Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
A Novel Schema for Detecting Malicious Packet Losses

: Detecting malicious dropping packets is a crucial issue in networks to minimize various security attacks such as blackhole, greyhole, and wormhole attacks. All networks drop the packets in the presence of collisions, channel errors and the network traffic exceeds its capacities. All the existing detection algorithms have addressed this issue by using user-defined threshold value. But these attacks could not able to solve it because too many dropped packets imply malicious intent. To address this problem in this paper we proposed a model to monitor a node for detecting malicious packet dropping. To evaluate the performance of the proposed algorithm we used NS2 simulator. Our experimental revels that the proposed algorithm performed very well to detect malicious packet drops due to the collisions, channel errors and heavy traffic.
Quasilocal energy and conserved charges derived from the gravitational action.

The quasilocal energy of gravitational and matter fields in a spatially bounded region is obtained by employing a Hamilton-Jacobi analysis of the action functional. First, a surface stress-energy-momentum tensor is defined by the functional derivative of the action with respect to the three-metric on [sup 3][ital B], the history of the system's boundary. Energy surface density, momentum surface density, and spatial stress are defined by projecting the surface stress tensor normally and tangentially to a family of spacelike two-surfaces that foliate [sup 3][ital B]. The integral of the energy surface density over such a two-surface [ital B] is the quasilocal energy associated with a spacelike three-surface [Sigma] whose orthogonal intersection with [sup 3][ital B] is the boundary [ital B]. The resulting expression for quasilocal energy is given in terms of the total mean curvature of the spatial boundary [ital B] as a surface embedded in [Sigma]. The quasilocal energy is also the value of the Hamiltonian that generates unit magnitude proper-time translations on [sup 3][ital B] in the timelike direction orthogonal to [ital B]. Conserved charges such as angular momentum are defined using the surface stress tensor and Killing vector fields on [sup 3][ital B]. For spacetimes that are asymptoticallymore » flat in spacelike directions, the quasilocal energy and angular momentum defined here agree with the results of Arnowitt, Deser, and Misner in the limit that the boundary tends to spatial infinity. For spherically symmetric spacetimes, it is shown that the quasilocal energy has the correct Newtonian limit, and includes a negative contribution due to gravitational binding. « less
SAF-A Forms a Complex with BRG1 and Both Components Are Required for RNA Polymerase II Mediated Transcription

Background Scaffold attachment factor A (SAF-A) participates in the regulation of gene expression by organizing chromatin into transcriptionally active domains and by interacting directly with RNA polymerase II. Methodology Here we use co-localization, co-immunoprecipitation (co-IP) and in situ proximity ligation assay (PLA) to identify Brahma Related Gene 1 (BRG1), the ATP-driven motor of the human SWI-SNF chromatin remodeling complex, as another SAF-A interaction partner in mouse embryonic stem (mES) cells. We also employ RNA interference to investigate functional aspects of the SAF-A/BRG1 interaction. Principal Findings We find that endogenous SAF-A protein interacts with endogenous BRG1 protein in mES cells, and that the interaction does not solely depend on the presence of mRNA. Moreover the interaction remains intact when cells are induced to differentiate. Functional analyses reveal that dual depletion of SAF-A and BRG1 abolishes global transcription by RNA polymerase II, while the nucleolar RNA polymerase I transcription machinery remains unaffected. Conclusions We demonstrate that SAF-A interacts with BRG1 and that both components are required for RNA Polymerase II Mediated Transcription.
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We present a very efficient, in terms of space and access speed, data structure for storing huge natural language data sets. The structure is described as LZ (Ziv Lempel) compressed linked list trie and is a step further beyond directed acyclic word graph in automata compression. We are using the structure to store DELAF, a huge French lexicon with syntactical, grammatical and lexical information associated with each word. The compressed structure can be produced in O(N) time using suffix trees for finding repetitions in trie, but for large data sets space requirements are more prohibitive than time so suffix arrays are used instead, with compression time complexity O(N log N) for all but for the largest data sets.
The mineral depletion - fuel imports nexus and its effects on life expectancy in Fiji

This paper investigates the nexus between mineral depletion and fuel imports and its possible consequence on life expectancy in Fiji. The first part of the analysis identifies fuel imports as the third type of demand for mineral depletion, apart from domestic and overseas demands. This is based on the fact that with no fossil fuel sources, Fiji has to import fuel as a major energy source. The analysis further investigates such nexus’s consequence on life expectancy. Econometric estimators including two-stage least squares (TSLS) are employed in this study.
Towards the Automatic Identification of the Nature of Citations

