Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Urban Renaissance in Oslo

coordination of their activities between themselves and with the operations of the European Investment Bank and the other existing financial instruments, Official Journal of European Communities, L 193, 36, 5-19, 31 July 1993. Commission of the European Communities (1993b) Council Regulation (EEC) No 2082/93 of 20 July 1993 amending Regulation (EEC) No 4253/88 laying down provisions for implementing Regulation (EEC) No 2052/ 88 as regards coordination of the activities of the different Structural Funds between themselves and with the operations of the European Investment Bank and the other existing financial instruments. Offcial Journal of the European Communities, L 193, 36, 20-33, 31 July 1993. Department of the Environment (1993) Merseyside 2000: Regional Conversion Plan for Merseyside, HMSO, London.
Adverse Drug Reactions in Children—A Systematic Review

Background Adverse drug reactions in children are an important public health problem. We have undertaken a systematic review of observational studies in children in three settings: causing admission to hospital, occurring during hospital stay and occurring in the community. We were particularly interested in understanding how ADRs might be better detected, assessed and avoided. Methods and Findings We searched nineteen electronic databases using a comprehensive search strategy. In total, 102 studies were included. The primary outcome was any clinical event described as an adverse drug reaction to one or more drugs. Additional information relating to the ADR was collected: associated drug classification; clinical presentation; associated risk factors; methods used for assessing causality, severity, and avoidability. Seventy one percent (72/102) of studies assessed causality, and thirty four percent (34/102) performed a severity assessment. Only nineteen studies (19%) assessed avoidability. Incidence rates for ADRs causing hospital admission ranged from 0.4% to 10.3% of all children (pooled estimate of 2.9% (2.6%, 3.1%)) and from 0.6% to 16.8% of all children exposed to a drug during hospital stay. Anti-infectives and anti-epileptics were the most frequently reported therapeutic class associated with ADRs in children admitted to hospital (17 studies; 12 studies respectively) and children in hospital (24 studies; 14 studies respectively), while anti-infectives and non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) were frequently reported as associated with ADRs in outpatient children (13 studies; 6 studies respectively). Fourteen studies reported rates ranging from 7%–98% of ADRs being either definitely/possibly avoidable. Conclusions There is extensive literature which investigates ADRs in children. Although these studies provide estimates of incidence in different settings and some indication of the therapeutic classes most frequently associated with ADRs, further work is needed to address how such ADRs may be prevented.
Geometric partitioning made easier, even in parallel

We present a simple approach for constructing geometric partitions in a way that is easy to apply to new problems. We avoid the use of VC-dimension arguments, and, instead, base our arguments on a notion we call the scaffold dimension, which subsumes the VC-dimension and is simpler to apply. We show how to easily construct (1/r)-nets and (1/r)-approximations for range spaces with bounded scaffold dimension, which immediately implies simple algorithms for constructing (1/r)-cuttings (by straight-forward recursive subdivision methods). More significant than simply being a conceptual simplification of previous approaches, however, is that our methods lead to asymptotically faster and more-efficient EREW PRAM parallel algorithms for a number of computational geometry problems, including the development of the first optimal-work NC algorithm for the well-known 3-dimensional convex hull problem, which solves an open problem of Amato and Preparata. Interestingly, our approach also yields a faster sequential algorithm for the distance selection problem, by the parametric searching paradigm, which solves an open problem posed by Agarwal, Aronov, Sharir, and Suri, and reiterated by Dickerson and Drysdale.
Book Reviews: The White Ethnic Experience in America: To Whom Does It Generalize?

