Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Carbonic anhydrases and anion transport in mosquito midgut pH regulation

SUMMARY Mosquito larvae use a digestive strategy that is relatively rare in nature. The anterior half of the larval mosquito midgut has a luminal pH that ranges between 10.5 and 11.5. Most other organisms, both large and small, initiate digestion in an acid medium. The relative uniqueness of the highly alkaline digestive strategy has been a long-standing research focus in larval lepidopterans. More recently, the disease vector potential of mosquitoes has fueled specific interest in larval mosquito biology and the alkaline digestive environment in the midgut. The probable principle anion influencing the highly alkaline gut lumen is bicarbonate/carbonate. Bicarbonate/carbonate is regulated at least in part by the activity of carbonic anhydrases. Hence, we have focused attention on the carbonic anhydrases of the mosquito larva. Anopheles gambiae, the major malaria mosquito of Africa, is an organism with a published genome which has facilitated molecular analyses of the 12 carbonic anhydrase genes annotated for this mosquito. Microarray expression analyses, tissue-specific quantitative RT-PCR, and antibody localization have been used to generate a picture of carbonic anhydrase distribution in the larval mosquito. Cytoplasmic, GPI-linked extracellular membrane-bound and soluble extracellular carbonic anhydrases have been located in the midgut and hindgut. The distribution of the enzymes is consistent with an anion regulatory system in which carbonic anhydrases provide a continuous source of bicarbonate/carbonate from the intracellular compartments of certain epithelial cells to the ectoperitrophic space between the epithelial cells and the acellular membrane separating the food bolus from the gut cells and finally into the gut lumen. Carbonic anhydrase in specialized cells of the hindgut (rectum) probably plays a final role in excretion of bicarbonate/carbonate into the aquatic environment of the larva. Detection and characterization of classic anion exchangers of the SLC4A family in the midgut has been problematic. The distribution of carbonic anhydrases in the system may obviate the requirement for such transporters, making the system more dependent on simple carbon dioxide diffusion and ionization via the activity of the enzyme.
Static and dynamic properties of a reversible gel

We study a microscopically realistic model of a physical gel and use computer simulations to investigate its static and dynamic properties at thermal equilibrium. The phase diagram comprises a sol phase, a coexistence region ending at a critical point, a gelation line, and an equilibrium gel phase unrelated to phase separation. The global structure of the gel is homogeneous, but the stress is supported by a fractal network. Gelation results in a dramatic slowing down of the dynamics, which can be used to locate the transition, which otherwise shows no structural signatures. Moreover, the equilibrium gel dynamics is highly heterogeneous as a result of the presence of particle families with different mobilities. An analysis of gel dynamics in terms of mobile and arrested particles allows us to elucidate several differences between the dynamics of equilibrium gels and that of glass‐formers.
Semiparametric Estimation for Metabolomics

The subject of metabolomics addresses the physiological status of living tissue. This is done by studying the concentration of small molecules (metabolites) in that tissue. In Vivo Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy – MRS – enablesnon-invasiveestimation of concentrations of various metabolites in patients. Extension of the range of metabolites that MRS can reliably handle with acceptable error is highly necessary. Research to this effect is ongoing, world-wide. A major problem is that the signal of metabolites is strongly perturbed by an additional signal originating from so-called macromolecules. While the model function of the metabolite signal is known, that of the macromolecules is unknown. We present a semiparametic estimation approach, encompassing Craḿer-Rao bounds that handle the influence of nuisance parameters. Keywords— Metabolomics, in vivo MRS, noninvasive, semiparametric estimation, extended Craḿer-Rao bounds.
Family Networks and Youth Access to Jobs

Some networks may be more useful than others in affecting labor market outcomes. In particular, social contacts who are employed may be more useful in job referral than those who are not employed. Also, social networks containing non minority workers or male workers may have better and more extensive labor market contacts. This paper considers indirect evidence on the importance of job access via networks for the employment of urban youth. We measure the extent to which probabilities of employment and industry affiliation for urban youth are related to proxies for their access to informal networks. Proxies for labor market contacts include the labor market circumstances of other household members -- mothers, fathers, and siblings -- key members of a youth's social network. The empirical analysis is based upon 1980 PUMS data with more than 55,000 observations on at-home youth in the 47 largest US metropolitan areas. The large sample permits us to test for differences across race and sex of youth and parent in determining youth labor market outcomes. Our results support the importance of family networks in facilitating youth access to job. We also find some evidence that male parents are more important in affecting youth employment. These effects vary by race and are more important for whites.
Field Balancing and Harmonic Vibration Suppression in Rigid AMB-Rotor Systems with Rotor Imbalances and Sensor Runout

