Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
The Java Language Specification

From the Publisher: Written by the inventors of the technology, The Java(tm) Language Specification, Second Edition is the definitive technical reference for the Java(tm) programming language. If you want to know the precise meaning of the language's constructs, this is the source for you. The book provides complete, accurate, and detailed coverage of the syntax and semantics of the Java programming language. It describes all aspects of the language, including the semantics of all types, statements, and expressions, as well as threads and binary compatibility.
Anterior cerebral artery infarction

Background: Stroke mechanisms and clinical features of anterior cerebral artery (ACA) territory infarction have rarely been investigated using MRI. Objectives: To verify stroke mechanisms and to make clinical imaging correlation. Methods: Clinical, MRI, and angiographic findings of 100 consecutive patients with ACA infarction were studied. Results: Motor dysfunction (n = 91) was the most common symptom, and severe motor dysfunction was related to supplementary motor area/paracentral lobule involvement (p = 0.016). Hypobulia/apathy (n = 43) was related to involvement of fontal pole (p = 0.002), corpus callosum/cingulate gyrus (p = 0.003), and superior frontal gyrus (p < 0.001), and occurred more frequently in patients with bilateral lesions followed by left lesions. Urinary incontinence (n = 30) was not related to any specific lesion locations. Grasp reflex (n = 25) was related to corpus callosum involvement (p = 0.035). Angiographic (mostly MR angiography) results showed that 68 patients had local ACA atherosclerosis, most often at A2 segment. The stroke mechanisms included cardiogenic embolism in 10, internal carotid artery–ACA embolism in 6, and ACA atherosclerosis in 61 patients. In the latter group, detailed stroke mechanisms included local branch occlusion (n = 20), in situ thrombotic occlusion (n = 20), artery-to-artery embolism (n = 12), and a combination (n = 9). Patients with intrinsic ACA disease more often had hypobulia (p = 0.077) and corpus callosal involvement (p = 0.016) than those with embolism either from the internal carotid artery or the heart. Conclusion: Anterior cerebral artery (ACA) atherosclerosis is the most important stroke etiology in our population, causing infarction with various mechanisms. Topographic lesion patterns and consequent clinical features of ACA infarction are determined by diverse pathogenic mechanisms and the status of collateral circulation.
Bacillus anthracis Has Two Independent Bottlenecks That Are Dependent on the Portal of Entry in an Intranasal Model of Inhalational Infection

ABSTRACT Bacillus anthracis can cause inhalational anthrax. Murine inhalational B. anthracis infections have two portals of entry, the nasal mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue (NALT) and the lumen of the lungs. Analysis of the dissemination from these sites is hindered because infections are asynchronous and asymptomatic until the hosts near death. To further understand and compare how B. anthracis disseminates from these two different environments, clonal analysis was employed using a library of equally virulent DNA-tagged clones of a luminescent Sterne strain. Luminescence was used to determine the origin of the infection and monitor the dissemination in vivo. The number of clones and their proportions in the portals of entry, lymph nodes draining the portals, and kidneys were analyzed. Clonal analysis indicated a bottleneck for both portals of entry, yet the extent and location of the reduction in represented clones differed between the routes. In NALT-based infections, all clones were found to germinate in the NALT, but they underwent a bottleneck as the infection spread to the cervical lymph node. However, lung-based infections underwent a bottleneck in a focal region of growth within the lung lumen and did not need to spread through the mediastinal lymph nodes to cause a systemic infection. Further, the average number of clones found in the kidney and the rate at which genetic drift was affecting the disseminated populations were significantly higher in lung-based infections. Collectively, the data suggested that differences in the host environment alter dissemination of B. anthracis depending on the site of initial colonization and growth.
Regional Myocardial Blood Flow

