Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Neurology and psychiatry: waking up to opportunities of sleep. : State of the art and clinical/research priorities for the next decade

In recent years, evidence has emerged for a bidirectional relationship between sleep and neurological and psychiatric disorders. First, sleep−wake disorders (SWDs) are very common and may be the first/main manifestation of underlying neurological and psychiatric disorders. Secondly, SWDs may represent an independent risk factor for neuropsychiatric morbidities. Thirdly, sleep−wake function (SWF) may influence the course and outcome of neurological and psychiatric disorders. This review summarizes the most important research and clinical findings in the fields of neuropsychiatric sleep and circadian research and medicine, and discusses the promise they bear for the next decade. The findings herein summarize discussions conducted in a workshop with 26 European experts in these fields, and formulate specific future priorities for clinical practice and translational research. More generally, the conclusion emerging from this workshop is the recognition of a tremendous opportunity offered by our knowledge of SWF and SWDs that has unfortunately not yet entered as an important key factor in clinical practice, particularly in Europe. Strengthening pre‐graduate and postgraduate teaching, creating academic multidisciplinary sleep−wake centres and simplifying diagnostic approaches of SWDs coupled with targeted treatment strategies yield enormous clinical benefits for these diseases.
Simple Features for Chinese Word Sense Disambiguation

In this paper we report on our experiments on automatic Word Sense Disambiguation using a maximum entropy approach for both English and Chinese verbs. We compare the difficulty of the sense-tagging tasks in the two languages and investigate the types of contextual features that are useful for each language. Our experimental results suggest that while richer linguistic features are useful for English WSD, they may not be as beneficial for Chinese.
Permanganate Oxidizable Carbon Reflects a Processed Soil Fraction that is Sensitive to Management

Permanganate oxidizable C (POXC; i.e., active C) is a relatively new method that can quantify labile soil C rapidly and inexpensively. Despite limited reports of positive correlations with particulate organic C (POC), microbial biomass C (MBC), and other soil C fractions, little is known about what soil fractions POXC most closely reflects. We measured POXC across a wide range of soil types, ecosystems, and geographic areas (12 studies, 53 total sites, = 1379) to: (i) determine the relationship between POXC and POC, MBC and soil organic C (SOC) fractions, and (ii) determine the relative sensitivity of POXC as a labile soil C metric across a range of environmental and management conditions. Permanganate oxidizable C was significantly related to POC, MBC, and SOC, and these relationships were strongest when data were analyzed by individual studies. Permanganate oxidizable C was more closely related to smaller-sized (53–250 μm) than larger POC fractions (250–2000 μm), and more closely related to heavier (>1.7 g cm) than lighter POC fractions, indicating that it reflects a relatively processed pool of labile soil C. Compared with POC, MBC, or SOC, POXC demonstrated greater sensitivity to changes in management or environmental variation in 42% of the significant experimental factors examined across the 12 studies. Our analysis demonstrates the usefulness of POXC in quickly and inexpensively assessing changes in the labile soil C pool.
ON OXIDATIVE STRESS AND DIABETIC COMPLICATIONS

Department of pharmacology, Vidhyabharti Trust College of Pharmacy, Umrakh, Gujarat, India. ABSTRACT Oxidative stress due to chronic hyperglycemia is a one of the factor that produce diabetic complications. There is increasing evidence that in certain pathologic states, especially chronic diseases, the increased production and/or ineffective scavenging of reactive oxygen species (ROS) may play a critical role. High reactivity of ROS determines chemical changes in virtually all cellular components, leading to lipid peroxidation. Production of ROS and disturbed capacity of antioxidant defense in diabetic subjects have been reported. It has been suggested that enhanced production of free radicals and oxidative stress is central event to the development of diabetic complications. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) are produced by oxidative phosphorylation, nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate oxidase (NADPH), xanthine oxidase, the uncoupling of lipoxygenases, cytochrome P450 monooxygenases, and glucose autoxidation. Once ROS produced than it affect the cellular system, and produced the various complications. This review explores the production of ROS and the propagation and consequences of oxidative stress in diabetic complications.
On the Perception of Transients: Applying Psychophysical Constraints to Improve Audio Analysis and Synthesis

