Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Nondestructive Technique for Identifying Adulteration and Additives in Lemon Juice Based on Analyzing Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs)

In light of the frequent occurrence of counterfeit food sold in global commercial markets, it is necessary to verify the authenticity of tasty natural-plant-based products by checking their labels, as well as their pricing and quality control. Lemon juice has repeatedly been the victim of fraud attempts by manufacturers to lower the price of products. Electronic noses are used in many fields, including the beverage industry, for classification and quality control. This involves the detection and differentiation of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) released from food. This study evaluated pure lemon juice and 11 counterfeit samples (water, lemon pulp, and wheat straw) using an electronic nose equipped with 8 metal oxide sensors to detect fraud. Chemometric methods such as principal component analysis (PCA), linear and quadratic analysis (LDA), support vector machines (SVMs), and artificial neural networks (ANNs) were used to analyze the response patterns of the sensors. The outputs of eight sensors were considered as the input of the model and the number of lemon juice groups, and its adulterations were also considered as the output of the model. Of the total data, 60% (for training), 20% (for validation), and 20% (for testing) were used. According to the results, all models had an accuracy of more than 95%, and the Nu-SVM linear function method had the highest accuracy among all models. Hence, it can be concluded that the electronic nose based on metal oxide semiconductor sensors combined with chemometric methods can be an effective tool with high efficiency for rapid and nondestructive classification of pure lemon juice and its counterfeits.
An Overview of Continuum Description of Fluid Flow and Transport Processes

Solution of problems in continuum transport stems from the considerations of basic governing principles as expressed in pertinent mathematical forms, in terms of differential equations, the corresponding integral expressions, or sometimes in integro-differential forms. Examples of such equations include the ones describing conservation of mass, momentum, energy, and species. Each of these equations considers certain physical quantities as dependent variables and may be derived by invoking the basic principles of balance that influence changes in those variables. The physical laws that are traditionally used for describing the conservation principles pertinent to fluid dynamics applications are commonly expressed in terms of mathematical statements that are valid under continuum considerations. According to the continuum hypothesis, equations describing the flow characteristics may be formulated disregarding the details of underlying molecular behavior (provided that this hypothesis itself remains CONTENTS
Effect of in-office bleaching agent on the surface roughness and microhardness of nanofilled and nanohybrid composite resins

Background: To compare the surface roughness and microhardness of Ceram.x® SphereTEC™ one and Filtek Z350 XT after in-office bleaching with Pola office. Methods: Twenty samples each of (10 mm diameter and 2 mm height) Ceram.x® SphereTEC™ one and Filtek Z350 XT were prepared. The samples were subjected to three bleaching sessions with 35% hydrogen peroxide (Pola office) with a seven-day interval between each session. Surface roughness and microhardness of the prepared samples prior to and after the bleaching regimen were measured using a profilometer and Vickers hardness tester, respectively. Results: A significant reduction (p <0.001) in the surface hardness of Filtek Z350 XT from 27.67 ± 2.10 to 17.83 ± 1.36 Vickers hardness number (VHN) was observed after the bleaching whereas no significant reduction in surface hardness was observed with Ceram.x® SphereTEC™ one. The adjusted mean (estimated marginal mean) microhardness after bleaching for Ceram.x ® SphereTEC™ one (35.79 ± 1.45) was significantly higher than Filtek Z350 XT (19.54 ± 1.45) (p < 0.001). However, in-office bleaching of these materials did not significantly alter their surface roughness. Conclusions: In office-bleaching with 35% hydrogen peroxide can reduce the microhardness of nanofilled composite. However, the surface roughness was not influenced by the bleaching procedure in both nanohybrid and nanofilled composite resin materials.
A Low-Loss 1.2 kV SiC MOSFET with Improved UIS Performance

