Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
A MODIFIED FORM OF THE ITERATIVE METHOD OF DYNAMIC PROGRAMMING

This paper considers the discrete time finite state Markovian decision problem with the average return criterion. A modified form of the itera tive method of dynamic programming is studied. Under the assumption that the maximal average return is independent of the initial state the as ymptotic behaviour of the sequence of functions generated by this modified method is found. It is shown that the modified iterative method supplies both upper and lower bounds on the maximal average return and . -optimal policies. Moreover, a convergence result is proved for the policies produced by the modified iterative method.
Searching for hidden earthquakes in Southern California

Using earthquakes to find earthquakes Earthquake catalogs elucidate the behavior of faults and allow for rough estimates of when large earthquakes might occur. Cataloging small earthquakes is challenging because the small signal is often indistinguishable from noise. Ross et al. used a template-matching algorithm to find almost two million tiny earthquakes previously missed by other earthquake-logging techniques in Southern California (see the Perspective by Brodsky). This more-complete catalog can be used to better understand faults, earthquake reoccurrence, and other geophysical processes. Science, this issue p. 767; see also p. 736 A template-matching algorithm increases the number of earthquakes in the Southern California catalog by more than a factor of 10. Earthquakes follow a well-known power-law size relation, with smaller events occurring much more often than larger events. Earthquake catalogs are thus dominated by small earthquakes yet are still missing a much larger number of even smaller events because of signal fidelity issues. To overcome these limitations, we applied a template-matching detection technique to the entire waveform archive of the regional seismic network in Southern California. This effort resulted in a catalog with 1.81 million earthquakes, a 10-fold increase, which provides important insights into the geometry of fault zones at depth, foreshock behavior and nucleation processes, and earthquake-triggering mechanisms. The rich detail resolved in this type of catalog will facilitate the next generation of analyses of earthquakes and faults.
Nonfinancial Reporting and Real Sustainable Change: Relationship Status—It’s Complicated

The relationship between nonfinancial reporting and real sustainable change within and beyond organizations is fraught with complication. Furthermore, all facets of the relationship have not been examined equally. The contributions of this special issue made substantive progress in this regard and draw our focus to several remaining complications—in particular, the societal impacts of nonfinancial reporting. With this introduction, we seek to move the conversation forward by proposing a framework that disentangles the linkages between nonfinancial reporting and real sustainable change at multiple levels of analysis. We highlight the distinction between sustainability-related outputs and outcomes that typically materialize at the firm level, and eventually lead to sustainable impact at the societal level. Future research should advance this distinction and scrutinize the impact of real sustainable change beyond firm-level outputs, study the organizational change processes from antecedents to impacts, and examine the interrelationships between different instruments to foster real sustainable change.
The theory analysis and experiment measure of lateral optical trapping force

In non-equality optical field, we use the RO model, which is based on the theory of geometric optics, the optical trapping force which is in Y axes way on the micro sphere particles in the Mie scattering field is calculated quantitatively. The simulation results under given parameters are described. According to the simulation results, the relations between the optical trapping force and the main parameters of the system, including focus corset radius and the laser wave-length are discussed.
The inertial lift on a small particle in a weak-shear parabolic flow

The lateral migration of a small spherical particle translating within a vertical channel flow with large channel Reynolds numbers Rc is investigated. The weak-shear case is studied when the ratio of the slip velocity to maximum velocity of the channel flow, Vs, is finite, while two other dimensionless groups, particle Reynolds number Rs and Rc−1, are asymptotically small. The disturbance flow at large distances from the sphere is governed by Oseen-like equations. The ratio of Oseen length to channel width is e=ls/l=(Rc|Vs|)−1≪1, i.e., the Oseen region is only a small part of the channel while the major portion of the disturbance flow is inviscid. A solution of the governing equations is constructed in terms of two-dimensional Fourier transform of the disturbance field in a plane parallel to the channel walls. The ordinary differential equation for Fourier transform of lateral velocity Γz(k,z) is solved using the method of matched asymptotic expansions based on e. Several domains in (k,z) space are distin.
Velocity Curve Analysis of Spectroscopic Binary Stars AI Phe, GM Dra, HD 93917 and V502 Oph by Nonlinear Regression

We introduce a new method to derive the orbital parameters of spectroscopic binary stars by nonlinear least squares of (o−c). Using the measured radial velocity data of the four double lined spectroscopic binary systems, AI Phe, GM Dra, HD 93917 and V502 Oph, we derived both the orbital and combined spectroscopic elements of these systems. Our numerical results are in good agreement with the those obtained using the method of Lehmann-Filhes.
Prediction of Laminar-Turbulent Transition with the Low-Reynolds Model and Kinetic Energy Production Limiter

