Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Effects of Plural Suffixation on Tone Assignment in the Keiyo Language Spoken by the Keiyo Community in Kenya

This paper discusses the effects of the plural suffixes on the assignment of tone in Keiyo language. The aim of the study was to analyze the phonological and prosodic processes that Keiyo nouns (both definite and indefinite) undergo when inflected for number. Since the research was basically descriptive, a design that allowed for the careful description of the phonological characteristics was used. The research was carried out in Tambach Division of Keiyo District in Rift Valley Province. Four adult native speakers who have spent their entire lives in Tambach Division were selected as respondents as they had a rich inventory of the Keiyo nominal vocabulary. The author engaged them with a list of different kinds of generated nouns in their root forms, the singular forms and their corresponding plurals for them to confirm the researcher’s version of the selection of suffixes. Data analysis was done in various stages. From the findings, Keiyo has about three (3) different underlying tones that include High (H), Low (L) and Mid (M). As such, tone is assigned on a noun depending on the meaning that is desired from the individual word. It was noted that plural suffixes in Keiyo are of two forms the indefinite default /in/ and the definite default /ik/ respectively. These two suffixes are however realized differently in different contexts because of constraining phonological factors. Noun roots in Keiyo in their standard forms predominantly carry mid-tone or occasionally a low tone. This feature is however exclusive to the first syllable of the noun roots. The rest of the syllables that follow will also be dictated by the harmony factor. Therefore, when the suffix applies, the initial mid-tone in the root word changes to a low (L) tone in the suffixed word and then to a high (H) tone on the suffix boundary which in most cases is the last syllable in the realized plural suffixed word. Upon suffixation therefore, the features found in the singular nouns and those brought in by the suffixes merge and create a new pattern of tone in the plural form. Keywords: Effects, Plural Suffixation, Tone Assignment, Keiyo Language, Keiyo Community, Kenya
Understanding community capacity through canal heritage development: sink or swim

Canals have historically formed the economic backbone of regions by connecting areas of production to urban markets. Britain, in particular, boasted over 4,000 miles of navigable waterways during the ‘Golden Age’ of canals (1760 to 1830). However, with competition from faster modes of transport, canals faced neglect resulting in economic and environmental decline. A push to revitalise these waterways as heritage tourism sites has resulted in a number of new tourism opportunities. By assessing the developmental process of two canal heritage sites, this research evaluates community capacity, defined as the underlying community resources utilised to develop tourism attractions. Using a grounded theory approach, this project analysed written documentation including reports, memos, meeting minutes and notes taken by advisors, to provide a theoretical understanding of community capacity by assessing community participation/leadership, skills, resources, social/inter-organisational networks, sense of community, community history, community power, and community values needed to succeed in tourism development.
Testing novel quantitative indicators of research ‘quality’, esteem and ‘user engagement’: an economics pilot study

Applying ‘standard’ publication and citation measures to the social sciences is fast becoming an outmoded practice, yet we have still to develop credible quantitative alternatives to inform research evaluation exercises. This paper reports the outcomes of a comparative pilot study of five Australian economics departments which tested data produced using novel bibliometric, esteem, and ‘user engagement’ measures. The results were presented to a group of expert peers drawn from the economics groups studied. There was support for developing some novel bibliometric indicators and ‘user engagement’ measures, but esteem indicators were roundly rejected. Copyright , Beech Tree Publishing.
Generating entangled spin states for quantum metrology by single-photon detection

We propose and analyze a probabilistic but heralded scheme to generate pure, entangled, non-Gaussian states of collective spin in large atomic ensembles by means of single-photon detection. One photon announces the preparation of a Dicke state, while two or more photons announce Schr\"odinger cat states. The method produces pure states even for finite photon detection efficiency and weak atom-photon coupling. The entanglement generation can be made quasi-deterministic by means of repeated trial and feedback, enabling metrology beyond the standard quantum limit.
Razão e intuição na tomada de decisão: uma abordagem exploratória

