Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
The role of environmental parameter (degree day) of snowmelt runoff simulation.

The upper Indus basin comprises the high mountains covered with snow and glaciers. So the major portion of flow from Indus basin is due to snow and glacier melt runoff. The terrain is difficult to measure the hydrological and hydraulics data. Most of the data is available at catchments outlets. Due to the data constraints Snowmelt Runoff Model (SRM) was used to estimate the snow melt runoff in Astor basin during, year 2000. The input data included daily temperature, precipitation and division of catchment in to different zones on the basis of elevation difference. The elevation zones were made from the Digital Elevation Model (DEM) of the area. The snow depletion curves were made by Landsat TM satellite data analysis on the monthly basis. The model output was discharge hydrograph. The model performance was tested by calculating the statistical parameters such as coefficient of efficiency (COE) and volume difference in percentage. The COE for simulation was 0.91 which illustrates a good relationship between simulated and measured values of runoff. The volume difference (Dv) for simulation was 9.01. The statistical test showed that model performance was good. The results of SRM model encouraged to use temperature index approach for snowmelt runoff estimation in Indus basin.
Diet composition and fish consumption of double-crested cormorants from the Pigeon and Snake Island Colonies of eastern Lake Ontario in 1999

Because of concerns regarding the potential effects of double-crested cormorant (Phalacrocorax auritus) predation on gamefish populations, examination of the diet composition and fish consumption of cormorants has been underway since 1992 on the Little Galloo Island colony in eastern Lake Ontario (Ross and Johnson 1995, Johnson and Ross 1996, Johnson et al. 1997, 1999, 2000a, Newman et al. 1997, Ross and Johnson 1999a, 1999b). Johnson et al. (2000) categorized the intensity of the studies carried out on Little Galloo Island since 1992 that have examined cormorant/fish relationships as minimal, moderate, and comprehensive in terms of effort and intensity. Although the Little Galloo Island colony has been in recent years the largest cormorant colony in the eastern basin, other sizeable colonies exist, including those on Pigeon and Snake Islands. Investigations on the food habits of cormorants from Pigeon and Snake Islands have been minimal (Newman et al. 1997) and moderate (Johnson et al. 2000b) in terms of intensity. This paper reports on the findings of the second consecutive year of moderate intensity to quantify cormorant/fish interactions associated with the Pigeon and Snake Island colonies.
GIS BASED GEOSTATISTICAL ANALYSIS of FRACTURE DENSITY of GRANITE ROCK in BEISHan AREA GANSU PROVINCE

Geometrical parameters of fractures such as joints in natural rocks are important parameters in fluid dynamics of fracture systems,and are also mainly considered factors for the stability analysis of large-scale projects during construction.Therefore,the importance of these parameters has been fully recognized by engineering scientists.The Jijicao block of the Beishan area in Gansu province is chosen as the studied area in this paper.It is a candidate area for high level waste repository in China.The paper chooses the rock mass fracture system of the granite in Jijicao block as the study object.The trace lengths of fracture system are measured by GPS-RTK technique in detail.The occurrence of the bedrock outcrop fractures is surveyed with compass.Then the ArcGIS software is used in the data statistics and calculation and also applied to studying fracture density in the granite area in the Jijicao block.Finally,geostatistical analysis is used to study the spatial autocorrelation and variability of fracture density.By this way the spatial distribution characteristics of fracture can be recognized.The research results indicate that the fracture density has a strong spatial autocorrelation.Variogram analysis demonstrates that P21 values become antocorrelated at a step of about 20～30m.The difference between the ranges of NS and EW demonstrates that there is heterogeneity in the spatial distribution of fractures.At last the prediction map of P21 value is obtained with the method of ordinary kringing interpolation method.
Secondary organic aerosol formation from ambient air in an oxidation flow reactor in central Amazonia

