Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Constraining dark energy via baryon acoustic oscillations in the (an)isotropic light-cone power spectrum

Context. The measurement of the scale of the baryon acoustic oscillations (BAO) in the galaxy power spectrum as a function of redshift is a promising method to constrain the equation-of-state parameter of the dark energy w. Aims. To measure the scale of the BAO precisely, a substantial volume of space must be surveyed. We test whether light-cone effects are important and whether the scaling relations used to compensate for an incorrect reference cosmology are in this case sufficiently accurate. We investigate the degeneracies in the cosmological parameters and the benefits of using the two-dimensional anisotropic power spectrum. Finally, we estimate the uncertainty with which w can be measured by proposed surveys at redshifts of about z = 3 and z = 1, respectively. Methods. Our data is generated by cosmological N-body simulations of the standard ΛCDM scenario. We construct galaxy catalogs by “observing” the redshifts of different numbers of mock galaxies on a light cone at redshifts of about z = 3a ndz = 1. From the “observed” redshifts, we calculate the distances, assuming a reference cosmology that depends on wref. We do this for wref = −0.8, −1.0, and −1.2 holding the other cosmological parameters fixed. By fitting the corresponding (an)isotropic power spectra, we determine the apparent scale of the BAO and the corresponding w. Results. In the simulated survey we find that light-cone effects are small and that the simple scaling relations used to correct for the cosmological distortion work fairly well even for large survey volumes. The analysis of the two-dimensional anisotropic power spectra enables an independent determination to be made of the apparent scale of the BAO, perpendicular and parallel to the line of sight. This is essential for two-parameter w-models, such as the redshift-dependent dark energy model w = w0 + (1 − a)wa . U sing Planck priors for the matter and baryon density and ΔH0 = 5% for the Hubble constant, we estimate that the BAO measurements of future surveys around z = 3a ndz = 1 will be able to constrain, independently of other cosmological probes, a constant w to ∼12% and ∼11% (68% c.l.), respectively.
Note on the Gliding of a Plate on the Surface of a Stream

1. The gliding of bodies on the surface of water has received mathematical treatment by Wagner for both two- and three-dimensional cases. In this note, attention is confined to the two-dimensional gliding of a plane plate on a stream of infinite depth. Wagner's method is approximate and only applies when the angle of incidence of the gliding plate to the stream is small. He expresses such quantities as the total lift on the plate, not in terms of the total length of the plate, but in terms of the length of the pressure surface, which is the distance between the trailing edge of the plate and the point of stagnation. Further, his solution requires that the direction of the jet or spray which is formed should be parallel to the length of the plate. If Lis the total normal lift on the plate, β the small angle of incidence of the plate to the stream, V the velocity of the plate, δ the thickness of the spray and c the length of the pressure surface, then Wagner gives
Coupling satellite data with vegetation functional models: Review of different approaches and perspectives suggested by the assimilation strategy

This paper discusses the coupling between ecological process models and satellite data. Three major strategies are reviewed, with chosen examples in natural and cultivated vegetation modelling. The first strategy uses satellite data to derive input variables required by models. The spatial and/or temporal variations of these variables allow the modelling of some vegetation processes over large area and/or during the time when observations are available. The second strategy uses satellite data (or secondary variables derived from satellite data) to validate model outputs, and the third one uses them to control the modelling by the calibration of some key processes or the retrieval of initial conditions. Temporal series allows the assimilation of satellite observations in a complete modelling of the temporal signal at the satellite level. Such an approach improves the description of some processes not well known, and a better understanding of their spatial variations. An important point is the capability of.
Crystal structure of hydroxylbastnäsite-(Ce) from Kamihouri, Miyazaki Prefecture, Japan

