Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Experimental detection of rotational non-Boltzmann distribution in supersonic free molecular nitrogen flows

In the present study, we measure the rotational population in supersonic nitrogen-free jets using a resonantly enhanced multiphoton ionization (REMPI) method [Chem. Phys. Lett. 115, 492 (1985)], which is not influenced by secondary electrons, unlike the electron beam method. Nitrogen ions are detected as a REMPI signal and its spectra, depending on the wavelength of an irradiated laser beam, are analyzed to measure rotational temperature through the Boltzmann plot. Nitrogen gas expands into a vacuum chamber from a sonic nozzle with a D=0.50mm diameter, setting P0∙D (where P0 is the source pressure), depending inversely on the nozzle Knudsen number, at 15Torrmm or lower. For P0∙D=15Torrmm, the rotational temperature distribution along the centerline of the jet, measured by using only the linear portion of the Boltzmann plot lying at smaller rotational quantum numbers, coincides with Marrone’s data [Phys. Fluids 10, 521 (1967)] measured by electron beam fluorescence, and the rotational relaxation rate ZR ca.
The Impact of Therapy Dogs on Prelicensure Baccalaureate Nursing Student Test Anxiety

Abstract AIM This study examined the impact of a therapy dog intervention on baccalaureate nursing student test anxiety. BACKGROUND Nursing student test anxiety may hinder academic performance and program outcomes. Considering this negative impact, it is essential to implement anxiety-reducing strategies. Interaction with therapy dogs is linked with test anxiety reduction; however, minimal studies have explored this topic. METHOD A pretest/posttest quasi-experimental design was used to examine the impact of a therapy dog intervention on test anxiety. Repeated measures included the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory, heart rate, and cortisol levels. The multisite convenience sample included 91 junior-level prelicensure BSN students. RESULTS The intervention had a statistically significant impact on test anxiety reduction, noted by a decrease in State-Trait Anxiety Inventory scores, heart rate, and salivary cortisol levels (p = .00). CONCLUSION Therapy dog interactions are an effective strategy to reduce test anxiety. The findings from this study may assist educators to implement future interventions.
BEAM LOADING IN THE STANDING WAVE INJECTOR ON THE BASE OF EVANESCENT WAVE

Standing wave injectors on the base of evanescent waves are considered. The injectors consist of the fragments of the cylindrical disc loaded waveguide (CDW) and biperiodic CDW. The parameters of the systems are selected in such a way, that at the working frequency the resonant oscillation in the injector corresponds to the evanescent wave of the boundless periodic structure. It gives possibility to create in the injector the increasing amplitude distribution, which improves the bunching process at the initial stage of acceleration. The simulation of the beam dynamics is carried out with taking into account the beam loading.
Improving Clinical Utility of Real-World Prediction Models: Updating Through Recalibration

Supplemental Digital Content is Available in the Text. Abstract Bullock, GS, Shanley, E, Thigpen, CA, Arden, NK, Noonan, TK, Kissenberth, MJ, Wyland, DJ, and Collins, GS. Improving clinical utility of real-world prediction models: updating through recalibration. J Strength Cond Res 37(5): 1057–1063, 2023—Prediction models can aid clinicians in identifying at-risk athletes. However, sport and clinical practice patterns continue to change, causing predictive drift and potential suboptimal prediction model performance. Thus, there is a need to temporally recalibrate previously developed baseball arm injury models. The purpose of this study was to perform temporal recalibration on a previously developed injury prediction model and assess model performance in professional baseball pitchers. An arm injury prediction model was developed on data from a prospective cohort from 2009 to 2019 on minor league pitchers. Data for the 2015–2019 seasons were used for temporal recalibration and model performance assessment. Temporal recalibration constituted intercept-only and full model redevelopment. Model performance was investigated by assessing Nagelkerke’s R-square, calibration in the large, calibration, and discrimination. Decision curves compared the original model, temporal recalibrated model, and current best evidence-based practice. One hundred seventy-eight pitchers participated in the 2015–2019 seasons with 1.63 arm injuries per 1,000 athlete exposures. The temporal recalibrated intercept model demonstrated the best discrimination (0.81 [95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.73, 0.88]) and R-square (0.32) compared with original model (0.74 [95% CI: 0.69, 0.80]; R-square: 0.32) and the redeveloped model (0.80 [95% CI: 0.73, 0.87]; R-square: 0.30). The temporal recalibrated intercept model demonstrated an improved net benefit of 0.34 compared with current best evidence-based practice. The temporal recalibrated intercept model demonstrated the best model performance and clinical utility. Updating prediction models can account for changes in sport training over time and improve professional baseball arm injury outcomes.
Beam combination with a large number of apertures

