Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Organic carbon cycling and modern phosphorite formation on the East Australian continental margin: an overview

Abstract During 1987, the Australian Bureau of Mineral Resources conducted a multidisciplinary investigation of the modern phosphorites on the continental margin of southeastern Australia between 28 and 32°S. The objectives of the work were to examine the processes controlling the cycling of organic carbon and bioactive elements, nitrogen, phosphorus, sulphur and iron in the sediments, and to investigate the roles which these processes played in the formation of the modern phosphorites. Bacterial productivities, sulphate-reduction rates, sedimentary oxygen and pore-water concentrations of nitrate, ammonia, phosphate, iron, sulphate and fluoride were measured at sea. The highest rates of microbial productivity were found in the surficial (0–20 mm) sediments of the modern phosphorite zone in 350–460 m water depth. These rates were about double those in shallower shelf (<300 m) sediments and 3–4 fold those rates in mid-slope (600–1000 m) sediments. Aerobic and anaerobic oxidation rates of organic matter, calculated from sediment oxygen profiles and sulphate-reduction rates were highest in the surface sediments in the modern phosphorite zone. The recycling of sedimentary iron, via reductive dissolution of iron oxyhydroxides and reprecipitation at the oxic/anoxic boundary results in a near-surface sedimentary trap for iron in the phosphorite zone sediments. Phosphate released from organic matter in the interfacial sediments, and fluoride from seawater, are scavenged by iron oxyhydroxides in the top few centimetres of sediment. Phosphorus, in this way, is decoupled from organic carbon in the near-surface sediments and linked to the redox cycling of iron. Phosphate and fluoride scavenged onto iron oxyhydroxides, and concentrated in the surficial sediments, are subsequently released to pore waters in the anoxic sediments when iron oxyhydroxides are buried and dissolve. The recycling process releases phosphate and fluoride for incorporation into apatite; fluoride is depleted from pore waters at depths <18 cm, phosphorite nodules form within anoxic sediments at depths <18 cm and continue to accumulate iron and phosphorus while resident in the mixed layer. Combinations of rapid sediment mixing rates, a slow sedimentation rate and a mixed layer to about 18 cm result in an average particle residence time in the phosphorite zone sediments which is about ten-fold that of the mid-slope sediments. Long residence times and rapid mixing promote the oxidation of organic carbon and release of phosphate, while the continuous recycling of iron and phosphate concentrates the phosphorus for apatite precipitation and accumulation into phosphorite nodules. Phosphorite nodules are not found in mid-slope sediments probably because of combinations of relatively rapid sedimentation rates, ineffective iron, phosphorus and fluoride recycling and trapping mechanisms, plus dilution and dissemination of any incipient apatite.
Inhibition and attention in adolescents with nonmanic mood disorders and a high risk for developing mania

This study examines psychomotor inhibition, sustained attention, and inhibitory attentional control in adolescents (ages 12–18 years) with a nonmanic mood disorder and with a first-degree relative with bipolar I disorder (MD, N = 20) and demographically matched healthy children of parents without any psychiatric disorder (HC, N = 13). MD participants showed abnormal performance in stop signal reaction time and latency (d = 1.28 and 1.64, respectively), sustained attention response bias (d = 0.75), and color naming speed (d = 0.88). The results indicate that MD participants exhibit psychomotor disinhibition, marginal cognitive slowing and cautious response biases, but no formal deficits in sustained or selective attention.
Journal Pre-proof training changes brain dynamics during depressive rumination: A randomized controlled trial.

