Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Comparison between three methods to value lower tear meniscus measured by image software

To measure different parameters of lower tear meniscus height (TMH) by using photography with open software of measurement. TMH was addressed from lower eyelid to the top of the meniscus (absolute TMH) and to the brightest meniscus reflex (reflex TMH). 121 young healthy subjects were included in the study. The lower tear meniscus was videotaped by a digital camera attached to a slit lamp. Three videos were recorded in central meniscus portion on three different methods: slit lamp without fluorescein instillation, slit lamp with fluorescein instillation and TearscopeTM without fluorescein instillation. Then, a masked observed obtained an image from each video and measured TMH by using open source software of measurement based on Java (NIH ImageJ). Absolute central (TMH-CA), absolute with fluorescein (TMH-F) and absolute using the Tearscope (TMH-Tc) were compared each other as well as reflex central (TMH-CR) and reflex Tearscope (TMH-TcR). Mean ± S.D. values of TMH-CA, TMH-CR, TMH-F, TMH-Tc and TMH-TcR of 0.209 ± 0.049, 0.139 ± 0.031, 0.222 ± 0.058, 0.175 ± 0.045 and 0.109 ± 0.029 mm, respectively were found. Paired t-test was performed for the relationship between TMH-CA – TMH-CR, TMH-CA – TMH-F, TMH-CA – TMH-Tc, TMH-F – TMH-Tc, TMH-Tc – TMH-TcR and TMH-CR – TMH-TcR. In all cases, it was found a significant difference between both variables (all p < 0.008). This study showed a useful tool to objectively measure TMH by photography. Eye care professionals should maintain the same TMH parameter in the follow-up visits, due to the difference between them.
A global spatiotemporal analysis of inland tropical cyclone maintenance or intensification

Forecasting tropical cyclone (TC) intensity changes over land is complicated by interactions of various surface and atmospheric features. Due to generally unfavorable conditions, many TCs weaken and decay soon after landfall. In some cases, TCs may also transition to extratropical cyclones (ETs). Despite the absence of oceanic forcing, a number of TCs have been observed to maintain or increase strength inland, termed “tropical cyclone maintenance or intensification’ (TCMIs). This study identifies the environments and characteristic features of TCMIs and explores physical processes that may help to produce an atmosphere conducive for tropical systems. The objectives are to compile an inland TC dataset over a 30‐year period, quantify TC traits that may relate to maximum strength over land, and analyse surface and atmospheric conditions leading up to intensification. Of 227 inland TCs globally, 45 maintained or increased strength inland: 17 cold‐core (ET), 16 warm‐core (TCMI), and 12 hybrid cases. Analysis of synoptic conditions indicates that TCs persist when low‐level temperature gradients are weak. Soil moisture gradients were in the vicinity of the cyclones at the time of intensification and may be forcing the TCMIs via increased surface latent heat flux (LHF). The area‐averaged LHF threshold is found to be around 70 W m−2 for TCMI occurrence. In the 2 weeks leading up to each TCMI, the LHF tends to be higher than average over the intensification regions and provides further evidence of land surface forcing.
Evidence for Late Eocene emplacement of the Malaita Terrane, Solomon Islands: Implications for an even larger Ontong Java Nui oceanic plateau

Most tectonic models for the Solomon Islands Arc invoke a Miocene collision with the Ontong Java Plateau (OJP) to halt cessation of Pacific Plate subduction, initiate Australian Plate subduction, and emplace the Malaita Terrane, which shares the characteristic basement age and geochemistry of OJP. Existing paleomagnetic evidence, however, required the Malaita Terrane to have been fixed to the arc from at least the Late Eocene. New sampling has yielded a paleomagnetic pole from Aptian–Albian limestones and mudstones that falls between the apparent polar wander paths for the Australian Plate and OJP, confirming the extended period of residence of the Malaita Terrane on the arc. Arc‐derived turbidities within Late Eocene through Miocene limestones on Malaita and Santa Isabel, and related clasts in broadly contemporary sandstones and conglomerates on Santa Isabel, also attest to early emplacement. Modeling the emplacement at 35 Ma satisfies both the paleomagnetic data and the sediment provenance. Continuing the reconstruction to 125 Ma leaves the Malaita Terrane far from OJP at the time of plateau formation. OJP is now understood to have formed as part of a larger Ontong Java Nui, also comprising the Hikurangi and Manihiki plateaus, separated by spreading during the Cretaceous. Restoring the separation of the known elements, and invoking an additional triple junction, unites the (now largely subducted) Malaita Terrane with the rest of Ontong Java Nui. Subduction of substantial areas of the Ontong Java Nui plateau, with little geological signal other than a reduction in arc volcanism, is a corollary.
Algorithm for vertical ozone profile determination for the Nimbus-4 BUV data set

