Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
, 5 intraneuronal neurofibrillary tangles , depressed brain

tive disorder that is pathologically characterized by ex-a pathologic cascade resulting in progressive cognitive 4 Department of Neuropathology and Neuroscience decline. It is also not known if A␤, which is detected in Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences both cerebrospinal fluid and plasma in healthy individu-University of Tokyo als throughout life (Seubert et al., 1992), plays a role in Tokyo normal physiology. Japan The proteolytic processing pathways leading to the 5 Merck Research Laboratories formation of A␤ from the amyloid precursor protein Merck & Company, Incorporated (APP), a type I membrane protein, have been well char-WP26A-3027 acterized in a number of cell lines (Figure 1A) (Selkoe, 770 Sumneytown Pike 2000). APP is delivered to the surface membrane where West Point, Pennsylvania 19486 it is subject to proteolytic processing by ␣-secretase. 6 Department of Pathology APP molecules that fail to be cleaved by ␣-secretase Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine can be internalized into endocytic compartments and Baltimore, Maryland 21287 subsequently cleaved by ␤-secretase (BACE) and ␥-secre-7 Center for Molecular Neurobiology tase to generate A␤. A fraction of A␤ peptides are also Department of Neurobiology, Pharmacology, generated in the Golgi apparatus and, to a lesser extent, and Physiology the endoplasmic reticulum. A␤ peptides generated in The University of Chicago the Golgi and in recycling compartments can be se-Chicago, Illinois 60637 creted into the extracellular space (Greenfield et al., 1999). The majority of secreted A␤ peptides are 40 amino acids in length (A␤40), although the smaller fraction of Summary longer, 42 amino acid species (A␤42) have received greater attention due to the propensity of these peptides A large body of evidence has implicated A␤ peptides to nucleate and drive production of amyloid fibrils (Jar-and other derivatives of the amyloid precursor protein rett et al., 1993). (APP) as central to the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's Recent lines of experimental evidence have sug-disease (AD). However, the functional relationship of gested that excessive amounts of A␤ are deleterious to APP and its proteolytic derivatives to neuronal electro-neuronal function, in addition to, or in lieu of, its pro-physiology is not known. Here, we show that neuronal posed neurotoxic effects. First, addition of A␤ in various activity modulates the formation and secretion of A␤ aggregation states to neuronal preparations has been peptides in hippocampal slice neurons that overex-shown to elicit electrophysiological phenotypes (Cullen press APP. In turn, A␤ selectively depresses excitatory APP, as well as nearby neurons that do …
Adaptive Look Ahead algorithm for 2-D mesh NoC

The existing System on Chip (SoC) design will soon become a critical bottle neck in chip performance with its inability to scale its communication network effectively with decreasing feature sizes and increasing number of transistors. The Network on Chip (NoC) has been recognized as the next evolutionary step to tackle these issues by using an intelligent and common communication network between all the different components within chip. In this paper we propose a new routing algorithm that uses a combination of a fully adaptive and partial adaptive routing algorithm called Adaptive Look Ahead algorithm. The algorithm decides next two hops within one node to allow quick packet transfer in next node, hence the algorithm only periodically calculates the packets route along the minimal path. Experimental results show that our proposed algorithm has lower latency and higher throughput than existing benchmarks.
Automatic human activity recognition in video using background modeling and spatio-temporal template matching based technique

Human activity recognition is a challenging area of research because of its various potential applications in visual surveillance. A spatio-temporal template matching based approach for activity recognition is proposed in this paper. We model the background in a scene using a simple statistical model and extract the foreground objects in a scene. Spatio-temporal templates are constructed using the motion history images (MHI) and object shape information for different human activities in a video like walking, standing, bending, sleeping and jumping. Experimental results show that the method can recognize these multiple activities for multiple objects with accuracy and speed.
Gastrointestinal Dysfunctions in Parkinson's Disease: Symptoms and Treatments

