Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Satisfiability in multi-valued circuits

Satisfiability of Boolean circuits is among the most known and important problems in theoretical computer science. This problem is NP-complete in general but becomes polynomial time when restricted either to monotone gates or linear gates. We go outside Boolean realm and consider circuits built of any fixed set of gates on an arbitrary large finite domain. From the complexity point of view this is strictly connected with the problems of solving equations (or systems of equations) over finite algebras. The research reported in this work was motivated by a desire to know for which finite algebras A there is a polynomial time algorithm that decides if an equation over A has a solution. We are also looking for polynomial time algorithms that decide if two circuits over a finite algebra compute the same function. Although we have not managed to solve these problems in the most general setting we have obtained such a characterization for a very broad class of algebras from congruence modular varieties. This class includes most known and well-studied algebras such as groups, rings, modules (and their generalizations like quasigroups, loops, near-rings, nonassociative rings, Lie algebras), lattices (and their extensions like Boolean algebras, Heyting algebras or other algebras connected with multi-valued logics including MV-algebras). This paper seems to be the first systematic study of the computational complexity of satisfiability of non-Boolean circuits and solving equations over finite algebras. Our characterization is given in terms of nice structural properties of algebras for which the problems are solvable in polynomial time. Such algebras have to decompose into two factors: a nilpotent one and a factor that essentially behaves as a finite distributive lattice.
Regional delivery of mesothelin-targeted CAR T cell therapy generates potent and long-lasting CD4-dependent tumor immunity

Regional CAR T cell delivery provides superior protection compared to systemic administration. An Amazon Model for CAR T Cell Delivery The success of chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T cells in treating otherwise untreatable hematological malignancies has been a flag-bearer for cancer immunotherapy. Yet, moving these therapies to solid tumors has been restricted by T cell infiltration and persistence. Now, Adusumilli et al. take a page from online sellers—setting up regional distribution centers to improve delivery. They found that mesothelin-targeted CAR T cells administered directly to the lung outpaced those administered systemically by both efficacy and persistence in an orthotopic model of lung cancer. What’s more, these effects weren’t restricted to lung, as tumors in extrathoracic sites were also eliminated. If these results hold in patients, regional delivery could improve both the efficacy and efficiency of solid tumor immunotherapy. Translating the recent success of chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T cell therapy for hematological malignancies to solid tumors will necessitate overcoming several obstacles, including inefficient T cell tumor infiltration and insufficient functional persistence. Taking advantage of an orthotopic model that faithfully mimics human pleural malignancy, we evaluated two routes of administration of mesothelin-targeted T cells using the M28z CAR. We found that intrapleurally administered CAR T cells vastly outperformed systemically infused T cells, requiring 30-fold fewer M28z T cells to induce long-term complete remissions. After intrapleural T cell administration, prompt in vivo antigen-induced T cell activation allowed robust CAR T cell expansion and effector differentiation, resulting in enhanced antitumor efficacy and functional T cell persistence for 200 days. Regional T cell administration also promoted efficient elimination of extrathoracic tumor sites. This therapeutic efficacy was dependent on early CD4+ T cell activation associated with a higher intratumoral CD4/CD8 cell ratios and CD28-dependent CD4+ T cell–mediated cytotoxicity. In contrast, intravenously delivered CAR T cells, even when accumulated at equivalent numbers in the pleural tumor, did not achieve comparable activation, tumor eradication, or persistence. The ability of intrapleurally administered T cells to circulate and persist supports the concept of delivering optimal CAR T cell therapy through “regional distribution centers. ” On the basis of these results, we are opening a phase 1 clinical trial to evaluate the safety of intrapleural administration of mesothelin-targeted CAR T cells in patients with primary or secondary pleural malignancies.
On Credit-based Incentive Mechanisms of Voluntary User Comment Reviewing in Social Networks

With the recent advance of micro-blogs and social networks, people can view and post comments on the websites in a very convenient way. However, it is also a big concern that the malicious users keep polluting the cyber environment by scamming, spamming or repeatedly advertising. So far the most common way to detect and report malicious comments is based on voluntary reviewing from honest users. To encourage contribution, very often some non-monetary credits will be given to an honest user who validly reports a malicious comment. In this note we argue that such credit-based incentive mechanisms should fail in most cases: if reporting a malicious comment receives diminishing revenue, then in the long term no rational honest user will participate in comment reviewing.
Surgery Approaches to Brainstem Cavernous Malformations

