Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Inaugural Article: Spoken word production: A theory of lexical access

A core operation in speech production is the preparation of words from a semantic base. The theory of lexical access reviewed in this article covers a sequence of processing stages beginning with the speaker's focusing on a target concept and ending with the initiation of articulation. The initial stages of preparation are concerned with lexical selection, which is zooming in on the appropriate lexical item in the mental lexicon. The following stages concern form encoding, i.e., retrieving a word's morphemic phonological codes, syllabifying the word, and accessing the corresponding articulatory gestures. The theory is based on chronometric measurements of spoken word production, obtained, for instance, in picture-naming tasks. The theory is largely computationally implemented. It provides a handle on the analysis of multiword utterance production as well as a guide to the analysis and design of neuroimaging studies of spoken utterance production.
Network maps and congressional frames: Analyzing bill titles as a field of conflict

What can we learn about how Members of Congress (MCs) frame the regulation and uses of the Internet by analyzing how they entitle legislation they sponsor that contains the word ‘Internet’? Existing literatures on framing argue that MCs, as policy entrepreneurs, utilize fields of public and official discourse available to them to manage conflict within the Congress. Current empirical research of MCs’ public communications focuses on long-established and new mediums of communication. This project, however, is interested in a medium of communication available to MCs, but which has received scant attention: the short-titles of legislation they sponsor. Using network analysis of a database of all legislation containing the word ‘Internet’ from 1994 to 2009 (N=1,170), this project finds that certain terms co-occur more frequently than others, and that the overall structure of co-occurrence demonstrates a coherent deployment of language by MCs along two dimensions: the protection and administration of society.
OCEAN FOOD WEBS AND TROPHIC DYNAMICS

Contents 1. Introduction 2. The pelagic food web 2.1 The structure of the pelagic food web. 2.2 Phytoplankton community structure. 2.2.1 Bottom up determinants of phytoplankton size structure. 2.2.2 Top-down determinants of phytoplankton size structure. 2.3 Zooplankton of marine pelagic food webs 2.3.1 Protozoa. 2.3.2 Copepoda. 2.3. 3 Tunicata. 2.3. 4 Mesozooplankton feeding selectivity. 2.3. 5 Herbivory by protozoa versus herbivory by metazoa 2.4 The configuration of the lower food web. 2.5 The jellyfish-fish interaction. 2.6 Future research questions. 3. Benthic food webs 3.1 Euphotic benthic communities 3.2 Aphotic benthic communities Glossary Bibliography
Rule Type Based Reasoning on Architecture Violations: A Case Study

Software architecture compliance checking (SACC) is an approach to monitor the consistency between the intended and the implemented architecture. In case of static SACC, the focus is mainly on the detection of dependencies that violate architectural relation rules. Interpretation of reported violations may be cumbersome, since the violations need to be connected to architectural resolutions and targeted qualities such as maintainability and portability. This paper describes an SACC case study which shows that inclusion of different types of rules in the SACC process enhances reasoning on architecture violations, especially if a rule type is related to specific architectural pattern. The SACC is performed with HUSACCT, an SACC-tool that provides rich sets of module and rule types in support of patterns such as layers, facade, and gateway. The case system is a governmental system developed in C#, which follows the . NET common application architecture. Even though the system appeared to be well-structured, the SACC revealed that 10 of the 17 architectural rules were violated.
The New Finance: Overreaction, Complexity and Uniqueness

1. Search for the Grail. 2. The Old Finance. 3. How Long is the Short Run? 4. The Ancient Finance. 5. The Past and the Future. 6. The Race Between Value and Growth. 7. Surprise or Risk Premium? 8. "Bearing" Risk in the Stock Market. 9. The Holy Grail. 10. Rational Finance, Behavioral Finance, and the New Finance. 11. Dawn of the New Finance. 12. Final Words. Glossary.
Exact evaluation of diagnostic test resolution

The authors introduce a new measure of the diagnostic resolution of a test set: the sizes of all equivalence classes in the circuit under the test set. This measure is a better indicator of the diagnostic capabilities of a test set than single-value metrics based on undistinguished pairs of faults or completely distinguished faults. A symbolic algorithm for computing equivalence class sizes has been used to evaluate the diagnostic resolution of deterministic single-stuck-at fault test sets for ISCAS combinational and sequential benchmark circuits. <<ETX>>
Country and political risk : practical insights for global finance

