Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
EXPONENTIATION IS HARD TO AVOID

Let 3t be an O-minimal expansion of the field of real numbers. If 31 is not polynomially bounded, then the exponential function is definable (without parameters) in 32 . If 31 is polynomially bounded, then for every definable function / : R —► R, / not ultimately identically 0, there exist c, r e R, c ^ 0, such that x >-» xT : (0, +oo) -> R is definable in 31 and limJC_+oc. f(x)/xr = c. In the following, let 31 := (R, <, 0, 1 ,+,•,. ) be an expansion of the ordered field of real numbers. "Definable" means first-order definable in ? % with parameters from R. A function f : X —► R, AT c R, is said to be definable if its graph is definable. We may, whenever convenient, assume that we deal with totally defined functions by setting partial functions equal to 0 off their domain of definition. For the rest of this note, all functions mentioned are of one variable. We say that ? II is polynomially bounded if, for every definable function /, there exists N £ N such that ultimately |/(x)| < xN . ("Ultimately" abbrevi- ates "for all sufficiently large positive x ".) We say that ? % is O-minimal if the definable subsets of R are just the finite unions of intervals of all kinds, including singletons. (For general facts about O-minimal structures, see (PS) and (KPS). ) Given definable functions / and g such that ultimately g(x) ^ 0, we write f ~ g if lim^+oo f(x)/g(x) = 1.
COVID-19 Vaccination Prioritization Strategies in Malaysia: A Retrospective Analysis of Early Evidence

The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) that can cause extreme acute respiratory syndrome has posed a catastrophic threat to public health. The vaccines had indeed restored optimism and, after more than two years of battling the pandemic, there is renewed hope for the transition to endemicity. At the start of vaccination efforts, when supply shortages of vaccines were inevitable, every nation determined the high-risk population groups to be given priority for the COVID-19 vaccines. In this paper, the characteristics of the initial COVID-19 vaccine recipients in Malaysia are described. In line with the policies of many other countries, Malaysia firstly inoculated frontline healthcare workers, and subsequently the list of front liners grew to include defense and security personnel and those involved in the provision of essential services. People with disabilities or those with special needs and several underlying medical conditions that increased their risk of developing severe COVID-related illnesses were included in the priority categories. These included patients with severe lung disease, chronic heart disease, chronic kidney disease, chronic liver disease, neurological disease, diabetes mellitus and obesity in adults, splenic dysfunction, and severe mental illness. With little information and under circumstances of great uncertainty, the Health Ministry of a middle-income country had developed a vaccination priority-list based on the disease’s epidemiology and clinical data, vaccine type, operational considerations, and risk evaluation. Early evidence was presented and suggested that the full vaccination with any of the three predominant vaccines (AZD1222, BNT162b2, and CoronaVac) in the country had been highly effective in preventing COVID-19 infections, COVID-19-related ICU admissions, and death. As many SARS-CoV-2 variants of concern (VoC), such as the Omicron BA.2/4/5, are emerging, future vaccination strategies may necessitate the need to change the immunogen of the vaccine, as well as considerations for when to give high-risk groups booster injections. These considerations are valuable for future planning by policymakers and healthcare providers to make vaccination policy and decisions, especially for the inclusion of the COVID-19 vaccines into national immunization programs.
Three-dimensional galaxy simulations

A three-dimensional fully self-consistent computer model was used to determine the evolution of galaxies consisting of 100 000 simulation stars with exponential radial density variation. Comparison with two-dimensional (infinitesimally thin disk) simulations showed only a very slight stabilizing effect due to the additional degree of freedom. The addition of a fully self-consistent, nonrotating, exponential core/halo component resulted in considerable stabilization. The most pronounced instabilities present were those due to the Jeans' instability in the outer regions of the disk, while at the same time a relatively slowly-growing bar instability appeared. The two-dimensional disk, plus core/halo simulation, showed the usual fast-growing instability leading to bar formation.
Bariatric surgeons' experiences of working in the first year of the pandemic

Abstract Background The first year of the Covid‐19 pandemic saw drastic changes to bariatric surgical practice, including postponement of procedures, altered patient care and impacting on the role of bariatric surgeons. The consequences of this both personally and professionally amongst bariatric surgeons has not as yet been explored. Aims The aim of this research was to understand bariatric surgeons' perspectives of working during the first year of the pandemic to explore the self‐reported personal and professional impact. Methods Using a retrospective, two phased, study design with global participants recruited from closed, bariatric surgical units. The first phase used a qualitative thematic analytic framework to identify salient areas of importance to surgeons. Themes informed the construction of an on‐line, confidential survey to test the potential generalizability of the interview findings with a larger representative population from the global bariatric surgical community. Findings Findings of the study revealed that the first year of the pandemic had a detrimental effect on bariatric surgeons both personally and professionally globally. Conclusion This study has identified the need to build resilience of bariatric surgeons so that the practice of self‐care and the encouragement of help‐seeking behaviors can potentially be normalized, which will in turn increase levels of mental health and wellbeing.
A note on the accuracy of fisher's approximation to the large sample variance of an intraclass correlationa