A diagnosis of Parkinson's disease is classically established after the manifestation of motor symptoms such as rigidity, bradykinesia, and tremor. However, a growing body of evidence supports the hypothesis that nonmotor symptoms, especially gastrointestinal dysfunctions, could be considered as early biomarkers since they are ubiquitously found among confirmed patients and occur much earlier than their motor manifestations. According to Braak's hypothesis, the disease is postulated to originate in the intestine and then spread to the brain via the vagus nerve, a phenomenon that would involve other neuronal types than the well-established dopaminergic population. It has therefore been proposed that peripheral nondopaminergic impairments might precede the alteration of dopaminergic neurons in the central nervous system and, ultimately, the emergence of motor symptoms. Considering the growing interest in the gut-brain axis in Parkinson's disease, this review aims at providing a comprehensive picture of the multiple gastrointestinal features of the disease, along with the therapeutic approaches used to reduce their burden. Moreover, we highlight the importance of gastrointestinal symptoms with respect to the patients' responses towards medical treatments and discuss the various possible adverse interactions that can potentially occur, which are still poorly understood.
Inhibition of Nipah Virus Infection In Vivo: Targeting an Early Stage of Paramyxovirus Fusion Activation during Viral Entry

In the paramyxovirus cell entry process, receptor binding triggers conformational changes in the fusion protein (F) leading to viral and cellular membrane fusion. Peptides derived from C-terminal heptad repeat (HRC) regions in F have been shown to inhibit fusion by preventing formation of the fusogenic six-helix bundle. We recently showed that the addition of a cholesterol group to HRC peptides active against Nipah virus targets these peptides to the membrane where fusion occurs, dramatically increasing their antiviral effect. In this work, we report that unlike the untagged HRC peptides, which bind to the postulated extended intermediate state bridging the viral and cell membranes, the cholesterol tagged HRC-derived peptides interact with F before the fusion peptide inserts into the target cell membrane, thus capturing an earlier stage in the F-activation process. Furthermore, we show that cholesterol tagging renders these peptides active in vivo: the cholesterol-tagged peptides cross the blood brain barrier, and effectively prevent and treat in an established animal model what would otherwise be fatal Nipah virus encephalitis. The in vivo efficacy of cholesterol-tagged peptides, and in particular their ability to penetrate the CNS, suggests that they are promising candidates for the prevention or therapy of infection by Nipah and other lethal paramyxoviruses.
A low-dimensional feature vector representation for alignment-free spatial trajectory analysis

Trajectory analysis is a central problem in the era of big data due to numerous interconnected mobile devices generating unprecedented amounts of spatio-temporal trajectories. Unfortunately, datasets of spatial trajectories are quite difficult to analyse because of the computational complexity of the various existing distance measures. A significant amount of work in comparing two trajectories stems from calculating temporal alignments of the involved spatial points. With this paper, we propose an alignment-free method of representing spatial trajectories using low-dimensional feature vectors by summarizing the combinatorics of shape-derived string sequences. Therefore, we propose to translate trajectories into strings describing the evolving shape of each trajectory, and then provide a sparse matrix representation of these strings using frequencies of adjacencies of characters (n-grams). The final feature vectors are constructed by approximating this matrix with low-dimensional column space using singular value decomposition. New trajectories can be projected into this geometry for comparison. We show that this construction leads to low-dimensional feature vectors with surprising expressive power. We illustrate the usefulness of this approach in various datasets.
Dynamic actin remodeling during epithelial–mesenchymal transition depends on increased moesin expression

LifeAct-GFP, a fluorescent reporter for actin filaments, is used to uncover the dynamics of actin cytoskeleton remodeling in real time during TGF-β–induced EMT. Efficient actin filament remodeling and complete transition to a mesenchymal phenotype depend on an increase in expression of the ERM protein moesin.
Peer-VM : A Peer-to-Peer Network of Virtual Machines for Grid Computing

