Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Nanoelectronic Carbon Dioxide Sensors

the filter were measured using condensation particle counters (TSI Inc. model 3022A). Submicrometer particles entering the counters are grown into micrometer sized droplets by condensation of a supersatu-rated vapor of 1-butanol onto the particles, then counted by laser light scattering. The particle concentrations were averaged over ten measurements at each particle size. Filter experiments were repeated at least twice to ensure reproducibility. The pressure drop after filtration was also measured using previously described methods. [6] Raman spectra of CVD-grown MWNTs displayed higher relative intensities for the disorder mode (D-band) when compared to arc-Nearly all biologically significant reactions result in the production , or removal of carbon dioxide. Therefore, the sensing of CO 2 is important in a broad variety of applications. CO 2 sensors are currently used to monitor indoor air quality, and in capnographyÐthe measurement of CO 2 in respiration during medical procedures. For these applications, the current technologyÐinfrared spectroscopy, is limited by its power consumption, and size. Although a number of simplified CO 2 sensors have been proposed, [1] many significant problems, such as direct detection, low power consumption, and room temperature operation still remain unsolved. Field-effect transistors fabricated using carbon nanotubes (NTFETs) [2] have been recently explored as chemical [3,4] and biological [5] sensors. The response of the device characteristics to chemical analytes occurs via charge transfer between the NTFET and the analytes, as evidenced by experiments involving electron-donating (NH 3) and electron-withdrawing (NO 2) molecules. [2j,3a] Recent studies also demonstrate the effect of electron negativity of aromatic compounds on the NTFET electronic characteristics. [4] Whereas the NTFET devices are sensitive to the presence of strong charge donors and accep-tors, they are not sensitive to weak Lewis acids or bases such as H 2 , CO 2 , and CH 4. Specific sensitivity can be achieved by employing recognition layers that induce chemical reactions that modify the NTFET device characteristics. A catalytic-reaction based sensing of H 2 has been reported, [3c] together with a demonstration of a charge-transfer reaction-based sensing mechanism. Both mechanisms work at ambient temperature. In this communication, we report the design and fabrication of chemically functionalized NTFET devices for CO 2 sensing. [6] Figure 1a displays the sensor architecture: a NTFET transducer functionalized with a recognition layer specific for CO 2 gas. Although the chemical functionalization of carbon [**] We acknowledge the Nanomix technical staff for their assistance with device fabrication and measurements. (b) …
Lowering cholesterol, 1988. Rationale, mechanisms, and means.

This past year, 1987, has seen publication of some important studies of the ability of cholesterol-lowering therapies to prevent complications of coronary heart disease (CHD)1 and to modify atherosclerotic lesions. It has also seen the release of the first ofa new class ofpotent cholesterol-lowering drugs that inhibit beta-hydroxy-beta-methylglutaryl CoA reductase. Physicians are evincing new interest in treating patients with hypercholesterolemia and there is rapidly increasing public acceptance of the importance of measuring plasma cholesterol levels and acting upon the results. Clinical investigators who have been studying and treating patients with hyperlipidemia may have felt neglected in the past, but now they are showered with the attention of colleagues and patients. This attention is merited by the new information on the effectiveness of cholesterol-lowering therapies and increasing evidence that such treatment can influence health status. The recent issuance of guidelines for cholesterol lowering by the National Cholesterol Education Program provides help for practitioners and represents a consensus among the majority of clinical lipidologists, but many issues regarding -indications for specific interventions need to be clarified. Moreover, new insights into the relationship between the plasma lipoproteins and atherogenesis could modify currently recommended approaches. Here I will briefly review the intervention trials that provide the basis for current recommendations and point out areas of continuing uncertainty and controversy about the application of the results ofthese trials to the prevention ofCHD and the treatment ofestablished disease. I will discuss the metabolic basis for cholesterol lowering and the mechanisms by which diet and drugs reduce cholesterol levels. Finally, I will give a perspective on intervention strategies and techniques.
Microsatellite instability and loss of heterozygosity in human pterygia

