Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Correlation coefficients from 2 × 2 tables and from biserial data

Various measures of correlation between two quantities x and y are discussed, and it is shown that the phi coefficient is a logically unacceptable measure except perhaps when both x and y are purely qualitative two-valued attributes. For biserial data, a new measure of correlation is proposed which is free from the shortcomings of the biserial coefficient and the point biserial coefficient.
Application of Convergent Science and Technology toward Ocular Disease Treatment

Eyes are one of the main critical organs of the body that provide our brain with the most information about the surrounding environment. Disturbance in the activity of this informational organ, resulting from different ocular diseases, could affect the quality of life, so finding appropriate methods for treating ocular disease has attracted lots of attention. This is especially due to the ineffectiveness of the conventional therapeutic method to deliver drugs into the interior parts of the eye, and the also presence of barriers such as tear film, blood-ocular, and blood-retina barriers. Recently, some novel techniques, such as different types of contact lenses, micro and nanoneedles and in situ gels, have been introduced which can overcome the previously mentioned barriers. These novel techniques could enhance the bioavailability of therapeutic components inside the eyes, deliver them to the posterior side of the eyes, release them in a controlled manner, and reduce the side effects of previous methods (such as eye drops). Accordingly, this review paper aims to summarize some of the evidence on the effectiveness of these new techniques for treating ocular disease, their preclinical and clinical progression, current limitations, and future perspectives.
High-saturation-current charge-compensated InGaAs/InP uni-traveling-carrier photodiode

In this paper a high-saturation-current charge-compensated InGaAs/InP uni-traveling-carrier photodiode with charge compensated collector layer is demonstrated. A 16 /spl mu/m diameter photodiode has demonstrated an output current of 80 mA and a bandwidth of 30 GHz.
Diagrammatic multiresolution analysis for electron correlations

We present a multiscale treatment of electron correlations based on hyperbolic wavelet expansions of Jastrow-type correlation functions. Wavelets provide hierarchical basis sets that can be locally adapted to the length- and energy-scales of physical phenomena. Combined with hyperbolic tensor products and local adaptive refinement near the interelectron cusp, these wavelet bases enable sparse representations of Jastrow factors. The computational efficiency of wavelets in electronic structure calculations is demonstrated within the coupled electron-pair approximation (local ansatz). Based on a diagrammatic multiresolution analysis, we discuss various kinds of sparsity features for matrix elements required by the local ansatz. Sparsity originates from the hierarchical structure and vanishing moments property of wavelet bases. This led us to a recurrence scheme for the evaluation of matrix elements with almost linear computational complexity with respect to the size of the underlying isotropic 3d-wavelet basis. Numerical studies for selected diagrams are presented for a homogeneous electron gas.
Equilibrium Points of Bimatrix Games

An algebraic proof is given of the existence of equilibrium points for bimatrix (or two-person, non-zero-sum) games. The proof is constructive, leading to an efficient scheme for computing an equilibrium point. In a nondegenerate case, the number of equilibrium points is finite and odd. The proof is valid for any ordered field.
The meanings of friluftsliv in Physical Education Teacher Education

