Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Anterior Cruciate Ligament Tear Promotes Skeletal Muscle Myostatin Expression, Fibrogenic Cell Expansion, and a Decline in Muscle Quality

Background: Anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) tears result in significant quadriceps muscle atrophy that is resistant to recovery despite extensive rehabilitation. Recent work suggests an elevated fibrotic burden in the quadriceps muscle after the injury, which may limit recovery. Elucidating the mechanisms and cell types involved in the progression of fibrosis is critical for developing new treatment strategies. Purpose: To identify factors contributing to the elevated fibrotic burden found after the injury. Study Design: Descriptive laboratory study. Methods: After an ACL injury, muscle biopsy specimens were obtained from the injured and noninjured vastus lateralis of young adults (n = 14, mean ± SD: 23 ± 4 years). The expression of myostatin, transforming growth factor β, and other regulatory factors was measured, and immunohistochemical analyses were performed to assess turnover of extracellular matrix components. Results: Injured limb skeletal muscle demonstrated elevated myostatin gene (P < .005) and protein (P < .0005) expression, which correlated (R2 = 0.38, P < .05) with fibroblast cell abundance. Immunohistochemical analysis showed that human fibroblasts express the activin type IIB receptor and that isolated primary human muscle-derived fibroblasts increased proliferation after myostatin treatment in vitro (P < .05). Collagen 1 and fibronectin, primary components of the muscle extracellular matrix, were significantly higher in the injured limb (P < .05). The abundance of procollagen 1–expressing cells as well as a novel index of collagen remodeling was also elevated in the injured limb (P < .05). Conclusion: These findings support a role for myostatin in promoting fibrogenic alterations within skeletal muscle after an ACL injury. Clinical Relevance: The current work shows that the cause of muscle quality decline after ACL injury likely involves elevated myostatin expression, and future studies should explore therapeutic inhibition of myostatin to facilitate improvements in muscle recovery and return to sport.
Direct numerical simulation of compressible free shear flows

Direct numerical simulations of compressible free shear layers in open domains are conducted. Compact finite-difference schemes of spectral-like accuracy are used for the simulations. Both temporally-growing and spatially-growing mixing layers are studied. The effect of intrinsic compressibility on the evolution of vortices is studied. The use of convective Mach number is validated. Details of vortex roll up and pairing are studied. A simple explanation of the stabilizing effect of compressibility is offered. Acoustic radiation from vortex roll up, pairing and shape oscillations is studied and quantified
Propagation and wavefront ambiguity of linear nondiffracting beams

Ultrashort-pulsed Bessel and Airy beams in free space are often interpreted as "linear light bullets". Usually, interconnected intensity profiles are considered a "propagation" along arbitrary pathways which can even follow curved trajectories. A more detailed analysis, however, shows that this picture gives an adequate description only in situations which do not require to consider the transport of optical signals or causality. To also cover these special cases, a generalization of the terms "beam" and "propagation" is necessary. The problem becomes clearer by representing the angular spectra of the propagating wave fields by rays or Poynting vectors. It is known that quasi-nondiffracting beams can be described as caustics of ray bundles. Their decomposition into Poynting vectors by Shack-Hartmann sensors indicates that, in the frame of their classical definition, the corresponding local wavefronts are ambiguous and concepts based on energy density are not appropriate to describe the propagation completely. For this reason, quantitative parameters like the beam propagation factor have to be treated with caution as well. For applications like communication or optical computing, alternative descriptions are required. A heuristic approach based on vector field based information transport and Fourier analysis is proposed here. Continuity and discontinuity of far field distributions in space and time are discussed. Quantum aspects of propagation are briefly addressed.
Nanostructured and amorphous-like tungsten films grown by pulsed laser deposition

