Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
An x‐ray spectral measurement system for nanosecond plasmas

A 15‐channel Ross filter/silicon diode detection system has been developed for measuring nanosecond pulsed x‐ray spectra in the energy range from 4.5 to 116 keV. The theory and practical aspects of Ross filters and silicon diode detectors are discussed as applied to this system. The data read‐out system consists of a current integrator array, a simultaneous multichannel digital voltmeter, and oscilloscopes. The system is designed for compatibility with a small computer to allow real time spectral measurements. The x‐ray spectrum of a 24 kJ dense plasma focus has been obtained with this system and a theoretical thick target electron beam x‐ray spectrum fit to the experimental data. The best fit is obtained with an E−2 power law electron beam spectrum extending from 5 to 125 keV.
Predictive Biomarker Grade Transfer Alzheimer's disease and Mild Cognitive Impairment

The disease of Alzheimer’s is a neurodegenerative disease that affects the brain. This participated in the progress to Mild Cognitive Impairment (MCI) in Alzheimer's disease (AD) with effect is not solitary critical in medical observation but also has a considerable perspective to improve medical trials. This learning intends to establish an efficient biomarker for predicting accurately the conversion of AD in MCI to Magnetic Resonance Image (MRI). This learning executed an Event-Related Potential (ERP) study on patient and control collection commencing 32 channel EEG obtained throughout N-back functioning recollection to find an ERP- based biomarker and examined whether or not. Event-related synchronization (ERD/ERS) may be used to differentiate between strong mature and subjects related to MCI and AD. It is also studied several important effects in prediction tasks and based on this grading marker calculating for each MCI subject.
Cryptanalysis of Elementary Cellular Automata Based Image Encryption

An image encryption based on elementary cellular automata was proposed in [Yu Xiao yang etal. , International Journal of Security and Its Applications Vol.7, No.5 (2013), pp.397-406. ]. In this paper, we analyze the security weaknesses of their algorithm. Based on the given analysis, it is demonstrated that the scheme under study can be broken by various attacks (Chosen Plaintext and Chosen ciphertext attacks).
Dynamic Modeling and Control of Dual Wheeled Mobile Robots Compliantly Coupled to a Common Payload

Lagrange formalism is applied to derive a dynamic model, and design a nonlinear controller for two nonholonomic, differentially steered, wheeled mobile robots compliantly linked to a common payload. The resulting multivariable system model is of a large order and can be block decoupled by selective state feedback into five independent subsystems, two of which effectively represent the deviation dynamics of the individual robots from a prescribed path; two others represent their forward motion dynamics; while the fifth describes the payload dynamics. Controllers for each of the robot subsystems, including self-tuning adaptive controllers for the nonlinear deviation dynamics subsystems, are designed by the pole-placement technique. System performance is then evaluated via simulation for the case where each robot is undergoing curvilinear motion.
Unicrystal Co–alloy media on Si(110)

Unicrystal Co–alloy/Cr/Ag films, which exhibit a single, in-plane easy axis orientation, were epitaxially grown on hydrofluoric acid etched Si(110) single crystal substrates by sputter deposition for the purpose of the systematic study of Co–alloy magnetocrystalline anisotropy. The orientation relationship was studied by x-ray θ/2θ diffraction, pole figure φ scan, and transmission electron microscopy, and it was determined to be Co(1010)[0001]‖Cr(112)[110]‖Ag(110)[001]‖Si(110)[001]. The φ scan also showed two twin-related orientations of Cr grains. The easy axis hysteresis loops had a square shape, while the hard axis loops showed zero openness. The uniaxial anisotropy constants K1 and K2 of the unicrystal Co and CoCrTa films were determined from torque and hard axis hysteresis loop measurements.
Compact Empirical Model for Droplet Generation in a Lab-on-Chip Cytometry System

