Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Modeling circulation and seasonal fluctuations in perennially ice‐covered and ice‐walled Lake Untersee, Antarctica

Lake Untersee, Antarctica, is a freshwater perennially ice covered lake bounded along its north by the Anuchin glacier. The Massachusetts Institute of Technology general circulation model, used on a representative wedge‐shaped lake and actual bathymetry for Lake Untersee, produces estimates for circulation and long‐term temperature and mixing trends. Modeled circulation is dominated by an anticyclonic gyre in front of the glacier, with slower ∼ 3 mm s−1 flow exhibited around the lake's perimeter, allowing effective mixing throughout most of the lake with time scales of one month. Estimated velocities bound maximal glacial flour particle size at ∼ 10 μm for effective transport throughout the lake, consistent with the sediment's mostly fine composition observed in field studies, and mixing time scales mean nonuniformities in measured O2 concentration likely require recent or ongoing sources. Areas in which large temperature gradients prevent exchange of fluid demonstrate minimal mixing, such as the lake's upper water layers and the anoxic basin in the south, and circulation is consistently slowed in the northern sheltered bay area. Mean flow velocities fluctuate by about one fifth of their magnitude between summer and winter, and the lake's almost homothermal body temperature varies by about one tenth of a degree over the same period. While calculated temperature profiles qualitatively agree with field data, the model's long‐term equilibrium temperature differs substantially, likely due to poor description of heat transfer with the glacier. Model robustness tests show results differ by ∼ 10% when either grid scale or water temperature are halved.
Market Power in the Norwegian Electricity Market: Are the Transmission Bottlenecks Truly Exogenous?

In this paper, we test whether producers in the southern Norway price zone utilize information on available transmission capacity to induce transmission congestion in their price zone to exercise market power or not. Endogeneity results for import congestion suggest that congestion is endogenous during late night and morning hours implying that producers in southern Norway restrict their output to induce transmission congestion into their price zone. We find an average markup of about 19.5 percent above the marginal cost during these hours. These results point that NordPool’s policy of making transmission capacity information public to ensure market transparency is not welfare maximizing as strategic producers can use this information to anticipate and induce transmission congestion into their price zone for driving prices away from the competitive levels.
Mail and internet surveys: The tailored design method, 2nd ed.

Preface to the 2007 Update.Preface to the Second Edition.Acknowledgments. Part One: ELEMENTS OF THE TAILORED DESIGN METHOD.1 Introduction to Tailored Design.2 Writing Questions.3 Constructing the Questionnaire.4 Survey Implementation.5 Reduction of Coverage and Sampling Errors.Part Two: TAILORING TO THE SURVEY SITUATION.6 Mixed-Mode Surveys.7 Alternative Questionnaire Delivery: In Person, to Groups, and through Publications.8 When Timing Is Critical: Diary, Customer Satisfaction, and Election Forecast Surveys.9 Household and Individual Person Surveys by Government.10 Surveys of Businesses and Other Organizations.11 Internet and Interactive Voice Response Surveys.12 Optical Scanning and Imaging, and the Future of Self-Administered Surveys.References. 2007 Appendix: Recent Developments in the Design of Web, Mail, and Mixed-Mode Surveys.Appendix References.Index.
Relating permeability and electrical resistivity in fractures using random resistor network models

We use random resistor network models to explore the relationship between electrical resistivity and permeability in a fracture filled with an electrically conductive fluid. Fluid flow and current are controlled by both the distribution and the volume of pore space. Therefore, the aperture distribution of fractures must be accurately modeled in order to realistically represent their hydraulic and electrical properties. We have constructed fracture surface pairs based on characteristics measured on rock samples. We use these to construct resistor networks with variable hydraulic and electrical resistance in order to investigate the changes in both properties as a fault is opened. At small apertures, electrical conductivity and permeability increase moderately with aperture until the fault reaches its percolation threshold. Above this point, the permeability increases by 4 orders of magnitude over a change in mean aperture of less than 0.1 mm, while the resistivity decreases by up to a factor of 10 over this aperture change. Because permeability increases at a greater rate than matrix to fracture resistivity ratio, the percolation threshold can also be defined in terms of the matrix to fracture resistivity ratio, M. The value of M at the percolation threshold, MPT, varies with the ratio of rock to fluid resistivity, the fault spacing, and the fault offset. However, MPT is almost always less than 10. Greater M values are associated with fractures above their percolation threshold. Therefore, if such M values are observed over fluid‐filled fractures, it is likely that they are open for fluid flow.
Synthetic Hybrid Broadband Seismograms Based on InSAR Coseismic Displacements

