Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Influence of prolactin-producing pituitary grafts on the in vivo uptake, distribution, and disappearance of [3H]testosterone and [3H]dihydrotestosterone by the rat prostate lobes.

The effect of PRL-producing ectopic pituitary grafts on the in vivo uptake, distribution, and disappearance of testosterone and 5α-dihydrotestosterone (DHT) in the rat prostate was examined to determine if the PRL-testosterone synergism is mediated through an alteration at any of these sites. Adult rats were castrated and treated with sc Silastic implants containing testosterone (∼1.75 ng/ml serum). At the same time, two pituitaries from female rats were grafted under the renal capsule of males; controls received muscle. Three weeks later, all animals were given iv injecions of [3H]testosterone, and at various time intervals afterwards, the ventral, dorsal, and lateral prostate lobes were removed and analyzed for total [3H]testosterone and [3H]DHT. The presence of the grafts resulted in an increase in lateral lobe weight and protein content, while the ventral and dorsal lobes of the engrafted rats were not different from those in controls. The prostatic accumulation of the pulse radioactivity was rapid, a.
Please Scroll down for Article the Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology Speech Segmentation Is Facilitated by Visual Cues

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IMAGING AND MODELING RAPIDLY ROTATING STARS: α CEPHEI AND α OPHIUCHI

We present submilliarcsecond resolution imaging and modeling of two nearby rapid rotators α Cephei and α Ophiuchi, obtained with the CHARA array—the largest optical/IR interferometer in the world. Incorporating a gravity-darkening model, we are able to determine the inclination, the polar and equatorial radius and temperature, as well as the fractional rotation speed of the two stars with unprecedented precision. The polar and equatorial regions of the two stars have ∼2000 K temperature gradient, causing their apparent temperatures and luminosities to be dependent on their viewing angles. Our modeling allow us to determine the true effective temperatures and luminosities of α Cep and α Oph, permitting us to investigate their true locations on the H-R diagram. These properties in turn give us estimates of the masses and ages of the two stars within a few percent of error using stellar evolution models. Also, based on our gravity-darkening modeling, we propose a new method to estimate the masses of single stars in a more direct way through Vsin i measurements and precise geometrical constraint. Lastly, we investigate the degeneracy between the inclination and the gravity-darkening coefficient, which especially affects the modeling of α Oph. Although incorporating Vsin i has lifted the degeneracy to some extent, higher-resolution observations are still needed to further constrain the parameters independently.
Improving population size estimation for larval stream plethodontids

Plethodontid salamanders are among the most abundant vertebrates of forested ecosystems in the eastern United States. Southern Appalachian streams are hotspots of diversity for semi-aquatic plethodontids. A single stream may include more than a dozen plethodontid species; however, estimates of their abundance are highly variable. Stream plethodontids are potentially important predators of first and second order streams and are likely to be important nutrient sinks. Measuring the importance of stream plethodontids requires accurate determination of their abundance. This research compares abundance estimation of four stream plethodontid species by mark-recapture across six streams at the Coweeta Hydrological Laboratory LTER site. The different categories of mark-recapture models include closed-population, open-population, and robust design models to demonstrate how different model assumptions can result in a wide range of population estimates. Our results indicate that the assumptions of the closed-population and open-population methods are violated by the occurrence of temporary emigration (i.e., the nonrandom movement of individuals into (or out of) the sampling area) and that only 5% of the total population is available for capture on the surface at a given time. We believe that Pollock’s robust design model is the most appropriate population abundance estimator for stream plethodontids because of its capacity to incorporate variation in capture probabilities and to estimate temporary emigration probabilities. This study suggests that failure to consider temporary emigration can lead to significantly low-biased estimates of population size, which in turn diminishes the actual role of stream salamanders in ecosystem processes.
KINEMATIC CONTROL OF WHEELED MOBILE ROBOTS

−− A generic kinematic control, which is directly applicable to any type of wheeled mobile robot, is proposed in this work. Firstly, it is presented the kinematic models of the four common types of wheels (fixed, centered orientable, castor and Swedish) a classification of wheeled mobile robots. Afterwards, it is proposed a kinematic control scheme with three nested loops: dynamic, kinematic and planning. In particular, it is studied in depth the kinematic loop through the position control and the inverse kinematics of wheels. It is also studied indirectly the planning loop through the characterization of the references that each type of mobile robot can track with no error. Finally, the kinematic control proposed is applied to an industrial forklift in simulation and in a real situation. Keywords−− Kinematic control, wheeled mobile robots, tracking references, nested loops.
Convexity Analysis of Snake Models Based on Hamiltonian Formulation

