Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Interpolation method for time delay estimation in the RF-signal crosscorrelation technique for blood velocity measurement

The cross correlation method (CCM) for blood flow velocity is based on the time delay estimation of the echoes from pulse-to-pulse. The sampling frequency is usually kept low in order to reduce computation complexity, and the peak in the correlation function is found by interpolating the correlation function. The parabolic-fit interpolation method introduces bias at low ratio of sampling rate to ultrasound center frequency. In this work, 4 different interpolation methods are suggested to improve the estimation accuracy. 1. Parabolic-fit with bias-compensation, derived from a theoretical signal model. 2. Parabolic-fit combined with linear filter interpolation to the correlation function. 3. Parabolic-fit to the correlation function of the complex signal envelope. 4. Matched filter applied to the correlation function interpolation. The new interpolation methods are analyzed both by computer simulated signals, and RF-signals recorded from patient data with velocities up to 4 times the Nyquist velocity. The results show that these methods have similar estimation accuracy when signal to noise ratio(SNR) is high and the matched filter interpolation gives the better performance when SNR is low.
11.—High-Frequency Scattering in a Certain Stratified Medium. The Two-part Problem

Synopsis The propagation of scalar waves in a certain two-dimensional medium is considered. The incident field, which is due to the presence of a line source, is scattered by two coupled half-planes on each of which the impedance takes a constant value. The Wiener-Hopf technique is used to find a solution which is then examined asymptotically for high frequency. It is found that there is an illuminated region in which the solution is expressed in terms of geometrical optics rays, and a shadow region in which the solution is described by creeping modes. The point of impedance discontinuity may be regarded as producing secondary radiation. The nature of this secondary radiation is quite different according as the point of impedance discontinuity lies in the illuminated or shadow region of the geometrical optics field produced by the source.
Analysis of students' mathematical reasoning ability in class IX in solving SPLDV problems

This study aims to determine the mathematical reasoning ability of students in one of the State Junior High Schools in Karawang Regency in solving two-variable system of linear equations. The method used is a descriptive method with a qualitative approach. The subjects in this study were 32 students of class IX E. The data collection technique was carried out by giving a mathematical reasoning ability test sheet in the form of a description of 4 questions. The data analysis technique used in this study is based on Miles and Huberman's data analysis technique which consists of data reduction, data presentation, and drawing conclusions. The results of this study indicate that the test scores of students' mathematical reasoning abilities are classified as very low, because there are only 2 students who achieve the KKM score. Then also indicated by the percentage value there are 2 students with a percentage of 6% in the high category, 23 students with a percentage of 72% in the medium category and 7 students with a percentage of 22% in the low category.
From branchings to flows: a study of an Edmonds' like property to arc-disjoint branching flows

An s-branching flow f in a network N = (D, u), where u is the capacity function, is a flow thatreaches every vertex in V(D) from s while loosing exactly one unit of flow in each vertex other thans. Bang-Jensen and Bessy [TCS, 2014] showed that, when every arc has capacity n − 1, a network Nadmits k arc-disjoint s-branching flows if and only if its associated digraph D contains k arc-disjoints-branchings. Thus a classical result by Edmonds stating that a digraph contains k arc-disjoints-branchings if and only if the indegree of every set X ⊆ V (D) \ {s} is at least k also characterizesthe existence of k arc-disjoint s-branching flows in those networks, suggesting that the larger thecapacities are, the closer an s-branching flow is from simply being an s-branching. This observationis further implied by results by Bang-Jensen et al. [DAM, 2016] showing that there is a polynomialalgorithm to find the flows (if they exist) when every arc has capacity n − c, for every fixed c ≥ 1,and that such an algorithm is unlikely to exist for most other choices of the capacities. In this paper,we investigate how a property that is a natural extension of the characterization by Edmonds’ relatesto the existence of k arc-disjoint s-branching flows in networks. Although this property is alwaysnecessary for the existence of the flows, we show that it is not always sufficient and that it is hardto decide if the desired flows exist even if we know beforehand that the network satisfies it. On thepositive side, we show that it guarantees the existence of the desired flows in some particular casesdepending on the choice of the capacity function or on the structure of the underlying graph of D,for example. We remark that, in those positive cases, polynomial time algorithms to find the flowscan be extracted from the constructive proofs.
Implementation of Revised Heuristic Knowledge in Average-based Interval for Fuzzy Time Series Forecasting of Tuberculosis Cases in Sabah

