Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
An Extended Three Phase Commit Protocol for Concurrency Control in Distributed Systems

One of the important issues of distributed system is to improve Concurrency control , I observed that Concurrency Control is very difficult task for distributed systems because of absence of global clock and lack of shared memory. To improve the concurrency control problems in my work, a new modified version of three phase commit protocol is introduced that works for the sake of concurrency control in distributed systems. The basis of this protocol is the division of all the sites into two groups depending upon the number of queries generated and importance of the queries at these sites. The sites where more queries are generated are considered as primary sites and those having less, are considered as secondary sites. The Primary sites are given more importance while deciding whether to commit or abort a transaction. In this a modified version of three phase commit protocol is praposed that ensures if a transaction is originated from a primary site then it is bound to commit provided all other primary sites vote to commit, no matter whether secondary sites commit or not and there the advantages and disadvantages of this new version is considered. It is to be mentioned that this protocol works only for transactions that accesses a single database object. Instances of such transactions could be debiting or crediting a bank account as in this only a single database object such as a personal bank account is accessed.
Inhibition of Amino Acid Transport in Rabbit Intestine by p-Chloromercuriphenyl Sulfonic Acid

Influx of phenylalanine across the brush border of rabbit intestine is markedly reduced by treatment with 5 mM p-chloromercuriphenyl sulfonate (PCMBS). The effect is rapidly and completely reversed by dithiothreitol. Phenylalanine influx into PCMBS-treated tissue can be competitively inhibited by other neutral amino acids and follows saturation kinetics. PCMBS causes an increase in the apparent Michaelis constant from the value observed in control tissue but does not alter the maximal influx significantly. Treatment of the tissue with PCMBS leads to a significant reduction in the Na-sensitivity of the transport, and a number of results indicate that the major effect of the reagent is to cause a marked reduction in the affinity of the transport system for Na. The transport system can be partially protected against reaction with PCMBS by phenylalanine and tryptophan but not by methionine or norleucine. The results suggest that PCMBS reacts with a sulfhydryl group in the region of the transport site and may alter conformational changes associated with the binding of substrates.
The Absence of the Transcription Factor Yrr1p, Identified from Comparative Genome Profiling, Increased Vanillin Tolerance Due to Enhancements of ABC Transporters Expressing, rRNA Processing and Ribosome Biogenesis in Saccharomyces cerevisiae

Enhancing the tolerance of Saccharomyces cerevisiae to inhibitors derived from lignocellulose is conducive to producing biofuel and chemicals using abundant lignocellulosic materials. Vanillin is a major type of phenolic inhibitor in lignocellulose hydrolysates for S. cerevisiae. In the present work, the factors beneficial to vanillin resistance in yeast were identified from the vanillin-resistant strain EMV-8, which was derived from strain NAN-27 by adaptive evolution. We found 450 SNPs and 44 genes with InDels in the vanillin-tolerant strain EMV-8 by comparing the genome sequences of EMV-8 and NAN-27. To investigate the effects of InDels, InDels were deleted in BY4741, respectively. We demonstrated that the deletion of YRR1 improved vanillin tolerance of strain. In the presence of 6 mM vanillin, deleting YRR1 increase the maximum specific growth rate and the vanillin consumption rate by 142 and 51%, respectively. The subsequent transcriptome analysis revealed that deleting YRR1 resulted in changed expression of over 200 genes in the presence of 5 mM vanillin. The most marked changes were the significant up-regulation of the dehydrogenase ADH7, several ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporters, and dozens of genes involved in ribosome biogenesis and rRNA processing. Coincidently, the crude enzyme solution of BY4741(yrr1Δ) exhibited higher NADPH-dependent vanillin reduction activity than control. In addition, overexpressing the ABC transporter genes PDR5, YOR1, and SNQ2, as well as the RNA helicase gene DBP2, increased the vanillin tolerance of strain. Interestingly, unlike the marked changes we mentioned above, under vanillin-free conditions, there are only limited transcriptional differences between wildtype and yrr1Δ. This indicated that vanillin might act as an effector in Yrr1p-related regulatory processes. The new findings of the relationship between YRR1 and vanillin tolerance, as well as the contribution of rRNA processing and ribosome biogenesis to enhancing S. cerevisiae vanillin tolerance, provide novel targets for genetic engineering manipulation to improve microbes’ tolerance to lignocellulose hydrolysate.
Glycine Transporter-1 Controls Nonsynaptic Inhibitory Actions of Glycine Receptors in the Neonatal Rat Hippocampus

