Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Chalcogenide glass thin film resists for grayscale lithography

The advantages and applications of chalcogenide glass (ChG) thin film photoresists for grayscale lithography are demonstrated. It is shown that the ChG films can be used to make ultrathin (~600 nm), high-resolution grayscale patterns, which can find their application, for example, in IR optics. Unlike polymer photoresists, the IR transparent ChG patterns can be useful as such on the surface, or be used to transfer the etched pattern into silicon or other substrates. Even if the ChG is used as an etch mask for the silicon substrate, its greater hardness can achieve a greater transfer ratio than that obtained with organic photoresists. The suitability of ChG photoresists is demonstrated with inexpensive and reliable fabrication of ultrathin Fresnel lenses that are transparent in the visible as well as in the IR region. The optical functionality of the Fresnel lenses is confirmed. Application of silver photodissolution in grayscale lithography for MEMS applications is also shown. The process consists of the following steps: ChG film deposition, Ag film deposition, irradiation through a grayscale mask, removal of the excess Ag and the transfer of the pattern to Si by dry etching. A substrate to ChG thickness etching ratio of ~ 10 is obtained for the transfer of patterns into silicon, more than a five fold increase compared to traditional polymer photoresist.
Strapdown Inertial Navigation Integration Algorithm Design Part 1: Attitude Algorithms

This series of two papers provides a rigorous comprehensive approach to the design of the principal software algorithmsutilized in modern-day strapdown inertial navigation systems: integration ofangular rateinto attitude, acceleration transformation/integration into velocity, and integration of velocity into position. The algorithms are structured utilizing the two-speed updating approach originally developed for attitude updating in which an analytically exact equation is used at moderate speed to update the integration parameter (attitude, velocity, or position) with input provided from a high-speed algorithm measuring dynamic angular rate/acceleration effects within the parameter update time interval [coning for attitude updating, sculling for velocity updating, and scrolling (writer’ s terminology ) for high-resolution position updating]. The algorithm design approach accounts for angular rate/specie c force acceleration measurements from the strapdown system inertial sensors as well as rotation of the navigation frame used for attitude referencing and velocity integration. This paper, Part 1, dee nes the overall design requirement for the strapdown inertial navigation integration function and develops direction cosine and quaternion forms for the attitude updating algorithms. Part 2 [Savage, P. G. , “ Strapdown Inertial Navigation Integration Algorithm Design Part 2: Velocity and Position Algorithms,”Journal of Guidance, Control, and Dynamics (to be published )] deals with design of the velocity and position integration algorithms. Although Parts 1 and 2 often cover fundamental inertial navigation concepts, the material presented is intended for use by the practitioner who is already familiar with basic inertial navigation concepts.
Design of observers for Takagi-Sugeno fuzzy models for Fault Detection and Isolation

This paper addresses the design of an unknown input fuzzy observer for Takagi-Sugeno (T-S) fuzzy model subject to unknown inputs. The main contribution of the paper is the development of a robust fuzzy observer in presence of disturbances. Based on Lyapunov function, it is shown how to determine observers gains in linear matrix inequalities (LMI). The proposed T-S observer is used for detection and isolation of faults which can affect a nonlinear models. The validity of the proposed methodology is illustrated by estimating the yaw rate and the fault of automatic steering vehicle.
Rapid springback compensation for age forming based on quasi Newton method

