Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
EDITORIAL: REGIONAL COMMUNITIES

Psychology basically focuses on psychological and behavioral mechanisms at an individual level, but it also needs to explore macro level and collective phenomena. Especially in social psychology and cultural psychology, researchers have investigated group process, organizational behavior, and the mechanisms of cultural/institutional effects on psychological functions. Among them, studies on regions and local communities have become more important than before. For example, after the severe damage from the Great East Japan earthquake, people in Japan found out the power of social networks in regional communities. However, we have not fully elucidated what constitutes the important component of “region,” which is a rather obscure concept. Sometimes we can say it is a platform of community. We can also define it as geographical neighborhood that shares certain ecological contexts. To provide the current insight of regional studies more clearly, this special issue of Psychologia includes a collection of papers that conduct regional studies from a multidisciplinary approach, including psychology, anthropology, and action research. Regions, neighborhoods, and communities are difficult to define precisely, but we can say that they are the place where we construct and maintain cultural resources, obtain local knowledge and folk theory, and culturally shared ideas (Bruner, 1990) as well as our own personal and social identities. It is also where we cooperate and collaborate with each other. Several studies from a wide range of disciplines have revealed that characteristics of macro level society (e.g., region, neighborhood, and community) have unique influences on psychological and behavioral mechanisms, which cannot be reduced to the effects of individual level traits. This includes psychological research on happiness (Han, Kim, Lee, & Lee, 2013), sociological research on violent crime (Sampson, Raudenbush, & Earls, 1997), and anthropological studies on prosocial behavior (Holland, Silva, & Mace, 2012). These studies suggest that human psychology and behavior are inseparable from surrounding social contexts, including contexts that they collectively create in regional communities. Cultural psychologists have emphasized a very similar view. “Culture and psych make each other up” (Shweder, 1991) is one of the important theoretical and working hypotheses cultural psychologists use to try to identify the mechanism of this mutual
Exploring Syntactic Structural Features for Sub-Tree Alignment Using Bilingual Tree Kernels

We propose Bilingual Tree Kernels (BTKs) to capture the structural similarities across a pair of syntactic translational equivalences and apply BTKs to sub-tree alignment along with some plain features. Our study reveals that the structural features embedded in a bilingual parse tree pair are very effective for sub-tree alignment and the bilingual tree kernels can well capture such features. The experimental results show that our approach achieves a significant improvement on both gold standard tree bank and automatically parsed tree pairs against a heuristic similarity based method. We further apply the sub-tree alignment in machine translation with two methods. It is suggested that the subtree alignment benefits both phrase and syntax based systems by relaxing the constraint of the word alignment.
Fast Salient Object Detection Based on Segments

In this paper we propose a novel salient object detection algorithm based on segments, named SODS (Salient Object Detection based on Segments). We first segment an input image, and then extract a set of features including multi-scale contrast, center-surround histogram, and color spatial distribution based on segments to describe a salient object locally, regionally, and globally. These three features are then combined linearly to get a saliency map to represent the salient object. We validate our approach on two public datasets. Experimental results prove that our method is much faster, more robust and accurate than existing salient object detection methods.
Analysis of 120 pediatric patients with nonmalignant disorders transplanted using unrelated plasma‐depleted or ‐reduced cord blood

BACKGROUND: Unrelated cord blood (CB) is an important stem cell source for unrelated hematopoietic cell transplantation (HCT) of patients with nonmalignant disorders. Processing methods to prepare red blood cell–reduced CB units incur significant nucleated cell loss. In contrast, plasma depletion or reduction (PDR) processing of CB units entails the removal of only a portion of the plasma with minimal nucleated cell loss. However, there are relatively limited data regarding outcomes of CB transplants using units processed by PDR.
Finding semantically related images in the WWW

