Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Dental Erosion in 8 and 15-year-old School Children and AssociatedFactors

Aim: The aim of this cross-sectional study was to establish the prevalence and severity of tooth erosion in 8-year and 15-year old children and to determine the predisposing factors leading to tooth erosion. Methods: Ten per cent of the current 8-year and 15-year olds of the Maltese population were randomly selected. The sample was representative of geographical regions, gender and type of school attended (state, church and independent schools). Four hundred thirty nine (439) subjects of 8-year-olds and 555 subjects of 15-year olds were examined in a standardized fashion. The subjects were asked to fill in a questionnaire to give an indication of their social, oral hygiene, dietary and medical history. The Basic Erosive Wear Examination Index (BEWE) was used to measure the erosion scores and the calculated cumulative score values were later divided into four risk categories in accordance with the risk level guide to clinical management. Results: The prevalence of erosion in 8-year olds was 69.7% whilst that in 15-year olds was 76.3%. The BEWE mean score for 8-year olds was 4.63 whereas the mean score for 15-year olds was 3.5. The difference in erosion between the two age groups was statistically significant with a higher incidence of tooth erosion reported for the 8-year olds (Unpaired t-test: p=0.0001). The severity of tooth erosion between the two age groups was also significantly different with 8-year olds having higher BEWE scores (Chi-square test: p=0.022). Various contributing factors such as gender, BMI and medical conditions were observed to have a correlation to the incidence of the subjects’ tooth erosion (Various tests: p<0.05). Conclusions: This study indicates that dental erosion is indeed a problem in the younger segment of the populations and underscores the need for appropriate preventive strategies.
Do worldwide outbreaks mean tuberculosis again becomes 'captain of all these men of death'?

THE ADMINISTRATION, public health community, and Congress all are trying to head off the spread of multidrug-resistant tuberculosis in the United States. Many reports of the resistant form of the organism have been linked with those who are infected with the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). As the problem grows, President George Bush is nearly doubling the request for funds for tuberculosis elimination to $40 million this year. In Congress, Sen Edward Kennedy (D, Mass) is requesting funds to study issues raised by the occurrence of this resistant form and its association with HIV. Drug-resistant tuberculosis also is being reported around the world, especially in developing countries, says Barry Bloom, PhD, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, New York, NY. Resistance has emerged, he says, because antituberculosis drugs were freely distributed in some countries without controls over their use. System Failure? In the United States in the years prior to 1984, about
Barriers to Resolving Transboundary Pollution

Transboundary pollution challenges the conventional economic analysis of pollution as a negative externality to market activity. Different political entities cannot regulate pollution that flows among them. Developing institutions to regulate pollution is impossible at the international level due to the principle of state sovereignty. Game theory offers economic insight into the strategic interactions among nations that experience and contribute to transboundary pollution. Though game theory underestimates nations proclivities to remain cooperative, the conclusions of models align with real-world experience. Barriers to resolving transboundary pollution include the polluter pays principle and liability norms.
Integrated Human-Robotic Missions to the Moon and Mars: Mission Operations Design Implications

For most of the history of space exploration, human and robotic programs have been independent, and have responded to distinct requirements. The NASA Vision for Space Exploration calls for the return of humans to the Moon, and the eventual human exploration of Mars; the complexity of this range of missions will require an unprecedented use of automation and robotics in support of human crews. The challenges of human Mars missions, including roundtrip communications time delays of 6 to 40 minutes, interplanetary transit times of many months, and the need to manage lifecycle costs, will require the evolution of a new mission operations paradigm far less dependent on real-time monitoring and response by an Earthbound operations team. Robotic systems and automation will augment human capability, increase human safety by providing means to perform many tasks without requiring immediate human presence, and enable the transfer of traditional mission control tasks from the ground to crews. Developing and validating the new paradigm and its associated infrastructure may place requirements on operations design for nearer-term lunar missions. The authors, representing both the human and robotic mission operations communities, assess human lunar and Mars mission challenges, and consider how human-robot operations may be integrated to enable efficient joint operations, with the eventual emergence of a unified exploration operations culture.
METERG: Measurement-Based End-to-End Performance Estimation Technique in QoS-Capable Multiprocessors

