Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
VULNERABILITY AND PRISON SUICIDE

This article summarizes some of the main results from two long-term research projects carried out between 1987 and 1992 on suicide and suicide attempts in prison. Its focus is on those results relating to prisoners. Limitations inherent in the use of statistical data on prison suicide and suicide attempts are demonstrated. The use of long semi-structured interviews, supplemented by observational methods, participation, statistical data, and informal discussions with staff and prisoners is a more appropriate approach to this type of research. The two studies showed that important differences could be found between suicide attempters and other prisoners. Those differences relating to criminal justice histories and background characteristics were differences of degree-suicide attempters had suffered more severe disadvantage, violence, and family problems in their histories and they had had more frequent contact with social services and criminal justice agencies. The more important differences were found in their descriptions of life in prison, which was seen as more difficult for the suicide attempters in almost everyrespect. The article concludes by elaborating on the concept of poor coping in prison and by showing how distinct types of prison suicide can be identified for whom the significance of the immediate environment may differ. Finally, links are drawn between prison suicide and other related literature on prison life.
Investigating selective attention after mild to moderate traumatic brain injury using perceptual load theory

This study used Lavie's (1995, 2010) perceptual load theory to investigate selective attention deficits after mild to moderate Traumatic Brain Injury (TBI). This theory predicts that when the load involved in a task does not exceed perceptual resources (low load), there is spare capacity for irrelevant distractors to be processed. This leads to distractor interference, with incompatible distractors causing maximal interference compared to neutral and compatible distractors. When perceptual resources are exceeded (high load) differential distractor interference effects are reduced or eliminated. Twelve mild to moderate TBI patients and 12 neurologically intact controls completed two computer-based tasks which manipulated perceptual load, as well as neuropsychological tests of attention. In computer task A target letters flanked by coloured shapes were presented with distractors that were incompatible, neutral or compatible with the target. Computer task B was similar but involved more ecologically relevant targets in the form of line drawings of cups and glasses. Participants were instructed to respond to targets when they appeared with coloured shapes (single feature; low load) or specific shapes of specific colours (conjunction of features; high load) thus manipulating perceptual load by verbal instruction alone. Patterns of responses were consistent with hypotheses; however, no statistically significant differences were found between distractor types under low load in either computer task. Whereas there were no significant differences between groups on RT measures, TBI patients made significantly more errors on the computer tasks and showed poorer performances on neuropsychological tests of selective attention than did controls. Small sample sizes and possible confounding effects of cognitive load may have contributed to the lack of statistically significant results. Future research with mild/moderate TBI patients may benefit from varying display set size to manipulate load instead of the verbal instructions used in the current study.
Physical Risk Factors for a Medial Elbow Injury in Junior Baseball Players: A Prospective Cohort Study of 353 Players

Background: The physical risk factors for a medial elbow injury in junior baseball players are unknown. Purpose: To identify the risk factors for an initial medial elbow injury in junior baseball players. Study Design: Case-control study; Level of evidence, 3. Methods: Junior baseball players (aged 6-12 years) without a history of elbow pain underwent a clinical assessment, ultrasonography, and physical function measurements before the baseball season started. Bilateral passive range of motion (ROM) of elbow extension and flexion, external rotation (ER) and internal rotation (IR) of the shoulder, and ER and IR of the hip were measured. IR and ER strength of the shoulder and scapular muscles were measured on both sides. The thoracic kyphosis angle was measured with participants in a relaxed standing position. Before these examinations, every participant completed a questionnaire regarding his or her age, sex, total years of baseball played, position in baseball, number of balls thrown, and episodes of pain during throwing. After the initial test session, each participant was followed up for 12 months to assess for the occurrence of a new injury. Multiple regression analysis was used to identify the risk factors for a medial elbow injury. Results: Seventy-eight players (22.1%) sustained a medial elbow injury. Age ≥9 years (odds ratio [OR], 2.708; 95% CI, 1.224-5.990), pitcher position (OR, 2.620; 95% CI, 1.389-4.941), >100 throws per day (OR, 1.936; 95% CI, 1.072-3.497), thoracic kyphosis angle ≥30° (OR, 2.501; 95% CI, 1.381-4.531), and elbow extension deficit ≥5° (OR, 1.973; 95% CI, 1.022-3.809) were significantly associated with a medial elbow injury. Conclusion: The incidence of an initial medial elbow injury was 22.1%. Age, number of throws per day, thoracic kyphosis angle, and elbow extension deficit are newly discovered risk factors related to physical function. Improvement of the posture and early detection of a silent elbow extension deficit may prevent a medial elbow injury.
GENETIC HETEROGENEITY INCREASES VIABILITY IN COMPETING GROUPS OF DROSOPHILA HYDEI

