Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
The Dynamics of Sinking Satellites around Disk Galaxies: A Poor Man’s Alternative to High-Resolution Numerical Simulations

We have developed a simple yet surprisingly accurate analytic scheme for tracking the dynamical evolution of substructure within dark matter halos. The scheme incorporates the effects of dynamical friction, tidal mass loss, and tidal heating via physically motivated approximations. Using our scheme, we can predict the orbital evolution and mass-loss history of individual subhalos in detail. We are also able to determine the impact and importance of the different physical processes on the dynamical evolution of the subhalos. To test and calibrate this model, we compare it with a set of recent high-resolution numerical simulations of mergers between galaxies and small companions. We find that we can reproduce the orbits and mass-loss rates seen in all of these simulations with considerable accuracy, using a single set of values for the three free parameters in our model. Computationally, our scheme is more than 1000 times faster than the simplest of the high-resolution numerical simulations. This means that we can carry out detailed and statistically meaningful investigations into the characteristics of the subhalo population in different cosmologies, the stripping and disruption of the subhalos, and the interactions of the subhalos with other dynamical structures such as a thin disk. This last point is of particular interest given the ubiquity of minor mergers in hierarchical models. In this regard, our method's simplicity and speed makes it particularly attractive for incorporation into semianalytic models of galaxy formation.
Understanding the Spins of Young Stars

We review the theoretical efforts to understand why pre-main-sequence stars spin much more slowly than expected. The first idea put forward was that massive stellar winds may remove substantial angular momentum. Since then, it has become clear that the magnetic interaction between the stars and their accretion disks explains many of the observed emission properties. The disk locking scenario, which assumes the magnetic star-disk interaction also solves the stellar spin problem, has received the most attention in the literature to date. However, recent considerations suggest that the torques in the star-disk interaction are insufficient for disk locking to explain the slow rotators. This prompts us to revisit stellar winds, and we conclude that stellar winds, working in conjunction with magnetospheric accretion, are a promising candidate for solving the angular momentum problem. We suggest future directions for both observations and theory, to help shed light on this issue.
Reasoning in the Monty Hall problem: Examining choice behaviour and probability judgements

This research examined choice behaviour and probability judgement in a counterintuitive reasoning problem called the Monty Hall problem (MHP). In Experiments 1 and 2 we examined whether learning from a simulated card game similar to the MHP affected how people solved the MHP. Results indicated that the experience with the card game affected participants' choice behaviour, in that participants selected to switch in the MHP. However, it did not affect their understanding of the objective probabilities. This suggests that there is dissociation between implicit knowledge gained from the task and the explicit understanding as to why switching was the best strategy. In Experiment 3, the number of prizes and doors were manipulated to examine how participants construed the problem space of the MHP. Results revealed that participants partition the probability judgement to reflect the number of prizes over the number of unopened doors.
Susceptibility and vulnerability of Indian women to the impact of HIV/AIDS

The objective of this thesis is to examine which socio-economic, structural and cultural factors may influence Indian women’s propensity to contract HIV and later their ability to access the relevant healthcare services for their condition. The research draws on two theoretical frameworks, the first being Barnett and Whiteside’s (2002) concept of social structural factors of disease transmission. Second, Anderson and Aday’s (1981) model of access examines how a variety of structural and resource-based factors, e.g. area of residence, can influence usage of healthcare facilities. Two stages of data analysis were undertaken, the first being secondary statistical analysis of the National Family Health Survey III. The survey provided state level estimates on the HIV sero-status of the general population in India and data on demographic and socio-economic determinants for family planning, nutrition, utilization of healthcare and emerging health issues. The second stage of analysis consisted of a set of qualitative interviews conducted in Andhra Pradesh, India. Thirty-three interviews were conducted with female sero-positive patients and ten with HIV-infected women who were providing social services to others with the same condition. Statistical results on social structural determinants of HIV transmission illustrated that Indian women who were formerly married (OR=5.27, CI=3.07-9.04), lived in higher prevalence states (OR=3.48, CI=2.19-5.54), had a low level of education (OR=2.27, CI=1.40-3.68) and were employed (OR=1.45, CI=0.96-2.18) had significantly ( Additionally, statistical results on female participants’ access to healthcare services indicated the vast majority of HIV-positive respondents were almost certainly not aware of their sero-status as they had not undertaken an HIV test prior to the survey. As the sample of female HIV infected respondents was relatively small, it was difficult to ascertain which social factors had an impact on these participants utilisation of HIV testing services. On the other hand, respondents’ narratives from the qualitative stage of research highlighted on social structural factors which could potentially influence WLHA’s continual utilisation of HIV-related healthcare services. It was found that participants experienced the most barriers to accessing healthcare facilities in the initial phases of their treatment. These barriers were mediated by the structure of healthcare services, culturally sanctioned medical practices (e.g. physicians refusal to inform the patient of their sero-status) and quality of services.
Induction of the Human Perception-Action Hierarchy Employed in Junction-Navigation Scenarios

