Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Post‐11,000‐year volcanism at Medicine Lake Volcano, Cascade Range, northern California

Eruptive activity during the past 11,000 years at Medicine Lake volcano has been episodic. Eight eruptions produced about 5.3 km3 of basaltic lava during an interval of a few hundred years about 10,500 years B.P. After a hiatus of about 6000 years, eruptive activity resumed with a small andesite eruption at about 4300 years B.P. Approximately 2.5 km3 of lava with compositions ranging from basalt to rhyolite vented in nine eruptions during an interval of about 3400 years in late Holocene time. The most recent eruption occurred about 900 years B.P. A compositional gap in SiO2 values of erupted lavas occurs between 58 and 63%. The gap is spanned by chilled magmatic inclusions in late Holocene silicic lavas. Late Holocene andesitic to rhyolitic lavas were probably derived by fractionation, assimilation, and mixing from high-alumina basalt parental magma, possibly from basalt intruded into the volcano during the early mafic episode. Many basaltic to andesitic lavas contain iron-rich crystals and have high FeO*/MgO (characteristics caused by mixing of high-alumina basalt with ferrobasalt liquid produced by fractionation of parental high-alumina basalt). When ferrobasalt and high-alumina basalt are contaminated with a granitic crustal component, a calc-alkaline trend is produced. Some eruptions have produced both tholeiitic and calc-alkaline compositions. The eruptive activity is probably driven by intrusions of basalt that occur during east-west stretching of the crust in an extensional tectonic environment. Vents are typically aligned parallel or subparallel to major structural features, most commonly within 30° of north. Intruded magma should provide adequate heat for commercial geothermal development if sufficient fluids can be found. The nature and timing of future volcanic activity cannot be predicted from the observed pattern, but eruptions high on the edifice could produce high-silica products that might be accompanied by explosive activity, whereas eruptions lower on the flanks are likely to vent more fluid mafic lavas.
Resting-state functional connectivity is modulated by cognitive reserve in early Parkinson’s disease

Background Fronto-striatal disconnection is thought to be at the basis of dysexecutive symptoms in patients with Parkinson’s disease (PD). Multiple reserve-related processes may offer resilience against functional decline. Among these, cognitive reserve (CR) refers to the adaptability of cognitive processes. Objective To test the hypothesis that functional connectivity of pathways associated with executive dysfunction in PD is modulated by CR. Methods Twenty-six PD patients and 24 controls underwent resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging. Functional connectivity was explored with independent component analysis and seed-based approaches. The following networks were selected from the outcome of the independent component analysis: default-mode (DMN), left and right fronto-parietal (l/rFPN), salience (SalN), sensorimotor (SMN), and occipital visual (OVN). Seed regions were selected in the substantia nigra and in the dorsolateral and ventromedial prefrontal cortex for the assessment of seed-based functional connectivity maps. Educational and occupational attainments were used as CR proxies. Results Compared with their counterparts with high CR, PD individuals with low CR had reduced posterior DMN functional connectivity in the anterior cingulate and basal ganglia, and bilaterally reduced connectivity in fronto-parietal regions within the networks defined by the dorsolateral and ventrolateral prefrontal seeds. Hyper-connectivity was detected within medial prefrontal regions when comparing low-CR PD with low-CR controls. Conclusion CR may exert a modulatory effect on functional connectivity in basal ganglia and executive-attentional fronto-parietal networks. In PD patients with low CR, attentional control networks seem to be downregulated, whereas higher recruitment of medial frontal regions suggests compensation via an upregulation mechanism. This upregulation might contribute to maintaining efficient cognitive functioning when posterior cortical function is progressively reduced.
Estimation of Stand Yield and Carbon Stock for Robinia pseudoacacia Stands in Korea