A bypass transition model has been implemented in the FlowER solver. The model is based on the Shear Stress Transport turbulence model and Low-Reynolds transition model with the kinetic energy production limiter. The modifications of transition model are implemented to enable fully turbulent flow beyond the transition region. Test cases include the classical flat-plate boundary flows and low-pressure compressor cascade. It is shown that proposed model allows an approximate simulation of some effects in a transitional flow.
Descriptive and Inferential Aspects of Ordinal Multiple Regression

This paper discusses the ordinal multiple regression (OMR) method of Cliff (1994, 1996) and the development of a confidence interval (CI) for population regression weights. First, the OMR methodology is presented along with a discussion of the differences between OMR and least squares multiple regression (LSMR). Next, it is shown how a confidence interval (CI) for a population predictor weight can be derived. The OMR CI is based on an estimated standard deviation of a weight derived from a fixed effects model. Finally, the sampling properties of the OMR CI are discussed. It is pointed out that the OMR CI is more robust than the LSMR CI to predictor correlations and violations of assumptions. The OMR CI is recommended when a researcher wants to consider only ordinal information in multivariate prediction, and/or when predictor correlations are moderate to high, and/or when the assumptions of fixed effects LSMR are violated.
Mammalian Oocyte Analysis by MALDI MSI with Wet-Interface Matrix Deposition Technique

Oocytes are a special kind of biological material. Here, the individual variability of a single cell is important. It means that the opportunity to obtain information about the lipid content from the analysis of a single cell is significant. In our study, we present a method for lipid analysis based on the MALDI-based mass spectrometry imaging (MSI) approach. Our attention was paid to the sample preparation optimization with the aid of a wet-interface matrix deposition system (matrix spraying). Technical considerations of the sample preparation process, such as the number of matrix layers and the position of the spraying nozzle during the matrix deposition, are presented in the article. Additionally, we checked if changing the 2,5-dihydroxybenzoic acid (DHB) and 9-Aminoacridine (9AA) matrix concentration and their solvent composition may improve the analysis. Moreover, the comparison of paraformaldehyde-fixed versus nonfixed cell analysis was performed. We hope that our approach will be helpful for those working on lipid analyses in extraordinary material such as a single oocyte. Our study may also offer clues for anybody interested in single-cell analysis with the aid of MALDI mass spectrometry imaging and the wet-interface matrix deposition method.
Scattering of EM waves from a slightly rough surface of a generally anisotropic plane-layered halfspace

The problem of plane wave scattering by a slightly rough boundary of an arbitrarily layered medium with general anisotropy of electric and magnetic properties is considered using boundary conditions transference method and a small perturbation approximation combined with the Green's functions technique. It is shown that in the Born approximation, the second statistical moments of the fluctuation field scattered from an inhomogeneous anisotropic halfspace can be expressed exclusively in terms of the external parameters referring to a flat boundary and the spectral density of roughness. In the present circumstance, the set of the external parameters includes the four plane-wave reflection coefficients from a flat boundary and the (limiting) values of constitutive parameters of the adjacent media at said boundary, Within the framework of the outlined approach, the covariance dyads, Poynting's vector, scattering coefficients and Stokes parameters of the fluctuation field, and the Mueller matrix for a rough boundary are calculated.
Reaction-rate theory: fifty years after Kramers

The calculation of rate coefficients is a discipline of nonlinear science of importance to much of physics, chemistry, engineering, and biology. Fifty years after Kramers' seminal paper on thermally activated barrier crossing, the authors report, extend, and interpret much of our current understanding relating to theories of noise-activated escape, for which many of the notable contributions are originating from the communities both of physics and of physical chemistry. Theoretical as well as numerical approaches are discussed for single- and many-dimensional metastable systems (including fields) in gases and condensed phases. The role of many-dimensional transition-state theory is contrasted with Kramers' reaction-rate theory for moderate-to-strong friction; the authors emphasize the physical situation and the close connection between unimolecular rate theory and Kramers' work for weakly damped systems. The rate theory accounting for memory friction is presented, together with a unifying theoretical approach which covers the whole regime of weak-to-moderate-to-strong friction on the same basis (turnover theory). The peculiarities of noise-activated escape in a variety of physically different metastable potential configurations is elucidated in terms of the mean-first-passage-time technique. Moreover, the role and the complexity of escape in driven systems exhibiting possibly multiple, metastable stationary nonequilibrium states is identified. At lower temperatures, quantum tunneling effects start to dominate the rate mechanism. The early quantum approaches as well as the latest quantum versions of Kramers' theory are discussed, thereby providing a description of dissipative escape events at all temperatures. In addition, an attempt is made to discuss prominent experimental work as it relates to Kramers' reaction-rate theory and to indicate the most important areas for future research in theory and experiment.
An Automatic Image Processing Method Based on Artificial Intelligence for Locating the Key Boundary Points in the Central Serous Chorioretinopathy Lesion Area

