Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Systematicity as a Selection Constraint in Analogical Mapping

Analogy is often viewed as a partial similarity match between domains. But not all partial similarities qualify as analogy: There must be some selection of which commonalities count. Three experiments tested a particular selection constraint in analogical mapping, namely, systematicity. That is, we tested whether a given predicate is more likely to figure in the interpretation of and prediction from an analogy if the predicate participates in a common system of relations. In Experiment 1, subjects judged two matches to be included in an analogy: on isolated match, and a match embedded in a larger matching system. Subjects preferred the embedded match. In Experiments 2 and 3, subjects made analogical predictions about a target domain. Subjects predicted information that followed from a causal system that matched the base domain, rather than information that was equally plausible, but that created an isolated match with the base. Results support Gentner's (1983, 1989) structure-mapping theory in that analogical mapping concerns systems and not individual predicates, and that attention to shared systematic structure constrains the selection of information to include in an analogy.
Transactional collection classes

While parallel programmers find it easier to reason about large atomic regions, the conventional mutual exclusion-based primitives for synchronization force them to interleave many small operations to achieve performance. Transactional memory promises that programmer scan use large atomic regions while achieving similar performance. However, these large transactions can conflict when operating on shared data structures, even for logically independent operations. Transactional collection classes address this problem by allowing long-running transactions to operate on shared data while eliminating unnecessary conflicts. Transactional collection classes wrap existing data structures, without the need for custom implementations or knowledge of data structure internals. Without transactional collection classes, access to shared datafrom within long-running transactions can suffer from data dependency conflicts that are logically unnecessary, but are artifacts of the data structure implementation such as hash table collisions or tree-balancing rotations. Our transactional collection classes use the concept of semantic concurrency control to eliminate these unnecessary data dependencies, replacing them with conflict detection based on the operations of the abstract data type. The design and behavior of these transactional collection classes is discussed with reference to the related work from the database community such as multi-level transactions and semantic concurrency control, as well as other concurrent data structures such as java.util. concurrent. The required transactional semantics needed for implementing transactional collection are enumerated, including open-nested transactions and commit and abort handlers. We also discuss how isolation can be reduced for greater concurrency. Finally, we provide guidelines on the construction of classes that preserve isolation and serializability. The performance of these classes is evaluated with a number of benchmarks including targeted micro-benchmarks and a version of SPECjbb2000 with increased contention. The results show that easier-to-use long transactions can still allow programs to deliver scalable performance by simply wrapping existing data structures with transactional collection classes.
Conceptual Structure within and between Modalities

Current views of semantic memory share the assumption that conceptual representations are based on multimodal experience, which activates distinct modality-specific brain regions. This proposition is widely accepted, yet little is known about how each modality contributes to conceptual knowledge and how the structure of this contribution varies across these multiple information sources. We used verbal feature lists, features from drawings, and verbal co-occurrence statistics from latent semantic analysis to examine the informational structure in four domains of knowledge: perceptual, functional, encyclopedic, and verbal. The goals of the analysis were three-fold: (1) to assess the structure within individual modalities; (2) to compare structures between modalities; and (3) to assess the degree to which concepts organize categorically or randomly. Our results indicated significant and unique structure in all four modalities: perceptually, concepts organize based on prominent features such as shape, size, color, and parts; functionally, they group based on use and interaction; encyclopedically, they arrange based on commonality in location or behavior; and verbally, they group associatively or relationally. Visual/perceptual knowledge gives rise to the strongest hierarchical organization and is closest to classic taxonomic structure. Information is organized somewhat similarly in the perceptual and encyclopedic domains, which differs significantly from the structure in the functional and verbal domains. Notably, the verbal modality has the most unique organization, which is not at all categorical but also not random. The idiosyncrasy and complexity of conceptual structure across modalities raise the question of how all of these modality-specific experiences are fused together into coherent, multifaceted yet unified concepts. Accordingly, both methodological and theoretical implications of the present findings are discussed.
Inhibition of RNA binding to hepatitis C virus RNA-dependent RNA polymerase: a new mechanism for antiviral intervention

The hepatitis C virus (HCV) RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp) is a key target for antiviral intervention. The goal of this study was to identify the binding site and unravel the molecular mechanism by which natural flavonoids efficiently inhibit HCV RdRp. Screening identified the flavonol quercetagetin as the most potent inhibitor of HCV RdRp activity. Quercetagetin was found to inhibit RdRp through inhibition of RNA binding to the viral polymerase, a yet unknown antiviral mechanism. X-ray crystallographic structure analysis of the RdRp-quercetagetin complex identified quercetagetin's binding site at the entrance of the RNA template tunnel, confirming its original mode of action. This antiviral mechanism was associated with a high barrier to resistance in both site-directed mutagenesis and long-term selection experiments. In conclusion, we identified a new mechanism for non-nucleoside inhibition of HCV RdRp through inhibition of RNA binding to the enzyme, a mechanism associated with broad genotypic activity and a high barrier to resistance. Our results open the way to new antiviral approaches for HCV and other viruses that use an RdRp based on RNA binding inhibition, that could prove to be useful in human, animal or plant viral infections.
Purpose and Authenticity in Early Literacy Assessment