The aim with this article is to contribute knowledge about the meanings of friluftsliv in educational practice. This is done by investigating what friluftsliv becomes in the ongoing practices of PETE in Sweden and how these meanings are established in the studied activities. The empirical material consists of di ﬀ erent kinds of material from friluftsliv activities in PETE programmes: study guides, ﬁ eld trip plans, students ’ vlogs from overnight stays outdoors, video recordings from two longer ﬁ eld trips, audio recordings from evening seminars during the ﬁ eld trips and students ’ written re ﬂ ections after them. In order to identify meanings of friluftsliv and how these are established we used a transactional analysis based on Dewey. Five di ﬀ erent ways of what friluftsliv becomes in PETE practice were identi ﬁ ed in this study. The di ﬀ erent meanings re ﬂ ect the complex picture of contradictions and lack of common ground for the content and motives identi ﬁ ed in the outdoor education ﬁ eld. Our study also con ﬁ rms how the meaning of friluftsliv as skills is established by putting up tents, lighting ﬁ res, building wind shelters and so on, and how this contributes to a focus on the instrumental values in PETE. On the other hand, our study shows that other meanings of friluftsliv are established in the ongoing practice, where more intrinsic values are at stake even if they are often overshadowed in PETE practice. In conclusion the results also point to the potential of fritluftsliv in terms of a suggested move away from an activity-based personal and social development discourse in favour of experiences of educating for environmentally sustainable human-nature relations. The challenge is how to make these experiences educational in PETE and how to guide students in transforming experiences in more exclusive friluftsliv into pedagogical competence as future teachers using friluftsliv for di ﬀ erent purposes in school PE.
Synchronous fluctuation in broad-band processes and application to the electroencephalographic brain data

We propose phase-like characteristics in the broad-band process and introduce a novel wavelet-based method to analyze fluctuation in synchrony (FIS) in a wide frequency range. We demonstrate FIS between multifractal processes and a modeled dynamical system in phase transition. We then apply the idea to analyze surface scalp electroencephalographic data from normal subjects and traumatic brain-injured (TBI) patients. Our results show that FIS in normal subjects is more pronounced and exhibits more dynamic spatiotemporal patterns. Moreover, we find an intrinsic synchrony-variability relationship underlying these FIS characteristics.
Micro- and Macronutrient Intake in Elderly Costa Ricans: The Costa Rican Longevity and Healthy Aging Study (CRELES)

Costa Rica, a middle-income country in Central America, has a life expectancy similar or even higher than richer countries. This survival advantage is more evident among the elderly, who have one of the lowest mortality rates in the world. Dietary factors may play a role in this extended longevity. We have shown that a traditional rural diet is associated with longer leukocyte telomere length—a biomarker of aging—among elderly Costa Ricans. In the present study, we used data from the Costa Rican Longevity and Healthy Aging Study (CRELES) to characterize further rural and urban diets of the elderly (60+ years). A validated food frequency questionnaire was used to assess usual diet. We used energy-adjusted regression models to compare the intake of micro- and macronutrients between rural and urban regions of the country. Elderly rural residents had a higher consumption of carbohydrates (but lower glycemic index), fiber, dietary iron, and used more palm oil for cooking than elderly urban dwellers. On the other hand, elderly subjects living in urban areas had a higher intake of total fat, mono and polyunsaturated fat, alcohol and dietary calcium compared to elderly rural residents. Our results are similar to earlier reports of middle-aged Costa Ricans and add to the characterization of diet differences in rural and urban regions of the country.
Thermal Lens Determination of End-Pumped Solid-state Lasers by a Simple Direct Approach

The stability of linear planar resonators involved in solid-state lasers is entirely decided by the thermal lens of the laser crystal. There exists a critical point between stable state and unstable state at which the thermal focal length equals the distance from the center of the crystal to one end mirror. Based on this fact, a new method for measuring the thermal focal length of the laser crystal has been presented and applied to a Nd3+:YVO4 crystal at various absorbed pump power levels up to 10 W. The results have shown to be in good agreement with theoretical calculation.
Local Differentiation in the Loess Deposition as a Function of Dust Source: Key Study Novo Orahovo Loess Paleosol Sequence (Vojvodina, Serbia)

Typical patterns of the Late Pleistocene loess–paleosol units are preserved in the Novo Orahovo brickyard, Northern Serbia. Presented preliminary luminescence chronology supports the chronostratigraphic interpretations of global isotopic marine climate reconstructions. Magnetic susceptibility and sedimentological evidence exhibit general similarities with the marine oxygen-isotope stratigraphy. These records provide new insights into the dust accumulation regimes over the eastern side of the Bačka loess plateau and offer new paleoenvironmental information for the region. They represent an important step forward towards the establishment of a catena from the thin loess-like sediments of the Banat foothills in the east towards the thicker and seemingly more complete loess sections of the southeastern and central Carpathian Basin. Grain-size data from the loess record of Nova Orahovo explain the regional differentiation in dust deposition.
Knockout of elF4E using CRISPR/Cas9 for large-scale production of resistant cucumber cultivar against WMV, ZYMV, and PRSV

