Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Second-Order Optical Nonlinearities and Related Numerical Estimates in Bulk Ferroelectrics

Second and third order nonlinear optic coefficients can be calculated from the Landau expansion for paraelectric and ferroelectric phases by means of the Landau-Khalatnikov dynamical equations. The focus here is on second-order phase transitions and an expression for the second-harmonic generation coefficient is given. Numerical estimates for the relevant parameters using data for PbTiO 3 are presented. We then develop the model further for second harmonic generation.
Projected Shifts in Bird Distribution in India under Climate Change

Global climate change is causing unprecedented impacts on biodiversity. In India, there is little information available regarding how climate change affects biodiversity at the taxon/group level, and large-scale ecological analyses have been lacking. In this study, we demonstrated the applicability of eBird and GBIF (Global Biodiversity Information Facility), and produced national-scale forecasts to examine the possible impacts of climate change on terrestrial avifauna in India. Using data collected by citizen scientists, we developed fine-tuned Species Distribution Models (SDMs) and predicted 1091 terrestrial bird species that would be distributed in India by 2070 on two climatic surfaces (RCP 4.5 and 8.5), using Maximum Entropy-based species distribution algorithms. Of the 1091 species modelled, our findings indicate that 66–73% of bird species in India will shift to higher elevations or shift northward, and 58–59% of bird species (RCP 4.5 and 8.5) would lose a portion of their distribution ranges. Furthermore, distribution ranges of 41–40% of bird species would increase. Under both RCP scenarios (RCP 4.5 and 8.5), bird species diversity will significantly increase in regions above 2500 m in elevation. Both RCP scenarios predict extensive changes in the species richness of the western Himalayas, Sikkim, northeast India, and the western Ghats regions by 2070. This study has resulted in novel, high-resolution maps of terrestrial bird species richness across India, and we predict predominantly northward shifts in species ranges, similar to predictions made for avifauna in other regions, such as Europe and the USA.
Novel Information Measures for Fermatean Fuzzy Sets and Their Applications to Pattern Recognition and Medical Diagnosis

Fermatean fuzzy sets (FFSs) have piqued the interest of researchers in a wide range of domains. The striking framework of the FFS is keen to provide the larger preference domain for the modeling of ambiguous information deploying the degrees of membership and nonmembership. Furthermore, FFSs prevail over the theories of intuitionistic fuzzy sets and Pythagorean fuzzy sets owing to their broader space, adjustable parameter, flexible structure, and influential design. The information measures, being a significant part of the literature, are crucial and beneficial tools that are widely applied in decision-making, data mining, medical diagnosis, and pattern recognition. This paper aims to expand the literature on FFSs by proposing many innovative Fermatean fuzzy sets-based information measures, namely, distance measure, similarity measure, entropy measure, and inclusion measure. We investigate the relationship between distance, similarity, entropy, and inclusion measures for FFSs. Another achievement of this research is to establish a systematic transformation of information measures (distance measure, similarity measure, entropy measure, and inclusion measure) for the FFSs. To accomplish this aim, new formulae for information measures of FFSs have been presented. To demonstrate the validity of the measures, we employ them in pattern recognition, building materials, and medical diagnosis. Additionally, a comparison between traditional and novel similarity measures is described in terms of counter-intuitive cases. The findings demonstrate that the innovative information measures do not include any absurd cases.
Evidence of polygenic regulation of the physiological presence of neurofilament light chain in human serum

