Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Experimental evaluation of strain and strain rate during rapid cooling friction stir welding of pure copper

The strain and strain rate during friction stir welding was evaluated by measuring the distortion of the marker material. A thin Cu-40Zn foil as marker was inserted into the butting surface of two pure copper workpieces and the tool ‘stop action’ was employed. The results show that the strain in the shoulder-affected zone increases in a two stair-step shape as the material flows from the front to the rear of the tool, corresponding to the first accelerated and then decelerated flow stages. However, the strain at the two stages has opposite directions. In other words, a strain reversal occurs. Accordingly, the strain rate in the shoulder-affected zone varies in a sinusoidal shape. In the probe-affected zone, there is no obvious strain reverse occurring due to the formation of banded structures. The average strain rate during the band formation is significantly higher than the maximum strain rate in the shoulder-affected zone.
Epidemiology of preterm birth

Preterm birth is a major challenge in perinatal health care. Most perinatal deaths occur in preterm infants, and preterm birth is an important risk factor for neurological impairment and disability. Preterm birth not only affects infants and their families—providing care for preterm infants, who may spend several months in hospital, has increasing cost implications for health services. Preterm birth is the delivery of a baby before 37 completed weeks' gestation. Most mortality and morbidity affects “very preterm” infants (those born before 32 weeks' gestation), and especially “extremely preterm” infants (those born before 28 weeks of gestation). Definitions of preterm live births by completed weeks of gestation Over the past 20-30 years advances in perinatal care have improved outcomes for infants born after short gestations. The number of weeks of completed gestation that defines whether a birth is preterm rather than a fetal loss has become smaller. In 1992 the boundary that required registration as a preterm live birth in the United Kingdom was lowered from 28 completed weeks' gestation to 24 weeks' gestation. This boundary varies internationally, however, from about 20 to 24 weeks. Some classification of fetal loss, still birth, and early neonatal death for these very short gestations may be unreliable. Even in developed countries, there is often uncertainty and incomplete recording of estimates of gestation. In most of the United Kingdom data on birth weight data but not on gestational age are collected routinely. Although some concordance exists between the categories of birth weight and gestational age, they are not interchangeable. The categories for birth weight are: Only around two thirds of …
A comparative analysis of several formulations for the generalized minimum spanning tree problem

This article describes eight formulations for the Generalized Minimum Spanning Tree Problem (GMSTP). Relationships between the polytopes of their linear relaxations are established. It is shown that four of these polytopes are strictly included in the remaining ones. This analysis suggests which formulations should be preferred for the construction of a branch‐and‐cut algorithm and for the evaluation of heuristics. © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Vaginal spermicides and gonorrhea.

To the Editor. — I was interested in the recent article by Jick et al entitled "Vaginal Spermicides and Gonorrhea" (1982;248:1619). While the authors have controlled for age and marital status, I still have one concern (among the several that were voiced in the editorial in the same issue by Cates et al [1982;248:1636]) that may be the most important of all—the absence of data comparing frequency of sexual intercourse and number of sexual partners among the groups of contraceptive users. It cannot be excluded from the study that these two factors influence the choice of a contraceptive by a woman. It is likely that oral contraceptives and voluntary sterilization permit "casual sex" more readily than spermicides. It is well known that the spontaneity of the sexual act is reduced by the insertion of a diaphragm and spermicide. Therefore, the use of the latter method may be more restricted to those
Online Evolutionary Batch Size Orchestration for Scheduling Deep Learning Workloads in GPU Clusters

Efficient GPU resource scheduling is essential to maximize resource utilization and save training costs for the increasing amount of deep learning workloads in shared GPU clusters. Existing GPU schedulers largely rely on static policies to leverage the performance characteristics of deep learning jobs. However, they can hardly reach optimal efficiency due to the lack of elasticity. To address the problem, we propose ONES, an ONline Evolutionary Scheduler for elastic batch size orchestration. ONES automatically manages the elasticity of each job based on the training batch size, so as to maximize GPU utilization and improve scheduling efficiency. It determines the batch size for each job through an online evolutionary search that can continuously optimize the scheduling decisions. We evaluate the effectiveness of ONES with 64 GPUs on TACC's Longhorn supercomputers. The results show that ONES can outperform the prior deep learning schedulers with a significantly shorter average job completion time.
Interrelation between mechanical response, strain field, and local free volume evolution in glassy polymers: Seeking the atomistic origin of post-yield softening

