Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
The price of space: the convergence of value in use and value in exchange

This paper discusses concepts of value from the point of view of the user of the space and the counter view of the provider of the same. Land and property are factors of production. The value of the land flows from the use to which it is put, and that in turn, is dependent upon the demand (and supply) for the product or service that is produced/provided from that space. If there is a high demand for the product (at a fixed level of supply), the price will increase and the economic rent for the land/property will increase accordingly. This is the underlying paradigm of Ricardian rent theory where the supply of land is fixed and a single good is produced. In such a case the rent of land is wholly an economic rent. Economic theory generally distinguishes between two kinds of price, price of production or “value in use” (as determined by the labour theory of value), and market price or “value in exchange” (as determined by supply and demand). It is based on a coherent and consistent theory of value and price. Effectively the distinction is between what space is “worth” to an individual and that space’s price of exchange in the market place. In a perfect market where any individual has access to the same information as all others in the market, price and worth should coincide. However in a market where access to information is not uniform, and where different uses compete for the same space, it is more likely that the two figures will diverge. This paper argues that the traditional reliance of valuers to use methods of comparison to determine “price” has led to an artificial divergence of “value in use” and “value in exchange”, but now such comparisons are becoming more difficult due to the diversity of lettings in the market place, there will be a requirement to return to fundamentals and pay heed to the thought process of the user in assessing the worth of the space to be let.
Network Capital, Social Capital and Knowledge Flow: How the Nature of Inter-organizational Networks Impacts on Innovation

This paper focuses on the role of inter-organizational networks as facilitators of knowledge flow and innovation. It introduces the concepts of network capital and network space to complement existing notions of social capital and geographic space as explanatory factors underpinning the impact of networks. Empirically, the paper analyses the inter-organizational networks of firms across three different regional settings. As well as finding significant differences across regions, the analysis also finds cross-regional commonalities in terms of the association between the innovation prowess of firms and the nature of their networks. In particular, it is found that the innovation performance of firms is significantly related to network capital investment in dynamically configured inter-organizational knowledge alliances. It is concluded that such findings may provide clues in terms of policy making in areas such as cluster and innovation system development, especially in supporting and orchestrating networks which have a clear strategic and calculative rationale.
Coordinated downregulation of Spinophilin and the catalytic subunits of PP1, PPP1CA/B/C, contributes to a worse prognosis in lung cancer

The scaffold protein Spinophilin (Spinophilin, PPP1R9B) is one of the regulatory subunits of phosphatase-1 (PP1), directing it to distinct subcellular locations and targets. The loss of Spinophilin reduces PP1 targeting to pRb, thereby maintaining higher levels of phosphorylated pRb. Spinophilin is absent or reduced in approximately 40% of human lung tumors, correlating with the malignant grade. However, little is known about the relevance of the coordinated activity or presence of Spinophilin and its reported catalytic partners in the prognosis of lung cancer. In the present work, we show that the downregulation of Spinophilin, either by protein or mRNA, is related to a worse prognosis in lung tumors. This effect is more relevant in squamous cell carcinoma, SCC, than in adenocarcinoma. Downregulation of Spinophilin is related to a decrease in the levels of its partners PPP1CA/B/C, the catalytic subunits of PP1. A decrease in these subunits is also related to prognosis in SCC and, in combination with a decrease in Spinophilin, are markers of a poor prognosis in these tumors. The analysis of the genes that correlate to Spinophilin in lung tumors showed clear enrichment in ATP biosynthesis and protein degradation GO pathways. The analysis of the response to several common and pathway-related drugs indicates a direct correlation between the Spinophilin/PPP1Cs ratio and the response to oxaliplatin and bortezomib. This finding indicates that this ratio may be a good predictive biomarker for the activity of the drugs in these tumors with a poor prognosis.
Frontera tecnológica y eficiencia técnica sectorial en México: un análisis envolvente de datos

Esta investigación tiene como objetivo determinar la frontera tecnológica y la eficiencia técnica sectorial de México. La metodología empleada es el Data Envelopment Analysis. Los resultados muestran, en primer lugar, que los sectores relacionados con la agricultura, minería, manufacturas, servicios financieros, profesionales y corporativos, son totalmente eficientes bajo rendimientos variables a escala mientras que bajo rendimientos constantes se excluye el sector 11; la media de eficiencia es de 0.71 bajo rendimientos variables y 0.64 bajo rendimientos constantes a escala, por lo que existe la posibilidad de mejorar el output en aproximadamente un 30% haciendo mejor uso del capital y el empleo.
Medical malpractice predictors and risk factors for ophthalmologists performing LASIK and PRK surgery.