14.00 The article's major objective is to clarify the meaning of intuition and what is its relation to reason. The author analyses the rationality prevailing in theories and models of decision and avails herself of Philosophy and Psychology, to explain what intuition and feeling are. She also contends that intuition and reason are complementary and that both are present at each decision-making. There are, however, various types of rationality and degrees of intuition. The author suggests, also, that many decisions said to be intuitive may not be predominantly based on intuition, but rather on multiple rationalities and on feeling. Normal 0 21 false false false PT-BR X-NONE X-NONE /* Style Definitions */ table.MsoNormalTable {mso-style-name:"Tabela normal"; mso-tstyle-rowband-size:0; mso-tstyle-colband-size:0; mso-style-noshow:yes; mso-style-priority:99; mso-style-parent:""; mso-padding-alt:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; mso-para-margin-top:0cm; mso-para-margin-right:0cm; mso-para-margin-bottom:10.0pt; mso-para-margin-left:0cm; line-height:115%; mso-pagination:widow-orphan; font-size:11.0pt; font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin; mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin; mso-fareast-language:EN-US;}
A Lightweight Sanity Check for Implemented Architectures

Software architecture has been loosely defined as the organizational structure of a software system, including the components, connectors, constraints, and rationale.1 Evaluating a system's software architecture helps stakeholders to check whether the architecture complies with their interests. Additionally, the evaluation can result in a common understanding of the architecture's strengths and weaknesses. All of this helps to determine which quality criteria the system meets because "architectures allow or preclude nearly all of the system's quality attributes. "2
Reason, emotion, and the problem of world poverty: moral sentiment theory and international ethics

This article defends a sentimentalist cosmopolitan approach to international ethics against the rationalist cosmopolitan claim that emotions ought to be subjugated by their master, reason, and in processes of ethical deliberation. It argues that emotions play an indispensable role in making moral judgements and help to motivate ethical actions. Drawing on elements of 18th century moral sentiment theory and recent advances in neuroscience and psychology, the article demonstrates that reason and emotion are intimately linked forms of reflective thought, that emotion is central to reason and, far from disrupting processes of ethical deliberation, may actually enhance our ability to make moral judgements. Focusing on the problem of global poverty, the article shows that a sentimentalist cosmopolitan ethic provides a holistic approach to moral dilemmas in world politics that is capable of identifying injustices, prescribing how we ought to respond to them, and motivating ethical action in response to the injustices we observe.
The CcpA Protein Is Necessary for Efficient Sporulation and Enterotoxin Gene (cpe) Regulation in Clostridium perfringens

ABSTRACT Clostridium perfringens is the cause of several human diseases, including gas gangrene (clostridial myonecrosis), enteritis necroticans, antibiotic-associated diarrhea, and acute food poisoning. The symptoms of antibiotic-associated diarrhea and acute food poisoning are due to sporulation-dependent production of C. perfringens enterotoxin encoded by the cpe gene. Glucose is a catabolite repressor of sporulation by C. perfringens. In order to identify the mechanism of catabolite repression by glucose, a mutation was introduced into the ccpA gene of C. perfringens by conjugational transfer of a nonreplicating plasmid into C. perfringens, which led to inactivation of the ccpA gene by homologous recombination. CcpA is a transcriptional regulator known to mediate catabolite repression in a number of low-G+C-content gram-positive bacteria, of which C. perfringens is a member. The ccpA mutant strain sporulated at a 60-fold lower efficiency than the wild-type strain in the absence of glucose. In the presence of 5 mM glucose, sporulation was repressed about 2,000-fold in the wild-type strain and 800-fold in the ccpA mutant strain compared to sporulation levels for the same strains grown in the absence of glucose. Therefore, while CcpA is necessary for efficient sporulation in C. perfringens, glucose-mediated catabolite repression of sporulation is not due to the activity of CcpA. Transcription of the cpe gene was measured in the wild-type and ccpA mutant strains grown in sporulation medium by using a cpe-gusA fusion (gusA is an Escherichia coli gene encoding the enzyme β-glucuronidase). In the exponential growth phase, cpe transcription was two times higher in the ccpA mutant strain than in the wild-type strain. Transcription of cpe was highly induced during the entry into stationary phase in wild-type cells but was not induced in the ccpA mutant strain. Glucose repressed cpe transcription in both the wild-type and ccpA mutant strain. Therefore, CcpA appears to act as a repressor of cpe transcription in exponential growth but is required for efficient sporulation and cpe transcription upon entry into stationary phase. CcpA was also required for maximum synthesis of collagenase (kappa toxin) and acted as a repressor of polysaccharide capsule synthesis in the presence of glucose, but it did not regulate synthesis of the phospholipase PLC (alpha toxin).
Children's Intergroup Attribution Bias for Liked and Disliked Peers