Abstract Conventional acceleration records do not properly account for the observed coseismic ground displacements, thus leading to an inaccurate definition of the seismic demand needed for the design of flexible (long period) structures. Large coseismic displacements observed during the 27 February 2010 Maule earthquake suggest that this effect should be included in the design of flexible structures by modifying the design ground motions and spectra considered. Consequently, Green’s functions are used herein to compute synthetic low‐frequency seismograms that are consistent with the coseismic displacement field obtained from interferometry using synthetic aperture radar (SAR) images. In this case, the coseismic displacement field was determined by interfering twenty SAR images of the Advanced Land Observation Satellite (ALOS)/PALSAR satellite taken between 12 October 2007 and 28 May 2010. These images cover the region affected by the 2010 M w 8.8 Maule earthquake. Synthetic broadband seismograms are built by superimposing the low‐pass filtered synthetic low‐frequency seismograms with high‐frequency strong‐motion data. The broadband seismograms generated are then consistent with the coseismic displacement field and the high‐frequency content of the earthquake. A sensitivity analysis is performed using three different fault and slip parameters, the rupture velocity, the corner frequency, and the slip rise time. Results show that the optimal corner frequency of the low‐pass filter f c =1/ T c , leads to a trade‐off between acceleration and displacement accuracy. Furthermore, spectral response for long periods, say T ≥8 s, is relatively insensitive to the value of T c , whereas shorter periods are strongly dependent on both the slip rise time and T c . In general, larger displacements consistent with coseismic data are obtained using this technique instead of digitally processing the acceleration ground‐motion records.
Comparing Agriculture‐Related Characteristics of Flash and Normal Drought Reveals Heterogeneous Crop Response

Despite rapid progress in the burgeoning field of flash drought research, few studies directly compare the differences in characteristics between flash drought (commonly understood as quick, rapid‐onset drought) and drought traditionally defined as slow‐moving (henceforth normal drought), particularly over agricultural regions where drought effects may be economically the most disastrous. In this study, flash and normal drought events are identified using reanalysis of soil moisture in the data‐rich agricultural region of the California Central Valley for investigation of characteristics related to agriculture. In particular, we investigate the relative duration of pixels in drought events, the correlation of drought intensity with vegetation condition, the impact of aridity on vegetation response and drought, and the differences in the different characteristics between rainfed and irrigated agriculture. Overall, we found considerable differences between flash and normal drought, particularly in their spatial distributions and behavior in relation to aridity. Flash droughts even indicate a counterintuitive improvement in vegetation condition in the northern, more humid regions, likely due to the release of growth limiting factors (e.g., below‐optimum temperature and radiation) associated with drought. Results also indicate improvements in vegetation conditions during normal drought for irrigated land over rainfed, highlighting the importance of irrigation as a drought protection strategy in agriculture.
Differentiating Behavioral Ratings of Inattention , Impulsivity , and Hyperactivity in Children : Effects on Reading Achievement

The purpose of the study is to differentiate between behaviors of ADHD: inattention, hyperactivity, and impulsivity and how each domain contributes to reading achievement in elementary school-aged children. Data from 131 children were collected, which included performance from reading fluency and comprehension measures as well as parent and teacher ratings of ADHD behaviors based on the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (4th ed.; DSM-IV) criteria. Correlation and regression analyses revealed that inattentive behaviors were strongly linked to reading fluency and comprehension. Hyperactivity and impulsive behaviors did not predict reading achievement. A significant two-way interaction was found only for gender and inattention with reading comprehension as the outcome. Many of the behaviors related to inattention strongly predicted reading fluency, reading comprehension, and overall reading ability. Boys who exhibited inattentive behaviors performed more poorly on reading comprehension measures than girls with inattentive behaviors. Monitoring progress regularly at home and in school is important for children with reading and attention difficulties to determine whether treatment (e.g., medications, parent training) or school-based interventions and services are helping the child to succeed academically and socially. Brief rating scales serve that purpose well, particularly for parents and teachers to evaluate the child in different settings. For young children at risk of early reading or behavioral problems, practitioners should use these brief rating scales or other similar tools in developmental screenings or assessments. In addition, longitudinal studies can also be helpful to look at the utility of behavioral outcomes in each grade level. Citation Pham, A. (2013). Differentiating behavioral ratings of inattention, impulsivity, and hyperactivity in children: Effects on reading achievement. Journal of Attention Disorders. Advance online publication. Abstract Mentoring has been studied extensively as it is linked to protégé career development and growth. Recent mentoring research is beginning to acknowledge however that mentors also can accrue substantial benefits from mentoring. A meta-analysis was conducted where the provision of career, psychosocial and role modeling mentoring support were associated with five types of subjective career outcomes for mentors: job satisfaction, organizational commitment, turnover intent, job performance, and career success. The findings indicated that mentors versus non-mentors were more satisfied with their jobs and committed to the organization.
Examining physical activity participation barriers among adults 50 years and older: a scoping review

