Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Transformed ECG Signals Highlight Similarities Between Obstructive Sleep Apnea and Obstructive Apnea due to Seizure-Induced Laryngospasm.

We read with interest the paper by Berry et al describing the use of a transformed electrocardiogram (ECG) signal to detect respiratory effort and re ﬁ ne the classi ﬁ cation of sleep apnea. 1 This follows from related work from the same group. 2,3 We are writing to argue for the broad utility of such signals in detecting and de ﬁ ning periods of obstructive apnea. We have argued that sudden death in epilepsy (SUDEP) is due to seizure-induced laryngospasm that is suf ﬁ cient to cause obstructive apnea, which lasts until respiratory arrest occurs. 4,5 We showed initially in a rat model that these electromyography (EMG) events are due to intense inspiratory effort during periods of airway obstruction due to actual or simulated laryngospasm (eg, Nakase et al 5 ). We showed these events, detectable in ECG and electroencephalogram (EEG) recordings, were well correlated with inspiratory pressures, 6 that the correlation of signals in ECG records were better than those in EEG signals, 6 and that these events account for such signals in pa-tients with SUDEP. 4,7,8 partial breakdown of the correlation of ECG with the thoracic and abdominal band measures that during periods of complete the inductance plethysmography signals are restricted by the individual ’ s inability to move air. We that these EMG-derived signals are broadly useful for providing additional detail that can complement and re ﬁ ne impressions from stan-dard recordings in more than sleep apnea. Berry al offer clear practical guidance in how to take advantage of these signals.
Tundra lakes and permafrost, Richards Island, western Arctic coast, Canada

Lakes, of average size 33–ha, occupy a quarter of the surface area of Richards Island, Northwest Territories. Most of the lakes have a central pool deeper than the thickness of winter ice, and many have prominent, shallow, littoral terraces. The relatively warm lake bottoms cause considerable disturbance to the surrounding continuous permafrost. Water and lake-bottom temperatures, the configuration of permafrost, and active-layer thickness were measured at a tundra lake between 1992 and 1997. The lake is oval, 1.6 km long, 800 m wide, and as deep as 13 m. Sandy terraces, covered by less than 1 m of water, extend over 100 m from the shore. The terraces are underlain by permafrost, which terminates almost vertically at their edge. The annual mean temperature measured at lake bottom in the central pool ranged between 1.5°C and 4.8°C, depending on depth, and between –0.2°C and –5°C on the terraces, due to differences in snow cover and proximity to the central pool. In consequence, the temperature of permafrost at 7 m depth in the terraces also varied, from –2°C near shore to –5°C in mid-terrace. The active layer in the terraces was uniformly 1.4 m deep. Geothermal modelling of talik configuration indicates that there is no permafrost beneath the central pool of the lake. The modelling indicates that, under equilibrium conditions, about one quarter of the lakes on Richards Island have taliks that penetrate permafrost, and at least 10–15% of the island is underlain by talik. Short-term climatic changes predicted for the region imply a small increase in summer lake-water temperature and an extension of the open-water season, accompanied by thicker snow cover in winter. Following such changes, with longer freeze-up and warmer terrace temperatures in winter, permafrost may not be sustainable in the lake terraces.
3D finite‐difference synthetic acoustic logging in cylindrical coordinates

On the basis of the application of a finite‐difference approximation of an initial boundary value problem for elastic wave equations (velocity/stress formulation), a numerical method and its algorithmic implementation have been developed in order to perform a computer simulation of sonic logging. A very general statement is dealt with – the surrounding medium is allowed to be 3D heterogeneous and the source can be located at any point inside or outside the well. To provide the most precise description of the sharpest interface of the problem – the interface of the well, we formulate the problem in cylindrical coordinates with a z axis directed along the well. In order to avoid excessive azimuth inflation of grid cells with radius increase, we perform periodical refinement of the grid step in the azimuth direction. This guarantees the quasi‐uniform size of the grid cells throughout the area of computation.
Seismic Reservoir Characterization In Resource Shale Plays: “sweet Spot” Discrimination And Optimization of Horizontal Well Placement

