Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Functional categories in the L2 acquisition of English Morpho-syntax : a longitudinal study of two Farsi-speaking children

There has been considerable debate during the last several decades regarding child and adult second language acquisition of morpho-syntax. This is a longitudinal case study of ten Farsi-speaking children learning English. The research deals with the initial state and further development in the child second language (L2) acquisition of syntax regarding the presence or absence of functional categories, as well as the role and degree of L1 influence in this regard. Some studies in the field of child L1 acquisition are discussed to determine similarities or differences between child L1 and child L2 acquisition. Examining data collected from the children‘s speech over a period of 9 months, the competing claims of the two most prominent hypotheses about early L2 grammars are tested: Vainikka & Young-Scholten‘s (1996) Minimal Trees/Structure Building hypothesis and Schwartz & Sprouse‘s (1996) Full Transfer/Full Access hypothesis. Word order, suppliance of copula be are investigated and the conclusion is reached that functional categories are absent at thei nitial state and that they emerge without the learners‘ reliance on their L1, consistent with Minimal Trees/Structure Building.
Tracking Epidemics With Google Flu Trends Data and a State-Space SEIR Model

In this article, we use Google Flu Trends data together with a sequential surveillance model based on state-space methodology to track the evolution of an epidemic process over time. We embed a classical mathematical epidemiology model [a susceptible-exposed-infected-recovered (SEIR) model] within the state-space framework, thereby extending the SEIR dynamics to allow changes through time. The implementation of this model is based on a particle filtering algorithm, which learns about the epidemic process sequentially through time and provides updated estimated odds of a pandemic with each new surveillance data point. We show how our approach, in combination with sequential Bayes factors, can serve as an online diagnostic tool for influenza pandemic. We take a close look at the Google Flu Trends data describing the spread of flu in the United States during 2003–2009 and in nine separate U.S. states chosen to represent a wide range of health care and emergency system strengths and weaknesses. This article has online supplementary materials.
Resonant cavity for the measurement of microwave magnetic permeability using the small perturbation theory

The design of a rectangular cavity resonator implies to solve the Maxwell equations inside that cavity, respecting the boundary conditions. The resonance frequencies appear as conditions in the solutions of those equations. When a small piece of a magnetic material is introduced in the cavity, the resonance frequency and the quality factor changes. These effects can be used in the measurement of the permeability of the material. The relations are derived from the perturbation theory of resonant cavities and are simple when we consider only the first‐order perturbation in the magnetic field caused by the sample. This is guaranteed when linearity exists between the measured perturbation and the volume of the inserted sample. In this work, a resonant cavity to measure the magnetic permeability of a material, at 2.16 GHz, was developed and characterized. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Microwave Opt Technol Lett 50: 399–402, 2008; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/mop.23098
Flow-based XOR Network Coding for Lossy Wireless Networks

A practical way for maximizing the throughput of a wireless network is to decompose the network into a superposition of small two-hop networks such that network coding can be performed inside these small networks to resolve bottlenecks. We call these networks 2-hop relay networks. Therefore, studying the capacity of 2-hop relay networks is very important. Most practical network coding protocols that perform the superposition ignore the diversity among the links by turning off coding when the channels are lossy. Other protocols deal with the packets separately - not as members of flows - which makes the network coding problem with lossy links intractable. In this paper, we use a different approach by looking at flows or batches instead of individual packets. We characterize the capacity region of the 2-hop relay network with packet erasure channels when the coding operations are limited to XOR. We derive our results by constructing an upper bound on the capacity region and then providing a coding scheme that can achieve the upper bound. The capacity characterization is in terms of linear equations. We also extend our 2-hop relay networks results to multihop wireless networks by providing a linear program that can perform the superposition optimally. We perform extensive simulations for both the 2-hop relay and large wireless networks and show the superiority of our protocols over the network coding protocols that deal with the packets separately.
Capacity of networks with correlated attractors

We analyse the extensive loading of the neural network model proposed to describe neurophysiological experiments in which correlated attractors associated to uncorrelated patterns are found. The phase diagram is obtained and discussed. Some generalizations of the original model are also considered. In all the cases we demonstrate the existence of a region in the phase diagram with correlated attractors. Results from numerical simulations which confirm the mean-field theory results are also presented.
Study on p-type ZnO: a potential new source of solid state lighting

Although GaN is widely applied in UV light emitting diodes (LEDs) and laser diodes (LDs) applications, its intrinsic properties may limits its potential in the development of large scale consumer products. ZnO, on the other hand, is a known potent candidate for UV-LEDs and LDs. However, it is very difficult to fabricate p-type ZnO because of a strong self-compensation effect of intrinsic defects. In this study, we shall discuss the growth conditions that favor p-type ZnO based on first principles density functional theory (DFT) calculations. Selection of doping source and the corresponding thin film fabrication techniques and experimental results will be discussed also.
Coupling a stochastic approximation version of EM with an MCMC procedure

