Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Ilal Peyer's patch emigrants are predominantly B cells and travel to all lymphoid tissues in sheep

The ileal Peyer's patch (PP) was selectively labeled with fluorescein isothiocyanate by extracorporeal perfusion in 7–12 week‐old lambs and the lymphocyte linege and fate of the emigrants was determined by fluorescence microscopy and flow cytometry. PP emigrants were found in all tissues examined, accounting for 10%–15% of ileal mesenteric lymph node (MLN), 1%–2% of jejunal MLN, jejunal PP, prescapular lymph node (PLN) and 3%–4% of spleen cells. All ileal PP emigrants enter the ileal MLN on their way to the circulation. Removal of the MLN prior to perfusion enabled emigrants to go directly to the circulation and extravasate in distant tissues faster than in intact animals. The ileal MLN might provide an additional level of regulation for ileal PP emigrants. The perfused ileal PP contained about 25 times more B cells than T cells. The emigrant cells found in different tissues included both T and B cells but came to reflect, although to a lesser degree, the B cell composition of the tissue from which they were derived. One day after perfusion the composition of PP emigrants was similar to that of the tissue within which they were found; the spleen was the exception with a bias towards B cells. By day 3 the ratio of B to T cells in the PP emigrants was 1 for jejunal MLN and PLN, 1.5 for ileal MLN and jejunal PP, and 4–5 for the spleen and blood. It was concluded that the PP‐derived T cells were recirculating T cells that were in the ileal PP at the time of perfusion. These cells emigrated rapidly and equilibrated such that they accounted for about 1.5% of the T cell pool in various tissues. Most PP‐derived B cells were probably produced in the PP. The greatest contribution (24.4%) that ileal PP emigrants made to the B cell pool of a tissue was with the ileal MLN through which they are obliged to pass. The contribution was lower but still very significant in blood (8.9%), spleen (6.8%), PLN (3.9%), jejunal MLN (3.5%) and jejunal PP (1.8%). There was no evidence that ileal PP emigrants made a greater relative contribution to either T or B cell populations in MLN or jejunal PP than to non‐gut‐associated sites. The B cells were distributed throughout the immune system, which is in accordance with the proposal that the ileal PP is a site of primary B cell genesis in sheep.
Combinatorial Entropy Encoding

This paper proposes a novel entropy encoding technique for lossless data compression. Representing a message string by its lexicographic index in the permutations of its symbols results in a compressed version matching Shannon entropy of the message. Commercial data compression standards make use of Huffman or arithmetic coding at some stage of the compression process. In the proposed method, like arithmetic coding entire string is mapped to an integer but is not based on fractional numbers. Unlike both arithmetic and Huffman coding no prior entropy model of the source is required. Simple intuitive algorithm based on multinomial coefficients is developed for entropy encoding that adoptively uses low number of bits for more frequent symbols. Correctness of the algorithm is demonstrated by an example.
Phase transitions in physiologic coupling

Integrated physiological systems, such as the cardiac and the respiratory system, exhibit complex dynamics that are further influenced by intrinsic feedback mechanisms controlling their interaction. To probe how the cardiac and the respiratory system adjust their rhythms, despite continuous fluctuations in their dynamics, we study the phase synchronization of heartbeat intervals and respiratory cycles. The nature of this interaction, its physiological and clinical relevance, and its relation to mechanisms of neural control is not well understood. We investigate whether and how cardiorespiratory phase synchronization (CRPS) responds to changes in physiological states and conditions. We find that the degree of CRPS in healthy subjects dramatically changes with sleep-stage transitions and exhibits a pronounced stratification pattern with a 400% increase from rapid eye movement sleep and wake, to light and deep sleep, indicating that sympatho-vagal balance strongly influences CRPS. For elderly subjects, we find that the overall degree of CRPS is reduced by approximately 40%, which has important clinical implications. However, the sleep-stage stratification pattern we uncover in CRPS does not break down with advanced age, and surprisingly, remains stable across subjects. Our results show that the difference in CRPS between sleep stages exceeds the difference between young and elderly, suggesting that sleep regulation has a significantly stronger effect on cardiorespiratory coupling than healthy aging. We demonstrate that CRPS and the traditionally studied respiratory sinus arrhythmia represent different aspects of the cardiorespiratory interaction, and that key physiologic variables, related to regulatory mechanisms of the cardiac and respiratory systems, which influence respiratory sinus arrhythmia, do not affect CRPS.
Cepheid and Tip of the Red Giant Branch Distances to the Dwarf Irregular Galaxy IC 10

