Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Use of remote sensing data for estimation of winter wheat yield in the United States

This paper shows the application of remote sensing data for estimating winter wheat yield in Kansas. An algorithm uses the Vegetation Health (VH) Indices (Vegetation Condition Index (VCI) and Temperature Condition Index (TCI)) computed for each week over a period of 23 years (1982–2004) from Advance Very High Resolution Radiometer (AVHRR) data. The weekly indices were correlated with the end of the season winter wheat (WW) yield. A strong correlation was found between winter wheat yield and VCI (characterizing moisture conditions) during the critical period of winter wheat development and productivity that occurs during April to May (weeks 16 to 23). Following the results of correlation analysis, the principal components regression (PCR) method was used to construct a model to predict yield as a function of the VCI computed for this period. The simulated results were compared with official agricultural statistics showing that the errors of the estimates of winter wheat yield are less than 8%. Remote sensing, therefore, is a valuable tool for estimating crop yields well in advance of harvest, and at a low cost.
Broad anti-coronaviral activity of FDA approved drugs against 1 SARS-CoV-2 in vitro and SARS-CoV in vivo 2

16 SARS-CoV-2 emerged in China at the end of 2019 and has rapidly become a pandemic with 17 roughly 2.7 million recorded COVID-19 cases and greater than 189,000 recorded deaths by 18 April 23rd, 2020 (www.WHO.org). There are no FDA approved antivirals or vaccines for any 19 coronavirus, including SARS-CoV-2. Current treatments for COVID-19 are limited to supportive 20 therapies and off-label use of FDA approved drugs. Rapid development and human testing of 21 potential antivirals is greatly needed. A quick way to test compounds with potential antiviral 22 activity is through drug repurposing. Numerous drugs are already approved for human use and 23 subsequently there is a good understanding of their safety profiles and potential side effects,
Pupil, Teacher and Parent views on secondary education in an economically deprived former coal mining town in the UK

In this paper, we discuss views of pupils, parents and teachers in a deprived area, Coalton, in the North of England. Funding to regenerate the area was used to improve educational attainment, and as part of the work to assess its success a large scale, longitudinal survey was conducted. In this paper, views of 12 year olds on transfer to secondary schools and views of 16 year olds on leaving school, as well views of their parents and teachers, are presented. In addition, we examine differences in attitudes to school between the 12 year olds and 16 year olds. We conclude that pupil attitudes appear to deteriorate throughout the years of secondary education, and that projects aiming to tackle this problem should be supported. We briefly report on one such project in Coalition.
Mask Wearing Speciﬁcation Detection System Based on Residual Network

In order to solve the problem of normative detection of mask wearing, thispaperproposesanLMSE-ResNetbasedonimprovedresidualnetwork.Firstly, thecascadeclassiﬁerisusedtostrengthenthefeaturesofthemask-wearingpart, detectwhetherthefaceintheimagewearsamask,andthenloadthepre-trained weightsandparametersintotheconvolutionallayerofthenewmodel.Thenumber ofchannelsoffeaturemappingisincreasedwhilereducingtheresidualnetwork depth,andﬁnallytheﬁttingerroroftheminimummeansquarelinearmodelis usedasthelossfunctiontoimprovethedetectionaccuracy.Intheexperimenton thepublicdatasetMaskedFace-Net,thealgorithmachieveshigheraccuracyand lowerlossvalue,andhasbettereffectandrobustnessindetectingmaskwearing irregularities.
PS-wave conversion-point equation in layered anisotropic media

Summary We present new and improved equations for calculating the PS-wave (C-wave) conversion point in layered media with vertical transverse isotropy (VTI), or polar anisotropy. These equations are extensions of those in Thomsen (1999), but are derived from the Taylor-series expansion of the anisotropic ray equation, and are more accurate for large offsets. When the offset equals the reflector depth (offset-depth ratio x/z=1), the conversion-point error is reduced from 5% of the offset to less than 0.5% (almost exact) for typical sedimentary rocks. For x/z=3, the error is reduced from more than 10% to less than 1.5%. With the improved accuracy, the equations can help in C-wave data processing and parameter estimation.
A disparity between erosional hazard and accretion of the sundarbans with its adjacent east coast, Bangladesh: a remote sensing and GIS approach