PURPOSE To identify physician predictors in laser-assisted in-situ keratomileusis (LASIK) and photorefractive keratectomy (PRK) surgery that correlate with a higher risk for malpractice liability claims and lawsuits. METHODOLOGY A retrospective, longitudinal, cohort study comparing physician characteristics of 100 consecutive Ophthalmic Mutual Insurance Company (OMIC) LASIK and PRK claims and suits to demographic and practice pattern data for all active refractive surgeons insured by OMIC between 1996 and 2002. Background information and data were obtained from OMIC underwriting applications, a physician practice pattern survey, and claims file records. Using an outcome of whether or not a physician had a prior history of a claim or suit, logistic regression analyses were used separately for each predictor as well as controlling for refractive surgery volume. RESULTS Logistic regression analysis demonstrated that the most important predictor of filing a claim was surgical volume, with those performing more surgery having a greater risk of incurring a claim (odds ratio [OR], 31.4 for >1,000/year versus 0 to 20/year; 95% confidence interval [CI], 7.9 - 125; P = .0001). Having one or more prior claims was the only other predictor examined that remained statistically significant after controlling for patient volume (OR, 6.4; 95% CI 2.5 - 16.4; P = .0001). Physician gender, advertising, preoperative time spent with patient, and comanagement appeared to be strong predictors in multivariate analyses when surgical volume was greater than 100 cases per year. CONCLUSION The chances of incurring a malpractice claim or suit for PRK or LASIK correlates significantly with higher surgical volume and a history of a prior claim or suit. Additional risk factors that increase in importance with higher surgical volume include gender, advertising, preoperative time spent with patient, and comanagement with optometrists. These findings may be used in the future to help improve the quality of care for patients undergoing refractive surgery and provide data for underwriting criteria and risk management protocols to proactively manage and reduce the risk of claims and lawsuits against refractive surgeons.
Analyzing Performance Differences between Multiple Code Versions

Optimizing code performance has always been an important goal of programmers who code at a low-level, and is gaining importance even in high-level programs due to the proliferation of mobile and distributed applications with limited processing and memory resources. Nevertheless, software developers are often ignorant of the way their code modifications affect performance until it is too late or quite expensive to rectify the problem. Diff utilities are a wellestablished method for reviewing code changes and identifying bugs on enterprise scale software projects, but they only provide information on syntactic changes. We propose a tool, named PerfDiff, that enables developers to quickly identify performance changes at function-level granularity between two versions of a program. Our approach uses an existing profiling tool to obtain performance data on two versions of a program, and then compares the performance of changed functions. The performance measure tracked by PerfDiff is the execution time of the functions. We have designed the tool in two phases. In the initial phase, to demonstrate the viability of our approach, we have created our own library of C functions with known performance disparities which could be manipulated for testing and evaluation. To establish a proof-of-concept, we have set up a repository from which two versions of code could be automatically pulled to compare their performances using a profiling tool. The implemented tool is successful in providing execution time differences of all interested functions. In the second phase we improved PerfDiff by integrating it with Git commands so that it can run automatically in the background when a user tries to commit the code to the repository. The results of PerfDiff are captured during the commit process to be used for later display. The visualization was also extended so that performance changes can now be viewed by a reviewing developer alongside the syntactic changes of a regular diff. As part of the evaluation of the second phase of our research work, we analyzed the impact of test case run length and background processes on the Permission to make digital or hard copies of all or part of this work for personal or classroom use is granted without fee provided that copies are not made or distributed for profit or commercial advantage and that copies bear this notice and the full citation on the first page. To copy otherwise, to republish, to post on servers or to redistribute to lists, requires prior specific permission and/or a fee. Copyright 2014 University of Texas. profiler results and measures that can be taken to mitigate these threats. We also seeded a performance bug explicitly and used PerfDiff to help a developer identify the likely source of the bug. Finally, PerfDiff tool will be improvised to take into consideration the call graph for identification of the performance regression.
Event Experiences in Time and Space: A Study of Visitors to the 2007 World Alpine Ski Championships in Åre, Sweden

Abstract The spatial and temporal nature of event experiences was studied through interviews, participant observation and photography at a major sporting event. Results contribute to a better understanding of how visitors interact with the event setting and with each other, and help build theory on experiences, their design and management. Event tourists were observed spatially and temporally while enjoying various elements of the host village and four event arenas, while photographs and notes made by participant observers enabled a more focused evaluation of positive and negative experiences. Results identified the importance of social factors, as visitors wanted to be where the others were, revealed that surprise created positive experiences, and identified the existence of experiential “hot spots” defined in both time and space. It is concluded that positive experiences are more important than negative ones in terms of overall satisfaction. Implications are drawn regarding the nature of event experiences, their design and management, and on related methodological development.
Effects of prostaglandins E1, E2, A1, and A2 on the resistance and capacitance vessels in the hind limb of the dog.