Multiprocessor systems present serious challenges in the design of real-time systems due to the wider variation of execution time of an instruction sequence compared to a uniprocessor system. Even if non-determinism is tightly controlled by adding conventional QoS support, it is generally difficult to find the minimal hardware resource request settings (e.g., memory bandwidth) for a given user-level performance goal (e.g., transactions per second). In this paper, we introduce the METERG (Measurement-Time Enforcement and Run-Time Guarantee) QoS system that provides an easy method of obtaining a tight estimate of the lower bound on end-to-end performance for a given configuration of resource reservations. Every QoS-capable block in the METERG system supports two operation modes for each task requiring QoS: enforcement mode for estimating the lower bound on a task’s execution time and deployment mode for maximizing its performance. We evaluate the effectiveness of our approach with an execution-driven multiprocessor simulator implementing the METERG QoS memory subsystem. We show that the performance lower bound is easy to obtain by simply running an application in enforcement mode, and that this estimated lower bound is tight.
Document clustering using the LSI subspace signature model

We describe the latent semantic indexing subspace signature model (LSISSM) for semantic content representation of unstructured text. Grounded on singular value decomposition, the model represents terms and documents by the distribution signatures of their statistical contribution across the top‐ranking latent concept dimensions. LSISSM matches term signatures with document signatures according to their mapping coherence between latent semantic indexing (LSI) term subspace and LSI document subspace. LSISSM does feature reduction and finds a low‐rank approximation of scalable and sparse term‐document matrices. Experiments demonstrate that this approach significantly improves the performance of major clustering algorithms such as standard K‐means and self‐organizing maps compared with the vector space model and the traditional LSI model. The unique contribution ranking mechanism in LSISSM also improves the initialization of standard K‐means compared with random seeding procedure, which sometimes causes low efficiency and effectiveness of clustering. A two‐stage initialization strategy based on LSISSM significantly reduces the running time of standard K‐means procedures.
2 . 19 ATOMISTIC CALCULATION OF MECHANICAL BEHAVIOR

Mechanical behavior is stress-related behavior. This can mean the material response is driven by externally applied stress (or partially), or the underlying processes are mediated by an internal stress field; very often both are true. Due to defects and their collective behavior [1], the spatiotemporal spectrum of stress field in a real material tends to have very large spectral width, with non-trivial coupling between different scales, which is another way of saying that the mechanical behavior of real materials tends to be multiscale. The concept of stress field is usually valid when coarse-grained above a few nm; in favorable circumstances like when crystalline order is preserved locally, it may be applicable down to sub-nm lengthscale [2]. But overall, the atomic scale is where the stress concept breaks down, and atomistic simulations [3–5] provide very important termination or matching condition for stress-based theories. Large-scale atomistic simulations (Chap. 2.25) are approaching μm lengthscale and are starting to reveal the collective behavior of defects [6]. But studying defect unit processes is still a main task of atomistic simulation. It is infeasible to list the current developments in this area to any degree of completeness, so only a few highlights are given. A somewhat more detailed review can be found in Ref. [5]. • The study of deformation [7–11], grain growth [12] and fracture [13, 14] in nanocrystalline materials. • Atomistic simulation of adhesion and friction [15, 16], and nanoindentation [17–20]. • The study of dislocation core structure and Peierls stress in BCC metals [21], semiconductors [22] and intermetallics [23]. A proper definition of dislocation core energy and numerically precise ways [24, 25] to extract
Modeling Soft Global Constraints as Linear Programs in Weighted Constraint Satisfaction

