Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Mutant huntingtin expression in the hypothalamus promotes ventral striatal neuropathology

Huntington’s disease is a fatal neurodegenerative disorder caused by an expanded CAG triplet repeat in the huntingtin (HTT) gene. Previous research focused on neuropathology in the striatum and its association with a typical movement disorder. Direct effects of mutant HTT (mHTT) in the striatum may cause neuropathology, although non-cell autonomous effects have also been suggested. Important non-motor features of HD include psychiatric symptoms and metabolic dysfunction, which may be linked to hypothalamic neuropathology. As hypothalamic neurons project to the ventral striatum, we hypothesized that expression of mHTT in the hypothalamus leads to disrupted neurotransmission in the ventral striatum and causes pathology. The overall aim of this study was to investigate the impact of mHTT expression in the hypothalamus on ventral striatal neuropathology and its contribution to non-HD motor symptoms. We demonstrate that selective expression of mHTT in the hypothalamus leads to the loss of dopamine and cAMP-regulated phosphoprotein (DARPP-32) immunopositive neurons in the ventral striatum in mice. Contrary to the effects of direct expression of mHTT in the hypothalamus, selective overexpression of mHTT in the ventral striatum does not affect body weight. Selective expression of mHTT in the ventral striatum leads to mHTT inclusion formation and loss of DARPP-32 neurons without affecting motor activity or anxiety-like behavior. We show that DARPP-32 neuron loss in the ventral striatum is recapitulated in the R6/2 mouse model of HD. Chemogenetic activation of hypothalamic neurons projecting to the ventral striatum had a blunted response in the R6/2 mice compared to wild-type mice, indicating a disrupted hypothalamus-ventral striatal circuitry. In summary, the expression of mHTT in the hypothalamus may impact the development of ventral striatal pathology in mice. This opens the possibility that non-cell-autonomous effects in the reward circuitry play a role in HD.
Early life exposure to cigarette smoke primes lung function and DNA methylation changes at Cyp1a1 upon exposure later in life

Prenatal and early life exposure to cigarette smoke (CS) have repeatedly been shown to induce stable, long-term changes in DNA methylation (DNAm) in offspring. It has been hypothesized that these changes might be functionally related to the known outcomes of prenatal and early life CS exposure, which include impaired lung development, altered lung function and increased risk of asthma and wheeze. However, to date, few studies have examined DNAm changes induced by prenatal CS in tissues of the lung, and even fewer have attempted to examine the specific influences of prenatal versus early postnatal exposures. Here, we have established a mouse model of CS exposure which isolates the effects of prenatal and early postnatal CS exposures in early life. We have used this model to measure the effects of prenatal and/or postnatal CS exposures on lung function and immune cell infiltration as well as DNAm and expression of Cyp1a1, a candidate gene previously observed to demonstrate DNAm differences upon CS exposure in humans. Our study revealed that exposure to CS prenatally and in the early postnatal period cause long-lasting differences in offspring lung function, gene expression and lung Cyp1a1 DNAm, which wane over time but are reestablished upon re-exposure to CS in adulthood. This study creates a testable mouse model which can be used to investigate the effects of prenatal and early postnatal CS exposures and will contribute to the design of intervention strategies to mediate these detrimental effects.
Correction Note: Correction to On the Asymptotic Theory of Fixed-Size Sequential Confidence Bounds for Linear Regression Parameters

and in the first line of the proof of Corollary 3.3 we should have XnXn' replaced by (XnXn')2. (4) On page 466, line 3, replace n-' by n. (5) On page 467, in Remarks 1 and 2 the references to Equation (4.1) should instead be references to Equation (4.2). In line 1 of the proof of Theorem 4.1, the n-' before A2(n) should be deleted. I am indebted to Professor R. A. Wijsman's review [4] of my paper for pointing out most of these errors and omissions. He also has drawn my attention to the inadequacy of two of my proofs-namely, the proof of (4.4) in Theorem 4.1 and the proof of Theorem 3.4. As Wijsman points out [4], I have not given a clear indication as to how the results of Anscombe [1] are to be applied to prove (4.4). Rather than give my original proof, I will follow the line of attack suggested by Wijsman [4]. We prove first: LEMMA 1. Let z1 , Z2 X . be i.i. d. with zero means and unit variance. Let a1, a2 , . be any sequence of numbers such that n_' Z=iai2 1 and nmaxi ai2 0 as n -* oo. Define Un = n 2Z 1 aizi and let N N(t) be a positive integer-
Tungsten damage and melt losses under plasma accelerator exposure with ITER ELM relevant conditions

