Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Photoacoustic imaging of early inflammatory response using gold nanorods

Gold nanorods have unusually strong absorption in near infrared, which can be utilized for an optical imaging with nanocolloids. The feasibility of photoacoustic imaging of inflammatory responses using bioconjugated gold nanorods is demonstrated. To target the stimulated cells, gold nanorods were conjugated to anti-intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1) which binds to cell surfaces over expressing ICAM-1. A monolayer of stimulated endothelial cells labeled with bioconjugated gold nanorods was scanned using a high frequency transducer. Photoacoustic images differentiated inflamed cells from control cells and matched well with fluorescence images. This technology may permit identification of critical inflammation sites such as blood vessels.
Ray tracing application in hard x-ray optical development: Soleil first wiggler beamline (PSICHÉ) case

Optical design of hard x-ray beamlines can be accurately performed through ray tracing simulation technique. We describe here the way and the tools we use at SOLEIL to develop hard x-ray beamlines such as PSICHÉ, which is a wiggler beamline performing diffraction and tomography experiments from 20 to 50 keV. This beamline is made of two focusing stages, one with a long vertical focusing mirror together with a sagittal focusing crystal monochromator to gain a spot of 100x50 μm and the other one applying a set of graded multilayer KB mirrors to reach 10x10 μm spot. Ray tracing simulations are performed with SpotX, which provides optical properties of the beamline taking into account thermal load on optics, surface polishing defects from the profilometer measurements.
Analysis of nonlinear resonance in thickness-shear and trapped-energy resonators

Electroelastic equations containing terms up to cubic in the small mechanical displacement field, but no higher than linear in the electric variables, are applied in the analysis of nonlinear resonance in rotated Y‐cut quartz oscillators. Both pure thickness‐shear vibrators and essentially thickness‐shear trapped‐energy resonators are treated. This is a natural continuation of earlier work on intermodulation in the same resonators. Since in each equation each nonlinear term is negligible compared to an associated linear term, the solutions are obtained by employing an asymptotic iterative procedure and expanding in the eigensolutions of the associated linear problem and, in the vicinity of a resonance, retaining only that nonlinear term correcting the dominant eigensolution. Lumped parameter representations of the solutions, which are valid in the vicinity of a resonance and relate the amplitude of the dominant mode nonlinearly to the voltage across the crystal, are presented for both the pure thickness‐shear and trapped energy thickness‐shear problems. In each instance the expression for the current through the crystal is determined, the influence of the external circuitry is included in the analysis and, ultimately, an expression cubic in the mode amplitude and linear in the driving voltage is obtained. The analyses hold for the fundamental and odd overtone thickness‐shear modes. Nonlinear resonance curves are presented for AT‐cut quartz using the nonlinear coefficient γ determined in earlier work on intermodulation.Subject Classification: [43]40.24, [43]40.30; [43]85.52.
Krylov subspace methods for solving large Lyapunov equations

This paper considers several methods for calculating low-rank approximate solutions to large-scale Lyapunov equations of the form $AP + PA' + BB' = 0$. The interest in this problem stems from model reduction where the task is to approximate high-dimensional models by ones of lower order. The two recently developed Krylov subspace methods exploited in this paper are the Arnoldi method [Saad, Math. Comput. , 37 (1981), pp. 105–126] and the Generalised Minimum Residual method (GMRES) [Saad and Schultz, SIAM J. Sci. Statist. Comput. , 7 (1986), pp. 856–869]. Exact expressions for the approximation errors incurred are derived in both cases. The numerical solution of the low-dimensional linear matrix equation arising from the GMRES method is discussed and an algorithm for its solution is proposed. Low rank solutions of discrete time Lyapunov equations and continuous time algebraic Riccati equations are also considered. Throughout this paper, the authors tackle problems in which B has more than one column with the.
Sample size determination for quality control process using a multiple components tolerance interval

