Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Knowledge of Number and Knowledge of Language: Number as a Test Case for the Role of Language in Cognition

The relationship between language and conceptual thought is an unresolved problem in both philosophy and psychology. It remains unclear whether linguistic structure plays a role in our cognitive processes. This special issue brings together cognitive scientists and philosophers to focus on the role of language in numerical cognition: because of their universality and variability across languages, number words can serve as a fruitful test case to investigate claims of linguistic relativism.
Computerized Adaptive Assessment of Personality Disorder: Introducing the CAT–PD Project

Assessment of personality disorders (PD) has been hindered by reliance on the problematic categorical model embodied in the most recent Diagnostic and Statistical Model of Mental Disorders (DSM), lack of consensus among alternative dimensional models, and inefficient measurement methods. This article describes the rationale for and early results from a multiyear study funded by the National Institute of Mental Health that was designed to develop an integrative and comprehensive model and efficient measure of PD trait dimensions. To accomplish these goals, we are in the midst of a 5-phase project to develop and validate the model and measure. The results of Phase 1 of the project—which was focused on developing the PD traits to be assessed and the initial item pool—resulted in a candidate list of 59 PD traits and an initial item pool of 2,589 items. Data collection and structural analyses in community and patient samples will inform the ultimate structure of the measure, and computerized adaptive testing will permit efficient measurement of the resultant traits. The resultant Computerized Adaptive Test of Personality Disorder (CAT–PD) will be well positioned as a measure of the proposed DSM–5 PD traits. Implications for both applied and basic personality research are discussed.
THE INTERSTITIAL WATER SPACE OF TUMORS.

Summary The interstitial water space of 3 hepatomas, Walker carcinoma 256, and fibrosarcoma 4956 in rats was estimated as the difference between the extracellular and the vascular water spaces. The vascular water space was measured with high molecular weight. The extravascular water space was evaluated by the use of 24Na, 36Cl, and d-mannitol-1-14C as markers. The 24Na space was the smallest in all cases although in some of the tumors the distribution space of all 3 markers was the same. The interstitial water space of all specimens studied was very large, between 32 and 60% of the tumor water, depending on the tumor type. In hepatomas, the interstitial water space represented 40–55% of the tumor water and was 3–4 times larger than that of the liver. The ratio between vascular and interstitial water spaces was about 1.0 in the liver but only 0.1 in hepatomas. The reduction resulted from a decrease of the vascular and an increase of the interstitial water space.
Integrated expression profiles of mRNA and microRNA in the liver of Fructus Meliae Toosendan water extract injured mice

Liver toxicity is a severe problem associated with Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM). Fructus Meliae Toosendan (FMT) is a known hepatotoxic TCM, however, the toxicological mechanisms of liver injury caused by FMT treatment still remain largely unknown. In this study, we aimed to reveal possible mechanisms of FMT water extract-induced liver injury using a systemic approach. After three consecutive daily dosing of FMT water extract, significant increases of alanine transaminase, aspartate transaminase, and alkaline phosphatase activities, along with elevated total bilirubin and total cholesterol levels and a decrease of triglyceride level, were detected in mice serum. Moreover, hydropic degeneration was observed in hepatocytes, suggesting the presence of FMT-induced liver injury. mRNA and microRNA expression profiles of liver samples from injured mice were analyzed and revealed 8 miRNAs and 1,723 mRNAs were significantly changed after FMT water extract treatment. For the eight differentially expressed miRNAs, their predicted target genes were collected and a final set of 125 genes and 4 miRNAs (miR-139-5p, miR-199a-5p, miR-2861, and miR-3960) was selected to investigate important processes involved in FMT hepatotoxicity. Our results demonstrated several cellular functions were disordered after FMT treatment, such as cellular growth and proliferation, gene expression and cellular development. We hypothesized that liver cell necrosis was the main liver toxicity of FMT water extract, which was possibly caused by oxidative stress responses.
Salmonella enterica Serovar Typhimurium Infection Induces Cyclooxygenase 2 Expression in Macrophages: Involvement of Salmonella Pathogenicity Island 2

