Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Aspect mining using event traces

Aspect mining tries to identify crosscutting concerns in existing systems and thus supports the adaption to an aspect-oriented design. This work describes the first aspect mining approach that detects crosscutting concerns in legacy systems based on dynamic analysis. The analysis uses program traces that are generated in different program executions as underlying data pool. These traces are then investigated for recurring execution patterns based on different constraints, such as the requirement that the patterns have to exist in different calling contexts in the program trace. The implemented approach was evaluated in several case studies over systems with more than 80 kLoC. The tool was able to identify automatically both existing and seeded crosscutting concerns.
Antagonism between Bacteriostatic and Bactericidal Antibiotics Is Prevalent

ABSTRACT Combination therapy is rarely used to counter the evolution of resistance in bacterial infections. Expansion of the use of combination therapy requires knowledge of how drugs interact at inhibitory concentrations. More than 50 years ago, it was noted that, if bactericidal drugs are most potent with actively dividing cells, then the inhibition of growth induced by a bacteriostatic drug should result in an overall reduction of efficacy when the drug is used in combination with a bactericidal drug. Our goal here was to investigate this hypothesis systematically. We first constructed time-kill curves using five different antibiotics at clinically relevant concentrations, and we observed antagonism between bactericidal and bacteriostatic drugs. We extended our investigation by performing a screen of pairwise combinations of 21 different antibiotics at subinhibitory concentrations, and we found that strong antagonistic interactions were enriched significantly among combinations of bacteriostatic and bactericidal drugs. Finally, since our hypothesis relies on phenotypic effects produced by different drug classes, we recreated these experiments in a microfluidic device and performed time-lapse microscopy to directly observe and quantify the growth and division of individual cells with controlled antibiotic concentrations. While our single-cell observations supported the antagonism between bacteriostatic and bactericidal drugs, they revealed an unexpected variety of cellular responses to antagonistic drug combinations, suggesting that multiple mechanisms underlie the interactions.
Multiple components and the interpretation of velocity dispersion profiles in dwarf spheroidals

The dwarf spheroidal (dSph) satellites of the Local Group have long been thought to be simple spheroids of stars supported by velocity dispersion within extended dark matter halos. Recently, however, evidence for the presence of spatially distinct stellar populations of different age and metallicity within these systems has been accumulating. Where data permit, these populations have also been shown to segregate dynamically, reflecting a complex relation between the conditions dictating star formation activity and the assembly history of each system. We propose here that the presence of multiple, spatially and dynamically distinct, components may be ubiquitous in dSphs, and that this can help explain oddities in the kinematics of dSphs such as Draco and Fornax. Here, the velocity dispersion profiles are seen to increase significantly from the center outwards before leveling off, and this may be explained as a transition from a cold, concentrated component to a second, hotter and more spatially extended one, both in equilibrium within the same dark halo. This proposal can be distinguished from other possible explanations, such as a radially-dependent anisotropy in the stars’ orbits, through careful kinematic analysis. In particular, the line-of-sight velocity distribution at the “transition radius” between the components will be best characterized as a double Maxwellian distribution, in contrast to what is
Huntington's disease: Changes in tachykinin content in postmortem brains

Substance P, neurokinin A, neuropeptide K, and neurokinin B were measured in both control (neurologically normal) and Huntington's disease brains obtained post mortem. All four peptides were significantly reduced in the substantia nigra of Huntington's disease patients compared with the control group. No differences were observed in frontal or temporal cortex except that neuropeptide K was significantly reduced in the frontal cortex of Huntington's disease cases. Correlation of the cell loss observed in the striatum and the tachykinin depletions detected in the substantia nigra in the Huntington's disease brains showed that the degree of cell loss agreed well with the extent of tachykinin depletion. Results of double‐staining immunocytochemistry were consistent with the coexistence of substance P and neurokinin A in the substantia nigra of control brains and showed a marked depletion of immunoreactivity to both in Huntington's disease brains.
Development of the Cloaca, Hemipenes, and Hemiclitores in the Green Anole, Anolis carolinensis

