Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Limits of Citizenship: Migrants and Postnational Membership in Europe@@@Auslander--Aussiedler-Asyl: Eine Bestandsaufnahme

In many Western countries, rights that once belonged solely to citizens are being extended to immigrants, a trend that challenges the nature and basis of citizenship at a time when nation-states are fortifying their boundaries through restirictive border controls and expressions of nationalist ideologies. In this book, Yasemin Soysal compares the different ways European nations incorporate immigrants, how these policies evolved, and how they are influenced by international human rights discourse. Soysal focuses on postwar international migration, paying particular attention to "guestworkers. " Taking an in-depth look at France, Germany, the Netherlands, Sweden, Switzerland, and the United Kingdom, she identifies three major patterns that reflect the varying emphasis particular states place on individual versus corporate groups as the basis for incorporation. She finds that the global expansion and intensification of human rights discourse puts nation-states under increasing outside pressure to extend membership rights to aliens, resulting in an increasingly blurred line between citizen and noncitizen. Finally, she suggests a possible accommodation to these shifts: specifically, a model of post-national membership that derives its legitimacy from universal personhood, rather than national belonging. This fresh approach to the study of citizenship, rights, and immigration will be invaluable to anyone involved in issues of human rights, international migration, and transnational cultural interactions, as well as to those who study the contemporary transformation of the nation-state, nationalism, and globalization.
Well- and ill-posedness issues for energy supercritical waves

We investigate the initial value problem for some energy supercritical semilinear wave equations. We establish local existence in suitable spaces with continuous flow. The proof uses the finite speed of propagation and a quantitative study of the associated ODE. It does not require any scaling invariance of the equation. We also obtain some ill-posedness and weak ill-posedness results.
Security Patterns within a Service-Oriented Architecture

A service-oriented architecture (SOA) [SOA],], [SOA&WS] is an approach to designing business applications to be more responsive to a changing business environment. In the context of an SOA, a business service is a repeatable business task; business applications are in turn created by combining a series of business services. In composing business applications, there can be a business justification for separating the business application logic (and an application developer) from the infrastructure. This approach of isolating business functionality at the application level into services can also influence how we think about infrastructure and management applications. Business application design implementing this type of separation of concerns should encourage the separation of infrastructure and application. In the context of security infrastructure, this allows a business application to be security unaware. The premise is that any security data or security process is provided outside the application itself and is known to and managed by the infrastructure or middleware. An example of this is to think of security mechanisms (SSL, VPN’s) as an instance of an implementation of a security channel protection service albeit one that is at the protocol layer. An SOA provides an opportunity and motivation for taking another look at the security mechanisms currently deployed in a business in support of a set of business services. It can be an opportunity to look at encapsulating or decomposing complex security mechanisms into a set of related security services. To do this, we need to start identifying the points at which security decisions are made and the security control points where these decisions are enforced. If we identify these points, we can then separate out when a security decision can be provided by a security service or when it can be provided by the application code itself. A security decision service can be provided to perform the (repeatable) task of applying the relevant security policy to a service request, so that this functionality does need to be provided by the application code. Likewise, security enforcement, the action taken based on the security decision, can be part of an application design or part of a set of managed infrastructure services. This paper aims to challenge the reader to think about security-as-a-service within an SOA. In this paper, we focus on an example of security as an infrastructure service in the context of an Enterprise Service Bus (ESB). We discuss the SOA architectural model and how the SOA principles can influence the definition of security as part of an overall service model, the benefits of a SOA based approach to security infrastructure components in a business environment and some typical patterns of the deployment of a SOA-security infrastructure.
BMP signaling in telencephalic neural cell specification and maturation

Bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs) make up a family of morphogens that are critical for patterning, development, and function of the central and peripheral nervous system. Their effects on neural cells are pleiotropic and highly dynamic depending on the stage of development and the local niche. Neural cells display a broad expression profile of BMP ligands, receptors, and transducer molecules. Moreover, interactions of BMP signaling with other incoming morphogens and signaling pathways are crucial for most of these processes. The key role of BMP signaling suggests that it includes many regulatory mechanisms that restrict BMP activity both temporally and spatially. BMPs affect neural cell fate specification in a dynamic fashion. Initially they inhibit proliferation of neural precursors and promote the first steps in neuronal differentiation. Later on, BMP signaling effects switch from neuronal induction to promotion of astroglial identity and inhibition of neuronal or oligodendroglial lineage commitment. Furthermore, in postmitotic cells, BMPs regulate cell survival and death, to modulate neuronal subtype specification, promote dendritic and axonal growth and induce synapse formation and stabilization. In this review, we examine the canonical and non-canonical mechanisms of BMP signal transduction. Moreover, we focus on the specific role of BMPs in the nervous system including their ability to regulate neural stem cell proliferation, self-renewal, lineage specification, and neuronal function.
Construction semi-automatique de ressources pour la fouille d'opinion. (Semi-automatic acquisition of opinion mining resources)

