Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Compositional studies of the Orientale, Humorum, Nectaris, and Crisium lunar basins

We have used full-resolution (250 m/pixel) Clementine images to map the compositions of ejecta from four multiring basins on the Moon: Orientale, Humorum, Nectaris, and Crisium. All basins have relatively feldspathic ejecta, with iron contents ranging from 2 to 6 wt% FeO. Some basins show remarkably homogeneous ejecta blankets (Orientale), while others display distinct compositional zoning within exterior sectors of the basin (Crisium); in some cases this zoning correlates with morphologically observed ejecta facies (Nectaris). The iron-poor composition of most basin ejecta indicates that the crust of the Moon at these locations is feldspathic down to depths of at least several tens of kilometers, the likely sampling depth of basin-forming impacts. The inner rings of all four basins display massifs and small crater floors of nearly pure anorthosite (FeO <1 wt%), virtually the only such occurrences of this rock type on the Moon. Because basin rings are structurally emplaced topographic elements derived from depths of at least 10–20 km into the Moon, we postulate that basin inner rings are sampling a unique stratigraphic level in the Moon and at these depths, the primordial, pristine anorthositic crust of the Moon is largely preserved. Below this zone of anorthosite is the more mafic region of the lower crust, probably having “highland basalt” composition (FeO ∼ 10 wt%, Al2O3 ∼ 18–22 wt%). The petrologic nature of lower crustal levels remains uncertain but must at least in part include members of the mafic highland suite, such as norites and troctolites.
Brain imaging: Human cortical gustatory areas: A review of functional neuroimaging data

CACorresponding Author IN an effort to de®ne human cortical gustatory areas we reviewed functional neuroimaging data for which coordinates standardized in Talairach proportional space were available. We observed a wide distribution of peaks within the insula and parietal and frontal opercula, suggesting multiple gustatory regions within this cortical area. Multiple peaks also emerged in the orbitofrontal cortex. However, only two peaks, both in the right hemisphere, were observed in the caudolateral orbitofrontal cortex, the region likely homologous to the secondary taste area described in monkeys. Overall signi®cantly more peaks originated from the right hemisphere suggesting asymmetrical cortical representation of taste favoring the right hemisphere. NeuroReport 10:7±14 # 1999 Lippincott Williams & Wilkins.
Capability-Weighted Group Utility Maximizer for Network Coalitional Games under Uncertainty

In this paper we study network games where agents with different skills come together to cooperate and yet competitively pursue individual goals. We propose a multi-agent based utilitarian approach to model the payoff allocation problem for a class of such games where the capabilities of the agents and the payoffs are not known with certainty. The primary objective is to maximize a linear sum of the expected utilities of risk-averse agents, and we consider constant risk-aversion with exponential utility functions. We pose the problem as a stochastic cooperative game which is solved in two phases. In the first phase we apply a learning mechanism on this 'social' network of fully connected agents to arrive at a consensus on the capability of every agent in the coalition thus resolving uncertainty in capabilities. Agents initially start with a social influence matrix reflecting the influence agents have on each other and prior subjective beliefs of the capabilities of the others and these beliefs evolve through a process of interaction. We use a variant of the DeGroot algorithm to show that over time learning results in a dynamic update of the beliefs and the social influence matrix leading to a consensus. We provide theoretical convergence proofs for the algorithm. The second phase involves optimizing a capability-weighted sum of the expected utilities of the agents to achieve a group Pareto optimal solution. In this paper we propose a new framework called the Capability Weighted Group Utility Maximizer developed around Borch's theorem borrowed from the actuarial world of insurance to obtain a fair distribution of the stochastic payoffs once a consensus is reached on the capabilities of the agents in the coalition.
Expression of Streptococcus pneumoniae Virulence-Related Genes in the Nasopharynx of Healthy Children

