Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
On the Relative Humidity of the Atmosphere

Water is a nearly miraculous molecule that enters into the operation of the climate system in a remarkable variety of ways. A wide-ranging overview can be found in Pierrehumbert (2002). In the present chapter, we will be concerned only with the radiative effects of atmospheric water vapor on climate, and with the kinematics of how the water vapor distribution is maintained. These effects are important because feedbacks due to changes in atmospheric water vapor amplify the climate system’s response to virtually all climate forcings, including anthropogenic and natural changes in CO2, changes in solar luminosity, and changes in orbital parameters. In contrast to cloud feedbacks, which differ greatly amongst general circulation models, clear-sky water vapor feedback is quite consistent from one model to another. Essentially all general circulationmodels(GCMs)yieldwatervaporfeedbackconsistentwiththatwhichwould result from holding relative humidity approximately fixed as climate changes (Held and Soden 2000; Colman and McAvaney 1997). This is an emergent property of the simulated climate system; fixed relative humidity is not in any way built into the model physics, and the models offer ample means by which relative humidity could change. Why should models with such diverse representations of moist processes yield such similar results when it comes to water vapor feedback? The answer to this question has a considerable bearing on the extent to which one can trust models to faithfully reproduce the water vapor feedback occurring in nature, and in particular in climates that haven’t yet been directly observed. There is much indirect evidence that the water vapor feedback in models is correct, and indeed no compelling reason has emerged to doubt it. Nonetheless, it has proved difficult to articulate cleanly and convincingly from basic principles exactly why one should have confidence in this aspect of the models. If the atmosphere were saturated at all levels, understanding water vapor feedback would offer few challenges. The difficulty arises from the prevalence of highly unsaturated air in the atmosphere. To make progress, one needs better conceptual models of the factors
Conformational dynamics and phase behavior of lipid vesicles in a precisely controlled extensional flow.

Lipid vesicles play a key role in fundamental biological processes. Despite recent progress, we lack a complete understanding of the non-equilibrium dynamics of vesicles due to challenges associated with long-time observation of shape fluctuations in strong flows. In this work, we present a flow-phase diagram for vesicle shape and conformational transitions in planar extensional flow using a Stokes trap, which enables control over the center-of-mass position of single or multiple vesicles in precisely defined flows [A. Shenoy, C. V. Rao and C. M. Schroeder, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. , 2016, 113(15), 3976-3981]. In this way, we directly observe the non-equilibrium conformations of lipid vesicles as a function of reduced volume ν, capillary number Ca, and viscosity contrast λ. Our results show that vesicle dynamics in extensional flow are characterized by the emergence of three distinct shape transitions, including a tubular to symmetric dumbbell transition, a spheroid to asymmetric dumbbell transition, and quasi-spherical to ellipsoid transition. The experimental phase diagram is in good agreement with recent predictions from simulations [V. Narsimhan, A. P. Spann and E. S. Shaqfeh, J. Fluid Mech. , 2014, 750, 144]. We further show that the phase boundary of vesicle shape transitions is independent of the viscosity contrast. Taken together, our results demonstrate the utility of the Stokes trap for the precise quantification of vesicle stretching dynamics in precisely defined flows.
Modeling and steering magneto-elastic micro-swimmers inspired by the motility of sperm cells

Controlling artificial devices that mimic the motion of real microorganisms, is attracting increasing interest, both from the mathematical point of view and applications. A model for a magnetically driven slender micro-swimmer, mimicking a sperm cell is presented, supported by two examples showing how to steer it. Using the well known Resistive Force Theory (RTF) approach to describe the hydrodynamic forces, the micro-swimmer can be described by a driftless affiine control system where the control is an external magnetic field. Moreover we discuss through at first an asymptotic analysis and them by numerical simulations how to realize different kind of paths.
Sequence analysis The global trace graph , a novel paradigm for searching protein sequence databases

