Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
The Cosmic γ-ray Background from supernovae

The Cosmic γ-ray Background (CGB) near photon energies Eγ∼1 MeV may be partly, or even completely, due to γ-ray production in supernovae. In particular, γ-ray line emission from the decay chain 56Ni→56Co→56Fe (847, 1238, 1770, 2599, 2030, 3250 keV) is the dominant source for the SN-induced CGB. Although iron synthesis occurs in all types of supernovae, SNIa contribute predominantly to the background mostly due to higher photon escape probabilities. Estimates of the global star formation history in the local universe yield a present-day rate density of ≃3.7×10−2 h3 M⊙ Mpc−3 yr−1, but the star formation rate was about ten times higher at a redshift of order unity. The rate then decreases again, reaching the present-day value near redshifts ≃5. In addition to γ-rays from SNIa we also consider contributions to the CGB due to lines from SNII (such as 26Al at 1.8 MeV, 44Ti at 1.157 MeV, and 60Co at 1.17 & 1.33 MeV). The γ-ray spectrum of Model W10HMM (Pinto & Woosley [8]) was time integrated to derive a templat.
Study on Protein Structures of Eight Mung Bean Varieties and Freeze-Thaw Stability of Protein-Stabilized Emulsions

In order to evaluate the freeze-thaw stability of mung bean protein isolate (MPI)-stabilized emulsions and its relationship with protein structure, proteins of eight mung bean varieties were compared. The results revealed that MPIs prepared from all eight varieties were mainly composed of five subunit bands, with albumin and globulin content ranges of 188.4–310.3 and 301.1–492.7 mg/g total protein, respectively. Protein structural analysis revealed that random coil structure (32.34–33.51%) accounted for greater than 30% of MPI secondary structure. Meanwhile, analysis of protein properties revealed emulsifying activity index (EAI), emulsifying stability index (ESI) and flexibility value ranges of 6.735–8.598 m2/g, 20.13–34.25% and 0.125–0.182, respectively. Measurements of freeze-thaw stability of MPI emulsions demonstrated that exposures of emulsions to multiple freeze-thaw cycles resulted in significantly different emulsion creaming index, oiling-off, particle size and zeta potential values for the various emulsions. Moreover, the stabilities of all eight protein emulsions decreased with each freeze-thaw cycle, as demonstrated using optical micrographs. The correlation analysis method was used to study the correlation between the original structures, emulsifying properties of proteins and the freeze-thaw stability of MPI emulsions. Correlation analysis results revealed significant relationships between albumin content, subunit bands with a molecular weight of 26.9 kDa and emulsifying properties were significantly related to the freeze-thaw stability of MPI emulsion. Thus, by determining these indicator values, we can predict the freeze-thaw stability of MPI-stabilized emulsions.
Dynamical Casimir effect in a double tunable superconducting circuit

We present an analytical and numerical analysis of the particle creation in a cavity ended with two SQUIDs, both subjected to time dependent magnetic fields. In the linear and lossless regime, the problem can be modeled by a free quantum field in $1+1$ dimensions, in the presence of boundary conditions that involve a time dependent linear combination of the field and its spatial and time derivatives. We consider a situation in which the boundary conditions at both ends are periodic functions of time, focusing on interesting features as the dependence of the rate of particle creation with the characteristics of the spectrum of the cavity, the conditions needed for parametric resonance, and interference phenomena due to simultaneous time dependence of the boundary conditions. We point out several concrete effects that could be tested experimentally
Spin-2 fields and the weak gravity conjecture

