Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
British Association Mathematical Tables, Vol. X. Bessel Functions, Part II: Functions of Positive Integer Order

National Society for the Study of Education : 50th Yearbook, Part 11: The Teaching of Arithmetic. Edited by XELSON 13. HENRY. Pp. xii, 302. Cloth 26s. ; paper 21s. 1951. (University of Chicago Press ; Cambridge University Press) Here's richness : 300 pages about teaching arit'hmetic by an impressive array of authorities. Great argument there is, about it and about, and inevitably a good deal of repetition. No one could envy Mr. Henry his task, which is well done, and both printers and publishers have backed him up with an equal display of efficiency. What is abundantly clear throughout is that the teaching profession in the U.S.A. is greatly concerned with the presentation of arithmetic in a " meaningful " way to all kinds of pupils, gifted and otherwise. There is a praiseworthy undercurrent of feeling in all the articles that children would be less bored or hopeless with numbers if they were better taught on the fundamentals. I t is odd, though, to find no mention of Maria Montessori, although the influence of her ideas is apparent. But would she, I wonder, have approved of the passive regarding of films as an aid to teaching? It is even more strange to find in none of the analyses of the principles of calculation any clear distinction between partition and quotition. An excerpt, quoted below, from suggestions for research underlines this curious omission. Mr. Thiele of Detroit, in a lucid article on work in the middle grades, hits the nail squarely on the head : " One of the problems of the teacher, then, is to guide, direct and stimulate children to make number generalisations. " Yet even this for the middle grades is understatement : i t is the teacher's main concern. The book is worth careful study by all teachers of elementary mathematics, wherever they have their being, but I cannot help feeling that the Society has rat'her overdone things. The conscientious young teacher, after ploughing through it, might feel slightly dazed by the volume of advice and precept. Some of the suggestions for research suffer from an excess of zeal, and provoke the wish that Mr. Nelson might have had greater powers in wielding the blue pencil. This one, for instance, never would be missed : " The extent to which learning is accelerated or impeded by the language of the teacher or the instructional materials. For example, is the pupil who understands what is meant by " Divide the candy bar into thirds " temporarily blocked in his learning by " Divide 3 into 15 " when confronted by the situation 3)15? -If he were as intelligent as his teacher should be, might he not reply " I can divide 15 into 3s, but it is not possible to divide 3 into 15. " Zeal, all zeal, Mr. Easy! On finishing the book, Hilaire Belloc's lines seem particularly apt : " These facts should all be noted down And ruminated on By every boy in Oxford Town Who wants to be a Don. " J. E . B.
GIARPS: the VIS–NIR high precision radial velocity facility TNG

GIARPS (GIAno & haRPS – n) is a project devoted to have on the same focal station of the Tele-scopio Nazionale Galileo (TNG) both the high resolution spectrographs HARPS-N in the visible and GIANO in the NIR working simultaneously. This allows to have such a unique facility in the north hemisphere on duty at the TNG that could be considered the first and unique worldwide instrument providing cross-dispersed echelle spectroscopy at a resolution of 50,000 and over a wide spectral range (0.390−2.45μm) in a single exposure. The science case is very broad, given the versatility of such an instrument and the large wavelength range. A number of outstanding science cases encompassing mainly extra-solar planet science starting from rocky planet search and hot Jupiters atmosphere characterization can be considered. Furthermore both instruments can measure high precision radial velocity by means the simultaneous calibration technique (HARPS – N) and absorption cell technique (GIANO) in a single exposure. Other science cases are also possible. Young stars and proto-planetary disks, cool stars and stellar populations, moving minor bodies in the solar system, bursting young stellar objects, cataclysmic variables and X–ray binary transients in our Galaxy, supernovae up to gamma-ray bursts in the very distant and young Universe, can take advantage of the unicity of this facility both in terms of contemporaneous wide wavelength range and high resolution spectroscopy.
Characterization of tick-borne encephalitis virus from Latvia.