The reasons why an author cites other publications are varied: an author can cite previous works to gain assistance of some sort in the form of background information, ideas, methods, or to review, critique or refute previous works. The problem is that the best possible way to retrieve the nature of citations is very time consuming: one should read article by article to assign a particular characterisation to each citation. In this paper we propose an algorithm, called CiTalO, to infer automatically the function of citations by means of Semantic Web technologies and NLP techniques. We also present some preliminary experiments and discuss some strengths and limitations of this approach.
Influence of Asthma Epidemiology on the Risk for Other Diseases

Asthma is a multifactorial chronic disease affecting a significant proportion of people in the United States and worldwide. Numerous laboratory and epidemiological studies have attempted to understand the etiology and underlying mechanisms of asthma and to identify effective therapies. However, the impact of asthma on the risk for other diseases has drawn little attention. This paper discusses the potential effects of asthma as a risk factor for other diseases, explores the potential mechanisms, and reviews the implications of the findings to clinical practice, public health, and research.
Resolving Contributions of Oxygen-Consuming and ROS-Generating Enzymes at the Synapse

Disruption of cellular redox homeostasis is implicated in a wide variety of pathologic conditions and aging. A fundamental factor that dictates such balance is the ratio between mitochondria-mediated complete oxygen reduction into water and incomplete reduction into superoxide radical by mitochondria and NADPH oxidase (NOX) enzymatic activity. Here we determined mitochondrial as well as NOX-dependent rates of oxygen consumption in parallel with H2O2 generation in freshly isolated synaptosomes using high resolution respirometry combined with fluorescence or electrochemical sensory. Our results indicate that although synaptic mitochondria exhibit substantially higher respiratory activities (8–82-fold greater than NOX oxygen consumption depending on mitochondrial respiratory state), NADPH-dependent oxygen consumption is associated with greater H2O2 production (6-7-fold higher NOX-H2O2). We also show that, in terms of the consumed oxygen, while synaptic mitochondria “leaked” 0.71% ± 0.12 H2O2 during NAD+-linked resting, 0.21% ± 0.04 during NAD+-linked active respiration, and 0.07% ± 0.02 during FAD+-linked active respiration, NOX converted 38% ± 13 of O2 into H2O2. Our results indicate that NOX rather than mitochondria is the major source of synaptic H2O2. The present approach may assist in the identification of redox-modulating synaptic factors that underlie a variety of physiological and pathological processes in neurons.
Trace Formulas in Connection with Scattering Theory for Quasi-periodic Background

Scattering theory for Jacobi operators H with periodic (respectively more general) background has attracted considerable interest recently. In [12] Volberg and Yuditskii have treated the case where H has a homogeneous spectrum and is of Szegö class exhaustively. In [2] Egorova and we have established direct and inverse scattering theory for Jacobi operators which are short range perturbations of quasi-periodic finite-gap operators. For further information and references we refer to these articles and [10]. In the case of constant background it is well-known that the transmission coefficient is the perturbation determinant in the sense of Krein [7], see e.g., [9] or [10]. The purpose of the present paper is to establish this result for the case of quasiperiodic finite-gap background, thereby establishing the connection with Krein’s spectral shift theory. Moreover, scattering theory for Jacobi operators is not only interesting in its own right, it also constitutes the main ingredient of the inverse scattering transform for the Toda hierarchy (see, e.g., [5], [4], [10], or [11]). Since the transmission coefficient is invariant when our Jacobi operator evolves in time with respect to some equation of the Toda hierarchy, the corresponding trace formulas provide the conserved quantities for the Toda hierarchy in this setting.
Riksbank forecasts of import prices and inflation

Summary This article assesses the Riksbank’s forecasts of imported infl ation and discusses to what extent errors in this respect have affected the Bank’s forecasts of overall infl ation. The assessment mainly refers to the period from 2000 onwards. The results show that infl ation about two years ahead was overestimated in the Riksbank’s forecasts by an average of about 0.2 percentage points per quarter. The Riksbank also tended to count on the kronor being stronger than was actually the case, particularly about one year ahead. This tendency was offset, however, by an overestimation of changes in foreign prices and margins, which has accordingly lowered the error in forecasting imported infl ation. The forecast error in imported infl ation may have been of relatively considerable importance for the infl ation forecasts in certain periods but – according to the simulations for this article – not in the whole of the period considered here.
A Big-Data Centric Framework for Smart Systems in the World of Internet of Everything

Current research and development efforts for integrating Everything - heterogeneous objects, devices, and people - in the Internet have advanced network technologies and protocols to develop the Internet of Everything (IoE). The emergence of smart systems such as Smart Cities and Smart Traffic Management Systems have been proposed to gather data from relevant sources via IoE. Recently, cloud computing has been introduced into the IoE paradigm to provide a multitude of services necessary to compose a smart system that utilizes big data. In this paper, we propose a big-data centric framework for smart systems that encompasses four phases: data collection, processing, management, and interpretation. The proposed framework facilitates a modular architecture for smart systems where security and cognition are interactive modules.
Spatial Distribution through Swarm Behavior on a Military Group in the Starcraft Video Game

