Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Wavelet Analysis of Solar Flare Hard X-Rays

We apply a multiresolution analysis to hard X-ray (HXR) time profiles f(t) of solar flares. This method is based on a wavelet transform (with triangle-shaped wavelets), which yields a dynamic decomposition of the power at different timescales T, the scalogram P(T, t). For stationary processes, time-averaged power coefficients, the scalegram S(T), can be calculated. We develop an algorithm to transform these (multiresolution) scalegrams S(T) into a standard distribution function of physical timescales, N(T). We analyze 647 solar flares observed with the Compton Gamma Ray Observatory (CGRO), recorded at energies ≥25 keV with a time resolution of 64 ms over 4 minutes in each flare. The main findings of our wavelet analysis are: 1. In strong flares, the shortest detected timescales are found in the range Tmin ≈ 0.1-0.7 s. These minimum timescales are found to correlate with the flare loop size r (measured from Yohkoh images in 46 flares), according to the relation Tmin(r) ≈ 0.5(r/109 cm) s. Moreover, these minimum timescales are subject to a cutoff, Tmin(ne) ≳ TDefl(ne), which corresponds to the electron collisional deflection time at the loss-cone site of the flare loops (inferred from energy-dependent time delays in CGRO data). 2. In smoothly varying flares, the shortest detected timescales are found in the range Tmin ≈ 0.5-5 s. Because these smoothly varying flares exhibit also large trap delays, the lack of detected fine structure is likely to be caused by the convolution with trapping times. 3. In weak flares, the shortest detected timescales cover a large range, Tmin ≈ 0.5-50 s, mostly affected by Poisson noise. 4. The scalegrams S(T) show a power-law behavior with slopes of βmax ≈ 1.5-3.2 (for strong flares) over the timescale range of [Tmin, Tpeak]. Dominant peaks in the timescale distribution N(T) are found in the range Tpeak ≈ 0.5-102 s, often coinciding with the upper cutoff of N(T). These observational results indicate that the fastest significant HXR time structures detected with wavelets (in strong flares) are related to physical parameters of propagation and collision processes. If the minimum timescale Tmin is associated with an Alfvénic crossing time through elementary acceleration cells, we obtain sizes of racc ≈ 75-750 km, which have a scale-invariant ratio racc/r ≈ 0.03 to flare loops and are consistent with cell sizes inferred from the frequency bandwidth of decimetric millisecond spikes.
High-throughput beam splitters for high-order harmonics in soft-x-ray region

We demonstrated two high-throughput beam splitters for high-order harmonics in soft-x-ray region, an extremely-flat free-standing thin-film filter and a high-damage-threshold reflective beam splitter. The Al thin-film filter, which is coated with a SiC film to increase its oxidation tolerance, has a transmittance of 29% at 30 nm and the Si plate beam splitter set at Brewster's angle with respect to the pump wavelength has a reflectivity of 56% at 30 nm.
Reliability and Validity of a Wearable Sensing System and Online Gait Analysis Report in Persons after Stroke

The restoration of gait and mobility after stroke is an important and challenging therapy goal due to the complexity of the potentially impaired functions. As a result, precise and clinically feasible assessment methods are required for personalized gait rehabilitation after stroke. The aim of this study is to investigate the reliability and validity of a sensor-based gait analysis system in stroke survivors with different severities of gait deficits. For this purpose, 28 chronic stroke survivors (9 women, ages: 62.04 ± 11.68 years) with mild to moderate walking impairments performed a set of ambulatory assessments (3× 10MWT, 1× 6MWT per session) twice while being equipped with a sensor suit. The derived gait reports provided information about speed, step length, step width, swing and stance phases, as well as joint angles of the hip, knee, and ankle, which we analyzed for test-retest reliability and hypothesis testing. Further, test-retest reliability resulted in a mean ICC of 0.78 (range: 0.46–0.88) for walking 10 m and a mean ICC of 0.90 (range: 0.63–0.99) for walking 6 min. Additionally, all gait parameters showed moderate-to-strong correlations with clinical scales reflecting lower limb function. These results support the applicability of this sensor-based gait analysis system for individuals with stroke-related walking impairments.
Diffraction of Electromagnetic Plane Wave by a Perfectly Conducting Cylinder Using Physical Theory of Diffraction with Transition Currents

