Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Proceedings of the Materials Research Society Symposium on Fracture: Instability Dynamics, Scaling, and Ductile/Brittle Behavior. Volume 409,

Abstract : This volume contains the papers that were presented at the 1995 MRS Fall Meeting in Symposium Q, entitled 'Fracture: Instability Dynamics, Scaling, and Ductile/Brittle Behavior. ' The purpose of the symposium was to bring together the many communities that investigate the fundamentals of fracture, with special sessions on the ductile/brittle transition, fracture at interfaces, fracture in ceramics and composites, dynamic instabilities in crack propagation, and fractals and scaling in fracture. A full-day joint session was held with Symposium P, 'Materials Theory, Simulations, and Parallel Algorithms. ' What was most striking about the symposium was the rich variety of methods that investigators use to model fracture. At the most detailed level, ab initio techniques are used, for instance, to estimate the strength of adhesion at an interface as a function of local structure and composition. At the next level, classical molecular dynamics provide a close up view of a propagating crack in a two- or three-dimensional solid, at least over short length and time scales. Green's function methods provide a way to model the behavior of materials at the atomic scale in the static limit, with zero temperature and strain rate. At the mesoscale, defects such as dislocations may be modelled as point particles (in 2-D) or as line segments (in 3-D) with long-range interactions. The dislocation density may be approximated as a continuous function of position and time, or even treated as an order parameter in a statistical mechanical model. At larger length scales, finite element and continuum models are used to study mixed mode crack propagation, and bond network models are used to represent the behavior of fiber composites. p9
Combined Load Frequency Control and active distribution network management with Thermostatically Controlled Loads

In this paper, we propose a novel hierarchical control algorithm to enable simultaneous participation of aggregations of Thermostatically Controlled Loads (TCLs) in power system Load Frequency Control (LFC) and active distribution network management in order to increase the integration of Renewable Energy Sources (RES). The algorithm assumes a two-way communication infrastructure and consists of two phases: day-ahead scheduling and real-time operation. In the scheduling phase, the optimal load dispatch is determined by considering demand and RES predictions and solving a robust multi-period AC Optimal Power Flow (AC-OPF). In real-time, a two-step procedure is applied to control the load aggregation to desired set-points that guarantee LFC provision, maximize the absorption of RES power and satisfy Distribution Network (DN) constraints. The effectiveness of the algorithm is illustrated by considering a benchmark Medium Voltage (MV) DN with large shares of photovoltaic (PV) generation and a controllable aggregation of residential Electric Water Heaters (EWHs). The results show that the algorithm properly exploits the demand-side flexibility and guarantees the provision of significant LFC reserves. At the same time, it reduces the curtailed PV energy due to DN stresses and minimizes adverse effects on user comfort.
Tracking the Fate of Genetically Distinct Vesicular Stomatitis Virus Matrix Proteins Highlights the Role for Late Domains in Assembly

ABSTRACT Vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV) assembly requires condensation of the viral ribonucleoprotein (RNP) core with the matrix protein (M) during budding from the plasma membrane. The RNP core comprises the negative-sense genomic RNA completely coated by the nucleocapsid protein (N) and associated by a phosphoprotein (P) with the large polymerase protein (L). To study the assembly of single viral particles, we tagged M and P with fluorescent proteins. We selected from a library of viruses with insertions in the M gene a replication-competent virus containing a fluorescent M and combined that with our previously described virus containing fluorescent P. Virus particles containing those fusions maintained the same bullet shape appearance as wild-type VSV but had a modest increase in particle length, reflecting the increased genome size. Imaging of the released particles revealed a variation in the amount of M and P assembled into the virions, consistent with a flexible packaging mechanism. We used the recombinants to further study the importance of the late domains in M, which serve to recruit the endosomal sorting complex required for transport (ESCRT) machinery during budding. Mutations in late domains resulted in the accumulation of virions that failed to pinch off from the plasma membrane. Imaging of single virions released from cells that were coinfected with M tagged with enhanced green fluorescent protein and M tagged with mCherry variants in which the late domains of one virus were inactivated by mutation showed a strong bias against the incorporation of the late-domain mutant into the released virions. In contrast, the intracellular expression and membrane association of the two variants were unaltered. These studies provide new tools for imaging particle assembly and enhance our resolution of existing models for assembly of VSV. IMPORTANCE Assembly of vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV) particles requires the separate trafficking of the viral replication machinery, a matrix protein (M) and a glycoprotein, to the plasma membrane. The matrix protein contains a motif termed a “late domain” that engages the host endosomal sorting complex required for transport (ESCRT) machinery to facilitate the release of viral particles. Inactivation of the late domains through mutation results in the accumulation of virions arrested at the point of release. In the study described here, we developed new tools to study VSV assembly by fusing fluorescent proteins to M and to a constituent of the replication machinery, the phosphoprotein (P). We used those tools to show that the late domains of M are required for efficient incorporation into viral particles and that the particles contain a variable quantity of M and P.
Expression of hypothalamic arginine vasotocin gene in response to water deprivation and sex steroid administration in female Japanese quail

