Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Cost-based Modeling and Evaluation for Data Mining With Application to Fraud and Intrusion Detection : Results from the JAM Project ∗

In this paper we describe the results achieved using the JAM distributed data mining system for the real world problem of fraud detection in financial information systems. For this d omain we provide clear evidence that state-of-the-art comme rcial This research is supported in part by grants from DARPA (F30602-96-1 031 ) and NSF (IRI96-32225 and CDA-96-25374).
ERP study of metaphor processing

Procedure The stem sentences were presented centrally, one word at a time for 28ms per character followed by a fixation symbol in the middle of the screen for 200ms. The sentence final word was then presented to either the RFV/LH or LVF/RH and shown for 200ms. Metaphor, literal and anomalous endings were presented randomly and in equal numbers. Each sentence was then followed by the comprehension question presented centrally for 4s. Participants answered the questions using a response box.
CT Medical Images Denoising Based on New Wavelet Thresholding Compared with Curvelet and Contourlet

One of the most important challenging factors in medical images is nominated as noise. Image denoising refers to the improvement of a digital medical image that has been infected by Additive White Gaussian Noise (AWGN). The digital medical image or video can be affected by different types of noises. They are impulse noise, Poisson noise and AWGN. Computed tomography (CT) images are subjects to low quality due to the noise. Quality of CT images is dependent on absorbed dose to patients directly in such a way that increase in absorbed radiation, consequently absorbed dose to patients (ADP), enhances the CT images quality. In this manner, noise reduction techniques on purpose of images quality enhancement exposing no excess radiation to patients is one the challenging problems for CT images processing. In this work, noise reduction in CT images was performed using two different directional 2 dimensional (2D) transformations; i.e., Curvelet and Contourlet and Discrete Wavelet Transform (DWT) thresholding methods of BayesShrink and AdaptShrink, compared to each other and we proposed a new threshold in wavelet domain for not only noise reduction but also edge retaining, consequently the proposed method retains the modified coefficients significantly that result good visual quality. Data evaluations were accomplished by using two criterions; namely, peak signal to noise ratio (PSNR) and Structure similarity (Ssim). Keywords—Computed Tomography (CT), noise reduction, curve-let, contour-let, Signal to Noise Peak-Peak Ratio (PSNR), Structure Similarity (Ssim), Absorbed Dose to Patient (ADP).
Position Sensor Performance in Nanometer Resolution Feedback Systems

Abstract The performance of precision mechatronic systems is restrained by the linearity, bandwidth and resolution of position sensors. Unfortunately, these parameters may not be available in a form that allows direct comparison between sensors or the prediction of closed-loop performance. This article presents concise definitions for the linearity, drift, bandwidth and resolution of position sensors. These definitions allow position sensors to be readily compared and the performance of feedback systems to be accurately predicted.
In Vitro Toxicity of Local Anesthetics and Corticosteroids on Chondrocyte and Synoviocyte Viability and Metabolism

Objective: There is growing concern that intra-articular injection of local anesthetic and/or corticosteroids may cause significant morbidity, including potential toxicity to chondrocytes and synoviocytes, after even a single exposure. We demonstrate that full thickness canine chondral and synovial samples exposed to various local anesthetics and corticosteroids exhibit decreased loss of cell viability compared with prior in vitro studies using monolayer culture, due to the protective effects of intact extracellular matrix and cell heterogeneity. Methods: Full-thickness cartilage and synovial explants were obtained from canine cadavers and exposed in culture media to the following for 24 hours: 1% lidocaine, 0.5% lidocaine, 0.25% bupivacaine, 0.125% bupvacaine, 0.0625% bupivacaine, betamethasone acetate, methylprednisolone acetate, triamcinolone acetonide, or culture media only (control). Cell viability was determined on days 1 and 7 of culture using a microscopic live-dead and alamar blue metabolic assays. Results: Complete loss of chondrocyte and synoviocyte viability was noted in the 1% and 0.5% lidocaine group, 0.25% and 0.125% bupivacaine group, betamethasone group, and methylprednisolone groups after 1 and 7 days of culture. Treatment with 0.0625% bupivacaine and triamcinolone demonstrated no decrease in cell viability or metabolism when compared to negative control. Conclusions: In this canine explant model, 1% and 0.5% lidocaine, 0.25% and 0.125% bupivacaine, betamethasone acetate, and methylpresdnisolone acetate were severely chondrotoxic and synoviotoxic after a single exposure, despite intact extracellular matrix. In contrast, chondrocytes and synoviocytes exposed to 0.0625% bupivacaine and triamcinolone remained viable after treatment. Further in vivo study is needed before definitive recommendations can be made.
An approach to application software fault tolerance