Iterative methods based on finite element simulation are effective approaches to design mold shape to compensate springback in sheet metal forming. However, convergence rate of iterative methods is difficult to improve greatly. To increase the springback compensate speed of designing age forming mold, process of calculating springback for a certain mold with finite element method is analyzed. Springback compensation is abstracted as finding a solution for a set of nonlinear functions and a springback compensation algorithm is presented on the basis of quasi Newton method. The accuracy of algorithm is verified by developing an ABAQUS secondary development program with MATLAB. Three rectangular integrated panels of dimensions 710 mm ×750 mm integrated panels with intersected ribs of 10 mm are selected to perform case studies. The algorithm is used to compute mold contours for the panels with cylinder, sphere and saddle contours respectively and it takes 57%, 22% and 33% iterations as compared to that of displacement adjustment (DA) method. At the end of iterations, maximum deviations on the three panels are 0.618 4 mm, 0.624 1 mm and 0.342 0 mm that are smaller than the deviations determined by DA method (0.740 8 mm, 0.740 8 mm and 0.713 7 mm respectively). In following experimental verification, mold contour for another integrated panel with 400 mm×380 mm size is designed by the algorithm. Then the panel is age formed in an autoclave and measured by a three dimensional digital measurement devise. Deviation between measuring results and the panel’s design contour is less than 1 mm. Finally, the iterations with different mesh sizes (40 mm, 35 mm, 30 mm, 25 mm, 20 mm) in finite element models are compared and found no considerable difference. Another possible compensation method, Broyden-Fletcher-Shanmo method, is also presented based on the solving nonlinear functions idea. The Broyden-Fletcher-Shanmo method is employed to compute mold contour for the second panel. It only takes 50% iterations compared to that of DA. The proposed method can serve a faster mold contour compensation method for sheet metal forming.
IRC +10420 - A cool hypergiant near the top of the H-R diagram

New data are reported for the OH/IR star IRC+10420, including optical/infrared imaging, spectroscopy, polarimetry, and photometry. We conclude the following: 1. The optical spectrum is that of a very luminous F supergiant (F Ia+) with a very strong O I blend at 7774 A. Hα is strongly in emission and shows a double-peaked profile similar to the emission seen in stars with rotating equatorial disks. 2. The optical image taken through polarizing filters is elongated, and shows that the star must be intrinsically polarized at a position angle near 90°. The 8.7 μm image is also elongated, but at a position angle near 150°
Top-emission ultraviolet light-emitting diodes with peak emission at 280 nm

We demonstrate light emission at 280 nm from UV light-emitting diodes consisting of AlInGaN/AlInGaN multiple quantum wells. Turn-on voltage of the devices is ∼5 V with a differential resistance of ∼40 Ω. The peak emission wavelength redshifts ∼1 nm at high injection currents.
The Hanle effect in a random magnetic field - Dependence of the polarization on statistical properties of the magnetic field

Context. The Hanle effect is used to determine weak turbulent magnetic fields in the solar atmosphere, usually assuming that the angular distribution is isotropic, the magnetic field strength constant, and that micro-turbulence holds, i.e. that the magnetic field correlation length is much less than a photon mean free path. Aims. To examine the sensitivity of turbulent magnetic field measurements to these assumptions, we study the dependence of Hanle effect on the magnetic field correlation length, its angular, and strength distributions. Methods. We introduce a fairly general random magnetic field model characterized by a correlation length and a magnetic field vector distribution. Micro-turbulence is recovered when the correlation length goes to zero and macro-turbulence when it goes to infinity. Radiative transfer equations are established for the calculation of the mean Stokes parameters and they are solved numerically by a polarized approximate lambda iteration method. Results. We show that optically thin spectral lines and optically very thick ones are insensitive to the correlation length of the magnetic field, while spectral lines with intermediate optical depths (around 10–100) show some sensitivity to this parameter. The result is interpreted in terms of the mean number of scattering events needed to create the surface polarization. It is shown that the single-scattering approximation holds good for thin and thick lines but may fail for lines with intermediate thickness. The dependence of the polarization on the magnetic field vector probability density function (PDF) is examined in the micro-turbulent limit. A few PDFs with different angular and strength distributions, but equal mean value of the magnetic field, are considered. It is found that the polarization is in general quite sensitive to the shape of the magnetic field strength PDF and somewhat to the angular distribution. Conclusions. The mean field derived from Hanle effect analysis of polarimetric data strongly depends on the choice of the field strength distribution used in the analysis. It is shown that micro-turbulence is in general a safe approximation.
Pitch‐synchronous frame‐by‐frame and segment‐based articulatory analysis by synthesis