Recently, it has been argued that application of the Weak Gravity Conjecture (WGC) to spin-2 fields implies a universal upper bound on the cutoff of the effective theory for a single spin-2 field. We point out here that these arguments are largely spurious, because of the absence of states carrying spin-2 Stuckelberg $U(1)$ charge, and because of incorrect scaling assumptions. Known examples such as Kaluza-Klein theory that respect the usual WGC do so because of the existence of a genuine $U(1)$ field under which states are charged, as in the case of the Stuckelberg formulation of spin-1 theories, for which there is an unambiguously defined $U(1)$ charge. Theories of bigravity naturally satisfy a naive formulation of the WGC, $M_W< M_{\rm Pl}$, since the force of the massless graviton is always weaker than the massive spin-2 modes. It also follows that theories of massive gravity trivially satisfies this form of the WGC. We also point out that the identification of a massive spin-2 state in a truncated higher derivative theory, such as Einstein-Weyl-squared or its supergravity extension, bears no relationship with massive spin-2 states in the UV completion, contrary to previous statements in the literature. We also discuss the conjecture from a swampland perspective and show how the emergence of a universal upper bound on the cutoff relies on strong assumptions on the scale of the couplings between the spin-2 and other fields, an assumption which is known to be violated in explicit examples.
Photosynthetic Responses of Freshwater Macrophytes to the Daily Light Cycle in Songkhla Lagoon

Macrophytes play an important role in the freshwater ecosystem. However, human activities and climate change are currently affecting aquatic lakes and species in various ways. The heterogeneity of macrophyte ecophysiology might lead to different responses to changing environments. To understand the photosynthetic responses of freshwater macrophytes to changes in light, six freshwater macrophyte species from Songkhla Lagoon were investigated. The results showed that there was a diurnal response of photosynthetic activities in all species. The Fv/Fm and ∆F/Fm′ of all species decreased at midday (9 a.m.–3 p.m.) then recovered at 6 p.m. close to the 6 a.m. level. As well as alpha, the positive relation between alpha and light showed the adaptation of plants. The saturating irradiance (Ik) revealed that plants from different light regimes showed different responses to light and temperature changes. To maintain a positive carbon balance and cope with light and temperature conditions, macrophytes had strategies such as modifying light harvesting capacity and light use. This study provides a better understanding of the vulnerability of each species to environmental changes and photosynthetic responses that enable species from different light regime to adapt to changing light environments.
An effective and reliable marker in gradıng the severity of acute cholecystitis: Increased immature granulocyte percentage

ABSTRACT BACKGROUND: Acute cholecystitis (AC) is an acute inflammatory disease of gallbladder and it is one of the most common causes of acute abdominal pain. Determining the severity of AC at hospital admission is extremely important to choose the most effective treatment method and predict vital prognosis. The aim of this study was to investigate the effectiveness of immature granulocyte percentage (IG%) in grading AC severity. METHODS: This retrospective study was carried out on 528 patients hospitalized due to AC diagnosis. Demographic data, white blood cell (WBC) count, neutrophil lymphocyte ratio (NLR), IG%, C-reactive protein (CRP) levels, and imaging results of patients were recorded. Furthermore, patients’ length of hospital stay was determined. Tokyo Guidelines were used to grade AC severity. According to this grading, patients were classified into three groups as grade 1 (mild), grade 2 (moderate), and grade 3 (severe) AC. Differences among groups were analyzed statistically. RESULTS: There were 386 patients (73.1%) in the mild AC group, 102 patients (19.3%) in the moderate AC group, and 40 patients (7.6%) in the severe AC group. WBC, NLR, CRP and IG% were significant parameters in discriminating mild AC from moderate and severe AC. However, only IG% was a significant parameter in discriminating moderate AC from severe AC. Moreover, the power of IG% to discriminate between patients with mild and moderate AC and those with severe AC was dramatically higher than the other parameters. CONCLUSION: Increased IG% is seen as an effective and reliable predictor in the early determination of AC severity.
Computationally efficient error-correcting codes and holographic proofs

