Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Politics Against Markets: The Social Democratic Road to Power Gösta Esping-Andersen Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1985, pp. xx, 366

arriver a un stade de developpement bienfaisant et equivalent au modele americain. Cette conception nous amene a y voir un certain biais et une pensee non-objective en raison de cette volonte d'en arriver a un systeme deja defini et exemplaire. L'economiste americain ne se range pas totalement a cette facon de voir, mais les aspects qualitatifs qu'il defend ainsi que ses visees globales ont des origines apparentees. II ajoute (41) « que le developpement est un processus historique »; toutes recommandations doivent tenir compte de I'etape ou ces pays ou peuples se trouvent dans ledit processus. Une telle facon de voir porte un jugement severe dans la mesure oil I'analyse qui sera faite est vue a travers un prisme biaise et ne Concorde pas necessairement avec un examen de la situation faite par un autre chercheur. Cet aspect presente des problemes d'ordre methodologique, qui ne sont pas eclaircis. Done a divers niveaux, les elements qu'aborde Galbraith semblent avoir ete exposes precedemment, ce qui enleve un eclat et une perspective d'ensemble a I'ouvrage. 11 nous dira que la volonte nationale est forte, qu'elle est I'element principal de notre siecle, que l'Etat est « maniaque » de son independance. Ces elements apparaissent de maniere plus elaboree et explicite dans une analyse precedente (Theorie de la panvrete de masse). Cet ouvrage avait une consistance et une justification que Ton ne peut malheureusement pas retrouver dans la publication qui retient ici notre attention. Bref, ce petit livre se veut etre un resume de divers discours et cela demeure inconsequent avec un veritable examen de la situation des pays sous-developpes. II ne tient pas compte d'un ensemble de criteres qui devraient apparaitre, mais au sujet desquels nous ne retrouvons aucun passage. C'est un ouvrage a courte vue et qui se revele etre, dans une large mesure, futile et sans grand propos.
On the Structure of Random Plane-oriented Recursive Trees and Their Branches

This paper is an investigation of the structural properties of random plane-oriented recursive trees and their branches. We begin by an enumeration of these trees and some general properties related to the outdegrees of nodes. Using generalized Polya urn models we study the exact and limiting distributions of the size and the number of leaves in the branches of the tree. The exact distribution for the leaves in the branches is given by formulas involving second-order Eulerian numbers. A martingale central limit theorem for a linear combination of the number of leaves and the number of internal nodes is derived. The distribution of that linear combination is a mixture of normals with a beta distribution as its mixing density. The martingale central limit theorem allows easy determination of the limit laws governing the leaves in the branches. Furthermore, the asymptotic joint distribution of the number of nodes of outdegree 0, 1 and 2 is shown to be trivariate normal. © 1993 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Strategies to modulate the intestinal microbiota of Tilapia (Oreochromis sp.) in aquaculture: a review

Tilapia (Oreochromis sp.) are the most widespread aquaculture species grown and are expected to continue increasing in production to meet the growing demand for fish by an ever-increasing human population. Fish health management is one of the major concerns in the production of aquaculture species. A number of studies have been conducted to identify new procedures for reducing disease of commonly farmed species, such as tilapia. To prevent disease, the use of antibiotics is common practice in most aquaculture facilities. However, consumer demand and increasing incidence of antibiotic resistance have caused the reduction in the use of antibiotics being administered regularly. A recent strategy is the incorporation of antibiotic alternatives, such as probiotics, prebiotics, and alternative carbohydrate ingredients to promote the growth and health of the fish through the modulation of gastrointestinal microbiota. Intestinal autochthonous microbiota fulfils a number of important roles in host digestion, immunity and intestinal integrity. In the past, the majority of studies on the intestinal microbiota of tilapia used culture-based methods that are not representative of the entire community. With the advancement of molecular techniques, current studies are utilizing culture-independent methods to monitor the microbial modulation in the tilapia gastrointestinal tract. This review discusses the effects of antibiotics, probiotics, prebiotics and alternative feed ingredients on the intestinal microbiota of tilapia using culture-independent techniques. Although advances have been made in the understanding of tilapia intestinal microbiota, more research is needed into the microbial ecology, alternative feedstuff effects and economic impacts of modulating intestinal microbiota of tilapia.
Exposure of cells to static magnetic field accelerates loss of integrity of plasma membrane during apoptosis.

