Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
A Clinical Study of Tracheobronchopathia Osteochondroplastica: Findings from a Large Chinese Cohort

Background and Study Aims Tracheobronchopathia osteochondroplastica (TO) is an uncommon disease of the tracheobronchial system that leads to narrowing of the airway lumen from cartilaginous and/or osseous submucosal nodules. The aim of this study is to perform a detailed review of this rare disease in a large cohort of patients with TO proven by fiberoptic bronchoscopy from China. Patients and Methods Retrospective chart review was performed on 41,600 patients who underwent bronchoscopy in the Department of Respiratory Medicine of Changhai Hospital between January 2005 and December 2012. Cases of TO were identified based on characteristic features during bronchoscopic examination. Results 22 cases of bronchoscopic TO were identified. Among whom one-half were male and the mean age was 47.45±10.91 years old. The most frequent symptoms at presentation were chronic cough (n = 14) and increased sputum production (n = 10). Radiographic abnormalities were observed in 3/18 patients and findings on computed tomography consistent with TO such as beaded intraluminal calcifications and/or increased luminal thickenings were observed in 18/22 patients. Patients were classified into the following categories based on the severity of bronchoscopic findings: Stage I (n = 2), Stage II (n = 6) and Stage III (n = 14). The result that bronchoscopic improvement was observed in 2 patients administered with inhaled corticosteroids suggested that resolution of this disease is possible. Conclusions TO is a benign disease with slow progression, which could be roughly divided into 3 stages on the basis of the characteristic endoscopic features and histopathologic findings. Chronic inflammation was thought to be more important than the other existing plausible hypotheses in the course of TO. Inhaled corticosteroids might have some impact on patients at Stage I/II.
Immunology. Painful failure of promising genital herpes vaccine.

A vaccine designed to ward off genital herpes has failed in a large clinical trial, abruptly ending the product9s seemingly promising future. After 8 years of study in more than 8000 women in the United States and Canada, there was not even a hint of a positive result against the sexually transmitted disease caused by herpes simplex virus-2.
Depression in Alzheimer Patients: Discrepancies Between Patient and Caregiver Reports

SummaryEstimates of the prevalence of depression in dementia patients vary widely. One problem in accurate identification of such depression is determining whether to rely on demented patients' reports or second-party caregivers' reports of symptoms. To further explore this problem, 31 outpatients with probable Alzheimer disease and their 31 caregivers were interviewed separately with depressive symptom questionnaires. Caregivers reported more depressive symptoms in dementia patients than patients reported for themselves. Correlations between caregivers' and patients' reports of individual symptoms ranged between −0.23 to 0.76, with lowest correlations found for intrapsychic distress, cognitive impairment, and hallucinations. Patients' responses were not necessarily affected by stereotypic responding or severity of impairment, but patients appeared to underreport symptomatology. Caregivers' responses were associated with the extent of contact with the patients, familial relationship, and sources of information used to determine patients' mood but were not correlated with caregivers' depression or ratings of how they would feel if they were “in the patient's shoes. ”
Comparing general-purpose and domain-specific languages: An empirical study

Many domain-specific languages, that try to bring feasible alternatives for existing solutions while simplifying programming work, have come up in recent years. Although, these little languages seem to be easy to use, there is an open issue whether they bring advantages in comparison to the application libraries, which are the most commonly used implementation approach. In this work, we present an experiment, which was carried out to compare such a domain-specific language with a comparable application library. The experiment was conducted with 36 programmers, who have answered a questionnaire on both implementation approaches. The questionnaire is more than 100 pages long. For a domain-specific language and the application library, the same problem domain has been used - construction of graphical user interfaces. In terms of a domain-specific language, XAML has been used and C# Forms for the application library. A cognitive dimension framework has been used for a comparison between XAML and C# Forms.
Output feedback guaranteeing cost control by matrix inequalities for discrete-time delay systems

