Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
2-Aminothiazole-Flavonoid Hybrid Derivatives Binding to Tau Protein and Responsible for Antitumor Activity in Glioblastoma

Tau protein has been described for several decades as a promoter of tubulin assembly into microtubules. Dysregulation or alterations in Tau expression have been related to various brain cancers, including the highly aggressive and lethal brain tumor glioblastoma multiform (GBM). In this respect, Tau holds significant promise as a target for the development of novel therapies. Here, we examined the structure–activity relationship of a new series of seventeen 2-aminothiazole-fused to flavonoid hybrid compounds (TZF) on Tau binding, Tau fibrillation, and cellular effects on Tau-expressing cancer cells. By spectrofluorometric approach, we found that two compounds, 2 and 9, demonstrated high affinity for Tau and exhibited a strong propensity to inhibit Tau fibrillation. Then, the biological activity of these compounds was evaluated on several Tau-expressing cells derived from glioblastoma. The two lead compounds displayed a high anti-metabolic activity on cells related to an increased fission of the mitochondria network. Moreover, we showed that both compounds induced microtubule bundling within newly formed neurite-like protrusions, as well as with defection of cell migration. Taken together, our results provide a strong experimental basis to develop new potent molecules targeting Tau-expressing cancer cells, such as GBM.
Overexpression of ApHIPP26 from the Hyperaccumulator Arabis paniculata Confers Enhanced Cadmium Tolerance and Accumulation to Arabidopsis thaliana

Cadmium (Cd) is a toxic heavy metal that seriously affects metabolism after accumulation in plants, and it also causes adverse effects on humans through the food chain. The HIPP gene family has been shown to be highly tolerant to Cd stress due to its special domain and molecular structure. This study described the Cd-induced gene ApHIPP26 from the hyperaccumulator Arabis paniculata. Its subcellular localization showed that ApHIPP26 was located in the nucleus. Transgenic Arabidopsis overexpressing ApHIPP26 exhibited a significant increase in main root length and fresh weight under Cd stress. Compared with wild-type lines, Cd accumulated much more in transgenic Arabidopsis both aboveground and underground. Under Cd stress, the expression of genes related to the absorption and transport of heavy metals underwent different changes in parallel, which were involved in the accumulation and distribution of Cd in plants, such as AtNRAMP6 and AtNRAMP3. Under Cd stress, the activities of antioxidant enzymes (superoxide dismutase, peroxidase, catalase, and ascorbate peroxidase) in the transgenic lines were higher than those in the wild type. The physiological and biochemical indices showed that the proline and chlorophyll contents in the transgenic lines increased significantly after Cd treatment, while the malondialdehyde (MDA) content decreased. In addition, the gene expression profile analysis showed that ApHIPP26 improved the tolerance of Arabidopsis to Cd by regulating the changes of related genes in plant hormone signal transduction pathway. In conclusion, ApHIPP26 plays an important role in cadmium tolerance by alleviating oxidative stress and regulating plant hormones, which provides a basis for understanding the molecular mechanism of cadmium tolerance in plants and provides new insights for phytoremediation in Cd-contaminated areas.
The Impacts of Recycled Water on Great Western Vineyard Soils.

Recycled water has facilitated expansion of viticulture in Great Western, Victoria. The recycled water is of medium salinity, and has high concentrations of nutrients and sodium. Irrigation has resulted in increased topsoil EC, pH, and ESP. Laboratory studies identified spatially heterogeneous soils which present a risk of groundwater and offsite contamination.
Viability of Permanently Installed Platinum Redox Electrodes

