Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
A congestion avoidance approach in jumbo frame enabled IP network

Jumbo frame is as an approach that allows for higher utilization of larger packet sizes on a domain-wise basis, decreasing the number of packets processed by core routers while not having any adverse impact on the link utilization of fairness. The major problem faced by jumbo frame networks is packet loss during queue congestion inside routers is as the RED mechanism that is recommended to combine with jumbo frame treats jumbo frame encapsulation as one packet by drop the whole jumbo frame with packets encapsulate during the congestion time. RED dropping the whole jumbo frame encapsulation randomly from head, middle and tail inside queue of router during periods of router congestion, leading to affect the scalability and performance of the networks by decreasing throughputs and increasing queue delay. This work proposes the use of two AQM techniques with jumbo frame, modified Random Early Detection MRED and developed drop Front technique DDF, which are used with the jumbo frame network to reduce packet drop and increase throughput by decreasing overhead in the network. For the purpose of evaluation, network simulator NS-2.28 was set up together with jumbo frame and AQM scenarios. Moreover, for justification objectives, the proposed algorithm and technique for AQM with jumbo frame were compared against the existing AQM algorithm and techniques that are found in the literature using metrics such as packet drop and throughput.
Dynamic detection of inter-application communication vulnerabilities in Android

A main aspect of the Android platform is Inter-Application Communication (IAC), which enables reuse of functionality across apps and app components via message passing. While a powerful feature, IAC also constitutes a serious attack surface. A malicious app can embed a payload into an IAC message, thereby driving the recipient app into a potentially vulnerable behavior if the message is processed without its fields first being sanitized or validated. We present what to our knowledge is the first comprehensive testing algorithm for Android IAC vulnerabilities. Toward this end, we first describe a catalog, stemming from our field experience, of 8 concrete vulnerability types that can potentially arise due to unsafe handling of incoming IAC messages. We then explain the main challenges that automated discovery of Android IAC vulnerabilities entails, including in particular path coverage and custom data fields, and present simple yet surprisingly effective solutions to these challenges. We have realized our testing approach as the IntentDroid system, which is available as a commercial cloud service. IntentDroid utilizes lightweight platform-level instrumentation, implemented via debug breakpoints (to run atop any Android device without any setup or customization), to recover IAC-relevant app-level behaviors. Evaluation of IntentDroid over a set of 80 top-popular apps has revealed a total 150 IAC vulnerabilities — some already fixed by the developers following our report — with a recall rate of 92% w.r. t. a ground truth established via manual auditing by a security expert.
Decoupling networks composed of lumped elements for diversity/MIMO antennas

We show design equations for decoupling networks composed of lumped elements. These equations are valid for arbitrary two-element antenna arrays and plane-symmetrical three-element antenna arrays. The decoupling networks consist of series susceptances and shunt susceptances. We design small two-element and three-element antenna arrays with the decoupling networks, and verify the design equations by performing measurements and simulations. The sizes of the two-element and three-element antenna arrays including the ground planes are 0. 12λ<sub>c</sub> × 0. 18λ<sub>c</sub> and 0. 25λ<sub>c</sub> × 0. 21λ<sub>c</sub>, respectively. We confirm high isolation is achieved by the decoupling networks.
Hepatitis C in hemodialysis: the contribution of injection drug use.

BACKGROUND Hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection is the most common cause of acute or chronic hepatitis in patients on hemodialysis (HD). The purpose of this study was to describe the prevalence of positive HCV RNA and investigate injection drug use as an emerging risk factor in patients with chronic renal disease on HD. METHODS This was a multicenter cross-sectional study with 325 patients with chronic renal disease on HD in the period between August 1, 2005 to August 30, 2006, receiving care at four institutions in the city of Porto Alegre, Southern Brazil. Epidemiological data were collected by means of a structured questionnaire. The following laboratory tests were performed: alanine aminotransferase (ALT), anti-hepatitis C virus antibodies (anti-HCV), and qualitative polymerase chain reaction (PCR). RESULTS Of 325 patients, 68 had positive HCV RNA results. The comparison between patients with positive and negative PCR results revealed significant differences in duration of HD (mean = 71 versus 52.4 months; p = 0.02); previous blood transfusion (92% versus 72%; p < 0.01); injection drug use (13% versus 0.7%; p < 0.01); anti-HCV positivity at start of HD therapy (60% versus 4%; p < 0.01); and mean ALT value (39 versus 26.5; p < 0.01). Logistic regression analysis showed a positive HCV RNA independently associated to being on HD for more than five years [OR: 2.1 (95% CI 1.2 -3.8)]; previous blood transfusion [OR: 3.7 (95% CI 1.4 - 9.5)]; and injection drug use [OR: 22.6 (95% CI 4.2 - 119.6)]. CONCLUSION Injection drug use was an independent risk factor for HCV infection among chronic renal disease patients on HD.
Veterans Affairs initiative to prevent methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus infections.

