Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Soft magnetism of Fe–Co–N thin films with a Permalloy underlayer

A systematic investigation was carried out on the Fe–Co–N thin films with varying Permalloy underlayer thicknesses (in short Py\Fe–Co–N films), which show significantly improved magnetic softness when a very thin Permalloy underlayer is applied. The easy axis coercivities of the Py\Fe–Co–N films drop from 1.3 kA/m (16 Oe) to 640 A/m (8 Oe) with an appropriate Permalloy underlayer; and the corresponding hard axis coercivity drops from 320 A/m (4 Oe) to less than 80 A/m (1 Oe). The highest transverse permeability is observed in the Py\Fe–Co–N film with a Permalloy underlayer of 3.5 nm, which also shows the smallest dispersion angle α50 among the Py\Fe–Co–N films. The changes in the mean grain size, texture, and magnetostriction are determined to not be responsible for the observed magnetic softness in the Py\Fe–Co–N films. In contrast, a tantalum underlayer does not reduce the coercivities and dispersion angles in the Ta\Fe–Co–N films. Based on these results, an exchange-induced ripple reduction mechanism i.
The Fraunhofer ISE roadmap for crystalline silicon solar cell technology

At Fraunhofer ISE a number of key issues are addressed in the area of crystalline silicon solar cell technology with specific targets and milestones for the years to come. The present paper provides an overview of some of the achievements and describes the road to follow for the most important topics in this area. The proposed 50 /spl mu/m wafer solar cell technology leads to the possibility to use electronic rather than solar grade silicon feedstock and still meet future cost goals.
Hadamard product-based in-memory computing design for floating point neural network training

Deep neural networks (DNNs) are one of the key fields of machine learning. It requires considerable computational resources for cognitive tasks. As a novel technology to perform computing inside/near memory units, in-memory computing (IMC) significantly improves computing efficiency by reducing the need for repetitive data transfer between the processing and memory units. However, prior IMC designs mainly focus on the acceleration for DNN inference. DNN training with the IMC hardware has rarely been proposed. The challenges lie in the requirement of DNN training for high precision (e.g. floating point (FP)) and various operations of tensors (e.g. inner and outer products). These challenges call for the IMC design with new features. This paper proposes a novel Hadamard product-based IMC design for FP DNN training. Our design consists of multiple compartments, which are the basic units for the matrix element-wise processing. We also develop BFloat16 post-processing circuits and fused adder trees, laying the foundation for IMC FP processing. Based on the proposed circuit scheme, we reformulate the back-propagation training algorithm for the convenience and efficiency of the IMC execution. The proposed design is implemented with commercial 28 nm technology process design kits and benchmarked with widely used neural networks. We model the influence of the circuit structural design parameters and provide an analysis framework for design space exploration. Our simulation validates that MobileNet training with the proposed IMC scheme saves 91.2% in energy and 13.9% in time versus the same task with NVIDIA GTX 3060 GPU. The proposed IMC design has a data density of 769.2 Kb mm−2 with the FP processing circuits included, showing a 3.5 × improvement than the prior FP IMC designs.
Dipole solutions for viscous gravity currents: theory and experiments

We describe the gravity-driven flow of a viscous fluid in a semi-infinite porous layer, $x>0$, from which fluid can drain freely at $x=0$. New experiments using a Hele-Shaw cell confirm that when the base of the layer is impermeable the motion of the current is self-similar and the dipole moment of the flow is conserved, as proposed theoretically by Barenblatt & Zel'dovich (1957). We extend the model to allow fluid to drain through the base of the porous layer into a thin horizontal layer of lower permeability. In this case we predict that the dipole moment of the current decays exponentially with time. At early times we find that the loss of fluid from the gravity current in the high-permeability layer is dominated by the draining at $x=0$, whereas at long times, the gravity-driven leakage into the underlying low-permeability layer is dominant. We successfully compare these analytic solutions for such draining currents with further laboratory experiments in which fluid drains from the end and through the base of a Hele-Shaw cell. We discuss the implications of these results for the dispersal of chemicals or pollutants injected into a layered porous rock.
Resonant Excitation of Plasma Wakefields

