Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Pharmacokinetic Interaction between Ritonavir and Indinavir in Healthy Volunteers

ABSTRACT The pharmacokinetic interaction between indinavir and ritonavir was evaluated in five groups of healthy adult volunteers to explore the potential for twice-daily (b.i.d.) dosing of this combination. All subjects received 800 mg of indinavir every 8 h (q8h) on day 2. In addition, subjects in group I received one dose of 800 mg of indinavir on day 1 and 800 mg of indinavir q8h on day 17. Subjects in Groups II and IV each received one dose of 600 mg of indinavir on days 1 and 17, and subjects in groups III and V each received one dose of 400 mg of indinavir on days 1 and 17. During days 3 to 17, ritonavir placebo or ritonavir at 200, 300, 300, or 400 mg q12h was given to groups I, II, III, IV, and V, respectively. Ritonavir at steady state probably inhibited the cytochrome P-450 3A metabolism of indinavir and substantially increased plasma indinavir concentrations, with the area under the plasma concentration-time curve (AUC) increasing up to 475% and the peak concentration in serum (Cmax) increasing up to 110%. The Cmax/trough concentration ratio decreased from 50 in standard q8h regimens to less than 14 when indinavir was administered with ritonavir. For a constant indinavir dose, an increase in the ritonavir dose yielded similar indinavir AUCs, Cmaxs, and concentrations at 12 h (C12s). For a constant ritonavir dose, an increase in the indinavir dose resulted in approximately proportional increases in the indinavir AUC, less than proportional increases in Cmax, and slightly more than proportional increases inC12. Ritonavir reduced between-subject variability in the indinavir AUC and trough concentrations and did not affect indinavir renal clearance. With the altered pharmacokinetic profile, indinavir likely could be given as a b.i. d. combination regimen with ritonavir. This could potentially improve patient compliance and thereby reduce treatment failures.
MIMO system for fast imaging at 90 GHz

A millimeter wave imaging system operating around 90 GHz with 7.5 GHz bandwidth is presented. 2D images with 20 mm resolution in range and 3.2° in azimuth are obtained with an 1×4 MIMO approach. The performance of receiver and transmitter modules driven by a Direct Digital Synthesizer is discussed. Experimental data on radar imaging between 1 and 4 m is shown and the used calibration is discussed in further detail. The system successfully achieves a dynamic range of more than 40 dB.
Mitral Cells in the Olfactory Bulb Are Mainly Excited through a Multistep Signaling Path

Within the olfactory system, information flow from the periphery onto output mitral cells (MCs) of the olfactory bulb (OB) has been thought to be mediated by direct synaptic inputs from olfactory sensory neurons (OSNs). Here, we performed patch-clamp measurements in rat and mouse OB slices to investigate mechanisms of OSN signaling onto MCs, including the assumption of a direct path, using electrical and optogenetic stimulation methods that selectively activated OSNs. We found that MCs are in fact not typically activated by direct OSN inputs and instead require a multistep, diffuse mechanism involving another glutamatergic cell type, the tufted cells. The preference for a multistep mechanism reflects the fact that signals arising from direct OSN inputs are drastically shunted by connexin 36-mediated gap junctions on MCs, but not tufted cells. An OB circuit with tufted cells intermediate between OSNs and MCs suggests that considerable processing of olfactory information occurs before its reaching MCs.
Recent advances in the internal functionalization of carbon nanotubes: synthesis, optical, and magnetic resonance studies