Experimental simulations of ITER edge-localized mode have been performed with a Kh-50 quasi-stationary plasma accelerator. Heat loads exceeded the tungsten melting threshold. Droplet splashing and the solid dust ejection were observed. Droplets were emitted during the plasma exposure and dust generation dominated after the end of a plasma pulse, at the time of the material cooling. A decrease in the droplet velocity at an increase in the surface heat load was observed. It could be attributed to growing sizes of the droplets at higher energy loads. After one hundred pulses were performed at loads below the tungsten melting and above the cracking threshold, some porosity appeared. Such defects achieved dimensions of several tens of μm. A heat load amounting to half the cracking threshold (0.3 MJ m−2) could lead to the appearance of fatigue cracks after 100 plasma pulses. In this case the appearance of cracks could be caused by the accumulation and redistribution of linear defects (dislocations) in the affected tungsten layer.
Simulations of dense planetary rings. III. Self-gravitating identical particles.

Abstract The dynamical behavior of collisional ring systems is studied via a local simulation which includes mutual gravitational forces between particles. Direct force calculations involving up to a few thousand identical particles are employed, with parameter values appropriate to Saturn's rings. Different factors affecting the collisional steady state are studied, including two-particle gravitational encounters, the formation of collective Julian-Toomre wakes, and even the development of particle groups. These simulations indicate that the equilibrium radial velocity dispersion c x tends to be dominated by that factor which alone would yield the largest random motion. In the case of a constant coefficient of restitution ϵ among nongravitating particles, the equilibrium c x never exceeds a few times r Ω, where r is the particle radius and Ω is the orbital angular velocity. With self-gravity, gravitational encounters soon dominate, even when the surface density is small, and c x is then close to the escape speed from individual particles. With increased surface density, scattering by collective wakes becomes yet more important, and c x corresponds to the Toomre parameter Q T ≈ 2. For Saturn's A-ring this implies a multilayered structure with strongly enhanced velocity dispersion, c x , reaching values ≈15rΩ for surface densities ≈500 kg m -2 . The implied c x ≈ ( r /1 m ) 0.2 cm s -1 agrees qualitatively with estimates based on the damping of density waves. Gravitational wakes are also expected for the rings of Uranus. In principle, velocity-dependent dissipation corresponding to values ϵ ≥ 0.6 would suppress the wake structure. However, the azimuthal asymmetry of Saturn's A-ring gives strong support to the existence of wakes, with the simulated pitch angles of order 20°-25° being in good agreement with those required by observations. This agreement suggests that the effective values of ϵ in that ring is closer to zero than implied by recent laboratory experiments of impacts between solid ice balls. Likewise, assuming reasonable densities and dissipation, the present simulations indicate for Saturn's rings that the collective wakes begin to degrade into actual particle groups at distances a ≥ 125,000 km from that planet. Beyond a ≈ 140,000 km, such clumps seem to be very stable. The simulated aggregates have r p ≈ 0.7-0.9, where r p is the minor axis radius of the agregate relative to its Hill's radius.
Nanoparticles for Biological and Medical Imaging

