Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Sleep in school‐age children

The study by Nevéus et al. (1) in this issue of Acta Paediatrica offers new insight into the sleep patterns of school-aged children. Indeed, a signi cant prevalence of sleep disorders in these children is demonstrated. This contradicts the widely held notion that entry into pre-adolescence (ages 6–12 y) is marked by an important decrease in sleep problems, by great stability in nocturnal sleep and by high alertness during the day. This assumption is in accordance with polysomnographic studies dealing with this speci c age group. These show that prepubertal children generally fall asleep rapidly, i.e. in less than 25 min; that they experience on average only 1–3 brief awakenings thereafter, and that they have a marked resistance to waking up (2, 3). Furthermore, the disappearance of napping between 5 and 6 y is accompanied by an important increase in slow wave sleep (SWS), although there is already a slight decrease in SWS stage 4, from 18% at 6–7 y to 14% at 10–11 y (2, 4). Objective measures of daytime vigilance with multiple sleep latency tests illustrate low daytime sleepiness in healthy pre-adolescent children with mean sleep onset latencies of 15 min or more (4, 5). Nocturnal, full-night polysomnography is the “gold standard” for study of the structure of sleep and for investigating sleep disorders such as excessive daytime sleepiness, dif culty breathing during sleep, frequent parasomnias or periodic limb movements. But in healthy pre-adolescents these studies are solely crosssectional and, involving only a few subjects, they are rare. Moreover, they are too invasive and have shown high inter-individual variability. Above all, there is no study of the microstructure of sleep, which is probably the best marker of its quality. Community surveys drawn from questionnaires, unlike polysomnographic studies, yield large samples at little expense (the Nevéus study, for instance, involves 1413 school children aged from 6.2 to 10.9 y). But these epidemiological studies also have their drawbacks in that they are retrospective, tend to be cross-sectional, and are therefore not truly representative of the population studied. Indeed, out of the 1920 questionnaires distributed by Nevéus et al., only 74% were returned, the percentage being even smaller in certain epidemiological studies. Furthermore, the present study is also limited in that it relies on selfreported data from young children (6).
Notch and bone morphogenetic protein differentially act on dermomyotome cells to generate endothelium, smooth, and striated muscle

We address the mechanisms underlying generation of skeletal muscle, smooth muscle, and endothelium from epithelial progenitors in the dermomyotome. Lineage analysis shows that of all epithelial domains, the lateral region is the most prolific producer of smooth muscle and endothelium. Importantly, individual labeled lateral somitic cells give rise to only endothelial or mural cells (not both), and endothelial and mural cell differentiation is driven by distinct signaling systems. Notch activity is necessary for smooth muscle production while inhibiting striated muscle differentiation, yet it does not affect initial development of endothelial cells. On the other hand, bone morphogenetic protein signaling is required for endothelial cell differentiation and/or migration but inhibits striated muscle differentiation and fails to impact smooth muscle cell production. Hence, although different mechanisms are responsible for smooth muscle and endothelium generation, the choice to become smooth versus striated muscle depends on a single signaling system. Altogether, these findings underscore the spatial and temporal complexity of lineage diversification in an apparently homogeneous epithelium.
Growth Factor Independence 1 Protects Hematopoietic Stem Cells Against Apoptosis but Also Prevents the Development of a Myeloproliferative‐Like Disease

