Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Occlusion of the Basilar Artery

OCCLUSION of the basilar artery, first described in 1842,’ has aroused great interest in recent vears. Its frequency has come to be recognized since the report of Kubik and Adams,2 and the possibility of its prevention and treatment has been suggested by Millikan and Siekert. “ Reports of large series of such cases are few in The present report deals with 14 autopsied cases of basilar artery occlusion. The clinical, pathogenetic, and pathologic features are reviewed. Attention is given to the cause of occlusion, type of infarct, influence of systemic factors, role of collateral circulation, and the presence in some patients of “coma vigil. ” In two of these cases the occlusion, complete in one and almost complete in the other, had oxurred many months prior to death.
An evaluation of RSVP control message delivery mechanisms

The paper compares a number of RSVP control message delivery mechanisms in terms of several performance metrics. It is found that, unsurprisingly, the default best effort delivery of RSVP messages performs poorly in the face of increasing network congestion. This poor performance may be ameliorated by reserving bandwidth for RSVP messages or by implementing a recently proposed exponential back-off retransmission algorithm. The relative performance of the different control message delivery mechanisms is quantified and explained. For further insight, the impact of the induced loss of Path or Resv messages is also investigated. Interesting trends are observed and explained. A key discovery is that the loss of Path messages is typically more detrimental than the loss of Resv messages. This finding, which suggests that, relatively speaking, it is more important to deliver Path messages reliably than Resv messages, is attributed to the dependency of Resv states on Path states mandated by the RSVP standards.
Speed, stride frequency and energy cost per stride: how do they change with body size and gait?

In this study we investigate how speed and stride frequency change with body size. We use this information to define 'equivalent speeds' for animals of different size and to explore the factors underlying the six-fold difference in mass-specific energy cost of locomotion between mouse- and horse-sized animals at these speeds. Speeds and stride frequencies within a trot and a gallop were measured on a treadmill in 16 species of wild and domestic quadrupeds, ranging in body size from 30 g mice to 200 kg horses. We found that the minimum, preferred and maximum sustained speeds within a trot and a gallop all change in the same rather dramatic manner with body size, differing by nine-fold between mice and horses (i.e. all three speeds scale with about the 0.2 power of body mass). Although the absolute speeds differ greatly, the maximum sustainable speed was about 2.6-fold greater than the minimum within a trot, and 2.1-fold greater within a gallop. The frequencies used to sustain the equivalent speeds (with the exception of the minimum trotting speed) scale with about the same factor, the -0.15 power of body mass. Combining this speed and frequency data with previously published data on the energetic cost of locomotion, we find that the mass-specific energetic cost of locomotion is almost directly proportional to the stride frequency used to sustain a constant speed at all the equivalent speeds within a trot and a gallop, except for the minimum trotting speed (where it changes by a factor of two over the size range of animals studied). Thus the energy cost per kilogram per stride at five of the six equivalent speeds is about the same for all animals, independent of body size, but increases with speed: 5.0 J kg-1 stride-1 at the preferred trotting speed; 5.3 J kg-1 stride-1 at the trot-gallop transition speed; 7.5 J kg-1 stride-1 at the preferred galloping speed; and 9.4 J kg-1 stride-1 at the maximum sustained galloping speed. The cost of locomotion is determined primarily by the cost of activating muscles and of generating a unit of force for a unit of time. Our data show that both these costs increase directly with the stride frequency used at equivalent speeds by different-sized animals. The increase in cost per stride with muscles (necessitating higher muscle forces for the same ground reaction force) as stride length increases both in the trot and in the gallop.
Guest Editor's Introduction to the Special Issue

For some, the fact that discussions of gender equity are still prevalent in conversations is perplexing. Women now comprise the clear majority of students at public community colleges (59%, National Center for Educational Statistics [NCES], 2005), and women represent nearly half of the faculty ranks (48% of full-time faculty, NCES). A clear breakdown is evident, however, when viewing those leading the community college. Only 29% of sitting presidents are women (American Council on Education [ACE], 2007). Even though this percentage represents a significant gain from the mere 8% of women leading two-year colleges in 1986, the fact that the percentage of women leading colleges grew by only 2% in the last half decade raises concerns regarding the pipeline (ACE). The leadership crisis in community colleges (Shults, 2001), given the pending retirements of 84% of presidents over the next decade (Weisman & Vaughan, 2007), however, may provide increased opportunities for women and leaders of color to ascend to the top level campus position. Clearly, gender equity and perspectives of women in the community college still remain critical areas of inquiry and practice. The backdrop for the gender statistics outlined above includes the organizational structure and norms that frame work within the two-year college. Acker (1990) posited that organizations are gendered. Work is divided along gender lines, symbols reinforce the male norm, and the interactions among women and men serve to reify specific gender roles for individuals. Moreover, the gender norms serve to create an ‘‘ideal worker’’ (Williams, 2000), which assumes that
Impaired expression of nitric oxide synthase in the gastric myenteric plexus of spontaneously diabetic rats.