AIMS/BACKGROUND Pterygium is a common benign lesion of the corneo-conjunctival limbus. Although environmental factors, such as ultraviolet irradiation, have been suggested as the main causative factor in the development of the disease, however, the aetiopathology of pterygium remains obscure. In this study the possibility of detecting genetic alterations in the microsatellite DNA of the pterygium was investigated. METHODS Fifteen specimens were assessed for loss of heterozygosity (LOH) and microsatellite instability (MI) by seven microsatellite markers on four chromosomal arms. RESULTS Nine (60%) pterygia exhibited genetic alterations. Eight specimens (53%) exhibited LOH, while two specimens (13%) MI in at least one marker. 17q11.2-q21 is a commonly deleted region, as the frequency of LOH at this region is significantly high (47%). CONCLUSION This finding indicates the existence of tumour suppressor genes in this region implicated in the disease without excluding the presence of other tumour suppressor genes in the other chromosomal regions that were examined. MI was apparent in only a few specimens but it is indeed a detectable phenomenon, suggesting that decreased fidelity in DNA replication and repair may be associated with the development of pterygium. Detection of LOH and MI, two events taking place in tumour cells or in premalignant cells, constitutes strong evidence that there must be transformed cells in the pterygial tissue and it should be considered to be a neoplastic benign lesion.
Modelware for Middleware

The OMG’s Model Driven Architecture is a reference architecture for model driven development of computing systems. Implementations of primitive forms of this style of development are everywhere, but a reference implementation architecture is still some way off. This paper explains our set of requirements for the main components required for MDA: A single Meta-Modeling Language, Platform Independent Modelling Languages, Platform Specific Modelling Languages, and a Transformation Language. It also sketches the solutions that are emerging from various standardisation efforts in which the authors are participating in particular the EDOC ECA language and the MOF 2.0 Query, View and Transformation language
Androgens and Adipose Tissue in Males: A Complex and Reciprocal Interplay

Clinical evidence shows that in males obesity is frequently associated with hypogonadism and vice versa; also, low testosterone levels have been considered a “hallmark” of metabolic syndrome in men. These observations indicate that there is a strict connection between anatomically and functionally distinct cell types such as white adipocytes and Leydig cells, that synthesize testosterone. Adipose tissue is able to control several functions of the testis through its products secreted in the bloodstream. On the other hand, circulating levels of testosterone and estradiol deeply affect adipocyte proliferation, differentiation, and fat mass distribution, hereby controlling critical metabolic functions, such as food intake, insulin sensitivity, vascular reactivity, and immunity. This paper highlights the existing clinical and experimental evidence linking androgens and adipose tissue and illustrates the consequences occurring when the balance between fat mass distribution and eugonadism is lost.
The 27-kDa Heat Shock Protein Facilitates Basic Fibroblast Growth Factor Release from Endothelial Cells*

Basic fibroblast growth factor is an important mitogenic and angiogenic factor that stimulates endothelial cell growth and migration. This hormone is not secreted via the classical vesicular pathway, and the identification of intracellular proteins that facilitate its release remains lacking. Transfection and expression of the 27-kDa human heat shock protein in bovine arterial endothelial cells doubles the rate of estrogen-induced basic fibroblast growth factor secretion, preferentially inducing the release of high molecular weight forms of the hormone. The secreted basic fibroblast growth factor is mitogenic to breast adenocarcinoma cells cultured in the conditioned medium obtained from the transfected endothelial cells. In contrast, decreasing the level of the endogenous heat shock protein homolog with an antisense vector markedly decreases basic fibroblast growth factor release. Anti-heat shock protein or anti-basic fibroblast growth factor antibodies co-precipitate both proteins from endothelial cell extracts, demonstrating a direct association between the two proteins. This interaction is likely to be an important step in the mechanism of basic fibroblast growth factor secretion.
Cooperation of middle and small T antigens of polyomavirus in transformation of established fibroblast and epithelial-like cell lines

