Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Comparative study of the Pros and Cons of Programming languages Java, Scala, C++, Haskell, VB .NET, AspectJ, Perl, Ruby, PHP&Scheme - a Team 11 COMP6411-S10 Term Report

With the advent of numerous languages it is difficult to realize the edge of one language in a particular scope over another one. We are making an effort, realizing these few issues and comparing some main stream languages like Java, Scala, C++, Haskell, VB . NET, AspectJ, Perl, Ruby, PHP and Scheme keeping in mind some core issues in program development.
The demand for milk : an econometric analysis of the New Zealand market

5.3 Further Research It is important to emphasise that this study only provides a preliminary analysis. Further model development and testing is required before the models can be used by the milk industry as an onLgoing planning tool. This study has been solely concerned with analysing aggregate demand and useful extensions would be to explore regional demand and product type demand. Another valuable area for future research would be to adapt the models so they could be used to simulate the effects of policy changes and to explore the revenue implications of these policy simulations. This type of analysis could be similar to Strak and Gill's (1983, Chapter 4 ) simulation of the U.K. milk market.
Mortality and Loss to Follow-Up Among HIV-Exposed Infants After Option B+ Guideline Implementation in Amhara Regional State Referral Hospitals, Ethiopia

Background: Prevention of mother-to-child transmission of HIV program (PMTCT) is a comprehensive approach that aimed for the wellbeing of all HIV-infected women, to prevent new HIV infection among infants born to HIV-positive mothers, and providing management for HIV-positive women and infants. Nevertheless, there was considerably high attrition within the prevention of mother-to-child transmission programs that was merely because of loss to follow-up (LTFU) followed by mortality. In resource-limited countries, one-third of infected children die before 1 year, and more than half of them die before 2 years. The aim of this study was to assess the prevalence or incidence of mortality and LTFU among infants born from HIV-positive mothers in the Amhara regional state referral hospitals, Ethiopia. Methods: This study was conducted in five Amhara regional state referral hospitals' prevention of mother-to-child transmission departments. A simple random sampling technique with proportional allocation was used to assess the outcomes of 221 exposed infants. A retrospective cohort design was used in selecting the 221 exposed infants' document from the referral hospitals of the region, Amhara. The exposed infants' profiles were documented between January 1, 2014 and May 30, 2017. Results: This study described attritions (death and loss-to-follow-up) of exposed babies in PMTCT departments of Amhara regional state referral hospitals in Ethiopia. In this study, low LTFU with zero death was reported. Residence, immunization status of babies, and place of delivery were independent factors of LTFU. Conclusions: The cumulative incidence of mortality in this study was zero. This assured that the recommended option is substantial for the elimination of HIV-caused death in 2030 as per WHO plan. However, the cumulative incidence of LTFU was not zero.
Calibration of low-current meters at nA level with the capacitance-charging method

The most accurate generation of dc currents in the lower ranges is performed with the capacitance-charging technique. Implementations of the method are typically limited to an upper current in the 100 pA range. Here we present a range extender which can be employed as plug-in in existing setups. The extender permits to scale the current of a ×10 factor and reach the nA range. Results of calibration of low-current meters with and without the use of the extender are reported.
Global endwall effects on centrifugally stable flows

We investigate the stability of a fluid confined between two cylinders that rotate at same constant angular speed. In the case of infinite cylinders, or endwalls rotating with the cylinders, the flow is in solid-body rotation and hence linearly stable for any rotation speed. However, when the endwalls are stationary, a large-scale circulation is driven by radially inward boundary layer flow on the endwalls. For sufficiently high angular speeds, this circulation becomes unstable to azimuthal waves. As the length-to-gap aspect ratio of the system is increased, a wealth of instabilities is revealed. It is particularly interesting that for all these instabilities the associated energy is localized in the equatorial region, as far from the endwalls as possible. This shows that care must be taken when assuming localized endwall effects in simplified models.
The effects of growth and economic reform on income distribution

