Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
A joint time-frequency synchronization algorithm for FrFT-OFDM systems and its hardware implementation

In this paper, a novel joint time-frequency synchronization algorithm was developed for orthogonal frequency division multiplexing systems based on fraction Fourier transform (FrFT-OFDM) in multipath fading channel. It can eliminate the ambiguity of the first arriving path estimation in multipath channels. And the digital synchronization structure implementation based on the proposed algorithm for FrFT-OFDM is also presented here, which can reduce the hardware resource by 46% compared with traditional structure. Results of simulation show that the proposed scheme can provide more precise CFO and TO estimation with less resource consumption.
Efficient Traffic Prediction Algorithm of Mutimedia Traffic for Scheduling the Wireless Network Resources

Real-time variable bit rate (VBR) video traffic generated from multimedia applications, such as MPEG-coded video, is expected to be large portions of the traffic in future wired/wireless networks. The nature of VBR traffic and its quality of service (QoS) constraints increase a number of challenges on network resource managements and operational utilizations. Thus, accurate traffic prediction based dynamic resource allocation and scheduling can significantly improve network performance substantially while satisfying QoS requirements. In this paper, we propose a novel prediction algorithm of MPEG-coded real-time VBR video traffic for IEEE 802.11e wireless LANs (WLANs). Based on statistical property of traffic stream, our algorithm performs a prediction of the next frame size for i-, p-, and b-frames. Simulation study using real- world MPEG-4 coded video traces shows that the proposed algorithm achieves much better performance than ANFIS LMS, and NN methods. In addition, the applicability of our prediction algorithm to IEEE 802.11e WLAN is discussed.
Well made places: resident satisfaction in New Urban communities

The principles of New Urbanism advocate a form of urban development that incorporates higher densities, mixed uses and a pedestrian (rather than an automobile) oriented public realm. This paradigm is quite distinct from the typical suburban pattern of development that prevails in most of North America. Residents in two New Urban communities were surveyed on their relative levels of satisfaction with those characteristics of their neighbourhoods that set these places apart from the surrounding areas. This research suggests that there is considerable support for most elements of New Urbanism; satisfaction levels were not, however, significantly higher among residents of the development that was more consistent with New Urban principles.
Neo‐ligands for innate immune receptors and the etiology of sterile inflammatory disease

Summary: Microbe recognition based on a small collection of germline‐encoded receptors carries a hidden liability: the possibility that mutational changes in the proteome will lead to self‐recognition. The risk of self‐recognition is enhanced, because innate immune receptors display low specificity, as they are driven to accommodate heterogeneous signature molecules found in the microbial world. The proteome structure is globally constrained by the innate immune sensing apparatus to satisfy a proscription against self‐reactivity. But accidents happen, and here it is proposed that mutations creating neo‐ligands for innate immune receptors are the proximal cause of sterile inflammatory diseases, which in turn embody the selective pressure that constrains the proteome. Such mutations are predictably dominant and may occur in the germline and also in somatic cells (e.g. in lymphocytes), causing inflammatory effects upon clonal expansion. They may also account for the inflammatory character of selected neoplastic diseases. The neo‐ligand hypothesis accounts for the heritability, ambiguous linkage characteristics, phenotypic heterogeneity, and natural history of diverse forms of sterile inflammation. It explains sterile inflammatory diseases as conditions in which aberrant immune signaling is caused by proteome encroachment upon the ligand‐recognition space over which the innate immune system stands guard.
In search of a canonical history of macroeconomics in the interwar period: Haberler's Prosperity and Depression revisited

