Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Probing the Earth's bow shock with upstream electrons

We present detailed measurements from the WIND 3D Plasma and Energetic Particle experiment of electron distributions in the deep foreshock, well away from the foreshock boundaries. Both electrons escaping from the magnetosheath and solar wind electrons reflected by the strong magnetic field of the shock are observed. The loss cone angle that separates the reflected electrons from the escaping magnetosheath electrons can be determined as a function of electron energy. At lower energies, the loss cone angle increases because the cross-shock potential tends to pull electrons into the magnetosheath. The loss cone angle is typically ≲ 30° at energies ≳ 100 eV, corresponding to peak shock magnetic field to local magnetic field ratio of ≳ 5, while the loss cone variation with energy gives typical shock potentials of ∼85 V. Thus the measurements of back-streaming foreshock electrons can be used as a tool to remotely probe the characteristics of the bow shock.
Feature Detection by Color Tensor-Based Photometric Invariants

Although the majority of images are recorded in color format nowadays, computer vision research is still mostly restricted to luminance-based feature detection. In this paper, we combine the features based on the color tensor with photometric invariant derivatives to arrive at photometric invariant features. The combination of the photometric invariance theory and tensor based features allows for detection of a variety of features such as photometric invariant edges, corners. Experiments show that the proposed features are robust to scene incidental events and perform well in real-world scene.
Single-eye range estimation by using displaced apertures with color filters

It is shown that a simple single-eye range sensing system can be easily constructed by introducing two displaced apertures with color filters on the main lens. The color image obtained can be separated into two images, corresponding to views from two viewpoints, with an RGB (red, green, blue) decoder. Range data can then be estimated from the disparity between the two images. A small range sensor system can be realized by adding displaced colored apertures to a color camera. The operation of the sensor is described, along with aspects of processing, implementation, and calibration. <<ETX>>
Two-photon induced fabrication of gold microstructures in polystyrene sulfonate thin films using a ruthenium(II) dye as photoinitiator

Gold microstructures are produced with a femtosecond laser in thin films of a polystyrene sulfonate matrix containing gold ions. Two-photon induced metal reduction is obtained by addition of 0.1wt% of ruthenium(II)tris(bipyridine) in the formulation. Laser power is reduced to 5mW, thereby limiting thermal effects. Lines of typically 150nm heights and 1μm widths are fabricated as well as freestanding bidimensional structures. An additional electroless plating step produces gold structures with conductivities only ten times smaller than the bulk metal.
Geometry : Plane, Solid, Analytic

REA's" Plane and Solid (Space) Geometry Problem Solver " Each "Problem Solver" is an insightful and essential study and solution guide chock-full of clear, concise problem-solving gems. Answers to all of your questions can be found in one convenient source from one of the most trusted names in reference solution guides. More useful, more practical, and more informative, these study aids are the best review books and textbook companions available. They're perfect for undergraduate and graduate studies. This highly useful reference covers topics in plane and solid (space) geometry. Pictorial diagrams with thorough explanations on solving problems incongruence, parallelism, inequalities, similarities, triangles, circles, polygons, constructions, and coordinate/analytic geometry.
Lattice Coding for Signals and Networks: A Structured Coding Approach to Quantization, Modulation and Multiuser Information Theory

Unifying information theory and digital communication through the language of lattice codes, this book provides a detailed overview for students, researchers and industry practitioners. It covers classical work by leading researchers in the field of lattice codes and complementary work on dithered quantization and infinite constellations, and then introduces the more recent results on 'algebraic binning' for side-information problems, and linear/lattice codes for networks. It shows how high dimensional lattice codes can close the gap to the optimal information theoretic solution, including the characterisation of error exponents. The solutions presented are based on lattice codes, and are therefore close to practical implementations, with many advanced setups and techniques, such as shaping, entropy-coding, side-information and multi-terminal systems. Moreover, some of the network setups shown demonstrate how lattice codes are potentially more efficient than traditional random-coding solutions, for instance when generalising the framework to Gaussian networks.
A deformable wavelet descriptor and its application to curve extraction from noisy images