Although functional glycinergic synapses have not been identified in the hippocampus, neurons in this area express Cl− permeable extrasynaptic glycine receptors (GlyRs). In experiments on CA3 pyramidal neurons on postnatal day 0–6 rat hippocampal slices, we detected robust GlyR activity as a tonic current and as single-channel events. Glycine release was independent of neuronal activity or extracellular Ca2+. The endogenous GlyR activity was strongly enhanced by inhibition of the glycine-transporter-1 (GlyT1). Blockade of GlyT1 also caused a profound increase in the baseline current induced by exogenous glycine. Inhibition of GlyT1 reduced the frequency of spontaneous network events known as field giant depolarizing potentials (fGDPs) and of the unit activity in the absence of synaptic transmission. This inhibitory action on fGDPs was mimicked by applying 2 μm glycine or 0.1 μm isoguvacine, a GABAA-receptor agonist. Furthermore, 2 μm glycine suppressed unit spiking in the absence of synaptic transmission. Hence, despite the well known depolarizing Cl− equilibrium potential of neonatal hippocampal neurons, physiologically relevant extracellular glycine concentrations can exert an inhibitory action. The present data show that, akin to GABA uptake, GlyT1 exerts a powerful modulatory action on network events in the newborn hippocampus.
Investigation of evanescent coupling between SOI waveguides and heterogeneously-integrated III–V pin photodetectors

Integrating III–V materials on Si is a promising candidate to realize both passive and active optical functions on a single silicon chip. We have developed this heterogeneous integration technology by means of an adhesive die-to-wafer bonding process under a low temperature. In this paper, efficient evanescent coupling between SOI waveguides and heterogeneously-integrated III–V pin photodetectors is proposed. The serious absorption by p-InGaAs and metal contact layers are greatly reduced by introducing a central opening on these layers. The thickness of the i-InGaAs layer is also optimized towards efficient absorption.
Recombinant Murine Gamma Herpesvirus 68 Carrying KSHV G Protein-Coupled Receptor Induces Angiogenic Lesions in Mice

Human gamma herpesviruses, including Kaposi’s sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV) and Epstein-Barr virus (EBV), are capable of inducing tumors, particularly in in immune-compromised individuals. Due to the stringent host tropism, rodents are resistant to infection by human gamma herpesviruses, creating a significant barrier for the in vivo study of viral genes that contribute to tumorigenesis. The closely-related murine gamma herpesvirus 68 (γHV68) efficiently infects laboratory mouse strains and establishes robust persistent infection without causing apparent disease. Here, we report that a recombinant γHV68 carrying the KSHV G protein-coupled receptor (kGPCR) in place of its murine counterpart induces angiogenic tumors in infected mice. Although viral GPCRs are conserved in all gamma herpesviruses, kGPCR potently activated downstream signaling and induced tumor formation in nude mouse, whereas γHV68 GPCR failed to do so. Recombinant γHV68 carrying kGPCR demonstrated more robust lytic replication ex vivo than wild-type γHV68, although both viruses underwent similar acute and latent infection in vivo. Infection of immunosuppressed mice with γHV68 carrying kGPCR, but not wild-type γHV68, induced tumors in mice that exhibited angiogenic and inflammatory features shared with human Kaposi’s sarcoma. Immunohistochemistry staining identified abundant latently-infected cells and a small number of cells supporting lytic replication in tumor tissue. Thus, mouse infection with a recombinant γHV68 carrying kGPCR provides a useful small animal model for tumorigenesis induced by a human gamma herpesvirus gene in the setting of a natural course of infection.
The future of the oceans past

