Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
A question of primary and secondary motives: revisiting and applying the sport tourism framework

The motivation(s) of the sport tourist has been a regular source of discussion within much of the sport tourism literature (Gammon and Robinson, 1997; Gibson, 1998a; Hinch and Higham, 2004; Kurtzman and Zauhar, 1995a; Standeven and De Knop, 1999). Much consideration has been paid to the interaction and influence each sport or tourism motive has upon the other. This paper discusses the complexity of combining these motives; concluding that it is unrealistic to list all the possible motivational variations, but more enlightening to suggest that a relationship exists based upon primary and secondary considerations. Using this premise, a sport tourism framework is detailed (originally outlined in 1997) which not only illustrates a tentative sport tourist typology (based upon competitiveness, recreation, activity and passivity) but also a method which organisations can utilise, in order to identify current and future sport tourism developments. Four applications of the framework are included which demonstrate its utility with regards to general, domestic, local and sport specific profiling. Lastly, it is suggested that a sport tourism index be created where countries, regions and cities can compare their current sport tourism offerings with either competitors or national/international averages.
3D tracking of water hazards with polarized stereo cameras

Current self-driving car systems operate well in sunny weather but struggle in adverse conditions. One of the most commonly encountered adverse conditions involves water on the road caused by rain, sleet, melting snow or flooding. While some advances have been made in using conventional RGB camera and LIDAR technology for detecting water hazards, other sources of information such as polarization offer a promising and potentially superior approach to this problem in terms of performance and cost. In this paper, we present a novel stereo-polarization system for detecting and tracking water hazards based on polarization and color variation of reflected light, with consideration of the effect of polarized light from sky as function of reflection and azimuth angles. To evaluate this system, we present a new large ‘water on road’ datasets spanning approximately 2 km of driving in various on-road and off-road conditions and demonstrate for the first time reliable water detection and tracking over a wide range of realistic car driving water conditions using polarized vision as the primary sensing modality. Our system successfully detects water hazards up to more than 100m. Finally, we discuss several interesting challenges and propose future research directions for further improving robust autonomous car perception in hazardous wet conditions using polarization sensors.
Causal attributions in patients and spouses following first-time myocardial infarction and subsequent lifestyle changes

Objectives. To assess causal attributions in first-time myocardial infarction (MI) patients and their spouses and to relate these attributions to changes in patients' health-related behaviour at 6 months after the MI. Design. A prospective single cohort design in which baseline attributions were related to health-related behaviour change at 6 months. Patient and spouse attributions were compared using ANOVA and principal components factor analysis. Both sets of attributions were related to behaviour change using correlation and step-wise multiple regression analysis. Method. A sample of 143 first-time MI patients participated in this study. They completed questionnaires assessing their causal attributions and health-related behaviour during their stay in hospital and at 6 month follow-up (N = 115). Spouses (N = 84) completed the attribution questionnaire at 12 weeks post-MI. Results. The most commonly endorsed attributions for both groups were ‘stress’, ‘high cholesterol’, and various health risk behaviours. The overall pattern of patient and spouse attributions was broadly similar but the factor analyses revealed some differences in the factor structures of the two sets of attributions. Most MI patients had made significant changes in health behaviour at 6 months, and those who believed that their MI was caused by their poor health habits were more likely to have made dietary changes at 6 months. Spouse attributions to poor health habits were associated with improvements in patients' exercise level at 6 months. Conclusion. The prospective associations between both patient and spouse causal attributions and subsequent changes in health-related behaviour confirm the importance of specific causal attributions in adjustment to first-time MI.
High-Frequency Transcranial Random Noise Stimulation Enhances Perception of Facial Identity

Recently, a number of studies have demonstrated the utility of transcranial current stimulation as a tool to facilitate a variety of cognitive and perceptual abilities. Few studies, though, have examined the utility of this approach for the processing of social information. Here, we conducted 2 experiments to explore whether a single session of high-frequency transcranial random noise stimulation (tRNS) targeted at lateral occipitotemporal cortices would enhance facial identity perception. In Experiment 1, participants received 20 min of active high-frequency tRNS or sham stimulation prior to completing the tasks examining facial identity perception or trustworthiness perception. Active high-frequency tRNS facilitated facial identity perception, but not trustworthiness perception. Experiment 2 assessed the spatial specificity of this effect by delivering 20 min of active high-frequency tRNS to lateral occipitotemporal cortices or sensorimotor cortices prior to participants completing the same facial identity perception task used in Experiment 1. High-frequency tRNS targeted at lateral occipitotemporal cortices enhanced performance relative to motor cortex stimulation. These findings show that high-frequency tRNS to lateral occipitotemporal cortices produces task-specific and site-specific enhancements in face perception.
Evaluation of RISC-V RTL with FPGA-Accelerated Simulation