Colonization and persistence in the human nasopharynx are prerequisites for Streptococcus pneumoniae disease and carriage acquisition, which normally occurs during early childhood. Animal models and in vitro studies (i.e. cell adhesion and cell cytotoxicity assays) have revealed a number of colonization and virulence factors, as well as regulators, implicated in nasopharyngeal colonization and pathogenesis. Expression of genes encoding these factors has never been studied in the human nasopharynx. Therefore, this study analyzed expression of S. pneumoniae virulence-related genes in human nasopharyngeal samples. Our experiments first demonstrate that a density of ≥104 CFU/ml of S. pneumoniae cells in the nasopharynx provides enough DNA and RNA to amplify the lytA gene by conventional PCR and to detect the lytA message, respectively. A panel of 21 primers that amplified S. pneumoniae sequences was designed, and their specificity for S. pneumoniae sequences was analyzed in silico and validated against 20 related strains inhabitants of the human upper respiratory tract. These primers were utilized in molecular reactions to find out that all samples contained the genes ply, pavA, lytC, lytA, comD, codY, and mgrA, whereas nanA, nanB, pspA, and rrgB were present in ∼91–98% of the samples. Gene expression studies of these 11 targets revealed that lytC, lytA, pavA and comD were the most highly expressed pneumococcal genes in the nasopharynx whereas the rest showed a moderate to low level of expression. This is the first study to evaluate expression of virulence- and, colonization-related genes in the nasopharynx of healthy children and establishes the foundation for future gene expression studies during human pneumococcal disease.
Laplace-domain full-waveform inversion of seismic data lacking low-frequency information

The lack of the low-frequency information in field data prohibits the time- or frequency-domain waveform inversions from recovering large-scale background velocity models. On the other hand, Laplace-domain waveform inversion is less sensitive to the lack of the low frequencies than conventional inversions. In theory, frequency filtering of the seismic signal in the time domain is equivalent to a constant multiplication of the wavefield in the Laplace domain. Because the constant can be retrieved using the source estimation process, the frequency content of the seismic data does not affect the gradient direction of the Laplace-domain waveform inversion. We obtained inversion results of the frequency-filtered field data acquired in the Gulf of Mexico and two synthetic data sets obtained using a first-derivative Gaussian source wavelet and a single-frequency causal sine function. They demonstrated that Laplace-domain inversion yielded consistent results regardless of the frequency content within the seismic data.
Quantifying the effects of climate variability and human activities on runoff from the Laohahe basin in northern China using three different methods

Much attention has recently been focused on the effects that climate variability and human activities have had on runoff. In this study, these effects are quantified using three methods, namely, multi‐regression, hydrologic sensitivity analysis, and hydrologic model simulation. A conceptual framework is defined to separate the effects. As an example, the change in annual runoff from the semiarid Laohahe basin (18 112 km2) in northern China was investigated. Non‐parametric Mann‐Kendall test, Pettitt test, and precipitation‐runoff double cumulative curve method were adopted to identify the trends and change‐points in the annual runoff from 1964 to 2008 by first dividing the long‐term runoff series into a natural period (1964–1979) and a human‐induced period (1980–2008). Then the three quantifying methods were calibrated and calculated, and they provided consistent estimates of the percentage change in mean annual runoff for the human‐induced period. In 1980–2008, human activities were the main factors that reduced runoff with contributions of 89–93%, while the reduction percentages due to changes in precipitation and potential evapotranspiration only ranged from 7 to 11%. For the various effects at different durations, human activities were the main reasons runoff decreased during the two drier periods of 1980–1989 and 2000–2008. Increased runoff during the wetter period of 1990–1999 is mainly attributed to climate variability. This study quantitatively separates the effects of climate variability and human activities on runoff, which can serve as a reference for regional water resources assessment and management. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Tomato juice consumption reduces systemic inflammation in overweight and obese females

