Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
On the efficacy of separating control and data into different frequency bands

Radio spectrum allocated for use in unlicensed wireless networks is distributed across non-contiguous frequency bands. Existing MAC protocols, like IEEE 802.11, operate only in contiguous bands. Several small slices of frequency are available in lower frequency bands that are not utilized. We propose utilizing a sliver of unused spectrum in the lower frequency band as a low rate control channel to improve the capacity of infrastructure and multi-hop wireless networks. The proposed control channel-based MAC Protocol (C/sup 2/M) increases the throughput by moving the contention resolution overheads to the separate low rate channel. We allow simultaneous channel contention and data transmission by incorporating advance reservation on the control channel, and data aggregation on the data channel. Simulation results show that compared to IEEE 802.11, C/sup 2/M significantly improves network performance.
Right Science and Right Results: Lifestyle Change, PBS, and Human Dignity

This article provides an in-depth analysis of the comprehensive supports necessary for an adult with multiple disabilities and significant problem behavior to experience an inclusive adulthood. Written from the perspective of parents, the article highlights “lessons learned” about how to implement and finance comprehensive supports across domains of home living, work, friendships, community connections, wellness, as well as additional areas. Practice tips are provided in terms of potential replication.
Mutation Drift and Repertoire Shift in the Maturation of the Immune Response

The halltnark of the immune response is its specificity and the specificity is directly correlated with the affinity of the antigen-antibody interaction. The requirement for high affinity antibodies may be more important than specificity alone, since antibodies are designed to detect soluble antigens which are sometimes capable of inflicting great harm at very low concentrations (e.g. toxins). This may not be required by. or may even be a disadvantage to T-cell responses where the affinity for the ligand involves interactions of the T-cell receptor not only with antigen, but also with other molecules, e.g. those involved in MHC restriction (Yague et al. 1985. Dembic et al. 1986). T cells therefore may not have developed the equivalent of the elaborate mechanism which is the object of this paper. During the course of an antigen-specific immune response, the affinity of the serum increases with time, a phenomenon commonly referred to as maturation of the response (Jerne 1951, Siskind & Benaceraff 1969). Such a maturation results from specific alterations of the structure of the antibody molecules (Steiner & Eisen 1967). What is the precise nature of these alterations, which are the root of the production of high affinity antibodies? There is no doubt that somatic mutation contributes to antibody diversity (Weigert et al. 1970. Bernard et al. 1978, Griffiths et al. 1984). There are many reasons to believe that a mechanism of hypermutation operates within restricted stretches of the DNA to further diversify the genes encoding the antibody molecules (Kim et al. 1981, Gearhart & Bogenhagen 1983). This mutational drift is, however, not the full extent of the change. Major changes in the antibody structures involved result from a shift in the antigen-specific B-cell repertoire over the course of the immune response. In the primary response the most frequent B-cell clones already expressing antibody molecules with a relatively
Improvement of material characterization in the 40GHz band

The work developed in this paper has been centered in the millimeter wave frequency band which is promising for supporting applications and multimedia services of high capacities and data rates, since it offers wide bandwidths. Special interest have been paid to the performance characteristics of 40 GHz communication systems named multimedia wireless systems (MWS), allocated in the range from 40.5 to 43.5 GHz
Event-based synchronization in biology: Dynamics of pulse coupled oscillators

The principles of event-based control appear to be a backbone of many self-coordinating natural systems. Populations of flashing fireflies and cells of the cardiac pacemakers are believed to reach synchrony via event-based interactions, known as the pulse coupling. Synchronization via pulse coupling is also widely used in wireless sensor networks, allowing to avoid the packet exchange. In spite of serious attention to networks of coupled oscillators, there is a lack of results on their synchronization under general topology and phase-response curves. The most general, to the best of the authors' knowledge, result of this type (Wang et al., 2012) establishes synchronization of oscillators with a delay-advance phase-response curve under the assumption of strongly connected network topology. In this paper we relax the latter assumption to the existence of an oriented spanning tree, which is also necessary for the synchronization, being commonly adopted in multi-agent control.
The contribution of school meals to energy and nutrient intake of Swedish children in relation to dietary guidelines

