Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Functional Elements of the Strong psbAIPromoter of Synechococcus elongatus PCC 7942

ABSTRACT The psbAI gene of the cyanobacteriumSynechococcus elongatus PCC 7942 is one of threepsbA genes that encode a critical photosystem II reaction center protein, D1. Regulation of the gene family in response to changes in the light environment is complex, occurs at transcriptional and posttranscriptional levels, and results in an interchange of two different forms of D1 in the membrane. Expression of psbAIis downregulated under high-intensity light (high light) in contrast to induction of the other two family members. We show that, in addition to a known accelerated degradation of the psbAI message, promoter activity decreases upon exposure to high light. Unlike the other psbA genes, additional sequences upstream of thepsbAI −35 element are required for expression. Mutagenizing the atypical psbAI −10 element from TCTCCT to TATAAT increased the magnitude of expression from bothpsbAI::lacZ andpsbAI::luxAB fusions but did not affect downregulation under high light. Inactivation of group 2 sigma factor genes rpoD2 and sigC, in both wild-type and −10-element mutagenized backgrounds, resulted in elevatedpsbAI::luxAB expression but did not alter the response to high light. The results are consistent with redundancy of promoter recognition among cyanobacterial group 2 sigma factors. Electrophoretic mobility shift assays showed that the DNA sequence corresponding to the untranslated leader of thepsbAI message binds one or more proteins from an S. elongatus extract. The corresponding region of psbAIIefficiently competed for this binding activity, suggesting a shared regulatory factor among these disparately regulated genes.
Gravity-Capillary Lumps 3 – 30 – 20 – 10 0 10 20 30 – 40 – 20 0 20 40 – 1 . 5 – 1 . 0 – 0 . 5 0 0 . 5

The unsteady response of a water free surface to a localized pressure source moving at constant speed U in the range 0.95cmin . U 6 1.02cmin, where cmin is the minimum phase speed of linear gravity-capillary waves in deep water, is investigated through experiments and numerical simulations. This unsteady response state, which consists of a V-shaped pattern behind the source and features periodic shedding of pairs of depressions from the tips of the V, was first observed qualitatively by Diorio et al. (Phys. Rev. Let., 103, 214502, 2009) and called state III. In the present investigation, cinematic shadowgraph and refraction-based techniques are utilized to measure the temporal evolution of the free surface deformation pattern downstream of the source as it moves along a towing tank, while numerical simulations using the model equation proposed by Cho et al. (J. Fluid Mech., 672, 288-306, 2011) are used to extend the experimental results over longer times than are possible in the experiments. From the experiments, it is found that the speed-amplitude characteristics and the shape of the depressions are nearly the same as those of the freely propagating gravity-capillary lumps of inviscid potential theory. The decay rate of the depressions is measured from their height-time characteristics, which are well fitted by an exponential decay law with an order 1 decay constant. It is found that the shedding period of the depression pairs decreases with increasing source strength and speed. As the source speed approaches cmin, this period tends to about 1 s for all source magnitudes. At the low-speed boundary of state III, a new response with unsteady asymmetric shedding of depressions is found. This response is also predicted by the model equation.
Auditory Nerve Stochasticity Impedes Auditory Category Learning: Learning: a Computational Account of the Role of Cochlear Nucleus and Inferior Colliculus in Stabilising Auditory Nerve Firing

It is well known that auditory nerve (AN) fibers overcome bandwidth limitations through the “volley principle”, a form of multiplexing. What is less well known is that the volley principle introduces a degree of unpredictability into AN neural firing patterns which makes even simple stimulus categorization tasks difficult. We use a physiologically grounded, unsupervised spiking neural network model of the auditory brain with STDP learning to demonstrate that plastic auditory cortex is unable to learn even simple auditory object categories when exposed to the raw AN firing input without subcortical preprocessing. We then demonstrate the importance of non-plastic subcortical preprocessing within the cochlear nucleus (CN) and the inferior colliculus (IC) for stabilising and denoising AN responses. Such preprocessing enables the plastic auditory cortex to learn efficient robust representations of the auditory object categories. The biological realism of our model makes it suitable for generating neurophysiologically testable hypotheses.
Youth Exploring the Relationship between School Gardens, Food Literacy and Mental Well-Being Using Photovoice

