Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Parallel Spell-Checking Algorithm Based on Yahoo! N-Grams Dataset

Spell-checking is the process of detecting and sometimes providing suggestions for incorrectly spelled words in a text. Basically, the larger the dictionary of a spell-checker is, the higher is the error detection rate; otherwise, misspellings would pass undetected. Unfortunately, traditional dictionaries suffer from out-of-vocabulary and data sparseness problems as they do not encompass large vocabulary of words indispensable to cover proper names, domain-specific terms, technical jargons, special acronyms, and terminologies. As a result, spell-checkers will incur low error detection and correction rate and will fail to flag all errors in the text. This paper proposes a new parallel shared-memory spell-checking algorithm that uses rich real-world word statistics from Yahoo! N-Grams Dataset to correct non-word and real-word errors in computer text. Essentially, the proposed algorithm can be divided into three sub-algorithms that run in a parallel fashion: The error detection algorithm that detects misspellings, the candidates generation algorithm that generates correction suggestions, and the error correction algorithm that performs contextual error correction. Experiments conducted on a set of text articles containing misspellings, showed a remarkable spelling error correction rate that resulted in a radical reduction of both non-word and real-word errors in electronic text. In a further study, the proposed algorithm is to be optimized for message-passing systems so as to become more flexible and less costly to scale over distributed machines.
In Defense of Personality Measurement: New Wine for Old Whiners

The key to success in business is money and people. Personality psychology is about people—it’s about the nature of human nature. Some understanding of human nature—and the ability to measure its key components—would seem to offer a huge advantage to applied psychologists. Despite its practical significance, personality has lived a troubled existence in academic psychology. The topic was popular after World War II. But the 1960s brought the response set (or faking) controversy, which challenged the foundation of personality assessment. Then the 1970s and 1980s brought Mischel’s revolution, which taught us that we can’t measure personality because it doesn’t exist—people’s actions are not determined by their personalities but by “situational factors. ” Situational factors are like dark matter in Physics—they are strange, undefined, invisible forces that exist “out there,” that capture us, and then make us do their bidding. In the 1990s, personality made a comeback in industrial psychology. The comeback was fueled by the news that well-constructed measures of personality predict job performance almost as well as measures of cognitive ability, but with no adverse impact. The critics went silent for about 10 years, but now they are back (cf. Schmitt, 2004). They argue that claims for the validity of personality measures have been vastly overstated, that the data reveal only trivial relations between these measures and occupational performance. The point of this article is to try to put the various issues in perspective and show that well-constructed measures of personality are an indispensable tool for applied psychologists. The article is organized in terms of four sections: (a) What is wrong with personality psychology? (b) What is HUMAN PERFORMANCE, 18(4), 331–341 Copyright © 2005, Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Inc.
Ultrastructural localization of silver‐staining nuclear proteins at the onset of transcription in early bovine embryos

Argyrophilic nuclear proteins, known to be functionally associated with ribosomal genes, were localized, in four‐, eight‐, and 16‐cell bovine embryo blastomere nuclei using two different silver‐staining procedures. Within the eight‐cell cleavage stage by the process of embryonal nucleologenesis in the cow embryo the full‐capacity ribosome‐producing machinery is established. In the four‐cell embryo, many patches and islands of argyrophilic (Ag+) material were detected in the nucleoplasm. The nucleolus‐precursor bodies (NPBs), composed uniformly of a homogeneous compact mass, were completely devoid of any silver staining. On the other hand, clear‐cut localization of argyrophilic proteins was detected during the eight‐cell stage either inside the transforming NPBs or in the close vicinity, or in the already differentiated nucleolus. In compact, nonvacuolated NPB, an intensive Ag+ area was detected, in the form of a lenticle, at the periphery of the NPB. During and following vacuolation of the NPB, no Ag+ was detected inside these vacuoles. It was seen, however, in the dense fibrillar nucleolar component surrounding the smaller vacuoles formed at the time of the establishment of nucleolar structure. Ag+ areas were seen repeatedly in the vicinity of NPBs, probably a part of the nucleolus‐associated chromatin or, alternatively, representing the extranucleolar bodies. In blastomere nuclei of 16‐cell embryos, already possessing reticulated nucleoli known from intensively synthesizing somatic cells, the silver‐staining pattern corresponded to the usual situation in differentiated cells: slight staining of fibrillar centers, heavy labelling in the dense fibrillar component, and absence of silver deposits in the granular component. These observations confirm and expand existing evidence of the localization of the onset of rDNA transcription to the eight‐cell stage in the early cow embryo.
Automatic Recognition of Logical Relations for English , Chinese and Japanese Author Names Withheld for Blind Submission

