast) propagating from a source to a receiver to identify the magnitude of the anisotropic medium through which they propagate. Aside from generating a delay time between two shear waves, the anisotropic medium also shifts the polarization of fast shear wave from its initial polarization which is indicated as the main orientation of the related fracture system. The study was conducted on Landak Field, located around Bukit Besar mountain range by analyzing provided data from December 2011 to April 2012. The results of this study show that the polarizations of fast shear waves in several stations are as following; NE-SW orientation at station R09, R17, R25, and R26, N-S orientation at station R08, and NW-SE orientation at station R17. Not only do these orientations of polarization show a good correlation with structural analysis in this area, but also important to be noted that all microseismic stations encounter a wide-spreading polarization phenomenon as an effect of complex anisotropy. The delay time from all stations ranges from 0.03 to 0.07 seconds. The normalization between delay time and length of ray path for all stations results in a fracture intensity parameter ranging from 0.004 to 0.011 seconds/km. This intensity is measured in slowness parameters, which shows increased value towards the Bukit Besar area, which potentially becomes the upflow zone of the geothermal system. The study shows that the distribution of fracture intensity and pressure have correlation and identical trend with temperature distribution.
The Implication of Conjunctive Element Shifts in the Translation of Argumentative Texts

This study attempts to identify the implication of conjunctive element shifts in the Chinese translation of argumentative column articles by an established columnist. More specifically, this study focuses on the implication of a cohesive shift, which includes explicitations, implicitations, shifts and wrong translations of conjunctive elements in the translated text. The texts in this study are argumentative in nature, and the use of conjunctive elements is pivotal in guiding the reader on the flow of the argument at hand. Through in-depth analysis and observation, it is found that changes in conjunctive elements can affect a translation in six possible ways: altering the intensity of the message, shifting the focus of the message, altering the tone and manner of the texts, causing repetitious and intrusive translations, changing the interpretation of the text, and altering the conversational-like element in the source text.
The Logic of Chance: The Nature and Origin of Biological Evolution

species, but rather affects concrete groups of interbreeding individuals, termed populations. The size and structure of the evolving population largely determines the trajectory and outcome of evolution. In particular, Fisher formulated and proved the fundamental theorem of natural selection (commonly known as Fisher’s theorem), which states that the intensity of selection (and, hence, the rate of evolution due to selection) is proportional to the magnitude of the standing genetic variation in an evolving population, which, in turn, is proportional to the effective population size. Box 1-1 gives the basic definitions and equations that determine the effects of mutation and selection on the elimination or fixation of 8 the logic of chance mutant alleles, depending on the effective population size. The qualitative bottom line is that, given the same mutation rate, in a population with a large effective size, selection is intense. In this case, even mutations with a small positive selection coefficient (“slightly” beneficial mutations) quickly come to fixation. On the other hand, mutations with even a small negative selection coefficient (slightly deleterious mutations) are rapidly eliminated. This effect found its rigorous realization in Fisher’s theorem. Box 1-1: The fundamental relationships defining the roles of selection and drift in the evolution of populations Nearly neutral evolution dominated by drift
Quantifying “climate distinguishability” after stratospheric aerosol injection using explainable artificial intelligence

Stratospheric aerosol injection (SAI) has been proposed as a possible complementary solution to limit global warming and its societal consequences. However, the climate impacts of such intervention remain unclear. Here, we introduce an explainable artificial intelligence (XAI) framework to quantify how distinguishable an SAI climate might be from a pre-deployment climate. A suite of neural networks is trained on Earth system model data to learn to distinguish between preand post-deployment periods across a variety of climate variables. The network accuracy is analogous to the “climate distinguishability” between the periods, and the corresponding distinctive patterns are identified using XAI methods to gain insights into the emerging signals from SAI. For many variables, the two periods are less distinguishable under SAI than under a no-SAI scenario, suggesting that the specific intervention modeled decelerates future climatic changes. Other climate variables for which the intervention has negligible effect are also highlighted.
Navigating the Data Avalanche