BACKGROUND: Depression is the leading cause of disability worldwide and prevalence is on the rise. One of the most debilitating aspects of depression is the dominance and persistence of depressive rumination,- a state of mind that is linked to onset, and recurrence of depression. Mindfulness meditation trains adaptive attention regulation and present moment embodied awareness: skills that may be particularly useful during depressive mind states characterized by negative ruminative thoughts. METHODS: In a randomized controlled fMRI study (N=80), we looked at the neurocognitive mechanisms behind Mindfulness-Based Cognitive Therapy (MBCT, N=50) treatment of recurrent depression compared to treatment as usual (TAU, N=30) across experimentally induced states of rest, mindfulness practice and rumination, and the relationship with dispositional psychological processes. RESULTS: MBCT compared to TAU led to decreased salience network connectivity to the lingual gyrus during a ruminative state, and this change in salience network connectivity mediated improvements in the ability to sustain and control attention to body sensations. CONCLUSIONS: These findings demonstrate that a clinically effective mindfulness intervention modulates neurocognitive functioning during depressive rumination and the ability to sustain attention to the body. The study was registered at ClinicalTrials.gov (NCT03353493).
Correlation between cranial form and geography in Homo sapiens: CRANID – a computer program for forensic and other applications

The paper studies the correlation between cranial form and geography. It uses 2524 crania from around the world, measured by W.W. Howells. The first two principal components of cranial shape are rotated to maximum congruence with the world map. A correlation of 0.451 is found with longitude and 0.637 with latitude. A better (albeit unquantified) correlation is found when 20 components of shape are used, and the results portrayed as a dendrogram. The author describes a computer program CRANID, which allows the user to clarify the origin of an unknown cranium by assisting its comparison with the shape of the 2524 crania. Forensic applications of CRANID are suggested. Application to the Late Pleistocene Zhoukoudian Upper Cave 103 specimen supports the conclusion of a previous study on Upper Cave 101. Both crania resemble African/Australian/Melanesian crania rather than Asiatic/New World. The significance of this morphological result to the out-of-Africa theory is discussed, with special reference to recent proto-Mongoloid assertions by the multiregional school of human evolution.
Hydrological importance of sacred forest fragments in Central Western Ghats of India

Sacred groves are patches of forests of special spiritual significance to humans, offering also a diverse range of ecological and environmental services. We have attempted here to understand the local hydrological dynamics of a sacred forest, in terms of the benefits the village community derive, in central Western Ghats region of India. A comparative assessment has been made between two small watersheds in terms of their landscape structure (woody species composition) with soil water properties and availability of water in the respective downstream villages. The result shows that, sacred site with more primeval vegetation has close association with soil moisture in comparison to non-sacred site during dry spell of the year. The higher soil moisture ensures year long availability of water in the downstream village of the sacred site which facilitates farming of commercial crops with higher economic returns to the farmers, unlike the farmers in the other village where they face water crisis during the lean season. The study emphasizes the need for conservation endeavour on sacred groves highlighting its potential for water conservation at local and regional levels.
Microglia activation in the hippocampus mediates retinal degeneration-induced depressive-like behaviors via the NLRP3/IL-1β pathwayRunning Retinal degeneration-induced depressive-like behaviors

Epidemiological studies have shown that patients with glaucoma are more prone to depression, but the mechanism of comorbid depression in patients with glaucoma remains unknown. Excessive neuroinflammation has been shown to participate in glaucoma-induced retinal degeneration and hippocampal neural apoptosis in depression. However, little research has been conducted to determine whether neuroinflammation contributes to glaucoma-induced depression. Since the degeneration of retinal ganglion cells is a hallmark of glaucoma, we investigated the role of microglia-induced neuroinflammation in retinal degeneration-induced depression and its potential mechanism. An N-methyl-d-aspartate (NMDA)-induced retinal degeneration model was established, and behavioral tests were conducted at 3, 7, 14, and 21 days after retinal degeneration. After tissue collection, we used immunohistochemistry to assess the activation of microglia and real-time polymerase chain reaction to measure the levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines and the NOD-, LRR-, and pyrin-domain containing protein 3 (NLRP3) inflammasome. The mice exhibited depressive-like behaviors 14 and 21 days after retinal degeneration, based on the open field test, tail suspension test, and forced swimming test. Mice also displayed a lower body weight gain than the control group. In addition, microglial activation was observed in the hippocampus. Microglial proliferation was first observed in the dentate gyrus on day 3, while the number of microglia in cornu ammonis 1 grew the most. but the messenger ribonucleic acid levels of the NLRP3 inflammasome were also increased. In conclusion, our research shows that NMDA-induced retinal degeneration can induce depressive-like behaviors, which may be attributed to hippocampal neuroinflammation. OFT, open field TST, tail suspension force swimming dentate gyrus; CA1, cornu 1; RT-qPCR, quantitative real-time polymerase cell nuclei. Immunofluorescence images were observed with a Leica SP5 fluorescence microscope, and images were captured with a CCD spot camera for data analysis. For the brain, the same region per hippocampal section and three sections per animal were quantified. For the retina, Iba-1+ cells were peripapillary, and at the optic nerve head (ONH), three sections per animal were counted. Analysis was conducted using ImageJ software (NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA).
Biofilm formation is not a prerequisite for production of the antibacterial compound tropodithietic acid in Phaeobacter inhibens DSM17395

