Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
The effects of seasonality and restoration on stream nutrient cycling at multiple spatial scales

by Timothy J. Hoellein Human activities have increased concentrations of nutrients including nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) in freshwater ecosystems worldwide. Understanding how excess nutrients are processed is critical for public and ecological health. Headwater streams are important sites of nutrient transformation, but little is known about how temporal variation (e.g., seasonal change) and stream restoration strategies influence rates of nutrient cycling. My dissertation focuses on how seasonality and restoration, alone and in combination, control nutrient uptake rates at the whole-stream and substratum-specific scales in 3 headwater streams in the Upper Peninsula of Michigan. By measuring whole-stream and substratum-specific rates of nutrient uptake across seasons, I found that although heterotrophic processes typically dominate in forested headwater streams, variation in nutrient uptake was also explained by autotrophic activity. My results suggested changes in streambed substrata composition strongly influences seasonal patterns of nutrient processing at the whole-stream scale. These conclusions are significant in the context of restoration, which often results in changes to the streambed “landscape. ”
The Sensitivity of Characteristics of Large Scale Baroclinic Unstable Waves in Southern Hemisphere to the Underlying Climate

The sensitivity of the main characteristics of baroclinically unstable waves with respect to fundamental parameters of the atmosphere (the static stability parameter and vertical shear of a zonal wind ) is theoretically explored. Two types of waves are considered: synoptic scale waves and planetary scale (ultralong) waves based on an Eady-type model and model with vertically averaged primitive equations. Sensitivity functions are obtained that estimate the impact of variations in and on the growth rate and other characteristics of unstable waves and demonstrate that waves belonging to the short-wave part of the spectrum of unstable waves are more sensitive to changes in the static stability parameter than waves belonging to the long-wave part of the spectrum. The obtained theoretical results show that the increase of the static stability and decrease of the meridional temperature gradient in midlatitude baroclinic zones in some areas of the southern hemisphere lead to a slowing of the growth rate of baroclinic unstable waves and an increasing wavelength of baroclinic unstable wave maximum growth rate, that is, a spectrum shift of unstable waves towards longer wavelengths. These might affect the favorable conditions for the development of baroclinic instability and, therefore, the intensity of cyclone generation activity.
An Assessment of Thermally Driven Local Structural Phase Changes in 1$T$$'$- MoTe$_2$

The role of layer disorder is important in establishing the topological phases of MoTe${_2}$. A rich tapestry of atomic ordering influences the structural phase transitions (SPTs), but there is little understanding of the mechanistic details of the phase transition. An atomistic level study was conducted to investigate the local structure of the 1$T$$'$ and $T_d$ phases of MoTe${_2}$ by using the Pair Distribution Function (PDF) technique. While the average structure exhibits an SPT and co-existence of phases as a function of temperature, the local structure shows the suppression of SPT at short-range ordering, and the sample remains in the monoclinic (1$T$$'$) phase at all measured temperatures. A sharp PDF peak observed at short distances indicated a strong atom-atom correlation between the Mo and Te atoms within the Mo-octahedra. In addition, a large box modeling of the PDF data indicated a preferential motion of Te atoms towards $c$-axis at all temperatures. The structural defects, such as stacking faults, likely result in the co-existence of phases in the average structure and suppress the local SPT of MoTe$_2$. These results are stepping stones in understanding the long-debated origins of structural, vibrational, and electronic properties of MoTe$_2$ and similar transition metal dichalcogenides.
Ecology of Trifolium stoloniferum (Muhl. ex A. Eaton), a federally endangered vascular plant, at the Fernow Experimental Forest in West Virginia

This thesis presents work addressing the ecology of Trifolium stoloniferum, a federally endangered vascular plant species, in the Fernow Experimental Forest, West Virginia. In this thesis, I describe the historical ecology of this species and make a case that at one time it occurred in great abundance in association with trails created by large mammals and humans that intersected rich, open forests. Similar conditions exist at the Fernow Experimental Forest in West Virginia, but instead of large mammals, the requisite soil disturbance, control of competing vegetation, and canopy perforation are created by timber-harvesting related disturbances, particularly gap creation by tree felling and skidding of trees from the forest.I conducted two distinct studies to quantitatively and qualitatively describe the habitat conditions that promote T. stoloniferum success. The first study occurred at the scale of a forested stand. At the level of the stand, total number of logging-related disturbances since 1945 was the most important characteristic in determining the presence or absence of the species, with greater number of disturbances strongly related to the presence of the species. Time since last disturbance and aspect interacted to affect T. stoloniferum density within a stand, with west-facing stands that had been disturbed more recently than 14.5 years supporting the greatest densities of T. stoloniferum. This study revealed that stands managed in uneven-aged silvicultural systems with frequent management entrances that also received high levels of light were most capable of supporting vigorous occurrences of T. stoloniferum.The second study consisted of a detailed habitat assessment of T. stoloniferum patches. I stratified patches at the Fernow Experimental Forest based upon patch abundance and inflorescence production and conducted detailed habitat assessment of a representative sample of patch sizes and relative inflorescence production. I assessed the vegetation, substrate, physiography, and localized disturbance history, and also took canopy photographs using a hemispherical lens. Patch abundance was the result of a suite of interactions between canopy structure, tree basal area, and disturbance history. Abundant sites also had high diversity of associated herbaceous species, suggesting that good sites for T. stoloniferum are also good for a suite of early and mid-successional forest herbs. Inflorescence production was the consequence of light levels, with high light levels associated with increased inflorescence production.The management and conservation of Trifolium stoloniferum should focus on maintaining and encouraging those processes and activities that periodically disturb soil and create light gaps in mixed, mesophytic forests. In addition to the deliberate efforts of managers, incidental management opportunities, or situations in which the promotion of T. stoloniferum is an unintended outcome, should be identified and fostered.
Bed load transport modeling of a secondary flow influenced curved channel with 2D and 3D numerical models

