Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Following in Her Footsteps? Women&Apos;S Choices of College Majors and Faculty Gender Composition

It is frequently asserted that a college's female undergraduate enrollment in the sciences and engineering can be increased by raising female representation on the faculties in these areas. Despite the widespread acceptance of this proposition, it does not appear to have been subjected to any kind of serious statistical analysis. In this paper, we assemble panel data from three rather different educational institutions, and use them to examine the relationship between the gender composition of the students in an academic department and the gender composition of its faculty at the time the students were choosing their majors. We find no evidence for the conventional view that an increase in the share of females on a department's faculty leads to an increase in its share of female majors.
Functional MR imaging of regional brain activation associated with the affective experience of pain.

OBJECTIVE Current models propose that the experience of pain includes both sensory and affective components. Our purpose was to use functional MR imaging to determine areas of the brain engaged by the affective dimension of pain. SUBJECTS AND METHODS Twelve healthy adults underwent functional MR imaging using a gradient-echo echoplanar technique while a cold pressor test, consisting of cold and pain tasks, was applied first to one foot and then to the other. The cold task involved the application of cold water (14-20 degrees C) that was not at a painful level. For the pain task, the water temperature was then lowered to a painful temperature (8-14 degrees C) and subsequently to the pain threshold (3-8 degrees C). Images acquired at room temperature before the cold and pain tasks served as a baseline task. Composite maps of brain activation were generated by comparing the baseline task with the cold task and the cold task with the pain task. The significance of signal changes was estimated by randomization of individual activation maps. RESULTS Cold-related activation (p < 0.01) was found in the postcentral gyrus bilaterally, laterally, and inferiorly to the primary motor-sensory area of the foot and at a site near the second somatosensory site. Activation also occurred in the frontal lobe (the bilateral middle frontal gyri and the right inferior frontal gyrus), the left anterior insula, the left thalamus, and the superior aspect of the anterior cingulate gyrus (seen at one slice location). Pain-related activation (p < 0.01) included the anterior cingulate gyrus (seen at four slice locations); the superior frontal gyrus, especially on the right; and the right cuneus. CONCLUSION Compared with the basic sensory processing of pain, the affective dimension of pain activates a cortical network that includes the right superior frontal gyrus, the right cuneus, and a large area of the anterior cingulate gyrus.
Six-year Experience Routinely Using Moderate Deep Inspiration Breath-hold for the Reduction of Cardiac Dose in Left-sided Breast Irradiation for Patients With Early-stage or Locally Advanced Breast Cancer

Purpose:Moderate deep inspiration breath-hold (mDIBH), using an Active Breathing Control device, has been used in our clinic since 2002 to reduce cardiac dose for patients receiving left-sided breast irradiation. We report our routine use of the mDIBH technique in clinically localized breast cancer, treated to the intact breast, reconstructed breast, or chest wall. Materials and Methods:Ninety-nine patients with left-sided breast cancer were evaluated for Active Breathing Control treatment, of which, 87 patients were treated with mDIBH. Plans for both the free-breathing (FB) and mDIBH computed tomography scans were evaluated. Dose-volume histograms (DVHs) were analyzed for the heart and ipsilateral lung, comparing results for mDIBH versus FB plans. Results:Eighty-seven patients were included for analysis. Of those, 66% received adjuvant chemotherapy with cardiotoxic agents. The mean dose for the whole breast was 47.6 Gy. There was a statistically significant decrease in all DVH parameters evaluated, favoring the delivery of mDIBH over FB plans. mDIBH plans significantly reduced cardiac mean dose (4.23 vs. 2.54 Gy; P<0.001), a relative reduction of 40%. In addition, there were significant reductions in all other heart parameters evaluated (ie, volume of heart treated, V30, V25, V20, V15, V10, and V5). mDIBH also significantly reduced lung dose, including a reduction of the left lung mean dose (9.08 vs. 7.86 Gy; P<0.001), a relative reduction of 13%, as well as significant reduction of all lung DVH parameters evaluated. Conclusions:To date, this series represents the largest experience utilizing mDIBH to reduce cardiac irradiation during left-sided breast cancer treatment. Statistically significant reductions in all heart and lung DVH parameters were achieved with mDIBH over FB plans. mDIBH, for the treatment of left-sided breast cancer, is a proven technique for reducing cardiac dose that may lead to reduced cardiotoxicity and can be routinely integrated into the clinic.
Komplexe Genetik des ischämischen Hirninfarktes