An experimental investigation of nanostructured, micrometer-thick, tungsten films deposited by pulsed laser deposition is presented. The films are compact and pore-free, with crystal grain sizes ranging from 14 nm to less than 2 nm. It is shown how, by properly tailoring deposition rate and kinetic energy of ablated species, it is possible to achieve a detailed and separate control of both film morphology and structure. The role of the main process parameters, He background pressure, laser fluence, and energy, is elucidated. In contrast with W films produced with other PVD techniques, β-phase growth is avoided and the presence of impurities and contaminants, like oxygen, is not correlated with film structure. These features make these films interesting for the development of coatings with improved properties, like increased corrosion resistance and enhanced diffusion barriers.
On Finding Low Weight Vectors in Quadratic Residue Codes for $p = 8m - 1$

p is a prime of the form $8m \pm 1$, and F is the field $GF( 2 )$. The quadratic residue code $\mathcal{A}( p )$ over F is a subspace of $F^p $ of dimension $( p + 1 )/ 2$, expressed in terms of a basis $\varepsilon _0 ,\varepsilon _1 , \cdots ,\varepsilon _{p - 1} $ of $F^p $. This code is invariant under the permutations $\pi $, $\mu _q $, where q is a generator of the quadratic residues of p, and \[ \begin{gathered} \varepsilon _i \pi = \varepsilon _{i + 1} , \hfill \\ \varepsilon _i \mu _q = \varepsilon _{iq} . \hfill \\ \end{gathered} \] The group $\langle \pi \rangle $ generated by $\pi $ is of order p and has no subgroups; however the group generated by $\mu _q $ is of order $( p - 1 )/2$ and may have nontrivial subgroups H. If it does,$\mathcal{A}( p )$ contains a subcode $\mathcal{A}_H $ which is (pointwise) fixed by H. It is much easier to compute the weight structure of $\mathcal{A}_H $ than that of $\mathcal{A}( p )$. Thus we obtain an upper bound for the minimum weight in . $\mathcal{A}( p )$.
CP violations in the Universe

The origin of the asymmetry between matter and antimatter that is evident in our part of the Universe is one of the open questions in cosmology, because the CPT symmetry between matter and antimatter seems to be absolutely conserved at microscopic level. We repeat here the classical proofs which exclude the viability of a Universe baryon symmetric on the average, or the observed asymmetry as an initial conditions. The current understanding is that the asymmetry should have been dynamically generated before nucleosynthesis, by B, C, and CP violating processes, acting out of thermodynamical equilibrium, as suggested by Sakharov in the 70's. The physical realizations of these conditions would be possible, in principle, also in the framework of the Standard Model of elementary particles, but the present limits on the mass of the higgs particle exclude this possibility. Finally we present the model of baryogenesis through leptogenesis, which is allowed by a minimal extension of the Standard Model, which has the appeal of being testable in future long-baseline neutrino oscillation experiments.
Emission properties of InGaAs/GaAs heterostructures with δ⟨Mn⟩-doped barrier

Light-emitting device heterostructures with a δ⟨Mn⟩-doped layer inserted between the Schottky contact and near-surface InGaAs/GaAs quantum well (QW) have been fabricated. The δ⟨Mn⟩-doped layer facilitates hole tunnelling from the Schottky contact to the QW and impedes that of QW electrons in the opposite direction. It leads to a highly enhanced electroluminescence signal from the InGaAs QW. An effective p–d exchange interaction of holes with magnetic moments of Mn ions is found to strongly enhance the effective hole g-factor and the circular polarization of the low (∼2 K) temperature emission up to 20% in magnetic fields of 1–2 T.
Angular momentum of a charge–monopole pair

The angular momentum of a static electric charge–magnetic monopole is, in SI units, L=(eg/4π) a. Here, e and g are their respective strengths and a is a unit vector along the line from the electric charge to the magnetic pole. A simple derivation is presented of this well‐known result. The derivation makes use of vector (and tensor) analysis; no actual integrations involving the electromagnetic field are involved.
Theory of the forces exerted by Laguerre-Gaussian light beams on dielectrics