In this article, a 1.2-kV-rated double-trench 4H-SiC MOSFET with an integrated low-barrier diode (DT-LBDMOS) is proposed which eliminates the bipolar degradation of the body diode and reduces switching loss while increasing avalanche stability. A numerical simulation verifies that a lower barrier for electrons appears because of the LBD; thus, a path that makes it easier for electrons to transfer from the N+ source to the drift region is provided, finally eliminating the bipolar degradation of the body diode. At the same time, the LBD integrated in the P-well region weakens the scattering effect of interface states on electrons. Compared with the gate p-shield trench 4H-SiC MOSFET (GPMOS), the reverse on-voltage (VF) is reduced from 2.46 V to 1.54 V; the reverse recovery charge (Qrr) and the gate-to-drain capacitance (Cgd) are 28% and 76% lower than those of the GPMOS, respectively. The turn-on and turn-off losses of the DT-LBDMOS are reduced by 52% and 35%. The specific on-resistance (RON,sp) of the DT-LBDMOS is reduced by 34% due to the weaker scattering effect of interface states on electrons. The HF-FOM (HF-FOM = RON,sp × Cgd) and the P-FOM (P-FOM = BV2/RON,sp) of the DT-LBDMOS are both improved. Using the unclamped inductive switching (UIS) test, we evaluate the avalanche energy of devices and the avalanche stability. The improved performances suggest that DT-LBDMOS can be harnessed in practical applications.
Detection of gravitational wave signals from NS-NS inspirals in presence of non-stationary noise

Wang, Wenhui , “Detection Of Gravitational Wave Signals From NS-NS Inspirals In Presence Of Non-Stationary Noise”, Master of Science Thesis, University of Texas at Brownsville, Brownsville, TX, 2014 Gravitational Wave (GW) detection is an important and inspiring project. Once detected, it will open a new window to understand the universe. The laser interferometer GW detectors, specially LIGO, is the most sensitive detectors at the moment, which can detect GW signal as weak as 10−21. Chirp signal generated by neutron star binaries is a well modeled waveform. One goal of LIGO is to study chirp signal detection. In this field, matched filtering is a widely used method. But since LIGO noise is non-stationary, which will weaken the efficiency of general matched filtering. In this work, a modified matched filtering is built to take non-stationary into account.
Numerical Study of Non-Newtonian Ceramic Slurry Flow in Extrusion-based Additive Manufacturing

This work proposes a numerical model to simulate non-Newtonian ceramic slurry in the Extrusion-based additive manufacturing (EAM) process. The computational model is established to find the rheological constants of HBP models. The computational model will be valid for oxides as well as non-oxides ceramics based on the input viscometer readings. The HBP numerical model predicts the velocity distribution from the throat inlet to the nozzle outlet. It was observed that the exit velocity of the slurry is more influenced by input pressure rather than the temperature due to the content of solid ceramic particles in the slurry and the high melting temperature of the ceramic material. The effect of change in the cross-section area in geometry shows significant effects on the surface pressure of the slurry. Further, the higher temperature at the throat achieves better flowability due to the melting of the binder material of the slurry.
Efficient Blind Source Separation Method for fMRI Using Autoencoder and Spatiotemporal Sparsity Constraints

Diversity measures exploited by blind source separation (BSS) methods are usually based on either statistical attributes/geometrical structures or sparse/overcomplete (underdetermined) representations of the signals. This leads to some inefficient BSS methods that are derived from either a mixing matrix (mm), sparse weight vectors (sw), or sparse code (sc). In contrast, the proposed efficient method, sparse spatiotemporal BSS (ssBSS), avoids computational complications associated with lag sets, deflation strategy, and repeated error matrix computation using the whole dataset. It solves the spatiotemporal data reconstruction model (STEM) with $l_{1}$ -norm penalization and $l_{0}$ -norm constraints using Neumann’s alternating projection lemma and block coordinate descent approach to yield the desired bases. Its specific solution allows incorporating a three-step autoencoder and univariate soft thresholding for a block update of the source/mixing matrices. Due to the utilization of both spatial and temporal information, it can better distinguish between the sources and yield interpretable results. These steps also make ssBSS unique because, to the best of my knowledge, no mixing matrix based BSS method incorporates sparsity of both features and a multilayer network structure. The proposed method is validated using synthetic and various functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) datasets. Results reveal the superior performance of the proposed ssBSS method compared to the existing methods based on mmBSS and swBSS. Specifically, overall, a 14% increase in the mean correlation value and 91% reduction in computation time over the ssICA algorithm was discovered.
Modeling and Analysis of Malware Propagation for IoT Heterogeneous Devices