nary artery disease has provided an intense stimulus for expansion of our present knowledge of the coronary circulation. In the experimental animal laboratory, the electromagnetic flowmeter has proved to be an excellent tool by which one can study dynamic aspects of the coronary circulation. A flowmeter is clearly unsuitable for human investigation; therefore, the search for a simple method of analyzing myocardial blood flow has intensified. Over 20 years ago, Eckenhoff et al.' described a method based upon the principle that an inert gas, nitrous oxide (N20), diffuses across the capillary membrane proportional to the rate of coronary blood flow. Coronary venous sampling at regular intervals provides a time-concentration curve that permits calculation of myocardial blood flow according to the Fick principle. Myocardial blood flow is expressed as ml/ 100 g of tissue
Haptic perception of users with low vision and their needs in haptic-incorporated user interfaces

Abstract Purpose: This paper reports on research aimed at advancing understanding haptic capability and needs of users with low vision. The objective is to apply this understanding to the design of haptic-incorporated user interfaces. Method: Study 1 investigated the haptic perception between sighted participants and those with low vision through the magnitude estimation technique, and Study 2 explored the degree to which similar user interface needs were observed among the two vision groups. Results: Overall, our findings indicate there was no significant difference between the two vision groups in terms of haptic perception and user interface needs. A few differences in user interface preference did exist, however, and designers should take these into account. Conclusions: Participants with low vision were a group who relied on their vision in everyday life instead of touch. Thus, their haptic capability was less likely to be enhanced via brain plasticity, which probably contributed to no significant difference in haptic-incorporated user interface needs. Implications for Rehabilitation No significant different haptic capability and haptic user interface (UI) needs exists between cited participants and those with low vision. UI designers should take into consideration that a certain range of magnitude/type of haptic feedback is available to accommodate preferences of both vision groups, which would ultimately increase the likelihood of successfully developing universal designs.
Introduction: Genetics of Colonizing Species

Successful colonization of a new location involves a fourstep process: departure from the source, dispersal across a barrier, establishment, and range expansion in the new region. The hurdles at each step mean that a restricted subset of potential source species become established in the new location (Whittaker and Fernandez-Palacios 2007). Further, among the species that do successfully colonize, these same four hurdles result in genetic differentiation from the source (Lee 2002; Gilchrist and Lee 2007). Taking advantage of the many human-aided invasions throughout the world, a massive research program now focuses on the third and fourth stages of the colonization process (i.e., establishment and range expansion in the new location). Several book-length reviews on these stages have recently appeared (Sax et al. 2005; Allen and Lee 2006; Gilchrist and Lee 2007; Lockwood et al. 2007; Nentwig 2007). New Zealand has been particularly affected by invasive species (Allen and Lee 2006), and in the classic volume Genetics of Colonizing Species, Wodzicki (1965, p. 456) noted that it “offers an excellent opportunity to study the results of a large scale introduction of exotic species and their adaptation to a new environment. ” The 2007 American Society of Naturalists symposium in New Zealand therefore seemed an ideal setting to discuss advances in the genetic changes underlying invasion. We asked contributors to this symposium to focus on original research, covering the spectrum of all four stages of the colonization process.
CpG-Methylation Regulates a Class of Epstein-Barr Virus Promoters

