Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
The Production of Local Landscape Heritage: A Case Study in The Netherlands

Abstract In their daily surroundings, people perpetually produce heritage, as they experience, assign meaning to and act upon local historical landscape features. We conducted a case study in a peat district in the Netherlands to investigate heritage construction in various local landscape practices. These practices reflected distinctive patterns of routinised activities, motives to engage with these activities, historical landscape artefacts that are deemed valuable and meanings assigned to these artefacts. Across these landscape practices, we identified different modes of producing heritage meanings: (a) driven by landscape aesthetics, (b) framed by potential spatial threats, (c) structured by family roots, and (d) generated by the desire to belong to the community. Our study demonstrates that heritage production can vary a lot even within a relatively homogenous local culture. In addition, our results suggest that heritage is sometimes produced implicitly, rather than explicitly.
A Preliminary Study on the Impact of Lexical Concreteness on Word Sense Disambiguation

Psychologists have shown that abstract words are harder to understand and often acquired later than concrete words. In this work, we study how the difficulty of automatic word sense disambiguation (WSD) might be affected by this intrinsic property of words, namely the concreteness of a word and its individual senses. We also explore the feasibility of inducing a numerical index for sense and lexical concreteness from dictionary definitions. Analysis of system performance in previous SENSEVAL exercises suggests that concrete words are often easier to disambiguate. The high overall agreement between human ratings and definition-induced ratings is also encouraging. The concreteness factor is worth the attention of computational linguists, particularly in terms of how it bears on the differential information demand of individual words in WSD and how the knowledge of this property could be employed to fine-tune WSD systems to better deal with the lexical sensitivity of the task.
Effects of screw and host factors on insertion torque and pullout strength.

OBJECTIVE To experimentally study the effects of altering implant length, outer diameter, cortical bone thickness, and cortical bone density on the primary stability of orthodontic miniscrew implants (MSIs). MATERIALS AND METHODS Maximum insertion torque (IT) and pullout strength (POS) of 216 MSIs were measured in synthetic bone with different cortical densities (0.64 g/cc or 0.55 g/cc) and cortical thicknesses (1 mm or 2 mm). Three MSIs were evaluated: 6-mm long/1.75-mm outer diameter, 3-mm long/1.75-mm outer diameter, and 3-mm long/2.0-mm outer diameter. To test POS, a vertical force was applied at the rate of 5 mm/min until failure occurred. RESULTS The 6-mm MSIs displayed significantly (P < .001) higher IT and POS than the 3-mm MSIs did. The 3-mm MSIs with 2.0-mm outer diameters showed significantly higher (P < .001) IT and POS than the 3-mm MSIs with 1.75-mm outer diameters. The IT and POS were significantly (P < .001) greater for the MSIs placed in thicker and denser cortical bone. CONCLUSION Both outer diameter and length affect the stability of MSIs. Increases in cortical bone thickness and cortical bone density increase the primary stability of the MSIs.
Age-Related Reliance on the Frontal Lobe for Word Recognition: Structural and Functional Studies

– Slowed temporal processing – Asynchronous auditory processing – Decreased auditory system inhibition Cognitive Control – Failing inhibition of irrelevant information and difficulty focusing attention – Declining working memory and processing speed – Declining problem solving and planning Potential central nervous system explanations for declining word recognition: Declines in Which Neural Systems Contribute to Declines in Speech Understanding (measurable with MRI)
New symmetric subband forward algorithm based on simple variable step-sizes for speech enhancement

In several previous works, the two-channel adaptive filtering algorithms have been proposed and combined with forward-and-backward blind source separation structures for acoustic noise reduction and speech enhancement. Recently in [1], we have proposed a new two-channel subband forward algorithm (2CSF) for acoustic noise reduction. The main drawback of this algorithm is its poor performance in steady state regime when the fixed step-size is selected large. In this paper, we propose two new versions of the 2CSF algorithm by introducing a simple variable step-size approach, which allow improving both the convergence speed and steady state values. The proposed modifications are based on efficient estimation of the optimal step-sizes of the cross-coupling filters. To confirm the good performance of the proposed variable step-size algorithms, we have carried out several simulations in very noisy situations.
ariations in the influence of diffuse light on gross primary roductivity in temperate ecosystems