The responses to four prostaglandins E1, E2, A1 and A2 have been studied after intra-arterial injection into the hind limb of the anaesthetized dog, perfused at constant flow. The regression lines of resistance vessel response to dose gave a potency ratio relative to PGEi of 0.42 for PGE2 and 0.06 for PGA2. The relative potency of PGA2 to PGA1 was 0.36. All compounds dilated capacitance vessels. For a given degree of arterial dilatation the capacitance effect of the PGA series was significantly greater than that of PGE1 or PGE2 and all the prostaglandins produced a greater effect on capacitance vessels than did nitroglycerine. These findings indicate the importance of the capacitance changes to the haemodynamic response produced by the prostaglandins.
Efficiency in the eurobond market: application of nonparametric techniques

The aim of this article is to analyse the efficiency of eurobond issuers within the primary market, from 1995 to 2000. The study includes a reference to theoretical discussion and to the methodology used; detailed explanation of the variables considered which, in order to supplement those strictly financial, include others such as spread from Interest Rate Risk (IRR) and respective swap; rating, duration and size; and macroeconomic fundamentals of the issuer country. Results and conclusions obtained from the static and dynamic efficiency analyses are then illustrated and discussed.
Traded American options are Bermudan

Purpose - The purpose of this paper is to study the importance of business time, and market opening/closing times and days, for American option pricing. Design/methodology/approach - A Bermudan pricing approach is employed whereby the option can be exercised only during the times and days the market is open. The authors apply the approach to the S&P 100 options market. Findings - It was found that the potential biases that can arise from ignoring the non-continuous operation of the market are not negligible. Research limitations/implications - For expositional purposes, the authors assume that the price of the underlying follows a Geometric Brownian motion. This assumption could be relaxed by future research and more complex price dynamics models could be considered. Practical implications - The findings in this paper could be used in correcting observed option prices, prior to investigating the rationality of early exercise decisions, or in measuring the size of early exercise premia. Originality/value - This is the first study to examine the effects of business time, and market opening/closing times and days, to American option prices.
Disclosure de Informações acerca do Pagamento baseado em Ações e sua Associação com os Atributos das Firmas

A presente pesquisa possui dois principais objetivos: (a) verificar o grau de cumprimento das exigencias de divulgacao definidas no CPC 10 pelas companhias listadas na BM&FBovespa e (b) investigar a associacao entre o nivel da aderencia a norma e os atributos dessas sociedades. Para tanto, construiu-se uma metrica de pesquisa contemplando as exigencias de divulgacao previstas no normativo e, por meio do uso da analise de conteudo, verificou-se a aderencia das empresas da amostra, criando-se a variavel denominada Indice de Disclosure do CPC 10. A amostra final da pesquisa reuniu 296 companhias. Visando atender aos citados objetivos, foram realizados testes estatisticos no intuito de se verificar o grau de cumprimento das exigencias de divulgacao. Em seguida, procedeu-se a Analise de Correspondencia (Anacor), bem como a testes de hipoteses nao parametricos, para se verificar a associacao entre os atributos das firmas e os respectivos niveis de evidenciacao. No que tange aos resultados obtidos, verificou-se, a partir da analise do mapa perceptual, que ha associacao do nivel da aderencia a norma com os setores aos quais as empresas pertencem, bem como com ao tamanho das empresas. A partir do teste nao parametrico de Mann-Whitney, constatou-se que um alto nivel da aderencia a norma esta associado aos atributos Internacionalizacao, Firma de Auditoria e Governanca Corporativa. Por fim, o presente estudo contribui para a intensificacao das discussoes acerca do atendimento as exigencias de divulgacao presentes nas normas emitidas pelo CPC, as quais sao importantes para o desenvolvimento do mercado de capitais e da economia brasileira.
The Eurocleft Study: Intercenter Study of Treatment Outcome in Patients with Complete Cleft Lip and Palate. Part 5: Discussion and Conclusions

Objective To review the lessons learned from a longitudinal intercenter comparison study. Design Longitudinal cohort study. Setting Multidisciplinary cleft services in Northern Europe. Subjects Individuals with repaired complete unilateral cleft lip and palate. Main Outcomes Measures The first four papers in this series report amount of treatment, cephalometric form, nasolabial appearance, dental arch relationship, patient/parent satisfaction. This paper considers the consistency of outcome at the five centers over time, and other relationships between outcomes. Results Some outcomes measured in childhood can be predictive over time. The amount of treatment does not correlate with the quality of clinical outcome. Conclusions Measurement of clinical outcome in childhood is an important and valid form of clinical audit. Intercenter studies are more informative than single center reports, and will have an important future role in cleft care.
A double-blind study of combination of clozapine with risperidone in patients with schizophrenia: effects on cognition.