Modelling human behavior in terms of its physical, logical and cognitive correlates is innately complicated. One approach to simplifying this problem is to describe human intentions in the form of a subsumptive perception-action hierarchy [2, 1]. Perception-action methodologies assume that perceptual representation depends critically upon an agent’s action capability. We thus adopt the principle that an agent’s set of possible perceptual transitions exists in one-to-one correlation with intentional actions at each level of the perception-action hierarchy in order to model human cognition. In particular, we seek to infer the (hierarchical) mapping existing between domain-based action protocols and human visual representations within the scenario of car driving. To this end, we adopt the Extended Control Model (ECOM) which describes human driving behavior in terms of four distinct (but simultaneous) layers of perception-action feedback [3] (Targeting, Monitoring, Regulating, Tracking), that collectively represent every aspect of driving (from navigating to car-following) as a perceptionaction feedback cycle. Within this model, human visual representations are determined via the correlation of attention (measured by gaze-tracking) with a highway-code-derived scene description hierarchy involving traffic lights, lanes, roads, sign junction etc. Our goal is thus to use stochastic and structural machine learning techniques to correctly determine the active intention at each level of the ECOM hierarchy when given a set of gaze, signal, control and scene-description classifier inputs. Our ultimate aim is to do this in an adaptive, unsupervised manner.
On the Influence of Model Structure and Test Case Profile on the Prioritization of Test Cases in the Context of Model-Based Testing

Test case prioritization techniques aim at defining an ordering of test cases that favor the achievement of a goal during test execution, such as revealing faults as earlier as possible. A number of techniques have already been proposed and investigated in the literature and experimental results have discussed whether a technique is more successful than others. However, in the context of model-based testing, only a few attempts have been made towards either proposing or experimenting test case prioritization techniques. Moreover, a number of factors that may influence on the results obtained still need to be investigated before more general conclusions can be reached. In this paper, we present empirical studies that focus on observing the effects of two factors: the structure of the model and the profile of the test case that fails. Results show that the profile of the test case that fails may have a definite influence on the performance of the techniques investigated.
END: a topology-aware collection metric for sensor networks

The performance of sensor network protocols is greatly affected by the network topology: the network layout, the link dynamics, and the sink placement. We propose the Expected Network Delivery (END), a protocol-independent collection metric that captures the impact of the topology on protocol performance. Our preliminary results with two collection protocols on various topologies on the MoteLab testbed show that the END metric enables a more systematic and topology-aware evaluation of protocol performance.
Behavioral Regulation, Visual Spatial Maturity in Kindergarten, and the Relationship of School Adaptation in the First Grade for a Sample of Turkish Children

Behavioral regulation has recently become an important variable in research looking at kindergarten and first-grade achievement of children in private and public schools. The purpose of this study was to examine a measure of behavioral regulation, the Head Toes Knees Shoulders Task, and to evaluate its relationship with visual spatial maturity at the end of kindergarten. Later, in first grade, teachers were asked to rate the children (N = 82) in terms of academic and behavioral adaptation. Behavioral regulation and visual spatial maturity were significantly different between the two school types, but ratings by the teachers in the first grade were affected by children’s visual spatial maturity rather than by behavioral regulation. Socioeducational opportunities provided by the two types of schools may be more important to school adaptation than behavioral regulation.
Bayesian Tests and Model Diagnostics in Conditionally Independent Hierarchical Models

Abstract Consider the conditionally independent hierarchical model (CIHM) in which observations yi are independently distributed from f(yi /Θ i )the parameters Θ i are independently distributed from distributions g(Θ|λ), and the hyperparameters λ are distributed according to a distribution h(λ). The posterior distribution of all parameters of the CIHM can be efficiently simulated by Markov chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) algorithms. Although these simulation algorithms have facilitated the application of CIHMs, they generally have not addressed the problem of computing quantities useful in model selection. This article explores how MCMC simulation algorithms and other related computational algorithms can be used to compute Bayes factors that are useful in criticizing a particular CIHM. In the case where the CIHM models a belief that the parameters are exchangeable or lie on a regression surface, the Bayes factor can measure the consistency of the data with the structural prior belief. Bayes factors can also be u.
A Trust Aware Routing with Shortest Path Framework for Wireless Sensor Networks