The crystal structure of hydroxylbastnäsite - (Ce), (Ce 0.49 La 0.21 Nd 0.16 Pr 0.06 Y 0.03 Sm 0.02 Gd 0.01 Th 0.01 Eu 0.01 )(CO 3 ) (OH 0.85 F 0.15 ), was solved and refined R 1 = 0.0363, w R 2 = 0.0871 using single crystal CCD - XRD data. The hexagonal unit cell of space group P 6 _ is identical to those of synthetic RE(CO 3 )OH, but is different from that of bastnäsite - (Ce), P 6 _ 2 c . The refined dimensions are: a = 12.4730(9), c = 9.9607(14) Å, V = 1342.0(2) Å 3 , and Z = 18 for Ce(CO 3 )(OH). Each of the three crystallographically independent 9 - hold RE cations is coordinated by three [(OH),F] − , four monodentate (CO 3 ) 2 − , and one bidentate (CO 3 ) 2 − ions in hydroxylbastnäsite - (Ce), in con-trast to the 9 - hold RE cation coordinated to three F − and six monodentate (CO 3 ) 2 − ions in bastnäsite - (Ce). The replacement of OH for F modifies the coordination of RE polyhedra, thereby lowering the symmetry and en larging the unit cell in the crystal structure of hydroxylbastnäsite - (Ce).
Earthquake strain rates and instantaneous relative motions within central and eastern Asia

SUMMARY We use the spatial distribution of moment tensors of earthquakes in this century to estimate the velocity field in Asia within a Eurasian reference frame. In a least-squares inversion, strain rates on the surface of the Earth are matched with continuous spline functions in order to recover the velocity gradient tensor associated with the seismic moment release in Asia. Earthquakes account for 40–60 per cent of the expected motion of India relative to Eurasia, with the missing component of strain rate equivalent to about 20 mm yr−1 of N-S shortening between Siberia and India. In this solution, South China rotates counterclockwise and moves eastwards relative to Siberia. Using rigid plate constraints, we next investigate the characteristics of the complete horizontal strain field in Asia that accommodates plate motions. Our strain-rate solutions are analogous to the response of a Newtonian thin viscous sheet in which the rate of work done by the straining medium in accommodating the velocity boundary conditions is a minimum. In these solutions the Euler pole for India relative to Eurasia is constrained (NUVEL-1A; DeMets et al. 1994), but in the process of fitting the VLBI velocity at Shanghai, China (Ward 1994; Heki et al. 1995), the Euler pole for South China is determined in the inversion. A solution that both fits the velocity at Shanghai, China and yields a strain-rate field consistent with the earthquake mechanisms is one where the South China block has a motion relative to Siberia described by the pole at (51°N, 131°E, 0.3 deg Myr−1). Comparison of the complete strain field that accommodates plate motion with the seismic strains indicates that earthquake moment release rates in this century within Mongolia are about a factor of 4 larger than the long-term rate. Within Gansu-Ningxia, the earthquake moment rates have been about a factor of 2 higher than the long-term rate. The strike-slip faulting within Mongolia, Gansu-Ningxia, western Sichuan and Yunnan is possibly a direct result of velocity boundary conditions imposed on the South China block by forces unrelated to continental collision of India and Eurasia, such as forces associated with subduction along the margins of South-eastern Asia. Verification of this requires a better understanding of the role of pre-existing zones of weakness within the Asian continental lithosphere.
Selected papers in the hydrologic sciences, 1986

