Measurement of ozone and water vapor by Airbus in-service aircraft: The MOZAIC airborne program, an overview

Tentative estimates, using three-dimensional chemistry and transport models, have suggested small ozone increases in the upper troposphere resulting from current aircraft emissions, but have also concluded to significant deficiencies in today's models and to the need to improve them through comparison with extended data sets. The Measurement of Ozone and Water Vapor by Airbus In-Service Aircraft (MOZAIC) program was initiated in 1993 by European scientists, aircraft manufacturers, and airlines to collect experimental data. Its goal is to help understand the atmosphere and how it is changing under the influence of human activity, with particular interest in the effects of aircraft. MOZAIC consists of automatic and regular measurements of ozone and water vapor by five long range passenger airliners flying all over the world. The aim is not to detect direct effects of aircraft emissions on the ozone budget inside the air traffic corridors but to build a large database of measurements to allow studies of chemical and physical processes in the atmosphere, and hence to validate global chemistry transport models. MOZAIC data provide, in particular, detailed ozone and water vapor climatologies at 9–12 km where subsonic aircraft emit most of their exhaust and which is a very critical domain (e.g., radiatively and stratosphere/troposphere exchanges) still imperfectly described in existing models. This will be valuable to improve knowledge about the processes occuring in the upper troposphere and the lowermost stratosphere, and the model treatment of near tropopause chemistry and transport. During MOZAIC I (January 1993–September 1996), fully automatic devices were developed, installed aboard five commercial Airbus A340s, and flown in normal airline service. A second phase, MOZAIC II, started in October 1996 with the aim of continuing the O3 and H2O measurements and doing a feasibility study of new airborne devices (CO, NOy). Between September 1994 and December 1997, 7500 flights, representing 54,000 flight hours, were made over the continents (Europe, North America, Asia, South America, and Africa) and the Atlantic Ocean. Most of the measurements (90%) correspond to cruise altitudes (9–12 km), the remaining being obtained during ascents and descents near the 50 cities frequented by MOZAIC operations. This paper reports the main characteristics of the program and the flights, with a brief summary of the general content and focus of papers already published and companion papers of this special issue. These deal with the following: description and validation of the ozone and water vapor measurement methods; presentation of an accurate ozone climatology at 9–12 km altitude, over the Northern Hemisphere (130°W–140°E; 0°–80°N), and down to 30°S over South America and Africa; comparison between a 2-year MOZAIC ozone climatology (1994–1996; 0–12 km) and a long series of older measurements made since the 1980s at 8 stations of the Ozone Sounding Network; study of ozone-rich transients, up to 500 ppbv on a horizontal scale of 5–80 km, in the upper tropical troposphere; and comparison between MOZAIC ozone data and output from the global chemistry and transport model (CTM) TOMCAT.