Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Maturation of Extinction Behavior in Infant Rats: Large-Scale Regional Interactions with Medial Prefrontal Cortex, Orbitofrontal Cortex, and Anterior Cingulate Cortex

The ability to express a behavior during the postnatal period may be related to developmental changes in the recruitment of particular neural systems. Here, we show that developmental changes in the functional interactions involving three cortical regions (the medial prefrontal cortex, orbitofrontal cortex, and anterior cingulate cortex) are associated with maturation of extinction behavior in infant rats. Postnatal day 17 (P17) and P12 pups were trained in a straight-alley runway on an alternating schedule of reward and nonreward [patterned single alternation (PSA)] or on a pseudorandom schedule of partial reinforcement (PRF); the pups were then injected with fluorodeoxyglucose (FDG) and shifted to continuous nonreward (extinction). Handled control groups exposed to the same training environment but not trained on a particular schedule were included. Among P17 pups, extinction proceeded faster in PSA pups relative to PRF pups. No differences were found between P12 groups. FDG uptake, an index of acute changes in functional activity, was quantified in the three cortical regions and 27 other brain regions of interest. A multivariate covariance analysis, seed partial least squares, revealed that functional relationships involving the three cortical regions and large-scale systems of regions throughout the rostrocaudal extent of the brain changed with training in P17 pups. The cortical regions were primarily uncoupled in the younger group. The data suggest that functional maturation of the frontal cortical regions and their interactions with other brain systems are related to the maturational shift in behavior.
Improved Linear Trails for the Block Cipher Simon

Simon is a family of block ciphers designed by the NSA and published in 2013. Due to their simple structure and the fact that the specification lacked security design rationale, the ciphers have been the subject of much cryptanalytic work, especially using differential and linear cryptanalysis. We improve previously published linear trail bias estimations by presenting a novel method to calculate the bias of short linear hulls in Simon and use them to construct longer linear approximations. By using these linear approximations we present key recovery attacks of up to 25 rounds for Simon64/128, 24 rounds for Simon32/64, Simon48/96, and Simon64/96, and 23 rounds for Simon48/72. The attacks on Simon32 and Simon48 are currently the best attacks on these versions. The attacks on Simon64 do not cover as many rounds as attacks using differential cryptanalysis but they work in the more natural setting of known plaintexts rather than chosen plaintexts.
Chemoprevention by naturally occurring and synthetic agents in oral, liver, and large bowel carcinogenesis

A number of naturally occurring compounds and several related synthetic agents were confirmed to exert chemopreventive properties against carcinogenesis in the digestive organs. Phenolic compounds, widely distributed as plant constituents, possess chemopreventive activities in tongue, liver, and large bowel of rodents. Of them, a simple phenolic protocatechuic acid seems to be a promising compound. Organosulfur compounds contained in the cruciferous vegetables and known to activate detoxifying enzymes are regarded as a candidate group for cancer preventive agents. We proved a strong protective effect of S‐methylmethanethiosulfonate, a constituent in these vegetables, on azoxymethane (AOM)‐induced large bowel carcinogenesis. Some oxygenated carotenoids (xanthophylls) are reported to have antitumor effects. Naturally occurring xanthophylls astaxanthin and canthaxanthin have considerable preventive activities on 4‐nitroquinoline‐1‐oxide (4‐NQO)‐induced tongue carcinogenesis and AOM‐induced large bowel carcinogenesis. A novel synthesized retinoidal butenolide, KYN‐54, which suppresses large bowel as well as tongue carcinogenesis, could be a useful agent for prevention of digestive organ cancers. Some trace elements are known to have anticarcinogenic effects. Magnesium hydroxide, a protective agent in colorectal carcinogenesis, inhibits c‐myc expression and ornithine decarboxylase activity in the mucosal epithelium of the intestine. Our results show that many agents with preventive effects in tongue, liver, and large bowel control carcinogen‐induced hyperproliferation of cells in these organs. Carcinogens used to induce large bowel cancers also induce apoptosis in the target sites. Telomerase activity is increased in the tissues of preneoplastic as well as neoplastic lesions in experimental models such as dimethylbenz[a]anthracene‐induced oral carcinogenesis in hamsters. These could be useful biomarkers in studies for cancer chemoprevention. J. Cell. Biochem. Suppl. 27:35–41. Published 1998 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Motivation and Second Language Acquisition: The Socio-Educational Model

