Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Unitary inhibitory field potentials in the CA3 region of rat hippocampus

Glickfeld and colleagues (2009) suggested that single hippocampal interneurones generate field potentials at monosynaptic latencies. We pursued this obervation in simultaneous intracellular and multiple extracellular records from the CA3 region of rat hippocampal slices. We confirmed that interneurones evoked field potentials at monosynaptic latencies. Pyramidal cells initiated disynaptic inhibitory field potentials, but did not initiate detectable monosynaptic excitatory fields. We confirmed that inhibitory fields were GABAergic in nature and showed they were suppressed at low external Cl−, suggesting they originate at postsynaptic sites. Field potentials generated by a single interneurone were detected at multiple sites over distances of more than 800 μm along the stratum pyramidale of the CA3 region. We used arrays of extracellular electrodes to examine amplitude distributions of spontaneous inhibitory fields recorded at sites orthogonal to or along the CA3 stratum pyramidale. Cluster analysis of spatially distributed inhibitory field events let us separate events generated by interneurones terminating on distinct zones of somato‐dendritic axis. Events generated at dendritic sites had similar amplitudes but occurred less frequently and had somewhat slower kinetics than perisomatic events generated near the stratum pyramidale. In records from multiple sites in the CA3 stratum pyramidale, we distinguished inhibitory fields that seemed to be initiated by interneurones with spatially distinct axonal arborisations.
Cost-Effective Quality Assurance in Crowd Labeling

The emergence of online paid micro-crowdsourcing platforms, such as Amazon Mechanical Turk (AMT), allows on-demand and at scale distribution of tasks to human workers around the world. In such settings, online workers come and complete small tasks posted by an employer, working for as long or as little as they wish, a process that eliminates the overhead of the hiring (and dismissal). This flexibility introduces a different set of inefficiencies: verifying the quality of every submitted piece of work is an expensive operation, which often requires the same level of effort as performing the task itself. A number of research challenges arise in such settings. How can we ensure that the submitted work is accurate? What allocation strategies can be employed to make the best use of the available labor force? How to appropriately assess the performance of individual workers? In this paper, we consider labeling tasks and develop a comprehensive scheme for managing the quality of crowd labeling: First, we present several algorithms for inferring the true classes of objects and the quality of participating workers, assuming the labels are collected all at once before the inference. Next, we allow employers to adaptively decide which object to assign to the next arriving worker and propose several heuristic-based dynamic label allocation strategies to achieve the desired data quality with significantly fewer labels. Experimental results on both simulated and real data confirm the superior performance of the proposed allocation strategies over other existing policies. Finally, we introduce two novel metrics that can be used to objectively rank the performance of crowdsourced workers, after fixing correctable worker errors and taking into account the costs of different classification errors. In particular, the worker value metric directly measures the monetary value contributed by each label of the worker towards meeting the quality requirements and may provide a basis for the design of fair and efficient compensation schemes.
Renal Failure Patients in Disasters

ABSTRACT Disasters occur regularly, and frequently large numbers of patients treated with maintenance dialysis or with the recent onset of acute kidney injury are put at risk owing to the lack of access to dialysis care precipitating also a kidney failure disaster. The absence of necessary dialysis treatments can result in excessive emergency department visits, hospitalizations, morbidity, or an early death. Those with kidney failure are often evaluated in disaster medical locations or hospitals without nephrologists in attendance. Here we offer guidance for medical personnel evaluating such patients so that dialysis-dependent individuals can be properly assessed and managed with the need for urgent dialysis recognized. A disaster dialysis triage system is proposed. (Disaster Med Public Health Preparedness. 2019;13:782–790)
Developmental changes in the structure of the social brain in late childhood and adolescence.