Abstract Background Addressing physical activity (PA) barriers is essential for increasing PA levels in middle-aged and older adults. However, there are no recommendations on selecting PA barrier assessment tools. Objectives Thus, we aimed to identify and provide clinimetric properties on PA barrier assessment tools that healthcare providers, exercise experts, and public health officials can use to examine potential barriers faced by community-dwelling adults 50 years and older. Methods We performed a systematic search of the following databases: PubMed, PsycINFO, CINAHL, and Web of Science. Articles were included if they presented clinimetric data on a PA participation barrier assessment tool for community-dwelling participants with a mean age of 50 years and older. The 561 identified articles underwent multiple rounds of blinded reviews. Included articles underwent data extraction for participant characteristics, scoring, constructs, reference tests, and clinimetric properties. Results The 35 included articles reported on 33 different PA participation barrier assessment tools. Eighteen articles reported on participants with cardiovascular, musculoskeletal, or neurological diagnoses, diabetes, hemodialysis, history of cancer, or mobility limitations. Tools with two or more supporting publications included the Exercise Benefits/Barrier Scale (EBBS), Episode-Specific Interpretations of Exercise Inventory (ESIE), and Inventory of Physical Activity and Barriers (IPAB). Due to differences in methodologies, across-tool comparison was not possible. Conclusion The EBBS, ESIE, and IPAB are promising tools for community-dwelling adults 50 years and older. However, additional research is warranted to identify the best PA barrier assessment tool among adults 50 years and older.
Policing gun crimes: A comprehensive review of strategies and effectiveness

This paper provides a comprehensive review of various studies of police initiatives and practices in dealing with gun crimes. It is aimed at developing a detailed as well as general understanding of different police strategies and their effectiveness in reducing gun crime. The results include two classifications, one on research designs and the other on various police strategies and their effectiveness. They suggest an expanded categorization of police strategies for addressing gun crimes from uniformed targeted patrols and focused deterrence to situational/routine activities and tech-driven law enforcement. Related issues and concerns including methodological flaws were also discussed.
Southern Hemisphere high-resolution palaeoclimate records of the last 2000 years

This study presents a comprehensive assessment of high-resolution Southern Hemisphere (SH) paleoarchives covering the last 2000 years. We identified 174 monthly to annually resolved climate proxy (tree ring, coral, ice core, documentary, speleothem and sedimentary) records from the Hemisphere. We assess the interannual and decadal sensitivity of each proxy record to large-scale circulation indices from the Pacific, Indian and Southern Ocean regions over the twentieth century. We then analyse the potential of this newly expanded palaeoclimate network to collectively represent predictands (sea surface temperature, sea level pressure, surface air temperature and precipitation) commonly used in climate reconstructions. The key dynamical centres-of-action of the equatorial Indo-Pacific are well captured by the palaeoclimate network, indicating that there is considerable reconstruction potential in this region, particularly in the post AD 1600 period when a number of long coral records are available. Current spatiotemporal gaps in data coverage and regions where significant potential for future proxy collection exists are discussed. We then highlight the need for new and extended records from key dynamical regions of the Southern Hemisphere. Although large-scale climate field reconstructions for the SH are in their infancy, we report that excellent progress in the development of regional proxies now makes plausible estimates of continental- to hemispheric-scale climate variations possible.
Hippocampal sclerosis of aging at post‐mortem is evident on MRI more than a decade prior

Hippocampal sclerosis of aging (HS) is an important component of combined dementia neuropathology. However, the temporal evolution of its histologically‐defined features is unknown. We investigated pre‐mortem longitudinal hippocampal atrophy associated with HS, as well as with other dementia‐associated pathologies.
Simulations of Io Plasma Torus Around Jupiter: Predictions for Lenghu Observatory