This paper critically examines the intersection of privacy concerns in children's apps and the support required by developers to effectively address these concerns. Third-party libraries and software development kits (SDKs) are widely used in mobile app development, however, these libraries are commonly known for posing significant data privacy risks to users. Recent research has shown that app developers for children are particularly struggling with the lack of support in navigating the complex market of third-party SDKs. The support needed for developers to build privacy-friendly apps is largely understudied. Motivated by the needs of developers and an empirical analysis of 137 'expert-approved' children's apps, we designed DataAvalanche.io, a web-based tool to support app developers in navigating the privacy and legal implications associated with common third-party SDKs on the market. Through semi-structured interviews with 12 app developers for children, we demonstrate that app developers largely perceive the transparency supported by our tool positively. However, they raised several barriers, including the challenges of adopting privacy-friendly alternatives and the struggle to safeguard their own legal interests when facing the imbalance of power in the app market. We contribute to our understanding of the open challenges and barriers faced by app developers in creating privacy-friendly apps for children and provide critical future design and policy directions.
Short‐term observations of double‐peaked Na emission from Mercury's exosphere

We report the analysis of short‐term ground‐based observations of the exospheric Na emission (D1 and D2 lines) from Mercury, which was characterized by two high‐latitude peaks confined near the magnetospheric cusp footprints. During a series of scheduled observations from the Télescope Héliographique pour l'Etude du Magnétisme et des Instabilités Solaires (THEMIS) telescope, achieved by scanning the whole planet, we implemented a series of extra measurements by recording the Na emission from a narrow north‐south strip only, centered above the two emission peaks. Our aim was to inspect the existence of short‐term variations, which were never analyzed before from ground‐based observations, and their possible correlation with interplanetary magnetic field variations. Though Mercury possesses a miniature magnetosphere, characterized by fast reconnection events that develop on a timescale of few minutes, ground‐based observations show that the exospheric Na emission pattern can be globally stable for a prolonged period (some days) and also exhibits fluctuations in the time range of tens of minutes.
Observed Process-level Constraints of Cloud and Precipitation Properties over the Southern Ocean for Earth System Model Evaluation

Over the remote Southern Ocean, cloud feedbacks contribute substantially to Earth system model (ESM) radiative biases. The evolution of low Southern Ocean clouds (cloud top heights < ∼ 3 km) is strongly modulated by precipitation and/or evaporation, which act as the primary sink of cloud condensate. Constraining precipitation processes in ESMs requires robust observations suitable for process-level evaluations. A year-long subset (April 2016 – March 2017) of ground-based profiling 5 instrumentation deployed during the Macquarie Island Cloud and Radiation Experiment (MICRE) field campaign (54.5 ◦ S, 158.9 ◦ E) combines a 95 GHz (W-band) Doppler cloud radar, two lidar ceilometers, and balloon-borne soundings to quantify the occurrence frequency of precipitation from liquid-phase cloud base. Liquid-based clouds at Macquarie Island precipitate ∼ 70% of the time, with deeper and colder clouds precipitating more frequently and at a higher intensity compared to thinner and warmer clouds. Supercooled cloud layers precipitate more readily than layers with cloud top temperatures > 0 ◦ C, regardless of 10 the geometric thickness of the layer, and also evaporate more frequently. We further demonstrate an approach to employ these observational constraints for evaluation of a 9-year GISS-ModelE3 ESM simulation. Model output is processed through the Earth Model Column Collaboratory (EMC 2 ) radar and lidar instrument simulator with the same instrument specifications as those deployed during MICRE, therefore accounting for instrument sensitivities and ensuring a coherent comparison. Relative to MICRE observations, the ESM produces a smaller cloud occurrence frequency, smaller precipitation occurrence frequency, 15 and greater sub-cloud evaporation. The lower precipitation occurrence frequency by the ESM relative to MICRE contrasts with numerous studies that suggest a ubiquitous bias by ESMs to precipitate too frequently over the SO when compared with satellite-based observations, likely owing to sensitivity limitations of space-borne instrumentation and different sampling methodologies for ground- versus space-based observations. Despite these deficiencies, the ESM reproduces the observed