We present a framework for representing three linguistic levels and systems for generating this representation. We focus on a logical level, like LFG’s F-structure, but compatible with Penn Treebanks. While less finegrained than typical semantic role labeling approaches, our logical structure has several advantages: it includes all words in all sentences, regardless of part of speech or semantic domain and it is easier to produce with F-scores that approach parsing accuracy. Our systems achieve 90% for English/Japanese News and 74.5% for Chinese News.
Book Reviews: GARDNER, H. (1993). Creating Minds: An Anatomy of Creativity Seen Through the Lives of Freud, Einstein, Picasso, Stravinsky, Eliot, Graham, and Gandhi. New York: Basic Books. $30.00, 608 pp., ISBN 0-465-01455-0

Howard Gardner has once again traveled back in time to the beginning of this century with thought-provoking results. His subjects, as with his previous trips (Gardner, 1988: Gardner & Nemirovsky. 11)1)1), is the lives of seven eminent creators, all of whom were contemporaries with connections to Western society and culture: Sigmund Freud, the father of psychoanalysis: Albert Einstein. who redefined physics with his theories of relativity; Pablo Picasso, the artistic prodigy who helped found Cubism; IgoiStravinsky, the abrasive master of classical music; T. S. Eliot. the poet and esteemed critic: Martha Graham, who originated modern dance even though she started dancing relatively late in life; and Mahatma Gandhi, the leader of India’s
Analysis of the white-light flickering of the intermediate polar V709 Cassiopeiae with wavelets and Hurst analysis

We characterize the flickering observed in the optical light curve of the intermediate polar system V709 Cas by determining its position in the α-Σ diagram of Fritz and Bruch classification scheme. The strength of flickering on a given timescale is represented by Σ, while α is the energy distribution of the flickering at different timescales. Here α is derived independently with both the wavelets and the Hurst R/S analysis. The flickering shows self-similarity on a timescale ranging from tens of minutes down to 10 s with stochastic persistent memory in time. The parameters α and Σ appear to be anticorrelated. In the α-Σ diagram, V709 Cas occupies in the region of magnetic systems. Since V709 Cas shows the spin period of the magnetic WD only in the X-ray but not in the optical, we conclude that this method can be used to characterize CV subtypes especially when their classification is uncertain.
Insights into Nicotinic Receptor Signaling in Nicotine Addiction: Implications for Prevention and Treatment

Background Nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) belong to the Cys-loop ligand-gated ion-channel (LGIC) superfamily, which also includes the GABA, glycine, and serotonin receptors. Many nAChR subunits have been identified and shown to be involved in signal transduction on binding to them of either the neurotransmitter acetylcholine or exogenous ligands such as nicotine. The nAChRs are pentameric assemblies of homologous subunits surrounding a central pore that gates cation flux, and they are expressed at neuromuscular junctions throughout the nervous system. Methods and Results Because different nAChR subunits assemble into a variety of pharmacologically distinct receptor subtypes, and different nAChRs are implicated in various physiological functions and pathophysiological conditions, nAChRs represent potential molecular targets for drug addiction and medical therapeutic research. This review intends to provide insights into recent advances in nAChR signaling, considering the subtypes and subunits of nAChRs and their roles in nicotinic cholinergic systems, including structure, diversity, functional allosteric modulation, targeted knockout mutations, and rare variations of specific subunits, and the potency and functional effects of mutations by focusing on their effects on nicotine addiction (NA) and smoking cessation (SC). Furthermore, we review the possible mechanisms of action of nAChRs in NA and SC based on our current knowledge. Conclusion Understanding these cellular and molecular mechanisms will lead to better translational and therapeutic operations and outcomes for the prevention and treatment of NA and other drug addictions, as well as chronic diseases, such as Alzheimer’s and Parkinson’s. Finally, we put forward some suggestions and recommendations for therapy and treatment of NA and other chronic diseases.
Functional Imaging in Extrapulmonary Sarcoidosis: FDG-PET/CT and MR Features