SUMMARY Arginine vasotocin (AVT) is a neurohypophyseal hormone involved in reproductive function and control of osmoregulation in birds. In view of the dual function of AVT, the present experiment was designed to observe the effect of water deprivation (WD) and sex steroid [estradiol benzoate (EB) and testosterone propionate (TP)] treatment independently, as well as simultaneously, on the profile/activity of the hypothalamic AVT system. WD resulted in a significant increase in plasma osmolality, sodium ion concentration and AVT concentration, but administration of sex steroids had no significant influence on these parameters. By contrast, the amount of hypothalamic AVT transcript (northern analysis) and the size of immunoreactive vasotocin (ir-AVT) neurons and hybridization signals (in the form of silver grains), representing AVT mRNA in corresponding neurons of paraventricular nuclei (PVN), increased significantly in all the treated groups compared with controls. Our findings indicate that although sex steroid administration has no effect on plasma osmolality and AVT concentration, unlike water deprivation, it may stimulate the profile/activity of AVT neurons of PVN, supporting the possibility of sex steroid receptors on these neurons. It is concluded that in quail, osmotic stress not only upregulates the expression of the AVT gene in existing neurons but also recruits many more neurons to increase the rate of AVT synthesis and secretion, while sex steroids appear to have a stimulatory effect only on the existing number of neurons and only at the level of transcription/translation and hence may influence/modulate hypothalamic AVT gene expression in response to osmotic stress. This study also suggests an interrelationship between reproduction and AVT system/function in birds.
The evolution of CellML

CellML is an open XML-based markup language for describing and exchanging mathematical models of biological processes. While CellML was originally designed to describe and exchange models of cellular and subcellular processes, the design principles that were applied to the construction of a language with this relatively narrow focus are equally applicable to the specification of a language with a much wider scope. In this paper we describe the structure of CellML, how the language is evolving to broaden its scope, and what tools are being developed to facilitate its use.
Mesenchymal stem cells and the stem cell niche: a new chapter.

BONE MARROW-DERIVED mesenchymal stem/stromal cells (MSCs) are self-renewing multipotent cells with therapeutic effects in diverse models of tissue injury (27). In the rodent lung, MSCs reduce collagen deposition in the bleomycin model of pulmonary fibrosis (26) and reduce lung injury and improve survival following intrapulmonary delivery of endotoxin or Escherichia coli (10, 11) and following severe gram-negative peritonitis (18). In the hyperoxia model of bronchopulmonary dysplasia, exposure to high concentrations of oxygen during early postnatal life in rats and mice causes simplification of alveolar and lung capillary structure and reduced pulmonary capillary surface area, leading to pulmonary hypertension. Two groups reported simultaneously in 2009 that MSCs given by airway to rats (12) or by blood to mice (2) during prolonged hyperoxia in early postnatal life prevented arrested alveolar growth. However, engraftment of MSCs during hyperoxia and in other models has not accounted for the therapeutic effects, thus prompting a search for other mechanisms. MSCs are potent immunomodulators, suppressing several functions of lymphocytes, natural killer cells, and monocytes (1), and reduce inflammatory cell lung infiltrates and cytokines during sepsis and acute lung injury (11, 23, 25). In addition, MSCs have direct antibacterial effects (19), secrete epithelial growth factors (21), and can rescue epithelial cellular bioenergetics with mitochondrial transfer (14). MSCs and the Stem Cell Niche
HIV protein Nef causes dyslipidemia and formation of foam cells in mouse models of atherosclerosis