The regulation of gene transcription is elementary for the function of hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs). The transcriptional repressor growth factor independence 1 (Gfi1) restricts HSC proliferation and is essential to maintain their self‐renewal capacity and multipotency after transplantation. In addition, Gfi1−/− HSCs are severely compromised in their ability to compete with wild‐type (wt) HSCs after transplantation. We now report that Gfi1 protects HSCs against stress‐induced apoptosis, probably, by repressing the proapoptotic target gene Bax, since irradiated Gfi1−/− HSCs display higher expression of Bax and show a higher rate of apoptosis than wt HSCs. This protective function of Gfi1 appears to be functionally relevant since Gfi1−/− HSCs that express Bcl‐2, which antagonizes the effects of Bax, regain their ability to self renew and to initiate multilineage differentiation after transplantation. Surprisingly, Gfi1−/−xBcl‐2 transgenic mice also show a strong, systemic expansion of Mac‐1+Gr‐1− myeloid cells in bone marrow and peripheral lymphoid organs. These cells express high levels of the proleukemogenic transcription factor Hoxa9 and, in older mice, appear as atypical monocytoid‐blastoid cells in the peripheral blood. As a result of this massive expansion of myeloid cells, all Gfi1−/−xBcl‐2 mice eventually succumb to a myeloproliferative‐like disease resembling a preleukemic state. In summary, our data demonstrate that Gfi1's ability to protect against apoptosis is essential for HSC function. In addition, our finding show that Gfi1 prevents the development of myeloproliferative diseases and provides evidence how Gfi1 deficiency could be linked to myeloid leukemia. STEM CELLS 2011;29:376–385
Effect of Mesenchymal Stem Cells on Doxorubicin-Induced Fibrosis

Objective: The aim of this study was to test the effect of intravenous injection of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) on doxorubicin (DOX)-induced fibrosis in the heart. We investigated the mechanisms that possibly mediate this effect. Materials and Methods: In this experimental study, fibrosis in the myocardium of adult male Wistar rats (weights 180-200 g, 9-10 weeks of age, total n=30) was created by DOX administration. DOX (2.5 mg/kg) was administered intraperitoneally 3 times a week, for a total dose of 15 mg/kg over a period of 2 weeks. MSCs from Wistar rats were separated and cultured in Dulbecco’s modified eagle medium (DMEM). The condition medium (CM) which contained factors secreted by MSCs was also collected from MSCs cultured in serum-free DMEM. Two weeks after the first injection of DOX, MSCs, CM and standard medium (SM) were transplanted via intravenous injection. Four weeks after transplantation, histological (Masson’s trichrome staining for fibrosis detection) and molecular [real-time polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR)] analyses were conducted. In addition, insulin-like growth factor (IGF-1) and hepatocyte growth factor (HGF) in the CM were measured with an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). For immunosuppressive treatment, cyclosporine A was given (intraperitoneally, 5 mg/kg/day) starting on the day of surgery until the end of study in all groups. Fibrosis rate and relative gene expression were compared by analysis of variance (ANOVA) and post-Tukey’s test. HGF and (IGF-1 in the CM were analyzed by independent sample t test. P<0.01 was considered statistically significant. Results: Our data demonstrated that intravenously transplanted MSCs and CM significantly reduced fibrosis and significantly increased Bcl-2 expression levels in the myocardium compared to the DOX group (p<0.01). However, there was no significant difference between Bax expression levels in these groups. In addition, secretion of HGF and IGF-1 was detected in the CM (p<0.01). Conclusion: We conclude that intravenous transplantation of MSCs and CM can attenuate myocardial fibrosis and increase Bcl-2 expression. This may be mediated by paracrine signaling from MSCs via anti-fibrotic and anti-apoptotic factors such as HGF and IGF-1.
Perceptual quality evaluation of geometric distortions in images

Human perception of image distortions has been widely explored in recent years, however, research has not dealt with distortions due to geometric operations. In this paper, we present the results we obtained by means of psychovisual experiments aimed at evaluating the way the human visual system perceives geometric distortions in images. A mathematical model of the geometric distortions is first introduced, then the impact of the model parameters on the visibility of the distortion is measured by means of both objective metrics and subjective tests.
A novel magnetic heterojunction photocatalyst TiO2/SrFe12O19: synthesis strategy, photocatalytic activity, and unprecedented migration mechanism of photoexcited charge carrier