This paper investigates the construction of guaranteeing cost dynamic output feedback controller for linear discrete-time delay systems with time-varying parameter uncertainties and with exogenous disturbances. A necessary and sufficient condition for a controller to have the guaranteeing cost property is given by a nonlinear matrix inequality. As a sufficient condition, a linear matrix inequality is derived, the solution of which can be used for constructing a control of the desired type. It is also shown that the resulted trajectory is input-to-state stable. A numerical example illustrates the application of the results.
Early Adopters of Computerized Physician Order Entry in Hospitals That Care for Children: A Picture of US Health Care Shortly After the Institute of Medicine Reports on Quality

Objective. To determine national estimates of computerized physician order entry (CPOE) use for 2003 in hospitals that care for children. Design. Retrospective cohort analysis. Results. Six percent of the hospitals used CPOE (119 out of 2145). Children's hospitals are more likely to use CPOE than a children's unit (odds ratio [OR] = 6; 95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.5-23.9). Private for-profit hospitals are more likely to use CPOE than public hospitals (OR = 26.5; 95% CI = 3.1-224.8). Urban teaching hospitals are more likely to use CPOE than rural hospitals (OR = 3.9; 95% CI = 1.7-8.8). Hospitals in the Northeast, Midwest, and South are more likely to use CPOE than hospitals in the West (OR = 11.2, 95% CI = 4.8-26.5; OR = 4.2, 95% CI = 1.7-10.5; OR = 3.1, 95% CI = 1.5-6.3, respectively). Conclusions. In 2003, 6% of the hospitals that care for children reported using CPOE. Early adoption of CPOE was associated with children's hospitals, private hospitals, urban-teaching hospitals, and hospitals outside of the western region.
Metabolism leaves its mark on the powerhouse: recent progress in post-translational modifications of lysine in mitochondria

Lysine modifications have been studied extensively in the nucleus, where they play pivotal roles in gene regulation and constitute one of the pillars of epigenetics. In the cytoplasm, they are critical to proteostasis. However, in the last decade we have also witnessed the emergence of mitochondria as a prime locus for post-translational modification (PTM) of lysine thanks, in large measure, to evolving proteomic techniques. Here, we review recent work on evolving set of PTM that arise from the direct reaction of lysine residues with energized metabolic thioester-coenzyme A intermediates, including acetylation, succinylation, malonylation, and glutarylation. We highlight the evolutionary conservation, kinetics, stoichiometry, and cross-talk between members of this emerging family of PTMs. We examine the impact on target protein function and regulation by mitochondrial sirtuins. Finally, we spotlight work in the heart and cardiac mitochondria, and consider the roles acetylation and other newly-found modifications may play in heart disease.
Cellular mechanisms of burst firing‐mediated long‐term depression in rat neocortical pyramidal cells

During wakefulness and sleep, neurons in the neocortex emit action potentials tonically or in rhythmic bursts, respectively. However, the role of synchronized discharge patterns is largely unknown. We have recently shown that pairings of excitatory postsynaptic potentials (EPSPs) and action potential bursts or single spikes lead to long‐term depression (burst‐LTD) or long‐term potentiation, respectively. In this study, we elucidate the cellular mechanisms of burst‐LTD and characterize its functional properties. Whole‐cell patch‐clamp recordings were obtained from layer V pyramidal cells in somatosensory cortex of juvenile rats in vitro and composite EPSPs and EPSCs were evoked extracellularly in layers II/III. Repetitive burst‐pairings led to a long‐lasting depression of EPSPs and EPSCs that was blocked by inhibitors of metabotropic glutamate group 1 receptors, phospholipase C, protein kinase C (PKC) and calcium release from the endoplasmic reticulum, and that required an intact machinery for endocytosis. Thus, burst‐LTD is induced via a Ca2+‐ and phosphatidylinositol‐dependent activation of PKC and expressed through phosphorylation‐triggered endocytosis of AMPA receptors. Functionally, burst‐LTD is inversely related to EPSP size and bursts dominate single spikes in determining the sign of synaptic plasticity. Thus burst‐firing constitutes a signal by which coincident synaptic inputs are proportionally downsized. Overall, our data thus suggest a mechanism by which synaptic weights can be reconfigured during non‐rapid eye movement sleep.
Growth and zinc homeostasis in the severely Zn-deficient rat