Identifying satisfaction triggers among customers is a crucial need in today's business world, as a strong customer relationship is now a most vital asset. The domain of opinion mining, in which this thesis falls into, offers several methods to answer this need. These methods, however, require a continuous update of specialized resources which are the cornerstone of many opinion mining tools. The objective of this work is to develop acquisition and structuration strategies for these resources, which can be lexicons, morphosyntactic rules or annotated data. Each of these items presents its own extraction difficulties, on top of the general issue of their update in a language- or domain-specific setting. Indeed, language constraints are fundamental in opinion mining, so the proposed methods must take these into account. First, we study the core elements from which opinion expressions are built in customer feedback. This study leads us to suggest a new modelisation of opinion mining as a sequence labeling task. We then compare the benefits of each type of resource through a benchmark of several opinion mining methods, and conclude that the best performing strategy is a hybrid approach. Finally, we present results for resource acquisition methods that answer not only the needs of opinion mining but also the constraints from the industrial setting in which this work has been conducted.
PRODUCTION OF HEPARINASE BY BACTEROIDES

To date, the only bacterial heparinase which has been extensively studied was derived from a Flavobacterium isolated from soil (Payza and Korn, 1956; Korn and Payza, 1956; Korn, 1957). Despite the close chemical similarity of heparin and chondroitin sulfate, enzymes derived from Proteus vulgaris which have been shown to degrade chondroitin sulfate have been found to be inactive against heparin (Martinez, Wolfe, and Nakada, 1959). During studies of various biological effects of heparin in this laboratory, it was found that the normal intestinal flora in man contained as a predominant organism a bacterium capable of producing enzymes which degraded several mucopolysaccharides, including heparin. The active bacterium, a strict anaerobe, was identified as a species of Bacteroides. Because of its poor growth on ordinary media and because of the necessity of obtaining relatively large quantities of bacteria for enzyme extraction, a search for growth-enhancing factors was made. The development of a medium in which growth of the organism was accelerated made more feasible a study of some chemical and biological properties of a partially purified cell-free extract possessing heparinase activity. The results of these studies are the subject of this report.
Predominant Fundamental Frequency Estimation vs Singing Voice Separation for the Automatic Transcription of Accompanied Flamenco Singing

This work evaluates two strategies for predominant fundamental frequency (f0) estimation in the context of melodic transcription from flamenco singing with guitar accompaniment. The first strategy extracts thef0 from salient pitch contours computed from the mixed spectrum; the second separates the voice from the guitar and then performs monophonic f0 estimation. We integrate both approaches with an automatic transcription system, which first estimates the tuning frequency and then implements an iterative strategy for note segmentation and labeling. We evaluate them on a flamenco music collection, including a wide range of singers and recording conditions. Both strategies achieve satisfying results. The separation-based approach yields a good overall accuracy (76.81%), although instrumental segments have to be manually located. The predominant f0 estimator yields slightly higher accuracy (79.72%) but does not require any manual annotation. Furthermore, its accuracy increases (84.68%) if we adapt some algorithm parameters to each analyzed excerpt. Most transcription errors are due to incorrect f0 estimations (typically octave and voicing errors in strong presence of guitar) and incorrect note segmentation in highly ornamented sections. Our study confirms the difficulty of transcribing flamenco singing and the need for repertoire-specific and assisted algorithms for improving state-of-the-art methods.
Hemorrhagic infarcts.

MORE THAN A HUNDRED YEARS AGO, John Lidell observed that "red softening commences after 24—48 hours, dating from the apoplectiform attack" of cerebral embolism. While his pathological descriptions are arguably ambiguous, Lidell's observations surely are among the earliest descriptions of hemorrhagic infarct (HI). Our clinical-pathological concepts of His then lay relatively dormant until 1951, when Fisher and Adams emphasized the association of HI and embolism and proposed their well-known hypothesis about the mechanism of hemorrhagic transformation. HI remained an autopsy diagnosis until computed tomography (CT) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) permitted diagnosis during life. Recent studies, including two in this issue of STROKE,' * have refined our clinical concepts of HI. " Treatment of acute stroke patients with thrombolytic agents and anticoagulants, both having secondary brain hemorrhage as their most feared complication, has rekindled interest in the occurrence and mechanisms of hemorrhagic infarction. " Hemorrhagic infarction describes multifocal, secondary bleeding into brain infarcts. Innumerable foci of capillary and venular extravasation either remain as discrete petechiae or merge to form confluent purpura (fig. 1). Pathologically, the distinction between pale and hemorrhagic infarcts is arbitrary in mild cases. Most recent infarcts show a few scattered petechiae, along their margins. Most pathologists do not designate an infarct as hemorrhagic unless a large part is involved with petechiae or unless petechiae are confluent.17 Autopsy studies report that about 30% (range 18-42%) of recent brain infarcts are hemorrhagic, with the wide range in prevalence largely explained by varying definitions of mild HI and by ill-defined intervals from stroke to death. '"Autopsy studies emphasize a high prevalence of HI associated with embolic stroke: His occur in 51-71% of "embolic" strokes compared to 2-21% of "nonembolic" strokes. ' " In most cases, the inability to diagnose embolic stroke with certainty, even at autopsy, clouds the interpretation of both autopsy and clinical data. CT and autopsy studies convincingly link HI with infarct size. V7> ' Lodder and colleagues in this issue question whether the association of HI and cardioembolic stroke at autopsy is explained by infarct size rather than by the stroke mechanism. If cardioembolic strokes are unduely large, HI could be a marker of large infarcts rather than the stroke mechanism per se. Earlier autopsy studies of HI did not report the
Interventional Acute Ischemic Stroke Therapy With Intracranial Self-Expanding Stent