Abstract. Secondary organic aerosol (SOA) formation from ambient air was studied using an oxidation flow reactor (OFR) coupled to an aerosol mass spectrometer (AMS) during both the wet and dry seasons at the Observations and Modeling of the Green Ocean Amazon (GoAmazon2014/5) field campaign. Measurements were made at two sites downwind of the city of Manaus, Brazil. Ambient air was oxidized in the OFR using variable concentrations of either OH or O 3 , over ranges from hours to days (O 3) or weeks (OH) of equivalent atmospheric aging. The amount of SOA formed in the OFR ranged from 0 to as much as 10 µ g m −3 , depending on the amount of SOA precursor gases in ambient air. Typically, more SOA was formed during nighttime than daytime, and more from OH than from O 3 oxidation. SOA yields of individual organic precursors under OFR conditions were measured by standard addition into ambient air and were confirmed to be consistent with published environmental chamber-derived SOA yields. Positive matrix factorization of organic aerosol (OA) after OH oxidation showed formation of typical oxidized OA factors and a loss of primary OA factors as OH aging increased. After OH oxidation in the OFR, the hygroscopicity of the OA increased with increasing elemental O:C up to O:C ∼ 1.0, and then decreased as O:C increased further. Possible reasons for this decrease are discussed. The measured SOA formation was compared to the amount predicted from the concentrations of measured ambient SOA precursors and their SOA yields. While measured ambient precursors were sufficient to explain the amount of SOA formed from O 3 , they could only explain 10–50 % of the SOA formed from OH. This is consistent with previous OFR studies, which showed that typically unmeasured semivolatile and intermediate volatility gases (that tend to lack C = C bonds) are present in ambient air and can explain such additional SOA formation. To investigate the sources of the unmeasured SOA-forming gases during this campaign, multilinear regression analysis was performed between measured SOA formation and the concentration of gas-phase tracers representing different precursor sources. The majority of SOA-forming gases present during both seasons were of biogenic origin. Urban sources also contributed substantially in both seasons, while biomass burning sources were more important during the dry season. This study enables a better understanding of SOA formation in environments with diverse emission sources.
Secondary organic aerosol formation from smoldering and flaming combustion of biomass: a box model parametrization based on volatility basis set

Abstract. Residential wood combustion remains one of the most important sources of primary organic aerosols (POA) and secondary organic aerosol (SOA) precursors during winter. The overwhelming majority of these precursors have not been traditionally considered in regional models, and only recently were lignin pyrolysis products and polycyclic aromatics identified as the principal SOA precursors from flaming wood combustion. The SOA yields of these components in the complex matrix of biomass smoke remain unknown and may not be inferred from smog chamber data based on single-compound systems. Here, we studied the ageing of emissions from flaming and smoldering-dominated wood fires in three different residential stoves, across a wide range of ageing temperatures (−10, 2 and 15 ∘C) and emission loads. Organic gases (OGs) acting as SOA precursors were monitored by a proton-transfer-reaction time-of-flight mass spectrometer (PTR-ToF-MS), while the evolution of the aerosol properties during ageing in the smog chamber was monitored by a high-resolution time-of-flight aerosol mass spectrometer (HR-ToF-AMS). We developed a novel box model based on the volatility basis set (VBS) to determine the volatility distributions of the oxidation products from different precursor classes found in the emissions, grouped according to their emission pathways and SOA production rates. We show for the first time that SOA yields in complex emissions are consistent with those reported in literature from single-compound systems. We identify the main SOA precursors in both flaming and smoldering wood combustion emissions at different temperatures. While single-ring and polycyclic aromatics are significant precursors in flaming emissions, furans generated from cellulose pyrolysis appear to be important for SOA production in the case of smoldering fires. This is especially the case at high loads and low temperatures, given the higher volatility of furan oxidation products predicted by the model. We show that the oxidation products of oxygenated aromatics from lignin pyrolysis are expected to dominate SOA formation, independent of the combustion or ageing conditions, and therefore can be used as promising markers to trace ageing of biomass smoke in the field. The model framework developed herein may be generalizable for other complex emission sources, allowing determination of the contributions of different precursor classes to SOA, at a level of complexity suitable for implementation in regional air quality models.
Secondary organic aerosol formation from isoprene photooxidation during cloud condensation–evaporation cycles