Offering a historical and empirical account, this book provides a comprehensive overview of the socio-educational model of second language acquisition. This approach to understanding motivational variables that promote success in the learning of a second or foreign language - distinguishing between language classroom motivation and language learning motivation - is a major one in the history of this field of research. Chapters include a discussion of the definition and measurement of motivation; historical foundations of the model; recent studies with the International Attitude Motivation Test Battery for English as a foreign language in different countries; the implications of the model to the classroom context; and a discussion of criticisms and misconceptions of the model. The book provides graduate students and researchers with unique coverage of this research-oriented approach as well as serving as a source book for the area. It is ideal for courses on motivation in second language learning, or as a supplemental text for research-oriented courses in applied linguistics, educational psychology, or language research in general.
RIG‐I antiviral signaling drives interleukin‐23 production and psoriasis‐like skin disease

Retinoic acid inducible‐gene I (RIG‐I) functions as one of the major sensors of RNA viruses. DDX58, which encodes the RIG‐I protein, has been newly identified as a susceptibility gene in psoriasis. Here, we show that the activation of RIG‐I by 5′ppp‐dsRNA, its synthetic ligand, directly causes the production of IL‐23 and triggers psoriasis‐like skin disease in mice. Repeated injections of IL‐23 to the ears failed to induce IL‐23 production and a full psoriasis‐like skin phenotype, in either germ‐free or RIG‐I‐deficient mice. RIG‐I is also critical for a full development of skin inflammation in imiquimod (IMQ)‐induced psoriasis‐like mouse model. Furthermore, RIG‐I‐mediated endogenous IL‐23 production was mainly confined to the CD11c+ dendritic cells (DCs) via nuclear factor‐kappa B (NF‐κB) signaling, and stimulated RIG‐I expression in an auto‐regulatory feedback loop. Thus, our data suggest that the dysregulation in the antiviral immune responses of hosts through the innate pattern recognition receptors may trigger the skin inflammatory conditions in the pathophysiology of psoriasis.
A hyperbolic variant of the Nelder–Mead simplex method in low dimensions

Abstract The Nelder-Mead simplex method is a widespread applied numerical optimization method with a vast number of practical applications, but very few mathematically proven convergence properties. The original formulation of the algorithm is stated in Rn using terms of Euclidean geometry. In this paper we introduce the idea of a hyperbolic variant of this algorithm using the Poincaré disk model of the Bolyai- Lobachevsky geometry. We present a few basic properties of this method and we also give a Matlab implementation in 2 and 3 dimensions
Hypertension among Outpatients at a General Hospital in South Angola: Prevalence, Awareness, Treatment, and Control

Objective This study aimed to assess the prevalence, awareness, treatment, and control of hypertension in patients attending an outpatient clinic at a general hospital in Huambo, South Angola. Methods A total of 265 subjects aged 18 years and older were included. Evaluation included complete interview and blood pressure measurement using a validated automatic device. Results The prevalence rates of hypertension and prehypertension were 38.5% (95% confidence interval [CI]: 32.83%-44.90%) and 30.20% (95% CI: 24.52%-36.22%), respectively. Hypertension was associated with age (>35 years; odds ratio [OR] = 10.09, 95% CI: 5.46-18.66, P < 0.01) and female gender (OR = 1.81, 95% CI: 1.08-3.05, P = 0.02). Among total hypertensive patients, 54.9% were aware of their diagnosis, 28.43% were in treatment, and 7.84% had controlled blood pressure. Lack of awareness was significantly higher in younger (age ≤ 37 years; OR = 3.28, 95% CI: 1.13-9.49, P = 0.02). Conclusion This study revealed a high prevalence of hypertension, with low awareness, treatment, and control rates. Greater efforts are necessary to overcome these challenges.
DEVELOPMENTAL STABILITY, DISEASE AND MEDICINE

