Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Mutation of Archaeal Isopentenyl Phosphate Kinase Highlights Mechanism and Guides Phosphorylation of Additional Isoprenoid Monophosphates

The biosynthesis of isopentenyl diphosphate (IPP) from either the mevalonate (MVA) or the 1-deoxy-d-xylulose 5-phosphate (DXP) pathway provides the key metabolite for primary and secondary isoprenoid biosynthesis. Isoprenoid metabolism plays crucial roles in membrane stability, steroid biosynthesis, vitamin production, protein localization, defense and communication, photoprotection, sugar transport, and glycoprotein biosynthesis. Recently, an alternative branch of the MVA pathway was discovered in the archaeon Methanocaldococcus jannaschii involving a small molecule kinase, isopentenyl phosphate kinase (IPK). IPK belongs to the amino acid kinase (AAK) superfamily. In vitro, IPK phosphorylates isopentenyl monophosphate (IP) in an ATP and Mg2+-dependent reaction producing IPP. Here, we describe crystal structures of IPK from M. jannaschii refined to nominal resolutions of 2.0−2.8 Å. Notably, an active site histidine residue (His60) forms a hydrogen bond with the terminal phosphate of both substrate and product. This His residue serves as a marker for a subset of the AAK family that catalyzes phosphorylation of phosphate or phosphonate functional groups; the larger family includes carboxyl-directed kinases, which lack this active site residue. Using steady-state kinetic analysis of H60A, H60N, and H60Q mutants, the protonated form of the Nε2 nitrogen of His60 was shown to be essential for catalysis, most likely through hydrogen bond stabilization of the transition state accompanying transphosphorylation. Moreover, the structures served as the starting point for the engineering of IPK mutants capable of the chemoenzymatic synthesis of longer chain isoprenoid diphosphates from monophosphate precursors.
Knowledge sharing in knowledge workers: The roles of social exchange theory and the theory of planned behavior

This study integrates the social exchange theory and the theory of planned behavior (TPB) to examine how trust influences knowledge sharing behavior by knowledge-sharing intention. Data were collected from 314 research and development (R&D) engineers from 52 high-technology firms in Taiwan. Hierarchical regression analyses were conducted to test the hypotheses. The results revealed that, at the individual level, trust was positively related to knowledge-sharing intention, which in turn positively predicted the knowledge-sharing behavior of knowledge workers. This work also found that norms moderate the relationship between trust and knowledge-sharing intention. Theoretical and practical implications are also discussed.
Job Power and Earnings

Tyree, Andrea 1973 "Mobility ratios and association in mobility tables. " Population Studies 27:577-88. Tyree, Andrea, Moshe Semyonov and Robert W. Hodge 1979 "Gaps and glissandos: inequality, economic development and social mobility in 24 countries. " American Sociological Review 44:410-24. Vanneman, Reeve 1977 "The occupational composition of American classes: results from cluster analysis. " American Journal of Sociology 82:783-807. Weber, Max 1968 Economy and Society. New York: Bed[1922] minster. Westoff, Charles F. , Marvin Bressler and Philip C. Sagi 1960 "The concept of social mobility: an empirical inquiry. " American Sociological Review 25:375-85.
Heritability of resting heart rate and association with mortality in middle-aged and elderly twins

Resting heart rate (RHR) is a well-recognised risk factor for cardiovascular morbidity and mortality.1 An increase of 20 beats per minute (bpm) in RHR leads to a 30%–50% excess mortality that is independent of confounding factors.2 This association of increased RHR with higher mortality rates has been shown in a number of epidemiological studies. For example, in Paris Prospective Study I, the risk of sudden death increased over threefold (relative risk 3.9) in individuals with an RHR >75 bpm compared with those with one under 60 bpm.3 Also, heart rate has moderate genetic influences, with heritable factors from twin studies accounting for up to 65% of the variation. A large-scale genetic study has indicated that the heritability of RHR using directly genotyped genetic variants is 21.2%,4 and identified >70 genetic loci explaining <3% of the variance in RHR. The authors also reported that a genetically determined RHR increase of 5 bpm was associated with a 20% increase in mortality risk.4 In this issue, Jensen and colleagues report the heritability of RHR in 4282 twins (aged 45 years and older), and demonstrate a significant association of RHR with all-cause mortality and cardiovascular mortality. This was extended to observations within twin pairs, where the twin …
Homologous Recombination in Protozoan Parasites and Recombinase Inhibitors