— Wireless Sensor Networks (WSN) consists of hundreds and thousands of nodes which are of light weight and small size. To protect WSNs from the harmful attacks exploiting the replay of routing information, a robust Trust-Aware Routing Framework (TARF) is designed, to secure routing solutions in wireless sensor networks. TARF can be developed into a complete and independent routing protocol; the purpose is to allow existing routing protocols to incorporate our implementation of TARF with the least effort and thus producing a secure and efficient fully-functional protocol. In the existing system, various types of attacks are avoided. Also, trust and reputation management systems cannot be applied to WSNs due to the excessive overhead for resource-constrained sensor nodes powered by batteries. In our proposed system, we have added security to trust manager that protects against all kinds of attacks which are excluded in existing system. In addition, geographic location of the nodes is also found and hence we can choose the shortest path for fast delivery of the data .
A taxa de câmbio como instrumento do desenvolvimento econômico

This article discusses the importance of the exchange rate in the economic development process. After a brief discussion about this issue, the paper presents a historical vision of the exchange policy adopted in Brazil from 1995 until now. This policy took part in the stabilization macroeconomic program implemented in the country since then. Thus, we are discussing the main effects of the economic exchange policy over the industrial sector, highlighting the fact that there are some empirical evidences about the deindustrialization process in Brazil nowadays. What could explain it is the behavior of the share of technological content of the products that compose the international trade of the country. Recently one can observe that there is an expressive growth in the share of the non-industrial products, which could characterize the deindustrialization process in the country.
Econometric Study of Relationship between Change of Farmland Quantity and Policy of Farmland Protection in China

According to the data from Investigation Report of Land Use Change in China, The Land Resources Communique of China and Chronicle of Statistical Data for Five Decades of New China issued from Ministry of Land Resources, we select two indices: change of farmland quantity and policy of farmland protection. According to econometric theory, by using Eviewes 5.1 software, co-integration analysis, Granger causality test, impulse response and other analysis methods, we analyze the relationship between change of farmland quantity and policy of farmland protection in China since the reform and opening-up. The results show that there is long-term balanced relationship between change of farmland quantity and policy of farmland protection, and there is a certain mechanism restricting motion of variables between the two so as to make the two deviate from each other little and step towards balance in the long run; there is unilateral causality relationship between farmland change and policy of farmland protection, namely that the farmland change is the Granger cause of policy of farmland protection, while policy of farmland protection is not the Granger cause of farmland change; impulse response and variance decomposition indicate that farmland change plays the role of promoting policy of farmland protection continuously, and the role is strengthened along with prolonged lag period; the policy of farmland protection has strong inertia, because it is impacted by the former level of itself, and the policy of farmland protection plays insignificant role in promoting farmland quantity. Consequently, the important approach of solving problem of rapid decrease of farmland is to formulate long-term strategy, strengthen theoretical research of farmland protection and reinforce degree of formulation, implementation and surveillance of farmland protection policy.
An Investigation into Partnership Working to Widen Participation in Higher Education in the South-West of England, with Particular Reference to Lifelong Learning Networks (LLNs)

Partnerships between Higher Education Institutions (HEIs) and Further Education Colleges (FECs) were a specific recommendation of the 1997 Dearing Review and a major component of New Labour's 'Third Way'. Between 1997 - 2010 one of the key policy drivers was to widen participation in higher education with a target of 50% participation of 18 - 30 year olds by 2010. Funded partnerships were seen as the mechanism to achieve this target. Arguably partnerships between higher education (HE) and further education (FE) were not new. Many of the so-called 'post-92' universities which had previously been polytechnics had achieved growth through partnerships with FECs and considered themselves, perhaps, to be leading the way in widening participation. Among a plethora of policy initiatives, the Higher Education Funding Council for England (HEFCE) embarked on its own innovative partnership scheme, Lifelong Learning Networks. Drawing heavily from examples in North America, these were conceived as a way of achieving planned progression into higher education for students with vocational qualifications at level three. The response from the higher education sector to the initiative was equivocal at best and the results uneven. This study draws from Bourdieu's early anthropological studies and combines aspects of these with his study of the fields of the arts and higher education to propose a new reading of the policy response and practice of widening participation in higher education through partnerships.
The pattern-richness of Graphical passwords

