Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
An Investigation of the Effectiveness of Color and Graphical Information Presentation Under Varying Time Constraints

A laboratory experiment was conducted to assess the influence of color and information presentation differences on user perceptions and decision making under varying time constraints. Three different information presentations were evaluated: tabular, graphical, and combined tabular-graphical. Tabular reports led to better decision making and graphical reports led to faster decision making when time constraints were low. The combined report, which integrated the advantages associated with both tabular and graphical presentation, was the superior report format in terms of performance ad was rated very highly by decision makers. Color led to improvements in decision making; this was especially pronounced when high time constraints were present.
Endometriosis: The way forward

Endometriosis, a common cause of morbidity, affects 10% of women of reproductive age. In this review we focus on the new developments in pathogenesis, diagnosis and treatment options, reviewing the literature published about this enigmatic disorder over the past three years. More specifically, new theories of the pathogenesis of the syndrome of Sampson and Cullen are discussed. The new era of genomics may characterize endometriosis and transform clinical management of the disease. Literature suggesting that endometriosis may have an environmental origin is reviewed. New approaches to medical therapy of endometriosis have been developed, including the levonorgestrel-releasing intrauterine device, aromatase inhibitors, immunomodulatory drugs, angiogenesis inhibitors, selective estrogen and progesterone receptor modulators, and statins. Subfertility is another well-known result of endometriosis and often complex decisions must be made regarding management of the endometriosis patient who wishes to conceive. Laparoscopic surgery and assisted reproduction – with or without gonadotropin-releasing hormone-agonist treatment – are reviewed. Finally we speculate about new developments in the field of endometriosis in the coming three years.
Pramipexole‐induced somnolence and episodes of daytime sleep

Pramipexole is a non‐ergot dopamine agonist used to treat Parkinson's disease (PD). Because of concern regarding driving safety, we evaluated the incidence and nature of somnolence experienced by patients receiving pramipexole in clinical trials at our center. A retrospective chart review was performed and structured interviews were conducted with patients who had reported moderate or severe somnolence. In addition, two patients underwent polysomnography (PSG) and multiple sleep latency tests (MSLT) while on and 2 weeks after discontinuation of pramipexole. Forty patients with PD participating in pramipexole clinical trials were identified. In the double‐blind phases of the studies, 22 patients were randomized to pramipexole and 18 were randomized to placebo. Six patients assigned to pramipexole reported somnolence as an adverse event (1 moderate, 5 mild) compared with two patients assigned to placebo (1 severe, 1 moderate; p = 0.19, one‐tailed Fisher's exact test). Thirty‐seven patients participated in open‐label extension studies. Twenty‐one (57%) reported somnolence as an adverse event. Eleven (30%) patients reported moderate somnolence and three (8%) patients reported severe somnolence. For patients with moderate or severe somnolence, the onset of worst‐reported somnolence occurred at a mean (± standard error) pramipexole dose of 4.0 ± 0.4 mg (range, 0.75–4.5 mg) per day. Patients had been taking pramipexole for a total of 10.0 ± 1.5 months (range, .03–22 mos) and at their maximal dose for 6.7 ± 1.5 months (range, .03–20 mos). During structured interviews with 12 of the 14 patients reporting moderate or severe somnolence, seven reported falling asleep while driving and two reported minor motor vehicle accidents caused by falling asleep. Most patients reported relatively continuous drowsiness that led to falling asleep without acute warning during periods of inactivity. Three patients reported discreet waves of irresistible sleepiness heralded by prodromal symptoms occurring against a background of normal wakefulness. MSLT in two of these patients revealed decreased latency to sleep without early onset of rapid eye movements. Sleep latency normalized after withdrawal of pramipexole. Intensive patient education is necessary to prevent motor vehicle accidents in patients taking pramipexole. We recommend that patients who are experiencing generalized drowsiness and falling asleep during periods of inactivity be instructed not to drive because these patients do fall asleep without acute warning. Somnolence usually resolves with pramipexole dose reduction or discontinuation. Patients should also be alerted to pull over and stop driving immediately if they feel a wave of sleepiness coming on. Patient education and compliance are critical to maximize safety.
Theory of information feedback systems

A general information feedback system is defined and formulated in a way broad enough to allow coded or uncoded channels with total dr partial information feedback. Basic theorems governing change in information rate and reliability are derived with full consideration of the transition probabilities of both direct and feedback channels, including message words as well as the confirmation- denial signal.
Regulation of Greatwall kinase by protein stabilization and nuclear localization

