Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Non-Invasive Heat-Induced Numerous Tissue Ablation Using High Intensity Focused Ultrasound Technique

— In biomedical sector, High Intensity Focused Ultrasound (HIFU) is a non-invasive treatment that employs quasi acoustic waves to raise the temperature. According to its high efficiency and cheap cost, it has been the main focus of this research. The key stages of this tumor ablation include mechanical and thermal effects. Multiple tissue ablations were analyzed using HIFU simulation to optimize intensity, power, focal length, and lens radius of curvature to maximize tumor ablation while minimizing collateral harm to healthy tissue in the surrounding area. This model analysis incorporates clinical applications in order to determine the most optimum parameters. To accomplish this study, numerous types of human soft and hard tissue were considered. At a specific acoustic power and exposure time, the optimal frequency (1.6 MHz to 3.5 MHz) and power (120 W to 140 W) for each tissue were determined for effective tissue ablation. This study conducted all calculations by changing the lens focal length from 55 mm to 65 mm. The results of this procedure usually require a few weeks to safely and efficiently remove the tumor. Due to this optimum outcome, it indicates that the HIFU tumor ablation procedure has a high probability of success in the medical sector.
Empirical Likelihood for Generalized Partially Linear Single-index Models

Empirical-likelihood based inference for the parameters in a generalized partially linear single-index models (GPLSIM) is investigated. Based on the local linear estimators of the nonparametric parts of the GPLSIM, an estimated empirical likelihood-based statistic of the parametric components is proposed. We show that the resulting statistic is asymptotically standard chi-squared distributed, the confidence regions for the parametric components are constructed. Some simulations are conducted to illustrate the proposed method.
Search for a silver-sheathed 1212-type superconductor with a grain colony microstructure: M/sub 1/Sr/sub 2/Y/sub 1-x/Ca/sub x/Cu/sub 2/O/sub z/ with M=(Bi,Pb), (Cd,Pb), and (Fe,Pb)

We have investigated the possibility of forming a silver-sheathed 1212-type high-critical-temperature superconductor (HTS) with the same type of grain colony microstructure (GCM) that develops in the silver-sheathed Bi-2223 (Ag/Bi-2223) composite conductor. The basis for this study is that a silver-sheathed 1212-type superconductor having a GCM should exhibit 1) good long-length transport critical current properties, 2) better in-field performance than Ag/Bi-2223 due to the significantly shorter blocking layer distance in 1212-type as opposed to 2223-type HTS phases, and 3) long-length transport current capacity equaling or exceeding that of Ag/Bi-2223 in present-day applications. Three series of M/sub 1/Sr/sub 2/Y/sub 1-x/Ca/sub X/Cu/sub 2/O/sub z/ (M-1212) compositions with M = (Bi,Pb), (Cd,Pb), and (Fe,Pb) were prepared in silver-sheathed/flat wire form by the powder-in-tube method. For M = (Bi,Pb), we were able to obtain over 80% conversion to a 1212-phase in a relatively short time (6 h) for oxygen partial pressures in the range from 0.08 to 0.21 atm and temperatures from 900/spl deg/C to 940/spl deg/C. The (Bi,Pb)-1212 phase grew with a GCM that had the same type of fiber texture found in Ag/Bi-2223 composites. However, within the range of processing conditions tolerated by a silver sheath, no transport critical current was achieved in any of the Ag/(Bi,Pb)-1212 specimens, including ones that showed the presence of an HTS phase. Various oxygen doping treatments performed at very high (ca. 88 atm O/sub 2/), intermediate (1 atm O/sub 2/), and low oxygen partial pressures (0.01 atm O/sub 2/) failed to induce a global HTS phase that carried a transport current. The preponderance of evidence from these studies indicated that any superconductivity detected in Ag/(Bi,Pb)-1212 specimens was most likely due to trace amounts of either Bi-2201 or Bi-2212. For M = (Cd,Pb) and (Fe,Pb), M-1212 phases in appreciable quantity did form in the silver-sheathed composites after heat treatment, but those M-1212 phases had granular microstructures. In the case of Ag/(Cd,Pb)-1212, the superconductivity that was detected in several specimens appeared to originate from a 2212-like phase. In the case of Ag/(Fe,Pb)-1212, there was clear evidence for the formation of a superconducting 1212 phase, but neither the Ag/(Cd,Pb)-1212 nor the Ag/(Fe,Pb)-1212 specimens exhibited a measurable transport critical current, presumably (in the latter case at least) because of the absence of a GCM.
Probabilistic Planning for AUV Data Harvesting from Smart Underwater Sensor Networks

