Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Onset of action of indacaterol in patients with COPD: Comparison with salbutamol and salmeterol-fluticasone

Background: Indacaterol is a novel, inhaled once-daily ultra-long-acting β2-agonist for the treatment of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). Objectives: This study compared the onset of action of single doses of indacaterol 150 and 300 μg with salbutamol 200 μg, salmeterol-fluticasone 50/500 μg, and placebo in moderate-to-severe COPD patients. Methods: This was a multicenter, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled crossover study. The primary variable was forced expiratory volume in one second (FEV1) at five minutes postdose. Results: Out of 89 patients randomized (mean age 62 years), 86 completed the study. At five minutes postdose, both indacaterol doses were statistically and clinically superior to placebo (P < 0.001), with treatment–placebo differences in FEV1 of 100 (95% confidence interval [CI] 70–130) mL and 120 (95% CI 90–150) mL for indacaterol 150 and 300 μg, respectively. FEV1 at five minutes postdose with both indacaterol doses was numerically higher than for salbutamol (10 and 30 mL for indacaterol 150 and 300 μg, respectively) and significantly higher than for salmeterol-fluticasone (50 mL, P = 0.003; 70 mL, P < 0.001, respectively). Moreover, both indacaterol doses showed significantly higher FEV1 than placebo (P < 0.001) at all postdose time points. The numbers of patients with an FEV1 increase of at least 12% and 200 mL at five minutes postdose were 16 (18.8%), 24 (27.6%), 20 (23.3%), 8 (9.1%), and 3 (3.4%) for indacaterol 150 and 300 μg, salbutamol 200 μg, salmeterol-fluticasone 50/500 μg, and placebo, respectively. Conclusions: Single doses of indacaterol 150 and 300 μg demonstrated a fast onset of action similar to that for salbutamol and faster than that for salmeterol-fluticasone.
Small states on the fringes of big currency areas: Experiences and the policy options of small non-EU European states

A big currency area is likely to have small states on its fringes that are strongly influenced by the monetary policy pursued by that area. Many of these countries will choose to peg their exchange rates to the currency of the big area and even go as far as to adopt that currency as a legal tender. This is clearly the case on the southern flank of the United States. It is also likely to be the case with small states on the fringes of the emerging euro area. The relative attractiveness for European "non-EU-outs" of some kind of a euro peg depends on the eventual size of the euro area, the degree of economic integration with the euro area, the likelihood of asymmetric shocks and the options that will be available regarding bilateral pegs for close third countries. There are different degrees to the option of a peg to the euro, i.e. a traditional unilateral peg, a bilateral peg, a currency board and the introduction of the euro as a legal tender. The last option will give greatest benefits in terms of reducing the interest rate differential but has costs in terms of a loss of independent monetary policy and sovereignty. From that standpoint a membership in EMU is superior.
Ectopic Expression of Cell Cycle Markers in Models of Induced Programmed Cell Death in Dopamine Neurons of the Rat Substantia Nigra Pars Compacta

There is increasing evidence that proteins normally involved in the cell cycle can regulate neuronal programmed cell death (PCD). However, it remains unknown whether cell cycle markers are expressed in normal, postmitotic, postmigratory neurons undergoing PCD in vivo. We have previously shown that natural cell death occurs postnatally in dopamine neurons of the substantia nigra pars compacta (SNpc). PCD can be induced postnatally in these neurons either by intrastriatal injection of the neurotoxin 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA) or by medial forebrain bundle (MFB) axotomy. At the time of induction of death in these models, these neurons are long postmitotic and postmigratory. We have studied three cell cycle markers in these models: 5-bromo-2'-deoxyuridine (BrdU) incorporation (a marker of S phase), cdc2 protein expression (a marker of G2 phase), and expression of MPM2 (a marker of M phase), an epitope phosphorylated by cdc2. We report here that postmitotic dopaminergic neurons undergoing PCD in the SNpc following 6-OHDA and axotomy lesions incorporate BrdU and overexpress cdc2, but do not express MPM2. This is the first in vivo evidence that postmitotic dopamine neurons of the SNpc undergoing apoptosis express markers for S phase and G2 phase. These results raise the possibility that cell cycle regulatory proteins may play a role in the demise of dopaminergic neurons in Parkinson's disease, in which PCD has been postulated to play a role.
Variant on Manifestation of Duodenal Metastasis 26 Years after Initial Diagnosis of Primary Cutaneous Melanoma