The adequacy of Fisher's approximation to the large sample variance of an intraclass correlation is investigated in the context of family studies. It is found that the approximation is highly accurate in samples of moderately large size (≧ 30 families), and can also be used for significance-testing under a broad range of circumstances. The exact sampling of distribution of the intraclass correlation coefficient is also derived.
Deciphering the Role of Schwann Cells in Inflammatory Peripheral Neuropathies Post Alphavirus Infection

Old world alphaviruses (e.g., chikungunya) are known to cause severe acute and chronic debilitating arthralgia/arthritis. However, atypical neurological manifestations and, in particular, unexpected cases of acute inflammatory Guillain–Barre syndrome (GBS) have been associated with the arthritogenic alphaviruses. The pathogenesis of alphavirus-associated GBS remains unclear. We herein addressed for the first time the role of Schwann cells (SC) in peripheral neuropathy post-alphaviral infection using the prototypical ONNV alphavirus model. We demonstrated that human SC expressed the recently identified alphavirus receptor MxRA8 and granting viral entry and robust replication. A canonical innate immune response was engaged by ONNV-infected SC with elevated gene expression for RIG-I, MDA5, IFN-β, and ISG15 and inflammatory chemokine CCL5. Transcription levels of prostaglandin E2-metabolizing enzymes including cPLA2α, COX-2, and mPGES-1 were also upregulated in ONNV-infected SC. Counterintuitively, we found that ONNV failed to affect SC regenerative properties as indicated by elevated expression of the pro-myelinating genes MPZ and MBP1 as well as the major pro-myelin transcription factor Egr2. While ONNV infection led to decreased expression of CD55 and CD59, essential to control complement bystander cytotoxicity, it increased TRAIL expression, a major pro-apoptotic T cell signal. Anti-apoptotic Bcl2 transcription levels were also increased in infected SC. Hence, our study provides new insights regarding the remarkable immunomodulatory role of SC of potential importance in the pathogenesis of GBS following alphavirus infection.
Novel metrology methods for fast 3D characterization of directed self-assembly (DSA) patterns for high volume manufacturing

One of the major challenges associated with insertion of a directed self-assembly (DSA) patterning process in high volume manufacturing (HVM) is finding a non-destructive, yield-compatible, consistent critical dimension (CD) metrology process. Current CD scanning electron microscopy (CD-SEM) top-down approaches do not give the profile information for DSA patterns, which is paramount in determining the subsequent pattern transfer process (etch, for example). SEMATECH, in cooperation with some of the leaders of the metrology and DSA materials supply chain, has led an effort to address such metrology challenges in DSA. We have developed and evaluated several techniques (including a scatterometry-based method) that are potentially very attractive in determining DSA pattern profiles and have embedded bridging in such patterns without resorting to destructive cross-section imaging. We show how such processes could be fine-tuned to enable their insertion for DSA pattern characterization in an HVM environment.
Characteristics and Identification of Partial Discharge for Insulation Structures in High Voltage IGBT Modules Under Positive Square Wave Voltage

The insulation of insulated gate bipolar transistor (IGBT) modules is one of the key constraint factors in module development. It is significant to realize the accurate measurement of partial discharge (PD) and its identification of the insulation weaknesses under positive square wave voltage. In this article, a PD experimental platform under this voltage is established. Three main possible insulation weaknesses of high voltage IGBT modules are selected as experimental samples, including chip, silicone gel, and the interface between direct bonded copper and silicone gel. Then, PD current waveforms of them are measured. To solve the interference caused by high du/dt at the rising/falling edge of voltage, a distortionless extraction method of PD pulses independent of any auxiliary detection equipment is proposed. Based on this method, the PD phase distributions of three samples are obtained and there are distinct differences among them. Thus, the PD types in high voltage modules can be identified effectively. In addition, qualitative explanations of the differences in the typical PD characteristics are presented. The proposed PD identification method is experimentally verified and can guide the insulation design and fabrication of high voltage IGBT modules.
Autonomous self-powered structural health monitoring system