We have reported recently that small T antigen of polyomavirus stimulates the growth of NIH 3T3 cells beyond their saturation density and induces weak anchorage-independent growth (T. Noda, M. Satake, T. Robins, and Y. Ito, J. Virol. 60:105-113, 1986). We examined whether small T antigen would cooperate with middle T antigen in the in vitro transformation of NIH 3T3 (fibroblasts) and NRK-52E (epitheliallike) cells. The small-T-antigen gene, when cotransfected with the middle-T-antigen gene, had no additional effect on the efficiency or size of dense foci formation induced by the middle-T-antigen gene on a monolayer of NIH 3T3 cells. However, the small-T-antigen gene dramatically increased the rate of growth of NIH 3T3 cells transformed by middle T antigen in semisolid medium. Introduction of the small-T-antigen gene into middle-T-antigen-transformed cells did not disturb the integrated middle-T gene, alter expression of the middle-T gene, or enhance middle-T-antigen-associated tyrosine protein kinase activity. For NRK-52E cells, the expression of middle T antigen alone resulted in small, slow-growing foci on a monolayer. These cells did not show anchorage-independent growth, despite the fact that middle-T-antigen-associated tyrosine protein kinase activity was clearly detected in these cells. NRK-52E cells expressing both middle and small T antigens formed faster growing foci on a monolayer than middle-T-antigen-expressing cells did and grew in semisolid medium, even when the amounts of middle T antigen and its associated kinase activities were lower than those of middle-T-antigen-expressing cells. We conclude that small T antigen cooperates with middle T antigen in the in vitro transformation of established cell lines of fibroblast and epitheliallike cells, that it does not share the middle-T-antigen function even though they are structurally related, and that it has a significantly more important role in the transformation of NRK-52E cells than that of NIH 3T3 cells.
On wirelength estimations for row-based placement

Wirelength estimation in VLSI layout is fundamental to any pre-detailed routing estimate of timing or routability. In this paper, we develop new wirelength estimation techniques appropriate for top-down floor-planning and placement synthesis of row-based VLSI layouts. Our methods include accurate, linear-time approaches, often with sublinear time complexity for dynamic updating of estimates (e.g., for annealing placement). The new techniques offer advantages not only for early on-line wirelength estimation during top-down placement, but also for a posteriori estimation of routed wirelength given a final placement. In developing these new estimators, we have made several theoretical contributions. Notably, we have resolved the long-standing discrepancy between region-based and bounding box-based RSMT estimation techniques; this leads to new estimates that are functions of instance size n and aspect ratio AR.
NORMALIZATION , BASELINE CORRECTION AND ALIGNMENT OF HIGH-THROUGHPUT MASS SPECTROMETRY DATA

We propose several preprocessing steps to be used before biomarker clustering or classifying for high-throughput Mass Spectrometry (MS) data. These preprocessing steps for the mass spectra are multiple alignment of technical replicates, baseline correction and normalization along the mass/charge axis. While the benefits from baseline correction and alignment seem obvious we studied more carefully the benefit from normalizing using some human prostate cancer SELDI TOF MS data (obtained from the Virginia Prostate Center Tissue and body Fluid Bank and approved by the Eastern Virginia Medical School). We show on these data that our global normalization by scaling helps in distinguishing between different cancer groups as well as between cancer and non-cancer groups. We used the Between to Within sum of squares ratio introduced by Fisher as well as visual inspection to illustrate the improvement brought by the normalization.
Generating Bridges Between Heterogeneous Component Models

Software reuse lies at the heart of component software. It is considered to be the main reason for the wide adoption of this technology. One way of enabling wider reuse is to enable the use of a larger selection of component instances, providing a greater assortment of tools to the component writer when solving a problem. To this end, the approach described here focuses on automatically fostering interoperability between components belonging to a range of component models. By leveraging a generative programming approach, a programmable code generator is used to interpose a translation between components of disparate component models. We describe the design of a code generator for this domain, and extensions that aim to create a robust and flexible method of bridging incompatible component instances.
SPONTANEOUS ENCEPHALOMYELITIS OF MICE, A NEW VIRUS DISEASE

