Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Peer-to-Peer Live Multicast: A Video Perspective

Peer-to-peer multicast is promising for large-scale streaming video distribution over the Internet. Viewers contribute their resources to a peer-to-peer overlay network to act as relays for the media streams, and no dedicated infrastructure is required. As packets are transmitted over long, unreliable multipeer transmission paths, it is particularly challenging to achieve consistently high video quality and low end-to-end delay. In this paper, we focus on error-resilient transport for peer-to-peer video streaming. The algorithms we describe are representative of three broad categories of robust video streaming schemes: forward error correction, multiple descriptions, and prioritized automatic repeat request. We analyze how these techniques can be employed for live peer-to-peer multicast and discuss their relative merits. Our results show that significant gains can be obtained when systems are designed to adapt to the encoding structure of the video streams they are transmitting. They also reveal the importance of avoiding congestion at every peer participating in the multicast to obtain a low-latency system. Finally, we provide insights as to which are the important metrics to compare different peer-to-peer streaming systems.
Diagonal cycles and Euler systems I: A $p$-adic Gross-Zagier formula

This article is the first in a series devoted to studying generalised Gross-KudlaSchoen diagonal cycles in the product of three Kuga-Sato varieties and the Euler system properties of the associated Selmer classes, with special emphasis on their application to the Birch–Swinnerton-Dyer conjecture and the theory of Stark-Heegner points. The basis for the entire study is a p-adic formula of Gross-Zagier type which relates the images of these diagonal cycles under the p-adic Abel-Jacobi map to special values of certain p-adic Lfunctions attached to the Garrett-Rankin triple convolution of three Hida families of modular forms. The main goal of this article is to describe and prove this formula. Cet article est le premier d’une serie consacree aux cycles de Gross-Kudla-Schoen generalises appartenant aux groupes de Chow de produits de trois varietes de Kuga-Sato, et aux systemes d’Euler qui leur sont associes. La serie au complet repose sur une variante p-adique de la formule de Gross-Zagier qui relie l’image des cycles de Gross-Kudla-Schoen par l’application d’Abel-Jacobi p-adique aux valeurs speciales de certaines fonctions L p-adiques attachees a la convolution de Garrett-Rankin de trois familles de Hida de formes modulaires cuspidales. L’objectif principal de cet article est de decrire et de demontrer cette variante. MSC: 11F12, 11G05, 11G35, 11G40.
Metacasanova: an optimized meta-compiler for domain-specific languages

Domain-Specific Languages (DSL's) offer language-level abstractions that General-Purpose Languages do not offer, thus speeding up the implementation of the solution of problems within a specific domain. Developers have the choice of developing a DSL by building an interpreter/compiler for it, which is a hard and time-consuming task, or embedding it in a host language, thus speeding up the development process but losing several advantages that having a dedicated compiler might bring. In this work we present a meta-compiler called Metacasanova, whose meta-language is based on operational semantics. Then, we propose a language extension with functors and modules that allows to embed the type system of a language definition inside the meta-type system of Metacasanova and improves the performance of manipulating data structures at run-time. Our results show that Metacasanova dramatically reduces the code lines required to develop a compiler, and that the running time of the Meta-program is improved by embedding the host language type system in the meta-type system with the use of functors in the meta-language.
Distributed connectivity of wireless networks

We consider the problem of constructing a communication infrastructure from scratch, for a collection of identical wireless nodes. Combinatorially, this means a) finding a set of links that form a strongly connected spanning graph on a set of n points in the plane, and b) scheduling it efficiently in the SINR model of interference. The nodes must converge on a solution in a distributed manner, having no means of communication beyond the sole wireless channel. We give distributed connectivity algorithms that run in time O(poly(log δ, log n)), where δ is the ratio between the longest and shortest distances among nodes. Given that algorithm without prior knowledge of the instance are essentially limited to using uniform power, this is close to best possible. Our primary aim, however, is to find efficient structures, measured in the number of slots used in the final schedule of the links. Our main result is algorithms that match the efficiency of centralized solutions. Specifically, the networks can be scheduled in O(log n) slots using (arbitrary) power control, and in O(log n (log log δ + log n)) slots using a simple oblivious power scheme. Additionally, the networks have the desirable properties that the latency of a converge-cast and of any node-to-node communication is optimal O(log n) time.
Evaluation of VEGF and PEDF in prostate cancer: A preliminary study in serum and biopsies

Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and the pigment epithelium-derived factor (PEDF) serve an important role in prostate cancer (PCa). The aim of the present study was to evaluate whether the levels of VEGF and PEDF in serum are associated with the severity of PCa, and whether they can differentiate from patients with benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH). Two groups of patients were recruited, patients with PCa or BPH that were newly diagnosed without other comorbidities, and were compared with healthy individuals. The levels of VEGF and PEDF were measured by ELISA in serum, and by immunohistochemistry in biopsies. A correlation analysis was performed for the values in biopsies and serum, comparing the VEGF/PEDF ratio, total-prostate-specific antigen (t-PSA) levels and the status of each sample as acinar Ad (Gleason score) or as benign hyperplasia. The results demonstrated that serum levels of VEGF, PEDF, and t-PSA between PCa and BPH were similar to each other, but different to healthy individuals (P<0.05). The VEGF/PEDF ratio in serum had a significant difference between acinar Ad with Gleason score 8–10 and BPH groups (P<0.05). The VEGF and PEDF immunostaining intensities were correlated with its circulating levels in all cases of PCa, but not in BPH. These preliminary results suggest that VEGF and PEDF levels by themselves or in combination with t-PSA did not differentiate between malignant, and benign prostate diseases. However, there was a significant difference observed in the VEGF/PEDF ratio in serum between the groups, suggesting that it may be used as an index for diagnosis and prognosis in a personalized manner, although more studies are necessary.
Non-Invasive Forest Litter Characterization Using Full-Wave Inversion of Microwave Radar Data

Litter is acknowledged to affect microwave remote sensing data over forests, and accurate quantification of litter radiative properties is essential for proper retrieval of forest soil water content and forest canopy biophysical characteristics from satellite or airborne sensors. Furthermore, detailed characterization of forest soil organic horizons is of paramount importance for ecological studies and for carbon cycle and global changerelated studies. Ultrawideband ground-penetrating radar (GPR) data acquired above beech forest litter were used to analyze the effects of litter on the backscattering and investigate the ability of GPR to quantitatively characterize the properties of the forest floor. Radar measurements were performed over different litter configurations (i.e., single layers of recently fallen litter (OL) or of fragmented litter (OF), and combined OL-OF layers) and thicknesses. Radar data were processed through full-wave inversion. Over the considered frequency range (0.8-4.0 GHz), attenuation of the radar signal increased as both frequency and litter thickness increase, due to scattering and dielectric losses. These effects were accounted for in the radar model through frequency dependence of litter apparent electrical conductivity. Good agreement (RMSE = 9.5 × 10-3 m) was observed between estimated and measured litter thicknesses. Radar data inversions provided reliable estimates of litter electromagnetic properties, with relative dielectric permittivity values around 1.2 and 3.9 for OL and OF litters, respectively, and corresponding values of 0.032 and 0.080 Sm-1 for litter apparent electrical conductivity at 4.0 GHz. These results show great promise for the use of GPR for noninvasive characterization of forest litter.
A router primitive approach for building diverse network services

The vantage points of routers along end-to-end paths in the Internet have long made them a compelling target for additional functionality. In this paper, we describe a new method for router data plane programmability that is simple, general, flexible and safe and enables complex network services to be built and deployed. Our method targets network processor (NP)- and FPGA-based routers, and is based on two central ideas: (1) primitive functions for routers that are designed for specific target service domains, and (2) a primitive-aware programming language that is expressive, easy to use and easy to analyze. To demonstrate our method, we describe a set of primitive functions in the context of three diverse domains - network measurement, real-time applications and traffic engineering. Next, we describe Morpheme, our primitive-aware programming language, and show how it can be statically analyzed to safeguard router processor and memory resources. We demonstrate the efficacy of our method by implementing the primitive functions in the Click modular router [1] and a prototype Morpheme compiler. Through a series of microbenchmark experiments, we substantiate the capabilities of our prototype implementation.
A Virtualization Resource Management Platform of Cloud Computing Based on the Xen

