Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Three-Dimensional Modelling and Morphometric Analysis of the Vertebral Column in Gazelles (Gazella subgutturosa) by using Computer Tomographic Images*

Geliş Tarihi: 17.09. 2019 Kabul Tarihi: 12.11. 2019 Abstract: This study was performed to create three-dimensional (3D) images of gazelles’ vertebral column bones using two-dimensional multi-detector computed tomography (MDCT) outputs and to evaluate detailed anatomical structure of the region. In the study, 10 adult (5 males and 5 females) gazelle cadavers were used. Materials were scanned under 80 kv, 200 MA, 639 mGY and 0.625 mm section thickness using a 64-detector MDCT (General Electric Revolution). The MDCT outputs were converted into 3D formats with MIMICS 20.1 (The Materialise Group, Leuven, Belgium) software. Numbers of the cervical, thoracic, lumbar, sacral and caudal vertebra were detected as 7, 13, 6, 5 and 12-16, respectively. The surface area of thoracic vertebrae was found to be 38096.52±1415.85 mm2 in females and 51927.02±4185.70 mm2 in males. The difference between the genders in terms of surface area of thoracic vertebrae was found to be statistically significant (P<0.05). It is considered that the findings obtained will provide reference data for further studies in anatomy, surgery and zooarchaeology in addition to determining differences or similarities of gazelle vertebral column with other species.
ATOM: A Flexible Interface for Building High Performance Program Analysis Tools

Code instrumentation is a powerful mechanism for understanding program behavior. Unfortunately, code instrumentation is extremely difficult, and therefore has been mostly relegated to building special purpose tools for use on standard industry benchmark suites. ATOM (Analysis Tools with OM) provides a very flexible and efficient code instrumentation interface that allows powerful, high performance program analysis tools to be built with very little effort. This paper illustrates this flexibility by building five complete tools that span the interests of application programmers, computer architects, and compiler writers. This flexibility does not come at the expense of performance. Because ATOM uses procedure calls as the interface between the application and the analysis routines, the performance of each tool is similar to or greatly exceeds the best known hand-crafted implementations.
A Long Lasting (cid:2) 1 Adrenergic Receptor Stimulation of cAMP/Protein Kinase A (PKA) Signal in Cardiac Myocytes *

Background: Transient (cid:2) 1 AR activation remains at odds with long lasting cellular and physiological responses. Results: The agonist-occupied (cid:2) 1 AR continuously signals to adenylyl cyclase (AC) to produce cAMP in both cardiac myocytes and neurons for more than 8 h, which is masked by receptor-associated PDE4D8. Conclusion: Stimulation of (cid:2) 1 AR induces long-lasting cAMP production in the heart for ligand-induced physiological responses. Significance: We show a novel mechanism to understand persistent (cid:2) 1 AR signaling in the heart.
BIOME3: An equilibrium terrestrial biosphere model based on ecophysiological constraints, resource availability, and competition among plant functional types

The equilibrium terrestrial biosphere model BIOME3 simulates vegetation distribution and biogeochemistry, and couples vegetation distribution directly to biogeochemistry. Model inputs consist of latitude, soil texture class, and monthly climate (temperature, precipitation, and sunshine) data on a 0.5 degrees grid. Ecophysiological constraints determine which plant functional types (PFTs) may potentially occur. A coupled carbon and water flux model is then used to calculate, for each PFT, the leaf area index (LAI) that maximizes net primary production (NPP), subject to the constraint that NPP must be sufficient to maintain this LAI. Competition between PFTs is simulated by using the optimal NPP of each PFT as an index of competitiveness, with additional rules to approximate the dynamic equilibrium between natural disturbance and succession driven by light competition. Model output consists of a quantitative vegetation state description in terms of the dominant PFT, secondary PFTs present, and the total LAI and NPP for the ecosystem. Canopy conductance is treated as a function of the calculated optimal photosynthetic rate and water stress. Regional evapotranspiration is calculated as a function of canopy conductance, equilibrium evapotranspiration rate, and soil moisture using a simple planetary boundary layer parameterization. This scheme results in a two-way coupling of the carbon and water fluxes through canopy conductance, allowing simulation of the response of photosynthesis, stomatal conductance, and leaf area to environmental factors including atmospheric CO2. Comparison with the mapped distribution of global vegetation shows that the model successfully reproduces the broad-scale patterns in potential natural vegetation distribution. Comparison with NPP measurements, and with an FPAR (fractional absorbed photosynthetically active radiation) climatology based on remotely sensed greenness measurements, provides further checks on the model's internal logic. The model is envisaged as a tool for integrated analysis of the impacts of changes in climate and CO2 on ecosystem structure and function. (Less)
Sediment Transport, Part II: Suspended Load Transport

