Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Antarctic Bottom Water in CMIP5 models : characteristics, formation, evolution

Observations suggest that the properties of Antarctic Bottom Water (AABW) are changing, causing significant steric sea level rise. Understanding the causes of these changes is critical for projections of future sea level, yet previous generations of climate models failed to represent AABW accurately. Present-day biases in AABW potential temperature, salinity and density are assessed for models from the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project phase 5 (CMIP5). CMIP5 models either have inaccurate bottom water properties in the present-day Southern Ocean or form AABW via the wrong process, open ocean deep convection in the subpolar gyres. Under climate change scenarios, open ocean deep convection is responsible for bringing the warming signal to the Southern Ocean abyss. It is then advected equatorwards by AABW transport. In turn, the decrease in density associated with the warming results in a weakened density-driven AABW transport. The mean of 24 CMIP5 models projects a mean global steric sea level rise of 3.8 mm by 2100 for the abyssal 500 m, albeit with a large uncertainty due to the cross-model disagreement on bottom salinity changes. The parameterisation of overflows does not show an improvement in AABW properties. Sensitivity experiments are performed on the model HadGEM3. The trigger for deep convection in the Weddell Sea, a positive sea ice anomaly leading to anomalies in the mixed layer depth, is identified. Varying three vertical mixing parameters modifies the original mixed layer anomaly, leading to a range of responses from arrested deep convection to deep convection over the entire Weddell Sea. In the arrested convection simulations, the Antarctic Circumpolar Current strength is improved and the AABW properties and North Atlantic Deep Water formation are unchanged. These experiments indicate a possible way to stop Weddell Sea deep convection in models, to improve their Southern Ocean representation.
Hydrologic and Morphologic Variability of Streams With Different Cranberry Agriculture Histories, Southern New Jersey, United States 1

Procopio, Nicholas A. , 2010. Hydrologic and Morphologic Variability of Streams With Different Cranberry Agriculture Histories, Southern New Jersey, United States. Journal of the American Water Resources Association (JAWRA) 46(3):527‐540. DOI: 10.1111/j.1752‐1688.2010. 00432.x
Energy Balance Implications of Floral Traits Involved in Pollinator Attraction and Water Balance

For most angiosperms, flowers are critical to reproduction because they increase rates of outcrossing. Flowers are highly variable in numerous traits, including size, shape, and color. Most of this variation is thought to have arisen because of selection by pollinators. Yet nonpollinator selection is increasingly being recognized as contributing to floral trait evolution. Nonpollinator agents of selection that often oppose pollinator selection include the physiological and resource costs of producing and maintaining flowers. Here, I (1) summarize recent studies on the macroevolution of floral physiological traits and (2) apply an energy balance model to examine how two pollination traits (flower color and flower size) can interact with hydraulic traits to influence flower physiology. These modeling results show that under certain conditions flower color variation can overwhelm the effects of floral transpiration and flower size variation on flower temperature. Using a novel data set of flower size from the California flora, I show that the range of flower size most common in the California flora is the range in which complex, nonlinear dynamics in flower energy balance occur. These results suggest that floral traits under selection by biotic agents can have large implications for flower physiology, and only some of these potentially deleterious effects can be offset by flower hydraulic traits. These complex interactions between pollination traits (flower size and color) and physiological traits (surface conductance to water vapor) suggest that a more unified framework for understanding the evolution of floral form and function would simultaneously consider the interaction between physiological traits and traits under biotic selection.
Associação entre níveis de atividade física e transtorno mental comum em estudantes universitários Association between levels of physical activity and common mental disorder in university students

