Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Living on the edge: financing post-displacement housing in urban redevelopment projects in Seoul

This paper examines the displacement experiences of urban poor tenants in Seoul, South Korea, and the constraints on their financing of post-displacement housing. Since the mid-1980s, urban renewal of slums and dilapidated neighbourhoods in Seoul has been geared towards clearance and wholesale redevelopment. This approach is accompanied by legalization of land tenure for dwelling owners without de jure property rights, and is based on profit-led partnerships between property owners (both on-site dwelling owners and absentee landlords) and developers. Since the end of the 1980s, tenants have been given the option, if eligible, of in-kind compensation (access to a public rental flat) or cash compensation. Neither choice, however, reflects the needs of poor tenants who still find it difficult to finance inevitably increased housing expenditures. Policy measures are necessary to increase the range of options available to tenants upon displacement.
The purified 14-kilodalton envelope protein of vaccinia virus produced in Escherichia coli induces virus immunity in animals

Vaccinia virus (VV) was successfully used as a live vaccine to eradicate smallpox, but the nature of viral proteins involved in eliciting viral immunity has not yet been identified. A potential candidate is a 14-kDa VV envelope protein that is involved in virus penetration at the level of virus-cell fusion, in cell-cell fusion late in infection, and in virus dissemination. The 14-kDa envelope protein has been produced in Escherichia coli, with properties similar to those of the native protein found in the virus particle and in infected cells (C. Lai, S. Gong, and M. Esteban, J. Biol. Chem. 256:22174-22180, 1990). In this investigation, we showed that mice immunized with purified VV 14-kDa protein synthesized in E. coli in the form of a monomer or a trimer develop high-titer neutralizing antibodies and are protected when challenged with lethal doses of wild-type VV. Our findings demonstrate that it is possible to confer protection against VV through immunization with the 14-kDa envelope protein.
What kinds of credit associations favour introducing new financial technology?

Since 2003, the Financial Services Agency (FSA) has set relationship banking enhancement program as an important strategic task to improve the functions of regional financial institutions. In this enhancement program, the FSA recommended that regional financial institutions introduce new financial products such as collateralized loan obligations (CLOs) and collateralized bond obligations (CBOs). However, this was left up to each institution's discretion rather than being mandatory. This resulted in a large difference in the introduction of new products. Therefore, this article has analysed what kinds of credit associations favourably increased the use of new financial products. As a result, it has been confirmed that the larger their lending shares and management scale and the better their business conditions are, the more positively they work on the introduction of new products. Considering the fact that relationships between financial institutions and enterprises tend to be fixed in Japan, this means that medium and small enterprises will have restrictions on the financial products they can use depending on the situation of their main banks.
Testing for weak form market efficiency in Indian foreign exchange market

This paper attempts to examine the weak form of market efficiency in the Indian foreign exchange market using a family of variance ratio tests. Monthly Nominal Effective Exchange Rate (NEER) data from April 1993-June 2010 were used for the analysis. NEER series was considered for the analysis as it is supposed to capture more information compared to the bilateral exchange rates. Three individual variance ratio tests as well as three joint variance ratio tests were used for the purpose of analysis. After analyzing the results from both individual and joint variance ratio test, it was concluded that Indian foreign exchange market does not exhibit weak form of market efficiency.
Approximating the asset pricing kernel

This article tests a simple consumption-based asset pricing model by approximating the true asset pricing kernel using low-order orthonormal polynomials based on the model's state variables. Approximated kernels based solely on next period's consumption growth are not rejected by overall measures of model fit, but they produce statistically and economically large pricing errors. Approximated kernels based on two quarters of future consumption growth and technology shocks have substantially improved overall fit. In particular, the best of these kernels are capable of eliminating the small firm effect. A CONVENTIONAL APPROACH TO examining the implications of dynamic asset pricing models is to assume that markets are complete, the economy is in equilibrium, and that the unique state-price deflator can be interpreted as the intertemporal marginal rate of substitution of a representative consumer. Given assumptions about the form of this (unobservable) utility function and on the observability of aggregate consumption, the model can be tested by examining the conditional or unconditional covariation of estimated intertemporal marginal rates of substitution with measured asset returns. The fact that this method of testing dynamic models requires strong assumptions is, in and of itself, not particularly troubling. However, the fact that these attempts have been almost uniformly inconsistent with the data on asset returns and consumption is problematic. For example, when the utility function is assumed to be time and state separable, the absolute and relative levels of the real returns on risk-free and risky securities (see, for example, Mehra and Prescott (1985) and Weil (1989)) are inconsistent with the model's predictions. The primary finding from a large literature testing consumption-based models is that measured consumption is too "smooth" to rationalize the observed level and variability of asset returns, for "reasonable" parameterizations of time-separable utility functions. An alternate approach-pursued in this paper-is to approximate the stateprice deflator or "asset pricing kernel" using orthonormal polynomials in a
Effect of breast conservation therapy vs mastectomy on disease-specific survival for early-stage breast cancer.

