Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Perception of typicality in the lexicon: wordlikeness, lexical density and morphonotactic constraints

The extent to which a symbolic time–series (a sequence of sounds or letters) is a typical word of a language, referred to as WORDLIKENESS, has been shown to have effects in speech perception and production, reading proficiency, lexical development and lexical access, short–term and long–term verbal memory. Two quantitative models have been suggested to account for these effects: serial phonotactic probabilities (the likelihood for a given symbolic sequence to appear in the lexicon) and lexical density (the extent to which other words can be obtained from a target word by changing, deleting or inserting one or more symbols in the target). The two measures are highly correlated and thus easy to be confounded in measuring their effects in lexical tasks. In this paper, we propose a computational model of lexical organisation, based on Self–Organising Maps with Hebbian connections defined over a temporal layer (TSOMs), providing a principled algorithmic account of effects of lexical acquisition, processing and access, to further investigate these issues. In particular, we show that (morpho–)phonotactic probabilities and lexical density, though correlated in lexical organisation, can be taken to focus on different aspects of speakers’ word processing behaviour and thus provide independent cognitive contributions to our understanding of the principles of perception of typicality that govern lexical organisation.
A RE‐EVALUATION OF CORALLINE RED ALGAL TAXONOMY USING ULTRA‐STRUCTURAL INFORMATION

Two competing subfamily classification schemes for the red algal family Corallinaceae are in general agreement with respect to the taxonomic value of cell connection type (cell fusions versus secondary pit connections), but differ over the relative weight given to the character of genicular presence/absence. Consequently, Corallinoideae, Melobesioideae and Metagoniolithoideae are recognized as distinct subfamilies. One scheme subsumes the geniculate Amphiroideae into the nongeniculate Lithophylloideae (based on the common presence of secondary pit connections) and the nongeniculate Mastophoroideae into the geniculate Corallinoideae (based on the common presence of cell fusions); the other maintains these subfamilies as four separate lineages. Small subunit rRNA gene sequence data confirms the integrity of Corallinoideae and Melobesioideae and fully supports a revised classification subsuming Amphiroideae into Lithophylloideae. Surprisingly, Mastophoroideae and Metagoniolithoideae (cell fusions) have a closer affinity to the emended Lithophylloideae (secondary pit connections) than with Corallinoideae (cell fusions). These preliminary results cast doubt on the value of using cell connections as a primal character. From ultrastructural investigations of 28 corallinoidean genera, including seven mastophoroidean genera and two lithophylloidian genera, it appears that the presence/absence of an electron‐ dense material (EDM) surrounding nuclei during sporogenesis is a more reliable indicator of subfamily affiliation than cellular connections. Our findings support the revised classification of Lithophylloideae and suggests closer affinity to Lithophylloideae (secondary pit connections, no EDM) than to Corallinoideae (cell fusions, EDM). However, EDM data indicates that Mastophoroideae may be polyphyletic as three genera have EDM and four do not.
Effects of the Intermittent Pneumatic Circulator on Blood Pressure during Hemodialysis

Hypotension is frequently reported during hemodialysis. This study aimed to examine the effect of the intermittent pneumatic circulator on blood pressure during hemodialysis. Sixteen subjects with chronic hemodialysis were recruited. Each subject randomly received two test conditions on separate days, hemodialysis with and without the circulator. The circulator was applied to the subject on lower extremities during 0.5–1 hr, 1.5–2 hr, 2.5–3 hr, and 3.5–4 hr of hemodialysis. Systolic and diastolic blood pressures (SBP and DBP) and heart rate (HR) were analyzed at pre-dialysis, 1 hr, 2 hr, and 3 hr of hemodialysis. Stroke volume (SV) and cardiac output (CO) were evaluated between 2.5 and 3.0 hr of hemodialysis. Blood chemicals (sodium, calcium, potassium, and phosphorous) and Kt/V before and after each hemodialysis session were analyzed. The number of episodes of hypotension was also recorded. The circulator intervention significantly improved SBP and DBP across all time points (P = 0.002 for SBP; P = 0.002 for DBP). The frequency of hypotension was significantly decreased (P = 0.028). SV and CO were significantly improved with the circulator intervention (P = 0.017 for SV; P = 0.026 for CO) and no statistical significances were found on blood chemicals or Kt/V analyses. The results suggested that the circulator intervention helps stabilize blood pressure and appears to be a practical treatment. Future studies are suggested to develop new circulator innovations with sensor feedback systems to enhance safety and maximize treatment efficiency.
Overcoming the electroluminescence efficiency limitations of perovskite light-emitting diodes

