Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Truth-Conditional and Representational Semantics

A multifunctional torque sensor comprises a torque transmission shaft, a rectangle-shaped or parallelogram-shaped magnetic material strip bonded on the surface of the torque transmission shaft so that opposite sides of the rectangle or parallelogram face each other with a gap interposed therebetween, a first coil concentrically wound around the magnetic material strip, amagnetic core disposed outside of the magnetic material strip in no contact therewith through a space, and a second coil wound around the magnetic material strip. A change in magnetic characteristic caused by a stress transmitted from the torque transmission shaft to the magnetic material strip is detected by the first coil, thereby detecting a torque. The rotation of the shaft is detected through the detection of the gap by the second coil upon rotation of the shaft. A power can be operationally determined from the detected torque and rotation.
Light meromyosin paracrystal formation

Studies of paracrystal formation by column purified light meromyosin (LMM) prepared in a variety of ways led to the following conclusions: (a) different portions of the myosin rod may be coded for different stagger relationships. This was concluded from observations that paracrystals with different axial repeat periodicities could be obtained either with LMM framents of different lengths prepared with the same enzyme, or with LMM fragments of identical lengths but prepared with different enzymes. (b) Paracrystals with a 14-nm axial repeat periodicity are most likely formed by the aggregation of sheets with a 44-nm axial repeat within the sheets which are staggered by 14 nm. All of the axial repeat patterns expected from one sheet or aggregates of more than one sheet, on this basis, were observed in the same electron micrograph. (c) C-protein binding probably occurs preferentially to LMM molecules related in some specific way. This was concluded from the observation that the same axial repeat pattern was obtained in paracrystals formed from different LMM preparations in the presence of C-protein, regardless of differences in the axial repeat obtained in the absence of C-protein. (d) Nucleic acid is responsible for the 43-nm axial repeat patterns observed in paracrystals formed by the ethanol-resistant fraction of LMM. In the absence of nuclei acid, paracrystals with a 14nm axial repeat are obtained. (e) The 43-nm axial repeat pattern observed with the ethanol-resistant fraction of LMM is different for LMM preparations obtained by trypsin and papain digestions.
MATHEMATICAL MODELING OF TIME-DEPENDENT POISSON’S RATIO INLINEAR VISCOELASTIC SOLID-LIKE FOODS

The viscoelastic bodies have a time-dependent response since simultaneously store and dissipate mechanical energy when subjected to the applied forces. Therefore, Poisson’s ratio in viscoelastic solids generally is a time dependent (in time domain) or a complex frequency dependent (in frequency domain) quantity. In particular, three-dimensional stress fields such as those associated with stress concentration depend on the Poisson’s ratio. In a viscoelastic material, a time-dependent Poisson’s ratio will be associated with time-dependent stress and deformation, so stress concentration factors and interface stresses can depend on time and frequency. In biological engineering, the majority of solid-like foods exhibit as viscoelastic solids. For viscoelastic solids, the shear modulus relaxes much more than the bulk modulus, therefore, the Poisson's ratio is an increasing function of time. The main aim of this work is to develop a mathematical model capable of determining timedependent Poisson’s ratio based on the relaxation tests in viscoelastic food materials. A generalized Maxwell model is used to model the viscoelastic behavior of solid-like foods. At the end of this work, as a case study, the Poisson’s ratio of food texture specimens of apple flesh is given which give rise to modelled time-dependent Poisson’s ratios.
Optimal Design of Lower Extremity for Portable Human Exoskeletons Using Improved Particle Swarm Optimization

Portable powered human exoskeleton is directed at providing necessary support and help for loaded legged locomotion. The kernel of whole mechanical construction of the exoskeleton is lower extremities. The lower extremities consist of exoskeleton thigh, exoskeleton shank, hydraulic cylinder and corresponding joints. In order to find the optimal combination of design parameters of lower extremities, an improved particle swarm optimization algorithm based on simulated annealing is proposed. To improve global and local search ability of the proposed approach, the inertia weight is varied over time, and jumping probability of simulated annealing is adopted in updating the position vector of particles. Experimental results show that the improved algorithm can obtain the optimal design solutions stably and effectively with less iteration compared to the standard particle swarm optimization and simulated annealing.
THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN SPREADING FACTOR AND HYALURONIDASE