This study describes the construction of a droplet generation speed compact empirical mathematical model for a flow-focusing microfluidic droplet generator. The application case is a portable, low-cost flow cytometry system for microbiological applications, with water droplet sizes of 50-70 micrometer range and droplet generation rates of 500-1500 per second. In this study, we demonstrate that for the design of reliable microfluidic systems, the availability of an empirical model of droplet generation is a mandatory precondition that cannot be achieved by time-consuming simulations based on detailed physical models. When introducing the concept of a compact empirical model, we refer to a mathematical model that considers general theoretical estimates and describes experimental behavioral trends with a minimal set of easily measurable parameters. By interpreting the experimental results for different water- and oil-phase flow rates, we constructed a minimal 3-parameter droplet generation rate model for every fixed water flow rate by relying on submodels of the water droplet diameter and effective ellipticity. As a result, we obtained a compact model with an estimated 5-10% accuracy for the planned typical application modes. The main novelties of this study are the demonstration of the applicability of the linear approximation model for droplet diameter suppression by the oil flow rate, introduction of an effective ellipticity parameter to describe the droplet form transformation from a bullet-like shape to a spherical shape, and introduction of a machine learning correction function that could be used to fine-tune the model during the real-time operation of the system.
Bioinspired Soft Wrist Based on Multicable Jamming With Hybrid Motion and Stiffness Control for Dexterous Manipulation

Dexterous manipulation is important for modern logistics automation. Industrial robots remain inferior to human labor in this area, especially in handling unknown objects in unstructured scenarios. It is observed that the human wrist contributes significantly to the dexterous manipulation capability by agilely changing the hand orientation to approach the target object and adjusting wrist stiffness to adapt to dynamic interaction. Inspired by the human wrist, we propose a novel soft wrist to achieve hybrid motion/stiffness control in a compact and lightweight structure. The dexterous motion and stiffness adjustment are simultaneously enabled by a novel multicable jamming mechanism, which is achieved by a precalibration of the relationship between stiffness with robot length and bending angle to adapt to both compliant and forceful tasks. Dedicated experiments were performed to validate its motion dexterity and variable stiffness property. A soft grasping system was developed to demonstrate the manipulation capability of the soft wrist by tasking it with automatic packaging, which is challenging for robots. Overall, the proposed soft wrist demonstrates a promising solution to enhance robotic manipulation capability to a human comparable level.
THE NATURE OF A GALAXY ALONG THE SIGHT LINE TO PKS 0454+039

We report on the properties of a faint blue galaxy (G1) along the line of sight to the QSO PKS 0454+039 from spectroscopic and imaging data. We measured emission lines of Hα, [S ii] λλ6716, 6732, and [N ii] λ6584 in the spectrum of G1 obtained with the Gemini/GMOS instrument. The spectroscopic redshift of G1 is z = 0.0715 ± 0.0002. From the extinction-corrected Hα flux, we determine a modest star formation rate of SFR = 0.07 M☉ yr−1 and a specific SFR of log (sSFR) = −8.4. Using three different abundance indicators, we determine a nebular abundance 12 + log (O/H) ranging from 7.6 to 8.2. Based on the velocity dispersion inferred from the emission line widths and the observed surface brightness profile, we estimate the virial mass of G1 to be Mvir ∼ 6.7 × 109 M☉ with an effective radius of 2.0 kpc. We estimate the stellar mass of G1 using spectral energy distribution fitting to be M⋆ ≈ 1.2 × 107 M☉ and an r′-luminosity of . Overall, G1 is a faint, low-mass, low-metallicity Im/H ii galaxy. We also report on the line flux limits of another source (G3) which is the most likely candidate for the absorber system at z = 0.8596. From the spectrum of the QSO itself, we report a previously undetected Mg ii λλ2796, 2803 absorption line system at z = 1.245.
The Dashboard Vitals of Parkinson’s: Not to Be Missed Yet an Unmet Need

