Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Forest wildfire hazard monitoring using remote sensing: A review

Our study presents a critical review of the state‐of‐art in the use of remote sensing technologies for forest wildfire hazard monitoring, with a particular emphasis on the live fuel moisture content monitoring. The review is done according to the three main spectral domains in which most existing Earth's observation satellites are working: optical, thermal infrared, active microwave as well as the synergism among these three spectral domains. Remote sensing of fuel moisture monitoring was first done with NOAA‐AVHRR NDVI images. NOAA‐AVHRR surface temperature images were also used, alone or in association with NDVI images. Both kinds of images have a limited image availability due to cloud cover, but not active microwave images. Fuel moisture monitoring using microwave data is still experimental. Although operational systems using either NOAA‐A VHRR NDVI or surface temperature images exist, further investigations are needed to design an operational multi‐sensor system which accounts for advantages of each image type, while remaining cheap enough to be competitive. One of the most advantageous synergisms between spectral domains will be combining microwave with optical or thermal infrared data, but there is still a need to assess the applicability of such a synergism to forest canopies
Comparison of plate and asthenospheric flow models for the thermal evolution of oceanic lithosphere

Although seafloor depth and heat flow for young oceanic lithosphere can be described by modeling the lithosphere as the boundary layer of a cooling halfspace, a long standing question has been why data at older ages deviate from those expected for a halfspace. Two classes of models have been proposed for these deviations. In one, heat added from below “flattens” depth and heat flow. In the other, asthenospheric flow beneath the lithosphere perturbs the depths. We compare recent versions of the model classes: the GDH1 thin-lithosphere plate model [Stein and Stein, 1992] and an asthenospheric flow model [Phipps Morgan and Smith, 1992]. The plate model fits heat flow data better than the flow model for all cases considered, and topographic data in all but one case. The flow model significantly overpredicts depths for the North Atlantic, because the assumed asthenospheric flow in the plate motion direction would yield deepening for old ages rather than the observed flattening. Overall, the GDH1 global average model does better than this flow model, whose parameters were fit to specific plates. Moreover, plate models fit to specific plates do better than the flow model. Plate models thus appear more useful than this flow model, suggesting that deviations from a cooling halfspace are largely thermal in origin.
Ceftazidime–avibactam for the treatment of complicated urinary tract infections and complicated intra-abdominal infections

Treatment of complicated urinary tract infections and complicated intra-abdominal infections is increasingly difficult due to the rising prevalence of multidrug-resistant Gram-negative bacteria. Ceftazidime–avibactam is a combination of the established third-generation cephalosporin ceftazidime with avibactam, a novel non–β-lactam β-lactamase inhibitor, which restores the activity of ceftazidime against many β-lactamase–producing Gram-negative bacteria, including extended-spectrum β-lactamases and Klebsiella pneumoniae carbapenemases. Clinical and nonclinical studies supporting the safety and efficacy of ceftazidime–avibactam include microbiological surveillance studies of clinically relevant pathogens, in vivo animal models of infection, pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic target attainment analyses, Phase I clinical pharmacology studies, and Phase II/III studies in the treatment of complicated intra-abdominal infections and complicated urinary tract infections, including patients with ceftazidime-nonsusceptible Gram-negative infections.
Factorial Algorithms for Efficient Big Data Computing in AI and ML Models and their Implementation in Python

Factorial algorithms encompass a spectrum of computational methods, and their efficiency and practical viability depends on the specific techniques employed during implementation process in the programming language of choice. Among these methods, the iterative approach has demonstrated commendable efficiency. Nevertheless, the optimization of factorial computations can be taken to greater heights by harnessing advanced algorithms tailored to particular computational demands. In contrast to the recursive model, which exhibits conceptual simplicity, it is not immune to the drawback of repetitive calculations and large memory requirements. This redundancy can be effectively eliminated through the utilization of the iterative algorithm, thereby furnishing a swifter solution in the context of factorial calculations. The implementations of all cases in this paper are elaborated in such a way that both time complexity and memory requirements are taken into account for large values of the samples.
Rhesus Monkey Vestibular Cortex: A Bimodal Primary Projection Field