Let us then contrast two aspects: New language constructs: Recovery Blocks, mechanizations of Conversations, and Colloquy all fall into this aspect. The advantage of this approach is the safety and semantic clarity of use inside application programs. Disadvantages include the difficulties of implementing these extensions, and that of collecting sufficient application experiences, so that it can be decided, among the many proposed mechanisms, which ones are best suited for selected application classes. Libraries of primitive operations: by this way, application programmers are provided with all the required primitives to implement any well known paradigm for fault tolerance (and possibly new ones, devised for his/her own application). Thus, gains in efficiency, ease of experiencing and flexibility, with respect to the language extension solution, are counterbalanced by the lack of an implicit structuring in the use of such primitives. As a consequence, it becomes difficult to debug and to make correctness proofs of application programs which make an undisciplined use of such primitives.
Beyond Capital Ideals: Restoring Banking Stability

The authors examine why emerging markets, in particular, are susceptible to and affected by financial difficulties. They show that these difficulties have a richer, more complex structure than they are sometimes believed to have - with marked information asymmetries and substantial volatility. The sources of heightened regulatory failure in emerging markets in recent years include the volatility of real and nominal shocks, the difficulty of operating in uncharted territory after financial liberalization and other changes in regime, and the political pressures that can inhibit the enforcement of prudential regulation. The authors discuss what stronger regulation can and cannot accomplish, as well as options to improve the incentive structure for bankers, regulators, and other market participants. They probe the shortcomings of a regulatory paradigm that relies mainly on supervised capital adequacy and discuss the possible intermittent application of supplementary"blunt instruments"as an interim solution while longer-term reforms are being put in place. Certain well-worn messages remain valid, but are respected more in theory than in practice. There would be fewer problems, the authors say, if there were: 1) more diversification; 2) more balanced financial structures (for example, as between debt and equity); 3) more foreign banks in emerging markets'financial systems; and 4) better enforcement of both contracts and regulations. Participants in the financial sector will constantly try to get around rules that limit their profitability, so regulation must be seen as an evolutionary struggle. Prevention of financial failure is not costless, and a heavy repressive hand is not warranted. But a richer regulatory palette can be used to protect financial systems more successfully against crisis while preserving the systems'growth-enhancing effectiveness.
Constructions and obstructions for extremal polytopes

