Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of subcutaneous naltrexone pellets in the rat.

Subcutaneous implantation of naltrexone pellets is a standard method of producing chronic blockade of opioid receptors. In the present experiments, rats were treated with two, 30-mg naltrexone pellets and the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics examined. This dosing method produced high plasma naltrexone levels (350 ng/ml) by 1 hr which declined over an implant period of 192 hr (24 ng/ml). Approximately 40% of the systemically available naltrexone (15.6 mg) was released in the first 24 hr. A total of 39.8 mg was released over the 192-hr implantation period. At 192 hr after implantation, naltrexone produced a greater than 50-fold shift to the right in the dose-response curve for morphine analgesia relative to placebo-implanted controls. When naltrexone pellets were removed at 192 hr after implantation, morphine analgesia (10 mg/kg) returned with a time course that was inversely related to the elimination of naltrexone. Pharmacokinetic analysis indicated that naltrexone has a terminal elimination half-life of 4.6 hr. Probit analysis revealed a linear plasma level-response relationship for naltrexone antagonism of morphine analgesia with a plasma ED50 of 2.1 ng/ml when plasma morphine levels average 1126 ng/ml. In the rat, s.c. naltrexone pellets are a dosage form that provides a rapid release of systemic drug. The systemic availability of naltrexone continues for at least 192 hr after implantation. The high potency of naltrexone permits continued antagonism of morphine even when the systemic availability of naltrexone from the pellets has greatly diminished.
Frontiers in Aging Neuroscience Aging Neuroscience Hypothesis and Theory Article

anatomically based largely in the hippocampus; and, (2) working memory/executive function, which is anatomically based in the prefrontal cortex (see Burke and Barnes, 2006). A complete description of the neurobiological substrates of these age-related memory defi cits have yet to be elucidated, but at least in the case of the hippocampus, certainly include aberrant changes in gene transcription that ultimately affect the ability of the aged brain to learn and remember (e.g. Blalock et al., 2003; Small et al., 2004; Rowe et al., 2007). Indeed, it has been well-established that memory and synaptic plasticity processes in the cognitively healthy adult require transcription of immediate-early genes (IEGs), including Arc (activity-regulated cytoskeletal gene), zif268 (also known as nerve growth factor inducible-A), and bdnf (brain-derived neu-rotrophic factor) (Guzowski et al. The molecular mechanisms driving these changes in gene transcription are not currently known, but recent work points to a potential novel mechanism, dysregulation of epigenetic mechanisms. Waddington (1957) was the fi rst to use the term epigenetics to describe a mechanism or mechanisms that are 'on top of ' or
DNA Barcoding in the Cycadales: Testing the Potential of Proposed Barcoding Markers for Species Identification of Cycads

Barcodes are short segments of DNA that can be used to uniquely identify an unknown specimen to species, particularly when diagnostic morphological features are absent. These sequences could offer a new forensic tool in plant and animal conservation—especially for endangered species such as members of the Cycadales. Ideally, barcodes could be used to positively identify illegally obtained material even in cases where diagnostic features have been purposefully removed or to release confiscated organisms into the proper breeding population. In order to be useful, a DNA barcode sequence must not only easily PCR amplify with universal or near-universal reaction conditions and primers, but also contain enough variation to generate unique identifiers at either the species or population levels. Chloroplast regions suggested by the Plant Working Group of the Consortium for the Barcode of Life (CBoL), and two alternatives, the chloroplast psbA-trnH intergenic spacer and the nuclear ribosomal internal transcribed spacer (nrITS), were tested for their utility in generating unique identifiers for members of the Cycadales. Ease of amplification and sequence generation with universal primers and reaction conditions was determined for each of the seven proposed markers. While none of the proposed markers provided unique identifiers for all species tested, nrITS showed the most promise in terms of variability, although sequencing difficulties remain a drawback. We suggest a workflow for DNA barcoding, including database generation and management, which will ultimately be necessary if we are to succeed in establishing a universal DNA barcode for plants.
Security-Constrained Optimal Power Flow with Post-Contingency Corrective Rescheduling

This paper describes a mathematical framework for the solution of the economic dispatch problem with security constraints, which can take into account the system corrective capabilities after the outage has occurred. The solution algorithm is based on mathematical programming decomposition techniques that allow the iterative solution of a "base-case" economic dispatch and separate contingency analysis with generation rescheduling to eliminate constraint violations. The resulting dispatch has the same security level as the usual security-constrained dispatch, but with lower operating costs. Case studies with the IEEE 118-bus are presented. The extension of the methodology to the probabilistic case will be discussed in a forthcoming paper.
Using STEM to Probe the in-situ Dynamics of Multimetallic Nanoparticles Grown in Polymer Nanoreactors

