Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Accurate capture of rudder-propeller interaction using a coupled blade element momentum-RANS approach

Ship rudders are almost always placed downstream of the propeller so they can take advantage of the increased local velocity due to the presence of the propeller race. The methods discussed in this paper replicate the flow integrated effects of the propeller which generates an accelerated and swirled onset flow onto the rudder. As long as the radial variation in axial and tangential momentum (including hull and rudder interaction effects) generated by the propeller are included, then the influence of the unsteady propeller flow can be removed and ’steady’ calculations performed to evaluate propeller rudder interaction. Three different body force propeller models will be considered and numerical results will be compared with experiments by Molland and Turnock [1, 2, 3], using the modified Wageningen B4.40 propeller and Rudder No.2.
Women Working as Casual Academics: A Marginalised Group

Abstract Organisations are becoming increasingly flexible in staffing, often using a small core of permanent staff and a peripheral contingent of contract, casual and temporary employees. Recent Australian and overseas studies suggest that this is also true in the higher education sector, with a casualisation of the academic workforce, particularly in the lecturer and below range. This is creating a large group of marginalised academics, the majority of whom are women. Such academics' opportunities may be limited because of the values implicit in the university culture. The possibility of a model of permanent academics on the one hand and a ‘casual’ underclass on the other has the potential to cause significant problems and to affect the quality of education provided.
MECHANISMS OF ISCHEMIC PRECONDITIONING

Ischemic preconditioning (IPC) refers to a phenomenon in which a tissue is rendered resistant to the deleterious effects of prolonged ischemia by previous exposure to brief periods of vascular occlusion. While the beneficial effects of IPC were first demonstrated in the myocardium, it is now clear that preconditioning protects postischemic skeletal muscle, brain, and small intestine and may also occur in humans. Although first described over a decade ago, the mechanisms underlying the powerful protective effects of IPC remain uncertain. However, a growing body of evidence indicates that the beneficial actions of IPC involve the activation of adenosine A1 receptors during the period of preconditioning ischemia in most organs and species. Adenosine A1 receptor stimulation is thought to promote the translocation and activation of specific isoforms of protein kinase C, which in turn phosphorylate as yet unidentified cellular effector molecules. In the heart, it has been suggested that ATP-sensitive potassium channels may represent important effectors of the preconditioning phenomenon. In contrast, ATP-sensitive potassium channel activation does not seem to contribute to the beneficial effects of IPC in the small bowel and seems to play only a limited role in skeletal muscle. In these peripheral tissues, the beneficial effects of IPC are related to inhibition of leukocyte adhesion and emigration. In the small intestine, IPC seems to prevent postischemic leukocyte adhesion by maintaining the bioavailability of nitric oxide (a potent endogenous anti-adhesive agent) and preventing the expression of P-selectin (an adhesive molecule expressed by endothelial cells that is thought to modulate leukocyte rolling). In skeletal muscle, these actions are mediated by an effect of IPC to augment the production of adenosine (another potent endogenous anti-adhesive agent) during reperfusion. Thus, although adenosine-induced protein kinase C activation seems to play an important role in initiating the beneficial actions of IPC in most tissues, the effector of the preconditioning phenomenon seems to differ among tissues. Understanding the mechanisms of IPC has led to the recognition that tissues may also be preconditioned by administration of agents that act via the same signaling cascade (e. g., adenosine, bradykinin, α1-adrenergic agonists). The purpose of this review is to summarize the evidence regarding the mechanisms of IPC in different organs.
Overview of the IWSLT 2011 evaluation campaign

We report here on the eighth Evaluation Campaign organized by the IWSLT workshop. This year, the IWSLT evaluation focused on the automatic translation of public talks and included tracks for speech recognition, speech translation, text translation, and system combination. Unlike previous years, all data supplied for the evaluation has been publicly released on the workshop website, and is at the disposal of researchers interested in working on our benchmarks and in comparing their results with those published at the workshop. This paper provides an overview of the IWSLT 2011 Evaluation Campaign, which includes: descriptions of the supplied data and evaluation specifications of each track, the list of participants specifying their submitted runs, a detailed description of the subjective evaluation carried out, the main findings of each exercise drawn from the results and the system descriptions prepared by the participants, and, finally, several detailed tables reporting all the evaluation results.
Exploring the Optimal Replication Strategy in P2P-VoD Systems: Characterization and Evaluation

