Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Heritability of diurnal type: a nationwide study of 8753 adult twin pairs

Twin studies suggest a genetic component in diurnal types. In 1981, a questionnaire sent to the Older Finnish Twin Cohort yielded responses from 2836 adult monozygotic (MZ) and 5917 like‐sexed dizygotic (DZ) twin pairs with four category self‐report on diurnal type. We used structural equation modelling to estimate genetic and environmental components of variance in morningness and eveningness. The model fitting was best when the morningness and the eveningness were analysed together. The ADE‐model (including additive genetic, dominant genetic and non‐shared environmental effects) fitted best to the data. ADE‐models for men and women separately did not differ in a statistically significant manner from the combined model, and similarly ADE‐models for young and old age groups separately did not differ either. The estimate for overall genetic effect (broad sense heritability) was 49.7% (95% confidence interval 46.4–52.8), with the remainder accounted for by environmental factors not shared by siblings. The variance component estimates for the underlying liability to diurnal type were 11.7% (95% CI 0–23.7) for additive genetic factors, 38.0% (24.7–51.3) for genetic factors due to dominance. Genetic effects thus account for about one‐half of the interindividual variability in diurnal type in adults.
Histopathology of a wavy medaka

Wavy medakas are medakas that exhibit spinal curvature characterized by dorsoventrally curved vertebrae. We found a spontaneous wavy medaka in our experimental stock and subjected it to a histopathological examination. Macroscopically, the wavy medaka’s spine formed an M shape, and its vertebrae displayed a dorsoventral curvature that started at the third vertebral bone. Microscopically, the vertebral cavities were filled with fibrous tissue, which was similar to that seen in the central parts of the intervertebral discs of a normal medaka. The vertebral joints were composed of vacuolated notochord cells without intervertebral disc formation. These changes were also observed in the caudal region, which exhibited less curvature. In the normal medaka, the intervertebral discs form via the regression of the notochord that plays a key role in the development of vertebrae and disc formation. We concluded that notochordal subinvolution had induced intervertebral disc dysplasia, leading to lordokyphosis, in the wavy medaka.
Global Networks of the Motion Picture Industry in Los Angeles/Hollywood using the Example of their Connections to the German Market

Abstract The motion picture industry is one pillar of the so-called “cultural industries” which are highly concentrated in large urban agglomerations. Personal connections to the various informal networks found in these locations play an important role in facilitating information flows and reproduces these clusters' competitive advantage. However, the clusters and their markets do not exist in a vacuum: creative content, capital and creative talent are also traded and connected in global networks, bridging the physical gaps between these creative clusters. Against this background, this paper addresses the issue of how network relations beyond cluster boundaries and across large spatial, social and cultural distances are coordinated in a branch of the cultural industry such as motion picture production.
Environmental tax reform and the double dividend: An econometric demand analysis

This paper examines the empirical relevance of the double dividend of revenue neutral marginal environmental tax reforms. For this purpose we use an extended version of the Ahmad-Stern model of indirect taxation. This version includes environmental externalities. We estimate the key parameters of the model with different dynamic specifications of the Almost Ideal Demand System. We find no evidence that a revenue neutral environmental tax reform that increases the energy or gasoline tax yields a double dividend.
Molecular Interactions in Adherens-Type Contacts

SUMMARY Adherens junctions are members of a molecularly and structurally heterogeneous family of cell contacts sharing a common association with the microfilament system. Various topics related to the biogenesis of these cellular contacts and the molecular interactions involved in their formation are discussed. ⅓The role of vinculin, a cytoplasmic ‘plaque’ component present in all adherens junctions tested to date and its possible interactions with the other junctional domains have been investigated by both biochemical analyses and studies of molecular dynamics in microinjected living cells. The importance of A-CAM, which apparently functions as a ‘junctional receptor’ is emphasized and its roles in junction formation in cell cultures and in developing embryos are discussed. In addition, its relationship to other Ca2+-dependent cell adhesion molecules (in particular L-CAM) is considered. The evidence indicating that the level of expression of vinculin-specific mRNA is affected by culture conditions and may be markedly modulated by changes in the adhesiveness of the substratum on which the cells grow is reviewed.
Singapore's Manufacturing Sector's TFP Growth: A Decomposition Analysis