Although there has been much progress, the dynamics of nanoparticle (NP) growth in liquids and the nature of liquid-particle interactions during the growth process are poorly understood. This is especially true when studying the evolution of multimetallic NPs in liquid environments or polymer matrices [1]. The growth trajectory of NPs and several inter-particle dynamic phenomena, such as Ostwald ripening, migration-coalescence, and oriented attachment, have been observed using liquid-cell in-situ (scanning) transmission electron microscopy [(S)TEM] techniques [2,3]. Evaporation or decomposition of a dispersant thin film on a surface can drive NPs either to self-assemble into 2D monolayers and complicated nanopatterns, or to coarsen and form islands and thin solid films. This evaporation-driven material deposition is often spatially nonuniform at the nanometer scale [4]. The formation process and kinetics of such nonuniformity at the nanoscale have been difficult to directly monitor, since imaging such interactions by in-situ electron microscopy often suffers from the low contrast and fast evaporation of most liquids. Polymer nanoreactors made by Dip-Pen Nanolithography (DPN) have been proven to be a powerful emerging approach to control the formation of multimetallic NPs by thermally driven growth and coarsening [5]. Due to the high decomposition temperature, polymer nanoreactors have also provided a relatively stable fluidic environment to study NP dynamics using STEM [6] (Figure 1A). Herein, we report a study focused on the growth of Au-Pt NPs and their coarsening kinetics driven by polymer decomposition. The process is followed by in-situ STEM on thin sections of polymer nanoreactors, which are patterned on electron-transparent amorphous carbon films.
Practical implementation of compressive sensing to UWB signals

Compressive sensing (CS) is proposed by many researchers as a solution to the formidable sampling requirements of the promising Ultra wideband technology (UWB). Previous research was evaluated by simulating the IEEE UWB channel model. This paper studies the behavior of compressive sensing for practical UWB signals and proposes approaches to enhance the signal reconstruction performance. Four practically-based dictionaries are proposed to increase the sparsity of the realistic UWB signals. Those dictionaries accounts for the practical effects of the channel like pulse dispersion and the unavoidable effects of the antenna directivity. Both measured data and a more practical directional model are used for evaluation. It is shown that CS based on the new dictionaries is able to reconstruct the practical UWB signals more efficiently with reasonable complexity.
Obstacle classification and location by using a mobile omnidirectional camera based on tracked floor boundary points

Locating all obstacles around a moving robot and classifying them as stable obstacles or not by a sensor such as an omnidirectional camera are essential for the robot's smooth movement and avoiding problems in calibrating many cameras. However, there are few works on locating and classifying all obstacles around a robot while it is moving by only one omnidirectional camera. In order to locate obstacles, we regard floor boundary points where robots can measure the distance from the robot by one omnidirectional camera as obstacles. Tracking them, we can classify obstacles by comparing the movement of each tracked point with odometry data. Moreover, our method changes a threshold to detect the points based on the result of comparing in order to enhance classification. The classification ratio of our method is 85.0%, which is four times higher than that of a method without changing a parameter to detect the points.
A Review of Events That Expose Children to Elemental Mercury in the United States

Objective Concern for children exposed to elemental mercury prompted the Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry and the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention to review the sources of elemental mercury exposures in children, describe the location and proportion of children affected, and make recommendations on how to prevent these exposures. In this review, we excluded mercury exposures from coal-burning facilities, dental amalgams, fish consumption, medical waste incinerators, or thimerosal-containing vaccines. Data sources We reviewed federal, state, and regional programs with information on mercury releases along with published reports of children exposed to elemental mercury in the United States. We selected all mercury-related events that were documented to expose (or potentially expose) children. We then explored event characteristics (i.e., the exposure source, location). Data synthesis Primary exposure locations were at home, at school, and at other locations such as industrial property not adequately remediated or medical facilities. Exposure to small spills from broken thermometers was the most common scenario; however, reports of such exposures are declining. Discussion and conclusions Childhood exposures to elemental mercury often result from inappropriate handling or cleanup of spilled mercury. The information reviewed suggests that most releases do not lead to demonstrable harm if the exposure period is short and the mercury is properly cleaned up. Recommendations Primary prevention should include health education and policy initiatives. For larger spills, better coordination among existing surveillance systems would assist in understanding the risk factors and in developing effective prevention efforts.
THE MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF AMORPHOUS SILICON CARBIDE FILMS DEPOSITED BY PECVD AND RF SPUTTERING FOR APPLICATION AS A STRUCTURAL LAYER IN MICROBRIDGE-BASED RF MEMS

