Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Radiative properties of pair-instability supernova explosions

We present non-LTE time-dependent radiative-transfer simulations of pair-instability supernovae (PISNe) stemming from red-supergiant (RSG), blue-supergiant (BSG) and Wolf-Rayet (WR) star rotation-free progenitors born in the mass range 160-230Msun, at 10^-4 Zsun. Although subject to uncertainties in convection and stellar mass-loss rates, our initial conditions come from physically-consistent models that treat evolution from the main-sequence, the onset of the pair-production instability, and the explosion phase. With our set of input models characterized by large 56Ni and ejecta masses, and large kinetic energies, we recover qualitatively the Type II-Plateau, II-peculiar, and Ib/c light-curve morphologies, although they have larger peak bolometric luminosities (~10^9 to 10^10 Lsun) and a longer duration (~200d). We discuss the spectral properties for each model during the photospheric and nebular phases, including Balmer lines in II-P and II-pec at early times, the dominance of lines from intermediate-mass-elements (IMEs) near the bolometric maximum, and the strengthening of metal line blanketing thereafter. Having similar He-core properties, all models exhibit similar post-peak spectra that are strongly blanketed by FeII and FeI lines, characterized by red colors, and that arise from photospheres/ejecta with a temperature of <4000K. Combined with the modest line widths after bolometric peak, these properties contrast with those of known super-luminous SNe suggesting that PISNe are yet to be discovered. Being reddish, PISNe will be difficult to observe at high redshift except when they stem from RSG explosions, in which case they could be used as metallicity probes and distance indicators.
Phytochemical screening, quantitative analysis of cyanidin-3-O-glucoside content, and anticancer activity of novel rice bran (Tubtim Chumphae rice)

The objective of this research was to explore the phytochemicals in Tubtim Chumphae rice bran and determine their potential antioxidant and anticancer activities. The rice bran extract contained total phenolics, flavonoids, and anthocyanins as the major compounds. In addition, it exhibited the highest DPPH•, followed by ABTS•+, and FRAP radical scavenging activity. Moreover, the cytotoxic effect of the extract on Hep G2, SW620, KATO-III, BT474, and ChaGo-K-1 cancer cell lines was investigated; the obtained IC50 values were 144.6 ± 0.39, 116.9 ± 0.68, 99.6 ± 0.10, 94.4 ± 0.33, and 25.6 ± 0.45 μg/mL, respectively. Overall, the abovementioned results suggest that rice bran extract has potent anticancer activity owing to the induction of cell death in cancer cell lines.
Are All Effect Sizes Created Equal

This study compared effect sizes applied to raw, scaled, and normal curve equivalent (NCE) data. Recommendations for the interpretation of effect sizes vary. For example, some authors suggest that an effect size below 0.50 is small, between 0.50 and 1.00 is moderate, and above 1.00 is large. These are products of the criterion formally used by the U.S. Department of Education's Joint Dissemination Review Panel and the Program Effectiveness Panel. it is clear from the context of these articles that it is assumed that they were dealing with raw scores or scaled scores, not NCEs. NCE scores for individual students and, particularly, mean NCE scores for schools would not be expected to change from year to year without some type of intervention. This study computed effect sizes for the raw, scaled scores, and NCEs by school for grades 4, 6, and 8 on a national norm-referenced test for 749, 574, and 464 schools respectively representing 120,149 students. The results show that, as expected, the effect sizes for NCE scores were lower than those for raw and scaled scores. These results suggest that when rules-of-thumb for effect sizes are presented, they should take into account the type of metric on which it is being applied. (Contains 3 figures, 4 tables, and 23 references.) (SLD) Reproductions supplied by EDRS are the best that can be made from the original document.
A worldline approach to colored particles