This paper presents a convexity analysis for the dynamic snake model based on the Potential Energy functional and the Hamiltonian formulation of the classical mechanics. First we see the snake model as a dynamical system whose singular points are the borders we seek. Next we show that a necessary condition for a singular point to be an attractor is that the energy functional is strictly convex in a neighborhood of it, that means, if the singular point is a local minimum of the potential energy. As a consequence of this analysis, a local expression relating the dynamic parameters and the rate of convergence arises. Such results link the convexity analysis of the potential energy and the dynamic snake model and point forward to the necessity of a physical quantity whose convexity analysis is related to the dynamic and which incorporate the velocity space. Such a quantity is exactly the (conservative) Hamiltonian of the system.
How HIV-1 Nef hijacks the AP-2 clathrin adaptor to downregulate CD4

The Nef protein of HIV-1 downregulates the cell surface co-receptor CD4 by hijacking the clathrin adaptor complex AP-2. The structural basis for the hijacking of AP-2 by Nef is revealed by a 2.9 Å crystal structure of Nef bound to the α and σ2 subunits of AP-2. Nef binds to AP-2 via its central loop (residues 149–179) and its core. The determinants for Nef binding include residues that directly contact AP-2 and others that stabilize the binding-competent conformation of the central loop. Residues involved in both direct and indirect interactions are required for the binding of Nef to AP-2 and for downregulation of CD4. These results lead to a model for the docking of the full AP-2 tetramer to membranes as bound to Nef, such that the cytosolic tail of CD4 is situated to interact with its binding site on Nef. DOI: http://dx.doi. org/10.7554/eLife.01754. 001
A comparative study of missing value imputation with multiclass classification for clinical heart failure data

Clinical data often contains missing values. Imputation is one of the best known schemes to overcome the drawbacks associated with missing values in data mining tasks. In this work, we compared several imputation methods and analyzed their performance when applied to different classification algorithms. A clinical heart failure data set was used in these experiments. The results showed that there is no universal imputation method that performs best for all classifiers. Some imputation-classification combinations are recommended for the processing of clinical heart failure data.
Realidad de las comunidades rurales de Costa Rica

The purpose of this article is to reflect about current reality experimented in rural communities in our country in order to look for solutions to their problems that allow them to reach a better quality of life. Analyses are made from different perspectives. Within this context, we take into account the role that rural communities have in the development of a country as well as the part education plays in the fight for the achievement of a better quality of life.
Response Bias Cannot Explain Action-Specific Effects: Evidence from Compliant and Non-Compliant Participants

According to the action-specific account of perception, the perceiver's ability to act influences perception of the target. For example, targets that are easier to acquire are reported to look closer, bigger, and slower. However, an alternative explanation for these effects is that they are due to response bias, rather than to changes in perception. To test the role of response bias, we employed two separate manipulations. We manipulated people's abilities to block a ball and measured the corresponding effects on estimated ball speed. We also created an explicit task demand by giving participants instructions that emphasized responding either slow or fast. Participants were grouped, based on whether they were compliant or non-compliant with the instructions. Regardless of their compliance, we found an action-specific effect of blocking ability on estimated speed. Given that non-compliant participants still showed the effect, the results provide strong evidence against a response-bias explanation of this action-specific effect. Paired with earlier research, we conclude that blocking ability influences perceived speed. Perception expresses the relationship between the environment and the perceiver, and this view is consistent with emerging neural and behavioral evidence for an interconnected perceptual–motor system.
A graph-theoretic approach to classifier combination

Classifier combination can be used to combine multiple classification decisions to improve object classification performance, and weighted average is a popular method for this purpose. In this paper we propose to use a graph-theoretic clustering method to define the weights for SVM classifier decisions. Specifically, we use the dominant set clustering to evaluate the difficulty of a kernel matrix for a SVM classifier. This degree of difficulty is found to be related to the SVM classification performance and thus used to define the weight of this classifier. Though simple and intuitive, the method is shown to be as powerful as more sophisticated methods in extensive experiments with several datasets of diverse object types.
A Graph Model for Software Evolution

A graph model of software evolution is presented. The author seeks to formalize the objects and activities involved in software evolution in sufficient detail to enable automatic assistance for maintaining the consistency and integrity of an evolving software system. This includes automated support for propagating the consequences of a change to a software system. The evolution of large and complex software systems receives particular attention. >
Thelarche, Pubarche, and Menarche Attainment in Children With Normal and Elevated Body Mass Index