A set of complementary experiments are used for the first time to elucidate the interrelation between the mechanical properties, the strain field, and the free volume evolution during non-homogenous compression of a glassy polymer. Two sets of quenched and annealed polystyrene samples, having different free volume histories, are notched and exposed to compression. The variation of both the strain field and the free volume are measured on a microscopic scale via digital image correlation in case of strain and Doppler broadening spectroscopy of positron annihilation line in case of free volume measurements. Eventually, the interplay between the local evolution of free-volume, the local strain field, and the mechanical response is investigated throughout the yielding, softening and plateau regions. We found that in all stages of plastic deformation the generated local strain field is positively correlated to the global strain independent of the active mechanism of plastic deformation. Moreover, the local change of free volume is not correlated to the mechanical response of the polymer at the softening stage. Therefore, the free volume evolution should not be responsible for the intrinsic post-yield softening behavior. The easy flow in the plateau region, however, begins at a particular fraction of free volume independent to the thermal history of samples.
The promise of ketamine for treatment‐resistant depression: current evidence and future directions

Major depressive disorder (MDD) is one of the most disabling diseases worldwide and is becoming a significant public health threat. Current treatments for MDD primarily consist of monoamine‐targeting agents and have limited efficacy. However, the glutamate neurotransmitter system has recently come into focus as a promising alternative for novel antidepressant treatments. We review the current data on the glutamate NMDA receptor antagonist ketamine, which has been shown in clinical trials to act as a rapid antidepressant in MDD. We also examine ketamine efficacy on dimensions of psychopathology, including anhedonia, cognition, and suicidality, consistent with the NIMH Research Domain Criteria initiative. Other aspects of ketamine reviewed in this paper include safety and efficacy, different administration methods, and the risks of misuse of ketamine outside of medical settings. Finally, we conclude with a discussion of glutamatergic agents other than ketamine currently being tested as novel antidepressants.
Exact limiting solutions for certain deterministic traffic rules

We analyze the steady-state flow as a function of the initial density for a class of deterministic cellular automata rules (``traffic rules'') with periodic boundary conditions [H. Fuks and N. Boccara, Int. J. Mod. Phys. C 9, 1 (1998)]. We are able to predict from simple considerations the observed, unexpected cutoff of the average flow at unity. We also present an efficient algorithm for determining the exact final flow from a given finite initial state. We analyze the behavior of this algorithm in the infinite limit to obtain for R_m,k an exact polynomial equation maximally of 2(m+k)th degree in the flow and density.
Extremely premature (⩽ 800 g) schoolchildren: multiple areas of hidden disability

AIM To examine the functional abilities of extremely low birthweight (ELBW, ⩽ 800 g) children at school age compared with full term children. METHODS ELBW children (n=115) in a geographically defined regional cohort born between 1974 and mid-1985 (comprising 96% of 120 survivors of 400 ELBW infants admitted to the Provincial Tertiary neonatal intensive care unit), were compared with (n = 50) children of comparable age and sociodemographic status. Each child was categorised by the pattern and degree of disability, using a system derived from theDiagnostic and Statistical Manual of the American Psychiatric Association (DSM IV). Psycho-educational, behavioural, and motor results for ELBW children free of severe/multiple neurosensory disabilities (n=90; 91% return rate) were compared with the term children. RESULTS Severe/multiple neurosensory disabilities were present in 16 ELBW children (14%), and 15 (13%) had borderline intelligence. ELBW children of global IQ ⩾ 85 scored significantly lower in standardised tests of fine and gross motor control, visuo–motor pencil output, visual memory, and academic achievement (reading, arithmetic, written language). ELBW survivors were three times more likely to have learning disorders (47%vs 18%) and 22 (41%) of the 54 ELBW children with learning disorders had multiple areas of learning difficulty. Of the ELBW group, 30 (26%) were not disabled compared with 41 (82%) of the term group. Only five (12%) of the ELBW boys were not disabled, compared with 25 (35%) of the ELBW girls. Finally, ELBW children had significantly worse scores on ratings of behaviour during testing by the psychologist and behaviour by parental report. CONCLUSION The most likely outcome for ELBW survivors at school age is a learning disorder, often multiple, or borderline intellectual functioning, combined with behavioural and motor risk factors rather than severe/multiple disability. Mean scores on psycho-educational testing showed poorer performance of the ELBW children, but grossly understated the complex nature of the individual degree of educational difficulty faced by these children.
Identification accuracy of matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization-time of flight mass spectrometry ( MALDI-TOF MS ) for clinical pathogenic bacteria and fungi diagnosis : a meta-analysis