CRISPR/Cas9 is one of the most robust technologies for plant breeding enabling precise and efficient modifications in a genome. This technology is being used for the manipulation of target genes in a host to develop resistance against the plant pathogens. Cucumis sativus elF4E is one of the target genes playing a key role in viral infection during interaction with potyvirus viral proteins genome linked (VPg). Nevertheless, the allelic and positional effect of elF4E mutations in C. sativus is to be clarified in elF4E-VPg interaction. In addition, there are entanglements in the massive production of pathogen-resistant cultivars suitable for commercial production using CRISPR/Cas9 technology. Therefore, we targeted different positions of the elF4E in G27 and G247 inbred lines, using specific gRNA1 and gRNA2 for the first and third exons, respectively, and 1,221 transgene-free plants were selected in segregated T1 generation, where 192 G27 and 79 G247 plants had the least mutation at Cas9 cleavage site of gRNA1 or gRNA2. Crossing was performed to see allelic effects of elfF4E mutations in F1 populations, which were homozygous and heterozygous single (elF4E_1DEL or elF4E_3DEL) and double (elF4E_1-3DEL) mutants. Disease symptoms of watermelon mosaic virus (WMV), papaya ringspot virus (PRSV), and zucchini yellow mosaic virus (ZYMV) were evaluated in both non-edited and edited F1 plants, and we did not observe any symptom in homozygous elF4E_1-3DEL and elF4E_1DEL mutants. However, homozygous elF4E_3DEL was positive in reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR), even if there were no significant symptoms on the inoculated leaves. ELISA and qRT-PCR indicated lower viral accumulation in homozygous elF4E_3DEL than heterozygous and non-edited plants. Regeneration and transformation protocols were also optimized comprehensively for both the genotypes. The average number of shoots/100 explants was determined for both G27 and G247 as 13.6 and 18.0, respectively. We could not detect any distinguishing difference between the non-edited and edited F1 plants for yield and morphology. Our results demonstrate an effective route for mass production of viral resistant cultivars of cucumber to WMV, ZYMV, and PRSV. In this way, the pathogen-resistant cultivars could be generated to reduce the losses caused by these pathogens in cucumber production.
Recombination line intensities for hydrogenic ions - II. Case B calculations for C VI, N VII and O VIII

The intensities of recombination lines formed in extended, optically thim, photoionized plasmas such as those found in PN, H II regions, and winds of certain hot stars are an important source of information on chemical abundances and can sometimes provide estimates of electron temperature. In this paper, the intensities of the recombination lines of C VI, N VII, and O VIII are calculated, accounting for both electron and heavy particle collisions and assuming case B of Baker and Menzel. The computational procedure is explained. The intensities of lines formed by transitions n(u) - n(l) are tabulated for n(u) of 50 or less, n(l) of 29 or less, at log N(e) = 4(1)13 and 10 values of electron temperature in the interval 10,000 K to 500,000 K.
The ROSAT All-Sky Survey of active binary coronae. I - Quiescent fluxes for the RS Canum Venaticorum systems

One hundred and thirty-six RS CV(n) active binary systems were observed with the ROSAT Position Sensitive Proportional Counter (PSPC) during the All-Sky Survey component of the mission. The entire sky was surveyed, which represents the largest sample of RS CV(n) systems observed to date at any wavelength, including X-rays. X-ray surface fluxes for the RS CV(n) systems are found to lie in the range 10 exp 4 to 10 exp 8 ergs/sq cm seconds. Surface flux as a function of (B - V) color is reported. A decrease in surface flux with increasing rotation period for the entire sample is observed. The rotation period provides the best stellar or orbital parameter to predict the X-ray surface flux level. The absence of correlation of F(x) or L(x) with Gamma is noted due to the fact that the coronal heating mechanism for these active stars must be magnetic in character, and the magnetic field depends on the interaction between convection and differential rotation inside the star. X-ray properties of the RS CV(n) systems with 6 cm radio and C IV UV emission systems is compared.
Impact of Plastic-Related Compounds on P-Glycoprotein and Breast Cancer Resistance Protein In Vitro