Abstract Sarcoidosis is a multiorgan granulomatous disease of unknown etiology that primarily involves the lungs and the lymphatic system. Extrapulmonary sarcoidosis is common, occurring in 30 to 50% of patients. In this review, we describe and illustrate the role of 18F-FDG PET/CT and MR imaging in patients with extrapulmonary sarcoidosis. FDG-PET/CT and MR can improve the accuracy of the diagnosis of extrapulmonary involvement, specify the respective contributions of active and fibrotic components of lesions, guide the selection of the biopsy site, provide prognostic information, and guide therapeutic management. We focus on suggestive patterns that help to improve lesion characterization, especially when these lesions are clinically occult. In cardiac sarcoidosis, the combined use of FDG-PET/CT and cardiac MR may provide optimal detection of the disease by enabling the differentiation between patients with active granulomatous inflammation and those with fibrous lesions. In cases with central nervous system involvement, the T2 hypointensity of the dural and parenchymal lesions is helpful for identifying sarcoidosis. Granulomatous bone marrow infiltration in the axial skeleton can be sensitively detected by both FDG-PET/CT and MR. Muscular sarcoidosis can have a characteristic appearance with the “dark star” sign on MR and a thick linear FDG uptake that predominantly involves the lower legs, designated as the “tiger man” sign. Extrathoracic lymphadenopathy is commonly observed on FDG-PET/CT imaging; however, its features are not specific, and the differentiation of extrathoracic lymphadenopathy from metastatic disease, tuberculosis, or lymphoma may be difficult. Familiarity with the functional imaging features in extrapulmonary sarcoidosis in various anatomical locations plays a crucial role in the diagnosis and management of patients.
Safety and Therapeutical Benefit of Hemicraniectomy Combined with Mild Hypothermia in Comparison with Hemicraniectomy Alone in Patients with Malignant Ischemic Stroke

Introduction: Both for hemicraniectomy and for hypothermia, several reports describe a beneficial effect in patients with malignant supratentorial cerebral ischemia. We compared the safety and the clinical outcome in patients with a malignant supratentorial infarction who were treated with hemicraniectomy alone (HA) or received a combination therapy with hemicraniectomy and hypothermia of 35°C (HH), respectively. Methods: In a prospective and randomized study, 25 consecutive patients were treated after an ischemic infarction of more than two thirds of one hemisphere by HA (n = 13 patients) or the HH combination therapy (n = 12 patients). Safety parameters were compared between both treatment groups, the clinical outcome was assessed during treatment and after 6 months. Results: Age, cranial CT or MRI findings, initial National institutes of Health Stroke Scale Score (NIHSSS) and level of consciousness were not significantly different between both groups. Hemicraniectomy was performed within 15 ± 6 h after the ischemic event. Hypothermia was induced immediately after surgery. Overall mortality was 12% (2/13 vs. 1/12 in the two groups), but none of these 3 patients died due to treatment-related complications. There were no severe side effects of hypothermia. Duration of need for intensive care or for mechanical ventilation and infectious status did not differ significantly between both groups, but the need for catecholamine application was increased in the HH group. The clinical outcome showed a tendency for a better outcome in the HH compared with the HA group with respect to status after 6 months, as assessed by the NIHSSS (10 ± 1 vs. 11 ± 3, p < 0.08). Discussion: The present study suggests that a combined therapy of mild hypothermia and hemicraniectomy in malignant brain infarction does not imply additional risks by side effects and improves functional outcome as compared with hemicraniectomy alone.
Traveling waves for the Keller–Segel system with Fisher birth terms