The vitals of Parkinson's disease (PD) address the often-ignored symptoms, which are considered either peripheral to the central core of motor symptoms of PD or secondary symptoms, which, nevertheless, have a key role in the quality of life (QoL) and wellness of people with Parkinson's (PwP) [. ].
Epitaxial laser crystallization of thin‐film amorphous silicon

Vapor‐deposited amorphous silicon films of 4000 A thickness have been epitaxially crystallized on (100) silicon substrates by pulsed Nd : YAG laser radiation of 125‐nsec duration at power levels of 90–120 MW/cm2. The epitaxial layers were found to be defect free when examined by transmission electron microscopy and Rutherford backscattering. Patterned arrays of epitaxial crystal were produced by overlapping individual 39‐μm laser pulse spots.
Exploring Topics and Sentiment in the English Version of Yassawi’s Divan-i Hikmet: A Text Mining Approach

Sufism seems to be still vital for the world nowadays. Concerning Central Asia, Hodja Ahmed Yassawi may be deemed one of the earliest Sufi there, and his most famous work, which contributed to the Islamisation of the Turks, is a collection of wisdom called Diwan-i Hikmet. Therefore, this study attempts to evaluate the piece content using text mining techniques. The authors ran a term frequency analysis to uncover prevailing topical terms underlying the text along with their co-occurrence. Besides, the nature of emotion reflected in the writing was assessed based on the analysis of sentiment terms. The findings from the term frequency analysis show that the central concepts in the Diwan-i Hikmet are God, divine love, spiritual education, ascesis, and worship of God through service. Emotion-based data analysis revealed that the overall affective tone of the text has proven to be positive. The current work adds to the research on Sufi Islamic literature. The agenda for future research was specified.
A conditional approach for joint estimation of wind speed and direction under future climates

Abstract. This study develops a statistical conditional approach to evaluate climate model performance in wind speed and direction and to project their future changes under the Representative Concentration Pathway (RCP) 8.5 scenario over inland and offshore locations across the continental United States (CONUS). The proposed conditional approach extends the scope of existing studies by a combined characterization of the wind direction distribution and conditional distribution of wind on the direction, hence enabling an assessment of the joint wind speed and direction distribution and their changes. A von Mises mixture distribution is used to model wind directions across models and climate conditions. Wind speed distributions conditioned on wind direction are estimated using two statistical methods, i.e., a Weibull distributional regression model and a quantile regression model, both of which enforce the circular constraint to their resultant estimated distributions. Projected uncertainties associated with different climate models and model internal variability are investigated and compared with the climate change signal to quantify the robustness of the future projections. In particular, this work extends the concept of internal variability in the climate mean to the standard deviation and high quantiles to assess the relative magnitudes to their projected changes. The evaluation results show that the studied climate model captures both historical wind speed and wind direction and their dependencies reasonably well over both inland and offshore locations. Under the RCP8.5 scenario, most of the studied locations show no significant changes in the mean wind speeds in both winter and summer, while the changes in the standard deviation and 95th quantile show some robust changes over certain locations in winter. Specifically, high wind speeds (95th quantile) conditioned on direction in winter are projected to decrease in the northwestern, Colorado, and northern Great Plains locations in our study. In summer, high wind speeds conditioned on direction over the southern Great Plains increase slightly, while high wind speeds conditioned on direction over offshore locations do not change much. The proposed conditional approach enables a combined characterization of the wind speed distributions conditioned on direction and wind direction distributions, which offers a flexible alternative that can provide additional insights for the joint assessment of speed and direction.
Single frequency scanning laser as a plasma diagnostic

In this paper we report the development of the single frequency dye laser as a plasma diagnostic for measuring ion velocity distributions with a resolution limited only by the natural linewidth of the laser excited resonance transition. For the 6S1/2–6P1/2 transition in Ba+ this corresponds to a velocity uncertainty of 103 cm/s. Velocity selection is performed by the laser as it scans the Doppler broadened plasma absorption line, in contrast with the usual method of scanning an emission line with a high‐resolution spectrometer. Both sensitivity and resolution are improved by 2 orders of magnitude, allowing nonperturbing measurements to be made at densities below 107 cm−3. In addition to a description of the technique, sample measurements of time‐resolved wave induced modifications of ion velocity distributions are shown.
The “IslamoCovid” Response: British Muslim Mobilization(s) at the Intersection of COVID-19 and Islamophobia

