Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
The rising tide of fisheries instruments and the struggle to keep afloat

Since agreement was reached in 1982 on the UN Convention on the Law of the Sea, and particularly since the conclusion of the 1992 UN Conference on Environment and Development, the rate of development of global instruments impacting on fisheries has escalated considerably and is apparently continuing to do so. A flood of global and regional instruments relevant to fisheries has been generated, including, for example, the 1973 Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora which pre–dates the UN Convention, the 1992 Convention on Biological Diversity, 1992 Agenda 21: Programme of Action for Sustainable Development, the 1993 FAO Agreement to Promote Compliance with International Conservation and Management Measures by Fishing Vessels on the High Seas, the 1995 UN Agreement for the Implementation of the Provisions of the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea of 10 December 1982 relating to the Conservation and Management of Straddling Fish Stocks and Highly Migratory Fish Stocks, the 1995 FAO Code of Conduct for Responsible Fisheries and its four international plans of action and strategy, and the 2001 FAO Reykjavík Declaration on Responsible Fisheries in the Marine Ecosystem reflecting the growing international interest in ecosystem approaches to fisheries. Most recent has been the 2002 World Summit on Sustainable Development's Plan of Implementation. These instruments have been motivated by real problems associated with environmental degradation and living resource depletion, in several cases specifically in connection with fisheries. They have attempted to address these problems, and each instrument is recognized as being a positive contribution towards the sustainable use of resources and ecosystems. However, taken collectively they form a large, often confusing and potentially overwhelming set of recommendations and requirements that is putting many fishery management agencies under severe pressure as they seek to implement them. This paper provides a brief overview of the range of recent instruments and their implications for sustainable fisheries management, considers the progress being made in implementing them, identifies general problems being encountered and how they might be ameliorated in the future. A key problem is a lack of political will, or political ability, to address effectively the problems facing fisheries and marine ecosystems. One consequence of this is that the agencies charged with fisheries management are not provided with adequate technical and financial capacity to implement the instruments in most, if not all, countries. The problem is especially acute in developing countries where they are strained by the full effects of ‘instrument implementation fatigue’.
Predicting two Mandarin-English bilingual children’s first 50 words: Effects of frequency and relative exposure in the input

This study tested two hypotheses that relate children’s early words to the input: (1) the language of bilingual children’s first words is correlated with their exposure time to each language and (2) children are more likely to acquire words from the first and/or last position in utterances. We tested these hypotheses with spontaneous language use in the families of two Mandarin—English bilingual children, followed longitudinally every three months from 6 months to 18 months. The results showed that the exposure time was a good but not perfect predictor of the language of the children’s first 50 words. Also, both children learned more nouns in both languages than appeared in first or last position of their caregivers’ utterances. We discuss these results in terms of support for a noun bias in children’s minds and highlight the need for future research to take into account socio-cultural variables.
Public attitudes towards grief in animals

Animals under human management are often separated from conspecifics, which may lead to behaviour indicative of separation distress or grief. For the purposes of this paper, grief is considered as a biological response to separation, indicated by a bi-phasic 'protest-despair' behavioural response. It is reasonable to assume that only animals which are able to form complex social bonds can experience grief. Scientific experiments have suggested that some farm and laboratory animals experience distress or grief as a result of maternal separation and social isolation. However, little is known about whether the public believe that animals are capable of grief. Therefore, we surveyed 1,000 members of the public to establish what knowledge they have about grief in animals and to compare this to what we know in science. The survey revealed that 90% of the general public believed that some or all animals can experience grief, with 23% believing that all animals can grieve. They attributed grief more to companion animals and animals with higher level cognitive abilities than to farm animals and animals that may be feared. It is concluded that public belief about grief in animals extends beyond scientific evidence, and that educating people about scientific findings and management practices connected with grief and separation distress may improve the welfare of farm and laboratory animals.
Biological effect monitoring of occupational exposure to 1,3-dichloropropene: effects on liver and renal function and on glutathione conjugation.