Introduction Sam Wilkin. Section 1. Assessing Country Risk. 1, Currency and Banking Crises: a Review of the Theories Stijn Claessens World Bank. 2, Currency and Debt Crises: a Review of the Early Warning Systems Alessio Ciarlone and Giorgio Trebeschi Banca d'Italia. 3, New Developments in Country Risk: the New Anatomy of Crises, Rising Public Debt Burdens, and Basel II Khalid Sheikh and Peter Heijmans ABN Amro. 4, Assessing State Stability and Political Risk in Emerging Markets Preston Keat and Alexander Motyl Eurasia Group. 5, Country Risk Components, the Cost of Capital, and Returns in Emerging Markets Campbell Harvey Duke University. 6, The Private Sector Component of Country Risk Carl Adams eStandards Forum. 7, Four Experts Discuss the Science and Art of Country Analysis Sam Wilkin Countryrisk.com. Section 2. Country Risk Cases. 8, Building a Stress-Test Scenario for Country Risk: the Case of Turkey Luigi Ruggerone Banca Intesa. 9, Domestic and External Political Factors and Country Risk: the Case of China Therese Feng Fitch Ratings. 10, Structural Weaknesses and Country Risk: the Case of Brazil Christian Stracke CreditSights. 11, Assessing Operational Risk: the Case of Russia Guy Dunn World Markets Research Centre. Section 3. Managing a country risk portfolio. 12, Best Practices in Country Risk Management Michael Bates Oxford Analytica. 13, Why Firms Fail to Manage Political Risk: Explaining and Correcting Organisational Failures Michel Leonard Aon Trade Credit. 14, Pricing Political Risk within an Economic Capital Framework Jotaro Hamada, Henning Haugerudbraaten Andrew Hickman, Ilya Khaykin Multilateral Investment Guarantee Agency Erisk. 15, Managing Currency Inconvertibility and Exchange Transfer Risk: Identification, Assessment and Risk Transfer Issues Martin Stone Aon Political Risk. 16, The Expanding Market for Sovereign Credit Default Swaps Frank Packer Chamaree Suthiphongchai Bank for International Settlements Bank of Thailand. Index
Becoming a parent in Europe.

This paper presents a theoretical discussion of the issues involved in choosing to become a parent drawing from and contrasting several disciplinary perspectives. It elaborates both pronatalist forces and a series of constraints upon becoming a parent involving biology time money ideas and security. The main demographic changes which occur in the transition to parenthood are discussed including timing childlessness and partnership context. Judgements about whether and when to become a parent are discussed in terms of the key elements of partnership education and training employment housing and security. Gender differences and the consequences of becoming a parent with respect to employment and the domestic domain are also discussed. The frameworks and ideas developed from the theoretical discussion are then applied in sketching the changing patterns of becoming a parent in Europe since the 1930s and of current regional variations. Important features include the emergence of and changes to welfare states the contraceptive revolution gender roles and employment patterns.
Multicomponent Linear FM Signal Detection Based on Support Vector Clustering

The support vector clustering (SVC) algorithm was introduced to get the number of the pinnacles in the result of the time-frequency analysis and Radon transform of the multicomponent linear FM (LFM) signal, and to fulfil the detection of the components of the LFM signal. Meanwhile, an approach called near zero mean, for reducing the point number of the input data-set for SVC, was proposed to improve the computation efficiency. And a novel cluster labeling method was developed to improve the SVC algorithm. The simulation results depict that the SVC-radon-time-frequency approach is efficient for the detection and parameter estimation of the multi-components LFM signal
On the use of passive clustering in wireless video sensor networks

Wireless Video Sensor Networks are foreseen to be of a paramount importance in realising a wide spectrum of applications, mainly surveillance, target tracking and environment monitoring. In this paper, we propose a combination of an improved clustering algorithm and Directed Diffusion (DD), a well-known data-centric routing paradigm in sensor networks. On one hand, clustering allows to save bandwidth required by rich and intensive data of video applications. On the other hand, the network lifetime is prolonged by implementing an energy-aware load-balancing feature through modifying Passive Clustering (PC) rules for building/maintaining its topology. We performed extensive computer simulations and show in this paper that our solution outperforms original DD as well as when it is combined with PC with energy considerations but without load balancing.
Commentary: Active Labor Market Policies to Expand Employment and Opportunity

Labor markets in all Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) economies are under stress. Two main factors generate the pressure, although the precise contributions of these factors to unemployment and wage growth remain to be determined. The first factor is an apparent shift in the bias of technology toward skilled-labor-intensive methods of production. The second factor is the industrialization of Third World and former Third World countries and the expansion of world production of goods made by unskilled labor. The effective supply of unskilled labor has increased and demand has shifted against it leading to forces that would drive down the wages of unskilled workers if wages were permitted to adjust. Where they have not been permitted to adjust either because of institutional or governmental interventions, unemployment has increased. In the United States, where interventions are minimal, wages for the unskilled have fallen in real terms relative to the wages of the skilled. In many European countries, wages of the unskilled have been maintained but at the cost of high rates of unemployment and labor force withdrawal. The combination of high levels of social welfare benefits for the unemployed, coupled with reduced demand for unskilled labor at prevailing European wages, produces high levels of European unemployment.
Origin and funding of the most frequently cited papers in medicine: database analysis