A method is presented which enables the computation of the suspended load as the depth-integration of the product of the local concentration and flow velocity. The method is based on the computation of the reference concentration from the bed-load transport. Measured concentration profiles have been used for calibration. New relationships are proposed to represent the size gradation of the bed material and the damping of the turbulence by the sediment particles. A verification analysis using about 800 data shows that about 76% of the predicted values are within 0.5 and 2 times the measured values.
Very slow erosion rates and landscape preservation across the southwestern slope of the Ladakh Range, India

Erosion rates are key to quantifying the timescales over which different topographic and geomorphic domains develop in mountain landscapes. Geomorphic and terrestrial cosmogenic nuclide (TCN) methods were used to determine erosion rates of the arid, tectonically quiescent Ladakh Range, northern India. Five different geomorphic domains are identified and erosion rates are determined for three of the domains using TCN 10Be concentrations. Along the range divide between 5600 and 5700 m above sea level (asl), bedrock tors in the periglacial domain are eroding at 5.0 ± 0.5 to 13.1 ± 1.2 meters per million years (m/m.y.). , principally by frost shattering. At lower elevation in the unglaciated domain, erosion rates for tributary catchments vary between 0.8 ± 0.1 and 2.0 ± 0.3 m/m.y. Bedrock along interfluvial ridge crests between 3900 and 5100 m asl that separate these tributary catchments yield erosion rates <0.7 ± 0.1 m/m.y. and the dominant form of bedrock erosion is chemical weathering and grusification. Erosion rates are fastest where glaciers conditioned hillslopes above 5100 m asl by over‐steepening slopes and glacial debris is being evacuated by the fluvial network. For range divide tors, the long‐term duration of the erosion rate is considered to be 40–120 ky. By evaluating measured 10Be concentrations in tors along a model 10Be production curve, an average of ~24 cm is lost instantaneously every ~40 ky. Small (<4 km2) unglaciated tributary catchments and their interfluve bedrock have received very little precipitation since ~300 ka and the long‐term duration of their erosion rates is 300–750 ky and >850 ky, respectively. These results highlight the persistence of very slow erosion in different geomorphic domains across the southwestern slope of the Ladakh Range, which on the scale of the orogen records spatial changes in the locus of deformation and the development of an orogenic rain shadow north of the Greater Himalaya. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Assessment of best management practices for nutrient cycling: A case study on an organic farm in a Mediterranean-type climate

The effectiveness of best management practices (BMPs) designed primarily to protect surface water quality was assessed on a farm certified for organic tomato production to consider potential environmental quality and production tradeoffs. The BMPs included winter cover crops typically used in organic farming to cycle nutrients and reduce stormwater runoff; tailwater ponds designed to capture runoff; and tailwater return systems, which recycle runoff back to the field. The study took place at a 44 ha (108 ac) farm in Yolo County, California, over a two-year period. Monitoring throughout the winter rainy season showed cover crops successfully reduced runoff and loads of several constituents during the storm events, when compared to fallow. Total discharge was reduced by 44%, total suspended solids was reduced by 83%, ammonium was reduced by 33%, and dissolved organic carbon (DOC) was reduced by 58%. Estimates of leaching losses of DOC in the cover cropped fields, however, were 70% higher than the fallow fields in the winter rainy season and were 30% higher than the fallow fields in the summer irrigation season. During the summer irrigation season, the tailwater pond alone was highly effective in reducing losses of total suspended solids and volatile suspended solids to the neighboring riparian zone by 97% and 89%, respectively. The tailwater pond had no effect on dissolved reactive phosphorous and actually increased concentrations of nitrate-nitrogen (NO3−-N) in effluent by 40% and DOC by 20%. As was expected, the NO3−-N leaching measured by anion exchange resin bags and nitrous oxide emissions measured by static closed chambers was higher for the tailwater pond than the fallow field. Despite these differences, losses via NO3−-N leaching and nitrous oxide emissions accounted for only 24.7 and 0.48 kg N ha−1 y−1 (22.0 and 0.40 lb N ac−1), respectively, for the entire farm, even including ponds and ditches. When field and plot values were extrapolated to the entire tomato production area to understand the relative potential tradeoffs, results indicate that BMPs could be implemented without an impact on tomato marketable yields; the tailwater pond's higher nitrous oxide emissions would not significantly increase the overall emissions for tomato production given its relatively small size; and using tailwater ponds in combination with cover crops would decrease total suspended solids (TSS) losses compared to cover crops alone, with only minor increases in NO3−-N and DOC losses. Adding a tailwater return system to this combination of BMPs could help minimize these NO3−-N and DOC losses. Use of cover crops with a tailwater pond and tailwater return system are a combination of BMPS that can thus be recommended for organic production when considering multiple environmental outcomes.
All-fiber optical magnetic-field sensor based on Faraday rotation in highly terbium-doped fiber.