Tomatoes are the richest source of lycopene, a potent antioxidant. Tomato products improve antioxidant defences and reduce the risk of inflammatory diseases, at least partly, due to the presence of lycopene. Lycopene, as an anti-inflammatory agent, prevents the production of inflammatory cytokines. Obesity is a chronic inflammatory condition in which the increased level of body fat leads to an increase in circulating inflammatory mediators. We hypothesised that the consumption of a lycopene-rich food would reduce inflammation in people who are overweight or obese. A total of 106 overweight or obese female students of the Tehran University of Medical Sciences were enrolled and randomly allocated to an intervention group (n 53) or a control group (n 53) consuming 330 ml/d of tomato juice or water, respectively, for 20 d. At baseline and day 20, serum concentrations of IL-6, IL-8, high-sensitivity C-reactive protein and TNF-α were analysed by ELISA and compared between the groups. Serum concentrations of IL-8 and TNF-α decreased significantly in the intervention group compared with the control group and with baseline. Subgroup analysis indicated that this effect was confined to subjects who were overweight. Among obese subjects, serum IL-6 concentration was decreased in the intervention group compared with the control group, with no differences in IL-8 and TNF-α observed. Tomato juice reduces inflammation in overweight and obese females. Thus, increasing tomato intake may provide a useful approach for reducing the risk of inflammatory diseases such as CVD and diabetes, which are associated with obesity.
An Alternate Method for Estimating Dynamic Height from XBT Profiles Using Empirical Vertical Modes

Abstract A technique is presented that applies modal decomposition to estimate dynamic height (0–450 db) from XBT temperature profiles. STD data are used to establish empirical relationships between vertically integrated temperature profiles and empirical dynamic height modes. These are then applied to XBT data to estimate dynamic height. A standard error of 0.028 dynamic meters is obtained for the waters of the Gulf of Alaska—an ocean region subject to substantial freshwater buoyancy forcing and with a T–S relationship that has considerable scatter. The residual error is a substantial improvement relative to the conventional T–S correlation technique when applied to this region. Systematic errors between estimated and true dynamic height were evaluated. The 20-year-long time series at Ocean Station P (50°N, 145°W) indicated weak variations in the error interannually, but not seasonally. There were no evident systematic alongshore variations in the error in the ocean boundary current regime near the perim.
Spatial Structure of Solute Transport Variability in an Unsaturated Field Soil

Three solutes were applied in series under steady, unsaturated flow to determine the spatial scale dependence of transport. Twenty-seven days after solute application, a 2 by 2 by 2 m 3 field plot was excavated using two measurement scales, 22.2 by 22.2 by 10 cm 3 (scale L) and 7.4 by 7.4 by 10 cm 3 (scale I), providing two sets of 81 samples for each 0.1-m layer to a depth of 2.0 m. For each chemical and for each scale, vertical moment analysis was performed on the data for each of the 81 vertical columns. Evidence of enhanced local horizontal mixing with increasing mean travel time was observed in two ways: (i) a decrease in mass recovery variance at scale L for NO 3 - (center of mass at 80-cm depth) vs. Br - (46-cm depth of center of mass), and (ii) a horizontal correlation range in solute concentrations in individual 0.1-m-thick layers, which was lowest between 70 and 130 cm deep. Point variograms of the vertical moments for each solute were estimated by simultaneous deconvolution of the two observed (at scales l and L) area-averaged variograms. Dispersion variance analysis (based on these point variograms) characterized the variability within the plot of mass recovery and center of mass depth as a function of sample size. Several approaches for characterizing plot- or field-scale transport features from soil-core scale measurements were evaluated. The horizontal dependence of the vertical variance increased with mean travel time. For each tracer, this dependence was reasonably characterized as the sum of the dispersion variance in the center of mass and the average L-scale vertical variance.
Review: Antenatal Glucocorticoid Treatment of The Growth-restricted Fetus: Benefit or Cost?

