Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
A comparison of procedures for classifying remotely-sensed data using simulated data sets incorporating autocorrelations between spectral responses

Abstract One of the uses of remotely-sensed data is to classify a land area into different land cover types. In this paper our aim is to present a systematic study of the ability of two classification procedures to produce accurate classifications. The procedures considered are smoothed maximum likelihood, that is a maximum likelihood classification smoothed using a simple majority filter, and a penalised maximum likelihood approach in which spectral and contextual information are used simultaneously to make a classification. The methods are tested on images of simulated spectral responses for which the true land cover map is known. A technique is presented for simulating spectral responses, which are autocorrelated, and therefore a better model of reality, for any given land cover map. Two variations of the technique are considered, the second giving rise to a higher level of autocorrelation than the first, over a larger neighbourhood. Since both methods, the penalised maximum likelihood and the smoothed.
Estimating Linear Models with Spatially Distributed Data

Sociologists study a wide variety of social, political, and economic phenomena. Many of these phenomena-for example, urbanization, political mobilization, economic development, diffusion of innovations-take place in and are distributed across geographical space. It is reasonable, therefore, to argue that sociologists are interested, indeed have long been interested, in social phenomena distributed in geographical space. Yet, in the main, our theoretical frameworks and data-analytic capabilities do not include the geography of
Airborne spectral measurements of surface-atmosphere anisotropy during the SCAR-A, Kuwait oil fire, and TARFOX experiments

During the SCAR-A, Kuwait Oil Fire Smoke Experiment, and TARFOX deployments, angular distributions of spectral reflectance for various surfaces were measured using the scanning Cloud Absorption Radiometer (CAR) mounted on the nose of the University of Washington C-131A research aircraft. The CAR contains 13 narrowband spectral channels between 0.47 and 2.3 μm with a 190° scan aperture (5° before zenith to 5° past nadir) and 1° instantaneous field of view. The bidirectional reflectance is obtained by flying a clockwise circular orbit above the surface, resulting in a ground track approximately 3 km in diameter within about 2 min. Spectral bidirectional reflectances of four surfaces are presented: the Great Dismal Swamp in Virginia with overlying haze layer, the Saudi Arabian Desert and the Persian Gulf in the Middle East, and the Atlantic Ocean measured east of Richmond, Virginia. Although the CAR measurements are contaminated by atmospheric effects, results show distinct spectral characteristics for various types of surface-atmosphere systems, including hot spots, limb brightening and darkening, and Sun glint. In addition, the hemispherical albedo of each surface-atmosphere system is calculated directly by integrating over all high angular-resolution CAR measurements for each spectral channel. Comparing the nadir reflectance with the overall hemispherical albedo of each surface, we find that using nadir reflectances as a surrogate for hemispherical albedo can cause albedos to be underestimated by as much as 95% and overestimated by up to 160%, depending on the type of surface and solar zenith angle.
Constraints on the composition of the crust and uppermost mantle in northwestern Canada: Vp/Vs variations along Lithoprobe's SNorCLE transect

Shear-wave seismic data recorded along four profiles during the SNoRE 97 (1997 Slave  Northern Cordillera Refraction Experiment) refraction  wide-angle reflection experiment in northwestern Canada are analyzed to provide S-wave velocity (Vs) models. These are combined with previous P-wave velocity (Vp) models to produce cross sections of the ratio Vp/Vs for the crust and upper mantle. The Vp/Vs values are related to rock types through comparisons with published laboratory data. The Slave craton has low Vp/Vs values of 1.681.72, indicating a predominantly silicic crustal composition. Higher values (1.78) for the Great Bear and eastern Hottah domains of the Wopmay orogen imply a more mafic than average crustal composition. In the western Hottah and Fort Simpson arc, values of Vp/Vs drop to ∼1.69. These low values continue westward for 700 km into the Foreland and Omineca belts of the Cordillera, providing support for the interpretation from coincident seismic reflection studies that much of the crust fro.
Arc–continent collision and the formation of continental crust: a new geochemical and isotopic record from the Ordovician Tyrone Igneous Complex, Ireland