The paper proposes a cloud computing platform is based on Xen virtualization technology, which is capable of producing an efficient and convenient, safe and reliable, strong expansibility and low price of the document management system. Moreover, it can ensure the powerful computation ability, which using XEN platform of virtual technology, and will strictly protect customer data security and guarantee the independence between users. Then, the management system is suitable for managing large, distribution, safety requirements to large data issue.
Variants of papillary thyroid carcinoma: association with histopathological prognostic factors

Papillary carcinoma is the most common thyroid malignancy. Many variants of this tumor have been described, with different morphological and molecular characteristics. Although most cases have excellent prognosis, the relationship between tumor architecture and its biological behavior remains controversial. Objective To present the experience of a single center on the prevalence of thyroid papillary carcinoma variants and their relationship with other histopathological prognostic factors. Method Retrospective study of all the cases submitted to thyroidectomy for papillary carcinoma in the same institution over 11 years. Results We included 517 patients, 81.9% of them were women. The average age was 47.2 years. The variants recognized to have higher aggressiveness potential corresponded to 5.6% of the sample. We found an association of tumor subtypes with greater lesion diameter, T staging, lymphovascular and gland capsule invasion. Conclusion A small percentage of papillary carcinoma cases is represented by variants recognized by their greater potential for aggression. There are associations between these variants and several other histopathological factors already recognized for their prognostic value, which may, by themselves, influence the outcome of these cases.
Effect of enzyme supplementation of a rye-based diet on xylanase activity in the small intestine of broilers, on intestinal crypt cell proliferation and on nutrient digestibility and growth performance of the birds

1. A study was undertaken to investigate the susceptibility to peptic digestion of exogenous xylanase (EC 3.2.1.8) from Trichoderma longibrachiatum , added to a rye-based diet for broiler chickens, in order to elucidate its possible site of action. 2. It was also designed to investigate the effects of the enzyme (plus exogenous protease EC 3.4.24.28) when added to a rye-containing diet (60% rye/kg diet) on crypt cell proliferation in the mucosa of the small intestine, on short chain fatty acid (SCFA) concentrations in the small intestine digesta and in portal blood and on nutrient digestibilities. 3. In Experiment 1, the enzymes were added at activities 10 × and 30 × those recommended in commercial practice, but in Experiment 2 the activities were the recommended levels. 4. A significant proportion (estimated to be 15 to 20%) of the xylanase added at the higher concentration (15,000 and 45,000 units/kg diet) remained active in the small intestine of the growing chicken. 5. The crypt cell proliferation rate in birds fed on the control diet (45 cells/2 h) was significantly higher than in birds fed on the diets supplemented with enzyme at the higher level (29 and 33 cells/ 2 h), but there was no significant effect on SCFA. In birds fed on the diet supplemented with enzyme at the commercial level there was no clear-cut effect on crypt cell proliferation but exogenous xylanase could be detected in the small intestine. Intestinal fluid viscosity was reduced and growth performance of the birds was improved by the supplementation with exogenous enzymes. 6. Part of the improvement in growth performance could be ascribed to a 25% increase in the digestibility of nitrogen and a doubling of the digestibility of fat.
Cooperative bait detection scheme to prevent collaborative blackhole or grayhole attacks by malicious nodes in MANETs

In MANET, node changes its location so it adopt property like infrastructure-less. A group of mobile nodes which are agree and capable to establish relations, using without any fixed centralize supervision and infrastructure of the network is known as mobile ad hoc network. To start communications among the mobile nodes, they should be available to each other. But presence of malicious nodes, might fail this requirement and interrupt integrity, confidentiality, availability of network services such as routing processes. So prevention and detection of malicious nodes is a major task. In this paper, we proposed a method to resolve this problem by using malicious node detection schema based upon DSR mechanism-cooperative bait detection scheme (CBDS) which uses hybrid defense architectures. CBDS technique helps to find out malicious node by using a reverse tracing technique. The basic and proposed CBDS schemes are implemented in NS-2.35. Results are examined on the basis of throughput, PDR.
Correlation of p53 mutations with epidermal growth factor receptor overexpression and absence of mdm2 amplification in human esophageal carcinomas