Homologous recombination (HR) is a DNA double-strand break (DSB) repair pathway that utilizes a homologous template to fully repair the damaged DNA. HR is critical to maintain genome stability and to ensure genetic diversity during meiosis. A specialized class of enzymes known as recombinases facilitate the exchange of genetic information between sister chromatids or homologous chromosomes with the help of numerous protein accessory factors. The majority of the HR machinery is highly conserved among eukaryotes. In many protozoan parasites, HR is an essential DSB repair pathway that allows these organisms to adapt to environmental conditions and evade host immune systems through genetic recombination. Therefore, small molecule inhibitors, capable of disrupting HR in protozoan parasites, represent potential therapeutic options. A number of small molecule inhibitors were identified that disrupt the activities of the human recombinase RAD51. Recent studies have examined the effect of two of these molecules on the Entamoeba recombinases. Here, we discuss the current understandings of HR in the protozoan parasites Trypanosoma, Leishmania, Plasmodium, and Entamoeba, and we review the small molecule inhibitors known to disrupt human RAD51 activity.
A Synergy-Based Optimally Designed Sensing Glove for Functional Grasp Recognition

Achieving accurate and reliable kinematic hand pose reconstructions represents a challenging task. The main reason for this is the complexity of hand biomechanics, where several degrees of freedom are distributed along a continuous deformable structure. Wearable sensing can represent a viable solution to tackle this issue, since it enables a more natural kinematic monitoring. However, the intrinsic accuracy (as well as the number of sensing elements) of wearable hand pose reconstruction (HPR) systems can be severely limited by ergonomics and cost considerations. In this paper, we combined the theoretical foundations of the optimal design of HPR devices based on hand synergy information, i.e., the inter-joint covariation patterns, with textile goniometers based on knitted piezoresistive fabrics (KPF) technology, to develop, for the first time, an optimally-designed under-sensed glove for measuring hand kinematics. We used only five sensors optimally placed on the hand and completed hand pose reconstruction (described according to a kinematic model with 19 degrees of freedom) leveraging upon synergistic information. The reconstructions we obtained from five different subjects were used to implement an unsupervised method for the recognition of eight functional grasps, showing a high degree of accuracy and robustness.
Who Marries Whom and Why

This paper proposes and estimates a static transferable utility model of the marriage market. The model generates a nonparametric marriage matching function with spillover effects. It rationalizes the standard interpretation of marriage rate regressions and points out its limitations. The model was used to estimate U.S. marital behavior in 1971/72 and 1981/82. The marriage matching function estimates show that the gains to marriage for young adults fell substantially over the decade. Unlike contradictory marriage rate regression results, the marriage matching function estimates showed that the legalization of abortion had a significant quantitative impact on the fall in the gains to marriage for young men and women.
Nocturnal plasma prolactin rise in patients with complex partial seizures

We measured plasma prolactin and cortisol concentrations in 12 epileptic men with complex partial seizures during all‐night polygraphic recording, with continuous video monitoring and sequential blood sampling at 30‐minute intervals. There was a significant but moderate elevation of all‐night mean plasma prolactin concentration (p < 0.001), but not of cortisol, in epileptics when compared with normal subjects studied in a similar fashion. The data obtained in this environmentally controlled study of males with complex partial seizure disorder indicate a disruption of prolactin regulatory mechanisms resulting in a modest elevation of plasma concentrations independent of ictal electrographic discharges.
British motor neuron disease twin study.