We describe characteristics of the bunch train and plasma source used in a resonant plasma wakefield experiment at the Brookhaven National Laboratory Accelerator Test Facility. The bunch train has the proper correlated spread to unambiguously observe the expected energy gain by the witness bunch at resonance. The plasma density in the capillary discharge is sufficiently high to reach the resonance with the typical bunch train spacing of this experiment. It is also uniform over more than 3/4 of the 2 cm‐long capillary.
The Mediating Role of Green Purchase Intention between Antecedents of Green Purchase Intention and Consumer’s Green Buying Behaviour: Empirical Evidence in Ethiopia

Today, many companies have accepted responsibility to produce products and “go green”, because they have realized that they can reduce pollution and increase profits at the same time. The primary objective of this study was to investigate the role of green purchase intention as a mediator between antecedents of green purchase intention and green purchasing behavior in the Ethiopian context. Through a comprehensive literature review, the inﬂuencing factors of consumers’ green purchase were explored. This study is cross sectional and quantitative in nature. The unit of analysis for the study is green product consumers, and data is gathered through a cross-section survey research technique. Data were collected from five major cities in Ethiopia using self-administered questionnaires and the mall intercept method. Field researchers approached over 500 people over the course of four weeks in five cities and asked them to complete a questionnaire and only 319 completed questionnaires were used for analysis. According to the findings, cognitive factors, green perceived value, green perceived quality, green perceived risk, consumer individual characteristics, green trust, collectivism, environmental advertisement, ecological packaging, high prices for ecological products and consumer spiritual orientation all have a significant positive influence on consumers’ intentions to make green purchases. However, Perceived Behavioral Control; Perceived consumer effectiveness, Environmental Concern, Social Factors and Subjective norm all have insignificant effect on consumers green purchase intention. This study used structural equation modeling (SEM) to test the hypotheses. The results of the study also demonstrated that green purchase intention mediates the relationship between green purchase intention’s antecedents and consumer purchase behavior because indirect effect estimates are higher than direct effect estimates (0.305 > 0.278). The findings of this study will provide orientations for enterprises engaged in green product diffusion and organizations responsible for environmental protection.
Cognition and curiosity:Strategies for firms to recruit curious employees

ABSTRACT Curiosity has long been touted as important for the ability to learn and has been linked with innovation and entrepreneurship. It is also important that employers know how to identify curious potential employees in cost-effective ways during recruitment processes. This paper explores the association between curiosity and cognitive ability. Recruitment processes rely heavily on educational attainment, especially when recruiting young people with low labour market experience. This paper explores the association between curiosity and maths, science, and reading ability in youth. Using six waves of data from the 2003, 2006, and 2009 cohorts of the Longitudinal Surveys of Australian Youth, we examine the extent to which the curiosity of young adults is associated with their school-age cognition level. We find that curious individuals are more likely to have had higher levels of science and reading ability in school, yet curiosity is negatively associated with school-age mathematics ability. These findings provide clear strategies for employers wanting to recruit curious employees without access to expensive profiling techniques.
Segmenting independently moving, noisy points

There has been much work on using point features tracked through a video sequence to determine structure and motion. In many situations, to use this work, we must first isolate subsets of points that share a common motion. This is hard because we must distinguish between independent motions and apparent deviations from a single motion due to noise. We propose several methods of searching for point-sets with consistent 3D motions. We analyze the potential sensitivity of each method for detecting independent motions, and experiment with each method on a real image sequence. <<ETX>>
Molecular Environments of Young Massive Stars: G34.26+0.15, G11.94–0.62, G33.92+0.11, and IRAS 18511+0146