odds ratio (OR: IC95%, p< 0.05). Observou-se classificacao positiva para TMC em 43.2% da amostra. Encontrou-se maior percentual de inativos com TMC (67.4%) que ativos (32.6%), com risco significativo (OR= 3.202, IC95%: 1.830−5.600). Os estudantes dos primeiros periodos apresentaram-se mais ativos (55.3%) em relacao aos concluintes (41.5%), com fator de protecao significativo (OR= 0.575, IC95%: 0.337−0.980). Farmacia apresentou maior prevalencia de TMC (24.2%) e Nutricao a menor (9.5%); por sua vez, Farmacia apresentou a maior prevalencia de ativos (68.4%), e Enfermagem de inativos (58.3%). Observou-se que os estudantes inativos apresentaram tres vezes mais chances de desenvolver TMC que os ativos, evidenciando que a graduacao pode ser uma fase de risco para os universitarios, seja devido aos diversos estressores, a ausencia de habitos saudaveis, e/ou a pouca e/ou inadequada pratica de atividade fisica durante esse periodo. Palavras-chave: atividade fisica, transtorno mental comum, saude mental, estudantes universitarios
Geophysical imaging using trans-dimensional trees.

S U M M A R Y In geophysical inversion, inferences of Earth’s properties from sparse data involve a trade-off between model complexity and the spatial resolving power. A recent Markov chain Monte Carlo (McMC) technique formalized by Green, the so-called trans-dimensional samplers, allows us to sample between these trade-offs and to parsimoniously arbitrate between the varying complexity of candidate models. Here we present a novel framework using transdimensional sampling over tree structures. This new class of McMC sampler can be applied to 1-D, 2-D and 3-D Cartesian and spherical geometries. In addition, the basis functions used by the algorithm are flexible and can include more advanced parametrizations such as wavelets, both in Cartesian and Spherical geometries, to permit Bayesian multiscale analysis. This new framework offers greater flexibility, performance and efficiency for geophysical imaging problems than previous sampling algorithms. Thereby increasing the range of applications and in particular allowing extension to trans-dimensional imaging in 3-D. Examples are presented of its application to 2-D seismic and 3-D teleseismic tomography including estimation of uncertainty.
Edinburgh Research Explorer OpTaS: An Optimization-based Task Specification Library for Trajectory Optimization and Model Predictive Control

—This paper presents OpTaS, a task speciﬁcation Python library for Trajectory Optimization (TO) and Model Predictive Control (MPC) in robotics. Both TO and MPC are increasingly receiving interest in optimal control and in particular handling dynamic environments. While a ﬂurry of software libraries exists to handle such problems, they either provide interfaces that are limited to a speciﬁc problem formulation (e.g. TracIK, CHOMP), or are large and statically specify the problem in conﬁguration ﬁles (e.g. EXOTica, eTaSL). OpTaS, on the other hand, allows a user to specify custom nonlinear constrained problem formulations in a single Python script allowing the controller parameters to be modiﬁed during execution. The library provides interface to several open source and commercial solvers (e.g. IPOPT, SNOPT, KNITRO, SciPy) to facilitate integration with established workﬂows in robotics. Further beneﬁts of OpTaS are highlighted through a thorough comparison with common libraries. An additional key advantage of OpTaS is the ability to deﬁne optimal control tasks in the joint-space, task-space, or indeed simultaneously. The code for OpTaS is easily installed via pip , and the source code with examples can be found at github.com/cmower/optas.
An Enhanced Active contour based Segmentation for Fingerprint Extraction

Fingerprint Segmentation is one of the critical and important steps in Automatic Fingerprint Recognition System (AFIS). It is a process that separates the fingerprint image into two regions, the foreground and background. The foreground region will have the fingerprint region containing features for recognition and the background region is the unwanted region which can be excluded from further process. In this paper some of the frequently used existing methods are analyzed and implemented. Then all these methods are combined in a sequential manner to propose an enhanced segmentation method. Finally the proposed method is evaluated and compared with the existing algorithm. Experimental results proved that the efficiency of the proposed method is higher than those of the previously described methods.
Peri-Urban Vertisol Properties as Influenced by Sewage and Bore Well Water Irrigation to Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)