This paper presents a fast and accurate simulation methodology for performance, power, and energy evaluation in the hardware/software co-design flow. Cycle-level microarchitectural software simulation is the bottleneck of the hardware/software co-design cycle due to its slow speed and the difficulty of simulator validation. While sampling methodologies can ameliorate some of these challenges, we show that it is often insufficient for rigorous design evaluations. To circumvent the limitations of software simulation and sampling, we employ MIDAS, which automatically generates FPGA-accelerated simulators from RTL. These simulators are not only up to three orders-of-magnitude faster than existing microarchitectural software simulators, but also truly cycle-accurate, as the same RTL is used to build the silicon implementation. MIDAS builds on the work of Strober, namely by increasing simulator execution rate (up to tenfold) and by including an abstract L2 cache model to simulate more realistic systems without the corresponding RTL implementations. We simulated the productized, in-order processor, Rocket, and the industry-competitive, out-of-order processor, BOOM. To our knowledge, this is the first paper to present performance, power, and energy evaluations from RTL simulations running the whole SPEC2006int benchmark suite with its reference inputs.
Evidence for Multiple, Distinct Representations of the Human Body

Previous data from single-case and small group studies have suggested distinctions among structural, conceptual, and online sensorimotor representations of the human body. We developed a battery of tasks to further examine the prevalence and anatomic substrates of these body representations. The battery was administered to 70 stroke patients. Fifty-one percent of the patients were impaired relative to controls on at least one body representation measure. Further, principal components analysis of the patient data as well as direct comparisons of patient and control performance suggested a triple dissociation between measures of the 3 putative body representations. Consistent with previous distinctions between the what and how pathways, lesions of the left temporal lobe were most consistently associated with impaired performance on tasks assessing knowledge of the shape or lexical-semantic information about the body, whereas lesions of the dorsolateral frontal and parietal regions resulted in impaired performance on tasks requiring on-line coding of body posture.
Technological developments within 3D location-based services

Location Based Services (LBS) are gaining much importance for all kind of human activities ranging from tourist navigation to support of rescue teams in disaster management. LBS have been developed as an independent from GIS stream for wireless services, but nowadays about 80% of all supplied data is spatially related, i.e. they are presented in a form of 2D map (raster of vector). LBS is becoming a special kind of GIS. In this paper we analyse the state-of-the-art of technology toward 3D LBS. We consider four important aspects of LBS namely standards, positioning, visualisation and geo-DBMS, which we believe will largely contribute to a breakthrough 3D LBS. These are addressed in detail. A final discussion elaborates on urgent topics for research.
Remarks on ‘The methodology of positive economics’

Friedman's essay argued that the primary criterion of validity for economic models was not descriptive fidelity, but the accuracy and importance of the predictions generated by its implications. His argument was directed against a major current of mid‐twentieth‐century economics that sought to alter neoclassical theory by displacing the competitive firm as a centerpiece of price theory. The success of Friedman's counter argument was due not only to its cogency but also to major improvements in econometric techniques, data sources and computational capabilities during the last fifty years. As a result contemporary challenges to neoclassical facilities can proceed without resort to the methodological gambits against which Friedman inveighed fifty years ago. A striking example of such a contemporary challenge is the attack on the ‘Law of One Price’ in the field of Finance.
Enriched View Synchrony: A Programming Paradigm for Partitionable Asynchronous Distributed Systems

Distributed systems constructed using off-the-shelf communication infrastructures are becoming common vehicles for doing business in many important application domains. Large geographic extent due to increased globalization, increased probability of failures, and highly dynamic loads all contribute toward a partitionable and asynchronous characterization for these systems. In this paper, we consider the problem of developing reliable applications to be deployed in partitionable asynchronous distributed systems. What makes this task difficult is guaranteeing the consistency of shared state despite asynchrony, failures, and recoveries, including the formation and merging of partitions. While view synchrony within process groups is a powerful paradigm that can significantly simplify reasoning about asynchrony and failures, it is insufficient for coping with recoveries and merging of partitions after repairs. We first give an abstract characterization for shared state management in partitionable asynchronous distributed systems and then show how views can be enriched to convey structural and historical information relevant to the group's activity. The resulting, paradigm, called enriched view synchrony, can be implemented efficiently and leads to a simple programming methodology for solving shared state management in the presence of partitions.
Choice of Window Size in Calibrating the Geometry of Manipulators Based on the Regions Correlation

—To achieve the full flexibility of industrial robots, in addition to the mechanical flexibility, it is necessary to achieve the flexibility in control. Precise automatic calibration of these robots manipulators is essential precondition for achieving this goal. Possibilities and limitations of stereo vision system implementation for automatic calibration of manipulators are presented in this paper. Furthermore, a practical solution for the problem of corresponding points using an area based algorithm is given. Analysis has been conducted of how the marker positioning on the manipulator end-effector influences the shape of the cost function. Choice of window size relative to marker size which provides the best reliability for corresponding area determination is proposed. Results of practical realization, which confirms conducted analysis and reliability of proposed calibration procedure, are presented.
Dealing with Difficult Differences: Reflexivity and Social Class in Feminist Research