Viruses of the tick-borne encephalitis (TBE) antigenic complex, within the family Flaviviridae, cause a variety of diseases including uncomplicated febrile illness, encephalitis, meningo-encephalitis, hemorrhagic fever and chronic disease in humans, domesticated animals or wildlife species. TBE is a serious problem in Latvia with up to a 1,000 patients confirmed serologically annually 1994-1995. No previous data had been reported on the causative agent of TBE in Latvia. In the present study, a virus was isolated from serum of a patient with clinical symptoms of an acute TBE infection. Nucleotide sequence information obtained by direct reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and the serological characteristics of the isolated virus strain, designated TBE-Latvia-1-96, indicated a closer relationship to the Vasilchenko strain, isolated in Novosibirsk (Siberia, Russia), as compared to the western European or far eastern subtypes of TBE viruses. In a mouse neurovirulence assay, a significant difference in survival rates (days) was shown between Latvia-1-96 and the western European TBE virus subtype.
A Transmission Quality Index for a Class of Four-Limb Parallel Schönflies Motion Generators

This paper presents a uniform method of evaluating both transmission quality and singularity applicable for a class of parallel Schönflies-motion generators (SMGs) with four RRΠRR limbs. It turns out that the determinant of the forward Jacobian matrices for this class of parallel robots can be expressed as the scalar product of two vectors, the first vector being the cross product of the four unit vectors along the parallelograms, and the second one being related to the rotation of the mobile platform (MP). The pressure angles, derived from the determinants of forward and inverse Jacobians, respectively, are used for the evaluation of the transmission quality and the detection of robot singularities. Four robots are compared based on the proposed indices as illustrative examples.
Supplementary for UniGAN: Reducing Mode Collapse in GANs using a Uniform Generator

CIFAR10 [28]. We also provide results on natural image datasets including CelebA [29], FFHQ [30], AFHQ [31] and LSUN [32]. All datasets are publicly available. We adapt our UniGAN for a variety of existing models that reduce mode collapse, including GAN [22], MSGAN [33, 34], PacGAN [11], BiGAN [35]/ALI [36], VEEGAN [37], MDGAN [38] and RegGAN [38]. Our experiments show that the generator uniformity is closely related with the uniform diversity, and also show the effectiveness of our proposed UniGAN framework in improving generator uniformity and uniform diversity.
Anonymity and Identity Online

Economics Job Market Rumors (EJMR) is an online forum and clearing house for information about the academic job market for economists. It also includes much content that is abusive, defamatory, racist, misogynistic, or otherwise “toxic. ” Almost all of this content is created anonymously by contributors who receive a four-character username when posting on EJMR. Using only publicly available data we show that the statistical properties of the scheme by which these usernames were generated allows the IP addresses from which most posts were made to be determined with high probability. 1 We recover 47,630 distinct IP addresses of EJMR posters and match these to 66.1% of the roughly 7 million posts made over the past 12 years. We geolocate posts and describe aggregated cross-sectional variation—particularly regarding toxic speech—across sub-forums, geographies, institutions, and contributors.
Optimization of Low-Moisture Anhydrous Ammonia (LMAA) Pretreatment of Corn Stover

With many environmental benefits, corn-based ethanol has been widely used in recent years. Cellulosic ethanol, however, will require pretreatment to break down lingo-cellulosic structures prior to fermentation. Among all the pretreatment reagents which can be used, ammonia has been shown to be one of the most effective, because it can readily delignify, swell, and preserve the cellulose. Previous work evaluated the effectiveness of the LMAA pretreatment method. The purpose of this study was to determine optimal conditions (i.e. highest glucose yield) using the LMAA pretreatment process. In this experiment, corn stover was prepared with different moisture contents (20%, 50%, 80% wt) and particle sizes (9-30 mesh, 30-144 mesh). Corn stover was ammoniated at 20 psi for 30 minutes. Ammoniated corn stover then was subjected to different incubation times (24h, 75h, and 144h) under different temperatures (20C, 70C, 120C). After that, compositional analyses, including ash content, solids content, structural carbohydrates, and lignin content, were conducted. Enzymatic digestibility tests were also conducted. Results from this study will be used to improve the efficiency of pretreatment processing.
Exploring the UV excess in star clusters of different mass