Esophageal carcinomas from 24 patients, most of whom were smokers and consumed alcoholic beverages daily, were analyzed for mutations in exons 5–8 of the p53 tumor suppressor gene. Mutations were identified by polymerase chain reaction amplification and direct sequencing in 12 of 24 (50%) of the samples; almost half of the mutations were at A:T base pairs. Nuclear accumulation of p53 protein, determined by immunohisto‐chemistry with the CM‐1 polyclonal antibody, was observed in all cases in which a missense mutation in the p53 gene was detected. None of the 24 carcinomas had amplification of the mdm2 gene, an alternate pathway to p53 loss of function. Alterations involving three other cancer‐related genes associated with human esophageal carcinogenesis, c‐erbB‐1/epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR), c‐myc, and retinoblastoma (Rb), were examined by Southern blot or immunohistochemical analysis in the same sample set to explore the possibility of a link between oncogene activation and loss of tumor suppressor function. While no associations were observed between amplification of the c‐myc or EGFR genes and p53 abnormalities, a significant correlation (P < 0.01) was seen between the presence of p53 mutation and EGFR overexpression. Absence of Rb protein, measured immunohistochemically, was observed in four tumors, none of which had aberrations of the p53 gene.
Synaptic structure of the monoamine and peptide nerve terminals in the intermediolateral nucleus of the guinea pig thoracic spinal cord

Synaptic organization of the intermediolateral nucleus of the guinea pig thoracic spinal cord was examined with particular focus on monoamine‐ and peptide‐containing nerve terminals. Axon varicosities having flat synaptic vesicles constituted 17% of all axons in the nucleus and formed exclusively symmetric synapses. Enkephalin‐, substance P‐, somatostatin‐, 5‐hydroxytryptamine‐, and catecholamine‐immunoreactive nerve terminals were densely distributed, while neurotensin‐, vasoactive intestinal polypeptide‐, oxytocin‐, and cholecystokinin‐8‐immunoreactive nerves were sparse in the nucleus. Coexistence of 5‐hydroxytryptamine and enkephalin was demonstrated, and coexistence of somatostatin and enkephalin as well as somatostatin and 5‐hydroxytryptamine in the same axons was also shown by serial semithin sections. Catecholamine axons labelled by 5‐hydroxydopamine formed axodendritic and axosomatic synapses and made direct synaptic contacts on the preganglionic sympathetic neurons identified by retrograde transport of horseradish peroxidase. Direct synaptic contacts from enkephalin‐ and substance P‐immunoreactive axons to preganglionic sympathetic neurons were also revealed. Enkephalin‐, substance P‐, and 5‐hydroxytryptamine‐imunoreactive axons formed axodendritic and axosomatic synapses. Catecholamine axon varicosities constituted 19% of all axon varicosities in the nucleus and 30% of them showed synaptic specializations in a sectional plane. Axon varicosities immunoreactive to enkephalin, 5‐hydroxytryptamine, and substance P constituted approximately 35, 19, and 13% of all axon varicosities, respectively, while those with synaptic contacts made up 27, 30, and 26%, respectively, in a sectional plane. Enkephalin‐, 5‐hydroxytryptamine‐, and noradrenaline‐immunoreactive axons showed mainly symmetric synaptic contacts.
A Double Auction for Querying the Web of Data