Brighter perovskite LEDs Organic-inorganic hybrid perovskites such as methyl ammonium lead halides are attractive as low-cost light-emitting diode (LED) emitters. This is because, unlike many inorganic nanomaterials, they have very high color purity. Cho et al. made two modifications to address the main drawback of these materials, their low luminescent efficiency. They created nanograin materials lacking free metallic lead, which helped to confine excitons and avoid their quenching. The perovskite LEDs had a current efficiency similar to that of phosphorescent organic LEDs. Science, this issue p. 1222 Efficient organic-inorganic perovskite light-emitting diodes were made with nanograin crystals that lack metallic lead. Organic-inorganic hybrid perovskites are emerging low-cost emitters with very high color purity, but their low luminescent efficiency is a critical drawback. We boosted the current efficiency (CE) of perovskite light-emitting diodes with a simple bilayer structure to 42.9 candela per ampere, similar to the CE of phosphorescent organic light-emitting diodes, with two modifications: We prevented the formation of metallic lead (Pb) atoms that cause strong exciton quenching through a small increase in methylammonium bromide (MABr) molar proportion, and we spatially confined the exciton in uniform MAPbBr3 nanograins (average diameter = 99.7 nanometers) formed by a nanocrystal pinning process and concomitant reduction of exciton diffusion length to 67 nanometers. These changes caused substantial increases in steady-state photoluminescence intensity and efficiency of MAPbBr3 nanograin layers.
Robust methods in data mining

The thesis focuses on two problems in Data Mining, namely clustering, an exploratory technique to group observations in similar groups, and classification, a technique used to assign new observations to one of the known groups. A thorough study of the two problems, which are also known in the Machine Learning literature as unsupervised and supervised classification respectively, is central to decision making in different fields - the thesis seeks to contribute towards that end. In the first part of the thesis we consider whether robust methods can be applied to clustering - in particular, we perform clustering on fuzzy data using two methods originally developed for outlier-detection. The fuzzy data clusters are characterised by two intersecting lines such that points belonging to the same cluster lie close to the same line. This part of the thesis also investigates a new application of finite mixture of normals to the fuzzy data problem. The second part of the thesis addresses issues relating to classification - in particular, classification trees and boosting. The boosting algorithm is a relative newcomer to the classification portfolio that seeks to enhance the performance of classifiers by iteratively re-weighting the data according to their previous classification status. We explore the performance of "boosted" trees (mainly stumps) based on 3 different models all characterised by a sine-wave boundary. We also carry out a thorough study of the factors that affect the boosting algorithm. Other results include a new look at the concept of randomness in the classification context, particularly because the form of randomness in both training and testing data has directly affects the accuracy and reliability of domain- partitioning rules. Further, we provide statistical interpretations of some of the classification-related concepts, originally used in Computer Science, Machine Learning and Artificial Intelligence. This is important since there exists a need for a unified interpretation of some of the "landmark" concepts in various disciplines, as a step forward towards seeking the principles that can guide and strengthen practical applications.
The phenomenon of non-recursive trade-offs