Abstract: Collisions between oceanic island-arc terranes and passive continental margins are thought to have been important in the formation of continental crust throughout much of Earth's history. Magmatic evolution during this stage of the plate-tectonic cycle is evident in several areas of the Ordovician Grampian–Taconic orogen, as we demonstrate in the first detailed geochemical study of the Tyrone Igneous Complex, Ireland. New U–Pb zircon dating yields ages of 493 ± 2 Ma from a primitive mafic intrusion, indicating intra-oceanic subduction in Tremadoc time, and 475 ± 10 Ma from a light rare earth element (LREE)-enriched tonalite intrusion that incorporated Laurentian continental material by early Arenig time (Early Ordovician, Stage 2) during arc–continent collision. Notably, LREE enrichment in volcanism and silicic intrusions of the Tyrone Igneous Complex exceeds that of average Dalradian (Laurentian) continental material that would have been thrust under the colliding forearc and potentially recycled into arc magmatism. This implies that crystal fractionation, in addition to magmatic mixing and assimilation, was important to the formation of new crust in the Grampian–Taconic orogeny. Because similar super-enrichment of orogenic melts occurred elsewhere in the Caledonides in the British Isles and Newfoundland, the addition of new, highly enriched melt to this accreted arc terrane was apparently widespread spatially and temporally. Such super-enrichment of magmatism, especially if accompanied by loss of corresponding lower crustal residues, supports the theory that arc–continent collision plays an important role in altering bulk crustal composition toward typical values for ancient continental crust.
Upflowing Ionospheric Ions and Electrons in the Cusp-Cleft Region

Measurements of electron and ion beams and ion conics from the polar orbiting Viking satellite have been obtained in the cusp-cleft region. Frequencies of occurrence and relative frequencies of occurrence have been calculated in this region for studies of the distributions in MLT, Inv. Lat. and altitude during the period of study (March-June 1986). It was observed that the electron beams were more frequent in the dawn sector than in the dusk sector. These observations were similar and correlated to the ion conics and are compared in this study. On the other hand, an anticorrelation between electron- and ion-beams was also observed. The altitude dependence of the ion conics and electron beams showed a steep increase in frequency above 10000km up to the satellite apogee at about 13500km.
Ozone profile retrieval from backscattered ultraviolet radiances: The inverse problem solved by regularization

A new algorithm is presented for the retrieval of ozone profiles from backscattered ultraviolet radiation, as measured by the Global Ozone Monitoring Experiment (GOME). It is the first algorithm for ozone profile retrieval from this type of measurement that does not depend on climatological information about the ozone profile. For the inversion, Phillips-Tikhonov regularization is used in combination with the L curve criterion for choosing the regularization parameter. This inversion technique allows one to retrieve a maximal possible information amount from the measurement, while at the same time the influence of the measurement noise on the retrieved profile is minimized. In this paper, we show the suitability of this method for ozone profile retrieval from GOME radiance measurements. The average vertical resolution of the retrieved profiles varies between 8 and 10 km. The GOME ozone profiles are validated with 163 ozonesonde profiles spread over seven stations. The root-mean-square differences between the sonde and GOME ozone profiles are generally 5–10% in the stratosphere. Differences in the mean profile are in the range 1–7% in the stratosphere.
Ageism vs the technical imperative, applying the GRADE framework to the evidence on hemodialysis in very elderly patients