IMPORTANCE To our knowledge, there are no recent studies that directly compare survival after breast conservation therapy (BCT) vs mastectomy. OBJECTIVE To compare the breast cancer-specific survival rates of patients undergoing BCT, mastectomy alone, or mastectomy with radiation using a contemporary cohort of patients. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS We performed univariate, multivariate logistic regression, and propensity analyses to compare the hazard of death for female patients with early-stage invasive ductal carcinoma treated with BCT, mastectomy alone, or mastectomy with radiation during the period from 1998 to 2008. The data were extracted from the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results database. Early-stage breast cancer was defined as having a tumor size of 4 cm or smaller with 3 or less positive lymph nodes. EXPOSURE Breast conservation therapy, mastectomy alone, or mastectomy with radiation. MAIN OUTCOMES AND MEASURES Hazard of death due to breast cancer for patients undergoing BCT, mastectomy alone, or mastectomy with radiation. RESULTS A total of 132,149 patients were included in this analysis. Breast conservation therapy was used to treat 70% of patients, mastectomy alone was used to treat 27% of patients, and mastectomy with radiation was used to treat 3% of patients. The 5-year breast cancer-specific survival rates of patients who underwent BCT, a mastectomy alone, or a mastectomy with radiation were 97%, 94%, and 90%, respectively (P < .001); the 10-year breast cancer-specific survival rates were 94%, 90%, and 83%, respectively (P < .001). Multivariate analysis showed that women undergoing BCT had a higher survival rate than those undergoing mastectomy alone (hazard ratio, 1.31; P < .001) or mastectomy with radiation (hazard ratio, 1.47; P < .001). When propensity score stratification was used, the effect of treatment method on survival was similar. CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE Patients who underwent BCT have a higher breast cancer-specific survival rate compared with those treated with mastectomy alone or mastectomy with radiation for early-stage invasive ductal carcinoma. Further investigation is warranted to understand what may be contributing to this effect.
Classifying Credit Union Development in Terms of Mature, Transition and Nascent Industry Types

Classifying credit union industry types as Mature, Transition or Nascent provides a useful heuristic device by which to better understand grorwth ancl development issues facing the world- wide credit union movement. By defining the key attributes of each industry type an evolutionary linkage can be established between Transition and Mature industries, where Muture industries provide a demanstrations of the likely developrnenr path for Transition industries. The importance of Nascent industries to the future grorwth of the credit union movement makes this industry type of particular importance. Use of an industry type classification provides a platforn to better explore the economic and social significance of credit unions world- wide.
CrowdSignals: a call to crowdfund the community's largest mobile dataset

Researchers from diverse backgrounds critically depend on mobile datasets. From training and testing activity recognition models, to verifying hypotheses in social science, mobile data is indispensable. Unfortunately, mobile data collection requires significant time and budget for infrastructure as well as subject recruiting, screening, training, legal agreements, equipment, and compensation. We estimate up to 70% of the resources in a study may be spent on data collection. Moreover, this massive investment can combine with institutional, legal, and political issues to create a disincentive to sharing with the community. In this paper, we propose and justify a crowdfunded and crowdsourced methodology for longitudinal mobile data collection that cuts researcher costs by orders of magnitude, removes barriers to data sharing, and boosts data value for all stakeholders. We also present CrowdSignals, a first instantiation which will generate the largest labeled mobile dataset available to the community.
Cross-modal visuo-tactile object recognition using robotic active exploration

In this work, we propose a framework to deal with cross-modal visuo-tactile object recognition. By cross-modal visuo-tactile object recognition, we mean that the object recognition algorithm is trained only with visual data and is able to recognize objects leveraging only tactile perception. The proposed cross-modal framework is constituted by three main elements. The first is a unified representation of visual and tactile data, which is suitable for cross-modal perception. The second is a set of features able to encode the chosen representation for classification applications. The third is a supervised learning algorithm, which takes advantage of the chosen descriptor. In order to show the results of our approach, we performed experiments with 15 objects common in domestic and industrial environments. Moreover, we compare the performance of the proposed framework with the performance of 10 humans in a simple cross-modal recognition task.
Effect of bovine follicular fluid on reactive oxygen species and glutathione in oocytes, apoptosis and apoptosis-related gene expression of in vitro-produced blastocysts.

