Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Chronic fatigue in a population sample: definitions and heterogeneity

Background. Numerous nosological decisions are made when moving from the common human symptom of unusual fatigue to the rare chronic fatigue syndrome (CFS). These decisions have infrequently been subjected to rigorous evaluation. Method. We obtained telephone interview data on fatiguing symptoms from 31406 individuals twins in the Swedish Twin Registry aged 42–64 years; 5330 subjects who endorsed fatigue and possessed no exclusionary condition formed the analytic group. We evaluated the definition and classification of CFS-like illness using graphical methods, regression models, and latent class analysis. Results. Our results raise fundamental questions about the 1994 Centers for Disease Control criteria as (1) there was no empirical support for the requirement of four of eight cardinal CFS symptoms; (2) these eight symptoms were not equivalent in their capacity to predict fatigue; and (3) no combination of symptoms was markedly more heritable. Critically, latent class analysis identified a syndrome strongly resembling CFS-like illness. Conclusions. Our data are consistent with the ‘existence’ of CFS-like illness although the dominant nosological approach captures population-level variation poorly. We suggest that studying a more parsimonious case definition – impairing chronic fatigue not due to a known cause – would represent a way forward.
Laser leg vein treatment: a brief overview

Laser treatment of leg veins has been associated with a number of disadvantages, but the introduction of new devices has increased the role of lasers in the treatment of leg veins. This paper reviews the role of laser devices applied from the surface in the treatment of reticular and spider veins. Success is determined by the proper selection of wavelength, fluence, pulse duration, spot size, and number and frequency of treatments.
MADAP, a flexible clustering tool for the interpretation of one-dimensional genome annotation data

A recurring task in the analysis of mass genome annotation data from high-throughput technologies is the identification of peaks or clusters in a noisy signal profile. Examples of such applications are the definition of promoters on the basis of transcription start site profiles, the mapping of transcription factor binding sites based on ChIP-chip data and the identification of quantitative trait loci (QTL) from whole genome SNP profiles. Input to such an analysis is a set of genome coordinates associated with counts or intensities. The output consists of a discrete number of peaks with respective volumes, extensions and center positions. We have developed for this purpose a flexible one-dimensional clustering tool, called MADAP, which we make available as a web server and as standalone program. A set of parameters enables the user to customize the procedure to a specific problem. The web server, which returns results in textual and graphical form, is useful for small to medium-scale applications, as well as for evaluation and parameter tuning in view of large-scale applications, requiring a local installation. The program written in C++ can be freely downloaded from ftp://ftp.epd. unil.ch/pub/software/unix/madap. The MADAP web server can be accessed at http://www.isrec. isb-sib.ch/madap/.
Behaviorismens överdrivna död: En liten anmärkning till psykologins historia

Kristjánsson, M. (2004). The exaggerated death of behaviorism. Nordisk Psykologi, 56 (1) 40–49. Introspectionism in psychology was founded on a particular aspect of mentalism, namely the claim that the mind is predominantly a conscious private world, observable directly only by the possessor of that mind. Behaviorism was defined in opposition to introspectionism. In recent years, it has been widely claimed that mentalism was resurrected in the 1950s and 60s with the rise of cognitive psychology and cognitive science, after decades of behavioristic repression. Nevertheless, introspective psychology was not restored. Neither was the paradigm case of the mental, intentionality, because intentionality has always been, and continues to be, an integral, even if problematic, part of psychology. Advocates for artificial intelligence in psychology hoped to explain and naturalize intentionality, not to ultimately found psychology or cognitive science on mentalism.
Evaluation of machine translation and its evaluation

Evaluation of MT evaluation measures is limited by inconsistent human judgment data. Nonetheless, machine translation can be evaluated using the well-known measures precision, recall, and their average, the F-measure. The unigram-based F-measure has significantly higher correlation with human judgments than recently proposed alternatives. More importantly, this standard measure has an intuitive graphical interpretation, which can facilitate insight into how MT systems might be improved. The relevant software is publicly available from http://nlp.cs. nyu.edu/GTM/.
Full Hierarchic Versus Non-Hierarchic Classification Approaches for Mapping Sealed Surfaces at the Rural-Urban Fringe Using High-Resolution Satellite Data

