Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
The weather pattern and trends associated with Gulf Stream turbulent heat loss events

approved: Eric D. Skyllingstad The weather pattern and trends associated with heat flux events (HFEs) over the Gulf Stream (GS) are examined as part of the CLIMODE project. A large portion of GS turbulent heat loss occurs during distinct synoptic scale events with a duration of one to two days. Forty percent (40%) of wintertime sensible heat loss over the CLIMODE Region (CR) (30°-42° N, 50°-70° W) occurs on 17.5% of days. The overturning convection caused by ocean surface buoyancy loss leads to a deepening mixed layer and the formation of eighteen-degree water (EDW). EDW is a homogenous slab of subtropical mode water with vertically uniform temperature and salinity characteristics. Mode water is formed in regions of large ocean-atmosphere heat exchange and serves as a potential memory source for the climate system. Analysis of sounding data acquired from a ship in the GS region in February and March of 2007 shows a distinct atmospheric vertical thermal profile during HFEs. A typical event day profile exhibits a well mixed boundary layer (BL) featuring a dry adiabatic lapse rate extending up to around 850 millibars (mb). A sharp inversion layer separates the BL from the dry free atmosphere. Satellite imagery confirms that open and closed cell cumulus cloud structures are present during events, which indicate strong surfacebased instability and shallow convection. An examination of the National Centers for Environmental Prediction-National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCEP-NCAR) Reanalysis data is performed in order to understand the planetary and synoptic scale weather patterns that induce HFEs. A large 500 mb trough is present over the Western Atlantic Ocean on event days. A surface pressure couplet consisting of high (low) pressure located to the west (northeast) of the CR causes anomalous northwesterly flow that advects cold and dry continental air over the GS. Long term trends in CR Reanalysis data indicate that an increase in sea surface temperature (SST) has significantly increased autumn sensible and latent heat flux since the mid 1960s. Spring is dominated by large decadal variability in thermal and flux fields. Thus, increasing turbulent flux may not lead to greater EDW production since the increased oceanic heat loss serves to remove a seasonal thermocline which is warming over time. Global climate models (GCMs) do not adequately simulate observed CR Reanalysis period climate. The modeled trends in heat flux correlate poorly with Reanalysis. This investigation suggests important areas for potential future research including the effect of turbulent flux on atmosphere and ocean dynamics, and understanding the influence of BL entrainment on heat flux magnitude. ©Copyright by Nicholas Loyd September 10, 2010 All Rights Reserved The Weather Pattern and Trends Associated with Gulf Stream Turbulent Heat Loss Events
Translation Policies in Legal and Institutional Settings

Public service translation and interpreting (PSIT) is crucial for the interaction between a government and citizens belonging to national minorities, non-natives and citizens with special needs. Through these language services, such citizens gain improved access to information about legal proceedings, social security applications and inclusion rights. This chapter focuses on two aspects of the provision of institutional translation and public service interpreting in Slovakia: (1) the translation policy towards target groups of institutional translation: labor migrants, asylum applicants, refugees and members of language minorities; (2) the quality of the translation and interpreting services provided. We describe the way in which language services are provided in the institutional sector, by defining the target groups and the legal framework for the provision of PSIT. We outline the historical development of the provision of language services to non-native populations in the framework of language rights and the provision of PSIT for labor migrants. The chapter also considers the most recent target group of public service translation and interpreting: asylum applicants and refugees. In conclusion, we make recommendations for the introduction of systematic and standardized measures of institutional translation and interpreting in Slovakia.
System-level design methodology for streaming multi-processor embedded systems