We present color-magnitude diagrams and luminosity functions of stars in the nearby galaxy IC 10, based on VI CCD photometry acquired with the COSMIC prime-focus camera on the Palomar 5 m telescope. The apparent I-band luminosity function of stars in the halo of IC 10 shows an identifiable rise at I≈21.7 mag. This is interpreted as being the tip of the red giant branch (TRGB) at MV≈-4 mag. Since IC 10 is at a very low Galactic latitude, its foreground extinction is expected to be high and the uncertainty associated with that correction is the largest contributor to the error associated with its distance determination. Multiwavelength observations of Cepheid variable stars in IC 10 give a Population I distance modulus of 24.1±0.2 mag, which corresponds to a linear distance of 660±66 kpc for a total line-of-sight reddening of E(B-V)=1.16±0.08 mag, derived self-consistently from the Cepheid data alone. Applying this Population I reddening to the Population II halo stars gives a TRGB distance modulus of 23.5±0.2 mag, corresponding to 500±50 kpc. We consider this to be a lower limit on the TRGB distance. Reconciling the Cepheid and TRGB distances would require that the reddening to the halo is ΔE(B-V)=0.31 mag lower than that into the main body of the galaxy. This then suggests that the Galactic extinction in the direction of IC 10 is E(B-V)≃0.85.
Lx: a technology platform for customizable VLIW embedded processing

Lx is a scalable and customizable VLIW processor technology platform designed by Hewlett-Packard and STMicroelectronics that allows variations in instruction issue width, the number and capabilities of structures and the processor instruction set. For Lx we developed the architecture and software from the beginning to support both scalability (variable numbers of identical processing resources) and customizability (special purpose resources). In this paper we consider the following issues. When is customization or scaling beneficial? How can one determine the right degree of customization or scaling for a particular application domain? What architectural compromises were made in the Lx project to contain the complexity inherent in a customizable and scalable processor family? The experiments described in the paper show that specialization for an application domain is effective, yielding large gains in price/performance ratio. We also show how scaling machine resources scales performance, although not uniformly across all applications. Finally we show that customization on an application-by-application basis is today still very dangerous and much remains to be done for it to become a viable solution.
High serum lactate dehydrogenase predicts an unfavorable outcome in Chinese elderly patients with multiple myeloma

There is significant heterogeneity among multiple myeloma (MM) patients with the survival duration varying greatly from a few months to several years. This study retrospectively analyzed serum lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) in 105 cases of newly diagnosed elderly MM patients to investigate its value for outcome prediction. Serum LDH concentrations were evaluated prior to induction therapy. Prognostic analyses were carried out based on LDH levels and patients’ other clinical data. We also applied the recently proposed Revised International Staging System (R-ISS) to 70 patients with the available data. Of all the patients, elevated serum LDH levels (≥271U/L) were observed in 13.3% (14 out of 105) patients at diagnosis. Compared with normal LDH group, high LDH group had significantly shorter overall survival (OS) (15.5 vs. 52.5 months, p = 0.002) and median progression free survival (PFS) (12.0 vs. 24 months, p = 0.030), as well as 2-year OS rate (20% vs. 81%, p < 0.001) and PFS rate (22% vs. 44%, p = 0.005). A multivariate analysis identified high LDH as a unique independent adverse prognostic parameter for both OS and PFS. In addition, there were significant differences between R-ISS II and R-ISS III patients in both median OS (52.5 vs. 15.5 months, p < 0.001) and PFS (23 vs. 7.5 months, p = 0.004). Furthermore, high LDH was a unique independent adverse indicator for overall response rate (ORR) and early death in elderly MM patients. These results identified LDH as an unfavorable prediction for the outcome of Chinese elderly patients with MM. R-ISS based on LDH is superior to ISS in prognostic assessment.
Context in communication : analysis of Bengali spoken discourse