The hollow inside of single-wall carbon nanotubes (SWCNT) provides a unique degree of freedom to investigate chemical reactions inside this confined environment and to study the tube properties. It is reviewed herein, how encapsulating fullerenes, magnetic fullerenes, $^{13}$C isotope enriched fullerenes and organic solvents inside SWCNTs enables to yield unprecedented insight into their electronic, optical, and interfacial properties and to study their growth. Encapsulated C$_{60}$ fullerenes are transformed to inner tubes by a high temperature annealing. The unique, low defect concentration of inner tubes makes them ideal to study the effect of diameter dependent treatments such as opening and closing of the tubes. The growth of inner tubes is achieved from $^{13}$C enriched encapsulated organic solvents, which shows that fullerenes do not have a distinguished role and it opens new perspectives to explore the in-the-tube chemistry. Encapsulation of magnetic fullerenes, such as N@C$_{60}$ and C$_{59}$N is demonstrated using ESR. Growth of inner tubes from $^{13}$C enriched fullerenes provides a unique isotope engineered heteronuclear system, where the outer tubes contain natural carbon and the inner walls are controllably $^{13}$C isotope enriched. The material enables to identify the vibrational modes of inner tubes which otherwise strongly overlap with the outer tube modes. The $^{13}$C NMR signal of the material is specific for the small diameter SWCNTs. Temperature and field dependent $^{13}$C $T_1$ studies show a uniform metallic-like electronic state for all inner tubes and a low energy, ~3 meV gap is observed that is assigned to a long sought Peierls transition.
Distribution and dynamics of Bemisia tabaci invasive biotypes in central China

Abstract The tobacco whitefly, Bemisia tabaci (Gennadius), causes severe crop losses in many agricultural systems. The worst of these losses are often associated with the invasion and establishment of specific whitefly biotypes. In a comprehensive survey of biotypes present in central China between 2005 and 2007, we obtained 191 samples of B. tabaci from 19 districts in Hubei province and its surrounds. Biotypes were identified by RAPD-PCR and by sequencing the mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase I gene (mtCO1). We determined that these central Chinese haplotypes included the world's two most invasive B. tabaci biotypes (B and Q) and two indigenous biotypes (ZHJ1 and ZHJ3). The B biotype shared >99.7% identity with other Chinese B biotypes and the Q biotype shared >99.5% of its identity with Q samples from the Mediterranean, USA, Africa and East Asia. By 2007, the Q biotype was dominant over much of Hubei province and appeared to be supplanting all other biotypes, although both the invasive and indigenous biotypes existed in sympatry in some regions. The invasion and rapid establishment of the Q biotype in China mirrors events elsewhere in the world, and we suggest that this is a consequence of its reproductive isolation, its polyphagous nature and its broad-spectrum resistance to insecticides. Its dominance has severe implications for the sustainability of some insecticide groups and for the production of a number of crops.
Ranibizumab in Circulatory Disorder of Retinal Vein: an Evidence-based Approach

The discovery of anti-angiogenics or vascular endothelial growth factor inhibitors (anti-VEGF) agents is a clear breakthrough with exciting potential in medical management of retinal diseases.Ranibizumab is a humanized, affinitymatured VEGF antibody fragment that binds to and neutralizes all isoforms of VEGF, which has first received FDA approval for the treatment of macular edema due to both central retinal vein occlusion (CRVO) and branch retinal vein occlusion (BRVO). The objective of this review is to evaluate the evidence and discuss the rationale behind the recent suggestions that pharmacotherapy by Ranibizumab may be useful in the treatment of such circulatory disorder of retinal vein as a retinal vein occlusion (RVO). The available evidence suggests that repeated early frequent treatment of RVO with the anti-VEGF agent ranibizumab, gives the best chance of achieving and stabilizing both optimal anatomical and visual outcomes in the short to medium term. There is no standard protocol regarding the optimal timing of initial treatment with ranibizumab and subsequent retreatment is yet to be formulated. Where multiple injections are likely to be required, the effectiveness and safety over longer periods has yet to be determined. With more research and experience into exploring the frequency and safety of currently available agent- ranibizumab , it is also likely that clinicians would achieve the best protocol when dealing with patients sufferring from circulatory disorder of the retinal vein.
Data models

