Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
The Influence of Cognitive Load on Transfer With Error Prevention Training Methods

Objective: The objective was to conduct research synthesis for the U.S. Army on the effectiveness of two error prevention training strategies (training wheels and scaffolding) on the transfer of training. Background: Motivated as part of an ongoing program of research on training effectiveness, the current work presents some of the program’s research into the effects on transfer of error prevention strategies during training from a cognitive load perspective. Based on cognitive load theory, two training strategies were hypothesized to reduce intrinsic load by supporting learners early in acquisition during schema development. Method: A transfer ratio and Hedges’ g were used in the two meta-analyses conducted on transfer studies employing the two training strategies. Moderators relevant to cognitive load theory and specific to the implemented strategies were examined. The transfer ratio was the ratio of treatment transfer performance to control transfer. Hedges’ g was used in comparing treatment and control group standardized mean differences. Both effect sizes were analyzed with versions of sample weighted fixed effect models. Results: Analysis of the training wheels strategy suggests a transfer benefit. The observed benefit was strongest when the training wheels were a worked example coupled with a principle-based prompt. Analysis of the scaffolding data also suggests a transfer benefit for the strategy. Conclusion: Both training wheels and scaffolding demonstrated positive transfer as training strategies. As error prevention techniques, both support the intrinsic load–reducing implications of cognitive load theory. Application: The findings are applicable to the development of instructional design guidelines in professional skill-based organizations such as the military.
Lysis and Lysogenization of Groups A, C, and G Streptococci by a Transducing Bacteriophage Induced from a Group G Streptococcus

A temperate bacteriophage, designated GT-234, was isolated from a group G Streptococcus after ultraviolet irradiation. After several single-plaque passages in a group G indicator strain, this phage formed plaques in 3 of 14 group A strains, in 3 of 15 group C strains, and in 4 of 13 group G strains—but not in some representatives of several other serogroups. After propagation in each of the sensitive strains, the progeny from each was shown to be the same phage by (i) adsorption and plaque formation in each of the other groups, (ii) lysogenization in each of the other groups, (iii) high titers on infection of each serogroup, regardless of the group of propagating strain, and (iv) neutralization of infection in each of the other groups by antiserum against the phage propagated in group G. Phage GT-234 is serologically related to virulent group A phage A25, from which it is morphologically indistinguishable. Like A25, it is a transducing phage. Other studies showed that A25, as well as a group A temperate transducing phage (AT-298), could also infect strains of group C and G. These results indicate a need for reassessment of group specificity and phage receptors among streptococci of groups A, C, and G and raise possibilities for intergroup transduction.
Gender, power and social change: youth suicide among Fiji Indians and Western Samoans

L'A. examine le suicide des jeunes aux Samoa occidentales et dans la population indienne des iles Fidji et s'interroge plus particulierement sur les taux de suicide eleves chez les femmes. Il met l'accent sur les taux relatifs de suicide, et tente de correler l'âge avec les categories de sexes, les rapports de pouvoir et les methodes mises en oeuvre dans les tentatives de suicide, dans un contexte de changement social generalise.
A cutting plane algorithm for multiclass kernel discriminations

The problem of multiclass discrimination consists in classifying patterns into a set of finite classes. Usually, a multiclass problem is decomposed into multiple binary ones and the results of the binary problems are integrated for multiclass discrimination. These discriminators, however, could result in multi-classified and/or unclassified points. Therefore, we need some tie breaking mechanisms to handle the conflict. There exist several approaches which generate all discrimi- nators in one optimization problem. In this paper, we consider the formulation introduced by Crammer and Singer (3). They introduce a quadratic programming problem with a very large number of variables which is hard to optimize. Using a cutting plane procedure, we propose a new algorithm which solves the problem in a finite number of iterations. The results of experiments on five datasets show that the proposed method achieves higher classification performance than the traditional methods by using binary algorithms.
Segmentation of head MR images using hybrid neural networks of unsupervised learning

This paper presents an unsupervised segmentation method using hybridized Self-Organizing Maps (SOMs) and Fuzzy Adaptive Resonance Theory (ART) based only on the brightness distribution and characteristics of head MR images. We specifically examine the features of mapping while maintaining topological relations of weights with SOMs and while integrating a suitable number of categories with Fuzzy ART. Our method can extract intracranial regions using Level Set Methods (LSMs) of deformable models from head MR images. For the extracted intracranial regions, our method segments brain tissues with high granularity using SOMs. Subsequently, these regions are integrated with Fuzzy ART while maintaining relations of anatomical structures of brain tissues and the order of brightness on T2-weighted images. We applied our method to head MR images that are used at clinical sites. We obtained effective and objective segmentation results according to the anatomical structural information of the brain for supporting diagnosis of brain atrophy. Moreover, we applied our method to a head MR image database including data of 30 men and women in their 30s–70s. Results revealed a significant correlation between aging and expanding of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF).
Texture and Morphology of Milk Foams Produced by Steam Injection