OBJECTIVES: To investigate the cause of sporadic motor neuron disease (MND) by twin study, so allowing (1) estimation of the genetic contribution, and (2) collection of matched pairs for a case-control study of possible environmental factors. METHODS: 10872 death certificates bearing the diagnosis MND were collected from 1979 to 1989 inclusive. Inspection of individual birth entries allowed identification of potential twins. The status of each co-twin was determined and contact made through the National Health Service Central Register (NHS-CR) and their general practitioner (GP). The diagnosis of MND was verified via the co-twin and relatives, and medical records where available. Zygosity was assessed using a recognised questionnaire. Details concerning environmental exposures and health were gathered by interview of cotwin and relatives using a semistructured questionnaire. Heritability (h2) of MND was estimated, and the environmental information was analysed by conditional logistic regression modelling. RESULTS: Seventy seven probands were identified, of whom 26 were monozygotic and 51 dizygotic. Four monozygotic probands were concordant, but two probands came from a family known to have familial MND. The estimated heritability was between 0.38 and 0.85. Most environmental risk factors were not significant. Regular vehicle maintenance (odds ratio (OR) = 7.0; 95% confidence interval (95% CI) 1.3-89.9) and occupational paint usage (OR = 3.75; 95% CI 1.0-17.1), however, occurred significantly more often in the affected cases. CONCLUSIONS: This "death discordant" method for twin collection has proved to be viable, and has allowed the ascertainment of a large population sample in a rare disease. The genetic role in sporadic MND is substantial, and higher than expected. Exposure to industrial chemicals, particularly constituents of petrochemicals and paints, may contribute to the aetiology of MND.
Coping with vague and fuzzy words : a Multi-Expert Natural Language System which overcomes ambiguities

the system we present in this contribution is a sub-part of an extensive natural language processing architecture. It is devoted to a particular phenomenon in natural language : the polysemy of words, which produces effects such as vagueness and fuzziness and impedes the normal automatized processing of sentences. We try to show in this paper how our architecture, currently running on a network of SUN stations, relates to preceding works wellknown in NLP, and what particular improvement this system for polysemy resolution provides. This system benefits from the dedicated properties of the theoretical model for lexical description. The latter derives its power from the coupling of non monotonic logic (which proved to be very useful for semantic interpretation) and a multi-valued approach for vagueness handling.
The Bank Capital Requirement and Information Asymmetry Sangkyun Park

This paper recognizes two main factors that cause the capital requirement to affect the weighted average cost of capital and hence the investment behavior ofbanks: underpriced debt resulting from the deposit insurance and information asymmetry between managers and the stock market. For a bank enjoying a low cost of debt (deposits), an increased proportion of equity financing raises the weighted average cost ofcapital. When the stock market underestimates the value of a bank due to information asymmetry, equity financing is expensive. This paper finds that banks constrained by the tightened capital requirement grew slower in 1991 and that information asymmetry as well as underpriced deposits played a role in explaining the slower growth.
CD85/LIR-1/ILT2 and CD152 (Cytotoxic T Lymphocyte Antigen 4) Inhibitory Molecules Down-Regulate the Cytolytic Activity of Human CD4+ T-Cell Clones Specific forMycobacterium tuberculosis