Introduction The measurement of neurofilament light chain (NfL) in blood is a promising biomarker of neurological injury and disease. We investigated the genetic factors that underlie serum NfL levels (sNfL) of individuals without neurological conditions. Methods We performed a discovery genome-wide association study (GWAS) of sNfL in participants of the German BiDirect Study (N = 1,899). A secondary GWAS for meta-analysis was performed in a small Austrian cohort (N = 287). Results from the meta-analysis were investigated in relation with several clinical variables in BiDirect. Results Our discovery GWAS identified 12 genomic loci at the suggestive threshold ((p < 1 × 10−5). After meta-analysis, 7 loci were suggestive of an association with sNfL. Genotype-specific differences in sNfL were observed for the lead variants of meta-analysis loci (rs34523114, rs114956339, rs529938, rs73198093, rs34372929, rs10982883, and rs1842909) in BiDirect participants. We identified potential associations in meta-analysis loci with markers of inflammation and renal function. At least 6 protein-coding genes (ACTG2, TPRKB, DMXL1, COL23A1, NAT1, and RIMS2) were suggested as genetic factors contributing to baseline sNfL levels. Discussion Our findings suggest that polygenic regulation of neuronal processes, inflammation, metabolism and clearance modulate the variability of NfL in the circulation. These could aid in the interpretation of sNfL measurements in a personalized manner.
Coriolis effects on wind jets and cloudiness along coasts

Coastal meteorology is complex and ofgreat practical importance. The UK has theworld’s 14th longest coastline of over12000km, with much of its population andmany of its large cities situated along it.Many wind turbine ‘farms’ are beinginstalled in coastal waters (e.g. at Blyth,Northumberland). Together with theexpanded use of photo-voltaic systems andwave/tidal energy, it is intended to generateup to 20% of the UK’s electricity by renew-able sources by 2020 (Department of Tradeand Industry 2003). However, the variationsof winds and sunshine along the coasts arenot always well predicted and some aspectsof the governing dynamics still need to bestudied in more detail, as recent studies onthe coast of California have demonstrated(Rogers et al. 1998). Better prediction offlooding in high winds depends critically onmore accurate calculation of coastal winds(Hunt 2005). The increased surface rough-ness over the land compared to that overthe sea alters the direction, reduces thestrength, and increases the turbulence ofthe wind (e.g. Caton 1977). In the UK, the‘sea-breeze’ flows up to 30–150km inlandfrom the coastline on fine days (e.g. Simpson1994). However, (as Manley (1955) implies inhis classic book on British weather) thesewell-known effects do not explain some ofthe important features of coastal meteorolo-gy along the UK’s coasts, namely the forma-tion of low-level wind jets and theassociated variation of cloudiness.When considering local ‘mesocale’weath-er, it is essential to consider the Earth’s back-ground rotation, i.e. the inertial Coriolisforce, and also stable stratification, i.e. therestoring force due to buoyancy on a parcelof air displaced vertically (e.g. Rotunno et al.1992). The Coriolis force is proportional tothe wind speed
AFM Analysis of a Three-Point Flexure Tested, 3D Printing Definitive Restoration Material for Dentistry

Background: Three-dimensional printing is a rapidly developing technology across all industries. In medicine recent developments include 3D bioprinting, personalized medication and custom prosthetics and implants. To ensure safety and long-term usability in a clinical setting, it is essential to understand material specific properties. This study aims to analyze possible surface changes of a commercially available and approved DLP 3D printed definitive restoration material for dentistry after three-point flexure testing. Furthermore, this study explores whether Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM) is a feasible method for examination of 3D printed dental materials in general. This is a pilot study, as there are currently no studies that analyze 3D printed dental materials using an AFM. Methods: The present study consisted of a pretest followed by the main test. The resulting break force of the preliminary test was used to determine the force used in the main test. The main test consisted of atomic force microscopy (AFM) surface analysis of the test specimen followed by a three-point flexure procedure. After bending, the same specimen was analyzed with the AFM again, to observe possible surface changes. Results: The mean root mean square (RMS) roughness of the segments with the most stress was 20.27 nm (±5.16) before bending, while it was 26.48 nm (±6.67) afterward. The corresponding mean roughness (Ra) values were 16.05 nm (±4.25) and 21.19 nm (±5.71) Conclusions: Under three-point flexure testing, the surface roughness increased significantly. The p-value for RMS roughness was p = 0.003, while it was p = 0.006 for Ra. Furthermore, this study showed that AFM surface analysis is a suitable procedure to investigate surface changes in 3D printed dental materials.
Mueller matrix imaging polarimeter at the wavelength of 265  nm.