BACKGROUND Much attention is being paid to the biologic effects of magnetic fields (MFs). Although MFs enhance tumorigenesis, they are neither mutagenic nor tumorigenic. The mechanism of their tumorigenic effect has not been elucidated. METHODS To investigate the effect of MFs on apoptosis in HL-60 cells, we exposed the cells to static MFs of 6 mT generated by a magnetic disk of known intensity. Apoptosis was triggered by the DNA topoisomerase I inhibitor, camptothecin (CPT). Activation of caspases in situ using the fluorochrome-labeled inhibitor (FLICA) method and determination of plasma membrane integrity by excluding propidium iodide (PI) were measured by both laser scanning cytometry (LSC) and flow cytometry (FC). LSC and FC identified cells at three sequential stages of their demise: early apoptosis (cells with activated caspases and PI negative); late apoptosis (cells with activated caspases but unable to exclude PI); secondary necrosis (cells with apoptotic morphology no longer stained with FLICA, not excluding PI). RESULTS MF alone did not induce any apoptogenic or necrogenic effect. CPT exposure led to the sequential appearance of apoptotic cells. In the presence of CPT and MF, the overall proportion of cells undergoing apoptosis was not significantly changed. However, we consistently observed a significant increase in the frequency of late apoptotic/necrotic cells when compared with samples treated with CPT alone (P < 0.001), as well as a decrease in the percentage of early apoptotic cells (P = 0.013). The data obtained by FC and LSC were consistent with each other, showing a similar phenomenon. CONCLUSION Whereas MF alone or with CPT did not affect overall cell viability, it accelerated the rate of cell transition from apoptosis to secondary necrosis after induction of apoptosis by the DNA-damaging agent, CPT. Modulation of the kinetics of the transition from apoptosis to secondary necrosis by MF in vivo may play a role in inflammation and tumorigenesis.
Inflammation and infection in exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.

Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is a common disorder with symptoms of chronic cough and progressive dyspnea caused by chronic bronchitis or emphysema. Acute exacerbations of COPD contribute to the accelerated decline in lung function characteristic of this disease and are associated with significant cost, morbidity, and mortality for patients. Controversy exists as to whether exacerbations are caused primarily by inflammation, infection, or perhaps a combination of both conditions. Advances in the pathogenesis of COPD have shed light on the role of inflammation in this condition and highlighted the differences in the inflammatory response present in COPD compared with asthma. Infectious agents often are suspected as causing acute exacerbations of COPD, and antibiotics are frequently prescribed empirically to patients. We review the evidence for an inflammatory and infectious etiology for exacerbations of COPD and compare and contrast how each impacts on this disease.
Role of the Fcγ receptor IIIA-V/F158 polymorphism in susceptibility to systemic lupus erythematosus and lupus nephritis: a meta-analysis

Objective: To perform a meta-analysis to assess the risk of the Fc-gamma receptor type IIIA (FcγRIIIA)-V/F158 polymorphism for lupus nephritis and systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). Methods: We surveyed studies on V/F158 and SLE and/or lupus nephritis using Medline, Blackwell, and EMBASE databases up to January 2009. Sufficient original data were available to calculate odds ratios (ORs) for SLE and/or lupus nephritis based on the American College of Rheumatology (ACR) criteria. Two investigators independently assessed the data quality and extracted the data. Results: The F158 allele presented overall consistent association evidence for SLE, SLE without nephritis, and lupus nephritis [OR 1.27, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.13–1.43; OR 1.20, 95% CI 1.05–1.37; OR 1.15, 95% CI 1.04–1.28, respectively]. FF homozygosity had a dose–response relationship for SLE with maximal OR 1.68 (95% CI 1.26–2.23). It also strongly influenced the risk of lupus nephritis and of SLE without nephritis, with maximal OR 1.30 (95% CI 1.04–1.64) and 1.43 (95% CI 1.07–1.92), respectively. Ethnic subgroup analyses revealed that the F158 allele was significantly higher in SLE patients of European and Asian descent [OR 1.30 (95% CI 1.07–1.58) and OR 1.24 (95% CI 1.04–1.48), respectively] but not in SLE patients of African descent and was only highly associated with lupus nephritis in those of Asian descent [OR 1.26 (95% CI 1.06–1.50)]. The FF genotype was significantly associated with SLE in those of European and Asian descent, with maximal OR 1.61 (95% CI 1.03–2.53) and 1.70 (95% CI 1.12–2.58), respectively, but not for lupus nephritis and SLE without nephritis of any subgroup. Conclusions: The FcγRIIIA-V/F158 polymorphism might be a common susceptibility factor for SLE and lupus nephritis and play an important role in the overall development of SLE, showing different risks within ethnic populations, which should provide novel insights into the pathogenesis of the disease.
Organizing the White House: Structure, Environment, and Organizational Governance