This dissertation introduces new design methodology for automated design, programming, and implementation of multiprocessor systems-on-chip (MPSoCs) starting at a high level of abstraction. The proposed methodology offers a fully integrated tool-flow for very fast exploration and implementation of alternative MPSoCs, where design space exploration, system-level synthesis, application mapping, and system prototyping of MPSoCs are highly automated. The main idea is starting from a functional specification of an application and a description of an MPSoC at system level, to refine and translate them to lower register transfer level (RTL) descriptions in a systematic and automated way. This is achieved by applying a model-driven approach which exploits the platform-based design concept. In particular, to model an application, we use the Kahn Process Network (KPN) model of computation, which has proved to be well suited for specifying streaming applications in a parallel form. In addition, we have devised a platform model which allows for building MPSoCs in a systematic and automated way that execute KPNs efficiently. We use a mapping model to express the relation between the processes and the communication channels in the application (KPN) and the processing and memory components of the platform.
Physiological Mechanisms of Tolerance to Drought and Heat in Major Pulses for Improving Yield under Stress Environments

Reduction in biomass and pollen fertility are the two major constraints resulting in poor grain yield in major pulses grown under rainfed agrosystem. Generally, pulses are encountered into both heat and drought stresses during terminal reproductive stages. Though pulses have many adaptive features to counter the adverse effects of various abiotic stresses but yield is substantially reduced when the magnitude of these stresses is very high. The factors have been identified to enhance grain yield under stress environments which include promotion of biomass in the above ground part enabling crops to reserve a maximum amount of photosynthesis and water in the plant system itself before the onset of drought and heat stresses during reproductive stages. Various physiological mechanisms and fertility enhancement components including genetic diversity in key traits have been discussed here to improve yield of pulses under stressed conditions.
Biochar Carbon stability in some contrasting soils from Australia

There is a limited understanding of the effects of soil properties on biochar carbon (C) stability. This knowledge is essential to fully evaluate the capacity of biochar for long-term soil C sequestration. In this study, two biochars, produced by slow pyrolysis at 450 or 550 °C from a δC-depleted (-36.4‰) Eucalyptus saligna Sm. woody material, were incubated in four soils (Inceptisol, Entisol, Oxisol, Vertisol) of contrasting chemical and mineralogical properties. The total biochar-C mineralised over 12 months was 0.30−1.14% and 0.97−2.71% from the soil-biochar mixtures incubated at 20 and 40 °C, respectively. The total biochar-C mineralised (mg CO2-C per unit of native soil organic C, SOC basis) from soils incubated with the 450 °C biochar was approximately twice the corresponding amount mineralised from the 550 °C biochar systems. The influence of soil properties on biochar-C mineralisation was greater for the 450 °C biochar than the 550 °C biochar. The smallest proportion of C mineralised from the 450 °C biochar occurred in the Inceptisol incubated at 20 °C and in the Oxisol at 40 °C. However, when expressed on a per unit of native SOC basis, the C mineralisation of the 450 and 550 °C biochars was least in the Oxisol and greatest in the Inceptisol at both incubation temperatures. Mean residence times (MRT) of the biochars estimated using the two-pool exponential model varied between 44 and 610 years. The estimated MRT of the biochars may vary under field conditions depending upon the environmental conditions and addition of labile carbon from plants. Our results indicate that biochar-C was stabilised by variable charge minerals in the Oxisol and that the stabilisation occurred rapidly at high temperatures. 1 This chapter has been published in European Journal of Soil Science under the title “Biochar carbon stability in four contrasting soils” in August 2013. Authors are Yunying Fang, Balwant Singh, Bhupinder Pal Singh and Evelyn Krull. Chapter 3− Biochar carbon stability in four contrasting soils 45 3.
Correlation of the Bishop Ash, a Pleistocene marker bed, using instrumental neutron activation analysis

ABSTRACT Neutron activation analyses confirmed a previous correlation of a white rhyolitic volcanic ash bed with the Bishop Tuff of eastern California. Distinctions were made between the glass fractions of Bishop and Pearlette-like ashes, both of which occur in middle Pleistocene deposits of California, Utah, Colorado, and Nebraska. A third type of ash (ash of Green Mountain Reservoir), petrographically similar to the Bishop Tuff, appeared to be chemically distinct. A coefficient was introduced as a simple measure of multivariate similarity. Discriminant function analysis indicated that Mn and Sm were most useful in distinguishing chemically between Bishop, Green Mountain Reservoir, and Pearlette-like ashes. Both statistical methods confirmed conclusions drawn from visual observation of the da a.
Stable Mixing of Complete and Incomplete Information

