Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Disclosing Individual Genetic Results to Research Participants

Investigators and institutional review boards should integrate plans about the appropriate disclosure of individual genetic results when designing research studies. The ethical principles of beneficence, respect, reciprocity, and justice provide justification for routinely offering certain results to research participants. We propose a result-evaluation approach that assesses the expected information and the context of the study in order to decide whether results should be offered. According to this approach, the analytic validity and the clinical utility of a specific result determine whether it should be offered routinely. Different results may therefore require different decisions even within the same study. We argue that the threshold of clinical utility for disclosing a result in a research study should be lower than the threshold used for clinical use of the same result. The personal meaning of a result provides additional criteria for evaluation. Finally, the context of the study allows for a more nuanced analysis by addressing the investigators' capabilities for appropriate disclosure, participants' alternative access to the result, and their relationship with the investigators. This analysis shows that the same result may require different decisions in different contexts.
THEORIES OF REGULATORY IMPACT: THE ROLES OF THE REGULATOR, THE REGULATED, AND THE PUBLIC

Berry reviews the major theories for why legislative intent differs from regulatory output including: (1) theories of commission inadequacy, (2) group theories of political science, and (3) group theories of regulation offered by economists. He reviews the salient literature in each type and concludes that none alone incorporates a sufficient explanation for the wide range of regulatory outcomes. Such an explanation, he maintains, requires an analysis of all three actors, and of the variation in the incentives, resources, and goals of each. Copyright 1982 by The Policy Studies Organization.
Developmentally regulated expression of metastasis-associated antigens in the rat.

The specificity of monoclonal antibodies (mABs) obtained after immunization with a metastasizing rat tumor line was evaluated by screening expression in a variety of nonmetastasizing and metastasizing rat tumor lines. mABs, which by immunohistology and Western blotting recognized metastasizing lines, were used to define the physiological expression of the corresponding antigens during ontogeny as well as in adult rats. From a panel of 12 mABs, 2 recognized structures on metastasizing and nonmetastasizing tumor lines, while 10 stained exclusively metastasizing lines. Five of the latter bound to tumor lines metastasizing either hematogenously or via the lymphatic system. All five recognized an epitope on CD44 variant exon v6. The five remaining mABs, recognizing four independent antigenic entities, only stained tumor lines metastasizing via the lymphatics. Surprisingly, these antigens were also detected in normal tissues: three on epithelial cells either widespread or of the upper gastrointestinal tract or the urogenital system, the fourth preferentially on epithelial cells, but also on nerves and hematopoietic precursor cells, and the fifth on many tissues and cells with a predominance of mesenchyme-derived structures. Notably, during ontogeny, expression on these five antigens was induced in different compartments of the developing fetal and/or maternal part of the placenta. The five newly described metastasis-associated antigens share with CD44v the absence of expression on nonmetastasizing tumor lines as well as expression on distinct, nontransformed cells and induction of expression during ontogeny. Thus, tumor progression may rather be initiated by inappropriate expression or up-regulation of genes, which do not display transforming features, than by de novo appearance of "metastasis genes. " Accordingly, metastasizing tumor lines may be a valuable tool to identify developmentally regulated gene products.
Overtime work and its effects on sleep, sleepiness, cortisol and blood pressure in an experimental field study.

OBJECTIVES Previous studies of long workhours and their effects on stress, sleep, and health show inconclusive results. This inconclusiveness may be partly due to methodological problems such as the use of between-group designs or comparisons before and after reorganizations. In addition, stress is usually a confounder. A within-person design was used to examine the effects of working 8- or 12-hour shifts in the absence of additional stress. METHODS In an experimental field study, 16 white-collar workers [9 women, mean age 45.9 (SD 15) years] undertook one workweek with normal workhours (8 hours) and 1 week of overtime with 4 extra hours of regular worktasks (12 hours). The participants wore actigraphs, rated sleepiness (Karolinska Sleepiness Scale) and stress throughout the day, and rated workload and how exhausted they felt. Saliva samples were collected on Mondays and Thursdays for cortisol analysis. On these days, ambulatory heart rate and blood pressure were also measured for 24 hours. RESULTS Overtime was associated with higher levels of exhaustion. Sleepiness showed a significant interaction between conditions, with higher levels at the end of the workweek featuring overtime. Total sleep time was shorter in the overtime week. There were no significant differences between ratings of stress and workload. Cortisol showed a circadian variation but no main effect of condition. CONCLUSIONS One week of overtime work with a moderate workload produced no main effects on physiological stress markers. Nevertheless, sleep was negatively affected, with shorter sleeps during overtime work and greater problems with fatigue and sleepiness.
The DNA repair endonuclease XPG interacts directly and functionally with the WRN helicase defective in Werner syndrome