W hy do children of color experience, on the average, greater difficulty in school than White children, and why do families of color reside in poverty to a much greater degree than White families? How should teachers acknowledge diversity in a constructive manner? As student populations become increasingly diverse, more and more educators are asking such questions. White Americans tend to equate race and ethnicity, answering the questions with reference to what they know about White ethnicity. For example, I often hear White teachers compare the experiences of people of color with those of their own immigrant ancestors, commenting on the difficulties and struggles their families endured in the process of pulling themselves up by their bootstraps. A second-generation Italian-American teacher told me in detail about the work her parents did to provide for the family, concluding:
Cordance: A New Method for Assessment of Cerebral Perfusion and Metabolism Using Quantitative Electroencephalography

Increased slow-wave and decreased fast-wave activity on the electroencephalogram is common in brain dysfunction and may be caused by partial cortical deafferentation. No measure that is specific or sensitive for this deafferentation, however, has yet been reported. We studied a series of subjects with white-matter lesions undercutting the cortex and developed a method for analyzing electrical activity called "cordance" that has face validity as a measure of cortical deafferentation. Cordance is measured along a continuum of values: positive values denote "concordance," an indicator associated with normally functioning brain tissue; negative values denote "discordance," an indicator associated with undercutting lesions, low perfusion, and low metabolism. We present a series of subjects studied with magnetic resonance imaging, positron emission tomography, and single-photon emission computed tomography that demonstrate strong associations between cordance and other measures of brain structure and function.
Paragangliomas

Abstract: Paragangliomas are rare tumors that arise from extra‐adrenal paraganglia. The effective diagnosis and management of the paraganglioma patient involves the close collaboration of endocrinologists, endocrine surgeons, anesthesiologists, geneticists, laboratory specialists, radiologists, oncologists, and pathologists. Paragangliomas are diagnosed in the following clinical settings: signs and symptoms related to catecholamine hypersecretion, mass effect symptoms (e.g., with head and neck paragangliomas), incidental finding on imaging, or family screening for hereditary paraganglioma. Paragangliomas that hypersecrete catecholamines may cause signs and symptoms identical to those in patients with hyperfunctioning adrenal pheochromocytoma. When a catecholamine‐secreting tumor is suspected in a patient because of paroxysmal symptoms, biochemical documentation of catecholamine and fractionated metanephrine hypersecretion should precede any form of imaging study. Catecholamine‐secreting paragangliomas are found where chromaffin tissue is located (e.g., along the para‐aortic sympathetic chain, or within the organs of Zuckerkandl at the origin of the inferior mesenteric artery, the wall of the urinary bladder, and the sympathetic chain in the neck or mediastinum). As many as 50% of paragangliomas are hereditary and may be associated with familial paraganglioma, neurofibromatosis Type 1, von Hippel–Lindau disease, the Carney triad, and, rarely, with multiple endocrine neoplasia Type 2. Genetic testing should be considered in all patients with paraganglioma. The treatment of choice for paraganglioma is surgical resection; most tumors are benign and can be excised totally. Following surgical cure, annual biochemical testing assesses for metastatic disease, tumor recurrence or delayed appearance of multiple primary tumors.
The chemokines CCL11, CCL20, CCL21, and CCL24 are preferentially expressed in polarized human secondary lymphoid follicles

Chemokines regulate cellular trafficking to and from lymphoid follicles. Here, the distribution pattern of four CCL chemokines is defined by in situ hybridization in human lymphoid follicles from tonsils and lymph nodes (LNs) of newborns and adults. Cells expressing CCL11 (eotaxin) and CCL20 (Exodus) were preferentially located within follicles, while cells expressing CCL21 (secondary lymphoid‐tissue chemokine) and CCL24 (eotaxin‐2) mRNA were almost exclusively found in the perifollicular areas. Hence, the two CCR3‐binding chemokines, CCL11 and CCL24, showed a mutually exclusive expression pattern in the intra‐ and extra‐follicular areas, respectively. Chemokine gene expression paralleled follicular maturation: in tonsils, where approximately 80% of follicles are polarized, CCL11 and CCL20 mRNA‐positive cells were detected more frequently than in lymph nodes from adults, where about half of follicles are non‐polarized. No intrafollicular chemokine expression was detectable in the primary follicles from newborns. Extrafollicular cells expressing CCL21 and CCL24 were again more frequent in tonsils than in LNs from adults. The observed preferential presence of cells expressing CC chemokines in polarized human lymphoid follicles indicates that chemokines are not only instrumental in the induction of follicle formation, but may also be involved in their further differentiation. Copyright © 2004 Pathological Society of Great Britain and Ireland. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Herbal Compounds and Toxins Modulating TRP Channels