An increasing number of parameter estimation tasks involve the use of at least two information sources, one complete but limited, the other abundant but incomplete. Standard algorithms such as EM used in this context are unfortunately not stable in the sense that they can lead to dramatic loss of accuracy with the inclusion of incomplete observations. We cast estimation with incomplete information as a source allocation problem, and show that instability occurs at a well-defined data-dependent source allocation. We introduce an algorithm that finds the critical allocation by tracing local maxima of the likelihood from full weight on complete data to full weight on incomplete data. Theoretical results support that such tracing is always possible in the exponential family by following the differential equation that governs the evolution of local maxima while changing allocation. Our approach finds in 0(n') in the number of model parameters the critical allocation along with a stable estimate. We demonstrate the effectiveness of the algorithm on artifically generated mixtures of Gaussians and on text classification with naive Bayes. The approach readily generalizes to other problems that feature from multiple sources of information. Thesis Supervisor: Tommi Jaakkola Title: Assistant Professor
Developing a MODIS-based index to discriminate dead fuel from photosynthetic vegetation and soil background in the Asian steppe area

Dead fuel (DF) coverage and biomass are important parameters for wildfire danger rating and fire behaviour modelling. Although a hyperspectral Cellulose Absorption Index (CAI) has been proven to be a good tool for discriminating non-photosynthetic vegetation (NPV), plant litter and crop residues, the narrow bands are not well suited for multi-band Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) to achieve global and real-time wildfire risk assessment. Meanwhile, Landsat TM-based indices, such as Normalized Difference Index (NDI), Soil Adjusted Corn Residue Index (SACRI) and Crop Residue Index Multiband (CRIM), have been proposed to extract NPV only in the case of two components of NPV and soil. This study intended to discriminate DF and estimate its coverage in three-component mixtures of photosynthetic vegetation (PV), DF and soil using MODIS simulated data. The methods used included: (1) analysing field spectra of PV, DF and soil; (2) developing a four-band Dead Fuel Index (DFI) based on MODIS band ranges; and (3) simulating spectral mixtures to determine the lower thresholds for DF detection. DFI as well as NDI, SACRI, CRIM and CAI were evaluated based on individual spectra and linearly simulated spectral mixtures of PV, DF and soil. Results suggested that DFI was the best index for DF discrimination, with a minimal fractional coverage of only about 0.20 in one pixel required to confirm the existence of DF with MODIS simulated data. However, DFI is less sensitive to long-term DFs. For top-of-atmosphere (TOA) reflectance simulation under different atmospheric conditions, the minimal fractions were 0.32, 0.42, 0.53 and 0.64 for optical depths at 550 nm of 0.2 (clear), 0.4, 0.6 and 0.8 (hazy), respectively. The results of this study suggest that DFI has good potential to estimate DF coverage in steppe areas.
Borehole seismic monitoring of CO2 storage within a saline aquifer at Ketzin, Germany

The borehole seismic monitoring in the in situ laboratory for saline aquifer CO2 storage (Ketzin, Germany) comprises crosswell tomography, offset-VSP, walkaway-VSP, and single level 3D-VSP. Time-lapse measurements of the crosshole tomography indicated a decreased P-wave velocity of the rock units affected by CO2 injection, the walkaway-VSP observed increased reflectivity from the sandstone layers of the formation. The offset-VSP and 3D-VSP provide structural geometry and characterization in the vicinity of the site. A particular challenge will be the time-lapse processing of surface-to-borehole data.
Assessment Of Damages Caused By DifferentFlood Types