ion of the design concepts used in the implementation of databases. As a result, the model is tied more closely to physical-level design than is the relational model. In the network model, data items are represented by collections of records and relationships among data are represented by links, which correspond to pointers at the physical level. The hierarchical model is similar to the network model except that links in the hierarchical model must form a tree structure, whereas the network model allows arbitrary graphs. OBJECT-RELATIONAL DATA MODELS Object-relational data models are hybrids of the object-oriented and the relational data models. They extend the relational data model by providing an extended type system and object-oriented concepts such as object identity. The extended type systems allow complex types including nonatomic values such as nested relations and inheritance at the level of attribute domains as well as at the level of relations. Such extensions attempt to preserve the relational foundations while extending the modeling power. There is a trend towards the amalgamation of features of the relational and object-oriented models. The SQL-3 standard currently under development includes object-oriented features within the framework of an extended version of the current relational SQL standard. Market-leading relational database products are adding object-oriented features so as to compete with object-oriented and object-relational database products. Future database systems can be expected to offer the high level of abstraction of object-orientation along with the relative efficiency and uniformity of the relational model. Data Models • 107 ACM Computing Surveys, Vol. 28, No. 1, March 1996
Mutants of Arabidopsis as Tools to Understand the Regulation of Phenylpropanoid Pathway and UVB Protection Mechanisms

Abstract— Plants accumulate certain phenylpropanoid compounds in the vacuoles of their epidermal and subepidermal cell layers thereby protecting the underlying tissue against UVB‐induced damage. However, a number of mutants of Arabidopsis thaliana are known that fail to synthesize these protective pigments, thereby allowing harmful UVB radiation to penetrate into their dermal layers. Study of several of these nonlethal mutants, defective in various aspects of flavonoid and lignin biosynthesis, has led to a better understanding of the coordinate regulation and expression of important genes as well as of mechanisms involved in plant defense against UVB radiation. The characteristics of the various phenylpropanoid mutants of Arabidopsis, viz. flavonoid mutants (banyuls [baity, increased chalcone synthase expression 1 [icx1]; transparent testa [tt] and ultraviolet sensitive [uvs]) and hydroxycinnamic acid ester mutants (ferulic acid hydroxylase 1 [fahl] and sinapoylglucose accumulator 1 [sng1]) are discussed in detail. We have briefly touched upon, wherever relevant, the unique aspects in other plant species too.
Magnetoelectric 'spin' on stimulating the brain.

AIM The in vivo study on imprinting control region mice aims to show that magnetoelectric nanoparticles may directly couple the intrinsic neural activity-induced electric fields with external magnetic fields. METHODS Approximately 10 µg of CoFe2O4-BaTiO3 30-nm nanoparticles have been intravenously administrated through a tail vein and forced to cross the blood-brain barrier via a d.c. field gradient of 3000 Oe/cm. A surgically attached two-channel electroencephalography headmount has directly measured the modulation of intrinsic electric waveforms by an external a.c. 100-Oe magnetic field in a frequency range of 0-20 Hz. RESULTS The modulated signal has reached the strength comparable to that due the regular neural activity. CONCLUSION The study opens a pathway to use multifunctional nanoparticles to control intrinsic fields deep in the brain.
The structure of a grain boundary in a Zr-2.5 wt% Nb alloy

The structure of a grain boundary in a heat treated Zr-2.5 wt% Nb alloy has been studied by high resolution transmission electron microscopy. The orientation of the two grains, related by a mirror operation about (1210), lay within about 2.5° of a (1011)[1012] twin. The boundary was faceted, with coherent terraces lying along the (1011) planes in both grains, and steps parallel to the trace of either (0002) or (1011) in the two grains. The steps were two, six, ten or fourteen planes in height, and were found to contain a terminating half plane in lattice images formed by the (1011) planes. These observations are explained by making use of Pond's theory of the dichromatic pattern for the two grains in the observed orientation relationship.
Almanac 2015: coronary artery disease

Recent years have seen major advances in the evaluation and treatment of patients with coronary artery disease. These include assessment of novel biomarkers and imaging methods for patients at risk for coronary artery disease, care of patients with ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction, a novel device to treat medical refractory angina, use of non-statin lipid-lowering agents, a better understanding of the risks and benefits of long-term dual antiplatelet therapy and the use of the newer antiplatelet agents. This article summarises research related to coronary artery disease published in Heart in 2014 and 2015, within the context of other major cardiovascular journals.
Effect of high K dielectric on mobility of graphene FET

In order to overcome the limitation of Moore's law in recent years much attention has been focused on graphene as an alternative to silicon. In this paper different gate dielectric materials for use in graphene transistors is examined. Evaporated HfO2 is found as the effective gate dielectric for graphene field effect transistor which improves mobility of device.
Learning Representations for Outlier Detection on a Budget

