Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Chest Compression Fraction Determines Survival in Patients With Out-of-Hospital Ventricular Fibrillation

Background— Quality cardiopulmonary resuscitation contributes to cardiac arrest survival. The proportion of time in which chest compressions are performed in each minute of cardiopulmonary resuscitation is an important modifiable aspect of quality cardiopulmonary resuscitation. We sought to estimate the effect of an increasing proportion of time spent performing chest compressions during cardiac arrest on survival to hospital discharge in patients with out-of-hospital ventricular fibrillation or pulseless ventricular tachycardia. Methods and Results— This is a prospective observational cohort study of adult patients from the Resuscitation Outcomes Consortium Cardiac Arrest Epistry with confirmed ventricular fibrillation or ventricular tachycardia, no defibrillation before emergency medical services arrival, electronically recorded cardiopulmonary resuscitation before the first shock, and a confirmed outcome. Patients were followed up to discharge from the hospital or death. Of the 506 cases, the mean age was 64 years, 80% were male, 71% were witnessed by a bystander, 51% received bystander cardiopulmonary resuscitation, 34% occurred in a public location, and 23% survived. After adjustment for age, gender, location, bystander cardiopulmonary resuscitation, bystander witness status, and response time, the odds ratios of surviving to hospital discharge in the 2 highest categories of chest compression fraction compared with the reference category were 3.01 (95% confidence interval 1.37 to 6.58) and 2.33 (95% confidence interval 0.96 to 5.63). The estimated adjusted linear effect on odds ratio of survival for a 10% change in chest compression fraction was 1.11 (95% confidence interval 1.01 to 1.21). Conclusions— An increased chest compression fraction is independently predictive of better survival in patients who experience a prehospital ventricular fibrillation/tachycardia cardiac arrest.
High order bandpass filter using the first negative resonant mode of composite right/left-handed transmission line

The high order CRLH bandpass filter is proposed using the first negative resonant mode. The design equation is derived to design the high order CRLH filter. The resonators of proposed filter are implemented by two unit-cells of mushroom structure supporting the first negative resonant mode of CRLH TL. The size of CRLH filter is reduced by 41% compared with that of conventional RH filter. The measured results show good agreements with simulated results.
Radiation sensitivity of an Escherichia coli mutant lacking NADP+-dependent isocitrate dehydrogenase.

Ionizing radiation induces the production of reactive oxygen species, which play an important causative role in radiation damage. NADP+-dependent isocitrate dehydrogenase (ICDH) in Escherichia coli produces NADPH, an essential reducing equivalent for the antioxidant system. The protective role of ICDH against ionizing radiation in E. coli was investigated in wild-type and ICDH-deficient strains. Upon exposure to ionizing radiation, the viability was lower and the lipid peroxidation was higher in mutant cells compared to wild-type cells. Activities of key antioxidant enzymes such as superoxide dismutase, catalase, glutathione reductase, and glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase were decreased by irradiation in both cells. Results suggest that ICDH plays an important role as an antioxidant enzyme in cellular defense against ionizing radiation.
The EGF‐TM7 family: unusual structures at the leukocyte surface

The isolation of cDNA clones encoding mouse F4/80, human epidermal growth factor (EGF) module‐containing mucin‐like hormone receptor 1 (EMR1) and human CD97 has resulted in the description of a novel family of seven‐transmembrane spanning cell surface molecules. These members of the EGF‐TM7 family are characterized by a variable number of NH2‐terminal EGF domains and seven transmembrane‐spanning hydrophobic regions, which demonstrate a degree of sequence homology to the corresponding region in members of the G‐protein‐coupled peptide hormone receptor family. The F4/80 molecule is macrophage‐restricted, as determined by immunohistochemical analysis of a wide range mouse tissues, while mRNA transcripts encoding EMR1, the predicted human F4/80 homologue, also appear to be abundantly expressed by cells of the myelomonocytic lineage. CD97, for which a cellular ligand has been identified (CD55), is expressed on a diverse array of leukocytes and is markedly upregulated on activated T and B cells. The regulation of expression of the EGF‐TM7 genes, the physiologic function(s) of these novel receptors and the further identification of their ligands is the subject of both intense study and this review. J. Leukoc. Biol. 63: 271–280; 1998.
Climatic effects of urbanization in istanbul: a statistical and modeling analysis