The goal of the project was to gain an understanding of the secondary school youth experience with food literacy and school gardens on their mental well-being. Over the course of five months, sixteen youth participated in a photovoice research project in which they expressed their personal experiences about food and gardening through photography and writing. The aspects of secondary school youths’ life experiences affected by exposure to food literacy and school gardens and their impact upon their well-being were identified. These included emotions and feelings, having a safe place, nutrition and relaxation. The youth explicitly connected relaxation with the themes of love and connectedness, growing food, garden as a place, cooking, and food choices. This was linked to nature, beauty, environment and sustainability. Youth clubs or groups were also identified as a key enabler for connection. Youth shared their food literacy experiences, observing that their engagement improved some aspect of their mental well-being. They identified food literacy and gardens as being the most important to mental well-being including: connecting, personal health and personal growth. The youth recognized that connecting comes from having community, relationships and respect. Fostering opportunities for food literacy such as growing and preparing food contributes to resiliency.
Oh, for Lake Wobegon: Where School Choice Is Not Discussed.

Issues in the national school choice debate are examined in this paper. Proponents of school choice have included the last two Republican Presidents, the Education Commission of the States, and many state governors and business community leaders. Gallup polls conducted during 1989-91 indicate that school choice (among public schools) is a popular concept among parents. Opponents fear a lack of government commitment for funding, inequitable funding, and the creation of unequal schools. They also cite research findings indicating that parental choice is often based on parental convenience rather than on academic opportunities. An analysis of articles on choice in educational journals from 1982-91 ("Readers' Guide to Periodical Literature" and ERIC) shows the extent to which choice has become an issue within the educational community. The proliferation of journal coverage on choice raises the question of why the topic receives so much continued attention if there are so many problems. It is suggested that choice may only be a popular slogan with little impact on the delivery of education. It is recommended that options with greater chances of renewing the American educational system be discussed. Two figures are included. (Contains 19 references.) (LMI) ********************************************************************** Reproductions supplied by EDRS are the best that can be made from the original document. *********************************************************************** us olauminot Oi EMICATIOSI 010Ke. of M from administrators to teachers; from school board members to individual citizens, the topic of school choice has provided both hope and concern. The issues of choice have been around since the mid-fifties, when Milton Friedman suggested a plan for educational renewal, using a BEET COPY AVARIIIE 2
Modeling the Effect of Selection History on Pop-Out Visual Search

While attentional effects in visual selection tasks have traditionally been assigned “top-down” or “bottom-up” origins, more recently it has been proposed that there are three major factors affecting visual selection: (1) physical salience, (2) current goals and (3) selection history. Here, we look further into selection history by investigating Priming of Pop-out (POP) and the Distractor Preview Effect (DPE), two inter-trial effects that demonstrate the influence of recent history on visual search performance. Using the Ratcliff diffusion model, we model observed saccadic selections from an oddball search experiment that included a mix of both POP and DPE conditions. We find that the Ratcliff diffusion model can effectively model the manner in which selection history affects current attentional control in visual inter-trial effects. The model evidence shows that bias regarding the current trial's most likely target color is the most critical parameter underlying the effect of selection history. Our results are consistent with the view that the 3-item color-oddball task used for POP and DPE experiments is best understood as an attentional decision making task.
Theorie der Abel'schen Functionen.

