Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
NP is as easy as detecting unique solutions

For all known NP-complete problems the number of solutions in instances having solutions may vary over an exponentially large range. Furthermore, most of the well-known ones, such as satisfiability, are parsimoniously interreducible, and these can have any number of solutions between zero and an exponentially large number. It is natural to ask whether the inherent intractability of NP-complete problems is caused by this wide variation. In this paper we give a negative answer to this using randomized reductions. We show that the problems of distinguishing between instances of SAT having zero or one solution, or finding solutions to instances of SAT having unique solutions, are as hard as SAT itself. Several corollaries about the difficulty of specific problems follow. For example if the parity of the number of solutions of SAT can be computed in RP then NP = RP. Some further problems can be shown to be hard for NP or DP via randomized reductions.
The Role of Pattern Databases in Sequence Analysis

In the wake of the numerous now-fruitful genome projects, we are entering an era rich in biological data. The field of bioinformatics is poised to exploit this information in increasingly powerful ways, but the abundance and growing complexity both of the data and of the tools and resources required to analyse them are threatening to overwhelm us. Databases and their search tools are now an essential part of the research environment. However, the rate of sequence generation and the haphazard proliferation of databases have made it difficult to keep pace with developments. In an age of information overload, researchers want rapid, easy-to-use, reliable tools for functional characterisation of newly determined sequences. But what are those tools? How do we access them? Which should we use? This review focuses on a particular type of database that is increasingly used in the task of routine sequence analysis--the so-called pattern database. The paper aims to provide an overview of the current status of pattern databases in common use, outlining the methods behind them and giving pointers on their diagnostic strengths and weaknesses.
Iowa State University From the SelectedWorks of Zengyi Shao 2012 Cloning and characterization of a panel of constitutive promoters for applications in pathway engineering in Saccharomyces cerevisiae

Saccharomyces cerevisiae is an important platform organism for synthesis of chemicals and fuels. However, the promoters used in most pathway engineering studies in S. cerevisiae have not been characterized and compared in parallel under multiple conditions that are routinely operated in laboratory and the number of known promoters is rather limited for the construction of large biochemical pathways. Here a total of 14 constitutive promoters from S. cerevisiae were cloned and characterized using a green fluorescent protein (GFP) as a reporter in a 2m vector pRS426, under varying glucose and oxygen concentrations. The strengths of these promoters varied no more than sixfold in the mean fluorescence intensity of GFP, with promoter TEF1p being the strongest and promoter PGI1p the weakest. As an example of application for these promoters in metabolic engineering, the genes involved in xylan degradation and zeaxanthin biosynthesis were subsequently cloned under the control of promoters with medium to high strength and assembled into a single pathway. The corresponding construct was transformed to a S. cerevisiae strain integrated with a D-xylose utilizing pathway. The resulting strain produced zeaxanthin with a titer of 0.74 0.02mg/L directly from birchwood xylan. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 2012;xxx xxx–xxx. 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
EFFECTIVE ACTION OF DRESSED MEAN FIELDS FOR $\mathcal{N}=4$ SUPER-YANG–MILLS THEORY

Based on general considerations such as R-operation and Slavnov–Taylor identity we show that the effective action, being understood as Legendre transform of the logarithm of the path integral, possesses particular structure in $\mathcal{N}=4$ supersymmetric Yang–Mills theory for kernels of the effective action expressed in terms of the dressed effective fields. These dressed effective fields have been introduced in our previous papers as actual variables of the effective action. The concept of dressed effective fields naturally appears in the framework of solution to Slavnov–Taylor identity. The particularity of the structure is the independence of these kernels on the ultraviolet regularization scale Λ. These kernels are functions of mutual spacetime distances and of the gauge coupling. The fact that β function in this theory is zero is used significantly.
The effect of respiration-induced heart movements on the ECG

A model describing the rotation of the cardiac vector as a possible mechanism for the presence of respiratory information in the ECG is discussed. The way in which this information is revealed is analyzed, and the predictions subjected to qualitative experimental assessment via spectral analysis. The results show that respiratory frequencies occur in the ECG spectrum as a result of heart movement. Measurements on a patient wearing a pacemaker and ventilated to control respiratory rate show that even in the absence of respiratory sinus arrhythmia there is baseband information in the ECG spectrum, attributable neither to electrode artifacts nor to EMG, and sidebands from the respiratory cycle. <<ETX>>
Hybrid modeling and simulation of plant/controller combinations