Developmental stability reflects the ability of a genotype to undergo stable development of a phenotype under given environmental conditions. Deviations from developmental stability arise from the disruptive effects of a wide range of environmental and genetic stresses, and such deviations are usually measured in terms of fluctuating asymmetry and phenodeviants. Fluctuating asymmetry is the most sensitive indicator of the ability to cope with stresses during ontogeny. There is considerable evidence that developmental stability, and especially fluctuating asymmetry, is a useful measure of phenotypic and genetic quality, because it covaries negatively with performance in multiple fitness domains in many species, including humans. It is proposed that developmental stability is an important marker of human health. Our goal is to initiate formally the integration of the sciences of evolutionary biology, developmental biology and medicine. We believe that this integrative framework provides a significant addition to the growing field of Darwinian medicine. The literature linking developmental stability and disease in humans is reviewed. Recent biological theoretical treatments pertaining to developmental stability are applied to a range of human health issues such as genetic diseases, ageing and survival, subfertility, abortion, child maltreatment by parents, cancer, infectious diseases, physiological and mental health, and physical attractiveness as a health certification.
IRP Discussion Papers

We reconsider the causal analysis of cognitive outcomes by Coleman, Hoffer, and Kilgore in the light of their reply to our earlier criticism, both of which were published in Sociology of Education (April/July 1982). Our previous conclusions are reinforced. The statistical methods, reporting style, and mode of inference of Coleman, Hoffer, and Kilgore fall below the minimum standards for social scientific research. Their conclusions about the virtues of private education and efficacy of educational policies are not warranted by their empirical evidence. PUBLIC AND PRIVATE SCHOOLS REVISITED
On the query complexity of clique size and maximum satisfiability

The paper explores the bounded query complexity of approximating the size of the maximum clique in a graph (clique size) and the number of simultaneously satisfiable clauses in a 3CNF formula (MAX3SAT). The results show that for certain approximation factors, approximating clique size and MAX3SAT are complete for corresponding bounded query classes under metric reductions. The completeness result is important because it shows that queries and approximation are interchangeable: NP queries can be used to solve NP-approximation problems and solutions to NP-approximation problems answer queries to NP oracles. Completeness also shows the existence of approximation preserving reductions from many NP-approximation problems to approximating clique size and MAX3SAT (e.g., from approximating chromatic number to approximating clique size). Finally, since query complexity is a quantitative complexity measure, these results also provide a framework for comparing the complexities of approximating clique size and approximating MAX3SAT. <<ETX>>
Traffic-load aware user association in dense unsaturated wireless networks

IEEE 802.11 based wireless local area networks (WLANs) have widespread deployment in a variety of settings in recent years. To improve the utilization of the networks, the problem of user association has been studied extensively that attempts to achieve load balance among APs. To quantify the traffic load conditions, different performance metrics have been adopted. In this paper, we focus on the unsaturated network condition. We show that the widely adopted airtime cost metric is inaccurate in predicting the channel access delay for the users under this condition. To this end, some new models are adopted to characterize the channel access delay by considering both the homogeneous and heterogeneous traffic load of different users, with which a game-theoretical based scheme is adopted for the user association problem. We compare the performance of our proposed scheme with several existing schemes under different scenarios. The results show that the proposed scheme achieve better performance in terms of traffic load balancing and fairness.
A Randomized Pilot Study of Aortic Waveform Guided Therapy in Chronic Heart Failure

