Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Current advances in diagnosis and surgical treatment of lymph node metastasis in head and neck cancer

Still today, the status of the cervical lymph nodes is the most important prognostic factor for head and neck cancer. So the individual treatment concept of the lymphatic drainage depends on the treatment of the primary tumor as well as on the presence or absence of suspect lymph nodes in the imaging diagnosis. Neck dissection may have either a therapeutic objective or a diagnostic one. The selective neck dissection is currently the method of choice for the treatment of patients with advanced head and neck cancers and clinical N0 neck. For oncologic reasons, this procedure is generally recommended with acceptable functional and aesthetic results, especially under the aspect of the mentioned staging procedure. In this review article, current aspects on pre- and posttherapeutic staging of the cervical lymph nodes are described and the indication and the necessary extent of neck dissection for head and neck cancer is discussed. Additionally the critical question is discussed if the lymph node metastasis bears an intrinsic risk of metastatic development and thus its removal in a most possible early stage plays an important role.
Transmission images and attenuation correction with short acquisitions using median root prior reconstruction in PET

Quantitative PET studies require computing of the attenuation correction factors (ACF) for compensating the body attenuation effect in the emission data. Short acquisition times for transmission are desired, because of patient comfort and movement elimination. In practice, long acquisition times are used due to the statistical noise of count-limited scans. In order to reduce the noise, the median root prior (MRP) iterative reconstruction algorithm was used for reconstruction of short time transmission images. Using these images, the ACFs were generated for correction of emission data. The new approach allows for scan times of 2 min or less, which is desirable for quantitative whole body PET studies. The new method is object independent and robust, because no smoothing of scan data or segmentation of the image are used.
Attenuation of Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus strain TC-83 is encoded by the 5'-noncoding region and the E2 envelope glycoprotein

The virulent Trinidad donkey (TRD) strain of Venezuelan equine encephalitis (VEE) virus and its live attenuated vaccine derivative, TC-83 virus, have different neurovirulence characteristics. A full-length cDNA clone of the TC-83 virus genome was constructed behind the bacteriophage T7 promoter in the polylinker of plasmid pUC18. To identify the genomic determinants of TC-83 virus attenuation, TRD virus-specific sequences were inserted into the TC-83 virus clone by in vitro mutagenesis or recombination. Antigenic analysis of recombinant viruses with VEE E2- and E1-specific monoclonal antibodies gave predicted antigenic reactivities. Mouse challenge experiments indicated that genetic markers responsible for the attenuated phenotype of TC-83 virus are composed of genome nucleotide position 3 in the 5'-noncoding region and the E2 envelope glycoprotein. TC-83 virus amino acid position E2-120 appeared to be the major structural determinant of attenuation. Insertion of the TRD virus-specific 5'-noncoding region, by itself, into the TC-83 virus full-length clone did not alter the attenuated phenotype of the virus. However, the TRD virus-specific 5'-noncoding region enhanced the virulence potential of downstream TRD virus amino acid sequences.
Developmental changes in the myocardial architecture of the chick

Numerous studies describing myocardial architecture have been performed on the adult heart but considerably fewer have been made during embryonic or fetal development. To serve as a basis for interspecies comparison of ventricular morphology, and as a reference for studying the effects of experimental perturbations, we examined the development of chick throughout the entire incubation period.
Koba4MS: selling complex products and services using knowledge-based recommender technologies

The increasing complexity of products and services offered by online stores and electronic marketplaces makes the identification of appropriate solutions a challenging task. Customers can differ greatly in their expertise and level of knowledge w.r. t. such product assortments. Consequently, intelligent sales assistance systems are required which support customers with intuitive and personalized dialogs. Knowledge-based recommender systems meet these requirements by allowing a flexible mapping of product, marketing and sales knowledge to the formal representation of a knowledge base. This paper presents the domain-independent knowledge-based recommender system Koba4MS which assists customers and sales representatives by guaranteeing the consistency and appropriateness of proposed solutions, identifying additional selling opportunities and by providing intelligent explanations for identified results. Using examples from the financial services domain we show how constraint satisfaction, model-based diagnosis, personalization and intuitive knowledge acquisition techniques support the effective implementation of customer-oriented sales dialogs. Finally, we present experiences gained from commercial projects.
Enhanced wort fermentation with de novo lager hybrids adapted to high ethanol 1 environments 2 Running title : Adaptive evolution of de novo lager yeast hybrids