Background and Purpose— Rapid and safe recanalization of occluded intracranial arteries in acute ischemic stroke (AIS) is challenging. Newly available self-expanding intracranial atherosclerotic stents (SEIS), which can be deployed rapidly and safely, make acute stenting an option for treating AIS. We present the feasibility of this technique. Methods— A retrospective analysis evaluated procedural protocols and clinical response to treatment in patients with AIS treated with SEIS. Descriptive statistics are presented with initial and follow-up National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale and modified Rankin Score. Results— Nine patients with AIS underwent acute SEIS placement. There was successful deployment of the Neuroform (n=4) and Wingspan (n=4/5) stents in the M1/M2 (n=5) and M3 (n=1) middle cerebral artery segments, intracranial internal carotid artery (one of 2), and intracranial vertebrobasilar junction (one). Mean time of SEIS deployment from AIS onset was 5.1 hours. Complete (Thrombolysis in Cerebral Ischemia/Thrombolysis in Myocardial Ischemia 3) and partial/complete (Thrombolysis in Cerebral Ischemia/Thrombolysis in Myocardial Ischemia 2 or 3) recanalization occurred in 67% and 89%, respectively. One intracranial hemorrhage (11%) and one acute in-stent thrombosis (successfully treated with abciximab and balloon angioplasty) occurred. Stroke-related mortality occurred in 3 of 9 (33%) patients and survivors had modified Rankin Score ≤2. Follow-up angiography (mean, 8 months; range, 2 to 14 months) in 4 of 9 patients showed no stent restenosis. Conclusions— This preliminary experience with SEIS in refractory AIS demonstrated the technical feasibility and high rate of recanalization with acute stenting. Long-term safety and strategies to limit in-stent thrombosis and optimize periprocedural management are crucial before initiating future randomized efficacy studies with SEIS in AIS refractory to standard therapy.
Time-compressed speech perception with speech and noise maskers

Many researchers have shown that speech signals can be time compressed (TC) by a factor of two or more without a signiﬁ-cant loss in intelligibility. However, most previous studies with TC speech have been conducted either in quiet or, in a very small number of cases, with noise maskers. In this experiment, we examine the effect that TC has on the perception of a speech signal in the presence of a speech or noise masker. The results show that normal speech can be accelerated a modest amount (20-30%) without increased susceptibility to masking, but that higher TC ratios can lead to dramatically worse performance in the presence of an interfering sound. The results also indicate that time-expansion can, in some cases, lead to improved performance when a listener is attending to the quieter of two talkers in an auditory mixture. These results suggest that there are some important practical limitations on how TC should be used to enhance communications efﬁciency in auditory speech displays.
Mechanisms of Action and Cross-Talk Between Estrogen Receptor and Progesterone Receptor Pathways

