Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Reports on Industry Activity from Outside UCSF

Do Restrictions on Smoking at Home, at School and in Public Places Influence Teenage Smoking? ABSTRACT Objectives - To determine the relationship between extent of restrictions on smoking at home, at school and in public places, and smoking uptake, smoking prevalence and monthly cigarette consumption by school students. Design - Cross-sectional survey with merged records of extent of restrictions on smoking in public places. Results – More restrictive arrangements on smoking at home were associated with a greater likelihood of being in an earlier stage of smoking uptake (p<.05), lower 30-day prevalence (p<.001) and reduced monthly cigarette consumption (p<.001). These findings applied even where parents were smokers. More pervasive restrictions on smoking in public places were associated with a higher probability of being in a earlier stage of smoking uptake (p<.05), lower 30-day prevalence (p<.05), but not reduced consumption. School smoking bans were only related to a greater likelihood of being in an earlier stage of smoking uptake (p<.05), lower prevalence (p<.001) and reduced consumption (p<.006), when the ban was strongly enforced, as measured by instances when teenagers perceived that most or all students obeyed the rule.
Macintosh Program performs time‐series analysis

A Macintosh computer program that can perform many time-series analysis procedures is now available on the Internet free of charge. Although AnalySeries was originally designed for paleoclimatic time series, it can be useful for most fields of Earth sciences. The program's graphical user interface allows easy access even for people unfamiliar with computer calculations. Previous versions of the program are already used by hundreds of scientists worldwide.
EXTREME WIND SPEEDS AND SPATIALLY UNIFORM WIND EVENTS IN THE BALTIC PROPER

It is shown that Vilsandi wind data represent satisfactorily both scalar and directional properties of the wind regime in the Baltic Proper. Angular distribution of the wind speed in extreme wind events (based on the Weibull distribution) has a specific two-peaked shape with maxima corresponding to south-west and north winds, and a deep minimum for eastearly winds. Extensive periods in which wind direction is uniform over large areas, frequently occur in the Baltic Proper. Both wind speed and direction may essentially change during such events, but the changes may occur synchronously at remote sites.
Hydrogen stable isotope probing of lipids demonstrates slow rates of microbial growth in soil

The rate at which microorganisms grow and reproduce is fundamental to our understanding of microbial physiology and ecology. While soil microbiologists routinely quantify soil microbial biomass levels and the growth rates of individual taxa in culture, there is a limited understanding of how quickly microbes actually grow in soil. For this work, we posed the simple question: what are the growth rates of soil microorganisms? In this study, we measure these rates in three distinct soil environments using hydrogen stable isotope probing of lipids with 2H-enriched water. This technique provides a taxa-agnostic quantification of in situ microbial growth from the degree of 2H enrichment of intact polar lipid compounds ascribed to bacteria and fungi. We find that average apparent generation times in soil are quite slow (20 to 64 days) but also highly variable at the compound-specific level (6 to 1137 days), suggesting differential growth rates between community subsets. We observe that low-biomass communities can exhibit more rapid growth rates than high-biomass communities, highlighting that biomass quantity alone does not predict microbial productivity in soil. Furthermore, within a given soil, the rates at which specific lipids are being synthesized do not relate to their quantity, suggesting a general decoupling of microbial abundance and growth in soil microbiomes. More generally, we demonstrate the utility of lipid stable isotope probing for measuring microbial growth rates in soil and highlight the importance of measuring growth rates to complement more standard analyses of soil microbial communities. Significance Generation times, how quickly organisms grow and reproduce, are a key feature of biology. However, there are few measurements of microbial generation times in soil, despite the crucial importance of soil microbes to terrestrial ecosystems. By measuring the rate at which isotopically labeled water is incorporated into microbial membranes, we find that the generation times of soil microorganisms are far longer than those typically observed in culture. Surprisingly, we observe that lower-biomass soils exhibited faster growth rates than high-biomass soils. More abundant microorganisms are not necessarily the fastest growing and most soil microorganisms are slow growers. Our results underscore the importance of considering slow and variable growth rates when studying microbial communities and their contributions to ecosystem processes.
A community study of psychosocial functioning and weight in young children and adolescents.

