Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Sleepiness and Performance in Response to Repeated Sleep Restriction and Subsequent Recovery during Semi‐Laboratory Conditions

There is an ongoing debate of how best to measure the effects of sleep loss in a reliable and feasible way, partly because well controlled laboratory studies and field studies have come to different conclusions. The aims of the present study were to investigate both sleepiness and performance in response to long‐term sleep restriction and recovery in a semi‐laboratory environment, investigate order effects (i.e., whether levels return to baseline) in a study with seven days of recovery, and characterize individual differences in tolerance to restricted sleep. Nine healthy men (age 23–28 yrs) participated in the protocol, which included one habituation day (sleep 23:00–07:00 h), two baseline days (23:00–07:00 h), five days with restricted sleep (03:00–07:00 h), and seven recovery days (23:00–07:00 h). Participants went outdoors at least twice each day. Reaction‐time tests were performed at 08:00, 14:00, and 20:00 h each day in the laboratory. Sleepiness was self‐rated by the Karolinska Sleepiness Scale (KSS) after each test. The mixed‐effect regression models showed that each day of restricted sleep resulted in an increase of sleepiness by 0.64±. 05 KSS units (a nine‐step scale, p<.001), increase of median reaction times of 6.6±1.6 ms (p=.003), and increase of lapses/test of 0.69±. 16 ms (p<.001). Seven days of recovery allowed participants to return to the baseline for sleepiness and median reaction time, but not for lapses. The individual differences were larger for performance measures than for sleepiness; the between‐subject standard deviation for the random intercept was in the magnitude of the effects of 1.1 days of restricted sleep for sleepiness, 6.6 days of restricted sleep for median reaction time, and 3.2 days for lapses. In conclusion, the present study shows that sleepiness is closely related to sleep pressure, while performance measures, to a larger extent, appear determined by specific individual traits. Moreover, it is suggested to measure sleepiness in a standardized situation so as to minimize the influences of contextual factors.
NCAC: A Novel Chinese Address Clustering Algorithm

This paper proposes a novel Chinese customer address clustering algorithm by considering both the customers' postal code and the text clustering technique. Based on thousands of student hometown addresses in a university, an experiment is done and analyzed. The results show that the algorithm presents in this paper has the advantages of high effectiveness of computation and good clustering ability when comparing with the Standard K-means algorithm.
Retinoic Acid Receptors Recognize the Mouse Genome through Binding Elements with Diverse Spacing and Topology*

Background: Retinoic acid receptors (RARs) heterodimerize with retinoid X receptors (RXRs) to regulate gene expression. Results: This heterodimer recognizes the genome via a large and diverse repertoire of direct and inverted repeat DNA elements. Conclusion: The observed diversity of binding elements changes the paradigm of how RAR-RXR recognizes the genome. Significance: Half-site spacing in the DNA binding element allosterically regulates RAR function. Retinoic acid receptors (RARs) heterodimerize with retinoid X receptors (RXRs) and bind to RA response elements (RAREs) in the regulatory regions of their target genes. Although previous studies on limited sets of RA-regulated genes have defined canonical RAREs as direct repeats of the consensus RGKTCA separated by 1, 2, or 5 nucleotides (DR1, DR2, DR5), we show that in mouse embryoid bodies or F9 embryonal carcinoma cells, RARs occupy a large repertoire of sites with DR0, DR8, and IR0 (inverted repeat 0) elements. Recombinant RAR-RXR binds these non-canonical spacings in vitro with comparable affinities to DR2 and DR5. Most DR8 elements comprise three half-sites with DR2 and DR0 spacings. This specific half-site organization constitutes a previously unrecognized but frequent signature of RAR binding elements. In functional assays, DR8 and IR0 elements act as independent RAREs, whereas DR0 does not. Our results reveal an unexpected diversity in the spacing and topology of binding elements for the RAR-RXR heterodimer. The differential ability of RAR-RXR bound to DR0 compared to DR2, DR5, and DR8 to mediate RA-dependent transcriptional activation indicates that half-site spacing allosterically regulates RAR function.
The value of the sport within social integration processes