Greatwall (Gwl) functions as an essential mitotic kinase by antagonizing protein phosphatase 2A. In this study we identified Hsp90, Cdc37 and members of the importin α and β families as the major binding partners of Gwl. Both Hsp90/Cdc37 chaperone and importin complexes associated with the N-terminal kinase domain of Gwl, whereas an intact glycine-rich loop at the N-terminus of Gwl was essential for binding of Hsp90/Cdc37 but not importins. We found that Hsp90 inhibition led to destabilization of Gwl, a mechanism that may partially contribute to the emerging role of Hsp90 in cell cycle progression and the anti-proliferative potential of Hsp90 inhibition. Moreover, in agreement with its importin association, Gwl exhibited nuclear localization in interphase Xenopus S3 cells, and dynamic nucleocytoplasmic distribution during mitosis. We identified KR456/457 as the locus of importin binding and the functional NLS of Gwl. Mutation of this site resulted in exclusion of Gwl from the nucleus. Finally, we showed that the Gwl nuclear localization is indispensable for the biochemical function of Gwl in promoting mitotic entry.
Which one is better? A study on the pricing kernel-based option valuation approaches*

This study examines the empirical performance of three model-based option valuation approaches in the KOSPI200 options market. We evaluate the in-sample pricing, out-of-sample pricing and hedging performance of the approaches based on the specification of option pricing models directly (a pricing model-based approach), on the pricing kernels implied by the option pricing models (an implied pricing kernel-based approach), and on parametric pricing kernels which are independently structured to have their own explicit functional forms (a parametric pricing kernel-based approach). Two option pricing models, a GARCH option pricing model and a Black-Scholes (BS) option pricing model, and their implied pricing kernels are analyzed and two parametric pricing kernel specifications suggested by Rosenberg and Engle (2002) are compared in a unified framework which extends the GARCH process of Duan (1995) to reflect the dynamics of asymmetric volatility. We find that the empirical performance of the approaches related to the GARCH and Black-Scholes option pricing models is moderately improved when we estimate the structural parameters using options data (options-based estimation) compared to the model performances when estimating the parameters using only a time-series of underlying returns data (underlying returns-based estimation). With the estimates under the underlying returns-based estimation, the pricing modelbased option valuation approach outperforms the implied pricing kernel-based option valuation approach for both the GARCH and BS option pricing models. However, with the estimates under the options-based estimation, this relationship is reversed in pricing OTM options in the case of the GARCH option pricing model. Although the BS option pricing model is generally the worst performer with the estimates under the underlying returns-based estimation, it yields better performance for pricing ITM options and similar performance for hedging compared to the GARCH option pricing model with the estimates under the options-based estimation. The option valuation approach based on the parametric pricing kernel of which functional form is a Chebyshev polynomial performs best out of all approaches and methods considered in this study
Effects of unoprostone on diurnal variation of intraocular pressure in healthy volunteers

Purpose To prospectively evaluate the diurnal variation of intraocular pressure (IOP) during unoprostone treatment in 13 healthy volunteers. Method IOP was measured by Goldmann applanation tonometry by the same observer every 3 hours from 9 am to 9 am the next morning. Unoprostone was then instilled at 9 am and 9 pm daily for 1 month. After 1 month, IOP was measured again with unoprostone instilled at 9 am and 9 pm during IOP measurement. We then compared the average daily IOP before and after the treatment (paired t-test). Results After 1 month of treatment, the average IOP decreased at every time point but one (12 pm, 3 pm, 6 pm, 9 pm, 12 am, 3 am, and 9 am, but not at 6 am). There were no adverse reactions and none of the subjects discontinued unoprostone. Conclusion The hypotensive effects of unoprostone persist throughout the day, but this study suggests that the effects may be weaker at nighttime and early in the morning.
Putting Background Information About Relative Risks into Conjugate Prior Distributions

Summary. In Bayesian and empirical Bayes analyses of epidemiologic data, the most easily implemented prior specifications use a multivariate normal distribution for the log relative risks or a conjugate distribution for the discrete response vector. This article describes problems in translating background information about relative risks into conjugate priors and a solution. Traditionally, conjugate priors have been specified through flattening constants, an approach that leads to conflicts with the true prior covariance structure for the log relative risks. One can, however, derive a conjugate prior consistent with that structure by using a data‐augmentation approximation to the true log relative‐risk prior, although a rescaling step is needed to ensure the accuracy of the approximation. These points are illustrated with a logistic regression analysis of neonatal‐death risk.
“To Work Just Like Anyone Else”—A Narrative from a Man Aging with Spinal Cord Injury

