Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Arrhythmic Song Exposure Increases ZENK Expression in Auditory Cortical Areas and Nucleus Taeniae of the Adult Zebra Finch

Rhythm is important in the production of motor sequences such as speech and song. Deficits in rhythm processing have been implicated in human disorders that affect speech and language processing, including stuttering, autism, and dyslexia. Songbirds provide a tractable model for studying the neural underpinnings of rhythm processing due to parallels with humans in neural structures and vocal learning patterns. In this study, adult zebra finches were exposed to naturally rhythmic conspecific song or arrhythmic song. Immunohistochemistry for the immediate early gene ZENK was used to detect neural activation in response to these two types of stimuli. ZENK was increased in response to arrhythmic song in the auditory association cortex homologs, caudomedial nidopallium (NCM) and caudomedial mesopallium (CMM), and the avian amygdala, nucleus taeniae (Tn). CMM also had greater ZENK labeling in females than males. The increased neural activity in NCM and CMM during perception of arrhythmic stimuli parallels increased activity in the human auditory cortex following exposure to unexpected, or perturbed, auditory stimuli. These auditory areas may be detecting errors in arrhythmic song when comparing it to a stored template of how conspecific song is expected to sound. CMM may also be important for females in evaluating songs of potential mates. In the context of other research in songbirds, we suggest that the increased activity in Tn may be related to the value of song for assessing mate choice and bonding or it may be related to perception of arrhythmic song as aversive.
Randomized Phase III Trial Comparing ABVD Plus Radiotherapy With the Stanford V Regimen in Patients With Stages I or II Locally Extensive, Bulky Mediastinal Hodgkin Lymphoma: A Subset Analysis of the North American Intergroup E2496 Trial.

PURPOSE The phase III North American Intergroup E2496 Trial (Combination Chemotherapy With or Without Radiation Therapy in Treating Patients With Hodgkin's Lymphoma) compared doxorubicin, bleomycin, vinblastine, and dacarbazine (ABVD) with mechlorethamine, doxorubicin, vincristine, bleomycin, vinblastine, etoposide, and prednisone (Stanford V). We report results of a planned subgroup analysis in patients with stage I or II bulky mediastinal Hodgkin lymphoma (HL). PATIENTS AND METHODS Patients were randomly assigned to six to eight cycles of ABVD every 28 days or Stanford V once per week for 12 weeks. Two to 3 weeks after completion of chemotherapy, all patients received 36 Gy of modified involved field radiotherapy (IFRT) to the mediastinum, hila, and supraclavicular regions. Patients on the Stanford V arm received IFRT to additional sites ≥ 5 cm at diagnosis. Primary end points were failure-free survival (FFS) and overall survival (OS). RESULTS Of 794 eligible patients, 264 had stage I or II bulky disease, 135 received ABVD, and 129 received Stanford V. Patient characteristics were matched. The overall response rate was 83% with ABVD and 88% with Stanford V. At a median follow-up of 6.5 years, the study excluded a difference of more than 21% in 5-year FFS and more than 16% in 5-year OS between ABVD and Stanford V (5-year FFS: 85% v 79%; HR, 0.68; 95% CI, 0.37 to 1.25; P = .22; 5-year OS: 96% v 92%; HR, 0.49; 95% CI, 0.16 to 1.47; P = .19). In-field relapses occurred in < 10% of the patients in each arm. CONCLUSION For patients with stage I or II bulky mediastinal HL, no substantial statistically significant differences were detected between the two regimens, although power was limited. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first prospective trial reporting outcomes specific to this subgroup, and it sets a benchmark for comparison of ongoing and future studies.
Candida biofilms in medical devices: evolving trends.

he study of microorganisms since ages has been associated with their isolation and growth in pure culture and their subsequent identification down to their genes. This channel of study has been actively pursued in various scientific disciplines pertaining to anatomical, physiological and pathological aspects of microbes and the scientific research that is based on them. However, many microbes in their natural habitats are found in biofilm ecosystems
Percutaneous Injection of Strontium Containing Hydroxyapatite versus Polymethacrylate Plus Short-Segment Pedicle Screw Fixation for Traumatic A2- and A3/AO-Type Fractures in Adults

