Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
A Simple Network Architecture Accounts for Diverse Reward Time Responses in Primary Visual Cortex

Many actions performed by animals and humans depend on an ability to learn, estimate, and produce temporal intervals of behavioral relevance. Exemplifying such learning of cued expectancies is the observation of reward-timing activity in the primary visual cortex (V1) of rodents, wherein neural responses to visual cues come to predict the time of future reward as behaviorally experienced in the past. These reward-timing responses exhibit significant heterogeneity in at least three qualitatively distinct classes: sustained increase or sustained decrease in firing rate until the time of expected reward, and a class of cells that reach a peak in firing at the expected delay. We elaborate upon our existing model by including inhibitory and excitatory units while imposing simple connectivity rules to demonstrate what role these inhibitory elements and the simple architectures play in sculpting the response dynamics of the network. We find that simply adding inhibition is not sufficient for obtaining the different distinct response classes, and that a broad distribution of inhibitory projections is necessary for obtaining peak-type responses. Furthermore, although changes in connection strength that modulate the effects of inhibition onto excitatory units have a strong impact on the firing rate profile of these peaked responses, the network exhibits robustness in its overall ability to predict the expected time of reward. Finally, we demonstrate how the magnitude of expected reward can be encoded at the expected delay in the network and how peaked responses express this reward expectancy. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT Heterogeneity in single-neuron responses is a common feature of neuronal systems, although sometimes, in theoretical approaches, it is treated as a nuisance and seldom considered as conveying a different aspect of a signal. In this study, we focus on the heterogeneous responses in the primary visual cortex of rodents trained with a predictable delayed reward time. We describe under what conditions this heterogeneity can arise by self-organization, and what information it can convey. This study, while focusing on a specific system, provides insight onto how heterogeneity can arise in general while also shedding light onto mechanisms of reinforcement learning using realistic biological assumptions.
The effect of memorable experience on behavioral intentions in tourism: a structural equation modeling approach

This study develops and tests a model to investigate the effects of memorable tourism experiences on future behavioral intentions (e. g., revisiting). A structural equation modeling analysis reveals that the memorable experiential components of involvement, hedonism, and local culture positively affect behavioral intention to revisit the same destination, repractice the same tourist activities, and generate positive word-of-mouth publicity. The research findings contribute to a better understanding of memorable tourism experiences and the experiential factors that enhance positive behavioral intentions. The theoretical and managerial implications of the study results are discussed in detail.
How parasitoid females produce sexy sons: a causal link between oviposition preference, dietary lipids and mate choice in Nasonia

Sexual selection theory predicts that phenotypic traits used to choose a mate should reflect honestly the quality of the sender and thus, are often costly. Physiological costs arise if a signal depends on limited nutritional resources. Hence, the nutritional condition of an organism should determine both its quality as a potential mate and its ability to advertise this quality to the choosing sex. In insects, the quality of the offspring's nutrition is often determined by the ovipositing female. A causal connection, however, between the oviposition decisions of the mother and the mating chances of her offspring has never been shown. Here, we demonstrate that females of the parasitic wasp Nasonia vitripennis prefer those hosts for oviposition that have been experimentally enriched in linoleic acid (LA). We show by 13C-labelling that LA from the host diet is a precursor of the male sex pheromone. Consequently, males from LA-rich hosts produce and release higher amounts of the pheromone and attract more virgin females than males from LA-poor hosts. Finally, males from LA-rich hosts possess three times as many spermatozoa as those from LA-poor hosts. Hence, females making the right oviposition decisions may increase both the fertility and the sexual attractiveness of their sons.
Gender Differences in College Mathematics Grades and SAT‐M Scores: A Reanalysis of Wainer and Steinberg

Wainer and Steinberg (1992) showed that within broad categories of first-year college mathematics courses (e.g., calculus) men had substantially higher average scores on the mathematics section of the SAT (SAT-M) than women who earned the same letter grade. However, three aspects of their analyses may lead to unwarranted conclusions. First, they focused primarily on differences in SAT-M scores given course grades when the more important question for admissions officers is the difference in course grades given scores on the predictor. Second, they failed to account for differences among calculus courses (e.g., calculus for engineers versus calculus for liberal arts students). Most importantly, Wainer and Steinberg focused on the use of SAT-M as a single predictor. A reanalysis presented here indicated that a more appropriate composite indicator made up of both SAT-M and high school grade point average demonstrated minuscule gender differences for both calculus and precalculus courses.
REPLICATION AT PERIODICALLY CHANGING MULTIPLICITY OF INFECTION PROMOTES STABLE COEXISTENCE OF COMPETING VIRAL POPULATIONS