Statistical and numerical modeling tools were used to investigate the climatic effects of urbanization in Istanbul, the largest city in Turkey. Mann–Kendall trend test was applied to minimum temperature data from stations located in urban, suburban and rural areas in Istanbul to determine the existence and significance of trends, and the approximate years in which changes in the trends started. In addition, using a mesoscale atmospheric model, a sensitivity experiment was carried out to explore the atmospheric effects of urbanization in the city. Both statistical and modeling analyses indicated significant warming in the atmosphere over the urbanized areas. Mann–Kendall tests indicated statistically significant positive trends in the time series of the differences in minimum temperatures between urban and rural stations. Seasonal analyses showed that the urbanization effect on climate was most pronounced in summer. In most cases, the changes in the trends occurred in the 1970s and 1980s when the population growth rate in Istanbul increased dramatically. The model results exhibited a significant expansion of the urban heat island in Istanbul from 1951 to 2004, fairly consistent with the expansion of the city in this period. A two‐cell structure for the urban heat island emerged at the reference level from the difference of the July simulations with current and past landscapes: one on the European side and the other on the Asian side of the city. The maximum reference‐level temperature difference between the past and present simulations was found to be around 1 °C. The modeling experiment also indicated that the velocity of the prevailing northeasterly wind and the water vapor mixing ratio were both reduced over the city. The heating effect due to urbanization was found to penetrate about 600–800 m height in the atmosphere over the city, and the two surface heat island cells were found to combine aloft. Copyright © 2006 Royal Meteorological Society
Postmortem Examination of Vascular Lesions in Cognitive Impairment: A Survey Among Neuropathological Services

Background and Purpose— A full appreciation of the presence of cerebral vascular lesions in cognitively impaired patients can be ultimately reached at the neuropathological level. However, there are no detailed guidelines regarding what neuropathologists should look for at autopsy in cases of suspected vascular dementia or vascular cognitive impairment. We aimed at surveying the postmortem neuropathological procedures used in different centers in examining brain lesions of presumable or possible vascular origin in cognitively impaired patients. Methods— Thirteen laboratories participated in the survey by filling in a semistructured questionnaire. We reviewed sampling and histology procedures in use and the neuropathological definitions of some of these lesions. Neuropathological criteria for the definition of a vascular origin of the dementing process were also surveyed. Results— A large variability across centers was observed in the procedures used for the neuropathological examination and the histology techniques. Heterogeneity existed also in the definition of commonly found lesions (eg, white matter alterations, small vessel disease), interpretation of whether or not the lesions were reputed to be of vascular origin, and consequently in the interpretation of the cause of cognitive decline. Conclusions— The appreciation of the presence of neuropathologically verified vascular lesions in cognitively impaired cases may be heavily influenced by the laboratory tools used and also by the heterogeneity of the criteria applied in different centers. Harmonization of neuropathological procedures is badly needed in the field of vascular dementia and vascular cognitive impairment to better understand the association between various vascular lesions and clinical symptoms such as cognitive impairment.
The Role of the Dorsal Hippocampus in the Acquisition and Retrieval of Context Memory Representations

It is argued that the hippocampus contributes to contextual fear conditioning by supporting the acquisition of a conjunctive memory representation of context, which associates with shock. This function was examined by studying the context pre-exposure facilitation effect (CPFE). A rat that is shocked immediately after being placed into a context subsequently displays almost no fear of that context. However, if it is pre-exposed to the context the day before immediate shock, it displays significant freezing to that context. By using 5-aminomethyl-3-hydroxysoxazole to temporarily inactivate the dorsal hippocampus (DH) at three different phases of the procedure, which produces the CPFE, we show that the hippocampus is necessary for the following: (1) acquisition of the context memory, (2) retrieval of this memory at the time of immediate shock, and (3) retrieval of the context-shock memory at the time of testing. In contrast, inactivating the DH before a standard contextual shock experience had no effect on contextual fear conditioning. These results support the view that two processes can support contextual fear conditioning: (1) conditioning to the conjunctive representation, which depends on the hippocampus, and (2) conditioning to the features that make up the context, which does not.
Kruppel‐like factor family genes are expressed during Xenopus embryogenesis and involved in germ layer formation and body axis patterning