ABSTRACT In the past, a tolerance interval was used for the statistical quality control process on raw materials and/or the final product. In the traditional concept of the tolerance interval, the variance from the measurements is a single component. However, we can find examples about several components that could vary in their measurements, so an approximate method must be found to modify the traditional tolerance interval. Now we employ a tolerance interval considering multiple components in the variance from the measurements to deal with quality control process. In our paper, the proposed method is used to solve the sample size determination for a two-sided tolerance interval approach considering multiple components on the variance of measurements.
Analysis of real-time modal reconstruction algorithms for adaptive optics system

Three kinds of real-time wave-front reconstruction algorithms used in adaptive optics (AO) systems, the direct- gradient algorithm, the mirror-eigen modal algorithm and the sensor-eigen modal algorithm, were analyzed in this paper. The direct-gradient reconstruction algorithm was compared with other two modal reconstruction algorithms in experiments. The mirror-eigen modal algorithm was based on the modal functions gotten by orthogonalizing the coupling matrix between actuator influence functions of deformable mirror. The sensor-eigen functions were deduced by orthogonalizing the correlation matrix between Hartmann- Shack wave-front sensor and deformable mirror. The functions were used as basic modes in a novel modal reconstruction algorithm. All these three algorithms were tested on a 61- element AO system in atmosphere turbulence. The experiment data proved that the performances of AO system could be improved by using the two modal algorithms compare to those using the direct-gradient algorithm in the same work condition.
Data Analysis: A Model-Comparison Approach

1. Introduction to Data Analysis. 2. Simple Models: Definitions of Error and Parameter Estimates. 3. Simple Models: Models of Error and Sampling Distributions. 4. Simple Models: Statistical Inferences about Parameter Values. 5. Simple Regression: Estimating Models with a Single Continuous Predictor. 6. Multiple Regression: Models with Multiple Continuous Predictors. 7. Moderated and Nonlinear Regression Models. 8. One-Way ANOVA: Models with a Single Categorical Predictor. 9. Factorial ANOVA: Models with Multiple Categorical Predictors and Product Terms. 10. Models with Continuous and Categorical Predictors: ANCOVA. 11.Repeated-Measures ANOVA: Models with Nonindependent Errors. 12. Continuous Predictors with Nonindependent Observations. 13. Outliers and Ill-Mannered Error.
Two-dimensional lateral superlattices of nanostructures: Nonlithographic formation by anodic membrane template

A nonlithographic technique that utilizes highly ordered anodized aluminum oxide porous membrane as template is presented as a general fabrication means for the formation of an array of vastly different two-dimensional lateral superlattices structures. Hexagonal close-packed nanopore arrays were fabricated on Si, GaAs, and GaN substrates via reactive ion etching. Quantum dot arrays of various metals and semiconductors were formed through evaporation and subsequent etching. The two-dimensional lateral superlattice structures fabricated using this method are of a high level of ordering, uniformity, and packing density. The diameter and periodicity of the nanostructures are determined by the features of the original alumina membrane, which can be adjusted by varying the anodization conditions.
Total electron scattering cross sections of He, Ne and Ar, in the energy range 4 eV–2 keV

Total scattering cross sections of the rare gases He, Ne and Ar have been measured, for electrons in the energy range from 4 eV to 2 keV. The measurements were performed using a linear transmission device and an electron energy analyser, with an angular resolution better than 1.1 × 10−3 sr and with an energy resolution far below the first excitation threshold in the three atoms. The uncertainties of the experimental results are generally smaller than 3%. With a few exceptions, the present results are in good agreement with the data of other authors. Systematic deviations were found between the present results and the data available for the total scattering cross sections of He at high electron energies. The deviations increase with increasing energy and reach about 13% at 2 keV. It appears that different levels of the separation of forward-scattered electrons are responsible for these systematic deviations.
Probability metrics and recursive algorithms

It is shown by means of several examples that probability metrics are a useful tool to study the asymptotic behaviour of (stochastic) recursive algorithms. The basic idea of this approach is to find a ‘suitable' probability metric which yields contraction properties of the transformations describing the limits of the algorithm. In order to demonstrate the wide range of applicability of this contraction method we investigate examples from various fields, some of which have already been analysed in the literature.
Using the Millennium II simulation to test CDM predictions for the structure of massive galaxies