Background Medication treatment decisions in heart failure (HF) are currently informed by measurements of brachial artery pressure, but ventricular afterload is more accurately represented by central aortic pressure, which differs from brachial pressure. We sought to determine whether aggressive titration of vasoactive medicines beyond goal‐directed heart failure medical therapy (GDMT) based upon aortic pressure improves exercise capacity and cardiovascular structure‐function. Methods and Results Subjects with chronic HF (n=50) underwent cardiopulmonary exercise testing, echocardiography, and arterial tonometry to measure aortic pressure and augmentation index, and were then randomized to aortic pressure‐guided treatment (active, n=23) or conventional therapy (control, n=27). Subjects returned for 6 monthly visits wherein GDMT was first optimized. Additional vasoactive therapies were then sequentially added with the goal to reduce aortic augmentation index to 0% (active) or if brachial pressure remained elevated (control). Subjects randomized to active treatment experienced greater improvement in peak oxygen consumption compared with controls (1.37±3.76 versus −0.65±2.21 mL min−1 kg−1, P=0.025) though reductions in aortic augmentation index were similar (−7±9% versus −5±6%, P=0.46). Forward stroke volume increased while arterial elastance and left ventricular volumes decreased in all participants, with no between‐group difference. Subjects randomized to active treatment were more likely to receive additional vasoactive therapies including nitrates, aldosterone antagonists and hydralazine, with no increased risk of hypotension or worsening renal function. Conclusions Maximization of goal‐directed medical therapy in heart failure patients may enhance afterload reduction and lead to reverse remodeling, while additional medicine titration based upon aortic pressure data improves exercise capacity in patients with heart failure.
DSP-FPGA based real-time power quality disturbances classifier

This paper describes an real-time classification method of power quality (PQ) disturbances based on DSP-FPGA. The proposed method simultaneously uses the results obtained in the application of a series of RMS values and the discrete Fourier transform to the power signal waveform. A series of RMS values are used for estimation of the time-related parameters of the PQ disturbances and the discrete Fourier transform is used for confirmation of the frequency-related parameters of the PQ disturbances. Without adding the computational burden, both the elementary parameters of the power signal and the type of PQ disturbance are obtained easily. A simple and effective methodology for classification of nine typical kinds of PQ disturbances is proposed in this paper. Five distinguished time-frequency statistical features of each type of PQ disturbances are extracted. Using a rule-based decision tree (RBDT), the PQ disturbances pattern can be recognized easily and there is no need to use other complicated classifiers. Finally, the method is also tested using both simulated disturbances and disturbances measured using an initial development instrument. Different experimental results show the good performance of this proposed approach. Real-time calculating time based on DSP is also taken into consideration to show the effectiveness of the proposed method.
Binturong (Arctictis binturong) and Kinkajou (Potos flavus) Digestive Strategy: Implications for Interpreting Frugivory in Carnivora and Primates

Exclusive frugivory is rare. As a food resource, fruit is temporally and spatially patchy, low in protein, and variable in terms of energy yield from different carbohydrate types. Here, we evaluate the digestive physiology of two frugivorous Carnivora species (Potos flavus, Arctictis binturong) that converge with primates in a diversity of ecological and anatomical traits related to fruit consumption. We conducted feeding trials to determine mean digestive retention times (MRT) on captive animals at the Carnivore Preservation Trust (now Carolina Tiger Rescue), Pittsboro, NC. Fecal samples were collected on study subjects for in vitro analysis to determine methane, pH, and short chain fatty acid profiles; fiber was assayed using standard neutral detergent (NDF) and acid detergent (ADF) fiber methods. Results indicate that both carnivoran species have rapid digestive passage for mammals that consume a predominantly plant-based diet: A. binturong MRT = 6.5 hrs (0.3); P. flavus MRT = 2.5 hrs (1.6). In vitro experiments revealed no fermentation of structural polysaccharides – methane levels did not shift from 0 h to either 24 or 48 hours and no short chain fatty acids were detected. In both species, however, pH declined from one incubation period to another suggesting acidification and bacterial activity of microbes using soluble carbohydrates. A comparison with primates indicates that the study species are most similar in digestive retention times to Ateles – the most frugivorous anthropoid primate taxon.
The handbook of child and adolescent systems of care: The new community psychiatry.