BACKGROUND & AIMS The mechanism responsible for defective gastric accommodation in diabetes is unknown. The aim of this study was to investigate if this abnormality is due to a defective nitric oxide pathway secondary to impaired nitric oxide synthase (NOS) expression in the gastric myenteric plexus. METHODS To test this hypothesis, we studied nonadrenergic, noncholinergic (NANC) relaxation, NOS activity, NADPH diaphorase histochemistry, NOS immunohistochemistry, NOS immunoblotting, and NOS messenger RNA expression in the gastric myenteric plexus of spontaneously diabetic biobreeding/Worcester (BB/W) rats. Age-matched nondiabetic Wistar rats were used as controls. RESULTS Gastric neuromuscular preparations from control rats showed a frequency-dependent NANC relaxation in response to transmural stimulation. This relaxation was markedly antagonized by N(G)-nitro-L-arginine-methyl ester, indicating mediation by the neuronal release of NO. The NANC relaxation in gastric muscle preparations obtained from diabetic BB/W rats was significantly impaired. The number of NOS-immunoreactive cells in the gastric myenteric plexus and the NOS activity were significantly reduced in diabetic BB/W rats, suggesting that NOS synthesis is impaired in diabetes. Northern blot analysis showed that the density of NOS messenger RNA bands at 9.5 kilobases was significantly reduced in the gastric tissues of diabetic BB/W rats. CONCLUSIONS These results indicate that gastric relaxation in diabetics is hampered mainly by impaired NOS expression in the gastric myenteric plexus.
Danger Appraisals as Prospective Predictors of Disgust and Avoidance of Contaminants

Although several cognitive theories have proposed specific types of appraisals hypothesized to increase fear and avoidance of contaminants, little research has tested these ideas. The current study utilized a prospective design to assess appraisals and dispositional traits in a normal sample several days prior to a behavioral approach task (BAT) involving commonly-encountered contamination stimuli. Danger appraisals significantly predicted behavioral avoidance and self-reported disgust, but not anxiety, during the BAT, even after accounting for neuroticism, disgust sensitivity, and subclinical obsessive-compulsive symptoms. The prospective design of the study establishes temporal precedence of danger appraisals, assessed during a period of low emotion, predicting subsequent emotional and behavioral response. Results also point to the importance of disgust sensitivity and the experience of disgust in response to everyday contaminants. These findings are discussed in light of public health outbreaks including Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS) and the H1 N1 flu, which have caused novel contamination threats worldwide in recent years.
Comparative Analysis On Incidence Of Pedal Oedema Between Amlodipine , Cilnidipine And S-Amlodipine In Mild To Moderate Hypertensive Individuals Of Either Sex

Aim And Objective. According to JNC VIII guideline calcium channel blockers are first line of treatment in both general black or non black population (including those with diabetes) . It controls hypertension adequately, but very often produces ankle oedema. Our object of study was to compare the incidence of ankle oedema and its variation on the basis of gender , amongst commonly used Dihydropyridine Calcium Channel Blockers like racemic Amlodipine , s Amlodipine , L/N type CCB Cilndipine in mild to moderate hypertensive patients. Material And Methods: This was a prospective OPD based study performed on 180 patients between 40 to 60 years, divided into two groups of either sex with 90 each, amongst which ,30 patients were on amlodipine,30 on s amlodipine and 30 on cilnidipine. Congestive cardiac failure, cirrhosis of the liver, concomitant Nephropathy and secondary hypertension were excluded by clinical examination and appropriate laboratory tests. Clinical assessment of blood pressure, pulse rate, ankle oedema were recorded at the beginning of the study and after one month and three months of therapy. Result: Twelve weeks follow up of patients revelled adequate blood pressure control with higher incidence of oedema for Amlodipine and lowest incidence for Cilndipine and much lower incidence for s Amlodipine when compared to Amlodipine. Incidence of oedema is higher in females than males for each drug. Conclusion:. Amlodipine is assocated with more incidence of ankle oedema in both sex group than s Amlodipine or Cilnidipine with highly statistical significance. Cilnidipine being N-type and L-type CCB, associated with much lower incidence of pedal edema compared to only L-type channel blocker racemic Amlodipine. The less incidence of ankle edema by s-Amlodipine as showed in this study coincides with the fact that the R-enantiomer component could be the reason for the appearance of edema with racemic Amlodipine. Present study also shows female are more prone to ankle edema than male, but of no statistical significance.Though apparently s Amlodipine is associated with more incidence of oedema than Cilnidipine, but of no statistical significance.
METHODS FOR THE ANALYSIS OF COMPARATIVE DATA IN EVOLUTIONARY BIOLOGY

