Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Food deprivation facilitates reinstatement of morphine‐induced conditioned place preference: Role of intra‐accumbal dopamine D2‐like receptors in associating reinstatement of morphine CPP with stress

The high rate of relapse to drug use is one of the main problems in the treatment of addiction. Stress plays the essential role in drug abuse and relapse; nevertheless, little is known about the mechanisms underlying stress and relapse. Accordingly, the effects of intra‐accumbal administration of Sulpiride, as a dopamine D2‐like receptor antagonist, on an ineffective morphine dose + food deprivation(FD)‐ and morphine priming‐induced reinstatement of conditioned place preference (CPP). About 104 adult male albino Wistar rats weighing 200–280 g were bilaterally implanted by cannula into the nucleus accumbens (NAc). Subcutaneous (sc) injection of morphine (5 mg kg−1) was used daily during a 3‐day conditioning phase. After a 24‐hr “off” period following achievement of extinction criterion, rats were tested for FD‐ and priming‐induced reinstatement of morphine CPP by an ineffective (0.5 mg kg−1, sc) and priming (1 mg kg−1, sc) dose of morphine, respectively. In the next experiments, animals received different doses of intra‐accumbal Sulpiride (0.25, 1, and 4 µg/0.5 µL saline) bilaterally and were subsequently tested for morphine reinstatement. Our findings indicated that the 24‐hr FD facilitated reinstatement of morphine CPP. Furthermore, the D2‐like receptor antagonist attenuated the ineffective morphine dose+ FD‐ and priming‐induced reinstatement of morphine CPP dose‐dependently. Also, contribution of D2‐like receptors in mediation of the ineffective morphine dose+ FD‐induced reinstatement of CPP was greater than morphine priming‐induced reinstatement of CPP. The role of dopaminergic system in morphine reinstatement through a neural pathway in the NAc provides the evidence that D2‐like receptor antagonist can be useful therapeutic targets for reinstatement of morphine CPP.
Pelepasan Gentamisin dari Pelet Bovine-Hydroxyapatite-Gelatin sebagai Sistem Penghantaran Obat dan Pengisi Tulang

Polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA) beads releasing antibiotics are used extensively to treat osteomyelitis, but require surgical remove afterwards, because they do not degraded. Hydroxyapatite (HA)-gelatin (GEL) pellet are degradable and compatible compound with osteogenic properties, suitable for use as delivery drug and bone filler was synthesized. The pellet, which avoid bone infection, were exclusively composed with gentamicin (GEN). The pellet BHA-GEL are synthesized from BHA (20 g), 20 ml GEL 5% and add GEN 10% . Glutaraldehyde as cross-linking agent required to control GEN released for long-time. After implanting the pellet into rabbit femur, we studied the GEN release, determining the concentration in proximal and distal bone as a function of time, and bone growth as consequence of the pellet reactivity in the bone defect. The therapeutic efficacy of such pellet has been demonstrated in a model of bone defect of the femur in the rabbit. After 28 days the bone defect has been closed by trabecula and osteosit. Gentamicin (GEN) incorporated in composite of HA –GEL has been shown capable of being released over a period of 28 days in concentrations sufficiently high (more than 10 MIC) to control Staphylococcus aureus as nosocomial bacteria. The BHA-GEL- GEN-GA pellet proved good form as local antibiotic therapeutic and bone filler.
The System for Active Control of Sound Transmission through a Window Panel – The Concept and Simulation Results

High acoustic insulation windows are common mean to decrease sound transmission to closed spaces. Hence, the improvement of sound insulation of windows is very important research issue. In this paper partial results of research project aimed at synthesis of the window panel with actively controlled sound transmission are presented. Recent stage of the project is focused on the development of multichannel Active Structural Acoustic Control algorithm. High amplitude excitation produces nonlinear vibration effects. Using feedforward control strategy it is convenient to control not only the reference signal spectrum, but also additional frequencies generated as the cause of nonlinearity. Therefore neural network based algorithm is considered. To lower the computational burden of the algorithm, round robin based error backpropagation learning is employed. The results of numerical simulations are presented. Major conclusion of presented part of the research is that the algorithm is capable of controlling a wide-band noise efficiently. Reduction of the computational complexity leads to increased convergence time, not influencing the final value of mean square error.
Male-mediated venereal transmission of endogenous avian leukosis virus.