Background and Purpose:To summarize our experience in surgery approach to brainstem cavernous malformation (BSCM). Methods:A review of 23 consecutive patients with BSCM receiving surgical resection in our center between July of 2003 and June of 2014 was performed. Results:Suboccipital approach, retrosigmoid approach, infratentorial–supracerebellar approach, Poppen approach, pterional approach, Kawase approach, and interhemispheric transcallosal-third ventrical approach were applied, of which the last 2 approaches being firstly reported in BSCM surgery. Gross total resection was achieved in 22 patients, whereas subtotal resection in 1. Neurologic function was improved in 15 patients, unchanged in 7 patients, and deteriorated in 1 patient. During a mean follow-up of 3.5 years, no recurrence occurred. Conclusions:Proper surgery approach is important to assure total resection, protect normal vital structures, and avoid recurrence.
What is music, health and wellbeing and why is it important?

The great saxophonist Charlie Parker once proclaimed ‘if you don’t live it, it won’t come out of your horn’. This quote has often been used to explain the hedonistic lifestyle of many jazz greats; however, it also signals the reciprocal and inextricable relationship between music and wider social, cultural, and psychological variables. This link is complex and multifaceted and is undoubt-edly a central component of why music has been implicated as a therapeutic agent in vast swathes of contemporary research studies. Music is always about more than just acoustic events or notes on a page. Moreover, music’s universal and timeless potential to influence how we feel and think lies at the heart of our motivation to produce this edited volume. Music has been imbued with curative, therapeutic, and other medical value throughout history. Musicians, therapists, philosophers, as well as other artists and scholars alike have documented its physical, mental, and social effects in treatises from as early as 4000 BC to the present (Spintge and Droh 1992 ). Clearly, the relationship between music, health, and wellbeing is complex and involves numerous facets and challenges. To begin with, there is considerable debate on all three of the key terms in the title of this volume. Leaving aside the intricacies of etymology and transla-tion in various languages, one significant challenge is the establishment of causal links between musical activities on the one hand and specific individual health and wellbeing benefits on the other. This book is conceived to accept this challenge by means of building evidence-bases in dif-ferent areas of music and health research and we hope that this collection of chapters will further our understanding of music as a part of both human nature and human culture. The integration of different academic disciplines presented throughout this text reflects recent developments in music research where multidisciplinary approaches are viewed as vital to the development of our understanding of musical behaviour. It is also important to note that the profession of music therapy dates back to the early twentieth centenary and music therapists have been researching and delivering therapeutic interventions across a vast range of clinical settings for a considerable amount of time (Bunt and Hoskyns, 2002). Moreover, interest in the social psychology of music and evolutionary origins of music have emerged as key themes in music psychology research. Consequently, the effects of musical activities on individuals in both clinical and non-clinical settings are now being studied. These approaches place emphasis on variables including psychological, physiological, cultural and behavioural effects which may have implica-tions for health and wellbeing. In brief, music therapy and music psychology research comple-ment each other while maintaining traditions that are specific to each of these areas. Research into the relationship between music, health, and wellbeing necessitates novel approaches from right across the academic spectrum, including arts and humanities as well as the
Relationship between vitamin E requirement and polyunsaturated fatty acid intake in man: a review.