A prospective study was performed in the Dutch flower bulb culture to investigate the possible effects of subchronic exposure to the soil fumigant 1,3-dichloropropene (DCP) on liver and kidney function and on glutathione conjugation capacity in blood. Urine spot samples and venous blood samples from 14 workers applying DCP (applicators) were taken at the start of the season in July, and after the season in October. The parameters of liver function measured were: alanine aminotransferase, aspartate aminotransferase, alkaline phosphatase, lactate dehydrogenase, gamma-glutamyltranspeptidase, and total bilirubin (conjugated and unconjugated). Total bilirubin was significantly decreased from 9.5 before to 7.0 mumol/l after the season. In combination with an increase in serum gamma-glutamyltranspeptidase activity from 12.5 to 19.5 U/l this indicates moderate hepatic enzyme induction. To study renal function, creatinine and beta 2-microglobulin in serum, and beta 2-microglobulin, albumin, alanine aminopeptidase, beta-galactosidase, and retinol binding protein in urine were measured. The glomerular function parameters albumin in urine and creatinine in serum changed significantly during the season: albumin concentration increased from 5.2 to 7.6 mg/l, whereas creatinine concentration [corrected] decreased from 93.0 to 87.5 mumol/l. The tubular function parameter retinol binding protein also increased in concentration from 20.0 to 26.9 micrograms/l. Therefore, a subclinical nephrotoxic effect of subchronic exposure to DCP cannot be excluded. Effects on glutathione conjugation capacity were studied by measuring erythrocyte glutathione S-transferase activity and blood glutathione concentrations. The activity of glutathione S-transferase in erythrocytes was significantly decreased from 4.7 before to 3.3 U/g haemoglobin after the season. The same was true for the blood glutathione concentrations, which decreased from 0.93 to 0.82 mM. (ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Effective management of roles and responsibilities: Driving accountability in software development teams

Teams differ in the way they define roles and responsibilities and in the level of formalism by which they establish and communicate these definitions. Responsibilities are not always clearly defined, and there is often confusion or mismatch between the individual's perspectives of a role and the expectations of that role by other team members. This lack of shared understanding can lead to issues in performance and lack of accountability. We review the notion of role specification as part of software development governance and present an approach for specifying responsibilities in terms of decisions to be made during the life cycle of software development artifacts. We present evaluation data from software teams as they redefine their roles and shape their responsibilities. We further present a tool for governance specification based on this approach, which can ensure that these specifications are adhered to in the software development platform. We conclude by describing a methodology for how the tool and approach can be implemented to help software development teams understand and evolve the appropriate governance for their needs.
Investigating the Dexterity of Multi-Finger Input for Mid-Air Text Entry

Mid-air input, enabled by recent progress in computer vision based marker-less hand tracking, is an exciting candidate for text entry where direct touch input is not practicable or not available. In this paper we investigate the use of chord-like multi-(cid:12)nger gestures for entering text in mid-air. In contrast to previous methods, they require no extrinsic targets and can be performed eyes-free. We systematically explore the design space of hand gestures by computationally optimizing the letter-to-gesture mapping with respect to multiple objectives: performance, anatomical comfort, learnability and mnemonics. First investigations of one optimization case show entry rates of 22 words per minute. While this is promising, our study reveals several limitations of both, the mapping design as well as the available tracking methods. We discuss open challenges in mid-air input and conclude with recommendations for future work.
Clinical application of nitric oxide donors and blockers.

Leppert, P.C. and Yu, S.Y. (1994) Apoptosis of cervical cells in pregnant rats occurs in association with cervical softening. Gynecol. Obstet. Invest. , 37, 150-154. Liggins, G.C. (1981) Cervical ripening as an inflammatory reaction. In Ellwood, D.A. and Anderson, A.B. M. (eds), The Cervix in Pregnancy and Labour. Churchill Livingstone, Edinburgh, UK, pp. 1-9. Purcell, T.L. , Buhmischi, I. , Given, R. et al. (1997) Inducible nitric oxide synthase is present in rat placenta at the fetal-maternal interface and decreases prior to labour. Mol. Hum. Reprod. , 3, 485-491. Roselli, M. (1997) Nitric oxide and reproduction. Mol. Hum. Reprod. , 3, 639-641. Salvemini, D. , Misko, T.P., Masferrer, J. et al. (1995) Role of nitric oxide in the regulation of cyclooxygenase. In Moncada, S. , Feelish, M. and Busse, R. (eds), Biology of Nitric Oxide. 4 Enzymology, Biochemistry and Immunology. Portland Press, London, UK. Shi, L. , Shi S-Q. , Glassman, W. et al. (1997) Changes in cervical ripening in the rat during pregnancy: effect of a nitic oxide synthase inhibitor. Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol. , 176, 2. Thomson, A.J., Telfer, J.P., Kohnen, G. et al. (1997a) Nitric oxide synthase activity and localization do not change in the uterus and placenta during human parturition. Hum. Reprod. , 12, 2546-2552. Thomson, A.J., Lunan, C.L. , Cameron, A.D. et al. (1997b) Nitric oxide donors induce ripening of the human cervix: a randomised controlled trial. Brit. J. Obstet. Gynecol. , 104, 1054-1057.
Actividad física y género: un estudio comparativo entre los jóvenes de Monterrey, México y Zaragoza, España