Bottom materials may be useful in evaluating areal and temporal changes in concentrations of certain chemical constituents in the overlying waters. They are particularly useful for detecting hydrophobic compounds that may be present in the stream waters at low concentrations or at intermittent intervals. The particle-size distribution in the bottom materials must be considered when areal or temporal changes in sediment chemistry are interpreted. Bottom-material samples were collected at two sites on the Cuyahoga River in Cuyahoga and Portage Counties, Ohio. Multiple samples were collected from one cross section at each site and separated into three fractions based on particle size (less than 2 millimeters to 63 micrometers, less than 63 micrometers to 20 micrometers, and less than 20 micrometers). Each fraction was then separately analyzed for six trace metals (chromium, copper, iron, lead, manganese, and zinc). Significant differences in metal concentrations were observed within cross sections as well as between sites. The coefficient of variability within the cross sections decreased as the particle size decreased in the analyses for chromium, copper, iron, and lead, whereas the variability remained constant for manganese and zinc. Metals concentrations, however, generally increased as particle size decreased. An "index of discrimination" indicated that the less than 20-micrometer fraction was superior for detecting between-site differences in concentrations of metals in the bottom materials; the less than 63 to 20-micrometer fraction ranked second, and the less than 2 millimeter to 63-micrometer fraction ranked third. Replicate laboratory analyses were generally found to be unnecessary because differences in metal concentrations due to laboratory extraction and analysis were small.
Rate-compatible LDPC Codes based on Primitive Polynomials and Golomb Rulers

We introduce and study a family of rate-compatible Low-Density Parity-Check (LDPC) codes characterized by very simple encoders. The design of these codes starts from simplex codes, which are defined by parity-check matrices having a straightforward form stemming from the coefficients of a primitive polynomial. For this reason, we call the new codes Primitive Rate-Compatible LDPC (PRC-LDPC) codes. By applying puncturing to these codes, we obtain a bit-level granularity of their code rates. We show that, in order to achieve good LDPC codes, the underlying polynomials, besides being primitive, must meet some more stringent conditions with respect to those of classical punctured simplex codes. We leverage non-modular Golomb rulers to take the new requirements into account. We characterize the minimum distance properties of PRC-LDPC codes, and study and discuss their encoding and decoding complexity. Finally, we assess their error rate performance under iterative decoding.
Measurement Models For Sailboats Price vs. Features And Regional Areas

In this study, we investigated the relationship between sailboat technical specifications and their prices, as well as regional pricing influences. Utilizing a dataset encompassing characteristics like length, beam, draft, displacement, sail area, and waterline, we applied multiple machine learning models to predict sailboat prices. The gradient descent model demonstrated superior performance, producing the lowest MSE and MAE. Our analysis revealed that monohulled boats are generally more affordable than catamarans, and that certain specifications such as length, beam, displacement, and sail area directly correlate with higher prices. Interestingly, lower draft was associated with higher listing prices. We also explored regional price determinants and found that the United States tops the list in average sailboat prices, followed by Europe, Hong Kong, and the Caribbean. Contrary to our initial hypothesis, a country's GDP showed no direct correlation with sailboat prices. Utilizing a 50% cross-validation method, our models yielded consistent results across test groups. Our research offers a machine learning-enhanced perspective on sailboat pricing, aiding prospective buyers in making informed decisions.
Parallel Multi-Objective Hyperparameter Optimization with Uniform Normalization and Bounded Objectives

Machine learning (ML) methods offer a wide range of configurable hyperparameters that have a significant influence on their performance. While accuracy is a commonly used performance objective, in many settings, it is not sufficient. Optimizing the ML models with respect to multiple objectives such as accuracy, confidence, fairness, calibration, privacy, latency, and memory consumption is becoming crucial. To that end, hyperparameter optimization, the approach to systematically optimize the hyperparameters, which is already challenging for a single objective, is even more challenging for multiple objectives. In addition, the differences in objective scales, the failures, and the presence of outlier values in objectives make the problem even harder. We propose a multi-objective Bayesian optimization (MoBO) algorithm that addresses these problems through uniform objective normalization and randomized weights in scalarization. We increase the efficiency of our approach by imposing constraints on the objective to avoid exploring unnecessary configurations (e.g., insufficient accuracy). Finally, we leverage an approach to parallelize the MoBO which results in a 5x speed-up when using 16x more workers.
Towards Real-World Test-Time Adaptation: Tri-Net Self-Training with Balanced Normalization