Harmonic vibrations of high-speed rotors in momentum exchange devices are primary disturbances for attitude control of spacecraft. Active magnetic bearings (AMBs), offering the ability to control the AMB-rotor dynamic behaviors, are preferred in high-precision and micro-vibration applications, such as high-solution Earth observation satellites. However, undesirable harmonic displacements, currents, and vibrations also occur in the AMB-rotor system owing to the mixed rotor imbalances and sensor runout. To compensate the rotor imbalances and to suppress the harmonic vibrations, two control methods are presented. Firstly, a four degrees-of-freedom AMB-rotor model with the static imbalance, dynamic imbalance, and the sensor runout are described. Next, a synchronous current reduction approach with a variable-phase notch feedback is proposed, so that the rotor imbalances can be identified on-line through the analysis of the synchronous displacement relationships of the geometric, inertial, and rotational axes of the rotor. Then, the identified rotor imbalances, which can be represented at two prescribed balancing planes of the rotor, are compensated by discrete add-on weights whose masses are calculated in the vector form. Finally, a repetitive control algorithm is utilized to suppress the residual harmonic vibrations. The proposed field balancing and harmonic vibration suppression strategies are verified by simulations and experiments performed on a control moment gyro test rig with a rigid AMB-rotor system. Compared with existing methods, the proposed strategies do not require trial weights or an accurate model of the AMB-rotor system. Moreover, the harmonic displacements, currents, and vibrations can be well-attenuated simultaneously.
Nonparametric Estimation and Tracking of the Mixing Matrix for Underdetermined Blind Source Separation

Blind source separation deals with the problem of estimating n source signals from m measurements, which are generated through an unknown mixing process. In the underdetermined linear case, where the number of measurements is smaller than the number of sources, the solution can be obtained in three stages: find a sparse representation domain for the signals, find the mixing matrix, and estimate the sources using the previous knowledge. This paper addresses the second stage. A non-parametric maximum-likelihood approach based on Parzen windowing is presented. It is shown that the peak points in the probability distribution of measurements directions correspond to the directions of the column vectors of the mixing matrix. An algorithm to estimate the column vectors in the static case, and to track the column vectors in the dynamic case is presented. The tracking capability of the algorithm is determined and, using a simple wave propagation model, corresponding limitations on the speeds of mobile sources are derived.
Widespread skeletal metastatic potential of human lung cancer revealed by green fluorescent protein expression.

To understand the skeletal metastatic pattern of non-small cell lung cancer, we developed a stable high-expression green fluorescent protein (GFP) transductant of human lung cancer cell line H460 (H460-GFP). The GFP-expressing lung cancer was visualized to metastasize widely throughout the skeleton when implanted orthotopically in nude mice. H460 was transduced with the pLEIN retroviral expression vector containing the enhanced GFP and the neomycin (G418) resistance gene. A stable high GFP-expressing clone was selected in vitro using 800 microg/ml G418. Stable high-level expression of GFP was maintained in s.c. -growing tumors formed after injecting H460-GFP cells in nude mice. To use H460-GFP for visualization of metastasis, fragments of s.c. -growing H460-GFP tumors were implanted by surgical orthotopic implantation in the left lung of nude mice. Subsequent micrometastases were visualized by GFP fluorescence in the contralateral lung, plural membrane, and widely throughout the skeletal system including the skull, vertebra, femur, tibia, pelvis, and bone marrow of the femur and tibia. The use of GFP-expressing H460 cells transplanted by surgical orthotopic implantation revealed the extensive metastatic potential of lung cancer in particular to widely disseminated sites throughout the skeleton. This new metastatic model can play a critical role in the study of the mechanism of skeletal and other metastasis in lung cancer and in screening of therapeutics that prevent or reverse this process.
PHYSICAL FITNESS AND PHYSICAL TRAINING FOR MILITARY PERFORMANCE

INTRODUCTION Despite the rapid modernization of weapon systems and technological advancements in war-fighting capability, the military profession remains physical in nature. Considerable emphasis is placed on physical training, physical capacity, and ultimately , on physical readiness, regardless of the specific role or occupation that the service member may fill. Irrespective of peacetime or wartime, service members must be prepared to defend themselves and others about them, and to react to emergencies as they may occur. Like other organizations dealing with emergencies , such as police and firefighters, the military services emphasize physical fitness for purposes of discipline, morale, health maintenance, and physical appearance in addition to the traditional role of meeting the physical demands of the job. Thus, despite the many changes toward automation, mobility , and weapons of mass destruction, the military remains a physical force with an emphasis on high levels of fitness through formal physical training programs. Fitness was highlighted and emphasized to all the military services in 1981 when the Department of Defense (DoD) issued a new directive on physical fitness and weight control. The directive states: Physical fitness is a vital component of combat readiness and is essential to the general health and well-being of armed forces personnel. Individual members must possess the stamina and strength to perform successfully any potential mission. These qualities, together with weight control, form the basis of the DoD physical fitness program. 1 An understanding of physical fitness, and physical performance and its development through physical training should be an integral part of the training of military physiatrists. An understanding of normal muscle and exercise function must be present before one can repair, treat, and rehabilitate the injured. The term " physical fitness " is an often abused term that requires some attention and definition. Ability to perform physically demanding tasks is a function of two groups of factors: (1) factors that determine the capacity for muscular contraction, and (2) factors that relate to the neural control of body movement. The latter, which may be most correctly referred to as motor fitness, includes the components of neuromuscular control, such as coordination, speed, agility, and skill, which are achieved primarily through repeated practice. The first group of factors, commonly referred to as physical fitness, are those associated with the energy generating capacity for muscular exercise. Physical fitness is developed through physical-training-induced physiological adaptations and will be the primary emphasis of this …
Interconnect and thermal-aware floorplanning for 3D microprocessors

