Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
ARE MOVERS STILL THE SAME? CHARACTERISTICS OF INTERREGIONAL MIGRANTS IN SWEDEN 1970–2001

The purpose of this study is to investigate interregional migration in Sweden during the last three decades and to discuss the effects that changes on the labour market and in household structures have had on migration patterns. The empirical data consists of all interregional migrants in Sweden from 1970 to 2001. The results indicate that the pattern of labour market-related migration has changed as more migrants today migrate at an age prior to having become established on the labour market. The increase in interregional migration is to a large extent an effect of increased student migration. The study further shows that changed household structures have also had an impact on migration patterns during the studied period. Interregional migration among families has become rarer as dual income households have become the norm. Copyright (c) 2007 by the Royal Dutch Geographical Society KNAG.
Collaborating to discover the practice of strategy and its impact

This chapter argues that one of the fundamental challenges of the global character of strategy research is the growing need to foster collaborations between academic and business practitioners that can help build a better understanding of the practice of strategy and through these means deliver greater impact. This challenge strengthens existing calls for strategy research to refocus on understanding the practice of strategy with an attentiveness to micro-dynamics of strategizing, and requires us to expand the ways in which research practice is performed. Whilst this can apparently be achieved through better dialogue, building trusting relationships and valuing the contribution each party can make due to their differences, it in fact requires a questioning of our research assumptions and practice.
A Performance Exploration of Architectural Options for a Middleware for Decentralised Lightweight Edge Cloud Architectures

The integration of Cloud and IoT (Internet-of-Things) resulting in so-called edge clouds has started. This requires the combination of data centre management technologies with much more constrained devices. Lightweight virtualisation solutions such as containerisation can be used to distribute, deploy and manage edge cloud applications on clusters. Leightweightness also applies to the devices, where we focus here on small-board devices such as Raspberry Pis in our concrete case. These small-board devices are particularly useful in situations where a mix of robustness due to environmental conditions and low costs is required. We discuss different architectural solutions for the distribution of computation to edge cloud devices based on containers and other management approaches and evaluate these in terms of cost, power consumption and
A Dynamic Semantic Framework to Support Multiple User Viewpoints during Information Retrieval

Semantic models offer powerful benefits to mediate between and to reason about heterogeneous data sources, when data from multiple data resources needs to be combined. A single domain conceptualisation and semantics can be projected as a single information viewpoint over multiple information sources, targeted to answer core queries by domain expert type users. This has the advantage that it avoids the necessity of users needing to be familiar with the stored data schema and associated query interfaces. However, some users may not be familiar with the full semantic model in order to pose and refine their queries under the strict constraints of a single conceptualisation. The single conceptualisation may also not adequately capture the operational nuances, side effects and errors in answering data queries. The development and application of a more flexible approach to derive more targeted views, adapted for different types of users and applications, is reported in this paper
Should Central Banks Target Consumer Prices or the Exchange Rate?

In this article we consider two arguments suggesting that monetary authorities in an open economy should target output price inflation and not consumer price inflation. The first suggests that output price inflation corresponds to the distortions caused by price rigidity. The second shows how policy rules involving consumer price inflation can induce instability because of the feedback from interest rates to consumer price inflation via the exchange rate. We examine both arguments in the context of an open economy which is subject to a range of shocks. We show that both arguments remain robust but that there is a case for including a terms of trade or real exchange rate gap term in the authorities' welfare function alongside the output gap and output price inflation.
Introspective Intrusion Detection