To represent the image semantics more adequately, we propose the Weight ChainNet model that is based on the concept of lexical chain. A lexical chain (LC) is a sequence of semantically related words in a text. Here, we define it as one sentence that carries certain semantics by its words. As an image title is just a single word, we say it’s a trivial lexical chain Title Lexical Chain (TLC). The text obtained from the ALT tag is referred to as the Alt Lexical Chain (ALC). The page title is represented as a LC too Page Lexical Chain (PLC). Finally, since a caption comprises multiple sentences, we represent it as three types of lexical chains. Type one is called sentence lexical chain (SLC), which represents one single sentence in an image caption. Type two is called reconstructed sentence lexical chain (RSLC), and it represents one new sentence reconstructed from related sentences. Two sentences are related if both share one or more words. One common word in two SLCs splits each SLC into two. Based on the first common word, the second SLC’s second half is connected to the first SLC’s first half to form a RSLC. The last type is called caption lexical chain (CLC), which represents the whole image caption. A CLC is formed by connecting SLC one after another.
Tokyo Tech at TRECVID 2008

The Tokyo Institute of Technology team participated in the high-level feature extraction, surveillance event detection pilot and Rushes summarization tasks for TRECVID2008. In the high-level feature (HLF) extraction task, we employed a framework using a tree-structured codebook and a node selection technique last year. This year we focused on the position information of each object-related HLF. During the training phase, we applied our method not on the whole key-frame images, but on the regions in the image which contain the annotated HLF only. From the evaluation of TRECVID2008, the inferred average precisions of the three runs are all 0.011. The method we improved this year doesn’t contribute to a better performance. In surveillance event detection pilot task we use optical flow features and an SVM (Support Vector Machine) to detect each surveillance event. We present our preliminary experimental results in this paper. In the rushes summarization task, we estimated the number of scenes for a summary using minimum description length. We use two low-level features, the YCbCr color histogram and optical flow.
Co-recognition of β-glucan and chitin and programming of adaptive immunity to Aspergillus fumigatus

The prevalence of fungal infections has increased concurrently with increases in immune suppressive therapies and susceptible individuals. Opportunistic fungal pathogens such as Aspergillus fumigatus may exhibit invasive growth and dissemination resulting in a high mortality rate. Herein, we discuss how immune sensing of germination directs innate immune responses and programs adaptive responses that could promote or impair immune protection during periods of heightened susceptibility. In infected individuals, Th1 responses are the most protective, while Th2 responses lead to poor disease outcomes. In particular, the roles of β-glucan and chitin co-recognition in shaping Th1- and Th2-type immunity to fungal infection are explored. We discuss how fungal responses to environmental stresses could result in decreased immune protection from infection, particularly in response to anti-fungal drugs that target β-glucan synthesis. Furthermore, we consider how experimental modulation of host-pathogen interactions might elucidate the mechanisms of protective and detrimental immunity and the potential of current and future studies to promote the development of improved treatments for patients that respond poorly to existing therapies.
Gastrin‐Releasing Peptide: Binding and Functional Studies in Mouse Pancreatic Islets

The binding of GRP (gastrin-releasing peptide) to mouse pancreatic islets was studied. Binding of 100 μM 125I-GRP to collagenase-prepared isolated islets at 22°C was one-half maximal after 15 min and maximal at 60 min. At 60 min, total binding was 1.62% of total radioactivity per SO islets; nonspecific binding (presence of 1 μM unlabeled GRP-1-27) was 0.05–0.61% of total radioactivity. GRP binds specifically to a high-affinity site (Kd, = 0.81 nM; Bmaxl = 12.8 fmol/50 islets). The specific binding is saturable. Hormones with the intact C-terminus of GRP-1-27, such as N-acetyl-GRP-20-27 and neuromedin C (GRP-18-27), possess the same inhibition curve as GRP-1-27. GRP-1-16, with a cleaved C-terminus, does not inhibit binding of 125I-GRP. However, hormones that virtually are not structurally related to GRP, such as eledoisin, galanin, and VIP (vasoactive intestinal peptide) do not compete for GRP binding. The rank order of GRP analogs such as GRP-1-27, N-acetyl-GRP-20-27, and GRP-1-16 is similar though not identical with respect to inhibition of 125I-GRP binding and insulin secretory potency. We found that 1 and 10 μM GRP-1-27, at a stimulatory glucose concentration, increases the breakdown of phosphatidylinositol to Ins-l,4,5-P3, the biological relevant isomer of Ins-P3; 10 μM GRP-1-27 is effective even at a nonstimulatory glucose concentration in this respect. In a virtually Ca2+-free medium, 5 μM GRP-1-27 increases the 45Ca2+ efflux from 45Ca2+-prelabeled islets. These data indicate that (a) specific binding sites for GRP are present in mouse pancreatic islets; (b) GRP superimposes the maximal insulinotropic effect of glucose; and (c) Ins-1,4,S-P3, is probably involved as a second messenger in the biological effects of GRP-1-27, which is underlined by the efflux of Ca+ from intracellular stores but is not a sufficient signal by itself.
Size matters: performance declines if your pixels are too big or too small