The purpose of this article is to investigate the determinants of the distribution of income in Latin America, focusing in particular on two questions: one is the relationship between the distribution and income, while the other is the impact of the package of structural economic reforms that have been adopted in Latin America in recent years. Two main conclusions are drawn from the econometric evidence. There appears to be a robust and significant relationship between the distribution and income. It has the inverted U-shape that Kuznets predicted, but this relationship has been shifting in a regressive direction over time. Growth is now a good deal less progressive than it used to be. In the aggregate that means that further growth in Latin America is unlikely to improve the distribution much, if at all, so supplementary measures will have to be taken. Among those suggested by the regressions are the maintenance of low inflation rates and investment in education. Generally speaking, the structural reforms appear to have a regressive effect on distribution, but that effect is small and not very robust statistically. Reforms in different areas have differing effects on equity. Trade reform is regressive in all of our specifications, but it is insignificant in all but the nationwide sample. Tax reform is unambiguously regressive, and opening up the capital account is unambiguously progressive. The results for trade and tax reform and capital account liberalization are the most robust and significant. For the other two reforms –privatization and financial reform– the available data were not good enough to give a clear answer.
Endogenous glucagon-like peptide 1 controls endocrine pancreatic secretion and antro-pyloro-duodenal motility in humans

Background: Exogenous use of the intestinal hormone glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1) lowers glycaemia by stimulation of insulin, inhibition of glucagon, and delay of gastric emptying. Aims: To assess the effects of endogenous GLP-1 on endocrine pancreatic secretion and antro-pyloro-duodenal motility by utilising the GLP-1 receptor antagonist exendin(9-39)amide (ex(9-39)NH2). Methods: Nine healthy volunteers underwent four experiments each. In two experiments with and without intravenous infusion of ex(9-39)NH2 300 pmol/kg/min, a fasting period was followed by intraduodenal glucose perfusion at 1 and 2.5 kcal/min, with the higher dose stimulating GLP-1 release. Antro-pyloro-duodenal motility was measured by perfusion manometry. To calculate the incretin effect (that is, the proportion of plasma insulin stimulated by intestinal hormones) the glycaemia observed during the luminal glucose experiments was mimicked using intravenous glucose in two further experiments. Results: Ex(9-39)NH2 significantly increased glycaemia during fasting and duodenal glucose. It diminished plasma insulin during duodenal glucose and significantly reduced the incretin effect by approximately 50%. Ex(9-39)NH2 raised plasma glucagon during fasting and abolished the decrease in glucagon at the high duodenal glucose load. Ex(9-39)NH2 markedly stimulated antroduodenal contractility. At low duodenal glucose it reduced the stimulation of tonic and phasic pyloric motility. At the high duodenal glucose load it abolished pyloric stimulation. Conclusions: Endogenous GLP-1 stimulates postprandial insulin release. The pancreatic α cell is under the tonic inhibitory control of GLP-1 thereby suppressing postprandial glucagon. GLP-1 tonically inhibits antroduodenal motility and mediates the postprandial inhibition of antral and stimulation of pyloric motility. We therefore suggest GLP-1 as a true incretin hormone and enterogastrone in humans.
Intrastriatally Infused Exogenous CDNF Is Endocytosed and Retrogradely Transported to Substantia Nigra

Abstract Cerebral dopamine neurotrophic factor (CDNF) protects the nigrostriatal dopaminergic (DA) neurons in rodent models of Parkinson’s disease and restores DA circuitry when delivered after these neurons have begun to degenerate. These DA neurons have been suggested to transport striatal CDNF retrogradely to the substantia nigra (SN). However, in cultured cells the binding and internalization of extracellular CDNF has not been reported. The first aim of this study was to examine the cellular localization and pharmacokinetic properties of recombinant human CDNF (rhCDNF) protein after its infusion into rat brain parenchyma. Second, we aimed to study whether the transport of rhCDNF from the striatum to the SN results from its retrograde transport via DA neurons or from its anterograde transport via striatal GABAergic projection neurons. We show that after intrastriatal infusion, rhCDNF diffuses rapidly and broadly, and is cleared with a half-life of 5.5 h. Confocal microscopy analysis of brain sections at 2 and 6 h after infusion of rhCDNF revealed its widespread unspecific internalization by cortical and striatal neurons, exhibiting different patterns of subcellular rhCDNF distribution. Electron microscopy analysis showed that rhCDNF is present inside the endosomes and multivesicular bodies. In addition, we present data that after intrastriatal infusion the rhCDNF found in the SN is almost exclusively localized to the DA neurons, thus showing that it is retrogradely transported.
Novel Astroviruses in Insectivorous Bats

