Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Introduction: Infections in Solid Organ Transplantation

The use of solid organ transplantation (SOT) has been established as accepted therapy for end-stage disease of the kidneys, liver, heart and lungs for nearly 30 years. Intestinal and pancreas transplantation are also generally available but are provided on a more limited basis. While surgical procedures are well established, the field of transplantation continues to explore and experience innovations in immunosuppressive therapy with goals of improving outcomes and in pursuit of tolerance. The potential for surgical and technical complications combined with the impact of immune suppression predisposes recipients of SOT to clinically important infectious sequelae. The diversity and consequences of infectious complications of SOT have led a growing numbers of infectious disease specialists to focus their career interests on the pursuit of clinical expertise with this population resulting in the acquisition of a growing body of clinical evidence in support of optimal management of these patients. The availability of this evidence (or in some cases the development of clinical consensus where definitive evidence is lacking) serves as the basis for this 3rd edition of the AST Guidelines for the Prevention and Treatment of Infectious Complications of Solid Organ Transplantation. While individual sections within the 3rd edition of the Guidelines focus on specific pathogens or disease categories, risk factors for and timing of presentation of infectious complications in this population tend to apply to recipients of all types of organs and to most pathogens and their associated clinical syndromes. Accordingly, an understanding of these general principles provides a strong foundation for the care and prevention of infections in this population.
An Action-Based Legal Model for Dynamic Digital Rights Expression

At the crossroad of law and computer science, the notion of Digital Rights Management renews the research on Lex Electronica. Rights Expression Languages provide the legal semantic and syntax to be implemented by Digital Rights Management Systems. Rights Expressions are legal metadata that define the actions led on a digital text or multimedia file. This article presents some legal resources and requirements to express rights and transactions pertaining to digital documents and data, ie legally or contractually allowed usages or actions. The proposed model associate terminological resources from technology, usages, exclusive rights and public domain. Research around this article takes place in Medialex, an interdisciplinary project aiming at building a transaction ontology to license, access and reuse.
Effect of carbogen breathing and acetazolamide on optic disc PO2.

PURPOSE Acetazolamide was previously shown to increase optic disc partial pressure of oxygen (PO(2)). The study was conducted to evaluate optic disc PO(2) variations during normoxia, hyperoxia (100% O(2)), and carbogen breathing (95% O(2), 5% CO(2)), before and after intravenous administration of acetazolamide. METHODS PO(2) measurements were obtained at intervascular areas of the optic disc in nine anesthetized minipigs using oxygen-sensitive microelectrodes (10-microm tip diameter) placed at <50 microm from the optic disc. PO(2) was measured continuously during 10 minutes under normoxia, hyperoxia, or carbogen breathing. Oxygen measurements were repeated under these conditions after intravenous injection of acetazolamide (500-mg bolus). RESULTS In hyperoxia, optic disc PO(2) increased moderately (DeltaPO(2) = 4.81 +/- 1.16 mm Hg (mean +/- SD; 24%; P < 0.001) after a much larger increase in systemic PaO(2). Carbogen breathing induced a significant increase in both systemic PaO(2) and PaCO(2), which resulted in a large increase in optic disc PO(2) (DeltaPO(2) = 13.17 +/- 2.18 mm Hg; 67%; P < 0.001). Acetazolamide induced a slow and progressive increase in both systemic PaCO(2) and optic disc PO(2) (30 minutes DeltaPO(2) = 4.24 +/- 2.45 mm Hg; 24%; P < 0.04). However, it was when carbogen was simultaneously administered that optic disc PO(2) increased most substantially (DeltaPO(2) = 18.91 +/- 5.23 mm Hg; 90%; P < 0.002). CONCLUSIONS Carbogen breathing increases optic disc Po(2) significantly in minipigs, more than hyperoxia. The association of acetazolamide injection with carbogen breathing could induce an additional increase in optic disc PO(2) through the effect of higher systemic PaCO(2).
Classification of electroencephalography for pain and pharmaco-EEG studies