Major macroevolutionary events in the history of the oceans are linked to changes in oceanographic conditions and environments on regional to global scales. Even small changes in climate and productivity, such as those that occurred after the rise of the Isthmus of Panama, caused major changes in Caribbean coastal ecosystems and mass extinctions of major taxa. In contrast, massive influxes of carbon at the end of the Palaeocene caused intense global warming, ocean acidification, mass extinction throughout the deep sea and the worldwide disappearance of coral reefs. Today, overfishing, pollution and increases in greenhouse gases are causing comparably great changes to ocean environments and ecosystems. Some of these changes are potentially reversible on very short time scales, but warming and ocean acidification will intensify before they decline even with immediate reduction in emissions. There is an urgent need for immediate and decisive conservation action. Otherwise, another great mass extinction affecting all ocean ecosystems and comparable to the upheavals of the geological past appears inevitable.
A New Measure of Conditional Dependence

Measuring conditional dependencies among the variables of a network is of great interest to many disciplines. This paper studies some shortcomings of the existing dependency measures in detecting direct causal influences or their lack of ability for group selection to capture strong dependencies and accordingly introduces a new statistical dependency measure to overcome them. This measure is inspired by Dobrushin's coefficients and based on the fact that there is no dependency between $X$ and $Y$ given another variable $Z$, if and only if the conditional distribution of $Y$ given $X=x$ and $Z=z$ does not change when $X$ takes another realization $x'$ while $Z$ takes the same realization $z$. We show the advantages of this measure over the related measures in the literature. Moreover, we establish the connection between our measure and the integral probability metric (IPM) that helps to develop estimators of the measure with lower complexity compared to other relevant information theoretic based measures. Finally, we show the performance of this measure through numerical simulations.
Spindle assembly checkpoint: the third decade

The spindle assembly checkpoint controls cell cycle progression during mitosis, synchronizing it with the attachment of chromosomes to spindle microtubules. After the discovery of the mitotic arrest deficient (MAD) and budding uninhibited by benzymidazole (BUB) genes as crucial checkpoint components in 1991, the second decade of checkpoint studies (2001–2010) witnessed crucial advances in the elucidation of the mechanism through which the checkpoint effector, the mitotic checkpoint complex, targets the anaphase-promoting complex (APC/C) to prevent progression into anaphase. Concomitantly, the discovery that the Ndc80 complex and other components of the microtubule-binding interface of kinetochores are essential for the checkpoint response finally asserted that kinetochores are crucial for the checkpoint response. Nevertheless, the relationship between kinetochores and checkpoint control remains poorly understood. Crucial advances in this area in the third decade of checkpoint studies (2011–2020) are likely to be brought about by the characterization of the mechanism of kinetochore recruitment, activation and inactivation of checkpoint proteins, which remains elusive for the majority of checkpoint components. Here, we take a molecular view on the main challenges hampering this task.
Investigation of a Novel Optical Phase Demodulator Based on a Sampling Phase-Locked Loop

A novel phase-locked coherent demodulator, based on a sampling phase-locked loop, is presented and investigated theoretically. The demodulator is capable of operating at high-frequencies, by using optical sampling to downconvert the high-frequency input RF signal to the frequency range of the baseband loop. We develop a detailed theoretical model of the (sampling) phase-locked coherent demodulator and perform detailed numerical simulations. The simulation results show that the operation of the sampling demodulator resembles the operation of the baseband demodulator for very short optical pulses (<2 ps). Furthermore, the model is shown to be in good agreement with experimental results
Accelerated Structural Maturation Induced by Synapsin I at Developing Neuromuscular Synapses of Xenopus laevis