This study intends to explore the pattern of discourse Bengali people use while conversing. The researcher hopes that analysis of spoken discourse would help develop materials to teach speaking skills to EFL (English as Foreign Language) learners. It is perceived that people use different kinds of gestures and postures in communication. Though we can not have nods, smile, pause and other ritual and system constraints in written language, they play a vital role in shaping the oral communication effective. Though some say that analysing spoken discourse might not be helpful in determining the content of a course, the researcher finds the recorded conversations really motivating in evaluating learners‟ speaking skills, developing materials, and designing tasks in English.
Buccal Micronucleus Cytome Assay- A Biomarker of Genotoxicity

The buccal micronucleus cytome assay in exfoliated buccal cells is utilized as biomarkers for DNA damage, cell death and basal cell frequency. It offers great opportunity to evaluate genotoxicity by the way of quantifying mean frequencies of micronuclei, binucleated cell, broken egg, karyolysis, karyorrhexis, pycknosis and condensed chromatin. This assay is sensitive, minimally invasive, simple, cheap, easy and fast. It has precision and statistical power obtained from scoring large number of cells. Micronucleus assay has been extensively used to assess genetic damage due to lifestyle characteristics, occupational exposure, diseases and environmental risk. It also has applications in human biomonitoring, ecotoxicology, cancer risk assessment, pharmaceutical drug testing and the impacts of dietary micronutrients and micronutrient combinations on DNA damage. Fluorescence in situ hybridization is a valuable addition to micronucleus assay as combination of both enables us to characterize the genetic contents of the micronuclei. The present article reviews and updates on usefulness of buccal micronucleus cytome assay as a biomarker. It gives a detailed description of the methodology of buccal micronucleus test and analysis of the results. We also discussed the criteria for identification and classification of nuclear anomalies. We have also proposed the future directions namely high-throughput automation for further enhancing the reliability of micronucleus assay to be applicable on large scale experimental and epidemiological studies. It would help in overcoming many of the problems caused by inter-observer variability in evaluation of slides.
Passive measurement of one-way and two-way flow lifetimes

Flow based analysis has been considered a simple and effective approach in network analysis. 5-tuple (unidirectional) flows are used in many network traffic, however, often these analyses require bidirectional packet matching to observe the interactions. Separating the flows into two categories as one-way (packets in one direction only) and two-way (packets in both directions) flows can yield further insight. We have examined traces of Auckland traffic for 2000, 2003 and 2006, and analyzed their one-way and two-way flows. We observed several behaviors and the changes in flow sizes and their lifetimes over time. In our traces, we observe that one-way flows are mostly malicious, re-transmissions, and some are long-lived. Two-way flows are mostly normal end-to-end transmissions with their lifetimes/RTTs decreasing, their sizes increasing, and many short-lived flows mostly depict errors in TCP. Also, we observe similarity between one-way and two-way flow sizes for their lifetimes.
Community structure and trophic level interactions in the terrestrial ecosystems: a review