: The aim of this study was to determine the current distribution area of Robinia pseudoacacia habitat and to estimate its stand yield as well as its carbon stocks. In order to do so, the area of R. pseudoacacia distribution is obtained based on the large-scaled forest type map (1:5,000). Also, Weibull diameter distribution model is used to predict the yield of R. pseudoacacia stands. In addition, carbon emission factor is applied to calculate carbon stocks and removals. To obtain the stand yield of R. pseudoacacia , we developed estimation equation considering growth factors of the stand, e.g. mean diameter, the basal area, maximum and minimun diameter and etc. and tested it to ensure accuracy. Consequently, estimation equation derived from all growth factors have shown significance that could also be used for analysis. Site index was also established to determine the productivity of the forestland that later turned out to be ranging from 16 to 22. Based on these results, stand yield tables were drawn up. R. pseudoacacia is widely distributed in inland areas of Gyeongsang, Chungcheong and Gyeonggi provinces which covers total area of 26,770 ha. And when it is converted into carbon stocks, it amounts to 2,517,598tC with annual carbon uptake of 3.76tC/ha which is comparable to Querqus species that is known to storer large amounts of carbon. Therefore, R. pseudoacacia is also expected to serve as a viable carbon pool that would contribute to the mitigation of climate change. Furthermore, stand yield tables, an outcome of this survey would assist not only in proper management but also in sustainable management policy of R. pseudoacacia .
Hydrological controls on productivity of regenerating Sphagnum in a cutover peatland

Recent research into the production of Sphagnum biomass in extracted peatlands, an alternative to ecological restoration as a post‐industrial use of peatlands, has highlighted the need for an improved understanding of the ecohydrology of Sphagnum regenerating in these environments. Previous work suggested that limited connectivity between surficial layers and the underlying partially decomposed plant matter and peat would result in water stress and inhibited growth. This study links the soil water dynamics of regenerated layers ranging in age from 3 to 43 years and from 3 to 40 cm in thickness to the productivity of Sphagnum in order to determine the hydrological controls on productivity and the optimal range of water content for producing Sphagnum biomass. Productivity was never observed to be limited by insufficient supply of water, including during periods where water table was >40 cm below the surface and periods of 16 days without measured precipitation. While layers of different ages and thicknesses were able to sustain adequate water supply to remain productive under a range of conditions, the ability of layers to transmit water upwards differed greatly. Water content in the near‐surface inhibited productivity during wetter periods, especially at newly regenerating sites where the layer was <5 cm thick. This has important implications for biomass production using the Sphagnum species studied here. Using a mixed linear modelling approach to isolate the effects of water content on variance in productivity from those of other measured variables, a volumetric water content of 0.10 is identified as optimal. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Epidemiology of Injuries from Road Traffic Accidents in Lagos State, Nigeria

Epidemiology of injuries from Road Traffic Accidents (RTAs) has become a major public health concern worldwide. However, unlike developed or highincome countries, many developing countries have made very little progress towards addressing this problem. Nonetheless, there are ways to strengthen the reduction of injured persons that will help to lower the toll from road traffic accidents. The purpose of this paper was to elucidate ways to accomplish these goals in the context of Lagos State, Nigeria. The reported
Evaluation of variable new antigen receptors (vNARs) as a novel cathepsin S (CTSS) targeting strategy

Aberrant activity of the cysteine protease Cathepsin S (CTSS) has been implicated across a wide range of pathologies. Notably in cancer, CTSS has been shown to promote tumour progression, primarily through facilitating invasion and migration of tumour cells and augmenting angiogenesis. Whilst an attractive therapeutic target, more efficacious CTSS inhibitors are required. Here, we investigated the potential application of Variable New Antigen Receptors (vNARs) as a novel inhibitory strategy. A panel of potential vNAR binders were identified following a phage display panning process against human recombinant proCTSS. These were subsequently expressed, purified and binding affinity confirmed by ELISA and SPR based approaches. Selected lead clones were taken forward and were shown to inhibit CTSS activity in recombinant enzyme activity assays. Further assessment demonstrated that our lead clones functioned by a novel inhibitory mechanism, by preventing the activation of proCTSS to the mature enzyme. Moreover, using an intrabody approach, we exhibited the ability to express these clones intracellularly and inhibit CTSS activity whilst lead clones were also noted to impede cell invasion in a tumour cell invasion assay. Collectively, these findings illustrate a novel mechanistic approach for inhibiting CTSS activity, with anti-CTSS vNAR clones possessing therapeutic potential in combating deleterious CTSS activity. Furthermore, this study exemplifies the potential of vNARs in targeting intracellular proteins, opening a range of previously “undruggable” targets for biologic-based therapy.
OCCASIONAL PAPERS OF THE MUSEUM OF