This article explores the impact of difference within the research process. First, it looks at the difference my working-class history has made to the experience of conducting feminist research. Second, it examines how that class difference has affected both my relationships with the women that I inter-viewed and my reading of their accounts. Drawing on both my own and the women s stories of growing up working class, I have attempted to map out some of the psychological complexities that are invariably overlooked in academic accounts of either-the research process or working-class experiences of mother-ing and childhood. Finally, I have tried to pull out some of the threads still linking educated, working-class, feminist academics with their class backgrounds and explore the fragility and strength of those connections in the light of my own social trajectory.
Development of B lymphocytes in mice heterozygous for the X-linked immunodeficiency (xid) mutation. xid inhibits development of all splenic and lymph node B cells at a stage subsequent to their initial formation in bone marrow

CBA/N mice were crossed with CBA/Ca-Pgk-1a to produce female F1 hybrids that were heterozygous for both xid and the phosphoglycerate kinase 1 (PGK-1) allozymes. PGK acted as a quantifiable marker for the frequency of cells in which the xid-bearing X chromosome was active in lymphocytic and other cell populations. In adults, such cells (termed xid cells) were virtually absent in FACS-sorted splenic and lymph node B cells, and in all three splenic subpopulations distinguished on the basis of their relative expression of membrane mu and delta chains. Thus, the xid mutation appeared to compromise the development of all B cells. Erythrocytes, thymocytes, T cells, and granulocytes were unaffected. Selection against xid cells was less pronounced in the spleens of 2-6-wk-old mice. In the bone marrow, there was evidence for selection against xid in the production of B cells (except at 2 wk of age), but not at the pre-B cell level. These data suggest that, in competition with normal non-xid cells, newly-formed xid B cells were less likely to be incorporated into the peripheral B cell pool.
Low power Multi-Threshold MOS Current Mode Logic asynchronous pipeline circuits

In this paper, low-power Multi-Threshold MOS Current Mode Logic (MT-MCML) asynchronous pipeline circuits have been proposed. The circuits employ the use of multiple threshold MOS transistors to reduce the supply voltage requirement thereby decreasing their power consumption. The proposed circuits have been implemented and simulated in PSPICE using 0.18 μm CMOS technology parameters. Their performance with the conventional MCML circuits indicates that the proposed circuits consume less power than the conventional ones.
Slowing and Loss of Complexity in Alzheimer's EEG: Two Sides of the Same Coin?

Medical studies have shown that EEG of Alzheimer's disease (AD) patients is “slower” (i.e., contains more low-frequency power) and is less complex compared to age-matched healthy subjects. The relation between those two phenomena has not yet been studied, and they are often silently assumed to be independent. In this paper, it is shown that both phenomena are strongly related. Strong correlation between slowing and loss of complexity is observed in two independent EEG datasets: (1) EEG of predementia patients (a.k.a. Mild Cognitive Impairment; MCI) and control subjects; (2) EEG of mild AD patients and control subjects. The two data sets are from different patients, different hospitals and obtained through different recording systems. The paper also investigates the potential of EEG slowing and loss of EEG complexity as indicators of AD onset. In particular, relative power and complexity measures are used as features to classify the MCI and MiAD patients versus age-matched control subjects. When combined with two synchrony measures (Granger causality and stochastic event synchrony), classification rates of 83% (MCI) and 98% (MiAD) are obtained. By including the compression ratios as features, slightly better classification rates are obtained than with relative power and synchrony measures alone.
Physical Activity and Older People: A Walk A Day Keeps the Doctor Away