P2P-Video-on-Demand (P2P-VoD) is a popular Internet service which aims to provide a scalable and high-quality service to users. At the same time, content providers of P2P-VoD services also need to make sure that the service is operated with a manageable operating cost. Given the volume-based charging model by ISPs, P2P-VoD content providers would like to reduce peers' access to the content server so as to reduce the operating cost. In this paper, we address an important open problem: what is the “optimal replication ratio” in a P2P-VoD system such that peers will receive service from each other and at the same time, reduce the access to the content server? We address two fundamental issues: 1) what is the optimal replication ratio of a movie if we know its popularity, and 2) how to achieve these optimal ratios in a distributed and dynamic fashion. We first formally show how movie popularities can impact server's workload, and formulate the video replication as an optimization problem. We show that the conventional wisdom of using the proportional replication strategy is “suboptimal,” and expand the design space to both “passive replacement policy” and “active push policy” to achieve the optimal replication ratios. We consider practical implementation issues, evaluate the performance of P2P-VoD systems and show how to greatly reduce server's workload and improve streaming quality via our distributed algorithms.
Su alcune questioni di prosodia in margine alla tavola rotonda

1. PERCHÉ LA PROSODIA? Lungimirante e al tempo stesso al passo con i tempi è apparsa l’iniziativa di organizzare una tavola rotonda interamente dedicata alla discussione di alcune questioni di rilievo nell’ambito della prosodia. Credo che non possano esserci più dubbi sul fatto che la prosodia occupi ormai un posto di primo piano nel dibattito sia teorico che metodologico nelle scienze fonetiche. Dopo esser stata a lungo trascurata nell’ambito delle discipline linguistiche, nell’ultimo quarto del secolo scorso si è infatti registrato un incremento considerevole degli studi dedicati alla prosodia ed in particolare all’intonazione. Qualora ci chiedessimo quali sono le ragioni di questo radicale cambiamento di rotta, ritengo che i due impulsi essenziali per lo sviluppo dell’interesse nei confronti della prosodia siano da ricercare da un lato nell’avvento della fonologia non lineare, e dall’altro nella ricerca applicata alla sintesi vocale. L’istanza descrittiva che sta alla base di molti studi condotti nel campo dell’intonazione è stata infatti ed è tuttora finalizzata all’implementazione di sistemi di sintesi automatica comprensivi di informazioni di tipo prosodico: una voce sintetica viene giudicata dagli utenti tanto più naturale quanto più è in grado di emulare non solo i segmenti fonici, ma anche la prosodia dell’enunciato. Per quanto riguarda la teoria fonologica in senso stretto, i modelli fonologici, essenzialmente di marca generativa, elaborati a partire dagli anni Settanta del Novecento ponevano concordemente al centro dell’analisi la prosodia, data l’aspra critica nei confronti della dimensione monolineare della rappresentazione fonologica tradizionale. Due elementi concomitanti, per quanto indipendenti l’uno dall’altro, hanno dunque contribuito in maniera determinante allo sviluppo degli studi sull’intonazione: i modelli non lineari e la ricerca applicata alla sintesi vocale. D’altro canto, non tutti gli aspetti per tradizione denominati soprasegmentali hanno ricevuto la stessa considerazione. Sillaba e intonazione sono stati i temi più frequentati, mentre gli studi sull’accento si sono limitati essenzialmente al dominio di parola, con scarsa attenzione al ritmo, sia pure con l’illuminata eccezione costituita dalla proposta di Ramus, Nespor e Mehler (1999), volta a rivitalizzare la nozione classica di ‘isocronia’. La centralità della prosodia e in particolare dell’analisi intonativa può essere facilmente dimostrata da un veloce spoglio dell’indice dei Proceedings delle ultime edizioni dell’International Congress of Phonetic Sciences, ove risultano oltre cento comunicazioni dedicate all’intonazione, affrontata da diverse angolature; stesso quadro nei Proceedings di Speech Prosody, il convegno internazionale interamente dedicato alla prosodia, in cui ben due terzi delle comunicazioni presentate vertono su tematiche relative all’intonazione.
The Analysis of Mobility Processes by the Introduction of Independent Variables into a Markov Chain