We present computationally efficient error-correcting codes and holographic proofs. Our error-correcting codes are asymptotically good and can be encoded and decoded in linear time. Our construction of holographic proofs provide, for every proof of any theorem, a slightly larger "holographic" proof whose accuracy can be probabilistically checked by an algorithm that only reads a constant number of the bits of the holographic proof and runs in poly-logarithmic time (such proofs have also been called "transparent proofs" and "probabilistically checkable proofs"). We explain how these constructions are related and how improvements of these constructions should result in a strengthening of this relationship. For every constant r such that $00$ and a linear-time decoding algorithm for these codes that maps every word of relative distance at most $\epsilon$ from a codeword to that codeword. The encoding circuits have logarithmic depth. The decoding algorithm can be implemented as a circuit with $O(n\log\ n)$ wires and logarithmic depth. These constructions make use of explicit constructions of expander graphs and superconcentrators. Our constructions of holographic proofs improve on the theorem $PCP(\log\ n,1)=NP,$ proved by Arora, Lund, Motwani, Sudan, and Szegedy, by providing, for every $\epsilon>0,$ constant-query checkable proofs of size $O(n\sp{1+\epsilon}). $ That is, we design a probabilistic poly-logarithmic time proof checking algorithm that takes two inputs: a theorem candidate and a proof candidate. After reading a constant number of bits from each input, the proof checker decides whether to accept or reject its inputs. For every rigorous proof of length n of any theorem, there is an easily computable holographic proof of that theorem of size $O(n\sp{1+\epsilon})$ such that, with probability one, the proof checker will accept the holographic proof and an encoding of the theorem. Conversely, if the proof checker accepts a theorem candidate and a proof candidate with probability greater than one-half, then the theorem candidate is close to a unique encoding of a true theorem and the proof candidate constitutes a proof of that theorem. (Copies available exclusively from MIT Libraries, Rm. 14-0551, Cambridge, MA 02139-4307. Ph. 617-253-5668; Fax 617-253-1690.)
Spherically symmetric charged black hole in conformal teleparallel equivalent of general relativity

We studied 4-dimensional non-charged and charged spherically symmetric spacetimes in conformal teleparallel equivalent of general relativity. For this aim, we apply the field equations of non-charged and charged to diagonal and non-diagonal vierbeins and derive their sets of non-linear differential equations. We investigate in details that the Schwarzschild, for the non-charged case, and the Reissner-Nordström, for the charged case, are the only black hole solutions for the spherically symmetric case in the frame of conformal teleparallel equivalent of general relativity theory. Our conclusion indicates that the scalar field in the conformal teleparallel equivalent of general relativity theory has no effect for the spherically symmetric manifold.
Binary--Single-Star Scattering. VI. Automatic Determination of Interaction Cross Sections

Scattering encounters between binaries and single stars play a central role in determining the dynamical evolution of a star cluster. In addition, three-body scattering can give rise to many interesting exceptional objects: merging can produce blue stragglers; exchange can produce binaries containing millisecond pulsars in environments quite different from those in which the pulsars were spun up; various types of X-ray binaries can be formed, and their activity can be either shut off or triggered as a result of triple interactions. To date, all published results on three-body scattering have relied on human guidance for determining the correct parameter range for the envelope within which to perform Monte--Carlo scattering experiments. In this paper, we describe the first fully automatic determination of cross sections and reaction rates for binary--single-star scattering. Rather than relying on human inspection of pilot calculations, we have constructed a feedback system that ensures near-optimal coverage of parameter space while guaranteeing completeness. We illustrate our approach with a particular example, in which we describe the results of a three-body encounter between three main-sequence stars of different masses. We provide total cross sections, as well as branching ratios for the various different types of two-body mergers, three-body mergers, and exchanges, both non-resonant and resonant. The companion paper in this series, Paper VII, provides a full survey of unequal-mass three-body scattering for hard binaries in the point-mass limit.
The DIRTY Model. I. Monte Carlo Radiative Transfer through Dust