Zusammenfassung Der Hirninfarkt ist ätiologisch und genetisch sehr heterogen. Diese Übersicht soll ausschließlich die komplexe Genetik ischämischer Hirninfarkte darstellen. In den letzten Jahren hat die Genetik seltener monogener Formen des Schlaganfalls enorme Fortschritte gemacht, ohne dass diese Kenntnisse jedoch eine größere Bedeutung für die häufigen polyfaktoriellen Formen des ischämischen Hirninfarktes erlangt haben. Letztere sind durch das Zusammenwirken von erblichen Faktoren und Umweltfaktoren verursacht. Voraussetzung für die Erforschung der komplexen genetischen Grundlagen ist eine genaue klinische Charakterisierung und Unterteilung der Patienten in ätiologisch möglichst homogene Untergruppen. Hierzu wird meist die TOAST-Klassifikation verwendet. Die am weitesten verbreitete Methode zur Untersuchung komplexer genetischer Krankheiten ist die Assoziationsstudie im Fall-/KontrollDesign. Von der isländischen DeCode Gruppe wurde kürzlich in großen Studienpopulationen eine Assoziation zwischen Polymorphismen in den Genen PDE4D und ALOX5AP und ischämischem Hirninfarkt gefunden. Im Kompetenznetz Schlaganfall (Subnetz “Genetische Schlaganfallforschung”, Projekt A3) haben wir ebenfalls eine große Stichprobe von Patienten mit ischämischem Hirninfarkt gesammelt und eine Replikationsstudie der isländischen Ergebnisse in einer zentraleuropäischen Population durchgeführt.
Evidence for susceptibility genes to familial Wilms tumour in addition to WT1, FWT1 and FWT2

Three loci have been implicated in familial Wilms tumour: WT1 located on chromosome 11p13, FWT1 on 17q12-q21, and FWT2 on 19q13. Two out of 19 Wilms tumour families evaluated showed strong evidence against linkage at all three loci. Both of these families contained at least three cases of Wilms tumour indicating that they were highly likely to be due to genetic susceptibility and therefore that one or more additional familial Wilms tumour susceptibility genes remain to be found. © 2000 Cancer Research Campaign
Phenotypic Heterogeneity of Monogenic Frontotemporal Dementia

Frontotemporal dementia (FTD) is a genetically and pathologically heterogeneous disorder characterized by personality changes, language impairment, and deficits of executive functions associated with frontal and temporal lobe degeneration. Different phenotypes have been defined on the basis of presenting clinical symptoms, i.e., the behavioral variant of FTD, the agrammatic variant of primary progressive aphasia, and the semantic variant of PPA. Some patients have an associated movement disorder, either parkinsonism, as in progressive supranuclear palsy and corticobasal syndrome, or motor neuron disease (FTD–MND). A family history of dementia is found in 40% of cases of FTD and about 10% have a clear autosomal-dominant inheritance. Genetic studies have identified several genes associated with monogenic FTD: microtubule-associated protein tau, progranulin, TAR DNA-binding protein 43, valosin-containing protein, charged multivesicular body protein 2B, fused in sarcoma, and the hexanucleotide repeat expansion in intron 1 of the chromosome 9 open reading frame 72. Patients often present with an extensive phenotypic variability, even among different members of the same kindred carrying an identical disease mutation. The objective of the present work is to review and evaluate available literature data in order to highlight recent advances in clinical, biological, and neuroimaging features of monogenic frontotemporal lobar degeneration and try to identify different mechanisms underlying the extreme phenotypic heterogeneity that characterizes this disease.
VILO : A SHIELD IN THE MALWARE VARIATION BATTLE

A recent trend in malware production is to generate large numbers of variants at increasingly rapid rates. It is now not uncommon to see thousands of versions of a malicious program released in a short space of time, with each version differing in only minor ways. For instance, consider the recent case of the ‘Storm Worm’. CommTouch Software reported that over 54,000 variants had been released in under two weeks.
Rapid CODEC adaptation for cellular phone speech recognition

