Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Energy saving behavior in university organizations: The value of norm constructions in a “rational choice” action model

Introduction In times of rising energy prices and increasing importance of climate change, saving energy becomes even more important. Universities are large public institutions with significant energy-saving potential. This study investigated the energy-saving behavior of students and employees at a German university. In contrast to previous studies, which often focused on individual buildings, this study took a comprehensive approach and addressed all university members (employees and students). A extended model of the Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB) served as the theoretical basis. Considering the specific organizational context, the main question of the study was to explore the interlinkages between the intention to save energy, corresponding consumption behavior, and the effects of injunctive and descriptive social norms within the social system of the organization. Furthermore, the impact of “not energy related” factors like the identification with the organization was tested. Methods As methodological approach a university-wide quantitative online survey was conducted. For the survey, a standardized questionnaire containing several scales on energy consumption behavior and TBP-constructs was used. All in all, data from a total of 1,714 members of the university participating in the study was analyzed. Results Structural equation modeling showed that the extended TPB model yields a satisfactory amount of explained variance (approximately 40%) for intention and a moderate amount (approximately 20%) for behavior. The strongest predictors are personal norm and behavioral control. The organizational influence factor identification was also significant for intention, but only to a small extent. Discussion The results extend the understanding of the TPB in the context of energy conservation in universities and emphasize that the sense of behavioral control and the personal norm must always be considered when intervening in this context to promote energy conservation and thus provide valuable hints for practical measures.
Using frequency-scaling approach to process squint-mode spotlight SAR data

Frequency scaling approach is a new spotlight SAR image formation algorithm. It precisely performs the range cell migration correction for dechirped raw data without interpolation by using a novel frequency scaling operation while residual video phase is corrected simultaneously. The computation requirements are lower than the other spotlight SAR image formation approaches such as polar format algorithm and range migration algorithm. In this paper, frequency scaling algorithm is applied to process high squint spotlight data. The new squint illumination geometry is defined and some modifications to the basic algorithm are presented. Point target simulations up to 45 deg squint angle are carried out to show the validity of the algorithm.
Design and Validation of a Custom-Made Hyperspectral Microscope Imaging System for Biomedical Applications

Hyperspectral microscope imaging (HMI) is an emerging modality that integrates spatial information collected by standard laboratory microscopy and the spectral-based contrast obtained by hyperspectral imaging and may be instrumental in establishing novel quantitative diagnostic methodologies, particularly in histopathology. Further expansion of HMI capabilities hinges upon the modularity and versatility of systems and their proper standardization. In this report, we describe the design, calibration, characterization, and validation of the custom-made laboratory HMI system based on a Zeiss Axiotron fully motorized microscope and a custom-developed Czerny-Turner-type monochromator. For these important steps, we rely on a previously designed calibration protocol. Validation of the system demonstrates a performance comparable to classic spectrometry laboratory systems. We further demonstrate validation against a laboratory hyperspectral imaging system for macroscopic samples, enabling future comparison of spectral imaging results across length scales. An example of the utility of our custom-made HMI system on a standard hematoxylin and eosin-stained histology slide is also shown.
Load-Tolerant, High-Efficiency Self-Powered Energy Harvesting Scheme Using a Nonlinear Approach

Abstract Small-scale energy harvesting has become a particularly hot topic for replacing batteries in autonomous or nomad systems. In particular, vibration energy harvesting using piezoelectric elements has experienced a significant amount of research over the last decade as vibrations are widely available in many environments and as piezoelectric materials can be easily embedded. However, the energy scavenging abilities of such systems are still limited and are very sensitive to the connected load. The purpose of this paper is to expose a new approach based on synchronous switching on resistive load, which allows both a significant enhancement of the energy harvesting capabilities as well as a high tolerance to a change of the impedance of the connected system, especially in the low value region. It is theoretically and experimentally shown that such an approach permits increasing the energy harvesting abilities by a factor 4 compared to classical DC energy harvesting approach. Furthermore, the self-powering possibility and automatic load adaptation of the proposed method is experimentally discussed, showing the realistic viability of the technique.
Independencies Induced from a Graphical Markov Model After Marginalization and Conditioning: The R Package ggm

We describe some functions in the R package ggm to derive from a given Markov model, represented by a directed acyclic graph, different types of graphs induced after marginalizing over and conditioning on some of the variables. The package has a few basic functions that find the essential graph, the induced concentration and covariance graphs, and several types of chain graphs implied by the directed acyclic graph (DAG) after grouping and reordering the variables. These functions can be useful to explore the impact of latent variables or of selection effects on a chosen data generating model.
Extended radial basis function (ERBF) networks-linear extension and connections

