Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Excitation of lateral waves and the scattered radiation fields by rough surfaces of arbitrary slope

The coupling between the lateral waves and the radiation field by rough surfaces is derived using a full-wave approach. Both horizontally and vertically polarized waves are considered, and the solutions are shown to satisfy the reciprocity and duality relationships in electromagnetic theory. The slope of the rough surface is not restricted, shadowing effects are considered, and the solutions are also applied to random and periodic rough surfaces. Using stationary phase techniques, closed-form solutions are also derived for high frequencies.
Crystal structure of BaTiO3 in the cubic phase

Abstract The crystal structure of cubic barium titanate was determined at five temperatures up to 180 °C, using the data collected by an X-ray automatic four-circle diffractometer. At temperatures between the Curie temperature and about 180 °C, the Ti atom is displaced from the center of the unit cell along the direction and has eight local disorder positions. This result is the same as the model proposed by Comes et al. In addition to this disorder, we find that the Ba atom is displaced from the cell corner along the direction leading to twelve local disorder positions and the O atoms are uniformly distributed on rings in their face centered planes. At temperatures higher than about 180 °C, the Ti atom is no longer located at any local disorder positions but lies rather on the center of the unit cell.
A generalized vertex dynamics model for grain growth in three dimensions

A generalized three-dimensional (3D) vertex dynamics model for simulating grain growth is presented. In this approach, grain boundaries (GB) are triangulated and the microstructural evolution is driven by the minimization of the GB energy. The generalized model includes misorientation and inclination dependent GB energies and mobilities. The model systems considered are SrTiO3 ceramics. The paper describes the derivation of the equations for the dynamics and the algorithm for handling topological changes in the GB network in detail. For isotropic grain growth, the numerical results for the volume change rate of embedded grains are in excellent agreement with the MacPherson–Srolovitz relation which can be interpreted as the 3D analogue of the von Neumann–Mullins law. The inclination dependent GB energy yields a torque contribution on the GB shape. This is illustrated by means of 2D cross-sections of structures modelled with and without inclination dependence showing rather flat GBs for the energetically favourable GB inclinations.
Detection and motion detection in chromatic and luminance beats

Moving beat patterns were made by adding together sinusoidal luminance or chromatic gratings of equal contrasts and different spatial frequencies moving in opposite directions. Lower thresholds of motion (the speed required for discriminating the direction of motion of the moving beat) were measured at a contrast 0.5 log unit above the contrast required for detecting the spatial modulation in the beat pattern. At durations below 0.12 s the direction of motion of beat patterns could not be discriminated, even though beats could be discriminated from pure sinusoids. At longer durations the lower thresholds of motion declined with duration. When expressed in terms of temporal frequency, functions relating lower threshold of motion to duration were superimposed for beats made from color gratings and for beats with carrier frequencies from 1 to 10 cycles/degree. This is consistent with the hypothesis that a common mechanism analyzes the motion in all types of second-order patterns for which the motion can be reduced to be one of spatial contrast modulation of a one-dimensional carrier.
Online Algorithms with Uncertainty-Quantified Predictions

Online algorithms with predictions have become a trending topic in the field of beyond worst-case analysis of algorithms. These algorithms incorporate predictions about the future to obtain performance guarantees that are of high quality when the predictions are good, while still maintaining bounded worst-case guarantees when predictions are arbitrarily poor. In general, the algorithm is assumed to be unaware of the prediction's quality. However, recent developments in the machine learning literature have studied techniques for providing uncertainty quantification on machine-learned predictions, which describes how certain a model is about its quality. This paper examines the question of how to optimally utilize uncertainty-quantified predictions in the design of online algorithms. In particular, we consider predictions augmented with uncertainty quantification describing the likelihood of the ground truth falling in a certain range, designing online algorithms with these probabilistic predictions for two classic online problems: ski rental and online search. In each case, we demonstrate that non-trivial modifications to algorithm design are needed to fully leverage the probabilistic predictions. Moreover, we consider how to utilize more general forms of uncertainty quantification, proposing a framework based on online learning that learns to exploit uncertainty quantification to make optimal decisions in multi-instance settings.
SOCIAL INTEREST FOR USER SELECTING ITEMS IN RECOMMENDER SYSTEMS

Recommender systems have developed rapidly and successfully. The system aims to help users find relevant items from a potentially overwhelming set of choices. However, most of the existing recommender algorithms focused on the traditional user-item similarity computation, other than incorporating the social interests into the recommender systems. As we know, each user has their own preference field, they may influence their friends' preference in their expert field when considering the social interest on their friends' item collecting. In order to model this social interest, in this paper, we proposed a simple method to compute users' social interest on the specific items in the recommender systems, and then integrate this social interest with similarity preference. The experimental results on two real-world datasets Epinions and Friendfeed show that this method can significantly improve not only the algorithmic precision-accuracy but also the diversity-accuracy.
Scaling properties and electromigration resistance of sputtered Ag metallization lines