Abstract RNA viruses are widely used to study evolution experimentally. Many standard protocols of virus propagation and competition are done at nominally low multiplicity of infection (m.o.i.), but lead during one passage to two or more rounds of infection, of which the later ones are at high m.o. i. Here, we develop a model of the competition between wild type (wt) and a mutant under a regime of alternating m.o. i. We assume that the mutant is deleterious when it infects cells on its own, but derives a selective advantage when rare and coinfecting with wt, because it can profit from superior protein products created by the wt. We find that, under these assumptions, replication at alternating low and high m.o. i. may lead to the stable coexistence of wt and mutant for a wide range of parameter settings. The predictions of our model are consistent with earlier observations of frequency-dependent selection in vesicular stomatitis virus and human immunodeficiency virus type 1. Our results suggest that frequency-dependent selection may be common in typical evolution experiments with viruses.
Tiers of Engagement by Universities in their Region's Development

BOUCHER G. , CONWAY C. and VAN DER MEER E. (2003) Tiers of engagement by universities in their region's development, Reg. Studies 37, 887–897. This paper identifies structural, institutional and social factors that interact to shape the participation of mostly European universities in their region's development. The interactions of these factors can foster or hinder the contributions of universities to their region's development. These factors include regionalization of the higher education system, regional identity and networks, type of region and university. Of particular importance at the university level are competition and hierarchy effects between universities in a region. The existence and level of these effects are used to generate four categories of tiers of engagement by universities in their region' s development.BOUCHER G. , CONWAY C. et VAN DER MEER E. (2003) Les niveaux d'engagement des universités dans l'aménagement du territoire, Reg. Studies 37, 887–897. Cet article cherche à identifier les facteurs structurels, institutionnels et sociaux qui agissent les uns sur les autres afin de déterminer la participation des universités, européennes pour la plupart, dans le développement de leur région. L'interaction de ces facteurs risquent d'encourager ou d'entraver la participation des universités au développement de leur région, y compris la régionalisation de l'enseignement supérieur, l'image de marque et les réseaux régionaux, les caractéristiques de la région et de l'université. D'une importance particulière au niveau de l'université sont les effets de la concurrence et de la hiérachie pour ce qui est des universités au sein d'une même région. On se sert de la présence et l'ampleur de ces effets afin d'esquisser quatre niveaux d'engagement par les universités dans le développement de leur région. BOUCHER G. , CONWAY C. und VAN DER MEER E. (2003) Stufen des Engagements von Universitäten bei der Entwicklung ihrer Region, Reg. Studies 37, 887–897. Dieser Aufsatz stellt strukturelle, institutionelle und soziale Faktoren heraus, die auf einander einwirken und damit die Beteiligung der meist europäischen Universitäten an der Entwicklung ihrer Region prägen. Die Wechselwirkungen dieser Faktoren können die von Universitäten zur Entwicklung ihrer Region geleisteten Beiträge fördern oder hindern. Die Faktoren schließen Regionalisierung des höheren Bildungsswesens, regionale Identität und Netzwerke, Typ der Region und Universität ein. Auf Universitätsebene sind Wettbewerbs-und Hierarchiewirkungen zwischen Universitäten einer Region von besonderer Bedeutung. Vorkommen und Ausmaß dieser Wirkungen werden dazu benutzt, vier Kategorien des Engagements der Universitäten bei der Entwicklung ihrer Region aufzustellen.
Celebrity and Power: Fame in Contemporary Culture

Through a new introduction for this edition, Marshall investigates the viewing public's desire to associate with celebrity and addresses the explosion of instant access to celebrity culture, bringing famous people and their admireres closer than ever before. He explores the concept of the new public intimacy: a product of social media in which celebrities from lady Gaga to Barack Obama are expected to continuously campaing for audiences in new ways. The new introduction also details the development of celebrity studies and the need for research into the construction of persona in contemporary culture as the dimension of publicizing the self has expanded through online culture.
Locomotor activity following intra‐accumbens microinjections of dopamine D1 agonist SK&F 38393 in rats

The present study examined the effects of the dopamine D1 receptor subtypes agonist SK&F 38393 on locomotor activities after bilateral microinjection (0.00, 0.01, 0.1, 10.0 μg) into the nucleus accumbens (Acb). The dose of 0.1 μg elicited the highest response rate across measures of locomotion, rearing and stereotypy behavior. On the other hand, the largest dose of 10.0 μg was associated with significant increase in center time behaviors. The data were supportive of the hypothesis that dose‐related locomotor activities elicited by microinjections of SK&F 38393 into the Acb are independently mediated by D1 receptors. © 1993 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Environmental Education as Facilitator of the Use of Ecological Information: A case study in Mexico