BACKGROUND Atypical antipsychotic drugs produce improvement in some domains of cognition as well as psychopathology in patients with schizophrenia. However, the effect of combinations of atypical antipsychotic drugs on cognitive function is unknown. The aim of this study was to compare the effect of risperidone or placebo on cognitive function in patients with schizophrenia who were previously treated with clozapine monotherapy. METHOD This prospective, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, 6-week study included 30 patients with DSM-IV schizophrenia. Patients whose psychopathology was no more than partially responsive to clozapine treatment were randomly assigned to receive adjunctive treatment with risperidone (N = 16) up to 6 mg/day or placebo (N = 14). Cognitive test scores for verbal learning and memory, verbal fluency, attention, executive function, verbal working memory, and motor function were the primary outcome measures. Secondary outcome measures included assessment of psychopathology, extrapyramidal side effects, and global functioning. Data were collected between November 2001 and July 2003. RESULTS Significant improvement was found in both treatment groups in a variety of cognitive measures, but there was significantly greater improvement in the placebo-augmented group on measures of initial learning acquisition and attention. The improvement in cognition was not correlated with improvement in psychopathology. There were significant correlations between improvement in verbal working memory, verbal learning and memory, and attention and quality of life and global functioning in the placebo-augmented but not the risperidone-augmented group. CONCLUSION Adjunctive treatment with risperidone for 6 weeks in patients with schizophrenia who had received chronic treatment with clozapine does not significantly improve cognitive function.
Altering world order : the alter-globalization movement and the World Trade Organization

This thesis analyses the relationship between the World Trade Organization (WTO) and the alter-globalization movement through the theoretical framework of Robert W. Cox. A Coxian perspective highlights that the WTO is a central international organization of the current nebuleuse, and one integral to enforcing, promoting and defending transnational corporate hegemony. The emergence of the protest movement inaccurately labelled the ‘antiglobalization movement’ can be described as a Coxian counter-hegemonic structure. From the plethora of protesters making up this ‘anti-globalization movement’ who dispute the legitimacy of the WTO, a distinct alter-globalization movement can be identified. It prescribes the alternative principles of public accountability, the rights of people and the protection of the environment as guides to reforming the WTO towards a Coxian ‘new multilateralism’. This thesis asks: to what extent has this alter-globalisation movement succeeded in altering the policies and processes of the WTO in accordance with these principles? In Coxian terms the questions of how far the campaign for ‘new multilateralism’ has successfully altered the hegemony of the current world order and avoided trasformismo are asserted. After illustrating corporate structural power within the WTO’s policies and procedures, the alter-globalisation movement is defined as an entity of overlapping social movements and Non-Governmental Organizations (Alter-NGOs). The thesis identifies and evaluates three strategies employed by the alter-globalisation movement to place its values at the heart of the WTO: demonstrations on the street; assisting developing states during negotiations; and submitting amicus briefs to the WTO’s Dispute Settlement Body (DSB). The obstacles presented by the WTO’s policy of trasformismo are then detailed, namely: political elites coopting the alter-globalization movement’s principles into their own rhetoric; the cooption of NGOs by political elites from the developing world, and the cooption of NGOs and the fierce rejection of any NGO influence within the WTO. In its conclusions the thesis details the manner in which trasformismo is a significant tool in the armoury of corporate hegemony for resisting reform, and thereby informs existing literature on the problems faced by all social movements and NGOs engaging with reforming the world order.
A semiconductor laser used for direct measurement of the blood perfusion of tissue

An instrument consisting merely of a semiconductor laser in its own housing was used to measure the blood perfusion in tissue. Use is made of the feedback of Doppler-scattered light to the photodiode in the laser housing. A recording perfusion of a finger under occlusion of blood flow in the arm is shown. <<ETX>>
A Global Economy without a Global Government

C:\Vaio_Transfer\Papers\global_00_7_1. doc03/24/2000 2:12:26 PM Page 1 of 18 Disclaimer: This article "A global economy without a global government", which appears in the July 2000 issue of Verizontal, is reproduced with permission from the publisher. Citation: Hwa A. Lim, and Da.Hsuan Feng, "A global economy without a global government", VERIZONTAL, 7(1), 2000. Any errors, omissions or inaccuracies in this reproduction are the sole responsibility of D'Trends, Inc. (http://www.d-trend.com). Copyright: Copyright2000 VERIZONTAL. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.
Left Ventricular Dimensions Recorded by Sonocardiometry

A new technic for continuously recording the dimensions of internal organs in intact unanesthetized animals has been developed as a modification of sonar technics. A sound is emitted by a small barium titanate crystal mounted on one side of the left ventricle, and the time required for the sound waves to pass through the chamber to another crystal on the opposite side is monitored 1,000 to 2,500 times/sec. Such crystals have continued to function reliably for more than 3 months after installation in the animal. Changes in left ventricular diameter have been recorded during spontaneous cardiac responses to various conditions including physical exertion on a treadmill.