Relativistic particle actions are a useful tool to describe quantum field theory effective actions using a string-inspired first-quantized approach. Here we describe how to employ suitable particle actions in the computation of the scalar contribution to the one-loop gluon effective action. We use the well-known method of introducing auxiliary variables that create the color degrees of freedom. In a path integral they implement automatically the path ordering needed to ensure gauge invariance. It is known that the color degrees of freedom introduced this way form a reducible representation of the gauge group. We describe a method of projecting onto the fundamental representation (or any other chosen irrep, if desired) of the gauge group. Previously, we have discussed the case of anticommuting auxiliary variables. Choosing them to be in the fundamental representation allows to obtain, without any extra effort, also the situation in which the color is given by any antisymmetric tensor product of the fundamental. Here, we describe the novel case of bosonic auxiliary variables. They can be used equivalently for creating the color charges in the fundamental representation. In addition one gets, as a byproduct, the cases where the particle can have the color sitting in any symmetric tensor product of the fundamental. This is obtained by tuning to a different value a Chern Simons coupling, present in the model, which controls how the projection is achieved.
Symmetry Breaking of Vortex Patterns in a Rotating Harmonic Potential(General)

We numerically study the symmetry breaking instabilities of vortex patterns in a rotating harmonic potential using a type of Ginzburg–Landau equation. The configurations of vortex lattices change markedly by the symmetry-breaking instabilities, and then, some vortices move away from the confinement potential, which leads to the annihilation of vortices. The symmetry-breaking instabilities and the instabilities of vortex nucleation determine the parameter region of stable vortex patterns. We verify that the symmetry-breaking instabilities also occur in a type of complex Ginzburg–Landau equation.
Comparing Readability Measures and Computer‐assisted Question Evaluation Tools for Self‐administered Survey Questions

Questionnaire designers use readability measures to ensure that questions can be understood by the target population. The most common measure is the Flesch-Kincaid Grade level, but other formulas exist. This article compares six different readability measures across 150 questions in a self-administered questionnaire, finding notable variation in calculated readability across measures. Some question formats, including those that are part of a battery, require important decisions that have large effects on the estimated readability of survey items. Other question evaluation tools, such as the Question Understanding Aid (QUAID) and the Survey Quality Predictor (SQP), may identify similar problems in questions, making readability measures less useful. We find little overlap between QUAID, SQP, and the readability measures, and little differentiation in the tools’ prediction of item nonresponse rates. Questionnaire designers are encouraged to use multiple question evaluation tools and develop readability measures specifically for survey questions.
Symbolic dynamics for Kleinian groups

This thesis is composed of three independent chapters and an appendix. In the first two chapters we deal with Kleinian groups and in the third one we concentrate on Fuchsian groups. In chapters 1 and 2, we study the action of a Kleinian group on points in hyperbolic space of three dimensions and on points on its boundary. All Kleinian groups we study have the property that their action on points in the hyperbolic 3-space has a fundamental polyhedron with the property that the union of the images of its faces under the group elements contains each geodesic plane that contains one of the faces. This is the so called even corners property. Using this property we prove in Chapter one the existence of an expanding Markov type mapping on the Riemann sphere. The main application is to give a shorter proof that the Selberg zeta function associated to the Kleinian group has a meromorphic extension to C. In chapter two, we assume the existence of a Kleinian group with the even corner property and define its deformation space. We then prove that the Hausdorff dimension of the limit set of groups in the deformation space varies real analytically as we vary the points in the deformation space. We prove that Klein's combination Theorem quasi-preserves the even corners property in the sense that, if a group r is formed by other two via Klein's theorem and these last two are quasi-conformal deformations of groups with the even corners property, then r is a deformation of a Kleinian group with the even corners property. In particular, the result about the Hausdorff dimension is valid for all geometrically finite purely loxodromic function groups. In chapter three we construct an automatic structure for parabolic free Fuchsian groups based on the symbolic coding of points in their limit sets. We then provide a proof, based on their symbolic dynamics, that these groups are automatic. We explicitly determine an automatic structure for the groups.
Anxiety, fear extinction, and threat-related amygdala reactivity in children exposed to urban trauma