The relationship between the genetic homogeneity and the global fitness of populations deserves increased attention, as it has been suggested that genetically variable groups of individuals could have more fitness or production than less variable ones (Bell 1985). The advantage of heterogeneous groups would be of interest in agronomy, because production could be increased by using mixtures instead of monocultures (Trenbath 1974). Heterogeneity could be a force in the evolution of sexual reproduction, because sexual parents could advantageously produce heterogeneous offspring (MaynardSmith 1978; Bulmer 1980; Barton and Post 1986). Moreover, this advantage should be taken into account when discussing the maintenance of genetic variability in natural populations. Mixtures could be stable if the fitness of a genotype is frequency dependent such that fitness would be greater in a mixture than in an homogeneous group (Lewontin 1974; Bell 1991). The advantages of heterogeneous groups could come from different sources. If the environment is heterogeneous, mixtures should be able to exploit it more effectively than homogeneous groups (Bell 1985). If the environment changes randomly, mixtures should have a higher probability of producing a genotype that is well adapted to it (Williams 1975). Even in a uniform environment, heterogeneous groups could have higher fitness, because less similar genotypes should have less similar ecological needs, thus reducing competition through resource partitioning or reduced interference (Young 1981). In addition, mixtures may be more resistant to pathogens (Wolfe and Barrett 1980; Wolfe 1985).
An interference-cancellation scheme for carrier frequency offsets correction in OFDMA systems

Recently, orthogonal frequency-division multiplexing (OFDM), with clusters of subcarriers allocated to different subscribers (often referred to as OFDMA), has gained much attention for its ability in enabling multiple-access wireless multimedia communications. In such systems, carrier frequency offsets (CFOs) can destroy the orthogonality among subcarriers. As a result, multiuser interference (MUI) along with significant performance degradation can be induced. In this paper, we present a scheme to compensate for the CFOs at the base station of an OFDMA system. In the proposed scheme, circular convolutions are employed to generate the interference after the discrete Fourier transform processing, which is then removed from the original received signal to increase the signal-to-interference power ratio (SIR). Both SIR analysis and simulation results will show that the proposed scheme can significantly improve system performance.
Depth-of-Focus Determination for Talbot Lithography of Large-Scale Free-Standing Periodic Features

The depth-of-focus (DOF) is an important factor to influence the pattern quality but seldom treated in conventional contact or proximity lithography. One explicit formula for DOF prediction is analytically derived in the context of photolithography of periodic features (i.e., the Talbot lithography), in which wavefront aberrations contributed by all diffraction orders are considered. Besides the numerical elucidations, a direct photolithographic process is also customized for experimental demonstration. With strict DOF estimation based on the governing equation for thickness control of the resist coating, large-scale freestanding features of micromeshes with well-controlled perforation and steepness are fabricated.
Cues trained apart compete for behavioral control in rats: convergence with the associative interference literature.

Contemporary theories of associative learning require cues be trained in compound for cue competition (interference) to occur. That is, Cues A and X should compete for behavioral control only if training consists of AX-outcome (O) trials and not if each cue is separately paired with O (i.e., X-O and A-O). Research with humans challenges this view by showing that A-O trials interpolated between training and testing of a X-O association impair responding to X (i.e., retroactive interference). In six conditioned suppression studies with rats, the authors demonstrate that two cues trained apart can each interfere with the potential of the other to predict the outcome. The authors conclude that this type of interference (a) reflects a failure to retrieve the target association due to priming at test of the interfering association and (b) is attenuated if the outcome is of high biological significance. These findings parallel previous reports in verbal learning research and suggest that a similar associative structure underlies some types of associations in nonverbal subjects.
Interactive multiview video system with non-complex navigation at the decoder

Multiview video with interactive and smooth view switching at the receiver is a challenging application with several issues in terms of effective use of storage and bandwidth resources, reactivity of the system, quality of the viewing experience and system complexity. The classical decoding system for generating virtual views first projects a reference or encoded frame to a given viewpoint and then fills in the holes due to potential occlusions. This last step still constitutes a complex operation with specific software or hardware at the receiver and requires a certain quantity of information from the neighboring frames for insuring consistency between the virtual images. In this work we propose a new approach that shifts most of the burden due to interactivity from the decoder to the encoder, by anticipating the navigation of the decoder and sending auxiliary information that guarantees temporal and interview consistency. This leads to an additional cost in terms of transmission rate and storage, which we minimize by using optimization techniques based on the user behavior modeling. We show by experiments that the proposed system represents a valid solution for interactive multiview systems with classical decoders.
Histone acetyltransferase activity and interaction with ADA2 are critical for GCN5 function in vivo