Congenital transmission of avian leukosis viruses (ALV) occurs readily through the egg, but transmission of ALV through male seminal fluid is considered to be nonexistent or rare. Progeny from mating endogenous late-feathering (LF), K/k+ males carrying an endogenous virus gene (ev21) with virgin early-feathering (EF) k+/w females were examined for the presence of infectious endogenous virus EV21 using an enzyme-labeled immunoassay for viral capsid antigen p27. All 177 LF chicks expressed EV21, p27, and 171 of 175 EF chicks did not express p27. Blood from the four p27-positive EF chicks revealed only infectious Subgroup E ALV as determined by subgroup-specific virus assays. Southern blot DNA hybridizations, however, ruled out germline integration of EV21 among the four infected EF progeny. Virus EV21 was not shed in albumens of the dams. Moreover, antibodies against ALV Subgroups A and E were not detected in dams 17 wk after the first insemination. Chicks infected with EV21 were found only in the first two of six hatches. Data suggested direct infection of the embryos from viremic semen rather than congenital infection through infected hens. Direct male transmission of EV21 to progeny may be the basis for persistence of refractory lines noted in some ALV eradication programs. Based on the absence of recombinants among 352 progeny, ev21 and K appear to be less than . 3 cM apart.
HDL Particle Measurement: Comparison of 5 Methods.

BACKGROUND HDL cell cholesterol efflux capacity has been documented as superior to HDL cholesterol (HDL-C) in predicting cardiovascular disease risk. HDL functions relate to its composition. Compositional assays are easier to perform and standardize than functional tests and are more practical for routine testing. Our goal was to compare measurements of HDL particles by 5 different separation methods. METHODS HDL subfractions were measured in 98 samples using vertical auto profiling (VAP), ion mobility (IM), nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), native 2-dimensional gel electrophoresis (2D-PAGE), and pre-β1-ELISA. VAP measured cholesterol in large HDL2 and small HDL3; IM measured particle number directly in large, intermediate, and small HDL particles; NMR measured lipid signals in large, medium, and small HDL; 2D-PAGE measured apolipoprotein (apo) A-I in large (α1), medium (α2), small (α3-4), and pre-β1 HDL particles; and ELISA measured apoA-I in pre-β1-HDL. The data were normalized and compared using Passing-Bablok, Lin concordance, and Bland-Altman plot analyses. RESULTS With decreasing HDL-C concentration, NMR measured a gradually lower percentage of large HDL, compared with IM, VAP, and 2D-PAGE. In the lowest HDL-C tertile, NMR measured 8% of large HDL, compared with IM, 22%; VAP, 20%; and 2D-PAGE, 18%. There was strong discordance between 2D-PAGE and NMR in measuring medium HDL (R2 = 0.356; rc = 0.042) and small HDL (R2 = 0.376; rc = 0.040). The 2D-PAGE assay measured a significantly higher apoA-I concentration in pre-β1-HDL than the pre-β1-ELISA (9.8 vs 1.6 mg/dL; R2 = 0.246; rc = 0.130). CONCLUSIONS NMR agreed poorly with the other methods in measuring large HDL, particularly in low HDL-C individuals. Similarly, there was strong discordance in pre-β1-HDL measurements between the ELISA and 2D-PAGE assays.
MDroid+: A Mutation Testing Framework for Android

Mutation testing has shown great promise in assessing the effectiveness of test suites while exhibiting additional applications to test-case generation, selection, and prioritization. Traditional mutation testing typically utilizes a set of simple language specific source code transformations, called operators, to introduce faults. However, empirical studies have shown that for mutation testing to be most effective, these simple operators must be augmented with operators specific to the domain of the software under test. One challenging software domain for the application of mutation testing is that of mobile apps. While mobile devices and accompanying apps have become a mainstay of modern computing, the frameworks and patterns utilized in their development make testing and verification particularly difficult. As a step toward helping to measure and ensure the effectiveness of mobile testing practices, we introduce MDroid+, an automated framework for mutation testing of Android apps. MDroid+ includes 38 mutation operators from ten empirically derived types of Android faults and has been applied to generate over 8,000 mutants for more than 50 apps.
Computational Analysis of Carbon Nanotube Networks in Multifunctional Polymer Nanocomposites

