Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Proposal of smooth biped walking control by means of heel-off motion

This paper proposes the control method of biped walking with heel-off motion. Heel-off motion made it possible to avoid the problem for the impact shock at foot-contact to break the stabilization of walking. The 3D motion is separated into lateral and sagittal motion and each motion is designed individually under the assumption that each motion is possible to be treated independently each other. We adopt the approximate 1-mass model in both planes and derive the dynamics based on these models. It is assumed that the lateral motion is relevant to heel-off motion. On the other hand, in the sagittal plane, there are two phases: 1) the center of rotation (contact point) is ankle joint. 2) the center of rotation is toe. In phase 2), heel-off motion is designed to diminish the impact shock at foot-contact. By applying PDAC to the dynamics, phase around the contact point can be derived. By means of this phase of dynamics, it is possible to inspect heel-off motion analytically. We design the stabilizing controller for each plane and confirm the convergency of dynamics with the numerical simulation
Prevalence of CYP2D6*2, CYP2D6*4, CYP2D6*10, and CYP3A5*3 in Thai breast cancer patients undergoing tamoxifen treatment

Background Tamoxifen (TAM) is used in breast cancer treatment, but interindividual variabilities in TAM-metabolizing enzymes exist and have been linked to single nucleotide polymorphisms in the respective encoding genes. The different alleles and genotypes of these genes have been presented for Caucasians and Asians. This study aimed to explore the prevalence of the incomplete functional alleles and genotypes of the CYP2D6 and CYP3A5 genes in Thai breast cancer patients undergoing TAM treatment. Patients and methods In total, 134 Thai breast cancer patients were randomly invited to join the Thai Tamoxifen Project. Their blood samples were collected and extracted for individual DNA. The alleles and genotypes were determined by real-time polymerase chain reaction with TaqMan® Drug Metabolism Genotyping Assays. Results The patients were aged from 27.0 years to 82.0 years with a body mass index range from 15.4 to 40.0, with the majority (103/134) in the early stage (stages 0–II) of breast cancer. The median duration of TAM administration was 17.2 months (interquartile range 16.1 months). Most (53%) of the patients were premenopausal with an estrogen receptor (ER) and progesterone receptor (PR) status of ER+/PR+ (71.7%), ER+/PR− (26.9%), ER−/PR+ (0.7%), and ER−/PR− (0.7%). The allele frequencies of CYP2D6*1, CYP2D6*2, CYP2D6*4, CYP2D6*10, CYP3A5*1, and CYP3A5*3 were 72.9%, 3.2%, 1.1%, 22.8%, 37.3%, and 62.7%, respectively, while the genotype frequencies of CYP2D6*1/*1, CYP2D6*1/*2, CYP2D6*2/*2, CYP2D6*4/*4, CYP2D6*1/*10, CYP2D6*2/*10, CYP2D6*4/*10, CYP2D6*10/*10, CYP3A5*1/*1, CYP3A5*1/*3, and CYP3A5*3/*3 were 9.7%, 2.2%, 3.7%, 1.5%, 15.7%, 9.7%, 3.7%, 53.7%, 13.4%, 47.8%, and 38.8%, respectively. Conclusion The majority (97.8%) of Thai breast cancer patients undergoing TAM treatment carry at least one incomplete functional allele, including 20.9% of the patients who carry only incomplete functional alleles for both the CYP2D6 and CYP3A5 genes. This research indicates the high prevalence of these defective alleles that are involved in TAM-metabolic pathways that might further affect TAM treatment.
New control method for power-assisted wheelchair based on upper extremity movement using surface myoelectric signal

In this paper, we design a new controller of power-assist wheelchair. Conventional power-assist controllers only focus on the amplification of the human input force using torque sensor. Our proposed controller does not use a torque sensor but an electromyogram(EMG) sensor. Our designed controller is composed of EMG filter block, disturbance observer, direction discrimination function and fuzzy controller. We estimate whether the driver wants to propel forward or backward by the EMG signal placed at the triceps brachii muscle and the biceps brachii muscle. Then we provide power assist by combining the filtered myoelectric signal of the adductor pollicis muscle and the estimated human torque signal calculated by the disturbance observer. If the driver wants to stop or decelerate the wheelchair, our designed controller detects the changes of EMG signal and step down assist torque and realize vibration-free speed reduction. Experimental results show that the proposed power-assist method realizes quick and smooth power assist according to the driver's will.
Structure de gouvernance et politique de financement