The solving of Weighted CSP (WCSP) with global constraints relies on powerful consistency techniques, but enforcing these consistencies on soft global constraints is not a trivial task. Lee and Leung suggest that a soft global constraint can be used practically if we can find its minimum cost and perform projections/extensions on it in polynomial time, at the same time projections and extensions should not destroy those conditions. However, there are many useful constraints, whose minimum costs cannot be found in polynomial time. In this paper, we propose a special class of soft global constraints which can be modeled as integer linear programs. We show that they are soft linear projection-safe and their minimum cost can be computed by integer programming. By linear relaxation we can avoid the exponential time taken to solve the integer programs, as the approximation of their actual minimum costs can be obtained to serve as a good lower bound in enforcing the approximated consistency notions. While less pruning can be done, our approach allows much more efficient consistency enforcement, and we demonstrate the efficiency of such approaches experimentally.
Development of a steroidogenic factor 1/Cre transgenic mouse line

The Cre‐loxP strategy provides an approach to disrupt genes in specific tissues and/or cell types, circumventing lethality associated with global knockouts or secondary effects due to gene inactivation at other sites. A critical component is the development of transgenes that target Cre expression to specific cell types. Here, we describe the use of bacterial artificial chromosome (BAC) transgenesis to target Cre expression to tissues that express steroidogenic factor 1 (SF‐1, officially designated Nr5a1). Consistent with the SF‐1 expression pattern, the SF‐1 BAC directed Cre expression to the somatic cells of the gonads, the adrenal cortex, the anterior pituitary, the spleen, and the ventromedial hypothalamic nucleus. This transgene provides a powerful tool to inactivate genes of interest in these tissues. genesis 44:419–424, 2006. Published 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
The Second-Site Mutation in the Herpes Simplex Virus Recombinants Lacking the γ134.5 Genes Precludes Shutoff of Protein Synthesis by Blocking the Phosphorylation of eIF-2α

ABSTRACT In cells infected with the herpes simplex virus 1 (HSV-1) recombinant R3616 lacking both copies of the γ134.5 gene, the double-stranded protein kinase R (PKR) is activated, eIF-2α is phosphorylated, and protein synthesis is shut off. Although PKR is also activated in cells infected with the wild-type virus, the product of the γ134.5 gene, infected-cell protein 34.5 (ICP34.5), binds protein phosphatase 1α and redirects it to dephosphorylate eIF-2α, thus enabling sustained protein synthesis. Serial passage in human cells of a mutant lacking the γ134.5 gene yields second-site, compensatory mutants lacking various domains of the α47 gene situated next to the US11 gene (I. Mohr and Y. Gluzman, EMBO J. 15:4759–4766, 1996). We report the construction of two recombinant viruses: R5103, lacking the γ134.5, US8, -9, -10, and -11, and α47 (US12) genes; and R5104, derived from R5103 and carrying a chimeric DNA fragment containing the US10 gene and the promoter of the α47 gene fused to the coding domain of the US11 gene. R5104 exhibited a protein synthesis profile similar to that of wild-type virus, whereas protein synthesis was shut off in cells infected with R5103 virus. Studies on the wild-type parent and mutant viruses showed the following: (i) PKR was activated in cells infected with parent or mutant virus but not in mock-infected cells, consistent with earlier studies; (ii) lysates of R3616, R5103, and R5104 virus-infected cells lacked the phosphatase activity specific for eIF-2α characteristic of wild-type virus-infected cells; and (iii) lysates of R3616 and R5103, which lacked the second-site compensatory mutation, contained an activity which phosphorylated eIF-2α in vitro, whereas lysates of mock-infected cells or cells infected with HSV-1(F) or R5104 did not phosphorylate eIF-2α. We conclude that in contrast to wild-type virus-infected cells, which preclude the shutoff of protein synthesis by causing rapid dephosphorylation of eIF-2α, in cells infected with γ134.5− virus carrying the compensatory mutation, eIF-2α is not phosphorylated. The activity made apparent by the second-site mutation may represent a more ancient mechanism evolved to preclude the shutoff of protein synthesis.
A Stochastic Analysis of Network MIMO Systems

