Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
A Low Latency Hardware Multicast RoutingAlgorithm for Two-Dimensional Meshes

Multicast communication is a signi cant operation in multicomputer systems and can be used to support several other collective communication operations. Hardware implementation is a viable solution to develop a low latency multicast algorithm. In this paper, we present a new multicast routing algorithm for two-dimensional meshes. The algorithm uses wormhole routing mechanism and can send messages to any number of destinations within two start-up communication phases; hence the name, two-phase multicast (TPM) algorithm. The algorithm uses the base routing scheme used for unicast communication, thus minimizing the additional hardware support. The algorithm allows some intermediate nodes that are not in the destination set to perform the multicast functions. This feature allows exibility in multicast path selection and therefore improves the performance. A simulation study has been conducted to investigate the performance of the purposed TPM algorithm. The simulation results show that the purposed TPM algorithm performs significantly better for both contention-free and mixed-tra c conditions, when compared with the previously proposed multicast algorithms.
Shape Memory: A New Concept of Explanation and of Mathematical Modelling

The mathematical model presented here is formulated in such a way that the two sets of atoms present in a binary alloy with shape memory are modelled as two continuous infrastruc tures. The model is based on the author's general concept elaborated for the description of inelastic processes in heterogeneous materials. For the effect of mechanical loading the application of this concept is straightforward. The effect of temperature changes is modelled by a simple linear relation that reflects the influence of the differing thermal expansions of the two elements constituting the alloy upon the deviatoric stress and strain in the infrastructure that undergoes inelastic deformation. The resulting thermomechanical constitutive equation is very general and the cases of shape memory and pseudoelasticity are described by it as special forms. Quantitative comparisons of theo retical and experimental data prove that this approach is meaningful.
Latency and duration of the muscle silent period following transcranial magnetic stimulation in multiple sclerosis, cerebral ischemia, and other upper motoneuron lesions

Article abstract–In muscles with sustained voluntary contraction, EMG activity is transiently inhibited after transcranial magnetic stimulation. We recorded this postexcitatory silent period (SP) at 1.5 times individual stimulus threshold level from the first dorsal interosseus muscle in 65 neurologic patients aged 11 to 80 years. When compared with 20 healthy volunteers and a subgroup of patients with peripheral neurologic conditions not affecting the tested pathways, the SP was significantly longer on the paretic side in cerebral ischemia (p < 0.001) and chronic inflammatory CNS diseases, such as multiple sclerosis or neurosarcoidosis (p < 0.01). There was a similar tendency in pyramidal tract lesions due to CNS tumors and spinal cord trauma. In lesser degrees of paresis, SP duration is more sensitive than central motor conduction time (CMCT), but its specificity awaits further evaluation. SP is dependent on the integration of motor excitatory and inhibitory pathways and, possibly, sensorimotor reflex systems. In contrast to SP duration, which proved to be an independent variable giving supplementary information over the usual CMCT measurement, SP onset latency correlates well with CMCT and peripheral nerve conduction slowing, as in polyradiculoneuritis.
Role of the Deubiquitylating Enzyme DmUsp5 in Coupling Ubiquitin Equilibrium to Development and Apoptosis in Drosophila melanogaster

Protein ubiquitylation is a dynamic process that affects the function and stability of proteins and controls essential cellular processes ranging from cell proliferation to cell death. This process is regulated through the balanced action of E3 ubiquitin ligases and deubiquitylating enzymes (DUB) which conjugate ubiquitins to, and remove them from target proteins, respectively. Our genetic analysis has revealed that the deubiquitylating enzyme DmUsp5 is required for maintenance of the ubiquitin equilibrium, cell survival and normal development in Drosophila. Loss of the DmUsp5 function leads to late larval lethality accompanied by the induction of apoptosis. Detailed analyses at a cellular level demonstrated that DmUsp5 mutants carry multiple abnormalities, including a drop in the free monoubiquitin level, the excessive accumulation of free polyubiquitins, polyubiquitylated proteins and subunits of the 26S proteasome. A shortage in free ubiquitins results in the induction of a ubiquitin stress response previously described only in the unicellular budding yeast. It is characterized by the induction of the proteasome-associated deubiquitylase DmUsp14 and sensitivity to cycloheximide. Removal of DmUsp5 also activates the pro-apoptotic machinery thereby resulting in widespread apoptosis, indicative of an anti-apoptotic role of DmUsp5. Collectively, the pleiotropic effects of a loss of DmUsp5 function can be explained in terms of the existence of a limited pool of free monoubiquitins which makes the ubiquitin-dependent processes mutually interdependent.
DISC1 and PDE4B Are Interacting Genetic Factors in Schizophrenia That Regulate cAMP Signaling