Field experiment was conducted in farmer’s field near Agricultural Research Station, Dharwad, Karnataka State, India which was on the bank domestic sewage course in split plot design with three replications. Main plots included two types of lands (land irrigated with sewage water since 1970 and land irrigated with bore well water since 1992). Sub plots allotted with sources of irrigation consisted of sewage alone, bore well water alone (good water) and alternate sewage and bore well water. Analysis of sewage water for major and minor plant nutrients content revealed its potential as source of nutrients and water for crop growth. The soil physical properties especially bulk density and moisture holding capacity was improved significantly in sewage land over bore well irrigated land. Yield of wheat crop was positively correlated with these soil properties. There was reduction in soil pH in sewage land (7.24) over bore well irrigated land (7.65). The sewage irrigated land recorded significantly more bacterial and fungal colonies, dehydrogenase and alkaline phosphatase enzymes activities in soil. Sources of irrigation also differed significantly producing the highest microbial colonies, phosphatase and dehydrogenase enzymes activity in sewage water irrigation treatment followed by alternate irrigation as sewage water is good source of organic phosphorus (11.9–17.3 ppm). Irrigation with sewage water improved the performance of wheat crop as evidenced by higher grain yield (4100 kg ha-1), protein content in grains (12.8%), and dry gluten (8.9%) compared to bore well water irrigation. Characterization of domestic sewage effluent showed that it can be used as source of irrigation water and top dressing nutrients.
PRELIMINARY ESTIMATES OF BLUE AND MAKO SHARKS BYCATCH AND CPUE OF TAIWANESE LONGLINE FISHERY IN THE ATLANTIC OCEAN

SUMMARY This report was based on observers’ records of Taiwanese tuna longline fishing fleets operating in the Atlantic Ocean from 2002-2006. According to shark bycatch rate, five areas namely, A (5oN-15oS), B (15oS-50oS, west to 20oW), C (15oS-50oS, 20oW-20oE), D (5oN-20oN) and E (north of 20oN), were categorized. The shark catch data reported by observers were used to adjust the historical shark catch in Task I and to estimate blue shark and mako shark catches of Taiwanese longline fishery in the Atlantic Ocean. The shark bycatch in tropical area (areas A and D), is higher than that in temperate area (areas B, C, and E). The blue shark, and mako shark are the dominant species of shark bycatch in all areas. Shark bycatch in weight ranged from 1601 tons (1984) to 12872 tons (1996) in South Atlantic Ocean, and ranged from 196 tons (1989) to 3066 tons (1994) in North Atlantic Ocean. Blue shark bycatch in weight peaked in 1996 of 11628 tons in South Atlantic Ocean and 1994 of 2684 tons in North Atlantic Ocean. The results in this study are preliminary and further investigation is needed.
Long‐range tracking of thunderstorms using sferic measurements

[1] Each lightning stroke launches an electromagnetic pulse, known as a radio atmospheric or sferic that propagates in the waveguide between the Earth and the ionosphere. Sferics, with most of their energy contained in the frequency band from 3 Hz to 30 kHz, can propagate with low loss to distances of tens of megameters. Using very low frequency (VLF) magnetic field measurements at Palmer Station, Antarctica, the azimuths of sferics originating in North America (∼10,000 km range) are found to be measurable to less than 1 degree accuracy. Analysis of the arrival azimuths at Palmer Station allows the assessment of lightning flash rates of storms occurring in diverse regions of the globe including North America and Africa. Arrival azimuths are compared with flash level data from the National Lightning Detection Network (NLDN) and 83.6% of the sferics that could be matched to NLDN flashes were within 2 degrees of the predicted azimuths for those flashes. Results are also compared with data from the satellite-based Optical Transient Detector (OTD), and the arrival azimuths of sferics detected at Palmer Station are consistent with the location of lightning occurring elsewhere around the world. The relative distribution of and the relationship between ground flashes and cloud flashes are discussed for a specific localized thunderstorm. Evidence that sferics generated by intracloud discharges were detected at Palmer Station is also presented.
Development of Optical pH Sensor using Conducting Polyaniline –Wrapped Multiwalled Carbon Nanotubes (PANI-MWCNTs) Nanocomposite