Motivation: Propagating functional annotations to sequence-similar, presumably homologous proteins lies at the heart of the bioinformatics industry. Correct propagation is crucially dependent on the accurate identification of subtle sequence motifs that are conserved in evolution. The evolutionary signal can be difficult to detect because functional sites may consist of non-contiguous residues while segments in-between may be mutated without affecting fold or
Space-based observations of NO2: Trends in anthropogenic emissions

Spacenbased instruments provide routine global observations, offering a unique perspective on the spatial and temporal variation of atmospheric constituents. In this dissertation, trends in regionalnscale anthropogenic nitrogen oxide emissions (NO + NO2 ≡ NOx) are investigated using high resolution observations from the Ozone Monitoring Instrument (OMI). By comparing trends in OMI observations with those from groundnbased measurements and an emissions inventory, I show that satellite observations are wellnsuited for capturing changes in emissions over time. The high spatial and temporal resolutions of the observations provide a uniquely complete view of regionalnscale changes in the spatial patterns of NO2. I show that NOx concentrations have decreased significantly in urban regions of the United States between 2005 and 2011, with an average reduction of 32 p 7%. By examining daynofnweek and interannual trends, I show that these reductions can largely be attributed to improved emission control technology in the mobile source fleet; however, I also show that the economic downturn of the late 2000's has impacted emissions. Additionally, I describe the development of a high-resolution retrieval of NO2 from OMI observations known as the Berkeley High Resolution (BEHR) retrieval. The BEHR product uses higher spatial and temporal resolution terrain and profile parameters than the operational retrievals and is shown to provide a more quantitative measure of tropospheric NO2 column density. These results have important implications for future retrievals of NO2 from spacenbased observations.
Rock properties and structure within the San Andreas Fault Observatory at Depth (SAFOD) borehole northwest of Parkfield, California: In situ observations of rock deformation processes and fluid-rock interactions of the San Andreas fault zone at ~ 3 km depth

We examine drill cuttings from the San Andreas Fault Observatory at Depth (SAFOD) boreholes to determine the lithology and deformational textures in the fault zones and host rocks. Cutting samples represent the lithologies from 1.7-km map distance and 3.2-km vertical depth adjacent to the San Andreas Fault. We analyzed two hundred and sixty-six grain-mount thin-sections at an average of 30-m-cuttings sample spacing from the vertical 2.2-km-deep Pilot Hole and the 3.99-km-long Main Hole. We identify Quaternary and Tertiary(? ) sedimentary rocks in the upper 700 m of the holes; granitic rocks from 760–1920 m measured depth; arkosic and lithic arenites, interbedded with siltstone sequences, from 1920 to ~3150 m measured depth; and interbedded siltstones, mudstones, and shales from 3150 m to 3987 m measured depth. We also infer the presence of at least five fault zones, which include regions of damage zone and fault core on the basis of percent of cataclasite abundances, presence of deformed grains, and 1 Paper Published with coauthors as listed: K.K. Bradbury , Utah State University, Department of Geology, 4505 Old Main Hill, Logan, Utah 84322-4505, USA D.C. Barton‡ , J.G. Solum, USA S.D. Draper* J.P. Evans† Utah State University, Department of Geology, 4505 Old Main Hill, Logan, Utah 84322-4505, USA ‡Present address: Anadarko Corp., Houston, Texas 77267-0968, USA. *Present address: Chevron International Exploration and Production, 1500 Louisiana Street, Room 29024A, Houston, Texas 77002, USA §Present address: Shell International Exploration and Production, Inc., Bellaire Technology Center, 3737 Bellaire Blvd., Houston, Texas 77025, USA 21 presence of alteration phases at 1050, 1600–2000, 2200–2500, 2700–3000, 3050–3350, and 3500 m measured depth in the Main Hole. These zones are correlated with borehole geophysical signatures that are consistent with the presence of faults. If the deeper zones of cataclasite and alteration intensity connect to the surface trace of the San Andreas Fault, then this fault zone dips 80–85° southwest, and consists of multiple slip surfaces in a damage zone ~250–300 m thick. This interpretation is supported by borehole geophysical studies, which show this area is a region of low seismic velocities, reduced resistivity, and variable porosity.
Exploring the influence of impervious surface density and shape on urban heat islands in the northeast United States using MODIS and Landsat