The data provided by ISTAT (Italian National Statistics Institute) highlight a constant growth of the immigratorio phenomenon in Italy and point out the vastness and the heterogeneity of the problem "social integration" in our country which receives immigrants coming from all the continents. These data push the community to search for solutions that could open up a road to the knowledge, to the comprehension and the reciprocal acceptance, minimizing, at the same time, the impact among the community which takes in the nation and the communities of the immigrants.
Prevalence of influenza vaccination and correlates of intention to be vaccinated among Hong Kong Chinese.

OBJECTIVES To explore influenza vaccination rates and investigate correlates of intention to be vaccinated among adults attending a Hong Kong outpatient clinic. DESIGN Descriptive cross-sectional survey. SAMPLE Convenience sample of adults attending outpatient clinic (452 participants). METHOD Self-administered written questionnaire including socio-demographic items, health items, influenza vaccination history, and questions based on the Health Belief Model and Predisposing, Reinforcing, and Enabling Causes in Educational Diagnosis and Evaluation framework. RESULTS The response rate was 78.9%. Of the participants, 27% had been vaccinated in the past year; 51% reported intention to be vaccinated this year. Intention to be vaccinated did not vary according to gender, marital status, occupation, or household income. In adjusted logistic regression analysis, intention to be vaccinated was significantly associated with chronic disease, having received the flu shot in the previous year, perceived susceptibility ("I am likely to get the flu if I do not get a yearly flu shot"), and reinforcing factors ("My family encouraged me to get a flu shot last year" and "My doctor encouraged me to get a flu shot last year"). CONCLUSIONS The government can successfully promote vaccination by educating the public about susceptibility to flu and the benefits of vaccination, by publicizing locations where vaccinations are available, and by having family and physicians encourage patients to be vaccinated.
Labour Unions, Workplace Rights and Canadian Public Policy

This paper addresses the future of labour unions and of workplace rights as they pertain to Canadian public policy. I argue that the established policy regime has unduly limited the purview of unions and the rights and protections afforded workers, and that unions are becoming increasingly marginalized under it. After then considering various alternatives, I argue for a "good practice" paradigm, one that relies less on formal certification and collective bargaining rights and more on the provision of universal rights designed to ensure basic levels of dignity, fairness, and voice (i.e., good practice) at work. Under this paradigm, the role of unions would be less one of negotiating and enforcing rights where they are certified, and more one of ensuring the effective implementation and enforcement of state-mandated rights in all workplaces, regardless of whether they are certified for purposes of collective bargaining.
The Influence of Location on the Use by SMEs of External Advice and Collaboration

This paper provides an analysis of the influence of location on the extent of use and impact of external advice and collaboration on small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) in Britain. The analysis indicates that for private-sector advisers (accountants, consultants, etc.) and collaboration with suppliers and customers, the intensity of use does not vary significantly with location in most cases. Only the input of business friends and relatives is strongly locationally constrained, indicating the importance of personal trust processes operating in a different way from other influences. EU Structural Fund status of an area also has few major effects on use of private-sector advice. However, the impact of external advice and the extent of local collaboration between similar firms are influenced by location, with impact generally increasing with the size of business concentration, density and closeness to a business centre; i.e. there are positive effects of urban location and agglomeration economies. For public-sector support agencies (such as the Small Business Service Business Link, TECs/LECs, enterprise agencies and also chambers of commerce) the reverse is generally true. Levels of use are locationally influenced, but impact is not. Use tends to increase in EU-assisted areas, and in areas with lower levels of business concentration. This applies to most local agents, but for regional development agencies there is an additionally strong effect of highest focus of use and impact in the most rural and peripheral areas. Thus public agents appear generally to be most used and have greatest relevance to SMEs in more peripheral areas where they fill gaps in the market created by agglomeration effects.
Academia and the Evolution of Ecotourism

