Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Superior Root Hair Formation Confers Root Efficiency in Some, But Not All, Rice Genotypes upon P Deficiency

Root hairs are a low-cost way to extend root surface area (RSA), water and nutrient acquisition. This study investigated to what extend variation exists for root hair formation in rice in dependence of genotype, phosphorus (P) supply, growth medium, and root type. In general, genotypic variation was found for three root hair properties: root hair length, density, and longevity. In low P nutrient solution more than twofold genotypic difference was detected for root hair length while only onefold variation was found in low P soil. These differences were mostly due to the ability of some genotypes to increase root hair length in response to P deficiency. In addition, we were able to show that a higher proportion of root hairs remain viable even in mature, field-grown plants under low P conditions. All investigated root hair parameters exhibited high correlations across root types which were always higher in the low P conditions compared to the high P controls. Therefore we hypothesize that a low P response leads to a systemic signal in the entire root system. The genotype DJ123 consistently had the longest root hairs under low P conditions and we estimated that, across the field-grown root system, root hairs increased the total RSA by 31% in this genotype. This would explain why DJ123 is considered to be very root efficient in P uptake and suggests that DJ123 should be utilized as a donor in breeding for enhanced P uptake. Surprisingly, another root and P efficient genotype seemed not to rely on root hair growth upon P deficiency and therefore must contain different methods of low P adaptation. Genotypic ranking of root hair properties did change substantially with growth condition highlighting the need to phenotype plants in soil-based conditions or at least to validate results obtained in solution-based growth conditions.
Designing a model for innovation indicators from a systems perspective

We report on an empirically derived model for innovation indicators that enables a better measure and promotion of innovation. The model has been derived through an internet-based Delphi assessment, involving up to 32 experts. The first two Delphi rounds (April 2004–March 2005) were held through the internet and the third round (May 2005) was organised as a workshop in a face-to-face meeting. As a result of the Delphi assessment, we could derive a model of the innovation system with very high consensus among the experts. This model will make it possible in a next step to define innovation indicators that will enable policymakers to analyse the innovation system and monitor its evolution. A comparison with the European Innovation Scoreboard indicators shows that more indicators than used nowadays will have to be defined to make the model operational.
The indoor NLOS identification on dempster-shafer evidence theory

Indoor localization system based on received signal strength (RSS) often operate under non-line-of-sight (NLOS) conditions that can cause ranging errors. To identify non-line-of-sight status and line-of-sight (LOS) status and improve the accuracy of indoor localization, a D-S evidence theory based NLOS identification algorithm was proposed. The algorithm is divided into two parts. In the first part, respectively extract a variety of RSS features in NLOS and LOS status and choose the appropriate filter for data processing; in the second part, RSS features fused by D-S evidence theory are used to identify NLOS and LOS status. In an actual test environment, the algorithm was applied to fingerprinting localization, then analyzed the advantages of fusing RSS features and the influence of RSS features selection on experimental results. Finally, compared with several commonly used NLOS and LOS identification algorithm, it shows the proposed algorithm can deal with the indoor localization environment with obstacles with a high localization accuracy and good stability.
Peace Time: Cease-Fire Agreements and the Durability of Peace

List of Figures and Maps ix List of Tables xi Acknowledgments xiii INTRODUCTION 1 CHAPTER ONE A Theory of Agreements and the Durability of Peace 10 CHAPTER TWO Investigating the Durability of Peace 39 CHAPTER THREE The Baseline Prospects for Peace 76 CHAPTER FOUR Agreements: Epiphenomenal or Functional? 114 CHAPTER FIVE Agreements and the Durability of Peace 151 CHAPTER SIX Peace Mechanisms: What Works and What Doesn't? 173 CONCLUSION 211 APPENDIX A Cease-Fires and the Resumption of War 217 APPENDIX B Cease-Fires Data Set 219 References 223 Index 235
Deep Infrared Imaging of the R Corona Australis Cloud Core

Preliminary analysis is presented for J, H, and K 0 images of the Corona Australis cloud core. Color-color and color-magnitude diagrams reveal relatively few new cluster members. We conclude that the R Cr A infrared cluster consists of only about 30 members and its size reeects the available reservoir of molecular gas.
Estimation of maximum power and instantaneous current using a genetic algorithm

