Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
'The extreme end of a spectrum of violence': Physical abuse, hegemony and resistance in British residential care

While researching the history of traditional child care institutions – children's homes, orphanages, industrial schools and reformatories – the author was impressed by the similarities of regimen across the spectrum of traditional care. Underpinning all forms of care was a severe discipline which often became abusive. Sexual abuse was also reasonably common. There were differences but it is the similarities which are stressed in this article, which seeks reasons for the perceived sameness. Children in care came mostly from the same deprived social background, and no matter what the intentions of the carers, traditional care involved a confrontation with cherished working class values which many of the children were bound to resist. Resistance was met by severe staff reaction; hence the violent undercurrent. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
RcsF Is an Outer Membrane Lipoprotein Involved in the RcsCDB Phosphorelay Signaling Pathway in Escherichia coli

ABSTRACT The RcsCDB signal transduction system is an atypical His-Asp phosphorelay conserved in γ-proteobacteria. Besides the three proteins directly involved in the phosphorelay, two proteins modulate the activity of the system. One is RcsA, which can stimulate the activity of the response regulator RcsB independently of the phosphorelay to regulate a subset of RcsB targets. The other is RcsF, a putative outer membrane lipoprotein mediating the signaling to the sensor RcsC. How RcsF transduces the signal to RcsC is unknown. Although the molecular and physiological signals remain to be identified, the common feature among the reported Rcs-activating conditions is perturbation of the envelope. As an initial step to explore the RcsF-RcsC functional relationship, we demonstrate that RcsF is an outer membrane lipoprotein oriented towards the periplasm. We also report that a null mutation in surA, a gene required for correct folding of periplasmic proteins, activates the Rcs pathway through RcsF. In contrast, activation of this pathway by overproduction of the membrane chaperone-like protein DjlA does not require RcsF. Conversely, activation of the pathway by RcsF overproduction does not require DjlA either, indicating the existence of two independent signaling pathways toward RcsC.
Ellipsoidal BGK Model Near a Global Maxwellian

The BGK model has been widely used in place of the Boltzmann equation because of the qualitatively satisfactory results it provides at relatively low computational cost. There is, however, a major drawback to the BGK model: The hydrodynamic limit at the Navier-Stokes level is not correct. One evidence is that the Prandtl number computed using the BGK model does not agree with what is derived from the Boltzmann equation. To overcome this problem, Holway \cite{Holway} introduced the ellipsoidal BGK model where the local Maxwellian is replaced by a non-isotropic Gaussian. In this paper, we prove the existence of classical solutions of the ES-BGK model when the initial data is a small perturbation of the global Maxwellian. The key observation is that the degeneracy of the ellipsoidal BGK model is comparable to that of the original BGK model or the Boltzmann equation in the range $-1/2<\nu<1$.
Lessons from child abuse: the determinants of parenting

The determinants of parenting: a process model By tradition, students of socialization have directed their primary energies toward understanding processes whereby parents’ child rearing strategies and behaviors shape and influence their off-springs’ development. Whereas great effort has been expended studying the characteristics and consequences of parenting, much less attention has been devoted to studying why parents parent the way they do – beyond, of course, social-class and cross-cultural comparisons (e.g., Hess and Shipman, 1965; Lewis and Wilson, 1972; Whiting and Whiting, 1975), and investigations examining the effect of the child on parenting behavior (e.g., Bell, 1968; Lewis and Rosenblum, 1974). This is not to say, however, that no data have been collected on this topic beyond the general areas of inquiry just outlined. In point of fact, it is suprising to learn that, despite the relative neglect of the study of the determinants of parenting, a large quantity of empirical information is available that addresses this general issue. It is unfortunately the case that much of the research relevant to this area of concern remains unintegrated and underutilized. One reason for this is that many of the research findings pertinent to the study of parental determinants are found in a diverse set of studies that have little to do with each other beyond some secondary result or focus that speaks to this issue. But probably the major reason studies pertinent to the determinants of parenting remain unrelated is, in part, the general absence of conceptual models capable of integrating the disparate findings in the literature into a coherent whole.
Individual Differences in Anxiety Influence Verbal Memory Accuracy and Confidence

We examined the influence of encoding duration in high- and low-anxious undergraduates on memory accuracy and confidence. Participants encoded words for 750 or 4,000 ms, and later made recognition and confidence judgments in their memory for targets and lures. The high-anxious had poorer memory accuracy than the low-anxious group, and endorsed lower confidence specifically for correct memory responses. There was no differential effect of encoding time across groups, though longer encoding time benefited both accuracy and confidence. As accuracy increased so did confidence in the low-anxious group, indicating higher resolution and Gamma correlations for meta-memory judgments, though this was not the case for high-anxious individuals. Results indicate that people with high levels of anxiety have unrealistically low confidence in their memories as their confidence was a poor predictor of accuracy and allowing additional encoding time does not alleviate this effect.
DBSproc: An open source process for DBS electrode localization and tractographic analysis