We developed a hierarchical planar curve descriptor which decomposes a curve into components of different scales by using the wavelet transform in our previous work. We interpret the wavelet coefficients as random variables and call it the deformable wavelet descriptor. The application of the deformable wavelet descriptor to boundary curve extraction from noisy images is examined. Due to the multiscale and local support properties of the wavelet basis, the deformable wavelet approach performs better than the traditional Fourier approach. Experimental results are given to demonstrate the performance of the proposed method in extracting the boundary curve of an object from low SNR images. <<ETX>>
Iterative Decoding of LDPC Codes over Arbitrary Discrete-Memoryless Channels

Dept. of Electrical Engineering – SystemsTel-Aviv UniversityTel-Aviv 69978, Israelabn@eng.tau. ac.il, burstyn@eng.tau. ac.ilAbstractWe examine iterative decoding of quantized coset (QC) LDPC codes, designedfor use over arbitrary channels, in particular nonbinary and asymmetric channels.An important element of QC-LDPC codes is the addition of a ﬁxed, random vec-tor, known to the transmitter and the receiver, to all codewords. We show thatthis addition produces symmetry that signiﬁcantly simpliﬁes mathematical analy-sis. We extend several results from the analysis of LDPC codes over binary-inputsymmetric-output channels, to QC-LDPC codes with arbitrary alphabets over ar-bitrary channels, including the symmetry property and the stability condition.
Optimal linear opinion pools

Consider a decision problem involving a group of m Bayesians in which each member reports his/her posterior distribution for some random variable \theta . The individuals all share a common prior distribution for \theta and a common loss function, but form their posterior distributions based on different data sets. A single distribution of \theta must be chosen by combining the individual posterior distributions in some type of opinion pool. In this paper, the optimal pool is presented when the data observed by the different members of the group are conditionally independent given \theta . When the data are not conditionally independent, the optimal weights to be used in a linear opinion pool are determined for problems involving quadratic loss functions and arbitrary distributions for \theta and the data. Properties of the optimal procedure are developed and some examples are discussed.
International Stellarator/Heliotron Database progress on high-beta confinement and operational boundaries

The International Stellarator/Heliotron Confinement Database was extended by high-β data compiled from the Large Helical System (LHD) and the W7-AS Stellarator. The main purpose is to enhance the basis for extrapolation of the global confinement properties to the reactor regime. The high-β configurations and experimental achievements in both devices are briefly described. The impact of beta on the configuration parameters and the global confinement is discussed. In particular, the confinement data in the high-β regime are compared with the ISS95 and ISS04 scaling laws which were derived from a database including relatively few high-β cases. In addition, a Bayesian model comparison approach is used to test scaling predictions derived from basic confinement models. Unlike in tokamaks, the operational boundaries in stellarators and helical systems are determined by the available heating power and confinement properties rather than by disruptive stability or density limits. The role of a pressure induced equilibrium limit is discussed in particular. An attempt is made to compare the high-β data with tokamak confinement and with operational boundaries observed in tokamaks. Further extensions of the database by parameters characterizing stability and local transport properties are proposed.
Photoemissive, Photoconductive, and Optical Absorption Studies of Alkali-Antimony Compounds