No part of this work may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, microfilming, recording or otherwise, without prior written permission from the Publisher. Support vector machine classification of multi-channel EEG traces: A new tool to analyze the brain response to morphine treatment. Classification of single-sweep evoked brain potentials for pharmaco-EEG by multivariate matching pursuit and support vector machine. Biomarkers for visceral hypersensitivity identified by classification of electroencephalographic frequency alterations. The analgesic effect of pregabalin in chronic pain patients is reflected by changes in pharmaco-EEG spectral indices. investigations conducted at Aalborg Hospital, and includes patients and healthy volunteers. During my Ph.D. I had the privilege to have three excellent supervisors to whom I owe my most sincere gratitude. who created a working environment enabling advanced experimental studies and constantly pointed the work into a clinical relevant direction. My second supervisor, Professor, Ph.D. Dario Farina, who inspired me with comments and suggestions on the development of signal processing methods and support whenever frustrations grew high. During my employment at the Department of Radiology I was also greatly inspired by my third supervisor, MD, Ph.D. Jens Brøndum Frøkjaer with whom I conducted a diabetes study in Denmark and Norway. During my Ph.D. I was also greatly inspired by my colleagues and the always ongoing interdisciplinary discussions in the office. My colleagues taught me the challenge of explaining advanced signal processing in a simple manner, and demonstrated a lot of patience when they were teaching pain physiology and pharmacology to me. For practical assistance in the laboratories and recruitment of subjects for the experiments, I would also like to thank the excellent research nurses Birgit Koch-Henriksen and Isabelle M. Larsen. I also have a special thank to all the patients and volunteers who participated in the studies. Without their contribution, the research projects would not have been possible. Last but not least I would like to thank my family for the never failing support and constant interest in my research. I also owe my really good friends a special thank, they taught me the value of true friendship and support whenever it was needed.
DC/DC Z-Source Converter applied to PV system

paper proposes application of a DC/DC Z-Source Converter (ZSC) based on the one-port impedance network, operating in continuous conduction mode (CCM) for solar power generation in DC microgrid. A photovolaic array is connected to the input of ZSC, which provides voltage gain from 167V. The nominal input power of arrangement was 1440 Watts. Attending the low efficiency of photovoltaic modules (PV) and influence suffering by atmospheric conditions two maximum power point tracking techniques (MPPT) were tested to track the maximum power point at any time: Perturb and Observe (P&O) and Incremental Conductance (IC). By PSIM software, the operation of ZSC and MPPT behavior were simulated and prototype experimental results are provided to verify the validity of the converter and each MPPT implemented.
Cysteine Protease Inhibitors Block Toxoplasma gondii Microneme Secretion and Cell Invasion

ABSTRACT Toxoplasma gondii enters host cells via an active, self-driven process to fulfill its need for intracellular replication and survival. Successful host cell invasion is governed by sequential release of secretory proteins from three specialized organelles, including the micronemes, which contribute adhesive proteins necessary for parasite attachment and penetration. Cumulative evidence from studies of Trypanosoma species and malaria parasites has shown that cysteine protease inhibitors represent potent anti-parasitic agents capable of curing infections in vivo. In this study, we screened a series of selective cysteine protease inhibitors for their effects on T. gondii cell invasion. Two of these compounds, morpholinourea-leucyl-homophenolalaninyl-phenyl-vinyl-sulfone and N-benzoxycarbonyl-(leucyl)3-phenyl-vinyl-sulfone, impaired T. gondii invasion and gliding motility at low-micromolar concentrations. Unexpectedly, these inhibitors did not affect surface proteolysis of microneme products but instead impaired an earlier step by precluding the secretion of microneme-derived adhesins to the parasite surface. Our findings suggest that cysteine protease activity is required for microneme secretion and cell invasion by T. gondii.
Sex Bias in Basic and Preclinical Noise-Induced Hearing Loss Research