With the rapid development and application of Internet of Things (IoT) technology, a large number of various types of IoT devices with security vulnerabilities have been connected to the public network. Attackers only need to use malware to successfully infect a few types of IoT devices to generate large-scale propagation in the network and capture a large number of broilers, which in turn lays the foundation for subsequent attacks. In this study, an innovative malware propagation model [i.e., IoT-susceptible-latent-propagated-recovered (IoT-SLPR)] based on epidemiological theory is developed for malware propagation in multiple IoT heterogeneous devices. The proposed model incorporates the propagation mechanism of malware in real IoT networks, and considers heterogeneous devices with different infection rates and recovery rates. This study calculates and proves the basic reproductive rate of malware and the stability of equilibrium points for different types of devices. In addition, this study designs a dynamic recovery rate optimal defense strategy, which comprehensively considers the cost and the overall infection rate of the device. The experimental results show that the proposed propagation model can effectively reflect the propagation dynamics of malware in multiple heterogeneous devices, and the achieved dynamic recovery rate defense strategy performs better than the static strategy regarding the overall results.
A theoretical decomposition of mean skin friction generation into physical phenomena across the boundary layer

A theoretical decomposition of mean skin friction generation into physical phenomena across the whole profile of the incompressible zero-pressure-gradient smooth-flat-plate boundary layer is derived from a mean streamwise kinetic-energy budget in an absolute reference frame (in which the undisturbed fluid is not moving). The Reynolds-number dependences in the laminar and turbulent cases are investigated from direct numerical simulation datasets and Reynolds-averaged Navier–Stokes simulations, and the asymptotic trends are consistently predicted by theory. The generation of the difference between the mean friction in the turbulent and laminar cases is identified with the total production of turbulent kinetic energy (TKE) in the boundary layer, represented by the second term of the proposed decomposition of the mean skin friction coefficient. In contrast, the analysis introduced by Fukagata et al. (Phys. Fluids, vol. 14 (11), 2002, pp. 73–76), based on a streamwise momentum budget in the wall reference frame, relates the turbulence-induced excess friction to the Reynolds shear stress weighted by a linear function of the wall distance. The wall-normal distribution of the linearly-weighted Reynolds shear stress differs from the distribution of TKE production involved in the present discussion, which consequently draws different conclusions on the contribution of each layer to the mean skin friction coefficient. At low Reynolds numbers, the importance of the buffer-layer dynamics is confirmed. At high Reynolds numbers, the present decomposition quantitatively shows for the first time that the generation of the turbulence-induced excess friction is dominated by the logarithmic layer. This is caused by the well-known decay of the relative contributions of the buffer layer and wake region to TKE production with increasing Reynolds numbers. This result on mean skin friction, with a physical interpretation relying on an energy budget, is consistent with the well-established general importance of the logarithmic layer at high Reynolds numbers, contrary to the friction breakdown obtained from the approach of Fukagata et al. (Phys. Fluids, vol. 14 (11), 2002, pp. 73–76), essentially based on a momentum budget. The new decomposition suggests that it may be worth investigating new drag reduction strategies focusing on TKE production and on the nature of the logarithmic layer dynamics. The decomposition is finally extended to the pressure-gradient case and to channel and pipe flows.
Ultrasonic Characterization of Inertial Confinement Fusion Targets