BACKGROUND Health care-associated infections with methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) have been an increasing concern in Veterans Affairs (VA) hospitals. METHODS A "MRSA bundle" was implemented in 2007 in acute care VA hospitals nationwide in an effort to decrease health care-associated infections with MRSA. The bundle consisted of universal nasal surveillance for MRSA, contact precautions for patients colonized or infected with MRSA, hand hygiene, and a change in the institutional culture whereby infection control would become the responsibility of everyone who had contact with patients. Each month, personnel at each facility entered into a central database aggregate data on adherence to surveillance practice, the prevalence of MRSA colonization or infection, and health care-associated transmissions of and infections with MRSA. We assessed the effect of the MRSA bundle on health care-associated MRSA infections. RESULTS From October 2007, when the bundle was fully implemented, through June 2010, there were 1,934,598 admissions to or transfers or discharges from intensive care units (ICUs) and non-ICUs (ICUs, 365,139; non-ICUs, 1,569,459) and 8,318,675 patient-days (ICUs, 1,312,840; and non-ICUs, 7,005,835). During this period, the percentage of patients who were screened at admission increased from 82% to 96%, and the percentage who were screened at transfer or discharge increased from 72% to 93%. The mean (±SD) prevalence of MRSA colonization or infection at the time of hospital admission was 13.6±3.7%. The rates of health care-associated MRSA infections in ICUs had not changed in the 2 years before October 2007 (P=0.50 for trend) but declined with implementation of the bundle, from 1.64 infections per 1000 patient-days in October 2007 to 0.62 per 1000 patient-days in June 2010, a decrease of 62% (P<0.001 for trend). During this same period, the rates of health care-associated MRSA infections in non-ICUs fell from 0.47 per 1000 patient-days to 0.26 per 1000 patient-days, a decrease of 45% (P<0.001 for trend). CONCLUSIONS A program of universal surveillance, contact precautions, hand hygiene, and institutional culture change was associated with a decrease in health care-associated transmissions of and infections with MRSA in a large health care system.
DynaMOS: Dynamic schedule migration for heterogeneous cores

InOrder (InO) cores achieve limited performance because their inability to dynamically reorder instructions prevents them from exploiting Instruction-Level-Parallelis Conversely, Out-of-Order (OoO) cores achieve high performance by aggressively speculating past stalled instructions and creating highly optimized issue schedules. It has been observed that these issue schedules tend to repeat for sequences of instructions with predictable control and data-flow. An equally provisioned InO core can potentially achieve OoO's performance at a fraction of the energy cost if provided with an OoO schedule. In the context of a fine-grained heterogeneous multicore system composed of a big (OoO) core and a little (InO) core, we could offload recurring issue schedules from the big to the little core, to achieve energy-efficiency while maintaining performance. To this end, we introduce the DynaMOS architecture. Recurring issue schedules may contain instructions that speculate across branches, utilize renamed registers to eliminate false dependencies, and reorder memory operations. DynaMOS provisions little with an OinO mode to replay a speculative schedule while ensuring program correctness. Any divergence from the recorded instruction sequence causes execution to restart in program order from a previously checkpointed state. On a system capable of switching between big and little cores rapidly with low overheads, DynaMOS schedules 38% of execution on the little on average, increasing utilization of the energy-efficient core by 2.9X over prior work. This amounts to energy savings of 32% over execution on only big core, with an allowable 5% performance loss.
Dial a Ride from k-forest