Although the benefits are sometimes obvious, traditional or herbal medicine is regarded with skepticism, because the mechanism through which plant compounds exert their powers are largely elusive. Recent studies have shown however that many of these plant compounds interact with specific ion channels and thereby modulate the sensing mechanism of the human body. Especially members of the Transient Receptor Potential (TRP) channels have drawn large attention lately as the receptors for plant-derived compounds such as capsaicin and menthol. TRP channels constitute a large and diverse family of channel proteins that can serve as versatile sensors that allow individual cells and entire organisms to detect changes in their environment. For this family, a striking number of empirical views have turned into mechanism-based actions of natural compounds. In this review we will give an overview of herbal compounds and toxins, which modulate TRP channels.
Current Issues in the Cross-Cultural and Cross-National Consumer Research

A conceptual model of effects of culture on consumer behavior is developed in this paper. The model focuses on the social, personal, and psychological components/consequences of culture and indentifies intermediary variables and processes associated with each of these three components. A summary of the other nine papers included in this special volume is provided and a super-summary is presented in Table 1 that classifies the various papers on the following five dimensions: (i) nature of a paper, e.g.,conceptual, empirical, or methodological; (ii) cultures and/or nation compared and samples; (iii) cultural component/consequence; (iv) construct: intermediary/process/others; and (v) type of consumer behavior that is studied, e.g., complaining behavior, response to information technology, product involvement, and response to advertising.
Robust 3D scan point classification using associative Markov networks

In this paper we present an efficient technique to learn associative Markov networks (AMNs) for the segmentation of 3D scan data. Our technique is an extension of the work recently presented by Anguelov et al. (2005), in which AMNs are applied and the learning is done using max-margin optimization. In this paper we show that by adaptively reducing the training data, the training process can be performed much more efficiently while still achieving good classification results. The reduction is obtained by utilizing kd-trees and pruning them appropriately. Our algorithm does not require any additional parameters and yields an abstraction of the training data. In experiments with real data collected from a mobile outdoor robot we demonstrate that our approach yields accurate segmentations
Chemotaxis of Bracken Spermatozoids : The Role of Bimalate Ions

1. Bracken spermatozoids are chemotactically attracted by malic acid salts and in a pH gradient aggregate between pH 3.5 and 5.6. 2. This response to pH occurs only when the sperm suspension contains malate. 3. At higher pH's, the response to an H+ gradient is as strong as the response to a malate gradient. 4. These observations suggest that bracken spermatozoids are sensitive to the bimalate ion rather than the malate ion. This is consistent with an earlier suggestion that chemotactic activity is associated with the cis-configuration, for the bimalate ion will have this configuration, while the malate ion and the malic acid molecule will have the trans-configuration.
Promoting Citizen Participation through Gamification

This paper presents TAB Sharing, a web-based and mobile platform for e-participation. With TAB Sharing citizens are empowered to create and share proposals with Public Administration (PA) actors and other citizens. They can submit a problem occurring in their community or an initiative that could be pursued, as well as a concrete and detailed description of a possible solution. Gamification elements have been included in TAB Sharing to foster participation. This makes the use of the application continuous over time and supports decision-making through the content exchanged. A user study with 20 citizens of two Italian municipalities has been carried out to compare a version of TAB Sharing without gamification and the one with gamification; the results of the study reported in the paper show the added value brought by gamification elements in the e-participation domain.
Review of: Playing with Religion in Digital Games, by H. Campbell and G. Grieve, eds.