Test-Time Adaptation aims to adapt source domain model to testing data at inference stage with success demonstrated in adapting to unseen corruptions. However, these attempts may fail under more challenging real-world scenarios. Existing works mainly consider real-world test-time adaptation under non-i.i. d. data stream and continual domain shift. In this work, we first complement the existing real-world TTA protocol with a globally class imbalanced testing set. We demonstrate that combining all settings together poses new challenges to existing methods. We argue the failure of state-of-the-art methods is first caused by indiscriminately adapting normalization layers to imbalanced testing data. To remedy this shortcoming, we propose a balanced batchnorm layer to swap out the regular batchnorm at inference stage. The new batchnorm layer is capable of adapting without biasing towards majority classes. We are further inspired by the success of self-training (ST) in learning from unlabeled data and adapt ST for test-time adaptation. However, ST alone is prone to over adaption which is responsible for the poor performance under continual domain shift. Hence, we propose to improve self-training under continual domain shift by regularizing model updates with an anchored loss. The final TTA model, termed as TRIBE, is built upon a tri-net architecture with balanced batchnorm layers. We evaluate TRIBE on four datasets representing real-world TTA settings. TRIBE consistently achieves the state-of-the-art performance across multiple evaluation protocols. The code is available at https://github.com/Gorilla-Lab-SCUT/TRIBE.
Generative Escher Meshes

This paper proposes a fully-automatic, text-guided generative method for producing periodic, repeating, tile-able 2D art, such as the one seen on floors, mosaics, ceramics, and the work of M.C. Escher. In contrast to the standard concept of a seamless texture, i.e., square images that are seamless when tiled, our method generates non-square tilings which comprise solely of repeating copies of the same object. It achieves this by optimizing both geometry and color of a 2D mesh, in order to generate a non-square tile in the shape and appearance of the desired object, with close to no additional background details. We enable geometric optimization of tilings by our key technical contribution: an unconstrained, differentiable parameterization of the space of all possible tileable shapes for a given symmetry group. Namely, we prove that modifying the laplacian used in a 2D mesh-mapping technique - Orbifold Tutte Embedding - can achieve all possible tiling configurations for a chosen planar symmetry group. We thus consider both the mesh's tile-shape and its texture as optimizable parameters, rendering the textured mesh via a differentiable renderer. We leverage a trained image diffusion model to define a loss on the resulting image, thereby updating the mesh's parameters based on its appearance matching the text prompt. We show our method is able to produce plausible, appealing results, with non-trivial tiles, for a variety of different periodic tiling patterns.
Radiative forcing due to major aerosol emitting sectors in China and India

Understanding the radiative forcing caused by anthropogenic aerosol sources is essential for making effective emission control decisions to mitigate climate change. We examined the net direct plus indirect radiative forcing caused by carbonaceous aerosol and sulfur emissions in key sectors of China and India using the GISS‐E2 chemistry‐climate model. Diesel trucks and buses (67 mW m−2) and residential biofuel combustion (52 mW m−2) in India have the largest global mean, annual average forcings due mainly to the direct and indirect effects of BC. Emissions from these two sectors in China have near‐zero net global forcings. Coal‐fired power plants in both countries exert a negative forcing of about −30 mW m−2 from production of sulfate. Aerosol forcings are largest locally, with direct forcings due to residential biofuel combustion of 580 mW m−2 over India and 416 mW m−2 over China, but they extend as far as North America, Europe, and the Arctic.
CARACTERIZAÇÃO DO RENDIMENTO E QUANTIFICAÇÃO DOS RESÍDUOS GERADOS EM SERRARIA ATRAVÉS DO BALANÇO DE MATERIAIS