10 Interspecific hybridization is a valuable tool for developing and improving brewing yeast in a 11 number of industry-relevant aspects. However, the genomes of newly formed hybrids can be 12 unstable. Here, we exploited this trait by adapting four brewing yeast strains, three of which 13 were de novo interspecific lager hybrids with different ploidy levels, to high ethanol 14 concentrations in an attempt to generate variant strains with improved fermentation 15 performance in high-gravity wort. Through a batch fermentation-based adaptation process 16 and selection based on a two-step screening process, we obtained eight variant strains which 17 we compared to the wild-type strains in 2L-scale wort fermentations replicating industrial 18 conditions. The results revealed that the adapted variants outperformed the strains from 19 which they were derived, and the majority also possessed several desirable brewing-relevant 20 traits, such as increased ester formation and ethanol tolerance, as well as decreased diacetyl 21 formation. The variants obtained from the polyploid hybrids appeared to show greater 22 improvements in fermentation performance. Interestingly, it was not only the hybrid strains, 23 but also the S. cerevisiae parent strain, that appeared to adapt and showed considerable 24 changes in genome size. Genome sequencing and ploidy analysis revealed that changes had 25 . CC-BY-NC-ND 4.0 International license not peer-reviewed) is the author/funder. It is made available under a The copyright holder for this preprint (which was . http://dx.doi. org/10.1101/204198 doi: bioRxiv preprint first posted online Oct. 16, 2017;
Placental Origins of Preeclampsia: Challenging the Current Hypothesis

Preeclampsia is a major contributor to the maternal and neonatal mortality and morbidity.1,2 It is the 2nd largest cause of maternal mortality worldwide and affects 5% to 7% of pregnant women worldwide.3,4 The precise etiopathogenesis of preeclampsia remains to be a subject of extensive research, but it is believed that it is likely to be multifactorial. Nevertheless, it is accepted that it is the presence of the placenta rather than the fetus, which is responsible for development of preeclampsia. Although the placenta plays a crucial role in the development of preeclampsia, the onset, severity, and progression is significantly affected by the maternal response to placentally derived factors and proteins. Therefore, mother and fetus should be taken into account when calculating the risk for preeclampsia. Preeclampsia is generally defined as the development of hypertension and proteinuria after 20 weeks of gestation in a previously normotensive woman,3,4 although different variations of this have been proposed by different groups and organizations. (ACOG, ISSHP, Australian college). It has also been further subdivided into mild, moderate, and severe preeclampsia as well as early and late onset preeclampsia, of which the latter is a more contemporary concept.5 It has been suggested that early (before 34+0 weeks) and late (after 34+0 weeks) onset preeclampsia have different etiologies and therefore a different clinical expression, but it is still a subject of considerable research. There are, however, some basic differences between the 2 groups:
Combining Invariant Violation with Execution Path Classification for Detecting Multiple Types of Logical Errors and Race Conditions

Context: Modern automated source code analysis techniques can be very successful in detecting a priori de- fined defect patterns and security vulnerabilities. Yet, they cannot detect flaws that manifest due to erroneous translation of the softwareâs functional requirements into the source code. The automated detection of logical errors that are attributed to a faulty implementation of applicationsâ functionality, is a relatively uncharted territory. In previous research, we proposed a combination of automated analyses for logical error detection. In this paper, we develop a novel business-logic oriented method able to filter mathematical depictions of software logic in order to augment logical error detection, eliminate previous limitations in analysis and provide a formal tested logical error detection classification without subjective discrepancies. As a proof of concept, our method has been implemented in a prototype tool called PLATO that can detect various types of logical errors. Potential logical errors are thus detected that are ranked using a fuzzy logic system with two scales characterizing their impact: (i) a Severity scale, based on the execution pathsâ characteristics and Information Gain, (ii) a Reliability scale, based on the measured programâs Computational Density. The methodâs effectiveness is shown using diverse experiments. Albeit not without restrictions, the proposed automated analysis seems able to detect a wide variety of logical errors, while at the same time limiting the false positives.
A CONTROLADORIA E O CAPITAL INTELECTUAL: UM ESTUDO EMPÍRICO SOBRE SUA GESTÃO* THE CONTROLLERSHIP AND THE INTELLECTUAL CAPITAL: AN EMPIRICAL STUDY ON ITS MANAGEMENT

The purpose of this essay is to investigate through the Controlling Departments how the Management Information Systems in large Brazilian companies treat investments on Intellectual capital elements. It has been assumed that the Controlling Department is the companies' most adequate area to identify, evaluate and measure such elements, and to provide the managerial information required for the accomplishment of each company's mission. The exploratory research is based on a sample of 30 managers of large Brazilian companies. The qualitative analysis of the data collected (Contents Analysis) lead us to the conclusion that the great majority of managers invest on detecting Intellectual Capital elements and have tools to evaluate such investment, but not in an integrated manner that permits to correctly quantify the invested amounts and to evaluate the return on the investment. On the other hand, managers have been receptive to adopt a managerial model for that purpose, if available, and have considered the Controlling Department as the most adequate area to manage such model.
EpiReview: Meningococcal disease in NSW, 1991-2011: trends in relation to meningococcal C vaccination.

