Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
A Reanalysis of Ocean Climate Using Simple Ocean Data Assimilation (SODA)

This paper describes the Simple Ocean Data Assimilation (SODA) reanalysis of ocean climate variability. In the assimilation, a model forecast produced by an ocean general circulation model with an average resolution of 0.25° 0.4° 40 levels is continuously corrected by contemporaneous observations with corrections estimated every 10 days. The basic reanalysis, SODA 1.4. 2, spans the 44-yr period from 1958 to 2001, which complements the span of the 40-yr European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF) atmospheric reanalysis (ERA-40). The observation set for this experiment includes the historical archive of hydrographic profiles supplemented by ship intake measurements, moored hydrographic observations, and remotely sensed SST. A parallel run, SODA 1.4. 0, is forced with identical surface boundary conditions, but without data assimilation. The new reanalysis represents a significant improvement over a previously published version of the SODA algorithm. In particular, eddy kinetic energy and sea level variability are much larger than in previous versions and are more similar to estimates from independent observations. One issue addressed in this paper is the relative importance of the model forecast versus the observations for the analysis. The results show that at near-annual frequencies the forecast model has a strong influence, whereas at decadal frequencies the observations become increasingly dominant in the analysis. As a consequence, interannual variability in SODA 1.4. 2 closely resembles interannual variability in SODA 1.4. 0. However, decadal anomalies of the 0–700-m heat content from SODA 1.4. 2 more closely resemble heat content anomalies based on observations.
Neglected evidence in idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis: from history to earlier diagnosis

This perspective highlights some evidence that has hitherto been neglected, especially because it may not have been sufficiently explicated in the clinical respiratory medicine literature. Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) has appeared only in the second half of the 20th century and, like lung cancer and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, may be a direct consequence of the cigarette smoking epidemic. It is a disease of lung ageing, with most affected patients being >70 years of age. The relationship between lung ageing and pulmonary fibrosis is further illustrated in the bleomycin mouse model, in which older males develop more fibrosis than young female mice. Earlier diagnosis of IPF is a prerequisite for significant progress to be made in the long-term outcome and prognosis. We consider that only two different yet complementary and realistic approaches could lead to earlier diagnosis of IPF and possibly to allowing more efficient disease management: 1) investigating any patients with early Velcro crackles at lung auscultation through proactive education of, and commitment from, primary care physicians; and 2) using current large-scale lung cancer screening strategies with low-dose high-resolution computed tomography in smokers for the detection of subclinical interstitial lung disease and especially early IPF. Only two approaches could lead to earlier diagnosis of IPF and more efficient disease management http://ow.ly/nsU73
Light and Electron Microscopic Examinations in the Hippocampus of the Rat Brain Following PTZ-Induced Epileptic Seizures

The aim of this work was to evaluate hippocampal neurons in the rat brain after single and repetetive seizures induced by pentyleneterazol (PTZ) administration at light- and electron-microscopically. Acute- and chronic-PTZ groups of male Wistar albino rats were given PTZ intraperitoneal injection (i.p.), and the age-matched rats in control group were injected with normal saline. We determined contributions of apoptosis and necrosis to neuronal damage in Nissl-stained- and ultrathin-sections. Necrotic neurons were observed in PTZ-treated groups, especially in the chronic-PTZ group. Histological changes were perikaryal swelling, chromatolysis and decreasing of Nissl in the necrotic neurons. Necrotic and apoptotic neurons of the hippocampus were observed ultrastructurally in the PTZ groups. These findings demonstrated a significant decrease in the number of hippocampal neurons in the chronic-PTZ group. It is clear that in the hippocampal regions repeated PTZ-induced seizures of the rats cause neuronal damage and neuronal loss.
Exposure to inhalable dust and endotoxin among Danish pig farmers affected by work tasks and stable characteristics.