Introduction Childhood trauma is strongly associated with fear-related psychopathology, like anxiety and posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Atypical fear extinction and neural responses to social threat (i.e., negative emotional faces) may serve as intermediate phenotypes preceding the emergence of fear-related psychopathology during childhood and adolescence. However, few studies have examined associations among these phenotypes in trauma-exposed youth. Methods 29 9-year-old children with high rates of trauma exposure (Mdn = 4, min = 0, max= 14 total events) completed a fear-potentiated startle paradigm assessing fear conditioning and extinction and an emotional faces functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) task assessing neural responses to fearful and neutral faces. Results Overall amygdala response was positively associated with anxiety (peak coordinates: x = −30, y = −6, z = −24; Z = 3.54; pFWEcorrected = 0.011; k = 24 voxels) and fear-potentiated startle during early extinction (peak coordinates x = 28, y = −6, z = −18; Z = 3.50; pFWEcorrected = 0.012; k = 19 voxels). Across the session, amygdala reactivity to fearful faces increased (F(1, 29) = 4.427, p = . 044) and was positively associated with fear-potentiated startle during early extinction (r = .56, p = .002). Conclusions We found a positive association between increasing amygdala response to threatening faces and fear load, that is, heightened fear-potentiated startle during early extinction, in trauma-exposed children. These fear-based intermediate phenotypes may share underlying amygdala circuits, such that hyperactivity may represent an early marker of anxiety risk in trauma-exposed youth.
On the Arbitrary Choice Regarding which Inertial Reference Frame is

Einstein's argument on the relativity of simultaneity itself is the first result of the special theory of relativity. This argument is reflected in the structure and functioning of the physical world. The arbitrary nature of the decision regarding the particular inertial reference frame from which the argument on the relativity of simultaneity begins is discussed. It is this arbitrary, or freely made, decision that is the basis for the significance of the argument of the relativity of simultaneity itself on the structure and functioning of the physical world. The same concrete circumstances in the physical world can support either direction in the argument on the relativity of simultaneity, as well as other results, in the special theory (i.e., with either of two inertial reference frames in uniform translational motion relative to one another considered "stationary" while the other inertial reference frame is considered "moving"). There are different sets of results in the physical world associated with the choice in direction that is made, for example as concerns the temporal durations of occurrences or the spatial lengths of existents in these inertial reference frames. Experiments testing the equations derived in the special theory that relate the temporal durations of occurrences or the spatial lengths of physical existents in inertial reference frames in uniform motion relative to one another generally have not tested predictions with both of the two inertial reference frames considered, in separate scenarios, the "stationary" reference frame. It is proposed that empirical tests in two directions be developed and conducted. If empirical results from such tests support the predictions of the special theory, these empirical results would support the thesis that there is a cognitive factor in Einstein's argument on the relativity of simultaneity that affects results derived in the special theory concerning the physical world. One such test is proposed.
British Columbia’s Community Benefits Agreement: Economic Justice for Indigenous Workers in Relation to Union Politics in Urban Infrastructure Projects

British Columbia’s Community Benefits Agreement that aims to provide jobs in the construction trades for underrepresented groups serves as a case to explore the successes and barriers to distributing the benefits of urban development to Indigenous groups towards the goal of economic justice. Through a content analysis of stakeholder interviews and documents about the agreement, we found that, while there is optimism that the CBA may help advance public discourse on economic justice for Indigenous Peoples, there are significant barriers that have gone unaddressed in this and other labor agreements due to a lack of community engagement. These include lack of transportation, continued marginalization of Indigenous workers into unskilled labor, and the reinforcement of dependence on non-Indigenous economies.
SUPER-MASSIVE PLANETS AROUND LATE-TYPE STARS—THE CASE OF OGLE-2012-BLG-0406Lb