The increasingly popular radial basis function (RBF) networks are smoothed piecewise-constant universal approximators. The (smoothed) piecewise-constant property, however, limits their effectiveness in extrapolations and in "trend" learning. This paper extends the RBF network model, in a natural manner, to be smoothed piecewise-linear approximators, referred to as the extended radial basis function (ERBF) networks. This extension is significant in (at least) the following respects: (1) it can function as a global nonlinear model to smoothly link together the various local linear models; (2) it extends the RBFs ability to extrapolate and generalize more meaningfully; (3) it serves as a unifying model that brings together the various approximators including splines and CMAC neural network models, and (4) this ERBF extension, makes possible the applications of statistical modeling and experiment design techniques to the study of general neural network approximation models. Simulations results of learning various response surfaces are included for discussion and comparison. <<ETX>>
Exploring Bias in Evaluation of Job Seeker Introductory Emails

This study explored potential biases in professional writing evaluation. An experiment was conducted in which individuals with hiring authority or influence at their workplace evaluated an email with multiple grammatical/typographical mistakes requesting that the reader make time to speak with the author. Participants were randomly assigned into one of five conditions, each with a separate profile photo accompanying the email. Data analysis indicates that ethnicity of the author influenced how competent the author was perceived to be and the reader’s attitude about meeting with the author.
Stochastic functional analysis of propagation and localisation of cylindrical waves in a two-dimensional random medium

Propagation and localisation of cylindrical waves in a two-dimensional (2D) isotropic and homogeneous random medium is studied using the stochastic functional approach. By expanding the random permittivity fluctuation in the form of a Wiener integral equation, and representing the wave fields by a linear combination of outgoing and incoming waves, the scalar Helmholtz equation is solved in the cylindrical coordinates system. An analytical expression of the cylindrical wave is derived and demonstrates the localisation phenomenon, as well as the wavenumber fluctuation in the random medium. Comparing with the waves in non-random medium, the wave transfer equation between plane wave and cylindrical wave in random medium shows an additional exponential factor to indicate the modulation effect owing to the medium randomness in both the amplitude and phase. Numerical simulations are presented to illustrate the functional dependence of the localisation phenomena.
Safe Planning and Control Under Uncertainty: A Model-Free Design With One-Step Backward Data

Autonomous systems are desired to safely accomplish predetermined tasks with guaranteed performance despite uncertainties. This article proposes a safe planning and performance-guaranteed control (SP-PGC) scheme to accomplish safe execution of autonomous systems suffering from uncertainties and disturbances. This is realized by investigating mutual influences between planning and control levels, either explicitly considering control-level attainable performance bounds into safe planning algorithms, or directly relating planned safe boundaries to control-level performance bounds. In particular, we first utilize one-step backward data to construct incremental systems, which are equivalent representations of the investigated autonomous systems but without using explicit model information (kinematics and/or dynamics). The formulated incremental systems transform the influence of uncertainties and disturbances into the effect of provably bounded estimation errors, caused by the difference between current and one-step backward states. Then, we introduce the concept of input-to-state stable with provable safety barrier Lyapunov function (ISS-PS-BLF) to facilitate the performance-guaranteed tracking controller design based on the incremental systems, wherein the estimation errors are rigorously analyzed through an input-to-state stable approach. Finally, either the guaranteed tracking performance bound of the ISS-PS-BLF based controller is considered in the safe planning algorithm to guide the reference trajectory generation, or the safe planned boundary is used to determine the explicit value of the control-level performance bound for safe execution under uncertainty. The efficiency of our developed SP-PGC scheme is validated through both numerical and experimental validations.
Boosting Diracs for Electrophoresis

Electrophoresis is a biochemical process widely used in life sciences and genetics. Recovering information on weights and proportions of molecules from electrophoresis signals may be viewed as a linear inverse problem in the context of a regression setup. The target function to be estimated is known to be positive so that a positive estimator based on discretized Dirac functions is proposed. The methodology is to use boosting method for the target function with respect to discretized Dirac functions. The method is illustrated on simulated data and applied to electrophoresis.
INTERNAL MOTIONS IN ORION OB1A: ALTERNATIVES TO RAPID EXPANSION

PHILW C. SThFFEY Santa Monica, California A brief critique of published evidence for rapid expansion of OB associations is presented followed by results of a detailed study of the internal motions in Orion OBla, which show that a dominant stream velocity component combined with a member distance increase across the group can produce the apparent expansion discovered by Lesh (1968b).
Strain effects in group-III nitrides: Deformation potentials for AlN, GaN, and InN