ABSTRACT Antigen-specific cytolytic CD4+ T lymphocytes controlMycobacterium tuberculosis infection by secreting cytokines and by killing macrophages that have phagocytosed the pathogen. However, lysis of the latter cells promotes microbial dissemination, and other macrophages engulf the released bacteria. Subsequently, CD4+ T-cell-mediated killing of macrophages goes on, and this persistent process may hamper control of infection, unless regulatory mechanisms maintain a subtle balance between lysis of macrophages by cytolytic CD4+ cells and activation of cytolytic CD4+ cells by infected macrophages. We asked whether inhibitory molecules expressed by CD4+ cytolytic T lymphocytes could play a role in such a balance. To this end, human CD4+ T-cell clones specific for M. tuberculosis were produced that displayed an autologous major histocompatibility complex class II-restricted lytic ability against purified protein derivative (PPD)-pulsed antigen-presenting cells. All T-cell clones expressed CD152 (cytotoxic T-lymphocyte antigen 4 [CTLA-4]) and CD85/leukocyte immunoglobulin-like receptor 1 (LIR-1)/immunoglobulin-like transcript 2 (ILT2) inhibitory receptors, but not CD94 and the killer inhibitory receptor (or killer immunoglobulin-like receptor [KIR]) p58.2. CD3-mediated activation of the clones was inhibited in a redirected killing assay in which CD152 and CD85/LIR-1/ILT2 were cross-linked. Specific antigen-mediated proliferation of the clones was also sharply reduced when CD152 and CD85/LIR-1/ILT2 were cross-linked by specific monoclonal antibody (MAb) followed by goat anti-mouse antiserum. In contrast, blockade of the receptors by specific MAb only increased their proliferation. Production of interleukin 2 (IL-2) and gamma interferon (IFN-γ) by the T-cell clones was also strongly reduced when CD152 and CD85/LIR-1/ILT2 were cross-linked. The lytic activity of the T-cell clones against PPD-pulsed autologous monocytes or Epstein-Barr virus-activated B cells was increased by blockade and decreased by cross-linking of the receptors. These results indicate that CD152 and CD85/LIR-1/ILT2 play a role in the regulation of the antigen-specific activity of CD4+ cytolytic T lymphocytes against PPD-presenting cells.
Culture, consent, costs and care homes: Enabling older people with dementia to participate in research

Objectives: To describe factors that support and inhibit recruitment and participation of people with dementia living in care homes. Method: This article focuses on the methods used to recruit people with dementia to a longitudinal study that employed a mixed-method design to track events and care that older people with dementia experienced over two years in six care homes. A staged approach to recruitment was adopted involving separate meetings with staff, residents and relatives. Individual consent was secured with residents with dementia who could consent in the moment and for those without capacity, through mail and follow-up telephone contact with consultees. Data were collected on the frequency of meetings, issues raised by staff, consultees and people with dementia as well as the overall time taken to complete recruitment. Results: Over five months, 133 older people with dementia were recruited (62% of sampling frame). The recruitment process was supported or hindered by the number of individuals and organisations that needed to be consulted, the care home culture, staff's understanding of how people with dementia can be involved in research, and how they interpreted their role as mediators, protectors and gatekeepers. Conclusions: Care homes are isolated communities of care. To achieve the research objectives, researchers in the initial stages need to consider the philosophical underpinnings of individual care homes, and the politics of hierarchy both within the care home and between it, and health professionals. There is a need to develop credible infrastructures of support that enable people with dementia to participate in research.
Delineating the Influence of Emotion and Reason on Morality and Punishment

The present article examines the available literature on the association between emotion, conscious reasoning, morality, and punishment. Although conscious reasoning has traditionally been implicated in moral judgment, contemporary research suggests that emotions play a primary role in moral judgment. This article reviews the different lines of evidence supporting the role of emotion in moral decision-making. Disgust seems to be unique from other emotions in its ability to influence moral judgment. Immorality often elicits disgust, individuals sensitive to experiencing disgust tend to make more severe moral judgments, and experimental disgust inductions can influence judgments about moral violations. However, the extent to which the emotion-moral judgment association extends to decisions about punishment remains unclear. This review considers various concepts, including moral outrage, responsibility, and blameworthiness that may influence the extent to which emotion informs punishment decisions. The implications of these findings for current thinking on morality and punishment, and future directions for research are discussed.
Language-model-based pro/con classification of political text

Given a controversial political topic, our aim is to classify documents debating the topic into pro or con. Our approach extracts topic related terms, pro/con related terms, and pairs of topic related and pro/con related terms and uses them as the basis for constructing a pro query and a con query. Following standard LM techniques, a document is classified as pro or con depending on which of the query likelihoods is higher for the document. Our experiments show that our approach is promising.
Anti-inflammatory effect of rebamipide enema on proctitis type ulcerative colitis: a novel therapeutic alternative

and established that a patient with vasculitis shall be said to have PAN if at least 3 of these 10 criteria are present (4). In our patient, the presence of four of these criteria (diastolic blood pressure.90 mm Hg, elevated creatinine, myalgias, and muscular weakness, and arteriographic abnormalities) allowed diagnosis of PAN with the contemporary involvement of multiple visceral organs including the rare manifestation of spleen infarction. Although PAN may occur with visceral infarction (1), the presence of same extraordinary aspects in our case, such as dramatic presentation of disease, contemporary multiple visceral involvement and unusual localization of infarctions.
Lifting Media Fragment URIs to the next Level

