Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Estimating surface moisture availability for evaporation on bare soil from routine meteorological data and its parameterization without soil moisture

Surface moisture availability is the most important parameter for estimating evaporation from bare soil using the bulk transfer method. In this study, we developed a simple method for the estimation and parameterization of surface moisture availability over a period ranging from 10 days to several months on bare soil using only routine meteorological data without using sensible and latent heat flux and soil moisture data. If the daily mean soil temperature is observed with other routine meteorological data of daily values (air temperature, solar radiation, precipitation, wind speed, humidity, etc.), surface moisture availability can be estimated by using a simple soil temperature model without using the sensible and latent heat flux observation data. The simple soil temperature model is composed of the heat balance equation at the ground surface, bulk transfer method and modified version of the force-restore model for estimating daily mean soil temperature. The estimation period of surface moisture availability ranges from 10 days to several months according to precipitation conditions that reflect soil wetness. The antecedent precipitation index (API) is an effective indicator by which the soil wetness condition can be judged without using soil moisture. This enables classification of proper estimation periods of surface moisture availability. The surface moisture availability is estimated by minimizing the sum of the squares of the residual between the observed value of the daily mean soil temperature and the calculated value under the estimation period as classified by API. Furthermore, for the purpose of estimating daily mean soil temperature and cumulative evaporation on bare soil using only routine meteorological data, we propose that the surface moisture availability can be parameterized using the ratio of precipitation to potential evaporation with estimation periods ranging from 10 days to several months.
Room temperature luminescent InGaAs/GaAs core-shell nanowires

InGaAs/GaAs core-shell nanowires have been grown by molecular beam epitaxy. The core-shell nanowires show room temperature photoluminescence. At low temperatures their luminescence intensity is two to three orders of magnitudes larger than that of parent InGaAs nanowires grown without external GaAs shell. The nanowires have been structurally characterized by scanning electron microscopy and transmission electron microscopy.
Tungsten Through-Silicon Via Technology for Three-Dimensional LSIs

Tungsten through-silicon via (W-TSV) technology is investigated for the fabrication of three-dimensional (3D) LSI chips having low-resistive TSVs with a width less than 3 µm. In our 3D integration technology, completed two-dimensional (2D) LSI chips including metal–oxide–semiconductor field-effect transistors (MOSFETs) and metal wirings are vertically stacked through a number of short vertical interconnections called TSV with lengths ranging from several microns to several tens of microns. The W-TSV technology is mainly divided into three low-temperature processes: deep-trench etching, dielectric layer formation, and filling with a conductive material. We successfully formed deep Si trenches through a 6-µm-thick SiO2 dielectric layer by the modified Bosch process. The depth of the resulting Si trenches with a dielectric layer is approximately 40 µm. A SiO2 layer was formed at the bottom and on the sidewall of the Si trenches by sub-atmospheric chemical vapor deposition (SACVD) method using tetraethylorthosilicate (TEOS) and O3. In addition, we succeeded in uniformly depositing a conformal W metal layer by time-modulated W-CVD method at 300 °C.
Controlling flow turbulence

This paper investigates the viability and effectiveness of using a technique developed for low-dimensional chaotic systems to control flow turbulence governed by the Navier–Stokes equations. By using a global pinning coupling strategy, we show that turbulence can be controlled to desirable time-varying target states, including a spatially extended periodic state and a turbulent one. Exponential convergence to the target state is found and the exponential rate scales linearly to the coupling strength. The linear scaling law breaks down when localized pinning control is applied. A wavelet multiscale technique is utilized for the characterization of both the effectiveness of the present control strategy and the inverse energy transfer in two-dimensional turbulence.
Voice Pathology Assessment Systems for Dysphonic Patients: Detection, Classification, and Speech Recognition

ABSTRACT In the past decade, much research has been done on automatic detection and classification of vocal fold disorders, and these tasks continue to require further investigation. The aim of this study is to develop systems that may help in diagnosing patients from their speech. The systems will perform voice disorder detection, classification of voice disorders, and digit recognition. To find the best system, we will compare the system performance when using different voice features. We are the first to explore the use relative spectral transform perceptual linear predictive (RASTA-PLP) feature for speech pathology. The speech samples used in most of the literature are sustained vowels, while the speech samples we worked on are words, which are more natural. To evaluate the performance of the developed system, we used a database containing five types of vocal fold disorders. The database includes a total of 142 speakers half of them were normal speakers. The best accuracy achieved for the voice disorder detection system was 92.40%. In the voice disorder classification system, the maximum obtained recognition rate by using words was 73%. For the digit recognition system, a recognition rate of 98.57% was obtained. PLP and RASTA_PLP showed better performance in the developed pathology assessment systems.
Axisymmetric Stokes' flow in a spherical shell revisited via the Fokas method. Part I: Irrotational flow