Singapore has been criticized recently for experiencing insignificant total factor productivity (TFP) growth. This paper examines whether this criticism is valid in the context of the manufacturing sector of Singapore. Using new data and the stochastic production frontier approach, TFP growth is decomposed into technological progress and changes in technical efficiency. While the results could not reject the hypothesis that Singapore's output growth is mostly input-driven, they show that, despite technological progress, technical inefficiency is the cause for the low and declining TFP growth in the manufacturing sector. (C) Academic Press.
Exploring investor readiness: Assessments by entrepreneurs and investors in Australia

Entrepreneurs often submit crude business plans to potential investors and are frequently disappointed when the investor decides that the new venture is not yet 'investment ready'. This paper examines the nature of investor readiness and the differing perceptions of investor readiness by entrepreneurs relative to venture capitalists in Australia. It is found that when the assessments of each investor readiness dimension are combined they are related to the venture capitalists' intuitive (gut) assessments; that new ventures are perceived to be more marketing and management ready than technology ready; and investors and entrepreneurs differ in their perception of readiness (technology, market, management and overall).
Emotional mimicry: why and when we mimic emotions

The goal of this review was to provide a brief overview of recent developments in the domain of emotional mimicry research. We argue that emotional signals are intrinsically meaningful within a social relationship, which is crucial for understanding the functionality and boundary conditions of emotional mimicry. On the basis of a review of the literature on facial mimicry of emotion displays, we conclude that the classic matched motor hypothesis does not hold for emotional mimicry. We alternatively propose a contextual view of emotional mimicry, which states that emotional mimicry depends on the social context: we only mimic emotional signals that are interpreted to promote affiliation goals and not necessarily what we see. As a further consequence, we are less likely to mimic strangers and we do not mimic people we do not like nor emotions that signal antagonism.
Physiological significance of hypophysiotrophic and pituitary hormones on brain

It has recently become customary to refer to the ‘explosion’ of new data concerning the presence of peptides in brain and the ‘excitement’ attendant to attempts to elucidate their physiological functions. The acquisition of such data has been accompanied by a revision of classical concepts of neuronal and endocrine cell function, and has required the bridging of many disciplines (physiology, anatomy, histology, immunology, biochemistry, pharmacology, embryology, psychology) to begin to answer some of the questions raised. In view of the large number of publications emanating as a result of the intense interest in this field, bibliographcal citations, save for those of current articles, will be h i t e d to recent reviews. What is beginning to emerge is the concept of a central peptidergic nervous system [ 1-41 which is separate from, but interrelated with, previously described neurotransmitter systems and which has counterparts in the peripheral nervous system. This peptidergic system appears to be a phylogenetically ancient system, involving a distinctive class of neurosecretory neurons. The products of these neurons originally subserved both ‘neurohormonal’ and ‘neurotransmitter’ functions, respectively mediated via neurovascular and direct synaptoid contacts. (They may also act as ‘neuromodulators’, modifying the effects of ‘classical neurotransmitters’.) The ontogenic interpretation proposed by Pearse [S] of a common neuroectodermal origin of all peptideproducing cells and of neurons provides an understanding of the presence of similar types of biologically active peptides in different anatomical locations (i.e. brain and pituitary). It would also appear that many of the peptide hormones we know of today arose from ancestral precursor forms. Subsequent sequence duplication in multiple genes and development of enzymatic cleavage mechanisms and new effector sites (occurring in specific tissues during the course of evolution) have led to the presence of more discrete peptide moieties with increasingly diversified functional properties. According to this interpretation, one might therefore expect to find differential procession of a given common precursor form in different tissues-i.e. brain vs pituitary-and different functions of a given peptide fragment in different tissues. The anatomic distribution of the different components of the peptidergic system have begun to be mapped in a variety of species, largely through the use of immunocytochemical techniques relying on the availability of specific peptide antibodies [6 , 71. (It should be stressed that this technique is necessary, but not
The employment of PhDs in firms: trajectories, mobility and innovation