The specter of diversity in games continues to haunt the academic literature and evolving industry. The discussion of diversity in games often involves a focus on gender and race. Noticeably absent from the discussion is the mention of religion. Religion, it seems, is a taboo topic in the context of games. This tension comes from a few obvious sources. First, games are often relegated to the space of low value social artifacts, allowing them no opportunity to address serious issues. Second, they are often misidentified as child’s play, making it seemingly inappropriate to involve religion. Both of these perspectives are rich in fallacy. For the first issue, similarly relegated activities such as comics touch on religion frequently. Second, children’s activities often involve religious activities, from Sunday schools to animated programs such as Veggie Tales (Warren, 2005) and the variety of animated religious holiday specials. In short, there does not seem to be a good reason that games and religion have not been discussed more. Unpacking this reality hints at something more substantial. Games, as academic discipline, anthropological artifact, or social convention have been fighting for more than 75 years against one common misunderstanding—that they are the frivolous, dismissible activity of children. This notion is contested by Huizinga (1938/2014), Caillois (2001), and Sutton-Smith (1997/2009). In the many years of games research, this misunderstanding continues. Digital games in particular have wrestled with their understood value and significance in the larger society. The last decade has seen a marked increase in the critical acceptance of games as more than mere pleasure inducing virtual play. They have been understood as 21st century art (Jenkins, 2005), practical problem solver (Von Ahn, 2006), and a psycho-social, evolutionary essential (Brown, 2009). Enter, Playing with Religion in Digital Games. The book begins by highlighting the aforementioned tension. The book admonishes on its first few pages that “video games are not a ghetto of adolescent games” (p. 3). It is echoed in subsequent chapters that “the primary opposition at work is the idea that religion is ‘serious’ whereas games are ‘fun”’ (p. 193) and that “games strike us as pleasant distraction : : : religious activity : : : calls for the utmost seriousness” (p. 25). It is within this tension of seriousness and play that the book asserts the value of understanding religion in games. The authors view the barren landscape of research about religion in games as the product of four perspectives: the dismissal of games as young people’s entertainment, as an undervalued form of expression, as a secular technology, and as unreal. As previously mentioned, fighting the stereotype of games as childish is not new. It is the perpetual chorus of games scholars from every corner of the academic discipline. The notion
Fault tolerance on multicore processors using deterministic multithreading

This paper describes a software based fault tolerance approach for multithreaded programs running on multicore processors. Redundant multithreaded processes are used to detect soft errors and recover from them. Our scheme makes sure that the execution of the redundant processes is identical even in the presence of non-determinism due to shared memory accesses. This is done by making sure that the redundant processes acquire the locks for accessing the shared memory in the same order. Instead of using record/replay technique to do that, our scheme is based on deterministic multithreading, meaning that for the same input, a multithreaded program always have the same lock interleaving. Unlike record/replay systems, this eliminates the requirement for communication between the redundant processes. Moreover, our scheme is implemented totally in software, requiring no special hardware, making it very portable. Furthermore, our scheme is totally implemented at user-level, requiring no modification of the kernel. For selected benchmarks, our scheme adds an average overhead of 49% for 4 threads.
The ABC Transporter ABCG1 Is Required for Suberin Formation in Potato Tuber Periderm[W]

The water barrier function of potato tuber skin depends on the polyester suberin and associated waxes. Here, a transporter was identified that is required for the formation of suberin in potato tuber periderm; potato plants lacking this transporter give rise to tubers that are more prone to water loss. The lipid biopolymer suberin plays a major role as a barrier both at plant-environment interfaces and in internal tissues, restricting water and nutrient transport. In potato (Solanum tuberosum), tuber integrity is dependent on suberized periderm. Using microarray analyses, we identified ABCG1, encoding an ABC transporter, as a gene responsive to the pathogen-associated molecular pattern Pep-13. Further analyses revealed that ABCG1 is expressed in roots and tuber periderm, as well as in wounded leaves. Transgenic ABCG1-RNAi potato plants with downregulated expression of ABCG1 display major alterations in both root and tuber morphology, whereas the aerial part of the ABCG1-RNAi plants appear normal. The tuber periderm and root exodermis show reduced suberin staining and disorganized cell layers. Metabolite analyses revealed reduction of esterified suberin components and hyperaccumulation of putative suberin precursors in the tuber periderm of RNA interference plants, suggesting that ABCG1 is required for the export of suberin components.
Describing the Population of Adolescents Served in Systems of Care