Abstract We have combined the semi-analytic galaxy formation model of Guo et al. (2011) with a novel particle-tagging technique to predict galaxy surface brightness profiles in a representative sample of ~1900 massive dark matter haloes (1012–1014 M⊙) from the Millennium II ΛCDM N body simulation. We focus on the outer regions of galaxies and stars accreted in mergers. Our simulations cover scales from the stellar haloes of Milky Way-like galaxies to the ‘cD envelopes’ of groups and clusters, and resolve low surface brightness substructure such as the tidal streams of dwarf galaxies. We find that the spatial distribution of stars in low surface brightness regions is tightly correlated with DM halo mass and that collisionless merging during the hierarchical assembly of galaxies largely determines the structure of spheroidal stellar components. Our ΛCDM model agrees well with the available data.
Graphical conditional moment tests

Tests of misspecification or other defects in microeconometric models are usually numerical and based on an average over the sample. In this paper, it is shown that certain types of misspecification can be concealed by averaging, and a framework is developed which allows the specification to be checked in the near neighbourhood of each sample point, rather than for the sample as a whole. The framework involves the application of a scatter-plot smoothing technique to a pair of auxiliary variables derived from the estimated model. Using the sampling distribution of the location of the smooth under correct specification, a rejection rule based on the location of the realized smooth is established. Thus the smooth itself is used as a test statistic. A natural application of the procedure is to tests of equi-dispersion in count data models, and we find that it is particularly useful in the case in which a sample contains elements of both under- and over-dispersion, since it is in this case that numerical tests based on averaging are most likely to lack power. Two specific applications, one on takeover bids and the other on worker absenteeism, are used to illustrate the procedure.
Unified theory of nuclear reactions

A theory of nuclear reactions and structures is proposed which unifies and generalizes several different approaches, such as the method of coupled reaction channels and the distorted wave Born approximation for rearrangement processes, the method of coupled channels array, the resonating group method, the Feshbach theory for the optical potential, and the multiple scattering formalism for high energy processes. The present theory employs an optical potential which can be systematically improved in a controlled way.
Surface plasmon lasers with quantum dots as gain media

As surface plasmons waveguides enter the electronic circuitry, surface plasmon (SP) sources are required. Here we demonstrate following attributes of optically pumped SPs laser: threshold, gain, spectral line narrowing, and feedback at 630 nm. The distinction between these attributes and those exhibited by amplified spontaneous emission source are discussed.
Visualization and Validation of Ejector Flow Field With Computational and First-Principles Analysis

Passive, heat actuated ejector pumps offer simple and energy-efficient options for a variety of end uses with no electrical input or moving parts. In an effort to obtain insights into ejector flow phenomena and to evaluate the effectiveness of commonly used computational and analytical tools in predicting these conditions, this study presents a set of shadowgraph images of flow inside a large-scale air ejector and compares them to both computational and first-principles-based analytical models of the same flow. The computational simulations .
Method for solution of Maxwell's equations in non-uniform media

SUMMARY It is shown that the L2 norm of electric currents induced in a dissipative medium can never exceed the norm of the external currents. This allows the construction of a simple iteration method to solve the Maxwell's equations. The method produces a series converging to the solution for an arbitrary conductivity distribution and arbitrary frequency of field variations. The convergence is slow if the lateral contrast of the conductivity distribution is about 104 or higher. A modification significantly improving the convergence is described in this paper. As an example, electromagnetic fields induced in the model (including the western part of the Northern American continent and the adjacent part of the Pacific Ocean) are calculated.
Minimum Expected Risk Estimation for Near-neighbor Classification