Recent advances in audio representation decompose the signal into a parallel combination of sinusoidal, transient, and noise components and then apply specialized techniques to analyze and synthesize each of these components (Levine and Smith 1999). With respect to time-varying sinusoids and wideband noise, knowledge about auditory perception has been used to optimize the representation. In contrast, relatively less is known about the perception of transients so that the processing of transients is governed primarily by standard signal transform techniques. The present paper presents new psychophysical results on the perception of transients and suggests how these results may be used to improve the analysis and synthesis of transients in the audio signal. Limits on temporal resolution in auditory perception typically range from 25 ms, for the judgment of temporal order, to a lower limit of 1-2 ms for the discrimination of monaural phase (Eddins and Green 1995). For example, Ronken (1970) measured discrimination thresholds for a pair of unequal amplitude clicks and their time-reversed form as a function of the temporal separation between the clicks and the relative amplitude of the clicks. He demonstrated that the threshold amplitude was relatively constant for temporal separations greater than 2 ms, but that the threshold increased when decreasing the temporal separation from 2 to 1 ms. Patterson and Green (1970) studied the discrimination of Huffman sequences, which, for a given duration, share the attribute that they have identical power spectra. They found that discrimination between different Huffman sequences
Spanning the pareto front of a counter radar detection problem

Radar system design and optimization are complex problems recently cast in the framework of multi-objective evolutionary algorithms. However, in the problem of counter radar detection and tracking, the state-of-the-art multi-objective optimization algorithm NSGA-II is unable to span the complete 2D Pareto front of the asymptotic and convex problem domain, leaving out vital information on the radar-jammer system dynamics. Common modifications to the domination principle employed will to some degree increase the span of the Pareto front, at the expense of slower convergence and a less dense front. In this paper, the new Surface Evolutionary Algorithm (SEA) is introduced to overcome these problems. The SEA characterizes all solutions by one single metric and uses interpolated attraction points along the boundary of the solution set as basis for selecting and evolving solutions in the optimizer. The SEA is proposed and analyzed in the context of the conflicting multi-objective optimization criteria of search efficiency, density distribution and span of the complete Pareto front of the counter radar detection problem. The SEA is shown to produce high performance solutions not easily obtained using the well-established optimization methods of NSGA-II and e-MOEA.
SLCO1B1 polymorphism markedly affects the pharmacokinetics of simvastatin acid

Background and objective Organic anion transporting polypeptide 1B1 (OATP1B1) is an uptake transporter located at the sinusoidal membrane of human hepatocytes. This study aimed to investigate the effects of genetic polymorphism in the SLCO1B1 gene encoding OATP1B1 on the pharmacokinetics of simvastatin. Methods Four healthy volunteers with the homozygous SLCO1B1 c.521CC genotype, 12 with the heterozygous c.521TC genotype and 16 with the homozygous c.521TT genotype (controls) were recruited. Each study participant ingested a single 40-mg dose of simvastatin. Plasma concentrations of simvastatin (inactive lactone) and its active metabolite simvastatin acid were measured for 12 h. Results The AUC0–∞ of simvastatin acid was 120 and 221% higher in participants with the SLCO1B1 c.521CC genotype than in those with the c.521TC and c.521TT (reference) genotypes, respectively (P<0.001). The Cmax of simvastatin acid was 162 and 200% higher in participants with the c.521CC genotype than in those with the c.521TC and c.521TT genotypes (P<0.001). The Cmax of simvastatin acid occurred earlier in participants with the c.521CC and c.521TC genotypes than in those with the c.521TT genotype (P<0.05). No association existed between the SLCO1B1 genotype and the elimination half-life of simvastatin acid. Moreover, no statistically significant association was seen between the SLCO1B1 genotype and the pharmacokinetics of simvastatin lactone. Conclusions SLCO1B1 polymorphism markedly affects the pharmacokinetics of active simvastatin acid, but has no significant effect on parent simvastatin. Raised plasma concentrations of simvastatin acid in patients carrying the SLCO1B1 c.521C variant allele may enhance the risk of systemic adverse effects during simvastatin treatment. In addition, reduced uptake of simvastatin acid by OATP1B1 into the liver in patients with the c.521C allele could reduce its cholesterol-lowering efficacy.
La ecología tras el legado de Margalef