Malignant duodenal neoplasms are relatively rare, and the diagnosis is often delayed because of their vague and nonspecific symptoms. We report the case of a 79-year-old female who had a medical history of malignant melanoma of the cheek that had initially been diagnosed at 53 years of age. Work-up revealed severe stenosis of the duodenum caused by a large mass with ulceration at the tip of its mucosal surface. Tumor biopsy led to a histological diagnosis of extremely poorly differentiated carcinoma, but it was impossible to determine whether the lesion was a primary neoplasm or represented secondary involvement. Pancreatoduodenectomy was performed, and the surgical specimen showed a protuberant tumor in the nonampullary region of the second portion of the duodenum. Final diagnosis of metastatic duodenal melanoma was made by immunohistological examination. She is currently alive without recurrence 28 months after the surgical treatment.
International Human Rights and Authoritarian Rule in Chile

List of Tables Acknowledgments Introduction 1. Human Rights Pressures, Legitimacy, and State Responses 2. Placing Human Rights on the Government's Agenda, 1973-1975 3. Changing Discourse and Security Practices, 1976-1977 4. Building New Political Institutions through the 1980 Constitution 5. Legitimacy and Elections in the 1980s 6. Chile in International and Comparative Perspective Notes Bibliography Index
Developmental Changes in the Organization of Functional Connections between the Basal Ganglia and Cerebral Cortex

The basal ganglia (BG) comprise a set of subcortical nuclei with sensorimotor, cognitive, and limbic subdivisions, indicative of functional organization. BG dysfunction in several developmental disorders suggests the importance of the healthy maturation of these structures. However, few studies have investigated the development of BG functional organization. Using resting-state functional connectivity MRI (rs-fcMRI), we compared human child and adult functional connectivity of the BG with rs-fcMRI-defined cortical systems. Because children move more than adults, customized preprocessing, including volume censoring, was used to minimize motion-induced rs-fcMRI artifact. Our results demonstrated functional organization in the adult BG consistent with subdivisions previously identified in anatomical tracing studies. Group comparisons revealed a developmental shift in bilateral posterior putamen/pallidum clusters from preferential connectivity with the somatomotor “face” system in childhood to preferential connectivity with control/attention systems (frontoparietal, ventral attention) in adulthood. This shift was due to a decline in the functional connectivity of these clusters with the somatomotor face system over development, and no change with control/attention systems. Applying multivariate pattern analysis, we were able to reliably classify individuals as children or adults based on BG–cortical system functional connectivity. Interrogation of the features driving this classification revealed, in addition to the somatomotor face system, contributions by the orbitofrontal, auditory, and somatomotor hand systems. These results demonstrate that BG–cortical functional connectivity evolves over development, and may lend insight into developmental disorders that involve BG dysfunction, particularly those involving motor systems (e.g., Tourette syndrome).
Economic and spatial mobility in rural Madagascar: How strong is the link?

We use an original dataset from Madagascar to assess the impact of mobility on the evolution of welfare of individuals from the village of Bepako between 1995 and 2005 using a difference-indifference specification. We find that 38% of the sample has moved out of the village and that these movers have specific baseline characteristics. Using fixed effects regressions, and adding interactions for specific types of moves, we show that leaving the village has a significant positive impact on the growth of income of individuals who move. The result is robust to different specifications and dependent variables used. 1 Université Paris-Dauphine, LEDa, F-75016 Paris, France 2 IRD, UMR225-DIAL, F-75010, Paris, France, vaillant@dial.prd. fr
Optimal active portfolio management and relative performance drivers : theory and evidence