Thrupp, Sylvia 1962 The Merchant Class of Medieval London. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, Ann Arbor Paperbacks. Tilly, Charles 1964 The Vendee. Cambridge: Harvard University Press. United States National Center for Health Statistics 1965 Vital and Health Statistics. Demographic Characteristics of Persons Married Between 1955 and June 1958, United States. Series 21, No. 2, Washington, D. C. : Government Printing Office. Veblen, Thorsten 1899 The Theory of the Leisure Class. In Max Lerner (ed.), The Portable Veblen. New York: The Viking Press, 1948. Weber, Max 1946 "India: the brahman and the castes. " Pp. 396-415 in H. H. Gerth and C. Wright Mills (eds.), From Max Weber: Essays in Sociology. New York: Oxford University Press. 1968 Economy and Society. New York: Bedminster Press. Zelditch, Morris, Jr. 1964 "Family, marriage, and kinship. " Pp. 680733 in Robert E. L. Faris (ed.), Handbook of Modern Sociology. Chicago: Rand McNally.
Access of children with cerebral palsy to the physical, social and attitudinal environment they need: a cross-sectional European study

Purpose. The UN Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities requires states ‘to ensure to persons with disabilities access, on an equal basis with others, to the physical environment, transportation, information and communications. ’ We explored whether this convention was respected for disabled children in Europe. Method. One thousand one-hundred and seventy-four children aged 8–12 years were randomly selected from population-based registers of children with cerebral palsy in eight European regions. 743 children joined the study; one further region recruited 75 children from multiple sources. Researchers visited these 818 children and administered the European Child Environment Questionnaire, which records parents' perceptions of availability of the physical, social and attitudinal environment needed in home, school and community. Multilevel, multivariable regression related child access on these domains to their impairments and socio-demographic characteristics. Results. Children with more impaired walking ability had less access to the physical environment, transport and social support they needed than other children. They also experienced less favourable attitudes from family and friends. However, attitudes of teachers and therapists were similar for children with all levels of impairment. The access of children, across all impairment severities, to their needed environment showed significant variation between regions (p ≤ 0.0001), some regions consistently providing better access on most or all domains. Conclusion. European states need to substantially improve environmental access for disabled children in order to meet their obligations under UN Conventions. In some regions, many environmental factors should and realistically could be changed. Legislation and regulation should be directed to making this happen. Local environmental planners and health and social service providers should listen carefully to parents to address mismatches between policy intentions and parental experience.
Les communautés de pratique sont-elles pertinentes ?

Résumé Des individus qui travaillent ensemble, réalisent des activités communes et / ou complémentaires, interagissent fréquemment et ont une histoire partagée, à l’intérieur d’une organisation, constituent une Communauté de Pratique (CP). Cette notion a été récemment théorisée et illustrée empiriquement. Elle connaît un succès croissant dans le monde académique comme auprès des praticiens. Cette communication – dont le titre joue avec celui de l’article de Segrestin (1980) qui parle des communautés « pertinentes » de l’action collective – vise à présenter et discuter la notion de communauté de pratique.
Interferon β is associated with type 1 interferon-inducible gene expression in dermatomyositis