The Sundarbans, UNESCO affiliated world heritage site and world largest mangrove forest covering with (~10000) km2 along the coastal areas of Bangladesh and India. Bangladesh is one of the most vulnerable countries due to sea level rise caused by global warming. In the present situation world mangrove forest are declining at alarming rate. The extensions of this mangrove forest continuously changing with the nature of Bay of Bengal coast. This paper presents the contrast result of erosional hazard and accretion of Sundarbans with its adjacent east coast of Bangladesh. This study based on images of Landsat MSS, Thematic Mapper (TM), Enhanced Thematic Mapper (ETM), and Operational Land Imager (OLI) from Landsat 8. Landsat images from 1980 to 2014 were analyzed. The result shows the net erosion rate of Sundarbans is higher than its adjacent east coast. The study area has been divided into two phases - Phase I and Phase II. Phase I represents only Sundarbans and Phase II represents adjacent east coast. These two phases has equal longitudinal distance. Many small channels and river supply water and sediment into the Sundarbans. The adjacent east coast of Sundarbans lies on the Meghana estuary that experienced with huge amount of sediment flow. The Sundarbans has been facing erosional stage with a rate of net erosion about 3 km2 y-1 whereas the adjacent east coast facing an accretional stage with rate of accretion about 1 km2y-1. The highest erosion rate of Phase I (Sundarbans) was 10.61 km2y-1 and highest erosion of Phase II adjacent east coast was 18-km2 y-1 in the period of 1989-1999. The highest accretion rate in the Sundarbans was 6.48 km2 y-1 in the period of 1999-2006 and in the Phase II, accretion rate was 16.43 km2 y-1 in the period of 1980-1989. The lowest erosion rate was 3 km2 y-1 in Phase I and 2.11 km2 y-1 in Phase II in the period of 1999- 2006. The reworking area in phase I is about 37 km2 and phase II is about 51 Km2.So, water is highly active in adjacent east coast than Sundarbans. Though the mean sea level is increasing at a same rate in two different phases but the accretion and erosion rates are not same. From this study, it is established that Sundarbans has lost 113.31 km2 of its land in the 34 years of study period whereas; adjacent east coast has gain about 35 km2 lands. The rate of water discharges and sediment supply are not same in two different phases. It plays a vital role in erosion and accretion process. Therefore, Sundarbans are declining at frightening rate than its adjacent east coast.
Organizational approaches to collaboration in vocational rehabilitation—an international literature review

Introduction Collaboration between welfare organizations is an important strategy for integrating different health and welfare services. This article reports a review of the international literature on vocational rehabilitation, focusing on different organizational models of collaboration as well as different barriers and facilitating factors. Methods The review was based on an extensive search in scientific journals from 1995 to 2010, which generated more than 13,000 articles. The number of articles was reduced in different steps through a group procedure based on the abstracts. Finally, 205 articles were read in full text and 62 were included for content analysis. Results Seven basic models of collaboration were identified in the literature. They had different degrees of complexity, intensity and formalization. They could also be combined in different ways. Several barriers and facilitators of collaboration were also identified. Most of these were related to factors as communication, trust and commitment. Conclusion There is no optimal model of collaboration to be applied everywhere, but one model could be more appropriate than others in a certain context. More research is needed to compare different models and to see whether they are applicable also in other fields of collaboration inside or outside the welfare system.
GREAT Score: Evaluating Global Adversarial Robustness using Generative Models

Current studies on adversarial robustness mainly focus on aggregating local robustness results from a set of data samples to evaluate and rank different models. However, the local statistics may not well represent the true global robustness of the underlying unknown data distribution. To address this challenge, this paper makes the first attempt to present a new framework, called GREAT Score, for global robustness evaluation of adversarial perturbation using generative models. Formally, GREAT Score carries the physical meaning of a global statistic capturing a mean certified attack-proof perturbation level over all samples drawn from a generative model. For finite-sample evaluation, we also derive a probabilistic guarantee on the sample complexity and the difference between the sample mean and the true mean. GREAT Score has several advantages: (1) Robustness evaluations using GREAT Score are efficient and scalable to large models, by sparing the need of running adversarial attacks. In particular, we show high correlation and significantly reduced computation cost of GREAT Score when compared to the attack-based model ranking on RobustBench [4]. (2) The use of generative models facilitates the approximation of the unknown data distribution. In our ablation study with different generative adversarial networks (GANs), we observe consistency between global robustness evaluation and the quality of GANs.
Basin 4 of the Brazos-Trinity Slope System: Anatomy of the Terminal Portion of an Intra-Slope Lowstand Systems Tract