New levels of challenge are required for real-time strategy games because of their limited learning curve. Usually this learning curve has an upper bound after which a player is able to win the most of the matches against the built-in artificial intelligence. In this research a method based on swarm intelligence is proposed to control a military swarm in the Star craft environment in order to achieve a better performance against the built-in artificial intelligence of the game. This method provides a way to form the units in such a way that they reach a suitable position to attack an enemy group conformed by elements of the same type. The results obtained in the experiments prove that is possible to implement this method and achieve a better performance than the greedy algorithm of the built-in AI. Finally, since the method is based in nature it is scalable, decentralized and robust as shown in the results.
How inclines affect the escape behaviour of a dune-dwelling lizard,
 Uma scoparia
 


Although previous laboratory studies have commonly determined sprinting speeds of lizards on horizontal surfaces, the speeds and slopes used during the escapes of lizards in natural habitats with variable inclines are virtually unstudied. To quantify performance and the use of inclined surfaces during escape, we took advantage of the footprints left in soft substrate and the simple surface topography of the natural dune habitat of the Mojave fringe-toed lizard, U. scoparia. The lengths of 52 escape paths ranged from 1.7-34 m, and the inclines of 1-m portions of escape paths ranged from -25 degrees to 28 degrees, which effectively encompassed the entire range of inclines in the habitat. The cumulative frequencies (N=550) of inclines along 1-m intervals of the escape paths were not a simple random sample of the habitat. Less than 10% of the cumulative distance travelled during escape was bipedal, and the escape paths were relatively straight. Trajectories of the first metre of escapes were oriented significantly away from the presumed threat (observer) but were random with respect to the orientation of both the nearest cover and steepest incline. Eleven per cent of the cumulative number (N=1382) of strides measured were within 90% of the maximum stride length within each path. Multiple regressions revealed that stride lengths (and hence speed) during escapes in the field were maximized on level surfaces with no turning. For lizards tested on a level racetrack in the laboratory, maximum speeds averaged 2.8 m/s (range=2.1-3.9) and approximated 75% of the maximum performance attained in the field.Copyright 1998 The Association for the Study of Animal Behaviour. Copyright 1998 The Association for the Study of Animal Behaviour.
Improved lower bounds for learning from noisy examples: an information-theoretic approach

This paper presents a general information-theoretic approach for obtaining lower bounds on the number of examples required for Probably Approximately Correct (PAC) learning in the presence of noise. This approach deals directly with the fundamental information quantities, avoiding a Bayesian analysis. The technique is applied to several different models, illustrating its generality and power. The resulting bounds add logarithmic factors to (or improve the constants in) previously known lower bounds.
Evaluating and certifying QBFs: A comparison of state-of-the-art tools

In this paper we compare the performance of all the currently available suites to evaluate and certify QBFs. Our aim is to assess the current state of the art, and also to understand to which extent QBF encodings can be evaluated producing certificates that can be checked in a reliable and efficient way. We conclude that, while the evaluation of some QBFs is still an open challenge, producing and checking certificates for many medium-to-large scale QBFs is feasible with the current technology.
50 GHz Integrated Distributed Phase Shifter Based on Novel Silicon-on-Glass Varactor Diodes

We present experimental results for an integrated coplanar phase shifter based on varactor diodes fabricated using a silicon on glass process. A differential phase shift of 180 degrees is obtained at 50 GHz with the dc bias voltage varied between 2.1 and 15 volts. The return loss of the phase shifter is below 15 db. The insertion loss strongly depends on the dc bias voltage applied, but is below 14 db in the bias range of interest.
Replacing K-SVD with SGK: Dictionary training for sparse representation of images

Sparse representation using trained dictionary is advantageous over the standard parametric bases. Recently, a dictionary training algorithm called SGK has been proposed as an alternative to the well known K-SVD algorithm. Analytically it has been shown that SGK has a superior execution speed in comparison to K-SVD, and it is advantageous to use SGK for constrained sparse coding. Through synthetic data experiments it has also been shown that the SGK dictionary training performances are comparable with K-SVD. However, these claims have not been verified for real data in practice. In this article, by training dictionaries on a face image database, we made a comparison between SGK and K-SVD using the problem of image recovery (inpainting and denoising). We have also introduced a simple technique to avoid incursion of noise into the dictionary.
Mining the Web of Trust for Web Services Selection

Trust and reputation mechanisms offer a promising way to solve the web services selection problem. Currently, many researches on this topic focus on collecting, storing and aggregating feedbacks which can be execution data from monitoring web services or user ratings reported by service consumers for web services evaluation. However, besides considering the evaluation methods, the reliability of feedbacks becomes equally crucial. It is pointed out that the accuracy of a web service's reputation evaluation will be reduced as unreliable feedbacks are used. Therefore, the elicitation of trusted feedbacks and feedbackers becomes very important. In this paper, we managed to elicit trusted users in our service registry through building and maintaining a "Web of Trust". We mined this web of trust by our proposed algorithm which is based on the Kalman Filter Algorithm and analyzed the trustworthiness for each user. Feedbacks reported by trusted users then should be considered more reliable than others to ultimately facilitate the web services selection process.
An Environment to Observe Object-Oriented Software Evolution

