Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Some remarks on the model theory of epistemic plausibility models

The aim of this paper is to initiate a systematic exploration of the model theory of epistemic plausibility models (EPMs). There are two subtly different definitions in the literature: one by van Benthem and one by Baltag and Smets. Because van Benthem's notion is the most general, most of the paper is dedicated to this notion. We focus on the notion of bisimulation, and show that the most natural generalization of bisimulation to van Benthem-type EPMs fails. We then introduce parametrized bisimulations, and prove various bisimulationimplies- equivalence theorems, a Hennessy-Milner theorem, and several (un)definability results. We discuss the problems arising from the fact that these bisimulations are syntax-dependent (and thus not fully structural), and we present and compare two different ways of coping with this issue: adding a modality to the language, and putting extra constraints on the models. We argue that the most successful solution involves restricting to uniform and locally connected (van Benthem-type) EPMs: for this subclass the intuitively most natural notion of bisimulation and the technically sound notion coincide. Such EPMs turn out to correspond exactly with Baltag/Smets-type EPMs, which can be interpreted as constituting a methodological argument, favoring Baltag and Smets's definition of EPM over that of van Benthem.
Resource-Bound Quantification for Graph Transformation

Graph transformation has been used to model concurrent systems in software engineering, as well as in biochemistry and life sciences. The application of a transformation rule can be characterised algebraically as construction of a double-pushout (DPO) diagram in the category of graphs. We show how intuitionistic linear logic can be extended with resource-bound quantification, allowing for an implicit handling of the DPO conditions, and how resource logic can be used to reason about graph transformation systems.
Promoting Physical Activity beyond Physical Education by Facilitating Student-designed Games

The conceptual role of the physical education specialist has expanded from that of the creator and disseminator of physical education curricula, to that of a comprehensive physical activity coordinator for the school. The coordinator's responsibilities usually include providing increased opportunities for students to be physically active during the school day and also to encourage the students to pursue physical activity when away from the school environment. The authors of this article advocate for educating the students in the use of student-designed games as a means of motivating them to increase physical activity experiences during their “free time” away from school. A rationale for the use of student-designed games is provided, along with a discussion of the basic constructional components of student-designed games. Examples of what student-designed game experiences look like in a teacher-centered learning environment are provided, and the transference to a more student-centered learning environment is explained.
OPEN LOOP ANALYSIS OF CASCADED H- BRIDGE MULTILEVEL INVERTER USING PD- PWM FOR PHOTOVOLTAIC SYSTEMS

This project aims at using (PD-MCPWM) Phase disposition multi carrier pulse width modulation technique to reduce leakage current in a transformerless cascaded multilevel inverter for PV systems. Advantages of transformerless PV inverter topology is as follows, simple structure, low weight and provides higher efficiency , but however this topology provides a path for the leakage current to flow through the parasitic capacitance formed between the PV module and the ground. Modulation technique reduces leakage current with an added advantage without adding any extra components.
A MULTIPLY IMAGED LUMINOUS INFRARED GALAXY BEHIND THE BULLET CLUSTER (1E0657-56)

We present evidence for a Spitzer-selected luminous infrared galaxy (LIRG) behind the Bullet Cluster (1E0657-56). The galaxy, originally identified as a multiply imaged source using Infrared Array Camera (IRAC) photometry, has a spectral energy distribution consistent with a highly extincted (AV ∼ 3.3), strongly star forming galaxy at z = 2.7. Using our strong gravitational lensing model presented in a previous paper, we find that the magnifications are |μ| ≈ 10–50 for the three images of the galaxy. The brightest and faintest images differ by a factor of 3.2 in magnification. The implied infrared luminosity is consistent with the galaxy being a LIRG, with a stellar mass of M* ∼ 2 × 1010 M☉ and a star formation rate (SFR) of ∼90 M☉ yr−1. With lensed fluxes at 24 μm of 0.58 mJy and 0.39 mJy in the two brightest images, this galaxy presents a unique opportunity for detailed study of an obscured starburst with a SFR comparable to that of L* galaxies at z > 2.
Bound and resonance states of the nonlinear Schrödinger equation in simple model systems

We study the stationary nonlinear Schrodinger equation, or Gross–Pitaevskii equation, for a single delta potential and a delta-shell potential. These model systems allow analytical solutions, and thus provide useful insight into the features of stationary bound, scattering and resonance states of the nonlinear Schrodinger equation. For the single delta potential, the influence of the potential strength and the nonlinearity is studied as well as the transition from bound to scattering states. Furthermore, the properties of resonance states in a repulsive delta-shell potential are discussed.
Students' use of web-based concept map testing and strategies for learning