1. The characteristics of a filterable virus obtained from mice found spontaneously paralyzed and showing lesions of encephalomyelitis are described. 2. The course of the disease in mice, following intracerebral inoculation, is briefly as follows: After an incubation period varying from 7 to over 30 days a flaccid paralysis of one of the limbs appears. This paralysis usually spreads rapidly until all four limbs are affected. Young mice are more susceptible than older ones, and very young mice, less than 4 weeks of age, usually die without showing signs of paralysis. 3. Adult mice often show no signs of infection after an intracerebral inoculation of virus. A number of these mice, although showing no signs of paralysis, nevertheless have become infected, a fact which is demonstrated by recovery of the virus from the mice as well as by histopathological studies. 4. Intranasal instillation of the virus is the only other method of producing the infection. This method, however, produces paralysis in only a small percentage of the mice. Following intranasal instillation of the virus, there often develops a slight immunity to a subsequent intracerebral injection of virus. 5. The paralysis in the surviving mice recedes gradually, but a permanent residual paralysis, usually of the hind legs, is almost invariable. Such mice, however, are virus carriers, as the virus can be recovered from the spinal cord for 1 year after infection. 6. Paralyzed mice are immune to a subsequent intracerebral injection of the virus. There is evidence that neutralizing substances are present in the immune mice. A considerable proportion of the mice which have remained well after an intracerebral injection of virus are immune to a second injection. 7. The virus resists the action of 50 per cent glycerine at from 2–4°C. for at least 150 days. It passes all grades of Berkefeld filters with ease. By the use of graded collodion filters, the size of the virus particle has been determined to be probably about 13 to 19 mµ. 8. The virus of mouse encephalomyelitis is not pathogenic for rhesus monkeys. No evidence of immunological relationship with the virus of human poliomyelitis has been obtained. 9. The anatomical basis of the paralysis is an acute necrosis of the ganglion cells of the anterior horn of the spinal cord. Isolated ganglion cells of the cerebrum also undergo necrosis. Following the acute necrosis of the ganglion cells, there is a marked neuronophagia. A perivascular infiltration is observed in the brain and spinal cord.
Combined top-down and bottom-up design of cooperative multi-robot systems

We propose a formal design framework for cooperative multi-robot systems through combining a top-down mission planning with a bottom-up motion planning. In this work, it is assumed that a global mission is given as regular languages, and that basic motion controllers for robots and an environment description are given. Then, our method can automatically synthesize coordination strategies and control policies for the robot team to accomplish the given mission. A mission planning layer is sitting on the top of our framework, where an assume-guarantee reasoning and learning based approach is applied to decompose the global mission into local tasks according to the capabilities of each robot. With respect to these local tasks, the motion planning for each robot is then solved by composing basic motion primitives that are verified safe by differential dynamic logic (dL). The motion primitive composition is through a Satisfiability Modulo Theories (SMT) solver that searches feasible solutions in face of constraints due to local task requirements and the environment description. Our method can handle changing environments as the motion primitives are reactive in nature which makes the motion planning adaptive to local environmental changes. Furthermore, on-line mission replanning can be triggered by lower motion planning layers once no feasible solutions can be found through the SMT solver. The design framework is illustrated through an automated warehouse example.
PR-Sliding sectors for continuous and discrete time sliding mode controllers for an induction motor

Induction motors, thanks to their numerous advantages, are widely used in the industry. In this study a sliding mode controller is designed to control the position of the actuator. This controller uses sliding sectors, inside which a norm of the state decreases. The control is designed to transfer the state from the outside to the inside of this sector, and when inside it, the control action becomes zero.
INTRODUCING MACHINE LEARNING FROM AN AI PERSPECTIVE