Abstract This review paper traces the evolution of ecotourism and the role academia has played in that evolution. Ecotourism arguably would not exist, and certainly would not exist in the form it is now, were it not for the active involvement of the academic community. Academics and academia have played a critical stewardship role in the conceptualization and operationalization of this activity, more so than any other form of tourism. Ecotourism has evolved, and is still evolving through three phases. The ‘New Dawn’ phase is typified by idealism, hyperbole and hope. It is followed quickly by a ‘Crisis of Legitimacy,’ where critics illustrate that the ecotourism largely fails to meet its social, economic and ecological ideals, that has not yet been resolved fully. Finally, ecotourism reaches maturity when it achieves the ‘Sustainable Product Niche’ phase where a realistic understanding of what it can and cannot do, emerges.
VFR travel and second home tourism: the missing link? The case of South Africa.

Visiting friends and relatives (VFR) travel and second home tourism as topics of investigation have seen an upsurge in international research over the past 20 years. However, rarely has the conceptual link between the two issues been explored at any great length. The purpose of this article is to explore the nexus between VFR travel and second home tourism with particular reference to the Global South. The case of South Africa provides the empirical context. It is revealed that VFR travel and second homes in South Africa must be understood in terms of two circuits. The first circuit, mainly of affluent whites, mirrors the experiences of the Global North with VFR travel linked to recreational second homes. The second circuit shows the experiences of the Global South where working class residents migrate between first and second homes through circular migration as a consequence of labor migration.
What Makes the Market Jump?

Using intraday transaction prices and a non-parametric jump test, we show that jumps in the S&P 500 and VIX are low-probability, high-impact events. Extant research investigating the causes of jumps primarily focuses on scheduled macro-announcements. However, we find that unscheduled news, which has so far received little attention, triggers twice as many jumps and accounts for a larger proportion of the jump variation than scheduled news. Intriguingly, we show that close to 50% of jumps are not explained by fundamental news, revealing the presence of “excess jumps” in financial markets.
Effect of Efflux on Telithromycin and Macrolide Susceptibility in Haemophilus influenzae

ABSTRACT This study investigated the presence of telithromycin and azithromycin efflux in 58 clinical strains of Haemophilus influenzae with various susceptibilities to macrolides, azalides, and ketolides. Efflux pumps were studied by measuring accumulation of radioactive [3H]telithromycin and [N-methyl-3H]azithromycin in the presence and absence of carbonyl m-chlorophenylhydrazone (CCCP), a protonophore. In 17 strains for which the telithromycin MICs were 0.06 to 0.5 μg/ml (azithromycin MICs, ≤0.06 to 0.125 μg/ml; clarithromycin MICs, ≤0.06 to 2 μg/ml), telithromycin and azithromycin accumulations were high without CCCP and not affected by its addition, which indicates absence of efflux. In 22 strains for which the telithromycin MICs were 0.25 to 4 μg/ml (azithromycin MICs, 0.25 to 1 μg/ml; clarithromycin MICs, 1 to 8 μg/ml), initially low levels of telithromycin accumulation became higher after addition of CCCP, indicating a functioning efflux pump. Nineteen strains for which the telithromycin MICs were ≥2 μg/ml had efflux as well as various mutations in ribosomal proteins L4, L22, and/or 23S rRNA (domains II and V). Of these 19 strains, the telithromycin MICs (≥8 μg/ml) for 17 of them were significantly raised (azithromycin, MICs 4 to >32 μg/ml; clarithromycin MICs, 8 to >32 μg/ml). From these results we conclude that telithromycin efflux with or without additional ribosomal alterations is present in all H. influenzae strains, except for those for which the telithromycin MICs were very low.
Theories of Effective Demand and Employment