Foamed milk products are increasingly being consumed all over the world. The quality of such products is largely determined by the physico-chemical characteristics and process conditions, which profoundly influence the mouth-feel of the foams involved; further these characteristics change significantly during the time period over which the products are consumed [1]. The reason why the foam quality evolves with time lies in its inherently unstable nature. In addition, the environment in which the foam is placed during consumption is not controlled and the temperature varies with time. Studying the transient changes in foam properties, especially the texture and rheology, will help to understand this phenomenon and the possible relationships between the variables involved in the process. This paper aims to assess the formation and stability of milk foams prepared by steam injection (e.g. used in products such as cappuccino). In particular, this paper will focus on the macroscopic texture and bulk rheology of the foam, and their relationship with the bubble size distribution and stability.
Organizations Weaving Color Lines: Race, Ethnicity, and the Work of Leadership in Social Change

For social change organizations working to address intractable social problems throughout the US tackling race may not only be unavoidable, it may also represent a way to fully engage stakeholders in social change work. We argue that illuminating the relationship between race and leadership can advance our understanding of how social change leadership happens in practice. We build upon scholarship that emphasizes the ways in which seemingly essentialist, intractable racial categories are actually mutable, and the simultaneous emergence of academic research calling attention to the constructed and collective dimensions of leadership. Using a constructionist lens to analyze narratives from 22 social change organizations and building six of these as in-depth cases, we document three distinct means of understanding race, explore how they help to do the work of leadership, and suggest ways in which they seem to move their work forward.
Retinal Oxidative Stress Induced by Intraocular Hypertension in Rats May be Ameliorated by Brimonidine Treatment and N-acetyl Cysteine Supplementation

PurposeTo investigate the effect of brimonidine and N-acetyl cysteine (NAC) on retinal oxidative status under ocular hypertension. Materials and MethodsOcular hypertension is produced in right eyes of 60 rats through intraocular injection of sodium hyaluronate. The left eyes received intracameral saline as sham. Twenty right eyes (brimonidine group) received topical brimonidine twice a day for a week. Other 20 eyes received intraperitoneal NAC (NAC group) once a day. Another group of 20 eyes were followed without any drugs but only intracameral sodium hyaluronate (sodium hyaluronate group) into right eyes. ResultsIntraocular injection of sodium hyaluronate increased intraocular pressure for a week and caused retinal peroxidation and decreased glutathione peroxidase and catalase levels. Brimonidine and NAC treatment reversed the retinal oxidative stress created by high intraocular pressure. ConclusionsBrimonidine and NAC supplementation provide antioxidative properties to retina and decrease retinal damage induced by ocular hypertension.
Decision-Feedback Differential Detection in Impulse-Radio Ultra-Wideband Systems

In this paper we present decision-feedback differential detection (DF-DD) schemes for autocorrelation-based detection in impulse-radio ultra-wideband (IR-UWB) systems, a signaling scheme regarded as a promising candidate in particular for low-complexity wireless sensor networks. To this end, we first discuss ideal noncoherent sequence estimation and approximations thereof based on block-wise multiple-symbol differential detection (MSDD) and the Viterbi algorithm (VA) from the perspective of tree-search/trellis decoding. Exploiting relations well-known from tree-search decoding, we are able to derive the novel decision-feedback differential detection (DF-DD) schemes. A comprehensive comparison with respect to performance and complexity of the presented schemes in a typical IR-UWB scenario reveals-along with novel insights in techniques for complexity reduction of the sphere decoder applied for MSDD- that sorted DF-DD achieves close-to-optimum performance at very low, and in particular constant receiver complexity.
Analysis of a Gene Encoding Rpn10 of the Fission Yeast Proteasome Reveals That the Polyubiquitin-binding Site of This Subunit Is Essential When Rpn12/Mts3 Activity Is Compromised*

Substrates are targeted for proteolysis by the ubiquitin pathway by the addition of a polyubiquitin chain before being degraded by the 26 S proteasome. Previously, a subunit of the proteasome, S5a, was identified that was able to bind to polyubiquitinin vitro and thus proposed to act as a substrate recognition component. Deletion of the correspondingSaccharomyces cerevisiae gene, MCB1/RPN10, rendered cells viable indicating that other proteasomal polyubiquitin receptors must exist. In this study, we describepus1 + , the fission yeast homologue of RPN10. This gene is also not required for cell viability; however, the Δpus1 mutant is synthetically lethal with mutations in other proteasomal component-encoding genes, namely mts3, pad1, and mts4 (RPN12,RPN11, and RPN1). Overexpression ofpus1 + is able to rescue mts3–1 at 32 °C but overexpression of a cDNA encoding a version of Pus1 that does not bind to polyubiquitin cannot and leads to greatly reduced viability when used to rescue the mts3–1Δpus1 double mutant. The Mts3 protein was unable to bind to polyubiquitin in vitro, but the Pus1 and Mts3 proteins were found to bind to one another in vitro, which taken together with the genetic data suggests that they are also closely associated in vivo.
Sketching and Embedding are Equivalent for Norms