The reactive oxygen species (ROS) generated during the in vitro maturation of oocytes affect oocyte maturation and subsequent embryonic development. Bovine follicular fluid (bFF) has an effective antioxidant capacity. This study was conducted to investigate the effects of supplementing oocyte maturation media with bFF from different size classes (3-8 and 9-13 mm) on the glutathione (GSH) and ROS levels of oocytes. Embryonic development and apoptosis, as well as the relative abundance of INFτ, BAX, BCL2 and HSP70 transcripts in blastocysts, were also monitored. Oocytes collected from ovaries were matured in TCM-199 with FBS (control) and 10% 3-8 mm (M), 9-13 mm (L) or a mixture of 3-8 mm and 9-13 mm (M + L) bFF. Glutathione and ROS levels in oocytes after 24 h were assessed by Cell Tracker Blue CMF2HC and DCHFDA staining, respectively. Apoptosis in day-8 blastocysts was assessed by TUNEL staining. The relative abundance of BAX, BCL2, HSP70 and INFτ transcripts was assessed using quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR). The GSH level was significantly higher in the L group compared to the other groups (p < 0.05), while the ROS levels in the M group were significantly higher than in the other groups (p < 0.05). The apoptosis levels of blastocysts in the FBS group were significantly higher than those in the M + L group (p < 0.05), although the embryonic development did not differ between the groups. The HSP70 and INFτ expression levels in group M were significantly greater than in the controls (p < 0.05). There was no significant difference in BAX expression between the groups. Supplementation with bFF from various sizes of follicles into the maturation medium was capable of supporting oocyte cytoplasmic maturation by decreasing the ROS. Moreover, bFF subsequently affected antioxidative gene expression, increasing HSP70 and INFτ expressions.
Antibiotic treatment of ventilator-associated tracheobronchitis: to treat or not to treat?

Purpose of reviewTo evaluate the data on antimicrobial therapy for ventilator-associated tracheobronchitis (VAT) to prevent ventilator-associated pneumonia (VAP), and its impact on patient outcomes. Recent findingsMechanically ventilated patients are at increased risk for tracheal colonization with bacterial pathogens that may progress to VAT and/or VAP. Previous studies suggest that 10–30% of patients with VAT progress to VAP, which results in increased morbidity but not mortality. Several natural history studies and small randomized controlled trials and a meta-analysis reported that appropriate, pre-emptive antibiotic treatment for VAT reduces VAP, duration of intubation and length of ICU stay. SummaryThis review focuses on diagnostic criteria for VAT and VAP, etiologic agents, rationale and benefits of initiating pre-emptive, appropriate antibiotic treatment for VAT to prevent VAP, improve patient outcomes and associated acute and chronic healthcare costs.
Climate change in Northern Sweden: intra-regional perceptions of vulnerability among winter-oriented tourism businesses

Climate change is a potential threat to society and business. Although research has noted that the tourism sector may be robust on the macro scale, significant losses at local levels have been suggested. This paper examines Upper Norrland, in Northern Sweden, by measuring the perceptions of winter-oriented tourism entrepreneurs. Their perceptions of potential threats from climate change are assessed, including how entrepreneurs view the future, in terms of climate change impacts and sustainability of the region as a winter-tourism destination. A quantitative survey of entrepreneurs (n = 63) gave responses along geographical and operator dimensions to reveal local differences within the Upper Norrland region, showing the coastland to be perceived as more exposed to change than inland areas. Venue-based businesses see climate change as a higher priority than activity-based, potentially mobile, businesses, regardless of their location. The general perception among businesses is that climate change will not drastically impact the tourism sector over the next 10 years. A basic model for mapping local differences is outlined to stimulate further study of the under-researched intra-regional nuances in climate change and tourism research. A case is made for regional planners to use this tool and to educate local businesses on adaptation techniques.
ANNEXIN I IS STORED WITHIN GELATINASE GRANULES OF HUMAN NEUTROPHIL AND MOBILIZED ON THE CELL SURFACE UPON ADHESION BUT NOT PHAGOCYTOSIS

Annexin I, a member of the calcium‐ and phospholipid‐binding annexin superfamily of proteins, is largely present in human neutrophils. To determine its exact intracellular distribution a combination of flow cytometry, confocal microscopy and electron microscopy analyses were performed on resting human neutrophils as well as on cells which had been activated. In resting neutrophils, annexin I was found to be present in small amounts in the nucleus, in the cytoplasm and partially also associated with the plasma membrane. The cytoplasmic pool of annexin I was predominant, and the protein was co‐localized with gelatinase (marker of gelatinase granules), but not with human serum albumin or CD35 (markers of secretory vesicles), or with lysosomes. Electron microscopy showed the presence of annexin I inside the gelatinase granules. Neutrophil adhesion to monolayers of endothelial cells, but not phagocytosis of particles of opsonized zymosan, provoked an intense mobilization of annexin I, with a marked externalization on the outer leaflet of the plasma membrane. Remaining intracellular annexin I was also found in proximity of the plasma membrane. These results provide a novel mechanism for annexin I secretion from human neutrophils, which is via a degranulation event involving gelatinase granules.
The determinants of the location of foreign direct investment in UK regions†