Background In Sweden, school meals are served free of charge and Swedish law states that school meals must be nutritious. Nevertheless, data on children's energy and nutrient intake from school meals are scarce. Objective The aim was to describe the contribution of school meals to Swedish children's nutrient and energy intake during weekdays and compare this to the reference values based on the Nordic Nutrition Recommendations (NNR), which have been adopted as the official Swedish recommendations. Design A cross-sectional food consumption survey was performed on 1,840 Swedish children attending Grade 2 (mean age 8.6) and Grade 5 (mean age 11.7). The children's nutrient and energy intake was compared to the reference values based on the NNR. Results The mean intake from school meals of energy, carbohydrates, dietary fiber, polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA), and vitamins D and E did not reach the reference values and the intake of saturated fatty acids (SFA) and sodium exceeded the reference values in both age groups (significant differences, all p≤0.001). Additionally, the pupils in Grade 5 did not reach the reference values for folate, potassium, calcium, magnesium, iron, selenium, and zinc (significant differences, all p≤0.001). Standardized for energy, dietary fiber, PUFA, and vitamins D and E did not reach the reference values, whereas the reference values for SFA and sodium were exceeded in both age groups (significant differences, all p≤0.001). Conclusions The study pointed to some central nutrients in need of improvement as regards school meals in Sweden, namely the quality of fat, dietary fiber, sodium, vitamin D, and iron. Some of these results may be attributed to the children not reporting eating the recommended number of calories, the children omitting some components of the meal, or underreporting, as a consequence of which the reference values for several nutrients were not met.
Time bounds for mutual exclusion and related problems

We establish trade-o s between time complexity and writeand access-contention for solutions to the mutual exclusion problem. The write-contention (accesscontention) of a concurrent program is the number of processes that may be simultaneously enabled to write (access) the same shared variable. Our notion of time complexity distinguishes between local and remote references to shared memory. We show that, for any N -process mutual exclusion algorithm with write-contention w, there exists an execution involving only one process in which that process executes (log w N ) remote memory references for entry into its critical section. We further show that among these remote references, ( p log w N ) distinct remote variables are accessed. For algorithms with access-contention c, we show that the latter bound can be improved to (log c N ). The last two of these results imply that a trade-o between contention and time complexity exists even if coherent caching techniques are employed. Because the execution that establishes these bounds involves only one process, our results show that \fast mutual exclusion" requires arbitrarily high writecontention. We show that these bounds hold when using any of a variety of synchronization primitives, including read, write, test-and-set, load-and-store, compare-andswap, and fetch-and-add, and that they can be generalized to apply when using even stronger primitives. Our results can be extended to apply to a class of decision problems that includes the leader-election problem. The time bounds that we establish are the rst of their kind Work supported, in part, by NSF Contracts CCR-9109497 and CCR-9216421 and by the NASA Center for Excellence in Space Data and Information Sciences (CESDIS). for asynchronous shared memory concurrent programs.
A quaternary amplitude shift keying modulator for suppressing initial amplitude distortion

This paper proposes a quaternary amplitude-shift-keying (4ASK) modulation circuit that suppresses amplitude distortion of the transmitting 4ASK signal. The performance of the proposed circuit is quantitatively verified through numerical calculation in comparison to a conventional alternative. The feasibility of the proposed circuit as integrated in a lithium niobate substrate is also demonstrated: the suppression of amplitude distortion is successfully demonstrated and minimum sensitivity of the transmitted 4ASK signal is 1.7 dB better than that offered by the conventional circuit.
Developing Leaders

Pending retirements underscore the need to develop community college campus leaders. Rural community colleges will be particularly hard-hit by changes in leadership as they represent the majority of 2-year colleges and face unique challenges given their location. To help address the anticipated leadership transition, the American Association of Community Colleges developed a set of competencies to frame critical skill areas and guide leadership development efforts. The research reported here showed both resource development and organizational strategy as areas of weakness for rural leaders and, paradoxically, the areas of most need. Leaders acquired competencies predominantly on the job, which has implications in planning development of future leaders.
Linking GUI elements to tasks: supporting an evolutionary design process

In this paper we discuss an approach for linking GUI specifications to more abstract dialogue models and supporting an evolutionary design process. These specifications are linked to task models describing behavioural characteristics. First prototypes of interactive systems are interactively generated. The automatically generated XUL specifications are refined using a GUI editor, which allows replacing of user interface elements by other elements or components. Components are predesigned parts of user interfaces, and could optionally be parameterised. This enables us to support GUI design using patterns.For illustration we are going to show a design cycle from task model to abstract user interfaces and finally to a concrete user interface. The design process is supported by patterns.Additionally, a proposal is presented of how to keep connections between concrete user interface (CUI), abstract user interface (AUI) and a task model. These connections can be used to propagate changes in a task model or an AUI only to affected parts of a CUI, instead of recreating the whole CUI after a modification has been done.In this paper we primarily focus on deletion, moving and adding tasks to an AUI and the implication of these procedures to a CUI. More complicated problems like splitting or merging of tasks are not addressed in this paper.The avoiding of unnecessary recreation processes for a CUI can reduce the amount of time and work needed in model-driven software development.
Please Scroll down for Article Cybernetics and Systems Uncertain Optimal Control with Application to a Portfolio Selection Model Uncertain Optimal Control with Application to a Portfolio Selection Model