A systematic density functional theory study of strain effects on the electronic band structure of the group-III nitrides (AlN, GaN, and InN) is presented. To overcome the deficiencies of the local-density and generalized gradient approximations the Heyd–Scuseria–Ernzerhof (HSE) hybrid functional is used. Cross checks for GaN demonstrate good agreement between HSE and exact-exchange based G0W0 calculations. We observe a pronounced nonlinear dependence of band-energy differences on strain. For realistic strain conditions in the linear regime around the experimental equilibrium volume a consistent and complete set of deformation potentials is derived.
Colebrook-White Formula for Pipe Flows

Flow-resistance laws—as used, for example, in water-supply pipe networks—are formulas relating the volume flow rate, q, along a pipe to the pressure-head difference, t, between its ends, such that q=ψ(t), in which ψ is monotonic. The simple Hazen-Williams power law is often used, but in appropriate circumstances the more complicated Colebrook-White law (CW) may better represent aspects of the experimental data. Result 1, the first and easiest-to-state result in the paper, is that ϕCW, the inverse of ψCW, can be expressed in terms of the Lambert W-function (Corless et al. 1993). Result 2 summarizes one use of this, and of related results, in convex optimization problems describing equilibrium flows in pipe networks.
“Click-to-Clear”: A Strategy to Minimize Radioactivity from the Blood Pool Utilizing Staudinger Ligation

The availability of several bioorthogonal reactions that can proceed selectively and efficiently under physiologically relevant conditions has garnered the interest of biochemists and organic chemists alike. Bioorthogonal cleavage reactions represent the latest innovation in click chemistry. Here, we employed the Staudinger ligation reaction to release radioactivity from immunoconjugates, improving target-to-background ratios. In this proof-of-concept study, model systems, including the anti-HER2 antibody trastuzumab, radioisotope I-131, and a newly synthesized bifunctional phosphine, were used. Staudinger ligation occurred when biocompatible N-glycosyl azides reacted with this radiolabeled immunoconjugate, leading to cleavage of the radioactive label from the molecule. We demonstrated this click cleavage in vitro and in vivo. Biodistribution studies in tumor models showed that radioactivity was eliminated from the bloodstream, thereby improving tumor-to-blood ratios. SPECT imaging revealed that tumors could be visualized with enhanced clarity. Our simple approach represents a novel application of bioorthogonal click chemistry in the development of antibody-based theranostics.
Ridge optical waveguide in an Er3+/Yb3+ co-doped phosphate glass produced by He+ ion implantation combined with Ar+ ion beam etching

This paper reports on the fabrication and characterization of a ridge optical waveguide in an Er3+/Yb3+ co-doped phosphate glass. The He+ ion implantation (at energy of 2.8 MeV) is first applied onto the sample to produce a planar waveguide substrate, and then Ar+ ion beam etching (at energy of 500 eV) is carried out to construct rib stripes on the sample surface that has been deposited by a specially designed photoresist mask. According to a reconstructed refractive index profile of the waveguide cross section, the modal distribution of the waveguide is simulated by applying a computer code based on the beam propagation method, which shows reasonable agreement with the experimentally observed waveguide mode by using the end-face coupling method. Simulation of the incident He ions at 2.8 MeV penetrating into the Er3+/Yb3+ co-doped phosphate glass substrate is also performed to provide helpful information on waveguide formation.
Observations of the (1,0) vibrational band of interstellar CN toward Zeta Ophiuchi

Very high SNR, high-resolution observations of the 3580 A spectral region toward Zeta Oph have been obtained in an effort to detect the weak R(0) line corresponding to the (1,0) vibrational band of interstellar CN. The measurement of 0.67 + or - 0.06 mA for the CN (1,0) R(0) line strength indicates a J = 0 column density which is consistent with earlier determinations from the much stronger (0,0) R(0) line and the assumption of a single-component line profile. This finding implies that the complex velocity structure evident from CO radio observations of the Zeta Oph line of sight does not seriously complicate the saturation corrections for the CN lines. The Zeta Oph observations also reveal an equivalent width of 2.14 + or - 0.08 mA for the (3,0) R(0) line of interstellar (C-12)H(+) at 3579.02 A along with strong evidence of Cr I 3578.69 absorption. 44 refs.
Effective medium formulation for phonon transport analysis of nanograined polycrystals

