Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Nanoparticle formation by using shellac and chitosan for a protein delivery system

The potential of using two natural polymers (chitosan and shellac) for the formation of nanoparticles by the process of ionic cross-linking to encapsulate bovine serum albumin, a model protein was investigated. Depending on the concentrations of chitosan, shellac and bovine serum albumin, three physical states – nanoparticle, aggregation, and solution could be observed as a result of the electrostatic force. The formation of nanoparticles was due to the balance between the repulsion force and attractive force while the imbalance between both forces resulted in the formation of aggregation and solution. The Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and differential scanning calorimetry were applied to prove the nanoparticle formation. The particle size was characterized by the light scattering technique and was found in the range between 100 and 300 nm. The morphology of the particles, detected by transmission electron microscopy was spherical shape. The result showed that the zeta potential of the nanoparticles possessed positive charges. The concentrations of chitosan, shellac and bovine serum albumin had an influence on the physicochemical properties of the nanoparticles such as the particle size, the zeta potential, the encapsulation, the loading efficiencies and the cumulative release. Therefore, chitosan and shellac could be used to form nanoparticles for protein delivery by the ionic cross-linking method.
Diminishing Role of Accounting Information for Investment Decisions

The level of stock prices on capital markets no longer reflects only the financial health of companies, and investors do not carry out their investment decisions based on classical fundamental analyses using accounting information. The level of the diminishing role of accounting information for investment decisions was proven by Lev and Zarowin with a sample of 1,300 companies during the years 1976 – 1996. This paper further extends this analysis and verifies the validity of the original findings until the year 2011. The low importance and impact of accounting information was confirmed in the period 1994 – 2011, but the decline in importance significantly slowed down or in some cases even stopped completely. Surprisingly, the association between stock price and change in book value plus earnings has been found to be significantly improving. This trend should be subjected to further analysis.
Establishing On‐Site Bank Examination Priorities: An Early‐Warning System Using Accounting and Market Information

THE ON-SITE EXAMINATION is and has been the backbone of bank supervision in the United States. Both federal and state banking agencies attempt to perform on-site inspections every twelve to twenty-four months for banks under their jurisdiction. Banks with known supervisory or financial problems are given top priority in the examination process, whereas small banks with satisfactory management, adequate capital, and acceptable earnings are given the lowest priority. ' At present, on-site inspection priorities are established using historical examination and accounting reports. The purposes of this paper are to suggest an earlywarning technique using accounting and market information which may be useful in creating a more efficient method of scheduling bank examinations and to test the proposed dual-screening technique on a population of banks which have recently failed. If a bank is designated or flagged as a potential problem bank by both the market screen and the accounting screen, it is considered to be in immediate need of an on-site inspection. If a bank is flagged by only one system, the early-warning signal is considered to be less urgent. Banks not flagged by either screen and with "clean" histories are placed at the end of the examination queue. The proposed dual-screening technique applies only to banks with activelytraded securities, such banks are the largest ones and present the greatest risk to the deposit-insurance fund and to the stability of the banking system.2 For banks without active markets for their securities, a single screen based upon accounting data is recommended to establish examination priorities. Thus, the suggested early-warning system should be used to order the examination queue. In establishing any early-warning system, the bank regulator's primary desire is to minimize the misclassification of problem banks as nonproblem banks (typeI error). To obtain classification information early, regulators should be willing to accept a higher type-II error (classifying nonproblem banks as problem banks) to gain a lower type-I error. Additionally, the type-II misclassification error only
Rural Energy in Developing Countries: A Challenge for Economic Development

▪ Abstract The energy problems of the developing world are both serious and widespread. Lack of access to sufficient and sustainable supplies of energy affects as much as 90% of the population of many developing countries. Some 2 billion people are without electricity; a similar number remain dependent on fuels such as animal dung, crop residues, wood, and charcoal to cook their daily meals. Without efficient, clean energy, people are undermined in their efforts to engage effectively in productive activities or to improve their quality of life. Developing countries are facing two crucial—and related—problems in the energy sector. The first is the widespread inefficient production and use of traditional energy sources, such as fuelwood and agricultural residues, which pose economic, environmental, and health threats. The second is the highly uneven distribution and use of modern energy sources, such as electricity, petroleum products, and liquefied or compressed natural gas, which pose important issues of .
Implementing IFRS: A Case Study of the Czech Republic