Author(s): Hawkins, Byron | Advisor(s): Demsky, Brian | Abstract: Remote code execution (RCE) exploits are considered among the more destructive intrusions in today’s software security landscape because they allow the adversary to execute arbitrary code with the permissions of the victim process. Today’s leading software defense systems are able to eliminate significant portions of this attack surface, but many of these approaches such as control flow integrity (CFI) and intrusion detection systems (IDS) address a limited scope of attack vectors, while others like diversification have not received wide user adoption. Consequently, user applications remain vulnerable to RCE attacks. One limitation that is common among these approaches is an overcommitment to preventing the adversary’s takeover strategy. Since the domain of potential attack vectors may be infinite, the adversary may always be able to devise a new takeover strategy that cannot be detected or prevented by any of the existing takeover-oriented defenses. After an attack, current monitoring systems often do not provide sufficient information about how the adversary took control or what vulnerability was compromised. Forensic tools can derive this information from an instance of the attack, but it may take multiple days or even weeks to isolate an instance for analysis. Motivated by the need for a program monitor that is equally effective against unforeseen takeover strategies as well as an exploit payload, Introspective Intrusion Detection (IID) combines the advantages of traditional intrusion detection and CFI by distinguishing anomalies in execution without making absolute judgments about malicious intent. This approach begins with a profiling phase that distills observed execution paths into a compact data representation called a trusted profile that constitutes a “ground truth” of safe application behavior. When deployed for online monitoring, IID reports any deviation from the Trusted Profile as a potential intrusion. Software developers can benefit from IID as a complement to deployed defenses by gaining visibility into unforeseen malicious behaviors or evasive variations of known attacks. Debugging of field failures and error reports can also benefit from the deep introspective logging provided by IID. Where deployed software has ample performance headroom and sufficient technical support, IID can also be deployed as a comprehensive realtime monitor to detect advanced persistent threats (APT) and other evasive intrusions.Experimental evaluation of IID prototypes for x86 binary executables and PHP applications show that this technique (a) identifies unforeseen takeover strategies along with exploit payloads, (b) accurately distinguishes benign anomalies from those associated with real attacks, (c) incurs low overhead with minimal false positives during normal execution of server applications such as Microsoft IIS and web applications such as WordPress, and (d) incurs moderate overhead for desktop applications such as Microsoft Office, Google Chrome and Adobe PDF Reader with a false positive rate suitable for expert analysis.
Assessing Forecast Performance in a VEC Model: An Empirical Examination

This paper is an exercise in applied macroeconomic forecasting. We examine the forecasting power of a vector error-correction model (VECM) that is anchored by a long-run equilibrium relationship between Greek national income and productive public expenditure as suggested by the economic theory. We compare the estimated forecasting values of the endogenous variables to the real-historical values using a stochastic simulation analysis. The simulation results provide new evidence supporting the ability of the model to forecast not only one-period ahead but also many periods into the future.
Urinary epidermal growth factor predicts renal prognosis in antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibody-associated vasculitis

Introduction The current study aimed to investigate the association between urinary epidermal growth factor (uEGF) and renal disease severity and outcomes in patients with antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibody-associated vasculitis (AAV). Methods Intrarenal EGFmRNA expression was extracted from transcriptomic data of microdissected tubulointerstitial compartments of kidney biopsies of patients with AAV. uEGF was measured in 173 patients with AAV in active stage and 143 in remission, and normalised to urine creatinine excretion (uEGF/Cr). The association between uEGF/Cr (or EGFmRNA) and clinical–pathological parameters was tested using linear regression analysis. The ability of uEGF/Cr to predict renal outcomes was analysed using Cox’s regression analysis. Results In patients with AAV, intrarenal EGFmRNA expression was significantly associated with estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR)(log2) at time of biopsy (β=0.63, p<0.001). The level of uEGF/Cr was significantly higher in patients in remission than in patients with active disease, both when looking at patients with sequential measurements (2.75±1.03vs 2.08±0.98, p<0.001) and in cross-sectional comparison. uEGF/Cr level was positively associated with eGFR(log2) at time of sampling in both active and remission stage (β=0.60, p<0.001; β=0.74, p<0.001, respectively). Patients with resistant renal disease had significantly lower uEGF/Cr levels than responders (1.65±1.22vs 2.16±1.26, p=0.04). Moreover, after adjusting for other potential predictors, uEGF/Cr was independently associated with composite endpoint of end-stage renal disease or 30% reduction of eGFR (HR 0.61, 95% CI 0.45 to 0.83, p=0.001). Conclusion Lower uEGF/Cr levels are associated with more severe renal disease, renal resistance to treatment and higher risk of progression to composite outcome in patients with AAV.
Medical Politics after Medicare: The Ontario Case

In the past fifteen years, the Ontario physician has witnessed a rapid and fundamental transformation in the political and economic context of his work. The imperfect market through which the delivery of medical services had been accomplished since the mid-nineteenth century has given way to an administered political economy. The decision by Canadian governments to establish programs of medical care insurance has entailed a series of challenges to the traditional institutions of medicine: to private, fee-for-service practice, and to professional licensing and disciplinary bodies. Issues not only of the economics and organization of individual physicians' practices, but also of the appropriate allocation of functions among health care personnel hav 5een placed on the political agenda. How can we expect physicians to respond to such a transformation of their work context? It has been popular in both the scholarly and the journalistic literature regarding physicians as political and economic actors to see them either as members of a powerful, cohesive, and collectively rational monopoly or as individually rational entrepreneurs. Each of these interpretations, however, is appropriate, if at all, to a particular stage in the transition from imperfect market to administered economy; and they are increasingly obsolete in the Canadian context. We shall suggest below that a concept of 'corporate accommodation' is more appropriate to the understanding of the medical response in the later stages of the transition. But none of these models alone can comprehend the full range of medical political and economic behaviour and opinion. The speed of the transformation has meant that there exist within the Ontario profession attitudes and behaviour appropriate to various stages in the process, and that these different orientations coexist in considerable tension. There are fissures in what was once thought to be the monolith of medical opinion; and as the weight of government policy bears ever more heavily upon the profession, these fissures are becoming deeper and more apparent. Let us, in the first place, consider the policy outputs which bear and threaten to bear upon the profession in the post-medicare era.
What Public-Sector Employers Need to Know About Promotional Practices, Procedures, and Tests in Public Safety Promotional Processes