The classical theory of the electromagnetic field associated with paraxial Laguerre-Gaussian light is generalized to apply to propagation in a bulk dielectric, and the theory is quantized to obtain expressions for the electric and magnetic field operators. The forms of the Poynting vector and angular momentum density operators are derived and their expectation values for a single-photon wave packet are obtained. The Lorentz force operator in the dielectric is resolved into longitudinal, radial, and azimuthal components. The theory is extended to apply to an interface between two semi-infinite dielectric media, one of which is transparent with an incident single-photon pulse, and the other of which is weakly attenuating. For a pulse that is much shorter than the attenuation length, the theory can separately identify the surface and bulk contributions to the Lorentz force on the attenuating dielectric. Particular attention is given to the transfer of longitudinal and angular momentum to the dielectric from light incident from free space. The resulting expressions for the shift and rotation of a transparent dielectric slab are shown to agree with those obtained from Einstein box theories.
Quantitative measurement of MR cortical atrophy: MR brain surface intensity model (BSIM) and group and individual cortical thinning studies

Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is caused by pathological changes including cortical thinning occurring throughout the brain. Traditional methods for assessing cortical thickness are challenged by the sub-millimeter accuracy required for clinical conditions and the convoluted nature of brain surface. Furthermore, there is a significant overlap of gray and white matter intensities. A novel Brain Surface Intensity Model (BSIM) has been developed for use as a potential imaging biomarker for neurodegenerative diseases. BSIM technique extracts MR intensity profiles perpendicular to a mathematically defined gray matter iso-intensity layer (GMIIL) at predefined reference points, fits that profile to BSIM, and computes cortical thickness. A 3D visualization tool has been developed to evaluate intensity extraction and model calculation. 29 normal subjects aged between 70 to 80 years from ADNI database were used to generate normal references and measure individual Z-score cortical thinning. 30 age-matched AD subjects were used to study thinning patterns. Significant cortical thinning (p < 0.0001) was found for AD group. 95% confidence interval of the cortical thinning in AD patients was from 0.17 to 0.23 mm. The cortical thinning of the AD patients showed distinct features that differentiate AD patients from normal controls. The thickness measurements of 29 normal controls were validated by comparing with results from literature (p = 0.94). BSIM technique avoids complicated 3D segmentation of brain gray and white matters, and simplifies the thickness calculation. Moreover, it is less affected by the image noise, inhomogeneity, partial volume effects, and the intensity overlap of the white and gray matters.
A Blue Stellar Link Between the Magellanic Clouds

Three pairs of UK Schmidt plates of selected fields between the Magellanic Clouds have been processed using the APM facility in Cambridge. Color-magnitude diagrams obtained from the plate pairs revealed the presence of blue main-sequence stars between the wing of the SMC and the western halo of the LMC. The spatial distribution of these blue stars, B(J) - R less than 0.0, shows that many of them are in aggregates and newly identified clusters, stretching from an area surrounding and including the SMC wing tip all the way across to the LMC halo. Spectroscopic observations confirmed that the stars are indeed OB stars at a distance of about 50 kpc with radial velocities consistent with cloud membership. The number and distribution of horizontal branch stars identified in the same area also support the conclusion that the SMC wing is really the brightest section of the stellar link between the SMC and LMC. All of the individual blue stellar aggregates, including the region around the tip of the SMC wing, appear to have been formed about 10 to the 8th yr ago suggesting a common origin for all these features. 47 refs.
Lack of monotonicity in ferromagnetic Ising model phase diagrams

We study patterns of the phase diagram of ferromagnetic Ising models on graphs under an external magnetic eld. We provide an example of a tree with only two types of vertices on which for a range of values of the external eld there is a unique Gibbs distribution at low enough and at high enough temperatures, while at intermediate temperatures there is phase coexistence (in other words, a reentrance transition takes place). 1. Introduction. The investigation reported in this paper started with the following thoughts. The ferromagnetic Ising model can be seen as the most basic model in mathematical statistical mechanics and its natural mathematical setting is a graph, with the vertices being the sites, which we can think of as the locations of spinsC1 or 1, and the edges indicating the pairs of spins which do interact. Two parameters appear in this model: an external eld h2R and a temperature T2R C . A fundamental problem is then to locate on the phase diagram h T the region where there is more than one Gibbs distribution (the so called \phase-coexistence" region). It is natural to ask what the general features of the phase-coexistence region are. Regarding its intersection with the T-axis (i.e., the reduced problem in which h is held xed equal to 0), there is a well-known argument|to be reviewed later, when we have enough notation available|based on one of Grifths’ inequalities, which shows that this intersection is always an interval (possibly degenerate), which has one of its end points ateh;TeDe0; 0e. This simple feature of the phasecoexistence region can, of course, be seen as a monotonicity property: if there is a unique Gibbs measure at the pointe0;T1e of the phase diagram, then the same is also true at all the pointse0;Te, with T>T1. The main point of this paper is that if h6D 0, then the same sort of monotonicity in T is not true, even if we restrict ourselves to very simple graphs (our example will be an almost homogeneous tree, with only two types of vertices). Before proceeding, we will have to introduce a certain amount of notation and terminology. We will also recall some well-known facts about the statistical mechanics of lattice systems and the Ising model, and we refer the reader to [1] and [5] for their proofs. We will consider graphs with countably many vertices and locally bounded degree (meaning that each vertex belongs to a nite number of edges). This
Two Classes of Photonic Crystals with Simultaneous Band Gaps