Introduction: Sex differences in brain biochemistry, physiology, structure, and function have been gaining increasing attention in the scientific community. Males and females can have different responses to medications, diseases, and environmental variables. A small number of the approximately 7500 studies of noise-induced hearing loss (NIHL) have identified sex differences, but the mechanisms and characterization of these differences have not been thoroughly studied. The National Institutes of Health (NIH) issued a mandate in 2015 to include sex as a biological variable in all NIH-funded research beginning in January 2016. Materials and Methods: In the present study, the representation of sex as a biological variable in preclinical and basic studies of NIHL was quantified for a 5-year period from January 2011 to December 2015 prior to the implementation of the NIH mandate. Results: The analysis of 210 basic and preclinical studies showed that when sex is specified, experiments are predominantly performed on male animals. Discussion: This bias is present in studies completed in the United States and foreign institutions, and the proportion of studies using only male participants has actually increased over the 5-year period examined. Conclusion: These results underscore the need to invest resources in studying NIHL in both sexes to better understand how sex shapes the outcomes and to optimize treatment and prevention strategies.
Analysis of mer Gene Subclasses within Bacterial Communities in Soils and Sediments Resolved by Fluorescent-PCR-Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism Profiling

Bacterial mer (mercury resistance) gene subclasses in mercury-polluted and pristine natural environments have been profiled by Fluorescent-PCR-restriction fragment length polymorphism (FluRFLP). For FluRFLP, PCR products were amplified from individual mer operons in mercury-resistant bacteria and from DNA isolated directly from bacteria in soil and sediment samples. The primers used to amplify DNA were designed from consensus sequences of the major subclasses of archetypal gram-negative mer operons within Tn501, Tn21, pDU1358, and pKLH2. Two independent PCRs were used to amplify two regions of different lengths (merRT(Delta)P [ca. 1 kb] and merR [ca. 0.4 kb]) starting at the same position in merR. The oligonucleotide primer common to both reactions (FluRX) was labelled at the 5(prm1) end with green (TET) fluorescent dye. Analysis of the mer sequences within databases indicated that the major subclasses could be differentiated on the basis of the length from FluRX to the first FokI restriction endonuclease site. The amplified PCR products were digested with FokI restriction endonuclease, with the restriction digest fragments resolved on an automated DNA sequencing machine which detected only those bands labelled with the fluorescent dye. For each of the individual mer operon sources examined, this single peak (in bases) position was observed in separate digests of either amplified region. These peak positions were as predicted on the basis of DNA sequence. mer PCR products amplified from DNA extracted directly from soil and sediment bacteria were studied in order to determine the profiles of the major mer subclasses present in each natural environment. In addition to peaks of the expected sizes, extra peaks were observed which were not predicted on the basis of DNA sequence. Those appearing in the restriction endonuclease digests of both study regions were presumed to be novel mer types. Genetic heterogeneity within and between mercury-polluted and pristine sites has been studied by this technique. Profiles generated were highly similar for samples taken within the same soil type. The profiles, however, changed markedly on crossing from one soil type to another, with gradients of the different groupings of mer genes identified.
Arguments, Dialogue, and Negotiation

In the past few years there have been a number of proposals for mechanisms for negotiation between agents that make use of argumentation. These proposals have largely been vague on the subject of how the generation and interpretation of arguments fits into the process of negotiation. This paper addresses this gap, proposing a particular protocol which is suitable for negotiation, and illustrating its use on an example from the literature.
REVIEW OF LEARNING IN THE CLOUD: HOW (AND WHY) TO TRANSFORM SCHOOLS WITH DIGITAL MEDIA Learning in the Cloud: How (and Why) to Transform Schools with Digital Media