Abstract To find an intergroup bias with nonethnic peer social groups, the author asked 30 children from New Zealand to make attributions about both positive and negative behaviors performed by both someone they liked and by someone they disliked. In line with predictions, the children produced (a) more dispositional attributions for friends performing positive behaviors and for someone disliked performing negative behaviors and (b) more situational attributions for friends performing negative behaviors and for someone disliked performing positive behaviors. The results show that the intergroup attribution bias generalizes to the important domain of peer relations and that children's narrative accounts can be biased depending upon group membership.
Antiviral therapy in chronic hepatitis B viral infection during pregnancy: A systematic review and meta‐analysis

Perinatal or mother‐to‐child transmission (MTCT) of hepatitis B virus (HBV) remains the major risk factor for chronic HBV infection worldwide. In addition to hepatitis B immune globulin and vaccination, oral antiviral therapies in highly viremic mothers can further decrease MTCT of HBV. We conducted a systematic review and meta‐analysis to synthesize the evidence on the efficacy and maternal and fetal safety of antiviral therapy during pregnancy. A protocol was developed by the American Association for the Study of Liver Diseases guideline writing committee. We searched multiple databases for controlled studies that enrolled pregnant women with chronic HBV infection treated with antiviral therapy. Outcomes of interest were reduction of MTCT and adverse outcomes to mothers and newborns. Study selection and data extraction were done by pairs of independent reviewers. We included 26 studies that enrolled 3622 pregnant women. Antiviral therapy reduced MTCT, as defined by infant hepatitis B surface antigen seropositivity (risk ratio = 0.3, 95% confidence interval 0.2‐0.4) or infant HBV DNA seropositivity (risk ratio = 0.3, 95% confidence interval 0.2‐0.5) at 6‐12 months. No significant differences were found in the congenital malformation rate, prematurity rate, and Apgar scores. Compared to control, lamivudine or telbivudine improved maternal HBV DNA suppression at delivery and during 4‐8 weeks' postpartum follow‐up. Tenofovir showed improvement in HBV DNA suppression at delivery. No significant differences were found in postpartum hemorrhage, cesarean section, and elevated creatinine kinase rates. Conclusions: Antiviral therapy improves HBV suppression and reduces MTCT in women with chronic HBV infection with high viral load compared to the use of hepatitis B immunoglobulin and vaccination alone; the use of telbivudine, lamivudine, and tenofovir appears to be safe in pregnancy with no increased adverse maternal or fetal outcome. (Hepatology 2016;63:319–333)
Quantitation of adenovirus DNA and virus particles with the PicoGreen fluorescent Dye.

