Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
A protocol of systematic review and meta-analysis

Background: Drug-resistant epilepsy (DRE) is a very tricky disorder, which greatly affects quality of life in such patients. Relevant studies suggested that vagus nerve stimulation (VNS) has potential benefits for DRE. However, there are inconsistent conclusions. The purpose of this study is to investigate whether VNS is effective and safety for DRE. Methods: To collect comprehensive randomized controlled trials (RCTs), the following electronic databases will be retrieved: MEDLINE, EMBASE, Cochrane Library, Web of Science, PsycINFO, CINAHL, AMED, and China National Knowledge Infrastructure from the commencement of each electronic database up to the present with no language restrictions. Two authors will independently carry out all procedures of literature selection, information collection, and risk of bias assessment. Any objections will be worked out by a third author through consultation. The risk of bias for each included trial will be identified using Cochrane risk of bias tool, and statistical analysis will be performed utilizing RevMan 5.3 software. Results:This study will synthesize the data from the present eligible high quality RCTs to assess whether VNS is effective and safety for DRE. Conclusion: This study will provide systematic evidence of VNS for the treatment of patients with DRE. Systematic review registration: INPLASY202040086. Abbreviations: CIs = confidence intervals, DRE = drug-resistant epilepsy, RCTs = randomized controlled trials, VNS = vagus nerve stimulation.
Assessment of rangeland condition and evaluation of the nutritional value of common grass and browse species at the Neudamm Experimental Farm, Namibia

A case study assessment of rangeland condition and evaluation of the nutritional value of common grass and browse species at the Neudamm experimental farm was done from January to September 2011. The study objectives were to determine the botanical composition of grass and browse species, evaluate the nutritive values of common grass and browse species, determine rangeland condition among three camps under different management practices at the Neudamm experimental farm of the University of Namibia. For botanical composition of grass species, the step point method proposed by Hardy & Walker (1991) was used. Chi-square contingency table was used to analyze herbaceous species composition among the three contrasting camps with alpha at (0.05%), while P>0.0445221 showed a significant different between camps. Neudamm farm is at least 10000hectares in size and represent a typical commercial rangeland farm in Namibia. It was found that grazing camps which had been rested for a period of four years were in a very good state of health than those which had not been grazed annually and continuously. It was found that grazing camp under continuous utilization carried the greater number (28.13%) of decreaser species which are the most palatable grasses with high grazing value than the rested camps (28.07% versus 16.00%) respectively. From the chi-square contingency table (two sided test analysis), there was a significant difference
Development, Validity and Reliability of Objective Structured Clinical Examination in Nursing Students

Introduction The adoption of measurement instruments such as the Objective Structured Clinical Examination (OSCE) is essential to assess clinical competencies in nursing students. Objective The purpose of this study is to develop an OSCE, analyze its validity and reliability in the nursing curriculum and measure self-assessment, stress and satisfaction. Methods The observational validation study of a measurement instrument was carried out in two phases: the design and development of the OSCE and validity and reliability analysis. Results A total of 118 students participated in the study. Ten scenarios were designed that incorporated six competency components extracted from the curriculum. Good results were obtained in face validity, content validity (CVI .82-.95), criterion validity (r = .71, p < .001), and reliability (α Cronbach .84). Satisfaction and stress scores were high, and self-assessment scores were lower than the scores obtained. Conclusion A rigorously designed OSCE provides a reliable and valid method for assessing the clinical competence of nursing students.
Boosting LUCK: Improving the language understanding capabilities of Kaitito

Kaitito is a natural language system that can be used to have conversations with one or more articial characters. All natural language systems like Kaitito have limited abilities for understanding user input. The best way to improve Kaitito's language understanding capabilities, seems to be using reformulations (paraphrases) of the user input on the level of semantic representations. This conclusion is based on the specications of the Kaitito system as well as literature from systems related to Kaitito, like chatbots and question-answer systems. The Minimal Recursion Semantics (MRS) representations used in the Kaitito system can be paraphrased using transfer rules, also called munge rules. Deriving the transfer rules by hand is quite tricky and time consuming and moreover, it does not support Kaitito's rationale of allowing the system to be authored by non-computer-linguists such as for instance English teachers. Therefore, deriving the transfer rules was automated as much as possible. Although a lot more dicult to implement than deriving the rules by hand, this automated version of deriving the transfer rules will make the system usable for non-computer-linguists. Using transfer rules involves issues like coverage and precision; rules can be too restrictive, or re on occasions they should not. The main problem with automating the transfer rule derivation process is matching two MRSs, which can result in multiple, ambiguous possible matches. Even though using paraphrases of MRSs and the semi-automatic derivation of the transfer rules have these problems inherent to them, the (preliminary) results in the domain of people introducing each other look promising.
The geomagnetic field over the past 5 million years

