Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
The Effect of Different Remineralizing Agents on Microleakage around Restored Demineralized Enamel: An In vitro Comparative Study

Aim: This study evaluated the impact of various remineralizing agents on microleakage around restored (with composite resin and glass ionomer restorations) demineralized enamel. Materials and methods: Two restorative materials were used in this research and five remineralizing agents. Seventy bovine teeth were randomly divided into two groups, 35 of which were restored using resin composite restorations, and the other 35 were restored using glass ionomer restorations. Five teeth in each main group were left untreated and another five teeth in each group were demineralized only without any further treatment. Exposed enamel windows were subjected to five different remineralizing agents; 1: artificial saliva, 2: CCP-ACPF paste, 3: CCP-ACPF varnish, 4: self-assembling peptide; Curodont protect and 5: self-assembling peptide; Curodont repair. All treated groups were then subjected to pH cycling for 30 days. Microleakage test was done using dye penetration method followed by sectioning of the teeth and detection of the leakage score using stereomicroscope. Results: The results of this study showed significantly increased leakage around glass ionomer restored samples compared to resin composite restored ones. Conclusion: Demineralized samples have shown the highest score of microleakage while CCP-ACPF varnish have shown the least microleakage score.
Seasonal variations of sea level anomaly in the subtropical front zone based on satellite-derived data from 2003–2009

We investigated seasonal variations in the sea level anomaly in the northwestern Pacific subtropical front zone using weekly satellite-derived products and in situ observations from 2003 to 2009. The sea level anomalies had different seasonal cycles in the cold, front and warm zones. In the former two zones, peak values appeared (∼15 cm) in July–August and hollow values (∼−10 cm) in February–March; in the warm zone, sea level anomalies had no apparent seasonal variations. We found that the correlation between sea level anomaly and sea surface temperature reached values of 0.76 in the cold and front zones, but only 0.38 in the warm zone. The steric height anomaly explained 70% variances of sea level anomaly in the former two zones but only 25% in the warm zone. We examined the mechanisms of the different patterns of sea level anomaly variation among the three different zones and concluded that the steric height anomaly induced by air–sea heat exchanges controlled the seasonal variations of sea level anomaly in the former two zones, while the barotropic term accompanied with subtropical countercurrent lead to the obscure seasonal variations in the warm zone. These high frequency variations merit future study.
Dexmedetomidine, an alpha 2A receptor agonist, triggers seizures unilaterally in GAERS during the pre-epileptic phase: does the onset of spike-and-wave discharges occur in a focal manner?

Introduction The genetic absence epilepsy rat from Strasbourg (GAERS) is a rat model for infantile absence epilepsy with spike-and-wave discharges (SWDs). This study aimed to investigate the potential of alpha 2A agonism to induce seizures during the pre-epileptic period in GAERS rats. Methods Stereotaxic surgery was performed on male pups and adult GAERS rats to implant recording electrodes in the frontoparietal cortices (right/left) under anesthesia (PN23–26). Following the recovery period, pup GAERS rats were subjected to electroencephalography (EEG) recordings for 2 h. Before the injections, pup epileptiform activity was examined using baseline EEG data. Dexmedetomidine was acutely administered at 0.6 mg/kg to pup GAERS rats 2–3 days after the surgery and once during the post-natal (PN) days 25–29. Epileptiform activities before injections triggered unilateral SWDs and induced sleep durations, and power spectral density was evaluated based on EEG traces. Results The most prominent finding of this study is that unilateral SWD-like activities were induced in 47% of the animals with the intraperitoneal dexmedetomidine injection. The baseline EEGs of pup GAERS rats had no SWDs as expected since they are in the pre-epileptic period but showed low-amplitude non-rhythmic epileptiform activity. There was no difference in the duration of epileptiform activities between the basal EEG groups and DEX-injected unilateral SWD-like-exhibiting and non-SWD-like activities groups; however, the sleep duration of the unilateral SWD-like-exhibiting group was shorter. Power spectrum density (PSD) results revealed that the 1.75-Hz power in the left hemisphere peaks significantly higher than in the right. Discussion As anticipated, pup GAERS rats in the pre-epileptic stage showed no SWDs. Nevertheless, they exhibited sporadic epileptiform activities. Specifically, dexmedetomidine induced SWD-like activities solely within the left hemisphere. These observations imply that absence seizures might originate unilaterally in the left cortex due to α2AAR agonism. Additional research is necessary to explore the precise cortical focal point of this activity.
Heleobia dobrogica (Grossu amp; Negrea, 1989)(Gastropoda: Rissooidea: Cochliopidae) and the estimated time of its isolation in a continental analogue of hydrothermal vents