A comparative study of spreading factor and hyaluronidase in preparations from various sources revealed the following points of similarity and dissimilarity in the two reactions. 1. Similarities: (a) All preparations containing hyaluronidase also produced spreading. (b) Heating at 65° and 100°C. for 30 minutes produced a comparable effect on both reactions. (c) The demonstration of the presence of hyaluronic acid in skin offers a plausible explanation for the mechanism of spreading on the basis of hyaluronidase activity. 2. Dissimilarities: (a) No parallelism was observed in the degree of activity of spreading factor and hyaluronidase in the same preparations. (b) All preparations which produced spreading did not contain hyaluronidase. (c) Antisera to hyaluronidase preparations specifically and completely inhibited the activity of the homologous enzyme but did not inhibit the spreading factor in the same preparations. The significance of the similarities and dissimilarities between the two reactions is discussed. It is concluded that while hyaluronidase may play a rôle in the spreading reaction the phenomenon is a complex one and cannot be explained on the basis of a simple chemical reaction.
Relationship between progression of brain white matter changes and late-life depression: 3-year results from the LADIS study

Background Brain white matter changes (WMC) and depressive symptoms are linked, but the directionality of this association remains unclear. Aims To investigate the relationship between baseline and incident depression and progression of white matter changes. Method In a longitudinal multicentre pan-European study (Leukoaraiosis and Disability in the elderly, LADIS), participants aged over 64 underwent baseline magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and clinical assessments. Repeat scans were obtained at 3 years. Depressive outcomes were assessed in terms of depressive episodes and the Geriatric Depression Scale (GDS). Progression of WMC was measured using the modified Rotterdam Progression scale. Results Progression of WMC was significantly associated with incident depression during year 3 of the study (P = 0.002) and remained significant after controlling for transition to disability, baseline WMC and baseline history of depression. There was no significant association between progression of WMC and GDS score, and no significant relationship between progression of WMC and history of depression at baseline. Conclusions Our results support the vascular depression hypothesis and implicate WMC as causal in the pathogenesis of late-life depression.
University of Pennsylvania ScholarlyCommons Departmental Papers ( CIS ) Department of Computer & Information Science May 2001 On Computing Functions with Uncertainty

We study the problem of computing a function f(x1, ., xn) given that the actual values of the variables xi's are known only with some uncertainity. For each variable xi, an interval Ii is known such that the value of xi is guaranteed to fall within this interval. Any such interval can be probed to obtain the actual value of the underlying variable; however, there is a cost associated with each such probe. The goal is to adaptively identify a minimum cost sequence of probes such that regardless of the actual values taken by the unprobed xi's, the value of the function f can be computed to within a specified precision. We design online algorithms for this problem when f is either the selection function or an aggregation function such as sum or average. We consider three natural models of precision and give algorithms for each model. We analyze our algorithms in the framework of competitive analysis and show that our algorithms are asymptotically optimal. Finally, we also study online algorithms for functions that are obtained by composing together selection and aggregation functions.
Chronic ghrelin treatment reduced photophobia and anxiety‐like behaviors in nitroglycerin‐ induced migraine: role of pituitary adenylate cyclase‐activating polypeptide