Introduction Polymethacrylate (PMMA) is commonly used in vertebroplasty and balloon kyphoplasty, but its use has been associated with complications. This study tests three hypotheses: (1) whether strontium hydroxyapatite (Sr-HA) is equivalent to PMMA for restoring thoracolumbar vertebral body fractures, (2) whether the incidence of PMMA leakage is similar to that of Sr-HA leakage, and (3) whether Sr-HAis is resorbed and substituted by new vertebral bone. Materials and Methods Two age- and sex-matched groups received short percutaneous pedicle screw fixation plus PEEK implant (Kiva, VCF Treatment System, Benvenue Medical, Santa Clara, CA, USA) filled with either Sr-HA (Group A) or PMMA (Group B) after A2- and A3/AO-type thoracolumbar vertebral body fractures. The Visual Analog Scale (VAS) score and imaging parameters, which included segmental kyphosis angle (SKA), vertebral body height ratios (VBHr), spinal canal encroachment (SCE), bone cement leakage, and Sr-HA resorption, were compared between the two groups. Results The average follow-up was 28 months. No differences in VAS scores between Groups A and B were observed at baseline. Baseline back pain in both groups improved significantly three months postoperatively. Anterior, middle, and posterior VBHr did not differ between the two groups at any time point. SKA was improved insignificantly in both groups. SCE decreased insignificantly in both groups on 12-month follow-up using computed tomography (CT). PMMA leakage was observed in one patient, while no Sr-HA paste leakages occurred. Sr-HA resorption and replacement with vertebral bone were observed, and no new fractures were observed. Conclusions As all hypotheses were confirmed, the authors recommend the use of Sr-HA instead of PMMA in traumatic spine fractures, although more patients and longer follow-up will be needed to strengthen these results. This trial is registered with NCT03431519.
Dynamic Control for Mixed-Critical Networks-on-Chip

Networks-on-Chip (NoCs) for future real-time systems must provide service guarantees for applications with different levels of criticality. In this work, we propose an efficient mechanism for supporting mixed-criticality which combines the global, work-conserving scheduling for the end to end guarantees with the local arbitration in routers. We introduce a dynamic control layer with a central Resource Manager (RM) synchronizing transmissions with a dedicated protocol. The proposed mechanism allows to improve over existing solutions through reducing hardware overhead compared to non-blocking routers with rate control as well as temporal overhead compared to Time-Division Multiplexing (TDM). By using formal analysis, we show that RMs provide efficient service guarantees to all synchronized applications. We validate experimentally, using benchmarks, these guarantees along with the performance of the mechanism and induced overhead.
Correction and Characterization of Radio Frequency Interference Signatures in L-Band Synthetic Aperture Radar Data

Radio frequency interference (RFI) is a known issue in low-frequency radar remote sensing. In synthetic aperture radar (SAR) image processing, RFI can cause severe degradation of image quality, distortion of polarimetric signatures, and an increase of the SAR phase noise level. To address this issue, a processing system was developed that is capable of reliably detecting, characterizing, and mitigating RFI signatures in SAR observations. In addition to being the basis for image correction, the robust RFI-detection algorithms developed in this paper are used to retrieve a wealth of RFI-related information that allows for mapping, characterizing, and classifying RFI signatures across large spatial scales. The extracted RFI information is expected to be valuable input for SAR-system design, sensor operations, and the development of effective RFI-mitigation strategies. The concepts of RFI detection, analysis, and mapping are outlined. Large-scale RFI mapping results are shown. In case studies, the benefit of detailed RFI information for customized RFI filtering and sensor operations is exemplified.
The Development and Aging of the Magnocellular and Parvocellular Visual Pathways as Indicated by VEP Recordings between 5 and 84 Years of Age