Harvesting valuable ocean data, ranging from climate and marine life analysis to industrial equipment monitoring, is an extremely challenging real-world problem. Sparse underwater sensor networks are a promising approach to scale to larger and deeper environments, but these have difficulty offloading their data without external assistance. Traditionally, offloading data has been achieved by costly, fixed communication infrastructure. In this paper, we propose a planning under uncertainty method that enables an autonomous underwater vehicle (AUV) to adaptively collect data from smart sensor networks in underwater environments. Our novel solution exploits the ability of sensor nodes to provide the AUV with time-of-flight acoustic localisation, and is able to prioritise nodes with the most valuable data. In both simulated experiments and a real-world field trial, we demonstrate that our method outperforms the type of hand-designed behaviours that has previously been used in the context of underwater data harvesting.
Iterated Function System and Ruelle Operator

Abstract We consider a generalized iterated function system where the weights are variable functions. By using the Ruelle operator and a dynamical system consideration we prove that if the system is contractive and the weights are strictly positive functions and satisfy the Dini condition, then there exists a unique eigenmeasure (corresponding to the Ruelle operator) on the attractor. If in addition the maps are conformal and satisfy the open set condition, then we prove that they satisfy the strong open set condition, and by using this we can give a description of the L p -scaling spectrum and the multifractal structure of the eigenmeasure. The work extends some results of [ Proc. London Math. Soc. 73 (1996), 105–154; Adv. Appl. Math. 19 (1997), 486–513; J. Statist. Phys. 86 (1997), 233–275; Indiana Univ. Math. J. 42 (1993), 367–411].
The First Measured Electron Temperatures for Metal-rich H II Regions in M51

We present the first direct measurements of electron temperatures in two low-excitation, and thus assumed very metal-rich, H II regions, in the spiral galaxy M51. We detect the [N II] λ5755 line in both H II regions and derive Te from the λ5755/λ6583 intensity ratio. We find values Te([N ]) = 6000 K for CCM 72 and 7400 K for CCM 10. Oxygen abundances based on these temperatures are approximately a factor of 3 smaller than those derived previously from photoionization models. The higher electron temperatures also lead to S/O abundance ratios that are consistent with the solar neighborhood ratio at all metallicities, rather than the declining S/O at high metallicities inferred from earlier studies. The results suggest that metallicities in the disks of spiral galaxies do not rise to values as high as 3 or 4 times the solar value, in contradiction with abundances inferred from model calibrations of O/H versus strong emission lines.
An electromagnetic resonance circuit for liquid level detection

Electromagnetic resonators are often used to detect foreign materials. Here we present a simple experiment for the measurement of liquid level. The resonator, consisting of a coil and a capacitor, is brought to resonance by an external magnetic field source, and the corresponding resonance frequency is determined using Fourier analysis combined with nonlinear curve-fitting. A medium inside the resonator alters its resonance frequency, depending on the liquid level of the medium.
Vortex Instability of Mixed Convection Flow over a Horizontal Flat Plate

The vortex instability of laminar, mixed-convection flow over an isothermal, horizontal flat plate is investigated analytically by the linear stability theory. In the analysis, the main flow and thermal fields are treated as non-parallel and the disturbances are assumed to have the form of a stationary longitudinal vortex roll that is periodic in the spanwise direction. Numerical results for the critical Grashof and Reynolds numbers that predict the first occurrence of the vortex rolls are obtained for fluids with Prandtl numbers of 0.7 and 7. It is found that the flow becomes more susceptible to vortex mode of instability as the buoyancy force increases. The present results are compared with available experimental data and also with analytical results from the wave mode of instability.
Applied Mori theory of the moduli space of stable pointed rational curves