Mueller matrix imaging polarimeters (MMIPs) have been developed in the wavelength region of >400n m with great potential in many fields yet leaving a void of instrumentation and application in the ultraviolet (UV) region. For the first time to our knowledge, an UV-MMIP is developed for high resolution, sensitivity, and accuracy at the wavelength of 265 nm. A modified polarization state analyzer is designed and applied to suppress stray light for nice polarization images, and the errors of the measured Mueller matrices are calibrated to lower than 0.007 in pixel level. The finer performance of the UV-MMIP is demonstrated by the measurements of unstained cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN) specimens. The contrasts of depolarization images obtained by the UV-MMIP are dramatically improved over those obtained by our previous VIS-MMIP at the wavelength of 650 nm. A distinct evolution of depolarization in normal cervical epithelium tissue, CIN-I, CIN-II, and CIN-III specimens can be observed by the UV-MMIP with mean depolarization promotion by up to 20 times. This evolution could provide important evidence for CIN staging but can hardly be distinguished by the VIS-MMIP. The results prove that the UV-MMIP could be an effective tool in polarimetric applications with higher sensitivity.
Research on a Highly Overmoded Slow Wave Circuit for 0.3-THz Extended Interaction Oscillator

Here, we present the complete design process of a highly overmoded slow wave circuit (SWC) stably operating in the quasi-TM04 mode for terahertz (THz) extended interaction oscillator (EIO). The developed interaction circuit emits THz frequency electromagnetic radiation through structural size of the engineered millimeter-wave (MMW) circuits, which provides a new technological horizon for overcoming the engineering challenges caused by the limitation of circuit size. Through careful engineering of the electron optical system, a cylindrical beam with a diameter of 0.38 mm and a current of 0.25 A is obtained at a bias of 14.8 kV. Through the particle-in-cell (PIC) simulation, these new design approaches have been shown to achieve an output power of 250 W at 0.3 THz in a cylindrical cavity with an inner diameter of 4.16 mm.
Three Perspectives on the Experience of Support for Family Caregivers in First Nations Communities

There is a dearth of research on how family caregivers are supported in First Nations. We interviewed family caregivers, health and community providers, and leaders in two Alberta First Nations Communities about their experiences of care and support for the family caregivers in their communities. We employed a qualitative, collaborative participatory action research methodology. We drew on Etuaptmumk, the Mi’kmaw understanding of being in the world is the gift of multiple perspectives. Participants in this research included family caregivers (n = 6), health and community providers (n = 14), and healthcare and community leaders (n = 6). The overarching caregiving theme is the “Hierarchy of challenge”. Six themes capture the challenges faced by family caregivers: (one) “Caregiving is a demanding job”: yet “No one in a sense is taking care of them”; (two) difficult navigation: “I am unable to access that”; (three) delayed assessments and treatment “And I don’t know how they’re being missed”; (four) disconnected health records: “It’s kind of on you to follow up”; (five) racism, “It’s treated differently”; and, (six) social determinants of health, “A lot of these factors have been developing for the longest time”. This study provides evidence that family caregivers’ need to care for and to maintain their own wellbeing is not top of mind in policy or programs in these First Nations communities. As we advocate for support for Canadian family caregivers, we need to ensure that Indigenous family caregivers are also recognized in policy and programs.
A Joint Regression Variable and Autoregressive Order Selection Criterion

Abstract. In linear regression models with autocorrelated errors, we apply the residual likelihood approach to obtain a residual information criterion (RIC), which can jointly select regression variables and autoregressive orders. We show that RIC is a consistent criterion. In addition, our simulation studies indicate that it outperforms heuristic selection criteria – the Akaike information criterion and the Bayesian information criterion – when the signal‐to‐noise ratio is not weak.
An unmanned driving system based on lane-level path planning