Comprehensive risk assessments are essential to integrated, efficient flood management. However, investigations concentrate mainly on scenarios of slowly rising riverine floods and their loss assessment. The common loss models are focused on the water level as the primary factor determining damage, although, for example during flash floods, the velocity might be much more important. To improve the knowledge about flood losses and the loss-influencing factors, 1697 households affected by the Elbe and Danube flood in 2002 were interviewed. Cases affected by high groundwater levels, riverine floods, flash floods and dyke breaches were identified and separately analyzed. The four flood types show significantly different impact characteristics concerning the factors of water level, flood duration, flow velocity and contamination. In addition, the resulting losses differ significantly. Common loss models tested, i.e. stage-damage curves, were as such not suitable to estimate losses due to dyke breaches and high groundwater levels. Therefore, new loss models should be developed for these special flood situations.
e-Publications@Marquette e-Publications@Marquette

Research shows that the choice of relationship exit strategy by the instigator of exit can have significant negative consequences for the party that is being dropped. In this study we focus on what we coin as kind exit, where the risk of harm to the supplier as a result of the buyer's relationship termination is low. In line with current research, which is suggesting that the characteristics of a buyer-supplier relationship play a critical role in the instigator's choice of exit strategy, we examine the link between the buyer's perception of its relationship with the supplier and the manner in which the buyer-supplier relationship ends. We posit that this phenomenon is causally complex and context dependent, and as such, there will be multiple types of buyer-supplier relationships that will lead to a kind exit. To uncover these types, we examine 315 terminated buyer-supplier relationships in manufacturing and service sectors in the UK, employing fuzzy set qualitative comparative analysis (fsQCA). Our results show that contrary to extant literature, there is not one relationship type that leads to a kind exit; instead, we uncover four alternative equifinal configurations of relationship dimensions and two exogenous factors.
Time–frequency analysis to profile hydrological regimes: application to Haiti

Abstract Comprehensive characterization of its flow rates is prerequisite to a proper understanding and water management of a given hydrological region. Several studies question the soundness of stationarity in time series and suggest the need for a quantification of the events and non-stationary features in flow rate time series. In this study, we combine statistical and time–frequency (TF) analyses to characterize and classify the flow rates of an understudied region, namely Haiti. Wavelet transforms and cyclostationarity analyses were combined with principal component analysis and hierarchical clustering to identify three groups of hydrological regimes in the country, suggesting similar management: (1) relatively stable flow rates with TF behaviour; (2) periodic and strongly seasonal flow rates; and (3) unstable flow rates. We argue that the TF methodology can yield additional information in regard to flow events and multiscale behaviour, even for short records. Flow rate characterization would benefit from the exhaustive approach described here. EDITOR Z.W. Kundzewicz ASSOCIATE EDITOR E. Toth
Solving Shift Register Problems over Skew Polynomial Rings using Module Minimisation

For many algebraic codes the main part of decoding can be reduced to a shift register synthesis problem. In this paper we present an approach for solving generalised shift register problems over skew polynomial rings which occur in error and erasure decoding of $\ell$-Interleaved Gabidulin codes. The algorithm is based on module minimisation and has time complexity $O(\ell \mu^2)$ where $\mu$ measures the size of the input problem.
A snapshot of the limnology of eastern Australian water bodies spanning the tropics to Tasmania: the land-use, climate, limnology nexus

This is a study of 45 natural and artificial water bodies extending across the whole of eastern Australia from the tropics to Tasmania. A broad variety of physio-chemical, land-use and climatic parameters were measured. Reservoirs and other artificial water bodies respond to stressors in their catchments in a similar fashion to natural lakes but tend to be less nutrient rich possibly due to shorter residence times and active management. pH and salinity are strongly correlated in the dataset. Bedrock has a strong influence on pH in freshwater lakes but all highly saline lakes are alkaline, irrespective of bedrock. High concentrations of anions in saline lakes preclude the existence of acid conditions by binding available hydrogen ions. Almost all lakes fall on salinity axes that indicate marine origin for their salts. An assessment of the TN:TP molar ratios from the lakes in this dataset indicates that productivity in Australian lakes could be limited by both nitrogen and phosphorus. Future research using macro-nutrient enrichment experiments should be pursued to confirm this preliminary observation. There is a strong positive correlation between regional aridity and lake eutrophication. This is typical of semi-arid and seasonally arid environments and reflects the concentration of nutrients due to evaporative flux in shallow basins with high residence times.
Fault-Scarp Features and Cascading-Rupture Model for the Mw 7.9 Wenchuan Earthquake, Eastern Tibetan Plateau, China