We investigate questions motivated by Mori’s program for the moduli space of stable pointed rational curves, M0,n. In particular, we study the nef cone of M0,n (Chapter 2), the Cox ring of M0,n (Chapter 3), and the cone of movable curves of M0,6 (Chapter 4). In Chapter 2, we prove Fulton’s conjecture forM0,n, n ≤ 7, which states that any divisor on M0,n non-negatively intersecting all members of a distinguished, finite collection of curves, called F -curves, is linearly equivalent to an effective integral sum of boundary divisors. As a corollary, it follows that a divisor on M0,n is nef if and only if the divisor intersects all F -curves non-negatively. By duality, we thus recover Keel and McKernan’s result that the F -curves generate the closed cone of curves ofM0,n for n ≤ 7, but with methods that do not rely on negativity properties of the canonical bundle that fail for higher n. Chapter 3 initiates a study of relations among generators of the Cox ring ofM0,n. We first prove a ‘relation-free’ result that exhibits polynomial subrings of Cox(M0,n) in boundary section variables. If Gbnd is a collection of boundary divisor sections, one for each boundary divisor, and if φ : C[Gbnd] → Cox(M0,n) is the homomorphism sending a boundary section to its image in the Cox ring, then these polynomial subrings in Cox(M0,n) are the image under φ of subrings having trivial intersection with the kernel of φ, i.e. they meet the ideal of relations trivially. In the opposite direction, we exhibit multidegrees in Cox(M0,n) such that the corresponding graded parts of C[Gbnd] meet the ideal of relations non-trivially, hence giving ‘relation-full’ collections in the Cox ring. In Chapter 4, we study the so-called complete intersection cone of the threefold M0,6. For a smooth projective variety X, this cone is defined as the closure of curve classes obtained as intersections of dim(X) − 1 very ample divisors. The complete intersection cone is contained in the cone of movable curves, which, by results of Boucksom, Demailly, Pǎun, and Peternell, is dual to the cone of pseudoeffective divisors. We show that, for a series of toric birational models for M0,6 related to the Kapranov blow-up construction, the complete intersection and movable cones coincide, while for M0,6, there is strict containment of these cones.
A NOTE ON BETWEEN-SET DISTANCES IN DUAL SCALING AND CORRESPONDENCE ANALYSIS

In quantifying a two-way table of data, one derives weights (spacings) for rows and columns so as to maximize the correlation of data weighted by row weights and those by column weights. It is well known that one can calculate the distance between any two rows (columns), called the within-set distance, but the distance between a row and a column, the between-set distance, cannot be calculated because the row weights span the space different from that of the column weights. The present paper shows (1) that one can calculate the between- set distances, and (2) that the data as a whole require an additional dimension to accommodate the discrepancy of the row space and the column space. Since the information contained in the between-set distances is an integral part of the data structure, it is not a matter of whether the study advocates the use of the between-set distance information, but rather it is a problem that dual scaling and correspondence analysis must deal with through development of an analytic method to tap into the entire information in the data. Until then, the current formulation of these methods which ignore the information contained in the between-set distances provide at best simplified approximations to the decomposition of data structure. This further development is not easy because these methods are by the very nature of categorical data based on the chi-square metric, making an entire inter-point (within-set and between-set) distance matrix not readily amenable to any currently available analytic method.
Upper Limits on TeV Gamma-Ray Emission from Centaurus A, Vela X-1, Centaurus X-3, and Circinus X-1

The active galaxy Centaurus A and the X-ray binary systems Vela X-1, Centaurus X-3, and Circinus X-1 were monitored for VHE gamma-ray emission above 1 TeV with the JANZOS Cerenkov facility during 1988 and 1989. No evidence was found for persistent or episodic emission from any of these objects. Subsequent upper limits on the integral fluxes of 2.2×10 −11 , 2.8×10 −11 , 4.0×10 −11 ,and 4.2×10 −11 cm −1 s −1 , respectively, were obtained for these objects. These limits are consistent with results of observations made by other groups
NGC 7421: Surfing the Intracluster Medium?