AIM To review the epidemiology of invasive meningococcal disease in NSW for the period 1991-2011, in particular since the introduction of the meningococcal C vaccination program in 2003. METHODS We undertook a descriptive analysis of NSW notifications of invasive meningococcal disease for the period 2003-2011, and explored long-term changes in the epidemiology of invasive meningococcal disease over the period 1991-2011. RESULTS In the period 2003-2011, there were 1009 notifications of invasive meningococcal disease in NSW, an average annual rate of 1.6 per 100000 population. Notification rates were highest in the 0-4 and 15-19-year age groups (8.5 and 3.6 per 100000 population respectively). In the period 1991-2011, invasive meningococcal disease notifications increased between 1991 and 2000, peaking at 3.8 notifications per 100000 population in 2000. Notifications have decreased since that time to 1.0 per 100000 population in 2011, most markedly for serogroup C disease since the introduction of the meningococcal C vaccination program in 2003. Meningococcal C notifications reduced from 54 in 2002 (0.8 per 100000 population) to two in 2011 (0.03 per 100000 population). Meningococcal C deaths have also decreased, from nine in 2002 to zero in 2011. The greatest reduction in meningococcal C notifications has been in those aged 1-19 years, the target group for the vaccination program. Meningococcal B notifications have also decreased over the study period, however serogroup B remains the predominant serogroup for invasive meningococcal disease in NSW. CONCLUSION Notification rates of invasive meningococcal disease have decreased in NSW since 2000. Rates of serogroup C disease have decreased since the introduction of the meningococcal C vaccination program in 2003. Most of the burden of invasive meningococcal disease in NSW is now due to serogroup B disease.
Peer Groups as a Context for School Misconduct: The Moderating Role of Group Interactional Style.

Peer group interactional style was examined as a moderator of the relation between peer group school misconduct and group members' school misconduct. Participants were 705 students (Mage = 11.59 years, SD = 1.37) in 148 peer groups. Children reported on their school misconduct in fall and spring. In the winter, group members were observed in a limited-resource task and a group conversation task, and negative and positive group interactional styles were assessed. Multilevel modeling indicated that membership in groups that were higher on school misconduct predicted greater school misconduct only when the groups were high on negative or low on positive interactional style. Results suggest that negative laughter and a coercive interactional style may intensify group effects on children's misconduct.
Manetary Aggregates Targeting in a Law-Inflation Econamy

The first Boston Fed conference, 25 years ago in June 1969, bore the title, Controlling Monetary Aggregates. The conference volume leads off with a panel discussion, begun by Paul Samuelson. He opened his remarks with a one-sentence paragraph: "The central issue that is debated these days in connection with macro-economics is the doctrine of monetarism" (Samuelson 1969, p. 7). The background of that conference was the rising rate of inflation and accumulating evidence that excessive money growth was the cause of the problem. The principal question debated was whether the Fed should adopt a monetary target and abandon tight control of the federal funds rate. Today we are dealing with what appears to be the opposite problem. The inflation rate has fallen to levels not seen since the early 1960s, but experience over the past decade or so seems to show that inflation is no longer closely related to money growth. Nevertheless, the question concerning the best target for the Fed to pursue remains the same. The organizers of this conference have framed the topic for this session as follows: "Monetary policy has often been characterized as attempting to maintain an intermediate target, such as a monetary aggregate, within a target range. However, changing financial markets have called into question the reliability of the relationships between intermediate targets and ultimate goals of monetary policy . Should monetary policy abandon intermediate targets? " With all due respect to my friends at the Boston Fed, the question is misstated. The quoted passage should read, "Should monetary policy
Control of duration of the first two mitoses in a mouse embryo

The duration of M-phase is largely determined by the time necessary for the formation of a functional metaphase spindle and the correct alignment of all chromosomes on the metaphase plate. The spindle assembly checkpoint prevents the exit from M-phase before the proper alignment of all chromosomes on a metaphase plate in many cell types. In the present paper we show that the first mitotic M-phase of the mouse embryo lasts about 119 min, while the second embryonic M-phase lasts only about 70 min. Histone H1 kinase is activated rapidly during nuclear envelope breakdown in both mitoses. Its maximum, however, is followed by a plateau only during the first mitosis. In the second mitosis, the inactivation of histone H1 kinase activity follows its maximum directly. Histone H1 kinase is more stable in the cytoplasts obtained from mouse embryos during the first embryonic M-phase than during the second one. The stability of histone H1 kinase is greatly increased by the presence of the mitotic apparatus in both M-phases. The mitotic spindle assembly during the first and the second mitoses differs and the first metaphase spindle is stabilised during the period of maximum histone H1 kinase activity. These data show that an unknown developmentally regulated mechanism controls the duration of the two first mitoses in the mouse embryo.
Structural Estimation and Solution of International Trade Models with Heterogeneous Firms