O artigo investiga os fundamentos metodologicos do classico de 1937 Prosperity and Depression de Gottfried Haberler, bem como suas influencias sobre a avaliacao feita por Haberler das teorias dominantes antes da General Theory e do impacto de Keynes na macroeconomia. Haberler foi influenciado pelas ideias do filosofo das ciencias sociais Felix Kaufmann, cujo livro de 1936 sobre metodologia foi decisivo ao levar Haberler a enfatizar a diferenca entre enunciados tautologicos e empiricos em economia. A critica de Haberler a hipotese de Hayek de que as crises sao causadas por escassez de capital, bem como sua rejeicao do mecanismo de Keynes de equilibracao via variacoes no nivel de renda e seu ceticismo quanto a modelagem econometrica do ciclo economico, sao provenientes em grande parte de sua visao metodologica.
Regulation, Deregulation, and Collective Bargaining in Airlines

To test the hypothesis that government regulation of an industry's product market increases union power in that industry, this study first compares earnings and the “scores” of union contracts in airlines and manufacturing, and then compares negotiated wage rates and union contract scores in the more regulated and the less regulated segments of air transportation. The results, while not definitive because of data limitations, consistently support the hypothesis for the period prior to the recent deregulation of airlines. The authors nevertheless predict that deregulation will have little effect on union power in this industry, arguing that the industry and union characteristics that have developed over the forty years of regulation have created a bargaining environment that will not change significantly in the near future.
Evaluating the Consumer Price Index Using Nielsen's

The Consumer Price Index (CPI) estimates the change in prices over time of the goods and services U.S. consumers buy for day-to-day living based on price quotes selected from probability samples. The goal of our research is to determine how accurately the current CPI sample and indexes reflect reality. For our research, we calculate superlative price indexes from Nielsen’s scanner data, which we assume to represent the real universe of commodities data. We then compare the Consumer Price Indexes for selfrepresenting areas at the expenditure class level to our superlative price indexes derived from Nielsen’s scanner data.
Remittances, Investment, and Rural Asset Accumulation in Pakistan

Internal and external migration can have a profound impact on rural asset accumulation in most Third World countries. In many African, Asian, and Latin American countries the bulk of the labor force still lives in the countryside. In these countries the large difference between expected rural and urban or foreign incomes, coupled with the risk-reducing functions of migration, causes workers to migrate, either to urban centers or abroad. The remittances—defined as the money or goods sent home by migrant workers—can have a large effect on the accumulation of assets in these rural areas. For example, an inflow of external remittances to rural households at the upper end of the income distribution could increase land accumulation by the rich. In general terms the effect of remittances on asset accumulation in a rural Third World economy depends on answers to three questions: (a) Who migrates? (b) How much net income do migrants remit? and (c) What are the marginal effects of these remittances on household consumption and investment? Because of data limitations, in this article I propose to examine only the first and the third questions; other researchers have addressed the second issue. In the past surprisingly little attention has been focused on the question of the marginal effects of remittances on household consumption and investment in the rural Third World. This inattention has been due to three considerable methodological problems. The first is fungibility; because remittances are like any other form of cash income, it is difficult to associate this income source with any particular changes in household expenditure behavior. The second problem relates to the multiple-round effects of remittances on the local economy. For example, an inflow of remittances into a rural area may lead to a surge in expenditures in housing, which may, in turn, create new income and employment opportunities for the poor and unskilled. Unfortunately, however, few studies have
Epidemiology and comorbidity of anxiety disorders in the elderly.

OBJECTIVE The author reviewed the epidemiology and comorbidity of anxiety disorders in the elderly. METHOD Data from 1970 onward were obtained through a computerized literature search, a review of Index Medicus, and the bibliographies of retrieved articles. Eight random-sample community surveys of anxiety disorders in persons 60 years of age or older were identified. Studies relating to the comorbidity of late-life anxiety and depression, dementia, alcoholism, and medical illness were also reviewed. RESULTS The majority of studies showed that anxiety disorders are less common in the elderly than in younger adults. Generalized anxiety disorder and phobias account for most anxiety in late life; panic disorder is rare. Agoraphobia, and possibly obsessive-compulsive disorder in females, may occur as a primary disorder for the first time in old age, whereas simple phobia, obsessive-compulsive disorder in males, and panic disorder either persist from younger years or arise in the context of another psychiatric or medical disorder. There is considerable comorbidity of geriatric depression and generalized anxiety disorder and phobias, although the depression usually goes untreated or is inappropriately treated with benzodiazepines. The rate of comorbidity of anxiety and medical illness and alcoholism is lower in the elderly than in younger persons. CONCLUSIONS Epidemiologic data on the prevalence of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and the first occurrence of generalized anxiety disorder and PTSD in late life are still needed. Further comorbidity studies are needed to determine the extent to which anxiety arises secondary to depression, as well as the optimal treatment and prognosis for this mixed state.
Effects of human milk fortification on morbidity factors in very low birth weight infants.