A microplate assay for the rapid quantitation of adenovirus DNA has been developed using the fluorescent dye PicoGreen, which selectively binds double-stranded DNA. The method was first applied to extracted adenoviral DNA and then extended to samples of intact, purified adenovirus after lysis of the viral capsid with the ionic detergent SDS. Utilizing the stoichiometric relationship between adenovirus DNA and intact particles, a physical particle count of intact virus is then derived for the sample. This PicoGreen-based assay has excellent reproducibility, linearity, and sensitivity. In its present form, this assay has a limit of quantitation of 10.3 ng/ml viral DNA, predicted to correspond to 2.6 x 10(8) virus particles/ml. This procedure was compared to a widely utilized spectroscopic method, in which samples are lysed with SDS and absorbance is read at 260 nm, and found to be 10- to 20-fold more sensitive. The dye binding assay also uses considerably less sample volume (<20%) than that needed for the spectroscopic method. Particle count values generated by the PicoGreen procedure are consistently lower (typically 1.5- to 2-fold) than this spectroscopic method. The applications and limitations of this method in the analysis of adenovirus samples are discussed.
Intergenerational Family Relations in Adulthood: Patterns, Variations, and Implications in the Contemporary United States

Recent research suggests that intergenerational relations—the relationships between adult children and their parents in particular—are becoming increasingly important to Americans. Two main social forces appear to be driving these changes: marital instability and broader demographic shifts. Intergenerational relationships involve both affective ties and more instrumental forms of support such as financial resources or child care. Although actual material assistance tends to be episodic and primarily responsive to specific needs, these relationships appear to be durable and flexible and often fill in when marriage or other emotional attachments deteriorate. As such, intergenerational family relations may reflect adaptations to contemporary, postmodern economic and cultural conditions. Variations in these general patterns and dynamics are also exhibited, the most striking of which are those involving race and class. These variations are driven largely by social structure and position and suggest that interg.
Hospitalisation in adults with intellectual disabilities compared with the general population in Norway.

BACKGROUND Previous studies have found that adults with intellectual disabilities (ID) are hospitalised more often than the general population (GP). This study investigates hospital discharge rates and main diagnostic causes for hospitalisation among administratively defined people with ID compared with the GP in Norway. METHOD Data from the Norwegian Labour and Welfare Service was combined with data from the Norwegian Patient Register (Ntotal = 1 764 072 and NID = 7573) for the period 2008-2011. Data from a Norwegian patient report generator and Statistics Norway are also analysed. RESULTS During the study period, 11% of people with ID and 11.5% of the GP were admitted to hospitals. The length of the average hospital stay was just over 4 days for both groups. Among those who were hospitalised, the majority were only admitted to hospital once during the study period: ID 66% and GP 70%. People with ID were admitted somewhat more often than people in the GP. Contrary to the GP, adults with ID were more frequently hospitalised at a younger age and less frequently at old age. The most common International Classification of Diseases diagnostic group for hospitalisation among people with ID is injury, poisoning and certain other consequences of external causes, whereas for the GP, it is diseases of the circulatory system. CONCLUSION This study finds that the proportion of people being hospitalised per year is statistically, but only slightly, different among adult people with ID and the GP. The results must be interpreted in light of the organisation of the health care system in Norway.
Challenges of Becoming a Scholar: A Study of Doctoral Students' Problems and Well-Being

Successful studying in Ph. D. education is a complex matter. Although Ph. D. students are a highly select group, some never finish. This paper explores the problems that doctoral candidates face during their doctoral studies as well as students' well-being in relation to their studying engagement. The study is part of a larger research project on doctoral education. Altogether 669 doctoral students from the Faculties of Arts, Medicine, and Behavioural Sciences responded to the survey. Doctoral students' perceptions of the problems they encountered during their studies varied. The problems reported were related to general working processes, domain-specific expertise, supervision, the scholarly community, and resources. Doctoral students' well-being and study engagement showed a clear relationship. More effective means are needed to foster students' ability to overcome problems encountered during their Ph. D. studies.
Endovascular stent design dictates experimental restenosis and thrombosis.

