Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Scrutinizing the role of length of residence and age of acquisition in the interlanguage pronunciation development of English /ɹ/ by late Japanese bilinguals

The current project examined whether and to what degree continued L2 input, operationalized as length of residence (LOR), and age of acquisition (AOA), defined as the first intensive exposure to the target language, can be predictive of adult Japanese learners’ production of word-initial English /ɹ/. Data were collected from 65 participants, consisting of three groups of Japanese learners of English (n = 13 for Short-, Mid-, and Long-LOR groups, respectively) and two groups of baseline speakers (n = 13 for Japanese- and English-Baseline groups, respectively). Their production of /ɹ/ was elicited via three oral tasks (i.e., word reading, sentence reading, timed picture description). Acoustic analyses were carried out along four dimensions: third formant (F3), second formant (F2), first formant (F1) frequencies, and formant transition duration. The results demonstrated that (a) all learners reached native-like proficiency with respect to the use of existing cues (F2, transition duration) within approximately one year of LOR, (b) their performance was negatively related to AOA to some degree, and (c) longer LOR was predictive of the development of the new cue (F3). These results suggest that late L2 speech sound acquisition and proficiency may be characterized by different levels of phonetic processing.
Biodistribution and endocytosis of ICAM-1-targeting antibodies versus nanocarriers in the gastrointestinal tract in mice

Drug delivery to the gastrointestinal (GI) tract is key for improving treatment of GI maladies, developing oral vaccines, and facilitating drug transport into circulation. However, delivery of formulations to the GI tract is hindered by pH changes, degradative enzymes, mucus, and peristalsis, leading to poor GI retention. Targeting may prolong residence of therapeutics in the GI tract and enhance their interaction with this tissue, improving such aspects. We evaluated nanocarrier (NC) and ligand-mediated targeting in the GI tract following gastric gavage in mice. We compared GI biodistribution, degradation, and endocytosis between control antibodies and antibodies targeting the cell surface determinant intercellular adhesion molecule 1 (ICAM-1), expressed on GI epithelium and other cell types. These antibodies were administered either as free entities or coated onto polymer NCs. Fluorescence and radioisotope tracing showed proximal accumulation, with preferential retention in the stomach, jejunum, and ileum; and minimal presence in the duodenum, cecum, and colon by 1 hour after administration. Upstream (gastric) retention was enhanced in NC formulations, with decreased downstream (jejunal) accumulation. Of the total dose delivered to the GI tract, ∼60% was susceptible to enzymatic (but not pH-mediated) degradation, verified both in vitro and in vivo. Attenuation of peristalsis by sedation increased upstream retention (stomach, duodenum, and jejunum). Conversely, alkaline NaHCO3, which enhances GI transit by decreasing mucosal viscosity, favored downstream (ileal) passage. This suggests passive transit through the GI tract, governed by mucoadhesion and peristalsis. In contrast, both free anti-ICAM and anti-ICAM NCs demonstrated significantly enhanced upstream (stomach and duodenum) retention when compared to control IgG counterparts, suggesting GI targeting. This was validated by transmission electron microscopy and energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy, which revealed anti-ICAM NCs in vesicular compartments within duodenal epithelial cells. These results will guide future work aimed at improving intraoral delivery of targeted therapeutics for the treatment of GI pathologies.
Underground roots monitor aboveground environment by sensing stem-piped light

ABSTRACT Light is a critical environmental cue for plant growth and development. Plants actively monitor surrounding environments by sensing changes in light wavelength and intensity. Therefore, plants have evolved a series of photoreceptors to perceive a broad wavelength range of light. Phytochrome photoreceptors sense red and far-red light, which serves as a major photomorphogenic signal in shoot growth and morphogenesis. Notably, plants also express phytochromes in the roots, obscuring whether and how they perceive light in the soil. We have recently demonstrated that plants directly channel light to the roots through plant body to activate root phytochrome B (phyB). Stem light facilitates the nuclear import of phyB in the roots, and the photoactivated phyB triggers the accumulation of the photomorphogenic regulator ELONGATED HYPOCOTYL 5 in modulating root growth and gravitropism. Optical experiments revealed that red to far-red light is efficiently transduced through plant body. Our findings provide physical and molecular evidence, supporting that photoreceptors expressed in the underground roots directly sense light. We propose that the roots are not a passive organ but a central organ that actively monitors changes in the aboveground environment by perceiving light information from the shoots.
A Multifactorial Analysis of Explicitation in Translation