Background: Kruppel‐like factors (Klfs) are a family of transcription factors consisting of 17 members in mammals, Klf1–Klf17, which are involved in fundamental cellular physiological procedures, such as cell proliferation, differentiation, and apoptosis. However, their functions in embryonic development have been poorly understood. Our previous study has demonstrated that the pluripotency factor Klf4 participates in germ layer formation and axis patterning of Xenopus embryos by means of the regulation of key developmental signals. In the present study, we further investigated comprehensively the expression and functions of the klf family genes, klf2, klf5, klf6, klf7, klf8, klf11, klf15, and klf17, during the embryogenesis of Xenopus laevis. Results: Spatio‐temporal expression analyses demonstrate that these genes are transcribed both maternally and zygotically in Xenopus embryos, and during organogenesis and tissue differentiation, they are localized to a variety of placodes and tissues. Gain and loss of function studies manifest that Klf factors play different roles in germ layer formation and body axis patterning. Moreover, each Klf factor exhibits distinct regulatory effects on the expression of genes that are essential for germ layer formation and body axis patterning. Conclusions: These results suggest that Klf factors are involved in the fine‐tuning of these genes during early embryogenesis. Developmental Dynamics 244:1328–1346, 2015. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Stratigraphic, geochemical and U–Pb zircon constraints from Slieve Gallion, Northern Ireland: a correlation of the Irish Caledonian arcs

Recent Ar–Ar and U–Pb zircon geochronology from across the British and Irish Caledonides has revealed a prolonged period of arc-ophiolite formation (c. 514–464 Ma) and accretion (c. 490–470 Ma) to the Laurentian margin during the Grampian orogeny. The Slieve Gallion Inlier of Northern Ireland, an isolated occurrence of the Tyrone Volcanic Group, records the development of a peri-Laurentian island arc–backarc and its obduction to an outboard microcontinental block. Although a previous biostratigraphic age constraint provides a firm correlation of at least part of the volcanic succession to the Ca1 Stage of the Arenig (c. 475–474 Ma), there is uncertainty on its exact statigraphic position in the Tyrone Volcanic Group. Earliest magmatism is characterized by light rare earth element (LREE) depleted island-arc tholeiite. Overlying deposits are dominated by large ion lithophile and LREE-enriched, hornblende-phyric and feldspathic calc-alkaline basaltic andesites and andesitic tuffs with strongly negative ϵNdt values. Previously published biostratigraphic age constraints, combined with recent U–Pb zircon geochronology and new petrochemical correlations, suggest that the Slieve Gallion Inlier is equivalent to the lower Tyrone Volcanic Group. Temporal and geochemical correlations between the Slieve Gallion Inlier and Charlestown Group of Ireland suggest that they may be part of the same arc system, which was accreted at a late stage (c. 470 Ma) in the Grampian orogeny. A switch from tholeiitic volcanism to calc-alkaline dominated activity within the Lough Nafooey Group of western Ireland occurred prior to c. 490 Ma, some 15–20 Myr earlier than at Tyrone and Charlestown. Supplementary materials: Sampling and geochemical results (major elements, loss on ignition, trace elements, REE and Nd isotopes) are available at www.geolsoc. org.uk/SUP18640.
Customized mashups for improved reputation visualization

This document describes a possible use for the YouReputation API. A mashup combining the YouReputation and the Flickr APIs attempts to improve the visualization of reputation. First, this paper gives an introduction to Web services and APIs and further explains the developed prototype. This paper introduces an API that can be easily combined with other APIs to improve the representation of reputation terms and therefore enhance usability and design.
Seismicity and one-dimensional velocity structure of the Himalayan collision zone: Earthquakes in the crust and upper mantle