Recently, matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization-time of flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF MS) has been enthusiastically adopted in clinical microbial identification by virtue of its rapid process, easy operation, relatively low cost and high throughput. However, its identification accuracy for common clinical pathogens is still inconclusive. Therefore, we conducted this meta-analysis to systematically assess the performance of MALDI-TOF MS in identifying clinical pathogenic bacteria and fungi by meta-analysis. After a comprehensive literature search through PubMed and Web of Science databases (up to January 2016), 50 articles involving 35406 bacteria isolates and 30 articles involving 14250 fungi isolates were included. Overall analysis demonstrated that the accuracy of MALDI-TOF MS for bacteria identification increased from 0.849 (95% confidence interval (CI) = 0.812-0.879) at the species level to 0.909 (95% CI = 0.883-0.933) at the genus level; the accuracy of MALDI-TOF MS for fungi identification increased from 0.922 (95% CI = 0.900-0.941) at the species level to 0.942 (95% CI = 0.926-0.956) at the genus level. Then we performed univariate and multivariate meta-regression analyses to explore potential factors of heterogeneity. Subgroup analyses were also carried out to further evaluate the identification accuracy of MALDI-TOF MS in various clinical situations, which including different strain categories, pre-treatments, specimen types and detection systems. In summary, our meta-analysis not only strongly suggests that MALDI-TOF MS truly is a good diagnostic tool for clinical microbiology, but also provides several hints to improve its performance in the coming future.
Breast cancer.

A STUDY LOOKED AT the role of walnut consumption on potential breast cancer protection in maternal mice and their offspring. Researchers found that a diet including a modest amount of walnuts (equivalent to 2 ounces per day in humans) was associated with a decreased risk of breast cancer in mice. 4 Maternal mice were randomized to a control diet with corn oil or a diet containing walnuts, and both diets were designed to be isocaloric and isonutrient. The maternal mice were then bred, and the offspring were randomized to the same two diets after weaning. The findings showed a significant reduction in tumor incidence, number and size in maternal and offspring mice that consumed walnuts compared to mice that did not consume walnuts. A healthy eating pattern includes a variety of plant-forward foods such as vegetables, and as well as protein and fat-free or low-fat dairy, is associated with a reduced risk of certain types of cancers, according to the Dietary Guidelines for Americans. 1 Walnuts offer a variety of important nutrients, including good fats (13g/oz polyunsaturated fat), making them an ideal ingredient for plant-forward meals. A pilot clinical trial and preliminarily animal and cell model research have investigated the potential benefit walnuts may have on cancer. A review of animal research pointed toward multiple nutrients in walnuts that may act in various ways to help decrease risk of cancer development. 2 Animal and cell studies are provided as background and used to formulate hypotheses for additional research needed to determine the effects on
Transactional Support in Native XML Databases

Apparently, everything that can be said about concurrency control and recovery is already said. None the less, the XML model poses new problems for the optimization of transaction processing. In this position paper, we report on our view concerning XML transaction optimization. We explore aspects of fine-grained transaction isolation using tailor-made lock protocols. Furthermore, we outline XML storage techniques where storage representation and logging can be minimized in specific application scenarios.
ER to synapse trafficking of NMDA receptors