Dans le cadre des pays developpes, la publication des indices de gouvernance qui synthetisent l’ensemble des mecanismes de controle a entraine la profiliation des travaux empiriques. Toutefois, les recherches qui ont tente d’etablir une relation entre l’indice de gouvernance et la structure de capital sont tres rares (Friedman, Johnson et Mitton, 2003; Jiraporn, 2004; et Litov, 2005) et les resultats trouves sont souvent mitiges. Ainsi l’objectif recherche dans le present article est d’apprehender la relation entre la structure de gouvernance et le comportement des entreprises en matiere d’endettement. Dans le cadre des pays en voie de developpement, il s’avere tres difficile d’etablir un indice de gouvernance qui stipule la qualite des mecanismes de gouvernance a l’image des travaux portant sur le cadre anglo-saxon. En s’inspirant des travaux qui arguent qu’un bon systeme de gouvernance des entreprises permet generalement de limiter les irregularites et le lissage des resultats, nous retenons la propension de la manipulation comptable comme un Proxy qui decrit le degre d’efficacite des mecanismes de gouvernance. En se basant sur un echantillon de 41 entreprises tunisiennes, nos resultats ont montre que la variable « accruals discretionnaires » qui mesure le niveau de manipulation des resultats et qui met l’accent sur la defaillance des mecanismes de gouvernance affecte positivement le recours a l’endettement. Ce resultat confirme les predictions de la theorie d’agence (Jensen et Meckling, 1976) et la theorie du Free Cash-flows de Jensen (1986). Par ailleurs, nous avons retenu un sous echantillon regroupant seulement les firmes controlees. Lorsque le ratio d’endettement est mesure en valeur du marche, la relation entre la propension de manipulation comptable et l’endettement devienne negative. Ce resultat semble se positionner par rapport au debat portant sur la concentration du capital, l’expropriation des actionnaires minoritaires et le recours a l’endettement (Johnson et al., 2000; Leuz et al., 2003; et Faccio et al., 2004).
An enhanced method of estimating number of tags using signal strength properties in RFID systems

Radio frequency identification (RFID) is a wireless communication technology that provides automatic identification and data collection. In the application of RFID systems with large number of tags, many tags may respond to the reader in the same time. Thus, enhanced anti-collision algorithms are required to have fast multiple tag identification process. Thus, several anti-collision algorithms are developed mainly in two different areas: ALOHA based algorithm and tree based algorithm. These algorithms help to achieve better identification performance, by adjusting the frame size closer to the optimum size. There are many methods to select the appropriate frame size based on the number of collided slots, the collision ratio or the maximum throughput. In this paper a new method is introduced by using the characteristics of the received signal by the reader.
An Efficient Hardware Architecture for Factoring Integers with the Elliptic Curve Method

The security of the most popular asymmetric cryptographic scheme RSA depends on the hardness of factoring large numbers. The best known method for this integer factorization is the General Number Field Sieve (GNFS). One important step within the GNFS is the factorization of mid-size numbers without small prime divisors. This can be done efficiently by the Elliptic Curve Method (ECM), e.g. in special hardware. In this work, we present an efficient hardware implementation of ECM to factor numbers up to 200 bit, which is also scalable to other bit lengths. For proof-of-concept purposes, ECM is realized as a software-hardware co-design on an FPGA and an embedded microcontroller. This appears to be the first publication of a realized hardware implementation of ECM. We adapted ECM for the requirements of efficient special hardware and provide estimates for a state-of-the-art CMOS implementation of the design and for the application of massive parallel ECM engines to the GNFS. The factorization of large integers such as RSA moduli can be improved considerably by using the ECM hardware presented.
Interaction designers on eXtreme Programming teams: Two case studies from the real world