Chronic migraine is a debilitating disorder that has a significant impact on patients and society. Nearly all migraineurs frequently reported light sensitivity during a headache attack. Pituitary adenylate cyclase‐activating polypeptide (PACAP) plays an important role in the activation of trigeminal system and migraine pain. To identify the effect of chronic ghrelin treatment on endogenous PACAP and associated symptoms of migraine, an experimental chronic migraine model was induced by intermittent intraperitoneal (i.p) injection of nitroglycerin (NTG). Photophobia and anxiety‐like behaviors were determined in the modified elevated plus maze on days 2, 4, 6, 8, and 10 and in the light/dark box on days 3, 5, 7, 9, and 11. Blood levels of PACAP and cortisol were assessed by enzyme‐linked immunosorbent (ELISA) kits. Chronic injection of NTG evoked photophobia and anxiety‐like behaviors and treatment with ghrelin (150 μg/kg) for 11 days effectively attenuated photophobia and anxiety‐like behaviors in the both paradigms. We further found that NTG increased the blood levels of PACAP and cortisol, which was significantly reduced by ghrelin treatment. Additionally, staining with Hematoxylin and Eosin (H&E) revealed that ghrelin reduced NTG‐induced increase in the number of satellite glial cells in the trigeminal ganglion. Furthermore, for the first time we showed that repeated administrations of NTG increased white blood cell (WBC) counts and mean platelet volume (MPV), and decreased platelet counts. These results indicated that ghrelin decreased migraine associated symptoms possibly through attenuating endogenous PACAP and cortisol levels. Therefore, ghrelin may hold therapeutic potentialities in managing the chronic migraine.
The iterated extended kalman particle filter for speech enhancement

Particle filters have been proposed as a new form of state-space filtering for speech enhancement applications. A crucial issue in particle filtering is the selection of the importance proposal distribution. In this paper, the iterated extended Kalman filter (IEKF) is used to generate the proposal distribution. The proposal distribution integrates the latest measurements into state transition density, so it can match the posteriori density well. We apply time-varying autoregressive (TVAR) models with stochastically evolving parameters to the problem of speech modeling and enhancement, which is superior to conventional AR models. The experimental results indicate that the new particle filter superiors to the standard particle filter and the other filters such as the extended Kalman particle filter (PF-EKF) in low SNR.
A superhydrophobic cone to facilitate the xenomonitoring of filarial parasites, malaria, and trypanosomes using mosquito excreta/feces

Background: Molecular xenomonitoring (MX), the testing of insect vectors for the presence of human pathogens, has the potential to provide a non-invasive and cost-effective method for monitoring the prevalence of disease within a community. Current MX methods require the capture and processing of large numbers of mosquitoes, particularly in areas of low endemicity, increasing the time, cost and labour required. Screening the excreta/feces (E/F) released from mosquitoes, rather than whole carcasses, improves the throughput by removing the need to discriminate vector species since non-vectors release ingested pathogens in E/F. It also enables larger numbers of mosquitoes to be processed per pool. However, this new screening approach requires a method of efficiently collecting E/F. Methods: We developed a cone with a superhydrophobic surface to allow for the efficient collection of E/F. Using mosquitoes exposed to either Plasmodium falciparum, Brugia malayi or Trypanosoma brucei brucei, we tested the performance of the superhydrophobic cone alongside two other collection methods. Results: All collection methods enabled the detection of DNA from the three parasites. Using the superhydrophobic cone to deposit E/F into a small tube provided the highest number of positive samples (16 out of 18) and facilitated detection of parasite DNA in E/F from individual mosquitoes. Further tests showed that following a simple washing step, the cone can be reused multiple times, further improving its cost-effectiveness. Conclusions: Incorporating the superhydrophobic cone into mosquito traps or holding containers could provide a simple and efficient method for collecting E/F. Where this is not possible, swabbing the container or using the washing method facilitates the detection of the three parasites used in this study.
The Effect of Immobilization on Grip Strength and Pinch Strength in Normal Subjects

The purpose of this study was to determine whether a one-week period of immobilization resulted in a significant decrease in the grip strength and/or pinch strength of normal subjects. The participants in this investigation were righthanded females between the ages of 21 and 45. Throughout the one-week period between the pre-test and post-test, each subject assigned to the experimental group had her left hand immobilized in a cast. During the pre-test and post-test, all of the subjects had their left hands tested for grip strength and pinch strength. A separate unpaired t-test was then calculated for grip strength measured with the handle of the hand dynamometer in each of the five positions as well as for the strength of the three-jaw chuck, tip prehension, and lateral prehension. After analyzing the data, it was concluded that a oneweek immobilization period did not significantly affect the strength of grip or pinch.
Differences of pathophysiology in experimental meningitis caused by three strains of Streptococcus pneumoniae.