10 Chapter 1: Introduction.11 Chapter 2: Mechanical Property Characterization of Amorphous Silicon Carbide.19 Chapter 3: Development and Analysis of PECVD Silicon Carbide Thin Films.40 Chapter 4: Development and Analysis of Sputtered Silicon Carbide Thin Films.81 Chapter 5: Conclusion.110 Bibliography.112
Improving selection performance on pen-based systems: a study of pen-based interaction for selection tasks

Two experiments were conducted to compare pen-based selection strategies and their characteristics. Two state transition models were also formulated which provide new vocabulary that will help in investigating interactions related to target selection issues. Six strategies, which can be described by the state transition models, were used in the experiments. We determined the best strategy of the six to be the “Slide Touch” strategy, where the target is selected at the moment the pen-tip touches the target for the first time after landing on the screen surface. The six strategies were also classified into strategy groups according to their characteristics. We determined the best strategy group to be the “In-Out” strategy group, where the target is selected by contact either inside or outside the target. Analyses show that differences between strategies are influenced by variations in target size; however, the differences between strategies are not affected by the distance to the target (i.e., pen-movement-distance) or the direction of pen movement (i.e., pen-movement-direction). We also found “the smallest maximum size” of five pixels, i.e., the boundary value for the target size below which there are significant differences, and above which there are no significant differences between the strategies in error rate. Relationships between interaction states, routes, and strategy efficiency were also investigated.
The Prognostic Impact of CD163-Positive Macrophages in Follicular Lymphoma: A Study from the BC Cancer Agency and the Lymphoma Study Association

Purpose: We aimed to assess the prognostic significance of follicular lymphoma–associated macrophages in the era of rituximab treatment and maintenance. Experimental Design: We applied immunohistochemistry for CD68 and CD163 to two large tissue microarrays (TMA). The first TMA included samples from 186 patients from the BC Cancer Agency (BCCA) who had been treated with first-line systemic treatment including rituximab, cyclophosphamide, vincristine, and prednisone. The second contained 395 samples from PRIMA trial patients treated with rituximab, cyclophosphamide, doxorubicin, vincristine, and prednisone, and randomized to rituximab maintenance or observation. Macrophage infiltration was assessed using Aperio image analysis. Each of the two cohorts was randomly split into training/validation sets. Results: An increased CD163-positive pixel count was predictive of adverse outcome in the BCCA dataset [5-year progression-free survival (PFS) 38% vs. 72%, respectively, P = 0.004 in the training cohort and 5-year PFS 29% vs. 61%, respectively, P = 0.004 in the validation cohort]. In the PRIMA trial, an increased CD163 pixel count was associated with favorable outcome (5-year PFS 60% vs. 44%, respectively, P = 0.011 in the training cohort and 5-year PFS 55% vs. 37%, respectively, P = 0.030 in the validation cohort). Conclusions: CD163-positive macrophages predict outcome in follicular lymphoma, but their prognostic impact is highly dependent on treatment received. Clin Cancer Res; 21(15); 3428–35. ©2015 AACR.
Transfer of the extensor indicis proprius branch of posterior interosseous nerve to reconstruct ulnar nerve and median nerve injured proximally: an anatomical study

Proximal or middle lesions of the ulnar or median nerves are responsible for extensive loss of hand motor function. This occurs even when the most meticulous microsurgical techniques or nerve grafts are used. Previous studies had proposed that nerve transfer was more effective than nerve grafting for nerve repair. Our hypothesis is that transfer of the posterior interosseous nerve, which contains mainly motor fibers, to the ulnar or median nerve can innervate the intrinsic muscles of hands. The present study sought to investigate the feasibility of reconstruction of the deep branch of the ulnar nerve and the thenar branch of median nerve by transferring the extensor indicis proprius branch of the posterior interosseous nerve obtained from adult cadavers. The results suggested that the extensor indicis proprius branch of the posterior interosseous nerve had approximately similar diameters and number of fascicles and myelinated nerve fibers to those of the deep branch of ulnar nerve and the thenar branch of the median nerve. These confirm the feasibility of extensor indicis proprius branch of posterior interosseous nerve transfer for reconstruction of the deep branch of the ulnar nerve and the thenar branch of median nerve. This procedure could be a novel and effective method for the functional recovery of the intrinsic muscles of hands after ulnar nerve or median nerve injury.
A BoW-equivalent Recurrent Neural Network for Action Recognition

Bag-of-words (BoW) models are widely used in the field of computer vision. A BoW model consists of a visual vocabulary that is generated by unsupervised clustering the features of the training data, e.g., by using kMeans. The clustering methods, however, struggle with large amounts of data, in particular, in the context of action recognition. In this paper, we propose a transformation of the standard BoW model into a neural network, enabling discriminative training of the visual vocabulary on large action recognition datasets. We show that our model is equivalent to the original BoW model but allows for the application of supervised neural network training. Our model outperforms the conventional BoW model and sparse coding methods on recent action recognition benchmarks.
A Robust Phase-Coordinates Frequency Dependent Underground Cable Model (Zcable) for the EMTP