In most amniotes, the intromittent organ is a single phallus; however, squamates (lizards, snakes, and amphisbaenians) have paired hemiphalluses. All amniotes studied to date initiate external genital development with the formation of paired genital swellings. In mammals, archosaurs, and turtles, these swellings merge to form a single genital tubercle, the precursor of the penis and clitoris; however, in squamates, the paired genital buds remain separate, giving rise to the hemiphalluses (hemipenes in males and hemiclitores in females). Although the molecular genetics and sexual differentiation of the genital tubercle have been investigated in mammals and birds, little is known about hemiphallus development. Here we describe development of the cloaca and hemiphallus in the green anole, Anolis carolinensis. Each hemiphallus originates as a protuberance that emerges at the ventral base of the hindlimb bud. Development of the hemipenes resembles penis development; however, differences exist in their tissue composition, morphogenesis, and gene expression patterns. These findings reveal aspects of phallus development that appear to be evolutionarily labile, both within squamates and more broadly among reptiles, and identify features that are conserved across amniotes. Our results, together with parallel studies in other reptilian taxa, suggest potential mechanisms for the diversification of external genital form.
Characterizing signature sets for testing DPI systems

Deep Packet Inspection (DPI) is a crucial tool that enables more accurate network management and traffic profiling. Its high computational demands have been pushing networking researchers to study how to improve DPI technologies. However, in this quest for better performance, little effort has been devoted to making fair performance comparisons among DPIs. Even worse, most studies show performance gains by applying DPI techniques using specific, and sometimes small, signature sets. Consequently, one DPI engine may report a certain maximum throughput while another one may report a similar performance but may have used a significantly smaller signature set. This fact makes it clear that the research community needs a well-defined framework for testing new DPI systems. This paper proposes a new framework for characterizing signature sets for evaluating DPI systems and provides an in-depth analysis of signature sets from application, protocol, and intrusion detection systems.
Macroeconomics, Economic Stratification, and Partisanship: A Longitudinal Analysis of Contingent Shifts in Political Identification

This study examines the effects of unemployment and inflation on aggregate party identification since 1953. Distributive explanations emphasizing partisan preferences about macroeconomic outcomes and their effects on different income groups are gauged by letting the explanatory variables have dissimilar effects when different parties hold office. Independents are included so multinominal logit can be used to trace movements between all three identification choices. When a Democrat is president, increased unemployment heightens Democratic identification but inflation has no effects. When a Republican is president, increased unemployment and inflation reduce Republican identification. These results reveal historically contingent relationships between macroeconomic outcomes and partisan coalitions.
Patterns of violence in Karachi, Pakistan

Objectives: Government reports on violence in developing countries are almost universally based upon police data, which are typically incomplete and unreliable. Violence in Karachi was evaluated using ambulance service, not police, records. Setting: Karachi, Pakistan. Methodology: The study was based on a case series of persons suffering from intentional injuries and transported by Edhi, the largest emergency service in Karachi, between October 1993 and January 1996. Main outcome variables were injury and death rates. Results: Edhi Ambulance Service transported 4091 intentionally injured persons during the 29 month period from October 1993 to January 1996. Ninety five per cent (n=3864) were males; 74% (n=2823) were 20 to 40 years of age, and 2400 (58%) died before reaching the hospital. Firearms were the most common mode of injury (n=3396, 83%). Forty six per cent (n=1828) of violent injuries occurred in four neighborhoods of Karachi—22% in Korangi (n= 884) and 8% each in Orangi (n=337), Malir Colony (n=307), and Nazimabad (n=300). On the 32 days when a political strike was called, more people were injured (mean = 10.4 v 5.0 persons, p=0.01) and killed (mean 6.6 v 3.9 persons, p<0.01) compared with days without a political strike. Conclusion: Violence is a major public health problem in Karachi, affecting predominantly wage earners. At least some of the violence is rooted within the political system. Detailed study of the causes of violence that explains the role that political and ethnic tensions play, may suggest strategies to lessen the toll of violence.
Optimizing post-silicon conformance checking

Virtual prototypes of hardware devices, a.k. a, virtual devices, are increasingly used to enable early software development before silicon prototypes/devices are available. In previous work, we presented a post-silicon conformance checking approach to detecting interface state inconsistencies between a silicon device and its virtual device. In this paper, we present an optimization, adaptive concretization, to reduce the overhead incurred by symbolic execution, a key technique used in our conformance checking approach. We have evaluated our optimized approach on three Ethernet adapters and their virtual devices. The results demonstrate that it is effective and efficient: 21 inconsistencies are discovered and time usages are reduced by an order of magnitude, comparing to the previous approach.
ATTENTIONAL BIASES FOR EMOTIONAL FACES