The Web of Data (WoD) is to computers what the traditional Web is to humans. The goal is to expose data in a semantic format such that machines can easily find the information they are looking for. If implemented properly, a semantic search would lead to the desired results much faster than using a traditional search engine. However, a big practical challenge is the adoption of WoD technologies (Antoniou and van Harmelen, 2004). In particular, the majority of data is not available in a suitable WoD format. The primary reason for this is a lack of incentives for data providers: the WoD is usually queried via algorithms rather than browsed by people and thus, advertising, the main source of income for search engines on the traditional web, does not work. It is of course possible to directly charge users to search through high-quality data. For example, Bloomberg, LexisNexis, and Thomson Reuters charge customers high fees for accessing their data. However, none of these companies provide the means to join multiple data sets, thereby forgoing the complementarities the WoD would enable. To address this shortcoming, we suggest using a market which allows buyers to benefit from complementary data sources while providing incentives to sellers to adopt WoD technologies. Concretely, we propose to use a double auction, designed to provide market participants with good incentives to reveal their values and costs such that we can make (approximately) efficient allocations. Interestingly, in our domain, it is non-trivial to find a payment rule that satisfies the participation constraint (all participants have non-negative utility) and the budget-balance constraint (payments made by the buyers are equal to the payments received by the sellers).
Global Variation in Attack Encounters and Hosting

Countries vary greatly in the extent to which their computers encounter and host attacks. Empirically identifying factors behind such variation can provide a sound basis for policies to reduce attacks worldwide. However, the main current approach to identify these factors consists of expert opinions with limited empirical validation. In this work, we empirically test hypotheses regarding social and technological factors behind such international variation. We use Symantec's Intrusion Prevention System (IPS) telemetry data collected from around 10 million Symantec customers worldwide. We find that web attacks and fake applications are most prominent in Western Europe and North America. Our results indicate a relationship between countries' wealth and technological sophistication and attack exposure, indicating that attackers probably target developed countries to maximize their profits. Moreover, Eastern Europe hosts disproportionate quantities of attacks. Our statistical analysis reveals a relationship between attack hosting and the combined effect of widespread corruption and computing resources. Surprisingly, China is not among the top 10 attack hosting countries and Africa hosts the smallest quantities of attacks. Our work has important policy implications.
Acellular pertussis vaccine for adolescents.

BACKGROUND: The use of whole-cell pertussis vaccine has led to a significant decline in incidence of the disease among children. This change in the epidemiological profile led to an increased number of cases among teenagers and adults, as a result of loss of immunity to the disease or vaccine after approximately 10 years. An increased number of cases was also observed among non-immunized or partially immunized infants. Licensure of the DTP vaccine against diphtheria, tetanus, and acellular pertussis formulated specifically for patients over 10 years of age (Tdap) suggests the possibility of controlling pertussis in the most affected age groups over the past few years. SOURCES OF DATA: Data were collected from MEDLINE. The research was limited to the period between January 1995 and January 2006. SUMMARY OF THE FINDINGS: In some countries there are two Tdap vaccines licensed for patients over 10 years of age. One of them contains five immunogenic components of Bordetella pertussis (pertussis toxin, filamentous hemagglutinin, fimbriae 2 and 3, and pertactin), and the other contains three components (pertactin, filamentous hemagglutinin, and inactivated pertussis toxin), the latter being the only one licensed in Brazil up to now. Although the composition of the two vaccines differs, studies show that they have similar effectiveness and immunogenicity. Some authors, however, emphasize that it is difficult to make a precise assessment of the immunological response to the vaccine and its duration. Several countries currently recommend the use of Tdap vaccine for adolescents. Canada has extended the target population up to 54 years of age. The guideline is that this group should receive one dose of the vaccine to reinforce the basic immunization scheme. This is based on study results that show that the vaccine-induced immunity lasts for around 6 to 12 years. Assessments of the economic impact of routine use of the vaccine in adolescents showed a positive cost-benefit ratio. Results of the epidemiological impact depend on the quality of diagnosis so that data reflect the reality of the disease. CONCLUSIONS: Although some questions remain to be clarified, the literature indicates the possibility of solving the "reappearance" of whooping cough (pertussis) with the use of Tdap vaccine. Perhaps the strategy of using a second booster dose in adolescence to replace the double diphtheria and tetanus vaccine should be adopted immediately.