Impervious surface area (ISA) from the National Land Cover Database 2001 and land surface skin temperature from MODIS averaged over three annual cycles (2003–2005) are used in a spatial analysis to assess the surface urban heat island (UHI) signature and its relationship to settlement size and shape, development intensity distribution, and land cover composition for 42 urban settlements embedded in forest biomes in the northeastern United States. Development intensity zones, based on percent ISA, are defined for each urban area emanating outward from the urban core to nearby rural areas and are used to stratify land surface temperature. The stratification is further constrained by biome type and elevation to ensure objective intercomparisons between urban zones within an urban settlement and between settlements. Stratification based on ISA allows the definition of hierarchically ordered urban zones that are consistent across urban settlements and scales. For cities within the northeastern US temperate mixed forest biome, we found that settlement size, shape, and development intensity significantly influenced the amplitude of summer daytime UHI. Our study indicates that for cities of similar size, the ISA density distribution within the urban area and the shape of the urbanized area as measured by area to perimeter ratio are significant modulators of UHI magnitude. Our results indicate that remotely sensed satellite data provide a consistent characterization of the UHI magnitude as well as its major drivers across regional scales.
Application of Fuzzy Comprehensive Evaluation to Human Resource Value Accounting Measurement

In this paper, we study on the multiple attribute decision making problems for evaluating the human resource value accounting measurement with triangular fuzzy information. Inspried by the idea of geometric Bonferroni mean, we develop the triangular fuzzy geometric Bonferroni mean (TFGBM) operator and triangular fuzzy weighted geometric Bonferroni mean (TFWGBM) operator, based on which we design the procedure for multiple attribute decision making under the triangular fuzzy environments. In the end, a practical example for evaluating the human resource value accounting measurement with triangular fuzzy information is given to testify the proposed method.
Composition de la graine de tournesol (Helianthus annuus L.) sous l'effet conjugué des contraintes agri-environnementales et des potentiels variétaux

Les graines de tournesol sont une source de matieres premieres recherchees par l'industrie pour l'alimentation humaine et animale et pour des applications non alimentaires. Toutefois, la composition des graines de tournesol est largement influencee par les facteurs genetiques et environnementaux. Notre demarche vise a caracteriser les modes d'elaboration de constituants de la graine utiles pour les transformations industrielles par l'adaptation des conduites culturales et par le choix de genotypes. Par l'utilisation de l'experimentation pluriannuelle de plein champ et de quelques genotypes presentant des caracteristiques interessantes (oleiques ou non oleiques et/ou tolerants a la secheresse), la variabilite des teneurs en composes de la graine est etudiee selon les conditions agrienvironnementales (date de semis, regime hydrique, sequences climatiques). Elle revele le role determinant de l'elevation de temperature ou de la contrainte hydrique survenant apres floraison sur le deplacement de l'equilibre huile/proteines vers la fraction proteique. Il apparait aussi une forte correlation entre la teneur en acides gras insatures a maturite (acides oleique et linoleique) et la temperature. Sous stress hydrique, la teneur en acide oleique chute tandis que la teneur des autres acides gras et celle des phytosterols sont renforcees. L'analyse de la dynamique d'accumulation des constituants en reponse aux contraintes appliquees permet d'identifier deux phases dans l'accumulation de l'acide oleique. L'accumulation des phytosterols dans l'huile est maximale en debut de maturation des graines et sous l'effet des forts deficits hydriques. Pour caracteriser les genotypes utilises, il a ete choisi de determiner le niveau d'expression des genes du metabolisme de base du tournesol sur une puce a ADN du tournesol (Genoplante BAP ENSAT). En reponse a une forte contrainte hydrique, ces genes sont exprimes ou reprimes selon les conditions de stress hydrique. L'approche integrative alliant caracterisations agro-physiologique, lipochimique et genomique permet de progresser dans la connaissance des interactions genotype*environnement pour une production de qualite, et, aussi de degager des elements de gestion de la culture de tournesol susceptibles d'orienter les syntheses vers les constituants d'interet industriel.
Study of Heat and Mass Transport in Bénard-Darcy Convection with G-Jitter
 and Variable Viscosity Liquids in a Porous Layer with Internal Heat Source

