Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Cognitive mechanisms and neural correlates of temporal consciousness and confabulation.

6 RIASSUNTO 7 I GENERAL INTRODUCTION 10 1. THE RELATION BETWEEN MEMORY AND CONSCIOUSNESS 10 2. THE DEFINITION OF TEMPORAL CONSCIOUSNESS 11 2.1 CONCEPTS RELATED TO TEMPORAL CONSCIOUSNESS 13 3. COGNITIVE SYSTEMS RELATED TO TEMPORAL CONSCIOUSNESS 14 3.1 EPISODIC MEMORY 14 3.1. 1 Remembering versus Knowing 15 4. PRINCIPAL BRAIN STRUCTURES OF EPISODIC MEMORY 16 4.1 THE TEMPORAL LOBE 16 4.2 THE FRONTAL LOBE 17 4.3 THE PARIETAL LOBE 17 4.4 THALAMUS AND THE MAMMILLARY BODIES 17 4.5 INTERACTIONS AMONG EPISODIC MEMORY STRUCTURES 17 6. PATHOLOGIES RELATED TO EPISODIC MEMORY AND TEMPORAL CONSCIOUSNESS 19 6.1 AMNESIA 19 6.2 AMNESIC SYNDROME FOLLOWING PREFRONTAL LESIONS 20 6.3 ALZHEIMER’S DISEASE 21 7. COGNITIVE DISORDERS RELATED TO EPISODIC MEMORY AND TEMPORAL CONSCIOUSNESS 22 7.1 CONFABULATION 22 7.1. 1 Definitions and classifications of confabulation 22 7.2 ETIOLOGIES OF CONFABULATION 25 7.3 ANATOMY OF CONFABULATION 25 7.4 PATIENTS’ COGNITIVE PROFILE 28 7.5 THEORETICAL EXPLANATIONS 28 7.5. 1 Compensation (or gap filling theory) 28 7.5. 2 Defective strategic and monitoring pro 29 7.5. 3 Temporal context confusion 31 7.5. 4 Temporal consciousness dysfunction 32 8. THE FUTURE OF MEMORY: EPISODIC FUTURE THINKING 34 8.1 COMMON NEURAL NETWORK UNDERLYING EPISODIC MEMORY AND EPISODIC FUTURE THINKING 35 9. AIM OF THE THESIS 36 II EXPERIMENTAL STUDIES 39 1. INVESTIGATING MEMORY AND FUTURE THINKING IN MILD ALZHEIMER’S DISEASE: THE ROLE OF THE SELF 41 1.
Vegetation dynamics and rainfall sensitivity of the Amazon

Significance Understanding the sensitivity of tropical vegetation to changes in precipitation is of key importance for assessing the fate of the Amazon rainforest and predicting atmospheric CO2 levels. Using improved satellite observations, we reconcile observational and modeling studies by showing that tropical vegetation is highly sensitive to changes in precipitation and El Niño events. Our results show that, since the year 2000, the Amazon forest has declined across an area of 5.4 million km2 as a result of well-described reductions in rainfall. We conclude that, if drying continues across Amazonia, which is predicted by several global climate models, this drying may accelerate global climate change through associated feedbacks in carbon and hydrological cycles. We show that the vegetation canopy of the Amazon rainforest is highly sensitive to changes in precipitation patterns and that reduction in rainfall since 2000 has diminished vegetation greenness across large parts of Amazonia. Large-scale directional declines in vegetation greenness may indicate decreases in carbon uptake and substantial changes in the energy balance of the Amazon. We use improved estimates of surface reflectance from satellite data to show a close link between reductions in annual precipitation, El Niño southern oscillation events, and photosynthetic activity across tropical and subtropical Amazonia. We report that, since the year 2000, precipitation has declined across 69% of the tropical evergreen forest (5.4 million km2) and across 80% of the subtropical grasslands (3.3 million km2). These reductions, which coincided with a decline in terrestrial water storage, account for about 55% of a satellite-observed widespread decline in the normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI). During El Niño events, NDVI was reduced about 16.6% across an area of up to 1.6 million km2 compared with average conditions. Several global circulation models suggest that a rise in equatorial sea surface temperature and related displacement of the intertropical convergence zone could lead to considerable drying of tropical forests in the 21st century. Our results provide evidence that persistent drying could degrade Amazonian forest canopies, which would have cascading effects on global carbon and climate dynamics.
Ribozyme-Mediated Inhibition of Caspase-3 Protects Cerebellar Granule Cells from Apoptosis Induced by Serum–Potassium Deprivation