Along with the ever increasing popularity of cellular phones, improving recognition accuracy in cellular phone speech has become an issue of growing concern. However, the distortion caused by current low-bit rate speech CODEC is nonlinear, so compensating for distortion by applying only a conventional CMN which assumes distortion is a stationary linear transfer on the cepstrum domain is di(cid:14)cult. In this paper, to improve speech recognition accuracy over cellular phone networks, we investigate the use of CODEC-dependent acoustic models and rapid CODEC adaptation using model selection based on maximum likelihood criterion. By using these meth-ods we succeeded in reducing recognition errors in cellular phone speech by 33 %.
Two-dimensional Sparse Principal Component Analysis: A new technique for feature extraction

Principal Component Analysis(PCA) is intrinsically a ridge regression problem in statistical view. By imposing l1 constraint on the regression coefficients, we have Sparse Principal Component Analysis(SPCA) which is easier to interpret and better for generalization. But traditional SPCA is difficult to be used on 2-d face data for its high dimensionality of covariance matrix because of the matrix-to-vector transformation, especially when the number of dimensionality and training samples are all in large scale. In this paper,we proposed a bi-directional Two-dimensional Sparse Principal Component Analysis(2dSPCA) to overcome the above shortcoming of SPCA. 2dSPCA is directly calculated by elastic net regularization on image covariance matrix without vectorization. Sparsity of projection vectors makes the results more interpretable,also helps us find the important local areas of face image for face recognition,for example, the areas around the corner of eye,nose and mouth include significantly discriminative information. Experiments on some benchmark face databases show that 2dSPCA achieves comparable or higher performance in face recognition compared with 2dSPCA. We also propose a 2dSPCA+LDA algorithm to improve the effectiveness of face recognition.
Treatment for Adolescents with Depression Study (TADS): safety results.

OBJECTIVE To compare the rates of physical, psychiatric, and suicide-related events in adolescents with MDD treated with fluoxetine alone (FLX), cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT), combination treatment (COMB), or placebo (PBO). METHOD Safety assessments included adverse events (AEs) collected by spontaneous report, as well as systematic measures for specific physical and psychiatric symptoms. Suicidal ideation and suicidal behavior were systematically assessed by self- and clinician reports. Suicidal events were also reanalyzed by the Columbia Group and expert raters using the Columbia-Classification Algorithm for Suicidal Assessment used in the U.S. Food and Drug Administration reclassification effort. RESULTS Depressed adolescents reported high rates of physical symptoms at baseline, which improved as depression improved. Sedation, insomnia, vomiting, and upper abdominal pain occurred in at least 2% of those treated with FLX and/or COMB and at twice the rate of placebo. The rate of psychiatric AEs was 11% in FLX, 5.6% in COMB, 4.5% in PBO, and 0.9% in CBT. Suicidal ideation improved overall, with greatest improvement in COMB. Twenty-four suicide-related events occurred during the 12-week period: 5 patients (4.7%) in COMB, 10 (9.2%) in FLX, 5 (4.5%) in CBT, and 3 (2.7%) in placebo. Statistically, only FLX had more suicide-related events than PBO (p =.0402, odds ratio (OR) = 3.7, 95% CI 1.00-63.7). Only five actual attempts occurred (2 COMB, 2 FLX, 1 CBT, 0 PBO). There were no suicide completions. CONCLUSIONS Different methods for eliciting AEs produce different results. In general, as depression improves, physical complaints and suicidal ideation decrease in proportion to treatment benefit. In this study, psychiatric AEs and suicide-related events are more common in FLX-treated patients. COMB treatment may offer a more favorable safety profile than medication alone in adolescent depression.
Locating Cosmopolitanism