A description is provided of the algorithm used by the Ozone Processing Team at NASA to process seven years of Backscatter Ultraviolet (BUV) ozone profile data. The algorithm is a modification of the original retrieval algorithm developed by Mateer (1972) to process some of the early data from the BUV experiment. Principal changes made are in the first guess selection scheme, the use of all wavelengths in the inversion, and the weighting of the various wavelengths according to the errors in the radiance estimation. It is found that the described BUV ozone profile algorithm is an extremely efficient algorithm for retrieving large amounts of satellite data. The algorithm makes full use of all the available information from the measured radiances including the longer wavelength radiances which previously had not been used.
Constraints on the structure of the Tibet Plateau from pure path phase velocities of Love and Rayleigh waves

Pure path phase velocities of Love and Rayleigh waves across the Tibet Plateau are determined for the period range 30–90 s and for two opposite directions of propagation along the length of the Plateau. The method used is a two-event method, similar in principle to the classical two-station method, where the roles of stations and events are interchanged. The success of this method is due to a favorable geometry, whereby events located at each end of the plateau align to within 1° of a great circle path with one WWSSN station at teleseismic distance to the east and one to the west. Body wave modeling is used to constrain depth and source mechanism of the events in order to calculate the corresponding source phases for surface waves. Phase velocities are determined to within ±0.02 km/s or better for Rayleigh waves and ±0.007 km/s for Love waves. The constraints added by these data to the crust and upper mantle structure beneath Tibet are discussed in the light of previous studies. The best fitting model has a 65 km thick crust, with low average crustal velocities and an Sn velocity of 4.65 km/s. The low velocity zone is limited to the depth range 100–150 km. The interesting result of this study is that both Love and Rayleigh wave data can be matched to within 1% in phase velocity by a unique isotropic model. This points to a similarity with a stable region upper mantle structure such as that of the Canadian Shield. Finally, additional Rayleigh wave phase velocity data are used to compare propagation on different paths in the vicinity of Tibet. The Tarim Basin, to the north of Tibet, stands out as having a distinct crustal structure, more similar to an average “tectonic region” structure. Moreover, evidence is presented for the existence of a very low velocity region at the western end of Tibet, which correlates well with a pronounced gravity low observed in that area.
Digitalization in Entrepreneurship Education: In Search of a New Approach

The paper aims to search for new approaches to entrepreneurship education in the digital age-related to the use of digital tools to achieve study results, such as expanding knowledge and increasing students’ entrepreneurial intention. This study examines various sources of scientific literature on digitization trends and challenges for entrepreneurship education and provides a statistical analysis of primary data. Identification of innovative learning tools, such as digital automatic software, and empirical research on the effectiveness of using the digital tool KABADA in the study process was carried out. The study reveals that university culture, lecturers’ and students’ competencies, and industry expectations are essential factors for the introduction of digitization in entrepreneurship education. The authors identified a new approach to entrepreneurship education using the digital automated software KABADA to create structured business plans that promote entrepreneurial intentions, but its use must be combined with classical studies.
Triggering and Characterisation of Realistic Internal Short Circuits in Lithium-Ion Pouch Cells—A New Approach Using Precise Needle Penetration