Highly transparent and water soluble nanocomposite of conducting Polyaniline wrapped Multi-Walled Carbon Nanotubes (PANI MWCNTs) was synthesized by an in-situ chemical polymerization method using sulphonic acid as a dopant. MWCNTs were functionalized prior to their use and then polymerized using ammonium per sulphate as an oxidizing agent. The nanocomposite was subjected for physico-chemical characterization using spectroscopic (UV-Vis and FT-IR), FE-SEM and thermal analysis. The UV-Visible spectrum of the salt phase (dark green) of the PANI-MWCNTs nanocomposite shows a free carrier tail with increasing absorption at higher wavelength, which confirms the presence of conducting emeraldine salt phase of the polyaniline and is further supported by FT-IR analysis. However, the base form (deep blue) of the nanocomposite shows a sharp peak at 600 nm representing an insulating pernigraniline phase of the polymer. The FE-SEM image shows the uniform wrapping/coating of the polyaniline over functionalized MWCNTs. The synthesized nanocomposite was then successfully used for the determination of pH of the solution (pH 1-12) and found to be a potential candidate for optical pH sensing.
Evaluation of Performance of FACTS based Phase Imbalance Schemes for Damping Torsional Oscillations and Power Swings

Recent investigations have focused on the use of active phase imbalance schemes using series connected FACT S devices for subsynchronous resonance (SSR) and power swing damping. This paper compares the effectiveness of TCSC and SSSC based single phase compensation schemes with the corre sponding three phase schemes. Controllability of swing mod es as well as torsional modes is compared by using a simplified, dynamic phasor based expression of the linearized electric al torque of a synchronous machine connected to a compensated transmission line. The analysis and simulation studies sho w that a single phase scheme is unlikely to be an attractive alterna tive to a three phase scheme from a cost and sizing perspective.
Segmentation Fusion Techniques with Application to Plenoptic Images: A Survey.

The segmentation of anatomical and pathological structures plays a key role in the characterization of clinically relevant evidence from digital images. Recently, plenoptic imaging has emerged as a new promise to enrich the diagnostic potential of conventional photography. Since the plenoptic images comprises a set of slightly different versions of the target scene, we propose to make use of those images to improve the segmentation quality in relation to the scenario of a single image segmentation. The problem of finding a segmentation solution from multiple images of a single scene, is called segmentation fusion. This paper reviews the issue of segmentation fusion in order to find solutions that can be applied to plenoptic images, particularly images from the ophthalmological domain.
The Changing Energy Balance of the Polar Regions in a Warmer Climate

AbstractEnergy fluxes for polar regions are examined for two 30-yr periods, representing the end of the twentieth and twenty-first centuries, using data from high-resolution simulations with the ECHAM5 climate model. The net radiation to space for the present climate agrees well with data from the Clouds and the Earth’s Radiant Energy System (CERES) over the northern polar region but shows an underestimation in planetary albedo for the southern polar region. This suggests there are systematic errors in the atmospheric circulation or in the net surface energy fluxes in the southern polar region. The simulation of the future climate is based on the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) A1B scenario. The total energy transport is broadly the same for the two 30-yr periods, but there is an increase in the moist energy transport on the order of 6 W m−2 and a corresponding reduction in the dry static energy. For the southern polar region the proportion of moist energy transport is larger and the dry .
Volcanic strain change prior to an earthquake swarm observed by groundwater level sensors in

10 We installed and operated a low-cost groundwater level observation system at 11 intermittent hot spring wells in order to monitor volcanic strain signals from the active 12 Meakan-dake volcano in eastern Hokkaido, Japan. Data are sampled at 1 Hz and are 13 transmitted to the data center in real time. Evaluation of the water level time series with 14 theoretical predictive tidal strain and coseismic static strain changes has suggested that 15 the wells penetrate to the artesian aquifer and act as a volumetric strain sensor. An active 16 earthquake swarm with more than 400 events occurred at the shallower part of the 17 volcano from January 9 to 11, 2008. Three independent wells recorded pre-to co-swarm 18 groundwater drops simultaneously, which represented a decrease in volumetric strain. 19 The total volumetric strain change during the three active days was estimated to be from 20 6 to 7×10 −7 . The observed data, including changes in volumetric strain, absence of 21 deformation in the GPS coordinates, and activation of deep low-frequency earthquakes, 22 might imply possible deflation of a source deeper than 10 km, and these preceding 23 deeper activities might induce an earthquake swarm in a shallower part of the
Learning Human Dynamics with Big Data from Online Social Networks

