Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
The Economics of Scientific Misconduct

Scientific fraud is a pervasive phenomenon with deleterious consequences, as it leads to false scientific knowledge being published, therefore a¤ecting major individual and public decisions. In this paper we build a game-theoretic model of the research and publication process that ana- lyzes why scientists commit fraud and how fraud can be detected and prevented. In the model, authors are asymmetrically informed about the success of their projects, and can fraudulently manipulate their results. We show four main results. First, the types of scientific frauds that are observed are unlikely to be representative of the overall amount of malfeasance in science; also, star scientists are more likely to misbehave, but are less likely to be caught than average scientists. Second, a reduction in the costs of checking for frauds may not lead to a reduction of misconduct episodes, but rather to a change in the type of research that is performed. Third, an increase in competition between scientists may in fact reduce, and not increase, scientific misconduct. Finally, a more active role of editors in checking for misconduct does not always provide additional deterrence.
Branding a memorable destination experience. The case of 'Brand Canada'.

Many destinations around the world sell themselves in very similar ways; imagery centres around overused icons, such as nature, beaches, families and couples all having fun. The tone of messaging is also generic, usually focusing on the ideas of escape and discovery. However, some destinations have developed a clear, unique positioning by branding the destination experience rather than the physical attributes of their destination, capturing the consumer's attention with a more compelling and urgent reason to visit. In order to emulate and compete with these countries, Canada has recently undergone a rebranding exercise called Brand Canada. After presenting a conceptual framework for understanding the brand-building process, this paper describes the rebranding of Canada, a campaign that has focused on the tourist experience, creating marketing messages based on these experiences to appeal to the emotions of potential travellers. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Trade Disputes in the Commercial Aircraft Industry

The recent launch of Airbus's new super jumbo, the A-380, has provoked yet another trade conflict between the United States and European Union (EU) in the aircraft industry. The industry has strained trade relationship between the US and the EU ever since the Airbus's entry into the market in 1974. These tensions tapered with the signing of the 1992 US-EU agreement on trade in civil aircraft (the 1992 agreement). In fact, Boeing and Airbus shortly considered cooperating on the superjumbo project during the early 1990s, but the collaboration faltered because the two sides disagreed on the commercial viability of the aircraft. While Airbus forecasted that over the next 20 years, airlines would demand approximately 1,500 superjumbos, yielding around $345 billion in revenues, Boeing's projections were much more reserved. It forecasted only 700 planes. Hence, Boeing doubted the project could break even (The Economist, 2001). As a result, Airbus proceeded with the development of the new aircraft on its own.
Unionism and the Occupational Wage Structure in the United States

THIS PAPER PRESENTS a theory and measurement of the effect of unionism on occupational wage differentials. One possible theory of union occupational "wage policy" is sketched in Section 2 and is essentially an exercise in optimal pricing among multiple related markets. Union effects on skilled-semiskilledunskilled wage differentials are measured with the use of cross-section data in Section 3. Measurements are derived independently of Section 2 and are interesting in their own right. Thus, the reader may interpret them in ways other than is done here, though they tend to be consistent with the central hypotheses of the optimal pricing model. Major substantive results may be summarized: If production labor is divided into skilled or not-skilled categories, unionism has widened wage differentials, increasing wage rates of union skilled craftsmen compared with nonunion skilled craftsmen by relatively more than corresponding unionnonunion rates for atl other production workers. Further disaggregation of production labor into skilled craftsmen, semii-skilled operatives and unskilled laborers indicates unionism has probably increased wage rates of unskilled laborers by at least as much and possibly more than that of skilled craftsmen, confirming a result of several other investigators. However, the unionnonunion differential of unskilled labor is significantly higher than that of semiskilled operatives. The latter effect is quite small, though this group constitutes a high proportion of all production workers and the outcome is that unionism has most likely widened the occupational wage structure when all three groups are considered together.
Continuous Furosemide Infusion in the Management of Ascites

