Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
THE RELATION BETWEEN MATHEMATICS AND PHYSICS

The former is just the collection of selected data; the latter enables one to infer results about experiments that have not been performed. There is no logical reason why the second method should be possible at all, but one has found in practice that it does work and meets with reasonable success. This must be ascribed to some mathematical quality in Nature, a quality which the casual observer of Nature would not suspect, but which nevertheless plays an important role in Nature’s scheme.
Effectiveness and gastrointestinal tolerability during conversion and titration with once-daily OROS® hydromorphone extended release in opioid-tolerant patients with chronic low back pain

Purpose To describe the efficacy and safety of hydromorphone extended-release tablets (OROS hydromorphone ER) during dose conversion and titration. Patients and methods A total of 459 opioid-tolerant adults with chronic moderate to severe low back pain participated in an open-label, 2- to 4-week conversion/titration phase of a double-blind, placebo-controlled, randomized withdrawal trial, conducted at 70 centers in the United States. Patients were converted to once-daily OROS hydromorphone ER at 75% of the equianalgesic dose of their prior total daily opioid dose (5:1 conversion ratio), and titrated as frequently as every 3 days to a maximum dose of 64 mg/day. The primary outcome measure was change in pain intensity numeric rating scale; additional assessments included the Patient Global Assessment and the Roland–Morris Disability Questionnaire scores. Safety assessments were performed at each visit and consisted of recording and monitoring all adverse events (AEs) and serious AEs. Results Mean (standard deviation) final daily dose of OROS hydromorphone ER was 37.5 (17.8) mg. Mean (standard error of the mean [SEM]) numeric rating scale scores decreased from 6.6 (0.1) at screening to 4.3 (0.1) at the final titration visit (mean [SEM] change, −2.3 [0.1], representing a 34.8% reduction). Mean (SEM) change in Patient Global Assessment was −0.6 (0.1), and mean change (SEM) in the Roland–Morris Disability Questionnaire was −2.8 (0.3). Patients achieving a stable dose showed greater improvement than patients who discontinued during titration for each of these measures (P < 0.001). Almost 80% of patients achieving a stable dose (213/268) had a ≥30% reduction in pain. Commonly reported AEs were constipation (15.4%), nausea (11.9%), somnolence (8.7%), headache (7.8%), and vomiting (6.5%); 13.0% discontinued from the study due to AEs. Conclusion The majority of opioid-tolerant patients with chronic low back pain were successfully converted to effective doses of OROS hydromorphone ER within 2 to 4 weeks.
Correlation of the IgG index and oligoclonal bands in the cerebrospinal fluid of patients with multiple sclerosis.

AIMS The aim of this study was to assess the correlation between IgG index values and the number of the oligoclonal IgG bands (OCB) in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) of patients with multiple sclerosis (MS). MATERIAL AND METHODS The set of 150 patients consisted of 41 males and 109 females (aged 18-68, mean 36.6 +/- 10.1 years). The CSF collected by a lumbar puncture was examined evaluating intrathecal synthesis using the IgG index and determining OCB. The number of alkaline OCB in the CSF was assessed using the method of isoelectric focusing. Pearson's correlation analysis, and homogeneity chi(2) test, Mann-Whitney test, paired-sample t-test (parametric) and Wilcoxon signed-ranks test (nonparametric) were used to evaluate the statistical significance of the results. RESULTS No positive correlation between the IgG index and the number of OCB was found. Mann-Whitney test also failed to demonstrate any significant difference of the IgG index values in patients both with the OCB number > or = 2 and < 2. CONCLUSION This study did not confirm any correlation between the IgG index values and the OCB number in the CSF of MS patients.
Robust Power Allocation for Amplify-and-Forward Relay Networks

