Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Search-based Tier Assignment for Optimising Offline Availability in Multi-tier Web Applications

Web programmers are often faced with several challenges in the development process of modern, rich internet applications. Technologies for the different tiers of the application have to be selected: a server-side language, a combination of JavaScript, HTML and CSS for the client, and a database technology. Meeting the expectations of contemporary web applications requires even more effort from the developer: many state of the art libraries must be mastered and glued together. This leads to an impedance mismatch problem between the different technologies and it is up to the programmer to align them manually. Multi-tier or tierless programming is a web programming paradigm that provides one language for the different tiers of the web application, allowing the programmer to focus on the actual program logic instead of the accidental complexity that comes from combining several technologies. While current tierless approaches therefore relieve the burden of having to combine different technologies into one application, the distribution of the code is explicitly tied into the program. Certain distribution decisions have an impact on crosscutting concerns such as information security or offline availability. Moreover, adapting the programs such that the application complies better with these concerns often leads to code tangling, rendering the program more difficult to understand and maintain. We introduce an approach to multi-tier programming where the tierless code is decoupled from the tier specification. The developer implements the web application in terms of slices and an external specification that assigns the slices to tiers. A recommender system completes the picture for those slices that do not have a fixed placement and proposes slice refinements as well. This recommender system tries to optimise the tier specification with respect to one or more crosscutting concerns. This is in contrast with current cutting edge solutions that hide distribution decisions from the programmer. In this paper we show that slices, together with a recommender system, enable the developer to experiment with different placements of slices, until the distribution of the code satisfies the programmer's needs. We present a search-based recommender system that maximises the offline availability of a web application and a concrete implementation of these concepts in the tier-splitting tool Stip.js.
Getting Women Out: the limits of reintegration reform

O ver the past 30 years, research has demonstrated that crime is gendered and that gender matters in shaping criminal justice responses to women and in terms of the differential effects of policies (Bloom, 2003; Carlen 2002). Considerable research has focused on the characteristics and experiences of women in prison. Less emphasis has been placed on women's reintegration and on the individual, structural and systemic challenges confronting women as they gradually regain their freedom. While Canada is considered an international leader in women's corrections, its focus on community reintegration is quite recent. This abbreviated article reviews the Correctional Service of Canada's (CSC) community strategy for federally sentenced women and the barriers to successful reintegration.
Transport of horseradish peroxidase from the cell surface to the Golgi in insulin‐secreting cells: preferential labelling of cisternae located in an intermediate position in the stack.

We have used serial sectioning to study the topology of Golgi cisternae in insulin‐secreting cells during secretion‐stimulated endocytotic uptake of exogenous horseradish peroxidase (HRP). HRP‐labelled cisternae were followed on several series of consecutive sections. This revealed that labelled cisternae could always be traced to a position in the Golgi stack intermediate between the cis and the trans poles. This occurred in spite of the apparent cis or trans locations of HRP‐containing cisternae on some sections. The latter images could be explained by the lack of the true cis or trans (clathrin‐coated) cisternae at certain levels of the stack.
Guanaco Management in Argentina: Taking a Commons Perspective

This paper deals with wildlife as a non-conventional common-pool resource (CPR) in a country, Argentina, which is poorly represented in the commons literature. Many of Argentinás public policies regarding natural resource management reflect the historical denial of indigenous and low-income rural communities by the State and the promotion of private property over common property. This paper discusses the challenges facing live shearing programs for guanaco (Lama guanicoe) in Argentinian Patagonia and the potential for incorporating lessons from the commons in order to promote sustainable use.
Functional Connectomics from Data: Probabilistic Graphical Models for Neuronal Network of C. elegans

We propose a data-driven approach to represent neuronal network dynamics as a Probabilistic Graphical Model (PGM). Our approach learns the PGM structure by employing dimension reduction to network response dynamics evoked by stimuli applied to each neuron separately. The outcome model captures how stimuli propagate through the network and thus represents functional dependencies between neurons, i.e., functional connectome. The benefit of using a PGM as the functional connectome is that posterior inference can be done efficiently and circumvent the complexities in direct inference of response pathways in dynamic neuronal networks. In particular, posterior inference reveals the relations between known stimuli and downstream neurons or allows to query which stimuli are associated with downstream neurons. For validation and as an example for our approach we apply our methodology to a model of Caenorhabiditis elegans nervous system which structure and dynamics are well-studied. From its dynamical model we collect time series of the network response and use singular value decomposition to obtain a low-dimensional projection of the time series data. We then extract dominant patterns in each data matrix to get pairwise dependency information and create a graphical model for the full somatic nervous system. The PGM enables us to obtain and verify underlying neuronal pathways dominant for known behavioral scenarios and to detect possible pathways for novel scenarios.
Theory and design of an ultra-linear square-law approximated LDMOS power amplifier in class-AB operation