This article employs a database of over 2000 observations of Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) projects in UK regions. We analyse this data by means of various multinomial and conditional logit models in order to identify the major determinants of the location choices of these inward investments. Having controlled for the various characteristics of inward investing firms, the projects and the regions, our results suggest that existing regional specialization is the single most important determining feature of where inward FDI locates. In addition, London is seen to benefit primarily by the immigration of new investments, the majority of which are related to service sector activities.
Introduction: Tourism and the Sámi

This special issue of Scandinavian Journal of Hospitality and Tourism is devoted to tourism in the Sámi parts of Finland, Sweden and Norway, a region that together with an area in Russia is called Sápmi by the Sámi. The issue has evolved from a Nordic research project focusing on tourism as an ethno-political matter. On conducting tourism research in this area indigenous and ethnic issues are inevitable. Although not many of the Sámi either live within Sápmi or speak one of the Sámi languages, traditions, ethnic symbols and the aboriginality status have for a long time contributed to the touristic attractiveness of the Sámi core area. The most important particularity of Sámi culture is the Finno-Ugrian language, related to Finnish and only with borrow-words common with Swedish and Norwegian. There is of course a whole culture interwoven with the language. Almost as important is reindeer herding, although only a minority of the Sámi people is occupied by this semi-nomadic subsistence. Among most Sámi the traditions related to reindeer herding are strong. For instance, reindeer meat is still vital in the upbringing of most of the Sámi. And, symbolically, reindeer herding is as important as ever – it is a dynamic sign of Sámi traditions and modernity at the same time. Altogether the symbols of Sámi culture are exotic in the eyes of people from outside and thus, they are frequently used for attracting tourists to the North of Europe (e.g. Saarinen, 2001; Pettersson, 2004). Moreover, recent changes in the reindeer herding industry have put additional pressure on the Sámi to engage in alternative business ventures. Tourism development has been seen as a key option in this context (cf. Müller & Pettersson, this issue). The Sámi are often regarded as one people. Historically this may be right, but today there are different Sámi groups, like Southern Sámi, Lule Sámi, Skolt Sámi, Inland (Fell) Sámi and Costal Sámi. And due to the borders drawn up by the Nordic national states in the 18th century (by a treaty called Lappekodisillen from 1751) (cf. Lorenz, 1991), there are also significant differences between the Sámi living in Norway and Sweden, and those living in Finland or Russia. In Finland the
The Innovative Business Model Canvas in the System of Effective Budgeting

This paper is aimed at studying the fundamentals for effective budgets on the basis of management concept called The Business Model Canvas. Management of the enterprise in modern conditions must be adaptive and oriented to the future. This allows not only to formulate a long-term development path, but also to solve a set of current and short-term functional aspects of the management. Among the main functional aspects that require attention, leading are aspects of cash management of the enterprise. Using the concept of management "business model canvas" allows the company to plan comprehensively their activities and its main financial results depending on the variability of the influence of external and internal factors, system modeling strength and direction of the effect of these factors as part of this management concept. This enables the company to not only increase the level of revenue and profits, but also to ensure the proper level of orientation on the client to maintain the competitiveness and sustainability of the business.
Co-localization of Dystrophin and β-Dystroglycan Demonstrated in En Face View by Double Immunogold Labeling of Freeze-fractured Skeletal Muscle

SUMMARY An absence of dystrophin causes Duchenne muscular dystrophy, but the precise mechanism underlying necrosis of the muscle cells is still unclear. Dystrophin and β-dystroglycan are components of a complex of at least nine proteins, the dystrophin-glycoprotein complex (DGC), that links the membrane cytoskeleton to extracellular elements in skeletal and cardiac muscle. Biochemical studies indicate that dystrophin is bound to other components of the DGC via β-dystroglycan, which suggests that the distribution of these two proteins should be almost identical. In this study, therefore, we examined the spatial relationship between dystrophin and β-dystroglycan with a range of different imaging techniques to investigate the extent of the predicted co-localization. We used (a) double immunogold fracture-label, a freeze-fracture cytochemical technique that allows high-resolution face-on views of labeled membrane components in thin sections and in platinum-carbon replicas, (b) double immunogold labeling of cryosections and (c) confocal microscopy. Both dystrophin and β-dystroglycan were found over the entire fiber surface and, when labeled singly, the nearest neighbor spacing of labeling sites for the two proteins was indistinguishable. With double labeling, very close co-localization could be demonstrated. The results support the conclusion that dystrophin and β-dystroglycan directly interact at the muscle plasma membrane.