Relay power allocation has been shown to provide substantial performance gain in wireless relay networks when perfect global channel state information (CSI) is available. In this paper, we consider a more realistic scenario, where such global CSI is subject to uncertainty, and we aim to design robust power allocation protocols for both the coherent and noncoherent amplify-and-forward relay networks. The problem formulation is such that the output signal-to-noise ratio is maximized under both the aggregate and individual relay power constraints. Our previous results show that these optimization problems can be formulated as quasiconvex optimization problems, and are solved using the bisection method via a sequence of conic feasibility problems. We extend these results to the case of uncertain global CSI, and design robust relay power allocations using the robust optimization methodology. For simple ellipsoidal uncertainty sets, the robust counterparts of these optimization problems are semi-definite programs and can be solved efficiently via interior-point methods.
Simulation environment configuration for parallel simulation of multicore embedded systems

Increasing complexity of multicore embedded systems makes careful construction of virtual prototyping system crucial to shorten design turnaround time due to the growing demand of simulation time. Parallel simulation aims to accelerate the simulation speed by running component simulators concurrently. But extra overhead of communication and synchronization between simulators may overshadow the benefits of parallel simulation. In this paper we propose a technique to configure the simulation environment optimally considering the application characteristics. Particularly, we focus on three design axes, simulation platform selection, mapping of component simulators to participating host processors and period of null message transfer for time synchronization. As a result, the proposed technique enables the efficient exploitation of parallelism by 1) well-balanced distribution of simulation workloads to host processors and 2) the minimized overhead for null message transfer, in turn, leading to the maximal simulation performance. The experimental results show that the proposed technique robustly found the optimal configurations for wide variance of application characteristics and simulation platform.
Genetic Variation in Rheum palmatum and Rheum tanguticum (Polygonaceae), Two Medicinally and Endemic Species in China Using ISSR Markers

Aims Both Rheum palmatum and R. tanguticum are important but endangered medicinal plants endemic to China. In this study, we aimed to (i) investigate the level and pattern of genetic variability within/among populations of those species; (ii) evaluate genetic differentiation between both species and its relationships and ascertain whether both species are consistent with their current taxonomical treatment as separate species; and (iii) discuss the implications for the effective conservation of two species. Methods Total 574 individuals from 30 populations of R. palmatum and R. tanguticum were collected, covering the entire distribution range of two species in China. The genetic variation within and among 30 populations was evaluated using inter-simple sequence repeat (ISSR) markers. Important Findings Twelve selected ISSR primers generated a total of 175 fragments, 173 (98.86%) of which were polymorphic. The Nei's gene diversity (H) and Shannon's index (I) of both species were high at species level (H = 0.3107, I = 0.4677 for R. palmatum; H = 0.2848, I = 0.4333 for R. tanguticum). But for both species, the genetic diversity was low at population level, and average within-population diversity of R. palmatum was H = 0.1438, I = 0.2151, and that of R. tanguticum was H = 0.1415, I = 0.2126. The hierarchical AMOVA revealed high levels of among-population genetic differentiation in both species, in line with the gene differentiation coefficient and the limited among-population gene flow (R. palmatum: Φst = 0.592, Gst = 0.537, Nm = 0.432; R. tanguticum: Φst = 0.567, Gst = 0.497, Nm = 0.507). By contrast, only 6.52% of the total genetic variance was partitioned between R. palmatum and R. tanguticum. Bayesian analysis, UPGMA cluster analysis, and PCoA analysis all demonstrated the similar results. A significant isolation-by-distance pattern was revealed in R. palmatum (r = 0.547, P = 0.010), but not in R. tanguticum (r = 0.241, P = 0.100). Based on these results, effective conservation strategies were proposed for these two species. The small molecular variance between R. palmatum and R. tanguticum revealed that they had a common ancestor, and we considered that these two species might not be good species.
State of the Art on the Cognitive Walkthrough Method, Its Variants and Evolutions