The purpose of this study is to compare medium energy expenditure and levels of physical activity between adolescents from Monterrey, Mexico and Zaragoza, Spain taking into consideration variables such as gender, type of school, and time of the week. Methods: adolescent students of 12 to 17 years of age from public and private schools in Monterrey (N= 396) and Zaragoza (N= 394). The Four-by-One-Day Physical Activity Questionnaire was used and a . 89 reliability with a test-retest because the test was adapted to this study. Results: In Zaragoza as well as in Monterrey there is a significant number of students with low levels of physical activity. Almost half of the students have been classified as inactive and very inactive. The energy expenditure was very similar for both cities: Monterrey 37.52 ± 2.12 kcal/kg/day and Zaragoza 37.66 ± 2.95 kcal/kg/day. Conclusions: Regarding gender, men show greater levels of physical activity than women. This data coincides with the majority of the studies. Students perform a higher level of physical activity during school days than during weekends.
Coexisting tubular adenoma with a neuroendocrine carcinoma of colon allowing early surgical intervention and implicating a shared stem cell origin

High-grade colonic neuroendocrine carcinomas (NECs) are uncommon but extremely aggressive. Their co-existence with tubular adenoma (TA) has rarely been reported. We present a 68-year-old man who was found on routine colonoscopy to have multiple colorectal TAs and an ulcerated lesion in the ascending colon. Microscopically, a poorly-differentiated invasive carcinoma juxtaposed with a TA was identified. Differential diagnosis included a poorly-differentiated adenocarcinoma, medullary carcinoma, high-grade NEC and lymphoma. The immunohistochemical profile showed positive staining for keratins, synaptophysin and chromogranin but negative for LCA, CDX2, CK7, CK20, TTF-1 and PSA, supporting the NEC diagnosis. Upon subsequent laparoscopic right hemicolectomy, the tumor was identified as a 3.0 cm umbilicated and ulcerated mass with an adjacent TA. Both TA and NEC showed positive staining for β-catenin indicating a shared colonic origin. The mitotic counts (77/10 high power fields) and a high proliferation rate (75% by Ki-67) corroborated a high-grade stratification. Mutational analysis indicated a wild-type BRAF and KRAS with mismatch repair proficiency. The AJCC (7th edition) pathologic stage is pT3, pN0, pMx. The patient received adjuvant chemotherapy with cisplatin/etoposides for three cycles and will be followed up for a year to detect recurrence. In conclusion, the co-existence of TA with high grade-NEC in our case allowed early identification and intervention of the otherwise asymptomatic but aggressive tumor. In addition, the finding of a high-grade NEC within a large TA in this case suggests a link between the two lesions and could represent a shared stem cell origin.
Risky sexual intercourse on entertainment television: Comparing audience responses to different types of negative consequence portrayals

This study employed an experimental design to test the effects of exposure to televised portrayals of differing types of negative consequences of casual sex on emerging adults’ sexual beliefs, attitudes, and behavioral intentions. Male and female undergraduates were randomly assigned to one of three viewing conditions. Participants either viewed a program that portrayed negative emotional/social consequences of casual sex (i.e., guilt, regret, embarrassment, disapproval of family and friends), a negative physical consequence of casual sex (i.e., an unplanned/unwanted pregnancy), or a program without any sexual content. Outcomes were assessed immediately after exposure. Five outcome variables were examined: negative outcome expectancies of risky sex, attitudes toward casual sex, attitudes toward condoms, behavioral intentions to avoid casual sex, and behavioral intentions to use condoms. Driven by social cognitive theory, hypotheses address expected differences among the three conditions on these five outcome variables. Hypotheses about the expected effects of portrayals of negative consequences of casual sex were not confirmed. Results indicate that exposure to negative consequences of casual sex on television does not uniformly influence emerging adults’ sexual beliefs, attitudes, and behavioral intentions. Rather, the relationship between exposure and subsequent effects was found to be moderated by their sexual risk experience. Emerging adults with different amounts of sexual risk experience responded differently to the experimental stimuli. Participants who had extensive sexual risk experience were not influenced by the stimuli. However, effects of exposure to the negative consequence
A case of educational reform from the ground up: Involving ethnic minority parents in the life of the school in South East Europe

This article explores the challenge of education reform and presents an alternative to dominant approaches. In doing so, it draws on the work of three projects: first, the ‘Advancing Education Quality and Inclusion’ initiative; second, the APREME (Advancing the Participation and Representation of Ethnic Minorities in Education) project which followed it; and third, the International Teacher Leadership project with which these two projects had strong links. The article discusses the large-scale survey of parents and school principals across 10 countries in South East Europe and the follow-up case studies in five of these countries. The focus then shifts to the practical intervention which was based on the idea of non-positional teacher leadership. Reports of all three projects are analysed to support a particular view of education reform led by teachers’ own development initiatives.
Maltreatment and Life Stressors in Single Mothers Who Have Children with Developmental Delay