Since 2008 more than half of the world population is living in cities and urban sprawl is continuing. Because of these developments, the mapping and monitoring of urban environments and their surroundings is becoming increasingly important. In this study two object-oriented approaches for high-resolution mapping of sealed surfaces are compared: a standard non-hierarchic approach and a full hierarchic approach using both multi-layer perceptrons and decision trees as learning algorithms. Both methods outperform the standard nearest neighbour classifier, which is used as a benchmark scenario. For the multi-layer perceptron approach, applying a hierarchic classification strategy substantially increases the accuracy of the classification. For the decision tree approach a one-against-all hierarchic classification strategy does not lead to an improvement of classification accuracy compared to the standard all-against-all approach. Best results are obtained with the hierarchic multi-layer perceptron classification strategy, producing a kappa value of 0.77. A simple shadow reclassification procedure based on characteristics of neighbouring objects further increases the kappa value to 0.84.
Fusion of Legionella pneumophila outer membrane vesicles with eukaryotic membrane systems is a mechanism to deliver pathogen factors to host cell membranes

The formation and release of outer membrane vesicles (OMVs) is a phenomenon observed in many bacteria, including Legionella pneumophila. During infection, this human pathogen primarily invades alveolar macrophages and replicates within a unique membrane‐bound compartment termed Legionella‐containing vacuole. In the current study, we analysed the membrane architecture of L. pneumophila OMVs by small‐angle X‐ray scattering and biophysically characterized OMV membranes. We investigated the interaction of L. pneumophila OMVs with model membranes by Förster resonance energy transfer and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. These experiments demonstrated the incorporation of OMV membrane material into liposomes composed of different eukaryotic phospholipids, revealing an endogenous property of OMVs to fuse with eukaryotic membranes. Cellular co‐incubation experiments showed a dose‐ and time‐dependent binding of fluorophore‐labelled OMVs to macrophages. Trypan blue quenching experiments disclosed a rapid internalization of OMVs into macrophages at 37 and 4°C. Purified OMVs induced tumour necrosis factor‐α production in human macrophages at concentrations starting at 300 ng ml−1. Experiments on HEK293‐TLR2 and TLR4/MD‐2 cell lines demonstrated a dominance of TLR2‐dependent signalling pathways. In summary, we demonstrate binding, internalization and biological activity of L. pneumophila OMVs on human macrophages. Our data support OMV membrane fusion as a mechanism for the remote delivery of virulence factors to host cells.
A MEMS inertial sensor and AMR magnetic sensor calibration method

Low cost inertial/magnetic sensors are typically used for AHRS (attitude and heading reference systems) to determine sensor attitudes in navigation systems. Sensor calibration procedures are very critical to achieve precise attitude reconstruction. This paper is focused on calibration of errors caused by sensors deviations from drift, sensitivity, non-orthogonal directions and misalign of magnetometer and accelerometer as well as the drift of gyroscope sensors. The proposed calibration methods utilize the fact that the norm of the measured output of the accelerometer and magnetometer is nearly constant in the stationary field, space rotation angle of cross product by accelerometer and magnetometer, and the gyroscope drift is correlated with the acceleration. The experimental results demonstrate that the output signal can be corrected by the proposed method. The norm errors of accelerometers and magnetometers wave is reduced from ± 15% down to ± 2% by calibration, the static rotation angle accuracy is not more than 1° by accelerometers and magnetometers, and the rotation angle accuracy is not more than 2° in one minute by the calibrated gyroscope.
Calcium dysregulation links ALS defective proteins and motor neuron selective vulnerability

More than 20 distinct gene loci have so far been implicated in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), a fatal neurodegenerative disorder characterized by progressive neurodegeneration of motor neurons (MN) and death. Most of this distinct set of ALS-related proteins undergoes toxic deposition specifically in MN for reasons which remain unclear. Here we overview a recent body of evidence indicative that mutations in ALS-related proteins can disrupt fundamental Ca2+ signalling pathways in MN, and that Ca2+ itself impacts both directly or indirectly in many ALS critical proteins and cellular processes that result in MN neurodegeneration. We argue that the inherent vulnerability of MN to dysregulation of intracellular Ca2+ is deeply associated with discriminating pathogenicity and aberrant crosstalk of most of the critical proteins involved in ALS. Overall, Ca2+ deregulation in MN is at the cornerstone of different ALS processes and is likely one of the factors contributing to the selective susceptibility of these cells to this particular neurodegenerative disease.
Analysis of Metagenome Composition by the Method of Random Primers

Metagenome, a mixture of different genomes (as a rule, bacterial), represents a pattern, and the analysis of its composition is, currently, one of the challenging problems of bioinformatics. In the present study, the possibility of evaluating metagenome composition by DNA-marker methods is investigated. These methods are based on using primers, short nucleic acid fragments. Each primer picks out of the tested genome the fragment set specific just for this genome, which is called its spectrum (for the given primer) and is used for identifying the genome. The DNA-marker method, applied to a metagenome, also gives its spectrum, which, obviously, represents the union of the spectra of all genomes belonging to the metagenome. Thus each primer provides a projection of the genomes and of the metagenome onto the corresponding spectra set. Here we propose to apply the random projection (random primer) approach for analyzing metagenome composition and present some estimates of the method effectiveness for the case of Random Amplified Polymorphic DNA (RAPD) technology.
Semantic Amodal Segmentation