The internal short circuit (ISC) in lithium-ion batteries is a serious problem since it is probably the most common cause of a thermal runaway (TR) that still presents many open questions, even though it has been intensively investigated. Therefore, this article focusses on the generation and characterisation of the local single-layer ISC, which is typically caused by cell-internal impurity particles that cannot be completely eliminated in the cell production. A new, very promising method of precise and slow (1 μm s−1) needle penetration made it possible to generate the most safety-critical reliable short-circuit type—the contact between the Al-Collector and the graphite active material of the anode—as demonstrated on a 10 Ah Graphite/NMC pouch cell. The special efforts in achieving high reproducibility as well as the detailed analysis of the initiated internal short-circuit conditions led to more reliable and meaningful results. A comprehensive approach to characterisation has been made by detailed measurement of the dynamic short-circuit evolution and a subsequent post-characterisation, which included the application of different electrochemical measurement techniques as well as a post-abuse analysis. It was shown that the cells demonstrated a very individual and difficult-to-predict behaviour, which is a major challenge for early failure detection and risk assessment of cells with an existing or former ISC. On the one hand, it is found that despite high local temperatures of over 1260 ∘C and significant damage to the cell-internal structure, the cell did not develop a TR even with further cycling. On the other hand, it was observed that the TR occurs spontaneously without any previous abnormalities. Based on the overall test results, it was shown that at the high state of charge (SOC = 100%), even small, dynamically developing voltage drops (<10 mV) must be classified as safety-critical for the cell. For reliable and early failure detection, the first voltage drops of the ISC must already be detected.
Skog, makt och människor. En miljöhistoria om svensk skog 1800-1875.

The aim of this dissertation is to investigate how and why silviculture was introduced in Sweden in the nineteenth century and the consequences this introduction had during the same period. The term silviculture refers to the systematic cultivation of high forest, a method that spread from Germany at the end of the eighteenth century. The consequences referred to are the changes in nature and the social conflicts that silviculture brought with it, as well as the new values associated with forests and the utilisation of forests. Using an environmental historical investigation, I analyse the societal changes that were interconnected with changes in nature. By looking at silviculture as forest cultivation in a broad sense, my dissertation connects to the international research that regards the competition over land usage between food production and forest production as a reason for substitution and specialisation. My investigation revolves around the increasing shortage of oak timber available to the Swedish navy and the ecological and political causes of this shortage. The significance the timber shortage had for the introduction of systematic silviculture is analysed, together with the conflicts surrounding the traditional rights of forest usage. The various silviculture methods and their relation to changes in nature and society are also investigated. In addition, I investigate societal values concerning trees and forests as well as the differing ideas as to what forest is and what importance it has. The large-scale exploitation of the boreal forests in northern Sweden is contrasted with the forest cultivation silviculture in southern Sweden. The most significant conclusions are that the introduction of silviculture in Sweden had a clear association with the increasing natural resource problems of the agricultural society, which was magnified during the agricultural revolution; that it demanded far-reaching changes in the system of distribution via the abolishing of traditional rights of forest usage; and that older value systems regarding trees and forests were changed only very slowly through the introduction of silviculture.
Slit2 suppresses endotoxin‐induced uveitis by inhibiting the PI3K/Akt/IKK/NF‐κB pathway

Uveitis is a devastating intraocular inflammatory disease. The secreted leucine‐rich repeat protein slit homologue 2 (Slit2) has been found to be an essential regulator of inflammation. This study aimed to analyse the anti‐inflammatory effects and the underlying mechanisms of Slit2 in an endotoxin‐induced uveitis (EIU) rat model. In this study, rats with EIU pretreated recombinant human Slit2 (rhSlit2) or a control vehicle by intravitreal injection. The clinical scores were graded under a slit lamp. The protein concentrations and total number of cells in the aqueous humour (AqH) were examined, and the retinal expression of various inflammatory mediators was detected. The levels of nuclear factor‐kappa B (NF‐κB), phosphorylated NF‐κB, IkappaB‐a (IκB‐a), phosphorylated IκB‐a, IKK, phosphorylated IKK, PI3Kp85, phosphorylated PI3Kp85, Akt and phosphorylated Akt were evaluated by western blotting. Treatment with rhSlit2 dramatically diminished the clinical scores of EIU, with significant decreases in inflammatory cell infiltration, protein concentrations, cellulose‐like exudates, the production of ICAM‐1, MCP‐1, TNF‐α and IL‐6 in the AqH; and adhesion of leucocytes. The PI3K/Akt/IKK/NF‐κB pathway was found to be activated in EIU. However, the pre‐treatment of rhSlit2 significantly inhibited the production of ICAM‐1, MCP‐1, TNF‐α, and IL‐6, and inhibited leucocyte adhesion by modulating the PI3K/Akt/IKK/NF‐κB pathway. In conclusion, the intravitreal injection of rhSlit2 alleviated EIU‐related inflammation in Sprague–Dawley rats by reducing the proinflammatory cytokines and leucocyte adhesion; in particular, rhSlit2 may inhibit LPS‐induced inflammation by inhibiting the activation of PI3K/Akt/IKK/NF‐κB signalling pathway. Therefore, rhSlit2 shows significant potential for effectively alleviating immune inflammatory responses in vivo.
Socioemotional and Behavioral Problems of Grandchildren Raised by Grandparents: The Role of Grandparent–Grandchild Relational Closeness and Conflict