An outstanding open question (http://sublinear.info, Question #5) asks to characterize metric spaces in which distances can be estimated using efficient sketches. Specifically, we say that a sketching algorithm is efficient if it achieves constant approximation using constant sketch size. A well-known result of Indyk (J. ACM, 2006) implies that a metric that admits a constant-distortion embedding into lp for p∈(0,2] also admits an efficient sketching scheme. But is the converse true, i.e., is embedding into lp the only way to achieve efficient sketching? We address these questions for the important special case of normed spaces, by providing an almost complete characterization of sketching in terms of embeddings. In particular, we prove that a finite-dimensional normed space allows efficient sketches if and only if it embeds (linearly) into l1-ε with constant distortion. We further prove that for norms that are closed under sum-product, efficient sketching is equivalent to embedding into l1 with constant distortion. Examples of such norms include the Earth Mover's Distance (specifically its norm variant, called Kantorovich-Rubinstein norm), and the trace norm (a.k.a. Schatten 1-norm or the nuclear norm). Using known non-embeddability theorems for these norms by Naor and Schechtman (SICOMP, 2007) and by Pisier (Compositio. Math., 1978), we then conclude that these spaces do not admit efficient sketches either, making progress towards answering another open question (http://sublinear.info, Question #7). Finally, we observe that resolving whether "sketching is equivalent to embedding into l1 for general norms" (i.e., without the above restriction) is equivalent to resolving a well-known open problem in Functional Analysis posed by Kwapien in 1969.
Through-the-Lens Multi-camera Synchronisation and Frame-Drop Detection for 3D Reconstruction

Synchronisation is an essential requirement for multiview 3D reconstruction of dynamic scenes. However, the use of HD cameras and large set-ups put a considerable stress on hardware and cause frame drops, which is usually detected by manually verifying very large amounts of data. This paper improves [9], and extends it with frame-drop detection capability. In order to spot frame-drop events, the algorithm fits a broken line to the frame index correspondences for each camera pair, and then fuses the pair wise drop hypotheses into a consistent, absolute frame-drop estimate. The success and the practical utility of the the improved pipeline is demonstrated through a number of experiments, including 3D reconstruction and free-viewpoint video rendering tasks.
Understanding party constitutions as responses to specific challenges

Comparative studies of party organization often use party rules and constitutions as a source of data indicating the ideological position of parties, how they are structured and how they function. Although the use of party constitutions in empirical investigations is commonplace, there is almost no systematic analysis of constitutions as discrete documents. There is little enquiry as to why party constitutions exist and little thought about their relationship to political practice. Rather than assuming that constitutions paint an accurate picture of party organization, we argue that party constitutions need to be understood as a response to a series of internal and external challenges: satisfying legal requirements; pronouncing ideological principles; gaining legitimacy for party decisions; managing internal conflict; and responding to external competition. The comparative analysis of constitutions indicates which of these challenges is more or less important to specific parties. Examining the constitutions of 16 parties registered in New South Wales, Australia in 2005—06, we catalogue the range of ways in which parties respond to these various challenges and develop a comparative framework for analysing the responses. What are the key elements of constitutional diversity among parties? Does this diversity reflect differing party types (for example, major versus minor parties), the interests of party founders, the age of parties, their size and whether or not they have achieved representation in Parliament? In assessing these questions, the article explores the ways in which constitutions can be read as products of institutional and environmental imperatives.
MR Imaging–Detectable Metabolic Alterations in Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder: From Preclinical to Clinical Studies

MR spectroscopy represents one of the most suitable in vivo tool to assess neurochemical dysfunction in several brain disorders, including attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder. This is the most common neuropsychiatric disorder in childhood and adolescence, which persists into adulthood (in approximately 30%–50% of cases). In past years, many studies have applied different MR spectroscopy techniques to investigate the pathogenesis and effect of conventional treatments. In this article, we review the most recent clinical and preclinical MR spectroscopy results on subjects with attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder and animal models, from childhood to adulthood. We found that the most investigated brain regions were the (pre)frontal lobes and striatum, both involved in the frontostriatal circuits and networks that are known to be impaired in this pathology. Neurometabolite alterations were detected in several regions: the NAA, choline, and glutamatergic compounds. The creatine pool was also altered when an absolute quantitative protocol was adopted. In particular, glutamate was increased in children with attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder, and this can apparently be reversed by methylphenidate treatment. The main difficulties in reviewing MR spectroscopy studies were in the nonhomogeneity of the analyzed subjects, the variety of the investigated brain regions, and also the use of different MR spectroscopy techniques. As for possible improvements in future studies, we recommend the use of standardized protocols and the analysis of other brain regions of particular interest for attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, like the hippocampus, limbic structures, thalamus, and cerebellum.
Pediatric minor head trauma: do cranial CT scans change the therapeutic approach?

