Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Iterative refinement of lexicon and phrasal alignment

In a data-driven machine translation system, the lexicon is a core component. Sometimes it is used directly in translation, and sometimes in building other resources, such as a phrase table. But up to now little attention has been paid to how the information contained in these resources can also used backwards to help build or improve the lexicon. The system we propose here alternates lexicon building and phrasal alignment. Evaluation on Arabic to English translation showed a statistically significant 1.5 BLEU point improvement.
Kinetics of Orthostatic Blood Pressure in Primary Hypertension

Background: Primary Hypertension (HT) is the most prevalent cardiovascular disorder worldwide and is accompanied by significant morbidity and mortality. Objectives: The present study aimed to investigate the kinetics of orthostatic Blood Pressure (BP) in primary hypertensive patients during the change from supine position to standing position as well as during the standing position using the Orthostatic Test (OT). Patients and Methods: This prospective study included a group of 107 primary hypertensive patients (mean age: 55.82 ± 11.35 years, ranging from 39 to 80 years). Orthostatic systolic BP (Ortho SBP) was recorded for 10 minutes at the rhythm of 3 measurements per minute and was compared to the values of supine systolic preorthostatic (Preortho SBP). According to the changes in Ortho SBP, three subgroups of primary hypertensive patients were selected as follows: Subgroup A: Ortho SBP was higher than mean Preortho SBP by 10 mmHg or more. Subgroup B: Ortho SBP was lower than mean Preortho SBP by 20 mmHg or more. Subgroup C: -20 mmHg < (Ortho SBP - Preortho SBP) < + 10 mmHg. The kinetics of each group was then recorded. Results: In this study, the prevalence of subgroups A, B, and C was 27.1%, 15.9%, and 57.0%, respectively. In subgroup A, the adrenergic peripheral sympathetic alpha response was 20% during the OT. Conclusions: Hypertensives with very similar supine SBP behavior could exhibit widely different Ortho SBP. Thus, careful and effective treatment of hypertensives requires careful consideration and assessment of orthostatic BP.
Limited maximal flow rate of target‐controlled remifentanil infusion and induced cough

This study evaluated the effect of limiting maximal infusion‐pump flow rate on suppression of remifentanil‐induced cough during target‐controlled infusion. Two hundred and ten patients were randomly assigned to receive remifentanil at an effect‐site concentration of 4.0 ng.ml−1 with maximal flow rate limited to 100 (group R100), 200 (group R200), or 1200 ml.h−1 (group R1200). The number of episodes of cough were recorded and graded as mild (1–2), moderate (3–4), or severe (5 or more). The incidence of cough was 2.9% in group R100, 5.7% in group R200 and 25.7% in group R1200. Patients in group R100 and R200 had a significantly lower incidence of cough than those in group R1200 (p < 0.05). Zero, two and five patients coughed a moderate amount in groups R100, R200 and group R1200, respectively (p < 0.05). Limiting maximal infusion rate during remifentanil TCI suppressed remifentanil‐induced cough.
Postischemic Inflammation in Acute Stroke

Cerebral ischemia is caused by arterial occlusion due to a thrombus or an embolus. Such occlusion induces multiple and concomitant pathophysiological processes that involve bioenergetic failure, acidosis, loss of cell homeostasis, excitotoxicity, and disruption of the blood-brain barrier. All of these mechanisms contribute to neuronal death, mainly via apoptosis or necrosis. The immune system is involved in this process in the early phases after brain injury, which contributes to potential enlargement of the infarct size and involves the penumbra area. Whereas inflammation and the immune system both exert deleterious effects, they also contribute to brain protection by stimulating a preconditioning status and to the concomitant repair of the injured parenchyma. This review describes the main phases of the inflammatory process occurring after arterial cerebral occlusion, with an emphasis on the role of single mediators.
The clinical relevance of non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor hypersusceptibility: a prospective cohort analysis

