Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Dementia prevalence estimates in sub-Saharan Africa: comparison of two diagnostic criteria

Background We have previously reported the prevalence of dementia in older adults living in the rural Hai district of Tanzania according to the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 4th edition (DSM-IV) criteria. The aim of this study was to compare prevalence rates using the DSM-IV criteria with those obtained using the 10/66 diagnostic criteria, which is specifically designed for use in low- and middle-income countries. Methods In phase I, 1,198 people aged 70 and older were screened for dementia. A stratified sample of 296 was then clinically assessed for dementia according to the DSM-IV criteria. In addition, data were collected according to the protocol of the 10/66 Dementia Research Group, which allowed a separate diagnosis of dementia according to these criteria to be established. Results The age-standardised prevalence of clinical DSM-IV dementia was 6.4% (95% confidence interval [CI] 4.9–7.9%) and of ‘10/66 dementia’ was 21.6% (95% CI 17.5–25.7%). Education was a significant predictor of ‘10/66 dementia’, but not of DSM-IV dementia. Conclusions There are large discrepancies in dementia prevalence rates depending on which diagnostic system is used. In rural sub-Saharan Africa, it is not clear whether the association between education and dementia using the 10/66 criteria is a genuine effect or the result of an educational bias within the diagnostic instrument. Despite its possible flaws, the DSM-IV criteria represent an international standard for dementia diagnosis. The 10/66 diagnostic criteria may be more appropriate when identification of early and mild cognitive impairment is required.
Equitable cost allocations via primal-dual-type algorithms

Perhaps the strongest notion of truth-revealing in a cost sharing method is group strategyproofness. However, matters are not so clear-cut on fairness, and many different, sometimes even conflicting, notions of fairness have been proposed which have relevance in different situations. We present a large class of group strategyproof cost sharing methods, for submodular cost functions, satisfying a wide range of fairness criteria, thereby allowing the service provider to choose a method that best satisfies the notion of fairness that is most relevant to her application. Our class includes the Dutta-Ray egalitarian method as a special case. It also includes a new cost sharing method, which we call the opportunity egalitarian method.
Ideology and scientific credibility: environmental policy in the American Pacific Northwest

In the later years of the twentieth century and into the twenty-first century, there has been an increasing emphasis among many decision-makers, interest groups, and citizens about the importance of science-based environmental policy. The assumption is that scientists can facilitate the resolution of public environmental decisions by providing scientific information to policymakers and the public, and by becoming more directly involved in policy arenas than they have traditionally been. However, at the same time, there are those who question the value of science, especially for ideological reasons. This study empirically examines the impact of ideology on attitudes toward science, scientific research, and scientists among various environmental policy participants. The data utilized to investigate these orientations were collected from surveys of five different groups involved in environmental policy and management in the Pacific Northwest including ecological scientists at universities and federal agencies; natural resource and environmental managers of state and federal programs; members of interest groups (e.g., environmental groups, industry associations, etc.); the “attentive public” (i.e., citizens who have participated in the environmental policy process); and the general public. Preliminary results reveal significant differences between liberals and conservatives in their orientations toward science, with self-identified liberals generally more likely to see science and scientists as objective and conservatives having a contrary view.
Prevalence of HFE mutations in people from North Africa living in southern France

The two main mutations of the HFE (haemochromatosis) gene, C282Y and H63D, were found previously to be rare or absent among Africans. Dried blood samples of 1276 newborns from southern France were analysed for both HFE mutations, and the origins of the four grandparents of each newborn were recorded. The allele frequency of C282Y and H63D was 3·0% ± 0·7% and 16·9% ± 1·5% respectively. In a subgroup of 171 newborns with four North African ancestries (mainly from Morocco and Algeria) the allele frequency was 0·9%+2·5%−0·2% for the C282Y and 13·2% ± 3·6% for H63D. HFE mutations are not absent in individuals with North African origins living in southern Europe. This finding has implications for the diagnosis and screening of hereditary haemochromatosis in these populations.
Cognitive Behavior Therapies for Psychotic Disorders: Current Empirical Status and Future Directions

Although cognitive behavior therapy (CBT) has strongempirical support for treating a diverse array of psycho-logical conditions, only recently has research begun toexamine its efﬁcacy in treating the symptoms associatedwith schizophrenia and other psychoticdisorders. Severalrandomized controlledtrialshavebeenconductedonCBTfor psychosis with some positive results, but trialscomparing CBT to other nonspeciﬁc interventions haveyielded less impressive ﬁndings. No well-controlled trialto date has attempted to dismantle the components ofCBT for psychosis, to compare it to another empiricallysupported psychosocial intervention for this population,or to identify the speciﬁc mechanisms responsible fortreatment effectiveness. In this paper, a review of theempirical status of CBT for psychosis is presented. Inaddition, promising but preliminary new research in thisarea is reviewed, including prevention and early interven-tion approaches and acceptance/mindfulness-basedstrategies. Within this context, limitations in the currentliterature are reviewed, and recommendations for futureresearch are discussed.Key words:cognitive behavior therapy, schizophrenia,psychotic disorders, empirically supported treatments. [Clin Psychol Sci Prac 12: 33–50, 2005]
‘Without Us, Sex Workers will Die Like Weeds’: Sex Work and Client Violence in Kamathipura