Structural health monitoring technology is perceived as a revolutionary method of determining the integrity of structures involving the use of multidisciplinary fields including sensors, materials, system integration, signal processing and interpretation. The core of the technology is the development of self-sufficient systems for the continuous monitoring, inspection and damage detection of structures with minimal labor involvement. A major drawback of the existing technology for real-time structural health monitoring is the requirement for external electrical power input. For some applications, such as missiles or combat vehicles in the field, this factor can drastically limit the use of the technology. Having an on-board electrical power source that is independent of the vehicle power system can greatly enhance the SHM system and make it a completely self-contained system. In this paper, using the SMART layer technology as a basis, an Autonomous Self-powered (ASP) Structural Health Monitoring (SHM) system has been developed to solve the major challenge facing the transition of SHM systems into field applications. The architecture of the self-powered SHM system was first designed. There are four major components included in the SHM system: SMART Layer with sensor network, low power consumption diagnostic hardware, rechargeable battery with energy harvesting device, and host computer with supporting software. A prototype of the integrated self-powered active SHM system was built for performance and functionality testing. Results from the evaluation tests demonstrated that a fully charged battery system is capable of powering the SHM system for active scanning up to 10 hours.
Monitoring wafer map data from integrated circuit fabrication processes for spatially clustered defects

Quality control in integrated circuit (IC) fabrication has traditionally been based on overall summary data such as lot or wafer yield. These measures are adequate if the defective IC's are distributed randomly both within and across wafers in a lot. In practice, however, the defects often occur in clusters or display other systematic patterns, In general, these spatially clustered defects have assignable causes that can be traced to individual machines or to a series of process steps that did not meet specified requirements. In this article, we develop methods for routinely monitoring probe test data at the wafer map level to detect the presence of spatial clustering. The statistical properties of a family of monitoring statistics are developed under various null and alternative situations of interest, and the resulting methodology is applied to manufacturing data.
Perception of similarity: a model for social network dynamics

Some properties of social networks (e.g., the mixing patterns and the community structure) appear deeply influenced by the individual perception of people. In this work we map behaviors by considering similarity and popularity of people, also assuming that each person has his/her proper perception and interpretation of similarity. Although investigated in different ways (depending on the specific scientific framework), from a computational perspective similarity is typically calculated as a distance measure. In accordance with this view, to represent social network dynamics we developed an agent-based model on top of a hyperbolic space on which individual distance measures are calculated. Simulations, performed in accordance with the proposed model, generate small-world networks that exhibit a community structure. We deem this model to be valuable for analyzing the relevant properties of real social networks.
Unveiling the biological interface of protein complexes by mass spectrometry‐coupled methods

Most biomolecules become functional and bioactive by forming protein complexes through interaction with ligands that are diverse in size, shape, and physicochemical properties. In the complex biological milieu, the interaction is ligand‐specific, driven by molecular sensing, and involves the recognition of a binding interface localized within a protein structure. Mapping interfaces of protein complexes is a highly sought area of research as it delivers fundamental insights into proteomes and pathology and hence strategies for therapeutics. While X‐ray crystallography and electron microscopy remain the gold standard for structural elucidation of protein complexes, their artificial and static analytic nature often produces a non‐native interface that otherwise might be negligible or non‐existent in a biological environment. Recently, the mass spectrometry‐coupled approaches, chemical crosslinking (CLMS) and hydrogen‐deuterium exchange (HDMS) have become valuable analytic complements to the traditional techniques. These methods explicitly identify hot residues and motifs embedded in binding interfaces, especially when the interaction is predominantly dynamic, transient, and/or caused by an intrinsically disordered domain. Here, we review the principal role of CLMS and HDMS in protein structural biology with a particular emphasis on the contribution of recent examples to exploring biological interfaces. Additionally, we describe recent studies that utilized these methods to expand our understanding of protein complex formation and the related biological processes, to increase the probability of structure‐based drug design.
Comments on particle and energy balance in the edge plasma of Alcator C-Mod

Particle balance is examined in a large set of representative Alcator C-Mod [I. H. Hutchinson et al., Phys. Plasmas 1, 1511 (1994)] diverted plasmas using measurements of neutral gas pressures and ionization source strengths in the main chamber, and parallel plasma flow into the divertor. It is inferred that plasma flow in the scrape-off layer (SOL) is dominated by transport to the main chamber walls rather than by flow into the divertor. It follows that (i) the effective diffusion coefficient for anomalous cross-field particle transport in the SOL must rapidly grow with distance from the magnetic separatrix to account for the measured density profiles, (ii) a significant fraction of the power from the core plasma can be convected rather than conducted into the SOL, and (iii) the neutral pressure at the outer midplane is governed more by cross-field plasma transport than by wall–plasma separation or divertor/limiter geometries.
A Study on the Path of Narrative Renewal of Traditional Villages: A Case of Shawan Ancient Town, Guangdong, China