This comprehensive and cutting-edge book portrays a vision of how digital media can help transform schools, and what kinds of curriculum, pedagogy, assessment, infrastructure, and learning environments are necessary for that transformation to take place. The author and his research team spent thousands of hours observing classes and interviewing teachers and students in both successful and unsuccessful technology-rich schools throughout the United States and other countries. Featuring lessons learned as well as analysis of the most up-to-date research, they offer a welcome response to simplistic approaches that either deny the potential of technology or exaggerate its ability to reform education simply by its presence in schools.
Change in Envy as a Function of Target Likeability

OF THESIS CHANGE IN ENVY AS A FUNCTION OF TARGET LIKEABILITY Envy is a painful emotion that can negatively impact one’s self-worth. It is also a shameful, socially undesirable emotion, implying both inferiority and hostility. Some scholars suggest that these features of envy lead to a need to cope with the emotion. Thus, over time, envy tends to be transformed into more socially acceptable responses such as resentment or dislike. The present study tested this claim. First, envy was manipulated by asking participants to read an article containing an interview with either a highor lowenvy target. The second article manipulated the likeability of the target by varying whether or not he or she made an arrogant statement. Finally, a third article indicated that the target had suffered a misfortune. Although, as predicted, envy decreased, the manipulation of likeability did not affect this decrease. Consistent with predictions, resentment increased after the second article and this was more likely when the target was dislikeable than when the target was likeable. Finally, the participants felt greater schadenfreude when the dislikeable target suffered than when the likeable target suffered and marginally more schadenfreude when the target was more enviable. Clearly, envy dissipated over time, but further research is needed to determine precisely why.
Information Geometry and Minimum Description Length Networks

We study parametric unsupervised mixture learning. We measure the loss of intrinsic information from the observations to complex mixture models, and then to simple mixture models. We present a geometric picture, where all these representations are regarded as free points in the space of probability distributions. Based on minimum description length, we derive a simple geometric principle to learn all these models together. We present a new learning machine with theories, algorithms, and simulations.
An adaptation of the critical incidents technique to evaluate the process of developmentally disabled persons toward normal behavior.

The Critical Incidents Technique (CIT) (Flanagan, 1954) was employed to generate behavioral items and categories for use in constructing a scale to measure the progress toward normal behavior of developmental ly disabled state school residents. Six hundred forty three specific incidents of resident behavior were collected by interviews with direct care staff at a large state training facility. These incidents were structured, edited and checked for validity to produce 223 distinct incidents in 21 categories. Implications of this scale for environmental psychology and the normalization are discussed .
Dynamic Intelligent Lighting for Directing Visual Attention in Interactive 3-D Scenes

Recent enhancements in real-time graphics have facilitated the design of high fidelity game environments with complex 3-D worlds inhabited by animated characters. Under such settings, it is hard, especially for the untrained eyes, to attend to an object of interest. Neuroscience research as well as film and theatre practice identified several visual properties, such as contrast, orientation, and color that play a major role in channeling attention. In this paper, we discuss an adaptive lighting design system called adaptive lighting for visual attention (ALVA) that dynamically adjusts the lighting color and brightness to enhance visual attention within game environments using features identified by neuroscience, psychophysics, and visual design literature. We also discuss some preliminary results showing the utility of ALVA in directing player's attention to important elements in a fast paced 3-D game, and thus enhancing the game experience especially for nongamers who are not visually trained to spot objects or characters in such complex 3-D worlds.
Evaluating expressive speech synthesis from audiobook corpora for conversational phrases

