Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Diffusional flux of CO2 through snow: Spatial and temporal variability among alpine‐subalpine sites

Three alpine and three subalpine sites were monitored for up to 4 years to acquire data on the temporal and spatial variability of CO2 flux through snowpacks. We conclude that the snow formed a passive cap which controlled the concentration of CO2 at the snow-soil interface, while the flux of CO2 into the atmosphere was controlled by CO2 production in the soil. Seasonal variability in the flux at all sites was characterized by early winter minima followed by a rise in flux that averaged 70% above the minima over about a 1-month period. The seasonal variability was not related to soil temperatures which remained relatively constant. Interannual variability was small, and spatial variability was smaller than previously reported. Spatial variability on a scale of 1 to 10 m was less than 30% of the average fluxes and not significantly greater than estimated error in most cases. Spatial variability on a scale of 10- to 100-m was about a factor of 2 and on a scale of 100 to 1000 m was about a factor of 4. The 100- to 1000-m variability was complicated by the fact that the sites were in different ecosystems, alpine and subalpine, and at different elevations. We attribute the small variability at the 1- to 10-m scale to the deep snow cover, from 1.4 to 5 m. We hypothesize that horizontal diffusion under the snow cover reduced small-scale horizontal gradients, while the insulating effect of the deep snow cover kept the soil temperature and moisture relatively constant. Equivalent annual wintertime flux averaged about 95 g C m−2 yr−1 in the alpine and about 232 g C m−2 yr−1 in the subalpine sites. Measurements of CO2 concentrations at 0.2 and 0.5 m in the soil of one of the subalpine sites indicated that production early in the snow season occurred at or below 0.5 m while production between 0.5 m, and the surface became important after the start of the melt season.
Current structure and mixing in the shelf/slope water front south of New England

Horizontal and vertical currents in the front along the edge of the continental shelf south of New England during the late spring were measured by tracking special neutrally buoyant floats which tagged different water masses. The mean current (10–20 cm s−1) was westward along the shelf and was confined completely to the overlying shelf water with a geostrophic transport of about 0.7 sverdrups between the 80- and 300-m isobaths. No mean cross-shelf or vertical currents could be reliably measured. Higher-frequency currents were detected and are described. Numerous conductivity-temperature-depth lowerings were made over the drifting floats to examine the interleaving process and possible mixing between shelf water and slope water. The layers are thinned by vertical shear, and they gain and lose both heat and salt on a time scale of 1–3 days. This plus the rich microstructure suggests the existence of vertical turbulent exchange between layers having a turbulent diffusivity of the order of 5 cm2 s. Estimates of net annual heat and salt input to the shelf are made, and they appear to be significant in determining the heat and salt budget of the shelf water mass.
Trace element geochemistry of the Highland Valley and Guichon Creek Batholith in relation to porphyry copper mineralization

Trace element content of more than 1,500 bedrock samples from the vicinity of the Valley Copper, Bethlehem-JA, Lornex, and Highmont porphyry copper deposits in the Highland Valley of British Columbia has been investigated. Chemical variations in fresh rocks of the Guichon Creek batholith are consistent with a model of fractional crystallization of a calc-alkaline dioritic magma. Cu, together with the trace elements Co, Mn, Ni, V, and Zn, is depleted with increasing fractionation, and relatively low concentrations are characteristic of the more felsic core of the batholith. Geochemical patterns near the deposits are described in relation to primary lithology, hydrothermal alteration, and mineralization. Cu and S show the greatest geochemical contrast with halos extending at least 0.5 km from the principal mineralized zones. B anomalies, in part associated with breccia pipes, also extend beyond the alteration envelopes. Dispersion of the lithophile elements Rb, Sr, and Ba, and to a lesser degree Zn and Mn, is influenced by type and intensity of wall-rock alterations. As a result their halos of enrichment and/or depletion do not extend beyond the alteration envelopes. It is concluded that Cu and S provide the most extensive and useful exploration target.
Epigenetic regulation of protein translation in KMT2A-rearranged AML