OBJECTIVE To identify working tasks and stable characteristics that determine intensity and variability of personal exposure to dust and endotoxin among pig farmers. METHODS Three hundred fifty-four personal full-shift measurements were performed in 231 farmers employed in 53 Danish pig farms. Filters were gravimetrically analysed for inhalable dust and for endotoxin by the Limulus amebocyte lysate assay. Information on working tasks and stable characteristics were collected using self-reported activity diaries and walk-through surveys performed in conjunction with the measurements. Associations between log-transformed dust and endotoxin exposure and working tasks and stable characteristics were examined using linear mixed-effects analysis. In these models, worker and farm identity were treated as random effects and working tasks and stable characteristics as fixed effects. Both separate and combined models for tasks and stable characteristics were elaborated. RESULTS Inhalable dust concentrations ranged between 0.1 and 48 mg m(-3) and endotoxin concentrations varied between 9.2 and 370,000 EU m(-3). Field work activities played a dominant role on the exposure variability. Indoor working tasks with intense animal activity or handling of feed materials increased exposure concentrations, whereas engagement in field work was associated with lower exposure concentrations. High-pressure water cleaning increased endotoxin exposure but did not affect exposure to inhalable dust. Stable characteristics related to feeding practices and type of ventilation were determinants of exposure to inhalable dust. For endotoxin, the most important determinants were use of dry feed and slatted floor coverage. Feeding practices solely explained all between-farms variability in exposure to inhalable dust and endotoxin. CONCLUSIONS These findings suggest feeding systems, flooring and ventilation to be potential areas where improved methods can reduce exposure to dust and endotoxin among pig farmers. Further, they highlight particular tasks involving feeding and intense animal handling as sources of very high levels of exposure. The pig farming industry is encouraged to focus on exposure reduction. Use of respirators during performance of working tasks where levels of exposure are particularly high ought to be considered until adequate hygienic solutions have been established.
RehabCity: design and validation of a cognitive assessment and rehabilitation tool through gamified simulations of activities of daily living

Worldwide, more than one in three adults suffers from a cardiovascular disease. According to the World Health Organization, 15 million people experience a stroke each year and, of these, 5 million stay permanently disabled. The current limitations of traditional rehabilitation methods push towards the design of personalized tools that can be used intensively by patients and therapists in clinical or at-home environments. In this paper we present the design, implementation and validation of RehabCity, an online game designed for the rehabilitation of cognitive deficits through a gamified approach on activities of daily living (ADLs). Among other findings, our results show a strong correlation between the RehabCity scoring system and the Mini Mental State Examination test for clinical assessment of cognitive function in several domains. These findings suggest that RehabCity is a valid tool for the quantitative assessment of patients with cognitive deficits derived from a brain lesion.
Deterministic simulation of probabilistic constant depth circuits

We explicitly construct, for every integer n and ε ≫ 0, a family of functions (psuedo-random bit generators) fn,ε:{0,1}nε → {0,1}n with the following property: for a random seed, the pseudorandom output "looks random" to any polynomial size, constant depth, unbounded fan-in circuit. Moreover, the functions fn,ε themselves can be computed by uniform polynomial size, constant depth circuits. Some (interrelated) consequences of this result are given below. 1) Deterministic simulation of probabilistic algorithms. The constant depth analogues of the probabilistic complexity classes RP and BPP are contained in the deterministic complexity classes DSPACE(nε) and DTIME(2nε) for any ε ≫ 0. 2) Making probabilistic constructions deterministic. Some probablistic constructions of structures that elude explicit constructions can be simulated in the above complexity classes. 3) Approximate counting. The number of satisfying assignments to a (CNF or DNF) formula, if not too small, can be arbitrarily approximated in DSPACE(nε) and DTIME(2nε), for any ε ≫ 0. We also present two results for the special case of depth 2 circuits. They deal, respectively, with finding a satisfying assignment and approximately counting the number of assignments. For example, for 3-CNF formulas with a fixed fraction of satisfying assignmemts, both tasks can be performed in polynomial time!
Multi-Attribute Based Access Control Policy Enforcement for File Accesses in Cloud