Accurately and rapidly measuring the diameter of central serous chorioretinopathy (CSCR) lesion area is the key to judge the severity of CSCR and evaluate the efficacy of the corresponding treatments. Currently, the manual measurement scheme based on a single or a small number of optical coherence tomography (OCT) B-scan images encounters the dilemma of incredibility. Although manually measuring the diameters of all OCT B-scan images of a single patient can alleviate the previous issue, the situation of inefficiency will thus arise. Additionally, manual operation is subject to subjective factors of ophthalmologists, resulting in unrepeatable measurement results. Therefore, an automatic image processing method (i.e., a joint framework) based on artificial intelligence (AI) is innovatively proposed for locating the key boundary points of CSCR lesion area to assist the diameter measurement. Firstly, the initial location module (ILM) benefiting from multitask learning is properly adjusted and tentatively achieves the preliminary location of key boundary points. Secondly, the location task is formulated as a Markov decision process, aiming at further improving the location accuracy by utilizing the single agent reinforcement learning module (SARLM). Finally, the joint framework based on the ILM and SARLM is skillfully established, in which ILM provides an initial starting point for SARLM to narrow the active region of agent, and SARLM makes up for the defect of low generalization of ILM by virtue of the independent exploration ability of agent. Experiments reveal the AI-based method which joins the multitask learning, and single agent reinforcement learning paradigms enable agents to work in local region, alleviating the time-consuming problem of SARLM, performing location task in a global scope, and improving the location accuracy of ILM, thus reflecting its effectiveness and clinical application value in the task of rapidly and accurately measuring the diameter of CSCR lesions.
General form for obtaining discrete orthogonal moments

Discrete orthogonal moments such as Tchebichef moments and Krawtchouk moments are more powerful in image representation than traditional continuous orthogonal moments. However, less work has been done for the summarisation of these discrete orthogonal moments. This study proposes two general forms which will simplify and group the discrete orthogonal Tchebichef and Krawtchouk polynomials and their corresponding moments, and discusses their importance in theories and applications. Besides, the proposed general form can be used to obtain other three discrete orthogonal moments: Hahn moments, Charlier moments and Meixner moments. Computations of these discrete orthogonal polynomials are also discussed in this task, including the recurrence relation with respect to variable x and order n. Some properties of these discrete orthogonal moments, which are of particular value to image processing applications, such as energy compact capability and signal decorrelation, are also presented. Finally, the study evaluates these discrete orthogonal moments in terms of the capacity of image reconstruction and image compression, and discusses the importance of the proposed general form in theories and engineering.
Exposure at low tide leads to a different microbial abundance of intertidal coral Acropora pulchra

ABSTRACT Corals thrive in symbiotic relationships with a variety of microorganisms, including endosymbiont algae. The interaction between coral and microbial associations has been extensively researched since it is thought to play a function in coral health. Temperature and light are two abiotic elements that contribute to coral life. Corals in reef-flat environments frequently face variations in these two characteristics due to their proximity to shallow seas. This study aims to compare the microbial diversity and abundance associated with the coral Acropora pulchra on the reef flat under two conditions, namely corals that emerged to the surface at low tide (SF) and corals that submerged over time (SM) and to compare the microbial diversity of both with those found in its adjacent seawaters. Microbial analysis on 16S rRNA region V4 showed that the alpha diversity of coral microbial communities and seawaters was not significantly different. However, differences in abundance were noticed at the phylum and genus levels. With p-value < 0.05, PCoA analysis using the Bray–Curtis test showed that the coral microbial community was significantly different from the surrounding seawaters. This study indicates that under different conditions, corals of the same species can be dominated by different microbial groups. This study also confirms the uniqueness between coral microbes and their adjacent seawaters. The abundance of certain microbes is a host mechanism for survival.
Identification of linear parameter-varying systems via LFTs

This paper considers the identification of linear parameter-varying (LPV) systems having linear-fractional parameter dependence. We present a natural prediction error method, using gradient- and Hessian-based nonlinear optimization algorithms to minimize the cost function. Computing the gradients and (approximate) Hessians is shown to reduce to simulating LPV systems and computing inner products. Issues relating to initialization and identifiability are discussed. The algorithms are demonstrated on a numerical example.
Growth with Surface Diffusion

A simple growth model is investigated where particles are deposited onto a substrate randomly and subsequently relax into a position nearby where the binding is strongest. In space dimension d = 2 the surface roughness exponent and the dynamical exponent are ξ = 1.4 ± 0.1 and z = 3.8 ± 0.5. These values are larger than for previous models of sedimentation or ballistic deposition and are surprisingly close to the ones obtained from a linear generalized Langevin equation for growth with surface diffusion. A scaling relation 2ξ = z − d + 1 is proposed to be valid for a large class of growth models relevant for molecular beam epitaxy.
On Evaluation of the Dirichlet Series at Positive Integers by q-Calculation