Electrodes used continuously in the field for up to 5 yr were removed, examined visually, and tested in both a quinhydrone solution and a 1:5 soil-water slurry. Comparison with pre-installation quinhydrone readings showed that all but 3 of 102 electrodes tested were still within ±10 mV of the standard value. Water observed inside more than half the electrodes had no apparent adverse impact on electrode performance. The post-removal quinhydrone test correctly identified one electrode that developed faulty readings in the first vear of field use. Test values for two other potentially defective electrodes fell within acceptable standards after rinsing them in an HCl-HNO 3 solution and retesting. Platinum poisoning with coatings could not be detected visually, and we conclude that poisoning, though possibly present at minimal levels, did not significantly impair electrode performance after 5 yr. Post-removal testing in a constantly stirred slurry gave readings that were a little more variable than quinhydrone readings but were much less variable than actual field readings. Anomalous slurry readings within replicated electrode sets suggest that, despite good quinhydrone readings, some electrodes may not have responded properly under actual field use. Field data from one such set confirmed the presence of a defective electrode. We conclude that the slurry test provides valuable information that complements the quinhydrone test and could be used as a pre-installation test to help identify potentially faulty electrodes.
Vulnerability to diffuse pollution of European soils and groundwater

Bodem en grondwater in Europa (van de Oeral tot de Atlantische Oceaan) worden bedreigd door diffuse vervuilingen die vooral worden veroorzaakt door de bemesting van landbouwgronden en door een toegenomen luchtverontreiniging. De kwetsbaarheid van de bodem (met inbegrip van het grondwater) voor diffuse vervuiling hangt af van het landgebruik, eigenschappen van de ondiepe bodem, het neerslagoverschot, aard van de watervoerende pakketten, aanvulling en ouderdom van het grondwater. Het overschot aan neerslag is geschat met behulp van meteorologische gegevens en de benadering van Turc-Langbein voor de actuele evapotranspiratie. Door toepassing van irrigatie zal de waarde van het neerslagoverschot niet sterk veranderen. Voor alle gebieden is aangehouden dat 5% van de neerslag onmiddellijk wordt afgevoerd door oppervlakkige afvoer of snelle percolatie in de bodem en dus niet onderhevig is aan evapotranspiratie. De aanvulling van het grondwater is gelijk aan het neerslagoverschot minus de oppervlakkige afstroming. Het voorkomen van oppervlakkige afvoer is afhankelijk gesteld van een aantal eigenschappen van de bodem (textuur, helling, landgebruik, ijsbedekking). De ouderdom van het grondwater volgt uit de waarden voor de aanvulling, de porositeit en de dikte van de desbetreffende watervoerende lagen. De kwetsbaarheid van de bodem is onderscheiden in een kwetsbaarheid van de toplaag en een kwetsbaarheid van het grondwater. In beide gevallen worden, met behulp van GIS-methodieken, waarden aan de kwetsbaarheid toegekend die volgen uit een verwerking van de gewogen bijdragen door de diverse factoren die van invloed zijn. De resultaten zijn op kaarten weergegeven.
Cephalometric profile analysis between genders. A study protocol

Background: According to current American Association of Orthodontists guidelines, two-dimensional lateral and posteroanterior cephalometric radiographs are recognized as essential components of diagnostic imaging records in orthodontics. Cephalometry is defined as the discipline that analyzes the craniofacial complex in a segmented way, to study the interrelationships between its structures and understand how the growth or alteration of one of these structures can compromise the whole. Through cephalometry, it is possible to indicate the clinical approach for patients, involving dental therapy with intraoral appliances and physical therapy with continuous positive pressure in the upper airway. Objectives: Investigate possible differences in cephalometric anatomical patterns between genders. Methods: This study protocol follows the STROBE - Strengthening the Reporting of Observational Studies in Epidemiology guidelines. A convenience sample will be used, consisting of teleradiography (cephalograms) of adult patients of both genders, carried out in a private Dental Clinic, located in the city of São José dos Campos (SP), Brazil, by the established inclusion and exclusion criteria. Six angular and nine linear measurements will be used in the analysis of cephalometric measures according to the study protocol. The exams will be distributed into three groups and paired according to the value of the angle formed between point A nasion and point B nasion (ANB). Groups will be formed by exams with class 1 skeletal relationship (0o < ANB angle ≤ 4º), group 2 with class 2 exams (ANB angle > 4°), and group 3 formed by class 3 exams (ANB angle ≤ 0°). Considerations: In some cases, craniofacial changes may predict the risk of sleep-disordered breathing, such as obstructive sleep apnea (OSA). Increased length and thickness of the soft palate and hyoid bone in the mandibular plane and retrognathia are associated with the pathogenesis of OSA. Therefore, the etiology of sleep-disordered breathing may vary in patients according to gender, according to cephalometric analysis.
Sources of uncertainty in ionospheric modeling: The neutral wind