The impact of cloud events on isoprene secondary organic aerosol (SOA) formation has been studied from an isoprene / NOx / light system in an atmospheric simulation chamber. It was shown that the presence of a liquid water cloud leads to a faster and higher SOA formation than under dry conditions. When a cloud is generated early in the photooxidation reaction, before any SOA formation has occurred, a fast SOA formation is observed with mass yields ranging from 0.002 to 0.004. These yields are 2 and 4 times higher than those observed under dry conditions. When the cloud is generated at a later photooxidation stage, after isoprene SOA is stabilized at its maximum mass concentration, a rapid increase (by a factor of 2 or higher) of the SOA mass concentration is observed. The SOA chemical composition is influenced by cloud generation: the additional SOA formed during cloud events is composed of both organics and nitrate containing species. This SOA formation can be linked to the dissolution of water soluble volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in the aqueous phase and to further aqueous phase reactions. Cloud-induced SOA formation is experimentally demonstrated in this study, thus highlighting the importance of aqueous multiphase systems in atmospheric SOA formation estimations.
Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics: From Air Pollution to Climate Change

1 The Atmosphere. 2 Atmospheric Trace Constituents. 3 Chemical Kinetics. 4 Atmospheric Radiation and Photochemistry. 5 Chemistry of the Stratosphere. 6 Chemistry of the Troposphere. 7 Chemistry of the Atmospheric Aqueous Phase. 8 Properties of the Atmospheric Aerosol. 9 Dynamics of Single Aerosol Particles. 10 Thermodynamics of Aerosols. 11 Nucleation. 12 Mass Transfer Aspects of Atmospheric Chemistry. 13 Dynamics of Aerosol Populations. 14 Organic Atmospheric Aerosols. 15 Interaction of Aerosols with Radiation. 16 Meteorology of the Local Scale. 17 Cloud Physics. 18 Atmospheric Diffusion. 19 Dry Deposition. 20 Wet Deposition. 21 General Circulation of the Atmosphere. 22 Global Cycles: Sulfur and Carbon. 23 Climate and Chemical Composition of the Atmosphere. 24 Aerosols and Climate. 25 Atmospheric Chemical Transport Models. 26 Statistical Models.
Evaluation of a Nutrition Programme: Participation and Health Effects.

This study evaluates a nutrition programme in a rural area of South Africa. It examines the factors that determine the participation of the families involved in the educational part of the programme, and the effects of the nutrition part of the programme on the weight, health and developmental condition of the participating children. Interviews were done using a self-constructed questionnaire based on Ajzen’s model of planned behaviour (1988). Kitchen scales were used to establish the children’s weight and two screening checklists the TQ and the ADLQ to measure the health and developmental status of the children. The family’s a priori attitude towards participation and the perceived ease (or difficulty) of participation in the nutrition programme were found to affect participation. After completion of the programme, 57% of the children had a weight above the 3 rd percentile of the age growth curve. Following completion of the programme, the problems most frequently mentioned were the child still appearing backward and slow, speech problems and delayed motor development. Very few functional problems were found to occur after completion of the programme.
Sugarcane water use and irrigation requirements in a semi-arid environment.

