Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Understanding modern device drivers

Device drivers are the single largest contributor to operating-system kernel code with over 5 million lines of code in the Linux kernel, and cause significant complexity, bugs and development costs. Recent years have seen a flurry of research aimed at improving the reliability and simplifying the development of drivers. However, little is known about what constitutes this huge body of code beyond the small set of drivers used for research. In this paper, we study the source code of Linux drivers to understand what drivers actually do, how current research applies to them and what opportunities exist for future research. We determine whether assumptions made by most driver research, such as that all drivers belong to a class, are indeed true. We also analyze driver code and abstractions to determine whether drivers can benefit from code re-organization or hardware trends. We develop a set of static-analysis tools to analyze driver code across various axes. Broadly, our study looks at three aspects of driver code (i) what are the characteristics of driver code functionality and how applicable is driver research to all drivers, (ii) how do drivers interact with the kernel, devices, and buses, and (iii) are there similarities that can be abstracted into libraries to reduce driver size and complexity? We find that many assumptions made by driver research do not apply to all drivers. At least 44% of drivers have code that is not captured by a class definition, 28% of drivers support more than one device per driver, and 15% of drivers do significant computation over data. From the driver interactions study, we find USB bus offers an efficient bus interface with significant standardized code and coarse-grained access, ideal for executing drivers in isolation. We also find that drivers for different buses and classes have widely varying levels of device interaction, which indicates that the cost of isolation will vary by class. Finally, from our driver similarity study, we find 8% of all driver code is substantially similar to code elsewhere and may be removed with new abstractions or libraries.
Flexible, low-loss, large-area, wide-angle, wavelength-selective plasmonic multilayer metasurface

Flexible, low-loss, large-area multilayer plasmonic optical metasurfaces are demonstrated and analyzed that provide wavelength-selective reflectance >95% and transmittance <1% with low absorption and robustness to variation in angle of incidence and polarization. These characteristics are shown to be insensitive to vertical misalignment between layers, and defects within individual layers. Analysis based on analytical modeling and numerical simulations provides physical insights into reflectance, loss, and bandwidth of these multilayer metasurface structures. Fabry-Perot resonances associated with phase shifts from each individual metasurface are also examined, and evidence of m = 0 resonance due to the nonzero, wavelength dependent phase shift from the metasurface cavity is demonstrated and explained. Finally, fabrication on flexible substrates via rapid, large-area nanosphere lithography, and the robustness of optical properties of interlayer misalignment together enable the demonstration of wavelength-selective focusing at optical frequencies.
Pathophysiology of Himalayan endemic goiter.

Goiter prevalence and iodine metabolism were studied in areas of endemic goiter in the Himalayas in India and Nepal. Similar studies were also made in Ceylon. The results are compatible with the hypothesis that severe environmental deficiency of iodide is the primary factor responsible for endemic goiter in these areas. The endemicity was less severe in Ceylon than in India and Nepal. The thyroid glands of persons living in endemic areas show an interesting adaptive response to maintain internal homeostasis in the face of severe iodine deficiency. The mechanism of this adaptation was studied in thyroids of goats raised in endemic and nonendemic areas. Thyroids of goats living in an area of severe iodine deficiency showed higher MIT/DIT and T 3 /T 4 ratios than glands of those in an area of iodine abundance. There was a higher incorporation of 131 I in 27S iodoproteins in the iodide-deficient glands. A decrease in iodine concentration of the thyroid and an increase in circulating TSH levels are possibly involved in mediating this response but of the two, the former mechanism seems more likely than the latter.
Association of Day Length and Weather Conditions with Physical Activity Levels in Older Community Dwelling People

Background Weather is a potentially important determinant of physical activity. Little work has been done examining the relationship between weather and physical activity, and potential modifiers of any relationship in older people. We therefore examined the relationship between weather and physical activity in a cohort of older community-dwelling people. Methods We analysed prospectively collected cross-sectional activity data from community-dwelling people aged 65 and over in the Physical Activity Cohort Scotland. We correlated seven day triaxial accelerometry data with daily weather data (temperature, day length, sunshine, snow, rain), and a series of potential effect modifiers were tested in mixed models: environmental variables (urban vs rural dwelling, percentage of green space), psychological variables (anxiety, depression, perceived behavioural control), social variables (number of close contacts) and health status measured using the SF-36 questionnaire. Results 547 participants, mean age 78.5 years, were included in this analysis. Higher minimum daily temperature and longer day length were associated with higher activity levels; these associations remained robust to adjustment for other significant associates of activity: age, perceived behavioural control, number of social contacts and physical function. Of the potential effect modifier variables, only urban vs rural dwelling and the SF-36 measure of social functioning enhanced the association between day length and activity; no variable modified the association between minimum temperature and activity. Conclusions In older community dwelling people, minimum temperature and day length were associated with objectively measured activity. There was little evidence for moderation of these associations through potentially modifiable health, environmental, social or psychological variables.
To Appear in Conference the Proceedings of the High Performance Computing