With the advent of the Internet, mobile platforms, online commerce, and social media services, the footprints of human behavior are easily recorded in the digital world, generating data on an extremely large scale [Watts, 2007, Vespignani, 2009, Lazer et al., 2009]. Big data documents online discussion in which we participate, the people with whom we interact, how we buy and download a virtual product, and many other aspects of daily routines. The era of big data has brought in many opportunities as well as challenges for researchers by providing details of our lives in many perspectives: from characterization of human genome sequences to message exchanges between online users, and from mobilization of large population recovered through traffic data to easy tracking of information broadcasting. Questions about intricate and complex collective behavior of humans and resulting phenomena, which were hardly captured in self-reported surveys and interviews, can be better answered through the exploration of big data. We can now track, observe, analyze, model, and predict complex human dynamics.
Combined Circle intersection with Weighted Centroid method for localization of sensor nodes in Wireless Sensor Network

Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs) are being used for a large number of location-dependent applications, where the measurement data is meaningless without accurate location of its origin. In many of these applications, where coarse accuracy is sufficient, range free localization techniques are being pursued as low cost alternative to the range based localization techniques. Localization in WSNs is to determine the physical position of a sensor node based on the known positions of other sensor nodes having a priori knowledge of their position. In this paper, we present range free Circle weighted centroid localization. It’s an effective geometric algorithm for localization. Result of implementation show that this algorithm can be a better substitution for current methods because of lower expense and simple implementation. In these proposed techniques the weights of anchor nodes are obtained according to their proximity to the sensor nodes. We compared the proposed techniques, through extensive simulation with simple centroid and weighted centroid methods. The simulation results demonstrate the effectiveness of proposed schemes.
Papaya Production in Hawaii

Site selection The three major environmental factors to consider in selecting a site to grow papayas are temperature, mois­ ture (rainfall and soil drainage), and wind. The hermaph­ rodite papaya plant preferred for commercial orchards is more sensitive to the growing environment than the female papaya plant, and therefore selection of a suit­ able site is critical. Another condition to consider is the amount of sunlight the site receives to support plant growth and fruit production. Insufficient sunlight results in low yields and fruits with inadequate sugar and en­ courages plant diseases affecting papaya production.
Estimation of the High-Frequency Radiation of the 2000 Tottori (Japan) Earthquake Based on a Dynamic Model of Fault Rupture: Application to the Strong Ground Motion Simulation

Abstract In the present study we investigate the high-frequency (HF) radiation mechanism of the 2000 Tottori earthquake in Japan based on a 3D spontaneous fault rupture dynamic model. We generalize the model of HF radiation of a suddenly stopping circular crack (Madariaga, 1977; Boatwright, 1982) to the radiation from a general 3D rupture in a planar fault, where HF is radiated during gradual changes of rupture velocity at the rupture front. Local rupture velocity changes are expressed as the divergence of local rupture velocity vectors that are derived from gradients of rupture times from the dynamic model. Our numerical model of the Tottori earthquake indicates that rupture velocity changes are largely induced by barriers (locally stronger fault sections) across the fault plane and that HF radiation mainly originates within asperities (large stress-drop regions) in areas where the product of dynamic stress drop and rupture velocity changes is maximum. We develop a strong ground motion simulation methodology that incorporates HF radiation inferred from a dynamic fault rupture model. Using this methodology we investigate the HF radiation of the Tottori earthquake by inverting observed near-source acceleration envelopes of the earthquake. Our inversion results corroborate that HF radiation originates within asperities and show that significant HF radiation represents no more than a 20% of the total asperity area. Our results show that the incorporation of a directivity factor, on the basis of a well-defined physical rupture model to the radiation pattern leads to a significant improvement in fitting of observed ground motions. Our simulated near-source strong ground motions of the Tottori earthquake are also able to reproduce the ω -2 radiation theoretically predicted in 2D dynamic fault rupture models.