Objective: To evaluate the clinical significance of hypersusceptibility to non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NNRTI). Design: Analysis of a prospective clinical trial cohort. Patients: NNRTI-naive patients failing a stable antiretroviral regimen. Measurements: HIV phenotype, HIV RNA, and CD4 cell counts were prospectively collected after patients changed to a new regimen. Hypersusceptibility to NNRTI was defined as a fold-change (FC) in IC50 (inhibitory concentration of 50%) of < 0.4. Results: The 177 patients had a mean HIV RNA of 4.1 log10 copies/ml, CD4 cell count of 322 × 106 cells/l and 41 months of prior antiretroviral treatment. Hypersusceptibility to one or more NNRTI was present in 29%. Both longer duration and reduced susceptibility to nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors were associated with efavirenz hypersusceptibility (P < 0.05). NNRTI-containing regimens were initiated in 106 patients at baseline. The mean change in log10 HIV RNA after 6 months was greater for patients with hypersusceptibility (−1.2 log10 copies/ml; n = 21) than in patients without (−0.8 log10 copies/ml; n = 77) (P = 0.016). Differences persisted to month 12 (P = 0.023). Multiple linear regression models confirmed that hypersusceptibility to NNRTI was a significant independent predictor of the magnitude of early (months 1–4) HIV RNA reduction, after accounting for the baseline HIV RNA and the number of drugs to which the patient's virus was susceptible (P < 0.02). CD4 cell increases (months 4–10) were 28– 60 × 106 cells/l greater in patients with hypersusceptible virus (P ⩽ 0.1). Conclusion: NNRTI hypersusceptibility occurred in more than 20% of nucleoside-experienced patients and was associated with greater reduction of HIV RNA and increase in CD4 cells.
The One-Shot similarity kernel

The One-Shot similarity measure has recently been introduced in the context of face recognition where it was used to produce state-of-the-art results. Given two vectors, their One-Shot similarity score reflects the likelihood of each vector belonging in the same class as the other vector and not in a class defined by a fixed set of “negative” examples. The potential of this approach has thus far been largely unexplored. In this paper we analyze the One-Shot score and show that: (1) when using a version of LDA as the underlying classifier, this score is a Conditionally Positive Definite kernel and may be used within kernel-methods (e.g., SVM), (2) it can be efficiently computed, and (3) that it is effective as an underlying mechanism for image representation. We further demonstrate the effectiveness of the One-Shot similarity score in a number of applications including multiclass identification and descriptor generation.
Toward Efficient Orange Emissive Carbon Nanodots through Conjugated sp2‐Domain Controlling and Surface Charges Engineering

A strategy of achieving efficient orange emissive carbon nanodots (CNDs) with large sized conjugated sp(2) -domain is achieved in a solvothermal synthetic route using dimethylformamide as solvent, which is the basis of orange bandgap emission; enhanced orange emission with photoluminescent quantum yield of 46% is realized through surface charges engineering by surface metal-cation-functionalization.
On the Importance of Location and Features for the Patch-Based Segmentation of Parotid Glands

The segmentation of parotid glands in CT scans of patients with head and neck cancer is an essential part of treatment planning. We introduce a new method for the automatic segmentation of parotid glands that extends existing patch-based approaches in three ways: (1) we promote the use of image features in combination with patch intensity values to increase discrimination; (2) we work with larger search windows than established methods by using an approximate nearest neighbor search; and (3) we demonstrate that location information is a crucial discriminator and add it explicitly to the description. In our experiments, we compare a large number of features and introduce a new multi-scale descriptor. The best performance is achieved with entropy image features in combination with patches and location information.
Evaluation of Turfgrass Selections for Resistance to Fall Armyworms (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae)

Turfgrass selections including 21 paspalums (Paspalum vaginatum Swartz) and 12 zoysiagrasses (Zoysia sp.) were compared with susceptible 'KY31' tall fescue ( Festuca arundinacea Schreb.) and more resistant common bermudagrass (Cynodon dactylon Pers.) and common centipedegrass (Eremochloa ophiuroides (Munro.) Hack) for potential resistance to fall armyworm (Spodoptera frugiperda (J.E. Smith)), an occasionally serious pest of managed turf. Turfgrass and pasture grasses annually suffer sporadic damage by this pest, often severe in the Gulf Coast states. Resistant grasses offer an alternative management tool for the fall armyworm, reducing the need for pesticide use. Laboratory evaluations assessed the degree of antibiosis and nonpreference present among more than 30 turfgrass genotypes to first and third instar fall armyworms, respectively. Zoysiagrasses exhibiting high levels of antibiosis included 'Cavalier', 'Emerald', DALZ8501, DALZ8508, 'Royal', and 'Palisades'. Paspalum selections demonstrating reduced larval or pupal weights or prolonged development times of fall armyworm included 561-79, Temple-2, PI- 509021, and PI-509022.
Collaborative Governance in Theory and Practice