In the fall of 2001, I was finishing my computer science undergrad studies and Martin Skutella suggested that I take the course " Linear optimization " , a course offered to beginning math grad students and taught by Prof. Günter Ziegler. Following his advice, my fellow student Roman Wagner and I took the course, and failed badly. We lacked the necessary linear algebra and so the teaching assistant had a hard time understanding our " solutions " to the exercises. However, I liked the little that I understood and after the next semester break, which I spent with a linear algebra book, I restarted the ADM-lecture-cycle, this time with " Graph and network algorithms " and more computer scientists: Moritz Hilger and Oliver Wirjadi joined the team. We had a great time spending afternoons at the " beach " solving the exercises. But the best of all was our tutor Vanessa Kääb: In three months from now we will get married and in two more months we will have our first child – ain't that great! The teaching assistant was Frank Lutz who offered me the job as a tutor for the linear optimization course – not a bad setup as I did not have to do the exercises again. He also encouraged me to attend the " Discrete Geometry " course in the 2004 summer term, also taught by Günter. In the following semester break I started working on my diploma thesis under Günter's supervision. I got a desk in the workgroup and I met lots of people to talk about math, including Jakob Uszkoreit, someone who can listen to more math than I'm able to tell. I did a decent job in my thesis and Günter offered me a PhD position, first on his Leibnitz grant and later in the research training group " Methods for Discrete Structures ". That was in October 2005. Now it is May 2008 and the end of the journey. I had a wonderful time. Günter taught me how to do research, how to " write stuff up, " and how to give talks. I enjoyed the frequent morning coffees with him in the " Molotov Depot " (it opens up at 7:20 am, weekends a little later) and I appreciated the fact that he had always time for yet another (stupid) question. I benefited not only from what he is doing in …
Assessment of surgical stress during general anaesthesia.

BACKGROUND Inadequate analgesia during general anaesthesia may present as undesirable haemodynamic responses. No objective measures of the adequacy of analgesia exist. We aimed at developing a simple numerical measure of the level of surgical stress in an anaesthetized patient. METHODS Sixty and 12 female patients were included in the development and validation data sets, respectively. All patients had elective surgery with propofol-remifentanil target controlled anaesthesia. Finger photoplethysmography and electrocardiography waveforms were recorded throughout anaesthesia and various waveform parameters were extracted off-line. Total surgical stress (TSS) for a patient was estimated based on stimulus intensity and remifentanil concentration. The surgical stress index (SSI) was developed to correlate with the TSS estimate in the development data set. The performance of SSI was validated within the validation data set during and before surgery, especially at skin incision and during changes of the predicted remifentanil effect-site concentration. RESULTS SSI was computed as a combination of normalized heart beat interval (HBI(norm)) and plethysmographic pulse wave amplitude (PPGA(norm)): SSI = 100-(0.7*PPGA(norm)+0.3*HBI(norm)). SSI increased at skin incision and stayed higher during surgery than before surgery; SSI responded to remifentanil concentration changes and was higher at the lower concentrations of remifentanil. CONCLUSIONS SSI reacts to surgical nociceptive stimuli and analgesic drug concentration changes during propofol-remifentanil anaesthesia. Further validation studies of SSI are needed to elucidate its usefulness during other anaesthetic and surgical conditions.
Membrane fusion during secretion. A hypothesis based on electron microscope observation of Phytophthora Palmivora zoospores during encystment

Interpretation of freeze-fracture and thin-section results shows that fusion of the peripheral vesicle with the plasmalemma of a Phytophthora palmivora zoospore occurs at several discrete sites and results in the formation and expansion of a particle-free bilayer membrane diaphragm and in the appearance of a polymorphic network of membrane-bounded tunnels, the lumina of which are continuous with the cytoplasm. The outer half of the bilayer membrane diaphragm appears continuous with the outer half of the plasma membrane; the inner half of the bilayer membrane diaphragm with the inner half of the peripheral vesicle membrane; and the inner half of the plasmalemma with the outer half of the peripheral vesicle membrane. Interpretation of our results leads us to formulate a hypothesis for a sequence of several intermediate stages involved in membrane fusion. The initial fusion event is viewed as a local catastrophe (Thom, R. 1972. Stabilite Structurelle et Morphogenese. W. A. Benjamin Inc., Reading, Mass.) involving the sudden reorganization of apposed elements of the inner half of the plasmalemma and the outer half of the peripheral vesicle membrane. Fusion of apposed components at the rim of the perimeter of fusion results in the formation of a toroid hemi-micelle which provides continuity between the inner half of the plasmalemma and the outer half of the peripheral vesicle membrane. Simultaneously, apposed components at the site of fusion may reorganize into an inverted membrane micelle. A bilayer membrane diaphragm is then formed by apposition and flowing of components form the outer half of the plasmalemma and the inner (exoplasmic) half of the peripheral vesicle membrane. The existence of large areas of membrane contact before fusion may lead to several fusion events and the formation of a polymorphic network of membrane- bound tunnels.
Identification of Important Nodes in Directed Biological Networks: A Network Motif Approach