ABSTRACT A novel magnetic heterojunction photocatalyst TiO2/SrFe12O19 was synthesized from self-made strontium carbonate and Tetra-n-butyl Titanate by ultrasound technique. Acting as magnetic substrate, multifunctional strontium ferrite (SrFe12O19) played an important role in the magnetic heterojunction photocatalyst system. On the one hand, as n-type semiconductors, SrFe12O19 was in contact with TiO2, and a heterojunction was generated. On the other hand, as a hard-magnetic material SrFe12O19 can produce a stable magnetic field. This facilitates the recovery of photocatalyst from reaction solution with an extra magnet. More important, the stable magnetic field stemming from SrFe12O19 can promote separation between photo-induced electrons and holes and enhance the quantum efficiency for TiO2. In this work, we proposed an unprecedented migration mechanism of photoexcited charge carriers. It is hope to provide new insight into photocatalytic mechanism for extending our understanding.
Interaction between Microtubules and the Drosophila Formin Cappuccino and Its Effect on Actin Assembly*

Background: Cappuccino is a formin actin nucleator that regulates cytoskeletal organization during Drosophila oogenesis. Results: Cappuccino binds microtubules through two domains and cannot nucleate actin filaments when bound to microtubules. Conclusion: Actin filament assembly and microtubule binding are mutually exclusive activities of Cappuccino. Significance: We provide mechanistic insight into the role of formins as coordinators of the actin and microtubule cytoskeletons. Formin family actin nucleators are potential coordinators of the actin and microtubule cytoskeletons, as they can both nucleate actin filaments and bind microtubules in vitro. To gain a more detailed mechanistic understanding of formin-microtubule interactions and formin-mediated actin-microtubule cross-talk, we studied microtubule binding by Cappuccino (Capu), a formin involved in regulating actin and microtubule organization during Drosophila oogenesis. We found that two distinct domains within Capu, FH2 and tail, work together to promote high-affinity microtubule binding. The tail domain appears to bind microtubules through nonspecific charge-based interactions. In contrast, distinct residues within the FH2 domain are important for microtubule binding. We also report the first visualization of a formin polymerizing actin filaments in the presence of microtubules. Interestingly, microtubules are potent inhibitors of the actin nucleation activity of Capu but appear to have little effect on Capu once it is bound to the barbed end of an elongating filament. Because Capu does not simultaneously bind microtubules and assemble actin filaments in vitro, its actin assembly and microtubule binding activities likely require spatial and/or temporal regulation within the Drosophila oocyte.
revalence and risk factors of Helicobacter pylori nfection in Tunisian children: 1055 children in ap-Bon (northeastern Tunisia) révalence et facteurs de risque de l’infection à elicobacter pylori chez 1055 enfants du Cap-Bon nord-est tunisien)

ummary urpose. — The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence of Helicobacter pylori infecion in a population of schoolchildren six years of age and to identify the risk factors that redispose children to such infection. atients and methods. — A total of 1055 first-grade primary-school pupils were included. Socioeonomic factors, eating habits, gastrointestinal complaints and family history of peptic ulcer or astric cancer were recorded with a questionnaire. Serum samples were collected to determine . pylori infection status using ELISA for IgG antibodies. esults. — The prevalence of H. pylori infection was 51.4%. On univariate analysis, risk factors or H. pylori infection were household-crowding, lower socioeconomic status, late weaning rom bottlefeeding (more than 18 months), bed-sharing and cup-sharing. Symptoms related to nfection were abdominal pain and vomiting. On multivariate analysis, household-crowding, ate bottle-weaning, bed-sharing and abdominal pain were the only variables that remained trongly associated with H. pylori infection. onclusion. — The high prevalence of H. pylori infection in Tunisian children is associated with oor living conditions. 2008 Elsevier Masson SAS. All rights reserved.
LOPES II—Design and Evaluation of an Admittance Controlled Gait Training Robot With Shadow-Leg Approach