Over the past few decades, a new form of governance has emerged to replace adversarial and managerial modes of policy making and implementation. Collaborative governance, as it has come to be known, brings public and private stakeholders together in collective forums with public agencies to engage in consensus-oriented decision making. In this article, we conduct a meta-analytical study of the existing literature on collaborative governance with the goal of elaborating a contingency model of collaborative governance. After reviewing 137 cases of collaborative governance across a range of policy sectors, we identify critical variables that will influence whether or not this mode of governance will produce successful collaboration. These variables include the prior history of conflict or cooperation, the incentives for stakeholders to participate, power and resources imbalances, leadership, and institutional design. We also identify a series of factors that are crucial within the collaborative process itself. These factors include face-to-face dialogue, trust building, and the development of commitment and shared understanding. We found that a virtuous cycle of collaboration tends to develop when collaborative forums focus on ‘‘small wins’’ that deepen trust, commitment, and shared understanding. The article concludes with a discussion of the implications of our contingency model for practitioners and for future research on collaborative governance. Over the last two decades, a new strategy of governing called ‘‘collaborative governance’’ has developed. This mode of governance brings multiple stakeholders together in common forums with public agencies to engage in consensus-oriented decision making. In this article, we conduct a meta-analytical study of the existing literature on collaborative governance with the goal of elaborating a general model of collaborative governance. The ultimate goal is to develop a contingency approach to collaboration that can highlight conditions under which collaborative governance will be more or less effective as an
Research and Improvement of LEACH Protocol in Wireless Sensor Networks

The router protocol LEACH and its feasible improvement in Wireless Sensor Networks are discussed here. The performance was simulated in NS2 and the result of the simulation was analyzed in detail. Considering network load balance, multi-hop, node' s remaining energy and other relative factors, some measures were made to prolong the network lifetime and improve the load balance of LEACH.
Distribution of the excitatory amino acid receptor subunits GluR2(4) in monkey hippocampus and colocalization with subunits GluR5-7 and NMDAR1

Ionotropic excitatory amino acid (EAA) receptors are divided pharmacologically into three categories termed NMDA, AMPA/kainate, and high affinity kainate receptors. Each of these receptor subtypes is composed of a specific subset of subunits termed GluR1–4 (AMPA/kainate), GluR5–7, KA1–2 (high affinity kainate), and NMDAR1, 2 A- D (NMDA). Although colocalization of NMDA and non-NMDA receptors has been previously demonstrated electrophysiologically in rat, comprehensive analyses of subunit specific colocalization patterns have not been possible until the advent of appropriate antibodies. The present study investigates such immunocytochemical colocalization of several EAA receptor subunits within individual cells as well as dendritic spines in the monkey hippocampus. Double-label immunohistochemical experiments using antibodies which are specific for GluR2(4), GluR5–7, and NMDAR1 demonstrated that virtually all projection neurons in each subfield of the hippocampus contain subunits from the AMPA/kainate, kainate, and NMDA receptor families. In addition, confocal microscopy has demonstrated that individual spines may contain subunits representative of multiple EAA receptor families. Furthermore, detailed regional, cellular, and ultrastructural distribution patterns of the EAA receptor subunits GluR2 and GluR4 in monkey hippocampus are presented based on the use of a monoclonal antibody (mAb), 3A11, which was generated against the putative extracellular N-terminal domain of GluR2. Since this antibody recognizes only GluR2 in Western blots, and GluR2 as well as GluR4 in fixed transiently transfected cells, it has been designated anti- GluR2(4). Immunocytochemical labeling with mAb 3A11 revealed pyramidal cell somata and dendrites in each field of the hippocampus, as well as granule cells and polymorphic hilar cells in the dentate gyrus. Small cells with the morphologic characteristics of astroglia were also immunolabeled for GluR2(4) within the alveus and fimbria. Immunoreactivity at the ultrastructural level was localized to postsynaptic densities on dendritic spines and shafts and within the somatodendritic cytoplasm in all major hippocampal regions, as well as in a subset of dentate granule cell axons within the mossy fiber projection.
Early proximal tubule injury in experimental aristolochic acid nephropathy: functional and histological studies.