We present continuum and spectral line observations toward three ultracompact (UC) H II regions (G34.26+0.15, G11.94-0.62, and G33.92+0.11) and one candidate precursor to a UC H II region (IRAS 18511+0146). The free-free emission, estimated from the spectral index of the centimeter data, is subtracted from the λ = 2.7 mm data to place limits on the dust emission. We do not conclusively detect thermal dust emission from compact cores in these regions. Mass limits on warm dust cores (Tdust ~ 100 K) in or near the UC H II regions are 137, 163, and 236 M☉ beam-1 for G34.26+0.15, G11.94-0.62, and G33.92+0.11, respectively. Limits on cool dust cores (Tdust ~ 30 K) anywhere within the primary beam are 355, 350, 1315, and 194 M☉ beam-1 for G34.26+0.15, G11.94-0.62, G33.92+0.11, and IRAS 18511+0146, respectively. Emission in the C18O J = 1 → 0 and 13CO J = 1 → 0 lines was detected from G34.26+0.15, G33.92+0.11, and IRAS 18511+0146. In G33.92+0.11 and IRAS 18511+0146, the emission is associated with extended, moderate density (n ~ 104-105 cm-3), cool (T ~ 20 K) cores; in G34.26+0.15, the C18O traces a dense (n ~ 107 cm-3), warm (T ~ 50 K), compact core. Column densities estimated for C18O regions range from 2 × 1023 to 2 × 1024 cm-2, and their total masses are 200-5000 M☉. The CH3CN J = 6 → 5 line was detected strongly in emission toward G34.26+0.15 and weakly toward G33.92+0.11. The CH3CN emission arises primarily from compact regions, characteristic of hot core emission. For G34.26+0.15, fits to the K-component lines derive a gas temperature in the range 80-175 K and CH3CN column densities from 3 × 1015 to 1.5 × 1016 cm-2. For G34.26+0.15 there are systematic spatial offsets between the distributions of the C18O, CH3CN, NH3, and free-free emission. We propose that the hot molecular gas in G34.26+0.15 is the outer layer of a cool massive core that is being externally heated by interaction with the cometary UC H II region C. The amount of heated gas could be modest, 2-20 M☉, if the molecular abundances are as high as found in some chemical models. In this scenario, the CH3CN emission traces layers closer to the UC H II, which have been heated for some time; the NH3 emission arises from a deeper layer, which has been more recently heated; and the C18O emission traces the bulk of the core, which is only mildly heated. We argue that the velocity gradients in the molecular and ionized gases are due to the kinematics of the H II-molecular interaction and the geometry of the environment rather than gravitationally bound rotational motion. IRAS 18511+0146 is unlikely to be an immediate precursor to UC H II regions. The weak free-free emission seen at λ = 3.6 cm is consistent with an optically thin H II region surrounding a B0 star. The large extent of the molecular gas, the modest density, and the lack of compact millimeter dust continuum emission suggest that additional massive-star formation is not occurring in this region at the present time.
Computation of the Optical Constants of a Thin Dielectric Layer from the Envelopes of the Transmission Spectrum, at Inclined Incidence of the Radiation

Abstract A mathematical expression for the transmission of a thin dielectric layer on a transmitting substrate is found. The finite dimensions of the substrate and its absorption are taken into account. The cases of inclined incidence of non-polarised, s- and p-polarised radiation to the layer are investigated. A way of determining the optical constants n(λ) and k(λ) of the layer from the envelopes of the transmission spectrum is offered. Computation of n(λ) and k(λ) of a model optical system at different angles of radiation incidence is performed as well as analysis of the results obtained.
Calculation of the steady‐state oscillations of a clarinet using the harmonic balance technique

The harmonic balance technique is known as a time‐frequency simulation technique used for the study of large signal regimes of microwave circuits driven in forced oscillation. The technique can be adapted to self‐sustained oscillations, especially for wind musical instruments such as clarinets. The resonator (i.e., the instrument body) is the linear part, treated in the frequency domain, while the driving system (the reed) is the nonlinear part, treated in the time domain. The harmonic balance method is shown to connect the results of two known methods, so‐called weakly nonlinear (in frequency domain) and strongly nonlinear (in time domain). The advantages and disadvantages of the method are discussed.
Ion outflow and associated perpendicular heating in the cusp observed by Interball Auroral Probe and Fast Auroral Snapshot