This paper addresses the optimal active versus passive portfolio mix in a straightforward extension of the Treynor and Black (T-B) classic model. Such a model allows fund managers to select the mix of active and passive portfolio that maximizes the (active) Sharpe ratio performance indicator. The T-B model, here adapted and made operational as a tool for performance measurement, enables one to identify the sources of fund management performance (selectivity vs market-timing). In addition, the combination of active and passive risk exposures is estimated and fund manager choice is tested against the hypothesis of optimal (active) portfolio design.
Scalable network intrusion detection on virtual SDN environment

We propose a scalable intrusion detection system (IDS) architecture on a software-defined networking (SDN) environment implemented using a virtualization infrastructure called a Kernel-based Virtual Machine (KVM). In this virtual environment, virtual machines running IDSs, the SDN controller, and network attack software are connected with each other through OpenFlow-enabled software switches. This paper focuses on distributed traffic sampling at network switches for malicious traffic inspection. The network topology and the IDS configuration are visualized through a web graphical user interface.
On the Importance of Program Representations in Static Analysis

Static analysis is a set of automatic or semi-automatic techniques to gather the semantic knowledge of a program without executing it. An important kind of semantic knowledge is the control flow and data flow information, which characterizes the instruction execution paths and the data generation/consumption paths, respectively. The obtained information is encoded in various graphical data structures or in the program itself directly for subsequent use. These data structures or instrumented programs are called program representations. In this survey, we first study four data structures that can help us dissect the code structure and dig deep structural properties. Then, we discuss the popular representations used in contemporary compiler, the single static assignment (SSA) form and its variants, which enable efficient program analysis algorithms by exploiting the sparsity of the data flow problem. We believe our surveyed knowledge can shed light to our future work.
Directional guidance of interneuron migration to the cerebral cortex relies on subcortical Slit1/2-independent repulsion and cortical attraction

Tangential migration from the basal telencephalon to the cortex is a highly directional process, yet the mechanisms involved are poorly understood. Here we show that the basal telencephalon contains a repulsive activity for tangentially migrating cells, whereas the cerebral cortex contains an attractive activity. In vitro experiments demonstrate that the repulsive activity found in the basal telencephalon is maintained in mice deficient in both Slit1 and Slit2, suggesting that factors other than these are responsible for this activity. Correspondingly, in vivo analysis demonstrates that interneurons migrate to the cortex in the absence of Slit1 and Slit2, or even in mice simultaneously lacking Slit1, Slit2 and netrin 1. Nevertheless, loss of Slit2 and, even more so, Slit1 and Slit2 results in defects in the position of other specific neuronal populations within the basal telencephalon, such as the cholinergic neurons of the basal magnocellular complex. These results demonstrate that whereas Slit1 and Slit2 are not necessary for tangential migration of interneurons to the cortex, these proteins regulate neuronal migration within the basal telencephalon by controlling cell positioning close to the midline.
Ju l 2 00 5 On Algebraic Construction in Braided Tensor Categories

Braided Hopf algebras have attracted much attention in both mathematics and mathematical physics (see e.g. [1][4][13][15][17][16][20][23]). The classification of finite dimensional Hopf algebras is interesting and important for their applications (see [2] [22]). Braided Hopf algebras play an important role in the classification of finite-dimensional pointed Hopf algebras (e.g. [2][1] [19]). The Hopf Galois (H-Galois) extension has its roots in the work of Chase-Harrison-Rosenberg [6] and Chase-Sweedler [7]. The general definition about H-Galois extension appeared in [14] and the relation between crossed product and H-Galois extension was obtained in [5][10][11] for ordinary Hopf algebras. See books [18][9] for reviews about the main results on this topic. In this paper, we construct new (finite dimensional) Hopf algebras using (finite dimensional) braided Hopf algebras in Yetter-Drinfeld categories by means of bosinization and Drinfeld double. We show that for any braided Hopf algebra B in HYD the bosonization B#H of B and H is also a braided Hopf algebra in HYD. Consequently, we can obtain other Hopf algebras such as (B#H)#H and so on. In [21], the braided Drinfeld double D(B) was constructed for finite dimensional braided Hopf algebra B in HYD with symmetric braiding on B. We give the relation between crossed product and H-Galois extension in braided tensor category C with equivalisers and coequivalisers. That is, we show that if there exist an equivaliser and a coequivaliser for any two morphisms in C (e.g. Yetter-Drinfeld categories), then A = B#σH is a crossed product algebra in C if and only if the extension A/B is Galois, the canonical epic q : A⊗A→ A⊗B A is split and A is isomorphic as left B-modules and right H-comodules to B ⊗H in C. Let k be a field. We use the Sweedler’s sigma notations for coalgebras and comodules: ∆(x) = ∑ x1 ⊗ x2, δ (x) = ∑ x(−1) ⊗ x(0).
Simulating Artificial Neural Networks on Parallel Architectures