Software systems are growing quickly in needs of functionality, complexity, size and structure. Therefore, it becomes necessary to advance the ways where software suffers changes, so it can be modified more easily to accommodate these needs. However, anticipating the changes is not an easy task, once there are a lot of reasons why the systems change. The Laws of Software Evolution describe how a system behaves throughout their successive versions regarding its decaying. Most of the experimental studies supporting these Laws are regarding legacy systems' source code. However, we believe the Laws can also be observed when dealing with the other software development process phases. Therefore, we present a set of observational hypotheses to verify whether the Laws of Software Evolution can also be supported by the different phases of a object-oriented software development process, as well as the linkages and influences among the Laws of Software Evolution, so as to establish how the Laws impact each other. Thus, we intend to experimentally study these hypotheses in order to have a better understanding of how objectoriented systems can evolve.
Global navigation satellite systems in passive surveillance applications

The possibility to detect and analyze multipath signals of global navigation satellite systems (GNSS) caused by aircrafts is an attractive basis for the development of a passive surveillance sensor. Due to the fact that the received signal strength of global navigation satellite systems on earth surface is very low and the radar cross sections (RCS) of an aircraft strongly varies with the illumination and observation angles, such a passive sensor will offer a high probability of detection with respect to a hemispheric field of view preferably in a multistatic sensor array configuration. In this work measurements with a single sensor and considerations about possibilities to range an aircraft with a multistatic sensor array are presented.
Inducement of visual attention using augmented reality for multi-display systems in advanced tele-operation

Unmanned construction machines are used after disasters. Compared with manned construction, time efficiency is lower because of incomplete visual information, communication delay, and lack of tactile experience. We have developed an autonomous camera control system to supply appropriate visual information. In order to inform operators the potential data in the views, we introduced several augmented reality (AR) elements to induce visual attention to suitable images in a scenario. The purpose of this study is to develop an attention inducement system using AR technique and evaluate it under different conditions. We first improve our autonomous camera control system and then implement several kinds of AR items suitable for each work situation. The experimental results conducted using our virtual reality simulator confirm that AR items can supply a better positional relationship between machine and objects in the environment which makes operator handle the conditions as experienced. The results from eye-tracker data also indicate that AR items can induce visual attention to images suitable for situations.
Tyrosine Residues in Phospholipase Cγ2 Essential for the Enzyme Function in B-cell Signaling*

Phospholipase Cγ (PLCγ) isoforms are regulated through activation of tyrosine kinase-linked receptors. The importance of growth factor-stimulated phosphorylation of specific tyrosine residues has been documented for PLCγ1; however, despite the critical importance of PLCγ2 in B-cell signal transduction, neither the tyrosine kinase(s) that directly phosphorylate PLCγ2 nor the sites in PLCγ2 that become phosphorylated after stimulation are known. By measuring the ability of human PLCγ2 to restore calcium responses to the B-cell receptor stimulation or oxidative stress in a B-cell line (DT40) deficient in PLCγ2, we have demonstrated that two tyrosine residues, Tyr753 and Tyr759, were important for the PLCγ2 signaling function. Furthermore, the double mutation Y753F/Y759F in PLCγ2 resulted in a loss of tyrosine phosphorylation in stimulated DT40 cells. Of the two kinases that previously have been proposed to phosphorylate PLCγ2, Btk, and Syk, purified Btk had much greater ability to phosphorylate recombinant PLCγ2 in vitro, whereas Syk efficiently phosphorylated adapter protein BLNK. Using purified proteins to analyze the formation of complexes, we suggest that function of Syk is to phosphorylate BLNK, providing binding sites for PLCγ2. Further analysis of PLCγ2 tyrosine residues phosphorylated by Btk and several kinases from the Src family has suggested multiple sites of phosphorylation and, in the context of a peptide incorporating residues Tyr753 and Tyr759, shown preferential phosphorylation of Tyr753.
Parallel Optical Snow and Sampling Importance Resampling ( SIR )

Parallel optical snow is a particular kind of image sequence where all of the objects move parallel to one another. The problem is to determine the direction of this parallel optical snow. It has been shown that there exists a solution to this problem via a Fourier transform. Our objective is to solve this problem without using a Fourier transform. Instead, we use Sampling Importance Re-sampling (SIR) modified to suit our particular purposes. Our results show that this is a reliable method, which can find the solution to parallel optical snow after only observing two frames of the image sequence.