Non-recursive trade-offs between different representations of languages reveal a basic phenomenon. The gain in economy of description can be arbitrary. The purpose of this paper is to survey the main aspects and results regarding different representations of languages whose relative succinctness is not recursively bounded. Basic properties of descriptional systems and reasonable size measures are addressed, and the unified fundamental proof schemes emerging from the literature are presented. A comprehensive overview of results is given. Finally, some new results are shown. In particular, it is proved that between each two levels of the infinite one-way k-head finite automata hierarchies there is a non-recursive trade-off. Moreover, non-recursive trade-offs are shown between nondeterministic 2-head and deterministic k-head automata.
Infection Following Total Knee Arthroplasty

For most orthopedists, total knee arthroplasty (TKA) has been regarded as the most effective surgery for patients with severe knee diseases. Though seldom occur, postoperative infection certainly remains one of the most devastating and dreaded complications of TKA. Thus, careful and early diagnosis is needed. After diagnosis, categorize the infection type and choose a rightful and sequential step of treatment are recommended.
The Impact of Fatigue on the Kinematics of Collegiate Baseball Pitchers

Background: Many factors are believed to contribute to throwing injuries in baseball pitchers, in particular overuse and poor throwing mechanics. The impact of fatigue on pitching biomechanics in live-game situations is not well understood. Hypothesis: Pitchers will demonstrate significant deviation in their pitching motions with increasing levels of fatigue. Study Design: Descriptive laboratory study. Methods: Eleven National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) Division I collegiate baseball pitchers were filmed in multiple live-game situations throughout a single season using 2 orthogonal high-speed cameras at 120 Hz. The first fastball of each inning and, when available, the fastball subsequent to the 15th and 30th pitch of each inning were recorded and analyzed for 26 kinematic parameters. Pitch count and velocity were recorded. Kinematic differences were assessed for association with pitch count and subjective fatigue measures over the course of each inning and game through the season. Results: Twenty-six games were recorded. Pitchers had a mean of 97.2 ± 16.1 pitches per start and 1079 ± 251 pitches per collegiate season. Increased hip lean at hand separation, elbow height at foot contact, and hip flexion and shoulder tilt at maximum external rotation were seen in innings lasting longer than 15 pitches. Maximum external rotation of the shoulder and elbow height at foot contact decreased over the course of a game. Hip lean at hand separation and elbow height at foot contact increased over the course of the season. Season pitch count was weakly correlated with increased shoulder external rotation and shoulder alignment at maximum external rotation and with shoulder abduction at ball release. Elbow flexion decreased with greater season pitch counts. Conclusion: Hip lean, elbow height, and shoulder external rotation were the most sensitive kinematic parameters to inning, game, and season fatigue. Pitch count and fatigue have a significant impact on live-game pitching kinematics. Clinical Relevance: Fatigue likely alters pitching mechanics. Recognition of kinematic alterations may better demonstrate fatigue-related injury risk and may assist injury prevention in addition to standardized limitations of innings and pitches thrown.
Kinetic Adaptations of Myosins for Their Diverse Cellular Functions

Members of the myosin superfamily are involved in all aspects of eukaryotic life. Their function ranges from the transport of organelles and cargos to the generation of membrane tension, and the contraction of muscle. The diversity of physiological functions is remarkable, given that all enzymatically active myosins follow a conserved mechanoenzymatic cycle in which the hydrolysis of ATP to ADP and inorganic phosphate is coupled to either actin‐based transport or tethering of actin to defined cellular compartments. Kinetic capacities and limitations of a myosin are determined by the extent to which actin can accelerate the hydrolysis of ATP and the release of the hydrolysis products and are indispensably linked to its physiological tasks. This review focuses on kinetic competencies that – together with structural adaptations – result in myosins with unique mechanoenzymatic properties targeted to their diverse cellular functions.
Efficient embryonic culture method for the Japanese striped snake, Elaphe quadrivirgata, and its early developmental stages