Nanotechnology has provided considerable promise for the biological and medical fields, especially in the subjects of biological and medical imaging for the last two decades. Here, we outline different nanoparticles to contribute to biological and medical imaging disciplines. These concerned nanoparticles are soft nanoparticles, which are based on biomacromolecule/polymer or organic molecule components, hard nanoparticles that are derived from various inorganic components and hard-soft nanoparticles that are based on both inorganic components and biomacromolecule/polymer or organic molecule ones. We also discuss the imaging modalities in biology and medicine that various nanoparticles became involved in are: (1) optical imaging (OI), (2) computed tomography (CT), (3) magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), (4) ultrasonography (USG), (5) positron emission tomography (PET). We will also describe various nanoparticles to serve for one/some of those five modalities in biology and medicine imaging in this review paper.
Overview of the 2022 BUCC Shared Task: Bilingual Term Alignment in Comparable Specialized Corpora

The BUCC 2022 shared task addressed bilingual terminology alignment in comparable corpora. Many research groups are working on this problem using a wide variety of approaches. However, as there is no standard way to measure the performance of the systems, the published results are not comparable and the pros and cons of the various approaches are not clear. The shared task aimed at solving these problems by organizing a fair comparison of systems. This was accomplished by providing a precise deﬁnition of the task and its evaluation, and corpora and non-trivial evaluation datasets for the English-French language pair. Six runs were submitted by two teams. The obtained results are satisfactory with a top average precision of 0.28, but show that the task is not solved yet.
Acute Kidney Injury: Iterative Development of an Audit Tool for Trauma Patients

BACKGROUND: Acute kidney injury is a low-volume, high-risk complication in trauma patients and is associated with prolonged hospital length of stay and increased mortality. Yet, no audit tools exist to evaluate acute kidney injury in trauma patients. OBJECTIVE: This study aimed to describe the iterative development of an audit tool to evaluate acute kidney injury following trauma. METHODS: Our performance improvement nurses developed an audit tool to evaluate acute kidney injury in trauma patients using an iterative, multiphase process conducted from 2017 to 2021, which included a review of our Trauma Quality Improvement Program data, trauma registry data, literature review, multidisciplinary consensus approach, retrospective and concurrent review, and continuous audit and feedback for piloted and finalized versions of the tool. RESULTS: The final acute kidney injury audit tool can be completed within 30 min using data obtained from the electronic medical record and consists of six sections, including identification criteria, source potential causes, source treatment, acute kidney injury treatment, dialysis indications, and outcome status. CONCLUSION: The iterative development and testing of an acute kidney injury audit tool improved the uniform data collection, documentation, audit, and feedback of best practices to positively impact patient outcomes.
Mesoscale Fluctuations of Columnar Water Vapor

Abstract During a 7-week period in the winter of 1986, a six-channel ground-based microwave radiometer was operated at a site near Halifax, Nova Scotia, as part of the Canadian Atlantic Storms Program. One of the quantities measured by this instrument was the vertically integrated water-vapor content of the atmosphere, called the columnar vapor. Time histories of the columnar vapor show variability on many scales. This paper focuses on the fluctuations with frequencies between 0.2 and 2 cycles per hour (periods between 30 min and 5 h), which we denote as mesoscale fluctuations. Power spectra of the columnar vapor fluctuations were calculated for seven records of at least 30 h length. Three of these records were found to have well-defined spectral peaks in the mesoscale range; three had weaker peaks; and one had no significant peak in this range, the spectrum failing off smoothly with approximately an f−2.5 power law. In all cases analyzed, the weather was generally fair, with a stable layer extending appr.
Radiative collimation of atomic beams through two-dimensional cooling of atoms by laser-radiation pressure

The transverse cooling of a beam of sodium atoms in an axisymmetric light field formed by a reflecting axicon is studied. It is shown that transverse cooling leads to a decrease in angular divergence (collimation) of the atomic beam. The transverse velocities of the beam are reduced from 5.5 × 102 to 1.6 × 102 cm/sec, which corresponds to the decrease in effective transverse temperature of the beam from T = 42 to T = 3.3 mK. The spatial and velocity distributions of the atomic beam are calculated numerically. It is found that theory and experiment are in good agreement.
Stabilization Method for Numerical Integration of Multibody Mechanical Systems