The stochastic approximation version of EM (SAEM) proposed by Delyon et al. (1999) is a powerful alternative to EM when the E-step is intractable. Convergence of SAEM toward a maximum of the observed likelihood is established when the unobserved data are simulated at each iteration under the conditional distribution. We show that this very restrictive assumption can be weakened. Indeed, the results of Benveniste et al. for stochastic approximation with Markovian perturbations are used to establish the convergence of SAEM when it is coupled with a Markov chain Monte-Carlo procedure. This result is very useful for many practical applications. Applications to the convolution model and the change-points model are presented to illustrate the proposed method.
Direct capture cross sections at low energy

We derive simple expressions for the low-energy behavior of direct radiative capture cross sections, particularly those important in solar nucleosynthesis, such as (^3)He(α,γ)(^7)Be, (^3)H(α,γ)(^7)Li, and (^7)Be(p,y)(^8)B. Our results for the (^3)He(α,γ)(^7)Be reaction are inconsistent with a measurement by Rolfs et al. [NUCLEAR REACTIONS (^3)He(α,γ)(^7)Be, (^3)H(α,γ)(^7)Li, E<300 keV, (^7)Be(p,y)(^8)B, l E
YALTA: a Matlab toolbox for the H∞-stability analysis of classical and fractional systems with commensurate delays

Abstract In this paper we describe YALTA, a Matlab toolbox dedicated to the H ∞ -stability analysis of classical and fractional systems with commensurate delays given by their transfer function. Delay systems of both retarded and neutral type are considered. The asymptotic position of high modulus poles is given. For a fixed known delay, poles of small modulus of standard delay systems are approximated through a Pade-2 scheme. For a delay varying from zero to a prescribed positive value, stability windows as well as root loci are given. We deeply describe how we have circumvented the numerical issues of algorithms developed in Fioravanti et al. [2010a, 2012] as well as the limitations of this toolbox. Finally, several examples are given.
Silicon electron emitters fabricated by ultraviolet laser pulses

In this letter we consider the effect of laser pulse duration on the surface morphology and the field emission properties of silicon structured by UV laser pulses. In three different pulse duration regimes ranging from sub-ps to ns, we altered the morphology of the fabricated silicon microspike arrays. The field emission properties of the microspike arrays were influenced by the morphological changes exhibiting a reduction of the emission threshold field to 2.5V∕μm for 15ns laser pulses. The ability of tuning the field emission properties of laser-fabricated silicon microspike arrays makes them excellent candidates for use as field emission cathodes.
A Simple Approach for Finding Estimable Functions in Linear Models

Abstract In some overparameterized linear models it can be difficult to determine which parametric functions are estimable. Students in linear models courses and data analysts usually rely upon intuition and/or trial and error methods to determine estimability. We suggest reducing the design matrix to row echelon form as a means of finding the structure of all estimable functions. We illustrate the procedure with two examples.
A comparative study of dynamic mesh updating methods used in the simulation of fluid-structure interaction problems with a non-linear free surface

Abstract This paper compares the performance of three mesh movement algorithms: Laplacian smoothing, linear spring analogy and torsion spring analogy for a fluid mesh update in staggered fluid-structure interaction (FSI) simulations with a non-linear free surface. The mesh updating schemes are applied to simulate three representative cases of the above-stated dual moving boundary problem. The performances of the algorithms are gauged on the basis of their ability to delay the initiation of a complete remesh of the fluid domain while maintaining solution accuracy. To satisfy this dual objective, the mesh-updating algorithm should not only prevent mesh failure but should also maintain well-shaped triangles. The reasons for the failure of different schemes are explained and suitable modifications are suggested/implemented to enhance thier performance. It is shown that these modifications prove to be very successful in improving the effectiveness of the algorithms.
Some Methods for Respecifying Measurement Models to Obtain Unidimensional Construct Measurement

Lack of unidimensionality in structural equation models most often represents misspecification. The authors review the necessary conditions for unidimensional measurement of constructs. Two methods which assist the researcher in measurement model respecification, multiple-groups analysis and similarity coefficients, are presented and an example illustrating the use of these methods is given.
Photonic structures with grating couplers based on ZnO

The paper presents investigations concerning the design and realization of photonic structures with grating couplers. The first part of the paper deals with basic theoretical information on photonic structures with grating couplers and their application in optoelectronics. The further part presents the results of numerical investigations on photonic structures with grating couplers and shows the influence of geometrical parameters on the effectiveness of the input and output of optic power into and out of this photonic structure. The paper also provides the results of experimental investigations on a wideband gap semiconductor, viz. zinc oxide ZnO, as well as its application in planar waveguide structures and photonic structures with grating couplers.
Modeling and optimal design of an optical MEMS tactile sensor for use in robotically assisted surgery

