Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Does Job Insecurity Deteriorate Health? a Causal Approach for Europe. Does Job Insecurity Deteriorate Health? a Causal Approach for Europe

L'insécurité de l'emploi détériore t-elle la santé ? Une approche causale pour l'Europe. Résumé : Ce travail s'attache à étudier l'impact causal du sentiment d'insécurité de l'emploi sur la santé des hommes dans 22 pays européens. Notre stratégie d'identification consiste à instrumenter le sentiment d'insécurité de l'emploi d'un individu employé dans le secteur s et vivant dans le pays p par l'interaction entre le taux de licenciement naturel dans le secteur s-tel que mesuré aux Etats-Unis où la protection de l'emploi est quasiment nulle-et l'indice OCDE de protection de l'emploi dans le pays p. L'intuition sous-jacente au choix de notre instrument est qu'un individu employé dans un secteur où le taux de licenciement est naturellement élevé se sentira d'autant moins en insécurité de l'emploi que les dispositifs institutionnels visant à protéger l'emploi sont plus restrictifs dans son pays. Les données utilisées sont celles de la vague 2010 de l'Enquête Conditions de Travail Européenne. Les résultats obtenus indiquent que si l'on ne prend pas en compte les problèmes d'endogénéité – estimations naïves par probit-, l'insécurité de l'emploi semble dégrader tous les indicateurs de santé, hormis les maladies cardiovasculaires. En revanche, lorsque l'endogeneité potentielle de l'insécurité de l'emploi est prise en compte par la méthode de variable instrumentale (et une fois traité le problème potentiel soulevé par un instrument faible), cette conclusion n'est confirmée que pour un sous-groupe limité d'indicateurs de santé, à savoir les problèmes de peau et les maux de têtes ou la fatigue oculaire. Abstract This paper estimates the causal effect of perceived job insecurity – i.e. the fear of involuntary job loss – on health in a sample of men from 22 European countries. We rely on an original instrumental variable approach based on the idea that workers perceive greater job security in countries where employment is strongly protected by the law, and relatively more so if employed in industries where employment protection legislation is more binding, i.e. in industries with a higher natural rate of dismissals. Using crosscountry data from the 2010 European Working Conditions Survey, we show that when the potential endogeneity of job insecurity is not accounted for, the latter appears to deteriorate almost all health outcomes. When tackling the endogeneity issue by estimating an IV model and dealing with potential weak-instrument issues, the health-damaging effect of job insecurity is confirmed for a limited subgroup of health outcomes, namely suffering from headaches or eyestrain and …
Does Job Insecurity Deteriorate Health? a Causal Approach for Europe Www.pse.ens.fr Does Job Insecurity Deteriorate Health? a Causal Approach for Europe

This paper estimates the causal effect of perceived job insecurity-i.e. the fear of involuntary job loss-on health in a sample of 22 European countries. We rely on an original instrumental variable approach based on the idea that workers perceive greater job security in countries where employment is strongly protected by the law, and relatively more so if employed in industries where employment protection legislation is more binding, i.e. in industries with a higher natural rate of dismissals. Using crosscountry data from the 2010 European Working Conditions Survey, we show that when the potential endogeneity of job insecurity is not accounted for, the latter appears to deteriorate almost all health outcomes. After controlling for endogeneity, the health-damaging effect of job insecurity is confirmed for a subgroup of health outcomes, namely self-rated health, being sick in the past 12 months, suffering from skin problems, headaches or eyestrain and stomach ache. As for other health variables, the impact of job insecurity appears to be insignificant at conventional levels.
Professional Survey Forecasts and Expectations in DSGE Models