This article may be used for research, teaching and private study purposes. Any substantial or systematic reproduction, redistribution , reselling , loan or sub-licensing, systematic supply or distribution in any form to anyone is expressly forbidden. The publisher does not give any warranty express or implied or make any representation that the contents will be complete or accurate or up to date. The accuracy of any instructions, formulae and drug doses should be independently verified with primary sources. The publisher shall not be liable for any loss, actions, claims, proceedings, demand or costs or damages whatsoever or howsoever caused arising directly or indirectly in connection with or arising out of the use of this material. Optimal control is a very important field of study not only in theory but in applications, and stochastic optimal control is also a significant branch of research in theory and applications. Based on the concept of uncertain process, an uncertain optimal control problem is dealt with. Applying Bellman's principle of optimality, the principle of optimality for uncertain optimal control is obtained, and then a fundamental result called the equation of optimality in uncertain optimal control is given. Finally, as an application, the equation of optimality is used to solve a portfolio selection model.
The third person effect: Social distance and perceived media bias

Two studies were conducted to determine the conditions under which the third person effect (Davison, 1983) operates. It was hypothesized that the effect would be accentuated as target groups of others became more remote from the self. A second objective was to determine whether the effect operates in the absence of overtly persuasive intent in the media. Television programmes concerned with moral themes were employed as stimuli. The results further support Davison's claim that overestimation of media effects is greater when people imagine the responses of others whom they do not know than those of familar individuals. The results also indicate that the third person effect does operate in the absence of perceived persuasive intent, but is accentuated when bias is perceived by viewers.
NOMA-Enabled Cooperative Unicast–Multicast: Design and Outage Analysis

This paper designs a novel non-orthogonal multiple access (NOMA) unicast–multicast system, where a number of unicast users (those who require different messages) and a group of multicast users (those who require identical message) share the same time/space/frequency resource. For the designed NOMA unicast–multicast system, an efficient two-phase cooperation strategy is proposed to improve the reliability of all users. In the first phase, the base station (BS) broadcasts a superposed message consisting of all users’ information. In the second phase, a multicast user is selected to forward the information intended by unsuccessfully decoded unicast and/or multicast users. Moreover, the multicast user selection is investigated under two different power allocation (PA) approaches: 1) fixed PA (FPA), in which the PA coefficients for both the phases are predetermined, and 2) dynamic PA (DPA), in which the PA coefficients for the first phase are predetermined, while the PA coefficients for the second phase are dynamically determined based on instantaneous channel information. Under the FPA approach, a best user selection (BUS) scheme (called F-BUS) is proposed to minimize the outage probability. Under the DPA approach, the local optimal PA coefficients for the second phase are derived in closed form first. Based on the derived PA coefficients, a BUS scheme (called D-BUS) is then proposed for outage probability minimization. To verify the reliability of the proposed cooperation strategy with employing the BUS schemes, we theoretically analyze the outage probability as well as diversity orders. It is shown that the proposed cooperation strategy achieves diversity orders equal to the number of multicast users, indicating that the inherent diversity orders offered by the multicast users are fully exploited. Finally, simulation results are presented to validate the theoretical results and demonstrate the advantages of the proposed cooperation strategy and the BUS schemes.
G M ] 1 1 M ay 2 00 9 On the Infinitude of Some Special Kinds of Primes — — Dedicated to the memory of my mother

The aim of this paper is to try to establish a generic model for the problem that several multivariable number-theoretic functions represent simultaneously primes for infinitely many integral points. More concretely, we introduced briefly the research background–the history and current situation–from Euclid’s second theorem to Green-Tao theorem. We analyzed some equivalent necessary conditions that irreducible univariable polynomials with integral coefficients represent infinitely many primes, found new necessary conditions which perhaps imply that there are only finitely many Fermat primes, generalized Euler’s function, the prime-counting function and Schinzel-Sierpinski’s Conjecture and so on, obtained an analogy of the Chinese Remainder Theorem. By proposed obtrusively several conjectures, we gave a new way for determining the existence of some special kinds of primes. Finally, we proposed sufficient and necessary conditions that several multivariable number-theoretic functions represent simultaneously primes for infinitely many integral points. Nevertheless, this is only a beginning and it miles to go. We hope that number theorists consider further it.
Predictors of Neurocardiogenic Injury After Subarachnoid Hemorrhage