This proposal discusses details about Peer-VM which is a peer-to-peer (P2P) networking system allowing users to share the virtual machines (VM) in a P2P fashion for the purpose of Grid Computing. Peer-VM allows for the on demand addition of the virtual machines to the resource pool of existing Grid Computing systems like In-VIGO [9]. This proposal presents the Peer-VM architecture and discusses its functionality in detail.
Towards an alternative paradigm of consumer behavior

This paper explores Scitovsky’s contribution to behavioral economics and examines in particular the changes his theory based on the findings of human brain psychophysiologists has brought to choice theory. The evidence here gathered points out how Scitovsky was making his suggestions for an alternative to the rationalist-based theory of choice model as far back in the early 1970s. The same evidence singles out Scitovsky as one of the most influential forerunners of a successful program of psychologically-based economic research which has only recently been acknowledged as a promising field for further investigation.
A Strategic Reasoning Model for Generating Alternative Answers

We characterize a class of indirect answers to yes/no questions, alternative answers, where information is given that is not directly asked about, but which might nonetheless address the underlying motivation for the question. We develop a model rooted in game theory that generates these answers via strategic reasoning about possible unobserved domain-level user requirements. We implement the model within an interactive question answering system simulating real estate dialogue. The system learns a prior probability distribution over possible user requirements by analyzing training dialogues, which it uses to make strategic decisions about answer selection. The system generates pragmatically natural and interpretable answers which make for more efficient interactions compared to a baseline.
Mitochondrial Depolarization in Glutamate-Stimulated Neurons: An Early Signal Specific to Excitotoxin Exposure

A brief exposure to high concentrations of glutamate kills cultured forebrain neurons by an excitotoxic process that is dependent on Ca2+ influx through the NMDA receptor. In this study, we have measured striking changes in mitochondrial function during and immediately after intense glutamate receptor activation. Using indo-1 microfluorometry and a specific inhibitor of the mitochondrial Na+/Ca2+ exchanger, CGP-37157, we have demonstrated that mitochondria accumulate large quantities of Ca2+ during a toxic glutamate stimulus and further that Ca2+ efflux from mitochondria contributes to the prolonged [Ca2+]i elevation after glutamate removal. We then used JC-1 (5,5′,6,6′-tetrachloro-1,1′,3,3′-tetraethylbenzimidazolocarbocyanine iodide), a ratiometric indicator of mitochondrial membrane potential (Δψ), to show that Ca2+ accumulation within the organelle dissipates Δψ. The abrupt loss of Δψ after glutamate stimulation did not occur in the presence of MK801 or in the absence of extracellular Ca2+. The mitochondrial depolarization was also cyclosporin A-sensitive, indicating a probable role for the permeability transition pore. Hence mitochondrial Ca2+accumulation and the subsequent permeability transition may be a critical early event specific to the NMDA receptor-mediated excitotoxic cascade.
Ju n 20 07 Test Functions Space in Noncommutative Quantum Field Theory

It is proven that the ⋆-product of field operators implies that the space of test functions in the Wightman approach to noncommutative quantum field theory is one of the Gel’fand-Shilov spaces S with β < 1/2. This class of test functions smears the noncommutative Wightman functions, which are in this case generalized distributions, sometimes called hyperfunctions. The existence and determination of the class of the test function spaces in NC QFT is important for any rigorous treatment in the Wightman approach.
User Agent and Privacy Compromise

World Wide Web and the graphic user agents(web browsers) have brought the internet to billions of new users who use it hours on end daily to perform a multitude of tasks. However, the user agents also provide a means to compromise the users privacy by employing various tracking mechanisms and use of analytics. The browser was intended to make the use of the internet easy with a simple and intuitive interface. It has morphed into a beast which has hidden in it mechanisms to allow suppliers of information content, on-line shopping companies and multitude of third parties to target publicity based on information gleaned from previous web journeys of users of these browsers. This paper focuses on summarizing privacy problems on the client side and highlights the default settings of some of the popular browsers and points out the difficulty of creating the proper settings even to disable cookies from third parties. We present some independent add-ons to help in preserving some privacy and some of the drawbacks of such band-aid solutions. Finally, we present some suggestions so that the user can know exactly what is being recorded in the cookies based on double encryption giving back some control to the user of his own data.
Latent Geospatial Semantics of Social Media