The role of synapsin I, a synaptic vesicle‐associated phosphoprotein, in the maturation of nerve–muscle synapses was investigated in nerve–muscle co‐cultures prepared from Xenopus embryos loaded with the protein by the early blastomere injection method. The stage of maturation of the synapses was analysed by electron microscopy as well as by whole‐cell patch‐clamp recording. The acceleration in the functional maturation of neuromuscular synapses induced by synapsin I was accompanied by a profound rearrangement in the ultrastructure of the nerve terminal. Nerve terminals formed by synapsin I‐loaded neurons were characterized by a higher number of small synaptic vesicles organized in clusters and predominantly localized close to the nerve terminal plasma membrane, a smaller number of large dense‐core vesicles and no significant change in the number of coated vesicles. Precocious development of active zone‐like structures as well as deposition of basal lamina into the synaptic cleft were also observed at these synapses. These results support a role for synapsin I in the architectural changes which occur during synaptogenesis and lead to the maturation of quantal neurotransmitter release mechanisms.
CODIE: Continuation-Based Overlapping Data-Transfers with Instruction Execution

In this paper, a runtime system termed CODIE is proposed to execute sequential part of programs efficiently in a many-core architecture. All independent processing elements in a many-core architecture use a shared network and off-chip memory. Therefore, contentions on such resources substantially degrade the system performance. On the CODIE system, when a cache miss occurs, the system first initiates a data transfer operation. Next, the system creates a continuation of executing instructions related to the missing data. The continuation is stored into the buffer, and the instructions not related to the missing data are executed subsequently. In other words, data transfer and instruction executions can be performed simultaneously. In this way, the effect of the overhead of the updating cache entry (increased by memory access contention) is tolerated. The results of evaluation show that the proposed CODIE system realizes a 1.86x speed up of the execution of the sequential write/read program on the M-Core architecture at 36 cores and a 1.97x speed up of the execution of the blacks holes(from PARSEC benchmark suite) on the Cell/BE processor with 6 SPEs.
Novel phase shifters using short-circuited cross-slotted patch resonator

In this paper, a novel phase shifter using short-circuited cross-slotted patch resonator is presented. After inserting the via holes along the symmetrical plane patch, a wide three-pole bandpass response is realized for the signal transmission. Once the size of patch resonator is fixed, the location of these transmission poles can be well controlled by adjusting the loaded cross slots. For the phase differences from 30° to 90°, the fractional bandwidth for the phase deviation of ±5° achieves up to 61.4%. Finally, a 45° phase shifter operated at 3.5 GHz is designed and validated experimentally. The measured results show a wide three-pole matching bandpass response, and a 10.5% fractional bandwidth for phase deviation of ±5°.
Quantifying Behavioral Differences Between C and C++ Programs

Improving the performance of C programs has been a topic of great interest for many years. Both hardware technology and compiler optimization research has been applied in an effort to make C programs execute faster. In many application domains, the C++ language is replacing C as the programming language of choice. In this paper, we measure the empirical behavior of a group of significant C and C++ programs and attempt to identify and quantify behavioral differences between them. Our goal is to investigate whether optimization technology that has been successful for C programs will also be successful in C++ programs. We furthermore identify behavioral characteristics of C++ programs that suggest optimizations that should be applied in those programs. Our results show that C++ programs exhibit behavior that is significantly different than C programs. These results should be of interest to compiler writers and architecture designers who are designing systems to execute object-oriented programs.
Revisiting Dedicated and Block Cipher based Hash Functions

A hash function maps a variable length input into a fixed length output. The hash functions that are used in the information security related applications are referred as cryptographic hash functions. Hash functions are being used as building blocks of many complex cryptographic mechanisms and protocols. Construction of a hash function consists of two components. First component is a compression function and the second component is a domain extender. The various hash function design philosophies try to design the compression function from different angles. Two major categories of hash functions are: dedicated hash functions, and block cipher-based hash functions. These two kinds of design philosophies have been revisited in this paper. Two dedicated has functions from MD4 family MD4, and SHA-256 constructions have been detailed in this paper. To limit the scope of this paper in this framework, discussions on attacks on hash functions, and SHA-3 finalists have been excluded here.
Colorectal cancer screening and surveillance: a survey among Thai general surgeons.