Bail(! j, R. M. ond C. Gans. 1998. 'liuo ~LPIII syr~Dran,chidfZ.~hes, Monopterus roseni Jrom eni insular India and M. dcsilvai from Sri L~nka. Orr. Pap. M~cs. Zool. Univ. Michigan 726:l-IS, 7Jigs. The swamp eels (Synbranchidae) of the Indian subcontinent arc summarized and two are tlcscribed as new species of Morcupterz~~. M. dr~ilvc~i from Sri Lanka, an rpigean species, has scales on the tail like other members of the Amphipnous group. It is a sm;~ll spccies with blotches on the body and is believed to be most closely related to M. fos. \o-iiz~. s from peninsular India. M. roseni fi-om I<crala State, India, is a blind, depig~nented cavernicole, probably related to M. eapeni, also from Icerala, but with notably differcrrt vertebral formula.
Sunset Valley: A Case Study in Computational Gossip

Many genres of video games value the fidelity of background non-player characters (NPCs) for they create the illusion of life necessary to support a believable world. However, in some genres of games, there is often a layer of abstraction between player actions and how NPCs process and respond to those actions. In this work, we argue that a system of computational gossip, grounded in sociological and social-psychological theory, can reduce that abstraction and improve believability of NPCs by deepening an NPCs reasoning of player action. In the form of a case study, this work presents the game Sunset Valley: an early step towards a system of computational gossip. Then by inspecting Sunset Valley’s gossip model, we analyze our game by exploring several well-established sociological and social-psychological frameworks, identify which frameworks are well-represented in Sunset Valley, and which frameworks are not. Finally, we conclude to what extant artificial intelligence systems can be used to address the shortcomings of our system.
THE EXTRACTION OF KNICKPOINT SERIES BASED ON THE HIGH RESOLUTION DEM DATA AND THE IDENTIFICATION OF PALEO-EARTHQUAKE SERIES —A CASE STUDY OF THE HUOSHAN MTS. PIEDMONT FAULT

When a reach of a stream is steepened with respect to the adjoining reach, it defines a topographic knickpoint. A knickpoint is supposed to be a response to the base-level changes,and the base-level of a drainage basin is influenced by the fault movement. The formation of a knickpoint on a gully long-profile,whose base-level is the footslope of the fault scarp, is associated very closely with thevertical movement of a fault,therefore,the ages of paleo-earthquake events can be estimated by the knickpoint series along the longitudinal profile of a gully. We have made a case study of the Huoshan Mts. Piedmont Fault,and extracted tens of gullies across the fault based on the high-resolution DEM data and identified out knickpoints in 23 gullies. There are 5 gullies with only one knickpoint which are laid on the fault. And there are two gullies having two knickpoints with the latest one laid on the fault. The positions of these knickpoints and their higher height ranging from 4～9m imply that there are several knickpoints superposed together and the knickpoints have not migrated upstream. The other 16 gullies respectively have 2 -3 knickpoints. The latest knickpoints have been migrated upstream to a distance of 40 - 70m from the fault. The knickpoints of intermediate ages are at a distance of 150 - 150m upstream from the fault and the oldest ones at a distance of 300～500m. Under the conditions that the latest knickpoints are associated with the 1303 Mw8.0 Hongdong earthquake(Event Ⅱ)and that the gullies keep the same rate of headward erosion during the Holocene,Event Ⅱ is estimated to take place during 3336 - 2269a B.P. and Event Ⅰ is estimated to take place during 3336 - 2269 a B. P., respectively. The recurrence of events is about 1500 -2600a. These results are consistent with those obtained through the trench investigations.
Analysis of the Impact of Weather Parameters on the Ground-Level Total Electric Field of DC Transmission Lines

