Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Shared Mechanisms in the Estimation of Self-Generated Actions and the Prediction of Other’s Actions by Humans

Abstract The question of how humans predict outcomes of observed motor actions by others is a fundamental problem in cognitive and social neuroscience. Previous theoretical studies have suggested that the brain uses parts of the forward model (used to estimate sensory outcomes of self-generated actions) to predict outcomes of observed actions. However, this hypothesis has remained controversial due to the lack of direct experimental evidence. To address this issue, we analyzed the behavior of darts experts in an understanding learning paradigm and utilized computational modeling to examine how outcome prediction of observed actions affected the participants’ ability to estimate their own actions. We recruited darts experts because sports experts are known to have an accurate outcome estimation of their own actions as well as prediction of actions observed in others. We first show that learning to predict the outcomes of observed dart throws deteriorates an expert’s abilities to both produce his own darts actions and estimate the outcome of his own throws (or self-estimation). Next, we introduce a state-space model to explain the trial-by-trial changes in the darts performance and self-estimation through our experiment. The model-based analysis reveals that the change in an expert’s self-estimation is explained only by considering a change in the individual’s forward model, showing that an improvement in an expert’s ability to predict outcomes of observed actions affects the individual’s forward model. These results suggest that parts of the same forward model are utilized in humans to both estimate outcomes of self-generated actions and predict outcomes of observed actions.
Assurance Provided by Auditors Reports on Prospective Financial Information: Implications for the Expectation Gap

The results of this study indicate significant differences in beliefs between auditors, users and preparers of prospective financial information, concerning forecast reliability and the role and responsibilities of auditors and management. Contrary to the usual published studies on expectation gap, it was found that auditors believe that forecasts are more reliable than users or preparers. Auditors also believe that they have a higher level of responsibility and accountability than is attributed to them by users or preparers. Beliefs were affected by the type of report issued by the auditor and subjects were able to discriminate between the level of assurance provided by positive and negative assurance opinions. However, based on the responses of shareholders, it appears that the negative assurance opinion on assumptions for an audit might confuse users and might not meet the demands of the market.
Bacillus subtilis antibiotics: structures, syntheses and specific functions

The endospore‐forming rhizobacterium Bacillus subtilis– the model system for Gram‐positive organisms, is able to produce more than two dozen antibiotics with an amazing variety of structures. The produced anti‐microbial active compounds include predominantly peptides that are either ribosomally synthesized and post‐translationally modified (lantibiotics and lantibiotic‐like peptides) or non‐ribosomally generated, as well as a couple of non‐peptidic compounds such as polyketides, an aminosugar, and a phospholipid. Here I summarize the structures of all known B. subtilis antibiotics, their biochemistry and genetic analysis of their biosyntheses. An updated summary of well‐studied antibiotic regulation pathways is given. Furthermore, current findings are resumed that show roles for distinct B. subtilis antibiotics beyond the ‘pure’ anti‐microbial action: Non‐ribosomally produced lipopeptides are involved in biofilm and swarming development, lantibiotics function as pheromones in quorum‐sensing, and a ‘killing factor’ effectuates programmed cell death in sister cells. A discussion of how these antibiotics may contribute to the survival of B. subtilis in its natural environment is given.
The Old Man and the SNI: A review of advance and adversity in Hueting's research in economic growth and the new scarcity from the environment and sustainable national income (SNI)