Women at risk of preterm labor are commonly treated with antenatal glucocorticoids to reduce neonatal complications, including respiratory distress syndrome. Despite the benefits of antenatal glucocorticoid for neonatal lung function, they are associated with negative cardiovascular outcomes. Among this population, there is a group of intrauterine growth-restricted fetuses in which substrate supply is reduced and these fetuses must undergo a range of cardiovascular adaptations to survive. Interestingly, the cardiovascular changes caused by antenatal glucocorticoid in normally grown fetuses are contrary to the cardiovascular adaptations that the intrauterine growth-restricted fetus must make to survive. Hence, the possibility exists that antenatal glucocorticoid in intrauterine growth-restricted infants may compromise cardiovascular development. This review first provides an overview of general antenatal glucocorticoid effects, before outlining the effects on cardiorespiratory development in normally grown fetuses, the cardiovascular adaptations that occur in the intrauterine growth-restricted fetus and finally integrating this with the very limited evidence for the effect of antenatal glucocorticoid in intrauterine growth-restricted infants.
The environmental enigma: Why do producers professing stewardship continue to practice poor natural resource management?

Abstract Despite a wide acceptance that primary producers in Australia subscribe to a stewardship ethic, land and water degradation remains an ongoing problem. Recent calculations suggest that the economic cost of Australia's environmental degradation is amounting to more than $A3.5 billion a year with an estimated cost of managing (not overcoming) problems of salinity, acidification, soil erosion totalling $A60 billion over the next decade. This paper argues that stewardship itself is an unsatisfactory concept when looking to landholders to respond to environmental problems, for rarely does the attitude of stewardship translate into behaviours of improving natural resource management practices on private land. Whilst there is some acceptance of the environmental problem among primary producers, a number of external constraints may also impede the uptake of conservation-orientated practices. In light of the prevailing accounts of poor adoption of sustainable practices a number of policy options are reviewed in this paper, including formal regional partnerships, regulatory frameworks and market-based measures. It is concluded that the contentious nature of some of these new opportunities for change will mean that any moves aimed at reversing environmental degradation in Australia will be slow.
Clinical Interventions in Aging Dovepress Relationship between Jaw Opening Force and Hyoid Bone Dynamics in Healthy Elderly Subjects

hereby accept the Terms. Non-commercial uses of the work are permitted without any further permission from Dove Medical Press Limited, provided the work is properly attributed. For permission for commercial use of this work, please see paragraphs 4.2 and 5 of our Terms Purpose: This study aimed to examine the relationship between jaw opening force and hyoid bone dynamics and resting position in elderly individuals based on gender. Subjects and methods: Subjects were 36 healthy elderly individuals aged $65 years without dysphagia (16 men and 20 women; mean age 75.5 years, range 65–88 years). Videofluorographic images during the swallowing of 10 mL of 40% (w/v) barium sulfate were obtained and the degrees of anterior, superior, and hypotenuse displacements of the hyoid bone and maximum/ resting hyoid position were evaluated. Jaw opening force was measured three times using a jaw opening force sthenometer; the mean of these three measurements was used for analysis. Results: In men, there was a positive correlation between jaw opening force and resting hyoid position and negative correlations among all the degrees of anterior, superior, and hypotenuse displacements of the hyoid bone. In women, there was no statistically significant correlation between jaw opening force and any of the measurement items. There was no statistically significant correlation between jaw opening force and maximum hyoid position in either men or women. Conclusion: Our findings suggest that low jaw opening force leads to low resting hyoid position only in elderly men, and a lower hyoid position in healthy elderly men results in a larger total amount of hyoid displacement during swallowing. Moreover, a maximum hyoid position in healthy individuals of either gender does not differ depending on their jaw opening force.
Vocabulary Spurt: Are Infants full of Zipf?.