----------------------------------------------------Nutzungsbedingungen DigiZeitschriften e.V. gewährt ein nicht exklusives, nicht übertragbares, persönliches und beschränktes Recht auf Nutzung dieses Dokuments. Dieses Dokument ist ausschließlich für den persönlichen, nicht kommerziellen Gebrauch bestimmt. Das Copyright bleibt bei den Herausgebern oder sonstigen Rechteinhabern. Als Nutzer sind Sie sind nicht dazu berechtigt, eine Lizenz zu übertragen, zu transferieren oder an Dritte weiter zu geben. Die Nutzung stellt keine Übertragung des Eigentumsrechts an diesem Dokument dar und gilt vorbehaltlich der folgenden Einschränkungen: Sie müssen auf sämtlichen Kopien dieses Dokuments alle Urheberrechtshinweise und sonstigen Hinweise auf gesetzlichen Schutz beibehalten; und Sie dürfen dieses Dokument nicht in irgend einer Weise abändern, noch dürfen Sie dieses Dokument für öffentliche oder kommerzielle Zwecke vervielfältigen, öffentlich ausstellen, aufführen, vertreiben oder anderweitig nutzen; es sei denn, es liegt Ihnen eine schriftliche Genehmigung von DigiZeitschriften e.V. und vom Herausgeber oder sonstigen Rechteinhaber vor. Mit dem Gebrauch von DigiZeitschriften e.V. und der Verwendung dieses Dokuments erkennen Sie die Nutzungsbedingungen an.
Practical Large Scale Classification with Additive Kernels

For classication problems with millions of training examples or dimensions, accuracy, training and testing speed and memory usage are the main concerns. Recent advances have allowed linear SVM to tackle problems with moderate time and space cost, but for many tasks in computer vision, additive kernels would have higher accuracies. In this paper, we propose the PmSVM-LUT algorithm that employs Look-Up Tables to boost the training and testing speed and save memory usage of additive kernel SVM classication, in order to meet the needs of large scale problems. The PmSVM-LUT algorithm is based on PmSVM (Wu, 2012), which employed polynomial approximation for the gradient function to speedup the dual coordinate descent method. We also analyze the polynomial approximation numerically to demonstrate its validity. Empirically, our algorithm is faster than PmSVM and feature mapping in many datasets with higher classication accuracies and can save up to 60% memory usage as well.
Working Paper Series on Impact Evaluation of Education Reforms El Salvador's Educo Program a First Report on Parents' Participation in School-based Management Poverty and Human Resources the World Bank ** the Evaluation Team Consists of Sandra

This paper is a product of the research project, " Impact Evaluation of Education Projects Involving Decentralization and Privatization " (RPO 679-18) being carried out under the guidance of Elizabeth King by the Development Economics Research Group of the World Bank. The paper was written by the National Research and Evaluation Division, Ministry of Education, El Salvador, in collaboration with the World Bank. The findings, interpretations, and conclusions are the authors' own and should not be attributed to the World Bank, its Board of Directors, or any of its member countries. Comments are welcome and should be sent directly to the author(s). For copies, please send request to Selina Khan at SKhan8@Worldbank.org ii SUMMARY In 1991, El Salvador's Ministry of Education created a new model of school-based management to serve preschool and primary school students in the most rural and remote areas of the country that had suffered disproportionately in the country's civil war. The aim of the Community Managed Schools Program, better known by its Spanish-language acronym, EDUCO, was to decentralize the management of public education by increasing parents' involvement in and responsibility for the running of these schools. The philosophy behind the EDUCO program is that local people can run the schools in their communities more efficiently and effectively than can a centralized bureaucracy. The driving force behind the EDUCO school strategy is the Community Education Association, an elected parents' group responsible for the administration of the school. This report is the first in a series of studies being carried out by the Ministry of Education's National Research and Evaluation Division in collaboration with the World Bank aimed at evaluating the impact of EDUCO and other education reform programs. This study focuses on parents' participation in school management and its effects on schooling outcomes, including achievement, attendance, and repetition and dropout rates, all of which will be explored in greater depth in subsequent analyses. For this first study which was authored by the Ministry of Education based on analyses conducted in conjunction with the World Bank, we compared EDUCO schools and traditional public schools in rural areas, which are the most similar to EDUCO schools in terms of size, location, and student population. In the case of both EDUCO and traditional rural public schools, we examined associations between school and family characteristics and the outcomes observed in the school and then developed some hypotheses about how parents' participation …
Influence of supplementary vitamins, minerals and essential fatty acids on the antisocial behaviour of young adult prisoners