For many research fields, it has been a challenge to accurately predict the lattice thermal conductivity of nanograined polycrystals, where the structure size becomes comparable or smaller than phonon mean free paths (MFPs). Although this can be achieved by advanced techniques such as phonon Monte Carlo simulations, they are generally complicated and can be very time-consuming especially when frequency-dependent phonon MFPs are considered. In this work, we apply the effective medium approach to phonon transport studies of polycrystals, which yields identical results as phonon Monte Carlo simulations in both frequency-dependent and frequency-independent analysis. The formulation can also be modified to consider additional factors, including grain boundaries with an additional interface layer, in-grain substructures, and grain size variation. This work provides a simple but accurate model for thermal studies of general polycrystals.
The dynamics of wire array Z-pinch implosions

Wire array Z-pinch dynamics are studied in experiments with 16-mm diameter arrays of between 8 and 64, 15-μm diameter aluminum wires, imploded in 200–260 ns by a 1.4-MA current pulse. Side-on laser probing shows early development of noncorrelated m=0-like instabilities with an axial wavelength ∼0.5 mm in individual wires. End-on interferometry (r-θ plane) shows azimuthal merging of the plasma with a density of 1017 cm−3 in 90–65 ns for 8–64 wires, respectively. At the same time low-density plasma reaches the array axis and forms a precursor pinch by 120–140 ns. At 0.7–0.85 of the implosion time a global m=0 instability with a wavelength of 1.7–2.3 mm was detected in soft x-ray gated images, laser probing, and optical streaks. The time when the instability reaches the observable level corresponds to the number of e-foldings for the growth of the classical Rayleigh–Taylor instability of ∫γ dt∼5.6–7. The scaling of this number with the number of wires is consistent with the instability growth from the seed l.
Metropolis-Hastings Robbins-Monro Algorithm for Confirmatory Item Factor Analysis

Item factor analysis (IFA), already well established in educational measurement, is increasingly applied to psychological measurement in research settings. However, high-dimensional confirmatory IFA remains a numerical challenge. The current research extends the Metropolis-Hastings Robbins-Monro (MH-RM) algorithm, initially proposed for exploratory IFA, to the case of maximum likelihood estimation under user-defined linear restrictions for confirmatory IFA. MH-RM naturally integrates concepts such as the missing data formulation, data augmentation, the Metropolis algorithm, and stochastic approximation. In a limited simulation study, the accuracy of the MH-RM algorithm is checked against the standard Bock-Aitkin expectation-maximization (EM) algorithm. To demonstrate the efficiency and flexibility of the MH-RM algorithm, it is applied to the IFA of real data from pediatric quality-of-life (QOL) research in comparison with adaptive quadrature-based EM algorithm. The particular data set required a confirmatory item factor model with eight factors and a variety of equality and fixing constraints to implement the hypothesized factor pattern. MH-RM converged in less than 3 minutes to the maximum likelihood solution while the EM algorithm spent well over 4 hourrs.
Stochastic approach to chemical kinetics

In this article we shall present a summary of the various stochastic approaches and applications to chemical reaction kinetics, but before discussing these we first briefly introduce the basic ideas and definitions of classical or deterministic chemical kinetics. One of the basic questions to which chemists address themselves is the rate of chemical reactions, or in other words, how long it takes for a chemical reaction to attain completion, or equilibrium. Apparently the first significant quantitative investigation was made in 1850 by L. Wilhelmy [93]. He studied the inversion of sucrose (cane sugar) in aqueous solutions of acids, whose reaction is He found empirically that the rate of decrease of concentration of sucrose was simply proportional to the concentration remaining unconverted, i.e., if S(t) is the concentration of sucrose, then The constant of proportionality is called the rate constant of the reaction. If S o is the initial concentration of sucrose, then Since then an enormous number of reactions has been studied and the field of chemical kinetics is now one of the largest areas of chemical research. The importance of the field lies in the fact that it yields concise expressions for the time dependence of reactions, predicts yields, optimum economic conditions, and gives one much insight into the actual molecular processes involved. The detailed molecular picture of a reaction process is called the mechanism of the reaction.
Low-threshold lasers based on a high-mobility semiconducting polymer

Progress toward electrically driven conjugated polymer lasers should benefit from the identification of materials that exhibit good charge transport properties coupled with large optical gain. Here, we report a detailed study of a blue-emitting fluorene-based polymer that combines a large hole mobility with desirable stimulated emission characteristics. Laser oscillation is achieved within distributed feedback structures and leads to low threshold, tunable lasers operating in the blue spectral region. Our results establish this material as an attractive gain medium with which to try and construct a polymer laser diode.