On 12 May 2008, the M w 7.9 Wenchuan earthquake ruptured two northeast-striking imbricated reverse faults and one northwest-striking reverse fault along the middle Longmen Shan thrust belt, at the eastern margin of the Tibetan plateau. The morphology of the coseismic scarp varies drastically along strike. We distinguish eight different categories: (1) simple thrust scarp, (2) hanging-wall collapse scarp, (3) simple pressure ridge, (4) dextral pressure ridge, (5) fault-related fold scarp, (6) backthrust pressure ridge, (7) local normal fault scarp, and (8) pavement suprathrust scarp. The coseismic surface ruptures confirm that the Wenchuan earthquake is dominated by reverse faulting with some right-lateral component that varies from site to site. The surface rupture can be divided into two parts, the Yingxiu segment and the Beichuan segment. When the earthquake is split into two subevents accordingly, they correspond to an M w 7.8 event and an M w 7.6 event, respectively. These two segments can in turn be divided into four second-order subsegments, which are equivalent to four subevents of M w 7.5, M w 7.7, M w 7.0, and M w 7.5, respectively. The segmentation of the rupture is consistent with a cascading-rupture pattern, responsible for the total 110 s of the earthquake rupture. In addition to surface ruptures, the focal mechanisms determined for the aftershocks recorded by the local seismic network are used to constrain the fault geometry of the subsegments. They show that the dip of the fault responsible for the earthquake varies along strike, and the fault tends to flatten at depth. In addition, the fault plane gets steeper northward, enabling the fault to accommodate a larger strike-slip component along a lateral ramp. This major earthquake confirms that crustal shortening could be the main driving force for the growth of high topography along the eastern margin of the Tibetan Plateau and that lower crustal flow is not required.
Space-time discontinuous Galerkin method for parabolic problems in time-dependent domains Part II. Analysis

In this report we analyze further the space-time discontinuous Galerkin (DG) finite element method for the solution of the advection-diffusion-reaction equation in time-dependent domains. We prove that the method is consistent, stable, coercive, and gives a unique solution. We also analyze the error estimates and $hp$-convergence of the method. The analysis is completed by analyzing the corresponding dual problems.
Surface Irradiances Consistent With CERES-Derived Top-of-Atmosphere Shortwave and Longwave Irradiances

AbstractThe estimate of surface irradiance on a global scale is possible through radiative transfer calculations using satellite-retrieved surface, cloud, and aerosol properties as input. Computed top-of-atmosphere (TOA) irradiances, however, do not necessarily agree with observation-based values, for example, from the Clouds and the Earth’s Radiant Energy System (CERES). This paper presents a method to determine surface irradiances using observational constraints of TOA irradiance from CERES. A Lagrange multiplier procedure is used to objectively adjust inputs based on their uncertainties such that the computed TOA irradiance is consistent with CERES-derived irradiance to within the uncertainty. These input adjustments are then used to determine surface irradiance adjustments. Observations by the Atmospheric Infrared Sounder (AIRS), Cloud–Aerosol Lidar and Infrared Pathfinder Satellite Observations (CALIPSO), CloudSat, and Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) that are a part of the NASA .
ADHD and depression: investigating a causal explanation

Background. Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is associated with later depression and there is considerable genetic overlap between them. This study investigated if ADHD and ADHD genetic liability are causally related to depression using two different methods. Methods. First, a longitudinal population cohort design was used to assess the association between childhood ADHD (age 7 years) and recurrent depression in young-adulthood (age 18 – 25 years