Parallelization is necessary to cope with the high computational and communication demands of neuroapplications, but general purpose parallel machines soon reach performance limitations. The article explores two approaches: parallel simulation on general purpose computers, and simulation/emulation on neurohardware. Different parallelization methods are discussed, and the most popular techniques are explained. While the software approach looks for an optimal programming model for neural processing, the hardware approach tries to imitate the neuroparadigm using the best of silicon technology.
Europe, German Mercantilism and the Current Crisis

Contributions to Brancaccio and Fontana (2011) look at a variety of aspects of the current crisis, some of them focusing on the contingent financial causes, others on the underlying contradictions of capitalist economies. In this context, less attention has been paid to the role of Europe and particularly Germany. Europe has not been distinguished by an assertive and cooperative economic policy stance in the aftermath of the current crisis. German mercantilist policies are said to be behind the European policy stance and a source of regional and global imbalances. After a brief examination of the main pillars of European economic policy and German behaviour during the present crisis, these notes suggest an embryonic interpretation of the origins of mercantilist behaviour, dwelling on the nature of mercantilism in economic theory and commercial practice, and of the allegedly German mercantilist model. The suggested interpretation is that in the German case, the national mystique of a trade surplus may have had a role in disciplining the labour market and at the same time assuring profits. Recent developments in Spring 2010 have shown the gravity of the European imbalances in the global crisis (see Cesaratto 2010) and the relevance of the background issues discussed in the present paper.
FPGA IMPLEMENTATION OF LOW COMPLEXITY LINEAR PERIODICALLY TIME VARYING FILTER

This paper presents a low complexity architecture for a linear periodically time varying (LPTV) filter. This architecture is based on multi-input multi-output(MIMO) representation of LPTV filters. The input signal is divided into blocks and parallel processing is incorporated, there by considerably reducing the effective input sampling rate. A single multiplier can be shared for each linear time invariant (LTI) filter in the representation. Each LTI filter is realized in the transposed direct form filter using multiplier less multiplication structures based on Binary common bit patterns (BCS). The proposed structure is simulated, synthesized and implemented on Virtex v50efg256-7 Field Programmable Gate Array (FPGA).
Supporting the conceptual modeling of Web applications: the MODE project

Web application designers should be able to integrate different methods and techniques in order to correctly organize the overall design-implementation-test process. The conceptual model plays an important part in the development process. Considering that no model can be exploited to its maximum potential unless it is supported by a proper set of development tools, in this paper we present MODE, a tool for conceptual modeling of Web applications based on UWA methodology and on the related HDM2000 model. In MODE the designer can work simultaneously at different levels and on different parts of the design in accordance with UWA methodology. After a first off-line version of MODE based on Microsoft Visio a second it is available a new on-line editor based on Microsoft . Net framework. Both these versions allow the production of well-organized design documents using the Microsoft office automation features. In particular the on-line version, introduced in this paper, open new ways to the cooperative design. According to Rational Rose that has demonstrated the benefits derived from the adoption of a design tools with prototyping features, MODE can be used in conjunction with WARP, a fast prototyping system for Web applications. A real life experience of the use of the methodology and of the MODE are reported.
Homo Economicus or Homo Ludens? A Survey of the Behavioral Motives of German Investors