The disrupted in schizophrenia 1 (DISC1) gene is a candidate susceptibility factor for schizophrenia, but its mechanistic role in the disorder is unknown. Here we report that the gene encoding phosphodiesterase 4B (PDE4B) is disrupted by a balanced translocation in a subject diagnosed with schizophrenia and a relative with chronic psychiatric illness. The PDEs inactivate adenosine 3′,5′-monophosphate (cAMP), a second messenger implicated in learning, memory, and mood. We show that DISC1 interacts with the UCR2 domain of PDE4B and that elevation of cellular cAMP leads to dissociation of PDE4B from DISC1 and an increase in PDE4B activity. We propose a mechanistic model whereby DISC1 sequesters PDE4B in resting cells and releases it in an activated state in response to elevated cAMP.
Estimates of Cosmological Parameters Using the Cosmic Microwave Background Angular Power Spectrum of ACBAR

We report an investigation of cosmological parameters based on the measurements of anisotropy in the cosmic microwave background radiation (CMB) made by the Arcminute Cosmology Bolometer Array Receiver (ACBAR). We use the ACBAR data in concert with other recent CMB measurements to derive Bayesian estimates of parameters in inflation-motivated adiabatic cold dark matter models. We apply a series of additional cosmological constraints on the shape and amplitude of the density power spectrum and the Hubble parameter and from supernovae to further refine our parameter estimates. Previous estimates of parameters are confirmed, with sensitive measurements of the power spectrum now ranging from l ~ 3 to 2800. Comparing individual best-fit models, we find that the addition of ΩΛ as a parameter dramatically improves the fits. We also use the high-l data of ACBAR, along with similar data from the Cosmic Background Imager and Berkeley-Illinois-Maryland Association array, to investigate potential secondary anisotropies from the Sunyaev-Zel'dovich effect. We show that the results from the three experiments are consistent under this interpretation and use the data, combined and individually, to estimate σ8 from the Sunyaev-Zel'dovich component.
Direction of arrival estimation using sum co-array of coprime arrays

In this paper, direction of arrival (DOA) estimation using sum co-array of coprime arrays is studied. The array geometry can be represented as the kronecker product of those of two coprime arrays. This array structure can reduce the aperture loss when extracting the subarrays, which are jointly used to achieve high resolution and unique DOA estimation via low computational propagator method. Compare to original coprime arrays based method, the proposed algorithm achieves better estimation results. Besides, the proposed method has low complexity for it requires neither peak search nor eigenvalue-decomposition. Simulation results verify the effectiveness of the proposed approach.
A 5-GHz subharmonically injection-locked all-digital PLL with complementary switched injection

In this paper, a low-phase-noise subharmonically injection-locked all-digital phase-locked loop (PLL) with simplified overall architecture based on a complementary switched injection technique and a sub-sampling bang-bang detector (SSBBPD) is presented. The proposed PLL does not require a timing calibration circuit for phase alignment between the PLL and injection loops. Moreover, instead of a pulse generator, a complementary switched injection technique is used to achieve high frequency (e.g. 5 GHz) injection-locked oscillator. The proposed PLL was implemented in a 65-nm CMOS process on an active area of 0.06mm2, with measurement result showing that it achieves a 484-fs integrated RMS jitter from 1 kHz to 40 MHz at a 5-GHz output frequency while consuming 15.4 mW.
Experimental development of power consumption in LIPCA-C2