We present the DIRTY (DustI Radiative Transfer, Yeah! ) radiative transfer model in this paper and a companion paper. This model computes the polarized radiative transfer of photons from arbitrary distributions of stars through arbitrary distributions of dust using Monte Carlo techniques. The dust re-emission is done self-consistently with the dust absorption and scattering and includes all three important emission paths: equilibrium thermal emission, nonequilibrium thermal emission, and the aromatic features emission. The algorithm used for the radiative transfer allows for the efficient computation of the appearance of a model system as seen from any viewing direction. We present a simple method for computing an upper limit on the output quantity uncertainties for Monte Carlo radiative transfer models that use the weighted photon approach.
Raman analysis of short-range clustering in laser-deposited CdSxTe1−x films

Raman line shapes of the longitudinal optical phonon have been analyzed for the pseudobinary alloy system CdSxTe1−x over the full alloy range. The polycrystalline thin films were grown by pulsed laser deposition at, typically, 370 °C including films with x values throughout the miscibility gap (0.06<x<0.97). Peak shift, broadening, and asymmetry arising from spatial correlation effects yield details of the microstructural clustering. The dependence of phonon coherence length on the x value cannot be explained simply from a random occupancy of the anion sublattice. We employed a linear chain model with site probabilities modified by the Warren–Cowley short-range order parameter to infer coherence lengths versus x. The data are best fit with a short-range order parameter of 0.73 at x=1/2.
Prognosis and Immunological Characteristics of PGK1 in Lung Adenocarcinoma: A Systematic Analysis

Simple Summary Immunotherapy has become a major treatment for lung adenocarcinoma. Better understanding of the tumor microenvironment (TME) in lung adenocarcinoma is needed in order to better treat it with this type of therapy. In this study, we evaluate the associations of PGK1 with prognosis and immunological characteristics in lung adenocarcinoma using bioinformatic analysis methods. The results of this study provide clues for a potential immunometabolic combination therapy strategy that may improve the immunotherapeutic efficacy of LUAD. Abstract Background: Aerobic glycolysis plays a key role in tumor metabolic reprogramming to reshape the immune microenvironment. The phosphoglycerate kinase 1 (PGK1) gene codes a glycolytic enzyme that converts 1,3-diphosphoglycerate to 3-phosphoglycerate. However, in lung adenocarcinoma (LUAD), the role of PGK1 in altering the tumor microenvironment (TME) has not yet been determined. Methods: Raw data, including bulk DNA and mRNA-seq data, methylation modification data, single-cell RNA-seq data, proteomics data, clinical case characteristics survival, immunotherapy data, and so on, were obtained from multiple independent public data sets. These data were reanalyzed to uncover the prognosis and immunological characteristics of PGK1 in LUAD. Results: We found that PGK1 mRNA and protein were considerably over-expressed in LUAD compared to normal tissue and that high PGK1 expression is associated with poorer prognostic outcomes in LUAD. The enrichment analysis of PGK1 co-expressed genes in lung adenocarcinoma revealed that PGK1 may be involved in hypoxia, metabolism, DNA synthesis, cell cycle, PI3K/AKT, and various immune and inflammatory signaling pathways. Furthermore, PGK1 is also linked to the recruitment of numerous immune cells, including aDC (dendritic cells), macrophages, and neutrophils. More importantly, PGK1 was highly expressed in immunosuppressive cells, including M2 macrophages, Tregs, and exhausted T cells, among others. Finally, higher PGK1 expression indicated significant correlations to immune checkpoints, TMB (tumor mutation burden), and high response to immunotherapy. Conclusions: The presented findings imply that PGK1, as a glycolysis core gene, may be important for the modification of the immune microenvironment by interacting with the tumor metabolism. The results of this study provide clues for a potential immunometabolic combination therapy strategy in LUAD, for which more experimental and clinical translational research is needed.
High-Resolution Simulations of Non-Gaussian Cosmic Microwave Background Maps in Spherical Coordinates