Mozurkewich presented a beam combiner design suitable for use with a large number of apertures. Such a system has applications both in space and as a camera for single-aperture, ground-based telescopes. We implemented a version of this design which accommodates ~ 90 apertures and resolves the fringes into more than 100 spectral channels. The resulting system, which has been tested in the laboratory, provides over 50,000 simultaneous, independent fringe measurements. Implementation details and test results are presented.
Penetrative convection in the planetary mantle

Abstract The hydrodynamic equations for thermal convection in a plane layer of viscous, heat conducting fluid are scaled using the normalization of Ostrach (1965) in which the magnitude of the non-dimensional group τ = gαd/cp determines the importance of compression work and viscous dissipation in the energy balance of the flow. A linear asymptotic theory valid in the limit τ → ∞ is constructed for the Benard problem and this is shown to be analogous to Couette flow between contra-rotating cylinders. For sufficiently large τ the flow becomes penetrative. This fact is illustrated for homogeneous fluids by the numerical integration of a set of coupled 1st order differential equations, both for the Benard and internally heated configurations. The effect of viscosity and thermal conductivity in-homogeneity on the depth of penetration of the main cell in the circulation pattern are assessed and it is concluded that such interactions may be sufficient to effectively limit the depth extent of mantle convection.
Characterisation of a smoke/ aerosol exposure in vitro system (SAEIVS) for delivery of complex mixtures directly to cells at the air‐liquid interface

In vitro testing is important to characterise biological effects of consumer products, including nicotine delivery products such as cigarettes, e‐cigarettes and heated tobacco products. Users' cells are exposed to these products' aerosols, of variant chemical compositions, as they move along the respiratory tract. In vitro exposure systems are available to model such exposures, including delivery of whole aerosols to cells, and at the air‐liquid interface. Whilst there are clear advantages of such systems, factors including time to aerosol delivery, aerosol losses and number of cell cultures that can be exposed at one time could be improved. This study aimed to characterise a custom‐built smoke/ aerosol exposure in vitro system (SAEIVS) using 1R6F reference cigarette smoke. This system contains five parallel smoking chambers and delivers different dilutions of smoke/ aerosol to two separate cell culture exposure chambers in <10 s. Using two dosimetry measures (optical density 400 nm [OD400]; mass spectrometric nicotine quantification), the SAEIVS demonstrated excellent linearity of smoke dilution prior to exposure (R2 = 0.9951 for mass spectrometric quantification; R2 = 0.9965 for OD400) and consistent puff‐wise exposures across 24 and 96 well plates in cell culture relevant formats (e.g., within inserts). Smoke loss was lower than previously reported for other systems (OD400: 16%; nicotine measurement: 20%). There was good correlation of OD400 and nicotine measurements, indicating that OD was a useful surrogate for exposure dosimetry for the product tested. The findings demonstrated that the SAEIVS is a fit‐for‐purpose exposure system for the reproducible dose‐wise exposure assessment of nicotine delivery product aerosols.
Routing and singular control for queueing networks in heavy traffic

The problem of routing control in an open queueing network under conditions of heavy traffic and finite (scaled) buffers is dealt with. The operating statistics can be state dependent. The sequence of scaled controlled state processes converges to a singularly controlled reflected diffusion (with the associated costs), under broad conditions. Due to the nature of the controls, a “scaling” method is introduced to obtain the convergence, since the actual sequence of processes does not necessarily converge in the Skorokhod topology. Owing to finite buffers, an extension of the reflection mapping needs to be obtained. The optimal value functions for the physical processes converge to the optimal value function of the limit process, under broad conditions. Approximations to the optimal control for the limit process are obtained, as well as properties of the sequence of physical processes. The optimal or controlled (but not necessarily optimal) limit process can be used to approximate a large variety of functio.
Stability and oscillations of a soap film: An analytic treatment