Frequency of child abuse and neglect was reported for the 226 single mothers of children with developmental delay and the 2,734 mothers of children with no delay from the Canadian Incidence Study of Reported Child Abuse and Neglect. Neglect was most frequently reported, significantly moreso for the mothers of children with delay. These mothers were also reported significantly more frequently than the mothers of children without delay to maltreat longer term, to have lower income and levels of employment, to have children with numerous child functioning concerns, and to have a number of caregiver concerns (e.g., mental health issues, few social supports, low education, and being maltreated as a child). Alcohol abuse was relatively high for both groups of single mothers. Increased support for single mothers of children with developmental delay seems warranted. Child abuse and neglect have been reported increasingly more frequently in recent years. One factor that appears to be related to increased risk of abuse and neglect in mothers is chronic stress related to lifestyle factors (Zuravin, 1988). This may be, at least in part, because life stress is associated with decreased coping strategies, and increased levels of child behaviour problems (Gottlieb, 1998). Single mothers, in particular, appear to experience a high number of interrelated stressful life situations related to increased risk for child maltreatment. These include poverty (Belsky, 1993), everyday life stressors, depression, history of partner abuse, low self-esteem (Lutenbacher, 1998, 2002), insecure adult attachment style (Moncher, 1996), low cognitive skills, violence sexual abuse experienced in childhood, and poor quality of family and other social relationships (Hall, Sachs & Rayens, 1998).
Integration of tone related feature for Chinese speech recognition

Chinese is a tonal language that uses fundamental frequency, in addition to phones for word differentiation. Commonly used front-end features, such as mel-frequency cepstral coefficients (MFCC), however, are optimized for non-tonal languages such as English and are not mainly focused on pitch information that is important for tone identification. In this paper, we examine the integration of tone-related acoustic features for Chinese recognition. We propose the use of the cepstrum method (CEP), which uses the same configurations as in MFCC extraction for the extraction of pitch-related features. The pitch periods extracted from the CEP algorithm can be used directly for speech recognition and do not require any special treatment for unvoiced frames. In addition, we explore a number of feature transformations and find that the addition of a properly normalized and transformed set of pitch related-features can reduce the recognition error rate from 34.61% to 29.45% on the Chinese 1998 National Performance Assessment (Project 863) corpus.
Sharing Race, the Personal, and the Political From Multiple Social Locations at an HBCU

Aline Gubrium, a young White woman teaching Introduction To Comparative Women's Studies at a historically Black women's college, and Tjazha Mazhani, a young Black woman who has taken Gubrium's course, enact a play—about their multiple positions and perspectives (in terms of race/ethnicity, gender, age, and rank) in the pedagogical process of teaching about forms of power and oppression. Black feminist Audre Lorde's work, which was taught and read in the course, resonates throughout, providing both direction and inspiration for the developing dialogue.
Changing Internal Governance: Are Leadership Roles and Management Structures in United Kingdom Universities Fit for the Future?

This paper examines changes and developments in institutions' internal governance during the last decade, identifying points of continuity in the policy and political environment in the United Kingdom as well as points of difference. External drivers are discussed as part of the increasingly dynamic and volatile operating conditions for higher education. Institutions' internal governance arrangements are presented within a framework drawn from Clarke's studies of entrepreneurial universities. The final section of the article argues for a re-interpretation and strengthening of collegial forms of governance, using models and examples drawn from innovative private sector companies that can indicate useful directions for higher education institutions so that they are better fitted to meet 21st century challenges. While the analysis is focused on the UK, the lessons are more widely applicable.
The homomorphic analytic signal

This paper introduces an alternative form of analytic signal that is formed using homomorphic signal processing techniques. It may be generated for signals that demonstrate redundancy in their pole-zero distributions, such as phase signals and real signals. The analytic signal is formed by manipulating the positions of the signal's nonminimum phase poles and zeros to create a minimum phase signal. A factorization of real signals is presented that demonstrates the properties of the homomorphic analytic signal, and a new definition of instantaneous frequency is developed. Examples are given to verify the theory and comparisons with the linear analytic signal, and instantaneous frequency are made.
Towards an Integration of Psychological and Biological Models of Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder: Phylogenetic Considerations

Abstract In the past 10 to 15 years, advances in psychopharmacology and research on the neurobiological basis of obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) have led to the currently predominant biological model of OCD. Nevertheless, the centrality of complex ideation in OCD supports the usefulness of a psychological approach. In this article, we propose an integrated psychobiological model that presumes a biological etiology without assuming biological reductionism. We hypothesize that the relationship between biological and psychological organization is best explained in the context of emergent systems theory, and that the psychological meaning of OCD reflects development across phylogeny as opposed to ontogeny. Finally, we propose that OCD reflects disruption of a behavioral inhibition/harm assessment system that incorporates brain structures from different points across human phylogeny. Hence, complex psychological symptoms of a biological etiology are generated.