Background The current therapy for patients hospitalized with ascites requires titration of oral diuretics and often needs several days. A faster method for predicting the response to a given dose of diuretic may allow this process to be completed more rapidly. Aim The objective of this study was to describe the short-term safety and efficacy of a diuretic infusion to predict net sodium excretion in patients with cirrhosis, ascites, and edema using a fractional excretion of sodium (FENa) of 1% or greater as the target. Methods We conducted a retrospective case series of patients admitted for management of ascites who received intravenous furosemide by continuous infusion in ascites management. Patients were stratified depending on whether they had edema or received an intravenous bolus of furosemide or a large-volume paracentesis. The primary outcome was the proportion of patients achieving a FENa of 1% or greater during the infusion. Secondary outcomes included development of electrolyte abnormalities or acute kidney injury during or immediately following the infusion and natriuresis on titrated oral furosemide. Results Forty-seven patients meeting criteria were identified from 721 patients seen in consultation. Ten of the patients had edema and received neither bolus intravenous diuretic therapy nor therapeutic paracentesis; all 10 achieved a FENa of 1% or greater. One patient had transient hypokalemia. Of 37 patients who either had no edema or received additional treatment options, all but 6 patients achieved a FENa of 1% or greater. Transient complications in 31 patients with natriuresis included hyponatremia (n = 1), hypokalemia (n = 5), and acute kidney injury (n = 3). Twenty-four-hour urine sodium averaged more than 4 g/d on the titrated oral furosemide regimen in 19 patients completing the collection. Conclusions Use of a short continuous furosemide infusion can achieve a FENa of 1% or greater in patients with cirrhotic ascites and may be safe and efficacious for diuresis, meriting further study.
Proceedings: Histocompatibility antigen (HL-A 27) and its relation to disease.

An extensive release of this enzyme was noted in 5 out of 11 rheumatoid patients from cells in synovia adjacent to the edges of partially degraded articular and fibrocartilage. There was an equally significant release in 3 out of 5 patients of cathepsin D from many cells in pannus tissue remote from the synovium and overlaying partly degraded articular cartilage. The extracellular release and presence of this enzyme was particularly striking in synovium bordering partially degraded patella cartilage (3 out of 4 patients). The most common morphologically identifiable and viable cell-type releasing cathepsin D was macrophage-like: all very active tissues contained many such cells, although nonsecreting cells of this type were frequently seen. Only rarely was the release of cathepsin D from chrondrocytes detected, even in partially degraded matrix. It is suggested that the pathological excessive degradation of proteoglycan in patella and articular cartilage, which was seen only in rheumatoid joints and is particularly marked adjacent to synovium and pannus tissue, may be in part caused by the extracellular activity of cathepsin D and other proteases, resulting from the excessive secretion of these enzymes from cells in synovial and pannus tissues.
Endogenous Lobby Formation and Endogenous Protection: A Long-Run Model of Trade Policy Determination

This paper provides a theory of lobby formation within a framework in which trade policy is determined through political contributions. Under certain conditions, free trade turns out to be an equilibrium outcome either when the government has a high affinity for political contributions or when it cares a great deal about social welfare. Moreover, greater inequality in asset distribution results in a greater number of lobbies and, in most cases, more protection for each of these lobbies. Furthermore, industries with higher levels of capital stock, fewer capitalists, more inelastic demand, and smaller geographical dispersion are the ones that get organized.
Innovation types and performance in growing UK SMEs

Purpose – The objective of this study is to explore the types of innovation that are predominant in UK SMEs, whether they are predominantly radical or incremental, and to investigate the impact of these innovations on performance.Design/methodology/approach – A web‐based survey instrument was used to administer survey questionnaires to a sample of UK SMEs in manufacturing, engineering, electronics, information technology and telecommunications industries. The response rate was 13.8 percent. Relevant statistical analytical techniques including regression for analysis was then used.Findings – It is found that the SMEs tend to focus more on incremental than radical innovations and that this focus is related to growth in sales turnover.Practical implications – It is not such a bad idea for SMEs, particularly those operating in high technological industries, to focus on incremental innovations as these are actually related positively to sales turnover growth.Originality/value – An investigation of the types of.
A Reexamination of the Tax Motivation for Closed-End Discounts

Prior literature addressing the tax explanation for closed-end fund discounts can account for only a small portion of existing discounts even with relatively extreme assumptions. This paper reexamines the tax motivation for discounts via a nontraditional interpretation of the tax costs. In particular, this study estimates the cost to investors of lost tax options when fund management realizes and distributes gains that accumulate after the investor enters the fund. The study also compliments the earlier study by Malkiel (1977) who estimated the tax cost of unrealized appreciation that exists at the time of the investment in a closed-end fund. The findings suggest that the total discounts justifiable by tax costs are of a magnitude comparable to the average discounts of recent history.
Digital Business Strategy and Value Creation: Framing the Dynamic Cycle of Control Points

Within changing value networks, the profits and competitive advantages of participation reside dynamically at control points that are the positions of greatest value and/or power. The enterprises that hold these positions have a great deal of control over how the network operates, how the benefits are redistributed, and how this influences the execution of a digital business strategy. This article is based on a field study that provides preliminary, yet promising, empirical evidence that sheds light on the dynamic cycle of value creation and value capture points in digitally enabled networks in response to triggers related to technology and business strategy. The context used is that of the European and U.S. broadcasting industry. Specifically, the paper illustrates how incremental innovations may shift value networks from static, vertically integrated networks to more loosely coupled networks, and how cross-boundary industry disruptions may then, in turn, shift those to two-sided markets. Based on the analysis, insights and implications for digital business strategy research and practice are then provided.
Concomitant Cognitive Impairment in Persons with Spinal Cord Injuries in Rehabilitation Settings