Identification of important nodes in complex networks has attracted an increasing attention over the last decade. Various measures have been proposed to characterize the importance of nodes in complex networks, such as the degree, betweenness and PageRank. Different measures consider different aspects of complex networks. Although there are numerous results reported on undirected complex networks, few results have been reported on directed biological networks. Based on network motifs and principal component analysis (PCA), this paper aims at introducing a new measure to characterize node importance in directed biological networks. Investigations on five real-world biological networks indicate that the proposed method can robustly identify actually important nodes in different networks, such as finding command interneurons, global regulators and non-hub but evolutionary conserved actually important nodes in biological networks. Receiver Operating Characteristic (ROC) curves for the five networks indicate remarkable prediction accuracy of the proposed measure. The proposed index provides an alternative complex network metric. Potential implications of the related investigations include identifying network control and regulation targets, biological networks modeling and analysis, as well as networked medicine.
Early and late time VLT spectroscopy of SN 2001el - Progenitor constraints for a type Ia supernova

We present early time high-resolution (VLT/UVES) and late time low-resolution (VLT/FORS) optical spectra of the normal type Ia supernova, SN 2001el. The high-resolution spectra were obtained 9 and 2 days before ( B -band) maximum light. This was in order to allow the detection of narrow hydrogen and/or helium emission lines from the circumstellar medium of the supernova. No such lines were detected in our data. We therefore use these spectra together with photoionisation models to derive upper limits of $9\times10^{-6} ~{M}_\odot~{\rm yr}^{-1}$ and $5\times10^{-5} ~{M}_\odot~{\rm yr}^{-1}$ for the mass loss rate from the progenitor system of SN 2001el assuming velocities of 10 km s -1 and 50 km s -1 , respectively, for a wind extending to outside at least a few $\times 10^{15}$ cm away from the supernova explosion site. So far, these are the best H α based upper limits obtained for a type Ia supernova, and exclude a symbiotic star in the upper mass loss rate regime (so called Mira type stars) from being the progenitor of SN 2001el. The low-resolution spectrum was obtained in the nebular phase of the supernova, ~400 days after the maximum light, to search for any hydrogen rich gas originating from the supernova progenitor system. However, we see no signs of Balmer lines in our spectrum. Therefore, we model the late time spectra to derive an upper limit of ~0.03 $M_{\odot}$ for solar abundance material present at velocities lower than 1000 km s -1 within the supernova explosion site. According to numerical simulations of Marietta et al. (2000) this is less than the expected mass lost by a subgiant, red giant or a main-sequence secondary star at a small binary separation as a result of the SN explosion. Our data therefore exclude these scenarios as the progenitor of SN 2001el. Finally, we discuss the origin of high velocity Ca II lines previously observed in a few type Ia supernovae before the maximum light. We see both the Ca II IR triplet and the H&K lines in our earliest (-9 days) spectrum at a very high velocity of up to ~34 000 km s -1 . The spectrum also shows a flat-bottomed Si II “6150 A” feature similar to the one previously observed in SN 1990N (Leibundgut et al. 1991, ApJ, 371, L23) at 14 days before maximum light. We compare these spectral features in SN 2001el to those observed in SN 1984A and SN 1990N at even higher velocities.
Human eukaryotic translation initiation factor 4G (eIF4G) possesses two separate and independent binding sites for eIF4A