The physical theory of diffraction with transition currents (PTD-TC) is used to predict the electromagnetic fields diffracted by obstacles with or without edges, and its usefulness is verified by applying it to perfectly conducting rectangular and ogive cylinders. Edge and transition currents are borrowed from the solution of canonical problems of wedge and circular cylinders. Transition currents of curved surfaces are represented in the form of the Fock-type integral. For an obstacle with edges, the currents near the edges are expressed by eigenfunction expansion. The currents of other parts are represented by the Fresnel integral, which has a slightly different form than that derived by Kouyoumjian and Pathak. Numerical results of far-scattered patterns are obtained and compared with those obtained by the method of moments. It was found that the present method gives very precise results.
Posidonia oceanica (L.) Delile at Its Westernmost Biogeographical Limit (Northwestern Alboran Sea): Meadow Features and Plant Phenology

Meadows of the seagrass Posidonia oceanica inhabit most infralittoral bottoms of the Mediterranean Sea and are considered one of the main climax stages of the infralittoral environment. This seagrass has its western distributional limit along the coast of the Alboran Sea. Taking into account the decline of P. oceanica meadows and the global scenario of ocean warming, it becomes essential to know the structure, temporal dynamics, sexual reproduction and conservation status of this seagrass, across its geographical distribution, including the distribution boundaries where the meadows withstand limiting environmental conditions. In the present work, we studied the structure, phenology and flowering events of four P. oceanica meadows located in the northwestern Alboran Sea (close to the Strait of Gibraltar). Results indicate a decreasing trend of patch size, bathymetric range and number of leaves per shoot towards the Strait (and the Atlantic Ocean), as well as an increasing trend of shoot density and leaf height. Phenological parameters of the northwestern Alboran Sea P. oceanica meadows presented temporal dynamics similar to meadows from other locations within the biogeographical distribution of this seagrass, with similar or even less annual variability in the former. Although most of the studied P. oceanica meadows seem to present a good health status (BiPo index ~0.6) with high shoot densities and some flowering events, some of them showed evidence of regression.
Absorption spectrum of SiH in the vacuum ultraviolet

A new electronic transition of SiH has been observed in absorption near 1907 A in flash discharges through mixtures of SiH4 and H2. The rotational analysis shows this transition to be of the type 2Σ+−2Π. The corresponding transition of SiD has also been observed and analyzed. The D2Δ−X2Π transition near 2058 A which was observed and analyzed by Verma in SiD has been measured here for SiH, where the lines are much broader on account of predissociation. The predissociation phenomena in SiH and SiD and the electron configurations are briefly discussed, and the presently known molecular constants of these molecules are summarized.
Targeting Occipital Headache Pain

Supplemental Digital Content is available in the text. Background and Objectives: Occipital nerve block (ONB) is an effective procedure for treating occipital headache pain. However, traditional suboccipital approaches to ONB remain underutilized in acute and chronic settings. An alternative location for ONB is the superior nuchal line, where anatomic studies show a reliable relationship between the occipital artery (OA) and greater occipital nerve. This study evaluated the efficacy and validity of an alternative, single skin insertion, paresthesia-based approach to block both the greater and lesser occipital nerve. Materials and Methods: Patients with a clinical diagnosis of occipital headache were included in this study. External landmarks of the cervical spinous process and ipsilateral tragus were used to predict the location of the OA pulse at the superior nuchal line. Alternative ONB technique was used to block both the greater and lesser occipital nerves using single skin insertion and paresthesia confirmation. Demographic data, preprocedure, and postprocedure pain scores were collected, along with the incidence of procedural outcomes, including OA pulse palpation, paresthesia, and postprocedure numbness. Results: Data were obtained prospectively from 50 patients. Mean pain scores for the sample decreased by 54.64% postprocedure (P<0.001). Greater occipital nerve paresthesia was confirmed 90.0% on the left (95% confidence interval [CI]: 76.3-97.2) and 90.9% on the right side (95% CI: 78.3-97.5). Postprocedure numbness in greater occipital nerve distribution was reported 80.6% on left (95% CI: 64.0-91.8) and 90% on right (95% CI: 76.3-97.2). Discussion: The results suggest that this alternative approach to ONB effectively reduces occipital headache pain and reliably predicts OA pulse and related greater occipital nerve location as confirmed by paresthesia.
Task-based performance analysis of SART for digital breast tomosynthesis using signal CNR and channelised Hotelling observers