The interaction designer role is not an acknowledged role on the core eXtreme Programming (XP) team and XP has no explicit process for dealing with interaction design. We interviewed interaction designers and other team members on two real-world XP teams and in this paper we report on how they combined interaction design activities with XP. Initial results show that having interaction designers on the team, resulted in a workflow that differed from the pure XP process in a significant way: up-front design for user interaction, as opposed to up-front code design, was considered necessary. The iterative nature of XP development required that the interaction designers have continual involvement with the development of the product, which inevitably influenced the nature of the relationship between the interaction designers and the developers.
Effects of Chronic Antidepressant Treatments on Serotonin Transporter Function, Density, and mRNA Level

To investigate functional changes in the brain serotonin transporter (SERT) after chronic antidepressant treatment, several techniques were used to assess SERT activity, density, or its mRNA content. Rats were treated by osmotic minipump for 21 d with the selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) paroxetine or sertraline, the selective norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor desipramine (DMI), or the monoamine oxidase inhibitor phenelzine. High-speedin vivo electrochemical recordings were used to assess the ability of the SSRI fluvoxamine to modulate the clearance of locally applied serotonin in the CA3 region of hippocampus in drug- or vehicle-treated rats. Fluvoxamine decreased the clearance of serotonin in rats treated with vehicle, DMI, or phenelzine but had no effect on the clearance of serotonin in SSRI-treated rats. SERT density in the CA3 region of the hippocampus of the same rats, assessed by quantitative autoradiography with tritiated cyanoimipramine ([3H]CN-IMI), was decreased by 80–90% in SSRI-treated rats but not in those treated with phenelzine or DMI. The serotonin content of the hippocampus was unaffected by paroxetine or sertraline treatment, ruling out neurotoxicity as a possible explanation for the SSRI-induced decrease in SERT binding and alteration in 5-HT clearance. Levels of mRNA for the SERT in the raphe nucleus were also unaltered by chronic paroxetine treatment. Based on these results, it appears that the SERT is downregulated by chronic administration of SSRIs but not other types of antidepressants; furthermore, the downregulation is not caused by decreases in SERT gene expression.
Mobilität in 3 G und 4 G Netzen

KURZFASSUNG Diese Arbeit beschäftigt sich mit den Abläufen beim 3G und 4G Handover. Es werden die Mittel vorgestellt, mit denen ein Mobilfunknetz die Mobilität eines Gerätes bereitstellt, also eine kontinuierliche logische Verbindung trotz Zellwechsel aufrecht hält. Außerdem werden sowohl für 3G als auch für 4G Netze die verschiedenen Handover-Methoden, sowohl bei ruhender als auch bei aktiver Verbindung aufgezeigt. Am Ende werden die Technologien kurz verglichen.
An Efficient Identification Algorithm for FIR Filtering with Noisy Data

This paper is concerned with FIR filtering with noise-corrupted input-output measurements. With an analysis of the algebraic structure of the correlation matrix, it is shown that an unbiased estimate of FIR parameters can be obtained by solving a special bilinear equation. Then a bilinear equation method (BEM) is developed for solving the bilinear equation associated with the unbiased solution of the FIR filtering under the unknown ratio of the input noise variance to the output noise variance (NNR). Being different from the existing unbiased estimators, the main advantage is that the proposed method exploits much sufficiently the special structure of the correlation matrix and obtains much accurate estimation for FIR filtering in the presence of input and output noises. Simulation results are presented to validate the good performance of the proposed method.
A graphical definition of authorization schema in the DTAC model

The specification of constraint languages for access control models has proven to be difficult but remains necessary for safety and for mandatory access control policies. While the authorisation relation $(Subject \times Object \rightarrow \pow Right)$ defines the authorised permissions an authorisation schema defines how the various concepts (such as subjects, users, roles, labels) are combined to form a complete access control model. Using examples drawn from common access control models in the literature we extend the authorisation schema of DTAC to define a general formalism for describing authorisation schema for any access control model. Based on our generic authorisation schema we define a new simpler constraint specification language which is as expressive as our previous graphical constraint languages and no more complex to verify.
Cognitive Limits, Apparent Impatience, and Monthly Consumption Cycles: Theory and Evidence from the South African Pension