The axisymmetric irrotational Stokes' flow for a spherical shell is analysed by means of the recently developed Fokas method via the use of global relations. Alternative series and new integral representations concerning a system of concentric spheres, yielding, by a limiting procedure, the Dirichlet or Neumann problems for the interior and the exterior of a sphere, are presented. The boundary value problems considered can be classically solved using either the finite Gegenbauer transform or the Mellin transform. Application of the Gegenbauer transform yields a series representation which is uniformly convergent at the boundary, but not convenient for many applications. The Mellin transform, on the other hand, furnishes an integral representation which is not uniformly convergent at the boundary. Here, by algebraic manipulations of the global relation: (i) a Gegenbauer series representation is derived in a simpler manner, instead of solving ODEs and (ii) an alternative integral representation, different from the Mellin transform representation is derived which is uniformly convergent at the boundary. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Automated tracking of a figure skater by using PTZ cameras

In this paper, a system for automated real-time tracking of a figure skater moving on an ice rink by using PTZ cameras is presented. This system is intended for support in training of skating, for example, as a tool for recording and evaluation of his/her motion performances. In the processing procedure of the system, an ice rink region is extracted first from a video image by region growing method, then one of hole components in the obtained rink region is extracted as a skater region. If there exists no hole component, a skater region is estimated from horizontal and vertical intensity projections of the rink region. Each camera is automatically panned and/or tilted so as to keep the skater region on almost the center of the image, and also zoomed so as to keep the height of the skater region within an appropriate range. In the experiments using 5 practical video images of skating, it was shown that the extraction rate of the skater region was almost 90%, and tracking with camera control was successfully done for almost all of the cases used here.
MIGRATION AND INVASION PATTERN ANALYSIS OF ORAL CANCER CELLS IN VITRO

Desmoglein 3 (Dsg3) is an adhesion receptor in desmosomes, but relatively little is known about its role in cancer. In this study, the function of Dsg3 was investigated in oral squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) cell lines in vitro using locally established human leiomyoma tumor microenvironment (TME) matrices. Since Dsg3 has been identified as a key regulator in cell adhesion, we hypothesized that it may play a role in oral SCC cells adhesion and motility. Thus, one aim of the study was to explore this hypothesis by both gain and loss of function methods in four human buccal mucosa SCC SqCC/Y1 cell lines: transduction of vector control (Ct), fulllength (FL) or two different C-terminally truncated Dsg3 mutants (Δ238 and Δ560). Live cell imaging was performed for 2D migration and 3D sandwich, alongside other assays. In 3D sandwich, we tested the effects of the monoclonal antibody, AK23, targeting the extracellular domain of Dsg3 in SqCC/Y1 cells. Our results showed that loss of Dsg3 disrupted cell adhesion and protein expression. In 2D assays, FL and Dsg3 mutants migrated faster with higher accumulated distances than Ct. In contrast with 2D, mutants showed accelerated invasion over the Ct in 3D models. The AK23 antibody inhibited only the invasion of FL cells. The TME in vivo consists of cellular and matrix elements playing a leading role in carcinoma progression. To study carcinoma cells invasion in vitro, mouse Matrigel® and rat type 1 collagen are the most commonly used matrices in 3D models. Since they are non-human in origin, they do not perfectly mimic human TME. To address this, we have developed a solid organotypic myoma disc model derived from human uterus leiomyoma tumor. Here, we introduce a novel Myogel, prepared from leiomyoma similar to Matrigel®. We validated Myogel for cell-TME interactions in 3D models, using SqCC/Y1 and HSC-3 cell lines. Compared with Matrigel® and type I collagen, oral SCC cell lines invaded more efficiently in Myogel containing matrices. This study describes promising 3D models using human TME mimicking Myogel which is suitable to analyze oral SCC cells both in carcinoma monocultures and in co-cultures, such as with TME fibroblasts. We also introduce a possible novel therapeutic target against Dsg3 to suppress cancer cell invasion.
Diameters of convex bodies

In [2], we have shown that the extended diameter family of a convex body C in n-space has the property of outward simplicity if and only if there is no pair of parallel line segments in the boundary of C respectively in an opposite pair of parallel contact planes of C. In [3] Professor Sobczyk and I show that every outwardly simple family of lines in the plane is the extended diameter family of a constant breadth convex body and incidentally give a simple construction for all constant breadth planar convex bodies. The purpose of this note is to show that not every continuous outwardly simple line family in Euclidean 3-space is the extended diameter family of a convex body. A diameter of a convex body in En (n > 2) is a longest chord in its direction. In [2] it is proved that the diameters of a convex body cover the body.
Efficient Fast Frequency Sweep Without Nonphysical Resonances