Two studies investigated emotion-related biases in selective attention for pictorial stimuli in nonclinical subjects; the stimuli included threatening, happy and neutral facial expressions. The combined results showed evidence of an emotion-related attentional bias for facial expressions (i.e. an interaction effect of dysphoria and the emotional valence of the facial expression on attentional bias). In particular, nondysphoric subjects (i.e. those with low levels of anxiety and depression) showed an attentional bias away from threatening facial expressions, relative to neutral expressions. The dysphoric subjects did not show significant evidence of attentional biases for emotional stimuli.
The impact of parental cancer on the adolescent: an analysis of the literature

Research has revealed the impact of the diagnosis of cancer on an individual, their spouse, and their family. One dimension that has received little attention is the impact of the cancer diagnosis on the patient's adolescent. This article offers an analysis of descriptive studies, intervention studies, and databased book chapters, published between 1966 and 2006, that examined the impact of parental cancer on the adolescent. The results of 45 studies and three databased book chapters are organized around four themes: adolescents' (1) emotions and behaviors (2) perceptions and knowledge of parental cancer (3) changes in roles and (4) ways of coping. These themes will assist the reader in understanding the application of the knowledge gained from the analysis of the literature to directions for future research. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The Site of Impulse Initiation in Bipolar Receptor Neurons of Callinectes Sapidus L

1. In bipolar neurons of the P.D. organ of Callinectes sapidus the initiation of impulses at the soma requires depolarization of at least 4-5 mV. 2. Impulses produced by mechanical stimulation of the organ arise abruptly from the resting (potential) level without prepotential, and it is impossible to demonstrate the occurrence of generator potentials of the magnitude required for spike triggering at or near the soma. 3. Anti- and orthodromic invasion of the soma may be differentially blocked by hyperpolarization; orthodromic block often reveals a small potential that appears to result from impulse activity in the distal process of the cell. 4. Blockade of the soma spike to leave only the electrotonic potential of the distal process results in interruption of axonal transmission in the impaled cell. 5. It is concluded that P.D. bipolar cells originate impulses in their distal processes with subsequent conduction through the soma into the axon.
Genetic and functional evidence implicating DLL1 as the gene that influences susceptibility to visceral leishmaniasis at chromosome 6q27.

BACKGROUND Visceral leishmaniasis (VL) is caused by Leishmania donovani and Leishmania infantum chagasi. Genome-wide linkage studies from Sudan and Brazil identified a putative susceptibility locus on chromosome 6q27. METHODS Twenty-two single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) at genes PHF10, C6orf70, DLL1, FAM120B, PSMB1, and TBP were genotyped in 193 VL cases from 85 Sudanese families, and 8 SNPs at genes PHF10, C6orf70, DLL1, PSMB1, and TBP were genotyped in 194 VL cases from 80 Brazilian families. Family-based association, haplotype, and linkage disequilibrium analyses were performed. Multispecies comparative sequence analysis was used to identify conserved noncoding sequences carrying putative regulatory elements. Quantitative reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction measured expression of candidate genes in splenic aspirates from Indian patients with VL compared with that in the control spleen sample. RESULTS Positive associations were observed at PHF10, C6orf70, DLL1, PSMB1, and TBP in Sudan, but only at DLL1 in Brazil (combined P = 3 × 10(-4) at DLL1 across Sudan and Brazil). No functional coding region variants were observed in resequencing of 22 Sudanese VL cases. DLL1 expression was significantly (P = 2 × 10(-7)) reduced (mean fold change, 3.5 [SEM, 0.7]) in splenic aspirates from patients with VL, whereas other 6q27 genes showed higher levels (1.27 × 10(-6) < P < . 01) than did the control spleen sample. A cluster of conserved noncoding sequences with putative regulatory variants was identified in the distal promoter of DLL1. CONCLUSIONS DLL1, which encodes Delta-like 1, the ligand for Notch3, is strongly implicated as the chromosome 6q27 VL susceptibility gene.
Massively parallel landscape-evolution modelling using general purpose graphical processing units

As our expectations of what computer systems can do and our ability to capture data improves, the desire to perform ever more computationally intensive tasks increases. Often these tasks, comprising vast numbers of repeated computations, are highly interdependent on each other — a closely coupled problem. The process of Landscape-Evolution Modelling is an example of such a problem. In order to produce realistic models it is necessary to process landscapes containing millions of data points over time periods extending up to millions of years. This leads to non-tractable execution times, often in the order of years. Researchers therefore seek multiple orders of magnitude reduction in the execution time of these models. The massively parallel programming environment offered through General Purpose Graphical Processing Units offers the potential for multiple orders of magnitude speedup in code execution times. In this paper we demonstrate how the time dominant parts of a Landscape- Evolution Model can be recoded for a massively parallel architecture providing two orders of magnitude reduction in execution time.
Community-based research decision-making: Experiences and factors affecting participation