The problem of detecting a small number of outliers in a large dataset is an important task in many fields from fraud detection to high-energy physics. Two approaches have emerged to tackle this problem: unsupervised and supervised. Supervised approaches require a sufficient amount of labeled data and are challenged by novel types of outliers and inherent class imbalance, whereas unsupervised methods do not take advantage of available labeled training examples and often exhibit poorer predictive performance. We propose BORE (a Bagged Outlier Representation Ensemble) which uses unsupervised outlier scoring functions (OSFs) as features in a supervised learning framework. BORE is able to adapt to arbitrary OSF feature representations, to the imbalance in labeled data as well as to prediction-time constraints on computational cost. We demonstrate the good performance of BORE compared to a variety of competing methods in the non-budgeted and the budgeted outlier detection problem on 12 real-world datasets.
Semantic Wireless Body Area Networks

In this paper we introduce the concept of semantic Wireless Body Area Network (sWBAN). First the method for semantic interpretation of body sensor data is developed. This method is then illustrated for the case of ECG monitoring, providing the user with real-time monitoring and interpretation of heart activity. Finally, possible extensions of the method to data fusion and context-aware monitoring are discussed.
Implementation of a simplified state estimator for wind turbine monitoring on an embedded system

The transition towards a cyber-physical energy system (CPES) entails an increased dependency on valid data. Simultaneously, an increasing implementation of renewable generation leads to possible control actions at individual distributed energy resources (DERs). A state estimation covering the whole system, including individual DER, is time consuming and numerically challenging. This paper presents the approach and results of implementing a simplified state estimator onto an embedded system for improving DER monitoring. The implemented state estimator is based on numerically robust orthogonal factorization and used on a set of state equations of a generic wind turbine generator (WTG). The simplified state estimator is tested by simulating a generic WTG model and evaluated based on its execution time and estimation accuracy. Results show its fast execution time, its accuracy in handling normal measurement error and its ability to provide reliable data in the case of gross errors in the set of measurements.
Precise request tracing and performance debugging for multi-tier services of black boxes

As more and more multi-tier services are developed from commercial components or heterogeneous middleware without the source code available, both developers and administrators need a precise request tracing tool to help understand and debug performance problems of large concurrent services of black boxes. Previous work fails to resolve this issue in several ways: they either accept the imprecision of probabilistic correlation methods, or rely on knowledge of protocols to isolate requests in pursuit of tracing accuracy. This paper introduces a tool named PreciseTracer to help debug performance problems of multi-tier services of black boxes. Our contributions are two-fold: first, we propose a precise request tracing algorithm for multi-tier services of black boxes, which only uses ap plication-independent knowledge; secondly, we present a component activity graph abstraction to represent causal paths of requests and facilitate end-to-end performance debugging. The low overhead and tolerance of noise make PreciseTracer a promising tracing tool for using on production systems.
Micro‐ and macrogeographic allozyme variation in Littorina fabalis; do sheltered and exposed forms hybridize?

Abstract Earlier studies of Swedish populations of the marine snail Littorina fabalis show that snails from different microhabitats (with a greater and lesser exposure to wave action) have almost diagnostic differences in one allozyme locus (arginine kinase, Ark ), and differ in adult size. Snails with «sheltered» and «exposed» Ark genotypes occur in sympatry in intermediary exposed sites and here adult sizes remain distinct. Approaching the microgeographic differentiation we studied the parts of two populations where the frequency of Ark changes dramatically over zones 50–120 m wide. The aim was to test if the transitional zones are best described as areas of mixing of two genetically separate populations, or if hybridization between the exposed and sheltered groups occurs. Heterozygotes were in deficiency along both clines but were still roughly twice as common as expected from a pure mixing of «sheltered» and «exposed» groups suggesting hybridization. Hybridization was also supported by the observation that snails homozygous for sheltered and exposed alleles mated at random with each other in both populations. On the macrogeographic scale, we found populations from exposed and sheltered sites in France and Wales being fixed for the same exposed and sheltered Ark alleles as found in Sweden. However, variation in three other highly polymorphic loci indicated geographic affinity rather than habitat similarity being the main factor of genetic coherence. These observations support a hypothesis of gene flow between exposed and sheltered populations of L. fabalis . Two Spanish populations were remarkably different with unique alleles at high frequencies in three of four strongly polymorphic loci.
Piezoelectricity in Polyacrylonitrile