Differences in cytochemical and pathophysiologic abnormalities in experimental meningitis caused by pneumococcal strains A, B, and C were determined. Strain C produced the most severe abnormalities of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) concentrations of lactate (P less than .01), protein (P less than .02), and glucose (P less than .01), CSF white blood cell count (P less than .04), cerebral blood flow (P less than .02), and clinical signs (P less than .05). Brain edema occurred only with strains A anc C, with no association with disease severity; intracranial hypertension was also independent of disease severity. Strain B, not C, achieved the highest bacterial titers in the CSF (P less than .005). The widely different abilities of strains of Streptococcus pneumoniae to induce intracranial abnormalities suggest that virulence determinants affect not only evasion of defense during colonization and invasion, as shown in other models, but also determine the course of disease once infection has been established. Differences of cell-wall metabolism among pneumococcal strains may play a role in this latter phase of the development of meningitis.
An Introduction to Sequence Similarity (“Homology”) Searching

Homologous sequences usually have the same, or very similar, functions, so new sequences can be reliably assigned functions if homologous sequences with known functions can be identified. Homology is inferred based on sequence similarity, and many methods have been developed to identify sequences that have statistically significant similarity. This unit provides an overview of some of the basic issues in identifying similarity among sequences and points out other units in this chapter that describe specific programs that are useful for this task. Curr. Protoc. Bioinform. 27:3.1. 1‐3.1. 7. © 2009 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Mm-Wave dielectric resonator antenna (DRA) with wide bandwidth for the future wireless networks

This paper represents the design of a compact dielectric resonator antenna (DRA) for the future fifth generation (5G) applications. The antenna consists of a cylindrical-ring dielectric resonator (DR) mounted on a low-cost FR-4 surface, and a full ground plane. The antenna is fed by a coaxial probe with its inner conductor located adjacent to the DR. The antenna has good performance in terms of input-matching, gain and efficiency characteristics. The variation of the antenna properties in terms of gain and efficiency are less than 2 and −0.5 dB across its impedance pass-band (20 to 35 GHz for S11<−10 dB). Using the proposed DRA design, the radiation characteristics of 2×2, 4×4, and 8×8 planar arrays are investigated. In addition, the fundamental properties of the 1×8 linear array have been discussed. Simulations have been done to validate the feasibility of the proposed DRA for the future 5G wireless networks.
[Effects of normal saline for maintenance of arterial lines of surgical patients].

PURPOSE The purpose of this study was to analyze the effectiveness of saline solution vs. heparinized-saline for maintenance of arterial lines and to detect changes in platelet and aPTT as physiological indexes. METHODS In this nonequivalent control group, non-synchronized, double-blind study the effects of heparinized and saline solution on the maintenance of arterial lines were compared. Fifty five patients received the heparinized solution and fifty nine patients received the saline solution. All patients who had surgery in K-university hospital between September and December 2011 were eligible for participation in the study. RESULTS There was no statistically significant difference between the saline and the heparin group in the maintenance time of the arterial lines or the number of irrigations. There was no statistically significant difference between the groups in changes in the number of platelets and aPTT for interaction between the groups and time intervals. CONCLUSION The results indicate that saline solution can be used as an irrigation solution for the maintenance of arterial lines of adult surgical patients, rather than heparinized-saline, in view of potential risk factors in the use of heparin.
Adolescent loneliness and psychiatric morbidity in the general population: Identifying “at risk” groups using latent class analysis