,HERE iS much talk about such matters as the downward rigidity of , wage rates, the relationship of wages to employment and output, the influence of liquid assets on the level of economic activity, and the stage of maturity of the American economy. The various theories of employment must be examined in the light of these concepts in order to get some clear answers to important economic problems. The Keynesian theories are often accused of being based on assumptions of rigid wage rates or interest-elastic liquidity preferences, but there may be much less truth in these assertions than is commonly thought to be the case. The purpose of this paper will be to study three theories of employment-(i) the classical, (2) the Keynesian, and (3) the Marxian-in order to attempt to clear up some confusions that still exist. One of the main objectives will be to try to show the distinctions between necessary and sufficient assumptions that underlie each theory.
Temperature control of an innovative aluminium-steel molds induction preheat process placed on automated laser guided vehicles

In the production of plastic components based on injection molding, like shoe sole manufacturing, the temperature control and the on-line process optimization are important issues in order to preserve the quality of the plastic components and improve the time performance, while maintaining high product quality. This research proposes an induction preheating control technique based on Model Predictive Controller (MPC) for a steel-aluminium mold for production of soles, performed on an automated Laser Guided Vehicle (LGV) with an innovative induction heating functionality. A thermal model has been studied using a finite-difference approach to describe the mold heating system. The resulting system has been simulated using Simulink/MATLAB. Then, three types of controllers have been modelled in the proposed simulation workflow, in order to compare the different behavior of the system. Due to the high mold thermal inertia, which increases the mold temperature even if the control system turns off the thermal power, innovative controllers are needed in order to track the desired temperature setpoint. The comparison with standard industrial controllers, based on PI and PID controllers, shows the effectiveness of proposed solution.
Social Capital, Labor Mobility, and Welfare

It is generally assumed that a technological or political change resulting in greater labor mobility raises welfare because it allows labor to move to where returns are higher and exploit profit opportunities. This article argues that the impact on welfare is ambiguous because of a negative externality of migration. Society benefits from a common property resource. That resource is social capital and includes the network of relations among people. Someone who migrates imposes a cost on those left behind which is not internalized. Hence migration will be excessive, and an increase in labor mobility will not necessarily raise welfare. Several implications are examined, including the impact of changes in the size of the labor market and the impact of modern society and colonialism on the social structure of traditional societies.
Insomnia, Nightmare Frequency, and Nightmare Distress in Victims of Sexual Abuse

In this study of victims of sexual abuse, the aim was to investigate the role of perceived social support and abuse characteristics in self-reported insomnia, nightmare frequency, and nightmare distress. Four hundred sixty Norwegian victims of sexual abuse completed a questionnaire assessing perceived social support, abuse characteristics, insomnia, nightmare frequency, and nightmare distress. Results show that higher levels of perceived social support were related to lower scores on all symptom outcome measures. Abuse involving oral, genital, or anal penetration was related to more insomnia symptoms. Longer duration of abuse and threatening conducted by the perpetrator were related to higher nightmare frequency, while threats and abuse involving penetration were related to higher degrees of distress associated with nightmares. In conclusion, the present study provides preliminary data indicating that perceived social support may affect the nature of sleep difficulties in sexual abuse victims. Also, more severe forms of sexual abuse are related to higher levels of sleep difficulties.
Epidermal growth factor, transforming growth factor-alpha, and epidermal growth factor receptor localization in the baboon (Papio anubis) oviduct during steroid treatment and the menstrual cycle.