The goal of this study was to investigate if biofilm formation on population level is a physiological requirement for antagonism in Phaeobacter inhibens DSM17395, since the antibiotic compound tropodithietic acid (TDA) is produced by several Roseobacter clade species during growth as multicellular aggregates or biofilms at the air–liquid interface and is induced on single cell level upon attachment.
TNF- and IFN- inversely modulate expression of the IL-17E receptor in airway smooth muscle cells

Lajoie-Kadoch, Stéphane, Philippe Joubert, Séverine Létuvé, Andrew J. Halayko, James G. Martin, Abdellilah Soussi-Gounni, and Qutayba Hamid. TNFand IFNinversely modulate expression of the IL-17E receptor in airway smooth muscle cells. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 290: L1238–L1246, 2006. First published January 20, 2006; doi:10.1152/ajplung.00301. 2005. —The interleukin-17B receptor (IL-17BR) is expressed in a variety of tissues and is upregulated under inflammatory conditions. This receptor binds both its cognate ligand IL-17B and IL-17E/IL-25, a novel cytokine known to promote Th2 responses. The present study shows that airway smooth muscle cells express IL-17BR in vitro and that its expression is upregulated by TNFand downregulated by IFN. Our data indicate that TNFupregulates IL-17BR mainly through nuclear factorB as assessed with the I B kinase 2 inhibitor AS602868. In addition, both IFNand dexamethasone are able to antagonize a TNF-induced IL-17BR increase in mRNA expression. The mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase inhibitor U0126 totally reversed the inhibition observed with IFN, suggesting the involvement of the extracellular signal-regulated kinase pathway in this effect. In addition, on stimulation with IL-17E, airway smooth muscle cells increase their expression of ECM components, namely procollagenI and lumican mRNA. Furthermore, immunohistochemical analysis of biopsies from asthmatic subjects reveals that this receptor is abundant in smooth muscle layers. This is the first report showing IL-17BR receptor in structural cells of the airways. Our results suggest a potential proremodeling effect of IL-17E on airway smooth muscle cells through the induction of ECM and that its receptor is upregulated by proinflammatory conditions.
Adenosine A 2A and (cid:1) -adrenergic calcium transient and contractile responses in rat ventricular myocytes