This study explores male clients’ perceptions of gender-based violence against female sex workers of the Kamathipura red-light area in Mumbai, India. In-depth interviewing methods were used to collect data from 13 male clients. Three critical themes were identified: (1) male role transitioning from client to intimate partner to pimp; (2) male validation and rationalisation of sex work as a profession; and (3) patriarchal male perceptions resulting in violence against sex workers. Respondents emphasised the importance of legalising sex work so that women from ‘good’ families would not be raped. Respondents also admitted to using physical violence against sex workers on a regular basis. The findings of this study indicate the urgent need for gender sensitisation workshops for male intimate partners to break patriarchal values. Inclusion of males in community-based interventions to combat violence is also highly recommended.
Lesion volume measurement in multiple sclerosis: How important is accurate repositioning?

This study was designed to estimate the contribution of repositioning inaccuracies to measured intracranial lesion volumes in multiple sclerosis (MS). Five patients with MS were each scanned 10 times, using spin‐echo imaging (2,000/34/90), contiguous 5‐mm slices, and different scanning positions. The maximum displacements from baseline were ±4° (AP rotation) and 3 mm (slice offset). Lesion volume was measured twice for each scan using a semiautomated contour technique. Measured lesion volumes ranged from 4,328 mm3 to 164,831 mm3. The mean intrarater coefficient of variation (CV) calculated for individual patients ranged from 1.1 to 4% (median, 1.7%). Using analysis of variance, the overall variance and CV due to altered scan position were greater than that due to rater error (repositioning CV 4.0%, intrarater CV 3.5%). The worst‐case difference between volumes in the same patient ranged from 8.9 to 32% (median, 9.9%). Both rater and repositioning errors were greater for smaller lesion volumes. The maximum potential error due to repositioning inaccuracies is of a similar magnitude to the 5 to 10% expected change in lesion volume over 1 year. This study justifies continued careful attention to accuracy in repositioning for serial MR studies in patients with MS.
Developing social inclusion through after‐school homework tutoring: a study of African refugee students in Greater Western Sydney

Schools represent the primary setting where refugee children learn about Australian life and culture. They serve as a broad context for acculturation not only for academic development and language acquisition but for cultural learning too. This paper focuses on the after‐school homework tutoring programme that uses University of Western Sydney (Australia) secondary teacher education students as tutors for African refugee students in secondary schools to facilitate their inclusion into Australian society. African refugees may receive lower returns for education in comparison with other Australian migrants. Using Bourdieu’s theory of social capital and cultural reproduction as a conceptual framework, this paper discusses the part played by schools in constructing barriers that prevent under‐represented groups such as refugees participating in the education process. It aims to explore the success of community engagement programmes like Refugee Action Support, which is designed to act in the interests of others (refugees) characterised as socio‐culturally disadvantaged.
Understanding Factors Leading to Participation in Supplemental Instruction Programs in Introductory Accounting Courses

Abstract Although studies have shown that supplemental instruction (SI) programs can have positive effects in introductory accounting courses, these programs experience low participation rates. Thus, our study is the first to examine the factors leading to student participation in SI programs. We do this through a survey instrument based on the Theory of Planned Behavior. Our study shows that students' attitudes toward the sessions affect their intent to participate in them. This attitude is influenced by students' perceptions that the sessions can help them in various ways. Results also show that influential others can influence student intent to participate in SI sessions. We also note that students' perceptions of the amount of personal control that they have over going to SI sessions have no effect on their participation in the sessions. We discuss how these findings can be leveraged to increase SI participation rates.
Relationship between Kidney Dysfunction and Ischemic Stroke Outcomes: Albuminuria, but Not Estimated Glomerular Filtration Rate, Is Associated with the Risk of Further Vascular Events and Mortality after Stroke