The traditional segmentation model of the research labour market where the doctorate was mainly valuable in the academic sector is losing ground. The paper studies a sample of PhDs and their corresponding employing firms to analyse patterns of mobility, economic returns and innovation outputs. Qualitative and quantitative indicators are combined to tackle two sets of general questions. The first relates to the incentives for doctorate holders to pursue a company career versus an academic career. The second concerns the flexibility and/or reversibility of career options for young PhDs and the relative value of a doctorate outside academia. The results question the idea that the labour market for PhDs is tightly segmented and highlights the complementarity of PhDs' individual competencies and collective capabilities in the assessment of innovation outputs. They also demonstrate that economic returns are significantly different by gender. Copyright , Beech Tree Publishing.
Relationships between Arctic shrub dynamics and topographically derived hydrologic characteristics

Shrub expansion is a global phenomenon that is gaining increased attention in the Arctic. Recent work employing the use of oblique aerial photographs suggested a consistent pattern of positive change in shrub cover across the North Slope of Alaska. The greatest amounts of change occurred in valley slopes and floodplains. We studied the association between shrub cover change and topographically derived hydrologic characteristics in five areas in northern Alaska between the 1970s and 2000s. Change in total shrub cover ranged from − 0.65% to 46.56%. Change in floodplain shrub cover ranged from 3.38% to 76.22%. Shrubs are preferentially expanding into areas of higher topographic wetness index (TWI) values where the potential for moisture accumulation or drainage is greater. In addition, we found that floodplain shrub development was strongly associated with high TWI values and a decreasing average distance between shrubs and the river bank. This suggests an interacting influence of substrate removal and stabilization as a consequence of increased vegetation cover.
Presidents, Parties, and Prime Ministers: How the Separation of Powers Affects Party Organization and Behavior

1. Introduction 2. Political parties in the Neo-Madisonian theoretical framework 3. Insiders and outsiders: Madison's dilemma and leadership selection 4. Constitutional design and intra-party leadership accountability 5. Electoral separation of purpose within political parties 6. The impact of constitutional change on party organization and behavior 7. Parties' 'presidential dilemmas' in Brazil and Mexico 8. Presidents, prime ministers, and mandate representation 9. Conclusion.
A mouse model of ethanol dependent pancreatic fibrosis

Background and aim: The majority of patients with chronic pancreatitis are alcoholics. Our goal was to develop a mouse model of alcohol dependent chronic pancreatitis. Methods: Mice were fed either the non-alcohol containing Lieber-DeCarli diet or the Lieber-DeCarli diet containing 24% of calories as ethanol. After eight weeks and while on their respective diets, mice were subjected to repeated episodes of acute pancreatitis elicited by administration of caerulein. They were sacrificed 1, 3, and 5 weeks after the last dose of caerulein. Pancreatic morphology and collagen deposition were evaluated in samples stained with haematoxylin-eosin and Sirius red. Collagen content was quantitated by measuring OH-proline. Gene expression was determined by quantitative polymerase chain reaction. Results: Both groups of mice gained weight at the same rate. Those receiving the alcohol containing diet had serum alcohol levels of approximately 100 mM. No histological or gene expression differences were found in mice that were not subjected to acute pancreatitis, regardless of their diet. Necrosis, Sirius red staining, OH-proline content, and expression of α-1 collagen I, α-smooth muscle actin, transforming growth factor β1, and tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase 1 were all increased in mice fed the alcohol containing diet and given caerulein compared with those fed the control diet and given caerulein. Matrix metalloproteinase 9 expression was transiently decreased in mice fed ethanol and given caerulein compared with the group given caerulein but not fed ethanol. Conclusion: We have developed a mouse model of alcohol dependent chronic pancreatic fibrosis. This mouse model may be useful in studies examining the effects of genetic manipulation on chronic pancreatitis.
Viral hepatitis in female sex workers using the Respondent-Driven Sampling