This article discusses interactive system evaluation from the perspective of inspection methods, specifically the Cognitive Walkthrough (CW) method. The basic principles of CW are reviewed as proposed in the original version and the first two revisions. Then 11 significant extensions of CW are examined: Heuristic Walkthrough, The Norman Cognitive Walkthrough Method, Streamlined Cognitive Walkthrough, Cognitive Walkthrough for the Web, Groupware Walkthrough, Activity Walkthrough, Interaction Walkthrough, Cognitive Walkthrough with Users, Extended Cognitive Walkthrough, Distributed Cognitive Walkthrough, and Enhanced Cognitive Walkthrough. Four summaries are proposed: The first one concerns the conceptual, methododological, and technological aspects; the next two summaries deal with existing studies, first comparative and then noncomparative; and the last summary provides help for choosing a version or variant.
Bone regeneration of calvarial defect using marine calcareous-derived beta-tricalcium phosphate macrospheres

The aim of this study was to examine the bone regeneration properties of beta-tricalcium phosphate hydrothermally converted from foraminifera carbonate exoskeleton in the repair of rat calvarial defect. These natural materials possess unique interconnected porous network with uniform pore size distribution, which can be potentially advantageous. In total, 20 adult male Wistar rats received full-thickness calvarial defect with a diameter of 5 mm. The rate of newly formed bone was measured radiologically by X-ray and micro-computed tomography and by histologic examination. After 2 weeks, the beta-tricalcium phosphate group exhibited full closure of the defect site, while control group remained unrestored at the end of the 6-week experimentation. It was observed that the newly regenerated bone thickened over the course of the experiment in the beta-tricalcium phosphate group. No soft tissue reaction was observed around the beta-tricalcium phosphate implant and the rats remained healthy. These results showed that repair of the calvarial defect can be achieved by biomimetic beta-tricalcium phosphate macrospheres, which hold potential for application as bone grafts for bone augmentation surgeries.
LA PERCEPCIÓN DE LOS TRABAJADORES DE LA NORMATIVA DEL SISTEMA PÚBLICO DE PENSIONES El caso español WORKERS' PERCEPTION OF THE PUBLIC SYSTEM OF PENSIONS The Case of Spain

During the last years, the mean retirement age in developed countries has decreased. An important question is if this retirement behavior is a consequence or not of the law applied to pensions. If the behavior is a consequence of this law, then this means that workers know and understand the law. On the other side, workers do not know the law, or they know it but they do not understand it. This paper studies the law applied to the Public Pension System in Spain and obtains workers’ optimal retirement behavior, given some workers’ features. Then, we analyze the retirement behavior of workers in Spain. We find that the retirement behavior of workers in Spain is very similar to that at the optimal retirement behavior predicted by theory, so we conclude that Spanish workers know and understand the law.
Double Dissociation between the Effects of Peri-Postrhinal Cortex and Hippocampal Lesions on Tests of Object Recognition and Spatial Memory: Heterogeneity of Function within the Temporal Lobe

It is widely believed that declarative memory is mediated by a medial temporal lobe memory system consisting of several distinct structures, including the hippocampus and perirhinal cortex. The strong version of this view assumes a high degree of functional homogeneity and serial organization within the medial temporal lobe, such that double dissociations between individual structures should not be possible. In the present study, we tested for a functional double dissociation between the hippocampus and peri-postrhinal cortex in a single experiment. Rats with bilateral excitotoxic lesions of either the hippocampus or peri-postrhinal cortex were assessed in tests of spatial memory (radial maze) and object recognition memory. For the latter, the spontaneous object recognition task was conducted in a modified apparatus designed to minimize the potentially confounding influence of spatial and contextual factors. A clear functional double dissociation was observed: rats with hippocampal lesions were impaired relative to controls and those with peripostrhinal cortex lesions on the spatial memory task, whereas rats with peri-postrhinal lesions were impaired relative to the hippocampal and control groups in object recognition. These results provide strong evidence in favor of heterogeneity and independence of function within the temporal lobe.
The effect of organisational support on care staff attributions about, emotional reactions to, and self-efficacy in managing challenging behaviour.