Social cognition provides humans with the necessary skills to understand and interact with one another. One aspect of social cognition, mentalizing, is associated with a network of brain regions often referred to as the 'social brain. ' These consist of medial prefrontal cortex [medial Brodmann Area 10 (mBA10)], temporoparietal junction (TPJ), posterior superior temporal sulcus (pSTS) and anterior temporal cortex (ATC). How these specific regions develop structurally across late childhood and adolescence is not well established. This study examined the structural developmental trajectories of social brain regions in the longest ongoing longitudinal neuroimaging study of human brain maturation. Structural trajectories of grey matter volume, cortical thickness and surface area were analyzed using surface-based cortical reconstruction software and mixed modeling in a longitudinal sample of 288 participants (ages 7-30 years, 857 total scans). Grey matter volume and cortical thickness in mBA10, TPJ and pSTS decreased from childhood into the early twenties. The ATC increased in grey matter volume until adolescence and in cortical thickness until early adulthood. Surface area for each region followed a cubic trajectory, peaking in early or pre-adolescence before decreasing into the early twenties. These results are discussed in the context of developmental changes in social cognition across adolescence.
The PowerPC 604 RISC microprocessor.

Somerset Design Center he 604 microprocessor is the third member of the PowerPC family being developed jointly by Apple, IBM, and Motorola. Developed for use in desktop personal computers, workstations, and servers, this 32-bit implementation works with the software and bus in the PowerPC 601 and 603 microprocessors. ‘m3 While keeping the system interface compatible with the 601 microprocessor, we improved upon it by incorporating a phase-locked loop and an IEEE-Std 1149.1 boundary-scan QTAG) interface on chip. In addition, an advanced machine organization delivers one and a half to two times the 601’s integer performance.
GPR124 regulates microtubule assembly, mitotic progression, and glioblastoma cell proliferation

GPR124 is involved in embryonic development and remains expressed by select organs. The importance of GPR124 during development suggests that its aberrant expression might participate in tumor growth. Here we show that both increases and decreases in GPR124 expression in glioblastoma cells reduce cell proliferation by differentially altering the duration mitotic progression. Using mass spectrometry‐based proteomics, we discovered that GPR124 interacts with ch‐TOG, a known regulator of both microtubule (MT)‐plus‐end assembly and mitotic progression. Accordingly, changes in GPR124 expression and ch‐TOG similarly affect MT assembly measured by real‐time microscopy in cells. Our study describes a novel molecular interaction involving GPR124 and ch‐TOG at the plasma membrane that controls glioblastoma cell proliferation by modifying MT assembly rates and controlling the progression of distinct phases of mitosis.
Path Integration for Stochastic Control and Machine Learning

Planning and control under uncertainty is a central problem in robotics and artificial intelligence. Typically phrased in terms of Bellman equations and value-functions, the stochastic control problem also admits a “first-principles” definition as one of optimizing a controller’s expected reinforcement over possible trajectories of a system. In Quantum Field Theory, a similar situation arises termed “path integration” where quantities of interest are computed as expectations (under a complex measure) by summing over all possible trajectories (or “paths”) a system may take. Although the understanding of the control problem as one of maximizing an expectation is hardly novel, I contend that this rephrasing in terms of path integration may be profitable. Much recent research in the engineering, statistics and artificial intelligence communities can be viewed as sophisticated techniques for performing integration. I propose that these techniques may be very useful in control. As preliminary results, I present novel algorithms based on importance sampling and Minka’s [30] Expectation Propagation. Defining the control problem in terms of distributions over paths also broadens the class of problems that can be considered. Robotic applications motivate the development of techniques that acknowledge the inevitability of under-modeling and model uncertainty. This proposal presents two novel models that seek directly to minimize the risk and impact of brittle controllers. The first extends the notion of optimization of the path-integral to an adversarial game where nature chooses a possible system (including highly non-Markovian ones), and hence a distribution over trajectories, from some large set that models our uncertainty. An efficient dynamic-programming type algorithm is provided to solve this class of problems. The second model captures uncertainty in learning a dynamic model. Large state-spaces invariably lead to sparse training data and the certainty-equivalent approximation of ignoring the resulting uncertainty may lead to controllers over-tuned to a particular, inaccurate model. A more Bayesian approach to finding good controllers is suggested by integrating out the uncertainty in the system model. This technique was used to learn robust controllers for Carnegie Mellon’s autonomous helicopter using limited training data. The resulting controller is, to the best of my knowledge, the first successful application of reinforcement learning to the difficult problem of rotorcraft control.
Semiglobal Sequence Alignment with Gaps Using GPU