Inferences regarding phylogenetic patterns and constraints on the evolution of characters often can be derived only from comparisons of extant species. If the phylogeny of these species is known, then the mean phenotypes of taxa can be partitioned into heritable phylogenetic effects and nonheritable residual components. Methods are presented for the estimation of phylogenywide means of characters, the variance‐covariance structure of the components of taxon‐specific means, and the mean phenotypes of ancestral taxa. These methods, which are largely an extension of maximum‐likelihood techniques used in quantitative genetics, make an efficient use of the data, are unbiased by phylogenetically uninformative contributions to mean phenotypes, and take into account fully the nonindependence of data resulting from evolutionary relationships. Statistical tests are introduced for evaluating the significance of phylogenetic heritability and of correlations between traits, and expressions are given for the standard errors of ancestral mean phenotype estimates. It is argued that the covariance structure of phylogenetic effects provides a description of a macroevolutionary pattern, whereas that for the residual effects, when corrected for sampling error, is more closely related to a microevolutionary pattern.
A study on the single-phase NPC multilevel power converters for active power injection

In medium and high voltage industrial applications multilevel converters are widely employed due to their capability to achieve both, high quality output voltages, as well as input currents. In particular, the neutral point clamped (NPC) converter highlights as a valuable choice. Hence, in this paper, the properties of single-phase NPC converters are studied. The analysis is focused on the active power injection property of a single-phase five level (5L-NPC) converter. The control scheme of this converter is based on a current tracking loop, which includes a proportional resonant (PR) scheme. Furthermore, the switching harmonic content is evaluated and compared to the three-level NPC (3L-NPC) counterpart. Moreover an efficiency analysis for both topologies is performed. Experimental validation in 2 kW single-phase 3L-NPC and 5L-NPC prototypes is provided to assess the performance of the controlled systems.
High-Volume Hypothesis Testing

Cohort comparison studies have traditionally been hypothesis driven and conducted in carefully controlled environments (such as clinical trials). Given two groups of event sequence data, researchers test a single hypothesis (e.g., does the group taking Medication A exhibit more deaths than the group taking Medication B? ). Recently, however, researchers have been moving toward more exploratory methods of retrospective analysis with existing data. In this article, we begin by showing that the task of cohort comparison is specific enough to support automatic computation against a bounded set of potential questions and objectives, a method that we refer to as High-Volume Hypothesis Testing (HVHT). From this starting point, we demonstrate that the diversity of these objectives, both across and within different domains, as well as the inherent complexities of real-world datasets, still requires human involvement to determine meaningful insights. We explore how visualization and interaction better support the task of exploratory data analysis and the understanding of HVHT results (how significant they are, why they are meaningful, and whether the entire dataset has been exhaustively explored). Through interviews and case studies with domain experts, we iteratively design and implement visualization and interaction techniques in a visual analytics tool, CoCo. As a result of our evaluation, we propose six design guidelines for enabling users to explore large result sets of HVHT systematically and flexibly in order to glean meaningful insights more quickly. Finally, we illustrate the utility of this method with three case studies in the medical domain.
An approach to modelling and applying mobile agent design patterns

Mobile agent design patterns represent solutions to specific problems of implementing mobile agent-based applications that have evolved over time. The use of design patterns can increase productivity, promote reuse and reduce complexity when developing applications. However, most of the mobile agent design patterns presented in the literature are difficult to apply in practice due to the lack of a suitable approach to identify, document and apply them. Also, they are usually related to a specific mobile agent platform. We present an approach for modelling and applying patterns independently of specific platforms along with their counterparts in specific platforms. Also, we show that an adequate platform independent view can be constructed to be used as a guide to implement the pattern in different platforms.
A privacy-preserving social-aware incentive system for word-of-mouth advertisement dissemination on smart mobile devices

The recent penetration of smart mobile devices into the consumer market sets a stage for novel network applications. In particular, we envision a paradigm shift in the commercial advertising model facilitated by the widespread uses of these devices: advertisements circulate in a word-of-mouth fashion among device users and reach potential customers based on the users' knowledge about their contacts. In this paper, we identify two major challenges baffling the deployment of such an application: users' selfishness and their privacy concerns. We address the selfishness issue by proposing an incentive scheme which aligns users' interest with that of advertisers in a way that the users are willing to fully explore their social knowledge for effective advertisement deliveries - the emphasis is not only on users' participation but also on the extent and effectiveness of their contributions. We address the privacy concerns by designing a privacy-preserving evidence-collection mechanism, on which the incentive scheme is based. In addition, our design is 1) appealing to advertisers by guaranteeing effectiveness and controllability of the incentive dispensing and 2) robust against users' misbehaviors. We perceive incentive and enforcement as the keys to unlock the power of users' collective intelligence for effective information dissemination.
Punctuated Equilibrium in Software Evolution