The <i>k-forest problem</i> is a common generalization of both the <i>k-MST</i> and the <i>dense-k-subgraph</i> problems. Formally, given a metric space on <i>n</i> vertices <i>V</i>, with <i>m</i> demand pairs ⊆ <i>V</i> × <i>V</i> and a “target” <i>k</i>≤ <i>m</i>, the goal is to find a minimum cost subgraph that connects <i>at least</i> <i>k</i> pairs. In this paper, we give an <i>O</i>(min{&sqrt;<i>n</i>ṡlog <i>k</i>,&sqrt;<i>k</i>})-approximation algorithm for <i>k</i>-forest, improving on the previous best ratio of <i>O</i>(min {<i>n</i><sup>2/3</sup>,&sqrt;<i>m</i>}log <i>n</i>) by Segev and Segev. We then apply our algsorithm for <i>k</i>-forest to obtain approximation algorithms for several <i>Dial-a-Ride</i> problems. The basic Dial-a-Ride problem is the following: given an <i>n</i> point metric space with <i>m</i> objects each with its own source and destination, and a vehicle capable of carrying <i>at most</i> <i>k</i> objects at any time, find the minimum length tour that uses this vehicle to move each object from its source to destination. We want that the tour be <i>non-preemptive</i>: that is, each object, once picked up at its source, is dropped only at its destination. We prove that an α-approximation algorithm for the <i>k</i>-forest problem implies an <i>O</i>(αṡlog<sup>2</sup><i>n</i>)-approximation algorithm for Dial-a-Ride. Using our results for <i>k</i>-forest, we get an <i>O</i>(min{&sqrt;<i>n</i>,&sqrt;<i>k</i>}ṡlog<sup>2</sup> <i>n</i>)-approximation algorithm for Dial-a-Ride. The only previous result known for Dial-a-Ride was an <i>O</i>(&sqrt;<i>k</i>log <i>n</i>)-approximation by Charikar and Raghavachari; our results give a different proof of a similar approximation guarantee—in fact, when the vehicle capacity <i>k</i> is large, we give a slight improvement on their results. The reduction from Dial-a-Ride to the <i>k</i>-forest problem is fairly robust, and allows us to obtain approximation algorithms (with the same guarantee) for some interesting generalizations of Dial-a-Ride.
A Practical Fundamental Frequency Extraction Algorithm for Motion Parameters Estimation of Moving Targets

In this paper, a practical method is proposed for a moving target's fundamental frequency (MTFF) extraction from its acoustic signal. This method is developed for the application of motion parameters estimation. Starting from the analysis of the target frequency model and the acoustic Doppler model, the characteristics of moving target's signal are discussed. Based on the signatures of target's acoustic signal, a new approximate greatest common divisor (AGCD) method is developed to obtain an initial fundamental frequency (IFF). Then, the corresponding harmonic number associated with the IFF is determined by maximizing an objective function formulated as an impulse-train-weighted symmetric average magnitude sum function (SAMSF) of the observed signal. The frequency of the SAMSF is determined by target's acoustic signal, the period of the impulse train is controlled by the estimated IFF harmonic, and the maximization of the objective function is carried out through a time-domain matching of periodicity of the impulse train with that of the SAMSF. Finally, a precise fundamental frequency is achieved based on the obtained IFF and its harmonic number. In order to demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed method, experiments are conducted on wheeled vehicles, tracked vehicles, and propeller-driven aircrafts. Evaluation of the algorithm performance in comparison with other traditional methods indicates that the proposed MTFF is practical for the fundamental frequency extraction of moving targets.
Changing Attitudes and Patterns of Behavior among Emerging Physicians

In an attempt to identify emergent trends in the value systems of graduating medical students, questionnaires investigating sexual, religious, and political attitudes and behavior as well as students' drug use, prejudices, attitudes toward the American Medical Association, and several social issues were sent to the graduating classes of Columbia (1968) and Yale (1970). Although physicians are frequently seen as the repositories of the morals of the nation, these graduating physicians had views quite distinct from the more traditionalistic views generally ascribed to physicians.
Consistency and Variability in Children’s Word Learning Across Languages