Multimodal understanding of shared content is an important success factor for many Web 2.0 applications and platforms. This article addresses the fundamental question of geo-spatial awareness in social media applications. In this context, we introduce an approach for improved characterization of social media by combining text features (e.g., tags as a prominent example of short, unstructured text labels) with spatial knowledge (e.g., geotags, coordinates of images, and videos). Our model-based framework GeoFolk combines these two aspects in order to construct better algorithms for content management, retrieval, and sharing. We demonstrate in systematic studies the benefits of this combination for a broad spectrum of scenarios related to social media: recommender systems, automatic content organization and filtering, and event detection. Furthermore, we establish a simple and technically sound model that can be seen as a reference baseline for future research in the field of geotagged social media.
Le c\^one diamant symplectique

The diamond cone is a combinatorial description for a basis in a indecomposable module for the nilpotent factor n+ of a semi simple Lie algebra. After N.J. Wildberger who introduced this notion for sl(3), this description was achevied by N. Bel Baraka, N.J. Wildberger and D. A. for sl(n) and by B. Agrebaoui and ourselves for the rank 2 semi-simple Lie algebras. In the present work, we generalize these constructions to the Lie algebras sp(2n). The symplectic semi-standard Young tableaux were defined by C. de Concini, they form a basis for the shape algebra of sp(2n). We introduce here the notion of symplectic quasi-standard Young tableaux, these tableaux describe the diamond cone for sp(2n).
A linear programming reformulation of the standard quadratic optimization problem

The problem of minimizing a quadratic form over the standard simplex is known as the standard quadratic optimization problem (SQO). It is NP-hard, and contains the maximum stable set problem in graphs as a special case. In this note, we show that the SQO problem may be reformulated as an (exponentially sized) linear program (LP). This reformulation also suggests a hierarchy of polynomial-time solvable LP’s whose optimal values converge finitely to the optimal value of the SQO problem. The hierarchies of LP relaxations from the literature do not share this finite convergence property for SQO, and we review the relevant counterexamples.
SSR Markers for Trichoderma virens: Their Evaluation and Application to Identify and Quantify Root-Endophytic Strains

Using biological fertilizers and pesticides based on beneficial soil microbes in order to reduce mineral fertilizers and chemical pesticides in conventional agriculture is still a matter of debate. In this regard, a European research project seeks to elucidate the role of root-endophytic fungi and to develop molecular tools to trace and quantify these fungi in the rhizosphere and root tissue. To do this, the draft genome sequence of the biocontrol fungus Trichoderma virens (T. virens) was screened for simple sequence repeats (SSRs) and primers were developed for 12 distinct loci. Primers were evaluated using a global collection of ten isolates where an average of 7.42 alleles per locus was detected. Nei’s standard genetic distance ranged from 0.18 to 0.27 among the isolates, and the grand mean of haploid diversity in AMOVA analysis was 0.693 ± 0.019. Roots of tomato plants were inoculated with different strains and harvested six weeks later. Subsequent PCR amplification identified root-endophytic strains and co-colonization of roots by different strains. Markers were applied to qPCR to quantify T. virens strains in root tissue and to determine their identity using allele-specific melting curve analysis. Thus, the root-endophytic lifestyle of T. virens was confirmed, strains in roots were quantified and simultaneous colonization of roots by different strains was observed.
Hopelessness depression: A theory-based subtype of depression.