Currently, Minimally Invasive Surgery (MIS) performs through keyhole incisions using commercially available robotic surgery systems. One of the most famous examples of these robotic surgery systems is the da Vinci surgical system. In the current robotic surgery systems like the da Vinci, surgeons are faced with problems such as lack of tactile feedback during the surgery. Therefore, providing a real-time tactile feedback from interaction between surgical instruments and tissue can help the surgeons to perform MIS more reliably. The present paper proposes an optical tactile sensor to measure the contact force between the bio-tissue and the surgical instrument. A model is proposed for simulating the interaction between a flexible membrane and bio-tissue based on the finite element methods. The tissue is considered as a hyperelastic material with the material properties similar to the heart tissue. The flexible membrane is assumed as a thin layer of silicon which can be microfabricated using the technology of Micro Electro Mechanical Systems (MEMS). The simulation results are used to optimize the geometric design parameters of a proposed MEMS tactile sensor for use in robotic surgical systems to perform MIS.
The small-scale structure and kinematics of B335

High-resolution (2″.8-5″) aperture synthesis maps of the 13 CO, C 18 O J=1→0, and continuum emission at 2.7 mm from the Bok globule B335 trace bipolar, high-velocity emission to within 250 AU of its source, and delineate a core which is elongated on scales of 1000 AU perpendicular to the outflow but unresolved along its minor axis. Our images in the optically thick 13 CO line show well-separated blue- and redshifted outflow lobes, and imply the presence of limb-brightened shells. The outflow opening angle close to its origin is the same as at distances of ∼5', suggesting that its morphology is determined primarily by a collimated driving wind
Calibration of broadband sonar systems using multiple standard targets

A seven‐octave active sonar system spanning the nominal frequency range 25‐3200 kHz was deployed in Norwegian waters for the purpose of measuring the acoustic scattering characteristics of a range of marine organisms. This system transmitted linear frequency‐modulated (LFM) signals in order to achieve good range resolution and to obtain spectral information on resolved targets. Total system performance was variously measured in situ and ex situ, depending on the particular octave band, using standard‐target spheres. This enabled the frequency response of the entire system to be determined and the sidelobe level of the matched‐filter receiver to be reduced. The effects of the deep nulls encountered in the backscattered spectrum of target spheres were partially reduced by using a string of up to six spheres of different sizes and material properties. Typical results will be presented showing that such calibration procedures are sensitive the relative alignment of the sonar‐target and to sound‐speed profile .
Generalized planar fault energies and twinning in Cu–Al alloys

We report ab initio density functional theory calculations of generalized planar fault energies of fcc Cu–xAl (x=0, 5.0, and 8.3at.%) alloys. We investigate the effects of substitutional solute Al on the unstable intrinsic γus and twin γut stacking fault energies (SFEs). Our results reveal an increased tendency of Cu–Al to deform preferentially by twinning with increasing Al content, consistent with experiment. We attribute this mechanical behavior to appreciable lowering of the twinning barrier γut, along with the stable intrinsic and twin SFEs.
The binary-rich cluster Abell 2244

A structural, luminosity, and velocity study of the cluster Abell 2244 is presented. A2244 was selected for study from the list of Struble and Rood because of its unusually binary-rich population in an evolved cD-type cluster environment, a contradiction in terms of cluster collapse scenarios versus the formation and survival of bound pairs. In comparison with the Coma cluster, A2244 is a slightly poorer version with a suspected deficiency in the number of cluster members in the core. This evidence, combined with the high-velocity dispersion of the cluster, suggests that a low-velocity population of galaxies has been consumed by the central cD galaxy. The central cD galaxy has a single low-velocity companion deep in its envelope and cross sections of its surface-brightness profile suggest that it is in transition from a depressed central surface-brightness object to a high central concentration system, a point of contention in merger models. All but two of the binary galaxies were found to be projections with other cluster members or stars and, thus, are not in conflict with the advanced dynamical age of the cluster. 35 refs.
Coherent trapping of x-ray photons in crystal cavities in the picosecond regime

We report on the trapping of 14keV photons in periods of 1.11–1.67ps by the 12 4 0 backdiffraction in two- and multiplate silicon single-crystal cavities of a few hundred micrometer size. The formation of standing waves inside the cavities ensures better coherence for the x rays. We anticipate that the transmitted x rays through this type of cavities can be used as a quasicoherent x-ray source for probing the dynamic structures of solids, liquids, and biological substances.
EIGENVALUE PROBLEMS WITH WEIGHT AND VARIABLE EXPONENT FOR THE LAPLACE OPERATOR

