Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
The CESR multi-mission radiation monitor

A radiation monitor has been designed at Centre d'Etude Spatiale des Rayonnements (CESR) for the spectroscopy of high energy protons and electrons in the space environment, as well as Single Event Upset (SEU), with a good energy and time resolution. We plan to use this instrument for scientific and technology applications.
Achieving Near-Correct Focus Cues Using Multiple Image Planes

Typical stereo displays stimulate incorrect focus cues because the light comes from a single surface. The consequences of incorrect focus cues include discomfort, difficulty perceiving the depth of stereo images, and incorrect perception of distance. This thesis describes a prototype stereo display comprising two independent volumetric displays. Each volumetric display is implemented with three image planes, which are fixed in position relative to the viewer, and are arranged so that the retinal image is the sum of light from three different focal distances. Scene geometry is rendered separately to the two fixed-viewpoint volumetric displays, using projections that are exact for each eye. Rendering is filtered in the depth dimension such that object radiance is apportioned to the two nearest image planes, in linear proportion based on reciprocal distance. Fixed-viewpoint volumetric displays with adequate depth resolution are shown to generate near-correct stimulation of focus cues. Depth filtering, which is necessary to avoid visible artifacts, also improves the accuracy of the stimulus that directs changes in the focus of the eye. Specifically, the stimulus generated by depth filtering an object whose simulated distance falls between image-plane distances closely matches the stimulus that would be generated by an image plane at the desired distance. Viewers of the prototype display required substantially less time to perceive the depth of stereo images that were rendered with depth filtering to approximate correct focal distance. Fixed-viewpoint volumetric displays are shown to be a potentially practical solution for virtual reality viewing. In addition to near-correct stimulation of focus cues, and unlike more familiar autostereoscopic volumetric displays, fixed-viewpoint volumetric displays retain important qualities of 3-D projective graphics. These include correct depiction of occlusions and reflections, utilization of modern graphics processor and 2-D display technology, and implementation of realistic fields of view and depths of field. The design and verification of the prototype display are fully described. While not a practical solution for general-purpose viewing, the prototype is a proof of concept and a platform for ongoing vision research.
Image merging method based on characteristic objects' distributing statisic feature

An algorithm for merging images has been proposed based on statistic principle of region geometric shape in the paper. The Algorithm is of high precision and speed for solving images conjoint when there is rare point's feature on those images. For enhancing the region geometric shape features we described an Image Difference Dynamic Binary Method firstly. And then the merging principle of images on which there is little point's feature. Last the process and steps of merging image are described in all details.
Isotope effect for self-diffusion in Ge

Although diffusion processes in elemental semiconductors have been extensively studied for nearly two decades, considerable controversy still exists over basic aspects of the diffusion process. In Ge, the vacancy mechanism is considered largely compatible with both experiment and theory but direct, experimental evidence indicating the single vacancy as the mechanism of self- diffusion at high temperature has not been previously offered. A radiotracer diffusion measurement can, in principle, identify the mechanism of self-diffusion via the isotope effect. This measurement was performed by simultaneously diffusing the isotopes $sup 77$Ge and $sup 71$Ge into single crystal, intrinsic Ge at temperatures of 900 and 925$sup 0$C. In each of four runs the relative diffusivities of the two isotopes were measured from which four values of f$delta$K ranging from 0.25 to 0.31 could be determined. The results are consistent with a single vacancy mechanism for which the correlation factor f is 0.5, placing $delta$K in the range 0.5 to 0.6.
Analysis of student beliefs in a tertiary preparatory mathematics course

Every year approximately 800 students enrol in the tertiary preparatory course TPP7181 at the University of Southern Queensland. Successful completion of this course will allow students to enrol in either further preparatory level mathematics courses or undergraduate study. For many of the students enrolled in this course, the study of mathematics was undertaken quite some time ago and usually in a school setting. Drop out rates for this course are quite high and it is hypothesized that motivation may be a key factor in determining student success or otherwise. In this study scales assessing self-efficacy were utilized in an attempt to gauge aspects of the motivation of students enrolled in the course. Initial results suggest that only specific measures of student confidence predict their performance and that both gender and age mediate the strength of this prediction.
RR Lyrae Variables in the Inner Halo. I. Photometry