In this paper, we demonstrate the usefulness of survey data for macroeconomic analysis and propose a strategy to integrate and e¢ ciently utilize information from surveys in the DSGE setup. We extend the set of observable variables to include the data on consumption, investment, output, and ination expectations, as measured by the Survey of Professional Forecasters (SPF). By doing so, we aim to discipline the dynamics of model-based expectations and evaluate alternative belief models. Our approach to exploit the timely information from surveys is based on re-speci cation of structural shocks into persistent and transitory components. Due to the SPF, we are able to improve identi cation of fundamental shocks and predictive power of the model by separating the sources of low and high frequency volatility. Furthermore, we show that models with an imperfectly-rational expectation formation mechanism based on Adaptive Learning (AL) can reduce important limitations implied by the Rational Expectation (RE) hypothesis. More speci cally, our models based on belief updating can better capture macroeconomic trend shifts and, as a result, achieve superior long-term predictions. In addition, the AL mechanism can produce realistic time variation in the transmission of shocks and perceived macro-economic volatility, which allows the model to better explain the investment dynamics. Finally, AL models, which relax the RE constraint of internal consistency between the agentsand model forecasts, can reproduce the main features of agentspredictions in line with SPF evidence and, at the same time, can generate improved model forecasts, thus diminishing possible ine¢ ciencies present in surveys. JEL Classi cation: C5, D84, E3
Relative Worst-Order Analysis A Survey

The standard measure for the quality of online algorithms is the competitive ratio. This measure is generally applicable, and for some problems it works well, but for others it fails to distinguish between algorithms that have very different performance. Thus, ever since its introduction, researchers have worked on improving the measure, deﬁning variants, or deﬁning measures based on other concepts to improve on the situation. Relative worst-order analysis (RWOA) is one of the most thoroughly tested such proposals. With RWOA, many separations of algorithms not obtainable with competitive analysis have been found. In RWOA, two algorithms are compared directly, rather than indirectly as is done in competitive analysis, where both algorithms are compared separately to an optimal ofﬂine algorithm. If, up to permutations of the request sequences, one algorithm is always at least as good and sometimes better than another, the ﬁrst algorithm is deemed the better algorithm by RWOA. We survey the most important results obtained with this technique and compare it with other quality measures. The survey includes a quite complete set of references.
Correlation between Water Deficiency, Yield Components and Crop Productivity of Banana

Water is a limited factor that significantly influence productivity of banana and is needed to ensure optimum yield. Currently, Grand Nain is becoming a popular banana cultivar in Sudan, but the yields are low due to improper water management and agricultural practices. To investigate the effect of irrigation water quantity on the growth and yield of banana crop, a field experimental was conducted during the period of 2009-2010 on the eastern bank of the Nile River, 54 km of North Khartoum, Sudan. In the concerned experiment a randomized complete block design was used, where three different irrigation water quantities of 1.0 ETc, 0.75 ETc and 0.5 ETc at an irrigation interval of two days using gated pipe (hydroflume). The results showed that the growth parameters, hydraulic performance, water use efficiency and the productivity were significantly response to the water quantities, where all parameters increased with increase of water amount. The highest values of above mentioned parameters were obtained by 1.0 ETc followed by 0.75 ETc and 0.5 ETc respectively. Using hydroflume improved irrigation efficacies, also the production indicators showed that the banana crop agronomic parameters response negatively with water deficiency. To improve productivity of banana in Sudan, and other semi ecological areas, more attention should be given to research geared towards improved water and unlike environmental conditions stress management.
Measuring Competences in School-leaver Surveys

We wish to thank all members of ROA's competence group. This group, which includes members from both of ROA's research departments as well as some external experts, has the mission to investigate the concept of competence both in theoretical and empirical ways. Its main goal is to advance the usefulness of the competence questions in ROA's large-scale school-leaver surveys for the Netherlands. This paper has benefited a great deal from the ideas and comments from the members of ROA's competence group:
Geophysical Research Letters Supporting Information for Iron-phosphorus feedbacks drive multidecadal oscillations in Baltic Sea hypoxia