It is well known that pattern reversal visual evoked potentials (VEPs) are age-sensitive. Through the use of this technique, it is possible to assess both of the major visual pathways (i.e., the magnocellular and parvocellular ones) in terms of function and development. What developmental path these pathways follow, and if they develop/age in parallel across the human lifespan is a matter of ongoing debate, yet, only a few VEP studies have dealt with this issue. This cross-sectional study examined a sample of 115 healthy volunteers aged 5 to 84 years. Beyond the standard checkerboard pattern reversal stimulation at 97% contrast, we recorded pattern-reversal VEPs at 6% contrast to selectively stimulate the M pathway and isoluminant red and green checkerboard stimulation was also used to selectively stimulate the P pathway. Our results do not support the developmental advantage of any of the pathways. The development of both pathways appear to take a remarkably long time (well into the 30s), and the signs of aging become marked over 50 years of age, especially in the case of the magnocellular pathway.
Performance and Reliability of Tree-Structured Grid Services Considering Data Dependence and Failure Correlation

Grid computing is a newly emerging technology aimed at large-scale resource sharing and global-area collaboration. It is the next step in the evolution of parallel and distributed computing. Due to the largeness and complexity of the grid system, its performance and reliability are difficult to model, analyze, and evaluate. This paper presents a model that relaxes some assumptions made in prior research on distributed systems that were inappropriate for grid computing. The paper proposes a virtual tree-structured model of the grid service. This model simplifies the physical structure of a grid service, allows service performance (execution time) to be efficiently evaluated, and takes into account data dependence and failure correlation. Based on the model, an algorithm for evaluating the grid service time distribution and the service reliability indices is suggested. The algorithm is based on Graph theory and probability theory. Illustrative examples and a real case study of the BioGrid are presented.
Detecting Correlations between Hot Days in News Feeds

We use text mining mechanisms to analyze Hot days in news feeds. We build upon the earlier work used to detect Hot topics and assume that we have already attained the Hot days. In this paper we identify the most relevant documents of a topic on a Hot day. We construct a similarity based technique for identifying and ranking these documents. Our aim is to automatically detect chains of hot correlated events over time. We develop a scheme using similarity measures like cosine similarity and KL-divergence to find correlation between these Hot days. For the ‘U.S. Presidential Elections’, the presidential debates which spanned over a week was one such event.
Cellulases Dig Deep

Background: The exact mechanism by which cellulases degrade cellulose is still elusive. Results: An empirical model of the structural dynamics of cellulose degradation is shown. Conclusion: Enzymatic cellulose hydrolysis is subjected to deceleration and acceleration caused by periodically emerging internal limitations and overcoming them. Significance: Understanding structural dynamics of enzymatic cellulose disintegration is pivotal for making biofuel production from lignocellulosic feedstock economic. Enzymatic hydrolysis of cellulose is key for the production of second generation biofuels, which represent a long-standing leading area in the field of sustainable energy. Despite the wealth of knowledge about cellulase structure and function, the elusive mechanism by which these enzymes disintegrate the complex structure of their insoluble substrate, which is the gist of cellulose saccharification, is still unclear. We herein present a time-resolved structural characterization of the action of cellulases on a nano-flat cellulose preparation, which enabled us to overcome previous limitations, using atomic force microscopy (AFM). As a first step in substrate disintegration, elongated fissures emerge which develop into coniform cracks as disintegration continues. Detailed data analysis allowed tracing the surface evolution back to the dynamics of crack morphology. This, in turn, reflects the interplay between surface degradation inside and outside of the crack. We observed how small cracks evolved and initially increased in size. At a certain point, the crack diameter stagnated and then started decreasing again. Stagnation corresponds with a decrease in the total amount of surface which is fissured and thus leads to the conclusion that the surface hydrolysis “around” the cracks is proceeding more rapidly than inside the cracks. The mesoscopic view presented here is in good agreement with various mechanistic proposals from the past and allows a novel insight into the structural dynamics occurring on the cellulosic substrate through cellulase action.
The role of attention in human motor resonance