I present V-band CCD photometry for a sample of 103 RR Lyrae variables selected from the General Catalogue of Variable Stars to lie in the inner halo of the Galaxy (3 kpc < RGC < 6 kpc). I also describe a method for obtaining the mean apparent magnitude and the epoch at maximum light of an RR Lyrae star. The method requires as few as five photometric observations, and simulations demonstrate that the associated errors are relatively small (∼0.03 mag and ∼0.03 days, respectively). I employ this method to derive the mean magnitudes and maximum light epochs of the 103 RR Lyrae stars observed. These stars were selected, based on their Galactic coordinates and original photographic photometry, to lie near their orbital tangent points, thus providing a sample well suited for measuring the rotational kinematics of the inner halo. Using interstellar reddenings from the literature and the observed mean V magnitudes, I derive distances for these stars and show that their actual locations in the Galaxy are indeed suitable for use in a kinematic study, despite the large zero-point errors in the survey photographic photometry. The results of the kinematic study will be presented in a separate paper.
Photothermal imaging of melanin

We present photothermal images of melanin using modulation with two laser beams. Strong melanin absorption followed by efficient nonradiative relaxation caused heating and an increase in temperature. This temperature effect was used as an imaging contrast to detect melanin. Melanin from several samples including Sepia officinalis, black human hair, and live zebra fish, were imaged with a high signal-to-noise ratio. For the imaging, we focused two near infrared laser beams (pump and probe) collinearly with different wavelengths and the pump was modulated in amplitude. The thermally induced variations in the refractive index, at the modulation frequency, were detected by the scattering of the probe beam. The Photothermal method brings several imaging benefits including the lack of background interference and the possibility of imaging for an extended period of time without photodamage to the melanin. The dependence of the photothermal signal on the laser power, modulation frequency, and spatial offset of the probe is discussed. The new photothermal imaging method is promising and provides background-free and label-free imaging of melanin and can be implemented with low-cost CW lasers.
A numerical study of ice-drift divergence by cyclonic wind with a Lagrangian ice model

In polar regions low-pressure systems drive sea ice divergence, which can accelerate summer sea ice melt through energy absorption at resulting open water areas. This paper examines the mechanisms that cause the ice divergence and its seasonal change with a Lagrangian ice model. We focus on the effects of initial ice concentration, ice strength and ocean stratification. A series of idealized simulations (initially at 5 km resolution) are carried out with a Rankine combined vortex as external wind forcing. We have found a characteristic length scale r *1 in free drift, based on the influence of the Coriolis term. The results show that ice concentration decreases most greatly within the range of r *1. In addition, ice divergence becomes small in the inner region for high concentrations (i.e. over 0.95), due to inward internal force blocking divergent deformations. The effects of ocean stratification on ice-drift divergence are also examined. Numerical results show that as the density stratification increases divergent Ekman flows beneath ice further promote the ice-drift divergence and lead to more reduction in the ice concentration through thinning of surface Ekman layer.
Comprehensive Evaluation of Fuzzy Matter Element Based on Entropy Weight in Urban Water Use

Based on analyzing of fuzzy matter element and information entropy theories,this paper puts forward a new method to evaluate urban water use, and sets up the model of fuzzy matter element based on information entropy for evaluating urban water use by constructing the compound fuzzy matter element, degree of membership, weight etc, it solves the independence and incompatibility of evaluation index of urban water use. Then the paper introduces an example of evaluating urban water use. The result indicates this method is in conformity with reality, this validates the validity of this method.
Split Bregman's optimization method for image construction in compressive sensing