BACKGROUND Children with either underweight or overweight may be at risk for mental health problems and require mental health service use. The present study investigated the relationship between weight status and psychosocial dysfunctioning in children of two different age groups (5-6 and 13-14 years). METHODS Using height and weight measurements collected during routine medical examinations of all children in a circumscribed geographical region, measures of underweight and overweight were calculated in young children (aged 5-6 years; n=797) and in adolescents (13-14 years; n=614). In addition, parent-reported questionnaires (young children) and adolescent-reported questionnaires (adolescents), including the Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire (SDQ), provided information on psychopathology subscales including emotional symptoms, conduct problems, hyperactivity-inattention, peer problems and prosocial behaviour. RESULTS Few associations were apparent after controlling for confounding variables. Young children who were underweight (but not severely underweight) less frequently displayed conduct problems, while adolescents who were overweight or obese reported more peer problems and less prosocial behaviour than did children of normal weight. Children who were underweight and children who were overweight did not score higher on any of the other psychopathology scales than did children of normal weight in either age group. CONCLUSION Our findings suggest that the domains of weight problems and psychopathology do not display strong associations. However, there are indications that some areas of psychopathology may be differentially associated with weight problems. Further longitudinal research is warranted.
Global tropical cyclone activity: A link to the North Atlantic Oscillation

An index of global tropical cyclone activity (GTCA) is extracted from an interbasin dispersion matrix composed of correlations in the frequency of tropical cyclones among the five principal basins of activity over the period 1966–1998. The extraction is performed using a single‐factor common factor analysis model. Factor scores provide the index of GTCA. The time series of factor scores is matched with annual series' of the El Niño‐southern oscillation (ENSO) and the North Atlantic oscillation (NAO) revealing a statistical link to the NAO, but not to the ENSO. Results suggest a greater role of high latitude atmospheric and oceanic processes in modulating tropical cyclone climate than previously considered.
Thinking big - taking a large-scale approach to seabird bycatch

Seabird bycatch in industrial fisheries has been the focus of research and conservation concern since the late 980s (e.g. Weimerskirch & Jouventin 987, Bartle 99 , Brothers 99 ). Recent research has explored the impacts of seabird bycatch in longline (Tuck et al. 200 , Lewison & Crowder 2003) and in trawl fisheries (Weimerskirch et al. 2000, Sullivan & Reid 2003). Understanding the impact of fisheries bycatch on seabird species involves both quantifying the number of individuals affected (including lethal and sub-lethal effects) and determining the effect, if any, that bycatch could have at the population or community level. Fisheries bycatch is only one of several human-mediated disturbances that may threaten seabird populations. Introduced predators, toxin contamination, disease and other disturbances are also likely to impact negatively upon populations (Arcos et al. 2002, Finkelstein et al. 2003, Weimerskirch 2004). Ideally, the goal is to understand the relative effects of each of these putative threats on population growth. However, data limitations (quantity and quality), uncertainty with analytical methods and assumptions, and the difficulties associated with understanding dynamic, natural systems present formidable obstacles to quantifying the effects of fisheries bycatch and other disturbances. THINKING BIG—TAKING A LARGE-SCALE APPROACH TO SEABIRD BYCATCH
Effects of temperature on Mg/Ca in neogloboquadrinid shells determined by live culturing