Abstract Understanding of deep-water reservoirs within the petroleum industry have primarily relied on interpretation of subsurface systems with conventional exploration data (deep seismic, well logs, cores) and descriptions of outcrops of ancient systems as analogs. More recently, data from late Pleistocene systems are being used in industry as analogs for subsurface reservoirs. We have acquired an ultra-high resolution 3-D survey and large piston cores that allow investigation of the stratigraphy and basin fill history of a 200 km2, Quaternary intra-slope basin at near outcrop-scale resolution. This basin represents the terminal portion of a system of four basins linked by submarine channels (Basin 4). The depositional system is located downdip of the paleo-Brazos and Trinity fluvio-deltaic complexes; the source of sediment delivered to this portion of the slope. Basin 4 was filled during the stepped sea-level fall of the latest Pleistocene. During its filling the basin received sediment from two different feeder channels as well as material derived locally through slumping and mass wasting. The fill history records two major stages of sedimentation resulting in reservoir-prone intervals with distinctly different geometry: ponded and perched fill units. The ponded units were deposited during a falling stage of level while the perched unit was deposited during the maximum lowstand and is very sand-rich. These phases of deposition were superimposed on a basin history that included salt withdrawal, loading and differential compaction of substrate, over-steepening of basin margins, slumping and development of large fluid escape structures (volcanoes).
A Pragmatic Review of Indonesian Netizen’s Twitter Opinionsabout the Russia VS Ukraine’swar

The purpose of this study is to describe the analysis of Indonesian sentiment regarding the Russia vs Ukraine war with pragmatic studies. There are two things discussed, namely the function and meaning of speech acts resulting from Indonesian public opinion regarding the Russia vs Ukraine war on Twitter. This research is a descriptive qualitative research using pragmatic equivalent method and speech act theory. The results of the study found 4 (four) functional classifications of illocutionary speech acts, namely assertive, directive, expressive, and commissive. The speech is divided into assertive illocutionary speech acts which contain meaning: explaining, telling, stating, predicting, concluding, determining, affirming, and denying. Then, directive illocutionary speech acts contain the meaning of asking, inviting, warning, asking and forbidding. Then, expressive illocutionary speech acts contain the meaning of giving thanks, blaming and satirizing. Finally, commissive illocutionary speech acts imply promises and threats. The researcher found that some of the utterances that often appeared meant: giving statements, asking questions and making suggestions.
Evaluation of drip irrigation system on coffee (coffea arabica): a case study of kilimanjaro plantation in moshi district kilimanjaro region tanzania

This study was conducted at one of the estates in Kilimanjaro Plantation to assess the performance of the drip irrigation system on coffee yield. Climatic, plant and soil factors were used for the calculation of monthly crop water and irrigation requirements and results compared with actual performance of the irrigation system. Further evaluation of the system performance was carried out using catch cans. The experiment was carried out on a 3-year-old coffee cultivar N39 at 3m spacing between lines of plants and 1.5 m between plants. The experiment was laid out in a randomized complete block design with five treatments replicated four times. The treatments included five irrigation application levels: T1, T2, T3, T4 and T5 corresponding to flow rates of 0, 0.6, 1.2, 1.8 and 2.4 lph/emitter respectively. The results from calculations showed that the daily irrigation requirement is 18 litres per tree, or applying 90 litres at an irrigation interval of 5 days at peak demand. The EU in the selected block was found to be 94%, which is within the acceptable standards. The wetted area ranged from 0.12 to 0.21 m. The relative water supply ranged from 0.45 to 0.98 indicating that the crop demand was not met by both rainfall and irrigation. Coffee yield and water productivity was also investigated. The best treatment towards the yield of coffee was T5 which produced mean yield of 2945 kg/ha while treatment T1 produced the least yield of 2045 kg/ha. The best WP was 1.56 kg/m found in T1 and lowest was 0.95 kg.m in T5. There were significant differences in yield and irrigation water productivity between treatments. T1 and T2 were not significantly different. It is recommended that further research covering other parts of the plantation should be conducted to confirm the results from this study. ii
3 Early Life on Earth and Analogies to Mars

The evidence for early life and its initial evolution on Earth is linked intimately with the geological evolution of the early Earth. The environment of the early Earth would be considered extreme by modern standards: hot (50–80°C), volcanically and hydrothermally active, anoxic, high UV flux, and a high flux of extraterrestrial impacts. Habitats for life were more limited until continent-building processes resulted in the formation of stable cratons with wide, shallow, continental platforms in the Mid-Late Archaean. Unfortunately there are no records of the first appearance of life and the earliest isotopic indications of the existence of organisms fractionating carbon in ∼3.8 Ga rocks from the Isua greenstone belt in Greenland are tenuous. Well-preserved microfossils and microbial mats (in the form of tabular and domical stromatolites) occur in 3.5–3.3 Ga, Early Archaean, sedimentary formations from the Barberton (South Africa) and Pilbara (Australia) greenstone belts. They document life forms that show a relatively advanced level of evolution. Microfossil morphology includes filamentous, coccoid, rod and vibroid shapes. Colonial microorganisms formed biofilms and microbial mats at the surfaces of volcaniclastic and chemical sediments, some of which created (small) macroscopic microbialites such as stromatolites. Anoxygenic photosynthesis may already have developed. Carbon, nitrogen and sulphur isotopes ratios are in the range of those for organisms with anaerobic metabolisms, such as methanogenesis, sulphate reduction and photosynthesis. Life was apparently distributed widely in shallow-water to littoral environments, including exposed, evaporitic basins and regions of hydrothermal activity. Biomass in the early Archaean was restricted owing to the limited amount of energy that could be produced by anaerobic metabolisms. Microfossils resembling oxygenic photosynthesisers, such as cyanobacteria, probably first occurred in the later part of the Mid Archaean (∼2.9 Ga), concurrent with the tectonic development of suitable shallow shelf environments. The development of an oxygenic metabolism allowed a considerable increase in biomass and increased interaction with the geological environment.
Long-term effects of a 1940s nitrogen and phosphorus fertilization experiment on diatoms from Cache Lake (Algonquin Provincial Park, Ontario, Canada)