Glutamate is the major excitatory neurotransmitter in the mammalian central nervous system. There are three distinct subtypes of ionotropic glutamate receptors (GluRs) that have been identified including 2-amino-3-(5-methyl-3-oxo-1,2-oxazol-4-yl)propanoic acid receptors (AMPARs), N-methyl-D-aspartate receptors (NMDARs) and kainate receptors. The most common GluRs in mature synapses are AMPARs that mediate the fast excitatory neurotransmission and NMDARs that mediate the slow excitatory neurotransmission. There have been large numbers of recent reports studying how a single neuron regulates synaptic numbers and types of AMPARs and NMDARs. Our current research is centered primarily on NMDARs and, therefore, we will focus in this review on recent knowledge of molecular mechanisms occurring (1) early in the biosynthetic pathway of NMDARs, (2) in the transport of NMDARs after their release from the endoplasmic reticulum (ER); and (3) at the plasma membrane including excitatory synapses. Because a growing body of evidence also indicates that abnormalities in NMDAR functioning are associated with a number of human psychiatric and neurological diseases, this review together with other chapters in this issue may help to enhance research and to gain further knowledge of normal synaptic physiology as well as of the etiology of many human brain diseases.
MULTIDISCIPLINARY SYMPOSIUM—LUNG CANCER

Accurate delineation of the radiotherapy target volume for lung cancer requires close collaboration between radiologists and radiation oncologists. A detailed knowledge of radiological anatomy is needed to avoid pitfalls in interpretation of CT images which are used to define the exact size and limits of the gross tumour volume for treatment planning. PET scanning can distinguish atelectasis from primary lung tumour and has been shown to outline the tumour more accurately, thereby reducing inter-observer variation in target definition. Movement of the target volume can be reduced using newly developed methods such as respiratory gating, active breathing control devices or deep inspiration breath hold. Reduction in motion is necessary to create smaller target volumes for dose escalation to improve local control. The key to improved cure rates for non-small cell lung cancer lies in accurate target volume definition without which sophisticated conformal radiotherapy will be delivered as a geographical miss.
Arabidopsis TOE proteins convey a photoperiodic signal to antagonize CONSTANS and regulate flowering time

In Arabidopsis, CONSTANS (CO) and FLAVIN-BINDING KELCH REPEAT F-BOX1 (FKF1) promote flowering by inducing FLOWER LOCUS T (FT) expression in the long-day afternoon. Zhang et al. report that TARGET OF EAT1 (TOE1) interacts with CO and FKF1 and likely interferes with the FKF1–CO interaction, resulting in degradation of the CO protein in the afternoon to prevent premature flowering.
Assessment of total aflatoxin level in red pepper obtained from Istanbul

Aflatoxins (Aspergillus flavus toxins (AFT)) are biologically active secondary metabolites mostly produced by some Aspergillus species that causes hepatotoxicity, teratogenicity, immunotoxicity, and cancers in human. The aim of this study is to determine the level of total AFT in powdered red pepper in the retail markets in 40 district of Istanbul using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Of the 36 unpacked powdered red pepper samples, 32 samples (88%) contained AFT in the range of 0.2–106.4 µg/kg; 16 samples (44.4%) were above the regulatory limit which is at 10 µg/kg for total AFT in Turkey. More precautions on the production, transport, harvest, and storage of red pepper should be taken on hygiene to prevent toxic and carcinogenic effects of AFT.
A Study of OS Schedulers for Concurrency Bugs

Concurrency related bugs are hard to detect and even harder to reproduce due to their time dependent nature. One big factor in non-determinism of multi-threaded applications is process scheduler of an operating system. In this work, we presented results of our study to understand the behavior of some of the selected concurrency bugs under different OS schedulers. The generalization of this study to a larger set of bugs caused by concurrent execution of a program is hard and may not be very precise in its nature. Still, the consistent nature of our results for a chosen set of separate bugs on multiple schedulers suggests that shorter time-slices and uniform inter-mixing of the execution units of a program by a scheduler can lead to the early manifestation of concurrenc y bugs in a software.
Generating Facial Expressions for Speech