In this research article, we investigated the weakly non-linear effect of gravity modulation for the temperature dependent viscous fluid in a horizontal porous layer in the presence of internal heat source. We use power series expansion in terms of the amplitude of gravity modulation, which is considered to be small for double-diffusive convection in porous media. We graphically show the effect of internal heat source, solute Rayleigh number, Lewis number, Vadász number, thermo-rheological parameter, the amplitude of gravity modulation, the frequency of modulation on the heat and mass transfer using Ginzburg-Landau equation. The effect of gravity modulation is found significant and is more effective for the low values of frequency of modulation.
Análisis de la producción científica en energía en Caldas, Colombia

La sostenibilidad de la matriz energetica y el impacto ambiental ha llevado al pais a ocupar la quinta posicion en el indice de competitividad energetica global. El desarrollo del sector ha sido fundamental para la transformacion productiva, pero el fortalecimiento de la Ciencia, Tecnologia e Innovacion −CTeI−, es necesario, en especial, en fuentes no convencionales de energia. Recientemente, la Estrategia Nacional de Desarrollo Bajo en Carbono ha brindado elementos de politica para un mayor impulso de las fuentes de energias renovables. Colciencias, por su parte, ha establecido como una de sus lineas prioritarias el Programa Nacional de Investigaciones en Energia y Mineria, que tiene definidos un Plan Estrategico Nacional y un Plan de CTeI de energia sustentable. Para las regiones, el alineamiento de los planes de CTeI es prioritario para soportar el desarrollo del pais y afrontar los retos del sector energetico en materia de competitividad, seguridad y cambio climatico. En el departamento de Caldas, la energia es una linea de enfasis propuesta en el Plan Estrategico de CTeI; las universidades y los grupos de investigacion juegan un papel protagonico en el desarrollo de proyectos y actividades en esta linea. Es asi como la Fundacion Educativa para el Desarrollo de Caldas, Fundeca, y la Universidad Autonoma de Manizales, lideraron, en Caldas, las actividades de la Semana CTeI – 2014, en relacion con las tematicas de Gestion de la Energia y Energias Renovables. En el marco de esta semana, el analisis de la produccion cientifica de los grupos de investigacion de Caldas fue realizado con el fin de brindar lineamientos para investigaciones futuras. Este articulo presenta el analisis de las publicaciones reportadas por la Plataforma Scienti de Colciencias, para el periodo 2010-2014. Los resultados permiten concluir que las publicaciones estan concentradas en la tematica de biocombustibles, y estas son lideradas por los grupos de investigacion de la Universidad Nacional de Colombia, sede Manizales. Es necesario fomentar la investigacion en las lineas estrategicas nacionales y departamentales de CTeI en Energia.
Harvesting, Isolation and Differentiation of Rat Adipose-Derived Stem Cells.

BACKGROUND Adipose tissue is one of the most attractive sources of stem cells because it can be easily harvested and yields a greater stromal cell density. The multilineage potential of adiposederived stem cells (ADSCs) demonstrates their significant impact within the field of tissue engineering, with studies successfully demonstrating the ability to produce a range of tissue types. However, although a broad spectrum of applications has already been suggested, many important scientific and medical questions remain unanswered before the clinical application of ADSCs in humans. Importantly, clarification of the biology and identification of the differences of ADSCs from various areas of the body is required. In this continuous endeavor, research in rat models plays an important role in the development of new knowledge. METHODS A literature review was done to summarize all information regarding harvesting, isolation, expansion, cryopreservation and differentiation of rat ADSCs. A Wistar rat model was also used to describe harvesting sites of adipose tissue, and to characterize the ADSCs using Fourier-transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy and phase contrast microscopy. AIMS To discuss all relevant considerations for harvesting, culture, differentiation and phenotypic characterization of ADSCs, to provide a comprehensive roadmap of this process, to identify the differences between ADSCs obtained from various adipose tissues of the rat, and to provide FT-IR spectroscopy marker bands that could be used as fingerprints to differentiate the types of adipose tissues.
Recent developments in interlending and document supply with a focus on the South African situation