Heleobia dobrogica is the only gastropod species living in the Movile Cave in Dobrogea, Romania. In the cave there is little oxygen but large amounts of carbon dioxide and methane in the atmosphere, and a large amount of hydrogen sulphide in the water. All the non-predatory animals feed on the chemoautotrophic microorganisms that draw energy from the sulphide hot springs beneath the cave. Five COI mtDNA sequences were used for maximum likelihood phylogeny reconstruction together with eight sequences of cochliopids and two outgroup rissooids from GenBank. , Salenthydrobia ferrerii and Peringia ulvae were used as an outgroup for the calibration of the molecular clock. The estimated time of divergence between the two species was 2.172±0.171 Mya. This coincides with the period marking the beginning of the fall in temperature and precipitation that initiated the glacial period in Europe, predating the Pleistocene. Most probably at that time Heleobia dobrogica found a safe shelter within a warm cave. Our results suggest that H. dobrogica is closely related to H. dalmatica, and both species may be congeneric with Heleobops docimus.
Earliest microbial trace fossils in Archaean pillow lavas under scrutiny: new micro-X-ray absorption near-edge spectroscopy, metamorphic and morphological constraints

Abstract Filament-shaped titanite microtextures in early Archaean (c. 3.47 Ga) metabasalts from the Barberton Greenstone Belt of South Africa have been argued to represent Earth's oldest microbial trace fossils, but petrological data on the environmental conditions that led to the formation of these microtextures are sparse. We present here new metamorphic constraints on the equilibrium mineral assemblage containing the titanite microtextures, together with Fe speciation redox variations in the chlorite matrix surrounding the microtextures and morphospace analysis of the microtextures to test their biogenicity. Thermodynamic phase diagram modelling using a calculated rock microdomain composition indicated that the titanite mineral assemblage is stable at temperature conditions of T=240–360°C. The high-resolution quantitative mapping results combined with micro-X-ray absorption near-edge spectroscopy at the Fe K-edge in chlorite revealed that the titanite microtextures are located in low-temperature, high XFe3+ chlorite bands, veins and microdomains, supporting an origin as abiotic, retrograde mineral cooling textures. These new data, combined with a late c. 2.9 Ga U–Pb date for the titanite, are incompatible with the existing biological model, which invokes microbial micro-tunnel formation followed by titanite ‘infilling’ and preservation in the early Archaean sub-seafloor. The continuum of titanite morphologies reported herein indicates that titanite morphology cannot be used as reliable evidence in support of a biogenic origin in these metavolcanic rocks. It is proposed that the titanite microtextures of purported biogenic origin from other greenstone belts, such as the Pilbara Craton of Western Australia, also deserve to be scrutinized by high-resolution petrological investigations. Supplementary material: Representative electron microprobe analyses of retrograde minerals and µXANES spectra and corresponding fitted pre-edge peaks for all spot analyses are available at https://doi.org/10.6084/m9.figshare. c.3498465
Integration Design of Compact Balun Filters and Duplexing Balun Filter With Arbitrary Frequency-Selective Response

In this paper, a multifunctional microwave balun filter and balun diplexer design method is introduced. Through the proposed novel coupling structure and the use of miniaturized grid resonators, not only can the overall circuit area be reduced, but also features such as frequency selection, out-of-phase power splitting, and frequency division can be realized. This study actually designed and fabricated two balun filters and one balun diplexer. The simulated predictions of their frequency responses are in good agreement with the measurement results, validating the feasibility of the proposed technique. The results show that the circuit area of the developed balun filter and balun diplexer is approximately <inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$0.08{\lambda }_{g}^{2}$ </tex-math></inline-formula> and <inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$0.136{\lambda }_{g}^{2}$ </tex-math></inline-formula>, respectively. They also exhibit satisfactory performance, with in-band insertion loss <inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$ < 0.7 \mathrm {dB}$ </tex-math></inline-formula>, in-band return loss <inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$>15 \mathrm {dB}$ </tex-math></inline-formula>, port-to-port isolation <inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$>30 \mathrm {dB}$ </tex-math></inline-formula>, maximum in-band magnitude imbalance of 0.9 dB, and in-band phase imbalance of 180°±8°.
Static Coulomb stress load on a three‐dimensional rate‐and‐state fault: Possible explanation of the anomalous delay of the 2004 Parkfield earthquake