Inertial confinement fusion (ICF) targets designed to achieve ignition must meet strict surface smoothness and sphericity requirements. One potentially valuable method for evaluating the quality of these targets is resonant ultrasound spectroscopy (RUS). When applied to simple geometries, such as layered spheres or rectangular parallelepipeds, RUS may yield significant information about alloy homogeneity, elastic constants, cavity geometry the presence of gross defects such as cracking or hemishell bonding problems, and properties of interior fluids. The strengths of RUS techniques for ICF target characterization include applicability at all temperatures of interest with a single apparatus, high sensitivity in frequency spectral measurements, and the inherent acoustic indifference to optically opaque samples. Possible applicational and the limitations of RUS methods for examining layer geometry and material properties are addressed. Preliminary room temperature experiments with a deuterium-filled aluminum shell are used to evaluate the utility of many of the described applications. The frequency spectrum compares favorably with theory and displays measurable mode splitting, acoustic-mode resonance widths indicative of cavity. boundary dissipative mechanisms, and low-Q elastic modes. The acoustic cavity resonance structure confirms the internal gas density and is used to calculate the two lowest even-order cavity boundary perturbation amplitudes.
Split Bregman and Stationary Second-Degree Based Iterative Algorithm for Image Deconvolution

This paper models image deconvolution as an l2-l1 minimization problem, which is an approach taken by many state-of-the-art image deconvolution algorithms. We present a novel iterative algorithm based on the split Bregman method and the stationary seconddegree method, which efficiently addresses the classic convex minimization problem. The split Bregman method, which has been proven to be very efficient for non-differentiable minimization problems, decomposes the equivalent constrained version of the l2-l1 deconvolution problem into a series of sub-problems. These sub-problems are then individually solved using appropriate methods to obtain their closed-form solutions. Unlike the majority of other similar deconvolution algorithms, we use a modified stationary second-degree method to solve the l2-l1 denoising sub-problem, prompted by some recent work on the improvement of the iterative thresholding method. The presented algorithm can be categorized as a split Bregman method, so convergence of the solution can be guaranteed. In our experiment, the presented algorithm and the algorithms in references [6] and [8] are used to restore Gaussian-blurry and uniform-blurry images. The experimental results show that the presented algorithm is effective and it outperforms other algorithms in comparison.
Statistical approaches to establishing bioequivalence

The purpose of bioequivalence (BE) trial is to show that the test (T) and the reference (R) products can produce similarity bioavailability, and then show therapeutically equivalence. There are three types of bioequivalence, namely, average bioequivalence (ABE), population bioequivalence (PBE) and individual bioequivalence (IBE). The ABE approach focuses only on the comparison of population averages of a BE measure of interest and not on the variances of the measure for the T and R products. In contrast, the approaches to establish PBE and IBE include the comparisons of both averages and variances of the measure. The PBE approach assesses total variability of the measure in the population. While the IBE approach assesses within-subject variability for the T and R products, as well as the subject-by-formulation interaction, that is, the variation in the average T and R difference among individuals. In present paper, the principle of the statistical approaches to establish BE, the way to predetermine criterions and BE limits were introduced, and an example were illustrated.
Posteromedial Submeniscal Arthrotomy and Fixation with a Posteromedial Rim Plate in a Comminuted Medial Tibial Plateau Fracture

Medial tibial plateau fractures generally present as simple metaphyseal fractures; however, certain cases may present as comminuted articular fractures. Medial and posteromedial anatomical plates have traditionally been used for their management; nevertheless, not all cases can be successfully managed using these implants. We present a comminuted posteromedial Schatzker type VI tibial plateau fracture case. Direct visualization and subsequent fixation using a posteromedial rim plate were achieved through a posteromedial approach and submeniscal arthrotomy. The adequate joint reduction and the obtained stability allowed satisfactory clinical and radiological outcomes. This variation of the classic posteromedial approach and the use of a posteromedial rim plate provide an alternative when facing comminuted medial tibial plateau fractures.
The Zoige pioneer plant Leymus secalinus has different endophytic bacterial community structures to adapt to environmental conditions