BACKGROUND The use of human milk as a sole source of nutrients for preterm infants has been the subject of debate in recent years. We studied the morbidity factors associated with hospitalization of very low birth weight (VLBW) infants fed human milk with and without fortification. PATIENTS AND METHODS One hundred VLBW infants were randomly assigned to two groups with stratification for gestation and weight. The control group (n-50; mean birth weight 1239+/-186 g and mean gestation 29.3+/-2.1 wks) was fed human milk only, and in the fortifier group (n=50; mean birth weight 1245+/-191 g and mean gestation 29.5+/-2.1 wks), human milk was enriched with a fortifier after the babies reached a volume of 140 mL/kg/day by the enteral route. Weight was measured twice weekly, biochemical indices of nutritional and bone status and serum electrolytes were obtained weekly, and clinical evidence for sepsis, necrotizing enterocolitis and feeding intolerance was assessed regularly until infants were discharged. RESULTS Hospital stay was less than 45 days in the majority (94%) of the babies in the fortifier group, whereas the majority (66%) of the babies in the control group stayed for more than 45 days (P<0.01). Low serum phosphorus and raised alkaline phosphate levels were seen more frequently in the control group without fortification (p<0.01), as weel as hyponatremia (P<0.01), late metabolic acidosis of prematurity (P<0.01) and culture-proven sepsis (p<0.05). There was no significant difference in the occurrence of necrotizing enterocolitis between the two groups (P>0.05). CONCLUSION Human milk fortification has beneficial effects on the growth of VLBW infants and decreases hospital stay and morbidity associated with prematurity and very low birth weight, with economic and psychological benefits for the parents.
The Implications of Electronic Commerce for Fiscal Policy (and Vice Versa)

P artly as the result of historical circumstance, most people in the United States are not paying sales taxes on their purchases over the Internet. As a result, many state and local officials have become quite agitated that the rise of the Internet will severely erode the state and local tax base. Their fear, as spelled out by Newman (1995), is that “state and local government finances are becoming road kill on the information superhighway. ” Although sales taxes on physical goods have received most of the attention, other tax issues such as the taxation of Internet access and international taxation of Internet commerce are also important. In the last two years, a debate over taxes and the Internet has raged at the highest levels. In 1998, Congress passed the somewhat misleadingly titled Internet Tax Freedom Act. Contrary to popular impression, this act did not place a moratorium on sales taxes on Internet purchases, only on discriminatory taxes and on Internet access taxes. The act did create a commission to study the sales tax issues, but the commission was unable to reach a consensus (Advisory Commission, 2000). Congress has since proposed extending the Tax Freedom Act temporarily, but the major issues have not been resolved. In this paper I will consider both sides of the relationship between electronic commerce and fiscal policy. For the impact of electronic commerce on fiscal policy, I will pay particular attention to the potential sales tax revenue losses. The data suggest that the potential losses are actually modest over the next several years. I will also consider the reverse relationship—how fiscal policy affects Internet com-
In Vivo Interactions between Photosynthesis, Mitorespiration, and Chlororespiration in Chlamydomonas reinhardtii