Single units in the rhesus monkey (Macaca mulata) cortex responded to both vestibular and proprioceptive somatosensory stimuli. This bimodal response characteristic is unlike the modality specificity noted for other primary sensory fields. The vestibular field is located, contrary to previous opinion, within a distinct cytoarchitectonic area outside of area 2.
Mantle Convection in the Earth and Planets

“How were the continents formed? ” “Did layered mantle convection ever occur? ” “Has the Earth always had a geodynamo? ” These are some of the 159 questions that Schubert, Turcotte, and Olson use to provide a framework for their overview of convection related processes that affect Earth and other planets. Some of these questions have been answered; some continue to be the subject of active research and even heated debates after 3 decades of study; and others may be unanswerable. The authors return to their questions at the end of the book to summarize what is known and to identify the key unanswered questions in mantle convection. While this is not the most subtle way to guide readers through a book, I appreciate the structure and clarity provided by these questions. Moreover, I found it helpful to have a concise statement of the reasons for studying various aspects of mantle convection.
The effects of thiol modulators on nitrergic nerve- and S-nitrosothiols-induced relaxation in duodenum

Abstract Background: The aim of this study was to investigate whether thiols are involved in the nitrergic neurotransmission in mouse duodenum. Methods: The effects of thiol-modulating agents, ethacrynic acid (100 μM), a non-specific sulfhydryl alkylator, and diamide (100 μM), an alkylating agent that oxidizes protein sulfhydryl groups and depletes intracellular glutathione, on relaxations to nitrergic stimulation (electrical field stimulation, EFS;10 Hz, 25 V, 1 ms, 15 s-train), S-nitrosoglutathione (GSNO; 5 μM), S-nitroso-acetylpenicillamine (SNAP; 5 μM), and S-nitrosocysteine (CysNO; 10 μM) were investigated. Moreover, the effects of buthionine sulfoximine (100 μM), an inhibitor of γ-glutamylcysteine synthetase, and sulfobromophthalein (100 μM), an inhibitor of glutathione-S-transferase, were studied on relaxant responses to EFS and S-nitrosothiols in mouse duodenum. Results: Exogenous free thiol, glutathione (GSH, 100 μM) did not influence relaxation to EFS, GSNO, SNAP, and CysNO. Ethacrynic acid and diamide significantly decreased relaxation of duodenum to EFS, GSNO, SNAP, and CysNO. This inhibition was prevented by addition of GSH. Buthionine sulfoximine and sulfobromophthalein significantly decreased relaxation to EFS and GSNO but did not influence relaxation to SNAP and CysNO. The inhibitory effect of buthionine sulfoximine and sulfobromophthalein on the relaxant response to EFS and GSNO was prevented by addition of GSH. Conclusions: These results suggest that relaxation to nitrergic stimulation is thiol-dependent, and nitrosothiols, possibly S-nitrosoglutathione may play a role, as an intermediate compound in nitrergic neurotransmission in mouse duodenum.
First-principles design of nanomachines

Learning from nature's amazing molecular machines, globular proteins, we present a framework for the predictive design of nanomachines. We show that the crucial ingredients for a chain molecule to behave as a machine are its inherent anisotropy and the coupling between the local Frenet coordinate reference frames of nearby monomers. We demonstrate that, even in the absence of heterogeneity, protein-like behavior is obtained for a simple chain molecule made up of just 30 hard spheres. This chain spontaneously switches between 2 distinct geometries, a single helix and a dual helix, merely because of thermal fluctuations.
Desert Springs: Deep Phylogeographic Structure in an Ancient Endemic Crustacean (Phreatomerus latipes)