Abstarct This empirical paper presents a study of the implementation process for International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS) in one of the accession countries, the Czech Republic. Based upon a review of the legislation, institutional framework and context, and drawing upon recent interviews with Czech companies required to prepare IFRS accounts, auditors and institutional players in the Czech Republic, the paper highlights some of the key issues that are arising with the move to the implementation of IFRS reporting for listed group companies and other enterprises in the Czech Republic. The paper considers the issues that arise when implementing new accounting regulations, some of which are not new and have been well covered in the literature, but others of which are particular to the implementation of IFRS reporting. The method of implementation, the scope of IFRS, particular issues with local accounting practice and IFRS, the issue of enforcement of compliance with IFRS and its relationship with audit, the link between IFRS reporting and taxation and the provision of education and training are all considered. There is also a review of the state of preparedness of local group listed entities with respect to the implementation of IFRS reporting. There are many potentially rich areas for accounting research where the work could also inform the practice of IFRS accounting. The paper provides a contribution by highlighting how one country has moved to implement the requirement for group listed enterprises to prepare IFRS accounts and the issues that then arise for legislators, preparers and users.
Migration and Care: Themes, Concepts and Challenges

The phenomenon of migrant workers finding domestic and care work in the homes and institutions of countries wealthier than their own uncovers much about social change in the twenty-first century. First, it reveals the consequences of women taking on more responsibilities to earn income but without a significant rebalancing of their care responsibilities either with male partners or through state support. In the poorer regions of the world, unemployment, violence, poverty and aspirations for a better life push some women into emigrating to earn for their families. This also exposes an asymmetrical geopolitical solution to the so-called ‘care deficit’ pursued by richer states, accentuated by the demographics of ageing societies and restructured welfare regimes on the one side, and the care crises in the poorer regions on the other. The transnational movement of (mainly) women into care and domestic work, as well as nurses, pharmacists and doctors into health care saves social expenditure costs while intensifying the lack of care resources in the countries of origin of those migrant workers.
COMMITTEE FOR REHABILITATION, PHYSICAL EDUCATION AND SOCIAL INTEGRATION OF POLISH ACADEMY OF SCIEN CES INTERNATIONAL ASSOCIATION OF SPORT KINETICS - IASK

Aim of the study. The aim of this study was to assess the scope and direction of long-term change tendencies in indicators of mental, physical, and motor development, and to assess the correlation between the level of non-verbal intelligence and indicators of physical development and between the level of non-verbal intelligence and selected components of physical fitness (measured according to under the health-related fitness convention) among children aged 4–14 years from different social backgrounds in the Malopolska Province. Material. Observed was the level of motor, somatic, and mental development among girls and boys aged 4–14 years between 2005 and 2010 in three different-sized agglomerations in the Malopolska Province: the city of Krakow, the village of Barcice, and the town of Slawkow. A total of 1429 children were assessed, including 202 girls and 217 boys from Barcice, 221 girls and 199 boys from Slawkow, and 274 girls and 316 boys from Krakow. Methodology. In accordance with the aim of the study, selected indicators of somatic, motor, and mental development among children were compared to the corresponding data for 1975–1980 from the same agglomerations. Results. The level of physical, motor, and mental development among children from the Malopolska Province in the 21st century indicates that during the period of political transformations, beneficial changes in the children’s biological and mental development conditions occurred only in villages and towns. In the first decade of the 21st century, the place of residence had a lesser effect on physical, mental, and motor development than in the last decades of the 20th century. At the turn of the 21th century, beneficial changes occurred in the adjustment of non-verbal intelligence development to the rate of biological development in children. The Flynn effect n the Malopolska Province seemed to occur only in towns and only to a limited extent. The scope and direction of long-term change tendencies in the mental conditions of the motor potential among children from the Malopolska Province indicate a need to improve the efficiency of realizing educational aims, i.e, the conscious shaping of the need to participate in various forms of physical culture and improve one’s motor abilities that constitute components of Health-Related Fitness (H-RF). NR 64 2013 AN TRO PO MO TO RY KA
Risk factors for congenital hypothyroidism in Egypt: results of a population case-control study (2003–2010)

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES Although the prevention of the neuropsychological consequences of congenital hypothyroidism (CH) through the use of replacement therapy represents an important public health success, knowledge about the modifiable risk factors could reduce the number of infants affected by this disease. This study was carried out to identify risk factors for CH at Fayoum Governorate, Egypt. DESIGN AND SETTINGS This was a population-based case-control study, which started in 2003 and was carried out for 8 years through Fayoum center of the Egyptian Ministry of Health and Population screening program for CH. METHODS This study was a population-based case-control study carried out by using national project for CH. One control was enrolled for each new CH infant; 320 cases and 320 controls were enrolled in 8 years. Maternal and neonatal influences were investigated. RESULTS A statistically significant association of CH was observed with birth defects, female gender, gestational age >40 weeks, and gestational diabetes. An increased risk for CH was detected in twins by a multivariate analysis. CONCLUSION Our results suggest a multifactorial origin of CH in which genetic (high frequency of additional malformations) and environmental factors (especially maternal diabetes) play a role in the development of the disease.
Direct Visual Inspection of the Cervix for the Detection of Premalignant Lesions