Literacy and the assessment of literacy dominate current educational and political discussion with claims about falling standards (Gorman and Fernandes 1992), and effective remedies (Brookes et al 1996, Sylva and Hurry 1995). But answers to the question of how best to assess early literacy will depend on the purpose for which assessments are carried out. This paper is particularly concerned with assessment of literacy of children aged 3–5 years. There seems to be a growing acceptance that tests provide an answer to the problem of assessment but many tests are flawed due to a lack of authenticity in the tasks they ask children to respond to. This paper discusses the characteristics of three main purposes in early literacy assessment: teaching, management and research, and concludes that clarity of purpose is crucial if assessment of early literacy is to be properly understood, and if future assessment instruments are to be authentic.
Anaphoric argumentsof discourseconnectives : Semanticpropertiesof antecedentsversusnon-antecedents

We have arguedextensi vely in prior work that discourseconnecti ves can be analyzedas encoding predicate-ar gument relations whoseargumentsderived from the interpretationof discourseunits. All adverbial connecti veswe have analyzedto datehaveexpressedbinaryrelations. But they are specialin taking one of their two argumentsstructurally, and the other, anaphorically. As such,interpretingadverbial discourse connecti ves can be understoodasa problemof anaphoraresolution. In this paperwe studythe S-modifyingadverbial connecti ve “instead”and what, in thecontext, doesanddoesnot serve as antecedent for its anaphoricargument.Thiswork extendsearlierwork investigatingsyntacticpatternsof anaphoricargumentsacrossa rangeof adverbial discourseconnecti vesandthereliability with whichtheseargumentscanbeannotated. Thecurrentwork establishes, for 100successi ve corpus instancesof “instead”, lexico-syntactic featuresof theantecedents of their anaphoricargumentsthatcanbeautomaticallyannotatedand thereforeusedto distinguishactualantecedents from potentialcompetitorsin thecontext.
On axiomatising products of Kripke frames

Abstract It is shown that the many-dimensional modal logic Kn, determined by products of n-many Kripke frames, is not finitely axiomatisable in the n-modal language, for any n > 2. On the other hand, Kn is determined by a class of frames satisfying a single first-order sentence.
Asynchronous MPI for the Masses

We present a simple library which equips MPI implementations with truly asynchronous non-blocking point-to-point operations, and which is independent of the underlying communication infrastructure. It utilizes the MPI profiling interface (PMPI) and the MPI_THREAD_MULTIPLE thread compatibility level, and works with current versions of Intel MPI, Open MPI, MPICH2, MVAPICH2, Cray MPI, and IBM MPI. We show performance comparisons on a commodity InfiniBand cluster and two tier-1 systems in Germany, using low-level and application benchmarks. Issues of thread/process placement and the peculiarities of different MPI implementations are discussed in detail. We also identify the MPI libraries that already support asynchronous operations. Finally we show how our ideas can be extended to MPI-IO.
Interaction of separation and transition in laminar separation bubbles in a 3D boundary layer

The influence of different disturbance combinations and increasing sweep on a family of pressure-induced laminar separation bubbles is studied systematically by means of direct numerical simulation (DNS). Three types of disturbance waves are tested against their potential to stimulate the growth of background disturbances of fundamental or subharmonic frequency. The focus is on 2D-disturbances, which are normally the most amplified disturbances in unswept separation bubbles. For the present 3D-base flows, they are found to lose their dominance for sweep angles larger than 10° to 15°. Instead, oblique waves with a propagation direction between 0° and -6° relative to the potential streamline trigger the strongest growth of background disturbances. Spatial linear stability theory (LST) was utilised to select the most amplified disturbances for each sweep angle. LST turned out to be as reliable as in unswept laminar separation bubbles and its excellent agreement with DNS within the linear domain was not adversely affected by the sweep angle.
Cloud based Financial Market Prediction through Genetic Algorithms: A Review

paper surveys recent literature in the area of stock market forecasting using advanced engineering based methods like Neural Network, fractal theory, Data Mining, Hidden Markov Model and Neuro-Fuzzy system. Neural Networks and Neuro- Fuzzy systems are emerging as an effective tool to be used in the forecasting of stock market especially in machine learning techniques. Due to chaotic behavior of the market, traditional techniques are insufficient to cover all the possible relation of the stock price fluctuations. Neural Network and Markov Model is being used exclusively in the forecasting of finance markets but in third world countries. In this paper, we will discuss the relevance of existing methods based on neural network and discussed gaps between these methods. We also propose a forecasting method to provide better an accuracy rather traditional method.
The Entrepreneurial Personality: A Few Ghosts Laid to Rest?