Resistivity and electromigration were investigated for thin sputtered Ag films and microstructured Ag lines. Resistivities of thin films were found to be lower compared to copper and follow the prediction of the size effect. Microstructured Ag lines show a high electromigration resistance at accelerated stress measurements. Considering joule heating of the lines, the activation energy for electromigration was found to be 0.58 eV. The extrapolated median lifetime of Ag lines was found to be similar or higher than for Cu lines.
Light interference effects: a tool for the modulation of the Si-nc luminescence spectrum and the determination of the emitting center depth distribution

Recently, it has been shown that the photoluminescence (PL) spectrum emitted by silicon nanocrystals (Si-nc) can be modulated by means of light interference effects, when the Si-nc are produced by the implantation of Si ions in a SiO2 film grown on Si substrate (SiO2/Si). Optical interference must be considered for both the pump laser and the light emitted by the Silicon nanocrystals. In this study, strong variations of the PL spectrum intensity are observed as a function of the SiO2 thickness so that a PL intensity up to three times greater than the one recorded from Si-nc embedded in fused silica has been observed. A Fresnel equation solver [1, 2] has been developed and used to model the emission spectrum of Si-nc in these structures. This model determines the normalized depth profile of emitting centers using the measured luminescence spectra of a series of samples covering a range of SiO2 thicknesses, providing a powerful tool for the study of the Si-nc luminescence mechanism by comparing the shape of the emitter depth profile to those of Si-nc and implanted Si+ depth distributions.
Shock compression of molybdenum to 2.0 TPa by means of a nuclear explosion

The principal Hugoniot of molybdenum has been determined at a pressure of 2.0 TPa by measuring directly both the shock velocity and the particle velocity behind the shock. Neutrons from an underground nuclear explosion were used to generate a high‐pressure shock in a slab of molybdenum by rapidly fission heating an adjacent slab of enriched uranium. A shock velocity of 18.2 mm/μs (±5%) was obtained by determining the transit time of the planar shock between two points in the molybdenum separated by 9.87 mm. A particle velocity of 10.7 mm/μs (±5%) was obtained by observing the Doppler shifts of six neutron resonances in the energy region from 200 to 800 eV in the moving shocked molybdenum. The pressure and density derived from this pair of measurements are 2.0 TPa (20 Mbar) and 24.8 g cm−3, respectively. This experiment represents the first direct determination of a point on the Hugoniot of any material in this pressure region, and the resulting data point is in good agreement with theoretical estimates. T.
Chemical vapor deposition of anisotropic ultrathin gold films on optical fibers: real-time sensing by tilted fiber Bragg gratings and use of a dielectric pre-coating

Tilted fiber Bragg gratings (TFBGs) are refractometry-based sensor platforms that have been employed herein as devices for the real-time monitoring of chemical vapour deposition (CVD) in the near-infrared range (NIR). The coreguided light launched within the TFBG core is back-reflected off a gold mirror sputtered onto the fiber-end and is scattered out into the cladding where it can interact with a nucleating thin film. Evanescent fields of the growing gold nanostructures behave differently depending on the polarization state of the core-guided light interrogating the growing film, therefore the resulting spectral profile is typically decomposed into two separate peak families for the orthogonal S- and P-polarizations. Wavelength shifts and attenuation profiles generated from gold films in the thickness regime of 5-100 nm are typically degenerate for deposition directly onto the TFBG. However, a polarization-dependence can be imposed by adding a thin dielectric pre-coating onto the TFBG prior to using the device for CVD monitoring of the ultrathin gold films. It is found that addition of the pre-coating enhances the sensitivity of the P-polarized peak family to the deposition of ultrathin gold films and renders the films optically anisotropic. It is shown herein that addition of the metal oxide coating can increase the peak-to-peak wavelength separation between orthogonal polarization modes as well as allow for easy resonance tracking during deposition. This is also the first reporting of anisotropic gold films generated from this particular gold precursor and CVD process. Using an ensemble of x-ray techniques, the local fine structure of the gold films deposited directly on the TFBG is compared to gold films of similar thicknesses deposited on the Al2O3 pre-coated TFBG and witness slides.
An algorithm for the machine calculation of complex Fourier series