Abstract We compute the expected spectral energy distribution of stellar populations of mass characteristic of star clusters taking into account stochastic fluctuations in the number of stars populating the IMF, and the presence of interacting binary stars in the cluster population. We evaluate under what circumstances the UV excess phenomenon is expected to appear in star clusters of different mass, and which is its most likely source: the stochastic fluctuations, the result of binary interactions, or a mixture of both.
Fair Online Dating Recommendations for Sexually Fluid Users via Leveraging Opposite Gender Interaction Ratio

Online dating platforms have gained widespread popularity as a means for individuals to seek potential romantic relationships. While recommender systems have been designed to improve the user experience in dating platforms by providing personalized recommendations, increasing concerns about fairness have encouraged the development of fairness-aware recommender systems from various perspectives (e.g., gender and race). However, sexual orientation, which plays a significant role in finding a satisfying relationship, is under-investigated. To fill this crucial gap, we pro-pose a novel metric, Opposite Gender Interaction Ratio (OGIR), as a way to investigate potential unfairness for users with varying/fluid preferences towards the opposite gender. We empirically analyze a real online dating dataset and observe existing recommender algorithms could suffer from group unfairness according to OGIR. We further investigate the potential causes for such gaps in recommendation quality, which lead to the challenges of group data imbalance and group calibration imbalance. Ultimately, we propose a fair recommender system based on re-weighting and re-ranking strategies to respectively mitigate these associated imbalance challenges. Experimental results demonstrate both strategies improve fairness while their combination achieves the best performance towards maintaining model utility while improving fairness.
REVIEW Physics–Dynamics Coupling in Weather, Climate, and Earth System Models: Challenges and Recent Progress

Numerical weather, climate, or Earth system models involve the coupling of components. At a broad level, these componentscanbeclassiﬁedastheresolvedﬂuiddynamics,unresolvedﬂuiddynamicalaspects(i.e.,thoserepresentedby physicalparameterizationssuchassubgrid-scalemixing),andnonﬂuiddynamicalaspectssuchasradiationandmicro-physicalprocesses.Typically,eachcomponentisdeveloped,atleastinitially,independently.Oncedevelopmentismature, the components are coupled to deliver a model of the required complexity. The implementation of the coupling can haveasigniﬁcantimpactonthemodel. Astheerrorassociatedwitheachcomponentdecreases,theerrorsintroducedby the coupling will eventually dominate. Hence, any improvement in one of the components is unlikely to improve the performanceoftheoverallsystem.Thechallengesassociatedwithcombiningthecomponentstocreateacoherentmodel are here termedphysics–dynamics coupling. The issue goesbeyondthe coupling betweenthe parameterizations andthe resolved ﬂuid dynamics. This paper highlights recent progress and some of the current challenges. It focuses on three objectives:toillustratethephenomenologyofthecouplingproblemwithreferencestoexamplesintheliterature,toshow howtheproblemcanbeanalyzed,andtocreateawarenessoftheissueacrossthedisciplinesandspecializations.Thetopics addressed are different ways of advancing full models in time, approaches to understanding the role of the coupling and evaluation of approaches, coupling ocean and atmosphere models, thermodynamic compatibility between model components,andemergingissuessuchasthosethatariseasmodelresolutionsincreaseand/ormodelsusevariableresolutions.
The Weight Enumerator of Some Families of Linear Error-Block Codes