Objectives To determine whether type 1 interferon (IFN) proteins in blood are associated with downstream type 1 IFN-inducible gene expression in blood from patients with myositis. Methods IFNα, IFNβ and IFNω concentrations were measured by ELISA in 129 blood samples (from 93 patients with dermatomyositis (DM), inclusion body myositis, polymyositis and other muscle diseases and from 36 healthy volunteers). Their concentrations were correlated with their ability to stimulate type 1 IFN-inducible gene transcription in a functional assay for 123 of these samples and the type 1 IFN-inducible blood gene expression from 70 of the same samples. Results Blood IFNβ concentration was uniquely associated with DM (p=0.0004), detectable in 64% of samples from patients with untreated or minimally treated DM and 35% of all DM samples compared with 6% of other inflammatory myopathy and 6% of healthy volunteer samples. Blood IFNβ, but not IFNα or IFNω, correlated with high blood type 1 IFN-inducible gene expression (p=0.01). Healthy volunteer samples with a high ELISA signal for IFNα and IFNω lacked functional bioassay activity and such a signal was confirmed as artefactual. Conclusion Elevated blood IFNβ protein concentration is associated with DM. Systemic and local production of IFNβ might contribute to, but may not fully explain, the marked overproduction of type 1 IFN-inducible transcripts and proteins seen in DM muscle and blood.
MULTILOCUS GENETICS AND THE COEVOLUTION OF QUANTITATIVE TRAITS

Abstract We develop and analyze an explicit multilocus genetic model of coevolution. We assume that interactions between two species (mutualists, competitors, or victim and exploiter) are mediated by a pair of additive quantitative traits that are also subject to direct stabilizing selection toward intermediate optima. Using a weak-selection approximation, we derive analytical results for a symmetric case with equal locus effects and no mutation, and we complement these results by numerical simulations of more general cases. We show that mutualistic and competitive interactions always result in coevolution toward a stable equilibrium with no more than one polymorphic locus per species. Victim-exploiter interactions can lead to different dynamic regimes including evolution toward stable equilibria, cycles, and chaos. At equilibrium, the victim is often characterized by a very large genetic variance, whereas the exploiter is polymorphic in no more than one locus. Compared to related one-locus or quantitative genetic models, the multilocus model exhibits two major new properties. First, the equilibrium structure is considerably more complex. We derive detailed conditions for the existence and stability of various classes of equilibria and demonstrate the possibility of multiple simultaneously stable states. Second, the genetic variances change dynamically, which in turn significantly affects the dynamics of the mean trait values. In particular, the dynamics tend to be destabilized by an increase in the number of loci.
Low-bandwidth reflex-based control for lower power walking: 65 km on a single battery charge

No legged walking robot yet approaches the high reliability and the low power usage of a walking person, even on flat ground. Here we describe a simple robot which makes small progress towards that goal. Ranger is a knee-less four-legged ‘bipedal’ robot which is energetically and computationally autonomous, except for radio controlled steering. Ranger walked 65.2 km in 186,076 steps in about 31 h without being touched by a human with a total cost of transport [TCOT ≡ P/mgv ] of 0.28, similar to human’s TCOT of ≈ 0.3. The high reliability and low energy use were achieved by: (a) development of an accurate bench-test-based simulation; (b) development of an intuitively tuned nominal trajectory based on simple locomotion models; and (c) offline design of a simple reflex-based (that is, event-driven discrete feed-forward) stabilizing controller. Further, once we replaced the intuitively tuned nominal trajectory with a trajectory found from numerical optimization, but still using event-based control, we could further reduce the TCOT to 0.19. At TCOT = 0.19, the robot’s total power of 11.5 W is used by sensors, processors and communications (45%), motor dissipation (≈34%) and positive mechanical work (≈21%). Ranger’s reliability and low energy use suggests that simplified implementation of offline trajectory optimization, stabilized by a low-bandwidth reflex-based controller, might lead to the energy-effective reliable walking of more complex robots.
Logistic regression model-building strategies for predicting regular mammography screening adherence among uninsured immigrant women

While one-time mammography screening rates have improved, repeat-screening rates have not followed this trend. Little is known about those factors that help sustain the regular use of mammography over time, especially among low-income, uninsured immigrant women. We utilized model-building strategies using the SAS LOGISTIC procedure to find a set of candidate logistic regression models that included a candidate set of predictors for repeat-screening mammography among 562 uninsured immigrant women who participated in the California No-Cost Screening Program (CANCSP). Rationale for the strategies and procedures used is given and limitations are discussed.
Effects of dantrolene on cooling times and cardiovascular parameters in an immature porcine model of heatstroke.