The Media Fragment URI specification was released in 2012 and has been taken up by research and industry to some extend. Nevertheless the impact is weak in comparison to other W3C recommendations. Missing features, under-specified parts and a weak integration into common standards could be a key issues for that. In this paper we describe possible extensions that strengthen the specification in this points in order to make the Media Fragment URIs attractive for a broader community.
8 channels , 21 ps precision , 10 μ s range Time-to-Digital Converter Module

We present an eight-channel Time-to-Digital Converter (TDC) instrument able to measure up to eight independent time intervals, with 21 ps rms precision and less than 1.5 % LSB rms differential non-linearity, over a 10 μs full scale range and up to 5.5 Mconv/s per channel. The module can also operates the eight channels in averageor interleaved-mode, i.e. as a single TDC converter, in order to improve timing performance or conversion rate, respectively. The on-board realtime data processing allows fast data transfer to a remote computer, through a USB 2.0 interface, and a dedicated software interface handles measurements and plots data. Thanks to excellent timing performance and just 6 W power consumption, the 8-channel TDC module is suitable for advanced cost-effective multi-channel time measurements at the ps level. Index Terms — Time-Correlated Single Photon Counting (TCSPC), time interval meter, Time-to-Digital Converter (TDC).
Commentary on “Dissociation and Psychosis in Dissociative Identity Disorder and Schizophrenia” (Laddis & Dell)

Andreas Laddis and Paul Dell are to be congratulated for publishing a ground-breaking research study comparing persons diagnosed with dissociative identity disorder (DID) and schizophrenia on the Multidimensional Inventory of Dissociation (MID) (Laddis & Dell, this issue). This study illuminates important differences between the two disorders on overall dissociation scores and on many dimensions of dissociation, demonstrating the MID’s utility for both research and clinical purposes. Unfortunately, the authors’ interpretation of their data obscures an important similarity between the two disorders—the experience of auditory verbal hallucinations (or “voices”). This commentary is a criticism of their interpretation and a justification of my position that auditory hallucinations in both DID and schizophrenia are dissociation based. The main finding of Laddis and Dell’s important study was that the MID was able to effectively distinguish patients with schizophrenia from patients with DID. The latter had significantly higher dissociation scores on every measure with the exception of “voices arguing” (their scores on this scale did not differ from those of the schizophrenia patients instructed to reflect on their last psychotic episode). Only scores on the “psychosis screen,” which consisted of four items measuring delusional interpretations of experiences, were significantly higher in schizophrenia patients. Within the schizophrenia group, additional relevant findings indicated that (a) scores on the voices scale (measuring experiences of hearing voices)
Secure Cloud-Based Image Tampering Detection and Localization Using POB Number System

The benefits of high-end computation infrastructure facilities provided by cloud-based multimedia systems are attracting people all around the globe. However, such cloud-based systems possess security issues as third party servers become involved in them. Rendering data in an unreadable form so that no information is revealed to the cloud data centers will serve as the best solution to these security issues. One such image encryption scheme based on a Permutation Ordered Binary Number System has been proposed in this work. It distributes the image information in totally random shares, which can be stored at the cloud data centers. Further, the proposed scheme authenticates the shares at the pixel level. If any tampering is done at the cloud servers, the scheme can accurately identify the altered pixels via authentication bits and localizes the tampered area. The tampered portion is also reflected back in the reconstructed image that is obtained at the authentic user end. The experimental results validate the efficacy of the proposed scheme against various kinds of possible attacks, tested with a variety of images. The tamper detection accuracy has been computed on a pixel basis and found to be satisfactorily high for most of the tampering scenarios.