Patients with HIV are at an increased risk of cardiovascular disease. In this study we investigated the effect of Nef, a secreted HIV protein responsible for the impairment of cholesterol efflux, on the development of atherosclerosis in two animal models. ApoE–/– mice fed a high‐fat diet and C57BL/6 mice fed a high‐fat, high‐cholesterol diet were injected with recombinant Nef (40 ng/injection) or vehicle, and the effects of Nef on development of atherosclerosis, inflammation, and dyslipidemia were assessed. In apoE–/– mice, Nef significantly increased the size of atherosclerotic lesions and caused vessel remodeling. Nef caused elevation of total cholesterol and triglyceride levels in the plasma while reducing high‐density lipoprotein cholesterol levels. These changes were accompanied by a reduction of ABCA1 abundance in the liver, but not in the vessels. In C57BL/6 mice, Nef caused a significant number of lipid‐laden macrophages presented in adventitia of the vessels; these cells were absent from the vessels of control mice. Nef caused sharp elevations of plasma triglyceride levels and body weight. Taken together, our findings suggest that Nef causes dyslipidemia and accumulation of cholesterol in macrophages within the vessel wall, supporting the role of Nef in pathogenesis of atherosclerosis in HIV‐infected patients. —Cui, H. L. , Ditiatkovski, M. , Kesani, R. , Bobryshev, Y. V. , Liu, Y. , Geyer, M. , Mukhamedova, N. , Bukrinsky, M. , Sviridov, D. HIV protein Nef causes dyslipidemia and formation of foam cells in mouse models of atherosclerosis. FASEB J. 28, 2828–2839 (2014). www.fasebj. org
Soil-Based Treatment of Partially Treated Liquid Swine Manure

A soil-column system was tested for the removal of soluble organics and nutrients from partially treated liquid swine manure. The liquid manure was applied to the 900 mm deep (300 mm of local topsoil and 600 mm of local subsoil) soil columns continuously for an eight-week period, and leachate as well as soil samples were analysed. An effective liquid manure application rate of 17 mm d−1 was determined based on a preliminary liquid manure soil-based treatment experiment. It was found that more than 90% of five-day biochemical oxygen demand, chemical oxygen demand, total Kjeldahl and ammonia nitrogen, and total phosphorus could be effectively removed from the liquid manure by the soil system. Nitrogen contents accumulated in the soil matrix mostly within the 0 to 300 mm depth, while no significant increase was observed in sub soils. Soil analyses indicated the occurrence of nitrification and denitrification in the soil columns. Nitrogen balance showed that about 42% of the applied nitrogen was lost from the system during the liquid manure soil-based treatment experiment, suggesting the emission of ammonia and other gaseous nitrogen generated through nitrification and denitrification. The leachate of the soil treatment system was used to irrigate Bermuda grass. No negative effect of leachate was observed on the plant growth.
TRBO: A High-Efficiency Tobacco Mosaic Virus RNA-Based Overexpression Vector1[C][OA]

Transient expression is a rapid, useful approach for producing proteins of interest in plants. Tobacco mosaic virus (TMV)-based transient expression vectors can express very high levels of foreign proteins in plants. However, TMV vectors are, in general, not efficiently delivered to plant cells by agroinfection. It was determined that agroinfection was very efficient with a 35S promoter-driven TMV replicon that lacked the TMV coat protein gene sequence. This coat protein deletion vector had several useful features as a transient expression system, including improved ease of use, higher protein expression rates, and improved biocontainment. Using this TMV expression vector, some foreign proteins were expressed at levels of 3 to 5 mg/g fresh weight of plant tissue. It is proposed that this new transient expression vector will be a useful tool for expressing recombinant proteins in plants for either research or production purposes.
Cryopreservation of Mammalian Oocyte for Conservation of Animal Genetics