Background Leymus secalinus is a pioneer plant grown in the Zoige desertified alpine grassland and it is also one of the dominant plant species used for environmental remediation. L. secalinus plays a large role in vegetation reconstruction in sandy land, but the abundance and diversity of its endophytes have not yet been investigated. Objectives This study was performed to investigate the changes in the endophytic bacterial community structure of L. secalinus under different ecological environments and to analyze the effects of environmental changes and different plant tissues on the L. secalinus endophytic bacteria. Methods Leaf, stem, and root tissue samples of L. secalinus were collected from Zoige Glassland (Alpine sandy land) and an open field nursery (Control). DNA was extracted and the 16S ribosomal DNA was amplified. The sequence library was sequenced on an Illumina MiSeq platform and clustered by operational taxonomic units (OTUs). α-diversity and β-diversity analyses, species diversity analyses, functional prediction, and redundancy (RDA) analyses for the soil physicochemical properties were conducted. Results α-diversity and β-diversity analyses showed that the endophytic bacteria in L. secalinus varied in different areas and tissues. The abundance of Allorhizobium-Neorhizobium-Pararhizobium-Rhizobium, which is related to nitrogen fixation, increased significantly in the L. secalinus found in the Zoige Grassland. Moreover, the abundance of nutrition metabolism and anti-stress abilities increased in functional prediction in the desert samples. The soil physicochemical properties had an insignificant influence on bacterial diversity. Conclusion The changes in the endophytic bacterial community structure in L. secalinus were significant and were caused by environmental alterations and plant choice. The endophytic bacteria in L. secalinus grown in alpine sandy land may have greater anti-stress properties and the ability to fix nitrogen, which has potential value in environmental remediation and agricultural production.
Nationwide Trends and the Influence of Age and Gender in the In-Patient Care of Patients with Hepatocellular Carcinoma in Germany between 2010 and 2020

Simple Summary Liver-directed treatments for hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) have become a common form of therapy. We looked at data from the German Federal Statistical Office including all hospitalizations for HCC between 2010 and 2020 to see how these treatments were used and if age and gender played a role. We found that liver-directed therapies increased while there was a decrease in in-hospital stay and mortality. Minimally invasive treatments had lower mortality rates and shorter in-hospital stays than surgery. Women and older patients received fewer treatments, and mortality rates were higher for women. The findings suggest that there may be differences in the in-hospital care of these patients, and further investigation is needed. Abstract This study analyzes nationwide trends in HCC hospitalizations focusing on interventional liver-directed treatments and the influence of age and gender. Using data from the German Federal Statistical Office all hospitalizations for HCC between 2010 and 2020 were included. Uni- and multivariable logistic regression analyses were performed to identify variables independently associated with the use of liver-directed therapies. Due to the COVID-19 pandemic, data from 2020 were analyzed separately. A total of 134,713 hospitalizations (2010–2019) were included, increasing by 3.4% annually (12,707 to 13,143). The mean in-hospital stay (−15.0% [7.2 to 6.1 days]) and mortality (−23.2% [6.8 to 5.2%]) decreased while transarterial, surgical, and percutaneous ablative interventions increased by 38.6, 31.5, and 19.3%, respectively. In-hospital mortality was 7.7% in admissions with surgical treatment, while it was 0.6 and 0.5% for transarterial and percutaneous interventions. Mortality was higher in females (6.2 vs. 5.7%). Females (OR 0.89 [0.86,0.91], p < 0.001) and patients ≥80 years (OR 0.81 [0.79,0.84], p < 0.001) were less likely to receive liver-directed treatments. Liver-directed therapies were increasingly performed while in-hospital mortality and in-hospital stay decreased. Minimally invasive approaches showed lower mortality, shorter in-hospital stay, and lower costs compared to surgery. Proportionately, more women and older patients were hospitalized, receiving fewer liver-directed treatments while their mortality was higher.