BACKGROUND Aristolochic acid (AA), the plant extract of Aristolochia species, is involved in the onset of progressive tubulointerstitial renal fibrosis in humans. Clinical and in vitro findings have previously suggested that the proximal tubule was the target of AA. METHODS Using a rat model of AA nephropathy, the proximal tubular lesions induced by daily subcutaneous injections of AA for 35 or 5 days were characterized biochemically and histologically. Urinary excretion of proteins, albumin, low molecular weight proteins, N-acetyl-beta-d-glucosaminidase, alpha-glutathione S-transferase, leucine aminopeptidase and neutral endopeptidase (NEP) was determined and related to histological conventional findings and immunostainings of NEP and megalin. RESULTS In both protocols, an acute phase of release of urinary markers was observed within the first 3 days of AA treatment in parallel with a significant increase of specific AA-related DNA adducts reflecting early tubular intoxication. A dramatic loss of the proximal tubule brush border was histologically confirmed, while the expression of megalin decreased at the damaged apical epithelium (mainly of the S3 segment). CONCLUSION Proximal tubule injury occurs early after AA intoxication in rats, with a link between specific AA-DNA adduct formation, decreased megalin expression and inhibition of receptor-mediated endocytosis of low molecular weight proteins, bringing in vivo confirmation of previous in vitro studies.
Electroluminescence Principle and Novel Electroluminescent Materials

Over the past few decades, many efforts have been put to optimize the properties of electroluminescent devices such as electroluminescence (EL) panel, organic light emitting diode (OLED), flat panel display, EL lamps, etc. In this chapter, the authors provide a comprehensive review of the state-of-the-art research activities related to EL phenomena, the principle of electroluminescence, different types of EL, fabrication of devices, studies on novel electroluminescent materials, their characteristics and potential applications. The authors begin with a historical background of electroluminescence, description of its structure, working principle and parameters with mechanism. They discuss the experiments determining the electrical, optical, and physical properties of the powder as well as thin film EL cells. The recent progress on the improvement of their characteristics and finding novel structures, such as the latest achievements in using various semiconductor nanostructures in polymer matrix as emitting layer in EL devices, are summarized.
workload workload P 2 P 1 P 3 P 4 P 2 P 1 P 3 P 4

This paper proposes a partitioning and loadbalance scheme, called Apala, for parallelizing state-transition applications on computer clusters. Existing schemes insufficiently balance both the computation of complex state-transition algorithms and the increasing volume of scientific data simultaneously. Apala addresses this problem by introducing the time metric to unify the workloads of computation and data. System profiles are considered for accurate workload estimations, making Apala portable. Apala consists of two major components: (1) an adaptive decomposition scheme that uses the quad-tree structure to break up the workload and manage data dependencies; (2) a decentralized scheme for distributing workloads across processors. Experimental results from the real-world weather data demonstrate that Apala outperforms other partitioning schemes, and can be readily ported to diverse systems with satisfactory performance. Keywords—Adaptive partitioning, Load balance, Scientific applications, HPC, Parallel processing
Fitness Function Design To Improve Evolutionary Structural Testing

Evolutionary Structural Testing uses Evolutionary Algorithms (EA) to search for specific test data that provide high structural coverage of the software under test. A necessary characteristic of evolutionary structural testing is that the fitness function is constructed on the basis of the software under test. The fitness function itself is not of interest for the problem; however, a well-constructed fitness function may substantially increase the chance of finding a solution and reaching higher coverage. Better guidance of the search can result in optimizations with less iterations, therefore leading to savings in resource expenditure. This paper presents research results on suggested modifications to the fitness function leading to the improvement of evolutionary testability by achieving higher coverage with less resources. A set of problems and their respective solutions are discussed.
Efficacy of IL‐2‐ versus IL‐15‐stimulated CD8 T cells in adoptive immunotherapy