Dr. Elizabeth Chell is Lecturer in Organisational Behaviour in the Department of Business and Administration, at the University of Salford, England. This paper considers critically three approaches to entrepreneurship; the psychodynamic, social development and trait models. It appears that the psychodynamic model relies on the stereotypic notion of the entrepreneur as a deviant; the social development model reduces to four stereotypes which are said to characterize the entrepreneur at different stages of life; and the trait approach is unable to identify reliably a trait which characterizes entrepreneurs and distinguishes them from other business persons. Other possible modification of the trait approach is to take into account the interaction of traits and situations as modifiers of behaviour. An alternative conceptualisation of entrepreneurship is put forward in which 'cognitive social learning variables' are substituted for traits, and Harr6's Situation-Act model is used as the basis for analysing how entrepreneurs relate to their business situation. Recent theoretical and empirical studies of entrepreneurship are used to provide the key concepts of person (entrepreneur) situations (business environment) fit.
Modeling and rendering of individual feathers

We present a model for geometric modeling and rendering of individual feathers for computer graphics purposes. The model represents feather structure with a collection of parameterized Bezier curves. This parametrization allows easy generation of the existent types of feather structures with biologically-motivated parameters. Once the feather structure is defined, feathers can be rendered either in a non-photorealistic rendering style or using texture mapping to achieve a more natural look.
The Humanities In Prison

* Professor Lewis is a Senior Research Associate with the Pennsylvania State University Institute fur Research on Human Resources. This article is reprinted from Prison Education and Rehabilitation: Illusion or Reality (Institute for Research on Human Resources, The Pennsylvania State University, 1973.) From September 1968 through May 1969 an experimental educational program based on the humanities was presented to selected inmates of the State Correctional Institution at Camp Hill, Pennsylvania. The program
Type-based distributed access control

The key-based decentralized label model (KDLM) is a type system that combines a weak form of information flow control, termed distributed access control in the article, with typed cryptographic operations. The motivation is to have a type system that ensures access control while giving the application the responsibility to secure network communications, and to do this safely. KDLM introduces the notion of declassification certificates to support the declassification of encrypted data.
Schooling mediates brain reserve in Alzheimer’s disease: findings of fluoro-deoxy-glucose-positron emission tomography

Background: Functional imaging studies report that higher education is associated with more severe pathology in patients with Alzheimer’s disease, controlling for disease severity. Therefore, schooling seems to provide brain reserve against neurodegeneration. Objective: To provide further evidence for brain reserve in a large sample, using a sensitive technique for the indirect assessment of brain abnormality (18F-fluoro-deoxy-glucose-positron emission tomography (FDG-PET)), a comprehensive measure of global cognitive impairment to control for disease severity (total score of the Consortium to Establish a Registry for Alzheimer’s Disease Neuropsychological Battery) and an approach unbiased by predefined regions of interest for the statistical analysis (statistical parametric mapping (SPM)). Methods: 93 patients with mild Alzheimer’s disease and 16 healthy controls underwent 18F-FDG-PET imaging of the brain. A linear regression analysis with education as independent and glucose utilisation as dependent variables, adjusted for global cognitive status and demographic variables, was conducted in SPM2. Results: The regression analysis showed a marked inverse association between years of schooling and glucose metabolism in the posterior temporo-occipital association cortex and the precuneus in the left hemisphere. Conclusions: In line with previous reports, the findings suggest that education is associated with brain reserve and that people with higher education can cope with brain damage for a longer time.
Neck Circumference Percentiles of Iranian Children and Adolescents: The Weight Disorders Survey of CASPIAN IV Study