XPG is a structure-specific endonuclease required for nucleotide excision repair (NER). XPG incision defects result in the cancer-prone syndrome xeroderma pigmentosum, whereas truncating mutations of XPG cause the severe postnatal progeroid developmental disorder Cockayne syndrome. We show that XPG interacts directly with WRN protein, which is defective in the premature aging disorder Werner syndrome, and that the two proteins undergo similar subnuclear redistribution in S phase and colocalize in nuclear foci. The co-localization was observed in mid- to late S phase, when WRN moves from nucleoli to nuclear foci that have been shown to contain both protein markers of stalled replication forks and telomeric proteins. We mapped the interaction between XPG and WRN to the C-terminal domains of each, and show that interaction with the C-terminal domain of XPG strongly stimulates WRN helicase activity. WRN also possesses a competing DNA single-strand annealing activity that, combined with unwinding, has been shown to coordinate regression of model replication forks to form Holliday junction/chicken foot intermediate structures. We tested whether XPG stimulated WRN annealing activity, and found that XPG itself has intrinsic strand annealing activity that requires the unstructured R- and C-terminal domains but not the conserved catalytic core or endonuclease activity. Annealing by XPG is cooperative, rather than additive, with WRN annealing. Taken together, our results suggest a novel function for XPG in S phase that is, at least in part, performed coordinately with WRN, and which may contribute to the severity of the phenotypes that occur upon loss of XPG.
High-fat diet induced obesity primes inflammation in adipose tissue prior to liver in C57BL/6j mice

Metabolic inflammation in adipose tissue and the liver is frequently observed as a result of diet-induced obesity in human and rodent studies. Although the adipose tissue and the liver are both prone to become chronically inflamed with prolonged obesity, their individual contribution to the development of metabolic inflammation remains speculative. Thus, we aimed to elucidate the sequence of inflammatory events in adipose and hepatic tissues to determine their contribution to the development of metabolic inflammation and insulin resistance (IR) in diet-induced obesity. To confirm our hypothesis that adipose tissue (AT) inflammation is initiated prior to hepatic inflammation, C57BL/6J male mice were fed a low-fat diet (LFD; 10% kcal fat) or high-fat diet (HFD; 45% kcal fat) for either 24, 40 or 52 weeks. Lipid accumulation and inflammation was measured in AT and liver. Glucose tolerance was assessed and plasma levels of glucose, insulin, leptin and adiponectin were measured at various time points throughout the study. With HFD, C57BL/6j mice developed a progressive obese phenotype, accompanied by IR at 24 and 40 weeks of HFD, but IR was attenuated after 52 weeks of HFD. AT inflammation was present after 24 weeks of HFD, as indicated by the increased presence of crown-like structures and up-regulation of pro-inflammatory genes Tnf, Il1β, Mcp1 and F4/80. As hepatic inflammation was not detected until 40 weeks of HFD, we show that AT inflammation is established prior to the development of hepatic inflammation. Thus, AT inflammation is likely to have a greater contribution to the development of IR compared to hepatic inflammation.
Inter-Temporal Decompositions of Labour Market and Social Outcomes

This paper compares the Wellington (1993) and Smith and Welch (1989) decompositions of changes in labour market outcomes over time. The two examples considered are differences by gender in educational attainment and the gender wage differential. The results suggest that even though the procedure developed by Wellington (1993) has been favoured in recent research, the Smith and Welch decomposition is a more informative approach.
The Wage Curve Reloaded

This paper provides evidence for the existence of a wage curve -- a micro-econometric association between the level of pay and the local unemployment rate -- in modern U.S. data. Consistent with recent evidence from more than 40 other countries, the wage curve in the United States has a long-run elasticity of approximately -0.1. In line with the paper's theoretical framework: (i) wages are higher in states with more generous unemployment benefits, (ii) the perceived probability of job-finding is lower in states with higher unemployment, and (iii) employees are less happy in states that have higher unemployment. We conclude that it is reasonable to view the wage curve as an empirical law of economics.
Pricing and Mispricing Effects of SFAS 131

We investigate the effects of the introduction of Statement of Financial Accounting Standards No. 131 (SFAS 131) on the market's valuation of foreign earnings. Thomas (1999) documents that investors discount the value of foreign earnings for US multinational companies. He conjectures but does not test the possibility that this finding is due to poor disclosure related to foreign operations. We find strong evidence that the introduction of the standard is positively associated with the pricing of foreign earnings. In addition, we use both the Mishkin (1983) test and a zero-investment hedge portfolio test and find that investors' mispricing of foreign earnings lessens (and in fact disappears) after SFAS 131. This study is one of the first attempts to show that improved disclosure reduces mispricing. Copyright (c) 2008 The Authors Journal compilation (c) 2008 Blackwell Publishing Ltd.
How Problems of Organisational Growth in Firms Affect Industry Entry and Exit