The search for translation universals has been an important topic in translation studies over the past decades. In this paper, we focus on the notion of explicitation through a multifaceted study of causal connectives, integrating four different variables: the role of the source and the target languages, the influence of specific connectives and the role of the discourse relation they convey. Our results indicate that while source and target languages do not globally influence explicitation, specific connectives have a significant impact on this phenomenon. We also show that in English and French, the most frequently used connectives for explicitation share a similar semantic profile. Finally, we demonstrate that explicitation also varies across different discourse relations, even when they are conveyed by a single connective.
The Capacity for Long-Term Memory in Infancy

can remember the events in which they actively participated for days, weeks, and even months.3 Because prelinguistic infants lack words to tell us what they remember, they must use motoric responses instead. To this end, my students and I teach infants an op? rant response? a foot kick? that is reinforced by the movement of a particular crib mo bile on which we have displayed the critical stimulus information (Fig. 1a). Infants then "tell" us whether they recognize the visual informa tion that we later display on a test mobile by whether or not they kick their feet: If they respond as trained,
Directing the public to evidence-based online content

To direct online users searching for gynecologic cancer information to accurate content, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention's (CDC) 'Inside Knowledge: Get the Facts About Gynecologic Cancer' campaign sponsored search engine advertisements in English and Spanish. From June 2012 to August 2013, advertisements appeared when US Google users entered search terms related to gynecologic cancer. Users who clicked on the advertisements were directed to relevant content on the CDC website. Compared with the 3 months before the initiative (March-May 2012), visits to the CDC web pages linked to the advertisements were 26 times higher after the initiative began (June-August 2012) (p<0.01), and 65 times higher when the search engine advertisements were supplemented with promotion on television and additional websites (September 2012-August 2013) (p<0.01). Search engine advertisements can direct users to evidence-based content at a highly teachable moment--when they are seeking relevant information.
EBPG guideline on haemodynamic instability.

1. Evaluation of the patient1.1 Assessment of dry weight1.2 Measurement of blood pressure and heart rateduring dialysis1.3 Cardiac evaluation2. Lifestyle interventions2.1 Sodium restriction2.2 Food and caffeine intake during dialysis3. Factors relation to the dialysis treatment3.1 Manipulation of ultrafiltration3.1. 1 Ultrafiltration profiling3.1. 2 Blood volume controlled ultrafiltration3.2 Dialysate composition.3. 2.1 High sodium dialysis and sodium profiling3.2. 2 Dialysate buffer3.2. 3 Dialysate calcium3.2. 4 Other components of dialysate3.3 Dialysis membranes/contamination ofdialysate.3. 4 Dialysate temperature.3. 5 Convective techniques and isolatedultrafiltration.3. 5.1 Convective techniques3.5. 2 Isolated ultrafiltration3.6 Dialysis duration and frequency.3. 7 Switch to peritoneal dialysis.4. Antihypertensive drugs and preventive medication4.1 Antihypertensive drugs4.2 Preventive vasoactive agents4.3 Carnitine5. Stratified approach to prevent IDH6. Treatment of IDH6.1 Trendelenburg position6.2 Stopping ultrafiltration6.3 Infusion fluids6.4 Protocol
Pharmacogenomics in neurology: Current state and future steps

In neurology, as in any other clinical specialty, there is a need to develop treatment strategies that allow stratification of therapies to optimize efficacy and minimize toxicity. Pharmacogenomics is one such method for therapy optimization: it aims to elucidate the relationship between human genome sequence variation and differential drug responses. Approaches have focused on candidate approaches investigating absorption‐, distribution‐, metabolism, and elimination (ADME)‐related genes (pharmacokinetic pathways), and potential drug targets (pharmacodynamic pathways). To date, however, only few genetic variants have been incorporated into clinical algorithms. Unfortunately, a large number of studies have thrown up contradictory results due to a number of deficiencies, including small sample sizes, inadequate phenotyping, and genotyping strategies. Thus, there still exists an urgent need to establish biomarkers that could help to select for patients with an optimal benefit to risk relationship. Here we review recent advances, and limitations, in pharmacogenomics for agents used in neuroimmunology, neurodegenerative diseases, ischemic stroke, epilepsy, and primary headaches. Further work is still required in all of these areas, which really needs to progress on several fronts, including better standardized phenotyping, appropriate sample sizes through multicenter collaborations and judicious use of new technological advances such as genome‐wide approaches, next generation sequencing and systems biology. In time, this is likely to lead to improvements in the benefit‐harm balance of neurological therapies, cost efficiency, and identification of new drugs. Ann Neurol 2011
OmniShare: Securely Accessing Encrypted Cloud Storage from Multiple Authorized Devices