Robotic gait training is gaining ground in rehabilitation. Room for improvement lies in reducing donning and doffing time, making training more task specific and facilitating active balance control, and by allowing movement in more degrees of freedom. Our goal was to design and evaluate a robot that incorporates these improvements. LOPES II uses an end-effector approach with parallel actuation and a minimum amount of clamps. LOPES II has eight powered degrees of freedom (hip flexion/extension, hip abduction/adduction, knee flexion/extension, pelvis forward/aft and pelvis mediolateral). All other degrees of freedom can be left free and pelvis frontal- and transversal rotation can be constrained. Furthermore arm swing is unhindered. The end-effector approach eliminates the need for exact alignment, which results in a donning time of 10-14 min for first-time training and 5-8 min for recurring training. LOPES II is admittance controlled, which allows for the control over the complete spectrum from low to high impedance. When the powered degrees of freedom are set to minimal impedance, walking in the device resembles free walking, which is an important requisite to allow task-specific training. We demonstrated that LOPES II can provide sufficient support to let severely affected patients walk and that we can provide selective support to impaired aspects of gait of mildly affected patients.
Fungi from a Groundwater-Fed Drinking Water Supply System in Brazil

Filamentous fungi in drinking water distribution systems are known to (a) block water pipes; (b) cause organoleptic biodeterioration; (c) act as pathogens or allergens and (d) cause mycotoxin contamination. Yeasts might also cause problems. This study describes the occurrence of several fungal species in a water distribution system supplied by groundwater in Recife—Pernambuco, Brazil. Water samples were collected from four sampling sites from which fungi were recovered by membrane filtration. The numbers in all sampling sites ranged from 5 to 207 colony forming units (CFU)/100 mL with a mean value of 53 CFU/100 mL. In total, 859 isolates were identified morphologically, with Aspergillus and Penicillium the most representative genera (37% and 25% respectively), followed by Trichoderma and Fusarium (9% each), Curvularia (5%) and finally the species Pestalotiopsis karstenii (2%). Ramichloridium and Leptodontium were isolated and are black yeasts, a group that include emergent pathogens. The drinking water system in Recife may play a role in fungal dissemination, including opportunistic pathogens.
Role of Gut Microbiota in Rheumatoid Arthritis

Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a systemic autoimmune disease, caused by both genetic and environmental factors. Recently, investigators have focused on the gut microbiota, which is thought to be an environmental agent affecting the development of RA. Here we review the evidence from animal and human studies that supports the role of the gut microbiota in RA. We and others have demonstrated that the abundance of Prevotella copri is increased in some early RA. We have also used gnotobiotic experiments to show that dysbiosis in RA patients contributed to the development of Th17 cell-dependent arthritis in intestinal microbiota-humanized SKG mice. On the other hand, Prevotella histicola from human gut microbiota suppressed the development of arthritis. In summary, Prevotella species are involved in the pathogenesis of arthritis.
Accelerometer Based Real-Time Gesture Recognition

Gesture is a natural expression form for humans, but its recognition is a similarly hard problem as speech recognition. In this paper, I present a real-time hand gesture recognition system, which identifies relevant parts in the continous sensor data stream, and classifies them to the most probable gesture. Instead of the usual button-based segmentation, I have created an automatic segmentation method, which makes the interface more natural. The results showed that the two different classifiers reach 97.4% and 96% accuracy on a personalized gesture set, and these results can be improved for certain gesture sets with the combination of the two algorithms. Furthermore, the system has great performance and low response time, so the user experience is much better than with previous gesture recognizers.
Two-level caching of composite object views of relational databases

We describe a two-level client-side cache for composite objects mapped as views of a relational database. A semantic model, the Structural Model, is used to specify joins on the relational database that are useful for defining composite objects. The lower level of the cache contains the tuples from each relation that have already been loaded into memory. These tuples are linked together from relation to relation according to the joins of the structural model. This level of the cache is shared among all applications using the data on this client. The higher level of the cache contains composed objects of data extracted from the lower level cache. This level of the cache uses the object schema of a single application, and the data is copied from the lower level cache for convenient access by the application. This two-level cache is designed as part of the Penguin system, which supports multiple applications, each with its own object schema, to share data stored in a common relational database. <<ETX>>
The Role Concept as a Basis for Designing Community Systems