In June 2009, the Ricci v. DeStefano case was decided by five of the nine U.S. Supreme Court judges. This case impacts public-sector employers by expanding on the rule called a “strong basis in evidence. ” Under this rule, a public-sector employer cannot engage in certain activities for the asserted purpose of avoiding or remedying unintentional disparate impact, unless the employer has a “strong basis in evidence” to believe it will be subject to disparate-impact liability. The evidence for this rule must be in place before a public-sector employer takes a race-conscious action to minimize adverse impact. This article critically evaluates the test validity discussion that occurred in the Ricci case; addresses topics relevant to the new rule not covered by the decision, such as the cutoff used, weights used, differentiating requirements of the rank-ordered list, and the rule of three; and describes guidelines for conducting a particular kind of study in an employment context, called a Croson Study, that can be used to gather a “strong basis in evidence. ” This article identifies circumstances under which a Croson Study is needed, and how to do it that will allow public-sector employers to evaluate whether they may be justified—using the Supreme Court’s “strong-basis-in-evidence” rule—to institute race-conscious remedies under Title VII.
What Are BLDRS?

The first exchange traded fund (ETF) in the U.S. was the Standard & Poor's depositary receipt (SPDR) which began trading in 1993. SPDRs were followed by eighteen new ETFs named World Equity Benchmark Series (WEBS) that initiated trading of international mutual funds on U.S. stock exchanges in 1996. WEBS were renamed iShares in 2000. In 2002 four new exchange traded funds were listed and have since been trading on NASDAQ that as a group, are called BLDRS. BLDRS, an acronym for “basket of listed depositary receipts” are portfolios that invest in three types of depository receipts: American Depositary Receipt, Global Depository Receipts, and New York Shares. Like SPDRS, BLDRS were established under the legal guidelines of the Investment Company Act of 1940 as unit investment trusts. They are a type of index fund that holds a diversified portfolio of international equity securities. This article discusses the features of BLDRS and compares and contrasts BLDRS with iShares and other international investment funds.
Temporal Sequence Parameters in Isodistributional Surrogate Data: Model and Exact Expressions

In this paper, a set of formulae for the temporal spontaneous baroreceptor reflex (sBRR) sequence parameters in isodistributional (ID) surrogate data is derived. This is facilitated by representing successive positive or negative amplitude changes as a Markov chain model. The obtained analytical tool measures the effect of random fluctuations on the overall number of sequences, estimated from the original biomedical time series. The formulae are tested using ID surrogates of systolic blood pressure and pulse-interval signals recorded from 13 healthy male Wistar rats at baseline conditions.
Benefit Sought and Attitudes Toward Shellfish by Spanish and British Consumers

Abstract Market research undertaken in two European countries during the summer of 1995, enabled a market segmentation approach to benefits sought by shellfish consumers. By randomly stopping people on busy streets in Barcelona, Spain and Hull, UK, interviews were carried out. A cluster analysis was performed on importance ratings for several shellfish selection variables, the clustering method used was K-means. For Spanish consumers the following were the important benefits sought when buying shellfish: Attractive presentation, nutritive value and easy to combine, whereas for British were: Easy to cook, and easy to combine. A negative attitude towards frozen shellfish was found among Spanish consumers whilst the British preferred frozen and ready (shellfish) meals over fresh. This, reflect differences of lifestyle related to food.
The influence of project team relationships on cost growth

Purpose – Using projects executed with both traditional and integrated procurement methods, the study sought to investigate relationships that exist among project participants and the influence of those relationships on cost growth. The paper aims to discuss these issues. Design/methodology/approach – Questionnaires were administered among 274 construction projects located in 12 states including the Federal Capital Territory of Nigeria. Responses were obtained from 96 projects. Data were subjected to both descriptive and inferential analyses. Findings – In terms of cordiality, relationships between client and contractors ranked highest, while those among in-house project teams ranked lowest. Cost growth or cost overrun is significantly correlated with client-contractor relationship, consultant-contractor relationship, client-consultant-contractor relationship and in-house team relationships. No association between procurement method and cost growth was found. Research limitations/implications – The limita.
Confidence intervals based on some weighting functions for the difference of two binomial proportions