BACKGROUND. The early onset of puberty may be related to obesity, so there is a need to know the prevalence of early pubertal milestones in nonoverweight children. OBJECTIVE. We compared attainment of stage 2 breasts, stage 3 (sexual) pubic hair, and menarche in the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey sample of children with normal BMI with those with excessive BMI (≥85th percentile). DESIGN/METHODS. The ages at which 5%, 50%, and 95% of youth had attained key pubertal stages were estimated by probit models. Logit models were then fit to compare attainment of these milestones in children of excessive and normal BMI. RESULTS. Pubertal signs occurred before 8.0 years of age in <5% of the normal-BMI general and non-Hispanic white female population. However, pubertal milestones generally appeared earlier in normal-BMI non-Hispanic black and Mexican American girls; thelarche occurred before age 8.0 in 12% to 19% of these groups, and the 5th percentile for menarche was 0.8 years earlier for non-Hispanic black than non-Hispanic white subjects. Pubarche was found in ≤3% of 8.0-year-old girls with normal BMI of all of these ethnic groups but was significantly earlier in minority groups. Pubarche appeared before 10.0 years in <2% of normal-BMI boys. Girls with excessive BMI had a significantly higher prevalence of breast appearance from ages 8.0 through 9.6 years and pubarche from ages 8.0 through 10.2 years than those with normal BMI. Menarche was also significantly more likely to occur in preteen girls with an elevated BMI. CONCLUSIONS. Prevalence estimates are given for the key pubertal milestones in children with normal BMI. Breast and sexual pubic hair development are premature before 8 years of age in girls with normal BMI in the general population. Adiposity and non-Hispanic black and Mexican American ethnicity are independently associated with earlier pubertal development in girls.
Expression of a large LINE-1-driven antisense RNA is linked to epigenetic silencing of the metastasis suppressor gene TFPI-2 in cancer

LINE-1 retrotransposons are abundant repetitive elements of viral origin, which in normal cells are kept quiescent through epigenetic mechanisms. Activation of LINE-1 occurs frequently in cancer and can enable LINE-1 mobilization but also has retrotransposition-independent consequences. We previously reported that in cancer, aberrantly active LINE-1 promoters can drive transcription of flanking unique sequences giving rise to LINE-1 chimeric transcripts (LCTs). Here, we show that one such LCT, LCT13, is a large transcript (>300 kb) running antisense to the metastasis-suppressor gene TFPI-2. We have modelled antisense RNA expression at TFPI-2 in transgenic mouse embryonic stem (ES) cells and demonstrate that antisense RNA induces silencing and deposition of repressive histone modifications implying a causal link. Consistent with this, LCT13 expression in breast and colon cancer cell lines is associated with silencing and repressive chromatin at TFPI-2. Furthermore, we detected LCT13 transcripts in 56% of colorectal tumours exhibiting reduced TFPI-2 expression. Our findings implicate activation of LINE-1 elements in subsequent epigenetic remodelling of surrounding genes, thus hinting a novel retrotransposition-independent role for LINE-1 elements in malignancy.
Accuracy Analysis of a Parallel Robot with Particle Swarm Optimization

Essential of accuracy analysis to a parallel robot is to obtain the errors in the workspace of the robot with all kinds of error sources, and it can be transformed into a nonlinear function set. Some methods applied to solve this problem such as interval analysis, are just complex. Particle swarm optimization (PSO) is robust, easy to use and effective, which is used widely in many science and engineering fields. To get the errors of a parallel robot, the error model is built based on the kinematic analysis of it, and PSO is used to obtain the maximum and minimum error. The pose error of a parallel robot is calculated with PSO as an example. The result shows that PSO is quite appropriate for the parallel robot accuracy analysis.
Multiscale Finite Element Methods for Nonlinear Problems and Their Applications

In this paper we propose a generalization of multiscale finite element methods (Ms-FEM) to nonlinear problems. We study the convergence of the proposed method for nonlinear elliptic equations and propose an oversampling technique. Numerical examples demonstrate that the over-sampling technique greatly reduces the error. The application of MsFEM to porous media flows is considered. Finally, we describe further generalizations of MsFEM to nonlinear time-dependent equations and discuss the convergence of the method for various kinds of heterogeneities.
Type two computational complexity

A programming language for the partial computable functionals is used as the basis for a definition of the computational complexity of functionals (type2 functions). An axiomatic account in the spirit of Blum is then provided. The novel features of this approach are justified by applying it to problems in abstract complexity, specifically operator speed-up, and by using it to define the illusive notion of the polynomial degree of an arbitrary function. New results are obtained for these degrees.
Endoscopic dilatation of esophageal strictures in children and adolescents.