We present a genetic-algorithm-based approach for estimating the maximum power dissipation and instantaneous current through supply lines for CMOS circuits. Our approach can handle large combinational and sequential circuits with arbitrary but known delays. To obtain accurate results we extract the timing and current information from transistor-level and general-delay gate-level simulation. Our experimental results show that the patterns generated by our approach produce on the average a lower bound on the maximum power which is 41% tighter than the one obtained by weighted random patterns for estimating the maximum power. Also, our lower bound for the maximum instantaneous current is 21% tighter as compared to the weighted random patterns.
Dynamics of Rotating Bose-Einstein Condensates and its Efficient and Accurate Numerical Computation

In this paper, we study the dynamics of rotating Bose-Einstein condensates (BEC) based on the Gross-Pitaevskii equation (GPE) with an angular momentum rotation term and present an efficient and accurate algorithm for numerical simulations. We examine the conservation of the angular momentum expectation and the condensate width and analyze the dynamics of a stationary state with a shift in its center. By formulating the equation in either the two-dimensional polar coordinate system or the three-dimensional cylindrical coordinate system, the angular momentum rotation term becomes a term with constant coefficients. This allows us to develop an efficient time-splitting method which is time reversible, unconditionally stable, efficient, and accurate for the problem. Moreover, it conserves the position density. We also apply the numerical method to study issues such as the stability of central vortex states and the quantized vortex lattice dynamics in rotating BEC.
Allocating divisible and indivisible resources according to conﬂicting claims: collectively rational solutions ∗

We consider the problem of allocating multiple divisible and indivisible resources according to conﬂicting claims on these resources. We prove that choosing allocations maximizing a separable social welfare function is a conse-quence of three basic principles: consistency, resource monotonicity, and the independence of irrelevant alternatives. ﬁrst
Testing for Asymmetric Dependence

We study how to measure and test for differences in dependence for small and large realizations of two variables of interest. We introduce a conditional version of Kendall's tau and provide formulas to evaluate it for any copula of interest. Two tests based on well known copulas are proposed to test the null hypothesis of symmetric dependence and these tests are shown to have higher power than competing tests proposed in the literature. Additionally, we suggest three examples of data generating processes that can lead to asymmetric dependence and study these both analytically and in a Monte Carlo framework. Finally, we illustrate the use of our tests on stock market returns and on quarterly U.S. GNP and unemployment data and we find evidence of asymmetries and nonlinearities.
The Sensitivity of Controlling Shareholders'Participation in Rights

We document significant positive relations between the level of bank market development across regions in China and controlling shareholders’participation in Chinese public companies’rights offerings, and evidence that the participation decision benefits minority shareholders. These results support the view that better bank market development has a firm-level corporate governance effect (Doidge et al. (2007)). To the extent corporate governance promotes firm-level economic effi ciency and constitutes a key condition supporting stock market development, these results suggest bank market development has a within-firm effect in promoting economic growth (Levine (2005)), and a complementary relation with stock market development (Allen and Gale (2000)). JEL classification: G30, G21, G28
An Ontology-Based Reasoning Approach for Document Annotation

Information management has become an important challenge, especially when most of their relevant and strategic documents are available on the Web only for human interpretation. Annotating documents rises as an interesting strategy to diminish the hard task of retrieving important documents from the Web. Annotations consist of associating metadata with text segments of a document, in order to facilitate its retrieval by search engines. Besides improving their performance, annotations enable an optimized indexation of documents. However, due to the huge amount of existing documents, the idea of generating document annotations is not a trivial task. This paper presents a proposal for automatically enriching documents with semantic annotations, where document terms are annotated according to a domain ontology. Currently there already exist some document annotation tools to automate this process. However, the main contribution of this work is focused on the ability of exploring the ontology inference capability and on the meta-annotation concept, which aim at providing users and automatic agents with a more powerful mechanism to retrieve information.
Interference-mitigation based antenna selection scheme in device-to-device communication underlaying cellular networks

This paper investigates an antenna selection scheme performing interference mitigation in device-to-device (D2D) communication underlaying cellular networks. Exact closed-form expression of the ergodic achievable rate is derived. Based on this result, the analysis in the high SNR regime at the base station (BS) and the scenario with very large antenna number are investigated, which indicate the saturation of the ergodic achievable rate when these parameters grow very large. Next, two approximations are then shown to be fairly tight, thus yielding much simpler expression of the ergodic achievable rate. Furthermore, we provide the performance analyses in the small cell and macro cell respectively and show that in the small cell, the high SNR approximation of the ergodic achievable rate varies proportionally with the transmit power ratio between the BS and the D2D transmitter. In the macro cell setting where the pathloss factor between the D2D terminals becomes much larger, we show that the ergodic achievable rate's improvement potentials by increasing the antenna number can be elevated with higher transmit power at the BS. Numerical results are then provided to verify the correctness of the expressions derived above. Some observations are made accordingly.
It's a family affair: the effect of union recognition and human resource management on the provision of equal opportunities in the UK