Background There is evidence that offenders consume diets lacking in essential nutrients and this could adversely affect their behaviour. Aims To test empirically if physiologically adequate intakes of vitamins, minerals and essential fatty acids cause a reduction in antisocial behaviour. Method Experimental, double-blind, placebo-controlled, randomised trial of nutritional supplements on 231 young adult prisoners, comparing disciplinary offences before and during supplementation. Results Compared with placebos, those receiving the active capsules committed an average of 26.3% (95% CI 8.3-44.33%) fewer offences (P=0.03, two-tailed). Compared to baseline, the effect on those taking active supplements for a minimum of 2 weeks (n=172) was an average 35.1% (95% CI 16.3-53.9%) reduction of offences (P < 0.001, two-tailed), whereas placebos remained within standard error. Conclusions Antisocial behaviour in prisons, including violence, are reduced by vitamins, minerals and essential fatty acids with similar implications for those eating poor diets in the community.
Etiological Classification and Clinical Assessment of Children and Adolescents with Disorders of Sex Development

Objective: In 2006, the Lawson Wilkins Pediatric Endocrine Society (LWPES) and the European Society for Paediatric Endocrinology (ESPE) published a consensus statement on management of intersex disorders. The aim of our study was to determine the etiological distribution of disorders of sex development (DSD) according to the new DSD classification system and to evaluate the clinical features of DSDs in our patient cohort. Methods: We retrospectively reviewed the records of patients followed up during the past three years. The subjects were divided into three etiologic groups according to their karyotypes. The definite diagnosesin each subgroup were established by clinical and laboratory investigations including abdominopelvic imaging as well as basal and stimulated hormone measurements. Molecular genetic testing, except for CYP21A2 gene, could not be performed. Results: Out of a total of 95 patients, 26 had sex chromosome DSD, 45 had 46,XY DSD and 24 had 46,XX DSD. The most common causes of DSDs were Turner’s syndrome (TS), congenital adrenal hyperplasia (CAH) and androgen insensitivity syndrome (AIS). There was a wide variation in age of presentation ranging from 1 day to 17.5 years with a mean of 6.5±6.5 years. The most frequent complaints at presentation were ambiguous genitalia, isolated perineal hypospadias and short stature. Conclusion: The results of our study demonstrate that the new DSD classification system leads to a major change in the distribution of etiological diagnoses of DSDs, which is exemplified by the significant frequencies of TS and vanishing testes syndrome. This alteration expands the clinical spectrum and increases the mean age at diagnosis. However, the most common causes of ambiguous genitalia, such as CAH and AIS, remain unchanged. Further studies using molecular genetic analyses are needed to give a more precise distribution of etiologies of DSDs, especially in 46,XY patients. Conflict of interest:None declared.
Biofilm Forming Lactobacillus: New Challenges for the Development of Probiotics

Probiotics are live bacteria, generally administered in food, conferring beneficial effects to the host because they help to prevent or treat diseases, the majority of which are gastrointestinal. Numerous investigations have verified the beneficial effect of probiotic strains in biofilm form, including increased resistance to temperature, gastric pH and mechanical forces to that of their planktonic counterparts. In addition, the development of new encapsulation technologies, which have exploited the properties of biofilms in the creation of double coated capsules, has given origin to fourth generation probiotics. Up to now, reviews have focused on the detrimental effects of biofilms associated with pathogenic bacteria. Therefore, this work aims to amalgamate information describing the biofilms of Lactobacillus strains which are used as probiotics, particularly L. rhamnosus, L. plantarum, L. reuteri, and L. fermentum. Additionally, we have reviewed the development of probiotics using technology inspired by biofilms.
Decentralized Wireless Networks: Spread Spectrum Communications Revisited