Abstract NGC 7421 is a barred spiral that is displaced from the centre of its optical envelope, and has a ‘bow-shock’-like western boundary, both suggestive of interaction with an intracluster medium. We have used five configurations of the ATCA to map the distribution and kinematics of HI in NGC 7421, and find supportive evidence for this scenario in the form of an HI ‘wake’. When compared with ROSAT PSPC observations of the diffuse hot gas in the surrounding group of galaxies, these new ATCA results will allow us to place new constraints on the density and dynamics of the intracluster medium.
Minimum energy and fractal structures of drainage networks

This paper explores the similarities of digital elevation maps (DEMs) of natural river basins and optimal channel network (OCN) configurations obtained minimizing the total rate of energy expenditure in the system as a whole and in its parts. Striking similarities are observed for natural and optimal networks in their fractal aggregation structure and in certain multifractal structures found to be characteristic of river basins. Our results suggest, upon critical assessment of the reliability of the identification of the attractor of the underlying dynamics implied by our optimality concepts, that fractal structures are indeed possibly a product of least energy dissipation. Power laws emerging in the description of the distribution of aggregated quantities from both DEMs and OCNs suggest a link with the framework of self-organized criticality in the dynamics of natural channel network formation. Also, the geomorphological description of OCNs reveals surprising analogies with well-known empirical or experimental results. A comparison of Peano's basins with OCNs suggests that nature seems to reject the type of strict self-similarity exhibited by Peano's construct in favor of different shapes implying statistical self-similarity not only because of chance acting through random conditions but also because of necessity as reflected by least energy expenditure considerations.
Superconvergence of H 1-Galerkin mixed finite element methods for parabolic problems

In this article, we study the semidiscrete H 1-Galerkin mixed finite element method for parabolic problems over rectangular partitions. The well-known optimal order error estimate in the L 2-norm for the flux is of order 𝒪(h k+1) (SIAM J. Numer. Anal. 35 (2), (1998), pp. 712–727), where k ≥ 1 is the order of the approximating polynomials employed in the Raviart–Thomas element. We derive a superconvergence estimate of order 𝒪(h k+3) between the H 1-Galerkin mixed finite element approximation and an appropriately defined local projection of the flux variable when k ≥ 1. A the new approximate solution for the flux with superconvergence of order 𝒪(h k+3) is realized via a postprocessing technique using local projection methods.
The core structure of extrinsic stacking faults in silicon

The core structure of oxidation‐induced extrinsic stacking faults in silicon has been studied by high‐resolution transmission electron microscopy. The stacking faults were viewed edge‐on in thin (011) crystals so that two sets of (111) lattice planes were imaged simultaneously. The images confirm the stacking sequence A‖aCcB‖b (vertical bars denote twinning planes) that was predicted by Hornstra for the stacking‐fault core.
Nonlinear, three‐dimensional magnetohydrodynamics of noncircular tokamaks

Rosenbluth’s nonlinear, approximate tokamak equations of motion are generalized to three dimensions. The equations describe magnetohydrodynamics in the low β, incompressible, large aspect ratio limit. Conservation laws are derived and a well‐known form of the energy principle is recovered from the linearized equations. The equations are solved numerically to study kink modes in tokamaks with rectangular cross section. Fixed‐boundary kink modes, for which the plasma completely fills the conducting chamber, are considered. These modes, which are marginally stable to lowest order in circular tokamaks, become unstable with large growth rates, comparable to the growth rates of free boundary kink modes. The unstable modes are found using linearized, two‐dimensional equations. The linear results are used as initial values in the nonlinear, three‐dimensional computations. The nonlinear results show that the magnetic field is perturbed only slightly, while a large amount of plasma convection takes place carrying p.
Linear feedback approach to the stabilisation of uncertain discrete systems

The paper presents a linear feedback approach to solve the stabilisation problem of linear discrete systems with additive-type bounded uncertainties. The approach is based on the linear quadratic (LQ) regulator theory and establishes that stable performance is guaranteed for the system but within a prescribed region of attraction. Both state-feedback and output-feedback schemes are developed to implement the proposed controller.
The use of dual reciprocity method for electrical impedance tomography