Mammalian translation initiation factor 4F (eIF4F) consists of three subunits, eIF4A, eIF4E, and eIF4G. eIF4G interacts directly with both eIF4A and eIF4E. The binding site for eIF4E is contained in the amino-terminal third of eIF4G, while the binding site for eIF4A was mapped to the carboxy-terminal third of the molecule. Here we show that human eIF4G possesses two separate eIF4A binding domains in the middle third (amino acids [aa] 478 to 883) and carboxy-terminal third (aa 884 to 1404) of the molecule. The amino acid sequence of the middle portion of eIF4G is well conserved between yeasts and humans. We show that mutations of conserved amino acid stretches in the middle domain abolish or reduce eIF4A binding as well as eIF3 binding. In addition, a separate and nonoverlapping eIF4A binding domain exists in the carboxy-terminal third (aa 1045 to 1404) of eIF4G, which is not present in yeast. The C-terminal two-thirds region (aa 457 to 1404) of eIF4G, containing both eIF4A binding sites, is required for stimulating translation. Neither one of the eIF4A binding domains alone activates translation. In contrast to eIF4G, human p97, a translation inhibitor with homology to eIF4G, binds eIF4A only through the amino-terminal proximal region, which is homologous to the middle domain of eIF4G.
Dissipativity characterization of a class of oscillators and networks of oscillators

This paper uses dissipativity theory to provide the system-theoretic description of a basic oscillation mechanism. Elementary input-output tools are then used to prove the existence and stability of limit cycles in these "oscillators". The main benefit of the proposed approach is that it is well suited for the analysis and design of interconnections, thus providing a valuable mathematical tool for the study of networks of coupled oscillators.
Large-Margin Structured Prediction via Linear Programming

This paper presents a novel learning algorithm for structured classification, where the task is to predict multiple and interacting labels (multilabel) for an input object. The problem of finding a large-margin separation between correct multilabels and incorrect ones is formulated as a linear program. Instead of explicitly writing out the entire problem with an exponentially large constraint set, the linear program is solved iteratively via column generation. In this case, the process of generating most violated constraints is equivalent to searching for highest-scored misclassified incorrect multilabels, which can be easily achieved by decoding the structure based on current estimations. In addition, we also explore the integration of column generation and an extragradient method for linear programming to gain further efficiency. The proposed method has the advantages that it can handle arbitrary structures and larger-scale problems. Experimental results on part-of-speech tagging and statistical machine translation tasks are reported, demonstrating the competitiveness of our approach.
Image decomposition model combined with sparse representation and total variation

In this paper, we propose a new decomposition model combined with sparse representation and total variation (SRTV), which allows us to separate cartoon and texture components from an image. The SRTV model naturally fits into the framework of separation and produces separated layers, meanwhile, denoising and inpainting process appears as the byproducts. Therefore, the new approach incorporates separation, denoising, and inpainting as a unified framework. We demonstrate the performance of the new approach through several examples.
Big Foot

Spatial perception research in the real world and in virtual environments suggests that the body (e.g., hands) plays a role in the perception of the scale of the world. However, little research has closely examined how varying the size of virtual body parts may influence judgments of action capabilities and spatial layout. Here, we questioned whether changing the size of virtual feet would affect judgments of stepping over and estimates of the width of a gap. Participants viewed their disembodied virtual feet as small or large and judged both their ability to step over a gap and the size of gaps shown in the virtual world. Foot size affected both affordance judgments and size estimates such that those with enlarged virtual feet estimated they could step over larger gaps and that the extent of the gap was smaller. Shrunken feet led to the perception of a reduced ability to step over a gap and smaller estimates of width. The results suggest that people use their visually perceived foot size to scale virtual spaces. Regardless of foot size, participants felt that they owned the feet rendered in the virtual world. Seeing disembodied, but motion-tracked, virtual feet affected spatial judgments, suggesting that the presentation of a single tracked body part is sufficient to produce similar effects on perception, as has been observed with the presence of fully co-located virtual self-avatars or other body parts in the past.