Apoptosis is an important mechanism of physiological and pathological cell death. It is regulated by several gene products, including caspases and the bcl-2-like proteins, whose roles have been demonstrated in numerous systems. One of these is a model of cerebellar granule cells (CGCs) in which apoptosis is induced by acute removal of serum and depolarizing concentrations of potassium. Previous work by several authors showed that benzyloxycarbonyl-DEVD-fluoromethylketone, a somewhat selective caspase inhibitor, significantly protected CGCs from apoptosis; however, because this molecule targets multiple caspases, it is not known whether a single caspase is primarily responsible for effecting cell death in this model. We attempted to answer this question by cotransfecting CGCs with green fluorescent protein reporter and a hammerhead ribozyme directed against caspase-3 mRNA. Maximal protection by this ribozyme was observed after 24 hr of deprivation, at which time apoptosis was 18 ± 0.7% compared with 32 ± 2% in control cells. Significant protection was also observed with human inhibitor of apoptosis (IAP)-like protein–X-linked IAP, a specific inhibitor of caspase-3, -7, and -9, and with p35, a general caspase inhibitor. Overexpression of bcl-2 produced almost complete protection from apoptosis after 24 hr of serum–K+ deprivation (5 ± 2 vs 44 ± 2% in control cells). These results confirm that caspases play an important role in CGC apoptosis and indicate that caspase-3 itself is a significant mediator of this process.
A Case of Severe Ganciclovir-Induced Encephalopathy

Background: Ganciclovir, a drug against cytomegalovirus (CMV) infection, is generally well tolerated, but can cause neurotoxicity such as encephalopathy. Although ganciclovir-induced encephalopathy has been described in several reports, a literature search revealed that ganciclovir concentrations in the blood or cerebrospinal fluid were previously measured in only 3 patients with encephalopathy. Symptoms usually include confusion and disturbed consciousness, which mimic CMV encephalitis. Prompt and accurate diagnosis is thus sometimes difficult, and is derived solely from accumulated clinical information of definite cases, since ganciclovir concentrations, not routinely measured, become available after several days or a few weeks. Case Presentation: Here, we summarize clinical information of all patients with definite ganciclovir-induced encephalopathy including our own patient, who had severe symptoms, with the highest reported trough concentration of ganciclovir in the blood, and underwent therapeutic dialysis with complete recovery. Conclusion: Our summary of patients with definite encephalopathy could lead to prompt and accurate diagnoses.
Malicious Node Detection Using a Dual Threshold in Wireless Sensor Networks

Sensor networks for various event detection applications cannot function effectively if they are vulnerable to attacks. Malicious nodes can generate incorrect readings and misleading reports in such a way that event detection accuracy and false alarm rates are unacceptably low and high, respectively. In this paper, we present a malicious node detection scheme for wireless sensor networks. Unlike others using a single threshold, the proposed scheme employs two thresholds to cope with the strong trade-off between event detection accuracy and false alarm rate, resulting in improved malicious node detection performance. In addition, each sensor node maintains the trust values of its neighboring nodes to reflect their behavior in decision-making. Computer simulation shows that the proposed scheme achieves high malicious node detection accuracy without sacrificing normal sensor nodes and outperforms the scheme using a single threshold.
Pinpointing Locational Focus in Microblogs

Extracting the geographical location that a tweet is about is crucial for many important applications ranging from disaster management to recommendation systems. We address the problem of finding the locational focus of tweets that is geographically identifiable on a map. Because of the short, noisy nature of tweets and inherent ambiguity of locations, tweet text alone cannot provide sufficient information for disambiguating the location mentions and inferring the actual location focus being referred to in a tweet. Therefore, we present a novel algorithm that identifies all location mentions from three information sources---tweet text, hashtags, and user profile---and then uses a gazetteer database to infer the most probable locational focus of a tweet. Our novel algorithm has the ability to infer a locational focus that may not be explicitly mentioned in the tweet and determine its most appropriate granularity, e.g., city or country.
A novel multifunctional factor involved in trans-splicing of chloroplast introns in Chlamydomonas