Carbon nanotubes (CNTs) have attracted much attention as reinforcements in polymer composite materials because of their unique mechanical, electrical, and thermal properties. The high electrical conductivity of CNTs is especially promising for use in multifunctional materials. Dispersing a small amount of CNTs in electrically insulating polymers has been shown to increase the conductivity of the material by many orders of magnitude because the high aspect ratio CNTs form percolating networks at very low volume fractions. Additionally, it has been shown that the application of mechanical strain to these nanocomposites results in a change in material resistivity, or piezoresistivity. Many experimental research efforts have focused on optimizing this effect for strain and damage sensing applications, but much is still unknown about the dominant mechanisms affecting piezoresistivity. The objective of this work was to develop a computational model that can predict and investigate the electrical and piezoresistive properties of CNT/polymer composites. The nanocomposites were modeled as random networks of resistors in 2D and 3D in order to understand the mechanisms that affect the percolative, electrical, and piezoresistive performance of different material systems. The model was used extensively to analyze and predict the electrical conductivity of 2D single-walled carbon nanotube thin films and 3D multi-walled carbon nanotube (MWCNT)/polymer nanocomposites. It was found that the contact resistance between individual nanotubes greatly affects the conductivity of 2D films as well as 3D MWCNT/polymer materials. Additionally, it was shown that the electrical conductivity model could
SLC9B1 methylation predicts fetal intolerance of labor

ABSTRACT Fetal intolerance of labor is a common indication for delivery by Caesarean section. Diagnosis is based on the presence of category III fetal heart rate tracing, which is an abnormal heart tracing associated with increased likelihood of fetal hypoxia and metabolic acidemia. This study analyzed data from 177 unique women who, during their prenatal visits (7-15 weeks and/or 24–32 weeks) to Atlanta area prenatal care clinics, consented to provide blood samples for DNA methylation (HumanMethylation450 BeadChip) and gene expression (Human HT-12 v4 Expression BeadChip) analyses. We focused on 57 women aged 18–36 (mean 25.4), who had DNA methylation data available from their second prenatal visit. DNA methylation patterns at CpG sites across the genome were interrogated for associations with fetal intolerance of labor. Four CpG sites (P value <8.9 × 10−9, FDR <0.05) in gene SLC9B1, a Na+/H+ exchanger, were associated with fetal intolerance of labor. DNA methylation and gene expression were negatively associated when examined longitudinally during pregnancy using a linear mixed-effects model. Positive predictive values of methylation of these four sites ranged from 0.80 to 0.89, while negative predictive values ranged from 0.91 to 0.92. The four CpG sites were also associated with fetal intolerance of labor in an independent cohort (the Johns Hopkins Prospective PPD cohort). Therefore, fetal intolerance of labor could be accurately predicted from maternal blood samples obtained between 24–32 weeks gestation. Fetal intolerance of labor may be accurately predicted from maternal blood samples obtained between 24–32 weeks gestation by assessing DNA methylation patterns of SLC9B1. The identification of pregnant women at elevated risk for fetal intolerance of labor may allow for the development of targeted treatments or management plans.
Diverse actions of the modulatory peptide neurotensin on central synaptic transmission

Neurotensin (NT) is a 13 amino acid neuropeptide that is expressed throughout the central nervous system and is implicated in the etiology of multiple diseases and disorders. Many primary investigations of NT‐induced modulation of neuronal excitability at the level of the synapse have been conducted, but they have not been summarized in review form in nearly 30 years. Therefore, the goal of this review is to discuss the many actions of NT on neuronal excitability across brain regions as well as NT circuit architecture. In the basal ganglia as well as other brain nuclei, NT can act through diverse intracellular signaling cascades to enhance or depress neuronal activity by modulating activity of ion channels, ionotropic and metabotropic neurotransmitter receptors, and presynaptic release of neurotransmitters. Further, NT can produce indirect effects by evoking endocannabinoid release, and recently has itself been identified as a putative retrograde messenger. In the basal ganglia, the diverse actions and circuit architecture of NT signaling allow for input‐specific control of reward‐related behaviors.
Inferring joint sequence-structural determinants of protein functional specificity