Conventional (text-based) passwords have shown patterns such as variations on the username, or known passwords such as “password”, “admin” or “12345”. Patterns may similarly be detected in the use of Graphical passwords (GPs). The most significant such pattern - reported by many researchers - is hotspot clustering. This paper qualitatively analyses more than 200 graphical passwords for patterns other than the classically reported hotspots. The qualitative analysis finds that a significant percentage of passwords fall into a small set of patterns; patterns that can be used to form attack models against GPs. In counter action, these patterns can also be used to educate users so that future password selection is more secure. It is the hope that the outcome from this research will lead to improved behaviour and an enhancement in graphical password security.
Loss of a specific cell type from dorsal lateral geniculate nucleus in visually deprived cats.

cATs REARED under various conditions of visual deprivation are deficient in their subsequent performance of certain visual tasks (6, 19). Wiesel and Hubel (15-17, 25-28) have sought the physiological basis of these effects by comparing receptivefield properties of single visual neurons of normhlly reared cats to those of visually deprived cats. Their consistent finding (17, 26-28), confirmed by others (7), is that cells of the striate cortex develop permanently abnormal receptive-field properties during deprivation rearing. In a preliminary study, Wiesel and Hubel (25) observed that cells of the dorsal lateral geniculate nucleus (LGNd) in visually deprived cats have essentially normal receptive fields despite the loss of many large cells in this nucleus. These findings have been subtantially confirmed (11, 24). The present studv which follows note the a series presence of of t recent wo funct papers ionallv distinct types of cell in the cat’s retina and LGNd: the X-cells (3, 13) (type II (5, 21) or sustained cells (2)) and the Y-cells (3, 13) (type I (5, 21) or transient cells (2)). This paper presents evidence that one effect of rearing cats with visual deprivation (achieved by neonatal eyelid suture) is the selective elimination from the LGNd of Y-cells. The remaining neurons appear to be functionally normal.
How High Are Rates of Return to Fertilizer? Evidence from Field Experiments in Kenya

The idea that peasant farmers are rational profit maximizers has been a staple of development economics since Theodore Schultz (1964). It has also been influential in shaping policy. For example, agricultural experts have stressed the importance of fertilizer use in raising agricultural yields, pointing to impressive results on experimental farms and to huge differences in agricultural productivity across countries with different levels of fertilizer use (Robert Evenson and Douglas Gollin 2003). Historically, many countries subsidized fertilizer in response. But economists have been skeptical of claims that farmers are leaving money on the table, noting that fertilizer may not have the same returns on real-world farms as on experimental farms, that returns to fertilizer may be low for many farmers, even if they are high on average (Tavneet Suri 2007), that fertilizer may require complementary inputs, or may be risky. Many countries have withdrawn or scaled back fertilizer Psychology and develoPment: theory and exPerimental evidence †
On the X-ray haloes of the Galaxy and the Local Group and the diffuse soft X-ray background

We have extended the spectral modelling of the soft X-ray background (SXRB) using the ROSAT PSPC data along several lines of galactic longitude. Our results continue to demonstrate the need for a Galactic halo component, which is shown to vary markedly as a function of position. These fluc- tuations significantly affect the ability to investigate variations in the extragalactic SXRB below 2 keV. Our conclusions do not support the proposal of an X-ray halo surrounding the Local Group of galaxies as invoked by Suto et al. (1996). Application of the 3 component model to a deep ROSAT observation in the direction of the Lockman hole is also dis- cussed.
Use of Lytic Bacteriophage for Control of Experimental Escherichia coli Septicemia and Meningitis in Chickens and Calves

ABSTRACT A lytic bacteriophage, which was previously isolated from sewage and which attaches to the K1 capsular antigen, has been used to prevent septicemia and a meningitis-like infection in chickens caused by a K1+ bacteremic strain of Escherichia coli. Protection was obtained even when administration of the phage was delayed until signs of disease appeared. The phage was able to multiply in the blood. In newly borne colostrum-deprived calves given theE. coli orally, intramuscular inoculation of phage delayed appearance of the bacterium in the blood and lengthened life span. With some provisos there is considerable potential for this approach to bacterial-disease therapy.
Literature Review for the project " Game Theoretic Analysis of Internet Network Problems "

In a network, greedy, independent agents aim to minimise their own personal cost (such as travel time between source and destination) without regard to wider, societal impacts of their behaviour. The inefficiency due to this behaviour can be studied through such measures as the price of anarchy, which is the ratio of the cost of the worst-case Nash equilibrium to that of the optimal flow. One application of this game theoretic analysis is in allowing network operators to charge users equitably and profitably for multicast traffic sent through their networks, because multicast traffic along a link cannot be simply attributed to one particular user. The aim of the project is to extend and modify existing models of multicast pricing, to improve the resultant societal cost even with greedy, independent agents and their applicability to real-world multicast uses. Theoretical properties, such as time and network overhead complexity, will be examined to determine the tractability of the models.