1. Male weanling rats were fed on diets either adequate (55 mg/kg), or severely deficient (0.4 mg/kg) in zinc, either ad lib. or in restricted amounts in four experiments. Measurements were made of growth rates and Zn contents of muscle and several individual tissues. 2. Zn-deficient rats exhibited the expected symptoms of deficiency including growth retardation, cyclic changes in food intake and body-weight. 3. Zn deficiency specifically reduced whole body and muscle growth rates as indicated by the fact that (a) growth rates were lower in ad lib. -fed Zn-deficient rats compared with rats pair-fed on the control diet in two experiments, (b) Zn supplementation increased body-weights of Zn-deficient rats given a restricted amount of diet at a level at which they maintained weight if unsupplemented, (c) Zn supplementation maintained body-weights of Zn-deficient rats fed a restricted amount of diet at a level at which they lost weight if unsupplemented (d) since the ratio, muscle mass:body-weight was lower in the Zn-deficient rats than in the pair-fed control groups, the reduction in muscle mass was greater than the reduction in body-weight. 4. Zn concentrations were maintained in muscle, spleen and thymus, reduced in comparison to some but not all control groups in liver, kidney, testis and intestine, and markedly reduced in plasma and bone. In plasma, Zn concentrations varied inversely with the rate of change of body-weight during the cyclic changes in body-weight. 5. Calculation of the total Zn in the tissues examined showed a marked increase in muscle Zn with a similar loss from bone, indicating that Zn can be redistributed from bone to allow the growth of other tissues. 6. The magnitude of the increase in muscle Zn in the severely Zn-deficient rat, together with the magnitude of the total losses of muscle tissue during the catabolic phases of the cycling, indicate that in the Zn-deficient rat Zn may be highly conserved in catabolic states.
Interactive whiteboard in motivation of pupils of primary school

In our report we want to present the results of a survey focusing on the use of interactive whiteboard technology in the subject called technology at primary schools to increase students' motivation in teaching technical subjects. Technology is a very specific subject in primary schools, because it combines the teaching of theoretical information and practical skill practicing. The research was to find out or check whether pupils of experimental groups who were using an interactive whiteboard during teaching, will be more motivated to learn than students of the controlling groups. We used Kozéki's questionnaire to detect pupils' motivation to motivate students to learn. We found out that in the experimental group the motivation in the affective field (extrinsic motivation) is positive and predominant. This is demonstrably more powerful than the motivation of the control group, which belongs to the field of the cognitive effects, also with positive character. The research results are useful in the planning of teaching in terms of allocating the interactive whiteboard into the teaching process.
Pedagogical Work and the 'Cult of the Body': Considering the Role of HPE in the Context of the 'New Public Health'

Physical education, now often explicitly identified with health in contemporary school curricula, continues to be implicated in the (re)production of the 'cult of the body'. We argue that HPE is a form of health promotion that attempts to 'make' healthy citizens of young people in the context of the 'risk society'. In our view there is still work to be done in understanding how and why physical education (as HPE) continues to be implicated in the reproduction of values associated with the cult of body. We are keen to understand why HPE continues to be ineffective in helping young people gain some measure of analytic and embodied 'distance' from the problematic aspects of the cult of the body. This paper offers an analysis of this enduring issue by using some contemporary analytic discourses including 'governmentality', 'risk society' and the 'new public health'.
Increased median nerve latency at the carpal tunnel of patients with "trigger finger": Comparison of 62 patients and 13 controls

An association between symptomatic compression neuropathy of the median nerve at the carpal tunnel and "trigger finger" has been reported in endocrine and metabolic disorders. We assessed the incidence of increased median nerve latency in subjects with "trigger finger". 62 consecutive patients with "trigger finger" and no signs or symptoms of median nerve compression underwent nerve conduction studies of the median nerve. 13 healthy adults served as controls. 39/62 patients had increased distal motor latency in the median nerve. Only 1 of 13 subjects in the control group had a borderline value of distal motor latency.
Aquaporin-4 expression is increased in oedematous human brain tumours