Background and Purpose— Subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) frequently results in myocardial necrosis with release of cardiac enzymes. Historically, this necrosis has been attributed to coronary artery disease, coronary vasospasm, or oxygen supply-demand mismatch. Experimental evidence, however, indicates that excessive release of norepinephrine from the myocardial sympathetic nerves is the most likely cause. We hypothesized that myocardial necrosis after SAH is a neurally mediated process that is dependent on the severity of neurological injury. Methods— Consecutive patients admitted with SAH were enrolled prospectively. Predictor variables reflecting demographic (age, sex, body surface area), hemodynamic (heart rate, systolic blood pressure), treatment (phenylephrine dose), and neurological (Hunt-Hess score) factors were recorded. Serial cardiac troponin I measurements and echocardiography were performed on days 1, 3, and 6 after enrollment. Troponin level was treated as a dichotomous outcome variable. We performed univariate and multivariate analyses on the relationships between the predictor variables and troponin level. Results— The study included 223 patients with an average age of 54 years. Twenty percent of the subjects had troponin I levels >1.0 &mgr;g/L (range, 0.3 to 50 &mgr;g/L). By multivariate logistic regression, a Hunt-Hess score >2, female sex, larger body surface area and left ventricular mass, lower systolic blood pressure, and higher heart rate and phenylephrine dose were independent predictors of troponin elevation. Conclusions— The degree of neurological injury as measured by the Hunt-Hess grade is a strong, independent predictor of myocardial necrosis after SAH. This finding supports the hypothesis that cardiac injury after SAH is a neurally mediated process.
Space-time disarray and visual awareness

Local space-time scrambling of optical data leads to violent jerks and dislocations. On masking these, visual awareness of the scene becomes cohesive, with dislocations discounted as amodally occluding foreground. Such cohesive space-time of awareness is technically illusory because ground truth is jumbled whereas awareness is coherent. Apparently the visual field is a construction rather than a (veridical) perception.
Maximum Power Point Tracking Technique Based on Particle Swarm Optimization Method Applied to a Single-Phase Grid-Tied Photovoltaic System

This paper deals with a study of a maximum power point tracking (MPPT) technique based on the Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) method, which is applied to a single-phase grid-tied photovoltaic system. Since photovoltaic panels have nonlinear voltage-current characteristic curves, when they are submitted to partial shading conditions, it is possible appear distinct local and global maximum power points. On the other hand, most traditional MPPT methods are not able to find the maximum global point for extraction the maximum power provided by the PV array. Therefore, in order to overcome this problem, MPPT-PSO based method is used for obtaining the maximum global point, maximizing the power extraction in the photovoltaic arrangements. Numerical simulations are presented to demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed MPPT technique, when it is compared with the well-known Perturb and Observe (P&O) MPPT technique.
Evaluation of the Micronutrient Composition of Plant Foods Produced by Organic and Conventional Agricultural Methods

The aim of the present analysis was to evaluate the micronutrient content of plant foods produced by organic and conventional agricultural methods. Studies were identified from a search of electronic databases (1980–2007, inclusive) as well as manual searches. A total of 66 studies (describing 1440 micronutrient comparisons) were identified. Thirty-three studies (908 comparisons) satisfied the screening criteria which considered cultivar, harvesting, and soil conditions. In studies that satisfied the screening criteria, the absolute levels of micronutrients were higher in organic foods more often than in conventional foods (462 vs 364 comparisons, P = 0.002), and the total micronutrient content, expressed as a percent difference, was higher in organic (+ 5.7%, P < 0.001) as compared to conventionally grown produce. The micronutrient content of food groups was more frequently reported to be higher for organic vegetables and legumes compared to their conventional counterparts (vegetables, 267 vs 197, P < 0.001; legumes, 79 vs 46, P = 0.004). This trend was supported by a mean percent difference in micronutrient content favoring organic vegetables (+ 5.9%, P < 0.001) and legumes (+ 5.7%, P < 0.001). Further research is required to determine the effect of organic agricultural methods on a broader range of nutrients and their potential impact on health.
Pellino 1 Is Required for Interleukin-1 (IL-1)-mediated Signaling through Its Interaction with the IL-1 Receptor-associated Kinase 4 (IRAK4)-IRAK-Tumor Necrosis Factor Receptor-associated Factor 6 (TRAF6) Complex*

The signaling pathway downstream of the mammalian interleukin-1 receptor (IL-1R)/Toll-like receptor (TLR) is evolutionally conserved with that mediated by theDrosophila Toll protein. Toll initiates its signal through the adapter molecule Tube and the serine-threonine kinase Pelle. Pelle is highly homologous to members of the IL-1R-associated kinase (IRAK) family in mammals. Recently, a novel Pelle-interacting protein called Pellino was identified in Drosophila. We now report a mammalian counterpart of Pellino, termed Pellino 1, which is required for NFκB activation and IL-8 gene expression in response to IL-1, probably through its signal-dependent interaction with IRAK4, IRAK, and the tumor necrosis factor receptor-associated factor 6 (TRAF6). The Pellino 1-IRAK-IRAK4-TRAF6 signaling complex is likely to be intermediate, located between the IL-1 receptor complex and the TAK1 complex in the IL-1 pathway.