An efficient method for the calculation of the interactions of a 2' factorial ex- periment was introduced by Yates and is widely known by his name. The generaliza- tion to 3' was given by Box et al. (1). Good (2) generalized these methods and gave elegant algorithms for which one class of applications is the calculation of Fourier series. In their full generality, Good's methods are applicable to certain problems in which one must multiply an N-vector by an N X N matrix which can be factored into m sparse matrices, where m is proportional to log N. This results inma procedure requiring a number of operations proportional to N log N rather than N2. These methods are applied here to the calculation of complex Fourier series. They are useful in situations where the number of data points is, or can be chosen to be, a highly composite number. The algorithm is here derived and presented in a rather different form. Attention is given to the choice of N. It is also shown how special advantage can be obtained in the use of a binary computer with N = 2' and how the entire calculation can be performed within the array of N data storage locations used for the given Fourier coefficients. Consider the problem of calculating the complex Fourier series N-1 (1) X(j) = EA(k)-Wjk, j = 0 1, * ,N- 1, k=0
The Lee-Carter Method for Forecasting Mortality, with Various Extensions and Applications

Abstract In 1992, Lee and Carter published a new method for long-run forecasts of the level and age pattern of mortality, based on a combination of statistical time series methods and a simple approach to dealing with the age distribution of mortality. The method describes the log of a time series of age-specific death rates as the sum of an age-specific component that is independent of time and another component that is the product of a time-varying parameter reflecting the general level of mortality, and an age-specific component that represents how rapidly or slowly mortality at each age varies when the general level of mortality changes. This model is fit to historical data. The resulting estimate of the time-varying parameter is then modeled and forecast as a stochastic time series using standard methods. From this forecast of the general level of mortality, the actual age-specific rates are derived using the estimated age effects. The forecasts of the various life table functions have probability distributions, so probability intervals can be calculated for each variable and for summary measures such as life expectancy. The projected gain in life expectancy from 1989 to 1997 matches the actual gain very closely and is nearly twice the gain projected by the Social Security Administration’s Office of the Actuary. This paper describes the basic Lee-Carter method and discusses the forecasts to which it has led. It then discusses extensions, applications, and methodological improvements that have been made in recent years; considers shortcomings of the method; and briefly describes how it has been used as a component of more general stochastic population projections and stochastic forecasts of the finances of the U.S. Social Security system.
Associations between coronal mass ejections and soft X-ray events

The association between white light coronal mass ejections (CMEs) and full-disk X ray events have been examined as a function of X ray duration during the recent years of high sunspot activity (1979-1981). On a time scale of hours, no duration interval has been found that separates X ray events into two distinct classes depending on whether or not they have associated CMEs. Rather, the tendency for long-duration X ray events to have associated CMEs reflects the fact that, as X ray duration increases, the differential distribution of events without CMEs falls off faster than the distriution of X ray events with CMEs.
Long-term starspot activity of short-period RS Canum Venaticorum stars. II. RT Andromedae

The photometric distortion waves in the light curves of the short-period RS CVn system RT And are parameterized by means of a dark, circular starspot model. The light curves are drawn from archival sources and 1987 and 1989 observations. The longitudes, latitudes, and areas of the active regions are inferred and the information content of the archival data is evaluated. It is concluded that one large starspot region on the primary star at high latitude and near quadrature longitudes can account for the major maculation effects since 1920. The temperature difference between the spotted region and the photosphere is 1100 to 1200 K. Good quality light curves result in an eccentricity (e = 0.026) and major axis orientation consistent with those reported by others using different procedures. 36 refs.
Ultrastable in reflection photonic crystal fiber modal interferometer for accurate refractive index sensing

A compact in reflection modal interferometer consisting of a stub of large-mode area photonic crystal fiber (PCF) spliced to standard fiber is presented. In the splice, the voids of the PCF are fully collapsed allowing so coupling and recombining PCF core and cladding modes. The interferometer is highly stable over time and can be used for different applications. The measuring of refractive index in the 1.33–1.45 range with high sensitivity is demonstrated. Sensing applications based on refractive index changes are also feasible.
A three dimensional finite element modelling of rotating machines involving movement and external circuit

The paper describes a combination of methods for the three dimensional magnetic field simulation of rotating machines using the finite element method. The modelling takes into account both the external circuit and movement of the rotor. The electric coils are represented in a mesh-independent fashion by the line current model. The equations from a nodal analysis of the electric circuit are solved simultaneously with the finite element equation system at each time step. The movement is treated using a finite element connection between the two independent stator and rotor meshes.
High-power visible spectrum diode lasers for display and medical applications: beam sources with tailored beam quality and spectral characteristics

In this paper we report on the further progress of fiber coupled high power diode lasers in the visible spectral range with regard to beam quality and spectral characteristics. Improved beam shaping concepts allow coupling of red and blue diode lasers into smaller fibers. For medical applications beam sources with narrow wavelength distribution in the blue spectral region were developed. Modules up to 100W in a 400μm NA0.22 fiber were realized. Progress in manufacturing technologies allows for coupling of more than 25W into a 200μm NA0.22 fiber in the blue wavelength range.
Thermodynamic analytic fields from Doppler‐radar data by means of the MANDOP analysis