Common visual recognition tasks such as classification, object detection, and semantic segmentation are rapidly reaching maturity, and given the recent rate of progress, it is not unreasonable to conjecture that techniques for many of these problems will approach human levels of performance in the next few years. In this paper we look to the future: what is the next frontier in visual recognition? We offer one possible answer to this question. We propose a detailed image annotation that captures information beyond the visible pixels and requires complex reasoning about full scene structure. Specifically, we create an amodal segmentation of each image: the full extent of each region is marked, not just the visible pixels. Annotators outline and name all salient regions in the image and specify a partial depth order. The result is a rich scene structure, including visible and occluded portions of each region, figure-ground edge information, semantic labels, and object overlap. We create two datasets for semantic amodal segmentation. First, we label 500 images in the BSDS dataset with multiple annotators per image, allowing us to study the statistics of human annotations. We show that the proposed full scene annotation is surprisingly consistent between annotators, including for regions and edges. Second, we annotate 5000 images from COCO. This larger dataset allows us to explore a number of algorithmic ideas for amodal segmentation and depth ordering. We introduce novel metrics for these tasks, and along with our strong baselines, define concrete new challenges for the community.
Of mice and men: neurogenesis, cognition and Alzheimer’s disease

Neural stem cells are maintained in the subgranular layer of the dentate gyrus and in the subventricular zone in the adult mammalian brain throughout life. Neurogenesis is continuous, but its extent is tightly regulated by environmental factors, behavior, hormonal state, age, and brain health. Increasing evidence supports a role for new neurons in cognitive function in rodents. Recent evidence delineates significant similarities and differences between adult neurogenesis in rodents and humans. Being context-dependent, neurogenesis in the human brain might be manifested differently than in the rodent brain. Decline in neurogenesis may play a role in cognitive deterioration, leading to the development of progressive learning and memory disorders, such as Alzheimer’s disease. This review discusses the different observations concerning neurogenesis in the rodent and human brain, and their functional implications for the healthy and diseased brain.
Immediate Administration of Intraarticular Triamcinolone Acetonide After Joint Injury Modulates Molecular Outcomes Associated With Early Synovitis

To test whether intraarticular corticosteroid injection mitigates injury‐induced synovitis and collagen degradation after anterior cruciate ligament transection (ACLT) and to characterize the synovial response using a functional genomics approach in a preclinical model of posttraumatic osteoarthritis.
HISTOCHEMICAL DEMONSTRATION OF THIAMINE PYROPHOSPHATASE AND ACID PHOSPHATASE IN THE GOLGI REGION OF THE CELLS OF THE EYE.

The eye ball has been a subject of detailed histological, histochemical and electron microscopical studies. In spite of all these studies, very little or no attention has been paid to the Golgi apparatus in various components of the eyeball. Recently, Novikoff & Goldfischer (1961) have demonstrated that the thiamine pyrophosphatase (TPPase) reaction is exclusively localized in the Golgi apparatus. These studies were confirmed by Baker (1963) in vertebrates. The present study demonstrates histochemical reaction for TPPase in the various components of the eye and confirms a remarkable similarity between this reaction and that normally given by the Golgi apparatus.
The Biobag – A New Device for the Application of Medicinal Maggots

In the issue of Lancet of September 30, 2000, Bonn presented a concise update on the current use and benefit of maggots in wound therapy [1]. To improve the acceptance of live maggots, facilitate their use and avoid physical discomfort, we have recently introduced the Biobag [2] (fig. 1A). Live larvae are enclosed between two 0.5-mm-thin layers of a polyvinylalcohol hydrosponge, which are heat sealed over a small cube of spacer material to form a bag. The thin membranes of the porous dressing are permeable enough for wound fluids and liquefied necrotic tissue components to enter and support the survival and nourishment of the larvae (fig. 1B). At the same time, the larval secretions pass through the Biobag to debride the wound, stimulate wound healing and control infection. Larvae cannot escape from the Biobag, a condition which is essential for hospital hygiene. The patients’ and physicians’ acceptance of maggots seems to be higher as they are hidden from view. In addition, the device can be moved during therapy facilitating a more focused and controlled treatment of the infected area. Since their first use in June 2000, Biobags have been applied nearly 1,000 times to more than 200 patients in our outpatient department and the hospital’s wards. It may be noted that approximately 50 centers in North America, 400 in the UK, more than 140 in Germany and many more elsewhere in the world include maggot therapy as an option for treatment in wound care and could profit from the Biobag [3]. For the treatment of diabetic ulcers, e.g. malum perforans of long standing, a rapid and safe closure is achieved by the combination of progressive skin stretching with the application of the Biobag for the prevention of infection. Over centuries, the beneficial effects of maggot infestation of war wounds to prevent infection have been described, although in modern medicine indications have been restricted exclusively to the treatment of infection. Startling benefits can be expected from the prophylactic use of fly larvae in earthquake or war-stricken parts of the world to substantially reduce mortality resulting from wound infection.
The Indecision Model of Psychophysical Performance in Dual-Presentation Tasks: Parameter Estimation and Comparative Analysis of Response Formats