Why do investors invest? Are they “rational” in their decisions? Do experienced investors make investment decisions that are different from those made by novice investors? This paper provides the results of a survey of over 1,000 German investors, which are selected randomly. These investors apparently invest in equity securities for a number of reasons, with the potential for economic gain foremost. However, several other motives are also provided, and in most cases these investors pursued multiple motives.
A LEAP PLUS Key Management Scheme with Sliding Time Interval

In this paper, a new and more secure key management scheme named LEAP PLUS is presented based on the concept of sliding time interval. Through numerical calculation, the dependency on primary key is reduced in LEAP PLUS scheme compared with LEAP. In addition, with the introduction of sliding time interval, less cost of storage in LEAP PLUS scheme is required than LEAP expansion scheme.
Dynamic etching of silicon for broadband antireflection applications

An electrochemical etching technique has been developed that provides continuous control over the porosity of a porous silicon layer as a function of etching depth. Thin films with engineered porosity gradients, and thus a controllable gradient in the index of refraction, have been used to demonstrate broadband antireflection properties on silicon wafer and solar cell substrates. A simulation was also developed to examine the effects of specific porosity profiles on film reflectivity.
Comparing prosodic models for speaker recognition

Recently, speaker verification systems using different kinds of prosodic features have been proposed. Although it has been shown that most of these speaker verification systems can improve system performance using score-level fusion with state-of-the-art cepstral-based systems, a systematic comparison of the prosodic modelling algorithms used in these prosodic systems has not yet been performed. This motivated us to review the proposed prosodic modelling algorithms and compare them using a common experimental condition. These experiments explored different approaches in the sampling/segmentation of prosodic contours and the selection of prosodic features. They show that simple prosodic systems with features extracted from fixed-size contour segments, without knowledge of phone/pseudo-syllable level information, still provide significant performance improvement when fused with a state-of-the-art cepstral-based system. Moreover, some prosodic systems are shown to be complementary to each other. Fusion of these systems with the cepstral-based system can provide further performance improvement on the speaker verification task.
Detection of Decay and Restoration Teeth Using Particle Swarm Optimization Alghorithm

Detection of decay and restoration tooth has done by dentists up to now. We need to change this produ ce using intelligent application. In future new systems will be able to repair decay and restoration tooth without a dentist intervention. We need to start to research in about intelligent of detection of decay and restoration tooth. In the recent years there is severe competition in fast and high proces s by development of optimization algorithms and other ones. By fast and least-error process, we can implement inte lligent processing of images in many applications especiall y for detection of decay and restoration tooth without human intervention. In the research, we have explained pa rticle Swarm optimization Algorithm (PSO) for detection of decay and restoration teeth in pictures. These pictures a re taken by radiography systems of tooth. The error rate would be reported, which it is indicated below 8 percent in reviews. This method can use the detection of decay and restorati on teeth using dentist in this time. Also it can use by any new system for repairing of decay and restoration teeth in future. KeywordsImage processing, Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO), Decay Teeth.
Bayesian Detection of Clusters and Discontinuities in Disease Maps

Summary. An interesting epidemiological problem is the analysis of geographical variation in rates of disease incidence or mortality. One goal of such an analysis is to detect clusters of elevated (or lowered) risk in order to identify unknown risk factors regarding the disease. We propose a nonparametric Bayesian approach for the detection of such clusters based on Green's (1995, Biometrika82, 711–732) reversible jump MCMC methodology. The prior model assumes that geographical regions can be combined in clusters with constant relative risk within a cluster. The number of clusters, the location of the clusters, and the risk within each cluster is unknown. This specification can be seen as a change‐point problem of variable dimension in irregular, discrete space. We illustrate our method through an analysis of oral cavity cancer mortality rates in Germany and compare the results with those obtained by the commonly used Bayesian disease mapping method of Besag, York, and Mollié (1991, Annals of the Institute of Statistical Mathematics, 43, 1–59).