This paper addresses a decentralized wireless networks of K separate transmitter-receiver pairs. Users treat each other as noise and there is no central controller to assign the resources to the users. Each user randomly spreads the symbols in its Gaussian codewords by the so-called signatures of spreading gain N. Any receiver is aware of the signatures of its affiliated transmitter, however, it is unaware of the signatures of other users. This makes the interference plus noise at each receiver be mixed Gaussian, and hence, there is no closed expression for the achievable rates of users. Invoking conditional entropy power inequality and a key upper bound on the differential entropy of a mixed Gaussian random vector, we develop a lower bound on the achievable rates of users. This lower bound has the same signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) scaling as that of the exact achievable rate. It is shown that the sum multiplexing gain (SMG) in the network can be made arbitrarily close to (K/N) for any finite values of K and N where K ≤ N. The effect of matched filtering is studied in the particular case where the signatures are constructed over a binary alphabet. It is established that the SMG of the network is larger than (1/2e) regardless of the value of K as long as N = 2 and the signatures are generated according to a proper nonuniform distribution. This paper is concluded by a section on signature design in the finite SNR regime. The main observation is that for any two different methods A and B of designing the signatures, if method A results in a larger achievable rate per user for sufficiently large SNR values, then construction B is likely to yield larger achievable rates for sufficiently small values of SNR. This behavior is attributed to the interplay between two critical factors, namely, the multiplexing gain per user and what we refer to as the interference entropy factor.
Network Traffic Anomaly Detection

This paper presents a tutorial for network anomaly detection, focusing on non-signature-based approaches. Network traffic anomalies are unusual and significant changes in the traffic of a network. Networks play an important role in today's social and economic infrastructures. The security of the network becomes crucial, and network traffic anomaly detection constitutes an important part of network security. In this paper, we present three major approaches to non-signature-based network detection: PCA-based, sketch-based, and signal-analysis-based. In addition, we introduce a framework that subsumes the three approaches and a scheme for network anomaly extraction. We believe network anomaly detection will become more important in the future because of the increasing importance of network security.
Multiple Entry Indexing and Double Indexing

Traditional indexing techniques are not well suited for complex data types such as spatial, spatio-temporal, and multimedia data types, where an instance is a composite of multiple components. In this paper we propose two indexing techniques that allow the parts of a composite object to be indexed separately, called multiple entry indexing and double indexing. We present the implementation of these approaches in the SECONDO extensible database system. The improvements in terms of performance of both approaches presented in this paper are shown in an experimental evaluation.
A Trust-Based Message Encryption Scheme for Mobile Ad Hoc Networks

The specific characteristics of Mobile Ad Hoc Networks (MANETs) make secure transmission important issues in its research. In this paper, we present a scheme using soft encryption combined with multipath routing to provide security of data transmission over MANETs. In the scheme, the messages are divided into different parts and encrypted by simple operations such as XOR function and bits rearrangement. Taking into account the trustworthiness of the nodes, the trust level assigned to a node involved in a path. Then the encrypted message parts are routed along different trustworthier multipath accordingly. The mechanism is capable of operating without the existence of an on-line certification authority or the complete knowledge of keys of network nodes. Hence, this approach can substantially reduce the computational overhead of using cryptographic method to encrypt entire message while security is ensured.
GENERALIZED CLASS [Cscr ] MARKOV CHAINS AND COMPUTATION OF CLOSED-FORM BOUNDING DISTRIBUTIONS

In this article we first give a characterization of a class of probability transition matrices having closed-form solutions for transient distributions and the steady-state distribution. We propose to apply the stochastic comparison approach to construct bounding chains belonging to this class. Therefore, bounding chains can be analyzed efficiently through closed-form solutions in order to provide bounds on the distributions of the considered Markov chain. We present algorithms to construct upper-bounding matrices in the sense of the ≤st and ≤icx order.