The paper presents the use of the Dual Reciprocity Boundary Element Method (DRM) for the solution of the inverse problem described with Poisson's equation. The DRM approach has been chosen because it is ideal for the treatment of the nonhomogeneous part of Poisson's equation that determines the source distribution or the conductivity distribution of the inverse problem. The "mixed" boundary elements were used to discretize the problem. The presented DRM approach to the solution of the inverse problem is demonstrated on a 2D problem that has an analytical solution. The unknown conductivity distribution inside the 2D square conductivity domain is calculated.
Inference for the poly-Weibull model

Summary. We consider inference for the poly-Weibull model, which arises in competing risk scenarios when the risks have independent Weibull distributions and it is not known which is responsible for the failure. Real and generated data sets illustrate our approaches to inference, which in addition to standard likelihood methods include Bayesian inference by Laplace's method for analytical approximation of integrals and sampling-importance resampling. The poly-Weibull distribution is that of the minimum of several independent Weibull random variables. This arises in scenarios of competing risks (Cox and Oakes (1984), chapter 7), where failure may be due to several causes, each supposed to follow a Weibull law. As we shall see, its advantage over the Weibull model is that it allows not only increasing, constant or decreasing hazard functions with zero or non-zero asymptotes but also non-monotone hazard functions, for example with a 'bathtub' shape. This is an attractive property because such hazards are not uncommon in practice; they correspond to an initial high failure rate a 'bum-in' period followed by lower odds of failure, which eventually increase. See Blackstone et al. (1986) for an application of such hazards in the context of survival after heart surgery. This paper discusses inference for the model, which deserves to be better known. We show by example that standard likelihood or Bayesian inference is straightforward, despite the assertion by Berger and Sun (1993) that a computation of the likelihood is 'typically not feasible', a belief that led them to apply Gibbs sampling for Bayesian inference. In fact the likelihood is so simply obtained that Markov chain simulation is unnecessary, and either Laplace approximation (Tiemey and Kadane, 1986) or the Bayesian bootstrap (Smith and Gelfand, 1992) may be applied; neither has the difficulties of assessing convergence that are associated with Markov chain methods. This reduces considerably the computational burden in obtaining posterior probabilities, densities or moments and widens the class of prior densities that can easily be used because they need not be chosen mainly for computational convenience. The chief difficulty in using the likelihood is possible non-identifiability of the model parameters, but we give some practical suggestions for detecting this.
The congruence subgroup problem and the fundamental group of the reductive Borel-Serre compactification

Let G be an almost simple, simply connected algebraic group defined over a number field k, and let S be a finite set of places of k including all infinite places. Let X be the product over v in S of the symmetric spaces associated to G(k_v), when v is an infinite place, and the Bruhat-Tits buildings associated to G(k_v), when v is a finite place. The main result of this paper is to identify the congruence subgroup kernel with the fundamental group of the reductive Borel-Serre compactification of \Gamma \backslash X for certain sufficiently small S-arithmetic subgroups \Gamma of G. Our result follows from an explicit computation of the fundamental group of the reductive Borel-Serre compactification of \Gamma \backslash X. In the case that \Gamma is neat, we show that this fundamental group is isomorphic to \Gamma / E\Gamma, where E\Gamma is the subgroup generated by the elements of \Gamma belonging to unipotent radicals of k-parabolic subgroups. Similar computations of the fundamental group of the Satake compactifications are made.
Vorticity equation terms for extratropical cyclones

Abstract All terms of the frictionless, nonlinear, vorticity equation are examined. Traditional scale analysis provides one of several justifications for using the quasigeostrophic (QG) system of equations to model extratropical cyclones. Analysts of observations have long known that some of the other terms (non-QG) are individually comparable to terms kept in quasigeostrophy. While the non-QG terms are not small, they are assumed to have a large degree of cancellation and so are still neglected in sum. The distributions, magnitudes, and possible cancellations of vorticity equation terms are examined. Analyzed data composites for 15 cases of mature, developing, extratropical cyclones are used. These results lead us to conclude that several commonly neglected terms are neither especially small nor do they cancel. The way each term contributes to the redistribution, advection, of amplification of vorticity is discussed. In sum, cyclone growth is greater at all levels, especially at low levels, in the full s.