Automated driving systems promise low cost and low human consumption. If it is used in mine, canyons and other environments, it will have huge economic benefits. However, in such environments as mines and urban canyons, there is a problem that satellite signals are blocked, leading to the failure of positioning. To solve this problem, we integrate lidar, inertial measurement unit and Real-Time Kinematic Global Position System to achieve high-precision positioning in urban canyon and open environment. Besides, there are many curves on the roads in urban parks, which adds great difficulty to unmanned driving, so we construct a lane-level high-precision environmental map, which realizes path planning based on lane and stable driving of unmanned vehicles. Furthermore, we orderly integrate perceiving, mapping and positioning, path planning and motion control modules to form a lightweight unmanned driving system, which perceive the environment by lidar, inertial measurement unit and Real-Time Kinematic Global Position System, use lightweight SC-LEGO-LOAM to build environment map, use normal distribution transformation to achieve rapid vehicle positioning, and use lane-level high-precision map to achieve global static path planning, use lattice algorithm to realize smooth and stable local path planning, then transmit it to the vehicle site. After real vehicle testing, the vehicle can be driven stably in the complex environment of the park. This automated driving system can be applied in mines and urban parks and can realize unmanned transportation. It has huge economic benefits. The lane-level high-precision map we have built is the development direction of the future driverless electronic map.
Ownership structure and air pollution: The mediation effect of energy efficiency

There is no consensus on whether state-owned enterprises (SOEs) or privately-owned enterprises (POEs) pollute more. This study explores the impact of ownership on pollution emission intensity using micro-data from Chinese industrial enterprises. From the perspective of energy efficiency, the mechanism of ownership affecting pollution emissions is explored further. Research results show that the pollution emission intensity of SOEs is significantly higher than that of POEs. The underlying reason is the low energy efficiency of SOEs, and energy efficiency plays an important mediating role in the relationship between ownership and pollution emissions. Among industrial waste gas, nitrogen oxides (NOx) and dust emissions, energy efficiency plays the largest mediating effect between ownership and NOx emissions. Additionally, in both high-polluting and low-polluting industries, SOEs’ pollutant emission intensity is higher than that of POEs, however, the mediation effect of energy efficiency is greater in low-polluting industries. In cities with high growth pressure, SOEs’ pollutant emission intensity is more significant than that of POEs. On the contrary, there are no noticeable differences in pollutant emission intensity between SOEs and POEs in cities with low growth pressure. But the mediation effect of energy efficiency is more significant in cities with high growth pressure. Industrial enterprises are the ultimate sources of industrial pollution. Therefore, the formulation of effective environmental policies cannot be separated from the analysis of enterprises’ emission behaviors and the assessment of micro factors affecting emissions. The conclusions of this study provide a basis for developing countries to formulate environmental policies for industrial enterprises.
Tobacco and E-Cigarette Use among Thai Dental Students: A Cross-Sectional National Survey, 2021

Objectives: This study examined the prevalence of tobacco and e-cigarette use, attitudes toward tobacco control, training on tobacco control in the dental curriculum, and attitudes toward e-cigarette use among Thai dental students. Materials and Methods: An online survey among 1968 Thai dental students was conducted in 2021. The questionnaire was modified from the Global Health Professions Student Survey with information collected on tobacco products, e-cigarette use, attitudes, and training toward tobacco control in the dental curriculum and personal information (e.g., sex, course year, regions, and types of dental schools). Descriptive analyses and χ2 tests were performed. Results: The prevalence of tobacco and e-cigarette use among Thai dental students was 4.2%. Out of current users, 95% used e-cigarettes and 36.6% used multiple products, with a 1.7% prevalence of conventional cigarettes and other forms of tobacco use. Tobacco and e-cigarette use was higher in male than female dental students and was not associated with course year, region, and type of dental school. Conclusions: A small percentage of Thai dental students used tobacco or e-cigarettes, with the majority of current tobacco users being e-cigarette users. Thai dental students generally had a favorable view of tobacco control and a negative view of e-cigarette use. However, fewer than half of the surveyed students had received training in tobacco cessation therapy.
Associations among teacher-child interaction, children's executive function and children's comprehensible vocabulary