The study reported in this paper developed and evaluated a web-based concept map testing system for science students. Thirty-eight Taiwanese high school students were involved and it was found that their performance on the system was not significantly related to their achievement as measured by traditional standard tests. Their views about the use of the system, in general, were positive. An analysis of students' future use of the system and their motivation and learning strategies revealed that those with more critical thinking metacognitive activities and an effort regulation management strategy showed more willingness to use the online testing system. Moreover, students with high test anxiety showed a preference to be tested through the system.
The Northern-Global Climate Change Adaptation Dialogue

Although climate change adaptation can occur over various political, social, and institutional scales, the majority of adaptation decisions take place at the local level where an intimate understanding of the particularities of local circumstances (i.e. successful responses to past extremes events) exist alongside a lack of formalised expertise in projecting and analyzing future possibilities. The relationship between the experts who produce counterfactual knowledge, and the individuals who apply it, is thus central to the challenge of responding to climate change successfully. I present a deliberately polarized caricature of this relationship in an attempt to facilitate knowledge exchange (i.e. to identify barriers to knowledge exchange). Through bibliometric analysis I am able to identify various traits\characteristics of the abstract knowledge associated with the climate change adaptation literature. This “knowledge” is then placed before local stakeholders in a way that highlights its apparent implications for future economic, societal and environmental impacts, as well as its limitations and uncertainties. In this context, as derived from a philosophy, history and sociology of knowledge perspective, a framework for discussion is initiated that allows localised knowledge to be recognised and valued more explicitly in the planning process. Impacts in Northern Canada will be used as a case study for such analysis.
Improving Quality Care for Children with Autism Spectrum Disorders inDoctors Office or Outpatient Clinics

Psychological problems, communication challenges and cognitive impairment are often present in children with Autism spectrum disorders (ASD). When children with ASD require medical treatment, healthcare teams’ inability to access relevant medical and behavioral information, lack of awareness of these challenges, and poor preparedness to deal with unusual and unexpected behaviours can lead to suboptimal care. Children’s behavioral issues can hinder proper diagnosis and necessary medical procedures that need to be performed by health care professionals. This paper briefly describes the behavioral and psychological issues in children with ASD and raises awareness for interventional measures and best practices that could be adapted by health care professionals at family practice to improve quality care for children with ASD.
Continental Stratus Clouds: A Case Study Using Coordinated Remote Sensing and Aircraft Measurements

Abstract A continental stratus cloud layer was studied by advanced ground-based remote sensing instruments and aircraft probes on 30 April 1994 from the Cloud and Radiation Testbed site in north-central Oklahoma. The boundary layer structure clearly resembled that of a cloud-topped mixed layer, and the cloud content is shown to be near adiabatic up to the cloud-top entrainment zone. A cloud retrieval algorithm using the radar reflectivity and cloud droplet concentration (either measured in situ or deduced using dual-channel microwave radiometer data) is applied to construct uniquely high-resolution cross sections of liquid water content and mean droplet radius. The combined evidence indicates that the 350–600 m deep, slightly supercooled (2.0° to −2.0°C) cloud, which failed to produce any detectable ice or drizzle particles, contained an average droplet concentration of 347 cm−3, and a maximum liquid water content of 0.8 g m−3 and mean droplet radius of 9 μm near cloud top. Lidar data indicate that the Ka.
The order of sequence alignment can bias the selection of tree topology.

Sequential pairwise alignment of multiple sequences is a widely used procedure (Kruskal 1983 ). It is useful and generally successful when sequences within a set differ by relatively few substitutions. Although it is well known that differential substitution rates can artifactually bias the assessment of tree topology (Felsenstein 1978), it is not generally known that the order in which sequences are aligned can bias tree selection. To test the effect of alignment order, the classical four-taxon test has been applied to the “tree of life” (Lake et al. 1984; Woese and Olsen 1986) by using alternative alignments and three reconstruction algorithms [maximum parsimony (Fitch 197 1)) transversion parsimony (Brown et al. 1982), and evolutionary parsimony (Lake 1987)]. There is enormous interest in this tree because it relates all known organisms and because its topology is expected to provide insight into the evolution of modem organisms. Because the tree spans large evolutionary distances, its topology has been difficult to establish. By means of sequences from elongation factor Tu ( EF-Tu), the most conserved protein sequence known to span the tree of life, it is shown that specific alignment orders systematically favor alternative trees. In particular, if taxa A and B are pairwise aligned and if C and D are pairwise aligned, the resulting alignment of the EF-Tu sequences more often gives the tree that has A and B as topological neighbors and C and D as topological neighbors, regardless of the tree reconstruction algorithm used. Because all three reconstruction algorithms produced the same tree for any particular alignment, unequal rate effects appear to be secondary for EF-Tu sequences. This indicates that order-dependent alignment biases are distinct from unequal rate effects and that, for some data, they could be as important as unequal rate effects. Pairwise alignments of protein sequences were performed with the ALIGN program available in the Dayhoff package (Dayhoff et al. 1983 ). The penalty for a break was 6, and the mutation data matrix corresponded to 250 accepted point mutations with a bias of +2. These are reasonable values for the weights and correspond to those used in the examples in the description of the ALIGN program. [For an insightful discussion of alignment weights, see the paper by Fitch and Smith ( 1983); also see Waterman and Perlwitz ( 1984) . ] EF-Tu sequences were aligned as protein sequences to obtain more robust alignments and were back-translated into nucleic acid sequences (e.g., phe was translated as UUY, leu as YUN, arg as NGN, and ser as NNN) so that the maximum-, transversion-, and evolutionary-parsimony methods could be compared by equivalent data. Only positions consisting of a single nucleotide (i.e., U, C, A, or G but not R, Y, or N) in each of the four sequences were scored. These uniquely defined replacement sites are presumed to correspond to the most conserved nucleotide positions. A multiple alignment of four sequences can be achieved by successively aligning
The evolution and distribution of phage ST160 within Salmonella enterica serotype Typhimurium