Interconnects are becoming an increasing problem from both performance and power consumption perspective in future technology nodes. The introduction of 3D chip architectures, with their intrinsic capability of reducing wire length, is one of the promising solutions to mitigate the interconnect problem. While interconnect power consumption reduces due to the adoption of 3D designs, the stacking of multiple active layers leads to higher power densities. Thus, high peak temperatures are of major concern in 3D designs. Consequently, we present a thermal-aware floorplanner for 3D architectures. In contrast to most prior work, our floorplanner considers the interconnect power consumption in exploring a thermal-aware floorplan. Our results show that excluding interconnect power can result in peak temperatures being underestimated by as much as 15degC in 90nm technology. Finally, we demonstrate that our floorplanner is effective in lowering peak temperatures using a microprocessor design and four MCNC designs as benchmarks
Design and performance analysis of bandwidth and QoS aware LTE uplink scheduler in heterogeneous traffic environment

Long Term Evolution (LTE) uses Single Carrier Frequency Division Multiple Access (SC-FDMA) as the uplink transmission scheme. The Quality of Service (QoS) provision is one of the primary objectives of the wireless network operators. In this paper, the end-to-end QoS performance of Bandwidth and QoS Aware (BQA) scheduler for LTE uplink is evaluated in heterogeneous traffic environment. The BQA scheduler is designed to provide efficient allocation of radio resources to users according to the QoS requirements of various traffic classes and the instantaneous channel conditions. The user QoS provision is ensured by using dynamic QoS weights. Additionally, the delay sensitive traffic is facilitated by employing delay thresholds. The BQA scheduler algorithm supports multi-bearer users. The end-to-end QoS performance of the scheduler is analyzed in several simulation scenarios. The results show that the proposed scheduler guarantees provision of QoS to users.
994 International Conference on Parallel Processing a Necessary and Sufficient Condition for Deadlock-free Adaptive Routing in Wormhole Networks

Deadlock avoidance is a key issue in wormhole networks. A first approach [8] consists of remov­ ing the cyclic dependencies between channels. Although this is a necessary and sufficient condition for deadlock-free deterministic routing, it is only a sufficient condition for deadlock-free adaptive routing. A more powerful approach [12] only requires the absence of cyclic dependencies on a connected channel subset. The remaining channels can be used in almost any way. In this paper, we propose a necessary and sufficient condition for deadlock-free adaptive routing. This condi­ tion is the key for the design of maximally adaptive routing algorithms with minimum restrictions. Some examples are given, showing the application of the new theory. In par­ ticular, we propose a partially adaptive routing algorithm for k-ary n-cubes which doubles the throughput without increasing the hardware complexity significantly. A lot of research effort has been dedicated during the last decade to improve the performance of multicomput­ ers [1]. A key architectural issue is the interconnection network. Wormhole routing [8] is the most widely used flow-control technique. In wormhole routing, each mes­ sage is serialized into a sequence of parallel data units, referred to as flow control units, or flits [7]. The flit at the head of a message determines the route. As the header flit is routed, the remaining flits follow it in a pipeline fash­ ion. When the header is routed, the router can offer one or more alternative paths, depending on whether the routing algorithm is deterministic or adaptive. If all the channels offered by the router are busy, the header is blocked until one of those channels is freed; the flow control within the network blocks the trailing flits. A more efficient flow con­ trol technique known as mad postman has been proposed in [21]. It forwards the message header even before the routing operation takes place. Deadlocks may appear if the routing algorithms are I-1 4 2 not carefully designed. A deadlock in the interconnection network of a multicomputer occurs when no message can advance toward its destination because the queues of the message system are full. With wormhole routing or mad postman, buffer allocation cannot be restricted, because flits have no routing information. Once the header of a message has been accepted by a channel, the remaining flits must be accepted before the flits of any other mes­ sage can be accepted. So, routing must be restricted …
Novel Hilbert Energy Spectrum Based Features for Speech Emotion Recognition