Desert mound springs of the Great Artesian Basin in central Australia maintain an endemic fauna that have historically been considered ubiquitous throughout all of the springs. Recent studies, however, have shown that several endemic invertebrate species are genetically highly structured and contain previously unrecognised species, suggesting that individuals may be geographically ‘stranded in desert islands’. Here we further tested the generality of this hypothesis by conducting genetic analyses of the obligate aquatic phreatoicid isopod Phreatomerus latipes. Phylogenetic and phylogeographic relationships amongst P. latipes individuals were examined using a multilocus approach comprising allozymes and mtDNA sequence data. From the Lake Eyre region in South Australia we collected data for 476 individuals from 69 springs for the mtDNA gene COI; in addition, allozyme electrophoresis was conducted on 331 individuals from 19 sites for 25 putative loci. Phylogenetic and population genetic analyses showed three major clades in both allozyme and mtDNA data, with a further nine mtDNA sub-clades, largely supported by the allozymes. Generally, each of these sub-clades was concordant with a traditional geographic grouping known as spring complexes. We observed a coalescent time between ∼2–15 million years ago for haplotypes within each of the nine mtDNA sub-clades, whilst an older total time to coalescence (>15 mya) was observed for the three major clades. Overall we observed that multiple layers of phylogeographic history are exemplified by Phreatomerus, suggesting that major climate events and their impact on the landscape have shaped the observed high levels of diversity and endemism. Our results show that this genus reflects a diverse fauna that existed during the early Miocene and appears to have been regionally restricted. Subsequent aridification events have led to substantial contraction of the original habitat, possibly over repeated Pleistocene ice age cycles, with P. latipes populations becoming restricted in the distribution to desert springs.
Rare Earth Element Inversion Models for Basalts Associated with the Kerguelen Mantle Plume

McKenzie and O'Nions (1991, 1994) have shown that the composition of magmas generated by decompression melting of primitive or depleted mantle can be modelled by inverting rare earth element (REE) concentrations. The inversion technique assumes fractional, adiabatic melting (White et al., 1992), with the composition of the melt and residue governed by the vertical extent and depth of melting. In this study, we present results for Cretaceous and Mid-Eocene basalts from the eastern Indian Ocean, believed to be products of the Kerguelen mantle plume (e.g., Royer and Sandwell, 1989). The age, chemistry, and isotopic characteristics of these lavas have been discussed in several recent papers (see Storey et al., 1992 for references). The aim of our work is to constrain the melting history of the Kerguelen plume, and to relate this history to tectonic setting and the fluid dynamics of the plume. A more comprehensive discussion of the modelling results will be presented elsewhere (Kent et aL, in preparation). Inversion results
Current research in child and adolescent bipolar disorder

Although recently more research has considered children with bipolar disorder than in the past, much controversy still surrounds the validity of the diagnosis. Furthermore, questions remain as to whether or not childhood expressions of bipolarity are continuous with adult manifestations of the illness. In order to advance current knowledge of bipolar disorders in children, researchers have begun to conduct phenomenological, longitudinal, treatment, and neuroimaging studies in youths who exhibit symptoms of bipolar illness, as well as offspring of parents with bipolar disorders. Regardless of the differences between research groups regarding how bipolar disorder in children is defined, it is agreed that pediatric bipolarity is a serious and pernicious illness. With early intervention during the period of time in which youths are exhibiting subsyndromal symptoms of pediatric bipolarity, it appears that the progression of the illness to the more malignant manifestation of the disorder may be avoided. This paper will review what is currently known and what still is left to learn about clinically salient topics that pertain to bipolar disorder in children and adolescents.
Stability as performance metric for subjective pattern recognition - application of Electoral College in face recognition

For a class of pattern recognition problems, such as the face recognition problem, humans do not know the strategies that our brains employ in daily life and therefore there is no algorithm that can emulate our brain ability. Without understanding the psychological processes of brains, an objective of improving accuracy of such systems leads nowhere but to a trial-and-error process of different algorithms with different parameters. We argue that, at current stage, the objective of the research on such pattern recognition systems should be improving of the stableness/robustness rather than the accuracy. We further argue that stableness actually affects the accuracy. A stability model on voting systems has shown that Electoral College (aka regional vote scheme) is more stable than direct popular vote (aka national vote scheme), that the stability of Electoral College reaches the peak when the subdivided regions/windows are of middle size. By embedding regular face recognition algorithms into Electoral College framework, impressive performances have been achieved on several benchmark face sets.
Late Cenozoic Evolution of Northern Eurasian Marginal Seas Based on the Diatom Record

