Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Self-assembled synthesis of polyheteroatomic

Chiral molecules are widely used in many fields of research and so practically simple, accurate methods to measure their enantiopurities are required. This review’s initial focus is on one such method, the Bull-James assembly, which employs a three-component protocol combining 2-formylphenyl boronic acid, an amine, and a diol to self-assemble diastereomeric iminoboronate ester (IBE) complexes whose ratio can be used to measure the ee's of amine and diol analytes using H and F NMR spectroscopic analysis. Examples where this supramolecular IBE assembly approach has been adapted to determine the ee of a range of analytes using other analytical techniques such as circular dichroism, fluorescence, and electrochemistry that are potentially applicable to high-throughput ee analysis are also discussed. Selected examples where this orthogonal self-assembly process has been used as a platform technology to construct boracyles, chiral auxiliaries/ligands, synthesise intelligent polymers/hydrogels, and prepare labelled peptides/proteins/biomolecules are also be discussed. Abbreviations: 2-FPBA: 2-formylphenyl boronic acid; IBE: iminoboronate ester; IB: iminoboronate; CDA: chiral derivatizing agent; 2-APBA: 2-acetlyphenylboronic acid Introduction . 3 Discovery and structural features of the Bull-James assembly . 4 Discovery of the Bull-James assembly CDA for determining the ee of amines . 4 Structural and mechanistic features of IBE complex formation . 7 Three-component assembly for determining ee by NMR spectroscopic analysis . 9 Primary amines . 9 Diamines . 14 Amino alcohols . 15 Hydroxylamines . 16 Sulfinamides . 17 Diols . 18 Hydroxyacids and diacids . 23 F NMR spectroscopic analysis . 26 Chalcogen NMR spectroscopic analysis . 29 Three-component assembly for determining ee by optical methods . 30 Determining the ee of amines and diols using circular dichroism . 30
Report of the Evaluation of Codex Alimentarius and other FAO and WHO Food Standards Work.

The evaluators wish to express their appreciation to all those from Government and the International Community who were so helpful and willingly provided information and their thoughts on the Codex and other aspects of food standards work through questionnaires and during country visits and other meetings. Similar thanks go to FAO and WHO senior and technical staff in Headquarters, Regional and Country Offices who were prepared to put at the evaluators’ disposal the time needed to respond to the many questions we raised. Particular votes of thanks go to: Maria Gattone, Gemma Harper, Nadine Monnichon and Heather Young, at FAO, Christine Perry and Mary Vallanjon at WHO and Seoung-Yong Lee of the Codex Secretariat for their tireless patience and effort in organizing contractual and logistic matters, and in assisting with questionnaire and other supporting analysis for the evaluation.
Centre-based versus home-based childcare

Centre‐based childcare is seen as a public investment to facilitate maternal employment. Recent theoretical research proposes that such investments potentially lead to substantial gains in child development and thus to high returns for society as a whole. However, the empirical evidence is still scarce and often contradictory. This study is based on rich survey data of a large‐scale cohort study of children living in the Netherlands at the beginning of the new millennium. The Netherlands has made substantial investments in the last two decades to make the market of centre‐based provisions more professional and far‐reaching and to improve children’s school readiness. I study the impact of experiencing centre‐ rather than home‐based childcare on language, cognitive and non‐cognitive development, assessed at the age of 6. To assess whether very long or intensive childcare spells can be harmful, I account for possible non‐linearity in the correlation between the centre‐based childcare experience and the child outcomes. As sensitivity analyses, I also apply instrumental variable and structural equation modelling approaches to try to correct for potential biases in my estimates that would result, for example, from unobserved heterogeneity of parents and children. For both ordinary least square estimates as well as the sensitivity analyses the results do not support the significant short‐term effects of centre‐based childcare stated in the literature.
Self-incompatibility Characteristics of 34 Apricot Cultivars in Xinjiang