In this paper we consider the stability and oscillations (or small motions) of a soap film suspended between parallel coaxial rings. The problem of determining the equilibrium shape of such a film is a standard problem in the calculus of variations, and is often used to introduce variational methods in mechanics texts. However, the stability of the resulting surfaces is usually not discussed, and the small‐motion problem is not analyzed in any standard reference. We show that both the stability and small‐motion problem can be treated quite easily using eigenfunction methods familiar in elementary quantum mechanics. We use these methods to determine the range of parameters for which the solutions to the variational problem (the extremal surfaces) are stable, and analyze the small motions of the film (with examples) near both extremal and nonextremal surfaces.
Parent‐reported compared with researcher‐measured child height and weight: impact on body mass index classification in Australian pre‐school aged children

Abstract Issue Addressed Parent‐reported data may provide a practical and cheap way for estimating young children's weight status. This study aims to compare the validity and reliability of parent‐reported height and weight to researcher‐measured data for pre‐school aged children (aged 2‐6 years). Methods This was a nested study within a cluster randomised controlled trial (October 2016‐April 2017), conducted within 32 Early Childhood Education and Care (ECEC) services across New South Wales, Australia. Parents of children reported on demographics and child height and weight via a survey. For the same child, height and weight data were objectively collected by trained research staff at the service. We calculated mean differences, intra‐class correlations, Bland‐Altman plots, percentage agreement and Cohen's kappa coefficient (>0.8 = “excellent”; 0.61‐0.8 = “good”; 0.41‐0.60 = “moderate”; 0.21 and 0.4 = “fair [weak]”; <0.2 = “poor”). Results Overall, 89 children were included (mean age: 4.7 years; 59.5% female). The mean difference between parent‐reported and researcher‐measured data were small (BMI z‐score: mean difference −0.01 [95% CI: −0.45 to 0.44]). There was “fair/weak” agreement between parent‐categorised child BMI compared with researcher‐measured data (Cohen's Kappa 0.24 [95% CI: 0.06 to 0.42]). Agreement was poor (Cohen's kappa <0.2) for female children, when reported by fathers or by parents with a BMI > 25 kg/m2. Conclusion There was “fair/weak” agreement between parent‐reported and measured estimates of child weight status. So What? Parent's report of weight and height may be a weak indicator of adiposity at the level of individuals however it may be useful for aggregate estimates.
Functional substitutability of native herbivores by livestock for soil carbon stock is mediated by microbial decomposers

Grazing by large mammalian herbivores impacts climate as it can favor the size and stability of a large carbon (C) pool in the soils of grazing ecosystems. As native herbivores in the world's grasslands, steppes, and savannas are progressively being displaced by livestock, it is important to ask whether livestock can emulate the functional roles of their native counterparts. While livestock and native herbivores can have remarkable similarity in their traits, they can differ greatly in their impacts on vegetation composition which can affect soil‐C. It is uncertain how these similarities and differences impact soil‐C via their influence on microbial decomposers. We test competing alternative hypotheses with a replicated, long‐term, landscape‐level, grazing‐exclusion experiment to ask whether livestock in the Trans‐Himalayan ecosystem of northern India can match decadal‐scale (2005–2016) soil‐C stocks under native herbivores. We evaluate multiple lines of evidence from 17 variables that influence soil‐C (quantity and quality of C‐input from plants, microbial biomass and metabolism, microbial community composition, eDNA, veterinary antibiotics in soil), and assess their inter‐relationships. Livestock and native herbivores differed in their effects on several soil microbial processes. Microbial carbon use efficiency (CUE) was 19% lower in soils under livestock. Compared to native herbivores, areas used by livestock contained 1.5 kg C m−2 less soil‐C. Structural equation models showed that alongside the effects arising from plants, livestock alter soil microbial communities which is detrimental for CUE, and ultimately also for soil‐C. Supporting evidence pointed toward a link between veterinary antibiotics used on livestock, microbial communities, and soil‐C. Overcoming the challenges of sequestering antibiotics to minimize their potential impacts on climate, alongside microbial rewilding under livestock, may reconcile the conflicting demands from food‐security and ecosystem services. Conservation of native herbivores and alternative management of livestock is crucial for soil‐C stewardship to envision and achieve natural climate solutions.
Evidence provided by Galileo of ultra low frequency waves within Jupiter's middle magnetosphere