Este trabalho objetivou a caracterizacao do rendimento e quantificacao dos residuos gerados em uma serraria, sendo desenvolvido na Empresa Battistella Industria e Comercio Ltda. (Rio Negrinho, SC), composta por uma laminadora, serraria e manufatura de paineis. Foram realizadas visitas e elaborados questionarios para avaliacao dos dados existentes, que foram distribuidos em uma serie historica, desde janeiro de 1998 a julho de 1999. As determinacoes foram feitas com base no balanco de materiais. Foi elaborado um fluxograma da linha produtiva, de onde se pode obter os valores do rendimento do desdobro (34,87%), da secagem (81,88%) e da classificacao da madeira (86,42%). O rendimento geral foi de 38,62% e o consumo de materia-prima foi de 2,62 m3 de toras com casca/m3 de madeira serrada seca e classificada. Dai conclui-se que o rendimento do desdobro e baixo, bem inferior ou encontrado em literatura; o rendimento geral esta mais proximo de valores ja publicados; o residuo tem grande potencialidade de utilizacao devido a separacao do mesmo durante o processo produtivo e o estabelecimento do fator de conversao de toras em madeira serrada possibilita o planejamento do volume de materia-prima necessario para o desdobro e do volume de residuo gerado em um periodo pre-estabelecido. YIELD AND WASTE PRODUCTION CARACTERIZATION IN SAWMILL THROUGH MATERIAL BALANCE Abstract This paper is an attempt to characterize the yield and wood waste produced during the productive process of one of the sawmill, located in Rio Negrinho, Santa Catarina, Brazil (Battistella Industria e Comercio Ltda.). The data analysis was carried out based on the material balance and on the production yield. The study pointed out the following results: unroll yield (34,87%); drying (81,88%); lumber classification (86,42%); general yield (38,62%) although low, it is in accordance with normal values; consumption of raw material of 2,62 m3 of logs with bark/m3 of lumber. The result also indicate that the wood waste has potenciality to utilization because it is separated during the process and the convertion factor of the log in lumber is very important to the development of the activities.
An efficient method for facial component detection in thermal images

A method to detect certain regions in thermal images of human faces is presented. In this approach, the following steps are necessary to locate the periorbital and the nose regions: First, the face is segmented from the background by thresholding and morphological filtering. Subsequently, a search region within the face, around its center of mass, is evaluated. Automatically computed temperature thresholds are used per subject and image or image sequence to generate binary images, in which the periorbital regions are located by integral projections. Then, the located positions are used to approximate the nose position. It is possible to track features in the located regions. Therefore, these regions are interesting for different applications like human-machine interaction, biometrics and biomedical imaging. The method is easy to implement and does not rely on any training images or templates. Furthermore, the approach saves processing resources due to simple computations and restricted search regions.
Oxidation state of the lithospheric mantle beneath Diavik Diamond Mines, Central Slave Craton, Canada

We have studied the major and trace element chemistry of 31 garnet peridotitic xenoliths from the A154-North and South kimberlite pipes at Diavik Diamond Mines, in northern Canada. Eighteen of the samples have coarse or granuloblastic textures and the remaining 14 have porphyroclastic or mosaic porphyroclastic textures. We measured the chemical composition of coexisting using
Evaluation of the Global Multi-Resolution Terrain Elevation Data 2010 (GMTED2010) using ICESat geodetic control

Supported by NASA's Earth Surface and Interior (ESI) Program, we are producing a global set of Ground Control Points (GCPs) derived from the Ice, Cloud and land Elevation Satellite (ICESat) altimetry data. From February of 2003, to October of 2009, ICESat obtained nearly global measurements of land topography (± 86° latitudes) with unprecedented accuracy, sampling the Earth's surface at discrete ~50 m diameter laser footprints spaced 170 m along the altimetry profiles. We apply stringent editing to select the highest quality elevations, and use these GCPs to characterize and quantify spatially varying elevation biases in Digital Elevation Models (DEMs). In this paper, we present an evaluation of the soon to be released Global Multi-resolution Terrain Elevation Data 2010 (GMTED2010). Elevation biases and error statistics have been analyzed as a function of land cover and relief. The GMTED2010 products are a large improvement over previous sources of elevation data at comparable resolutions. RMSEs for all products and terrain conditions are below 7 m and typically are about 4 m. The GMTED2010 products are biased upward with respect to the ICESat GCPs on average by approximately 3 m.