Cluster analysis was conducted to examine clinical characteristics of 10- to 19-year-old boys (N = 1,961) and girls (N = 1,320) with serious emotional disturbance entering systems of care funded by the Center for Mental Health Services. Subscale scores from intake assessment using the Child and Adolescent Functional Assessment Scale and the Child Behavior Checklist were included in the cluster analyses to determine whether adolescents could be grouped into identifiable patterns based on functional and behavioral characteristics. Three clusters were identified for each gender. Clusters differed in the severity of subscale scores across boys and girls; however, unique characteristics of clusters were most apparent when both functional and behavioral profiles were examined. Demographic and clinical characteristics were compared across clusters to further explore characteristics of these groups.The authors make recommendations for future research on adolescents entering community-based system-of-care services.
Effect of ST36 Acupuncture on Hyperventilation-Induced CO2 Reactivity of the Basilar and Middle Cerebral Arteries and Heart Rate Variability in Normal Subjects

This study was conducted to verify the effect of acupuncture on cerebral haemodynamics to provide evidence for the use of acupuncture treatment as a complementary therapy for the high-risk stroke population. The effect of ST36 acupuncture treatment on the hyperventilation-induced CO2 reactivity of the basilar and middle cerebral arteries was studied in 10 healthy male volunteers (mean age, 25.2 ± 1.5 years) using a transcranial Doppler sonography with an interval of 1 week between measurements, and a portable ECG monitoring system was used to obtain ECG data simultaneously. The CO2 reactivity of the basilar and middle cerebral arteries increased significantly after ST36 acupuncture treatment, whereas the mean arterial blood pressure and pulse rate did not change significantly. The high-frequency power significantly increased after ST36 acupuncture treatment, and the percentage increase of high-frequency power correlated significantly with the percentage increase in the CO2 reactivity of the contralateral middle cerebral artery. These data suggest that ST36 acupuncture treatment increases CO2 reactivity, indicating improvement of vasodilatory potential of the cerebral vasculature to compensate for fluctuations caused by changes in external conditions. The increase in parasympathetic tone by ST36 acupuncture treatment is responsible for this therapeutic effect.
Towards middle-range theory building in development research: Comparative (historical) institutional analysis of institutional transplantation

The development studies community needs to work towards building cumulative knowledge that lies between all-encompassing universal truths that leads to a ‘one solution fits all’ approach, on the one hand, and empirically rich atheoretical context-specific details, on the other. Drawing on the comparative capitalism research, which operates at the ‘middle-range’, the article demonstrates the usefulness of comparative (historical) institutional analysis as a way of deriving middle-range insights on capitalism and development, and in particular, the highly contested practice of embedding foreign institutions in local contexts (often referred to as ‘institutional transplantation’) that prevails in development policy. It illustrates how middle-range theory building in this area can advance development research in a way that better informs policy and practice.
Reconstructions in ultrasound modulated optical tomography

Abstract We introduce a mathematical model for ultrasound modulated optical tomography and present a simple reconstruction scheme for recovering the spatially varying optical absorption coefficient from scanning measurements with narrowly focused ultrasound signals. Computational results for this model show that the reconstruction of sharp features of the absorption coefficient is possible. A formal linearization of the model leads to an equation with a Fredholm operator, which explains the stability observed in our numerical experiments.