By means of absorption and photoconductivity measurements, the following band gaps were found: ${\mathrm{Na}}_{3}$Sb\char22{}1.1 ev; ${\mathrm{K}}_{3}$Sb\char22{}1.1 ev; ${\mathrm{Rb}}_{3}$Sb\char22{}1.0 ev; ${\mathrm{Cs}}_{3}$Sb\char22{}1.6 ev; and ${(\mathrm{NaK})}_{3}$Sb\char22{}1.0 ev. A model has been derived for the photoemission from these materials which fits the three last materials listed above in addition to the ${(\mathrm{NaK})}_{3}$Sb with surface layers of Cs or Rb added. The electron affinities found from the photoemissive data using this model were as follows: ${\mathrm{Rb}}_{3}$Sb\char22{}1.2 ev; ${\mathrm{Cs}}_{3}$Sb\char22{}0.45 ev; ${(\mathrm{NaK})}_{3}$Sb\char22{}1.0 ev; [Rb]${(\mathrm{NaK})}_{3}$Sb\char22{}0.70 ev; and [Cs]${(\mathrm{NaK})}_{3}$Sb\char22{}0.55 ev. The electron affinity of ${\mathrm{K}}_{3}$Sb was estimated to be between 1.1 and 1.8 ev and that of ${\mathrm{Na}}_{3}$Sb to be between 2.0 and 2.4 ev. By means of the temperature dependence of the photoemission, ${\mathrm{Rb}}_{3}$Sb, ${\mathrm{Cs}}_{3}$Sb, and the multi-alkali materials were found to have $p$-type conductivity; whereas ${\mathrm{K}}_{3}$Sb and ${\mathrm{Na}}_{3}$Sb were found to have $n$-type conductivity.
of beta processes

A random distribution function on the positive real line which belongs to the class of neutral to the right priors is dened. It corresponds to the superposition of independent beta processes at the cumulative hazard level. The denition is constructive and starts with a discrete time process with random probability masses obtained from suitably dened products of independent beta random variables. The continuous time version is derived as the corresponding innitesimal weak limit and is described in terms of completely random measures. It takes the interpretation of the survival distribution resulting from independent competing failure times. We discuss prior specication and illustrate posterior inference on
System identification for the errors-in-variables problem

In this paper we give an overview of errors-in-variables methods in system identification. Background and motivation are given. Simple examples illustrate why the identification problem can be difficult. Under general weak assumptions, the systems are not uniquely identifiable, but can be parameterized using one degree of freedom. Examples where identifiability is achieved under additional assumptions are also provided. A number of approaches for parameter estimation of errors-in-variables models are presented. The underlying assumptions and principles for each approach are highlighted.
A look beyond transcription : mechanisms determining mRNA stability and translation in plants

D I enclose a check for U.S. currency, drawn on a U.S. bank, and made out to ASPP. ($22 each for2 or m ore copies) rl Nonmember $35 D I authorize tlhvis charge to my account: D Visa F MasterCard ] American Express H Diner's Club Expedited Mail (add $15) TOTAL Credit card number (in blocks): MAIL THIS FORM TO _-1 F_ F_1 F-I F-I F-I F] [-~ F-I F] F-I 1-1 F-I F-I F-I F-I American Society of Plant Physiologists Expiration date (in blocks): [0L / L/ C | Baltiore, MD 21264-4209 USA
Nonaxisymmetric Hydrodynamic Instability and Subcritical Transition to Turbulence in the Inner Region of Thin Keplerian Disks

The nonlinear growth of a nonaxisymmetric instability (the Papaloizou-Pringle instability) is followed numerically in thin Keplerian disks with the use of a time-dependent two-dimensional polytropic hybrid Fourier-Chebyshev spectral method of collocation. The nonaxisymmetric instability (a corotation resonance) develops in the inner disk when the inner boundary is rigid (corresponding here to the surface of an accreting compact star). All the modes of the instability have high Q-values and a period of rotation on the order of the Keplerian period at the inner edge of the disk. The high-order modes have growth rates larger than the low-order modes. When the viscosity is large, the higher modes are the first to be damped and saturate at moderate values: the energy is contained in the low-order modes, which dominate the flow. When the viscosity is low, the high-order modes dominate the flow, while the low-order modes do not grow at all: the energy is contained in the higher modes. When the order m and the amplitude a of the unstable mode are high enough (in the present calculations m ≳ 15 and a ≳ 0.3 for α = 0.001), the flow undergoes a subcritical transition to turbulence. The turbulence is confined in the inner region of the disk, inside the "resonant cavity," where it sustains itself because of the overreflection of waves (i.e., like the nonaxisymmetric instability itself). Some of the low-order modes are dominant during transient phases of the turbulent flow. The turbulence obtained in this work cannot account for angular momentum transport in the disk. However, the instability provides a new robust mechanism to explain the appearance of short-period oscillations (dwarf nova oscillations and quasi-periodic oscillations) observed in the inner disk of cataclysmic variables and other related systems.
Spectral analysis of linearized stationary equations of a compressible viscous fluid