This paper quantifies the benefits and limitations of cooperative communications by providing a statistical analysis of the downlink in network multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) systems. We consider an idealized model where the multiple-antenna base-stations (BSs) are distributed according to a homogeneous Poisson point process and cooperate by forming disjoint clusters. We assume that perfect channel state information is available at the cooperating BSs without any overhead. Multiple single-antenna users are served using zero-forcing beamforming with equal power allocation across the beams. For such a system, we obtain tractable, but accurate, approximations of the signal power and inter-cluster interference power distributions and derive a computationally efficient expression for the achievable per-BS ergodic sum rate using tools from stochastic geometry. This expression allows us to obtain the optimal loading factor, i.e., the ratio between the number of scheduled users and the number of BS antennas, that maximizes the per-BS ergodic sum rate. Further, it allows us to quantify the performance improvement of network MIMO systems as a function of the cooperating cluster size. We show that to perform zero-forcing across the distributed set of BSs within the cluster, the network MIMO system introduces a penalty in received signal power. Along with the inevitable out-of-cluster interference, we show that the per-BS ergodic sum rate of a network MIMO system does not approach that of an isolated cell even at unrealistically large cluster sizes. Nevertheless, network MIMO does provide significant rate improvement as compared to uncoordinated single-cell processing even at relatively modest cluster sizes.
Linking Social and Ecological Systems: Management Practices and Social Mechanisms for Building Resilience

1. Linking social and ecological systems for resilience and sustainability Fikret Berkes and Carl Folke Part I. Learning from Locally Devised Systems: 2. People, refugia and resilience Madhav Gadgil, Natabar S. Hemam and B. Mohan Reddy 3. Learning by fishing: practical engagement and environemntal concerns Gisli Palsson 4. Dalecarlia in Central Sweden before 1800: a society of social and ecological resilience Ulf Sporrong Part II. Emergence of Resource Management Adaptations: 5. Learning to design reslilient resource management: indigenous systems in the Canadian subarctic Fikret Berkes 6. Resilience and neotraditional populations: the caicaras of the Atlantic forest and caboclos of the Amazon (Brazil) Alpina Begossi 7. Indigenous African resource management of a tropical rain forest ecosystem: a case study of the Yoruba of Ara, Nigeria D. Michael Warren and Jennifer Pinkson 8. Managing for human and ecological context in the Maine soft shell clam fishery Susan S. Hanna Part III. Success and Failure in Regional Systems: 9. Resilient resource management in Mexico's forest ecosystems: the contribution of property rights Janis B. Alcorn and Victor M. Toledo 10. The resilience of pastoral herding in Sahelian Africa Maryam Niamir-Fuller 11. Reviving the social system-ecosystem links in the Himalayas Narpat S. Jodha 12. Crossing the threshold of ecosystem resilience: the commercial extinction of northern cod A. Christopher Finlayson and Bonnie J. McCay Part IV. Designing New Approaches to Management: 13. Science, sustainability and resource management C. S. Holling, Fikret Berkes and Carl Folke 14. Integrated management of a temperate montane forest ecosystem through holistic forestry: a British Columbia example Evelyn Pinkerton 15. Managing chaotic fisheries James M. Acheson, James A. Wilson and Robert S. Steneck 16. Social mechanisms and institutional learning for resilience and sustainability Carl Folke, Fikret Berkes and Johan Colding Index.
Characterization and Performance Evaluation of a Typical Troposcatter Channel

In tropo communication, the received signal suffers from slow varying multipath fading characterized by Rayleigh distribution, Doppler shift and delay spread. In this paper a tropo channel is simulated using Tapped Delay Line (TDL) structure with varying tap-gains. A case study has been presented, for a typical troposcatter link, to appreciate the losses and delay spread experienced. The effect of tropo channel on transmitted DQPSK signal is analysed in terms of BER performance. The effect of different parameters like delay spread, path gain and Doppler shift have been simulated in terms of BER.
Does Sex Trade with Violence among Genotypes in Drosophila melanogaster?