Surface seismic data has proven to be an invaluable asset for organizations producing hydrocarbons from unconventional resource plays. Initially, one of the primary benefits of surface seismic was the ability to locate and avoid drilling into zones with faults, fractures and karsting which adversely affected the ability to complete the well successfully. More recent advances in pre-stack seismic data analysis yield attributes that appear to be correlated to formation lithology, rock strength and stress fields. Knowledge and proper utilization of these attributes may prove valuable in the optimization of drilling and completion activities. In this paper we show an integrated seismic approach based on pre-stack azimuthal seismic data analysis and well log information to identify “sweet spots”, estimate geomechanical properties and in-situ principal stresses.
High-resolution adaptive beamforming for borehole acoustic reflection imaging

ABSTRACTAcoustic reflection imaging in boreholes is believed to be a vast improvement in the evaluation of heterogeneous reservoirs. However, only 2D azimuth information of reflectors can be achieved by conventional methods. To obtain 3D information, a new high-resolution adaptive beamforming method has been developed to apply to the borehole environment, using an array acoustic logging tool with azimuthally distributed receivers. Moreover, a migration method based on the Fourier finite difference method is introduced into the beamforming to effectively reduce computational complexity from 3D to 2D and to reduce the effects of noise caused by velocity changes in the vertical and horizontal planes. Resolution analysis of the imaging results indicates that the tool diameter and source frequency are the key factors in increasing the azimuth resolution. Furthermore, increasing the resolution with the new method can help improve the fidelity of reconstructed objects in the reflection image. A comparison of res.
Recognition of Candidaalbicans Als3 by the germ tube-speci¢c monoclonal antibody 3D9.3

Monoclonal antibody 3D9.3 (MAb 3D9.3) reacts with the surface of Candida albicans germ tubes and recognizes a protein epitope. We used a two-step chromatography procedure to purify and identify the antigen (3D9) from C. albicans strain 66396 germ tubes. MAb 3D9.3 recognized two intense protein bands at 140 and 180 kDa. A comparative analysis between theoretical and experimental mass spectrum peaks showed that both bands corresponded to Als3. This conclusion was supported by lack of reactivity between MAb 3D9.3 and an als3 D /als3 D mutant strain, and the fact that an immunoglobulin preparation enriched for Als3 speciﬁcity recognized the puriﬁed 3D9 antigen. PCR demonstrated that C. albicans strain 66396 has two different-sized ALS3 alleles that correspond to the two puriﬁed protein bands. Strain- and species-speciﬁcity of the 3D9 epitope were studied with various C. albicans strains and Candida species, such as closely related Candida dubliniensis . The 3D9 epitope was detected only in C. albicans , demonstrating the utility of MAb 3D9.3 for differentiation between C. albicans and C. dubliniensis . Adhesion assays demonstrated that MAb 3D9.3 blocks adhesion of C. albicans germ tubes to human buccal epithelial cells and vascular endothelial cells.
The Paleocene‐Eocene Thermal Maximum: How much carbon is enough?

The Paleocene-Eocene Thermal Maximum (PETM), ∼55.53 million years before present, was an abrupt warming event that involved profound changes in the carbon cycle and led to major perturbations of marine and terrestrial ecosystems. The PETM was triggered by the release of a massive amount of carbon, and thus, the event provides an analog for future climate and environmental changes given the current anthropogenic CO2 emissions. Previous attempts to constrain the amount of carbon released have produced widely diverging results, between 2000 and 10,000 gigatons carbon (GtC). Here we use the UVic Earth System Climate Model in conjunction with a recently published compilation of PETM temperatures to constrain the initial atmospheric CO2 concentration as well as the total mass of carbon released during the event. Thirty-six simulations were initialized with varying ocean alkalinity, river runoff, and ocean sediment cover. Simulating various combinations of pre-PETM CO2 levels (840, 1680, and 2520 ppm) and total carbon releases (3000, 4500, 7000, and 10,000 GtC), we find that both the 840 ppm plus 7000 GtC and 1680 ppm plus 7000–10,000 GtC scenarios agree best with temperature reconstructions. Bottom waters outside the Arctic and North Atlantic Oceans remain well oxygenated in all of our simulations. While the recovery time and rates are highly dependent on ocean alkalinity and sediment cover, the maximum temperature anomaly, used here to constrain the amount of carbon released, is less dependent on this slow-acting feedback.
Gravity Tectonics Near Passo Della Cisa, Northern Apennines, Italy