OBJECTIVES Polypeptide growth factors may modulate the actions of estrogen (E2) and progesterone (P) in reproductive tissues in an autocrine/paracrine manner. The objective of this study was to determine whether the baboon oviduct contains epidermal growth factor (EGF), transforming growth factor-alpha (TGF alpha), and EGF receptor (EGF-R) and whether changes in their expression are correlated with various hormonal states. METHODS Oviductal tissue was obtained from adult female baboons (Papio anubis) after oophorectomy and steroid treatment, and during the menstrual cycle. Ampullary regions were fixed in Bouin's fixative and embedded in paraffin for immunocytochemistry using rabbit polyclonal antibodies against EGF and EGF-R, and mouse monoclonal antibody against TGF alpha. RESULTS Both EGF and EGF-R were present in all tissue compartments (most strongly in the epithelium, followed by smooth muscle and stroma) at all reproductive stages and showed similar staining patterns. However, the most intense immunoreactive product was found in the tissue obtained from the E2-treated and late follicular phase animals. At this time, intense staining was present in the apical regions of the mature ciliated cells, whereas the stain was dispersed uniformly over the cytoplasm of all other cell types. Immunoreactive TGF alpha was limited primarily to the nonciliated epithelial cells, and staining was most intense in the E2-treated and late follicular phase tissues. Transforming growth factor-alpha formed intense perinuclear deposits in the mature secretory cells, an area that corresponds to the Golgi region. No immunoreactive product was observed for any of these proteins when preimmune serum was substituted for the primary antibody or when the primary antibody was preabsorbed with antigen. CONCLUSION In summary, EGF, TGF alpha, and EGF-R are present in the ampulla of the baboon oviduct. Moreover, the localization and intensity of immunoreactive product are dependent on cell type and hormonal state. These data are consistent with the concept that EGF, TGF alpha, and EGF-R may be regulated by E2 and P and thus may play a role in cell differentiation and function. In addition, the specific localization of TGF alpha suggests that this growth factor may be synthesized for release from the secretory cells and thus may also function as a modulator of gamete/embryo viability and development.
Two Experiments on Bias and Conflict in Organizational Estimation

In recent years there has been increased interest in the effects of internal communication on decision processes. A number of hypotheses relating the bias in information to the final decision have been proposed. In this paper we discuss two laboratory experiments which were designed to test two such hypotheses. The first experiment tests the hypothesis that cost and sales estimations are made with the implicit assumption that a biased pay-off structure exists. The second experiment tests explicitly the effects of biased and unbiased pay-off structures on estimation within an organization. An analysis of the data for the two experiments is made and some implications for further research are drawn from the results.
Consumpiton Difference Between Microcredit Borrowers and Non-borrowers: A Bangladesh Experience

This paper investigates the consumption behaviour of borrowers of two major microcredit institutions in Bangladesh and compares that with non-borrowers. Primary data has been collected from borrowers of the Grameen Bank and Bangladesh Rural Advancement Committee (BRAC) operating in three major districts in Bangladesh. Along with borrowers, non-borrowers data has also been collected from non-program village to avoid endogeneity. Control-group method (non-borrowers from non-program villages) has been used to compare the differences in consumption patterns between the two groups. This study analyses the impact of per capita monthly expenditure and other household characteristics on the budget share of eleven items (food and non-food) consumed by borrowers and non-borrowers. Results from the estimation on linear and quadratic model suggest that borrowers of microcredit programs are better off in terms of consumption than non-borrowers.
Capitalizing on Equity Analyst Factors During Different Volatility Regime Periods

Examining abnormal returns associated with analyst earnings estimate, price target, and recommendation announcements, I extend prior work to determine whether investors can still capitalize on analyst factors. Although all are significant when considered independently, when considered simultaneously, the significance of both the earnings estimate and price target factors are diminished or eliminated. In addition, when considered simultaneously during abnormal volatility regime periods only, recommendations remain consistently significant immediately following the event date. In a one-month period, the least favorable signals for all factors exhibit higher than expected abnormal returns.
Investigating evoked and induced electroencephalogram activity in task-related alpha power increases during an internally directed attention task

This study sought to explore whether the so-called ‘paradoxical’ task-related increases in the &agr; bandwidth of the human electroencephalogram result from increases in evoked (phase locked), as opposed to induced (non-phase locked), activity. The electroencephalograms of 18 participants were recorded while they engaged in both auditory sensory-intake tasks (listening to randomly generated ‘tunes’) and internally directed attention tasks (imagining the same randomly generated tunes) matched for auditory input. Measures of evoked (phase locked) and induced (non-phase locked) activity were compared between tasks. Increases in induced &agr; power were found during internal attention. No experimental effects were observed for evoked activity. These results are not entirely consistent with proposals that ‘paradoxical’ &agr; indexes the evoked inhibition of task irrelevant processing.