ABSTRACT OBJECTIVE To estimate the prevalence of hepatitis B virus and C virus infections and their genotypes and analyze the risk factors for the markers of exposure to hepatitis B virus in female sex workers in a region of intense sex trade. METHODS This is a cross-sectional study performed with four hundred and two female sex workers in Goiânia, Brazil. Data have been collected using the Respondent-Driven Sampling. The women have been interviewed and tested for markers of hepatitis B and C viruses. Positive samples have been genotyped. The data have been analyzed using the Respondent-Driven Sampling Analysis Tool, version 5.3, and Stata 11.0. RESULTS The adjusted prevalence for hepatitis B virus and C virus were 17.1% (95%CI 11.6–23.4) and 0.7% (95%CI 0.1–1.5), respectively. Only 28% (95%CI 21.1–36.4) of the participants had serological evidence of vaccination against hepatitis B virus. Being older (> 40 years), being single, having a history of blood transfusion and use of cocaine, and ignoring the symptoms of sexually transmitted infections were associated with positivity for hepatitis B virus (p < 0.05). We have detected the subgenotype A1 of hepatitis B virus (n = 3) and the subtypes of hepatitis C virus 1a (n = 3) and 1b (n = 1). CONCLUSIONS We can observe a low prevalence of infection of hepatitis B and C viruses in the studied population. However, the findings of the analysis of the risk factors show the need for more investment in prevention programs for sexual and drug-related behavior, as well as more efforts to vaccinate this population against hepatitis B. The genotypes of the hepatitis B virus and C virus identified are consistent with those circulating in Brazil.
Behavioral and Material Determinants of Production Relations in Land-Abundant Tropical Agriculture

The objectives of this paper are (1) to explain, in an internally consistent manner, the major institutions and customary features of production relations in three agroclimatic subzones of the land-abundant tropics that have simple technology and high transport costs and (2) to provide predictions of how these institutions and features will change in response to increases in population densities and the opening of substance-oriented systems via external migration and interregional or international trade. Production relations are the relations of people to products and factors of production in terms of their rights of ownership and use and the corresponding relationships of people among each other as buyers and sellers, as factor owners and renters, as landlords, tenants, workers, employers, creditors, and debtors. The peculiar institutional and customary features of land-abundant areas that we want to explain in an internally consistent manner include the absence of regular output and labor markets; the nonexistence of a landless labor class; the minimal nature of credit markets and the absence of professional money lenders; the importance of livestock wealth as an insurance substitute in semiarid zones; the existence of livestock tenancy but the absence of tenancy in land; the existence and the insurance function performed by extended families; and the cultivation by extended families of plots in common in some regions but not in others. We also want to be able to predict the changes in these institutions and features that arise when population density grows and/ or when the economy is exposed to external markets.
Ovarian Volume: Determinants and Associations with Cancer among Postmenopausal Women

Clinical studies have reported associations between ovarian stromal hyperplasia and the diagnosis of hormonally related tumors such as endometrial cancer. To assess the hypothesis that characteristics of benign ovaries among postmenopausal women are related to risk for breast, endometrial, and colon cancer, we analyzed systematically collected transvaginal ultrasound data for participants enrolled in the screening arm of the Prostate, Lung, Colorectal and Ovarian Cancer Screening Trial. Among women without cancer, median ovarian volume declined with age from 1.25 cm3 for women between ages 55 and 59 years to 1.0 cm3 for those between ages 65 and 69 years. African American and Caucasian women had larger median ovarian volumes than Asians. Larger ovarian volume was also associated with the highest quartiles of height and weight and ever having smoked. After adjusting for race, age, parity, body mass, smoking, and hormone use, women with median ovarian volumes ≥3.0 cm3 were at increased risk for breast cancer [odds ratio (OR), 1.42; 95% confidence interval (95% CI), 1.11-1.70], endometrial cancer (OR, 1.97; 95% CI, 1.12-3.48), and colon cancer (OR, 2.00; 95% CI, 1.25-3.21). Significant trends of risk with increasing volume were found only for breast and endometrial cancers. We conclude that large ovaries among postmenopausal women may represent a marker of risk for hormonally related tumors. Confirmation of these findings in future studies, including analyses of serum hormone levels and tissues, may provide insights into hormonal carcinogenesis among older women. (Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2006;15(8):1550–4)
An Industrial Relations Approach to the Free Rider Problem: Young People and Trade Union Membership in the UK