In this study, we examine the performance of the simultaneous algebraic reconstruction technique (SART) for digital breast tomosynthesis under variations in key imaging parameters, such as the number of iterations, number of projections, angular range, initial guess, radiation dose, etc. We use a real breast CT volume as a ground truth digital phantom from which to simulate x-ray projections under the various selected conditions. The reconstructed image quality is measured using task-based metrics, namely signal CNR and the AUC of a Channelised Hotelling Observer with Laguerre-Gauss basis functions. The task at hand is a signal-known-exactly (SKE) task, where the objective is to detect a simulated mass inserted into the breast CT volume.
Discovery of a Novel Trifluoromethyl Diazirine Inhibitor of SARS-CoV-2 Mpro

SARS-CoV-2 Mpro is a chymotrypsin-like cysteine protease playing a relevant role during the replication and infectivity of SARS-CoV-2, the coronavirus responsible for COVID-19. The binding site of Mpro is characterized by the presence of a catalytic Cys145 which carries out the hydrolytic activity of the enzyme. As a consequence, several Mpro inhibitors have been proposed to date in order to fight the COVID-19 pandemic. In our work, we designed, synthesized and biologically evaluated MPD112, a novel inhibitor of SARS-CoV-2 Mpro bearing a trifluoromethyl diazirine moiety. MPD112 displayed in vitro inhibition activity against SARS-CoV-2 Mpro at a low micromolar level (IC50 = 4.1 μM) in a FRET-based assay. Moreover, an inhibition assay against PLpro revealed lack of inhibition, assuring the selectivity of the compound for the Mpro. Furthermore, the target compound MPD112 was docked within the binding site of the enzyme to predict the established intermolecular interactions in silico. MPD112 was subsequently tested on the HCT-8 cell line to evaluate its effect on human cells’ viability, displaying good tolerability, demonstrating the promising biological compatibility and activity of a trifluoromethyl diazirine moiety in the design and development of SARS-CoV-2 Mpro binders.
A Super-Resolution Scheme for Multichannel Radar Forward-Looking Imaging Considering Failure Channels and Motion Error

To obtain high-resolution images of the objects in front of platform, a super-resolution scheme for multichannel radar forward-looking imaging considering failure channels and motion error is proposed in this study. In the scheme, a failure channel detection method based on the correlation of pulse-compressed data of different channels is presented first, and then a revised steering matrix considering failure channels and motion error is constructed. Finally, the echo data are processed by the iterative adaptive approach (IAA) with the revised steering matrix. Simulation results are given to illustrate the effectiveness of the proposed scheme when dealing with failure channels and motion error.
When Does ca(Σ, X) Contain a Copy of l ∞ or C 0 ?

For a a-algebra 1 and a Banach space X, ca(X, X) is the Banach space of all vector measures from X to X . If E admits a nonzero atomless finite positive measure, then ca(X, X) D 1. (or c0) if and only if there is a noncompact bounded linear operator from 12 to X (Theorem 1). Otherwise, ca(? , X) D 1. (or c0) if and only if X D l00 (or c0) (Theorem 2). Let E be a a-algebra on a nonempty set S, and X be a Banach space. Then ca(X, X) denotes the Banach space of all countably additive vector measures ,u: E X under the sup-norm Jl,ull = supE Ilu(E)HI. (This norm is of course equivalent with the more commonly used semivariation norm.) If Z is a Banach space, we write Z D 1 (or c0) to indicate that Z contains an isomorphic copy of lo (or c0). The purpose of this paper is to give a complete answer, in terms of X and X, to the question stated in the title. In [5, Corollary 4] it has been recently shown that the subspace cca(X, X) of ca(X, X), consisting of measures with relatively norm compact ranges, contains an isomorph of l1 if and only if X D 100. Somewhat surprisingly, it is in general not true that ca(X, X) D 1. implies X D l0 (the converse is always valid trivially). Here are our main results. Theorem 1. Suppose the u-algebra X admits a nonzero atomless finite positive measure. Then the following are equivalent. (a) ca(l, X) :) 100' (b) There exists a noncompact bounded linear operator from 12 to X. (c) ca(X, X) D co . Theorem 2. Suppose every nonzero finite positive measure on E is purely atomic. Then: (A) ca(X, X) D c0 X X D 10. (B) ca(l, X) D co X* X D co . Received by the editors June 20, 1989; the results of this paper were presented at the Polish-GDR Seminar on Functional Analysis held in Georgenthal (GDR), March 31-April 5, 1989. 1980 Mathematics Subject Classification (1985 Revision). Primary 46G 10, 46E27, 46B20, 46B25.
Linear-eddy modelling of turbulent transport. Part 6. Microstructure of diffusive scalar mixing fields