Plastic in oceans degrades to microplastics and nanoplastics, causing various problems for marine fauna and flora. Recently, microplastic has been detected in blood, breast milk and placenta, underlining their ability to enter the human body with still unknown effects. In addition, plastic contains other compounds such as plasticizers, antioxidants or lubricants, whose impact on human health is also elusive. On the cellular level, two transporters involved in cell protection and detoxification of xenobiotic compounds are the ABC-transporters P-glycoprotein (P-gp, MDR1, ABCB1) and breast cancer resistance protein (BCRP, ABCG2). Despite the great importance of these proteins to maintain the correct cellular balance, their interaction with plastic and related products is evasive. In this study, the possible interaction between different plastic-related compounds and these two transporters was investigated. Applying virtual compound screening and molecular docking of more than 1000 commercially available plastic compounds, we identified candidates most probably interacting with these two transporters. Cytotoxicity and uptake assays confirmed their toxic interaction on P-glycoprotein-overexpressing CEM/ADR5000 and BCRP-overexpressing MDA-MD-231-BCRP cell lines. To specifically visualize the results obtained on the P-glycoprotein inhibitor 2,2’-methylenebis(6-tert-butyl-4-methylphenol), we performed live cell time-lapse microscopy. Confocal fluorescence microscopy was used to understand the behavior of the molecule and the consequences that it has on the uptake of the well-known substrate doxorubicin and, in comparison, with the known inhibitor verapamil. Based on the results, we provide evidence that the compound in question is an inhibitor of the P-glycoprotein. Moreover, it is also possible that 2,2’-methylenebis(6-tert-butyl-4-methylphenol), together with three other compounds, may also inhibit the breast cancer resistance protein. This discovery implies that plastic-related compounds can not only harm the human body but can also inhibit detoxifying efflux pumps, which increases their toxic potential as these transporters lose their physiological functions.
Translating contemporary scientists’ knowledge and practice into classrooms: Scalable design supporting identity work

There are new demands on science education for students moving into uncertain futures, including engagement with scientific practices, and understanding of the nature of science and scientists’ work. Furthermore, there is increasing recognition of and interest in the construct of identity as a powerful way of looking at students’ engagement with science studies and futures. In Australia there has been policy-level curriculum advocacy focused on finding practical ways to represent scientists, their research practices and specialist knowledge as a powerful context for learning. Research into partnerships shows this has strong identity outcomes and pedagogies that privilege student active engagement with scientific practices. As part of an ongoing research program investigating the possibilities for a more thorough and scalable representation of contemporary science research practices in classrooms, this paper reports on (a) a survey of science teachers probing their beliefs and practices regarding representation of contemporary science, and (b) the identity entailments of producing and evaluating online resources that represent scientists working in key contemporary areas. The survey identifies that teachers are overwhelmingly positive about representing contemporary science and the varied ways they do that, but also identifies a range of structural barriers resulting in low levels of this practice. We describe the design principles process by which scientists’ practices are translated into classroom learning sequences that engage students with scientists’ backgrounds and motivations, research design and data analysis, and ethical and wider framings of scientific research. Preliminary trialing of the resources (previously reported) shows enhanced student engagement with contemporary, societally relevant scientific knowledge and practices. In this paper we interpret these experiences as identity forming and agency-developing. We argue in the paper that the construction and availability of such resources is a potentially powerful way of engaging students with: the practices of contemporary science; the motivations and living reality of scientists; and the societal and personal relevance of science to students’ lives. Engagement with such resources that involve students in actively generating and responding to contemporary concerns we argue is a more powerful way of introducing science ideas and providing identity-shaping opportunities than current established practices identified in the survey.
Molten salt derived Mo2AlB2 with excellent HER catalytic performance