This is an investigation into the reasons for young people's union membership decisions in the UK. It is carried out by an examination of a survey of London sixteen-year-old school-leavers (1979–80). The data are used in two ways. First, there is a comparative examination of a similar study based on the Bain-Elsheikh propensity-opportunity model. Second, the data are re-examined to identify different and distinct strands of motivation or action, intrinsically and externally determined. These are related to formal theories from different disciplines which are linked together by the establishment of a definition of a trade union as a group, institution and social movement. The theory is extended to develop hypotheses about membership behaviour in general.
International Business: Competing in the Global Marketplace

Part One-Introduction and Overview Chapter 1: Globalization Case: Who Makes the Apple iPhone? Part Two-Country Differences Chapter 2: National Differences in Political Economy Chapter 3: Political Economy and Economic Development Chapter 4: Differences in Culture Chapter 5: Ethics in International Business Case: Siemens Bribery Scandal Case: Disaster in Bangladesh Case: Knights Apparel Case: Japan's Economic Malaise Case: Indonesia: The Next Asian Giant? Part Three-The Global Trade and Investment Environment Chapter 6: International Trade Theory Chapter 7: The Political Economy of International Trade Chapter 8: Foreign Direct Investment Chapter 9: Regional Economic Integration Case: Legal Outsourcing Case: The Global Financial Crisis and Protectionism Case: NAFTA and Mexican Trucking Case: The Rise of the Indian Automobile Industry Case: Logitech Part Four-The Global Monetary System Chapter 10: The Foreign Exchange Market Chapter 11: The International Monetary System Chapter 12: The Global Capital Market Case: South Korean Currency Crisis Case: Russian Ruble Crisis Case: Caterpillar: Competing in a World of Fluctuating Currencies Part Five-The Strategy and Structure of International Business Chapter 13: The Strategy of International Business Chapter 14: The Organization of International Business Chapter 15: Entry Strategy and Strategic Alliances Case: The Evolving Strategy of IBM Case: IKEA in 2013 Case: General Electric's Joint Ventures Case: The Globalization of Starbucks Case: Coca-Cola's Strategy Part Six-Business Operations Chapter 16: Exporting, Importing, and Countertrade Chapter 17: Production, Outsourcing, and Logistics Chapter 18: Global Marketing and R&D Chapter 19: Global Human Resource Management Chapter 20: Accounting and Finance in the International Business Case: Brazil's Gol Airlines Case: Staffing Policy at AstraZeneca
Contradictions in international tertiary strategic alliances: the case from down under

Reports the dilemma faced by Australian universities in their international strategic alliance effort. While the 22 respondent universities espouse such motives as altruism, scholarship, and expansion into new markets as the reasons for entering into international strategic alliances, the true motives appear to be at variance with the former. Arguably, until the contradictions between the espoused and true positions are resolved, Australian universities may not realise the full potential of their international collaborative activities. Suggestions for resolving the discrepancy are offered.
tilization of Surveillance Colonoscopy in Community Practice

epartments of *Medicine and Epidemiology, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, and University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania; ivisions of Cancer Prevention and Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland; Pacific Health Research Institute, Honolulu, awaii; Department of Hematology and Oncology, Marshfield Clinic, Marshfield, Wisconsin; **Department of Health Studies/Environmental Health Sciences, niversity of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota; Department of Health Studies, Westat, Inc, Rockville, Maryland; and Information Management Services, Inc, ockville, Maryland