This paper describes a power amplifier, employing parallel-connected laterally diffused metal-oxide semiconductor (LDMOS) devices with optimized channel widths and bias offsets to approximate ideal square-law behavior of the overall transconductance in class-AB operation. The proposed method results in a significant linearity improvement over a large dynamic range in comparison to a conventional amplifier in class-A or class-AB operation. Measurements demonstrate an improvement of 20 dB in third-order intermodulation distortion and 10 dB in adjacent channel power ratio for wide-band code-division multiple access at 12-dB output power backoff from the 1-dB gain compression point. Consequently, this amplifier can be operated more toward the compression region with better linearity and drain efficiency compared to a conventional LDMOS power-amplifier design.
Inequalities, marginality and the professions

Professional ideologies generally commit to addressing inequalities among clients and/or the public as part of their altruistic ethos. Sociologists of professions in the Anglo-American context have written on the extent to which this commitment is honoured by professional groups, either in a positive or more critical light. This article, however, argues that professions cannot be conceptualised as equal, homogeneous entities and are best seen as hierarchically differentiated groups based on varying forms of exclusionary social closure. As such, it reviews the literature on inequalities between professional groups from a neo-Weberian approach – which is favoured over other perspectives – through the concept of marginality, primarily using the illustrative context of health care. With particular reference to the case of complementary and alternative medicine, the article highlights that future research needs to focus more on how positions of marginality influence inequalities beyond the professions – in other words, on how inequalities within professions affect inequalities without.
Minimising misinformation effects in young children with cognitive interview mnemonics

This research evaluated the effect of several variations of a Cognitive interview on 4-5-year-old children's correct recall and subsequent reporting of misinformation. Children viewed an event followed by misinformation that was read or self-generated before a Cognitive interview. Children were then given recognition tests under inclusion and exclusion instructions. Developmentally modified Cognitive interviews elicited significantly more correct details than control interviews. A Cognitive interview given after misinformation reduced children's reporting of misinformation at interview and reduced reporting of self-generated misinformation on memory tests. Moreover, this research shows that the report all and context reinstatement Cognitive interview mnemonics in combination can offer some protection against the negative effect of misinformation when given after such misinformation. Process dissociation analyses revealed that both recollection and familiarity contributed to children's reporting of misinformation. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. Language: en
How do developers use C++ libraries? An empirical study

C++ libraries provide an abundance of reusable components for writing high-quality programs and are thus widely adopted by software developers. However, to date there is little work investigating how these libraries are actually used in real software. In this paper, we perform an empirical study to investigate the adoption of C++ standard libraries in open-source applications, with the goal to provide actionable information for developers to help them employ libraries more efficiently. To this end, we analyze 379 historical revisions of 30 applications, containing 149 million lines of C++ code, to conduct the experiment. The experimental results show that: (1) three standard libraries (i.e. Containers Library, Utilities Library, and Strings Library) are significantly more often used than other libraries; (2) the new libraries of C++11 (i.e. Regular Expressions Library, Atomic Operations Library, and Thread Support Library) are significantly less often used than the formerlyestablished libraries; (3) the deprecated library constructs (i.e. auto pointers, function objects, and array I/O operations) are not used at a declining frequency; and (4) applications with a larger size do not adopt libraries more frequently. Based on these results, we propose four suggestions, which could help developers learn and use C++ libraries in an efficient way. KeywordsProgramming Language, C++, Library, Empirical Study
Training recollection in healthy older adults: clear improvements on the training task, but little evidence of transfer

Normal aging holds negative consequences for memory, in particular for the ability to recollect the precise details of an experience. With this in mind, Jennings and Jacoby (2003) developed a recollection training method using a single-probe recognition memory paradigm in which new items (i.e., foils) were repeated during the test phase at increasingly long intervals. In previous reports, this method has appeared to improve older adults’ performance on several non-trained cognitive tasks. We aimed to further examine potential transfer effects of this training paradigm and to determine which cognitive functions might predict training gains. Fifty-one older adults were assigned to either recollection training (n = 30) or an active control condition (n = 21) for six sessions over 2 weeks. Afterward, the recollection training group showed a greatly enhanced ability to reject the repeated foils. Surprisingly, however, the training and the control groups improved to the same degree in recognition accuracy (d′) on their respective training tasks. Further, despite the recollection group’s significant improvement in rejecting the repeated foils, we observed little evidence of transfer to non-trained tasks (including a temporal source memory test). Younger age and higher baseline scores on a measure of global cognitive function (as measured by the Montreal Cognitive Assessment tool) and working memory (as measured by Digit Span Backward) predicted gains made by the recollection training group members.
Skill Level and Recreation Conflict among Skiers and Snowboarders