WATER for agricultural irrigation is becoming increasingly limited and, therefore, must be used as efficiently as possible. Sugarcane is a high biomass crop requiring lots of water. A field study was conducted to determine water requirements and crop water use by applying different levels of water. These were achieved by varying crop coefficients used with reference evapotranspiration to determine irrigation scheduling. Sugarcane yield responses to different water levels varied annually. The irrigation level producing maximum yields was not the same each year. Total water input including rainfall and irrigation to achieve maximum yields varied from 973 to 1328 mm/y; while water use efficiency (fresh weight of cane produced per unit of water uptake) varied from 6.0 to 11.7 t cane/ML of water. These results suggest that the amount of water required to produce maximum yields in the Lower Rio Grande Valley of Texas may be less than the amount theoretically used by this crop under ideal conditions as reflected in the established crop coefficient curves. Deficit irrigation may lower yields, but may increase the amount of cane produced per unit of water used by the crop. Introduction Water availability for agricultural production is becoming increasingly limited everywhere irrigated agriculture is done. Sugarcane is a big water user. This crop is capable of producing 10 t/ha of cane for each 1.0 to 1.2 ML of water used (Holden, 1998; Rozeff, 1998). Based on evapotranspiration rates, sugarcane therefore has the potential to produce up to135 t/ha depending on climate conditions in the Lower Rio Grande Valley, which would require 13.5 to 16.0 ML of water. While many factors including inadequate nutrition, salinity, weeds, insects and diseases can impact sugarcane production, water stress is most often the primary limitation. Sugarcane irrigation in the Lower Rio Grande Valley is usually very inefficient and wasteful. Therefore, substantial improvements are possible (Wiedenfeld et al., 2005). Several efforts have been made to establish sugarcane crop water requirements in South Texas (Salinas and Namken, 1977; Wiedenfeld, 1995). In order to irrigate sugarcane as efficiently and effectively as possible, it is necessary to have a good understanding of crop water requirements and use in a manner that can be easily related to annual variability in climatic and rainfall conditions. The purpose of this study was to identify optimum water application levels based on evapotranspiration for sugarcane growth, yield and quality. Materials and methods A field study was initiated in 2000 in the Lower Rio Grande Valley of Texas (2610 N, 9756 W, elevation 18 m), an area with a subtropical, semi-arid climate. Sugarcane cultivar
Clave polínica de las Ericaceae gallegas

Se ha realizado una clave polinica de las Ericaceae gallegas en relacion a los caracteres morfologicos que fueron observados al microscopio optico. Dicho estudio permitio diferenciar, desde un punto de vista polinico ocho especies y dos tipos ( Erica cinerea y Vaccinium myrtillus ) con cinco y dos especies respectivamente.
AICOMP - Future Skills in a World Increasingly Shaped By AI

Globalisation and modernisation are creating an increasingly diverse and interconnected world. To make sense of and function well in this world, individuals need, for example, to master changing technologies and to make sense of large amounts of available information. They also face collective challenges as societies - such as balancing economic growth with environmental sustainability, and prosperity with social equity. In these contexts, the competences that individuals need to meet their goals have become more complex, requiring more than the mastery of certain narrowly defined skills.
Precambrian geology and tectonics of the southern Manzano Mountains, central New Mexico

Every fall since 1950, the New Mexico Geological Society (NMGS) has held an annual Fall Field Conference that explores some region of New Mexico (or surrounding states). Always well attended, these conferences provide a guidebook to participants. Besides detailed road logs, the guidebooks contain many well written, edited, and peer-reviewed geoscience papers. These books have set the national standard for geologic guidebooks and are an essential geologic reference for anyone working in or around New Mexico.
Pleomorphic Dermal Sarcoma: a case report

This case report brings a 79-year-old man, with a history of melanoma in situ on the extensor part of the left arm, who presented with an ulcerated nodule on the scalp, right parietal region, with rapid and progressive growth for 3 months. The lesion was clinically compatible with squamous cell carcinoma, Merkel carcinoma, amelanotic melanoma and pleomorphic dermal sarcoma. Exeresis was performed and the diagnosis of Pleomorphic Dermal Sarcoma (PDS) was confirmed by histological and immunohistochemical evaluation. Pleomorphic Dermal Sarcoma (PDS), formerly known as malignant fibrous histiocytoma or undifferentiated pleomorphic sarcoma of the skin, is a rare spindle cell mesenchymal tumor that may recur locally or metastasize. Our objective is to present this rare tumor to the reader, discussing the clinical, histological and immunohistochemical presentation, and to highlight the need for further studies on surgical management protocols and the development of guidelines for the standardization of management and safe follow-up of these patients.
EEG Study of Decision-Making in Uncertain and Risky Situations via a Gamified Environment