Deep brain stimulation (DBS) is an effective surgical treatment for movement disorders. Although stimulation sites for movement disorders such as Parkinson's disease are established, the therapeutic mechanisms of DBS remain controversial. Recent research suggests that specific white‐matter tract and circuit activation mediates symptom relief. To investigate these questions, we have developed a patient‐specific open‐source software pipeline called ‘DBSproc’ for (1) localizing DBS electrodes and contacts from postoperative CT images, (2) processing structural and diffusion MRI data, (3) registering all images to a common space, (4) estimating DBS activation volume from patient‐specific voltage and impedance, and (5) understanding the DBS contact‐brain connectivity through probabilistic tractography. In this paper, we explain our methodology and provide validation with anatomical and tractographic data. This method can be used to help investigate mechanisms of action of DBS, inform surgical and clinical assessments, and define new therapeutic targets. Hum Brain Mapp 37:422–433, 2016. Published 2015. This article is a U.S. Government work and is in the public domain in the USA.
Travelogs and the Management of Unfamiliarity

Whereas many other types of tourism promotional literature have been studied for their contents and effects, the same cannot be said for travelogs. In order to rectify the situation, this preliminary essay first provides a working definition of travelog. Thereafter it identifies one major quality that characterizes these travel accounts — the management of unfamiliarity. This theme soon becomes a strategy, and it is explored with examples under four sociolinguistic techniques: simile and metaphor, denigration of locals, the expatriate connection, and languaging. Suggestions for future research in this area are also briefly examined.
Extracting Semantic Information from Patent Claims Using Phrasal Structure Annotations

The rapid change of trading values from tangible assets to Intelectual Property has put both businesses and academia in a race to acquire and protect the rights to exploit such property. This is mainly accomplished in the form of patent issuing by the governments, being time consuming and complicated due to the vast amount of documents that need to be analyzed in order to assert the novelty or validity of a patent application. Patent information retrieval research is thus growing quickly to support document analysis across multiple domains and information systems. One of the big challenges in patent analysis is the identification of the elements of innovation (concepts, processes, materials) and the relations between them, in the patent text. This paper presents a method for extracting semantic information from patent claims by using semantic annotations on phrasal structures, abstracting domain ontology information and outputting ontology-friendly structures to achieve generalization. An extraction system built upon the method is briefly evaluated on a document sample from INPI, the Brazilian patent office, a challenging information source.
Weeds in the flower garden: An exploration of plagiarism in graduate students' research proposals and its connection to enculturation, ESL, and contextual factors

Existing literature provides insight into the nature and extent of plagiarism amongst undergraduate students (e.g., Ellery, 2008; Parameswaran & Devi, 2006; Selwyn, 2008). Plagiarism amongst graduate students is relatively unstudied, however, and the existing data are largely based on self-reports. This study investigated the rates and potential causes of plagiarism amongst graduate students in master’s and doctoral programmes in science, technology, engineering, mathematics, and science or mathematics education by examining actual research proposals written by graduate students. Results indicate that plagiarism is a prevalent issue at each of the three university sites sampled and across all of the investigated disciplines. Fine grained analyses suggest that this plagiarism may be largely unintentional and due to a lack of disciplinary enculturation. Specifically, participants that plagiarised had approximately one less semester of research experience than graduate students who did not plagiarise. Furthermore, participants who lacked primary literature in their
Urbanization, Culture, and Helpfulness

Social contact, help exchange, and attitudes toward helpfulness were examined in both urban and small town settings in England and the Sudan using self-report measures. Much of the cultural analysis of the "urban unhelpfulness" effect, that is, lower levels of helpfulness in urban settings, suggests that this effect is dependent on cultural and community factors. In particular, it is possible that Islamic norms stressing a communal orientation, predominant in the Sudan, would greatly mitigate the urban unhelpfulness effect. The results did not support this: The effect was quite equivalent in both countries, supporting the effect's apparent universality. In addition, a dispositional explanation was not supported in light of the poor correspondence between the behavioral and attitudinal data.
Uses and Abuses of Course Evaluations as Measures of Educational Output

The use of student evaluations of courses and professors has been examined by Professor Kelley in an effort to learn more about the factors that appear to be associated with “good” or “poor” ratings. Using student evaluations of the Principles of Economics course at the University of Wisconsin in Madison, Kelly investigated two dependent variables: measures of course evaluation and measures of professor evaluation. Eleven independent variables were included in the analysis, and two different regression models were used. The results are tentative, of course, but the study reveals some interesting findings on the impact of teaching assistants, the student's expectation of his course grade, and the professor's propensity to be generous or niggardly in awarding high grades.
Values and personality