The morphogenesis of snake embryos is an elusive yet fascinating research target for developmental biologists. However, few data exist on development of early snake embryo due to limited availability of pregnant snakes, and the need to harvest early stage embryos directly from pregnant snakes before oviposition without knowing the date of fertilization. We established an ex vivo culture method for early snake embryos using the Japanese striped snake, Elaphe quadrivirgata. This method, which we named “sausage‐style (SS) culture”, allows us to harvest snake embryos at specific stages for each experiment. Using this SS culture system, we calculated somite formation rate at early stages before oviposition. The average somite formation rate between 6/7 and 12/13 somite stages was 145.9 min, between 60/70 and 80/91 somite stages 42.4 min, and between 113–115 and 126/127 somite stages 71 min. Thus, somite formation rate that we observed during early snake embryogenesis was changed over time. We also describe a developmental staging series for E. quadrivirgata. This is the first report of a developmental series of early snake embryogenesis prior to oviposition by full‐color images with high‐resolution. We propose that the SS culture system is an easy method for treating early snake embryos ex vivo.
Simultaneous Absolute Protein Quantification of Transporters, Cytochromes P450, and UDP-Glucuronosyltransferases as a Novel Approach for the Characterization of Individual Human Liver: Comparison with mRNA Levels and Activities

The purpose of the present study was to determine the absolute protein expression levels of multiple drug-metabolizing enzymes and transporters in 17 human liver biopsies, and to compare them with the mRNA expression levels and functional activities to evaluate the suitability of the three measures as parameters of hepatic metabolism. Absolute protein expression levels of 13 cytochrome P450 (P450) enzymes, NADPH-P450 reductase (P450R) and 6 UDP-glucuronosyltransferase (UGT) enzymes in microsomal fraction, and 22 transporters in plasma membrane fraction were determined using liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry. CYP2C9, CYP2E1, CYP3A4, CYP2A6, UGT1A6, UGT2B7, UGT2B15, and P450R were abundantly expressed (more than 50 pmol/mg protein) in human liver microsomes. The protein expression levels of CYP3A4, CYP2B6, and CYP2C8 were each highly correlated with the corresponding enzyme activity and mRNA expression levels, whereas for other P450s, the protein expression levels were better correlated with the enzyme activities than the mRNA expression levels were. Among transporters, the protein expression level of organic anion-transporting polypeptide 1B1 was relatively highly correlated with the mRNA expression level. However, other transporters showed almost no correlation. These findings indicate that protein expression levels determined by the present simultaneous quantification method are a useful parameter to assess differences of hepatic function between individuals.
Suicide following deliberate self-harm: long-term follow-up of patients who presented to a general hospital.

BACKGROUND Deliberate self-harm (DSH) is the strongest risk factor for future suicide. Up-to-date information on the extent of risk is lacking. AIMS To investigate the risk of suicide after DSH during a long follow-up period. METHOD A mortality follow-up study to 2000 was conducted on 11 583 patients who presented to hospital after DSH between 1978 and 1997. Data were obtained from a general hospital DSH register in Oxford and the Office for National Statistics, and from equivalent mortality registers in Scotland and Northern Ireland. RESULTS Three hundred patients had died by suicide or probable suicide. The risk in the first year of follow-up was 0.7% (95% CI 0.6-0.9%), which was 66 (95% CI 52-82) times the annual risk of suicide in the general population. The risk after 5 years was 1.7%, at 10 years 2.4% and at 15 years 3.0%. The risk was far higher in men than in women (hazard ratio 2.8,95% CI 2.2-3.6). In both genders it increased markedly with age at initial presentation. CONCLUSIONS Following DSH there is a significant and persistent risk of suicide, which varies markedly between genders and age groups. Reduction in the risk of suicide following DSH must be a key element in national suicide prevention strategies.
A systematic review of interventions to prevent lower limb soft tissue running injuries