Abstract Single-point methods of moment-matching type provide a most effective means for realizing fast frequency sweeps. The impedance formulation of the finite element method is very well-suited for such techniques, but it is susceptible to interior resonances, especially in the case of lossless microwave structures. This deficiency can be resolved by imposing transparent boundary conditions at the waveguide ports, but the resulting matrices exhibit nonpolynomial frequency-dependency unless all waveguide modes are of the transverse electric and magnetic type. In consequence, single-point methods cannot be applied without approximations. This article proposes a fast frequency sweep technique that handles not only transverse electric and magnetic modes but also transverse electric and transverse magnetic modes without any approximations. Moreover, it retains the efficiency of the impedance formulation but prevents interior resonances from occurring. The theoretical background of and numerical evidence for the failure of the impedance formulation is given, and a mathematical proof for the validity of the new method is presented. Computational results demonstrate the reliability and low error of the suggested approach.
Wavelet-based nearest-regularized subspace for noise-robust hyperspectral image classification

Abstract. A wavelet-based nearest-regularized-subspace classifier is proposed for noise-robust hyperspectral image (HSI) classification. The nearest-regularized subspace, coupling the nearest-subspace classification with a distance-weighted Tikhonov regularization, was designed to only consider the original spectral bands. Recent research found that the multiscale wavelet features [e.g., extracted by redundant discrete wavelet transformation (RDWT)] of each hyperspectral pixel are potentially very useful and less sensitive to noise. An integration of wavelet-based features and the nearest-regularized-subspace classifier to improve the classification performance in noisy environments is proposed. Specifically, wealthy noise-robust features provided by RDWT based on hyperspectral spectrum are employed in a decision-fusion system or as preprocessing for the nearest-regularized-subspace (NRS) classifier. Improved performance of the proposed method over the conventional approaches, such as support vector machine, is shown by testing several HSIs. For example, the NRS classifier performed with an accuracy of 65.38% for the AVIRIS Indian Pines data with 75 training samples per class under noisy conditions (signal-to-noise ratio = 36.87 dB ), while the wavelet-based classifier can obtain an accuracy of 71.60%, resulting in an improvement of approximately 6%.
Mesoscale Surface Analysis System for the Australian Domain: Design Issues, Development Status, and System Validation

AbstractAn operational surface analysis system for the continent of Australia is presented. The system is specifically designed to mitigate problems that arise when analyzing surface data with a highly inhomogeneous distribution. Hourly analyses of atmospheric pressure at mean sea level, potential temperature, 2-m dewpoint temperature, and 10-m wind components are generated on a ~4-km grid. The system employs a statistical interpolation technique using observations of pressure, temperature, dewpoint, and wind data. The problem of data gaps in space and time is addressed by introducing pseudo-observations. For stations missing a report at analysis time, estimates are reconstructed by interpolating off-time reports. Underobserved areas in the network are identified from precalculated, gridded observation densities for each analysis time, which also yield weights to combine preliminary analysis and first-guess data into pseudo-observations. A regression-based pressure reduction technique, consistent with loc.
Spin-dependent thermal and electrical transport in a spin-valve system

Within the framework of Bu{close_quotes}ttiker{close_quote}s gauge invariant and charge conservation dc transport theory, the spin-dependent thermal and electrical transport in a ferromagnet-insulator-ferromagnet tunnel junction is investigated at finite bias voltage and finite temperature. It is observed that the relative orientations of magnetizations in the two ferromagnetic (FM) electrodes as well as temperature have remarkable effects on the differential conductance, thermopower, Peltier effect, and thermal conductivity. At low temperature the quantum resonant tunneling is predominant, leading to the deviation of classical transport theory, while the transport of electrons are crucially governed by thermal processes at high temperature. The so-called spin-valve phenomenon is clearly uncovered for both the differential conductance and the thermal conductivity at low temperature. The Wiedemann-Franz law is examined, and the inelastic tunneling spectroscopy is also discussed. Our findings are expected to be measured in the near future.
Extending Solutions of Holomorphic Partial Differential Equations Across Real Hypersurfaces

The main result in this paper, Theorem 1.2, generalizes a theorem of Zerner [26] concerning sufficient conditions for the holomorphic continuability of a solution of a linear holomorphic partial differential equation across a point of a hypersurface, on one side of which it is holomorphic. The point of the new theorem is, roughly speaking, that it applies also to regular solutions of partial differential equations whose coefficients may have certain kinds of singularities. This enables us to deduce some new results (see §2) on elliptic partial differential equations in ℝ2: Theorem 2.1 extends a result of Vekua on the size of the domain of holomorphy of solutions to elliptic equations, in the case where singularities are permitted in the coefficients; Theorem 2.2 is of an apparently novel type, showing (roughly) that under certain conditions the solution to Cauchy's problem is real‐analytic in a domain whose size depends only on the principal part of the operator, which is assumed to be the Laplacian, and the Cauchy data on the real axis. (Results of this kind are very delicate, as we shall illustrate in §4 with a simple counterexample.) Theorem 2.2 is new and non‐trivial even for equations with analytic coefficients, in which case though, Theorem 1.2 is not needed for the proof.
ABUNDANCES OF GIANT STARS IN THE DRACO AND URSA MINOR DWARF GALAXIES.