Audiobooks are a rich resource of large quantities of natural sounding, highly expressive speech. In our previous research we have shown that it is possible to detect different expressive voice styles represented in a particular audiobook, using unsupervised clustering to group the speech corpus of the audiobook into smaller subsets representing the detected voice styles. These subsets of corpora of different voice styles reflect the various ways a speaker uses their voice to express involvement and affect, or imitate characters. This study is an evaluation of the detection of voice styles in an audiobook in the application of expressive speech synthesis. A further aim of this study is to investigate the usability of audiobooks as a language resource for expressive speech synthesis of utterances of conversational speech. Two evaluations have been carried out to assess the effect of the genre transfer: transmitting expressive speech from read aloud literature to conversational phrases with the application of speech synthesis. The first evaluation revealed that listeners have different voice style preferences for a particular conversational phrase. The second evaluation showed that it is possible for users of speech synthesis systems to learn the characteristics of a voice style well enough to make reliable predictions about what a certain utterance will sound like when synthesised using that voice style.
Silver Nanopartical over AuFON Substrate for Enhanced Raman Readout and Their Application in Pesticide Monitoring

Surface-enhanced Raman detection of thiram is demonstrated by using Ag-nanoparticles (Ag NPs) on Au film over nanosphere (AuFON) substrate as the hybrid substrate. The SERS signal of the Ag NPs attached to solid supports is studied. The close coupling together of thousands of Ag NPs on AuFON leads to the generation of hot spots for SERS. The Ag NPs on AuFON can be applied to detect rhodamine-6G (R6G) with the detection limitation of 10−11 M and the pesticide thiram in acetone with a detection limit of as low as 0.24 ppm, which is much lower than the maximal residue limit (MRL) of 7 ppm in fruit prescribed by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). The hybrid substrates are shown to be highly sensitive for the detection of thriam, which produce highly enhanced Raman signals with good uniformity and reproducibility due to having plenty of hot spots on its surface.
The Neural Substrates of Reward Processing in Humans: The Modern Role of fMRI

Experimental work in animals has identified numerous neural structures involved in reward processing and reward-dependent learning. Until recently, this work provided the primary basis for speculations about the neural substrates of human reward processing. The widespread use of neuroimaging technology has changed this situation dramatically over the past decade through the use of PET and fMRI. Here, the authors focus on the role played by fMRI studies, where recent work has replicated the animal results in human subjects and has extended the view of putative reward-processing neural structures. In particular, fMRI work has identified a set of reward-related brain structures including the orbitofrontal cortex, amygdala, ventral striatum, and medial prefrontal cortex. Moreover, the human experiments have probed the dependence of human reward responses on learned expectations, context, timing, and the reward dimension. Current experiments aim to assess the function of human reward-processing structures to determine how they allow us to predict, assess, and act in response to rewards. The authors review current accomplishments in the study of human reward processing and focus their discussion on explanations directed particularly at the role played by the ventral striatum. They discuss how these findings may contribute to a better understanding of deficits associated with Parkinson’s disease.
Metabotropic Glutamate Receptor Dependent Cortical Plasticity in Chronic Pain

Many cortical areas play crucial roles in higher order brain functions such as pain and emotion-processing, decision-making, and cognition. Among them, anterior cingulate cortex (ACC) and insular cortex (IC) are two key areas. Glutamate mediates major excitatory transmission during long-term plasticity in both physiological and pathological conditions. Specifically related to nociceptive or pain behaviors, metabotropic glutamate subtype receptors (mGluRs) have been involved in different types of synaptic modulation and plasticity from periphery to the spinal cord. However, less is known about their functional roles in plasticity related to pain and its related behaviors within cortical regions. In this review, we first summarized previous studies of synaptic plasticity in both the ACC and IC, and discussed how mGluRs may be involved in both cortical long-term potentiation (LTP) and long-term depression (LTD)-especially in LTD. The activation of mGluRs contributes to the induction of LTD in both ACC and IC areas. The loss of LTD caused by peripheral amputation or nerve injury can be rescued by priming ACC or IC with activations of mGluR1 receptors. We also discussed the potential functional roles of mGluRs for pain-related behaviors. We propose that targeting mGluRs in the cortical areas including the ACC and IC may provide a new therapeutic strategy for the treatment of chronic pain, phantom pain or anxiety.