PURPOSE A significant reduction in colorectal cancer (CRC) mortality is attributed to CRC screening and surveillance. However, there is no national consensus on CRC screening and surveillance in Thailand. The aim of this study was to assess current practice in CRC screening and surveillance among Thai general surgeons. METHODS Between July and November 2008, a questionnaire was randomly sent to general surgeons nationwide, mainly to those who worked in the General Province Hospital or University Hospital. Their responses were analyzed. RESULTS One hundred and twelve general surgeons completed questionnaires (56% response rate); about 39% of them were colorectal surgeons. Ninety-four surgeons (84%) routinely offered CRC screening to an asymptomatic, average-risk population. Most surgeons started CRC screening in an average-risk patient at the age of 50 years and did no screening in populations with age above 80 years. Colonoscopy is the most popular investigation used in CRC screening, followed by fecal occult blood testing and double contrast barium enema. When the surgeons themselves were subjected to CRC screening, colonoscopy was also the favorite investigation used. About 3-18% of surgeons showed interest in CRC screening with computed tomographic colonography. After curative CRC resection, most surgeons set up a surveillance program with examinations every 3 months in the first 2 years and performed post-CRC resection surveillance by colonoscopy at 1 year. CONCLUSIONS There is a wide variation in CRC screening and surveillance among Thai surgeons. These results highlight the need to establish evidence-based and cost-effective CRC screening and surveillance in Thailand.
Cyber-resilient control of inverter based microgrids

This paper investigates cyber-attacks compromising the data integrity of inverter-based islanded microgrids featuring an energy storage system (ESS), a wind turbine generator (WTG), a photovoltaic system (PV) and controllable loads. The ESS operates as the isochronous generator, responsible for forming the microgrid voltage and frequency, whereas the WTG and PV distributed energy resources (DER) operate in maximum-power-point-tracking (MPPT) mode. Mitigation solutions in the form of supplementary power control loops, employed on the power-electronic interfaced DERs are proposed in order to enhance the resilience of the microgrid to large voltage deviations resulting from cyber-attacks compromising data integrity. In the event where the supplementary control is no longer capable of compensating for the cyber-induced power mismatch, a load management scheme is proposed to curtail non-critical loads and prevent the microgrid voltage from collapsing. Simulation results validate the effectiveness of the proposed schemes on a 25 kV inverter-based microgrid benchmark.
Consumption of low doses of fat prevents the postprandial rise in chylomicron particle concentration and remnant accumulation in healthy normolipidaemic males

Chylomicron particles are continually synthesised and secreted from the intestine even in the absence of ingested fat. It is possible that following consumption of low doses of fat the basal level of chylomicron secretion and subsequent metabolism are sufficient to metabolise this fat without an increase in postprandial chylomicron concentrations. To test this hypothesis, healthy male subjects were randomised to receive, on three separate occasions, meals containing a range of doses of fat (average 8·1–19 g) and effects on postprandial lipaemia and chylomicron concentration were determined. Furthermore, to delineate the effect on lipid-rich v. lipid-poor (remnant) forms lipid levels were also determined in a density <1·006 g/ml fraction. Following consumption of the very low dose of fat the postprandial concentration of chylomicrons was unaltered, whereas following the medium dose postprandial chylomicron concentrations were significantly increased. Interestingly, this increase was only detected in the lipid-rich chylomicron fraction, with postprandial levels of chylomicron remnants remaining unchanged. In conclusion, it appears that consumption of what would be considered low to medium doses of fat are not associated with transient postprandial increases in chylomicron remnants in healthy male subjects.