The carbon storage potential of terrestrial ecosystems depends in part on how atmospheric conditions influence the type and amount of surface radiation available for photosynthesis. Diffuse light, resulting from interactions between incident solar radiation and atmospheric aerosols and clouds, has been postulated to increase carbon uptake in terrestrial ecosystems. However, the magnitude of the diffuse light effect is unclear because existing studies use different methods to derive above-canopy diffuse light conditions. We used site-based, above-canopy measurements of diffuse light and gross primary productivity (GPP) from 10 temperate ecosystems (including mixed conifer forests, deciduous broadleaf forests, and croplands) to quantify the GPP variation explained by diffuse photosynthetically active radiation (PAR) and to calculate increases in GPP as a function of diffuse light. Our analyses show that diffuse PAR explained up to 41% of variation in GPP in croplands and up to 17% in forests, independent of direct light levels. Carbon enhancement rates in response to diffuse PAR (calculated after accounting for vapor pressure deficit and air temperature) were also higher in croplands (0.011–0.050 mol CO2 per mol photons of diffuse PAR) than in forests (0.003–0.018 mol CO2 per mol photons of diffuse PAR). The amount of variation in GPP and carbon enhancement rate both differed with solar zenith angle and across sites for the same plant functional type. At crop sites, diffuse PAR had the strongest influence and the largest carbon enhancement rate during early mornings and late afternoons when zenith angles were large, with greater enhancement in the afternoons. In forests, diffuse PAR had the strongest influence at small zenith angles, but the largest carbon enhancement rate at large zenith angles, with a trend in ecosystem-specific responses. These results highlight the influence of zenith angle and the role of plant community composition in modifying diffuse light enhancement in terrestrial ecosystems, which will be important in scaling this effect from individual sites to the globe. © 2014 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
Associations between Work Environment and Psychological Distress after a Workplace Terror Attack: The Importance of Role Expectations, Predictability and Leader Support

Experiencing terrorism is associated with high levels of psychological distress among survivors. The aim of the present study was to examine whether work environmental factors such as role clarity and predictability, role conflicts, and leader support may protect against elevated levels of psychological distress after a workplace terrorist attack. Data from approximately 1800 ministerial employees were collected ten months after the 2011 Oslo bombing attack which targeted the Norwegian ministries. The results show that after a traumatic event, lower role conflicts, higher role clarity, higher predictability, and higher leader support were independently associated with lower psychological distress. These findings suggest that the workplace environment may be a facilitator of employees’ mental health after stressful events.
Acute hair loss in phenylketonuria

© 2008 The Authors JEADV 2009, 23, 570–620 Journal compilation © 2008 European Academy of Dermatology and Venereology nodule placed separately from the main biopsy specimen. It was composed of mature hyaline cartilage, with normal chondrocytes within a homogenous basophilic stroma. The chondrocytes mostly showed single, small nuclei without significant atypia (Fig. 1). The tumour lacked necrosis, and neither secondary ossification nor calcification was present. Fibrosis was observed around the tumour, but its periphery was free from giant cell reaction, granulation tissue or any evidence of traumatic tissue reaction. We presumed that the tumour was originally situated within the dermis from the tissue findings around the cartilage. A computed tomography scan was performed to identify a connection between the cartilage and the underlying structure such as the larynx. The findings were normal, except for some mild thickening of the skin within the lesional plane. Based on the clinical, histological and radiological findings, we diagnosed the lesion to be a true cutaneous chondroma. True cutaneous chondromas are very rare and grow predominantly in the dermis. Other than true cutaenous chondromas, hamartomas and soft tissue chondromas can also present as a cutaneous mass with cartilage.2 It is therefore important to differentiate between them. Cartilaginous hamartomas are by far the most common cartilaginous lesions and are mostly present on the head and neck area since birth. Histologically, hamartomas such as Merkel’s cartilaginous remnants and accessory tragi show mature elastic cartilage in the lower dermis and subcutis, accompanied by villous hair follicles in the covering skin.3,4 Soft tissue chondromas prefer the extremities and are composed of immature and atypical chondrocytes.5,6 We currently do not know exact incidence and nature of true cutaneous chondromas since only few have been reported,1,2 but diagnosis seem rather simple with mature hyaline cartilage located exclusively in the dermis. As natural regression is not expected, excision is the preferred treatment.
Optimal Design of an Axial-Flux Switched Reluctance Motor With Grain-Oriented Electrical Steel