[Objective] This study aimed to explore the relationship between self-incompatibility strength and characteristics related to pollination and fertilization of different apricot varieties in Xinjiang. [Method] The pollen amount,pollen germination rate,pollen tube growth status and fruiting setting rate by self-pollination of 34 apricot cultivars in Xinjiang were determined,to analyze the self-incompatibility of different apricot cultivars. [Result] The average pollen amount per anther of 34 apricot cultivars was 1 213. 7,and the average pollen germination rate was 46. 0%. There were great differences in the self-incompatibility of different cultivars; most pollen tubes of the cultivars with high self-incompatibility stopped elongating at 1 /3 or 1 /2 part of the styles,and only a few pollen tubes of the cultivars with low self-incompatibility reached the ovary,and the normal fertilization ratio was significantly lower than that in self-compatible cultivars. [Conclusion]Among the 34 apricot cultivars,only 6 cultivars were self-compatible and the others exhibited gametophyte self-incompatibility. In addition,the fruit setting rate by self-pollination was low.
Green Chemistry Principles and Spectroscopic Methods Applied to Nanomaterials

Nanomaterials have revolutionized the twenty-first century through many industrial breakthroughs. Hazardous chemical methods from non-renewable sources mostly perform the synthesis of these nanomaterials. Thus, synthesizing nanomaterials by twelve principles of green chemistry is the most demanding method that outperforms the chemical and physical synthesis methods in various aspects. The key features of the green approach are environmental friendliness, cost-effectiveness, and biocompatibility. The green principles use natural resources for nanomaterial synthesis and are currently on their way from the laboratory to commercial application. This chapter presents principles of green chemistry that are followed for nanomaterial synthesis. Recent advances in this field and overcoming the challenges to improve their commercialization have also been discussed.
Therapeutic Oligonucleotides: An Outlook on Chemical Strategies to Improve Endosomal Trafficking

The potential of oligonucleotide therapeutics is undeniable as more than 15 drugs have been approved to treat various diseases in the liver, central nervous system (CNS), and muscles. However, achieving effective delivery of oligonucleotide therapeutics to specific tissues still remains a major challenge, limiting their widespread use. Chemical modifications play a crucial role to overcome biological barriers to enable efficient oligonucleotide delivery to the tissues/cells of interest. They provide oligonucleotide metabolic stability and confer favourable pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic properties. This review focuses on the various chemical approaches implicated in mitigating the delivery problem of oligonucleotides and their limitations. It highlights the importance of linkers in designing oligonucleotide conjugates and discusses their potential role in escaping the endosomal barrier, a bottleneck in the development of oligonucleotide therapeutics.
Technical Efficiency of Irrigated and Rain-fed Rice Farms in North Sumatra, Indonesia

The present paper compares the efficiency of irrigated and rain-fed farming in North Sumatra using a household farm survey for the 2022 growing season. The authors use the Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA) model, mean difference test, and Tobit regression. Empirical results reveal that irrigated farming is more efficient than rain-fed based on CRS and SE assumptions. However, access to irrigation was found to harm rice farming efficiency. Unequal distribution of water, scarcity of water during the growth period, and excess water during the harvest cause a decrease in the efficiency of irrigated farming. The age of the head of household, education, and access to credit was also found to harm technical efficiency. In contrast, the experience variable in participating in farmer groups because it has a positive impact on the efficiency of rice farming. The results provide valuable insights for transforming water management and strengthening the need for investment in irrigation infrastructure as a poverty alleviation mechanism and means to achieve rice farming sustainability in North Sumatra.
Visualizing Plasma Physics Simulations in Immersive Environments

Plasma physics simulations create complex datasets for which researchers need state-of-the-art visualization tools to gain insights. These datasets are 3D in nature but are commonly depicted and analyzed using 2D idioms displayed on 2D screens. These offer limited understandability in a domain where spatial awareness is key. Virtual reality (VR) can be used as an alternative to conventional means for analyzing such datasets. VR has been known to improve depth and spatial relationship perception, which are fundamental for obtaining insights into 3D plasma morphology. Likewise, VR can potentially increase user engagement by offering more immersive and enjoyable experiences. Methods This study presents PlasmaVR, a proof-of-concept VR tool for visualizing datasets resulting from plasma physics simulations. It enables immersive multidimensional data visualization of particles, scalar, and vector fields and uses a more natural interface. The study includes user evaluation with domain experts where PlasmaVR was employed to assess the possible benefits of immersive environments in plasma physics visualization. The experimental group comprised five plasma physics researchers who were asked to perform tasks designed to represent their typical analysis workflow. To assess the suitability of the prototype for the different types of tasks, a set of objective metrics, such as completion time and number of errors, were measured. The prototype's usability was also evaluated using a standard System Usability Survey questionnaire.
Checkmeat: A Review on the Applicability of Conventional Meat Authentication Techniques to Cultured Meat