[1] Earthquakes beneath the Himalayan collision zone occur at depths between near surface and around 100 km below sea level. After relocating earthquakes with two one-dimensional (1-D) velocity models, we found a clear bimodal depth distribution for earthquakes in the Himalayas of eastern Nepal and the southern Tibetan Plateau and evidence that some earthquakes originate at upper mantle depths. Seismicity in Nepal shows an accumulation of earthquakes along the front of the Himalayan arc, with a seismic gap between longitudes 87.3°E and 87.7°E. Although upper crustal seismicity along the topographic front of the High Himalaya is consistent with a region of high strain accumulation associated with convergence on the Main Himalayan thrust fault, microearthquakes do not necessarily occur on this fault. Instead, they concentrate in the hanging wall. Seismic activity in the sub-Himalaya and the Terai Plains is almost exclusively limited to the vicinity of the location of the magnitude 6.5 20 August 1988 Udayapur earthquake, with most of the earthquakes in the lower crust and the upper mantle. Clusters of earthquakes in the Lesser and High Himalayas and south Tibet (Tethyan Himalayas) mark very well defined zones of seismicity at depths between 50 and 100 km, confirming the presence of earthquakes in the upper mantle in the region of continental collision. The occurrence of earthquakes at sub-Moho depths favors the idea that the continental upper mantle deforms by brittle processes.
Is there an increase of geomagnetic activity preceding total lunar eclipses

The possibility that there is a lunar modulation of geomagnetic activity around the time of total lunar eclipses is investigated. The modulation of activity, as seen in the Ap indices for the years 1932–1980, consists of a 4-day increase starting 3 days before the eclipse day. This characteristic of the modulation suggests that it may be caused by entry of the moon into the magnetospheric tail and by the subsequent motion of the moon within the tail; it is not observed in conjunction with partial lunar eclipses. By using the aa indices, which are available back to 1868, it is possible to study the long-term temporal characteristics of the modulation. It is found that the increase in activity after 1932 is not replicated in the data prior to 1932 (during the years 1870–1931), and it is concluded that the increase is most probably a statistical anomaly and that it would be inappropriate to conclude from it that the moon's entry into the geomagnetic tail enhances geomagnetic activity.
Acoustic multiple object positioning system

Research on multi-object acoustic positioning so far has not been much developed in wireless sensor networks because of the high communication and computation cost to deal with recorded convolved mixture signals. In this paper, we introduce a new method for acoustic multi-object positioning from the information of magnitudes recorded at different sensors. Analysis and simulation results lead to the conclusion that our method gives good accuracy with a distributed computing manner at a light communication cost.
A Theory for Bjerknes Compensation: The Role of Climate Feedback

AbstractThe response of the atmospheric energy (heat) transport (AHT) to a perturbation oceanic heat transport (OHT) is studied theoretically in a zonal mean energy balance model, with the focus on the effect of climate feedback, especially its spatial variation, on Bjerknes compensation (BJC). It is found that the BJC depends critically on climate feedback. For a stable climate, in which negative climate feedback is dominant, the AHT always compensates the OHT in the opposite direction. Furthermore, if local climate feedback is negative everywhere, the AHT will be weaker than the OHT (undercompensation) because of the damping on the surface oceanic heating through the top-of-atmosphere energy loss. One novel finding is that the compensation magnitude depends on the spatial scale of the forcing and is bounded between a minimum at the global scale and a maximum (of perfect compensation) at small scales. Most interestingly, the BJC is affected significantly by the spatial variation of the feedback, particul.
The effect of polychlorinated biphenyls on some parameters of non-specific immunity in Ovis musimon and postpartum changes of enzyme activity in the glandular cells of the uterine endometrium