Adenosine A 2A and -adrenergic calcium transient and contractile responses in rat ventricular myocytes. 2008. adenosine A 2A receptor (A 2A R) enhances cardiac contractility, and the adeno- sine A 1 R receptor (A 1 R) is antiadrenergic by reducing the adrenergic (cid:1) 1 receptor ( (cid:1) 1 R)-elicited increase in contractility. In this study we compared the A 2A R-, A 1 R-, and (cid:1) 1 R-elicited actions on isolated rat ventricular myocytes in terms of Ca transient and contractile responses involving PKA and PKC. Stimulation of A 2A R with 2 (cid:2) M ( (cid:3) EC 50 ) CGS-21680 (CGS) produced a 17–28% increase in the Ca transient ratio (CTR) and maximum velocities ( V max ) of transient ratio increase ( (cid:4) MVT) and recovery ( (cid:5) MVT) but no change in the time-to-50% recovery (TTR). CGS increased myocyte sarcomere shortening (MSS) and the maximum velocities of shortening ( (cid:4) MVS) and relaxation ( (cid:5) MVS) by 31–34% with no change in time-to-50% relengthening (TTL). (cid:1) 1 R stimulation using 2 nM ( (cid:3) EC 50 ) isoproterenol (Iso) increased CTR, (cid:4) MVT, and (cid:5) MVT by 67–162% and decreased TTR by 43%. Iso increased MSS, (cid:4) MVS, and (cid:5) MVS by 153–174% and decreased TTL by 31%. The A 2A R and (cid:1) 1 R Ca transient and contractile responses were not additive. The PKA inhibitor Rp-adenosine 3 (cid:6) ,5 (cid:6) -cyclic monophosphorothioate triethylamonium salt prevented both the CGS- and Iso-elicited contractile responses. The PKC inhibitors chelerythrine and KIE1-1 peptide (PKC ε speciﬁc) prevented the antiadrenergic action of A 1 R but did not inﬂuence A 2A R-mediated increases in contractile variables. The ﬁndings suggest that cardiac A 2A R utilize cAMP/PKA like (cid:1) 1 R, but the Ca transient and contractile responses are less in magnitude and not equally affected. Although PKC is important in the A 1 R antiadrenergic action, it does not seem to play a role in A 2A R-elicited Ca transient and contractile events.
Extracting long‐period climate fluctuations from tree‐ring chronologies over timescales of centuries to millennia

For a long time, tree‐rings have been thought of as containing almost no variation at timescales of centuries and millennia, i.e. at low frequencies. Here, we show that this might be an issue of data analysis rather than an actual lack of variability. A data set of subfossil and living Scots pines from northern Fennoscandia was examined by means of their ring‐width time series. The premise was that the growth trends of individual time series could be quantitatively determined and decomposed into their different elements. It was shown that not all the components of growth trends were invariant over long periods of time, and that consequently the use of a single‐curve standardization (i.e. Regional Curve Standardization, RCS) may result in temporally inflated and deflated indices of ring‐widths. Observed non‐climatic bias in tree‐ring indices was probably due to gradually changing conditions in the pine population of the forest‐limit ecotone. Changes in population density seem to have hampered the previous attempts at palaeoclimate reconstruction by masking the actual low‐frequency climate variability. A new approach, expected to yield unbiased tree‐ring indices, was proposed. The new chronology constructed by this approach showed consistency with multi‐centennial variations that are based on independent palaeoclimate evidence. Copyright © 2005 Royal Meteorological Society.
The EU-Central Asia Education Initiative. EUCAM Working Paper No. 9, 08 February 2010

The European Education Initiative was launched as part of the EU-Central Asia Strategy in 2007. By 2009, the initiative had prioritised higher and vocational education and emphasised links with the Bologna Process. Attempts were made to establish the EU-Central Asia Education Platform - a re-branding of Tempus and Erasmus Mundus programmes within a set of specific activities - and outline the ways in which internal EU education policy development processes could be externalised to the Central Asia region. However, the slow and uncertain pace of development of the Education Initiative, with the exception of the CAREN programme, calls for analysis of the logic, content and practice of what has been attempted. It is also necessary to examine the political and institutional context that explains the lack of traction gained with education policy actors in the EU and Central Asia, and the prospects for a more compelling vision and concrete programme of implementation that could meet the real and urgent needs of Central Asian countries. Drawing on the evidence provided by participants in the development of the Education Initiative, this paper concludes by outlining an agenda for addressing its weaknesses.
Late-Glacial Maximum-Holocene Atmospheric and Ice-Thickness Changes from Antarctic Ice-Core Studies