In this paper, we consider the pair-wise semiglobal sequence alignment problem with gaps, which is motivated by the <italic>re-sequencing</italic> problem that requires to assemble short reads sequences into a genome sequence by referring to a reference sequence. The problem has been studied before for single gap and bounded number of gaps. For single gap, there is a GPU-based algorithm proposed (Barton et al., 2015). In our work, we propose a GPU-based algorithm for the bounded number of gaps case, called <inline-formula><tex-math notation="LaTeX">$\mathtt {GPUGapsMis}$</tex-math><alternatives><mml:math><mml:mi mathvariant="monospace">GPUGapsMis</mml:mi></mml:math><inline-graphic xlink:href="waihawong-ieq1-2914105.gif"/></alternatives></inline-formula>. We implement the algorithm and compare the performance with the CPU-based algorithm, called <inline-formula><tex-math notation="LaTeX">$\mathtt {CPUGapsMis}$</tex-math><alternatives><mml:math><mml:mi mathvariant="monospace">CPUGapsMis</mml:mi></mml:math><inline-graphic xlink:href="waihawong-ieq2-2914105.gif"/></alternatives></inline-formula>. The algorithm has two distinct stages: the <italic>alignment phase</italic>, and the <italic>backtrack phase</italic>. We investigate several different approaches, in order to determine the most favorable for this problem, by means of a Hybrid model or a wholly-GPU based model, as well as the alignment of single text sequences or multiple text sequences on the GPU at a time. We show that the alignment phase of the algorithm is a good candidate for parallelization, with peak speedup of 11 times. We show that although the backtracking phase is sequential, it is more beneficial to perform it on the GPU, as opposed to returning to the CPU and performing there. When performing both phases on the GPU, <inline-formula><tex-math notation="LaTeX">$\mathtt {GPUGapsMis}$</tex-math><alternatives><mml:math><mml:mi mathvariant="monospace">GPUGapsMis</mml:mi></mml:math><inline-graphic xlink:href="waihawong-ieq3-2914105.gif"/></alternatives></inline-formula> achieves a peak speedup of 10.4 times against <monospace>CPUGapsMis</monospace>. Our data parallel GPU algorithm achieves results which are an improvement on those of an existing GPU data parallel implementation (Ojiaku, 2014).
Antibody in the Induction and Inhibition of Lymphocyte Cytotoxicity

Many mechanisms have now been described which can damage cells of grafted foreign tissues and autologous tumours. In most cases these mechanisms have immunoIogicaJ specificity and rely upon the presence of antigens which are recognised by the host as foreign. An equally impressive number of reasons are also apparent to explain why these cytotoxic pathways are by no means universally successful in bringing about either graft or tumour rejection in vivo. From a practical point of view it is often desirable to swing the balance of cytotoxic and protective mechanisms one way or the other according to the clinical result required. With this in mind it is important to understand the mechanisms active for and against rejection in each particular situation if any hope of rational manipulation is to be entertained. In this chapter a cytotoxic mechanism which is known to act in a wide variety of situations will be described in detail. Factors which act against mechanism will also be considered.
Escape routing of mixed-pattern signals based on staggered-pin-array PCBs

Escape routing has become a critical issue in high-speed PCB routing. Most of previous work paid attention to either differential-pair escape routing or single-signal escape routing but few considered them together. In this paper, a unified ILP model is used to formulate the problem of escape routing of differential pairs together with single signals (mixed-pattern signals) on staggered pin array. A mixed-pattern escape routing algorithm is proposed to solve the problem and a slice-based heuristic method is presented to speed up the algorithm. Experimental results show that the proposed method is very efficient. It can solve all the test cases in short time and improve wire length and chip area by 13.8% and 13.4% respectively compared to traditional pin array. At the same time, the method can increase routability by 16.3% and reduce the wire length by 9.3% compared to a two-stage method.
Perceptions in Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus with or without the use of Insulin Pump: An online study.