—Fuzzy time series forecasting is one method used to forecast in certain reality problems. The research on fuzzy time series forecasting has been increased due to its capability in dealing with vagueness and uncertainty. In this paper, we are dealing with implementation of revised heuristic knowledge to basic average-based interval and showing that these models forecast better than the basic one. We suggest three different lengths of interval, size 5, size 10 and size 20 to be used in comparing these models of average-based interval, average-based interval with implementation of heuristic knowledge and, average-based interval with implementation of revised heuristic knowledge. These models applied to forecast the number of tuberculosis cases reported monthly in Sabah starting from January 2012 until December 2019. A few numerical examples are shown as well. The performances of evaluations are shown by comparison on the values obtained by Mean Square error (MSE) and Root Mean Square Error (RMSE).
Gegenbauer random fields

Abstract. This paper introduces spatial long-range dependence time series models, based on the consideration of fractional difference operators associated with Gegenbauer polynomials. Their structural properties are analyzed. The spatial autoregressive Gegenbauer case is also studied, including the case of k factors with multiple singularities. An extension to the Hilbert-valued context is finally formulated leading to the introduction of a new class of spatial functional time series models.
Path Planning and Navigation of Miniature Serpentine Robot for Bronchoscopy Application

The miniature serpentine robot can be applied to NOTES (Natural Orifice Transluminal Endoscopic Surgery). In this paper, a bronchoscopy application is addressed. This paper describes the basic mechanical design and control scheme of this miniature serpentine robotic bronchoscopy. In addition, off-line backward path planning and real-time and in situ forward navigation in this miniature serpentine robot are discussed. The proposed backward-path-planning algorithm utilizes the 3D model of a bronchial tree constructed from the synthetization of medical images such as images from CT (Computed Tomography), MRI (Magnetic Resonance Imaging), or X-ray, to define a series of nodes/events backward from the destination, for example, the lesion, to the original starting point, for example, the oral cavity. Accordingly, forward navigation is designed to make sure this series of nodes/events shall be passed/occur from the origin to the destination. This combination of backward-path planning and forward navigation does not require accurate positioning information of the tip of the miniature serpentine robot, which is where the CMOS bronchoscope is located. Collaboratively, a virtual force is introduced to maintain the tip of the miniature serpentine robot at the center of the bronchi. Results show that this method of path planning and navigation of the miniature serpentine robot for bronchoscopy applications works.
Agreeing when to disagree: A corpus analysis of variable agreement in caregiver and child English

Abstract We characterized the patterns of agreement variation and consistency in three corpora of child and child-directed US English to better understand preschoolers’ input and to compare preschoolers’ own agreement production. We examined sentences with third-person subjects and tensed forms of be in two large single-family corpora and one cross-sectional corpus collected during a Search-and-Find activity. Caregivers’ agreement variation consistently reflected patterns previously found in adult-to-adult speech. Children's variation was conditioned by many of the same factors (e.g., sentence type, pronoun subject, and order of subject and verb) and clearly demonstrated acquisition of the categorical-variable split. However, some children showed substantially higher rates of nonagreeing forms (There's the cherries) than their caregivers and differed in their ranking of conditioning factors. We suggest that this reflects children's developing production processing abilities: shorter sentence-planning spans may make nonagreement a useful strategy for avoiding early number commitments in verb-first sentences.
Performance limitations of free-space optical communication satellite networks due to vibrations-analog case