Residues responsible for allostery, cooperativity, and other subtle but functionally important interactions remain difficult to detect. To aid such detection, we employ statistical inference based on the assumption that residues distinguishing a protein subgroup from evolutionarily divergent subgroups often constitute an interacting functional network. We identify such networks with the aid of two measures of statistical significance. One measure aids identification of divergent subgroups based on distinguishing residue patterns. For each subgroup, a second measure identifies structural interactions involving pattern residues. Such interactions are derived either from atomic coordinates or from Direct Coupling Analysis scores, used as surrogates for structural distances. Applying this approach to N-acetyltransferases, P-loop GTPases, RNA helicases, synaptojanin-superfamily phosphatases and nucleases, and thymine/uracil DNA glycosylases yielded results congruent with biochemical understanding of these proteins, and also revealed striking sequence-structural features overlooked by other methods. These and similar analyses can aid the design of drugs targeting allosteric sites.
Device functions virtualization architecture

This paper describes a new architecture for Internet of Things (IoT) devices for extending their functions, by virtualizing their functions and setting them in a fog computing environment. This architecture is based on the cooperation of IoT devices and their extensions deployed on other servers in the fog computing environment via a virtualization method. An implementation example indicates the feasibility of the IoT systems on which it is implemented.
Effect of dietary energy, protein, and lysine content on performance and yields of two strains of male broiler chicks.

In a factorial arrangement of treatments Arbor Acres and Ross male broiler chicks were given four diets with 3,200 kcal ME/kg and four diets with 2,880 kcal ME/kg, two CP levels per energy level (23.1 and 33.6% in the high-energy diet and 21.0 and 29.7 in the low-energy diet) and two Lys levels per CP level per energy level (1.20 and 1.36% per CP level in the high-energy diets and 1.08 and 1.22% per CP level in the low-energy diets). The diets were given to 8 wk of age. Weight gain of Arbor Acres chicks was significantly higher (P less than .05) than that of Ross chicks at 6 and 7 wk of age, but feed to gain ratios were also significantly higher (P less than .05) at 6, 7, and 8 wk of age. Weight gain and feed to gain ratios were significantly better (P less than .05) on the high-energy diets than on the low-energy diets at 6, 7, and 8 wk of age. With equal Lys content, the normal-CP diets gave significantly higher gains (P less than .05) than the high-CP diets at 6, 7, and 8 wk of age. With equal CP content, the high-Lys diets gave significantly more gain (P less than .05) than the normal-Lys diets at 6, 7, and 8 wk of age. Oven-ready and breast meat yields of Ross chicks were significantly higher (P less than .001) compared with those of Arbor Acres chicks at 6, 7, and 8 wk of age and yields of edible organs, skin and fat, and remaining carcass were significantly lower (P less than .05). (ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Oxytocin, cortisol and 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine: neurohormonal aspects of recreational ‘ecstasy’

Most research into 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA) has debated its psychobiological effects in relation to neurotransmission. This article debates the contributory roles of the neurohormones oxytocin and cortisol for their psychobiological effects in humans. The empirical literature on these neurohormones is reviewed and suggestions for future research outlined. Acute MDMA or ‘ecstasy’ can generate increased levels of oxytocin and cortisol, and these neurohormonal changes may be important for its mood-enhancing and energy-activation effects in humans. However, an initial finding of enhanced sociability correlating with oxytocin levels has not been replicated. Potential reasons are debated. There may be dynamic interactions between the two neurohormones, with greater activation under cortisol, facilitating stronger positive feelings under oxytocin. Chronic regular use of MDMA can adversely affect cortisol in several ways. Regular users show increased cortisol in 3-month hair samples, changes to the cortisol awakening response, and indications of greater daily stress. Furthermore, these cortisol findings suggest changes to the hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal axis. The effects of chronic MDMA usage on oxytocin still need to be investigated. It is concluded that the neurohormones oxytocin and cortisol contribute in various ways to the psychobiological effects of recreational ecstasy/MDMA.
Optimal Control Aspects of Left Ventricular Ejection Dynamics