Organisms have their own patterns of distribution and biological organizations functioning in the natural system. Community is one of the hierarchies of ecological organizations composed of different species of organisms interacting in space and time. Photosynthesis is the fundamental biological process by which radiant energy is converted to chemical energy and thereby readily becomes available for all living things existing on the planet earth [1]. Consequently, the type and extent of primary productivity determines the distribution, abundance, and diversity of consumers that live being subordinate to the photosynthetic products of green plants especially in the terrestrial ecosystems. There are several factors which could determine the net annual primary productivity and plant biomass production as well as its distribution among producers and various trophic groups of consumers. The major factors may include water and nutrient availability, climate, plant defenses, environmental heterogeneity, disturbance, stochiometry, and consumption by herbivores [2,3]. The interactions of plants and animals go back to evolutionary times [4]. Various components of the terrestrial ecosystems naturally work towards regulating and controlling the primary productivity and distribution of biomass among plants and animals across the various trophic levels of the biological community. Understanding how the biological communities in the terrestrial ecosystems function in the presence of different structural components is the central point of plant-animal interactions both from ecological and evolutionary contexts. However, various classical approaches dealing with biological communities have still incomplete information to give straightforward evidences regarding the complex ecological and evolutionary processes and the controlling mechanisms in the terrestrial ecosystems [3]. This is because, compared with the aquatic ecosystems, the dynamics, complexity, and diversity of the terrestrial communities are too tremendous to precisely enumerate and quantify. For example, the GWH proposed that some parts of the world have remained green Volume 2 Issue 6 2017
Disk and Halo Wide Binaries from the Revised Luyten Catalog: Probes of Star Formation and MACHO Dark Matter

We present a catalog of 1147 candidate common proper motion binaries selected from the revised New Luyten Two-Tenths Catalog (NLTT). Among these, we identify 999 genuine physical pairs using the measured proper-motion difference and the relative positions of each binary's components on a reduced proper motion (RPM) diagram. The RPM positions also serve to classify them as either disk main-sequence pairs (801), halo subdwarf (116) pairs, or pairs containing at least one white dwarf (82). The disk and halo samples are complete to separations of Δθ = 500′′ and Δθ = 900′′, which correspond to ~0.1 and ~1 pc, respectively. At wide separations, both distributions are well described by single power laws dN/dΔθ ∝ (Δθ)-α, with α = 1.67 ± 0.07 for the disk and α = 1.55 ± 0.10 for the halo. The fact that these distributions have similar slopes (and similar normalizations as well) argues for similarity of the star formation conditions of these two populations. The fact that the halo binaries obey a single power law out to ~1 pc permits strong constraints on halo dark matter candidates. At somewhat closer separations (10′′ ≲ Δθ ≲ 25′′), the disk distribution shows a pronounced flattening, which is detected at very high statistical significance and is not due to any obvious systematic effect. We also present a list of 11 previously unknown halo stars with parallaxes that are recognized here as companions of Hipparcos stars.
Reconfigurable Fault-tolerant Control: A Tutorial Introduction

This paper provides a tutorial introduction to reconfigurable control and surveys recent advances on this topic. Control reconfiguration is an important method of fault-tolerant control that uses the results of a fault diagnosis component to restructure the control loop and to adapt the controller to the faulty plant. This paper describes recent approaches that are suitable for on-line application. These approaches lead to a redesign of the controller or augment the control loop with a reconfiguration block that adapts the nominal controller to the dynamical properties of the faulty plant. The approaches are illustrated by means of a running example and experimental applications of selected methods. Challenges for future research in the field are stated.
Solving package dependencies: from EDOS to Mancoosi

Mancoosi (Managing the Complexity of the Open Source Infrastructure) is an ongoing research project funded by the European Union for addressing some of the challenges related to the "upgrade problem" of interdependent software components of which Debian packages are prototypical examples. Mancoosi is the natural continuation of the EDOS project which has already contributed tools for distribution-wide quality assurance in Debian and other GNU/Linux distributions. The consortium behind the project consists of several European public and private research institutions as well as some commercial GNU/Linux distributions from Europe and South America. Debian is represented by a small group of Debian Developers who are working in the ranks of the involved universities to drive and integrate back achievements into Debian. This paper presents relevant results from EDOS in dependency management and gives an overview of the Mancoosi project and its objectives, with a particular focus on the prospective benefits for Debian.
Autosomal dominant stationary night‐blindness A large family rediscovered