People aging with spinal cord injury (SCI) develop medical problems commonly associated with the aging process at a younger age than the general population. However, research about how the life story changes and how meaning will be experienced in occupations is lacking. The aim was to describe and offer an explanation of how a man experienced meaning in everyday occupations while aging with an SCI. Four narrative interviews were performed over a four-year period, with a man in his fifties, who lived with SCI for 39 years. The narrative analysis generated an overall plot, named “To Work Just Like Anyone Else,” and gives a picture of his experiences, thoughts, and reflections about meaning in occupations, from when he became injured to the present, and in relation to his future. His life story is characterized by secondary health complications, and his experiences of negotiating with the aging body and making choices to continue working. Further, how occupational risk factors, e.g., imbalance, alienation, and deprivation, occur as a result of lack of rehabilitation and support from social systems is addressed. Future research should explore how rehabilitation and social systems can support people aging with SCI to experience meaning in everyday occupations and to have balance in everyday life.
Contact tracing: A strategy to augment tuberculosis case detection

Sir, The World Health Organization has acknowledged that tuberculosis (TB) is one of the deadliest infectious diseases worldwide. [1] The global estimates suggest that in the year 2013, almost 9 million people were diagnosed with TB and around 1.5 million succumbed to the disease and its associated complications. [1] As an effective approach [viz. Directly Observed Treatment and Short‑course chemotherapy (DOTS)] is available for the disease, it is really unacceptable to digest that so many people die every year because of a preventable disease. [1,2] .
Species-Dependent Uptake of Glycylsarcosine but Not Oseltamivir in Pichia pastoris Expressing the Rat, Mouse, and Human Intestinal Peptide Transporter PEPT1

The purpose of this study was to determine whether glycylsarcosine (a model dipeptide) and oseltamivir (an antiviral prodrug) exhibited a species-dependent uptake in yeast Pichia pastoris expressing the rat, mouse, and human homologs of PEPT1. Experiments were performed with [3H]glycylsarcosine (GlySar) in yeast P. pastoris expressing human, mouse, and rat peptide transporter 1 (PEPT1), in which uptake was examined as a function of time, concentration, potential inhibitors, and the dose-response inhibition of GlySar by oseltamivir. Studies with [14C]oseltamivir were also performed under identical experimental conditions. We found that GlySar exhibited saturable uptake in all three species, with Km values for human (0.86 mM) > mouse (0.30 mM) > rat (0.16 mM). GlySar uptake in the yeast transformants was specific for peptides (glycylproline) and peptide-like drugs (cefadroxil, cephradine, and valacyclovir), but was unaffected by glycine, l-histidine, cefazolin, cephalothin, cephapirin, acyclovir, 4-acetamido-4′-isothiocyanostilbene-2,2′-disulfonic acid, tetraethylammonium, and elacridar. Although oseltamivir caused a dose-dependent inhibition of GlySar uptake [IC50 values for human (27.4 mM) > rat (18.3 mM) > mouse (10.7 mM)], the clinical relevance of this interaction would be very low in humans. Of importance, oseltamivir was not a substrate for the intestinal PEPT1 transporter in yeast expressing the three mammalian species tested. Instead, the prodrug exhibited nonspecific binding to the yeast vector and PEPT1 transformants. Finally, the mouse appeared to be a better animal model than the rat for exploring the intestinal absorption and pharmacokinetics of peptides and peptide-like drugs in human.
Taking your Life into your own Hands? New Trends in European Health Tourism

Abstract This paper will focus on European trends in health tourism, in particular the shift away from medically-orientated, curative treatments for the physical body, towards a greater degree of self-responsibility through lifestyle-based, preventative wellness activities. Many spas and wellness hotels have been quick to embrace these new trends, and consumers appear to have been receptive. However, there are clearly national and regional variations. The research will start with a discussion of geographical and cultural differences between Northern, Western, Southern, and Central and Eastern European (CEE) regions and countries. Case studies of two European countries in Western Europe and CEE—the UK and Hungary—will be used to exemplify different attitudes to health tourism. The UK is mainly focused on holistic body-mind-spirit products and services in addition to beauty-based luxury spas, whereas Hungary has traditionally focused on medical baths which cure and rehabilitate physical illnesses. This will be followed by an overview of one of the key markets for health tourism in Southern Europe, the traditional thermal or medical spa market. Data collected from a pilot survey of around 500 health tourists in Portugal and Italy will be used to identify profiles, motivations and activities of visitors. Although the primary data in this paper is based on a limited number of countries in Western, and Southern Europe and CEE, secondary data derived from extensive desk-top research is used to profile others.
The Undergraduate Leadership Mosaic: A Challenge of Shared Purpose

Leadership educators must decide upon the theoretical paradigms and curricular approaches in which to locate their leadership programs and inform their practice. This application article features the mosaic approach adopted by Bradley University which places many and divergent pieces together to allow students to experience different conceptual frames and curricular or co-curricular elements. While this approach provides varied leadership opportunities for students to mix and match, the authors acknowledge the critical challenge which is to confirm whether they are indeed achieving a shared purpose.
Persistence of Viruses in Upper Respiratory Tract of Children with Asthma

