Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Automated Consistency Checking of Expressive Ontologies --- Beware of the Wrong Interpretation of Success!

There have been attempts to (partially) translate expressive ontologies such as SUMO or Cyc to first-order logic and to use firstorder automated theorem provers for detecting errors and inconsistencies. Claims have been made that these translation results are now ready for use within practical applications. This paper adopts a critical attitude: The fact that a translation of an expressive ontology into a target logic (be it first-order or higher-order or modal, etc.) exists for which satisfiability can be shown does not imply that the approach is ready for application. What might still be missing is a guarantee of the faithfulness of the translation. The issue is illustrated in connection with a (knowingly) unfaithful translation of SUMO into classical higher-order logic. The focus is on a small, provably satisfiable subset of this translated SUMO ontology. By adding some intuitively compatible and sound ABox axioms the unfaithfulness of the translation can easily be revealed with automated theorem provers. Without the ABox content, however, the problem remains undetected. We thus argue for the extensive integration of ABox information into automated consistency checking for expressive ontologies, in particular, when logic translations are involved and when faithfulness has not or cannot be formally ensured.
The Impact of Socialist Imprinting and Search for Knowledge on Resource Change: An Empirical Study of Firms in Lithuania

In this paper we examine how firms change their resources in response to exogenous shocks in their business environment. Building on core ideas from the literatures on organizational imprinting and firm resources, we suggest that founding conditions differentially imprint firm resources. These initial imprinting differentials in turn influence the search for knowledge required to adapt or change firm resources in the face of external change in their business environment. We also suggest that the level of imprinting and the location of search independently and jointly influence the success with which firms are able to change their resources. We use survey-based data from a set of firms in Central Europe that experienced an exogenous shock in 1989-1991 to test our arguments. We develop a measure of pre-shock imprinting (called socialist imprinting) on resources and use it to predict where firms will search for knowledge to undertake change in the post-shock period and how successful that change will be. We find that the level of socialist imprinting influences the search location for knowledge to change key resources and activities following the shock. In terms of the success of change undertaken, we see that distant search for knowledge is positively linked to it. We also observe that the level of imprinting and search location jointly impact the success of change; for resources with higher socialist imprinting, distant search was more effective than local search. This research makes three important contributions in the context of existing research on organizational imprinting and firm level change. One, it focuses on firm-level resources to examine the impact of imprinting. Two, we examine how differences in resource level imprinting influence the search for new knowledge required to transform these resources. Three, we demonstrate that the interaction between the level of imprinting and the nature of search has important influences on firm performance. Our findings also provide insights to practitioners and policy makers who deal with firms in transitional economies. Practitioners can better understand how to undertake firm level change more effectively in the context of sudden exogenous shock. For policy makers, both of domestic and international institutions, understanding the change process can help formulate assistance programs more effectively.
On Regional Inequality and Diverging Clubs: A Case Study of Contemporary China

Abstract The existence of geo-economic clubs must meet two conditions. First, per capita output within each club converges to a long-term stationary state. Second, per capita output between clubs diverges so that the rich become richer and the poor poorer. This paper proposes a production model to explain club divergence and uses both the unit root test and the decomposition of an inequality index to prove the existence of geo-economic clubs among the Chinese provinces based on real per capita GDP data from 1952 to 1997. The results reflect a serious problem of regional inequality and growth divergence in contemporary China. J. Comp. Econ. , September 2001, 29 (3), pp.466–484. University of Middlesex, London NW4 4BT; and University of Chongqing, China. Copyright 2001 Academic Press. Journal of Economic Literature Classification Numbers: C10, O53.
Economic Efficiency of Compulsory Green Electricity Quotas in Sweden

Green certificates are not an efficient as a measure to correct for the effect of environmental external costs of fossil fuels and nuclear power. Nor are they efficient as a measure to create markets for new electricity supply technologies. Removing subsidies and introducing environmental taxes on energy sources with undesired external effects more efficiently corrects for incurred environmental costs. It appears that guaranteed feed-in tariffs are a more efficient policy instrument to promote the industrialisation of technologies for new sustainable sources of electricity. Alternatively, the certificate scheme could be reformed in a number of ways to improve performance. However decisions to change or abolish the instrument cannot be taken lightly since instrument stability is very important for the credibility of future policy.
Financing Major League Facilities: Status, Evolution and Conflicting Forces