Currently a carbon/glass fiber, piezoelectric-ceramic composite, LIPCA, is being investigated for use in micro aerial vehicles, micropumps, vibration control systems, and a number of bio-inspired robotic devices. Many of these applications help demonstrate the growing trend in miniaturization that drives innovative developments in products ranging from pacemakers to cell phones. When designing products for our ever shrinking world not only must the size of the principal components of the system be taken into consideration but also the components of the system that afford functionality as a bi-product of their inclusion. To this end we are referring to the mechanical or electrical systems that provide these devices with the necessary energy to perform their tasks. In order to make efficient use of LIPCA in the previously mentioned applications, the ability to forecast power consumption is essential. In the present investigation, a method of modeling the power consumption of piezoelectric devices is presented and evaluated over a range of frequencies and voltages. Effects of variation in actuator dimension, driving voltage, and frequency are presented. Accuracy of the model is assessed and factors leading to inaccuracies are identified.
EMC measurements in the time-domain

In this tutorial presentation, broad-band time-domain electromagnetic interference (EMI) measurement techniques are discussed. Time-domain EMI measurement systems are based on broad-band analog-to-digital conversion and subsequent real-time digital processing of the EMI measurement signals. This allows us to reduce the measurement times by several orders of magnitude. Modern time-domain EMI measurement systems for frequency bands up to 18 GHz and their principles of operation are presented. Like conventional EMI receivers, time-domain EMI measurement systems facilitate the measurement of average-, rms, peak-, and quasi-peak values of the EMI. Additionally, time-domain electromagnetic interference measurement systems allow measuring phase-spectra, short-time spectra and to performing statistical analysis of the measured signals.
Poststroke Fatigue: Characteristics and Related Factors

Background and Purpose: Poststroke fatigue (PoSF) is a common, but poorly studied problem. The purpose of the present study was to elucidate the characteristics of and the factors associated with PoSF. Methods: We studied 220 consecutive outpatients at an average of 15 months after the onset of stroke. The presence of poststroke depression (PSD) and poststroke emotional incontinence were identified with the use of a standardized questionnaire. The presence of PoSF was assessed using the visual analogue scale and Fatigue Severity Scale. The presence of prestroke fatigue (PrSF) was also assessed. The impact of PoSF on patients’ daily activities was also assessed using the Fatigue Impact Scale. Results: One hundred and twenty-five patients (57%) had PoSF, 83 (38%) had PrSF and 53 (24%) had PSD. Thirty-six percent of the patients without PrSF and 50% of the patients without PSD had PoSF. The impact of PoSF on patients’ daily activities was more severe in the physical domain as compared with the psychological or cognitive domains (p < 0.01). Multivariate analyses showed that the presence of PrSF (p < 0.01, OR 33.5), high modified Rankin scale (MRS; p < 0.05, OR 3.3), PSD (p < 0.05, OR 2.7) were independently associated with PoSF. Cessation of cigarette smoking (p < 0.05) and the presence of PrSF (p < 0.01) were independently related to PoSF in patients without PSD while decrease in sexual activities (p < 0.05) and the presence of dysarthria (p < 0.05) were related to PoSF in patients without PrSF. Conclusions: Fatigue is a fairly common sequela of stroke patients, exerting an impact on their daily activities, especially physical ones. PrSF is the most important factor related to PoSF, followed by high MRS and PSD. Nevertheless, the causes of PoSF appear multifactorial. Strategies to improve the PoSF should be individualized according to the causative factors.
Association of tracheal placodes with leg primordia in Drosophila and implications for the origin of insect tracheal systems