—In this paper, we introduce the notion of π -weight distribution for linear error-Block (LEB) codes. We compute the π -weight enumerator of simplex and Hamming LEB codes. We also show that some cosets have uniquely determined distributions. We prove that if the weight distribution of the cosets is known, and that the dimension of the LEB code is increased by one, then, the π -weight can be explicitly determined. Thereafter, we compute the π -weight enumerator of the direct sum of two LEB codes. Finally, we compute the π -weight enumerator of punctured and shortened LEB codes.
An Integrated Framework for Relevance Classification of Trending Topics in Arabic Tweets

—Social media platforms such as Twitter are a valuable source of information about current events and trends. Trending topics aim to promote public events such as political events, market changes, and other types of breaking news. However, with so much data being generated, it would be difficult to identify relevant tweets that are related to a particular trending topic. Therefore, in this paper, an integrated framework is proposed for the detection of the degree of relevance between Arabic tweets and trending topics. This framework integrates natural language processing, data augmentation, and machine learning techniques to identify text that is likely to be relevant to a given trending topic. The proposed framework was evaluated using a real-life dataset of Arabic tweets that was collected and labeled. The results of the evaluation showed that the proposed framework achieved the highest macro F1 score of 82% in binary classification (relevant/irrelevant) and 77% in categorical classification (degree of relevance), which outperforms the current state of the art.
A New Method to Comprehensively Diagnose Shock Waves in the Solar Atmosphere Based on Simultaneous Spectroscopic and Imaging Observations

Shock waves are believed to play an important role in plasma heating. The shock-like temporal jumps in radiation intensity and Doppler shift have been identified in the solar atmosphere. However, a quantitative diagnosis of the shocks in the solar atmosphere is still lacking, seriously hindering the understanding of shock dissipative heating of the solar atmosphere. Here, we propose a new method to realize the goal of the shock quantitative diagnosis, based on Rankine–Hugoniot equations and taking the advantages of simultaneous imaging and spectroscopic observations from, e.g., IRIS (Interface Region Imaging Spectrograph). Because of this method, the key parameters of shock candidates can be derived, such as the bulk velocity and temperature of the plasma in the upstream and downstream, the propagation speed and direction. The method is applied to the shock candidates observed by IRIS, and the overall characteristics of the shocks are revealed quantitatively for the first time. This method is also tested with the help of forward modeling, i.e., virtual observations of simulated shocks. The parameters obtained from the method are consistent with the parameters of the shock formed in the model and are independent of the viewing direction. Therefore, the method we proposed here is applicable to the quantitative and comprehensive diagnosis of the observed shocks in the solar atmosphere.
Amplification of the Downstream Wave Train during Extratropical Transition: Sensitivity Studies

AbstractA tropical cyclone (TC) undergoing extratropical transition (ET) may support the amplification of a Rossby wave train in the downstream midlatitudes. Within the context of downstream baroclinic development, the TC acts as an additional source of eddy kinetic energy (). Previous studies concluded that the impact depends, in particular, on the phasing between the TC and the midlatitude flow and the continuation of the generation during ET. These studies did not quantify the impact of ET on the within a downstream Rossby wave train.The present study uses ensemble sensitivity analysis to examine the sensitivity of downstream Rossby wave train amplification to the budget of the transitioning TC and of the upstream midlatitude features for Typhoon Choi-Wan (2009) and Hurricane Hanna (2008) in ECMWF ensemble forecasts. The amplification of the downstream wave train is measured using the amplitude of its associated maxima. The sensitivity of the maximum’s intensity at a particular forecast time to the bud.
A New Approach to Multidimensional Pattern Matching

In this paper, we present a general theory of «-dimensional pattern matching. The main idea is based on allowing for some deformation of the template, so that an optimal match with an image is obtained. While the template deforms, it enters a state of internal “stress,” caused by the increase in its elastic energy. This can be seen as a form of energy that is necessary to spend in order to improve the agreement between the template and the image. The method is a trade-off between the template-to-image matching operation and the energy that is necessary to accomplish that match.
Robust design of backstepping controllers for systems of linearhyperbolic PDEs