New culturing protocols allowed the development of a Mg/Ca temperature calibration equation for Neogloboquadrina pachyderma (d.). When cultured between 9°C and 19.2°C, Mg/Ca in N. pachyderma (d.) shell calcite exhibits a clear dependence on temperature. Shell calcite Mg/Ca increased exponentially with temperature: Mg/Ca = 0.51−0.15+0.23 * exp(0.10±0.02*T). Limited data suggest N. dutertrei exhibit similar elemental temperature relationships to N. pachyderma (d.). We applied the temperature relationship established by culturing to Mg/Ca in neogloboquadrinid shells collected using plankton tows. Compared to measured SST, the calculated temperatures were within ±2°C for Mg/Ca (95% CI). Multiple samples from single tows generally had calculated temperatures that ranged from near‐surface values to temperatures consistent with calcification depths down to ∼70 m. Our work indicates that Mg/Ca temperature calibration equations for temperate and polar foraminiferal species have a similar exponential constant but a higher pre‐exponential constant than those for surface‐dwelling tropical species. Therefore accurate paleotemperature reconstructions from temperate and polar species require the use of an equation distinct from those used for tropical species.
Global direct radiative forcing by process‐parameterized aerosol optical properties

[1] A parameterization of aerosol optical parameters is developed and implemented in an extended version of the community climate model version 3.2 (CCM3) of the U.S. National Center for Atmospheric Research. Direct radiative forcing (DRF) by monthly averaged calculated concentrations of non-sea-salt sulfate and black carbon (BC) is estimated. Inputs are production-specific BC and sulfate from Iversen and Seland [2002] and background aerosol size distribution and composition. The scheme interpolates between tabulated values to obtain the aerosol single scattering albedo, asymmetry factor, extinction coefficient, and specific extinction coefficient. The tables are constructed by full calculations of optical properties for an array of aerosol input values, for which size-distributed aerosol properties are estimated from theory for condensation and Brownian coagulation, assumed distribution of cloud-droplet residuals from aqueous phase oxidation, and prescribed properties of the background aerosols. Humidity swelling is estimated from the Kohler equation, and Mie calculations finally yield spectrally resolved aerosol optical parameters for 13 solar bands. The scheme is shown to give excellent agreement with nonparameterized DRF calculations for a wide range of situations. Using IPCC emission scenarios for the years 2000 and 2100, calculations with an atmospheric global cliamte model (AFCM) yield a global net anthropogenic DRF of −0.11 and 0.11 W m−2, respectively, when 90% of BC from biomass burning is assumed anthropogenic. In the 2000 scenario, the individual DRF due to sulfate and BC has separately been estimated to −0.29 and 0.19 W m−2, respectively. Our estimates of DRF by BC per BC mass burden are lower than earlier published estimates. Some sensitivity tests are included to investigate to what extent uncertain assumptions may influence these results.
HPV Vaccination: Predicting Its Effect on Cervical Cancer Rates

BackgroundEarly diagenetic processes involved in natural organic matter (NOM) oxidation in marine sediments have been for the most part characterized after collecting sediment cores and extracting porewaters. These techniques have proven useful for deep-sea sediments where biogeochemical processes are limited to aerobic respiration, denitrification, and manganese reduction and span over several centimeters. In coastal marine sediments, however, the concentration of NOM is so high that the spatial resolution needed to characterize these processes cannot be achieved with conventional sampling techniques. In addition, coastal sediments are influenced by tidal forcing that likely affects the processes involved in carbon oxidation.ResultsIn this study, we used in situ voltammetry to determine the role of tidal forcing on early diagenetic processes in intertidal salt marsh sediments. We compare ex situ measurements collected seasonally, in situ profiling measurements, and in situ time series collected at several depths in the sediment during tidal cycles at two distinct stations, a small perennial creek and a mud flat. Our results indicate that the tides coupled to the salt marsh topography drastically influence the distribution of redox geochemical species and may be responsible for local differences noted year-round in the same sediments. Monitoring wells deployed to observe the effects of the tides on the vertical component of porewater transport reveal that creek sediments, because of their confinements, are exposed to much higher hydrostatic pressure gradients than mud flats.ConclusionOur study indicates that iron reduction can be sustained in intertidal creek sediments by a combination of physical forcing and chemical oxidation, while intertidal mud flat sediments are mainly subject to sulfate reduction. These processes likely allow microbial iron reduction to be an important terminal electron accepting process in intertidal coastal sediments.
Community Types of the Human Gut Virome are Associated with Endoscopic Outcome in Ulcerative Colitis