The development of ultra-high-voltage direct current (UHVDC) projects in China has led to the consideration of ground-level total electric fields of DC transmission lines in the selection of conductors. The total electric field is intimately linked to line corona and is substantially impacted by the surrounding environment. Despite ongoing scientific research, the theoretical relationship between total electric field and weather parameters remains incompletely understood. Furthermore, the investigation of the effects of weather parameters on total electric fields is still inadequate for operating UHVDC lines. To address this knowledge gap, we analyze the impact of air temperature, humidity, and wind speed using prevailing theories in the literature. Furthermore, we apply the Random Forest method to measured data collected over approximately 13 months from an operating ±800 k V bipolar DC line to ascertain the essential ranking of weather parameters that impact the total electric field. Our research outcomes enhance our understanding of the statistical impact of weather parameters on total electric fields at a macroscopic level.
The evaluation of effects of the subsidy system on Slovak farms in different regions in the pre- and post-EU accession stage Komparácia bežných priznaných podpôr poľnohospodárskych podnikov hospodáriacich v rôznych výrobných podmienkach pred a po vstupe do EÚ

The primary goal of our analysis is to evaluate the effects of changes in the Slovak agriculture subsidy system on the selected farms located in different production areas between the years 2003 and 2004. Our comparative analysis divides the farms into two groups: The first group represents all those farms that operate in good farming conditions i.e. primarily the land is more productive (PA). The second group of farms operates in less favorable farming conditions (LFA). The re - gions differ from each other in terms of geographical position, location, production and climatic conditions, as well as the quality of land. We analyzed data of 119 farms.
Problems and Countermeasures of Land Use Planning in the Context of Restrictions over Urban Land Expanding

With the rapid development of economy in recent years,urbanization in China is accelerrating.On a theoretical and practical basis,the paper focuses on the problems of urban land expanding and the relationship between urbanization and land use planning.Meanwhile,the problems of land use planning and the causes in this context are further analyzed.Countermeasures for the improvement of urban land use efficiency is finally proposed to promote rational development of urbanization.
Simulation Approach for Soft Manipulators in Gazebo using Kinematic Model

Simulation of soft manipulators is a significant challenge for current robotics simulators due to the non-linear characteristics of their material, high number of degrees of freedom, and body flexibility. While the main efforts in this area have been concentrated on simulators using finite element modeling or dynamic model representations, this tool is limited to simulations in isolated environments. This article proposes a way to simulate soft manipulators by using a mathematical model for position estimation and a Bezier curve approximation for curvature estimation in Gazebo, a popular simulation tool in Robotics. The approach provides a framework for developing simulations of soft manipulators that can mimic the behavior of real manipulators in various environments that use URDF.
Can we use seismic waves to detect hydraulic connectivity between fractures

We use numerical oscillatory relaxation simulations based on the quasi-static poroelastic equations to study wave-induced fluid flow (WIFF) effects in rock samples permeated by a network of fractures. We demonstrate that P-wave attenuation and dispersion are sensitive not only to the presence of hydraulically connected fractures but also to the overall degree of fracture connectivity and, thus, to the effective permeability of the probed fractured rock. These results, in turn, imply that a deeper understanding of WIFF in fractured media may eventually allow for the extraction of these hydraulic signatures from seismic data.
Pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic properties of orally administered torsemide in healthy horses