Linear First-Order Hyperbolic Partial Differential Equations (LFOH PDEs) represent systems of conservation and balance law and are predominant in modeling of traffic flow, heat exchanger, open channel flow or multiphase flow. Different control approaches have been tackled for the stabilization or observation of such systems. Among them, the backstepping method consists to map the original system to a simpler system for which the control design is easier. The resulting controllers are explicit.In the first part of this thesis, we develop some general results in control theory. More precisely, we solve the problem of finite-time stabilization of a general class of LFOH PDEs using the backstepping methodology. The minimum stabilization time reachable may change depending on the number of available actuators. The corresponding boundary observers (crucial to envision industrial applications) are obtained through a dual approach. An important by-product of the proposed approach is to derive an explicit mapping from the space generated by the solutions of the considered LFOH PDEs to the space generated by the solutions of a general class of neutral systems with distributed delays. This mapping opens new prospects in terms of stability analysis for LFOH PDEs, extending the stability analysis methods developed for neutral systems.In the second part of the thesis, we prove the necessity of a change of strategy for robust control while considering industrial applications, for which the major limitation is known to be the robustness of the resulting control law to uncertainties in the parameters, delays in the loop, neglected dynamics or disturbances and noise acting on the system. In some situations, one may have to renounce to finite-time stabilization to ensure the existence of robustness margins. We propose some adjustments in the previously designed control laws by means of several degrees of freedom enabling trade-offs between performance and robustness. The robustness analysis is fulfilled using the explicit mapping between LFOH PDEs and neutral systems previously introduced.
Analysis of a Pseudo-Decentralized Discrete-Time Algorithm for Estimating Algebraic Connectivity of Multiagent Networks

—The algebraic connectivity is an important measure of a network because it represents how well the network is connected. Recently, Yang et al. proposed a pseudo-decentralized continuous-time algorithm for all agents in a multiagent network to estimate the algebraic connectivity. In this paper, we consider a discrete-time version of this algorithm, and examine the validity through theoretical analysis and numerical experiments.
Defining a Scale for Procedural Switching Costs in buyer-supplier relationships using Item Response Theory

Switching costs have been frequently used in theoretical models about customer retention strategies in interorganizational relationships. This study used Item Response Theory to develop an interpretable scale which can be used for the understanding of switching costs related to buyer-supplier relationships. The construct composed of 18 elements was applied to Brazilian companies of the food and beverage industry and their transport services providers. As a result, four groups of procedural switching costs were identified: minimum, medium, high and maximum, with most answers concentrated on the minimum level. This that food and beverage companies find it easy to change their transport service providers. For further research, TRI can be applied to the other the dimensions of switching costs proposed by the literature (i.e., financial and relational) in order to adequately assessing the multidimensionality of the construct analyzed. Furthermore, the proposed construct and extended versions can be applied to other inter-organizational contexts.
Automated Modified Grey Wolf Optimizer for Identification of Unauthorized Requests in Software-defined Networks

—Software Defined Networking (SDN) is utilized to centralize network control within a controller, but its reliance on a single control plane can make it vulnerable to attacks such as DDoS. This highlights the importance of developing effective security mechanisms and using proactive measures such as detection and prevention strategies to mitigate the risk of attacks. Many DDoS attack detection technologies within SDN focus on detecting and mitigating the attack once it has occurred in the controller, which leads to more seconds of exposure, diminished precision, and high overhead. In this work, we have developed an Automated Modified Grey Wolf Optimizer Algorithm (AMGWOA) to design the detection of this malicious activity in an SDN environment to prevent the attack in the controller. Our methodology involves the development of the AMGWOA, which incorporates a mechanism to facilitate the blocking of malicious requests while reducing detection time and minimizing the use of storage and data resources for detection purposes. The results obtained show that our model performs well, with an ability to minimize a very large number of malicious requests in a minimum of time of less than 1 second compared to Grey Wolf Optimizer and particle swarm optimization algorithms evaluated using the same datasets.