Presidential capacity has an important and enduring organizational dimension. Yet, scholars tend to focus upon presidential styles, roles, and objectives, or on the pressures of the political system-frequently overlooking organizational concerns. We develop an organizational-level analysis of the White House staff, relying on a variant of organization theory-the governance approach-to generate propositions about the staff's structure and dynamics. The organization of the White House places constraints upon and provides opportunities for presidents. Organizational analysis helps clarify problems of presidential governance within (and, ultimately, outside) the White House and suggests options for addressing them.
Weight‐bearing activity during youth is a more important factor for peak bone mass than calcium intake

In a 15 year longitudinal study (Amsterdam Growth and Health Study) is evaluated the effect of daily calcium intake (CAI) during adolescence and young adulthood on the development of peak bone mass at age 27 when the influence of weight‐bearing activity (WBA) and body weight was accounted for. A group of 84 males and 98 females were measured longitudinally from age 13 until age 28. Measurements were taken six times of anthropometric characteristics. Lifestyle was also evaluated six times by cross‐check interviews of CAI and WBA. Bone mineral density (BMD) of the lumbar spine was determined at age 27 by dual x‐ray absorption. Three periods were considered, that is, the adolescent period, the period 13–21 years, and the total period (13–27 years). In multiple linear regression analyses, only WBA and body weight were significant positive contributors to the final model of lumbar BMD at age 27. In all three periods WBA was the best predictor in males and body weight in females. ANOVA was performed on BMD and the highest and lowest quartiles of calcium intake with the significant predictor variables of the linear regression model as covariates. Again calcium intake appeared not a significant predictor of BMD in the three periods in both sexes. Regular weight‐bearing exercise and at least a normal age‐related body weight in adolescence and young adulthood are of key importance in reaching the highest lumbar peak bone mass at the age of 27 years.
Amino Acid Sufficiency and mTOR Regulate p70 S6 Kinase and eIF-4E BP1 through a Common Effector Mechanism*

The present study identifies the operation of a signal tranduction pathway in mammalian cells that provides a checkpoint control, linking amino acid sufficiency to the control of peptide chain initiation. Withdrawal of amino acids from the nutrient medium of CHO-IR cells results in a rapid deactivation of p70 S6 kinase and dephosphorylation of eIF-4E BP1, which become unresponsive to all agonists. Readdition of the amino acid mixture quickly restores the phosphorylation and responsiveness of p70 and eIF-4E BP1 to insulin. Increasing the ambient amino acids to twice that usually employed increases basal p70 activity to the maximal level otherwise attained in the presence of insulin and abrogates further stimulation by insulin. Withdrawal of most individual amino acids also inhibits p70, although with differing potency. Amino acid withdrawal from CHO-IR cells does not significantly alter insulin stimulation of tyrosine phosphorylation, phosphotyrosine-associated phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase activity, c-Akt/protein kinase B activity, or mitogen-activated protein kinase activity. The selective inhibition of p70 and eIF-4E BP1 phosphorylation by amino acid withdrawal resembles the response to rapamycin, which prevents p70 reactivation by amino acids, indicating that mTOR is required for the response to amino acids. A p70 deletion mutant, p70Δ2–46/ΔCT104, that is resistant to inhibition by rapamycin (but sensitive to wortmannin) is also resistant to inhibition by amino acid withdrawal, indicating that amino acid sufficiency and mTOR signal to p70 through a common effector, which could be mTOR itself, or an mTOR-controlled downstream element, such as a protein phosphatase.
Inhibition of nitric oxide synthesis suppresses sleep in rabbits.