Adaptation to diverse habitats has prompted the development of distinct organs in different animals to better exploit their living conditions. This is the case for the respiratory organs of arthropods, ranging from tracheae in terrestrial insects to gills in aquatic crustaceans. Although Drosophila tracheal development has been studied extensively, the origin of the tracheal system has been a long-standing mystery. Here, we show that tracheal placodes and leg primordia arise from a common pool of cells in Drosophila, with differences in their fate controlled by the activation state of the wingless signalling pathway. We have also been able to elucidate early events that trigger leg specification and to show that cryptic appendage primordia are associated with the tracheal placodes even in abdominal segments. The association between tracheal and appendage primordia in Drosophila is reminiscent of the association between gills and appendages in crustaceans. This similarity is strengthened by the finding that homologues of tracheal inducer genes are specifically expressed in the gills of crustaceans. We conclude that crustacean gills and insect tracheae share a number of features that raise the possibility of an evolutionary relationship between these structures. We propose an evolutionary scenario that accommodates the available data.
Quantum control model for spatial propagation of electromagnetic fields in dielectrics

The design of many quantum optical devices is attributed to the determination of spatially distributed parameters (e.g., refraction index in photonic crystal), which calls for a theoretical description for the spatial propagation of quantum fields. This paper discusses the spatial evolution of quantized electromagnetic fields in waveguide with spatially variant dielectric parameters, which is in parallel with the time evolution in the standard input-output formalism [C. W. Gardiner and M. J. Collett, Phys.Rev.A 31, 3761 (1985)]. This formalism is non-trivial to quantum optics in nonlinear and dispersive medium, and provides a new perspective of modeling and analyzing the control of quantum fields by matter.
Bcl-2 family controls mitochondrial outer membrane permeabilization by performing non-trivial pattern recognition

Interactions between individual members of the B-cell lymphoma 2 (Bcl-2) family of proteins form a regulatory network governing mitochondrial outer membrane permeabilization (MOMP). Bcl-2 family initiated MOMP causes release of the inter-membrane pro-apoptotic proteins to cytosol and creates a cytosolic environment suitable for the executionary phase of apoptosis. Using mathematical modeling and computational simulation, we have analyzed the response of this regulatory network caused by the up-/downregulation of each individual member of the Bcl-2 family. As a result, a non-linear stimulus-response emerged, the characteristics of which are associated with bistability and switch-like behavior. Using the principal component analysis (PCA) we have shown that the Bcl-2 family classifies the random combinations of inputs into two distinct classes, and responds to these by one of the two qualitatively distinct outputs. As we showed, the emergence of this behavior requires specific organization of the interactions between particular Bcl-2 proteins.
Asymmetries of the human social brain in the visual, auditory and chemical modalities

Structural and functional asymmetries are present in many regions of the human brain responsible for motor control, sensory and cognitive functions and communication. Here, we focus on hemispheric asymmetries underlying the domain of social perception, broadly conceived as the analysis of information about other individuals based on acoustic, visual and chemical signals. By means of these cues the brain establishes the border between ‘self’ and ‘other’, and interprets the surrounding social world in terms of the physical and behavioural characteristics of conspecifics essential for impression formation and for creating bonds and relationships. We show that, considered from the standpoint of single- and multi-modal sensory analysis, the neural substrates of the perception of voices, faces, gestures, smells and pheromones, as evidenced by modern neuroimaging techniques, are characterized by a general pattern of right-hemispheric functional asymmetry that might benefit from other aspects of hemispheric lateralization rather than constituting a true specialization for social information.
Preliminary validation of Sm–Fe–N magnetic silicone rubber for a flexible magnetic actuator

In this paper, we present a new approach for a flexible magnetic actuator (FMA) using Sm–Fe–N magnetic silicone rubber (MSR) that has a higher degree of freedom (DOF) in shape, flexibility, ease of fabrication and combinative ability than permanent magnets. To verify its potential for use in an FMA, we examined its magnetic and elastic properties and focused on magnetic torque control within a uniform rotating magnetic field. Silicone rubber liquid and hardener were mixed with Sm–Fe–N powder and poured into a mold. The fabricated Sm–Fe–N MSR included Sm–Fe–N powder of 13.5, 17.3, and 21.2 vol% ratio. The physical and elastic properties were determined by a vibrating sample magnetometer (VSM) and elastic load, respectively. Furthermore, we fabricated two FMAs (multiple-magnetic anisotropy type and spiral-type), and evaluated the suitability of the Sm–Fe–N MSR for magnetic wireless actuators based on magnetic torque control.
Parametric Complexity of Sequence Assembly: Theory and Applications to Next Generation Sequencing

