Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Extracting and Displaying Temporal Entities from Historical Articles

Our goal is to extract and display temporal entities in textual documents. The task involves identification of all events in a document followed by identification of important events using a classifier. We present a user with the key events and their associated people, places, and organizations within a document in terms of a timeline and a map. For purposes of testing, we use historical Wikipedia articles, such as those describing wars, battles, and invasions. We focus on extracting major events from the articles, although our ideas and tools can be easily used with articles from other sources such as news articles. We use several existing tools such as Evita, Google Maps, publicly available implementations of SVM, HMM and CRF, and the MIT SIMILE Timeline.
GLACE: The Global Land-Atmosphere Coupling Experiment. Part I: Overview

Abstract The Global Land–Atmosphere Coupling Experiment (GLACE) is a model intercomparison study focusing on a typically neglected yet critical element of numerical weather and climate modeling: land–atmosphere coupling strength, or the degree to which anomalies in land surface state (e.g., soil moisture) can affect rainfall generation and other atmospheric processes. The 12 AGCM groups participating in GLACE performed a series of simple numerical experiments that allow the objective quantification of this element for boreal summer. The derived coupling strengths vary widely. Some similarity, however, is found in the spatial patterns generated by the models, with enough similarity to pinpoint multimodel “hot spots” of land–atmosphere coupling. For boreal summer, such hot spots for precipitation and temperature are found over large regions of Africa, central North America, and India; a hot spot for temperature is also found over eastern China. The design of the GLACE simulations are described in full detai.
Information on an elastic rubber string

This paper shows how to use an ideal rubber string, which is clamped down at both ends, as a memory device. The information is stored on the string by giving it an initial shape, where the Fourier coefficients of this shape represent the code bits. Once the string is let go, the wave equation governs the oscillatory movements of the string, but it retains the information in the Fourier coefficients. We show two possibilities to recover this information: analysing a snapshot of the string shape, and analysing its motion at a particular point. Both methods are successful, but for most practical cases the spatial analysis yields a better achievable rate. While the ideal string is used as the intuitive model, our results automatically extend to arbitrary one dimensional wave resonators with clamped down (Dirichlet) boundaries.
On the Relationship between the Convergence Rates of Iterative and Continuous Processes

Considering iterative sequences that arise when approximate solutions $x_k$ to a numerical problem are updated by $x_{k+1} = x_k+v(x_k)$, where $v$ is a differentiable vector field, we derive necessary and sufficient conditions for such discrete processes to converge to a stationary point of $v$ at different Q-rates in terms of a similar notion of fast convergence for the corresponding continuous processes.
Cutting MapReduce Cost with Spot Market

Spot market provides the ideal mechanism to leverage idle CPU resources and smooth out the computation demands. Unfortunately, few applications can take advantage of spot market because they cannot handle sudden terminations. We describe Spot Cloud MapReduce, the first MapReduce implementation that can fully take advantage of a spot market. Even if a massive number of nodes are terminated regularly due to a price increase, Spot Cloud MapReduce can still make computation progress. We show experimentally that it performs well and it has very little overhead.
Netrin‐1 is crucial for the establishment of the dorsal column‐medial lemniscal system

The dorsal column‐medial lemniscal system is a significant sensory pathway that mediates touch and limb position sense. In this system, axons from the second‐order neurons in the dorsal column nuclei form the internal arcuate fibers, cross the ventral midline (floor plate) within the medulla oblongata, and then project to the thalamus as the medial lemniscus. Here we demonstrate that Netrin‐1, which is secreted from the floor plate in the medulla oblongata, is indispensable to the formation of the dorsal column‐medial lemniscal system. Axons from the dorsal column nuclei cross the midline at around embryonic day 11 in mice. Concurrently, Netrin‐1 mRNA and its receptor DCC (deleted in colorectal cancer) were expressed in the floor plate and commissural axons there, respectively. In our explant culture experiments, the floor plates of the embryonic 11‐day‐old mutant Netrin‐1 homozygous mice did not attract axons from the dorsal column nuclei of ICR mice, while those from the wild type littermates did. Moreover, we observed that although the dorsal column nuclei developed in situ in mutant mice, their axons were not attracted toward the floor plate: they did not cross midline and remained ipsilaterally, without forming the internal arcuate fibers, in embryonic 17‐day‐old mutant Netrin‐1 homozygous mice.
Recovery of Steroidal Alkaloids from Potato Peels Using Pressurized Liquid Extraction