ABSTRACT Salmonella pathogenicity island 2 (SPI-2) is required for intramacrophage survival and systemic infection in mice. We have recently reported that Salmonella enterica causes activation of the protein kinase A (PKA) signaling pathway in a manner dependent on SPI-2, resulting in the upregulation of interleukin-10 expression in macrophages (K. Uchiya et al., Infect. Immun. 72:1964-1973, 2004). We show in the present study the involvement of SPI-2 in a signal transduction pathway that induces the expression of cyclooxygenase 2 (COX-2), an inducible enzyme involved in the synthesis of prostanoids. High levels of prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) and prostacyclin (PGI2), which are known to activate the PKA signaling pathway via their receptors, were induced in J774 macrophages infected with wild-type Salmonella compared to a strain carrying a mutation in the spiC gene, located within SPI-2. The increased production of both prostanoids was dependent on COX-2. COX-2 expression was dose dependently blocked by treatment with a specific inhibitor of the extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2 (ERK1/2) signaling pathway, and the phosphorylation level of ERK1/2 was higher in macrophages infected with wild-type Salmonella compared to the spiC mutant. Taken together, these results indicate that Salmonella causes an SPI-2-dependent ERK1/2 activation that leads to increased COX-2 expression, resulting in the upregulation of PGE2 and PGI2 production in macrophages. A COX-2 inhibitor inhibited not only Salmonella-induced activation of the PKA signaling pathway but also growth of wild-type Salmonella within macrophages, suggesting that Salmonella utilizes the COX-2 pathway to survive within macrophages and that the mechanism involves activation of the PKA signaling pathway.
Cerebral Metabolic Effects of Monoamine Oxidase Inhibition in Normal and 1‐Methyl‐4‐Phenyl‐1,2,3,6‐Tetrahydropyridine Acutely Treated Monkeys

Abstract: The neurotoxin 1‐methyl‐4‐phenyl‐1,2,3,6‐tetrahydropyridine (MPTP) induces dopaminergic cell death in the substantia nigra pars compacta (SNpc) and clinical parkinsonism in humans and experimental animals. Pretreatment with monoamine oxidase inhibitors prevents this cell death and associated parkinsonism by blocking the oxidation of MPTP to a toxic intermediate. The 2‐deoxyglucose method was used to study the acute effects of MPTP in the monkey brain and the effects of monoamine oxidase inhibition on local cerebral glucose utilization in both normal and MPTP‐treated monkeys. MPTP administration alone caused a major increase in glucose utilization in the SNpc and smaller increases in some subnuclei within the ventral tegmental area in which eventual dopaminergic cell loss also occurs. Pretreatment with pargyline abolished these metabolic increases, a finding suggesting both that the oxidized product of MPTP generates the metabolic increases and that the increased glucose consumption may contribute to cell toxicity. On the other hand, in most cortical, thalamic, striatal, brainstem, and cerebellar areas MPTP alone caused reductions in glucose utilization, and pargyline failed to prevent these effects. Pargyline alone depressed metabolism in the locus coeruleus and a few other monoaminergic structures.
Perceiving and Imagining Plato's Solids: The Generalized Cylinder in Spatial Organization of 3D Structures

The regular polyhedra, commonly known as the “Platonic solids”, are fundamental three-dimensional structures. It is known that the ease of imagining one of these solids, the cube, varies radically with its orientation to the vertical. We demonstrate the same variation for perception and imagination of all three of the simpler Platonic solids: The cube, octahedron, and tetrahedron. In orientations of the objects that are relatively easy to comprehend, the objects are generalized cylinders about the vertical. In the difficult orientations, the objects are antiprismatic about the vertical. The critical difference between these structures is that generalized cylinders have uniform orientations of edges and surfaces about an object axis while antiprisms have nonuniform orientations. These results support strongly the view that the orientations of objectfeatures are important in spatial organization, that humans are highly sensitive to objective forms of regularity in spatial organization, and that the generali.
Mental commands Recognition on Motor Imagery-Based Brain Computer Interface