We consider the traveling wave problem for the one dimensional Keller-Segel system with a birth term of either a Fisher/KPP type or with a truncation for small population densities. We prove that there exists a solution under some stability conditions on the coefficients which enforce an upper bound on the solution and Ḣ(R) estimates. Solutions in the KPP case are built as a limit of traveling waves for the truncated birth rates (similar to ignition temperature in combustion theory). We also discuss some general bounds and long time convergence for the solution of the Cauchy problem and in particular linear and nonlinear stability of the non-zero steady state. Key-words: Chemotaxis; Traveling waves; Keller-Segel system; Reaction diffusion systems; Nonlinear stability. AMS Class. No. 35J60, 35K57, 92C17 1 The main result The growth of bacterial colonies undergoes complex biomechanical processes which underly the variety of shapes exhibited by the colonies. Usually cells divide and undergo active motion resulting in fronts of bacteria that are propagating. These fronts may be unstable leading to various patterns that have been studied for a long time, such as, for instance, spiral waves [16], aggregates [18] and dentrites [1, 10]. At least three elementary biophysical processes play commonly a central role in these patterns, and have been used in all modeling: (i) cell division which induces the growth of the colony, (ii) random cell motion – for instance, bacteria can swim in a liquid medium thanks to flagella, and (iii) chemoattraction through different molecules that the cells may release in their environment and that diffuse, leading to some kind of (possibly long distance) communication. Our purpose here is to study the existence of traveling waves and the linear and nonlinear stability of the steady states for a simple model combining these three effects. The macroscopic model describes the density of bacteria, denoted by u(t, x) below, and the chemoattractant concentration v(t, x) in the medium. It is a variant of the Keller-Segel system that has been widely studied in various contexts, see [5, 12, 19, 20] and references therein. ∗Departement de Mathematiques et Applications, Ecole Normale Superieure, CNRS UMR8553 , 45 rue d’Ulm, F 75230 Paris cedex 05 †Universite Pierre et Marie Curie-Paris6, UMR 7598 LJLL, Paris, F-75005 France and Institut Universitaire de France; email: perthame@dma.ens. fr ‡Department of Mathematics, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA; email: ryzhik@math.uchicago. edu
Does Electoral Accountability Affect Economic Policy Choices? Evidence from Gubernatorial Term Limits

This paper analyzes the behavior of U. S. governors from 1950 to 1986 to investigate a reputation-building model of political behavior. We argue that differences in the behavior of governors who face a binding term limit and those who are able to run again provides a source of variation in discount rates that can be used to test a political agency model. We find evidence that taxes, spending, and other policy instruments respond to a binding term limit if a Democrat is in office. The result is a fiscal cycle in term-limit states, which lowers state income when the term limit binds.
Feasibility Study of Real‐Time Three‐Dimensional Intracardiac Echocardiography for Guidance of Interventional Electrophysiology

SMITH, S.W. , et al.: Feasibility Study of Real‐Time Three‐Dimensional Intracardiac Echocardiography for Guidance of Interventional Electrophysiology. The authors tested the feasibility of real‐time three‐dimensional intracardiac echocardiography for guidance of interventional electrophysiological studies. The three‐dimensional scanner uses a matrix array ultrasound transducer of 64 channels operating at 5 MHz in a 12 Fr catheter. The system features real‐time three‐dimensional image rendering and produces up to 60 volumetric scans per second. Using an open‐chest sheep model, real‐time three‐dimensional images of anatomic landmarks were obtained, including the pulmonary veins and coronary sinus, which are of value in electrophysiological procedures. In vivo radio frequency ablation procedures in the right ventricle were also monitored, which yielded lesions of high image contrast.
Hierarchical motion evolution for action recognition