Cloud storage services like Dropbox and Google Drive are widely used by individuals and businesses. Two attractive features of these services are 1) the automatic synchronization of files between multiple client devices and 2) the possibility to share files with other users. However, privacy of cloud data is a growing concern for both individuals and businesses. Encrypting data on the client-side before uploading it is an effective privacy safeguard, but it requires all client devices to have the decryption key. Current solutions derive these keys solely from user-chosen passwords, which have low entropy and are easily guessed. We present OmniShare, the first scheme to allow client-side encryption with high-entropy keys whilst providing an intuitive key distribution mechanism to enable access from multiple client devices. Instead of passwords, we use low bandwidth uni-directional out-of-band (OOB) channels, such as QR codes, to authenticate new devices. To complement these OOB channels, the cloud storage itself is used as a communication channel between devices in our protocols. We rely on a directory-based key hierarchy with individual file keys to limit the consequences of key compromise and allow efficient sharing of files without requiring re-encryption. OmniShare is open source software and currently available for Android and Windows with other platforms in development. We describe the design and implementation of OmniShare, and explain how we evaluated its security using formal methods, its performance via real-world benchmarks, and its usability through a cognitive walkthrough.
Patellar Tendon Healing With Platelet-Rich Plasma

Background: The patellar tendon has limited ability to heal after harvesting its central third. Platelet-rich plasma (PRP) could improve patellar tendon healing. Hypothesis: Adding PRP to the patellar tendon harvest site would improve donor site healing and improve clinical outcome at 6 months after anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) reconstruction with a patellar tendon graft. Study Design: Randomized controlled trial; Level of evidence, 1. Methods: Twenty-seven patients were randomly divided to receive (n = 12) or not receive (n = 15) PRP in the patellar tendon harvest site during ACL reconstruction. The primary outcome was magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) assessment of patellar tendon healing (gap area) after 6 months. Secondary outcomes were questionnaires and isokinetic testing of ACL reconstruction with a patellar tendon graft comparing both groups. Results: Patellar tendon gap area was significantly smaller in the PRP group (4.9 ± 5.3 mm2; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.1-8.8) than in the control group (9.4 ± 4.4 mm2; 95% CI, 6.6-12.2; P = .046). Visual analog scale score for pain was lower in the PRP group immediately postoperatively (3.8 ± 1.0; 95% CI, 3.18-4.49) than in the control group (5.1 ± 1.4; 95% CI, 4.24-5.90; P = .02). There were no differences after 6 months in questionnaire and isokinetic testing results comparing both groups. Conclusion: We showed that PRP had a positive effect on patellar tendon harvest site healing on MRI after 6 months and also reduced pain in the immediate postoperative period. Questionnaire and isokinetic testing results were not different between the groups at 6 months.
Regulation of BRCA1, BRCA2 and BARD1 intracellular trafficking

The subcellular location and function of many proteins are regulated by nuclear–cytoplasmic shuttling. BRCA1 and BARD1 provide an interesting model system for understanding the influence of protein dimerization on nuclear transport and localization. These proteins function predominantly in the nucleus to regulate cell cycle progression, DNA repair/recombination and gene transcription, and their export to the cytoplasm has been linked to apoptosis. Germ‐line mutations in the BRCA1/BRCA2 and BARD1 genes predispose to risk of breast/ovarian cancer, and certain mutations impair protein function and nuclear accumulation. BRCA1 and BARD1 shuttle between the nucleus and cytoplasm; however heterodimerization masks the nuclear export signals located within each protein, causing nuclear retention of the BRCA1–BARD1 complex and potentially influencing its role in DNA repair, cell survival and regulation of centrosome duplication. This review discusses BRCA1, BRCA2 and BARD1 subcellular localization with emphasis on regulation of transport by protein dimerization and its functional implications. BioEssays 27:884–893, 2005. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Do episodes of anger trigger myocardial infarction? A case-crossover analysis in the Stockholm Heart Epidemiology Program (SHEEP).

OBJECTIVE Our objectives were to study anger as a trigger of acute myocardial infarction (MI) and to explore potential effect modification by usual behavioral patterns related to hostility. METHODS This study was a case-crossover study within the Stockholm Heart Epidemiology Program. Exposure in the period immediately preceding MI was compared with exposure during a control period for each case. From April 1993 to December 1994, 699 patients admitted to coronary care units in Stockholm County were interviewed. RESULTS During a period of 1 hour after an episode of anger, with an intensity of at least "very angry," the relative risk of MI was 9.0 (95% CI, 4.4-18.2). In patients with premonitory symptoms, the time of disease initiation may be misclassified. When restricting the analyses to those without such symptoms, the trigger risk was 15.7 (95% CI, 7.6-32.4). The possibility of examining effect modification was limited by a lack of statistical power (eight exposed cases). Results of the analyses suggested, however, an increased trigger effect among subjects reporting nonhostile usual behavior patterns, nonovert strategies of coping with aggressive situations (not protesting when being treated unfairly), and nonuse of beta-blockers. CONCLUSIONS The hypothesis that anger may trigger MI is further supported, with an increased risk lasting for approximately 1 hour after an outburst of anger. It is suggested that the trigger risk may be modified by personal behavior patterns.
Free radicals and iron-sulfur clusters in regulatory proteins