Observation of others' actions evokes in primary motor cortex and spinal circuits of observers a subliminal motor resonance response, which reflects the motor program encoding observed actions. We investigated the role of attention in human motor resonance with four experimental conditions, explored in different subject groups: in the first explicit condition, subjects were asked to observe a rhythmic hand flexion-extension movement performed live in front of them. In two other conditions subjects had to monitor the activity of a LED light mounted on the oscillating hand. The hand was clearly visible but it was not the focus of subjects’ attention: in the semi-implicit condition hand movement was relevant to task completion, while in the implicit condition it was irrelevant. In a fourth, baseline, condition subjects observed the rhythmic oscillation of a metal platform. Motor resonance was measured with the H-reflex technique as the excitability modulation of cortico-spinal motorneurons driving a hand flexor muscle. As expected, a normal resonant response developed in the explicit condition, and no resonant response in the baseline condition. Resonant responses also developed in both semi-implicit and implicit conditions and, surprisingly, were not different from each other, indicating that viewing an action is, per se, a powerful stimulus for the action observation network, even when it is not the primary focus of subjects’ attention and even when irrelevant to the task. However, the amplitude of these responses was much reduced compared to the explicit condition, and the phase-lock between the time courses of observed movement and resonant motor program was lost. In conclusion, different parameters of the response were differently affected by subtraction of attentional resources with respect to the explicit condition: time course and muscle selection were preserved while the activation of motor circuits resulted in much reduced amplitude and lost its kinematic specificity.
Semi-Supervised Learning for Ill-Posed Polarimetric SAR Classification

In recent years, the interest in semi-supervised learning has increased, combining supervised and unsupervised learning approaches. This is especially valid for classification applications in remote sensing, while the data acquisition rate in current systems has become fairly large considering high- and very-high resolution data; yet on the other hand, the process of obtaining the ground truth data may be cumbersome for such large repositories. In this paper, we investigate the application of semi-supervised learning approaches and particularly focus on the small sample size problem. To that extend, we consider two basic unsupervised approaches by enlarging the initial labeled training set as well as an ensemble-based self-training method. We propose different strategies within self-training on how to select more reliable candidates from the pool of unlabeled samples to speed-up the learning process and to improve the classification performance of the underlying classifier ensemble. We evaluate the effectiveness of the proposed semi-supervised learning approach over polarimetric SAR data. Results show that the proposed self-training approach using an ensemble-based classifier that is initially trained over a small training set can achieve a similar performance level of a fully supervised learning approach where the training is performed over significantly larger labeled data. Considering the difficulties of the manual data labeling in such massive volumes of SAR repositories, this is indeed a promising accomplishment for semi-supervised SAR classification.
Understanding the Cellular Origin of the Mononuclear Phagocyte System Sheds Light on the Myeloid Postulate of Immune Paralysis in Sepsis

Sepsis, in essence, is a serious clinical condition that can subsequently result in death as a consequence of a systemic inflammatory response syndrome including febrile leukopenia, hypotension, and multiple organ failures. To date, such life-threatening organ dysfunction remains one of the leading causes of death in intensive care units, with an increasing incidence rate worldwide and particularly within the rapidly growing senior population. While most of the clinical trials are aimed at dampening the overwhelming immune response to infection that spreads through the bloodstream, based on several human immunological investigations, it is now widely accepted that susceptibility to nosocomial infections and long-term sepsis mortality involves an immunosuppressive phase that is characterized by a decrease in some subsets of dendritic cells (DCs). Only recently substantial advances have been made in terms of the origin of the mononuclear phagocyte system that is now likely to allow for a better understanding of how the paralysis of DCs leads to sepsis-related death. Indeed, the unifying view of each subset of DCs has already improved our understanding of the pivotal pathways that contribute to the shift in commitment of their progenitors that originate from the bone marrow. It is quite plausible that this anomaly in sepsis may occur at the single level of DC-committed precursors, and elucidating the immunological basis for such a derangement during the ontogeny of each subset of DCs is now of particular importance for restoring an adequate cell fate decision to their vulnerable progenitors. Last but not least, it provides a direct perspective on the development of sophisticated myelopoiesis-based strategies that are currently being considered for the treatment of immunosenescence within different tissue microenvironments, such as the kidney and the spleen.
Doctor-Shopping Behavior among Patients with Eye Floaters