The Voyager and Ulysses spacecraft measurements from the dayside of Jupiter's middle magnetosphere provided evidence for ultra low frequency waves in the magnetometer data, in particular waves of periods 10–20 minutes. Galileo is the first orbiter mission around Jupiter and the first to extensively study the nightside magnetosphere. Similar waves are discernible when Galileo passed through the equatorial current sheet with very few features being noticed outside of the current sheet regions. An overview of the data shows that only 12% of crossings do not have any wave signatures in any component of magnetic field in the 10–20 minute period regime. The majority of these waves are found in the perpendicular field component. These waves are thus prevalent over the nightside magnetosphere and when combined along with the earlier work on the dayside seems to suggest that these ultra low frequency waves are a global phenomenon.
Predictability of the Madden-Julian Oscillation Estimated Using Observational Data

Abstract Existing numerical models produce large error in simulating the Madden–Julian oscillation (MJO), thereby underestimating its predictability. In this paper, the predictability limit of the MJO is determined by the nonlinear local Lyapunov exponent approach, which provides an estimate of atmospheric predictability based on the observational data. The results show that the predictability limit of the MJO obtained from the bandpass-filtered (30–80 days) outgoing longwave radiation and wind fields, which serves as an empirical estimate of the theoretical potential predictability of the MJO, can exceed 5 weeks, which is well above the 1-week predictability of background noise caused by bandpass filtering. In contrast, a real-time analysis of MJO predictability using the real-time multivariate MJO (RMM) index, as introduced by Wheeler and Hendon, reveals a predictability limit of about 3 weeks. The findings reported here raise the possibility of obtaining a higher predictability limit in real-time predi.
In situ growth of p and n-type graphene thin films and diodes by pulsed laser deposition

We report the in situ growth of p and n-type graphene thin films by ultraviolet pulsed laser deposition in the presence of argon and nitrogen, respectively. Electron microscopy and Raman studies confirmed the growth, while temperature dependent electrical conductivity and Seebeck coefficient studies confirmed the polarity type of graphene films. Nitrogen doping at different sites of the honeycomb structure, responsible for n-type conduction, is identified using X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, for films grown in nitrogen. A diode-like rectifying behavior is exhibited by p-n junction diodes fabricated using the graphene films.
Ten-year prevalence of rhegmatogenous retinal detachment in myopic eyes after posterior chamber phakic implantable collamer lens

Refractive surgery with an ICL implantation in high myopic eyes does not seem to be a risk factor for RRD compared with a control cohort of nonoperated eyes. Purpose: To determine and compare the prevalence of rhegmatogenous retinal detachment (RRD) in myopic eyes operated of posterior chamber phakic implantable collamer lens (ICL) with a control group of nonoperated myopic eyes over 10 years of follow-up. Setting: Clinica Baviera, Madrid, Spain. Design: Retrospective cohort study. Methods: There were 2 study cohorts: one with patients operated with ICL and a control group of nonoperated patients. The primary outcome of RRD was measured retrospectively, first through chart review of ICL-operated patients with at least 10 years of follow-up, then secondarily through telephone questionnaires and specialist verification for those with incomplete follow-up. Prevalence and incidence were calculated and compared, as well as their possible association with other risk factors. Results: 58 operated patients completed follow-up in our clinic. A survey of 3849 more patients was conducted for a total of 252 operated with a mean spherical equivalent (SEQ) of −12.6 diopters (D) and 221 nonoperated with a mean SEQ of −10.5 D. 7 eyes developed an RRD in the operated vs 5 eyes among the nonoperated (prevalence 1.71% vs 1.25%, respectively, P = .773). The equivalence tests, the two one-sided test and the null hypothesis test between groups, were within the 0.02 limits, confirming the null hypothesis, and compared survival curves did not show significant differences (P = .59). Conclusions: ICL implantation surgery for high myopia did not affect the prevalence of RRD in operated eyes compared with similar nonoperated eyes, in this long-term study.
Surgically retrieved spermatozoa for ICSI cycles in non‐azoospermic males with high sperm DNA fragmentation in semen

Intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI) using surgically retrieved spermatozoa outside the classic context of azoospermia has been increasingly used to overcome infertility. The primary indications include high levels of sperm DNA damage in ejaculated spermatozoa and severe oligozoospermia or cryptozoospermia, particularly in couples with ICSI failure for no apparent reason. Current evidence suggests that surgically retrieved spermatozoa for ICSI in the above context improves outcomes, mainly concerning pregnancy and miscarriage rates. The reasons are not fully understood but may be related to the lower levels of DNA damage in spermatozoa retrieved from the testis compared with ejaculated counterparts. These findings are consistent with the notion that excessive sperm DNA damage can be a limiting factor responsible for the failure to conceive. Using testicular in preference of low‐quality ejaculated spermatozoa bypasses post‐testicular sperm DNA damage caused primarily by oxidative stress, thus increasing the likelihood of oocyte fertilization by genomically intact spermatozoa. Despite the overall favorable results, data remain limited, and mainly concern males with confirmed sperm DNA damage in the ejaculate. Additionally, information regarding the health of ICSI offspring resulting from the use of surgically retrieved spermatoa of non‐azoospermic males is still lacking. Efforts should be made to improve the male partner's reproductive health for safer ICSI utilization. A comprehensive andrological evaluation aiming to identify and treat the underlying male infertility factor contributing to sperm DNA damage is essential for achieving this goal.
Investigation of the clinicopathological and prognostic role of circMTO1 in multiple cancers

ABSTRACT Objective To observe the prognostic value of circular RNA mitochondrial tRNA translation optimization 1 (circMTO1) in human tumors. Methods We searched multiple databases for related reports published before November 01, 2021. The OR/HR and 95% CI were extracted to explore the correlation between circMTO1 expression and clinicopathological features in various cancers. The stability of the results from meta-analysis was estimated via sensitivity analysis. We adopted Begg’s funnel plots and Egger’s test to appraise the potential bias of publication. Subgroup analysis for overall survival (OS) were also performed. Results 11 studies containing 1383 patients and 4 articles including 536 patients were enrolled. We found that low expression status of circMTO1 was significantly related to big tumor size (OR=2.11, 95% CI: 1.26-3.56, P<0.05), poor differentiation tumors (OR=2.09, 95% CI: 1.46-2.98, P<0.05), OS (HR=2.02, 95% CI: 1.63-2.50, P<0.05), disease-free survival (DFS) (HR=1.83, 95% CI: 1.27-2.56, P<0.05) of cancers. Subgroup analysis indicated that low expression status of circMTO1 was correlated with OS, regardless of analysis method, cut-off value, case number and NOS score. Conclusions The low expression of circMTO1 may predict big tumor size, poor differentiation and worse outcome of cancer, presenting that circMTO1 may be a useful biomarker for prognosis of tumors.
Circulations, Bounded Weak Echo Regions, and Horizontal Vortices Observed within Long-Lake-Axis-Parallel–Lake-Effect Storms by the Doppler on Wheels*

AbstractThe eastern Great Lakes (Erie and Ontario) are often affected by intense lake-effect snowfalls. Lake-effect storms that form parallel to the major axes of these lakes can strongly impact communities by depositing more than 100 cm of snowfall in less than 24 h. Long-lake-axis-parallel (LLAP) storms are significantly different in structure and dynamics compared to the much more studied wind-parallel roll storms that typically form over the western Great Lakes. A Doppler on Wheels (DOW) mobile radar sampled several of these storms at fine spatial and temporal resolutions (and close to the surface) during the winter of 2010–11 over and downwind of Lake Ontario to document and improve understanding of how these storms develop. Over 1100 observations of vortices were catalogued within the 16 December 2010 and 4–5 January 2011 events. The majority of these vortices were less than 1 km in diameter with a statistical modal difference in Doppler velocity (delta-V) value across the vortex of 11 m s−1. Vortic.