The study was focused on the observation of alkaline and acidic phosphatase activity in the glandular cells of the uterine endometrium in puerperal moufflon ewes ( Ovis musimon) after exposure to polychlorinated biphenyls. Fifteen animals divided into 2 groups (experimental group – n=8; control group – n=7) were included in the experiment. The immunotoxic effect was evaluated by the test of the ingestion ability of phagocytes (phagocytic activity and index of phagocytic activity) and blastogenic response of lymphocytes after mitogen stimulation. For thirty days moufflons in the experimental group were given per orally capsules of domestically made Delor 105 chemical preparation (100 μg/kg) containing polychlorinated biphenyls (PCB). The blood samples were taken on day 17 postpartum, i. e. 5 days from the termination of a 30-day PCB application; on day 25 postpartum, i.e. 17 days from the last application of PCB and on day 34 postpartum which was equivalent to day 28 from the termination of the application. The samples of endometrium were collected from
Replication Vesicles are Load- and Choke-Points in the Hepatitis C Virus Lifecycle

Hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection develops into chronicity in 80% of all patients, characterized by persistent low-level replication. To understand how the virus establishes its tightly controlled intracellular RNA replication cycle, we developed the first detailed mathematical model of the initial dynamic phase of the intracellular HCV RNA replication. We therefore quantitatively measured viral RNA and protein translation upon synchronous delivery of viral genomes to host cells, and thoroughly validated the model using additional, independent experiments. Model analysis was used to predict the efficacy of different classes of inhibitors and identified sensitive substeps of replication that could be targeted by current and future therapeutics. A protective replication compartment proved to be essential for sustained RNA replication, balancing translation versus replication and thus effectively limiting RNA amplification. The model predicts that host factors involved in the formation of this compartment determine cellular permissiveness to HCV replication. In gene expression profiling, we identified several key processes potentially determining cellular HCV replication efficiency.
Moore Graphs and Beyond: A survey of the Degree/Diameter Problem

The degree/diameter problem is to determine the largest graphs or digraphs of given maximum degree and given diameter. General upper bounds - called Moore bounds - for the order of such graphs and digraphs are attainable only for certain special graphs and digraphs. Finding better (tighter) upper bounds for the maximum possible number of vertices, given the other two parameters, and thus attacking the degree/diameter problem 'from above', remains a largely unexplored area. Constructions producing large graphs and digraphs of given degree and diameter represent a way of attacking the degree/diameter problem 'from below'. This survey aims to give an overview of the current state-of-the-art of the degree/diameter problem. We focus mainly on the above two streams of research. However, we could not resist mentioning also results on various related problems. These include considering Moore-like bounds for special types of graphs and digraphs, such as vertex-transitive, Cayley, planar, bipartite, and many others, on the one hand, and related properties such as connectivity, regularity, and surface embeddability, on the other hand.
Intermediate homocysteinemia: a thermolabile variant of methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase.

A "newly detected" variant of methylenetetrahydrofolate (MTHF) reductase (E.C.1.1.1.68) deficiency associated with an 8-15-fold increase in plasma total homocysteine was discovered in two unrelated patients who had subnormal serum folate. However, the homocysteinemia was corrected by oral folic acid supplement. When MTHF reductase activities in lymphocyte extracts before and after heat treatment at 46 C for 5 min were compared, there was a consistent difference in heat stability between the enzyme from the controls and that from the patients. The mean residual activities after heat treatment were 37.0% (34.1%-42.6%) in the controls and 15.2% and 15.1% in the two patients, respectively. Two obligate heterozygotes for severe MTHF reductase deficiency had residual activities of 39.6% and 37.7%. A similar difference in thermostability was demonstrated in cultured skin fibroblasts and lymphoblasts. Studies with a mixture of lymphoblast extracts from a control and a patient and with partially purified enzyme suggested that the thermostability was an independent characteristic of MTHF reductase. These observations provided evidence of a hitherto undescribed mutant MTHF reductase in our two patients with intermediate homocysteinemia. Unlike previously reported patients with MTHF reductase deficiency, there was no apparent clinical problem related to the abnormal folate or homocysteine metabolism during infancy or childhood in these two subjects, but one of them had vascular disorders in adulthood. The observations in these two subjects suggested that a moderate deficiency of MTHF reductase might be associated with vascular disorders in adult life.