Ecological research is expected to provide a scientific basis on which environmental management decisions can be taken. Environmental education is seen as raising environmental awareness among human populations and as a provider of the knowledge, values, attitudes and skills needed to protect the environment. This article proposes that in the context of developing countries such as Mexico, one role for environmental education is to facilitate the utilisation of ecological information in the solution of problems. In order to outline how this can work in practice, a case study is used to outline the role of environmental education as the linkage between science (its institutions, actors and products) and different sectors of society involved in the management of ecosystems, their resources and the services they provide.
Women, Research Performance and Work Context

This article presents findings from a qualitative study focused on the conditions that support high research productivity in women. Interviewees were all active researchers and many were national or international leaders in their respective fields. While personal factors such as motivation, focus, and good scholarly habits were identified as influencing their research success, interviewees also placed significant emphasis on aspects of their workplace culture and practice (teaching and research connections, degrees of flexibility, work–family interface) that they felt were equally important in determining their options and opportunities for conducting research. This suggests that universities concerned with enhancing the research performance of staff need to recognize—and respond to—how workplace dynamics and culture shape individual research participation.
Image-Based Registration of 3D-Range Data Using Feature Surface Elements

Digitizing real-life objects via range scanners, stereo vision or tactile sensors usually requires the composition of multiple range images. In this paper we exploit intensity images often recorded with the range data and propose a fully automatic registration technique using 2D-image features with intrinsic scale information for finding corresponding points on the 3D-views. In our approach, the fine registration of two range images is performed by first aligning the feature points themselves, followed by a so-called constrained-domain alignment step. In the latter, rather than feature points, we consider feature surface elements that are derived using the scale information inherently established with the 2D-features. The global registration error is minimized using graph relaxation techniques to mediate the transformations required to align the multiple range images. We demonstrate the power and feasibility of our method by a case-study in the cultural heritage domain.
Search for supersymmetry in final states with a single lepton, b-quark jets, and missing transverse energy in proton-proton collisions at sqrt(s) = 7 TeV

A search motivated by supersymmetric models with light top squarks is presented using proton-proton collision data recorded with the CMS detector at a center-of-mass energy of sqrt(s) = 7 TeV during 2011, corresponding to an integrated luminosity of 4.98 inverse femtobarns. The analysis is based on final states with a single lepton, b-quark jets, and missing transverse energy. Standard model yields are predicted from data using two different approaches. The observed event numbers are found to be compatible with these predictions. Results are interpreted in the context of the constrained minimal supersymmetric standard model and of a simplified model with four top quarks in the final state.
Reconnecting young people with learning: A social capital approach in VET

Abstract This paper contributes to pedagogical debates on how to meet the learning needs of young people who are disconnected from school. It presents a case study of a program which aimed to prepare students for their Year 10 equivalent school leaving qualification in a basic education section of a Technical and Further Education (TAFE) college in Australia. Most of the students were between 15 and 17 years of age, had experienced literacy and numeracy difficulties in formal learning, and for various reasons were disconnected from the school system. The paper explains how an approach to learning in VET led to important human and social capital outcomes, and in particular, a changed sense of efficacy on the part of students in the program. The two key elements of this VET pedagogy were: individualised, self-paced learning within a flexible program structure; and the fostering of social capital, including mutual trust and respect, through the course-related learning network of teachers and students and other influential networks, including peer networks. Analysis of interview transcript data with students and teachers revealed the mutually reinforcing role of these elements of VET pedagogy.
Uveitic macular oedema after treatment with vemurafenib

Adhi M, Brewer E, Waheed NK & Duker JS (2013): Analysis of morphological features and vascular layers of choroid in diabetic retinopathy using spectral-domain optical coherence tomography. JAMA Ophthalmol 131: 1267–1274. Johnson MA, Lutty GA, McLeod DS et al. (2005): Ocular structure and function in an aged monkey with spontaneous diabetes mellitus. Exp Eye Res 80: 37–42. Kim JT, Lee DH, Joe SG, Kim JG & Yoon YH (2013): Changes in choroidal thickness in relation to the severity of retinopathy and macular edema in type 2 diabetic patients. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 54: 3378–3384. Marneros AG, Fan J, Yokoyama Y, Gerber HP, Ferrara N, Crouch RK & Olsen BR (2005): Vascular endothelial growth factor expression in the retinal pigment epithelium is essential for choriocapillaris development and visual function. Am J Pathol 167: 1451– 1459. Saint-Geniez M1, Maldonado AE & D’Amore PA (2006): VEGF expression and receptor activation in the choroid during development and in the adult. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 47: 3135–3142.
Vitamin D insufficiency in obese children and relation with lipid profile