This article reports results from o program thot produces high-quolity onimotion of fociol expressions ond head movements OS outomoticolly OS possible in conjunction with meaning-based speech synthesis, including spoken intonation. The gool of the research is OS much to test and define our theories of the formal semantics for such gestures, OS to produce convincing onimotion. Towards this end, we hove produced o high-level progromming longuoge for three-dimensional (3-D) onimotion of fociol expressions. We have been concerned primorily with expressions conveying information correlated with the intonotion of the voice: This includes the differences of timing, pitch, and emphosis that ore reloted to such semantic distinctions of discourse OS “focus,” “topic,” and “comment, ” “theme” ond “rheme,” or “given” ond “new” informotion. We ore also interested in the relotion of affect or emotion to fociol expression. Until now, systems hove not embodied such rule-governed tronslotion from spoken utterance meaning to fociol expressions. Our system embodies rules that describe and coordinate these relations: intonotion/informofion, intonofion/offect, ond fociol expressions/affect. A meoning representation includes discourse information: What is controstive/background informotion in the given context, ond whot is the “topic” or “theme” of the discourse? The system mops the meaning representotion into how accents ond their placement ore chosen, how they ore conveyed over fociol expression, ond how speech ond fociol expressions ore coordinated. This determines a sequence of functional groups: lip shapes, conversational signals, punctuators, regulators, and monipulotors. Our algorithms then impose synchrony, create coorticulotion effects, and determine offectuol signals, eye ond heod movements. The lowest level representation is the Facial Action Coding System (FACS), which makes the generation system portable to other fociol models. We would like to thank Steve Platt for his facial model and for very useful comments. We would like to thank Soetjianto and Khairol Yussof who have improved the facial model. We are also very grateful to Jean Griffin, Francisco Azuola, and Mike Edwards who developed part of the animation software. All the work related to the voice synthesizer, speech, and intonation was done by Scott Prevost. We are very grateful to him. Finally, we would like to thank all the members of the graphics laboratory, especially Cary Phillips and Jianmin Zhao, for their helpful comments.
Some remarks on the entropy for algebraic actions of amenable groups

In this short note we study the entropy for algebraic actions of certain amenable groups. The possible values for this entropy are studied. Various fundamental results about certain classes of amenable groups are reproved using elementary arguments and the entropy invariant. We provide a natural decomposition of the entropy into summands contributed by individual primes and a summand corresponding to ∞. These results extend previous work by Lind and Ward on p-adic entropy.
HYPERSPECTRAL IMAGE CLASSIFICATION THROUGH MULTILAYER GRAPH BASED LEARNING

Hyperspectral image classification with limited number of labeled pixels is a challenging task. hyperspectral image is sampled from hundreds or thousands of contiguous and narrow spectral bands by hyperspectral sensors.Many applications involving hyperspectral image analysis are in need of a semantic classification task i.e., partition and label the hyperspectral image into different semantic regions, such as trees and beaches, which remains to be a challenging problem. We propose a hyperspectral image classification framework by a multilayer graph based learning using labview.This multilayer graph is composed of a several bilayer layer of simple graph as well as a layer of hypergraph, which effectively exploits the underlying structure of the data. In the first- layer, a simple graph is constructed, where each vertex in the graph denotes one pixel and the similarity among vertices is determined by the feature based pairwise pixel distances.Learning is conducted on this layer to estimate the connectivity relationship among pixels.In the second-layer, a hypergraph structure is constructed, where each vertex denotes one pixel and the hyperedges are generated by using the neighborhood relationship produced from the first-layer.Here we use kernel nearest neighbour technique for distance calculation in second layer . Semi- supervised learning is conducted on the hypergraph structure to estimate the pixel labels to achieve hyperspectral image classification. Our experiments on three datasets validated the effectiveness of the proposed method, which compared favorably with state-of-the-art.