Background and Objective Estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) and albuminuria are known to be associated with ischemic stroke outcomes. In this study, we investigated the longitudinal relationships of the two markers with mortality, vascular events and functional outcomes in a stroke cohort. Methods A total of 295 patients with acute ischemic stroke were prospectively recruited in a single center between May 2012 and February 2015. Renal dysfunction was defined as a decreased eGFR (<60 mL/min/1.73 m2) or albuminuria (urine albumin-to-creatinine ratio ≥ 30 mg/g). Good functional outcome at 6 months was defined as a modified Rankin scale score ≤ 2, and the occurrence of major vascular events (stroke, acute coronary syndrome or peripheral artery occlusion) or death was monitored. The associations between renal dysfunction and mortality, major vascular events, and 6-month functional outcome were evaluated by the Cox proportional hazards model and logistic regression analysis. Unadjusted and adjusted hazards ratios (HRs), odds ratios (ORs), and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were obtained. A Kaplan–Meier survival curve for composite adverse events (major vascular events or death) was also computed according to the presence or absence of albuminuria. Results Albuminuria, not eGFR, was significantly associated with mortality (P = 0.028; HR 2.15; 95% CI 1.09–4.25) and major vascular events (P = 0.044; HR 2.24; 95% CI 1.02–4.94) in the multivariate Cox proportional hazards models adjusting for age, sex, diabetes, hypertension, current smoking, atrial fibrillation, previous stroke, alcohol history, initial National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale (NIHSS) score and eGFR. In addition, albuminuria was negatively associated with 6-month functional outcome in the multivariate logistic regression analysis adjusting for age, sex, diabetes, hypertension, current smoking, atrial fibrillation, previous stroke, alcohol history and eGFR (P = 0.001; OR 0.36; 95% CI 0.20–0.65), but the association disappeared when NIHSS score was additionally adjusted (P = 0.519; OR 0.79; 95% CI 0.39–1.60). Furthermore, the patients with albuminuria had a significantly higher rate of composite adverse events than the patients without albuminuria (P < 0.001 by log-rank test). Conclusions Albuminuria seems a more useful clinical indicator than eGFR in evaluating the risk of adverse outcomes including further vascular events and death in patients with ischemic stroke.
The Enduring Impact of Social Factors on Exercise Tolerance in Men Attending Cardiac Rehabilitation

PURPOSE: This study explored the influence of social support on a prognostic indicator among cardiac patients, exercise tolerance. The relationship of sociodemographic factors to social support was examined, as well as the role of social support as a potential mediator between sociodemographic factors and exercise tolerance. METHODS: Archival data were collected from a sample of 254 men referred to cardiac rehabilitation. An exercise tolerance test was completed upon entry into cardiac rehabilitation, after 14 weeks, and after 9 months. RESULTS: Sociodemographic factors and social support reported upon entry into the cardiac rehabilitation program were related to initial and post-cardiac rehabilitation exercise tolerance, after controlling for admitting diagnoses, medical history, smoking, and perceived severity of illness. Overall, 28% of the variance in exercise tolerance was explained at baseline, 19% at 14 weeks, and 20% at 9 months. Specifically, older individuals had poorer exercise tolerance, whereas those with more income had better exercise tolerance. Social support was positively related to exercise tolerance at all 3 times. Older men reported less social support than younger men did, and those with more income reported more social support. However, social support did not mediate the relationship between sociodemographic factors and exercise tolerance. CONCLUSIONS: Results support the potential use of broad social factors in examining the determinants of prognostic factors for heart patients.
Professional portfolios in teacher education: An exploration of their value and potential

Abstract The authors describe their exploration of the value of professional portfolios in teacher education. They clearly define professional portfolios as the fusion of processes and products of self‐evaluation and collaborative evaluation. They relate their experience in introducing portfolios and related practices to their teacher education program, their findings from a small pilot study when portfolios were used to supplement traditional applications for teaching jobs, and their responses to a mail survey of school superintendents. They conclude with a statement of their belief that the value of professional portfolios in teacher education is both actual and potential.
Head maturation pathway of bacteriophages T4 and T2. IV. In vitro transformation of T4 head-related particles produced by mutants in gene 17 to capsid-like structures

T4 mutants in gene 17 accumulate particles which contain the main head protein in the cleaved form (gp23*) arranged in an unexpanded lattice (empty small particles), together with other expanded capsids (empty large particles). The isolated empty small particles can be transformed in vitro, by lowering the ionic strength, to capsid-like structures. This structural transformaton is not coupled to chemical modification of the structural proteins of the empty small particles. In contrast to unexpanded particles that are easily dissociated, the transformed structures are as resistant to dissociation as other T-even head-related particles with expanded lattice. Furthermore, the transformed particles are able to bind in vitro hoc and soc proteins, rendering capsids indistinguishable from the normal T4 capsids both morphologically and by their stability against denaturing agents. Our results indicate that the in vitro transformation of the empty small particles might mimic important and characteristic aspects of the in vivo maturation of T4 heads, thus suggesting a possible role of the "cleaved but unexpanded" particle in the maturation pathway of the T4 shell.
Cold Ischemia is a Major Determinant of Acute Rejection and Renal Graft Survival in the Modern Era of Immunosuppression