Abstract Objective To evaluate changes in the role of academics and the sources of funding for the medical research cited most frequently over the past decade. Design Database analysis. Data sources Web of Knowledge database. Methods For each year from 1994 to 2003, articles in the domain of clinical medicine that had been cited most often by the end of 2004 were identified. Changes in authors' affiliations and funding sources were evaluated. Results Of the 289 frequently cited articles, most had at least one author with a university (76%) or hospital (57%) affiliation, and the proportion of articles with each type of affiliation was constant over time. Government or public funding was most common (60% of articles), followed by industry (36%). The proportion of most frequently cited articles funded by industry increased over time (odds ratio 1.17 per year, P = 0.001) and was equal to the proportion funded by government or public sources by 2001. 65 of the 77 most cited randomised controlled trials received funding from industry, and the proportion increased significantly over time (odds ratio 1.59 per year, P = 0.003). 18 of the 32 most cited trials published after 1999 were funded by industry alone. Conclusion Academic affiliations remain prominent among the authors of the most frequently cited medical research. Such research is increasingly funded by industry, often exclusively so. Academics may be losing control of the clinical research agenda.
Fusion of influenza virions with a planar lipid membrane detected by video fluorescence microscopy

The fusion of individual influenza virions with a planar phospholipid membrane was detected by fluorescence video microscopy. Virion envelopes were loaded with the lipophilic fluorescent marker octadecylrhodamine B (R18) to a density at which the fluorescence of the probe was self-quenched. Labeled virions were ejected toward the planar membrane from a micropipette in a custom-built video fluorescence microscope. Once a virion fused with the planar membrane, the marker was free to diffuse, and its fluorescence became dequenched, producing a flash of light. This flash was detected as a transient spot of light which increased and then diminished in brightness. The diffusion constants calculated from the brightness profiles for the flashes are consistent with fusion of virus to the membrane with consequent free diffusion of probe within the planar membrane. Under conditions known to be fusigenic for influenza virus (low pH and 37 degrees C), flashes appeared at a high rate and the planar membrane quickly became fluorescent. To further establish that these flashes were due to fusion, we showed that red blood cells, which normally do not attach to planar membranes, were able to bind to membranes that had been exposed to virus under fusigenic conditions. The amount of binding correlated with the amount of flashing. This indicates that flashes signaled the reconstitution of the hemagglutinin glycoprotein (HA) of influenza virus, a well-known erythrocyte receptor, into the planar membrane, as would be expected in a fusion process. The flash rate on ganglioside-containing asolectin membranes increased as the pH was lowered. This is also consistent with the known fusion behavior of influenza virus with cell membranes and with phospholipid vesicles. We conclude that the flashes result from the fusion of individual virions to the planar membrane.
Titan: Enabling Low Overhead and Multi-faceted Network Fingerprinting of a Bot

Botnets are an evolutionary form of malware, unique in requiring network connectivity for herding by a botmaster that allows coordinated attacks as well as dynamic evasion from detection. Thus, the most interesting features of a bot relate to its rapidly evolving network behavior. The few academic and commercial malware observation systems that exist, however, are either proprietary or have large cost and management overhead. Moreover, the network behavior of bots changes considerably under different operational contexts. We first identify these various contexts that can impact its fingerprint. We then present Titan: a system that generates faithful network fingerprints by recreating all these contexts and stressing the bot with different network settings and host interactions. This effort includes a semi-automated and tunable containment policy to prevent bot proliferation. Most importantly, Titan has low cost overhead as a minimal setup requires just two machines, while the provision of a user-friendly web interface reduces the setup and management overhead. We then show a fingerprint of the Crypto locker bot to demonstrate automatic detection of its domain generation algorithm (DGA). We also demonstrate the effective identification of context specific behavior with a controlled deployment of Zeus botnet.
Epigenetic: a molecular link between testicular cancer and environmental exposures

In the last decades, studies in rodents have highlighted links between in utero and/or neonatal exposures to molecules that alter endocrine functions and the development of genital tract abnormalities, such as cryptorchidism, hypospadias, and impaired spermatogenesis. Most of these molecules, called endocrine disrupters exert estrogenic and/or antiandrogenic activities. These data led to the hypothesis of the testicular dysgenesis syndrome which postulates that these disorders are one clinical entity and are linked by epidemiological and pathophysiological relations. Furthermore, infertility has been stated as a risk factor for testicular cancer (TC). The incidence of TC has been increasing over the past decade. Most of testicular germ cell cancers develop through a pre-invasive carcinoma in situ from fetal germ cells (primordial germ cell or gonocyte). During their development, fetal germ cells undergo epigenetic modifications. Interestingly, several lines of evidence have shown that gene regulation through epigenetic mechanisms (DNA and histone modifications) plays an important role in normal development as well as in various diseases, including TC. Here we will review chromatin modifications which can affect testicular physiology leading to the development of TC; and highlight potential molecular pathways involved in these alterations in the context of environmental exposures.
Modified Contourlet Transform and Its Application in Image Fusion