In recent years, a flurry of new DNA sequencing technologies have altered the landscape of genomics, providing a vast amount of sequence information at a fraction of the costs that were previously feasible. The task of assembling these sequences into a genome has, however, still remained an algorithmic challenge that is in practice answered by heuristic solutions. In order to design better assembly algorithms and exploit the characteristics of sequence data from new technologies, we need an improved understanding of the parametric complexity of the assembly problem. In this article, we provide a first theoretical study in this direction, exploring the connections between repeat complexity, read lengths, overlap lengths and coverage in determining the "hard" instances of the assembly problem. Our work suggests at least two ways in which existing assemblers can be extended in a rigorous fashion, in addition to delineating directions for future theoretical investigations.
Genetically Engineered Mouse Models of Pituitary Tumors

Animal models constitute valuable tools for investigating the pathogenesis of cancer as well as for preclinical testing of novel therapeutics approaches. However, the pathogenic mechanisms of pituitary-tumor formation remain poorly understood, particularly in sporadic adenomas, thus, making it a challenge to model pituitary tumors in mice. Nevertheless, genetically engineered mouse models (GEMMs) of pituitary tumors have provided important insight into pituitary tumor biology. In this paper, we review various GEMMs of pituitary tumors, highlighting their contributions and limitations, and discuss opportunities for research in the field.
Limited proteolysis of ribonuclease A with thermolysin in trifluoroethanol

We have examined the proteolysis of bovine pancreatic ribonuclease A (RNase) by thermolysin when dissolved in aqueous buffer, pH 7.0, in the presence of 50% (v/v) trifluoroethanol (TFE). Under these solvent conditions, RNase acquires a conformational state characterized by an enhanced content of secondary structure (helix) and reduced tertiary structure, as given by CD measurements. It was found that the TFE‐resistant thermolysin, despite its broad substrate specificity, selectively cleaves the 124‐residue chain of RNase in its TFE state (20–42 °C, 6–24 h) at peptide bond Asn 34‐Leu 35, followed by a slower cleavage at peptide bond Thr 45‐Phe 46. In the absence of TFE, native RNase is resistant to proteolysis by thermolysin. Two nicked RNase species, resulting from cleavages at one or two peptide bonds and thus constituted by two (1–34 and 35–124) (RNase Th1) or three (1–34, 35–45 and 46–124) (RNase Th2) fragments linked covalently by the four disulfide bonds of the protein, were isolated to homogeneity by chromatography and characterized. CD measurements provided evidence that RNase Th1 maintains the overall conformational features of the native protein, but shows a reduced thermal stability with respect to that of the intact species (‐ΔTm 16 °C); RNase Th2 instead is fully unfolded at room temperature. That the structure of RNase Th1 is closely similar to that of the intact protein was confirmed unambiguously by two‐dimensional NMR measurements. Structural differences between the two protein species are located only at the level of the chain segment 30–41, i.e., at residues nearby the cleaved Asn 34‐Leu 35 peptide bond. RNase Th1 retained about 20% of the catalytic activity of the native enzyme, whereas RNase Th2 was inactive. The 31–39 segment of the polypeptide chain in native RNase forms an exposed and highly flexible loop, whereas the 41–48 region forms a β‐strand secondary structure containing active site residues. Thus, the conformational, stability, and functional properties of nicked RNase Th1 and Th2 are in line with the concept that proteins appear to tolerate extensive structural variations only at their flexible or loose parts exposed to solvent. We discuss the conformational features of RNase in its TFE‐state that likely dictate the selective proteolysis phenomenon by thermolysin.
Neutron-induced reactions in tissue-resident elements

Kerma-to-fluence ratios have been calculated for neutrons with energies between 20 and 60 MeV incident upon 1H, 12C, 14N, and 16O. The following charged particles have been taken into account: protons, deuterons, alpha particles, and heavy recoils. Results are presented for NE-213 plastic, muscle, and tissue-equivalent plastic.