This paper examines out-group and in-group normative beliefs about unacceptable behaviors (conflict) reported by skiers and snowboarders with varying skill levels. Individuals with greater skills in skiing and snowboarding were predicted to experience more conflict than those with less ability in the activity. Across all skill levels, skiers and snowboarders were hypothesized to report more out-group than in-group conflict. Data were obtained from surveys (n = 595) distributed at five ski resorts in Colorado. Skiers and snowboarders rated their skill level on a four-point scale (beginner, intermediate, advanced, or expert). Multiple item indices were created to measure observed unacceptable behaviors between skiers and snowboarders. Analyses supported both hypotheses. As perceived skill level increased, out-group and in-group conflict increased for both skiers and snowboarders. Within each skill level, skiers reported more unacceptable behaviors by snowboarders than with fellow skiers, and snowboarders also identified more out-group than in-group conflict.
Consumer Locus of Control as a Moderator of the Relationship between Mood and Consumers` Likelihood to Purchase

Although previous works have established that mood can considerably influence consumer behavior (Vohs et al. 2007), they provided inconsistent results (Cohen et al. 2008). In particular, previous works only examined the willingness of consumers to regulate their mood and implicitly assumed that consumers have the control to regulate their mood states. Thus, this research intends to fill the current gap in the extant literatures by investigating whether consumer locus of control (CLOC) can act as a moderator for mood effects on consumers` likelihood to purchase. In an experiment, participants` CLOC was initially measured. Afterwards, they watched different video clips to induce different mood states. Finally, participants rated their likelihood to purchase after seeing an advertisement. The results suggest that, in the positive mood, CLOC tendencies do not impact consumers` likelihood to purchase. However, in the negative mood, internal CLOC consumers show a higher likelihood to purchase than external CLOC consumers. This phenomenon occurs because consumers with high internal CLOC tendencies have the motivation to regulate their negative mood. These findings extend the extant literatures in four aspects. First, this paper shows that the CLOC tendencies could influence consumers` motivation to regulate their negative mood. Second, this research examines the moderating effect of CLOC in the relationship between mood and consumers` likelihood to purchase. Third, the results add further evidence regarding the role of negative mood in the self-regulation process. Finally, this research also shows that mood can unconsciously influence consumer behavior. This paper provides two managerial implications. First, marketers should consider the mood states and consumers` control tendencies in creating advertisements. Second, firms in retail or service business should aim to evoke a positive mood on consumers so that their CLOC tendencies would not influence their behaviors.
Data Sharing by Scientists: Practices and Perceptions

Background Scientific research in the 21st century is more data intensive and collaborative than in the past. It is important to study the data practices of researchers – data accessibility, discovery, re-use, preservation and, particularly, data sharing. Data sharing is a valuable part of the scientific method allowing for verification of results and extending research from prior results. Methodology/Principal Findings A total of 1329 scientists participated in this survey exploring current data sharing practices and perceptions of the barriers and enablers of data sharing. Scientists do not make their data electronically available to others for various reasons, including insufficient time and lack of funding. Most respondents are satisfied with their current processes for the initial and short-term parts of the data or research lifecycle (collecting their research data; searching for, describing or cataloging, analyzing, and short-term storage of their data) but are not satisfied with long-term data preservation. Many organizations do not provide support to their researchers for data management both in the short- and long-term. If certain conditions are met (such as formal citation and sharing reprints) respondents agree they are willing to share their data. There are also significant differences and approaches in data management practices based on primary funding agency, subject discipline, age, work focus, and world region. Conclusions/Significance Barriers to effective data sharing and preservation are deeply rooted in the practices and culture of the research process as well as the researchers themselves. New mandates for data management plans from NSF and other federal agencies and world-wide attention to the need to share and preserve data could lead to changes. Large scale programs, such as the NSF-sponsored DataNET (including projects like DataONE) will both bring attention and resources to the issue and make it easier for scientists to apply sound data management principles.
Are children’s views of the ‘‘enemy’’ shaped by a highly-publicized negative event?