Purpose Treatment intensity for elderly patients with end-stage renal disease has escalated beyond population growth. Ageism seems to have given way to a powerful imperative to treat patients irrespective of age, prognosis, or functional status. Hemodialysis (HD) is a prime example of this trend. Recent articles have questioned this practice. This paper aims to identify existing pre-synthesized evidence on HD in the very elderly and frame it from the perspective of a clinician who needs to involve their patient in a treatment decision. Patients and methods A comprehensive search of several databases from January 2002 to August 2012 was conducted for systematic reviews of clinical and economic outcomes of HD in the elderly. We also contacted experts to identify additional references. We applied the rigorous framework of decisional factors of the Grading of Recommendation, Assessment, Development and Evaluation (GRADE) to evaluate the quality of evidence and strength of recommendations. Results We found nine eligible systematic reviews. The quality of the evidence to support the current recommendation of HD initiation for most very elderly patients is very low. There is significant uncertainty in the balance of benefits and risks, patient preference, and whether default HD in this patient population is a wise use of resources. Conclusion Following the GRADE framework, recommendation for HD in this population would be weak. This means it should not be considered standard of care and should only be started based on the well-informed patient’s values and preferences. More studies are needed to delineate the true treatment effect and to guide future practice and policy.
Near Real-time Immediate Forecasting of Storm Surge Based on Typhoon Advisories

A primary study on the rapid modeling of storm surge, which is one of typical coastal disasters, for immediate forecasting in conjunction with typhoon advisories is done and tested for the typhoons Bolaven, Tembin and Sanba which attacked to Korean Peninsula on August and September in this year 2012. Semi automatic rapid computations according to JTWC typhoon advisories were performed and uploaded to the web by models SLOSH in PC and ADCIRC in parallel clusters with 64 cores having 57k nodes encompassing the North-Western Pacific region. It only takes 1 and 2 hours from taking advisory to web uploading, respectively. By comparison with observed water surface elevations for the major tidal stations after Bolaven attack it shows within RMS error of 0.17~0.19 m for surge heights and only deviates 1 hour of peak surge time in ADCIRC model. Thus it is concluded that this approach provides a frame of near real-time immediate forecasting of storm surges with satisfactions.
An integrated approach to the study of primary petroleum migration

Abstract The precise mechanism of primary petroleum migration has been elusive despite intensive investigation and discussion. There is more than one mechanism, and the pathways and efficiencies of individual mechanisms vary from case history to case history due to the variable abundances of micropores, macropores and fractures in source rocks as well as different sources for the build-up of a pressure gradient. Primary migration probably proceeds as diffusion through source rock micropores via mesopores to macropores and fractures. From there, a petroleum bulk phase develops, and moves along the macropore and fracture system, possibly together with aqueous solutions. In fact, many parameters influence petroleum transport out of a source rock, and all of them have seldom been checked by exploration geologists as most mature source rocks are inaccessible. In order to collect information about primary petroleum migration that is as complete as possible, an integrated approach consisting of sedimentology, petrophysics, organic geochemistry and numerical modelling should furnish geologically acceptable results: (i) by sedimentological methods, all potential primary migration pathways are identified, (ii) with the help of petrophysical methods, non-effective migration pathways are separated from effective pathways and excluded, (iii) organic geochemical results provide control and direct evidence for petroleum expulsion stage and efficiency, and (iv) numerical modelling finally quantifies all observed effects within the framework of the geological situation.
Water Shortage and Salinization Diagnosis of the Grass by Spectral Reflectance

In this paper, we tried to diagnose the stress that was brought by water shortage and salinization by spectral reflectance. The concentration of chlorophyll and leaf water content with raw leaf of grass was changed by these stresses. Spectral reflectance was influenced by the stresses too. But the pattern of spectral curve changes was not the same for water shortage and salinization. The concentration of chlorophyll was decreased similarly by both stresses. On the other hands, the leaf water content was extremely decreased by water shortage compared to salinization. We couldn’t learn the cause of stress using the concentration of chlorophyll as the only index of stress. It is necessary for diagnosis of stress that both concentration of chlorophyll and leaf water content be applied as the indexes of stress. The concentration of chlorophyll and leaf water content could be measured by spectral reflectance not concerned with the kind of stress. The concentration of chlorophyll was estimated by R800 nm/R680 nm. The leaf water content was estimated by R1200 nm/R1500 nm. Application of these indexes makes possible the diagnosis of water shortage and salinization stress by remote sensing.
Finding coherent node groups in directed graphs