The effects of N omega-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester (L-NAME), an inhibitor of nitric oxide synthesis, on spontaneous and interleukin-1 (IL-1)-induced sleep were examined in rabbits. Animals were injected intracerebroventricularly or intravenously during the light phase with vehicle, L-NAME, IL-1, or the combination of L-NAME and IL-1. Injection of L-NAME (5 mg icv and 100 mg/kg iv) suppressed both non-rapid eye movement sleep (NREMS) and rapid eye movement sleep (REMS) for 4-6 h. The sleep-suppressive effects are unlikely due to pressor responses to L-NAME because administration of L-NAME (5 mg icv) produced only a transient (3-4 min) slight increase in systemic blood pressure. Injection of IL-1 (20 ng icv) elicited fever, suppressed REMS, and increased NREMS for 6 h. NREMS was suppressed for 3 h after the combined intracerebroventricular injections of 5 mg L-NAME and 20 ng IL-1 and was elevated during postinjection hours 4-6. Administration of IL-1 (30 ng/kg iv) increased NREMS and brain temperature for 2 h. After the combined injection of IL-1 and L-NAME (100 mg/kg), NREMS was significantly suppressed during postinjection hours 1-5. It is not known whether the interactions between the sleep-suppressive effects of L-NAME and the NREMS-promoting effects of IL-1 are specific, being mediated via a common mechanism, or whether they are additive, being mediated via independent mechanisms. The pyrogenic and REMS-suppressive actions of either intracerebroventricularly or intravenously injected IL-1 were not affected by L-NAME. (ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Independent clinical validation of a Canadian FRAX tool: Fracture prediction and model calibration

A FRAX model for Canada was constructed for prediction of osteoporotic and hip fracture risk using national hip fracture data with and without the use of femoral neck bone mineral density (BMD). Performance of this system was assessed independently in a large clinical cohort of 36,730 women and 2873 men from the Manitoba Bone Density Program database that tracks all clinical dual‐energy X‐ray absorptiometry (DXA) test results for the Province of Manitoba, Canada. Linkage with other provincial health databases allowed for the direct comparison of fracture risk estimates from the Canadian FRAX model with observed fracture rates to 10 years (549 individuals with incident hip fractures and 2543 with incident osteoporotic fractures). The 10‐year Kaplan‐Meier estimate for hip fractures in women was 2.7% [95% confidence interval (CI) 2.1–3.4%] with a predicted value of 2.8% for FRAX with BMD, and in men the observed risk was 3.5% (95% CI 0.8–6.2%) with predicted value of 2.9%. The 10‐year estimate of osteoporotic fracture risk for all women was 12.0% (95% CI 10.8–13.4%) with a predicted value of 11.1% for FRAX with BMD, and in men, the observed risk was 10.7% (95% CI 6.6–14.9%) with a predicted value of 8.4%. Discrepancies were observed within some subgroups but generally were small. Fracture discrimination based on receiver operating characteristic curve analysis was comparable with published meta‐analyses with area under the curve for osteoporotic fracture prediction of 0.694 (95% CI 0.684–0.705) for FRAX with BMD and for hip fractures 0.830 (95% CI 0.815–0.846), both of which were better than FRAX without BMD or BMD alone. Individual risk factors considered by FRAX made significant independent contributions to fracture prediction in one or more of the models. In conclusion, a Canadian FRAX tool calibrated on national hip fracture data generates fracture risk predictions that generally are consistent with observed fracture rates across a wide range of risk categories. © 2010 American Society for Bone and Mineral Research.
Cone beam computed tomographic measurement of maxillary central incisors to determine prevalence of facial alveolar bone width ≥2 mm.