This paper describes the sociological concept of roles as a basis for designing computer-supported community systems (CSCS). The goal is the systematic analysis of roles and role-development from a sociological point of view to enhance socio-technical community-systems. In system theory social structures are expectational structures and roles identify these expectations (22). Roles explain how actors interact, collaborate and work together to cultivate knowledge exchange. The role concept in social science as- sumes that people interact with respect to their social roles and take certain roles as a ba- sis for their social interaction and communication. Persons' activities and interaction is shaped by roles and vice versa. In contrast, the role concept of computer science focuses on the management of access rights and access control models, and should be clearly dif- ferentiated from the sociological understanding. This paper presents the sociological perspective of the term "role" and explores it in more detail. Then, we present an explorative study of role-development in a web-based learning environment. We conclude by giving examples and making proposals for the technical support of roles. We pay special attention to role-taking, role-making, assign- ing roles, defining roles and changing roles.
Stereotypes as Stumbling-Blocks

Stereotype threat, the concern about being judged in light of negative stereotypes, causes underperformance in evaluative situations. However, less is known about how coping with stereotypes can aggravate underperformance over time. We propose a model in which ongoing stereotype threat experiences threaten a person’s sense of self-integrity, which in turn prompts defensive avoidance of stereotype-relevant situations, impeding growth, achievement, and well-being. We test this model in an important but understudied population: the physically disabled. In Study 1, blind adults reporting higher levels of stereotype threat reported lower self-integrity and well-being and were more likely to be unemployed and to report avoiding stereotype-threatening situations. In Study 2’s field experiment, blind students in a compensatory skill-training program made more progress if they had completed a values-affirmation, an exercise that bolsters self-integrity. The findings suggest that stereotype threat poses a chronic threat to self-integrity and undermines life outcomes for people with disabilities.
The life cycle of Drosophila orphan genes

Orphans are genes restricted to a single phylogenetic lineage and emerge at high rates. While this predicts an accumulation of genes, the gene number has remained remarkably constant through evolution. This paradox has not yet been resolved. Because orphan genes have been mainly analyzed over long evolutionary time scales, orphan loss has remained unexplored. Here we study the patterns of orphan turnover among close relatives in the Drosophila obscura group. We show that orphans are not only emerging at a high rate, but that they are also rapidly lost. Interestingly, recently emerged orphans are more likely to be lost than older ones. Furthermore, highly expressed orphans with a strong male-bias are more likely to be retained. Since both lost and retained orphans show similar evolutionary signatures of functional conservation, we propose that orphan loss is not driven by high rates of sequence evolution, but reflects lineage-specific functional requirements. DOI: http://dx.doi. org/10.7554/eLife.01311. 001
Open Innovation 2.0: Is Co-Creation the Ultimate Challenge?

Web 2.0 has considerably increased the possibilities of user involvement in the production process and, thereby, has given rise to new forms of co-creation (Open Innovation with customers). Because the roles of consumers, now 'prosumers,' have radically changed, specific challenges have emerged. The aim of this article is to provide possible routes to address such challenges. To do so, an input-output typology of co-creation is created. This typology is then used to discuss the main challenges of co-creation: incentives, risks and costs, IPRs.
Role of Complement in Multiorgan Failure

Multiorgan failure (MOF) represents the leading cause of death in patients with sepsis and systemic inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS) following severe trauma. The underlying immune response is highly complex and involves activation of the complement system as a crucial entity of innate immunity. Uncontrolled activation of the complement system during sepsis and SIRS with in excessive generation of complement activation products contributes to an ensuing dysfunction of various organ systems. In the present review, mechanisms of the inflammatory response in the development of MOF in sepsis and SIRS with particular focus on the complement system are discussed.