In this study, we consider band structures of two classes of photonic crystals with two geometric parameters. The first class has a square lattice and is studied for dielectric contrast, centered at ε/ε0=11.4 (GaAs-air). The second class has a hexagonal lattice and is studied for dielectric contrast, centered at ε/ε0=13 (silicon-air). These examples have the following feature: the optimal (and largest) full band gap is obtained when both band gaps for E and H polarizations have the same (simultaneous) band edges. In addition, photonic crystals with two geometric parameters typically have much larger optimal band gaps than their counterparts with one geometric parameter.
Method for distant diagnostics of layered media inner structure

The method of autocorrelation low coherence interferometry is proposed for diagnostics of layered media inner structure. The possible applications of this method in technology and biomedicine are presented. In this method the low coherence optical field is reflected from the object's structure and then analyzed using the Michelson interferometer. Since the object is outside of the Michelson interferometer the axial position of the object is not important and thus the object can move during the measurements. The theoretical background of this autocorrelation method for a media with discrete and continuous optical structure modification is presented.
Human kallikrein overexpression alleviates cardiac aging by alternatively regulating macrophage polarization in aged rats

Cardiac aging is characterized by myocardial hypertrophy, fibrosis, and diastolic dysfunction. Human kallikrein (hKLK1) protects against fibrosis in various pathogenic states. However, the effects of hKLK1 overexpression on cardiac aging‐related fibrosis and the underlying mechanisms remain unknown. Moreover, the role of hKLK1 in regulating macrophage function leading to cardiac fibrosis has not been investigated. Thus, in this study, we determined the effects of hKLK1 on cardiac aging and explored the mechanisms through which hKLK1 regulated aging‐related fibrosis. Echocardiographic measurements showed that aging caused significant alternations in cardiac morphology, hypertrophy, and fibrosis in rats, and hKLK1 overexpression protected against aging‐induced cardiac dysfunction. Compared with wild‐type hearts, the hKLK1 transgene decreased the expression of monocyte chemoattractant protein 1 and suppressed mitochondrial dysfunction and excess oxidative stress, leading to decreased recruitment and retention of alternatively activated (M2) macrophages and reduced secretion of profibrotic cytokines mediated by the TGF‐β1–Smad3 signaling pathway in hearts of aging rats. Furthermore, these cardioprotective effects of hKLK1 overexpression were associated with the Janus kinase–signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 signaling pathway. H2O2‐induced senescence promoted the differentiation of RAW264.7 cells into M2‐type cells induced by IL‐4 treatment. Bradykinin treatment relieved the migratory capacity of macrophages induced by H2O2. Thus, hKLK1 overexpression reduced cardiac fibrosis and improved aging‐related cardiac dysfunction through reduced shift of macrophages to M2 macrophages, indicating that hKLK1 may alleviate aging‐related cardiac dysfunction. —Hu, D. , Dong, R. , Yang, Y. , Chen, Z. , Tang, Y. , Fu, M. , Wang, D. W. , Xu, X. , Tu, L. Human kallikrein overexpression alleviates cardiac aging by alternatively regulating macrophage polarization in aged rats. FASEB J. 33, 8436–8452 (2019). www.fasebj. org
Spreading and peeling dynamics in a model of cell adhesion