— Cloud computing, the imminent need of computing as a finest utility, has the latent to take a enormous leap in the IT industry, is structured and put to optimal use with regard to the current tendency. Keeping in view of high security and privacy concerns, many access control schemes have been proposed. After facing lot of problems from these schemes, a Hierarchical Attribute-Set-Based Encryption [HASBE] scheme came in to existence by providing scalability, flexibility and fine-grained access features. In this paper, we propose Multi-Attribute Based Access Control Policy Enforcement for File Accesses in Cloud. Here, we ensure users to have access privileges to all the data files and re-encrypting the associated data files to make sure that revoked users cannot have any access on those data files. To deal this same concept in cloud, we add an expiration time attribute and a domain authority is required to maintain state information of user keys, which makes our concept in this paper more efficient .
Comparison of electromigration for lead-free solder joints of Cu vs. Ni UBM flip chip structure

Flip chip solder joints made with Cu and Ni underbump metallurgy (UBM) on the chip under current stressing were studied. The effects of material and various thicknesses (5, 10, 15, and 20 µm) of UBM on reliability were investigated. The solder material used was lead-free (Sn4.0Ag0.5Cu). Time to failure of both cases (Cu and Ni UBMs) was forecasted through the physical damage occurring at the bump under current stressing by using two-dimensional Finite Element Method (FEM). The simulation results conclude that thicker UBM can enhance electromigration reliability. Moreover, the comparison of the time to failure between Cu UBM structure with that of Ni UBM structure indicates that the time to failure of the flip chip solder joint with Cu UBM structure is approximately 5% longer than the case of Ni UBM structure due to the lowering current crowding effect at Cu UBM in the solder joint which is clearly shown in the simulations.
Pinning Distributed Synchronization of Stochastic Dynamical Networks: A Mixed Optimization Approach

This paper is concerned with the problem of pinning synchronization of nonlinear dynamical networks with multiple stochastic disturbances. Two kinds of pinning schemes are considered: 1) pinned nodes are fixed along the time evolution and 2) pinned nodes are switched from time to time according to a set of Bernoulli stochastic variables. Using Lyapunov function methods and stochastic analysis techniques, several easily verifiable criteria are derived for the problem of pinning distributed synchronization. For the case of fixed pinned nodes, a novel mixed optimization method is developed to select the pinned nodes and find feasible solutions, which is composed of a traditional convex optimization method and a constraint optimization evolutionary algorithm. For the case of switching pinning scheme, upper bounds of the convergence rate and the mean control gain are obtained theoretically. Simulation examples are provided to show the advantages of our proposed optimization method over previous ones and verify the effectiveness of the obtained results.
Taxation and inequality in the Americas: Changing the fiscal contract?

Times change. In the words of an old English ballad, some things seem to have “turned upside down” in recent years. Since 2000, Latin America has become less unequal, with lower levels of poverty and likely greater economic mobility (Lustig, Lopez-Calvo and Ortiz-Juarez 2012), assisted in part by more progressive fiscal policy (Mahon 2012). In contrast, the United States has become more unequal (Piketty and Saez 2003, 2013), while poverty has remained relatively constant (U.S. Census Bureau 2012), economic mobility has likely declined (Hungerford 2008), and tax and spending policies have become less effective in reducing inequality (Harris and Sammartino 2011). This chapter examines whether the tide has really changed in Latin America or in the United States, and, if it has, what may lie ahead for these two regions of the Americas? Do recent events portend fortune or misery? Although the primary cause of the more equal income distribution in Latin America is probably the sharp increase in growth and employment following the challenging political and economic decade of the 1990s (Gasparini and Lustig 2011), fiscal policy played at least some role. Indeed, recent Latin American experience suggests that the pessimism prevalent since the 1970s about the extent to which taxation can affect income distribution has perhaps been misguided. Economic, social and political changes can and do give rise to new norms and power configurations, which sometimes result in important changes in the social and fiscal contract underlying governance structures.
Established and emerging perspectives on violence in intimate relationships.