Inhibition of the histone methyl-transferase DOT1L (KMT4) has shown encouraging activity in preclinical models of KMT2A (MLL)-rearranged leukemia. The DOT1L inhibitor pinometostat (EPZ5676) was well tolerated in early phase clinical trials and showed modest clinical activity, including occasional complete responses (CRs) as single agent. These studies support the development of combinatorial therapies for KMT2A-rearranged leukemias. Here, we investigated two novel combinations: dual inhibition of the histone methyltransferases DOT1L and EZH2, and the combination of a DOT1L inhibitor with the protein synthesis inhibitor homoharringtonine (HHR). EZH2 is the catalytic histone methyltransferase in the polycomb repressive complex 2 (PRC2), and inhibition of EZH2 has reported preclinical activity in KMT2A-rearranged leukemia. We found that the H3K79 and H3K27 methyl marks are not dependent on each other, and that DOT1L and EZH2 inhibition affect largely distinct gene expression programs. In particular, the KMT2A/DOT1L target HOXA9, which is commonly de-repressed as a consequence of PRC2 loss or inhibition in other contexts, was not re-activated upon dual DOT1L/EZH2 knockout or inhibition. Despite encouraging data in murine KMT2A-MLLT3 transformed cells suggesting synergy between DOT1L and EZH2 inhibition, we found both synergistic and antagonistic effects on a panel of human KMT2A rearranged cell lines. Combinatorial inhibition of DOT1L and EZH2 is thus not a promising strategy. We identified opposing effects on ribosomal gene transcription and protein translation by DOT1L and EZH2 as a mechanism that is partially responsible for observed antagonistic effects. The effects of DOT1L inhibition on ribosomal gene expression prompted us to evaluate the combination of EPZ5676 with a protein translation inhibitor. EPZ5676 was synergistic with the protein translation inhibitor homoharringtonine (HHR), supporting further preclinical/clinical development of this combination.
Early marine diagenesis in corals and geochemical consequences for paleoceanographic reconstructions

Detecting the potential geochemical consequences of early marine diagenesis is essential for establishing the validity of past climate reconstructions from coral. We present coral skeletal δ18O and Sr/Ca data for two long coral cores spanning 1839‐1994 AD at Ningaloo Reef, Western Australia, one of which includes significant secondary precipitation of marine inorganic aragonite. Long‐term trends in reconstructed sea surface temperatures (SSTs) for the well preserved coral correlate strongly with instrumental SST records spanning the 20th century. In contrast, the δ18O and Sr/Ca for the diagenetically altered coral give identical cool SST anomalies of 4‐5°C, as a consequence of the addition of secondary aragonite enriched in 18O and Sr. Our results indicate that cross‐checking of paleoclimate reconstructions with two supposedly independent paleothermometers may not be valid, and that coral records showing cooler SSTs in the past need to be interpreted with caution. Furthermore, modern coral records with long‐term trends in δ18O indicating recent warming and freshening of the ocean can be potentially explained by early marine diagenesis.
Calibration of remotely sensed soil moisture

All remotely sensed soil moisture data have to be calibrated by reference measurements on ground. The gravimetric sampling (oven drying) is not suitable. It is time consuming, expensive, and destroys the site. Also the neutron probe has less and less acceptance. The remaining possibility is the dielectric moisture determination by rf or microwaves. The optimal measuring frequency for such a device is between 100 MHz and 1000 MHz. Our previously published frost-calibrated in-situ sensor uses 250 MHz. The difference to the used remote sensing frequencies, in L-C- and X-bands is too large. In addition the stationary in-situ device measures only its closest neighborhood. The remotely sensed pixel however is much larger. Therefore, we developed an intermediate sensor for a good compromise in these discrepancies. With frequencies of 540 MHz and 940 MHz it is intermediate to the in-situ sensor (250 MHz) and to the used L-C-X-bands. It is a Goubau-type open-ended surface waveguide, a simple dielectric coated stick, touching the soil surface. The reflected wave on the Goubau-line is a function of the moisture from a well-defined area under the line (0 0.4 m). So, it is intermediate concerning the measuring area, as well. We need approximately 10 minutes for scanning an area of 100 m2. This time is short enough. On the other side, this surface moisture sensor will be calibrated by a very accurate frost-calibrated in-situ sensor. An overall system accuracy of 6% can be achieved by this two step indirect ground truth.
Chlorine budget and partitioning during the Stratospheric Aerosol and Gas Experiment (SAGE) III Ozone Loss and Validation Experiment (SOLVE)