We describe a new numerical algorithm for obtaining high-resolution simulated maps of the cosmic microwave background (CMB) for a broad class of non-Gaussian models. The kind of non-Gaussianity we account for is based on the simple idea that the primordial gravitational potential is obtained by a nonlinear but local mapping from an underlying Gaussian random field, as results from a variety of inflationary models. Our technique, which is based on a direct realization of the potential in spherical coordinates and fully accounts for the radiation transfer function, allows us to simulate non-Gaussian CMB maps down to the Planck resolution (lmax ~ 3000) with reasonable memory storage and computational time.
An analysis and comparison of two visual discrimination models

Visual models are often used to analyze the performance of image processing systems. Two of the leading models are the Daly and the Sarnoo model which have been designed to predict the visibility of luminance diierences between static input images. They accomplish this by attempting to reproduce the functional responses of every physiological mechanism in the visual pathway of the brain. These two models are based on the same set of psychophysical facts about human vision. Therefore, they have a similar basic architecture and some similar mechanistic features. However, the Daly and the Sarnoo models take totally diier-ent approaches to modeling visual perception: the frequency domain approach and the spatial domain approach respectively. A comparison of these two models is made based on a detailed description of v their structures and on detection test results. Similarities and diierences of both models are discussed along with their strengths and weaknesses. viii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I would like to express my sincere appreciation to Professor Gary Meyer for his guidance during this work and for his assistance in the preparation of this manuscript. Without his insightful understanding of the subject and his strong sense of the direction vision modeling is heading to, this work would not have been possible. Special thanks to Andreas Philipp for his industrious proofreading , constructive suggestions, and technical support. I am also grateful to Xiaofan Fang, Victor Klassen and Mark Bolin for the valuable discussions we had about vision, image processing , and psychophysical experiments. My deep appreciation goes to Weidong Yang for sharing his knowledge in mathematics and optics, for his help in retouching some of the nal pictures.
Genetic Characterization in Familial Rotator Cuff Tear: An Exome Sequencing Study

Simple Summary Rotator cuff tear is the most common musculoskeletal disorders in the working population. Family members of patients with rotator cuff disease have a significant higher risk of tendon tears than general population. The etiology is multifactorial, and its pathogenesis is not completely understood. It is expected that multiple gene variants contribute to disease susceptibility but, in some instances, a few main rare variants can be responsible for the clinical manifestations. We performed exome sequencing on a family (4 members) to identify rare gene variants predisposing to the development of rotator cuff tears. Rare variants in common between the two affected subjects were selected. Using the predictions in silico tools, the candidate variants were segregated by Sanger sequencing. Based on the risk of being damaging and on the potential role in rotator cuff etiopathogenesis, three candidate genes for rotator cuff tears were prioritized: COL23A1, EMILIN3 and HDAC10. These findings suggest that performing exome sequencing in other rotator cuff tears families will possibly lead to the identification of major candidate genes for the disease. The genes identified in the present study could be confirmed in a larger cohort of patients with rotator cuff tears, even if they have no family history. Abstract Background: multiple gene variants seem to contribute to rotator cuff (RC) tear susceptibility. The aim of the study is to perform an exome sequencing analysis within a family to identify rare gene variants predisposing to the development of RC tear. Material and methods: the exome sequencing was conducted in a family consisting of four individuals, two healthy and the remaining ones with bilateral RC tears. Variants in common among the two affected subjects were selected, and those in common with the healthy subject and those with a frequency >1% were removed. The potential pathogenicity of the variants was investigated using the predictions of several in silico tools from VarSome. Results: the exome sequencing yielded approximately 600,000 variants per patient, subsequently filtered according to frequency <1% and absence of association with other diseases. Removing variants common with the healthy subject, 348 rare variants among 248 genes were identified. Based on the risk of damaging, three candidate genes for RC tear were found: COL23A1, EMILIN3, and HDAC10. Conclusion: this is the first whole-exome sequencing analysis within a family to explore genetic predisposition in RC tear. The results reveal the presence of common damaging variants among affected individuals in the COL23A1, EMILIN3, and HDAC10 genes.