Abstract Why do children learn some words earlier than others? The order in which words are acquired can provide clues about the mechanisms of word learning. In a large-scale corpus analysis, we use parent-report data from over 32,000 children to estimate the acquisition trajectories of around 400 words in each of 10 languages, predicting them on the basis of independently derived properties of the words’ linguistic environment (from corpora) and meaning (from adult judgments). We examine the consistency and variability of these predictors across languages, by lexical category, and over development. The patterning of predictors across languages is quite similar, suggesting similar processes in operation. In contrast, the patterning of predictors across different lexical categories is distinct, in line with theories that posit different factors at play in the acquisition of content words and function words. By leveraging data at a significantly larger scale than previous work, our analyses identify candidate generalizations about the processes underlying word learning across languages.
On the asymptotic weight distribution of regular LDPC ensembles

We estimate the variance of weight distribution of regular LDPC ensembles. Using this estimate and the second moment method we obtain bounds on the probability that a randomly chosen code from regular LDPC ensemble has its weight distribution close to the ensemble average. We are able to show that a large fraction of total number of codes have their weight distribution close to the average
Vitamin D deficiency in patients with liver cirrhosis

There is ongoing evidence that vitamin D is related to the pathophysiology of cirrhosis. Although the incidence of vitamin D deficiency in chronic liver diseases and cirrhosis is strongly documented, its pathogenic association with advanced liver fibrosis remains controversial. There is evidence of a significant relation of 25(OH)D levels with the degree of liver dysfunction, considering that an inverse correlation of 25(OH)D levels with both Child-Pugh score and Model for End-Stage Liver Disease has been reported. In addition, vitamin D deficiency has been shown to increase the risk for overall mortality and infections in patients with cirrhosis. Vitamin D deficiency has been also associated with advanced stages of hepatocellular carcinoma and poor prognosis. Finally, there are studies suggesting that patients with chronic hepatitis C and normal vitamin D levels have higher virological response to treatment. However, there are not enough studies conducted in cirrhotic-only populations. The association between vitamin D and cirrhosis demonstrates a great potential for clinical application. The relation between vitamin D deficiency and the degree of liver function, degree of fibrosis and infectious complications could support its use as a prognostic index and a diagnostic tool.
Consumer Responsiveness to Simple Health Care Prices: Evidence From Tiered Hospital Networks∗

This paper shows that consumers price-shop for health care when they can easily assess out-of-pocket prices. Health care cost containment efforts increasingly incentivize price-shopping, despite recent evidence that this does not steer consumers toward lower-priced care. I show that consumers priceshop in the highly simplified price information environment of health insurance plans with tiered hospital networks. These consumers observe a single predictable, well-defined price that applies to a broad range of services within each of at most three tiers of hospitals. The savings from price-shopping are large enough to both compensate for consumer welfare losses and raise in-
Walk Tests as Indicators of aerobic Capacity

Abstract : Military physical fitness tests (PFTs) use distance runs to assess aerobic fitness. Walk tests are alternatives to this practice. This meta-analysis summarized 39 studies (1,927 participants)-relating walk test-performance to laboratory measures of maximal oxygen uptake (VO2max). The laboratory measures are the accepted gold standard for assessing aerobic fitness. For adults, the average walk test performance-VO2max correlation was r = . 56 for a 6-min walk, r = . 74 for a 12-min walk, r = . 57 for a 1-km walk, r = . 64 for a 1-mile walk, and r = . 64 for a 2-km walk. Each average value was highly significant (p .74), so the review was extended to consider multivariate equations combining walk test performance with age, weight, gender, and exercise heart rate to predict VO2max. These equations have predicted VO2max accurately and cross-validate well. The standard error of estimate (SEE) for VO2max predictions from these equations was only 0.32 to 0.40 ml.kg(-1)1.min(-1) larger than that for equivalent statistic for run tests. Walk tests are valid and are comparable tq run tests as indicators of VO2max when the multivariate approach is Used.
Novel Designed SiC Devices for High Power and High Efficiency Systems