Abstract Objectives: Nasopharyngeal swabs of 50 asthmatic children in the symptom-free period were examined for the presence of adenoviruses, rhinoviruses and coronaviruses. A control group of 20 healthy individuals was included in this study. Methods: A polymerase chain reaction was used to detect adenovirus DNA and rhinovirus and coronavirus complementary DNA. The fragments of amplified genetic material were visualized with the use of agarose gel electrophoresis. Results: Adenovirus DNA was found in 78.4% of asthmatic children, rhinovirus RNA in 32.4% and coronavirus RNA in 2.7%. Adenovirus DNA was detected in one of the 20 nasopharyngeal swabs of healthy controls; the rest of the control samples were negative. Conclusions: The persistent presence of viruses in the upper respiratory tract of asthmatic children shows a possible connection between viral infections and asthma.
IMPACT OF PARTICIPATORY MANAGEMENT ON EMPLOYEE PERFORMANCE: A CASE OF MOI UNIVERSITY

Participatory management approach has become part and basal of management in modern organization and its relevance in Moi University cannot be gainsaid. This study sought to: identify the forms of participative mechanisms used at Moi University and investigate the employee views toward participatory management system. A survey design was adopted as a framework to guide the study and targeted 2536 employees. A sample of 507 was selected. A questionnaire and interview schedule were used to collect data, The findings of study indicated that participation management was beneficial to the organization in many ways such as boosting the employee morale , improving quality of decision and trust between management and. However it implementation in public institution must be done within the limits set in the statutes that created the organization. It was concluded that participatory management has not been very effective in Moi University because of management’s reluctance to share power, non-liberal information sharing, and crisis of confidence and on the part of employees representations. It was recommended that university management should try to introduce changes that would reduce the current bureaucratic procedures that are in place in order to expand the space for employee participation. Further research should be done on legal constrain on implementation on participatory management.
Women work and children: behavioral and attitudinal change in the United States.

The United States at mid-century had a strong norm that mothers of young children should be full-time homemakers. Since then there has been a strong trend toward higher levels of labor force participation of mothers of preschool-age children. Since the early 1970s this trend in labor force participation has been accompanied by stable fertility rates. In this article using attitudinal data the authors show that there has been a substantial weakening of the norm that mothers of preschool children should stay home with their children. This change in measured attitudes is pervasive and appears to have been led by well-diffused behavioral change. The authors conclude by arguing that this change in attitudes has played an important role in the stabilizing of U.S. fertility levels. (SUMMARY IN FRE AND SPA) (EXCERPT)
The relationship between accounting numbers and returns: some empirical evidence from the emerging market of the Czech Republic

Generally, stock prices reflect future expectations of earnings, whereas accounting data reflect past performance. This paper attempts to discover the relationship between accounting data and market price returns of the companies listed on the Prague Stock Exchange (PSE). The Prague Stock Exchange was established in 1993 and provides an opportunity to make a comparison between a newly established market and the findings of studies of established markets. There has been a wealth of publications and accounting research studies on developed markets. Generally, accounting attributes are thought to be relevant because they tend to be contemporaneously statistically associated with stock prices. Some studies have suggested, and empirically tested, that stock prices lead earnings (e.g. Collins et al., 1987; Kothari, 1992; Kothari and Sloan, 1992; Kothari and Zimmerman, 1995). This study tests the existence of such a relationship in the Czech capital market, relying partially on the methodology proposed by Kothari and Sloan (1992) and Kothari (1992). This paper investigates whether there is a statistically significant permanent relationship between returns and accounting data on the Czech market. The study was conducted using accounting earnings and stock prices during the period 1993–8. The empirical evidence here suggests that a similar relation exists on the emerging Czech market. The relation is statistically significant for measurement windows of one year and longer. The increase in the mean response coefficient, reported later in this study, suggests that one-leading-year returns are as important as contemporaneous returns in terms of their sensitivity to annual earnings changes. However, one cannot infer with a degree of confidence that the Czech capital market views earnings changes to be largely permanent, which would be consistent with the time-series properties of annual earnings.
Are Valuations from Nonhypothetical Choice Experiments Different from Those of Experimental Auctions?

Due to the importance of comparability and external validity of results, nonhypothetical experimental methods are increasingly used to elicit consumers' willingness to pay for various goods. Two of the increasingly popular preference elicitation methods are the nonhypothetical choice experiments and experimental auctions. We conduct experiments to compare willingness to pay estimates elicited from both methods. Our results generally suggest that valuations elicited from experimental auctions can differ from those obtained from nonhypothetical choice experiments. Copyright 2011, Oxford University Press.