We present a conceptual model that describes the effect of pixel size on target acquisition. We demonstrate the use of our conceptual model by applying it to predict and explain the results of an experiment to evaluate users' performance in a target acquisition task involving three distinct display sizes: standard desktop, small and large displays. The results indicate that users are fastest on standard desktop displays, undershoots are the most common error on small displays and overshoots are the most common error on large displays. We propose heuristics to maintain usability when changing displays. Finally, we contribute to the growing body of evidence that amplitude does affect performance in a display-based pointing task.
Urban Poverty and Juvenile Crime: Evidence from a Randomized Housing-Mobility Experiment

This paper uses data from a randomized housing-mobility experiment to study the effects of relocating families from high- to low-poverty neighborhoods on juvenile crime. Outcome measures come from juvenile arrest records taken from government administrative data. Our findings seem to suggest that providing families with the opportunity to move to lower-poverty neighborhoods reduces violent criminal behavior by teens.
SEXUAL SELECTION AND THE EVOLUTION OF FEMALE CHOICE

A paradox for evolutionists has been the development in one sex, usually females, of preferences for mates possessing characters that impair survival. Darwin (187 1) extensively documented cases of sexual selection in animals and showed that many of the most dramatic examples are attributable to female mating preferences operating in polygynous populations. But while he was untroubled to explain the evolution of adaptations for male-male sexual competition, Darwin did not provide a hypothesis for the origin or maintenance of female mating preferences. Fisher (1958, p. 150-153) provided a subtle solution to this puzzle. He reasoned that the initial evolution of a female mating preference would require "bionomic conditions in which such preference shall confer a reproductive advantage. " He showed that evolution of the preferred male trait could then "proceed, by reason of the advantage gained in sexual selection, even after it has passed the point in development at which its advantage in Natural Selection has ceased. " Because females with stronger preferences mate with males bearing more exaggerated traits, a genetic correlation between the preference and trait is maintained by sexual selection. If the -more extreme males are increasing in frequency, the genetic correlation results in the evolution of stronger preferences and so causes further selection for the extreme males. Fisher dubbed this a "runaway process. " O'Donald (1967, 1980) used simulations to verify several essential features of Fisher's argument. He differed with Fisher, though, in his belief that females must respond to supernormal mating stimuli for a male trait to evolve to a point where it decreases viability. O'Donald (1977, 1980) pointed out that a small increase in the male trait might result in a small additional viability loss but a large gain in mating advantage by this mechanism. The primary conclusion of the present paper is that the initial selective advantages for the female preference assumed by Fisher, O'Donald, and many later authors are not necessary for either the origin or subsequent elaboration of mating preferences for traits associated with reduced survivorship. Using a two-locus analytic model that follows evolution of both the preference and the trait in a polygynous population, I will show that such mating preferences are neither selected for nor against. A sufficiently strong mating preference can, however, maintain in the population a male trait that causes greatly reduced viability. The result can be a dramatic deterioration of the average survivorship, as Fisher and O'Donald concluded, but no particular assumptions about behavioral mechanisms (e.g., response to supernormal mating stimuli) are
Endometriosis: Treatment Strategies