In this thesis, we used the EEG signals of motor imagery (MI) to identify different imagery activities. The Emotiv EPOC was used to extract electroencephalogram (EEG) signals. Basically, the Emotiv EPOC can recognize several signals such as facial expressions, emotional metrics, and mental Commands. In the Emotiv EPOC, we used AF3, AF4, FC5 and FC6 to capture EEG signals. There are four voluntary actions i.e. no imaging, imagining tongue movement, imagining right hand movement, and imagining left hand to be recognized. Firstly, the received EEG signals from Emotiv EPOC were transmitted to computer by using wireless manner. Secondly, feature vector of EEG could be transferred by a Wavelet transform. And the four classified actions could be analyzed through SVM algorithm with the Gauss kernel function. Finally, the experimental results showed that high recognition rate can be obtained to identify the mental activities of motor imagery through the proposed Brain– Computer Interface (BCI) system. Keyword: Electroencephalography (EEG), Brain– computer interface (BCI), Wavelet, Motor imagery (MI), Support vector machine (SVM)
Masculinity, subjectivity and neoliberalism in men’s accounts of migration and higher educational participation

In this article, I explore men’s educational experiences and aspirations in the context of UK policy discourses of widening participation and migration. Critiquing discourses that oversimplify gendered access to higher education, I develop an analysis of the impact of masculine subjectivities on processes of subjective construction in relation to be(com)ing a university student. Neoliberalism and self‐regulation emerge as significant themes by which the men make sense of their educational experiences and aspirations. Widening participation policy discursively constructs the subject as ‘disadvantaged’, ‘with potential’ and responsible for self‐improvement through participation in (alternative forms of) higher education (HE). The concept of diaspora illuminates the complex ways the men reconstruct their traumatic experiences in terms of hope and possibility, across different cultural spaces and expectations. A key question is how do the men construct and make sense of their masculine subjectivities in relation to diasporic experiences and aspirations to become HE students?
Modeling of pattern-dependent on-chip interconnect geometry variation for deep-submicron process and design technology

A set of closed-form equations with calibrations based on test chip characterization is used to describe systematic geometry variation in submicron multilevel interconnect. Two predominant modes of systematic interconnect variation, dielectric thickness variation induced by pattern-dependency of Chemical-Mechanical Polishing (CMP) and metal width variation from lithography bias, the loading effect and the proximity effect, are modeled by the equations. In this paper we detail our process variation model and its calibration methodology. The model has extensive applications both in process control improvement and in the design automation of today's deep submicron design technology. As an example, this paper demonstrates that the model sufficiently improves the efficiency of CMP process control, the accuracy of interconnect capacitance extraction, and 3-/spl sigma/ estimation of interconnect capacitance and resistance variation.
Efficient and robust analysis-by-synthesis in vision : A computational framework , behavioral tests , and modeling neuronal representations

A glance at an object is often sufficient to recognize it and recover fine details of its shape and appearance, even under highly variable viewpoint and lighting conditions. How can vision be so rich, but at the same time robust and fast? The analysis-by-synthesis approach to vision offers an account of the richness of our percepts, but it is typically considered too fragile to apply robustly to real scenes, and too slow to explain perception in the brain. Here we propose a version of analysisby-synthesis in the spirit of the Helmholtz machine (Dayan, Hinton, Neal, & Zemel, 1995) that can be implemented efficiently and robustly, by combining a generative model based on a realistic 3D computer graphics engine with a recognition model based on a deep convolutional network fine-tuned by brief runs of MCMC inference. We test this approach in the domain of face recognition and show that it meets several challenging desiderata: it can reconstruct the approximate shape and texture of a novel face from a single view, at a level indistinguishable to humans; it accounts quantitatively for human behavior in “hard” recognition tasks that foil conventional machine systems; and it qualitatively matches neural responses in a network of face-selective brain areas. Comparison to other models provides insights to the success of our model.
Responding to the challenge of cancer in Europe.