BACKGROUND Technological developments concerning the treatment of Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus have been rapid in the latest years. Insulin infusion systems along with continuous glucose monitoring, as well as long-acting insulin analogues, are part of this progress. OBJECTIVE The aim of this study is to present the illness perceptions in type 1 diabetes mellitus, with or without the use of an insulin pump. Sexual life and body image among therapy groups subjecting to subcutaneous insulin infusion (CSII) therapy and multiple daily injections (MDI) therapy were also examined. METHOD A modified version of the Brief Illness Perception Questionnaire was used. One hundred and nine adults with type 1 diabetes mellitus, (males / females ratio 1:2.3) completed the online survey. Thirty six of them (33%) use CSII therapy and 73 of them (67%) use MDI therapy. RESULTS Statistically important differences among the CSII and MDI therapy groups were found in treatment control, illness comprehensibility, representations of control, representation of body image and in the perception of sex life. There was no statistically significant difference among the different types of therapy for participants' negative perception of diabetes. DISCUSSION Negative perceptions of MDI users in treatment control, illness comprehensibility, representations of control, body image and sex life with the insulin pump, differentiate CSII and MDI therapy groups to a significant degree. According to the research, these parameters seem to interfere with accepting CSII therapy for MDI users and discourage them.
X-linked Angelman-like syndrome caused by Slc9a6 knockout in mice exhibits evidence of endosomal–lysosomal dysfunction

Mutations in solute carrier family 9 isoform 6 on chromosome Xq26.3 encoding sodium–hydrogen exchanger 6, a protein mainly expressed in early and recycling endosomes are known to cause a complex and slowly progressive degenerative human neurological disease. Three resulting phenotypes have so far been reported: an X-linked Angelman syndrome-like condition, Christianson syndrome and corticobasal degeneration with tau deposition, with each characterized by severe intellectual disability, epilepsy, autistic behaviour and ataxia. Hypothesizing that a sodium–hydrogen exchanger 6 deficiency would most likely disrupt the endosomal–lysosomal system of neurons, we examined Slc9a6 knockout mice with tissue staining and related techniques commonly used to study lysosomal storage disorders. As a result, we found that sodium–hydrogen exchanger 6 depletion leads to abnormal accumulation of GM2 ganglioside and unesterified cholesterol within late endosomes and lysosomes of neurons in selective brain regions, most notably the basolateral nuclei of the amygdala, the CA3 and CA4 regions and dentate gyrus of the hippocampus and some areas of cerebral cortex. In these select neuronal populations, histochemical staining for β-hexosaminidase activity, a lysosomal enzyme involved in the degradation of GM2 ganglioside, was undetectable. Neuroaxonal dystrophy similar to that observed in lysosomal disease was observed in the cerebellum and was accompanied by a marked and progressive loss of Purkinje cells, particularly in those lacking the expression of Zebrin II. On behavioural testing, Slc9a6 knockout mice displayed a discrete clinical phenotype attributable to motor hyperactivity and cerebellar dysfunction. Importantly, these findings show that sodium–hydrogen exchanger 6 loss of function in the Slc9a6-targeted mouse model leads to compromise of endosomal–lysosomal function similar to lysosomal disease and to conspicuous neuronal abnormalities in specific brain regions, which in concert could provide a unified explanation for the cellular and clinical phenotypes in humans with SLC9A6 mutations.
Gut Microbiota and Mucin Composition in Female Broiler Chickens Fed Diets including Yellow Mealworm (Tenebrio molitor, L.)