BACKGROUND The initial thickness of maxillary bone has significant impact on the responding level of facial bone and soft tissue after extraction and immediate implant placement. A prevailing notion is that following implant placement in fresh extraction sites, at least 2 mm of facial bone is needed to prevent soft tissue recession, fenestration, and dehiscence. PURPOSE The purpose of this study was to use cone beam computed tomography (CBCT) to measure horizontal width of facial alveolar bone overlying healthy maxillary central incisors and to determine prevalence of bone thickness ≥2 mm. MATERIALS AND METHODS Tomographic data from 101 randomly selected patients were evaluated by two independent observers. Assessments were made of facial bone width at levels 1.0 to 10.0 mm apical to the bone crest. RESULTS Healthy maxillary central incisors (n= 202) were measured from 101 patient scans. The percent of teeth with facial bone ≥2 mm at levels 1, 2, 3, 4, and 5 mm from the bone crest was 0, 1.5, 2.0, 3.0, and 2.5%, respectively. Overall mean thickness of the bone was 1.05 mm for right and left central incisors combined. The range of individual measurements for all levels was 0 to 5.1 mm. The occurrence of ≥ 2 mm thickness bone measurements increased with increasing depth. However, mean widths observed at levels 6 to 10 mm from the crest ranged only 1.0 to 1.3 mm because of apparent fenestration occurrence (0 mm bone) in approximately 12% of teeth. Overall, no significant differences in bone thickness were found between ethnic, gender, age, or scan groups. CONCLUSIONS Using CBCT, occurrences of ≥2 mm maxillary facial alveolar bone were found on no more than 3% of root surfaces 1.0 to 5.0 mm apical to the bone crest in this sample of maxillary central incisors. The study evidenced prevalence of a thin facial alveolar bone (<2 mm) that may contribute to risk of facial bone fenestration, dehiscence, and soft tissue recession after immediate implant therapy.
Epidemiological and clinical characteristics and behaviours of individuals with newly diagnosed HIV infection: a multicentre study in north Italy.

INTRODUCTION We aimed to investigate socio-demographic, clinical and epidemiological characteristics and behaviours of subjects with new HIV diagnosis. METHODS We carried out a multi-centre cross-sectional study comprising 17 infectious diseases units in the Lombardy Region, North Italy. All subjects with a first positive test for HIV infection examined in 2008-09 were interviewed using a structured questionnaire. RESULTS 472 patients were enrolled (mean age 39.8 years, standard deviation [SD] 11.5), mostly males (78%), and born in Italy (77%). The most common routes of HIV transmission were heterosexual intercourse (49%) and sex among men who have sex with men (MSM) (40%). Never/sometimes use of a condom with occasional partners was associated with male gender, heterosexual transmission route, and with >10 sexual partners in their lifetime. 47% had previous HIV negative tests. Having had more than 2 previous HIV negative tests was associated with younger age, MSM transmission route, CD4+ lymphocyte count >350/microl and self-perception of risk. DISCUSSION This study shows that there is a large portion of the adult population, especially heterosexual men aged 45 years and over, who are at high risk of acquiring and transmitting HIV infection and undergoing the HIV diagnostic test late, due to risk behaviours combined with a low perception of being at risk. Compared to people infected by heterosexual contacts, MSM show a greater awareness of being at risk of infection, but this knowledge has a low impact in reducing at-risk behaviours.
Multiple sclerosis in childhood: clinical features of 149 cases

From the retrospective study of 3375 patients affected by clinically definite or probable multiple sclerosis (MS), 149 patients were collected with onset of the disease before the age of 16 years (4.4%). Female/male ratio was higher than that of the adult onset MS (AOMS) population (2.2 vs 1.6) particularly at ages of onset after 12 years (3.0, P=0.007 vs AOMS). Among initial symptoms, those suggesting brainstem dysfunction (25%) were more frequent compared to other systems and compared to AOMs symptoms; motor and sensory disturbances were slightly less frequent (respectively 17.5% and 18.3%). Optic neuritis appeared in 16.5% of cases with onset in childhood and in 16.2% of cases with AOMS, cerebellar disturbances respectively in 9.1 % and 7.7%. The first interattack interval and the clinical course of early onset MS did not differ significantly from AOMS. In early onset MS patients with disease duration < 8 years, cases with EDSS > 6 were slightly more frequent than in the AOMS group (P=0.04). The frequency of cases for different levels of disability was similar for disease duration > 8 years.