This paper identifies the pervasiveness, magnitude, and trends of public investment in major league sports facilities and describes the forces that typically direct and dictate the debate. In 2003 dollars, the total investment in facilities currently being used by franchises in the four major leagues in North America is almost $24 billion, of which over $15 billion was contributed by public entities. Four eras of funding these facilities are identified and described: the Gestation Era 1961-1969; the Public Subsidy Era 1970-1984; the Transitional (Public-Private Partnership) Era 1985-1994; and the Fully-Loaded (Private-Public Partnership) Era post 1994. There is a consistent trend of private contributions increasing across these eras, but public sector contributions remain substantial. The final section of the paper discusses the four primary sources of momentum undergirding this public investment: owner leverage, the community power structure, the stimulus of increasing costs, and the competitive balance .
Rethinking Economic Structure: Exploring the Role of the Small Firm and Self-Employment in the British Economy

Dominant sociological interpretations of the economic structures of industrial societies have long neglected the role of small scale economic activities. However, current rethinking, stimulated by attempts to explain economic restructuring in the 1980s, appears to offer petty capitalism and self-employment a more important role in the economy. Several versions of economic restructuring theory are examined critically and argued to continue to offer an inadequate account of the role of small scale enterprise in the economy and especially of the social reality of small scale enterprise ownership, organisational patterns and employment. Conceptual and theoretical issues relevant to a more direct focus on small scale economic activities are explored together with a review of studies of a wide range of aspects of such activities. The paper ends by arguing for the continuing importance of small scale economic activities in industrial societies and the need for analyses of economic restructuring and, more fundamentally economic sociology generally, to incorporate a proper recognition of small scale economic activities and self-employment.
A Common Neoliberal Trajectory

Based on quantitative indicators for fifteen advanced countries between 1974 and 2005, and case studies of France, the United Kingdom, Germany, Italy, Sweden, and Ireland, this article analyzes the trajectory of institutional change in the industrial relations systems of advanced capitalist societies, with a focus on Western Europe. In contrast to current comparative political economy scholarship, which emphasizes the resilience of national institutions to common challenges and trends, it argues that despite a surface resilience of distinct national sets, all countries have been transformed in a neoliberal direction. Neoliberal transformation manifests itself not just as institutional deregulation but also as institutional conversion, as the functions associated with existing institutional forms change in a convergent direction. A key example is the institution of centralized bargaining, once the linchpin of an alternative, redistributive and egalitarian, model of negotiated capitalism, which has been reshaped in the past twenty years to fit the common imperative of liberalization.
Audit quality attributes, client size and cost of equity capital

Purpose - The purpose of this paper is to investigate the impact of certain audit quality attributes, namely auditor size, auditor industry specialization and auditor tenure on a client firm's cost of equity capital. Design/methodology/approach - The paper uses empirical data to construct a measure of Findings - The paper finds that auditor size (auditor is a member of the BigX), auditor industry specialization and auditor tenure are negatively associated with the client firm's cost of equity capital. However, the paper finds that this effect is limited only to small client firms, potentially reflecting the poor information environment associated with such firms. Practical implications - The study highlights the importance of audit quality attributes in determining the firm's cost of capital. It also highlights ways in which firms (especially small firms) can reduce the cost of equity capital by improving their information environment through the judicious selection of auditors. Originality/value - This is believed to be the first paper to examine whether the effects of three audit quality attributes (auditor size, auditor industry specialization and auditor tenure) on a firm's cost of capital are dependent on the client's size. The paper empirically shows that such effects are more pronounced for smaller clients.
Enforcement of law by the Port State Control (PSC)

Since the International Maritime Organization (IMO) introduced the Port State Control (PSC) programme in 1982, it has been playing a vital role in the enforcement of safety law at sea worldwide. This paper addresses the effectiveness of PSC and the effectiveness of the methods for selecting ships to be inspected adopted by regional PSC. Data on ship total loss (from 1973–2003) and on the PSC records (from 1994–2005) have been collected. The study reveals that the enforcement of PSC is effective in improving the safety level of maritime transport. The methods adopted by regional PSC are compared on their effectiveness, efficiency and stability in identifying substandard ships. Suggestions are made on the improvement of the enforcement of PSC.
Business, Risk and Organized Crime