Free-space optical communication between satellites networked together can make possible high-speed communication between different places on earth. The use of optical radiation as a carrier between the satellites creates very narrow beam divergence angles. Due to the narrow-beam divergence angle and the large distance between the satellites, the pointing from one satellite to another is complicated. The complication is due to vibration of the pointing system caused by two stochastic fundamental mechanisms: (1) tracking noise created by the electro-optic tracker and (2) vibrations created by internal satellite mechanical mechanisms. We derive mathematical models of signal, noise, approximate SNR, and approximate bit error rates of optical communication satellite networks as functions of the system parameters, the number of satellites, and the vibration amplitude. The optical intersatellite network model considered includes transmitter satellite, repeater satellites, and receiver satellite all networked together. These models are the basis for pointing system design of appropriate complexity and performance to make the network as simple and inexpensive as possible. An example of practical communication between Anchorage in Alaska to Johannesburg in South Africa by a free-space optical communication network composed of nine low-earth-orbit satellites is given. From the analysis it is clear that even low vibration amplitude of the satellite pointing systems decreases dramatically the network performance.
Increase in traumatic injury burden amidst COVID-19 was disproportionately shouldered by racial and ethnic minority patients: An urban case study

Background When the COVID-19 pandemic intersected with the longstanding global pandemic of traumatic injury, it exacerbated racial and ethnic disparities in injury burden. As Milwaukee, Wisconsin is a racially diverse yet segregated urban city due to historic and ongoing systemic efforts, this populace provided an opportunity to further characterize injury disparities. Method We analyzed trauma registry data from the only adult Level 1 trauma center in Milwaukee, WI before and during the COVID-19 pandemic (N = 19,908 patients from 2015–2021). We retrospectively fit seasonal ARIMA models to monthly injury counts to determine baseline injury burden pre-COVID-19 (Jan 2015–Mar 2020). This baseline data was used to forecast injury by race and ethnicity from April 2020 to December 2021 and was compared to actual injury counts. Results For all mechanisms of injury (MOI), counts during the pandemic were significantly higher than forecasted for Black or African American (mean absolute percentage error, MAPE = 23.17) and Hispanic or Latino (MAPE = 26.67) but not White patients (MAPE = 12.72). Increased injury for Black or African American patients was driven by increases in motor vehicle crashes (MVCs) and firearm-related injury; increased injury for Hispanic or Latino patients was driven by falls and MVCs. Conclusions The exacerbation of injury burden disparities during COVID-19, particularly in specific MOI, underscores the need for primary injury prevention within specific overburdened communities. Injury prevention requires intervention through social determinants of health, including addressing the impact of structural racism, as primary drivers of injury burden disparities.
Evaluation the Effect of Low Power Laser Irradiation on Healing of Induced Tendon Injuries in Rabbits

This study aimed to evaluate the efficacy of diode laser in accelerating the healing process of ‎injured tendons and to determine the best ‎irradiation doses for impulse and continuous laser ‎irradiation. The semimembranosus muscle tendon of forty mature local breed rabbits ‎‎(Oryctolagus cuniculus) of both sexes was partially injured under ‎general anesthesia. The rabbits ‎were randomized into five groups and treated on the first day postoperatively. Group C served ‎as a control and ‎received no treatment, while groups A, B, and D were subjected to diode ‎impulse laser with a power of 2×10-3 watts and a wavelength of 904 ‎nm for 15, 25, and 35 ‎min per session, respectively. Group E received continuous diode laser for 30 min per ‎session with a power of 3×10-3 watts and a wavelength of 904 ‎nm. The treated groups received irradiation for 5, 8, ‎‎15, and 21 days postoperatively. Subsequent healing processes were ‎assessed macroscopically ‎and microscopically at each time point. In treated groups versus the control group, epitenon ‎thickness increased ‎from day 5, inflammatory and fibroblast cell responses were more evident, ‎and collagen fibers were clearer and more differentiated. On day 15, when the remodeling ‎stage began, group B healed best. The impulse diode laser was found to be more effective than ‎the ‎continuous diode laser in promoting the healing of surgical defects of the tendons at varying ‎degrees. In the continuous diode laser group, ‎there was a sustained high cellular response until ‎day 21 with the appearance of unorganized and irregular collagen fibers. This study ‎‎demonstrated that diode laser can accelerate the healing process of injured tendons and that ‎impulse diode laser is more effective than ‎continuous diode laser.
GARCH(1,1) with Sifted Gamma-distributed Errors