We provide a critical review of established and emerging perspectives on violence in intimate relationships. First, we review two broad theoretical perspectives that have guided most previous empirical work on partner violence. Feminist perspectives focus on how the patriarchal system contributes to men’s violence against women. Psychological perspectives focus on background and personality variables that put some individuals at risk for becoming violent toward their intimate partners. Next, we review recent interactional perspectives that examine dyadic and situational contexts in which partner violence arises. Dyadic perspectives focus on how partner abuse arises from the interaction of both partners’ characteristics and how this interaction unfolds over time. Situational perspectives focus on the specific situational contexts in which episodes of abuse arise, including consideration of factors that inhibit and disinhibit aggression toward an intimate partner. We then describe several multi-factor models that integrate multiple perspectives on partner violence, and we consider the implications of the various perspectives for prevention and treatment of partner abuse. Finally, we highlight promising directions for future research on partner violence. Violence against partners is alarmingly common in heterosexual marital relationships (e.g., 16 percent prevalence in a year’s time; Straus & Gelles, 1990) and even more common in dating, same-sex, and cohabiting relationships (e.g., Straus, 2004; Statistics Canada, 2005). The most common forms of partner violence (PV) are occasional pushing and shoving during an argument; the most severe and fortunately least common forms of PV are acts of injurious violence, such as beating up or attacking a partner with a weapon (e.g., Archer, 2002; Statistics
USENIX Association Proceedings of USITS ’ 03 : 4 th USENIX Symposium on Internet Technologies and Systems

As Internet services become more popular and pervasive, a critical problem that arises is managing the performance of services under extreme overload. This paper presents a set of techniques for managing overload in complex, dynamic Internet services. These techniques are based on an adaptive admission control mechanism that attempts to bound the 90th-percentile response time of requests flowing through the service. This is accomplished by internally monitoring the performance of the service, which is decomposed into a set of event-driven stages connected with request queues. By controlling the rate at which each stage admits requests, the service can perform focused overload management, for example, by filtering only those requests that lead to resource bottlenecks. We present two extensions of this basic controller that provide class-based service differentiation as well as application-specific service degradation. We evaluate these mechanisms using a complex Webbased e-mail service that is subjected to a realistic user load, as well as a simpler Web server benchmark.
Observability Analysis of INS Rapid Transfer Alignment

An observability analysis of the rapid transfer alignment (RTA) of the inertial navigation system (INS) is presented in this paper. RTA is divided into the time-invariant system and time-varying system to be analyzed. When there is not rotation between the body frame and navigation frame, or the sensed specific force of slave inertial navigation system (SINS) is constant, RTA is a time-invariant system and has three unobservable states. Moreover the three misalignments are not estimated at the same time. When RTA is a time-variant system, it will be instantaneous observable by appropriate maneuver, which is easily achieved. With the level constant velocity maneuver, RTA is similar to a time-invariant system. So it has three unobservable states. With the level turn maneuver, RTA is instantaneous observable if the rotation angular rate is non-constant. With the marine sway maneuver and wing-rock maneuver, RTA is observable. The result of the investigation shows that appropriate maneuver, which is non-constant acceleration and/or rotation with non-constant angular rate, will enhance the observability of RTA easily
Verified Correctness and Security of OpenSSL HMAC

We have proved, with machine-checked proofs in Coq, that an OpenSSL implementation of HMAC with SHA- 256 correctly implements its FIPS functional specification and that its functional specification guarantees the expected cryptographic properties. This is the first machine-checked cryptographic proof that combines a source-program implementation proof, a compiler-correctness proof, and a cryptographic-security proof, with no gaps at the specification interfaces. The verification was done using three systems within the Coq proof assistant: the Foundational Cryptography Framework, to verify crypto properties of functional specs; the Verified Software Toolchain, to verify C programs w.r. t. functional specs; and CompCert, for verified compilation of C to assembly language.
Fast worst-case peak temperature evaluation for real-time applications on multi-core systems