This paper considers organized crime as various forms of business activity which may or may not have attracted the label of criminality. In particular, how perceptions of legitimacy and the effects of other normative factors will influence strongly whether activities, individuals and groupings may be viewed as constituent parts of organized crime. The paper first discusses some of the ambiguities surrounding the definition and practice of organized crime. It then emphasizes the inherent business focus of much organized crime activity and the crucial importance of legitimacy contexts in decision-making seeking to counter organized crime. The overall effects of organized crime are generally negative for society and organized crime activity can be brutal and harmful. The paper closes by acknowledging the rationality of at least some organized crime activity.
Schumpeter in a matrix: a Stock Flow Consistent analysis of technological change

Schumpeter showed that the boom and bust cycles are intrinsically related to the functioning of the capitalist economy. These boom and bust cycles are inherent to the rise innovation. Our paper analyses innovation cycles in a stock flow consistent framework. It focuses on the essential role of internal and external finance in the emergence of a new technological paradigm. We present two models. The first one, as a tribute to Schumpeter’s work, follows strictly Schumpeter’s description of the business cycles induced by technological change, except for the financial side. The second model presents a multi-sectorial economy composed of consumption and capital goods industries, a banking sector and two households sectors: capitalists and wage earners. The stock flow consistent approach allows us to track the flows of funds resulting from the rise of innovators in the system. The dynamics of prices, employment and wealth distribution among the different sectors is analysed. Above all, the role of financial-innovation nexus is underlined. The paper builds the grounds for a wider analysis of schumpeterian structural changes described in Schumpeter (1934/1912 ) and Schumpeter (1964/1939 ) We find this particularly relevant to understand the impact and potential sources of instability of an ever more financialized monetary economy of production.
Somatosensory impairment after stroke: frequency of different deficits and their recovery

Objective: To investigate the frequency of somatosensory impairment in stroke patients within different somatosensory modalities and different body areas, and their recovery. Design: Prospective observational study. Setting: Two stroke rehabilitation units. Subjects: Seventy patients with a first stroke (36 men, 34 women; average age, 71, SD 10.00 years; average time since stroke onset, 15 days) were assessed on admission and two, four and six months after stroke. Interventions: Not applicable. Main measure: Nottingham Sensory Assessment. Results: Somatosensory impairment was common after stroke; 7—53% had impaired tactile sensations, 31—89% impaired stereognosis, and 34—64% impaired proprioception. When comparing somatosensory modalities within body areas the kappa values were low (kappa values <0.54). Recovery occurred over time, though not significantly in lower limb tactile sensations. Stroke severity was the main factor influencing initial somatosensory impairment, but accounted for a small amount of the variance (21—41%). Initial somatosensory impairment was significantly related to somatosensory ability at six months, accounting for 46—71% of the variance. Conclusions: Proprioception and stereognosis were more frequently impaired than tactile sensations. The different somatosensory modalities showed only slight agreement between impairment within the same body areas, suggesting that the modalities are independent of each other and all should be assessed. High agreements were found between different body areas for each somatosensory modality. Somatosensory impairment was associated with stroke severity, however low variance indicated other factors were involved.
Effect of Position Sensor Error on the Performance of Permanent Magnet Machine Drives

Accurate knowledge of motor position is required in the motor drive application where smooth torque performance is needed. The error in position causes ripple in the developed current and thereby produce torque ripple. This paper analyzes the various effects of position sensor error in the current developed and in the torque generated in a current controlled permanent magnet synchronous motor drive. This research is focused on analyzing effect of position error on smooth production of torque in an interior permanent magnet synchronous motor (IPMSM) drive due to various inaccuracies. The analysis is verified through simulation and test results by measuring torque and torque ripple performances of an IPMSM drive. The results can be easily extended to surface mount permanent magnet motor drive also.
Understanding the Motivation and Travel Behavior of Cycle Tourists Using Involvement Profiles

ABSTRACT Bicycle tourism is a growing niche tourism market which has potential economic, social, and environmental outcomes for individual participants and host communities. However, there has been a lack of research into heterogeneity of this market and their respective motivations and behavior. This article applies the concept of enduring involvement, in conjunction with tourist motivational theory, to segment and better understand cycle tourist behavior and intentions. A total of 564 completed questionnaires was collected from an online survey of bicycle club members in Australia. Respondents were segmented into five initial clusters by their level of enduring involvement. A number of significant differences were found on their travel motivations, travel behavior, and behavioral intentions, as well as their sociodemographics and cycling behavior. The results lend support to the application of enduring involvement in a tourism context to better understand the behavior of niche markets which include popular leisure pursuits. Recommendations as a result of the findings are made for product development and marketing communication, while future research opportunities are also outlined.
L'expressivité des modèles de recherche d'informations précises. Le support de vocabulaires et son application à la recherche d'information médicale