We determined the efficacy of in vitro expanded P14 TCR transgenic CD8 T cells to mediate tumor cell elimination and to protect against viral infection in mice. Contrary to previous studies, an adoptive transfer model without lymphodepletion, vaccination or cytokine treatment was used. Antigen‐activated P14 T cells cultured in IL‐2‐containing medium for 7 days (P14IL‐2) exhibited potent effector cell functions in vitro but did not confer protection against melanoma growth or viral infection. In contrast, P14 T cells cultured in IL‐15 (P14IL‐15) were highly effective in vivo although they displayed only moderate effector functions in vitro. Therapeutic efficacy correlated with the survival of the transferred T cells in the recipients: P14IL‐2 cells disappeared rapidly whereas P14IL‐15 cells persisted for prolonged time. Decreasing the IL‐2 concentration in the culture media improved in vivo survival and efficacy but also lowered the cell yield of the cultures. Finally, we could extend the findings with monoclonal P14 T cells to polyclonal CD8 T cells. Thus, in vitro expansion of antigen‐specific CD8 T cells in IL‐15 allowed the generation of substantial numbers of T cells without inducing terminally differentiated effector cells that turned out to be unfavorable in the transfer model examined here.
Robotic wheelchair based on observations of both user and environment

With the increase in the number of senior citizens, there is a growing demand for human-friendly wheelchairs as mobility aids. To meet this need, we proposed a robotic wheelchair which can be controlled by turning our face in the direction where we would like to go. Although it can be used easily, there is a problem that unintentional movements of our face may interfere with the wheelchair motion. The paper presents our new version of the wheelchair improved by observing both user and environment. It effectively integrates autonomous capabilities and the interface by face direction. It uses the sensor information obtained for autonomous navigation to solve the problem with the control by face direction. Also, if it can understand the user's intentions from observing the face, it chooses an appropriate autonomous navigation function to reduce the user's burden of operation.
Is exposure to biomass smoke the biggest risk factor for COPD globally?

A 1.5 million years ago, our ancestors Homo erectus learned to light fi re from wood to keep wild animals away. Over the years, the human race has used several biologic sources of fuel to produce fi re, not only for getting rid of enemies but also for cooking and heating. These sources have included wood, charcoal, dried twigs and grass, crop residues, and animal dung cakes, which collectively are called biomass fuels. Although the modern world has replaced these highly polluting fuel sources with cleaner sources, such as liquefi ed petroleum gas and electricity, it is estimated that 50% of all households worldwide and 90% of all rural households continue to use biomass fuel as their main domestic source of energy. 1 Even in some developed countries, such as Canada, Australia, and the western states of the United States, the persistent rise in cost of energy has prompted an increasing number of households to use wood or other biomass fuels for cooking and heating purposes. 2 For example, a recent study in New Mexico reported that 26% of the population was exposed to smoke from biomass fuel. 3 According to estimates, . 2 billion kg biomass are burned every day worldwide 4 in open fi res and ineffi cient stoves in poorly ventilated rooms, making biomass smoke one of the most important sources of indoor air pollution globally. Moreover, biomass burning also contributes significantly to outdoor air pollution, 5 thereby exposing many nonusers to biomass smoke components.
Development and Research of the Billet Forging Technology in the Newly Designed Step-Wedge Dies

One of the main ways to improve product quality, obtained by forging, is implementing shear and alternating deformation (severe plastic deformation) during deformation process, which allows manufacturing products with required mechanical properties and less forging reduction. In practice, it is possible to implement shear and alternating deformation by improving the design of the ingots or the billets, forging tools, heating modes and forging method. In this paper newly designed forging die, which allows implementation of shear and alternating deformation without sufficient changes of the billet sizes, is proposed. By the research results of the new forging technology influence in the proposed tools on the microstructure evolution, it was found, that the use of the newly designed step-wedge dies has more potential for manufacturing high-quality forgings with required level of mechanical properties.