We perform quasi‐dynamic modeling of earthquake cycle using laboratory derived rate‐and‐state laws of friction on a homogeneous three‐dimensional fault model. We study effects of the static Coulomb stress loading on clock advance and clock delay of the subsequent event. We carefully investigate dependences of the clock advance on the onset time of the stress load, its amplitude, areal extent, and place of application of the load. We find that these dependences are complex, being controlled by the actual ongoing slip velocity on the fault, especially at the domain of the stress load. In particular, the stress (un)load can initiate the occurrence of quasiperiodic creep‐like episodes, which could be associated with episodic increases of microseismicity on real faults, such as observed on the locked Parkfield segment of the San Andreas Fault. Depending on the load parameters including its timing within the earthquake cycle, one of such creep‐like events may trigger the next (clock advanced) system‐size earthquake. In some cases, the nucleation of the main shock can fail, and the fault experiences one or several seismic events of smaller magnitudes instead. In such a case the next main shock becomes significantly delayed. We speculate that such mechanism could have contributed to the extreme delay of the M6 2004 Parkfield earthquake. Indeed, the Parkfield segment was subject to Coulomb stress unload due to the 1983 Coalinga‐Nuñez earthquakes and then experienced M4.9 events in 1993–1994, when the system‐size event was expected. Instead, these failed main shock nucleations delayed the Parkfield earthquake by another ~10 years.
Role of Telomere Length in Survival of Patients with Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis and Other Interstitial Lung Diseases

Interstitial lung diseases (ILDs) constitute a group of more than 200 disorders, with idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) being one of the most frequent. Telomere length (TL) shortening causes loss of function of the lung parenchyma. However, little is known about its role as a prognostic factor in ILD patients. With the aim of investigating the role of TL and telomerase activity in the prognosis of patients affected by ILDs, we analysed lung tissue samples from 61 patients. We measured relative TL and telomerase activity by conventional procedures. Both clinical and molecular parameters were associated with overall survival by the Kaplan–Meier method. Patients with IPF had poorer prognosis than patients with other ILDs (p = 0.034). When patients were classified according to TL, those with shortened telomeres reported lower overall survival (p = 0.085); differences reached statistical significance after excluding ILD patients who developed cancer (p = 0.021). In a Cox regression analysis, TL behaved as a risk-modifying variable for death associated with rheumatic disease (RD) co-occurrence (p = 0.029). Also, in patients without cancer, ferritin was significantly increased in cases with RD and IPF co-occurrence (p = 0.032). In relation to telomerase activity, no significant differences were detected. In conclusion, TL in lung tissue emerges as a prognostic factor in ILD patients. Specifically, in cases with RD and IPF co-occurrence, TL can be considered as a risk-modifying variable for death.
Extreme Historical Droughts in the South-Eastern Alps — Analyses Based on Standardised Precipitation Index

Droughts are natural phenomena affecting the environment and human activities. There are various drought definitions and quantitative indices; among them is the Standardised Precipitation Index (SPI). In the drought investigations, historical events are poorly characterised and little data are available. To decipher past drought appearances in the southeastern Alps with a focus on Slovenia, precipitation data from HISTALP data repository were taken to identify extreme drought events (SPI ≤ -2.00) from the second half of the 19th century to the present day. Several long-term extreme drought crises were identified in the region (between the years 1888 and 1896; after World War I, during and after World War II). After 1968, drought patterns detected with SPI changed: shorter, extreme droughts with different time patterns appeared. SPI indices of different time spans showed correlated structures in space and between each other, indicating structured relations.
Phenotypic Plasticity and Local Adaptation in a Wild Hibernator Evaluated through Reciprocal Translocation*

Phenological shifts are the most commonly reported ecological responses to climate change and can be produced rapidly by phenotypic plasticity. However, both the limits of plasticity and whether it will be sufficient to maintain local adaptation (or even lead to maladaptation) are less clear. Increased winter precipitation has been shown to lead to phenological delays and corresponding annual decreases in fitness in Columbian ground squirrels (Urocitellus columbianus). We took advantage of natural phenological variation (across elevations) in this species to better assess the extent of phenotypic plasticity in emergence dates and the relationships between emergence dates and individual annual fitness. We coupled a reciprocal translocation experiment with natural monitoring across two populations separated by ∼500 m in elevation. Individuals in both populations responded plastically to both spring temperature and winter precipitation. Translocated individuals adjusted their emergence dates to approach those of individuals in their adoptive populations but did differ significantly in their emergence dates from residents. There were no differences in annual fitness among treatment groups nor selection on emergence date within a year. Phenotypic plasticity is thus sufficient to allow individuals to respond to broad environmental gradients, but the influence of variation in emergence dates on annual fitness requires further investigation.
High-Performance Hydrogen-Selective Pd-Ag Membranes Modified with Pd-Pt Nanoparticles for Use in Steam Reforming Membrane Reactors