In this paper we study brain processes underlying decision-making and risk management in a gamified environment. The authors conducted an experiment, gathering 128-channel EEG data of 27 participants playing a virtual game of ball catching, involving active decision making in a risky situation. The EEG data of 16 participants were preprocessed using an automated pipeline, then ERPs were computed and analyzed for two conditions: success and failure (at each ball catching round). The spatiotemporal permutation cluster test showed two significant clusters of electrodes, the first of which is possibly related to the N400 ERP component and the second one to the late negative or positive potential. The results showed a statistically significant difference in participants' reaction to failure and success in a gamified environment, which further confirms the usefulness of such methods in neuroeconomic studies of decision-making and in neuroscience of cognition in general.
Overcoming Anxiety Chronic Kidney Failure Patients with Spiritual Mindfulness Intervention: A Case study

ABSTRACT Chronic kidney failure sufferers experience many changes in their lives, including changes in diet management, exercise, control of blood sugar, urea, creatinine and kidney function replacement therapy, so they are prone to experiencing anxiety. The aim of this case study is to carry out nursing care to overcome anxiety problems in kidney failure patients with spiritual mindfulness intervention in the Inpatient Room of the Surabaya A.Yani Islamic Hospital. This type of research is a qualitative method with a case study approach. The subjects used were 1 patient with chronic kidney failure who was being treated at the Surabaya A. Yani Islamic Hospital with anxiety problems. Nursing care includes: assessment, determining a diagnosis, making interventions, implementation and evaluation. The implementation, which was carried out to overcome anxiety with spiritual mindfulness interventions, was carried out for 3 days (2 times a day for 10-15 minutes). The results of the spiritual mindfulness intervention after nursing actions were carried out for 3 days, the nursing problem of anxiety was resolved. The patient experienced a change from initially the patient having an anxiety score of 80 (severe anxiety) to 40 (not anxious). Spiritual mindfulness intervention is effective in reducing anxiety so it can be used as an alternative to reduce anxiety in patients with chronic kidney failure.
NBER WORKING PAPER SERIES EXPECTING THE UNEXPECTED : EMISSIONS UNCERTAINTY AND ENVIRONMENTAL MARKET DESIGN

We analyze the demand for emissions allowances and the supply of allowances and abatement opportunities in California's 2013-2020 cap and trade market for greenhouse gases (GHG). We estimate a cointegrated vector autoregression for the main drivers of greenhouse gas emissions using annual data from 1990 to 2011. We use these estimates to forecast businss-as-usual (BAU) emissions during California's program and the impact of the state's other GHG reduction programs. We then consider additional price-responsive and price-inelastic activities that will affect the supply/demand balance in the allowance market. We show that there is significant uncertainty in the BAU emissions levels due to uncertainty in economic growth and other factors. Our analysis also suggests that most of the planned abatement will not be very sensitive to the price of allowances, creating a steep abatement supply curve. The combination of BAU emissions uncertainty and inelastic abatement supply implies a high probability that the price of allowances in California will either be at the price floor, or high enough to trigger a safety valve mechanism called the Allowance Price Containment Reserve (APCR). We estimate a low probability that the price would end up in an intermediate range between the price floor and the APCR. The analysis suggests that cap-and-trade markets, as they have been established in California, the EU and elsewhere may be more likely to experience price volatility and extreme low or high prices than is generally recognized. Severin Borenstein Haas School of Business University of California, Berkeley Berkeley, CA 94720-1900 and NBER severinborenstein@berkeley.edu James. Bushnell Department of Economics One Shields Ave. University of California, Davis Davis, CA 95616 and NBER jbbushnell@ucdavis.edu Frank A. Wolak Department of Economics Stanford University Stanford, CA 94305-6072 and NBER wolak@zia.stanford. edu Matthew Zaragoza-Watkins Center for Energy and Environmental Policy Research Massachusetts Institute of Technology 400 Main Street Building E19-411 Cambridge, MA 02042 mwatkins@mit.edu