Abstract: Endometriosis is often a perplexing medical condition for both the physician and the patient. Accordingly, development of treatment strategies based on the needs of the individual patient is highly desirable. Although endometriosis has been part of the clinical practice for almost a century, many questions remain relating to the relationship between endometriosis and infertility as well as endometriosis and pelvic pain. Endometriosis is a disease of reproductive‐age women, and it is now well recognized that a genetic susceptibility appears probable. The prevalence in the general population has never been clearly established. Factors to consider in management include the age and reproductive desires of the patient, the stage of the disease, and, most importantly, the symptoms. Therapeutic options include no treatment, medical therapy, surgery, or combination therapy. Oral contraceptives, androgenic agents, progestins, and gonadotropin releasing hormone (GnRH) analogs have all been used successfully, although at the present time, the latter preparations are the most popular medical therapy for endometriosis. Leuprolide acetate, goserelin acetate, and nafarelin acetate are all effective agents. Surgical therapy is appropriate, especially for advanced stages of the disease. Laparoscopy is an effective surgical approach with the goal of excision of visible endometriosis in a hemostatic fashion. Since endometriosis is a chronic condition, it is not uncommon for recurrences to occur. While endometriosis remains an enigmatic disease, the introduction of new pharmacologic agents, such as GnRH analogs and newer endoscopic methods of surgical treatment, have facilitated and improved the overall management of this disease.
Nonsuicidal Self-Injury

This accessible and practical book provides therapists and students with a clear understanding of these key issues, as well as of suitable assessment techniques. It then goes on to delineate research-informed treatment approaches for NSSI, with an emphasis on functional assessment, emotion regulation, and problem solving, including motivational interviewing, interpersonal skills, CBT, DBT, behavioral management strategies, delay behaviors, exercise, family therapy, risk management, and medication, as well as how to successfully combine methods.
Assessment of Atmospheric Propagation Effects in SAR Images

TerraSAR-X, the first civil German synthetic aperture radar (SAR) satellite, was successfully launched on June 15, 2007. After 4.5 days, the first processed image was obtained. The overall quality of the image was outstanding; however, suspicious features could be identified which showed precipitation-related signatures. These rain-cell signatures are thoroughly investigated, and the physical background of the related propagation effects is provided. In addition, rain-cell signatures from former missions like SIR-C/X and the Shuttle Radar Topography Mission are provided for comparison. During the commissioning phase of TerraSAR-X, a total of 12 000 scenes were investigated for potential propagation effects, and about 100 scenes revealed atmospheric effects to a visible extent. Some of the particularly interesting events were selected and are discussed in greater detail. An interesting case of data acquisition over New York will be presented, which shows typical rain-cell signatures, and the SAR image will be compared with weather-radar data acquired nearly simultaneously (within the same minute). By comparing the images, it can be clearly seen that reflectivities in the weather-radar image of 50 dBZ may cause visible artifacts in SAR images. Furthermore, in this paper, we discuss the influence of the atmosphere (troposphere) on the external calibration of TerraSAR-X. By acquiring simultaneous weather-radar data over the test site and the SAR acquisition, it was possible to flag affected SAR images and to exclude them from the procedure to derive the absolute calibration constant. Thus, it was possible to decrease the 1 sigma uncertainty of the absolute calibration factor by 0.15 dB.
Novel immunotherapy vaccine development