The reliability of multi-core systems is nowadays threatened by high chip temperatures leading to long-term reliability concerns and short-term functional errors. In real-time systems, high chip temperatures are even adherent to potential deadline violations. Therefore, correct functionality can only be guaranteed if the worst-case peak temperature is incorporated in real-time analysis. However, calculating the peak temperature of hundreds of design alternatives during design space exploration is time-consuming. In this paper, we address this challenge and present a fast analytic method to calculate a non-trivial upper bound on the maximum temperature of a multi-core real-time system with non-deterministic workload. The considered thermal model is able to address various thermal effects like heat exchange between neighboring cores and temperature-dependent leakage power. Finally, the proposed method is applied to a multi-core ARM platform to validate its efficiency and accuracy.
A "framework" for object oriented frameworks design

Object-oriented frameworks are established tools for domain-specific reuse. Many framework design patterns have been documented, e.g. reverse engineering framework architectures from conventionally built applications for a given domain. The framework development cycle generally evolves from an open framework to a closed application. We describe a more flexible component-based approach to framework design that stresses a common interface for 'plugging-in' new components at different lifecycle stages. An analysis of framework-related user roles shows that the classical developer/end-user boundary is too rigid. We see the framework's development as a continuum within which its 'actors' can customise its behavior. This both increases the system's flexibility and reduces its maintenance requirement. A case study of three frameworks for different application domains illustrates the presented principles.
Review of allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation with reduced intensity conditioning in solid tumors excluding breast cancer

Solid tumors in adults constitute a heterogeneous group of malignancy originating from various organ systems. Solid tumors are not completely curable by chemotherapy, even though some subgroups are very chemo-sensitive. Recently, oncologists have focused on the use of allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (allo-HSCT) with reduced intensity conditioning (RIC) for the treatment of some refractory solid tumors. After the demonstration of allogeneic graft-versus-leukemia effect in patients with hematological malignancies who received allo-HSCT, investigators evaluated this effect in patients with refractory metastatic solid tumors. According to data from experimental animal models and preliminary clinical trials, a graft-versus-tumor (GvT) effect may also be observed in the treatment of some solid tumors (e.g., renal cell cancer, colorectal cancer, etc.) after allo-HSCT with RIC. The use of RIC regimens offers an opportunity of achieving full-donor engraftment with GvT effect, as well as, a reduced transplant-related mortality. Current literature suggests that allo-HSCT with RIC might become a choice for elderly and medically fragile patients with refractory metastatic solid tumors.
Non-Linear Approximations to Gravitational Instability: A Comparison in the Quasi-Linear Regime

We compare different nonlinear approximations to gravitational clustering in the weakly nonlinear regime, using as a comparative statistic the evolution of non-Gaussianity which can be characterised by a set of numbers $S_p$ describing connected moments of the density field at the lowest order in $ $: $ _c \simeq S_n ^{n-1}$. Generalizing earlier work by Bernardeau (1992) we develop an ansatz to evaluate all $S_p$ in a given approximation by means of a generating function which can be shown to satisfy the equations of motion of a homogeneous spherical density enhancement in that approximation. On the basis of the values of we show that approximations formulated in Lagrangian space (such as the Zeldovich approximation and its extensions) are considerably more accurate than those formulated in Eulerian space such as the Frozen Flow and Linear Potential approximations. In particular we find that the $n$th order Lagrangian perturbation approximation correctly reproduces the first $n+1$ parameters $S_n$. We also evaluate the density probability distribution function for the different approximations in the quasi-linear regime and compare our results with an exact analytic treatment in the case of the Zeldovich approximation.