Mo2AlB2 is a lamellar transition metal boride that is prepared by selectively etching the MoAlB MAB phase precursor. Most methods for synthesizing Mo2AlB2 require the use of strong acids or bases and a long reaction time. In this study, we present a Lewis acid molten salt method for synthesizing the lamellar structured Mo2AlB2 by selectively etching a layer of aluminium atoms from the MoAlB precursor. The synthesized Mo2AlB2 shows excellent catalytic activity for hydrogen evolution reaction under alkaline conditions, with long-term stability, and a low overpotential of 145 mV and Tafel slope of 76 mV dec−1 at 10 mA cm−2. GRAPHICAL ABSTRACT IMPACT STATEMENT Mo2AlB2 was synthesized through a novel molten salt method of etching MoAlB, resulting in exceptional HER catalytic performance in alkaline conditions.
From wakes to wings: using a multi-fidelity approach to design flapping wings

We present two potential flow based computational tools for the design and analysis of efficient, low Reynolds number flapping wings. Our approach starts with a series of wake-only momentum and energetics analyses. We have used and extended the classical wake-only approach to efficiently perform a large number of computations over the flapping parameter space. The method considers the balance of flight forces in the coupled prediction of wing flapping kinematics and flight energetics. Following the wake-only energetics analysis, a quasi-inverse doublet lattice method (qi-DLM) is applied to determine flapping wing shape including localized wing morphing and deformation. This local wing morphing prescribed so that the wing may achieve the desired, minimum power wake vorticity distribution defined by the wake-only analysis. In this paper we illustrate these methods and perform a preliminary study to assess the impact of wing taper, wing camber and wing twist variations on efficient flapping flight.
Fine-Grained and Multiple Classification for Alzheimer's Disease With Wavelet Convolution Unit Network

In this article, we propose a novel wavelet convolution unit for the image-oriented neural network to integrate wavelet analysis with a vanilla convolution operator to extract deep abstract features more efficiently. On one hand, in order to acquire non-local receptive fields and avoid information loss, we define a new convolution operation by composing a traditional convolution function and approximate and detailed representations after single-scale wavelet decomposition of source images. On the other hand, multi-scale wavelet decomposition is introduced to obtain more comprehensive multi-scale feature information. Then, we fuse all these cross-scale features to improve the problem of inaccurate localization of singular points. Given the novel wavelet convolution unit, we further design a network based on it for fine-grained Alzheimer's disease classifications (i.e., Alzheimer's disease, Normal controls, early mild cognitive impairment, late mild cognitive impairment). Up to now, only a few methods have studied one or several fine-grained classifications, and even fewer methods can achieve both fine-grained and multi-class classifications. We adopt the novel network and diffuse tensor images to achieve fine-grained classifications, which achieved state-of-the-art accuracy for all eight kinds of fine-grained classifications, up to 97.30%, 95.78%, 95.00%, 94.00%, 97.89%, 95.71%, 95.07%, 93.79%. In order to build a reference standard for Alzheimer's disease classifications, we actually implemented all twelve coarse-grained and fine-grained classifications. The results show that the proposed method achieves solidly high accuracy for them. Its classification ability greatly exceeds any kind of existing Alzheimer's disease classification method.
A Bayesian Sequential Procedure for Quantal Response in the Context of Adaptive Mental Testing

Abstract This article is concerned with a generalization of the problem of estimation of median effective dose in bioassay with a normal quantal response curve. A new kind of Bayesian motivated procedure is introduced which leads to a strongly consistent estimator. The convergence is robust in that it holds for a bundle of sequences of design vectors—an important feature in a mental testing context where a specified design vector cannot be produced on demand.