Uniprocessor system schedulers hide the high latency of a page fault, by performing a context switch from the process or thread experiencing the fault to another process ready to run. Gang scheduling attempts to schedule all the processes in a process group at the same time. Processes in a process group do not experience page faults at precisely the same time, and process group context switching is in general fairly expensive therefore one cannot hide the latency of a page fault by means of a group context switch. This paper examlnes several scheduling strategies for systems which support both gang scheduling and demand paging and reports some measurements of the paging activity of SPMD programs on the Intel Paragon running OSF/1 under Mach. ·Work supported in part by NSF grants CCR-9119388, BIR-9301210 and MCR 9527131, by a grant from the Intel Corporation and by a grant from CNPq Brasil.
BCL::SAXS: GPU accelerated Debye method for computation of small angle X‐ray scattering profiles

Small angle X‐ray scattering (SAXS) is an experimental technique used for structural characterization of macromolecules in solution. Here, we introduce BCL::SAXS—an algorithm designed to replicate SAXS profiles from rigid protein models at different levels of detail. We first show our derivation of BCL::SAXS and compare our results with the experimental scattering profile of hen egg white lysozyme. Using this protein we show how to generate SAXS profiles representing: (1) complete models, (2) models with approximated side chain coordinates, and (3) models with approximated side chain and loop region coordinates. We evaluated the ability of SAXS profiles to identify a correct protein topology from a non‐redundant benchmark set of proteins. We find that complete SAXS profiles can be used to identify the correct protein by receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analysis with an area under the curve (AUC) > 99%. We show how our approximation of loop coordinates between secondary structure elements improves protein recognition by SAχS for protein models without loop regions and side chains. Agreement with SAXS data is a necessary but not sufficient condition for structure determination. We conclude that experimental SAXS data can be used as a filter to exclude protein models with large structural differences from the native. Proteins 2015; 83:1500–1512. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Prodrug activation gated by a molecular "OR" logic trigger.

Molecular logic gates are increasingly important in attributing chemical reactivity to molecular devices. Specific input signals of basic logic gates can be programmed into single molecules that generate readable output signals, such as fluorescence or UV/Vis light. Here we show that the release of an active drug molecule through a prodrug activation process is a viable output signal. The term “prodrug” is used to indicate that a chemical derivatization has been applied to alter the physicochemical properties of a drug. The prodrug is converted into the active drug in vivo by metabolic processes or environmental conditions. Masking of a functional group in a targeted drug with a simple linker which contains two moieties that can be cleaved by different mechanisms can generate a molecular “OR” logic gate trigger. The gate is activated upon a cleavage signal from either of the two input ports. The signal will be translated into a bond cleavage that releases the active drug molecule. Several anticancer prodrugs have been designed for selective activation in malignant tissues by a specific enzyme secreted within the proximity of the tumor. A prodrug with a molecular “OR” logic gate triggering device could potentially target two different cancerous tissues with different enzyme-expression patterns. There are several examples for enzymes that are present in elevated levels in malignant tissues. The substrates of two of these enzymes could be introduced in the molecular “OR” logic trigger to generate an agent for dual-prodrug monotherapy. Prodrug strategies are sometimes based on the assumption that a particular enzyme is elevated in the tumor tissues and that activation of a prodrug in the tumor tissue will result in a significantly improved therapeutic index. While there is much evidence for overexpression of particular enzymes in tumors, consistent patterns of expression are elusive. Consequently, attempts to develop drugs activated by tumor-specific enzymes in general have not been very successful. Prodrugs with two modes of activation could offer an advantage over single-triggered prodrugs, particularly in circumstances where two different enzymes are present in elevated levels in various regions of the tumor. Herein, we report the design, synthesis, and bioactivation of a molecular “OR” logic trigger which is used to activate a prodrug with dual susceptibility to enzymatic activity. Classical “OR” logic gates have two input ports and one output port. An activating signal, which operates on either one of the input ports, activates the output signal of the gate (Figure 1). Obviously, positive input signals from both input ports should also activate the gate.
Representations for problem solving: on the benefits of integrated structure

How should problem-solving representations for complex knowledge domains be designed? Traditional approaches typically address the problem of semantic complexity by designing systems that offer multiple and often heterogonous forms of representation. The REEP approach advocates structure preserving integration of the different classes and perspectives of a domain within a single representation. This work reports on a novel representational system for nurse rostering that was designed under the REEP approach. An empirical evaluation suggests the kinds of knowledge support provided by the representation and demonstrates that participants prefer fully integrated over selective views of information even though the former increases visual complexity. This knowledge support is explained in terms of more abstract domain independent cognitive benefits that we present as reasons for adopting the REEP approach.
Elaboration in Dependent Type Theory