Patients suffering from eye floaters often resort to consulting more than one ophthalmologist. The purpose of this study, using the Health Belief Model (HBM), was to identify the factors that influence doctor-shopping behavior among patients with eye floaters. In this cross-sectional survey, 175 outpatients who presented floaters symptoms were enrolled. Data from 143 patients (77 first time visitors and 66 doctor-shoppers) who completed the questionnaire were analyzed. Descriptive and logistic regression analyses were performed. We found that women and non-myopia patients were significantly related with frequent attendance and doctor switching. Though the HBM has performed well in a number of health behaviors studies, but most of the conceptual constructors of HBM did not show significant differences between the first time visitors and true doctor-shoppers in this study. Motivation was the only significant category affecting doctor-shopping behavior of patients with eye floaters.
Reduced levels of volatile emissions in jasmonate-deficient spr2 tomato mutants favour oviposition by insect herbivores.

Tomato plants release volatile organic compounds (VOCs) following insect or mechanical damage. In this study, the constitutive and wound-induced emission levels of VOCs in suppressor of prosystemin-mediated responses2 (spr2) mutant plants, compromised in linolenic acid (LA) and jasmonic acid (JA) synthesis, and in 35S::prosystemin (35S::prosys) plants, having upregulated direct defence responses, were compared. The spr2 mutants produced constitutively lower levels of VOCs, which were nonetheless increased in response to (a)biotic damage, although at lower levels than wild-type (Wt) and 35S::prosys plants. No significant differences in VOC emissions were detected between the latter two genotypes, thereby suggesting that systemin does not regulate indirect defence responses, whereas differences in fatty acid composition in spr2 plants led to the predominant emission of saturated C6 volatiles in response to wounding. The expression of 1-deoxy-D-xylulose 5-phosphate synthase (DXS2), a key gene involved in VOC synthesis in the chloroplast, was only upregulated in Manduca sexta L. -damaged Wt and 35S::prosys plants. However, its expression was restored in spr2 plants by exogenous LA or JA, suggesting that abated VOC emissions in spr2 plants are correlated with lowered DXS2 expression. Bioassays with two different insects showed that adult females significantly preferred spr2 plants, indicating that lowered levels of VOCs in tomato influence plant selection by insects during oviposition.
Can glycaemia affect blood pressure?

The strong association between diabetes and hypertension has been recognized for 80 years [1]. The incidence and prevalence of hypertension are increased in patients with diabetes and impaired glucose tolerance (IGT) [2–4]. In these subjects, systolic blood pressure correlates significantly with both fasting plasma glucose (FPG) and glucose levels measured 2 h after an oral glucose ingestion (2-h PG), even after adjustment for age and obesity [3]. Furthermore, lean men with impaired fasting glucose (IFG, 6.1–6.9 mmol/ l) had a double multivariate-adjusted risk of hypertension compared to those with normal FPG [5].
Seriation and matrix reordering methods: An historical overview

Seriation is an exploratory combinatorial data analysis technique to reorder objects into a sequence along a one‐dimensional continuum so that it best reveals regularity and patterning among the whole series. Unsupervised learning, using seriation and matrix reordering, allows pattern discovery simultaneously at three information levels: local fragments of relationships, sets of organized local fragments of relationships, and an overall structural pattern. This paper presents an historical overview of seriation and matrix reordering methods, several applications from the following disciplines are included in the retrospective review: archaeology and anthropology; cartography, graphics, and information visualization; sociology and sociometry; psychology and psychometry; ecology; biology and bioinformatics; cellular manufacturing; and operations research. Copyright © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Statistical Analysis and Data Mining 3: 70‐91, 2010