Simple Summary Gut health evaluation is a topic of great research interest in animal production, since the intestinal features (such as the microbiota and the mucin composition, as well as the mucosal morphology) are usually diet dependent, thus also directly influencing the growth performance of the animals. Insects are currently considered a novel, promising alternative protein source for animal feeding due to their remarkable nutritional properties, low competitiveness with human food and environmental implications, but data regarding the gut health of insect-fed animals are still very limited. We herein demonstrated that yellow mealworm (Tenebrio molitor, TM) meal utilization at low inclusion rates (5%) represents the most feasible alternative in terms of gut microbiota characteristics (identification of a phylum profile with better feed digestion and higher capacity of harvesting) and mucin dynamics (higher mucin production) in broiler chickens. Abstract A total of 160 female broiler chickens were divided into four dietary treatments (control feed [C] and 5, 10 and 15% TM meal inclusion, respectively, with five replicate pens/treatment and eight birds/pen) to investigate the effects of Tenebrio molitor (TM) meal utilization on poultry gut microbiota and mucin composition. The cecal microbiota assessment displayed a shift in the beta diversity in chickens fed TM-based diets. The TM10 and TM15 birds showed a significant decrease in the relative abundance of Firmicutes phylum and lower Firmicutes:Bacteroidetes ratios (False Discovery Rate [FDR] < 0.05), respectively, than the TM5 group. The relative abundance of Clostridium, Alistipes and Sutterella genera significantly increased in TM chickens (FDR < 0.05), while birds fed TM-based diets displayed a significant decrease in the relative abundance of Ruminococcus genus in comparison with the C group (FDR < 0.05). Gut mucin composition evaluation revealed higher mucin staining intensity in the intestinal villi of TM5 birds than the other TM groups, as well as mucin reduction in the intestinal villi of TM10 birds when compared to the C group (p < 0.05). In conclusion, dietary TM meal utilization (especially the 10–15% inclusion levels) may negatively influence either the cecal microbiota or the intestinal mucin dynamics of broiler chickens.
A Gamification Model to Encourage Positive Healthcare Behaviours in Young People with Long Term Conditions

Young people living with long term conditions will eventually have to transfer their care to the adult setting. Failure to plan and coordinate this has been associated with poorer health outcomes and disruption to their care. Transition planning encourages both health literacy and health promoting behaviours in an age and developmentally appropriate way. In order to gauge the attainment of these skills the Birmingham Children’s Hospital Adolescent Rheumatology Team (UK) have developed a series of transitional care checklists. This paper focuses on discussing how the application of gamification (using game mechanics in non-game contexts) to these checklists could improve the engagement of young people in managing their self-care and provide a mechanism for doctors to quantifying the acquisition of these skills.
Aminopeptidase Profiles of Four Species of Phytophthora

Phytophthora palmivora, P. cinnamomi, P. drechsleri, and P. cactorum were readily separated on the basis of the aminopeptidase substrate specificities of their mycelial suspensions. Variability among isolates of the same species was not significant with most substrates and isolates tested, regardless of source. Both qualitative and quantitative differences in enzyme activity were useful for species identification. Differentiation of these four species was possible with comparative reactions of l-alanyl-, l-arginyl-, l-benzoylarginyl, l-gamma-glutamyl-, l-glycyl-, l-hydroxyprolyl-, l-leucyl-, l-lysyl-, 4-methoxyleucyl-, l-prolyl-, and 4-methoxyalanyl-beta-naphthylamides. Variation in peptidase activity was usually detectable after 4 h of incubation, with increased activity sometimes manifest after 24 h of incubation. P. palmivora exhibited the lowest, and P. drechsleri exhibited the highest, overall peptidase activity. This fluorescent aminopeptidase profile procedure provides a relatively rapid method to supplement other taxonomic criteria for identification of these species of Phytophthora.
Improved DV-Hop Node Localization Algorithm in Wireless Sensor Networks

An improved algorithm is put forward to improve the poor locating performance of the DV-Hop algorithm, which is one of the range-free algorithms in wireless sensor networks. Firstly, we set some anchor nodes at the border land of monitoring regions. Secondly, the average one-hop distance between anchor nodes is modified, and the average one-hop distance used by each unknown node for estimating its location is modified through weighting the received average one-hop distances from anchor nodes. Finally, we use the particle swarm optimization to correct the position estimated by the 2D hyperbolic localization algorithm, which makes the result closer to the actual position. The simulation results show that the proposed algorithm has better localization performance in the localization precision and stability than the basic DV-Hop algorithm and some existing improved algorithms.