This paper presents a pitch‐synchronous analysis‐by‐synthesis procedure for estimating model parameters for voiced speech. These model parameters describe the vocal‐tract shape and the time derivative of the glottal area function. The excitation waveform is derived from the glottal area function by incorporating source‐tract interaction using the current vocal‐tract input impedance. The corresponding analysis procedure for estimating the model parameters once every pitch period is outlined. A significant improvement in quality was obtained for the new pitch‐synchronous analysis/synthesis procedure relative to the fixed‐frame‐length‐based scheme used previously. It was also found that the new pitch‐synchronous articulatory analysis/synthesis scheme achieves lower rms spectral distortion values than the 2.4 kb/s. Federal standard LPC‐10E algorithm. A segment‐based procedure for estimating the vocal‐tract model parameters at a rate much lower than the current pitch is described. In this segment‐based analysi.
A search for small-scale X-ray surface brightness fluctuations in clusters of galaxies

A search for small-scale structure in the X-ray surface brightness of 20 nearby (z not greater than 0.036) clusters of galaxies is described. The technique is to compare 0.3-3.5 keV observations made with the IPC aboard the Einstein Observatory to detailed simulations of intrinsically smooth clusters. Excess fluctuations of 1-deg scale are detected in the high-count sample, but none in the low-count sample. The excess fluctuations in the high-count sample could be produced by about one source per zone emitting at about 4 x 10 to the 41st ergs/s in soft X-rays. It is suggested that low-luminosity active nuclei in the cluster galaxies or a hot interstellar medium retained by some galaxies are the most likely origins of this emission.
Atom lithography with subwavelength resolution via Rabi oscillations

(Received 13 December 2012; published 13 February 2013)We proposetwo atom lithography techniques with subwavelength resolution based on position-dependent Rabioscillations. Our method either uses neutral or ionized atoms to write subwavelength patterns. We illustrate ourproposal by numerical simulations of an experimental setup using rubidium Rydberg atoms. We show that, for amicrowave wavelength of 1.4 cm, a spacing of a few hundred nanometers is possible.DOI: 10.1103/PhysRevA.87. 023405 PACS number(s): 32
Generation of very-high order Laguerre-Gaussian modes in Yb:YAG ceramic laser

The use of a simple short-focus plano-convex glass lens with strong spherical aberration for Laguerre-Gaussian mode selection in a continuous wave (CW) LD-end-pumped Yb:YAG ceramic laser is demonstrated. Mode selection was obtained in a nearly meter long plane-parallel cavity by shifting an intra-cavity lens of 2.5 cm focal length along the resonator axis. Sequence of Laguerre-Gaussian (LGp,l) modes with different combinations of radial (p) and azimuthal (l) indices from low to high orders (p = 0 – 12, l = 0 – 28) with output beam diameters 2 – 13 mm and power up to 30 mW was produced. Along with many low order modes, the whole lineage of very high order pure ``hollow'' LGp,l modes (p = 5 – 10, l = 7 – 28) was produced by this method for the first time. The region of stability of the resonator with an intra-cavity aberrating lens was found to be enclosed between ``focusing'' and ``imaging'' configurations in the cavity, which the aberrating lens could provide simultaneously. The mechanism of LGp,l mode selection in such a cavity and possible applications of the proposed laser scheme are considered.
Alternative Methods for Skin-Sensitization Assessment

Skin sensitization is a term used to refer to the regulatory hazard known as allergic contact dermatitis (ACD) in humans or contact hypersensitivity in rodents, an important health endpoint considered in chemical hazard and risk assessments. Information on skin sensitization potential is required in various regulatory frameworks, such as the Directive of the European Parliament and the Council on Registration, Evaluation and Authorization of Chemicals (REACH). The identification of skin-sensitizing chemicals previously required the use of animal testing, which is now being replaced by alternative methods. Alternative methods in the field of skin sensitization are based on the measurement or prediction of key events (KE), i.e., (i) the molecular triggering event, i.e., the covalent binding of electrophilic substances to nucleophilic centers in skin proteins; (ii) the activation of keratinocytes; (iii) the activation of dendritic cells; (iv) the proliferation of T cells. This review article focuses on the current state of knowledge regarding the methods corresponding to each of the key events in skin sensitization and considers the latest trends in the development and modification of these methods.
THE THEORETICAL FOUNDATIONS OF PRINCIPAL FACTOR ANALYSIS, CANONICAL FACTOR ANALYSIS, AND ALPHA FACTOR ANALYSIS