ABSTRACT One of the negative developments of the COVID-19 pandemic is the manner by which ethnic, racial, and religious minorities have been negatively impacted by COVID-19. In Great Britain, British Muslims have been adversely affected by this label as they have been disproportionately affected by the virus and stigmatized as super-spreaders by mainstream political parties and right-wing organizations. In response, British Muslims are actively mobilizing in civil society to challenge the super-spreader narrative while emphasizing the centrality of their Islamic faith in protecting their community – and the British public – from COVID-19. In this paper, we elaborate on three frameworks that explicate the British Muslim community’s response to COVID-19 and its accompanying Islamophobic frames: The emphasis on the individual’s responsibility to God, family, and self; the commitment of the British Muslim community to the society and the State; and the reframing of COVID-19 best health practices as Islamic in orientation.
A high-resolution displacement sensor based on a grating interferometer with the phase modulation technique

A high-resolution displacement sensor based on a grating interferometer with the phase modulation technique is demonstrated in this paper. The grating interferometer is formed with a grating and a mirror, which is fixed on a piezoelectric translator to generate phase modulation. The detected signal is intensity-modulated and processed with a lock-in amplifier for demodulation. Experimental results show that this displacement sensor has a displacement sensitivity of 19.8 mV nm−1 and a high-resolution displacement detection of 0.05 nm in the linear region.
Double printing through the use of ion implantation

Argon ion implantation has been investigated as a means of achieving resist stabilization, such that a second resist layer may be patterned without attacking the 1st layer. The viability of such an approach has been investigated for double printing. Potential benefits include resist feature shrinkage and Line Width Roughness (LWR) improvements. Line shrinkage benefits the lithographic process window as features can be printed larger, while improvements in LWR, is a further valuable attribute. We report on the role played by ion implant dose, its impact on both lateral and vertical resist shrinkage, LWR as well as its impact on organic BARC reflectivity. The performance of such masks during dry etching of a gate layer has been additionally evaluated.
Damage threshold of in-vivo rabbit cornea by 2 &mgr;m laser irradiation

To support refinement of the Maximum Permissible Exposure (MPE) safety limits, a series of experiments were conducted in vivo on Dutch Belted rabbit corneas to determine corneal minimum visible lesion thresholds for 2.0 &mgr;m continuous-wave laser irradiation. Single pulse radiant exposures were made at specified pulse durations of 0.1 sec, 0.25 sec, 0.5 sec, 1.0 sec, 2.0 sec and 4.0 seconds for spot 1/e2 diameters of 1.17 mm and 4.02 mm. Lesions were placed in rows without overlap on rabbit cornea. The effect of each irradiation was evaluated within one minute post exposure and the final determination of lesion formation was made using a slit lamp one hour post exposure. Threshold lesions were defined as the presence of a superficial surface whitening one hour after irradiation. Probit analysis was conducted to estimate the dose for 50% probability (ED50) of laser-induced damage. Approximately 20 different radiant exposures were made for each exposure duration-spot size combination. At the threshold level, the diameters of barely visible opaque white lesions were smaller than the Gaussian 1/e2 beam diameter. In selected survival animals, most of the threshold lesions were still visible 24 hours after exposure. The average lesion radius was approximately 0.4 ± 0.12 mm diameter for the 1.17 mm spot size and 1.0 ± 0.20 mm diameter for the 4.02 mm spot size. The exposure duration dependence of threshold average radiant exposure was described by an empirical power law equation: Threshold radiant exposure[J/cm2] = a x exposure duration[s] b, experimentally derived coefficient a was 9.79 and b was 0.669 for the 1.17 mm spot diameter; values of a and b were 4.57 and 0.456 respectively for the 4.02 spot diameter. Based on the experimental data and the empirical power law, the safety factors which were defined as threshold radiant exposure divided by MPE values were predicted for the 2.0 &mgr;m wavelength at various exposure durations and spot diameters. The minimum limit of the safety factor was approximately a factor of four for both 4.02 mm and 1.17 mm spot diameters. Due to the very sharp boundary and small uncertainties of damage threshold determination, it is suggesting that a factor of 4 "padding" is adequate and safety standard may not need to be changed.
Dynamic differential entropy and brain connectivity features based EEG emotion recognition