Roefie Hueting (1929), recently turned 79 years of age, has been working on the subject of economics and the environment since around 1965. Seminal results are his notion of environmental functions (WWF, 1969), his Ph.D. thesis “New Scarcity and Economic Growth. More welfare through less production ? ” (1974), the definition of (environmentally) sustainable national income (eSNI, UNEP/Worldbank 1989), the eSNI methodology (CBS Statistics Netherlands 1992) and his contributions to the 1999 Hueting Congress (presentation and rejoinders, 2001bc). The figure of national income NI gives production while the figure of eSNI gives the production level that maintains the availability for future generations of the vital environmental functions. For many economists, the current focus is on climate change but the ecological challenge is much wider and more fundamental, see also the Convention on Biological Diversity, Bonn 2008. The figure for eSNI still isn’t included in the system of national accounts (SNA) which means that current statistical reporting on national income and economic growth provides incomplete information to policy makers and the general public. With the dictum “What you measure is what you get”, we currently get “economic growth” that works against sustainability. This review provides a reflection on advance and adversity in 40 years of Hueting’s research in a world that only slowly recognizes the global environmental problem. How do governments decide under risk, how do they grow aware of that very risk, what is the role of the national statistical offices in providing information on that risk, especially when that risk concerns survival for large sections of the planet ? The reflection provides insights that themselves are useful for our understanding of the political economy of research on issues that are politically sensitive.
Labour geographies of India's new service economy

The last two decades have seen a profound shift in how labour is spatially conceptualized and understood within economic geography, based on a recognition of workers’ abilities to fashion the geography of capitalism to suit their own needs. However, the bulk of work in labour geography fails to examine worker agency beyond a narrow focus on the trade union movement, largely divorces workers’ activities from the sphere of social reproduction, and rarely looks beyond the ‘core’ capitalist economies of the Global North. In response, this article presents findings from a regional labour mobility survey of 439 call centre workers in India’s National Capital Region (May 2007). Here, previous work has heavily criticized the ‘dead-end’ nature of call centre jobs offshored to India from the Global North, yet has done so based on an intra-firm focus of analysis. By taking an alternative cross-firm worker agency approach, our analysis documents for the first time some Indian call centre agents’ abilities to circumvent a lack of internal job ladders and achieve career progression through lateral ‘career staircases’, as they job hop between firms in pursuit of better pay, improved working conditions and more complex job roles. In the absence of widespread unionization within this sector, the article also discusses the productive and social reproductive factors that underpin these patterns of Indian call centre worker agency, and their mediation by a complex nexus of labour market intermediaries beyond the firm. In so doing, the article ‘theorizes back’ (Yeung, 2007) on ‘mainstream’ (Western) theories of the limits to call centre worker agency and career advancement.
Spatial Mismatch in Search Equilibrium

We construct a search equilibrium model for a city with central and suburban labor markets that is consistent with the set of empirical regularities commonly associated with the spatial mismatch hypothesis: a higher rate of unemployment for central city residents than suburban residents, a higher job vacancy rate for suburban firms, and reverse commuting and higher suburban wages. The effectiveness and welfare implications of public policy programs that might be used to remedy the underlying mismatch are examined.
Employer Health Insurance Mandates and the Risk of Unemployment

Employer health insurance mandates form the basis of many health care reform proposals. Proponents make the case that they will increase insurance, while opponents raise the concern that low-wage workers will see offsetting reductions in their wages and that in the presence of minimum wage laws some of the lowest wage workers will become unemployed. We construct an estimate of the number of workers whose wages are so close to the minimum wage that they cannot be lowered to absorb the cost of health insurance, using detailed data on wages, health insurance, and demographics from the Current Population Survey. We find that 33 percent of uninsured workers earn within $3 of the minimum wage, putting them at risk of unemployment if their employers were required to offer insurance. Assuming an elasticity of employment with respect to minimum wage increase of -0.10, we estimate that 0.2 percent of all full-time workers and 1.4 percent of uninsured full-time workers would lose their jobs because of a health insurance mandate. Workers who would lose their jobs are disproportionately likely to be high school dropouts, minority, and female. This risk of unemployment should be a crucial component in the evaluation of both the effectiveness and distributional implications of these policies relative to alternatives such as tax credits, Medicaid expansions, and individual mandates, and their broader effects on the well-being of low-wage workers.
Balloon occluded retrograde transvenous obliteration for bleeding gastric varices: Eyes see what the mind knows