Personality and differential psychology have paid little attention to values research. Consequently, the constructs used in these subdisciplines have developed independently, and evidence regarding the relations of personality to values is minimal. This study seeks to advance our understanding of these relations and to arrive at a theoretical integration of constructs. Starting from recent developments in values theory (Schwartz, 1992; Schwartz and Bilsky, 1987, 1990) and drawing on Maslow's (1955) distinction between ‘deficiency’ and ‘growth’ needs, we elaborate theoretical links between personality and values with special emphasis on structural relations. A set of hypotheses regarding these relations is generated and tested next, using data from a study with 331 German students. These students completed both the Rokeach Value Survey (RVS) and the Freiburg Personality Inventory (FPI), measuring ten primary and two secondary personality variables, namely extraversion and emotionality. Joint Similarity Structure Analyses (SSAs) of values and personality variables were conducted. The findings reveal both meaningful and systematic associations of value priorities with personality variables, confirming the hypothesized structural relationships. The compatibility of our hypotheses with the complex findings of George (1954) using totally different indexes of both values (Allport–Vernon Study of Values) and personality (drawn from Eysenck and Guilford) further supports the theoretical connections proposed in this study.
Strategies for spatial music performance: the practicalities and aesthetics of responsive systems design

This article will explore practical and aesthetic questions concerning spatial music performance by interrogating new developments within an emerging hyperinstrumental practice. The performance system is based on an electric guitar with individuated audio outputs per string and multichannel loudspeaker array. A series of spatial music mapping strategies will explore in-kind relationships between a formal melodic syntax model and an ecological flocking simulator, exploiting broader notions of embodiment underpinning the metaphorical basis for the experience and understanding of musical structure. The extension and refinement of this system has been based on a combination of practice-led and theoretical developments. The resulting mapping strategies will forge new gestural narratives between physical and figurative gestural planes, culminating in a responsive, bodily based, and immersive spatial music performance practice. The operation of the performance system is discussed in relation to supporting audiovisual materials.
Identification of Convection Constants for Electronic Packages Using Modified Genetic Algorithm and Reduced-Basis Method

-A new inverse analysis method is presented to identify parameters of heat convection in microelectronic packages. This approach adopts a modified Micro Genetic Algorithm (μGA) in finding the global optimum of parameters. A reduced-basis approach is introduced in the forward heat transfer analysis so as to significantly improve the efficiency in the calculation. Different identification procedures are employed to identify heat convection coefficients of a typical microelectronic package. Comparisons between different algorithms are performed. Results show that the use of the reduced-basis method together with the modified μGA outperforms the conventional GAs significantly. The presented method of coefficient identification is ideal for practical applications. It is efficient enough even for online analysis of both forward and inverse problem.
Channel Surfing: Defending Wireless Sensor Networks from Interference

Wireless sensor networks are susceptible to interference that can disrupt sensor communication. In order to cope with this disruption, we explore channel surfing, whereby the sensor nodes adapt their channel assignments to restore network connectivity in the presence of interference. We explore two different approaches to channel surfing: coordinated channel switching, where the entire sensor network adjusts its channel; and spectral multiplexing, where nodes in a jammed region switch channels while nodes on the boundary of a jammed region act as radio relays between different spectral zones. For spectral multiplexing, we have devised both synchronous and asynchronous strategies to facilitate the spectral scheduling needed to improve network fidelity when sensor nodes operate on multiple channels. In designing these algorithms, we have taken a system-oriented approach that has focused on exploring actual implementation issues under realistic network settings. We have implemented these proposed methods on a testbed of 30 Mica2 sensor nodes, and the experimental results show that these strategies can each repair network connectivity in the presence of interference without introducing significant overhead.
Prevalence of hypogonadism in males aged at least 45 years: the HIM study

The Hypogonadism in Males study estimated the prevalence of hypogonadism [total testosterone (TT) <300 ng/dl] in men aged ≥45 years visiting primary care practices in the United States. A blood sample was obtained between 8 am and noon and assayed for TT, free testosterone (FT) and bioavailable testosterone (BAT). Common symptoms of hypogonadism, comorbid conditions, demographics and reason for visit were recorded. Of 2162 patients, 836 were hypogonadal, with 80 receiving testosterone. Crude prevalence rate of hypogonadism was 38.7%. Similar trends were observed for FT and BAT. Among men not receiving testosterone, 756 (36.3%) were hypogonadal; odds ratios for having hypogonadism were significantly higher in men with hypertension (1.84), hyperlipidaemia (1.47), diabetes (2.09), obesity (2.38), prostate disease (1.29) and asthma or chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (1.40) than in men without these conditions. The prevalence of hypogonadism was 38.7% in men aged ≥45 years presenting to primary care offices.
An essential role of a TatC homologue of a ΔpH- dependent protein transporter in thylakoid membrane formation during chloroplast development in Arabidopsis thaliana