Emotion recognition has become a research focus in the brain–computer interface and cognitive neuroscience. Electroencephalogram (EEG) is employed for its advantages as accurate, objective, and noninvasive nature. However, many existing research only focus on extracting the time and frequency domain features of the EEG signals while failing to utilize the dynamic temporal changes and the positional relationships between different electrode channels. To fill this gap, we develop the dynamic differential entropy and brain connectivity features based EEG emotion recognition using linear graph convolutional network named DDELGCN. First, the dynamic differential entropy feature which represents the frequency domain feature as well as time domain feature is extracted based on the traditional differential entropy feature. Second, brain connectivity matrices are constructed by calculating the Pearson correlation coefficient, phase‐locked value and transfer entropy, and then are used to denote the connectivity features of all electrode combinations. Finally, a linear graph convolutional network is customized and applied to aggregate the features from total electrode combinations and then classifies the emotional states, which consists of five layers, namely, an input layer, two linear graph convolutional layers, a fully connected layer, and a softmax layer. Extensive experiments show that the accuracies in the valence and arousal dimensions reach 90.88% and 91.13%, and the precision reaches 96.66% and 97.02% on the DEAP dataset, respectively. On the SEED dataset, the accuracy and precision reach 91.56% and 97.38%, respectively.
Self Assessment In Tax Law

Indonesia has changed the tax collection system several times, starting from the official assessment system, semi-self assessment system, withholding system to the self-assessment system. In the self-assessment, the taxpayer will be given confidence in calculating, calculating the tax payable independently and then depositing and reporting to the registered tax service office. This study aims to determine how the implementation of the self-assessment system to taxpayers. This research method uses normative juridical, namely the study of library materials which include primary legal materials, secondary legal materials and tertiary legal materials, both in the form of documents and statutory regulations. The results of the study show that the self-assessment system applied has not been able to change taxpayers in carrying out tax activities independently and honestly. The law gives trust to taxpayers with a self-assessment system, but is not accompanied by good legal awareness by taxpayers. Supervision and application of sanctions that are not optimal result in high violations committed by taxpayers.
Prediction of erbium–nitrogen compounds as high-performance high-energy-density materials

To explore high-energy-density materials, intense attention has been focused on how to stabilize the N–N bond in nitrogen-rich compounds. Here, we report several stable phases of erbium–nitrogen compounds ErN x as high-energy-density materials. Specifically, the phase diagrams of stable high-pressure structures Immm-ErN2, C2-ErN3, P 1ˉ -ErN4, and P 1ˉ -ErN6, are theoretically studied by combining first-principles calculation with particle swarm optimization algorithm. In these erbium–nitrogen compounds, the N–N bonds are stabilized as diatomic quasi-molecule N2, helical-like nitrogen chains, armchair nitrogen chains, and armchair–anti-armchair nitrogen chains, respectively. Among them, the P 1ˉ -ErN6 harbors excellent stability at high thermal up to 1000 K. More importantly, the P 1ˉ -ErN6 has outstanding explosive performance with high-energy-density of 1.30 kJ g−1, detonation velocity of 10.87 km s−1, and detonation pressure of 812.98 kbar, which shows its promising application prospect as high-energy-density materials.