Objective. To assess the feasibility and performance of direct visual inspection (DVI) of the cervix as a primary tool for the detection of premalignant lesions of the cervix (HPV/CIN 1 and CIN 2,3). Setting. The early cancer detection unit at the Ain Shams University Maternity Hospital in Cairo, Egypt. Subjects and Methods. The study included 2049 women. Cervical smears were obtained from all women for cytologic evaluation followed by direct visual inspection (DVI) of the cervix after painting with 5% acetic acid. Women whose smear reports showed abnormal cells suggestive of squamous intraepithelial lesion (SIL) or human papillomavirus (HPV) infection or those who showed abnormalities or acetowhite areas on direct visual inspection subsequently were referred for colposcopy and biopsy when appropriate. Colposcopy also was performed for women with negative DVI and negative smears if they had contact bleeding or chronic per vaginal discharge. Results. Mean (SD) age of women included in the study was 39.9 (10.2) years with their mean (SD) parity 2.9 (1.1). Results of DVI were normal in 1916 women (93.4%) and showed abnormal acetowhite appearance in 133 (6.6%) women. There were 458 (22.4%) colposcopic examinations and 130 biopsies (6.34%) were carried out, picking up 83 cases of premalignant lesions (4.0%). Premalignant lesions were 80 HPV/CIN 1 and CIN 2,3. Direct visual inspection detected 71 of the 83 premalignant lesions (sensitivity, 85.5%; specificity, 96.8%; positive predictive value, 52.6%). Direct visual inspection missed one of the three samples showing CIN 2,3. Cervical cytologic analysis showed abnormal cells in 60 (2.9%) and identified only 14 of the premalignant lesions (sensitivity, 16.9%; specificity, 97.8%; positive predictive value, 23.3%). Twelve of the premalignant lesions had positive smear results and a negative DVI, with none of them being of a high grade. Conclusions. Direct visual inspection is feasible and had superior sensitivity compare with cervical cytologic analysis in detecting premalignant lesions of the cervix. Direct visual inspection can be used as a primary screening tool with a satisfactory low biopsy rate in low-resource settings or where cytologic services are suboptimal.
Governance of sustainability at airports: Moving beyond the debate between growth and noise

Airports increasingly are contested areas where many sustainability aspects are relevant. Especially in cases where airport development and urban development coincide, the actors involved are engaged in decision-making processes where only a small subset of the broader scope of sustainability issues is discussed. In this article we use a conceptual framework building on complexity theory to shed light on this phenomenon and its consequences for the case of Schiphol Airport in The Netherlands. First, we analyze the systemic causes for the narrow debate about sustainability. We then use the framework to recommend ways forward to broaden the debate about the sustainable development of airports by creating the institutional space for a reflexive and collaborative dialogue.
The Resurgence of an Entrepreneurial Class in Russia

Forty Russian managers were surveyed about their newly founded entrepreneurial ventures. The respondents averaged 32 years of age and, although possessing mainly technical backgrounds, were involved in a variety of businesses not necessarily technical in nature. Most had adopted a highly opportunistic strategy for their new enterprises. Success was seen as requiring products and services of good quality, a capable workforce, financial stability, and a respected company image. Competent employees were rated as the major strength of their organizations. Profitability was the most important business objective. The government was viewed as the major source of problems encountered.
Cytokine profiles in high risk injection drug users suggests innate as opposed to adaptive immunity in apparent resistance to hepatitis C virus infection

Summary. A cohort of injection drug users (IDU) have been identified who despite a long history of IDU and sharing of injecting equipment remain seronegative and aviraemic for hepatitis C virus (HCV). They have been termed HCV exposed uninfected (EU). The study of potential innate or adaptive immune mechanisms of resistance to HCV infection in this group is of interest. The aim of this study was to determine the levels of a broad range of cytokines in serum of exposed, uninfected individuals to ascertain whether there is a specific cytokine profile associated with apparent resistance to HCV. Sera from 22 EU individuals were analysed for a range of cytokines and chemokines, and compared to 16 treatment‐naive chronic HCV cases (HCV Ab+ RNA+), 16 individuals with spontaneous resolution of HCV (HCV‐Ab+ and HCV‐RNA−) and 10 healthy unexposed controls. EU subjects had strikingly higher levels of both IL‐6 (on average more than 100‐fold, P = 0.001) and IL‐8 (on average more than 10‐fold, P < 0.001) than the comparison groups. Additionally higher levels of tumour necrosis factor‐alpha (TNF‐α; on average up to threefold, P = 0.02) were seen in EU individuals. The levels of interferon‐alpha (IFN‐α) were upregulated in all HCV exposed groups in comparison to healthy controls (P = 0.013). Adaptive immune cytokine levels were no different between the groups. Cytokine profiling demonstrated raised levels of pro‐inflammatory innate immune cytokines and chemokines in EU IDU, in particular interleukin‐6 and interleukin‐8. These findings suggest innate immune activation may be the key to prevention of infection in this cohort.
Relationship between arterial, mixed venous, and internal jugular carboxyhemoglobin concentrations at low, medium, and high concentrations in a piglet model of carbon monoxide toxicity