Purpose of reviewAllergen-specific immunotherapy is the only curative treatment for allergic diseases. In spite of the great progress in both vaccine development and the methods of allergen immunotherapy (AIT) in recent years, several key problems related to limited efficacy, side-effects, low patient adherence and the relatively high costs due to the long duration (3–5 years) remain to be solved. The current approaches aiming at optimization of AIT are reviewed, including both conceptual studies in experimental models and proof-of-concept – as well as large, multicenter clinical studies. Recent findingsThe most promising approaches to improve efficacy and safety of vaccine-based AIT include bypassing IgE binding and targeting allergen-specific T cells using hypoallergenic recombinant allergen derivatives and immunogenic peptides, the use of new adjuvants and stimulators of the innate immune response, the fusion of allergens to immune modifiers and peptide carrier proteins and new routes of vaccine administration. SummaryThe cloning of allergen proteins and genetic engineering enabled the production of vaccines that have well defined molecular, immunologic and biologic characteristics as well as modified molecular structure. These new compounds along with new immunization protocols can bring us closer to the ultimate goal of AIT, that is, complete cure of a large number of allergic patients.
Pathological gambling recovery in the absence of abstinence.

AIMS To examine the role of abstinence from gambling versus controlled gambling in recovery from pathological gambling (PG) in a community-based survey. DESIGN Individuals with a life-time history of PG identified in a community-based survey were divided into three groups based on their current levels of PG symptoms. These three groups were compared to each other on their past-year gambling involvement. SETTING National general population twin survey conducted in Australia. PARTICIPANTS Overall, there were 4764 participants in the community-based survey (mean age 37.7 years, 57.2% women). Among these were 104 participants with a life-time history of PG; of the 104 with a life-time diagnosis of PG, 28 had a past-year diagnosis of PG, 32 had past-year problem gambling and 44 had no symptoms of PG in the past year ('recovery'). MEASUREMENTS The measure of PG was based on the NODS (NORC DSM-IV Screen for Gambling Problems). Past-year participation in 11 different gambling activities was assessed, as well as the following composite indicators: any gambling, gambling versatility, the number of days and hours spent gambling and the proportion of household income spent on gambling. FINDINGS Ninety per cent of those in the recovery group participated in some form of gambling in the past year. CONCLUSIONS In this general population survey, nearly all the PG recoveries were achieved in the absence of abstinence. Controlled gambling appears to be a popular road to recovery in the community.
Nm23 gene expression in gastric carcinoma: an immunohistochemical study.

BACKGROUND The gene Nm23 is thought to play a role in the suppression of tumour metastasis. Reduced expression of Nm23 is seen in a number of human cancers, and is associated with increased metastasis and reduced survival, most strongly in ductal breast and colorectal carcinomas. METHODS Nm23 gene expression was compared in gastric carcinoma and normal gastric mucosa. Twenty-three gastric carcinomas were graded for differentiation as either well, moderately or poorly differentiated. Metastatic deposits from seven of the cases were also examined, along with 10 samples of normal gastric mucosa. Specimens were incubated with a murine monoclonal antibody against the protein product of Nm23, and examined by immunohistochemical staining. A semiquantitative immunostaining index was used. RESULTS All normal mucosa showed moderate to strong staining; 8 of 15 poorly differentiated carcinomas showed absent or weak staining; 1 of 6 moderately differentiated carcinomas stained weakly. Both well-differentiated carcinomas stained strongly; 1 of 7 metastatic deposits stained weakly. The difference in Nm23 expression between normal mucosa and carcinomas was statistically significant (P=0.024). However, there was no statistically significant difference between the three grades of carcinomas (P=0.51), or between primary and metastatic tumour (P=0.25, all by Chi-squared test). CONCLUSIONS These results suggest that Nm23 may have a role in gastric carcinoma pathogenesis, but do not show a correlation with metastasis. A larger study, involving detailed clinical staging and follow-up, may be of benefit.
Neko: a single environment to simulate and prototype distributed algorithms

Designing, tuning, and analyzing the performance of distributed algorithms and protocols are complex tasks. A major factor that contributes to this complexity is the fact that there is no single environment to support all phases of the development of a distributed algorithm. This paper presents Neko, an easy to use Java platform that provides a uniform and extensible environment for the various phases of algorithm design and performance evaluation: prototyping, tuning, simulation, deployment, etc.