Free radicals, you can't live with them and you can't live without them. Appreciation is growing that free radicals and related oxidants are ubiquitous and that they are involved in common pathways that lead to tissue damage from a wide variety of insults. Some combination of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and reactive nitrogen species (RNS) are implicated in an array of neuro-degenerative diseases (including amyotrophic lateral sclerosis and Parkinson's disease) and in many other human health problems ranging from the toxicity of some xenobiotics to cataractogenesis, carcinogenesis, atherosclerosis, diabetes mellitus, ischemia/reperfusion injury, cancer, and the aging process itself. This has created the impression that all free radicals are highly reactive and highly damaging to biological systems—in short, all bad. But a more informed examination of the chemistry of free radicals and related oxidants reveals a wide range of unique advantages they may have as regulators of normal physiological functions and as components in information processing in the brain. Furthermore, some ROS and RNS have biochemical properties that permit a role in intercellular communication, operating in the extracellular microenvironment, in a "parasynaptic" manner. Nitric oxide (NO•), superoxide (O2• ̈), and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) have all been demonstrated to be what was once thought of as nontraditional messengers. However, the paradigm is shifting to view them as rather common messengers (Sun and Oberley, 1996; Nathan, 2003; Garthwaite, 1991).
Polygalacturonases: many genes in search of a function.

Pectins are a major component of the plant cell wall and comprise one of the two major coextensive networks in which cellulose microfibrils are embedded ([Carpita and Gibeaut, 1993][1]). Pectic polysaccharides exist in the cell wall as either “smooth” regions of a linear copolymer of α-(1–4)-
Semantic Organization of User's Reviews Applied in Recommender Systems

Recommender systems are widely used to minimize the information overload problem. A great source of information is users' reviews, since they provide both item descriptions and users' opinions. Recent works that process reviews often neglect problems such as polysemy and sinonimy. On the other hand, systems that rely on word sense disambiguation focus their efforts on items's static descriptions. In this paper, we propose a hybrid recommender system that uses word sense disambiguation and entity linking to produce concept-based item representations extracted from users' reviews. Our findings suggest that adding such semantics to items' representations have a positive impact on recommendations.
Candidate Motivation: A Synthesis of Alternative Theories

A formal model of electoral behavior is developed under the assumption that candidates have policy preferences as well as an interest in winning per se. This model is shown to have an equilibrium in a k-issue space when there are two candidates. The implications of this model are compared to the implications of the Downsian-type model where candidates are interested only in winning. Testable propositions are derived via the use of comparative statics. The results of recent studies are shown to coincide with the synthesis model but not the pure Downsian model. The theoretical model bridges the gap between formal theory and empirical research and unifies a variety of seemingly unrelated studies.
Warfarin binding to microsomes isolated from normal and warfarin-resistant rat liver.

A warfarin-binding site which had previously been demonstrated in liver microsomal membranes was studied. Although the binding site displayed apparently typical saturation binding curves when incubated with radioactive warfarin, the bound warfarin was not readily displaced by incubation with unlabeled warfarin. Warfarin-binding capacity was increased in membranes isolated from vitamin K-deficient rats, but was returned to normal when deficient rats were treated with 1 mg of phylloquinone on its chloro analogue. Prior treatment of animals with nonradioactive warfarin greatly decreased the subsequent binding capacity of the microsomal membranes in vitro . The warfarin-binding capacity was also very low in microsomes isolated from a strain of warfarin-resistant rats. The majority of the warfarin associated with the microsomal membranes isolated from warfarin-resistant rats was either bound very loosely or entrapped in vesicles, or it could be removed by phospholipase treatment. However, the warfarin associated with microsomal membranes from normal rats was bound to other membrane components, presumably protein.
The Neonatal Connectome During Preterm Brain Development

The human connectome is the result of an elaborate developmental trajectory. Acquiring diffusion-weighted imaging and resting-state fMRI, we studied connectome formation during the preterm phase of macroscopic connectome genesis. In total, 27 neonates were scanned at week 30 and/or week 40 gestational age (GA). Examining the architecture of the neonatal anatomical brain network revealed a clear presence of a small-world modular organization before term birth. Analysis of neonatal functional connectivity (FC) showed the early formation of resting-state networks, suggesting that functional networks are present in the preterm brain, albeit being in an immature state. Moreover, structural and FC patterns of the neonatal brain network showed strong overlap with connectome architecture of the adult brain (85 and 81%, respectively). Analysis of brain development between week 30 and week 40 GA revealed clear developmental effects in neonatal connectome architecture, including a significant increase in white matter microstructure (P < 0.01), small-world topology (P < 0.01) and interhemispheric FC (P < 0.01). Computational analysis further showed that developmental changes involved an increase in integration capacity of the connectivity network as a whole. Taken together, we conclude that hallmark organizational structures of the human connectome are present before term birth and subject to early development.