Abstract : We consider the problems of class probability estimation and classification when using near-neighbor classifiers, such as k-nearest neighbors (kNN). This paper investigates minimum expected risk estimates for neighborhood learning methods. We give analytic solutions for the minimum expected risk estimate for weighted kNN classifiers with different prior information, for a broad class of risk functions. Theory and simulations show how significant the difference is compared to the standard maximum likelihood weighted kNN estimates. Comparisons are made with uniform weights, symmetric weights (tricube kernel), and asymmetric weights (LIME kernel). Also, it is shown that if the uncertainty in the class probability is modeled by a random variable, and the expected misclassification cost is minimized, the result is equivalent to using a classifier with a minimum expected risk estimate. For symmetric costs and uniform priors, it is seen that minimum expected risk estimates have no advantage over the standard maximum likelihood estimates. For asymmetric costs, simulations show that the differences can be striking.
New forbidden and fluorescence Fe III lines identified in HST spectra of eta Carinae

We discuss the origin of eight emission lines in the spectra of gas blobs close to the central star of eta Carinae. The spectra have been obtained with the Goddard High Resolution Spectrograph (GHRS) and the Space Telescope Imaging Spectrograph (STIS) onboard the Hubble Space Telescope. Between 2400 and 2500 A five narrow lines are identified as new forbidden lines of doubly ionized iron, [Fe III]. We present gA-value data for the corresponding transitions, which combine two different metastable configurations of Fe III. An anomalous intensity of the narrow Fe III line (UV 34) at 1914 A is explained as fluorescence due to HLyalpha pumping. A level mixing of about 1% increases the f-value of the pumped excitation channel by more than two orders of magnitude, which makes the pumping efficient and the fluorescence significant. We introduce a new designation for fluorescence lines photoexcited by an accidental resonance, eg. in the case of doubly ionized iron. Based on observations with the NASA/ESA Hubble Space Telescope, and supported by grant numbers GO-6501 and GO-7302 from the Space Telescope Science Institute. The STScI is operated by the Association of Universities for Research in Astronomy, Inc., under NASA contract NAS5-26555.
A Minor-Merger Interpretation for NGC 1097’s “Jets”

We have conducted a deep search for neutral hydrogen gas associated with the faint optical "jets" of NGC 1097 using the Very Large Array. Measurable H I would have been expected if the jets were tidal in origin given their moderately blue optical and near-infrared colors. The jets are free of H I emission to a limiting surface density (Σ) of 0.06 M☉ pc-2 (3 σ) over a 1102 km s-1 velocity range. We also rule out extended H I emission down to 0.02 M☉ pc-2 (3 σ, ΔV = 45 km s-1) within a 4' FWHM aperture centered on the right-angle turn in jet R1. We have detected an H I source [M = (5.1 ± 1.0) × 106 M☉] coincident with a small edge-on spiral or irregular galaxy (NGC 1097B) 12' southwest of NGC 1097, situated between two jets. Two other ~106 M☉ H I point sources in the field are considered marginal detections. Neither are associated with the optical jets. The jets' radio-X-ray spectral energy distribution is most consistent with starlight. However, from their morphology, optical/near-infrared colors, and lack of H I, we argue that the jets are not tidal tails drawn out of NGC 1097's disk or stars stripped from the elliptical companion NGC 1097A. We also reject in situ star formation in ancient radio jets as this requires essentially 100% conversion of gas into stars on large scales. Instead, we conclude that the jets represent the captured remains of a disrupted dwarf galaxy that passed through the inner few kiloparsecs of NGC 1097's disk. We present N-body simulations of such an encounter that reproduce the essential features of NGC 1097's jets: A long and narrow "X"-shaped morphology centered near the spiral's nucleus, right-angle bends, and no discernible dwarf galaxy remnant. A series of jetlike distributions are formed, with the earliest appearing ~1.4 Gyr after impact. Well-defined X shapes form only when the more massive galaxy has a strong disk component. Ram-pressure stripping of the dwarf's interstellar medium would be expected to occur while passing through NGC 1097's disk, accounting for the jets' lack of H I and H II. The remnants' (B-V) color would still agree with observations even after ~3 Gyr of passive evolution, provided the cannibalized dwarf was low-metallicity and dominated by young stars at impact.
Temporal stability of InSAR height in a tropical rainforest