Interactions between photosynthesis, mitochondrial respiration (mitorespiration), and chlororespiration have been investigated in the green alga Chlamydomonas reinhardtiiusing flash illumination and a bare platinum electrode. Depending on the physiological status of algae, flash illumination was found to induce either a fast (t1/2 ≈ 300 ms) or slow (t1/2 ≈ 3 s) transient inhibition of oxygen uptake. Based on the effects of the mitorespiratory inhibitors myxothiazol and salicyl hydroxamic acid (SHAM), and of propyl gallate, an inhibitor of the chlororespiratory oxidase, we conclude that the fast transient is due to the flash-induced inhibition of chlororespiration and that the slow transient is due to the flash-induced inhibition of mitorespiration. By measuring blue-green fluorescence changes, related to the redox status of the pyridine nucleotide pool, and chlorophyll fluorescence, related to the redox status of plastoquinones (PQs) in C. reinhardtii wild type and in a photosystem I-deficient mutant, we show that interactions between photosynthesis and chlororespiration are favored when PQ and pyridine nucleotide pools are reduced, whereas interactions between photosynthesis and mitorespiration are favored at more oxidized states. We conclude that the plastid oxidase, similar to the mitochondrial alternative oxidase, becomes significantly engaged when the PQ pool becomes highly reduced, and thereby prevents its over-reduction.
Multi-Infeed HVDC Interaction Studies Using Small-Signal Stability Assessment

This paper presents an analysis of multi infeed high-voltage dc (HVDC) interactions using small-signal analysis techniques. The modeling details that are necessary to adequately represent the dynamics of the HVDC converters and the ac network are investigated, and the models are validated against an Electromagnetic Transient Simulation program. The paper shows that ac network dynamics must be modeled in order to obtain meaningful results from the small-signal stability study. A small test system with two HVDC infeeds is then used to demonstrate the presence of interactions in that system. The case studies presented in this paper indicate that it is possible to have interactions between the HVDC terminals in an ac system. This paper recommends that a small-signal interaction study, which is similar to what is presented in this paper, should be performed to identify these interactions.
Government Reform in China

This article examines recent government reforms in China to identify changes and lessons of the Chinese reform experience. The article provides a review of major government reform concepts and analyzes eight Chinese reform cases in four areas of government: personnel, structure, strategy, and process. These reforms have expanded the objectives and scopes of the past administrative reforms to include new governance concepts of promoting managerial competency, organizational capacity, accountability and transparency, and citizen participation. The reforms have not only reported positive lessons of local innovation and international connection but have also identified limitations and concerns about social and political stability. Implications about reform findings and challenges are provided for future studies of Chinese government reforms.
Farmers’ Willingness to Participate in Payment‐for‐Environmental‐Services Programmes

Understanding farmers’ willingness to participate in agricultural payment-for-environmental-services (PES) programmes is an essential precondition for designing effective and efficient programmes. Willingness to participate is typically examined via stated preference surveys using the standard hurdle model for whether and how much to participate. Among respondents who decline to participate, such analyses cannot distinguish between respondents who declined due to the payment level and those who were not interested at all. This paper applies a double hurdle model to incorporate a prior condition for whether a respondent is even willing to consider participating in the PES market. The model uses a unique stated preference survey permitting separation of the consideration and enrolment decisions of 1,700 farmers in Michigan, USA. The first hurdle probit model suggests that farmers’ willingness to consider PES chiefly depends on farm and farmer characteristics, while the second hurdle tobit model shows that decisions on whether and how much to enrol depend more on the payment offer and marginal benefit–cost criteria. This study provides fresh insights on facilitating farmer participation in PES programmes using tiered strategies that differ in costs of programme payment and administration.
Anesthetic regimen for cardiac function evaluation by echocardiography in mice: comparison between ketamine, etomidate and isoflurane versus conscious state