In the chloroplast of Chlamydomonas reinhardtii, psaA mRNA is spliced in trans from three separate precursors which assemble to form two group II introns. A fourth transcript, tscA, completes the structure of the first intron. Of the fourteen nucleus-encoded factors involved in psaA splicing, only two are required for splicing of both introns. We cloned and characterized the first of these more general factors, Raa1. Consistently with its role in psaA splicing, Raa1 is imported in the chloroplast where it is found in a membrane fraction and is part of a large ribonucleoprotein complex. One mutant, raa1-L137H, is defective for splicing of both introns, but another allelic mutant, raa1-314B, still expresses the 3′ part of the Raa1 gene and is deficient only in splicing of intron 2. This observation and a deletion analysis indicate the presence of two domains in Raa1. The C-terminal domain is necessary and sufficient for processing of tscA RNA and splicing of the first intron, while the central domain is essential for splicing of the second intron. The combination of these two functional domains in Raa1 suggests that this new factor may coordinate trans-splicing of the two introns to improve the efficiency of psaA maturation.
Immune responses of goats persistently infected with caprine arthritis-encephalitis virus

Eight cesarean-derived goat kids were inoculated with caprine arthritis-encephalitis virus (CAEV), and proliferative responses of their peripheral blood mononuclear cells to mitogens and CAEV antigen were monitored for 9 months. Antibody specific for CAEV was measured by an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Five cesarean-derived noninfected goats were tested simultaneously. Significant differences between the infected and control mononuclear cell proliferation reactions to CAEV began 14 days post-inoculation and continued in a fluctuant manner until 134 days post-inoculation. The magnitude of the proliferative reaction steadily increased in infected goats until the end of the experiment at 271 days post-inoculation. Responses to mitogens were not significantly different between infected and control goats. Virus-inoculated goats produced CAEV-specific antibody that reached a maximum level between 49 and 77 days post-inoculation and then declined to lower levels through 271 days post-inoculation. The virus-inoculated goats developed mild but characteristic clinical evidence of caprine arthritis-encephalitis, and CAEV was reisolated from four goats at 286 days post-inoculation. The five control goats developed neither an anti-CAEV immune response nor clinical disease, and CAEV could not be reisolated from them.
Effect of 1,2-Propanediol Versus 1,2-Ethanediol on Subsequent Oocyte Maturation, Spindle Integrity, Fertilization, and Embryo Development In Vitro in the Domestic Cat1

Abstract This study assessed the impact of various cryoprotectant (CPA) exposures on nuclear and cytoplasmic maturation in the immature cat oocyte as a prerequisite to formulating a successful cryopreservation protocol. In experiment 1, immature oocytes were exposed to 0, 0.75, 1.5, or 3.0 M of 1,2-propanediol (PrOH) or 1,2-ethanediol (EG) at room temperature (25°C) or 0°C for 30 min. After CPA removal and in vitro maturation, percentage of oocytes reaching metaphase II (MII) was reduced after exposure to 3.0 M PrOH at 0°C or 3.0 M EG at both temperatures. All CPA exposures increased MII spindle abnormalities compared to control, except 1.5 M PrOH at 25°C. In experiments 2 and 3, immature oocytes were exposed to CPA conditions yielding optimal nuclear maturation that either had caused spindle damage (0.75 M PrOH, 1.5 M EG, and 3.0 M PrOH at 25°C) or not (1.5 M PrOH at 25°C). After maturation and insemination in vitro, oocytes were cultured for 7 days to assess treatment influence on developmental competence. CPA exposure did not affect fertilization, but the high incidence of MII spindle abnormalities resulted in a low percentage of cleaved embryos. Blastocyst formation and quality were influenced by both CPA types (EG was more detrimental than PrOH) and concentration (3.0 M was more detrimental than 1.5 M). Overall, cat oocytes appear to be highly sensitive to CPA except after exposure to 1.5 M PrOH at 25°C, a treatment that still allowed ∼60% of the oocytes to reach MII and ∼20% to form blastocysts.
Accelerated Healing of Full-Thickness Skin Wounds in a Wet Environment