To understand how viscous and elastic membrane forces mediate the adhesion of fluid-borne cells to biological surfaces under the action of specific receptor–ligand bonds, we consider a model problem in which a two-dimensional cell interacts with a plane adhesive surface. The cell is modelled as an extensible membrane under tension containing fluid of constant volume. Assuming rapid binding kinetics, molecular binding forces are described through a contact potential that is long-range attractive but short-range repulsive. Using lubrication theory to describe the thin-film flow between the cell and the plane, we model sedimentation of the cell onto the plane under adhesive forces, followed by removal of the cell from the plane under the action of an external force. Numerical simulations show how these events are dominated respectively by quasi-steady spreading and peeling motions, which we capture using an asymptotic analysis. The analysis is extended to model a cell tank-treading over an adhesive wall in an external shear flow. The relation between cell rolling speed and shear rate is determined: at low speeds it is linear and independent of the viscosity of the suspending fluid; at higher speeds it is nonlinear and viscosity-dependent.
Comparison of broadband and hyperspectral thermal infrared imaging of buried threat objects

Previous research by many groups has shown that broad-band thermal infrared (TIR) imagers can detect buried explosive threat devices, such as unexploded ordnance (UXO), landmines and improvised explosive devices (IEDs). Broad-band detection measures the apparent temperature - an average over the wave band of the product of the true soil surface temperature and the emissivity. Broad-band detection suffers from inconsistent performance (low signal, high clutter rates), due in part to diurnal variations, environmental and meteorological conditions, and soil surface effects. It has been suggested that hyperspectral TIR imaging might have improved performance since it can, in principle, allow extraction of the wavelength-dependent emissivity and the true soil surface temperature. This would allow the surface disturbance effects to be separated from the soil column (bulk) effects. A significant, and as yet unanswered, question is whether hyperspectral TIR images provide better detection capability (higher probability of detection and/or lower false alarm rate) than do broad-band thermal images. TIR hyperspectral image data of threat objects, buried and surface-laid in bare soil, were obtained in arid, desert-like conditions over full diurnal cycles for several days. Regions of interest containing threat objects and backgrounds were extracted throughout the time period. Simulated broad-band images were derived from the hyperspectral images. The diurnal variation of the images was studied. Hyperspectral was found to provide some advantage over broad-band imaging in detection of buried threat objects for the limited data set studied.
Modeling of high-frequency capacitance-voltage characteristics to quantify trap distributions near SiO2/SiC interfaces

A procedure to calculate capacitance-voltage (C-V) characteristics from numerical solutions of the Poisson equation for metal-oxide-semiconductor (MOS) capacitors with traps located both at the oxide/semiconductor interface and in the semiconductor is presented. This method is tested for the simple case of a uniform distribution of a single acceptor or donor level in the semiconductor, for which an approximate analytical solution was derived by analogy with the results obtained for a Schottky diode within the depletion approximation. This method is then applied to model the high-frequency C-V curves of n-type 4H- and 6H-SiC MOS capacitors, which show a kink at depletion bias voltages that broadens with decreasing temperature below 150 K. This feature of the high-frequency capacitance occurs at the same temperature and voltage range as a signal detected by constant capacitance deep-level-transient spectroscopy (CCDLTS) measurements and attributed to SiC traps. When only interface traps are considered, the .
Coupling device for quick high-pressure connections to 100 MPa

The joining of a pressure vessel to a pumping system was achieved quickly with a threadless coupling device consisting of a coupler and an adapter. The easily made adapters were attached to standard high‐pressure valves having a 6.35‐mm female fitting. The coupler was attached to a high‐pressure pump by flexible stainless‐steel tubing for use to 100 MPa (1000 bars).
Performance Evaluation of a DQPSK and a DSSS PLC-Modem for Vehicular Applications

A direct sequence spread spectrum (DSSS) power line communication (PLC) modem for automotive applications was designed and compared with a commercial PLC system. The performance of the systems was tested under influence of narrowband interference and additive Gaussian noise added on the transmission channel. It was shown that the performance of the DSSS modem against single tone interference and noise was at least the processing gain better than that of the commercial PLC transceiver.