The neutral wind is a critical input parameter for physics‐based ionospheric models, affecting both the height of the F layer and the total electron content. Unfortunately, the currently available models of the thermospheric wind do not seem to represent it very accurately, and this places a serious limitation on the effectiveness of ionospheric modeling and forecasting. We make use of several decades' worth of midlatitude ionosonde observations of the F region peak, in order to compare the effectiveness of several neutral wind models when used as drivers for an ionospheric model. We check the simulation results against the ground truth of the ionosonde observations using the technique of forecast skill scores. We find that with the ionospheric model in use here (the Utah State University Time Dependent Ionospheric Model (TDIM)), a very simple neutral wind pattern outperforms the more complex models. Increases in skill scores as high as 50% are obtained, relative to the reference case of zero wind; also, in some cases, there are similarly large decreases in skill scores. We view this as a sensitivity study, rather than an effort to identify the best wind model in an absolute sense, because any ionospheric model is an assemblage of algorithms, boundary conditions, and drivers that are themselves imperfect. We identify reasons for the large variability in skill scores with respect to season, longitude, and solar cycle level. We close with a brief discussion of other parameters in ionospheric modeling that are similarly uncertain, e.g., a downward electron flux and the Burnside factor.
Quantitative 3D microstructural analysis of naturally deformed amphibolite from the Southern Alps (Italy): microstructures, CPO and seismic anisotropy from a fossil extensional margin

Abstract The anisotropy of a rock is intimately related to the development of shape-preferred orientations (SPOs) and crystallographic-preferred orientations (CPOs). Quantifying the three-dimensional (3D) CPOs and SPOs in natural rocks is therefore critical for understanding the processes underlying the development of anisotropy. In this work, we present a CPO study of six amphibolite samples from the western Southern Alps (Italy) that have been characterized previously. Quantitative texture analyses using neutron diffraction data provided 3D CPOs for amphibole and plagioclase and were used to calculate seismic properties. We describe the relations between mesoscopic foliation and lineation, crystallographic fabrics and seismic anisotropies for lower–middle crust amphibolites. Based on these relations and in the context of lower–middle crust within fossil extensional margin, we suggest that seismic profiles should display large-scale geological features commonly present in extensional tectonics, such as folds and shear zones, rather than flat-lying structures. Moreover, from the integration of CPOs with geological data, we observe that samples from the Strona Ceneri boundary are characterized by a granulite to amphibolite facies transition while those from the Scisti dei Laghi only record the amphibolite facies evolution, supporting the idea of two independent tectono-metamorphic units pre-dating the amphibolite re-equilibration.
The relationship between intraseasonal tropical variability and ENSO and its modulation at seasonal to decadal timescales

The intraseasonal tropical variability (ITV) patterns in the tropical troposphere are documented using double space-time Fourier analysis. Madden and Julian oscillations (MJO) as well as equatorial coupled waves (Kelvin and Rossby) are investigated based on the NCEP/NCAR Reanalysis data for the 1977–2006 period and the outputs of an intermediate ocean-atmosphere coupled model named LODCA-OTCM. A strong seasonal dependence of the ITV/ENSO relationship is evidenced. The leading relationship for equatorial Rossby waves (with the correlation of the same order than for the MJO) is documented; namely, it is shown that intensification of Rossby waves in the central Pacific during boreal summer precedes by half a year the peak of El Niño. The fact that MJO activity in spring-summer is associated to the strength of subsequent El Niño is confirmed. It is shown that LODCA-QTCM is capable of simulating the convectively coupled equatorial waves in outgoing long wave radiation and zonal wind at 850 hPa fields with skill comparable to other Coupled General Circulation Models. The ITV/ENSO relationship is modulated at low frequency. In particular the periods of low ENSO amplitude are associated with weaker MJO activity and a cancellation of MJO at the ENSO development phase. In opposition, during the decaying phase, MJO signal is strong. The periods of strong ENSO activity are associated with a marked coupling between MJO, Kelvin and equatorially Rossby waves and ENSO; the precursor signal of MJO (Rossby waves) in the western (central) Pacific is obvious. The results provide material for the observed change in ENSO characteristics in recent years and question whether the characteristics of the ITV/ENSO relationship may be sensitive to the observed warming in the central tropical Pacific.
Seismic recordings of landslides caused by Typhoon Talas (2011), Japan