Sustaining a spinal cord injury (SCI) is a physically and psychologically traumatic experience. Individuals who incur an SCI face immediate, profound, and often permanent life changes. Following acute stabilization and treatment of their most serious physical concerns, many individuals with SCI are transferred to an inpatient rehabilitation environment, to undertake the difficult process of learning, practicing and integrating the myriad new skills required for daily living with an SCI. Due to both the nature by which the majority of SCIs occur and to a variety of possible sources of premorbid cognitive impairment, persons with SCI often confront the additional challenge of undertaking rehabilitation having pre-injury or accident-related cognitive impairment. Pioneering research of these issues suggested that 25% to 57% of persons with acute SCI might have a concomitant traumatic brain injury (TBI; Roth et al., 1989; Scheuman and Morris, 1982), and some cognitive impairment may be present in 67% of individuals in SCI rehabilitation (Wilmot, Cope, Hall, and Acker, 1985). Most studies indicate that cognitive impairment affects between 40% and 50% of persons with SCI (Davidoff, Roth and Richards, 1992). Morris, Roth and Davidoff (1986) suggest that individuals with a dual diagnosis of primary SCI and concomitant cognitive impairment are at substantial risk for both complicated rehabilitation programs and unfavorable outcomes. According to Davidoff and colleagues (1992), the sequelae of even mild cognitive impairment include “difficulties with
The relationship among work-related perceptions, employee attitudes, and employee performance: The integral role of communications

This article explores the nature of organizational communication in the human resource management context. An analysis of survey data collected from employees of an Australian information technology company found that employee perceptions of teamwork, communication, employee job satisfaction, commitment, and stress significantly predicted self-rated performance. Unexpectedly, communication was found to be negatively related to performance. Analysis of the pattern of relationships indicates that while the direct relationship between communication and performance is negative, the role of communication is one of enhancing teamwork, job satisfaction, and commitment. The article relates the findings to the “communication metamyth” which assumes that more communication is necessarily good.
The Platelet as an Immunomodulator: The Old Thespian with New Roles in Atherosclerosis, Sepsis and Autoimmune Disease

Models of the inflammatory process depict scenes of a drama that has being studied for millenniums. A drama that began at the macroscopic level, with Celsus and the aphoristic comment “Vero notae inflammationis sunt quatuor: rubor et tumor cum calore et dolore"1 ; with the four cardinal signs of inflammation, followed by Virchow at the microscopic level by proposing a response to insult model, and one that continues to unfold as we develop molecular representations of this process, in an attempt to complete the story of a drama.
Erm Bandwidths for Emu and after: Evidence from Foreign Exchange Options

type="main" xml:lang="en"> Are the wide bands adopted in the summer of 1993 too large? The official answer is that wide bands offer a protection against speculative pressure, while exchange rates may be kept within narrower margins at the discretion of the authorities. Yet if exchange rate fixity and predictability are desirable, as implicitly assumed by the mere existence of the system, there must exist a trade-off between protection against speculative pressure and predictability. In that case, the bandwidth chosen should be as narrow as possible and yet unlikely to be challenged by the markets. This paper offers estimates of ‘safe’ bandwidths. For the long-term member currencies (French franc, peseta, Danish krone and escudo), the existing 15% bands are found to be unnecessarily wide: narrower 3.5% bands would capture at least 95% of expected exchange rate realizations over a three-month horizon. For the lira, Finnish markka and Swedish krone, wider bands of 5–6% would capture a similar amount of the exchange rate distribution. The pound's exchange rate expectations are the most dispersed, requiring 8.4% bands to capture 95% of exchange rate expectations.
Characterization of the Major Superoxide Dismutase of Staphylococcus aureus and Its Role in Starvation Survival, Stress Resistance, and Pathogenicity

ABSTRACT A Staphylococcus aureus mutant (SPW1) which is unable to survive long-term starvation was shown to have a transposon insertion within a gene homologous to the sodA family of manganese-dependent superoxide dismutases (SOD). Whole-cell lysates of the parental 8325-4 strain demonstrated three zones of SOD activity by nondenaturing gel electrophoresis. The activities of two of these zones were dependent on manganese for activity and were absent in SPW1. The levels of SOD activity and sodA expression were growth-phase dependent, occurring most during postexponential phase. This response was also dependent on the level of aeration of the culture, with highest activity and expression occurring only under high aeration. Expression of sodA and, consequently, SOD activity could be induced by methyl viologen but only during the transition from exponential- to postexponential-phase growth. SPW1 was less able to survive amino acid limitation and acid stress but showed no alteration in pathogenicity in a mouse abscess model of infection compared to the parental strain 8325-4.
Design and analysis of on-chip router