ABSTRACT Bats are increasingly recognized to harbor a wide range of viruses, and in most instances these viruses appear to establish long-term persistence in these animals. They are the reservoir of a number of human zoonotic diseases including Nipah, Ebola, and severe acute respiratory syndrome. We report the identification of novel groups of astroviruses in apparently healthy insectivorous bats found in Hong Kong, in particular, bats belonging to the genera Miniopterus and Myotis. Astroviruses are important causes of diarrhea in many animal species, including humans. Many of the bat astroviruses form distinct phylogenetic clusters in the genus Mamastrovirus within the family Astroviridae. Virus detection rates of 36% to 100% and 50% to 70% were found in Miniopterus magnater and Miniopterus pusillus bats, respectively, captured within a single bat habitat during four consecutive visits spanning 1 year. There was high genetic diversity of viruses in bats found within this single habitat. Some bat astroviruses may be phylogenetically related to human astroviruses, and further studies with a wider range of bat species in different geographic locations are warranted. These findings are likely to provide new insights into the ecology and evolution of astroviruses and reinforce the role of bats as a reservoir of viruses with potential to pose a zoonotic threat to human health.
A new linear readout circuit for a CMOS image sensor

This paper presents a high linearity, low area and low power column-parallel readout circuit with a modified 3 transistor active pixel sensor (3T-APS). Each column readout circuit consumes 43uW power provided from the 3.3V power supply and a small layout size of 10x300um2 is integrated in the 512 columns at one side of the pixel array. The modified pixel achieves the signal saturation voltage is the same as the standard APS structure, and the readout circuit linearity range is 99.9%. A high linearity 512x512 pixel CMOS image sensor with the proposed column-parallel readout circuit is designed based on 0.35um 2P4M standard CMOS technology.
The Transformation of Europe

I. 1958 TO THE MID-1970's: THE FOUNDATIONAL PERIODTOWARD A THEORY OF EQUILIBRIUM 2410 A. A Paradox and its Solution: Exit and Voice 2410 B. Exit in the European Community: Formal and Selective 2412 C. The Closure of Selective Exit 2412 1. The Foundational Period: The "Constitutionalization" of the Community Legal Structure 2413 a. The Doctrine of Direct Effect 2413 b. The Doctrine of Supremacy 2414 c. The Doctrine of Implied Powers 2415 d. The Doctrine of Human Rights 2417 2. The Community System of Judicial Review 2419 a. Judicial Review at the Community Level 2419 b. Judicial Review at the Member State Level 2420 D. The Dynamics of Voice in the Foundational Period 2423 E. The Relationship between Exit and Voice in the Foundational Period 2424 F. Conclusions to the Foundational Period 2431
Concept based Information Retrieval for Clinical Case Summaries