We present an empirical implementation of a general-equilibrium model of international trade with heterogeneous manufacturing firms. The theory underlying our model is consistent with Melitz (2003). A nonlinear structural estimation procedure identifies a set of core parameters and unobserved firm-level trade frictions that best fit the geographic pattern of trade. Once the parameters are identified, we utilize a decomposition technique for computing general-equilibrium counterfactuals. We illustrate this technique using trade and protection data from the Global Trade Analysis Project (GTAP). We first assess the economic effects of reductions in measured tariffs. Taking the simple-average welfare change across regions the Melitz structure indicates welfare gains from liberalization that are nearly four times larger than in a standard policy simulation model. Furthermore, when we compare the economic impact of tariffs with reductions in estimated fixed trade costs we find that policy measures affecting the fixed costs of firmentry are of greater importance than conventional tariff barriers.
Dynamics of Interethnic Contact: A Panel Study of Immigrants in the Netherlands

In contrast to previous research on interethnic contact, which is static in nature, this article provides a dynamic analysis. The aim is to explain individuals’ changes in interethnic contact over time by considering relevant time-constant and time-varying characteristics. We investigate the effects of these characteristics measured at time one (t1) on the change in interethnic contact between t1 and time two (t2), thereby providing better estimates of causal relationships. A theory of preferences, opportunities, and third parties is used for identifying potential predictors of interethnic contact. The hypotheses are tested with panel data collected among Turkish, Moroccan, Surinamese, and Antillean immigrants in the Netherlands. The findings show that static research provides good estimates for time-constant characteristics, but it tends to overestimate the role of time-varying characteristics. Moreover, while education, language proficiency, low concentration of immigrants in the neighbourhood, and a native partner clearly lead to the development of more interethnic contact over time, there is indication that these characteristics might just as well be consequences of such contact.
Types of bipolar cells in the mouse retina

We studied the morphology of bipolar cells in fixed vertical tissue sections (slices) of the mouse retina by injecting the cells with Lucifer Yellow and Neurobiotin. Nine different cone bipolar cell types and one rod bipolar cell type were distinguished. The major criteria for classifying the cells were the branching pattern and stratification level of their axon terminals in the inner plexiform layer (IPL). To assess this, the IPL was subdivided into five strata of equal width. The slices were immunostained for calretinin, which labels three horizontal bands serving as a standard measure for the precise localization of the axon terminals. Immunostaining the retina with antibodies against the G‐protein Gγ13, a marker for ON‐bipolar cells, made it possible to separate OFF‐ and ON‐bipolar cells. At least two OFF‐cone bipolar cells (Types 1 and 2) were immunolabeled with antibodies against the neurokinin 3 receptors (NK3R). A further OFF‐ and an ON‐cone bipolar cell (Types 3 and 5) were immunostained with antibodies against the calcium‐binding protein CaB5. The bipolar cell types described here were compared with previous schemes of rat and primate bipolar cells. Homologous types between the three species are discussed. J. Comp. Neurol. 469:70–82, 2004. © 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
The effects of human leptin fragment(126-140) on pituitary functions in man.

OBJECTIVE The effects of human leptin fragment(126-140) on pituitary function in eight healthy, non-obese men were studied. METHODS AND DESIGN The effects of the fragment on spontaneous secretion of pituitary hormones and endogenous leptin, as well as on GHRH-induced GH secretion were examined. RESULTS After the administration of the fragment (50 microg i.v. for 150 min), the mean nadir value and 45 min value were significantly lower than that of the control study. Endogenous leptin levels did not decrease significantly following the administration of the leptin fragment. Other pituitary hormones were not affected by the fragment. The area under the curve of the GH response to GHRH(1-44)NH(2) (10 microg, i.v. from 0 to 75 min) was also significantly inhibited by the combined administration of the leptin fragment (100 microg i.v. from -30 to 75 min) (P<0.001). Three subjects were re-examined with larger doses of the leptin fragment (200-400 microg), and even greater GH suppression was observed. CONCLUSIONS These results indicate that human leptin fragment(126-140) has an inhibitory role in GH secretion, since when administered exogenously this fragment significantly suppressed spontaneous and, in a dose-response manner, GHRH-induced GH secretion. Clear effects of the fragment on other pituitary hormones and an inhibitory effect on endogenous leptin secretion were not observed in this study.