Aquaporin-4 (AQP4) is a highly conserved water channel protein. In rats, AQP4 is expressed in astrocyte foot processes and is important in brain water homeostasis. AQP4 expression has not been investigated in non-neoplastic human brain or oedematous brain tumours, where water homeostasis is disrupted. Therefore, immunohistochemistry was used to study AQP4 expression in non-neoplastic and neoplastic human brain and blood-brain barrier permeability was assessed using contrast enhanced computed tomograms. AQP4 was present around microvessels in five specimens of non-neoplastic brain and five low grade (Daumas-Duport I or II) astrocytomas. AQP4 was massively upregulated in four and absent in one high grade (Daumas-Duport III or IV) astrocytoma. Massive upregulation of AQP4 was also found in reactive astrocytes in five metastatic adenocarcinomas. There was significant (p<0.0001) correlation between blood-brain barrier opening and upregulated AQP4 expression. Increased AQP4 expression in high grade astrocytomas and adenocarcinomas may facilitate the flow of oedema fluid.
Exploring a process view of students' knowledge about the nature of science

The role that students' knowledge about the nature of science plays in their daily learning of science in school is not well understood. To explore this topic, two categories are introduced that classify how students' understanding of the nature of science has been operationalized. Distal knowledge of the nature of science is students' declarative knowledge about professional science, including about the nature of scientific knowledge and scientists' epistemological commitments. Proximal knowledge of the nature of science is students' personal understandings, beliefs, and commitments regarding their own science learning and the scientific knowledge they—not scientists—produce and encounter. It is suggested that viewing these two kinds of knowledge structures within modern information processing frameworks that delineate roles of epistemological and metacognitive knowledge in learning can guide future research on students' knowledge about the nature of science as a mediator, not just an outcome, of their science experiences in school. © 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Sci Ed84:51–70, 2000.
Implementation of Sustainable Tourism in the German Alps: A Case Study

What are the processes behind efforts for more sustainable mountain destinations in the German Alps and what are the views of different tourism stakeholders on these processes? The research deals both with threats pushing the agenda of sustainable development (such as climate change and depletion of resources), indicators of sustainable tourism (to measure the scope of change), as well as cross-border cooperation and stakeholder engagement in the German Alps. The data was collected through 30 interviews with individuals dealing with tourism development and sustainable tourism development in the German Alps. The findings suggest that a holistic approach and collection and dissemination of data and knowledge on sustainability are the basis for developing sustainable mountain tourism. Implementation and monitoring should focus on specific flagship sustainable tourism products, as well as on a destination in a broader sense and the sustainable tourism market. Three themes emerged as important for implementation of sustainable tourism in the German Alps: indicators of sustainable tourism, cross-border cooperation and stakeholder engagement.
The relationship between lysine 4 on histone H3 methylation levels of alcohol tolerance genes and changes of ethanol tolerance in Saccharomyces cerevisiae

We evaluated whether epigenetic changes contributed to improve ethanol tolerance in mutant populations of Saccharomyces cerevisiae (S. cerevisiae). Two ethanol‐tolerant variants of S. cerevisiae were used to evaluate the genetic stability in the process of stress‐free passage cultures. We found that acquired ethanol tolerance was lost and transcription level of some genes (HSP104, PRO1, TPS1, and SOD1) closely related to ethanol tolerance decreased significantly after the 10th passage in ethanol‐free medium. Tri‐methylation of lysine 4 on histone H3 (H3K4) enhanced at the promoter of HSP104, PRO1, TPS1 and SOD1 in ethanol‐tolerant variants of S. cerevisiae was also diminished after tenth passage in stress‐free cultures. The ethanol tolerance was reacquired when exogenous SOD1 transferred in some tolerance‐lost strains. This showed that H3K4 methylation is involved in phenotypic variation with regard to ethanol tolerance with respect to classic breeding methods used in yeast.
Astroblastoma: radiologic-pathologic correlation and distinction from ependymoma.