It is shown that PFA, CFA and AFA are particular cases of a scale-invariant factoring procedure based on variance ratios of certain weighted combinations of variables. Standard derivations in the literature are shown, in contrast, to have unsatisfactory features. It is suggested that the choice between PFA, CFA and AFA involves relatively independent choices of features of each, and that in most cases CFA is to be preferred.
A SEARCH FOR GLOBULAR CLUSTERS IN MORE REMOTE AREAS AROUND M31 AND M33 II

Using the Sloan Digital Sky Survey (SDSS), ∼900 deg2 of the sky surrounding M31 and M33 have been searched for globular clusters (GCs) that through galaxy interaction have become unbound from their parent systems and M31 (hence, intergalactic globular clusters, IGCs). This search reached a maximum of ∼500 kpc in projected galactocentric distance (Rgc) from M31. Visual examination of 283,871 SDSS cutout images and of 1143 fits images yielded 320 candidates. This sample was reduced to six GCs and one likely candidate by excluding galaxies on the basis of combinations of their optical, ultraviolet, and infrared colors from the SDSS, the Galaxy Evolution Explorer satellite, and the Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer satellite, as well as their photometric redshifts from the SDSS. Since these seven objects have 14 kpc ⩽ Rgc ⩽ 137 kpc, they are more likely to be GCs in the halo of M31 than IGCs. They are all “classical” as opposed to “extended” GCs, and they provide further evidence that the remote halo of M31 (Rgc ⩾ 50 kpc) contains more GCs of all types and, in particular, far more “classical” ones than the remote halo of the Milky Way.
Design for control of flow instabilities: first principles and an application

We demonstrate a control strategy for increasing the mean passage time between 'bursts' of a perturbed heteroclinic attractor. Perturbed heteroclinic attractors were proposed by as a model for the dynamics of coherent structures in the turbulent wall layer. It is observed that most of the turbulent drag is produced by 'bursts' in the dynamics of coherent structures, hence increasing the mean time between bursts corresponds directly to drag reduction. The control is actuated by perturbations of the wall topography. We show how one may derive the form of the control input in dynamical systems phase space from the time-dependent boundary perturbation. This is done through a conformal change of coordinates. Assuming that the magnitude of the control input is small, we formulate a robust strategy for the increase of the passage time close to the hyperbolic fixed points of the attractor. We demonstrate the strategy on a 1D PDE, the Kuramoto-Sivashinsky equation. Initial simulations show an increase of 7% in the mean passage time. Our results are global nonlinear control results for a system exhibiting nontrivial dynamics. We further present initial results on estimation and control using partial system observations. In the application at hand, we will have a limited amount of information derived from wall-mounted sensors, thus requiring estimation models. We show results of control using and extended Kalman filter. The control algorithm used yields excellent results including a complete suppression of bursting when large control forces are introduced.
MG and Fe absorption features in elliptical galaxies

Fe and Mg indices from two homogenous collections of nuclear elliptical galaxy spectra are compared with model indices. In the average giant elliptical, the [Mg/Fe] ratio exceeds that of the most metal-rich stars in the solar neighborhood by ∼0.2-0.3 dex, with a large spread about this mean. This result implies a variable «enrichment effectiveness» of Type II supernovae (SNs) compared with Type Ia SNs in the evolution of ellipticals, caused perhaps by differences in star formation time scales, the initial mass function, or the amount of Fe versus Mg ejected in galactic winds
Mott electron polarimetry

Electron polarimeters based on Mott scattering are extensively used in atomic and molecular, solid state, nuclear, and high‐energy physics. This use stems from the increasing realization that much additional information concerning many physical processes can be obtained through spin‐dependent measurements. In this review we discuss the basic physics and application of Mott polarimetry. A number of different Mott polarimeter designs are described that illustrate the wide range of operating energies (10 eV–1 MeV) and geometries that can be used in such instruments. The calibration of Mott polarimeters is discussed together with the potential sources of systematic error that can arise and that can limit measurement accuracies. The aim is to present a comprehensive practical guide to Mott polarimetry and the capabilities of the technique.
Employee Compensation, Training and Financial Performance during the COVID-19 Pandemic