Large deep‐seated landslides occurred in Nara, Wakayama, and Mie prefectures of western Japan when Typhoon Talas passed through the region on September 3–4, 2011. Signals of large landslides have been recorded by seismic networks around the world, and overall force estimates have been previously determined for large landslides using long‐period waves. This study focuses on the high‐frequency waveforms and presents signals of 18 landslides caused by Typhoon Talas (2011). The location of the landslides can be determined by a seismological back‐projection technique and these locations correlate with the observed surface features. We have found that the volumes of the landslide correlated with an energy parameter derived from the seismic records.
The Evolution of Santa María Volcano, Guatemala

Samples of 26 successive lavas from the high composite volcano of Santa María in southwestern Guatemala, demonstrate variations in magnetic declination and inclination which can be roughly-correlated with similar data from cores in the Gulf of Mexico and lake sediments near Tlapacoya, Mexico, and suggest that Santa María's constructive history goes back to approximately 30,000 years B.P. The basaltic andesites and associated pyroclastics, which make up this volcanic succession and comprise the latter 40% of the volcano's eruptive output, show systematic increases in $$SiO_{2}, K_{2}O, Rb$$, and Zr, and decreases in MgO and CaO, up the succession. These evolutionary changes anticipate the dacites which first appeared after a period of repose in Santa María, first as pyroclastic debris in the catastrophic flank eruption of 1902, and later as the endogenous dacite dome of Santiaguito which appeared in 1922 and has continued to grow to the present day. The increasing effects of crystal fractionation in the latter part of Santa María's history, as reflected in the compositional changes in the basaltic andesites and its culmination in the Santiaguito dacites, is thought to be due to the inhibiting effect which increasing cone height has had on the volcano's eruptive frequency through time, so progressively increasing the lengths of the repose periods when fractionation could proceed undisturbed in the top of the feeding magma column. Data from other high composite cones in Guatemala suggests that 3,500-4,200 meters represents a threshold cone height above which basaltic andesite is not erupted in this region, and it is believed that this limitation led to the historically documented dormancy of Santa María during which the Santiaguito dacites evolved. A peridotitic mantle source, rather than eclogite, for the basaltic andesites is consistent with their chemistry, provided that the primary liquids have been depleted in Ni and Cr by approximately 10% olivine and clinopyroxene fractionation.
CLASSIFICATION OF MARINE SEDIMENTS

Most of the marine sediments in the continental margin are derived from terrestrial sources, but vast areas of the sea floor are covered with sediments that are unique to the ocean environment. A knowledge of the origin and composition of these sediments is very important for their classification. A new classification system is proposed for marine sediments based on the principles of soil mechanics and geology. The system can be used as an auxiliary to the unified classification system. Marine sediments are divided into three major groups: terrigenous; biogenous; and hydrogenous. Each group is then subdivided into various subgroups. The classification system incorporates new symbols, consistent with those of the unified system, for all marine sediments. A classification chart is provided, and numerous examples are cited to illustrate the application of the system.
Predicting Slender False Brome (Brachypodium sylvaticum) Invasion in the Santa Cruz Mountains, California