This paper deals with an eigenvalue problem for the Laplace operator on a bounded domain with smooth boundary in ℝ N (N ≥ 3). We establish that there exist two positive constants λ* and λ* with λ* ≤ λ* such that any λ ∈ (0, λ*) is not an eigenvalue of the problem while any λ ∈ [λ*, ∞) is an eigenvalue of the problem.
Mathematical Methods in Kinetic Theory

Professor, The Rockefeller University, New York, N. Y. the linearized Boltzmann collision operator, and the application of this operator, or simple model versions of it, to boundary problems such as Couette How. In each of these areas, the main points of the theory are clearly presented and there are sufficient references to more detailed discussions in the literature. Especially interesting are the sections devoted to the application of the Bhatnagar, Gross, Krook equation. There is no discussion of the nonlinear Boltzmann collision operator, or of the kinetic theory of dense gases. However, the book is a good introduction to the area of kinetic theory with which it is concerned.
A comparison between the U and V tests in the Behrens-Fisher problem

SUMMARY Several statistical methods have been recommended for use in the Behrens-Fisher situation. One of these methods, the V test introduced by Welch (1937), seems to have been ignored in later literature. We have compared the V test with the U test which is most in use nowadays, using stochastic simulation. The comparisons have been carried out for both tests with fixed critical values and for approximate tests. In the former case the V test is highly recommended, and in the latter case also the approximate V test seems to perform better than the U test.
Three-body orbital stability criteria for circular retrograde orbits

Previous investigations of the stability of hierarchical three-body retrograde systems moving on circular orbits by various authors have led to conflicting results and conclusions. The problem is re-examined, and the new numerical results indicate that these retrograde systems are more stable than their prograde counterparts with the same mass combinations. Although this result is similar to that of Harrington, there is no quantitative agreement between the actual values, except for the equal-mass case where there is complete agreement. The analytical c 2 H method which provides a sufficient condition for stability is found to be a poor indicator of orbital stability in this case, unlike the situation found for comparable prograde systems by Donnison & Mikulskis
Influence of negatively charged plume grains on the structure of Enceladus' Alfvén wings: Hybrid simulations versus Cassini Magnetometer data

[1] We apply the hybrid simulation code AIKEF (adaptive ion kinetic electron fluid) to the interaction between Enceladus' plume and Saturn's magnetospheric plasma. For the first time, the influence of the electron-absorbing dust grains in the plume on the plasma structures and magnetic field perturbation, the Alfven wing, is taken into account within the framework of a global simulation. Our work continues the analytical calculations by Simon et al. (2011), who showed that electron absorption within the plume leads to a negative sign of the Hall conductivity. The resulting twist of the magnetic field, referred to as the Anti-Hall effect, has been observed during all targeted Enceladus flybys between 2005 and 2010. We show that (1) applying a plume model that considers both, the neutral gas and the dust allow us to quantitatively explain Cassini Magnetometer (MAG) data, (2) dust enhances the anti-Saturnward deflection of the ions, causing asymmetries which are evident in the MAG data, and (3) the ions in the plume are slowed down below 1 km s−1; and we compare our results to MAG data in order to systematically analyze variations in the plume activity and orientation for selected pairs of similar flybys: (E5, E6), (E7, E9) and (E8, E11).
Similarity-based picking wheel images from a series of train's images

Examining wheel images is needed for train's safe running. Based on computation of image similarity, a method is introduced in this paper to pick a few available images for examination from a series of train's images, in which containing whole and clear wheels. First, histogram is calculated and histogram intersection is adopted to evaluate the histogram similarity between standard image and candidates, then a multi-resolution decomposition using Haar wavelet is applied, several edge statistical features based on wavelet coefficients are obtained and similarity comparison on the features is processed. And then these two kinds of similarity are combined to synthetically express the similarity between two images. Finally, those images satisfying threshold are picked for examination. Experiments show useful wheel images can be selected efficiently in this method.
Ion cyclotron range of frequencies heating and flow generation in deuterium–tritium plasmas

Recent radio-frequency heating experiments on the Tokamak Fusion Test Reactor (TFTR) [Hawryluk et al., Plasma Phys. Controlled Fusion 33, 1509 (1991)] have focused on developing tools for both pressure and current profile control in deuterium–tritium (DT) plasmas. A new antenna was added to investigate pressure profile control utilizing direct ion Bernstein wave (IBW) heating. This was the first time direct IBW heating was explored on TFTR. Plasma heating and driven poloidal flows are observed. Previously heating and current drive via mode-converted IBW waves had been demonstrated in non-DT plasmas but efforts in DT plasmas had been unsuccessful. This lack of success had been ascribed to the presence of a small 7Li minority ion population. In the most recent experiments 6Li was used exclusively for machine conditioning and mode-conversion heating consistent with theory is now observed in DT plasmas.