Summary and Future Directions On the basis of the aforementioned studies, the hopelessnesstheory appears promising. However, further research is needed.For example, although powerful tests of the attributional diath-esis-stress component have been conducted, no one has exam-ined the cognitive diatheses of inferring negative consequencesor characteristics about the self or whether the cognitive stylediathesis-stress interaction predicts clinically significant de-pression. Moreover, it is crucial to determine if this interactionpredicts the development of the hypothesized symptoms ofhopelessness depression. More generally, an important short-coming of the prior work is that it has not focused on the symp-toms of hopelessness depression in particular and, instead, sim-ply has examined the symptoms of depression in general. Fu-ture investigators need to test more fine-grained predictionsabout the hypothesized symptoms of hopelessness depression.The issue of the stability of the cognitive diatheses has not beenresolved satisfactorily. We have only begun, in a preliminaryway, to investigate the issues of specific vulnerability and media-tional processes. Finally, further tests of the predictions aboutcourse, cure, and prevention are needed. We eagerly await thisresearch.Difficult methodological issues may arise in the search forhopelessness depression, however. For example, the hopeless-ness theory is silent about the time lag between formation ofhopelessness and onset of the symptoms of hopelessness depres-sion. If it is very short, then a major challenge will be to developmethods with sufficient temporal resolving power to determineif hopelessness indeed precedes the occurrence of the hypothe-sized symptoms of hopelessness depression (see Alloy, Hartlage,et al., 1988, for proposed methods for testing the hopelessnesstheory). The results of work to test the hopelessness theory willdetermine if the concept of hopelessness depression needs tobe revised. For example, perhaps the statement of the causalpathway is correc t bu culminate n a differen se f symp-toms than those currently hypothesized to compose hopeless-ness depression. In this case, the symptom—but not thecause—component of the hopelessness theory would need to bemodified.In discussing how to search for hopelessness depression, wenote the possibility that future work may not corroborate theexistence of hopelessness depression as a bona fide subtype withcharacteristic cause, symptoms, course, treatment, and preven-tion. Instead, the etiological chain featured in the hopelessnesstheory may be one of many pathways to a final common out-come of depression. In this case, it would be more compellingto speak of a hopelessness cause, as opposed to a hopelessnesssubtype, of depression.
In Vitro Epigenetic Reprogramming of Human Cardiac Mesenchymal Stromal Cells into Functionally Competent Cardiovascular Precursors

Adult human cardiac mesenchymal-like stromal cells (CStC) represent a relatively accessible cell type useful for therapy. In this light, their conversion into cardiovascular precursors represents a potential successful strategy for cardiac repair. The aim of the present work was to reprogram CStC into functionally competent cardiovascular precursors using epigenetically active small molecules. CStC were exposed to low serum (5% FBS) in the presence of 5 µM all-trans Retinoic Acid (ATRA), 5 µM Phenyl Butyrate (PB), and 200 µM diethylenetriamine/nitric oxide (DETA/NO), to create a novel epigenetically active cocktail (EpiC). Upon treatment the expression of markers typical of cardiac resident stem cells such as c-Kit and MDR-1 were up-regulated, together with the expression of a number of cardiovascular-associated genes including KDR, GATA6, Nkx2.5, GATA4, HCN4, NaV1.5, and α-MHC. In addition, profiling analysis revealed that a significant number of microRNA involved in cardiomyocyte biology and cell differentiation/proliferation, including miR 133a, 210 and 34a, were up-regulated. Remarkably, almost 45% of EpiC-treated cells exhibited a TTX-sensitive sodium current and, to a lower extent in a few cells, also the pacemaker If current. Mechanistically, the exposure to EpiC treatment introduced global histone modifications, characterized by increased levels of H3K4Me3 and H4K16Ac, as well as reduced H4K20Me3 and H3s10P, a pattern compatible with reduced proliferation and chromatin relaxation. Consistently, ChIP experiments performed with H3K4me3 or H3s10P histone modifications revealed the presence of a specific EpiC-dependent pattern in c-Kit, MDR-1, and Nkx2.5 promoter regions, possibly contributing to their modified expression. Taken together, these data indicate that CStC may be epigenetically reprogrammed to acquire molecular and biological properties associated with competent cardiovascular precursors.