Due to the complex physical interactions that affect the flow processes in curved channel sections, measuring and simulating the morphological processes has been the object of scientific studies for quite a long time. The occurring secondary flow exerts a major influence on bed formation and on bed load transport in channel bends. To analyze these effects, numerical simulations of a meandering laboratory channel were performed by means of the open-source Telemac–Sisyphe program system. The study focuses on the importance of two-dimensional (2D) or three-dimensional (3D) approaches for the flow simulation underlying the morphological investigations. Hence, the numerical studies were performed in a 2D and 3D model and the morphological development was analyzed. The differentiated model studies showed local differences in the morphological results as a consequence of the different spatial resolution of flow modeling. The 3D model provided an improved description of the situation observed in the laboratory especially in the regions of development and decay of secondary flow. Regarding the maximum sedimentation and erosion as well as the bed development tendencies within the whole model area, the 2D and 3D model determine the laboratory observations.
PLIO-PLEISTOCENE TERRESTRIAL MAMMAL ASSEMBLAGE FROM KONSO, SOUTHERN ETHIOPIA

Abstract Mammalian fossils of the Konso Formation (southwestern Main Ethiopian Rift) derive from stratigraphic intervals dated to between 2.0 Ma and younger than 1.3 Ma. Systematic paleontological collecting resulted in almost 8,000 identifiable mammalian specimens representing 8 orders, 22 families, and more than 68 species including Australopithecus boisei and Homo erectus. Despite geographic proximity to the Turkana Basin (approximately 200 km), aspects of the Konso fauna are distinctive, with its 1.9–1.7 Ma assemblage showing some degree of endemism. Bovids Megalotragus, Parmularius altidens, Parmularius eppsi, Menelikia, and Pelorovis, all common at Turkana and/or Olduvai, are rare or absent at Konso, while Parmularius cf. pandatus, Simatherium, and Notochoerus n. sp. of the Konso assemblages are the youngest known records of these taxa in eastern Africa. The dominant suid of this assemblage is Kolpochoerus majus, a previously poorly known taxon. Subsequent to circa 1.7 Ma, an influx of external elements occurred, possibly related to a general East African trend of climatic drying between 1.8 and 1.6 Ma. The post-1.5 Ma Konso fauna is characterized by apparently immigrant dry grassland adapted bovids, such as Damaliscus niro and Parmularius angusticornis. Metridiochoerus compactus, Metridiochoerus hopwoodi and Metridiochoerus modestus are common in the 1.5 to 1.3 Ma levels at Konso, whereas the latter two suids are rare at Turkana. The post-1.5 Ma Kolpochoerus limnetes/olduvaiensis of Konso is morphologically more conservative than time-equivalent Turkana specimens. The post-1.5 Ma Konso Elephas recki represents an evolutionary grade immediately preceding the fully advanced E. recki recki condition.
Flow Through Circular Weirs

Formula is presented for theoretical flow through sharp crested circular weirs which involves use of elliptic functions; tables appended give summary of available experimental data with discharge coefficients, flow through weirs of various diameters based on these coefficients and values of elliptic functions involved by which flow through circular weir of any diameter may be found.
WALL STRUCTURE OF SOME ARENACEOUS FORAMINIFERA FROM THE MAASTRICHTIAN WHITE CHALK (DENMARK)

The wall structure of twelve species of arenaceous foraminifera from the Upper Maastrichtian white chalk of Denmark are described. The main part of the agglutinated constituents consists of calcareous particles, i.e. skeletal grains and micrite, but a significant amount of quartz grains also is present. The wall structures are classified into two distinct groups on basis of grain size and texture. The first group includes species with relatively coarse-grained wall texture and quartz grains regularly arranged like a pavement on the test surface. The second group includes species with a fine-grained wall texture and randomly distributed quartz grains. An organic matrix and an organic inner lining are present in all of the species studied. The wall structures and the composition of the agglutinated material show a relation to the composition and diagenesis of the enclosing sediment. The relative abundance of quartz in the chalk and in the arenaceous foraminifera indicates that the agglutination of quartz grains is selective.
Human Mutation