The linear-eddy approach for modelling molecular mixing in turbulent flow involves stochastic simulation on a one-dimensional domain with sufficient resolution to include all physically relevant lengthscales. In each realization, molecular diffusion is implemented deterministically, punctuated by a sequence of instantaneous, statistically independent ‘rearrangement events’ (measure-preserving maps) representing turbulent stirring. These events emulate the effect of compressive strain on the scalar field. An inertial-range similarity law is incorporated. The model reproduces key features of scalar power spectra, including dependences of spectra! amplitudes and transition wavenumbers on Reynolds and Schmidt numbers. Computed scaling exponents governing scalar power spectra, higher-order fluctuation statistics such as structure functions, and the spatial distribution of scalar level crossings are close to measured exponents. It is inferred that the characterization of stirring as a sequence of independent events (the model analogue of eddies) leads to a useful representation of mixing-field microstructure.
Low-cost flexible thin film thermoelectric generator on zinc based thermoelectric materials

The high cost and complex production technique restrict the use of the conventional thermoelectric generators. In this work, we demonstrate a promising flexible thin film thermoelectric generator using the N-type Al-doped ZnO and P-type Zn-Sb based thin film. By using the cost-effective zinc based thermoelectric materials and flexible substrate, we greatly reduce the cost production of thin film thermoelectric generator. The maximum output power of our device with 10 couples is 246.3 μW when the temperature difference is 180 K. The maximum output power of the flexible thin film thermoelectric generator produced per couple and per unit temperature difference was 0.14 μW per K-couple, which is about several times that of other thin film reported. The thin film thermoelectric generator with low cost and excellent output power was fabricated on flexible substrate, which is can be made into various shapes for micro- and nano-energy application.
Software-Based Assessment of Well-Aerated Lung at CT for Quantification of Predicted Pulmonary Function in Resected NSCLC

Background: To test the agreement between postoperative pulmonary function tests 12 months after surgery (mpo-PFTs) for non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) and predicted lung function based on the quantification of well-aerated lung (WAL) at staging CT (sCT). Methods: We included patients with NSCLC who underwent lobectomy or segmentectomy without a history of thoracic radiotherapy or chemotherapy treatment with the availability of PFTs at 12 months follow-up. Postoperative predictive (ppo) lung function was calculated using the resected lobe WAL (the lung volume between −950 and −750 HU) at sCT. The Spearman correlation coefficient (rho) and intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) were used to the test the agreement between WAL ppo-PFTs and mpo-PFTs. Results: the study included 40 patients (68 years-old, IQR 62–74 years-old; 26/40, 65% males). The WAL ppo-forced expiratory volume in 1 s (FEV1) and the ppo-diffusing capacity of the lung for carbon monoxide (%DLCO) were significantly correlated with corresponding mpo-PFTs (rho = 0.842 and 0.717 respectively; p < 0.001). The agreement with the corresponding mpo-PFTs of WAL ppo-FEV1 was excellent (ICC 0.904), while it was good (ICC 0.770) for WAL ppo-%DLCO. Conclusions: WAL ppo-FEV1 and WAL ppo-%DLCO at sCT showed, respectively, excellent and good agreement with corresponding mpo-PFTs measured 12 months after surgery for NSCLC. WAL is an easy parameter obtained by staging CT that can be used to estimate post-resection lung function for patients with borderline pulmonary function undergoing lung surgery.
Effects of Oxygen-Containing Functional Groups on the Electrochemical Performance of Activated Carbon for EDLCs