Yeast GCN5 is one component of a putative adaptor complex that includes ADA2 and ADA3 and functionally connects DNA‐bound transcriptional activators with general transcription factors. GCN5 possesses histone acetyltransferase (HAT) activity, conceptually linking transcriptional activation with enzymatic modification at chromatin. We have identified the minimal catalytic domain within GCN5 necessary to confer HAT activity and have shown that in vivo activity of GCN5 requires this domain. However, complementation of growth and transcriptional activation in gcn5− cells required not only the HAT domain of GCN5, but also interaction with ADA2. The bromodomain in GCN5 was dispensable for HAT activity and for transcriptional activation by strong activators; however, it was required for full complementation in other assays. Fusion of GCN5 to the bacterial lexA DNA binding domain activated transcription in vivo, and required both the HAT domain and the ADA2 interaction domain. These results suggest that both functions of GCN5, HAT activity and interaction with ADA2, are necessary for targeting and acetylation of nucleosomal histones.
The Xerox Star: a retrospective

A description is given of the Xerox 8010 Star information system, which was designed as an office automation system. The idea was that professionals in a business or organization would have workstations on their desks and would use them to produce, retrieve, distribute, and organize documentation, presentations, memos, and reports. All of the workstations in an organization would be connected via Ethernet and would share access to file servers, printers, etc. The distinctive features of Star are identified, and changes to the original design are examined. A history of Star development is included. Some lessons learned from designing Star are related. <<ETX>>
Dietary intakes and health-related behaviours of Korean American women born in the USA and Korea: The Multiethnic Cohort Study

Abstract Objective This study assessed and compared heath-related behaviours and nutrient and food group intakes between US-born and Korea-born Korean American women. Design and subjects Cross-sectional analyses were performed for ethnic Koreans who participated in the Multiethnic Cohort Study in Hawaii and Los Angeles in 1993–1996. The sample included 492 Korean American women aged 45–75 years who were born in the USA (n = 274) or Korea (n = 218). Participants were recruited using driver's license files as a primary sampling source and completed a self-administered questionnaire, including a quantitative food frequency section. Results The proportion overweight or obese was 31.4% in US-born and 9.4% in Korea-born women. US-born women had higher intakes of total fat and fat as a percentage of energy, and lower intakes of sodium, vitamin C, β-carotene and carbohydrate as a percentage of energy, than Korea-born women. Comparing intakes of food group servings from the Food Guide Pyramid, US-born women reported more whole grains, red meat and nuts, and less soy products, than did Korea-born women. US-born women also consumed fewer vegetables and fruit than those born in Korea. Few women in either group reported intakes that met the recommendations for dairy foods. Intake of discretionary fat from the Pyramid tip was higher in US-born than in Korea-born women. Conclusions These findings indicate that the acculturation of Korean immigrants affects dietary intakes in ways that may alter risks of several chronic diseases. Further studies will be necessary to examine the effects of dietary acculturation on disease patterns.
Placement and Routing of Boolean Functions in constrained FPGAs using a Distributed Genetic Algorithm and Local Search.

In this work we present a system for implementing the placement and routing stages in the FPGA cycle of design, into the physical design stage. We start with the ISCAS benchmarks, on EDIF format, of Boolean functions to be implemented. They are processed by a parser in order to obtain an internal representation which is able to be processed by a Genetic Algorithm (GA) tool. This tool develops the Placement and Routing tasks, considering possible restricted area into the FPGA. In order to help to the GA to make the Routing stage we have added a local search procedure. That local search gets a path between two points without considering neither their placement nor the restricted areas among them. The GA is fully customizable, featuring the ability to work with one or several islands. The experiments have verified that using distributing execution improves the costs and speeds up the convergence towards better results in smaller slots of time.
0 A pr 2 00 0 A universality class in Markovian persistence

We consider the class of Markovian processes defined by the equation dx/dt = −βx + k z k δ(t − t k). Such processes are encountered in systems (like coalescing systems) where dynamics creates discrete upward jumps at random instants t k and of random height z k. We observe that the probability for these processes to remain above their mean value during an interval of time T decays as e −θT defining θ as the persistence exponent. We show that θ takes the value β which thereby extends the well known result of the Gaussian noise case to a much larger class of non-Gaussian processes.
Technological Spaces: An Initial Appraisal