In order to design controllers, models of the system to be controlled (the plant), and models of the controller are developed, and the performance of the controlled system is evaluated by means of, for instance, simulation. The plant and controller can be modeled in the continuous-time domain, the discrete-event domain, or in a combination of these two domains, the so-called hybrid domain. It is very convenient to have all these combinations available in one single formalism. In this paper, the hybrid χ (Chi) formalism is introduced and used to model a simple manufacturing system consisting of a production machine that is controlled by a PI controller with anti-windup. The plant is modeled in the continuous-time domain as well as in the discrete-event domain. Likewise, the controller is modeled in both domains. Then, several (hybrid) plant/controller combinations are made. It is shown that the χ language facilitates modeling of these combinations, because the individual plant and controller specifications remain unchanged. The χ simulator is used to obtain the respective simulation results.
Performance Comparison of Landmark Recognition Systems for Navigating Mobile Robots

Self-localisation is an essential competence for mobile robot navigation. Due to the fundamental unreliability of dead reckoning, a robot must depend on its perception of external environmental features or landmarks to localise itself. A key question is how to evaluate landmark recognition systems for mobile robots. This paper answers this question by means of quantitative performance measures. An empirical study is presented in which a number of algorithms are compared in four environments. The results of this analysis are then applied to the development of a novel landmark recognition system for a Nomad 200 robot. Subsequent experiments demonstrate that the new system obtains a similar level of performance to the best alternative method, but at a much lower computational cost.
Ontology and Geographic Kinds

An ontology of geographic kinds is designed to yield a better understanding of the structure of the geographic world, and to support the development of geographic information systems that are conceptually sound. This paper first demonstrates that geographical objects and kinds are not just larger versions of the everyday objects and kinds previously studied in cognitive science. Geographic objects are not merely located in space, as are the manipulable objects of table-top space. Rather, they are tied intrinsically to space, and this means that their spatial boundaries are in many cases the most salient features for categorization. The ontology presented here will accordingly be based on topology (the theory of boundary, contact and separation) and on mereology (the theory of extended wholes and parts). Geographic reality comprehends mesoscopic entities, many of which are best viewed as shadows cast onto the spatial plane by human reasoning and language. Because of this, geographic categories are much more likely to show cultural differences in category definitions than are the manipulable objects of table-top space.
Institute for Mathematical Physics Diierential Rigidity of Anosov Actions of Higher Rank Abelian Groups and Algebraic Lattice Actions Diierential Rigidity of Anosov Actions of Higher Rank Abelian Groups and Algebraic Lattice Actions

We show that most homogeneous Anosov actions of higher rank Abelian groups are locally C 1-rigid (up to an automorphism). This result is the main part in the proof of local C 1-rigidity for two very diierent types of algebraic actions of irreducible lattices in higher rank semisimple Lie groups: (i) the Anosov actions by automorphisms of tori and nil{manifolds, and (ii) the actions of cocompact lattices on Furstenberg boundaries, in particular, projective spaces. The main new technical ingredient in the proofs is the use of a proper \non{stationary" generalization of the classical theory of normal forms for local contractions.
Decision Making Under Uncertainty When Preference Information Is Incomplete

We consider the problem of optimal decision making under uncertainty but assume that the decision maker's utility function is not completely known. Instead, we consider all the utilities that meet some criteria, such as preferring certain lotteries over other lotteries and being risk averse, S-shaped, or prudent. These criteria extend the ones used in the first-and second-order stochastic dominance framework. We then give tractable formulations for such decision-making problems. We formulate them as robust utility maximization problems, as optimization problems with stochastic dominance constraints, and as robust certainty equivalent maximization problems. We use a portfolio allocation problem to illustrate our results. This paper was accepted by Dimitris Bertsimas, optimization.
Fast digital optical flow estimation based on EMD

This paper presents an optical flow estimation technique based on the so called Elementary Motion Detector (EMD). The aim is to provide a fast but not necessarily very accu- rate system to be used for specific post processing purposes. This model uses a low complexity algorithm for detecting motion in four directions by identifying specific motion tem- plates. By extending the motion templates to different scales of the input video, an Elementary Velocity Detector (EVD) is created. This one can save computation time by estimat- ing different speeds in parallel. Information from the EVD outputs is then used to generate an estimate of the optical flow along edges and other intensity transitions. Experimen- tal results are presented, which show the effectiveness of the proposed model. Furthermore, the robustness of the model can be enhanced by using pre-filtering.
Asymptotic Expression for Transmission Capacity of Wireless Ad Hoc Networks

We study the transmission capacity of wireless Ad hoc networks in this paper. Transmission capacity can not be got the close-form for general cases except for some special cases. In this paper we provide a new solution to this problem. By using Taylor series, the asymptotic expression for transmission capacity is derived. Comparing the asymptotic with the exact expressions shows that, the asymptotic expression is a good approximation which is accurate enough when the outage constraint is close to zero.
Title: a Perceptual Study in Dce-mri for Breast Cancer Diagnosis: First Phase in the Development of a Clinically Meaningful Decision Support System