Infants do not learn words at a constant rate. During the second year of life, a dramatic increase in the speed of word learning is observed. Different mechanisms explaining this vocabulary spurt have been proposed, either through endogenous factors such as learning capacity or exogenous factors, such as frequency of word usage. We demonstrate that occurrence statistics alone is not sufﬁcient to explain the acceleration in vocabulary growth, discuss other potential exogenous contributions such as phonological complexity and suggest that a change in word learning capacities is necessary. A model implementing an increased ease of learning is introduced and illustrates this endogenous approach by replicating the non-linear vocabulary growth characteristics of language acquisition.
Effect of Herd Cues and Product Involvement on Bidder Online Choices

Previous works have shown that consumers are influenced by others in decision making. Herd behavior is common in situations in which consumers infer product quality from other consumer choices and incorporate that information into their own decision making. This research presents two studies examining herd effect and the moderating role of product involvement on bidder choices in online auctions. The two studies addressed the influence on bidder online choices of herd cues frequently found in online auctions, including feedback ratings and number of questions and answers. The experimental results demonstrated that bidders use online herd cues when making decisions in online auctions. Additionally, the effects of herd cues on bidder online choices were stronger in high-involvement than low-involvement participants. Results and implications are discussed.
A platform for pervasive combinatorial trading with opportunistic self-aggregation

We describe a prototype of trading system platform populated by agents who autonomously decide to buy and/or sell items according to a set of local needs which arise dynamically (also by possibly accessing information provided by pervasive devices) by in the process of fulfilling a given overall utility. The market has combinatorial nature in a way that items to be traded are combined into packages, in accordance with a principle that drives the nature of many current markets. However, differently from these, items belong to a number of distinct sellers distributed in the platform, and are chosen singularly on the basis of buyers preferences and needs. Agents are thus situation-aware, with sellers coming acquainted of the market demand, and buyers price offers, through a Knowledge Network. This latter drives the way market offers balance the demand by gathering the needed information in an autonomous way and taking advantage of pervasive devices. Packaging is realized by agent aggregation into Virtual Sellers, in an autonomous fashion, and we propose an opportunistic policy whereby aggregation is governed by a Combinatorial Auction. The market is studied through proof-of-concept simulation, where the efficiency deriving from the opportunistic aggregation based on Combinatorial Auctions and the influence of contextual self-awareness are studied.
Three-dimensional scene reconstruction using stereo camera and laser range finder

The technology of three-dimensional (3-D) scene reconstruction is expected as applications of simulation, navigation, walk-through and so on. Besides, Segway®, a two-wheeled self-balancing electric vehicle, is being used in public facilities (e.g. airports, shopping centers, event sites). Therefore, it is beneficial to study applications using Segway. In this paper, we propose a method of 3-D scene reconstruction using Segway equipped with a stereo camera and a laser range finder (LRF). Our method estimates the location of Segway by a LRF and reconstruct 3-D environments by integrating 3-D shape information calculated by stereo vision. As the results of the experiments, the rough 3-D scene reconstruction results were obtained.
Architecture of an active mud-rich turbidite system: The Zaire Fan (Congo–Angola margin southeast Atlantic): Results from ZaïAngo 1 and 2 cruises

Multichannel seismic data newly acquired during two ZaAngo surveys now provide an almost complete view of the Quaternary architecture of the Zaire Fan. Extending laterally from the southern Gabon margin to the Angola margin and longitudinally more than 800 km, the overall fan consists of three main individual fans that were deposited successively as overlapping depocenters. The individual fans are composed of channel/levee systems exhibiting similar seismic facies, external configurations, and organization to those described in other large mud-rich systems (e.g., the Amazon Fan). In particular, high-amplitude reflection units with a high oil-reservoir potential are recognized almost systematically as a basal sole for channel/levee systems. They possibly include true high-amplitude reflection packets related to avulsion processes below the avulsion points and coarse-grained basal levees related to the initial stages of levee aggradation subsequent to the avulsion. Correlations with Ocean Drilling Program Leg 175 Site 1077 indicate that the studied part of the Zaire Fan began to build in the late Pleistocene (780 ka). During the upper Quaternary, a great number of channel/levee systems (more than 80) were developed, possibly explained either by its permanent activity even during high sea level conditions or by the low Zaire River inputs. The frequent occurrence of channel entrenchment of either old or recent channels is another characteristic specific to the fan. Overdeepening of channels is probably partly caused by regressive erosion inside the parent channel in response to an avulsion and also in part because of other causes that are not fully understood.