Nous proposons dans cet article de modeliser l’expressivite des systemes de recherche d’information (SRI). En effet peu de cadres de modelisation sont disponibles pour specifier les SRIs. Nous proposons un tel cadre sur lequel nous portons un interet particulier a la modelisation de l’expressivite, c’est-a-dire a ce que ce modele est capable de decrire. Le niveau d’expressivite est important dans les SRIs, et positionner un systeme au bon niveau permet d’obtenir de meilleurs resultats. Le cadre de modelisation que nous proposons permet ainsi de choisir l’expressivite d’un modele et de comparer des modeles sur leur niveau d’expressivite. Nous montrons en dernier lieu les possibilites offertes par ce cadre pour selectionner le niveau d’expressivite sur une tâche de recherche d’information medicale, ou les utilisateurs expriment des besoins complexes.
Emulation of Cyber-Physical Systems Using IEC-61499

Automation systems used in smart grids, transportation, and medical electronics are cyber physical in nature. Automation standards, such as IEC-61499, while well suited to the design of discrete controllers, are not ideally suited to model the dynamics of the plant. Such modeling is essential for emulation-based validation of the controllers in the cyber-physical systems (CPS) domain. We use a well-known formal model for CPS, called hybrid input output automata (HIOA), as the main vehicle in the proposed formulation. A physical process (the plant) may be described as a synchronous composition of a network of such HIOA. We provide an approach to transform such a network to a composite function block (CFB) in IEC-61499. This transformation is shown to be semantics preserving. Code generated from such plant models can be executed on a computer chip to provide real-time response to their adjoining controllers. Through practical examples, we illustrate the scalability and practicability of the proposed approach. The developed approach enables the emulation of physical processes in industrial automation without using the actual plant.
Magnetic resonance diffusion tensor imaging following major ozonated autohemotherapy for treatment of acute cerebral infarction

Major ozonated autohemotherapy has been shown to promote recovery of upper limb motor function in patients with acute cerebral infarction, but whether major ozonated autohemotherapy affects remote injury remains poorly understood. Here, we assumed that major ozonated autohemotherapy contributes to recovery of clinical function, possibly by reducing remote injury after acute cerebral infarction. Sixty acute cerebral infarction patients aged 30–80 years were equally and randomly allocated to ozone treatment and control groups. Patients in the ozone treatment group received medical treatment and major ozonated autohemotherapy (47 mg/L, 100 mL ozone) for 10 ± 2 days. Patients in the control group received medical treatment only. National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale score, modified Rankin scale score, and reduced degree of fractional anisotropy values of brain magnetic resonance diffusion tensor imaging were remarkably decreased, brain function improved, clinical efficiency significantly increased, and no obvious adverse reactions detected in the ozone treatment group compared with the control group. These findings suggest that major ozonated autohemotherapy promotes recovery of neurological function in acute cerebral infarction patients by reducing remote injury, and additionally, exhibits high safety.
Characteristics of Women and Men Corporate Inside Directors in the Us

This study examines the qualifications of women and men corporate inside directors of Fortune 1000 firms. Our results indicate that women insiders differ significantly from a random set of men insiders on several characteristics relevant to their dual positions as directors and officers of the corporation. While they do not differ on the experience-based qualifications of board tenure or corporate tenure, women insiders hold fewer directorships of other corporations, hold less powerful corporate titles, occupy disproportionately more staff functions, are less likely to be top earners of the corporation, and earn considerably less than men inside directors. Implications are drawn for women executives' under utilisation in the executive suite and corporate governance. Copyright Blackwell Publishing Ltd. 2004.
The health and well-being of bankers following downsizing: a comparison of stayers and leavers

Following the sudden and unprecedented collapse of Icelandic banks during the recent economic recession, 20 per cent of bank employees were laid off. This nation-wide study compared the health and well-being of university-educated stayers and leavers following the downsizing of the banks and took into account labour market trajectories among the leavers following downsizing and job insecurity among the stayers. Results indicate a clear difference for the stayers and leavers on all outcomes of health and well-being, indicating that stayers fare worse than leavers in the early aftermath of downsizing. Overall, those male and female leavers who had found steady employment and male leavers with temporary employment fared the best of all groups. Of all the groups in this study, insecure stayers are the group of employees that experiences the lowest well-being and worst health.