Abstract By q -calculation, we prove some recursion formulas for the values of Riemann ζ-function ζ( s ) at positive even integers, and also prove some series representation for the values of ζ( s ) at positive odd integers. By using these relations, we evaluate the Dirichlet L -series at positive integers.
Radiation pressure measurements on micron‐size individual dust grains

[1] Measurements of electromagnetic radiation pressure have been made on individual silica (SiO2) particles levitated in an electrodynamic balance. These measurements were made by inserting single charged particles of known diameter in the 0.2- to 6.82-μm range and irradiating them from above with laser radiation focused to beam widths of ∼175–400 μm at ambient pressures ∼10−3–10−4 torr. The downward displacement of the particle due to the radiation force is balanced by the electrostatic force indicated by the compensating dc potential applied to the balance electrodes, providing a direct measure of the radiation force on the levitated particle. Theoretical calculations of the radiation pressure with a least-squares fit to the measured data yield the radiation pressure efficiencies of the particles, and comparisons with Mie scattering theory calculations provide the imaginary part of the refractive index of SiO2 and the corresponding extinction and scattering efficiencies.
Effects of Tai Chi on Sleep Quality as Well as Depression and Anxiety in Insomnia Patients: A Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials

To systematically review the effects of Tai chi on sleep quality, depression, and anxiety in patients with insomnia. The electronic databases including PubMed, Cochrane Library, Web of Science, Embase, China National Knowledge Infrastructure (CNKI), WanFang Data, Chinese Biomedical Literature Database (CBM), and VIP Database for Chinese Technical Periodicals (VIP) were retrieved and screened by computer. Randomized controlled trials (RCT) on patients with insomnia who practiced Tai chi were collected, and the RCT risk of bias assessment criteria was used to evaluate the methodological quality of the included studies. The combined effect size was expressed as the weighted mean difference (WMD), with a confidence interval of 95% (CI). Review Manager 5.4 and Stata16.0 were used for heterogeneity analysis and sensitivity analysis. Tai chi reduced the patients’ Pittsburgh sleep quality index (PSQI) score (WMD = −1.75, 95% CI: −1.88, −1.62, p < 0.001); Hamilton depression scale (HAMD) score (WMD = −5.08, 95% CI: −5.46, −4.69, p < 0.001), Hamilton anxiety scale (HAMA) score (WMD = −2.18, 95% CI: −2.98, −1.37, p < 0.001), and self-rating anxiety scale (SAS) score (WMD = −7.01, 95% CI: −7.72, −6.29, p < 0.001). Tai chi exercise has a good preventive and ameliorating effect on insomnia, which can relieve patients’ depression and anxiety, simultaneously enhancing various functions of the body. However, most of the included studies reported random assignment with some lack of specific descriptions, and the blinding of participants was difficult to achieve due to the nature of exercise, which may cause bias. Therefore, more high-quality, multi-center, and bigger-sample studies need to be included in the future to further verify the results.
Determinants of Treatment Adherence and Health Outcomes in Patients With Type 2 Diabetes and Hypertension in a Low-Income Urban Agglomerate in Delhi, India: A Qualitative Study

Background Diabetes and hypertension (HTN) are increasing threats to global public health. Despite evidence of effective management of diabetes and HTN by medications that help in the prevention and reducing mortality of the disease, a large proportion of people either remain undiagnosed or untreated, especially in low-resource countries. This study was conducted to explore the patient treatment pathway and their health-seeking behavior in a low-income urban area. Methodology We conducted 45 in-depth interviews of adult patients affected by type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM) and/or HTN on treatment for at least two years and attended the weekly clinic catering to an urban resettlement colony in the Northeast district of Delhi. Interviews were conducted and transcribed into Hindi and translated into English. Data analysis was done using Microsoft Excel. The patient treatment pathways were mapped, and their health-seeking behavior, treatment adherence, and experiences were described. Results Most patients reported taking treatment from the government primary health facilities due to optimal healthcare accessibility as the prescribed drugs for DM/HTN control were available free of cost at these healthcare facilities. Those who visited private facilities thought of shorter waiting times and the quality of drugs. Patients also had little knowledge of complications of diabetes and hypertensive disorders. Nearly 25% of patients had poor adherence to the medications, and lifestyle modification was rarely practiced by patients although they were aware of the same. Conclusions Expanding the role of community health workers or volunteers in providing information on noncommunicable diseases might help improve patient treatment pathways to care.