Many newly emerging industries show similar patterns of development regarding entry and exit dynamics. This paper argues that several features of exit and new entry into industries through diversification and spinoff formation can be related to problems arising within firms when their organizations grow during the industry? s life cycle. Drawing on earlier work, the growth-induced learning and coordination problems of the firms are outlined and their impact at the industry level is discussed. JEL Classification: L25, L59, O31.
Cognitive correlates of pragmatic language comprehension in adult traumatic brain injury: A systematic review and meta-analyses

ABSTRACT Effective pragmatic comprehension of language is critical for successful communication and interaction, but this ability is routinely impaired following Traumatic Brain Injury (TBI) (1,2). Individual studies have investigated the cognitive domains associated with impaired pragmatic comprehension, but there remains little understanding of the relative importance of these domains in contributing to pragmatic comprehension impairment following TBI. This paper presents a systematic meta-analytic review of the observed correlations between pragmatic comprehension and cognitive processes following TBI. Five meta-analyses were computed, which quantified the relationship between pragmatic comprehension and five key cognitive constructs (declarative memory; working memory; attention; executive functions; social cognition). Significant moderate-to-strong correlations were found between all cognitive measures and pragmatic comprehension, where declarative memory was the strongest correlate. Thus, our findings indicate that pragmatic comprehension in TBI is associated with an array of domain general cognitive processes, and as such deficits in these cognitive domains may underlie pragmatic comprehension difficulties following TBI. The clinical implications of these findings are discussed.
A study of U.S. and China's volatility spillover effects on Hong Kong and Taiwan

Many international investors have taken interest in the Hong Kong, Taiwan, and China stock markets for diversification to explore higher returns owing to their rapid economic growth and increased link with international capital markets over the past decades. As correlation is primary component for asset risk managing, asset pricing and portfolio allocating, which are concerns for investors, it is crucial to clarify the co-movement of these stock markets. The aim of this paper was to compare the effect of volatility of China and U.S. stock market respectively on the Taiwan and Hong Kong. Both vector autoregressive (VAR) and multivariate generalized autoregressive conditional heteroskedastic (MGARCH) model were employed for two separated sub-periods: 1996-2005 and 2006-2009. Results indicated that while China’s rapid economic growth and its integration with Taiwan and Hong Kong, its stock market was considerably independent and its co-moments with other (international) markets were still not significant. It’s useful information for investors that China stock market, with low co-moments with others, would be a good risk diversified investment and that U.S. stock market, with high co-moments with others, would be a good pricing indicator. Key words: Stock market, volatility, spillover, VAR, MGARCH.
Is the Special Purpose Vehicles Act Responsible for the Decline in NPL Ratios

Normal 0 false false false MicrosoftInternetExplorer4 This study aimed to determine if the SPV Act was actually responsible for the marked decline in NPL ratios this past four years. Using aggregated data for the entire Philippine Banking System, segregated according to type of bank, results suggest that the SPV Act was not responsible for the decline in the NPL ratios but may be attributed to a downward trend in the loan to asset ratio where values are getting closer to the interval for which NPL ratios are at a minimum, economic sluggishness as measured by deviations from the long run trend of macroeconomic variables, and seasonal patterns in macroeconomic variables coinciding with fluctuations in NPL ratios.
Uncertainty and switching in the mortgage market

We examine when it might be optimal for borrowers to switch providers of debt products such as their mortgage, allowing in particular for the role of uncertainty by constructing a stylized real options model of the decision problem involved. We illustrate with numerical examples, and then calibrate the model for the UK mortgage market for the period October 1998 to March 2005; significant magnitudes of trigger levels can arise even when standard switching costs are zero, providing an additional, risk-related explanation to the inertia commonly observed in borrowers' product choices.
The Effect of Nomination Divisiveness on the 2008 Presidential Election

Abstract This research examines the effect of disgruntlement among primary and caucus voters who supported U.S. presidential nomination losers—a potentially divisive nomination process. I analyze the general election voting behavior of primary and caucus voters in the 2008 presidential election to determine if differences exist between supporters of the winning nominee in each party and backers of other candidates who also sought the nomination. A multivariate analysis of the determinants of “loyal party vote” suggests that Clinton and Edwards supporters showed a significantly higher degree of defection in the general election, although this behavior did not occur among people who voted for Romney or Huckabee in their state's primary or caucus.
Stealing TimeThe Temporal Regulation of Labor in Neoliberal and Post-Fordist Work Regime