Activated carbon (AC) is used in commercial electric double-layer capacitors (EDLC) as electrode active material owing to its favorable properties. However, oxygen functional groups (OFGs) present in AC reduce the lifespan of EDLCs. Thus, we investigated the correlation between the OFGs in AC and their electrochemical characteristics. Samples were prepared by heat-treating commercial AC at 300 °C–900 °C for 1 h under two gas atmospheres (N2 and 4% H2/N2 mixed gas). The textural properties were studied, and the reduction characteristics of AC under Ar and H2/Ar mixed gas atmospheres were investigated. Additionally, changes in the OFGs with respect to the heat-treatment conditions were examined via X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. The specific surface areas of AC-N and AC-H were 2220–2040 and 2220–2090 m2/g, respectively. Importantly, the samples treated in hydrogen gas exhibited a higher yield than those treated in nitrogen while maintaining their pore characteristics. Additionally, the electrochemical performance of the AC was significantly enhanced after the reduction process; the specific capacitance increased from 62.1 F/g to 81.6 F/g (at 0.1 A/g). Thus, heat treatment in hydrogen gas improves the electrochemical performance of EDLCs without destroying the pore characteristics of AC.
Circular RNA SESN2 aggravates gestational trophoblast cell damage induced by high glucose by binding to IGF2BP2

Gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) is a common disease in pregnant women that threatens maternal and fetal health. Circular RNAs (circRNAs) have been considered potential diagnostic markers for GDM and affect trophoblast cell phenotypes. This study aimed to explore the effect of circSESN2 on high glucose (HG)‐treated trophoblast cells. Peripheral blood and placental tissues were taken from patients with GDM, in which circSESN2 and IGF2BP2 levels were detected by quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction and/or western blot. HTR‐8/SVneo cells were treated with 25 mM glucose and transduced with circSESN2 or IGF2BP2 knockdown vectors. HTR‐8/SVneo cell viability was evaluated by MTT assay, cell migration by scratch test, and cell invasion by transwell assay, IL‐1β, IL‐6, TNF‐α, malondialdehyde, and superoxide dismutase levels by ELISA or kits, and reactive oxygen species levels by DCFH‐DA probes. The binding between circSESN2 and IGF2BP2 was verified by RNA pulldown and RIP assays. CircSESN2 and IGF2BP2 were overexpressed in GDM patients. Suppressing circSESN2 or IGF2BP2 increased HTR‐8/SVneo cell invasion and migration, decreased cell apoptosis, and reduced pro‐inflammatory cytokine release and oxidative stress injury. CircSESN2 bound IGF2BP2 and IGF2BP2 overexpression accelerated HG‐induced HTR‐8/SVneo cell damage despite circSESN2 knockdown. Collectively, circSESN2 exacerbated HG‐induced trophoblast cell damage by binding IGF2BP2 and upregulating its protein expression.
Synthetic aperture radar calibration using reference reflectors

A simple expression for the terrain backscatter coefficient is derived in terms of the integrated power of an adjacent known radar reflector in a synthetic aperture radar (SAR) image. It is shown that this technique for SAR image calibration is independent of the radar system focus or partial coherence and thereby possesses an important advantage over the usual technique, which relies on an estimate of the peak of the reflector impulse response. Results from airborne SAR overflights of corner reflectors and active radar calibrators are used to demonstrate the validity and consistency of the method and to show that the method is robust under defocus caused by an incorrect FM rate or inadequate motion compensation of data collected during turbulence. It is also shown that the fading errors associated with the integral method are comparable to or slightly worse than those associated with the peak estimation method. However, this small disadvantage is outweighed by the fact that the integral method is independent of actual resolution. >
An algorithm of uniform ultimate boundedness for a class of switched linear systems

Uniform ultimate boundedness of a class of switched linear systems is studied. A switched linear system in this class consists of m subsystems, and none of the individual subsystems need to be stabilizable. The switched linear system is shown to be uniformly ultimately bounded for any pre-given bound if the union of individual controllable subspaces covers the entire state space. An algorithm for guaranteeing uniform ultimate boundedness is given to provide the design of continuous controllers and the switching strategy.