Abstract Approximately one in six patients with portal hypertension who develop varices at sites of portosystemic venous collaterals has gastric varices due to hepatofugal flow into the gastric veins. Bleeding from gastric varices, though less common, has a higher mortality and morbidity compared to bleeding esophageal varices, which are easier to manage endoscopically. The efferent channel for gastric varices is mostly the gastrorenal shunt (GRS) which opens into the left renal vein. Balloon-occluded transvenous obliteration (BRTO) involves accessing the GRS with an aim to temporarily occlude its outflow using a balloon catheter and at the same time injecting sclerosant mixture within the varix so as to cause its thrombosis and thereby obliteration. BRTO is one of the mainstays of minimally invasive treatment for bleeding gastric varices. In the minority of cases where the GRS is absent, conventional BRTO is technically not possible. However, accessing the small alternate shunt from the inferior phrenic vein may be possible if one is aware of its existence.
O1–051GARENOXACIN PROPHYLAXIS FOR FEBRILE NEUTROPENIA AFTER CHEMOTHERAPY IN HEMATOLOGICAL MALIGNANCIES

Background: Febrile neutropenia is one of the most serious adverse events in patients with hematological malignancies and chemotherapy. The routine use of fluoroquinolone prophylaxis in patients with hematological malignancies is controversial. Therefore, we prospectively evaluated the efficacy and safety of prophylactic use of garenoxacin for febrile neutropenia. Patients and Methods: Consecutive adult patients with hematological malignancies who were at risk for chemotherapy-induced neutropenia lasting more than seven days were eligible for present study. They received oral garenoxacin (400 mg daily) from the neutrophil count decreased to less than 1000/μl and continued until the neutropenia had resolved. The primary endpoint was incidence of febrile neutropenia, and the secondary endpoints were the type and incidence of adverse events. Results: We enrolled 46 consecutive patients (median age, 59 years). The underlying diseases comprised acute myeloid leukemia (n = 17), acute lymphoblastic leukemia (n = 3), malignant lymphoma (n = 23), and multiple myeloma (n = 3). There were 23 febrile neutropenia episodes and 2 episodes of bacteremia. There were no grade 3 or 4 adverse events; however serum creatinine levels were significantly elevated after garenoxacin administration. The overall prophylactic efficacy of garenoxacin was 50%, and there were no infection-related deaths. Conclusions: Prophylactic use of garenoxacin is effective and safe in patients with hematological malignancies. (Clinical trial registration number: UMIN000004979).
Studying the Impact of Household Economic and Community Variables on Child Mortality

Empirical studies of child survival make use of many types of information and are guided by many research paradigms. Statistical analyses of the determinants of child survival may deal with observations on regional conditions and population aggregates, characteristics of systematically selected populations, such as those encountered in a clinical practice, or data from representative household surveys on children and families. Epidemiological research often measures the direct association between inputs to health, such as nutrition and medical care, and health outcomes, such as child morbidity, disability, and mortality. Economic research, on the other hand, generally evaluates how the constraints on peoples' opportunities are associated with child health, presumably by affecting behaviorally some of the direct inputs. The purpose of this paper is to show why the former direct association between health inputs and an individual's health is a statistically biased and potentially misleading indicator of the corresponding causal effect. This bias arises because people are essentially different in their health endowments, and their use of health inputs tends to be affected by what they know about their endowments or heterogeneity. ' A stochastic framework is proposed for studying jointly the biological determinants of health in the presence of such heterogeneity, and the economically constrained selection of health inputs. Within this integrated framework the requirements for merging several types of data and for maintaining various "structural" assumptions will become clear. The goal is to estimate without bias both the underlying biological and behavioral relationships that will allow one to assess the benefits of "technology-based health interventions" and the consequences of "socioeconomic change" that affects the prospects for child survival by influencing people's opportunities and thereby their use of health-related inputs. Table 1 classifies information used in the study of child health according
Sex differences in the neurotoxic effects of adenosine A1 receptor antagonism during ethanol withdrawal: reversal with an A1 receptor agonist or an NMDA receptor antagonist.