A higher yield of glycoalkaloids was recovered from potato peels using pressurized liquid extraction (1.92 mg/g dried potato peels) compared to conventional solid–liquid extraction (0.981 mg/g dried potato peels). Response surface methodology deduced the optimal temperature and extracting solvent (methanol) for the pressurized liquid extraction (PLE) of glycoalkaloids as 80 °C in 89% methanol. Using these two optimum PLE conditions, levels of individual steroidal alkaloids obtained were of 597, 873, 374 and 75 µg/g dried potato peel for α-solanine, α-chaconine, solanidine and demissidine respectively. Corresponding values for solid liquid extraction were 59%, 46%, 40% and 52% lower for α-solanine, α-chaconine, solanidine and demissidine respectively.
ul 2 00 1 Supernovae , Hypernovae and Color Superconductivity

We argue that Color Superconductivity (CSC, Cooper pairing in quark matter leading to the breaking of SU(3) color symmetry) may play a role in triggering the explosive endpoint of stellar evolution in massive stars (M > 8M⊙). We show that the binding energy release in the transition of a sub-core region to the CSC phase can be of the same order of magnitude as the gravitational binding energy release from core collapse. The core temperature during collapse is likely below the critical temperature for CSC, and the transition is first order, proceeding on Fermi timescales when the pressure reaches a critical value of several times nuclear density. We also discuss the implications for hypernova events with total ejecta energy of 10-100 times that of type II supernova. dkhong@pnu.edu hsu@duende.uoregon. edu francesco.sannino@nbi.dk
Chapter 4 Symmetric Encryption 4.1 Symmetric Encryption Schemes

The symmetric setting considers two parties who share a key and will use this key to imbue communicated data with various security attributes. The main security goals are privacy and authenticity of the communicated data. The present chapter looks at privacy. A later chapter looks at authenticity. Chapters 3 and 4 describe tools we shall use here. The primitive we will consider is called an encryption scheme. Such a scheme specifies an encryption algorithm, which tells the sender how to process the plaintext using the key, thereby producing the ciphertext that is actually transmitted. An encryption scheme also specifies a decryption algorithm, which tells the receiver how to retrieve the original plaintext from the transmission while possibly performing some verification, too. Finally, there is a key-generation algorithm, which produces a key that the parties need to share. The formal description follows. Definition 4.1 A symmetric encryption scheme SE = (K, E, D) consists of three algorithms, as follows: • The randomized key generation algorithm K returns a string K. We let Keys(SE) denote the set of all strings that have non-zero probability of being output by K. The members of this set are called keys. We write K $ ← K for the operation of executing K and letting K denote the key returned.
Algorithm 900: A discrete time kalman filter package for large scale problems

Data assimilation is the process of feeding a partially unknown prediction model with available information from observations, with the objective of correcting and improving the modeled results. One of the most important mathematical tools to perform data assimilation is the Kalman filter. This is essentially a predictor-corrector algorithm that is optimal in the sense of minimizing the trace of the covariance matrix of the errors. Unfortunately, the computational cost of applying the filter to large scale problems is enormous, and the programming of the filter is highly dependent on the model and the format of the data involved. The first objective of this article is to present a set of Fortran 90 modules that implement the reduced rank square root versions of the Kalman filter, adapted for the assimilation of a very large number of variables. The second objective is to present a Kalman filter implementation whose code is independent of both the model and observations and is easy to use. A detailed description of the algorithms, structure, parallelization is given along with examples of using the package to solve practical problems.
Robust Monetary Policy under Model Uncertainty : Incorporating Rational Expectations

One of the prominent ways to analyze the robustness of monetary policy under model uncertainty consists of the following three steps. First, choose a reference model of the economy. Next, define a set of perturbations around this model, where the set is structured so that the uncertainty is focused on potentially important weaknesses of the reference model. Finally, choose policy so that it works best for the worst model from the set. Previous applications of this approach allowed only for purely backward-looking models. This paper extends the analysis of robustness to models that may include forward-looking components. Empirical part of the paper studies simple policy rules under model, data and shock uncertainty in a small model of the US economy with rational expectations.
Less volatile growth?: the role of regional financial institutions

T he volatility of economic growth in the countries of Latin America and the Caribbean has been exacerbated by a lack of suitable instruments for smoothing external shocks. Difficulties with the provision of emergency financing and the development of financial markets capable of trading government securities that incorporate better contingency mechanisms have contributed to economic volatility. To identify routes towards progress with these two issues in the Latin American context, the present article examines the role that could be played by regional and subregional financial institutions, always bearing in mind that while these can supplement global institutions, they cannot supplant them. K E Y W O R D S
DISTORTION-BASED MEDIA-FRIENDLY CONGESTION CONTROL

This paper describes a media-friendly congestion control algorithm suited for multimedia streaming in best-effort networks. The transmission rate computed by this algorithm follows the shape of the transmission rate of a TCP-friendly congestion control, but it considers also the distortion it would create in the stream perceived by the receiver. Based on this predicted distortion, the media-friendly congestion control algorithm alters the TCP-friendly transmission rate so that it minimizes this distortion.
Return Smoothing, Liquidity Costs, and Investor Flows: Evidence from a Separate Account Platform