SUMMARY The modern geomagnetic field is usually expressed as a spherical harmonic expansion. Although the palaeomagnetic record is very incomplete in both space and time, sufficient data are available from a span of ages to generate time-averaged spherical harmonic field models with many degrees of freedom. Here three data sets are considered: directional measurements from lavas, inclination measurements from ocean sediments, and intensity measurements from lavas. Individual data are analysed, as well as siteaverages, using the same methods that have been developed for the modern field, to give models for the past 5 Myr. The normal-polarity field model has an axial-dipole intensity similar to that of the modern-day field, whilst the equatorial-dipole component is very much smaller. The field is not axisymmetric, but shows flux concentrations at the core’s surface under Canada and Siberia similar to those observed in the field over historical timescales. Tests on synthetic data show that it is unlikely that these similarities result from the overprinting of the palaeomagnetic field due to inadequate cleaning of the samples. The reverse-polarity field model does not show such obvious features, but this may be due to the sparsity of the data. The patterns observed in the normal-polarity field, with persistent features in the northern hemisphere and a smooth southern hemisphere, could be explained if the present pattern of secular variation is typical of the past several million years. This would reveal itself as large variations over time in the direction of the magnetic vector in regions of high secular variation, with relatively little change over quieter regions. However, we have been unable to find any evidence for a geographical pattern of secular variation in the data.
Relationships between Low-Frequency Variability in the Southern Hemisphere and Sea Surface Temperature Anomalies

Abstract Long-term trends and interannual variations of circulation anomalies in the Southern Hemisphere are examined using the National Centers for Environmental Prediction–National Center for Atmospheric Research reanalysis from 1949 to 1998. The changes in planetary circulation regimes are linked to global sea surface temperature anomalies (SSTAs). Empirical orthogonal function (EOF) analysis was performed on 500-hPa height anomalies. The leading mode EOF1 shows a strong zonal symmetry with a phase reversal between height anomalies in high and midlatitudes. Apart from zonal symmetry, a zonal wavenumber 3 is evident with three centers located in three southern oceans. In the low-frequency band with fluctuations longer than 60 months, EOF1 is associated with the second rotated EOF mode of SSTAs with positive loadings over three southern oceans and negative loadings in the North Pacific and the North Atlantic. The next two modes are the Pacific–South American (PSA) patterns. They depict wave-3 patterns in.
Ground‐based microwave monitoring of stratospheric ozone

A microwave instrument developed for operational measurements of ozone for the Network for Detection of Stratospheric Change is discussed. The instrument observes two spectral lines near 3-mm wavelength with a bandwidth of 630 MHz, allowing profile retrieval from 20 to 70 km. The observing technique and calibration procedures are described. The measurement forward model and retrieval algorithm are formulated. Preliminary comparisons with a colocated ground-based lidar and the SAGE II instrument are presented. The measurements are shown to typically agree to within 5 to 10 percent.
Biomedical Research

We recently demonstrated that short time exposure to hypoxia (15 min) in H9c2 cardiomyocytes protected cells against cell death, and longer exposure to hypoxia induced cell death. To understand the molecular mechanism concerning cell death and survival, it is intriguing to identify survival factors against cell death. Using proteomics analysis, levels of proteins derived from H9c2 cells exposed to hypoxia and normoxia were compared and candidates for survival factor were identified. One of the candidates was a prohibitin. Overexpression of prohibitin inhibited H9c2 cell death induced by hypoxia for longer hours. We further clarified the mechanism of cell death. Overexpression of prohibitin inhibited decrease of mitochondrial membrane potential levels, decrease of Bcl-2 level in mitochondria and cytochrome c release to cytosol from mitochondria induced by hypoxia. The mechanism for survival was that overexpression of prohibitin inhibited cytochrome c release by decrease of mitochondrial membrane potential levels and decrease of Bcl-2 level. Taken together, identified prohibitin may function as a survival factor against hypoxia-
Exploring Intermittent Dynamics of Neural Activity in a Single-Pair System of Excitatory and Inhibitory Neurons