Abstract The cultured meat industry is continuously evolving due to the collective efforts of cultured meat companies and academics worldwide. Though still technologically limited, recent reports of regulatory approvals for cultured meat companies have initiated the standards-based approach towards cultured meat production. Incidents of deception in the meat industry call for fool-proof authentication methods to ensure consumer safety, product quality, and traceability. The cultured meat industry is not exempt from the threats of food fraud. Meat authentication techniques based on DNA, protein, and metabolite fingerprints of animal meat species needs to be evaluated for their applicability to cultured meat. Technique-based categorization of cultured meat products could ease the identification of appropriate authentication methods. The combination of methods with high sensitivity and specificity is key to increasing the accuracy and precision of meat authentication. The identification of markers (both physical and biochemical) to differentiate conventional meat from cultured meat needs to be established to ensure overall product traceability. The current review briefly discusses some areas in the cultured meat industry that are vulnerable to food fraud. Specifically, it targets the current meat and meat product authentication tests to emphasize the need for ensuring the traceability of cultured meat.
Face Fatigue Feature Detection Based on Improved D-S Model in Complex Scenes

Fatigued driving is one of the main causes of road traffic accidents. In the process of fatigued driving detection, the evaluation based on a single sign is biased. To improve the adaptability and accuracy of fatigued driving detection, this paper proposes an improved D-S evidence theory-based algorithm for detecting facial fatigue signs. This algorithm uses the multi-thread-optimized Dlib to track and locate the image of the face, captures the 68 key points of the driver’s face with reference to the Dlib open-source library, and narrows the target areas to the eyes and mouth regions. Based on the video stream, it calculates the horizontal and vertical ratios of the eyes and mouth to determine the fatigue sign subsets based on the EAR and MAR within a unit cycle, and calculates the Pitch angle after converting the head pose from 2D images to 3D models, which is used for determining the status of the head pose. The algorithm then fuses multiple feature subsets and uses the improved D-S evidence theory to optimize the weights of the three subsets to mitigate the influence of the “general conflict” and “one veto” problems, and to increase the temporal correlation coefficient of a single fatigue sign. Experimental results show that the improved D-S face detection algorithm can effectively solve the problems of lighting and partial occlusion in complex environments, with an accuracy rate of 93.8% for detecting facial fatigue signs.
Emerging Problems in Infectious Diseases Prevalence and genetic characteristics of Shigatoxigenic Escherichia coli from patients with diarrhoea in Maasailand, Kenya

Introduction: Shigatoxigenic Escherichia coli strains are food-borne bacterial pathogens that may cause haemorrhagic colitis (HC) in humans which can lead to life-threatening systemic complication, including haemolytic uremic syndrome (HUS). This study aimed to characterize and analyze virulence properties of pathogenic E. coli isolates among patients with diarrhoea from a Maasai community in Kenya. Methodology: Stool samples from 380 patients of all ages from the Kajiado and Narok districts of Kenya were investigated for the presence of enteric bacterial pathogens by conventional and molecular methods. Results: Bacterial diarrhoea was diagnosed in 141/380 (37.1%) cases, of which enterotoxigenic E. coli (ETEC) compromised 29.8%, shigatoxigenic E. coli (STEC) 24.1%, enteroaggregative E. coli (EAEC) 14.2%, enteroinvasive E. coli (EIEC) 12.8% and enteropathogenic E. coli (EPEC) 3.5%. Gene analysis for STEC virulence factors showed that 52.9% isolates carried stx1, 29.4% possessed stx2, 14.7% carried both stx1 and stx2, and 2.9% had stx2e. 23.5% isolates carried enterohaemolysin and 20.5% isolates possessed the Intimin gene. From 9 strains that exhibited adherence, 7 contained both Intimin and Haemolysin genes. Infections with Intimin-positive STEC strains (46%) were more frequent in patients with bloody diarrhoea, especially in children under 5 years of age, whereas Intimin-negative STEC infections dominated in adults. Conclusion: Although STEC infection as a cause of bloody diarrhoea has not attracted much attention as a medical problem in Kenya, our findings indicate that this is a problem that must be investigated. The 24.1% isolation rate of STEC among the Maasai is one of the highest reported rates worldwide.
Emerging Problems in Infectious Diseases Evaluation of a rapid immunochromatographic diagnostic test (RIDT) for diagnosis of rabies in samples from Argentina