This study examined the associations of grandparent–grandchild relational closeness and conflict with grandchildren’s socioemotional and behavioral problems, including emotional symptoms, conduct problems, hyperactivity, peer problems, and abnormal prosocial behaviors. We analyzed primary cross-sectional survey data collected from custodial grandparents in the United States using logistic regression models. The results indicated that grandparent–grandchild relational closeness was significantly associated with lower odds of custodial grandchildren having emotional symptoms, conduct problems, peer problems, and abnormal prosocial behaviors, whereas grandparent–grandchild relational conflict was significantly associated with higher odds of emotional symptoms, conduct problems, hyperactivity, peer problems, and abnormal prosocial behaviors. Implications for increasing grandparent–grandchild relational closeness and decreasing relational conflicts among grandparent-headed families are discussed, which might improve grandchildren’s socioemotional and behavioral well-being.
Rapid Diagnostic of Streptococcus suis in Necropsy Samples of Pigs by thrA-Based Loop-Mediated Isothermal Amplification Assay

Streptococcus (S.) suis presents a serious threat to the pig industry as well as food safety and public health. Although several LAMP assays have been developed for the identification of S. suis, no universal assay is so far available for the field-suitable examination of clinical pig specimens. Based on the thrA housekeeping gene, a new loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP) assay was developed and validated for the detection of S. suis in the brain and joints of pigs. For this LAMP assay, two different methods for the extraction of DNA from brain and joint swabs were compared. Using the LPTV boiling method, the detection limit of LAMP was 1.08 CFU/reaction, while the detection limit was 53.8 CFU/reaction using a commercial DNA extraction kit. The detection limits of thrA-LAMP in combination with the LPTV boiling method were 104–105 CFU/swab in the presence of brain tissue and 103–104 CFU/swab in the presence of joint tissue. The diagnostic quality criteria of LAMP were determined by the examination of 49 brain swabs and 34 joint swabs obtained during routine diagnostic necropsies. Applying the LPTV boiling method to brain swabs, the sensitivity, specificity, and positive and negative predictive values of thrA-LAMP were 88.0, 95.8, 95.7, and 88.5% using cultural investigation as a reference method, and 76.7, 100, 100, and 73.1% using real-time PCR as a reference method. Based on these results, the thrA-LAMP assay combined with the LPTV boiling method is suitable for rapid detection of S. suis from brain swabs.
Seismic evidence for the stratified lithosphere in the south of the North China Craton

The North China Craton (NCC) formed in the Paleoproterozoic and suffered cratonic destruction in the Mesozoic. It consists of the Western NCC (WNCC), the Trans‐North China Orogen (TNCO) and the Eastern NCC (ENCC). We investigated the upper mantle structures in the southern NCC by using receiver functions analysis. Polarization analysis was applied to increase the quality of receiver functions. The seismic images show significant stratified structures in the upper mantle in the south of the NCC. In the south of the WNCC, the lithosphere is ~280 km thick and contains a low‐velocity zone at ~110–220 km depth. This low‐velocity zone is interpreted as an intracratonic partial melting zone. In the south of the TNCO and ENCC, there is a low‐velocity zone at ~60–200 km depth, which results from the partial melting during the Mesozoic cratonic destruction. Its upper boundary is interpreted as new Lithosphere‐Asthenosphere Boundary at ~60–100 km depth. Below this low‐velocity zone, there are the remains of Archean lithosphere (RAL). Blocks of RAL stagnate in the asthenosphere and reach depths over 300 km. A high‐velocity slab extends from the uppermost mantle of the WNCC into the RAL with a dip‐angle of ~20°. This slab is interpreted as the Paleoproterozoic slab, which indicates an eastward subduction between the WNCC and the ENCC. The WNCC is stable. The lithosphere in the south of the TNCO and ENCC suffered the Mesozoic cratonic destruction, while the destruction is relatively weaker than that in the north of the ENCC.
Analytic Properties of Diffraction Gratings