This is a quantitative study focussing on the experiences of paid carers working with people who have learning disabilities and challenging behaviour. Staff working with people displaying these behaviours are likely to experience high levels of stress and face significant challenges in understanding and managing this behaviour. This study assessed the amount of support carers for people with learning disabilities and challenging behaviour receive from the organisations they work for, and how helpful they find this in managing the challenging behaviour of their residents. This support includes supervision, training and team meetings. It assessed the attributions made by care staff about the causes of challenging behaviour, their emotional reactions to challenging behaviour and their perceived self-efficacy in managing this behaviour, using previously developed scales. Organisational support was measures using two scales. A previously validated measure was used to assess general perceptions of a supportive environment, whilst a new measure was designed to assess aspects of support given around challenging behaviour. 66 participants were recruited from 13 residential units in three London boroughs. Significant links were found between staff support and self-efficacy, and self- efficacy and negative emotional reactions to challenging behaviour. Both staff support related to challenging behaviour and more general features of a supportive organisation were found to be important in promoting self-efficacy. The measure designed for this study showed promise as a quick, reliable method of assessing staff support around challenging behaviour. Limitations of the study, clinical implications and future directions for research are discussed.
Disaccharidase activity in children with inflammatory bowel disease.

BACKGROUND/AIMS The etiopathogenesis of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is multifactorial and not well explained. Environmental, genetic, and dietary factors play an important role. The aim of the study was the evaluation of lactase, saccharase, and maltase activity in patients with IBD. MATERIALS AND METHODS The study comprised 65 children, aged 3-18 years. During a routine endoscopy, we took biopsies from the descending part of the duodenum. In these biopsies, we determined disaccharidase activity using Dahlquist's method. RESULTS Decreased lactase activity in the biopsies taken from the small intestine mucosa was most frequently observed in patients with Crohn's disease (5/15-33%) and least frequently seen in children with lymphocytic colitis (in 1/10-10%). The lowest mean values of lactase activity were found in the children with Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis (1.7-2.5 U/1 g). Decreased saccharase activity in the biopsies obtained from the small intestine mucosa was most frequently observed in patients with lymphocytic colitis (in 5/10-50%) and ulcerative colitis (9/20-45%) and least frequently seen in children with non-specific undetermined colitis (in 7/20-35%). Decreased maltase activity in the small bowel mucosa was the most frequently observed in patients with Crohn's disease (in 5/15-33%) and least frequently seen in children with ulcerative colitis (in 3/20-15%). The lowest mean values of maltase activity were found in the children with Crohn's disease (5.4 U/1 g). CONCLUSION Therefore, it seems reasonable to perform diagnostic examinations aimed at lactose, saccharose, and maltose intolerance and to initiate a dietary regimen in children with IBD.
New insights into the pathogenesis and treatment of anthrax toxin-induced shock

Inhalational Bacillus anthracis infection is a leading bioterrorist health threat in the US today. Lethal (LeTx) and edema toxin production are key to the virulent effects of this lethal bacteria. Recent insights into the structure and function of these toxins have increased the understanding of both the pathogenesis and treatment of anthrax. These are binary type toxins comprised of protective antigen necessary for their cellular uptake and either lethal or edema factors, the toxigenic moieties. Primary cellular receptors for protective antigen have been identified and the processing of the completed toxins clarified. Consistent with the ability of lethal factor to cleave mitogen activated protein kinase kinases, the evidence indicates that an excessive inflammatory response does not contribute to shock with LeTx. Rather, the immunosuppressive effects of LeTx could promote infection; however, direct endothelial dysfunction may have an important role in shock due to LeTx. Recent studies show that edema factor, a potent adenyl cyclase, may have a major role in shock during anthrax and that it may also be immunosuppresive. Therapies under development which target several steps in the cellular uptake and function of these two toxins have been effective in both in vitro and in vivo systems. Understanding how best to apply these agents in combination with conventional treatments should be a goal of future research.
Redefining the Stages of the Epidemiological Transition by a Study of the Dispersion of Life Spans: The Case of France