DNA methylation is the major modification of eukaryotic genomes and plays an essential role in mammalian gene regulation. In general, cytosine-phosphatidyl-guanosine (CpG)-methylated promoters are transcriptionally repressed and nuclear proteins such as MECP2, MBD1, MBD2, and MBD4 bind CpG-methylated DNA and contribute to epigenetic silencing. Methylation of viral DNA also regulates gene expression of Epstein-Barr virus (EBV), which is a model of herpes virus latency. In latently infected human B cells, the viral DNA is CpG-methylated, the majority of viral genes is repressed and virus synthesis is therefore abrogated. EBV's BZLF1 encodes a transcription factor of the AP-1 family (Zta) and is the master gene to overcome viral gene repression. In a genome-wide screen, we now identify and characterize those viral genes, which Zta regulates. Among them are genes essential for EBV's lytic phase, which paradoxically depend on strictly CpG-methylated promoters for their Zta-induced expression. We identified novel DNA recognition motifs, termed meZRE (methyl-Zta-responsive element), which Zta selectively binds in order to ‘read’ DNA in a methylation- and sequence-dependent manner unlike any other known protein. Zta is a homodimer but its binding characteristics to meZREs suggest a sequential, non-palindromic and bipartite DNA recognition element, which confers superior DNA binding compared to CpG-free ZREs. Our findings indicate that Zta has evolved to transactivate cytosine-methylated, hence repressed, silent promoters as a rule to overcome epigenetic silencing.
Reduced-Complexity Near-Capacity Joint Channel Estimation and Three-Stage Turbo Detection for Coherent Space-Time Shift Keying

We propose a low-complexity joint channel estimation (CE) and three-stage iterative demapping-decoding scheme for near-capacity coherent space-time shift keying (CSTSK) based multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) systems. In the proposed scheme, only a minimum number of space-time shift keying training blocks are employed for generating an initial least square channel estimate, which is then used for initial data detection. As usual, the detected soft information is first exchanged a number of times within the inner turbo loop between the unity-rate-code (URC) decoder and the CSTSK soft-demapper, and the information gleaned from the inner URC decoder is then iteratively exchanged with the outer decoder in the outer turbo loop. Our CE scheme is embedded into the outer turbo loop, which exploits the a posteriori information produced by the CSTSK soft-demapper to select a sufficient number of high-quality decisions only for CE. Since the CE is embedded into the iterative three-stage demapping-decoding process, no additional iterative loop is required for exchanging information between the decision-directed channel estimator and the three-stage turbo detector. Hence, the computational complexity of the proposed joint CE and three-stage turbo detection remains similar to that of the three-stage turbo detection-decoding scheme with the given channel estimate. Moreover, our proposed low-complexity semi-blind scheme is capable of approaching the optimal maximum likelihood turbo detection performance attained with the aid of perfect channel state information, with the same low number of turbo iterations as the latter, as confirmed by our extensive simulation results.
Reductive dehalogenation of chlorinated methanes by iron metal.

Reduction of chlorinated solvents by fine-grained iron metal was studied in well-mixed anaerobic batch systems in order to help assess the utility of this reaction in remediation of contaminated groundwater. Iron sequentially dehalogenates carbon tetrachloride via chloroform to methylene chloride. The initial rate of each reaction step was pseudo-first-order in substrate and became substantially slower with each dehalogenation step. Thus, carbon tetrachloride degradation typically occurred in several hours, but no significant reduction of methylene chloride was observed over 1 month. Trichloroethene (TCE) was also dechlorinated by iron, although more slowly than carbon tetrachloride. Increasing the clean surface area of iron greatly increased the rate of carbon tetrachloride dehalogenation, whereas increasing pH decreased the reduction rate slightly. The reduction of chlorinated methanes in batch model systems appears to be coupled with oxidative dissolution (corrosion) of the iron through a largely diffusion-limited surface reaction.
Atypical Nervous System Manifestations of HIV

Despite the widespread success of combination antiretroviral therapy (cART) in reducing morbidity and mortality in human immunodeficiency virus 1 (HIV-1) infection, HIV-associated neurologic disease remains prevalent. Although the virus is unable to infect neurons or muscle fibers directly, it can still injure these structures by a variety of mechanisms, many of which are yet to be elucidated. Additionally, antiretroviral medications used to treat HIV infection can cause damage to the nervous system both by direct toxicity and via modulation of host-virus interactions. Some neurologic complications of HIV infection are rarely seen and are poorly understood; nevertheless, they are important to recognize. In this review article, the authors focus on the uncommon neurologic manifestations of HIV infection, including mononeuropathies, inflammatory demyelinating polyneuropathies, motor neuron disease, polymyositis, diffuse infiltrative lymphocytosis syndrome, mononeuritis multiplex, HIV-associated neuromuscular weakness syndrome, immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome, and central nervous system HIV-escape meningoencephalomyelitis and myelitis.
Let’s Gossip: Exploring Malware Zero-Day Time Windows by Social Network Analysis

