Insights From Behavioral Economics to Design More Effective Incentives for Improving Chronic Health Behaviors, With an Application to Adherence to Antiretrovirals

*Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, CA †Department of Family Medicine and Public Health, University of California, San Diego, CA ‡Kaiser Permanente, San Diego, CA §Scripps Health San Diego, San Diego, CA kDepartment of Medicine, University of Southern California Keck School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA ¶Desert Regional Medical Center, Palm Springs, CA #Santa Clara Valley Medical Center, San Jose, CA **University California Irvine, Irvine, CA ††Los Angeles Biomedical Research Institute, Harbor-UCLA Medical Center and the David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA ‡‡Gilead Sciences, Foster City, CA REFERENCES 1. van Lunzen J, Pozniak A, Gatell JM, et al. Switch to ritonavir-boosted atazanavir plus raltegravir in virologically suppressed patients with HIV-1 infection: a randomized pilot study. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr. 2015;71:538–543. 2. Podsadecki TTM, Fredrick L, Lawal A, et al. Lopinavir/Ritonavir (LPV/r) Combined With Raltegravir (RAL) Provides More Rapid Viral Decline Than LPV/r Combined With Tenofovir Disoproxil Fumarate/Emtricitabine (TDF/FTC) in Treatment-Naive HIV-1 Infected Subjects. Paper presented at: 15th Annual Conference of the British HIV Association (BHIVA); April 1–3, 2009; Liverpool, United Kingdom. 3. Murray JM, Emery S, Kelleher AD, et al. Antiretroviral therapy with the integrase inhibitor raltegravir alters decay kinetics of HIV, significantly reducing the second phase. AIDS. 2007;21:2315–2321. 4. Steigbigel RT, Cooper DA, Kumar PN, et al. Raltegravir with optimized background therapy for resistant HIV-1 infection. N Engl J Med. 2008;359:339–354. 5. Bartlett JA, Fath MJ, Demasi R, et al. An updated systematic overview of triple combination therapy in antiretroviral-naive HIV-infected adults. AIDS. 2006;20:2051– 2064. 6. Vlahakis SR, Bren GD, AlgecirasSchimnich A, et al. Flying in the face of resistance: antiviral-independent benefit of HIV protease inhibitors on T-cell survival. Clin Pharmacol Ther. 2007;82: 294–299. 7. Pitrak DL, Estes R, Novak RM, et al. Beneficial effects of a switch to a lopinavir/ritonavir-containing regimen for patients with partial or no immune reconstitution with highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) despite complete viral suppression. AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses. 2010;27:659–667. 8. Raffi F, Babiker AG, Richert L, et al. Ritonavir-boosted darunavir combined with raltegravir or tenofovir-emtricitabine in antiretroviral-naive adults infected with HIV-1: 96 week results from the NEAT001/ANRS143 randomised noninferiority trial. Lancet. 2014;384:1942– 1951. 9. Kozal MJ, Lupo S, DeJesus E, et al. A nucleosideand ritonavir-sparing regimen containing atazanavir plus raltegravir in antiretroviral treatment-naive HIV-infected patients: SPARTAN study results. HIV Clin Trials. 2012;13:119–130. 10. Ofotokun I, Sheth AN, Sanford SE, et al. A switch in therapy to a reverse transcriptase inhibitor sparing combination of lopinavir/ ritonavir and raltegravir in virologically suppressed HIV-infected patients: a pilot randomized trial to assess efficacy and safety profile: the KITE study. AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses. 2012;28:1196–1206. 11. Battegay M, Elzi L. Does HIV antiretroviral therapy still need its backbone? Lancet. 2014; 384:1908–1910. Insights From Behavioral Economics to Design More Effective Incentives for Improving Chronic Health Behaviors, With an Application to Adherence to Antiretrovirals