Robin? Jean-Marie. - Redefining the Stages of the Epidemiological Transition by a Study of the Dispersion of Life Spans: The Case of France Of the very few theories about the evolving health status of populations, one of the best known is that of the epidemiological transition. Formulated by Omran in 1971, it describes the changes in the cause-of-death pattern associated with the reduction in mortality rates during the demographic transition. Omran argued that the second stage, "the Age of Receding Pandemics", forms a transition between the "Age of Pestilence and Famine" and the "Age of Degenerative and Man-made Diseases". In 1986, Olshansky and Ault proposed adding a fourth stage to the epidemiological transition, with the "Age of Delayed Degenerative Diseases". However, the changeovers from the second to third stages and from the third to fourth stages are hard to date. Indeed, examination of the changing dispersion in life spans casts doubt on the historical reality of the last two stages, though it does allow the move from the second to following stage to be dated, this article proposes therefore to merge Omran's third stage, "the Age of Degenerative diseases" with Olshansky and Ault's fourth stage, "the Age of Delayed Degenerative Diseases", to form a new stage, referred to as the "Age of the Conquest of the Extent of Life", characterized by the fact that the fall in mortality - which continues throughout this stage - is associated with little or no further concentration of life spans.
FOREST WILDLIFE MANAGEMENT IN GERMANY

No forester or wildlife manager traveling in Germany can fail to be stimulated by his experiences. German forests look quite different from most American forests. The game animals are of entirely different species and have different life histories and ecology. The management techniques, if not completely strange, are used in a different way and with different purposes. It is true that German forestry and German game management are not applicable to American game species, to our sociological or economic conditions, or to our traditions. Our culture and traditions are as different from those of Germany as is our population density and intensity of land use. In spite of the differences, much can be learned by a study of German conditions. For me, the benefits fell into two categories: first, foreign travel gave me a chance to "see" my profession from a distance and see it in a perspective that is difficult when I am at home, faced with daily problems as well as long-range problems; second, travel in Germany gave me a chance to see land use in a country which has a human population density far greater than that of the United States. Study of land use with such demands on the natural resources is, for an American, a glimpse into the future, since demographers predict that soon we shall have such demands. It is the "glimpse of the future" which I hope will emerge in the account given here. My stay in Germany was too short for me to feel that I thoroughly understood conditions, or to see all parts of the country. The period from October through December 1957 was spent in West Germany. I used a car, so it was possible to travel freely even in rather remote sections. Most of the time was spent in the Solling and Harz regions of Lower Saxony; the Westerwald, Eifel, Hunsriick, and Pfalzerwald regions of Rheinland-Pfalz; the Schwarzwald of Baden-Wiirttemburg; and forest districts in the vicinity of Munich and Berchtesgaden in Bavaria.
The E ect of Di usion on Pulsations of Stars on the UpperMain Sequence . Scuti and Metallic A

Recent dramatic improvements in the mod-eling of abundance evolution due to diiusion in A stars have been achieved with the help of monochromatic opacity tables from the OPAL group. An important result in the context of stellar pulsations is the substantial helium abundance shown to be left over in the driving region of Scuti-type pulsations in chemically peculiar Am stars. An accurate opacity proole in the entire stellar envelope including the full eeect of heavy elements is also now available for the rst time. Pulsations are shown to be excluded for young Am stars but occur naturally when these stars evolve oo the ZAMS. The predicted variable metallic A stars all lie towards the red edge of the instability strip, in qualitative agreement with the observed variable Delphini and mild Am stars. Results show little direct excitation from iron-peak elements in A-type stars. The main abundance eeect is due to the settling of helium, along with a marginal eeect due to the enhancement of hydrogen.