Traditional villages are a valuable for their historical and cultural heritage, and have long been the focus of academic research regarding their protection and renewal methods in the face of increasing urbanization. In the village renewal model, the continuation and regeneration of cultural context is the core issue. This paper aims to construct the updated narrative text of Shawan Ancient Town on the basis of narrative rules and methods, while also exploring how to generate the conservation and renewal strategies based on the narrative text. Drawing on the concepts and methods of narratology and based on the cultural background and current conditions of Shawan Ancient Town’s architectural heritage, this paper takes “narrative in terms of theme, clue, path, and material” as the basic framework to construct the narrative text in the context of traditional village renewal. Then four aspects, such as “base combing, interface integration, patch symbiosis, and debris collection”, are used to update the methods of the spatial situation of individual places. Additionally, multiple construction forms are explained, generating a historic, interesting, and experiential strategy for the protection and renewal of ancient towns. This study demonstrates logical thinking from the construction of narrative text to the generation of renewal strategies from a narrative perspective while deepening the typical research on the traditional village narrative renewal mode. It is advantageous to build a protection mechanism for historical and cultural villages, and explore a path to protect, inherit, and promote the cultural heritage of villages based on China’s current situation.
Advances in Algin and Alginate-Hybrid Materials for Drug Delivery and Tissue Engineering

In this review, we aim to provide a summary of recent research advancements and applications of algin (i.e., alginic acid) and alginate-hybrid materials (AHMs) in medical fields. Algin/alginate are abundant natural products that are chemically inert and biocompatible, and they have superior gelation properties, good mechanical strengths, and biodegradability. The AHMs have been widely applied in wound dressing, cell culture, tissue engineering, and drug delivery. However, medical applications in different fields require different properties in the AHMs. The drug delivery application requires AHMs to provide optimal drug loading, controlled and targeted drug-releasing, and/or visually guided drug delivery. AHMs for wound dressing application need to have improved mechanical properties, hydrophilicity, cell adhesion, and antibacterial properties. AHMs for tissue engineering need improved mechanical properties that match the target organs, superior cell affinity, and cell loading capacity. Various methods to produce AHMs that meet different needs were summarized. Formulations to form AHMs with improved stability, drug/cell-loading capacity, cell adhesion, and mechanical properties are active research areas. This review serves as a road map to provide insights into the strategies to develop AHMs in medical applications.
Cone Channel Condenser Optics

Conical light pipes to condense radiation are attractive in their simplicity and low cost.In addition, when using detectors having non-uniform surface response, the non-image forming characteristics of such channels are desirable. Through the use of a field lens, channels may be designed which condense the radiation through a given area to the smallest possible size. As viewed from the output end of the channel, this corresponds to achievement of the optimum f/number of 0.6. Reflection losses in the experimental model described increased the f/number to 0.77. The cone channel described has the further advantage that it is not receptive to stray light.
Decrypting the Potential of Nanotechnology-Based Approaches as Cutting-Edge for Management of Hyperpigmentation Disorder

The abundant synthesis and accretion of melanin inside skin can be caused by activation of melanogenic enzymes or increase in number of melanocytes. Melasma is defined as hyperpigmented bright or dark brown spots which are symmetrically distributed and have serrated and irregular borders. The three general categories of pigmentation pattern include centro facial pattern, malar pattern, and mandibular pattern. Exposure to UV rays, heat, use of cosmetics and photosensitizing drugs, female sex hormonal therapies, aberrant production of melanocyte stimulating hormone, and increasing aesthetic demands are factors which cause the development of melasma disease. This review gives a brief overview regarding the Fitzpatrick skin phototype classification system, life cycle of melanin, mechanism of action of anti-hyperpigmenting drugs, and existing pharmacotherapy strategies for the treatment of melasma. The objectives of this review are focused on role of cutting-edge nanotechnology-based strategies, such as lipid-based nanocarriers, i.e., lipid nanoparticles, microemulsions, nanoemulsions, liposomes, ethosomes, niosomes, transfersomes, aspasomes, invasomes penetration-enhancing vesicles; inorganic nanocarriers, i.e., gold nanoparticles and fullerenes; and polymer-based nanocarriers i.e., polymeric nanoparticles, polymerosomes, and polymeric micelles for the management of hyperpigmentation.