Typical General Autoregressive Conditional Heteroskedastic (GARCH) processes involve normally-distributed errors, and they model strictly-positive error processes poorly. This thesis will present a method for estimating the parameters of a GARCH(1,1) process with shifted Gamma-distributed errors, conduct a simulation study to test the method, and apply the method to real time series data. INDEX WORDS: Time Series, GARCH, Gamma distribution, strictly-positive errors 2009 Mathematics Subject Classification: Statistics GARCH(1,1) WITH SHIFTED GAMMA-DISTRIBUTED ERRORS by ALAN CANDLER BUDD B.S., Georgia Southern University, 2014 A Thesis Submitted to the Graduate Faculty of Georgia Southern University in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirement for the Degree
Paediatric deep brain stimulation

This review aimed to assess the evidence around the use of deep brain stimulation (DBS) for paediatric patients with severe dystonia. It aimed to answer the following questions: 1) Is paediatric DBS safe, efficacious and cost effective when compared with best supportive care? , 2) Is DBS more safe or more effective for some types of paediatric dystonia than others? Are there agreed patient selection criteria? , 3) What models of care and service delivery or access and funding mechanisms are established to deliver paediatric DBS internationally? The available evidence is limited but the growing body of level IV evidence generally supports use of DBS for improving motor function and disability. More data is needed that looks as other aspects of patient wellbeing.
Diagnosis of Nocturnal Hypoventilation in Pediatric Neuromuscular Disorders: A Survey of Clinical Practice in Australia and New Zealand

Objectives: Nocturnal hypoventilation is a complication of neuromuscular disorders. There are various recommendations for measuring pCO2 during polysomnography and numerous national and international definitions of hypoventilation that could contribute to significant variations in clinical practice. We therefore aimed to determine clinical practices implemented by Australasian pediatric sleep physicians.Methods: Pediatric sleep physicians completed an electronic survey for information regarding pCO2 measurements and definitions of hypoventilation that are followed for children with neuromuscular disorders.Results: It was found that transcutaneous measurement of pCO2 was performed in all centers, with 25% of the centers simultaneously performing capnography. Twelve definitions of hypoventilation were used, including published definitions from the American Academy of Sleep Medicine (AASM) manual and recommendations of the pediatric Australasian Sleep Association/Australasian Sleep Technologists Association. The most commonly used definition of hypoventilation (9/17, 53%) was the 2012 pediatric AASM definition (pCO2 >50 mmHg for >25% of the total sleep time). There was a discrepancy between centers and individuals within the same center when defining hypoventilation. Answers stating the use of the Australasian definitions (rise in pCO2 ≥10 mmHg from wake to sleep, average rise in pCO2 ≥3 mmHg from non rapid eye movement to rapid eye movement sleep) were more frequent when asked specifically via a checkbox (yes/no) compared to free text.Conclusions: These results confirm the heterogeneity and lack of standardization of clinical practice within Australasia when measuring pCO2 during polysomnography and defining hypoventilation. The Australasian definitions were not used as frequently as anticipated.
Space Diversity Mitigation Effects on Ionospheric Amplitude Scintillation With Basis on the Analysis of GNSS Experimental Data