Geophysical Research Letters Supporting Information for Iron-phosphorus feedbacks drive multidecadal oscillations in Baltic Sea hypoxia Tom Jilbert*, Bo G. Gustafsson, Simon Veldhuijzen, Daniel C. Reed Niels A. G. M. van Helmond, Martijn Hermans and Caroline P. Slomp Aquatic Biogeochemistry Research Unit (ABRU), Ecosystems and Environment Research Program, Faculty of Biological and Environmental Sciences, P.O. Box 65, 00014 University of Helsinki, Finland, Tvärminne Zoological Station, University of Helsinki, J.A. Palménintie 260, 10900 Hanko, Finland, Environmental Geochemistry Group, Department of Geosciences and Geography, Faculty of Science, Gustav Hallströmin katu 2, University of Helsinki, Finland, Department of Earth Sciences (Geochemistry), Faculty of Geosciences, Utrecht University, P.O. Box 80.021, 3508 TA Utrecht, The Netherlands, Baltic Nest Institute, Baltic Sea Centre, Stockholm University, S-106 91 Stockholm, Sweden, Fisheries & Oceans Canada, Bedford Institute of Oceanography, Canada
PALEOECOLOGIC ASSESSMENT OF AN EDRIOASTEROID (ECHINODERMATA)–ENCRUSTED HARDGROUND FROM THE UPPER ORDOVICIAN (MAYSVILLIAN) BELLEVUE MEMBER, MAYSVILLE, KENTUCKY

Abstract Since population studies are most reliable when applied to census assemblages, edrioasteroid paleoecology can best be understood by examining catastrophically buried obrution communities. This paleoecologic study examines a carbonate hardground surface encrusted with four species of isorophid edrioasteroids: Curvitriordo stecki, Carneyella ulrichi, Carneyella pilea, and Streptaster vorticellatus. Analysis of edrioasteroid diameters, a proxy for age, shows a bimodal distribution for Curvitriordo stecki, suggesting a hiatus in recruitment or multiple spatfalls. Low juvenile mortality may explain a left-skewed distribution among individuals of Carneyella ulrichi. Lack of juvenile individuals of S. vorticellatus suggests that this population matured from a single spatfall; there were too few specimens of C. pilea for analysis. Edrioasteroids on this surface exhibit no preferred ambulacral orientation. Spatial analysis (SA) shows an inter-specific clustered distribution at several spatial scales. Intraspecific SA indicates a clustered distribution for Curvitriordo stecki and Carneyella ulrichi; there were too few specimens of S. vorticellatus and C. pilea for analysis. Examination of inter- and intraspecific edrioasteroid taphonomy reveals that thecal collapse, disarticulated cover plates, and disarticulated interambulacral plates occur in nearly half of the population, suggesting brief post-mortem exposure on the paleoseafloor without protection of sediment cover. Individuals of S. vorticellatus suffered thecal collapse, yet all plates and ambulacra remained intact, suggesting that robust thecal elements may inhibit thecal disarticulation.
Microbial dispersal in unsaturated porous media: Characteristics of motile bacterial cell motions in unsaturated angular pore networks

The dispersal rates of self‐propelled microorganisms affect their spatial interactions and the ecological functioning of microbial communities. Microbial dispersal rates affect risk of contamination of water resources by soil‐borne pathogens, the inoculation of plant roots, or the rates of spoilage of food products. In contrast with the wealth of information on microbial dispersal in water replete systems, very little is known about their dispersal rates in unsaturated porous media. The fragmented aqueous phase occupying complex soil pore spaces suppress motility and limits dispersal ranges in unsaturated soil. The primary objective of this study was to systematically evaluate key factors that shape microbial dispersal in model unsaturated porous media to quantify effects of saturation, pore space geometry, and chemotaxis on characteristics of principles that govern motile microbial dispersion in unsaturated soil. We constructed a novel 3‐D angular pore network model (PNM) to mimic aqueous pathways in soil for different hydration conditions; within the PNM, we employed an individual‐based model that considers physiological and biophysical properties of motile and chemotactic bacteria. The effects of hydration conditions on first passage times in different pore networks were studied showing that fragmentation of aquatic habitats under dry conditions sharply suppresses nutrient transport and microbial dispersal rates in good agreement with limited experimental data. Chemotactically biased mean travel speed of microbial cells across 9 mm saturated PNM was ∼3 mm/h decreasing exponentially to 0.45 mm/h for the PNM at matric potential of −15 kPa (for −35 kPa , dispersal practically ceases and the mean travel time to traverse the 9 mm PNM exceeds 1 year). Results indicate that chemotaxis enhances dispersal rates by orders of magnitude relative to random (diffusive) motions. Model predictions considering microbial cell sizes relative to available liquid pathways sizes were in good agreement with experimental results for unsaturated soils. The new modeling platform enables quantitative consideration of key biophysical factors (e.g., pore space heterogeneities and hydration conditions) governing microbial interactions in 3‐D soil pore spaces.
Counterfactual Prediction Under Selective Confounding