Full-thickness skin wounds are preferably allowed to heal under controlled hydration dressings such as hydrocolloids. It was hypothesized that a wet (liquid) environment rather than a dry or moist one would accelerate the wound healing process. We compared skin repair by secondary intention in full-thickness skin wounds in wet (saline), moist (hydrocolloid), and dry (gauze) conditions in an established porcine wound healing model. The study included three animals with a total of 70 wounds layered in a standardized fashion on the back of young Yorkshire pigs. Twelve days after wounding, 0 percent of dry, 20 percent of moist, and 86 percent of saline-treated wounds were completely reepithelialized (p values = 0.0046 and 0.027 for saline wounds compared with dry and moist wounds, respectively). The accelerated healing was caused at least in part by faster contraction in wet wounds (p value < 0.005 compared with that of other groups 9 and 12 days after wounding). Development of granulation tissue was faster in moist conditions than it was for dry and wet wounds. The thickness and number of cell layers of the newly formed epidermis were greater in dry and wet wounds than in moist ones. It was concluded that these full-thickness porcine skin wounds healed faster in a wet environment than in a moist one. Dry wounds healed more slowly than moist wounds. The basic mechanisms of skin wound repair were influenced by the treatment modality as demonstrated by the observed differences in granulation tissue formation, reepithelialization, and rate of wound contraction. (Plast. Reconstr. Surg. 106: 602, 2000.)
Additional File 1 – Supplementary Figures S1 -s11 and Their Corresponding Figure Legends

Figure S1. Chitosan oligosaccharide (COS-5.44) has higher antifungal activity than higher molecular weight chitosan (T8s). Chitosan oligosaccharide (5.44 kDa) and chitosan (70KDa) were screened in wild type yeast (BY4743) in 0.5X YPD pH 5. Five concentrations of COS-5.44 (91.1 – 112.5 µg/ml) and 4 of chitosan (125 – 162.5 µg/ml) were tested. Optical density readings were taken every 15 minutes over 20 hrs using a Tecan Genios reader (see Methods). Figure S2. Multicopy suppression profile assay (MSP) of yeast growing in 0.5X YPD pH 5 with 112.5 µg/ml of chitosan oligosaccharide (COS-5.44). The scatter plot shows the correlation between the two biological replicates of the multicopy suppression profile assay (MSP). Sixty-eight genes are potential suppressors to COS-5.44 sensitivity. Potential suppressors identified by replicate 1 are shown in red, replicate 2, blue and in both replicates, purple. The twenty-one strains confirmed as suppressors are indicated by their gene name. The ARL1 suppressor strain was also found in the HIP-HOP assay as a sensitive deletion strain (highlighted). Figure S3. Enriched biological processes from transcript changes in COS and Chitosan treated cells. The GSEA enrichment map displays a comparison of enriched terms from the transcriptional profile of COS treated wild type cells from our study with transcript data from chitosan treated cells from Zakrzewska et al. (2005). Enrichments were mapped to the inner node area and to the node border, respectively. A node represents a biological process significantly enriched (FDR < 0.001, see Methods). The node size correlates to the number of genes annotated to that functional category. Red and blue node border colours indicate the biological processes that are enriched in the up-and down-regulated gene transcripts respectively. The thickness of the edge correlates to the degree of gene overlap between the two connected categories. If the overlap coefficient is less than 0.5 edges are not shown (see Methods). Cluster relationship is shown by edge colour, where blue edges represent " gene overlap/relationship among biological processes " in our study and green in the Zakrzewska et al. (2005) data set. Clustering of terms is based on degree of overlap of genes among the categories. Figure S4. Hierarchical clustering of the expression profiles of COS-5.44 resistant yeast overexpressing strains compared with the wild type in the absence of COS-5.44. One hundred and eighty four genes showed a significant change in expression (P-value < 0.05 and log2 fold change > 1 or <-1) in at …
A Declarative Debugging Scheme