Funding information Burroughs Wellcome Fund, Grant/Award Number: BWF ID 1012485; National Institutes of Health, Grant/Award Numbers: GM108911, GM117163, R25 GM56847 Abstract Deleterious variants in SLC2A2 cause Fanconi‐Bickel Syndrome (FBS), a glycogen storage disorder, whereas less common variants in SLC2A2 associate with numerous metabolic diseases. Phenotypic heterogeneity in FBS has been observed, but its causes remain unknown. Our goal was to functionally characterize rare SLC2A2 variants found in FBS and metabolic disease‐associated variants to understand the impact of these variants on GLUT2 activity and expression and establish genotype‐ phenotype correlations. Complementary RNA‐injected Xenopus laevis oocytes were used to study mutant transporter activity and membrane expression. GLUT2 homology models were constructed for mutation analysis using GLUT1, GLUT3, and XylE as templates. Seventeen FBS variants were characterized. Only c. 457_462delCTTATA (p.Leu153_Ile154del) exhibited residual glucose uptake. Functional characterization revealed that only half of the variants were expressed on the plasma membrane. Most less common variants (except c.593 C>A (p.Thr198Lys) and c.1087 G>T (p.Ala363Ser)) exhibited similar GLUT2 transport activity as the wild type. Structural analysis of GLUT2 revealed that variants affect substrate‐binding, steric hindrance, or overall transporter structure. The mutant transporter that is associated with a milder FBS phenotype, p.Leu153_Ile154del, retained transport activity. These results improve our overall understanding of the underlying causes of FBS and impact of GLUT2 function on various clinical phenotypes ranging from rare to common disease.
Identification of 1D velocity structures in Kashiwazaki-Kariwa NPS based on dense earthquake observation and microtremor array measurements

A dense earthquake array observation is expected to provide valuable information of a spatial variation of subsurface structures. A receiver function inversion is one of useful technique to estimate 1D velocity structure based on a three-component surface earthquake data. However, since receiver function inversions are highly non-unique, more competing models were identified from the inversion. Actually, also in this case by using our data, it was seen that the identified model from the receiver function inversion could not fully explain near PS logging model. Moreover calculated phase velocities were also not in agreement with each other. Therefore, in order to avoid the non-uniqueness of a receiver function inversion, we employed a joint inversion of receiver function data from a dense earthquake array observation and Rayleigh-wave phase velocity data from microtremor array measurements. In our joint inversion, relative weights of Rayleigh-wave phase velocity data against receiver function data were determined based on Akaike’s Bayesian Information Criterion. As a result, a revised model by joint inversion is in good agreement with near PS logging.
Estimate of the Ecosystem Services of Existing Conservation 2020 Lands in Lee County Florida

The natural world, its biodiversity, and its constituent ecosystems are critically important to human well-being and economic prosperity, but are consistently undervalued in conventional economic analyses and decision making. Ecosystems and the services they deliver underpin our very existence. Humans depend on these ecosystem services to produce food, regulate water supplies and climate, and breakdown waste products. Humans also value ecosystem services in less obvious ways: contact with nature gives pleasure, provides recreation and is known to have positive impacts on long-term health and happiness (Watson and Albon 2011).
A statistical approach for ground cover modelling according to the spectral brightness

Abstract The mixture of three normal distributions is proposed as a model for an area that we call a ‘class’ in a region according to the spectral brightness of three different band (pixel) values in remote sensing. The parameters in a mixture of three normal distributions arc estimated by the method of moments for grouped data. Newton-Raphson iteration method is used for estimating the parameters where all parameters are unconstrained. The method of finding suitable starting values for Newton-Raphson iterations is also given. A computer program is developed for this purpose.
Smooth tracking control for conversion mode of a tilt-rotor aircraft with switching modeling

This paper investigates the state-tracking control problem in conversion mode of a tilt-rotor aircraft with a switching modeling method and a smooth interpolation technique. Based on the nonlinear model of the conversion mode, a switched linear model is developed by using the Jacobian linearization method and designing the switching signal based on the mast angle. Furthermore, an ℋ∞ state-tracking control scheme is designed to deal with the conversion mode control issue. Moreover, instead of limiting the amplitude of control inputs, a smooth interpolation method is developed to create bumpless performance. Finally, the XV-15 tilt-rotor aircraft is chosen as a prototype to illustrate the effectiveness of this developed control method.
NON-TUBERCULOUS MYCOBACTERIA: GENERAL High transmissibility of the modern Beijing Mycobacterium tuberculosis in homeless patients of Japan

summary A population-based study of Mycobacterium tuberculosis isolated from homeless tuberculosis patients was performed during 2002–2004 in Osaka City, Japan. The data show that the ancient Beijing subfamily was predominant, whereas clustered isolates based on refined variable number of tandem repeats genotyping (19 loci) mainly belonged to the modern Beijing subfamily, suggesting its increased transmissibility.
HEET: A Heterogeneity Measure to Quantify the Difference across Distributed Computing Systems