Summarizing a large graph by grouping the nodes into clusters is a standard technique for studying the given network. Traditionally, the order of the discovered groups does not matter. However, there are applications where, for example, given a directed graph, we would like to find coherent groups while minimizing the backward cross edges. More formally, in this paper, we study a problem where we are given a directed network and are asked to partition the graph into a sequence of coherent groups while attempting to conform to the cross edges. We assume that nodes in the network have features, and we measure the group coherence by comparing these features. Furthermore, we incorporate the cross edges by penalizing the forward cross edges and backward cross edges with different weights. If the weights are set to 0, then the problem is equivalent to clustering. However, if we penalize the backward edges significantly more, then the order of discovered groups matters, and we can view our problem as a generalization of a classic segmentation problem. To solve the algorithm we consider a common iterative approach where we solve the groups given the centroids, and then find the centroids given the groups. We show that - unlike in clustering - the first subproblem is NP-hard. However, we show that if the underlying graph is a tree we can solve the subproblem with dynamic programming. In addition, if the number of groups is 2, we can solve the subproblem with a minimum cut. For the more general case, we propose a heuristic where we optimize each pair of groups separately while keeping the remaining groups intact. We also propose a greedy search where nodes are moved between the groups while optimizing the overall loss. We demonstrate with our experiments that the algorithms are practical and yield interpretable results.
INTERCULTURALIDAD EN SALUD: COMPETENCIAS EN PRÁCTICAS DE SALUD CON POBLACIÓN INDÍGENA

Este articulo pretende discutir y reflexionar en torno a la manera en la cual los servicios del sistema de salud inmersos en territorios con alta presencia de comunidades mapuche, se adecuan a la idiosincrasia cultural de esta poblacion, abordando cuales son las dificultades con que los servicios de salud se encuentran a la hora de ejercer la practica de atencion de salud en contextos plurietnicos, en donde la salud es entendida de forma ho-listica, llevando necesariamente a una vision epidemiologica distinta, incorporando las categorias y etiologias de enfermedad desde el punto de vista de la poblacion de diferente cultura.
Indicator mining model for spatial multi-scale degraded land evaluation

At present, no feasible and effective methods meet the requirements of constructing a comprehensive and representative indicator system for degraded land evaluation, which orients spatial multi-scale and diversity of evaluation objects as well as integrates experts' judgments and objective information. This paper, tying to solve the problem, firstly proposes three propositions on evaluation indicator knowledge base (EIKB), universe evaluation indicator set (UEIS), evaluation indicator subset (EIS) and Mapping Rule of EIS (MREIS), and then constructs an heuristic indicator mining model (HIMM) based on above theories, variable precision rough set and information entropy. Finally, we applied HIMM to practical degraded land evaluation and examined the effectiveness of HIMM. The result shows that HIMM is applicable, especially in the aspect of solving the comprehensive and representative problem in the process of indicator system construction.
Bio-efficacy of Acetochlor 50% EC against Weed Suppression in

Field experiments were conducted at Bangladesh Rice Research Institute (BRRI), Gazipur in Aus, 2010 and BRRI Rangpur, during Boro 2011 to evaluate the performance of Acetochlor 50% EC for weed suppression, to find out an appropriate dose of the herbicide and its impacts on transplanted rice. Acetochlor 50%EC @ 200, 250 and 300 ml ha -1 were applied. Pretilachlor 50% EC @ 1L ha -1 , weed free and unweeded control was used for comparison. The most dominant weeds were Cyperus diffornis, Monochoria vaginalis and Echinochloa crus-galli in year 1 and Cyperus diffornis and Echinochloa crus-galli in year 2. Cyperus diffornis was at the higher rank of dominant in both years. Application of Acetochlor 50%EC @ 250 ml gave more than 80% weed control efficiency, lower number and dry weight of weeds which ultimately resulted in higher yield attributes and grain yield of transplanted rice that were comparable to the standard in both seasons. DOI: http://dx.doi. org/10.3329/jesnr.v4i2. 10137 J. Environ. Sci. & Natural Resources, 4(2): 73-77, 2011
Cohesive force across the tip of a longitudinal‐shear crack and Griffith's specific surface energy