This paper employs grain-oriented electrical steel (GOES) in an axial-flux switched reluctance motor (AFSRM) to improve its torque characteristic, taking advantages of the material's excellent magnetic properties in the rolling direction. Based on the study on the parameter and switching characteristics of an AFSRM, GOES can be divided into pieces and arranged in the rotor and stator teeth so that the magnetic flux mainly travels along the rolling direction of the material. AFSRMs with different lamination shapes and deviation angles between the magnetic flux and rolling direction of the GOES have been studied to further improve the output performance; the maximum electromagnetic torque of the proposed design shows a 20.5% increase in comparison with that of the conventional nonoriented electrical steel motors under identical conditions. The rotor retaining ring is composed of epoxy resin lamination to constrain the rotor teeth modules. Thermal and stress analyses under fault conditions are analyzed to verify the reliability of the retaining ring. Furthermore, an AFSRM prototype is built and experiments are conducted to validate the calculated data.
Delivery of inhaled medication to children.

The goals for the treatment of asthma in children include enabling children to lead a normal active life, achieving normal lung function with little use of rescue medication, and preventing exacerbations. The adverse side effects of treatment must also be avoided (1). In the near future a revised consensus will probably also include the goal of avoiding lung damage associated with airway remodeling in chronic asthma. Inhaled medication is essential for the achievement of all the goals. Along with the rising aspirations for asthma treatment in older children, it is increasingly recognized that asthma symptoms in toddlers and preschool children are also responsive to inhaled therapy ( 2 4 ) . Most devices used in children were originally developed for adults and they are often used without due attention to the specific requirements of pediatric practice. This review highlights the essential considerations when treating children with inhaled medication, and reviews the available devices from this perspective. THE RATIONALE FOR INHALED MEDICATION
Leaks, Lumps, and Lines

Women’s bodies have often been positioned in art and popular culture as monstrous or defiled and women’s bodily products (e.g., menstrual fluid, breast milk) as disgusting. This framing has led to the stigmatization of aspects of women’s bodies (e.g., leaking fluids, lumps of fat, and lines in the skin that indicate aging), especially those aspects that are perceived as threats to culture and society. In this article, the author draws on feminist theory, stigma theory, and terror management theory to explain the positioning of menstruating, fat, and old women as threatening and stigmatized. Evidence for the stigma is discussed, as are the effects of stigma on the stigmatized and the stigmatizers. Ways of resisting, reframing, and coping with stigma are suggested.
Developing a domain-general framework for cognition: What is the best approach?

We share with Anderson & Lebiere (A&L) (and with Newell before them) the goal of developing a domain-general framework for modeling cognition, and we take seriously the issue of evaluation criteria. We advocate a more focused approach than the one reflected in Newell's criteria, based on analysis of failures as well as successes of models brought into close contact with experimental data. A&L attribute the shortcomings of our parallel-distributed processing framework to a failure to acknowledge a symbolic level of thought. Our framework does acknowledge a symbolic level, contrary to their claim. What we deny is that the symbolic level is the level at which the principles of cognitive processing should be formulated. Models cast at a symbolic level are sometimes useful as high-level approximations of the underlying mechanisms of thought. The adequacy of this approximation will continue to increase as symbolic modelers continue to incorporate principles of parallel distributed processing.
HIRL: Hierarchical Inverse Reinforcement Learning for Long-Horizon Tasks with Delayed Rewards