At least three transport systems function in targeting nuclear-encoded chloroplast proteins to the chloroplast thylakoid membrane. One of these systems requires a thylakoid pH gradient and is named the ΔpH-dependent protein transport system. A similar ΔpH export system of Escherichia coli contains four components, twin arginine translocation A (TatA), TatB, TatC, and TatE. TatC is a major component of the ΔpH-dependent protein transporter in E. coli and functions in the translocation of tightly folded proteins across membranes. We have isolated four transposon-inserted albino mutants named albino and pale green 2 (apg2) from Arabidopsis thaliana and showed that the transposons were inserted into different sites of a single gene. The APG2 gene product (named cpTatC) has sequence similarity with bacterial TatC and contains six putative transmembrane domains, including bacterial TatC proteins and a transit peptide in its N terminus. apg2 mutants showed albino phenotypes and could not grow in soil. The apg2 plastids were highly vacuolated, lacked internal membrane structures and lamellae of the thylakoid membrane, and contained many densely stained globule structures, like undifferentiated proplastids. Immunoblot analysis detected no thylakoid membrane proteins such as D1, light-harvesting complex, and OE23 in apg2 plastids, whereas soluble proteins such as rubisco large and small subunits were not decreased. These results indicate an essential role of cpTatC in chloroplast development, especially in thylakoid membrane formation.
Text Documents Clustering using Genetic Algorithm and Discrete Differential Evolution

Clustering in data mining is a discovery process that groups a set of documents such that documents within a cluster have high similarity while documents in different clusters have low similarity. Existing clustering method like K-means is a popular method but its results are based on choice of cluster centers so it easily results in local optimization. Genetic Algorithm (GA) is an optimization method which can be applied for finding out the best cluster centers easily. But sometimes it takes more iteration for finding best cluster centers. In this paper, we use features of GA with the features of Discrete Differential Evolution (DDE) to solve text documents clustering problem. To test the efficiency of our algorithm we have taken sample database of Reuters-21578. From the experimental results, it is clear that our algorithm performs better than GA and DDE.
Migration and Relocation Trauma of Young Refugees and Asylum Seekers: Awareness as Prelude to Effective Intervention

cording to the United Nations High Commission on Refugees (2002,2005), almost half of the 19.2 million people forced to flee their native countries due to war, violence, and deprivation, are under 18 years of age. Offering somewhat lower total figures for all refugees, the United States Committee for Refugees (2003) calculates that 9 million refugees worldwide are children. ”Migration is considered one of the major life events which often involves profound changes including a disruption of well-established relationships. It challenges the adaptive capacity of the families collectively and each of their members individually” (Roebers & Schneider, 1999, p. 125). The impact of such stress upon children generally is greater, as they have fewer and less well-refined coping mechanisms than adults (Barowsky, 1990, 1992). The source of impediments to successful adaptation in the host country is often attributed to “acculturation stress,” a cultural clash between home and host cultures (Berry, Phinney, Sam, & Vedder, 2006; Pumariega, Rothe, & Pumariega, 2005). The most commonly mentioned acculturation stressors have been difficulties in mastering a new language (McBrien, 2005; Roebers & Schneider, 1999; Schumann, 1986, 1990; Tong, 2000), integrating a new culture and its accompanying mores and practices into long-established patterns of their country of origin, accommodating learning styles to the prevalent patterns of teaching in the host country (McBrien, 2005; Rueda & Forness, 1994), and the host country’s education system’s inability to accurately assess the immigrants’ cognitive, behavioral, social, and learning needs (Grossman, 2004; Inose & Yeh, 2002; Organista, Organista, & Kurasaki, 2003). While this listing is not exhaustive, these factors often interfere with children’s establishment of a positive ”cross-cultural identity” (Tong, Huang, & McIntyre, 2006). A healthy cross-cultural identity is based upon the extent to which people will maintain the values of the home culture that are essential to their self-identity, and the extent to which the ways of the new culture are adopted (Berry et al., 2006; Phinney, 2003). To do this effectively, children must view the two cultures as complementary (Lupi & Tong, 2001; Tong, 1997), rather than competitive and combative (Tong, 2002; Tong, Huang, & McIntyre, 2006). This is frequently difficult, as