Measuring canopy height using satellite-based X-band interferometric SAR (InSAR) is promising for accurate monitoring of forest biomass. A prerequisite for applying this at large scale is that the penetration of the radar microwaves into the forest canopy is stable over time, i.e. not influenced by weather conditions. We investigated this in a tropical rainforest in Indonesia using 10 TanDEM-X InSAR data sets acquired during a 2-year period. We found that mean InSAR-derived canopy height varied with a standard deviation of about 0.5 m between acquisitions. The standard variation was 0.8 m; however, about 0.3 m could be attributed to errors stemming from technical properties of the acquisitions. In conclusion, this further supports the use of X-band InSAR from satellite missions for forest monitoring.
Reevaluation of the Takano–Oonishi Scheme for Momentum Advection on Bottom Relief in Ocean Models

Abstract In the Takano and Oonishi models the finite-difference analog of the nonlinear momentum advection contains the concept of diagonally upward/downward mass and momentum fluxes along the bottom slope, and the generalized Arakawa scheme for the horizontal advection, modified to be fit to arbitrary coastal shape. It has been said to have a good performance, but is not widely used, largely because of its complicated expression. The purpose of this paper is to reevaluate the Takano–Oonishi scheme for the momentum advection to put it to more practical use by using the redefinition of it in a simple, generalized form and the confirmation of its good performance through a comparison with other schemes. Based on the definition of mass continuity for a momentum cell (U cell) in terms of that for tracer cells (T cell), the vertical and horizontal mass and momentum fluxes for the U cell are generalized on arbitrary bottom relief in simple forms. Although the grid spacing of the present model is different from .
Three-Dimensional Nanofabrication with 10-nm Resolution

We have devised three-dimensional (3D) nanofabrication technology using electron-beam (EB) lithography and a sample-rotation drive. Ten-nm resolution of patterning over a 3D sample and 3D fabrication was achieved by precise control of beam focusing for patterns divided based on the depth of focus of the EB. The focus control is carried out using an offline height-measurement system we developed, which provides focusing error of less than 2 µm. The depth of focus was accurately derived using the wave optical method. We have demonstrated these techniques and the resulting resolution by making the world's smallest globe, which shows the minimum feature size of 10 nm over the world map.
Accurate structure analysis by the maximum‐entropy method

The electron-density map of an Si crystal is drawn by the maximum-entropy method (MEM) with 30 structure factors which were determined very accurately on an absolute scale by the Pendellosung method [Saka & Kato (1986). Acta Cryst. A42, 469-478]. It is shown that the following three beneficial points arise from the use of the MEM for accurate structure analysis. Firstly, a precise electron-density map can be obtained; the existence of bonding electrons is clearly visible in the maximum-entropy map, even though no forbidden reflections are included in the analysis. The structure factors calculated from the maximum-entropy map for the 222 and the 442 forbidden reflections show good agreement with those measured by different experiments. The final R factor was 0.05% as a consequence of the high accuracy of the measured structure factors. Secondly, there is no need to seek a better structural model which could be a complicated and time-consuming process in accurate structure analysis. Thirdly, the resolution of the maximum-entropy map is much higher than that of the map drawn by conventional Fourier transformation. It is also found in the case of silicon that phase information is not absolutely necessary because exactly the same density-distribution map can be obtained without any phase information as the map drawn with all the phase information.
Overlays and churn in WDM interconnected-ring metro networks

In WDM networks, multiple fibers are used to provide the needed capacity in highly congested routes. Such fiber overlays can also serve to limit the wavelength blocking experienced in transparent optical networks. In this paper we investigate the use of fiber overlays to manage connection blocking in transparent interconnected-ring networks. We show that fiber overlays help reduce wavelength blocking significantly. We derive the optimum number of ring overlays and show that churn has negligible impact on blocking.