Introduction: Rabies is a globally widespread zoonosis of viral origin that causes fatal encephalitis in humans and animals. In countries where rabies is endemic and there is a lack of well-equipped diagnostic laboratories, a rapid immunochromatographic diagnostic test (RIDT) for detection of rabies could be an indispensable tool. In this study we evaluated the limit of detection, as well as specificity and sensitivity of RIDT, compared to the standard fluorescent antibody test (FAT). Methodology: A total of 174 samples were diagnosed by both RIDT and FAT. Fresh clinical samples, poorly conserved samples and brains in advanced state of decomposition generated under laboratory conditions were used to resemble field conditions. The sensitivity of RIDT was evaluated with CVS fixed strain of rabies virus (RABV), previously titrated in 21-day old albino mice and compared with the Reverse Transcription – Polimerase Chain Reaction (RT-PCR) technique in parallel. Additionally, the Mouse Inoculation Test (MIT) was used to perform the antigenic characterization of Rabies virus variants. Results: The limit of detection of RIDT was 100 LD50 / 0.03 mL and its performance, as compared to that of FAT, showed a sensitivity of 97.96%, a specificity of 100% and a concordance by the Kappa test of 0.98 with 95% CI. Conclusions: RIDT provides results comparable to those of FAT and this test can be considered as an appropriate method under the field conditions, even in samples that are not suitable for FAT due to their state of decomposition.
Bringing Ageing to Life: A Comparative Study of Age Categories

This article offers a comparative ethnographic study of ageing as both category and experience. Drawing on simultaneous 16-month ethnographies conducted as part of the ASSA project, we focus on how ageing is being re-defined in eight contexts around the world, with particular focus on the authors’ field sites: rural and urban settings in both Japan and Uganda. Despite being among the world’s oldest and youngest populations, respectively, there are various affinities in both ethnographies of age and technology use related to the reconfiguration of family-care norms across distances. This shared finding informs the articulation of age categories, which we found to be negotiated in line with established intergenerational expectations and family roles. This paper is illustrated with ethnographic examples of how people redefine ageing in context and in turn bring ‘age’ to life, demonstrating the social significance of age categories.
Review of the Safety, Efficacy and Tolerability of Palivizumab in the Prevention of Severe Respiratory Syncytial Virus (RSV) Disease

Abstract Respiratory Syncytial Virus (RSV) is a major global cause of childhood morbidity and mortality. Palivizumab, a monoclonal antibody that provides passive immunity against RSV, is currently licensed for prophylactic use in specific “high-risk” populations, including congenital heart disease, bronchopulmonary dysplasia and prematurity. Available research suggests palivizumab use in these high-risk populations can lead to a reduction in RSV-related hospitalization. However, palivizumab has not been demonstrated to reduce mortality, adverse events or length of hospital stay related to RSV. In this article, we review the management of RSV, indications for palivizumab prophylaxis, the safety, cost-effectiveness and efficacy of this preventative medication, and emerging therapeutics that could revolutionize future prevention of this significant pathogen.
The potential ameliorative impacts of rare earth element cerium in dimethoate induced toxicity in freshwater mussel Dreissena polymorpha