The paper is devoted to scale interaction studies. It presents a new approach for retrieving mesoscale and convective‐scale thermodynamic fields from Doppler‐radar data in order to diagnose processes involved in these interactions. Thermodynamic fields are retrieved analytically, using the analytic form of the three‐dimensional wind field obtained by the MANDOP analysis in the non‐dissipative and stationary first‐order anelastic approximation of the equation of motion. Applications on simulated data and experimental data from the TOGA‐COARE show the capability of this new method to retrieve the pressure and temperature fields at various scales of motion, and in particular at mesoscale. This new analysis will be used intensively on Doppler‐radar data collected during the Fronts and Atlantic Storm Tracks Experiment in order to diagnose the multiscale interaction processes associated with frontal‐wave and/or secondary cyclogenesis.
Front-tracking finite element method for dendritic solidification: 765

Abstract A two-dimensional finite element method capable of tracking sharp interfaces is developed. The method is based on a fixed mesh of bilinear isoparametric elements and is extremely simple and easy to use. The interfaces are tracked with a set of marker points that define their position at all times. Several different approaches to finding the interface position and velocity are discussed, and their effect on the convergence rate is examined. It is shown through numerical examples that the approximation to the interface position converges with second-order accuracy in two-dimensional problems, as opposed to previously developed finite difference algorithms that are only first-order accurate. The approximation to the interface velocity is shown to be of first order. A number of examples are examined, including several that provide a careful comparison with previously published results.
Reconnection rates in driven magnetic reconnection

Using resistive magnetohydrodynamic simulations, we investigate the influence of various parameters on the reconnection rate in two scenarios of magnetic reconnection. The first scenario consists of the “Newton Challenge” problem [Birn et al., Geophys. Res. Lett. 32, L06105 (2005)]. In this scenario, reconnection is initiated in a plane Harris-type current sheet by temporally limited, spatially varying, inflow of magnetic flux. The second scenario consists of the well-studied island coalescence problem. This scenario starts from an equilibrium containing periodic magnetic islands with parallel current filaments. Due to the attraction between parallel currents, pairs of islands may move toward each other, forming a current sheet in between. This leads to reconnection and ultimately the merging of islands. In either scenario, magnetic reconnection may be considered as being driven by external or internal forcing. Consistent with that interpretation we find that in either case the maximum reconnection rate (.
Structurally manipulating electron-spin polarization via δ-doping in a magnetic nanostructure

We theoretically investigate the control of the electron-spin polarization in a spin filter by a tunalbe δ-doping, where the device and the δ-doping can be realized experimentally by depositing a ferromagnetic stripe on top of semiconductor heterostructure and using molecular beam epitaxy or metal-organic chemical-vapor deposition, respectively. The δ-doping dependent transmission and conductance are numerically calculated for InAs material system. It is shown that both amplitude and sign of electron-spin polarization vary dramatically with the weight and/or the location of the δ-doping. Thus, it is possible to open a new door for effectively manipulating spin-polarized source, and the considered nanostructure can serve as a spin filter with a structurally controllable spin polarization by the δ-doping.
Contaminated normal modeling with application to microarray data analysis

A contaminated beta model $(1-\gamma) B(1,1) + \gamma B(\alpha,\beta)$ is often used to describe the distribution of $P$‐values arising from a microarray experiment. The authors propose and examine a different approach: namely, using a contaminated normal model $(1-\gamma) N(0,\sigma^2) + \gamma N(\mu,\sigma^2)$ to describe the distribution of $Z$ statistics or suitably transformed $T$ statistics. The authors then address whether a researcher who has $Z$ statistics should analyze them using the contaminated normal model or whether the $Z$ statistics should be converted to $P$‐values to be analyzed using the contaminated beta model. The authors also provide a decision‐theoretic perspective on the analysis of $Z$ statistics. The Canadian Journal of Statistics 38: 315–332; 2010 © 2010 Statistical Society of Canada
Classical electrodynamics in a universe with two space dimensions

Equations for classical electrodynamics in a universe with two space dimensions may be derived directly from those in three space dimensions by beginning with the 3+1 space‐time formulation. In 2+1 space‐time the electromagnetic field tensor has three independent components corresponding to two components of the electric field and one component of the magnetic field. Several applications of the general equations are discussed.
Activation of ion implanted dopants in α‐SiC

In this letter, activation of implanted dopants in 6Hα‐SiC using a pulsed excimer laser is reported. Commercially available substrates are implanted with nitrogen or aluminum. A 308 nm pulsed excimer laser is then used to anneal the samples which are held at room temperature. Point contact current‐voltage (PCIV) measurements are used to extract the carrier concentration of the annealed layers. Initial results suggest complete activation of the implanted dopants. Pulsed laser annealing of ion implanted SiC appears to be an attractive option as compared to furnace annealing at high temperatures.