Objective This study tested the hypothesis that mixed venous carboxyhemoglobin concentrations (V-COHb) and internal jugular carboxyhemoglobin concentrations (I-COHb) accurately predict arterial carboxyhemoglobin concentrations (A-COHb). In addition, this study tested the hypothesis that there is a high correlation at low (COHb, 0% to 10%), moderate (COHb, >10% to 40%), and high (COHb, >40%) concentrations between V-COHb, I-COHb, and A-COHb. Design The study was a prospective comparison of A-COHb, V-COHb, and I-COHb concentrations in piglets exposed to increasing concentrations of carbon monoxide over 6 hrs to achieve a concentration of ≥60% COHb. Carboxyhemoglobin measurements were evaluated by analysis of variance and correlation analysis. Agreement between V-COHb and A-COHb concentrations was examined by using a plot of arteriovenous differences against the mean of the two measurements. Intervention We simultaneously sampled arterial, mixed venous, and internal jugular blood every 30 mins over the 6-hr study period. Results Two hundred fifty arterial and mixed venous COHb concentrations were obtained, and 214 internal jugular COHb concentrations were obtained. One hundred additional arterial, mixed venous, internal jugular, and peripheral COHb concentrations were obtained. Correlation between samples at each concentration revealed r2 ≥ . 94. Conclusion Venous COHb concentrations predict arterial COHb concentrations with a high degree of accuracy and are correlated at low, moderate, and high concentrations of carbon monoxide exposure. Arterial or venous samples can be used to accurately measure COHb concentrations.
Antecedents and consequences of public procurement non-compliance behavior

This paper proposes a conceptualization of the antecedents and consequences of compliance/ noncompliance behaviour in public procurement. It was motivated by the paucity of studies on public procurement compliance in Uganda, despite the evidently rampant non-complaint behaviour exhibited and a realization by recent researchers that less research has been conducted on organizational misbehaviors and non-compliance in purchasing and supply management. There are also scanty (if any) studies that have incorporated antecedents and consequences of public procurement compliance in a comprehensive single framework such as proposed in this study. Through a review of existing scholarly works, documents, records and reports, a conceptual frame work was developed in which media publicity, enforcement, records management, organizational culture, political interference, professionalism, organizational incentives, perceived rule legitimacy, moral obligation, social influence, familiarity with rules and top management support were identified as antecedents while cognitive dissonance, low employee motivation, low corruption, better corporate governance and low service delivery were established as consequences. It is hoped that future researchers will utilize the current proposed conceptual model to conduct empirical studies on public procurement compliance in Uganda and other geographical contexts. This will provide practical implications that will assist to avert the unbridled squander of colossal amount of money through flouting public procurement procedures.
Olfactory Discrimination in the Rabbit Olfactory Glomerulus

Slow potentials evoked by odor stimulation were recorded from individual glomeruli in the olfactory bulb. Systematic analysis of responses to nine different, arbitrarily selected stimuli strongly suggests a certain amount of discrimination. This fact seems to reflect in the first synapse of the olfactory tract the type of discrimination that was recently demonstrated within olfactory neuroepithelium.
Mentalization in children and mothers in the context of trauma: An initial study of the validity of the Child Reflective Functioning Scale.

This study examined the validity of the Child Reflective Functioning Scale (CRFS: Ensink, Target, & Oandason, 2013, Child reflective functioning scale scoring manual: for application to the Child Attachment Interview. London, UK: Anna Freud Centre - University College London), a measure designed to assess reflective functioning (RF) or mentalization during middle childhood. Participants were 94 mother-child dyads divided into two subgroups; 46 dyads where children had histories of intrafamilial (n = 22 dyads) or extrafamilial (n = 24 dyads) sexual abuse, and a community control group composed of 48 mother-child dyads. RF of children and their mothers was assessed using videotaped and transcribed data gathered using the Child Attachment Interview and the Parent Development Interview (PDI: Slade, Aber, Bresi, Berger, & Kaplan, 2004, The parent development interview-Revised. New York, NY: The City University of New York). The findings indicate that the CRFS proved reliable, with excellent intraclass correlation coefficients for general RF, as well as RF regarding self and others. Significant differences in RF were found between sexually abused children and the control group, and also between children who had experienced intrafamilial and extrafamilial sexual abuse. This provides support for the discriminant validity of the CRFS. Furthermore, maternal RF was associated with child RF. Both abuse and maternal RF made significant contributions to predicting children's RF regarding themselves, but child sexual abuse was the only variable that made a significant contribution to explaining variance in children's RF regarding others.