PREDICTING SLENDER FALSE BROME ( BRACHYPODIUM SYLVATICUM) INVASION IN THE SANTA CRUZ MOUNTAINS, CALIFORNIA by Janine E. Bird Early detection of an invasive species facilitates control and eradication. Slender false brome (Brachypodium sylvaticum) was first discovered in the Santa Cruz Mountains of Central California in 2003 as a non-native grass in redwood forests, competing with native vegetation. The current infestation in the Santa Cruz Mountains, estimated to be 300 acres, is concentrated in San Mateo County and coul be eradicated. This study sought to determine most likely locations of slende r false brome in the Santa Cruz Mountains by assessing environmental attributes of kn wn presence locations using species distribution modeling and Maxent software. The study used 1,320 species presence points collected in field surveys conducte d from 2009 to 2012, GIS environmental layers covering a 940 km2 study area, and the machine-learning program Maxent to identify slender false brome habitat at a 30 m resolution in the Santa Cruz Mountains. Maxent models successfully identified l ocations of potential distribution of slender false brome (training AUC = 0.961, test AUC = 0.960). Annual precipitation, average annual maximum or minimum temperature, and soils were the most important predictors. An independent dataset corroborated th performance of the Maxent model. Maxent could be used by land managers for targeting field surveys by predicting most likely B. sylvaticum habitat in the Santa Cruz Mountains.
Observations of ice nucleation by ambient aerosol in the homogeneous freezing regime

We measured the freezing activation curves for ambient particles as a function of relative humidity with respect to water over the temperature range of −40° to −50°C using a continuous flow diffusion chamber, and compared the observations with those for ammonium sulfate particles and predictions from a parametric representation of homogeneous freezing of solution particles as a function of water activity and temperature. Since it has been proposed that the rate of homogeneous freezing depends on solution water activity, we made separate measurements of the hygroscopicity (κ) of the ambient aerosol. Observed κ ranged from 0.1 to 0.2, lower than that of ammonium sulfate (0.6) and representative of a continental aerosol. As predicted for this difference in κ, there was no significant difference between the homogeneous freezing conditions of size‐selected ammonium sulfate and the apparent homogeneous freezing conditions of same‐sized ambient aerosol. Further, the parameterization predicted freezing fraction‐relative humidity relationships for non size‐selected ambient aerosol that differed by only 0.5 to 1.5% relative humidity from observed relations at the tested temperatures, well within experimental uncertainty. Our findings confirm that the tested ambient aerosols, with hygroscopicities typical of continental regions, freeze homogeneously as expected based on present understanding for single component solution drops in the laboratory. Results also confirm that freezing is more sensitive to particle size than to composition, for particles containing at least a few percent by volume of hygroscopic species.
Tracking the dispersal of hydrothermal plumes from the Juan de Fuca Ridge using suspended matter compositions

In 1988 and 1989, particles from on- and off-axis neutrally buoyant plumes over the Juan de Fuca Ridge were sampled to study their changing composition with distance from the ridge crest. Plume depth and particle composition in off-axis hydrothermal plumes were used to identify plume sources and trajectories. Iron and phosphorus concentrations and, in particular, P/Fe molar ratios were found to be sensitive indicators of hydrothermal phases in the suspended matter. Phosphorus, vanadium, and arsenic are scavenged from solution where dissolved iron from hydrothermal vents oxidizes in seawater and forms submicrometer-sized particles of Fe oxyhydroxide. The P/Fe molar ratio (∼0.23) is essentially the same for vent fields along Cleft and Endeavour segments, indicating that the scavenging processes are the same for both regions. High P/Fe ratios are observed over the South and North Cleft Segment vent fields and to the west along the Vance Seamount Chain. The seamounts evidently function as a barrier, bathymetrically steering the hydrothermal plumes to the west away from the ridge crest. Since particles from the Endeavour vent field are greatly enriched in copper relative to hydrothermal plumes from other vent fields along the Juan de Fuca Ridge, copper concentrations in the plumes can be used to distinguish plume sources. Based on water column depth and elemental composition, hydrothermal plume particles from specific vent fields on the Juan de Fuca Ridge may be tracked as much as several tens of kilometers from their source using particle compositions.