O ver the past two years the Journal has published more than a dozen articles about exercise in older people. Moreover, literally hundreds of articles have been published in the top medical and scientific journals throughout the past 10 years on the topics of exercise, aging, and health. Taken together, this body of literature supports the hypothesis that exercise, and, more broadly physical activity, is an important determinant of health and independence in old age. Several points regarding the relationship of exercise and aging have been established. First, there is strong experimental evidence to show that healthy older people can exercise safely and that regular exercise will improve measures of physical fitness such as aerobic power, strength, balance, and flexibility. "? ' Furthermore, there is accumulating evidence that frail, chronically ill older people are able to exercise and improve their physical fitness. :; Second, both experimental and observational studies affirm that older people who participate in an exercise program have improvements in risk factors (lipids, insulin resistance, bone density, etc.) for many of the major chronic diseases.T" Third, epidemiological evidence suggest that high levels of physical activity are associated with lower rates of incident adverse health outcomes such as physical disability, falls, hip fractures, and mortality.IO-14 Additionally, a recently published experimental study has shown that older persons assigned to one of several exercise programs had fewer falls than those in a control group. 15 Given the consistent evidence that exercise is good for older people, are there new areas of research to be pursued? The study by LaCroix et al. in this issue of the Journal is indeed a step forward.l" In their study, 1645 communitydwelling older adults, who were members of an HMO and did not have cardiovascular disease, were followed for a period of 4.2 years to determine if the total time spent walking in all activities was associated with a reduced rate of hospitalization for cardiovascular disease. The results showed that people who walked more than 4 hours per week were 31 % less likely to be hospitalized for cardiovascular disease than those who walked less than 1 hour per week. The association was present in both sexes, all age groups, and in people with physical limitations. One interpretation of these findings is that people who walked more, did so because they were healthier or that walking was a marker for participation in more vigorous exercise. However, the association of walking with decreased hospitalizations for cardiovascular disease persisted after adjusting for potentially confounding variables such as measures of health status, and the association was found in people who did not participate in vigorous physical activities.
Cloning, expression and functional analysis of a general odorant‐binding protein 2 gene of the rice striped stem borer, Chilo suppressalis (Walker) (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae)

A full‐length cDNA encoding a general odorant binding protein 2 (GOBP2) was cloned from the antennae of the rice striped stem borer, Chilo suppressalis (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae), by the combination of reverse transcription PCR (RT‐PCR) and rapid amplification of cDNA ends PCR (RACE‐PCR). The cDNA contains a 489 bp open reading frame, which encodes a 162 amino acid protein, termed as Ch. suppressalis GOBP2 (CsupGOBP2). CsupGOBP2 is similar in the number of amino acids and protein sequence to GOBP2s in other species of Lepidoptera. RT‐PCR results showed that CsupGOBP2 mRNA was highly expressed in the adult antennae of both females and males, as was CsupGOBP2 protein as revealed by Western blot analysis. CsupGOBP2 expressed in Escherichia coli was purified by affinity chromatography, refolding and gel filtration from the inclusion body. Fluorescence emission spectra and competitive binding assays by using N‐phenyl‐1‐naphthylamine as first binding ligand and odorants as potential competitors revealed that the CsupGOBP2 protein has significant affinity to cis‐11‐hexadecenal (Z11–16:Ald), the main component of Ch. suppressalis pheromone and to laurinaldehyd and benzaldehyde, two general plant volatile aldehydes.
Modulation of cutaneous aging with calorie restriction in Fischer 344 rats: a histological study.

OBJECTIVE To examine whether histological changes in skin owing to intrinsic aging in a laboratory rodent model are modulated by caloric restriction (CR). METHODS The abdominal skin from colony-raised ad libitum-fed Fischer 344 rats and age-matched rats subjected to CR was studied in the light microscope using histological morphometric methods. Animals 4, 12, and 24 months or older were used in this study. We studied the skin to obtain (1) quantitative data on the depth of the epidermis, dermis, and fat layer, the epidermal cellular density, the percentage fraction of dermal collagen, elastic fibers, pilosebaceous units, and capillaries, and the fibroblast density; and (2) qualitative assessment of histological staining for dermal glycosaminoglycans. We analyzed data by means of general linear model 2-way analysis of variance to obtain significance for the effects of age, diet, and age-diet interaction. RESULTS The ad libitum-fed rats showed age-related increase in the depth of the epidermis, dermis, and fat layer. Calorie restriction prevented these changes, but epidermal nuclear density appeared to be stimulated. A trend toward increased values for collagen and elastic fibers, fibroblasts, and capillaries in skin samples from CR rats was observed. Pilosebaceous units were not modified. Moderately reduced staining for the dermal glycosaminoglycans in the skin of CR rats was noticed. CONCLUSIONS Histomorphological changes resulting from intrinsic aging affected some of the studied variables in the rat skin, and these changes were delayed or prevented by CR. Some stimulatory effects, such as increased densities of fibroblasts and capillary profiles and higher values of connective tissue fibers resulting from CR, were also observed. Cutaneous morphological changes due to natural aging in this rat model seem to be modified by physiological or metabolic alterations imposed by CR.
CMOS current-mode precision full-wave rectifier with improved bandwidth

This paper presents a new current-mode precision full-wave rectifier in CMOS technology. The circuit is designed based on the use of a new MOS class-AB configuration by supplying appropriately current source into the system to improve the high frequency performance. Each peak of the output waveform equals of amplitude. The circuit also exhibits excellent temperature stability. Simulated rectifier performance with 0.25 μm CMOS technology from TSMC using ±1.2 V supply voltage shows that the proposed full-wave rectifier confirms an operating frequency of 300 MHz.