[1] The amount of chlorine in the stratosphere has a direct influence on the magnitude of chlorine-catalyzed ozone loss. A comprehensive suite of organic source gases of chlorine in the stratosphere was measured during the NASA Stratospheric Aerosol and Gas Experiment (SAGE) III Ozone Loss and Validation Experiment (SOLVE) campaign in the arctic winter of 2000. Measurements included chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs), hydrochlorofluorocarbons (HCFCs), halon 1211, solvents, methyl chloride, N2O, and CH4. Inorganic chlorine contributions from each compound were calculated using the organic chlorine measurements, mean age of air, tropospheric trends, and a method to account for mixing in the stratosphere. Total organic chlorine measured at tropospheric levels of N2O was on the order of 3500 ppt. Total calculated inorganic chlorine at a N2O mixing ratio of 50 ppb (corresponding to a mean age of 5.5 years) was on the order of 3400 ppt. CFCs were the largest contributors to total organic chlorine (55–70%) over the measured N2O range (50–315 ppb), followed by CH3Cl (15%), solvents (5–20%), and HCFCs (5–25%). CH3Cl contribution was consistently about 15% across the organic chlorine range. Contributions to total calculated inorganic chlorine at 50 ppb N2O were 58% from CFCs, 24% from solvents, 16% from CH3Cl, and 2% from HCFCs. Updates to fractional chlorine release values for each compound relative to CFC 11 were calculated from the SOLVE measurements. An average value of 0.58 was calculated for the fractional chlorine release of CFC 11 over the 3–4 year mean age range, which was lower than the previous value of 0.80. The fractional chlorine release values for HCFCs 141b and 142b relative to CFC 11 were significantly lower than previous calculations.
Assessment of sample quality in soft clay using shear wave velocity and suction measurements

The characterisation of soils for civil engineering purposes depends on removing sufficiently high-quality samples from the ground. Accurate evaluation of sample quality is therefore important if reliable design parameters are to be determined. This paper describes the use of unconfined shear wave velocity (Vs) and suction (ur) measurements to assess sample quality rapidly in soft clay. Samples of varying quality from three well-characterised soft clay sites are initially assessed using conventional techniques, and their results compared with Vs and ur measurements performed on the same samples. It is observed that the quality of samples indicated by these measurements is very similar to those inferred from traditional disturbance measures, with Vs being the more reliable indicator. A tentative empirically derived criterion, based on samples tested in this project, is proposed to quantify sample disturbance combining both Vs and ur measurements. Further work using this criterion on different materials is .
Coastal Southern Ocean: A strong anthropogenic CO2 sink

Large‐scale estimates of the Southern Ocean CO2 sink do not adequately resolve the fluxes associated with Antarctic continental shelves. Using a mechanistic three‐dimensional biogeochemical model of the Ross Sea, we show that Antarctic shelf waters are a strong sink for CO2 due to high biological productivity, intense winds, high ventilation rates, and extensive winter sea ice cover. Net primary production (NPP) in these waters is ∼0.055 Pg C yr−1. Some of this carbon sinks to depth, driving an influx of CO2 of 20–50 g C m−2 yr−1. Although currently unaccounted for, the total atmospheric CO2 sink on the Ross Sea continental shelf of 0.013 Pg C yr−1 is equivalent to 27% of the most recent estimate of the CO2 sink for the entire Southern Ocean. Given these results, these and other highly productive waters around the Antarctic continent need to be included in future budgets of anthropogenic CO2.
Wnt/ β -catenin signaling directs the regional expansion of first and second heart field-derived ventricular cardiomyocytes

proliferation to control cardiac morphogenesis. During ventricular wall formation, the compact myocardium proliferates more vigorously than the trabecular myocardium, but the mechanisms controlling such regional differences among cardiomyocyte populations are not understood. Control of definitive cardiomyocyte proliferation is of great importance for application to regenerative cell-based therapies. We have used murine and human pluripotent stem cell systems to demonstrate that, during in vitro cellular differentiation, early ventricular cardiac myocytes display a robust proliferative response to β -catenin-mediated signaling and conversely accelerate differentiation in response to inhibition of this pathway. Using gain- and loss-of-function murine genetic models, we show that β -catenin controls ventricular myocyte proliferation during development and the perinatal period. We further demonstrate that the differential activation of the Wnt/ β -catenin signaling pathway accounts for the observed differences in the proliferation rates of the compact versus the trabecular myocardium during normal cardiac development. Collectively, these results provide a mechanistic explanation for the differences in localized proliferation rates of cardiac myocytes and point to a practical method for the generation of the large numbers of stem cell-derived cardiac myocytes necessary for clinical applications.
Atmospheric Radiation Measurement Program Raman Lidar at Southern Great Plains: New Measurement Capabilities