The detection mechanism provided by current antimalware technologies expects that security researchers build a signature to uniquely identify the malicious samples. Once obtained, the signature will made available to final users using the update mechanism. This time window, which begins when malware is released and it lasts until the malware is identified, it is called zero-day window and represents the time period in which the malware is able to cause the worst damages because it is undiscovered. In this paper we propose a backward analysis methodology aiming to provide a preliminary estimation of this time window width, mining search engine trend and social network and by applying natural language processing and text analysis.
Ornamental plumage does not signal male quality in red-billed queleas

Sexually selected ornaments often function as condition–dependent signals of quality (or ‘indicators’). When ornamentation is costly, only high–quality individuals can afford to produce the most elaborate signals. The plumage ornamentation of male red–billed queleas, Quelea quelea, is an ideal candidate for an indicator because it is continuously variable, conspicuous, sexually dimorphic, is displayed only during breeding and is partially based on carotenoid pigmentation. However, I show here that quelea plumage is not an indicator because first, plumage colour is not correlated with physical condition or age; second, plumage colour is a genetically determined phenotype that is unresponsive to environmental variation; third, different plumage characters have bimodal distributions; fourth, plumage characters vary independently of one another; and finally, plumage colour is not correlated with reproductive success. To my knowledge, this is the first demonstration of non–condition dependence in colourful and sexually dimorphic breeding ornamentation. Instead, plumage variation may function as a sexually selected signal of individual identity among territorial males that nest in huge, densely packed and highly synchronized colonies.
T Cells and Tuberculosis: Beyond Interferon-gamma.

The cytokine interferon-y (IFN-y) plays a pivotal role in protective immunity against intracellular pathogens. Specifically, in Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MTB) infection, IFN-y is an important mediator of macrophage activation [ 1 ] . Mice deficient in the gene for IFN-y are susceptible to fatal tuberculosis (TB) [1, 2], and humans deficient in either the gene for IFN-y or the IFN-y receptor show enhanced susceptibility to mycobacterial infections [3]. Measurement of the IFN-y response to MTB infection has been exploited in research and in clinics, to evaluate and develop new tools for the prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of infection. For example, the development of standardized quantitative ex vivo assays of T cell function, along with the discovery of antigens that are highly specific for MTB, led us [4, 5] and other investigators [6] to develop new diagnostic tools for the detection of MTB infection. These T cell IFN-y release
A novel approach to enhance automatic 3D facial expression recognition

Researches on 3D facial expression recognition have been extensively promoted in recent years, yet automatic 3D facial expression recognition is still a challenging problem. In this paper, we propose an easy-handled approach to address this problem and consequently improve its performance. In the approach, a 2D-image-like structure is utilized to represent the 3D models so that we can automatically extract the facial features from either its depth values or the texture information. Then the feature-based irregular divisions are specially designed to depict the facial features more accurately. Finally, a novel block weighted strategy which emphasizes the contribution of different facial regions is additionally applied to enhance the facial descriptors for classification. Using the general protocol for 3D facial expression recognition on the BU-3DFE database, each of the steps is validated and the proposed approach displays comparative performance which draws a promising direction for automatic 3D facial expression recognition.
Current progress on nanotechnology application in recycled aggregate concrete