Characterizing the temporal evolution of the three‐dimensional structure of the Io plasma torus is essential to understand the dynamics of the Jovian magnetosphere. Optical imaging is a powerful tool to uncover the global torus structure. Currently, two ground‐based optical telescopes with diameters of 0.8 and 1.8 m, respectively, are under construction at the Lenghu Observatory for Planetary Science on the Tibetan Plateau of China, to systematically observe the Io plasma torus at wavelengths between 392 and 1,100 nm. These telescopes will begin to operate in the end of 2023. In order to support the inversion and scientific interpretation of the Io plasma torus images, we perform systematic simulations of the Io plasma torus in this work. First, a three‐dimensional model of electron and ion densities and electron temperature is constructed first. Then, the emissions of O+ 372.7 nm, O+ 372.9 nm, S+ 406.9 nm, S+ 671.8 nm, S+ 673.1 nm, and S++ 953.2 nm are simulated from the perspective of observing from the Earth. The simulated emission intensities and distributions are consistent with previous observations. This work provides a state‐of‐the‐art convenient tool for ground‐based telescope observation of the Io plasma torus at a specific site and time and also benefits future inversion of images to obtain physical parameters of Io plasma torus.
Charaterization of Citrus Hybrid ＂Huangguogan＂ through the Combination of Morphological and Molecular Markers

Huangguogan, an obvious Citrus hybrid, is suitable for transportation and export and ripens in March or April. Because of late season, it may play a significant role in fruit market. However, its origin is still unconfirmed. The aim of this study was to clarify the possible parentage of Huangguogan via the combination of morphological and molecular markers including simple sequence repeat (SSR) and chloroplast simple sequence repeat (cpSSR). Analysis of morphological traits including leaf stalk length, phylliform index and fruit shape index indicated that Huangguogan had similarities in morphology with Sweet orange. The SSR Cluster Analysis showed that Huangguogan was clustered together with Hongju tangerine and revealed ~80% genetic similarity. They illustrated a close genetic distance between Huangguogan and Hongju tangerine. In addition, the bands of 2 polymorphic cpSSR were identical in Huangguoggan and Sweet orange. Consequently, it is likely that its female parentage was the sweet orange (Citrus sinensis (L.) Osbeck) and its male parentage was the tangerine (Citrus reticulata Blanco).
Crime Discounting of Violent Victimization: The Role of Crime Type and Incident-Level Correlates

Many crime victims do not report their victimization and rates of reporting are disparate across crime types. While research has established victims are least likely to report sexual assault, less known is whether the crime discounting process affects reporting rates and whether this process differs by crime type. This paper thus examines reporting for robbery, sexual assault, and physical assault incidents, particularly exploring victims who indicated their incident was “not a crime. ” Using the National Crime Victimization Survey (n = 15,012) and a series of logistic regressions, this study found that, holding a number of incident-level correlates constant, crime type was the most salient predictor of reporting to police and nonreporting because the incident was “not a crime. ”
The Efficiency of Real-World Bargaining: Evidence from Wholesale Used-Auto Auctions

This study empirically quantifies the efficiency of a real-world bargaining game with two-sided incomplete information. Myerson and Satterthwaite (1983) and Williams (1987) derived the theoretical ex-ante efficient frontier for bilateral trade under two-sided uncertainty and demonstrated that it falls short of ex-post efficiency, but little is known about how well bargaining performs in practice. Using about 265,000 sequences of a game of alternating-offer bargaining following an ascending auction in the wholesale used-car industry, this study estimates (or bounds) distributions of buyer and seller valuations and evaluates where realized bargaining outcomes lie relative to efficient outcomes. Results demonstrate that the ex-ante and ex-post efficient outcomes are close to one another, but that the real bargaining falls short of both, suggesting that the bargaining is indeed inefficient but that this inefficiency is not solely due to the information constraints highlighted in Myerson and Satterthwaite (1983). Quantitatively, findings indicate that 17–24% of negotiating pairs fail to trade even though gains from trade exist, leading an efficiency loss of 12–23% of the available gains from trade.
High gain modified SEPIC converter with asymmetrical switched inductor super lift cell for renewable energy applications

ABSTRACT This paper provides a modified single-ended primary inductor converter (SEPIC) with an asymmetrical switched inductor super lift cell (ASISLC) for renewable energy applications. Solar, fuel cells, and so on, provide low output voltage, which is not sufficient for high voltage dc grid or dc loads. Therefore, the existence of a high gain DC-DC converter is mandatory. The proposed converter provides high gain, high efficiency, and less voltage stress at a low duty cycle. The proposed converter incorporates switched inductor together with a super lift cell. The super lift cell has a charge pump capacitor is connected in an asymmetrical fashion. The proposed converter offers continuous current at the input together with the above-mentioned advantages. This paper explains the operation of the ASISLC SEPIC converter in continuous conduction mode (CCM) and discontinuous conduction mode (DCM). The operating principle, theoretical analysis, design process, and comparison of the suggested converters with converters from the literature that use similar operating principles are all discussed in this paper. A MATLAB simulation is done and their results are provided. Finally, a hardware prototype for 200W, 50 kHz switching frequency is built and their results are validated to authenticate the effectiveness of the proposed converter.