La aparición y progresivo desarrollo de la agricultura a lo largo del Holoceno ha representado un camino sin retorno para la Humanidad, además de constituir un tipo de acción sobre el entorno exclusivo del hombre y propiciar el incremento demográfico, el desarrollo de estructuras sociales complejas que darían lugar a las grandes civilizaciones de la antigüedad y, finalmente, al mundo tal y como lo conocemos.
The canals of hering and hepatic stem cells in humans

Small, extraportal, hepatic parenchymal cells, positive for biliary‐type cytokeratins, may represent hepatic stem cells, canals of Hering (CoH), and/or ductal plate remnants. We evaluated these cells 3 dimensionally in normal human liver and massive necrosis. Tissues from normal human livers and from 1 liver with acetaminophen‐induced massive necrosis were serially sectioned, immunostained for cytokeratin 19 (CK19), and sequentially photographed. Images were examined to determine 3‐dimensional relationships among CK19–positive cells. Immunostains for other hepatocyte and progenitor cell markers were examined. In normal livers, intraparenchymal CK19–positive cells lined up as linear arrays in sequential levels. One hundred of 106 (94.3%) defined, complete arrays within levels examined, most having 1 terminus at a bile duct, the other in the lobule, beyond the limiting plate. In massive necrosis, there were 767 individual CK19–positive cells or clusters around a single portal tract, 747 (97.4%) of which were spatially related forming arborizing networks connected to the interlobular bile duct by single tributaries. C‐kit was positive in normal CoH. CK19 co‐expressed with HepPar1, c‐kit, and α‐fetoprotein (AFP) in parenchymal cells in massive necrosis. Small, extraportal, biliary‐type parenchymal cells represent cross‐sections of the CoH that radiate from the portal tract, usually extending past the limiting plate into the proximate third of the hepatic lobule. The 3‐dimensional structure of ductular reactions in massive necrosis suggests that these reactions are proliferations of the cells lining the CoH. Therefore, the CoH consist of, or harbor, facultative hepatic stem cells in humans.
Iron deficiency limits phytoplankton growth in Antarctic waters

Enrichment experiments were performed in the Ross Sea to test the hypothesis that iron deficiency is responsible for the phytoplankton's failure to use up the luxuriant major nutrient supplies found in these and all other offshore Antarctic ocean waters . Nitrate uptake rates in the controls without added trace elements ranged from 0.58 to 1.22 μmol kg−1 d−1; the addition of 1 to 5 nmol of unchelated Fe per liter resulted in rates that were 2 to 10 times higher (2.54 to 6.00 μmol NO3 kg−1 d−1). Rates in bottles with 2 nmol Mn added were identical to those in the controls (0.57 to 1.04 μmol NO3 kg−1 d−1). Total decreases in NO3 were balanced by increases in particulate organic N. These results suggest that Fe deficiency is the primary reason that the present-day southern ocean biological pump is shut off. In contrast, iron was 50 times more abundant during the last glacial maximum; greater Fe availability may have stimulated the biological pump and contributed to the ice age drawdown of atmospheric C02. These results also imply that large-scale southern ocean Fe fertilization is feasible, at least in terms of the total amounts of Fe required; i.e., 100,000 to 500,000 tons yr−1.
Please Scroll down for Article Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology Neuropsychological Effects of Hostility and Pain on Emotion Perception

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Defeating Kyoto: The conservative movement's impact on U.S. climate change policy