Ionospheric density irregularities embedded in Equatorial Plasma Bubbles (EPBs), with scale sizes varying from several hundred kilometers to several tens of meters, may cause amplitude and phase scintillation of transionospheric radio waves, degrading the performance and availability of space-based communication and navigation systems. A recent computer simulation study, based on ionospheric irregularities detected by the Planar Langmuir Probe (PLP) onboard the Communication/Navigation Outage Forecasting System (C/NOFS) satellite, analyzed the mitigation effects from space diversity on amplitude scintillation of transionospheric signals received on the ground. The present work, based on experimental data, will confirm and extend the previous results, indicating, in statistically quantitative terms, how space diversity, effective on uplink and downlink ground-satellite paths, particularly in the strong and saturated scintillation regimes, depends on Ionospheric Pierce Point (IPP) dip-latitude and distance intervals, as well as on a well-known amplitude scintillation index.
Timing Their Positions: Cosponsorship in the State Legislature

Abstract Legislators must decide when, if ever, to cosponsor legislation. Scholars have shown legislators strategically time their positions on salient issues of national importance, but we know little about the timing of position-taking for routine bills or what this activity looks like in state legislatures. We argue that legislators’ cosponsorship decision-making depends on the type of legislation and the partisan dynamics among the current cosponsors. Members treat everyday legislation as generalized position-taking motivated by reelection, yet for key legislation, legislators are policy-oriented. With a new dataset of over 73,000 bills introduced in both chambers of the Texas state legislature in the 75th to 86th regular sessions (1997–2020), we use pooled Cox proportional hazard models to evaluate the dynamics of when legislators legislate, comparing all bills introduced with a subset of key bills. The results show that legislators time their cosponsorship activity in response to electoral vulnerability, partisanship, and the dynamics of the chamber in which they serve.
Observability-Based Optimal Sensor Placement for Flapping Airfoil Wake Estimation

This work considers the optimal sensor placement problem for a general nonlinear system using the eigenvalues of the observability Gramian in the cost function. The problem is formulated as a mixed-integer convex optimization problem. Using the empirical observability Gramian, the input data to this optimization problem are computed from a simulation of the nonlinear system with no analytical model required. A piecewise linear approximation to the observability Gramian is proposed using special ordered sets of type two, allowing a coarser sensor location mesh and thus fewer binary variables and shorter solution times compared with standard gridded approaches. The solution methodology is applied to vortex estimation in the wake of a flapping airfoil using velocity sensors on the surface of the airfoil, which is modeled using unsteady potential flow and a Joukowski conformal mapping. Resulting optimal sensor sets are found near the trailing edge in pairs on the upper and lower surface. Although the observab.
Molecular Detection of Mungbean Yellow Mosaic Virus and Their Associated Satellite DNA from Field Samples of Tamil Nadu

Pulses are the important source of protein in vegetarian diet and they are affected by several viral diseases. Among the virus diseases, yellow mosaic disease (YMD) caused by Mungbean yellow mosaic virus (MYMV) belonging to the genus Begomovirus (family: Geminiviridae) is a serious malady in cultivation of grain legumes in India and cause severe yield loss. YMD has very narrow host range within legumes and cause biologically indistinguishable symptoms, so the identification of virus is difficult. The molecular detection of MYMV from infected blackgram plants showing yellow mosaic symptoms was carried out. PCR with begomovirus specific primers detected the presence of begomovirus from the infected samples with amplicons of ~1100bp. The PCR with MYMV-specific coat protein primers detected the presence of MYMV from the samples collected from three districts of Tamil Nadu with the amplicons of ~1000bp. The dot blot hybridization showed positive response with the infected samples and negative response with healthy samples. The associated satellite DNA components were detected using universal abutting primers. Hence, molecular detection of MYMV seems simple and very sensitive method.
Three Galois lattices of topological relations: design, comparison and use

This paper presents the design and the comparison of three Galois lattices of topological relations for qualitative spatial representation and reasoning. The lattices rely on a correspondence between computational operations working on quantitative data and topological relations working on qualitative knowledge units. After introducing the context of the present research work, three sets of computational operations and the associated Galois lattices are presented. These Galois lattices are then compared and elements on the practical use of the lattices for representing spatial knowledge and reasoning are given.