The emerging interdisciplinary body of cosmopolitanism research has established a promising field of theoretical endeavour by bringing into focus questions concerning globalization, nationalism, population movements, cultural values and identity. Yet, despite its potential importance, what characterizes recent cosmopolitanism research is an idealist sentiment that considerably marginalizes the significance of the structures of nation-state and citizenship, while leaving unspecified the empirical sociological dimensions of cosmopolitanism itself. Our critique aims at making cosmopolitanism a more productive analytical tool. We argue for a cosmopolitanism that consists of conceptually and empirically identifiable values and outlooks. While there has been some progress made in this direction in the recent literature on cosmopolitanism, most writing still considers cosmopolitanism as something so delicate that it cannot be measured. Furthermore, in order to appreciate the full currency of the concept, we argue that researchers must not only agree on some common determinants of cosmopolitanism and cosmopolitan dispositions, but also ground their analyses of cosmopolitanism in the context of enduring nation-state structures.
Downtrend in F-0 and P-Sb

In the present paper we examine the simultaneous downtrend in fundamental frequency and subgiottal pressure that is often observed for running speech. In particular, we will test the hypothesis that the downtrend in fundamental frequency is caused by a gradual decrease in subgiottal pressure during the course of an utterance. In the literature, various ways to model the downtrend in fundamental frequency have been proposed. Our conclusion is that whether the hypothesis stated above is true depends on the model of downtrend adopted.
Incidence of allergic diseases in an elderly population

Recent years have shown a progressive increase of allergic disease in the elderly population worldwide. Naturally, this phenomenon has coincided with attempts to guarantee the best possible quality of life for this age group. As a result, diseases that were previously overlooked are attracting ever greater attention. An epidemiological study of allergic manifestations in the elderly conducted in all consecutive patients referred to an Allergology Unit over a three-month period at the beginning of 2008 showed that 15% belonged to the elderly population and among these, 51.8 % were suffering from an allergic reaction to drugs. Skin manifestations, including both urticaria and eczema, accounted for 71.4% of cases but only in 13.8% of these patients was there a diagnosis of an allergic reaction made and the allergen responsible individuated. Rhinitis was present in 16.8 % of the patients and food allergy in 8 %. Certainly, age-induced modifications in the immunological system can be responsible for allergic reactions. In fact, non specific immunity components such as the production of mucus or a reduced function of the T- and IL-2 cells can induce the onset of symptoms referable to allergic disease. Further studies are ongoing to gain a better understanding of the pathogenic mechanisms that could justify the development in the elderly population of a cytokine phenotype that is more prone to develop allergic manifestations, and to assess the true incidence of respiratory, food and drug allergies in this stage of life.
A Theory of Diagnostic Inference. I. Imagination and the Psychophysics of Evidence.

Abstract : Diagnostic inference involves the assessment and generation of causal hypotheses to account for observed outcomes/evidence. The importance of diagnosis for prediction, defining 'relevant' variables, and illuminating the nature of conflicting metaphors in inference is first discussed. Since many diagnostic situations involve conflicting evidence, a model is developed for describing how people assess the likelihood that one of two hypotheses is true on the basis of varying amounts of evidence for each. A central notion is that one compares the evidence at hand with the evidence that 'might have been. ' This is modeled via an anchoring and adjusting process where the anchor represents 'what is' and the adjustment is based on imaging a contrast case for comparison. Four aspects of this model are then considered. The relation between evidentiary strength and amount of evidence (the evidence function) is shown to mimic a set of power functions. Moreover, the form of the function implies that people will trade-off relative frequency (p) for amount of evidence (n) at small n; that the absolute amount of evidence effects evidentiary strength independent of p; and that 'over' underweighting' of probabilities decreases as amount of evidence increases.
The Tomato Homolog of CORONATINE-INSENSITIVE1 Is Required for the Maternal Control of Seed Maturation, Jasmonate-Signaled Defense Responses, and Glandular Trichome Development Online version contains Web-only data. Article, publication date, and citation information can be found at www.plantcell.org