Network-on-chip (NoC), one of the most promising interconnection schemes for complex SoC design, presents large design space. Because the influence of different parameters on the performance of the NoC varies significantly, it is desirable to analyze and understand specific effect of these parameters on the overall performance in order to provide NoC designers guidelines to optimize their plans. In this paper, we mainly focus on the router design parameters on both system level including traffic pattern, network topology and routing algorithm, and architecture level including arbitration algorithm and buffer mechanism. At last, we analyze the resource consumption of the router and propose possible approaches to reduce the cost.
Nonlinear force addition of newly recruited motor units in the cat hindlimb

The present experiments were designed to examine the interaction of simulaltaneoously active motor units. Pairs of medial gastrocnemius (MG) or soleus (Sol) units were stimulated individually and then together with constant frequency trains of 5–40 pulses per second. Stimulating two units asynchronously produced a smoother contraction than synchronous stimulation, but rarely a force increase. This contrasts with similar experiments on whole muscle bundles. A force increase may require that adjacent muscle fibers be active. The combined force to two motor units exceeded the algebraic sum of their separate forces by 12% in MG and 5% in Sol on average. The force a unit could sustain after a second unit fell silent was greater than the force the unit produced alone (21% in MG and 8% in Sol).
Options trading profits from correlation forecasts

This study examines the profitability of trading currency straddles on the basis of the volatility and correlation forecasts derived from various statistical models. There is evidence to demonstrate that for maximum wealth accumulation, a trader should employ sophisticated models like the exponential GARCH for correlation forecasts and simpler ones like the exponential weighted moving average for volatility forecasts. With differing transaction costs structure between traders, the directional bets taken by the models of the market maker for the most part appear successful, reaping large positive returns. This is especially evident for GBP/DEM straddles and to a lesser extent for JPY/DEM straddles. However, the options trading strategy profits of the price taker are insufficient to outweigh transaction costs, a result considered consistent with market efficiency.
Fostering sustainable technologies: a framework for analysing the governance of innovation systems

The development and diffusion of technological innovations need governing in order to contribute to societal goals related to sustainability. Yet, there are few systematic studies mapping out what types of governance are deployed and how they influence the development and diffusion of sustainable technological innovations. This paper develops a framework for analysing the role of governance in innovation systems aimed towards sustainability. The framework is based on the literatures on governance, technological innovation systems and socio-technical transitions. We foresee empirical studies based on the framework that may serve as a needed input into governance processes. Copyright , Beech Tree Publishing.
Structuring change: training and recruitment in retail banking in Germany, Britain and France

This paper compares recent developments in the recruitment and training practices of retail banks in Germany, Britain and France. It examines how common competitive pressures have resulted in companies adopting significantly different solutions to these challenges. This is largely due to the constraints and opportunities created by national as well as particular sectoral institutional arrangements in each country. As a result of the behaviour of individual banks, sectoral training providers and state-guided training institutions, the creation of a pool of highly skilled labour with higher levels of individual motivation varies between the countries. This research shows how by cooperating at both the sectoral and the national level companies can reduce the problem of free riders and benefit from a general improvement in the quality of available labour. However, this problem has been more successfully managed in France and Germany than in the UK
Female Part-Time Workers' Attitudes to Trade Unions in Britain

This paper discusses the reasons that can be offered for the lower trade union membership rates of female part-time workers in the UK and focuses in particular on female part-timers' attitudes to trade unions. The findings are based on original research: 50 qualitative interviews with female part-time workers in the retail industry. The paper argues that female part-timers are supportive of the aims of the trade union movement and concludes that an integrated approach is necessary in order to understand part-timers' unionization rates. This includes structural factors, the approach that trade unions have taken towards part-time workers and attitudes towards trade unions. Copyright Blackwell Publishers Ltd/London School of Economics 2002.
Stereotactic navigation for TAMIS-TME

Abstract Stereotactic navigation allows for real-time, image-guided surgery, thus providing an augmented working environment for the operator. This technique can be applied to complex minimally invasive surgery for fixed anatomic targets. Transanal minimally invasive surgery represents a new approach to rectal cancer surgery that is technically demanding and introduces the potential for procedure-specific morbidity. Feasibility of stereotactic navigation for TAMIS-TME has been demonstrated, and this could theoretically translate into improved resection quality by improving the surgeon’s spatial awareness. The future of minimally invasive surgery as it relates to augmented reality and image-guided surgery is discussed.