The cohesive force across the fault plane is considered in order to understand the physical mechanism of rupture at the tip of a longitudinal-shear crack. The elastic field around the tip of a crack and the condition of rupture growth are systematically derived from the assumption that the cohesive force is given as a function of the displacement discontinuity. This assumption is more physically meaningful than those originally used by G. I. Barenblatt in 1959 and 1962. The stress field around the tip is calculated for several models of cohesive force, and is shown to be nonsingular even at the tip. The condition of rupture growth that is used to determine the rupture velocity turns out to be equivalent to the Griffith criterion and the relation employed by B. V. Kostrov in 1966, but the specific surface energy is defined more clearly in this paper.
Estimation of effects of a freezing environment on vegetation using model simulation and a truck-mounted microwave radiometer

Passive microwave remote-sensing techniques can monitor surface soil freeze/thaw states at the frozen soil surface. Studies found that the negative spectral gradient at 19 and 37 GHz is a good criterion for the determination of frozen soil. To remove vegetation effects on soil microwave emission signatures, only vegetation attenuation was considered, omitting vegetation emission contributions. Studies on vegetation effects indicated that at high frequencies, scattering and attenuation effects should be considered. In this article, a matrix-doubling microwave emission model evaluated vegetation effects in a cold environment at 18.7 and 36.5 GHz. To verify the model, a multi-channel truck-mounted radiometer collected emission data at a young tree stand and a grass-like field in 2008. Comparisons between model simulations and field measurements corresponded well. The model then established an emission database of natural, vegetated surface in the freezing environment, matched with the τ–ω model (which is a zeroth-order microwave emission model) in the same environment using least-square error. The effective scattering and attenuation of vegetation at both frequencies in the freezing environment were retrieved.
Salinity effects in a tropical ocean model

A reduced gravity, primitive equation, ocean general circulation model (GCM) with a variable depth mixed layer and a natural boundary condition for freshwater fluxes is employed to investigate the role of salinity in tropical ocean dynamics and thermodynamics. Surface heat fluxes are computed without any feedback to observations by an advective atmospheric mixed layer (AML) model which is coupled to the ocean GCM. We analyze the differences in the tropical Atlantic, Pacific, and the Indo-Pacific basins between control runs (simulations with complete hydrology) and simulations where (1) precipitation (P) is neglected, (2) salinity effects are neglected, or (3) salinity is held constant in each layer. Salinity contributes to pressure gradient forces, mixed layer processes, and vertical stability/mixing. Setting P = 0 in the tropical Atlantic produces larger sea surface temperature (SST) changes than previously estimated due to the realistic oceanic mixed layer model and surface flux formulation. Neglecting salinity effects leads to a different choice of mixing parameters, which feeds back into model dynamics and thermodynamics. Salinity anomalies produce an asymmetric response across the equator in the Atlantic due to differences in the air-sea interactions. Including salinity effects in the tropical Pacific leads to an improved cold tongue simulation. The result is a reduced SST gradient at the equator which will have significant feedback in a coupled system. The same experiment with a restoring surface heat flux leads to an increased SST gradient, indicating that the surface flux parameterization is crucial for interpreting the role of salinity. The Indonesian throughflow (ITF) is reduced when salinity is neglected or held constant. The NINO3 and NINO4 SST indices are almost identical for the control run and the simulations when climatological P is used. However, associated subsurface temperature differences are larger, and they may play a role on decadal timescales. It is thus shown with a comprehensive set of experiments that even in the tropics, salinity plays an important role in the model dynamics and thermodynamics.