(max 250 words) Objectives: An experiment is described whose purpose is to extract those image characteristics that radiologists use in diagnostic decision making. It is the first phase in the development of a clinical decision support system to assist radiologists using DCE-MRI (dynamic contrast-enhanced MRI) for breast cancer diagnosis. Methods: Clinical similarity for mass lesions was established by four expert radiologists who systematically sorted 214 lesions visualized by DCE-MRI into similarity clusters using a proprietary software tool. Cognitive analysis was used to identify the relevant perceptual features characterizing each cluster, such that the list of features and clusters define the clinical similarity. there was unanimous agreement in ~20% of the lesions, and majority agreement of ~60%. The final consensus assignment created 16 clusters; two consisted of all malignant lesions; two consisted of a majority of benign lesions, three were large approximately equal mixes of benign and malignant lesions, while the remaining nine were small clusters representing lesions with clinically relevant special characteristics of low clinical prevalence. Conclusions: The cognitive analysis revealed that the image characteristics differentiating the clusters are highly correlated to BI-RADS lesion descriptors. The radiologists were excellent in clustering certain malignant lesions, very good with some benign lesions; while as expected there was large variability in the majority of lesions. Therefore, CDS can be the most beneficial in diagnosing these intermediate lesions.
Empirical Models of End-User Network Behavior from NETI@home Data Analysis

The simulation of computer networks requires accurate models of user behavior. To this end, we present empirical models of end-user network traffic derived from the analysis of NETI@home (NETwork Intelligence at home) data. There are two forms of models presented. The first models traffic for a specific Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) or User Datagram Protocol (UDP) port. The second models all TCP or UDP traffic for an end-user. These models are meant to be network-independent and contain aspects such as bytes sent, bytes received, and user think time. The empirical models derived in this study can then be used to enable more realistic simulations of computer networks and are implemented in the Georgia Tech Network Simulator (GTNetS).
Geodetic coordinate calculation based on monocular vision on UAV platform

Vision measurement technology research is active in recent years, which has broad application prospect in the fields of military and civilian industrial production. On the basis of comparing several existing measurement techniques, our paper mainly studied a method of geodetic coordinate calculation based on monocular vision on UAV platform, which is extension and expansion of the traditional monocular vision measurement method. Our system only needs a monocular camera carried on UAV platform and combines the latest ORB-SLAM algorithm, we can virtually extend the monocular camera into the binocular camera and even the multi-view camera system. What about the virtuality? When we perform the ORB-SLAM, our system can accurately estimate the camera pose information of each KeyFrame, it is conceivable that we can view each KeyFrame as a separate camera view, and then we select the correlative frames of the target to calculate the geodetic coordinate optimally using multiple views projective reconstruction method. All outcomes of indoor and outdoor experiments show that our system has good measuring precision, the details shown in the following sections.
Real-Time Communications Over Cluster-Tree Sensor Networks with Mobile Sink Behaviour

Modelling the fundamental performance limits of wireless sensor networks (WSNs) is of paramount importance to understand the behaviour of WSN under worst case conditions and to make the appropriate design choices. In that direction, this paper contributes with a methodology for modelling cluster tree WSNs with a mobile sink. We propose closed form recurrent expressions for computing the worst case end to end delays, buffering and bandwidth requirements across any source-destination path in the cluster tree assuming error free channel. We show how to apply our theoretical results to the specific case of IEEE 802.15. 4/ZigBee WSNs. Finally, we demonstrate the validity and analyze the accuracy of our methodology through a comprehensive experimental study, therefore validating the theoretical results through experimentation.
Different contributions of local‐ and distant‐regulatory changes to transcriptome divergence between stickleback ecotypes

Differential gene expression can play an important role in phenotypic evolution and divergent adaptation. Although differential gene expression can be caused by both local‐ and distant‐regulatory changes, we know little about their relative contribution to transcriptome evolution in natural populations. Here, we conducted expression quantitative trait loci (eQTL) analysis to investigate the genetic architecture underlying transcriptome divergence between marine and stream ecotypes of threespine sticklebacks (Gasterosteus aculeatus). We identified both local and distant eQTLs, some of which constitute hotspots, regions with a disproportionate number of significant eQTLs relative to the genomic background. The majority of local eQTLs including those in the hotspots caused expression changes consistent with the direction of transcriptomic divergence between ecotypes. Genome scan analysis showed that many local eQTLs overlapped with genomic regions of high differentiation. In contrast, nearly half of the distant eQTLs including those in the hotspots caused opposite expression changes, and few overlapped with regions of high differentiation, indicating that distant eQTLs may act as a constraint of transcriptome evolution. Finally, a comparison between two salinity conditions revealed that nearly half of eQTL hotspots were environment specific, suggesting that analysis of genetic architecture in multiple conditions is essential for predicting response to selection.
An operation placement and scheduling scheme for cache and communication localities in fine-grain parallel architectures