This research addresses the challenge of conducting interpretable causal inference between a binary treatment and its resulting outcome when not all confounders are known. Confounders are factors that have an influence on both the treatment and the outcome. We relax the requirement of knowing all confounders under desired treatment, which we refer to as Selective Confounding, to enable causal inference in diverse real-world scenarios. Our proposed scheme is designed to work in situations where multiple decision-makers with different policies are involved and where there is a re-evaluation mechanism after the initial decision to ensure consistency. These assumptions are more practical to fulfill compared to the availability of all confounders under all treatments. To tackle the issue of Selective Confounding, we propose the use of dual-treatment samples. These samples allow us to employ two-step procedures, such as Regression Adjustment or Doubly-Robust, to learn counterfactual predictors. We provide both theoretical error bounds and empirical evidence of the effectiveness of our proposed scheme using synthetic and real-world child placement data. Furthermore, we introduce three evaluation methods specifically tailored to assess the performance in child placement scenarios. By emphasizing transparency and interpretability, our approach aims to provide decision-makers with a valuable tool. The source code repository of this work is located at https://github.com/sohaib730/CausalML.
Effects of locality and stone surface structure on the distribution of Collembola inhabiting the stone-ice border on an alpine glacier

Supraglacial zones worldwide serve as suitable habitats for psychrophiles including metazoans. In this study, we tested whether the occurrence and abundance of springtails (Collembola) occurring in water films under stones on the Forni Glacier in the Alps were affected by a) the locality of the stone (i.e. stones located in supraglacial streams, on bare ice, in the forefield, on the medial moraine), b) the distance from the goacier terminus, c) the roughness of the stone surface, and d) the inclination of the stone to the ice. We found that springtails inhabit stones located only on ice and their abundance showed no relation with distance from the glacier terminus. They were also more frequent under stones located on bare ice than under those in the supraglacial streams, medial moraine or glacier forefield. The roughness of stone surface adjacent to ice had a
DO ENERGY PRICES AND INDUSTRIALIZATION AFFECT ENERGY INTENSITY? THE CASE OF TURKEY UNDER STRUCTURAL BREAKS

This study differs from other studies with the research of the energy density of Turkey, which imports more than half of its energy demand. While GDP per capita in Turkey increased by 347% in 2019 compared to 1968, energy consumption per capita increased by 324% in parallel with this. In other words, efficient use of energy in Turkey continues to be a big problem despite technological developments. Therefore, it is considered important to reduce energy intensity in Turkey, which is dependent on foreign energy. In this study, the relationship between GDP per capita, industrialization and energy prices, and energy intensity in the 1968-2019 period in the Turkish economy is investigated. The unit root process was determined by Perron (1989) and Zivot and Andrews (1992) tests, which allow structural breaks as an empirical method, and Gregory and Hansen (1996), a structural break cointegration test, was used. Empirical findings have shown that there is a long-term relationship between the variables. The Fully Modified Least Squares Method (FMOLS) estimator was used as the cointegration estimator. According to the cointegration estimation results, the increase in economic growth and energy price increases reduces energy intensity. However, higher industrialization leads to more intensive use of energy.
When is cloud condensation nuclei activity sensitive to particle characteristics at emission?