The intriguing biology of estrogens and progestins in their diverse target cells is determined by the structure of the hormonal ligand, the receptor subtype or isoform involved, the nature of the hormone-responsive gene promoter, and the character and balance of coactivators and corepressors that modulate the cellular response to the receptor-ligand complex. Estrogens regulate the growth, differentiation, and functioning of diverse target tissues, both within and outside of the reproductive system. Most of the actions of estogens appear to be exerted through the estrogen receptor (ER) of target cells, an intracellular receptor that is a member of a large superfamily of proteins, which function a ligand-activated transcription factors, regulating the synthesis of specific RNAs and proteins. To understand how the ER discriminates between estrogen ligands, which activated the ER, and antiestrogen ligands, which fail to effectively activate the ER, we have generated and analyzed human ERs with mutations or other alterations in portions of the receptor. These studies provide evidence for the promoter-specific and cell-specific actions of the estrogen-occupied and antiestrogen-occupied ER, highlight a regional dissociation of the hormone-binding and transcription activation functions in domain E of the receptor, and indicate that some of the contract sites of estrogens and antiestrogens in the ER are likely different. In addition, multiple interactions among different cellular signaling pathways are involved in the regulation of gene expression and cell proliferation by the ER. In several cell types, protein kinase activators and some growth factors enhance the transcriptional activity of the ER. Cyclic AMP also alters the agonist / antagonist balance of some antiestrogens. Estrogens, and antiestrogens to a lesser extent, as well as protein kinase activators and growth factors, increase phosphorylation of the ER and possibly other proteins involved in the ER-specific response pathway, suggesting that change in cellular phosphorylation state will be important in determining the biologic activity of the ER and the effectiveness of antiestrogens as estrogen antagonists. The ER also has important interrelationships with the progesterone receptor (PR) system in modulation of biologic responses. Liganded PR-A and PR-B can each suppress estradio-stimulated ER activity, with the magnitude of repression dependent on the PR isoform, progestin ligand, promoter, and cell type. These findings underscore the mounting evidence for the importance of interactions between members of the steroid hormone receptor family.
N uptake as a function of concentration in streams

Detailed studies of stream N uptake were conducted in a prairie reach and gallery forest reach of Kings Creek on the Konza Prairie Biological Station. Nutrient uptake rates were measured with multiple short-term enrichments of NO3− and NH4+ at constant addition rates in the spring and summer of 1998. NH4+ uptake was also measured with 15N-NH4+ tracer additions and short-term unlabeled NH4+ additions at 12 stream sites across North America. Concurrent addition of a conservative tracer was used to account for dilution in all experiments. NH4+ uptake rate per unit area (Ut) was positively correlated to nutrient concentration across all sites (r2 = 0.41, log–log relationship). Relationships between concentration and Ut were used to determine whether the uptake was nonlinear (i.e., kinetic uptake primarily limited by the biotic capacity of microorganisms to accumulate nutrients) or linear (e.g., limited by mass transport into stream biofilms). In all systems, Ut was lower at ambient concentrations than at elevated concentrations. Extrapolation from uptake measured from a series of increasing enrichments could be used to estimate ambient Ut. Linear extrapolation of Ut assuming the relationship passes through the origin and rates measured at 1 elevated nutrient concentration underestimated ambient Ut by ∼3-fold. Uptake rates were saturated under some but not all conditions of enrichment; in some cases there was no saturation up to 50 μmol/L. The absolute concentration at which Ut was saturated in Kings Creek varied among reaches and nutrients. Uptake rates of NH4+ at ambient concentrations in all streams were higher than would be expected, assuming Ut does not saturate with increasing concentrations. At ambient nutrient concentrations in unpolluted streams, Ut is probably limited to some degree by the kinetic uptake capacity of stream biota. Mass transfer velocity from the water column is generally greater than would be expected given typical diffusion rates, underscoring the importance of advective transport. Given the short-term spikes in nutrient concentrations that can occur in streams (e.g., in response to storm events), Ut may not saturate, even at high concentrations.
Genetic Modeling of Primary Tooth Emergence: A Study of Australian Twins

The aim of this study was to quantify contributions of genetic and environmental factors to variation in timing of emergence of the primary teeth in a sample of monozygotic and dizygotic twins, using univariate model-fitting approaches. The sample comprised 94 pairs of monozygotic twins and 125 pairs of dizygous twins, all of European ancestry, aged from 2–6 years. Tooth emergence timing was based on parental report, with a subset of data validated by clinical assessment. Heritability estimates for tooth emergence timing were generally high, around 90%, however estimates for the lower right lateral incisor and the lower canines were around 50%. These findings confirm a strong genetic influence on observed variation in the timing of emergence of the human primary teeth.
Imprisoned children.

The Chairman: Thank you very much. Ladies and gentlemen, with reluctance and regret, I am afraid that time has caught up with us and I must conclude the meeting. May I just say that there will be refreshments outside and then will be your opportunity of meeting Robin Simpson and discussing with him any points that I was unable to have taken this evening at the meeting. You arc all welcome to take in that. My last and very pleasant duty on your behalf is to thank most warmly Robin Simpson for being with us this evening and for giving us. I am sure you will agree, a fascinating insight into some of the many problems and difficulties that there arc in the taking of confessions, the way that interviews 139
Immunoferitin analysis of membrane antigen density: A. young and old human blood cells B. developing erythroid cells and extruded erythroid nuclei

Two immunoferritin techniques, (a) ferritin‐conjugated antibodies and (b) hybrid antibodies, were used to determine the surface antigen density on separated human young and old erythrocytes and on differentiating rabbit erythroid cells. The alterations of surface antigenicity caused by treatment of erythrocytes with neuraminidase were similarly studied.