The purpose of this paper is multi-faceted: first, to analyze the impact of employee compensation and training on firms’ financial performance and the moderating effect of the COVID-19 pandemic on the relationship between employee compensation and financial performance, as well as the relationship between training and financial performance; and second, to analyze the decision-making process pertaining to these two aspects of human resources both prior to and during the COVID-19 pandemic. This study utilizes a sample of 103 Belgian pharmaceutical firms whose financial statements were published in the Bureau Van Djik database between 2012 and 2021. The estimation approach employed was panel data analysis, and the Generalized Method of Moments was used to evaluate the robustness of the system. Whether or not a crisis exists greatly alters the parameters that influence a pharmaceutical company’s business performance. Specifically, the results reveal that the COVID-19 pandemic had a substantial and negative impact on financial performance. Human resource factors, which include employee compensation and training, more accurately explain the company’s performance. The key contribution of such an approach is to illustrate that human resource-related factors have an impact on performance indicators during various types of crises, thereby assisting HR managers in making the best decision during times of crisis. It provides basic guidelines for policymakers to adhere to in order to have a better knowledge of how human capital characteristics might be utilized to improve the performance of their businesses during times of crisis. In addition, this research demonstrates that the firm’s unique characteristics may affect the success of Belgian businesses.
Two paradigms of baroclinic‐wave life‐cycle behaviour

Two idealized baroclinic wave-6 life cycles examined here suggest a framework of opposite extremes (a) in which to view the behaviour of real synoptic-scale disturbances in middle latitudes, and (b) in which to interrelate the synoptic and wave-theoretic viewpoints, using the ‘saturation-propagation-saturation’ (SPS) picture of wave-6 life-cycle behaviour. The two life cycles. dented by LC1 and LC2, are higher-resolution versions of the Simmons-Hoskins ‘basic’ and ‘anomalous’ cases (showing strong and weak late decay of eddy kinetic energy, EKE). They illustrate, in varying degrees. Two extreme types of behaviour here disignated ‘anticyclonic’ and ‘cyclonic’, and epitomized by strongly contrasting upper-air trough behaviour. ‘Anticyclonic’ behaviour dominates the late stages of LC1 and is characterized by backward-tilted, thinning troughs being advected anticyclonically and equatorward, as in the commoner cases of planetary-scale mid-stratospheric ‘Rossby-wave breaking’. ‘Cyclonic’ behaviour dominates LC2 and is characterized by forward-tilted, broadening troughs wrapping themselves up cyclonically and poleward. producing major cut-off cyclones in high latitudes. These morphologies are visualized by upper-air maps of potential temperature on the nominal tropopause, defined as a constant-potential-vorticity surface. Some atmospheric mid-latitude disturbances examined here, using the same visualization applied to operational analyses, show the same two extreme types of trough behaviour together with intermediate cases. The SPS picture is re-examined, using Eliassen-palm and refractive-index cross-sections. It is shown, in particular, by reference to a wave-activity theorem of Haynes, that the late stages of LC2 can be looked upon as a remarkably clear, and morphologically novel, large-amplitude counterpart of the nonlinear reflection scenario of Rossby-wave critical-layer theory. The late stages of LC1, by constrast, look more akin to an nonlinear critical-layer absorption scenario. LC2 exhibits region of largely undular PV contours adjacent to a nonlinear of irreversiby deformen PV contous. In the latter region PV rearrangement, and hence absorption of Rossby-wave activity, has largely ceased. This accounts for the more persistent EKEE in the LC2 case.
Analysis of Systematic Differences of Astrometric Catalogs in a Band

We first establish theoretical arguments that give consistency to a method of homogenization for astrometric catalogs that may be applied to domains other than the usual complete sphere. The work domain consists of bands having a constant width and containing a great circle. The proposed adjustment requires prescribed values on these band boundaries that are subject to uncertainties, so it is desirable that the adjustment depend as little as possible on these uncertainties. We then solve this problem in the case of a band containing any great circle, for which it is necessary to determine a new functional basis in order to expand the systematic differences in spherical coordinates.