Objective To understand the working mechanism and the relationships among the quality of teacher-child interaction (TCI), children's comprehensible vocabulary (CV) and executive function (EF). Methods Using stratified sampling, 900 children (boys 50.2%) and 60 preschool teachers were recruited from 4 places in China for testing, and five measurement tools, including the Classroom Assessment Scoring System (CLASS), the Peabody Picture Vocabulary Test (PPVT-R), the Stroop test, a card sorting task, and the Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children (WISC-IV), were used. Results For every additional unit of TCI, EF increases by 0.55 units; For every additional unit of EF, CV increases by 0.55 units; For every additional unit of CV, EF increases by 0.55 units; For every additional unit of CV, TCI increases by 0.38 units; For every additional unit of TCI, CV increases by 0.38 units. In the Model of TCI-EF-CV, the estimated value of TCI and the total effect of comprehensible vocabulary is 0.18; Z = 9.84, which is significantly greater than 1.96 at the bias-corrected 95% confidence interval and at the percentile 95% confidence interval (0.15, 0.23), both of which do not contain 0. The direct effect of TCI and CV is significant and indirect effects account for 39%. In the Model of TCI-CV-EF, the total effect of TCI on executive function is 0.09 (Z = 6.14), the direct effect is not significant with bias-corrected 95% confidence interval and 95% confidence interval (−0.01, 0.03), both of which include 0. Conclusion There are two-way effects among children's EF and CV, TCI and CV. EF plays a mediating role in the influence of TCI on CV. TCI positively predicts children's EF, but this mainly depends on CV. Therefore, TCI plays a positive role in the development of children's CV and EF.
A Bibliometric and Cluster Analysis of Blended Learning Literature

The objective of this document is to analyze the evolution of the scientific literature on blended learning in the university context over the past 10 years by using bibliometric analysis and cluster analysis. Different descriptive statistical techniques commonly used in bibliometric analysis and science mapping were used to analyze the bibliographic dataset; in addition, we use co- word analysis and network analysis to examine author keywords and search for thematic clusters. Thus, six thematic groups were identified. Most of these groups focus on qualitative analysis of the experiences of hybrid courses. Other clusters focus on the technological adaptations of the courses and on evaluating the results of these adaptations from the perspective of the students. Few documents contain reports related to the design, development, implementation, and evaluation of a BL course in higher education with a teaching approach.
PDF of distance function for level‐set flamelet library modelling

The difference between a presumed distribution of flamelet position and a numerically simulated distribution of distance function (a signed distance to flamelet) is investigated. It is shown that even if the distribution of flamelet position is symmetrical and close to Gaussian, the distribution of distance function away from the mean flame position is skewed towards the mean position and the mean of the distance function is also different from the distance to the mean position. The difference depends on the distance to the mean flame and the flame wrinkling amplitude. An extension method for the variance of the distance function and an upwind scheme for solving the re‐initialization equation are presented. A numerical simulation of a premixed turbulent flame is compared to experimental data. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Interactive landscape–scale cloud animation using DCGAN

This article presents an interactive method for 3D cloud animation at the landscape scale by employing machine learning. To this end, we utilize deep convolutional generative adversarial network (DCGAN) on GPU for training on home-captured cloud videos and producing coherent animation frames. We limit the size of input images provided to DCGAN, thereby reducing the training time and yet producing detailed 3D animation frames. This is made possible through our preprocessing of the source videos, wherein several corrections are applied to the extracted frames to provide an adequate input training data set to DCGAN. A significant advantage of the presented cloud animation is that it does not require any underlying physics simulation. We present detailed results of our approach and verify its effectiveness using human perceptual evaluation. Our results indicate that the proposed method is capable of convincingly realistic 3D cloud animation, as perceived by the participants, without introducing too much computational overhead.