Tables and Figures. Foreword (Clarice Kestenbaum). Preface. Acknowledgments. PART ONE: CONCEPTUAL FOUNDATIONS OF SYSTEMS OF CARE. 1 A History of Community Child Mental Health (Ira S. Lourie). 2 Systems of Care: A Framework for Children's Mental Health Care (Beth A. Stroul). 3 Family Advocacy Development in Systems of Care (Charles Huffine, Deborah Anderson). 4 Collaboration Across Disciplines and Among Agencies Within Systems of Care (Mark Chenven, Barbara Brady). 5 Cultural Competence in Systems of Care for Children's Mental Health (Andres J. Pumariega). PART TWO: INTEGRATING CLINICAL MODALITIES INTO SYSTEMS OF CARE. 6 Strengthening the Clinical Perspective (Theodore Fallon, Jr). 7 Pharmacotherapy in Systems of Care for Children's Mental Health (Andres J. Pumariega, Theodore Fallon, Jr). 8 Evidence-Based Community-Based Interventions (Kenneth Rogers). 9 Case Management: The Linchpin of Community-Based Systems of Care (Nancy C. Winters, Elizabeth Terrell). PART THREE: WORKING ACROSS POPULATIONS AND SETTINGS. 10 A Conceptual Framework for an Early Childhood System of Care (Robert L. Klaehn, Jan Martner). 11 Youth in the Juvenile Justice System (William M. Heffron, Andres J. Pumariega, Theodore Fallon, Jr., Debbie R. Carter). 12 School-Based Mental Health Services: A Necessity, Not a Luxury (Gail K. Porter, Glen T. Pearson, Sandra Keenan, Jacquelyn Duval-Harvey). 13 Youth with Comorbid Disorders (Kieran D. O'Malley). 14 Collaboration with Primary Care: Sharing Risks, Goals, and Outcomes in an Integrated System of Care (Katherine E. Grimes). 15 Foster Children in the Child Welfare System (Larry Marx, Marilyn Benoit, Bruce Kamradt). PART FOUR: ADMINISTRATION AND EVALUATION OF SYSTEMS OF CARE. 16 Relationships Between Systems of Care and Federal, State, and Local Governments (Albert A. Zachik, William M. Heffron, Wade Junek, Andres Pumariega, Terry Russell). 17 Systems of Care and Managed Care: Are They Compatible? (Nancy C. Winters, Larry S. Marx, Andres J. Pumariega). 18 Systems of Care Under Legal Mandates (Thomas Vaughan, Andres J. Pumariega, Robert L. Klaehn). 19 Systems of Care Demonstration Projects: Innovation, Evaluation, and Sustainability (E. Wayne Holden, Rolando L. Santiago, Brigitte A. Manteuffel, Robert L. Stephens, Ana Maria Brannan, Robin Soler, Qinghong Liao, Freda Brashears, Susan Zaro). 20 The Role of Outcomes in Systems of Care: Quality Improvement and Program Evaluation (Barbara Friesen, Nancy C. Winters). 21 Training Child and Adolescent Psychiatrists and Child Mental Health Professionals for Systems of Care (Kaye L. McGinty, John M. Diamond, Michael B. Brown, Susan L. McCammon). The Editors. The Contributors. Name Index. Subject Index.
Feature Engineering for Predictive Modeling using Reinforcement Learning

Feature engineering is a crucial step in the process of predictive modeling. It involves the transformation of given feature space, typically using mathematical functions, with the objective of reducing the modeling error for a given target. However, there is no well-defined basis for performing effective feature engineering. It involves domain knowledge, intuition, and most of all, a lengthy process of trial and error. The human attention involved in overseeing this process significantly influences the cost of model generation. We present a new framework to automate feature engineering. It is based on performance driven exploration of a transformation graph, which systematically and compactly captures the space of given options. A highly efficient exploration strategy is derived through reinforcement learning on past examples.