A unique method for synthesizing a surface modifier for metallic hydrogen permeable membranes based on non-classic bimetallic pentagonally structured Pd-Pt nanoparticles was developed. It was found that nanoparticles had unique hollow structures. This significantly reduced the cost of their production due to the economical use of metal. According to the results of electrochemical studies, a synthesized bimetallic Pd-Pt/Pd-Ag modifier showed excellent catalytic activity (up to 60.72 mA cm−2), long-term stability, and resistance to COads poisoning in the alkaline oxidation reaction of methanol. The membrane with the pentagonally structured Pd-Pt/Pd-Ag modifier showed the highest hydrogen permeation flux density, up to 27.3 mmol s−1 m−2. The obtained hydrogen flux density was two times higher than that for membranes with a classic Pdblack/Pd-Ag modifier and an order of magnitude higher than that for an unmodified membrane. Since the rate of transcrystalline hydrogen transfer through a membrane increased, while the speed of transfer through defects remained unchanged, a one and a half times rise in selectivity of the developed Pd-Pt/Pd-Ag membranes was recorded, and it amounted to 3514. The achieved results were due to both the synergistic effect of the combination of Pd and Pt metals in the modifier composition and the large number of available catalytically active centers, which were present as a result of non-classic morphology with high-index facets. The specific faceting, defect structure, and unusual properties provide great opportunities for the application of nanoparticles in the areas of membrane reactors, electrocatalysis, and the petrochemical and hydrogen industries.
Deep Learning Based Hybrid Analysis of Malware Detection and Classification: A Recent Review

Globally extensive digital revolutions involved with every process related to human progress can easily create the critical issues in security aspects. This is promoted due to the important factors like financial crises and geographical connectivity in worse condition of the nations. By this fact, the authors are well motivated to present a precise literature on malware detection with deep learning approach. In this literature, the basic overview includes the nature of nature of malware detection i.e., static, dynamic, and hybrid approach. Another major component of this articles is the investigation of the backgrounds from recently published and highly cited state-of-the-arts on malware detection, prevention and prediction with deep learning frameworks. The technologies engaged in providing solutions are utilized from AI based frameworks like machine learning, deep learning, and hybrid frameworks. The main motivations to produce this article is to portrait clear pictures of the option challenging issues and corresponding solution for developing robust malware-free devices. In the lack of a robust malware-free devices, highly growing geographical and financial disputes at wide globes can be extensively provoked by malicious groups. Therefore, exceptionally high demand of the malware detection devices requires a very strong recommendation to ensure the security of a nation. In terms preventing and recovery, Zero-day threats can be handled by recent methodology used in deep learning. In the conclusion, we also explored and investigated the future patterns of malware and how deals with in upcoming years. Such review may extend towards the development of IoT based applications used many fields such as medical devices, home appliances, academic systems.
Assessment of a Long-Term High-Resolution Hydroclimatic Dataset for the U.S. Midwest

AbstractA new, high-resolution (4 km), gridded land surface dataset produced with the Land Information System (LIS) is introduced, and the first set of synthesis of key hydroclimatic variables is reported. The dataset is produced over a 33-yr time period (1980–2012) for the U.S. Midwest with the intent to aid the agricultural community in understanding hydroclimatic impacts on crop production and decision-making in operational practices. While approximately 20 hydroclimatic variables are available through the LIS dataset, the focus here is on soil water content, soil temperature, and evapotranspiration. To assess the performance of the model, the LIS dataset is compared with in situ hydrometeorological observations across the study domain and with coarse-resolution reanalysis products [NARR, MERRA, and NLDAS-2 (phase 2 of the North American Land Data Assimilation System)]. In agricultural regions such as the U.S. Midwest, finescale hydroclimatic mapping that links the regional scale to the field scale is .
Optimization of Sirius Red-Based Microplate Assay to Investigate Collagen Production In Vitro

Tissue fibrosis is characterized by chronic fibroblast activation and consequently excessive accumulation of collagen-rich extracellular matrix. In vitro microplate-based assays are essential to investigate the underlying mechanism and the effect of antifibrotic drugs. In this study, in the absence of a gold-standard method, we optimized a simple, cost-effective, Sirius Red-based colorimetric measurement to determine the collagen production of fibroblasts grown on 96-well tissue culture plates. Based on our findings, the use of a serum-free medium is recommended to avoid aspecific signals, while ascorbate supplementation increases the collagen production of fibroblasts. The cell-associated collagens can be quantified by Sirius Red staining in acidic conditions followed by alkaline elution. Immature collagens can be precipitated from the culture medium by acidic Sirius Red solution, and after subsequent centrifugation and washing steps, their amount can be also measured. Increased attention has been paid to optimizing the assay procedure, including incubation time, temperature, and solution concentrations. The resulting assay shows high linearity and sensitivity and could serve as a useful tool in fibrosis-related basic research as well as in preclinical drug screening.