OBJECTIVES: 1) To verify clinical signs correlated with appropriate cranial computed tomography scan indications and changes in the therapeutic approach in pediatric minor head trauma scenarios. 2) To estimate the radiation exposure of computed tomography scans with low dose protocols in the context of trauma and the additional associated risk. METHODS: Investigators reviewed the medical records of all children with minor head trauma, which was defined as a Glasgow coma scale ≥13 at the time of admission to the emergency room, who underwent computed tomography scans during the years of 2013 and 2014. A change in the therapeutic approach was defined as a neurosurgical intervention performed within 30 days, hospitalization, >12 hours of observation, or neuro-specialist evaluation. RESULTS: Of the 1006 children evaluated, 101 showed some abnormality on head computed tomography scans, including 49 who were hospitalized, 16 who remained under observation and 36 who were dismissed. No patient underwent neurosurgery. No statistically significant relationship was observed between patient age, time between trauma and admission, or signs/symptoms related to trauma and abnormal imaging results. A statistically significant relationship between abnormal image results and a fall higher than 1.0 meter was observed (p=0.044). The mean effective dose was 2.0 mSv (0.1 to 6.8 mSv), corresponding to an estimated additional cancer risk of 0.05%. CONCLUSION: A computed tomography scan after minor head injury in pediatric patients did not show clinically relevant abnormalities that could lead to neurosurgical indications. Patients who fell more than 1.0 m were more likely to have changes in imaging tests, although these changes did not require neurosurgical intervention; therefore, the use of computed tomography scans may be questioned in this group. The results support the trend of more careful indications for cranial computed tomography scans for children with minor head trauma.
A compact silicon-on-insulator gas sensor

Gas sensors have been widely used for different applications including chemical detection, quality assurance, environmental monitoring and medical diagnostics. Optical gas sensors exhibit higher sensitivity and wider dynamic range than their electrical counterparts. This work demonstrates a novel design for a gas sensor based on conventional Silicon-on-insulator (SOI) platform. The sensor design is based on interferometer working in the near-infrared (NIR) region where directional couplers were used in splitting and combining the input power to and from the two arms of the interferometer with 50/50 splitting ratio at 1550nm. Slot-waveguide is used in the sensing arm of the interferometer and strip-to-slot and slot-to-stip converters with high coupling efficiency were used for transforming the optical mode. Finite difference eigenmode (FDE) solver was used to calculate its mode field profiles, effective index, and loss to optimize the waveguide dimensions and to achieve a waveguide sensitivity of 0.7 at 1550nm for 220nm silicon thickness. Three-dimensional finite-dif-ference-time-domain (3D-FDTD) method was used in the analysis and optimization of the proposed gas sensor. Results show significant improvement in the figure-of-merit (FOM) and reduction of device area. The sensor also exhibits low insertion loss (IL) leading to a low detection limit. The proposed sensor is easily fabricated using CMOS technology which is essential for mass-scale fabrication, and thus a low-cost sensor can be integrated with optical fiber communication systems and optoelectronic systems. Therefore, the proposed sensor has the potential to be a key component in lab-on-a-chip (LOC) systems.
Evaluation of non-invasive treatment applied to occlusal surfaces.

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of non-invasive methods of treatment for active incipent occlusal caries. Anamnesis, professional prophylaxis, and visual inspection were used to classify 250 Brazilian pre-school-children. First permanent decayed molars (n=98) from thirty-one subjects (6 years+ 6 months) were selected and divided into three groups. Group 1: fissure sealants with resin-modified glass ionomer - Vitremer (n=29); Group 2: fluoride varnish -Duraphat (n=36) and control group: tooth brushing and 0.2 percent NaF weekly mouthwashes (n=33). Four clinical evaluations were carried out over three, six, nine, and twelve months. Caries activity and progression were observed through clinical and radiographic evaluation. The results were analyzed by Fisher=s Exact test. After twelve months, the results showed 100 percent of arrestment of caries activity for Group 1, 83.3 percent for group 2, and 72.7 percent for control group. At the same time, the results showed 0 percent of caries progression for group 1, 5.5 percent for Group 2, and 6.1 percent for control group. Group 1 showed a better inactivation property than the other groups (p<0.05). There were no statistically significant differences in caries progression among these groups (p>0.05). It was concluded that this non-invasive methods were able to arrest the progression of occlusal caries, but fissure sealant showed better results in controlling caries activity.