The chapter presents a review of most important general properties of gratings, which a user should not ignore and that are derived directly from the boundary value problem without any use of computer. These analytic properties are valuable at least for two reasons. First, they strongly contribute to a better understanding of an instrument which puzzled and fascinated many specialists of Optics since the beginning of the 20th century. Secondly, they allow a theoretician to check the validity of a new theory or its numerical implementation, although one must be very cautious: a theory can fail while its results satisfy some analytic rules. Specially, this surprising remark apply to properties like energy balance or reciprocity theorem. The first part of this chapter is devoted to the use of the elementary laws of Electromagnetics for stating the boundary value problems of gratings in various cases of materials and polarizations. Then, we deduce from the boundary value problems the most important analytic properties of gratings.
Changes in Hemolymph Microbiota of Chinese Mitten Crab (Eriocheir sinensis) in Response to Aeromonas hydrophila or Staphylococcus aureus Infection

Simple Summary Chinese mitten crab (Eriocheir sinensis), which has nutritional and delicious qualities, is an economically important farmed crab species. Unfortunately, bacterial diseases often occur during the breeding process in Chinese mitten crabs, resulting in significant economic losses. The role of the hemolymph microbiota in modulating physiological and biochemical functions in crustaceans is well established. However, role of the hemolymph microbiota of E. sinensis in relation to infections remains underinvestigated. Here, we studied the changes in the composition and function of the hemolymph microbiota in E. sinensis infected with either Staphylococcus aureus or Aeromonas hydrophila. Diverse patterns of structural alterations were observed in the hemolymph microbiota of crabs when exposed to various pathogens. The dynamic shifts in both the structure and function of the hemolymph microbiota provided valuable insights into the mechanisms employed by the hemolymph microbiota of E. sinensis in response to bacterial infections. Abstract The Chinese mitten crab (Eriocheir sinensis) has significant economic potential in both the Chinese domestic and global markets. The hemolymph microbiota is known to play a critical role in regulating physiological and biochemical functions in crustaceans. However, the study of the hemolymph microbiota of E. sinensis in response to infections has not been undertaken. In this study, changes in the composition and function of the hemolymph microbiota in E. sinensis infected with either Staphylococcus aureus (Sa) or Aeromonas hydrophila (Ah) were investigated using 16S rRNA sequencing, with a phosphate buffer saline (PBS) injection serving as the control. Results showed that the dominant hemolymph microbiota of E. sinensis were Proteobacteria, Bacteroidota, and Firmicutes. The relative abundance of the phyla Firmicutes, Bdellovibrionota, and Myxococcota was significantly reduced in both Sa and Ah groups compared to the PBS group. At the genus level, compared to the PBS group, a significant increase in the abundance of Flavobacterium and Aeromonas was found in both Ah and Sa groups. The analysis of the functional profile showed that pathways related to ‘cell growth and death’, ‘metabolism of terpenoids and polyketides’, ‘cancers’, ‘lipid metabolism’, ‘neurodegenerative diseases’, ‘metabolism of other amino acids’, ‘xenobiotics biodegradation and metabolism’, and ‘circulatory system and endocrine system’ were predominant in the Ah group. Meanwhile, pathways related to ‘metabolism or genetic information progressing’, such as ‘translation’, ‘metabolic diseases’, and ‘cellular processes and signaling’, were enriched in the Sa group. This study revealed the effects of pathogens (S. aureus or A. hydrophila) on the maintenance of the hemolymph microbiota in E. sinensis. It shed light on the mechanisms employed by the hemolymph microbiota of E. sinensis under pathogen stimulation.