As a very promising sustainable construction material, recycled aggregate concrete (RAC) has become a hot research topic and attracted wide attention. Although many investigations have been conducted, it is still a great challenge to product RAC with satisfactory and stable performance for practical engineering application. In recent years, nanotechnology has been introduced to RAC research and displayed distinct advantages over many traditional methods. This article is devoted to reviewing the current research on nanotechnology application in RAC, including nanoengineering and nanoscience. The corresponding results involving microstructure characteristics, mechanical properties, workability, and durability were summarized and discussed. It has been found that nanoscience has promoted better understanding of microstructure and various internal mechanism of RAC, while nanoengineering has helped RAC achieve dense microstructure, improved mechanical properties and durability. However, further efforts are required to realize the potential of nanotechnology and to bring breakthroughs in research and application of RAC.
Screening for autism spectrum disorder in underserved communities: Early childcare providers as reporters

Early diagnosis of autism typically is associated with earlier access to intervention and improved outcomes. Daycares and preschools largely have been ignored as possible venues for early identification. This may be especially important for minority children in the United States who are typically diagnosed with autism later than White children, limiting their access to early specialized interventions and possibly resulting in poorer outcomes. Early childcare providers within underserved communities completed autism screening tools for a sample of low-risk young children (n = 967) in their programs. Early childcare providers returned screening tools for 90% of the children for whom parental consent had been received. A total of 14% of children screened positive for autism spectrum disorder and 3% of the sample met criteria for autism spectrum disorder. Among those who screened positive, 34% were lost to follow-up. Findings suggest that early childcare providers can effectively screen young children for autism spectrum disorder in preschool/daycare settings, thus improving access to early diagnosis and reducing potential healthcare disparities among underserved populations.
Effects of High Salt Stress on Secondary Metabolite Production in the Marine-Derived Fungus Spicaria elegans

To obtain structurally novel and bioactive natural compounds from marine-derived microorganisms, the effect of high salt stress on secondary metabolite production in the marine-derived fungal strain, Spicaria elegans KLA-03, was investigated. The organism, which was isolated from marine sediment, produced different secondary metabolites when cultured in 3% and 10% saline conditions. Four characteristic metabolites, only produced in the 10% salinity culture, were isolated, and their structures were identified as (2E,2′Z)-3,3′-(6,6′-dihydroxybiphenyl-3,3′-diyl)diacrylic acid (1), aspulvinone E (2), aspochalasin E (3) and trichodermamide B (6), according to their 1D and 2D NMR spectra. Compound 1 is a new compound. High salt stress may therefore be a promising means to induce the production of new and chlorinated compounds in halotolerant fungi. Compound 1 showed moderate antibacterial activity against Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Escherichia coli with minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) values of 0.038 and 0.767 mM, respectively.
The responsiveness of the International Prostate Symptom Score, Incontinence Impact Questionnaire-7 and Depression, Anxiety and Stress Scale-21 in patients with lower urinary tract symptoms.

AIMS To examine the responsiveness of a combined symptom severity and health-related quality of life measure, condition-specific health-related quality of life measure and mental health measure in patients with lower urinary tract symptoms. BACKGROUND To establish the responsiveness of measures that accurately capture the change in health status of patients is crucial before any longitudinal studies can be appropriately planned and evaluated. DESIGN Prospective longitudinal observational study. METHODS 402 patients were surveyed at baseline and 1-year using the International Prostate Symptom Score, the Incontinence Impact Questionnaire-7 and Depression, Anxiety and Stress Scales-21. The internal and external responsiveness were assessed. Surveys were conducted from March 2013-July 2014. RESULTS In participants with improvements, the internal responsiveness for detecting positive changes was satisfactory in males and females for all scales, expect for the Depression subscale. The health-related quality of life question of the International Prostate Symptom Score was more externally responsive than the Incontinence Impact Questionnaire-7. CONCLUSIONS The International Prostate Symptom Score and Anxiety and Stress subscales were more responsive in males than in females. The symptom questions of the International Prostate Symptom Score and Anxiety and Stress subscales were not externally responsive in females. The health-related quality of life question of the International Prostate Symptom Score outperformed the Incontinence Impact Questionnaire-7 in both males and females, in terms of external responsiveness.