[1] The spatial properties of ionospheric ion outflows associated with perpendicular heating processes in the cusp are studied using a conjunction study from two satellites and ground radar systems. Low-energy outflowing ions are measured in a wide longitudinal range, between 13,000 and 19,000 km in altitude, over the dayside polar cap by the Hyperboloid experiment aboard the Interball Auroral Probe (AP). These observations are related to conjugate convection field measurements by the Saskatoon-Kapuskasing pair of the Super Dual Auroral Radar Network (SuperDARN). Data analysis suggests that outflowing ions originate from a wide magnetic local time range associated with both the dayside cusp region and the dayside cleft region. A direct cusp crossing by the Fast Auroral Snapshot (FAST) satellite at 2000-km altitude shows a correlation between transverse ion heating in a thin latitudinal region (∼1.3°) and the presence of broadband extremely low frequency (BBELF) turbulence, in addition to more intense electrostatic waves near and just above the lower hybrid (LH) frequency. This event is unusual because on the basis of the statistical survey of Freja and FAST data, most of the ion-heating events in the midaltitude auroral zone are correlated with enhanced emissions in the BBELF range. Furthermore, the electron population has energies that are too small to drive LH waves unstable. This event offers the opportunity to analyze the contribution of cusp magnetospheric ion injections to the heating of the ambient H+ and O+ ions. Kinetic instability calculations demonstrate that LH waves are destabilized by the ring distributions, which result from injections of high-energy magnetosheath ions. Calculations show that a preheating mechanism by BBELF turbulence near the ion gyrofrequencies is also required so that LH heating is able to occur. The altitude dependence of the LH perpendicular heating is then analyzed by modeling the transport of the injected magnetospheric ions along magnetic field lines. It is shown that LH heating acts as an additional process from ∼2000 up to 10,000 km in altitude. In addition, trajectory calculations show that the low-energy outflowing H+ and O+ ions observed along Interball AP orbit in the polar cap are heated inside the cusp at altitudes extending up to 15,000 km. These results are then assembled to construct a possible heating scenario inside the cusp for this data set. The contribution of the different energization mechanisms to the ion heating as a function of altitude is then discussed.
A novel phase aberration correction technique based on local target motion

Inhomogeneity in acoustic velocity in tissue can introduce phase errors to diagnostic ultrasonic imaging systems and therefore degrade image quality. A novel technique for phase correction, based on on the mean difference of specific brightness, that employs echoes from moving targets as a quality factor is described. The authors present the fundamental statistics of the mean-speckle-brightness-based quality factors, which are concerned only with diffuse stationary targets, and the mean difference of speckle-brightness-based quality factors. A comparison of the two types of quality factors is also included. The results show that the difference-based quality factors are viable for phase corrections when a moving target is present in the field of view. A theoretical consideration indicates that the signal-to-noise ratio of the difference-based factors is worse than that of the mean-speckle-brightness-based factors with or without the presence of system noise. <<ETX>>
Generalization of the k-space formulation to elastodynamic scattering problems

A generalized k‐space (GKS) formulation is presented for vectorial elastodynamic scattering problems. It represents a generalization of Bojarski’s scalar k‐space formulation. From the basic second‐order partial differential equation or its integral representation in the space‐frequency (r‐f) domain, a local equation is derived for the displacement field in the spectral‐frequency (k‐f) domain. This equation, together with the constitutive equation in the r‐f domain, reduces the original scattering problem into two simultaneous local equations with two unknowns (displacement field and the induced source), which are then solved by the conjugate‐gradient (CG) method. The connection between the k‐f domain and r‐f domain is obtained by the spatial fast Fourier transform (FFT) algorithm. The number of complex multiply‐add operations per CG iteration is O(N log2 N), and the storage requirement is only O(N), where N is the number of spatial discretization points. This is much more efficient than the conventional m.
Assessing the Impact of Different Technological Strategies on the Fate of Salmonella in Chicken Dry-Fermented Sausages by Means of Challenge Testing and Predictive Models