A major difficulty in multiphase cable modeling with traditional electromagnetic transient program like the EMTP is the synthesis of the frequency-dependent transformation matrix that relates modal and phase domain variables. This paper presents a new model (zCable) to represent the frequency-dependence of cable parameters directly in phase coordinates, thus avoiding the problems related to frequency-dependent transformation matrices. The cable model is split into two parts: a constant ideal line section and a frequency-dependent loss section. A pi-correction is proposed to solve the problem of different traveling times in the ideal line section. The main advantage of the proposed model as compared to existing frequency-dependent transformation matrix models is the model's absolute numerical stability for strongly asymmetrical cable configurations and for arbitrary fault conditions. The model parameters are easy to obtain with robust algorithms, and the model can be efficiently implemented in the context of a real-time PC-cluster simulator.
Effect of Plasticizers and Water on Properties of HCFA Geopolymers

In this study, different types of plasticizers were used to investigate their effects on the fresh and hardened properties of high calcium fly ash geopolymers (HCFA). Modified polycarboxylate polymers (G3) and lignin-based polymers (G1) were used as plasticizing admixtures and the results were compared to the effect of tap water addition. The results showed that all the admixtures used are effective in increasing the workability of the HCFA geopolymers mixtures and the workability increased by 25-48% compared to the control mixtures. However, the use of G3 has adversely affected the strength by a reduction of 20%. While the use of G1 reduced the final setting time by 7% which is critical in the case of HCFA geopolymers where the final setting time occurs within 70 minutes. Water can be considered as the best admixture in terms of cost, setting time, and effect on compressive strength and it can be used where medium workability enhancement is required.
Deferred Interpretations: Why Starting Dickens is Taxing but Reading Dickens Isn't

Comprehenders often need to go beyond conventional word senses to obtain an appropriate interpretation of an expression. We report an experiment examining the processing of standard metonymies (The gentleman read Dickens) and logical metonymies (The gentleman began Dickens), contrasting both to the processing of control expressions with a conventional interpretation (The gentleman met Dickens). Eye movement measures during reading indicated that standard (producer-for-product) metonymies were not more costly to interpret than conventional expressions, but logical metonymies were more costly to interpret than both standard metonymies and conventional expressions. These results indicate that constructing alternative senses is sometimes taxing and that not all types of deferred interpretations are processed in the same way. The results suggest that a critical factor in determining the attendant cost of constructing alternative senses is whether compositional operations must generate unexpressed semantic structure to realize an extended sense of an expression.
A test of camera noise models

Models of the sensor noise added in the picture capture process are important components of sensor models for vision systems. Most studies assume that the noise can be described by an additive, independent, identically distributed Gaussian model. This paper presents a test of this hypothesis. It gives the results of applying the test to two camera and A/D converter setups. For both of these, the additive, independent, identically distributed Gaussian model was found to be unacceptable. Results are also presented from an analysis of the experimental data aimed at determining why this is so. After giving the details of the test, the results from applying the test to two systems are presented. Because the hypothesized model was so soundly rejected by the test in both cases, this section contains further discussion to highlight why the model is not acceptable. The paper is concluded with a summary.
Paper-Based Augmented Reality

A new method for augmenting paper documents with electronic information is described that does not modify the format of the paper document in any way. Applicable to both commercially printed documents as well as documents that are output from PC's, the technique we call paper-based augmented reality substantially improves the utility of paper. We describe the recognition technology that makes this possible as well as several applications. An implementation on a camera phone is discussed that lets users retrieve data and access links from paper documents to electronic data. Recognition is performed at 4 frames per second on a Treo 700 w and support is provided for several user applications, including "clickable paper" - printed Web pages whose appearance is unchanged but that can be navigated with a camera phone.
Adaptive contourlet-wavelet iterative shrinkage/thresholding for remote sensing image restoration

In this paper, we present an adaptive two-step contourlet-wavelet iterative shrinkage/thresholding (TcwIST) algorithm for remote sensing image restoration. This algorithm can be used to deal with various linear inverse problems (LIPs), including image deconvolution and reconstruction. This algorithm is a new version of the famous two-step iterative shrinkage/thresholding (TwIST) algorithm. First, we use the split Bregman Rudin-Osher-Fatemi (ROF) model, based on a sparse dictionary, to decompose the image into cartoon and texture parts, which are represented by wavelet and contourlet, respectively. Second, we use an adaptive method to estimate the regularization parameter and the shrinkage threshold. Finally, we use a linear search method to find a step length and a fast method to accelerate convergence. Results show that our method can achieve a signal-to-noise ratio improvement (ISNR) for image restoration and high convergence speed.