The preservation of the female portion of livestock genetics has become an international priority; however, in situ conservation strategies are extremely expensive. Therefore, efforts are increasingly focusing on the development of a reliable cryopreservation method for oocytes, in order to establish ova banks. Slow freezing, a common method for cryopreservation of oocytes, causes osmotic shock (solution effect) and intracellular ice crystallization leading to cell damage. Vitrification is an alternative method for cryopreservation in which cells are exposed to a higher concentration of cryoprotectants and frozen with an ultra rapid freezing velocity, resulting in an ice crystal free, solid glass-like structure. Presently, vitrification is a popular method for cryopreservation of embryos. However, vitrification of oocytes is still challenging due to their complex structure and sensitivity to chilling.
Construction of an orthonormal complex multiresolution analysis

We design two complex filters {h[n], g[n])} for an orthogonal filter bank structure based on two atom functions {ρ<sub>0</sub><sup>α</sup>(t), ρ<sub>1/2</sub><sup>α</sup>(t)}, such that: 1) they generate an orthonormal multiwavelet basis; 2) the two complex conjugate wavelets are Hilbert wavelets, i.e., their frequency responses are supported either on positive or negative frequencies; and 3) the two scaling functions are real. The developed complex wavelet transform (CWT) is non-redundant, nearly shift-invariant, and distinguishable for diagonal features. The distinguishability in diagonal features is demonstrated by comparison with real discrete wavelet transform.
Expression of TRAF1 and Nuclear c-Rel Distinguishes Primary Mediastinal Large Cell Lymphoma From Other Types of Diffuse Large B-cell Lymphoma

Primary mediastinal large B-cell lymphoma (PMLBCL) is a recently identified subtype of diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL) that is difficult to distinguish from other types of DLBCL on the basis of histologic features alone. We recently identified a molecular signature of PMLBCL that is distinct from other forms of DLBCL but shares features with classical Hodgkin lymphoma. This signature includes activation of the nuclear factor κB (NFκB) signaling pathway, which in part, acts through nuclear translocation of c-Rel containing NFκB transcriptional complexes, and subsequent expression of NFκB target genes such as tumor necrosis factor receptor-associated factor-1 (TRAF1). Using standard immunohistochemical techniques, we examined 251 large B-cell lymphomas (78 cases of PMLBCL and 173 cases of other types of DLBCL) to determine whether the expression patterns of c-Rel and TRAF1 could reliably distinguish between PMLBCL and other types of DLBCL. Robust nuclear c-Rel was present in 31 of 48 (65%) cases of PMLBCL and 28 of 160 (18%) cases of DLBCL. In addition, cytoplasmic TRAF1 expression was seen in 48 of 78 (62%) cases of PMLBCL, but only 20 of 173 (12%) cases of DLBCL. Finally, the combined expression of nuclear c-Rel and TRAF1 was seen in 24 of 45 cases (53%) of PMLBCL, but in only 3 of 156 cases (2%) of other types of DLBCL. Thus, the combined nuclear localization of c-Rel and the cellular expression of TRAF1 is a highly specific (specificity=98%) means to distinguish PMLBCL from DLBCL that is readily applicable to routine surgical pathology practice.
Laser systems in precision interactions and collaboration

Finding new technologies for supporting physical, implicit and explicit collaborations is essential for dealing with increasingly complex systems in non-structured dynamic envirnoments. The purpose of this article is to review the role of laser technology in enabling better, more precise interactions, and to identify frontier opportunities and challenges in this area. While the most common applications of laser technology are found in medical and health care, manufacturing, and communication areas, other areas such as quality assurance, agriculture, construction, entertainment, defence, and law enforcement also benefit from it. In spite of the rapid dissemination of this technology, their role in support of collaboration and discovery is still in its infancy. Research activities concerning new ways of using lasers as a supporting technology that may strength new areas have been relatively limited. Nevertheless, the translation to this domain has been recognized as vital for activities that demand increasingly more coordinated effort among interacting agents (e.g. humans, machines, particles). Recent advances in laser technology on a number of application domains are reviewed in this article, focusing primarily on lasers' role for supporting different forms of interactions. In addition a framework with four collaboration functions and five collaboration dimensions is defined in the paper. This taxonomy framework is useful for enabling a better understanding of the existing and emerging opportunities that laser-based technology offers, its advantages and challenges.
Improving Functionality of Polyolefin Films through the Use of Additives