Background Neck circumference (NC), emerging as a key morphological index for pediatric obesity, is associated with obesity- and overweight-related detrimental conditions in children. In this study, we aimed to provide the age- and sex-specific percentile reference values for neck circumference of the Iranian children and adolescents. Methods We used the data gathered through the weight disorders survey of CASPIAN IV study conducted in 2011 - 2012 in Iran, including a total of 21954 Iranian children and adolescents, composed of 10750 girls and 11204 boys, aged 7 - 18 years old. We presented the interval of NC percentile in three age groups of 7 - 10 years, 11 - 14 years, and 15 - 18 years. Finally, age-specific nomograms of NC for both genders in the Iranian and Canadian populations were compared. Results The intervals of 90th percentile of NC for boys in the three periods of school age (7 - 10 years), pre-adolescence (11 - 14 years), and adolescence (15 - 18 years) were 24.2 - 30.0 cm, 26.6 - 33.2 cm, and 30.1 - 38.5 cm, respectively. These intervals for girls were 23.7 - 30.1 cm, 26.5 - 33.7 cm, and 28.5 - 36.0 cm, respectively. NC increased with age in both boys and girls and its variability showed an increasing trend with age. Conclusions We demonstrated for the first time the NC reference values for the Iranian children and adolescents aged 7 - 18 years old. Considering the significant differences between our national NC references and the values reported from the Canadian population, it seems logical to use these national percentiles not only for epidemiologic studies but also for routine clinical examinations.
Relationships Between Body Areas Satisfaction, Exercise, and Mood in Obese African American Women

Despite a rate of morbid obesity that is 2.5 times that of European American women, African American women have higher body areas satisfaction than any other ethnicities. Previous research suggested differences in African American women’s attitudes toward body image may contribute to a lack of motivation to engage in weight management behaviors, such as physical activity. In addition, factors such as self-efficacy, self-regulation, and mood have been shown to affect healthy behavior participation but have not been studied among obese African American women. This study investigated if changes from baseline to posttreatment in self-efficacy and self-regulation for exercise and mood mediatedthe association between changes in body areas satisfaction and physical activity. The study used archival data consisting of 109 obese African American women who participated in a 6-month weight management intervention. The relationship between changes in body areas satisfaction and physical activity was mediated by changes in self-regulation for exercise and mood but not by change in self-efficacy for exercise. These findings may help in devising treatments targeted at this population. Implications are discussed.
A Multilocus Sequence Survey in Arabidopsis thaliana Reveals a Genome-Wide Departure From a Neutral Model of DNA Sequence Polymorphism

The simultaneous analysis of multiple genomic loci is a powerful approach to studying the effects of population history and natural selection on patterns of genetic variation of a species. By surveying nucleotide sequence polymorphism at 334 randomly distributed genomic regions in 12 accessions of Arabidopsis thaliana, we examined whether a standard neutral model of nucleotide sequence polymorphism is consistent with observed data. The average nucleotide diversity was 0.0071 for total sites and 0.0083 for silent sites. Although levels of diversity are variable among loci, no correlation with local recombination rate was observed, but polymorphism levels were correlated for physically linked loci (<250 kb). We found that observed distributions of Tajima's D- and D/Dmin- and of Fu and Li's D-, D*- and F-, F*-statistics differed significantly from the expected distributions under a standard neutral model due to an excess of rare polymorphisms and high variances. Observed and expected distributions of Fay and Wu's H were not different, suggesting that demographic processes and not selection at multiple loci are responsible for the deviation from a neutral model. Maximum-likelihood comparisons of alternative demographic models like logistic population growth, glacial refugia, or past bottlenecks did not produce parameter estimates that were more consistent with observed patterns. However, exclusion of highly polymorphic “outlier loci” resulted in a fit to the logistic growth model. Various tests of neutrality revealed a set of candidate loci that may evolve under selection.
Passivity-based neural network adaptive output feedback control for nonlinear nonnegative dynamical systems

The potential clinical applications of adaptive neural network control for pharmacology in general, and anesthesia and critical care unit medicine in particular, are clearly apparent. Specifically, monitoring and controlling the depth of anesthesia in surgery is of particular importance. Nonnegative and compartmental models provide a broad framework for biological and physiological systems, including clinical pharmacology, and are well suited for developing models for closed-loop control of drug administration. In this paper, we develop a neural adaptive output feedback control framework for adaptive set-point regulation of nonlinear uncertain nonnegative and compartmental systems. The proposed framework is Lyapunov-based and guarantees ultimate boundedness of the error signals corresponding to the physical system states and the neural network weighting gains. The approach is applicable to nonlinear nonnegative systems with unmodeled dynamics of unknown dimension and guarantees that the physical system states remain in the nonnegative orthant of the state-space for nonnegative initial conditions. Finally, a numerical example involving the infusion of the anesthetic drug midazolam for maintaining a desired constant level of depth of anesthesia for noncardiac surgery is provided to demonstrate the efficacy of the proposed approach.
VIDEO OBJECT SEGMENTATION USING STEREO-DERIVED DEPTH MAPS 1 )

In this paper, we explore possibilities to improve existing video segmentation algorithms by utilizing a stereo-derived depth map as additional source of information. The goal is to make the segmentation results more robust in order to reduce the need for user interaction in typical video editing and compositing tasks. In tests with synthetic and real video scenes, we show that a combination of the original and stereo-derived edges in conjunction with active contour models (snakes) can improve the quality of the segmentation results.