In this article, we argue that a major reason the United States failed to ratify the Kyoto Protocol to ameliorate global warming is the opposition of the American conservative movement, a key segment of the anti-environmental counter-movement. We examine how the conservative movement mobilized between 1990 and 1997 to construct the "non-problematicity" of global warming. After we describe how conservative think tanks mobilized to challenge the global warming claims of mainstream climate science, we examine how these countermovement organizations aligned themselves with prominent American climate change skeptics known for their staunch criticism of mainstream climate research and their affiliations with the fossil fuels industry. We then examine how the efforts of these conservative think tanks were enhanced by the shift in the political opportunity structure created by the 1994 Republican takeover of Congress. This study demonstrates how a powerful countermovement effectively challenged the environmental community's definition of global warming as a social problem and blocked the passage of any significant climate change policy.
Concurrent Validity of the Work Addiction Risk Test as a Measure of Workaholism

The Work Addiction Risk Test was administered, with a measure of anxiety and two measures of Type A behavior, to 363 undergraduates at a major southern institution to test for concurrent validity. Correlations of scores on the Work Addiction Risk Test with other scores support the scale as a valid measure of workaholism.
A Novel Rhabdovirus Isolated from the Straw-Colored Fruit Bat Eidolon helvum, with Signs of Antibodies in Swine and Humans

ABSTRACT Bats have been implicated as reservoirs of emerging viruses. Bat species forming large social groups and roosting in proximity to human communities are of particular interest. In this study, we sampled a colony of ca. 350,000 individuals of the straw-colored fruit bat Eidolon helvum in Kumasi, the second largest city of Ghana. A novel rhabdovirus (Kumasi rhabdovirus [KRV]) was isolated in E. helvum cell cultures and passaged to Vero cells as well as interferon-competent human and primate cells (A549 and MA104). Genome composition was typical for a rhabdovirus. KRV was detected in 5.1% of 487 animals, showing association with the spleen but not the brain. Antibody prevalence was 11.5% by immunofluorescence and 6.4% by plaque reduction virus neutralization test (PRNT). Detection throughout 3 sampling years was pronounced in both annual wet seasons, of which only one overlaps the postparturition season. Juvenile bats showed increased viral prevalence. No evidence of infection was obtained in 1,240 female mosquitos (6 different genera) trapped in proximity to the colony to investigate potential vector association. Antibodies were found in 28.9% (5.4% by PRNT) of 107 swine sera but not in similarly large collections of sheep, goat, or cattle sera. The antibody detection rate in human subjects with occupational exposure to the bat colony was 11% (5/45 persons), which was significantly higher than in unexposed adults (0.8% [1/118]; chi square, P < 0.001). KRV is a novel bat-associated rhabdovirus potentially transmitted to humans and swine. Disease associations should be investigated. IMPORTANCE Bats are thought to carry a huge number of as-yet-undiscovered viruses that may pose epidemic threats to humans and livestock. Here we describe a novel dimarhabdovirus which we isolated from a large colony of the straw-colored fruit bat Eidolon helvum in Ghana. As these animals are exposed to humans and several livestock species, we looked for antibodies indicating infection in humans, cattle, swine, sheep, and goats. Signs of infection were found in swine and humans, with increased antibody findings in humans who are occupationally exposed to the bat colony. Our data suggest that it is worthwhile to look for diseases caused by the novel virus in humans and livestock.
Antigenic Targeting of the Human Mannose Receptor Induces Tumor Immunity1

Pattern recognition receptors are preferentially expressed on APCs allowing selective uptake of pathogens for the initiation of antimicrobial immunity. In particular, C-type lectin receptors, including the mannose receptor (MR), facilitate APC-mediated adsorptive endocytosis of microbial glyconjugates. We have investigated the potential of antigenic targeting to the MR as a means to induce Ag-specific humoral and cellular immunity. hMR transgenic (hMR Tg) mice were generated to allow specific targeting with the anti-hMR Ab, B11. We show that hMR targeting induced both humoral and cellular antigenic specific immunity. Immunization of hMR Tg mice with B11 mAbs induced potent humoral responses independent of adjuvant. Injection of hMR Tg mice with mouse anti-hMR Ab clone 19.2 elicited anti-Id-specific humoral immunity while non-Tg mice were unresponsive. B11-OVA fusion proteins (B11-OVA) were efficiently presented to OVA-specific CD4 and CD8 T cells in MR Tg, but not in non-Tg, mice. Effector differentiation of responding T cells in MR Tg mice was significantly enhanced with concomitant immunization with the TLR agonist, CpG. Administration of both CpG and B11-OVA to hMR Tg mice induced OVA-specific tumor immunity while WT mice remained unprotected. These studies support the clinical development of immunotherapeutic approaches in cancer using pattern recognition receptor targeting systems for the selective delivery of tumor Ags to APCs.
The effects of hippotherapy on postural balance and functional ability in children with cerebral palsy