Psychophysical data from dual-presentation tasks are often collected with the two-alternative forced-choice (2AFC) response format, asking observers to guess when uncertain. For an analytical description of performance, psychometric functions are then fitted to data aggregated across the two orders/positions in which stimuli were presented. Yet, order effects make aggregated data uninterpretable, and the bias with which observers guess when uncertain precludes separating sensory from decisional components of performance. A ternary response format in which observers are also allowed to report indecision should fix these problems, but a comparative analysis with the 2AFC format has never been conducted. In addition, fitting ternary data separated by presentation order poses serious challenges. To address these issues, we extended the indecision model of psychophysical performance to accommodate the ternary, 2AFC, and same–different response formats in detection and discrimination tasks. Relevant issues for parameter estimation are also discussed along with simulation results that document the superiority of the ternary format. These advantages are demonstrated by fitting the indecision model to published detection and discrimination data collected with the ternary, 2AFC, or same–different formats, which had been analyzed differently in the sources. These examples also show that 2AFC data are unsuitable for testing certain types of hypotheses. matlab and R routines written for our purposes are available as Supplementary Material, which should help spread the use of the ternary format for dependable collection and interpretation of psychophysical data.
Editorial: Personality and depression

This special issue on Personality and Depression is concerned with two constructs that go back, at least, to Biblical times. Saul, the first King of Israel, who united Israel (First Book of Samuel) was a manic-depressive, who probably committed suicide. Job too was obviously a depressed person (Book of Job). The first example of the assessment of individual differences is in the Book of Judges, Chapter 7 on Gideon. When battling the Midianites, God asked Gideon to thin out his troops by asking those persons who were both fearful and afraid of battle to leave. There were still too many troops so God told Gideon to bring his men down to the water, and God selected the best as follows. Out of 10 000 men, 300 lapped the water from their hands with their tongues. The rest knelt down to drink. The 300 men who lapped water from their hands were selected to fight and vanquish the Midianites. This is probably the first example of a personality test used for selection purposes. The term personality probably derives from Persona, the mask worn in the ancient Roman theater to portray a character role. Of course, Persona is an integral part of Jung’s theory. Hippocrates related temperament to body humours and equated depression with an excess of black bile (-460-377 B.C.), and Francis Galton was one of the first to study individual differences extensively, in his ‘Anthropometric Laboratory’, at London’s International Health Exhibition in 1884. Personality and Depression form a pervasive part of psychological theory, research, and practice. They have a long history but a short past in that systematic research on these constructs did not really start until some time in this century. Personality is the more pervasive term, usually referring to normal behaviour. Depression refers to pathology and has often times been concerned with biological factors as well as psychological and social factors (McCann and Endler, 1990). Personality has focused on psychological and social factors, but has since the late 1970s or so started examining the role of biological factors in personality (Eysenck, 1982; Hettema and Deary, 1993). Personality research and theory have been primarily guided by the trait theory. Depression has often been perceived as a state
Characterizing surface profiles utilizing mm-wave FMCW SAR imaging

In this paper the results from characterizing complex surface profiles with a synthetic aperture radar operating at frequencies up to approx. 250 GHz are presented. The radar uses a bandwidth of 38GHz and a maximum synthetic aperture of 40 cm times 40 cm and is thus rectangular and uniformly sampled. A fast parallel backprojection algorithm that can be used with general purpose GPUs is used for image reconstruction. The performance of the measurement system is evaluated with respect to the range- and cross-range-resolution as well as the overall measurement error on a given reference surface. Also the measurement performance on sharp edges is considered.
Do educational pathways contribute to equity in tertiary education in Australia?

A key assumption of equity policies in Australia, as in many countries, is that pathways from lower-status, vocationally oriented ‘second’ tiers of tertiary education to ‘first’ tier higher education are able to act as an equity mechanism. This is because students from low socio-economic backgrounds are over-represented in former and underrepresented in the latter. The assumption that pathways support equity is tested in this paper through an analysis of the socio-economic profile and institutional destination of student transfers from vocational education and training to higher education in Australia. It finds that educational pathways deepen participation in education by existing social groups but do not effectively widen participation for groups that do not have equitable access. This is as a consequence of the hierarchical structuring of qualifications within VET as well as in higher education.