An all-fiber optical magnetic field sensor is demonstrated. It consists of a fiber Faraday rotator and a fiber polarizer. The fiber Faraday rotator uses a 2-cm-long section of 56-wt. %-terbium-doped silicate fiber with a Verdet constant of -24.5 rad/(Tm) at 1053 nm. The fiber polarizer is Corning SP1060 single-polarization fiber. The sensor has a sensitivity of 0.49 rad/T and can measure magnetic fields from 0.02 to 3.2 T.
Semistructured Motivational Interviews of Patients and Caregivers to Improve CPAP Adherence: A Qualitative Analysis.

STUDY OBJECTIVES The aim of this qualitative analysis was to identify obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) patients' preferences, partner experiences, barriers and facilitators to positive airway pressure (PAP) adherence, and to assess understanding of the educational content delivered and satisfaction with the multidimensionally structured intervention. METHODS A qualitative analysis was conducted on 28 interventional arm patients with a new diagnosis of OSA. They received a one-on-two semistructured motivational interview as the last part of a 60- to 90-minute in-person educational group intervention. The 10- to 15-minute interview with the patient and caregiver was patient-centered and focused on obtaining the personal and emotional history and providing support. We also assessed understanding of the OSA training plan, their commitment to it, and their goals for it. RESULTS We identified four themes: OSA symptom and diagnosis, using the PAP machine, perceptions about the group visit, and factors that determine adherence to PAP. Patients experienced positive, negative, or mixed emotions during the journey from symptoms of OSA to PAP adherence. CONCLUSIONS Our findings suggest that patients' and caregivers' positive experiences of PAP could be enhanced by a patient-centered interaction and that it was important to explicitly address their fears and concerns to further enhance use of PAP. Not only could caregiver support play a role in improving PAP adherence but also the peer coaching session has the potential of providing a socially supportive environment in motivating adherence to PAP treatment.
van der Waals interactions in density-functional theory.

The history of van der Waals or dispersion forces dates a long way back [1, 2]. The recent book Van der Waals and Molecular Sciences [1] gives a detailed account of van der Waals’s own contributions and life-long interest in the field. It is interesting to note that this truly quantum-mechanical problem [3, 4, 5] has been addressed by theorists long before the birth of quantum mechanics. The force between atoms, molecules, clusters, complexes, surfaces, and other fragments of matter is dominated by the weak but long-ranged van der Waals interactions at large separations. This is the region that has been primarily addressed. Calculations of the interaction potential between neutral species were first done for molecules [6, 7], leading to the well known asymptotic R −6 form of London [5]. The asymptotic z −3 form of the interaction potential between a neutral atom and a surface was first identified by Lennard-Jones [8], with subsequent refined treatments of the atom and surface polarizabilities [9, 10]. For the interaction between solid bodies, general formulas have been derived [11], which for flat surfaces a long distance d apart give an interaction energy that varies as d −2 [12]. For very large distances, where the limited magnitude of the velocity of light matters, retardation effects are important [13]. Such relativistic effects are physically interesting but beyond the scope of the present work.
Land grabbing and global capitalist accumulation: key features in Latin America

We introduce this special issue by explaining seven characteristics of land grabbing in Latin America. These features are not unique to the region. By highlighting them – arguing, for instance, that a key aspect in Latin America is intra-regional land grabbing driven by (trans)Latina companies – we hope to inspire new cross-regional comparisons to understand the dynamics of “global” land grabbing. Our focus on Latin America challenges some problematic generalisations in the literature, for instance, that land grabs occur mainly in fragile states. We interrogate the relationship between land grabbing and the “foreignisation” narrative, and the need to revisit the broader question of land concentration. Thus we build upon the literature locating land grabs and the land question within the political economy of global capitalism. Cette introduction au numéro spécial présente sept caractéristiques de l'accaparement des terres en Amérique latine, caractéristiques qui ne sont pas propres à la région. En les mettant en lumière, notamment en soutenant qu'en Amérique latine le phénomène, impulsé par des compagnies latino-américaine, est avant tout intra-régional, nous espérons susciter de nouvelles comparaisons inter-régionales afin de mieux comprendre les dynamiques mondiales de l'accaparement de terres. L'accent mis sur Amérique latine permet de remettre en question des généralisations auxquelles s'adonnent de nombreux écrits, comme par exemple que l'accaparement se produit principalement dans les états fragiles. Nous examinons les liens établis entre l'accaparement de terres et la main mise étrangère pour montrer la nécessité de réévaluer la question élargie de la concentration de terres. Les articles du numéro situent l'accaparement des terres dans le cadre de l’économie politique du capitalisme mondial.
Coastal Orographic Rainfall Processes Observed by Radar during the California Land-Falling Jets Experiment