Considers the changes that have taken place, particularly during the past two years, and the impact that these changes have had on the interlending and document supply field in terms of the use of the service by libraries, the quality of the service, bridging the information and digital divide, players in the field, access to information and overlapping services. The focus is on South Africa, but information and experiences from other countries have been used to illustrate the South African situation.
Impact of Training on Employees' Performance

The aim of this paper is to examine the impact of training on employee performance. The study investigates the association and offers proposals for additional investigations. There is a need to check the HR Practices and also quantify the effect across employees' performance. Based on the studies conducted by previous researchers, the study shows similar results that training practices and employee performance have a strong correlation. Taking other aspects into account, it can be said in general that the research discoveries are shifted; however, context remains similar. A few studies have discovered a positive affiliation, some negative, and some no affiliation at all. It was found from the result of the study that training has a positive effect on employee performance. This study shows that there is a solid relationship between training and employee performance. Therefore our result matched with the above researcher. The research shows a strong relationship between training and employee performance. The paper concludes with direction for future research by putting in the various levels of analysis on investigating the effect of training on employee performance.
Sustainable Tourism : Theory and Practice

Preface Emergence of Sustainable Tourism: Status of global tourism in 2005 Pattern of geographic expansion Jafari's platform model Advocacy platform Cautionary platform Adaptancy platform Knowledge-based platform Institutionalisation of sustainable tourism External (non-tourism) institutions Tourism-related institutions On the ground: the development of tourism in the Bahamas Issues in Sustainable Tourism: Flexibility Weak and strong interpretations Status quo or enhancement? Complexity of tourism systems Minimalist and comprehensive composite models Sustainable tourism indicators Bellagio Principles Pursuing sustainable tourism On the ground: piloting sustainable tourism indicators in China Alternative Tourism: History of alternative tourism Typology of alternative tourism products Mass conventional and alternative tourism ideal types Deliberate and circumstantial alternative tourism Farm-based tourism Volunteer tourism Guesthouse tourism Backpacking Urban alternative tourism Education tourism Potential problems On the ground: sharing African American heritage in Washington DC Conventional Mass Tourism: Structure of the formal tourism industry Ethics In situ nature of tourism consumption Emergence of the 'green consumer' Advantages of large economies of scale On the ground: advocating for sustainable travel at Tourism Concern The Facilitating Sectors: Travel agencies Specialised merchandise: guidebooks Outbound tour operators Transportation providers Hospitality providers On the ground: Implementing sustainability at Grecotel Attractions: Role of attractions Theme parks Casinos Ski resorts Golf courses On the ground: Disney defeated at the third battle of Manassas, Virginia Quality Control: Quality control Codes of conduct Ecolabels Awards On the ground: toward sustainable tourism certification in Costa Rica Tourist Destinations: Destination and place Destination and community Broad context model of destination development scenarios Destination types Special events Quality control and destinations On the ground: tourism options for Australia's Gold Coast Spatial Strategies: Constrained and enhanced carrying capacity assumptions: Informal backstage/frontstage distinctions: Formal backstage/frontstage distinctions Land Acquisition Purchase-of-development rights (PDR) agreements Trade-offs Visitor Management: Limits on visitation Traffic Manipulation Visitor Education Safeguarding the Tourist Grand Canyon National Park case study Ecotourism: the Conscience of Sustainable Tourism Conclusions References Index