With increasing on-chip hardware, concurrency is a way to bridge the gap between the computational power demanded by the applications and that afforded by the computer platforms. Although parallel systems are increasingly popular they remain very difficult to program. In fact, most compilers require the programmer to specify how to partition data or map program code to the system's processors. To ensure an effective program, cache locality is important because of the large speed gap between microprocessors and memory systems. It is also important to make use of local communication whenever possible, since it is cheaper faster and less power hungry than global communication. In order to exploit these locality properties, we present a systematic operation placement and scheduling scheme for fine-grain parallel architectures. The key advantages are twofolds: (1) This multiprojection method, which deals with multidimensional parallelism systematically, can alleviate the burden of the programmer in coding and data partitioning. (2) it addresses the memory/communication bandwidth bottleneck, and can lend to faster program execution. On a special design example of the motion estimation block-matching algorithm, which requires the most intensive computation and memory accesses in video coding, our method lends to a reduction of external memory accesses by two to three orders of magnitude.
Heritability of cardiac size: an echocardiographic and electrocardiographic study of monozygotic and dizygotic twins.

Because of the uncertainty as to the extent to which cardiac size is determined by exercise training vs genetic endowment, this study investigated familial (genetic plus common family environment) vs nonfamilial influences on cardiac size. College-age monozygotic twins (group 1, 31 sets), dizygotic twins (group 2, 10 sets), siblings of like sex (group 3, six sets), and nonrelated subjects (group 4, 15 sets) underwent echocardiographic and electrocardiographic tests, measurement of maximum oxygen uptake (VO2max), and evaluation of pulmonary and body composition; mean intrapair differences of the four groups were compared. Mean intrapair differences in cardiac size varied as much for subjects in group 1 as for those in groups 2 and 3. However, subjects in groups 1, 2, and 3 had less variation (p less than .05) than those in group 4. After the initial testing, 14 pairs of monozygotic twins, five sets of dizygotic twins, and six sets of siblings underwent 14 weeks of exercise training (both members participated) and all tests were repeated. After exercise training, subjects in group 1 still had as much intrapair variability in cardiac size as those in groups 2 and 3. The data suggest cultural familial influences are more important in determining cardiac size than nonfamilial influences or even genetic influences alone.
Short‐term outcomes of robotic radical esophagectomy for esophageal cancer by a nontransthoracic approach compared with conventional transthoracic surgery

Summary Transthoracic esophagectomy (TTE) is believed to have advantages for mediastinal lymphadenectomy in the treatment of resectable esophageal cancer despite its association with a greater incidence of pulmonary complications and postoperative mortality. Transhiatal esophagectomy is regarded as less invasive, though insufficient in terms of lymph node dissection. With the aim of achieving lymph dissection equivalent to that of TTE, we have developed a nontransthoracic esophagectomy (NTTE) procedure combining a video‐assisted cervical approach for the upper mediastinum and a robot‐assisted transhiatal approach for the middle and lower mediastinum. We prospectively studied 22 accumulated cases of NTTE and verified feasibility by analyzing perioperative and histopathological outcomes. We compared this group's short‐term outcomes with outcomes of 139 equivalent esophageal cancer cases operated on at our institution by conventional TTE (TTE group). In the NTTE group, there were no procedure‐related events and no midway conversions to the conventional surgery; the mean operation time was longer (median, 524 vs. 428 minutes); estimated blood loss did not differ significantly between the two groups (median, 385 mL vs. 490 mL); in the NTTE group, the postoperative hospital stay was shorter (median, 18 days vs. 24 days). No postoperative pneumonia occurred in the NTTE group. The frequencies of other major postoperative complications did not differ significantly, nor were there differences in the numbers of harvested mediastinal lymph nodes (median, 30 vs. 29) or in other histopathology findings. NTTE offers a new radical procedure for resection of esophageal cancer combining a cervical video‐assisted approach and a transhiatal robotic approach. Although further accumulation of surgical cases is needed to corroborate these results, NTTE promises better prevention of pulmonary complications in the management of esophageal cancer.
A Constructive Approach to a Class of Ergodic HJB Equations with Unbounded and Nonsmooth Cost

We consider a class of ergodic Hamilton-Jacobi-Bellman (HJB) equations related to long-time asymptotics of nonsmooth multiplicative functional of diffusion processes. Under suitable ergodicity assumptions on the underlying diffusion, we show existence of these asymptotics and that they solve the related HJB equation in the viscosity sense.