Summary: Based on an analysis of fossil diatom assemblages in the upper Cenozoic beds of the northernmost Eurasian coast and adjacent shelf areas and their correlation with zonal stratigraphical subdivisions of the sub-Arctic regions of North Atlantic and North Pacific the spatial-temporal evaluation of the main paleoceanological events in the Arctic have been established. The similarity of the Late Cenozoic diatom floras of the eastern Arctic and the North Pacific existed since the Middle Miocene. The end of the Middle Miocene as well as the Late Miocene were the epochs of transgressions on the eastern Eurasian Arctic shelf. Sea basins occupied coastal lowlands of north­ ern Chukotka, the shelves of the East Siberian and Laptev Seas, and the region around the New Siberian Islands. A deep ingressive bay occupied the North Siberian lowland and reached the Ust' -Yenisei region. The Middle Miocene diatom assemblages of the eastern Arctic seas are charactcrized by a high taxonomic diversity of the warm water species, the Late Miocene ones by the abundance of cold water species and the appearance of Arctic-boreal species including sea-ice species. The end of the Late Pliocene and early to middle Pleistocene epochs in the Eurasian Arctic shelf regions were marked by marine transgressions. Paleoceanological and ice conditions in the Arctic seas during this time were close to the modern ones, being affected by continuous intensive advection of North Atlantic and Pacific waters.
Inhibitory gating of an evoked response to repeated auditory stimuli in schizophrenic and normal subjects. Human recordings, computer simulation, and an animal model.

BACKGROUND Altered sensory response is a prominent feature of schizophrenia. Inhibitory gatting mechanisms, shown by diminished P50 evoked responses to repeated auditory stimuli, seem to be deficient in schizophrenic persons. These inhibitory mechanisms usually are studied by averaging the electroencephalographic responses to many presentations of pairs of stimuli. Although averaging increases signal-to-noise ratio, it may obscure trial-to-trial differences. We compared differences between schizophrenic and normal persons in single trials and averages of P50 response. METHODS Recordings from 10 schizophrenic patients and 10 normal subjects were analyzed using conventional averaging and single-trial measurements. A computer simulation of both methods examined their ability to extract evoked responses from background activity. Related single-neuron activity in the hippocampus in an animal model also was studied, because neuronal action potentials can be reliably identified in single trials. RESULTS Averaged evoked potentials showed significant suppression of the P50 response to the second stimulus of the pair in normal patients, but not in schizophrenic patients. Single-trial analysis did not detect a response above background activity. Computer simulations gave similar results, suggesting that failure to detect suppression in single trials comes from inadequate differentiation of signal from noise. Recordings in animals confirmed almost complete suppression of the response of hippocampal pyramidal neurons to the second stimulus. CONCLUSIONS The normal inhibition of response to repeated auditory stimuli seems to be compromised in schizophrenia. This loss of inhibitory gating could reflect a physiological deficit of hippocampal interneurons that is consonant with other evidence for interneuron pathologic defects in schizophrenia.
On the interpretation of linear relationships between seafloor subsidence rate and the height of the ridge

SUMMARY Several studies have found that the ‘subsidence rate’ of the oceanic lithosphere measured along flow lines is a linear function of the height of the ridge. This might have very important implications concerning our understanding of the cooling of the lithosphere. Here we study the relationship between the subsidence rate and the height of the ridge in the South Atlantic and East Indian Oceans. From the regression slopes of this relationship, it has been inferred that lithosphere created at shallower ridges subsides faster and to deeper levels than that generated at deeper ridges. We show however, that the topography at young ages for various seafloor segments stays positively correlated with the topography at older ages. Synthetic data sets are obtained by adding random synthetic signals with the same spectrum as the residual topography to the average depth versus age relationship. They are also characterized by the same linear relationship between ‘subsidence rates’ and the height of the ridge. This relationship is therefore not proof that lithosphere formed at shallow ridges cools faster than lithosphere formed at deeper ridges. Random signals linked with crustal thickness variations, hotspot bulges and perhaps large wavelength ‘dynamical topography’ would also yield such a relationship.
Is ADHD diagnosed in accord with diagnostic criteria? Overdiagnosis and influence of client gender on diagnosis.