A selected area was studied to evaluate the hypothesis of far-traveled gravity slides in a part of the Northern Apennines. The backbone of the Northern Apennines south of Passo della Cisa consists of strong, autochthonous macigno sandstone (Oligocene); it is a horst, devoid of structural cover. Adjoining on the west, a lower macigno block is structurally overlain by allochthonous remnants. North and east of the horst, widespread allochthonous materials form a thick cover which presumably once mantled the entire area prior to block faulting. The complex allochthon comprises argille scagliose and dispersed masses of competent limestone, sandstone, and sandy siltstone. The shale matrix and the enclosed competent masses are remnants of Cretaceous, Eocene, and Oligocene formations of various penecontemporaneous facies. One extensive mass of black shale in the argille scagliose represents a single semi-coherent formation. This shale shows appreciable structural homogeneity, and small overturned folds within it indicate movement of the allochthon toward the north, east, and southeast. The writer is convinced that gravity is the only agent that could have moved the allochthon. One plate of rock more than 4 by 7 km is apparently separated from its sources by intervening weak shale, so that it could hardly have been pushed laterally. Most of the competent blocks in the allochthon are not in contact with one another and have drifted apart rather than forming a train capable of transmitting a lateral “push from the rear. ” This seemingly eliminates any alternative to gravity as the propulsive agent.
in a

of 10.3 cm (2017) and 11.2 cm (2018) raster data of each flight. We used the Pix4Dmapper photogrammetric software Pix4D, to combine individual images into continuous raster maps. We extracted an orthophoto and the normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI), which is considered an indicator of vegetation abundance and health (Rouse et al. , 1974). Each plot was visually marked in the field and later identified and outlined in the orthophoto composite using 4 m and 20 m diameter circles for willow and birch plots, respectively. The orthophoto was used to digitise manually the outline of the canopy of each individual tree in the birch plots and of the willow shrub coverage in willow plots. For birch plots, we extracted NDVI pixel values for the most centrally located trees in each plot. Understorey NDVI pixel values per plot were extracted from within each circle after masking out all tree canopies.
Clinically Relevant Effect of a New Intranasal Therapy (MP29-02) in Allergic Rhinitis Assessed by Responder Analysis

Background: It is unclear what constitutes a clinically meaningful response for allergic rhinitis (AR) outcomes. The objectives of these post hoc analyses were (1) to define a clinically meaningful response using novel efficacy analyses (including a responder analysis), and (2) to compare the efficacy of MP29-02 [a novel intranasal formulation of azelastine hydrochloride (AZE) and fluticasone propionate (FP)] with commercially available FP, AZE and placebo in seasonal AR (SAR) patients, using these novel analyses. Methods: 610 moderate-to-severe SAR patients (≥12 years old) were randomized into a double-blind, placebo-controlled, 14-day, parallel-group trial. Change from baseline in the reflective total nasal symptom score (rTNSS) over 14 days was the primary outcome. Post hoc endpoints included the sum of nasal and ocular symptoms (rT7SS), efficacy by disease severity and by predominant nasal symptom, and a set of responder analyses. Results: MP29-02 most effectively reduced rT7SS (relative greater improvement: 52% to FP; 56% to AZE) and both nasal and ocular symptoms irrespective of severity. More MP29-02 patients achieved a ≥30, ≥50, ≥60, ≥75 and ≥90% rTNSS reduction, which occurred days faster than with either active comparator; MP29-02 alone was superior to placebo at the ≥60% (or higher) threshold. One in 2 MP29-02 patients achieved a ≥50% rTNSS reduction and 1 in 6 achieved complete/near-to-complete response. Only MP29-02 was consistently superior to placebo for all patients, whatever their predominant symptom. Conclusions: MP29-02 provided faster and more complete symptom control than first-line therapies. It was consistently superior irrespective of severity, response criteria or patient-type, and may be considered the drug of choice for moderate-to-severe AR. These measures define a new standard for assessing relevance in AR.
Determining planes along which earthquakes occur: Method and application to earthquakes accompanying hydraulic fracturing