Vitamin E is the general term for all tocopherols and tocotrienols, of which alpha-tocopherol is the natural and biologically most active form. Although gamma-tocopherol makes a significant contribution to the vitamin E CONTENT in foods, it is less effective in animal and human tissues, where alpha-tocopherol is the most effective chain-breaking lipid-soluble antioxidant. The antioxidant function of vitamin E is critical for the prevention of oxidation of tissue PUFA. Animal experiments have shown that increasing the degree of dietary fatty acid unsaturation increases the peroxidizability of the lipids and reduces the time required to develop symptoms of vitamin E deficiency. From these experiments, relative amounts of vitamin E required to protect the various fatty acids from being peroxidized, could be estimated. Since systematic studies on the vitamin E requirement in relation to PUFA consumption have not been performed in man, recommendations for vitamin E intake are based on animal experiments and human food intake data. An intake of 0.6 mg alpha-tocopherol equivalents per gram linoleic acid is generally seen as adequate for human adults. The minimum vitamin E requirement at consumption of fatty acids with a higher degree of unsaturation can be calculated by a formula, which takes into account the peroxidizability of unsaturated fatty acids and is based on the results of animal experiments. There are, however, no clear data on the vitamin E requirement of humans consuming the more unsaturated fatty acids as for instance EPA (20:5, n-3) and DHA (22:6, n-3). Studies investigating the effects of EPA and DHA supplementation have shown an increase in lipid peroxidation, although amounts of vitamin E were present that are considered adequate in relation to the calculated oxidative potential of these fatty acids. Furthermore, a calculation of the vitamin E requirement, using recent nutritional intake data, shows that a reduction in total fat intake with a concomitant increase in PUFA consumption, including EPA and DHA, will result in an increased amount of vitamin E required. In addition, the methods used in previous studies investigating vitamin E requirement and PUFA consumption (for instance erythrocyte hemolysis), and the techniques used to assess lipid peroxidation (e.g. MDA analysis), may be unsuitable to establish a quantitative relation between vitamin E intake and consumption of highly unsaturated fatty acids. Therefore, further studies are required to establish the vitamin E requirement when the intake of longer-chain, more-unsaturated fatty acids is increased. For this purpose it is necessary to use functional techniques based on the measurement of lipid peroxidation in vivo. Until these data are available, the widely used ratio of at least 0.6 mg alpha-TE/g PUFA is suggested. Higher levels may be necessary, however, for fats that are rich in fatty acids containing more than two double bonds.
Emerging Equity Market Volatility

Returns in emerging capital markets are very different from returns in developed markets. While most previous research has focused on average returns, we analyze the volatility of the returns in emerging equity markets. We characterize the time-series of volatility in emerging markets and explore the distributional foundations of the variance process. Of particular interest is evidence of asymmetries in volatility and the evolution of the variance process after periods of capital market reform. We shed indirect light on the question of capital market integration by exploring the changing influence of world factors on the volatility in emerging markets. Finally, we investigate the cross-section of volatility. We use measures such as asset concentration, market capitalization to GDP, size of the trade sector, cross-sectional volatility of individual securities within each country, turnover, foreign exchange variability and national credit ratings to characterize why volatility is different across emerging markets.
Origin, evolution and genome distribution of microsatellites

Microsatellites, or simple sequence repeats (SSRs), have been the most widely applied class of molecular markers used in genetic studies, with applications in many fields of genetics including genetic conservation, population genetics, molecular breeding, and paternity testing. This range of applications is due to the fact that microsatellite markers are co-dominant and multi-allelic, are highly reproducible, have high-resolution and are based on the polymerase chain reaction (PCR). When first introduced, the development of microsatellite markers was expensive but now new and efficient methods of repetitive sequence isolation have been reported, which have led to reduced costs and microsatellite-technology has been increasingly applied to several species, including non-model organisms. The advent of microsatellite markers revolutionized the use of molecular markers but the development of biometric methods for analyzing microsatellite data has not accompanied the progress in the application of these markers, with more effort being need to obtain information on the evolution of the repetitive sequences, which constitute microsatellites in order to formulate models that fit the characteristics of such markers. Our review describes the genetic nature of microsatellites, the mechanisms and models of mutation that control their evolution and aspects related to their genesis, distribution and transferability between taxa. The implications of the use of microsatellites as a tool for estimating genetic parameters are also discussed.
Content Matching – Detection of Duplicate and Near Duplicate Videos

 Abstract— At present, multimedia content is one of the fastest growing data type on internet. As, there are many duplicates on web so while searching users need to spend a lot of time by watching the same clip over and over again. So in order to remove the redundant content from the web and to increase the efficiency and performance of web search there is a straight forward need for the detection of similar and nearly similar videos. Different approaches have been developed in the past and intensive research is still being carried out, at present. Furthermore, there is a straightforward need for the detection of duplicate content. This paper proposes detection of similar and nearly similar videos using texture descriptor. Note that in existing approaches this parameter (Frame rate) is not handled. A local alignment method in bioinformatics is used for the detection of similar regions between sequences. The strength of our approach is that it detects duplicates and nearly duplicate videos having accurate results for similar videos and ~92% accuracy rate for transformed videos.
TzuYu: Learning stateful typestates