SUMMARY Salmonellosis is an internationally important disease of mammals and birds. Unique epidemics in New Zealand in the recent past include two Salmonella serovars: Salmonella enterica subsp. enterica serovar Typhimurium definitive type (DT) 160 (S. Typhimurium DT160) and S. Brandenburg. Although not a major threat internationally, in New Zealand S. Typhimurium DT160 has been the most common serovar isolated from humans, and continues to cause significant losses in wildlife. We have identified DNA differences between the first New Zealand isolate of S. Typhimurium DT160 and the genome-sequenced strain, S. Typhimurium LT2. All the differences could be accounted for in one cryptic phage ST64B, and one novel P22-like phage, ST160. The majority of the ST160 genome is almost identical to phage SE1 but has two regions not found in SE1 which are identical to the P22-like phage ST64T, suggesting that ST160 evolved from SE1 via two recombination events with ST64T. All of the New Zealand isolates of DT160 were identical indicating the clonal spread of this particular Salmonella. Some overseas isolates of S. Typhimurium DT160 differed from the New Zealand strain and contained SE1 phage rather than ST160. ST160 was also identified in New Zealand isolates of S. Typhimurium DT74 and S. Typhimurium RDNC-April06 and in S. Typhimurium DT160 isolates from the USA. The emergence of S. Typhimurium DT160 as a significant pathogen in New Zealand is postulated to have occurred due to the sensitivity of the Salmonella strains to the ST160 phage when S. Typhimurium DT160 first arrived.
25 / 2 . 5-Gb / s Dual Bit-Rate Burst-Mode Clock Recovery Circuits in 0 . 18-μ m CMOS Technology

—A burst-mode clock recovery circuit with a novel dual bit-rate structure is presented. It utilizes two gated-oscillators to align clock with data edges and can operate in half-rate clocking mode, doubling data throughput, as well as in full-rate clocking mode. The gated-oscillator reset-phase control scheme causes the starting phase of gated-oscillators to alternate repeatedly between 0° and 180° according to the current clock phase. A prototype chip was designed with 0.18-μm CMOS technology and 1.25/2.5-Gb/s dual-mode operation was verified in measurement
Marking-to-market and hedging LCDXtranches

Although market is busy today working on the bullet LCDS contract to remove the cancellation feature from syndi-cated secured loan derivatives, in their current form LCDSs and LCDX tranches are still exposed to the cancellation risk. Until recently, in lack of proper modelling framework, market practitioners neglected the cancellation risk and they priced and hedged these products as simple CDSs and CDO tranches. However, cancellation risk does matter! Especially in the current market situation. As we show here, it is more than important to take into account the cancellation risk while marking-to-market and hedging syndicated secured loan derivatives. For this purpose, we present here an easy and robust way to model the cancellation. I
Enhancement of Data Hiding Capacity in Audio

Nowadays, a lot of applications are Internet-based and demand of internet applications requires data to be transmitted in a secure manner. Data transmission in public communication system is not secure because of interception and improper manipulation by eavesdropper. So a technique for secure transmission of messages called Steganography, which send the messages in such a way that existence of the message is concealed. Audio Steganography is the scheme of hiding the existence of secret information by concealing it into an audio file. In this paper we will discuss how audio file can be used as carrier to hide the secret information. In this paper we also proposed a system that will enhance the data hiding capacity in Audio Steganography using LSB method. we will use last 4 LSB's instead of a single LSB , this will enhance the data hiding capacity of carrier file.
Sharing data and services in a virtual machine system