The theory of compressive sampling (CS) was reintroduced by Candes, Romberg and Tao, and D. Donoho in 2006. Using a priori knowledge that a signal is sparse, it has been mathematically proven that CS can defY Nyquist sampling theorem. Theoretically, reconstruction of a CS image relies on the minimization and optimization techniques to solve this complex almost NP-complete problem. There are many paths to consider when compressing and reconstructing an image but these methods have remained untested and unclear on natural images, such as underwater sonar images. The goal of this research is to perfectly reconstruct the original sonar image from a sparse signal while maintaining pertinent information, such as mine-like object, in Side-scan sonar (SSS) images. Goldstein and Osher have shown how to use an iterative method to reconstruct the original image through a method called Split Bregman's iteration. This method "decouples" the energies using portions of the energy from both the ! 1 and ! 2 norm. Once the energies are split, Bregman iteration is used to solve the unconstrained optimization problem by recursively solving the problems simultaneously. The faster these two steps or energies can be solved then the faster the overall method becomes. While the majority of CS research is still focused on the medical field, this paper will demonstrate the effectiveness of the Split Bregman's methods on sonar images.
Different Bz response regions in the nightside magnetosphere after the arrival of an interplanetary shock: Multipoint observations compared with MHD simulations

We present different magnetic field changes in the nightside magnetosphere in response to the interplanetary (IP) shock on 17 December 2007, using multiple spacecraft observations and global MHD simulations. The coexistence of two distinct B-z response regions in the nightside magnetosphere in a single event has been observationally identified for the first time. From the inner magnetosphere to the tail, they are the positive response (B-z increase) and the negative response (B-z decrease). This scenario reasonably agrees with the MHD model prediction. Moreover, the analysis of the response delay time shows that, for the three satellites which observed the negative responses of B-z, the one closest to Earth was the last to respond. This phenomenon can also be understood based on the model prediction that the negative response region develops toward Earth after its formation. In addition, the temporarily enhanced earthward flows in the negative response region, which were suggested to be responsible for the formation of this region by previous model studies, were also supported by the observation. At last, a global view of the B-z response processes in the nightside magnetosphere is presented based on MHD simulations.
Modeling of double diffusive buoyant flow in a solar collector with water-CuO nanofluid

The behavior of a prism-shaped solar collector with a right triangular cross sectional area is investigated numerically. The water-CuO nanofluid is taken as the functioning liquid through the solar collector. The leading differential equations with boundary conditions are solved by the penalty finite element method using Galerkin's weighted residual scheme. The performance of parameters in terms of temperature, mass, velocity distributions, radiative, convective heat and mass transfer, mean temperature and concentration of nanofluid, mid height horizontal-vertical velocities, and sub-domain average velocity field are investigated systematically. These parameters include the Rayleigh number Ra and the solid volume fraction φ. The outcome explains that the performance of the solar collector can be enhanced with the largest Ra and φ. The code validation shows excellent concurrence with the hypothetical outcome obtainable in the literature. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Heat Trans Asian Res; Published online in Wiley Online Library (wileyonlinelibrary.com/journal/htj). DOI 10.1002/htj.21039
Stability and instability of Taylor–Couette flows of a Bingham fluid