Salmonella is the main relevant pathogen in chicken dry-fermented sausages (DFS). The safety of shelf-stable DFS must rely on the production process, which should not only prevent growth but promote inactivation of Salmonella. The aim of the study was to assess the behaviour of Salmonella during the production process of two types of low-acid chicken DFS. The impact of the use of starter culture, corrective storage and high-pressure processing (HPP) at different processing times was assessed through challenge testing, i.e., inoculating a cocktail of Salmonella into the meat batter (at 6 Log10 cfu/g) used for sausage manufacture. Sausages of medium (fuet-type, FT) and small (snack-type, ST) calibre were elaborated through ripening (10–15 °C/16 d) and fermentation plus ripening (22 °C/3 d + 14 °C/7 d). Physico-chemical parameters were analysed and Salmonella was enumerated throughout the study. The observed results were compared with the simulations provided by predictive models available in the literature. In FT, a slight decrease in Salmonella was observed during the production process while in ST, a 0.9–1.4 Log10 increase occurred during the fermentation at 22 °C. Accordingly, DFS safety has to be based on the process temperature and water activity decrease, these factors can be used as inputs of predictive models based on the gamma-concept, as useful decision support tool for producers. Salmonella lethality was enhanced by combining HPP and corrective storage strategies, achieving >1 and 4 Log10 reductions for FT and ST, respectively.
Analysis of miniaturization effects and channel selection strategies for EEG sensor networks with application to auditory attention detection

Objective Concealable, miniaturized electroencephalo-graphy (‘mini-EEG’) recording devices are crucial enablers towards long-term ambulatory EEG monitoring. However, the resulting miniaturization limits the inter-electrode distance and the scalp area that can be covered by a single device. The concept of wireless EEG sensor networks (WESNs) attempts to overcome this limitation by placing a multitude of these mini-EEG devices at various scalp locations. We investigate whether optimizing the WESN topology can compensate for miniaturization effects in an auditory attention detection (AAD) paradigm. Methods Starting from standard full-cap high-density EEG data, we emulate several candidate mini-EEG sensor nodes which locally collect EEG data with embedded electrodes separated by short distances. We propose a greedy group-utility based channel selection strategy to select a subset of these candidate nodes, to form a WESN. We compare the AAD performance of this WESN with the performance obtained using long-distance EEG recordings. Results The AAD performance using short-distance EEG measurements is comparable to using an equal number of long-distance EEG measurements if in both cases the optimal electrode positions are selected. A significant increase in performance was found when using nodes with three electrodes over nodes with two electrodes. Conclusion When the nodes are optimally placed, WESNs do not significantly suffer from EEG miniaturization effects in the case of AAD. Significance WESN-like platforms allow to achieve similar AAD performance as with long-distance EEG recordings, while adhering to the stringent miniaturization constraints for ambulatory EEG. Their applicability in an AAD task is important for the design of neuro-steered auditory prostheses.
A Review on Vanadium Redox Flow Battery Storage Systems for Large-Scale Power Systems Application

In the wake of increasing the share of renewable energy-based generation systems in the power mix and reducing the risk of global environmental harm caused by fossil-based generation systems, energy storage system application has become a crucial player to offset the intermittence and instability associated with renewable energy systems. Due to the capability to store large amounts of energy in an efficient way, redox flow batteries (RFBs) are becoming the energy storage of choice for large-scale applications. Vanadium-based RFBs (V-RFBs) are one of the upcoming energy storage technologies that are being considered for large-scale implementations because of their several advantages such as zero cross-contamination, scalability, flexibility, long life cycle, and non-toxic operating condition. This review presents the current state of the V-RFB technology for power system applications. The basic working operation of the V-RFB system with the principle of operation of its major components, the design considerations, and the limitations of each component are discussed. It presents technical information to improve the overall performance of the V-RFB by considering the materials of the cell components, modeling methods, stack design, flow rate optimization, and shunt current reduction.