In this paper, we propose two new methods for computing confidence intervals for the difference of two independent binomial proportions in small sample cases. Several test‐based exact confidence intervals have been developed to guarantee the nominal coverage probability in small sample cases. However, these methods are sometimes unnecessarily too conservative because they use the exact p‐value for constructing confidence intervals by maximizing the tail probability to account for the worst configuration. In order to reduce conservatism, our new methods adopt the p‐value weighted by two types of functions instead of the maximum p‐value. Our proposed methods can be regarded as quasi‐exact methods. The performance evaluation results showed that our methods are much less conservative than the exact method. Compared with other existing quasi‐exact methods, generally, our methods possess coverage probabilities closer to the nominal confidence level and shorter expected confidence widths. In particular, the beta weighing method provides the most reasonable balance between accurate coverage probability and short interval width in small sample cases. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
EXTra hit for mouse osteochondroma

Osteochondromas are the most common benign bone tumors that can occur either singularly or in hereditary multiple osteochondromas syndrome (MO; previously known as hereditary multiple exostoses). Osteochondromas histologically resemble the growth plate and are located preferentially at the long bones. MO is an autosomal dominant disorder caused by mutations in either EXT1 at 8q24 (65%) or EXT2 at 11p11-13 (35%). After the cloning of these genes in 1995 and 1996, respectively, it has taken some time for their function to be known. The breakthrough came unexpectedly in 1998 from a totally different field. By searching for genes involved in the biosynthetic pathway of glycosaminoglycans, it was discovered that EXT1 was a glycosyltransferase involved in heparan sulfate (HS) biosynthesis (1). The challenge since that time was to resolve the exact mechanism by which dysfunctional EXT and defective HS result in osteochondroma formation. The conditional mouse model for Ext1 presented by Jones et al. (2) in PNAS puts some of the controversies to rest. The authors provide compelling evidence that loss of heterozygosity (LOH) is required for mouse osteochondroma formation and suggest that a proliferating chondrocyte is its cell of origin. In addition, the authors show a heterogeneous, mosaic composition of the cartilaginous cap.
Decentralized High-Dimensional Bayesian Optimization with Factor Graphs

This paper presents a novel decentralized high-dimensional Bayesian optimization (DEC-HBO) algorithm that, in contrast to existing HBO algorithms, can exploit the interdependent effects of various input components on the output of the unknown objective function f for boosting the BO performance and still preserve scalability in the number of input dimensions without requiring prior knowledge or the existence of a low (effective) dimension of the input space. To realize this, we propose a sparse yet rich factor graph representation of f to be exploited for designing an acquisition function that can be similarly represented by a sparse factor graph and hence be efficiently optimized in a decentralized manner using distributed message passing. Despite richly characterizing the interdependent effects of the input components on the output of f with a factor graph, DEC-HBO can still guarantee no-regret performance asymptotically. Empirical evaluation on synthetic and real-world experiments (e.g., sparse Gaussian process model with 1811 hyperparameters) shows that DEC-HBO outperforms the state-of-the-art HBO algorithms.
Involvement of the period Gene in Developmental Time-Memory: Effect of the perShort Mutation on Phase Shifts Induced by Light Pulses Delivered to Drosophila Larvae

Phases of circadian locomotor activity rhythms of adult Drosophilareared in constant darkness have been shown to be set by a light stimulus delivered as early as the first-instar larval stage. This implies that a circadian clock functions continuously throughout postembryonic development. The clock genes period (per) and timeless (tim) are expressed cyclically in the larval central nervous system of Drosophila, and daily oscillations of per expression persist throughout metamorphosis in a group of cells, which gives rise to the pacemaker cells underlying locomotor activity rhythms of adults. Therefore, PER and TIM cyclings in these neurons may be responsible for the phenomenon of “larval time-memory. ” In the absence of any evidence for the involvement of these genes in such a developmental clock, and because circadian-pacemaker functions are underanalyzed in terms of the functions during development, the authors tested the time-memory of a fast-clock period mutant. They show that dark-reared per Smutant individuals as well as wild-type flies can be entrained as larvae and that a brief light pulse given to such entrained larvae can induce phase shifts in animals of either genotype. However, the direction and magnitude of phase shifts were different between wild type and per S, suggesting that a clock under the control of period gene participates in the regulation of developmental time-memory. The authors show that the relevant clock can be entrained by two light input pathways, one involving the phospholipase C encoded by the norpA gene, the other mediated by the blue-light receptor cryptochrome. Phase shifts of molecular oscillations during the larval stage were smaller than those measured by adult behavior, suggesting molecularly transient responses during development.