Although system heterogeneity has been extensively studied in the past, there is yet to be a study on measuring the impact of heterogeneity on system performance. For this purpose, we propose a heterogeneity measure that can characterize the impact of the heterogeneity of a system on its performance behavior in terms of throughput or makespan. We develop a mathematical model to characterize a heterogeneous system in terms of its task and machine heterogeneity dimensions and then reduce it to a single value, called Homogeneous Equivalent Execution Time (HEET), which represents the execution time behavior of the entire system. We used AWS EC2 instances to implement a real-world machine learning inference system. Performance evaluation of the HEET score across different heterogeneous system configurations demonstrates that HEET can accurately characterize the performance behavior of these systems. In particular, the results show that our proposed method is capable of predicting the true makespan of heterogeneous systems without online evaluations with an average precision of 84%. This heterogeneity measure is instrumental for solution architects to configure their systems proactively to be sufficiently heterogeneous to meet their desired performance objectives.
Perceiving Correlations from Scatterplots

This study investigated the effects of statistical training and various perceptual characteristics of scatterplot displays on intuitive estimates of correlations. University professors and first year undergraduate students estimated correlations from scatterplots (1) with three different levels of correlation in the data, (2) with or without a regression line, and (3) with three different types of dispersion of the data point clouds. The faculty generally used higher and a wider range of values, but both groups perceived a higher correlation when a regression line was present and both groups were equally influenced by the different types of dispersion of the point cloud. These findings indicate that the estimation of correlations from scatterplots is a perceptually based process, which is largely independent from formal statistical training.
Seismic deformation in the Mediterranean area estimated by moment tensor summation

SUMMARY Theoretical relationships allow the distributed deformation due to seismic activity to be quantified on the basis of the analysis of moment tensors. We apply this method to a data set consisting of seismic events that have occurred in the past 85 yr (1908- 1992) along the most important seismogenic zones of the Mediterranean region. We use the Centroid Moment Tensor (CMT) Catalog prepared at Harvard University, covering the last 16yr, and older data from Jackson & McKenzie (1988). We determine the seismic deformation and compare it to estimates of the overall deformation as obtained from global plate motion and geological studies. We generally find that the geometry of seismic deformation is similar to tectonic predictions. Even though spanning a shorter time interval, the CMT Catalog often gives a better estimate of deformation geometry than the whole data set (85yr). Seismic deformation generally ranges from less than 10 per cent to more than 90 per cent of the total deformation. Uncertainties arise because data sets may not be representative of the long-term seismic behaviour of each zone. More reliable estimates for comparison with geodynamic processes should result from analysis of a longer time period, for which no instrumental data are available. The similarity of the deformation geometry using CMT data with tectonic expectations suggests, for several zones, the possibility of using historical data to infer longer term deformation rates based on current deformation geometry.
Discussion on Technology of Regional Statistical Indices Spatialization and Its Application

Spatial data spatialization is one of the main research fields of modern cartography.This paper put forward the concept of regional statistical indices and divided it into regional mean indices and regional total indices.It applied the Grid Cells' Areal Weighting Interpolation(GCAWI) to spatialize the regional statistical indices and realized the spatialization of cultivated land indices in standard mu for Xinyi City.The results showed that using GCAWI method to spatialize the regional statistical indices not only can avoid the shortage of well-proportioned distribution in the same area and discrete distribution in different area,but also the map by Kriging interpolation can conform to the spatial distribution feature,and the 3D visualization map is more reasonable.
A perspective on problems and prospects for academic publishing in Geography

This commentary highlights problems of inequity in academic publishing in geography that arise from the increasing use of metrics as a measure of research quality. In so doing, we examine patterns in the ranking of geographical journals in the major global databases (e.g. Web of Science, Scopus) and compare these with a more inclusive database developed by the International Geographical Union. The shortcomings of ranking systems are examined and are shown to include, inter alia, linguistic bias, the lack of representation of books and chapters in books , the geographical unevenness of accredited journals, problems of multi-authorship, the mismatch between ranking and social usefulness and alternative or critical thinking, as well as differences between physical and human geography. The hegemony of the global commercial publishing houses emerges as problematic for geography in particular. It is argued that the global community of geographers should continue to challenge the use of bibliometrics as a means of assessing research quality.