The spectrum of an operator on a torus described by linearized stationary equations of a compressible viscous fluid is considered. These equations are obtained by the linearization of non-linear equations of a compressible viscous fluid at an arbitrary solution depending on the x-variable. It is shown that the spectrum of the operator is a discrete point set, which lies in a sector of the complex plane that is symmetric relative to the real axis and has its vertex on the positive half-axis. Bibliography: 10 titles.
What Produces the Ionizing Background at Large Redshift

Results are presented from mathematical and modeling studies to make estimates of the intensity of the ionizing background more definite and quantitative. It is shown that the observed quasars fail to emit sufficient ionizing radiation to satisfy the Gunn-Peterson test. Two possible sources for the additional source of UV radiation are examined: main-sequence, high mass stars in primordial galaxies and quasars that have not been observed because of dust obscuration. Both of these models satisfy the observational constraints with reasonable parameters. It is suggested that observations of He lines from Ly-alpha clouds or an analysis of the line ratios in metal line absorption systems may be used to determine which sources produce the ionizing background. 78 refs.
High quality nitride based microdisks obtained via selective wet etching of AlInN sacrificial layers

The authors report a technique for selective wet chemical etching of an AlInN sacrificial layer lattice-matched to GaN for the fabrication of air-gap photonic structures. It is used to demonstrate high quality factor (Q) microdisk cavities. Whispering gallery modes are observed in the photoluminescence spectra of InGaN∕GaN quantum wells (QWs) embedded in the GaN microdisks. Q factors of up to 3500 are obtained. The measured Qs are found to be limited by the QW absorption. Room temperature laser action is achieved for a wide spectral range (409–475nm) with a threshold down to 166kW∕cm2.
Failure resistance of amorphous silicon transistors under extreme in-plane strain

We have applied strain on thin-film transistors (TFTs) made of hydrogenated amorphous silicon on polyimide foil. In tension, the amorphous layers of the TFT fail by periodic cracks at a strain of ∼0.5%. In compression, the TFTs do not fail when strained by up to 2%, which is the highest value we can set controllably. The amorphous transistor materials can support such large strains because they lack a mechanism for dislocation motion. While the tensile driving force is sufficient to overcome the resistance to crack formation, the compressive failure mechanism of delamination is not activated because of the large delamination length required between transistor layers and polymer substrate.
Distributions d'auto-amorçage exactes ponctuelles des courbes ROC et des courbes de coûts

Binary classification is a task with numerous applications. The choice of the classifier is therefore crucial. ROC curves are one of the main methods in that matter. Cost curves have also been introduced as an alternative, or complement, to ROC curves. It is of importance to both types of curves, that we be able to compute confidence intervals so that reliability of a classifier' s performance can be assessed. Computing confidence intervals for the difference in performance of two classifiers allows us to determine if a classifier performs significantly better then another. A simple procedure to obtain such intervals is to perform bootstrap resampling of the test set. In this master, we derive the pointwise exact bootstrap distributions of ROC and co st curves. We use these distributions in order to find their confidence intervals. Two approaches are presented: stratified bootstrap, which resamples the negative and positive instances independently, and the full bootstrap, which resamples the test set as a whole. In both cases, the bootstrap is computed using vertical and threshold averaging. Performance of the confidence intervals is measured in term of coverage accuracy. Simulations show excellent results.
Block 1, phase 1 very long baseline interferometry implementation