Although it is generally accepted that earthquakes occur along preexisting faults, the distribution of earthquake locations is often so smeared that the underlying fault or joint structures along which the earthquakes occur cannot be inferred from visual inspection of location plots. We present a statistical method for identifying fault or joint planes within what may otherwise appear to be an amorphous earthquake location set. The method takes all the hypocenters in an event set three at a time in order to determine the strikes and dips of all possible planes within the event set. A procedure for correcting for the shape of the region in which the earthquakes occur is applied. After correction, the orientation (one or a few) that is seen most often is taken as that of the zone of preexisting fault(s) or joint(s). We applied the method to a set of hypocenters determined for microearthquakes that accompanied a hydraulic injection into crystalline rock. The method was able to resolve successively five statistically significant orientations (planes) along which most of the microearthquakes occurred. The first two planes determined by the method are parallel to one nodal plane from each of the two most commonly found fault plane solutions. One of the two planes intersects the injection well bore at a location where water is known to have entered the rock during the injection. The planes identified thus coincide with the major fluid paths during the hydraulic injection.
Analysis and presentation of in situ atmospheric methane measurements from Cape Ochi‐ishi and Hateruma Island

[1] In situ measurements of atmospheric methane (CH4) from the monitoring stations at Cape Ochi-ishi (latitude 43°10′N, longitude 145°30′E) during the period from July 1995 to July 2000 and at Hateruma Island (latitude 24°03′N, longitude 123°48′E) during the period from January 1996 to January 2000 are presented. At each station a fully automated gas chromatograph equipped with a flame ionization detector measures the CH4 mixing ratios at a frequency of more than 82 air samples per day. Over the above observation periods, average growth rates of CH4 mixing ratios were 4.5 parts per billion (ppb) yr−1 for Ochi-ishi and 4.7 ppb yr−1 for Hateruma, but there were considerable fluctuations in the instantaneous growth rate. The peak-to-peak amplitudes in the seasonal cycles determined from the smooth curve fits were 71 ppb for Ochi-ishi and 94 ppb for Hateruma. These seasonal amplitudes are larger than those at the sampling network sites of the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Climate Monitoring and Diagnostics Laboratory. Analysis of the back trajectories indicated that the air masses at both sites are transported from continental Asia in winter and from the Pacific Ocean in summer. Because there are strong CH4 sources in continental Asia but no strong sources in the Pacific Ocean, the seasonality of airflow patterns can explain the enhancement of the seasonal cycles. The significantly large seasonality, especially at Hateruma, is a result of air masses originating from a wide range of latitudes, the clear seasonality of airflows, and the steep latitudinal gradient of the CH4 mixing ratio.
Remote Effects of El Nino and Modoki Events on the Austral Summer Precipitation of Southern Africa

AbstractRemote effects modulating the austral summer precipitation over southern Africa during El Nino/El Nino Modoki events are investigated by analyzing the observed events during December–February of the years from 1982/83 to 2010/11. Based on the composite analyses, it is found that southern Africa experiences significantly below normal precipitation during El Nino events compared to El Nino Modoki events. During these latter events, precipitation anomalies are not so significant although southern Africa as a whole receives below normal precipitations. The differences in the spatial distribution of precipitation over southern Africa are seen to be related to the sea surface temperature (SST) anomalies of the equatorial Pacific through atmospheric teleconnections.The low-level (850 hPa) Matsuno–Gill response to anomalously high precipitation over the Pacific during El Nino events results in an anomalous anticyclone extending from the equatorial to the subtropical South Indian Ocean. These anomalous ant.
Monitoring live fuel moisture in semiarid environments using L-band radar data