The Atmospheric Radiation Measurement Program (ARM) Raman Lidar (CARL) was designed and deployed for the purpose of collecting a long-term observational data set that can be used to study and improve the understanding of processes that affect atmospheric radiation and the description of these processes in climate models [1]. It operates as an unattended, turn-key system for profiling tropospheric water vapor, aerosol and clouds around-the-clock [2]. It has been in continuous operation since February 1998 and a unique set of over 45,000 hours (over 5 years) of data is now available. The uptime for CARL since February 1998 is shown in Figure 1. The main down periods are associated with refurbishments and upgrades of the system.
Minimal "Self" Peptides That Inhibit Phagocytic Clearance and Enhance Delivery of Nanoparticles

Stealth Delivery Delivery of therapeutics and imaging agents is hampered by the ability of the innate immune system to recognize and clear foreign particles. "Self" cells are protected from phagocytic clearance by the membrane protein CD47 that interacts with signal regulatory protein-α (SIRPα) on macrophages. Taking advantage of this protective strategy, Rodriguez et al. (p. 971) labeled nanoparticles with computationally designed minimal human-CD47–based peptide (hCD47). When injected into a strain of mice in which macrophages expressed a SIRPα that cross-reacts with hCD47, the peptide prevented clearance of nanoparticles and enhanced drug delivery to tumors. Cloaking nanoparticles with host-like peptides increases their lifetime enough to allow imaging of tumors. Foreign particles and cells are cleared from the body by phagocytes that must also recognize and avoid clearance of "self" cells. The membrane protein CD47 is reportedly a "marker of self" in mice that impedes phagocytosis of self by signaling through the phagocyte receptor CD172a. Minimal "Self" peptides were computationally designed from human CD47 and then synthesized and attached to virus-size particles for intravenous injection into mice that express a CD172a variant compatible with hCD47. Self peptides delay macrophage-mediated clearance of nanoparticles, which promotes persistent circulation that enhances dye and drug delivery to tumors. Self-peptide affinity for CD172a is near the optimum measured for human CD172a variants, and Self peptide also potently inhibits nanoparticle uptake mediated by the contractile cytoskeleton. The reductionist approach reveals the importance of human Self peptides and their utility in enhancing drug delivery and imaging.
Water Mass Exchange in the Southern Ocean in Coupled Climate Models

AbstractThe authors estimate water mass transformation rates resulting from surface buoyancy fluxes and interior diapycnal fluxes in the region south of 30°S in the Estimating the Circulation and Climate of the Ocean (ECCO) model-based state estimation and three free-running coupled climate models. The meridional transport of deep and intermediate waters across 30°S agrees well between models and observationally based estimates in the Atlantic Ocean but not in the Indian and Pacific, where the model-based estimates are much smaller. Associated with this, in the models about half the southward-flowing deep water is converted into lighter waters and half is converted to denser bottom waters, whereas the observationally based estimates convert most of the inflowing deep water to bottom waters. In the models, both Antarctic Intermediate Water (AAIW) and Antarctic Bottom Water (AABW) are formed primarily via an interior diapycnal transformation rather than being transformed at the surface via heat or freshwate.
Sustained visual acuity loss in the comparison of age-related macular degeneration treatments trials.