BACKGROUND Neuronal adaptations that occur during chronic ethanol (EtOH) exposure have been observed to sensitize the brain to excitotoxic insult during withdrawal. The adenosine receptor system warrants further examination in this regard, as recent evidence has implicated adenosine receptor involvement in the behavioral effects of both EtOH exposure and withdrawal. METHODS The current studies examined effects of adenosine A(1) receptor manipulation on neuronal injury in EtOH-naive and EtOH-withdrawn male and female rat hippocampal slice cultures. EtOH-naive and EtOH pretreated (43.1 to 26.9 mM from days 5 to 15 DIV) cultures were exposed to the A(1) receptor agonist 2-Chloro-N(6)-cyclopentyladenosine (CCPA; 10 nM), the A(1) receptor antagonist 8-Cyclopentyl-1,3-dipropylxanthine (DPCPX;10 nM), or the N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor antagonist D,L,-2-amino-5-phosphovalerate (APV; 20 microM) at 15 days in vitro (DIV). Cytotoxicity was measured in the primary neuronal layers of the dentate gyrus, CA3 and CA1 hippocampal regions by quantification of propidium iodide (PI) fluorescence after 24 hours. Immunohistochemical analysis of A(1) receptor abundance was conducted in EtOH-naive and EtOH pretreated slice cultures at 15 DIV. RESULTS Twenty-four hour exposure to DPCPX in EtOH-naive slice cultures did not produced neurotoxicity in any region of slice cultures. Though withdrawal from 10 day EtOH exposure produced no toxicity in either male or female slice cultures, exposure to DPCPX during 24 hours of EtOH withdrawal produced a marked increase in PI uptake in all hippocampal culture subregions in female cultures (to approximately 160% of control values). A significant effect for sex was observed in the CA1 region such that toxicity in females cultures exposed to the A(1) antagonist during withdrawal was greater than that observed in male cultures. These effects of DPCPX in EtOH withdrawn female and male slices were prevented by co-exposure to either the A(1) agonist CCPA or the NMDA receptor antagonist APV for 24 hours. No differences in the abundance of A(1) receptors were observed in male and female EtOH-naive or EtOH pretreated cultures. CONCLUSIONS The current findings suggest that the female hippocampus possesses an innate sensitivity to effects of EtOH exposure and withdrawal on neuronal excitability that is independent of hormonal influences. Further, this sex difference is not related to effects of EtOH exposure on A(1) receptor abundance, but likely reflects increased NMDA receptor-mediated signaling downstream of A(1) inhibition in females.
Capture probability in a mobile packet radio system

The probability of q/sub i/ of successful packet reception when i users transmit simultaneously in a mobile packet radio system is shown to decrease monotonically with i for a number of commonly used capture and spatial distribution models, with no fading. Examples of both noiseless and noisy systems in which q/sub i/ is not monotonically decreasing with i are also given. >
Hemorrhagic complications after nephron-sparing surgery: angiographic diagnosis and management by transcatheter embolization.

OBJECTIVE Nephron-sparing surgery has become an accepted treatment technique for renal cell carcinoma in properly selected patients. Although rare, major postoperative hemorrhage can occur and is usually accompanied by gross hematuria with or without acute flank pain at the site of prior surgery. In this retrospective study, the immediate radiologic and clinical success and the long-term follow-up of transcatheter embolization are evaluated. CONCLUSION Transcatheter selective embolization is a safe and effective technique for appropriate management of this postoperative vascular complication.
The Thinning of Administrative Institutions in the Hollow State