BACKGROUND Vascular interventions that maximize initial lumen diameter provoke extensive neointimal hyperplasia but minimize its effects, causing long-term lumen size to be greater. Nevertheless, interventions such as endovascular stents, which increase lumen size above that achieved with balloon angioplasty, are subject to frequent thrombosis and restenosis. It has been unclear whether the response to stent-induced injury is determined solely by the degree of stent-induced arterial expansion or whether the geometric configuration of the stent or the material left in contact with the vessel wall also contribute. METHODS AND RESULTS We examined the vascular response to steel stents deployed in denuded rabbit iliac arteries for 14 days. In one set of experiments, the effects of sten configuration were examined, holding diameter, mass, surface area, and stent surface material constant. In another set, stent surface material was changed, with mass, configuration, and diameter unaltered. Changing stent configuration to reduce strut-strut intersections by 29% without affecting mass or surface area reduced vascular injury by 42%, thrombosis by 69%, and neointimal hyperplasia by 38%. Monocyte adhesion to stented arteries correlated linearly with vascular trauma and neointimal hyperplasia (r = .96, P < .01 for each). When the stainless steel surface was coated with an inert polymer material, vascular injury and neointimal hyperplasia were unchanged but thrombosis was eliminated. CONCLUSIONS Surface material and geometric configuration of stents may be more important than postplacement diameter in determining neointimal hyperplasia and thrombosis. Alterations in configuration affect vascular injury and neointimal hyperplasia, while surface material plays a greater role in thrombosis. Monocytes may be important modulators of stent-induced intimal thickening. Clinical confirmation of these findings may alter coronary stent deployment techniques and future stent designs.
Data Mining Applications in the Banking Industry in China (1998-2007)

Data mining popularly referred to as knowledge discovery from data (KDD), is the automated or convenient extraction of patterns representing knowledge implicitly stored or catchable in large databases, data warehouses, the Web, other massive information repositories, or data streams. Data mining increasingly mature and has been widely used in various industry. The banking industry is typical Industry of data mining applications. This study reviews the relevant literatures on data mining applications in the banking industry from 1998 to 2007 in China. With the method of bibliometric analysis makes a statistical analysis on literatures from the perspectives of time distribution, research techniques, research topics, and research methods. This paper concludes data mining in the banking industry research category Charts, and the applied research character of data mining in the banking industry in China. With the overseas research situation contrast, this paper makes some suggestions on the improvement of data mining applications in China.
Self‐schemata: Ambiguous operationalizations of an important concept

The study addresses the question of the psychometric properties of Importance ratings as a measure of self‐schemata and compares it with Trait Level measures using a somewhat different methodology from that of Burke, Kraut and Dworkin (1984). Subjects rated themselves on each of ten trait scales and also rated the personal significance of each trait. Furthermore, subjects were asked to rank order acts with regard to how representative they would be for their own behaviour in particular situations. The experiment was repeated after 2 weeks. Conclusions similar to those of Burke et al. (1984) were reached. Evidence for the discriminant validity of Importance ratings as measures of self‐schemata was weak. Furthermore, Trait Level measures predicted schema‐related behaviour better than Importance ratings. Future directions in research on self‐schemata are discussed in the light of these findings.
[Instruments for evaluating behavioural disorders].

AIMS This review considers, from a theoretical clinical point of view, several interview based instruments used in the areas of neuropsychology, psychology and psychiatry that have been designed to evaluate the associated symptoms in several diagnostic categories or types in the different editions of the Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders. DEVELOPMENT The study of psychopathology, especially in children and adolescents, has one prior requisite: a thorough knowledge of how categorical disorders are organised by axes and the reason for the groups of symptoms and their variations located in each criterion. Consequently, in order to perform a diagnosis in child psychopathology, different criteria have to be fulfilled, according to the presence of the different disorders associated with a particular pathology, and the different evaluation tools provide a multiple approach that allows the behavioural problems to be evaluated. CONCLUSIONS We currently have a series of diagnostic instruments available that are recommended for individual clinical study and can be applied both by parents and by teachers. The need then arises to research into whether the symptoms reported by parents and teachers have similar characteristics or whether, to the contrary, there are differences in the behaviour observed in distinct contexts, which would require a further analysis of the contextual particularities the patient moves in.