The object of this study is to solve the stability problem for the numerical integration of constrained multibody mechanical systems. The dynamic equations of motion of the constrained multibody mechanical system are mixed differential-algebraic equations (DAE). In applying numerical integration methods to this equation, constrained equations and their first and second derivatives must be satisfied simultaneously. That is, the generalized coordinates and their derivatives are dependent. Direct integration methods do not consider this dependency and constraint violation occurs. To solve this problem, Baumgarte proposed a constraint stabilization method in which a position and velocity terms were added in the second derivative of the constraint equation. The disadvantage of this method is that there is no reliable method for selecting the coefficients of the position and velocity terms. Improper selection of these coefficients can lead to erroneous results. In this study, stability analysis methods in digital control theory are used to solve this problem. Correct choice of the coefficients for the Adams method are found for both fixed and variable integration step size.
A Highly Accurate and Efficient Analytical Approach to Bridge Deck Free Vibration Analysis

The superposition method is employed to obtain an accurate analytical type solution for the free vibration frequencies and mode shapes of multi-span bridge decks. Free edge conditions are imposed on the long edges running in the direction of the deck. Inter-span support is of the simple (knife-edge) type. The analysis is valid regardless of the number of spans or their individual lengths. Exact agreement is found when computed results are compared with known eigenvalues for bridge decks with all spans of equal length. Mode shapes and eigenvalues are presented for typical bridge decks of three and four span lengths. In each case torsional and non-torsional modes are studied.
An improved concordance correlation coefficient

It is often required to compare two measurements in medicine and other experimental sciences. This problem covers a broad range of data, and examples can be found in different industries. In this paper, a new index on measuring agreement is proposed, which is similar to Lin's concordance correlation coefficient but derived from a criterion which is more conceptually appealing and which offers improvements. An example is used to demonstrate the benefit of using the new index. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A synoptic study of doppler scintillation transients in the solar wind

This paper presents the first synoptic study of Doppler scintillation transients caused by the passage of interplanetary disturbances. It is based on 40,000 hours of 2.3-GHz Doppler scintillation measurements surrounding 15 superior conjunctions of planetary spacecraft during 1979--1983, a period that includes solar maximum. A total of 148 separate transients covering a heliocentric distance range of 5--179 R/sub s/ were detected: 122 by one spacecraft and 26 by more than one. The enhancement in scintillation level (termed EF for enhancement factor) of the transients varied from 2 to 100. The multispacecraft measurements of 22 disturbances showed that they attenuated and expanded as they propagated outward from the Sun with propagation speeds varying from 200 to 2000 km/s. The propagation speed was highly correlated with EF (correlation coefficient of 0.91), showing that EF serves as a good indicator of propagation speed, at least for large EF. The frequency of occurrence was highest near the Sun (within 40 R/sub s/), where it was 0.29 transients/d, and decreased with radial distance, a reflection of the radial evolution of the transients and the sensitivity of the Doppler scintillation measurements to transients. Since the Doppler scintillation measurements are most effective near the Sun, they ideallymore » complement in situ spacecraft observations farther away. An earlier study of nine interplanetary shock waves based on scintillation, Solwind coronagraph, and Helios plasma measurements showed a significantly wider range of shock velocities close to the Sun than near 1 AU. The results of this synoptic study indicate that this is apparently a long-term feature of the solar wind around solar maximum. copyright American Geophysical Union 1988« less
Modification of optical characteristics of metallic amorphous mirrors under ion bombardment

In-vessel mirrors are necessary for optical diagnostics of plasmas in next-step fusion devices. These mirrors will be under the influence of the harsh fusion environment, and in these conditions the mirror material should perform its functions. This article describes experiments that have been carried out to evaluate the prospect of amorphous mirrors retaining their optical characteristics under the impact of deuterium or argon plasma ions of different energy. The experiments were undertaken with the use of mirror samples prepared from amorphous alloys Vitreloy-1 and Vitreloy-4. The data reported demonstrate the principal ability of mirrors made of amorphous materials to preserve the initial optical quality in the process of long-term sputtering, and should be considered as proof of the possibility of using amorphous metal mirrors in the erosion-dominated zone of a fusion reactor.
Hamiltonian formalism and gauge invariance for linear perturbations in inflation