The piezoelectric and related properties in ion-doped (NH4NO3, NaNO3) and undoped films of polyacrylonitrile have been measured as a function of temperature. The piezoelectric constants of both ion-doped and undoped films reach a maximum around 80°C and thereafter decrease markedly with temperature. At about this same temperature, a maximum of thermally stimulated discharge current (TSDC) is also observed with both ion-doped and undoped films. These two effects are thought to have a common origin: the randomization of nitrile dipoles in ordered regions. The piezoelectric constant of pre-stretched films is higher than that for unstretched polyacrylonitrile.
The Minimal Set of Electroweak Precision Parameters

We present a simple method for analyzing the impact of precision electroweak data above and below the $Z$ peak on flavor-conserving, heavy new physics. We find that experiments have probed about ten combinations of new-physics effects, which to a good approximation can be condensed into the effective oblique parameters $\stackrel{^}{S}$, $\stackrel{^}{T}$, $\stackrel{^}{U}$, $V$, $X$, $W$, $Y$ (we prove positivity constraints $W,Y\ensuremath{\ge}0$) and three combinations of quark couplings (including a distinct parameter for the bottom). We apply our method to generic extra ${Z}^{\ensuremath{'}}$ vectors.
A Modular Multiphase Heuristic Solver for Post Enrolment Course Timetabling

We give a short description of the solver that ranked third in Track Two of the International Timetabling Competition 2007 (ITC2007). It implements a heuristic approach based on stochastic local search and consists of several modules that were found to be useful in different phases of the solution process. Common to all modules is the consideration of only a subset of the constraints that have to be satisfied. The solver is the result of an engineering process conducted with the aid of ParamILS, a recent tool for automated algorithm configuration. A discussion on this process and the underlying methodology is also provided. A remarkable property of our solver is the ability to consistently find feasible solutions to all of the instances from ITC2007, outperforming the other submissions by this measure.
G10BP, an E1A-inducible negative regulator of Sp1, represses transcription of the rat fibronectin gene

Downregulation of the fibronectin (FN) gene in a rat 3Y1 derivative cell line, XhoC, transformed by the adenovirus E1A and E1B genes seems to be caused by the induction of a negative regulator, G10BP, which binds to three G-rich sequences in the promoter (T. Nakamura, T. Nakajima, S. Tsunoda, S. Nakada, K. Oda, H. Tsurui, and A. Wada, J. Virol. 66:6436-6450, 1992). These are the G10 stretch and two GC boxes consisting of the G10 stretch with one internal C residue insertion. The recognition sequences of G10BP and Sp1 (GGGCGG) overlap in these GC boxes. To analyze the mechanism of the downregulation, G10BP was purified by DNA affinity chromatography, and its molecular mass was estimated to be about 30 kDa. The promoter was modified by substituting the sequence GGGG with ATCC or CTTA in these G-rich sequences, leaving the Sp1 motif intact, and by replacing the Sp1 motif by the T stretch. Transcription of FN promoter-chloramphenicol acetyltransferase fusion genes carrying the base substitution in one or more of these G-rich sequences both in vivo and in vitro revealed that the base substitution in any G-rich sequence results in reduction of promoter activity, although the downstream GC box (GCd) plays a primary role. The addition of G10BP severely inhibited the activities of the FN promoters carrying the wild-type GCd in vitro, while the promoters carrying the mutant GCd were unaffected. The binding affinity of G10BP and Sp1 to each of the G-rich sequences, analyzed by gel shift assays, indicated that G10BP binds strongly to the GCd, moderately to the G10 stretch, and weakly to GCu, while Sp1 binds strongly to GCu, moderately to GCd, and weakly to the G10 stretch. Sp1 binding to GCd and the G10 stretch was inhibited by G10BP, while binding to GCu was unaffected. These results indicate that FN gene transcription is inhibited in XhoC cells primarily by exclusion of Sp1 binding to GCd by G10BP and that G10BP is a new class of Sp1 negative regulator.