An approach based on the paradigm of self-organized criticality is proposed for experimental investigation and theoretical modeling of software evolution. The dynamics of modifications is studied for three free, open source programs MOZILLA, FREE-BSD, and EMACS using the data from version control systems. Scaling laws typical for self-organized criticality found. A model of software evolution presenting the natural selection principle is proposed. Results of numerical and analytical investigation of the model are presented. They are in good agreement with data collected for real-world software.
Colorectal Cancer Survivorship: Movement Matters

Colorectal cancer survivorship begins at diagnosis and continues throughout life. After diagnosis, survivors face the possibility of second cancers, long-term effects of cancer treatment, and comorbid conditions. Interventions that can provide primary, secondary, and tertiary prevention in this population are important. Physical activity has been shown to decrease colon cancer incidence and recurrence risk as well as improve quality of life and noncancer health outcomes including cardiovascular fitness in colon cancer survivors. The data are less robust for rectal cancer incidence and recurrence, although improvements in quality of life and health outcomes in rectal cancer survivors are also seen. Potential mechanisms for this benefit may occur through inflammatory or insulin-like growth factor pathways. The issues of colorectal cancer survivorship and the impact of physical activity on these issues are reviewed, with discussion of possible biologic mechanisms, barriers to physical activity intervention studies, and future research directions for physical activity in this burgeoning survivor population. Cancer Prev Res; 4(4); 502–11. ©2011 AACR.
A Call for Testing our Assumptions

This essay tests some of the assumptions behind the recent focus by academicians and practitioners regarding the efficacy of strategic human resource (HR) management and our present concern with linking HR programs and bundles to corporate performance measures only. We call for broadening our perspective so that employee priorities and needs are given equal attention to those of top management when undertaking such programs as a part of the agenda of high-performance work organizations. We lay out a set of implications for HR policy and practitioners, as well as for useful research for HR, organization behavior (OB), and social issues academicians.
Linking Organizational Characteristics to Psychological Empowerment

ABSTRACT An important contextual issue in empowerment theory is the distinction between ecological commonality (i.e., whether and to what extent organizational characteristics are generally important for members' empowerment across different settings) and ecological specificity (i.e., whether and to what extent organizational characteristics are uniquely important for members' empowerment within specific settings). This study addressed the issue by assessing perceived organizational characteristics within three community-based organizations, including a service-agency collaborative, an electoral association, and a multi-issue pressure group, and examining relationships with empowerment. Results revealed that perceived organizational characteristics combined with dimensions of empowerment to differentiate community-based organizations; however, organizational characteristics were not related with empowerment in expected ways across groups. Findings of the study highlight the importance of ecological specificity in empowerment theory. Implications for social work administration are discussed.
Adoption and Use in UK SMEs : a Failure of Initiatives ?

In this paper, we explore some of the results from a survey of 378 small and medium sized enterprises (SMEs) based in the southeast of England. The objective of this survey was to build a snapshot of the state of play of the information and communications technology (ICT) use by SMEs in economically significant sectors in this region. The sectors chosen were as follows: food processing, transport and logistics, media and internet services. More specifically, the survey was intended to answer the following questions: what types of ICT are in use by SMEs in this region, what prevents and facilitates the adoption and use of ICT amongst these firms, and where do SMEs acquire information on ICT related issues. Our survey suggests that most SMEs in the southeast of England are in general positively inclined towards adoption and use of ICT. However, this adoption and use of ICT is mainly focused on operational matters with few extensions into potential strategic use of such technologies in their business environments. SME owner/managers perceive ICT to be often costly and complex and are wary of consultants and vendor organisations. We also discovered, somewhat surprisingly, that SMEs are largely unaware of existing policy instruments at the regional, national and European levels, designed to help them in their adoption and use of ICT.
Cascade regulation of the two CRP/FNR‐related transcriptional regulators (ANR and DNR) and the denitrification enzymes in Pseudomonas aeruginosa

ANR, an analogue of Escherichia coli FNR, has been shown to be necessary for denitrification, arginine deiminase activity and cyanide production of Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Another CRP/FNR‐related regulator, DNR, has also been shown to be necessary for denitrification. In this study, we have found that the transcription of the dnr gene is under the control of ANR. When the dnr gene was expressed by tac promoter in an anr mutant, the strain recovered the ability to grow under anaerobic conditions by denitrification. Nitrate, nitrite, nitric oxide and nitrous oxide reducing activities were expressed, and the structural genes for nitrite and nitric oxide reductases were transcribed under anaerobic conditions in the anr mutant strain transformed with the dnr gene. These findings suggest that the expression of the denitrification system is controlled not directly by ANR but indirectly via DNR. The arginine deiminase activity and cyanide production were not regulated by DNR.