SUMMARY Astroblastoma is a rare primary glial tumor with a characteristic appearance on neuroradiologic images. Typically, astroblastomas are large, lobulated, peripheral, supratentorial, solid, and cystic masses with relatively little associated vasogenic edema and tumor infiltration for their large size. The solid component of the mass has a bubbly appearance and a T2 signal that is isointense to gray matter. Punctate calcifications are often present. Neuroradiologists should be familiar with the characteristic appearance of this tumor.
Saving liberal peacebuilding

Abstract Liberal peacebuilding has become the target of considerable criticism. Although much of this criticism is warranted, a number of scholars and commentators have come to the opinion that liberal peacebuilding is either fundamentally destructive, or illegitimate, or both. On close analysis, however, many of these critiques appear to be exaggerated or misdirected. At a time when the future of peacebuilding is uncertain, it is important to distinguish between justified and unjustified criticisms, and to promote a more balanced debate on the meaning, shortcomings and prospects of liberal peacebuilding.
Accumulation of glial fibrillary acidic protein in Müller radial glia during retinal degeneration.

Müller radial glia accumulate glial fibrillary acid protein (GFAP) in response to retinal injuries. We have studied the changes in cellular localization of GFAP in genetically caused retinal dystrophy in strains of cat and mouse: Abyssinian cats with progressive retinal dystrophy, and mice homo- and heterozygous for the retinal degeneration (rd) and retinal degeneration slow (rds) genes. The following observations were made: (1) Glial fibrillary acid protein-immunoreactive (GFAP-IR) radial Müller glia are present in normal cat and mouse retinae. (2) There is a general increase with age in numbers of GFAP-IR radial Müller glia, and other GFAP-IR elements in the retina of cat and mice with hereditary retinal dystrophy. (3) The increase in GFAP-accumulating Müller cells seems to proceed from peripheral to central retina in both cats and mice. This might reflect the direction of photoreceptor degeneration, which proceeds in the same direction in the retinal dystrophic cat and in mice bearing the rds gene. However, in the rd mouse photoreceptor degeneration proceeds from central to peripheral retina, indicating that GFAP accumulation is not a local direct effect of photoreceptor damage. (4) Comparing the different mutant mouse strains, there seem to be qualitative differences in the distribution of GFAP-IR elements. The numbers of tangential elements and fibrillary tangles in the inner plexiform and nuclear layers are highest in the +/+ rds/rds retina, followed by the +/+ rds/+, whereas such elements appear to be more scarce in rd/rd rds/rds, followed by the rd/rd +/+ and +/+ +/+ retinae. (ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
A basic agent

A basic agent has been constructed which integrates limited natural language understanding and generation, temporal planning and reasoning, plan execution, simulated symbolic perception, episodic memory, and some general world knowledge. The agent is cast as a robot submarine operating in a two‐dimensional simulated “Seaworld” about which it has only partial knowledge. It can communicate with people in a vocabulary of about 800 common English words using a medium coverage grammar. The agent maintains an episodic memory of events in its life and has a limited ability to reflect on those events. A person can make statements to the agent, ask it questions, and give it commands. In response to commands, a temporal task planner is invoked to synthesize a plan, which is then executed at an appropriate future time. A large variety of temporal references in natural language are interpreted with respect to agent time. The agent can form and retain compound future plans, and replan in response to new information or new commands. Natural language verbs are represented in a state transition semantics for compatibility with the planner. The agent is able to give terse answers to questions about its past experiences, present activities and perceptions, future intentions, and general knowledge. No other artificial intelligence artifact with this range of capabilities has previously been constructed.
How Many Multiword Expressions do People Know?

What is a multiword expression (MWE) and how many are there? Mark Liberman gave a great invited talk at ACL-89, titled “How Many Words Do People Know? ” where he spent the entire hour questioning the question. Many of the same questions apply to multiword expressions. What is a word? An expression? What is many? What is a person? What does it mean to know? Rather than answer these questions, this article will use them as Liberman did, as an excuse for surveying how such issues are addressed in a variety of fields: computer science, Web search, linguistics, lexicography, educational testing, psychology, statistics, and so on.