In this paper, a novel feature called ECC is proposed via feature extraction of the Hilbert energy spectrum which describes the distribution of the instantaneous energy. The experimental results conspicuously demonstrated that ECC outperforms the traditional short-term average energy. Afterwards, further improvements of ECC were developed. TECC is gained by combining ECC with the Teager energy operator, and EFCC is obtained by introduced the instantaneous frequency to the energy. In the experiments, seven status of emotion were selected to be recognized and the highest 83.57% recognition rate was achieved within the classification accuracy of boredom reached up to 100%. The numerical results indicate that the proposed features ECC, TECC and EFCC can improve the performance of speech emotion recognition substantially.
Incremental learning and model selection under virtual concept drifting environments

This paper presents an incremental learning and model selection method under the virtual concept drifting environments, where their prior distribution of inputs is changing over time. In the previous work, a statistical model of the virtual concept drift was constructed, and the model-selection criterion for radial basis function neural networks (RBFNNs) under such environments was built with the environmental model (Yamauchi 2009). However, in the previous model, no consideration was given to reducing the computational complexity and storage space for storing learned samples used in future re-learning. This study extends the previous model to a new one that uses less storage space. The extended model uses pseudo-learning samples generated by its RBFNN predecessor instead of using the real old learning samples.
Stakeholders in Cyberinfrastructure Development

Research has shown that failing to recognize and understand organizational subgroups, their cultures, and their reward systems can result in a failure of system adoption. Infrastructure building projects for science are complex forms of collaborative work that involve many subgroups. As part of an ongoing research project, we use ethnographic methods to explore the roles, categories, and relationships that are sometimes taken for granted in cyberinfrastructure research and development. We find a diversity of stakeholders and stakes in the development of a cyberinfrastructure for environmental genomics that transcends categories such as “users,” “designers,”
On the Design of Clean-Slate Network Control and Management Plane

We provide a design of clean-slate control and management plane for data networks using the abstraction of 4D architecture, utilizing and extending 4D’s concept of a logically centralized Decision plane that is responsible for managing network-wide resources. In this paper, a scalable protocol and a dynamically adaptable algorithm for assigning Data plane devices to a physically distributed Decision plane are investigated, that enable a network to operate with minimal configuration and human intervention while providing optimal convergence and robustness against failures. Our work is especially relevant in the context of ISPs and large geographically dispersed enterprise networks. We also provide an extensive evaluation of our algorithm using real-world and artificially generated ISP topologies along with an experimental evaluation using ns-2 simulator.
Schwache und starke Adjektivflexion im Deutschen: Kognitive Hintergründe

Inflection is a syntactic phenomenon found in number of natural languages. The phenomenon has been the subject of detailed typological and structural descriptions. Thus, there is a tremendous amount of research findings on this issue and a series of inflectional features has been well investigated: e.g. tense morphology in indicating temporal interrelations in an utterance; case morphology in making precision about who does what to whom; and number morphology showing the plural or singular of the entity talked about. However, the function of some inflectional features is still unclear. An example of such features are the weak and the strong declension of the German adjectives (Example: alle neuen Bücher vs. viele neue Bücher). In order to address this issue, a sample of 187 native speakers of German was included in the investigation described in the present article. The participants were administered a task that involved them deciding which grammatical number they would expect when they encountered determiners like viele, einige, sämtliche, alle during reading. The results suggest that the weak and the strong declension are psycholinguistically indispensable in the German language. Different implications are discussed.
Contextual Equivalences in Call-by-Need and Call-By-Name Polymorphically Typed Calculi (Preliminary Report)

This paper presents a call-by-need polymorphically typed lambda-calculus with letrec, case, constructors and seq. The typing of the calculus is modelled in a system-F style. Contextual equivalence is used as semantics of expressions. We also define a call-by-name variant without letrec. We adapt several tools and criteria for recognizing correct program transformations to polymorphic typing, in particular an inductive applicative simulation.
Chronic Disease Self-Management and Behavior Change Attitudes in Older Adults

The population of older adults with chronic disease is increasing, yet little is known about their perception of chronic disease and self-management. To develop successful and sustainable chronic disease self-management interventions in the older adult population, health care providers must first understand older adults’ attitudes toward health status and behavior change. This pilot study was conducted to determine the feasibility of the study design. The purpose of this pilot study was to assess the appropriateness of using a mixed-methods research design to investigate Appalachian older adult’s attitude toward the chronic disease experience and health behavior change. A convergent, parallel mixed-method design included a quantitative questionnaire and qualitative focus groups in churches in northeast Tennessee. The aim of the study was met, and the methodology of the study was found to be feasible for larger studies. Divergence of data was found when evaluating qualitative and quantitative data. The study instrument was found to be reliable for future use. The implications of the results suggest that the study design is appropriate for the purpose of the study.