OBJECTIVE To evaluate the effects of dantrolene on cooling times and cardiovascular parameters in an immature porcine model of heatstroke. DESIGN Prospective, randomized, controlled, multigroup study. SETTING Research animal laboratory. SUBJECTS Yorkshire piglets (n = 16), 4 to 5 wks of age, 3.5 to 4.5 kg of body weight. INTERVENTIONS Animals were slowly heated with a radiant heat source to 43 degrees C and then maintained at this temperature for 30 mins. The animals were then removed from the heat source and randomized into one of four groups to receive either conventional cooling methods consisting of fluid resuscitation with 0.9% sodium chloride solution, sponging with room temperature water, mechanical fanning, and gastric lavage with iced 0.9% sodium chloride solution (group 1), conventional cooling methods and dantrolene (group 2), conventional cooling methods and dantrolene's vehicle mannitol (group 3), or no treatment (group 4). Cooling times, defined as the time required to reach a core body temperature of 38.5 degrees C, and cardiovascular parameters for each group were then compared. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS Animals in groups 1, 2, and 3 had significantly (p < .05) lower core body temperatures than animals that received no treatment at the conclusion of the experiment. Piglets in groups 2 and 3 had faster cooling times than piglets in group 1 (p < .05). However, there was no statistically significant difference in cooling times between the animals in groups 2 and 3. There were no statistically significant differences in heart rate, mean arterial pressure, central venous pressure, pulmonary artery occlusion pressure, or systemic vascular resistance index between animals in groups 1, 2, or 3. Group 3 piglets had higher cardiac indices and stroke indices than the piglets in the other groups (p < .05). CONCLUSIONS Therapeutic interventions with conventional cooling or conventional cooling and dantrolene provided significant improvement in cardiovascular function in an immature porcine heatstroke model. Dantrolene, given with conventional cooling methods, offered no significant improvement in cardiovascular parameters compared with conventional cooling methods alone. Dantrolene significantly shortened the cooling time compared with conventional cooling but did not significantly shorten the cooling time compared with its vehicle, mannitol. Although dantrolene significantly shortened the cooling time, it did not appear to be superior compared with conventional cooling methods in treating heatstroke in this immature porcine heatstroke model.
Evaluation of cepstrally derived harmonics-to-noise ratios in voice signals

The harmonics-to-noise ratio (HNR) has been shown to provide a useful, non-invasive index for assessing and analyzing voice disorders. As such, a valid and reliable method for estimating levels of noise and hence HNR, in human voice is important for effective evaluation and management of voice pathology. An objective method to determine the accuracy of two cepstrum-based techniques described in the literature for calculating the harmonics to noise-ratio (HNR) in voiced speech is proposed. In order to draw an objective comparison between the two HNR estimation techniques, the same analysis parameters (analysis window size, voice source parameters (same open and closed quotient), same level of noise for each synthetic speech signal being analyzed) are used. A reference benchmark is defined for HNR estimation comparison as the ratio of the clean signal energy to the noise energy expressed in decibel. This reference HNR forms the basis upon which the two HNR techniques are evaluated for accuracy. Accuracy of a method is measured in terms of deviation of the estimated HNR from the reference HNR for a given noise level. A comprehensive explanation of the origins of the differences in accuracy of each approach is presented. Fig.1. HNR estimation using de Krom [1] cepstral baseline technique using 1024, 2048, 4096 window lengths (1024 shown).
Featherweight Java with multi-methods

Multi-methods (collections of overloaded methods associated to the same message, whose selection takes place dynamically instead of statically as in standard overloading) are a useful mechanism since they unleash the power of dynamic binding in object-oriented languages, so enhancing re-usability and separation of responsibilities. However, many mainstream languages, such as, e.g., Java, do not provide it, resorting to only static overloading. In this paper we propose an extension, we call FMJ (Featherweight Multi Java), of Featherweight Java with encapsulated multi-methods thus providing dynamic overloading. The extension is conservative and type safe: both "message-not-understood" and "message-ambiguous" are statically ruled out. Our core language can be used as the formal basis for an actual implementation of dynamic overloading in Java-like languages.