Background. The aim of our study was to examine, in a recent cohort of kidney transplant recipients who have received modern immunosuppressive therapy, the respective role of cold ischemia time (CIT) and delayed graft function (DGF) on acute rejection (AR) rates and long-term graft survival. Methods. We retrospectively reviewed the charts of 611 renal transplantations between 1996 and 2005. Most patients received a calcineurin inhibitor as maintenance therapy, either cyclosporine (43%) or tacrolimus (52%) and 76% of the patients received an antilymphocyte induction therapy. Study endpoints were DGF, first-year AR, and long-term graft survival. Uni- and multivariate analyses were performed to determine factors that may have influenced the study outcomes. Results. DGF was observed in 16.2% of patients. Both older donor age and longer CIT were significant risk factors for DGF. DGF rates were similar whether patients received a calcineurin inhibitor before transplantation or not. AR occurred in 16.5% of grafts during the first year. Independent predictors of AR by multivariate analysis were duration of dialysis, CIT, current panel-reactive lymphocytotoxic antibody more than 5%, and the number of human leukocyte antigen-A, B, and DR mismatches. Each hour of cold ischemia increases the risk of rejection by 4%. With respect to death-censored graft survival, three pretransplant parameters emerged as independent predictors of graft loss: younger recipient age, peak panel-reactive lymphocytotoxic antibody more than 5% and longer CIT. The detrimental effect of CIT on graft survival was entirely because of its propensity to trigger AR. When AR was added to the multivariate Cox model, CIT was no longer significant whereas first-year AR became the most important predictor of graft loss (Hazards ratio, 4.6). Conclusion. Shortening CIT will help to decrease not only DGF rates but also AR incidence and hence graft loss. Patients with prolonged CIT should receive adequate immunosuppression, possibly with antilymphocyte preparations, to prevent AR occurrence.
Learning Expressivity in Music Performance: An Exploratory Study

Forty-six college musicians were questioned regarding how they had previously learned and continue to develop expressivity in their musical performance. The results showed that the instruction provided in private lessons, as compared to that of ensembles or music classes, were considered more consequential in learning expressive music performance. Although virtually all subjects reported that some teacher modeling was used in their college private lessons, a majority of subjects (61%) indicated that their lessons consisted mostly of verbal-based instruction regarding expressivity. Students with model-oriented private instructors reported spending a significantly greater proportion of practice time working on their felt emotions during performance. These results are discussed in terms of their implications for music education. Specific consideration is given to the use of an emotion-centered pedagogy in music instruction, and the relationship between performer felt emotion and the physical sound properties of expressive music performance.
Topicals in Skin Rejuvenation: Prescription Topicals

Abstract With the recent proliferation of over the counter cosmeceuticals, prescription topical skin treatments have the cache of being evidence-based and not being available outside the setting of a patient–physician interaction. In the setting of facial rejuvenation, patient demand for prescription topical skin treatments falls into three main roles: (1) stimulation of collagen production; (2) improvement of dyspigmentation; and (3) amelioration of adult acne.
Targeted deletion of Wwox reveals a tumor suppressor function

The WW domain-containing oxidoreductase (WWOX) spans the second most common fragile site of the human genome, FRA16D, located at 16q23, and its expression is altered in several types of human cancer. We have previously shown that restoration of WWOX expression in cancer cells suppresses tumorigenicity. To investigate WWOX tumor suppressor function in vivo, we generated mice carrying a targeted deletion of the Wwox gene and monitored incidence of tumor formation. Osteosarcomas in juvenile Wwox−/− and lung papillary carcinoma in adult Wwox+/− mice occurred spontaneously. In addition, Wwox+/− mice develop significantly more ethyl nitrosourea-induced lung tumors and lymphomas in comparison to wild-type littermate mice. Intriguingly, these tumors still express Wwox protein, suggesting haploinsuffiency of WWOX itself is cancer predisposing. These results indicate that WWOX is a bona fide tumor suppressor.
Another Century's End, Another Revolution for Higher Education

for the new institutions that were being founded and for the colleges that suddenly found themselves being turned into universities. But I also thought and I believe it more strongly now that 100 years later we may be experiencing the beginnings of another revolution. That conviction forms the core of the argument in this article. We are entering another time of great change in American higher education; just what the results will be is uncertain, because colleges and universities are so well structured to resist change. But I think it may bring us to a closing of the circle first opened a century ago with the innovation of graduate study. At that time, the research university was an entirely novel product of its era the likes of which had never been seen before on this continent. And now, 100 years lat r, the research university stands at the very center of a challenge and an opportunity. That is because, although it does not provide higher education for most of the Americans who receive an education, it does train most of those wh provide that education. If I am right about the prospect of another centuryclosing revolution in higher education, it will happen in and because of the research universities. The actual course of events will