Equal opportunities policies and family-friendly practices are examined using data from the 1998 Workplace Employee Relations Survey in order to assess (i) their associations with union recognition and strategic human resource management and (ii) the outcomes of what has recently been described as ''tinkering around'' for women at work. We find that, controlling for various factors, equal opportunities policies and their monitoring, together with ''softer'' family-friendly policies are strongly associated with trade union recognition. On the other hand, we find that a number of both ''hard'' and ''soft'' Human Resource Management (HRM) policies are strongly associated with flexible working practices. Employees are least likely to have access to equal opportunities and family-friendly policies in workplaces which do not recognise a union or use HRM practices, and we present evidence to suggest that this is the worst option for the employer in terms of workplace performance, as well as for those with family responsibilities.
Control of Distributed Systems: Tutorial and Overview

Distributed systems consist of an interconnection of two or more subsystems. Control of such systems is structured by two or more controllers, each receiving an observation stream from a local subsystem and providing an input to the local subsystem. Coordinated distributed systems are defined for linear systems, for Gaussian systems, and for discrete-eventsystemsandanalgebraic-geometriccharacterization is provided. Coordination control of distributed systems requires a specific control synthesis procedure which is presented. Distributed control with communication between controllers is formulated and discussed.
A Theoretical Model of Design Creativity: Nonlinear Design Dynamics and Mental Stress-Creativity Relation

Creativity is an important topic in design research. Attempts have been made to develop methods and tools that can help designers become more creative. Yet how and why creativity occurs is still unknown to researchers. In this paper, we propose a theoretical model for creative design. This theoretical model builds on two postulates: 1 design reasoning follows a nonlinear dynamics, which may become chaotic; and 2 there is an inverse U shaped relationship between designer's mental stress and design creativity. In the first postulate, the nonlinear dynamics assumes the form of design governing equation and can be solved by Environment Based Design EBD. The first postulate implies that design reasoning is sensitive to initial conditions, which are defined by the combination of design problem, design solutions, design knowledge, and other design related information. Since the major components in initial conditions may evolve simultaneously and are subject to continuous change during the design process, the design process is highly unpredictable. Some of the unpredictable solutions, which could be of high quality and useful, can be deemed creative. From this first postulate, three paths to creative design are derived, which specify how the initial conditions can be changed. The second postulate states that design creativity occurs when a designer is under a medium mental stress. Mental stresses are positively related to the workload associated with a design problem and negatively related to the designer's mental capacity. The workload is related to the complexity of the design problem and the amount of work in the design process whereas the mental capacity is related to the knowledge and skills required by the design process and to the designer's affect when dealing with the stresses arising from uncertainties and unpredictability of the design dynamics. To show how this theoretical model can be used to study design phenomena, an interpretation of the roles of sketching in design is presented.
The Impact Of Penny Stocks On The Pricing Of Companies Listed On The Warsaw Stock Exchange In Light Of The CAPM

Abstract Oryginality and objective – Research on the pricing of stocks listed on developed markets shows inexplicable deviation from the pricing that could be observed with CAPM validity. A similar anomaly is found on the Polish market. Reasons for inconsistent pricing with CAPM are unknown, and they are the main objective of this research. Method – The study is conducted using stocks listed on the Warsaw Stock Exchange in 1995–2012. Quintile stock portfolios are formed on the basis of strategies widely used by investors. The study is carried out in several modes. In the subsequent modes penny stocks with the market values below 0.5, 1.5, 5.0 and 15.0 PLN are eliminated. Results – It is conjectured that both penny stocks and improper procedures for the test portfolios forming contribute to inconsistent stock pricing in light of the CAPM. The studies show that results are in line with the extended conjectures. Also, study results indicate that speculative stocks are mostly penny stocks, however, it is not possible to explicitly state that penny stock are speculative.
Adversarial Evolution: Phase transition in non-uniform hard satisfiability problems