We use a new hedge fund data set from a separate account platform to examine (1) how much of hedge fund return smoothing is due to main fund–specific factors, such as managerial reporting discretion and (2) the costs of removing hedge fund share restrictions. These accounts trade pari passu with matching hedge funds but feature third-party reporting and permissive share restrictions. We use these properties to estimate that 33% of reported smoothing is due to managerial reporting methods. The platform’s fund-level liquidity is associated with a 1.7% performance reduction on an annual basis. Investor flows chase monthly past performance on the platform but not in the associated funds. This paper was accepted by Neng Wang, finance.
Impact of socioeconomic and risk factors on cardiovascular disease and type II diabetes in Australia: comparison of results from longitudinal and cross-sectional designs

Objective Existing large-scale studies do not take into account comorbidity or control for selection and endogeneity biases. This study addresses these shortcomings. Participants We use information on individuals aged between 35 and 70 years from a nationally representative longitudinal survey conducted in Australia between 2001 and 2013. Participants were approached annually, and updates on their characteristics, including health status, were ascertained through self-reporting. Method We develop three different analytical designs. The first model is a cross-sectional analysis against which our improved models are compared. In the second model, we follow the same approach but control for prior health conditions. The last preferred model additionally adjusts for characteristics and risk profile of respondents prior to onset of conditions. It also allows for comorbidity and controls for selection bias. Results Once comorbidity and changes over time in the participant's characteristics are controlled for, body mass index (BMI), alcohol consumption and physical activity exhibit a stronger impact than in the models without these controls. A unit increase in BMI increases the risk of developing a cardiovascular disease (CVD) condition within 2 years by 1.3 percentage points (β=0.11, 95% CI 0.05 to 0.16) and regular alcohol intake increases the risk of CVD by 3.0 percentage points (β=0.24, 95% CI 0.09 to 0.39). Both factors lose significance without proper control for endogenous behavioural change. We also note that frequent physical activity reduces the risk of developing diabetes by 0.9 percentage point (β=−0.40, 95% CI −0.72 to −0.07). Conclusions Our result shows a greater importance of certain lifestyle and risk factors than was previously suggested.
Physical activity levels during pregnancy and gestational weight gain among women who are overweight or obese.

ISSUE ADDRESSED There is contradictory research assessing physical activity patterns during pregnancy and postpartum among women who are overweight or obese. The aim of this study was to evaluate physical activity among overweight and obese women over the course of pregnancy and the initial postpartum period. METHODS Three hundred and five overweight or obese pregnant women completed physical-activity questionnaires at three time points during pregnancy and at 4-months postpartum. RESULTS Physical activity declined between early pregnancy and 28-weeks gestation (P<0.001) and declined further at 36-weeks gestation (P<0.001) before increasing significantly at 4-months postpartum (P<0.001). However, reported activity at 4-months postpartum remained significantly lower than that reported in early pregnancy (P<0.001). There was no significant difference either cross-sectionally or for changes over pregnancy and postpartum for total levels or categories of physical activity for women with different body mass index (BMI) or gestational weight gain (GWG). BMI was the only independent predictor of the change in total physical activity over the study and GWG, with women with higher BMI having larger decline of physical activity (β=0.114, s.e.=0.750, P=0.032) and less GWG (β=-0.253, s.e.=0.063, P<0.001). CONCLUSIONS Physical activity declined significantly between early pregnancy and 28-weeks gestation, with a further decline to 36-weeks gestation. At 4-months postpartum, physical activity significantly increased but not to the level of that reported at early pregnancy. SO WHAT? : The promotion of appropriate physical activity should be implemented early in pregnancy and postpartum to prevent the decline in activity we have observed in overweight and obese women. Future research should also explore the barriers and enablers to women engaging in exercise during pregnancy and the postpartum period.
Workload Representation across Different Storage Architectures for Relational DBMS

Database systems differ from small-scale stripped database programs for embedded devices with minimal footprint to large-scale OLAP applications for server devices. For relational database management systems, two storage architectures have been introduced: the row-oriented and the column-oriented architecture. To select the optimal architecture for a certain application, we need workload information and statistics. In this paper, we present a workload representation approach that enables us to represent workloads across different DBMSs and architectures. Our approach also supports fine granular workload analyses based on database operations.
Fingertip-Writing Alphanumeric Character Recognition for Vision-Based Human Computer Interaction

This paper proposes a vision-based fingertip handwriting alphanumeric character recognition system to provide an alternative for human computer interaction. Traditional handwriting recognition systems are limited because they require a specific or expensive input device, such as pen, tablet, or touch panel. Recently, cameras have gradually become standard components in many computer-based products. Therefore, a fingertip and camera combination provides a flexible and convenient input device. This proposed system combines fingertip detection, trajectory feature extraction, and character recognition. First, fingertip moving trajectories are tracked and recoded. Then, the proposed cyclic chain code histograms are extracted from the trajectories as features. Finally, the proposed system adopts the sigmoid radial basis function neural networks with growing and pruning algorithm (SRBF-GAP) to recognize handwritten characters. Experimental results show that the proposed novel input system is feasible and effective. This study also presents possible applications for camera input devices.
An Approach of Concurrent Object-Oriented Program Slicing Based on LTL Property