From the post World War II period through to the present, scientific research and policy has increasingly reflected acceptance and implementation of a view that public interests are better served through public participation. Built on principles of democratic participation, community-based research (CBR) can produce new knowledge through the integration of knowledge of community members’ lived experience with the scientific and technical knowledge of academics. Although community-based research has experienced considerable recent attention as an approach to knowledge production, a specific focus on the participation of community members in decision-making or governance of CBR is sparse. To assist in understanding governance of CBR in Canada and the nature and extent of public participation, we conducted an interview-based qualitative study with 54 respondents. Arnstein’s (1969) theory of participation was used as the theoretical orientation. Respondents’ experiences showed their participation in governance was generally organised through four groups of factors that modified participation: pre-existing conditions, arrangements of governance, actions of academic actors, and actions of community actors. Although community members’ participation in governance was largely contingent on the arrangements, structures and actions controlled or formulated by academics, and despite their relatively limited access to and engagement with real decision-making power, in general community members’ participation was satisfactory to them. However, the highest level of participation that Arnstein envisaged was rarely attained. Awareness of theory and practice of participation in research decision-making can help research decision-makers put in place the conditions and means for realising democratic goals and knowledge co-production. Keywords: governance, decision-making, community-based research, public participation, Arnstein
Stylistic variations in the early lexical development of young Putonghua-speaking children

Earlier studies of children's lexical acquisition tended to focus either on the rate or the style of acquisition. More recently, researchers have moved their attention to the individual differences in the stylistic variations in children's lexical composition. Most of the studies of children's lexical development in languages other than English, however, have only copied earlier studies of English-speaking children. There is very little published work on the individual differences in the stylistics of lexical development. The current paper presents findings from a cross-sectional study of 87 Putonghua-speaking children's early vocabulary development, carried out in Beijing, China. The study was based on the Profile of Communicative Development of Chinese Children (Chinese CD), a MacArthur CDI-style parental report instrument, which is being developed by the authors. The children were aged between 1;6 and 4;0. Considerable individual variations in the use of different categories of lexical items have been found, which may be related to the culturally specific style of language teaching and learning and the typological features of the language.
High speed electro-hydraulic actuator for a scara type robotic arm

This study details the development of a high performance servo-hydraulic actuator for a Selective Compliant Assembly Robotic Arm (SCARA). The arm is intended for high speed food processing applications; specifically on-line poultry deboning. The system is mathematically modeled and simulated. Based on the simulation results, the hydraulic actuators are sized for optimal performance. A prototype actuator is subsequently designed, manufactured and experimentally evaluated. The tests results demonstrate that the prototype actuator is capable of producing unprecedented torques and associated accelerations relative to its size and mass. Comparable performance is not feasible with contemporary electrical actuators of similar size.
A Semantic Web Service Based Approach for Augmented Provenance

Provenance is becoming increasingly important in service-oriented distributed computing environments in which services are dynamically discovered and composed into workflows for problem solving, and disbanded later. This paper proposes a semantic Web service (SWS) based approach to creating and exploiting rich provenance data - the so-called augmented provenance. Augmented provenance enhances conventional provenance data with extensive metadata and semantics, enabling large scale sharing and deep reuse. We present a general architecture for the approach and discuss mechanisms for modelling, capturing, recording and querying provenance data. The approach has been applied to a real world application in which tools and GUIs are developed to facilitate provenance management. Application experiences are discussed
A survey: Lightweight cryptography in WSN

A Wireless Sensor Network (WSN) is a wireless network which contains small sensor nodes to monitor physical or environmental conditions. When WSNs are deployed in inaccessible areas, the probability of occurring different types of attacks is very high. So the security of WSN becomes extremely important. As sensors have limited processing power, limited storage, low bandwidth, and energy; traditional security measures designed for the resource-rich networks such as LAN etc. are not suitable for the resource-constrained WSN. In presence of such limitations it becomes mandatory to devise lightweight security solutions for data transmission in WSNs. Because of problems in public key cryptography such as costly key computation, longer keys, key vulnerability to brute force attack, key distribution and maintenance, etc., it is not preferred for WSN. The less computation and low memory requirements of symmetric key cryptography with very short length of key (lightweight) justifies its use in WSN to achieve information security. Hence, this paper aims to study, discuss and analyze the Lightweight Cryptographic Algorithms Suitable for Wireless Sensor Networks.