Image fusion is a very important research field in remote sensing. Recently developed contourlet transform is a new method of multiscale geometric analysis, it can offer a much richer set of directions and shapes, and thus it is more effective than wavelet in capturing smooth contours and geometric structures in images. This paper proposed a novel modified contourlet transformation method which is more applicable in image fusion, the method combined the idea of contrast and trous a ~ to realize the multiscale decomposition of images. Then this new modified contourlet transform was uses to develop an algorithm of fusing panchromatic and multispectral remote sensing images. Experimental results showed that the proposed algorithm can obtain preferable results.
Non-Traded Goods and Monetary Policy Trade-Offs in a Small Open Economy

In this paper I develop a small open economy model that is characterized by existence of two domestic sectors. Together with a home traded goods sector we incorporate a non-traded goods sector. In both sectors prices are sticky, and each one is subject to a specific productivity shock. In this setup the flexible price allocation can not be reached by means of a single monetary policy instrument. Therefore, the central bank faces a trade-off between stabilizing inflation in the Nontraded sector and in the home goods sector. In this context, and when the share of non-traded goods is not too high, a simple Taylor rule outperforms a strict inflation-targeting regime. However, both policy rules are dominated by a rule that moves aggressively the interest rate in response to deviation in core inflation. On the other hand, if the share of non-traded goods is high then the model converges to the closed economy case, and, in absence of an exogenous cost push shock, the optimal policy is to completely stabilize consumer price inflation.
A framework for integrating thermal biology into fragmentation research

Abstract Habitat fragmentation changes thermal conditions in remnant patches, and thermal conditions strongly influence organism morphology, distribution, and activity patterns. However, few studies explore temperature as a mechanism driving ecological responses to fragmentation. Here we offer a conceptual framework that integrates thermal biology into fragmentation research to better understand individual, species, community, and ecosystem‐level responses to fragmentation. Specifically, the framework addresses how fragmentation changes temperature and how the effects of those temperature changes spread through the ecosystem, from organism response via thermal sensitivity, to changes in species distribution and activity patterns, to shifts in community structure following species' responses, and ultimately to changes in ecosystem functions. We place a strong emphasis on future research directions by outlining “Critical gaps” for each step of the framework. Empirical efforts to apply and test this framework promise new understanding of fragmentation's ecological consequences and new strategies for conservation in an increasingly fragmented and warmer world.
Research of demand recognition based on template matching

The search way of traditional search engines is the full-text retrieval based on inverted index, which is also the retrieval way used to query the index database based on the search statement, and this doesn't make good use of the meaning expressed by the search statements, thereby failing to accurately identify the specific demand of users, and this is bound to give users greater search costs. The introduction of vertical search is a solution to this problem of traditional search engines, while the first is to identify the meaning of users' search statements in order to achieve vertical search, which is the problem needs to be solved in natural language processing. This paper designs the demand recognition algorithm based on the template matching, and introduces specific design ideas, and algorithms. The experimental results show that the demand recognition algorithm designed in this paper may well be used to identify the specific demand of the users' search statements.
Disinflation and Inequality in a DSGE Monetary Model: A Welfare Analysis

We investigate the redistributive e¤ects of a disinflation experiment in an otherwise standard medium-scale DSGE model augmented for Limited Asset Market Participation, implying that a fraction of households do not hold any wealth. We highlight two key mechanisms driving consumption and income distribution: i) the cash in advance constraint on firms working capital needs; ii) the response of profit margins to disinflation, which is crucially dependent on the two most used pricing assumptions in the New-Keynesian literature, i.e. Calvo vs Rotemberg. Results show that disinflation softens the cash in advance constraint and raises the real wage in steady state. This, in turn, lowers inequality. While under the Calvo formalism this e¤ect is reinforced by the fall of price markups, under Rotemberg it is more than compensated by the increase of price markups and, therefore, the opposite result obtains.
Impact of local public goods on agricultural productivity growth in the U.S

In this paper we revisit the issue on the impact of public R&D expenditure on US agricultural productivity growth. We estimate a dual cost function using a state-by-year panel data set. We construct the potential R&D “spillins” based on both geographical location and production mix. We also examine the role of the extension service, transportation network, and human capital in the process of technology dissemination. The results indicate that higher levels of local public goods, R&D spillins, extension activities, and an intensive transportation network decrease costs. The contributions to agricultural productivity from all series of R&D spillins are positive even though the social rate of return may differ.