[Purpose] This study evaluated the effects of hippotherapy on seated postural balance, dynamic balance, and functional performance in children with cerebral palsy and compared the effects of 12 and 24 sessions on seated postural balance. [Subjects and Methods] This study included 15 children with cerebral palsy aged between 5 and 10 years. Interventions: A hippotherapy protocol was performed for 30 minutes, twice a week, for 12 weeks. Postural balance in a sitting position was measured using an AMTI AccuSway Plus force platform 1 week before initiating the hippotherapy program and after 12 and 24 weeks. The Berg Balance Scale (BBS) and Pediatric Evaluation of Disability Inventory (PEDI) were used before and after 24 sessions. [Results] Significant differences were observed for center of pressure (COP) variables, including medio-lateral (COPml), anteroposterior displacement (COPap), and velocity of displacement (VelCOP), particularly after 24 sessions. There were also significant differences in BBS scores and PEDI score increases associated with functional skills (self-care, social function, and mobility), caregiver assistance (self-care), social function, and mobility. [Conclusion] Hippotherapy resulted in improvement in postural balance in the sitting position, dynamic balance, and functionality in children with cerebral palsy, an effect particularly significant after 24 hippotherapy sessions.
Ultrasonography of the equine cervical region: a descriptive study in eight horses.

REASONS FOR PERFORMING STUDY In equine patients, the cause of clinical signs possibly related to the cervical region is often difficult to diagnose. Ultrasonography allows quick and noninvasive visualisation, but reference material of the normal equine neck is needed. OBJECTIVES To describe and document the normal ultrasonographic appearance of transverse scans in the cervical region with emphasis on the synovial articular facet joints, cervical vertebrae and paravertebral structures; and further, to provide images of frozen cross-sections for anatomical reference. METHODS A study describing the normal ultrasonographic appearance of the cervical anatomy was performed. Transverse scans were obtained from second cervical vertebra (C2) to first thoracic vertebra (T1). Post mortem photographs of frozen cross-sections were obtained as anatomical reference. RESULTS The structures were clearly visualised by ultrasonography and consistency was found between ultrasonographic images and corresponding cross-sectional anatomy. The articular facets varied between horses and facets (C2 to T1). Discrepancy in the existing anatomical descriptions was found. CONCLUSIONS AND POTENTIAL RELEVANCE The anatomical and ultrasonographic description provides a reference for ultrasonographic evaluation of equine cervical facet joints, vertebrae and paravertebral structures. The findings and variations found are considered to reflect the naturally occurring variations in horses.
Comprehensive identification of Drosophila dorsal–ventral patterning genes using a whole-genome tiling array

Dorsal–ventral (DV) patterning of the Drosophila embryo is initiated by Dorsal, a sequence-specific transcription factor distributed in a broad nuclear gradient in the precellular embryo. Previous studies have identified as many as 70 protein-coding genes and one microRNA (miRNA) gene that are directly or indirectly regulated by this gradient. A gene regulation network, or circuit diagram, including the functional interconnections among 40 Dorsal target genes and 20 associated tissue-specific enhancers, has been determined for the initial stages of gastrulation. Here, we attempt to extend this analysis by identifying additional DV patterning genes using a recently developed whole-genome tiling array. This analysis led to the identification of another 30 protein-coding genes, including the Drosophila homolog of Idax, an inhibitor of Wnt signaling. In addition, remote 5′ exons were identified for at least 10 of the ≈100 protein-coding genes that were missed in earlier annotations. As many as nine intergenic uncharacterized transcription units were identified, including two that contain known microRNAs, miR-1 and -9a. We discuss the potential functions of these recently identified genes and suggest that intronic enhancers are a common feature of the DV gene network.