Reinforcement Learning (RL) struggles in problems with delayed rewards, and one approach is to segment the task into sub-tasks with incremental rewards. We propose a framework called Hierarchical Inverse Reinforcement Learning (HIRL), which is a model for learning sub-task structure from demonstrations. HIRL decomposes the task into sub-tasks based on transitions that are consistent across demonstrations. These transitions are defined as changes in local linearity w.r. t to a kernel function. Then, HIRL uses the inferred structure to learn reward functions local to the sub-tasks but also handle any global dependencies such as sequentiality. We have evaluated HIRL on several standard RL benchmarks: Parallel Parking with noisy dynamics, Two-Link Pendulum, 2D Noisy Motion Planning, and a Pinball environment. In the parallel parking task, we find that rewards constructed with HIRL converge to a policy with an 80% success rate in 32% fewer time-steps than those constructed with Maximum Entropy Inverse RL (MaxEnt IRL), and with partial state observation, the policies learned with IRL fail to achieve this accuracy while HIRL still converges. We further find that that the rewards learned with HIRL are robust to environment noise where they can tolerate 1 stdev. of random perturbation in the poses in the environment obstacles while maintaining roughly the same convergence rate. We find that HIRL rewards can converge up-to 6x faster than rewards constructed with IRL.
Compare Unidimensional & Multidimensional Rasch Model for Test with Multidimensional Construct and Items Local Dependence

Test in education, generally, constructed based on multi contents. If every contents viewed as a dimension, hence the test also have multi-dimension too, so that the analysis must be done with the multidimensional model. In reality at some selected tests, we can see that dependence exist between items in different contents. Dependence as referred, make assumption about multidimensional test is not valid anymore so that gives us the opportunity to apply unidimensional models in its analysis, including by using Rasch Model. This matter motivated me to do write this paper with aim to: get Unidimensional Rasch Model based on logistics function, get the item parameter estimation and testee parameter estimation together using the Joint Maximum Likelihood Method, and prove that Unidimensional Rasch Model is the better choice than Multidimensional Rasch Model in condition like this.
Focal lesions in cirrhotic explant livers: Pathological evaluation and accuracy of pretransplantation imaging examinations

Imaging detection and diagnosis of hepatocellular carcinomas (HCCs) and dysplastic nodules (DNs) in cirrhotic patients is important because the number, size, and type of focal lesions strongly influence patient management. Focal lesions detected by imaging examinations during pretransplantation evaluation were correlated with focal lesions detected during detailed pathological examination of 49 cirrhotic explant livers. Within 6 months before transplantation, color Doppler ultrasonography (US), contrast‐enhanced computed tomography (CT), and magnetic resonance (MR) imaging were performed in 94%, 33%, and 55% of patients, respectively. In 2% to 8% of patients, different types of benign focal lesions were present, and a considerable proportion was interpreted as (pre)malignant on imaging examination. US detected only the largest HCCs (patient sensitivity, 40%; specificity, 100%) and no DNs. On a per‐patient basis, contrast‐enhanced CT and MR imaging had poor sensitivity (20% and 27%, respectively) and good specificity (100% and 94%, respectively) for DNs. Patient sensitivity and specificity of both techniques for HCC were reasonable (50% for CT, 70% for MR imaging) and good (79% for CT, 82% for MR imaging), respectively. Neither technique was able to detect smaller (pre)malignant lesions. As a consequence, 10% of patients underwent transplantation, although they exceeded the tumor number limit. Currently used imaging techniques cannot correctly determine the exact tumor burden in some cirrhotic patients. Regular contrast‐enhanced MR examination of cirrhotic patients waiting for liver transplantation is the best tool for the early detection of (pre)malignant lesions.
Perceived Neighborhood and Home Environmental Factors Associated with Television Viewing among Taiwanese Older Adults