We present a very simple but (cid:13)exible declarative debugging scheme. A declarative debugger can be de(cid:12)ned in Prolog with a single clause and relies on the de(cid:12)nition of just two additional predicates. With suitable de(cid:12)nitions of these predicates the debugger can diagnose several classes of bugs in many languages. We give examples of diagnosis of wrong answers in functional, relational and object oriented languages as well as missing answers in relational languages and calls which are not well-de(cid:12)ned in functional languages. By using declarative semantics of programs, the debugger is able to hide complex execution mechanisms such as uni(cid:12)cation, backtracking, coroutining, parallelism, higher order functions, lazy evaluation, message passing and inheritance.
Collecting, integrating and analyzing software metrics and personal software process data

Measures represent important data in all engineering disciplines. This data allows engineers to understand how things work and how to make changes to produce desired results. In software engineering, it is difficult to collect useful measures because developers do not consider it an important activity, compared to coding. Moreover, manual collected data is often affected by errors, making it unusable. The shortage of automated tools for collecting and analyzing measures does not contribute to the evolution of software engineering. We present PROM (PRO Metrics), an automated tool for collecting and analyzing software metrics as well as personal software process (PSP) data. The tool uses an architecture based on plug-ins that automatically collects data from development tools.
The seventies in America

A sweeping view of the decade's impact on the U.S. and Canada Watergate, the Vietnam War, the environmental movement, the energy crisis, the women's movement, disco.The Seventies in America brings this controversial decade to life by examining these topics and many more. The Seventies in America is also a much-needed source of reliable information for today's students, all of whom were born after the decade ended. CONTENTS This illustrated three-volume encyclopedia is a companion set to The Sixties in America and The Fifties in America. It covers events, movements, people and trends in popular culture, literature, art, sports, science, technology, economics and politics in the United States and Canada. The Seventies in America features both longer overviews and shorter entries discussing people, books, films, television series, musical groups and other important topics. Every entry focuses on that topic or person during the 1970's in order to explore what made the decade unique. Topics that span several decades may provide some background and aftermath information to help place the 1970's in perspective. Written with the needs of students and general readers in mind, The Seventies in America essays present clear discussions of their topics, explaining terms and references that may be unfamiliar. Entries fall into the following categories: arts and literature, business and economics, crime and punishment, disasters, education, entertainment, environmental issues, health and medical issues, international relations, journalism, military and war, music, politics and government, popular culture, religion and spirituality, science and technology, sexuality, social issues, sports and transportation. The Seventies in America contains approximately 300 photographs of the decade's people and events and numerous graphs, charts and sidebars highlighting interesting facts and trends from the era. FORMAT Every essay begins with a concise title followed by a brief description of the person, organization, work, concept or event covered. Further headings attribute authorship, establish a date for the subject and assign a place or location. Every essay features an "Impact" section, which examines the subject's broader importance. Longer overviews include a section called "Subsequent Events" that sums up later developments. Cross-references at the end of each essay direct readers to additional entries in the encyclopedia on related subjects. Every entry, offers bibliographical notes and annotations are provided in essays of 1,000 words or more. Every essay includes an author byline.
SWIM: The First Spaceborne Wave Scatterometer

This paper provides an overview of the surface waves investigation and monitoring (SWIM) instrument which will be one of the two payload instruments carried by China France Oceanography SATellite (CFOSAT) with a planned launch date in mid-2018. SWIM is a real aperture wave scatterometer operated at near-nadir incidence angles and dedicated to the measurement of directional spectra of ocean waves. The SWIM flight model is currently being assembled and tested, its performance is being assessed and its prototype data processing algorithm is being developed. The aim of this paper is to provide a complete overview on the motivations and scientific requirements of this mission, together with a description of the design and characteristics of the SWIM instrument, and the analysis of its expected performances based on a prelaunch study. An end-to-end simulator has been developed to evaluate the quality of the data products, thus allowing the overall performance of the instrument to be assessed. Simulations run with two subsets of full orbit subsets show that the performances of the instrument and the inversion algorithms will meet the scientific requirements for the mission.