1 Ingrid Russell, University of Hartford, Department of Computer Science, West Hartford, CT 06117, irussell@hartford.edu, 860-768-4191. 2 Zdravko Markov, Central Connecticut State University, Department of Computer Science, New Britain, CT 06050, markovz@ccsu.edu, 860-832-2723 3 Neli Zlatareva, Central Connecticut State University, Department of Computer Science, New Britain, CT 06050, zlatareva@ccsu.edu, 860-8322711 Abstract – This paper presents our approach of introducing Machine Learning from an AI perspective. We present an AI course with a Machine Learning component. We also discuss some of the examples and projects we used to introduce various search algorithms and show how they can be extended into projects that incorporate ML techniques. The N-puzzle problem is used as a theme throughout the various implementations, from the more conventional search algorithms to the implementation of a simple learning technique utilizing Explanation-Based Learning.
Drosophila suzukii: The Genetic Footprint of a Recent, Worldwide Invasion

Native to Asia, the soft-skinned fruit pest Drosophila suzukii has recently invaded the United States and Europe. The eastern United States represents the most recent expansion of their range, and presents an opportunity to test alternative models of colonization history. Here, we investigate the genetic population structure of this invasive fruit fly, with a focus on the eastern United States. We sequenced six X-linked gene fragments from 246 individuals collected from a total of 12 populations. We examine patterns of genetic diversity within and between populations and explore alternative colonization scenarios using approximate Bayesian computation. Our results indicate high levels of nucleotide diversity in this species and suggest that the recent invasions of Europe and the continental United States are independent demographic events. More broadly speaking, our results highlight the importance of integrating population structure into demographic models, particularly when attempting to reconstruct invasion histories. Finally, our simulation results illustrate the general challenge in reconstructing invasion histories using genetic data and suggest that genome-level data are often required to distinguish among alternative demographic scenarios.
Federate Fault Tolerance in HLA-Based Simulation

A large scale HLA-based simulation (federation) is composed of a large number of simulation components (federates), which may be developed by different participants and executed at different locations. These federates are subject to failures due to various reasons. What is worse, the risk of federation failure increases with the number of federates in the federation. In this paper, a fault tolerance mechanism is proposed to tolerate the crash-stop failures of federates. By exploiting the decoupled federate architecture, federate failures can be masked from the federation and recovery can take place without interrupting the executions of other federates. A basic state recovery protocol is first proposed to recover the state of the failed federate relying on the checkpoint and message logging taken before the failure. Then, an optimized protocol is further developed to accelerate the state recovery procedure. Experiments are carried out to verify that the proposed mechanism provides correct failure recovery. The experimental results also indicate that the optimized protocol can outperform the basic one considerably.
Mutations of ribosomal protein S5 suppress a defect in late-30S ribosomal subunit biogenesis caused by lack of the RbfA biogenesis factor

The in vivo assembly of ribosomal subunits requires assistance by maturation proteins that are not part of mature ribosomes. One such protein, RbfA, associates with the 30S ribosomal subunits. Loss of RbfA causes cold sensitivity and defects of the 30S subunit biogenesis and its overexpression partially suppresses the dominant cold sensitivity caused by a C23U mutation in the central pseudoknot of 16S rRNA, a structure essential for ribosome function. We have isolated suppressor mutations that restore partially the growth of an RbfA-lacking strain. Most of the strongest suppressor mutations alter one out of three distinct positions in the carboxy-terminal domain of ribosomal protein S5 (S5) in direct contact with helix 1 and helix 2 of the central pseudoknot. Their effect is to increase the translational capacity of the RbfA-lacking strain as evidenced by an increase in polysomes in the suppressed strains. Overexpression of RimP, a protein factor that along with RbfA regulates formation of the ribosome's central pseudoknot, was lethal to the RbfA-lacking strain but not to a wild-type strain and this lethality was suppressed by the alterations in S5. The S5 mutants alter translational fidelity but these changes do not explain consistently their effect on the RbfA-lacking strain. Our genetic results support a role for the region of S5 modified in the suppressors in the formation of the central pseudoknot in 16S rRNA.