Abstract Vitamin D (25OHD) deficiency is reported in obese children. Low 25OHD levels are associated with dyslipidemia and increased risk of cardiovascular complication in adulthood. Within an observational study, 120 obese subjects in pediatric age were enrolled: 59 had 25OHD <20 ng/ml (group A) while 61 had 25OHD >20 ng/ml (group B). Group A versus Group B showed elevated total cholesterol (TC), p = 0.017, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), p = 0.045, and parathormone (PTH), p = 0.008. Apolipoprotein B (ApoB) showed a similar trend, p = 0.074. Negative correlations were found between 25OHD and the following parameters: TC (ρ = −0.22, p = 0.01), LDL (ρ = −0.22; p = 0.03), ApoB (ρ = −0.20; p = 0.03), and PTH (ρ = −0.33, p = 0.003). No differences in High Lipoprotein Cholesterol (HDL-C) were found. In multivariate regression the most powerful predictor for explaining 25OHD variation were TC (p = 0.048) and PTH (p = 0.055). Within a pediatric obese population an association between 25OHD low levels and unfavourable lipid patterns has been found.
Training Auditors in Interviewing Skills

This article describes a course in interviewing skills for local authority auditors. It represents a further development of the “Bradford Approach” to interviewing skills training developed by Randell et al for appraisal interviewing and subsequently extended to include grievance interviewing by Gill. As such, it relies heavily on the notion that successful interviewing depends upon a number of precise behavioural skills which can best be acquired through practice in role plays. The course was developed at the request of the Internal Audit Section of Humberside County Council, who felt that existing courses for auditors did not provide adequate training in interviewing skills.
Social-Emotional Assessment Practices in School Psychology

This study examined the social-emotional assessment practices of a random sample of school psychologists in the United States. For each assessment instrument, respondents indicated frequency of use, rationale for use, information gained, importance, and scoring system used. Results indicate that projective tests remain popular, are used primarily to generate hypotheses about social-emotional functioning, are viewed as important in the assessment process, are applied for a range of purposes, and often are scored with personalized systems. Most objective tests are used to confirm hypotheses about social-emotional functioning, also are viewed as important in the assessment process, and are applied for various purposes. Surprisingly, a considerable percentage of school psychologists use personalized systems to score some objective tests. Implications of the findings are discussed.
Arrhythmogenic gene remodelling in elderly patients with type 2 diabetes with aortic stenosis and normal left ventricular ejection fraction

What is the central question of this study? Type 2 diabetes is associated with a higher rate of ventricular arrhythmias compared with the non‐diabetic population, but the associated myocardial gene expression changes are unknown; furthermore, it is also unknown whether any changes are attributable to chronic hyperglycaemia or are a consequence of structural changes. What is the main finding and its importance? We found downregulation of left ventricular ERG gene expression and increased NCX1 gene expression in humans with type 2 diabetes compared with control patients with comparable left ventricular hypertrophy and possible myocardial fibrosis. This was associated with QT interval prolongation. Diabetes and associated chronic hyperglycaemia may therefore promote ventricular arrhythmogenesis independently of structural changes.
From Preparation to Practice: Designing a Continuum to Strengthen and Sustain Teaching

This paper was written to stimulate discussions and debate about what a professional learning continuum from initial preparation through the early years of teaching could be like. Drawing on a broad base of literature, the author proposes a framework for thinking about a curriculum for teacher learning over time. The paper also considers the fit (or misfit) between conventional approaches to teacher preparation, induction and professional development and the challenges of learning to teach in reform-minded ways and offers examples of promising programs and practices at each of these stages. The paper is organized around three questions: (a) What are the central tasks of teacher preparation, new teacher induction, and early professional development? (b) How well do conventional arrangements address these central tasks? (c) What are some promising programs and practices at each stage in the learning to teach continuum that promote standards-based teaching and enable teachers to become active participants in school reform?
Dissociation and hypnosis in post-traumatic stress disorders

After noting the fundamental differences between the agenda of ordinary psychotherapy and the treatment of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), the paper discusses the concept of trauma vis-à-vis PTSD using Yalom's (1981) four existential themes of death, freedom, isolation, and meaninglessness as organizing principles. The middle section of the paper focuses on the role of dissociation in the symptomatology of PTSD, suggesting, among other things, that many PTSD symptoms are dissociative in nature; that it is a defense against both memories of the event and the experience itself. Research is reviewed supporting the connection between PTSD and hypnotizability and the use of hypnosis in treating traumatic stress is discussed followed by two case examples. The latter section focuses on the limitations of hypnosis, transference considerations, and ends with a summary of the author's eight “C's” treatment approach: confront, condensation, confession, consolation, consciousness, concentration, control, and congruence.
TOPS : An Architectural Simulation Tool for Modern PLL Design

development time of these circuit specifications. Preliminary results obtained from an early version of the TOPS program are presented, showing significant improvements in performance via using TOPS as compared to industry-standard simulators in use today. The paper also briefly describes the architecture of TOPS and its versatility, which allows the user to easily reconfigure the various components of the PLL as well as account for nonlinearities in them. Finally, the paper presents some of the planned future directions of this simulation tool.