Two types of 4H-silicon carbide (SiC) MOSFETs are proposed in this paper. One is the novel designed V-groove trench MOSFET that utilizes the 4H-SiC (0-33-8) face for the channel region. The MOS interface using this face shows the extremely low interface state density (Dit) of 3 × 1011 cm2 eV-1, which causes the high channel mobility of 80 cm2 V-1 s-1 results in very low channel resistance. The buried p+ regions located close to the trench bottom can effectively alleviate the electric field crowding without the significant sacrifice of the increase of the resistance. The low specific ON-state resistance of 3.5 mQ cm2 with sufficiently high blocking voltage of 1700 V is obtained. The other is the double implanted MOSFET with the carefully designed junction termination extension and field-limiting rings for the edge termination region, and the additional doping into the junction FET region. With a high-quality and high-uniformity epitaxial layer, 6 mm × 6 mm devices are fabricated. The well balanced specific ON-state resistance of 14.2 mQ cm2 and the blocking voltage of 3850 V are obtained for 3300 V application.
La tarea de los flancos y la competición de respuestas: un instrumento útil para investigar una variedad de problemas cognitivos The flanks task and response competition: a useful tool for investigating a variety of cognitive problems

ResumenLa investigacion ha mostrado que la interferencia que sobre el tiempo de reaccion se produce en la tarea de los flancos surge, al menos en buena parte, de la activacion incipiente de respuestas competidoras. El paradigma de competicion de respuestas ha hecho valiosas contribuciones en la evaluacion de los modelos de flujo continuo de procesamiento de informacion frente a los modelos de fases discretas, asi como en la comprension de los potenciales corticales evocados. Este paradigma se ha utilizado para trazar el campo atencional visual como funcion de las demandas de la tarea y se ha encontrado tambien util en el estudio de la memoria. Es prometedor en los estudios de categorizacion cognitiva y ha ayudado a comprender el efecto “igual/rapido” en los juicios de igual-diferente en tareas de comparacion. Actualmente se esta aplicando al estudio de las comparaciones disyuntivas.
Muscle proteins in the chick myotome examined by the immunofluorescent method.

In previous studies on the development of the somite (Langman & Nelson, 1968), the majority of the cells of the myotome appeared to arise from the dermatome and not, as previously suggested, from the cells of the so-called dorso-medial somite lip (Williams, 1910; Hamilton, 1952; Boyd, 1960). Once the myotome cells, characterized by a pale, round to irregular, nucleus and darkly stained nucleolus, are formed, they fail to synthesize DNA. During subsequent development, the myotome appears to extend in ventro-lateral direction by the addition of new cells originating primarily from the dermatome. After the dermatome has lost its epithelial structure, the myotome, in transverse section, consists of a tissue band with an abundance of cytoplasm and a large number of round to spindle-shaped nuclei. Though DNA synthesis was rarely observed among the cells of the extended myotome, considerable proliferative activity was observed in the adjacent tissues.
Higher order asymptotics for negative binomial regression inferences from RNA-sequencing data

Abstract RNA sequencing (RNA-Seq) is the current method of choice for characterizing transcriptomes and quantifying gene expression changes. This next generation sequencing-based method provides unprecedented depth and resolution. The negative binomial (NB) probability distribution has been shown to be a useful model for frequencies of mapped RNA-Seq reads and consequently provides a basis for statistical analysis of gene expression. Negative binomial exact tests are available for two-group comparisons but do not extend to negative binomial regression analysis, which is important for examining gene expression as a function of explanatory variables and for adjusted group comparisons accounting for other factors. We address the adequacy of available large-sample tests for the small sample sizes typically available from RNA-Seq studies and consider a higher-order asymptotic (HOA) adjustment to likelihood ratio tests. We demonstrate that 1) the HOA-adjusted likelihood ratio test is practically indistinguishable from the exact test in situations where the exact test is available, 2) the type I error of the HOA test matches the nominal specification in regression settings we examined via simulation, and 3) the power of the likelihood ratio test does not appear to be affected by the HOA adjustment. This work helps clarify the accuracy of the unadjusted likelihood ratio test and the degree of improvement available with the HOA adjustment. Furthermore, the HOA test may be preferable even when the exact test is available because it does not require ad hoc library size adjustments.