Abstract Background: Previous research has shown that loneliness is strongly associated with both physical and psychological ill health, particularly among adolescents. Factor analytic research has also shown that loneliness is a multi-dimensional construct, characterized by e.g. feelings of isolation, and relational and collective connectedness. While factor analytic representations of the phenomenon effectively illustrate the structure and form of the loneliness construct, they may not adequately capture its expression in the population within, among and across individuals. Method: The current study modelled the expression of loneliness among a population sample of Northern Irish adolescents using latent class analysis. Data from the Young Life and Times Survey (2011) was used to identify the fewest groups of adolescents in the population characterized by discrete and shared loneliness profiles based on their responses to the UCLA Loneliness Scale (UCLA-LS). Individual “at risk” status for psychiatric morbidity was then assessed on the basis of LCA-group membership. Results: Four groups of adolescents were identified: 1) high loneliness, characterized predominantly by feelings of isolation, 2) intermediate loneliness (two groups), and a baseline group with low levels of loneliness. While all groups were more likely to screen positive for psychiatric morbidity compared with the baseline group, notable risk, however, was attributable to specific isolation experiences or disconnectedness, that characterized both the profiles of the high loneliness group and the similar, but less severe, intermediate loneliness group. Conclusions: Loneliness is distributed throughout the adolescent population; however, among a significant minority, loneliness is predominantly characterized by feelings of isolation and is strongly indicative of psychological ill health.
Effects of nicotine on oviducal blood flow and embryo development in the rat.

Nicotine (5.0 mg/kg) was injected (s.c.) twice daily on Day 1 or Days 1-4 or 1-5 of pregnancy. Cumulative doses of nicotine retarded embryo cell cleavage and substantially reduced embryo cell number (saline vs nicotine: 42.5 +/- 1.7 vs 22.1 +/- 1.9 nuclei/embryo, at 12:00 h on Day 5; P less than 0.05). However, treatment for even 1 day (Day 1) significantly reduced cell number (saline vs nicotine: 42.5 +/- 1.7 vs 30.5 +/- 0.9, at 12:00 h day on Day 5; P less than 0.01). Nicotine injection also resulted in a marked and prolonged reduction in oviduct blood flow (pretreatment vs 90 min after nicotine: 0.61 +/- 0.06 vs 0.37 +/- 0.10 ml/min . g-1; P less than 0.005). The results indicate that, in the rat, even a brief exposure to nicotine, the chief alkaloid of tobacco, reduces oviducal blood flow and the rate of embryo cell proliferation. The embryo is therefore susceptible to the effects of nicotine before implantation.
A novel method of artificial bandwidth extension using deep architecture

This paper presents a novel artificial bandwidth extension (ABE) framework based on deep neural networks (DNNs) with a multiple-layer’s deep architecture. It demonstrates the suitability of DNNs for modeling log power spectra of speech signals using the application of ABE. The DNN is used to estimate the log power spectra in the high-band. Two strategies are proposed to improve the performances of the proposed ABE system. First, global variance equalization is proposed to alleviate the over-smoothing issue in generated log spectra. Second, rich acoustic features in the low-band are considered to improve the construction of the log power spectra in the high-band. Experimental results demonstrate that the proposed framework can achieve significant improvements in both objective and subjective measures over the different baseline methods.
Efficiency Analysis of Bridgeless PFC Boost Converter with the Conventional Method

Conventional boost PFC suffers from the high conduction loss in the input rectifier-bridge. Higher efficiency can be achieved by using the bridgeless boost topology. The efficiency of various PFC topologies is studied based on its classification. Two types of PFC topology classification are proposed namely the full-bridge with 1 DC/DC converter and a Bridgeless converter. PFC circuit with low power application is the main concern in this study. In this paper, a detailed description of the operation of the proposed circuit is given. Based on the analysis, the component selection is presented. The most commonly methods used to calculate the power losses is discussed and compared for the various topologies.