A review of Byrd, Vostok and Dome C Antarctic ice-core records indicates significant changes in atmospheric characteristics between the late glacial maximum (LGM) and the Holocene. This data is relevant to general circulation model (GCM) boundary conditions and validation of output results. Reciprocally, GCM data could help to interpret ice-core results and to extend observed high-latitude changes to a larger scale. During the LGM, low troposphere temperatures were colder by about 5 to 7°C and surface temperatures by 8 to 10°C over the Antarctic ice sheet. There are indications that snow accumulation was slightly lower and isotopic data suggests higher relative humidity over the ocean. A large increase in continental dust (up to a factor of 20) and marine aerosols (up to a factor of 5) is observed on the high Antarctic plateau, both explained by the increased (possibly up to 1.4 to 2 times) intensity of the large-scale atmospheric circulation modulated by desert and sea-ice area extension. Ice-core results show large changes in atmospheric CO2 concentrations with LGM values around 200 ppmv and “pre-industrial” values of about 260 ppmv. Finally, determinations of total gas content suggest that central West and East Antarctica were not thicker during the LGM, in contrast with higher surface elevations inferred from coastal-ice studies.
Arthroscopic Shoulder Surgery in Female Professional Tennis Players: Ability and Timing to Return to Play

Objective: To assess the outcome and time to return to previous level of competitive play after shoulder surgery in professional tennis players. Design: Retrospective case series. Setting: Tertiary academic centre. Patients and Interventions: The records of all female tennis players on the Women's Tennis Association (WTA) professional circuit between January 2008 and June 2010 were reviewed to identify players who underwent shoulder surgery on their dominant (serving) shoulder. Main Outcome Measures: Primary outcomes were the ability and time to return to professional play and if they were able to return to their previous level of function as determined by singles ranking. Preoperative and postoperative singles rankings were used to determine rate and completeness of return to preoperative function. Results: During the study period, 8 professional women tennis players from the WTA tour underwent shoulder surgery on their dominant arm. Indications included rotator cuff debridement or repair, labral reconstruction for instability or superior labral anterior posterior lesion, and neurolysis of the suprascapular nerve. Seven players (88%) returned to professional play. The mean time to return to play was 7 months after surgery. However, only 25% (2 of 8) players achieved their preinjury singles rank or better by 18 months postoperatively. In total, 4 players returned to their preinjury singles ranking, with their peak singles ranking being attained at a mean of 2.4 years postoperatively. Conclusions: In professional female tennis players, a high return to play rate after arthroscopic shoulder surgery is associated with a prolonged and often incomplete return to previous level of performance. Thus, counseling the patient to this fact is important to manage expectations. Level Of Evidence: Level IV—Case Series.
Protective layer design in landfill covers based on frost penetration

We develop a design procedure to determine the minimum thickness of a protective soil layer over a barrier layer in a landfill cover design. The procedure equates the minimum thickness of the overlying protective layer to the predicted extreme freezing-events depth that may occur in the landfill design life. This procedure is applicable to Resource Conservation and Recovery Act Subtitle C hazardous waste landfills and any landfill designed to encapsulate hazardous waste from the environment for long periods of time. This procedure was formulated by the Uranium Mill Tailings Remedial Action Project’s Technical Assistance Contractor to protect radon and infiltration barriers from degradation over a 200-year minimum design life. The procedure uses common soil parameters, a personal computer version of the modified Berggren equation, and site-specific daily maximum-minimum temperature data compiled for a minimum of 30 years to compute frost depths. The computed frost penetration magnitudes are then used with .
Systematic error aspects of gauge‐measured solid precipitation in the Arctic, Barrow, Alaska

This report provides insight into systematic errors of gauge‐measured precipitation in the Arctic by the precipitation gauge intercomparison experiment at Barrow, Alaska. Reference gauges and various national standard gauges used in the Arctic regions were installed. The bias of trace precipitation was recorded with high frequency and varied widely from 6 to 130% increase of the gauge‐measured amounts due to a variety of gauge types. The blowing snow experiment showed that the number flux of aeolian snow particles at a gauge orifice height verily increased with the occurrence of blowing snow, and it seems reasonable to suppose that blowing snow particles are an overestimation bias of gauge‐measured precipitation. These suggest that the systematic errors of gauge‐measured precipitation for Arctic conditions must mainly take into consideration of not only wind‐induced undercatch, wetting and evaporation losses, but also the influence of blowing snow and trace precipitation loss.