The term “cancer” is commonly used to cover a wide range of diseases which all share a common feature, namely that cells in affected organs or tissues of the body (e.g. breast, lung, skin or bone marrow) continue to grow indefinitely, without reference to the needs of the body. Many cancers have the capacity to spread to other parts of the body and to kill the patient. With more than 3 million new cases and 1.7 million deaths each year, cancer currently represents the second most important cause of death and morbidity in Europe. This volume, published under the Slovenian Presidency of the European Union, is a review of the current status of cancer control in the European Union. The aim was to summarize the evidence that should underpin policy for the prevention, management and palliation of cancer in Europe. The book has been produced as a collaborative effort between internationally recognized public health institutes in the European Union, under the umbrella Fighting Against Cancer Today (FACT). FACT is co-funded by the Government of Slovenia and the European Commission’s Health and Consumer Protection Directorate, with additional support from the European Observatory on Health Systems and Policies.
On the phonological status of Spanish compound words

Primarily inspired by Bustos de Gisbert (1986), Hualde (2006/2007), and Moyna (2011), specifically by their comments on stress deletion in the left members of some Spanish compounds, the current investigation fills a gap in this field by conducting an acoustic analysis of fundamental frequency evidence of stress in Spanish compounds and phonologically classifying them through the Autosegmental-Metrical model. Using a data elicitation task of 30 noun+noun compounds demonstrating syntactic, semantic, orthographic, and phonological variation, eight speakers of Mexican Spanish recorded two iterations of each compound, which is embedded at the beginning or at the end of a declarative carrier phrase. The acoustic analysis reveals that, as expected, right members categorically exhibit F0 evidence of stress. However, only the 15 compounds written as two orthographic units show strong evidence of left stress. This is especially so in utterance-initial position. The number of unstressed syllables between left and r.
Prosodic Structure, Performance Structure and Phrase Structure

It is natural to expect phrase structure to be important in predicting prosodic phrasing. Yet there appears to be a concensus that syntactic phrases do not correspond well to prosodic phrasing, and independent structures have been proposed to account for prosody.I propose that the problem with phrase structure lies with the particular measures of boundary strength applied to syntactic structures, and with the fact that phrase structure is viewed as an immediate constituency tree exclusively. I propose viewing phrase structure as a composite of immediate constituency and dependency relations, and present an alternative measure of boundary strength. I show that boundary strength according to this measure corresponds much more closely to empirical prosodic (and psycholinguistic) boundary strength than does syntactic boundary strength according to a standard measure.
Critical Success Factors of Business Intelligence System Implementations: Evidence from the Energy Sector

Business Intelligence BI systems are applied by increasing numbers of organizations in a wide range of sectors. Despite the growing numbers of BI solutions and the experience augmented in many implementation projects worldwide, as well as the value that BI systems provide to organizations, IT literature lacks a coherent set of definitions through which BI systems can be classified, categorized, and assessed. Furthermore, BI implementation projects often do not succeed or do not fully accomplish the degrees of value and performance as expected, when firms fail to complete the system implementation, to satisfy the needs of users or when the benefits BI systems produce are lower than anticipated. This paper presents an analytical framework through which BI systems are defined and classified. On the basis of this framework, possible technical, organizational, and personal factors that affect the failure, partial or full success of BI system implementations are discussed. These factors are followed by a case study and empirical data analyses that exemplify and assess the extent to which various organizational attributes and properties of users influence the success or failure of BI implementation projects. Finally, implications regarding the management of BI system implementation projects and the organizations that apply them are derived.
Ideology and commitment in family life: a case study of runners.