Super-Jupiter-mass planets should form only beyond the snow line of host stars. However, the core accretion theory of planetary formation does not predict super-Jupiters forming around low-mass hosts. We present a discovery of a 3.9 ± 1.2 MJup mass planet orbiting the 0.59 ± 0.17 M☉ star using the gravitational microlensing method. During the event, the projected separation of the planet and the star is 3.9 ± 1.0 AU, i.e., the planet is significantly further from the host star than the snow line. This is the fourth such planet discovered using the microlensing technique and challenges the core accretion theory.
An efficient switched inductor–capacitor‐based novel non‐isolated high gain SEPIC for solar energy applications

The solar photovoltaic (PV) sources have low voltage output and hence cannot be used directly in micro‐grid applications. Therefore, to boost the low voltage output, a novel high gain single‐ended primary inductor converter (SEPIC) is proposed in this manuscript. The proposed high gain SEPIC (HGS) has an advantage of obtaining high voltage gain at a low duty ratio and continuous input current, which makes it viable for PV applications. The proposed converter offers simple control, and the high gain is obtained without the use of any transformer or coupled inductor so the semiconductor switch will not experience a voltage overshoot during the turn‐off operation. Hence, the conduction losses of the converter switch are reduced, and the performance of the converter is enhanced. Additionally, this manuscript also investigates the effectiveness of the proposed HGS in integration with the PV array. An extensive performance evaluation of the proposed HGS is investigated and compared with different SEPIC topologies in irradiance change conditions. Experimental implementation of the proposed HGS confirms the theoretical analysis and verifies the performance. Also, the real time (RT) analysis of the proposed HGS with PV array is conducted to show the validation of high gain operation for the PV application.
The HERSCHEL/PACS common software system as data reduction system

ESA’s Herschel Space Observatory to be launched in 2007 with a planned lifetime of three years, is the first space observatory covering the full far-infrared and submillimeter waveband (60 -670 microns). By probing so much further into the infrared than any other space telescope, it will have the potential to discover the earliest proto-galaxies and to clarify how they evolved. The Photodetector Array Camera and Spectrometer (PACS) is one of the three science instruments. It employs two Ge:Ga photoconductor arrays and two bolometer arrays to perform imaging line spectroscopy and imaging photometry in the 60 210 micron wavelength band. The HERSCHEL Ground Segment is based on a common, object oriented system the Herschel Common Science System (HCSS), implemented using JAVA technology and an object oriented Database (Versant). We present the PACS Common Software System Architecture as part of the common Ground Segment. The PACS Common Software System (PCSS) base on the HERSCHEL Common Software System (HCSS) written in a common effort by the HERSCHEL Science Center and the three instrument teams.
Is a Board Game Suitable for Teaching Complex Natural Systems? Yes

The quality of people’s daily lives is dependent on the functioning of natural systems - ecosystem services. These services are essential for social and economic development of our society and for ensuring the well-being of humans. This dependency is not easily understandable, as it is non-linear. The use of games has been proven a successful method in teaching complex systems. Games can improve, besides knowledge, students’ social and academic achievement, promote students’ motivation, improve their critical thinking and co-operation skills. In this research we assessed how an ecosystem services themed board game „End of the World Begins in Kurtna” supports students’ ability to understand the relationship between humans and nature. We evaluated the game’s potential as an educational tool to foster better comprehension of the concept of ecosystem services. To validate the game’s usability and learning value, game sessions were conducted with more than a hundred students. To collect their knowledge about both ecosystem services and nature, their attitudes towards the game and their subjective assessment of their own knowledge, pre-test and post-test questionnaires were used and the data was analysed using mixed methods. The results present that the game enhances the understanding of relations between humans and nature and helps to notice causality related to the subject. The game makes players perceive the human impact on nature and creates a positive attitude towards protecting the natural environment. The majority of respondents found the game to be interesting and engaging. Since interest and engagement are closely related to motivation we conclude that the game also has a positive effect on learning motivation. We conclude that board games can be suitable means for understanding complex terms such as ecosystem services. The game is applicable for enriching natural science education and is a good supporting material for teaching. However, since we did not measure knowledge retention over a long period of time we cannot confirm the game’s ability to enable deeper understanding of the subject. Keywords: ecosystem services, board game, natural sciences, GBL, educational games
Programming with intersection types and bounded polymorphism