The evolutionary forces shaping the ability to win competitive interactions, such as aggressive encounters, are still poorly understood. Given a fitness advantage for competitive success, variance in aggressive and sexual display traits should be depleted, but a great deal of variation in these traits is consistently found. While life history tradeoffs have been commonly cited as a mechanism for the maintenance of variation, the variability of competing strategies of conspecifics may mean there is no single optimum strategy. We measured the genetically determined outcomes of aggressive interactions, and the resulting effects on mating success, in a panel of diverse inbred lines representing both natural variation and artificially selected genotypes. Males of one genotype which consistently lost territorial encounters with other genotypes were nonetheless successful against males that were artificially selected for supernormal aggression and dominated all other lines. Intransitive patterns of territorial success could maintain variation in aggressive strategies if there is a preference for territorial males. Territorial success was not always associated with male mating success however and females preferred ‘winners’ among some male genotypes, and ‘losers’ among other male genotypes. This suggests that studying behaviour from the perspective of population means may provide limited evolutionary and genetic insight. Overall patterns of competitive success among males and mating transactions between the sexes are consistent with mechanisms proposed for the maintenance of genetic variation due to nonlinear outcomes of competitive interactions.
Environmental Consulting Fundamentals: Investigation and Remediation

Environmental Consulting: A Perspective What Is Environmental Consulting? Framework of Environmental Regulations Site Investigations and Remediations Chemicals of Concern and Their Properties Fate and Transport in the Subsurface Phase I Environmental Site Assessments Site Investigations Remedial Investigations and Setting Remediation Goals Remedial Actions Land Usage Wetlands, Surface Waters, and Endangered Species Environmental Impact Assessment and Mitigation Indoor Environmental Concerns Asbestos Surveying Asbestos Abatement Lead-Based Paint Surveying and Abatement Drinking Water Testing Mold Surveying and Remediation Radon Surveying and Remediation Indoor Air Quality The Environmental Project Appendix A: List of Abbreviations Appendix B: State Environmental Departments Index Each chapter includes references.
Pembuatan Judul Otomatis Dokumen Berita Berbahasa Indonesia Menggunakan Metode Knn

Pembuatan judul otomatis adalah proses untuk menghasilkan judul dari suatu artikel dokumen secara otomatis. Dengan dibangkitkannya judul secara otomatis pembaca dapat menangkap ide utama dari sebuah dokumen tanpa harus membaca keseluruhan dokumen. Pada penelitian ini dilakukan penerapan metode K-Nearest Neighbor (KNN) untuk pembuatan judul otomatis dokumen berita berbahasa Indonesia. Hasil pengujian dan evaluasi menunjukkan bahwa sistem pembuatan judul ini menghasilkan kinerja terbaik pada katagori politik dengan nilai rata-rata pesisi sebesar 0.319, nilai rata-rata recall sebesar 0.321 dan nilai rata-rata F-measure sebesar 0.311. Sistem dengan metode KNN ini memiliki kelemahan, yaitu sangat bergantung pada data latih dan tidak dapat membuat judul baru, sehingga terdapat judul bentukan sistem yang kurang mencerminkan isi dari dokumen yang diujikan
Do mental disorders matter? A study of absenteeism among care seeking Gulf War veterans with ill defined conditions and musculoskeletal disorders

Aims: To investigate the extent that common psychological conditions contribute to lost work among individuals with musculoskeletal and ill defined conditions. Methods: Cross sectional health and work related survey evaluating Gulf War veterans seeking Department of Defense health care for Gulf War related health concerns. Ordered probit models were used to study whether a provider diagnosed musculoskeletal condition (ICD-9 codes 710–739) or “signs, symptoms, and ill defined conditions” (ICD-9 codes 780–799) have an effect on recent lost work over the previous 90 days in the presence of one or more psychological conditions (ICD-9 codes 290–320) after controlling for sociodemographic variables. Results: Bivariate analyses revealed that musculoskeletal conditions, ill defined conditions, and psychological conditions were positively associated with lost work. Multivariate analyses showed an independent effect of both psychological conditions and musculoskeletal conditions. A significant interaction existed between psychological conditions and musculoskeletal conditions: the presence of a coexisting psychological condition considerably increased the likelihood that a musculoskeletal disorder resulted in lost work, or vice versa. Conclusions: Psychological conditions appear to be an important contributor to absenteeism among individuals with musculoskeletal and ill defined conditions. A limitation of the cross sectional design was the inability to sequence the onset of conditions.