We consider in detail the Taylor–Couette problem for a Bingham fluid, presenting a range of analytical and computational results. First, for co-rotating cylinders it is known that the critical inner cylinder Reynolds number $\hbox{\it Re}_{1,c}$, does not increase monotonically with the Bingham number $B$, over a range of small to moderate $B$. It is the only situation that we know of where a yield stress fluid flow is less stable that the corresponding Newtonian fluid flow. This effect was discovered independently by Landry (2003, MSc thesis) and Peng & Zhu (J. Fluid Mech. vol. 512, 2004, p. 21), but the mechanism has not been explained. Here we show that the decrease in critical Reynolds number is due to an increase (at small $B$) in the rate of strain of the basic flow, which amplifies the transfer of energy from the basic flow to the perturbation, via the inertial terms in the energy equation. At larger $B$, the yielded region contracts and the inertial energy transfer is bounded by the yield stress dissipation. We next consider the effects of large $B$. For fixed radius and Reynolds number ratios, we show that for sufficiently large $B$ all basic flows have an unyielded fluid layer attached to the outer wall. For these flows we show that there is a similarity mapping that maps both the basic solution and the linear stability problem onto the stability problem for an outer cylinder of radius equal to the yield surface radius. The Reynolds and Bingham numbers of the transformed problems are smaller than that of the original problem, as is the wavenumber $k$. As $B \,{\to}\, \infty$, the yield surface approaches the inner cylinder, defining a narrow gap limiting problem that differs from the classical narrow gap limit. Via the transformed problem we derive an energy estimate for stability: $\hbox{\it Re}_{1,c} k_c \,{\sim}\, B^{1.5}$ as $B \,{\to}\, \infty$, which compares well with our computed results for a stationary outer cylinder: $\hbox{\it Re}_{1,c} \,{\sim}\, B^{1.25}$ and $k_c \,{\sim}\, B^{0.375}$. We also show how $\hbox{\it Re}_{1,c} \,{\sim}\, B^{1.25}$ can be deduced from a simple order of magnitude analysis, for a stationary outer cylinder. Finally, we consider the second (classical) narrow gap limit in which the radius ratio $\eta$, approaches unity, for fixed $B$ and Reynolds number ratio. We show that $\hbox{\it Re}_{1,c} \,{\gtrsim}\, (k^2[1 + O(B)] + \pi^2)/(1-\eta)^{1/2}$ in this limit.
Introduction to the finite element method

* Introduction. * Matrix Algebra. * Direct Approach. * Strong and Weak Formulations - One-dimensional Heat Flow. * Gradient - Gauss' Divergence Theorem - Green Theorem. * Strong and Weak Forms - Two-and Three-Dimensional Heat Flow. * Choice of Approximating Functions for the FE-method - Scalar Problems. * Choice of Weight Function - Weighted Residual Methods. * FE-formulation of One-Dimensional Heat Flow. * FE-formulation of Two-and-Three Dimensional Heat Flow. * Guidelines for Element Meshes and Global Nodal Numbering. * Stresses and Strains. * Linear Elasticity. * FE-formulation of Torsion and Non-circular Shafts. * Approximating Functions for the FE-method - Vector Problems. * FE-formulation of Three-and-Two Dimensional Elasticity. * FE-formulation of Beams. * FE-formulation of Plates. * Isoparametric Finite Elements. * Numerical Integration.
Power spectrum of current-induced magnetization dynamics in uniaxial nanomagnets

Nanomagnets with uniaxial symmetry driven by spin polarized currents are considered, in which anisotropy, applied field, and spin polarization are all aligned along the symmetry axis. Thermal fluctuations are taken into account by adding a Gaussian white noise stochastic term to the equation for the deterministic dynamics. The corresponding Fokker-Planck equation is derived and it is solved by using separation of variable and eigenfunction expansion techniques. From the solution of the Fokker-Planck equation, the autocorrelation function and the power spectral density of magnetization are computed. The position and the linewidth of the peaks in the power spectral density are discussed in detail.
Impact of innovation culture on human resources management practices

The organizations around the globe give top priority to innovation, as this leads them in becoming successful over long period of time. the development of innovative culture has now become essential for an organisation to hold its competitive position and sustainability. additionally, the culture with innovation aids in enhancing efficiency, as this brings wonderful breakthroughs in the traditional way of working. Innovative culture not only brings innovation and incremental changes in the way of thinking and doing business activities, but it greatly affects people’s behaviours. human resource practices and management are referred as a set of policies and programs, which is mainly planned to meet both organizational and personal goals. the given article is aimed to identify impact of innovation culture on hrm practices. an investigation of the extent to which hrm practices have changed from status-quo culture to innovative culture, has been done.
Interrogation strategies for distributed and multipoint fiber optic sensors