Objectives—To assess the available evidence for preventive strategies for lower limb soft tissue injuries caused by running. Methods—An electronic database search was conducted using The Cochrane Musculoskeletal Injuries Group Specialised Register, The Cochrane Controlled Trials Register, Medline, Embase, Sport Discus, Heracles, Atlantes, Biosis, Cinahl, Scisearch, Current Contents, Index To Theses and Dissertation Abstracts. Any randomised or quasi-randomised trials evaluating interventions to prevent running injuries to lower limb soft tissue were included. The eligibility of trials for inclusion and the quality of the trials were independently assessed by two reviewers. Results—Exposure to a high training load (duration, frequency, or running distance) increases the risk of injury, and thus modification of the training schedule can reduce the incidence of injury. The effectiveness of stretching exercises and of insoles in the prevention of lower extremity soft tissue injuries caused by running is not known. Wearing a knee brace with a patellar support ring may be effective in the prevention of anterior knee pain caused by running. Conclusions—This review provides evidence for the effectiveness of the modification of training schedules in reducing lower limb soft tissue running injuries. More studies are required to quantify the optimal training loads and to confirm that knee braces can prevent knee pain. It is important to note that the studies included in this review had few female participants therefore the results may not be generalisable.
Opto-electrical simulation of III-V nanowire based tandem solar cells on Si

Due to their nanostructured surface, nanowire-based solar cells are interesting structures to increase light absorption in thin film solar cells. Among these structures, III-V nanowires grown on silicon substrates to obtain a tandem solar cell are particularly interesting to absorb selectively different part of the solar spectrum and to reduce thermalization effects. The aim of this work is to perform optical and electrical simulations of tandem solar cells based on III-V nanowires on silicon and to compare two different III-V semiconductor compounds (GaAs0.8P0.2 and Ga0.8Al0.2As) with a band gap of 1.7 eV (optimal on Si) for the nanowire array. Optical simulations are performed with an in-house Rigorous Coupled Wave Analysis (RCWA) software by taking into account the current matching between the two solar cells. Electrical simulations are performed with the TCAD software Sentaurus. Opto-electrical simulations demonstrate that optimal geometries and efficiencies are very similar for the two semiconductors used for the nanowires.
Comments on therapeutic cancer vaccines.

Immunotherapy of tumors seems to be a very attractive complement to the contemporary methods used in oncology. During the past two decades, a large number of preclinical and clinical studies with experimental cancer vaccines have been performed. Studies on laboratory animals have yielded many successes, and this has brought hope that similar mechanisms might function in human medicine. Although the results of some clinical studies are encouraging, the great expectations placed on the use of therapeutic cancer vaccines have not yet been fulfilled. It is evident that the current strategies of developing antitumor vaccines require change. Contemporaneously with the testing of the first vaccine generations, new information on the biology and immunology of tumors has been increasing, and on this basis, guidelines for novel approaches have been emerging. One of the prominent findings is that the specific tumor protein that conditions the malignity of the cell need not be the carrier of the most immunologically important antigens. An example is the recognition that the BCR–ABL protein, which plays the key role in the pathogenesis of chronic myeloid leukemia (CML) and is of key interest to those who endeavor to develop a vaccine against this disease, is not the immunodominant antigen of the tumor cells; more important are the proteins induced by the above-mentioned oncoprotein [1,2]. The question raised is whether or not a similar situation exists in the case of certain other tumors. For instance, is it fully substantiated that in tumors evoked by HPVs, almost all effort has been directed towards the E6 and E7 oncoproteins [3]? For it is known that even the two most frequently used HPV16-transformed mouse lines, TC-1 and MK16, are not antigenically identical in spite of expressing both oncoproteins, and that it is difficult to evoke cross-immunity in them [4,5]. Another relevant finding is that tumorcarrying patients possess immune cells [6] and antibodies directed against tumor-cell antigens [7]. This means that the aim of antitumor vaccines need not be to induce immune reactions against the tumors, but to potentiate the existing antitumor immunity and create conditions for its assertion. Associated with this is the noteworthy finding that, in at least some systems, antitumor immunity ceases to be demonstrable if the quantity of tumor cells drops below a certain level [8]. The reasons for this are not fully understood. It is improbable that the loss of immune reactivity should be associated with tumor immuno editing, because as previously mentioned, immunity to tumor cells sampled before the initiation of therapy waned.