Program slicing is a technique for analyzing program by focusing on the statements which have dependence relations with slicing criterion. Slicing has applications in testing and debugging, re-engineering, program comprehension and software maintenance. Program verification is an important method in assuring the correctness and reliability of computer hardware and software. One of the major problems is space-explosion in the application of this method to concurrent software systems: state space grows exponentially in the number of concurrent components. In fact, it is often the case that some of the statements of the program are irrelevant to the verified property and can be deleted. In this paper, we introduce an approach for slicing concurrent object-oriented programs to reduce state space in the process of program verification. Firstly, we define the dependencies between statements in the given program. Then present the method of extracting slicing criterion from linear temporal logic property and propose the steps of computing slicing. We also discussed that the satisfaction of the verified LTL property is guaranteed for both programs before and after slicing, and at the same time the number of states in state transition graph is decreased.
Intratumoral expression levels of PD-L1, GZMA, and HLA-A along with oligoclonal T cell expansion associate with response to nivolumab in metastatic melanoma

ABSTRACT Immune checkpoint inhibitors blocking the interaction between programmed death-1 (PD-1) and PD-1 ligand-1 (PD-L1) are revolutionizing the cancer immunotherapies with durable clinical responses. Although high expression of PD-L1 in tumor tissues has been implicated to correlate with the better response to the anti-PD-1 therapies, this association has been controversial. In this study, to characterize immune microenvironment in tumors, we examined mRNA levels of immune-related genes and characterized T cell repertoire in the tumors of 13 melanoma patients before and after nivolumab treatment. We found that, in addition to the PD-L1 (p = 0.03), expression levels of PD-1 ligand-2 (PD-L2), granzyme A (GZMA) and human leukocyte antigen-A (HLA-A) in the pre-treatment tumors were significantly higher (p = 0.04, p = 0.01 and p = 0.006, respectively) in responders (n = 5) than in non-responders (n = 8). With nivolumab treatment, tumors in responders exhibited a substantial increase of CD8, GZMA and perforin 1 (PRF1) expression levels as well as increased ratio of TBX21/GATA3, suggesting dominancy of helper T cell type 1 (Th1) response to type 2 (Th2) response. T cell receptor β (TCR-β) repertoire analysis revealed oligoclonal expansion of tumor-infiltrating T lymphocytes (TILs) in the tumor tissues of the responders. Our findings suggest that melanoma harboring high PD-1 ligands (PD-L1 and PD-L2), GZMA and HLA-A expression may respond preferentially to nivolumab treatment, which can enhance Th1-skewed cellular immunity with oligoclonal expansion of TILs.
The Effect of Label Information on U.S. Farmers' Herbicide Choices

This paper analyzes the effect of labeling information on U.S. farmers' herbicide choices. Herbicide choices reported by U.S. soybean farmers are used to estimate farmer preferences for different herbicide attributes using a mixed logit model. Our results indicate that statements displayed on pesticide labels regarding risks to human health and the environment are important components in herbicide selection. We find that farmers are willing to pay an average of $27 per acre to avoid using an herbicide labeled with the word “Warning” and $38 per acre to avoid using an herbicide labeled with the word “Danger. ”
Micromachined Hemispheroidal Cavity Resonators

A high quality factor ( factor) -band micromachined hemispheroidal cavity was designed for use in low phase-noise oscillators. The cavity is micromachined using self-limited isotropic etching of a silicon wafer, which is then metallized with gold and soldered to an alumina wafer using a thin layer of indium. The alumina is patterned with a microstrip feed line having an aperture in the ground plane for coupling to the cavity since the ground plane also forms the top wall of the cavity. An analysis based on equivalent energy aperture coupling theory, and perturbation techniques, was used to design the cavities. The resonant frequency, the unloaded factor, and the loaded factor of the fully assembled micromachined cavity can be calculated using simple equations that agree with both finite-element simulations and measurements. The prototype micromachined cavity has a single measured resonance at 76.39 GHz with a measured unloaded factor of 1426 and a measured loaded factor of 909.
Research on the Electric Power Enterprise Performance Evaluation Based on Symbiosis Theory

The analysis of this text was carried out on the electric power enterprise performance evaluation on basis of symbiosis theory, which had stressed on the relation of the enterprise social performance and the whole enterprise performance. It provided a type of artificial neural network trained by experts for evaluating the electric power enterprise. Finally a case was applied to qualify its validity and feasibility.