OBJECTIVE Unresolved questions exist concerning diagnosis of ADHD. First, some studies suggest a potential overdiagnosis. Second, compared with the male-female ratio in the general population (3:1), many more boys receive ADHD treatment compared with girls (6-9:1). We hypothesized that this occurs because therapists do not adhere to Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (4th ed.; DSM-IV) and International Classification of Diseases (10th rev.; ICD-10) criteria. Instead, we hypothesized that, in accordance with the representativeness heuristic, therapists might diagnose attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) if a patient resembles their concept of a prototypical ADHD child, leading therapists to overlook certain exclusion criteria. This may result in overdiagnosis. Furthermore, as ADHD is more frequent in males, a boy might be seen as a more prototypical ADHD child and might therefore receive an ADHD diagnosis more readily than a girl would. METHOD We sent a case vignette to 1,000 child psychologists, psychiatrists, and social workers and asked them to give a diagnosis. Four versions of the vignette existed: Vignette 1 (ADHD) fulfilled all DSM-IV/ICD-10 criteria of ADHD. Vignettes 2-4 (non-ADHD) included several ADHD symptoms but stated other ADHD criteria were nonfulfilled. Therefore, an ADHD diagnosis could not be given. Furthermore, boy and girl versions of each vignette were created. RESULTS In Vignettes 2-4 (non-ADHD), 16.7% of therapists diagnosed ADHD. In the boy version of these vignettes, therapists diagnosed ADHD around 2 times more than they did with the girl vignettes. CONCLUSIONS Therapists do not adhere strictly to diagnostic manuals. Our study suggests that overdiagnosis of ADHD occurs in clinical routine and that the patient's gender influences diagnosis considerably. Thorough diagnostic training might help therapists to avoid these biases.
Progression of Renal Dysfunction in Patients with Cardiovascular Disease

It has been established that patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD) suffer from frequent cardiovascular events. On the other hand, recent studies suggest that renal damage tends to worsen in patients with cardiovascular diseases (CVD). Although the mechanisms for the cardiorenal association are unclear, the presence of arteriosclerotic risk factors common to both CVD and CKD is important. In arteriosclerosis, vascular derangement progresses not only in the heart but also in the kidney. In addition, heart failure, cardiac catheterization and hesitation of medical treatments due to renal dysfunction may explain the progression of renal damage. Therefore, the goal of treatments is a total control of arteriosclerotic risk factors. Medication should be selected among agents with protective effects on both heart and kidney. It is important to always consider the presence of CKD for the treatment of the cardiovascular disease and strictly control the risk factors.
Runoff generation in zero‐order precambrian shield catchments: The stormflow response of a heterogeneous landscape

Hydrometric and isotopic (oxygen-18) observations were used to delineate the runoff processes operating in several headwater catchments on the Precambrian Shield of Canada. The catchments comprise patches of conifer forest situated on thin soils among areas of lichen-covered granitic bedrock. Horton overland flow occurred from the lichen-bedrock areas in all precipitation events that exceeded 4–6 mm. Runoff from the forest stands occurred mainly as subsurface stormflow, but in some instances saturation overland flow was observed. The occurrence of saturation overland flow was controlled by the topography of the bedrock beneath the forest soils. The area contributing runoff and the pathway by which water was conveyed to the catchment outflow switched from the open lichen-bedrock areas producing overland flow on the rising limb of the storm hydrograph to the forest stands contributing subsurface stormflow on the recession limb of the hydrograph. The areal extent and position of the landscape units in the basin were important to the rate and magnitude of stormflow production. Runoff was generated from the catchments only during and immediately after snowmelt and/or rainfall events. The catchments were dry and/or frozen for about 70% of the year.