In this paper, we propose a high level view of technological spaces (TS) and relations among these spaces. A technological space is a working context with a set of associated concepts, body of knowledge, tools, required skills, and possibilities. It is often associated to a given user community with shared know-how, educational support, common literature and even workshop and conference regular meetings. Although it is difficult to give a precise definition, some TSs can be easily identified, e.g. the XML TS, the DBMS TS, the abstract syntax TS, the meta-model (OMG/MDA) TS, etc. The purpose of our work is not to define an abstract theory of technological spaces, but to figure out how to work more efficiently by using the best possibilities of each technology. To do so, we need a basic understanding of the similarities and differences between various TSs, and also of the possible operational bridges that will allow transferring the results obtained in one TS to other TS. We hope that the presented industrial vision may help us putting forward the idea that there could be more cooperation than competition among alternative technologies. Furthermore, as the spectrum of such available technologies is rapidly broadening, the necessity to offer clear guidelines when choosing practical solutions to engineering problems is becoming a must, not only for teachers but for project leaders as well.
Dimensions of Affect as Predictors of Free Classification of Affective Words

20 subjects were provided with a set of 50 affective words and instructed to group or classify these in any way they wished. A highly successful prediction of subjects' classifications, achieved via discriminant analyses, was based on the affective dimensions of Pleasure and Arousal and on 9 additional semantic ratings available for each word. The unstructured nature of the task is interpreted as lending extremely strong support to the validity of the dimensions and ratings.
Comparative evaluation of serum markers in pulmonary sarcoidosis.

BACKGROUND Although several serum markers have shown their ability to reflect lymphocytic alveolitis and disease progression in pulmonary sarcoidosis, to our knowledge no prior study has made comparative evaluations of these markers. METHODS Forty-three patients with pulmonary sarcoidosis were enrolled. BAL fluid (BALF) cells were analyzed, and serum levels of serum amyloid A (SAA), soluble interleukin 2 receptor (sIL-2R), lysozyme, angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE), and the mucin-like, high-molecular-weight glycoprotein KL-6 were measured at disease presentation. Clinical data, including chest radiographs, were collected at presentation and during follow-ups. Univariate and multivariate analyses were used to identify markers best predictive of increased parenchymal infiltration. RESULTS Significantly higher serum levels of sIL-2R, lysozyme, and KL-6 were found in patients with parenchymal infiltration compared with those without parenchymal infiltration. The numbers of total cells and lymphocytes in BALF were significantly higher in patients with parenchymal infiltration. Serum levels of sIL-2R, lysozyme, and KL-6 were significantly correlated with the numbers of total cells, lymphocytes, and CD4(+) T lymphocytes in BALF. At the cutoff levels determined by receiver operating characteristic curves, sIL-2R, lysozyme, KL-6 serum levels, and the number of BAL lymphocytes showed significant correlations with increased parenchymal infiltrations by univariate analysis. However, multivariate analysis revealed that only KL-6 was a predictor of increased parenchymal infiltration. CONCLUSION Our results suggest that initial serum sIL-2R, lysozyme, and KL-6 levels may reflect lymphocytic alveolitis in pulmonary sarcoidosis. Furthermore, initial serum KL-6 tends to associate with increased parenchymal infiltration in pulmonary sarcoidosis.
Nitric Oxide Depresses GABAA Receptor Function via Coactivation of cGMP-Dependent Kinase and Phosphodiesterase

Nitric oxide (NO) is thought to play an essential role in neuronal processing, but the downstream mechanisms of its action remain unclear. We report here that NO analogs reduce GABA-gated currents in cultured retinal amacrine cells via two distinct, but convergent, cGMP-dependent pathways. Either extracellular application of the NO-mimeticS-nitroso-N-acetyl-penicillamine (SNAP) or intracellular perfusion with cGMP depressed GABA currents. This depression was partially blocked by a pseudosubstrate peptide inhibitor of cGMP-dependent protein kinase (PKG), suggesting both PKG-dependent and independent actions of cGMP. cAMP-dependent protein kinase (PKA) is known to enhance retinal GABA responses. 8-Bromoinosine 3′,5′-cyclic monophosphate (8Br-cIMP), which activates a type of cGMP-stimulated phosphodiesterase that hydrolyzes cAMP, also significantly reduced GABA currents. 1-Methyl-3-isobutylxanthine (IBMX), a nonspecific phosphodiesterase (PDE) inhibitor, blocked both the action of 8Br-cIMP and the portion of SNAP-induced depression that was not blocked by PKG inhibition. Our results suggest that NO depresses retinal GABAA receptor function by simultaneously upregulating PKG and downregulating PKA.