To be usable in practice, interactive theorem provers need to provide convenient and efficient means of writing expressions, definitions, and proofs. This involves inferring information that is often left implicit in an ordinary mathematical text, and resolving ambiguities in mathematical expressions. We refer to the process of passing from a quasi-formal and partially-specified expression to a completely precise formal one as elaboration. We describe an elaboration algorithm for dependent type theory that has been implemented in the Lean theorem prover. Lean's elaborator supports higher-order unification, type class inference, ad hoc overloading, insertion of coercions, the use of tactics, and the computational reduction of terms. The interactions between these components are subtle and complex, and the elaboration algorithm has been carefully designed to balance efficiency and usability. We describe the central design goals, and the means by which they are achieved.
Apart from genetics: What makes monozygotic twins similar?

Author(s): Mandler, George | Abstract: Identical (monozygotic) twins have attracted special attention for the study of behavior genetics. Some of the assumptions and results of these studies are reviewed with special attention given to the natural experiment of identical twins adopted by different families. However, the correlation for any behavior between the adopted twins of a monozygotic pair is affected by their common prenatal environment as well as by the pervasive similarity of the two adoptive environments. The genetic contribution to complex social phenomena, but also to physical characteristics such as height, is usually overestimated. Both for adopted and unadopted twins differential effects of cultural, family, and prenatal environments, and the correlated experiences of twins and their physical appearance affect their development. Taxonomies and samples of environments need be examined in order to be able to estimate the genetic contributions to behavioral traits.
Chapter 8 Individual-based Genotype Methods in Aquaculture

DNA marker technologies have revolutionized the way aquaculture genetics research is being conducted (Liu and Cordes 2004). Early on, most applications of molecular genetics in aquaculture relied on the estimation of demographic parameters of diversity and differentiation that were derived from averaging the genetic composition over populations or stocks. It has been recognized for nearly 25 years, however, that further knowledge of relevance for stock management and production may be obtained from the analysis of individual-based genotypic information (Smouse et al. 1982). The blooming development of new genetic markers over the last decade, namely variable number of tandem repeat loci (especially microsatellites), Amplified Fragment Length Polymorphism (AFLP), and Single Nucleotide Polymorphism (SNP) have revived a major interest in studies based on the definition of individual multilocus genotypes, and opened exciting avenues of research and applications. Basically, studies of relevance for aquaculture and based on the analysis of individual multilocus genotypes can be grouped into three broad categories of applications: parentage (including kinship), group allocation, and hybrid detection. Parental allocation studies necessitate the assessment of parental relationships within populations, which may be achieved in various ways, including the use of exclusion probability, likelihood methods, and categorical and fractional parental assignment (reviewed in Wilson and Ferguson 2002, Jones and Ardren 2003). Parental allocation improves the efficiency of selective breeding programs in many ways, namely the following:
Cut‐off Serum Zinc Concentration Affecting the Appetite, Growth, and Nutrition Status of Undernourished Children Supplemented With Zinc

BACKGROUND Zinc supplementation has varied effects on the linear growth of children who exhibited stunted growth. MATERIALS AND METHODS This observational study involved 761 undernourished children, aged 2-10 years, who received a 24-week course of 10-mg elemental zinc per day. The clinical parameters for evaluation included appetite, height, weight, and body mass index (BMI). Evaluation of the effect of zinc supplementation was stratified by the initial serum zinc concentration. RESULTS The enrolled participants comprised 390 boys and 371 girls. The mean age was 5.63 years. The height-for-age, weight-for-age, and BMI-for-age z scores increased gradually during the study period. When compared with the children with a serum zinc concentration ≥75 μg/dL, the height, weight, weight-for-age, and BMI-for-age z scores increased significantly in the patients with serum zinc concentrations of <75 μg/dL after 12- and 24-week zinc supplementation (all P < .001). BMI, height-for-age z score, and appetite also increased significantly in patients with serum zinc concentrations of <75 μg/dL after 24-week zinc supplementation (P = .003, .019, and <.001, respectively). CONCLUSION The findings of this study indicate that undernourished children with serum zinc concentrations of <75 μg/dL experienced greater increments in appetite and growth as a result of zinc supplementation.
WEAK ORGANIC ACIDS IN FOOD TECHNOLOGY