A long-tailed property has been observed at various levels of the brain, ranging from neural population activity to the level of cognitive neurodynamics. Specifically, at the cognitive neurodynamics level, a phenomenon called perceptual alternation displays perceptual durations that follow a gamma or log-normal distribution. Moreover, this perceptual alternation becomes nondeterministic. The occurrence of alternation phenomena has also been noticed in neural populations at the cognitive neurodynamics level. Even in a system consisting of a single pair of excitatory and inhibitory neurons, referred to as chaos-chaos intermittency (CCI), a similar intermittent alternation of neural activity emerges, involving intermittent transitions between multiple isolated attractors. In this study, our hypothesis was that nondeterminism and long-tailed properties can emerge in this single-pair system. To test this hypothesis, we evaluated the determinism of two types of dynamics in the system that couples excitatory and inhibitory neurons: 1) transitions between attractors and 2) behavior within attractors. This evaluation was performed on multiple time scales using multi-scale entropy analysis (MSE) and an iterated amplitude-adjusted Fourier transform (IAAFT) surrogate. The results demonstrated that the transitions between attractors were nondeterministic, while the behavior within attractors was deterministic. Furthermore, a long-tailed property manifested in the duration of the transitions between attractors, possibly resulting from long-term evaluation in the chaotic unstable orbit. The emergence of this long-tailed property was attributed to the low frequency CCI around the attractor-merging bifurcation. This discovery contributes to the understanding of the long-tailed properties exhibited by neural activity across multiple levels.
Evidence-Based Clinical Practice Guidelines for Extramammary Paget Disease.

Importance Extramammary Paget disease (EMPD) is a frequently recurring malignant neoplasm with metastatic potential that presents in older adults on the genital, perianal, and axillary skin. Extramammary Paget disease can precede or occur along with internal malignant neoplasms. Objective To develop recommendations for the care of adults with EMPD. Evidence Review A systematic review of the literature on EMPD from January 1990 to September 18, 2019, was conducted using MEDLINE, Embase, Web of Science Core Collection, and Cochrane Libraries. Analysis included 483 studies. A multidisciplinary expert panel evaluation of the findings led to the development of clinical care recommendations for EMPD. Findings The key findings were as follows: (1) Multiple skin biopsies, including those of any nodular areas, are critical for diagnosis. (2) Malignant neoplasm screening appropriate for age and anatomical site should be performed at baseline to distinguish between primary and secondary EMPD. (3) Routine use of sentinel lymph node biopsy or lymph node dissection is not recommended. (4) For intraepidermal EMPD, surgical and nonsurgical treatments may be used depending on patient and tumor characteristics, although cure rates may be superior with surgical approaches. For invasive EMPD, surgical resection with curative intent is preferred. (5) Patients with unresectable intraepidermal EMPD or patients who are medically unable to undergo surgery may receive nonsurgical treatments, including radiotherapy, imiquimod, photodynamic therapy, carbon dioxide laser therapy, or other modalities. (6) Distant metastatic disease may be treated with chemotherapy or individualized targeted approaches. (7) Close follow-up to monitor for recurrence is recommended for at least the first 5 years. Conclusions and Relevance Clinical practice guidelines for EMPD provide guidance regarding recommended diagnostic approaches, differentiation between invasive and noninvasive disease, and use of surgical vs nonsurgical treatments. Prospective registries may further improve our understanding of the natural history of the disease in primary vs secondary EMPD, clarify features of high-risk tumors, and identify superior management approaches.
The Epigenetics of Neuropathic Pain: A Systematic Update

Epigenetics deals with alterations to the gene expression that occur without change in the nucleotide sequence in the DNA. Various covalent modifications of the DNA and/or the surrounding histone proteins have been revealed, including DNA methylation, histone acetylation, and methylation, which can either stimulate or inhibit protein expression at the transcriptional level. In the past decade, an exponentially increasing amount of data has been published on the association between epigenetic changes and the pathomechanism of pain, including its most challenging form, neuropathic pain. Epigenetic regulation of the chromatin by writer, reader, and eraser proteins has been revealed for diverse protein targets involved in the pathomechanism of neuropathic pain. They include receptors, ion channels, transporters, enzymes, cytokines, chemokines, growth factors, inflammasome proteins, etc. Most work has been invested in clarifying the epigenetic downregulation of mu opioid receptors and various K+ channels, two types of structures mediating neuronal inhibition. Conversely, epigenetic upregulation has been revealed for glutamate receptors, growth factors, and lymphokines involved in neuronal excitation. All these data cannot only help better understand the development of neuropathic pain but outline epigenetic writers, readers, and erasers whose pharmacological inhibition may represent a novel option in the treatment of pain.
Direct measurements of the CO2 flux over the ocean: Development of a novel method