OBJECTIVE To assess the causes of esophageal stricture in pediatric patients and their response to endoscopic dilatation. METHODS Retrospective analysis of clinical and endoscopic data obtained from children and adolescents with esophageal stricture submitted to endoscopic dilatation between July 1993 and January 2003. RESULTS A total of 125 patients aged between 1 month and 16 years were included in the study. Among the types of stenosis, postoperative (43.2%), corrosive (27.2%) and peptic (21.6%) strictures were the most prevalent. Those patients with corrosive esophageal stricture needed more dilatation sessions. Five cases of esophageal perforation and one case of hemorrhage occurred due to complications during the procedure. Good response to endoscopic treatment was described in 74.4% of cases, but better results were obtained from patients with peptic esophageal stricture. CONCLUSIONS Endoscopic treatment of esophageal strictures in children and adolescents yields good results and has a low rate of complications. Corrosive esophageal strictures have a higher morbidity and require more dilatation sessions.
Performance Study of Routing Schemes in Delay Tolerant Networks

In conventional networks, such as the Internet, it is assumed that there exists a fully connected path between any pair of nodes at any time. In delay tolerant networks (DTN), however, the connected path may be broken, and nodes may be partitioned into two disconnected subsets because of the movement or failure of some nodes. Thus, the data transmission requirements can not be satisfied by traditional routing schemes. How to efficiently route data in DTNs has therefore become a critical and challenging issue. To address the problem, we propose a contact-duration-based probabilistic routing scheme (PR_CD) based on the probabilistic routing scheme PRoPHET (PR). Each node in the PRCD scheme predicts the current network condition by using contact information, and then chooses appropriate relay nodes to improve the delivery rate as well as reduce the transmission latency and transmission overhead. To evaluate the efficacy of the proposed scheme, we use simulations to conduct a comprehensive study of different DTN routing mechanisms. We believe such a study is important because the ability to characterize the behavior and performance of routing schemes plays a key role in the understanding and design of DTNs.
On directivity factor of the first-order steerable differential microphone array

Directivity factor (DF) is a fundamental performance measure of microphone arrays. This paper studies the DF of the first-order steerable differential array (FOSDA) whose response is constructed by a linear combination of monopole and two orthogonal dipoles using a four-element square array. The DF of the ideal FOSDA and the DFs of the FOSDA with microphone gain/phase errors are derived, all in closed forms. Based on the theoretical analysis, several findings regarding the properties of the DF of the FOSDA are obtained.
Full Diversity Blind Alamouti Space-Time Block Codes for Unique Identification of Flat-Fading Channels

In this paper, we consider a systematic design of a full diversity blind Alamouti space–time block code for a wireless communication system having two transmitter antennas and a single receiver antenna, in which the channel is completely unknown at both the transmitter and the receiver. The key idea is to alternatively transmit Alamouti codes with different phase shift keying (PSK) constellations, say, with -PSK and -PSK. To provide the theoretical analysis of its unique identification and full diversity conditions, we first establish a general theorem for factorizing a -PSK constellation into a product of a -PSK constellation and a -PSK constellation. Then, we prove that a necessary and sufficient condition for both the factorization and a set of solutions of the resulting Alamouti Diophantine equation from our code design to be unique is that and are coprime. The same condition assures that the channel and the transmitted signal can be blindly and uniquely identified. Furthermore, a closed-form solution to determine the channel coefficients and the transmitted symbols are obtained. Also, we prove that our code enables full diversity for the generalized-likelihood ratio test (GLRT) receiver if and are coprime. When finite length of the received data is available, the unitarity and linearity of our code design allow us to utilize the semi-definite relaxation (SDR) decoder or the sphere decoder so that the joint estimation of the channel and symbols can be efficiently implemented.
Prostate Cancer Mortality following Active Surveillance versus Immediate Radical Prostatectomy

Propose: Active surveillance has been endorsed for low-risk prostate cancer, but information about long-term outcomes and comparative effectiveness of active surveillance is lacking. The purpose of this study is to project prostate cancer mortality under active surveillance followed by radical prostatectomy versus under immediate radical prostatectomy. Experimental design: A simulation model was developed to combine information on time from diagnosis to treatment under active surveillance and associated disease progression from a Johns Hopkins active surveillance cohort (n = 769), time from radical prostatectomy to recurrence from cases in the CaPSURE database with T-stage ≤ T2a (n = 3,470), and time from recurrence to prostate cancer death from a T-stage ≤ T2a Johns Hopkins cohort of patients whose disease recurred after radical prostatectomy (n = 963). Results were projected for a hypothetical cohort aged 40 to 90 years with low-risk prostate cancer (T-stage ≤ T2a, Gleason score ≤ 6, and prostate-specific antigen level ≤ 10 ng/mL). Results: The model projected that 2.8% of men on active surveillance and 1.6% of men with immediate radical prostatectomy would die of their disease in 20 years. Corresponding lifetime estimates were 3.4% for active surveillance and 2.0% for immediate radical prostatectomy. The average projected increase in life expectancy associated with immediate radical prostatectomy was 1.8 months. On average, the model projected that men on active surveillance would remain free of treatment for an additional 6.4 years relative to men treated immediately. Conclusions: Active surveillance is likely to produce a very modest decline in prostate cancer-specific survival among men diagnosed with low-risk prostate cancer but could lead to significant benefits in terms of quality of life. Clin Cancer Res; 18(19); 5471–8. ©2012 AACR.