Mice with genetic alterations are used in heart research for the extrapolation of human diseases. Echocardiography is an essential tool for evaluating cardiac and hemodynamic functions in small animals. The purpose of this study was to compare the effect of different anesthetic regimens and the conscious state on the evaluation of cardiac function by echocardiography. Mice were examined in the conscious state after three days of training, and then for a 7 min period after a single intraperitoneal injection of ketamine at 100 mg/kg, etomidate at 10, 20 or 30 mg/kg, or after inhalation of isoflurane at 1.5% with or without a short period of induction with isoflurane 3%. Intra- and inter-observer variabilities were assessed. The operator’s comfort was also assessed. Heart rate, left ventricular end diastolic diameter, fraction shortening and cardiac output were measured using echocardiography. Ketamine at 5 and 7 min after induction and isoflurane at 3, 5 and 7 min after induction provided good anesthetic conditions and a quick awakening time, and did not influence cardiac performance, whereas the conscious state was associated with a non-physiological sympathetic activation and other anesthetic drugs induced a significant decrease in heart rate. Etomidate 10 mg/kg and 20 mg/kg were not enough to provide adequate anesthesia. Etomidate 30 mg/kg induced a good anesthetic condition but influenced cardiac performance and had a long awakening time. Our results indicate that ketamine and isoflurane with a short induction period are better anesthetic drugs than isoflurane without induction or etomidate for evaluating cardiac function in healthy mice.
Practitioners do good work

I believe that software engineers have done, are doing, and will continue to do good work. Practitioners contribute to the well-being of society and add value to the economy. Working applications enable hundreds of millions of users around the world to productively do things that would otherwise be impossible.I do not claim that software engineers are perfect. Bugs seem to lurk in almost all programs. Reliable schedules and budgets remain elusive. And, software has created whole new slates of problems, like hacking and viruses. For now, I rely on Peter Neumann and his Risks columns to document these concerns. I consider this paper a companion to counterpoint Neumann's columns.My primary purpose is to claim that software engineers are successful, in spite of their shortcomings. In the first section, I argue that practitioners create enormous social and economic value. In the second section, I discuss the ongoing improvement that software engineers make in their practice. In the third section, I propose documenting the greatest twenty achievements of software engineering to show the success of practitioners. And in the fourth section, I argue that practitioners earn their keep.My secondary propose is to respond to and elaborate on comments made at the Why Don't We Get More (Self? ) Respect panel at ICSE 2000 and the Impact Project Panel at ICSE 2001. I discuss how software engineers contribute to projects like the world wide web, and I echo Larry Bernstein's comments that software engineers deliver value.
The WRPW motif of the hairy-related basic helix-loop-helix repressor proteins acts as a 4-amino-acid transcription repression and protein-protein interaction domain

Hairy-related proteins include the Drosophila Hairy and Enhancer of Split proteins and mammalian Hes proteins. These proteins are basic helix-loop-helix (bHLH) transcriptional repressors that control cell fate decisions such as neurogenesis or myogenesis in both Drosophila melanogaster and mammals. Hairy-related proteins are site-specific DNA-binding proteins defined by the presence of both a repressor-specific bHLH DNA binding domain and a carboxyl-terminal WRPW (Trp-Arg-Pro-Trp) motif. These proteins act as repressors by binding to DNA sites in target gene promoters and not by interfering with activator proteins, indicating that these proteins are active repressors which should therefore have specific repression domains. Here we show the WRPW motif to be a functional transcriptional repression domain sufficient to confer active repression to Hairy-related proteins or a heterologous DNA-binding protein, Ga14. This motif was previously shown to be necessary for interactions with Groucho, a genetically defined corepressor for Drosophila Hairy-related proteins. Here we show that the WRPW motif is sufficient to recruit Groucho or the TLE mammalian homologs to target gene promoters. We also show that Groucho and TLE proteins actively repress transcription when directly bound to a target gene promoter and identify a novel, highly conserved transcriptional repression domain in these proteins. These results directly demonstrate that Groucho family proteins are active transcriptional corepressors for Hairy-related proteins and are recruited by the 4-amino acid protein-protein interaction domain, WRPW.