Weak organic acids are frequently used as an inexpensive and effective intervention to reduce number and prevalence of bacterial pathogens on food products. Of all organic acids evaluated in the literature, acetic and lactic acid are found to be the most acceptable. Mechanism of Inactivation The mechanism of inactivation by weak organic acids lays down in the ability of undissociated form of organic acid to penetrate through the cell membrane, and to dissociate inside the cell, resulting in decreased intracellular pH value, which is essential for the control of ATP synthesis, RNA and protein synthesis, DNA replication and cell growth (Booth, 1985). Beside the decrease in intracellular pH, the perturbation of the membrane functions by organic acid molecule might be also responsible for the microbial inactivation. The high concentration of anions (due to dissociation) inside the cells might result in an increased osmolarity and consequently to the metabolic perturbation (Hirshfield et al., 2003). As for other non-thermal inactivation treatments, the microbial sub-lethal injury might occur when the decontamination with organic acids is applied (Lee et al., 2002; Liao et al., 2003). Alexandrou et al. (1995) reported that weak organic acids such as acetic and lactic acid showed greater ability to inflict the subpopulation of sub-lethal injured cells than stronger hydrochloric acid Factors affecting The efficiency of organic acid solutions also increased with the decrease of pH in the solution (Van Netten et al.,1994). The Gram-positive bacteria are more susceptible to the action of compounds interfering with the transport of ions across the cell (Raftari et al., 2009) Uses and applications Decontamination of carcasses with organic acid showed minimal effect on the sensory quality of meat (Pipek et al., 2005). The application of 2% lactic acid spray solution on beef International Journal of Science, Environment ISSN 2278-3687 (O) and Technology, Vol. 4, No 1, 2015, 164 – 166
Effect of oil flushing with nitrogen on the quality and oxidative stability of coldpressed rapeseed and sunflower oils.

BACKGROUND Oxidative stability means resistance to oxidation during purchase, processing and storage and is a key quality indicator of edible fats. Oils ought to be stored in dark-glass bottles, at low temperatures and with no access of light in order to effectively preserve their oxidative stability. Since all vegetable oils contain unsaturated fatty acids that can react with oxygen and deteriorate over time, displacement of oxygen with inert gases may result in a reduction of the rate of oxidation. In the study the effect of oil flushing with nitrogen on the quality and oxidative stability of cold-pressed rapeseed and sunflower oils was determinate. METHODS Commercial samples of cold-pressed rapeseed and sunflower oils were stabilized by generating anaerobic atmosphere in the bottles by blowing through with nitrogen and generation of a "nitrogen cushion". Oils were tested in accelerated at 63°C and long-term at 20°C storage tests. RESULTS After 20 days of Schaal oven test, the peroxide value in the flushing with nitrogen rapeseed and sunflower oils was, respectively, 4 and 7 times lower than in the control samples (without nitrogen). In turn, of the long-term storage test (with access of light 20°C), the peroxide value of oil flushing with nitrogen after 6 months of storage was 2.3 to 2.8-fold lower, respectively, than in the control sample. In the oil samples flushed with nitrogen peroxide formation was inhibited, however, as a result of the breakdown of the peroxides already existed in the oil, gradual decrease of the oxidative stability (determined via Rancimat test) was observed along with prolonged storage of oils. CONCLUSIONS Oil flushing with nitrogen was a very effective way to reduce the changes caused by oxidation in cold-pressed rapeseed and sunflower oil.
The Impact of Medical Interpreter Services on the Quality of Health Care: A Systematic Review

Twenty-one million Americans are limited in English proficiency (LEP), but little is known about the effect of medical interpreter services on health care quality. Asystematic literature review was conducted on the impact of interpreter services on quality of care. Five database searches yielded 2,640 citations and a final database of 36 articles, after applying exclusion criteria. Multiple studies document that quality of care is compromised when LEP patients need but do not get interpreters. LEP patients' quality of care is inferior, and more interpreter errors occur with untrained ad hoc interpreters. Inadequate interpreter services can have serious consequences for patients with mental disorders. Trained professional interpreters and bilingual health care providers positively affect LEP patients' satisfaction, quality of care, and outcomes. Evidence suggests that optimal communication, patient satisfaction, and outcomes and the fewest interpreter errors occur when LEP patients have access to trained professional interpreters or bilingual providers.
Attacking the triangle test in sensor-based camera identification

Digital camera identification is a very active research area, with important applications in the forensics field. Several approaches have been proposed in recent years for this task. One of the most promising is based on the estimation of the sensor noise pattern, used as a sort of camera fingerprint. However, a clever attacker can estimate a camera fingerprint and use it maliciously: this calls for new countermeasures, and so on, in a typical two-party game. In this paper we consider the triangle test, a well-know countermeasure against fake fingerprint attacks, and propose a new algorithm for improving the attacker's success rate. Numerical experiments show that, in typical scenarios, the proposed algorithm improves significantly the attacker performance.