As part of a large study concerned with various aspects of marathon running 24 marathon runners and 17 of their spouses or partners were interviewed in depth. The interviews which lasted an hour or more explored in particular the degree of involvement, the motives for taking part in full or half marathon events and the impact which participation had on the runners and their families. The data showed a complex relationship existed between a desired level of involvement and what was achieved within the constraint of family and work commitments. The data also suggested that for the runners with families a number of different strategies were adopted in order to secure the necessary time to train for full or half marathon events. Three broad strategies were identified, taking time, buying time and sharing time, and each of these notions is discussed.
Word Error Probability Estimation by Means of a Modified Viterbi Decoder

In this paper, we introduce a new method for calculating word error probabilities by means of a modified Viterbi decoder. The proposed method can be seen as an approximation of the reliability output Viterbi algorithm (ROVA). The results provided by the proposed algorithm are only slightly worse than that of the ROVA, given a significantly lower computational complexity especially for codes with large memory lengths. As a potential application, both algorithms are compared in reliability- based HARQ.
Standing evolution on its head: The uneasy role of evolutionary theory in comparative cognition and communication

King, Barbara J. The Information Continuum: Evolution of Social Information Transfer in Monkeys, Apes, and Hominids. Santa Fe, NM: SAR Press, 1994. xii + 166 pp. including references and index. $17.50 paper. Parker, Sue Taylor, Mitchell, Robert W. , and Boccia, Maria L. , eds. Self‐Awareness in Animals and Humans: Developmental Perspectives. New York: Cambridge University Press, 1994. xviii + 442, including chapter references and index. $27.95 paper.
Psychiatric problems in individuals with autism, their parents and siblings

The objective of this paper is to review psychiatric problems in children and adults with autism and related disorders and their first-degree relatives, with a focus on: (1) why they present with psychiatric problems; (2) rates of psychiatric disorders; (3) clinical features important in diagnosis and differential diagnosis; (4) treatment. The data come from published reports of psychiatric problems in individuals with autism, Asperger's disorder, or Pervasive Developmental Disorder Not Otherwise Specified and their relatives and the clinical experience of the author and other experts. Children and adults with autism may present with psychiatric problems because of the core defining features of autism, cognitive impairments, medical disorders, other psychiatric symptoms and disorders, and life experiences related to having autism. The data suggest that depression, anxiety, impairing compulsive behaviours, attentional problems, hyperactivity, and sleep problems occur commonly in individuals with autism. Ti.
Racial Discrimination as a Correlate of African American Mothers’ Emotion Talk to Young Children

The current study was designed to test hypotheses derived from an ecological framework regarding the association between perceived racial discrimination and maternal emotion talk among a sample of 415 African American mothers living in the rural South. Mothers reported on experiences with racial discrimination when her child was 24 months old. Additionally, maternal emotion awareness was assessed by mothers’ use of emotion words during an emotion-laden picture book interaction with her young child. Hierarchical regression analysis revealed that mothers’ perception of racism was a significant positive predictor of mothers’ emotion words, even after controlling for a variety of distal demographics and maternal and child characteristics. However, this main effect was qualified by significant interactions. Specifically, the strength of the association between perceived discrimination and mothers’ emotion words was reduced in the presence of maternal psychological supports, including greater life satisfaction and knowledge of child development.
Model predictive direct flux vector control of multi three-phase induction motor drives

A model predictive control scheme for multiphase induction machines, configured as multi three-phase structures, is proposed in this paper. The predictive algorithm uses a Direct Flux Vector Control scheme based on a multi three-phase approach, where each three-phase winding set is independently controlled. In this way, the fault tolerant behavior of the drive system is improved. The proposed solution has been tested with a multi-modular power converter feeding a six-phase asymmetrical induction machine (10kW, 6000 rpm). Complete details about the predictive control scheme and adopted flux observer are included. The experimental validation in both generation and motoring mode is reported, including post open-winding fault operations. The experimental results demonstrate the feasibility of the proposed drive solution.