This thesis unifies and extends prior work on intersection types and bounded quantification, previously studied only in isolation, by investigating theoretical and practical aspects of a typed $\lambda$-calculus incorporating both. The practical utility of this calculus, called $F\sb{\wedge}$, is established by examples showing, for instance, that it allows a rich form of "coherent overloading" and supports an analog of abstract interpretation during typechecking. More familiar programming examples are presented in terms of an extension of Forsythe, demonstrating how parametric polymorphism can be used to simplify and generalize Forsythe's design. We discuss the novel programming and debugging styles that arise in $F\sb{\wedge}$. We prove the correctness of a simple semi-decision procedure for the subtype relation and the partial correctness of an algorithm for synthesizing minimal types of $F\sb{\wedge}$ terms. Our main tool in this analysis is a notion of "canonical types," which allow proofs to be factored so that intersections are handled separately from the other type constructors. A pair of negative results illustrates some subtle complexities of $F\sb{\wedge}$. First, the subtype relation of $F\sb{\wedge}$ is shown to be undecidable. Second, the failure of an important technical property of the subtype relation--the existence of least upper bounds--indicates that typed semantic models of $F\sb{\wedge}$ will be more difficult to construct and analyze than the known typed models of intersection types. We study the semantics of $F\sb{\wedge}$ from several points of view. An untyped model based on partial equivalence relations demonstrates the consistency of the typing rules and provides a simple interpretation for programs, where "$\sigma$ is a subtype of $\tau$" is read as "$\sigma$ is a subset of $\tau$. " More refined models can be obtained using a translation from $F\sb{\wedge}$ into the pure polymorphic $\lambda$-calculus; in these models, "$\sigma$ is a subtype of $\tau$" is interpreted by an explicit coercion function from $\sigma$ to $\tau$. The nonexistence of least upper bounds shows up here in the failure of known techniques for proving the coherence of the translation semantics. Finally, an equational theory of equivalences between $F\sb{\wedge}$ terms is presented and its soundness for both styles of model is verified. (Abstract shortened with permission of author.)
An implicit trust region algorithm for constrained optimization

In this paper we study the convergence of sequential quadratic programming algorithms for the nonlinear programming problems. Assuming only that the direction is a stationary point of the current quadratic program we study the local convergence properties without strict complementarity. We obtain some global and superlinearly convergent algorithm. As a particular case we formulate an extension of Newton's method that is quadratically convergent to a point satisfying a strong sufficient second order condition.
The Value of Case Reports for Graduate Medical Education.

Traditionally, health professionals have relied on case reports to share important new medical information. Yet over the past several decades, case reports as a proportion of all medical publications have decreased, even as the number of journals focusing on case studies have increased. We believe the strengths of individual case reports greatly outweigh the weaknesses associated with studying a single patient, and they continue to supply valuable information to residents and fellows who deliver patient care, while also strengthening the trajectory of evidence-based medicine.
Analysis of multipath interference in three-slit experiments

It is demonstrated that the three-slit interference, as obtained from explicit solutions of Maxwell's equations for realistic models of three-slit devices, including an idealized version of the three-slit device used in a recent three-slit experiment with light [U. Sinha et al., Science 329, 418 (2010)], is nonzero. The hypothesis that the three-slit interference should be zero is the result of dropping the one-to-one correspondence between the symbols in the mathematical theory and the different experimental configurations, opening the route to conclusions that cannot be derived from the theory proper. It is also shown that under certain experimental conditions, this hypothesis is a good approximation.