A number of synthetic spectra have been compared with Stetson's (1984) low-dispersion spectra of stars in the Draco and Ursa Minor dwarf galaxies. Spectral indices have been used to deduce the overall metal abundances of the stars, as indicated by the strengths of the H and K lines, as well as the carbon abundances, from the G bands. Similar analyses have been carried out for stars in the globular clusters M3 and M92. Stars in both dwarf spheroidals have the same mean overall abundances as the M92 stars. Carbon is depleted relative to the other metals in both the Draco and Ursa Minor stars ([C/M] = -0.5), but the depletion is not as great as in M92 where [C/M] = -0.8. The abundances deduced from the Draco color-magnitude diagram are higher than those deduced from the M92 diagram, a factor which may be due to higher CNO abundances.
Physics and models for plasma synthetic jets

Plasma synthetic jet (PSJ) actuators are mainly used in order to control high speed flows. The objective of this work is to get a better understanding of the arc created inside the actuator and of its interaction with the surrounding fresh gas which allows to transfer the required thermal energy to produce the jets. After an experimental characterisation of the system, a 2D axisymmetric EMHD solver has been developed to simulate the activity of a non-confined arc similar to the one generated inside the actuator cavity. The energy transfers are quantified and an estimation of the useful amount of the electrical energy to heat the gas is given. Therefore, this work gives an explanation to the important losses that have been observed both experimentally and by simplified energy deposition simulations.
Magnetic tunnel junction based eddy current testing probe for detection of surface defects

In recent years, magnetoresistive sensors have been applied to a large spectrum of applications from biomedical devices to industrial devices. Their high sensitivity and high spatial resolution are of special interest for eddy current based non-destructive testing. In this particular application, giant magnetoresistive sensors have been recently used for detecting surface and buried defects. Nevertheless, although very promising, magnetic tunnel junctions (MTJs) are still barely used in this application. In this work, two sensors with 6 and 10 MTJs in series were successfully fabricated, characterized, and tested on an aluminum mock-up including defects 100 μm wide and with a depth ranging from 0.2 to 1 mm. The sensors including 6 MTJ in series showed sensitivities of 50.8 mV/mT, while the sensor with 10 MTJ in series showed a sensitivity of 84.5 mV/mT. Due to its high sensitivity the latter was able to detect the smallest defect with a signal to noise ratio of 50, which seems promising for more challengi.
Model for Lattice Thermal Conductivity at Low Temperatures

A phenomenological model is developed to facilitate calculation of lattice thermal conductivities at low temperatures. It is assumed that the phonon scattering processes can be represented by frequency-dependent relaxation times. Isotropy and absence of dispersion in the crystal vibration spectrum are assumed. No distinction is made between longitudinal and transverse phonons. The assumed scattering mechanisms are (1) point impurities (isotopes), (2) normal three-phonon processes, (3) umklapp processes, and (4) boundary scattering. A special investigation is made of the role of the normal processes which conserve the total crystal momentum and a formula is derived from the Boltzmann equation which gives their contribution to the conductivity. The relaxation time for the normal three-phonon processes is taken to be that calculated by Herring for longitudinal modes in cubic materials. The model predicts for germanium a thermal conductivity roughly proportional to ${T}^{\ensuremath{-}\frac{3}{2}}$ in normal material, but proportional to ${T}^{\ensuremath{-}2}$ in single-isotope material in the temperature range 50\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}-100\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}K. Magnitudes of the relaxation times are estimated from the experimental data. The thermal conductivity of germanium is calculated by numerical integration for the temperature range 2-100\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}K. The results are in reasonably good agreement with the experimental results for normal and for single-isotope material.
LBM Simulation Of Interfacial Behaviour OfBubbles Flow At Low Reynolds Number In ASquare Microchannel

Bubbles flow in a microchannel is an interfacial and surface tension dominated problem. The paper reports results of numerical modelling and simulation of interfacial behaviour of bubbles flow and coalescence in a square microchannel. The lattice Boltzmann method (LBM) is developed and applied to the simulation in which a simple linear function is applied to the order parameter to approximate the density within the interface of gas-liquid. The evolution of two isothermal air bubbles flowing through a water-filled microchannel at low Reynolds number and the interactions between the flow fields and the interface of gas-liquid are simulated and investigated numerically.