Over the ocean, eddy correlation measurements of the air‐sea CO2 flux obtained with open‐path sensors have typically been an order of magnitude larger than those estimated by other techniques or sensors. It is shown here that this discrepancy is due to cross sensitivity to water vapor fluctuations: a novel correction procedure is demonstrated, tested against an independent data set and proved to be robust. After correction, the observed gas transfer velocities are in reasonable agreement with published values obtained using closed‐path sensors or by tracer techniques. Data from open‐path sensors may now be used for air‐sea CO2 flux estimation, greatly increasing the information available on air‐sea gas transfer velocity.
The relationships between aggregate water stability and soil organic matter of slope land with different reclamation years in black soil region

The relationships between aggregate water stability(3～5 mm) and organic matter of top soil in slope land,black soil region of Northwest China,were studied by slow wetting method from the perspectives of different reclamation years,soil layers and landforms.The results showed that soil aggregate water stability decreases significantly with the declining of soil organic matter after reclamation,but 40 years later,the change trend of both becomes steady and gentle.The content of water-stable aggregate with 0.2 mm,and MWDsw value is notably related with the organic matter,and the correlative coefficients is 0.979 and 0.956(P0.05). Water stability in the surface soil is much better than that of subsurface.It lies in the content of the organic matter in surface soil is higher than that in subsurface.The correlation coefficient of water-stable aggregates of 0.2 mm,0.5 mm and MWD value with organic matter is 0.59,0.51 and 0.56 respectively.The water-stable aggregate of surface soil in different landform presents a wavy change,and the change is not very regularly which is caused by the different power of soil erosion,movement,deposition in slope position.MWDsw value is notably related with the organic matter of subsurface soil under three conditions.
In Situ Sintering of CdSe/CdS Nanocrystals under Electron Beam Irradiation

Colloidal semiconductor nanocrystals have attracted widespread attention due to their tremendous electrical and optical properties. Nanoparticles exhibit a strong tendency to aggregate and sinter in a short period of time during processing or use due to their large surface area-to-volume ratio, which may lead to significant changes in their required performance. Therefore, it is of great significance to conduct in-depth research on the sintering process and mechanism of nanoparticles to maintain their stability. Here, the sintering process of CdSe/CdS core/shell nanocrystals under continuous electron beam irradiation was studied using in situ transmission electron microscopy (TEM). In the early stages of sintering, CdSe/CdS nanocrystals approached each other at a distance of approximately 1–2 nm. As the exposure time to the electron beam increased, the movement of surface atoms on the nanocrystals led to contact between them. Subsequently, the atoms on the contact surfaces underwent rapid motion, resulting in the rapid formation of the neck between the particles. The neck formation between adjacent particles provides strong evidence of a sintering mechanism dominated by surface atom diffusion rather than Ostwald ripening. Further research in this area could lead to the development of improved methods to prevent sintering and enhance the stability of nanocrystals, ultimately contributing to the advancement of nanomaterial-based devices and materials with long-lasting performance.
State of the science: promoting self-care in persons with heart failure: a scientific statement from the American Heart Association.

Self-care is advocated as a method of improving outcomes from heart failure (HF), the final common pathway for several prevalent illnesses, including hypertension and coronary artery disease. HF is widespread in aging populations across the world.1 The burden of HF is manifested in poor quality of life (QOL)2,3 and early mortality.4 In addition, there are >3 million ambulatory care and emergency department visits5 and well over 1 million hospitalizations for HF in the United States annually,6 which contributes to the exorbitant costs associated with HF. Much of this healthcare utilization is thought to be preventable if patients engage in consistent self-care.7,8 This scientific statement seeks to highlight concepts and evidence important to the understanding and promotion of self-care in persons with HF. Specifically, the document describes what is known about (1) the self-care behaviors required of HF patients, (2) factors that make self-care challenging for patients, (3) interventions that promote self-care, and (4) the effect of self-care on HF outcomes. The review ends with evidence-based recommendations for clinicians and direction for future research. Self-care is defined as a naturalistic decision-making process that patients use in the choice of behaviors that maintain physiological stability (symptom monitoring and treatment adherence) and the response to symptoms when they occur.9 The term naturalistic decision making is used to describe how people make decisions in real-world settings. Naturalistic decision makers focus on process rather than outcomes, make decisions based on the situation, let the context influence their decision-making processes, and base practical decisions on the information available at the moment.10 In HF, self-care maintenance requires following the advice of providers to take medications, eat a low-sodium diet, exercise, engage in preventive behaviors, and actively monitor themselves for signs and symptoms. Self-care management refers to decision making in …