Objective: Query representation is a classic information retrieval (IR) problem. Forming appropriate query representations from clinical free-text adds additional complexity. We examined if external search engine mediated conceptualization based on expert knowledge, concept representation of the abstract, and application of machine learning improve the process of clinical information retrieval. Methods: Diagnosis concepts were derived through either using a Google Custom Search over a specific set of health-related websites or through manual, expert clinical diagnosis. We represented concepts both as text and UMLS concepts identified with MedTagger. Our approaches leverage Lucene indexing/searching of article full text, abstracts, titles and semantic representations. Additionally, we experimented with automatically generated diagnosis using Web search engines and the case summaries. Further, we utilized a variety of filters such as PubMed’s Clinical Query filters, which retrieve articles with high scientific quality, and UMLS semantic type filters for search terms. In our final submission for the TREC 2015 CDS challenge, we focused on three approaches: 1. DFML/DFMLB: Combined ranking scores by data fusion and relevance probabilities derived by a machine learning method to offset ranking and classification errors. 2. HAKT/HMKTB: Used an iterative hierarchical search approach that progressively relaxed filters until we reached 1000 retrieved documents. 3. MDRUN/MDRUB: Manually added a diagnosis to each case and matched UMLS concepts by manual annotations with UMLS concepts in the case summaries. Results: The concepts extracted from search results are similar to the diagnosis concepts extracted from manual annotation by clinicians, and similar to the extracted concepts from the given diagnosis in task B. Two out of our three approaches performed above the median performance by all participants for both Task A and B. Overall, the run by manual diagnosis worked the best. The similarity between manual annotation by clinicians and given diagnosis in task B partially explains the performance of our algorithms. There was statistically significant difference in performance among our runs with two measures (R-prec and Prec@10) for Task A, but we could not find difference with other two measures (infNDCG and infAP) for Task A and all measures for Task B. Discussion: Our concept based approach avoids the need to remove stop words or stemming and reduces the need to look for synonyms. Conclusions: Overall, our major innovations are query transformation using diagnosis information inferred from Google searching of health resources, concept based query and document representation, and pruning of concepts based on semantic types and groups.
A piecewise deterministic model for a prey-predator community

We are interested in prey-predator communities where the predator population evolves much faster than the prey's (e.g. insect-tree communities). We introduce a piecewise deterministic model for these prey-predator communities that arises as a limit of a microscopic model when the number of predators goes to infinity. We prove that the process has a unique invariant probability measure and that it is exponentially ergodic. Further on, we rescale the predator dynamics in order to model predators of smaller size. This slow-fast system converges to a community process in which the prey dynamics is averaged on the predator equilibria. This averaged process admits an invariant probability measure which can be computed explicitly. We use numerical simulations to study the convergence of the invariant probability measures of the rescaled processes.
Updated and New Perspectives on Diagnosis, Prognosis, and Therapy of Malignant Pheochromocytoma/Paraganglioma

Malignant pheochromocytomas/paragangliomas are rare tumors with a poor prognosis. Malignancy is diagnosed by the development of metastases as evidenced by recurrences in sites normally devoid of chromaffin tissue. Histopathological, biochemical, molecular and genetic markers offer only information on potential risk of metastatic spread. Large size, extraadrenal location, dopamine secretion, SDHB mutations, a PASS score higher than 6, a high Ki-67 index are indexes for potential malignancy. Metastases can be present at first diagnosis or occur years after primary surgery. Measurement of plasma and/or urinary metanephrine, normetanephrine and metoxytyramine are recommended for biochemical diagnosis. Anatomical and functional imaging using different radionuclides are necessary for localization of tumor and metastases. Metastatic pheochromocytomas/paragangliomas is incurable. When possible, surgical debulking of primary tumor is recommended as well as surgical or radiosurgical removal of metastases. I-131-MIBG radiotherapy is the treatment of choice although results are limited. Chemotherapy is reserved to more advanced disease stages. Recent genetic studies have highlighted the main pathways involved in pheochromocytomas/paragangliomas pathogenesis thus suggesting the use of targeted therapy which, nevertheless, has still to be validated. Large cooperative studies on tissue specimens and clinical trials in large cohorts of patients are necessary to achieve better therapeutic tools and improve patient prognosis.
The kidney as a determinant of genetic hypertension: evidence from renal transplantation studies.