ABSTRACT The purpose of this study was to measure the antioxidant parameters to examine the potential ameliorative impacts of the rare earth element (REE) cerium (Ce) in dimethoate (DM) induced toxicity in Dreissena polymorpha. Lethal concentration 50 (LC50) of DM for 96 h was measured. The antioxidant effect of Ce was investigated by exposure of 1/2 of the LC50 value of DM together with 4, 20 and, 100 mg/L of Ce to D. polymorpha. The responses of the biomarkers were determined by measuring the superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), glutathione peroxidase (GPx), glutathione (GSH) and malondialdehyde (MDA) levels. SOD, CAT, GPX and GSH levels were reduced (p < 0.05), while the MDA levels increased significantly (p < 0.05) in mussels exposed to DM. When DM was exposured together with Ce, it was observed that the MDA levels decreased, SOD, CAT, GPX and GSH levels increased during 24 and 96 h. The results of our study showed that Ce exerted a strong antioxidant effect on toxicity induced by DM. It has been shown that Ce may have a compensatory effect with the positive change in the antioxidant response of D. polymorpha to DM. This study is the first report about Ce and insecticide effects in bivalves.
Fecal Calprotectin and Organic Gastrointestinal Disease: A Systematic Review

This review aimed to assess the diagnostic utility of fecal calprotectin (FCP) for identifying organic gastrointestinal disease (OGID) in patients undergoing colonoscopy for gastrointestinal discomfort or active progression of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). Studies published between January 2013 and December 2022 evaluating the clinical efficacy of FCP for differentiating OGID against functional gastrointestinal disease (FGID) were identified using PubMed, Cochrane, and Scopus databases. Clinical diagnostic studies involving individuals with lower gastrointestinal symptoms; using FCP as a diagnostic biomarker either in primary, secondary, or tertiary healthcare centers conducted either prospectively or retrospectively using stool samples (index test), contrasting FCP with a reference test, such as colonoscopy, or endoscopy, and assessed using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay were reviewed. The included studies were subjected to the revised Quality Assessment of Diagnostic Accuracy Studies for assessing the methodological quality by two independent authors. An initial literature search yielded 545 articles rendering 417 records after removing the duplicate records. After reading the abstracts and titles, 89 articles were eligible for full-text screening. The qualitative synthesis resulted in 20 articles. The efficient use of FCP for differentiating IBD from irritable bowel syndrome was investigated in 15 studies.Two of the included studies assessed the diagnostic ability of FCP to distinguish OGID from FGID, two studies utilized patients with ulcerative colitis, and one study involved patients with Crohn’s disease. Overall study quality was high for 65% of studies,moderate for 25% of studies, and low for 10% of studies. The review outlined the diagnostic accuracy of non-invasive FCP assessment for OGID in various clinical scenarios and in individuals of various ages. FCP is used as a tool for screening and monitoring in clinical practice for determining the need of further comprehensive investigations, thereby reducing the redundant use of invasive techniques.
Outage Analysis of Unmanned-Aerial-Vehicle-Assisted Simultaneous Wireless Information and Power Transfer System for Industrial Emergency Applications

In the scenario of a natural or human-induced disaster, traditional communication infrastructure is often disrupted or even completely unavailable, making the employment of emergency wireless networks highly important. In this paper, we consider an industrial Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition (SCADA) system assisted by an unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) that restores connectivity from the master terminal unit (MTU) to the remote terminal unit (RTU). The UAV also provides power supply to the ground RTU, which transmits the signal to the end-user terminal (UT) using the harvested RF energy. The MTU-UAV and UAV-RTU channels are modeled through Nakagami-m fading, while the channel between the RTU and the UT is subject to Fisher–Snedecor composite fading. According to the channels’ characterization, the expression for evaluating the overall probability of outage events is derived. The impact of the UAV’s relative position to other terminals and the amount of harvested energy on the outage performance is investigated. In addition, the results obtained based on an independent simulation method are also provided to confirm the validity of the derived analytical results. The provided analysis shows that the position of the UAV that leads to the optimal outage system performance is highly dependent on the MTU’s output power.