Fiber optic sensors have matured to allow the detection of chemical and physical parameters at multiple points, or in a distributed fashion, along the length of a single optical fiber strand. The electro-optic readout unit connected to the fiber needs to be tailored to the specific sensor application to balance the requirements for spatial and frequency resolution, interrogation intervals, readout time, noise suppression, system size and cost, and other parameters. This paper will discuss different fiber optic sensor configurations and suitable readout strategies to meet the requirements of the sensing application.
Issues of Design and Analysis in Evaluation Research

This paper addresses the question of internal validity in quasi-experimental and nonexperimental social policy research. We focus primary attention on problems of selection in research designs where assignment to experimental conditions occurs on a nonrandom basis. Five different solutions to the problems of selection are discussed-randomization, covariance adjustment, gain scores, matching, and explicit selection-and we examine the conditions under which these solutions are useful. The problem of random measurement error is discussed within the context of our elaboration of these techniques.
Microstructure of GaN laterally overgrown by metalorganic chemical vapor deposition

Extended defect reduction in GaN grown by lateral epitaxial overgrowth (LEO) on large-area SiO2/GaN/Al2O3 wafers by low pressure metalorganic chemical vapor deposition is characterized using transmission electron microscopy and atomic force microscopy. The laterally overgrown GaN (LEO GaN) has a rectangular cross section with smooth (0001) and {1120} facets. The density of mixed-character and pure edge threading dislocations in the LEO GaN (<5×106 cm−2) is reduced by at least 3–4 orders of magnitude from that of bulk GaN (∼1010 cm−2). A small number of edge dislocations with line directions parallel to the basal plane are generated between the bulk-like overgrown GaN and the LEO GaN regions as well as at the intersection of adjacent merging LEO GaN stripes. The edge dislocations are most likely generated to accommodate the small misorientation between bulk-like GaN and LEO GaN regions as well as between adjacent single-crystal LEO GaN stripes.
Isotope separation in chemical reactions of vibrationally excited molecules

The vibrations] distribution functions are analyzed theoretically for a binary mixture of diatomic gases modeled by anharmonic oscillators. It is assumed that the conditions are far from equilibrium. The results are used to calculate the isotope separation coefficient for chemical reactions involving vibrationally excited molecules. It is shown that far from equilibrium the separation coefficient is no longer an exponential function of the ratio of the activation energy to the gas temperature but depends only on the nonequilibrium store of the vibrational energy of the system.
Learning early-vision computations

In recent studies [ D. Marr , Vision ( Freeman, San Francisco, Calif., 1982); B. Horn , Robot Vision ( MIT Press, Cambridge, Mass., 1986)] algorithms were developed for the solution of several early-vision problems such as edge detection; interpolation; surface reconstruction; stereo vision; optical-flow computation; and determination of shape from shading, texture, patterns, and motion. Some of the characteristics of these algorithms are as follows: (a) The algorithms are based on models that describe the relationship between the desired variables and the image measurements. These models contain parameters that are usually determined in an ad hoc way or through experimentation. In other words, the modeling process must make some assumptions that both restrict the applicability of the model and result in parameters whose value is to be determined before the algorithm can be used; to our knowledge no satisfactory systematic way of computing these parameters has been described. (b) The algorithms do not improve with experience; that is, the algorithms are not equipped with the necessary machinery so that they can improve themselves automatically (learn) from examples of previous determinations. (c) The algorithms usually fail when the quantity to be computed is a discontinuous function. We present a unified theory for the solution of the above early-vision problems. The underlying mathematical theory is one of regularization augmented in order to account for discontinuities [ Tech. Rep. CAR-TR-356 ( University of Maryland, College Park, Md., 1988)]. In addition, the parameters involved in the model are learned in an optimal way through adaptive estimation. Finally, we show empirical results from the application of the theory to the one-dimensional surface interpolation problem. This study is motivated by the results of Poggio et al. [ Nature (London)317, 314 ( 1985)].