This study examined the associations between perceived neighborhood and home environmental factors and excessive television (TV) viewing time among Taiwanese older adults. The sample data was collected by administering computer-assisted telephone interviewers to 980 Taiwanese older adults (aged ≥ 65 years) living in two regions. Odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were calculated to examine the associations between self-reported perceived neighborhood and home environmental attributions and TV viewing time by using logistic regression analyses. The results showed that perceived neighborhood and home environmental factors were associated with excessive TV viewing time (≥2 h/day) after adjusting for potential confounders. Compared with a reference group, older adults who perceived their neighborhoods to have unsafe traffic were more likely to report excessive TV viewing time (OR = 1.36, 95%CI = 1.02–1.82). Older adults who reported having two or more TV sets in the home (OR = 1.77, CI = 1.28–2.44) and having a TV in the bedroom (OR = 1.55, CI = 1.18–2.03) were also more likely to report excessive TV viewing time. Further longitudinal research can confirm these findings, and tailored interventions focusing on the perceptions of neighborhood traffic safety and TV access at home for older adults might be effective means of preventing excessive TV viewing time.
Comparative Analysis of Sequences Flanking tet(W) Resistance Genes in Multiple Species of Gut Bacteria

ABSTRACT tet(W) is one of the most abundant tetracycline resistance genes found in bacteria from the mammalian gut and was first identified in the rumen anaerobe Butyrivibrio fibrisolvens 1.230, where it is highly mobile and its transfer is associated with the transposable chromosomal element TnB1230. In order to compare the genetic basis for tet(W) carriage in different bacteria, we studied sequences flanking tet(W) in representatives of seven bacterial genera originating in diverse gut environments. The sequences 657 bp upstream and 43 bp downstream of tet(W) were 96 to 100% similar in all strains examined. A common open reading frame (ORF) was identified downstream of tet(W) in five different bacteria, while another conserved ORF that flanked tet(W) in B. fibrisolvens 1.230 was also present upstream of tet(W) in a human colonic Roseburia isolate and in another rumen B. fibrisolvens isolate. In one species, Bifidobacterium longum (strain F8), a novel transposase was located within the conserved 657-bp region upstream of tet(W) and was flanked by imperfect direct repeats. Additional direct repeats 6 bp long were identified on each end of a chromosomal ORF interrupted by the insertion of the putative transposase and the tet(W) gene. This tet(W) gene was transferable at low frequencies between Bifidobacterium strains. A putative minielement carrying a copy of tet(W) was identified in B. fibrisolvens transconjugants that had acquired the tet(W) gene on TnB1230. Several different mechanisms, including mechanisms involving plasmids and conjugative transposons, appear to be involved in the horizontal transfer of tet(W) genes, but small core regions that may function as minielements are conserved.
novel bioassay using root regrowth in Lemna reum

A new phytotoxicity test method based on root elongation of three Lemna species (Lemna gibba, L. minor, and L. paucicostata) has been developed. Tests with aquatic plants have, typically, favored measurements on fronds (e.g. frond number, area, biomass) rather than on roots, due, in part, to issues associated with handling fragile roots and the time-consuming procedures of selecting roots with identical root lengths. The present method differs in that roots were excised prior to exposure with subsequent measurements on newly developed roots. Results show that there were species-specific difference in sensitivity to the five metals tested (Ag, Cd, Cr, Cu and Hg), with Ag being the most toxic (EC50 = 5.3–37.6 g L−1) to all three species, and Cr the least toxic for L. gibba and L. minor (1148.3 and 341.8 g L−1, respectively) and Cu for L. paucicostata (470.4 g L−1). Direct comparisons were made with measurements of frond area, which were found to be less sensitive. More generally, root re-growth was shown to reflect the toxic responses of all three Lemna species to these five important metals. The root growth bioassay differs from three internationally standardized methods (ISO, OCED and US EPA) in that it is completed in 48 h, the required volume of test solutions is only 3 ml and non-axenic plants are used. Our results show that the Lemna root method is a simple, rapid, cost-effective, sensitive and precise bioassay to assess the toxic risks of metals and has practical application for monitoring municipal and industrial waste waters where metals are common constituents.