Background Diuretic treatment is the mainstay for management of congestive heart failure in horses, and its use has been restricted to injectable medications because no currently data supports the use of PO administered loop diuretics. Objectives To determine the pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic properties of PO administered torsemide and, determine if PO administered torsemide, could be used as an alternative to injectable diuretics in the horse. Animals Six healthy adult mares. Methods A 2‐phase, prospective study, that consisted of pharmacokinetic profiling of a single dose (6 mg/kg PO) and pharmacodynamic effects of long‐term torsemide administration (2 mg/kg PO q12h) for 6 days in healthy horses. Results Pharmacokinetic analysis identified a peak concentration (C max) of 10.14 µg/mL (range, 6.79–14.69 µg/mL) and elimination half‐life (T 1/2) 9.2 hours (range, 8.4–10.4 hours). The area under the plasma drug concentration over time curve (AUC) was 80.7 µg × h/mL (range, 56.5–117.2 µg × h/mL). A statistically significant increase in urine volume and decrease in urine specific gravity were found from day 0 (baseline) to day 6 (P < .0001). Significant alterations in biochemical variables included hyponatremia, hypokalemia, hypochloremia, and increased serum creatinine concentration. Mean arterial blood pressure significantly decreased on day 6 (57.7 ± 8.8 mm Hg, P = .001) as compared with baseline (78 ± 6.1 mm Hg). Serum aldosterone concentrations significantly increased after 6 days of torsemide administration (P = .0006). Conclusions and Clinical Importance PO administered torsemide (4 mg/kg/day) successfully reached therapeutic concentrations in blood, induced clinically relevant diuresis, and resulted in moderate pre‐renal azotemia and electrolyte disturbances.
1 Forthcoming in : Journal of Money , Credit and Banking Global Banks , Financial Shocks and International Business Cycles : Evidence from an Estimated Model

This paper estimates a two-country model with a global bank, using US and Euro Area (EA) data, and Bayesian methods. The estimated model matches key US and EA business cycle statistics. Empirically, a model version with a bank capital requirement outperforms a structure without such a constraint. A loan loss originating in one country triggers a global output reduction. Banking shocks matter more for EA macro variables than for US real activity. Banking shocks account for about 2%-5% of the unconditional variance of US GDP and for 3%-14% of the variance of EA GDP. During the Great Recession (200709), banking shocks accounted for about 15% of the fall in US and EA GDP, and for more than a third of the fall in EA investment and employment.
The Time Consistency of Optimal Monetary and Fiscal Policies

We show that optimal monetary and fiscal policies are time consistent for a class of economies often used in applied work, economies appealing because they are consistent with the growth facts. We establish our results in two steps. We first show that for this class of economies, the Friedman rule of setting nominal interest rates to zero is optimal under commitment. We then show that optimal policies are time consistent if the Friedman rule is optimal. For our benchmark economy in which the time consistency problem is most severe, the converse also holds: if optimal policies are time consistent, then the Friedman rule is optimal.
Federal Reserve Bank of Minneapolis Research Department Staff Report Financial Markets and Fluctuations in Uncertainty *

Researchers have documented that in the recent financial crisis the large decline in economic activity and credit has been accompanied by a large increase in the dispersion of growth rates across firms. We build a quantitative general equilibrium model in which financial frictions interact with increases in uncertainty at the firm level to generate a contraction in economic activity and a large increase in the dispersion of growth rates across firms. We find that our model can generate about 75% of the decline in output of the Great Recession of 2007. A promising feature of our model is that it generates large labor wedges, a feature of the recent data on business cycles. * The views expressed herein are those of the authors and not necessarily those of the Federal Reserve Bank of Minneapolis or the Federal Reserve System.
Improved land cover mapping using random forests combined with landsat thematic mapper imagery and ancillary geographic data.

Large area land-cover mapping involving large volumes of data is becoming more common in remote sensing applications. Thus, there is a pressing need for increased automation in the land-cover mapping process. The main objective of this research was to compare the performance of three machine learning algorithms (MLAS) for mapping wetlands in the Sanjiang Plain combined Landsat TM imagery with ancillary geographical data. Three MLAS included random forest (RF), classification and regression tree (CART), and maximum likelihood classification (MLC). Comparisons were based on several criteria: overall accuracy, sensitivity to data set size, and noise. Our results indicated that first, the random forest and CART approach can achieve substantial improvements in accuracy over the traditional MLC method. Random forest produced the highest overall accuracy (91.3 percent) the kappa coefficient 0.8943, with marsh class accuracies ranging from 77.4 percent to 90.0 percent. Secondly, the random forest method was least sensitive to reduction in training sample size, and it was most resistant to the presence of noise compared to CART and MLC. The comparison between three MLAS revealed that the random forest approach was most resistant to training data deficiencies while improved land-cover map accuracy in marsh area.