Jasmonic acid (JA) is a fatty acid–derived signaling molecule that regulates a broad range of plant defense responses against herbivores and some microbial pathogens. Molecular genetic studies in Arabidopsis have established that JA also performs a critical role in anther and pollen development but is not essential for other developmental aspects of the plant's life cycle. Here, we describe the phenotypic and molecular characterization of a sterile mutant of tomato (jasmonic acid–insensitive1 [jai1]) that is defective in JA signaling. Although the mutant exhibited reduced pollen viability, sterility was caused by a defect in the maternal control of seed maturation, which was associated with the loss of accumulation of JA-regulated proteinase inhibitor proteins in reproductive tissues. jai1 plants exhibited several defense-related phenotypes, including the inability to express JA-responsive genes, severely compromised resistance to two-spotted spider mites, and abnormal development of glandular trichomes. We demonstrate that these defects are caused by the loss of function of the tomato homolog of CORONATINE-INSENSITIVE1 (COI1), an F-box protein that is required for JA-signaled processes in Arabidopsis. These findings indicate that the JA/COI1 signaling pathway regulates distinct developmental processes in different plants and suggest a role for JA in the promotion of glandular trichome–based defenses.
Impact on survival of surgically defined favorable responses to salvage intraperitoneal chemotherapy in small-volume residual ovarian cancer.

PURPOSE To evaluate the impact on survival of the attainment of surgically defined favorable responses (S-R) to salvage intraperitoneal (IP) chemotherapy after initial systemic cytotoxic drug delivery. PATIENTS AND METHODS We examined the survival of patients who were treated on one of three phase II IP trials that were conducted at the Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center. A total of 58 patients whose largest residual tumor masses measured less than or equal to 0.5 cm in maximum diameter at the initiation of this salvage therapy were assessable for response, 28 of whom (48%) demonstrated a S-R, which included 19 (33%) who achieved a surgically defined complete response (S-CR). RESULTS With a median follow-up of 43+ months (range, 33+ to 58+ months) from the initiation of IP therapy, 12 of 19 (63%) have recurred. The median duration of S-CR for the 10 patients with microscopic residual disease was 32 months compared with 15 months for the nine patients with macroscopic residual disease (largest tumor mass less than or equal to 0.5 cm; P greater than .1). For patients with microscopic residual disease who experienced a S-CR (n = 10) after salvage IP therapy, the median overall survival from the initiation of therapy has not been reached, but will exceed 4 years compared with a 25-month median survival for the nonresponding patients (n = 13; P = .004). The median survival for the 18 patients with small-volume macroscopic disease who responded to therapy was 40 months compared with 19 months for the nonresponders (P = .009). CONCLUSION Although the results of this evaluation are encouraging and suggest that the attainment of a S-R, particularly a S-CR, after IP chemotherapy may result in a clinically meaningful favorable impact on survival, a randomized controlled trial will be required to address definitively this important issue.
The Relationship between Change Detection and Recognition of Centrally Attended Objects in Motion Pictures

Observers typically detect changes to central objects more readily than changes to marginal objects, but they sometimes miss changes to central, attended objects as well. However, even if observers do not report such changes, they may be able to recognize the changed object. In three experiments we explored change detection and recognition memory for several types of changes to central objects in motion pictures. Observers who failed to detect a change still performed at above chance levels on a recognition task in almost all conditions. In addition, observers who detected the change were no more accurate in their recognition than those who did not detect the change. Despite large differences in the detectability of changes across conditions, those observers who missed the change did not vary in their ability to recognize the changing object.
Age‐related Changes in Excitability and Recurrent Inhibition in the Rat CA1 Hippocampal Region

In hippocampal slices from male Wistar rats aged 1–34 months, we recorded the synaptic field potential responses of the CA1 neurons to stimulation of Schaffer collaterals. Eight electrophysiological indexes were extracted from input/output curves and compared in 11 age groups from 1 to 30 months. Neuronal excitability presented a U‐shaped curve of development with a minimum at ˜7–8 months of age. There was a significant continuous increase in neuronal excitability, i.e. a decrease in excitatory postsynaptic potential (EPSP) producing both the threshold and half‐maximal population spike from middle age (8–10 months) to senescence (30 months). Synaptic efficiency also increased in old rats to reach a maximum during senescence, i.e. both the current for threshold EPSP and that for half‐maximal EPSP reached a minimum in senescence, although the earlier developmental patterns of these two indexes were non‐linear. The duration of the field EPSP elicited with maximal stimulation presented an abrupt decay after the first month. Aged animals presented a relatively small maximal population spike. Recurrent inhibition was most prominent on neuronal excitability rather than synaptic strength. Measured as the percentage change in the half‐maximal EPSP and half‐maximal population spike, recurrent inhibition was found to decrease during the first 7–10 months of life and remained small in later development.