Abstract Radar and rain gauge observations collected in coastal mountains during the California Land-Falling Jets Experiment (CALJET) are used to diagnose the bulk physical properties of rainfall during a wet winter season (January–March 1998). Three rainfall types were clearly distinguishable by differences in their vertical profiles of radar reflectivity and Doppler vertical velocity: nonbright band, bright band, and hybrid (seeder–feeder). The contribution of each rainfall type to the total rainfall observed at the radar site (1841 mm) was determined by a new, objective algorithm. While hybrid rain occurred most often, nonbrightband rain (NBB rain) contributed significantly (28%) to the total. This paper focuses on characterizing NBB rain because of the need to document this key physical process and because of its impact on Weather Surveillance Radar-1988 Doppler (WSR-88D) precipitation surveillance capabilities. NBB rain is a quasi-steady, shallow rain process that does not exhibit a radar bright band.
The Meteoritical Bulletin, No. 89, 2005 September

Abstract— This Bulletin lists 1768 meteorites, bringing the total known meteorites to over 30,000 at 30,907. Of these, 1010 are from Antarctica, 569 from Africa, 92 from Asia (83 of which are from Oman), 85 from North America, one from South America and 11 from Europe. The Bulletin reports seven falls (Benguerir, Bukhara, Kasauli, Maigatari‐Danduma, Oum Dreyga, Rahimyar Khan, and San Michele). Noteworthy specimens include 20 lunar meteorites, four Martian meteorites, two pallasites, three mesosiderites, and two Bencubbin‐like meteorites. Additional information can be found at http:meteoriticalsociety.orgbulletindatabase. html.
Is Employer-based Health Insurance a Barrier to Entrepreneurship? Is Employer-based Health Insurance a Barrier to Entrepreneurship?

for helpful comments and suggestions. We would also like to thank Emilie Juncker for a preliminary analysis of the data and P.J. Perez for assistance in constructing the data files. Abstract The focus on employer-provided health insurance in the United States may restrict business creation. We address the limited research on the topic of " entrepreneurship lock " by using recent panel data from matched Current Population Surveys. We use difference-indifference models to estimate the interaction between having a spouse with employer-based health insurance and potential demand for health care. We find evidence of a larger negative effect of health insurance demand on the entrepreneurship probability for those without spousal coverage than for those with spousal coverage. We also take a new approach in the literature to examine the question of whether employer-based health insurance discourages entrepreneurship by exploiting the discontinuity created at age 65 through the qualification for Medicare. Using a novel procedure of identifying age in months from matched monthly CPS data, we compare the probability of business ownership among male workers in the months just before turning age 65 and in the months just after turning age 65. We find that business ownership rates increase from just under age 65 to just over age 65, whereas we find no change in business ownership rates from just before to just after for other ages 55-75. Our estimates provide some evidence that "entrepreneurship lock" exists, which raises concerns that the bundling of health insurance and employment may create an inefficient allocation of which or when workers start businesses.
OPINION PPARg is a gatekeeper for extracellular matrix and vascular cell homeostasis: beneficial role in pulmonary hypertension and renal/cardiac/ pulmonary fibrosis

Purpose of review Pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) is characterized by pulmonary arterial endothelial cell (PAEC) dysfunction and apoptosis, pulmonary arterial smooth muscle cell (PASMC) proliferation, inflammation, vasoconstriction, and metabolic disturbances that include disrupted bone morphogenetic protein receptor (BMPR2)-peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPARg) axis and DNA damage. Activation of PPARg improves many of these mechanisms, although erroneous reports on potential adverse effects of thiazolidinedione (TZD)-class PPARg agonists reduced their clinical use in the past decade. Here, we review recent findings in heart, lung, and kidney research related to the pathobiology of vascular remodeling and tissue fibrosis, and also potential therapeutic effects of the PPARg agonist pioglitazone.
Opportunities and constraints in adapting to flood and drought conditions in the Upper Chao Phraya River basin in Thailand

ABSTRACT To assess alterations of the rice-growing season as a sustainable option to overcome temporary groundwater storage shortages resulting from flood and drought conditions in the Upper Chao Phraya River basin in Thailand, rice was planted in May (1.5 months earlier) to harvest before seasonal flooding occurred (normally in October). The assessment showed that a cropping intensity (CI) of approximately 1.4 (100% and 40% of the total agricultural area for the wet and dry seasons, respectively) could be supported by the total available water (surface runoff and renewable groundwater storage). Shifting the growing season did not have a negative impact in terms of rice production area, but it did ensure that the area of rice cultivation avoided flooding or surface water shortage conditions. Expanding the rice production area was also assessed; however, this required the implementation of artificial groundwater recharge (AGR). For example, 1.0 km3 of AGR annually was enough to support CI equal to 1.5 without experiencing groundwater depletion.