In the beginning of the first decade of this century, some highly-publicized extremistic acts of terror occurred. A hostage tragedy in a school in Beslan (North Ossetia) was followed in the Netherlands by the brutal murder of the controversial Dutch filmmaker and newspaper columnist Theo van Gogh, bomb attacks in Bali and Madrid and other acts of terrorism between 2002 and 2005. The aim of the present study was to examine whether these events have resulted in the emergence of a collective enemy in the Netherlands, and whether this is reflected by the enemy images and understanding of enemy with Dutch children and adolescents aged 7—13. For this purpose, information about children and adolescents’ enemy images and understanding of enemy prior to (i.e., 2000 and 2002) and following these events was compared. In the pre- and post-studies, the participants were presented with a free-association and drawing task, as well as a short questionnaire. The findings revealed considerable shifts in the way children thought about and drew enemies. Whereas prior to these events an enemy with Dutch children and adolescents was an abstract, undefined entity, it now obtained more definition and a concrete reality, albeit without any specification of the identity of the enemy nor as being part of a collective enemy.
Joint Aspiration for Acute Hemarthrosis in Children Receiving Factor VIII Prophylaxis for Severe Hemophilia: 11-year Safety Data

Objective. The aims of this study were (1) to document the prevalence of acute hemarthrosis in a cohort of 46 boys with severe hemophilia A receiving full primary prophylaxis in Western Australia (WA), and (2) to investigate the safety of the WA protocol over 11 years for management of hemarthrosis. Methods. Case review. The WA protocol involves a pediatric rheumatologist washing out all acute hemarthrosis of large joints promptly and then instilling intraarticular (IA) corticosteroids. Results. This study showed that joint bleeds occurred in 22 boys of 46 (47.8%). In over 11 years, 84 washouts were performed on 32 joints in 22 boys. No adverse events occurred. Fifteen of 22 boys had normal joints with a Hemophilic Joint Health Score = 0. Fifteen boys who had had all hemarthrosis washed out had clinically normal joints (100%). Seven boys had sustained joint damage prior to full instigation of the protocol, each having had documented hemarthrosis without aspiration. Parents needed to understand that joint bleeds constituted an emergency. Conclusion. Of our cohort, 47.8% of patients with severe hemophilia receiving prophylaxis developed joint bleeding. The WA protocol is safe. There is evidence suggesting joint outcomes of hemophilic patients having hemarthrosis despite factor VIII prophylaxis may be much improved if there is access to a center using a procedure similar to the WA protocol.
Local multiple sequence alignment using dead-end elimination

MOTIVATION Local multiple sequence alignment is a basic tool for extracting functionally important regions shared by a family of protein sequences. We present an effectively polynomial-time algorithm for rigorously solving the local multiple alignment problem. RESULTS The algorithm is based on the dead-end elimination procedure that makes it possible to avoid an exhaustive search. In the framework of the sum-of-pairs scoring system, certain rejection criteria are derived in order to eliminate those sequence segments and segment pairs that can be mathematically shown to be inconsistent (dead-ending) with the globally optimal alignment. Iterative application of the elimination criteria results in a rapid reduction of combinatorial possibilities without considering them explicitly. In the vast majority of cases, the procedure converges to a unique globally optimal solution. In contrast to the exhaustive search, whose computational complexity is combinatorial, the algorithm is computationally feasible because the number of operations required to eliminate the dead-ending segments and segment pairs grows quadratically and cubically, respectively, with the total number of sequence elements. The method is illustrated on a set of protein families for which the globally optimal alignments are well recognized. AVAILABILITY The source code of the program implementing the algorithm is available upon request from the authors. CONTACT alex_lukashin@biogen.com.
Resilience and collective action: Exploring buffers against minority stress for transgender individuals.

With a national sample of 552 transgender adults, the present study tested hypotheses drawn from minority stress theory and positive psychology research on stress-ameliorating processes. Specifically, the present study examined the relations of minority stressors (i.e., antitransgender discrimination, stigma awareness, and internalized transphobia) and individualand group-level buffers (i.e., resilience and collective action) of minority stress. As expected, each minority stressor was positively correlated with psychological distress. In terms of buffers, resilience—though not collective action—was negatively correlated with psychological distress. Additionally, stigma awareness—but not internalized transphobia—mediated the relation of antitransgender discrimination with higher psychological distress. Moderation analyses indicated that resilience did not moderate any of the relations of the minority stressors with psychological distress. However, contrary to prediction, collective action strengthened the positive relation of internalized transphobia with psychological distress. Furthermore, at high levels of collective action, internalized transphobia became a significant mediator of the discrimination-distress relation. Strategies for developing individual (e.g., resilience building strategies) and group-level (e.g., engagement in collective action) interventions targeted toward transgender individuals who experience discrimination are discussed.