Several lines of evidence suggest that the kidney plays an important role in the genesis of primary hypertension in humans and genetic hypertension in animals. Perhaps the most compelling evidence derives from clinical1–4 and experimental renal transplantation studies,5– 36 which have been performed over the last 3 decades. In virtually all of these studies, the genetic background of the donor kidney had a major impact on long-term blood pressure in the recipients. More specifically, renal grafts from genetically hypertensive donors increased blood pressure in genetically normotensive recipients, whereas renal grafts from genetically normotensive donors lowered blood pressure in genetically hypertensive recipients. In many but not all of the studies, blood pressure traveled with the kidney in both directions. Although these data clearly show that the kidney is an important determinant of long-term blood pressure in normotension and primary or genetic hypertension, several major problems still remain unresolved. These problems relate mainly to the interpretation of the data and to the potential mechanisms by which the kidney sets the level of long-term blood pressure. In this brief review, we discuss the results and implications of clinical and experimental renal transplantation studies in primary hypertension in humans and genetic hypertension in animals that have been published to date. In the mid-1980s, 3 studies1,2,4 on renal transplant patients were published that supported a major role for the kidney in human essential hypertension. The classical study by Curtis et al1 demonstrated the sustained remission of essential hypertension in 6 patients who had received kidney transplants from normotensive donors. Two other studies took the opposite approach by showing that grafts from donors with presumed hypertension4 or from donors with known family background of essential hypertension2 caused more severe hypertension and the need for more rigorous antihypertensive treatment in the …
Comparing the Experience of Regret and Its Predictors Among Smokers in Four Asian Countries: Findings From the ITC Surveys in Thailand, South Korea, Malaysia, and China

Introduction: Nearly all smokers in high-income Western countries report that they regret smoking (Fong, G. T., Hammond, D., Laux, F. L., Zanna, M. P., Cummings, M. K., Borland, R., & Ross, H. [2004]. The near-universal experience of regret among smokers in four countries: Findings from the International Tobacco Control Policy Evaluation Survey. Nicotine and Tobacco Research, 6, S341–S351. doi:10.1080/14622200412331320743), but no research to date has examined the prevalence of regret among smokers in non-Western, low- and middle-income countries. Methods: Data were from the International Tobacco Control (ITC) Surveys of smokers in 4 Asian countries (China, Malaysia, South Korea, and Thailand); N = 9,738. Regret was measured with the statement: “If you had to do it over again, you would not have started smoking. ” Results: Prevalence of regret in 3 countries (South Korea = 87%, Malaysia = 77%, and China = 74%) was lower than that found by Fong et al. in the United States, Australia, Canada, and the United Kingdom (89%–90%); but was higher in Thailand (93%). These significant country differences in regret corresponded with differences in tobacco control and norms regarding smoking. The predictors of regret in the Asian countries were very similar to those in the 4 Western countries: Regret was more likely to be experienced by smokers who smoked fewer cigarettes per day, perceived greater benefits of quitting and higher financial costs of smoking, had more prior quit attempts, worried that smoking would damage their health, and felt that their loved ones and society disapproved of smoking. Regret was also positively associated with intentions to quit (r = 0.23, p < .001). Conclusions: Across the Asian countries and high-income Western countries, the prevalence of regret varies, but the factors predicting regret are quite consistent. Regret may be an important indicator of tobacco control and is related to factors associated with future quitting.
First-Order Modal Logic Theorem Proving and Functional Simulation

We propose a translation approach from modal logics to first-order predicate logic which combines advantages from both, the (standard) relational translation and the (rather compact) functional translation method and avoids many of their respective disadvantages (exponential growth versus equality handling). In particular in the application to serial modal logics it allows considerable simplifications such that often even a simple unit clause suffices in order to express the accessibility relation properties. Although we restrict the approach here to first-order modal logic theorem proving it has been shown to be of wider interest, as e.g. sorted logic or terminological logic.
Dynamic Strategic Monetary Policies and Coordination in Interdependent Economies

This paper develops strategic monetary policies using a standard two-country macro model under flexible exchange rates. The equilibria considered include feedback Nash and feedback Stackelberg, both of which are compared to the Pareto optimal cooperative equilibrium. The optimal policies are obtained as feedback rules in which real money supplies are adjusted to movements in the real exchange rate. The properties of these policies and their welfare implications are analyzed using numerical simulations. The contrast in the present results with those obtained previously for a short-run horizon suggest the importance of both intertemporal and intratemporal tradeoffs in the determination of optimal strategic policies.