Abstract Background Inflammatory bowel disease [IBD] is a major debilitating disease. Recently, the gut microbiota has gained attention as an important factor involved in the pathophysiology of IBD. As a complement to the established bacterial ‘enterotypes’ associated with IBD, we focused here on viruses. We investigated the intestinal virome of IBD patients undergoing biological therapy for the presence of virome configurations associated with IBD, and to uncover how those configurations are associated with therapeutic success. Methods Viral-like particle enrichment followed by deep sequencing was performed on 432 faecal samples from 181 IBD patients starting biological therapy. Redundancy analysis and Dirichlet Multinomial Mixtures were applied to determine covariates of the virome composition and to condense the gut virota into ‘viral community types’, respectively. Results Patients were stratified based on unsupervised clustering into two viral community types. Community type CA showed a low α-diversity and a high relative abundance of Caudoviricetes [non-CrAss] phages and was associated with the dysbiotic Bact2-enterotype. Community type CrM showed a high α-diversity and a high relative abundance of Crassvirales and Malgrandaviricetes phages. During post-interventional analysis, endoscopic outcome was associated with gut virome composition. Remitting UC patients had a high percentage of community type CrM, a high Shannon diversity and a low lysogenic potential. Pre-interventional analyses also identified five novel phages associated with treatment success. Conclusions This study proposed two gut virome configurations that may be involved in the pathophysiology of IBD. Interestingly, those viral configurations are further associated with therapeutic success, suggesting a potential clinical relevance.
Quantum Computation and Quantum Information (10th Anniversary edition)

One of the most cited books in physics of all time, Quantum Computation and Quantum Information remains the best textbook in this exciting field of science. This 10th anniversary edition includes an introduction from the authors setting the work in context. This comprehensive textbook describes such remarkable effects as fast quantum algorithms, quantum teleportation, quantum cryptography and quantum error-correction. Quantum mechanics and computer science are introduced before moving on to describe what a quantum computer is, how it can be used to solve problems faster than 'classical' computers and its real-world implementation. It concludes with an in-depth treatment of quantum information. Containing a wealth of figures and exercises, this well-known textbook is ideal for courses on the subject, and will interest beginning graduate students and researchers in physics, computer science, mathematics, and electrical engineering.
A framework for assessing uncertainties in climate change impacts: Low‐flow scenarios for the River Thames, UK

A probabilistic framework is presented for combining information from an ensemble of four general circulation models (GCMs), two greenhouse gas emission scenarios, two statistical downscaling techniques, two hydrological model structures, and two sets of hydrological model parameters. GCMs were weighted according to an index of reliability for downscaled effective rainfall, a key determinant of low flows in the River Thames. Hydrological model structures were weighted by performance at reproducing annual low‐flow series. Weights were also assigned to sets of water resource model (CATCHMOD) parameters using the Nash‐Sutcliffe efficiency criterion. Emission scenarios and downscaling methods were unweighted. A Monte Carlo approach was then used to explore components of uncertainty affecting projections for the River Thames by the 2080s. The resulting cumulative distribution functions (CDFs) of low flows were most sensitive to uncertainty in the climate change scenarios and downscaling of different GCMs. Uncertainties due to the hydrological model parameters and emission scenario increase with time but were less important. Abrupt changes in low‐flow CDFs were attributed to uncertainties in statistically downscaled summer rainfall. This was linked to different behavior of atmospheric moisture among the chosen GCMs.
Subcellular targeting of an evolutionarily conserved plant defensin MtDef4.2 determines the outcome of plant–pathogen interaction in transgenic Arabidopsis