Larger reactions to earlier incentives are usually attributed to time preference. However, cognitive limits could also generate behavior that appears impatient. We present a simple model illustrating “local” intertemporal decisions, then apply this interpretation to the puzzle of monthly consumption increases upon receiving predictable income: limited cognition explains stylized facts that preferences cannot. A survey experiment among South African pension recipients verifies novel predictions. Consumption cycling was concentrated among participants with low cognitive resources. This effect was greatest for participants with variable spending needs. Simulations explore heterogeneous effects of changing policy towards more frequent benefit payments, which could increase cycling. ∗dspears@princeton.edu. Princeton University. I have many people to thank. This project received funding from Princeton’s Center for Economic Policy Studies and Global Network on Inequality, and I thank Alan Blinder, Kate Hammond, Katherine Newman, Harvey Rosen, and Nancy Turco. I appreciate comments and suggestions from Aĺıcia Adserà, Roland Bénabou, Angus Deaton, Taryn Dinkelman, Josephine Duh, Mike Geruso, Jacob Goldin, Faruk Gul, Jeff Hammer, Karla Hoff, David Laibson, Stephen Morris, John Papp, Sam Schulhofer-Wohl, Abby Sussman, and participants at Princeton’s microtheory and development workshops and UCT’s Centre for Social Science Research — Anne Case and Diane Coffey get a special mention. In Cape Town, I appreciate the help of Jeremy Seekings and the CAPS team at UCT and the support of Jan-Georg Deutsch and Kendra Goostrey. The project would have been impossible without Xolile Kosi especially, along with Scripture Union Western Cape and Kurt Linnett. Above all I thank Juliet Africa, Cheslyn Hermanus, Carmen Johns, Marlene King, Karin Linneman, Shareen Warely, Rita Wyngaard, Roslyn Uys, and Faisal, who did the actual work, and the participants who let us in their homes and answered our questions. As always, all errors are my own.
Reversible Downregulation of Protein Kinase A during Olfactory Learning Using Antisense Technique Impairs Long-Term Memory Formation in the Honeybee, Apis mellifera

In this study, we examined the role of cAMP-dependent protein kinase (PKA) in associative olfactory learning of the honeybee,Apis mellifera. In the bee, specific interference with molecules to clarify their role in a certain behavior is difficult, because genetic approaches, such as mutants or transgenic animals, are not feasible at the moment. As a new approach in insects in vivo, we report the use of short antisense oligonucleotides. We show that phosphorothioate-modified oligodeoxynucleotides complementary to the mRNA of a catalytic subunit of PKA directly injected into the bee brain cause a reversible and specific downregulation of both the amount of the catalytic subunit and of PKA activity by 10–15%. The amounts of the regulatory subunit of PKA, as well as PKC, are not affected. The slight “knockdown” of PKA activity during the training procedure, a classical olfactory conditioning of the proboscis extension reflex, neither affects acquisition nor memory retention 3 or 6 hr after training. However, it causes an impairment of long-term memory retention 24 hr after training. Downregulation of PKA 3 hr after training has no detectable effect on memory formation. We conclude that PKA contributes to the induction of a long-term memory 24 hr after training when activated during learning. Second, we demonstrate that the antisense technique is feasible in honeybees in vivo and provides a new and powerful tool for the study of the molecular basis of learning and memory formation in insects.
Effect of local lignocaine gel application for pain relief during suction termination of first-trimester pregnancy: a randomized controlled trial.