Cache Lake, an ultra-oligotrophic Precambrian Shield lake located in Algonquin Provincial Park (Ontario, Canada), was manipulated in the summers of 1946 and 1947 when approximately 9.4 tons (cumulatively) of 12-24-12 (nitrogen-phosphorus-potassium) fertilizer was added to promote plankton growth and the possible enhancement of �sh populations. Little is known about the long-term impacts of this lake manipulation, nor the effects of previous disturbances such as logging in the late-1800s, increased tourism following the extension of the Grand Trunk Railway to Cache Lake in 1896, limited cottage development starting ca. 1905, and subsequent construction of Highway 60 in the 1930s. We used a diatom-based paleolimnological approach to track limnological changes during the past ~ 200 years. Prior to the 1940s, assemblage changes were minimal, although small increases in, for example, Aulacoseira ambigua, likely tracked modest nutrient inputs from historical watershed disturbances. The most striking change was an increase in planktonic Fragilaria tenera in tandem with the near extirpation of the previously abundant Discostella stelligera from the sediment record that was concurrent with the 1946–1947 lake fertilization experiment. Although other lake sediment archives in the region record increases in D. stelligera with limnological changes linked to recent climate warming, this taxon never recovered to pre-disturbance abundances in Cache Lake following nutrient enrichment, but continued to be replaced by other planktonic taxa, also linked to recent warming (e.g. F. tenera, Asterionella formosa). The 1940s experimental fertilization has left a long-term legacy on Cache Lake diatoms, despite its return to ultra-oligotrophic conditions.
Design and Evaluation of a Linear Permanent Magnet Flux Switching Machine for Use in Dry Gravity Energy Storage

This study evaluates a linear permanent magnet flux switching machine (LPM-FSM) for use in dry gravity energy storage application where electrical energy is stored as potential energy in piston masses. The designed machine is optimized for efficiency and power factor. The optimization is carried out using non-dominated sorting genetic algorithm (NSGA-II). The results indicate that the LPM-FSM has a good power factor and efficiency, which make it a viable option to use as the main drive unit in the linear electric machine gravity energy storage system. The LPM-FSM with multiple sectioned machines, thus with high pole numbers, results in reduced thrust ripple. In comparison to the consequent pole linear vernier hybrid machine, the LPM-FSM provides better performance in terms of power factor and efficiency.
Non-Saccharomyces Yeasts from Organic Vineyards as Spontaneous Fermentation Agents

Currently, non-Saccharomyces yeasts are the subject of interest, among other things, for their contribution to the aromatic complexity of wines. In this study, the characterisation of non-Saccharomyces yeasts was addressed by their isolation during spontaneous fermentations of organic Verdejo grapes, obtaining a total of 484 isolates, of which 11% were identified by molecular techniques as non-Saccharomyces yeasts. Fermentative isolates belonging to the species Hanseniaspora meyeri, Hanseniaspora osmophila, Pichia guilliermondii, Pichia kudriavzevii, Torulaspora delbrueckii, and Wickerhamomyces anomalus were analysed. Significant differences were found in the yeast populations established at the different fermentation stages. Interestingly, W. anomalus stood up as a widely distributed species in vineyards, vintages, and fermentation stages. Several of the strains studied stood out for their biotechnological potential in the production of Verdejo wine, showing the presence of relevant enzymatic activity for the release of varietal aromas and the technological improvement of the winemaking process. Three enzymatic activities were found in an important number of isolates, β-glucosidase, protease, and β-lyase, implicated in the positive aromatic impact on this style of white wine. In that sense, all the isolates of W. anomalus presented those activities. T. delbrueckii isolates were highlighted for their significant β-lyase activity. In addition, T. delbrueckii was outlined because of its potential to achieve an elevated fermenting power, as well as the lack of lag phase. The results obtained highlight the importance of maintaining the microbial diversity that contributes to the production of wines with unique and distinctive characteristics of the production region.