The Block 1, phase 1 VBLI System, implemented in the Deep Space Network and currently undergoing system testing, is discussed. The system can be characterized as the modification of existing equipment and the addition of new software in the 64 m subnet and the addition of new hardware and software in the Network Operations and Control Center. It is to be operational to support Voyager project navigation requirements and is to provide, on a weekly basis, the information related to station clock synchronization, UT1, and polar motion.
A simple SPH algorithm for multi‐fluid flow with high density ratios

In this paper, we describe an SPH algorithm for multi‐fluid flow, which is efficient, simple and robust. We derive the inviscid equations of motion from a Lagrangian together with the constraint provided by the continuity equation. The viscous flow equations then follow by adding a viscous term. Rigid boundaries are simulated using boundary force particles in a manner similar to the immersed boundary method. Each fluid is approximated as weakly compressible with a speed of sound sufficiently large to guarantee that the relative density variations are typically 1%. When the SPH force interaction is between two particles of different fluids, we increase the pressure terms. This simple procedure stabilizes the interface between the fluids. The equations of motion are integrated using a time stepping rule based on a second‐order symplectic integrator. When linear and angular momentum should be conserved exactly, they are conserved to within round‐off errors. We test the algorithm by simulating a variety of problems involving fluids with a density ratio in the range 1–1000. The first of these is a free surface problem with no rigid boundaries. It involves the flow of an elliptical distribution with one fluid inside the other. We show that the simulations converge as the particle spacing decreases, and the results are in good agreement with the exact inviscid, incompressible theory. The second test is similar to the first but involves the nonlinear oscillation of the fluids. As in the first test, the agreement with theory is very good, and the method converges. The third test is the simulation of waves at the interface between two fluids. The method is shown to converge, and the agreement with theory is satisfactory. The fourth test is the Rayleigh–Taylor instability for a configuration considered by other authors. Key parameters are shown to converge, and the agreement with other authors is good. The fifth and final test is how well the SPH method simulates gravity currents with density ratios in the range 2–30. The results of these simulations are in very good agreement with those of other authors and in satisfactory agreement with experimental results.Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The generalized sliding-window spectrum

The sliding-window spectrum is the Fourier transform of the windowed version of a signal where the window is shifted over the signal. This concept can be extended by replacing the Fourier transformation by an arbitrary orthogonal transformation resulting in what we call the generalized sliding-window spectrum (GSWS). The information in the GSWS is redundant. Thus, partial knowledge of the GSWS can be sufficient to reconstruct the signals. For a GSWS obtainable by causal filtering of the input signal the conditions under which simple reconstruction schemes (in terms of necessary filtering operations) apply are considered.
Candidate Main-Sequence Stars with Debris Disks: A New Sample of Vega-like Sources

Vega-like sources are main-sequence stars that exhibit IR fluxes in excess of expectations for stellar photospheres, most likely due to reradiation of stellar emission intercepted by orbiting dust grains. We have identified a large sample of main-sequence stars with possible excess IR radiation by cross-correlating the Michigan Catalog of Two-dimensional Spectral Types for the HD Stars with the IRAS Faint Source Survey Catalog. Some 60 of these Vega-like sources were not found during previous surveys of the IRAS database, the majority of which employed the lower sensitivity Point Source Catalog. Here, we provide details of our search strategy, together with a preliminary examination of the full sample of Vega-like sources.
Computational and optical methods for improving resolution and signal quality in fluorescence microscopy

We present efficient algorithms for image restoration using the maximum a posteriori (MAP) method. Assuming Gaussian or Poisson statistics of the noise and either a Gaussian or an entropy prior distribution for the image, corresponding functionals are formulated and minimized to produce MAP estimations. Efficient algorithms are presented for finding the minimum of these functionals in the presence of non-negativity and support constraints. Performance was tested by using simulated three-dimensional (3D) imaging with a fluorescence confocal laser scanning microscope. Results are compared with those from two existing algorithms for superresolution in fluorescence imaging. An example is given of the restoration of a 3D confocal image of a biological specimen.