A Hamiltonian treatment of gauge-invariant cosmological perturbations is presented. In this framework the gauge-invariant perturbations as well as their evolution equations are obtained with minimal work, thanks to the use of a Hamilton--Jacobi technique which takes advantage of the gauge invariance of general relativity. This formalism is applied to perturbations around spatially flat and closed Friedmann--Robertson--Walker universes with the matter being given by a scalar field, both for the gauge-invariant `scalar' perturbations and gravitational waves.
A @ ‑dressing method for the mixed Chen–Lee–Liu derivative nonlinear Schrödinger equation

In this work, we apply the 𝜕 -dressing method to study the mixed Chen–Lee–Liu derivative nonlinear Schrödinger equation (CLL–NLS) with non-normalization boundary conditions. The spatial and time spectral problems associate with CLL– NLS equation which are derived from local 2 × 2 matrix. A CLL–NLS hierachy with source is proposed by using recursive operator. Based on the 𝜕 -equation, the N-solitons of the CLL–NLS equation are constructed by choosing a special spectral transformation matrix. Further more, the explicit two-soliton is obtained.
Dynamic Regulation of the Light-Harvesting System through State Transitions in Land Plants and Green Algae

Photosynthesis constitutes the only known natural process that captures the solar energy to convert carbon dioxide and water into biomass. The primary reactions of photosynthesis are catalyzed by the photosystem II (PSII) and photosystem I (PSI) complexes. Both photosystems associate with antennae complexes whose main function is to increase the light-harvesting capability of the core. In order to maintain optimal photosynthetic activity under a constantly changing natural light environment, plants and green algae regulate the absorbed photo-excitation energy between PSI and PSII through processes known as state transitions. State transitions represent a short-term light adaptation mechanism for balancing the energy distribution between the two photosystems by relocating light-harvesting complex II (LHCII) proteins. The preferential excitation of PSII (state 2) results in the activation of a chloroplast kinase which in turn phosphorylates LHCII, a process followed by the release of phosphorylated LHCII from PSII and its migration to PSI, thus forming the PSI–LHCI–LHCII supercomplex. The process is reversible, as LHCII is dephosphorylated and returns to PSII under the preferential excitation of PSI. In recent years, high-resolution structures of the PSI–LHCI–LHCII supercomplex from plants and green algae were reported. These structural data provide detailed information on the interacting patterns of phosphorylated LHCII with PSI and on the pigment arrangement in the supercomplex, which is critical for constructing the excitation energy transfer pathways and for a deeper understanding of the molecular mechanism of state transitions progress. In this review, we focus on the structural data of the state 2 supercomplex from plants and green algae and discuss the current state of knowledge concerning the interactions between antenna and the PSI core and the potential energy transfer pathways in these supercomplexes.
Benchmarking scalability of stream processing frameworks deployed as event-driven microservices in the cloud

Event-driven microservices are an emerging architectural style for data-intensive software systems. In such systems, stream processing frameworks such as Apache Flink, Apache Kafka Streams, Apache Samza, Hazelcast Jet, or the Apache Beam SDK are used inside microservices to continuously process massive amounts of data in a distributed fashion. While all of these frameworks promote scalability as a core feature, there is only little empirical research evaluating and comparing their scalability. In this study, we benchmark ﬁve modern stream processing frameworks regarding their scalability using a systematic method. We conduct over 460 hours of experiments on Kubernetes clusters in the Google cloud and in a private cloud, where we deploy up to 110 simultaneously running microservice instances, which process up to one million messages per second. We ﬁnd that all benchmarked frameworks exhibit approximately linear scalability as long as su ﬃ cient cloud resources are provisioned. However, the frameworks show considerable di ﬀ erences in the rate at which resources have to be added to cope with increasing load. Moreover, we observe that there is no clear superior framework, but the ranking of the frameworks depends on the use case. Using Apache Beam as an abstraction layer still comes at the cost of signiﬁcantly higher resource requirements regardless of the use case.