Abstract In 1909, 2 years after the famous publication by Nettleship, a large family with congenital stationary night‐blindness of the ‘Nougaret type’ was published by the Danish district surgeon, Sigurd Rambusch. In 1990 the ‘Rambusch family’, still resident in the original area, was sought out and rediscovered, at which time the reconstructed part of the pedigree comprised more than 200 affected persons in 11 generations. Dark adaptometry and electroretinography were performed on a few affected family members, including a descendant with a uniocular affection. The pedigree is presented and recordings of dark adaptation courses and electroretinographical responses from a few family members are demonstrated.
Interactive effects of lambda‐cyhalothrin, soil moisture, and temperature on Folsomia candida and Sinella curviseta (Collembola)

The authors investigated whether and how 2 environmental factors could influence the toxicity of a pyrethroid to 2 representatives of an important group of soil organisms. The impacts of different temperatures (20 °C and 26 °C) and soil moisture levels (30%, 50%, and 70% of water holding capacity) were investigated in combination with the insecticide lambda‐cyhalothrin on the reproduction success of Folsomia candida and Sinella curviseta in a full factorial design. Testing was based on the standard collembolan reproduction test (Organisation for Economic Co‐operation and Development, guideline 232) following an effect concentration design. The results showed an effect of environmental and chemical factors on the number of juveniles of these animals. Particularly in dry soil, the reproduction of both species was reduced, while higher soil moisture levels influenced the number of juveniles positively compared with the middle soil moisture level. In general, however, higher soil moisture led to increased sensitivity to lambda‐cyhalothrin. In both organisms, temperature affected the toxicity of the pesticide but in different directions: high temperature led to higher toxicity in F. candida but to lower toxicity in S. curviseta. Environ Toxicol Chem 2014;33:654–661. © 2013 SETAC
A Hard Course:the Literary Reflection of Farmer_in_City since 1980's

A special group,farmer_in_city,has been growing up following the violently changing revelation between city and country since 80's.This group had both reasonable dreams and pursuits and special identity form special history condition.Tthe special identity decided their edged situation.What they could do was to struggle in the crack between city and country.Just because of this,life and destiny of this group reflected the relation between city and country,and the cares and thoughts of that in a certain degree reflected the line of Chinese thought at that time.The very intentions of this paper are to present the hard course which the farmer_in_city experienced by analysis of the texts,such ad 0,Xiang Xue,Ren Seng,Fu Zao,Fen Nu,etc,and to present the growing of thoughts of writers as representatives of the contemporary Chinese thoughts through this literary reflection.
Birnavirus precursor polyprotein is processed in Escherichia coli by its own virus-encoded polypeptide

The cDNA fragment of the large RNA segment of infectious bursal disease virus 002-73, when expressed in Escherichia coli, produces precursor polyprotein (N-VP2-VP4-VP3-C), most of which is then processed to generate constituent polypeptides. Using cDNA fragments containing site-specific mutations and two monoclonal antibodies that are specific to VP2 and VP3 of mature virus particles, we demonstrated that the VP4 protein is involved in processing of the precursor polyprotein to generate VP2 and VP3 and excluded the possibility of internal initiation for the generation of VP3.
The Design and Implementation of Vector Autoregressive Model and Structural Vector Autoregressive Model Based on Spark

VAR (Vector Auto-regressive) model is a kind of commonly used econometric-model. It is used to estimate the dynamic relationship of the endogenous variables without any prior constraints. Since VAR is one of the most easily operated models to deal with the analysis and prediction of multiple related economic indicators, more and more attention has been paid by economists in two decades. However, with the increasing of data size, the individual computer has encountered its processing bottleneck. Meanwhile, the advantages of the distributed computing cluster have begun to show obvious strength, such as Hadoop, Spark, and so on. Due to the lack of VAR related model on Spark, MLlib, we developed approaches of VAR and SVAR (Structural Vector Auto-regression) model in Spark and Hadoop cluster. Meanwhile, SGD (Stochastic Gradient Descent) algorithm has been applied after the data processing. To verify the approaches, different sizes of data are used for model testing in different platform, including R and Spark cluster. According to the comparison of the response time of different data size in both platform, the experiment results have shown that the developed methods are simple and efficient in big data environment.