The cloud condensation nuclei (CCN) activity of an aerosol population depends on individual particles' size and composition. However, these properties are modified shortly after emission by condensation of semivolatile substances and coagulation with other particles. It is, therefore, unclear to what extent particle characteristics at emission affect CCN activity after aging by condensation and coagulation. We present a process‐level analysis of particles emitted from a particular source, diesel engines, in which we isolate the separate effects of condensation and coagulation on the CCN activation of primary aerosol. We simulated aerosol dynamics in a polluted area with the Particle Monte Carlo model coupled to the Model for Simulating Aerosol Interactions and Chemistry and evaluated three factors influencing particle CCN activity shortly after emission: (1) particle characteristics at the time of emission, (2) aging conditions near the emission source, and (3) the water vapor supersaturation at which CCN activity is evaluated. CCN concentrations were sensitive to particle properties at emission only under specific environmental conditions. Diesel emissions did not strongly influence local CCN concentrations at low cloud supersaturation thresholds (s<0.2%), regardless of particle characteristics at emission or aging conditions. At higher supersaturation thresholds (s>0.2%) and under conditions of rapid secondary aerosol formation, changes in CCN concentrations showed a greater sensitivity to particles' emission size than composition.
Systemic Functional Analysis in Political Speeches—A Study on Xi Jinping’s Address at the 16th G20 Leaders’ Summit

This thesis makes an analysis of Xi Jinping’s address at the 16th G20 Leaders’ Summit from the perspective of systematic functional grammar. It bases on Halliday’s theory of meta-functions, integrating ideational function, interpersonal function and textual function to analyze the social communicative message of the address. By use of the language skills of three meta-functions, president Xi conveyed his determination to safeguard the interests of the state and the government, call on all countries in the world to jointly practice true multilateralism, and promote the building of a community with a shared future for mankind. Also, the thesis reveals the hidden ideological meaning and social structure as well as power control relationship in discourse, highlights the core issues of the current world and emphasizes the global development strategic blueprint in the 21st century, which provides a new analytical method for us to learn about political speech.
Second peak in the far eastern Pacific sea surface temperature anomaly following strong El Niño events

The eastern Pacific sea surface temperature anomaly (SSTa) associated with El Niño usually peaks in December, January, and February, and decays in the ensuing months; sometimes, however, after a strong El Niño, a second peak in SSTa is observed in the far eastern equatorial Pacific. It is found that an enhanced westerly wind stress anomaly over the equatorial Pacific basin, usually associated with a meridional swing of South Pacific Convergence Zone (SPCZ), precedes the occurrence of the second peak. As the equatorial thermocline slope balances with the zonally integrated zonal‐wind stress, the westerly wind stress anomaly induces deepened thermocline and suppresses upwelling in the eastern Pacific for the double‐peak cases. On the other hand, enhanced latent heat release and reduced shortwave radiation cause a pause in warming between the two peaks. As a result, a strong El Niño, usually accompanied by a zonal SPCZ, exhibits distinct double‐peak characteristics.
Individual Differences in Decision-Making and Emotions: A Study of Alexithymia Using the Columbia Card Task

Making effective decisions requires a balance between rational thinking and emotional processing. Optimal decision-making approaches involve carefully analyzing available information to make informed and advantageous choices. This study investigates how people’s ability to identify, process, and express emotions (alexithymia) relates to their decision-making in different emotional contexts. We used the Hot and Cold versions of the Columbia Card Task (CCT) to evaluate how participants make decisions. By analyzing their decisions as a function of their alexithymia levels and three manipulated game parameters (loss probability, loss amount, and gain amount), we discovered that people with higher levels of alexithymia had reduced sensitivity to losses, especially in the Hot version of the CCT. These results indicate that people with alexithymia may underestimate losses when making decisions involving emotional processing, leading to biased outcomes. Our findings have important implications for understanding and addressing risk-taking behaviour in individuals with heightened alexithymia.