The construction, commodification, and regulation of time in workplaces should be seen as a political economic process. This article examines the emergence of "time theft" as it arose in a neoliberal ideological climate. The rise of time theft as a new type of crime against capital is contextualized within organizational changes that demarcate neoliberal economies, namely the emphasis on decentralized, post-Fordist, outsourced, and increasingly competitive labor-market conditions. This paper begins by examining the theoretical elements of time theft and moves on to draw from empirical evidence gathered from a case study of an outsourced, non-unionized call center in Ontario, Canada, and explores how workers' time is regulated by management using advanced information and communication technologies. It concludes that despite the gains made by individualized acts of resistance and informal collective resistance by employees in call centers which make the working environment somewhat tolerable, collective resistance through unionization is central to make far-reaching changes in the sector.
Designing a personal information visualization tool

Interacting with computers has become part of our daily lives. This interaction results in large amounts of personal information, spread throughout places and applications. As a consequence, it is quite difficult to get an overall view of all our information or to find a specific item we are looking for. A meaningful visualization technique may be the solution to this problem. We present VisMe, an interactive visualization tool that allows users to explore personal information. It integrates and uniformly displays relevant concepts in interconnected timelines. Each of these items (people, subjects and documents) can be progressively explored, creating new timelines, where several avenues can be simultaneously explored in context. VisMe allows relations between concepts to be explored in a straightforward way. By providing the means to interactively find relations between different kinds of information in order to retrieve personally relevant data, VisMe gives users insight into their digital selves that current tools have a hard time providing.
Glucose metabolism in patients with schizophrenia treated with atypical antipsychotic agents: a frequently sampled intravenous glucose tolerance test and minimal model analysis.

BACKGROUND While the incidence of new-onset diabetes mellitus may be increasing in patients with schizophrenia treated with certain atypical antipsychotic agents, it remains unclear whether atypical agents are directly affecting glucose metabolism or simply increasing known risk factors for diabetes. OBJECTIVE To study the 2 drugs most clearly implicated (clozapine and olanzapine) and risperidone using a frequently sampled intravenous glucose tolerance test. DESIGN A cross-sectional design in stable, treated patients with schizophrenia evaluated using a frequently sampled intravenous glucose tolerance test and the Bergman minimal model analysis. SETTING Subjects were recruited from an urban community mental health clinic and were studied at a general clinical research center. Patients Fifty subjects signed informed consent and 41 underwent the frequently sampled intravenous glucose tolerance test. Thirty-six nonobese subjects with schizophrenia or schizoaffective disorder, matched by body mass index and treated with either clozapine, olanzapine, or risperidone, were included in the analysis. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Fasting plasma glucose and fasting serum insulin levels, insulin sensitivity index, homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance, and glucose effectiveness. RESULTS The mean +/- SD duration of treatment with the identified atypical antipsychotic agent was 68.3 +/- 28.9 months (clozapine), 29.5 +/- 17.5 months (olanzapine), and 40.9 +/- 33.7 (risperidone). Fasting serum insulin concentrations differed among groups (F(33) = 3.35; P = . 047) (clozapine>olanzapine>risperidone) with significant differences between clozapine and risperidone (t(33) = 2.32; P = . 03) and olanzapine and risperidone (t(33) = 2.15; P = . 04). There was a significant difference in insulin sensitivity index among groups (F(33) = 10.66; P<. 001) (clozapine<olanzapine<risperidone), with subjects who received clozapine and olanzapine exhibiting significant insulin resistance compared with subjects who were treated with risperidone (clozapine vs risperidone, t(33) = -4.29; P<. 001; olanzapine vs risperidone, t(33) = -3.62; P = . 001 [P<. 001]). The homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance also differed significantly among groups (F(33) = 4.92; P = . 01) (clozapine>olanzapine>risperidone) (clozapine vs risperidone, t(33) = 2.94; P = . 006; olanzapine vs risperidone, t(33) = 2.42; P = . 02). There was a significant difference among groups in glucose effectiveness (F(30) = 4.18; P = . 02) (clozapine<olanzapine<risperidone) with significant differences between clozapine and risperidone (t(30) = -2.59; P = . 02) and olanzapine and risperidone (t(30) = -2.34, P = . 03). CONCLUSIONS Both nonobese clozapine- and olanzapine-treated groups displayed significant insulin resistance and impairment of glucose effectiveness compared with risperidone-treated subjects. Patients taking clozapine and olanzapine must be examined for insulin resistance and its consequences.
Things Unions Do, Job Attributes, and Union Membership

Implications of the governance and rent-seeking models of unionism for the job characteristics-union membership relationship are developed. Specific training and membership are found to be positively related, consistent with arguments that specific training governance. Membership is less likely on jobs requiring more general education—where incumbents typically see greater returns to individual mobility. Some support is found for job characteristics associated with efficiency gains to a collectivized employment relationship.