During the past 20 years or so, governments worldwide have embarked on an ambitious journey to improve government performance. Relying on a multitude of administrative technologies broadly classified under the heading of the New Public Management (NPM), reformers have sought to radically change the manner in which the public's business is conducted. Although the verdict is still out, evidence is accumulating that NPM philosophy and practices may have produced unintended consequences. The author argues that in addition to contributing to an increasingly hollow state, NPM philosophy and practices have contributed to a phenomenon described as the thinning of administrative institutions. Thin institutions are weak; they lack the capacity for good administration—a requirement for maintaining the American people's confidence in government.
Impacts of exports and foreign direct investment (FDI) on economic growth of Pakistan

4 Abstract: Economic Growth rate is very widely recognized indicator to measure the health of the economy. Higher growth rate is considered to be the necessary- though insufficient- condition for realizing the overall objective of economic development. Among the many variables that affect the GDP growth rate, export and Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) are thought to be the most important in the literature of economics. They contribute, among others, in generating employment opportunities, raising foreign exchange reserves, increasing technological spillovers and improving the marketing skills. Are these favorable impacts of exports and FDI realized in the case economic growth of Pakistan? There is a growing body of literature around this question which often presents mixed findings. Keeping this in view, the present study was designed to estimate the quantitative impacts of exports and FDI on the economic growth of Pakistan. For the purpose of analysis, Co-integration technique was applied on the secondary data ranging from 1975 to 2010, gathered from various sources. The results of the study showed that there is significant impact of export and FDI on the economic growth of Pakistan. It is suggested that relatively more focus should be given to broad based, processed and value added export. Moreover, FDI should come in export oriented sectors such as agriculture.
Transfer of delayed hypersensitivity to coccidioidin in man.

Generalized delayed sensitivity to coccidioidin can be transferred in human subjects with DNase-treated leukocyte extracts obtained from sensitive donors. This has been accomplished in 23 out of 27 consecutive attempts with leukocyte extracts obtained from moderately to markedly sensitive donors, and in 5 out of 8 consecutive attempts with leukocytes obtained from minimally to moderately sensitive donors. Attempts to transfer coccidioidin sensitivity with leukocyte extracts obtained from a negative donor were unsuccessful in 8 out of 9 consecutive trials. Sensitivity to coccidioidin after transfer may persist up to 15 months, in the absence of exposure to Coccidioides immitis or repeated skin testing. The results of transfer of coccidioidin sensitivity by this means generally parallel those obtained in man following the transfer of bacterial hypersensitivity using extracts of specifically sensitive donor leukocytes.
Innovation‐oriented operations strategy typology and stage‐based model

Purpose – This paper aims to examine how firms, operating in mature and growing industries, can improve the alignment of their operations strategy to fit situations characterized by varying rates of industry growth and technological changes.Design/methodology/approach – The authors enhance the operations strategy typology presented by Lei and Slocum by incorporating an enhanced set of competitive priorities and supporting structure/infrastructure requirements into their four cell matrix. They then introduce a stage‐based model of environmental dynamism and complexity that can foster major transitions in operations strategy.Findings – Industry growth and technological change interact to create alternative environments with varying levels of dynamism and complexity requiring realignment of operations strategy. With increasing rates of technological change, the authors emphasize an urgent need to include innovation as a competitive priority (along with cost, quality, delivery and flexibility) to proactively .
Strategies for scaling up social enterprise: lessons from early years providers

Purpose – This paper seeks to examine the strategies social enterprises can use to scale up their impact. A traditional view has been for growth to occur through expanding operations or setting up new sites owned by a single organisation. However, a range of other strategies of scaling impact outside of organisational boundaries is explored.Design/methodology/approach – The paper is based on an analysis of one detailed and three less intensive case studies of social enterprises in the early years sector supporting children and families. These were selected purposefully to represent a cross section of types of organisation. In the detailed case study, interviews were conducted with ten nursery managers, four of the senior management team and other key stakeholders.Findings – This paper examines alternatives for scaling up social impact ranging from maximising the impact internally (through new activities, and more sites) to growth beyond the confines of the organisation (through social franchises, use of k.