BACKGROUND This study evaluated the effectiveness of local lignocaine gel application in pain control during first-trimester suction termination of pregnancy (STOP). METHODS In this prospective randomized placebo-controlled double-blind trial, 131 women undergoing STOP between 7 and 10 weeks of gestation were studied. They were computer-randomized to receive 2% lignocaine gel or placebo (KY Jelly) locally applied to the cervix 1 min before cervical manipulation/dilatation. They all had cervical priming with misoprostol and premedication with diazepam and pethidine. Pain scores on a verbal analogue scale preoperative, at cervical manipulation/dilatation, intraoperative and 1 h post-operative, as well as the patients' satisfaction level towards pain control, were compared. RESULTS The lignocaine gel group had significantly reduced overall intraoperative pain score compared with placebo group (P = 0.021). No significant difference in pain score between the two groups was demonstrated at other time points. Subgroup analysis revealed that the difference in overall intraoperative pain scores between the two groups was evident in the multiparous (P = 0.015) but not the nulliparous subjects. CONCLUSION The use of local lignocaine gel application reduces overall intraoperative pain in multiparous women undergoing first-trimester STOP preceded by misoprostol cervical priming and premedication for conscious sedation.
Control of Directed Differentiation by Parameter Perturbations

Directed differentiation is the process which selectively induce differentiation of stem cells toward definitive cells, but how directed differentiation occurs when stem cells confront the external cues has not been established theoretically. We demonstrate here directed differentiation of a simplified two-component network by using systematic parameter perturbations. These methods and results will provide theoretically directive significance for the study of molecular mechanisms underlying cell differentiation, the flexible control of directed differentiation, and the development of novel therapies.
Intelligent Patent Analysis through the Use of a Neural Network: Experiment of Multi-Viewpoint Analysis with the MultiSOM Model

The main area of this paper concerns the neural methods for mapping scientific and technical information (articles, patents) and for assisting a user in carrying out the complex process of analysing large quantities of such information.In the procedure of information analysis, like in the domain of patent analysis, the complexity of the studied topics and the accuracy of the question to be answered may often lead the analyst to partition his reasoning into viewpoints. Most of the classical information analysis tools can only manage an analysis of the studied domain in a global way. The information analysis tool that will be considered in our study is the MultiSOM tool whose core model represents a significant extension of the classical Kohonen SOM neural model. The MultiSOM neural-based tool introduces the concepts of viewpoints and dynamics into the information analysis with its multi-maps displays and its inter-map communication process. The dynamic information exchange between maps can be exploited by an analyst in order to perform cooperative deduction between several different analyzes that have been performed on the same data.The paper demonstrates the efficiency of a viewpoint-oriented-analysis as compared to a global analysis in the domain of patents. Both objective and subjective quality criteria are taken into account for quality evaluation.The experimental context of the paper is constituted by a patent database of 1000 patents related to oil engineering. The patents structure and the patents field semantics are firstly exploited in order to generate different viewpoints corresponding to different areas of interest for the analysts. In the experiment the selected viewpoints correspond to uses, advantages, patentees, and titles subfields of the patents. The indexing vocabulary of each viewpoint is automatically extracted of its related textual contents in the patents through a full text analysis. The resulting vocabulary is then used to rebuild patents descriptions regarding each viewpoint. These descriptions are finally classified through the unsupervised MultiSOM algorithm resulting in as much different maps as viewpoints. A fifth "global viewpoint" which represent the combination of all the specific ones is also considered in order to perform our comparison between a global classification mechanism and a pure viewpoint-oriented classification mechanism.
Learning and Embodied Cognition: A Review and Proposal

The objective of this review is to investigate research in instructional methods and embodied cognition in order to suggest the idea that a professor’s movement provides information by increasing levels of exogenous embodiment. This review describes how teaching methods varying in human activity lead to different outcomes and how those outcomes may be linked to the presence of an active body providing instruction. The embodied cognition literature suggests the physical actions we perform and the actions being performed around us shape our mental experience. We argue that students mentally imitate the gestures of their professor, this activity contributes to the embodied experience one has in a classroom, and that this increased activity leads to increased recall. One possible reason for increased student learning in human-centered environments is the activation of mirror neurons. Implications for teaching topics in a psychology classroom are discussed.