Human action can be decomposed into a series of temporally correlated motions. Since the traditional bag-of-words framework based on local features cannot model global motion evolution of actions, models like Recurrent Neural Network (RNN) [15] and VideoDarwin [5] are accordingly explored to capture video-wise temporal information. Inspired by VideoDarwin, in this paper, we present a novel hierarchical scheme to learn better video representation, called HiVideoDarwin. Specifically, we first use different ranking machines to learn motion descriptors of local video clips. Then, in order to model motion evolution, we encode features obtained in previous layer again using a ranking machine. Compared with VideoDarwin, HiVideoDarwin captures the global and high-level video representation and is robust to large appearance changes. Compared with RN-N, HiVideoDarwin can also abstract semantic information in a hierarchical way and is fast to compute and easy to interpret. We evaluate the proposed method on two datasets, namely MPII Cooking and Chalearn. Experimental results show that HiVideoDarwin has distinct advantages over the state-of-the-art models. Additional sensitivity analysis reveals that the overall results are hardly affected by parameter changes.
WindSat radio-frequency interference signature and its identification over land and ocean

Radio-frequency interference (RFI) in the spaceborne multichannel radiometer data of WindSat and the Advanced Microwave Scanning Radiometer-EOS is currently being detected using a spectral difference technique. Such a technique does not explicitly utilize multichannel correlations of radiometer data, which are key information in separating RFI from natural radiations. Furthermore, it is not optimal for radiometer data observed over ocean regions due to the inherent large natural variability of spectral difference over ocean. In this paper, we first analyzed multivariate WindSat and Scanning Multichannel Microwave Radiometer (SMMR) data in terms of channel correlation, information content, and principal components of WindSat and SMMR data. Then two methods based on channel correlation were developed for RFI detection over land and ocean. Over land, we extended the spectral difference technique using principal component analysis (PCA) of RFI indices, which integrates statistics of target emission/scattering characteristics (through RFI indices) and multivariate correlation of radiometer data into a single statistical framework of PCA. Over ocean, channel regression of X-band can account for nearly all of the natural variations in the WindSat data. Therefore, we use a channel regression-based model difference technique to directly predict RFI-free brightness temperature, and therefore RFI intensity. Although model difference technique is most desirable, it is more difficult to apply over land due to heterogeneity of land surfaces. Both methods improve our knowledge of RFI signatures in terms of channel correlations and explore potential RFI mitigation, and thus provide risk reductions for future satellite passive microwave missions such as the NPOESS Conical Scanning Microwave Imager/Sounder. The new RFI algorithms are effective in detecting RFI in the C- and X-band Windsat radiometer channels over land and ocean.
The evolution of stratification in Fijian ritual participation

Social scientists have long sought to explain the complex relationships between religion and social inequality. Building from a recent theoretical model, I predict that social hierarchies influence the cultural evolution of ritual systems and explain substantial intracultural variation in ritual behavior. The present work investigates these predictions using historical data and an analysis of observational and ethnographic interview data collected in a contemporary Fijian village. Historical data indicate that status differences between Fijians and missionaries and those between chiefs and commoners influenced the nature of Fijian religion and the socio-ecological environment in which contemporary ritual behavior takes place. Contemporary Fijian ritual life includes participation in Christian church services, and also kava-drinking ceremonies that evolved from the indigenous religion. Observational data reveal that performance within each ritual format is significantly influenced by the age and ascribed status differences of participants, and that high-ranking men are more likely to attend church services while low-ranking men are more likely to attend kava ceremonies. Moreover, a man's ascribed status significantly predicts his achieved role in the church, with higher-ranking men more likely to be lay preachers, and low-ranking men more likely to be members of the choir. These findings point to the importance of developing multilevel approaches to the study of religion and suggest that social inequality exerts an important influence on the cultural evolution of ritual systems.