Behavioral models are useful for various software engineering tasks. They are, however, often missing in practice. Thus, specification mining was proposed to tackle this problem. Existing work either focuses on learning simple behavioral models such as finite-state automata, or relies on techniques (e.g., symbolic execution) to infer finite-state machines equipped with data states, referred to as stateful typestates. The former is often inadequate as finite-state automata lack expressiveness in capturing behaviors of data-rich programs, whereas the latter is often not scalable. In this work, we propose a fully automated approach to learn stateful typestates by extending the classic active learning process to generate transition guards (i.e., propositions on data states). The proposed approach has been implemented in a tool called TzuYu and evaluated against a number of Java classes. The evaluation results show that TzuYu is capable of learning correct stateful typestates more efficiently.
Towards automated visual identification of primates using face recognition

In this paper we propose and evaluate a face recognition approach for the individual identification of great apes. We extend our previous work to a more automatic approach using an unsupervised face alignment method known as congealing instead of a projective transform based on manually annotated facial feature points. Furthermore we present an improved version of the Randomfaces approach, called Hybridfaces, which complements the global recognition results with information obtained from local facial regions. We evaluate our approach on three publicly available primate databases of captive chimpanzees, free-living chimpanzees, and free-living western lowland gorillas. Our proposed framework shows promising results and the Hybridfaces approach clearly outperforms the previously used basic Randomfaces method on all three datasets.
Evaluating the benefits deriving from voltage control capabilities of wind distributed generation

This paper explores and compares the performances of two alternative control strategies for wind distributed generators: voltage control mode and power factor control mode. Considering the indications given in the Italian standard CEI 11-32 and in order to evaluate the voltage control capabilities of variable speed wind turbines, dynamic simulations are carried out for different load scenarios considering a real distribution system located in Italy.
Estimating Reproducibility in Genome-Wide Association Studies

Genome-wide association studies (GWAS) are widely used to discover genetic variants associated with diseases. To control false positives, all findings from GWAS need to be verified with additional evidences, even for associations discovered from a high power study. Replication study is a common verification method by using independent samples. An association is regarded as true positive with a high confidence when it can be identified in both primary study and replication study. Currently, there is no systematic study on the behavior of positives in the replication study when the positive results of primary study are considered as the prior information. In this paper, two probabilistic measures named Reproducibility Rate (RR) and False Irreproducibility Rate (FIR) are proposed to quantitatively describe the behavior of primary positive associations (i.e. positive associations identified in the primary study) in the replication study. RR is a conditional probability measuring how likely a primary positive association will also be positive in the replication study. This can be used to guide the design of replication study, and to check the consistency between the results of primary study and those of replication study. FIR, on the contrary, measures how likely a primary positive association may still be a true positive even when it is negative in the replication study. This can be used to generate a list of potentially true associations in the irreproducible findings for further scrutiny. The estimation methods of these two measures are given. Simulation results and real experiments show that our estimation methods have high accuracy and good prediction performance.
A Nonlinear Controller for Pneumatic Servo Systems: Design and Experimental Tests

This paper is dedicated to the problem of pneumatic cylinder control without pressure measurement. Based on the theory of homogeneous, finite-time stable, ordinary differential equations, a state-feedback nonlinear controller is proposed. The closed-loop system stability is proved and an attraction domain of the controller is given. The performances and the effectiveness of the proposed controller are illustrated against an experimental setup consisting of a pneumatic cylinder controlled by a dSPACE dS1103 microcontroller.
A framework for shared applications with a replicated architecture

The interaction history of a document can be modelled as a tree of command objects. This model not only supports recovery (undo/redo), but is also suitable for cooperation between distributed users working on a common document. Various coupling modes can be supported. Switching between modes is supported by regarding different versions of a document as different branches of the history. Branches can then be merged using a selective redo mechanism. Synchronous cooperation is supported by replicating the document state and exchanging command objects. Optimistic concurrency control can be applied, because conflicting actions can later be undone automatically.