IMPORTANCE Although anti-vascular endothelial growth factor treatment of neovascular age-related macular degeneration (AMD) results in improved vision overall, loss of substantial vision can occur. Understanding the processes that lead to loss of vision may lead to preventive strategies. OBJECTIVE To determine the incidence, characteristics, causes, and baseline predictors of sustained visual acuity loss after 2 years of treatment with ranibizumab or bevacizumab for neovascular AMD. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS A cohort study within a randomized clinical trial of participants in the Comparison of Age-Related Macular Degeneration Treatments Trials (CATT). INTERVENTIONS Participants were randomly assigned to treatment with ranibizumab or bevacizumab and to 2 years of monthly or as needed injections or monthly injections for 1 year and as needed injections the following year. MAIN OUTCOMES AND MEASURES Sustained visual acuity loss, defined as loss of 15 or more letters from baseline at weeks 88 and 104. RESULTS Among 1030 participants, 61 eyes (5.9%) developed sustained visual acuity loss in 2 years. Within this group, visual acuity decreased gradually over time, with a mean decrease of 2, 19, and 33 letters from baseline at 4 weeks, 1 year, and 2 years, respectively. At 2 years, eyes with sustained visual acuity loss had more scarring (60.0% vs 41.4%, P = .007), more geographic atrophy (GA) (31.6% vs 20.7%, P = .004), larger lesions (16 vs 8 mm2, P < .001), and higher proportions of intraretinal fluid (82.5% vs 51.0%, P < .001), subretinal hyperreflective material (84.5% vs 44.2%, P < .001), retinal thinning (43.3% vs 23.0%, P < .001), and thickening (20.0% vs 12.1%, P < .001). Likely causes of sustained visual acuity loss included foveal scarring (44.3%), pigmentary abnormalities (27.9%), and foveal GA (11.5%). Baseline factors independently associated with a higher incidence of sustained visual acuity loss were the presence of nonfoveal GA (odds ratio [OR], 2.86; 95% CI, 1.35-6.08; P = .006), larger area of choroidal neovascularization (OR for a >4-disc area vs ≤1-disc area, 3.91; 95% CI, 1.70-9.03; P = .007), and bevacizumab treatment (OR, 1.83; 95% CI, 1.07-3.14; P = .03). CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE Sustained visual acuity loss was relatively rare in CATT. The development of foveal scar, pigmentary abnormalities, or GA contributed to most of the sustained visual acuity loss. Risk was 3% higher among eyes treated with bevacizumab. Treatment that targeted the prevention of scarring or GA may improve vision outcomes. TRIAL REGISTRATION clinicaltrials.gov Identifier: NCT00593450.
Mild behavioral impairment as a predictor of cognitive functioning in older adults

ABSTRACT Objective: To assess the influence of mild behavioral impairment (MBI) on the cognitive performance of older adults who are cognitively healthy or have mild cognitive impairment (MCI). Methods: Secondary data analysis of a sample (n = 497) of older adults from the Florida Alzheimer’s Disease Research Center who were either cognitively healthy (n = 285) or diagnosed with MCI (n = 212). Over half of the sample (n = 255) met the operationalized diagnostic criteria for MBI. Cognitive domains of executive function, attention, short-term memory, and episodic memory were assessed using a battery of neuropsychological tests. Results: Older adults with MBI performed worse on tasks of executive function, attention, and episodic memory compared to those without MBI. A significant interaction revealed that persons with MBI and MCI performed worse on tasks of episodic memory compared to individuals with only MCI, but no significant differences were found in performance in cognitively healthy older adults with or without MBI on this cognitive domain. As expected, cognitively healthy older adults performed better than individuals with MCI on every domain of cognition. Conclusions: The present study found evidence that independent of cognitive status, individuals with MBI performed worse on tests of executive function, attention, and episodic memory than individuals without MBI. Additionally, those with MCI and MBI perform significantly worse on episodic memory tasks than individuals with only MCI. These results provide support for a unique cognitive phenotype associated with MBI and highlight the necessity for assessing both cognitive and behavioral symptoms.
Semidistributed Hydrological Model with Scarce Information: Application to a Large South American Binational Basin

AbstractIn this paper the process to implement the Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT) in Catamayo-Chira binational basin (11,910.74 km2) in the border area between Ecuador and Peru (South America) is detailed. The basin under study has a low density of meteorological and hydrological stations as well as a notable variation in its biophysical characteristics, which further highlights the lack of information. The SWAT model requires a great amount of parameters for its implementation. Its performance was studied, even though the writers had scarce information. The SWAT model made a relatively satisfactory reproduction of the historical record of flows, i.e., Nash-Sutcliffe model efficiency coefficient of 0.73, with certain limitations in calculation of sediment production. Two land-use scenarios were analyzed, observing that an increase of natural forest and shrub areas could significantly reduce sediment production.