What makes a combinatorial optimization problem hard? The concept of phase transition was introduced in combinatorial decision problems to explain that not all NP-Complete problems are hard, and that there exists a phase transition from solvable to unsolvable problems, within which hard problems exist. Phase transition has been studied using randomly generated problems in which variables have uniform distributions across the different constraints. Real-world problems demonstrate different distributions, however. This paper reveals the relationship between the difficulty of a 3-SAT problem and graph properties. It establishes for the first time a link between the theory of phase-transition in 3-SAT and phase transitions in complex systems and networks. This paper also addresses the question of whether the phase transition phenomenon exists for non-uniform randomly generated problems. A positive answer to this question means in principle that (1) we can generate test problems for combinatorial optimization that are not uniform; (2) we can generate test problems that resemble hard versions of real-world problems; (3) we can identify the features that we need to look for in a problem to test whether or not it is hard. We use a method that we call Adversarial Evolution (AE). In AE, an evolutionary computation method is used to generate hard problem instances by evolving solutions towards the failure of an algorithm and the phase transition region.
Heterogeneity of the Population of Command Neurons in the Lamprey

The effects of signals transmitted from the brain to the spinal locomotor networks by a population of command neurons are determined by specific functional projections of each individual neuron. To reveal these projections, we used a simple vertebrate model, the lamprey, in which responses of the spinal networks to spikes in single reticulospinal axons were detected by using the spike-triggered averaging of the motoneuronal activity. We found that individual neurons exert a uniform effect on the segmental motor output along the whole extent of their axons. Twenty different patterns of effect, that is, combinations of influences on the segmental motoneuron pools, were found. The widespread projections and heterogeneity of the population of command neurons present a basis for formation of different gross motor synergies.
Lorentz-Invariant Non-Commutative Space-Time Based on DFR Algebra

It is argued that the familiar algebra of non-commutative space-time with c-number θ µν is inconsistent from a theoretical point of view. Consistent algebras are obtained by promoting θ µν to an anti-symmetric tensor operator ˆ µν . The simplest among them is the Doplicher-Fredenhagen-Roberts (DFR) algebra, in which the triple commutator among the coordinate operators is assumed to vanish. This allows us to define the Lorentz-covariant operator fields on the DFR algebra as operators diagonal in the 6-dimensional θ-space of the hermitian operators, ˆ θ µν . It is shown that we then recover the Carlson-Carone-Zobin (CCZ) formulation of the Lorentz-invariant non-commutative gauge theory with no need for the compactification of the extra 6 dimensions. It is also pointed out that a general argument concerning the normalizability of the weight function in the Lorentz metric leads to the division of the θ-space into two disjoint spaces not connected by any Lorentz transformation, so that the CCZ covariant moment formula holds in each space separately. A non-commutative generalization of Connes’ two-sheeted Minkowski space-time is also proposed. Two simple models of quantum field theory are reformulated on M4 × Z2 obtained in the commutative limit.
A new approach to build a geographical taxonomy of adjacency automatically using the latent semantic indexing method

In this paper, we introduce an approach for constructing a geographical taxonomy of adjacency for a country, to be used in reformulating spatial queries. The proposed approach uses the best-ranked documents retrieved by the search engine while submitting the spatial entity composed of a spatial relationship and a noun of a city A. Then, apply to it the Latent Semantic Indexing method to found the nearest cities Bi to A, and proceed to a step of validation of each link by verifying if A is also found in the results of the cities Bi. In our experiments, we constructed a geographical taxonomy of adjacency for Morocco. We varied the spatial relationship used in the step of documents retrieving to compare the results of the different spatial relationships, and we used google web services as a search engine to compare the results returned in every case. Then we used the constructed taxonomy in geographical query reformulation. We have used the Un-interpolated Average Precision (UAP) to compare the returned documents before and after reformulation. According to our results, we note that reformulating geographical queries based on our built taxonomy improves widely the precision of the queries.
Approximate and probabilistic algorithms for shading and rendering structured particle systems

Detail enhances the visual richness and realism of computer-generated images. Our stochastic modelling approach, called particle systems, builds complex pictures from sets of simple, volume-filling primitives. For example, structured particle systems have been used to generate trees and a grass-covered forest floor. Particle systems can produce so much irregular, three-dimensional detail that exact shading and visible surface calculations become infeasible. We describe approximate and probabilistic algorithms for shading and the visible surface problem. Because particle systems algorithms generate richly-detailed images, it is hard to detect any deviation from an exact rendering. Recent work in stochastic modelling also enables us to model complex motions with random variation, such as a field of grass blowing in the breeze. We analyze the performance of our current algorithms to understand the costs of our stochastic modelling approach.