during the normal development of truncatula . MtDef4.2 potent broad-spectrum antifungal activity various for resistance the obligate biotrophic oomycete Hyaloperonospora and the fungal to the extracellular space, but not to the vacuole retained in the endoplasmic reticulum, robust resistance to H. arabidopsidis . Siliques of transgenic Arabidopsis lines expressing either extracellularly or intracellularly targeted MtDef4.2 low levels of resistance to F. graminearum , but accumulated substantially reduced levels of the mycotoxin deoxynivalenol. The data presented here suggest that extracellularly targeted MtDef4.2 is sufﬁcient to provide strong resistance to the biotrophic oomycete,
Anonymous Communications

so relating to the conduct or general character of an individual whose name is given, then turn to the conclusion and see if a responsible signature can be found; and, if not, to commit the manuscript immediately to the flames, not suffering a single idea or suspicion it may breathe to enter into and obtain a lodgment in the mind any more than the poisonous breath of the basilic would be entertained and inhaled into the system. A widely extended knowledge of our course may save some paper, and prevent the shameful insult to our understanding and manliness of character, of conceiving it possible to originate a thought of our heart, or an act of our conduct, by such hidden and assassin-like means. Any person who has a laudable object to promote cannot be afraid of being known, either as the author of important information, or the accuser of some one's character; and any One who communicates the scandal, without daring to attach his name, brands himself as a slanderer and would-be-
BIOSYNTHESIS AND PROCESSING OF A PLASMODIUM FALCIPARUM SCHIZONT ANTIGEN RECOGNIZED BY IMMUNE SERUM

Protective immunization of the vertebrate host against malaria can operate against either of two distinct stages of the parasite's life cycle. The sporozoite forms, which develop in the salivary glands of the infected mosquito, are immunogenic in the vertebrate host (1) and possess a major surface antigen against which a protective immune response can be elicited (2, 3). The asexual blood stage, which is responsible for the clinical symptoms of malaria as parasites invade and destroy the host's erythrocytes, is also susceptible to immune intervention. In man, acquired immunity against the blood stage of Plasmodiumfalciparum infection is mediated at least partly by antibody (4). Immunization studies using killed parasites have confirmed that protective antigens are associated with the asexual blood forms (5), and immunochemical analyses have shown that these forms are antigenically complex (6, 7). Monoclonal antibodies that agglutinate merozoites (8) or inhibit the growth of malaria parasites in vitro (9) or in vivo (10) have been used to define specific antigens against which the host may make a protective immune response. We have recently shown (11) that two protein antigens, of 235,000 and 230,000 mol wt, associated with schizonts and merozoites of the rodent malaria parasite, Plasmodiurnyoelii, can be purified using monoclonal antibodies and used successfully to immunize mice against challenge infection. In the present study we have characterized a 195,000-mol wt protein antigen associated with schizonts and merozoites of P. falciparum, which is one of the major antigens recognized by human immune serum. Using a monoclonal antibody specific for this protein, we have investigated its biosynthesis during synchronous development of the parasite in vitro. This has revealed a specific processing of the protein that coincides with schizont maturation. On the basis of its localization, size, and specific processing, we suggest that this protein may be analogous to one of the protective antigens of P. yoelii. Materials and Methods Media and Reagents. RPMI 1640 tissue-cuhure medium, Hepes buffer, and fetal calf serum were obtained from Flow Laboratories Ltd., Ayrshire, Scotland. Percoll was purchased from Pharmacia Fine Chemicals, Uppsala, Sweden. Aminopterin, methionine, tosyl-L-lysine chloromethyl ketone (TLCK), 1 phenylmethyl sulfonyl fluoride . (PMSF), dithiothreitol (DTT), and chymotrypsin were purchased from Sigma Chemical Co., St. Louis, MO, and gentamycin was Abbreviations used in this paper: BSA, bovine serum albumin; DTT, dithiothreitol; IIF, indirect immunofluorescence; NP-40, Nonidet P-40; PAGE, polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis; PBS, phosphate-buffered saline; PMSF, phenylmethyl sulfonyl fluoride; Staph A, Staphylococcus aureus, Cowan 1 strain; SDS, sodium dodecyl sulfate; TCA, trichloroacetic acid; TLCK, tosyl-L-lysine chloromethyl ketone. 1528