Timely information on spatial variation of live fuel moisture is critical for fire risk assessment and behaviour modelling. Using an airborne synthetic aperture radar system, the sensitivity of radar data to live fuel (i.e. canopy foliage) moisture was evaluated. Field and airborne measurements were collected over a 3-week period in a semiarid Australian forest dominated by white cypress pine (Callitris glaucophylla). Linear regression models were used to relate equivalent water thickness and live fuel moisture content to backscatter intensity and polarimetric decomposition components. Results showed that radar systems can provide estimates of live fuel moisture with similar or better accuracies for both equivalent water thickness (R2 = 0.7–0.8, root mean squared error (RMSE) = 15%) and live fuel moisture content (R2 = 0.6–0.7, RMSE = 10%) than those achieved in previous studies using optical-based vegetation indices. It was also possible to estimate soil moisture under the forest canopy with accuracies of 0.05 volume/volume (v v–1) (R2 = 0.5–0.6). This is particularly relevant in the context of fire management because moisture availability of fine fuels is related to soil water content.
Can measures of limb loading and dynamic stability during the squat maneuver provide an index of early functional recovery following unilateral Total Hip Arthroplasty?

hip Abstract: 4 Objective: To investigate limb loading and dynamic stability during squatting in the early 5 functional recovery of total hip arthroplasty (THA) patients. Cohort study Participants: A random sample of 61 THA patients (34 ♂ /27 ♀ ; 62±9 yrs, 77±14 kg, 174±9 cm) was assessed twice, 13.2±3.8 days (PRE) and 26.6±3.3 days post-surgery (POST), and 10 compared with a healthy reference group (REF) (22 ♂ /16 ♀ ; 47±12yrs; 78±20kg; 175±10cm). THA patients received two weeks of standard in-patient rehabilitation. Conclusion(s): THA patients unload the OP limb and are dynamically more unstable during squatting in the early rehabilitation phase following total hip replacement than healthy adults. Although loading symmetry and medio-lateral stability improved to the level of 26 healthy adults with rehabilitation, antero-posterior stability remained impaired. Measures of dynamic stability and load symmetry during squatting provide quantitative information that 28 can be used to clinically monitor early functional recovery from THA.
Research on the Development of Daur Ethnic Education under the Influence of Big Data

In this paper, we conduct research on the development of Daur ethnic education under the influence of big data. Life in the river valley of Daur ethnic which is a nationality has a long history, splendid culture and the national spirit of national self-confidence, the foundation of national culture has a strong self-confidence. Combining the concept of big data and data analysis technique to the Daur ethnic education will largely enhance the result of the current education pattern. The survey of the research indicated that we should pay attention to the precious data captured.
A refraction study of deep crustal structure in the Basin and Range:Colorado Plateau of eastern Arizona

A reversed seismic refraction profile extending 260 km between Globe, Arizona and Tyrone, New Mexico has been recorded using quarry blasts from open pit copper mines as energy sources. Interpretation of these data suggest a 28-km-thick crust for the Basin and Range in east-central Arizona and a 32-km-thick crust for the Transition Zone in eastern Arizona and western New Mexico. Delays in Pn arrivals have been interpreted as evidence for approximately 4 km of abrupt crustal thickening near Morenci, Arizona. The area of abrupt Moho offset corresponds to rapid changes in tectonic style, late Quaternary faulting, Quaternary and late Tertiary volcanism, high heat flow and evidence for partial melting of the lower crust. Uniformity of layer thicknesses along the profile can be interpreted as upward displacement of the Basin and Range relative to the Transition Zone. The above evidence suggests that the Transition Zone of eastern Arizona and western New Mexico may be experiencing active tectonic readjustment.
Thinking positively

How to come up with numerical PD estimates if there are no default observations? Katja Pluto and Dirk Tasche propose a statistically based methodology to derive non-zero probabilities of default for credit portfolios with none or very few observed defaults. Their most prudent estimation principle delivers results for any desired degree of conservatism, and can be applied to both uncorrelated and correlated default events. The estimates could serve as a basis for bank internal credit risk management and regulatory purposes alike.