Experimental additions have been made to a conventional virtual machine system (VM/370) in order to support a centralized program library management service for a group of interdependent users. These additions enable users to share read/write access to a data base as well as processing services. Although the primary motivation was the enhancement of performance, considerable attention was given to retaining the inherent advantages of the virtual machine system. Extended applications of the basic technique are described and the implications of such extensions on operating system design are considered.
Specifying Timing Properties of Reactive Systems with TLCChuchang

Reactive systems usually contain several parallel processes , which are running concurrently. Therefore, it is essential to study and analyse each process based on its local time. Because of the introduction of local clocks, the temporal logic TLC is particularly suitable for the speciication of those systems such as reactive systems, where granularity of time is needed. In this paper, we discuss the formal speciication of reactive systems based on TLC. We in particular present a method to describe timing properties of reactive systems using TLC. In this logic, a system and its corresponding properties are represented as formulas, and the properties can be therefore directly reasoned about from the speciica-tion of the system.
Suicide by burning in the South Asian origin population in England and Wales a secondary analysis of a national data set

Objectives A descriptive analysis of suicide by burning in England and Wales in the general population and in people of South Asian origin. Design A cross-sectional secondary analysis of a national data set. Setting A population study of all those who died by suicide in England and Wales between 1993 and 2003 inclusive. Participants All cases of suicide and undetermined intent identified by the Office for National Statistics for England and Wales. A computer algorithm was used to identify people of the South Asian origin from their names. There were 55 140 suicides in the UK between 1993 and 2003. The ratio of male to female suicides was 3:1. There were 1455 South Asian suicides identified by South Asian Name and Group Recognition Algorithm. Primary and secondary outcome measures Death by suicide and undetermined intent, as determined by Coroner's Inquest. ICD9 codes E958.1 and E988.1 and ICD10 codes X76 and Y26. Results 1.77% of suicides in the general population and 8.45% of suicides in the South Asian origin population were by burning. The suicide rate by burning was 0.8/100 000 person-years for England and Wales and 2.9/100 000 person-years for the South Asian origin population. The odds of suicide by burning were increased in the South Asian group as a whole (OR 3.06, 95% CI 2.30 to 4.08). Those born in Asia and Africa were at higher risk than those born in the UK (OR 2.69, 95% CI 2.01 to 3.60 and OR 2.10, 95% CI 1.46 to 3.01, respectively). The increased risk was for those aged 25–64 years. Conclusion Suicide by burning remains a significant issue in the South Asian origin working-age population in England and Wales. A prevention strategy could target working-age people of South Asian origin born abroad as they are at the highest risk. More in depth research on the reasons for using this method may help to identify possible prevention strategies.
Maternal behaviors following infant vocalization

Studies of maternal responsiveness suggest responsive maternal utterances may encourage infant behaviors important to mastering speech and language. However, little is known about instances in which mothers are non-responsive. This study examined maternal non-responsive utterances and nonverbal actions in 35 mother-infant dyads when infants were 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, or 14 months old, using a cross-sectional design. Maternal utterances deemed non-responsive to infant vocalizations in this study were divided into five mutually exclusive categories (activity comment, comment on new infant action, game/routine, redirect, and unchanged classification). Maternal nonverbal actions that occurred within 3 seconds of infant vocalizations were also investigated. Responsive nonverbal actions were defined as contingent upon and relevant to the preceding infant vocalization. Maternal actions included head nods, comfort behaviors, object-related behaviors, increased proximity, and repositioning. Maternal actions that occurred with maternal responsive utterances, non-responsive utterances, and silences were investigated. Results revealed mothers often produced activity comments rather than responding to infants' vocalizations directly. Mothers combined responsive actions with responsive or non-responsive utterances more often than with silences; however, object-related responsive but nonverbal actions were common across all categories studied. In conclusion, mothers frequently responded to infant vocalizations with appropriate verbal and nonverbal behaviors.
Energy efficient MIMO transmission with high order modulations for wireless sensor network

Energy efficiency emerges as a big concern in wireless sensor networks, where the lifetime of the system depends heavily on energy consumption. In a sensor network, the energy is consumed both by the circuit and the radio link. The radio link performance can be improved by using spatial multiplexing, but the conventional way of spatial multiplexing requires large antenna space and consumes more energy. Thus single RF MIMO transmission is proposed, which maps MIMO symbols on the radiation patterns to reduce power consumption. This paper presents the energy efficiency analysis over different schemes, which extends single RF MIMO capability with 16-QAM constellation though compact ESPAR antenna with only 2 elements. A detailed analysis on the minimal required energy is given, which shows that the proposed single RF MIMO with 16-QAM signaling has similar bit error rate performance with better energy efficiency.