A model of the ejecting left ventricle is developed in which ventricular elastance as a function of time is optimized with respect to a simple performance index selected on an energetic basis. The model correctly predicts a number of well known experimental findings concerning the effects of preload and afterload conditions and varying system parameters on left ventricular pressure and elastance waveforms and on the ejection period. The results characterize ventricular systolic elastance as dependent on both end-diastolic volume and mean aortic pressure.
Effects of sex, heat stress, body weight, and genetic strain on the dietary lysine requirement of broiler chicks.

Experiments were carried out to investigate the effects of sex, heat stress (37 C), body weight (heavy and light within strain), and strain of chicks on the dietary lysine requirement of chicks during 8 to 22 days posthatching. A lysine-deficient basal diet (.64% total lysine, 23% CP, 3,200 kcal ME(n)/kg) containing corn, feather meal, and soybean meal was supplemented with graded levels of L-lysine.HCl to produce growth response curves. The lysine-deficient diet contained . 52% true digestible lysine as determined with a precision-fed cecectomized adult cockerel assay (Experiment 1). Hubbard x Hubbard chicks were used in Experiment 2 and New Hampshire x Columbian crossbred chicks were used in Experiments 3 and 4. Experiment 2 compared lysine requirements of male and female chicks. Weight gains between sexes were similar when diets were deficient in lysine, but males grew faster than females when lysine-adequate diets were fed. Male chicks required a higher level of dietary lysine than females for both maximal weight gain and feed efficiency. Also, regardless of sex, the lysine requirement (percentage of diet) for maximal feed efficiency was higher than that for maximal weight gain. In Experiment 3, heat stress reduced weight gain and feed intake of both males and females by about 22%, and it increased the lysine requirement of female but not male chicks. In Experiment 4, light and heavy chicks were selected from male and female populations. Heavy and light chicks exhibited the same dietary lysine requirement for maximal growth. However, the lysine requirement for maximal feed efficiency was higher for heavy birds than for light birds. (ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Post-mortem biochemistry of Pekin duckling and broiler chicken Pectoralis muscle.

Biochemical post-mortem changes between red and white avian muscle were determined using duckling and chicken Pectoralis muscles, respectively. Six live Pekin ducklings and six live broiler chickens, in each of two trials, were obtained from commercial plants and processed at a pilot facility. After evisceration, carcasses were held at 4 C, then Pectoralis muscles were removed at . 25, 1, 4, and 24 h post-mortem, and sampled for pH, lactate, adenosine triphosphate (ATP) content, and R-value (inosine to adenine ratio). Duckling Pectoralis pH significantly (P less than .05) decreased from 6.25 to 5.66 from . 25 to 24 h post-mortem, respectively, as compared with that of the chicken, which decreased from 6.41 to 5.62 for the same times. Duckling lactate values, from . 25 to 24 h, increased from 15.86 to 28.86 mumol/g, respectively, and chicken lactate values increased from 27.62 to 53.51 mumol/g. The ATP content of the duckling Pectoralis muscle decreased from 1.59 to . 14 mumol/g and chicken Pectoralis decreased from 3.42 to . 21 mumol/g from . 25 to 24h, respectively. The R-values of duckling and chicken Pectoralis significantly increased from . 25 to 24 h (.98 to 1.37 and .80 to 1.51, respectively). Duckling and chicken biochemical measurements were significantly different at all post-mortem sampling times, except for 24-h values of pH (5.66 versus 5.62, respectively) and 24-h contents of ATP (.14 versus .21 mumol/g, respectively). The different post-mortem biochemical measurements between duckling and chicken Pectoralis muscle is evidence that different rates of post-mortem metabolism and rigor development exist between these red and white avian breast muscles.