Polyolefin films are the workhorses of the packaging and agricultural industries. Their omnipresence is driven by their good mechanical and durability properties as well as their excellent cost/performance ratio. However, polyolefin chemistry has some intrinsic properties, e.g., lack of optical transparency, hydrophobicity, static generation leading to dust attraction and inadequate barrier properties, which need to be significantly altered so that films made from these resins are suitable for some specific markets and applications. This paper shows how additives can play a significant role to overcome some of these shortcomings and create differentiated film products with added value.
Image sequence enhancement using sub-pixel displacements

Given a sequence of images taken from a moving camera, they are registered with subpixel accuracy in respect to translation and rotation. The subpixel registration allows image enhancement with respect to improved resolution and noise cleaning. Both the registration and the enhancement procedures are described. The methods are particularly useful for image sequences taken from an aircraft or satellite where images in a sequence differ mostly by translation and rotation. In these cases, the process results in images that are stable, clean, and sharp. <<ETX>>
Attack-Deterring and Damage-Control Investments in Cybersecurity

This paper studies investment in cybersecurity, where both the software vendor and the consumers can invest in security. In addition, the vendor can undertake attack-deterring and damage-control investments. I show that full liability, under which the vendor is liable for all damages, does not achieve eciency and, in particular, the vendor underinvests in attack deterrence and overinvests in damage control. Instead, the joint use of an optimal standard, which establishes a minimum compliance framework, and partial liability can restore eciency. This suggests that policies that encourage not only firms, but also consumers to invest in security might be desirable.
Weight Distributions of Hamming Codes (II)

In a previous paper, we derived a recursive formula determining the weight distributions of the [n = (qm − 1)/(q − 1), n−m, 3] Hamming codeH(m,q), when (m, q−1) = 1. Here q is a prime power. We note here that the formula actually holds for any positive integer m and any prime power q, without the restriction (m,q − 1) = 1.
Supplementary Figure and Table Legends

Figure S1. Deep sequencing indicates that a " core " peptidergic gene set is enriched in purified DIMM + neurons. A subset of this gene battery is also enriched in octopaminergic neurons (Pal2, CG1275, 7B2, ATP7; data sourced from Henry et al. (1). Figure S2. Testing DIMM transactivation in a Drosophila BG3-c2 neuronal cell line of 16 genomic fragments that displayed significant DIMM in vivo ChIP-chip binding. Luciferase reporter was placed downstream of a mini-SV promoter and a ChIP-chip identified enhancer. Fold ratios represent Luciferase levels with DIMM co-transfection divided by those without. Red gene candidates are those producing significant changes: all except the Vha36-1 fragment responded to DIMM with increases in LUC expression. Histograms represents means and SEMs of at least three independent replicate assays. *p < 0.05 student t-test. Figure S3. Phm locus with the normalization steps used in ChIP-chip analysis. MYC antibody ChIP of c929>DIMM::MYC,tubGAL80 ts fly heads normalized to its input indicated in pink (#1-#2). MYC antibody ChIP of c929>tubGAL80 ts control fly heads normalized to its input indicated in blue (#3-#4). MYC antibody ChIP of c929>DIMM::MYC,tubGAL80 ts fly heads normalized directly to MYC antibody ChIP of c929>tubGAL80 ts control fly heads depicted in orange. Net result summarized by the following equation: [(#1 – #2) – (#3 – #4)] + (#1 – #3) depicted in red. Scales for the pink, blue and orange tracks are identical (range 0-7 MAT score). Scale for the red track (net result) has a range of 0-14 MAT score.